diff --git a/cldf/StructureDataset-metadata.json b/cldf/StructureDataset-metadata.json index 4e495ea..473aaa7 100644 --- a/cldf/StructureDataset-metadata.json +++ b/cldf/StructureDataset-metadata.json @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ "rdf:type": "prov:Entity", "dc:title": "Repository", "rdf:about": "https://github.com/cldf-datasets/apics", - "dc:created": "ed43969" + "dc:created": "c93c54d" }, { "rdf:type": "prov:Entity", @@ -109,6 +109,14 @@ { "datatype": "string", "name": "Confidence" + }, + { + "dc:format": "text/json", + "name": "Metadata" + }, + { + "datatype": "string", + "name": "source_comment" } ], "foreignKeys": [ @@ -242,6 +250,7 @@ "name": "Description" }, { + "dc:description": "Authors of the Atlas chapter describing the feature", "separator": " ", "name": "Contributor_ID" }, @@ -266,7 +275,7 @@ "name": "Multivalued" }, { - "datatype": "string", + "dc:description": "ID of the corresponding WALS feature", "name": "WALS_ID" }, { @@ -280,6 +289,10 @@ { "datatype": "string", "name": "Map_Gall_Peters" + }, + { + "dc:format": "application/json", + "name": "metadata" } ], "foreignKeys": [ @@ -355,6 +368,10 @@ { "datatype": "string", "name": "color" + }, + { + "datatype": "string", + "name": "abbr" } ], "foreignKeys": [ @@ -448,10 +465,12 @@ "name": "Description" }, { + "dc:description": "Authors contributing the language structure dataset", "separator": " ", "name": "Data_Contributor_ID" }, { + "dc:description": "Authors of the language survey", "separator": " ", "name": "Survey_Contributor_ID" }, @@ -485,8 +504,12 @@ "name": "Region" }, { - "datatype": "string", + "dc:description": "Sometimes the languages or varieties that the APiCS language experts described were not internally \nhomogeneous, but different subvarieties (or lects) had different value choices for some feature. \nSuch non-default lects are marked with a non-empty \"Default_Lect_ID\" column, relating the (sub)lect\nwith a default lect. Thus the default lect that was primarily described by the contributors need \nnot be representative for the entire language.", "name": "Default_Lect_ID" + }, + { + "dc:description": "To help the reader\u2019s orientation, we have classified our languages into English-based, Dutch-based, \nPortuguese-based, and so on. This classification is not entirely uncontroversial. On the one hand, \ncontact languages are characterized by strong influence from multiple languages, so saying, for \ninstance, that Haitian Creole is French-based is problematic, as it glosses over the very important \ncontribution of the African languages, especially to the grammar of the language. For this reason, \nmany authors have used expressions like \u201cFrench-lexified\u201d, \u201cDutch-lexified\u201d for such languages, \nwhich only refer to the role of the European languages as primary lexicon-providers. We agree that \nsuch terms are more precise, but they are also more cumbersome, so we have mostly used the older \n(and still much more widespread) manner of talking about groups of creoles and pidgins. We think \nthat it is sufficiently well-known that \u201cEnglish-based\u201d (etc.) is not meant to imply anything other \nthan that the bulk of the language\u2019s lexicon is derived from English.\n\nOn the other hand, the notion of being based on a language is problematic in the case of languages \nwith several lexifiers, especially Gurindji Kriol and Michif. These are shown as having two \nlexifiers (or lexifier \"other\"). There are also a few other cases where it is not fully clear what\nthe primary lexifier is. Saramaccan\u2019s vocabulary has a very large Portuguese component, but for \nsimplicity we classify it as English-based here. Papiamentu is often thought to be originally \n(Afro-)Portuguese-based, but as it has long been influenced much more by Spanish, we classify it \nas Spanish-based.", + "name": "Lexifier" } ], "foreignKeys": [ @@ -588,6 +611,11 @@ "required": false, "name": "Comment" }, + { + "propertyUrl": "http://cldf.clld.org/v1.0/terms.rdf#source", + "separator": ";", + "name": "Source" + }, { "datatype": "string", "name": "Audio" @@ -595,6 +623,38 @@ { "propertyUrl": "dc:type", "name": "Type" + }, + { + "dc:format": "text/html", + "name": "markup_text" + }, + { + "dc:format": "text/html", + "name": "markup_analyzed" + }, + { + "dc:format": "text/html", + "name": "markup_gloss" + }, + { + "dc:format": "text/html", + "name": "markup_comment" + }, + { + "datatype": "string", + "name": "source_comment" + }, + { + "datatype": "string", + "name": "original_script" + }, + { + "datatype": "string", + "name": "sort" + }, + { + "datatype": "string", + "name": "alt_translation" } ], "foreignKeys": [ diff --git a/cldf/codes.csv b/cldf/codes.csv index f67d626..e4ba158 100644 --- a/cldf/codes.csv +++ b/cldf/codes.csv @@ -1,1405 +1,1405 @@ -ID,Parameter_ID,Name,Description,Number,icon,color -0-1,0,English-based,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -0-7,0,Dutch-based,,2,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -0-3,0,Portuguese-based,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -0-4,0,Spanish-based,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -0-2,0,French-based,,5,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -0-5,0,Arabic-based,,6,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -0-6,0,Bantu-based,,7,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -0-8,0,Malay-based,,8,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -0-9,0,Other-based,,9,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -1-2,1,Subject-verb-object (SVO),,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -1-1,1,Subject-object-verb (SOV),,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -1-3,1,Verb-subject-object (VSO),,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -1-4,1,Verb-object-subject (VOS),,4,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00 -1-6,1,Object-subject-verb (OSV),,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -1-5,1,Object-verb-subject (OVS),,6,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -2-1,2,Possessor-possessum,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -2-2,2,Possessum-possessor,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -3-1,3,Modifying adjective precedes noun,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -3-2,3,Modifying adjective follows noun,,2,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -4-2,4,Prepositions,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -4-1,4,Postpositions,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -4-5,4,Circumpositions,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -5-1,5,Demonstrative word precedes noun,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -5-2,5,Demonstrative word follows noun,,2,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -5-5,5,Demonstrative simultaneously before and after noun,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -6-1,6,Numeral precedes noun,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -6-2,6,Numeral follows noun,,2,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -7-1,7,Relative clause follows noun,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -7-2,7,Relative clause precedes noun,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -7-3,7,Internally-headed relative clause,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -7-4,7,Correlative relative clause,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -7-5,7,Adjoined relative clause,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -8-1,8,Degree word precedes adjective,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -8-2,8,Degree word follows adjective,,2,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -8-3,8,Degree word precedes and follows adjective,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -9-1,9,Definite article is preposed,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -9-2,9,Definite article is postposed,,2,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -9-3,9,Definite article is circumposed,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -9-4,9,The language has no definite article,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -10-1,10,Indefinite article is preposed,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -10-2,10,Indefinite article is postposed,,2,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -10-4,10,The language has no indefinite article,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -11-1,11,Verb – adverb – object,,1,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -11-2,11,Adverb – verb – object,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -11-3,11,Verb – object – adverb,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -11-4,11,Object – adverb – verb,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -11-5,11,Adverb – object – verb,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -11-6,11,Object – verb – adverb,,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -12-1,12,Interrogative phrase initial,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -12-2,12,Interrogative phrase not initial,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -13-1,13,No gender distinctions,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -13-2,13,In 3rd person singular only,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -13-4,13,In 3rd person singular and plural only,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -13-6,13,In 2nd person but not in 3rd person,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -14-1,14,No special dual form,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -14-2,14,Dual form in all three persons,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -14-3,14,Dual form only in first person,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -15-1,15,No inclusive/exclusive distinction,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -15-2,15,Inclusive and exclusive differentiated,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -16-1,16,No person syncretism,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -16-2,16,Syncretism between 1st and 2nd person,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -16-3,16,Syncretism between 2nd and 3rd person,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -17-1,17,No dependent person forms,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -17-2,17,Only dependent subject forms,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -17-3,17,Only dependent object forms,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -17-4,17,Dependent subject and object forms,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -18-1,18,No pronominal politeness distinction,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -18-2,18,Binary pronominal politeness distinction,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -18-3,18,Multiple pronominal politeness distinction,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -18-5,18,Titles used as second person forms,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -19-1,19,All simple words,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -19-2,19,One compound expression,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -19-3,19,Two compound expressions,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -19-4,19,Three compound expressions,,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -19-5,19,Four compound expressions,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -20-1,20,Singular pronoun overtly conjoined with other conjunct,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -20-2,20,Inclusory pronoun juxtaposed with subset NP,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -20-3,20,Inclusory pronoun plus marker plus subset NP,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -20-4,20,Inclusory pronoun plus numeral plus subset NP,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -20-5,20,Singular pronoun juxtaposed with other conjunct,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -21-1,21,Interrogative-based indefinites,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -21-2,21,Generic-noun-based indefinites,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -21-5,21,Old generic-noun-based indefinites continuing somebody/something,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -21-3,21,Special indefinites,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -21-4,21,Existential construction,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -22-1,22,No plural marking,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -22-2,22,Variable plural marking of human nouns,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -22-4,22,Variable plural marking of human or inanimate nouns,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -22-6,22,Invariant plural marking,,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -23-1,23,Plural is not expressed overtly,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -23-2,23,Plural prefix,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -23-3,23,Plural suffix,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -23-4,23,Plural stem change,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -23-5,23,Plural tone or stress change,,5,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00 -23-6,23,Plural reduplication,,6,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -23-7,23,Plural word preceding the noun,,7,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -23-8,23,Plural word following the noun,,8,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -24-1,24,Associative plural marker identical to additive plural marker,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -24-2,24,Special associative plural marker identical to 3rd plural pronoun,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -24-3,24,Other special associative plural marker,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -24-4,24,No associative plural marker,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -25-1,25,No nominal plural word,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -25-2,25,Identity,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -25-3,25,Differentiation,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -25-4,25,Overlap,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -26-1,26,No reduplication,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -26-2,26,Only iconic functions,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -26-5,26,Attenuating function,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -26-6,26,Word-class-changing function,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -26-8,26,Attenuating and word-class-changing function,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -27-1,27,Antidual,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -27-2,27,No antidual,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -28-1,28,Definite article distinct from demonstratives,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -28-2,28,Definite article identical to a demonstrative,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -28-4,28,"No definite article, but indefinite article",,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -28-5,28,Neither definite nor indefinite article,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -29-1,29,Indefinite article distinct from numeral ‘one’,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -29-2,29,Indefinite article identical to numeral ‘one’,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -29-4,29,"No indefinite article, but definite article",,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -29-5,29,Neither indefinite nor definite article,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -30-1,30,Language without definite and indefinite article,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -30-2,30,Bare singular noun phrase in languages with definite article,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -30-3,30,Bare singular noun phrase in languages without definite article,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -30-4,30,Singular noun phrase with definite article,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -30-5,30,Bare plural noun phrase in languages with definite article,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -30-6,30,Bare plural noun phrase in languages without definite article,,6,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -30-7,30,Plural noun phrase with definite article,,7,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -30-8,30,Singular noun phrase with indefinite articles,,8,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00 -30-9,30,Singular noun phrase with adnominal possessive,,9,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -31-1,31,Co-occurrence,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -31-2,31,No co-occurrence,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -31-3,31,Demonstrative identical to definite article,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -31-4,31,No definite article exists,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -32-1,32,Same forms,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -32-2,32,Different forms,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -32-3,32,"Same stems, different inflectional features",,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -33-1,33,No distance contrast,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -33-2,33,Two-way contrast,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -33-3,33,Three-way contrast,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -33-4,33,Four-way contrast,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -34-2,34,Distributivity marked by reduplication,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -34-1,34,No special adjacent distributive numerals,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -35-1,35,Ordinal numerals do not exist,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -35-3,35,Cardinal and ordinal numerals are identical except for ‘one’ and ‘first’,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -35-4,35,All ordinal numerals are synchronically derived from cardinal numerals,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -35-5,35,"All ordinal numerals are synchronically derived from cardinal numerals, but ‘first’ may also be suppletive",,4,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -35-6,35,"'First' is suppletive, all other numerals are synchronically derived from cardinal numerals",,5,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -35-7,35,"‘First’, ‘second’, or more are suppletive, the others are synchronically derived from cardinal numerals",,6,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -35-2,35,All ordinal numerals are suppletive,,7,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -35-8,35,Other solutions,,8,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00 -36-1,36,The language has no numeral classifiers,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -36-2,36,The language has numeral classifiers,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -37-1,37,Preceding word,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -37-2,37,Following word,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -37-5,37,Adpositional phrase preceding the possessum,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -37-6,37,Adpositional phrase following the possessum,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -37-3,37,Prefix,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -37-4,37,Suffix,,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -38-2,38,Adpositional or case marking of possessor,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -38-4,38,No marking,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -38-1,38,Person-indexing on possessum,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -39-1,39,Identical to dependent pronominal possessor,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -39-2,39,Special preposition plus pronoun,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -39-3,39,Special word plus dependent pronominal possessor,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -39-4,39,Special pronoun form,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -40-1,40,No adjective agrees with the noun,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -40-2,40,Only few adjectives agree with the noun,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -40-3,40,Many adjectives agree with the noun,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -40-4,40,All adjectives agree with the noun,,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -41-1,41,Adjective is marked,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -41-2,41,Adjective is not marked,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -42-7,42,Primary surpass marking,,1,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -42-1,42,Secondary surpass marking,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -42-3,42,Locational marking,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -42-2,42,Particle marking,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -42-8,42,Locational plus particle marking,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -42-5,42,Standard is not overtly marked,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -42-4,42,Conjoined marking,,7,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -43-1,43,Immediately preceding the verb,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -43-2,43,Immediately following the verb,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -43-3,43,In a leftward position,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -43-4,43,In a rightward position,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -43-5,43,No TAM markers,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -44-1,44,Tense-Mood-Aspect,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -44-2,44,Tense-Aspect-Mood,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -44-4,44,Mood-Tense-Aspect,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -44-8,44,The feature does not apply,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -45-1,45,Affix,,1,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -45-2,45,"Particle, nothing can intervene",,2,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00 -45-3,45,"Particle, only grammatical markers can intervene",,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -45-4,45,"Particle, a few lexical items may intervene",,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -45-5,45,"Particle, open-class items may intervene",,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -45-7,45,"Particle, clause-second position",,6,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -45-6,45,No overt past marker exists,,7,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -46-1,46,Affix,,1,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -46-2,46,"Particle, nothing can intervene",,2,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00 -46-3,46,"Particle, only grammatical markers can intervene",,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -46-4,46,"Particle, a few lexical items may intervene",,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -46-5,46,"Particle, open-class items may intervene",,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -46-6,46,No overt progressive marker,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -47-1,47,No overt progressive marker,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -47-2,47,Only progressive function,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -47-4,47,Progressive and habitual,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -47-3,47,Progressive and current state,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -47-5,47,Progressive and future,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -47-6,47,"Progressive, habitual, and current state",,6,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00 -47-8,47,"Progressive, habitual, and future",,7,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -47-9,47,"Progressive, habitual, current state, and future",,8,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -48-1,48,No overt habitual marker,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -48-2,48,Only habitual function,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -48-4,48,Habitual and progressive,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -48-3,48,Habitual and current state,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -48-5,48,Habitual and future,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -48-6,48,"Habitual, progressive, and current state",,6,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -48-7,48,"Habitual, current state, and future",,7,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -48-8,48,"Habitual, progressive and future",,8,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00 -48-9,48,"Habitual, progressive, current state, and future",,9,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -49-1,49,Purely aspectual system,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -49-2,49,Purely temporal system,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -49-3,49,Mixed aspectual-temporal system,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -49-4,49,No or only one tense or aspect marker,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -50-1,50,Same TAM marking in negated clauses,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -50-2,50,Reduced TAM marking in negated clauses,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -50-3,50,Different TAM marking in negated clauses,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -50-4,50,Reduced and different TAM marking in negated clauses,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -50-6,50,No TAM marker,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -51-3,51,Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are both unmarked,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -51-6,51,Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are marked with the same overt marker,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -51-1,51,Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are marked differently,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -51-8,51,The language has no or only one TAM marker,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -52-1,52,No inchoative meaning with aspect markers,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -52-2,52,Inchoative expressed by progressive marker,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -52-3,52,Inchoative expressed by completive marker,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -52-4,52,Inchoative expressed by progressive and completive markers,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -52-5,52,No aspect markers,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -53-2,53,Aspect change in verb chains is possible,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -53-3,53,Aspect change in verb chains is not possible,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -53-1,53,Verb chaining does not exist,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -54-1,54,Weak suppletion according to tense only,,1,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -54-2,54,Strong suppletion according to tense only,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -54-3,54,Weak suppletion according to aspect only,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -54-4,54,Strong suppletion according to aspect only,,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -54-6,54,Strong suppletion according to both tense and aspect,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -54-7,54,No suppletion according to tense or aspect,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -55-1,55,Ability verb also expresses epistemic possibility,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -55-2,55,Ability verb cannot express epistemic possibility,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -55-3,55,No ability verb,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -56-1,56,Normal imperative construction and normal negator,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -56-2,56,Normal imperative construction and special negator,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -56-3,56,Special imperative construction and normal negator,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -56-4,56,Special imperative construction and special negator,,4,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -57-1,57,No marking of patient NPs,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -57-2,57,Only definite patient NPs are marked,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -57-3,57,Only animate patient NPs are marked,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -57-4,57,Only definite and animate patient NPs are marked,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -57-5,57,All patient NPs are marked,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -58-1,58,Neutral alignment,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -58-2,58,Accusative alignment,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -58-4,58,Ergative alignment,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -59-1,59,Neutral alignment,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -59-2,59,Accusative alignment,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -60-2,60,Double-object construction,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -60-1,60,Indirect-object construction,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -60-3,60,Secondary-object construction,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -61-1,61,Subject – verb – recipient – theme,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -61-2,61,Subject – verb – theme – recipient,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -61-3,61,Subject – theme – recipient – verb,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -61-4,61,Subject – recipient – theme – verb,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -61-5,61,Verb-initial recipient – theme,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -61-6,61,Verb-initial theme – recipient,,6,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -61-7,61,Other recipient – theme,,7,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00 -61-8,61,Other theme – recipient,,8,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -62-1,62,Obligatory pronoun words,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -62-2,62,Pronoun affixes,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -62-5,62,Optional pronoun words,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -62-4,62,Subject pronouns in different position,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -62-6,62,Mixed behaviour of pronominal subjects,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -63-1,63,An expletive subject is used,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -63-2,63,An expletive subject is not used,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -63-3,63,'There is no 'seem' construction,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -64-1,64,An expletive subject is used,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -64-2,64,An expletive subject is not used,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -65-1,65,Rain falls,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -65-3,65,Rain rains,,2,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -65-4,65,It rains,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -65-5,65,Rains,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -65-7,65,It gives rain,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -65-6,65,Rain exists,,6,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00 -66-1,66,Experiencer is subject,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -66-3,66,Body-part is subject,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -66-2,66,Pain is subject,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -66-5,66,Experiencer is dative,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -66-6,66,Incorporated body-part noun,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -67-1,67,Experiencer is subject,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -67-2,67,Experiencer is object,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -67-6,67,Experiencer is dative,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -67-5,67,Both experiencer and stimulus are objects,,4,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -68-1,68,"Experiencer is subject, 'fear' is verbal",,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -68-2,68,"Experiencer is subject, 'fear' is non-verbal",,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -68-3,68,"'Fear' is subject, experiencer is object",,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -68-7,68,Experiencer is dative,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -68-4,68,"'Fear' is subject, experiencer is oblique",,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -68-5,68,Body-part is subject,,6,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -69-1,69,Adposition,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -69-2,69,Serial verb,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -69-5,69,Non-serial verb,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -69-4,69,Unmarked noun phrase,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -69-3,69,Case marker,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -70-1,70,Identity,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -70-2,70,Differentiation,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -70-3,70,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -71-1,71,Identity,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -71-2,71,Differentiation,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -71-3,71,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -72-1,72,"Identity, overtly expressed",,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -72-2,72,"Identity, expressed by juxtaposition",,2,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -72-3,72,Differentiation,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -72-4,72,Overlap,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -72-5,72,Identity and differentiation,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -73-1,73,Invariant copula,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -73-2,73,No copula,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -73-3,73,Variable copula,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -74-1,74,Invariant copula,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -74-2,74,No copula,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -74-3,74,Variable copula,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -75-1,75,Invariant copula,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -75-2,75,No copula,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -75-3,75,Variable copula,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -76-1,76,Identity,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -76-2,76,Differentiation,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -76-3,76,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -76-4,76,Identity and differentiation,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -77-1,77,Transitive,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -77-4,77,Comitative,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -77-2,77,Locational,,3,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -77-3,77,Genitive,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -77-5,77,Topic,,5,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -78-1,78,Identity,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -78-2,78,Differentiation,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -78-3,78,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -78-5,78,No transitive possession verb,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -79-1,79,No adpositional/case marking,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -79-2,79,Preposition,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -79-3,79,Postpostion,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -79-4,79,Circumposition,,4,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -79-5,79,Serial verb,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -79-6,79,Serial verb plus preposition,,6,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -79-7,79,Case,,7,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -80-1,80,No adpositional/case marking,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -80-2,80,Preposition,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -80-3,80,Postposition,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -80-4,80,Circumposition,,4,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -80-5,80,Serial verb,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -80-6,80,Serial verb plus preposition,,6,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -80-7,80,Case,,7,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -81-1,81,Identity,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -81-2,81,Differentiation,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -81-3,81,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -81-4,81,Identity and differentiation,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -82-1,82,Special motion-to preposition,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -82-2,82,At-rest marking is used to express motion-to,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -82-3,82,Serial verb construction,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -82-4,82,Serial verb construction plus preposition,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -82-5,82,Circumposition,,5,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -82-6,82,Allative case,,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -83-1,83,Special motion-from adposition,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -83-2,83,At-rest marking is used to express motion-from,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -83-3,83,Serial verb construction,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -83-4,83,Serial verb construction plus preposition,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -83-5,83,Circumposition,,5,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -83-6,83,Ablative case,,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -84-2,84,‘Come’ and ‘go’ directionals exist,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -84-3,84,‘Come’ and ‘go’ directionals do not exist,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -85-2,85,"Theme of the second verb, literal interpretation possible",,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -85-3,85,"Theme of the second verb, literal interpretation impossible",,2,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -85-5,85,"Instrument of the second verb, no resumptive pronoun",,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -85-4,85,"Instrument of the second verb, with resumptive pronoun",,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -85-1,85,No ‘take’ serials,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -86-1,86,"‘Give’ in second position, recipient only",,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -86-2,86,"‘Give’ in second position, recipient or beneficiary",,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -86-3,86,"‘Give’ in first position, recipient only",,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -86-5,86,No ‘give’ serials exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -87-1,87,Ordinary anaphoric pronoun,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -87-6,87,Implicit expression,,2,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -87-4,87,Reflexive marking on the verb,,3,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -87-2,87,Reflexive pronoun with ‘body’ or body-part,,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -87-3,87,Compound reflexive pronoun with emphasizer,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -87-7,87,Dedicated reflexive pronoun,,6,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -88-1,88,Intensifiers and reflexives are identical,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -88-2,88,Intensifiers and reflexives are differentiated,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -88-3,88,Intensifiers and reflexives overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -88-4,88,Identical and differentiated,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -88-5,88,No special reflexive pronouns exist,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -89-1,89,Reciprocal construction identical to reflexive,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -89-3,89,Identical and special reciprocal construction,,2,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -89-2,89,Special reciprocal construction based on 'other',,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -89-6,89,Special reciprocal construction based on 'companion',,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -89-5,89,Other special reciprocal construction,,5,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -89-4,89,No reciprocal construction exists,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -90-1,90,Typical passive construction,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -90-3,90,Passive without verbal coding,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -90-4,90,Other atypical passive construction,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -90-2,90,Absence of passive construction,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -91-2,91,Benefactive function and transitive base,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -91-1,91,Benefactive function and any base,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -91-3,91,Benefactive and other functions,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -91-8,91,No applicative construction exists,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -92-1,92,Relative pronoun,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -92-2,92,Relative particle and gap,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -92-3,92,Relative particle and resumptive pronoun,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -92-4,92,Zero and gap,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -92-5,92,Zero and resumptive pronoun,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -92-6,92,Non-reduction,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -92-7,92,Verbal affix,,7,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -93-1,93,Relative pronoun,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -93-2,93,Relative particle and gap,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -93-3,93,Relative particle and resumptive pronoun,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -93-4,93,Zero and gap,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -93-5,93,Zero and resumptive pronoun,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -93-6,93,Non-reduction,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -93-8,93,Verbal affix,,7,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -93-7,93,Impossible,,8,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -94-1,94,Relative pronoun with pied-piping,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -94-2,94,Relative particle and gap with preposition stranding,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -94-3,94,Relative particle and resumptive pronoun,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -94-4,94,Zero and gap with preposition stranding,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -94-5,94,Zero and resumptive pronoun,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -94-7,94,Relative pronoun with resumptive pronoun,,6,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -94-9,94,Instrument meaning is left implicit,,7,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00 -94-8,94,Impossible,,8,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -95-1,95,Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -95-2,95,Complementizer consists of ‘say’ plus some other marker,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -95-3,95,Complementizer not synchronically related to ‘say’,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -95-4,95,No complementizer,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -96-1,96,Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -96-2,96,Complementizer consists of ‘say’ plus some other marker,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -96-3,96,Complementizer not synchronically related to ‘say’,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -96-4,96,No complementizer,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -97-1,97,The complement subject is left implicit,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -97-2,97,The complement subject is expressed overtly,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -97-3,97,Desiderative verbal affix,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -97-4,97,Desiderative particle,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -98-1,98,Identical complementizer,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -98-3,98,Different complementizer,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -98-6,98,Only 'think' complement has a complementizer,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -98-7,98,Only 'want' complement has a complementizer,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -98-5,98,No complementizer,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -99-1,99,Verb doubling is possible in temporal clauses,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -99-2,99,Verb doubling is not possible in temporal clauses,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -100-1,100,Negative affix,,1,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -100-4,100,Negative particle,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -100-3,100,Negative auxiliary verb,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -100-5,100,Bipartite negative marker,,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -101-1,101,Before the verb,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -101-2,101,Immediately after the verb,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -101-3,101,After verb plus postverbal object,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -101-4,101,"Bipartite, before verb and immediately after",,4,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -101-5,101,"Bipartite, before verb and after object",,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -101-6,101,"Bipartite, other possibilities",,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -102-1,102,Co-occurrence with predicate negation,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -102-3,102,Preclusion possible with preverbal indefinites,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -102-5,102,Preclusion possible under other conditions,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -102-6,102,Negative existential construction,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -103-7,103,Only interrogative intonation,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -103-5,103,Interrogative word order,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -103-1,103,Initial question particle,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -103-2,103,Final question particle,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -103-8,103,Question particle in other position,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -103-3,103,Interrogative verb morphology,,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -103-9,103,A-not-A question,,7,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -104-1,104,Cleft with copula before focus,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -104-2,104,Cleft with copula after focus,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -104-3,104,Cleft with focus particle before focus,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -104-4,104,Cleft with focus particle after focus,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -104-5,104,Bare cleft (without highlighter),,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -104-6,104,Fronting with particle before focus,,6,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -104-7,104,Fronting with particle after focus,,7,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -104-8,104,Bare fronting (without particle),,8,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -104-9,104,In situ focusing (with particle),,9,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -105-3,105,No verb doubling,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -105-1,105,Verb fronted with a copy in the background clause,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -105-2,105,Verb reduplicated,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -106-1,106,Before the focused element,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -106-2,106,After the focused element,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -106-4,106,Non-adjacent preceding,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -106-3,106,Non-adjacent following,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -107-1,107,Optional vocative marker preceding noun,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -107-2,107,Optional vocative marker following noun,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -107-3,107,Optional vocative marker in both positions,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -107-4,107,Obligatory vocative marker preceding noun,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -107-7,107,No vocative marker,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -108-4,108,No para-linguistic clicks,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -108-2,108,Clicks can express only affective meanings,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -108-1,108,Clicks can express only logical meanings,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -108-3,108,Both logical and affective meanings,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -109-1,109,A word derived from pequenino exists,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -109-2,109,A word derived from pequenino does not exist,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -110-1,110,A savvy word exists,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -110-2,110,A savvy word does not exist,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -111-1,111,Monomorphemic,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -111-2,111,Bimorphemic,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -111-3,111,Phrase/circumlocution,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -112-1,112,Identity,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -112-2,112,Differentiation,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -112-3,112,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -113-2,113,Differentiation,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -113-4,113,Identity and differentiation,,2,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -113-3,113,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -113-1,113,Identity,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -114-2,114,Differentiation,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -114-1,114,Identity,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -114-3,114,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -114-4,114,Identity and differentiation,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -115-2,115,Differentiation,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -115-1,115,Identity,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -115-3,115,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -115-4,115,Identity and differentiation,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -116-2,116,Differentiation,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -116-1,116,Identity,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -116-3,116,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -116-5,116,Not applicable,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -117-1,117,Preposed sex-denoting word,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -117-2,117,Postposed sex-denoting word,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -117-3,117,Sex-denoting prefix,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -117-4,117,Sex-denoting suffix,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -117-5,117,Other,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -118-1,118,Only simple onsets,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -118-2,118,Onsets at most moderately complex,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -118-3,118,Onsets may be complex,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -119-1,119,No syllable codas,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -119-2,119,Only simple codas,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -119-3,119,Codas at most moderately complex,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -119-4,119,Codas may be complex,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -120-1,120,No tone distinctions,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -120-2,120,Reduced tone system,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -120-3,120,"Simple system, for lexical distinctions only",,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -120-5,120,"Simple tone system, for lexical and grammatical distinctions",,4,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -120-8,120,"Complex tone system, for lexical and grammatical distinctions",,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -121-1,121,Two vowel heights,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -121-2,121,Three vowel heights,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -121-3,121,Four vowel heights,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -121-4,121,Five vowel heights,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -122-1,122,Present in a prominent way,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -122-2,122,Present in a limited way,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -122-3,122,Present only as minor allophones,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -122-4,122,No nasal vowels exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -123-1,123,[ə] exists as a major allophone,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -123-2,123,[ə] exists as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -123-3,123,[ə] exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -123-4,123,[ə] does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -124-1,124,Both [f] and [v] exist as major allophones,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -124-2,124,[f] and [v] exist in a limited way,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -124-3,124,Only [f] exists,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -124-4,124,Only [v] exists,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -124-5,124,Neither [f] nor [v] exists,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -125-1,125,Both [ʃ] and [ʒ] exist as major allophones,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -125-2,125,[ʃ] and [ʒ] exist in a limited way,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -125-3,125,Only [ʃ] exists,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -125-4,125,Neither [ʃ] nor [ʒ] exists,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -126-1,126,[z] exists as a major allophone,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -126-2,126,[z] exists as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -126-3,126,[z] exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -126-4,126,[z] does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -127-1,127,[θ] and [ð] are major allophones,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -127-2,127,[θ] and [ð] are minor allophones,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -127-3,127,[θ] and [ð] exist only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -127-4,127,"Only [ð] exists, as a minor allophone",,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -127-5,127,"Only [θ] exists, in a limited way",,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -127-6,127,Neither [θ] nor [ð] exists,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -128-1,128,[ɲ] exists as a major allophone,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -128-2,128,[ɲ] exists as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -128-3,128,[ɲ] exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -128-4,128,[ɲ] does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -129-1,129,Prenasalized segments exist,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -129-2,129,No prenasalized segments,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -130-1,130,[h] exists as a major allophone,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -130-2,130,[h] exists as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -130-3,130,[h] exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -130-4,130,[h] does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -131-1,131,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -131-2,131,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -131-3,131,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -131-4,131,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -132-1,132,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -132-2,132,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -132-3,132,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -132-4,132,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -133-1,133,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -133-2,133,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -133-3,133,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -133-4,133,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -134-1,134,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -134-2,134,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -134-3,134,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -134-4,134,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -135-1,135,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -135-2,135,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -135-3,135,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -135-4,135,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -136-1,136,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -136-2,136,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -136-3,136,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -136-4,136,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -137-1,137,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -137-2,137,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -137-3,137,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -137-4,137,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -138-1,138,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -138-2,138,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -138-3,138,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -138-4,138,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -139-1,139,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -139-2,139,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -139-3,139,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -139-4,139,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -140-1,140,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -140-2,140,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -140-3,140,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -140-4,140,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -141-1,141,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -141-2,141,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -141-3,141,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -141-4,141,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -142-1,142,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -142-2,142,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -142-3,142,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -142-4,142,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -143-1,143,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -143-2,143,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -143-3,143,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -143-4,143,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -144-1,144,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -144-2,144,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -144-3,144,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -144-4,144,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -145-1,145,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -145-2,145,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -145-3,145,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -145-4,145,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -146-1,146,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -146-2,146,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -146-3,146,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -146-4,146,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -147-1,147,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -147-2,147,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -147-3,147,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -147-4,147,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -148-1,148,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -148-2,148,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -148-3,148,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -148-4,148,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -149-1,149,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -149-2,149,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -149-3,149,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -149-4,149,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -150-1,150,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -150-2,150,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -150-3,150,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -150-4,150,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -151-1,151,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -151-2,151,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -151-3,151,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -151-4,151,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -152-1,152,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -152-2,152,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -152-3,152,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -152-4,152,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -153-1,153,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -153-2,153,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -153-3,153,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -153-4,153,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -154-1,154,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -154-2,154,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -154-3,154,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -154-4,154,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -155-1,155,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -155-2,155,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -155-3,155,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -155-4,155,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -156-1,156,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -156-2,156,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -156-3,156,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -156-4,156,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -157-1,157,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -157-2,157,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -157-3,157,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -157-4,157,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -158-1,158,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -158-2,158,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -158-3,158,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -158-4,158,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -159-1,159,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -159-2,159,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -159-3,159,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -159-4,159,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -160-1,160,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -160-2,160,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -160-3,160,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -160-4,160,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -161-1,161,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -161-2,161,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -161-3,161,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -161-4,161,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -162-1,162,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -162-2,162,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -162-3,162,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -162-4,162,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -163-1,163,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -163-2,163,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -163-3,163,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -163-4,163,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -164-1,164,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -164-2,164,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -164-3,164,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -164-4,164,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -165-1,165,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -165-2,165,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -165-3,165,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -165-4,165,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -166-1,166,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -166-2,166,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -166-3,166,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -166-4,166,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -167-1,167,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -167-2,167,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -167-3,167,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -167-4,167,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -168-1,168,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -168-2,168,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -168-3,168,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -168-4,168,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -169-1,169,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -169-2,169,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -169-3,169,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -169-4,169,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -170-1,170,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -170-2,170,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -170-3,170,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -170-4,170,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -171-1,171,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -171-2,171,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -171-3,171,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -171-4,171,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -172-1,172,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -172-2,172,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -172-3,172,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -172-4,172,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -173-1,173,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -173-2,173,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -173-3,173,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -173-4,173,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -174-1,174,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -174-2,174,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -174-3,174,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -174-4,174,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -175-1,175,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -175-2,175,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -175-3,175,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -175-4,175,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -176-1,176,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -176-2,176,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -176-3,176,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -176-4,176,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -177-1,177,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -177-2,177,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -177-3,177,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -177-4,177,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -178-1,178,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -178-2,178,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -178-3,178,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -178-4,178,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -179-1,179,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -179-2,179,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -179-3,179,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -179-4,179,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -180-1,180,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -180-2,180,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -180-3,180,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -180-4,180,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -181-1,181,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -181-2,181,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -181-3,181,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -181-4,181,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -182-1,182,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -182-2,182,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -182-3,182,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -182-4,182,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -183-1,183,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -183-2,183,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -183-3,183,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -183-4,183,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -184-1,184,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -184-2,184,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -184-3,184,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -184-4,184,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -185-1,185,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -185-2,185,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -185-3,185,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -185-4,185,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -186-1,186,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -186-2,186,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -186-3,186,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -186-4,186,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -187-1,187,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -187-2,187,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -187-3,187,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -187-4,187,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -188-1,188,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -188-2,188,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -188-3,188,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -188-4,188,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -189-1,189,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -189-2,189,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -189-3,189,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -189-4,189,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -190-1,190,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -190-2,190,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -190-3,190,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -190-4,190,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -191-1,191,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -191-2,191,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -191-3,191,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -191-4,191,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -192-1,192,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -192-2,192,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -192-3,192,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -192-4,192,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -193-1,193,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -193-2,193,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -193-3,193,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -193-4,193,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -194-1,194,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -194-2,194,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -194-3,194,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -194-4,194,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -195-1,195,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -195-2,195,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -195-3,195,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -195-4,195,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -196-1,196,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -196-2,196,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -196-3,196,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -196-4,196,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -197-1,197,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -197-2,197,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -197-3,197,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -197-4,197,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -198-1,198,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -198-2,198,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -198-3,198,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -198-4,198,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -199-1,199,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -199-2,199,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -199-3,199,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -199-4,199,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -200-1,200,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -200-2,200,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -200-3,200,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -200-4,200,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -201-1,201,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -201-2,201,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -201-3,201,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -201-4,201,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -202-1,202,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -202-2,202,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -202-3,202,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -202-4,202,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -203-1,203,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -203-2,203,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -203-3,203,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -203-4,203,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -204-1,204,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -204-2,204,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -204-3,204,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -204-4,204,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -205-1,205,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -205-2,205,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -205-3,205,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -205-4,205,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -206-1,206,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -206-2,206,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -206-3,206,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -206-4,206,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -207-1,207,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -207-2,207,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -207-3,207,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -207-4,207,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -208-1,208,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -208-2,208,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -208-3,208,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -208-4,208,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -209-1,209,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -209-2,209,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -209-3,209,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -209-4,209,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -210-1,210,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -210-2,210,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -210-3,210,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -210-4,210,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -211-1,211,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -211-2,211,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -211-3,211,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -211-4,211,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -212-1,212,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -212-2,212,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -212-3,212,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -212-4,212,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -213-1,213,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -213-2,213,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -213-3,213,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -213-4,213,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -214-1,214,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -214-2,214,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -214-3,214,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -214-4,214,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -215-1,215,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -215-2,215,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -215-3,215,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -215-4,215,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -216-1,216,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -216-2,216,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -216-3,216,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -216-4,216,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -217-1,217,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -217-2,217,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -217-3,217,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -217-4,217,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -218-1,218,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -218-2,218,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -218-3,218,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -218-4,218,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -219-1,219,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -219-2,219,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -219-3,219,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -219-4,219,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -220-1,220,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -220-2,220,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -220-3,220,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -220-4,220,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -221-1,221,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -221-2,221,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -221-3,221,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -221-4,221,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -222-1,222,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -222-2,222,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -222-3,222,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -222-4,222,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -223-1,223,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -223-2,223,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -223-3,223,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -223-4,223,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -224-1,224,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -224-2,224,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -224-3,224,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -224-4,224,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -225-1,225,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -225-2,225,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -225-3,225,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -225-4,225,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -226-1,226,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -226-2,226,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -226-3,226,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -226-4,226,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -227-1,227,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -227-2,227,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -227-3,227,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -227-4,227,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -228-1,228,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -228-2,228,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -228-3,228,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -228-4,228,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -229-1,229,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -229-2,229,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -229-3,229,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -229-4,229,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -230-1,230,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -230-2,230,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -230-3,230,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -230-4,230,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -231-1,231,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -231-2,231,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -231-3,231,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -231-4,231,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -232-1,232,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -232-2,232,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -232-3,232,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -232-4,232,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -233-1,233,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -233-2,233,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -233-3,233,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -233-4,233,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -234-1,234,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -234-2,234,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -234-3,234,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -234-4,234,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -235-1,235,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -235-2,235,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -235-3,235,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -235-4,235,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -236-1,236,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -236-2,236,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -236-3,236,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -236-4,236,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -237-1,237,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -237-2,237,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -237-3,237,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -237-4,237,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -238-1,238,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -238-2,238,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -238-3,238,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -238-4,238,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -239-1,239,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -239-2,239,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -239-3,239,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -239-4,239,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -240-1,240,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -240-2,240,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -240-3,240,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -240-4,240,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -241-1,241,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -241-2,241,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -241-3,241,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -241-4,241,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -242-1,242,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -242-2,242,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -242-3,242,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -242-4,242,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -243-1,243,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -243-2,243,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -243-3,243,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -243-4,243,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -244-1,244,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -244-2,244,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -244-3,244,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -244-4,244,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -245-1,245,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -245-2,245,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -245-3,245,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -245-4,245,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -246-1,246,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -246-2,246,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -246-3,246,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -246-4,246,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -247-1,247,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -247-2,247,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -247-3,247,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -247-4,247,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -248-1,248,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -248-2,248,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -248-3,248,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -248-4,248,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -249-1,249,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -249-2,249,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -249-3,249,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -249-4,249,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -250-1,250,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -250-2,250,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -250-3,250,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -250-4,250,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -251-1,251,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -251-2,251,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -251-3,251,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -251-4,251,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -252-1,252,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -252-2,252,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -252-3,252,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -252-4,252,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -253-1,253,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -253-2,253,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -253-3,253,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -253-4,253,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -254-1,254,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -254-2,254,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -254-3,254,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -254-4,254,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -255-1,255,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -255-2,255,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -255-3,255,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -255-4,255,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -256-1,256,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -256-2,256,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -256-3,256,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -256-4,256,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -257-1,257,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -257-2,257,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -257-3,257,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -257-4,257,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -258-1,258,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -258-2,258,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -258-3,258,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -258-4,258,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -259-1,259,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -259-2,259,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -259-3,259,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -259-4,259,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -260-1,260,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -260-2,260,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -260-3,260,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -260-4,260,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -261-1,261,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -261-2,261,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -261-3,261,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -261-4,261,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -262-1,262,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -262-2,262,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -262-3,262,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -262-4,262,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -263-1,263,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -263-2,263,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -263-3,263,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -263-4,263,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -264-1,264,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -264-2,264,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -264-3,264,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -264-4,264,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -265-1,265,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -265-2,265,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -265-3,265,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -265-4,265,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -266-1,266,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -266-2,266,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -266-3,266,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -266-4,266,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -267-1,267,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -267-2,267,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -267-3,267,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -267-4,267,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -268-1,268,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -268-2,268,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -268-3,268,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -268-4,268,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -269-1,269,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -269-2,269,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -269-3,269,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -269-4,269,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -270-1,270,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -270-2,270,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -270-3,270,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -270-4,270,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -271-1,271,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -271-2,271,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -271-3,271,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -271-4,271,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -272-1,272,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -272-2,272,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -272-3,272,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -272-4,272,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -273-1,273,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -273-2,273,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -273-3,273,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -273-4,273,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -274-1,274,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -274-2,274,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -274-3,274,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -274-4,274,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -275-1,275,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -275-2,275,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -275-3,275,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -275-4,275,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -276-1,276,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -276-2,276,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -276-3,276,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -276-4,276,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -277-1,277,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -277-2,277,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -277-3,277,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -277-4,277,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -278-1,278,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -278-2,278,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -278-3,278,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -278-4,278,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -279-1,279,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -279-2,279,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -279-3,279,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -279-4,279,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -280-1,280,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -280-2,280,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -280-3,280,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -280-4,280,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -281-1,281,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -281-2,281,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -281-3,281,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -281-4,281,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -282-1,282,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -282-2,282,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -282-3,282,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -282-4,282,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -283-1,283,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -283-2,283,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -283-3,283,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -283-4,283,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -284-1,284,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -284-2,284,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -284-3,284,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -284-4,284,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -285-1,285,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -285-2,285,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -285-3,285,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -285-4,285,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -286-1,286,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -286-2,286,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -286-3,286,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -286-4,286,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -287-1,287,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -287-2,287,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -287-3,287,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -287-4,287,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -288-1,288,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -288-2,288,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -288-3,288,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -288-4,288,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -289-1,289,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -289-2,289,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -289-3,289,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -289-4,289,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -290-1,290,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -290-2,290,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -290-3,290,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -290-4,290,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -291-1,291,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -291-2,291,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -291-3,291,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -291-4,291,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -292-1,292,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -292-2,292,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -292-3,292,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -292-4,292,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -293-1,293,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -293-2,293,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -293-3,293,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -293-4,293,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -294-1,294,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -294-2,294,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -294-3,294,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -294-4,294,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -295-1,295,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -295-2,295,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -295-3,295,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -295-4,295,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -296-1,296,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -296-2,296,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -296-3,296,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -296-4,296,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -297-1,297,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -297-2,297,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -297-3,297,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -297-4,297,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -298-1,298,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -298-2,298,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -298-3,298,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -298-4,298,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -299-1,299,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -299-2,299,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -299-3,299,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -299-4,299,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -300-1,300,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -300-2,300,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -300-3,300,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -300-4,300,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -301-1,301,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -301-2,301,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -301-3,301,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -301-4,301,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -302-1,302,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -302-2,302,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -302-3,302,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -302-4,302,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -303-1,303,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -303-2,303,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -303-3,303,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -303-4,303,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -304-1,304,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -304-2,304,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -304-3,304,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -304-4,304,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -305-1,305,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -305-2,305,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -305-3,305,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -305-4,305,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -306-1,306,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -306-2,306,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -306-3,306,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -306-4,306,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -307-1,307,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535 -307-2,307,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -307-3,307,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713 -307-4,307,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -308-1,308,English,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -308-2,308,French,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -308-3,308,Portuguese,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -308-4,308,Spanish,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -308-5,308,Arabic,,5,pie-100-800080.png,800080 -308-6,308,Other,,6,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -308-7,308,Dutch,,7,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -308-8,308,Malay,,8,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1 -308-9,308,Bantu,,9,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -309-1,309,Virtually all,,1,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -309-2,309,Most,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -309-3,309,Many,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -309-4,309,Some,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -309-5,309,Virtually none,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -310-1,310,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -310-2,310,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -310-3,310,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -310-4,310,Not applicable (because the language is not a pidgin),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -311-1,311,Quickly,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -311-2,311,Slowly,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -311-3,311,Not at all,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -312-1,312,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -312-2,312,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -312-3,312,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -312-4,312,Not applicable (because the language is not currently spoken),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -313-1,313,Less than 100 speakers or extinct,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -313-2,313,"Less than 1,000 speakers",,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -313-3,313,"Less than 10,000 speakers",,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00 -313-4,313,"Less than 100,000 speakers",,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -313-5,313,"Less than 1,000,000 speakers",,5,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00 -313-6,313,"More than 1,000,000 speakers",,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000 -314-1,314,(Near-) exclusively,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -314-2,314,Predominantly,,2,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6 -314-3,314,Used to the same extent by both genders,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -315-1,315,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -315-2,315,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -315-3,315,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -315-4,315,Not applicable (because no radio/TV station exists),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -316-1,316,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -316-2,316,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -316-3,316,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -316-4,316,Not applicable (because no radio/TV station exists),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -317-1,317,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -317-2,317,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -317-3,317,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -318-1,318,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -318-2,318,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -318-3,318,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -318-4,318,Not applicable (because there are virtually no printed works),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -319-1,319,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -319-2,319,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -319-3,319,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -319-4,319,Not applicable (because no newspapers exist),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -320-1,320,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -320-2,320,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -320-3,320,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -320-4,320,Not applicable (because no newspapers exist),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -321-1,321,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -321-2,321,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -321-3,321,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -321-4,321,Not applicable (because there are no such offices in the relevant area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -322-1,322,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -322-2,322,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -322-3,322,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -322-4,322,Not applicable (because there is no court in the relevant area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -323-1,323,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -323-2,323,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -323-3,323,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -323-4,323,Not applicable (because no parliament or similar legislative body exists),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -324-1,324,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -324-2,324,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -324-3,324,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -324-4,324,Not applicable (because there are no schools in the area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -325-1,325,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -325-2,325,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -325-3,325,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -325-4,325,Not applicable (because there is no access to electronic media in the area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -326-1,326,The main lexifier language,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -326-2,326,A major world language that is not the main lexifier,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF -326-3,326,A neighbouring language that is neither the main lexifier nor a major world language,,3,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -326-4,326,Several different kinds of languages are equally important in terms of contact influence,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -327-1,327,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -327-2,327,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -327-3,327,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -327-4,327,Not applicable (because the language is spoken in a very small area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -328-1,328,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -328-2,328,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -328-3,328,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -328-4,328,Not applicable (because the language is spoken in a very small area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -329-1,329,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -329-2,329,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -329-3,329,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -329-4,329,Not applicable (because the language is spoken in a very small area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -330-1,330,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -330-2,330,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -330-3,330,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -330-4,330,Not applicable (because the language is only spoken in urban or only in rural areas),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -331-1,331,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -331-2,331,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -331-3,331,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -331-4,331,Not applicable (because the language is only spoken in urban or only in rural areas),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -332-1,332,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -332-2,332,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -332-3,332,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -332-4,332,Not applicable (because the language is only spoken in urban or only in rural areas),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -333-1,333,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -333-2,333,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -333-3,333,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -333-4,333,Not applicable (because there is little social stratification),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -334-1,334,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -334-2,334,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -334-3,334,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -334-4,334,Not applicable (because there is little social stratification),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 -335-1,335,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000 -335-2,335,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00 -335-3,335,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF -335-4,335,Not applicable (because there is little social stratification),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080 +ID,Parameter_ID,Name,Description,Number,icon,color,abbr +0-1,0,English-based,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,English-based +0-7,0,Dutch-based,,2,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Dutch-based +0-3,0,Portuguese-based,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Portuguese-based +0-4,0,Spanish-based,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Spanish-based +0-2,0,French-based,,5,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,French-based +0-5,0,Arabic-based,,6,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Arabic-based +0-6,0,Bantu-based,,7,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Bantu-based +0-8,0,Malay-based,,8,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Malay-based +0-9,0,Other-based,,9,pie-100-808080.png,808080,Other-based +1-2,1,Subject-verb-object (SVO),,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Subject-verb-object (SVO) +1-1,1,Subject-object-verb (SOV),,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Subject-object-verb (SOV) +1-3,1,Verb-subject-object (VSO),,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Verb-subject-object (VSO) +1-4,1,Verb-object-subject (VOS),,4,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00,Verb-object-subject (VOS) +1-6,1,Object-subject-verb (OSV),,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Object-subject-verb (OSV) +1-5,1,Object-verb-subject (OVS),,6,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Object-verb-subject (OVS) +2-1,2,Possessor-possessum,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Possessor-possessum +2-2,2,Possessum-possessor,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Possessum-possessor +3-1,3,Modifying adjective precedes noun,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Modifying adjective precedes noun +3-2,3,Modifying adjective follows noun,,2,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Modifying adjective follows noun +4-2,4,Prepositions,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Prepositions +4-1,4,Postpositions,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Postpositions +4-5,4,Circumpositions,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Circumpositions +5-1,5,Demonstrative word precedes noun,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Demonstrative word precedes noun +5-2,5,Demonstrative word follows noun,,2,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Demonstrative word follows noun +5-5,5,Demonstrative simultaneously before and after noun,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Demonstrative before and after noun +6-1,6,Numeral precedes noun,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Numeral precedes noun +6-2,6,Numeral follows noun,,2,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Numeral follows noun +7-1,7,Relative clause follows noun,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Relative clause follows noun +7-2,7,Relative clause precedes noun,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Relative clause precedes noun +7-3,7,Internally-headed relative clause,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Internally-headed relative clause +7-4,7,Correlative relative clause,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Correlative relative clause +7-5,7,Adjoined relative clause,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Adjoined relative clause +8-1,8,Degree word precedes adjective,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Degree word precedes adjective +8-2,8,Degree word follows adjective,,2,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Degree word follows adjective +8-3,8,Degree word precedes and follows adjective,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Degree word precedes and follows adjective +9-1,9,Definite article is preposed,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Definite article is preposed +9-2,9,Definite article is postposed,,2,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Definite article is postposed +9-3,9,Definite article is circumposed,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Definite article is circumposed +9-4,9,The language has no definite article,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,The language has no definite article +10-1,10,Indefinite article is preposed,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Indefinite article is preposed +10-2,10,Indefinite article is postposed,,2,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Indefinite article is postposed +10-4,10,The language has no indefinite article,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No indefinite article +11-1,11,Verb – adverb – object,,1,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Verb – adverb – object +11-2,11,Adverb – verb – object,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Adverb – verb – object +11-3,11,Verb – object – adverb,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Verb – object – adverb +11-4,11,Object – adverb – verb,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Object – adverb – verb +11-5,11,Adverb – object – verb,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Adverb – object – verb +11-6,11,Object – verb – adverb,,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Object – verb – adverb +12-1,12,Interrogative phrase initial,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Interrogative phrase initial +12-2,12,Interrogative phrase not initial,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Interrogative phrase not initial +13-1,13,No gender distinctions,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No gender distinctions +13-2,13,In 3rd person singular only,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,In 3rd person singular only +13-4,13,In 3rd person singular and plural only,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,In 3rd person singular and plural only +13-6,13,In 2nd person but not in 3rd person,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,In 2nd person but not in 3rd person +14-1,14,No special dual form,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No special dual form +14-2,14,Dual form in all three persons,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Dual form in all three persons +14-3,14,Dual form only in first person,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Dual form only in first person +15-1,15,No inclusive/exclusive distinction,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No inclusive/exclusive distinction +15-2,15,Inclusive and exclusive differentiated,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Inclusive and exclusive differentiated +16-1,16,No person syncretism,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No syncretism +16-2,16,Syncretism between 1st and 2nd person,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,1st/2nd person plural syncretism +16-3,16,Syncretism between 2nd and 3rd person,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,2nd/3rd person plural syncretism +17-1,17,No dependent person forms,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No dependent person forms +17-2,17,Only dependent subject forms,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Only dependent subject forms +17-3,17,Only dependent object forms,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Only dependent object forms +17-4,17,Dependent subject and object forms,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Dependent subject and object forms +18-1,18,No pronominal politeness distinction,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No politeness distinction +18-2,18,Binary pronominal politeness distinction,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Binary politeness distinction +18-3,18,Multiple pronominal politeness distinction,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Multiple politeness distinction +18-5,18,Titles used as second person forms,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Titles used as second person pronouns +19-1,19,All simple words,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,All simple words +19-2,19,One compound expression,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,One compound expression +19-3,19,Two compound expressions,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Two compound expressions +19-4,19,Three compound expressions,,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Three compound expressions +19-5,19,Four compound expressions,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Four compound expressions +20-1,20,Singular pronoun overtly conjoined with other conjunct,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Pronoun overtly conjoined +20-2,20,Inclusory pronoun juxtaposed with subset NP,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Inclusory pronoun juxtaposed +20-3,20,Inclusory pronoun plus marker plus subset NP,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Inclusory pronoun plus marker +20-4,20,Inclusory pronoun plus numeral plus subset NP,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Inclusory pronoun plus numeral +20-5,20,Singular pronoun juxtaposed with other conjunct,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Pronoun juxtaposed +21-1,21,Interrogative-based indefinites,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Interrogative-based indefinites +21-2,21,Generic-noun-based indefinites,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Generic-noun-based indefinites +21-5,21,Old generic-noun-based indefinites continuing somebody/something,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Old generic-noun-based indefinites +21-3,21,Special indefinites,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Special indefinites +21-4,21,Existential construction,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Existential construction +22-1,22,No plural marking,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No plural marking +22-2,22,Variable plural marking of human nouns,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Variable plural marking of human nouns +22-4,22,Variable plural marking of human or inanimate nouns,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Variable plural marking of all nouns +22-6,22,Invariant plural marking,,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Invariant plural marking +23-1,23,Plural is not expressed overtly,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Plural is not expressed overtly +23-2,23,Plural prefix,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Plural prefix +23-3,23,Plural suffix,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Plural suffix +23-4,23,Plural stem change,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Plural stem change +23-5,23,Plural tone or stress change,,5,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00,Plural tone or stress change +23-6,23,Plural reduplication,,6,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Plural reduplication +23-7,23,Plural word preceding the noun,,7,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Plural word preceding the noun +23-8,23,Plural word following the noun,,8,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Plural word following the noun +24-1,24,Associative plural marker identical to additive plural marker,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Associative identical to ordinary plural +24-2,24,Special associative plural marker identical to 3rd plural pronoun,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Associative identical to 3rd plural pronoun +24-3,24,Other special associative plural marker,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Other special associative plural marker +24-4,24,No associative plural marker,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No associative plural marker +25-1,25,No nominal plural word,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No nominal plural word +25-2,25,Identity,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identity +25-3,25,Differentiation,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Differentiation +25-4,25,Overlap,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Overlap +26-1,26,No reduplication,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No reduplication +26-2,26,Only iconic functions,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Only iconic functions +26-5,26,Attenuating function,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Attenuating function +26-6,26,Word-class-changing function,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Word-class changing function +26-8,26,Attenuating and word-class-changing function,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Attenuating and word-class changing function +27-1,27,Antidual,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Antidual +27-2,27,No antidual,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No antidual +28-1,28,Definite article distinct from demonstratives,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Definite article distinct from demonstratives +28-2,28,Definite article identical to a demonstrative,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Definite article identical to a demonstrative +28-4,28,"No definite article, but indefinite article",,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,"No definite article, but indefinite article" +28-5,28,Neither definite nor indefinite article,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Neither definite nor indefinite article +29-1,29,Indefinite article distinct from numeral ‘one’,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Indefinite article distinct from ‘one’ +29-2,29,Indefinite article identical to numeral ‘one’,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Indefinite article identical to ‘one’ +29-4,29,"No indefinite article, but definite article",,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,"No indefinite article, but definite article" +29-5,29,Neither indefinite nor definite article,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Neither indefinite nor definite article +30-1,30,Language without definite and indefinite article,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Language without definite/indefinite article +30-2,30,Bare singular noun phrase in languages with definite article,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Bare singular NP (with definite article) +30-3,30,Bare singular noun phrase in languages without definite article,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Bare singular NP (without definite article) +30-4,30,Singular noun phrase with definite article,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Singular NP with definite article +30-5,30,Bare plural noun phrase in languages with definite article,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Bare plural NP (with definite article) +30-6,30,Bare plural noun phrase in languages without definite article,,6,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Bare plural NP (without definite article) +30-7,30,Plural noun phrase with definite article,,7,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Plural NP with definite article +30-8,30,Singular noun phrase with indefinite articles,,8,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00,Singular NP with indefinite article +30-9,30,Singular noun phrase with adnominal possessive,,9,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Singular NP with adnominal possessive +31-1,31,Co-occurrence,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Co-occurrence +31-2,31,No co-occurrence,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,No co-occurrence +31-3,31,Demonstrative identical to definite article,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Demonstrative identical to definite article +31-4,31,No definite article exists,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No definite article exists +32-1,32,Same forms,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Same forms +32-2,32,Different forms,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Different forms +32-3,32,"Same stems, different inflectional features",,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,"Same stems, different inflectional features" +33-1,33,No distance contrast,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No distance contrast +33-2,33,Two-way contrast,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Two-way contrast +33-3,33,Three-way contrast,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Three-way contrast +33-4,33,Four-way contrast,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Four-way contrast +34-2,34,Distributivity marked by reduplication,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Distributivity marked by reduplication +34-1,34,No special adjacent distributive numerals,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No special adjacent distributive numerals +35-1,35,Ordinal numerals do not exist,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Ordinals do not exist +35-3,35,Cardinal and ordinal numerals are identical except for ‘one’ and ‘first’,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,All ordinals identical except for 'first' +35-4,35,All ordinal numerals are synchronically derived from cardinal numerals,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,All ordinals synchronically derived +35-5,35,"All ordinal numerals are synchronically derived from cardinal numerals, but ‘first’ may also be suppletive",,4,pie-100-800080.png,800080,"'First' suppl. or derived, others derived" +35-6,35,"'First' is suppletive, all other numerals are synchronically derived from cardinal numerals",,5,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,"'First' suppletive, others derived" +35-7,35,"‘First’, ‘second’, or more are suppletive, the others are synchronically derived from cardinal numerals",,6,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,"'First' etc. suppletive, others derived" +35-2,35,All ordinal numerals are suppletive,,7,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,All ordinals suppletive +35-8,35,Other solutions,,8,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00,Other solutions +36-1,36,The language has no numeral classifiers,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,The language has no numeral classifiers +36-2,36,The language has numeral classifiers,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,The language has numeral classifiers +37-1,37,Preceding word,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Preceding word +37-2,37,Following word,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Following word +37-5,37,Adpositional phrase preceding the possessum,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Adpositional phrase preceding the possessum +37-6,37,Adpositional phrase following the possessum,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Adpositional phrase following the possessum +37-3,37,Prefix,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Prefix +37-4,37,Suffix,,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Suffix +38-2,38,Adpositional or case marking of possessor,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Adpositional or case marking of possessor +38-4,38,No marking,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No marking +38-1,38,Person-indexing on possessum,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Person-indexing on possessum +39-1,39,Identical to dependent pronominal possessor,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identical to dependent pronominal possessor +39-2,39,Special preposition plus pronoun,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Special preposition plus pronoun +39-3,39,Special word plus dependent pronominal possessor,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Special word plus dependent possessor +39-4,39,Special pronoun form,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Special pronoun form +40-1,40,No adjective agrees with the noun,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No adjective agrees with the noun +40-2,40,Only few adjectives agree with the noun,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Only few adjectives agree with the noun +40-3,40,Many adjectives agree with the noun,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Many adjectives agree with the noun +40-4,40,All adjectives agree with the noun,,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,All adjectives agree with the noun +41-1,41,Adjective is marked,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Adjective is marked +41-2,41,Adjective is not marked,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Adjective is not marked +42-7,42,Primary surpass marking,,1,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Primary surpass marking +42-1,42,Secondary surpass marking,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Secondary surpass marking +42-3,42,Locational marking,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Locational marking +42-2,42,Particle marking,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Particle marking +42-8,42,Locational plus particle marking,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Locational plus particle marking +42-5,42,Standard is not overtly marked,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Standard is not overtly marked +42-4,42,Conjoined marking,,7,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Conjoined marking +43-1,43,Immediately preceding the verb,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Immediately preceding the verb +43-2,43,Immediately following the verb,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Immediately following the verb +43-3,43,In a leftward position,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,In a leftward position +43-4,43,In a rightward position,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,In a rightward position +43-5,43,No TAM markers,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No TAM markers +44-1,44,Tense-Mood-Aspect,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Tense-Mood-Aspect +44-2,44,Tense-Aspect-Mood,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Tense-Aspect-Mood +44-4,44,Mood-Tense-Aspect,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Mood-Tense-Aspect +44-8,44,The feature does not apply,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,The feature does not apply +45-1,45,Affix,,1,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Affix +45-2,45,"Particle, nothing can intervene",,2,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00,"Particle, nothing can intervene" +45-3,45,"Particle, only grammatical markers can intervene",,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,"Particle, grammatical markers can intervene" +45-4,45,"Particle, a few lexical items may intervene",,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,"Particle, a few lexical items may intervene" +45-5,45,"Particle, open-class items may intervene",,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,"Particle, open-class items may intervene" +45-7,45,"Particle, clause-second position",,6,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,"Particle, clause-second position" +45-6,45,No overt past marker exists,,7,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No past marker +46-1,46,Affix,,1,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Affix +46-2,46,"Particle, nothing can intervene",,2,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00,"Particle, nothing can intervene" +46-3,46,"Particle, only grammatical markers can intervene",,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,"Particle, grammatical markers can intervene" +46-4,46,"Particle, a few lexical items may intervene",,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,"Particle, a few lexical items may intervene" +46-5,46,"Particle, open-class items may intervene",,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,"Particle, open-class items may intervene" +46-6,46,No overt progressive marker,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No overt progressive marker +47-1,47,No overt progressive marker,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No overt progressive marker +47-2,47,Only progressive function,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Only progressive function +47-4,47,Progressive and habitual,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Progressive and habitual +47-3,47,Progressive and current state,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Progressive and current state +47-5,47,Progressive and future,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Progressive and future +47-6,47,"Progressive, habitual, and current state",,6,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00,"Progressive, habitual, and current state" +47-8,47,"Progressive, habitual, and future",,7,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,"Progressive, habitual, and future" +47-9,47,"Progressive, habitual, current state, and future",,8,pie-100-000000.png,000000,"Progressive, habit., current state, and fut." +48-1,48,No overt habitual marker,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No overt habitual marker +48-2,48,Only habitual function,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Only habitual function +48-4,48,Habitual and progressive,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Habitual and progressive +48-3,48,Habitual and current state,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Habitual and current state +48-5,48,Habitual and future,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Habitual and future +48-6,48,"Habitual, progressive, and current state",,6,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,"Habitual, progressive, and current state" +48-7,48,"Habitual, current state, and future",,7,pie-100-800080.png,800080,"Habitual, current state, and future" +48-8,48,"Habitual, progressive and future",,8,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00,"Habitual, progressive, and future" +48-9,48,"Habitual, progressive, current state, and future",,9,pie-100-000000.png,000000,"Habitual, prog., current state, and future" +49-1,49,Purely aspectual system,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Purely aspectual system +49-2,49,Purely temporal system,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Purely temporal system +49-3,49,Mixed aspectual-temporal system,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Mixed aspectual-temporal system +49-4,49,No or only one tense or aspect marker,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No or only one tense or aspect marker +50-1,50,Same TAM marking in negated clauses,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Same TAM marking in negated clauses +50-2,50,Reduced TAM marking in negated clauses,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Reduced TAM marking in negated clauses +50-3,50,Different TAM marking in negated clauses,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Different TAM marking in negated clauses +50-4,50,Reduced and different TAM marking in negated clauses,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Reduced and different TAM marking +50-6,50,No TAM marker,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No TAM marker +51-3,51,Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are both unmarked,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Stative and dynamic verbs both unmarked +51-6,51,Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are marked with the same overt marker,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Stative and dynamic verbs marked the same way +51-1,51,Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are marked differently,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Stative and dynamic verbs marked differently +51-8,51,The language has no or only one TAM marker,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,The language has no or only one TAM marker +52-1,52,No inchoative meaning with aspect markers,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No inchoative meaning with aspect markers +52-2,52,Inchoative expressed by progressive marker,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Inchoative expressed by progressive marker +52-3,52,Inchoative expressed by completive marker,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Inchoative expressed by completive marker +52-4,52,Inchoative expressed by progressive and completive markers,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Inch. expr. by progressive and completive m. +52-5,52,No aspect markers,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000, +53-2,53,Aspect change in verb chains is possible,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Aspect change in verb chains is possible +53-3,53,Aspect change in verb chains is not possible,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Aspect change in verb chains is not possible +53-1,53,Verb chaining does not exist,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Verb chaining does not exist +54-1,54,Weak suppletion according to tense only,,1,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Weak suppletion according to tense only +54-2,54,Strong suppletion according to tense only,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Strong suppletion according to tense only +54-3,54,Weak suppletion according to aspect only,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Weak suppletion according to aspect only +54-4,54,Strong suppletion according to aspect only,,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Strong suppletion according to aspect only +54-6,54,Strong suppletion according to both tense and aspect,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Strong suppletion in to both tense and aspect +54-7,54,No suppletion according to tense or aspect,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No suppletion according to tense or aspect +55-1,55,Ability verb also expresses epistemic possibility,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Ability verb also expresses epist. poss. +55-2,55,Ability verb cannot express epistemic possibility,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Ability verb cannot express epist. poss. +55-3,55,No ability verb,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No ability verb +56-1,56,Normal imperative construction and normal negator,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,"Normal imperative, normal negator" +56-2,56,Normal imperative construction and special negator,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,"Normal imperative, special negator" +56-3,56,Special imperative construction and normal negator,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,"Special imperative, normal negator" +56-4,56,Special imperative construction and special negator,,4,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,"Special imperative, special negator" +57-1,57,No marking of patient NPs,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No marking of patient NPs +57-2,57,Only definite patient NPs are marked,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Only definite patient NPs are marked +57-3,57,Only animate patient NPs are marked,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Only animate patient NPs are marked +57-4,57,Only definite and animate patient NPs are marked,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Only definite and animate patients are marked +57-5,57,All patient NPs are marked,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000,All patient NPs are marked +58-1,58,Neutral alignment,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Neutral alignment +58-2,58,Accusative alignment,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Accusative alignment +58-4,58,Ergative alignment,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Ergative alignment +59-1,59,Neutral alignment,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Neutral alignment +59-2,59,Accusative alignment,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Accusative alignment +60-2,60,Double-object construction,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Double-object construction +60-1,60,Indirect-object construction,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Indirect-object construction +60-3,60,Secondary-object construction,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Secondary-object construction +61-1,61,Subject – verb – recipient – theme,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Subject – verb – recipient – theme +61-2,61,Subject – verb – theme – recipient,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Subject – verb – theme – recipient +61-3,61,Subject – theme – recipient – verb,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Subject – theme – recipient – verb +61-4,61,Subject – recipient – theme – verb,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Subject – recipient – theme – verb +61-5,61,Verb-initial recipient – theme,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Verb-initial recipient – theme +61-6,61,Verb-initial theme – recipient,,6,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Verb-initial theme – recipient +61-7,61,Other recipient – theme,,7,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00,Other recipient – theme +61-8,61,Other theme – recipient,,8,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Other theme – recipient +62-1,62,Obligatory pronoun words,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Obligatory pronoun words +62-2,62,Pronoun affixes,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Pronoun affixes +62-5,62,Optional pronoun words,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Optional pronoun words +62-4,62,Subject pronouns in different position,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Subject pronouns in different position +62-6,62,Mixed behaviour of pronominal subjects,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Mixed behaviour of pronominal subjects +63-1,63,An expletive subject is used,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,An expletive subject is used +63-2,63,An expletive subject is not used,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,An expletive subject is not used +63-3,63,'There is no 'seem' construction,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,'There is no 'seem' construction +64-1,64,An expletive subject is used,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,An expletive subject is used +64-2,64,An expletive subject is not used,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,An expletive subject is not used +65-1,65,Rain falls,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Rain falls +65-3,65,Rain rains,,2,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Rain rains +65-4,65,It rains,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,It rains +65-5,65,Rains,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Rains +65-7,65,It gives rain,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000,It gives rain +65-6,65,Rain exists,,6,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00,Rain exists +66-1,66,Experiencer is subject,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Experiencer is subject +66-3,66,Body-part is subject,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Body-part is subject +66-2,66,Pain is subject,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Pain is subject +66-5,66,Experiencer is dative,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Experiencer is dative +66-6,66,Incorporated body-part noun,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Incorporated body-part noun +67-1,67,Experiencer is subject,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Experiencer is subject +67-2,67,Experiencer is object,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Experiencer is object +67-6,67,Experiencer is dative,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Experiencer is dative +67-5,67,Both experiencer and stimulus are objects,,4,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Experiencer and stimulus are objects +68-1,68,"Experiencer is subject, 'fear' is verbal",,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,"Experiencer is subject, 'fear' is verbal" +68-2,68,"Experiencer is subject, 'fear' is non-verbal",,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,"Experiencer is subject, 'fear' is non-verbal" +68-3,68,"'Fear' is subject, experiencer is object",,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,"'Fear' is subject, experiencer is object" +68-7,68,Experiencer is dative,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Experiencer is dative +68-4,68,"'Fear' is subject, experiencer is oblique",,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000,"'Fear' is subject, experiencer is oblique" +68-5,68,Body-part is subject,,6,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Body-part is subject +69-1,69,Adposition,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Adposition +69-2,69,Serial verb,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Serial verb +69-5,69,Non-serial verb,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Non-serial verb +69-4,69,Unmarked noun phrase,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Unmarked noun phrase +69-3,69,Case marker,,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Case marker +70-1,70,Identity,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identity +70-2,70,Differentiation,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Differentiation +70-3,70,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Overlap +71-1,71,Identity,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identity +71-2,71,Differentiation,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Differentiation +71-3,71,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Overlap +72-1,72,"Identity, overtly expressed",,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,"Identity, overtly expressed" +72-2,72,"Identity, expressed by juxtaposition",,2,pie-100-000000.png,000000,"Identity, expressed by juxtaposition" +72-3,72,Differentiation,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Differentiation +72-4,72,Overlap,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Overlap +72-5,72,Identity and differentiation,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Identity and differentiation +73-1,73,Invariant copula,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Invariant copula +73-2,73,No copula,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No copula +73-3,73,Variable copula,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Variable copula +74-1,74,Invariant copula,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Invariant copula +74-2,74,No copula,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No copula +74-3,74,Variable copula,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Variable copula +75-1,75,Invariant copula,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Invariant copula +75-2,75,No copula,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No copula +75-3,75,Variable copula,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Variable copula +76-1,76,Identity,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identity +76-2,76,Differentiation,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Differentiation +76-3,76,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Overlap +76-4,76,Identity and differentiation,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Identity and differentiation +77-1,77,Transitive,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Transitive +77-4,77,Comitative,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Comitative +77-2,77,Locational,,3,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Locational +77-3,77,Genitive,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Genitive +77-5,77,Topic,,5,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Topic +78-1,78,Identity,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identity +78-2,78,Differentiation,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Differentiation +78-3,78,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Overlap +78-5,78,No transitive possession verb,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No transitive possession verb +79-1,79,No adpositional/case marking,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No adpositional/case marking +79-2,79,Preposition,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Preposition +79-3,79,Postpostion,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Postposition +79-4,79,Circumposition,,4,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Circumposition +79-5,79,Serial verb,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Serial verb +79-6,79,Serial verb plus preposition,,6,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Serial verb plus preposition +79-7,79,Case,,7,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Case +80-1,80,No adpositional/case marking,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No adpositional/case marking +80-2,80,Preposition,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Preposition +80-3,80,Postposition,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Postposition +80-4,80,Circumposition,,4,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Circumposition +80-5,80,Serial verb,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Serial verb +80-6,80,Serial verb plus preposition,,6,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Serial verb plus preposition +80-7,80,Case,,7,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Case +81-1,81,Identity,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identity +81-2,81,Differentiation,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Differentiation +81-3,81,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Overlap +81-4,81,Identity and differentiation,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Identity and differentiation +82-1,82,Special motion-to preposition,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Special motion-to preposition +82-2,82,At-rest marking is used to express motion-to,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,At-rest marking is used to express motion-to +82-3,82,Serial verb construction,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Serial verb construction +82-4,82,Serial verb construction plus preposition,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Serial verb construction plus preposition +82-5,82,Circumposition,,5,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Circumposition +82-6,82,Allative case,,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Allative case +83-1,83,Special motion-from adposition,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Special motion-from adposition +83-2,83,At-rest marking is used to express motion-from,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,At-rest marking used to express motion-from +83-3,83,Serial verb construction,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Serial verb construction +83-4,83,Serial verb construction plus preposition,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Serial verb construction plus preposition +83-5,83,Circumposition,,5,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Circumposition +83-6,83,Ablative case,,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Ablative case +84-2,84,‘Come’ and ‘go’ directionals exist,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,‘Come’ and ‘go’ directionals exist +84-3,84,‘Come’ and ‘go’ directionals do not exist,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,‘Come’ and ‘go’ directionals do not exist +85-2,85,"Theme of the second verb, literal interpretation possible",,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,"Theme of 2nd verb, literal interpr. possible" +85-3,85,"Theme of the second verb, literal interpretation impossible",,2,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,"Theme of 2nd verb, lit. interpr. impossible" +85-5,85,"Instrument of the second verb, no resumptive pronoun",,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,"Instrument of 2nd verb, no res. pron." +85-4,85,"Instrument of the second verb, with resumptive pronoun",,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,"Instrument of 2nd verb, with res. pron." +85-1,85,No ‘take’ serials,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No ‘take’ serials +86-1,86,"‘Give’ in second position, recipient only",,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,"Second verb, recipient only" +86-2,86,"‘Give’ in second position, recipient or beneficiary",,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,"Second verb, recipient or beneficiary" +86-3,86,"‘Give’ in first position, recipient only",,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,"First verb, recipient only" +86-5,86,No ‘give’ serials exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No ‘give’ serials exist +87-1,87,Ordinary anaphoric pronoun,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Ordinary anaphoric pronoun +87-6,87,Implicit expression,,2,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Implicit expression +87-4,87,Reflexive marking on the verb,,3,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Reflexive marking on the verb +87-2,87,Reflexive pronoun with ‘body’ or body-part,,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Body-part reflexive pronoun +87-3,87,Compound reflexive pronoun with emphasizer,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Compound reflexive pronoun with emphasizer +87-7,87,Dedicated reflexive pronoun,,6,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Dedicated reflexive pronoun +88-1,88,Intensifiers and reflexives are identical,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Intensifiers and reflexives are identical +88-2,88,Intensifiers and reflexives are differentiated,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Intensifiers and reflexives are different +88-3,88,Intensifiers and reflexives overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Intensifiers and reflexives overlap +88-4,88,Identical and differentiated,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Identical and differentiated +88-5,88,No special reflexive pronouns exist,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No special reflexive pronouns exist +89-1,89,Reciprocal construction identical to reflexive,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Reciprocal and reflexive identical +89-3,89,Identical and special reciprocal construction,,2,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Identical and special reciprocal construction +89-2,89,Special reciprocal construction based on 'other',,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Reciprocal construction based on 'other' +89-6,89,Special reciprocal construction based on 'companion',,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Reciprocal construction based on 'companion' +89-5,89,Other special reciprocal construction,,5,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Other special reciprocal construction +89-4,89,No reciprocal construction exists,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No reciprocal construction exists +90-1,90,Typical passive construction,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Typical passive construction +90-3,90,Passive without verbal coding,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Passive without verbal marking +90-4,90,Other atypical passive construction,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Other atypical passive construction +90-2,90,Absence of passive construction,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Absence of passive construction +91-2,91,Benefactive function and transitive base,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Benefactive function and transitive base +91-1,91,Benefactive function and any base,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Benefactive function and any base +91-3,91,Benefactive and other functions,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Benefactive and other functions +91-8,91,No applicative construction exists,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No applicative construction exists +92-1,92,Relative pronoun,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Relative pronoun +92-2,92,Relative particle and gap,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Relative particle and gap +92-3,92,Relative particle and resumptive pronoun,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Relative particle and resumptive pronoun +92-4,92,Zero and gap,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Zero and gap +92-5,92,Zero and resumptive pronoun,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Zero and resumptive pronoun +92-6,92,Non-reduction,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Non-reduction +92-7,92,Verbal affix,,7,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Verbal affix +93-1,93,Relative pronoun,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Relative pronoun +93-2,93,Relative particle and gap,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Relative particle and gap +93-3,93,Relative particle and resumptive pronoun,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Relative particle and resumptive pronoun +93-4,93,Zero and gap,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Zero and gap +93-5,93,Zero and resumptive pronoun,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Zero and resumptive pronoun +93-6,93,Non-reduction,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Non-reduction +93-8,93,Verbal affix,,7,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Verbal affix +93-7,93,Impossible,,8,pie-100-808080.png,808080,Impossible +94-1,94,Relative pronoun with pied-piping,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Relative pronoun with pied-piping +94-2,94,Relative particle and gap with preposition stranding,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Particle and gap with preposition stranding +94-3,94,Relative particle and resumptive pronoun,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Relative particle and resumptive pronoun +94-4,94,Zero and gap with preposition stranding,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Zero and gap with preposition stranding +94-5,94,Zero and resumptive pronoun,,5,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Zero and resumptive pronoun +94-7,94,Relative pronoun with resumptive pronoun,,6,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Relative pronoun with resumptive pronoun +94-9,94,Instrument meaning is left implicit,,7,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00,Instrument meaning is left implicit +94-8,94,Impossible,,8,pie-100-808080.png,808080,Impossible +95-1,95,Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’ +95-2,95,Complementizer consists of ‘say’ plus some other marker,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Complementizer is ‘say’ plus other marker +95-3,95,Complementizer not synchronically related to ‘say’,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Complementizer not related to ‘say’ +95-4,95,No complementizer,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No complementizer +96-1,96,Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’ +96-2,96,Complementizer consists of ‘say’ plus some other marker,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Complementizer is ‘say’ plus other marker +96-3,96,Complementizer not synchronically related to ‘say’,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Complementizer not related to ‘say’ +96-4,96,No complementizer,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No complementizer +97-1,97,The complement subject is left implicit,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,The complement subject is left implicit +97-2,97,The complement subject is expressed overtly,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,The complement subject is expressed overtly +97-3,97,Desiderative verbal affix,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Desiderative verbal affix +97-4,97,Desiderative particle,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Desiderative particle +98-1,98,Identical complementizer,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identical complementizer +98-3,98,Different complementizer,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Different complementizer +98-6,98,Only 'think' complement has a complementizer,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Only 'think' complement has a complementizer +98-7,98,Only 'want' complement has a complementizer,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Only 'want' complement has a complementizer +98-5,98,No complementizer,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No complementizer +99-1,99,Verb doubling is possible in temporal clauses,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Temporal clause verb doubling exists +99-2,99,Verb doubling is not possible in temporal clauses,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No temporal clause verb doubling +100-1,100,Negative affix,,1,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Negative affix +100-4,100,Negative particle,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Negative particle +100-3,100,Negative auxiliary verb,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Negative auxiliary verb +100-5,100,Bipartite negative marker,,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Bipartite negative marker +101-1,101,Before the verb,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Before the verb +101-2,101,Immediately after the verb,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Immediately after the verb +101-3,101,After verb plus postverbal object,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,After verb plus postverbal object +101-4,101,"Bipartite, before verb and immediately after",,4,pie-100-800080.png,800080,"Bipartite, before verb and immediately after" +101-5,101,"Bipartite, before verb and after object",,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,"Bipartite, before verb and after object" +101-6,101,"Bipartite, other possibilities",,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000,"Bipartite, other possibilities" +102-1,102,Co-occurrence with predicate negation,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Co-occurrence with predicate negation +102-3,102,Preclusion possible with preverbal indefinites,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Preclusion possible when preverbal +102-5,102,Preclusion possible under other conditions,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Preclusion possible otherwise +102-6,102,Negative existential construction,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Negative existential construction +103-7,103,Only interrogative intonation,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Only interrogative intonation +103-5,103,Interrogative word order,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Interrogative word order +103-1,103,Initial question particle,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Initial question particle +103-2,103,Final question particle,,4,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Final question particle +103-8,103,Question particle in other position,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Other question particle +103-3,103,Interrogative verb morphology,,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Interrogative verb morphology +103-9,103,A-not-A question,,7,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,A-not-A question +104-1,104,Cleft with copula before focus,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Cleft with copula before focus +104-2,104,Cleft with copula after focus,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Cleft with copula after focus +104-3,104,Cleft with focus particle before focus,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Cleft with focus particle before focus +104-4,104,Cleft with focus particle after focus,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Cleft with focus particle after focus +104-5,104,Bare cleft (without highlighter),,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Bare cleft (without highlighter) +104-6,104,Fronting with particle before focus,,6,pie-100-800080.png,800080,Fronting with particle before focus +104-7,104,Fronting with particle after focus,,7,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Fronting with particle after focus +104-8,104,Bare fronting (without particle),,8,pie-100-808080.png,808080,Bare fronting (without particle) +104-9,104,In situ focusing (with particle),,9,pie-100-000000.png,000000,In situ focusing (with particle) +105-3,105,No verb doubling,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No verb doubling +105-1,105,Verb fronted with a copy in the background clause,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Verb fronted with copy in background clause +105-2,105,Verb reduplicated,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Verb reduplicated +106-1,106,Before the focused element,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Before the focused element +106-2,106,After the focused element,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,After the focused element +106-4,106,Non-adjacent preceding,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Non-adjacent preceding +106-3,106,Non-adjacent following,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Non-adjacent following +107-1,107,Optional vocative marker preceding noun,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Optional vocative marker preceding noun +107-2,107,Optional vocative marker following noun,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Optional vocative marker following noun +107-3,107,Optional vocative marker in both positions,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Optional vocative marker in both positions +107-4,107,Obligatory vocative marker preceding noun,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Obligatory vocative marker preceding noun +107-7,107,No vocative marker,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No vocative marker +108-4,108,No para-linguistic clicks,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No para-linguistic clicks +108-2,108,Clicks can express only affective meanings,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Only affective meanings +108-1,108,Clicks can express only logical meanings,,3,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Only logical meanings +108-3,108,Both logical and affective meanings,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Both logical and affective meanings +109-1,109,A word derived from pequenino exists,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Pequenino exists +109-2,109,A word derived from pequenino does not exist,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Pequenino does not exist +110-1,110,A savvy word exists,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,A savvy word exists +110-2,110,A savvy word does not exist,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,A savvy word does not exist +111-1,111,Monomorphemic,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Monomorphemic +111-2,111,Bimorphemic,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Bimorphemic +111-3,111,Phrase/circumlocution,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Phrase/circumlocution +112-1,112,Identity,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identity +112-2,112,Differentiation,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Differentiation +112-3,112,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Overlap +113-2,113,Differentiation,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Differentiation +113-4,113,Identity and differentiation,,2,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Identity and differentiation +113-3,113,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Overlap +113-1,113,Identity,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identity +114-2,114,Differentiation,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Differentiation +114-1,114,Identity,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identity +114-3,114,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Overlap +114-4,114,Identity and differentiation,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Identity and differentiation +115-2,115,Differentiation,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Differentiation +115-1,115,Identity,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identity +115-3,115,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Overlap +115-4,115,Identity and differentiation,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Identity and differentiation +116-2,116,Differentiation,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Differentiation +116-1,116,Identity,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Identity +116-3,116,Overlap,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Overlap +116-5,116,Not applicable,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +117-1,117,Preposed sex-denoting word,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Preposed sex-denoting word +117-2,117,Postposed sex-denoting word,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF,Postposed sex-denoting word +117-3,117,Sex-denoting prefix,,3,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Sex-denoting prefix +117-4,117,Sex-denoting suffix,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Sex-denoting suffix +117-5,117,Other,,5,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Other +118-1,118,Only simple onsets,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Only simple onsets +118-2,118,Onsets at most moderately complex,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Onsets at most moderately complex +118-3,118,Onsets may be complex,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Onsets may be complex +119-1,119,No syllable codas,,1,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,No syllable codas +119-2,119,Only simple codas,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,Only simple codas +119-3,119,Codas at most moderately complex,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Codas at most moderately complex +119-4,119,Codas may be complex,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Codas may be complex +120-1,120,No tone distinctions,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No tone distinctions +120-2,120,Reduced tone system,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Reduced tone system +120-3,120,"Simple system, for lexical distinctions only",,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,"Simple system, lexical distinctions" +120-5,120,"Simple tone system, for lexical and grammatical distinctions",,4,pie-100-800080.png,800080,"Simple system, lexical and grammatical" +120-8,120,"Complex tone system, for lexical and grammatical distinctions",,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000,"Complex system, lexical and grammatical" +121-1,121,Two vowel heights,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Two vowel heights +121-2,121,Three vowel heights,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Three vowel heights +121-3,121,Four vowel heights,,3,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Four vowel heights +121-4,121,Five vowel heights,,4,pie-100-000000.png,000000,Five vowel heights +122-1,122,Present in a prominent way,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Present in a prominent way +122-2,122,Present in a limited way,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,Present in a limited way +122-3,122,Present only as minor allophones,,3,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Present only as minor allophones +122-4,122,No nasal vowels exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No nasal vowels exist +123-1,123,[ə] exists as a major allophone,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,[ə] exists as a major allophone +123-2,123,[ə] exists as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,[ə] exists as a minor allophone +123-3,123,[ə] exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,[ə] exists only in loanwords +123-4,123,[ə] does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,[ə] does not exist +124-1,124,Both [f] and [v] exist as major allophones,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Both [f] and [v] exist as major allophones +124-2,124,[f] and [v] exist in a limited way,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,[f] and [v] exist in a limited way +124-3,124,Only [f] exists,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Only [f] exists +124-4,124,Only [v] exists,,4,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6,Only [v] exists +124-5,124,Neither [f] nor [v] exists,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Neither [f] nor [v] exists +125-1,125,Both [ʃ] and [ʒ] exist as major allophones,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Both [ʃ] and [ʒ] exist as major allophones +125-2,125,[ʃ] and [ʒ] exist in a limited way,,2,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00,[ʃ] and [ʒ] exist in a limited way +125-3,125,Only [ʃ] exists,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,Only [ʃ] exists +125-4,125,Neither [ʃ] nor [ʒ] exists,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Neither [ʃ] nor [ʒ] exists +126-1,126,[z] exists as a major allophone,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,[z] exists as a major allophone +126-2,126,[z] exists as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,[z] exists as a minor allophone +126-3,126,[z] exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,[z] exists only in loanwords +126-4,126,[z] does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,[z] does not exist +127-1,127,[θ] and [ð] are major allophones,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,[θ] and [ð] are major allophones +127-2,127,[θ] and [ð] are minor allophones,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,[θ] and [ð] are minor allophones +127-3,127,[θ] and [ð] exist only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,[θ] and [ð] exist only in loanwords +127-4,127,"Only [ð] exists, as a minor allophone",,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080,"Only [ð] exists, as a minor allophone" +127-5,127,"Only [θ] exists, in a limited way",,5,pie-100-000000.png,000000,"Only [θ] exists, in a limited way" +127-6,127,Neither [θ] nor [ð] exists,,6,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,Neither [θ] nor [ð] exists +128-1,128,[ɲ] exists as a major allophone,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,[ɲ] exists as a major allophone +128-2,128,[ɲ] exists as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,[ɲ] exists as a minor allophone +128-3,128,[ɲ] exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,[ɲ] exists only in loanwords +128-4,128,[ɲ] does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,[ɲ] does not exist +129-1,129,Prenasalized segments exist,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,Prenasalized segments exist +129-2,129,No prenasalized segments,,2,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,No prenasalized segments +130-1,130,[h] exists as a major allophone,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000,[h] exists as a major allophone +130-2,130,[h] exists as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1,[h] exists as a minor allophone +130-3,130,[h] exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00,[h] exists only in loanwords +130-4,130,[h] does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF,[h] does not exist +131-1,131,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +131-2,131,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +131-3,131,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +131-4,131,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +132-1,132,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +132-2,132,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +132-3,132,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +132-4,132,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +133-1,133,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +133-2,133,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +133-3,133,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +133-4,133,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +134-1,134,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +134-2,134,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +134-3,134,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +134-4,134,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +135-1,135,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +135-2,135,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +135-3,135,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +135-4,135,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +136-1,136,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +136-2,136,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +136-3,136,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +136-4,136,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +137-1,137,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +137-2,137,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +137-3,137,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +137-4,137,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +138-1,138,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +138-2,138,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +138-3,138,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +138-4,138,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +139-1,139,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +139-2,139,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +139-3,139,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +139-4,139,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +140-1,140,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +140-2,140,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +140-3,140,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +140-4,140,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +141-1,141,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +141-2,141,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +141-3,141,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +141-4,141,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +142-1,142,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +142-2,142,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +142-3,142,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +142-4,142,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +143-1,143,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +143-2,143,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +143-3,143,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +143-4,143,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +144-1,144,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +144-2,144,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +144-3,144,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +144-4,144,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +145-1,145,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +145-2,145,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +145-3,145,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +145-4,145,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +146-1,146,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +146-2,146,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +146-3,146,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +146-4,146,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +147-1,147,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +147-2,147,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +147-3,147,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +147-4,147,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +148-1,148,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +148-2,148,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +148-3,148,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +148-4,148,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +149-1,149,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +149-2,149,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +149-3,149,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +149-4,149,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +150-1,150,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +150-2,150,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +150-3,150,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +150-4,150,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +151-1,151,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +151-2,151,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +151-3,151,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +151-4,151,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +152-1,152,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +152-2,152,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +152-3,152,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +152-4,152,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +153-1,153,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +153-2,153,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +153-3,153,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +153-4,153,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +154-1,154,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +154-2,154,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +154-3,154,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +154-4,154,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +155-1,155,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +155-2,155,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +155-3,155,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +155-4,155,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +156-1,156,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +156-2,156,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +156-3,156,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +156-4,156,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +157-1,157,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +157-2,157,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +157-3,157,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +157-4,157,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +158-1,158,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +158-2,158,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +158-3,158,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +158-4,158,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +159-1,159,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +159-2,159,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +159-3,159,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +159-4,159,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +160-1,160,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +160-2,160,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +160-3,160,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +160-4,160,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +161-1,161,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +161-2,161,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +161-3,161,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +161-4,161,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +162-1,162,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +162-2,162,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +162-3,162,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +162-4,162,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +163-1,163,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +163-2,163,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +163-3,163,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +163-4,163,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +164-1,164,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +164-2,164,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +164-3,164,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +164-4,164,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +165-1,165,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +165-2,165,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +165-3,165,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +165-4,165,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +166-1,166,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +166-2,166,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +166-3,166,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +166-4,166,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +167-1,167,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +167-2,167,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +167-3,167,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +167-4,167,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +168-1,168,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +168-2,168,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +168-3,168,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +168-4,168,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +169-1,169,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +169-2,169,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +169-3,169,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +169-4,169,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +170-1,170,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +170-2,170,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +170-3,170,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +170-4,170,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +171-1,171,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +171-2,171,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +171-3,171,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +171-4,171,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +172-1,172,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +172-2,172,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +172-3,172,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +172-4,172,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +173-1,173,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +173-2,173,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +173-3,173,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +173-4,173,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +174-1,174,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +174-2,174,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +174-3,174,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +174-4,174,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +175-1,175,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +175-2,175,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +175-3,175,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +175-4,175,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +176-1,176,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +176-2,176,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +176-3,176,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +176-4,176,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +177-1,177,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +177-2,177,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +177-3,177,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +177-4,177,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +178-1,178,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +178-2,178,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +178-3,178,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +178-4,178,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +179-1,179,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +179-2,179,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +179-3,179,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +179-4,179,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +180-1,180,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +180-2,180,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +180-3,180,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +180-4,180,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +181-1,181,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +181-2,181,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +181-3,181,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +181-4,181,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +182-1,182,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +182-2,182,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +182-3,182,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +182-4,182,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +183-1,183,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +183-2,183,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +183-3,183,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +183-4,183,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +184-1,184,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +184-2,184,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +184-3,184,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +184-4,184,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +185-1,185,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +185-2,185,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +185-3,185,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +185-4,185,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +186-1,186,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +186-2,186,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +186-3,186,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +186-4,186,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +187-1,187,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +187-2,187,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +187-3,187,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +187-4,187,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +188-1,188,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +188-2,188,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +188-3,188,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +188-4,188,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +189-1,189,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +189-2,189,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +189-3,189,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +189-4,189,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +190-1,190,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +190-2,190,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +190-3,190,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +190-4,190,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +191-1,191,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +191-2,191,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +191-3,191,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +191-4,191,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +192-1,192,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +192-2,192,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +192-3,192,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +192-4,192,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +193-1,193,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +193-2,193,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +193-3,193,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +193-4,193,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +194-1,194,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +194-2,194,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +194-3,194,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +194-4,194,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +195-1,195,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +195-2,195,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +195-3,195,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +195-4,195,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +196-1,196,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +196-2,196,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +196-3,196,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +196-4,196,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +197-1,197,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +197-2,197,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +197-3,197,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +197-4,197,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +198-1,198,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +198-2,198,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +198-3,198,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +198-4,198,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +199-1,199,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +199-2,199,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +199-3,199,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +199-4,199,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +200-1,200,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +200-2,200,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +200-3,200,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +200-4,200,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +201-1,201,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +201-2,201,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +201-3,201,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +201-4,201,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +202-1,202,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +202-2,202,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +202-3,202,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +202-4,202,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +203-1,203,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +203-2,203,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +203-3,203,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +203-4,203,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +204-1,204,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +204-2,204,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +204-3,204,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +204-4,204,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +205-1,205,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +205-2,205,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +205-3,205,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +205-4,205,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +206-1,206,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +206-2,206,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +206-3,206,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +206-4,206,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +207-1,207,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +207-2,207,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +207-3,207,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +207-4,207,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +208-1,208,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +208-2,208,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +208-3,208,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +208-4,208,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +209-1,209,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +209-2,209,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +209-3,209,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +209-4,209,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +210-1,210,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +210-2,210,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +210-3,210,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +210-4,210,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +211-1,211,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +211-2,211,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +211-3,211,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +211-4,211,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +212-1,212,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +212-2,212,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +212-3,212,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +212-4,212,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +213-1,213,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +213-2,213,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +213-3,213,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +213-4,213,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +214-1,214,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +214-2,214,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +214-3,214,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +214-4,214,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +215-1,215,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +215-2,215,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +215-3,215,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +215-4,215,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +216-1,216,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +216-2,216,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +216-3,216,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +216-4,216,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +217-1,217,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +217-2,217,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +217-3,217,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +217-4,217,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +218-1,218,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +218-2,218,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +218-3,218,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +218-4,218,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +219-1,219,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +219-2,219,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +219-3,219,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +219-4,219,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +220-1,220,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +220-2,220,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +220-3,220,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +220-4,220,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +221-1,221,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +221-2,221,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +221-3,221,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +221-4,221,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +222-1,222,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +222-2,222,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +222-3,222,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +222-4,222,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +223-1,223,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +223-2,223,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +223-3,223,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +223-4,223,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +224-1,224,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +224-2,224,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +224-3,224,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +224-4,224,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +225-1,225,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +225-2,225,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +225-3,225,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +225-4,225,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +226-1,226,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +226-2,226,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +226-3,226,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +226-4,226,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +227-1,227,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +227-2,227,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +227-3,227,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +227-4,227,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +228-1,228,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +228-2,228,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +228-3,228,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +228-4,228,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +229-1,229,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +229-2,229,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +229-3,229,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +229-4,229,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +230-1,230,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +230-2,230,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +230-3,230,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +230-4,230,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +231-1,231,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +231-2,231,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +231-3,231,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +231-4,231,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +232-1,232,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +232-2,232,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +232-3,232,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +232-4,232,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +233-1,233,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +233-2,233,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +233-3,233,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +233-4,233,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +234-1,234,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +234-2,234,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +234-3,234,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +234-4,234,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +235-1,235,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +235-2,235,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +235-3,235,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +235-4,235,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +236-1,236,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +236-2,236,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +236-3,236,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +236-4,236,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +237-1,237,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +237-2,237,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +237-3,237,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +237-4,237,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +238-1,238,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +238-2,238,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +238-3,238,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +238-4,238,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +239-1,239,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +239-2,239,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +239-3,239,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +239-4,239,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +240-1,240,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +240-2,240,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +240-3,240,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +240-4,240,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +241-1,241,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +241-2,241,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +241-3,241,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +241-4,241,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +242-1,242,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +242-2,242,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +242-3,242,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +242-4,242,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +243-1,243,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +243-2,243,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +243-3,243,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +243-4,243,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +244-1,244,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +244-2,244,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +244-3,244,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +244-4,244,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +245-1,245,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +245-2,245,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +245-3,245,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +245-4,245,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +246-1,246,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +246-2,246,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +246-3,246,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +246-4,246,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +247-1,247,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +247-2,247,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +247-3,247,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +247-4,247,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +248-1,248,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +248-2,248,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +248-3,248,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +248-4,248,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +249-1,249,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +249-2,249,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +249-3,249,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +249-4,249,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +250-1,250,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +250-2,250,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +250-3,250,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +250-4,250,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +251-1,251,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +251-2,251,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +251-3,251,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +251-4,251,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +252-1,252,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +252-2,252,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +252-3,252,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +252-4,252,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +253-1,253,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +253-2,253,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +253-3,253,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +253-4,253,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +254-1,254,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +254-2,254,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +254-3,254,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +254-4,254,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +255-1,255,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +255-2,255,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +255-3,255,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +255-4,255,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +256-1,256,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +256-2,256,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +256-3,256,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +256-4,256,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +257-1,257,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +257-2,257,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +257-3,257,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +257-4,257,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +258-1,258,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +258-2,258,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +258-3,258,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +258-4,258,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +259-1,259,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +259-2,259,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +259-3,259,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +259-4,259,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +260-1,260,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +260-2,260,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +260-3,260,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +260-4,260,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +261-1,261,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +261-2,261,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +261-3,261,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +261-4,261,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +262-1,262,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +262-2,262,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +262-3,262,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +262-4,262,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +263-1,263,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +263-2,263,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +263-3,263,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +263-4,263,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +264-1,264,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +264-2,264,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +264-3,264,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +264-4,264,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +265-1,265,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +265-2,265,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +265-3,265,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +265-4,265,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +266-1,266,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +266-2,266,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +266-3,266,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +266-4,266,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +267-1,267,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +267-2,267,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +267-3,267,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +267-4,267,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +268-1,268,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +268-2,268,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +268-3,268,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +268-4,268,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +269-1,269,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +269-2,269,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +269-3,269,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +269-4,269,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +270-1,270,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +270-2,270,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +270-3,270,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +270-4,270,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +271-1,271,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +271-2,271,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +271-3,271,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +271-4,271,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +272-1,272,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +272-2,272,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +272-3,272,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +272-4,272,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +273-1,273,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +273-2,273,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +273-3,273,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +273-4,273,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +274-1,274,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +274-2,274,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +274-3,274,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +274-4,274,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +275-1,275,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +275-2,275,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +275-3,275,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +275-4,275,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +276-1,276,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +276-2,276,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +276-3,276,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +276-4,276,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +277-1,277,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +277-2,277,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +277-3,277,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +277-4,277,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +278-1,278,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +278-2,278,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +278-3,278,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +278-4,278,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +279-1,279,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +279-2,279,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +279-3,279,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +279-4,279,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +280-1,280,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +280-2,280,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +280-3,280,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +280-4,280,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +281-1,281,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +281-2,281,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +281-3,281,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +281-4,281,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +282-1,282,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +282-2,282,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +282-3,282,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +282-4,282,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +283-1,283,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +283-2,283,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +283-3,283,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +283-4,283,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +284-1,284,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +284-2,284,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +284-3,284,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +284-4,284,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +285-1,285,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +285-2,285,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +285-3,285,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +285-4,285,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +286-1,286,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +286-2,286,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +286-3,286,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +286-4,286,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +287-1,287,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +287-2,287,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +287-3,287,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +287-4,287,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +288-1,288,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +288-2,288,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +288-3,288,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +288-4,288,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +289-1,289,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +289-2,289,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +289-3,289,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +289-4,289,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +290-1,290,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +290-2,290,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +290-3,290,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +290-4,290,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +291-1,291,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +291-2,291,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +291-3,291,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +291-4,291,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +292-1,292,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +292-2,292,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +292-3,292,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +292-4,292,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +293-1,293,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +293-2,293,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +293-3,293,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +293-4,293,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +294-1,294,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +294-2,294,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +294-3,294,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +294-4,294,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +295-1,295,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +295-2,295,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +295-3,295,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +295-4,295,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +296-1,296,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +296-2,296,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +296-3,296,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +296-4,296,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +297-1,297,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +297-2,297,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +297-3,297,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +297-4,297,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +298-1,298,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +298-2,298,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +298-3,298,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +298-4,298,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +299-1,299,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +299-2,299,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +299-3,299,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +299-4,299,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +300-1,300,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +300-2,300,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +300-3,300,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +300-4,300,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +301-1,301,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +301-2,301,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +301-3,301,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +301-4,301,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +302-1,302,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +302-2,302,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +302-3,302,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +302-4,302,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +303-1,303,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +303-2,303,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +303-3,303,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +303-4,303,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +304-1,304,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +304-2,304,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +304-3,304,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +304-4,304,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +305-1,305,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +305-2,305,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +305-3,305,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +305-4,305,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +306-1,306,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +306-2,306,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +306-3,306,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +306-4,306,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +307-1,307,Exists (as a major allophone),,1,pie-100-FC3535.png,FC3535, +307-2,307,Exists only as a minor allophone,,2,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +307-3,307,Exists only in loanwords,,3,pie-100-F7F713.png,F7F713, +307-4,307,Does not exist,,4,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +308-1,308,English,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF, +308-2,308,French,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +308-3,308,Portuguese,,3,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +308-4,308,Spanish,,4,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00, +308-5,308,Arabic,,5,pie-100-800080.png,800080, +308-6,308,Other,,6,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +308-7,308,Dutch,,7,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6, +308-8,308,Malay,,8,pie-100-FFB6C1.png,FFB6C1, +308-9,308,Bantu,,9,pie-100-000000.png,000000, +309-1,309,Virtually all,,1,pie-100-000000.png,000000, +309-2,309,Most,,2,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +309-3,309,Many,,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00, +309-4,309,Some,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +309-5,309,Virtually none,,5,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +310-1,310,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +310-2,310,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +310-3,310,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +310-4,310,Not applicable (because the language is not a pidgin),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +311-1,311,Quickly,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +311-2,311,Slowly,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +311-3,311,Not at all,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +312-1,312,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +312-2,312,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +312-3,312,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +312-4,312,Not applicable (because the language is not currently spoken),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +313-1,313,Less than 100 speakers or extinct,,1,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +313-2,313,"Less than 1,000 speakers",,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +313-3,313,"Less than 10,000 speakers",,3,pie-100-FF7F00.png,FF7F00, +313-4,313,"Less than 100,000 speakers",,4,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +313-5,313,"Less than 1,000,000 speakers",,5,pie-100-964B00.png,964B00, +313-6,313,"More than 1,000,000 speakers",,6,pie-100-000000.png,000000, +314-1,314,(Near-) exclusively,,1,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF, +314-2,314,Predominantly,,2,pie-100-ADD8E6.png,ADD8E6, +314-3,314,Used to the same extent by both genders,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +315-1,315,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +315-2,315,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +315-3,315,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +315-4,315,Not applicable (because no radio/TV station exists),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +316-1,316,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +316-2,316,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +316-3,316,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +316-4,316,Not applicable (because no radio/TV station exists),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +317-1,317,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +317-2,317,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +317-3,317,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +318-1,318,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +318-2,318,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +318-3,318,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +318-4,318,Not applicable (because there are virtually no printed works),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +319-1,319,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +319-2,319,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +319-3,319,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +319-4,319,Not applicable (because no newspapers exist),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +320-1,320,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +320-2,320,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +320-3,320,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +320-4,320,Not applicable (because no newspapers exist),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +321-1,321,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +321-2,321,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +321-3,321,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +321-4,321,Not applicable (because there are no such offices in the relevant area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +322-1,322,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +322-2,322,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +322-3,322,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +322-4,322,Not applicable (because there is no court in the relevant area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +323-1,323,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +323-2,323,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +323-3,323,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +323-4,323,Not applicable (because no parliament or similar legislative body exists),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +324-1,324,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +324-2,324,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +324-3,324,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +324-4,324,Not applicable (because there are no schools in the area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +325-1,325,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +325-2,325,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +325-3,325,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +325-4,325,Not applicable (because there is no access to electronic media in the area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +326-1,326,The main lexifier language,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +326-2,326,A major world language that is not the main lexifier,,2,pie-100-0000FF.png,0000FF, +326-3,326,A neighbouring language that is neither the main lexifier nor a major world language,,3,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +326-4,326,Several different kinds of languages are equally important in terms of contact influence,,4,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +327-1,327,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +327-2,327,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +327-3,327,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +327-4,327,Not applicable (because the language is spoken in a very small area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +328-1,328,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +328-2,328,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +328-3,328,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +328-4,328,Not applicable (because the language is spoken in a very small area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +329-1,329,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +329-2,329,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +329-3,329,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +329-4,329,Not applicable (because the language is spoken in a very small area),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +330-1,330,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +330-2,330,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +330-3,330,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +330-4,330,Not applicable (because the language is only spoken in urban or only in rural areas),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +331-1,331,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +331-2,331,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +331-3,331,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +331-4,331,Not applicable (because the language is only spoken in urban or only in rural areas),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +332-1,332,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +332-2,332,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +332-3,332,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +332-4,332,Not applicable (because the language is only spoken in urban or only in rural areas),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +333-1,333,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +333-2,333,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +333-3,333,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +333-4,333,Not applicable (because there is little social stratification),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +334-1,334,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +334-2,334,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +334-3,334,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +334-4,334,Not applicable (because there is little social stratification),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, +335-1,335,Widespread,,1,pie-100-FF0000.png,FF0000, +335-2,335,Limited,,2,pie-100-FFFF00.png,FFFF00, +335-3,335,Absent,,3,pie-100-FFFFFF.png,FFFFFF, +335-4,335,Not applicable (because there is little social stratification),,4,pie-100-808080.png,808080, diff --git a/cldf/examples.csv b/cldf/examples.csv index dcd00ca..81db3f8 100644 --- a/cldf/examples.csv +++ b/cldf/examples.csv @@ -1,18529 +1,18986 @@ -ID,Language_ID,Primary_Text,Analyzed_Word,Gloss,Translated_Text,Meta_Language_ID,Comment,Audio,Type -1-1,1,Isredeh mi kau bringi wan mannpikin.,Isrede\tmi\tkau\tbringi\twan\tmanpikin.,yesterday\t1SG\tcow\tdeliver\ta\tmale.young,Yesterday my cow delivered a bull calf.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-2,1,Da mastra tikki mi wyfi na nitti lange trange hay.,Da\tmasra\tteki\tmi\twefi\tna\tneti\tnanga\ttranga\tai.,DET.SG\tmaster\ttake\t1SG\twife\tin\tnight\twith\tstrong\teye,The master took my wife during the night with force.,,,,written -2-1,2,A mama fon a pikin.,A\tmama\tfon\ta\tpikin.,DET\tmother\tbeat\tDET\tchild,The mother beat the child.,,,,naturalistic written -2-2,2,A boi lobi a umapikin.,A\tboi\tlobi\ta\tumapikin.,DET\tboy\tlove\tDET\tgirl,The boy loves the girl.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-1,3,A téi dí páu páá.,A\ttéi\tdí\tpáu\tpáá.,3SG\ttake\tDEF.SG\tstick\tquick,He took the stick quickly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-32,3,Wojo u mi á sa kai ku di faja.,Wojo\tu\tmi\tá\tsa\tkai\tku\tdi\tfaja.,eye\tfor\t1SG\tNEG\tM\tfall\twith\tDEF.SG\tfire,My eye can't stand the light.,,,,naturalistic written -3-69,3,Di mujɛɛ naki di womi.,Di\tmujɛɛ\tnaki\tdi\twomi.,DEF.SG\twoman\thit\tDEF.SG\tman,The woman hit the man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-1,4,Den pikinnenge e lobi switi sii.,Den\tpikinnenge\te\tlobi\tswiti\tsii.,DET.PL\tchild\tIPFV\tlove/like\tsweet\tseeds,The children like sweets.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-1,5,kooknot bring ail,kooknot\tbring\tail,coconut\tbring.forth\toil,Coconuts produce oil. OR: The coconut produces oil.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-1,6,Shi buy a nju cyar.,Shi\tbuy\ta\tnju\tcyar.,3SG\tbuy\tDET\tnew\tcar,She bought a new car.,,,,elicited from speaker -6-54,6,Sita eat di mango.,Sita\teat\tdi\tmango.,Sita\teat\tDET\tmango,Sita ate the mango.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-55,6,Di child want food.,Di\tchild\twant\tfood.,DET\tchild\twant\tfood,The child wants food.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-1,7,Mi si di man.,Mi\tsi\tdi\tman.,1SG\tsee\tART\tman,I see the man. OR: I saw the man.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-22,7,Meiri duhz aaltaim kis Jan.,Meiri\tduhz\taal-taim\tkis\tJan.,Mary\tHAB\tall-time\tkiss\tJohn,Mary often kisses John. OR: Mary always kisses John.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-61,7,Di hedtiicha duhz giv dem lesnz.,Di\thed-tiicha\tduhz\tgiv\tdem\tlesn-z.,ART\thead-teacher\tHAB\tgive\t3PL\tlesson-PL,The headteacher gives them lessons.,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-1,8,Kien kil Iebl.,Kien\tkil\tIebl.,Cain\tkill\tAbel,Cain killed Abel.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-1,9,Jimi fayn di kru.,Jimi\tfayn\tdi\tkru.,Jimmy\tfind\tART\tcrew,Jimmy hired the crew.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-1,10,Beda Ginihen tek wan rod.,Beda\tGinihen\ttek\twan\trod.,Brother\tGuineahen\ttake\tART.INDF\trod,Brother Guineahen took a rod.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-1,11,An horikien mash dat dong.,An\thorikien\tmash\tdat\tdong.,and\thurricane\tmash\tDEM\tdown,And the hurricane destroyed it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-8,11,Dis hat man waahn aal di gyal dem.,Dis\that\tman\twaahn\taal\tdi\tgyal\tdem.,DEM\thot\tman\twant\tall\tART.DEF\tgirl\tPL,This hot man wanted all the girls.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-1,12,And the mother count the fig - on the tree.,And the mother count the fig - on the tree.,and the mother count[PFV] the fig[PL]   on the tree,And the mother counted the figs on the tree.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-1,13,Calvary couldn hol de people.,Calvary\tcouldn\thol\tde\tpeople.,Calvary\tcan.PST-NEG\thold\tthe\tpeople,Calvary couldn't hold the people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-1,14,She told him.,She\ttold\thim.,she\ttell.PST\thim,She told him.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-2,14,Bruce like cheese.,Bruce\tlike-Ø\tcheese.,Bruce\tlike-Ø\tcheese,Bruce likes cheese.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-7,14,The kid got asthma.,The\tkid\thas\tasthma,ART\tkid\thas\tasthma,The kid has asthma.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-1,15,di bɔbɔ lɛk di titi,di\tbɔbɔ\tlɛk\tdi\ttiti,ART\tboy\tlike\tART\tgirl,The boy likes the girl.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-1,16,polismã ì bi laik wumã,polismã\tì\tbi\tlaik\twumã,policeman\t3SG\tCOP\tlike\twoman,Policemen are like women.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-179,16,"gɔd gò kil jù, gɔd gò paniʃ jù.","gɔd\tgò\tkil\tjù,\tgɔd\tgò\tpaniʃ\tjù.",God\tFUT\tkill\t2SG\tGod\tFUT\tpunish\t2SG,"God will kill you, God will punish you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-1,17,À plant nyam.,À\tplant\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tplant\tyam,I planted yams.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-96,17,Chidi (ìm) gò kawnt nyam.,Chidi\t(ìm)\tgò\tkawnt\tnyam.,Chidi\t(3SG.SBJ)\tIRR\tcount\tyam,Chidi will count yams.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-1,18,A don tchop bif.,A\tdon\ttchop\tbif.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\teat\tmeat,I have eaten meat.,,,,published source -18-39,18,So troki i wuman put ol haf haf botul-dem an ston fo autsayd.,So\ttroki\ti\twuman\tput\tol\thaf~haf\tbotul-dem\tan\tston\tfo\tautsaid.,so\tturtle\t3SG.POSS\twife\tput\tall\thalf~half\tbottle-PL\tand\tstone\tfor\toutside,So the wife of the turtle put all broken bottles and stones outside (lit. So the wife of the turtle put all pieces of bottles and stones outside).,,,,naturalistic written -18-75,18,Ndikum no fit draif moto.,Ndikum\tno\tfit\tdraif\tmoto.,Ndikum\tNEG\tbe.able\tdrive\tcar,Ndikum cannot drive a car.,,,,published source -19-1,19,Dì gal dè kuk plàntí.,Dì\tgal\tdè\tkuk\tplàntí.,DEF\tgirl\tIPFV\tcook\tplantain,The girl is cooking plantain.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-1,20,I wantchee one piecee woolen.,I\twantchee\tone\tpiecee\twoolen.,1SG\twant\tART.INDF\tCLF\twoollen,I want a piece of woollen.,,,,naturalistic written -20-69,20,Coolie hap give letter he.,Coolie\thap\tgive\tletter\the.,coolie\tPFV\tgive\tletter\t3SG,The coolie has given the letter to him.,,,,naturalistic written -21-1,21,I want some fish.,I\twant\tsome\tfish.,I\twant\tsome\tfish,I want some fish.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-2,21,Fish I wan.,Fish\tI\twan.,fish\t1SG\twant,I want (some) fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-10,21,So your grandfather had three wives something like that ah?,So\tyour\tgrandfather\thad\tthree\twives\tsomething\tlike\tthat\tah?,so\t2SG.POSS\tgrandfather\thave.PST\tthree\twives\tsomething\tlike\tthat\tPCL,So your grandfather had three wives or something like that?,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-37,21,But the boss saw the interview.,But\tthe\tboss\tsaw\tthe\tinterview.,CONJ\tDET\tboss\tsee.PST\tDET\tinterview,But the boss saw the interview.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-1,22,Yumi gat ol liklik dok.,Yumi\tgat\tol\tliklik\tdok.,1PL.INCL\thave\tPL\tsmall\tdog,We have little dogs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-3,22,Em bai inap wokim haus.,Em\tbai\tinap\twokim\thaus.,3SG\tFUT\tABIL\tmake\thouse,He'll be able to build a house.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-4,22,Tupela pikinini blongen go kisim lip banana.,Tu-pela\tpikinini\tblong-en\tgo\tkisim\tlip\tbanana.,two-MOD\tchild\tPOSS-3SG\tgo\tget\tleaf\tbanana,His two children went to fetch banana leaves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-1,23,Gavman blong Canada i kivim mane tu blong wan kompiuta blong Nasonal Akaev blong Vanuatu.,Gavman\tblong\tCanada\ti\tkivim\tmane\ttu\tblong\twan\tkompiuta\tblong\tNasonal\tAkaev\tblong\tVanuatu.,government\tPREP\tCanada\tAGR\tgive:TR\tmoney\ttoo\tCOMP\tINDF.ART\tcomputer\tPREP\tnational\tarchive\tPREP\tVanuatu,The Canadian Government has also given money for a computer for the National Archives of Vanuatu.,,,,naturalistic written -24-1,24,Wi kech plente aabuuka.,Wi\tkech\tplente\taabuuka.,1PL\tcatch\tmuch\tgroper,We caught lots of groper (fish sp.).,,,,naturalistic written -24-2,24,Mum gwen florg et.,Mum\tgwen\tflorg\tet.,mother\tFUT\tbeat\tme/you/him/her/it/us/you/them,Mother will beat me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-66,24,Laentan el giw a' gud lait.,Ø\tlaentan\tel\tgiw\ta'\tgud\tlait.,Ø\tlantern\tHAB\tgive\tDET.INDF\tgood\tlight,A lantern gives a good light.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-109,24,Leonard cook dem fesh.,Leonard\tcook\tdem\tfesh.,Leonard\tcook\tDET.DEF.PL\tfish,Leonard cook(ed) the fish.,,,,naturalistic written -25-1,25,Wan litel gel bin katimbat wud blanga Jein.,Wan\tlitel\tgel\tbin\tkat-im-bat\twud\tblanga\tJein.,one\tlittle\tgirl\tPST\tcut-TR-PROG\twood\tDAT/POSS\tJane,One/a certain little girl was cutting wood for Jane.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-2,25,Wan moning jad olgamen bin dringkimbat ti.,Wan\tmoning\tjad\tolgamen\tbin\tdringk-im-bat\tti.,one\tmorning\tDEM\twoman\tPST\tdrink-TR-PROG\ttea,One morning the woman was drinking tea.,,,,naturalistic written -25-4,25,Stakmen bin barnim gras.,Stakmen\tbin\tbarn-im\tgras.,stockman\tPST\tburn-TR\tgrass,The stockmen burnt the grass.,,,,unknown -25-5,25,Dij kamel im likimbat bo dat kanggaru irrahol.,Dij\tkamel\tim\tlik-im-bat\tbo\tdat\tkanggaru\tirrahol.,PROX\tcamel\t3SG\tlick-TR-PROG\tDAT\tDEM\tkangaroo\tear,This camel is licking the kangaroo's ear.,,,,elicited from speaker -25-6,25,Orla kid bin tjakam ston.,Orla\tkid\tbin\ttjak-am\tston.,PL\tchild\tPST\tchuck-TR\tstone,The children threw stones.,,,,unknown -26-1,26,smal lido ɹak hiʔ [...] ɹol daʊ da ɹuf,smal\tlido\tɹak\thiʔ\t[...]\tɹol\tdaʊ\tda\tɹuf,small\tlittle\trock\thit\t[...]\troll\tdown\tART\troof,Small little rocks hit [...] roll down the roof.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-2,26,ænti maɪd hæv ɹitn [...] wan buk,ænti\tmaɪd\thæv\tɹitn\t[...]\twan\tbuk,auntie\tSPECUL.JUDG\thave\twrite.PRF\t[...]\tART\tbook,Auntie might have written [...] a book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-3,26,dis waɾɛva spɹiʔ wɛn ʤamp intu dis wan gaɪ [...] dis mis was ʧokiŋ diz gaɪz nɛk,dis\twaɾɛva\tspɹiʔ\twɛn\tʤamp\tintu\tdis\twan\tgaɪ\t[...]\tdis\tmis\twas\tʧoki-ŋ\tdiz\tgaɪ-z\tnɛk,DEM\twhatever\tspirit\tPST.PFV\tjump\tinto\tDEM\tone\tguy\t[...]\tDEM\tmist\tCOP.PST\tchoke-PROG\tDEM\tguy-GEN\tneck,This whatever spirit jumped into this one guy [...] this mist was choking this guy's neck.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-5,26,pɛlɛ laɪk wiski,pɛlɛ\tlaɪk\twiski,Pele\tlike\twhiskey,Pele likes whiskey.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-1,27,Də mēⁿshi a kri ēn kin.,Də\tmēⁿshi\ta\tkri\tēn\tkin.,DET\tgirl\tPST\tget\tINDF\tchild,The girl had a child.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-1,28,di tokap furfurtɛ ɛk buku,di\ttoko-apu\tfuru-furu-tɛ\tɛkɛ\tbuku,the\tchild-PL\tsteal-steal-PFV\t1SG\tbook,"The children stole my books (repeatedly, over a period of time).",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-2,28,eni hari das bain eni toro,eni\thari\tdas\tbain\teni\ttoro,3PL\thear\tHAB\tcover\t3PL\tface,Their hair covers their faces.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-1,29,omdat Jan die water weggooi,omdat\tJan\tdie\twater\tweg-gooi,because\tJohn\tDEF.ART\twater\taway-throws,because John throws away the water,,,,naturalistic written -29-2,29,Jan gooi die water weg.,Jan\tgooi\tdie\twater\tweg.,John\tthrows\tDEF.ART\twater\taway,John throws the water away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-3,29,Daarom gooi Jan die water weg.,Daarom\tgooi\tJan\tdie\twater\tweg.,therefore\tthrows\tJohn\tDEF.ART\twater\taway,"For that reason, John is throwing away the water.",,,,naturalistic written -30-1,30,Katxor morde mininu.,Katxor\tmorde\tmininu.,dog\tbite\tchild,The dog bit the child.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-1,31,N ta gradise nha fidjus.,N\tta\tgradise\tnha\tfidjus.,1SG\tASP\tthank\tmy\tchildren,I thank my children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-2,31,Djedje di Djai atxa mudjer bibu.,Djedje\tdi\tDjai\tatxa\tmudjer\tbibu.,Djedje\tof\tDjai\tfound\twoman\talive,Djedje of Djai's found the woman alive.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-1,32,Nha tia fazê kmida.,Nha\ttia\tfazê\tkmida.,1SG.POSS\taunt\tmake\tfood,My aunt cooked food.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-1,33,Djon ta pista si amigus dinyeru senpri ku disgostu.,Djon\tta\tpista\tsi\tamigu-s\tdinheru\tsempri\tku\tdisgostu.,John.SBJ\tHAB\tlend\tPOSS\tfriend-PL.OBL\tmoney.OBJ\talways\twith\tsorrow,John always lends money to his friends with sorrow.,,,,naturalistic written -33-17,33,Maria ta beija Djon tudu ora.,Maria\tta\tbeija\tDjon\ttudu\tora.,Maria\tHAB\tkiss\tJohn\tall\thour,Maria kisses John often.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-60,33,Lion ta montya gazela.,Lion\tta\tmontya\tgazela.,lion\tHAB\thunt\tgazelle.SG,Lions hunt gazelles.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-1,34,Kacor selantá gatu.,Kacor\tø\tselantá\tgatu.,dog\tPFV\tchase\tcat,The dog chased the cat.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-1,35,Mese ka kopla ũa lata fanha.,Mese\tka\tkopla\tũa\tlata\tfanha.,master\tIPFV\tbuy\tone\tcan\tflour,The master buys one can of flour.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-1,36,Tepu nakulu no Ngola ka zi kai no kota mionga [...].,Tepu\tnakulu\tno\tNgola\tka\tzi\tkai\tno\tkota\tmionga\t[...].,time\told\twe\tAngolar\tHAB\tmake\thouse\tPOSS.1PL\tside\tsee\t[...],"In the olden days, we, the Angolars, used to build our houses on the sea side [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-1,37,[...] ê kum'inhemi sê pe.,[...]\tê\tkume\tinhemi\tsê\tpe.,[...]\t3SG\teat\tyam\tDEM\tIDEO,[...] He ate the whole yam.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-16,37,Mene ka kopa pêxi na fya sempi.,Mene\tka\tkopa\tpêxi\tna\tfya\tsempi.,Mene\tHAB\tbuy\tfish\tLOC\tmarket\talways,Mene always buys fish at the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-34,37,[...] arê vya manda sodadi.,[...]\tarê\tvya\tmanda\tsodadi.,[...]\tking\tREP\tsend\tsoldier,[...] the king sent soldiers again.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-1,38,No skéve wan xat.,No\tskéve\twan\txata.,1PL\twrite\tART\tletter,We write a letter.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-16,38,May laba mina sunzu.,Mai\tlaba\tmina\tsunzu.,mother\twash\tchild\tdirty,The mother washes the dirty child.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-1,39,Ryan tə lãbe biskit.,Ryan\ttə\tlãb-e\tbiskit.,Ryan\tIPFV.NPST\tlick-INF\tbiscuit,Ryan is licking the biscuit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-2,39,Jacob tə faze vɔs də kɔb.,Jacob\ttə\tfaz-e\tvɔs\tdə\tkɔb.,Jacob\tIPFV.NPST\tmake-INF\tvoice\tof\tsnake,Jacob is imitating the voice of a snake (lit. Jacob is making the voice of a snake).,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-3,39,El nã sab purtəgez.,El\tnã\tsab\tpurtəgez.,3\tNEG\tknow.NPST\tPortuguese,He doesn't know Portuguese.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-4,39,Nĩge nã apiŋo pex.,Nĩge\tnã\tapiŋ-o\tpex.,nobody\tNEG\tcatch-PST\tfish,Nobody caught fish.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-2,40,Barber tiran ispi su. Ya korto su rhab.,Barber\ttiran\tispi\tsu.\tYa\tkorto\tsu\trhab.,barber\tpull.out.PROG\tthorn\tPOSS.3SG\tPST\tcut.PST\t3SG\ttail,The barber was pulling the thorn out of his tail (with a knife). He cut off his tail.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-44,40,Teru pelo ũ ũ prat yade.,Teru\tpelo\tũ\tũ\tprat\tyade.,Teru\tOBJ.3PL\tone\tone\tplate\tgave,Teru gave each one of them a plate.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-188,41,avara nosa mahanaaruntu um pesaam alaa ɔɔrta jatomaa,avara\tnosa\tmahanaar-untu\tum\tpesaam\talaa\tɔɔrta\tjaa-tomaa,now\t1PL.GEN\tson-LOC\tone\tperson\tthere\tland\tPST-buy,Now one of our sons has bought land there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-1,42,Taté ja olá ku bela Rozil,Taté\tja\tolá\tku\tbela\tRozil,Taté\tPFV\tsee\tACC\told\tRozil,Taté saw old Rozil.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-1,43,Djenti kumi brot [...].,Djenti\tkumi\tbrot\t[...].,people\teat\tbread\t[...],People eat bread [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-1,44,Ya larga Maria quel gumamela colerao [...].,Ya\tlarga\tMaria\tquel\tgumamela\tcolerao\t[...].,PFV\tleave\tMaria\tthe\thibiscus\tred\t[...],Maria left the red hibiscus [...].,,,,naturalistic written -44-2,44,Ta yuda bueno el Señor con todo Mardicas.,Ta\tyuda\tbueno\tel\tSeñor\tcon\ttodo\tMardicas.,IPFV\thelp\tgood\tDEF\tLord\tOBJ\tall\tmardicas,The Lord helps all the Mardicas well.,,,,naturalistic written -44-3,44,Ya kumpra plor el baguntáw.,Ya\tkumpra\tplor\tel\tbaguntáw.,PFV\tbuy\tflower\tthe\tyoung.man,The young man bought a flower.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-1,45,Ya coge el mga pulis con el ladron.,Ya\tcoge\tel\tmga\tpulis\tcon\tel\tladron.,PFV\tcatch\tthe\tPL\tpolice\tOBJ\tthe\tthief,The policemen caught the thief.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-2,45,Ta cumi hamon el hombre.,Ta\tcumi\thamon\tel\thombre.,IPFV\teat\tham\tDEF\tman,The man is eating ham.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-1,46,Ya-kurtá yo kunéste kárne kon kuchílyo.,Ya-kurtá\tyo\tkunéste\tkárne\tkon\tkuchílyo.,PFV-cut\t1SG\tOBJ.this\tmeat\twith\tknife,I cut this meat with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-2,46,Ya-pegá 'le konel péhro.,Ya-pegá\t'le\tkonel\tpéhro.,PRF-hit\the\tOBJ.the\tdog,He hit the dog.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-3,46,Ta-tomá 'le múcho bíno.,Ta-tomá\t'le\tmúcho\tbíno.,IPFV-drink\t3SG\tmuch\trum,S/he is drinking a lot of rum.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-4,46,Hendéq 'le ta-komé kárne?,Hendéq\t'le\tta-komé\tkárne?,NEG\t3SG\teat\tmeat,S/he doesn't eat meat?,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-5,46,Ta canta yo ‘te cancion.,Ta-kantá\tyo\t(és)te\tkansyón.,IPFV-sing\t1SG\tthis\tsong,I am singing this song.,,,,naturalistic written -46-6,46,Éle ya-matá pwérko gat alyá gránde.,Éle\tya-matá\tpwérko\tgat\talyá\tgránde.,s/he\tPRF-kill\tpig\treally\tthere\tbig,S/he killed a really big pig there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-7,46,Silá dos el ya-matá.,Silá\tdos\tel\tya-matá.,3PL\ttwo\t3SG\tPRF-kill,The two of them killed him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-9,46,Ya-prepará ei ómbre un baróto.,Ya-prepará\tei\tómbre\tun\tbaróto.,PFV-prepare\tART\tman\ta\tbaroto,The man prepared a small boat (baroto).,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-10,46,Ya-mirá el mga ómbre un póno de ságing.,Ya-mirá\tel\tmga\tómbre\tun\tpóno\tde\tságing.,PFV-see\tART\tPL\tman\ta\ttree\tof\tbanana,The men saw a banana tree.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-11,46,Ya-mirá el táta su sitwasyón.,Ya-mirá\tel\ttáta\tsu\tsitwasyón.,PFV-see\tART\tfather\this\tsituation,The father saw his situation.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-50,46,El marído tyéne kósa ta-buská.,El\tmarído\ttyéne\tkósa\tta-buská.,ART\thusband\tEXIST\twhat\tIPFV-seek,The husband is looking for something.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-74,46,El mga ómbre ya-kargá tres maléta káda úno.,El\tmga\tómbre\tya-kargá\ttres\tmaléta\tkáda\túno.,ART\tPL\tman\tPFV-carry\tthree\tsuitcase\teach\tone,The men carried three suitcases each.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-1,47,Awe mainta mi a bai subi Hooiberg.,Awe\tmainta\tmi\ta\tbai\tsubi\tHooiberg.,today\tmorning\t1SG\tPFV\tgo\tclimb\tHooiberg,This morning I climbed Hooiberg.,,,,naturalistic written -47-3,47,Maria a duna Wanchu un buki.,Maria\ta\tduna\tWanchu\tun\tbuki.,Maria\tPFV\tgive\tWanchu\tINDF\tbook,Maria gave Wanchu a book.,,,,both elicited and naturalistic spoken -48-1,48,Ana kelé komblá un koka kola.,Ana\tkelé\tkomblá\tun\tkoka\tkola.,Ana\twant.INF\tbuy.INF\tINDF\tCoca\tCola,Ana wants to buy a Coca Cola.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-3,48,Fautina asé bebé mucho sebesa nu.,Fautina\tasé\tbebé\tmucho\tsebesa\tnu.,Faustina\tHAB\tdrink\tmuch\tbeer\tNEG,Faustina does not (usually) drink much beer.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-1,49,Siklòn nan kraze kay la.,Siklòn\tnan\tkraze\tkay\tla.,cyclone\tDEF\tdemolish\thouse\tDEF,The cyclone demolished the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-2,49,Bouki t ap danse yon bolewo.,Bouki\tt\tap\tdanse\tyon\tbolewo.,Bouki\tANT\tINACC\tdance\tINDF\tbolero,Bouki was dancing a bolero.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-1,50,Pyè ka manjé poul.,Pyè\tka\tmanjé\tpoul.,Peter\tPROG\teat\tchicken,Peter is eating chicken.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-2,50,I pran liv-la.,I\tpran\tliv-la.,3SG\ttake\tbook-DEF,He took the book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-1,51,Piè ka manjé poul.,Piè\tka\tmanjé\tpoul.,Peter\tPROG\teat\tchicken,Peter is eating chicken.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-2,51,I pran liv-la.,I\tpran\tliv-la.,he\ttake\tbook-DEF,He took the book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-1,52,mo manman bat timoun-yan,mo\tmanman\tbat\ttimoun-yan,my\tmother\tbeat\tchildren-ART,My mother beat the children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-1,53,Bouki trape banjo-la.,Bouki\ttrape\t-la.,Bouki\tgrab\tbanjo-ART.DEF.SG,Bouki grabbed the banjo.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-2,53,Mo garson achte en bel lalyans pou so kalin.,Mo\tgarson\tachte\ten\tbel\tlalyans\tpou\tso\tkalin.,1SG.POSS\tson\tbuy.PST\tART.INDF\tpretty\twedding.ring\tfor\t3SG.POSS.\tgirlfriend,My son bought a pretty wedding ring for his girlfriend.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-1,54,Le prèt malbar i pran in ti kouto.,Lë\tprèt\tmalbar\ti\tpran\ten\tti\tkouto.,DEF\tpriest\tIndian\tFIN\ttake\tINDF\tsmall\tknife,The Indian priest takes a small knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-1,55,Pol pu bat Zaṅ,Pol\tpu\tbat\tZaṅ,Paul\tFUT\thit\tJohn,Paul will hit John.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-1,56,Nou griy nou kafe.,Nou\tgriy\tnou\tkafe.,1PL\troast\tPOSS.1PL\tcoffee,We roasted our coffee.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-2,56,Mari ti anbras Zan tanzantan.,Mari\tti\tanbras\tZan\ttanzantan.,Mary\tPST\tkiss\tJean\toften,Mary often kissed Jean.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-3,56,Lion i manz gazel.,Lion\ti\tmanz\tgazel.,lion\tPM\teat\tgazelle,Lions eat gazelles.,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-1,57,ma vwa kas sa le ŋgra,ma\tvwa\tkas\tsa\tle\tŋgra,1SG\tsee\thouse\tREL\tSI\tbig,I see the big house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-57,57,njo le mwaʃe pa: sa le vje,njo\tle\tmwaʃe\tpa:\tsa\tle\tvje,woman\tPM\teat\tbread\tREL\tSI\told,The woman eats some old bread.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-119,57,"tule per-la, sola koma:se fer tule leŋglis partu","tule\tper-la,\tsola\tkoma:se\tfer\ttule\tleŋglis\tpartu",PL\tFather-DEM/DEF\t3PL\tbegin\tmake\tPL\tchurch\teverywhere,The Fathers began to construct churches everywhere.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-1,58,Yandi baka mbongo sumb-il-a mono mukanda.,Yandi\tbaka\tmbongo\tsumb-il-a\tmono\tmukanda.,he\ttake.NARR\tmoney\tbuy-APPL-NARR\tme\tbook,He took money and bought me a/the book. OR: He bought me the/a book with (the) money.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-2,58,Bo bula bo mosi.,Bo\tbula\tbo\tmosi.,3PL\thit\t3PL\tone,They hit themselves.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-45,58,Konso bakala nat-aka valise zole.,Konso\tbakala\tnat-aka\tvalise\tzole.,each\tman/male\tcarry-PST\tsuitcase\ttwo,Each man carried two suitcases.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-1,59,"melenge ti lo oko amu koli, kol ni ate zo","melenge\tti\tlo\toko\ta-mu\tkoli,\tkoli\tni\ta-te\tzo",child\tof\t3SG\tone\tPM-take\tman\tman\tDET\tPM-eat\tperson,His one child married a man; the man ate people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-2,59,lo ke faa gi zo,lo\tke\tfaa\tgi\tzo,3SG\tCOP\tkill\tonly\tperson,He was (habitually) killing only people (not animals).,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-3,59,"to kol ti ni aga amu samba na lo, [...]","tongana\tkoli'\tti\tni\ta-ga\ta-mu\tsamba\tna\tlo,\t[...]",if\tman\tof\t1SG.LOG\tPM-come\tPM-give\tbeer\tPREP\t3SG\t[...],"(She said) if my husband should come and offer you beer, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-4,59,kol na aleke zembe kwe,koli\tni\taleke\tzembe\tkwe,man\tDET\tSM.prepare\tknife\tall,The husband prepared the knife to perfection. OR: The husband sharpened the knife to perfection.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-5,59,kol ni amu lege ahon' na ngonda,koli\tni\tamu\tlege\tahon'\tna\tngonda,man\tDET\tSM.take\tpath\tSM.depart\tPREP\tbush,The husband took off and went to the bush.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-6,59,lango agbu le ti kogara na ape,lango\ta-gbu\tle\tti\tkogara\tni\tape,sleep\tPM-grab\teye\tof\tin-law\tDET\tNEG,The mother-in-law was not overcome by sleep.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-1,60,Pierre amónákí Pauline,Pierre\ta-món-ákí\tPauline,Pierre\t3SG-see-PST\tPauline,Pierre saw Pauline.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-1,61,Lo kati buka lo inja.,Lo\tkati\tbuk-a\tlo\tinja.,ART\tcat\tsee-PRS\tART\tdog.,The cat is looking at the dog. OR: The cat looks at the dog.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-1,62,nhalwá átányá shuhé na afá iʔí haráza,nhalwa\tá-tanya\tshuhe\tna\tafa\tiʔí\tharaza,Nhalwa\t3SG-intervene\tleopard\twith\tgoat(s)\there\triver:in,Nhalwa intervened the leopard and the goat here at the river.,,,,constructed by linguist -63-1,63,banát kúlu bi-lébisi skirt towíl,banát\tkúlu\tbi-lébisi\tskirt\ttowíl,girl.PL\tall\tTAM-wear\tskirt\tlong,The girls wear long skirts.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-1,64,ásed gekátulu nas,ásed\tge=kátulu\tnas,lion\tPROG=kill\tpeople,The lion kills people.,,,,elicited from speaker -65-1,65,Xəʧʒu lisa kupila.,Xəʧʒu\tlisa\tkupi-la.,Xeczu\trice\tbuy-PFV,Xeczu bought rice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-2,65,Kitaisa davali minia ixiɲ.,Kitaisa\tdava-li\tminia\tixiɲ.,Chinese\tgive-PFV\t1SG\t3PL,They gave me to a Chinese.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-3,65,Lusəki musina pjotə wotka nogo.,Lusəki\tmusina\tpjotə\twotka\tnogo.,Russian\tman\tdrink.3SG.PRS\tvodka\ta.lot,Russian men drink too much alcohol.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-4,65,Rusəkə xəleba kuʃi.,Rusəkə\txəleba\tkuʃi.,Russian\tbread\teat,Russians eat bread.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-5,65,Kniʃka xoʧi d'elaj eta liudi.,Kniʃka\txoʧi\td'elaj\teta\tliudi.,book\twant\tmake\tthis\tperson,These people wish to compose a book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-6,65,Ty babəsəka delaj kuxajka.,Ty\tbabəsəka\tdelaj\tkuxajka.,2SG\tgrandmother\tmake\tquilted.coat,Your grandmother used to make quilted coats.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-1,66,Go bicaya luyang.,Go\tbicaya\tlu-yang.,1SG\tbelieve\t2SG-ACC.DEF,I believe you. (NOT: I believed you.),,,,elicited from speaker -66-2,66,Farida dua pong yang siklatan.,Farida\tdua\tpong\tyang\tsi-klatan.,Farida\ttwo\ttree\tACC.DEF\tPST-look,Farida looked at the two trees.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-3,66,Anak nasi simakan.,Anak\tnasi\tsi-makan.,child\trice\tPST-eat,The child ate rice.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-71,66,Pompanganak ekasi (aða) kumbang attu deppe ummana.,Pompang-anak\te-kasi\t(aða)\tkumbang\tattu\tde-pe\tumma-na.,female-child\tASP-give\t(AUX)\tflower\tINDF\t3SG-POSS\tmother-DAT,The girl has given a flower to her mother.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-1,67,"Wah tengok punya olang pecaya, sayang sama dia.","Wah\ttengok\tpunya\tolang\tpecaya,\tsayang\tsama\tdia.",INTERJ\tlook.at\tREL\tperson\tbelieve\tadmire\twith\t3SG,"Wah, people who were watching believed (and) admired him.",,,,elicited from speaker -67-2,67,Teochew cakap Teochew la.,Teochew\tcakap\tTeochew\tla.,Teochew\tspeak\tTeochew\tEMPH,The Teochew speak Teochew.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-1,68,Dia buka mulu ka mari.,Dia\tbuka\tmulu\tka\tmari.,3SG\topen\tmouth\tto\there,It opened its mouth to here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-36,68,Ibu ibu suka cari dorang pung suami di situ.,Ibu~ibu\tsuka\tcari\tdorang\tpung\tsuami\tdi\tsitu.,PL~mother\tlike\tsearch.for\t3PL\tPOSS\thusband\tLOC\tthere,Married women search for their husbands there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-1,69,mən ama namban kratəkənan,mən\tama\tnamban\tkratəkə-nan,3SG\t1SG\tDAT\thit-NONFUT,He hit me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-2,69,nuŋgum paymban awkurambi [...],nuŋgum\tpaymban\tawkura-mbi\t[...],man\teagle\ttake-DEP\t[...],The eagle took the man and [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-45,69,aykum mən mambi man kuraŋ awtɲan,aykum\tmən\tmambi\tman\tkuraŋ\tawt-ɲan,woman\t3SG\tagain\tother\tcoconut\ttake-NONFUT,The woman again took a coconut.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-1,70,Ham bejo ek larika.,Ham\tbejo\tek\tlarika.,1SG\tsend\tone\tboy,I sent a boy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-2,70,Ham Simioni milo.,Ham\tSimioni\tmilo.,1SG\tSimioni\tmeet,I met Simioni.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-15,70,Kuta deko suar.,Kuta\tdeko\tsuar.,dog\tsee\tpig,The dog saw the pig.,,,,constructed by linguist -70-82,70,Masta ekdam cesma sanglas paino.,Masta\tekdam\tcesma\tsanglas\tpaino.,Masta[name]\tEMPH\tglasses\tsunglasses\tput.on,Masta just put on sunglasses.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-1,71,Wau kii kela papale wau.,Wau\tkii\tkela\tpapale\twau.,1SG\tfetch\tDET\that\t1SG.POSS,I fetched my hat.,,,,naturalistic written -71-2,71,Kuai wau kela pahu.,Kuai\twau\tkela\tpahu.,buy\t1SG\tDET\tcontainer,I bought the jar (of honey).,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-3,71,Iaia puniu inaha la!,Iaia\tpuniu\tinaha\tla!,3SG\tskull\tsmash\tMOD,He smashes skulls!,,,,naturalistic written -71-16,71,Kela lio oe inaha akahi eke palani.,Kela\tlio\toe\tinaha\takahi\teke\tpalani.,DET\thorse\t2SG.POSS\ttear\tINDF\tsack\tbran,Your horse tore into a sack of bran.,,,,naturalistic written -71-101,71,Ma ka poalua lawe kela Mino i ka pu ma kahi hana.,Ma\tka\tpoalua\tlawe\tkela\tMino\ti\tka\tpu\tma\tkahi\thana.,LOC\tDEF\tTuesday\ttake\tDET\tMino\tOBJ\tDEF\tgun\tLOC\tplace\twork,"On Tuesday, Mino took the gun to his workplace.",,,,naturalistic written -72-1,72,Jintaku karungku i bin gedim kengkaru mirlarrangyawung.,Jintaku\tkaru-ngku\ti\tbin\tged-im\tkengkaru\tmirlarrang-yawung.,one\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tshoot-TR\tkangaroo\tspear-COM,One kid got the kangaroo with a spear.,,,,peer elicitation -72-4,72,Kajirringku im katim jawurt kengkaruyu.,Kajirri-ngku\tim\tkat-im\tjawurt\tkengkaru-yu.,woman-ERG\t3SG\tcut-TR\ttail\tkangaroo-DAT,The old woman chopped off the kangaroo's tail.,,,,peer elicitation -73-3,73,kura bindiziaxun nwibu iskwilada,kura\tbindizia-xu-n\tnwibu\tiskwila-da,priest\tbless-PROG-3SG\tnew\tschool-ACC,The priest blesses the new school.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-4,73,yoga solta kirixuni i no soleanga,yo-ga\tsol-ta\tkiri-xu-ni\ti\tno\tsolea-nga,1SG-TOP\tsun-ACC\twant-PROG-1SG\tand\tNEG\tshine-3FUT,I want sun and the sun is not going to shine.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-18,73,miu ermanoga trabaxoda akabaxunmi a las sinkoda,miu\termano-ga\ttrabaxo-da\takaba-xu-n-mi\ta\tlas\tsinko-da,1SG.POSS\tbrother-TOP\twork-ACC\tfinish-PROG-3-AFF\tat\tthe\tfive-ACC,My brother (usually) finishes work at five.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-1,74,man mákmak kámuks,man\tmákmak\tkámuks,man\teat\tdog,The man eats the dog.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-2,74,man makmak kamuks,man\tmakmak\tkamuks,man\teat\tdog,The man eats (the) dog.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-3,74,yáka łap ixt man,yáka\tłap\tixt\tman,3SG\tfind\tone\tman,He found a man.,,,,narrative -75-1,75,Trwaa lii zom kiitahkwamamwak trwa lii suutkees shaak.,Trwaa\tlii\tzom\tkii-tahkwamamw-ak\ttrwa\tlii\tsuutkees\tshaak.,three\tART.PL\tman\tPST-carry.INAN-3PL\tthree\tART.PL\tsuitcase\teach,Three men carried three suitcases each.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-2,75,La shyenn lii ptsi shyaen meekwaat ayaaweew.,La\tshyenn\tlii\tptsi\tshyaen\tmeekwaat\tayaaw-eew.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tbitch\tART.PL\tsmall\tdog\tPROG\thave.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,The bitch is having pups.,,,,naturalistic written -75-3,75,Lii zaray pwaencheu ayaawak li loo pi li minush.,Lii\tzaray\tpwaencheu\tayaa-wak\tli\tloo\tpi\tli\tminush.,ART.PL\tear\tpointed\thave-3PL\tDEF.ART.M.SG\twolf\tand\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tcat,The cat and the wolf are sharp-eared. OR: Cats and wolves have pointed ears.,,,,naturalistic written -75-4,75,Kiiwanistaw li zhwal soo likoo.,Kii-wanist-aw\tli\tzhwal\tsoo\tlikoo.,PST-lose.INAN-3\tDEF.ART.M.SG\thorse\t3.POSS.M\thalter,The horse lost its halter.,,,,naturalistic written -75-5,75,Kiiuchipitam sa tet la torcheu.,Kii-uchi-pit-am\tsa\ttet\tla\ttorcheu.,PST-from-pull-3.OBJ.INAN\tPOSS.3.F\thead\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tturtle,The turtle retracted its head.,,,,naturalistic written -75-6,75,Aen beebii la praenses kiiayaweew.,Aen\tbeebii\tla\tpraenses\tkii-ayaw-eew.,INDF.M.SG\tbaby\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tprincess\tPST-have.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,The princess had a baby.,,,,naturalistic written -76-1,76,wai'hinni artegi annahanna pȗgmȗmmi,wai'hinni\tartegi\tannahanna\tpȗgmȗmmi,woman\tcoat\tsew\tnow,The woman is sewing a coat now.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-3,76,uñasĭkcu tautuk awoñga atcu tuktu atcu kēruk añaninni,uñasĭkcu\ttautuk\tawoñga\tatcu\ttuktu\tatcu\tkēruk\tañaninni,far\tsee\tI\tif\tcaribou\tif\twood\tbig,I saw far away either a deer or a large piece of wood.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-3,1,Mi vergiti da man nem.,Mi\tfrigiti\tda\tman\tnen.,1SG\tforget\tDET.SG\tman\tname,I have forgotten that man's name.,,,,written -1-4,1,mie Piekien em Oema,mi\tpikin\ten\tuma,1SG\tchild\t3SG\twoman,my child's wife (daughter in law),,,,written -1-5,1,Tata fo da misi a gi na hem pikien da tem a trouw vyfi ten tien duizent pissi fo Schelling.,Tata\tfu\tda\tmisi\ta\tgi\tna\ten\tpikin\tda\tten\ta\ttrow\tfeifi\tten\ttin\tdusun\tpisi\tfu\tsyèlin.,father\tof\tDET.SG\tmissis\t3SG.SBJ\tgive\tto\t3SG\tchild\tDET.SG\ttime\t3SG.SBJ\tmarry\tfive\ttime\tten\tthousand\tpiece\tof\tshilling,The father of the young lady will give his child fifty thousand Caroli guilders (shilling).,,,,written -1-6,1,Hoe ply slotelen fo jarri?,O-pe\tsroto\tfu\tdyari?,Q-place\tkey\tof\tgarden,Where is the key of the garden?,,,,written -2-3,2,Charles oto,Charles\toto,Charles\tcar,Charles' car,,,,naturalistic written -2-4,2,mi ma prasoro,mi\tma\tprasoro,my\tmother\tumbrella,my mother's umbrella,,,,naturalistic written -2-5,2,mi masra famiri oso,mi\tmasra\tfamiri\toso,my\thusband\tfamily\thouse,my husband’s family’s house,,,,naturalistic written -2-6,2,a buba fu a tigri,a\tbuba\tfu\ta\ttigri,DET\tskin\tof\tDET\ttiger,the tiger’s pelt,,,,naturalistic written -2-7,2,a granman fu den Dyuka,a\tgranman\tfu\tden\tDyuka,DET\tchief\tof\tthe.PL\tNdjuka,the chief of the Aukaners,,,,naturalistic written -3-2,3,konu bo,konu\tbo,king\tvow,the king's vow,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-3,3,di wosu u di womi,di\twosu\tu\tdi\twomi,DEF.SG\thouse\tfor\tDEF.SG\tman,the house of the man,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-2,4,a kownu pikin,a\tkownu\tpikin,DET.SG\tking\tchild,the king's child,,,,elicited from speaker -4-3,4,a pikin fu a kownu,a\tpikin\tfu\ta\tkownu,DET.SG\tchild\tPOSS\tDET.SG\tking,the king's child / the child of the king,,,,elicited from speaker -5-2,5,kostomo gyal chirin,kostomo\tgyal\tchirin,customer\tgirl\tchildren,customers' daughters OR: daughters of customers,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-3,5,di kova fo(r) am laas,di\tkova\tfo(r)\tam\tlaas,the\tcover\tPOSS\t3SG\tlose,Its cover is lost.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-4,5,stoov ke tap,stoov\tke\ttap,stove\tPOSS\ttop,top of stove,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-68,5,di kova fo di pat laas,di\tkova\tfo\tdi\tpat\tlaas,DEF\tcover\tPOSS\tDEF\tpot\tlose,The pot cover is lost.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-2,6,Meri haus,Meri\thaus,Mary\thouse,Mary's house,,,,elicited from speaker -6-40,6,shi tantie house,shi\ttantie\thouse,3SG.POSS\taunt\thouse,her aunt's house,,,,elicited from speaker -7-2,7,di pikni fo Meivis,di\tpikni\tfo\tMeivis,ART\tchild\tfor\tMavis,Mavis’ child OR: Mavis' children,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-3,7,di pikni fo di woman,di\tpikni\tfo\tdi\twoman,ART\tchild/children\tfor\tART\twoman,the woman’s child(ren),,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-4,7,misa Jesi god fren suhn,misa\tJesi\tgod\tfren\tsuhn,Mister\tJessie\tgood\tfriend\tson,Mr Jessie’s good friend’s son,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-2,8,Mieri son gi Piita daata Maak buk.,Mieri\tson\tgi\tPiita\tdaata\tMaak\tbuk.,Mary\tson\tgive\tPeter\tdaughter\tMark\tbook,Mary's son gave Peter's daughter Mark's book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-195,8,Di nieba-dem ous wash we ina di laas flod.,Di\tnieba-dem\tous\twash\twe\tina\tdi\tlaas\tflod.,DET\tneighbor-PL\thouse\twash\taway\tin\tDET\tlast\tflood,The neighbours’ house got washed away in the last flood.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-2,9,di laya sista,di\tlaya\tsista,the\tlawyer\tsister,the lawyer's sister,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-3,9,Dog pa fi dem pap da wan big dog.,Dog\tpa\tfi\tdem\tpap\tda\twan\tbig\tdog.,dog\tfather\tfor\tthem\tpup\tTOP\ta\tbig\tdog,These puppies' father is a big dog.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-4,9,A waz soprayz wen dey tel mi di prays of sement.,A\twaz\tsoprayz\twen\tdey\ttel\tmi\tdi\tprays\tof\tsement.,I\twas\tsurprised\twhen\tthey\ttell\tme\tthe\tprice\tof\tcement,I was surprised when they told me the price of cement.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-2,10,"Beda Taigi, dat truu yu da Naansi raidin haas?","Beda\tTaigi,\tdat\ttruu\tyu\tda\tNaansi\traidin\thaas?",Brother\tTiger\tDEM\ttrue\t2SG\tFOC\tAnansi\triding\thorse,"Brother Tiger, is it true that you are Anansi’s riding horse?",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-44,10,Maskita fala man iaz.,Maskita\tfala\tman\tiaz.,mosquito\tfollow\tman\tear,Mosquito follows man's ears.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-2,11,di King waif,di\tKing\twaif,ART.DEF\tKing\twife,the King’s wife,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-3,11,di Kingz waif,di\tKing-z\twaif,ART.DEF\tKing-GEN\twife,the King’s wife,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-2,12,the boy uncle,the\tboy\tuncle,the\tboy[POSS.SG]\tuncle,the boy’s uncle,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-3,12,"Haitian? But I like 'em, because - I say all is God people [...].",[...]\tall\tis\tGod\tpeople\t[...].,[...]\tall\tCOP.3PL\tGod[POSS]\tpeople\t[...],[...] all are God’s people [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-2,13,God work,God\twork,God\twork,God’s work,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-3,13,Now de axe ta de foot ob de tree.,Now\tde\taxe\tta\tde\tfoot\tob\tde\ttree.,now\tthe\taxe\tto\tthe\tfoot\tof\tthe\ttree,(And) now (also) the axe (is laid) unto the root of the trees. (Lk 3.9),,,,bible translation -14-3,14,Sue house,Sue\thouse,Sue\thouse,Sue's house,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-4,14,I saw they house.,I\tsaw\tthey-Ø\thouse,I\tsaw\tthey-3PL.POSS\thouse,I saw their house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-11,14,It was a nurse and a nurse's aid used to stand up at the door.,It\twas\ta\tnurse\tand\ta\tnurse's\taid\tused\tto\tstand\tup\tat\tthe\tdoor.,EXPL\twas\ta\tnurse\tand\ta\tnurse's\taid\tused\tto\tstand\tup\tat\tthe\tdoor,There was a nurse and a nurse's aid who used to stand up at the door.,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-2,15,di man ĩ os,di\tman\tĩ\tos,ART\tman\tPOSS\thouse,the man's house,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-2,16,dè go fɔ dagɔmba ʧif haus,dè\tgo\tfɔ\tdagɔmba\tʧif\thaus,3PL\tgo\tto\tDagomba\tchief\thouse,They went to the Dagomba chief's house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-180,16,à hiɛ dɛ fud ìn tes.,à\thiɛ\tdɛ\tfud\tìn\ttes.,1SG\tsmell\tART.DEF\tfood\t3SG.POSS\tsmell,I smelled the food's smell.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-2,17,dì wuman ìm mòto,dì\twuman\tìm\tmòto,ART.DEF\twoman\t3SG.POSS\tcar,the woman’s car,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-2,18,ma broda i pikin,ma\tbroda\ti\tpikin,my\tbrother\this\tchild,my brother's child,,,,unspecified -18-3,18,Na Joseph i haus.,Na\tJoseph\ti\thaus.,COP\tJoseph\this\thouse,This is Joseph's house.,,,,unspecified -18-4,18,Pi'kin fo 'dis 'wuman go 'kom tu'moro.,Pikin\tfo\tdis\twuman\tgo\tkom\ttumoro.,child\tof\tDEM\twoman\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,This woman's child will come tomorrow.,,,,published source -19-2,19,Pero chico na yù pikin ìn layf.,Pero\tchico\tna\tyù\tpikin\tìn\tlayf.,but\tboy\tFOC\t2SG\tchild\t3SG.POSS\tlife,"But boy, it is your child’s life.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-3,19,[...] nà gɔd pìkín dis.,[...]\tnà\tgɔd\tpìkín\tdis.,[...]\tFOC\tGod\tchild\tthis,[...] this is a child of God.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-4,19,Nà dì las pìkín fɔ̀ mì àntí.,Nà\tdì\tlas\tpìkín\tfɔ̀\tmì\tàntí.,FOC\tDEF\tlast\tchild\tASSOC\t1SG.POSS\taunt,He's the last child of my aunt.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-2,20,Deer sinew makee cook proper.,Deer\tsinew\tmakee\tcook\tproper.,deer\tsinew\tmake\tcook\tproper,Boil the deer's sinew thoroughly.,,,,naturalistic written -20-3,20,My wantchee money tomorrow expensee.,My\twantchee\tmoney\ttomorrow\texpensee.,1SG\twant\tmoney\ttomorrow\texpenses,I want the money for tomorrow's expenses. OR: I want it for tomorrow's expenses.,,,,naturalistic written -21-4,21,Lisa's phonetics lab,Lisa's\tphonetics\tlab,Lisa-POSS\tphonetics\tlaboratory,Lisa's phonetics laboratory,,,,constructed by linguist -21-5,21,her brother's wedding,her\tbrother's\twedding,3P.POSS\tbrother-POSS\twedding,her brother's wedding,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-6,21,the wedding of her brother,the\twedding\tof\ther\tbrother,DET\twedding\tof\t3P.POSS\tbrother,the wedding of her brother,,,,own knowledge -22-5,22,Em haus bilong husat?,Em\thaus\tbilong\thusat?,3SG\thouse\tPOSS\twho,Whose house is that?,,,,constructed by linguist -22-6,22,Ol i katim baksait bilong papa bilong mi long naif.,Ol\ti\tkatim\tbaksait\tbilong\tpapa\tbilong\tmi\tlong\tnaif.,3PL\tPM\tcut\tback\tPOSS\tfather\tPOSS\t1SG\tINS\tknife,They cut my father’s back with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-7,22,Yu salim wanpela long hamas?,Yu\tsalim\twan-pela\tlong\thamas?,2SG\tsell\tone-MOD\tPREP\thow.much,How much do you sell one for?,,,,constructed by linguist -22-8,22,"Em dispela meri bilong dispela man ia, em i bin dai ia.","Em\tdispela\tmeri\tbilong\tdispela\tman\tia,\tem\ti\tbin\tdai\tia.",FOC\tthis\twoman\tPOSS\tthis\tman\tFOC\t3SG\tPM\tPST\tdie\tFOC,It was this man’s wife who died.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-9,22,Em laik klinim gaden bilongen tasol em katim han bilongen.,Em\tlaik\tklin-im\tgaden\tbilong-en\ttasol\tem\tkatim\than\tbilong-en.,3SG\twant\tclean-TR\tgarden\tPOSS-3SG\tbut\t3SG\tcut\thand/arm\tPOSS-3SG,He wanted to clean his garden but he cut his hand/arm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-2,23,"[...] Rablar, olsem klos blong em we hemi blong lif blong banana we i drae.","[...]\tRablar,\tolsem\tklos\tblong\tem\twe\themi\tblong\tlif\tblong\tbanana\twe\ti\tdrae.",[...]\tRablar\tlike\tclothes\tPOSS\t3SG\tREL\t3SG.AGR\tPOSS\tleaf\tPOSS\tbanana\tREL\tAGR\tdry,"[...] [They wear] ""Rablar"", or (as it were) his clothes that are made of dry banana leaf.",,,,naturalistic written -24-3,24,dads side,dads\tside,dad.POSS\thouse,dad’s house,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-4,24,ar side fer dads,ar\tside\tfer\tdads,DET.DEF\thouse\tPREP\tDad.POSS,Dad’s house,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-5,24,ar side fer ucklun,ar\tside\tfer\tucklun,DET.DEF\tplace\tPREP\twe,our place,,,,naturalistic written -24-6,24,ar pain fe Robinson,ar\tpain\tfe\tRobinson,the\tpine.tree\tPREP\tRobinson,Robinson’s pine tree,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-7,24,me en myse dad,me\ten\tmyse\tdad,1SG.NSBJ\tand\t1SG.POSS\tfather,I and my father,,,,unknown -24-79,24,berds eig / bads eig,berds\teig\t/\tbads\teig,whalebird.POSS\tegg\t/\twhalebird.POSS\tegg,birds eggs,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-81,24,biids f Beryl,biids\tf\tBeryl,beads\tPREP\tBeryl,Beryl's necklace,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-7,25,san blanga olmen,san\tblanga\tolmen,son\tDAT/POSS\tolder.man,the son of the man,,,,unknown -25-8,25,bla big goana waif,bla\tbig\tgoana\twaif,DAT/POSS\tbig\tgoanna\twife,the female ('wife') of the big goanna (which has a different name from the male),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-9,25,blanga men kantri,blanga\tmen\tkantri,POSS\tman\tcountry,the man's country,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-10,25,matha blanga Barbara,matha\tblanga\tBarbara,mother\tPOSS\tBarbara,Barbara's mother,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-11,25,blanga olgamen daga,blanga\tolgamen\tdaga,POSS\twoman\tfood,the woman's food,,,,unknown -25-12,25,Ai bin faindim det kap bla det wumun.,Ai\tbin\tfaind-im\tdet\tkap\tbla\tdet\twumun.,1SG\tPST\tfind-TR\tDEM\tcup\tDAT/POSS\tDEM\twoman,I found the woman's cup.,,,,unknown -25-13,25,Det sneik bla ai dei kolam rili dipwan.,Det\tsneik\tbla\tai\tdei\tkol-am\trili\tdip-wan.,DEM\tsnake\tDAT/POSS\teye\t3PL\tcall-TR\treally\tdeep-ADJ,The (mythical) snake's eye is what they call the really deep one (waterhole).,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-14,25,Fo Jukuna kid iya.,Fo\tJukuna\tkid\tiya.,DAT/POSS\tJukuna\tchild\there,Jukuna's child is here.,,,,unknown -26-6,26,diz gaɪz nɛk,diz\tgaɪ-z\tnɛk,DEM\tguy-GEN\tneck,this guy's neck,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-140,26,On a saId a da rod,On\ta\tsaId\ta\tda\trod,on\tART\tside\tof\tART\troad,on the side of the road,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-2,27,di pushi kōp,di\tpushi\tkōp,DET\tcat\thead,the cat's head,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-3,27,di andi shi fan di lan,di\tandi\tshi\tfan\tdi\tlan,DET\tother\tside\tof\tDET\tcountry,the other side of the country,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-3,28,di jɛrma papa,di\tjɛrma\tpapa,the\twoman\tfather,the woman's father,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-4,28,di potman ʃi toro,di\tpotɛ\tman\tʃi\ttoro,the\told\tman\t3SG.POSS\teye,the old man's eye,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-4,29,Karel se motor,Karel\tse\tmotor,Charles\tPOSS\tcar,Charles' car,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-5,29,die motor van Karel,die\tmotor\tvan\tKarel,DEF.ART\tcar\tof\tCharles,Charles' car,,,,naturalistic written -29-67,29,die huise van die bure,die\thuis-e\tvan\tdie\tbur-e,DEF.ART\thouse-s\tof\tDEF.ART\tneighbour-s,the houses of the neighbours,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-242,29,die kind se toontjie,die\tkind\tse\ttoontjie,DEF.ART\tchild\tPOSS\ttoe,the child's toe,,,,unspecified -30-2,30,kása di Pedru,kása\tdi=Pedru,house\tof=Peter,Peter’s house,,,,constructed by linguist -30-3,30,kása-l Pedru,kása=l\tPedru,house=of\tPeter,Peter’s house,,,,constructed by linguist -30-4,30,kása Pedru,kása\tPedru,house\tPeter,Peter’s house,,,,constructed by linguist -30-16,30,"Mai di si maridu kontenti ku el txeu, [...].","Mai\tdi=si=maridu\tkontenti\tku=el\ttxeu,\t[...].",mother\tof=her=husband\tsatisfied\twith=3SG\tvery\t[...],"Her husband's mother was very satified with her, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-3,31,Djedje di Djai atxa mudjer bibu.,Djedje\tdi\tDjai\tatxa\tmudjer\tbibu.,Djedje\tof\tDjai\tfound\twoman\talive,Djedje of Djai's found a woman alive.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-4,31,"fidju di kristan, fidju di Deus","fidju\tdi\tkristan,\tfidju\tdi\tDeus",son\tof\tChristian\tson\tof\tGod,"sons of Christians, sons of God",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-2,32,Li na káza d'un senhor [...].,Li\tna\tkáza\tde\tun\tsenhor\t[...].,here\tin\thouse\tof\tDET\tgentleman\t[...],Here in the house of a gentleman [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-2,33,karu di Djon,karu\tdi\tDjon,car\tPOSS\tJohn,John’s car,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-227,33,pezu di padja,pezu\tdi\tpadja,weight\tof\tgrass,the weight of the grass,,,,unspecified -34-3,34,kasa di Pidru,kasa\tdi\tPidru,house\tof\tPeter,Peter's house,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-180,34,N ka sintí wora ku mininu kordá. — Mininu ta sintí keru di si mamɛ́.,N ka ø sintí wora ku mininu ø kordá. — Mininu ta sintí keru di si mamɛ́.,1SG.SBJ NEG PFV feel hour REL.OBJ child PFV wake.up   child HAB feel smell of POSS.3SG mother,I did not hear when the child woke up. — A child is able to recognize (smell) its mother's smell.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-2,35,poto di nfenu,poto\tdi\tnfenu,door\tof\thell,hell’s door,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-3,35,sode d’alê,sode\td’=alê,soldier\tof=king,soldiers of the king,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-4,35,ke pe bô,ke\tpe\tbô,house\tfather\t2SG.POSS,your father's house OR: the house of your father,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-2,36,mulu kai,mulu\tkai,wall\thouse,the wall of the house,,,,elicited from speaker -37-2,37,kaxi Zwan,kaxi\tZwan,house\tZwan,Zwan's house,,,,constructed by linguist -37-57,37,sodadi arê,sodadi\tarê,soldier\tking,the king's soldiers,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-2,38,batela namasesai,batela\tna-mase-sai,canoe\tART.DEF-boy-DEM,this boy's canoe,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-3,38,minamieldale,mina-miela-de-alé,child-female-of-king,the king's daughter,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-5,39,"Dəpəy muyɛmuyɛr də Manu, muyɛmuyɛr də ɔrlãd.","Dəpəy\tmuyɛr~muyɛr\tdə\tManu,\tmuyɛr~muyɛr\tdə\tɔrlãd.",then\twoman~woman\tof\tManu\twoman~woman\tof\tOrlando,"then the women of Manu('s family), the women of Orlando('s family)",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-6,39,Də tɛtɛ kaz jə bẽzew?,Də\ttɛtɛ\tkaz\tjə\tbẽze-w?,of\tTete\thouse\talready\tbless-PST,Has [he] already blessed Tete's house?,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-7,39,Kurəsãw də makak dẽt del mem korp.,Kurəsãw\tdə\tmakak\tdẽt\tdə-el\tmem\tkorp.,heart\tof\tmonkey\tinside\tof-3SG\tEMPH\tbody,The monkey's heart is inside his own body.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-3,40,Pedru su kadz,Pedru\tsu\tkadz,Pedru\tGEN\thouse,Pedru's house,,,,constructed by linguist -40-16,40,u͂ rhe su kabel ki korta ani su barb ki fedze u͂ barber ti vi kad suman.,u͂\trhe\tsu\tkabel\tki\tkorta\tani\tsu\tbarb\tki\tfedze\tu͂\tbarber\tti\tvi\tkad\tsuman.,a\tking\tGEN\thair\tCOMP\tcut\tand\this\tbeard\tCOMP\tdo\ta\tbarber\tPST\tcome\teach\tweek,A barber would come each week to cut a king's hair and shave him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-3,41,tiimassu fiiyu kum delfassu fiiyu takustumaaski,tiimas-su\tfiiyu\tkum\tdelfas-su\tfiiyu\tta-kustumaa=ski,Timus-GEN\tson\tand\tDelfus-GEN\tson\tPRS-practice=REPORT,"Timus’s son and Delfus’s son are practicing, apparently.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-4,41,avara bosa roostu sudu cummaa um fuumuley teem,avara\tbosa\troostu\tsudu\tcummaa\tum\tfuumu=ley\tteem,now\t2SG.GEN\tface\tall\tjust\tone\tsmoke=like\tPRS.be,Now your whole face just is like a [cloud of] smoke.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-5,41,"fuula da rɔɔza, fɔɔya teem veerdi","fuula\tda\trɔɔza,\tfɔɔya\tteem\tveerdi",flower\tof\trose\tleaf\tPRS.be\tgreen,"Flower of the rose, leaf is green.",,,,written (poetic) -41-6,41,ɔkalɔɔra keesasu tɛɛmpupa pesaam nikara fikaa parsiidu,ɔklɔɔra\tkeesa-su\ttɛɛmpu-pa\tpesaam\tnikara\tfikaa\tparsii-du,then\tcase-GEN\ttime-DAT\tperson\tNEG.HAB\tbecome\tappear-ADJZ,So for the case date the person doesn't appear.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-2,42,Maria sa kaza,Maria\tsa\tkaza,Maria\tGEN\thouse,Maria’s house,,,,elicited from speaker -42-3,42,aké femi sa kachoru,aké\tfemi\tsa\tkachoru,that\tgirl\tGEN\tdog,the girl's dog,,,,elicited from speaker -42-4,42,tabu di prau,tabu\tdi\tprau,plank\tof\tboat,the planking of the boat,,,,elicited from speaker -42-5,42,"isti, nu gitá kabesa di prau","isti,\tnu\tgitá\tkabesa\tdi\tprau",this\t1PL\tcall\thead\tof\tboat,"This, we call the head of the boat.",,,,elicited from speaker -43-2,43,Ile anda nu chang di sua moler su pay.,Ile\tanda\tnu\tchang\tdi\tsua\tmoler\tsu\tpay.,he\tgo\tLOC\tland\tof\tPOSS.3SG\twife\tPOSS.3SG\tfather,He went to the property of his wife’s father.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-4,44,náy di Kárlos,náy\tdi\tKárlos,mother\tof\tCarlos,Carlos' mother,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-46,44,mi mánga myémbro di pamílya,mi\tmánga\tmyémbro\tdi\tpamílya,1SG.POSS\tPL\tmember\tof\tfamily,my family members,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-3,45,Grueso el pellejo del rimas.,Grueso\tel\tpellejo\tdel\trimas.,thick\tDEF\tpeel\tof\tbreadfruit,The peel of the breadfruit is thick.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-12,46,el kása del ómbre,el\tkása\tdel\tómbre,ART\thouse\tof.the\tman,the house of the man,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-13,46,del ómbre kása,del\tómbre\tkása,of.the\tman\thouse,the man's house,,,,elicited from speaker -46-14,46,el kása di Juan,el\tkása\tdi\tJuan,the\thouse\tof\tJuan,Juan's house,,,,elicited from speaker -47-5,47,boso tur su trabou,boso\ttur\tsu\ttrabou,2PL\tall\tPOSS\twork,the work of you all,,,,published source -47-6,47,Hose su kas,Hose\tsu\tkas,Hose\tPOSS\thouse,Hose's house,,,,published source -47-7,47,kas di mi ruman Eric,kas\tdi\tmi\truman\tEric,house\tof\t1SG\tsibling\tEric,(the) house of my brother Eric,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-8,47,e muchanan su bukinan,e\tmucha\tnan\tsu\tbuki\tnan,DEF\tchild\tPL\tPOSS\tbook\tPL,the children's books,,,,published source -47-9,47,El a kohe e sombré di e homber bisti.,El\ta\tkohe\te\tsombré\tdi\te\thomber\tbisti.,3SG\tPFV\ttake\tDEF\that\tof\tDEF\tman\twear,He took the man's hat and put it on.,,,,literary source -48-4,48,kasa ri Malía,kasa\tri\tMalía,house\tof\tMaría,Maria's house,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-62,48,kasa ri numano mi,kasa\tri\tnumano\tmi,house\tof\tbrother\tmy,the house of my brother / my brother's house,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-3,49,kay Jan an,kay\tJan\tan,house\tJean\tDEF,John's house,,,,constructed by linguist -49-4,49,Mwen wè machin wouj Mari a.,Mwen\twè\tmachin\twouj\tMari\ta.,1SG\tsee\tcar\tred\tMarie\tDEF,I saw Marie's red car.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-30,49,Msye souse tout san bourik la.,Msye\tsouse\ttout\tsan\tbourik\tla.,mister\tsuck\tall\tblood\tdonkey\tDEF,He sucked all the blood of the donkey.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-3,50,chyen a Wojé,chyen\ta\tWojé,dog\tof\tRoger,Roger's dog,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-4,51,Chien Wojé,Chien\tWojé,Dog\tRoger,Roger's dog,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-5,51,Zanmi-mwen,Zanmi-mwen,friend-1SG,my friend,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-2,52,kaz Georges,kaz\tGeorges,house\tGeorge,the house of George,,,,elicited from speaker -52-127,52,pitit bondyé,pitit\tbondyé,child\tGod,God's children,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-3,53,mison gro zabitan la,mison\tgro\tzabitan-la,house\tbig\tplanter-ART.DEF.SG,the house of the big planter,,,,naturalistic written -53-4,53,la mezon en blan,la\tmezon\ten\tblan,ART.DEF.SG\thouse\tART.INDF.SG\twhite,the house of a white person,,,,elicited from speaker -53-5,53,chapo a nom-la,chapo\ta\tnom-la,hat\tPOSS\tman-ART.DEF.SG,the man's hat,,,,elicited from speaker -53-6,53,Compair Lapin so la tché to coute.,Compair\tLapin\tso\tlatché\tto\tcoute,Brother\tRabbit\t3SG.POSS\ttail\ttoo\tshort,Brother Rabbit's tail is too short.,,,,naturalistic written -53-7,53,piti pou mo neve,piti\tpou\tmo\tneve,child\tfor\t1SG.POSS\tnephew,my nephew's child,,,,elicited from speaker -54-2,54,la fiy le roi,la\tfiy\tlë\trwa,DEF\tdaughter\tDEF\tking,the king’s daughter,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-2,55,Pol so ti-frer,Pol\tso\tti-frer,Paul\t3SG.POSS\tDIM-brother,Paul's little brother,,,,constructed by linguist -55-3,55,ti-frer Pol,ti-frer\tPol,DIM-brother\tPaul,Paul's little brother,,,,constructed by linguist -55-4,55,Sesil so lisyeṅ in mor.,Sesil\tso\tlisyeṅ\tin\tmor.,Cecil\tPOSS\tdog\tCOMPL\tdead,Cécile's dog has died.,,,,written (grammar) -55-5,55,ti baba Baka usi ena kat mwa,ti\tbaba\tBaka\tusi\tena\tkat\tmwa,DIM\tbaby\tBaka\ttoo\thave\tfour\tmonth,Baka's little baby is also four months old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-219,55,zaṅfaṅ so zuzu,zaṅfaṅ\tso\tzuzu,child\t3SG.POSS\ttoy,(the) child's toy,,,,constructed by linguist -56-4,56,lakaz Marcel,lakaz\tMarcel,house\tMarcel,Marcel's house,,,,constructed by linguist -56-5,56,Soungoula son vant,Soungoula\tson\tvant,Soungoula\tPOSS.3SG\tbelly,Soungoula's belly,,,,naturalistic written -56-6,56,Marcel son lakaz,Marcel\tson\tlakaz,Marcel\tPOSS.3SG\thouse,Marcel's house,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-7,56,Bann laport lekol fodre penn.,Bann\tlaport\tlekol\tfodre\tpenn.,PL\tdoor\tschool\tmust\tpaint,The school doors have to be painted.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-8,56,sa madanm son lakaz,sa\tmadanm\tson\tlakaz,DET\twoman\t3SG.POSS\thouse,the woman's house,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-9,56,Lekol son bann laport fodre penn.,Lekol\tson\tbann\tlaport\tfodre\tpenn.,school\t3SG.POSS\tPL\tdoor\tmust\tpaint,All the school doors have to be painted.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-10,56,Mon krwar ki lekol son bann laport fodre penn.,Mon\tkrwar\tki\tlekol\tson\tbann\tlaport\tfodre\tpenn.,1SG\tthink\tCOMP\tschool\t3SG.POSS\tPL\tdoor\tmust\tpaint,I think that all the school doors have to be painted.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -56-11,56,La marto son de lizye i lo son laloup.,La\tmarto\tson\tde\tlizye\ti\tlo\tson\tlaloup.,there\thammerhead.shark\t3SG.POSS\ttwo\teye\tPM\ton\t3SG.POSS\textension,"There, the eyes of the hammerhead shark are on the tips of the extensions of his head.",,,,naturalistic spoken -57-2,57,fij pu ʃef,fij\tpu\tʃef,daughter\tPREP\tchief,the chief's daughter,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-122,57,meso pu per,meso\tpu\tper,house\tPREP\tFather,the Father's house,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-3,58,mwana na mono,mwana\tna\tmono,child\tof\tme,my child,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-4,58,mwana ya Petelo,mwana\tya\tPetelo,child\tof\tPeter,Peter's child,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-7,58,na kati ya nzo,na\tkati\tya\tnzo,CONN\tinner.part\tof\thouse,inside the house,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-7,59,lo kpe lo kiri na da ti ababa ti lo,lo\tkpe\tlo\tkiri\tna\tda\tti\ta-baba\tti\tlo,3SG\tflee\t3SG\treturn\tPREP\thouse\tof\tPL-father\tof\t3SG,She fled to the home of her uncles. OR: She fled to where her male elders lived.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-8,59,melenge ti kozo wali ni so,melenge\tti\tkozo\twali\tni\tso,child\tof\tfirst\twoman\tDET\tDEM,the child of this first wife,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-9,59,ala si na da ti koli ni,ala\tsi\tna\tda\tti\tkoli\tni,3PL\tarrive\tPREP\thouse\tof\tman\tDET,They arrived at the husband's home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-10,59,samba ti mama ti lo ni so,samba\tti\tmama\tti\tlo\tni\tso,co-wife\tof\tmother\tof\t3SG\tDET\tDEM,the co-wife of her mother,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-11,59,ni eke gwe ti baa melenge ti samba ti ni,ni\teke\tgwe\tti\tbaa\tmelenge\tti\tsamba\tti\tni,1SG.LOG\tCOP\tgo\tof\tsee\tchild\tof\tco-wife\tof\t1SG.LOG,I'm going to see my co-wife's child.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-2,60,ndáko ya mobáli,ndáko\tya\tmobáli,house\tof\tman,the house of the man,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-2,61,baba ga mina,baba\tga\tmina,father\tPOSS\tme,my father,,,,constructed by linguist -61-98,61,"Lo tombi lo wena bukile yena izolo lapa simin, yena sistela ga lo Bobby.","Lo\ttombi\tlo\twena\tbukile\tyena\tizolo\tlapa\tsimin,\tyena\tsistela\tga\tlo\tBobby.",DEF.ART\tgirl\tREL\tyou\tsee.PST\ther\tyesterday\tLOC.PREP\tfield\tshe\tsister\tPOSS\tDEF.ART\tBobby,"The girl that you saw in the field yesterday is Bobby's sister. OR: The girl, the one who you saw in the field yesterday, is Bobby's sister.",,,,elicited from speaker -61-127,61,sistela ga lo ticha,sistela\tga\tlo\tticha,sister\tPOSS\tDEF.ART\tteacher,the teacher's sister,,,,constructed by linguist -62-2,62,itabenu lá m̩hatú,itabenu\tlí-a\tm̩hatu,branch\t5-CONN\ttree,branch of a tree,,,,elicited from speaker -63-2,63,lébis ta sudan-íya,lébis\tta\tsudan-íya,cloth\tGEN\tSudanese-PL,the clothes of the Sudanese,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-2,64,fi bet ta abú tómon,fi\tbet\tta\tabú\ttómon,in\thouse\tPOSS\tfather\tPOSS.3PL,in their father’s house,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-3,64,áhal ta wéled bidáfa mal le áhal bitá biníya,áhal\tta\twéled\tbi=dáfa\tmal\tle\táhal\tbitá\tbiníya,family\tPOSS\tboy\tIRR=pay\tdowry\tto\tfamily\tPOSS\tgirl,The bridegroom’s family will pay the dowry to the bride’s family.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-7,65,Eta iwo synə iwo doʧə - xadila s'uda Martynixa dom.,Eta iwo synə iwo doʧə - xadi-la s'uda Martynixa dom.,that 3SG son 3SG daughter   walk-PFV here Martynixa house,She is her son's daughter; she has moved here to Martynixa's house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-8,65,Iwo kuriʧa jajʧy eta lamaj.,Iwo\tkuriʧa\tjajʧy\teta\tlamaj.,3SG\tchicken\tegg\tthis\tbreak,He broke those chicken eggs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-4,66,Go pe bapa paipaagi abau.,Go-pe\tbapa\tpai~paagi\ta-bau.,1SG-POSS\tfather\tRED.morning\tPRS-get.up,My father gets up very early.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-5,66,Go pe tummanpəðə go samma Kirinde-na e-datang (aða).,Go-pe\ttumman-pəðə\tgo-samma\tKirinde-na\te-datang\t(aða).,1SG-POSS\tfriend-PL\t1SG-COM\tKirinda-DAT\tASP-come\t(AUX),My friends have come to Kirinda with me.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-24,66,Risan pe kaka manaka aduduk?,Risan\tpe\tkaka\tmana-ka\ta-duduk?,Risan\tPOSS\tbrother\twhere-in\tPRS-stay,Where is Risan's brother?,,,,constructed by linguist -66-130,66,Go ayangpe buuluattuyang eçabut ambε.,Go\tayang-pe\tbuulu-attu-yang\te-Cabut\tambε.,1SG\tchicken-POSS\tfeather-INDF-ACC.DEF\tPST-pluck\ttake,I plucked a chicken’s feather.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-3,67,Ini Anita laki.,Ini\tAnita\tlaki.,DEM\tAnita\thusband,This is Anita’s husband.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-4,67,anjing punya kaki,anjing\tpunya\tkaki,dog\tPOSS\tleg,the dog's leg/legs,,,,elicited from speaker -67-5,67,Dia dua-dua nama dua tempat ah.,Dia\tdua~dua\tnama\tdua\ttempat\tah.,3SG\ttwo~two\tname\ttwo\tplace\tPCL,Both of them are the names of two places.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-2,68,katong pung ruma ruma,katong\tpung\truma~ruma,1PL\tPOSS\tPL~house,our houses,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-3,68,tampa tinggal antua,tampa\ttinggal\tantua,place\tlive\t3SG.FORMAL,her residence,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-146,68,Antua dengar orang pung susa.,Antua\tdengar\torang\tpung\tsusa.,3SG.FORMAL\thear\tperson\tPOSS\tdifficulty,She listens to their problems.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-147,68,tempat tinggal guru,tempat\ttinggal\tguru,place\tlive\tteacher,the teacher's house,,,,constructed by linguist -69-4,69,amanakən tam,ama-nakən\ttam,1SG-POSS\tdog,my dog,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-78,69,arəŋgawŋ mən-(n)akən tanəm,arəŋgawŋ\tmən-(n)akən\ttanəm,flying.fox\t3SG-POSS\tbone,a flying fox bone,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-3,70,Daya ke kuta,Daya\tke\tkuta,Daya\tPOSS\tdog,Daya's dog,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-4,71,Akoi ma kela lumi Lam See.,Akoi\tma\tkela\tlumi\tLam\tSee.,Akoi\tLOC\tDET\troom\tLam\tSee,Akoi was in Lam See's room.,,,,naturalistic written -71-135,71,Poakahi aole loaa hulu moa ma kela hale oe?,Poakahi\taole\tloaa\thulu\tmoa\tma\tkela\thale\toe?,Monday\tNEG\tEXIST\tfeather\tchicken\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t2SG.POSS,"On Monday, were there no chicken feathers at your house?",,,,naturalistic written -71-205,71,"Kela pake olelo iaia, “Aole hele malaila,” kela keiki paa ka lima ka pake.","Kela\tpake\tolelo\tiaia,\t“Aole\thele\tmalaila,”\tkela\tkeiki\tpaa\tka\tlima\tka\tpake.",DET\tChinese\tspeak\t3SG\tNEG\tgo\tthere\tDET\tchild\thold\tDEF\tarm\tDEF\tChinese,"That Chinese said to him [the child], 'Don't go there,' the child grabbed the Chinese's arm.",,,,naturalistic spoken -72-3,72,LD an Shadow bin jidan LDtu rumta.,LD\tan\tShadow\tbin\tjidan\tLD-tu\trum-ta.,LD\tand\tShadow\tPST\tsit\tLD-DAT\troom-LOC,LD and Shadow were sitting in LD's room.,,,,narrative -72-64,72,Wartarra i bin kirt det ngakparnku hawuj.,Wartarra\ti\tbin\tkirt\tdet\tngakparn-ku\thawuj.,goodness\t3SG\tPST\tbreak\tthe\tfrog-DAT\thome,"Goodness me, he broke the frog's home (the bottle).",,,2c5703b34e35a1d5509c0b6805211e97,narrative -73-5,73,markobu platuda,marko-bu\tplatu-da,Marco-GEN\tplate-ACC,Marco's plate,,,,elicited from speaker -73-50,73,mio muxerpu ñanaguna,mio\tmuxer-pu\tñana-guna,1.POSS\twife-GEN\tsister.F-PL,my wife's sisters,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-4,74,man yáka kánim,man\tyáka\tkánim,man\t3SG\tcanoe,the man’s canoe,,,,constructed by linguist -74-5,74,máyka kánim,máyka\tkánim,2SG\tcanoe,your canoe,,,,constructed by linguist -74-6,74,uk man yáka tánas yáka čáku sik,uk\tman\tyáka\ttánas\tyáka\tčáku\tsik,that\tman\t3SG\tsmall\t3SG\tcome\tsick,The man's child became ill. OR The small man became sick.,,,,narrative -75-7,75,la fiy soo zhwal,la\tfiy\tsoo\tzhwal,the.F\tgirl\t3.M.POSS\thorse,the girl’s horse,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-8,75,la fiy opaapaawa,la fiy o-paapaa-wa,the.F (F) girl (F) 3.POSS-father-OBV (C),the girl's father,,,,constructed by linguist -75-9,75,li garson son krayon,li\tgarson\tson\tkrayon,the.M\tboy\this.M\tcrayon,the boy's crayon,,,,constructed by linguist -75-10,75,nimushum,ni-mushum,1SG.POSS-grandfather,my grandfather,,,,naturalistic spoken -76-5,76,awoña kammik,awoña\tkammik,I\tboot,my boots,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-6,76,awoña artegi taima?,awoña\tartegi\ttaima?,I\tcoat\tfinish,Is my coat finished?,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-7,76,kiñma artēgi,kiñma\tartēgi,dog\tcoat,dog's harness,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-8,76,I'ttûb sávik,I'ttûb\tsávik,Ittu\tknife,Ittu's knife,,,,naturalistic spoken -1-7,1,No bendi da moi pendi tiki.,No\tbeni\tda\tmoi\tpeni\ttiki.,NEG\tbend\tDET.SG\tpretty\tspeckled\tstick,Don't bend the pretty speckled stick.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-8,2,wan moi pikin grun wan,wan\tmoi\tpikin\tgrun\twan,INDF\tpretty\tlittle\tgreen\tone,a pretty little green one,,,,naturalistic written -2-9,2,soso dungru katun krosi,soso\tdungru\tkatun\tkrosi,only\tdark\tcotton\tclothes,only dark cotton clothes,,,,naturalistic written -3-4,3,di hansɛ mujɛɛ,di\thansɛ\tmujɛɛ,DEF.SG\tbeautiful\twoman,the beautiful woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-4,4,Da i wasi den tyobo sani.,Da\ti\twasi\tden\ttyobo\tsani.,then\tyou.SG\twash\tDET.PL\tdirty\tthing,Then (you) wash the dirty things (dishes).,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-5,5,wan shaap reezaa,wan\tshaap\treezaa,INDF.ART\tsharp\trazor,a sharp razor,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-3,6,dem big dog,dem\tbig\tdog,DET\tbig.ADJ\tdog,the big dogs,,,,constructed by linguist -7-5,7,wan priti gyel,wan\tpriti\tgyel,INDF\tpretty\tgirl,a pretty girl,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-3,8,Di gyal av taal ier.,Di\tgyal\tav\ttaal\tier.,DET\tgirl\thave\ttall\thair,The girl has long hair.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-5,9,di owl ledi,di\towl\tledi,ART\told\tlady,the old lady,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-6,9,I da no li bway i olda dan yu.,I\tda\tno\tli\tbway\ti\tolda\tdan\tyu.,3SG\tTOP\tNEG\tlittle\tboy\t3SG\tolder\tthan\t2SG,"He is not a little boy, he is older than you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-3,10,An di likl gyal get op an uopn di doa.,An\tdi\tlikl\tgyal\tget\top\tan\tuopn\tdi\tdoa.,and\tART.DEF\tlittle\tgirl\tget\tup\tand\topen\tART.DEF\tdoor,And the little girl got up and opened the door.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-4,11,Aafta a wail a dis bad bisnes goin on [...].,Aafta\ta\twail\ta\tdis\tbad\tbisnes\tgo-in\ton\t[...].,after\tART.INDF\twhile\tof\tDEM\tbad\tbusiness\tgo-PROG\ton\t[...],After a while of this bad business going on [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-5,11,a yong man,a\tyong\tman,ART.INDF\tyoung\tman,a young man,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-4,12,"Uh - if - hi, pretty girl!","[...]\thi,\tpretty\tgirl!",[...]\thi\tADJ\tgirl[SG],"[...] hi, pretty girl!",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-5,12,I is a good singer.,I\tis\ta\tgood\tsinger.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tINDF\tADJ\tsinger[SG],I am a good singer.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-4,13,"big, white hole","big,\twhite\thole",big\twhite\thole,"big, white hole",,,,naturalistic spoken -14-5,14,big house,big\thouse,big\thouse,a big house,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-3,15,lili pikin,lili\tpikin,little\tchild,a little child OR: a tiny child,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-3,16,ì bì gud mã,ì\tbì\tgud\tmã,3SG\tCOP\tgood\tman,He is a good man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-3,17,smo̱l pìkín,smo̱l\tpìkín,be.small.NMLZ\tchild,small child,,,,constructed by linguist -18-5,18,Peter na big man.,Peter\tna\tbig\tman.,Peter\tCOP\tbig\tman,Peter is an important person.,,,,unspecified -19-5,19,Dì human sɛf nà big human.,Dì\thuman\tsɛf\tnà\tbig\thuman.,DEF\twoman\tEMPH\tCOP\tbig\twoman,"The woman, too, is a big woman.",,,,naturalistic spoken -20-4,20,[...] only common dinner.,[...]\tonly\tcommon\tdinner.,[...]\tonly\tcommon\tdinner,[...] just an ordinary dinner. OR: [...] but merely an ordinary dinner.,,,,naturalistic written -20-5,20,My proper man.,My\tproper\tman.,1SG\tproper\tman,I am a proper man to deal with.,,,,naturalistic written -21-7,21,Why I never see you wear those short-short skirts one a24?,Why\tI\tnever\tsee\tyou\twear\tthose\tshort-short\tskirt-s\tone\ta24?,why\t1SG\tnever\tsee\t2SG\twear\tDEM.PL\tshort-short\tskirt-PL\tNMLZ\tPCL,Why don't I ever see you wearing those extremely short shirts?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-10,22,Em i bikpela haus tru.,Em\ti\tbik-pela\thaus\ttru.,3SG\tPM\tbig-MOD\thouse\tvery,That's a very big house.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-11,22,Em i man nogut.,Em\ti\tman\tnogut.,3SG\tPM\tman\tbad,He's a bad man.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-3,23,i openem longfala maot ya blong hem ya,i\topenem\tlongfala\tmaot\tya\tblong\them\tya,AGR\topen\tlong\tmouth\tDEF\tPOSS\t3SG\tDEF,[He] opens his long beak,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-4,23,"antap ia, hem i rum nating","antap\tia,\them\ti\trum\tnating",on.top\tDEF\t3SG\tAGR\troom\tnothing,The room up there isn't used for anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-5,23,Ol man Saot oli klapem han mo prudprud long leg wetem singsing blong danis.,Ol\tman\tSaot\toli\tklapem\than\tmo\tprud~prud\tlong\tleg\twetem\tsingsing\tblong\tdanis.,PL\tman\tsouth\tAGR\tclap\thand\tand\tRED.stamp\tPREP\tleg\twith\tsong\tPOSS\tdance,Southern people clap their hand and stamp their feet in time with the dance's song.,,,,naturalistic written -24-8,24,Ai gat ar agli lieg.,Ai\tgat\tar\tagli\tlieg.,SG.SBJ\tget\tDET.INDF\tugly\tleg/foot,I have a sore leg (or foot).,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-9,24,amaula salan,amaula\tsalan,clumsy\tpeople,clumsy people,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-15,25,Wi gan idimbat oldei rowan taga.,Wi\tgan\tid-im-bat\toldei\tro-wan\ttaga.,1PL.INCL\tcannot\teat-TR-PROG\talways\traw-ADJ\ttucker,We can’t continue to eat raw food.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-16,25,Dijan bin oldei killim bigwan goana gibit langa im na.,Dijan\tbin\toldei\tkill-im\tbig-wan\tgoana\tgib-it\tlanga\tim\tna.,PROX:ADJ\tPST\talways\tkill-TR\tbig-ADJ\tgoanna\tgive-TR\tLOC\t3SG\tnow,This one always killed big goannas and gave them to her then.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-17,25,Olabat bigbala yem.,Olabat\tbig-bala\tyem.,3PL\tbig-ADJ2\tyam,They are big yams.,,,,unknown -25-18,25,Imin dalim ola lilwanlilwan kokiroj.,Im=in\tdal-im\tola\tlilwan~lilwan\tkokiroj.,3S=PST\ttell-TR\tall\tRED.little:ADJ\tcockroach,It told the little cockroaches.,,,,naturalistic written -25-19,25,"Ai oldei telim im ""Na::, jed Nangari yu bin meikim krai fo jet lil bed.""","Ai\toldei\ttel-im\tim\t""Na,\tjed\tNangari\tyu\tbin\tmeik-im\tkrai\tfo\tjet\tlil\tbed.""",1SG\talways\ttell-TR\t3SG\tno\tDEM\tNangari\t2SG\tPST\tmake-TR\tcry\tDAT\tDEM\tlittle\tbird,"I always tell him: ""No, that Nangari, you made her cry for that little bird.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-20,25,dis bigwan mangki,dis\tbig-wan\tmangki,PROX\tbig-ADJ\tmonkey,this big monkey,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-21,25,"Mela bin kemp theya na, theya, tharrei la [...] ol rod.","Mela\tbin\tkemp\ttheya\tna,\ttheya,\ttharr-ei\tla\t[...]\tol\trod.",1PL.EXCL\tPST\tcamp\tthere\tnow\tthere\tDIST-DIR\tLOC\t[...]\told\troad,"We camped right there, there, that way on the old road.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-22,25,Thei bin bayimbat ola nyuwannyuwan modiga na. Yu luk olkain modiga nyuwannyuwan la B.,Thei\tbin\tbay-im-bat\tola\tnyuwan~nyuwan\tmodiga\tna.\tYu\tluk\tolkain\tmodiga\tnyuwan~nyuwan\tla\tB.,3PL\tPST\tbuy-TR-PROG\tPL\tRED.new:ADJ\tcar\tnow\t2SG\tlook\tall.kind\tcar\tRED.new:ADJ\tLOC\tB.,They bought new cars then. You look at all the cars that are new at B. (place name),,,,naturalistic spoken -26-7,26,wan big ulua,wan\tbig\tulua,ART\tbig\tulua,a big ulua (type of fish),,,,naturalistic spoken -27-4,27,Dri blin mushi.,Dri\tblin\tmushi.,three\tblind\tmouse,Three blind mice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-5,28,en bam jũ jɛrma,en\tbam\tjungu\tjɛrma,one\tpretty\tyoung\twoman,one pretty young woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-6,29,matige klimaat,matig-e\tklimaat,mild-INFL\tclimate,mild climate,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-5,30,"[...], e tenba sénpri bon parénsa, e stába sénpri kontenti, len di grándi brinkadjon k'el éra.","[...],\te=ten-ba\tsénpri\tbon\tparénsa,\te=stá-ba\tsénpri\tkontenti,\tlen\tdi=grándi\tbrinkadjon\tk=el=éra.",[...]\t3SG=have-ANT\talways\tgood\tappearance\t3SG=be-ANT\talways\tsatisfied\tapart\tfrom=great\tjoker\tCOMP=3SG=be.ANT,"[...], he always looked good, he was always content and, on top of that, he was a great joker.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-6,30,"Mudjer tenba un katxorinhu bunitu, [...].","Mudjer\tten-ba\tun=katxor-inhu\tbunitu,\t[...].",woman\thave-ANT\tART.INDF=dog-DIM\tnice\t[...],"The woman had a nice little dog, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-7,30,"Dipos di fésta kasamentu, es komesa ta fase bida normal.","Dipos\tdi=fésta\tkasamentu,\tes=komesa\tta=fase\tbida\tnormal.",after\tof=party\tmarriage\t3PL=begin\tIPFV=make\tlife\tnormal,After their wedding celebrations they began to lead a normal life.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-8,30,un póbri bédju,un=póbri\tbédju,ART.INDF=poor\told,a poor old man,,,,elicited from speaker -30-9,30,un bédju póbri,un=bédju\tpóbri,ART.INDF=old\tpoor,a poor old man,,,,elicited from speaker -31-5,31,un ki ten bon kurason,un\tki\tten\tbon\tkurason,one\tthat\thas\tgood\theart,one that has a good heart,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-6,31,E un grandi sorti.,E\tun\tgrandi\tsorti.,is\tINDF\tgreat\tluck,It's great luck.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-7,31,Mi'N dja staba rapariga grandi.,Mi'N\tdja\tstaba\trapariga\tgrandi.,1SG\tCOMPL\twas\tgirl\tbig,I was already a big girl.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-8,31,"Ma inda, e sta omi riju.","Ma\tinda,\te\tsta\tomi\triju.",but\tstill\t3SG\tis\tman\tstrong,But he is still a strong man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-3,32,un senhóra skura,un\tsenhóra\tskura,DET\tlady\tdark.F,a dark lady,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-4,32,un boa jornalista,un\tboa\tjornalista,DET\tgood.F\tjournalist,a good journalist (female),,,,naturalistic spoken -32-5,32,un grand amig,un\tgrand\tamig,DET\tbig\tfriend,a good friend,,,,elicited from speaker -33-3,33,karu nobu,car\tnew,car\tnew,the new car,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-4,33,grandi atleta,grandi\tatleta,great\tathlete,great athlete,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-4,34,karu burmeju,karu\tburmeju,car\tred,(a/the) red car,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-5,34,boŋ miñjer,boŋ\tmiñjer,nice\twoman,(a/the) nice woman,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-5,35,ũa soya glavi ku mwala glavi,ũa\tsoya\tglavi\tku\tmwala\tglavi,a\tstory\tnice\twith\twoman\tpretty,a nice story with pretty women,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-6,35,Ê tê ũa bisu se vlêmê-vlêmê.,Ê\ttê\tũa\tbisu\tse\tvlêmê~vlêmê.,3SG\thave\ta\tanimal\tDEM\tred~red,It has this very red animal (on it).,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-7,35,bon afe vs. ma afe; bon ngê vs. ma ngê,bon\tafe\tvs.\tma\tafe;\tbon\tngê\tvs.\tma\tngê,good\tfaith\tvs.\tbad\tfaith\tgood\tperson\tvs.\tbad\tperson,bona fide/mala fide; good/bad person,,,,constructed by linguist -36-3,36,M bê ũa buru ngai.,M\tbê\tũa\tburu\tngai.,1SG\tsee\tART\tstone\tbig,I saw a big stone.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-4,36,ũa bwa ngê,ũa\tbwa\tngê,ART\tgood\tperson,a good person,,,,elicited from speaker -37-3,37,lonswe baanku,lonswe\tbaanku,sheet\twhite,a white sheet,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-4,37,N rêsêbê ma nutixya.,N\trêsêbê\tma\tnutixya.,1SG\treceive\tbad\tnews,I got bad news.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-4,38,xalafa vedyi,xalafa\tvedyi,bottle\tgreen,the green bottle,,,,elicited from speaker -38-5,38,xadyi kitsyi,xadyi\tkitsyi,house\tsmall,the small house,,,,elicited from speaker -38-213,38,panu véiu ~ véiu panu > vé' panu,panu\tvéiu\t~\tvéiu\tpanu\t>\tvé'\tpanu,dress\told\t~\told\tdress\t>\told\tdress,old dress,,,,unspecified -39-8,39,Ũ piken rat tiŋ vay nə del kamiŋ.,Ũ\tpiken\trat\tt-iŋ\tvay\tnə\tdə-el\tkamiŋ.,one\tsmall\tmouse\tIPFV-PST\tgo.INF\tLOC\tof-3SG\tway,One small mouse was going about its way.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-9,39,Es raprig a fika ũ bunit muyɛr.,Es\traprig\ta\tfik-a\tũ\tbunit\tmuyɛr.,DEM\tgirl\tIRR.NPST\tbecome-INF\tone\tbeautiful\twoman,This girl will become a beautiful woman.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-10,39,ikəl finfin pɛd,ikəl\tfin~fin\tpɛd,DEM\tsmall~small\tstone,that very small stone,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-11,39,"Dew rəkri dew, dəpəy dew kader, fugãw vɛy.","De-w\trəkri\tde-w,\tdəpəy\tde-w\tkader,\tfugãw\tvɛy.",give-PST\tfood.stall\tgive-PST\tthen\tgive-PST\tchair\tstove\told,"[He] gave [me] the food stall, and also chairs, an old stove.",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-5,40,"Ye makak rhib jambler [...] kume-n fres, fres jamblãw [...].","Ye\tmakak\trhib\tjambler\t[...]\tkume-n\tfres,\tfres\tjamblãw\t[...].",DEM\tmonkey\ton\tblackberry.tree\t[...]\teat-PROG\tfresh\tfresh\tblackberries\t[...],This monkey on the blackberry tree [...] is eating very fresh blackberries [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-6,40,Ki kume-w? Ob firjid.,Ki\tkume-w?\tOb\tfirjid.,what\teat-PST\tegg\tfried,What did you eat? Fried egg.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-7,41,"maal poɖiyaas juuntu boom poɖiyaas jafoy see taam, maal poɖiyaas falaa mee nɔɔmi",maal\tpoɖiyaas\tjuuntu\tboom\tpoɖiyaas\tjaa-foy\tsee\ttaam\tmaal\tpoɖiyaas\tfalaa\tmee\tnɔɔmi,bad\tchild\twith\tgood\tchild\tPST-go\tCOND\tCONC\tbad\tchild\tQUOT\tFOC\tname,"If good children go with bad children, even though [they may be good children], they only get a bad name [i.e. their name is ""bad children""].",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-8,41,maaci pavaam; fɛɛmiya pavaam,maaci\tpavaam;\tfɛɛmiya\tpavaam,male\tpeafowl\tfemale\tpeafowl,peacock; peahen,,,,constructed by linguist -41-9,41,isti ingrees miziiɲa dika isti fɛɛvrispa malvaarsu miziiɲa mee boom falaatu takombersaa,isti\t[ingrees\tmiziiɲa\tdika\tisti\tfɛɛvri-s-pa\tmalvaar-su\tmiziiɲa\tmee\tboom\tfalaa-tu]\tta-kombersaa,this\t[English\tmedicine\tthan\tthis\tfever-PL-DAT\tTamil-GEN\tmedicine\tFOC\tgood\tQUOT-PFV]\tPRS-talk,"They say that for fevers, Tamil medicine (Ayurvedic medicine) is better than English (Western) medicine.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-10,41,pentiyaa kabeelu nɔɔna; maraa konda graandi,pentiyaa\tkabeelu\tnɔɔna;\tmaraa\tkonda\tgraandi,comb\thair\tlady\ttie\tknot\tbig,"Comb your hair, lady; tie a big knot",,,,written (poetic) -41-11,41,mandreetu maam; mayskaarda maam,mandreetu\tmaam;\tmays$kaarda\tmaam,right\thand\tleft\thand,right hand; left hand,,,,elicited from speaker -42-6,42,aké kaza bedri,aké\tkaza\tbedri,that\thouse\tgreen,that/the green house,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-3,43,alfada kumpridu,alfada\tkumpridu,pillow\tlong,a long pillow,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-4,43,bong obu obu,bong\tobu\tobu,good\tegg\tegg,good eggs,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-5,44,Tyéni un muhér byéha [...].,Tyéni\tun\tmuhér\tbyéha\t[...].,exist\tINDF\twoman\told\t[...],There was an old lady [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-6,44,Kel mánga grándi bánka ta saká kel peskáw.,Kel\tmánga\tgrándi\tbánka\tta\tsaká\tkel\tpeskáw.,DET\tPL\tbig\tboat\tIPFV\ttake\tDET\tfish,The big boats take the fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-4,45,Ya pudi cumpra yo aquel nuevo libro.,Ya\tpudi\tcumpra\tyo\taquel\tnuevo\tlibro.,PFV\tcan\tbuy\t1SG\tthat\tnew\tbook,I was able to buy that new book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-5,45,el estudiante inteligente,el\testudiante\tinteligente,the\tstudent\tintelligent,the intelligent student,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-15,46,Ay-komprá yo koloráw kamiséta.,Ay-komprá\tyo\tkoloráw\tkamiséta.,IRR-buy\t1SG\tread\tshirt,I will buy a red shirt.,,,,constructed by linguist -46-16,46,Takí peskáw gránde.,Takí\tpeskáw\tgránde.,EXIST.here\tfish\tbig,Here are big fish.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-17,46,Prikurá salbá el chabakáno antígwa.,Prikurá\tsalbá\tel\tchabakáno\tantígwa.,try\tsave\tART\tchabacano\tancient,Try to save the ancient Chabacano!,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-10,47,un mal hende; e pober mucha,un\tmal\thende;\te\tpober\tmucha,INDF\tbad\tperson\tDEF\tpoor\tchild,a bad person; the poor child (arousing pity),,,,both elicited and naturalistic spoken -47-11,47,un hende malu; e mucha pober,un\thende\tmalu;\te\tmucha\tpober,INDF\tperson\tbad\tDEF\tchild\tpoor,a bad person; the poor child (i.e. without wealth),,,,own knowledge -47-12,47,mucha chikitu,mucha\tchikitu,child\tsmall,small children,,,,own knowledge -47-13,47,e palabra difisilnan/ e palabranan difisil,e\tpalabra\tdifisil\tnan/\te\tpalabra\tnan\tdifisil,DEF\tword\tdifficult\tPL\tDEF\tword\tPL\tdifficult,the difficult words,,,,published source -47-14,47,un palu di mango grandi/ un palu grandi di tamarein,un\tpalu\tdi\tmango\tgrandi/\tun\tpalu\tgrandi\tdi\ttamarein,INDF\ttree\tof\tmango\tlarge\tINDF\ttree\tlarge\tof\ttamarind,a large mango tree; a tree bearing large mangos/ a large tamarind tree,,,,published source -48-5,48,muhé guapo,muhé\tguapo,woman\tpretty,pretty woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-6,48,un buen lato,un\tbuen\tlato,ART.INDF.SG\tgood\twhile,"a good while = for some time, for a while",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-5,49,machin wouj la,machin\twouj\tla,car\tred\tDEF,the red car,,,,constructed by linguist -49-6,49,Se vye pawòl san sans.,Se\tvye\tpawòl\tsan\tsans.,HL\tstupid\twords\twithout\tmeaning,These are stupid words without any meaning.,,,,naturalistic written -49-7,49,Mari di l pran savon ki sou tab vèt ki nan chanm wouj la.,Mari\tdi\tl\tpran\tsavon\tki\tsou\ttab\tvèt\tki\tnan\tchanm\twouj\tla.,Marie\tsay\t3SG\ttake\tsoap\tREL\ton\ttable\tgreen\tREL\tin\troom\tred\tDEF,Marie told him to take the soap which is on the green table which is in the red room.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-5,50,on bèl kaz,on\tbèl\tkaz,INDF\tbeautiful\thouse,a beautiful house,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-6,50,on manman kaz,on\tmanman\tkaz,INDF\tmother\thouse,a big house,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-7,50,on kaz sal,on\tkaz\tsal,INDF\thouse\tdirty,a dirty house,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-6,51,an bel kay,an\tbel\tkay,INDF\tbeautiful\thouse,a beautiful house,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-7,51,an manman kay,an\tmanman\tkay,INDF\tmother\thouse,a big house,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-8,51,an kay sal,an\tkay\tsal,INDF\thouse\tdirty,a dirty house,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-3,52,oun bèl madanm,oun\tbèl\tmadanm,a\tnice\twoman,a pretty woman,,,,elicited from speaker -52-126,52,oun wonm troumantan,oun\twonm\ttroumantan,INDF\tman\ttrouble.making,a trouble-making man,,,,constructed by linguist -53-8,53,la bon vjon de kochon frech,la\tbon\tvjon\tde\tkochon\tfrech,ART.DEF.SG\tgood\tmeat\tof\tpork\tfresh,"good, fresh pork",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-9,53,en vje ti chjen,en\tvje\tti\tchjen,ART.INDF\told\tlittle\tdog,a little old dog,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-10,53,en divan for,en\tdivan\tfor,ART.INDF\twind\tstrong,a strong wind,,,,elicited from speaker -54-3,54,In bo zour lavé in vyé boug [...].,En\tbo\tzour\tlave\ten\tvye\tboug\t[...].,INDF\tgood\tday\thave.PST\tINDF\told\tman\t[...],Once upon a time there was an old man [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-4,54,Ou la fé in mové rèv?,Ou\tla\tfe\ten\tmove\trev?,2SG\tPRF\tmake\tINDF\tbad\tdream,Have you had a bad dream?,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-5,54,en rob rouz,en\trob\trouz,INDF\tdress\tred,a red dress,,,,constructed by linguist -54-6,54,in boug galan,en\tboug\tgalan,INDF\tman\telegant,an elegant man,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-6,55,en vye dimun,en\tvye\tdimun,an\told\tperson,an old person,,,,constructed by linguist -55-7,55,de fler ruz,de\tfler\truz,two\tflower\tred,two red flowers,,,,constructed by linguist -56-12,56,bann zenn fiy,bann\tzenn\tfiy,PL\tyoung\tgirl,young girls,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-13,56,La i en gran landrwa.,La\ti\ten\tgran\tlandrwa.,there\tPM\ta\tbig\tspace,There was a big space.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-14,56,aswar ek lalin kler,aswar\tek\tlalin\tkler,in.the.evening\twith\tmoon\tbright,in the evening(s) with the bright moon,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-15,56,Ou met dilo so.,Ou\tmet\tdilo\tso.,2SG\tput\twater\thot,You put hot water [into it].,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-16,56,"en zoli fiy, en zoli garson","en\tzoli\tfiy,\ten\tzoli\tgarson",INDF.ART\tbeautiful\tgirl\tINDF.ART\thandsome\tboy,"a beautiful girl, a handsome boy",,,,constructed by native speaker -56-17,56,I met en semiz rouz.,I\tmet\ten\tsemiz\trouz.,3SG\twear\tINDF\tshirt\tred,He wears a red shirt.,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-3,57,nu ale vwa ŋgra ʃef nde Paita,nu\tale\tvwa\tŋgra\tʃef\tnde\tPaita,1PL\tgo\tsee\tbig\tchief\tPREP\tPaita,We will go make a visit to the big chief of Paita.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-123,57,ma mbwar ndolo-la sa le sal,ma\tmbwar\tndolo-la\tsa\tle\tsal,1SG\tdrink\twater-DEM/DEF\tREL\tSI\tdirty,I am drinking the dirty water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-124,57,sepol ndrwat,sepol\tndrwat,shoulder\tright,right shoulder,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-5,58,muntu ya nda/ngolo,muntu\tya\tnda/ngolo,person\tof\ttallness/strength,tall/strong person,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-6,58,Yandi kele songa ngolo na yandi.,Yandi\tkele\tsonga\tngolo\tna\tyandi.,he/she\tbe\tshow\tstrength\tof\this/her,He/She is showing his/her strength. OR: He/She is showing how strong he/she is.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-12,59,eski ni e kete melenge ti deku?,eski\tni\tyeke\tkete\tmelenge\tti\tdeku?,Q\t1SG.LOG\tCOP\tsmall\tchild\tof\tmouse,Am I a tiny baby mouse?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-13,59,kota ngu ake na popo ti ala na kodro ni,kota\tngu\ta-ke\tna\tpopo\tti\tala\tna\tkodoro\tni,large\twater\tPM-COP\tPREP\tmidst\tof\t3PL\tand\tvillage\tDET,A large river lay between them and the village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-14,59,koli ti mbi ni ake nzoni zo ape,koli\tti\tmbi\tni\ta-ke\tnzoni\tzo\tape,man\tof\t1SG\tDET\tPM-COP\tgood\tperson\tNEG,My husband is not a good person.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-15,59,aro abengba le ti keke ni kwe,aro\tabengba\tle\tti\tkeke\tni\tkwe,SM.gather\tPL.red\tfruit\tof\ttree\tDET\tall,He gathered up all the ripe fruit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-3,60,ndáko kitóko,ndáko\tkitóko,house\tbeautiful,a beautiful house,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-3,61,makhulu muntu,makhulu\tmuntu,great\tman,great man OR: big man,,,,constructed by linguist -62-3,62,luhigé lukuhló ní yá,luhige\tlu-kuhlo\tní\tyá,door\t11-nice\tis\tthis,The good door is this.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-3,63,rágil kebír,rágil\tkebír,man\tbig,a big man,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-4,64,zol bári de,zol\tbári\tde,person\tBari\tDEM.PROX,this Bari man,,,,constructed by linguist -64-5,64,móya nadíf de,móya\tnadíf\tde,water\tclean\tDEM.PROX,the clean water,,,,constructed by linguist -64-6,64,úo zol kwes,úo\tzol\tkwes,3SG\tindividual\tgood,He is a good person.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-9,65,Za iwo malen'ki kurema pode bol'ʃina kurema ponosi esa.,Za\tiwo\tmalen'ki\tkurema\tpode\tbol'ʃina\tkurema\tponosi\tesa.,FOC\t3SG\tsmall\tjacket\tunder\tbig\tjacket\twear\tHAB,He wears a small jacket under a big jacket. OR: He wears a shirt under the jacket.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-10,65,Iwo gavari ruski liudi pəloxa ziml'a rabotaj.,Iwo\tgavari\truski\tliudi\tpəloxa\tziml'a\trabotaj.,3SG\tspeak\tRussian\tperson\tbad\tland\twork,He says that Russians cultivate land badly. OR: He says that Russian people can not cultivate land properly.,,,,citation in fiction -66-6,66,Go ayer mera kumbang attu yang eklaatan.,Go\tayer\tmera\tkumbang\tattu\tyang\te-klaatan.,1SG\twater\tred\tflower\tINDF\tACC\tASP-see,I saw a pink flower.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-6,67,"Lu pegan baru petir, lu mesti tahu berapa berat, tahu.","Lu\tpegan\tbaru\tpetir,\tlu\tmesti\ttahu\tberapa\tberat,\ttahu.",2SG\thold\tnew\tbox\t2SG\tmust\tknow\thow.much\theavy\tknow,"If you hold the new box, you certainly know how heavy it is, you know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-7,67,Satu kilo sepuloh ringgit mahal punya ikan.,Satu\tkilo\tsepuloh\tringgit\tmahal\tpunya\tikan.,one\tkilo\tone.ten\tringgit\texpensive\tATTR\tfish,Ten ringgit for a kilo of fish is expensive.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-8,67,Ini budak kecil kena pukul.,Ini\tbudak\tkecil\tkena\tpukul.,DEM\tchild\tsmall\tPASS\tbeat,This little child was beaten.,,,,elicited from speaker -68-4,68,ana ana kacil,ana~ana\tkacil,PL~child\tsmall,small children,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-5,69,kəpan wakən,kəpan\twakən,big\tsnake,a big snake,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-9,70,"Jon taim u-lon maro, u roj barawala pati.","Jon\ttaim\tu-lon\tmaro,\tu\troj\tbarawala\tpati.",REL\ttime\t3-PL\tkill\tthat\tday\tbig\tparty,"The time that they killed (a pig), that day there was a big party.",,,,naturalistic spoken -70-14,70,Baut barawala ciz nai baito jaise sako kato.,Baut\tbarawala\tciz\tnai\tbaito\tjaise\tsako\tkato.,very\tbig\tthing\tNEG\tCOP\tlike\tcan\tcut,There aren't very big things (in the bush) of the kind that can bite you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-6,71,Mahope oukou ike ehiku poe kela halewai [...] huna kela pokepoke laau me opihi.,Mahope\toukou\tike\tehiku\tpoe\tkela\thalewai\t[...]\thuna\tkela\tpokepoke\tlaau\tme\topihi.,later\t2PL\tsee\tseven\tpeople\tDET\tprison\t[...]\thide\tDET\tchopped\therb\twith\tlimpet,You will see seven prisoners [...] hide the chopped herb (i.e. opium) among limpets.,,,,naturalistic written -71-7,71,Wau nana kela moa wahine eleele [...].,Wau\tnana\tkela\tmoa\twahine\teleele\t[...].,1SG\tlook\tDET\tchicken\twoman\tblack\t[...],I saw the black hen [...].,,,,naturalistic written -72-5,72,Dat yapakayi karungku i bin gon gedimbat dat karu.,Dat\tyapakayi\tkaru-ngku\ti\tbin\tgon\tged-im-bat\tdet\tkaru.,the\tsmall\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo\tget-TR-CONT\tthe\tchild,The small kid goes to get the (other) kid.,,,,narrative -72-6,72,Dat jimpiringkama i bin jik mawujimawuji yapakayi.,Dat\tjimpiri-ngka-ma\ti\tbin\tjik\tmawujimawuji\tyapakayi.,the\thole-LOC-TOP\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\temerge\tmouse\tsmall,Out of the hole emerged a little mouse.,,,,narrative -74-7,74,háyas kánim,háyas\tkánim,big\tcanoe,(the/a) big canoe,,,,constructed by linguist -74-8,74,tenas man yáka ískam tenas stik,tenas\tman\tyáka\tískam\ttenas\tstik,small\tman\t3SG\ttake\tsmall\tstick,The little man took a small stick.,,,,narrative -75-11,75,ma maen dret,ma\tmaen\tdret,1SG.POSS.F\thand\tright,my right hand,,,,elicited from speaker -75-12,75,aen boo kutoo,aen\tboo\tkutoo,INDF.ART.M\tgood.M\tknife,a good knife,,,,elicited from speaker -75-13,75,enn fleur ruuzh,enn\tfleur\truuzh,INDF.ART.F\tflower\tred,a red flower,,,,elicited from speaker -75-14,75,enn vyey faam,enn\tvyey\tfaam,INDF.ART.F\told.F\twoman,an old woman,,,,elicited from speaker -75-15,75,Giimiyikawin aen morsoo kaamishaak la vyaand.,Gii-miy-ikaw-in\taen\tmorsoo\tkaa-mishaa-k\tla\tvyaand.,1.PST-give-PASS-1\tINDF.ART.M\tpiece\tREL-be.big.INAN-3\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tmeat,He was given a big piece of meat. OR: He was given a piece of meat that was big.,,,,naturalistic written -75-16,75,"Wahwah, enn grangran maenzoon uma kaawiikichik.","Wahwah,\tenn\tgran~gran\tmaenzoon\tuma\tkaa-wiiki-chik.",wow\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tbig.RED\thouse\tDEM\tREL-build-3PL.SBJ.3.OBJ,Wow! That is a really big house that they built!,,,,elicited from speaker -75-18,75,lii fiy anihi kaamayaatishichik,lii\tfiy\tanihi\tkaa-mayaatishi-chik,ART.PL\tgirl\tDEM.PL\tREL-be.ugly-3PL,those girls who were ugly OR: those ugly girls,,,,naturalistic spoken -76-9,76,anauta mikaninni,anauta\tmikaninni,axe\tsmall,hatchet,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-10,76,kaliko kammik,kaliko\tkammik,fabric\tboot,socks,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-11,76,akkĭa añaninni picū'ktu pĭtcȗk,akkĭa\tañaninni\tpicū'ktu\tpĭtcȗk,trade\tbig\twant\tnot,"I don't want to pay a big price. He does not ask a big price., etc.",,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-81,76,tipi ŏktcûk,tipi\tŏktcûk,stink\toil,kerosene,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-8,1,"A wakka go na Galileakondre, ma a no go na Nazareth.","A\twaka\tgo\tna\tGalileakondre,\tma\ta\tno\tgo\tna\tNazareth.",3SG.SBJ\ttravel\tgo\tLOC\tGalilee.country\tbut\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tgo\tLOC\tNazareth,"He travelled to Galilee, but he did not go to Nazareth.",,,,written -1-10,1,Dem sa trussu ju na ondro teh na inni horro va didübri.,Den\tsa\ttrusu\tyu\tna\tondro\tte\tna\tini\toro\tfu\td'dibri.,3PL\tFUT\tthrust\t2SG\tLOC\tunder\ttill\tLOC\tinside\thole\tof\tdevil,They will push you down right into the devil's hole.,,,,written -1-11,1,Dem nakki mi nanga wippi.,Den\tnaki\tmi\tnanga\twipi.,3PL\thit\t1SG\twith\twhip,They beat me with the whip.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-13,1,A no wanni wakka na Djukondre.,A\tno\twani\twaka\tna\tDyukondre.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\twant\twalk\tLOC\tJew.country,He did not want to travel around in Judea. [NOT: He did not want to go to Judea.],,,,written -1-14,1,Wi zy gi pikien drinki na den didde zomma toe.,Wi\tsa\tgi\tpikin\tdringi\tna\tden\tdede\tsoma\ttu.,1PL\tFUT\tgive\tlittle\tdrink\tto\tDET.PL\tdead\tperson\ttoo,We will give some liquor to the dead too.,,,,written -1-18,1,A trueh watra na inni vo wan tobbo.,A\ttrowe\twatra\tna\tini\tfu\twan\ttobo.,3SG.SBJ\tthrow\twater\tLOC\tin(side)\tof\tINDF.SG\ttub,He threw water in a tub.,,,,written -1-19,1,Mi kommotto na inni djari.,Mi\tkomoto\tna\tini\tdyari.,1SG\tcome.out\tLOC\tin(side)\tgarden,I’m coming out of the garden.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-10,2,nanga wantu mati fu mi,nanga\twantu\tmati\tfu\tmi,with\tsome\tfriends\tof\tmine,with some friends of mine,,,,naturalistic written -2-11,2,ini a yari fu 1492,ini\ta\tyari\tfu\t1492,in\tDET\tyear\tof\t1492,in the year 1492,,,,naturalistic written -2-12,2,na ini Sranan,na\tini\tSranan,LOC\tin\tSranan,in Sranan,,,,naturalistic written -2-13,2,Mi de na mi mama oso.,Mi\tde\tna\tmi\tmama\toso.,1SG\tbe.at\tLOC\t1SG\tmother\thouse,I’m at my mother’s house.,,,,naturalistic written -2-14,2,Mi e go na mi mama oso.,Mi\te\tgo\tna\tmi\tmama\toso.,1SG\tIPFV\tgo\tLOC\t1SG\tmother\thouse,I’m going to my mother’s house.,,,,naturalistic written -2-15,2,A bedi de na ini a kamra.,A\tbedi\tde\tna\tini\ta\tkamra.,DET\tbed\tbe.at\tLOC\tin\tDET\troom,The bed is in the room.,,,,naturalistic written -3-5,3,A kɔti hɛn ku di faka.,A\tkɔti\thɛn\tku\tdi\tfaka.,3SG\tcut\t3SG\twith\tDEF.SG\tknife,He cut it with the knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-6,3,A kumutu a di wosu dɛndu.,A\tkumutu\ta\tdi\twosu\tdɛndu.,3SG\tcome.out\tPREP\tDEF.SG\thouse\tinside,He came out of the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-36,3,Di makuka ta dɛ ku miii a baka.,Di\tmakuka\tta\tdɛ\tku\tmiii\ta\tbaka.,DEF.SG\tmonkey\tASP\tBE\twith\tchild\tLOC\tback,The monkey carries its child on its back.,,,,naturalistic written -4-5,4,A feifi yali kaba di a e wooko gi lanti.,A\tfeifi\tyali\tkaba\tdi\ta\te\twooko\tgi\tlanti.,COP\tfive\tyear\talready\tREL\tshe\tIPFV\twork\tPREP\tgovernment,It's already five years that she's been working for the government.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-106,4,A e kon e geli enke na mi wan e booko ede na a sani.,A\te\tkon\te\tgeli\tenke\tna\tmi\twan\te\tbooko\tede\tna\ta\tsani.,it\tIPFV\tcome\tIPFV\tseem\tlike\tCOP\tme\tone\tIPFV\tbreak\thead\tLOC\tDET.SG\tthing,It seems as if it is me alone who tries to make an effort with the thing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-6,5,hii a paas a rood,hii\ta\tpaas\ta\trood,he\tPROG\tpass\tPREP\troad,He was passing on the road.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-4,6,Shi going by shi tantie.,Shi\tgoing\tby\tshi\ttantie.,3SG\tgoing\tPREP\t3SG.POSS\taunt,She's going to her aunt's.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-6,7,Mi ha a inglish tuhng ina fomi mout.,Mi\tha\ta\tinglish\ttuhng\tin-a\tfo-mi\tmout.,1SG\thave\tINDF\tenglish\ttongue\tin-PCL\tfor-1SG\tmouth,I speak English (lit. I have an English tongue in my mouth.).,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-4,8,Di pikni-dem a ramp ina di hous.,Di\tpikni-dem\ta\tramp\tina\tdi\thous.,DET\tchild-PL\tPROG\tromp\tin\tDET\thouse,The children are romping in the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-7,9,Wi freyd fa an.,Wi\tfreyd\tfa\tan.,we\tafraid\tfrom\ther,We were afraid of her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-8,9,Wi me de wok fu ʃɛl.,Wi\tme\tde\twok\tfu\tʃɛl.,1PL\tANT\tPROG\twork\tfor\tShell,We were working for Shell.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-4,10,Beda Taiga gaan bai di doa.,Beda\tTaiga\tgaan\tbai\tdi\tdoa.,Brother\tTiger\tgo.ANT\tby\tART.DEF\tdoor,Brother Tiger went to the door.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-6,11,Dei keri machet rait tu di skuul.,Dei\tkeri\tmachet\trait\ttu\tdi\tskuul.,3PL\tcarry\tmachet\tright\tto\tART.DEF\tschool,They take their machetes right to the school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-7,11,Deh chap dong di uol papaya trii an gat chorch rait bihain di ubia uman haus.,Deh\tchap\tdong\tdi\tuol\tpapaya\ttrii\tan\tgat\tchorch\trait\tbihain\tdi\tubia\tuman\thaus.,3PL\tchop\tdown\tART.DEF\told\tpapaya\ttree\tand\tget\tchurch\tright\tbehind\tART.DEF\tobeah\twoman\thouse,They chopped down the old papaya tree and built a church right behind the obeah woman’s house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-6,12,"But my boy what been here, he been in it for they school last year.",[...]\the\tbeen\tin\tit\tfor\tthey\tschool\tlast\tyear.,[...]\the\tCOP.PST\tPREP\tit\tPREP\tDET.POSS.3PL\tschool\tlast\tyear,"[But my son who was here,] he participated in it (Junkanoo, i.e. the Bahamian form of carnival) for their school last year.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-5,13,Yu aks me if I know 'bout de earthquake?,Yu\taks\tme\tif\tI\tknow\t'bout\tde\tearthquake?,2SG\task\t1SG.OBJ\tif\t1SG\tknow\tabout\tDEF\tearthquake,You ask me if I know about the earthquake?,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-10,14,Sheila going to that place that pay better.,Sheila\tgoing\tto\tthat\tplace\tthat\tpay\tbetter.,Sheila\tgoing\tto\tthat\tplace\tthat\tpays\tbetter,Sheila is going to that place that pays better.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-4,15,di titi put di buk na di tebul,di\ttiti\tput\tdi\tbuk\tna\tdi\ttebul,ART\tgirl\tput\tART\tbook\tLOC\tART\ttable,The girl puts the book on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-4,16,dɛ̀m dè slip fɔ varanda,dɛ̀m\tdè\tslip\tfɔ\tvaranda,3PL\tHAB\tsleep\tfor\tverandah,They sleep on the verandah.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-5,16,à kam dɛ haus insai,à\tkam\tdɛ\thaus\tinsai,1SG\tcome\tART\thouse\tinside,I came into the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-6,16,ì go autsai dɛ siti,ì\tgo\tautsai\tdɛ\tsiti,3SG\tgo\toutside\tART\tcity,It goes outside the city.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-4,17,À dè Kano frò̱m kò̱mót.,À\tdè\tKano\tfrò̱m\tkò̱mót.,1SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\tKano\tLOC\toriginate,I am from Kano.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-5,17,À de fò̱r fam.,À\tde\tfò̱r\tfam.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tPREP\tfarm,I am at the farm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-6,18,A di go fo skul.,A\tdi\tgo\tfo\tskul.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo\tfor\tschool,I am going to school. OR: I go to school. (habitually),,,,published source -18-7,18,Pikin dem di pley futbol fo stad.,Pikin\tdem\tdi\tpley\tfutbol\tfo\tstad.,child\tPL\tIPFV\tplay\tfootball\tfor\tstadium,The children are playing football at the stadium.,,,,published source -19-6,19,È lɛf dɛn pàn dì tebul.,È\tlɛf\tdɛn\tpàn\tdì\ttebul.,3SG.SBJ\tleave\t3PL.EMPH\ton\tDEF\ttable,She left them on the table.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-7,19,Dì gɛl waka go nà tɔn.,Dì\tgɛl\twaka\tgo\tnà\ttɔn.,DEF\tgirl\twalk\tgo\tLOC\ttown,The girl walked to town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-8,19,Afta è go nà hospital.,Afta\tè\tgo\tnà\thospital.,Then\t3SG.SBJ\tgo\tLOC\thospital,Then he went to [the] hospital.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-6,20,My opposite that piecee.,My\topposite\tthat\tpiecee.,1SG\topposite\tDEM\tpiece,The one opposite to me.,,,,naturalistic written -20-7,20,You can long my catchee one piecee good boy?,You\tcan\tlong\tmy\tcatchee\tone\tpiecee\tgood\tboy?,2SG\tcan\tBEN\t1SG\tcatch\tART.INDF\tCLF\tgood\tboy,Can you get me a good boy?,,,,naturalistic written -20-8,20,He more better takee two piecee coolie long he.,He\tmore\tbetter\ttakee\ttwo\tpiecee\tcoolie\tlong\the.,3SG\tmore\tbetter\ttake\ttwo\tCLF\tcoolie\tCOM\t3SG,He better take two coolies with him.,,,,naturalistic written -20-116,20,Come Sydney side.,Come\tSydney\tside.,come\tSydney\tside,(She) came from Sydney.,,,,naturalistic written -21-8,21,You mean you brought your I.C. to a temp agency?,You\tmean\tyou\tbrought\tyour\tI.C.\tto\ta\ttemp\tagency?,2SG\tmean\t2SG\tbring.PST\t2SG.POSS\tidentity.card\tPREP\tART\ttemporary\tagency,Do you mean you brought your identity card to an agency for temporary jobs?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-12,22,Planti taim mi bin stap long ples.,Planti\ttaim\tmi\tbin\tstap\tlong\tples.,many\ttime\t1SG\tPST\tstay\tat\tvillage,I often stayed in the village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-13,22,Em i givim tupla fedas i go long mama.,Em\ti\tgivim\ttu-pla\tfedas\ti\tgo\tlong\tmama.,3SG\tPM\tgive\ttwo-MOD\tfeather\tPM\tgo\tPREP\tmother,He gave two feathers to his mother.,,,,elicited from speaker -22-14,22,Yutupela kam bek long gaden.,Yutupela\tkam\tbek\tlong\tgaden.,2DU\tcome\tback\tPREP\tgarden,You two have come back from the garden.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-6,23,hem i stap stap long solwota,hem\ti\tstap\tstap\tlong\tsolwota,3SG\tAGR\tstay\tstay\tPREP\tsalt.water,He lived for a long time by the ocean.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-7,23,[...] bae i kam long gavman.,[...]\tbae\ti\tkam\tlong\tgavman.,[...]\tIRR\tAGR\tcome\tPREP\tgovernment,[...] it will come from the government.,,,,naturalistic written -23-8,23,bae mi soemoat long yu,bae\tmi\tsoemoat\tlong\tyu,IRR\t1SG\tshow\tPREP\t2SG,I'll show [them] to you.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-10,24,daun ar toun,daun\tar\ttoun,DEIC\tDET.DEF\tKingston,(in) Kingston town,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-11,24,gen mii,gen\tmii,PREP\t1SG.OBJ/OBL,next to me,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-16,24,"Bligh, en eaghteen dem one nawa mutiny, fine demsalf driften in ar Tongan Sea.","Bligh,\ten\teaghteen\tdem\tone\tØ\tnawa\tmutiny,\tfine\tdemsalf\tdriften\tin\tar\tTongan\tSea.",Bligh\tand\teighteen\t3PL\tone\tØ\tnever\tmutiny\tfind\t3PL.REFL\tdrift.continuous\tin\tDET.DEF\tTongan\tSea,"Bligh, and eighteen of the ones who did not mutiny, found themselves drifting on the Tongan Sea.",,,,naturalistic written -24-100,24,Hi yuus' draiw daun' taun.,Hi\tyuus'\tdraiw\tdaun'\ttaun.,3SG.M\tHAB\tdrive\tDEIC\ttown,He habitually drives to Kingston.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-23,25,Yu nomo washim bla mi kloth.,Yu\tnomo\twash-im\tbla\tmi\tkloth.,2SG\tNEG\twash-TR\tDAT/POSS\t1SG\tclothes,You never wash my clothes for me. (uttered as a complaint),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-24,25,Dei bin ol luginat la im.,Dei\tbin\tol\tlug-in-at\tla\tim.,3PL\tPST\tall\tlook-PROG-at\tLOC\t3SG,They all looked at him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-26,25,Yu go la im bla meit!,Yu\tgo\tla\tim\tbla\tmeit!,2SG\tgo\tLOC\t3SG\tDAT/POSS\tmate,Go to her as a mate! (i.e. as companion),,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-29,25,"Imin la Ningbingi yet, afta imin go la Agail then.","Im=in\tla\tNingbingi\tyet,\tafta\tim=in\tgo\tla\tAgail\tthen.",3SG=PST\tLOC\tNingbingi\tyet\tafterwards\t3SG=PST\tgo\tLOC\tArgyle\tthen,"He was in Ningbingi at that time, afterwards he went to Argyle.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-30,25,Imin hitim mi garra im teil.,Im=in\thit-im\tmi\tgarra\tim\tteil.,3SG=PST\thit-TR\t1SG\tCOM/INS\t3SG\ttail,He hit me with his tail.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-8,26,wɛn wi fə˞s keɪm tu ɾis aɪlɛn,wɛn\twi\tfə˞s\tkeɪm\ttu\tɾis\taɪlɛn,when\t1PL\tfirst\tcame\tto\tDEM\tisland,when we first came to this island,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-5,27,Dan am a stān bō di klip.,Dan\tam\ta\tstān\tabo\tdi\tklip.,then\t3SG\tPST\tstand\ton\tDET\trock,Then he was standing on the rocks.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-6,28,ju kan sɛt sondro bita?,ju\tkan\tsɛtɛ\tsondro\tbita?,2SG\tcan\tstay\twithout\tclothes,Can you live without clothes?,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-7,28,"da mɛt oriso wa jɛnda, afto pakatɛ fan di haspital","da\tmɛtɛ\tori\tso\to\twa\tjɛn-da,\tafta\to\tpaka-tɛ\tfan\tdi\thaspital",COP\twith\t3SG\tFOC\t3SG\tPST\tLOC.COP-there\tafter\t3SG\texit-PFV\tfrom\tDEF\thospital,"It is with her that she was staying, after she came out of the hospital.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-8,28,o wa grui di lanʃi ben ka,o\twa\tgrui\tdi\tlanʃi\tben\tka,3SG\tPST\tgrow\tthe\tlanguage\tinside\tNEG,He did not grow up in this language.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-9,28,ɛk gruitɛ en tosn,ɛkɛ\tgrui-tɛ\teni\ttosn,1SG\tgrow-PFV\t3PL\tbetween,I grew up between them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-7,29,Hy werk {vir my pa / in Botswana}.,Hy werk {vir my pa / in Botswana}.,he works {for my dad   in Botswana},He is working {for my dad / in Botswana}.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-8,29,In 1984 is hy Kaapstad toe.,In\t1984\tis\thy\tKaapstad\ttoe.,in\t1984\tis\the\tCape.Town\tto,In 1984 he went to Cape Town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-9,29,Hy loop (in) die bos in.,Hy\tloop\t(in)\tdie\tbos\tin.,he\twalks\t(in)\tthe\tforest\tin,He walks into the forest.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-10,30,[...] e átxa un kabésa riba-l pédra: [...].,[...]\te=átxa\tun=kabésa\triba=l\tpédra:\t[...].,[...]\t3SG=find\ta=head\ton.top=of\tstone\t[...],[...] he found a head on a stone: [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-9,31,Es ba pa San Tome.,Es\tba\tpa\tSan\tTome.,3PL\twent\tto\tSao\tTome,They went to Sao Tome.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-20,31,N kunpra un kaza ki kobra poku dinheru y kel aldeia fika pertu di trabadju.,N\tkunpra\tun\tkaza\tki\tkobra\tpoku\tdinheru\ty\tkel\taldeia\tfika\tpertu\tdi\ttrabadju.,I\tbought\tINDF\thouse\tthat\tcost\tlittle\tmoney\tand\tDEF\tneighbourhood\tis\tclose\tof\twork,I bought a house that cost little money and the neighbourhood is close to work.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-6,32,Nha pai tá bá pa mar.,Nha\tpai\ttá\tbá\tpa\tmar.,1SG.POSS\tfather\tPST.IPFV\tgo\tto\tsea,My father used to go to the sea.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-5,33,Djon sta na jardin.,Djon\tsta\tna\tjardin.,John\tCOP\tPREP\tgarden,John is in the garden.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-2,34,E bay fera ku Pidru.,E\tø\tbay\tfera\tku\tPidru.,3PL.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tmarket\twith\tPeter,They went to the market with Peter.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-6,34,No papiyá di bo na Sicor.,No\tø\tpapiyá\tdi\tbo\tna\tSicor.,1PL.SBJ\tPFV\ttalk\tof\t2SG.INDP\tin\tZiguinchor,We talked about you in Ziguinchor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-8,35,Ê saka sama sun alê djina xtlada.,Ê\tsaka\tsama\tsun\talê\tdjina\txtlada.,3SG\tPROG\tcall\tMr.\tking\tfrom\tstreet,He is calling the king from the street.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-9,35,N ba tlaxi d’ũa ke.,N\tba\ttlaxi\td’ũa\tke.,1SG\tgo\tbehind\tof.a\thouse,I went behind a house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-5,36,M ba potho ki ope.,M\tba\tpotho\tki\tope.,1SG\tgo\ttown\twith\tfoot,I went to town by foot.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-5,37,San ranha dêsê ten posan.,San\tranha\tdêsê\tten\tposan.,lady\tqueen\tgo.down\ttill\ttown,The queen went down to town. OR: The queen went down until the town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-6,38,dantu ngitál,dantu\tngĩntálu,inside\tcourtyard,inside the courtyard,,,,elicited from speaker -38-19,38,Mala xoze wa bluz ku guya.,Mala\txoze\twan\tbluza\tku\tguya.,Mary\tsows\tART\tshirt\twith\tneedle,Mary sows a shirt with a needle.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-36,38,Pa budu xadenge.,Pa\tbudu\txa-da-ange.,for\tstone\tEVID-hit-person,Somebody will be hit by the stone.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-12,39,Lion vey i raspo pə gat.,\tvey\ti\trasp-o\tpə\tgat.,lion\tcome.PST\tand\tscratch-PST\tACC\tcat,The lion came and scratched the cat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-14,39,Mĩ jũt nã te muyt diŋer nã te.,Mĩ\tjũt\tnã\tte\tmuyt\tdiŋer\tnã\tte.,1SG.OBL\ttogether\tNEG\tEXIST.NPST\tmuch\tmoney\tNEG\tEXIST.NPST,I don't have much money (lit. With me/next to me there isn't much money).,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-205,39,yo fik d-ɛl jũt.,yo\tfik\td-ɛl\tjũt.,1SG\tdwell.NPST\tof-3SG.F\ttogether,I live with her. OR: I live next to her.,,,,unspecified -40-7,40,Pradhan ya tumo doy soldad su kosid ani yaho də alde.,Pradhan\tya\ttumo\tdoy\tsoldad\tsu\tkosid\tani\tyaho\tdə\talde.,minister\tPST\ttake.PST\ttwo\tsoldier\tPOSS\twith\tand\twent\tLOC\tvillage,"The minister took two soldiers with him, and went to the village.",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-8,40,Ani pəkə ãp də mãw su nu solto.,Ani\tpəkə\tãp\tdə\tmãw\tsu\tnu\tsolto.,and\tOBJ.that\tbread\tLOC\thand\tPOSS\tNEG\tlet.go.PST,And he didn't let go of the bread in his hand.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-12,41,aka viida etus vɛrgɔɔɲantu naa papiyaa,aka\tviida\tetus\tvɛrgɔɔɲa-ntu\tnaa\tpapiyaa,that\tbecause\t3PL.HON\tshyness-LOC\tNEG.FUT\tspeak,"Therefore, in shyness they won’t talk. OR: Therefore, they are too shy to talk.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-36,41,isti lav levaa maan riiva padaa keenntu teem fɔɔrsa?,isti\tlav\tlevaa\tmaam\triiva\tpa-daa\tkeem-ntu\tteem\tfɔɔrsa?,this\timmediately\ttake.away\thand\ton\tINF-give\twho-LOC\tPRS.be\tstrength,"To take and give in [his] hand immediately [i.e. all at once], who has the ability [for that]? OR: Who has the ability to pay the whole purchase price at once?",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-61,41,"poɖiyaas sudu akantu mee yanasa, aka kaazantu","poɖiyaas\tsudu\taka-ntu\tmee\tjaa-nasa,\taka\tkaaza-ntu",children\tall\tthat-LOC\tFOC\tPST-be.born\tthat\thouse-LOC,"The children were all born there, in that house.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-7,42,eli ta drumí na chang,eli\tta\tdrumí\tna\tchang,3SG\tPROG\tsleep\tLOC\tfloor,He is sleeping on the floor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-8,42,eli ja sai di kaza,eli\tja\tsai\tdi\tkaza,3SG\tPFV\texit\tfrom\thouse,He left the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-5,43,Ile anda nu chang [...].,Ile\tanda\tnu\tchang\t[...].,he\tgo\tLOC\tland\t[...],He went to the property [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-7,44,Máski di lyobé dindá pa rin yo ayí na pláya.,Máski\tdi\tlyobé\tdindá\tpa\trin\tyo\tayí\tna\tpláya.,even\tCTPL\train\tCTPL.go\tstill\talso\t1SG\tthere\tLOC\tbeach,"Even if it rains, I’ll go to the beach.",,,,elicited from speaker -45-6,45,Ya anda niso na baile anoche.,Ya\tanda\tniso\tna\tbaile\tanoche.,PFV\tgo\twe\tLOC\tdance\tlast.night,We went to a dance last night.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-18,46,Andá alyí na réyno.,Andá\talyí\tna\tréyno.,go\tthere\tLOC\tkingdom,He goes to the kingdom.,,,,naturalistic written -47-15,47,E ora mi ta sali foi bou di e klambu.,e\tora\tmi\tta\tsali\tfor-di\tbou\tdi\te\tklambu,DEF\thour\t1SG\tTNS\tcome.out\tfrom-of\tunder\tof\tDEF\tmosquito.net,Then I come out from under the mosquito net.,,,,published source -47-16,47,Ami kuné ta forma un tim pa nos hunga kontra di S. su koleganan di trabou.,a-mi\tku-e\tta\tforma\tun\ttim\tpa\tnos\thunga\tkontra\tdi\tS.\tsu\tkolega\tnan\tdi\ttrabou,EMPH-1SG\twith-3SG\tTNS\tform\tINDF\tteam\tfor\t1PL\tplay\tagainst\tof\tS.\tPOSS\tcolleague\tPL\tof\twork,Me and him will be forming a team to play against S.’s colleagues at work.,,,,published source -47-17,47,na tur skina di Korsou,na\ttur\tskina\tdi\tKorsou,LOC\tall\tcorner\tof\tCuracao,on all the corners of Curacao,,,,published source -47-18,47,na diferente koló,na\tdiferente\tkoló,LOC\tdifferent\tcolour,in different colours,,,,published source -48-7,48,Suto asé trabahá pa gobienno.,Suto\tasé\ttrabahá\tpa\tgobienno.,we\tHAB\twork\tfor\tgovernment,We work for the government.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-8,49,Mari di l pran savon ki sou tab vèt ki nan chanm wouj la.,Mari\tdi\tl\tpran\tsavon\tki\tsou\ttab\tvèt\tki\tnan\tchanm\twouj\tla.,Marie\tsay\t3SG\ttake\tsoap\tCOMP\ton\ttable\tgreen\tCOMP\tin\troom\tred\tDEF,Marie told him to take the soap which is on the green table which is in the red room.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-8,50,Achté'y ban mwen!,Achté'y\tban\tmwen!,buy.3SG\tfor\t1SG,Buy it for me!,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-9,50,Yo adan chanm-la.,Yo\tadan\tchanm-la.,3PL\tin\troom-DEF,They are in the room.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-36,50,On moun kongné asi pòt-la.,On\tmoun\tkongné\tasi\tpòt-la.,one\tperson\tknock\ton\tdoor-DEF,Someone knocked at the door.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-9,51,Achté'y ba mwen!,Achté'y\tba\tmwen!,buy.3SG\tfor\t1SG,Buy it for me!,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-10,51,Yo adan chanm-lan.,Yo\tadan\tchanm-lan.,3PL\tin\troom-DEF,They are in the room.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-36,51,An moun kwenyen asou lapot-la.,An\tmoun\tkwenyen\tasou\tlapot-la.,one\tperson\tknock\ton\tdoor-DEF,Someone knocked at the door.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-5,52,mo achté liv ba to,mo\tachté\tliv\tba\tto,I\tbuy\tbook\tgive\tyou,I bought a book for you.,,,,elicited from speaker -52-78,52,i pran li mété li annan mem trou-a,i\tpran\tli\tmété\tli\tannan\tmem\ttrou-a,he\ttake\tit\tput\tit\tin\tsame\thole-ART,He took it and put in into the same hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-11,53,Li va kote vye mile-la.,Li\tva\tkote\tvye\tmile-la.,3SG\tgo\tto\told\tmule-ART.DEF.SG,He goes over to the old mule.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-7,54,dan out pos,dan\tout\tpos,in\tPOSS.2SG\tpocket,in your pocket,,,,constructed by linguist -54-8,54,Li di ek son mari [...].,Li\tdi\tek\tson\tmari\t[...].,3SG.PRS\tsay\twith\tPOSS.3SG\thusband\t[...],She says to her husband [...].,,,,constructed by linguist -54-40,54,"Alor, zot dé Maryann, i rantr dan le pti panyé.","Alor,\tzot\tde\tMaryann,\ti\trant\tdan\tlë\tpti\tpanye.",then\t3PL\ttwo\tMarianne\tFIN\tenter\tin\tDEF\tlittle\tbasket,So then he and Marianne stepped into the little basket.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-8,55,liv-la lor latab,liv-la\tlor\tlatab,book-the\ton\ttable,The book is on the table.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-11,55,sa bug deryer twa pe atan pu revin daṅ so plas,sa\tbug\tderyer\ttwa\tpe\tatan\tpu\trevin\tdaṅ\tso\tplas,DEM\tguy\tbehind\t2SG\tPROG\twait\tfor\tcome.back\tLOC\tPOSS\tplace,This guy behind you is waiting to get back to his seat.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-100,55,fam la ti don larzaṅ la ar/ek/avek so garsoṅ,fam\tla\tti\tdon\tlarzaṅ\tla\tar/ek/avek\tso\tgarsoṅ,woman\tDEF\tPST\tgive\tmoney\tDEF\tto\ther\tboy,The woman gave the money to her son.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-18,56,I dans dan lamezon.,I\tdans\tdan\tlamezon.,PM\tdance\tin\thouse,[They] dance indoors.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-4,57,nunde vote pu USTKE,nunde\tvote\tpu\tUSTKE,1DU.INCL\tvote\tPREP\tUSTKE,The two of us vote for the syndicate USTKE.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-5,57,na ndipa ndesi latam,na\tndipa\tndesi\tlatam,EXIST\tbread\tLOC\ttable,There is some bread on the table.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-20,58,Yandi pusa mono na kibaka.,Yandi\tpusa-Ø\tmono\tna\tkibaka.,he\tpush-NARR\tme\tCONN\twall,He pushed me against the wall.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-16,59,lo ke zo ti tengo zo,lo\tke\tzo\tti\tte-ngo\tzo,3SG\tCOP\tperson\tof\teat-NMLZ\tperson,He's a cannibal.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-17,59,lo gwe lo si na yanga (ti) da ka,lo\tgwe\tlo\tsi\tna\tyanga\t(ti)\tda\tka,3SG\tgo\t3SG\tarrive\tPREP\tmouth\t(of)\thouse\tthere,She went and arrived at the house there. OR: She went to the house there. OR: She arrived at the house over there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-4,60,abótámí na Kinshása,a-bót-ám-í\tna\tKinshása,3SG-bear-PASS-PRS.PRF\tin\tKinshasa,He was born in Kinshasa.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-4,61,hamba ga motokali,hamb-a\tga\tmotokali,go\tby\tcar,go by car,,,,elicited from speaker -61-66,61,Khona lo gudla lapa lo tafula.,Khon-a\tlo\tgudla\tlapa\tlo\ttafula.,be.EXIST-V\tDEF.ART\tfood\tLOC\tDEF.ART\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-4,62,nidáháye na ndaté,ni-daha-íye\tna\tndate,1SG-walk-PRF\twith\tstick,I walked with a stick.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-4,63,fi Kisúmu fí Núbi,fi\tKisúmu\tfí\tNúbi,in\tKisumu\tEXIST\tNubi,There are Nubi living in Kisumu.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-5,63,mun gi-gén Mazéras,mun\tgi-gén\tMazéras,3PL\tTAM-stay\tMazeras,They live in Mazeras.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-7,64,fi sána alfén,fi\tsána\talfén,in\tyear\ttwo.thousand,in the year two thousand,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-8,64,ána ja min júba,ána\tja\tmin\tjúba,1SG\tcome\tfrom\tJuba,I came from Juba.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-13,65,"Potom iwo lotka xadi, ja kampaniə hadi.","Potom\tiwo\tlotka\txadi,\tja\tkampaniə\thadi.",then\t3SG\tboat\tgo\t1SG\tcompany\tgo,"Then he went from a boat, he went with me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -66-7,66,"Asraf iipar, (lorang) nyari laut na e-pi (aða) sin?","Asraf-iipar,\tlorang\tnyari\tlaut\tna\te-pi\tada\tsin?",Asraf-VOC\t2SG.HON\ttoday\tsea\tPOSTP\tASP-go\tAUX\tQ,"Cousin Asraf, have you gone to sea today?",,,,elicited from speaker -67-9,67,"Di sini Singapore, juga.","Di\tsini\tSingapore,\tjuga.",in\there\tSingapore\talso,[It is] also here in Singapore.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-10,67,Saya beranak Singapore.,Saya\tberanak\tSingapore.,1SG\tbe.born\tSingapore,I was born [in] Singapore.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-11,67,Sekarang pindah Bukit Panjang.,Sekarang\tpindah\tBukit\tPanjang.,now\tmove\tBukit\tPanjang,"Now, [we] have moved [to] Bukit Panjang.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-171,67,Lagi maybe lu minya anak prempuan datang dari sekola dan minum.,Lagi\tmaybe\tlu\tminya\tanak\tprempuan\tdatang\tdari\tsekola\tdan\tminum.,moreover\tmaybe\t2SG\tPOSS\tchild\tfemale\tcome\tfrom\tschool\tand\tdrink,"Moreover, your daughter probably came back from school and drank.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-5,68,ka dal aer masing,ka\tdal\taer\tmasing,to\tin\twater\tsalty,into the salt water,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-6,69,kumbut kandək,kumbut\tkandək,village\tLOC,to/in/at the village,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-53,69,waɲəŋ kandək apandan anak,waɲəŋ\tkandək\tapanda-n\tanak,arrow\twith\tshoot-FUT\tAUX,(We'll) shoot him with an arrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-59,69,pucəm kandək tandaukənan,pucəm\tkandək\ttandaukə-nan,jungle\tOBL\tsit/stay-NONFUT,(We) were in the forest.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-4,70,Tum sako jao jangal akele suto.,Tum\tsako\tjao\tjangal\takele\tsuto.,2SG\tcan\tgo\tbush\talone\tsleep,You can go in the bush and sleep alone.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-5,70,Jangal me baito baut maja.,Jangal\tme\tbaito\tbaut\tmaja.,bush\tin\tCOP\tmuch\tfun,Staying in the bush is lots of fun.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-8,71,Aole dala ulaula maloko ka hale maluna kela papa.,Aole\tdala\tulaula\tmaloko\tka\thale\tmaluna\tkela\tpapa.,NEG\tmoney\tgold\tin\tDET\thouse\ton\tDET\ttable,There weren't any gold coins in the house on the table.,,,,naturalistic written -72-7,72,Jirribala karu dei gu warlakap bo jurlakawu.,Jirri-bala\tkaru\tdei\tgu\twarlakap\tbo\tjurlaka-wu.,three-NUM\tchild\t3PL.SBJ\tgo\tlook.around\tDAT\tbird-DAT,"Three kids, they go looking around for birds.",,,,narrative -72-8,72,Jintaku warlakungku i bin baitim im marluka la legta.,Jintaku\twarlaku-ngku\ti\tbin\tbait-im\tim\tmarluka\tla\tleg-ta.,one\tdog-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tbite-TR\t3SG.OBJ\told.man\tLOC\tleg-LOC,One dog bit the old man on the leg.,,,,peer elicitation -73-6,73,miza despwesito,miza\tdespwesito,mass\tafter,after Mass,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-7,73,entre kwatroguna inchi,entre\tkwatro-guna\ti-nchi,among\tfour-PL\tgo-1PL,We go among the four of us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-9,74,man yáka tlátwa kápa stik,man\tyáka\ttlátwa\tkápa\tstik,man\t3SG\tgo\tPREP\tstick,The man walks with a stick.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-10,74,kápa yáka ílihi,kápa\tyáka\tílihi,PREP\t3SG\tearth,on his land,,,,narrative -75-19,75,dans le fridzh uhchi,dans\tle\tfridzh\tuhchi,LOC\tDEF.ART.M\tfridge\tfrom,out of the fridge,,,,elicited from speaker -75-20,75,Li moond dan lii shezh apiwak.,Li\tmoond\tdan\tlii\tshezh\tapi-wak.,DEF.ART.M\tworld/people\tLOC\tART.PL\tchair\tsit-3PL,People sit on chairs.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-21,75,Li maanzhii diseu la tab ashteew.,Li\tmaanzhii\tdiseu\tla\ttab\tashtee-w.,DEF.ART.M\tfood\ton\tDEF.ART.M\ttable\tbe.located-3SG,There is food on the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-22,75,Ma meer kiipeeashekiiweew Edmonton uhchi iyeer.,Ma\tmeer\tkii-pee-ashe-kiiwee-w\tEdmonton\tuhchi\tiyeer.,1SG.POSS.F\tmother\tPST-hither-back-go.home-3SG\tEdmonton\tfrom\tyesterday,My mother came back from Edmonton yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -76-12,76,kamotik kolane innītin,kamotik\tkolane\tinnītin,sled\tabove\tsit,Sit on top of the sled.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-13,76,iluane kammik,iluane\tkammik,in\tboots,socks OR: inside boots,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-20,1,Da boote de go na diesi netti.,Da\tboto\tde\tgo\tna\tdisi\tneti.,DET.SG\tboat\tINGR\tgo\ton\tthis\tnight,The boat is going this night.,,,,written -1-21,1,"Tee mie werie foe da Pliesierie datie, dan mie dee go baka na hoso.","Te\tmi\twêri\tfu\tda\tprisiri\tdati,\tdan\tmi\tde\tgo\tbaka\tna\toso.",when\t1SG\tweary\tof\tDET.SG\tpleasure\tthat\tthen\t1SG\tHAB\tgo\tback\tat\thouse,"When I’d got tired of that pleasure, then I’d (usually) return to the house.",,,,written -1-22,1,wan vo dem pikin dissi,wan\tfu\tden\tpikin\tdisi,one\tof\tDET.PL\tchild\tthis,one of these children,,,,written -1-23,1,"Da stoeloe sa hey toemoesie sontem foe joe, Diesja sa moro betree.","Da\tsturu\tsa\thei\ttumusi\tsonten\tfu\tyu,\tdisi-dya\tsa\tmoro\tbetre.",DET.SG\tchair\tFUT\thigh\ttoo.much\tperhaps\tfor\t2SG\tthis-here\tFUT\tmore\tbetter,"That chair may be too high for you, this one here will be better.",,,,written -1-24,1,[...] tra dirkture [... ] Takki mi hoe fa den dirkture de doe fo holli pranasie krien alle tem.,[...]\ttra\tdriktoro\t[...]\tTaki\tmi\to\tfa\tden\tdriktoro\tde\tdu\tfu\thori\tpranasi\tkrin\tala\tten.,[...]\tother\tmanager\t[...]\ttell\t1SG\tQ\tmanner\tDET.PL\tmanager\tHAB\tdo\tfor\thold\tplantation\tclean\tall\ttime,[...] other managers [...] Tell me how those managers manage to keep their plantations clean all the time.,,,,written -2-17,2,dis’ wiki,dis’\twiki,this\tweek,this week,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-18,2,a sani dati,a\tsani\tdati,DET\tthing\tDEM,that thing,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-19,2,den sani disi,den\tsani\tdisi,the.PL\tthing\tDEM,these things,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-7,3,di wɔmi aki,di\twɔmi\taki,DEF.SG\tman\there,this man,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-8,3,di wɔmi dɛ,di\twɔmi\tdɛ,DEF.SG\tman\tDEM,that man,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-9,3,di wɔmi na-a-dɛ,di\twɔmi\tna-a-dɛ,DEF.SG\tman\tLOC-3SG-there,the man over there,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-10,3,di wɔmi ala,di\twɔmi\tala,DEF.SG\tman\tthere,the man over yonder,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-6,4,a pikin ya/de/anda,a\tpikin\tya/de/anda,DET.SG\tchild\there/there/over.there,this/that child,,,,elicited from speaker -5-7,5,dis leedi,dis\tleedi,PROX.DEM\tlady,this lady,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-8,5,diiz piipl dem,diiz\tpiipl\tdem,DEM\tpeople\tPL,these people,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-9,5,dem ekspreshn de,dem\tekspreshn\tde,DEM.PL.ADJ.DIST\tbad.word\tDEM.ADV.DIST,Those bad words.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-10,5,dem tingz o,dem\ttingz\to,DEM.PL.DIST\tthings\tDEM.SG.DIST,those things,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-11,5,dem ting ya,dem\tting\tya,DEM.PL.DIST\tthing\tDEM.ADV.PROX,These things (here).,,,,constructed by linguist -6-5,6,"dis book, dat book, dem book","dis\tbook,\tdat\tbook,\tdem\tbook",DEM.SG.PROX\tbook\tDEM.SG.DIST\tbook\tDEM.DIST.PL\tbook,"this book, that book, those books",,,,naturalistic written -7-7,7,dis bok,dis\tbok,DEM\tbook,this/that book,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-8,7,dem tu man,dem\ttu\tman,DEM\ttwo\tman,these/those two men,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-9,7,I ha dis man bin a wuhk lan fo J.,I\tha\tdis\tman\tbin\ta\twuhk\tlan\tfo\tJ.,3SG\thave\tDEM\tman\tPST\tPROG\twork\tland\tfor\tJ.,There was a man who used to work the land for J.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-5,8,Dis uman waahn wahn kyaar fi bai.,Dis\tuman\twaahn\twahn\tkyaar\tfi\tbai.,DEM\twoman\twant\tINDF\tcar\tINF\tbuy,This woman wants a car to buy.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-11,9,Da bich dɛ bad da bway.,Da\tbich\tdɛ\tbad\tda\tbway.,that\tbitch\tthere\tbad\tthat\tboy,"That guy is very good. OR: That son of a bitch, he is good, that boy really is (emphatic sentence).",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-12,9,Dey luk fu dem kwaat badl.,Dey\tluk\tfu\tdem\tkwaat\tbadl.,they\tlook\tfor\tthem\tquart\tbottle,They look for those quart bottles.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-13,9,sam a dem bway,sam\ta\tdem\tbway,some\tof\tthem\tboy,some of these boys,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-14,9,mos a di ki dem,mos\ta\tdi\tki\tdem,most\tof\tthe\tcaye\tthose,most of those cayes,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-5,10,iina disya haad taim,iina\tdis-ya\thaad\ttaim,in\tDEM-EMPH\thard\ttime,in these hard times,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-6,10,Aal dem pail a gool de andaniit di sii de!,Aal\tdem\tpail\ta\tgool\tde\tandaniit\tdi\tsii\tde!,all\tDEM.PL\tpile\tof\tgold\tCOP.LOC\tunderneath\tART.DEF\tsea\tDEM.LOC,[Just think about] All those heaps of gold at the sea bottom!,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-9,11,Dem poliis shud gat moo atenshon fa di komyuniti.,Dem\tpoliis\tshud\tgat\tmoo\tatenshon\tfa\tdi\tkomyuniti.,DEM\tpolice\tshould\tget\tmore\tattention\tfor\tART.DEF\tcommunity,These policemen should pay more attention to the community.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-7,12,"They coming through this window here, you know, let me close.",They\tcoming\tthrough\tthis\twindow\there\t[...].,they\tcome.PROG\tthrough\tDEM\twindow\there\t[...],They (i.e. the mosquitoes) are coming [in] through this window here [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-6,13,dis side,dis\tside,DEM\tside,this side,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-7,13,dat side,dat\tside,DEM\tside,that side,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-5,15,Da pus dɔn kil da arata.,Da\tpus\tdɔn\tkil\tda\tarata.,DEM\tcat\tPFV\tkill\tDEM\tmouse,The/That cat has killed the/that mouse.,,,,naturalistic written -15-6,15,da man de dɔn dai,da\tman\tde\tdɔn\tdai,DEM\tman\tthere\tPFV\tdead,That particular man is dead.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-8,16,dis mã ì bì tifmã,dis\tmã\tì\tbì\ttifmã,DEM.PROX\tman\t3SG\tbe\tthief,This man is a thief.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-9,16,dat tɔl masalaʤi,dat\ttɔl\tmasalaʤi,DEM.DIST\ttall\tmosque,that tall mosque,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-10,16,dos pipu,dos\tpipu,DEM.DIST\tpeople,those people,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-6,17,dat pìkín,dat\tpìkín,DEM.DIST\tchild,that child,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-8,18,dis rod,dis\trod,DEM\troad,this road,,,,unspecified -18-9,18,dat man,dat\tman,DEM\tman,that man,,,,unspecified -19-9,19,"Di man gɛt liba, ɛn.","Di\tman\tgɛt\tliba,\tɛn.",this\tman\tget\tliver\tINTERJ,"This man has guts, you know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-10,19,À fit hol dan mɔ̀ní durante un mes entero.,À\tfit\thol\tdan\tmɔ̀ní\tdurante\tun\tmes\tentero.,1SG.SBJ\tbe.able\thold\tthat\tmoney\tduring\tDEF\tmonth\twhole,I’m able to keep that money for a whole month.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-9,20,Killum thisee piecee capon.,Killum\tthisee\tpiecee\tcapon.,kill\tDEM\tCLF\tcapon,Kill this capon.,,,,naturalistic written -21-9,21,He is working in that company.,He\tis\twork-ing\tin\tthat\tcompany.,3SG\tto.be\twork-PROG\tin\tthat\tcompany,He works for that company.,,,,elicited from speaker -22-15,22,Pikinini ia i bikpela liklik nau.,Pikinini\tia\ti\tbik-pela\tliklik\tnau.,child\tFOC\tPM\tbig-MOD\tsmall\tnow,The child was quite big now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-16,22,Em i lukim wanpla lapun man em stap tasol na lo arere lo faia [...] na lapun man ia kirap na tok [...].,Em\ti\tlukim\twanpla\tlapun\tman\tem\tstap\ttasol\tna\tlo\tarere\tlo\tfaia\t[...]\tna\tlapun\tman\tia\tkirap\tna\ttok\t[...].,3SG\tPM\tsee\tone\told\tman\t3SG\tstay\tonly\tand\tPREP\tbeside\tPREP\tfire\t[...]\tand\told\tman\tFOC\tstart\tand\ttalk\t[...],He saw an old man alone beside the fire [...] and the old man (already mentioned) said [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-17,22,Displa stori em kam long ples blo mama blo mi.,Displa\tstori\tem\tkam\tlong\tples\tblo\tmama\tblo\tmi.,this\tstory\t3SG\tcome\tfrom\tvillage\tPOSS\tmother\tPOSS\t1SG,This story comes from my mother's village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-9,23,"lukaot, yu kafsaed wetem jea ia nao","lukaot,\tyu\tkafsaed\twetem\tjea\tia\tnao",look.out\t2SG\tcapsize\twith\tchair\tDEF\tnow,"Watch out, you're going to tip over the chair.",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-12,24,Hettae dar poem I promise fe write.,Hettae\tdar\tpoem\tI\tpromise\tfe\twrite.,voila\tthat\tpoem\t1SG.SBJ\tpromise\tCOMP\twrite,Here's that poem I promised to write.,,,,naturalistic written -24-13,24,Ieh keht moelten.,Ieh\tkeht\tmoelten.,this\tcat\tshed.CONT,This cat is shedding.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-32,25,"Nunggubuyu-bala, dis blakbala im wokwok.","Nunggubuyu-bala,\tdis\tblakbala\tim\twok~wok.",Nunggubuyu-ADJ\tPROX\tAboriginal.person\t3SG\tRED.walk,"This Nunggubuyu person, this Aboriginal person he walks.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-33,25,Wat dijan mangarra?,Wat\tdijan\tmangarra?,what\tPROX:ADJ\tplant.food,What’s this food (called)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-34,25,"Juwud [...] mibala kolim mangarra dijan, juwud.","Juwud\t[...]\tmibala\tkol-im\tmangarra\tdijan,\tjuwud.",eye/seed\t[...]\t1PL.EXCL\tcall-TR\tplant_food\tPROX:ADJ\teye/seed,"""Seed“ [...] we call this edible plant (part), ""seed“.",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-35,25,Thet kenggaru bin toktok.,Thet\tkenggaru\tbin\ttok~tok.,DEM\tkangaroo\tPST\tRED.talk,The kangaroo was talking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-36,25,Mi bin groap dij kantri.,Mi\tbin\tgroap\tdij\tkantri.,1SG\tPST\tgrow.up\tPROX\tcountry,I grew up in this country.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-37,25,Buji ai ani girrim dijan eig.,Buji\tai\tani\tgirr-im\tdijan\teig.,COND\t1SG\tonly\tget-TR\tPROX:ADJ\tegg,If I only take this egg [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -25-38,25,Imin luk dis lilwan einjul bin wok from Maternity Ward raitap la Ward Thrri.,Im=in\tluk\tdis\tlil-wan\teinjul\tbin\twok\tfrom\tMaternity\tWard\traitap\tla\tWard\tThrri.,3SG=PST\tlook\tPROX\tlittle-ADJ\tangel\tPST\twalk\tfrom\tMaternity\tWard\tright.up\tLOC\tWard\tThree.,She saw this little angel walk from the Maternity Ward right up to Ward Three.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-6,27,"Ju lō hi a di shi, mi sa lō a di andə shi.","Ju\tlō\thi\ta\tdi\tshi,\tmi\tsa\tlō\ta\tdi\tandə\tshi.",2SG\tgo\there\tLOC\tDET\tside\t1SG\twill\tgo\tLOC\tDET\tother\tside,"You will go to this side (take this path), and I will go to the other side (take the other path).",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-7,27,So fan di dag dā də pushi a lō astə də roto en de hon astə de pushi.,So\tfan\tdi\tdag\tdā\tdə\tpushi\ta\tlō\tastə\tdə\troto\ten\tde\thon\tastə\tde\tpushi.,so\tfrom\tDET\tday\tthere\tART.DEF\tcat\tPST\tgo\tafter\tART.DEF\trat\tand\tART.DEF\tdog\tafter\tART.DEF\tcat,So from that day on the cat goes after the rat and the dog after the cat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-10,28,di tokap di,di\ttoko-apu\tdi,DEF\tchild-PL\tDEM,these children,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-11,28,di wari dida,di\twari\tdida,DEF\thouse\tDEM,that house,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-10,29,Ek wil dié week met jou praat.,Ek\twil\tdié\tweek\tmet\tjou\tpraat.,1SG.NOM\twant\tPROX.DEM\tweek\twith\t2SG.OBL\ttalk,I want to talk to you this week.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-11,29,Hy sal môre {hierdie/daardie} dorp besoek.,Hy\tsal\tmôre\t{hier-die/daar-die}\tdorp\tbesoek.,3SG.M.NOM\twill\ttomorrow\t{here-DEF.ART/there-DEF.ART}\ttown\tvisit,He will visit {this/that} town tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-11,30,kel kása (li); kel kása (la); es kása (li),kel\tkása\t(li);\tkel\tkása\t(la);\tes\tkása\t(li),this.SG\thouse\t(here)\tthis.SG\thouse\t(there)\tthis\thouse\t(here),this house (over here); that house (over there); this house (over here),,,,constructed by linguist -31-11,31,Dja kel vida-li e un bokadu duru.,Dja\tkel\tvida-li\te\tun\tbokadu\tduru.,then\tthis\tlife-here\tis\ta\tlittle\tdifficult,"Then again, this life is a little difficult.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-12,31,un merkanu ki ten kel loja grandi-la,un\tmerkanu\tki\tten\tkel\tloja\tgrandi-la,an\tAmerican\twho\thas\tDEM\tshop\tbig-there,an American that has that big shop,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-7,32,Vint y tres d'es mes [...].,Vint\ty\ttres\tde\tes\tmes\t[...].,twenty\tand\tthree\tof\tDEM.SG\tmonth\t[...],On the twenty-third of this month [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-156,32,Es istória [...] no dá-l foi na skóla.,Es\tistória\t[...]\tno\tdá-l\tfoi\tna\tskóla.,DEM.PL\tstory\t[...]\t1PL\tgive-3SG.RES\tCOP.PST\tin\tschool.,We have studied these stories in school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-6,33,e rapas,e\trapas,DEM\tboy,this boy,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-7,33,kil rapas,kil\trapas,DEM\tboy,that boy,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-7,34,e kacor; kel kacor,e\tkacor;\tkel\tkacor,DEM\tdog\tDEM\tdog,this dog (present in the physical environment of the speaker and the hearer); that dog (anaphoric use only),,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-8,34,e kacor-li; e/ke(l) kacor-la,e\tkacor-li;\te/ke(l)\tkacor-la,DEM\tdog-here\tDEM\tdog-there,this dog; that dog,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-10,35,vinpema se,vinpema\tse,palm.wine\tDEM,this palmwine / the palmwine in question,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-6,36,Turu kwa e ma alê e thêka fa [...].,Turu\tkwa\te\tma\talê\te\tthêka\tfa\t[...].,all\tthing\tDEM\tREL\tking\tDEM\tPROG\tsay\t[...],All these things the king was telling [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-6,37,"Ine ningê ixila, ine rupê.","Ine\tningê\tixila,\tine\trupê.",PL\tperson\tDEM\t3PL\twhite,Those people are whites.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-7,38,xadyise,xadyi-sai,house-DEM,this house,,,,elicited from speaker -38-8,38,xadyísyi,xadyi-syi,house-DEM,that house,,,,elicited from speaker -39-15,39,Es tud rəkri tud ε də moyrmoyr.,Es\ttud\trəkri\ttud\tε\tdə\tmoyr~moyr.,DEM\tall\tfood.stall\tall\tCOP.NPST\tof\tMuslim~Muslim,All these food stalls belong to Muslims.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-16,39,Ali ikəl gate nã tə apərse pikənin? Ali ɛ mĩ kaz.,Ali\tikəl\t\tnã\ttə\tapərs-e\tpikənin?\tAli\tɛ\tmĩ\tkaz.,there\tDEM\tgate\tNEG\tIPFV.NPST\tshow-INF\tsmall\tthere\tCOP.NPST\t1SG.POSS\thouse,Can you see that small gate over there (lit. Doesn't that small gate show over there)? There is my house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-17,39,Ikəl kamiz ku verd i amrɛl flor ɛ də mĩ.,Ikəl\tkamiz\tku\tverd\ti\tamrɛl\tflor\tɛ\tdə\tmĩ.,DEM\tshirt\twith\tgreen\tand\tyellow\tflower\tCOP.NPST\tof\t1SG.OBL,The shirt with the green and yellow flowers is mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-9,40,Ye warʤ use ulya.,Ye\twarʤ\tuse\tulya.,this\tfield\tyou.FORMAL\tlook.at.IMP,Look at this field.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-10,40,əkə irmãw gran tɛ halan,əkə\tirmãw\tgran\ttɛ\thalan,that\tbrother\tbig\tPRS\tsay.PROG,that brother is saying,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-14,41,isti ooy interumeenti nikaraparsa. isti un coʈʈu taparsa,isti\tooy\tinterumeenti\tnikara-parsa.\tisti\tun\tcoʈʈu\tta-parsa,this\teye\tcompletely\tNEG.HAB-see\tthis\ta\tlittle\tPRS-see,This eye is completely blind. This one sees a little.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-15,41,"meshiin teem. botuspa kera kamfalaa - aka meshiin see - kera see, poy tiraa daa, botuspa","meshiin teem. botus-pa kera kanda falaa - aka meshiin see - kera see pooy tiraa daa, botus-pa",machine PRS.be 2.HON-DAT want COND QUOT   that machine COND   want COND HABIL take give 2.HON-DAT,"There IS a machine. If you want [it] - if [it's a question of] that machine - if you want, we can take it and give it to you. (OR: We HAVE a machine. If you want [it] - if [it's a question of] that machine - if you want, we can take it and give it to you.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-9,42,aké prau pezadu,aké\tprau\tpezadu,that\tboat\theavy,That boat is heavy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-10,42,isti prau teng buraku,isti\tprau\tteng\tburaku,this\tboat\thave\thole,This boat has a hole in it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-6,43,Iste faka falta agudu.,Iste\tfaka\tfalta\tagudu.,DEM\tknife\tlack\tsharp,This knife is not very sharp.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-7,43,"Ake albër neli, ele tara ku tudu djenti [...].","Ake\talbër\tneli,\tele\ttara\tku\ttudu\tdjenti\t[...].",DEM\tplant\trice\t3SG\tplant\twith\tall\tpeople\t[...],This rice plant is planted by all [...].,,,,naturalistic written -43-8,43,Fruta patola margodju aka marga; [...].,Fruta\tpatola\tmargodju\taka\tmarga;\t[...].,fruit\tcucumber\tbitter\tDEM\tbe.bitter\t[...],The fruit of the bitter cucumber is bitter; […].,,,,constructed by linguist -44-8,44,Si kabá ya rin éle éste ányo éste [...].,Si\tkabá\tya\trin\téle\téste\tányo\téste\t[...].,if\tfinish\talready\talso\t3SG\tthis\tyear\tthis\t[...],If she finishes already this present year [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-9,44,questi manga jente,questi\tmanga\tjente,this\tPL\tpeople,these people,,,,written -45-7,45,Akel tres mujer el ultimo que di baila.,Akel\ttres\tmujer\tel\tultimo\tque\tdi\tbaila.,DEM\tthree\twoman\tDEF\tlast\tthat\tCTPL\tdance,The last to dance are those three ladies.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-19,46,éste ómbre,éste\tómbre,this\tman,this man,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-20,46,akél ómbre,akél\tómbre,that\tman,that man,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-21,46,Nuáy sábe éste hénte.,Nuáy\tsábe\téste\thénte.,NEG.EXIST\tknow\tthis\tperson,This person is stupid.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-22,46,Éste ómbre mi ermáno.,Éste\tómbre\tmi\termáno.,this\tman\tmy\tbrother,This man is my brother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-23,46,Ése ómbre 'se ya-andá na tyángge.,Ése\tómbre\t'se\tya-andá\tna\ttyángge.,that\tman\tthat\tIPFV-go\tLOC\tmarket,That (very) man went to the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-19,47,e pòtrèt aki,e\tpòtrèt\taki,DEF\tpicture\tDEM.PROX,this picture,,,,published source -47-20,47,e buki aki/ e buki ei/ e buki aya/ e bukinan aki/ e bukinan ei/ e bukinan aya,e\tbuki\taki/\te\tbuki\tei/\te\tbuki\taya/\te\tbuki\tnan\taki/\te\tbuki\tnan\tei/\te\tbuki\tnan\taya,DEF\tbook\there\tDEF\tbook\tthere\tDEF\tbook\tyonder\tDEF\tbook\tPL\there\tDEF\tbook\tPL\tthere\tDEF\tbook\tPL\tyonder,this book/ that book/ that book yonder/ these books/ those books/ those books yonder,,,,both elicited and naturalistic spoken -48-8,48,ese ombe,ese\tombe,this\tman,this man / these men,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-9,48,ma ombe ese,ma\tombe\tese,PL\tman\tthis/that,these [bad] men,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-9,49,Se pou wou manje sa a.,Se\tpou\twou\tmanje\tsa\ta.,HL\tfor\t2SG\tfood\tDEM\tSG,This food is yours.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-10,49,M renmen moun sa yo.,M\trenmen\tmoun\tsa\tyo.,1SG\tlove\tperson\tDEM\tPL,I love these people.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-10,50,boug-lasa,boug-lasa,man-DEM,this man,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-11,51,boug-tala,boug-tala,man-DEM,this man,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-6,52,sa kaz-a,sa\tkaz-a,DEM\thouse-DEF.ART,this house,,,,unknown -53-12,53,Kòmon to lem gonbo-sa-la?,Kòmon\tto\tlem\tgonbo\tsala?,how\t2SG\tlike\tgumbo\tDET.DEM.SG,How do you like this gumbo?,,,,elicited from speaker -53-13,53,To ouâ pié ci là.,To\touâ\tpié\tcilà.,2SG\tsee\ttree\tDET.DEM.SG,You see this tree.,,,,naturalistic written -53-14,53,le kokodri-sa-la / le kokodri-la-la,le\tkokodri\tsala/lala,ART.DEF.PL\tcrocodile\tDET.DEM.SG,these crocodiles,,,,elicited from speaker -53-15,53,nomme cila yé,nomme\tcila-ye,man\tDET.DEM-PL,these men,,,,naturalistic written -53-16,53,nonm-sa-la; fwa-sa-la; jou-sa-a; gato-sa-a,nonm\tsala;\tfwa\tsala;\tjou\tsaa;\tgato\tsaa,man\tDET.DEM.SG\ttime\tDET.DEM.SG\tday\tDET.DEM.SG\tcake\tDET.DEM.SG,this/that man; this/that time; this/that day; this/that cake,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-17,53,zafè-sa-ye; depech-sa-ye; dekann-sa-ye; boug-sa-ye,zafè\tsaye;\tdepech\tsaye;\tdekann\tsaye;\tboug\tsaye,thing\tDET.DEM.PL\tpeach\tDET.DEM.PL\tsugar.cane\tDET.DEM.PL\tguy\tDET.DEM.PL,these/those things; these/those peaches; this/that sugar cane; these/those guys,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-18,53,le moun-sa-ye,le\tmoun\tsaye,ART.DEF.PL\tperson\tDET.DEM.PL,these/those people,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-9,54,sa zerb,sa\tzerb,DEM\tgrass,this/that grass,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-10,54,Boug la lé pa kouyon.,Boug\tla\tle\tpa\tkouyon.,man\tDEM\tCOP.PRS\tNEG\tstupid,This/that man is not stupid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-11,54,se fanm la,së\tfanm\tla,DEM.SG\twoman\tDEM,this/that woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-12,54,sé nuaj blan la,se\tnuaj\tblan\tla,DEM.PL\tcloud\twhite\tDEM,these/those white clouds,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-13,54,lé dé boug la,le\tde\tboug\tla,DEF.PL\ttwo\tman\tDEM,these/those two men,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-14,54,Li la pasé lankostik se matin é li bros se soir.,Li\tla\tpase\tlankostik\tsë\tmaten\te\tli\tbros\tsë\tswar.,3SG\tPRF\tput.on\twax\tDEM\tmorning\tand\t3SG\tbrush\tDEM\tevening,She put on the wax this morning and she will polish it this evening.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-9,55,sa tifi ki pe tini en pupet la,sa\ttifi\tki\tpe\ttini\ten\tpupet\tla,DEM\tgirl\twho\tPROG\thold\tINDF\tdoll\tDEM,that girl who is holding a doll,,,,constructed by linguist -55-10,55,mo sipoze sa bann zanfan la sorti Kaznwayal,mo\tsipoze\tsa\tbann\tzanfan\tla\tsorti\tKaznwayal,1SG\tsuppose\tDEM\tPL\tchild\tDEM\tcome.from\tCase-Noyale,I imagine that these children come from Case Noyale [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-12,55,tifi ki pe tini en pupet la,tifi\tki\tpe\ttini\ten\tpupet\tla,girl\twho\tPROG\thold\tINDF\tdoll\tDEF/DEM,that girl who is holding a doll OR: the girl who is holding a doll,,,,constructed by linguist -56-19,56,Tou sa bann landrwa mon 'n ale.,Tou\tsa\tbann\tlandrwa\tmon\t'n\tale.,all\tDEM\tPL\tplace\t1SG\tPRF\tgo,It's to all these places that I have been.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-20,56,Apre nou pran sa baka la.,Apre\tnou\tpran\tsa\tbaka\tla.,then\t1PL\ttake\tDEM\tbaka\tthere,"Then we took that baka (alcoholic drink, fermented sugar cane).",,,,naturalistic spoken -57-6,57,mek-la,mek-la,man-DEM/DEF,this man / the man,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-125,57,laser-la la travaj,laser-la\tla\ttravaj,nun-DEM/DEF\tSI\twork,The/this nun is working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-126,57,"se ki, ñoka-la?","se\tki,\tñoka-la?",PRESV\twho\twoman-DEM/DEF,Who is this woman?,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-8,58,mu-ntu/ ba-ntu yayi/ yina,mu-ntu/\tba-ntu\tyayi/\tyina,1-person\t2-person\tthis\tthat,"this/that person, these/those persons",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-18,59,"tona lo mu koli so awe, [...]","tongana\tlo\tmu\tkoli\tso\tawe,\t[...]",when\t3SG\ttake\tman\tDEM\talready\t[...],"After she had married this man, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-19,59,samba ti mama ti lo ni so agoo ti baa lo fadso,samba\tti\tmama\tti\tlo\tni\tso\ta-gwe\tti\tbaa\tlo\tfadeso,co-wife\tof\tmother\tof\t3SG\tDET\tDEM\tPM-go\tof\tsee\t3SG\tnow,Then the co-wife of her mother went to see her (the daughter).,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-20,59,"koli so, lo ke te zo tengo","koli\tso,\tlo\tke\tte\tzo\ttengo",man\tDEM\t3SG\tCOP\teat\tperson\teating,"This man, he really eats people.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-21,59,koli so alondo na ngonda ti gingo azo ti lo ni,koli\tso\talondo\tna\tngonda\tti\tgingo\tazo\tti\tlo\tni,man\tDEM\tSM.arise\tPREP\tbush\tof\thunt.NMLZ\tPL.person\tof\t3SG\tDET,The husband came from the bush where he hunted people. OR: The husband left his bush for hunting people.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-22,59,"mama ni so, lo ke lango na bi ape","mama\tni\tso,\tlo\tke\tlango\tna\tbi\tape",mother\tDET\tDEM\t3SG\tCOP\tsleep\tPREP\tnight\tNEG,"The mother, she didn't sleep through the night. OR: The mother didn't sleep at night.",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-5,60,óyo mobáli,óyo\tmobáli,DEM\tman,this man,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-6,60,mobáli óyo,mobáli\tóyo,man\tDEM,this man,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-5,61,lo side,lo\tside,this\tside,this side OR: that side,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-5,62,va'inyí yá ní vagitutú,va'inyí\tyá\tní\tva-gitutú,children\tthis\tis\t2-small,These children are small.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-6,63,anás dól,anás\tdól,people\tDET.PL,these people,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-9,64,bágara de,bágara\tde,cow\tDEM.PROX,this cow,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-10,64,dawát doldé,daw-át\tdoldé,medicine-PL\tDEM.DIST,those medicines,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-14,65,ʧega fanza bu ʃango.,ʧega\tfanza\tbu\tʃango.,this\thouse\tNEG\tgood,This house is not good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-15,65,Ruski gan'ali eta kitaisa.,Ruski\tgan'a-li\teta\tkitaisa.,Russian\tdrive.away-PFV.PL\tthis\tChinese,Russians sent those Chinese away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-16,65,Iwo kuriʧa jajʧy eta lamaj.,Iwo\tkuriʧa\tjajʧy\teta\tlamaj.,3SG\tchicken\tegg\tthis\tbreak,He broke those chicken eggs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-8,66,Itu oorang serattu.,Itu\toorang\tser-attu.,DEM\tperson\tteacher-INDF,That person is a (male) teacher.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-12,67,"Itu hari saya buka saya punya laci, apa-apa pun tak ada.","Itu\thari\tsaya\tbuka\tsaya\tpunya\tlaci,\tapa~apa\tpun\ttak\tada.",DEM\tday\t1SG\topen\t1SG\tPOSS\tdrawer\twhat~what\teven\tNEG\thave,"That day, I opened my drawer and there was nothing.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-13,67,Malam ini tentu hujan hebat.,Malam\tini\ttentu\thujan\thebat.,night\tDEM\tsure\train\ttense,"Tonight, it will rain heavily.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-14,67,Pagi-pagi saya suka ini kerja.,Pagi~pagi\tsaya\tsuka\tini\tkerja.,morning~morning\t1SG\tlike\tDEM\twork,"Every morning, I like this work.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-15,67,Dia sotong tanya sotong ini satu kilo berapa?,Dia\tsotong\ttanya\tsotong\tini\tsatu\tkilo\tberapa?,3SG\tcuttlefish\task\tcuttlefish\tDEM\tone\tkilo\thow.many/how.much,"""The cuttlefish,"" [I] asked, “How much is a kilo of this cuttlefish?""",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-6,68,daera itu,daera\titu,region\tDEM,that region,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-8,68,ini ikang,ini\tikang,DEM\tfish,this fish,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-7,69,yəm mən,yəm\tmən,water\tthat,that water,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-8,69,nak kumbut,nak\tkumbut,this\tvillage,this village,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-6,70,U larika baito maket kelage.,U\tlarika\tbaito\tmaket\tkelage.,DEM\tboy\tCOP\tmarket\tnear,That boy was near the market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-9,71,"Kela wahine Auroria hoi mai ma ka halepule me kela mau keiki wahine [...]. Wau olelo iaia noho malie, mahope huhu kela kahunapule.","Kela\twahine\tAuroria\thoi\tmai\tma\tka\thalepule\tme\tkela\tmau\tkeiki\twahine\t[...].\tWau\tolelo\tiaia\tnoho\tmalie,\tmahope\thuhu\tkela\tkahunapule.",that\twoman\tAuroria\treturn\tDIR\tLOC\tthe\tchurch\twith\tDET\tPL\tchild\twoman\t[...]\t1SG\tspeak\t3SG\tstay\tquiet\tlater\tangry\tDET\tpriest,"That woman Auroria returned to the church with some girls [...]. I told her to be quiet, or else the priest would get angry.",,,,naturalistic written -72-10,72,Nyawa yapakayi gel imin turrp im niduljawung.,Nyawa\tyapakayi\tgel\tim=in\tturrp\tim\tnidul-jawung.,this\tsmall\tgirl\t3SG-PST\tpoke\t3SG.OBJ\tneedle-INS,This small woman (nurse) jabbed her with a needle.,,,,peer elicitation -72-11,72,Dei karankarra karuwalijangkuma ngakparnku nyawarrama.,Dei\tkaran-karra\tkaru-walija-ngku-ma\tngakparn-ku\tnyawa-rra-ma.,3PL.SBJ\tscratch-CONT\tchild-PAUC-ERG-DISC\tfrog-DAT\tthis-PL-TOP,This group of kids are digging for frogs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-8,73,undimunda isti botillada sakamungi?,undi-munda\tisti\tbotilla-da\tsaka-mu-ngi,where-ABL\tthis\tbottle-ACC\tget-CIS-2SG,Where did you you get this bottle from?,,,,elicited from speaker -74-11,74,úkuk haws,úkuk\thaws,this\thouse,this house,,,,constructed by linguist -74-12,74,úkuk man,úkuk\tman,this\tman,this man,,,,narrative -75-23,75,uma li liivr,uma\tli\tliivr,this.INAN\tDEF.ART.M\tbook,this book,,,,elicited from speaker -75-24,75,li liivr anima neetee,li\tliivr\tanima\tneetee,DEF.ART.M\tbook\tthat.INAN\tover.there.DIST,that book over there,,,,elicited from speaker -75-25,75,staton,st-aton,DEM-fall,this fall,,,,elicited from speaker -75-26,75,awa la fiy,awa\tla\tfiy,DEM.PROX.ANIM.\tDEF.ART.F\tgirl,this girl,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-27,75,la faem ana,la\tfaem\tana,DEF.ART.F\twoman\tDEM.INTERM.ANIM,that woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -76-14,76,ababa mȗgwa silatani kaili,ababa\tmȗgwa\tsilatani\tkaili,say\tthis\toutside\tcome,Tell them to come out.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-15,76,mȗgwa kapsais silatani,mȗgwa\tkapsais\tsilatani,this\tspill\toutside,Empty this (e.g. slop pail) out of doors.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-16,76,ī'la adla ĭn'nūk,ī'la\tadla\tĭn'nūk,he\tanother\tman,That is another man.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-17,76,ababa Kū'nak mani kaili,ababa\tKū'nak\tmani\tkaili,say\tKunak\there\tcome,Tell Kunak to come here.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-25,1,"Da vool ben siddom na tin eksi tappo, a brokko neni.","Da\tfowru\tben\tsidon\tna\ttin\teksi\ttapu,\ta\tbroko\tneni.",DET.SG\tchicken\tPST\tsit\tLOC\tten\tegg\ttop\t3SG.SBJ\tbreak\tnine,"The chicken has been brooding on ten eggs, nine hatched.",,,,written (dictionary) -2-20,2,den seibi lowe srafu,den\tseibi\tlowe\tsrafu,the.PL\tseven\trunaway\tslave,the seven runaway slaves,,,,naturalistic written -3-11,3,dɛɛ tu wɔmi,dɛɛ\ttu\twɔmi,DEF.PL\ttwo\tman,the two men,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-7,4,Mi abi dii baala.,Mi\tabi\tdii\tbaala.,I\thave\tthree\tbrother,I have three brothers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-12,5,chrii taim,chrii\ttaim,three\ttime,three times,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-13,5,twelv yeer,twelv\tyeer,twelve\tyear,twelve years of age,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-7,6,tri cyar,tri\tcyar,NUM\tcar,three cars,,,,constructed by linguist -7-10,7,tu bok,tu\tbok,two\tbook,two books,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-11,7,I gyel we Taalboi laik ha tu pikni.,I\tgyel\twe\tTaalboi\tlaik\tha\ttu\tpikni.,ART\tgirl\tREL\tTallboy\tlike\thave\ttwo\tchild,The girl whom Tallboy likes has two children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-12,7,tu bootlood a piiplo,tu\tboot-lood\ta\tpiiplo,two\tboat-load\tof\tpeople,two boats filled with people,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-7,8,Dem tiif di faiv buk outa di shap.,Dem\ttiif\tdi\tfaiv\tbuk\touta\tdi\tshap.,3PL\tsteal\tDET\tfive\tbook\tout.of\tDET\tstore,They stole the five books from the store.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-15,9,nayti tawzen galan a di bonka ayl,nayti\ttawzen\tgalan\ta\tdi\tbonka\tayl,ninety\tthousand\tgallon\tof\tthe\tBunker\toil,"90,000 gallons of the Bunker oil",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-7,10,Dis uman gat trii pikniny.,Dis\tuman\tgat\ttrii\tpikniny.,DEM\twoman\tget\tthree\tchild,This woman had three children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-10,11,Iz a hondred an siksti-faiv ierz nou sins dei get frii.,Iz\ta\thondred\tan\tsiksti-faiv\tier-z\tnou\tsins\tdei\tget\tfrii.,COP.PRS\tART.INDF\thundred\tand\tsixty-five\tyear-PL\tnow\tsince\t3PL\tget\tfree,It’s a hundred and sixty-five years now since they got free.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-11,11,trii chalinj,trii\tchalinj,three\tchallenge,three challenges,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-8,12,"Yeah, a card game. You get five card, and you play. [And how does that work? ...] OK, you have - you have - like if you have two eights, that's a pair, hey, if you have two nines, that's a pair, anything you have al- alike, that's a pair, and four card now and you keep on your hand, if you pick that, then you win.",[...]\tfive\tcard\t[...]\ttwo\teights\t[...]\ttwo\tnines\t[...]\tfour\tcard\t[...].,[...]\tNUM\tcard[PL]\t[...]\tNUM\teight.PL\t[...]\tNUM\tnine.PL\t[...]\tNUM\tcard[PL]\t[...],[You get] five cards [...] [if you have] two eights [...] [if you have] two nines [...] [and] four cards [now] [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-8,13,twelve cent,twelve\tcent,NUM\tcent,twelve cents,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-8,14,four books,four\tbooks,four\tbook.PL,four books,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-9,14,two boy,two\tboy,two\tboys,two boys,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-7,15,tu titi,tu\ttiti,two\tgirl,two girls,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-11,16,"fɔ waif, twɛnti pikins","fɔ\twaif,\ttwɛnti\tpikins",four\twife\ttwenty\tchild.PL,"four wives, twenty children",,,,naturalistic spoken -16-12,16,"dɛ̀m giv ɛvribɔdi olɔnka wan, bīs olɔnka wan","dɛ̀m\tgiv\tɛvribɔdi\tolɔnka\twan,\tbīs\tolɔnka\twan",3PL\tgive\teverybody\tolonka\tone\tbeans\tolonka\tone,"They gave everybody one olonka (each), one olonka of beans (each).",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-7,17,twe̱nti nyam,twe̱nti\tnyam,twenty\tyam,twenty yams,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-10,18,tu banana,tu\tbanana,two\tbanana,two bananas,,,,published source -19-11,19,È bring tri kasara.,È\tbring\ttri\tkasara.,3SG.SBJ\tbring\tthree\tcassava.,He brought three cassavas.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-10,20,Two piecee man cuttee differencee.,Two\tpiecee\tman\tcuttee\tdifferencee.,two\tCLF\tman\tcut\tdifference,Let us split the difference. OR: The two of us will split the difference.,,,,naturalistic written -20-11,20,Got ten year.,Got\tten\tyear.,got\tten\tyear,There have been ten years.,,,,naturalistic written -22-18,22,tripela haus,tri-pela\thaus,three-MOD\thouse,three houses,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-10,23,I gat tri nyusilan ami oli sik,I\tgat\ttri\tnyusilan\tami\toli\tsik,AGR\thave\tthree\tNew.Zealand\tarmy\tAGR\tsick,There were three guys from the New Zealand army who got sick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-14,24,For gehl u deya.,For\tgehl\tu\tdeya.,four\twoman\tover\tthere,Four women are over there.,,,,naturalistic written -24-15,24,Siks yorlyi el fet iin ya.,Siks\tyorlyi\tel\tfet\tiin\tya.,six\t2PAUC/PL\tcan/able\tfit\tin\there,Six of you can fit in here.,,,,constructed by linguist -25-39,25,"Tubala bin goawei na, kenggaru tubala.","Tubala\tbin\tgoawei\tna,\tkenggaru\ttubala.",3DU\tPST\tgo_away\tnow\tkangaroo\ttwo,"The two went away then, the two kangaroos.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-40,25,Tubala olmen bin lisen langa tubala na.,Tubala\tolmen\tbin\tlisen\tlanga\ttubala\tna.,two\tmen\tPST\tlisten\tLOC\t3DU\tnow,The two men listened to the two (kangaroos) then.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-41,25,"Olman Dadi bin tok la im, G. tubala [...].","Olman\tDadi\tbin\ttok\tla\tim,\tG.\ttubala\t[...].",old.man\tDaddy\tPST\ttalk\tLOC\t3SG\tG.\ttwo\t[...],"The old man, Daddy, said to him, [to] G. and the other one [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-42,25,"Teikim Nawurla tu, jet tubala Nangari ken luk ani laik thet from haiwei.","Teik-im\tNawurla\ttu,\tjet\ttubala\tNangari\tken\tluk\tani\tlaik\tthet\tfrom\thaiwei.",take-TR\tNawurla\ttoo\tDEM\ttwo\tNangari\tcan\tsee\tjust\tlike\tDEM\tfrom\thighway,"Take Nawurla too, those two, Nangari and her, will be able to see it just like that from the highway. (Context: looking for a particular plant)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-43,25,"Bat au fatha bin telim ""na yu kan teikimbek this tu kid"".","Bat\tau\tfatha\tbin\ttel-im\t""na\tyu\tkan\tteik-im-bek\tthis\ttu\tkid"".",but\t1PL.POSS\tfather\tPST\ttell-TR\tno\t2SG\tcan.NEG\ttake-TR-back\tPROX\ttwo\tchild,"But our father told him ""no you can't take back these two kids"".",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-44,25,fo waif,fo\twaif,four\twife,four wives,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-45,25,Fes yu garra putim detlat faib ting la yu finga [...].,Fes\tyu\tgarra\tput-im\tdet-lat\tfaib\tting\tla\tyu\tfinga\t[...].,first\t2SG\tFUT/OBLIG\tput-TR\tDEM-PL\tfive\tthing\tLOC\t2SG\tfinger\t[...],First you have to put those five things in your hand [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-46,25,"Sambala elikopta bin bajimap lilbit daga, maidi tu, thri deis [...] leita.","Sam-bala\telikopta\tbin\tbajimap\tlilbit\tdaga,\tmaidi\ttu,\tthri\tdei-s\t[...]\tleita.",some-ADJ2\thelicopter\tPST\tbring:TR\tlittle.bit\tfood\tmaybe\ttwo\tthree\tday-PL\t[...]\tlater,"Some helicopters brought a little bit of food, maybe two [or] three days later.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-47,25,En ai bin kambek garra det dupala fish la dinakemp.,En\tai\tbin\tkam-bek\tgarra\tdet\tdupala\tfish\tla\tdina-kemp.,and\t1SG\tPST\tcome-back\tCOM/INS\tDEM\ttwo\tfish\tLOC\tdinner-camp,And I came back with the two fish to the picnic spot.,,,,unknown -25-48,25,"Thad wanim na, jei gula dubala, Y. en J. [...] J. dubala.","Thad\twanim\tna,\tjei\tgula\tdubala,\tY.\ten\tJ.\t[...]\tJ.\tdubala.",DEM\twhat's.it\tnow\t3PL\tcall\t3DU\tY.\tand\tJ.\t[...]\tJ.\ttwo,"What's-their-name, they call the two, Y. and J., [...] J. and his brother.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-9,26,eɪtin jɛas ago,eɪtin\tjɛa-s\tago,eighteen\tyear-PL\tago,eighteen years ago,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-8,27,ēn man a ha dri jungkin.,ēn\tman\ta\tha\tdri\tjungkin.,INDF\tman\tPST\thave\tthree\tson,A man had three sons.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-12,28,twe juŋ jɛrma,twe\tjungu\tjɛrma,two\tyoung\twoman,two girls,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-12,29,"een huis, drie huise","een\thuis,\tdrie\thuis-e",one\thouse\tthree\thouse-PL,"one house, three houses",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-12,30,Manel tinha tres katxor ki ta kumeba na pónta di si mésa.,Manel\ttinha\ttres\tkatxor\tki=ta=kume-ba\tna=pónta\tdi=si=mésa.,Manel\thave.ANT\tthree\tdog\tCOMP=IPFV=eat-ANT\tat=edge\tof=3SG.POSS=table,Manel had three dogs that ate at the foot of his table.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-13,31,Es tinha dos tisterna.,Es\ttinha\tdos\ttisterna.,they\thad\ttwo\tcisterns,They had two cisterns.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-14,31,N para tres anu na kontratu.,N\tpara\ttres\tanu\tna\tkontratu.,I\tstayed\tthree\tyear\tin\tcontract,I was contracted for three years.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-8,32,sink amdjer,sink\tamdjer,five\twoman,five women,,,,constructed by linguist -33-9,33,sinku rapas,sinku\trapas,five\tboy,five boys,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-10,34,dos bajuda ku siŋku rapás,dos\tbajuda\tku\tsiŋku\trapás,two\tgirl\twith\tfive\tboy,two girls and five boys,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-11,35,tlêxi manson,tlêxi\tmanson,three\tapple.banana,three apple-bananas,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-12,35,dôsu inen mina mosu se mu,dôsu\tinen\tmina\tmosu\tse\tmu,two\tPL.DEF\tchild\tboy\tDEM\t1SG.POSS,those two boys of mine,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-13,35,inen dôsu manu se,inen\tdôsu\tmanu\tse,3PL.DEF\ttwo\tbrother\tDEM,those two brothers,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-14,35,inen sun se dôsu,inen\tsun\tse\tdôsu,PL.DEF\tman\tDEM\ttwo,these two men,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-7,36,tano litu awa,tano\tlitu\tawa,five\tliter\twater,five liters of water,,,,elicited from speaker -37-7,37,kaxi ũa,kaxi\tũa,house\tone,one house,,,,constructed by linguist -37-8,37,dexi kaxi,dexi\tkaxi,ten\thouse,ten houses,,,,constructed by linguist -38-9,38,batel tisy,batelu\ttesyi,canoe\tthree,three canoes,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-18,39,ũ makak tiŋ i ũ crocodile.,ũ\tmakak\tt-iŋ\ti\tũ\t.,one\tmonkey\tEXIST-PST\tand\tone\tcrocodile,"[Once upon a time], there was a monkey and a crocodile.",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-19,39,Dəpəy də trey di use vẽy voltad.,Dəpəy\tdə\ttrey\tdi\tuse\tvẽy\tvolta-d.,after\tof\tthree\tday\t2\tcome.NPST\treturn-PTCP,You [will] come back in three days.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-11,40,"Tər u͂ mes ya fiko, doy mes ya fiko, trey mes fiko.","Tər\tu͂\tmes\tya\tfiko,\tdoy\tmes\tya\tfiko,\ttrey\tmes\tfiko.",then\tone\tmonth\tPST\tbecome.PST\ttwo\tmonth\tPST\tbecome.PST\tthree\tmonth\tbecome.PST,"So, a month went by, two months passed, and three months passed.",,,,elicited from speaker -41-16,41,inda un doos voo trees pesaan nukuvii,inda\tuŋ\tdoos\tvoo\ttrees\tpesaam\tnuku-vii,yet\tone\ttwo\tINDF\tthree\tperson\tNEG-come,Another two or three people did not come. OR: Another two or three people have not come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-17,41,malvaar avara istintu taan tesirvii doos pesaam,malvaar\tagɔɔra\tisti-ntu\ttaam\tte-sirvii\tdoos\tpesaam,Tamil\tnow\tthis-LOC\talso\tPRS-work\ttwo\tperson,Two Tamils are also working here now. OR: Two Tamils are even working here now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-11,42,dos prau,dos\tprau,two\tboat,two boats,,,,elicited from speaker -43-9,43,[...] su largura ses peo dos dedu.,[...]\tsu\tlargura\tses\tpeo\tdos\tdedu.,[...]\tPOSS.3SG\twidth\tsix\tfoot\ttwo\tfinger,[...] six feet and two fingers wide.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-10,44,tres kobéta,tres\tkobéta,three\tpail,three toilets,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-8,45,Ese primer dos libro el nuevo.,Ese\tprimer\tdos\tlibro\tel\tnuevo.,that\tfirst\ttwo\tbook\tthe\tnew,The new ones are those first two books.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-24,46,Tyéne tres karabáw na kamíno.,Tyéne\ttres\tkarabáw\tna\tkamíno.,EXIST\tthree\twater.buffalo\tLOC\tway/street,There are three water-buffalos on the way.,,,,constructed by linguist -47-21,47,Mi tin ocho ruman.,Mi\ttin\tocho\truman.,1SG\thave\teight\tsibling,I have eight siblings.,,,,published source -48-10,48,tre kasa,tre\tkasa,three\thouse,three houses,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-11,49,Avyon an sot Pòtoprens a senk è.,Avyon\tan\tsot\tPòtoprens\ta\tsenk\tè.,plane\tDEF\tleave\tPort.au.Prince\tat\tfive\thour,The plane left Port-au-Prince at five o' clock.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-11,50,douz timoun,douz\ttimoun,twelve\tchild,twelve children,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-12,51,douz timanmay,douz\ttimanmay,twelve\tchildren,twelve children,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-7,52,trwa timoun chak,trwa\ttimoun\tchak,three\tchildren\teach,three children each,,,,constructed by linguist -53-19,53,senkont piti,senkont\tpiti,fifty\tchild,fifty children,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-15,54,trwa banann,trwa\tbanann,three\tbanana,three bananas,,,,constructed by linguist -55-13,55,duz mwa,duz\tmwa,twelve\tmonth,twelve months,,,,constructed by linguist -56-21,56,kat tanbour,kat\ttanbour,four\tdrum,four drums,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-7,57,na trwa loto pu lja,na\ttrwa\tloto\tpu\tlja,EXIST\tthree\tcar\tPREP\t3SG.M.POSS,He has three cars.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-127,57,na nde mbetaj pu per ava,na\tnde\tmbetaj\tpu\tper\tava,EXIST\ttwo\tox\tPREP\tfather\tbefore,"Before, the father had two oxen.",,,,naturalistic spoken -58-9,58,mwana/muntu mosi,mwana/muntu\tmosi,child/person\tone,one child/person,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-10,58,bana/bantu zole,bana/bantu\tzole,child/person\ttwo,two children/people,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-23,59,melenge ti lo oko amu koli,melenge\tti\tlo\toko\ta-mu\tkoli,child\tof\t3SG\tone\tPM-take\tman,His one child got married.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-24,59,melenge ti lo ni adu melenge ti koli oko,melenge\tti\tlo\tni\ta-du\tmelenge\tti\tkoli\toko,child\tof\t3SG\tDET\tPM-bear\tchild\tof\tmale\tone,His child gave birth to one son.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-25,59,"wali ni, lo oko la (a)ke lango na ya ti da","wali\tni,\tlo\toko\tla\t(a)ke\tlango\tna\tya\tti\tda",woman\tDET\t3SG\tone\tFOC\t(PM-)COP\tsleep\tPREP\tbelly\tof\thouse,The woman alone slept in the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-26,59,lo mu na ni ye oko ape,lo\tmu\tna\tni\tye\toko\tape,3SG\tgive\tPREP\tDET\tthing\tone\tNEG,[Her mother said] that she (the daughter) didn't give her anything.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-27,59,so kwe ata ti lo ni ake ma meme ye oko na ya ni ape,so\tkwe\tata\tti\tlo\tni\ta-ke\tma\t\tye\toko\tna\tya\tni\tape,DEM\tall\tgrandmother\tof\t3SG\tDET\tSM-COP\thear\teven\tthing\tone\tPREP\tbelly\tDET\tNEG,Of all this her grandmother didn't observe one thing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-7,60,mibáli míbalé,mibáli\tmíbalé,men\ttwo,two men,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-6,61,mabili fan,mabili\tfan,two\tboy,two boys OR: two sons,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-6,62,vigí vinú víáta iʔí ní vighó,vigi\tvi-nu\tví-ata\tiʔí\tní\tvi-ghó,things\t8-two\t8-be\there\tis\t8-my,The two things here are mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-7,63,yal-á tísa,yal-á\ttísa,child-PL\tnine,nine children,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-11,64,árba yom,árba\tyom,four\tday,four days,,,,elicited from speaker -64-12,64,kámsa wa iʃrín náfar,kámsa\twa\tiʃrín\tnáfar,five\tand\ttwenty\tindividual,twenty-five individuals,,,,elicited from speaker -64-13,64,alf bagarát,alf\tbagar-át,one.thousand\tcow-PL,one thousand cows,,,,elicited from speaker -65-17,65,Təri rubəli mala mala kuʃi.,Təri\trubəli\tmala\tmala\tkuʃi.,three\trouble\tsmall\tsmall\teat,Three roubles are enough to have a small meal.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-18,65,"Dwa mamka byla papa, dwa ʒenʃ'ina.","Dwa\tmamka\tbyla\tpapa,\tdwa\tʒenʃ'ina.",two\tmother\tCOP.PFV\tfather\ttwo\twoman,"Father had two wifes, two women.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-16,67,"Saya ada dua anak, satu jantan, satu perempuan.","Saya\tada\tdua\tanak,\tsatu\tjantan,\tsatu\tperempuan.",1SG\thave\ttwo\tchild\tone\tmale\tone\tfemale,"I have two children, one son [and] one daughter.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-9,68,tuju orang bidadari,tuju\torang\tbidadari,seven\tCLF\tnymph,seven nymphs,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-10,68,parangpuang tuju,parangpuang\ttuju,woman\tseven,seven women,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-9,69,aykum kundamwin,aykum\tkundamwin,woman\ttwo,two women,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-7,70,Ham lekeao dui katon stabi.,Ham\tlekeao\tdui\tkaton\tstabi.,1SG\tbring\ttwo\tcarton\tstubby,I brought two cartons of stubbies.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-10,71,Ekolu kepani hopu kela Ahana.,Ekolu\tkepani\thopu\tkela\tAhana.,four\tJapanese\tseize\tDET\tAhana,Four Japanese men seized Ahana.,,,,naturalistic written -72-12,72,Nyawa jirribala malyju dei bin lukaran bo kirrawa.,Nyawa\tjirri-bala\tmalyju\tdei\tbin\tluk-aran\tbo\tkirrawa.,this\tthree-NUM\tboy\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tlook-around\tDAT\tgoanna,These three boys are searching for goannas.,,,1c0300805dda5144492a634a4fa849ae,narrative -72-13,72,"Imin grabim im leg wanbala, nyilangku pujikattu.","Im-in\tgrab-im\tim\tleg\twanbala,\tnyila-ngku\tpujikat-tu.",3SG-PST\tgrab-TR\t3SG\tleg\tone\tthat-ERG\tcat-ERG,That cat grabbed one of his legs.,,,9cc0a0dac55c18ac3142664ae0800aac,naturalistic spoken -73-9,73,sinku botillada,sinku\tbotilla-da,five\tbottle-ACC,five bottles,,,,elicited from speaker -74-13,74,ixt but,ixt\tbut,one\tboat,one boat,,,,constructed by linguist -74-14,74,makwst but,makwst\tbut,two\tboat,two boats,,,,constructed by linguist -74-15,74,ixt man,ixt\tman,one\tman,one man,,,,narrative -75-28,75,kat lii sheezh,kat\tlii\tsheezh,four\tART.PL\tchair,four chairs,,,,elicited from speaker -75-29,75,Peeyak miina ota takopayiw enn fiy.,Peeyak\tmiina\tota\ttako-pay-iw\tenn\tfiy.,one\talso\there\tarrive-MOVE-3SG\tINDF.ART.F\tgirl,One more girl has arrived here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -76-18,76,malo okio aipani,malo\tokio\taipani,two\twinter\tlong.ago,two winters ago,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-19,76,"awoñ'a ca'vik ai'tcū, ila awoñ'a ekal'luk ta'llimat a'itcū","awoñ'a\tca'vik\tai'tcū,\tila\tawoñ'a\tekal'luk\tta'llimat\ta'itcū",I\tknife\tgive\the\tI\tfish\tfive\tgive,I gave him a knife (for which) he gave me five fish.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-26,1,"Bikasi allasanni, dissi buku takki va mi, sa komm so.","Bikasi\tala-sani,\tdisi\tbuku\ttaki\tfu\tmi,\tsa\tkom\tso.",because\tall-thing\tREL\tbook\tsay\tof\t1SG\tFUT\tcome\tso,Because everything that the Book says about me will happen like that.,,,,written -1-27,1,Den zomma disi brokke da koffi na zabatim den no moese myki zoo menni balibali lange da zinge.,Den\tsoma\tdisi\tbroko\tda\tkofi\tna\tsabaten\tden\tno\tmusu\tmeki\tso-meni\tbabari\tnanga\tda\tsingi.,DET.PL\tpeople\tREL\tbreak\tDET.SG\tcoffee\tat\tevening\t3PL\tNEG\tmust\tmake\tso-much\tshouting\twith\tDET.SG\tsinging,The people that will peel coffee beans tonight (they) mustn’t make so much noise with their singing.,,,,written -1-28,1,"Wan uman ben de dapeh, dissi habi wan jeje vo siki sinsi tin na aiti jari.","Wan\tuma\tben\tde\tdape,\tdisi\thabi\twan\tyeye\tfu\tsiki\tsensi\ttin\tna\taiti\tyari.",ART.INDF.SG\twoman\tPST\tCOP\tthere\tREL\thave\tART.INDF.SG\tspirit\tof\tillness\tsince\tten\tat\teight\tyear,"There was a woman there, who had a spirit of infirmity for eighteen years.",,,,written -1-29,1,Soema dée diesie dee aksie na joe.,Soma\tde\tdisi\tde\taksi\tna\tyu.,person\tbe.there\tREL\tASP\task\tfor\t2SG,There are people who are asking for you.,,,,written -2-21,2,a man di gi mi a papira,a\tman\tdi\tgi\tmi\ta\tpapira,DET\tman\tREL\tgive\tme\tDET\tpaper,the man who gave me the paper,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-22,2,a tori disi san mi e go taki,a\ttori\tdisi\tsan\tmi\te\tgo\ttaki,DET\tstory\tDEM\tREL\t1SG\tIPFV\tgo\ttalk,the story that I’m going to tell,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-12,3,dɛɛ womi dɛɛ mi wɔɔkɔ ku dɛ,dɛɛ\twomi\tdɛɛ\tmi\twɔɔkɔ\tku\tdɛ,DEF.PL\tman\tREL.PL\t1SG\twork\twith\t3PL,the men that I work with,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-8,4,A peesi di mi e tan abi wan moy kiiki.,A\tpeesi\tdi\tmi\te\ttan\tabi\twan\tmoy\tkiiki.,DET.SG\tplace\tREL\t1SG\tIPFV\tstay\thave\tone\tnice\tcreek,The place where I live has a nice creek.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-14,5,ayu na ga non wo doz oopn mashiin an so?,ayu\tna\tga\tnon\two\tdoz\toopn\tmashiin\tan\tso?,2PL\tNEG\thave\tnone\tREL\tHAB\topen\tmachine\tand\tsuch,Don't you have any that opens machines and other such things?,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-15,5,di man wa de pan di rood ii chupit baad,di\tman\twa\tde\tpan\tdi\trood\tii\tchupit\tbaad,DEF\tman\tREL\tLOC\tPREP\tDEF\troad\t3SG\tstupid\tbad,The man who is on the road is very stupid.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-8,6,de woman weh mek de pilau,de\twoman\tweh\tmek\tde\tpilau,DET\twoman\tREL.PRO\tmake\tDET\tpilau,the woman who made the pilau,,,,elicited from speaker -7-13,7,I gyel we/da taalboi laik ha tu pikni.,I\tgyel\twe/da\ttaalboi\tlaik\tha\ttu\tpikni.,ART\tgirl\tREL\ttallboy\tlike\thave\ttwo\tchild,The girl whom Tallboy likes has two children.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-14,7,Mi waa suhmting outa di chek we yu get.,Mi\twaa\tsuhm-ting\tout-a\tdi\tchek\twe\tyu\tget.,1SG\twant\tsome-thing\tout-of\tthe\tcheck\tREL\tyou\tget,I want something from the check which you got.,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-8,8,Wi fain di moni we Jan laas.,Wi\tfain\tdi\tmoni\twe\tJan\tlaas.,1PL\tfind\tDET\tmoney\tREL\tJohn\tlose,We found the money that John lost.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-16,9,Maskin me ownli de tiŋk bowt di trezha we i me las.,Maskin\tme\townli\tde\ttiŋk\tbowt\tdi\ttrezha\twe\ti\tme\tlas.,Maskin\tANT\tonly\tPROG\tthink\tabout\tthe\ttreasure\tREL\t3SG\tANT\tlose,Maskin was only thinking about the treasure that he had lost.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-17,9,di kwaat badl we yu de luk fa,di\tkwaat\tbadl\twe\tyu\tde\tluk\tfa,the\tquart\tbottle\tREL\t2SG\tPROG\tlook\tfor,the quart bottles that you are looking for,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-8,10,Yu sii dis man we kom iin rait now?,Yu\tsii\tdis\tman\twe\tkom\tiin\trait\tnow?,2SG\tsee\tDEM\tman\tREL\tcome\tin\tright\tnow,Do you see this man who is coming in right now?,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-12,11,Iin di praimari skuul we Ai wook wi hav seventiin tiichaz.,Iin\tdi\tpraimari\tskuul\twe\tAi\twook\twi\thav\tseventiin\ttiicha-z.,in\tART.DEF\tprimary\tschool\tREL\t1SG\twork\t1PL\thave\tseventeen\tteacher-PL,In the primary school where I work there are seventeen teachers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-13,11,So di wan we aansa di bes iz di wan we get di fors plees.,So\tdi\twan\twe\taansa\tdi\tbes\tiz\tdi\twan\twe\tget\tdi\tfors\tplees.,so\tART.DEF\tone\tREL\tanswer\tART.DEF\tbest\tCOP.PRS\tART.DEF\tone\tREL\tget\tART.DEF\tfirst\tplace,So the one who gives the best answer wins the first prize.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-9,12,January just make him thirteen. January what gone make him thirteen.,[...]\tJanuary\twhat\tgone\tmake\thim\tthirteen.,[...]\tJanuary\tREL\tgo\PFV\tmake[PFV]\thim\tthirteen,[He just turned thirteen in January.] He turned thirteen last January (= the January that just passed).,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-9,13,dem people what go dere,dem\tpeople\twhat\tgo\tdere,DEM\tpeople\tREL\tgo\tthere,the people who go there,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-10,13,de person who de hag da ride,de\tperson\twho\tde\thag\tda\tride,the\tperson\tREL\tthe\thag\tIPFV\tride,the person who the hag is riding,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-8,15,"Da buk we yu bin gi mi, a dɔn lɔs am.","Da\tbuk\twe\tyu\tbin\tgi\tmi,\ta\tdɔn\tlɔs\tam.",ART\tbook\tREL\t2SG\tPST\tgive\tme\t1SG\tPFV\tlose\tit,I have misplaced the book that you gave me.,,,,naturalistic written -16-13,16,pipu we dɛm dè dè wɔʧ dɛ fiʃ,pipu\twe\tdɛm\tdè\tdè\twɔʧ\tdɛ\tfiʃ,people\tCOMP\t3PL\t3PL\tHAB\twatch\tART\tfish,people who minded the fish,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-8,17,À si dì man we̱ ìm bin cho̱p.,À\tsi\tdì\tman\twe̱\tìm\tbin\tcho̱p.,1SG.SBJ\tsee\tART.DEF\tman\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\tANT\teat,I saw the man who ate.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-11,18,Dat man we a bin si i.,Dat\tman\twe\ta\tbin\tsi\ti.,that\tman\tREL\t1SG\tPST\tsee\t3SG,The man that I saw.,,,,unspecified -19-12,19,Mi nà wan human we à siryɔs.,Mi\tnà\twan\thuman\t[we\tà\tsiryɔs].,1SG.EMPH\tCOP\tone\twoman\t[SUBORD\t1SG.SBJ\tbe.serious],I (emphasis) am a woman who is serious.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-13,20,"Me thinkey you one very good man, one man what know justice and law.","Me\tthinkey\tyou\tone\tvery\tgood\tman,\tone\tman\twhat\tknow\tjustice\tand\tlaw.",1SG\tthink\t2SG\tART.INDF\tvery\tgood\tman\tART.INDF\tman\twhat\tknow\tjustice\tand\tlaw,"I think you are a good man, one who knows justice and the law.",,,,naturalistic written -21-11,21,The boy pinch my sister one very naughty.,The\tboy\tpinch\tmy\tsister\tone\tvery\tnaughty.,DET\tboy\tpinch\t1SG.POSS\tsister\tREL\tvery\tnaughty,The boy who pinches/pinched my sister is very naughty.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-12,21,the way that acrolectal speakers say it,the way that acrolectal speakers say it,,the way that acrolectal speakers say it,,,,constructed by linguist -22-19,22,Mi lukim ol dok i ranim pik bilong mi.,Mi\tluk-im\tol\tdok\ti\tran-im\tpik\tbilong\tmi.,1SG\tsee-TR\tPL\tdog\tPM\trun-TR\tpig\tPOSS\t1SG,I saw the dogs that chased my pig.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-20,22,I gat wanpla lapun meri em sa stap long hap.,I\tgat\twanpla\tlapun\tmeri\tem\tsa\tstap\tlong\thap.,PM\tgot\tone\told\twoman\t3SG\tHAB\tstay\tat\tside,There was an old woman who stayed there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-21,22,Dedi blo mi bin lukim wanpla krokodail we em i traim lo atekim mipla.,Dedi\tblo\tmi\tbin\tluk-im\twan-pla\tkrokodail\twe\tem\ti\ttraim\tlo\tatek-im\tmipla.,father\tPOSS\t1SG\tPST\tsee-TR\tone-MOD\tcrocodile\tREL\t3SG\tPM\ttry\tto\tattack-TR\t1PL.EXCL,My father saw a crocodile which tried to attack us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-11,23,from hem i wan pikinini we hem i no save hangri,from\them\ti\twan\tpikinini\twe\them\ti\tno\tsave\thangri,because\t3SG\tAGR\tINDF.ART\tchild\tREL\t3SG\tAGR\tNEG\tHAB\thungry,because he's a child who doesn't feel hungry [but then gets headaches if he hasn't eaten],,,,naturalistic spoken -23-12,23,"woman we hem i aot finis, hem i pem buk ia","woman\twe\them\ti\taot\tfinis,\them\ti\tpem\tbuk\tia",woman\tREL\t3SG\tAGR\tout\tCOMPL\t3SG\tAGR\tbuy\tbook\tDEF,"The woman who left already, she bought that book.",,,,constructed by linguist -24-17,24,Ai si aa gehl gwen a maeri Chaali.,Ai si aa gehl gwen a maeri Chaali.,1SG see DET.DEF.SG woman FUT marry Charley,I saw the woman who is going to marry Charley.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-49,25,"Thei bin oldei faindim, thet [...] goana, we imin oldei klaimap.","Thei\tbin\toldei\tfaind-im,\tthet\t[...]\tgoana,\twe\tim=in\toldei\tklaim-ap.",3PL\tPST\talways\tfind-TR\tDEM\t[...]\tgoanna\tSUBORD\t3SG=PST\talways\tclimb-up,They used to find the [...] goanna when it used to climb up. OR: They used to find any goanna that climbed up.,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-50,25,"Thet bekbon bla im en teil, yuno, wanim kipgon krejim.","Thet\tbekbon\tbla\tim\ten\tteil,\tyuno,\twan=im\tkip-gon\tkrej-im.",DEM\tback\tDAT/POSS\t3SG\tand\ttail\tyou_know\tSUBORD=SG\tkeep-going\tscratch-TR,"Its back and tail, you know, when it keeps digging. (Refering to a goanna)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-51,25,Imin daib rait la jat krokadail wea imin nesimbat dat faiya.,Im=in\tdaib\trait\tla\tjat\tkrokadail\twea\tim=in\tnes-im-bat\tdat\tfaiya.,3SG=PST\tdive\tright\tLOC\tDEM\tcrocodile\tSUBORD\t3SG=PST\tnurse-TR-PROG\tDEM\tfire,It dove right to the crocodile which was looking after the fire.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-52,25,Tubala kamin hiya we imin habim tubala marrug.,Tubala\tkam-in\thiya\twe\tim=in\thab-im\ttubala\tmarrug.,two\tcome-PROG2\there\tSUBORD\t3SG=PST\thave-TR\ttwo\thidden,"The two are coming here, the ones that he (a white man) had kept hidden away. (Context: a narrative about the escape of the speaker and her classificatory sister from a station where, as young girls, they were kept for domestic labour - quoting a familiy member when they reached their family living in the hill country.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-53,25,Gunjumarra min bla mibala bos wanim tijing as yuno?,Gunjumarra\tmin\tbla\tmibala\tbos\twan=im\ttij-ing\tas\tyuno?,boss\tmeans\tDAT/POSS\t1PL.EXCL\tboss\tSUBORD=3SG\tteach-PROG2\t1PL.EXCL.OBJ\tyou.know,"""Gunjumarra"" means our boss who is teaching us, you know?",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-54,25,Thei bin frait [...] we thei bin katim.,Thei\tbin\tfrait\t[...]\twe\tthei\tbin\tkat-im.,3PL\tPST\tfrightened/fear\t[...]\tSUBORD\t3PL\tPST\tcut-TR,"They were afraid, since they cut him. (i.e. cut his finger off)",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-55,25,Yu ken ji jet fingganeil trek we im openim.,Yu\tken\tji\tjet\tfingga-neil\ttrek\twe\tim\topen-im.,2SG\tcan\tsee\tDEM\tfinger-nail\ttrack\tSUBORD\t3SG\topen-TR,You can see the claws' track where it comes out into the open. (talking about a goanna [large lizard]),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-56,25,Thet the kenggaru na langa hil we im jidan.,Thet\tthe\tkenggaru\tna\tlanga\thil\twe\tim\tjidan.,DEM\tEQ.COP\tkangaroo\tnow\tLOC\thill\tSUBORD\t3SG\tstay,(Discussing animal names:) That's the kangaroo that lives in the hills.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-57,25,"Oletaim, yuno, wa mibala bin la steshen.","Oletaim,\tyuno,\twa\tmibala\tbin\tla\tsteshen.",always\tyou.know\tSUBORD\t1PL\tPST\tLOC\tstation,"All the time, you know, when/that we were on the station.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-58,25,"Ola munanga, dei bin kraikrai bla alabat bisnis dei bin lusim [...].","Ola\tmunanga,\tdei\tbin\tkrai~krai\tbla\talabat\tbisnis\tdei\tbin\tlus-im\t[...].",PL\tnon-Aboriginal\t3PL\tPST\tRED.cry\tDAT/POSS\t3PL\tbusiness\t3PL\tPST\tlose-TR\t[...],"The non-Aboriginals, they were crying for their businesses which they lost [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-59,25,Mindubala go ngarra la thatlat biginini ani kambek burrum Dupuma.,Mindubala\tgo\tngarra\tla\tthat-lat\tbiginini\tani\tkam-bek\tburrum\tDupuma.,1DU.EXCL\tgo\tlook.for\tLOC\tDEM-PL\tchild\tPOT\tcome-back\tfrom\tDhupuma,We're going to look for the children who will come back from Dhupuma (College). OR: We're going to look for the children who are coming back from Dhupuma (College).,,,,unknown -25-60,25,Mindubala go ngarra la thatlat biginini weya alabat ani kambek burrum Dupuma.,Mindubala\tgo\tngarra\tla\tthat-lat\tbiginini\tweya\talabat\tani\tkam-bek\tburrum\tDupuma.,1DU.EXCL\tgo\tlook.for\tLOC\tDEM-PL\tchild\tSUBORD\t3PL\tPOT\tcome-back\tfrom\tDhupuma,We're going to look for the children who will come back from Dhupuma (College). OR: We're going to look for the children who are coming back from Dhupuma (College).,,,,unknown -26-10,26,ʃi da wan hu da fə˞s wɛn ʃo mi wɛ da bal,ʃi\tda\twan\t[hu\tda\tfə˞s\twɛn\tʃo\tmi\twɛ\tda\tbal],she\tART\tone\t[REL\tART\tfirst\tPST.PFV\tshow\t1SG.OBL\twhere\tART\tball],She was the one who was the first to show me where the ball was.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-11,26,id kam tu ɾa saɪz wad ji wan,id\tkam\ttu\tɾa\tsaɪz\t[wad\tji\twan],3SG\tcome\tto\tART\tsize\t[REL\t2SG\twant],It comes to the size which you want.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-9,27,Dan sinu a bli tu op alma di suku sinu wa sinu a gōi a ton fo ma rhum fo di fəlḗ̄gen wēk.,Dan\tsinu\ta\tbli\ttu\top\talma\tdi\tsuku\tsinu\twa\tsinu\ta\tgōi\ta\tton\tfo\tma\trhum\tfo\tdi\tfəlḗ̄gen\twēk.,then\t3PL\tPST\tstay\tcover\tup\tall\tDET\tsugar\t3PL\twhat\t3PL\tPST\tthrow\tLOC\tbarrel\tfor\tmake\trum\tfor\tDET\tnext\tweek,Then they stayed to cover up all the sugar canes that they threw in the barrel to make rum for the next week.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-13,28,nasi wa poko di gu wat eni lup sopi,anansi\twa\tpoko\tdi\tgutu\twati\teni\tlupu\tsopi,Anancy\tPST\tlike\tthe\tthing\twhat\t3PL\tcall\trum,Anancy liked this thing which is called rum.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-14,28,o ha gati wanga di mingi das paka,o\tha\tgati\twanga\tdi\tmingi\tdas\tpaka,3SG\thave\thole\twhere\tthe\twater\tHAB\temerge,There are holes where the water comes out (lit. It has holes where the water comes out).,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-13,29,"Die man wat gister kom kuier het, bly in hierdie hotel.","Die\tman\twat\tgister\tkom\tkuier\thet,\tbly\tin\thierdie\thotel.",DEF.ART\tman\tREL\tyesterday\tcome\tvisit\tPST\tstays\tin\tPROX.DEM\thotel,The man who paid us a visit yesterday is staying in this hotel.,,,,naturalistic written -30-13,30,"[...], e txoma Iáni ki ka kudi.","[...],\te=txoma\tIáni\tki=ka=kudi.",[...]\t3SG=call\tIáni\tCOMP=NEG=answer,"[...], she called for Iáni, who didn't answer.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-14,30,"Gomis labánta, e buska si jéru k'el ka átxa.","Gomis\tlabánta,\te=buska\tsi=jéru\tk=el=ka=átxa.",Gomis\tget.up\t3SG=search\t3SG.POSS=son.in.law\tCOMP=3SG=NEG=find,"Gomis stood up and looked for his son-in-law, whom he didn't find.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-15,30,"Mudjer tinha se madrinha, k'éra un mudjer ki mudjer tinha mutu amizádi ku el.","Mudjer\ttinha\tse=madrinha,\tk=éra\tun=mudjer\tki=mudjer\ttinha\tmutu\tamizádi\tku=el.",woman\thave.ANT\t3SG.POSS=godmother\tCOMP=be.ANT\tART.INDF=woman\tCOMP=woman\thave.ANT\tmuch\tfriendship\twith=3SG,"The woman had a godmother, who was a woman that the woman was good friends with.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-15,31,Tenhi un omi grandi ki ta txoma Nho Djiku.,Tenhi\tun\tomi\tgrandi\tki\tta\ttxoma\tNho\tDjiku.,had\ta\tman\told\tREL\tASP\tcall\tNho\tDjiku,There was an old man who was called Nho Djiku.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-16,31,N ten fidju ki ten seti fidju.,N\tten\tfidju\tki\tten\tseti\tfidju.,I\thave\tchild\tCOMP\thave\tseven\tchild,I have a child that has seven children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-9,32,[...] purtugês k inda tinha negos li.,[...]\tpurtugês\tk\tinda\ttinha\tnegos\tli.,[...]\tPortuguese\tREL\tstill\thave.PST\tbusiness\there,[...] the Portuguese who still had businesses here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-10,33,N misti panya dus lagartus ku ngana n.,N\tmisti\tpanya\tdus\tlagartu-s\tku\tngana\tn.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tcatch\ttwo\tscoundrel-PL\tREL\tdeceive\t1SG.OBJ,I want to catch two scoundrels that deceived me.,,,,naturalistic written -34-11,34,Kasa ku N wojá i burmeju.,Kasa\tku\tN\tø\twojá\tø\ti\tburmeju.,house\tREL.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsee\tPFV\tCOP\tred,The house that I have seen is red.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-15,35,ja se ku non bi,ja\tse\tku\tnon\tbi,day\tDEM\tREL\t1PL\tcome,the day we came,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-16,35,Mina se ku n sa ku ê ni tlaxi sa mina dê.,Mina\tse\tku\tn\tsa\tku\tê\tni\ttlaxi\tsa\tmina\tdê.,child\tDEM\tREL\t1SG\tbe\twith\t3SG\ton\tback\tCOP\tchild\t3SG.POSS,The child I have on my back is her child.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-8,36,A na ta ngê ki m'me minhu wa.,A\tna\tta\tngê\tki\tm'me\tminhu\twa.,INDF\tNEG\tknow\tperson\tREL\teat\tmaize\tNEG,One doesn't know who ate the maize.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-9,37,omi sê ki vika ni,omi\tsê\tki\tvika\tni,man\tDEM\tREL\tcome\there,the man who came here,,,,constructed by linguist -38-10,38,Amu mata layansyi bisa xodyiãnmu osesyi.,Amu\tmata\tlayá-syi\tbi-sa\txodyian-mu\tosesyi.,1SG\tkill\tspider-DEM\tANT-be\troom-1SG\tthen,I killed the spider that was in my room.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-11,38,Amu saxa fundá kusaxa mému.,Amu\tsaxa\tfunda\tku-sa-xa\tmé-mu.,1SG\thave\tpacket\tREL-be-thing\tmother-1SG,I have a packet that is for my mother.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-12,38,Novasyi ku adanoe bi sa wan nova gav.,Nova-syi\tku\ta-da-no-e\tbi\tsa\twan\tnova\tgavu.,news-DEM\tCONJ\t3.GENER-give-1PL-ADV\tANT\tbe\tART\tnews\tgood,The news he gave us was fine.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-13,38,Xadyi no xatae sa xa tudyia.,Xadyi\tno\txata-iai\tsa\txa\ttudyia.,house\t1PL\tlive-ADV\tbe\tthing\told,The house that we live in is very old.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-20,39,ikəl raprig ki vẽdew jɔrnal,ikəl\traprig\tki\tvẽde-w\tjɔrnal,DEM\tgirl\tREL\tsell-PST\tnewspaper,the girl who sold (me) the newspaper,,,,elicited from speaker -39-21,39,Yo ẽkətro pə ikəl ɔm kwɔl use falo.,Yo\tẽkətr-o\tpə\tikəl\tɔm\tkwɔl\tuse\tfal-o.,1SG\tmeet-PST\tACC\tDEM\tman\tREL\t2\tspeak-PST,I met the man you said.,,,,constructed by linguist -39-22,39,Ikəl di ki yo viw a use tiŋ muyt sɔl.,Ikəl\tdi\tki\tyo\tvi-w\ta\tuse\tt-iŋ\tmuyt\tsɔl.,DEM\tday\tREL\t1SG\tsee-PST\tACC\t2\tEXIST-PST\tmuch\tsun,The day that I saw you was very sunny.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-12,40,"Akə ɔm ɔ͂t ki yawe, Janna pel ulyo.","Akə\tɔm\tɔ͂t\tki\tyawe,\tJanna\tpel\tulyo.",that\tman\tyesterday\tREL\tcame\tJanna\tOBJ.3SG\tsee.PST,Janna saw the man who came yesterday.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-13,40,Janna pəkə ɔm julyo ɔ͂t ki yawe.,Janna\tpəkə\tɔm\tjulyo\tɔ͂t\tki\tyawe.,Janna\tOBJ.that\tman\tPST.see.PST\tyesterday\tREL\tcame,Janna saw that man who came yesterday.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-123,40,"Akə ɔm Mari ɔ̃t ki ulyo, el tɛ aki oʤ.","Akə\tɔm\tMari\tɔ̃t\tki\tulyo,\tel\ttɛ\taki\toʤ.",that\tman\tMari\tyesterday\tREL\tsee.PST\t3SG\tCOP.PRS\there\ttoday,The man who Mari saw yesterday is here today.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-1,41,tɔɔna voos isti ravkiin kikustumaa jeentispa uŋ gɔɔta bata laraa; uŋ gɔɔta regulaadu kustumaa falaatu,tɔɔna\tvoos\tisti\t[ravkiin\tki-kustumaa]\tjeentis-pa\tuŋ\tgɔɔta\tbataa\tlaraa;\tuŋ\tgɔɔta\tregulaadu\tkustumaa\tfalaatu,afterwards\t2SG\tthis\t[violin\tHAB-practice]\tpeople-ACC\ta\tlittle\thit\tPFV\ta\tlittle\tregularly\tpractice\tQUOT,"Then shake up these people who are practicing violin a little, telling them to practice regularly.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-18,41,"senaa nosantu teem meshiin kera see, botuspa poy venda","senaa\tnosa-ntu\tteem\tmeshiin\tkera\tsee,\tbotus-pa\tpooy\tvenda",or\t1PL.GEN-LOC\tPRS.be\tmachine\twant\tCOND\t2.HON-DAT\tHABIL\tsell,"Or else, if you want the machine that we have (lit. that is with us), we can sell it to you (lit. Or else, if you want the machine that is with us, we can sell it to you).",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-12,42,tantu yo sa kambra-kambradu ki ja bai skola pun ja bai fora di tera,tantu\tyo\tsa\tkambra-kambradu\tki\tja\tbai\tskola\tpun\tja\tbai\tfora\tdi\ttera,many\t1SG\tGEN\tfriend-friend\tREL\tPRF\tgo\tschool\talso\tPFV\tgo\tout\tof\tcountry,"Many of my friends who went to school, too, left the country.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-13,42,jenti konta stori rainya omi,jenti\tkonta\tstori\trainya\tomi,person\ttell\tstory\tqueen\tman,People who tell traditional stories (stori rainya) are men. OR: The person who tells traditional stories is a man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-10,43,mati mati ki dja fika pedra,mati\tmati\tki\tdja\tfika\tpedra,shell\tshell\tREL\tPFV\tbecome\tstone,petrified shells (lit. shells that have become stones),,,,pedagogical grammar -44-11,44,Kel muhér ya biní akí andinánti ta trabahá ayá na iglésya.,Kel\tmuhér\tya\tbiní\takí\tandinánti\tta\ttrabahá\tayá\tna\tiglésya.,DEF\twoman\tPFV\tcome\there\tearlier\tIPFV\twork\tthere\tLOC\tchurch,The woman who came here earlier works there at the church.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-12,44,Kel a-konosé bo ómbri agóra mi ermáno.,[Kel\ta-konosé\tbo\tómbri\tagóra]\tmi\termáno.,[that\tPFV-know\tyou\tman\ttoday]\tmy\tbrother,The man you met today is my brother.,,,,written (grammar) -45-9,45,Cosa el titulo del libro que tu ta lee?,Cosa\tel\ttitulo\tdel\tlibro\tque\ttu\tta\tlee?,what\tthe\ttitle\tof\tbook\tREL\t2SG\tIPFV\tread,What is the title of the book you are reading?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-25,46,Éste el ómbre (kon) kyen yo ya-mirá ayér.,Éste\tel\tómbre\t(kon)\tkyen\tyo\tya-mirá\tayér.,this\tthe\tman\t(OBJ)\twho\t1SG\tPRF-see\tyesterday,This is the man who I saw yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-26,46,Tyéne kyen ya-mirá koneste ómbre.,Tyéne\tkyen\tya-mirá\tkoneste\tómbre.,EXIST\twho\tPRF-see\tOBJ.this\tman,There is somebody who saw this man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-22,47,"Dia, ku e soldánan a bai drumi [...].",Dia\tku\te\tsoldá\tnan\ta\tbai\tdrumi\t[...].,day\tCOMP\tDEF\tsoldier\tPL\tPFV\tgo\tsleep\t[...],The day the soldiers fell asleep [...].,,,,literary source -47-23,47,Mi a bai job centre e dia djis chèk si nan tin trabou ku ami lo kièr hasi.,Mi\ta\tbai\t\te\tdia\tdjis\tchèk\tsi\tnan\ttin\ttrabou\tku\ta-mi\tlo\tkièr\thasi.,1SG\tPFV\tgo\tjob\tcentre\tDEF\tday\tjust\tcheck\twhether\t3PL\thave\twork\tCOMP\tEMPH-1SG\tMOOD\twant\tdo,That day I went to the job centre just to check whether they had any work that I would want to do.,,,,naturalistic written -48-11,48,chito maí lo k'í teneba,chito\tmaí\tlo\tk'í\tteneba,piece\tcorn\tREL\tREL.1SG\thave.HAB.PST,the little bit of corn that I had,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-12,49,M wè ti nèg ki frekan an.,M\twè\tti\tnèg\tki\tfrekan\tan.,1SG\tsee\tlittle\tman\tREL\tinsolent\tDEF,I saw the little boy who is impertinent. OR: I saw the impertinent little boy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-13,49,Moun ki pa travay p ap touche.,Moun\tki\tpa\ttravay\tp\tap\ttouche.,people\tREL\tNEG\twork\tNEG\tINACC\tget.paid,Those who don't work won't get paid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-12,50,kabrit-la ou maré la,kabrit-la\tou\tmaré\tla,goat-DEF\t2SG\ttie\tup,the goat that you tied up,,,,naturalistic written -51-13,51,kabrit-la ou maré a,kabrit-la\tou\tmaré\ta,goat-DEF\t2SG\ttie\tup,the goat that you tied up,,,,naturalistic written -52-8,52,mèr-a ki té la a té roun natif Saül,mèr-a\tki\tté\tla\ta\tté\troun\tnatif\tSaül,maire-ART\t(REL\tPST\tthere\tREL)\tPST\tINDF\tborn\tSaül,The maire who was there had been born in the small town of Saül.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-20,53,Inave en vye nom ki te gen en vye neg.,Inave\ten\tvye\tnom\tki\tte\tgen\ten\tvye\tneg.,EXIST.PST\tART.INDF\told\tman\tREL\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\told\tblack.man,There was an old man who had an old black man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-21,53,Tou piti-ye mo gen a se pou li.,Tou\tpiti-ye\tmo\tgen\ta\tse\tpou\tli.,all\tchild-PL\t1SG\thave\tDET.DEF.SG\tare\tfor\thim,All of the children that I have are his. OR: He is the father of all of my children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-22,53,O se kè-chò ki bon!,O\tse\tkè-chò\tki\tbon!,Oh\tthat.is\tsome-thing\tthat\tgood,Oh that's something that's good!,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-16,54,lé zòt bònòm k lété avèk li,le\tzot\tbonom\tk\tlete\tavek\tli,DEF.PL\tother\tman\tREL\tCOP.PST\twith\t3SG,the other men who were with him,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-14,55,zom ki met en simiz ruz la,zom\t[ki\tmet\ten\tsimiz\truz]\tla,man\twho\tput\ta\tshirt\tred\tthe,the man who is wearing a red shirt,,,,constructed by linguist -55-15,55,"ou'nn konn enn sanzman ki'nn, ki'nn koul pei la net depi lindepandans","ou'nn\tkonn\tenn\tsanzman\tki'nn,\tki'nn\tkoul\tpei\tla\tnet\tdepi\tlindepandans",2SG.COMPL\tknow\tINDF\tchange\tREL.COMPL\tREL.COMPL\tdrown\tcountry\tDEF\tcompletely\tABL\tindependence,"[It's as if] you had realized a change which, which completely ruined the country since Independence.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-22,56,I annan en koray ki apel koray Sidwes?,I\tannan\ten\tkoray\tki\tapel\tkoray\tSidwes?,PM\thave\ta\tcoral\tREL\tcall\tcoral\tSud.ouest,Is there a coral whose name is Sud-ouest coral?,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-8,57,le mbo ŋgato sa la fe,le\tmbo\tŋgato\tsa\tla\tfe,SI\tgood\tcake\tREL\t3SG\tdo,She/He bakes nice cakes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-9,57,se te Tuo le pla:te,se\tte\tTuo\tle\tpla:te,PRESV\tPL\tTouho\tSI\tplant,It is the Touho people that planted them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-128,57,na lot ŋgarso pu nu ke va amene lja le mata,na\tlot\tŋgarso\tpu\tnu\tke\tva\tamene\tlja\tle\tmata,EXIST\tother\tson\tPREP\t1PL\tREL\tFUT\ttake\t3SG\tDEF.ART\tmorning,Our other son will take him in the morning (lit. There is another son of us who will take him in the morning).,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-11,58,mu-ntu yina ya mono mon-aka,mu-ntu\tyina\tya\tmono\tmon-aka,CL1-person\tthat\tCONN\tme\tsee-PST,the person that I saw,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-28,59,"mama ni so adu ape so, lo gwe na ndo ti melenge ti wali so","mama\tni\tso\ta-du\tape\tso,\tlo\tgwe\tna\tndo\tti\tmelenge\tti\twali\tso",mother\tDET\tDEM\tPM-bear\tNEG\tthus\t3SG\tgo\tPREP\tplace\tof\tchild\tof\tfemale\tthus,"The mother (co-wife of biological mother) who hadn't given birth, she went to the village of the girl. OR: The mother who hadn't born a child went to the girl's place.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-29,59,"lo so lo du ape so atee, ni ke go a ndo meenge ti ni","lo\tso\tlo\tdu\tape\tso\ta-tene,\tni\tke\tgo\tna\tndo\tti\tmelenge\tti\tni",3SG\tREL\t3SG\tbore\tNEG\tREL\tPM-say\t1SG.LOG\tCOP\tgo\tPREP\tplace\tof\tchild\tof\t1SG.LOG,"The one who hadn't given birth to a child said, ""I'm going to my child's village.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-30,59,lo wara melenge ni so alondo ka na kodro ti lo ni aga ti to ngu,lo\twara\tmelenge\tni\tso\ta-londo\tka\tna\tkodoro\tti\tlo\tni\ta-ga\tti\tto\tngu,3SG\tfind\tchild\tDET\twho\tPM-arise\tthere\tPREP\tvillage\tof\t3SG\tDET\tPM-come\tof\tdraw\twater,He met the girl who had left her village over there and had come to draw water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-31,59,"ye so koli ti ni ake ga na ni, wala akobe so, wala akasa so, koli ti ni ake ga na ni so, tona lo tene, ni to amafuta n na mo mo te, il faut mo te ape","ye so koli ti ni ake ga na ni, wala akobe so, wala akasa so, koli ti ni ake ga na ni so, tongana lo tene, ni to amafuta ni na mo mo te, il faut mo te ape",thing REL husband of 1SG.LOG SM.COP come PREP DET or PL.food REL or PL.stews REL husband of 1SG.LOG SM.COP come PREP DET REL when 3SG say 1SG.LOG cook PL.fat DET PREP 2SG 2SG eat INTERDICTION 2SG eat NEG,"Whatever my husband should bring, whether different kinds of food, whether different kinds of stews, my husband should bring (something), when he says, ""I'll cook different rich dishes for you to eat"" you must not eat it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-32,59,"gi anyama ni so laa lo ke ro, lo ke te na milieu ni","gi\tanyama\tni\tso\tlaa\tlo\tke\tro,\tlo\tke\tte\tna\t\tni",only\tPL.meat\tDET\tREL\tFOC\t3SG\tCOP\tgather.up\t3SG\tCOP\teat\tPREP\tmiddle\tDET,It was only from the pieces of meat that she (the wife) gathered up that the co-mother ate. OR: The co-mother ate only those pieces of meat that the wife had gathered up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-8,60,"kíti óyo namónákí, ezalí tálo","kíti\tóyo\tna-món-ákí,\te-zal-í\ttálo",chair\twhich\t1SG-see-PST\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tprice,The chair I saw is expensive.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-7,61,Lo kuba yena lo into lo tina lima ka yena [...].,Lo\tkuba\tyena\tlo\tinto\tlo\ttina\tlim-a\tka\tyena\t[...].,ART\thoe\tit\tART\tthing\tREL\twe\tplough-V\tINS\tit\t[...],A hoe is a thing that we plough with [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-7,62,urukao wó niló na?ó,urukao\tú-ó\tni-lo\tna-ó,illness\t14-REL\t1SG-have\twith-14:REL,The illness that I have.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-8,63,kázi al ána gu-só,kázi\tal\tána\tgu-só,work\tREL\t1SG\tPROG-do,the work that I do,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-14,64,zurúf al ána kan wáje,zurúf\tal\tána\tkan\twáje,circumstances\tREL\t1SG\tANT\tface,the circumstances that I faced,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-15,64,júwa al ána gegéni fógo,júwa\tal\tána\tge=géni\tfógo,house\tREL\t1SG\tPROG=stay\ton,the house where I live,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-16,64,nas al gegéni fi juba úmon tabanín,nas\tal\tge=géni\tfi\tjuba\túmon\ttaban-ín,people\tREL\tPROG=stay\tin\tJuba\t3PL\tpoor-PL,People who live in Juba are poor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-12,65,"Eta katory liudi kalodiʧa lazil, takoj skaʒi.","Eta\tkatory\tliudi\tkalodiʧa\tlazi-l,\ttakoj\tskaʒi.",this\twhich\tperson\twell\tget.into-PFV\tthat\ttell,Tell about a person who got into the well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-9,66,poðiyen sibilli teegi,poðiyen\tsi-billi\tteegi,boy\tPST-buy\tgift,the gift that the boy just bought,,,,elicited from speaker -67-17,67,"Dulu, orang yang sana cakap Melayu.","Dulu,\torang\tyang\tsana\tcakap\tMelayu.",before\tperson\tREL\tthere\tspeak\tMalay,"Before, people who [were] there spoke Malay.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-18,67,Singapore punya orang terlinga dia dengar mana (yang barang murah) dia pergi.,Singapore\tpunya\torang\tterlinga\tdia\tdengar\tmana\t(yang\tbarang\tmurah)\tdia\tpergi.,Singapore\tATTR\tpeople\tear\t3SG\thear\twhere\t(REL\tgoods\tcheap)\t3SG\tgo,"Once a Singaporean hears where things are cheap, he will go there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-19,67,Pasal ini tempat lu ada pun punya lu boleh pergi punya.,Pasal\tini\ttempat\tlu\tada\tpun\tpunya\tlu\tboleh\tpergi\tpunya.,matter\tDEM\tplace\t2SG\thave\talso\tREL\t2SG\tcan\tgo\tREL,"The matter [of] this place is what you possess, where you can go.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-20,67,Di sini tinggal punya orang pun boleh jauh pergi beli.,Di\tsini\ttinggal\tpunya\torang\tpun\tboleh\tjauh\tpergi\tbeli.,in\there\tlive\tREL\tpeople\teven\tcan\tfar\tgo\tbuy,Even people who live here can go far to buy [it].,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-11,68,kaki kuda yang di sa-bala,kaki\tkuda\tyang\tdi\tsa-bala,foot\thorse\tREL\tLOC\tone-side,a horse hoof which was on one side,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-10,69,payum aka aykum tarikən,payum\taka\taykum\ttari-kən,man\tNEG\twoman\thold-NFUT,unmarried man,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-8,70,Tab u manki jon jano [...] u-loŋ karo.,Tab\tu\tmanki\tjon\tjano\t[...]\tu-loŋ\tkaro.,then\tDEM\tmonkey\tREL\tknow\t[...]\t3-PL\tdo,Then those monkeys that know (they) do it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-10,70,"Jon roj tum-loko ao, tab ham batana.","Jon\troj\ttum-loko\tao,\ttab\tham\tbatana.",REL\tday\t2-PL\tcome\tthen\t1SG\ttell,"The day that you come, I will tell (you).",,,,naturalistic written -70-11,70,"Jon kempa u-lon baito, u maila.","Jon\tkempa\tu-lon\tbaito,\tu\tmaila.",REL\tcamp\t3-PL\tCOP\t3SG\tdirty,The camp that they stayed at was dirty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-12,70,Jon tum-loko age baito tum jao uske lage baito tum gad karo uske.,Jon\ttum-loko\tage\tbaito\ttum\tjao\tuske\tlage\tbaito\ttum\tgad\tkaro\tuske.,REL\t2-PL\tfront\tsit\t2SG\tgo\t3SG.ACC\tside\tsit\t2SG\tguard\tdo\t3SG.ACC,"Those of you who sit in front, sit by his side and guard him.",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-11,71,kela dala kela pukiki poina maluna kela pahu,kela\tdala\tkela\tpukiki\tpoina\tmaluna\tkela\tpahu,DET\tmoney\tthat\tPortuguese\tforget\ton\tDET\tbox,the money which the Portuguese left on the box,,,,naturalistic written -71-12,71,kela dala aie wau,kela\tdala\taie\twau,DET\tmoney\towe\t1SG,the money that I owe,,,,naturalistic written -72-14,72,I bin teikim bo nyanuny jaju wen i bin makin kanyjurra tringka.,I\tbin\tteik-im\tbo\tnyanuny\tjaju\twen\ti\tbin\tmakin\tkanyjurra\ttri-ngka.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\ttake-TR\tDAT\t3SG.DAT\tgrandmother\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tsleep\tdown\ttree-LOC,She took it to her grandmother who was sleeping under a tree.,,,d93db5219b7cd69878e93f4b797ff7be,elicited from speaker -72-15,72,Jintaku mantu i bin nurt im kajirri makinta.,Jintaku\tman-tu\ti\tbin\tnurt\tim\tkajirri\tmakin-ta.,one\tman-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tput.pressure\t3SG.OBJ\twoman\tsleep-LOC,One man sat on the woman who was sleeping.,,,2e63b5db0af561878ee2752ced87ffaf,elicited from speaker -73-10,73,nochu bikangi señorada sinku gallinada tinikta?,no-chu\tbi-ka-ngi\tseñora-da\tsinku\tgallina-da\ttini-k-ta,not-Q\tsee-PST-2SG\tlady-ACC\tfive\tchicken-ACC\thave-AG-ACC,Didn't you see the lady who had five chickens?,,,,elicited from speaker -73-11,73,kozingabu sal nuwabishka,kozi-nga-bu\tsal\tnuwabi-shka,cook-NMLZ-BEN\tsalt\tNEG.EXIST-EVID,There turns out to be no salt for cooking.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-12,73,nu tinini warmi kunkiun no kazay pudini,nu\ttini-ni\twarmi\tkunki-un\tno\tkaza-y\tpudi-ni,NEG\thave-1SG\twoman\twith.who-INS\tnot\tmarry-INF\tcan-1SG,I do not have a woman whom I can marry.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-16,74,man yka tlátwa kápa stik yáka pasáyuks,man\tyka\ttlátwa\tkápa\tstik\tyáka\tpasáyuks,man\t3SG\tgo\tPREP\tstick\t3SG\tFrench,The man who is walking with a stick is a Frenchman.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-17,74,łáska łátwa nánič ílihi,łáska\tłátwa\tnánič\tílihi,3PL\tgo\tsee\tearth,When they went to see the land […],,,,narrative -75-30,75,Kahkiyaw kaanihtaweehtaman kamiyitin.,Kahkiyaw\tkaa-nihtaweehtam-an\tka-miy-iti-n.,all\tREL-need.INAN-2SG\t2SG.FUT-give-INV-1SG,"Everything that you need, I will give you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-31,75,lii groo pale kaaayaachik wishtawaw,lii\tgroo\tpale\tkaa-ayaa-chik\twishtawaw,ART.PL\tbig\tpalace\tREL-have-CONJ.3PL\t3PL.also,those who have big palaces,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-32,75,Kiiushpeeham taanshi eeiteestahk uma li tretii ki vyaen.,Kii-ushpee-h-am\ttaanshi\tee-iteest-ahk\tuma\tli\ttretii\tki\tvyaen.,PST-write-CAUS-3.INAN.OBJ\thow\tCOMP-think.INAN-3SG.SBJ.ANIM.3.OBJ.INAN\tDEM.3SG.INAN\tDEF.ART.M\ttreaty\tREL\tcome,He wrote an essay on this coming treaty (lit. He wrote how he thinks about this coming treaty).,,,,naturalistic written -75-33,75,Gishkeeyimaaw enn fiy ki li paraliizii.,Gishkeeyim-aaw\tenn\tfiy\tki\tli\tparaliizii.,1SG.know.ANIM-3SG.OBJ\tINDF.ART.F\tgirl\tREL\tCOP\tparalyzed,I know a girl who has infantile paralysis.,,,,naturalistic written -75-34,75,enn pitael pur anikik kaaya kwayesh kaayaachik daa leu tet,enn\tpitael\tpur\tanikik\tkaaya\tkwayesh\tkaa-ayaa-chik\tdaa\tleu\ttet,INDF.ART.F.SG\thospital\tfor\tDEM.PL\tNEG\tright\tREL-be-3PL\tLOC\t3PL.POSS\thead,a hospital for those who are not right in the head (i.e. an asylum),,,,naturalistic written -76-20,76,kimmik nagorok pitcȗk uñacĭksu elekta picuktu pitcȗk awoña,kimmik\tnagorok\tpitcȗk\tuñacĭksu\telekta\tpicuktu\tpitcȗk\tawoña,dog\tgood\tnot\tfar\tgo\twant\tnot\tI,When I have poor dogs I don't like to make long trips.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-21,76,okio uñacikcu,okio\tuñacikcu,winter\tfar,a winter long ago,,,,naturalistic spoken -1-30,1,wan toemoesie Biegie Soema,wan\ttumusi\tbigi\tsoma,INDF.SG\tvery\tbig\tperson,a very big person; a giant.,,,,written -1-31,1,"Lampo de fulu tumussi, a de go passa abra.","Lampu\tde\tfuru\ttumusi,\ta\tde\tgo\tpasa\tabra.",lamp\tIPFV\tfull\ttoo.much\t3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo\tpass\tover,"The lamp is (getting) overfull, it is going to overflow.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-32,1,Joe lau te moesi.,Yu\tlaw\ttumusi.,2SG\tmad\tvery.much,You are really mad.,,,,written -2-23,2,John moro bigi,John\tmoro\tbigi,John\tmore\tbig,John's bigger,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-24,2,A oloisi disi moro diri.,A\toloisi\tdisi\tmoro\tdiri.,DET\twatch\tDEM\tmore\tdear,This watch is more expensive.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-25,2,A liba disi bradi tumsi fu swen abra.,A\tliba\tdisi\tbradi\ttumsi\tfu\tswen\tabra.,DET\triver\tDEM\tbroad\ttoo.much\tfor\tswim\tover,This river is too broad to swim across.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-26,2,A watra faya bun.,A\twatra\tfaya\tbun.,DET\twater\thot\tgood,The water is very hot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-27,2,A oloisi disi diri moro a dati.,A\toloisi\tdisi\tdiri\tmoro\ta\tdati.,DET\twatch\tDEM\tdear\tmore\tDET\tDEM,This watch is more expensive than that one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-28,2,A liba de tumsi bradi fu swen abra.,A\tliba\tde\ttumsi\tbradi\tfu\tswen\tabra.,DET\triver\tCOP\ttoo\tbroad\tfor\tswim\tover,The river is too broad to swim across.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-29,2,A watra de bun faya.,A\twatra\tde\tbun\tfaya.,DET\twater\tCOP\tgood\thot,The water is very hot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-30,2,John de moro bigi leki Peter.,John\tde\tmoro\tbigi\tleki\tPeter.,John\tCOP\tmore\tbig\tthan\tPeter,John’s bigger than Peter.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-13,3,A fatu poi.,A\tfatu\tpoi.,3SG\tfat\tspoil,She is very fat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-14,3,Di mɔɔ hansɛ wan.,Di\tmɔɔ\thansɛ\twan.,DEF.SG\tmore\tbeautiful\tone,The one that is more beautiful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-9,4,Den nenge(e) ya koni te(ee).,Den\tnenge(e)\tya\tkoni\tte(ee).,DET.PL\t(black).person\tDEM\tintelligent\tvery,These people are very intelligent.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-10,4,wan gaan moy uman,wan\tgaan\tmoy\tuman,a\tgreat\tnice\twoman,a very pretty woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-11,4,wan tumisi gaan makiti,wan\ttumisi\tgaan\tmakiti,a\ttoo.much\tgreat\tpower,a very great power,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-16,5,"afta mi groo an mi get lil mo big, mi - mi gu wee a wiiding dee","afta mi groo an mi get lil mo big, mi - mi gu wee a wiiding dee",after I grow and I get DEGREE more big I   I go away to weeding there,"After I grew up and got a little bigger, I - I went away to the weeding gang.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-17,5,di baai dootish baad,di\tbaai\tdootish\tbaad,DET\tboy\tfoolish\tvery,The boy is very foolish. OR: The boy is quite foolish.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-9,6,Hi laik woman tu bad.,Hi\tlaik\twoman\ttu\tbad.,3SG\tlike\twoman.PL\tDEGREE\tADJ,He likes women very much.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-15,7,Hi reil dotish.,Hi\treil\tdotish.,3SG\treal\tstupid,He is very stupid.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-16,7,Hi dotish fo so.,Hi\tdotish\tfo\tso.,3SG\tstupid\tfor\tso,He is very stupid.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-17,7,Hi tu dotish.,Hi\ttu\tdotish.,3SG\ttoo\tstupid,He is too stupid.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-18,7,Hi dotish tu bad.,Hi\tdotish\ttu\tbad.,3SG\tstupid\ttoo\tbad,He is really stupid.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-9,8,Di lili pikni tuu bad.,Di\tlili\tpikni\ttuu\tbad.,DET\tlittle\tchild\ttoo\tbad,The little child is too rude.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-10,8,Di fuud hat bad.,Di\tfuud\that\tbad.,DET\tfood\thot\tbad,The food is very hot.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-18,9,I veri brayt.,I\tveri\tbrayt.,3SG\tvery\tbright,He is very bright.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-19,9,Yu ga sam big finga.,Yu\tga\tsam\tbig\tfinga.,2SG\tgot\tsome\tbig\tfinger,You have really big fingers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-9,10,Di son tuu hat.,Di\tson\ttuu\that.,ART.DEF\tsun\ttoo\thot,The sun is very hot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-14,11,In douz diez di piipl dem woz muor kyarfuul.,In\tdouz\tdie-z\tdi\tpiipl\tdem\twoz\tmuor\tkyarfuul.,in\tDEM.PL\tday-PL\tART.DEF\tpeople\tPL\tCOP.PST\tmore\tcareful,In those days people were more careful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-15,11,Shi woz veri gud.,Shi\twoz\tveri\tgud.,3SG.F\tCOP.PST\tvery\tgood,She was very good [at it].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-10,12,"Yeah, man, I get so mad. Children broke up the 'mote control, that's done five 'mote control I done buy.",[...]\tI\tget\tso\tmad\t[...].,[...]\tI\tget[PFV]\tso\tmad\t[...],[...] I got so mad. [The children had broken the remote control] [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-11,12,De okra-dem long so.,De\tokra-dem\tlong\tso.,the\tokra-PL\tlong\tso,The okras are so long.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-11,13,very ol lady,very\tol\tlady,very\told\tlady,very old lady,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-12,14,"He was a little taller than me, but not much.","He\twas\ta\tlittle\ttaller\tthan\tme,\tbut\tnot\tmuch.",he\twas\ta\tlittle\ttaller\tthan\tme\tbut\tnot\tmuch,"He was a little taller than me, but not much.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-9,15,a tu taya,a\ttu\ttaya,1SG\ttoo\ttire,I'm very tired.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-10,15,a taya bad,a\ttaya\tbad,1SG\ttire\tvery.much,I'm too tired.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-14,16,pɔpjuleʃɛn tu gret,pɔpjuleʃɛn\ttu\tgret,population\ttoo\tgreat,The population is too large.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-15,16,nima dɛti tu maʧ,nima\tdɛti\ttu\tmaʧ,Nima\tdirty\ttoo\tmuch,Nima is too/very dirty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-9,17,Dì sup swit wé̱l wé̱l.,Dì\tsup\tswit\twé̱l~wé̱l.,ART.DEF\tsoup\tbe.tasty\tvery~thoroughly,The soup is delicious.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-10,17,Dì sup tu swit.,Dì\tsup\ttu\tswit.,ART.DEF\tsoup\texcessively\tbe.tasty,The soup is excessively delicious.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-12,18,Di pikin drai bad.,Di\tpikin\tdrai\tbad.,ART.DEF\tchild\tdry\tbad,The child is very thin.,,,,published source -18-13,18,A bin vehks bad.,A\tbin\tveks\tbad.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tvex\tbad,I was very angry.,,,,published source -18-14,18,I tu dye.,I\ttu\tdia.,3SG.SBJ\ttoo\tdear,It is too expensive.,,,,unspecified -19-13,19,Dì pìkín dray tu mɔch.,Dì\tpìkín\tdray\ttu\tmɔch.,DEF\tchild\tbe.dry\ttoo\tmuch,The child is too lean.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-14,19,"Mì layf, è tranga bad.","Mì\tlayf,\tè\ttranga\tbad.",1SG.POSS\tlife\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.strong\tbad,"My life, it was really tough.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-15,19,Dì chɔp è tu bɔ̀kú.,Dì\tchɔp\tè\ttu\tbɔ̀kú.,DEF\tfood\t3SG.SBJ\ttoo\tbe.much,The food is too much.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-14,20,How fashion you can chargee so muchee?,How\tfashion\tyou\tcan\tchargee\tso\tmuchee?,how\tway\t2SG\tcan\tcharge\tso\tmuch,How can you charge such a price?,,,,naturalistic written -20-15,20,Thisee mutton too muchee hard.,Thisee\tmutton\ttoo\tmuchee\thard.,DEM\tmutton\ttoo\tmuch\thard,This mutton is too hard.,,,,naturalistic written -21-13,21,Singapore flat very expensive a21?,Singapore\tflat\tvery\texpensive\ta21?,Singapore\tapartments\tvery\texpensive\tPCL,Are Singapore's apartments very expensive? [requiring response],,,,elicited from speaker -22-22,22,Haus i bikpela tru.,Haus\ti\tbikpela\ttru.,house\tPM\tbig.MOD\tvery,The house is very big.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-13,23,ol nes oli bisi tumas,ol\tnes\toli\tbisi\ttumas,PL\tnurse\tAGR\tbusy\ttoo.much,The nurses were all too busy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-14,23,Saes blong wharf bae i bigwan lelebet long hemia we i stap naoia.,Saes\tblong\twharf\tbae\ti\tbigwan\tlelebet\tlong\themia\twe\ti\tstap\tnaoia.,size\tPOSS\twharf\tIRR\tAGR\tbig\tlittle.bit\tto\t3SG.DEF\tREL\tAGR\tstay\tnow.DEF,The size of the wharf will be a bit bigger than the current one.,,,,naturalistic written -23-15,23,Hem i shoem veri klia ol genuine konsern blong olgeta.,Hem\ti\tshoem\tveri\tklia\tol\tgenuine\tkonsern\tblong\tolgeta.,3SG\tAGR\tshow\tvery\tclear\tPL\tgenuine\tconcern\tPOSS\t3PL,This shows very clearly their genuine concerns.,,,,naturalistic written -24-18,24,Yu hau amaula.,Yu\thau\tamaula.,you\thow\tclumsy,You are very clumsy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-19,24,Dem es kwait smol an.,Dem\tes\tkwait\tsmol\tan.,3PL\tCOP\tquite\tsmall\tone,They are quite small.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-61,25,Jad olgamen bin rili hepi na.,Jad\tolgamen\tbin\trili\thepi\tna.,DEM\twoman\tPST\treally\thappy\tnow,The woman was very happy then.,,,,naturalistic written -25-62,25,"Dijan na, hadwan brabli.","Dijan\tna,\thad-wan\tbrabli.",PROX:ADJ\tnow\thard-ADJ\tproperly,This one is really hard. (context: picture matching task),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-63,25,En thet melk yusdu kamat rili wait.,En\tthet\tmelk\tyusdu\tkam-at\trili\twait.,and\tDEM\tmilk\tHAB\tcome-out\treally\twhite,And the milk used to come out really white. (after treating new mothers in the traditional way),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-64,25,Im brabli bigbala.,Im\tbrabli\tbig-bala.,3SG\tvery\tbig-ADJ2.,He is very big.,,,,unknown -25-65,25,Dijan kokiroj bin rili bigwan.,Dijan\tkokiroj\tbin\trili\tbig-wan.,PROX:ADJ\tcockroach\tPST\treally\tbig-ADJ,This cockroach was really big. OR: Once there was a big cockroach. (Original translation),,,,naturalistic written -25-66,25,Aaaa dis brabli gudwan.,Aaaa\tdis\tbrabli\tgud-wan.,INTERJ\tPROX\treally\tgood-ADJ,"Ah, this one is very good.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-67,25,Blanga yu but im dardibala brabli!,Blanga\tyu\tbut\tim\tdardi-bala\tbrabli!,DAT/POSS\t2SG\tfoot\t3SG\tdirty-ADJ2\tproperly,Your foot is very dirty!,,,,unknown -25-68,25,Im hanggri bla shuga brabli!,Im\thanggri\tbla\tshuga\tbrabli!,3SG\thungry\tDAT/POSS\tsugar\tvery,He [is/was] very hungry for sugar!,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-12,26,ji gona bi ɹɛo smuð,ji\tgona\tbi\tɹɛo\tsmuð,2SG\tFUT\tbe\treal\tsmooth,You're going to be real smooth.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-10,27,Am a wes obu so kwāt.,Am\ta\twes\tobu\tso\tkwāt.,3SG\tPST\tbe\tover\tso\tangry,He was very much angry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-15,28,di kosuwapu di astwɛlɛ hogo,di\tkosu-apu\tdi\tastwɛlɛ\thogo,the\tfever-PL\tDEM\ttoo.much\thigh,These fevers are too high (to be treated).,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-16,28,di plɛkɛ droko astwɛlɛ,di\tplɛkɛ\tdroko\tastwɛlɛ,the\tplace\tdry\ttoo.much,The field is far too dry (for anything to grow there).,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-17,28,ori mjatɛ ʃi selfu atwɛlɛ skrewn,ori\tmja-tɛ\tʃi\tselfu\tastwɛlɛ\tskrewn,3SG\tmake-PFV\t3SG.POSS\tself\ttoo.much\tgreedy,He made himself much too greedy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-18,28,o kriktɛ en moi gu goto,o\tkriki-tɛ\ten\tmoi\tgu\tgoto,3SG\tget-PFV\tone\tgood\tbig\ttrench,He got to a fairly big trench.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-14,29,Dis baie mooi huise.,Dis\tbaie\tmooi\thuis-e.,3SG=s\tmuch\tbeautiful\thouse-PL,These are very beautiful houses.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-17,30,[...] na kes árvis mutu grándi N ka ta subi n'el.,[...]\tna=kes=árvi-s\tmutu\tgrándi\tN=ka=ta=subi\tn=el.,[...]\tin=DEM.PL=tree-PL\tvery\thigh\t1SG=NEG=IPFV=climb\tin=3SG,[...] I won't climb up on these very big trees.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-18,30,Kel mós la ê más prigós ki xuxu!,Kel=mós\tla\tê\tmás\tprigós\tki=xuxu!,DEM.SG=boy\tthere\tbe\tmore\tdangerous\tCOMP=devil,That young man there is more dangerous than the devil!,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-17,31,"Kabu e mutu fundu, mutu lonju di tera.","Kabu\te\tmutu\tfundu,\tmutu\tlonju\tdi\ttera.",place\tis\ttoo\tremote\ttoo\tfar\tfrom\tland,"The place is too remote, too far from the land.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-18,31,Es fra ka ta bebe mas kabu e mutu dretu.,Es\tfra\tka\tta\tbebe\tmas\tkabu\te\tmutu\tdretu.,they\tsay\tNEG\tASP\tdrink\tmore\tplace\tis\tvery\tgood,"They said that no one drinks anymore, the place is very good.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-10,32,Bo térra e mut sáb!,Bo\ttérra\te\tmut\tsáb!,2SG.POSS\tland\tCOP\tvery\tnice,Your country is very pleasant!,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-11,33,fidju mas garandi,fidju\tmas\tgarandi,son\tDEGREE\told,the older son,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-12,33,I riku dimas.,I\triku\tdimas.,3SG\trich\tvery,She is very rich.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-13,33,garandi dimas,garandi\tdimas,old\ttoo.much,too old,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-12,34,E añju fiw dimás.,E\tañju\tø\tfiw\tdimás.,DEM\tbaby\tPFV\tugly\ttoo,This baby is very ugly.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-13,34,Pidru ma(s) bo giru.,Pidru\tø\tma(s)\tbo\tgiru.,Peter\tPFV\tmore\t2SG.INDP\tsmart,Peter is smarter than you.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-17,35,Sun sa maxi tamen dôkê pe mu.,Sun\tsa\tmaxi\ttamen\tdôkê\tpe\tmu.,2SG\tbe\tmore\ttall\tthan\tfather\t1SG.POSS,You are taller than my father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-18,35,Mosu se sa flontadu muntu.,Mosu\tse\tsa\tflontadu\tmuntu.,boy\tDEM\tCOP\tannoyed\tvery,The boy is very annoyed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-19,35,A kume bwa so.,A\tkume\tbwa\tso.,IMPRS\teat\tgood\tvery,They ate very well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-9,36,N'thuala ki lôthô rosi n'tu.,N'thuala\tki\tlôthô\trosi\tn'tu.,oyster\twith\trice\tnice\tvery,Oysters with rice are very good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-10,36,Am masi tame ô.,Am\tmasi\ttame\tô.,1SG\tmore\told\t2SG,I am older than you.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-10,37,[...] txi rwin mutu.,[...]\ttxi\trwin\tmutu.,[...]\t2SG\twicked\tvery,You are too wicked. OR: You are very wicked.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-11,37,Txi maxi gôdô dêkê mi.,Txi\tmaxi\tgôdô\tdêkê\tmi.,2SG\tmore\tfat\tthan\t1SG,You are fatter than I am.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-14,38,sunzu muntu,sunzu\tmuntu,dirty\tvery,very dirty,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-15,38,sunzu masy (ku B),sunzu\tmasy\t(ku\tB),dirty\tmore\t(than\tB),dirtier (than B),,,,constructed by linguist -39-23,39,Pok vɛy ɛ.,Pok\tvɛy\tɛ.,little\told\tCOP.NPST,(X) is/are are a bit old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-24,39,"Mĩ nom ɛ muyt kõprid, nə?","Mĩ\tnom\tɛ\tmuyt\tkõprid,\tnə?",1SG.POSS\tname\tCOP.NPST\tvery\tlong\tREQ,"My name is very long, isn't it?",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-14,40,Mayz ki wɔs gran mwit tig ti wid.,Mayz\tki\twɔs\tgran\tmwit\ttig\tti\twid.,more\tthan\tyou\tbig\tvery\ttiger\tPST.COP\tcome.PTCP,A tiger much bigger than you had come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-15,40,Elo tɛ mwit buni.,Elo\ttɛ\tmwit\tbuni.,3PL\tare\tvery\tgood,They are very good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-19,41,aka muytu viraadu kaavs,aka\tmuytu\tviraadu\tkaavs,that\tvery\twrong\tthing,That is a very wrong thing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-20,41,didiiyantu muytu keenti,didiiya-ntu\tmuytu\tkeenti,daytime-LOC\tvery\thot,In the daytime it is very hot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-14,42,úngua omi bomong godru,úngua\tomi\tbomong\tgodru,one\tman\tvery\tfat,a very fat man,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-15,42,bomong kalor,bomong\tkalor,good.RED\thot,very hot,,,,elicited from speaker -42-16,42,úngua omi godru mbés,úngua\tomi\tgodru\tmbés,one\tman\tfat\textremely,an extremely fat man,,,,elicited from speaker -43-11,43,Akel teng mutu karu.,Akel\tteng\tmutu\tkaru.,that\tCOP\tvery\texpensive,That one is too expensive.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-12,43,Sebab eli asley bong ka nos.,Sebab\teli\tasley\tbong\tka\tnos.,because\t3SG\tso\tgood\tOBJ\t1PL,Because he is so good to us.,,,,naturalistic written -43-13,43,Sua karni bariga sabrodju dretu.,Sua\tkarni\tbariga\tsabrodju\tdretu.,POSS.3SG\tmeat\tbelly\tdelicious\tright,The meat of its belly is extremely delicious.,,,,naturalistic written -44-13,44,bung grándi,bung\tgrándi,very\tbig,very big,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-10,45,masiao joven,masiao\tjoven,too\tyoung,too young,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-27,46,Byen gránde éste ságing.,Byen\tgránde\téste\tságing.,very\tbig\tthis\tbanana,This banana is very big.,,,,constructed by linguist -47-24,47,"grandi, mas grandi, di mas grandi","grandi,\tmas\tgrandi,\tdi\tmas\tgrandi",big\tmore\tbig\tof\tmore\tbig,"big, bigger, biggest",,,,published source -48-12,48,É un kusa muy impottante.,É\tun\tkusa\tmuy\timpottante.,be\tART.INDF.SG\tthing\tvery\timportant,It is a very important thing/matter.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-13,48,Bo e goddo rimá.,Bo\te\tgoddo\trimá.,you.SG\tbe\tfat\ttoo.much,You are too fat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-14,49,Wòb sa a pi bèl.,Wòb\tsa\ta\tpi\tbèl.,dress\tDEM\tSG\tmore\tbeautiful,This dress is more beautiful.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-15,49,Li cho anpil.,Li\tcho\tanpil.,3SG\thot\tvery,He/She is very hot.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-13,50,I tibwen cho.,I\ttibwen\tcho.,3SG\ta.little\thot,It is a little hot.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-14,50,I gran toubolman.,I\tgran\ttoubolman.,3SG\ttall\tvery,He is very tall.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-15,50,Madanm-la bèl onpil.,Madanm-la\tbèl\tonpil.,woman-DEF\tbeautiful\ta.lot,That woman is very beautiful.,,,,constructed by linguist -51-14,51,I tibwen cho.,I\ttibwen\tcho.,3SG\ta.little\thot,It is a little hot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-15,51,I gran toubannman.,I\tgran\ttoubannman.,3SG\ttall\tvery,He is very tall.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-16,51,Madanm-lan bel anpil.,Madanm-lan\tbel\tanpil.,woman-DEF\tbeautiful\ta.lot,The woman is very beautiful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-9,52,i oun timoso sòt,i\toun\ttimoso\tsòt,he\ta\tbit\tsilly,He is a little bit silly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-23,53,en byen bon gonbo,en\tbyen\tbon\tgonbo,ART.DEF\tvery\tgood\tgumbo,a very good gumbo,,,,elicited from speaker -53-24,53,en bug tro jen,en\tbug\ttro\tjen,ART.INDF\tboy\ttoo\tyoung,a boy who is too young,,,,elicited from speaker -53-25,53,ka en mounn te boukou malad,ka\ten\tmounn\tte\tboukou\tmalad,when\tART.INDF\tperson\tPST\tvery\tsick,when a person was very sick,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-26,53,Li byen byen vyeu.,Li\tbyen\tbyen\tvyeu.,3SG\tvery\tvery\told,He's very very old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-27,53,E la vou fe vou en rou en pe nwa.,E\tla\tvou\tfe\tvou\ten\trou\ten\tpe\tnwa.,and\tthen\t2SG\tmake\t2SG\tART.INDF\troux\tART.INDF\tlittle\tblack,And then you make yourself a roux [that is] a little bit blackened.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-28,53,Se tro fre en peu.,Se\ttro\tfre\ten\tpeu.,it.is\ttoo\tcold\tART.INDF\tlittle,It's a little too cold.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-17,54,La famiy lé byin kontan.,La\tfamiy\tle\tbyen\tkontan.,DEF\tfamily\tCOP.PRS\tvery\thappy,The family is very happy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-16,55,li tro kuyoṅ,li\ttro\tkuyoṅ,3SG\ttoo\tfoolish,He is too foolish.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-23,56,Sa enn ti 'n tro vye.,Sa\tenn\tti\t'n\ttro\tvye.,DEM\tone\tPST\tPRF\ttoo\told,This one had been / was too old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-24,56,I en pti pe so.,I\ten\tpti\tpe\tso.,PM\ta\tlittle\tbit\thot,It is a bit hot.,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-10,57,lja la ʃate tru mbja,lja\tla\tʃate\ttru\tmbja,3SG\tSI\tsing\tINTENS\tnice,She/He sings very nicely.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-129,57,ma truve a papaj fa mir,ma\ttruve\ta\tpapaj\tfa\tmir,1SG\tfind\tINDF.ART\tpapaya\tINTENS\tripe,I found a very ripe papaya.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-130,57,le fa move,le\tfa\tmove,SI\tINTENS\tmean,He is very mean.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-12,58,ngolo mingi (ve),ngolo\tmingi\t(ve),strength\tmuch\t(not),(not) very strong,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-33,59,karako ni ale nzoni mingi,karako\tni\ta-le\tnzoni\tmingi,peanuts\tDET\tPM-bear\tgood/well\tmuch,The peanuts have borne very well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-34,59,kobela so ake sioni ahon' ndo ni,kobela\tso\ta-ke\tsioni\ta-hon'\tndo\tni,sickness\tDEM\tPM-COP\tbad\tPM-pass\tplace\tDET,This illness is unbelievably bad.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-35,59,kobela so ake sioni alingbi ape,kobela\tso\ta-ke\tsioni\ta-lingbi\tape,sickness\tDEM\tPM-COP\tbad\tPM-be.enough\tNEG,This illness is bad beyond comparison.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-9,60,ndáko ezalákí mwâ kitóko,ndáko\te-zal-ákí\tmwâ\tkitóko,house\t3SG-be-PST\tmoderately\tbeautiful,The house was a bit nice.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-10,60,ndáko ezalákí kitóko míngi,ndáko\te-zal-ákí\tkitóko\tmíngi,house\t3SG-be-PST\tbeautiful\tvery,The house was very nice.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-8,61,Yena pikinin stelek.,Yena\tpikinin\tstelek.,it\tsmall\tstrong,It is very little.,,,,constructed by linguist -62-8,62,úda-sha,úda-sha,far-INTENS,very far,,,,elicited from speaker -63-9,63,ána g-ásma kwes zaídi,ána\tg-ásma\tkwes\tzaídi,1SG\tTAM-understand\tgood\tvery,I understand very well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-10,63,kwés záidi,kwés\tzáidi,good\tvery,very good,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-17,64,ákil de kwes kális,ákil\tde\tkwes\tkális,food\tDEM.PROX\tgood\tvery,This food is very good.,,,,unknown -64-18,64,úo kan murtá ʃedíd,úo\tkan\tmurtá\tʃedíd,3SG\tANT\thappy\tvery,He was very happy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-19,64,kúlu kan sakranín ketír,kúlu\tkan\tsakran-ín\tketír,all\tANT\tdrunk-PL\ta.lot,Everyone was very drunk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-19,65,"Tibe sasemu xuda, sybika bu xao.","Tibe\tsasemu\txuda,\tsybika\tbu\txao.",2SG\ttotally\tbad\tvery\tNEG\tgood,"You are absolutely useless, you are completely bad.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-20,65,Iwo shibəko bərednə.,Iwo\tshibəko\tbərednə.,3SG\tvery\tmean,It is very treacky (of fuel).,,,,citation in fiction -66-10,66,Itu ijo pong buttul bissar.,Itu\tijo\tpong\tbuttul\tbissar.,DEM\tgreen\ttree\tDEGREE\tbig,That green tree is very big.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-21,67,Sekarang malam pasar sudah manyak kurang.,Sekarang\tmalam\tpasar\tsudah\tmanyak\tkurang.,now\tnight\tmarket\tPFV\tvery\tless,"Now, the night markets have already become less.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-22,67,Dia punya tempat banyak besar-besar tahu?,Dia\tpunya\ttempat\tbanyak\tbesar~besar\ttahu?,3SG\tPOSS\tplace\tmuch\tbig~big\tknow,"His place (house) was very, very big, you know?",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-23,67,Sekarang ada kurang sikit.,Sekarang\tada\tkurang\tsikit.,now\thave\tless\tlittle,"Now, it becomes a bit less.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-24,67,Ah saya sudah takut sekali.,Ah\tsaya\tsudah\ttakut\tsekali.,PCL\t1SG\tPFV\tafraid\tvery,I was very frightened.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-12,68,katong pung ruma ada sadiki besar,katong\tpung\truma\tada\tsadiki\tbesar,1PL\tPOSS\thouse\thave\tlittle\tbig,our house was rather big,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-13,68,mara sakali,mara\tsakali,angry\tvery,very angry,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-14,68,paleng manganta lawang,paleng\tmanganta\tlawang,very\tpainful\tvery,very very painful,,,,constructed by linguist -70-13,70,U ekdam katakata.,U\tekdam\tkatakata.,3SG\tEMPH\thot,He was really hot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-13,71,Iaia nuinui naaupo.,Iaia\tnuinui\tnaaupo.,3SG\tvery.much\tstupid,He's exceedingly stupid.,,,,naturalistic written -71-14,71,Wau hai oe kekahi nuhou kaumaha loa.,Wau\thai\toe\tkekahi\tnuhou\tkaumaha\tloa.,1SG\ttell\t2SG\tINDF.PL\tnews\tsad\tvery,I'll tell you some very sad news.,,,,naturalistic written -72-16,72,Jeya na dat mangarri rili jangkarni.,Jeya\tna\tdat\tmangarri\trili\tjangkarni.,there\tFOC\tthe\tvegetable.food\treally\tbig,"There now, those nuts are really big.",,,475b4826c93f79d64c51d371b32a350e,naturalistic spoken -73-13,73,bosga xwirti xuyashka gangi,bos-ga\txwirti\txuyashka\tga-ngi,2.PRO-TOP\tstrong\tfriendly\tbe-2SG,You are very friendly.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-18,74,hayú wam,hayú\twam,much\thot,"very hot, very warm",,,,constructed by linguist -74-19,74,dêlét sáXali,dêlét\tsáXali,very\thigh,very high,,,,narrative -74-20,74,hayás úlman,hayás\túlman,much\told,very old,,,,narrative -75-35,75,Lii kluu mituni kawiishakahukwak.,Lii\tkluu\tmituni\tka-wiishakah-ukw-ak.,ART.PL\tboil\tvery\t2SG.FUT-hurt.ANIM-INV-3PL,Boils are very painful. OR: The boils will hurt you very much.,,,,naturalistic written -75-36,75,Aen vre baen fet.,Aen\tvre\tbaen\tfet.,INDF.ART.M\treally\twell\tmade,He has a good physique. OR: a very well built [man] (lit. a very well made),,,,naturalistic written -75-37,75,Mituni mishikitiw.,Mituni\tmishikiti-w.,very\tbig-3,She is very large.,,,,naturalistic written -75-38,75,Iikichikawiw mituni.,Iikichika-wi-w\tmituni.,awkward-BE-3\tvery,He is very awkward.,,,,naturalistic written -76-22,76,okio añaninni uñacikcu,okio\tañaninni\tuñacikcu,winter\tbig\tfar,a winter very long ago,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-23,76,elekta kīlamik añaninni,elekta\tkīlamik\tañaninni,go\tquick\tbig,"He (or I, they, it, etc.) travel (run, sail, etc.) very fast.",,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-33,1,Dem tu brara no lukku dem tatta.,Den\ttu\tbrara\tno\tluku\tden\ttata.,DET.PL\ttwo\tbrother\tNEG\tlook.after\t3PL\tfather,The/those two brothers don't take care of their father.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-34,1,Fulu da tobbo nanga watra teh na muffe.,Furu\tda\ttobo\tnanga\twatra\tte\tna\tmofo.,fill\tDET.SG\ttub\twith\twater\tuntil\tLOC\tmouth,Fill the tub with water up to the rim.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-31,2,Dati na a triki fu en.,Dati\tna\ta\ttriki\tfu\ten.,That\tCOP\tDET\ttricky\tfor\thim,That’s his trick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-32,2,Den si den ingi.,Den\tsi\tden\tingi.,3PL\tsee\tDET.PL\tIndian,They saw the Indians.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-12,4,a pikin lafu.,a\tpikin\tlafu.,DET.SG\tchild\tlaugh,The child laughed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-10,6,Di gal doh laik shi.,Di\tgal\tdoh\tlaik\tshi.,DET\tgirl\tNEG\tlike\t3SG.F,The girl doesn't like her.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-19,7,I ha ants fo so in di kichin.,I\tha\tant-s\tfo\tso\tin\tdi\tkichin.,3SG.N\thave\tant-PL\tfor\tso\tin\tART\tkitchen,There are lots of ants in the kitchen.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-20,7,di bok,di\tbok,DEF\tbook,the book,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-11,8,Di man nyam di manggo wa wehn de pan di tiebl.,Di\tman\tnyam\tdi\tmanggo\twa\twehn\tde\tpan\tdi\ttiebl.,DET\tman\teat\tDET\tmango\tREL\tANT\tLOC\ton\tDET\ttable,The man ate the mango which was on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-20,9,Wi me wan sum rowp fu tay op di nɛt dɛ.,Wi\tme\twan\tsum\trowp\tfu\ttay\top\tdi\tnɛt\tdɛ.,1PL\tANT\twant\tsome\trope\tto\ttie\tup\tART.DEF\tnet\tLOC/ART.DEF,We wanted some rope to tie up that net.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-21,9,di kapn,di\tkapn,ART.DEF\tcaptain,the captain,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-10,10,So di muma tek di pikniny dem [...].,So\tdi\tmuma\ttek\tdi\tpikniny\tdem\t[...].,so\tART.DEF\tmother\ttake\tART.DEF\tchild\tPL\t[...],So the mother took the children [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-16,11,Aafta dat yu get di bred kain we yu kan put iin it [...].,Aafta\tdat\tyu\tget\tdi\tbred\tkain\twe\tyu\tkan\tput\tiin\tit\t[...].,after\tDEM\t2SG\tget\tART.DEF\tbread\tkind\tREL\t2SG\tcan\tput\tin\t3SG.N\t[...],After that you get the starchy vegetables which you can put into it [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-17,11,Di watch man woz de.,Di\twatch\tman\twoz\tde.,ART.DEF\twatch\tman\tCOP.PST\tDEM.LOC,The watchman was there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-12,12,But I want go back so - we could clean up the lot and build one house there.,But I want go back so - we could clean up the lot [...].,but 1SG.SBJ want go back so   1PL.SBJ MOD.AUX clean up DEF lot [...],But I want to go back (to another island) so we can clean up the lot [and build a house there].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-12,13,de house,de\thouse,DET\thouse,the house,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-13,13,de baby,de\tbaby,DET\tbaby,the baby,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-11,15,di os,di\tos,ART\thouse,the house,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-16,16,ì gò kam riʧ dɛ ɔda ɛnt,ì\tgò\tkam\triʧ\tdɛ\tɔda\tɛnt,3SG\tIRR\tcome\treach\tART.DEF\tother\tend,It would reach the other side.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-11,17,dì klo̱t,dì\tklo̱t,ART.DEF\tcloth,the cloth,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-15,18,Di haus i big.,Di\thaus\ti\tbig.,DEF.ART\thouse\t3SG.SBJ\tbig,The house is big.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-16,19,dì tebul,dì\ttebul,DEF\ttable,the table,,,,constructed by linguist -20-16,20,Look see that money makee weigh.,Look\tsee\tthat\tmoney\tmakee\tweigh.,look\tsee\tDEM\tmoney\tmake\tweigh,See that the money is weighed.,,,,naturalistic written -21-14,21,"Lastime the photo they don’t have the technology, you see.","Lastime\tthe\tphoto\tthey\tdon’t\thave\tthe\ttechnology,\tyou\tsee.",PST\tDET\tphoto\t3PL\tdo.NEG\thave\tDET\ttechnology\t2SG\tsee,"In the past, they didn’t have the technology for photos, you see.",,,,naturalistic spoken -21-15,21,Please open window.,Please\topen\twindow.,please\topen\twindow,Please open the window.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-23,22,tamiok em bin katim diwai longen,tamiok\tem\tbin\tkatim\tdiwai\tlong-en,axe\t3SG\tPST\tcut\ttree\tPREP-3SG,the axe with which he cut the tree,,,,constructed by linguist -22-24,22,Bodi bilong man i go yelo.,Bodi\tbilong\tman\ti\tgo\tyelo.,body\tPOSS\tman\tPM\tgo\tyellow,The man’s body went yellow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-16,23,mi stap antap long get blong pasta ia,mi\tstap\tantap\tlong\tget\tblong\tpasta\tia,1SG\tstay\ton.top\tPREP\tgate\tPOSS\tpastor\tDEF,I was standing up at the pastor's gate.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-17,23,[mi] sarem ol samting ia i stap,[mi]\tsarem\tol\tsamting\tia\ti\tstap,1SG\tshut\tPL\tsomething\tDEF\tAGR\tstay,[I] shut all the things there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-20,24,Ar phone se gorn blank after fly orf ar wall.,Ar\tphone\tse\tgorn\tblank\tafter\tfly\torf\tar\twall.,DET.DEF\tphone\tCOMPL\tgone\tblank\tCOMP\tfall\tPREP\tDET.DEF\twall,The phone has gone dead after falling off the wall.,,,,naturalistic written -24-21,24,Em letl salan hau priti!,Em\tletl\tsalan\thau\tpriti!,PL\tlittle\tpeople\thow\tpretty,How pretty the children are!,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-22,24,Daas d' fas jinja shi-keht ai aewa bin sii.,Daas\td'\tfas\tjinja\tshi-keht\tai\taewa\tbin\tsii.,that.is\tDET.DEF\tfirst\tginger\tshe-cat\t1SG\tever\tPST\tsee,That's the first female ginger cat I've ever seen.,,,,naturalistic written -25-69,25,"Det R. en J., yu sabe dubala?","Det\tR.\ten\tJ.,\tyu\tsabe\tdubala?",DEM\tR.\tand\tJ.\t2SG\tknow\t3DU,"R. and J., do you know the two?",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-70,25,"Wanim reintaim im gro thet big intit, en yu ken luk thet flaua bla im yuno.","Wan=im\trein-taim\tim\tgro\tthet\tbig\tintit,\ten\tyu\tken\tluk\tthet\tflaua\tbla\tim\tyuno.",SUBORD=3SG\train-time\t3SG\tgrow\tDEM\tbig\tTAG\tand\t2SG\tcan\tsee\tDEM\tflower\tPOSS\t3SG\tyou.know,"In the rain time it grows this high, doesn't it, and you can see its flower, you know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-13,26,ji gaɾa ʤɹiŋk da ɹɔ ɛg,ji\tgaɾa\tʤɹiŋk\tda\tɹɔ\tɛg,2SG\tASSOBL\tdrink\tART\traw\tegg,You've got to drink the raw egg.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-11,27,Di noli a sē,Di\tnoli\ta\tsē,DET\tdonkey\tPST\tsay,The donkey said:,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-19,28,di lanʃi,di\tlanʃi,the\tlanguage,Berbice Dutch OR: the language,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-20,28,di tokap,di\ttoko-apu,the\tchild-PL,the children,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-15,29,die wolk,die\twolk,DEF.ART\tcloud,the cloud,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-19,30,"Bá la na kuxera, djobe kel kabálu más mufinu ki sta la, bu ben ku el.","Bá\tla\tna=kuxera,\tdjobe\tkel=kabálu\tmás\tmufinu\tki=sta\tla,\tbu=ben\tku=el.",go\tthere\tin=stable\tsearch\tDEM.SG=horse\tmost\tbad\tCOMP=be\tthere\t2SG=come\twith=3SG,"Go into the stable there, look for the worst horse that is there, and bring it here.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-19,31,Nha ka sta pensa na kel renda di kaza.,Nha\tka\tsta\tpensa\tna\tkel\trenda\tdi\tkaza.,you\tNEG\tASP\tthink\tof\tthe\trent\tof\thouse,You are not thinking about the house rent.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-11,32,Toi dá-m un anel ma mi N perdê kel pedra.,Toi\tdá-m\tun\tanel\tma\tmi\tN\tperdê\tkel\tpedra.,Toi\tgive-1SG\tART.INDF\tring\tbut\t1SG\t1SG\tloose\tART.DEF\tstone,Toi gave me a ring but I lost the stone.,,,,elicited from speaker -32-12,32,"Uk bzot tá plantá, manera k bzot prepará kel térra?","Uk\tbzot\ttá\tplantá,\tmanera\tk\tbzot\tprepará\tkel\ttérra?",what\t2PL\tPST.IPFV\tplant\thow\tCOMP\t2PL\tprepare\tDEF\tland,"What did you plant, how did you prepare the land?",,,,naturalistic spoken -33-14,33,e fidju,e\tfidju,DEF\tson,the son,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-14,34,Karu di ña yermoŋ bonitu.,Karu\tdi\tña\tyermoŋ\tø\tbonitu.,car\tof\tPOSS.1SG\tsibling\tPFV\tnice,My brother's car is nice.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-15,34,Pis-kabalu i limáriya ki má maw.,Pis-kabalu\tø\ti\tlimáriya\tki\tø\tmá\tmaw.,fish-horse\tPFV\tCOP\tanimal\tREL.SBJ\tPFV\tmost\tbad,The hippopotamus is the most dangerous animal.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-20,35,Inen mosu ni ke mu ka fe tlomentu.,Inen\tmosu\tni\tke\tmu\tka\tfe\ttlomentu.,3PL.DEF\tboy\tat\thouse\t1SG.POSS\tIPFV\tmake\tnoise,The boys at my place make noise.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-12,37,"Dya ũa a kumbina di we uvôdô na ose. [...] Mo Têtuuga vê meze xyadu, ê mêsê pa ê kaba meze pimyô.","Dya\tũa\ta\tkumbina\tdi\twe\tuvôdô\tna\tose.\t[...]\tMo\tTêtuuga\tvê\tmeze\txyadu,\tê\tmêsê\tpa\tê\tkaba\tmeze\tpimyô.",day\tone\tINDF\tagree\tof\tgo\tparty\tLOC\theaven\t[...]\tmanner\tTurtle\tsee\ttable\tfill.PP\t3SG\twant\tCOMP\t3SG\tfinish\ttable\tfirst,"One day, they agreed to go to a party in heaven. [...] As Turtle saw how full of food the table was, he wanted to finish the table first.",,,,naturalistic spoken -38-17,38,namina miel,na-mina\tmiela,ART-child\tfemale,the girls/daughters,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-25,39,Es tud ɔn foy raprig?,Es\ttud\tɔn\tfoy\traprig?,DEM\tall\twhere\tgo.PST\tgirl,Where did all the girls go?,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-17,42,nus sibrí aké pesi kanikaninu,nus\tsibrí\také\tpesi\tkani~kaninu,1PL\tuse\tthat\tfish\tsmall~small,We use the very small fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-18,42,isti prau teng buraku,isti\tprau\tteng\tburaku,this\tboat\thave\thole,This boat has a hole in it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-14,43,Fruta patola margodju aka marga [...].,Fruta\tpatola\tmargodju\taka\tmarga\t[...].,fruit\tcucumber\tbitter\tDEF.ART\tbitter\t[...],The fruit of the bitter cucumber is bitter [...].,,,,naturalistic written -43-15,43,"Nosotër kontenti fay orta, tara klapa. Mas dianti nos bota aka somenti.","Nosotër\tkontenti\tfay\torta,\ttara\tklapa.\tMas\tdianti\tnos\tbota\taka\tsomenti.",1PL\thappy\tmake\tgarden\tplant\tcoconut\tmore\tfront\t1PL\tput\tDEF.ART\tseed,"We like to cultivate a garden, to plant cocounut palms. First we plant the seeds.",,,,naturalistic written -43-16,43,[...] kantu kere da akel ondra kung eo [...].,[...]\tkantu\tkere\tda\takel\tondra\tkung\teo\t[...].,[...]\tif\twant\tgive\tDEF.ART\thonour\tOBJ\t1SG\t[...],[…] whether he wants to give me the honour […].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-14,44,kel nóbya,kel\tnóbya,the\tbride,the bride,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-15,44,kel pwérko kel,kel\tpwérko\tkel,the\tpig\tTOP,the pig,,,,written (grammar) -45-11,45,El maestra el mujer.,El\tmaestra\tel\tmujer.,DEF\tteacher\tDEF\twoman,The woman is the teacher.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-28,46,el kása,el\tkása,ART\thouse,the house,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-29,46,El ómbre el ya-bené.,El\tómbre\tel\tya-bené.,DET\tman\tDET\tPRF-come,This (same) man has come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-30,46,El móra el ya-bendé.,El\tmóra\tel\tya-bendé.,ART\tMuslim.F\tART\tPFV-sell,The one who sold it was the Muslim woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-25,47,e buki; un buki,e\tbuki;\tun\tbuki,DEF\tbook\tINDF\tbook,the book; a book,,,,published source -49-16,49,Malerèz la prete lajan nan men moun.,Malerèz\tla\tprete\tlajan\tnan\tmen\tmoun.,poor\tDEF\tborrow\tmoney\tin\thand\tperson,The poor person has borrowed money from somebody.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-16,50,vwati-la,vwati-la,car-DEF,the car,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-17,51,loto-a,loto-a,car-DEF,the car,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-10,52,kaz-a,kaz-a,house-ART,the house,,,,elicited from speaker -53-29,53,Komon ye pel le piti?,Komon\tye\tpel\tle\tpiti?,how\t3PL\tcall\tART.DEF.SG\tchild,How do they call the child?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-30,53,Vié nom là vini koté li.,Vié\tnom-là\tvini\tkoté\tli.,old\tman-ART.DEF.SG\tcame\ttowards\t3SG,The old man came towards him.,,,,naturalistic written -53-31,53,La fiy vini reste avek mwa isi.,La\tfiy\tvini\treste\tavek\tmwa\tisi.,ART.DEF.SG\tgirl\tcame\tstay\twith\t1SG\there,The girl came to stay here with me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-32,53,Li présenté zoficié yé à zeine sarpantié.,Li\tprésenté\tzoficié-yé\tà\tzeine\tsarpantié.,3SG\tpresent\tofficer-ART.DEF.PL\tto\tyoung\tcarpenter,He presented the officers to the young carpenter.,,,,naturalistic written -53-33,53,Jordi le mun nwar lib.,Jordi\tle\tmun\tnwar\tlib.,today\tART.DEF.PL\tperson\tblack\tfree,Today the black people are free.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-34,53,"Mo pa krwa, li di, m ale jwe pou bal-la.","Mo\tpa\tkrwa,\tli\tdi,\tm\tale\tjwe\tpou\tbal\tla.",1SG\tNEG\tthink\t3SG\tsay\t1SG\tFUT\tplay\tfor\tdance\tART.DEF.SG,I don't think that I will play at the dance.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-35,53,Sa se l janm. [...] Sa se l soulye.,Sa\tse\tl\tjanm.\t[...]\tSa\tse\tl\tsoulye.,DEM\tCOP\tART.DEF.SG\tleg\t[...]\tDEM\tCOP\tART.DEF.SG\tshoe,That's the leg. [...] That's the shoe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-36,53,To pròch pa ka fe la diferans.,To\tpròch\tpa\tka\tfe\tla\tdiferans.,2SG\talmost\tNEG\tcan\tmake\tART.DEF.SG\tdifference,You can hardly tell the difference.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-37,53,Chyen-la trape lodè lapen-la.,Chyen-la\ttrape\tlodè\tlapen-la.,dog-ART.DEF.SG\tcatch\tscent\trabbit-ART.DEF.SG,The dog caught the rabbit's scent.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-38,53,Letòf-loe te pli mens.,Letòf-loe\tte\tpli\tmens.,material-ART.DEF.SG\tPST\tmore\tthin,The material was thinner.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-39,53,Li met papye-a dan tirwa-la.,Li\tmet\tpapye-a\tdan\ttirwa-la.,3SG\tput\tpaper-ART.DEF.SG\tin\tdrawer-ART.DEF.SG,He put the paper in the drawer.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-40,53,vyè moun-an,vyè\tmoun-an,old\tperson-ART.DEF.SG,the adult,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-41,53,Depech-ye mi.,Depech-ye\tmi.,peach-ART.DEF.PL\tripe,The peaches are ripe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-42,53,Ye loure bari-ye.,Ye\tloure\tbari-ye.,3PL\troll\tbarrel-ART.DEF.PL,They rolled the barrels.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-43,53,tou le jenn jan-ye,tou\tle\tjenn\tjan-ye,all\tART.DEF.PL\tyoung\tperson-ART.DEF.PL,all the young people,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-18,54,le tonton i di ali,lë\ttonton\ti\tdi\tali,DEF.SG\tuncle\tFIN\tsay\t3SG.OBL,the uncle says to him,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-19,54,La fanm la parti.,La\tfanm\tla\tparti.,DEF\twoman\tPRF\tleave,The woman has left.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-17,55,lakaz la,lakaz\tla,house\tDEF,the house,,,,elicited from speaker -56-25,56,"Ou pa kapab grate pwason. Ou a bezwen sal li ek son lekay tou. E ou tir sa gro zaret milye, ou tir latet.","Ou\tpa\tkapab\tgrate\tpwason.\tOu\ta\tbezwen\tsal\tli\tek\tson\tlekay\ttou.\tE\tou\ttir\tsa\tgro\tzaret\tmilye,\tou\ttir\tlatet.",2SG\tNEG\tcan\tscratch\tfish\t2SG\tFUT\tneed\tsalt\tit\twith\tPOSS.3SG\tscale\tall\tand\t2SG\tpull\tART\tthick\tbone\tmiddle\t2SG\tpull\thead,"You could not scratch the fish. You had to salt them with their scales. And you pulled the large bone in the middle, you pulled the heads.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-36,59,"lakwe na bi aga ake menase lo, kogara ti lo ni ae ga amenase lo ngbii","lakwe\tna\tbi\ta-ga\ta-ke\tmenase\tlo,\tkogara\tti\tlo\tni\ta-yeke\tga\ta-menase\tlo\tngbii",always\tPREP\tnight\tPM-come\tPM-COP\tthreaten\t3SG\tin-law\tof\t3SG\tDET\tPM-COP\tcome\tPM-threaten\t3SG\tlong.time,"Every night he came and threatened her, her son-in-law came and threatened her for a long time.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-37,59,ata ti lo ni angba azingo,ata\tti\tlo\tni\ta-ngba\ta-zingo,grandparent\tof\t3SG\tDET\tPM-remain\tPM-awaken,Her grandmother suddenly woke up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-38,59,"kogara ti lo ni aten toon'so awe, [...]","kogara\tti\tlo\tni\ta-tene\ttongaso\tawe,\t[...]",in-law\tof\t3SG\tDET\tPM-say\tthus\talready\t[...],"After his mother-in-law had spoken thusly, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-39,59,"ndo ni avoko toon’so, [...] melenge ti lo ni aleke place","ndo\tni\tavoko\ttongaso,\t[...]\tmelenge\tti\tlo\tni\taleke\t",place\tDET\tSM.become.dark\tthus\t[...]\tchild\tof\t3SG\tDET\tSM.prepare\tplace,"After it had become dark, [...] her child prepared a place (to sleep).",,,,constructed by linguist -59-40,59,amu mafuta ti zo ni amu na lo,amu\tmafuta\tti\tzo\tni\tamu\tna\tlo,SM.take\tfat\tof\tperson\tDET\tSM.give\tPREP\t3SG,He took the human fatty meat and gave it to her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-9,61,lo nyama,lo\tnyama,the\tmeat,the meat OR: meat,,,,constructed by linguist -63-11,63,júa dé,júa\tdé,house\tDET,this house,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-21,65,"Xeʧʒu liba kupila, eta liba pomilaj netu [...] eta liba ubiʒala.","Xeʧʒu\tliba\tkupi-la,\teta\tliba\tpomilaj\tnetu\t[...]\teta\tliba\tubiʒala.",Xeczu\tfish\tbuy-PFV\tthis\tfish\tdie\tNEG\t[...]\tthis\tfish\trun.away.PFV,"Xeczu bought a fish, the fish was alive [...] the fish swam away.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-25,67,Lagi sekarang tak ada kerja ah tengok itu cucu tak apa-apa la.,Lagi\tsekarang\ttak\tada\tkerja\tah\ttengok\titu\tcucu\ttak\tapa~apa\tla.,more\tnow\tNEG\texist\twork\tPCL\tlook.at\tDEM\tgrandchild\tNEG\twhat~what\tEMPH,"Now that I am not working, taking care of the grandchild is nothing.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-26,67,Jadi ini katak manyak lawan ah.,Jadi\tini\tkatak\tmanyak\tlawan\tah.,well\tDEM\tfrog\tmany\tattack\tEMPH,"Well, this frog is very aggressive.",,,,elicited from speaker -67-27,67,Dia sotong tanya sotong ini satu kilo berapa?,Dia\tsotong\ttanya\tsotong\tini\tsatu\tkilo\tberapa?,3SG\tcuttlefish\task\tcuttlefish\tDEM\tone\tkilo\thow.many/how.much,"""The cuttlefish,"" [I] asked, “How much is a kilo of this cuttlefish?""",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-15,71,Kela Kepani hapai kela lepo hana piha kela waha.,Kela\tKepani\thapai\tkela\tlepo\thana\tpiha\tkela\twaha.,DET\tJapanese\ttake\tDET\tdirt\tmake\tfull\tDET\tmouth,The Japanese took some dirt and filled his mouth (with it). OR: The Japanese filled his mouth with dirt.,,,,naturalistic written -72-17,72,Dat warlakungku im warlakap nyilangka botulta.,Dat\twarlaku-ngku\tim\twarlakap\tnyila-ngka\tbotul-ta.,the\tdog-ERG\t3SG\tlook.around\tthat-LOC\tbottle-LOC,The dog looked in that bottle.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-39,75,Li garson kinoshiw.,Li\tgarson\tkino-shi-w.,DEF.ART.M\tboy\ttall-be-3SG,The boy is tall.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-40,75,ekwanima la montay,ekwanima\tla\tmontay,that\tDEF.ART.F\tmountain,that mountain,,,,elicited from speaker -1-35,1,wan nuwenti; wan passi,wan\tnyunwenke;\twan\tpasi,ART.INDF.SG\tmaiden\tART.INDF.SG\troad,a maiden; a road,,,,written -2-33,2,wan tori fu Anansi,wan\ttori\tfu\tAnansi,DET\tstory\tof\tAnansi,a story about Anansi,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-34,2,Dati a wan nengre leki den srefi.,Dati\ta\twan\tnengre\tleki\tden\tsrefi.,that\tCOP\tDET\tblack\tlike\tthem\tself,That is a black man like themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-15,3,wan wɔmi,wan\twɔmi,INDF\tman,a man,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-13,4,a gaan osu,a\tgaan\tosu,DET.INDF\tbig\thouse,The big house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-18,5,dis bina wan maan [...],dis\tbina\twan\tmaan\t[...],this\twas\tINDF.ART\tman\t[...],There was this man [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-11,6,a gal,a\tgal,DET\tgirl,a girl,,,,constructed by linguist -7-21,7,wan aami man,wan\taami\tman,INDF\tarmy\tman,a soldier,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-12,8,Wahn dopi lik wahn man.,Wahn\tdopi\tlik\twahn\tman.,INDF\tghost\thit\tINDF\tman,A ghost hit a man.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-22,9,A wan pul wan mame fa tri fi yu.,A\twan\tpul\twan\tmame\tfa\ttri\tfi\tyu.,1SG\tFUT\tpull\tone\tmame\tfrom\ttree\tfor\tyou,I will pull a mame (fruit) from the tree for you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-11,10,"Wen ihn get to wan distant, him fain Beda Naansi [...].","Wen\tihn\tget\tto\twan\tdistant,\thim\tfain\tBeda\tNaansi\t[...].",when\t3SG\tget\tto\tART.INDF\tdistance\t3SG\tfind\tBrother\tAnansi\t[...],"When he got to a [certain] distance, he found Brother Anansi [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-18,11,Dei set dat op at a distans.,Dei\tset\tdat\top\tat\ta\tdistans.,3PL\tset\tDEM\tup\tat\tART.INDF\tdistance,They set that up at a distance.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-13,12,"I hear 'bout - I hear people say they is see one horse be riding, too. One ghost horse. Ghost horse. In the night time.",[...]\tone\thorse\t[...]\tOne\tghost\thorse\t[...],[...]\tINDF\thorse\t[...]\tINDF\tghost\thorse\t[...],[I’ve heard people say they see] a horse riding [...] A ghost horse [...] at night.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-14,13,a buckra,a\tbuckra,a\tbuckra,a white man,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-15,13,a great big house,a\tgreat\tbig\thouse,a\tgreat\tbig\thouse,a great big house,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-13,14,She ate a sandwich.,She\tate\ta\tsandwich.,she\teat.PST\ta\tsandwich,She ate a sandwich.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-12,15,a sabi wan siŋg,a\tsabi\twan\tsiŋg,1SG\tknow\tone\tsong,I know a song. OR: I know only one song.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-13,15,a gɛt bɔl,a\tgɛt\tbɔl,ART\thave\tball,I have a ball.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-17,16,à gɛt sɔm frɛn sɛf we ì kam frɔm togo,à\tgɛt\tsɔm\tfrɛn\tsɛf\twe\tì\tkam\tfrɔm\ttogo,1SG\tget\tART.INDF\tfriend\tself\tCOMP\t3SG\tcome\tfrom\tTogo,I even have a friend who comes from Togo.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-12,17,wo̱n klo̱t,wo̱n\tklo̱t,ART.INDF\tcloth,a cloth,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-16,18,Wan boi an wan gel di plei fo rut.,Wan\tboi\tan\twan\tgel\tdi\tplei\tfo\trut.,INDF.ART\tboy\tand\tINDF.ART\tgirl\tIPFV\tplay\tfor\troad,A boy and a girl are playing in the street.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-17,19,À gɛt wan big sista we nà mulata.,À\tgɛt\twan\tbig\tsista\twe\tnà\tmulata.,1SG.SBJ\tget\tone\tbig\tsister\tSUBORD\tFOC\tAfrican-European.female,I have a big sister who is African-European.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-17,20,Makee one pigeon pie.,Makee\tone\tpigeon\tpie.,make\tART.INDF\tpigeon\tpie,Make a pigeon pie.,,,,naturalistic written -21-16,21,"Yes, I was calling up for temp job.","Yes,\tI\twas\tcall-ing\tup\tfor\ttemp\tjob.",yes\t1SG\tbe.SG.PST\tcall-PROG\tup\tfor\ttemporary\tjob,"Yes, I was phoning for a temporary job.",,,,naturalistic spoken -22-25,22,Long dispela ples i gat wanpela lapun meri.,Long\tdispela\tples\ti\tgat\twanpela\tlapun\tmeri.,PREP\tthis\tvillage\tPM\thave\tone\told\twoman,In this village there was an old woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-18,23,hem i kam blong stap long wan kos blong hem,hem\ti\tkam\tblong\tstap\tlong\twan\tkos\tblong\them,3SG\tAGR\tcome\tCOMP\tstay\tPREP\tINDF\tcourse\tPOSS\t3SG,She's come to attend a course of hers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-23,24,Ai si wan mien ap yena.,Ai\tsi\twan\tmien\tap\tyena.,1SG.SBJ\tsee\tDET.INDF\tman\tPREP\tLOC.ADV,I saw a man up there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-24,24,Tek a' bred!,Tek\ta'\tbred!,Take\tDET.INDF\tbread,Have some bread!,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-25,24,Ai pik wan baket a' hihi.,Ai\tpik\twan\tbaket\ta'\thihi.,1SG\tpick\tDET.INDF.SG\tbucket\tPREP\tperiwinkle,I collected a bucket of periwinkles.,,,,naturalistic written -25-71,25,"Wanbala mayi, im peising derrei, wanbala mayi peisin dijei.","Wan-bala\tmayi,\tim\tpeis-ing\tderr-ei,\twan-bala\tmayi\tpeis-in\tdij-ei.",one-ADJ2\tman\t3SG\tface-PROG2\tDIST-way\tone-ADJ2\tman\tface-PROG2\tPROX-way,"One man is facing that way, one man is facing this way. (Context: spatial elicitation game)",,,,elicited from speaker -25-72,25,Wanbala men bin godan.,Wan-bala\tmen\tbin\tgo-dan.,one-ADJ2\tman\tPST\tgo-down,One man went down. OR: A certain man went down.,,,,unknown -25-73,25,Tubala bin go kamat la wanbala wodahol.,Tubala\tbin\tgo\tkamat\tla\twan-bala\twodahol.,3DU\tPST\tgo\tcome\tLOC\tone-ADJ2\twaterhole.,The two went and came to a (specific) waterhole.,,,,naturalistic written -25-74,25,Dijan lilboi imin drim blanga wanbala olgamen.,Dijan\tlilboi\tim=in\tdrim\tblanga\twan-bala\tolgamen.,PROX:ADJ\tlittle.boy\t3SG=PST\tdream\tDAT/POSS\tone-ADJ2\tolder.woman,This boy dreamt of a woman.,,,,naturalistic written -25-75,25,"Wal imin ruwinim wanbala hawus ba wan olgumen, ol K. na en im asbin.","Wal\tim=in\truwin-im\twan-bala\thawus\tba\twan\tolgumen,\tol\tK.\tna\ten\tim\tasbin.",well\t3SG=PST\truin-TR\tone-ADJ2\thouse\tDAT/POSS\tone\twoman\told\tK.\tnow\tand\t3SG\thusband,"Well it (the flood) ruined one woman's house, old K('s) and her husband('s).",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-14,26,ʃi wɛn ɹaɪʔ wan buk,ʃi\twɛn\tɹaɪʔ\twan\tbuk,3SG.F\tPST.PFV\twrite\tART\tbook,She wrote a book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-12,27,An sini a sing een sang.,An\tsini\ta\tsing\teen\tsang.,and\t3PL\tPST\tsing\tINDF\tsong,And they sang a song.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-21,28,ɛkɛ mama wa da en boko jɛrma,ɛkɛ\tmama\twa\tda\ten\tboko\tjɛrma,1SG\tmother\tPST\tCOP\tINDF\tAmerindian\twoman,My mother was an Amerindian (Arawak) woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-22,28,en kɛnɛ pi eni en gutu ka,en\tkɛnɛ\tpi\teni\ten\tgutu\tka,INDF\tperson\tgive\t3PL\tINDF\tthing\tNEG,Nobody gives them anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-16,29,'n perd,'n\tperd,INDF.ART\thorse,a horse,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-20,30,Éra un bes un mudjer la di fóra ki tenba un úniku fidju mátxu.,Éra\tun=bes\tun=mudjer\tla\tdi=fóra\tki\tten-ba\tun=úniku\tfidju\tmátxu.,be.ANT\tART.INDF.SG=time\tART.INDF.SG=woman\tthere\tof=out\tCOMP\thave-ANT\tART.INDF.SG=single\tson\tmale,"There was once a woman from outside [from the interior of the island, not from the capital], who had one single son.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-21,31,Tinha un mudjer lago ki nha mai ten pidiba bokadinhu di kumida.,Tinha\tun\tmudjer\tlago\tki\tnha\tmai\tten\tpidiba\tbokadinhu\tdi\tkumida.,was\ta\twoman\tthere\twho\tmy\tmother\thad\tasked\tlittle\tof\tfood,There was a woman to whom my mother had asked a little of food.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-22,31,Es ta ben poba n'un lugar ki ta txomaba Albeira.,Es\tta\tben\tpoba\tn'un\tlugar\tki\tta\ttxomaba\tAlbeira.,they\tCOND\tcome\tput\tin.INDF\tplace\tthat\tHAB\twas.called\tAlbeira,They would put it in a place that was called Albeira.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-13,32,"Dpos, un vapor d'gérra ben pxá-l pra lá.","Dpos,\tun\tvapor\tde\tgérra\tben\tpxá-l\tpra\tlá.",later\tART.INDF\tsteam\tof\twar\tcome\tpull-3SG\tto\tthere,"Later, a war ship hauled it there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -33-15,33,N’ odja un homi musulmanu.,N\todja\tun\thomi\tmusulmanu.,1SG\tsee\ta\tman\tMuslim,I saw a Muslim man.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-16,34,N wocá uŋ karnedu na ña worta.,N\tø\twocá\tuŋ\tkarnedu\tna\tña\tworta.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tfind\tINDF\tsheep\tin\tPOSS.1SG\tkitchen.garden,I have found a sheep in my kitchen garden.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-21,35,ũa sôpa kêntxi,ũa\tsôpa\tkêntxi,a\tsoup\thot,a hot soup,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-11,36,No ka konta ũa thoya [...].,No\tka\tkonta\tũa\tthoya\t[...].,1PL\tFUT\ttell\tART\tstory\t[...],I am going to tell a story [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-13,37,Dya ũa a kumbina di w'uvôdô n'ose.,Dya\tũa\ta\tkumbina\tdi\twe\tuvôdô\tna\tose.,day\tone\tINDF\tagree\tof\tgo\tparty\tLOC\tsky,"One day, they agreed to go to a party in heaven.",,,,naturalistic spoken -38-18,38,Namse ska skeve wan xat.,Namisedyi\tsxa\tskeve\twan\txata.,2PL\tPROG\twrite\tART\tletter,You write a letter.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-26,39,Ali ve ũ dɛmɔn si sai.,Ali\tve\tũ\tdɛmɔn\tsi\tsa-i.,there\tsee.NPST\tone\tghost\tif\tleave-INF,Watch out whether a ghost will come out.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-17,40,u͂ ti ap ani fig.,u͂\tti\tap\tani\tfig.,a\tPST.COP\thand.bread\tand\tbanana,There once was a hand bread and a banana.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-21,41,um buku jaoyaa sara leʈʈar taparsa rɔnal,um\tbuku\tjaa-oyaa\tsara\tleʈʈar\tta-parsa\trɔnal,one\tbook\tPST-look.at\tCOND\tletter\tPRS-be.visible\tRonald,"If [I] look at a book, the letters are visible, Ronald.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-19,42,eli ja olá úngua mulé brangku mbés,eli\tja\tolá\túngua\tmulé\tbrangku\tmbés,3SG\tPFV\tsee\tone\twoman\twhite\textremely,He saw a woman who was very white.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-17,43,Ile kompra ung orta [...].,Ile\tkompra\tung\torta\t[...].,he\tbuy\ta\tplot\t[...],He bought a plot for planting [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-16,44,A yega esti siete pamilia nah ung lugar donde tiene ung pónu [...].,A\tyega\testi\tsiete\tpamilia\tnah\tung\tlugar\tdonde\ttiene\tung\tpónu\t[...].,PFV\tarrive\tthis\tseven\tfamily\tLOC\tINDF\tplace\twhere\texist\tINDF\ttree\t[...],These seven families came to a place where there was a tree [...].,,,,naturalistic written -45-12,45,Ta escribi ele un carta.,Ta\tescribi\tele\tun\tcarta.,IPFV\twrite\t3SG\tINDF\tletter,He writes a letter.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-31,46,un hénte,un\thénte,a\tperson,a person,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-14,48,un ma kusa,un\tma\tkusa,INDF.ART\tPL\tthing,some things,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-17,49,Eske ou konn on moun ki bezwen al Chicago?,Eske\tou\tkonn\ton\tmoun\tki\tbezwen\tal\tChicago?,Q\t2SG\tknow\tINDF\tperson\tREL\tneed.to\tgo\tChicago,Do you know somebody who needs to go to Chicago?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-17,50,on fanm,on\tfanm,INDF\twoman,a woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-18,51,an fanm,an\tfanm,INDF\twoman,a woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-11,52,i pouvé ka ékri roun bon liv,i\tpouvé\tka\tékri\troun\tbon\tliv,he\tcan\tPROG\twrite\ta\tgood\tbook,He might be able to write a good book.,,,,elicited from speaker -52-12,52,oun moun,oun\tmoun,one\tpeople,somebody OR: one man,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-44,53,E en pov nèg te gen tou louvraj.,E\ten\tpov\tnèg\tte\tgen\ttou\tlouvraj.,and\tART.INDF.SG\tpoor\tblack.man\tPST\thave\tall\twork,And a poor black man had all the work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-20,54,"Alor, in zour lavé in boug, li avé in kamarad ali [...].","Alor,\ten\tzour\tlave\ten\tboug,\tli\tave\ten\tkamarad\tali\t[...].",then\tINDF\tday\thave.PST\tINDF\tman\t3SG\thave.PST\tINDF\tcompanion\tOBL.3SG\t[...],"Once upon a time there was a man, he had a companion [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-18,55,en lakaz,en\tlakaz,a\thouse,a house,,,,constructed by linguist -56-26,56,Sant en lot sanson pirog.,Sant\ten\tlot\tsanson\tpirog.,sing\ta\tother\tsong\tpirogue,Sing another pirogue song.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-11,57,a ŋgra latam,a\tŋgra\tlatam,INDF.ART\tbig\ttable,a big table,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-131,57,nu ekri a ŋgra let,nu\tekri\ta\tŋgra\tlet,1PL\twrite\tINDF.ART\tlong\tletter,We are writing a long letter.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-41,59,mbeni nzoni zo ake na kodoro so ape,mbeni\tnzoni\tzo\ta-ke\tna\tkodoro\tso\tape,certain\tgood\tperson\tPM-COP\tPREP\tvillage\tDEM\tNEG,There's not one good person in this village.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-42,59,ala mu mbeni melenge oko,ala\tmu\tmbeni\tmelenge\toko,3PL\ttake\tsome\tchild\tone,They took one child.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-10,61,Mina funa (muye) (lo) geja.,Mina\tfuna\t(muye)\t(lo)\tgeja.,I\twant\t(one)\t(ART)\thoe,I want a hoe.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-9,62,héló i?azé iwé,hé-lo\ti?aze\ti-we,16-have\tday\t5-one,on a certain day,,,,elicited from speaker -63-12,63,nyerekú wáy,nyerekú\twáy,boy\tone,a boy,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-11,66,Go attu ayer mera kumbang yang eklaatan.,Go\tattu\tayer\tmera\tkumbang\tyang\te-klaatan.,1SG\tINDF\twater\tred\tflower\tACC\tASP-see,I saw a pink flower.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-12,66,Go panjang attu buk sibaca.,Go\tpanjang\tattu\tbuk\tsi-baca.,1SG\tlong\tINDF\tbook\tPST-read,I read a long book.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-28,67,Saya ada satu orang gaji.,Saya\tada\tsatu-orang\tgaji.,1SG\thave\tone-person\tsalary,I have a maid/worker.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-17,71,Kela wahine no iaia hele malaila lawe kekahi papa liilii.,Kela\twahine\tno\tiaia\thele\tmalaila\tlawe\tkekahi\tpapa\tliilii.,that\twoman\tINTENS\t3SG\tgo\tthere\ttake\tINDF.PL\tboard\tlittle,That woman went there [and] took some pieces of boards.,,,,naturalistic written -72-18,72,Wan kirri im teikim keik shopta.,Wan\tkirri\tim\tteik-im\tkeik\tshop-ta.,a\twoman\t3SG\ttake-TR\tcake\tshop-LOC,A woman takes the cake to the shop.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-14,73,uno faburta pidingabu binixuni,uno\tfabur-ta\tpidi-nga-bu\tbini-xu-ni,one\tfavor-ACC\task-NMLZ-BEN\tcome-PROG-1SG,I am coming/I come to ask a favor.,,,,elicited from speaker -1-36,1,Ju lai da boto tumussi.,Yu\tlai\tda\tboto\ttumusi.,2SG\tload\tDET.SG\tboat\texcessively,You overload the boat.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-37,1,Mi zi joe noefetrom.,Mi\tsi\tyu\tnofotron.,1SG\tsee\t2SG\toften,I see you often.,,,,written -1-38,1,"leki va wassi so mennitron dem dringiglasi, djoggo, pattu, pleti, tafra en stulu",leki\tfu\twasi\tsomentron\tden\tdringiglasi\tdyogo\tpatu\tpreti\ttafra\ten\tsturu,like\tto\twash\tso.many.times\tDET.PL\tdrink.glass\tjug\tpot\tplate\ttable\tand\tchair,"like cleaning often the drinking glasses, jugs, pots, plates, tables and chairs",,,,written -2-35,2,Fa ai kon dati alaten yu e kon lati na wroko.,Fa\ta\te\tkon\tdati\talaten\tyu\te\tkon\tlati\tna\twroko.,how\tit\tIPFV\tcome\tthat\talways\t2SG\tIPFV\tcome\tlate\tLOC\twork,How is it that you always come late to work?,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-36,2,Mi bari en nofrotron fu no waka nanga den boi dati.,Mi\tbari\ten\tnofrotron\tfu\tno\twaka\tnanga\tden\tboi\tdati.,1SG\twarn\t3SG\toften\tfor\tNEG\twalk\twith\tthe.PL\tboy\tDEM,I warned him often not to hang around with those boys.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-37,2,Mi bari a pikin nofrotron fu no waka nanga den boi dati.,Mi\tbari\ta\tpikin\tnofrotron\tfu\tno\twaka\tnanga\tden\tboi\tdati.,1SG\twarn\tthe.SG\tchild\toften\tfor\tNEG\twalk\twith\tthe.PL\tboy\tDEM,I warned the child often not to hang around with those boys.,,,,constructed by linguist -2-38,2,Ala yuru a man disi e kon tanteri mi.,Ala\tyuru\ta\tman\tdisi\te\tkon\ttanteri\tmi.,all\ttime\tthe.SG\tman\tDEM\tIPFV\tcome\tbother\t1SG,This man comes and bothers me all the time.,,,,unknown -3-16,3,Só de bì naa béi sèmbè.,Só\tde\tbì\tnaa\tbéi\tsèmbè.,so\t3PL\tTNS\tusually\tbury\tpeople,In this way they usually buried people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-14,4,Mi bay en omen leisi.,Mi\tbay\ten\tomen\tleisi.,I\tbuy\tit\tmany\ttime,I often bought it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-15,4,(I sabi) omen leisi mi taagi en a toli de?,(I\tsabi)\tomen\tleisi\tmi\ttaagi\ten\ta\ttoli\tde?,(you\tknow)\thow.many\ttime\tI\ttell\thim\tDET\tstory\tthere,Do you know how often I told him that story?,,,,unknown -5-19,5,from fraidi nait yu a ge piipl stedii,from\tfraidi\tnait\tyu\ta\tge\tpiipl\tstedii,from\tFriday\tnight\tyou\tASP\tget\tpeople\tregularly,From Friday night people are continuing to pour in.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-20,5,yu aalweez fraikn eni lil naiz,yu\taalweez\tfraikn\teni\tlil\tnaiz,You\tADV\tafraid\tany\tlittle\tnoise,You are always afraid of any little noise. OR: The least (bit of) noise startles you.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-21,5,eni lil naiz yu alweez freed,eni\tlil\tnaiz\tyu\talweez\tfreed,any\tlittle\tnoise\tyou\tADV\tADJ.PRED,Any little noise scares you. OR: You are always scared by the least bit of noise.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-12,6,Don kis shi plenty.,Don\tkis\tshi\tplenty.,Don\tkiss.3SG\t3SG.DO\tplenty,Don kisses her often.,,,,elicited from speaker -6-13,6,Hi well laik shi.,Hi\twell\tlaik\tshi.,3SG\tADV\tlike\t3SG.DO,He likes her all right (mostly).,,,,elicited from speaker -7-23,7,Hi aaltaim tel di truut.,Hi\taal-taim\ttel\tdi\ttruut.,3SG\tall-time\ttell\tART\ttruth,He often tells the truth. OR: He always tells the truth.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-24,7,Meiri duhz kis Jan plenti taim.,Meiri\tduhz\tkis\tJan\tplenti\ttaim.,Mary\tHAB\tkiss\tJohn\tplenty\ttime,Mary often kisses John. OR: Mary kisses John a lot.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-13,8,Di pikni nyam manggo aaftin.,Di\tpikni\tnyam\tmanggo\taaftin.,DET\tchild\teat\tmango\toften,The child eats mangoes often.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-23,9,Yu no pas dat ting ataal.,Yu\tno\tpas\tdat\tting\tataal.,2SG\tNEG\tpass\tthat\tthing\tat.all,Don’t overlook that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-24,9,Habat i me niali ga wan bad brɛkdown.,Habat\ti\tme\tniali\tga\twan\tbad\tbrɛkdown.,Herbert\the\tANT\tnearly\tget\ta\tbad\tbreakdown,Herbert nearly had a bad breakdown.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-25,9,Evri no an agin yu si wan ton op.,Evri\tno\tan\tagin\tyu\tsi\twan\tton\top.,every\tone\tand\tagain\t2SG\tsee\tone\tturn\tup,Every now and again you see one turn up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-26,9,ʧɛk owt beliz pipol dem iyt lown krab.,ʧɛk\towt\tbeliz\tpipol\tdem\tiyt\tlown\tkrab.,check\tout\tBelize\tpeople\t3PL\teat\tlone\tcrab,Belizeans often eat crab.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-27,9,Wɛn i kum bak da lown kriol i de taak.,Wɛn\ti\tkum\tbak\tda\tlown\tkriol\ti\tde\ttaak.,when\t3SG\tcome\tback\tTOP\tlone\tcreole\t3SG\tPROG\ttalk,When he came back he often spoke creole. OR: He could speak creole really well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-12,10,Mary kis John plenty.,Mary\tkis\tJohn\tplenty.,Mary\tkiss\tJohn\tplenty,Mary often kisses John.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-19,11,Mary kis John evri minit.,Mary\tkis\tJohn\tevri\tminit.,Mary\tkiss\tJohn\tevery\tminute,Mary often kisses John.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-20,11,Mary aalitaim kis John.,Mary\taal-i-taim\tkis\tJohn,Mary\tall-ART.DEF-time\tkiss\tJohn,Mary often kisses John.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-14,12,I always ride the plane.,I\talways\tride\tthe\tplane.,I\tADV\tride\tthe\tplane,I always take the plane.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-15,12,I like it plenty.,I\tlike\tit\tplenty.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\t3SG.N.OBJ\tplenty,I like it a lot.,,,,naturalistic written -13-16,13,Dey alltime kill lamb.,Dey\talltime\tkill\tlamb.,they\talways\tkill\tlamb,They always kill lambs. (Mk 14.12),,,,bible translation -14-14,14,They usually eat cheese.,They\tusually\teat\tcheese.,they\tusually\teat\tcheese,They usually eat cheese.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-15,14,I usually be looking for somewhere to waste time.,I\tusually\tbe\tlooking\tfor\tsomewhere\tto\twaste\ttime.,1SG\tusually\tHAB\tlooking\tfor\tsomewhere\tto\twaste\ttime,It is usually the case that I am looking for somewhere to waste time. OR: It it the case that I am usually looking for somewhere to waste time.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-14,15,dʃɔn bin de go fɛn meri ɔl di tɛm,dʃɔn\tbin\tde\tgo\tfɛn\tmeri\tɔl\tdi\ttɛm,John\tPST\tPROG\tgo\tfind\tMary\tall\tthe\ttime,John always used to go visit Mary.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-15,15,ɔl tɛm ʤɔn de na meri ĩ os,ɔl\ttɛm\tʤɔn\tde\tna\tmeri\tĩ\tos,all.the\ttime\tJohn\tthere\tLOC\tMary\tPOSS\thouse,John is always at Mary's house. OR: John is at Mary's house all the time.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-18,16,dè implɔi pipu plɛnti,dè\timplɔi\tpipu\tplɛnti,3PL\temploy\tpeople\tplenty,They employ people a lot. OR: They employ a lot of people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-13,17,Me̱ri dè kis Jo̱n planti taym.,Me̱ri\tdè\tkis\tJo̱n\tplanti\ttaym.,Mary\tNCOMPL\tkiss\tJohn\tplenty\ttime,Mary often kisses John.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-14,17,Planti taym Me̱ri dè kis Jo̱n.,Planti\ttaym\tMe̱ri\tdè\tkis\tJo̱n.,plenty\ttime\tMary\tNCOMPL\tkiss\tJohn,Mary often kisses John.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-17,18,A laikam plehnti.,A\tlaik-am\tplenti.,1SG.SBJ\tlike-3SG.OBL\tplenty,I like it a lot.,,,,published source -18-18,18,I bi di so so kof.,I\tbi\tdi\tso\tso\tkof.,2SG.SBJ\tPST\tIPFV\toften\toften\tcough,He coughed often.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-18,19,À kìn si dan bɔy bɔ̀kú nà tɔn.,À\tkìn\tsi\tdan\tbɔy\tbɔ̀kú\tnà\ttɔn.,1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tsee\tthat\tboy\tmuch\tLOC\ttown,I often see that boy in town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-18,20,He often stop here.,He\toften\tstop\there.,3SG\toften\tCOP\there,He is often here.,,,,naturalistic written -20-19,20,He every day tipsy.,He\tevery\tday\ttipsy.,3SG\tevery\tday\ttipsy,He gets drunk every day.,,,,naturalistic written -21-17,21,She always doing that.,She\talways\tdo-ing\tthat.,3SG\talways\tdo-PROG\tthat,She does that all the time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-18,21,She's doing that always.,She's\tdo-ing\tthat\talways.,3SG.be.3SG\tdo-PROG\tthat\talways,She's always doing that.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-26,22,Mi bin lukim mama planti taim.,Mi\tbin\tluk-im\tmama\tplanti\ttaim.,1SG\tPST\tsee-TR\tmother\tmany\ttime,I saw mother often.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-19,23,[...] blong mekem sua se gavman hemi folem loa oltaem long ol wok blong hem.,[...]\tblong\tmekem\tsua\tse\tgavman\themi\tfolem\tloa\toltaem\tlong\tol\twok\tblong\them.,[...]\tPURP\tmake\tsure\tCOMP\tgovernment\t3SG.AGR\tfollow\tlaw\tall.time\tLOC\tPL\twork\tPOSS\t3SG,[...] in order to ensure that the Government always obeys the law in its work.,,,,naturalistic written -24-26,24,Dem uuli florg dems lekl salan.,Dem\tuuli\tflorg\tdems\tlekl\tsalan.,they\toften\tbeat\tthey.POSS\tlittle\tperson,They often beat their children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-76,25,Jamtaim wi tok lengguij jirrama.,Jamtaim\twi\ttok\tlengguij\tjirrama.,sometimes\t1PL.EXCL\tspeak\tlanguage\ttwo,Sometimes we speak two languages.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-77,25,Ai bin oldei lisen mai olmen.,Ai\tbin\toldei\tlisen\tmai\tolmen.,1SG\tPST\talways/HAB\tlisten\t1SG:POSS\told.man,I always/habitually listened to my old man (i.e. father).,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-78,25,Gardiya bin oldei ringim thet bel.,Gardiya\tbin\toldei\tring-im\tthet\tbel.,white.person\tPST\talways/HAB\tring-TR\tDEM\tbell,"A white person used to ring a bell every day. (context: work on the cattle stations, when speaker was young).",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-79,25,"Wi yusdu get haidin from wait men yuno, oletaim.","Wi\tyusdu\tget\thaidin\tfrom\twait\tmen\tyuno,\toletaim.",1PL\tHAB\tget\thiding\tfrom\twhite\tmen\tyou.know\talways,We used to get a beating from the white people all the time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-80,25,Ai bin gowin skul orlataim. Afda tharran ai orlas kambek en abam dina en go pleibat garra orla kid.,Ai\tbin\tgow-in\tskul\torlataim.\tAfda\ttharran\tai\torlas\tkam-bek\ten\tab-am\tdina\ten\tgo\tplei-bat\tgarra\torla\tkid.,1SG\tPST\tgo-PROG2\tschool\talways\tafter\tDIST:ADJ\t1SG\talways\tcome-back\tand\thave-TR\tdinner\tand\tgo\tplay-PROG\tCOM/INS\tPL\tchild,I used to go to school every day. After school I would come back and have dinner and then go and play with the children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-15,26,a stɛ go kat gɹæs al a taɪm,a\tstɛ\tgo\tkat\tgɹæs\tal\ta\ttaɪm,1SG\tIPFV\tACT\tcut\tgrass\tall\tART\ttime,I kept cutting grass all the time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-16,26,aɪ no is da seɪm wan deɪ plæ ɛvɹitaɪmɛvɹitaɪm,aɪ\tno\tis\tda\tseɪm\twan\tdeɪ\tplæ\tɛvɹitaɪm-ɛvɹitaɪm,1SG\tknow\tis\tART\tsame\tone\t3PL\tplay\tevery.time-INTENS,I know it's the same one they play every single time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-23,28,idri tito wa haf mu fɛkɛ,idri\ttiti\to\twa\thafi\tmu\tfi\tɛkɛ,every\ttime\t3SG\tPST\thave.to\tgo\tfor\t1SG,Every time he had to fetch me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-24,28,idri daka nau ma krik tukuma fə ʃi jefi,idri\tdaka\tnau\tma\tkriki\ttukuma\tfi\tʃi\tjefi,every\tday\tnow\tIRR\tget\tpalmworm\tfor\t3SG.POSS\tfood,Every day now (she) would get palmworms to eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-25,28,"aʃu pruf di gudi, ju ma alwesuko","aʃi\tju\tpruf\tdi\tgutu\tdi,\tju\tma\talwes\tsuku\to",if\t2SG\ttaste\tthe\tthing\tDEM\t2SG\tIRR\talways\twant\t3SG,"If you taste this stuff, you will always want it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-26,28,da somtiti ju hafə nunu wedri blarwap an [...],da\tsomtiti\tju\thafu\tnunu\tweldri\tblaru-apu\tan\t[...],COP\tsometimes\t2SG\thave.to\tpull\twild\tleaf-PL\tand\t[...],"(It is the case that) sometimes you have to pull off wild leaves, and [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-17,29,Marie soen dikwels (vir) Piet.,Marie\tsoen\tdikwels\t(vir)\tPiet.,Mary\tkisses\toften\t(OBJ.MARKER)\tPete,Mary often kisses Pete.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-18,29,Marie soen Piet dikwels.,Marie\tsoen\tPiet\tdikwels.,Mary\tkisses\tPete\toften,Mary often kisses Pete.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-19,29,omdat Marie Piet dikwels soen,omdat\tMarie\tPiet\tdikwels\tsoen,because\tMary\tPete\toften\tkisses,because Mary often kisses Pete,,,,naturalistic written -29-20,29,omdat Marie dikwels vir Piet soen,omdat\tMarie\tdikwels\tvir\tPiet\tsoen,because\tMary\toften\tOBJ.MARKER\tPete\tkisses,because Mary often kisses Pete,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-21,30,Kunprador txeu bes ta kunpra na órta mé.,Kunprador\ttxeu\tbes\tta=kunpra\tna=órta\tmé.,buyer\tmany\ttime\tIPFV=buy\tin=field\titself,The customers often buy [the goods] directly from the field.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-22,30,"Txeu bes flexa ta tenba venénu n'el, pa máta inimigu más fáxi.","Txeu\tbes\tflexa\tta=ten-ba\tvenénu\tn=el,\tpa=máta\tinimigu\tmás\tfáxi.",many\ttime\tarrow\tIPFV=have-ANT\tpoison\tin=it\tfor=kill\tenemy\tmore\tquick,"The arrows were often poisoned, in order to kill the enemy faster.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-23,30,"Dimóniu tenta Jizus txeu bes, la na dizértu.","Dimóniu\ttenta\tJizus\ttxeu\tbes,\tla\tna=dizértu.",devil\ttempt\tJesus\tmany\ttime\tthere\tin=desert,The devil often tempted Jesus there in the desert.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-24,30,[...] nhu ta ten txeu bes surpréza.,[...]\tnhu=ta=ten\ttxeu\tbes\tsurpréza.,[...]\t2SG.POL.M=IPFV=have\tmany\ttime\tsurprise,[...] you often have a surprise.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-23,31,El da-nu zimola e da senpri se pon di kada dia.,El\tda-nu\tzimola\te\tda\tsenpri\tse\tpon\tdi\tkada\tdia.,he\tgave-us\tcharity\the\tgives\talways\this\tbread\tof\tevery\tday,"He gave us charity, he always provides every day's bread.",,,,constructed by linguist -31-24,31,Minizu senpri ta sa so na gera ku mi i ku bo.,Minizu\tsenpri\tta\tsa\tso\tna\tgera\tku\tmi\ti\tku\tbo.,children\talways\tTAM\tTAM\tonly\tin\twar\twith\tme\tand\twith\tyou,Children are always fighting me and you.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-25,31,Maria t'odja Paulo senpri.,Maria\tt'odja\tPaulo\tsenpri.,Maria\tTAM.see\talways\tPaulo,Maria always sees Paulo.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-14,32,Pais devê lutá senpr pa se independênsia.,Pais\tdevê\tlutá\tsenpr\tpa\tse\tindependênsia.,country\tmust\tfight\talways\tfor\t3SG.POSS\tindependence,A country must always fight for its independence.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-15,32,Nha avô senpr vendê midj.,Nha\tavô\tsenpr\tvendê\tmidj.,1SG.POSS\tgrandmother\talways\tsell\tcorn,My grandmother always sold corn.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-16,32,Doka t'oiá jog senpr.,Doka\tta\toiá\tjog\tsenpr.,Doka\tPRS\twatch\tmatch\talways,Doka always watches games.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-16,33,Tudu ora Maria ta beija Djon.,Tudu\tora\tMaria\tta\tbeija\tDjon.,all\thour\tMaria\tHAB\tkiss\tJohn,Maria often kisses John.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-18,33,Maria tudu ora ta beija Djon.,Maria\ttudu\tora\tta\tbeija\tDjon.,Maria\tall\thour\tHAB\tkiss\tJohn,Mary is always kissing John.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-17,34,Kada diya N ta wojá Mariya na fera.,Kada\tdiya\tN\tta\twojá\tMariya\tna\tfera.,each\tday\t1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tsee\tMary\tin\tmarket,I see Mary every day at the market.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-18,34,N ta wojá kada diya Mariya na fera.,N\tta\twojá\tkada\tdiya\tMariya\tna\tfera.,1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tsee\teach\tday\tMary\tin\tmarket,I see Mary every day at the market.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-19,34,N ta wojá Mariya kada diya na fera.,N\tta\twojá\tMariya\tkada\tdiya\tna\tfera.,1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tsee\tMary\teach\tday\tin\tmarket,I see Mary every day at the market.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-22,35,Ê ka kopla pixi tudu ola.,Ê\tka\tkopla\tpixi\ttudu\tola.,3SG\tIPFV\tbuy\tfish\tall\thour,He buys fish all the time.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-23,35,Tudu ola ê ka kopla pixi.,Tudu\tola\tê\tka\tkopla\tpixi.,all\thour\t3SG\tIPFV\tbuy\tfish,He buys fish all the time.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-12,36,Thempe ê ka kopua kikiê ra m.,Thempe\tê\tka\tkopua\tkikiê\tra\tm.,always\the\tHAB\tbuy\tfish\tgive\tme,She always buys fish for me.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-13,36,Ê ka kopua thempe kikiê ra m.,Ê\tka\tkopua\tthempe\tkikiê\tra\tm.,she\tHAB\tbuy\talways\tfish\tgive\tme,She always buys fish for me.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-14,36,Ê ka kopua kikiê ra m thempe.,Ê\tka\tkopua\tkikiê\tra\tm\tthempe.,she\tHAB\tbuy\tfish\tgive\tme\talways,She always buys fish for me.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-14,37,Mene sempi ka kopa pêxi na fya.,Mene\tsempi\tka\tkopa\tpêxi\tna\tfya.,Mene\talways\tHAB\tbuy\tfish\tLOC\tmarket,Mene always buys fish at the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-15,37,Mene ka kopa sempi pêxi na fya.,Mene\tka\tkopa\tsempi\tpêxi\tna\tfya.,Mene\tHAB\tbuy\talways\tfish\tLOC\tmarket,Mene always buys fish at the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-27,39,Yo sẽp tə brĩka saykəl.,Yo\tsẽp\ttə\tbrĩka\tsaykəl.,1SG\toften/always\tIPFV.NPST\tplay-INF\tbicycle,I often/always play with my bicycle.,,,,constructed by linguist -39-28,39,El sẽp dəpəy də jãtar ad vay kaz pu drumi.,El\tsẽp\tdəpəy\tdə\tjãtar\tad\tvay\tkaz\tpu\tdrum-i.,3SG\talways/often\tafter\tof\tlunch\tIRR.NPST\tgo.INF\thouse\tPURP\tsleep-INF,He always/often goes home after lunch to sleep.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-18,40,N-əkə alde nɔ kadi ti baʃa.,N-əkə\talde\tnɔ\tkadi\tti\tbaʃa.,LOC-that\tvillage\twe\teveryday\tPST\tgo.down,We would go down to that village every day. OR: We used to go down to that village every day.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-19,40,Tər asĩ kadi ũ ũ bəli tə manda manda.,Tər\tasĩ\tkadi\tũ\tũ\tbəli\ttə\tmanda\tmanda.,so\tin.this.way\teveryday\tone\tone\tsacrificial.offering\tPRS\tsend\tsend,"So, in this way each day one sacrificial offering would be sent.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-22,41,eev vosa kuɲaadupa kada ɔɔra kilembraa,eev\tvosa\tkuɲaadu-pa\tkada\tɔɔra\tki-lembraa,1SG\t2SG.GEN\tbrother.in.law-ACC\tevery\ttime\tHAB-think.of,I often think of your brother-in-law.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-23,41,akii kiyɔɔra taam aros kikuza,akii\tkii-ɔɔra\ttaam\taros\tki-kuza,here\twhat-time\tCONC\trice\tHAB-cook,Here you cook rice often (lit. Here you cook rice whenever).,,,,elicited from speaker -42-20,42,Stanley niora niora lo bebé sura,Stanley\tniora\tniora\tlo\tbebé\tsura,Stanley\tdue.course\tdue.course\tFUT\tdrink\ttoddy,Stanley often drinks toddy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-21,42,Stanley lo bebé sura niora niora,Stanley\tlo\tbebé\tsura\tniora\tniora,Stanley\tFUT\tdrink\ttoddy\tdue.course\tdue.course,Stanley drinks toddy often.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-17,44,El mánga kriyatúra ta bisamánu pírmi kon Lóling.,El\tmánga\tkriyatúra\tta\tbisamánu\tpírmi\tkon\tLóling.,DET\tPL\tchild\tIPFV\tkiss.hand\talways\tOBJ\tLoling,The children always kiss the hand of Loling.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-18,44,Quel manga Mardicas pirme ta visia con quel manga pirata moro [...].,Quel\tmanga\tMardicas\tpirme\tta\tvisia\tcon\tquel\tmanga\tpirata\tmoro\t[...].,DET\tPL\tmardicas\talways\tIPFV\tkeep.watch\tOBJ\tDET\tPL\tpirate\tmoro\t[...],The mardicas always kept watch for the moro pirates [...].,,,,naturalistic written -44-19,44,Pírmi el mánga kriyatúra ta bisamánu kon Lóling.,Pírmi\tel\tmánga\tkriyatúra\tta\tbisamánu\tkon\tLóling.,always\tDEF\tPL\tchild\tIPFV\tkiss.hand\tOBJ\tLoling,The children always kiss the hand of Loling.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-13,45,Ta visita Rosa con su tres hermano firme.,Ta\tvisita\tRosa\tcon\tsu\ttres\thermano\tfirme.,IPFV\tvisit\tRosa\tOBJ\ther\tthree\tbrother\talways,Rosa always visits her three brothers.,,,,constructed by linguist -45-14,45,Ta visita Rosa firme con su tres hermano.,Ta\tvisita\tRosa\tfirme\tcon\tsu\ttres\thermano.,IPFV\tvisit\tRosa\talways\tOBJ\ther\tthree\tbrother,Rosa visits her three brothers often.,,,,constructed by linguist -45-15,45,Firme ta visita Rosa con su tres hermano.,Firme\tta\tvisita\tRosa\tcon\tsu\ttres\thermano.,often\tIPFV\tvisit\tRosa\tOBJ\ther\tthree\tbrother,Rosa visits her three brothers often.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-32,46,Pírmi si Peter ta-besá kun Joan.,Pírmi\tsi\tPeter\tta-besá\tkun\tJoan.,often\tAG\tPeter\tIPFV-kiss\tOBJ\tJoan,Peter often kisses Joan. OR: Peter always kisses Joan.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-33,46,Ta-besá si Peter kun January pírmi.,Ta-besá\tsi\tPeter\tkun\tJanuary\tpírmi.,IPFV-kiss\tAG\tPeter\tOBJ\tJanuary\toften,Peter kisses January frequently.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-34,46,Ta-besá si Patrick pirmi kun January.,Ta-besá\tsi\tPatrick\tpirmi\tkun\tJanuary.,IPFV-kiss\tAG\tPatrick\toften\tOBJ\tJanuary,Patrick often kisses January.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-26,47,Huan ta kanta tur día.,Huan\tta\tkanta\ttur\tdia.,Huan\tTNS\tsing\tevery\tday,Huan sings every day.,,,,published source -47-27,47,E minister ei ta biaha hopi.,E\tminister\tei\tta\tbiaha\thopi.,DEF\tminister\tDEM.NPROX\tTNS\ttravel\tmuch,That minister (of government) travels a lot.,,,,published source -48-15,48,¿Bo akolá ri Pelo mucho?,¿Bo\takolá\tri\tPelo\tmucho?,you.SG\tthink\tof\tPedro\tmuch,Do you think of Pedro often?,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-16,48,¡Lusi a ngutá ri e ma kusa un poco!,¡Lusi\ta\tngutá\tri\te\tma\tkusa\tun\tpoco!,Lucy\tPST\tlike\tof\tDEM\tPL\tthing\ta\tlittle,Lucy loved these things a lot!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-18,49,Li konn fè travay la souvan.,Li\tkonn\tfè\ttravay\tla\tsouvan.,he/she\thave.the.habit.of\tdo\twork\tDEF\toften,He/She has the habit of doing this work often.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-19,49,Entèl pase isi ya dri.,Entèl\tpase\tisi\tya\tdri.,so.and.so\tcome.by\there\tDEF\toften,So-and-so comes by here often.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-20,49,Dridri m wè msye pase la.,Dridri\tm\twè\tmsye\tpase\tla.,often.often\t1SG\tsee\t3SG.M\tgo.by\tthere,I see him go by there very often.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-21,49,Ou pale avè l souvan?,Ou\tpale\tavè\tl\tsouvan?,2SG\tspeak\twith\t3SG\toften,Do you talk with her/him often?,,,,constructed by linguist -49-22,49,Li pa vini isit la souvan.,Li\tpa\tvini\tisit\tla\tsouvan.,3SG\tNEG\tcome\there\tDEF\toften,He/She doesn't come here often.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-23,49,Tut tan l ap pase la.,Tut\ttan\tl\tap\tpase\tla.,all\ttime\t3SG\tINACC\tgo.by\tthere,He goes by there all the time.,,,,elicited from speaker -50-18,50,Jòj souvan k'ay Bastè.,Jòj\tsouvan\tk'ay\tBastè.,George\toften\tgo\tBasse-Terre,George often goes to Basse-Terre.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-19,50,Jòj toujou k'ay Bastè.,Jòj\ttoujou\tk'ay\tBastè.,George\talways\tgo\tBasse-Terre,George always goes to Basse-Terre.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-20,50,Jòj k'ay Bastè souvan.,Jòj\tk'ay\tBastè\tsouvan.,George\tHAB.go\tBasse-Terre\toften,George often goes to Basse-Terre.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-21,50,Jòj ka bwè onlo.,Jòj\tka\tbwè\tonlo.,George\tHAB\tdrink\ta.lot,George drinks a lot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-19,51,Joj souvan ka alé Baspwent.,Joj\tsouvan\tka\talé\tBaspwent.,Geoge\toften\tIPFV\tgo\tBasse-Pointe,George often goes to Basse-Pointe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-20,51,Joj toujou ka alé Baspwent.,Joj\ttoujou\tka\talé\tBaspwent.,George\talways\tIPFV\tgo\tBasse-Pointe,George always goes to Basse-Pointe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-21,51,Joj ka alé Baspwent souvan.,Joj ka alé Baspwent souvan.,George go Basse-Pointe often,Geoge often goes to Basse-Pointe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-13,52,fanm-an souvan ka ba so mari soumaké; i ka souvan ba li soumaké,fanm-an\tsouvan\tka\tba\tso\tmari\tsoumaké;\ti\tka\tsouvan\tba\tli\tsoumaké,woman-the\toften\tHAB\tgive\ther\thusband\tmoney\tshe\tHAB\toften\tgive\thim\tmoney,The woman often gives her husband money; she often gives him money.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-45,53,Li tou-l-tan ape foutaje dan la kwizin.,Li\ttou-l-tan\tape\tfoutaje\tdan\tla\tkwizin.,3SG\tall-the-time\tPROG\tmess\tin\tART.DEF.SG\tkitchen,He is always messing around in the kitchen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-46,53,Me tant parl pa sa ek ye tou-l-tan.,Me\ttant\tparl\tpa\tsa\tek\tye\ttou-l-tan.,1SG.POSS.PL\taunt\tspeak\tNEG\tDEM\twith\t3PL\tall-the-time,My aunts don't speak it (i.e. Creole) with them all the time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-47,53,Le pret toujour pardonn twa.,Le\tpret\ttoujour\tpardonn\ttwa.,ART.DEF.PL\tpriest\talways\tforgive\t2PL,The priests always forgive you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-48,53,Nou parl toujour kreol avek ye.,Nou\tparl\ttoujour\tkreol\tavek\tye.,1PL\tspeak\talways\tCreole\twith\t3PL,We always speak Creole with them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-49,53,E nou pal kreyòl tou-l-tan.,E\tnou\tpal\tkreyòl\ttou-l-tan.,and\t1PL\tspeak\tCreole\tall-the-time,And we speak Creole all the time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-50,53,Ye toujou te gen en batay.,Ye\ttoujou\tte\tgen\ten\tbatay.,3PL\talways\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\tfight,There was always a fight.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-51,53,"(Li) te toujou gen gen monje-la uh, uh, ready.","(Li)\tte\ttoujou\tgen\tgen\tmonje-la\tuh,\tuh,\t.",(3SG)\tPST\talways\thave\thave\tmeal-ART.DEF.SG\tuh\tuh\tready,He always had to have the meal ready.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-21,54,Ou pran touzour in tant.,Ou\tpran\ttouzour\ten\ttant.,2SG\ttake\talways\tINDF\tbasket,You always take a basket.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-19,55,mo mazin mo fam tultaṁ,mo\tmazin\tmo\tfam\ttultaṁ,1SG\tthink.about\tmy\twife\tall.the.time,I think about my wife all the time.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-20,55,normalmaṅ mo praṅ bis,normalmaṅ\tmo\tpraṅ\tbis,normally\t1SG\ttake\tbus.OBJ,I usually take the bus.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-21,55,mo pa met linet suvaṅ,mo\tpa\tmet\tlinet\tsuvaṅ,1S\tNEG\tput\tglasses\toften,I don't wear glasses often.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-27,56,Mari tanzantan ti anbras Zan.,Mari\ttanzantan\tti\tanbras\tZan.,Marie\toften\tPST\tkiss\tJohn,Marie often kissed John.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-28,56,Mon al Ladig souvan.,Mon\tal\tLadig\tsouvan.,1SG\tgo\tLa.Digue\toften,I often go to La Digue.,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-12,57,Linda ke ambrase lja,Linda\tke\tambrase\tlja,Linda\toften\tkiss\t3SG.OBJ,Linda often kisses him.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-13,57,Linda nd̥ʒu ambrase lja,Linda\tnd̥ʒu\tambrase\tlja,Linda\talways\tkiss\t3SG.OBJ.M,Linda often/always kisses him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-13,58,Yandi kwis-aka mbangu.,Yandi\tkwis-aka\tmbangu.,he\tcome-PST\trunning.N,He came fast.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-14,58,Yandi bak-aka yo sisepi yai.,Yandi\tbak-aka\tyo\tsisepi\tyai.,he/she\ttake-PST\tit\tright.now\tthis,He/She took it right now.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-43,59,mbi te makongo lege mingi.,mbi\tte\tmakongo\tlege\tmingi.,1SG\teat\tcaterpillar\tpath\tmany,I've eaten caterpillars several times.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-44,59,ala te gi ngunza lakwe,ala\tte\tgi\tngunza\tlakwe,3PL\teat\tonly\tmanioc.leaves\talways,They always eat nothing but manioc leaves.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-46,59,lakwe mo eke wara malade,lakwe\tmo\teke\twara\tmalade,always\t2SG\tCOP\tget\tsickness,"(If you don't do this), you'll always get ill.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-47,59,gere ti mbi oko aso,gere\tti\tmbi\toko\ta-so,foot/leg\tof\t1SG\tone\tPM-hurt,One of my feet/legs hurts.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-11,60,abósanaka míngi ekoti na yé,a-bósan-aka\tmíngi\tekoti\tna\tyé,3SG-forget-HAB\toften\that\tof\t3SG,He often forgets his hat.,,,,elicited from speaker -60-12,60,abósanaka ekoti na yé míngi,a-bósan-aka\tekoti\tna\tyé\tmíngi,3SG-forget-HAB\that\tof\t3SG\toften,He often forgets his hat.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-11,61,Lo muzi ka tina yena thanda lo mafish stelek.,Lo\tmuzi\tka\ttina\tyena\tthand-a\tlo\tma-fish\tstelek.,ART\tfamily\tPOSS\twe\tit\tlike-V\tART\tPL-fish\tstrong,Our family loves fish greatly.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-12,61,Yena thanda stelleg lo fish.,Yena\tthand-a\tstelleg\tlo\tfish.,they\tlike-V\tstrong\tART\tfish,They like fish a lot. OR: They like fish greatly.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-10,62,síkúru mbuvá ghó kángi,si-kuru\tmbuva\tghó\tka-ingi,1SG:NEG-cultivate\tfield\tmy\ttime-many,I don't cultivate my farm often.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-13,63,záidi kamán ta gu-rúo logó fi bómbo núbi,záidi\tkamán\tta\tgu-rúo\tlogó\tfi\tbómbo\tnúbi,often\ttoo\t2SG\tTAM-go\tfind\tin\tBombo\tNubi,"Very often too, you will find Nubi in Bombo.",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-14,63,íta g-wónus ma swahil-íya ketír,íta\tg-wónus\tma\tswahil-íya\tketír,2SG\tTAM-speak\twith\tSwahili-PL\toften,You often speak with Swahili people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-15,63,úwo záidi gi-áinu yal-á al babá t-ómun mutu,úwo\tzáidi\tgi-áinu\tyal-á\tal\tbabá\tt-ómun\tmutu,3SG\toften\tTAM-watch\tchild-PL\tREL\tfather\tGEN-their\tdie,He often takes care of the children whose father died.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-20,64,jon bibúsa sándi tawáli,jon\tbi=búsa\tsándi\ttawáli,John\tIRR=kiss\tSunday\tdirectly,John often kisses Sunday.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-22,65,m'asa sio rem' oxotaj ʤimoj,m'asa\tsio\trem'\toxotaj\tʤimoj,meat\tall\ttime\thunt\tin.winter,Every winter he used to hunt for meat,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-23,65,Suda nogo xodi.,Suda\tnogo\txodi.,here\tmany\tgo,They come here often.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-24,65,Tiper maja sigəda iwo biristoj pali.,Tiper\tmaja\tsigəda\tiwo\tbiristoj\tpali.,now\t1SG\talways\t3SG\tbirch.bark\tburn,Now I always set them (wasp nests) on fire with the help of burning birch bark.,,,,citation in fiction -66-13,66,Farida nasi manawaktule amakan.,Farida\tnasi\tmana-waktu-le\ta-makan.,Farida\trice\twhich-time-COM\tPRS-eat,Farida often eats rice.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-14,66,Farida manawaktule nasi amakan.,Farida\tmana-waktu-le\tnasi\ta-makan.,Farida\twhich-time-COM\trice\tPRS-eat,Farida often eats rice.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-29,67,Dia selalu di tenga jalan tipu-tipu sama olang.,Dia\tselalu\tdi\ttenga\tjalan\ttipu-tipu\tsama\tolang.,3SG\talways\tin\tmiddle\troad\tcheat-cheat\twith\tperson,"He is always on the road, cheating people.",,,,elicited from speaker -68-15,68,biasanya perjalanan itu memake kuda,biasanya\tperjalanan\titu\tmemake\tkuda,usually\tjourney\tDEM\tuse\thorse,her journey was usually on a horse,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-16,70,"U karate baito, sab taim siko karate.","U\tkarate\tbaito,\tsab\ttaim\tsiko\tkarate.",3SG\tkarate\tCOP\tall\ttime\tlearn\tkarate,"He does karate, always learning (i.e. practising) karate.",,,,naturalistic spoken -70-17,70,Koi koi taim ham-log motar banao.,Koi\tkoi\ttaim\tham-log\tmotar\tbanao.,some\tsome\ttime\t1-PL\tcar\tmake,Sometimes we fix up cars.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-18,71,Aole hiki wau malama kela ohana wau pauloa manawa.,Aole\thiki\twau\tmalama\tkela\tohana\twau\tpauloa\tmanawa.,NEG\tcan\t1SG\tcare.for\tDET\tfamily\t1SG.POSS\tall\ttime,I cannot always take care of my family.,,,,naturalistic written -71-19,71,Wahine nuinui panipani kanaka.,Wahine\tnuinui\tpanipani\tkanaka.,woman\tvery.much\thave.sex\tHawaiian,The woman often slept with this Hawaiian.,,,,naturalistic written -72-19,72,Dat kaya bin kom ebritaim bijinbat.,Dat\tkaya\tbin\tkom\tebritaim\tbijinbat.,the\tmonster\tPST\tcome\toften\tfishing,The monster often came fishing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-20,72,Dei kan kura ebritaim.,Dei\tkan\tkura\tebritaim.,3PL.SBJ\tcan\tshit\toften,They can go to the toilet all the time.,,,525c6b09bd54d4a1fa046569e7301739,naturalistic spoken -74-21,74,hayú líli man yáka tlátwa tawn,hayú\tlíli\tman\tyáka\ttlátwa\ttawn,much\ttime\tman\t3SG\tgo\ttown,The man goes to town often.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-41,75,Kihchiwaawiipat Marii Zhaan eewiichimaat.,Kihchi-waa~wiipat\tMarii\tZhaan\tee-wiichim-aat.,big-RED.often\tMarie\tJean\tCOMP-kiss.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,Marie kisses John (very) often.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-42,75,Suvaan ekuta duhtaanaan.,Suvaan\takuta\tduht-aanaan.,often\tthere\t1.go-1PL,I see (meet) her often (lit. We go there often).,,,,naturalistic written -75-43,75,Ma difaent mer maana lii bang giiushtaamaak.,Ma\tdifaent\tmer\tmaana\tlii\tbang\tgii-ushtaam-aa-k.,1SG.POSS\tdeceased\tmother\tusually\tART.PL\tbang\t1.PST-make-BEN-INV,My deceased mother used to make bangs for me.,,,,naturalistic written -75-44,75,Mihceet Maari Zhaan uhchimeew.,Mihceet\tMaari\tZhaan\tuhchim-eew.,much\tMary\tJohn\tkiss-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,Mary kisses John often.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-45,75,Miyeehtaakwan la kunpayiin chiayaahk aashkaw.,Miyeeht-aakwan\tla\tkunpayiin\tchi-ayaa-hk\taashkaw.,be.good-3SG.INAN\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tcompany\tCOMP-have-INDF.ACTOR\tsometimes,It's delightful to have company sometimes.,,,,naturalistic written -75-46,75,Aen susis nimiyeehtaen aashkaw.,Aen\tsusis\tni-miyeeht-aen\taashkaw.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tsausage\t1-like.TR.INAN-3.OBJ\tsometimes,I like a frankfurter sometimes.,,,,naturalistic written -75-47,75,Aashkaw daashkinamaatunaan li maazhee.,Aashkaw\tni-taashkin-amaa-tu-naan\tli\tmaazhee.,sometimes\t1-split-BEN-RECP-1PL\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tfood,We sometimes split a meal.,,,,naturalistic written -1-39,1,Hupeh ju findi datti? — Na hupeh ju findi datti?,Ope yu findi dati? — Na ope yu findi dati?,Q=place 2SG find that   LOC Q=place 2SG find that,Where did you find that? — Where (at which place) did you find that?,,,,written (dictionary) -1-40,1,Huklossi ju wanni?,O=krosi\tyu\twani.,which=cloth\t2SG\twant,What kind of cloth would you like?,,,,written (dictionary) -1-41,1,Hoe zan joe za jari.,O=san\tyu\tsa\ttyari.,which=thing\t2SG\tFUT\tcarry,What will you bring?,,,,written -1-42,1,Sanni ju wanni?,Sani\tyu\twani?,thing/what\t2SG\twant,What do you want?,,,,written (dictionary) -2-39,2,San yu tyari kon gi mi?,San\tyu\ttyari\tkon\tgi\tmi?,what\t2SG\tcarry\tcome\tgive\tme,What did you bring for me?,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-40,2,Sanede yu du dati?,Sanede\tyu\tdu\tdati?,why\t2SG\tdo\tthat,Why did you do that?,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-17,3,Andí a bì bái?,Andí\ta\tbì\tbái?,what\t3SG\tTNS\tbuy,What did he buy?,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-16,4,Pe a e tan?,Pe\ta\te\ttan?,where\tshe\tIPFV\tstay,Where does she stay?,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-17,4,San a gi i?,San\ta\tgi\ti?,what\tshe\tgive\tyou,What did she give you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-22,5,yu jraa om wid wo - charkool?,yu jraa om wid wo - charkool?,you draw him/it with what   charcoal,What did you draw it with? Charcoal?,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-23,5,an wee alyu yuuzto plee dis?,an\twee\talyu\tyuuzto\tplee\tdis?,and\twhere\tyou.PL\tused.to\tplay\tthis,And where did you guys play this?,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-14,6,Who yu give it to?,Who\tyu\tgive\tit\tto?,who\t2SG\tgive\t3SG.DO\tto,Who did you give it to?,,,,elicited from speaker -7-25,7,We yo ongklo bring?,We\tyo\tongklo\tbring?,what\t2.POSS\tuncle\tbring,What did your uncle bring?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-26,7,Yo ongklo bring wa?,Yo\tongklo\tbring\twa?,2.POSS\tuncle\tbring\twhat,What did your uncle bring?,,,,constructed by linguist -7-27,7,Hu si yo ongklo.,Hu\tsi\tyo\tongklo.,Q\tsee\t2.POSS\tuncle,Who saw your uncle?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-28,7,Hu badi du dat?,Hu\tbadi\tdu\tdat?,Q\tbody\tdo\tthat,Who did that?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-14,8,A wa Jan bai wid di moni?,A\twa\tJan\tbai\twid\tdi\tmoni?,FOC\twhat\tJohn\tbuy\twith\tDET\tmoney,What did John buy with the money?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-28,9,Hu unu me go da trip fa?,Hu\tunu\tme\tgo\tda\ttrip\tfa?,who\t2PL\tANT\tgo\tthat\ttrip\tfor,For whom did you go on that trip? OR: Who did you work for on that trip?,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-29,9,A hu ɛls dɛ wid unu?,A\thu\tɛls\tdɛ\twid\tunu?,TOP\twho\telse\tLOC\twith\t2PL,Who else was with you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-30,9,Da wiʧ Lindo dat?,Da\twiʧ\tLindo\tdat?,TOP\twhich\tLindo\tthat,Which Lindo was that? OR: Which one of the Lindos are you talking about?,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-31,9,Wɛn unu kum da town?,Wɛn\tunu\tkum\tda\ttown?,when\t2PL\tcome\tto\ttown,When are you coming to town?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-13,10,Wa yu waahn du wid ih?,Wa\tyu\twaahn\tdu\twid\tih?,what\t2SG\tFUT\tdo\tINS\t3SG.N,What are you going to do with it?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-14,10,We yu onkl bring?,We\tyu\tonkl\tbring?,what\t2SG.POSS\tuncle\tbring,What did your uncle bring?,,,,elicited from speaker -10-15,10,We yu wehn sii di ishili?,We\tyu\twehn\tsii\tdi\tishili?,where\t2SG\tANT\tsee\tART.DEF\tlizard,Where did you see the lizard?,,,,elicited from speaker -11-21,11,Wat dat iz?,Wat\tdat\tiz?,what\tDEM\tCOP.PRS,What is that?,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-22,11,"Grani, so wier is mai rat?","Grani,\tso\twier\tis\tmai\trat?",granny\tso\twhere\tCOP.PRS\t1SG.POSS\trat,"Granny, so where is my rat?",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-16,12,"I - I see - let me see, I see you and - who that is?",[...]\twho\tthat\tis?,[...]\twho\tthat\tCOP.3SG,[...] [I saw you and] - who’s that?,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-17,12,So what-all you get for two hundred?,[...]\twhat-all\tyou\tget\t[...],[...]\twhat\tyou\tget[PFV]\t[...],[So] what did you get [for two hundred [dollars]]?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-17,13,Why you always go round?,Why\tyou\talways\tgo\tround?,why\tyou\talways\tgo\taround,Why are you always going around?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-18,13,How I manage with it?,How\tI\tmanage\twith\tit?,how\tI\tmanage\twith\tit,How did I manage with it?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-19,13,What you talking bout?,What\tyou\ttalking\tbout?,what\tyou\ttalking\tabout,What are you talking about?,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-16,14,Why those people don't want to take that car?,Why\tthose\tpeople\tdon't\twant\tto\ttake\tthat\tcar?,why\tthose\tpeople\tdon't\twant\tto\ttake\tthat\tcar,Why don't those people want to take that car?,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-16,15,usai yu kɔmɔt?,usai\tyu\tkɔmɔt?,where\t2SG\tcome.from,Where have you come from? OR: Where do you come from / originate?,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-17,15,yu kɔmɔt usai?,yu\tkɔmɔt\tusai?,2SG\tcome.from\twhere,You came from / originated where?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-19,16,wiʧples dɛ faia dè bɛn?,wiʧ-ples\tdɛ\tfaia\tdè\tbɛn?,which-place\tART\tfire\tPROG\tburn,Where is the fire?,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-20,16,dè want tu du wetin?,dè\twant\ttu\tdu\twetin?,3PL\twant\tto\tdo\twhat,What do they want to do?,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-15,17,Dè̱m ge̱t haw mo̱ch mò̱ni?,Dè̱m\tge̱t\thaw\tmo̱ch\tmò̱ni?,3PL.SBJ\thave\thow\tmuch\tmoney,How much money do they have?,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-16,17,Haw mo̱ch mò̱ni dè̱m ge̱t?,Haw\tmo̱ch\tmò̱ni\tdè̱m\tge̱t?,how\tmuch\tmoney\t3PL.SBJ\thave,How much money do they have?,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-19,18,Weti wuna de du?,Weti\twuna\tdi\tdu?,what\t2PL\tIPFV\tdo,What are you doing?,,,,unspecified -18-20,18,Yu layk wich kayn chop?,Yu\tlaik\twitch\tkain\ttchop?,2SG.SBJ\tlike\twhich\tkind\tfood,What kind of food do you like?,,,,unspecified -19-19,19,Wetin yù want no?,Wetin\tyù\twant\tno?,what\t2SG\twant\tknow,What do you want to know?,,,,elicited from speaker -19-20,19,Yù want no wetin?,Yù\twant\tno\twetin?,2SG\twant\tknow\twhat,What do you want to know?,,,,elicited from speaker -20-20,20,What thing you wantchee?,What\tthing\tyou\twantchee?,what\tthing\t2SG\twant,What things do you want?,,,,naturalistic written -20-21,20,My owe you how muchee money?,My\towe\tyou\thow\tmuchee\tmoney?,1SG\towe\t2SG\thow\tmuch\tmoney,How much do I owe you?,,,,naturalistic written -20-22,20,You thinkee what time ship can come?,You\tthinkee\twhat\ttime\tship\tcan\tcome?,2SG\tthink\twhat\ttime\tship\tcan\tcome,When do you expect the ship to arrive? OR: When do you expect the ship's arrival?,,,,naturalistic written -21-19,21,Why are you laughing?,Why\tare\tyou\tlaugh-ing?,why\tbe.PL\t2P\tlaugh-PROG,Why are you laughing?,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-20,21,So you get what?,So\tyou\tget\twhat?,so\t2P\tget\twhat,So what do you get?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-27,22,Husat i bin wokim?,Husat\ti\tbin\twok-im?,who\tPM\tPST\tdo-TR,Who did it?,,,,constructed by linguist -22-28,22,Wanem taim bai yu go?,Wanem\ttaim\tbai\tyu\tgo?,what\ttime\tFUT\t2SG\tgo,When will you go?,,,,constructed by linguist -23-20,23,folem wanem nao yufala i klem long hem?,folem\twanem\tnao\tyufala\ti\tklem\tlong\them?,follow\twhat\tnow\t2PL\tAGR\tclaim\tLOC\t3SG,For what reason did you claim [it] from him?,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-21,23,oli no save se wea mama?,oli\tno\tsave\tse\twea\tmama?,3PL\tNEG\tknow\tCOMP\twhere\tmother,"They don't know, where is their mother?",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-22,23,yu wantem karem wanem?,yu\twantem\tkarem\twanem?,2SG\twant\ttake\twhat,What do you want to buy?,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-27,24,Wuthing cors?,Wuthing\tcors?,what.thing\tcost,What does it cost?,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-28,24,Watawieh yu?,Watawieh\tyu?,how\tyou,How are you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-29,24,What-time em pear use-er/juusa ripe?,What-time\tem\tpear\tuse-er/juusa\tripe?,what-time\tDET.PL.DEF\tpear\tHAB\tripe,When do those pears usually ripen?,,,,naturalistic written -25-81,25,Hu dijan im kaminap? – Rong pleis im go jet gardiya!,Hu\tdijan\tim\tkam-in-ap?\t–\tRong\tpleis\tim\tgo\tjet\tgardiya!,who\tPROX:ADJ\t3SG\tcome-PROG2-up\t–\twrong\tplace\t3SG\tgo\tDEM\tnon.Aboriginal,"Who's this coming? – He's going to the wrong place, the white person!",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-82,25,Wotaim yu gota go hom [...] kantri?,Wotaim\tyu\tgota\tgo\thom\t[...]\tkantri?,when\t2SG\tFUT/OBLIG\tgo\thome\t[...]\tcountry,When will you go home to [your] country?,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-83,25,"We yu go, wijei jed pleis?","We\tyu\tgo,\twij-ei\tjed\tpleis?",where\t3SG\tgo\twhich-DIR\tDEM\tplace,"Where do you go, which way is that place?",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-84,25,"Wot hi got, bideo, o wot?","Wot\thi\tgot,\tbideo,\to\twot?",what\t3SG\tgot\tvideo\tor\twhat,"What does she have, a video, or what? (referring to someone's mobile phone)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-85,25,"Wot fo im krainabat thet lil gel, yubala bin hitim?","Wot\tfo\tim\tkra-in-abat\tthet\tlil\tgel,\tyubala\tbin\thit-im?",what\tfor\t3SG\tcry-PROG2-PROG\tDEM\tlittle\tgirl\t2PL\tPST\thit-TR,"Why is she crying, this little girl, did you hit her?",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-86,25,Imin gibit langa wijan?,Im=in\tgibit\tlanga\twijan?,3SG=PST\tgive\tLOC\twhich:one,Who did he give it to?,,,,unknown -25-87,25,Wanim dea yu gugumbat?,Wanim\tdea\tyu\tgug-um-bat?,what\tthere\t2SG\tcook-TR-PROG,What are you cooking there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-88,25,"Bikos wi bin kamap wotaim? – Maidi ten aklak iya, im maidi leven aklak.","Bikos\twi\tbin\tkamap\twotaim?\t–\tMaidi\tten\taklak\tiya,\tim\tmaidi\tleven\taklak.",because\t1PL\tPST\tcome\twhen\t–\tmaybe\tten\to'clock\there\t3SG\tmaybe\televen\to'clock,"Because we arrived when? – Maybe [around] 10 o'clock here, it might be 11 o'clock.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-89,25,Hau wi bin go? – Bas maidi.,Hau\twi\tbin\tgo?\t–\tBas\tmaidi.,how\t1PL.EXCL\tPST\tgo\t–\tbus\tmaybe,How did we go? – Maybe (by) bus.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-17,26,waɪ ʃi go?,waɪ\tʃi\tgo?,why\t3SG\tgo,Why did she go?,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-13,27,Wa ju grani sē?,Wa\tju\tgrani\tsē?,what\t2SG\tgranny\tsay,What did your grandma say?,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-27,28,wat ju nintəbotau?,wati\tju\tnimi-tɛ\tabout\ttau?,what\t2SG\tknow-PFV\tabout\tsnake,What do you know about snakes?,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-28,28,wanɛsə ju ma ritanga?,wanɛrɛ\tso\tju\tmu-a\trita\tanga?,when\tFOCUS\t2SG\tgo-IPFV\tRita\tLOC,When are you going to Rita's?,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-29,28,waskolo jɛndɛ mangja?,waskolo\tjɛndɛ\tmangi-a?,why\t2PL\trun-IPFV,Why are you (all) running?,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-30,28,ju mwa bof ʃi an ju ma kom wanɛ? fridak?,ju\tmu-a\tbofu\tʃi\tan\tju\tma\tkumu\twanɛrɛ?\tfridaka?,2SG\tgo-IPFV\ttop\tside\tand\t2SG\tIRR\tcome\twhen\tFriday,You are going upriver and you are coming back when? Friday?,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-31,28,aʃi en mangitɛ maŋtɛ mutɛ wanga?,aʃi\teni\tmangi-tɛ\tmangi-tɛ\tmu-tɛ\twanga?,if\t3PL\trun-PFV\trun-PFV\tgo-PFV\twhere,"If they fled, they would have gone where?",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-21,29,Wat het hy gesê?,Wat\thet\thy\tge-sê?,what\tPST\t3SG.NOM\tPTCP-said,What did he say? / What has he said?,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-22,29,Jy het WAT gesê?,Jy\thet\tWAT\tge-sê?,you\tPST\twhat\tPTCP-said,You said WHAT?!,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-25,30,Undi N ta po nha bitxu?,Undi\tN=ta=po\tnha=bitxu?,where\t1SG=IPFV=put\tmy=animal,Where shall I put my animal?,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-26,30,Pamodi ki bu sta tristi?,Pamodi\tki=bu=sta\ttristi?,why\tCOMP=2SG=be\tsad,Why are you sad?,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-27,30,Abo ê kenha?,A-bo\tê\tkenha?,TOP-2SG.INDP\tbe\twho,Who are you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-28,30,Kel (kumida) la ê di kenha?,Kel=(kumida)\tla\tê\tdi=kenha?,that=(food)\tthere\tbe\tof=whom,Whose is that (food)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-29,30,"""Karterista"" go ê kusê?","""Karterista""\tgo\tê\tkusê?",pickpocket\tTOP\tbe\twhat,"What is a ""pickpocket""?",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-26,31,Unde ki’N ta panha pa’N da fidju?,Unde\tki’N\tta\tpanha\tpa’N\tda\tfidju?,where\tthat.I\tTAM\ttake\tfor.I\tgive\tchild,Where can I take from to give my child?,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-27,31,Bu kunpra kuze?,Bu\tkunpra\tkuze?,you\tbought\twhat,You bought what?,,,,constructed by linguist -31-28,31,Kuze N ta faze?,Kuze\tN\tta\tfaze?,what\tI\tMOOD\tdo,What will I do?,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-29,31,Bu ta ben papia ku kenhi?,Bu\tta\tben\tpapia\tku\tkenhi?,you\tMOOD\tcome\tspeak\twith\twho,You are going to be speaking with whom?,,,,constructed by linguist -32-17,32,Ondê bosê nassê?,Ondê\tbosê\tnassê?,where\t2SG.polite\tborn,Where were you born?,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-18,32,Bo morá lá ma kenhê?,Bo\tmorá\tlá\tma\tkenhê?,2SG\tlive\tthere\tCOM\twho,With whom did you live there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-19,33,Kin ki ciga aonti?,Kin\tki\tciga\taonti?,who\tthat\tarrive.PST\tyesterday,Who arrived yesterday?,,,,naturalistic written -33-20,33,Pa nunde kuu na bay?,Pa\tnunde\tku-u\tna\tbay?,to\twhere\tthat-2SG\tPROG\tgo,Where are you going?,,,,naturalistic written -33-21,33,Bu na bay pa nunde?,Bu\tna\tbay\tpa\tnunde?,2SG\tPROG\tgo\tto\twhere,Where are you going?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-22,33,Kin ku bu odja?,Kin\tku\tbu\todja?,who\tREL\t2SG\tsee.PST,Who was it that you saw?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-23,33,Bu odja kin?,Bu\todja\tkin?,2SG\tsee.PST\twho,Who did you see?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-20,34,Parbiya bu sutá-l?,Parbiya\tbu\tø\tsutá-l?,why\t2SG.SBJ\tPFV\thit-3SG.OBJ,Why did you hit him/her/it?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-21,34,Kumá ku bu kosé bu kamisa?,Kumá\tku\tbu\tø\tkosé\tbu\tkamisa?,how\tREL.OBJ\t2SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsew.up\tPOSS.2SG\tshirt,How did you sew up your shirt?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-24,35,Kê kwa ku ê ska fe nala?,Kê\tkwa\tku\tê\tska\tfe\tnala?,"what\tthing\t""ku""\t3SG\tPROG\tdo\tthere",What is he doing there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-25,35,Kê ngê n ga pô da?,Kê\tngê\tn\tga\tpô\tda?,what\tperson\t1SG\tIPFV\tcan\tgive,Who can I give it to?,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-26,35,Êlê bô?,Êlê\tbô?,3SG\twhere,Where is he?,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-27,35,Bô ka ta anji?,Bô\tka\tta\tanji?,2SG\tIPFV\tbe\twhere,Where are you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-28,35,Nansê tava nala kantu ja?,Nansê\ttava\tnala\tkantu\tja?,2PL\tPST\tthere\thow.many\tday,You were there for how many days?,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-15,36,A ô bê thapatu pê?,A\tô\tbê\tthapatu\tpê?,where\t2SG\tsee\tshoe\tput,Where did you find the shoes?,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-17,37,Ki dya ki txi xiga?,Ki\tdya\tki\ttxi\txiga?,what\tday\tREL\t2SG\tarrive,When did you arrive?,,,,elicited from speaker -38-20,38,Xa bo fala?,Xa\tbo\tfala?,thing\t2SG\tspeak,What do you say?,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-21,38,Xafe iske fa namise xozai?,Xafe\teli-ske\tfa\tnamisedyi\txo-sai?,why\t3SG-IRR\tspeak\t2PL\tthing-DEM,Why would he say that to you?,,,,elicited from speaker -38-22,38,Xama Zwan sa?,Xama\tZwan\tsa?,place\tJohn\tbe,Where is John?,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-13,39,Use də ki tə fika med?,Use\tdə\tki\ttə\tfik-a\tmed?,2SG\tof\twhat\tIPFV.NPST\tbecome-INF\tfear,What are you afraid of?,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-29,39,Use õt kom nã vey?,Use\tõt\tkom\tnã\tvey?,2\tyesterday\twhy/how\tNEG\tcome.PST,Why didn't you come yesterday?,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-30,39,Ali nɔs uki tiŋ brĩka?,Ali\tnɔs\tuki\tt-iŋ\tbrĩk-a?,there\t1PL\twhat\tIPFV-PST\tplay-INF,What were we playing there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-20,40,Use kɛ͂ tɛ?,Use\tkɛ͂\ttɛ?,2SG.FORMAL\twho\tCOP.PRS,Who are you?,,,,constructed by linguist -40-21,40,Karekrəm tsalu kɔr lə hika?,Karekrəm\ttsalu\tkɔr\tlə\thika?,program\tbeginning\twhen\tFUT\tbecome,When will the program begin?,,,,constructed by linguist -41-24,41,botussu enteeru nɔɔmi kii,botus-su\tenteeru\tnɔɔmi\tkii,2.HON-GEN\tentire\tname\twhat,What is your full name?,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-25,41,kii tafaya? poɖiyaasntu taam kii poy faya?,kii\tta-faya?\tpoɖiyaas-ntu\ttaam\tkii\tpoy\tfaya?,what\tPRS-do\tchild-LOC\talso\twhat\tHABIL\tdo,What to do? What can the children do also?,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-26,41,"parkii taal pesaampa astaantupa faya jadaa, tɔɔna miɲantu kii avara tapidii botus maas","parkii\ttaal\tpesaam-pa\tastaantu-pa\tfaya\tjaa-daa,\ttɔɔna\tmiɲa-ntu\tkii\tavara\tta-pidii\tbotus\tmaas",why\tsuch\tperson-DAT\tso.much-DAT\tdo\tPST-give\tafterwards\t1SG.GEN-LOC\twhat\tnow\tPRS-ask.for\t2.HON\tmore,"Why did you make it for so and so for such and such [a price], and afterwards, what!, now you are asking more [from me]?",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-22,42,úndi bos ja parí?,úndi\tbos\tja\tparí?,where\t2SG\tPFV\tbear,Where were you born?,,,,elicited from speaker -42-23,42,bos úndi ja parí?,bos\túndi\tja\tparí?,2SG\twhere\tPFV\tbear,Where were you born?,,,,elicited from speaker -42-24,42,bos já parí úndi?,bos\tjá\tparí\túndi?,2SG\tPFV\tbear\twhere,Where were you born?,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-18,43,Akel sua predju kantu?,Akel\tsua\tpredju\tkantu?,that\tPOSS\tprice\thow.much,How much is that one’s price?,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-19,43,Ki nos misti fadji?,Ki\tnos\tmisti\tfadji?,what\t1PL\tmust\tdo,What do we have to do?,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-20,44,Óndi bo ta kedá?,Óndi\tbo\tta\tkedá?,where\t2SG\tIPFV\tstay,Where are you staying? OR: Where are you living?,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-16,45,Como ta tieni miedo cucaracha?,Como\tta\ttieni\tmiedo\tcucaracha?,why\tIPFV\thave\tfear\tcockroach,Why are you afraid of cockroaches?,,,,written -46-35,46,Kósa tu ta-asé?,Kósa\ttu\tta-asé?,what\tyou\tIPFV-do,What are you doing?,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-28,47,Kon a para ku bo outo nobo?,Kon\ta\tpara\tku\tbo\touto\tnobo?,how\tPFV\tstand\twith\t2SG\tcar\tnew,How are things with your new car?,,,,published source -47-29,47,Anto kiko mi mester hasi awor?,Anto\tkiko\tmi\tmester\thasi\tawor?,then\twhat\t1SG\tmust\tdo\tnow,Then what should I do now?,,,,literary source -48-17,48,¿Aonde bo tan bae?,¿Aonde\tbo\ttan\tbae?,where\tyou.SG\tFUT\tgo,Where are you (sg.) going?,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-18,48,¿Bo tan bae aonde?,¿Bo\ttan\tbae\taonde?,you.SG\tFUT\tgo\twhere,Where are you going?,,,,constructed by linguist -49-24,49,Ki sa ou te ba ti fi a?,Ki\tsa\tou\tte\tba\tti\tfi\ta?,what\twhat\t2SG\tANT\tgive\tlittle\tgirl\tDEF,What did you give the little girl?,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-25,49,"Moun ki te vini an, se ki moun?","Moun\tki\tte\tvini\tan,\tse\tki\tmoun?",person\tREL\tANT\tcome\tDEF\tSE\twhich\tperson,"The person who came, who is he/she?",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-26,49,Ki kote li rete?,Ki\tkote\tli\trete?,which\tplace\t3SG\tlive,Where does he live?,,,,constructed by linguist -49-27,49,Li ki kote?,Li\tki\tkote?,3SG\twhich\tplace,Where is he?,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-28,49,Se pou n te fè ki sa?,Se\tpou\tn\tte\tfè\tki\tsa?,HL\tfor\t1PL\tANT\tdo\twhat\twhat,What should we have done?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-22,50,Ola ou yé?,Ola\tou\tyé?,where\t2SG\tbe,Where are you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-23,50,Ki koté ou té yé?,Ki\tkoté\tou\tté\tyé?,which\tplace\t2SG\tPST\tbe,Where were you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-24,50,Ou té ki koté?,Ou\tté\tki\tkoté?,2SG\tPST\twhich\tplace,Where were you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-22,51,Éti ou yé?,Éti\tou\tyé?,where\t2SG\tbe,Where are you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-23,51,Ki koté ou té yé?,Ki\tkoté\tou\tté\tyé?,which\tplace\t2SG\tPST\tbe,Where were you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-24,51,Ou té ki koté?,Ou\tté\tki\tkoté?,2SG\tPST.be\twhich\tplace,Where were you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-14,52,kikoté i fika?,kikoté\ti\tfika?,where\the\tis,Where is he?,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-15,52,to lé fè sa kimannyè?,to\tlé\tfè\tsa\tkimannyè?,2SG\twant\tdo\tthat\thow,In which way do you want to do that?,,,,constructed by linguist -53-52,53,"Sa t ole isi, twa?","Sa\tt\tole\tisi,\ttwa?",what\t2SG\twant\there\t2SG,What do you want here?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-53,53,Eou Torti te?,Eou\tTorti\tte?,where\tTurtle\tPST,Where was Turtle?,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-22,54,Koman i apel sa?,Koman\ti\tapel\tsa?,how\tFIN\tcall\tthat,What do you call this/that?,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-23,54,Li ariv kèl er?,Li\tariv\tkel\ter?,3SG.FIN\tarrive\twhat\ttime,At what time does he arrive?,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-22,55,ki li pu fer ek sa?,ki\tli\tpu\tfer\tek\tsa?,what\t3SG\tFUT\tdo\twith\tthat,What will he do with that?,,,,constructed by linguist -55-23,55,li a fer ki ek sa?,li\ta\tfer\tki\tek\tsa?,he\tFUT\tdo\twhat\twith\tthat,What will he do with that?,,,,constructed by linguist -55-24,55,ki u fer egsaktemaṅ?,ki\tu\tfer\tegsaktemaṅ?,what\t2SG\tdo\texactly,What do you do exactly?,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-29,56,Lekel ki ou ti vwar?,Lekel\tki\tou\tti\tvwar?,who\tREL\t2SG\tPST\tsee,Whom did you see?,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-30,56,Kan ou pou vini?,Kan\tou\tpou\tvini?,when\t2SG\tFUT\tcome,When will you come?,,,,constructed by linguist -56-31,56,I fer avek kwa?,I\tfer\tavek\tkwa?,PM\tmake\twith\twhat,With what did you/one do it?,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-32,56,Avek kwa ti fer sa?,Avek\tkwa\tti\tfer\tsa?,with\twhat\tPST\tmake\tthis,With what did one make this?,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-33,56,Ou ti vwar lekel?,Ou\tti\tvwar\tlekel?,2SG\tPST\tsee\twho,Whom did you see?,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-34,56,Kote ou'n ale?,Kote\tou'n\tale?,where\t2SG.PRF\tgo,Where did you go?,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-35,56,Kan ou pou vini?,Kan\tou\tpou\tvini?,when\t2SG\tFUT\tcome,When will you come?,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-36,56,Ou pou vin kan?,Ou\tpou\tvin\tkan?,2SG\tFUT\tcome\twhen,When will you come?,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-14,57,tale u?,ta\tale\tu?,2SG\tgo\twhere,Where do you go?,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-15,57,ta tape ki?,ta\ttape\tki?,you\thit\twhom,Whom do you hit? OR: Whom did you hit?,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-132,57,sa tra nde fe kwa?,sa\ttra\tnde\tfe\tkwa?,3PL\tPROG\tPROG\tdo\twhat,What are they doing?,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-15,58,Nge me mona nki?,Nge\tme\tmona\tnki?,you\tPRF\tsee\twhat,What have you seen?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-16,58,Nge me mona nani?,Nge\tme\tmona\tnani?,you\tPRF\tsee\twho,Who have you seen?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-48,59,mo ga ti sara nyen' la?,mo\tga\tti\tsara\tnyen'\tla?,2SG\tcome\tof\tdo\twhat\tFOC,What have you come to do there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-49,59,mama akiri tene na lo nyen' si lo mu lege lo hon'?,mama\ta-kiri\ttene\tna\tlo\tnyen'\tsi\tlo\tmu\tlege\tlo\thon'?,mother\tPM-return\tspeech\tPREP\t3SG\twhat\tCONN\t3SG\ttake\tpath\t3SG\tdepart,What did Mother say in return to him that he took to the road and left?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-50,59,ala ke (yeke) na ndwa / ala ke (na) ndwa?,ala\tke\tna\tndo\twa?,3PL\tCOP\tat\tplace\twhat,Where are they?,,,,constructed by linguist -59-51,59,nyen' aso mo si mo eke toto tongaso?,nyen'\taso\tmo\tsi\tmo\teke\ttoto\ttongaso?,what\tSM.hurt\t2SG\tthen\t2SG\tCOP\tcry\tthus,What ails you that you're crying like this?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-52,59,tenti nyen' laa lo tene so?!,tene\tti\tnyen'\tlaa\tlo\ttene\tso?!,affair\tof\twhat\tFOC\t3SG\tsay\tthus,Why in the world did you speak this way?,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-13,60,wápi akendákí?,wápi\ta-kend-ákí?,where\t3SG-go-PST,Where did he go?,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-14,60,akendákí wápi?,a-kend-ákí\twápi?,3SG-go-PST\twhere,Where did he go?,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-13,61,Ipi skati yena polisha lo taful?,Ipi\tskati\tyena\tpolisha\tlo\ttaful?,where\ttime\the\tpolish\tART\ttable,When does he polish the table?,,,,constructed by linguist -61-14,61,Yena hambile iphi?,Yena\thamb-ile\tiphi?,she\tgo-PST\twhere,Where did she go?,,,,elicited from speaker -62-11,62,ékuʔóíye ahoní?,é-ku-ʔo-íye\tahoni?,3SG-OBJ.2SG-give-PRF\twhat,What did he give you?,,,,elicited from speaker -63-16,63,dé múnu?,dé\tmúnu?,DET\twho,Who’s that?,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-17,63,úo jíbu sunú?,úo\tjíbu\tsunú?,3SG\tbring\twhat,What did he bring?,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-21,64,íta gerówa wen?,íta\tge=rówa\twen?,2SG\tPROG=go\twhere,Where are you going?,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-22,64,íta munú?,íta\tmunú?,2SG\twho,Who are you?,,,,constructed by linguist -64-23,64,munú der móya?,munú\tder\tmóya?,who\twant\twater,Who wants water?,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-24,64,fi yátu béled?,fi\tyátu\tbéled?,in\twhich\tcountry,In which country?,,,,constructed by linguist -64-25,64,yatú?,yatú?,which,which one?,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-25,65,Iwo ide budu: Ol'ga ili Səkabeiwka?,Iwo\tide\tbudu:\tOl'ga\tili\tSəkabeiwka?,3SG\twhere\tCOP.FUT\tOlga\tor\tSkobeevka,Where will he be - in Olga or in Skobeevka?,,,,citation in fiction -65-26,65,Ti gəkaj duwal esy?,Ti\tgəkaj\tduwal\tesy?,2SG\twhich\tgoods\tCOP,What kind of merchandise do you have?,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-27,65,Kamu den'gi dawaj?,Kamu\tden'gi\tdawaj?,whom\tmoney\tgive,To whom are you going to give money?,,,,citation in fiction -65-28,65,Kakoj liudi xoʧu kanka?,Kakój\tliudi\txóču\tkánka?,which\tperson\twant\tsee,Whom do you want to see?,,,,elicited from speaker -66-15,66,Lupe maama apayang ebawa (aða)?,Lu-pe\tmaama\tapa-yang\te-bawa\t(aða)?,2SG-POSS\tuncle\twhat-ACC\tASP-bring\t(AUX),What did your uncle bring?,,,,elicited from speaker -66-16,66,Apayang lupe maama ebawa (aða)?,Apa-yang\tlu-pe\tmaama\te-bawa\t(aða)?,what-ACC\t2SG-POSS\tuncle\tASP-bring\t(AUX),What did your uncle bring?,,,,elicited from speaker -66-17,66,Mana ka buwayayang eklaatan (aða)?,Mana\tka\tbuwaya-yang\te-klaatan\t(aða)?,where\tin\tcrocodile-ACC\tASP-see\t(AUX),Where did you see the crocodile?,,,,elicited from speaker -67-30,67,Berapa lu mahu?,Berapa\tlu\tmahu?,how.much\t2SG\twant,How much do you want?,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-31,67,Lagi sini berapa tahun lu baca?,Lagi\tsini\tberapa\ttahun\tlu\tbaca?,again\there\thow.many\tyear\t2SG\tread,How many more years are you going to study here?,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-16,68,Tadi se dapa brapa?,Tadi\tse\tdapa\tbrapa?,just.now\t2SG\tget\thow.many,How many did you get?,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-11,69,mi ɳawn payum anak,mi\tnawn\tpayum\tanak,2SG\twho\tman\tCOP,Which man are you?,,,,elicited from speaker -70-18,70,Kon baito gare?,Kon\tbaito\tgare?,who\tCOP\thome,Who is at home?,,,,constructed by linguist -70-19,70,U konci bolo?,U\tkonci\tbolo?,3SG\twhat\tsay,What did he say?,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-20,70,U kaha jao?,U\tkaha\tjao?,3SG\twhere\tgo,Where did he go?,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-20,71,Mahea oe waiho kela eke palani oe?,Mahea\toe\twaiho\tkela\teke\tpalani\toe?,where\t2SG\tleave\tDET\tsack\tbran\t2SG.POSS,Where did you leave your sack of bran?,,,,naturalistic written -71-21,71,"Oe lawe kela ehiku noloko umikumalua, koe ahia?","Oe\tlawe\tkela\tehiku\tnoloko\tumikumalua,\tkoe\tahia?",2SG\ttake\tDET\tseven\tfrom\ttwelve\tremain\thow.much,"If you subtract seven from twelve, how much is left over?",,,,naturalistic written -71-22,71,"Hallo aikane, hele mahea?","Hallo\taikane,\thele\tmahea?",hello\tfriend\tgo\twhere,"Hello my friend, where are you going?",,,,naturalistic written -72-21,72,Weyangka irra baitim nyuntu?,Weya-ngka\ti-rra\tbait-im\tnyuntu?,where-LOC\t3SG-POT\tbite-TR\t2SG,Where's it going to bite you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-19,73,kwandudi tuyu ixada shutichirkangi?,kwandu-di\ttuyu\tixa-da\tshuti-chi-rka-ngi,when-EMPH\t2.POSS\tdaughter-ACC\tname-CAUS-PST-2SG,When did you have your daughter baptized?,,,,elicited from speaker -74-22,74,qáta máyka mákmak?,qáta\tmáyka\tmákmak?,what\t2SG\teat,What are you eating?,,,,constructed by linguist -74-23,74,qáta wik mamúnk páya ánkati?,qáta\twik\tmamúnk\tpáya\tánkati?,why\tnot\tmake\tfire\tformerly,Why didn’t you cook it beforehand?,,,,narrative -75-48,75,Keekway soo nikskeuz aanrtaar eeayaat?,Keekway\tsoo\tnikskeuz\taanrtaar\tee-ayaa-t?,what\this\texcuse\tlate\tCOMP-be-3SG,What's his excuse for being late?,,,,naturalistic written -75-49,75,Keekway ton nok kaapeetaat.,Keekway\tton\tnok\tkaa-peet-aat.,what\t2SG.POSS\tuncle\tCOMP-bring-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,What did your uncle bring?,,,,elicited from speaker -76-24,76,cuna picuktu?,cuna\tpicuktu?,what\twant,What do you want?,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-32,76,kīna omiakpȗk tautuk?,kīna\tomiakpȗk\ttautuk?,who\tship\tsee,Which ship did you see?,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-33,76,cuna elekta illuit?,cuna\telekta\tilluit?,which\tgo\tyou,Where are you going?,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-34,76,kapsi'nik,kapsi'nik,how.many,how many,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -2-41,2,A de bun.,A\tde\tbun.,3SG\tCOP\tgood,He/She/It is good/well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-42,2,En na mi mati.,En\tna\tmi\tmati.,3SG\tCOP\t1SG\tfriend,He/She is my friend.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-43,2,Na en teki a buku.,Na\ten\tteki\ta\tbuku.,FOC\t3SG\ttake\tDET\tbook,It’s HER/HIM that took the book.,,,,constructed by linguist -3-18,3,a kai,a\tkai,3SG\tfall,she/he/it fell,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-18,4,A feni wan gaan pisi gowtu.,A\tfeni\twan\tgaan\tpisi\tgowtu.,he\tfind\ta\tbig\tpiece\tgold,He found a big piece of gold.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-19,4,Taa dei a meki wan moy pikin.,Taa\tdei\ta\tmeki\twan\tmoy\tpikin.,other\tday\tshe\tmake\ta\tnice\tchild,The other day she gave birth to a nice child.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-24,5,ii na ded,ii\tna\tded,3SG\tNEG\tdead,He isn't dead.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-25,5,an ii bigin fu sok dis bai,an\tii\tbigin\tfu\tsok\tdis\tbai,and\t3SG\tbegin\tto\tsuck\tthe\tboy,And she began to suck the boy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-15,6,Who say dat? Shi.,Who\tsay\tdat?\tShi.,who\tsay\tDEM.SG\t3SG.F,Who said that? She.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-29,7,I tel mi so.,I\ttel\tmi\tso.,3SG\ttell\t1SG\tso,He/she told me that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-30,7,Hi tel mi so.,Hi\ttel\tmi\tso.,3SG.M\ttell\t1SG\tso,He told me that.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-31,7,Shi tel mi so.,Shi\ttel\tmi\tso.,3SG.F\ttell\t1SG\tso,She told me that.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-15,8,Im gi im im.,Im\tgi\tim\tim.,3SG\tgive\t3SG\t3SG,She gave him/it (i.e. the dog) to him.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-16,8,Im a di liida.,Im\ta\tdi\tliida.,3SG\tCOP\tDET\tleader,He is the leader.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-17,8,Shi a di liida.,Shi\ta\tdi\tliida.,3SG.F\tCOP\tDET\tleader,She is the leader.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-32,9,"Im tɛl mi, im tɛl mi. — ʧo wɛn?","Im tɛl mi, im tɛl mi. — ʧo wɛn?",he told me he told me   cho when,"He told me. — No way, when?",,,,elicited from speaker -9-33,9,(Suzi) i me de kaal mi.,(Suzi)\ti\tme\tde\tkaal\tmi.,(Suzi)\tshe\tANT\tPROG\tcall\tme,"(Suzi,) she was calling me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-34,9,ʃi de se di preya.,ʃi\tde\tse\tdi\tpreya.,she\tPROG\tsay\tDEF\tprayer,She is saying the prayer.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-16,10,An ihn tel Beda Taiga fi jomp.,An\tihn\ttel\tBeda\tTaiga\tfi\tjomp.,and\t3SG\ttell\tBrother\tTiger\tCOMP\tjump,And he told Brother Tiger to jump.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-17,10,Ihn kaal aan tu wan likl gyal neiba.,Ihn\tkaal\taan\ttu\twan\tlikl\tgyal\tneiba.,3SG\tcall\ton\tto\tART.INDF\tlittle\tgirl\tneighbour,She called to a neighbour’s little girl.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-18,10,Shi kaal fi shi swiit bwai.,Shi\tkaal\tfi\tshi\tswiit\tbwai.,3SG.F\tcall\tfor\t3SG.POSS.F\tsweet\tboy,She called out to her sweet boy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-23,11,"Aafta shi iit har sekant miil, hi sed [...].","Aafta\tshi\tiit\thar\tsekant\tmiil,\thi\tsed\t[...].",after\t3SG.F\teat\t3SG.POSS.F\tsecond\tmeal\t3SG.M\tsay.PST\t[...],"After she had eaten her second meal, he said: [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-24,11,"Hi se: ""Wel, ai haf di ring.""","Hi\tse:\t""Wel,\tai\thaf\tdi\tring.""",3SG.M\tsay\twell\t1SG\thave\tART.DEF\tring,"He said: ""Well, I have the ring.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-18,12,Only mi- o- only - my mother had - one brother what I didn't know - he - he is - he used to say it was three of we.,[...]\tmy\tmother\t[...]\the\tused\tto\tsay\t[...],[...]\tmy\tmother\t[...]\t3SG\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\tsay\t[...],[...] my mother [...] she used to say [there were three of us].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-19,12,"Yeah, no, my mother dead long time. She dead [...] my younger sister was 'bout five, I been mus'e 'bout 13, my older sister 'bout 16. Long time. When she dead - she leave eight children.",[...] When she dead - she leave eight children.,[...] when 3SG.F die[PFV]   3SG.F leave[PFV] eight children,[...] When she died she left eight children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-20,12,[...] he’s my cousin.,[...]\the’s\tmy\tcousin.,[...]\t3SG.M.COP\tmy\tcousin,[...] he's my cousin.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-21,12,She can’t break it up!,She\tcan’t\tbreak\tit\tup!,she\tcan't\tbreak\t3SG.N\tup,She (i.e. the speaker's grandmother) can't break it (i.e. the speaker's relationship with a particular man) up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-20,13,E gone an marry Mary.,E\tgone\tan\tmarry\tMary.,3SG\tgo.PST\tand\tmarry\tMary,He went and married Mary. (Mt 1.24),,,,bible translation -13-21,13,E gwine be wid chile.,E\tgwine\tbe\twid\tchile.,3SG\tgoing\tbe\twith\tchild,She will be pregnant. (Mt 1.23),,,,bible translation -14-17,14,He asked them if she had his number.,He\tasked\tthem\tif\tshe\thad\this\tnumber.,he\tasked\tthem\tif\tshe\thad\this\tnumber,He asked them if she had his number.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-18,15,i dɔn kam,i\tdɔn\tkam,3SG\tPFV\tcome,He/She/It has arrived.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-21,16,in tu ì mek wì dè fiɛr àm nau,in\ttu\tì\tmek\twì\tdè\tfiɛr\tàm\tnau,3SG.F/M/N\tTOP\t3SG\tmake\t1PL\tHAB\tfear\t3SG.OBL\tnow,She/he/it makes us fear her/him/it now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-17,17,Ìm kari nayf go.,Ìm\tkari\tnayf\tgo.,3SG.SBJ\tcarry\tknife\tgo.LOC,S/he took the knife away.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-21,18,I 'don 'si 'yi,I\tdon\tsi\ti.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsee\t3SG.OBL,She/He has seen her/him.,,,,published source -19-21,19,in,in,3SG.EMPH,s/he,,,,constructed by linguist -20-12,20,[...] to make speak to dat old fool head lun away long she.,[...]\tto\tmake\tspeak\tto\tdat\told\tfool\thead\tlun\taway\tlong\tshe.,[...]\tto\tmake\tspeak\tto\tDEM\told\tfool\thead\trun\taway\tCOM\tshe,[...] to speak to that foolish old man (who) ran away with her.,,,,naturalistic written -20-23,20,"Suppose he no small feet, no man wantjee make he number one wife.","Suppose\the\tno\tsmall\tfeet,\tno\tman\twantjee\tmake\the\tnumber\tone\twife.",suppose\t3SG\tno\tsmall\tfeet\tno\tman\twant\tmake\t3SG\tnumber\tone\twife,"If she doesn't have small feet, nobody will want to make her his principal wife.",,,,naturalistic written -23-23,23,hem i katkatem smolsmol kabis blong hem,hem\ti\tkat~kat-em\tsmol~smol\tkabis\tblong\them,3SG\tAGR\tcut~cut-TR\tsmall~small\tcabbage\tPOSS\t3SG,She cut up her cabbage very fine(ly).,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-24,23,hem i no save se woman blong hem i bon finis,hem\ti\tno\tsave\tse\twoman\tblong\them\ti\tbon\tfinis,3SG\tAGR\tNEG\tknow\tCOMP\twoman\tPOSS\t3SG\tAGR\tburn\tCOMPL,He didn't know that his wife had (by that time) already been burnt.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-25,23,sapos haos kapa blong yumi i muv [...] kijin blong hem i kam long saed,sapos\thaos\tkapa\tblong\tyumi\ti\tmuv\t[...]\tkijin\tblong\them\ti\tkam\tlong\tsaed,if\thouse\tcopper\tPOSS\t1PL.INCL\tAGR\tmove\t[...]\tkitchen\tPOSS\t3SG\tAGR\tcome\tLOC\tside,If our house with the iron roof moves (down here) [...] its kitchen (could) come on the side.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-30,24,Hi tal shi kamen.,Hi\ttal\tshi\tkamen.,he\tsay\tshe\tcome.PROG,He said she was coming.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-90,25,"Gardiya pein, im nomo laikim blekbala pein.","Gardiya\tpein,\tim\tnomo\tlaik-im\tblekbala\tpein.",white.person\tpaint\t3SG\tNEG\tlike-TR\tAboriginal.person\tpaint,"White people’s paint, she doesn’t like Aboriginal people’s paint. (Talking about decorating artefacts).",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-91,25,Jed olgamen bin luk ebriweya bat im nomo bin faindim olabat.,Jed\tolgamen\tbin\tluk\tebriweya\tbat\tim\tnomo\tbin\tfaind-im\tolabat.,DEM\twoman\tPST\tlook\teverywhere\tbut\t3SG\tNEG\tPST\tfind-TR\t3PL,The woman looked everywhere but couldn’t find them.,,,,naturalistic written -25-92,25,Nomo boiwan im gelwan.,Nomo\tboi-wan\tim\tgel-wan.,NEG\tmale-ADJ\t3SG\tfemale-ADJ,"It is not the male, it is the female.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-93,25,"Hi got rul yet, mai matha.","Hi\tgot\trul\tyet,\tmai\tmatha.",3SG\thave\trule\tyet/still\t1SG.POSS\tmother,"She still keeps the traditions, my mother.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-94,25,Wan wi bin kid mi en he.,Wan\twi\tbin\tkid\tmi\ten\the.,TEMP\t1PL\tPST\tchild\t1SG\tand\t3SG.F,"When we were children, me and her.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-18,26,hi tol mi,hi\ttol\tmi,3SG.M\tsaid\t1SG.OBL,he said to me,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-14,27,am,am,3SG,"he, she",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-32,28,"ori, o noko redi noko ka","ori,\to\tno-ko\tredi\tnoko\tka",3SG\t3SG\tnot-RES\tready\tyet\tNEG,"As for her, she wasn't ready yet.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-33,28,ori mjato ʃi selfu,ori\tmja-tɛ\to\tʃi\tselfu,3SG\tmake-PFV\t3SG\t3SG.POSS\tself,He made it himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-34,28,"en bi oprop oko, ori oko moi ka",eni\tbi\topropo\toko\tori\toko\tmoi\tka,3PL\tsay\tpig\ttoo\t3SG\ttoo\tgood\tNEG,"They say pig too, it too isn't good (to eat).",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-23,29,hy vs. sy; hom vs. haar,hy\tvs.\tsy;\thom\tvs.\thaar,3SG.M.NOM\tvs.\t3SG.F.NOM\t3SG.M.OBL\tvs.\t3SG.F.OBL,he vs. she; him vs. her,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-30,30,"Fáda ben di rubera, ael ku si mininu, [...]/ Lobu, ael ê laskádu.","Fáda ben di=rubera, ael ku=si=mininu, [...] / Lobu, ael ê laskádu.",fairy come from=river TOP.3SG.INDP with=her=child [...]   Lobu TOP.3SG.INDP be greedy,"The fairy came from the river, she and her child, [...] / The Lobu (male mythical creature), he is greedy.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-31,30,"Nton, es munta na kabálu, el [Bránka Flor] ku Djuzé, es tudu dos [...].","Nton,\tes=munta\tna=kabálu,\tel\tku=Djuzé,\tes\ttudu\tdos\t[...].",Then\t3PL.DEP=mount\tin=horse\t3SG.INDP\twith=Joseph\t3PL.INDP\tall\ttwo\t[...],"Then they mounted the horse, she (Bránka Flor) and Joseph, both of them [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-32,30,"Anho nhu ta bai, anha nha ta fika.","A-nho\tnhu=ta=bai,\ta-nha\tnha=ta=fika.",TOP-2SG.POL.M.INDP\t2SG.POL.M.DEP=IPFV=go\tTOP-2SG.POL.F.INDP\t2SG.POL.F.DEP=IPFV=stay,"You (SG.M, polite) will go, you (SG.F, polite) will stay.",,,,constructed by linguist -31-30,31,El ben more.,El\tben\tmore.,3SG\tcome\tdie,He died.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-31,31,"Jisus ta bensua nha, ta kunpanha nha.","Jisus\tta\tbensua\tnha,\tta\tkunpanha\tnha.",Jesus\tMOOD\tbless\tyou\tMOOD\taccompany\tyou,May Jesus bless you and be with you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-32,31,"si nha ben li, nha atxa-m nha debe da-m","si\tnha\tben\tli,\tnha\tatxa-m\tnha\tdebe\tda-m",if\tyou\tcome\there\tyou\tfind-me\tyou\tmust\tgive-me,"if you come here, you find me, you must give me",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-33,31,El fika k'un mudjer la.,El\tfika\tk'un\tmudjer\tla.,he\tstay\twith.a\twoman\tthere,He stayed with a woman there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-19,32,"El, bosê","El,\tbosê",3SG\t2SG.polite,"he/she/it, you (polite)",,,,constructed by linguist -33-24,33,I kume.,I\tkume.,3SG\teat.PST,He/she ate.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-22,34,yel,yel,3SG.INDP,he/she/it,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-29,35,êlê,êlê,3SG,he/she/it,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-16,36,ê,ê,he/she/it,"he, she, it",,,,elicited from speaker -37-18,37,ê; ine,ê;\tine,he/she/it\tthey,he/she/it; they,,,,constructed by linguist -38-23,38,I na ske kumpa zuanxa da bof.,Eli\tna\tske\tkumpa\tzuguan-xa\tda\tbo-f.,3SG\tNEG\tIRR\tbuy\tsome-thing\tgive\t2SG-NEG,He/she will not buy you a present.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-31,39,ɛl ɛ muyt muyt muyt mɛdroz.,ɛl\tɛ\tmuyt\tmuyt\tmuyt\tmɛdroz.,3SG.F\tCOP.NPST\tvery\tvery\tvery\tfrightful,She gets scared very very very easily (lit. She is very very very frightful).,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-32,39,El mem atəro pə el.,El\tmem\tatər-o\tpə\tel.,3SG\tEMPH\tpush-PST\tACC\t3SG,HE pushed him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-22,40,"ɔ͂m tə hika nɛ. El tə hala [ku muler], “Tər wɔ un ti andad?”","ɔ͂m\ttə\thika\tnɛ.\tEl\ttə\thala\t[ku\tmuler],\t“Tər\twɔ\tun\tti\tandad?”",man\tPRS\tCOP\tright\t3SG\tPRS\tsay\t[to\twoman]\tso\tyou.FAM\twhere\tPST\tgo.PTCP,"There's a man, right. He says [to the woman], ""So, where have you been?""",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-23,40,"əkə mulɛr tə hala, ""Yo ti andad əkə ye pesh ulya"". Tər pesh pən nu ti nad. Mhanje el ti andad lava kɔrp.","əkə\tmulɛr\ttə\thala,\t""Yo\tti\tandad\təkə\tye\tpesh\tulya"".\tTər\tpesh\tpən\tnu\tti\tnad.\tMhanje\tel\tti\tandad\tlava\tkɔrp.",that\twoman\tPRS\tsay\tI\tPST\tgo.PTCP\tthat\tthis\tfish\tlook.at\tbut\tfish\talso\tNEG\tCOP.PST\tnothing\tthat.is\t3SG\tPST\tgo.PTCP\twash\tbody,"That woman said, ""I went to look at the fish."" But there was no fish. That's to say, she went to take a bath.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-2,41,elispa inda nukutiraa noos,eli-s-pa\tinda\tnuku-tiraa\tnoos,3.M-PL-ACC\tyet\tNEG-take\t1PL,We haven't engaged them yet. OR: We haven't taken them on as regular employees yet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-27,41,eli; elis; ɛla; ɛlas; osiir; etus,eli;\teli-s;\tɛla;\tɛla-s;\tosiir;\tetus,3SG.M\t3.M-PL\t3SG.F\t3.F-PL\t3SG.HON\t3PL.HON,he; they; she; they; he/she; they,,,,elicited from speaker -41-28,41,aka laraandu ɛla takustumaa kiipa kamfalaa nosa gaavns pakuzataam,aka\tlaraandu\tɛla\tta-kustumaa\tkii-pa\tkam-falaa\tnosa\tgaavn-s\tpa-kuza-taam,that\taside\t3SG.F\tPRS-train\twhat-DAT\tCOND-say\t1PL.GEN\tdress-PL\tINF-sew-REFL,"That aside, why she is learning [how to sew] is to sew our own frocks.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-29,41,aka mee elis tafalaa avara,aka\tmee\teli-s\tta-falaa\tavara,that\tFOC\t3.M-PL\tPRS-say\tnow,That is what they (the union committee members) are saying now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-25,42,eli,eli,3SG,he/she/it,,,,elicited from speaker -42-26,42,olotu,olotu,3PL,"they (male, female, or non-sex referent)",,,,elicited from speaker -43-20,43,kung ile,kung\tile,OBJ\t3SG.M,him,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-21,43,kung ela,kung\tela,OBJ\t3SG.F,her,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-21,44,Ta yudá éle su marído.,Ta\tyudá\téle\tsu\tmarído.,IPFV\thelp\t3SG\t3SG.POSS\thusband,She helps her husband.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-22,44,Mi marído méstro rin [...] sábe rin éle tʃabakáno.,Mi\tmarído\tméstro\trin\t[...]\tsábe\trin\téle\ttʃabakáno.,1SG.POSS\thusband\tteacher\talso\t[...]\tknow\talso\t3SG\tchabacano,My husband is also a teacher [...] He too knows Chabacano.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-17,45,Bueno eli toca piano.,Bueno\teli\ttoca\tpiano.,well\t3SG\tplay\tpiano,She plays the piano well.,,,,naturalistic written -45-18,45,Ya cumpra ele ese na Hapon.,Ya\tcumpra\tele\tese\tna\tHapon.,PFV\tbuy\t3SG\tthat\tin\tJapan,He bought that in Japan.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-36,46,éle,éle,3SG,s/he,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-30,47,"ele, é, té","ele,\té,\tta\té",3SG.EMPH\t3SG\tFOC\t3SG,"(it is) her, him, it",,,,published source -48-19,48,¡Ele e un muhé!,¡Ele\te\tun\tmuhé!,3SG\tbe\tART.INDF.SG\twoman,She is a woman (rather than a man)!,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-20,48,"Mailo mi, ele kele sabé naa ri eso nu!","Mailo\tmi,\tele\tkele\tsabé\tnaa\tri\teso\tnu!",husband\tmy\the\twant\tknow\tnothing\tof\tthis\tNEG,"My husband, he doesn't want to know anything about this!",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-29,49,Se li k malere a.,Se\tli\tk\tmalere\ta.,HL\t3SG\tREL\tpoor\tDEF,It's he/she who is the poor one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-25,50,I pati.,I\tpati.,3SG\tleave,He/she left.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-25,51,I pati.,I\tpati.,3SG\tleave,He/she left.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-54,53,Li te pov li-mem.,Li\tte\tpov\tli-mem.,3SG\tPST\tpoor\t3SG-self,He was poor himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-55,53,Li gen en pli vajon mezon ke motchen.,Li\tgen\ten\tpli\tvajon\tmezon\tke\tmo-tchen.,3SG\thave\tART.INDF\tmore\tpretty\thouse\tthan\t1SG.POSS-POSS,She has a house (that is) nicer than mine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-24,54,"Bin, la fam la parti [...] li voi banann par isi.","Ben,\tla\tfamn\tla\tparti\t[...]\tli\tvwa\tbanann\tpar\tisi.",well\tDEF\twoman\tPRF\tleave\t[...]\t3SG.FIN\tsee\tbanana\tover\there,"Well, the woman has left (her house) [...] she sees some bananas over here.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-25,54,"Alor, in zour, lavé in per de famiy; alor li na tro de zanfan [...].","Alor,\ten\tzour,\tlave\ten\tper\tdë\tfamiy;\talor\tli\tna\ttrodë\tzanfan\t[...].",at.that.time\tINDF\tday\thave.PST\tINDF\tfather\tof\tfamily\twell.then\t3SG\thave\ttoo.many\tchild\t[...],"Once upon a time there was a father; well, he had too many children [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-25,55,li,li,him/her/it,him/her/it,,,,constructed by linguist -56-37,56,i,i,3SG,"he, she",,,,constructed by linguist -57-16,57,lja,lja,3SG,he/she/it,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-17,58,Yandi mene bwa.,Yandi\tmene\tbwa.,he/she\tfinish\tfall,He/she has fallen.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-18,58,Yo mene bwa.,Yo\tmene\tbwa.,it\tfinish\tfall,It has fallen.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-19,58,Bo mene bwa.,Bo\tmene\tbwa.,they\tfinish\tfallen,They have fallen.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-53,59,"lo faa mama ni awe, asi na ndapre, lo tene, [...]","lo\tfaa\tmama\tni\tawe,\ta-si\tna\tndaperere,\tlo\ttene,\t[...]",3SG\tkill\tmother\tDET\talready\tPM-arrive\tPREP\tmorning\t3SG\tsay\t[...],"After he had killed the mother and morning had come, she (the wife) said, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-15,60,namónákí yé té,na-món-ákí\tyé\tté,1SG-see-PST\t3SG.ANIM\tNEG,I didn't see her/him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-16,60,namónákí yangó té,na-món-ákí\tyangó\tté,1SG-see-PST\t3SG.INAN\tNEG,I didn't see it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-17,60,namónákí bangó té,na-món-ákí\tbangó\tté,1SG-see-PST\t3PL.ANIM\tNEG,I didn't see them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-18,60,namónákí yangó té,na-món-ákí\tyangó\tté,1SG-see-PST\t3PL.INAN\tNEG,I didn't see the things.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-15,61,Yena tshen-ile thina.,Yena\ttshen-ile\tthina.,he/she/it\ttell-PST\tus,He told us. / She told us. / It told us.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-18,63,úwo gu-rúo ma baláma de,úwo\tgu-rúo\tma\tbaláma\tde,3SG\tTAM-go\twith\tbalama\tDEM,She wears the balama (a kind of cloth).,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-19,63,úwo captain,úwo\tcaptain,3SG\tcaptain,He is a captain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-26,64,úmon biʃílu binía de úmon bira ma úo fi bet tómon,úmon\tbi=ʃílu\tbinía\tde\túmon\tbi=ra\tma\túo\tfi\tbet\ttómon,3PL\tIRR=bring\tgirl\tDEM.PROX\t3PL\tIRR=go\twith\t3SG\tin\thome\tPOSS.3PL,They take away the girl and they go to their house with her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-27,64,akú tái abú ána kan géni ma úo,akú\ttái\tabú\tána\tkan\tgéni\tma\túo,brother\tPOSS.1SG\tREL\t1SG\tANT\tstay\twith\t3SG,"my brother, the one I used to live with",,,,constructed by linguist -65-29,65,Iwo ʃila iwo.,Iwo\tʃi-la\tiwo.,3SG\tsew-PFV\t3SG,She sewed it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-30,65,"Iwo sioravno liudi, toko rubaʃəka dərugoj.","Iwo\tsioravno\tliudi,\ttoko\trubaʃəka\tdərugoj.",3SG\tall.the.same\tperson\tonly\tshirt\tdifferent,It is also a human in another appearance.,,,,citation in fiction -67-32,67,"Saya punya dia tak mahu, dia buang.","Saya\tpunya\tdia\ttak\tmahu,\tdia\tbuang.",3SG\tPOSS\t3SG\tNEG\twant\t3SG\tthrow.away,"She would throw away mine, which she does not want.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-33,67,Dia selalu di tenga jalan tipu-tipu sama olang.,Dia\tselalu\tdi\ttenga\tjalan\ttipu-tipu\tsama\tolang.,3SG\talways\tin\tmiddle\troad\tcheat-cheat\twith\tperson,"He is always on the road, cheating people.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-17,68,dia,dia,3SG,he/she/it,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-12,69,mən,mən,3SG,he/she/it,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-21,70,U baito gare.,U\tbaito\tgare.,he/she/it\tstay\thome,He/she/it is at home.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-23,71,"Kela aina pauloa inaha, iaia pauloa ko hele malalo, iaia nuinui poho.","Kela\taina\tpauloa\tinaha,\tiaia\tpauloa\tko\thele\tmalalo,\tiaia\tnuinui\tpoho.",DET\tland\tall\tbreak\t3SG\tall\tgo[?]\tgo\tdown\t3SG\tvery.much\truined,"The land collapsed, it fell downward, and it was very much ruined.",,,,naturalistic written -71-24,71,"Kanaka pauloa hele, iaia akahi koe.","Kanaka\tpauloa\thele,\tiaia\takahi\tkoe.",people\tall\tgo\t3SG\tone\tremain,"Everybody left, he was the only one still there.",,,,naturalistic written -72-22,72,Dat geltu im tokin bo nyanuny kapuku wartanta.,Dat\tgel-tu\tim\ttok-in\tbo\tnyanuny\tkapuku\twartan-ta.,the\tgirl-ERG\t3SG\ttalk-CONT\tPREP\t3SG.DAT\tsister\thand-LOC,"The girl (she) is talking to her sister, behind her hand.",,,851458f6367462c2f2412e18f915b647,peer elicitation -72-23,72,Det boingku im jutim hawuj wumarayawung xxx.,Det\tboi-ngku\tim\tjut-im\thawuj\twumara-yawung\txxx.,the\tboy-ERG\t3SG\tshoot-TR\thouse\trock-COM\txxx,The boy shoots the house with a rock.,,,4160b6f72f2c67ba0a3f9575d6adeccb,peer elicitation -73-20,73,el,el,3SG.PRO,"she, he",,,,naturalistic spoken -73-21,73,"el, il; ella, illa; elkuna, ilkuna, illoskuna, ellakuna, illakuna, ellas, illas","el,\til;\tella,\tilla;\tel-kuna,\til-kuna,\tillos-kuna,\tella-kuna,\tilla-kuna,\tella-s,\tilla-s",3SG.M\t3SG.M\t3SG.F\t3SG.F\t3.M-PL\t3.M-PL\t3.M-PL\t3.F-PL\t3.F-PL\t3F-PL\t3.F-PL,he; she; they,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-22,73,"il, ella","il,\tella",he\tshe,"he, she",,,,naturalistic spoken -74-24,74,yáka,yáka,she/he/it,"she, he, it",,,,narrative -75-50,75,Namo kakiiituhtew wiya.,Namo\tkakii-ituhte-w\twiya.,NEG\table-go-3SG\t3SG,She was not able to go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-51,75,Ma fiy avik so marii sa sakord baen.,Ma\tfiy\tavik\tso\tmarii\tsa\tsakord\tbaen.,1.POSS.F\tgirl\twith\t3.POSS.M\thusband\t3PL\tagree\twell,My daughter and her husband are harmonious (get along well).,,,,naturalistic written -75-52,75,"La fiy ana, site yaenk aen servant ana.","La\tfiy\tana,\tsite\tyaenk\taen\tservant\tana.",DEF.ART.F.SG\tgirl\tDEM.SG.ANIM.INTERM\tBE.PST.3\tonly\tINDF.ART\tservant\tDEM.SG.ANIM.INTERM,"That girl, she was only a servant.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-53,75,Ekwanima piko kaakanaweeyihtahk site soo suyii.,Ekwanima\tpiko\tkaa-kanaweeyiht-ahk\tsite\tsoo\tsuyii.,that.mentioned\tonly\tREL-keep-3.SBJ.3.OBJ.INAN\t3.was\t3.POSS.M\tshoe,The only thing that she had kept was her shoe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-54,75,"Kiinipaahishin ana, ahpo eetikwee.","Kii-nipaa-ishi-n\tana,\tahpo\teetikwee.",PST-die-fall-3SG\tthat.one.ANIM\tor\tapparently,"Maybe he fell down dead, I don't know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-55,75,Akwanikik savayet tii zhvoo.,Akwanikik\tsa-va-yet\ttii\tzhvoo.,those.ANIM\t3PL-FUT-be\t2PL.POSS\thorse.PL,Those will be your horses.,,,,naturalistic spoken -76-25,76,ī'la,ī'la,he,"he, she, it",,,,reconstructed by documentalist -7-32,7,Aayo na si nobadi kuhm ya?,Aa-yo\tna\tsi\tnobadi\tkuhm\tya?,all-2\tNEG\tsee\tnobody\tcome\there,Haven’t you (PL) seen anybody come here?,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-33,7,Yo na si nobadi kuhm ya?,Yo\tna\tsi\tnobadi\tkuhm\tya?,2\tNEG\tsee\tnobody\tcome\there,"Haven’t you (SG, PL) seen anybody come here?",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-19,10,Wi hafy go skuul an stody haad fi get wan gud jab.,Wi\thafy\tgo\tskuul\tan\tstody\thaad\tfi\tget\twan\tgud\tjab.,1PL\thave.to\tgo\tschool\tand\tstudy\thard\tCOMP\tget\tART.INDF\tgood\tjob,We have to go to school and study hard in order to get a good job.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-20,10,Unu laik di stuori?,Unu\tlaik\tdi\tstuori?,2PL\tlike\tART.DEF\tstory,Did you like the story?,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-25,11,Wi haftu rait wi histori.,Wi\thaf-tu\trait\twi\thistori.,1PL\thave-to\twrite\t1PL.POSS\thistory,We have to write down our history.,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-19,15,wi,wi,1PL,we,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -17-18,17,Wì plant nyam.,Wì\tplant\tnyam.,1PL.SBJ\tplant\tyam,"We (inclusive and exclusive, dual and plural) planted yams.",,,,constructed by linguist -19-22,19,"Yù si, dɛ̀nɔ̀ltu jump fɔ̀ bɔt dì bɔl.","Yù\tsi,\tdɛ̀n-ɔ̀l-tu\tjump\tfɔ̀\tbɔt\tdì\tbɔl.",2SG\tsee\t3PL.EMPH.CPD-all.CPD-two\tjump\tASSOC\thit.with.head\tDEF\tball,"You see, they both jumped to head the ball.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-23,19,Lɛ̀k se dɛ̀n dè hia wìɔ̀ltu wì dè tɔk yet.,Lɛ̀k\tse\tdɛ̀n\tdè\thia\twì-ɔ̀l-tu\twì\tdè\ttɔk\tyet.,like\tQUOT\t3PL\tIPFV\thear\t1PL.EMPH.CPD-all.CPD-two\t1PL\tIPFV\ttalk\tyet,Like if they heard both of us still talking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-24,19,Ùnaɔ̀ltú gò go de?,Ùna-ɔ̀l-tú\tgò\tgo\tde?,2PL.INC-all.INC-two\tPOT\tgo\tthere,Will the two of you go there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-29,22,mipela,mipela,1DU.EXCL,we two,,,,constructed by linguist -22-30,22,yumitupela,yumitupela,1DU.INCL,we (the two of us),,,,constructed by linguist -22-31,22,yutupela,yutupela,2DU,you two,,,,constructed by linguist -22-32,22,tupela,tupela,3DU,those two,,,,constructed by linguist -23-26,23,yutufala i promes blong go mit long wan ples we oli no save Denis,yutufala\ti\tpromes\tblong\tgo\tmit\tlong\twan\tples\twe\toli\tno\tsave\tDenis,2DU\tAGR\tpromise\tCOMP\tgo\tmeet\tLOC\tINDF\tplace\tREL\tAGR\tNEG\tknow\tDenis,You arranged to meet up somewhere where no-one knows Dennis.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-27,23,"hem i se ""e, yutufala i stanap gud""","hem\ti\tse\t""e,\tyutufala\ti\tstanap\tgud""",3SG\tAGR\tsay\they\t2DU\tAGR\tstand.up\tgood,"She said ""Hey, you guys, stand up straight"".",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-28,23,mi talem se bae mitufala i danis,mi\ttalem\tse\tbae\tmitufala\ti\tdanis,1SG\ttell\tCOMP\tIRR\t1DU\tAGR\tdance,I said we should dance.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-29,23,"i se ""No, bae mifala i mas mekem""","i\tse\t""No,\tbae\tmifala\ti\tmas\tmekem""",AGR\tsay\tNEG\tIRR\t1PL\tAGR\tmust\tmake,"[He] said ""No, we have to do this"".",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-30,23,be yufala i pem hem from wanem?,be\tyufala\ti\tpem\them\tfrom\twanem?,but\t2PL\tAGR\tpay\t3SG\tCAUS\twhat,But why are you paying (a fine) for her?,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-79,23,ale tufala i stap wok long Santo ia,ale\ttufala\ti\tstap\twok\tlong\tSanto\tia,so\t3DU\tAGR\tPROG\twork\tLOC\tSanto\tDEF,So the two of them were working in Santo.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-31,24,himii/hamii,himii/hamii,we.DU.INCL,you and me (inclusive),,,,unknown -24-32,24,mii en hem,mii\ten\them,I.NSBJ\tand\the.NSBJ,he and I (exclusive),,,,naturalistic spoken -24-33,24,yuu/yu,yuu/yu,you,you (singular),,,,naturalistic spoken -24-34,24,yutuu,yutuu,you.two,the two of you,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-35,24,hi/shi; dem tuu,hi/shi;\tdem\ttuu,he/she\tthey\ttwo,he/she; the two of them,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-95,25,Dijan langa Leguna tubala bin tokin.,Dijan\tlanga\tLeguna\ttubala\tbin\ttok-in.,PROX:ADJ\tLOC\tLegune\t3DU\tPST\ttalk-PROG2,It was at Legune that the two were talking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-96,25,Mindubala Namij kolim dardaga.,Mindubala\tNamij\tkol-im\tdardaga.,1DU.EXCL\tNamij\tcall-TR\tplant.species,"Namij and I (in our language, Ngarinyman) call it dardaga (an edible plant).",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-97,25,Yundubala goawei!,Yundubala\tgo-awei!,2DU\tgo-away,You two go away!,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-98,25,Thet the mindubala lengwij na wi toking la yu dijey taka.,Thet\tthe\tmindubala\tlengwij\tna\twi\ttok-ing\tla\tyu\tdij-ey\ttaka.,DEM\tEQ.COP\t1DU.EXCL\tlanguage\tnow\t1PL\ttalk-PROG2\tLOC\t2SG\tPROX-way\tplant.food,It's OUR language that we're speaking to you [when giving you the word for] this edible plant.,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-99,25,Wot kain yunmi gona toktok?,Wot\tkain\tyunmi\tgona\ttok~tok?,what\tkind\t1DU.INCL\tFUT\tRED.talk,What (i.e. which language) are we going to speak?,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-100,25,Minyu jidan.,Minyu\tjidan.,1DU.INCL\tsit.down,Let's sit down (you and me).,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-101,25,Imin lagijat la mi en a - mindubala bin agamen na.,Im=in\tlagijat\tla\tmi\ten\ta\t-\tmindubala\tbin\tagamen\tna.,3SG=PST\tlike.that\tLOC\t1SG\tand\t[false_start]\t-\t1DU.EXCL\tPST\targue\tnow,He went like that (i.e. said that) to me – we two had an argument then.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-102,25,Dubala bin nomo laigim bolorrimap langa mibala.,Dubala\tbin\tnomo\tlaig-im\tbolor-im-ap\tlanga\tmibala.,3DU\tPST\tNEG\tlike-TR\tfollow-TR-up\tLOC\t1PL,The two didn't want to follow us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-35,28,da iʃi twalen jɛnda hiri,da\tiʃi\ttwɛ\talen\tjɛn-da\thiri,FOC\t1PL\ttwo\talone\tbe-there\there,The two of us alone were here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-34,31,Es bandera sa di mas pa nhos.,Es\tbandera\tsa\tdi\tmas\tpa\tnhos.,this\tflag\tis\ttoo\tmuch\tfor\tyou,This flag is too much for you (all of you).,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-35,31,N ta sera ki nhos ta ben brinka ku mi na nha kaza.,N\tta\tsera\tki\tnhos\tta\tben\tbrinka\tku\tmi\tna\tnha\tkaza.,I\tASP\texpect\tthat\tyou.(two)\tASP\tcome\tplay\twith\tme\tin\tmy\thouse,I expect that you (two) come and play with me in my house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-30,35,non dôsu,non\tdôsu,1PL\ttwo,the two of us,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-31,35,tudu non,tudu\tnon,all\t1PL,all of us,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-30,41,"alaa, noos jafoy luvaara","alaa,\tnoos\tjaa-foy\tluvaara",there\t1PL\tPST-go\tplace,"There, the place we went.",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-23,44,"Yo disé interbyú késti hénti takí na mi húnto, góra ya mótro di impisá.","Yo\tdisé\tinterbyú\tkésti\thénti\ttakí\tna\tmi\thúnto,\tgóra\tya\tmótro\tdi\timpisá.",1SG\tCTPL.make\tinterview\tthis\tperson\tIPFV.here\tLOC\t1SG.POSS\ttogether\tnow\talready\t1PL\tCTPL\tstart,"I will interview this person who is next to me, now we will start.",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-24,44,"Lótro dos numá ya andá y Mutyá, lótros tres.","Lótro\tdos\tnumá\tya\tandá\ty\tMutyá,\tlótros\ttres.",3PL\ttwo\tjust\tPFV\tgo\tand\tMutyá\t3PL\tthree,"Just the two of them went and Mutya, the three of them.",,,,naturalistic spoken -45-19,45,Di le nisos el libro.,Di\tle\tnisos\tel\tlibro.,CTPL\tread\t1PL\tthe\tbook,We/ You and I will read the book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -47-31,47,nos dos; boso dos; nan dos,nos\tdos;\tboso\tdos;\tnan\tdos,1PL\ttwo\t2PL\ttwo\t3PL\ttwo,us two/ the two of us; you two/ the two of you; them two/ the two of them,,,,own knowledge -48-21,48,Suto a miní ayé.,Suto\ta\tminí\tayé.,we\tPST\tcome\tyesterday,We arrived yesterday.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-31,49,Nou de met ansanm n achte y.,Nou\tde\tmet\tansanm\tn\tachte\ty.,1PL\ttwo\tput\ttogether\t1PL\tbuy\t3SG,"The two of us got together, we bought it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-26,55,nu,nu,2PL,you,,,,constructed by linguist -57-17,57,nunde,nunde,1DU,the two of us,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-18,57,unde,unde,2DU,the two of you,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-19,57,lende,lende,3DU,the two of them,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-34,67,saya/aku/wa; kita/kitaorang;,saya/aku/wa;\tkita/kitaorang;,1SG\t1PL,I; we,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-35,67,awak/engkau/lu/lia; luorang; dia; diaorang/diorang,awak/engkau/lu/lia;\tluorang;\tdia;\tdiaorang/diorang,2SG\t2PL\t3SG\t3PL,you; you; he/she/it; they,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-13,69,kapa,kapa,1DU,the two of us,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-25,71,Maua hapai kela pohaku.,Maua\thapai\tkela\tpohaku.,1DU\tbring\tDET\trock,The two of us brought the rock.,,,,naturalistic written -71-26,71,Olua kokua wau.,Olua\tkokua\twau.,2DU\thelp\t1SG,You two help me.,,,,naturalistic written -71-27,71,Aole laua hakaka maloko o ka lumi.,Aole\tlaua\thakaka\tmaloko\to\tka\tlumi.,NEG\t3DU\tfight\tinside\tPOSS\tDEF\troom,The two didn't fight inside the room.,,,,naturalistic written -72-24,72,Ngali gon taruk.,ngali\tgon\ttaruk,1DU\tgo\tbathe,You and I went swimming.,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-25,72,Jarrpip yutubala Nangaringku.,Jarrpip\tyutubala\tNangari-ngku.,carry\t2DU\tskin.name-ERG,Nangari will carry you two.,,,dd17d2b01c5200f9387d3daab7589688,naturalistic spoken -72-26,72,Tubala rarraj laim.,Tubala\trarraj\tla=im.,3DU\trun\tOBL-3SG.OBJ,Those two ran at him.,,,b8da827acff8a57448f78da232ea1daf,narrative -76-26,76,ĕlĭp'tĭk,ĕlĭp'tĭk,you.two,you too (sic),,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-43,1,"Mi nanga ju, wi alla tu de poti.","Mi\tnanga\tyu,\twi\tala\ttu\tde\tpôti.",1SG\tand\t2SG\t1PL\tall\ttwo\tIPFV\tbe.poor,"Me and you, we both are poor.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-44,1,"Gado no habi ougri hatti vo somma, a habi bunne hatti vo wi allamal.","Gado\tno\thabi\togri\thati\tfu\tsoma,\ta\thabi\tbun\thati\tfu\twi\talamala.",God\tNEG\thave\tevil\theart\tfor\tsomeone\t3SG.SBJ\thave\tgood\theart\tfor\t1PL\tall,"God dislikes no one, he loves us all.",,,,written (dictionary) -2-44,2,Wi e kon dalék.,Wi\te\tkon\tdalék.,1PL\tASP\tcome\tright.away,We're coming right away.,,,,unknown -2-45,2,Mi heri famiri kon na a friyari-oso. Un prisiri sote!,Mi\theri\tfamiri\tkon\tna\ta\tfriyari-oso.\tUn\tprisiri\tsote!,1SG\twhole\tfamily\tcome\tLOC\tART\tbirthday-party\t1PL.EXCL\thave.fun\tso.much,My whole family came to the birthday party. We really enjoyed ourselves.,,,,unknown -3-19,3,U o si.,U\to\tsi.,1PL\tMOOD\tsee,We will see.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-20,4,U e nyam en.,U\te\tnyam\ten.,we\tIPFV\teat\tit,We eat it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-26,5,awii liv fan a dam,awii\tliv\tfan\ta\tdam,1PL\tlive\ton\ta\tdam,We were living on a dam.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-16,6,(1) So yoo see we mos teke ebryting. (2) Awe go.,(1)\tSo\tyoo\tsee\twe\tmos\tteke\tebryting.\t(2)\tAwe\tgo.,(1)\tso\t2SG\tsee\t1PL\tmust\ttake\teverything\t(2)\t1PL\tgo,(1) So you see that we have to take everything. (2) Let us go.,,,,naturalistic written -7-34,7,Wi/aawi kod swim.,Wi/aawi\tkod\tswim.,1PL\tMOD\tswim,We can swim.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-35,7,Laik wi ste lang inuhf.,Laik\twi\tste\tlang\tinuhf.,like\t1PL\tstay\tlong\tenough,It seems that we have stayed long enough.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-18,8,Wi de go a Tong.,Wi\tde\tgo\ta\tTong.,1PL\tPROG\tgo\tto\tTown,We are going to town.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-35,9,Wi ron.,Wi\tron.,1PL\trun,We ran.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-21,10,Wi taak Kriol Inglish.,Wi\ttaak\tKriol\tInglish.,1PL\ttalk\tCreole\tEnglish,We speak Creole English.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-26,11,Wi no get di nyuuz bot wi get di prensa.,Wi\tno\tget\tdi\tnyuuz\tbot\twi\tget\tdi\tprensa.,1PL\tNEG\tget\tART.DEF\tnews\tbut\t1PL\tget\tART.DEF\tpress,We don’t get the (television) news but we get the press.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-22,12,"Yeah, and we gone to court, and then he man tell him say he must pay 25 dollars every week.",[...]\tand\twe\tgone\tto\tcourt\t[...],[...]\tand\t1PL\tgo.PFV\tto\tcourt\t[...],[...] and we went to court [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -13-22,13,wi,wi,1PL,we,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-18,14,I and you / we,I and you / we,1SG and 2SG   1PL,we,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-20,15,wi,wi,1PL,we,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-22,16,"bat we tu, blakman, wi no dè hiɛ","bat\twe\ttu,\tblakman,\twi\tno\tdè\thiɛ",but\t1PL\tTOP\tblack.man\t1PL.(EXCL)\tNEG\tHAB\thear,But we blacks (excl) don't understand.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-23,16,wɛn wì go fɔ dɛ gɔta dɛ [...] jù gò go si strɔʧa strɔʧa,wɛn\twì\tgo\tfɔ\tdɛ\tgɔta\tdɛ\t[...]\tjù\tgò\tgo\tsi\tstrɔʧa~strɔʧa,when\t1PL\tgo\tfor\tART\tgutter\tthere\t[...]\t2SG\tFUT\tgo\tsee\tstructure~structure,When we (incl) go to the gutter over there [...] you will see structures.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-22,18,Wi fit go sinima dis nait?,Wi\tfit\tgo\tsinima\tdis\tnait?,1PL.SBJ\tbe.able\tgo\tcinema\tthis\tnight,Could we go to the cinema tonight?,,,,published source -18-23,18,Wi fit waka foh makeht wi tu.,Wi\tfit\twaka\tfo\tmaket\twi\ttu.,1PL.SBJ\tAUX\twalk\tfor\tmarket\t1PL\ttwo,We can walk to the market together.,,,,published source -19-25,19,Wì dɔn kɔstɔn fɔ̀ràn.,Wì\tdɔn\tkɔstɔn\tfɔ̀r=àn.,1PL\tPRF\tbe.used.to\tASSOC=3SG.OBJ,We’ve got used to it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-24,20,We go nother side sit down talkee.,We\tgo\tnother\tside\tsit\tdown\ttalkee.,we\tgo\tanother\tside\tsit\tdown\ttalk,Let us rise and have a little talk.,,,,naturalistic written -21-21,21,We eat already.,We\teat\talready.,we\teat\tPRF,We have already eaten.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-33,22,yumi,yumi,1PL.INCL,we,,,,constructed by linguist -22-34,22,mipela/mipla,mipela/mipla,1PL.EXCL,we,,,,constructed by linguist -23-31,23,grup blong mifala oli mas karem mi,grup\tblong\tmifala\toli\tmas\tkarem\tmi,group\tPOSS\t1PL.EXCL\tAGR\tmust\tcarry/bring\t1SG,My group had to carry me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-36,24,himii/hamii,himii/hamii,we.DU.INCL,"we (dual, inclusive)",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-37,24,"miienhem, miienher","miienhem,\tmiienher",1DU.EXCL.M\t1DU.EXCL.F,"we (dual, exclusive, male referent), we (dual, exclusive, female referent)",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-38,24,miienher,miienher,1DU.EXCL.F,"we (dual, exclusive, female referent)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-103,25,"Wen wi bin langa Carlton, en Missis bin oldei givit mibala boksis.","Wen\twi\tbin\tlanga\tCarlton,\ten\tMissis\tbin\toldei\tgiv-it\tmibala\tboks-is.",when\t1PL.EXCL\tPST\tLOC\tCarlton\tand\tMissis\tPST\talways\tgive-TR\t1PL.EXCL\tbox-PL,"When we were [working] on Carlton Station, and the Missus used to give us boxes. (with matches, to burn the grass)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-104,25,Yunmi labda go bek la im.,Yunmi\tlabda\tgo\tbek\tla\tim.,1DU.INCL\tOBLIG\tgo\tback\tLOC\t3SG,You and I should go back to/for her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-105,25,Mibala yujdu idimbat la bush.,Mibala\tyujdu\tid-im-bat\tla\tbush.,1PL\tHAB\teat-TR-PROG\tLOC\tbush,We used to eat it in the bush.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-106,25,"[...] en mibala bin gowin na. Wi bin gowin insaid an jat men bin brejim batn bla mibala. Imin - mibalan godan, godan yilif. Godan yilif, pulap langa midl, apwei. Mela bin lukaran. Wi bin luk jarrawei an wi bin luk dijei.","[...] en mibala bin gow-in na. Wi bin gow-in insaid an jat men bin brej-im batn bla mibala. Im=in - mibala=n godan, go-dan yilif. Go-dan yilif, pul-ap langa midl, apwei. Mela bin luk-aran. Wi bin luk jarra-wei an wi bin luk dij-ei.",[...] and 1PL PST go-in now 1PL PST go-in inside and DEM man PST press-TR button DAT/POSS 1PL 3SG=PST   1PL=PST go-down go-down lift go-down lift pull-up LOC middle halfway 1PL PST look-around 1PL PST look DIST-DIR and 1PL PST look PROX-DIR,[...] and we went in. We went inside and the man there pressed a button for us and we went down. We went down in the lift and we stopped half way down. We looked around. We looked this way and that way.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-15,27,ons,ons,1PL,we,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-36,28,ju ma sɛtɛ ma horo wat enʃi ma futɛlɛ,ju\tma\tsɛtɛ\tma\thoro\twati\tenʃi\tma\tfutɛlɛ,2SG\tIRR\tsit\tIRR\thear\tREL\t1PL\tIRR\tspeak,You will sit down (and) hear what we are going to tell.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-37,28,"ə bi datə, ɛni titi ju kriktɛ gutu da iʃ twejɛ ju nintɛ","o\tbi\tdati,\tɛni\ttiti\tju\tkriki-tɛ\tgutu\tda\tiʃi\ttwe-jɛ\tju\tnimi-tɛ",3SG\tsay\tCOMP\tany\ttime\t2SG\tget-PRF\tthing\tCOP\t1PL\ttwo-NMLZ\t2SG\tknow-PRF,"He said that, any time you get something, (it) belongs to the two of us you know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-24,29,Ons verstaan dit goed.,Ons\tverstaan\tdit\tgoed.,1PL\tunderstand\tit\twell,We understand it well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-33,30,"Maridu, anos nu ten ki sai di li, [...].",Maridu\ta-nos\tnu=ten\tki=sai\tdi=li\t[...].,husband\tTOP-1PL.INDP\t1PL.DEP=must\tto=go.out\tof=here\t[...],"My husband, we have to get out of here [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-34,30,"E nho, nhu ten abertal di parti-nu es boi li, ki nos ninhun nu ka ta fika mal?","E\tnho,\tnhu=ten\tabertal\tdi=parti=nu\tes=boi\tli,\tki=nos\tninhun\tnu=ka=ta=fika\tmal?",Hello\t2SG.POL.M.INDP\t2SG.POL.M.DEP=have\tskill\tof=divide=1PL\tDEM=ox\there\tCOMP=1PL.INDP\tno.one\t1PL.DEP=NEG=IPFV=remain\tbad,"Hello, do you have the skills to divide this ox among us in such a way that no one comes off badly?",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-36,31,"Mi ku bo, nu ta da dretu.","Mi\tku\tbo,\tnu\tta\tda\tdretu.",me\twith\tyou\twe\tASP\tget.along\twell,"You and me, we (inclusive) get along well.",,,,constructed by linguist -31-37,31,"Nu ta ben as ves tres ora, as ves kuat'ora.","Nu\tta\tben\tas\tves\ttres\tora,\tas\tves\tkuat'ora.",we\tASP\tcome\tat\ttimes\tthree\thour\tat\ttimes\tfour.hour,"We (exclusive) come back at times at three o'clock, at times at four o'clock.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-20,32,no/nos,no/nos,1PL,we,,,,constructed by linguist -33-26,33,No fasi no trabadju.,No\tfasi\tno\ttrabadju.,1PL\tdo.PST\tPOSS.1PL\twork,We did our work.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-23,34,Awonti no bay na baŋ Ñagis.,Awonti\tno\tø\tbay\tna\tbaŋ\tÑagis.,yesterday\t1PL.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tASS\tPST\tNiaguis,Yesterday we (inclusive/exclusive) went to Niaguis.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-32,35,non,non,1PL,we/us,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-17,36,no,no,we,we,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-19,37,no/non,no/non,we,we,,,,constructed by linguist -38-24,38,Pake no na muntsyi-muntuf.,Pake\tno\tna\tmunt-syi-muntu-f.,because\t1PL\tNEG\tmany-DEM-many-NEG,Because we are not many.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-33,39,Nɔs doy a faze race.,Nɔs\tdoy\ta\tfaz-e\t.,1PL\ttwo\tIRR.NPST\tmake-INF\trace,The two of us will race.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-34,39,"Dəpəy nɔs ɔn foy? ɔn foy dəpəy nɔs, nɔs doy?","Dəpəy\tnɔs\tɔn\tfoy?\tɔn\tfoy\tdəpəy\tnɔs,\tnɔs\tdoy?",then\t1PL\twhere\tgo.PST\twhere\tgo.PST\tthen\t1PL\t1PL\ttwo,"And then where did we go? Where did we go then, the two of us?",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-24,40,nɔ,nɔ,we,we,,,,constructed by linguist -42-27,42,nus,nus,1PL,we,,,,elicited from speaker -43-22,43,Bi desa nos fadji asi.,Bi\tdesa\tnos\tfadji\tasi.,come\tlet\t1PL\tdo\tso,"Come on, let's do it like this.",,,,pedagogical grammar -44-25,44,Ya kasá mihótro.,Ya\tkasá\tmihótro.,PFV\tmarry\t1PL,We (you not included) got married.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-26,44,Komé múna mihótro bágo mótro indá mirá el koronasyón.,Komé\tmúna\tmihótro\tbágo\tmótro\tindá\tmirá\tel\tkoronasyón.,eat\tfirst\t1PL\tbefore\t1PL\tgo\tsee\tDEF\tcoronation,"Let us (you and I) eat first, then we (you and I) go to see the coronation.",,,,elicited from speaker -46-37,46,kitá,kitá,we.INCL,we,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-38,46,kamé,kamé,we.EXCL,we,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-32,47,"Si nos a laga nan kaminda nos a haya nan, pushi ta kome nan.","Si\tnos\ta\tlaga\tnan\tkaminda\tnos\ta\thaya\tnan,\tpushi\tta\tkome\tnan.",if\t1PL\tPFV\tleave\t3PL\twhere\t1PL\tPFV\tfind\t3PL\tcat\tTNS\teat\t3PL,"Had we left them where we found them, a cat/cats would have eaten them. [of baby birds]",,,,published source -48-58,48,Suto tené sinko bulo.,Suto\ttené\tsinko\tbulo.,we\thave\tfive\tdonkey,We have five donkeys.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-32,49,Ann pale san fache!,Ann\tpale\tsan\tfache!,1PL.IMP\tspeak\twithout\tget.angry,Let's talk without getting angry!,,,,naturalistic written -49-33,49,N ap manje.,N\tap\tmanje.,1PL\tINACC\teat,We are eating.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-26,50,Nou ay Goubè.,Nou\tay\tGoubè.,1PL\tgo\tGourbeyre,We went to Gourbeyre.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-26,51,Nou ay Fodfrans.,Nou\tay\tFodfrans.,1PL\tgo\tFort-de-France,We went to Fort-de-France.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-16,52,nou ka pati si Bondyé lé,nou\tka\tpati\tsi\tBondyé\tlé,we\tIPFV\tleave\tif\tGod\twant,We will go if God wants us to.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-56,53,no/nou/nouzòt,no/nou/nouzòt,1PL,we,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-26,54,"Ojourdui nou lé marié, bin, nou doi viv ansanb.","Ojourdui\tnou\tle\tmarye,\tben,\tnou\tdwa\tviv\tansanm.",today\t1PL\tCOP.PRS\tmarried\twell\t1PL\tmust\tlive\ttogether,"Today we are married, well, we have to live together.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-27,55,nu,nu,1PL,we,,,,constructed by linguist -56-38,56,nou,nou,1PL,we,,,,constructed by linguist -57-20,57,nunde ave twa nu ale,nunde\tave\ttwa\tnu\tale,1DU\twith\tyou\t1PL\tgo,"We go together, you and the two of us.",,,,constructed by linguist -57-21,57,nunde sa twa nale vwar wawa,nunde\tsa\ttwa\tnu\tale\tvwar\twawa,1DU\twithout\tyou\t1PL\tgo\tsee\tgrandmother,The two of us go to see grandmother without you.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-98,58,Beto vand-aka na nzo.,Beto\tvand-aka\tna\tnzo.,we\tbe/sit-PST\tCONN\thouse,We were at home/in the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-54,59,"i ke na moyen titene, i faa doli ni ti gwe na ni, ake ape","i\tke\tna\t\ttitene,\ti\tfaa\tdoli\tni\tti\tgwe\tna\tni,\take\tape",1PL\tCOP\tPREP\tmeans\tso.that\t1PL\tcut\telephant\tDET\tof\tgo\tPREP\tDET\tSM.COP\tNEG,We had no way to butcher the elephant and take it (the pieces of meat) away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-55,59,mo ga i gwe,mo\tga\ti\tgwe,2SG\tcome\twe\tgo,Let's go!,,,,constructed by linguist -60-19,60,bísó,bísó,1PL,we (inclusive and exclusive),,,,naturalistic spoken -61-16,61,Thina zo hamba gusasa.,Thina\tzo\thamb-a\tgusasa.,we\twill\tgo-V\ttomorrow,We (incl. or excl.) will go tomorrow.,,,,constructed by linguist -62-12,62,níne/nne,níne/nne,1PL,we,,,,elicited from speaker -63-20,63,ína én bes ína fi báhar,ína\tén\tbes\tína\tfi\tbáhar,1PL\tsee\tjust\t1PL\tin\tsea,We just noticed that we were by the sea.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-28,64,úmon gále íta gerówa ámulu ʃenú wa ána kélim galé ánna kan gerówa iʃtéri bagarát,úmon\tgále\títa\tge=rówa\támulu\tʃenú\twa\tána\tkélim\tgalé\tánna\tkan\tge=rówa\tiʃtéri\tbagar-át,3PL\tsay\t2SG\tPROG=go\tdo\twhat\tand\t1SG\tspeak\tsay\t1PL\tANT\tPROG=go\tbuy\tcow-PL,They said: What are you going to do? And I answered that we were going to buy some cows.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-31,65,Nasa negidales.,Nasa\tnegidales.,1PL\tNegidal,We are Negidals.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-32,65,Vy myn' ingaj narodnə xaʤajstəvə ban'ʤu.,Vy\tmyn'\tingaj\tnarodnə\txaʤajstəvə\tban'ʤu.,1PL\t1PL\tmust\tnational\teconomy\thelp,We must help national economy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-18,66,kitang,kitang,1PL,we,,,,elicited from speaker -66-19,66,kitampəðə,kitang-pəðə,1PL-PL,we,,,,elicited from speaker -67-36,67,kita/kita-orang,kita/kita-orang,1PL/1PL-person,we,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-18,68,katong,katong,1PL,we (inclusive/exclusive),,,,naturalistic spoken -69-14,69,paŋgət (asəŋ),paŋgət\t(asəŋ),1PL\t(PL),we (more than 2),,,,naturalistic spoken -70-22,70,"Ham-log kana pakao, tum-log tora deri baito.","Ham-log\tkana\tpakao,\ttum-log\ttora\tderi\tbaito.",1-PL\tfood\tcook\t2-PL\ta.little\tlong\tstay,"We'll cook some food, you all stay a bit longer.",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-28,71,Kakou no hele nuinui kaukau kela laiki.,Kakou\tno\thele\tnuinui\tkaukau\tkela\tlaiki.,1PL.INCL\tINTENS\tgo\tplenty.of\tfood\tDET\trice,"Let's go, there's a lot of food and rice.",,,,naturalistic written -71-29,71,Makou hapai no keia papa.,Makou\thapai\tno\tkeia\tpapa.,1PL.INCL\tcarry\tINTENS\tthis\tboard,Let's carry this board of lumber.,,,,naturalistic written -72-27,72,Ngantipa bin wukarra.,Ngantipa\tbin\twukarra.,1PL.EXCL\tPST\tfrightened,We [not including you] were scared.,,,be90d9ae4b09c6bbaf0d5264a07e9cf2,naturalistic spoken -72-28,72,ngaliwa kayikayi im nganta?,ngaliwa\tkayikayi\tim\tnganta?,1PL.INCL\tchase\t3SG\tdoubt,"We [including you] are chasing him, hey?",,,a04cf55fb9fa2734bdff44f42188262f,naturalistic spoken -73-23,73,"nustru, nustrus, nosotros, ñukanchi","nustru,\tnustrus,\tnosotros,\tñukanchi",1PL\t1PL\t1PL\t1PL,we,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-25,74,alháyka,alháyka,we.INCL,we (inclusive),,,,narrative -75-56,75,Giiayaanaan aen nawapuu avik niiyanaan.,Gii-ayaa-naan\taen\tnawapuu\tavik\tniiyanaan.,1.PST-have-1PL.EXCL\tINDF.ART.M\tknapsack\twith\t1PL.EXCL,We had a knapsack with us.,,,,naturalistic written -75-57,75,Kiyanaan iku kaushtaanaan.,Kiyanaan\tiku\tka-usht-aanaan.,1PL.INCL\tself\t2FUT-do.INAN-2PL,We'll do it ourselves.,,,,naturalistic written -1-45,1,mi - ju - a - hem - wi - unu - den,mi\t-\tyu\t-\ta\t-\ten\t-\twi\t-\tunu\t-\tden,1SG\t-\t2SG\t-\t3SG.SBJ\t-\t3SG\t-\t1PL\t-\t2PL\t-\t3PL,I - you - he/she/it - him/her/it - we - you - they,,,,constructed by linguist -3-20,3,"mi, i, a, u, unu, dɛ","mi,\ti,\ta,\tu,\tunu,\tdɛ",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they",,,,naturalistic spoken -4-21,4,U an sabi en.,U\tan\tsabi\ten.,we/you.PL\tNEG\tknow\ther,We/you don't know her.,,,,elicited from speaker -5-27,5,"(1) mii; yuu; hii; awii; a(l)yu; dem (2) hii, shii, it","(1)\tmii;\tyuu;\thii;\tawii;\ta(l)yu;\tdem\t(2)\thii,\tshii,\tit",(1)\tI/me\tyou.SG\the/him/she/her/it\twe/us\tyou.PL\tthey/them\t(2)\the/him\tshe/her\tit,"(1) I/me; you (SG); he/him, she/her, it; we/us; you (PL); they/them (2) he/him, she/her, it",,,,unspecified -6-17,6,"A/mi; yu; hi/shi/it; wi, allyu, dem","A/mi;\tyu;\thi/shi/it;\twi,\tallyu,\tdem",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they,,,,constructed by linguist -7-36,7,"mi, yu, hi, shi, (aa)wi, aayo, dem; yo, i","mi,\tyu,\thi,\tshi,\t(aa)wi,\taayo,\tdem;\tyo,\ti",I.INDP\tyou.INDP\the.INDP\tshe.INDP\twe.INDP\tyou.PL.INDP\tthey.INDP\tyou.DEP\the/she.DEP,"I, you, he, she, we, you(PL), they; you, he/she",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-37,7,"(independent object:) mi, yu, hi, shi, (aa)wi, aayo, dem vs. (dependent object:) yo, i, uhm","(independent\tobject:)\tmi,\tyu,\thi,\tshi,\t(aa)wi,\taayo,\tdem\tvs.\t(dependent\tobject:)\tyo,\ti,\tuhm",(independent\tobject:)\tme\tyou\thim\ther\tus\tyou.PL\tthem\tvs.\t(dependent\tobject:)\tyou\thim/her\thim/her,"me, you, him, her, we, you (PL), they vs. you, him/her, him/her",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-19,8,Mi/yu/im/wi/unu/dem nuo di man.,Mi/yu/im/wi/unu/dem\tnuo\tdi\tman.,1SG/2SG/3SG/1PL/2PL/3PL\tknow\tDET\tman,I/you/he/we/you/they know the man.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-22,10,mi; yu; ihn; ih; wi; unu; dehn,mi;\tyu;\tihn;\tih;\twi;\tunu;\tdehn,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t3SG.N\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you(SG); he/she; it; we; you(PL); they,,,,constructed by linguist -11-27,11,mi/A/Ai; yu; ih/him/im; ih/sh; ih; wi; unu; dem,mi/A/Ai;\tyu;\tih/him/im;\tih/sh;\tih;\twi;\tunu;\tdem,1SG\t2SG\t3SG.M\t3SG.F\t3SG.N\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; he; she; it; we; you; they,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-23,12,"Da' time, I take a trip here an' go back.",[...]\tI\ttake\ta\ttrip\t[...],[...]\t1SG\ttake[PFV]\ta\ttrip\t[...],[...] I came [here and went back].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-24,12,"Lord, I know you was puhwidin'.",[...]\tI\tknow\tyou\twas\tpuhwid-in',[...]\t1SG\tknow\t2SG\tCOP\tprovide-PROG,"[Lord,] I know you were providing.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-25,12,"[Did you ever take the mailboat to Nassau?] Couple time, but 'e ain't agree wid me. I get seasick.",[...]\tbut\t'e\tain't\tagree\twid\tme\t[...].,[...]\tbut\t3SG.N\tNEG\tagree\twith\tme\t[...],[...] but it didn't agree with me [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-26,12,"Her will go up to de school an' sell lunch. Fried chicken, conch an' ting, maccaroni, he bake dem, an' he carry dem, an' when de school out, de children come an' dey buy it from her. Yeah.","[...]\the\tbake\tdem,\tan'\the\tcarry\tdem,\tan'\t[...]\tde\tchildren\tcome\tan'\tdey\tbuy\tit\tfrom\ther.",[...]\t3SG.F\tbake\tthem\tand\t3SG.F\tcarry\tthem\tand\t[...]\tthe\tchildren\tcome\tand\t3PL\tbuy\tit\tfrom\ther,"[Fried chicken, conch etc., maccaroni,] she bakes them, and carries them, and [when school's over,] the children come, and they buy it from her.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-27,12,"All a' body in Forbes Hill, we jus' go - sometime we go Williamstown - when we have missionary day - boss come take us an' carry us, an' den evenin', we come back home.",[...] we jus' go - sometime we go [...] when we have [...] we come [...],[...] 1PL just go[HAB]   sometimes 1PL go[HAB] [...] when 1PL have[HAB] [...] 1PL come[HAB] [...],"[...] we just go - sometimes we go [to WIlliamstown] - when we have [missionary day - the boss comes and takes us there, and then in the evening] we come back home.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-28,12,you,you,2PL,you,,,,constructed by linguist -13-23,13,mi,mi,1SG,I,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-24,13,unna,unna,2PL,you,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-25,13,i,i,3SG,he/she/it,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-21,15,"a/mi, yu/yu, i/am, wi/wi, una~unu/una~unu, dɛn/dɛm","a/mi,\tyu/yu,\ti/am,\twi/wi,\tuna~unu/una~unu,\tdɛn/dɛm",1SG.SBJ/OBJ\t2SG.SBJ/OBJ\t3SG.SBJ/OBJ\t1PL.SBJ/OBJ\t2PL.SBJ/OBJ\t3PL.SBJ/OBJ,"I/me, you (SG)/you (SG), he, she, it/him, her, it, we/us, you (PL)/you (PL), they/them",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -18-24,18,a; yu; i; wi; wuna; dem,a;\tyu;\ti;\twi;\twuna;\tdem,1SG.SBJ\t2SG.SBJ\t3SG.SBJ\t1PL.SBJ\t2PL.SBJ\t3PL.SBJ,I; you (sg.); he/she/it; we; you (pl.); they,,,,unspecified -19-26,19,mi; yu; in; wi; una/unu; dɛn,mi;\tyu;\tin;\twi;\tuna/unu;\tdɛn,1SG.EMPH\t2SG.EMPH\t3SG.EMPH\t1PL.EMPH\t2PL\t3PL.EMPH,I; you; he/she/it; we; you (PL); they,,,,constructed by linguist -20-25,20,"my, you, he, we, you","my,\tyou,\the,\twe,\tyou",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL,"I, you, he, we, you",,,,naturalistic written -21-22,21,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they; me; you; him/her/it; us; you; them,I;\tyou;\the/she/it;\twe;\tyou;\tthey;\tme;\tyou;\thim/her/it;\tus;\tyou;\tthem,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL\t1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they; me; you; him/her/it; us; you; them,,,,constructed by linguist -23-32,23,mi faenem wan ston,mi\tfaenem\twan\tston,1SG\tfind\tINDF\tstone,I found a stone.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-33,23,yu faenem wan ston,yu\tfaenem\twan\tston,2SG\tfind\tINDF\tstone,You found a stone.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-34,23,hem i faenem wan ston,hem\ti\tfaenem\twan\tston,3SG\tAGR\tfind\tINDF\tstone,S/he found a stone.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-35,23,mifala i faenem wan ston,mifala\ti\tfaenem\twan\tston,1PL.EXCL\tAGR\tfind\tINDF\tstone,We (exclusive) found a stone.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-36,23,yumi faenem wan ston,yumi\tfaenem\twan\tston,1PL.INCL\tfind\tINDF\tstone,We (inclusive) found a stone.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-37,23,yufala i faenem wan ston,yufala\ti\tfaenem\twan\tston,2PL\tAGR\tfind\tINDF\tstone,You (plural) found a stone.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-38,23,olgeta oli faenem wan ston,olgeta\toli\tfaenem\twan\tston,3PL\tAGR\tfind\tINDF\tstone,They found a stone.,,,,constructed by linguist -25-107,25,Wel imin git kwait na.,Wel\tim=in\tgit\tkwait\tna.,well\t3SG=PST\tget\tquiet\tnow,"Well, he became quiet then.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-108,25,"Ai nomo bin jabi yu bin go, Nangari.","Ai\tnomo\tbin\tjabi\tyu\tbin\tgo,\tNangari.",1SG\tNEG\tPST\tknow\t2SG\tPST\tgo\tNangari,"I didn’t know that you went away, Nangari.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-109,25,"Im rait la yubala, not langa mi.","Im\trait\tla\tyubala,\tnot\tlanga\tmi.",3SG\tright\tLOC\t2PL\tNEG\tLOC\t1SG.OBL,"It maybe all right for you (PL), but not for me. (Referring to sitting in the cold)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-110,25,Tubala bait wan anatha.,Tubala\tbait\twan\tanatha.,3DU\tbite\tone\tanother.,The two (dogs) bite each other.,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-111,25,Olabat nomo sabi slip.,Olabat\tnomo\tsabi\tslip.,3PL\tNEG\tknow\tsleep,They don't [know how to] sleep. (Referring to young people who are making noise in the night),,,,translation in elicitation of other language -26-19,26,aɪ lav dɔgs,aɪ\tlav\tdɔg-s,1SG\tlove\tdog-PL,I love dogs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-20,26,sɔ ju ʧip dat pɔʃin af,sɔ\tju\tʧip\tdat\tpɔʃin\taf,so\t2SG\tchip\tDEM\tportion\toff,So you chip that portion off.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-21,26,wi hævtu tiʧ al ju foks,wi\thævtu\ttiʧ\tal\tju\tfoks,1PL\tDISASS.OBLIG\tteach\tall\t2PL\tfolks,We have to teach all you folks.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-16,27,mi; ju; am; ons; jen; sini,mi;\tju;\tam;\tons;\tjen;\tsini,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you(SG); he/she/it; we; you(PL); they,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-38,28,"ɛkɛ, ju, ori/o, enʃi/iʃi, jɛndɛ, eni/ini","ɛkɛ,\tju,\tori/o,\tenʃi/iʃi,\tjɛndɛ,\teni/ini",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they",,,,constructed by linguist -29-25,29,ek; jy; hy/sy/dit; ons; julle; hulle,ek;\tjy;\thy/sy/dit;\tons;\tjulle;\thulle,I\tyou.SG\the/she/it\twe\tyou.PL\tthey,"I; you (SG); he, she, it; we; you (PL); they",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-35,30,"(a)mi, (a)bo, (a)nho, (a)nha, (a)el, (a)nos, (a)nhos, (a)es","(a)mi,\t(a)bo,\t(a)nho,\t(a)nha,\t(a)el,\t(a)nos,\t(a)nhos,\t(a)es",1SG\t2SG\t2SG.POL.M\t2SG.POL.F\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, you (polite, to a man), you (polite, to a woman), he/her, we, you (to more than one), they",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-38,31,mi/ami; bo/abo; nho/nha; el/ael; nos/anos; nhos/anhos; es/aes,mi/ami;\tbo/abo;\tnho/nha;\tel/ael;\tnos/anos;\tnhos/anhos;\tes/aes,I\tyou\tyou.POL.M/you.POL.F\the/she/it\twe\tyou\tthey,I; you; he/she/it; you (polite forms for mas. and fem.); we; you; they,,,,written -32-21,32,"N/mi, bo, el, no/nos, bzot, es","N/mi,\tbo,\tel,\tno/nos,\tbzot,\tes",I\tyou\the/she/it\twe\tyou.PL\tthey,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you (PL), they",,,,constructed by linguist -33-27,33,Ami abo ku el no na bai kume ma bo na fika.,Ami\tabo\tku\tel\tno\tna\tbai\tkume\tma\tbo\tna\tfika.,I\tyou\tand\the\t1PL\tPROG\tgo\teat\tbut\t2PL\tPROG\tstay,"Me, you and him are going to eat but you are staying.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-33,35,ami; bô; êlê; non; inansê; inen,ami;\tbô;\têlê;\tnon;\tinansê;\tinen,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you (PL); they,,,,constructed by linguist -36-18,36,"am, bô/ô, êlê, no, thê, ane/ene","am,\tbô/ô,\têlê,\tno,\tthê,\tane/ene",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they",,,,elicited from speaker -37-20,37,"ami, atxi, êli, no/non, owo, ina/ine","ami,\tatxi,\têli,\tno/non,\towo,\tina/ine",I\tyou\the/she/it\twe\tyou.PL\tthey,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you (PL), they",,,,constructed by linguist -38-25,38,Bo xapska.,Bo\txa-piska.,2SG\tEVID-fish,You fish.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-26,38,E fe padyi kumu.,Eli\tfe\tpadyi\tkumu.,3SG\tmake\tpart\tmeal,He has eaten part of the meal.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-35,39,"yo, mĩ","yo,\tmĩ",1SG\t1SG.OBL,"I, me",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-36,39,nɔs,nɔs,1PL,we/us,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-37,39,use,use,2SG,you,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-38,39,usez,usez,2PL,you,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-39,39,"el, ɛl","el,\tɛl",3SG.M\t3SG.F,"he, she",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-40,39,e(l)z,e(l)z,3PL,they,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-25,40,"wɔ, pɔrɔ","wɔ,\tpɔrɔ",2SG.FAM\tOBJ.2SG.FAM,you (familiar),,,,constructed by linguist -41-31,41,eev; boos; noos; botus,eev;\tboos;\tnoos;\tbotus,1SG\t2SG\t1PL\t2PL/2.HON,I; you; we; you,,,,constructed by linguist -42-28,42,"yo, bos, eli, nus, bolotu, olotu","yo,\tbos,\teli,\tnus,\tbolotu,\tolotu",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you (S), he/she/it, we, you (PL), they",,,,elicited from speaker -43-23,43,"eo, bos/bose/vose, ile/ele, nos/nosotër, vosotër, ilotër","eo,\tbos/bose/vose,\tile/ele,\tnos/nosotër,\tvosotër,\tilotër",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you (sg.), he/she/it, we, you (pl.), they",,,,pedagogical grammar -44-27,44,"yo; bo; (us)tédi, éle; mihótro; (us)tédi; lohótro","yo;\tbo;\t(us)tédi,\téle;\tmótro;\t(us)tédi;\tlótro",1SG\t2SG\t2SG.POL\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, (s)he, we, you, they",,,,constructed by linguist -45-20,45,"yo, vo/tu/uste, ele, nisos, vusos/ustedes, ilos","yo,\tvo/tu/uste,\tele,\tnisos,\tvusos/ustedes,\tilos",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she, we, you, they",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -47-33,47,mi; bo; e; nos; boso; nan,mi;\tbo;\te;\tnos;\tboso;\tnan,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t3PL\t3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they,,,,published source -48-22,48,Ele fue.,Ele\tfue.,he/she/they\tbe,It was he/she/they.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-34,49,Annou ale!,Annou\tale!,IMP.1PL/2PL\tgo,Let's go / Go!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-35,49,Nou doktè.,Nou\tdoktè.,1PL/2PL\tdoctor,We/You are doctors.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-27,50,an pati / ou pati / i pati / nou pati / zòt pati / yo pati,an pati / ou pati / i pati / nou pati / zòt pati / yo pati,I leave   you leave   he/she leave   we leave   you leave   they leave,"I left / you left / he, she left / we left / you left / they left",,,,naturalistic spoken -51-27,51,Man / Ou / I / Nou / Zot / Yo pati.,Man / Ou / I / Nou / Zot / Yo pati.,I   you   he/she   we   you   they leave,"I / you / he, she / we / you / they left.",,,,naturalistic spoken -52-17,52,"mo, to, i, no, vou, zòt ka [...] dronmi","mo,\tto,\ti,\tno,\tvou,\tzòt\tka\t[...]\tdronmi",I\tyou\the/she\twe\tyou\tthey\tPROG\t[...]\tsleeping,"I, you(SG), he/she, we, you(PL), they am,are,is,are [...] sleeping.",,,,unknown -53-57,53,"mwa, twa, li, nouzòt, vouzòt, ye","mwa,\ttwa,\tli,\tnouzòt,\tvouzòt,\tye",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"me, you, him/her, us, you, them",,,,elicited from speaker -54-27,54,A koz zot i ariv kom sa don? Lontan zot la pa ankor veni voir amoin!,Akoz\tzot\ti\tariv\tkom\tsa\tdon?\tLontan\tzot\tla\tpa\tankor\tvëni\tvwar\tamwen!,why\t2PL\tFIN\tarrive\tlike\tthat\tthen\tlong.time\t2PL\tPRF\tNEG\tyet\tcome\tsee\tOBL.1SG,Why do you arrive like that? It has been a long time since you have come to see me!,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-28,54,"Kan zot l'arivé, loin mem la, i voi Gran Dyab, ek sa bot a set lyé, déyer zot.","Kan\tzot\tl\tarive,\tlwen\tmem\tla,\ti\tvwa\tGran\tDyab,\tek\tsa\tbot-a-set-lye,\tdeyer\tzot.",when\t3PL\tPRF\tarrive\tfar\tvery\tthere\tFIN\tsee\tBig\tDevil\twith\tPOSS.3SG\tboot-with-seven-league\tbehind\t3PL,"When they arrived, very far from there, they saw Big Devil, with his seven-league boot, behind them.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-29,54,Bann la i ariv la kaz.,Bannla\ti\tariv\tla\tkaz.,3PL\tFIN\tarrive\tDEF\thouse.,They arrive at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-28,55,zot pu vini,zot\tpu\tvini,2PL/3PL\tFUT\tcome,You (PL) will come. OR: They will come.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-39,56,zot,zot,2PL/3PL,"you (PL), they",,,,constructed by linguist -57-22,57,"mwa, twa, lia/lja, nu, uso, sola/lesot","mwa,\ttwa,\tlia/lja,\tnu,\tuso,\tsola/lesot",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you.SG, he/she/it, we, you.PL, they",,,,naturalistic spoken -58-156,58,1SG móno; 2SG ngé; 3SG.ANIM yándi; 3SG.INAN yó; 1PL béto; 2PL béno; 3PL bó,1SG móno; 2SG ngé; 3SG.ANIM yándi; 3SG.INAN yó; 1PL béto; 2PL béno; 3PL bó,,,,,,constructed by linguist -59-56,59,ala he pembe ti mbi ape o,ala\the\tpembe\tti\tmbi\tape\to,2PL\tridicule\tteeth\tof\t1SG\tNEG\tPCL,Please don't laugh at my teeth.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-57,59,ala yi nyen'?,ala\tyi\tnyen'?,2PL\twant\twhat,What do you want?,,,,constructed by linguist -59-58,59,ala gwe awe,ala\tgwe\tawe,3PL\tgo\talready,They've gone.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-20,60,"ngáí, yó, yé, yangó; bísó, bínó, bangó, yangó","ngáí,\tyó,\tyé,\tyangó;\tbísó,\tbínó,\tbangó,\tyangó",1SG\t2SG\t3SG.ANIM\t3SG.INAN\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL.ANIM\t3PL.INAN,"I, you, s/he, it; we, you, they, they",,,,naturalistic spoken -61-17,61,Yena doba lapa lo fulen.,Yena\tdoba\tlapa\tlo\tfulen.,he/they\tfish\tLOC\tART\triver,They are fishing at the river. OR: He/she/it is fishing at the river.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-21,63,"ána Núbi, íta Núbi, úwo Núbi, ína Núbi, ítokum Núbi, ómun Núbi","ána\tNúbi,\títa\tNúbi,\túwo\tNúbi,\tína\tNúbi,\títokum\tNúbi,\tómun\tNúbi",1SG\tNubi\t2SG\tNubi\t3SG\tNubi\t1PL\tNubi\t2PL\tNubi\t3PL\tNubi,"I am a Nubi, you are a Nubi, he/she is a Nubi, we are Nubi, you are Nubi, they are Nubi",,,,constructed by linguist -64-29,64,ána; íta; úo; anína; ítakum; úmon,ána;\títa;\túo;\tanína;\títakum;\túmon,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you (SG); he/she/it; we; you (PL); they,,,,elicited from speaker -65-33,65,Maja təvaja panimaj netu.,Maja\ttəvaja\tpanimaj\tnetu.,1SG\t2SG\tunderstand\tNEG,I do not understand you.,,,,citation in fiction -65-34,65,Maja iga kunja lianga synka.,Maja\tiga\tkunja\tlianga\tsynka.,1SG\tone\tgirl\ttwo\tson,I have one daughter and two sons.,,,,elicited from speaker -65-35,65,Za wasa ʒenusəki mesiaʒa pasidi esa?,Za\twasa\tʒenusəki\tmesiaʒa\tpasidi\tesa?,FOC\t2PL\twife\tplace\tsit\tREP,Do you (pl.) sit with your wives? OR: Do you spend much time with your wives?,,,,constructed by linguist -66-20,66,go/(se) go; lu/lorang; dia/de/inçian/inçe; kitang/kitampəðə; lorangpəðə/lompəðə; derang/dempəðə,go/(se) go; lu/lorang; dia/de/inçian/inçe; kitang/kitampəðə; lorangpəðə/lompəðə; derang/dempəðə,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-37,67,saya/aku/wa; kita/kitaorang; awak/engkau/lu/lia; luorang; dia; diaorang/diorang,saya/aku/wa;\tkita/kitaorang;\tawak/engkau/lu/lia;\tluorang;\tdia;\tdiaorang/diorang,1SG\t1PL\t2SG\t2PL\t3SG\t3PL,I; we; you; you (PL); he/she/it; they,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-19,68,dorang/dong,dorang/dong,2PL/3PL,you (plural) / they,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-15,69,"ama, mi, mən, kapa, paŋgət (asəŋ), mi asəŋ, mən manba","ama,\tmi,\tmən,\tkapa,\tpaŋgət\t(asəŋ),\tmi\tasəŋ,\tmən\tmanba",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1DU\t1PL\t(PL)\t2PL\tPL\t3PL\tPL,"I, you(SG), he/she/it, we (DU), we (PL), you (PL), they",,,,elicited from speaker -71-30,71,Wau puhi kela paka kikalika.,Wau\tpuhi\tkela\tpaka\tkikalika.,1SG\tsmoke\tDET\ttobacco\tcigarette,I was smoking a cigarette.,,,,naturalistic written -71-31,71,Oe makemake hakaka?,Oe\tmakemake\thakaka?,2SG\twant\tfight,Do you want to fight?,,,,naturalistic written -71-32,71,Oukou likepu Ilikini.,Oukou\tlikepu\tIlikini.,2PL\tjust.like\tIndian,You are all like Indians.,,,,naturalistic written -71-33,71,Mahea lakou hele?,Mahea\tlakou\thele?,where\t3PL\tgo,Where did they all go?,,,,naturalistic written -73-24,73,"yo, bos, el, nustru, bos-kuna, el-kuna","yo,\tbos,\tel,\tnustru,\tbos-kuna,\tel-kuna",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2-PL\t3-PL,"I, you, she/he, we, you all, they",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-58,75,U va aseurii kaapooni li begiit.,U\tva\taseurii\tkaa-pooni\tli\tbeg-ii-t.,1PL\tFUT\tassure\tCOMP-quit\tM.DEF.ART\tstutter-INF-3,We will assure him he can get over stuttering.,,,,naturalistic written -75-59,75,Kiya kamiyitinaan.,Kiya\tki-ka-miy-iti-naan.,you\t2SG-FUT-give-INV-1PL,I give it to YOU.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-60,75,Wiya pi niya gischiiteeyimitunaan.,Wiya\tpi\tniya\tgischi-it-eeyim-itu-naan.,3SG\tand\t1SG\tbig-thus-think.ANIM.OBJ-RECP-1PL,She and I have mutual respect. OR: She and I think highly of each other.,,,,naturalistic written -75-61,75,Mwaen mem giiushtaan.,Mwaen\tmem\tgii-usht-aan.,1SG\tself\t1.PST-do.INAN-1,I did it myself.,,,,naturalistic written -75-62,75,Lii zaanfaan sapran kiishta chiayaawaachik.,Lii\tzaanfaan\tsapran\tkiishta\tchi-ayaaw-aachik.,the.PL\tchild\tmust\tyou.too\tCOMP.FUT-have-2SG.SBJ.3PL.OBJ,You will have to have children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -1-46,1,Gimi dati alle de bon maar datti no bon.,Gi\tmi\tdati\tala\tde\tbun\tmara\tdati\tno\tbun.,give\t1SG\tthat\tall\tCOP\tgood\tbut\tthat\tNEG\tgood,"Give it to me. Everything is fine, but that (one) is not.",,,,written -1-47,1,"A takki, hem no komm.","A\ttaki,\ten\tno\tkon.",3SG.SBJ\tsay\t3SG\tNEG\tcome,He says that he (himself) will not come.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-48,1,"A takki, a no komm jette.",A\ttaki\ta\tno\tkon\tete.,3SG.SBJ\tsay\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tcome\tyet,He says that he (someone else) hasn't come yet.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-49,1,A Za kom jusse na.,A\tsa\tkon\tdyonso.,3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tcome\tsoon,He will come soon.,,,,written -1-50,1,Jie no draei?,Yu/i\tno\tdre?,2SG\tNEG\tdry,Aren't you thirsty?,,,,written -1-51,1,A de na hosso.,A\tde\tna\toso.,3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tLOC\thouse,He is at home.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-52,1,Hem da wan va dem tin na tu Discipel.,En\tda\twan\tfu\tden\ttin\tna\ttu\tDisipri.,3SG\tCOP\tone\tof\tDET.PL\tten\tat\ttwo\tdisciple,He is one of the twelve Disciples.,,,,written -1-53,1,Hoe ply joe wan jarimi.,O=pe\tyu\twani\ttyari=mi.,Q=place\t2SG\twant\tbring=1SG,Where would you like to take me?,,,,written -1-54,1,"Jesus Christus da Massra va wi, bikasi hem ben bai wi nanga hem brudu.","Yesus\tKristus\tda\tMasra\tfu\twi,\tbikasi\ten\tben\tbai\twi\tnanga\ten\tbrudu.",Jesus\tChrist\tCOP\tmaster\tof\t1PL\tbecause\t3SG\tPST\tbuy\t1PL\twith\t3SG\tblood,"Jesus Christ is our Lord, because he bought us with his blood.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-55,1,"Ma effi wan somma giu wan Klap na wan sei va fesi, drai [...].","Ma\tefi\twan\tsoma\tgi=u\twan\tklapu\tna\twan\tsei\tfu\tfesi,\tdrai\t[...].",but\tif\tINDF.SG\tperson\tgive=2SG\tINDF.SG\tblow\tLOC\tone\tside\tof\tface\tturn\t[...],"But if someone gives you a blow on one cheek, turn [...].",,,,written (dictionary) -1-56,1,Mino zabi anno takki na mi.,Mi=no\tsabi\ta=no\ttaki\tna\tmi.,1SG=NEG\tknow\t3SG.SBJ=NEG\tsay\tto\t1SG,"I don't know, he didn't tell me.",,,,written -3-21,3,Ambè náki dí dágu kíi? Hén/*a!,Ambè\tnáki\tdí\tdágu\tkíi?\tHén/*a!,who\thit\tDEF.SG\tdog\tkill\t3SG,Who struck the dog dead? He did!,,,,elicited from speaker -3-22,3,A sindó nján.,A\tsindó\tnján.,he\tsit.down\teat,He sat down and ate.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-22,4,Mi lobi a sama.,Mi\tlobi\ta\tsama.,I\tlove\tDET\tperson,I love that person.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-23,4,Speaker_A: Sama si en? – Speaker_B: Na mi.,Speaker_A:\tSama\tsi\ten?\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tNa\tmi.,Speaker_A:\twho\tsee\ther\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tFOC\tme,Speaker A: Who saw her? – Speaker B: It was me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-24,4,Speaker_A: Sama bay a buku de? – Speaker_B: Na en/*a,Speaker_A:\tSama\tbay\ta\tbuku\tde?\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tNa\ten/*a,Speaker_A:\tperson\tbuy\tDET\tbook\tDEM\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tFOC\thim/he,Speaker A: Who bought that book? – Speaker B: It was him.,,,,constructed by linguist -4-84,4,"Nownow a siki, a ná o man koti a goon gi i.","Nownow\ta\tsiki,\ta\tná\to\tman\tkoti\ta\tgoon\tgi\ti.",now.now\the\tsick\the\tNEG\tFUT\table\tcut\tDET.SG\tfield\tgive\tyou,Right now he is sick; he'll not be able to prepare the field for you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-28,5,"mii vs. mi, yuu vs. yu, hii vs. ii, am","mii\tvs.\tmi,\tyuu\tvs.\tyu,\thii\tvs.\tii,\tam",I.INDP\tvs.\tme.DEP\tyou.SG.INDP\tvs.\tyou.SG.DEP\the.INDP/she.INDP/it.INDP\tvs.\the.DEP.SBJ/she.DEP.SBJ/it.DEP.SBJ\thim.DEP.OBJ/her.DEP.OBJ/it.DEP.OBJ,"I, you, he/him/she/her/it",,,,unspecified -5-29,5,awii; a(l)yu; dém vs. dèm,awii;\ta(l)yu;\tdém\tvs.\tdèm,1PL\t2PL\t3PL.INDP\tvs.\t3PL.DEP,we/us; you; they/them,,,,constructed by linguist -6-18,6,A buy a cyar for he to draiv.,A\tbuy\ta\tcyar\tfor\the\tto\tdraiv.,1SG\tbuy\tDET\tcar\tPREP\t3SG.DO\tto\tdrive,I bought a car from him (to drive).,,,,elicited from speaker -7-38,7,Hu du dat? – Hi.,Hu\tdu\tdat?\t–\tHi.,who\tdo\tDEM\t–\t3SG.M,Who did that? – He did.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-39,7,Hu du dat? – Shi.,Hu\tdu\tdat?\t–\tShi.,who\tdo\tDEM\t–\t3SG.F,Who did that? – She did.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-40,7,Hu du dat? – *i/*uhm; *yo,Hu\tdu\tdat?\t–\t*i/*uhm;\t*yo,who\tdo\tDEM\t–\t3SG.N/3SG.OBJ\t2,Who did that? – NOT: He/she; You did.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-41,7,Hu du dat? – *yo du uhm,Hu\tdu\tdat?\t–\t*yo\tdu\tuhm,who\tdo\tDEM\t–\t2\tdo\t3.OBJ,Who did that? – NOT: YOU did it.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-20,8,Ihn tel lai pahn mi.,Ihn\ttel\tlai\tpahn\tmi.,3SG\ttell\tlie\ton\t1SG,He told a lie about me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-21,8,*A ihn tel lai pahn mi.,*A\tihn\ttel\tlai\tpahn\tmi.,FOC\t3SG\ttell\tlie\ton\t1SG,NOT: He is the one who told the lie about me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-36,9,Yu layk du dat? — Mi?,Yu layk du dat? — Mi?,2SG like do that   me,Would you like to do that? — Me?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-23,10,So ihn aks Beda Naansi how him waahn get ih.,So\tihn\taks\tBeda\tNaansi\thow\thim\twaahn\tget\tih.,so\t3SG\task\tBrother\tAnansi\thow\t3SG\tFUT\tget\t3SG.N,So he asked Brother Anansi how he was going to get it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-24,10,mi; yu; ihn; ih; wi; unu; dehn,mi;\tyu;\tihn;\tih;\twi;\tunu;\tdehn,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t3SG.N\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you(SG); he/she; it; we; you(PL); they,,,,constructed by linguist -11-28,11,Hi yuustu tel mi di miining.,Hi\tyuustu\ttel\tmi\tdi\tmiining.,3SG.M\tHAB.PST\ttell\t1SG\tART.DEF\tmeaning,He would tell me the meaning.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-29,11,mi/A/Ai; yu; ih/him/im; ih/shi; ih; wi; unu; dem,mi/A/Ai;\tyu;\tih/him/im;\tih/shi;\tih;\twi;\tunu;\tdem,1SG\t2SG\t3SG.M\t3SG.F\t3SG.N\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; he; she; it; we; you; they,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-29,12,"You fader leave dis fer me ter do. If I don't do um, he gwine kill me.","If\tI\tdon't\tdo\tum,\the\tgwine\tkill\tme.",if\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tdo\t3SG.N.OBJ\t3SG.M.SBJ\tFUT\tkill\t1SG.OBJ,"If I don't do it, he'll kill me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-26,13,I tell um so.,I\ttell\tum\tso.,1SG.SBJ\ttell\t3.OBJ\tso,I tell him so.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-27,13,Ee very plany.,Ee\tvery\tplany.,3SG\tvery\tresourceful,He is very resourceful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-26,15,"a, yu, i, wi, una, dɛ̃; mi, yu, am, wi, una, dɛm","a,\tyu,\ti,\twi,\tuna,\tdɛ̃;\tmi,\tyu,\tam,\twi,\tuna,\tdɛm",1SG.SBJ\t2SG.SBJ\t3SG.SBJ\t1PL.SBJ\t2PL.SBJ\t3PL.SBJ\t1SG.OBJ\t2SG.OBJ\t3SG.OBJ\t1PL.OBJ\t2PL.OBJ\t3PL.OBJ,"I, you (SG), he/she/it, we, you (PL), they; me, you (SG, OBJ), him/her/it, us, you (PL, OBJ), them",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-27,15,uda do dat? – mi,uda\tdo\tdat?\t–\tmi,who\tdo\tthat\t–\tme,Who did that? – I.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-28,15,mi ɛn ʤɔn,mi\tɛn\tʤɔn,me\tand\tJohn,I and John,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-24,16,"à, jù, ì, wì, jù, dè/dɛ̀m","à,\tjù,\tì,\twì,\tjù,\tdè/dɛ̀m",1SG.SBJ\t2SG.SBJ\t3SG.SBJ\t1PL.SBJ\t2PL.SBJ\t3PL.SBJ,"I, you, her/she/it, we, you, they",,,,constructed by linguist -16-25,16,"mì, jù, àm, wì, jù, dɛ̀m","mì,\tjù,\tàm,\twì,\tjù,\tdɛ̀m",1SG.OBJ\t2SG.OBJ\t3SG.OBJ\t1PL.OBJ\t2PL.OBJ\t3PL.OBJ,"me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them",,,,constructed by linguist -17-19,17,Mi à sàbi yù.,Mi\tà\tsàbi\tyù.,1SG.SBJ.FOC\t1SG.SBJ\tknow\t2SG.OBJ,"As for me, I know you.",,,,constructed by linguist -17-20,17,À sàbi yu.,À\tsàbi\tyu.,1SG.SBJ\tknow\t2SG.OBJ.FOC,I know you (not him).,,,,constructed by linguist -18-25,18,A si-am.,A\tsi-am.,1SG.SBJ\tsee-3SG.OBL,I saw him/her.,,,,constructed by linguist -19-27,19,à; yù; è; wì; ùna/ùnu; dɛ̀n,à;\tyù;\tè;\twì;\tùna/ùnu;\tdɛ̀n,1SG.SBJ\t2SG\t3SG.SBJ\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; (s)he/it; we; you; they,,,,constructed by linguist -19-28,19,mi; yu; àn/in; wi; ùna/ùnu; dɛn,mi;\tyu;\t=àn/in;\twi;\tùna/ùnu;\tdɛn,1SG.EMPH\t2SG.EMPH\t3SG.OBJ\t1PL.EMPH\t2PL\t3PL.EMPH,me; you; him/her/it; us; you; they/them,,,,constructed by linguist -20-170,20,"Who my? My, Shoe Lane, Number One, Hoby! No saavez my?","Who\tmy?\tMy,\tShoe\tLane,\tNumber\tOne,\tHoby!\tNo\tsaavez\tmy?",who\t1SG\t1SG\tShoe\tLane\tnumber\tone\tHoby\tNEG\tremember\t1SG,"Who am I? Me, Hoby, from Number one Shoe Lane. Don't you remember me?",,,,naturalistic written -21-23,21,Ok you want to go to watch movie or you want to go to ***.,Ok\tyou\twant\tto\tgo\tto\twatch\tmovie\tor\tyou\twant\tto\tgo\tto\t***.,okay\t2SG\twant\tto\tgo\tto\twatch\tmovie\tor\t2SG\twant\tto\tgo\tto\t[...],"Okay, do you want to go to watch a movie, or do you want to go to [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -22-35,22,Husat i stap? Mi.,Husat\ti\tstap?\tMi.,who\tPM\tstay\t1SG,Who's there? Me.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-36,22,Husat i bin wokim? Em tasol.,Husat\ti\tbin\twok-im?\tEm\ttasol.,who\tPM\tPST\tdo-TR\t3SG\tonly,Who did it? He did.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-39,24,Yu se fatu.,Yu\tse\tfatu.,2SG\tCOMPL\texhausted,You are very tired.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-40,24,Huu se fatu? Yuu.,Huu\tse\tfatu?\tYuu.,who\tCOMPL\texhausted\t2SG,Who is tired? You.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-41,24,Mais dog se dijed.,Mais\tdog\tse\tdijed.,my\tdog\tCOMPL\tdead,My dog has died.,,,,naturalistic written -24-42,24,Huus dog se died? Main.,Huus\tdog\tse\tdied?\tMain.,who.POSS\tdog\tCOMPL\tdead\tmine,Whose dog has died? Mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-43,24,yus dog; yoen,yus\tdog;\tyoen,you.POSS\tdog\tyours,your dog; yours,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-112,25,Maitbi im na im gin album wi.,Maitbi\tim\tna\tim\tgin\talb-um\twi.,maybe\t3SG\tnow/FOC\t3SG\tcan\thelp-TR\t1PL,"Maybe he, he can help us. OR: Maybe he's the one who can help us.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-113,25,Dei bin jingginabat dislot olmenolmenwan.,Dei\tbin\tjingg-in-abat\tdis-lot\tolmen~olmen-wan.,3PL\tPST\tthink-PROG2-about\tPROX-PL\tRED.men-ADJ,"They were thinking about it, these old men.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-114,25,Maitbi yu na kingfishamen yu gin album mibala.,Maitbi\tyu\tna\tkingfisha-men\tyu\tgin\talb-um\tmibala.,maybe\t2SG\tnow/FOC\tkingfisher-man\t2SG\tcan\thelp-TR\t1PL.EXCL,"Maybe you, kingfisher man, you can help us.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-115,25,"That lilbit ai bin hit yu, ai wana hit yu brabli na meik yu krai.","That\tlilbit\tai\tbin\thit\tyu,\tai\twana\thit\tyu\tbrabli\tna\tmeik\tyu\tkrai.",DEM\ta_little\t1SG\tPST\thit\t2SG\t1SG\tPOT\thit\t2SG\tproperly\tnow\tmake\t2SG\tcry,"That (was only that) I hit you a little, I will hit you properly now and make you cry.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-116,25,"Thet olgamanolgaman olabat jingat na ""[...]"".","Thet\tolgaman~olgaman\tolabat\tjing-at\tna\t""[...]"".",DEM\tRED.older.woman\t3PL\tsing-out\tnow\t[...],"Those women, they call out now: ""[...]""",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-117,25,"Thei bin beltim im tharrei, thetlot kid.","Thei\tbin\tbelt-im\tim\ttharrei,\tthet-lot\tkid.",3PL\tPST\thit-TR\t3SG\tthere\tDEM-PL\tchild,"They hit him over there, those kids (did).",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-118,25,"Ai kolim gardawalng, mi.","Ai\tkol-im\tgardawalng,\tmi.",1SG\tcall-TR\tegg\t1SG,"I call it (egg) gardawalng, me.",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-119,25,"""Wal ai gin trai."" Imin lagijat la olabat.","""Wal\tai\tgin\ttrai.""\tIm=in\tlagijat\tla\tolabat.",well\t1SG\tcan\ttry\t3SG=PST\tlike.that\tLOC\t3PL,"""Well, I'll try,"" he said to them.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-120,25,Imin rakamen la olabat en puta ngalarr la olabat.,Im=in\trakamen\tla\tolabat\ten\tputa\tngalarr\tla\tolabat.,3SG=PST\targue\tLOC\t3PL\tand\tput\tpoliceman\tLOC\t3PL,He argued with them and put the police on their tracks.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-17,27,mi a frāg; ju a frāg; am a frāg; ons a frāg; jen a frāg; sinu a frāg,mi\ta\tfrāg;\tju\ta\tfrāg;\tam\ta\tfrāg;\tons\ta\tfrāg;\tjen\ta\tfrāg;\tsinu\ta\tfrāg,1SG\tPST\task\t2SG\tPST\task\t3SG\tPST\task\t1PL\tPST\task\t2PL\tPST\task\t3PL\tPST\task,I asked; you(SG) asked; he/she/it asked; we asked; you(PL) asked; they asked,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-39,28,o kumu fragtɛk bi ɛk ma swɛto,o\tkom\tfragi-tɛ\tɛkɛ\tbi\tɛkɛ\tma\tswɛt\to,3SG\tcome\task-PFV\t1SG\tsay\t1SG\tIRR\tsweat\t3SG,He came to ask me if I would give him a steam bath.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-111,29,"ek - my, jy - jou, hy - hom, sy - haar vs. ons - ons, julle - julle, hulle - hulle","ek\t-\tmy,\tjy\t-\tjou,\thy\t-\thom,\tsy\t-\thaar\tvs.\tons\t-\tons,\tjulle\t-\tjulle,\thulle\t-\thulle",1SG.NOM\t-\t1SG.OBL\t2SG.NOM\t-\t2SG.OBL\t3SG.M.NOM\t-\t3SG.M.OBL\t3SG.F.NOM\t-\t3SG.F.OBL\tvs.\t1PL.NOM\t-\t1PL.OBL\t2PL.NOM\t-\t2PL.OBL\t3PL.NOM\t-\t3PL.OBL,"I - me, you - you, he - him, she - her vs. we - us, you (pl) - you (pl), they - them",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-36,30,(A)mi N ta bai. (A)el e ta kunpanha-m. E ta kunpanha-l.,A-mi\tN=ta=bai.\tA-el\te=ta=kunpanha=m.\tE=ta=kunpanha=l.,TOP-1SG.INDP\t1SG.DEP=IPFV=go\tTOP-3SG.INDP\t3SG.DEP=IPFV=accompany=1SG\t3SG.DEP=IPFV=accompany=3SG,I go. He accompanies me. He accompanies him.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-37,30,"N, bu, nhu, nha, e(l), nu, nhos, es","N,\tbu,\tnhu,\tnha,\te(l),\tnu,\tnhos,\tes",1SG\t2SG\t2SG.POL.M\t2SG.POL.F\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, you (polite M), you (polite F), he/she, we, you, they",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-38,30,"-m, -(b)u, -l, -nu, -s","-m,\t-(b)u,\t-l,\t-nu,\t-s",1SG.OBJ.DEP\t2SG.OBJ.DEP\t3SG.OBJ.DEP\t1PL.OBJ.DEP\t3PL.OBJ.DEP,"me, you, him/her, us, them",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-39,31,"Ami, N nese na Braga.","Ami,\tN\tnese\tna\tBraga.",me\tI\twas.born\tin\tBraga,"As for me, I was born in Braga.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-40,31,El tinji-m na pulmon.,El\ttinji-m\tna\tpulmon.,it\treached-me\tin\tlung,It reached my lungs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-41,31,N trata di setenti kuatru te setenti oitu.,N\ttrata\tdi\tsetenti\tkuatru\tte\tsetenti\toitu.,I\ttreated\tfrom\tseventy\tfour\tto\tseventy\teight,I received treatment from seventy-four to seventy-eight.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-22,32,"Mi, N ka oió-b.","Mi,\tN\tka\toió-b.",1SG.INDP\t1SG.DEP\tNEG\tsee-2SG.DEP,I didn't see you.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-23,32,Es txmá-l.,Es\ttxmá-l.,3PL.INDP\tcall-3SG.DEP,They called him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-28,33,Kin ku misti bin? Ami.,Kin\tku\tmisti\tbin?\tAmi.,who\tthat\twant\tcome\tI,Who wants to come? I do.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-29,33,Kin ku misti bin? M’misti.,Kin\tku\tmisti\tbin?\tM-misti.,who\tthat\twant\tcome\t1SG.SBJ-want,Who wants to come? I want to (come).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-30,33,Kin ki i suta? Ami.,Kin\tki\ti\tsuta?\tAmi.,who\tREL\t3SG\tbeat\t1SG,Whom did he beat? Me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-31,33,Bu tene nha livru? N tenel.,Bu\ttene\tnha\tlivru?\tN\ttene-l.,2SG\thave\tPOSS\tbook\tI\thave-it,Do you have my book? I have it.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-24,34,Keŋ ki fasí-l?,Keŋ\tki\tø\tfasí-l?,who\tREL.SBJ\tPFV\tdo-3SG.OBJ,Who did it?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-25,34,I ka sebé nada.,I\tka\tø\tsebé\tnada.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\tknow\tnothing,He does not know anything.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-26,34,Keŋ ki kebrá turpesa? – Yel.,Keŋ\tki\tø\tkebrá\tturpesa?\t–\tYel.,who\tREL.SBJ\tPFV\tbreak\tstool\t–\t3SG.TOP,Who broke the stool? – He.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-34,35,ami; bô; êlê; non; inansê; inen,ami;\tbô;\têlê;\tnon;\tinansê;\tinen,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you (PL); they,,,,constructed by linguist -35-35,35,n; ô; ê; nen,n;\tô;\tê;\tnen,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they,,,,constructed by linguist -36-19,36,"Am ki ô ki ka ba potho, no ki rê wa.","Am\tki\tô\tki\tka\tba\tpotho,\tno\tki\trê\twa.",1SG.INDP\twith\t2SG\tREL\tFUT\tgo\ttown\t1PL\twith\t3SG\tNEG,"It is you and I that will go to town, not she and me.",,,,elicited from speaker -36-20,36,Êlê thô m'me.,Êlê\tthô\tm'me.,3SG.INDP\tFOC\teat,It was him who ate it.,,,,constructed by linguist -36-77,36,Ê muê.,Ê\tmuê.,he\tdie,He died.,,,,constructed by linguist -36-79,36,N pem'e.,N\tpema=e.,I\tpress=it,I pressed it.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-21,37,n vs. ami; txi vx. atxi; ê vs. êli; no/non; owo; ine,n\tvs.\tami;\ttxi\tvx.\tatxi;\tê\tvs.\têli;\tno/non;\towo;\tine,1SG.DEP\tvs.\t1SG.INDP\t2SG.DEP\tvs.\t2SG.INDP\t3SG.DEP\tvs.\t3SG.INDP\t1PL\t2PL\tPL,I vs. me; you vs. you; he/she vs. him/her,,,,naturalistic written -37-22,37,"mi/n, txi, li/e, no/non, owo, ine","mi/n,\ttxi,\tli/e,\tno/non,\towo,\tine",1SG.DEP\t2SG.DEP\t3SG.DEP\t1PL.DEP\t2PL.DEP\t3PL.DEP,"me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-23,37,Ningê ki txi vê na posan a? – Atxi êli ki n vê.,Ningê\tki\ttxi\tvê\tna\tposan\ta?\t–\tAtxi\têli\tki\tn\tvê.,person\tREL\t2SG.DEP\tsee\tLOC\ttown\tQ\t–\t2SG.INDP\tFOC\tREL\t1SG\tsee,Whom did you see in town? - It is you that I saw.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-24,37,"Fa mi, n ka zuda owo xi owo tê dyô.","Fa\tmi,\tn\tka\tzuda\towo\txi\towo\ttê\tdyô.",tell\t2SG.OBJ.DEP\t1SG.SBJ.DEP\tFUT\thelp\t2PL.OBJ\tif\t2PL.SBJ\thave\tmoney,"Tell me, and I will help you if you have money.",,,,naturalistic spoken -38-27,38,"Ku bof, xol!","Ku\tbo-f,\tku-eli!",with\t2SG-NEG\twith-3SG,"Not with you, with him!",,,,naturalistic spoken -38-28,38,amu ku bo,amu\tku\tbo,1SG\tand\t2SG,me and you,,,,elicited from speaker -38-29,38,I ske pali za.,Eli\tske\tpali\tza.,3SG\tFUT\tgive.birth\talready,She is about to give birth.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-113,38,Amu fal bebela.,Amu\tfa-li\tbebela.,1SG\tspeak-3SG\talready,I told him/her already.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-154,38,M’pizal ba omal.,Amu-piza-li\tba\tomali.,1SG-push-3SG\tgo\tsea,I pushed him into the sea.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-41,39,Yo kɛr fala.,Yo\tkɛr\tfal-a.,1SG\twant.NPST\tspeak-INF,I want to speak.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-42,39,Kẽ sab istɔr? Yo.,Kẽ\tsab\tistɔr?\tYo.,who\tknow.NPST\tstory\t1SG,Who knows a story? Me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-26,40,Yo ulyo ku padgar.,Yo\tulyo\tku\tpadgar.,I\tsee.PST\tOBJ\tpriest,I saw the priest.,,,,constructed by linguist -42-29,42,"yo, bos, eli, nus, olotu, bolotu","yo,\tbos,\teli,\tnus,\tolotu,\tbolotu",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they",,,,elicited from speaker -42-104,42,yo ja olá ku eli,yo\tja\tolá\tku\teli,1SG\tPFV\tsee\tACC\t3SG,I saw him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-28,44,"kumígo; kumbó, kun(g)tédi; kun(g)éli; kumihótro [kumótru]; kun(g)tédi; kulótru","kumígo;\tkumbó,\tkun(g)tédi;\tkun(g)éli;\tkumótru;\tkun(g)tédi;\tkulótru",1SG.OBJ\t2SG.OBJ\t2SG.OBJ.POL\t3SG.OBJ\t1PL.OBJ\t2PL.OBJ\t3PL.OBJ,me; you; him/her; us; you; them,,,,constructed by linguist -44-29,44,"Ya botá kon éli, ya salí éli.","Ya\tbotá\tkon\téli,\tya\tsalí\téli.",PFV\tthrow.away\tOBJ\t3SG\tPFV\tgo\t3SG,"He was thrown out, he left.",,,,naturalistic spoken -46-39,46,sábe ka,sábe\tka,know\tyou,you know,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-34,47,"mi, bo/bu, e, nos, boso, nan","mi,\tbo/bu,\te,\tnos,\tboso,\tnan",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they",,,,published source -47-35,47,"ami, abo, ele, (a)nos, (a)boso, (a)nan","a-mi,\ta-bo,\tele,\t(a)-nos,\t(a)-boso,\t(a)-nan",EMPH-1SG\tEMPH-2SG\t3SG.EMPH\t(EMPH-)1PL\t(EMPH-)2PL\t(EMPH-)3PL,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they",,,,own knowledge -48-23,48,Yo i sabé eso nu.,Yo\ti\tsabé\teso\tnu.,I\tDEP.PRO.1SG\tknow\tthis\tNEG,I don't know this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-24,48,Bo o sabé eso nu.,Bo\to\tsabé\teso\tnu.,you\tDEP.PRO.2SG\tknow\tthis\tNEG,You don't know this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-25,48,Ele e sabé eso nu.,Ele\te\tsabé\teso\tnu.,he/she\tDEP.PRO.3SG\tknow\tthis\tNEG,He/she doesn't know this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-36,49,Mé sa entèl di m.,Mé\tsa\tentèl\tdi\tm.,this.is\tthat\tsomeone\tsay\t3SG,This is what someone has told me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-37,49,M bliye chante a wi mwen!,M\tbliye\tchante\ta\twi\tmwen!,1SG\tforget\tsong\tDEF\tyes\t1SG,"I forgot the song, yes I!",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-38,49,Se pou ou manje sa a. — Se pou wou manje sa a.,Se\tpou\tou\tmanje\tsa\ta.\t—\tSe\tpou\twou\tmanje\tsa\ta.,HL\tfor\t2SG.DEP\teat\tDEM\tSG.PRO\t—\tHL\tfor\t2SG.INDP\tfood\tDEM\tSG.DET,You have to eat this. — This food is for you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-39,49,Kiyès sa? Mwen menm?,Kiyès\tsa?\tMwen\tmenm?,who\tthat\t1SG\tself,Who? Me?,,,,naturalistic written -49-40,49,"Ou menm, pa kwè papa w, tande, se jwe l ap jwe.","Ou\tmenm,\tpa\tkwè\tpapa\tw,\ttande,\tse\tjwe\tl\tap\tjwe.",2SG\tself\tNEG\tbelieve\tfather\t2SG\tunderstand\tSE\tplay\t3SG\tINACC\tplay,"You, don't believe your father, he is only playing around.",,,,naturalistic written -49-41,49,"Mwen vini, m achte liv la, Jan wè m, Jan remèt mwen liv la.","Mwen\tvini,\tm\tachte\tliv\tla,\tJan\twè\tm,\tJan\tremèt\tmwen\tliv\tla.",1SG\tcome\t1SG\tbuy\tbook\tDEF\tJean\tsee\t1SG\tJean\thand.over\t1SG\tbook\tDEF,"I came, I bought the book, Jean saw me, Jean handed me the book over.",,,,constructed by linguist -49-42,49,Kilès k ap frape a? Se mwen.,Kilès\tk\tap\tfrape\ta?\tSe\tmwen.,who\tREL\tINACC\tknock\tDEF\tHL\t1SG,Who is knocking? It's me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-28,50,Mwen ka pati. ~ An ka pati.,Mwen ka pati. ~ An ka pati.,1SG PROG leave   1SG PROG leave,I am leaving.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-29,50,"Mwen, an ka pati.","Mwen,\tan\tka\tpati.",1SG\t1SG\tPROG\tleave,"Me, I am leaving.",,,,naturalistic spoken -51-28,51,Mwen ka pati. ~ Man ka pati.,Mwen ka pati. ~ Man ka pati.,1SG PROG leave   1SG PROG leave,I am leaving.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-29,51,"Mwen, man ka pati.","Mwen,\tman\tka\tpati.",1SG\t1SG\tPROG\tleave,"Me, I am leaving.",,,,naturalistic spoken -52-18,52,mo kontan sa liv-(l)a,mo\tkontan\tsa\tliv-(l)a,I\tlove\tDEM\tbook-DEF,I love this book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-19,52,mo ba Georges liv-a,mo\tba\tGeorges\tliv-a,I\tgive\tGeorge\tbook-the,I gave Georges the book.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-58,53,"Si to di li ke-choz ondon kreol, l ale monde twa: ""Ki sa?""","Si\tto\tdi\tli\tkechoz\tondon\tkreol,\tl\tale\tmonde\ttwa:\t""Ki\tsa?""",if\t2SG\tsay\t3SG\tsomething\tin\tCreole\t3SG\tFUT\task\t2SG\twhat\tthis,"If you tell him something in Creole, he will ask you: ""What?""",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-59,53,"Sa nouzot nou parl, to trouv pa sa dan le liv.","Sa\tnouzot\tnou\tparl,\tto\ttrouv\tpa\tsa\tdan\tle\tliv.",what\t1PL\t1PL\tspeak\t2SG\tfind\tNEG\tthis\tin\tDET.PL\tbook,"What we speak, you don't find that in books.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-60,53,M a seye fer la kours-sa-la avek twa kan-mem.,M\ta\tseye\tfer\tla\tkours\tsala\tavek\ttwa\tkan-mem.,1SG\tFUT\ttry\tdo\tART.DEF.SG\trace\tDET.DEM.SG\twith\t2SG\twhen-same,I will try to run this race with you all the same.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-61,53,Get kom li kone di mwa sa!,Get\tkom\tli\tkone\tdi\tmwa\tsa!,look\thow\t3SG\tHAB\tsay\t1SG\tDEM,Listen to what she tells me all the time!,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-30,54,mi dans; vi dans; li dans; ni dans,mi\tdans;\tvi\tdans;\tli\tdans;\tni\tdans,1SG.FIN\tdance\t2SG.FIN\tdance\t3SG.FIN\tdance\t1PL.FIN\tdance,I dance; you dance; he/she dances; we dance,,,,constructed by linguist -54-31,54,mwen la danse; ou la danse; nou la danse,mwen\tla\tdanse;\tou\tla\tdanse;\tnou\tla\tdanse,1SG\tPRF\tdance\t2SG\tPRF\tdance\t1PL\tPRF\tdance,I have danced; you have danced; we have danced,,,,constructed by linguist -54-32,54,[...] sa out bébet sé ou la méné! Pa moin! Mi koné pa moin!,[...]\tsa\tout\tbebet\tse\tou\tla\tmene!\tPa\tmwen!\tMi\tkone\tpa\tmwen!,[...]\tthat\tPOSS.3SG\tanimal\tHL\t2SG\tPRF\tbring\tNEG\t1SG\t1SG.FIN\tknow\tNEG\t1SG,"[...] That is your animal, it was you who brought it! Not me! I don't know it!",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-29,55,to,to,2SG.FAM.SBJ,"you (singular, familiar, subject only)",,,,elicited from speaker -55-30,55,mo pa ti al kominye mwa,mo\tpa\tti\tal\tkominye\tmwa,1SG\tNEG\tPST\tgo\tcommunion\t1SG,"As for me, I didn't go to holy communion.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-40,56,Apre mon 'n tournen.,Apre\tmon\t'n\ttournen.,then\t1SG\tPRF\treturn,Then I returned.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-41,56,Mwan zanmen mon 'n reste dan zil plis ki en mwa.,Mwan\tzanmen\tmon\t'n\treste\tdan\tzil\tplis\tki\ten\tmwa.,1SG.INDP\tnever\t1SG\tPRF\tstay\tin\tisland\tmore\tthan\tone\tmonth,"Me, I never stayed on an island for more than one month.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-42,56,I pran trwa kat bobin i roule.,I\tpran\ttrwa\tkat\tbobin\ti\troule.,3SG\ttake\tthree\tfour\tbobbin\t3SG\ttwine,"He took three, four bobbins and twined them together. OR: He twined three, four bobbins together.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-43,56,"Marcel-o, donn mwan sa bolpenn.","Marcel-o,\tdonn\tmwan\tsa\tbolpenn.",Marcel-VOC\tgive\tme\tDEM\tballpen,"Marcel, give me this ballpen.",,,,constructed by native speaker -56-44,56,Prezan ou met li drwat.,Prezan\tou\tmet\tli\tdrwat.,then\t2SG\tput\t3SG.DEP\tstraight,Then you put it straight.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-23,57,ma ndefan mwa paske la ule tape avec a mbwa,ma\tndefan\tmwa\tpaske\tla\tule\ttape\tavec\ta\tmbwa,1SG.DEP\tdefend\t1SG.INDP\tbecause\t3SG\twant\thit\tINS\tART.INDF\tstick,I defended myself because he/she wanted to hit me with a stick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-133,57,"ma, ta, la, nu, uso, sa/sola/lesot","ma,\tta,\tla,\tnu,\tuso,\tsa/sola/lesot",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she, we, you, they",,,,naturalistic spoken -58-24,58,Yandi na Petelo bo kwend-aka.,Yandi\tna\tPetelo\tbo\tkwend-aka.,he\tand/with\tPetelo\tthey\tleave-PST,"He and Peter, they left.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-78,58,Mono zola yandi.,Mono\tzola\tyandi.,me\tlike\thim/her,I like him/her.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-109,58,yandi mosi,yandi\tmosi,he/she\tone,himself/herself (emphatic or reflexive),,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-59,59,"mo ga so, me mbi ke saar tone nyen'?!","mo\tga\tso,\tme\tmbi\tke\tsara\ttongana\tnyen'?!",2SG\tcome\tthus\tso\t1SG\tCOP\tdo\tlike\twhat,"Since you've come, what am I going to do?!",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-60,59,"i sara kobe na lege ni pepe; ni laa si i ke wara malade mingi, si i toto ya ti i","i\tsara\tkobe\tna\tlege\tni\tpepe;\tni\tlaa\tsi\ti\tke\twara\tmalade\tmingi,\tsi\ti\ttoto\tya\tti\ti",1PL\tmake\tfood\tPREP\tway\tDET\tNEG\tDET\tCONN\tthen\t1PL\tCOP\tget\tsickness\tmuch\tthen\t1PL\tcry\tbelly\tof\t1PL,We don't prepare food in the correct manner; that's why we have a lot of sickness and we complain about our stomachs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-61,59,"lo mu na wali ti lo, ato na mama ni","lo\tmu\tna\twali\tti\tlo,\ta-to\tna\tmama\tni",3SG\tgive\tPREP\twife\tof\t3SG\tPM-cook\tPREP\tmother\tDET,He gave it (the meat) to his wife to prepare for the mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-62,59,"mbi lingbi titene, mbi diko ahunzi pepe","mbi\tlingbi\ttitene,\tmbi\tdiko\tahunzi\tpepe",1SG\table\tso.that\t1SG\tcount\tSM.be.finished\tNEG,I can't say that I have listed everything completely.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-63,59,lo ga na ala,lo\tga\tna\tala,3SG\tcome\twith\t3PL,He/she came with them.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-64,59,mbi? mbi hinga ape,mbi?\tmbi\thinga\tape,1SG\t1SG\tknow\tNEG,Me? I don't know.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-65,59,"lo o, lo hinga ti lo ape","lo\to,\tlo\thinga\tti\tlo\tape",3SG\tPCL\t3SG\tknow\tof\t3SG\tNEG,"Him/her, he/she doesn't know.",,,,constructed by linguist -60-21,60,"na-, o- , a- , e-; to-, bo-, ba-, e-","na-, o- , a- , e-; to-, bo-, ba-, e-",1SG 2SG 3SG.ANIM 3SG.INAN 1PL 2PL 3PL.ANIM 3PL.INAN,"I, you, s/he, it; we, you, they, they",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-22,60,atángákí,a-táng-ákí,3SG-study-PST,He studied.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-123,60,Pierre amónákí yangó yé mókó,Pierre\ta-món-ákí\tyangó\tyé\tmókó,Pierre\t3SG-see-PST\t3SG.INAN\t3SG.ANIM\tone,Pierre saw it himself.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -62-13,62,énihéye aré,é-ni-he-ye\taré,3SG-OBJ.1SG-arrive-APPL:PRF\tthere,He met me there.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-22,63,íta ázu míle,íta\tázu\tmíle,2SG\twant\tsalt,You want salt.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-23,63,ána wéza shítim íta,ána\twéza\tshítim\títa,1SG\tcan\tinsult\t2SG,I can insult you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-30,64,íta ásalu íta,íta\tásalu\títa,2SG\task\t2SG,You ask yourself.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-31,64,úmon dúgu ána ʃedíd,úmon\tdúgu\tána\tʃedíd,3PL\tbeat\t1SG\thard,They beat me hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-32,64,úmon kútu ána géni fi síjin taláta yom,úmon\tkútu\tána\tgéni\tfi\tsíjin\ttaláta\tyom,3PL\tput\t1SG\tstay\tin\tprison\tthree\tday,They made me stay in prison for three days.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-33,64,ána haggí de ma biaaddík le úo,ána\thaggí\tde\tma\tbi=a-addí-k\tle\túo,1SG\t[POSS.OBJ.1SG]\tDEM.PROX\tNEG\tIRR=[SBJ.1SG]-give-[OBJ.2SG.M]\tACC\t3SG,I will not give it to you.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-34,64,nemʃi nestákal fi betum,ne-mʃi\tne-stákal\tfi\tbet-um,[SBJ.1PL]-go\t[SBJ.1PL]-work\tLOC\thouse-[POSS.3PL.M],We go to work at their place.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-11,65,Moja pastajana sopəka ʒiwi.,Moja\tpastajana\tsopəka\tʒiwi.,1SG\talways\tmountain\tlive,I permanently live in mountains.,,,,citation in fiction -65-36,65,"Malisa astavi, plakaj iwo.","Malisa\tastavi,\tplakaj\tiwo.",small.one\tleave\tcry\t3SG,She would leave the child alone and he would cry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-21,66,Sapa gosama Klumbuna məpi na adatang? Incian.,Sapa\tgo-sama\tKlumbu-na\tmə-pi=na\ta-datang?\tIncian.,who\t1SG-with\tColombo-to\tINF-go=DAT\tPRS-come\t3SG,Who is coming with me to go to Colombo? He is.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-38,67,saya/aku/wa; kita/kitaornag; awak/engkau/lu/lia; luorang; dia; diaorang/diorang,saya/aku/wa;\tkita/kitaornag;\tawak/engkau/lu/lia;\tluorang;\tdia;\tdiaorang/diorang,1SG\t1PL\t2SG\t2PL\t3SG\t3PL,I; we; you; you (PL); he/she/it; they,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-39,67,"Kalau itu Hokkien, kita cakap Hokkien sama dia la.","Kalau\titu\tHokkien,\tkita\tcakap\tHokkien\tsama\tdia\tla.",If\tDEM\tHokkien\t1PL\tspeak\tHokkien\twith\t3SG\tEMPH,"If that [person] is Hokkien, we talk to him in Hokkien.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-20,68,Itu beta pung.,Itu\tbeta\tpung.,DEM\t1SG\tPOSS,That one is mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -68-21,68,Beta pung kalsang.,Beta\tpung\tkalsang.,1SG\tPOSS\ttrousers,My trousers.,,,,elicited from speaker -68-22,68,De blong ada makan.,De\tblong\tada\tmakan.,3SG\tnot.yet\tPROG\teat,He's not eating yet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-23,68,beta/bet/be,beta/bet/be,1SG,"me, I",,,,elicited from speaker -68-24,68,ose/os/se; ale/al,ose/os/se;\tale/al,2SG.INFORMAL\t2SG.SBJ.INFORMAL,"you (singular, informal)",,,,elicited from speaker -68-25,68,dia/di/de; antua/ontua; akang/kang/ang,dia/di/de;\tantua/ontua;\takang/kang/ang,3SG\t3SG.FORMAL\t3SG.N,s/he; she; it,,,,elicited from speaker -68-26,68,katong/tong,katong/tong,1PL.INCL/1PL.EXCL,we (inclusive or exclusive),,,,elicited from speaker -68-27,68,dorang/dong,dorang/dong,2PL/3PL,"you (plural), they",,,,elicited from speaker -69-16,69,ama,ama,1SG,I/me,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-23,70,Ham mango tum.,Ham\tmango\ttum.,1SG\tlike/want\t2SG,I like/want you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-24,70,Kon karo? Ham.,Kon\tkaro?\tHam.,who\tdo\t1SG,Who did it? Me.,,,,constructed by linguist -72-29,72,Ma ngali gon jarrei toktok bo nyilarrat jarrei.,Ma\tngali\tgon\tjarrei\ttok~tok\tbo\tnyila-rrat\tjarrei.,OK\t1DU.INCL.POT\tgo\tthat.way\ttalk.RED\tPREP\tthat-PL\tthat.way,OK you and I will go there to talk to that lot over there.,,,2df1cf0ca384ca0792f0d48fff5e3429,naturalistic spoken -72-30,72,An wijantu makin nyilangka? Ngayungku!,An\twijan-tu\tmakin\tnyila-ngka?\tNgayu-ngku!,and\twho-ERG\tsleep\tthat-LOC\tme-ERG,And who sleeps there? Me!,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-147,72,Dat karungku im rekin dat mukmuk bin kayikayi im.,Dat\tkaru-ngku\tim\trekin\tdat\tmukmuk\tbin\tkayikayi\tim.,the\tkid-ERG\t3SG\tthink\tthe\towl\tPST\tchase\t3SG.OBJ,The kid thought the owl was chasing him.,,,369b99b36223fa68319b5f8d5d1f93e2,naturalistic spoken -73-17,73,airga no bishkanichu eltaga,air-ga\tno\tbi-shka-ni-chu\tel-ta-ga,yesterday-TOP\tnot\tsee-EVID-1SG-NEG\t3SG-ACC-TOP,I did not see him yesterday.,,,,naturalistic adapted -73-25,73,yo xwirti kargani,yo\txwirti\tkarga-ni,1SG\tstrong\tcarry-1SG,I carry a heavy load.,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-26,73,bosga xwirti xuyashka gangi,bos-ga\txwirti\txuya-shka\tga-ngi,2SG-TOP\tvery\tlove-NMLZ\tbe-2SG,You are very nice.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-26,74,kámuks mákmak náyka,kámuks\tmákmak\tnáyka,dog\tbite\t1SG,The dog bites me. OR: The dog eats me.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-27,74,náyka,náyka,1SG,"I, me",,,,constructed by linguist -74-28,74,náyka tq’iχ kápi,náyka\ttq’iχ\tkápi,1SG\tlike\tcoffee,I like coffee.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-29,74,na-tl'kup stik,na-tl'kup\tstik,1SG-cut\twood,I cut wood.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-30,74,ya,ya,she/he/it,"she, he, it",,,,narrative -75-63,75,Ta fiy mitoni gakanaweeyimaaw.,Ta\tfiy\tmitoni\tga-kanaweeyim-aaw.,2SG.POSS\tgirl\tvery\t1.FUT-take.care.of-3.OBJ,I will take care of your daughter very well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -76-2,76,ōmē'lĭk a'baba ca'vik ka'ili ili'psi,ōmē'lĭk\ta'baba\tca'vik\tka'ili\tili'psi,captain\tsay\tknife\tcome\tyou,The captain orders you to bring him a knife.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-27,76,tuktu tautuk picuktu awoña,tuktu\ttautuk\tpicuktu\tawoña,caribou\tsee\twant\tI,I am hunting caribou.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-28,76,awoña,awoña,I,I,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-29,76,ĭllĭpsī,ĭllĭpsī,you,you,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-30,76,īla,īla,he,"he, she, it",,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-31,76,ĭllūĭt,ĭllūĭt,you.SG,you,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-57,1,Odi mijn heer hoe fa joe tan gran tanki fo myn heer a komi ja fo loeke da pranasie wan trom.,Odi\tmneri\to=fa\tyu\ttan\tgrantangi\tfu\tmneri\ta\tkon\tdya\tfu\tluku\tda\tpranasi\twan\ttron.,howdy\tmy.lord\twhich=manner\t2SG\tstay\tmany.thanks\tfor\tmy.lord\t3SG.SBJ\tcome\there\tto\tlook\tDET.SG\tplantation\tone\ttime,"Good day, Sir, how are you? Many thanks to Sir, (that) he has come here to look at the plantation on this occasion.",,,,written -1-58,1,"Ju gi assranti na Bakkra? – No, Massra, mi no gi ju assranti.","Yu\tgi\tasranti\tna\tbakra?\t–\tNo,\tmasra,\tmi\tno\tgi\tyu\tasranti.",2SG\tgive\timpertinent\tto\twhiteman\t–\tNEG\tmaster\t1SG\tNEG\tgive\t2SG\timpertinent,"Are you being impertinent with me? – No, master, I'm not being impertinent.",,,,written (dictionary) -2-46,2,"yu, unu","yu,\tunu",2SG\t2PL,"you(sg.), you(pl.)",,,,unknown -3-23,3,I wɛki ɔ?/ Un wɛki ɔ?,I\twɛki\tɔ?/\tUn\twɛki\tɔ?,2SG\tawake\tQ\t2PL\tawake\tQ,How are you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-25,4,"Gaanman, u/*i mu yeepi den sama ya.","Gaanman,\tu/*i\tmu\tyeepi\tden\tsama\tya.",paramount.chief\t2PL/2SG\tmust\thelp\tDET.PL\tperson\tDEM,"Chief, you should help these people.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-30,5,"yu, a(l)yu","yu,\ta(l)yu",2SG\t2PL,"you (SG), you (PL)",,,,unspecified -6-19,6,Allyu making sure de lain secure?,Allyu\tmaking\tsure\tde\tlain\tsecure?,2PL\tmake.PROG\tsure\tDET\tline\tsecure,Can you make sure that the line is secure?,,,,naturalistic written -7-42,7,yo; yu; aayo; yaal,"yo,\tyu,\taa-yo,\ty-aal",2\t2\tall-2\t2-all,Intimate or non-intimate person(s) addressed.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-22,8,"Misa Broun, yu no nuo a wa dem a du.","Misa\tBroun,\tyu\tno\tnuo\ta\twa\tdem\ta\tdu.",Mr.\tBrown\t2SG\tNEG\tknow\tFOC\twhat\t3PL\tPROG\tdo,"Mr. Brown, you don't know what they're doing.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-37,9,Yu no pas dat ting ataal.,Yu\tno\tpas\tdat\tting\tataal.,2SG\tNEG\tpass\tthat\tthing\tat.all,It's very important that you not overlook that thing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-38,9,Wɛn unu kom da town?,Wɛn\tunu\tkom\tda\ttown?,when\t2PL\tcome\tto\ttown,When do you come to town?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-25,10,"Yep, hia yu sii a byuuti we baan iina stiebl!","Yep,\thia\tyu\tsii\ta\tbyuuti\twe\tbaan\tiina\tstiebl!",yep\there\t2SG\tsee\tART.INDF\tbeauty\tREL\tgive.birth\tin\tstable,"Yep, here you see a beauty who was born in a stable!",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-26,10,yu,yu,2SG,you,,,,constructed by linguist -11-30,11,Bot yu kyaan taak.,Bot\tyu\tkyaan\ttaak.,but\t2SG\tcan.NEG\ttalk,But you mustn’t tell anyone.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-30,12,"I say, de Lord be wid yinna.","I\tsay,\tde\tLord\tbe\twid\tyinna.",1SG.SBJ\tsay\tART\tLord\tCOP\twith\t2PL.OBJ,I say the Lord be with you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-31,12,"And then my sister holler out say, You see what I tell you-all, I tell you-all something was go happen through here.","And\tthen\tmy\tsister\tholler\tout\tsay,\tYou\tsee\twhat\tI\ttell\tyou-all,\tI\ttell\tyou-all\tsomething\twas\tgo\thappen\tthrough\there.",and\tthen\t1SG.POSS\tsister\tcry[PFV]\tout\tCOMP\t2PL.SBJ\tsee\twhat\t1SG.SBJ\ttell.PFV\t2PL.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\ttell[PFV]\t2PL.OBJ\tsomething\tCOP.PST\tFUT\thappen\tthrough\there,"And then my sister cried out, You see what I told you! I told you something was going to happen here.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-28,13,unna,unna,2,you,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-19,14,"If you don't do nothing but farm work, your social security don't be nothing.","If\tyou\tdon't\tdo\tnothing\tbut\tfarm\twork,\tyour\tsocial\tsecurity\tdon't\tbe\tnothing.",if\tyou\tdo.NEG\tdo\tnothing\tbut\tfarm\twork\tyour\tsocial\tsecurity\tdo.NEG\tbe\tnothing,"If you only do farm work, then your social security usually isn't very much.",,,,naturalistic spoken -15-29,15,yu; una/unu,yu;\tuna/unu,2SG\t2PL,you (singular); you (plural),,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -17-21,17,Yù dè tek ègúsí prìpyár sup.,Yù\tdè\ttek\tègúsí\tprìpyár\tsup.,2SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\ttake\tègúsí\tprepare\tsoup,You (both polite and informal) prepare soup with ègúsí (a vegetable).,,,,constructed by linguist -19-29,19,yù; yu; ùna/ùnu,yù;\tyu;\tùna/ùnu,2SG\t2SG.EMPH\t2PL,you; you (emphatic); you (PL),,,,constructed by linguist -23-39,23,yu no save shopping blong ol man wetem blong yu,yu\tno\tsave\tshopping\tblong\tol\tman\twetem\tblong\tyu,2SG\tNEG\tcan\tshopping\tPOSS\tPL\tman\twith\tPOSS\t2SG,You can't do everyone else's shopping and yours.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-40,23,be i gud yufala i talem olsem,be\ti\tgud\tyufala\ti\ttalem\tolsem,but\tAGR\tgood\t2PL\tAGR\ttell\tlike,But it's good you tell (me) this.,,,,constructed by linguist -25-121,25,Wots rong yu gata hedeik?,Wots\trong\tyu\tgata\thedeik?,what's\twrong\t2SG\tgot\theadache,Why do you have a headache?,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-18,27,Mi sa ko tre di it fa di gron fo ju.,Mi\tsa\tko\ttre\tdi\tit\tfa\tdi\tgron\tfo\tju.,1SG\twill\tcome\tpull\tDET\tout\tof\tDET\tground\tfor\t2SG,I will come and pull them out of the ground for you.,,,,elicited from speaker -29-26,29,"jy, julle vs. u","jy,\tjulle\tvs.\tu",2SG.NOM\t2PL\tvs.\t2.POL,"you (SG and PL) vs. you (SG and PL, polite)",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-27,29,{Jy/U/Oom} moet {jou/u/Oom} gedra.,{Jy/U/Oom}\tmoet\t{jou/u/Oom}\tgedra.,{2SG.NOM/2.POL/Uncle}\tmust\t{2SG/2.POL/Uncle}\tbehave,"You should behave yourself, (Sir).",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-28,29,Sy lyk te pragtig in daardie rok!,Sy\tlyk\tte\tpragtig\tin\tdaardie\trok!,she\tlooks\ttoo\tbeautiful\tin\tthat\tdress,"Madam, you look too beautiful in that dress!",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-39,30,"Abo bu ta fika, anho nhu pode bai.","A-bo\tbu=ta=fika,\ta-nho\tnhu=pode\tbai.",TOP-2SG.INDP\t2SG.DEP=IPFV=stay\tTOP-2SG.POL.M.INDP\t2SG.POL.M.DEP=can\tgo,"You (SG) stay, you (SG.M.POLITE) can go.",,,,constructed by linguist -30-40,30,"[...], bu átxa ma N ta xinti koráji di dexa bo ku Bina, nhos dos txaskan, bá bádju funson la Pédra Badexu?","[...]\tbu=átxa\tma=N=ta=xinti\tkoráji\tdi=dexa\tbo\tku=Bina,\tnhos\tdos\ttxaskan,\tbá\tbádju\tfunson\tla=Pédra\tBadexu?",[...]\t2SG=think\tCOMP=1SG=IPFV=feel\tcourage\tof=let\t2SG.INDP\twith=Bina\t2PL.INDP\ttwo\talone\tgo\tdance\tevent\tto=Pédra\tBadexu,"So you think that I have the courage to let you and Bina, you two alone, go to the dance event to Pédra Badexu?",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-42,31,"Jisus ta bensua nha, ta kunpanha nha.","Jisus\tta\tbensua\tnha,\tta\tkunpanha\tnha.",Jesus\tTAM\tbless\tyou\tTAM\taccompany\tyou,May Jesus bless you and be with you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-43,31,"Pa Deus da nha bon trabadju, pa nha rasebedu sabi.","Pa\tDeus\tda\tnha\tbon\ttrabadju,\tpa\tnha\trasebedu\tsabi.",for\tGod\tgive\tyou\tgood\twork\tfor\tyou\treceived\twell,May God give you good work and may you be welcomed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-24,32,"bo, bosê","bo,\tbosê",2SG.INTIM\t2SG.POL,"you (intimate), you (polite)",,,,constructed by linguist -32-25,32,"bzot, bosês","bzot,\tbosês",2PL.INTIM\t2PL.POL,"you (intimate), you (polite)",,,,constructed by linguist -33-32,33,bu kume?,bu\tkume?,2SG\teat.PST,Did you eat?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-33,33,Nhu kume?,Nh-u\tkume?,2SG-M\teat.PST,Did you eat (Sir)?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-84,34,Bu ka kantá.,Bu\tka\tø\tkantá.,2SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\tsing,You did not sing.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-36,35,Bô mêsê pa bô be bô?,Bô\tmêsê\tpa\tbô\tbe\tbô?,2SG\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tgo\tREFL,Do you want to go?,,,,elicited from speaker -35-37,35,Sun mêsê pa sun be sun?,Sun\tmêsê\tpa\tsun\tbe\tsun?,you\twant\tfor\tyou\tgo\tREFL,"Do you (masc., formal) want to go?",,,,elicited from speaker -36-21,36,O ma m bi kai Kompa [...] a Kompa tha pê?,O\tma\tm\tbi\tkai\tKompa\t[...]\ta\tKompa\ttha\tpê?,hour\tREL\t1SG\tcome\thouse\tfriend\t[...]\twhere\tfriend\tbe\tput,"When I came to your house, [...] where were you?",,,,naturalistic spoken -36-22,36,A tha ku ê kikiê bêndê?,A\ttha\tku\tê\tkikiê\tbêndê?,INDF\tbe\twith\t3SG\tfish\tsell,Do you have some fish to sell?,,,,elicited from speaker -37-25,37,Kasô Sun mêê Sun maxi dêkê mosa Sun.,Kasô\tSun\tmêê\tSun\tmaxi\tdêkê\tmosa\tSun.,dog\tSir\tlove\tSir\tmore\tthan\tgirl\tSir,Your dog loves you more than your wife does.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-43,39,Nə saykəl uncle tiŋ vay.,Nə\tsaykəl\t\tt-iŋ\tvay.,LOC\tbicycle\tuncle\tIPFV-PST\tgo.INF,You (uncle) were going by bicycle.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-44,39,"Use uki kɛr, uncle?","Use\tuki\tkɛr,\t?",2\twhat\twant.NPST\tuncle,"What do you want, uncle?",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-27,40,"use, puse","use,\tpuse",2SG.FORMAL\tOBJ.2SG.FORMAL,you (formal),,,,elicited from speaker -40-28,40,"udzo, pudzo","udzo,\tpudzo",2PL\tOBJ.2PL,you (formal),,,,elicited from speaker -41-32,41,liimpu bistiidu buniitu oondi boos tandaa?,liimpu\tbistiidu\tbuniitu\toondi\tboos\tta-andaa?,clean\tclothing\tpretty\twhere\t2SG\tPRS-go,Where do you think you're going all gussied up like that?,,,,written (poetic) -41-33,41,prumeer botussu tɛɛrantu taam istiley mee lotiɲam,prumeer\tbotus-su\ttɛɛra-ntu\ttaam\tisti=ley\tmee\tlotiɲam,formerly\t2.HON-GEN\tcountry-LOC\talso\tthis=like\tFOC\tFUT.be.PRF,"Formerly in your country, too, it would have been like this.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-34,41,etus siɲoor juuntu tapapiyaa lingvaay siɲoorpa lointinda?,[etus\tsiɲoor\tjuuntu\tta-papiyaa]\tlingvaay\tsiɲoor-pa\tlo-intinda?,[3PL.HON\tgentleman\twith\tPRS-speak]\tlanguage\tgentleman-DAT\tFUT-understand,Do you understand the language they speak to you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-30,42,"bos, bolotu","bos,\tbolotu",2SG\t2PL,"you (SG), you (PL)",,,,elicited from speaker -44-30,44,bo,bo,2SG.FAM,you (familiar),,,,constructed by linguist -44-31,44,tédi,tédi,2SG.POL,you (polite),,,,constructed by linguist -45-21,45,bo,bo,2SG.intimate,you (intimate),,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-22,45,tu,tu,2SG.familiar,you (familiar),,,,written -45-23,45,uste(d),uste(d),2SG.polite,you (polite),,,,written -46-40,46,(e)bó(s),(e)bó(s),2SG,you,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-41,46,tu,tu,you,you,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-42,46,ustéd,ustéd,you,you,,,,naturalistic written -46-43,46,kamó,kamó,2PL,you,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-44,46,ustédes,ustédes,2PL,you (polite),,,,naturalistic written -47-36,47,Shon warda kurpa.,Shon\twarda\tkurpa.,Sir/Madam\tkeep\tbody,You should be careful [of the cold weather].,,,,literary source -47-37,47,Shon por yuda mi un ratu?,Shon\tpor\tyuda\tmi\tun\tratu?,Sir/Madam\tbe.able\thelp\t1SG\tINDF\twhile,Could you help me please?,,,,published source -47-38,47,Roberto tin Roberto su buki?,Roberto\ttin\tRoberto\tsu\tbuki?,Roberto\thave\tRoberto\tPOSS\tbook,Do you have your book? (Literally: Does Roberto have Roberto's book?),,,,published source -48-26,48,¡Uté ~ bo ta loko!,¡Uté\t~\tbo\tta\tloko!,you.SG\t~\tyou.SG\tbe\tcrazy,You (sg.) are crazy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-27,48,¡Utere ~ enú ta loko!,¡Utere\t~\tenú\tta\tloko!,you.PL\t~\tyou.PL\tbe\tcrazy,You (pl.) are crazy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-43,49,W ap voye l ban nou.,W\tap\tvoye\tl\tban\tnou.,2SG\tINACC\tsend\t3SG\tgive\t1PL,You will send it to us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-30,50,Ou ni chans.,Ou\tni\tchans.,2SG\thave\tluck,You are lucky.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-30,51,Ou ni chans.,Ou\tni\tchans.,2SG\thave\tluck,You are lucky.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-20,52,mo di to,mo\tdi\tto,I\ttell\tyou,I tell you (SG),,,,naturalistic spoken -52-21,52,mo di ou,mo\tdi\tou,I\ttell\tyou,I tell you (SG),,,,naturalistic spoken -53-62,53,M a dòn vou enn pyas pou li.,M\ta\tdòn\tvou\tenn\tpyas\tpou\tli.,1SG\tFUT\tgive\t2SG.POL\tART.INDF\tdollar\tfor\t3SG,I will give you one dollar for it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-33,54,"Mon garson, i di, ou i em byin mon fiy?","Mon\tgarson,\ti\tdi,\tou\ti\tem\tbyen\tmon\tfiy?",1SG.POSS\tboy\tFIN\tsay\t2SG\tFIN\tlove\twell\t1SG.POSS\tdaughter,"Young man, he says, do you love my daughter?",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-34,54,Ousa ti arèt toué?,Ousa\tti\taret\ttwe?,where\t2SG.FIN\tstay\t2SG,Where do you live?,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-31,55,"to, twa, u, zot","to,\ttwa,\tu,\tzot",2SGINTIM.SBJ\t2SG.INTIM.SBJ\t2SG.POL\t2PL,"you, you, you, you",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-32,55,to/ou pou vini demin?,to/ou\tpou\tvini\tdemin?,2SG\tMOD\tcome\ttomorrow,Will you come tomorrow?,,,,elicited from speaker -57-117,57,ta ule kwa?,ta\tule\tkwa?,2SG\twant\twhat,What do you want?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-66,59,"mo ma awe, mama?","mo\tma\tawe,\tmama?",2SG\thear\talready\tmother,"Did you understand, Mother?",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-67,59,"mama, ala de ti lango ape?!","mama,\tala\tde\tti\tlango\tape?!",mother\t2PL\tcontinue\tof\tsleep\tNEG,"Mother, haven't you fallen asleep yet?!",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-68,59,"i na mama, i ga","i\tna\tmama,\ti\tga",1PL\tand\tmother\t1PL\tcome,Mother and I came.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-23,60,yó; bínó,yó;\tbínó,2SG\t2PL,you (intimate); you (polite),,,,naturalistic spoken -61-61,61,Mina buka wena.,Mina\tbuka\twena.,I\tsee\tyou,I see you. OR: I'm looking at you.,,,,constructed by linguist -63-24,63,íta ázu míle; British gu-ása: íta ázu súnu?,íta\tázu\tmíle;\tBritish\tgu-ása:\títa\tázu\tsúnu?,2SG\twant\tsalt\tBritish\tTAM-ask\t2SG\twant\twhat,"You want salt. The British officers asked him: ""What do you want?""",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-37,65,"Kapitana, waʃa ni kasajs'a!","Kapitána,\tváša\tni\tkasájsia!",captain\t2PL\tNEG\tconcern,"It is none of your business, sir.",,,,elicited from speaker -66-22,66,Lu ebiilang (aða) attu buttul. / Lorang ebiilang (aða) attu buttul.,Lu e-biilang (aða) attu buttul. / Lorang e-biilang (aða) attu buttul.,2SG.INFORMAL ASP-say (AUX) one correct   2SG.FORMAL ASP-say (AUX) one correct,What you have said is correct.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-40,67,awak/engkau; lu/lia,awak/engkau;\tlu/lia,2SG\t2SG,you (polite but distant); you (rude but intimate),,,,naturalistic spoken -67-41,67,"Sekejap lagi balek, awak bole pas ka?","Sekejap\tlagi\tbalek,\tawak\tbole\tpas\tka?",a.while\tmore\treturn\t2SG\tcan\tpass\tQ,"[I] will come back after a while, is that fine with you (lit. can you allow [me])?",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-28,68,"Ose nanti, seng ampas, ose tra ampas lei!","Ose\tnanti,\tseng\tampas,\tose\ttra\tampas\tlei!",2SG\twait\tNEG\twaste\t2SG\tNEG\twaste\talso,"You just wait, nothing, not even a trace of you will remain! OR: I won't spare you at all!",,,,naturalistic spoken -73-27,73,bos,bos,you,you (familiar),,,,naturalistic spoken -73-28,73,ustí,ustí,you,you (polite),,,,naturalistic spoken -73-29,73,bos,bos,you,you (2SG),,,,naturalistic spoken -1-59,1,Hoe zomma kalle mi.,O=soma\tkari\tmi.,Q=person\tcall\t1SG,Who's calling me?,,,,written -1-60,1,(hu)-soma; (hu)san(i); hu-ple(si)/pre/pe; hu-ten; (hu)-fa(si),(hu)=soma;\t(hu)=san(i);\thu=ple(si)/pre/pe;\thu=ten;\t(hu)=fa(si),(Q)=person\t(Q)=thing\tQ=place\tQ=time\t(Q)=manner,who; what; where; when; how (why),,,,constructed by linguist -1-61,1,Oe tem wie wil gaeu na Riba?,O=ten\twi\twil\tgo\tna\tRiba?,Q=time\t1PL\twant\tgo\tLOC\triver,When do we want to go to the river?,,,,written -1-62,1,Oe fasse nam vor joe Mastre?,O=fa\tnen\tfu\tyu\tMasra?,Q=manner\tname\tfor\t2SG\tmaster,How is your master named?,,,,written -1-63,1,Hoe py a de go?,O=pe\ta\tde\tgo?,Q=place\t3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo,Where did he go?,,,,written -1-64,1,Mie no sabie fa a nem.,Mi\tno\tsabi\tfa\ta\tnen.,1SG\tNEG\tknow\thow\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.called,I don't know how he's called.,,,,written -2-47,2,Suma e kon dape de?,Suma\te\tkon\tdape\tde?,who\tASP\tcome\tthere\texist,Who is coming there?,,,,unknown -2-48,2,Ope yu kmopo?,O-pe\tyu\tkmopo?,how-where/place\t2SG\tcome.from,Where did you come from?,,,,unknown -2-49,2,"Pe smoko de, faya de.","Pe\tsmoko\tde,\tfaya\tde.",where/place\tsmoke\tCOP\tfire\tCOP,"Where there is smoke, there's fire.",,,,unknown -2-50,2,Oten wi o drai go baka?,O-ten\twi\to\tdrai\tgo\tbaka?,how-time\t2PL\tFUT\tturn\tgo\tback,When will we return?,,,,unknown -2-51,2,"So Fine, fa yu e tan?","So\tFine,\tfa\tyu\te\ttan?",so\tFina\thow\t2SG\tASP\tstay,"So Fina, how are you?",,,,unknown -3-24,3,ambɛ; naunsɛ; nauntɛ; ufa,ambɛ;\tna-u-sɛ;\tna-u-tɛ;\tu-fa,who\tLOC-Q-side\tLOC-Q-time\tQ-way,who; where; when; how,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-26,4,sama / on sama; pe / on pe; on ten / on yuu; fa / (on fa); san / on san(i),sama / on sama; pe / on pe; on ten / on yuu; fa / (on fa); san / on san(i),who   question.word person where   question.word place question.word time   question.word hour how   (question.word how) what   question.word thing,who; where; when; how; what,,,,elicited from speaker -5-31,5,wi said ~ wich paat,wi\tsaid\t~\twich\tpaat,which\tside\t~\twhich\tpart,where,,,,unspecified -5-32,5,wa taim,wa\ttaim,what\ttime,when,,,,constructed by linguist -5-33,5,wich badi ~ huu badi,wich\tbadi\t~\thuu\tbadi,which\tbody\t~\twho\tbody,who/whom,,,,constructed by linguist -5-34,5,hou yu doz plee krikit in mod?,hou\tyu\tdoz\tplee\tkrikit\tin\tmod?,how\tyou\tHAB\tplay\tcricket\tin\tmud,How does one play cricket in mud?,,,,constructed by linguist -6-20,6,Which part yu livin?,Which\tpart\tyu\tlivin?,which\tpart\t2SG\tlive.PROG,Where do you live?,,,,constructed by linguist -6-21,6,Who yu give it to? — We you give she? — When she reach Tobago? — How you spell yu nem?,Who\tyu\tgive\tit\tto?\t—\tWe\tyou\tgive\tshe?\t—\tWhen\tshe\treach\tTobago?\t—\tHow\tyou\tspell\tyu\tnem?,who\t2SG\tgive\t3SG\tto\t—\twhat\t2SG\tgive\t3SG\t—\twhen\t3SG.F\treach\tTobago\t—\thow\t2SG\tspell\t2SG.POSS\tname,Who did you give it to? — What did you give her? — When did she arrive in Tobago? — How do you spell your name?,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-43,7,hu,hu,who,who,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-44,7,hu badi,hu\tbadi,who\tbody,who,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-45,7,we,we,where,where,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-46,7,We/Wich paa(t) i gaan?,We/Wich\tpaa(t)\ti\tgaan?,which\tpart\t3SG\tgone,Where did he/she/it go?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-47,7,Wen/hou i du uhm?,Wen/hou\ti\tdu\tuhm?,when/how\t3SG\tdo\t2.OBJ,When/how did he/she do it?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-23,8,Wich-paat yu waak gu dong de?,Wich-paat\tyu\twaak\tgu\tdong\tde?,which-part\t2SG\twalk\tgo\tdown\tthere,Where do you walk to get down there?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-24,8,Wa-taim yu kum uom yeside?,Wa-taim\tyu\tkum\tuom\tyeside?,what-time\t2SG\tcome\thome\tyesterday,When did you come home yesterday?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-25,8,Wich-wie yu waahn mi fi dwiit?,Wich-wie\tyu\twaahn\tmi\tfi\tdu-it?,which-way\t2SG\twant\t1SG\tINF\tdo-it,How do you want me to do it?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-26,8,Huu tel yu se yu no gat no sens?,Huu\ttel\tyu\tse\tyu\tno\tgat\tno\tsens?,who\ttell\t2SG\tCOMP\t2SG\tNEG\thave\tNEG\tsense,Who told you that you have no sense?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-39,9,Hu unu me go da trip fu?,Hu\tunu\tme\tgo\tda\ttrip\tfu?,who\t2PL\tANT\tgo\tthat\ttrip\tfor,Who did you work for on that trip?,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-40,9,Wɛn unu kum da town?,Wɛn\tunu\tkum\tda\ttown?,when\t2PL\tcome\tto\ttown,When are you coming to town?,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-41,9,Ho yu fayn dem?,Ho\tyu\tfayn\tdem?,how\tyou\tfind\tthem,How do you find them?,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-42,9,Yu eva si da big blu hol we de dɛ? – Da we dat? – Klos tu di ki.,Yu\teva\tsi\tda\tbig\tblu\thol\twe\tde\tdɛ?\t–\tDa\twe\tdat?\t–\tKlos\ttu\tdi\tki.,you\tever\tsee\tthat\tbig\tblue\thole\tREL\tLOC\tthere\t–\tTOP\twhere\tthat\t–\tclose\tto\tthe\tcaye,Did you ever see that big blue hole that is there? – Where is that? – Close to the caye.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-27,10,We yu de stie?,We\tyu\tde\tstie?,Where\t2SG\tPROG\tstay,Where are you staying?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-28,10,How di likl bwai niem?,How\tdi\tlikl\tbwai\tniem?,how\tART.DEF\tlittle\tboy\tname,What is the little boy's name?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-29,10,huu; we; wen; how,huu;\twe;\twen;\thow,who\twhere\twhen\thow,who; where; when; how,,,,constructed by linguist -10-30,10,Da wen yu kom?,Da\twen\tyu\tkom?,FOC\twhen\t2SG\tcome,When did you come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-31,10,Huu gwain du ih?,Huu\tgwain\tdu\tih?,who\tFUT\tdo\t3SG.N,Who is going to do it?,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-31,11,huu; we/wier; wen; hou,huu;\twe/wier;\twen;\thou,who\twhere\twhen\thow,who; where; when; how,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-32,11,Huu wa so briev fu put di bel roun di pus nek?,Huu\twa\tso\tbriev\tfu\tput\tdi\tbel\troun\tdi\tpus\tnek?,who\tFUT\tso\tbrave\tCOMP\tput\tART.DEF\tbell\taround\tART.DEF\tcat\tneck,Who will be so brave as to put the bell around the cat’s neck?,,,,naturalistic written -11-33,11,Weh di fish?,Weh\tdi\tfish?,where\tART.DEF\tfish,Where are the fish?,,,,naturalistic written -11-34,11,Hou yu gwain hevn an noh hav wing fa flai?,Hou\tyu\tgwain\thevn\tan\tno\thav\twing\tfa\tflai?,how\t2SG\tgo.PROG\theaven\tand\tNEG\thave\twing\tfor\tfly,How are you going to heaven even though you don’t have wings to fly?,,,,naturalistic written -11-35,11,Weh yu hie di neks kriol?,Weh\tyu\thie\tdi\tneks\tkriol?,where\t2SG\thear\tART.DEF\tnext\tcreole,Where have you heard the other/another creole spoken?,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-36,11,Hou normal it iz?,Hou\tnormal\tit\tiz?,how\tnormal\t3SG.N\tCOP.PRS,How common is it?,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-32,12,What side he want me put it?,What\tside\the\twant\tme\tput\tit?,what\tside\t3SG.M.SBJ\twant\t1SG.OBJ\tput\t3SG.N.OBJ,Where does he want me to put it?,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-33,12,"Right where you living - uh - what part you living, on - on that side [...].",[...]\twhat\tpart\tyou\tliv-ing\t[...].,[...]\twhere\twhere\t2PL.SBJ\tstay-PROG\t[...],"[Right where you’re staying,] where you’re staying, on - on that side [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-34,12,"When she take out the food, he know what time sh- he coming home. She take out the food, and he was done there.",[...] he know what time sh- he com-ing home. [...],[...] 3SG.M.SBJ know when when 3SG.F.SBJ come-PROG home [...]  ,[...] she knew when he was going to come home [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-35,12,So what time you-all church is out where you been?,So what time you-all church is out [...],so when 2PL.POSS.DET church COP out [...]  ,So when does the church (service) finish [where you went (the other day)]?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-29,13,Who-dat gii ya dat right?,Who-dat\tgii\tya\tdat\tright?,who-that\tgive\t2SG.OBJ\tthat\tright,Who gave you that right?,,,,bible translation -13-30,13,How I gwine lef my home?,How\tI\tgwine\tlef\tmy\thome?,how\t1SG.SBJ\tgoing\tleave\t1SG.POSS\thome,How am I going to leave my home?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-31,13,Who is dat?,Who\tis\tdat?,who\tis\tDEM.DIST,Who is that?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-32,13,Weh A gwine git cloes fa weah?,Weh\tA\tgwine\tgit\tcloes\tfa\tweah?,where\t1SG\tgoing\tget\tclothes\tfor\twear,Where am I going to get clothes to wear? (Mt 6.31),,,,bible translation -13-33,13,Wen dat gwine happen?,Wen\tdat\tgwine\thappen?,when\tDEM\tgoing\thappen,When is this going to happen? (Mt 24.3),,,,bible translation -14-20,14,Who went to the store?,Who\twent\tto\tthe\tstore?,who\tgo.PST\tto\tthe\tstore,Who went to the store?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-21,14,How you knew I was here?,How\tyou\tknew\tI\twas\there?,how\tyou\tknow\PST\tI\twas\there,How did you know I was here?,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-22,14,Where your part be at?,Where\tyour\tpart\tbe\tat?,where\tyour\tpart\tbe.HAB\tat,"Usually, where is your part? OR: On what side do you generally part your hard?",,,,naturalistic spoken -14-23,14,When did they leave?,When\tdid\tthey\tleave?,when\tdid\tthey\tleave,When did they leave?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-30,15,uda(t),uda(t),who,who,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-31,15,usai,u-sai,which-side,where,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-32,15,ustɛm,us-tɛm,which-time,when,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-33,15,aw,aw,how,how,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-26,16,"wiʧpɛsin/wiʧman, wiʧples, wataim","wiʧpɛsin/wiʧman,\twiʧples,\twataim",who\twhere\twhen,"who, where, when",,,,constructed by linguist -17-22,17,{Wich pe̱sin/Hus-pe̱sin/Hu} ko̱t di nyam?,{Wich\tpe̱sin/Hus-pe̱sin/Hu}\tko̱t\tdi\tnyam?,{which\tperson/Q-person/who}\tcut\tART.DEF\tyam,Who cut the yams?,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-23,17,Yù tek {wich we/haw} ko̱t di nyam?,Yù\ttek\t{wich\twe/haw}\tko̱t\tdi\tnyam?,2SG.SBJ\ttake\t{which\tway/how}\tcut\tART.DEF\tyam,How did you cut the yams?,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-24,17,Yù tek {wich taym/hus-taym} ko̱t di nyam?,Yù\ttek\t{wich\ttaym/hus-taym}\tko̱t\tdi\tnyam?,2SG.SBJ\ttake\t{which\ttime/Q-time}\tcut\tART.DEF\tyam,When did you cut the yams?,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-26,18,Wich taym dem de go?,Witch\ttaim\tdem\tdi\tgo?,which\ttime\t3PL.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo,When are they going?,,,,unspecified -18-27,18,Husay i komot?,Hu\tsai\ti\tkom\tot?,who\tside\t3SG.SBJ\tcome\tout,Where is he/she/it from?,,,,unspecified -18-28,18,Husman?,Hus\tman?,who\tman,Who?,,,,unspecified -18-29,18,Ha yu de?,Ha\tyu\tde?,how\t2SG.SBJ\tCOP,How are you?,,,,unspecified -18-30,18,Hu de tich Pidgin?,Hu\tdi\ttitch\tPidgin?,who\tIPFV\tteach\tPidgin,Who teaches Pidgin? OR: Who is teaching Pidgin?,,,,unspecified -19-30,19,uspɔsin; udat,us=pɔsin;\tudat,Q=person\twho,who,,,,constructed by linguist -19-31,19,ussay,us=say,Q=side,where,,,,constructed by linguist -19-32,19,us=tɛn,us=tɛn,Q=time,when,,,,constructed by linguist -19-33,19,usstayl; haw,us=stayl;\thaw,Q=manner\thow,how,,,,constructed by linguist -20-26,20,Who man do he pidgin?,Who\tman\tdo\the\tpidgin?,who\tman\tdo\t3SG.POSS\tpidgin,Who takes up the case for him?,,,,naturalistic written -20-27,20,What placee you go?,What\tplacee\tyou\tgo?,what\tplace\t2SG\tgo,Where are you going?,,,,naturalistic written -20-28,20,What time you can give me?,What\ttime\tyou\tcan\tgive\tme?,what\ttime\t2SG\tcan\tgive\t1SG,When can you let me have it?,,,,naturalistic written -20-29,20,How fashion takee go home?,How\tfashion\ttakee\tgo\thome?,how\tway\ttake\tgo\thome,How shall I take it home?,,,,naturalistic written -20-75,20,Who give you order?,Who\tgive\tyou\torder?,who\tgive\t2SG\torder,Who gives you permission?,,,,naturalistic written -20-157,20,what have got?,what\thave\tgot?,what\thave\tgot,What do you have?,,,,naturalistic written -20-158,20,What ting wantyee?,What\tting\twantyee?,what\tthing\twant,What do you want?,,,,naturalistic written -20-159,20,When he wantshey?,When\the\twantshey?,when\t3SG\twant,When does he want it?,,,,naturalistic written -20-160,20,"Boy, Mississi say you just now please go office-side talkee Master what time he wantchee chow-chow.","Boy,\tMississi\tsay\tyou\tjust\tnow\tplease\tgo\toffice-side\ttalkee\tMaster\twhat\ttime\the\twantchee\tchow~chow.",Boy\tMiss\tsay\tyou\tjust\tnow\tplease\tgo\toffice-side\ttalk\tMaster\twhat\ttime\the\twant\tfood~food,"Boy, the lady asks you to please go to the office now and ask the gentleman what time he would like to eat",,,,naturalistic written -20-161,20,Where can catchee?,Where\tcan\tcatchee?,where\tcan\tcatch,Where can I get it?,,,,naturalistic written -20-162,20,What side he come from?,What\tside\the\tcome\tfrom?,what\tside\t3SG\tcome\tfrom,Where did he come from?,,,,naturalistic written -20-163,20,That b'long who man?,That\tb'long\twho\tman?,that\tbelong\twho\tman,Who is that?,,,,naturalistic written -20-164,20,Who you talkee so fashion?,Who\tyou\ttalkee\tso\tfashion?,who\t2SG\ttalk\tso\tfashion,Who do you think you are to talk in this manner?,,,,naturalistic written -20-165,20,how fashion you wanchee bindee?,how\tfashion\tyou\twanchee\tbindee?,how\tfashion\t2SG\twant\tbind,How do you want it to be bound?,,,,naturalistic written -20-166,20,How can measure ship with one mast?,How\tcan\tmeasure\tship\twith\tone\tmast?,how\tcan\tmeasure\tship\twith\tone\tmast,How can I measure a ship with only one mast?,,,,naturalistic written -21-24,21,who; where; when; how,who;\twhere;\twhen;\thow,who\twhere\twhen\thow,who; where; when; how,,,,constructed by linguist -22-37,22,Yutupela kam olsem wanem?,Yutupela\tkam\tolsem\twanem?,2DU\tcome\tlike\twhat,How did you come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-38,22,Wonem taim yu kam?,Wonem\ttaim\tyu\tkam?,what\ttime\t2SG\tcome,When did you come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-39,22,Haus bilong yu i stap we?,Haus\tbilong\tyu\ti\tstap\twe?,house\tPOSS\t2SG\tPM\tstay\twhere,Where is your house?,,,,constructed by linguist -23-41,23,hem i luk Vira wetem hu i stap stanap?,hem\ti\tluk\tVira\twetem\thu\ti\tstap\tstanap?,3SG\tAGR\tlook\tVira\twith\twho\tAGR\tPROG\tstand.up,Who did she see Vira standing with?,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-42,23,"e maefren, yu olsem wanem ia?","e\tmaefren,\tyu\tolsem\twanem\tia?",hey\tmy.friend\t2SG\tlike\twhat\tDEF,"Hey, my friend, how are you?",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-43,23,plen bae i kamtru long wanem taem?,plen\tbae\ti\tkamtru\tlong\twanem\ttaem?,plane\tIRR\tAGR\tarrive\tLOC\twhat\ttime,When will the plane arrive?,,,,constructed by linguist -24-44,24,Wataim?,Wataim?,what.time,When?,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-45,24,Webaut?,Webaut?,where,Where?,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-46,24,Watawieh?,Watawieh?,how,How?,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-27,25,Blanga hu jadan waya?,Blanga\thu\tjadan\twaya?,DAT/POSS\twho\tDIST:ADJ\twire/spear,Whose is that fishing spear?,,,,unknown -25-122,25,Yu no wijei im go.,Yu\tno\twij-ei\tim\tgo.,2SG\tknow\twhich-DIR\t3SG\tgo,You know where he goes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-123,25,Burrum weya yundubala bin kaman?,Burrum\tweya\tyundubala\tbin\tkaman?,from\twhere\t2DU\tPST\tcome,From where did you two come?,,,,unknown -25-124,25,Wijey im na?,Wijey\tim\tna?,how\t3SG\tnow,How does it go now? (Context: speaker wondering how to continue her story).,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-22,26,haʊ æl go ji tiŋ hi gɛt ʧans?,haʊ\tæl\tgo\tji\ttiŋ\thi\tgɛt\tʧans?,how\tAl\tGore\t2SG\tthink\t3SG\tPOSS\tchance,"How about Al Gore, you think he has a chance?",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-23,26,wɛ da hɛo dæt ɹak keɪm fɹɔm?,wɛ\tda\thɛo\tdæt\tɹak\tkeɪm\tfɹɔm?,where\tART\thell\tDEM\trock\tcame\tfrom,Where the hell did that rock come from?,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-24,26,hu dæʔ?,hu\tdæʔ?,who\tDEM,Who's that?,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-25,26,wɛn wi stat?,wɛn\twi\tstat?,when\t1PL\tstart,When do we start?,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-19,27,ho(so)/huso,ho(so)/huso,how(so),how,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-20,27,"wā(so); (a)wapi; api, ape; waple","wā(so);\t(a)w-api;\tapi,\tape;\twa-ple",where(so)\twhere-where\twhere\twhere\twhat-place,where,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-21,27,(a)widi; awi,(a)wi-di;\tawi,who-DET\twho,who,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-22,27,waneer; watit,waneer;\twa-tit,when\twhat-time,when,,,,unspecified -28-40,28,wi; wanga; wanɛrɛ; hoso,wi;\twanga;\twanɛrɛ;\thoso,who\twhere\twhen\thow,who; where; when; how,,,,both elicited and naturalistic spoken -29-29,29,wie; waar; wanneer; hoe,wie;\twaar;\twanneer;\thoe,who\twhere\twhen\thow,who; where; when; how,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-41,30,Kenha ê kulpádu?,Kenha\tê\tkulpádu?,who\tbe\tguilty,Who is guilty/the guilty party?,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-42,30,N ka sabe ki ténpu ki nos odju ta fase kuátu.,N=ka=sabe\tki\tténpu\tki=nos=odju\tta=fase\tkuátu.,1SG=NEG=know\twhat\ttime\tCOMP=our=eye\tIPFV=make\tfour,I don't know when we'll meet.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-43,30,Undi N ta po nha bitxu?,Undi\tN=ta=po\tnha=bitxu?,where\t1SG=IPFV=put\tmy=animal,Where shall I put my animal?,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-44,30,Modi ki txoma kes sinku kontinenti ki nu ten?,Modi\tki=txoma\tkes=sinku\tkontinenti\tki=nu=ten?,how\tCOMP=call\tDEM.PL=five\tcontinent\tCOMP=1PL=have,How are the five continents called that we have?,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-44,31,Kuze nu sabe?,Kuze\tnu\tsabe?,what\twe\tknow,What do we know?,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-45,31,Modi ki'N pode djuda-bu?,Modi\tki'N\tpode\tdjuda-bu?,how\tthat.I\tcan\thelp-you,How can I help you?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -31-46,31,Kuandu ki bu kre bai Merka?,Kuandu\tki\tbu\tkre\tbai\tMerka?,when\tthat\tyou\twant\tgo\tAmerica,When do you want to go to America?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -31-47,31,"Kenhi ki ten se kaza na dja Braba, el e riku.","Kenhi\tki\tten\tse\tkaza\tna\tdja\tBraba,\tel\te\triku.",who\tthat\thas\this\thouse\tin\tdja\tBraba\the\tis\trich,Whoever has a house in Brava is rich.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-48,31,"Midju, bu sabe kuze k’e midju?","Midju,\tbu\tsabe\tkuze\tk’e\tmidju?",corn\tyou\tknow\twhat\tthat.is\tcorn,"Corn, do you know what corn is?",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-49,31,Ki tenpu bu ta bai Merka?,Ki\ttenpu\tbu\tta\tbai\tMerka?,ki\twhen\tyou\tMOOD\tgo\tAmerica,When will you be going to America?,,,,constructed by linguist -31-50,31,Ki tenpu mininu ta nase?,Ki\ttenpu\tmininu\tta\tnase?,when\twhen/time\tchild\tMOOD\tbe.born,When is the child due?,,,,constructed by linguist -32-26,32,Kenhê k ben? ~ Ken ben?,Kenhê k ben? ~ Ken ben?,who COMP come   who come,Who came?,,,,constructed by linguist -32-27,32,Ondê (k) bosê tá morá?,Ondê\t(k)\tbosê\ttá\tmorá?,where\t(COMP)\t2SG.POL\tPST\tlive,Where did you live?,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-28,32,Kondê (k) bo ben?,Kondê\t(k)\tbo\tben?,when\t(COMP)\t2SG\tcome,When did you come?,,,,elicited from speaker -32-29,32,K manera (k) bosê tá mamentá kes mnin?,K\tmanera\t(k)\tbosê\ttá\tmamentá\tkes\tmnin?,what\tway\t(COMP)\t2SG\tPST.IPFV\tbreastfeed\tDET\tchild,How did you breastfeed your children?,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-34,33,Kal ora ki bu tciga?,Kal\tora\tki\tbu\ttciga?,which\thour\tthat\t2SG\tarrive,When do you arrive?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-35,33,Nunde ki bu sta?,Nunde\tki\tbu\tsta?,where\tHL\t2SG\tbe,Where are you?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-36,33,Kin ki tciga?,Kin\tki\ttciga?,who\tthat\tarrive,Who arrived?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-37,33,Kuma ki bu sta?,Kuma\tki\tbu\tsta?,how\tthat\t2SG\tbe,How are you?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-38,33,Kuma ki bu nomi?,Kuma\tki\tbu\tnomi?,how\tHL\t2SG\tname,What is your name (lit. How is your name)?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-39,33,Na kal ladu ki bu sta?,Na\tkal\tladu\tki\tbu\tsta?,in\twhich\tside\tHL\t2SG\tbe,Where are you?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-27,34,Keŋ ki fasí-l?,Keŋ\tki\tø\tfasí-l?,who\tREL.SBJ\tPFV\tdo-3SG.OBJ,Who dit it?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-28,34,Nundé ku Pidru ta tarbajá?,Nundé\tku\tPidru\tta\ttarbajá?,where\tREL.OBJ\tPeter\tHAB\twork,Where does Peter work?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-29,34,Kal wora/diya/tempu ku bu na beŋ?,Kal\twora/diya/tempu\tku\tbu\tna\tbeŋ?,which\thour/day/moment\tREL.OBJ\t2SG.SBJ\tFUT\tcome,When (at what time / which day / which moment) will you come ?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-30,34,Kumá ku bu pasá festa?,Kumá\tku\tbu\tø\tpasá\tfesta?,how\tREL.OBJ\t2SG.SBJ\tPFV\tspend\tparty,How about your party? OR: How did you spend your party?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-38,35,kê ngê; kên,kê\tngê;\tkên,what\tperson\twho,who,,,,constructed by linguist -35-39,35,andji; an; kê xitu; kamya; kê kamya,andji;\tan;\tkê\txitu;\tkamya;\tkê\tkamya,where\twhere\twhat\tplace\tplace\twhat\tplace,where,,,,constructed by linguist -35-40,35,kê ola; kê dja,kê\tola;\tkê\tdja,what\thour\twhat\tday,when,,,,constructed by linguist -35-41,35,kuma; kê modu,kuma;\tkê\tmodu,how\twhat\tway,how,,,,constructed by linguist -36-23,36,Ngêi ki bi?,Ngêi\tki\tbi?,who\tREL\tcome,Who came?,,,,constructed by linguist -36-24,36,Dia kutxi ma bô ka ba kwanda?,Dia\tkutxi\tma\tbô\tka\tba\tkwanda?,day\twhich\tREL\t2SG\tFUT\tgo\ttop,When will you go up?,,,,elicited from speaker -36-25,36,M'ma ma n ga kuna minhu?,M'ma\tma\tn\tga\tkuna\tminhu?,how\tREL\t1SG\tFUT\tsow\tmaize,How am I going to sow corn?,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-26,37,Mo ki txi fêzê kwisê a?,Mo\tki\ttxi\tfêzê\tkwisê\ta?,manner\tREL\t2SG\tdo\tthing.this\tQ,How did you do this?,,,,elicited from speaker -37-27,37,Ningê ki fêzê kwisê a?,Ningê\tki\tfêzê\tkwisê\ta?,person\tREL\tdo\tthing.this\tQ,Who did this?,,,,constructed by linguist -37-28,37,Kumi ki txi we?,Kumi\tki\ttxi\twe?,place\tREL\t2SG\tgo,Where did you go?,,,,constructed by linguist -37-29,37,Ki ora txi fêzê kusê a?,Ki\tora\ttxi\tfêzê\tkusê\ta?,what\thour\t2SG\tdo\tthis.thing\tQ,When did you do that?,,,,elicited from speaker -38-30,38,kenge,ke\tnge,what\tperson,who,,,,elicited from speaker -38-31,38,xamá,xamá,place,where,,,,elicited from speaker -38-32,38,ke ola,ke\tola,what\ttime,when,,,,elicited from speaker -38-33,38,xáma,xáma,place,how,,,,elicited from speaker -39-45,39,Es tud ɔn foy raprig?,Es\ttud\tɔn\tfoy\traprig?,this\tall\twhere\tgo.PST\tgirl,Where did the girls go?,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-46,39,"ɔy, pə Bablu kẽ vay chama?","ɔy,\tpə\tBablu\tkẽ\tvay\tcham-a?",INTERJ\tACC\tBablu\twho\tgo.NPST\tcall-INF,"Hey, who will go call Bablu?",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-47,39,Kwɔn kõpro?,Kwɔn\tkõpr-o?,when\tbuy-PST,When (did you) buy (it)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-29,40,"Use, kɛ̃ tɛ?","Use,\tkɛ̃\ttɛ?",2SG.FORMAL\twho\tPRS,Who are you?,,,,constructed by linguist -40-30,40,Karekrəm tsalu kɔr lə hika?,Karekrəm\ttsalu\tkɔr\tlə\thika?,program\tbeginning\twhen\tFUT\tbe/become,When will the program begin?,,,,constructed by linguist -40-31,40,Duming un tɛ?,Duming\tun\ttɛ?,Duming\twhere\tCOP.PRS,Where is Duming?,,,,constructed by linguist -40-32,40,Use kilɛ tɛ?,Use\tkilɛ\ttɛ?,2SG.FORMAL\thow\tCOP.PRS,How are you?,,,,elicited from speaker -41-35,41,kilaay paasu?,kilaay\tpaasu?,how\tstruggle,How’s the struggle? OR: How’s it going?,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-37,41,kiyɔɔra noos pooy andaa?,kii-ɔɔra\tnoos\tpooy\tandaa?,what-time\t1PL\tHABIL\tgo,When can we go?,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-31,42,ki banda,ki\tbanda,what\tside,where,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-32,42,ki ora,ki\tora,what\thour,when,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-33,42,ki sorti,ki\tsorti,what\tkind,how,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-24,43,Undi dja anda?,Undi\tdja\tanda?,where\tPFV\tgo,Where did he go?,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-25,43,Ki ora ile lo bira torna?,Ki\tora\tile\tlo\tbira\ttorna?,what\thour\t3SG\tFUT\tcome.back\tREP,When will he come back again?,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-26,43,Kilay Sinyoro teng?,Kilay\tSinyoro\tteng?,what.sort\tMr\tCOP,How are you?,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-32,44,Kyén ya labá el pláto?,Kyén\tya\tlabá\tel\tpláto?,who\tPFV\twash\tthe\tplate,Who washed the dishes?,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-33,44,(D)óndi bo ta kedá?,(D)óndi\tbo\tta\tkedá?,where\t2SG\tIPFV\tstay,Where are you staying? OR: Where are you living?,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-34,44,Kwándu lótro ya pará?,Kwándu\tlótro\tya\tpará?,when\t3PL\tPFV\tstop,When did they stop?,,,,elicited from speaker -44-35,44,pakiláya,pakiláya,how,how,,,,constructed by linguist -44-36,44,kósa óras,kósa\tóras,what\ttime,at which time,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-24,45,Donde esta yo?,Donde\testa\tyo?,Where\tbe\t1SG,Where am I?,,,,written -45-25,45,Cuando ustedes ya revolve?,Cuando\tustedes\tya\trevolve?,when\t2PL\tPFV\treturn,When did you come back?,,,,elicited from speaker -45-26,45,Quilaya ba tu ta habla esi na Chabacano?,Quilaya\tba\ttu\tta\thabla\tesi\tna\tChabacano?,how\tQ\t2SG\tIPFV\tspeak\tthat\tin\tChabacano,How do you say that in Chabacano?,,,,written -45-27,45,Quien que ya llama na telefono?,Quien\tque\tya\tllama\tna\ttelefono?,who\tREL\tPFV\tcall\tLOC\ttelephone,Who called over the phone?,,,,written -46-45,46,(pa)kemódo/(pa)kiláya/(pa)kechúra/(pa)kemanéra?,(pa)kemódo/(pa)kiláya/(pa)kechúra/(pa)kemanéra?,how,how?,,,,unspecified -46-46,46,Kyén ya-bené?,Kyén\tya-bené?,who\tPRF-come,Who came?,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-47,46,Kwándo ya-konosé tu el marído del ditúyu anák?,Kwándo\tya-konosé\ttu\tel\tmarído\tdel\tditúyu\tanák?,when\tPRF-know\t2SG\tART\thusband\tof\tyour\tchild,When did you get to know the husband of your child?,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-48,46,(D)ónde?,(D)ónde?,where,Where?,,,,unspecified -47-39,47,ken; (na) unda; ki ora/ ki dia/ ki tempu; kon; kiko; di kon; pa kiko,ken;\t(na)\tunda;\tki\tora/\tki\tdia/\tki\ttempu;\tkon;\tkiko;\tdi\tkon;\tpa\tkiko,who\t(LOC)\twhere\twhat\thour\twhat\tday\twhat\ttime\thow\twhat\tof\thow\tfor\twhat,who; where; when; how; what; why; why,,,,published source -48-2,48,¿Aonde ele polé komblá sebbesa?,¿Aonde\tele\tpolé\tkomblá\tsebbesa?,where\the/she\tcan\tbuy\tbeer,Where can s/he buy (a) beer?,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-28,48,¿Kiene fue?,¿Kiene\tfue?,who\tis,Who is it?,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-29,48,¿Kuando utere a yegá?,¿Kuando\tutere\ta\tyegá?,when\tyou.PL\tPST\tarrive,When did you arrive?,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-30,48,¿Kumu bo asé nyamá?,¿Kumu\tbo\tasé\tnyamá?,how\tyou.SG\tHAB\tcall,How are you called? OR: What is your name?,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-44,49,"Ou te wè ki moun, ki lè, ki kote, pou ki sa?","Ou\tte\twè\tki\tmoun,\tki\tlè,\tki\tkote,\tpou\tki\tsa?",2SG\tANT\tsee\twhich\tperson\twhich\ttime\twhich\tplace\tfor\twhat\twhat,"You saw whom, when, where and why?",,,,constructed by linguist -49-45,49,Jak mache ki jan?,Jak\tmache\tki\tjan?,Jacques\twalk\twhich\tmanner,How does Jacques walk?,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-46,49,Jak mache kouman?,Jak\tmache\tkouman?,Jacques\twalk\thow,How does Jacques walk?,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-47,49,Ki bò w ale?,Ki\tbò\tw\tale?,which\tplace\t2SG\tgo,Where did you go?,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-48,49,Ki sa ou genyen? Sa l genyen?,Ki\tsa\tou\tgenyen?\tSa\tl\tgenyen?,what\twhat\t2SG\thave\tthat\t3SG\thave,What do you have? What does he have?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-31,50,Ki koté ou yé?,Ki\tkoté\tou\tyé?,which\tplace\t2SG\tbe,Where are you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-32,50,Ki jan a'w?,Ki\tjan\ta'w?,which\tway\tPREP.1SG,How are you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-33,50,Ki tan i ké vini?,Ki\ttan\ti\tké\tvini?,what\ttime/period\t3SG\tFUT\tcome,When will he come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-34,50,Ki moun ki la?,Ki\tmoun\tki\tla?,which\tperson\tthat\tthere,Who's there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-31,51,Ki koté ou yé?,Ki\tkoté\tou\tyé?,which\tplace\t2SG\tbe,Where are you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-32,51,Ki manniè ou fè sa?,Ki\tmanniè\tou\tfè\tsa?,which\tway\t2SG\tdo\tit,How did you do it?,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-33,51,Ki tan i ké vini?,Ki\ttan\ti\tké\tvini?,what\ttime\t3SG\tFUT\tcome,When will he come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-34,51,Ki moun ki la?,Ki\tmoun\tki\tla?,which\tperson\twho\tthere,Who's there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-22,52,"kimoun, kilès, kiyakèl","ki-moun,\tki-lès,\tki-yakèl",which-people\twhich-X\twhich-X,who,,,,elicited from speaker -52-23,52,"kikoté, k-koté, koté","ki-koté,\tk-koté,\tkoté",which-side\twhich-side\tside,where,,,,elicited from speaker -52-24,52,"kitan, kilèr","ki-tan,\tki-lèr",which-time\twhich-hour,when,,,,elicited from speaker -52-25,52,"kimanyè, kouman","ki-manyè,\tkouman",which-manner\thow,how,,,,elicited from speaker -53-63,53,Eu Torti te?,Eu\tTorti\tte?,where\tTorti\tPST,Where was Torti?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-64,53,Sa-ki vini yer?,Saki\tvini\tyer?,who\tcome.PST\tyesterday,Who came yesterday?,,,,elicited from speaker -53-65,53,Komon sa arive?,Komon\tsa\tarive?,how\tthis\thappen,How did this happen?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-66,53,Ekan Lapen vini?,Ekan\tLapen\tvini?,when\trabbit\tcome,When did Rabbit come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-67,53,Ki-mounn zò pey pou tchòmbo legliz-la?,Ki-mounn\tzò\tpey\tpou\ttchòmbo\tlegliz-la?,which-person\t2PL\tpay\tfor\tmaintain\tchurch-ART.DEF.SG,Who do you pay to maintain the church?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-68,53,Ki-mounn gen peye vou?,Ki-mounn\tgen\tpeye\tvou?,which-person\tFUT\tpay\t2SG,Who will pay you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-69,53,Kote ki-mounn to ye isi?,Kote\tki-mounn\tto\tye\tisi?,at\twhich-person\t2SG\tCOP\there,Whom do you live with here? OR: At whose house are you staying here?,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-35,54,Ki sa i di aou mi gagn pa?,Kisa\ti\tdi\taou\tmi\tgany\tpa?,who\tFIN\tsay\tOBL.2SG\t1SG.FIN\tget\tNEG,Who told you I will not get it?,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-36,54,Ousa vi abit?,Ousa\tvi\tabit?,where\t2SG.FIN\tlive,Where do you live?,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-37,54,Kan ma veni sers mon zanfan?,Kan\tma\tveni\tsers\tmon\tzanfan?,when\t1SG.FUT\tcome\tfetch\tPOSS.1SG\tchild,When shall I come to fetch my child?,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-38,54,Koman ou trouv mous-a-mièl?,Koman\tou\ttrouv\tmous-a-myel?,how\t2SG\tfind\tbee,How do you find [the] bees?,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-33,55,"ki, ki senla, ki dimun","ki,\tki\tsenla,\tki\tdimun",who\twhich\twho\twhich\tperson,"who, who, who",,,,constructed by linguist -55-34,55,"ki kote, kot, akot, (kote)","ki\tkote,\tkot,\takot,\t(kote)",which\tside\twhere\twhere\t(where),where,,,,constructed by linguist -55-35,55,kaṅ zot ti revin Moris? (Zedi) — ki ler u ti sort lakaz? (Never par la),kaṅ zot ti revin Moris? (Zedi) — ki ler u ti sort lakaz? (Never par la),when they PST come.back Mauritius (Thursday)   what hour 2SG PST leave house (9.o'clock by there),When did they come back to Mauritius? (Thursday) — What time did you leave home? (About nine o'clock),,,,constructed by linguist -55-36,55,ki manyer so mama? kuma to ti kone kot mo reste?,ki\tmanyer\tso\tmama?\tkuma\tto\tti\tkone\tkot\tmo\treste?,what\tmanner\t3.POSS\tmother\thow\t2SG.FAM\tPST\tknow\twhere\t1SG\tlive,How is his mother? How did you know where I live?,,,,constructed by linguist -56-45,56,Ki mannyer zot ti organiz zot pour danse?,Ki\tmannyer\tzot\tti\torganiz\tzot\tpour\tdanse?,which\tmanner\t2PL\tPST\torganize\t2PL\tfor\tdance,How did you organize yourselves in order to dance?,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-46,56,Lekel ki ti vini?,Lekel\tki\tti\tvini?,who\tREL\tPST\tcome,Who came?,,,,constructed by linguist -56-47,56,Be aktyelman kote ou ti ne ou la?,Be\taktyelman\tkote\tou\tti\tne\tou\tla?,but\tactually\twhere\t2SG\tPST\tborn\t2SG\there,"But actually, where were you born?",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-48,56,Be kan ti konstri sa?,Be\tkan\tti\tkonstri\tsa?,but\twhen\tPST\tbuild\tthis,But when did one/they build this?,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-49,56,Ki sennla ki ti vini?,Ki\tsennla\tki\tti\tvini?,which\tperson\tREL\tPST\tcome,Who came?,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-24,57,tale u?,ta\tale\tu?,2SG\tgo\twhere,Where are you going?,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-25,57,"ki, u, ka, koma","ki,\tu,\tka,\tkoma",who\twhere\twhen\thow,"who, where, when, how",,,,naturalistic spoken -57-26,57,per-la le vja ka?,per-la\tle\tvja\tka?,Father-DEM/DEF\tSI\tcome\twhen,When does the Father come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-27,57,"koma, no pu unde?","koma,\tno\tpu\tunde?",how\tname\tPREP\t2DU,What is your name?,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-21,58,Nani me kwisa?,Nani\tme\tkwisa?,who\tPRF\tcome,Who has come?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-22,58,Nge me kwenda wapi?,Nge\tme\tkwenda\twapi?,you\tPRF\tgo\twhere,Where have you gone?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-69,59,zo wa laa (a)tene mo ga zo wa?,zo\twa\tlaa\t(a)tene\tmo\tga\tzo\twa?,person\twhat\tFOC\t(PM-)say\t2SG\tcome\tperson\twhat,Who told you to come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-70,59,fade mbi zaa mo na ndo wa?,fade\tmbi\tzia\tmo\tna\tndo\twa,immediately\t1SG\tput\t2SG\tPREP\tplace\twhat,Where am I going to put you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-71,59,mo lingbi ti ken' lo ngbangati bongo la wa?,mo\tlingbi\tti\tken'\tlo\tngbangati\tbongo\tla\twa?,2SG\tcan\tof\treject\t3SG\tbecause.of\tcloth\tsun\twhat,When can you reject him (husband) over clothes? OR: How could you possibly reject him over clothes?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-72,59,mbi ke saar tone nyen'?!,mbi\tke\tsara\ttongana\tnyen'?!,1SG\tCOP\tdo\tlike\twhat,What am I going to do?!,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-73,59,nye laa mbi ke sara na mama ti mbi so nye?,nye\tlaa\tmbi\tke\tsara\tna\tmama\tti\tmbi\tso\tnye?,what\tFOC\t1SG\tCOP\tdo\tPREP\tmother\tof\t1SG\tDEM\twhat,What am I going to do with my mother?,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-24,60,náni,náni,who,who,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-25,60,wápi,wápi,where,where,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-26,60,tángo níni,tángo\tníni,moment\twhich,when,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-27,60,ndéngé níni,ndéngé\tníni,manner\twhich,how,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-18,61,(y)ini skati,(y)ini\tskati,what\ttime,when,,,,constructed by linguist -62-14,62,niji,niji,who,who?,,,,elicited from speaker -62-15,62,=lé,=lé,where,where,,,,elicited from speaker -62-16,62,ámi?,ámi?,when,When?,,,,elicited from speaker -62-17,62,véeku-kúru-mo?,véeku-kúru-mo?,2:PST:IPFV-cultivate-how,How were they cultivating?,,,,elicited from speaker -63-25,63,de múnu?,de\tmúnu?,DEM\twho,Who is he?,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-26,63,íta já kefín?,íta\tjá\tkefín?,2SG\tcome\thow,How did you come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-27,63,íta gén wén?,íta\tgén\twén?,2SG\tstay\twhere,Where do you live?,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-28,63,íta já mitén?,íta\tjá\tmitén?,2SG\tcome\twhen,When did you come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-35,64,íta ma biligó ʃókol íta biligó kef?,íta\tma\tbi=ligó\tʃókol\títa\tbi=ligó\tkef?,2SG\tNEG\tIRR=find\twork\t2SG\tIRR=find\thow,"You won’t find work, how will/would you find it?",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-36,64,íta ja mitén?,íta\tja\tmitén?,2SG\tcome\twhen,When did you arrive?,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-38,65,Kakoj liudi dəliko sopka xodi?,Kakoj\tliudi\tdəliko\tsopka\txodi?,which\tperson\tfar\tmountain\tgo,Who is walking far in the mountains?,,,,citation in fiction -65-39,65,Kako xyʧi?,Kako\txyʧi?,how\twant,How would you like it to be done?,,,,constructed by linguist -66-23,66,çərapa,çər-apa,way-what,how,,,,own knowledge -67-42,67,Lu pinya anak siapa tengok? Busat?,Lu\tpinya\tanak\tsiapa\ttengok?\tBusat?,2SG\tPOSS\tchild\twho\ttake.care\tbig,Who takes care of your [younger] son? The bigger one?,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-43,67,bila,bila,where,where,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-44,67,Lu mana tinggal?,Lu\tmana\ttinggal?,2SG\twhere\tlive,Where do you live?,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-45,67,mana/apa-macam; siapa; bila,mana/apa-macam;\tsiapa;\tbila,how/what-like\twho\twhere,how; who; where,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-46,67,Gaji mana ada cukop?,Gaji\tmana\tada\tcukop?,salary\thow\tbe\tenough,How can the salary be enough?,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-47,67,Siapa pecah ini cermin?,Siapa\tpecah\tini\tcermin?,who\tbreak\tDEM\tglass,Who broke this glass?,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-29,68,apa tempo,apa\ttempo,what\ttime,when,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-30,68,sapa,sapa,who,who,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-31,68,mana,mana,where,where,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-32,68,bagaimana,bagaimana,how,how,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-25,70,kaise,kaise,how,how,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-26,70,kon taim,kon\ttaim,which\ttime,when,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-27,70,ka karo,ka\tkaro,what\tdo,why,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-34,71,"Mahope iaia pimai, pehea ka manawa, hola ahia?","Mahope\tiaia\tpimai,\tpehea\tka\tmanawa,\thola\tahia?",later\t3SG\tcome\twhat\tDEF\ttime\thour\twhich,"When does he usually come home, at what hour?",,,,naturalistic written -71-35,71,Lapule hola ahia pau hana?,Lapule\thola\tahia\tpau\thana?,Sunday\thour\twhich\tfinish\twork,"On Sunday, at what hour was the work finished?",,,,naturalistic written -71-36,71,"Pehea iaia keia manawa, pehea kela ma‘i iaia?","Pehea\tiaia\tkeia\tmanawa,\tpehea\tkela\tma‘i\tiaia?",how\t3SG\tthis\ttime\thow\tDEF\tdisease\t3SG.POSS,"How is he doing now, how much has his disease progressed?",,,,naturalistic written -71-37,71,Owai makana oe kela dala?,Owai\tmakana\toe\tkela\tdala?,who\tgive\tyou\tDEF\tmoney,Who gave you the money?,,,,naturalistic written -71-38,71,Hora ahia oe pii mai?,Hora\tahia\toe\tpiimai?,hour\twhich\t2SG\tcome,What hour did you come? OR: When did you come?,,,,naturalistic written -72-31,72,Weyangka irra baitim nyuntu?,Weya-ngka\ti-rra\tbait-im\tnyuntu?,where-LOC\t3SG-POT\tbite-TR\t2SG,Where's it going to bite you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-32,72,Wattaim nyanuny Dedi kom-in?,Wattaim\tnyanuny\tDedi\tkom-in?,when\t3SG.DAT\tfather\tcome-CONT,When is his father coming?,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-33,72,Hau i bin lungkarra na?,Hau\ti\tbin\tlungkarra\tna?,how\t3SG\tPST\tcry\tSEQ,How did he cry then?,,,a97c06f4ec05622bf87f62f5059c6296,naturalistic spoken -73-30,73,kin,kin,who,who,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-31,73,undimu,undi-mu,where-ALL,where to,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-32,73,komo,komo,how,how,,,,elicited from speaker -73-33,73,ki uras,ki\turas,what\thour(s),when,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-31,74,qa man?,qa\tman?,where\tman,Where is the man?,,,,constructed by linguist -74-32,74,ikta ukuk?,ikta\tukuk?,what\tthis,What is this?,,,,constructed by linguist -75-64,75,Aweena kaaitohtaahit?,Aweena\tkaa-itohtaa-h-it?,who\tCOMP-go-CAUS-3.SBJ.1.OBJ,Who is going to take me (there)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-65,75,Taandee chiwiikit.,Taandee\tchi-wiiki-t.,where\tCOMP.FUT-live-3,Where was she to live?,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-66,75,Taanishi kaaishushihaat awa?,Taanishi\tkaa-ish-ushi-h-aat\tawa?,how\tCOMP-manner-make-CAUS-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tthis.one,How can she make all that?,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-67,75,Taanshpi kaaishpayik?,Taanshpi\tkaa-ish-payi-k?,when\tCOMP-manner-MOVE-3,When did that happen?,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-68,75,Kubaen d pyii eeishkwaak la plaansh?,Kubaen\td\tpyii\tee-ishkwaa-k\tla\tplaansh?,how.many\tof\tfoot\tCOMP-end-3\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tboard,How many feet long is the board?,,,,naturalistic written -1-65,1,Dan mie nanga den Booy foe mie [...].,Dan\tmi\tnanga\tden\tboi\tfu\tmi\t[...].,then\t1SG\twith\tDET.PL\tboy\tof\t1SG\t[...],Then me and my boys [...].,,,,written -2-52,2,Mi nanga Arnie e tan ini a srefi birti.,Mi\tnanga\tArnie\te\ttan\tini\ta\tsrefi\tbirti.,1SG\twith\tArnie\tASP\tstay\tin\tART\tsame\tneighborhood,Arnie and I live in the same neighborhood.,,,,unknown -3-25,3,Hén ku Jan náki dí dágu.,Hén\tku\tJan\tnáki\tdí\tdágu.,3SG\tand\tJohn\thit\tDEF.SG\tdog,He and John hit the dog.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-27,4,A ya mi anga Selifi de.,A\tya\tmi\tanga\tSelifi\tde.,FOC\there\tI\twith/and\tSelifi\texist,It's here that I and Silvy are.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-35,5,"aat, iz wi bai livin de, rait? mi brodo an mii, rait?","aat,\tiz\twi\tbai\tlivin\tde,\trait?\tmi\tbrodo\tan\tmii,\trait?",alright\tis\tour\tboys\tliving\tthere\tright\tmy\tbrother\tand\tme\tright,"Alright, it is our boys who are living there, okay? My brother and me, okay?",,,,naturalistic spoken -6-22,6,mi an Meri,mi\tan\tMeri,1SG\tCONJ\tMary,I and Mary,,,,constructed by linguist -7-48,7,mi an meiri,mi\tan\tmeiri,1SG\tand\tMary,Mary and I,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-27,8,Mi an Mieri arienj-op di hous fi di paati.,Mi\tan\tMieri\tarienj-op\tdi\thous\tfi\tdi\tpaati.,1SG\tCONJ\tMary\tarrange-up\tDET\thouse\tfor\tDET\tparty,Mary and I arranged the house for the party.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-28,8,Wi an Mieri kech liet.,Wi\tan\tMieri\tkech\tliet.,1PL\tCONJ\tMary\tcatch\tlate,We and Mary arrived late.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-43,9,"Wi me de luk fu rowp wan taym, mi n̩ Riko.","Wi\tme\tde\tluk\tfu\trowp\twan\ttaym,\tmi\tn̩\tRiko.",1PL\tANT\tPROG\tlook\tfor\trope\tone\ttime\tme\tand\tRico,"We were looking for some rope once, me and Rico.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-32,10,Mi an da man iz nat fren.,Mi\tan\tda\tman\tiz\tnat\tfren.,1SG\tand\tDEM\tman\tCOP.PRS\tNEG\tfriend,I and that man are not friends.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-33,10,Mi an Mary gaan huom.,Mi\tan\tMary\tgaan\thuom.,1SG\tand\tMary\tgo.ANT\thome,I and Mary went home.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-37,11,Mary an Ai gaan huom.,Mary\tan\tAi\tgaan\thuom.,Mary\tand\t1SG\tgo.PST\thome,Mary and I went home.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-38,11,I hosban an i neva hav notin tu kuk.,I\thosban\tan\ti\tneva\thav\tnotin\ttu\tkuk.,3SG.POSS\thusband\tand\t3SG\tNEG.PST\thave\tnothing\tto\tcook,She and her husband had nothing to eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-39,11,Mi an Mary gaan huom.,Mi\tan\tMary\tgaan\thuom.,1SG\tand\tMary\tgo.PST\thome,Mary and I went home.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-40,11,Mary gaan huom wid mi.,Mary\tgaan\thuom\twid\tmi.,Mary\tgo.PST\thome\tCOM\t1SG,Mary and I went home.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-36,12,"Al wasn't home, just me and David, so David say, Mum, if I could take out my soup, so I said yes.",[...]\tjust\tme\tand\tDavid\t[...],[...]\tjust\t1SG.SBJ\tand\tDavid\t[...],[...] just me and David [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -13-34,13,Me and she be walking the road.,Me\tand\tshe\tbe\twalking\tthe\troad.,1SG\tand\t3SG\tHAB\twalking\tthe\troad,She and I walk the road [habitually].,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-24,14,Me and Bruce went to the store.,Me\tand\tBruce\twent\tto\tthe\tstore.,me\tand\tBruce\twent\tto\tthe\tstore,Bruce and I went to the store.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-34,15,mi ɛn meri go na os,mi\tɛn\tmeri\tgo\tna\tos,1SG\tand\tMary\tgo\tLOC\thouse,Mary and I went home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-27,16,nana ɛn mi go taun,nana\tɛn\tmi\tgo\ttaun,Nana\tand\t1SG\tgo\ttown,Nana and I went to town.,,,,constructed by linguist -16-28,16,mi plus mɛri go taun,mi\tplus\tmɛri\tgo\ttaun,1SG\tand\tMary\tgo\ttown,Mary and I went to town. OR: I went to town with Mary.,,,,elicited from speaker -17-25,17,Mí ànd/wìt Àdé gò dans.,Mí\tànd/wìt\tÀdé\tgò\tdans.,1SG.SBJ.INDP\tand/COM\tÀdé\tIRR\tdance,Àdé and I will dance.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-31,18,Mi an Mary go fo maket.,Mi\tan\tMary\tgo\tfo\tmaket.,1SG.SBJ\tand\tMary\tgo\tfor\tmarket,Mary and I went to the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-32,18,Mi an ma sista get wan kain klos.,Mi\tan\tma\tsista\tget\twan\tkain\tklos.,1SG.SBJ\tand\t1SG.POSS\tsister\tget\tone\tkind\tcloth,My sister and I have the same kind of dress.,,,,published source -19-34,19,Mi wèt Djunais wì mitɔp.,Mi\twèt\tDjunais\twì\tmitɔp.,1SG.EMPH\twith\tDjunais\t1PL\tmeet,Me and Djunais met.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-97,20,My long you go see he.,My\tlong\tyou\tgo\tsee\the.,1SG\tCOM\t2SG\tgo\tsee\t3SG,We will go together to have an interview.,,,,naturalistic written -21-25,21,Lastime Mama and I always go Siglap market.,Lastime\tMama\tand\tI\talways\tgo\tSiglap\tmarket.,in.the.past\tgrandmother\tand\t1SG\talways\tgo\tSiglap\tmarket,"In the past, grandmother and I always went/ used to go to Siglap market.",,,,constructed by linguist -22-40,22,Nau mitupla Beiko les [...].,Nau\tmitupla\tBeiko\tles\t[...].,now\t1DU.EXCL\tBeiko\ttired\t[...],Now me and Beiko were tired [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-41,22,Mi na Tomas i go long haus.,Mi\tna\tTomas\ti\tgo\tlong\thaus.,1SG\tand\tThomas\tPM\tgo\tPREP\thouse,Me and Thomas went home.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-44,23,"afta hem i talem long mi wetem Charlie – mitufala wetem Charlie i wok – se ""bae mi go ple""","afta\them\ti\ttalem\tlong\tmi\twetem\tCharlie\t–\tmitufala\twetem\tCharlie\ti\twok\t–\tse\t""bae\tmi\tgo\tple""",after\t3SG\tAGR\ttell\tALL\t1SG\twith\tCharlie\t–\t1DU\twith\tCharlie\tAGR\twork\t–\tsay\tIRR\t1SG\tgo\tplay,"So he said to me and Charlie – Charlie and I were at work – (he) said ""I'm going to play (the slots)"".",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-45,23,mi wetem man blong Rini mitufala i stap kam,mi\twetem\tman\tblong\tRini\tmitufala\ti\tstap\tkam,1SG\twith\tman\tof\tRini\t1DU\tAGR\tPROG\tcome,Rini's husband and I were coming.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-125,25,"Bat mai [...] bratha waif bin lukinaftaim mi, mi en E.","Bat\tmai\t[...]\tbratha\twaif\tbin\tluk-in-afta-im\tmi,\tmi\ten\tE.",but\t1SG.POSS\t[...]\tbrother\twife\tPST\tlook-PROG2-after-TR\t1SG\t1SG\tand\tE.,"[My mother died] but my brother's wife looked after me, me and E.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-126,25,Minbala main dota bin go wandei jeya [...].,Minbala\tmain\tdota\tbin\tgo\twandei\tjeya\t[...].,1DU.EXCL\t1SG.POSS\tdaughter\tPST\tgo\tone.day\tthere\t[...],"The two of us, my daughter (and I) went there one day [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-127,25,Mi en main mami bin getim det drak blanga im na.,Mi\ten\tmain\tmami\tbin\tget-im\tdet\tdrak\tblanga\tim\tna.,1SG\tand\t1SG.POSS\tmummy\tPST\tget–TR\tDEM\ttruck\tDAT/POSS\t3SG\tnow,My mummy and I got his truck (that truck of his) now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-26,26,mi æn papa,mi\tæn\tpapa,1SG\tand\tPapa,I and Papa,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-41,28,ɛk mɛtɛk tokap,ɛkɛ\tmɛtɛ\tɛkɛ\ttoko-apu,1SG\twith\t1SG\tchild-PL,me and my children,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-30,29,Marie en ek het teruggegaan.,Marie\ten\tek\thet\tterug-ge-gaan.,Mary\tand\t1SG.NOM\tPST\tback-PST-gone,Mary and I went back.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-45,30,"Obi li, mi ku Djonsinhu li nu tene un grándi prubléma.","Obi\tli,\tmi\tku=Djon-sinhu\tli\tnu=tene\tun=grándi\tprubléma.",hear\there\t1SG\twith=John-little\there\t1PL=have\ta=big\tproblem,"Listen, I and Little John, we have a big problem.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-51,31,Mi ku Maria ta da dretu ku kunpanheru.,Mi\tku\tMaria\tta\tda\tdretu\tku\tkunpanheru.,me\tand\tMaria\tASP\tgive\twell\twith\teach.other,Me and Maria get along well with each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-52,31,"N ka ten ningen na Merka pa da-m, nen mai ku pai, dja more tudu.","N\tka\tten\tningen\tna\tMerka\tpa\tda-m,\tnen\tmai\tku\tpai,\tdja\tmore\ttudu.",I\tNEG\thave\tno.one\tin\tAmerica\tto\tgive-me\tnor\tmother\tand\tfather\tCOMPL\tdie\tall,"I have no one in America to give me anything, neither mother nor father, they are all dead.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-30,32,Mi má Jacira ijgá ténis.,Mi\tmá\tJacira\tijgá\tténis.,1SG\tand/COM\tJacira\tplay\ttennis,Jacira and I played tennis.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-40,33,Ami ku Maria no bay praia.,Ami\tku\tMaria\tno\tbay\tpraia.,1SG.EMPH\tCONJ\tMaria\t1PL\tgo\tbeach,Maria and I went to the beach.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-31,34,"A-mi ku Joŋ no ka tené nada, no bay kasa.","A-mi\tku\tJoŋ\tno\tka\tø\ttené\tnada,\tno\tø\tbay\tkasa.",1SG.TOP\twith\tJohn\t1PL.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\tget/have\tnothing\t1PL.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\thouse,"John and I didn't catch anything (fishing, hunting...), [therefore] we went home.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-42,35,ami ku san Betina tan,ami\tku\tsan\tBetina\ttan,1SG\twith\tMiss\tBetina\tonly,just me and Miss Betina,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-26,36,[...] no ki Têtêuga ba pia minhu [...].,[...]\tno\tki\tTêtêuga\tba\tpia\tminhu\t[...].,[...]\t1PL\twith\tturtle\tgo\tlook\tmaize\t[...],[...] Turtle and I went to have a look at the maize [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-27,36,"Olo ma ê vitxa kai thô, ane ki mengai rê kota fintxin pê.","Olo\tma\tê\tvitxa\tkai\tthô,\tane\tki\tmengai\trê\tkota\tfintxin\tpê.",hour\tREL\t3SG\tarrive\thouse\tFOC\t3PL\twith\twife\tPOSS.3SG\tcut\tquarrel\tput,"Immediately after he came home, he and his wife started to quarrel.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-30,37,Ami ki Zon we posan.,Ami\tki\tZon\twe\tposan.,1SG\twith\tZon\tgo\ttown,John and I went to town.,,,,constructed by linguist -39-48,39,Oj də maŋã yo ko Fabian tiŋ gia saykəl.,Oj\tdə\tmaŋã\tyo\tko\tFabian\tt-iŋ\tgi-a\tsaykəl.,today\tof\tmorning\t1SG\tCOM\tFabian\tIPFV-PST\tride-INF\tbicycle,"This morning, me and Fabian rode our bicycles.",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-49,39,Yo may doy rapas tə trabəya.,Yo\tmay\tdoy\trapas\ttə\ttrabəy-a.,1SG\tmore\ttwo\tboy\tIPFV.NPST\twork-INF,Me and two boys work [here].,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-33,40,"Padgar ani yo, nɔ ti andad Boməy.","Padgar\tani\tyo,\tnɔ\tti\tandad\tBoməy.",priest\tand\tI\twe\tPST\tgo.PTCP\tMumbai,Father and I have gone to and returned from Mumbai.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-38,41,aapa loasaa naa mamane; puuʈu lokuzee/ akasu pruveetu eev kuŋ amoor lokumee,aapa\tlo-asaa\tnaa\tmama-ne;\tpuuʈu\tlo-kuzee/\taka-su\tpruveetu\teev\tkuŋ\tamoor\tlo-kuma,hoppers\tFUT-bake\tTAG\tmummy-ADR.F\tpittu\tFUT-cook\tthat-GEN\tprofit\t1SG\tand\tlove\tFUT-eat,"I’ll bake hoppers, eh, mummy dear – I’ll cook pittu. [With] the profit from that, I and my love will eat.",,,ad301994458ae1b387817e916f9c40d5,written (poetic) -42-34,42,yo ku yo sa mulé ja bai Muar,yo\tku\tyo\tsa\tmulé\tja\tbai\tMuar,1SG\tCOM\t1SG\tGEN\twife\tPFV\tgo\tMuar,I and my wife went to Muar.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-37,44,Ta bolbé na kása yo y mánang Lóling.,Ta\tbolbé\tna\tkása\tyo\ty\tmánang\tLóling.,IPFV\treturn\tLOC\thome\t1SG\tand\tsister\tLoling,Loling and I go back home.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-38,44,Asé támpu rin mótru di mánag Lóling.,Asé\ttámpu\trin\tmótru\tdi\tmánag\tLóling.,make\tsulk\ttoo\t1PL\tof\tsister\tLoling,I and sister Loling sulked.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-28,45,Ya anda niso di Maria na plasa.,Ya\tanda\tniso\tdi\tMaria\tna\tplasa.,PFV\tgo\t1PL\tCONJ\tMaria\tLOC\tmarket,Maria and I went to the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-29,45,Ya sali ya Maria y yo na iglesia.,Ya\tsali\tya\tMaria\ty\tyo\tna\tiglesia.,PFV\tleave\talready\tMaria\tand\tI\tLOC\tchurch,Maria and I left the church.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-49,46,Ya-andá yo ubán si June na cine.,Ya-andá\tyo\tubán\tsi\tJune\tna\tcine.,PRF-go\tI\tCOM\tAG\tJune\tLOC\tcinema,I went (together) with June to the pictures.,,,,constructed by linguist -47-40,47,Awe nochi ami ku Steven ta bai tren hunga pingpong.,awe\tnochi\ta-mi\tku\tSteven\tta\tbai\ttren\thunga\tpingpong,today\tnight\tEMPH-1SG\twith\tS.\tTNS\tgo\ttrain\tplay\ttable.tennis,"Tonight, me and Steven will train playing ping-pong.",,,,naturalistic written -48-31,48,Malia i yo a bae a kasa.,Malia\ti\tyo\ta\tbae\ta\tkasa.,Mary\tand\tI\tPST\tgo\tto\thome,Mary and I have gone home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-49,49,Mwen avè Pyè de kouzen.,Mwen\tavè\tPyè\tde\tkouzen.,I\twith\tPierre\ttwo\tcousins,Pierre and I are two cousins.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-50,49,Mwen ak li nou zanmi lontan.,Mwen\tak\tli\tnou\tzanmi\tlontan.,1SG\twith\t3SG\t1PL\tfriend\tlong.time,He and I have been friends for a long time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-35,50,Mwen épi Jòj alé jwé boul.,Mwen\tépi\tJòj\talé\tjwé\tboul.,1SG\tand\tGeorges\tgo\tplay\tball,Georges and I went to play football.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-35,51,Mwen ek Joj alé jwé foutbol.,Mwen\tek\tJoj\talé\tjwé\tfoutbol.,1SG\tand\tGeorge\tgo\tplay\tfootball,George and I went to play football.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-26,52,mo ké Marie ké pati,mo\tké\tMarie\tké\tpati,1SG\twith\tMary\tFUT\tleave,Mary and I will leave.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-27,52,nou ké Marie ké parti,nou\tké\tMarie\tké\tparti,1PL\twith\tMary\tFUT\tleave,Mary and I will leave.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-70,53,Mwa e Donald nou parl en ta kreol.,Mwa\te\tDonald\tnou\tparl\ten\tta\tkreol.,1SG\tand\tDonald\t1PL\tspeak\tART.INDF\tpile\tcreole,I and Donald speak a lot of creole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-39,54,nout de mon frer,nou\tde\tmon\tfrer,we\ttwo\tPOSS.1SG\tbrother,my brother and I,,,,constructed by linguist -54-41,54,"Amoin ek ser, va rantr dedan.","Amwen\tek\tser,\tva\trant\tdëdan.",OBL.1SG\twith\tsister\tFUT\tenter\tinto,My sister and I will go into it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-37,55,mwa ek Mari ti al Porlwi,mwa\tek\tMari\tti\tal\tPorlwi,1SG\tand\tMary\tPST\tgo\tPort.Louis,Mary and I went to Port Louis.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-38,55,ti ena zis mwa ek so mama,ti\tena\tzis\tmwa\tek\tso\tmama,PST\thave\tjust\t1SG\tCOM\tPOSS\tmother,There was just me and her mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-50,56,Nou de Mari ti al kot lakaz.,Nou\tde\tMari\tti\tal\tkot\tlakaz.,we\ttwo\tMarie\tPST\tgo\tto\thouse,Marie and me went home.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-51,56,Nou de fre Zako nou a fer bon travay.,Nou\tde\tfre\tZako\tnou\ta\tfer\tbon\ttravay.,1PL\ttwo\tbrother\tZako\t1PL\tFUT\tmake\tgood\twork,Brother Zako and me will do a good job.,,,,naturalistic written -56-52,56,Nou - mwan ek mon granmoun - nou'n marse aswar: (…),Nou - mwan ek mon granmoun - nou'n marse aswar: (...),1PL   1SG with POSS.1SG parents   1SG.PRF walk.around ce.soir  ,"We, me and my parents, we went around that night.",,,,naturalistic spoken -57-28,57,ma pi Lidi nu ale Numea,ma\tpi\tLidi\tnu\tale\tNumea,1SG\tand\tLidi\t1PL\tgo\tNouméa,Lydie and I go to Nouméa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-23,58,Yandi/bo kwend-aka na Petelo.,Yandi/bo\tkwend-aka\tna\tPetelo.,he/they\tleave-PST\twith\tPetelo,He/they left with Petelo.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-74,59,"i na lo, i ga na Bambari","i\tna\tlo,\ti\tga\tna\tBambari",1PL\tPREP\t3SG\t1PL\tcome\tPREP\tBambari,He/she and I came to Bambari.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-75,59,"Mbi na lo, ani gwe.","Mbi\tna\tlo,\tani\tgwe.",1SG\tPREP\t3SG\t1PL\tgo,He and I came.,,,,naturalistic written -59-76,59,"i na mama, i ga","i\tna\tmama,\ti\tga",1PL\tPREP\tmother\t1PL\tcome,Mother and I came.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-28,60,bísó na Marie tokendákí na ndáko,bísó\tna\tMarie\tto-kend-ákí\tna\tndáko,1PL\tand\tMary\t1PL-go-PST\tto\thouse,Mary and I went home.,,,,elicited from speaker -60-29,60,ngáí na Marie,ngáí\tna\tMarie,1SG\tand\tMary,I and Mary,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-19,61,Mina na lo Mary hambile khaya.,Mina\tna\tlo\tMary\thamb-ile\tkhaya.,I\tand\tART\tMary\tgo-PST\thome,Mary and I went home. OR: Me and Mary went home.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-29,63,ána u íta,ána\tu\títa,1SG\tand\t2SG,I and you.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-37,64,ána wa jon azín rája bet,ána\twa\tjon\taz-ín\trája\tbet,1SG\tand\tJohn\twant-PL\tcome.back\thome,"Me and John, we want to come back home.",,,,constructed by linguist -65-40,65,My s doʧəkəm toka razgavarivaim udəjski.,My\ts\tdoʧəkəm\ttoka\trazgavarivaim\tudəjski.,1PL\twith\tdaughter.DAT.M\tonly\ttalk.PRS.1PL\tUdihe,Only me and my daughter talk Udihe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-25,66,Miflalle diale rumana sipi.,Miflal-le\tdia-le\truma-na\tsi-pi.,Miflal-COM\t3SG-COM\thouse-to\tPST-go,Miflal and he went home.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-48,67,Dia Hokku sama dia sendili punya Hokku la dia cakap.,Dia\tHokku\tsama\tdia\tsendili\tpunya\tHokku\tla\tdia\tcakap.,3SG\tFoozhou\twith\t3SG\town\tPOSS\tFoozhou\tEMPH\t3SG\tspeak,"With his own people, the Foozhou people speak (the Foozhou dialect).",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-49,67,Saya pagi minum cope sama roti.,Saya\tpagi\tminum\tcope\tsama\troti.,1SG\tmorning\tdrink\tcoffee\twith/and\tbread,I drink coffee and [eat] bread in the morning.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-50,67,saya punya kawan sama saya vs. saya sama saya punya kawan,saya\tpunya\tkawan\tsama\tsaya\tvs.\tsaya\tsama\tsaya\tpunya\tkawan,1SG\tPOSS\tfriend\tand\t1SG\tvs.\t1SG\tand\t1SG\tPOSS\tfriend,my friend and I vs. me and my friend,,,,constructed by linguist -68-33,68,beta deng Min,beta\tdeng\tMin,1SG\twith\tMin,Min and I,,,,constructed by linguist -69-17,69,ama mən Kambanmat,ama\tmən\tKambanmat,1SG\t3SG\tWambremas,I and a Wambremas man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-28,70,Wai taim ham aur Vesu ao.,Wai\ttaim\tham\taur\tVesu\tao.,that\ttime\t1SG\tand\tVesu\tcome,"At that time, me and Vesu came.",,,,naturalistic spoken -70-29,70,Ham Biju jao.,Ham\tBiju\tjao.,1SG\tBiju\tgo,Me and Biju went.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-39,71,Henry huipu wau inu akahi omole.,Henry\thuipu\twau\tinu\takahi\tomole.,Henry\ttogether\t1SG\tdrink\tINDF\tbottle,Henry and I drank a bottle (of liquor).,,,,naturalistic written -71-40,71,Wau me Ah Tini So noho ma ka lumi paina.,Wau\tme\tAh\tTini\tSo\tnoho\tma\tka\tlumi\tpaina.,1SG\twith\tAh\tTini\tSo\tstay\tin\tDEF\troom\tmeal,Ah Tini So and I were in the dining room.,,,,naturalistic written -71-41,71,Mahope hele aku maua me Kauiaa.,Mahope\thele\taku\tmaua\tme\tKauiaa.,later\tgo\tDIR\t1DU\twith\tKauiaa,Later Kauiaa and I left (the house).,,,,constructed by linguist -72-34,72,Mijij ngali wulaj nyangka!,Mijij\tngali\twulaj\tnyangka!,Mijij\t1DU.INCL\thide\tlook,"Mijij and I are hiding, look!",,,eb8ba92cbf062d5b2716bc828cc33ae3,naturalistic spoken -73-34,73,Xwanbish yobish kazamu rinchi,Xwan-bish\tyo-bish\tkaza-mu\tri-nchi,Juan-ADD\t1SG-ADD\thouse-ALL\tgo-1PL,Juan and I go home.,,,,naturalistic adapted -74-33,74,Sáli kánamakwst náyka ntsáyka mákmak kalakaláma,Sáli\tkánamakwst\tnáyka\tntsáyka\tmákmak\tkalakaláma,Sally\ttogether\t1SG\t1PL\teat\tgoose,Sally and I ate the goose.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-69,75,Pete eekwa niya giiwaapamaanan aen pishuu daa la gred.,Pete\teekwa\tniya\tgii-waapam-aanan\taen\tpishuu\tdaa\tla\tgred.,Pete\tand\tme\t1.PST-see.ANIM-1PL\tINDF.ART.M\tlynx/bobcat\tLOC.PREP\tDEF.ART\tbank,Pete and I saw a lynx on the bank.,,,,naturalistic written -1-66,1,"Effi mi ben lukku wan somma, mi goweh, mi takki: Kroboi!","Efi\tmi\tben\tluku\twan\tsoma,\tmi\tgwe,\tmi\ttaki:\tkroboi!",if\t1SG\tPST\tvisit\tINDF.SG\tperson\t1SG\tgo.away\t1SG\tsay\tgoodbye,"When I visit somebody, and I go away, I say: Goodbye!",,,,written (dictionary) -1-67,1,(wan) soma; (wan)sani,(wan)\tsoma;\t(wan)sani,(INDF.SG)\tperson\t(INDF.SG)thing,someone; something,,,,constructed by linguist -1-68,1,Da no sanie foe takie tangie.,Da\tno\tsani\tfu\ttaki\ttangi.,it.be\tNEG\t(some)thing\tfor\tsay\tthanks,It isn’t something to say thanks for.,,,,written -1-69,1,"Somma gi ju wansanni, ju musse takki tangi.","Soma\tgi\tyu\twansani,\tyu\tmusu\ttaki\ttangi.",someone/person\tgive\t2SG\tINDF.SG.thing\t2SG\tmust\tsay\tthanks,"When someone gives you something, you have to say thanks.",,,,written (dictionary) -2-53,2,Wan sma e waka ini a strati.,Wan\tsma\te\twaka\tini\ta\tstrati.,one\tperson\tASP\twalk\tin\tART\tstreet,Someone walks in the street.,,,,unknown -2-54,2,A gersi sani e dringi mi brudu.,A\tgersi\tsani\te\tdringi\tmi\tbrudu.,3SG\tlike\tthing\tis\tdrinking\tmy\tblood,It's like something is drinking my blood.,,,,unknown -3-26,3,sɛmbɛ; sɔndi,sɛmbɛ;\tsɔndi,someone\tsomething,someone; something,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-28,4,Wan sama fufuu mi wagi.,Wan\tsama\tfufuu\tmi\twagi.,INDF.DET\tperson\tsteal\tmy\tcar,Someone stole my car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-29,4,I mu gi mi wan sani.,I\tmu\tgi\tmi\twan\tsani.,you\tmust/should\tgive\tme\tINDF.DET\tthing,You have to give me something.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -4-30,4,A yali ya sani miti mi.,A\tyali\tya\tsani\tmiti\tmi.,DET\tyear\tDEM\tthing\tmeet\tme,This year something bad happened to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-31,4,I akisi sama di an sabi a sani.,I\takisi\tsama\tdi\tan\tsabi\ta\tsani.,you\task\tperson\tREL\tNEG\tknow\tDET\tthing,You asked a person who doesn't know about this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-36,5,wan badii vs. sombadi,wan\tbadii\tvs.\tsombadi,INDF.ART\tbody\tvs.\tsomebody,"a person/someone, somebody",,,,constructed by linguist -5-37,5,wan ting vs. somting,wan\tting\tvs.\tsomting,INDF.ART\tthing\tvs.\tsomething,"a thing/something, something",,,,constructed by linguist -6-23,6,(1) Somebody tell mi bout dis clash las night. (2) Lemme ask allyu someting.,(1)\tSomebody\ttell\tmi\tbout\tdis\tclash\tlas\tnight.\t(2)\tLemme\task\tallyu\tsometing.,(1)\tIND.PRO\ttell\t1SG.DO\tabout\tDEM\tclash\tlast\tnight\t(2)\tlet.1SG.DO\task\t2PL.DO\tsomething,(1) Somebody has told me about this clash last night. (2) Let me ask you something.,,,,naturalistic written -7-49,7,Suhmbadi a kuhm.,suhm-badi\ta\tkuhm,some-body\tPROG\tcome,Someone is coming.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-50,7,De so despareit an lai dat de go du eniting fo lak mi uhp.,De\tso\tdespareit\tan\tlai\tdat\tde\tgo\tdu\teni-ting\tfo\tlak\tmi\tuhp.,3PL\tso\tdesperate\tand\tlie\tthat\t3PL\tFUT\tdo\tany-thing\tfor\tlock\t1SG\tup,They are so desperate and dishonest that they will do anything to have me locked up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-51,7,Nowe na oopn?,No-we\tna\toopn?,no-where\tNEG\topen,Is nowhere open?,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-52,7,enihou yo waa tu teik it,eni-hou\tyo\twaa\ttu\tteik\tit,any-how\t2.SBJ\twant\tto\ttake\t3SG,no matter how you look at it OR: however you look at it,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-53,7,suhmbadi,suhm-badi,some-body,somebody,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-54,7,"suhmting, suhmpn, suhtn","suhm-ting,\tsuhmp-n,\tsuht-n",some-thing\tsome-thing\tsome-thing,"something, something, something",,,,naturalistic spoken -8-29,8,Dem gi smadi di mechiz fi gi mi.,Dem\tgi\tsmadi\tdi\tmechiz\tfi\tgi\tmi.,3PL\tgive\tsomebody\tDET\tmessage\tPURP\tgive\t1SG,They gave someone the message to give to me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-30,8,Dem tek di ogli sitn gi di pikni.,Dem\ttek\tdi\togli\tsitn\tgi\tdi\tpikni.,3PL\ttake\tDET\tugly\tsomething\tgive\tDET\tchild,They took the ugly thing and gave it to the child.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-44,9,Yu hia samtn̩ de krich krich ina mangru.,Yu\thia\tsamtn̩\tde\tkrich\tkrich\tina\tmangru.,you\thear\tsomething\tPROG\tscreech\tscreech\tin\tmangrove,You hear a screeching noise in the mangrove.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-45,9,Sambodi me wan pik it in.,Sambodi\tme\twan\tpik\tit\tin.,somebody\tANT\tFUT\tpick\tit\tin,Somebody would have picked it up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-34,10,Mek Ai tel yu somting now.,Mek\tAi\ttel\tyu\tsom-ting\tnow.,make\t1SG\ttell\t2SG\tsome-thing\tnow,Let me tell you something now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-35,10,A wehn sii sombadi.,A\twehn\tsii\tsom-badi.,1SG\tANT\tsee\tsome-body,I saw somebody.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-36,10,Mek A invait yu somting da di shop.,Mek\tA\tinvait\tyu\tsom-ting\tda\tdi\tshop.,Make\t1SG\tinvite\t2SG\tsome-thing\tat\tART.DEF\tshop,Let me buy you something from the store.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-41,11,Ai aalwiez disaid dat di wan dat waan tu stodi an waan bii sombadi kyan get dat.,Ai\taalwiez\tdisaid\tdat\tdi\twan\tdat\twaan\ttu\tstodi\tan\twaan\tbii\tsom-badi\tkyan\tget\tdat.,1SG\talways\tdecide\tCOMP\tART.DEF\tone\tREL\twant\tCOMP\tstudy\tand\tFUT\tCOP.INF\tsome-body\tcan\tget\tDEM,I decided a long time ago that the one who wants to study and is going to be somebody can get the money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-42,11,Dat iz somting wat somwan shud luk intu.,Dat\tiz\tsom-ting\twat\tsom-wan\tshud\tluk\tintu.,DEM\tCOP.PRS\tsome-thing\tREL\tsome-one\tshould\tlook\tinto,That is something someone should look into.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-37,12,"[...] this was long before I was born - say they were living in this area, and they a- she ax through the settlement who move it - who move the conch off the line, and someone tell her. And this lady dau- ax her daughter if she move it in the night, and she - girl lie to her say, No, I didn't move it. And you know something? And they say when that girl was supposed to have that baby, she couldn'ta live with that baby, and her mother went down and ax her say, I hope you ain't eat them - that - that - uh, uh - that conch off that line. She say, Yeah, mama, I eat it. She say, Wait, let me go down to - to the lady and - and tell her it's you who eat that, because that was her cousin's daughter. And when she tell her that happen, she say, What? She say, Anyway, when you reach home, put the bucket down and pull her over the bucket, and they pull her over - pull her over the bucket, and you know, before she had that baby, she deliver something like a big piece of conch - from out of her stomach - first - before, and then after she had deliver that - then she deliver that baby.",[...]\tand\tsomeone\ttell\ther\t[...]\tAnd\tyou\tknow\tsomething?\t[...]\tshe\tdeliver\tsomething\t[...].,[...]\tand\tINDF.SBJ\ttell[PFV]\t3SG.F.OBJ\t[...]\tand\t2SG.SBJ\tknow\tINDF.OBJ\t[...]\t3SG.F.SBJ\tdeliver[PFV]\tINDF.OBJ\t[...],[...] and someone told her [...] And you know something? [...] she delivered something [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-38,12,"Some I know - I know 'bout s- three girls and something like that - like when they had they children, I hear them say they find one in the toil- one in the toilet, they find one in the front of somebody door, yeah. They find a baby mus'e just born to the front of somebody door, and they say one time again they find one like through the bush in the garbage.",[...]\tand\tsomething\tlike\tthat\t[...]\tin\tthe\tfront\tof\tsomebody\tdoor\t[...]\tto\tthe\tfront\tof\tsomebody\tdoor\t[...],[...]\tand\tINDF.OBJ\tlike\tthat\t[...]\tin\tthe\tfront\tof\tINDF.POSS\tdoor\t[...]\tto\tthe\tfront\tof\tINDF.POSS\tdoor\t[...],[...] and something like that [...] they found one in front of somebody's door [...]. They found a newborn in front of somebody's door [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -13-35,13,somebody in de neighborhood,somebody\tin\tde\tneighborhood,INDF.PRO\tin\tDET\tneighbourhood,somebody in the neighbourhood,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-36,13,beggin for something,beggin\tfor\tsomething,begging\tfor\tINDF.PRO,begging for something,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-25,14,somebody,some-body,some-body,a person,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-26,14,someone,some-one,some-one,a person,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-27,14,something,some-thing,some-thing,a thing,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-35,15,sɔmbɔdi,sɔmbɔdi,somebody,somebody,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-36,15,sɔntiŋ,sɔntiŋ,something,something,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-29,16,jù gò si sɔmbɔdi wit ĩ̀ waif,jù\tgò\tsi\tsɔmbɔdi\twit\tĩ̀\twaif,2SG\tFUT\tsee\tINDF\twith\t3SG.POSS\twife,You will see somebody with his wife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-30,16,wɛn jù tek sɔmtin nak àm wan,wɛn\tjù\ttek\tsɔmtin\tnak\tàm\twan,when\t2SG\ttake\tINDF\tknock\t3SG\tone,when you knock it once with something,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-26,17,so̱mbo̱di,so̱mbo̱di,somebody,somebody,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-27,17,so̱mting,so̱mting,something,something,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-33,18,A bin si sombodi.,A\tbin\tsi\tsombodi.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tsee\tsomebody,I saw somebody.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-34,18,Somtin(g) bin happen.,Somtin(g)\tbin\thappen.,something\tPST\thappen,Something happened.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-35,19,À si sɔ̀n pɔsin de.,À\tsi\tsɔ̀n\tpɔsin\tde.,1SG.SBJ\tsee\tsome\tperson\tthere.,I saw somebody there.,,,,constructed by linguist -19-36,19,È dè fɛn sɔ̀n tin.,È\tdè\tfɛn\tsɔ̀n\ttin.,3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tlook.for\tsome\tthing,She's looking for something.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-31,20,I wantchee long you buy something.,I\twantchee\tlong\tyou\tbuy\tsomething.,1SG\twant\tABL\t2SG\tbuy\tsomething,I want to buy something from you.,,,,naturalistic written -20-32,20,Some man killum him.,Some\tman\tkillum\thim.,some\tman\tkill\t3SG,Someone killed him. OR: He has been murdered.,,,,naturalistic written -21-26,21,Got somebody at the door. I wan something to eat.,Got\tsomebody\tat\tthe\tdoor.\tI\twan\tsomething\tto\teat.,there.be.3SG\tsomebody\tat\tDET\tdoor\t1SG\twant\tsomething\tto\teat,There is somebody at the door. I want something to eat.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-42,22,Yupla kisim wanpela meri tu na yupela go?,yupla\tkisim\twan-pela\tmeri\ttu\tna\tyupela\tgo?,2PL\tget\tone-MOD\tgirl\talso\tand\t2PL\tgo,Did you take a girl with you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-43,22,sampela man,sampela\tman,some\tperson,"somebody, someone",,,,constructed by linguist -22-166,22,Em save olsem samting rong long aus nau.,Em\tsave\tolsem\tsamting\trong\tlong\taus\tnau.,3SG\tknow\tCOMP\tthing\twrong\tPREP\thouse\tnow,She knew there was something wrong at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-46,23,hem i wan samting we sapos yu go tru long hol ia bambae yu yu wan laki man,hem\ti\twan\tsamting\twe\tsapos\tyu\tgo\ttru\tlong\thol\tia\tbambae\tyu\tyu\twan\tlaki\tman,3S\tAGR\tINDF\tsomething\tREL\tif\t2SG\tgo\tthrough\tLOC\thole\tDEF\tIRR\t2SG\t2SG\tINDF\tlucky\tman,"It was something that if you can go through the hole, you'll have lots of luck.",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-47,23,Taem wan man hemi mekem wan komplen long ambudjman [...].,Taem\twan\tman\themi\tmekem\twan\tkomplen\tlong\tambudjman\t[...].,time\tINDF\tman\t3SG.AGR\tmake\tINDF\tcomplaint\tto\tombudsman\t[...],When someone makes a complaint to the Ombudsman [...].,,,,naturalistic written -24-47,24,Sambhodi baun t' komplien.,Sambhodi\tbaun\tt'\tkomplien.,somebody\tbound\tCOMP\tcomplain,Somebody is sure to complain.,,,,internet chatroom -24-48,24,Samthing gwen a' haepen.,Samthing\tgwen\ta'\thaepen.,something\tFUT\tFUT\thappen,Something will happen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-128,25,Sambadi bin get meda.,Sambadi\tbin\tget\tmeda.,somebody\tPST\tPASS\tmurdered,Somebody got murdered.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-129,25,"Laik yunmi taimap jamjing, intit.","Laik\tyunmi\ttai-im-ap\tjamjing,\tintit.",like\t1DU.INCL\ttie-TR-up\tsomething\tTAG,"Like you and I tie up something, right?",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-130,25,"Bat sambala bin tok: ""Yu labda kaman; woda gada gajimap wi."" Gudjob thad olgumen bin lafta mub.","Bat\tsam-bala\tbin\ttok:\t""Yu\tlabda\tkaman;\twoda\tgada\tgajimap\twi.""\tGud-job\tthad\tolgumen\tbin\tlafta\tmub.",but\tsome-ADJ2\tPST\tsay\t2SG\tOBLIG\tcome\twater\tFUT/OBLIG\treach:TR\t1PL\tgood-job\tDEM\twoman\tPST\tOBLIG\tmove,"But some people said: ""You have to come (because) the water is going to reach us."" Just as well that woman had to move.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-27,26,sambaɾi waz ɹaɪd dɛa,sambaɾi\twaz\tɹaɪd\tdɛa,INDF\twas\tright\tthere,Somebody was right there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-28,26,ju si samtin,ju\tsi\tsamtin,2SG\tsee\tINDF,You see something.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-23,27,"Am kan gi am ēn gut obu di, as am nu overcharge am.","Am\tkan\tgi\tam\tēn\tgut\tobu\tdi,\tas\tam\tnu\tovercharge\tam.",3SG\tcan\tgive\t3SG\ta\tthing\tover\tDET\tif\t3SG\tnow\tovercharge\t3SG,"He could give him something more, if he overcharged himself now.",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-24,27,Am no kan bətróu fo gi di a ēntēnfuluk.,Am\tno\tkan\tbətróu\tfo\tgi\tdi\ta\tēntēn-fuluk.,3SG\tNEG\tcan\ttrust\tfor\tgive\tDET\tLOC\tno-people,He cannot trust to give it to anybody.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-42,28,kɛnɛ mut mɛto,kɛnɛ\tmu-tɛ\tmɛtɛ\to,person\tgo-PFV\twith\t3SG,Some went with it (i.e. stole it).,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-43,28,gutu wa gjoftɛkɛ toro,gutu\twa\tgjof-tɛ\tɛkɛ\ttoro,thing\tPST\thit-PFV\t1SG\teye,Something had hit my eye.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-31,29,Daar het iemand geroep.,Daar\thet\tiemand\tge-roep.,there\tPST\tsomebody\tPTCP-called,Somebody called.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-32,29,Iets het verkeerd geloop.,Iets\thet\tverkeerd\tge-loop.,something\tPST\twrong\tPTCP-gone,Something went wrong.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-46,30,"Nhu pádri purgunta, si algen sabe di algun inpidimentu di kel kasamentu, [...].","Nhu=pádri\tpurgunta,\tsi=algen\tsabe\tdi=algun\tinpidimentu\tdi=kel=kasamentu,\t[...].",mister=priest\task\twhether=somebody\tknow\tof=some\timpediment\tof=this=marriage\t[...],The priest asked whether anyone knew of any impediment to this wedding [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-47,30,E pensa ma algun kusa ki kontise.,E=pensa\tma=algun\tkusa\tki=kontise.,3SG=think\tCOMP=some\tthing\tCOMP=happen,He thought that something had happened!,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-53,31,Algun kuza dja kontise.,Algun\tkuza\tdja\tkontise.,some\tthing\tCOMP\thappen,Something has happened.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-54,31,Algun djenti debe txoma-l.,Algun\tdjenti\tdebe\ttxoma-l.,some\tone\tmust\tcall-him,Someone must have called him.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-31,32,Se bo sintí falta d'un koza [...].,Se\tbo\tsintí\tfalta\tde\tun\tkoza\t[...].,if\t2SG\tfeel\tlack\tof\tone\tthing\t[...],If you feel you need something [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-32,32,Ma se un psoa falá ma bosê purtugês?,Ma\tse\tun\tpsoa\tfalá\tma\tbosê\tpurtugês?,but\tif\tone\tperson\ttalk\twith\t2SG.POL\tPortuguese,But if somebody would talk to you in Portuguese?,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-41,33,un kusa,un\tkusa,one\tthing,something,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-42,33,algin / un algin,algin / un algin,person   a person,somebody,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-32,34,N wojá algeŋ/pekador.,N\tø\twojá\talgeŋ/pekador.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsee\thuman.being,I saw somebody.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-33,34,Kusaŋ tené baŋ awonti. ~ Alguŋ kusaŋ tené baŋ awonti.,Kusaŋ\tø\ttené\tbaŋ\tawonti.\t~\tAlguŋ\tkusaŋ\tø\ttené\tbaŋ\tawonti.,thing\tPFV\thappen\tPST\tyesterday\t~\tINDF\tthing\tPFV\thappen\tPST\tyesterday,Something happened yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-43,35,Soku ê da mu ũa kwa.,Soku\tê\tda\tmu\tũa\tkwa.,then\t3SG\tgive\tme\tone\tthing,Then he gave me something.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-44,35,Ê bê ũa ngê ka bi.,Ê\tbê\tũa\tngê\tka\tbi.,3SG\tsee\tone\tperson\tIPFV\tcome,He saw somebody coming.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-28,36,ũa kwa,ũa\tkwa,INDF.ART\tthing,something,,,,elicited from speaker -36-29,36,ũa ngê,ũa\tngê,INDF.ART\tperson,somebody,,,,elicited from speaker -37-31,37,N sa ke fa txi kwa ũa.,N\tsa\tke\tfa\ttxi\tkwa\tũa.,1SG\tPROG\tIPFV.go\ttell\t2SG\tthing\tone,I'm going to tell you something.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-32,37,Owo vê ningê ũa.,Owo\tvê\tningê\tũa.,2PL\tsee\tperson\tone,You saw somebody.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-34,38,zuguan nge,zuguan\tnge,some\tperson,somebody,,,,elicited from speaker -38-35,38,zuguan kuz,zuguan\tkuzu,some\tthing,something,,,,elicited from speaker -39-50,39,Aŋe si ver ad dize ki es asĩ purtəgez kẽ fal?,Aŋe\tsi\tver\tad\tdiz-e\tki\tes\tasĩ\tpurtəgez\tkẽ\tfal?,someone\tif\tsee.INF\tIRR.NPST\tsay-INF\tCOMP\tDEM\tthus\tPortuguese\twho\tspeak.NPST,"If someone sees, (they) will say: ""Who speaks Portuguese like this?"".",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-51,39,Dig aŋũ koys a mĩ.,Dig\taŋũ\tkoys\ta\tmĩ.,tell.NPST\tsome\tthing\tDAT\t1SG.OBL,Tell me something.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-34,40,Angɛ͂ yawe?,Angɛ͂\tyawe?,someone\tcame,Did someone come?,,,,constructed by linguist -40-35,40,Jhiko ankodz?,Jhiko ankodz?,PST-be/become-PST,Did something happen?,,,,constructed by linguist -41-39,41,eli kii tokaa see taan tafikaa ooru,eli\tkii\ttokaa\tsee\ttaam\tta-fikaa\tooru,3SG.M\twhat\ttouch\tCOND\tCONC\tPRS-become\tgold,Whatever he touches becomes gold.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-40,41,"aki keensee teem voo, pafaya prenda, ravkiin?","aki\tkeem\tsee\tteem\tvoo,\tpa-faya\tprenda,\travkiin?",here\twho\tCOND\tbe\tINDF\tINF-CAUS\tstudy\tviolin,"Is there someone here to teach, violin? OR: Is there anyone here to teach, violin?",,,,elicited from speaker -41-41,41,etuspa un diiyapa kiivoo tadaa vesli,etus-pa\tuŋ\tdiiya-pa\tkii\tvoo\tta-daa\tvesli,3PL.HON-DAT\tone\tday-DAT\twhat\tINDF\tPRS-give\tWesley,Wesley is giving them something or other per day.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-42,41,asii mee kii see pooy teem,asii\tmee\tkii\tsee\tpooy\tteem,so\tFOC\twhat\tCOND\tHABIL\tbe,It may be something like that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-43,41,aluŋas tafalaa aka nikarasuportaa; isti mee losuportaa falaatu tafalaa,aluŋa-s\tta-falaa\taka\tnikara-suportaa;\tisti\tmee\tlo-suportaa\tfalaa=tu\tta-falaa,some-PL\tPRS-say\tthat\tNEG.HAB-withstand\tthis\tFOC\tFUT-withstand\tQUOT=PFV\tPRS-say,"Some say that [brand of tire] doesn’t withstand [the load]; only this [brand] withstands, they say.",,,,unknown -42-35,42,teng angkoza na rentu,teng\tangkoza\tna\trentu,BE\tthing\tLOC\tinside,There is something inside.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-36,42,teng jenti na fora,teng\tjenti\tna\tfora,BE\tperson\tLOC\toutside,There is somebody outside.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-37,42,úngua jénti já kebrá aké práu,úngua\tjénti\tjá\tkebrá\také\tpráu,one\tperson\tPRF\tbreak\tthat\tboat,Somebody broke the boat.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-38,42,úngua angkóza já rintá na éli sa ólu,úngua\tangkóza\tjá\trintá\tna\téli\tsa\tólu,one\tsomething\tPRF\tenter\tLOC\t3SG\tGEN\teye,Something entered his eye.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-27,43,Eo lo konta alung kudja.,Eo\tlo\tkonta\talung\tkudja.,1SG\tFUT\ttell\tsome\tthing,I’ll tell [you] something.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-28,43,alung pesua,alung\tpesua,some\tperson,somebody,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-29,43,"Yo nunte doy, nunte ki ki.","Yo\tnunte\tdoy,\tnunte\tki\tki.",1SG\tNEG.have\tmoney\tNEG.have\twhat\twhat,"I don’t have any money, I don’t have anything.",,,,naturalistic written -44-39,44,Tyéni hénti ayá na pwéra.,Tyéni\thénti\tayá\tna\tpwéra.,EXIST\tperson\tthere\tLOC\toutside,There is someone outside.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-40,44,Máski kósa ya dáli kumígo.,Máski\tkósa\tya\tdáli\tkumígo.,even\tthing\tPFV\tgive\t1SG.OBJ,He gave me something.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-41,44,Tyéni kyén ya yudá konmígo [...].,Tyéni\tkyén\tya\tyudá\tkonmígo\t[...].,exist\twho\tPFV\thelp\t1SG.OBJ\t[...],Someone helped me [...].,,,,elicited from speaker -44-42,44,Tyéni éle ya dáli konmígu.,Tyéni\téle\tya\tdáli\tkonmígu.,have\t3SG\tPFV\tgive\t1SG.OBJ,He gave me something. OR: He had something to give to me.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-30,45,Tiene yo que ya come.,Tiene\tyo\tque\tya\tcome.,EXIST\t1SG\tREL\tPFV\teat,I ate something.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-31,45,Ya lliga alguno.,Ya\tlliga\talguno.,PFV\tcome\tsomeone,Someone came.,,,,naturalistic written -45-32,45,Tiene que ya llega.,Tiene\tque\tya\tllega.,EXIST\twho\tPFV\tcome,Someone came.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-33,45,Mas bueno que tiene tu algo que no hay nada.,Mas\tbueno\tque\ttiene\ttu\talgo\tque\tno\thay\tnada.,more\tgood\tthat\thave\t2SG\tsomething\tthan\tNEG\texist\tnothing,It is better that you have something than nothing.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-51,46,Tyéne kyen ya-abusá konel disuyo anák muhér na edad de syéte ányos.,Tyéne\tkyen\tya-abusá\tkonel\tdisuyo\tanák\tmuhér\tna\tedad\tde\tsyéte\tányos.,EXIST\twho\tPFV-abused\tOBJ.ART\this\tchild\twoman\tLOC\tage\tof\tseven\tyears,Somebody abused his seven year old daughter.,,,,naturalistic written -47-41,47,Ela haya algo pa hasi.,El\ta\thaya\talgo\tpa\thasi.,3SG\tPFV\tget\tsomething\tfor\tdo,He found something to do.,,,,naturalistic written -47-42,47,Un hende a puntra pa bo.,Un\thende\ta\tpuntra\tpa\tbo.,INDF\tperson\tPFV\task\tfor\t2SG,Somebody has asked for you.,,,,published source -48-32,48,Aggú kusa ta aí.,Aggú\tkusa\tta\taí.,some\tthing\tbe\tthere,Something is (over) there.,,,,constructed by linguist -48-33,48,¿Bo a komblá aggú kusa?,¿Bo\ta\tkomblá\taggú\tkusa?,you.SG\tPST\tbuy\tsome\tthing,Did you buy something?,,,,constructed by linguist -48-34,48,I ta miná hende aí memo.,I\tta\tminá\thende\taí\tmemo.,I\tPROG\tsee\tpeople\tthere\tright,I see someone right there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-35,48,Hende ta eperá aí.,Hende\tta\teperá\taí.,people\tPROG\twait\tthere,Someone is waiting there.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-51,49,Gen yon moun ki pran plim mwen.,Gen\tyon\tmoun\tki\tpran\tplim\tmwen.,have\tINDF\tperson\tREL\ttake\tpen\t1SG,Someone took my pen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-52,49,Gen yon bagay ki pike m.,Gen\tyon\tbagay\tki\tpike\tm.,have\tINDF\tthing\tREL\tsting\t1SG,Something stung me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-53,49,M'ta bwè yon bagay.,M'ta\tbwè\tyon\tbagay.,1SG.COND\tdrink\tINDF\tsomething,I'd like to drink something.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-54,49,M'wè yon moun nan lakou ou la yè swa.,M'wè\tyon\tmoun\tnan\tlakou\tou\tla\tyè\tswa.,1SG.see\tINDF\tperson\tin\tyard\t2SG\tDEF\tyesterday\tevening,I saw someone in your yard last night.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-365,49,M ta bwè yon bagay.,M\tta\tbwè\tyon\tbagay.,1SG\tCOND\tdrink\tINDF\tthing,I'd like to drink something.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-366,49,M wè yon moun nan lakou ou la yè swa.,M wè yon moun nan lakou ou la yè swa.,,I saw someone in your yard last night.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-37,50,An ni on biten ba'w.,An\tni\ton\tbiten\tba'w.,1SG\thave\tone\tthing\tfor.2SG,I have something for you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-37,51,Man ni an bagay ba'w.,Man\tni\tan\tbagay\tba'w.,1SG\thave\tone\tthing\tfor.2SG,I have something for you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-28,52,oun bèt,oun\tbèt,one\tthing,something,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-71,53,"Bondjeu koz pa, non, li gen keken pou koze ak twa.","Bondjeu\tkoz\tpa,\tnon,\tli\tgen\tkeken\tpou\tkoze\tak\ttwa.",God\tspeak\tNEG\tno\t3SG\thave\tsomebody\tfor\ttalk\twith\t2SG,"God doesn't speak, he has somebody (else) to speak with you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-72,53,Li achte kek-choz.,Li\tachte\tkek-choz.,3SG\tbuy\tsome-thing,He bought something.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-73,53,Lot bout-la ina en dimoun ki gen plizyèr.,Lot\tbout-la\tina\ten\tdimoun\tki\tgen\tplizyèr.,other\tside-ART.DEF.SG\tthere.is\tART.INDF\tperson\twho\thave\tseveral,On the other side there is somebody who has got several.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-42,54,"en moun, d moun","en\tmoun,\td\tmoun",INDF\tperson\tPARTITIVE\tperson,somebody,,,,constructed by linguist -54-43,54,kèksoz/kèkchoz,kek-soz,some-thing,something,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-44,54,enn afer / en zafer,enn\tafer\t/\ten\tzafer,INDF\tthing\t/\tINDF\tthing,something,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-39,55,kiken,kiken,someone,someone,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-40,55,kitsoz,kitsoz,something,something,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-53,56,keksoz,keksoz,something,something,,,,written (dictionary) -56-54,56,dimoun,dimoun,person,someone,,,,written (dictionary) -56-55,56,kek dimoun,kek\tdimoun,some\tpeople,somebody,,,,written (dictionary) -57-29,57,keka,keka,somebody,somebody,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-30,57,kekeʃos,kekeʃos,something,something,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-114,58,Muntu mene kuf-il-a mono.,Muntu\tmene\tkuf-il-a\tmono.,person\tPRF\tdie-APPL-INF\t1SG,The/A person has died on my account.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-77,59,mbeni zo aga ti baa mo,mbeni\tzo\ta-ga\tti\tbaa\tmo,some\tperson\tPM-come\tto\tsee\t2SG,Someone came to see you. OR: Someone has come to see you.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-78,59,mo wara mbeni yi na ya ni?,mo\twara\tmbeni\tyi\tna\tya\tni?,2SG\tfind\tsome\tthing\tPREP\tbelly\tDET,Did you find something inside?,,,,constructed by linguist -59-79,59,mbeni yi laa asara lo a lege,mbeni\tyi\tlaa\ta-sara\tlo\tna\tlege,certain\tthing\tFOC\tPM-do\t3SG\tPREP\tpath,(Perhaps) something happened to her on the way.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-80,59,ambeni avo karako,a-mbeni\ta-vo\tkarako,PL-certain\tPM-buy\tpeanuts,Some buy peanuts.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-81,59,"Mbeni, lo ken' ti sara ngia na koli ni.","Mbeni,\tlo\tken'\tti\tsara\tngia\tna\tkoli\tni.",some\t3SG\trefuse\tto\tmake\tpleasure\twith\tman\tDET,"Another one, she refuses to chat with her husband.",,,,naturalistic written -59-82,59,Mbeni mbakoro wale aeke.,mbeni\tmbakoro\twale\ta-eke,some\told\twoman\tPM-COP,There was an old woman.,,,,naturalistic written -60-30,60,elóko mókó,elóko\tmókó,thing\tone,something,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-31,60,moto mókó,moto\tmókó,person\tone,someone,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-20,61,Mina bukile yena akha muye into.,Mina\tbuk-ile\tyena\takh-a\tmuye\tinto.,I\tsee-PST\the\tmake-V\tone\tthing,I saw him making something.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-18,62,m̩hé égáye maláma ésíkó,m̩he\té-ga-ye\tmalama\té-si-ko,man\t3SG-die-APPL:PRF\tears\t3SG-NEG-hear,Someone who lacks ears doesn't hear.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-19,62,nitekó kigí chinidosa líya,ni-te-ko\tkigi\tchí-ni-dosa\tliya,1SG-EVID-hear\tthing\t7-1SG-follow\tbackwards,I heard something following me from behind.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-30,63,azól fulán,azól\tfulán,man\tso.and.so,"somebody, anybody",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-31,63,bakán fulán,bakán\tfulán,place\tso.and.so,somewhere,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-38,64,izakán ána séregu hája ta zol ána bidáfa hája de árba marát,izakán\tána\tséregu\thája\tta\tzol\tána\tbi=dáfa\thája\tde\tárba\tmar-át,if\t1SG\tsteal\tthing\tPOSS\tindividual\t1SG\tIRR=pay\tthing\tDEM.PROX\tfour\ttime-PL,"If I have stolen something from somebody, I will pay for it four times.",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-39,64,wáy min ítakum ma ámulu hája aʃán ágder rája fi béled,wáy\tmin\títakum\tma\támulu\thája\taʃán\tágder\trája\tfi\tbéled,one\tfrom\t3PL\tNEG\tdo\tthing\tPURP\tcan\tcome.back\tin\tcountry,None of you did anything in order to come back to the homeland.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-41,65,Dawno adin liudi xodi.,Dawno\tadin\tliudi\txodi.,long.ago\tone\tperson\tgo,Somebody passed here a long time ago.,,,,citation in fiction -65-42,65,Xetsʒu famili ʧiwo-ʧiwo kupila.,Xetsʒu\tfamili\tʧiwo-ʧiwo\tkupi-la.,Xeczu\tkin\twhat-what\tbuy-PFV,A person by the name Xeczu bought something.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-26,66,Go sapabεkεyang si-liiyat.,Go\tsapa-bεkε-yang\tsi-liyat.,1SG\twho-QUANT-ACC/DEF\tPST-see,I saw somebody.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-27,66,Apa bεkε sijadi.,Apa\tbεkε\tsi-jadi.,what\tQUANT\tPST-happen,Something happened.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-51,67,siapa-siapa; (satu) orang,siapa-siapa;\t(satu)\torang,who-who\t(one)\tperson/people,anyone/ someone; someone/somebody,,,,elicited from speaker -67-52,67,apa-apa,apa~apa,what~what,"whatever, anything/something",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-34,68,Buku ini ada orang yang tulis.,Buku\tini\tada\torang\tyang\ttulis.,book\tDET\thave\tperson\tREL\twrite,This book was written by someone.,,,,elicited from speaker -70-30,70,Koi ao ka?,Koi\tao\tka?,someone\tcome\twhat,Is someone coming?,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-31,70,Koi nai baito.,Koi\tnai\tbaito.,something\tNEG\tCOP,There wasn't anything.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-42,71,Ina kekahi kanaka kolohe piimai [...].,Ina\tkekahi\tkanaka\tkolohe\tpiimai\t[...].,if\tsome\tperson\tbad\tcome\t[...],If somebody bad comes here [...].,,,,naturalistic written -71-43,71,kekahi mea [...],kekahi\tmea\t[...],some\tthing\t[...],something [...],,,,constructed by linguist -71-44,71,Pehea la kanaka ma kela hale wau?,Pehea\tla\tkanaka\tma\tkela\thale\twau?,why\tMOD\tperson\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t1SG.POSS,Why is someone in my house? (official court translation),,,,naturalistic written -72-35,72,Jambala dei meikim nyawanginyima.,Jambala\tdei\tmeik-im\tnyawa-nginyi-ma.,somebody\t3PL.SBJ\tmake-TR\tthis-ABL-TOP,Some people make it out of this one.,,,ab3b2661e85c932a85ab0c8a42befc91,naturalistic spoken -72-36,72,Jamtingtu nyimpuruk jeya.,Jamting-tu\tnyimpuruk\tjeya.,something-ERG\tdive\tthere,Something just dived under there.,,,5b1d7d1256ff51eb78d9e85d70b00f18,naturalistic spoken -74-34,74,ína naníč íkta,ína\tnaníč\tíkta,beaver\tsee\twhat,The beaver saw something.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-70,75,Sapran awiyak chipamihaat.,Sapran\tawiyak\tchi-pami-h-aat.,necessary\tsomeone\tCOMP.FUT-drive-CAUS-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,She needed someone to drive.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-71,75,Keekwaay eeyaayen daan ta maen?,Keekwaay\tee-ayaa-yen\tdaan\tta\tmaen?,what\tCOMP-have.INAN-2SG\tPREP.LOC\t2SG.POSS\thand,What do you have in your hand?,,,,naturalistic written -75-72,75,Keekway namateew daan ta sup.,Keekway\tnamatee-w\tdaan\tta\tsup.,something\tlack-3\tPREP.LOC\t2SG.POSS\tsoup,There's something lacking in your soup.,,,,naturalistic written -75-73,75,Cheukzenn kapooshihikunaan.,Cheukzenn\tka-pooshi-h-iku-naan.,someone\tFUT-embark-CAUS-INV-1PL,Someone will give us a ride.,,,,naturalistic written -76-4,76,tuktu mȗkki ila,tuktu\tmȗkki\tila,caribou\tdead\the,He killed (some) caribou.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-35,76,ababa innuk kaili,ababa\tinnuk\tkaili,say\tman\tcome,Tell (some) man to come here.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-70,1,"Kaba killiman miti hem na pasi, dem pulu sanni va hem, [...].","Kaba\tkiriman\tmiti\ten\tna\tpasi,\tden\tpuru\tsani\tfu\ten,\t[...].",and\tmurderer\tmeet\t3SG\tLOC\troad\t3PL\tremove\tthing\tof\t3SG\t[...],"And murderers came upon him on the road, they removed his things, [...].",,,,written -1-71,1,Dem sa moesoe sorie alle dem condre na bacara.,Den\tsa\tmusu\tsori\tala\tden\tkondre\tna\tbakra.,3PL\tFUT\tmust\tshow\tall\tDET.PL\tvillage\tto\twhite,They will have to show all their villages to the Europeans.,,,,written -1-72,1,"Kaba dem fotto Ningre no jeri hem kwetikweti, na dem oure English plantasi dem habi hem.","Kaba\tden\tfoto\tNengre\tno\tyere\ten\tkwetikweti,\tna\tden\towru\tIngris\tpranasi\tden\thabi\ten.",and\tDET.PL\tfort\tblack\tNEG\thear\t3SG\treally\tLOC\tDET.PL\told\tEnglish\tplantation\t3PL\thave\t3SG,"And the town blacks don't really know it, (but) on the old English plantations they say it.",,,,written (dictionary) -2-55,2,den oso,den\toso,ART.DEF.PL\thouse,the houses,,,,unknown -2-56,2,den uma,den\tuma,ART.PL\twoman,the women,,,,unknown -3-27,3,di wɔmi; dɛɛ wɔmi,di\twɔmi;\tdɛɛ\twɔmi,DEF.SG\tman\tDEF.PL\tman,the man; the men,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-32,4,Den sama e luku en so duun.,Den\tsama\te\tluku\ten\tso\tduun.,DET.PL\tperson\tIPFV\tlook\thim\tlike.that\tIDEO,The people are staring at him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-33,4,Kau de a pasi.,Kau\tde\ta\tpasi.,cow\tCOP\tLOC\tpath,Cows are on the path. OR: There are cows on the path.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-38,5,"wen di poor piipl dem go we, di puliismaan dem kech di maan dem a rood, an kyar dem","wen\tdi\tpoor\tpiipl\tdem\tgo\twe,\tdi\tpuliismaan\tdem\tkech\tdi\tmaan\tdem\ta\trood,\tan\tkyar\tdem",when\tDEF.ART\tpoor\tpeople\tPL\tgo\taway\tthe\tpoliceman\tPL\tcatch\tthe\tman\tPL\ton\troad\tand\tcarry\tthem,"When the poor people had dispersed, the policemen caught up with the guys on the road and carried them to lock them up.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-39,5,wen wii heer about dem tingz dem dis wii doon noo wat tu do,wen\twii\theer\tabout\tdem\ttingz\tdem\tdis\twii\tdoon\tnoo\twat\ttu\tdo,when\twe\thear\tabout\tDEM\tthings\tPL\tthis\twe\tdon't\tknow\twhat\tto\tdo,"When we hear about these things, we don't know what to do.",,,,naturalistic spoken -6-24,6,di dog an dem / di book an dem,di dog an dem / di book an dem,DET dog CONJ 3PL   DET book CONJ 3PL,the dogs / the books,,,,constructed by linguist -7-55,7,Hi get plenti tabangka.,Hi\tget\tplenti\ttabangka.,3SG\tget\tplenty\tcuckolding,He was often cuckolded.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-56,7,wan machiz; wan shuuz; wan ants,wan\tmach-iz;\twan\tshuu-z;\twan\tant-s,INDF\tmatch-es\tINDF\tshoe-s\tINDF\tant-s,a match; a shoe; an ant,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-57,7,Shi pikni (an/a dem) ruud.,Shi\tpikni\t(an/a\tdem)\truud.,3SG.POSS\tchild\t(and\tthem)\trude,Her child(ren) is/are rude.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-58,7,Suhm di tri dem laik de wuhz draiyin duhng.,Suhm\tdi\ttri\tdem\tlaik\tde\twuhz\tdrai-yin\tduhng.,some\tART\ttree\tPL\tlike\t3PL\twas\tdry-PROG\tdown,Some of the trees seemed to be waning.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-59,7,I ting (an/a dem) duhz duhn faas.,I\tting\t(an/a\tdem)\tduhz\tduhn\tfaas.,ART\tthing\t(and\tthem)\tHAB\tdone\tfast,We usually run out of the thing(s) quickly.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-31,8,Di pikni-dem laas di piepa.,Di\tpikni-dem\tlaas\tdi\tpiepa.,DET\tchild-PL\tlose\tDET\tpaper,The children lost the paper.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-32,8,Di buk-dem de pan di tiebl.,Di\tbuk-dem\tde\tpan\tdi\ttiebl.,DET\tbook-PL\tLOC\ton\tDET\ttable,The books are on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-33,8,Buk de pan di tiebl.,Buk\tde\tpan\tdi\ttiebl.,book\tLOC.COP\ton\tDET\ttable,Books are on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-46,9,Ma grandfada had faiv eykaz a lan hia.,Ma\tgrandfada\thad\tfaiv\teykaz\ta\tlan\thia.,my\tgrandfather\thad\tfive\tacres\tof\tland\there,My grandfather had five acres of land here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-47,9,Maskin kaal op di sowdjaz dem.,Maskin\tkaal\top\tdi\tsowdjaz\tdem.,Maskin\tcall\tup\tthe\tsoldiers\tthem,Maskin called up the soldiers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-37,10,Di pikniny dem we stodi Baptis taak di trii.,Di\tpikniny\tdem\twe\tstodi\tBaptis\ttaak\tdi\ttrii.,ART.DEF\tchild\tPL\tREL\tstudy\tBaptist\ttalk\tART.DEF\tthree,The children who study at one of the Baptist schools talk the three (languages).,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-38,10,Aafta di skiel gaan iin di sii batam [...].,Aafta\tdi\tskiel\tgaan\tiin\tdi\tsii\tbatam\t[...].,after\tART.DEF\tscale\tgo.PST\tin\tART.DEF\tsea\tbottom\t[...],After the scales had fallen onto the bottom of the sea [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-39,10,"Yo finganiel dem tuu long, sha!","Yo\tfinga-niel\tdem\ttuu\tlong,\tsha!",2SG.POSS\tfinger-nail\tPL\ttoo\tlong\tsir,"Your fingernails are too long, sir!",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-40,10,So aal di animal neva kuda flai op.,So\taal\tdi\tanimal\tneva\tkuda\tflai\top.,so\tall\tART.DEF\tanimal\tNEG.ANT\tcan.PST\tfly\tup,But not all of the animals could fly up [to the mountain top].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-43,11,Bot mai tiicha dei taak Inglish or Spanish.,Bot\tmai\ttiicha\tdei\ttaak\tInglish\tor\tSpanish.,but\t1SG.POSS\tteacher\t3PL\ttalk\tEnglish\tor\tSpanish,"But my teachers, they talk English or Spanish.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-44,11,Som a di tiichaz dem don nou Inglish.,Som\ta\tdi\ttiicha-z\tdem\tdon\tnou\tInglish.,some\tof\tART.DEF\tteacher-PL\tPL\tNEG\tknow\tEnglish,Some of the teachers don’t know English.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-45,11,di piknini dem,di\tpiknini\tdem,ART.DEF\tchild\tPL,the children,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-46,11,Nou wi hav les torkl dan ada animal.,Nou\twi\thav\tles\ttorkl\tdan\tada\tanimal.,now\t1PL\thave\tless\tturtle\tthan\tother\tanimal,Now we find less turtles than other animals.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-47,11,Di muos praablem iz di drogz wid di yong man.,Di\tmuos\tpraablem\tiz\tdi\tdrog-z\twid\tdi\tyong\tman.,ART.DEF\tmost\tproblem\tCOP.PRS\tART.DEF\tdrug-PL\twith\tART.DEF\tyoung\tman,"For young men, the biggest problem are the drugs.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-48,11,"Deh get som plaans fram FADCANIC laik ariinj, kokanat an ada ting.","Deh\tget\tsom\tplaan-s\tfram\tFADCANIC\tlaik\tariinj,\tkokanat\tan\tada\tting.",3PL\tget\tsome\tplant-PL\tfrom\tFADCANIC\tlike\torange\tcoconut\tand\tother\tthing,They get some plants from the FADCANIC like orange and coconut trees and other things.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-39,12,I had four husband.,I\thad\tfour\thusband.,1SG.SBJ\thave.PST\tfour\thusband,I had four husbands.,,,,unspecified -12-40,12,Miss - the boys - them broke down Bay Street.,Miss - the boys - them broke down Bay Street.,Miss   ART boy.PL   PL break[PFV] down Bay Street,"Miss, the men completely destroyed Bay Street.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-41,12,"And girl, let me tell you. When you go to the Island - when you go to Island, try carry Off. Because them mosquito, they'll kill you - and them sandfly.","[...] them mosquito, they'll kill you - and them sandfly.",[...] PL mosquito[SBJ] 3PL.SBJ.FUT kill 2SG.OBJ   and PL sandfly[SBJ],[...] those mosquitoes [...] and those sandflies.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-42,12,De boy-dem playin' hockey.,De\tboy-dem\tplayin'\thockey.,ART\tboy-PL\tplay-PROG\thockey,The boys are playing hockey.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-37,13,twenty-four bed,twenty-four\tbed,twenty-four\tbed,twenty-four beds,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-38,13,pieces,piece-s,piece-PL,pieces,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-39,13,chillen,chillen,child.PL,children,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-28,14,two dogs,two\tdogs,two\tdogs,two dogs,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-29,14,"dog, dogs","dog,\tdogs",dog.SG\tdog.PL,"dog, dogs",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-37,15,pikin dɛm,pikin\tdɛm,child\tPL,children,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-38,15,buk ~ buk dɛm,buk ~ buk dɛm,book   book PL,books,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-31,16,"dɛ pasɛnʤɛs tel àm se ""mà frɛn [...]""","dɛ\tpasɛnʤɛ-s\ttel\tàm\tse\t""mà\tfrɛn\t[...]""",ART\tpassenger-PL\ttell\t3SG.OBL\tCOMP\tmy\tfriend\t[...],"The passengers said to him, ""My friend [...]"".",,,,naturalistic spoken -16-32,16,wì gɛt sɔm wumã we dè dè kuk,wì\tgɛt\tsɔm\twumã\twe\tdè\tdè\tkuk,1PL\tget\tINDF\twoman\tCOMP\t3PL\tHAB\tcook,There were women who cooked (for us).,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-33,16,dɛ trɔks we dè briŋg àm frɔm ʤɛmɛni,dɛ\ttrɔk-s\twe\tdè\tbriŋg\tàm\tfrɔm\tʤɛmɛni,ART\ttruck-PL\tCOMP\t3PL\tbring\t3SG.OBL\tFROM\tGermany,the trucks they brought from Germany,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-34,16,dè brek dɛ̀m haus,dè\tbrek\tdɛ̀m\thaus,3PL\tbreak\t3PL.POSS\thouse,They demolished their houses.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-28,17,"man dè̱m, got dè̱m, ston dè̱m","man\tdè̱m,\tgot\tdè̱m,\tston\tdè̱m",man\t3PL\tgoat\t3PL\tstone\t3PL,"men, goats, stones",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-29,17,man; got; ston,man;\tgot;\tston,man\tgoat\tstone,man/men; goat(s); stone(s),,,,naturalistic spoken -18-35,18,Haumoch foh dat yu banana?,Ha\tmotch\tfo\tdat\tyu\tbanana?,how\tmuch\tfor\tthat\t2SG.POSS\tbanana,How much are those bananas of yours?,,,,published source -19-37,19,pìkin; stik,pìkin;\tstik,child\ttree,child; tree,,,,constructed by linguist -19-38,19,pìkín dɛ̀n; stik dɛ̀n,pìkín\tdɛ̀n;\tstik\tdɛ̀n,child\tPL\ttree\tPL,children; trees,,,,constructed by linguist -20-33,20,You children hap alla marry?,You\tchildren\thap\talla\tmarry?,2SG.POSS\tchildren\tPFV\tall\tmarry,May I ask whether all your children have been married?,,,,naturalistic written -20-168,20,Ship got womans?,Ship\tgot\twomans?,ship\tgot\twoman.PL,Are there women on the ship?,,,,naturalistic written -21-27,21,Like ten thousand of my friend already applied and went for interview.,Like\tten\tthousand\tof\tmy\tfriend\talready\tappli-ed\tand\twent\tfor\tinterview.,like\tten\tthousand\tof\t1SG.POSS\tfriend\talready\tapply-PST\tand\tgo.PST\tfor\tinterview,"For example, ten thousand of my friends have already applied [for jobs] and gone for interviews.",,,,naturalistic spoken -21-28,21,Then they teach you all the technique lah.,Then\tthey\tteach\tyou\tall\tthe\ttechnique\tlah.,then\t3PL\tteach\t2SG\tall\tDET\ttechnique.PL\tPCL,Then they teach you all the techniques.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-44,22,Displa pik em i bin sae kaikaim ol man.,Displa\tpik\tem\ti\tbin\tsae\tkaikai-m\tol\tman,this\tpig\t3SG\tPM\tPST\tHAB\tbite-TR\tPL\tman,This pig used to bite people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-45,22,Askim ol lapun.,Askim\tol\tlapun.,ask\tPL\told.person,Ask older people.,,,,naturalistic written -22-46,22,Em i stap nau ma(ma) bl' em wokim spia nao em i kam nau ma bl' em wokim ol bet.,Em\ti\tstap\tnau\tma(ma)\tbl'\tem\twokim\tspia\tnao\tem\ti\tkam\tnau\tma\tbl'\tem\twokim\tol\tbet.,3SG\tPM\tstay\tnow\tmother\tPOSS\t3SG\tmake\tspear\tnow\t3SG\tPM\tcome\tnow\tmother\tPOSS\t3SG\tmake\tPL\tbed,"He stayed and his mother made arrows, he came and his mother made beds.",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-48,23,ol haos oli fasfas tumas,ol\thaos\toli\tfasfas\ttumas,PL\thouse\tAGR\tfast\tvery,The houses are crowded together.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-49,24,gehl,gehl,woman,women,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-50,24,"gehl, gehls","gehl,\tgehls",woman\twoman.PL,"woman, women",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-51,24,em letl salan,em\tletl\tsalan,DET.DEF.PL\tlittle\tpeople,the little children,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-131,25,Im kukumbat eig.,Im\tkuk-um-bat\teig.,3SG\tcook-TR-PROG\tegg,He is cooking eggs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-132,25,D. im med langa ole boi.,D.\tim\tmed\tlanga\tole\tboi.,D.\t3SG\tmad\tLOC\tPL\tboy,D. is mad with the boys.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-133,25,Yu kan tok la thislot medbaga.,Yu\tkan\ttok\tla\tthis-lot\tmed-baga.,2SG\tcan.NEG\ttalk\tLOC\tPROX-PL\tmad-ADJ3,You can’t talk to these mad ones (children).,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-134,25,"Nomo gata lif, thislot botel tri.","Nomo\tgata\tlif,\tthis-lot\tbotel\ttri.",NEG\tCOM\tleaf\tPROX-PL\tbottle\ttree,"They don’t have leaves, these bottle trees!",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-135,25,Yubala go gedim main daga. Nomo wori bla ola pipul.,Yubala\tgo\tged-im\tmain\tdaga.\tNomo\twori\tbla\tola\tpipul.,2PL\tgo\tget-TR\t1SG.POSS\ttucker\tNEG\tworry\tDAT/POSS\tPL\tpeople,You lot go and get my food. Don’t worry about the people.,,,,naturalistic written -25-136,25,Wi yusdu habim kid la bush.,Wi\tyusdu\thab-im\tkid\tla\tbush.,1PL\tHAB\thave-TR\tchild\tLOC\tbush,We used to have children in the bush.,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-137,25,Imin ded silip eniwei la ola rok.,Im=in\tded\tsilip\teniwei\tla\tola\trok.,3SG=PST\tdead\tsleep\tanyway\tLOC\tPL\trock,He went sound asleep on the rocks.,,,,naturalistic written -25-138,25,Ai bin bilimap olda eig.,Ai\tbin\tbil-im-ap\tolda\teig.,1SG\tPST\tfill-TR-up\tPL\tegg,I filled it up with the eggs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-139,25,"Imin polis treka olegija na, til imin hevim ole children.","Im=in\tpolis\ttreka\tolegija\tna,\ttil\tim=in\thev-im\tole\tchildren.",3SG=PST\tpolice\ttracker\taltogether\tnow\ttill\t3SG=PST\thave-TR\tPL\tchildren,"He was a police tracker for good then, until he had children.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-140,25,Yu bin ji ole nat [...] boling dan?,Yu\tbin\tji\tole\tnat\t[...]\tbol-ing\tdan?,2SG\tPST\tsee\tPL\tnut\t[...]\tfall-PROG2\tdown,Did you see the nuts falling down?,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-141,25,"Wal dislot bed, fram antop dei bin – dei bin lukinat na.","Wal dis-lot bed, fram antop dei bin – dei bin luk-in-at na.",well PROX-PL bird from above 3PL PST   3PL PST look-PROG2-out now,But these birds were watching from above.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-142,25,Ala munanga bin lus olabat shap [...] ebarrijing!,Ala\tmunanga\tbin\tlus\tolabat\tshap\t[...]\tebarrijing!,PL\tnon-Aboriginal\tPST\tlose\t3PL\tshop\t[...]\tbelongings,The non-Aboriginals lost their shops [...] (all their) belongings!,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-143,25,Wanbala olmen bin ran garrimap thad boks. Imin rekin im thad bigwan-bigwan peket.,Wan-bala\tolmen\tbin\tran\tgarrimap\tthad\tboks.\tIm=in\trekin\tim\tthad\tbigwan-bigwan\tpeket.,one-ADJ2\tman\tPST\trun\tpick:up\tDEM\tbox\t3SG=PST\tthink/say\t3SG\tDEM\tRED.big:ADJ\tpacket,One old man ran and picked up that box. He reckoned it was those big packets.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-144,25,Ai bin gibitbat la ola kid tu sambala mani blanga plei.,Ai\tbin\tgib-it-bat\tla\tola\tkid\ttu\tsam-bala\tmani\tblanga\tplei.,1SG\tPST\tgive-TR-PROG\tLOC\tPL\tchild\ttoo\tsome-ADJ2\tmoney\tDAT/POSS\tplay,I was also giving the children some money for playing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-145,25,Dumaji ai bin askimbat kwestyin la thad munanga na weya alabat wek jeya.,Dumaji\tai\tbin\task-im-bat\tkwestyin\tla\tthad\tmunanga\tna\tweya\talabat\twek\tjeya.,because\t1SG\tPST\task-TR-PROG\tquestion\tLOC\tDEM\tnon.Aboriginal\tnow\tSUBORD\t3PL\twork\tthere,Because I was questioning the non-Aboriginals who are working there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-29,26,haʊ kæn smao ɹaks hit a ɹuf?,haʊ\tkæn\tsmao\trak-s\thit\ta\truf,how\tcan\tsmall\trock-PL\thit\tART\troof,How can small rocks hit a roof?,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-30,26,if aʊa gɹænmaɾa tol as nokæn,if\taʊa\tgrænmaɾa\ttol\tas\tno-kæn,if\t1PL.POSS\tgrandmother\ttold\t1PL.OBL\tPROH,if our grandmothers told us we weren't allowed to,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-31,26,deɪ gaɪz go baɪ dɛm sam soɾaz,deɪ\tgaɪ-z\tgo\tbaɪ\tdɛm\tsam\tsoɾa-z,DEM\tguy-PL\tACT\tbuy\tREFL\tsome\tsoda-PL,Those guys go and buy themselves some sodas.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-25,27,də kētel (sinu),də\tkētel\t(sinu),ART.DEF\tkettle\t(3PL),the kettles,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-26,27,di difman (sini),di\tdifman\t(sini),DET\tthief\t(3PL),the thieves,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-44,28,namblu alma das jɛnda danga,namblu\talma\tdas\tjɛn-da\tdanga,horse\tall\tHAB\tbe-there\tthere,Even horses are there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-45,28,jɛrma doko gaugau,jɛrma\tdoko\tgau-gau,woman\tpaddle\tquick-quick,"Women paddle with short, quick strokes.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-46,28,eni bi eni das mini namapu kɛkɛ hatibeʃapu,eni\tbi\teni\tdas\tmini\tnama-apu\tkɛkɛ\thatibeʃi-apu,3PL\tsay\t3PL\tHAB\tswallow\tmeat-PL\tlike\tbush.deer-PL,"They say they swallow animals, such as bush deer.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-47,28,langi titi kɛnapu wa sɛtɛ kɛkɛ dalki titi kɛnapu ka,langi\ttiti\tkɛnɛ-apu\twa\tsɛtɛ\tkɛkɛ\tdalki\ttiti\tkɛnɛ-apu\tka,long\ttime\tperson-PL\tPST\tstay\tlike\tnow\ttime\tperson-PL\tNEG,People of long ago didn't live like people of nowadays.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-48,28,o habo twɛ jɛrmatoko,o\thabu\ttwɛ\tjɛrma-toko,3SG\thave\ttwo\twoman-child,She has two daughters.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-33,29,"boek - boeke, dag - dae, man - mans, vrou - vrouens, kind - kinders","boek\t-\tboeke,\tdag\t-\tdae,\tman\t-\tmans,\tvrou\t-\tvrouens,\tkind\t-\tkinders",book\t-\tbook.PL\tday\t-\tday.PL\tman\t-\tman.PL\twoman\t-\twoman.PL\tchild\t-\tchild.PL,"book - books, day - days, man - men, woman - women, child - children",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-48,30,"Ê pa ka dexa kes káru bedju ánda más, pamô ses fumu sa ta pului ár kada bes más.","ê\tpa=ka=dexa\tkes=káru\tbedju\tánda\tmás,\tpamô\tses=fumu\tsa=ta=pului\tár\tkada\tbes\tmás.",be\tfor=not=allow\tDEM.PL=car\told\tgo\tmore\tbecause\ttheir=smoke\tPROG=IPFV=pollute\tair\teach\ttime\tmore,These old cars shouldn’t be allowed to run any longer because their exhaust fumes are increasingly polluting the air.,,,,naturalistic written -30-49,30,"Amigus di Lusiu purgunta-l si e kreba entrába na djogu, más [...].","Amigu-s\tdi=Lusiu\tpurgunta=l\tsi=e=kre-ba\tentrá-ba\tna=djogu,\tmás\t[...].",friend-PL\tof=Lusiu\task=3SG\tif=3SG=want-ANT\tenter-ANT\tinto=game\tbut\t[...],"Lusiu’s friends asked him if he wanted to join the game, but [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-50,30,"Nos povu tenba ki vense, nos téra tenba ki liberta, nos ómi ku mudjer tenba ki vive na liberdádi, na pás y na pugrésu.","Nos=povu\tten-ba\tki=vense,\tnos=téra\tten-ba\tki=liberta,\tnos=ómi\tku=mudjer\tten-ba\tki=vive\tna=liberdádi,\tna=pás\ty\tna=pugrésu.",1PL.POSS=people\thave-ANT\tto=win\t1PL.POSS=country\thave-ANT\tto=free\t1PL.POSS=man\twith=woman\thave-ANT\tto=live\tin=freedom\tin=peace\tand\tin=progress,"Our people had to win, our country had to liberate itself, our men and women had to live in liberty, peace and progress.",,,,naturalistic written -31-55,31,Ka kuma gosi ki minizu sa tudu ben bistidu.,Ka\tkuma\tgosi\tki\tminizu\tsa\ttudu\tben\tbistidu.,NEG\tlike\tnow\tthat\tchildren\tare\tall\twell\tdressed,It is not like nowadays that children are all well dressed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-56,31,"Trabadjadoris, gosi sta karu pa bu po pa trabadja.","Trabadjadoris,\tgosi\tsta\tkaru\tpa\tbu\tpo\tpa\ttrabadja.",worker.PL\tnow\tASP\texpensive\tfor\tyou\tput\tto\twork,Workers are now expensive for you to put to work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-33,32,"Galinha, porks e kes lá k no táva kriá.","Galinha,\tporks\te\tkes\tlá\tk\tno\ttáva\tkriá.",hen\tpig.PL\tFOC\tDEM\tthere\tREL\t1PL\tPST.IPFV\trear,"Hens, pigs, these were (the animals) that we used to rear.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-34,32,"Mergulhadores, es mergulhador ta mufiná zóna d'péska.","Mergulhadores,\tes\tmergulhador\tta\tmufiná\tzóna\tde\tpéska.",scuba.diver.PL\tDEM.PL\tscuba.diver\tPRS\tdestroy\tzone\tof\tfishing,"Scuba divers, these scuba divers spoil the fishing areas.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-35,32,Meius de komunikasãu tanben ta transmití-l.,Meius\tde\tkomunikasãu\ttanben\tta\ttransmití-l.,medium.PL\tof\tcommunication\talso\tPRS\ttransmit-3SG,The media also transmit it (the information).,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-36,32,Jent t'oiá kes káza lá de Madeiral.,Jent\tta\toiá\tkes\tkáza\tlá\tde\tMadeiral.,people\tPRS\tsee\tDEM.PL\thouse\tthere\tfrom\tMadeiral.,We can see those houses there from Madeiral.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-43,33,mindjer,mindjer,woman.SG,woman,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-44,33,mindjeris,mindjer-is,woman-PL,women,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-45,33,dus fidju,dus\tfidju,two\tson,two sons,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-46,33,dus fidjus,dus\tfidju-s,two\tson-PL,two sons,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-47,33,kaneta,kaneta,pen.SG,pen,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-48,33,kanetas,kaneta-s,pen-PL,pens,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-34,34,Ña karu ta lebá miñjer-us kabra-s kamati-s ku lansol-us pa fera.,Ña\tkaru\tta\tlebá\tmiñjer-us\tkabra-s\tkamati-s\tku\tlansol-us\tpa\tfera.,POSS.1SG\tcar\tHAB\tcarry\twoman-PL\tgoat-PL\ttomato-PL\twith\tsheet-PL\tto\tmarket,"I usually take women, goats, tomatoes and sheets to the market in my car.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-35,34,Bajuda-s wocá kaleroŋ-us tudu tama-du.,Bajuda-s\tø\twocá\tkaleroŋ-us\ttudu\ttama-du.,girl-PL\tPFV\tfind\tcauldron-PL\tall\ttake-PASS,"When the girls arrived, all the cauldrons were [already] occupied.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-45,35,Inen mina na be fô.,Inen\tmina\tna\tbe\tf=ô.,3PL\tchild\tNEG\tgo\tNEG=PCL,The children didn't go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-46,35,Manga na sa bwa fa.,Manga\tna\tsa\tbwa\tfa.,mango\tNEG\tCOP\tgood\tNEG,The mangos aren't tasty OR: The (particular) mango isn't tasty.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-47,35,Inen ngê se môlê ala me.,Inen\tngê\tse\tmôlê\tala\tme.,PL.DEF\tperson\tDEM\tdie\tthere\tright,These people died right there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-48,35,inen fya se,inen\tfya\tse,PL.DEF\tleaf\tDEM,these/those leaves,,,,elicited from speaker -36-30,36,Ê ra Têtêuga ũa kiba palaxu pa Têtêuga ngodha ki mengai rê ki ene n'na rê.,Ê\tra\tTêtêuga\tũa\tkiba\tpalaxu\tpa\tTêtêuga\tngodha\tki\tmengai\trê\tki\tene\tn'na\trê.,he\tgive\tturtle\tone\tpart\tpalace\tPURP\tturtle\tenjoy\twith\twife\this\tand\tPL\tchild\this,He gave Turtle a part of his palace for Turtle to enjoy it with his wife and his children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-31,36,Ê tambu ane fuuta e bê ku ê kai.,Ê\ttambu\tane\tfuuta\te\tbê\tku\tê\tkai.,he\ttake\tPL\tbreadfruit\tDEM\tgo\twith\tit\thome,He took the breadfruits and went home with them.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-33,37,Ine manse vika [...].,Ine\tmanse\tvika\t[...].,PL\tman\tcome\t[...],The men arrived [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-35,37,Ine laanza sê ki s'usan ê bôn fa.,Ine\tlaanza\tsê\tki\tsa\tusan\tê\tbôn\tfa.,PL\torange\tDEM\tREL\tbe\tground\t3SG\tgood\tNEG,The oranges that are on the ground are not good.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-36,37,Ê tan laanza we ki sê.,Ê\ttan\tlaanza\twe\tki\tsê.,3SG\ttake\torange\tgo\tPOSS\tPOSS.3SG,He left with oranges. OR: He took oranges and left.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-37,38,ngolo fumuzu,ngolo\tfumuzu,shell\tbeautiful,beautiful shell(s),,,,elicited from speaker -38-38,38,namin tesy,na-mina\ttesy,ART.PL-child\tthree,the three children,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-62,38,masyivín tisy,masyivín\ttisy,youngster\tthree,three youngsters,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-52,39,"Ikəl tud koyz ki lɛvo nə museum father Marian ki lɛvo, nə?","Ikəl\ttud\tkoyz\tki\tlɛv-o\tnə\t\tMarian\tki\tlɛv-o,\tnə?",DEM\tall\tthing\tREL\ttake-PST\tLOC\tmuseum\tfather\tMariano\tREL\ttake-PST\tREQ,Wasn't it father Mariano who took those things to the museum?,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-53,39,Yo a da kriãs pə tɛtɛ.,Yo\ta\tda\tkriãs\tpə\ttɛtɛ.,1SG\tIRR.NPST\tgive.INF\tchild\tDAT\taunt,I will give the children to (my) aunt.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-44,41,"[...] tajuntaa luvaara andaatu, nosa jeentis doos pesaan tiɲatu, japapiyaa see, isti malvaars graasa tafaya [...]","[...]\tta-juntaa\tluvaara\tandaa-tu,\tnosa\tjeentis\tdoos\tpesaan\ttiɲa-tu,\tjaa-papiyaa\tsee,\tisti\tmalvaar-s\tgraasa\tta-faya\t[...]",[...]\t[PRS-meet\tplace\tgo-PFV.PTCP]\t[1PL.GEN\tpeople\ttwo\tperson\tstand-PFV.PTCP\tPST-speak\tCOND]\tthis\tTamil-PL\tridicule\tPRS-do\t[...],"[...] having gone to a place where [they] get together, if two of our people stand and talk, the(se) Tamils ridicule [them].",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-45,41,muytu moosamley isti luvaaras,muytu\tmoosam=ley\tisti\tluvaara-s,very\tbad=like\tthis\tplace-PL,"Very bad, these places!",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-46,41,aka laraandu indum meʃiin teem. meʃiins teem taantu,aka\tlaraa-ndu\tinda\tuŋ\tmeʃiin\tteem.\tmeʃiin-s\tteem\ttaantu,that\tleave-PTCP\tanother\tone\tmachine\tPRS.be.\tmachine-PL\tPRS.be\tmany,"That aside, there is another machine. There are many machines. OR: That aside, [we] have another machine. [We] have many machines.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-47,41,noos sarooti talimaa liima?,noos\tsarooti\tta-limaa\tliima?,1PL\tsaw\tPRS-file\tfile,The file that we file our saws with?,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-39,42,dos prau,dos\tprau,two\tboat,two boats,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-40,42,aké kaza kaza ja belu,aké\tkaza\tkaza\tja\tbelu,that\thouse\thouse\tPFV\told,The/those houses are old.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-30,43,"Ile ola tudu lay sorti di fula, di fruta fruta, di albër albër kung raisu [...].","Ile\tola\ttudu\tlay\tsorti\tdi\tfula,\tdi\tfruta\tfruta,\tdi\talbër\talbër\tkung\traisu\t[...].",he\tsee\tall\tkind\tsort\tof\tflower\tof\tfruit\tfruit\tof\ttree\ttree\twith\troot\t[...],"He saw all kinds of flowers, of fruit, of trees with roots [...].",,,,pedagogical grammar -43-31,43,[...] tudu lay di bringku por fil filu.,[...]\ttudu\tlay\tdi\tbringku\tpor\tfil\tfilu.,[...]\tall\tsort\tof\ttoy\tfor\tchild\tchild,[…] all kinds of toys for children.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-43,44,quel manga hombre,quel\tmanga\thombre,DET\tPL\tman,the men,,,,naturalistic written -44-44,44,na mánga lugár,na\tmánga\tlugár,LOC\tPL\tplace,on places,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-45,44,Ta eskribí éli kárta.,Ta\teskribí\téli\tkárta.,IPFV\twrite\t3SG\tletter,He writes letters.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-34,45,Recio cumí mi (mana) hija.,Recio\tcumí\tmi\t(mana)\thija.,strong\teat\t1PL.POSS\t(PL)\tchild,My children eat eagerly.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-35,45,Cada hombre ya lliva tres bag.,Cada\thombre\tya\tlliva\ttres\tbag.,each\tman\tPFV\ttake\tthree\tbag,The men took three bags each.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-36,45,Mi tia y mi tio cuando ta queda frio ta hace sale el abrigo y mga camisa grueso.,Mi\ttia\ty\tmi\ttio\tcuando\tta\tqueda\tfrio\tta\thace\tsale\tel\tabrigo\ty\tmga\tcamisa\tgrueso.,1SG.POSS\taunt\tand\t1SG.POSS\tuncle\twhen\tIPFV\tbecome\tcold\tIPFV\tmake\tcome.out\tDEF\tcoat\tand\tPL\tshirt\tthick,"My aunt and my uncle, when it becomes cold, take out the coat(s) and thick shirts.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-52,46,Tyéne hénte na kása.,Tyéne\thénte\tna\tkása.,EXIST\tperson\tLOC\thouse,There are people in the house. OR: There is somebody in the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-53,46,Tyéne mga karabáw na kamíno.,Tyéne\tmga\tkarabáw\tna\tkamíno.,EXIST\tPL\twater.buffalo\tLOC\tway,There are water buffalos on the road.,,,,constructed by linguist -47-43,47,E baka ta kome yerba; Baka ta kome yerba; E bakanan ta kome yerba; Bakanan ta kome yerba.,E\tbaka\tta\tkome\tyerba;\tbaka\tta\tkome\tyerba;\te\tbaka\tnan\tta\tkome\tyerba;\tbaka\tnan\tta\tkome\tyerba.,DEF\tcow\tTNS\teat\tgrass\tcow\tTNS\teat\tgrass\tDEF\tcow\tPL\tTNS\teat\tgrass\tcow\tPL\tTNS\teat\tgrass,The cow is eating grass. OR: Cows (in general) eat grass. OR: The cows are eating grass.,,,,published source -47-44,47,Nan ta kria baka/ *bakanan.,Nan\tta\tkria\tbaka/\t*baka\tnan.,3PL\tTNS\traise\tcow\tcow\tPL,They keep cows.,,,,published source -47-45,47,Kachonan a keda grita henter anochi.,Kacho\tnan\ta\tkeda\tgrita\thenter\tanochi.,dog\tPL\tPFV\tremain\tbark\twhole\tnight,Dogs kept barking all night.,,,,published source -47-46,47,El a bin ku regalo(*nan) pa mi; El a bin ku regalonan mashá karu pa mi.,El\ta\tbini\tku\tregalo\t(*nan)\tpa\tmi;\tEl\ta\tbini\tku\tregalo\tnan\tmashá\tkaru\tpa\tmi.,3SG\tPFV\tcome\twith\tpresent\t(PL)\tfor\t1SG\t3SG\tPFV\tcome\twith\tpresent\tPL\tvery\texpensive\tfor\t1SG,He came with presents for me; He came with very expensive presents for me.,,,,published source -47-47,47,Ta invitá tur amigu i konosí.,Ta\tinvitá\ttur\tamigu\ti\tkonosí.,TNS\tinvite\tall\tfriend\tand\tacquaintance,All friends and acquaintances are invited.,,,,published source -48-36,48,ese ma nimá,ese\tma\tnimá,this\tPL\tanimal,these animals,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-37,48,ma tre monasito,ma\ttre\tmonasito,PL\tthree\tchild.M,the three (male) children,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-55,49,Li kouri dèyè makout yo.,Li\tkouri\tdèyè\tmakout\tyo.,3SG\trun\tafter\tmacoute\tDEF.3PL,He ran after the brutes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-56,49,rad yo,rad\tyo,clothes\tDEF.3PL,the clothes,,,,constructed by linguist -50-38,50,Sé timoun-la pati.,Sé\ttimoun-la\tpati.,PL\tchild-DEF\tleave,The children left.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-39,50,Sé tab-la sal.,Sé\ttab-la\tsal.,PL\ttable-DEF\tdirty,The tables are dirty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-38,51,Sé timanmay-la pati.,Sé\ttimanmay-la\tpati.,PL\tchild-DEF\tleave,The children left.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-39,51,Sé tab-la sal.,Sé\ttab-la\tsal.,PL\ttable-DEF\tdirty,The tables are dirty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-29,52,"kaz-a, sa kaz-a, wonm-an, sa wonm-an, kaz-ya, sa kaz-ya, moun-yan, sa moun-yan","kaz-a,\tsa\tkaz-a,\twonm-an,\tsa\twonm-an,\tkaz-ya,\tsa\tkaz-ya,\tmoun-yan,\tsa\tmoun-yan",house-DEF\tDEM\thouse-DEM\tman-DEF\tDEM\tman-DEM\thouse-DEF.PL\tDEM\thouse-DEM.PL\tpeople-DEF\tDEM\tpeople-DEM.PL,"the house, this/that house, the man, this/that man, the houses, these/those houses, the people, these/those people",,,,naturalistic spoken -52-30,52,timoun-yan kontan jwè,timoun-yan\tkontan\tjwè,children-PL.DEF\tlove\tplay,Children like to play. OR: Children love playing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-74,53,Le vye moun parl en ta kreol.,Le\tvye\tmoun\tparl\ten\tta\tkreol.,ART.DEF.PL\told\tpeople\tspeak\tART.INDF\tlot\tCreole,The old people speak a lot of Creole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-75,53,Sa tou parl meriken akoz lez ekol.,Sa\ttou\tparl\tmeriken\takoz\tlez\tekol.,DEM\tall\tspeak\tAmerican\tbecause.of\tART.DEF.PL\tschool,They all speak English because of the schools.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-76,53,Alors Bouki trapé eine dans la tchés-yé.,Alors\tBouki\ttrapé\teine\tdans\tlatchés-yé.,then\tBouki\tgrab\tone\tin\ttail-ART.DEF.PL,Then Bouki grabbed one of the tails.,,,,naturalistic written -53-77,53,Compair Lapin soté on la garlie ouké tou mamzels yé té apé tende li avé Compair Bouki.,Compair\tLapin\tsoté\ton\tla\tgarlie\touké\ttou\tmamzels-yé\tté\tapé\ttende\tli\tavé\tCompair\tBouki.,Brother\tRabbit\tjump\ton\tART.DEF.SG\tgallery\twhere\tall\tgirl-ART.DEF.PL\tPST\tPROG\twait\t3SG\twith\tBrother\tBouki,Brother Rabbit jumped on the porch where all the girls were waiting for him with Brother Bouki.,,,,naturalistic written -53-78,53,Depech-ye mi.,Depech-ye\tmi.,peach-ART.DEF.PL\tripe,The peaches are ripe.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-79,53,jenn mounn-yen,jenn\tmounn-yen,young\tpeople-ART.DEF.PL,the young people,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-80,53,le piti; le machin,le\tpiti;\tle\tmachin,ART.DEF.PL\tchild\tART.DEF.PL\tmachine,the children; the machines,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-81,53,Se de gro poul nwa.,Se\tde\tgro\tpoul\tnwa.,it.is\tART.INDF.PL\tbig\tchicken\tblack,They are big black chickens.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-82,53,Blan konm nwa te va pou chèche fonm nwa pou vini kote ye madonm.,Blan\tkonm\tnwa\tte\tva\tpou\tchèche\tfonm\tnwa\tpou\tvini\tkote\tye\tmadonm.,white\tand\tblack\tPST\tgo\tfor\tlook.for\twoman\tblack\tfor\tcome\tto\t3PL.POSS\twife,Whites and blacks alike went to get black women (i.e. midwives) to come to their wives (to deliver their children).,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-83,53,Ye konm chyen e cha.,Ye\tkonm\tchyen\te\tcha.,3PL\tlike\tdog\tand\tcat,They're like (i.e. fight like) cats and dogs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-45,54,mon bann zanfan,mon\tbann\tzanfan,POSS.1SG\tPL\tchild,my children,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-46,54,I anvlop lé pié èk goni.,I\tanvlop\tle\tpye\tek\tgoni.,FIN\twrap\tDEF.PL\ttree\twith\tgunny.bag,You wrap the trees with gunny bags.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-47,54,"Marmay i bouz pa; i sort laba, i di: E bin! papa, la di, nou l'arivé!","Marmay\ti\tbouz\tpa;\ti\tsort\tlaba,\ti\tdi:\tEben!\tpapa,\tla\tdi,\tnou\tl\tarive!",child\tFIN\tmove\tNEG\tFIN\tleave\tover.there\tFIN\tsay\twell\tdaddy\tPRF\tsay\t1PL\tPRF\tarrive,"The children do not move; they leave the place; they say: Well, daddy, they said, we have arrived!",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-48,54,"Sa mon banann, tou sa mon frui, ou la manzé la [...].","Sa\tmon\tbanann,\ttou\tsa\tmon\tfrui,\tou\tla\tmanze\tla\t[...].",DEM\tPOSS.1SG\tbanana\tall\tDEM\tPOSS.1SG\tfruit\t1SG\tPRF\teat\tthere\t[...],"These are my bananas, all that fruit you have eaten [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-41,55,(ban) solda,(ban)\tsolda,(PL)\tsoldier,soldiers,,,,constructed by linguist -55-42,55,(ban) fizi,(ban)\tfizi,(PL)\trifle,rifles,,,,constructed by linguist -56-56,56,Bann madanm i leve i danse.,Bann\tmadanm\ti\tleve\ti\tdanse.,PL\twoman\tPM\tget.up\tPM\tdance,The women got up and danced.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-57,56,Leser in sorti anba.,Leser\tin\tsorti\tanba.,sister\tPRF\tcome.from\tthere,The sisters came out from there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-31,57,"mek, te mek, kas, te kas","mek,\tte\tmek,\tkas,\tte\tkas",man\tPL\tman\thouse\tPL\thouse,"man, men, house, houses",,,,naturalistic spoken -57-134,57,na te larivjer Sa Lui,na\tte\tlarivjer\tSa\tLui,EXIST\tPL\triver\tSt.\tLouis,There are rivers in St. Louis.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-135,57,"sa, se tule mBla kom tule Nwar, se ndefa:ndi pu nu pu fe kom sa","sa,\tse\ttule\tmBla\tkom\ttule\tNwar,\tse\tndefa:ndi\tpu\tnu\tpu\tfe\tkom\tsa",this\tPRESV\tPL\tWhite\tlike\tPL\tBlack\tPRESV\tforbidden\tfor\t1PL\tfor\tdo\tlike\tthat,This is something that is forbidden to do for both Blacks and Whites.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-136,57,se fisi pu tle Bla-la,se\tfisi\tpu\ttle\tBla-la,PRESV\tgun\tPREP\tPL\tWhite-DEM/DEF,That's the gun of the Whites.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-25,58,mw-ana,mw-ana,CL1-child,child,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-26,58,b-ana,b-ana,CL2-child,(the) children,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-27,58,mu-ntu,mu-ntu,CL1-person,a person,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-28,58,ba-ntu,ba-ntu,CL2-person,(the) persons,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-29,58,"mu-sapi, mi-sapi, di-lala, ma-lala","mu-sapi,\tmi-sapi,\tdi-lala,\tma-lala",CL3-finger\tCL4-finger\tCL5-orange\tCL6-orange,"fingers, finger, an/the orange, (the) oranges",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-83,59,azo ake mingi,a-zo\ta-ke\tmingi,PL-person\tPM-COP\tmany,There are a lot of people.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-84,59,akete amelenge ti awali,a-kete\ta-melenge\tti\ta-wali,PL-small\tPL-child\tof\tPL-female,young girls,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-85,59,"amapa, anyama, anyen'","a-mapa,\ta-nyama,\ta-nyen'",PL-bread\tPL-meat\tPL-what,"bread, meat, whatever...",,,,constructed by linguist -59-86,59,"lo sara agozo, lo sara ayi ti gongo na ni","lo\tsara\ta-gozo,\tlo\tsara\ta-yi\tti\tgwengo\tna\tni",3SG\tmake\tPL-manioc\t3SG\tmake\tPL-thing\tof\tgoing\tPREP\tDET,"She prepared manioc and things, she prepared things to take.",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-32,60,mobáli; mibáli,mo-báli;\tmi-báli,CLF.SG-man\tCLF.PL-man,man; men,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-33,60,ebendé; bibendé,e-bendé;\tbi-bendé,CLF.SG-iron.bar\tCLF.PL-iron.bar,iron bar; iron bars,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-20,62,"mlagé, valagé","m-lagé,\tva-lagé",1-woman\t2-woman,"woman, women",,,,elicited from speaker -62-21,62,"kihlatú, vihlatú","ki-hlatú,\tvi-hlatú",7-finger\t8-finger,"finger, fingers",,,,elicited from speaker -63-32,63,nas dínka,nas\tdínka,PL\tDinka,the Dinka,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-33,63,bakan-á,bakan-á,place-PL,places,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-34,63,Núbi,Núbi,Nubi,Nubi (sg or pl),,,,naturalistic spoken -64-40,64,hayawanát,hayawan-át,animal-PL,animals,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-41,64,gabát,gab-át,forest-PL,forests,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-42,64,ketirín,ketir-ín,much-PL,many,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-43,64,murtaín,murta-ín,happy-PL,happy,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-43,65,"Kakoj gadula a nizənəj, isio ukalainza siuda pəliʃola.","Kakoj\tgadula\ta\tnizənəj,\tisio\tukalainza\tsiuda\tpəliʃola.",which\tyear\t1SG\tnot.know\tPL\tUkranian\there\tcome.PFV,I do not know exactly in what year the Ukranians came here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-44,65,Tiper' ibəŋka isio zenʃinə isio kərasivə.,Tiper'\tibəŋka\tisio\tzenʃinə\tisio\tkərasivə.,now\tJapanese\tPL\twoman\tPL\tbeautiful,Japanese women are beautiful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-28,66,Go itu buk-pəðə-yang ati-baça.,Go\titu\tbuk-pəðə-yang\tati-baça.,1SG\tDEM\tbook-PL-ACC\tFUT-read,I will read those books.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-29,66,Go itu tumman*(-pəðə) yang api məliyatna.,Go\titu\ttumman-pəðə-yang\ta-pi\tmə-liyat-na.,1SG\tDEM\tfriend-PL-ACC/DEF\tPRS-go\tINF-see-DAT,I am going to visit those friends.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-53,67,kawan-kawan; buku-buku,kawan~kawan;\tbuku~buku,friend~friend\tbook~book,friends; books,,,,elicited from speaker -67-54,67,Ada Melayu punya kawan-kawan campo-campo ada la.,Ada\tMelayu\tpunya\tkawan~kawan\tcampo~campo\tada\tla.,have\tMalay\tATTR\tfriend~friend\tmix~mix\thave\tEMPH,"[I] have Malay friends, with whom [I] mix all the time.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-56,67,itu gadis sama dia punya kawan,itu\tgadis\tsama\tdia\tpunya\tkawan,DEM\tgirl\twith\t3SG\tPOSS\tfriend,that girl and her friend(s),,,,constructed by linguist -68-35,68,Cengke cengke su abis.,Cengke~cengke\tsu\tabis.,PL~clove\tPFV\tfinish,The clove trees are all destroyed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-18,69,nuŋgum munja kumbut asəŋ,nuŋgum\tmunja\tkumbut\tasəŋ,man\tman\tvillage\tPL,village men,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-19,69,kumbuŋa,kumbuŋa,shells,shells,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-45,71,Wau aole nana kela mau poho kiwi.,Wau\taole\tnana\tkela\tmau\tpoho\tkiwi.,1SG\tNEG\tlook\tDET\tPL\tcontainer\thorn,I didn't see the buffalo horn containers (used for opium).,,,,naturalistic written -71-46,71,Wau ike kela mau keiki akolu maloko nei.,Wau\tike\tkela\tmau\tkeiki\takolu\tmaloko\tnei.,1SG\tsee\tDET\tPL\tchild\tthree\tinside\there,I saw three children inside here.,,,,naturalistic written -72-37,72,Wi garra gedim wumarawalija.,Wi\tgarra\tged-im\twumara-walija.,1PL.SBJ\tPOT\tget-TR\trock-PAUC,We’ll get some rocks.,,,e792acc14fe08e7a3fff09fbe54a0aaa,naturalistic spoken -72-38,72,Yu putim nyawarrat kututij.,Yu\tput-im\tnyawa-rrat\tkututij.,2SG\tput-TR\tthis-PAUC\tstand.RED,You make this lot stand up.,,,081ed14244ab21a754f6c5ffedd0368d,naturalistic spoken -72-39,72,Nyanawu kirri dei bin bringim im bihain wayi.,Nyanawu\tkirri\tdei\tbin\tbring-im\tim\tbihain\twayi.,remember\twoman\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tbring-TR\t3SG.OBJ\tbehind\tTAG,"You remember those women, they used to bring it at the back, didn't they.",,,,naturalistic spoken -72-41,72,Dem manyanyi na ai laikim yapayapa.,Dem\tmanyanyi\tna\tai\tlaik-im\tyapayapa.,those\tplant.species\tFOC\t1SG.SBJ\tlike-TR\tyoung,I like the young manyanyi leaves.,,,eb89bb116201920a5977918f37f6b225,naturalistic spoken -73-35,73,kuyibuk yirba nuwabishka,kuyi-buk\tyirba\tnuwabi-shka,guinea.pig-BEN\tgrass\tNEG.EXIST-EVID,There turns out to be no grass for the guinea pigs.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-36,73,isti trastigunada akimu trayiy,isti\ttrasti-guna-da\taki-mu\ttrayi-y,this\tdish-PL-ACC\tthis-ALL\tbring-IMP,Bring these dishes over here.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-35,74,wač,wač,watch,"watch, clock OR: watches, clocks",,,,constructed by linguist -74-36,74,tayí,tayí,chief,"chief, chiefs",,,,constructed by linguist -74-37,74,íktas,íktas,things,things,,,,narrative -75-74,75,Kaaoshihtaachik lii maenzon lii rosh kiiaapachiheewak.,Kaa-oshihtaa-chik\tlii\tmaenzon\tlii\trosh\tkii-aapachih-eewak.,REL-make.INAN-3PL\tART.PL\thouse\tART.PL\trock\tPST-use.ANIM-3PL,"When they made houses, they used rocks. OR: The houses that they made, they made of rocks.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-75,75,kitawakaya,ki-tawakay-a,2SG-ear-PL.INAN,your ears,,,,naturalistic spoken -76-36,76,ĭnnūĭt homolȗktu,ĭnnūĭt\thomolȗktu,men\tmany,many people,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-37,76,kaktuña mȗkki innuk kōpȗk,kaktuña\tmȗkki\tinnuk\tkōpȗk,hungry\tdead\tman\tKōpȗk,People are starving at Kōpȗk.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-73,1,Dasanni habi horro-horro.,Da-sani\thabi\toro~oro.,DET.SG-thing\thave\thole.RED,It has holes all over.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-74,1,"Dan mie dé soetoe na seysei, Boesieduyvie, Leguana ofoe Kauwrie na boon.","Dan\tmi\tde\tsutu\tna\tseisei,\tBusidoifi,\tLegwana\tofu\tKawri\tna\tbon.",then\t1SG\tASP\tshoot\tLOC\tside.RED\tbushpidgeon\tiguana\tor\tbird\tLOC\ttree,"Then I shoot bushpidgeons, iguanas, or jackdaws out of the trees on the sides (of the forest).",,,,written -1-75,1,Dem sa moessoe callie neem foe alla den hedieman foe dem condre.,Den\tsa\tmusu\tkali\tnen\tfu\tala\tden\thedeman\tfu\tden\tkondre.,3PL\tFUT\tmust\tcall\tname\tof\tall\tDET.PL\thead\tof\t3PL/DET.PL\tvillage,They will have to mention the names of all the captains of the/their villages.,,,,written -4-34,4,Den bobi ná e bigi.,Den\tbobi\tná\te\tbigi.,DET.PL\tbreast\tNEG\tIPFV\tbig,The breasts are not getting bigger.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-40,5,di kou dem,di\tkou\tdem,the\tcow\tPL,the cows,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-41,5,buk buk,buk\tbuk,book\tbook,books (all over),,,,constructed by linguist -6-25,6,"a cat, two cat(s), all dem cat(s)","a\tcat,\ttwo\tcat(s),\tall\tdem\tcat(s)",DET\tcat\ttwo\tcat(PL)\tall\tART\tcat(PL),"a cat, two cats, all these cats",,,,constructed by linguist -6-26,6,"dem cat, de cat an dem","dem\tcat,\tde\tcat\tan\tdem",PL\tcat\tDET\tcat\tCONJ\tPL,the cats,,,,elicited from speaker -7-60,7,boiz,boi-z,boy-PL,boys,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-62,7,di pikni (an) dem,di\tpikni\t(an)\tdem,ART\tchild\t(and)\t3PL,the children,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-63,7,yeiz an yeiz,yei-z\tan\tyei-z,year-PL\tand\tyear-PL,for many years,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-64,7,pikni fo so,pikni\tfoso,child\tINTENS,many children,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-34,8,buk-buk,buk-buk,book-book,(several) books (more than two),,,,elicited from speaker -8-35,8,Di pus-dem av nof pikni.,Di\tpus-dem\tav\tnof\tpikni.,DET\tpuss-PL\thave\tmany\tchild,The cats have many kittens.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-10,9,A de taak bawt siywid dem.,A\tde\ttaak\tbawt\tsiywid\tdem.,1SG\tPROG\ttalk\tabout\tseaweed\tthem,I am talking about those types of seaweed (that you know of).,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-48,9,Sam a dem bway wuda gu awt.,Sam\ta\tdem\tbway\twuda\tgu\tawt.,some\tof\tPL\tboy\twould\tgo\tout,Some of the boys want to go out.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-49,9,Yu gat li aystaz we grow pan de.,Yu\tgat\tli\taystaz\twe\tgrow\tpan\tde.,you\tgot\tlittle\toysters\tREL\tgrow\ton\tthem,There are small oysters that grow on them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-41,10,Ih haad fi poo pikniny go skuul.,Ih\thaad\tfi\tpoo\tpikniny\tgo\tskuul.,3SG\thard\tfor\tpoor\tchild\tgo\tschool,It is hard for poor children to go to school.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-42,10,Wen di pikniny dem hia dehn muma kom [...].,Wen\tdi\tpikniny\tdem\thia\tdehn\tmuma\tkom\t[...].,when\tART.DEF\tchild\tPL\thear\t3PL.POSS\tmother\tcome\t[...],When the children heard their mother coming [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-43,10,Wi gat plenty problem.,Wi\tgat\tplenty\tproblem.,1PL\tget\tplenty\tproblem,We have a lot of problems.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-45,10,di tiichaz dem,di\ttiicha-z\tdem,ART.DEF\tteacher-PL\tPL,the teachers,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-49,11,Som ov di madaz don sen di piknini tu klaas.,Som\tov\tdi\tmada-z\tdon\tsen\tdi\tpiknini\ttu\tklaas.,some\tof\tART.DEF\tmother-PL\tCOMPL\tsend\tART.DEF\tchild\tto\tclass,Some of the mothers have sent their children to school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-50,11,di likl neebor dem,di\tlikl\tneebor\tdem,ART.DEF\tlittle\tneighbour\tPL,the little neighbours,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-43,12,"That when the Duke first come here, and he gone over to talk with R- President Roosevelt to see that he get to 'cruit some of the boys from here to go over there to work the Work Food Administration.",[...]\tsome\tof\tthe\tboy-s\tfrom\there\t[...],[...]\tsome\tof\tART\tboy-PL\tfrom\there\t[...],[...] some of the boys from here [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-44,12,"Except for like the dan - the dancers, 'cause people like - you know, women ain’t too handy with their hands, you know.",[...]\twomen\t[...],[...]\twoman.PL\t[...],"[...] women [aren't too clever with their hands, ...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-40,13,E call togeda all de leada dem.,E\tcall\ttogeda\tall\tde\tleada\tdem.,3SG.SBJ\tcall\ttogether\tall\tDET\tleader\tPL,He called together all the leaders. (Mt 2.4),,,,bible translation -13-41,13,ʧaːl - ʧɪln̩,ʧaːl - ʧɪln̩,child   children,child - children,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-30,14,gooses,gooses,geese,geese,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-39,15,pikin dɛm,pikin\tdɛm,child\tPL,children,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-40,15,tʃuk tʃuk,tʃuk-tʃuk,prick-prick,thorns,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-35,16,"dat ples, no mɔskitos","dat\tples,\tno\tmɔskito-s",DEM\tplace\tNEG\tmosquito-PL,There are no mosquitoes in that place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-36,16,uman - umɛn,uman\t-\tumɛn,woman\t-\twoman.PL,woman - women,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-37,16,dɛ̀m dè kam opĩ faktri-faktri fɔr às,dɛ̀m\tdè\tkam\topĩ\tfaktri~faktri\tfɔr\tàs,3PL\tHAB\tcome\topen\tfactory~PL\tfor\t1PL.OBL,They come and open factories for us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-30,17,got,got,goat,goat(s),,,,naturalistic spoken -17-31,17,got dè̱m,got\tdè̱m,goat\t3PL,goats,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-32,17,pe̱sin vs. pipol,pe̱sin\tvs.\tpipol,person\tvs.\tpeople,person vs. people,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-33,17,ge̱l vs. ge̱ls,ge̱l\tvs.\tge̱ls,girl\tvs.\tgirls,girl vs. girls,,,,elicited from speaker -17-34,17,got got,goat~goat,goat~goat,some goats / plenty of goats,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-36,18,Kainkain klos dem dey fo maket.,Kainkain\tklos\tdem\tdey\tfo\tmaket.,kind.kind\tcloth\tPL\tthere\tfor\tmarket,There are various kinds of dresses in the market.,,,,published source -19-39,19,mòtó; mòtó dɛ̀n,mòtó;\tmòtó\tdɛ̀n,car\tcar\tPL,car; cars,,,,constructed by linguist -19-40,19,gal/gals; bɔy/bɔys,gal/gal-s;\tbɔy/bɔy-s,girl/girl-PL\tboy/boy-PL,girl/girls; boy/boys,,,,constructed by linguist -20-50,20,[...] and all good mans must so fashion do ebely number 7 moon.,[...]\tand\tall\tgood\tmans\tmust\tso\tfashion\tdo\tebely\tnumber\t7\tmoon.,[...]\tand\tall\tgood\tman\tmust\tso\tfashion\tdo\tevery\tnumber\tseven\tmoon,[...] and everyone must do it in the seventh month of each year.,,,,naturalistic written -20-71,20,He more better takee two piecee coolie long he.,He\tmore\tbetter\ttakee\ttwo\tpiecee\tcoolie\tlong\the.,3SG\tmore\tbetter\ttake\ttwo\tCLF\tcoolie\tCOM\t3SG,He better take two coolies with him.,,,,naturalistic written -21-29,21,cat; cats,cat;\tcat-s,cat\tcat-PL,cats,,,,constructed by linguist -21-30,21,mouse; mice,mouse;\tmice,mouse\tmouse.PL,mice,,,,constructed by linguist -22-47,22,Ol i save salim ol kain kain tul long liklik mani tasol.,Ol\ti\tsave\tsalim\tol\tkain\tkain\ttul\tlong\tliklik\tmani\ttasol.,3PL\tPM\tHAB\tsell\tPL\tkind\tkind\ttool\tPREP\tlittle\tmoney\tonly,They regularly sell various kinds of tools for just very little.,,,,naturalistic written -23-49,23,olgeta UMP oli no laekem hem,olgeta\tUMP\toli\tno\tlaekem\them,3PL\tUMP\tAGR\tNEG\tlike\t3SG,The UMP (people) didn't like him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-50,23,Ol Banks oli no mo save kivimaot ol loan.,Ol\tBanks\toli\tno\tmo\tsave\tkivimaot\tol\tloan.,PL\tbanks\tAGR\tNEG\tmore\tcan\tgive.out\tPL\tloan,The banks can no longer give out loans.,,,,naturalistic written -24-52,24,iyalas,iyala-s,overbearing-PL,overbearing youngsters,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-53,24,dem giis,dem\tgiis,DET.PL\tgoose,geese,,,,constructed by linguist -24-54,24,dem tieti,dem\ttieti,PL\tsweet.potato,(the) sweet potatoes,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-146,25,"Brom top, yu ken luk ole haus ebriwea.","Brom\ttop,\tyu\tken\tluk\tole\thaus\tebriwea.",from\ttop\t2SG\tcan\tsee\tPL\thouse\teverywhere,"From the top, you can see the houses everywhere.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-147,25,Wot abat yubala jiftim olabat dijlat pikanini?!,Wot\tabat\tyubala\tjift-im\tolabat\tdij-lat\tpikanini?!,what\tabout\t2PL\tshift-TR\t3PL\tPROX-PL\tchild,"How about you lot move them, these children?!",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-148,25,Bat ole holidei oldei olmaolman wi yusdu getim.,Bat\tole\tholidei\toldei\tolma~olman\twi\tyusdu\tget-im.,but\tPL\tholiday\talways/HAB\tRED.older.man\t1PL\tHAB\tget-TR,But during all holidays with the old people we used to get them (traditional stone tools).,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-149,25,Wi bin siyim garra orla kid.,Wi\tbin\tsiy-im\tgarra\torla\tkid.,1SG\tPST\tsee-TR\tCOM/INS\tPL\tchild,We saw her with the children.,,,,unknown -26-32,26,smao lido fit,smao\tlido\tfit,small\tlittle\tfeet,small little feet,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-27,27,di mēnshi sinu,di\tmēnshi\tsinu,DET\tgirl\t3PL,the girls,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-49,28,ɛkɛ timi mɛtɛ di hogo skunapu ababaka,ɛkɛ\ttimi\tmɛtɛ\tdi\thogo\tskun-apu\tababa\tka,1SG\tbe.able\twith\tthe\thigh\tshoe-PL\tanymore\tNEG,I cannot cope with high-heeled shoes anymore.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-50,28,idri daka ɛk justu kriki skeliŋskeliŋ,idri\tdaka\tɛkɛ\tjustu\tkriki\tskelingi-skelingi,every\tday\t1SG\tPST.HAB\tget\tcent-cent,Every day I would find an 8-cent coin.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-34,29,"kat - katte, hoedjie - hoedjies, droom - drome, wa - waens","kat\t-\tkat-(t)e,\thoed-jie\t-\thoed-jie-s,\tdroom\t-\tdrom-e,\twa\t-\twa-ens",cat\t-\tcat-PL\that-DIM\t-\that-DIM-PL\tdream\t-\tdream-PL\twaggon\t-\twaggon-PL,"cat - cats, little hat - little hats, dream - dreams, wagon - wagons",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-51,30,"Amigus di Lusiu purgunta-l si e kreba entrába na djogu, más [...].","Amigu-s\tdi=Lusiu\tpurgunta=l\tsi=e=kre-ba\tentrá-ba\tna=djogu,\tmás\t[...].",friend-PL\tof=Lusiu\task=3SG\tif=he=want-ANT\tenter-ANT\tinto=game\tbut\t[...],"Lusiu’s friends asked him if he wanted to join the game, but [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-37,32,Psoas malkriód ka ta prendê.,Psoas\tmalkriód\tka\tta\tprendê.,person.PL\trude\tNEG\tPRS\tlearn,Rude people don't learn.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-49,33,gatu,gatu,cat.SG,cat,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-50,33,gatus,gatu-s,cat-PL,cats,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-36,34,padidi/padidi-s,padidi/padidi-s,wall/wall-PL,wall/walls,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-49,35,"Ũa notxi inen kôlômba pega sun Faxiku ku migu sun, sun Zoxi Mandjinga.","Ũa\tnotxi\tinen\tkôlômba\tpega\tsun\tFaxiku\tku\tmigu\tsun,\tsun\tZoxi\tMandjinga.",one\tnight\t3PL.DEF\twhite\tcatch\tMr.\tFaxiku\tand\tfriend\t3SG.POSS\tMr.\tZoxi\tMandjinga,"One night, (the) white people caught Mr. Faxiku and his friend Mr. Zoxi Mandjinga.",,,,naturalistic spoken -35-50,35,Kwa ku inen mosu se fe?,Kwa\tku\tinen\tmosu\tse\tfe?,"thing\t""ku""\t3PL.DEF\tboys\tDEM\tdo",What did the boys in question do?,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-32,36,Tuu ane alê e vitxa nha.,Tuu\tane\talê\te\tvitxa\tnha.,all\tPL\tking\tDEM\tarrive\tthere,All these kings arrived there.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-37,37,ine kaxi me,ine\tkaxi\tme,PL\thouse\tPOSS.1SG,my houses,,,,constructed by linguist -38-39,38,Pay,pai,old.man,(the) old men,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-40,38,napay,na-pai,ART.PL-old.man,the old men,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-54,39,Es tud ε kaz də tud pad.,Es\ttud\tε\tkaz\tdə\ttud\tpad.,this\tPL\tCOP.NPST\thouse\tof\tall\tpriest,These are the houses of the priests.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-48,41,"akamee, bəəgaspa juuda faya juuda faya falaa jafalaa","aka=mee,\t[bəəga-s-pa\tjuuda\tfaya\tjuuda\tfaya\tfalaa]\tjaa-falaa",that=FOC\t[Burgher-PL-DAT\thelp\tdo\thelp\tdo\tQUOT]\tPST-say,"Indeed! They said ""help the Burghers, help [them].""",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-49,41,fiifis,fiifis,children,children,,,,elicited from speaker -42-41,42,aké krenkrensa ta fazé amoku,aké\tkren~krensa\tta\tfazé\tamoku,that\tchild~child\tPROG\tmake\tnoise,The children are making noise.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-47,44,mis sobrínos y sobrínas de akí,mi-s\tsobríno-s\ti\tsobrína-s\tde\takí,1SG.POSS-PL\tnephew-PL\tand\tniece-PL\tof\there,my nephews and nieces from here,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-38,45,Inteligente el manga estudiante.,Inteligente\tel\tmanga\testudiante.,intelligent\tthe\tPL\tstudent,The students are intelligent.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-54,46,pyédra-pyédra,pyédra-pyédra,stone-stone,(all the) stones,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-55,46,mga pyédra,mga\tpyédra,PL\tstone,stones,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-48,47,e buki nan di skol vs. e buki di skol nan,e\tbuki\tnan\tdi\tskol\tvs.\te\tbuki\tdi\tskol\tnan,DEF\tbook\tPL\tof\tschool\tvs.\tDEF\tbook\tof\tschool\tPL,the books of the school/ the schoolbooks vs. the schoolbooks,,,,published source -47-49,47,Anochi ela sinta korta e kweru ku su santu pasenshi na repirepi.,Anochi\tel\ta\tsinta\tkorta\te\tkweru\tku\tsu\tsantu\tpasenshi\tna\trepi~repi.,night\t3SG\tPFV\tsit\tcut\tDEF\tskin\twith\tPOSS\tholy\tpatience\tLOC\tstrip~PL,At night he sat and patiently cut the skin into numerous strips.,,,,literary source -47-50,47,dama i kabayero nan,dama\ti\tkabayero\tnan,lady\tand\tgentleman\tPL,ladies and gentlemen,,,,own knowledge -48-38,48,Ma hende i ta miná kelé lendrá.,Ma\thende\ti\tta\tminá\tkelé\tlendrá.,PL\tpeople\tI\tPROG\tsee\twant\tenter,The people I am looking at want to enter (the house).,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-39,48,Ese ma nimá si a-ta harocho.,Ese\tma\tnimá\tsi\ta-ta\tharocho.,this\tPL\tanimal\tyour\tTMA-be\thungry,These animals of yours are hungry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-40,48,asina kumu ma uto,asina\tkumu\tma\tuto,thus\tlike\tPL\tother,like the others,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-41,48,ma músiko ri ante,ma\tmúsiko\tri\tante,PL\tmusicians\tfrom\tbefore,the musicians from before (i.e. from earlier times),,,,naturalistic spoken -49-57,49,liv yo,liv\tyo,book\tDEF.3PL,the books,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-58,49,gran manchèt plat la yo,gran\tmanchèt\tplat\tla\tyo,big\tmachete\tstraight\tDEF\t3PL,the big straight machetes,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-59,49,"madanm, medam","madanm,\tmedam",lady\tladies,"lady, ladies",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-60,49,"msye, mesye","msye,\tmesye",mister\tmisters,"mister, misters",,,,naturalistic spoken -50-40,50,Sé madanm-lasa bèl.,Sé\tmadanm-lasa\tbèl.,PL\twoman-DEM\tbeautiful,These women are beautiful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-40,51,Sé madanm-tala bel.,Sé\tmadanm-tala\tbel.,PL\twoman-DEM\tbeautiful,These women are beautiful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-84,53,Jordi le mun nwar lib.,Jordi\tle\tmun\tnwar\tlib.,today\tART.DEF.PL\tpeople\tblack\tfree,Today (the) black people are free.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-85,53,zéronce là yé,zéronce-là-yé,briar-ART.DEF-PL,the briars,,,,naturalistic written -53-86,53,nomme cila yé,nomme\tcila-yé,man\tDET.DEM-PL,these men,,,,naturalistic written -53-87,53,Li fe lakord-ye sone doub.,Li\tfe\tlakord-ye\tsone\tdoub.,3SG\tmake\tstring-ART.DEF.PL\tsound\tdouble,He played the strings twice as loud.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-88,53,Metres-ye te di mon komsa.,Metres-ye\tte\tdi\tmon\tkomsa.,teacher-ART.DEF.PL\tPST\tsay\t1SG\tlike.that,The teachers told me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-49,54,son bann kamarad,son\tbann\tkamarad,POSS.3SG\tPL\tfriend,his friends,,,,constructed by linguist -54-50,54,band vyé fam la,bann\tvye\tfam\tla,PL\told\twoman\tDEM,these/those old women,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-43,55,ban liv,ban\tliv,PL\tbook,books,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-137,57,na te larivjer sa lui,na\tte\tlarivjer\tsa\tlui,EXIST\tPL\triver\tSt.\tLouis,There are rivers in St. Louis.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-138,57,nave lja ave tule premje katolik [...],nave\tlja\tave\ttule\tpremje\tkatolik\t[...],EXIST.PST\t3SG\twith\tPL\tfirst\tCatholics\t[...],He was with the first Catholics [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-87,59,lo ga na ayi ti fango zo ni,lo\tga\tna\ta-yi\tti\tfango\tzo\tni,3SG\tcome\tPREP\tPL-thing\tof\tkilling\tperson\tDET,He brought his murderous weapons.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-34,60,mobáli; mibáli,mo-báli;\tmi-báli,CLF.SG-man\tCLF.PL-man,man; men,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-35,63,nas debíba,nas\tdebíba,PL\tsnake,snakes,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-36,63,bakan-á,bakan-á,place-PL,places,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-37,63,"mára, nuswán","mára,\tnuswán",woman\twomen,"woman, women",,,,naturalistic written -63-38,63,"sámaga, samagá","sámaga,\tsamagá",fish\tfishes,"fish, fishes",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-39,63,ómun afend-ín,ómun\tafend-ín,3PL\tchief-PL,They are the chiefs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-40,63,bágara; bagará,bágara;\tbagará,cow\tcows,cow; cows,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-41,63,kebír; kubár,kebír;\tkubár,big\tbig.PL,big; big (Pl.),,,,naturalistic spoken -63-42,63,kazi kazi,kazi\tkazi,job\tjob,all kinds of job,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-43,63,shilúk dólde,shilúk\tdólde,Shilluk\tDEM.PL,the Shilluks,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-44,64,fi médina ta júba fi nas zaráf wa fi nas gazál wa fi ásed kamán,fi\tmédina\tta\tjúba\tfi\tnas\tzaráf\twa\tfi\tnas\tgazál\twa\tfi\tásed\tkamán,in\tcity\tPOSS\tJuba\tEXIST\tpeople\tgiraffe\tand\tEXIST\tpeople\tgazelle\tand\tEXIST\tlion\talso,"In the city of Juba there are giraffes, gazelles and also lions.",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-45,64,marát,mar-át,time-PL,times,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-46,64,molodát,molod-át,hoe-PL,hoes,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-47,64,múʃkila; maʃákil,múʃkila;\tmaʃákil,problem\tproblem\PL,problem; problems,,,,elicited from speaker -64-48,64,mára; nuswán; nasawín,mára;\tnuswán;\tnasaw-ín,woman\twomen\twomen-PL,woman; women; women,,,,elicited from speaker -65-45,65,Bəratə synə ribiatisəka isio poləno iwo.,Bəratə\tsynə\tribiatisəka\tisio\tpoləno\tiwo.,brother\tson\tchild\tPL\tfull\t3SG,My nephew has many children (lit. My brother's son has many children).,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-30,66,Derang nigri ka baaru ruumapəɖə arikat.,Derang\tnigri\tka\tbaaru\truuma-pəɖə\ta-rikat.,3PL\t(large).village\tin\tnew\thouse-PL\tPRS-build,They are building new houses in the (large) village.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-55,67,Dia mahu buang buku-buku dia.,Dia\tmahu\tbuang\tbuku~buku\tdia.,3SG\twant\tthrow\tbook~book\t3SG,S/he wanted to throw her/his books (various kinds of books) (away).,,,,elicited from speaker -68-37,68,gunung gunung tinggi,gunung~gunung\ttinggi,PL~mountain\ttall,tall mountains,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-20,69,nuŋgum munja kumbut asəŋ,nuŋgum\tmunja\tkumbut\tasəŋ,man\tman\tvillage\tPL,the village men,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-40,72,Yu nou wen dei duim marlurlukangku raunanraun.,Yu\tnou\twen\tdei\tdu-im\tmarlurluka-ngku\traunanraun.,2SG\tknow\twhen\t3PL.SBJ\tdo-TR\told.man.RED-ERG\tround.and.round,"You know, when those old men do that part of the ceremony.",,,0d70ec3180295543153ac16d2bd9abec,naturalistic spoken -73-37,73,"boskunaga, perroguna, hermanaguna, gatosta, punchuguna","bos-kuna-ga,\tperro-guna,\thermana-guna,\tgato-s-ta,\tpunchu-guna",2SG-PL-TOP\tdog-PL\tsister-PL\tcat-PL-ACC\tponcho-PL,"you all, dogs, sisters, cats, poncho's",,,,naturalistic spoken -74-38,74,man,man,man,"man, men, a man, the man, the men",,,,constructed by linguist -74-39,74,limá,limá,hand,"hand, hands",,,,constructed by linguist -75-76,75,Nushishimak anikik.,N-ushish-im-ak\tanikik.,1-grandchild-POSS-ANIM.PL\tDEM.ANIM.PL,Those are my grandchildren.,,,,naturalistic written -75-77,75,"Lii zanimoo, lii zhvoo kishkohaanaanik.","Lii\tzanimoo,\tlii\tzhvoo\tki-kishkoh-aanaan-ik.",ART.PL\tanimal.PL\tART.PL\thorse.PL\t2-own-1PL-PL.OBJ,"We own animals, horses.",,,,naturalistic spoken -4-35,4,Den sa Moisi gwe kaba.,Den\tsa\tMoisi\tgwe\tkaba.,DET.PL\tcourtesy.title\tMoisi\tleave\talready,The family of Sa Moisi have left already.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-36,4,Den pikin komoto a sikoo.,Den\tpikin\tkomoto\ta\tsikoo.,DET.PL\tchild\tleave.from\tLOC\tschool,The children have come back from school.,,,,unknown -5-42,5,Siita dem,Siita\tdem,Siita\t3PL,Sita and her friends.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-43,5,di maan dem a wok,di\tmaan\tdem\ta\twok,the\tman\t3PL\tPROG\twork,The men are working.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-27,6,an dem,an\tdem,CONJ\t3PL,and they,,,,constructed by linguist -7-65,7,Rhoda dem,Rhoda\tdem,rhoda\t3PL,Rhoda and those associated with her OR: Rhoda and company,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-36,8,Ruoz-dem tel im se a Klaris mash di pat.,Ruoz-dem\ttel\tim\tse\ta\tKlaris\tmash\tdi\tpat.,Rose-PL\ttell\t3SG\tCOMP\tFOC\tClaris\tsmash\tDET\tpot,Rose and the others told her that it was Claris [who] broke the pot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-37,8,Ruoz tel im se a Klaris mash di pat-dem.,Ruoz\ttel\tim\tse\ta\tKlaris\tmash\tdi\tpat-dem.,Rose\ttell\t3SG\tCOMP\tFOC\tClaris\tsmash\tDET\tpot-PL,Rose told her that it was Claris [who] broke the pots.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-46,10,Miss Aurora dem,Miss\tAurora\tdem,Miss\tAurora\tPL,Miss Aurora and her folks/family/(friends),,,,naturalistic spoken -10-47,10,Mak dem,Mak\tdem,Mac\tPL,Mac’s friends/family/team,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-48,10,Alma dem,Alma\tdem,Alma\tPL,Alma and her folks/friends,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-49,10,di piknini dem,di\tpiknini\tdem,ART.DEF\tchild\tPL,the children,,,,constructed by linguist -11-51,11,miz byuula-dem,miz\tbyuula-dem,Miss\tBeulah-PL,Miss Beulah and her friends (or family),,,,naturalistic spoken -11-52,11,mai piknini dem,mai\tpiknini\tdem,1SG.POSS\tchild\tPL,my children,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-53,11,Mary dem,Mary\tdem,Mary\tPL,Mary and her family/folks/friends,,,,elicited from speaker -11-54,11,Aktuali di Heman dem iin di seem spat we dei begin so moch iaz ago.,Aktuali\tdi\tHeman\tdem\tiin\tdi\tseem\tspat\twe\tdei\tbegin\tso\tmoch\tia-z\tago.,actually\tART.DEF\tHeman\tPL\tin\tART.DEF\tsame\tspot\tREL.LOC\t3PL\tbegin\tso\tmuch\tyear-PL\tago,"At present, the Heman family finds itself in the very place from which they set out so many years ago.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-45,12,B’Booky them having hard times.,B’Booky\tthem\thav-ing\thard\ttime-s.,B'Booky\tASS\thave-PROG\thard\ttime-PL,B’Booky and his family/friends/associates were having hard times.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-46,12,"And like - when - when my aunt and them was on the Island, and she say the people dress the snake and put the bowtie 'round the snake and send the snake to her - and when she woke up in there hear the snake coming down in her house, right down for her, and all she do - when she whoof her hand like that, she grab that snake, and she tie him up and leave him there until in the morning.",[...]\twhen\tmy\taunt\tand\tthem\t[...],[...]\twhen\t1SG.POSS.DET\taunt\tand\tASS\t[...],[...] when my aunt and her family/friends/associates [were still living on the [Out] Island...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-47,12,Christine and those left already?,Christine\tand\tthose\tleft\talready?,Christine\tand\tASS\tleft\talready,Christine and her friends left already?,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-48,12,"Your little friend came by today axing me, Stephanie and those here?",[...]\tStephanie\tand\tthose\there,[...]\tStephanie\tand\tASS\there,[...] Are Stephanie and her friends here?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-42,13,Paul dem lef Paphos.,Paul\tdem\tlef\tPaphos.,Paul\tASS\tleft\tPaphos,Paul and his company left Paphos. (Acts 13.13),,,,bible translation -14-31,14,Felicia nem done gone.,Felicia\tnem\tdone\tgone.,Felicia\tASS\tCOMPL\tgo.PST,Felicia and her friends/family/associates have gone already.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-32,14,The Lees left.,The\tLees\tleft.,the\tLees\tleft,The Lees (group) left.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-38,16,bobo dèms,bobo\tdèms,Bobo\tASS.PL,Bobo and his peers,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-35,17,Chidi dè̱m gò go Òpóbo.,Chidi\tdè̱m\tgò\tgo\tÒpóbo.,Chidi\t3PL\tIRR\tgo\tOpobo,Chidi and his people will go to Opobo.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-37,18,Eric dem go fo Yaounde.,Eric\tdem\tgo\tfo\tYaounde.,Eric\tPL\tgo\tfor\tYaounde,Eric and his family/his people went to Yaounde.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-38,18,Cat dem di miau.,Ket\tdem\tdi\tmiau.,cat\tPL\tIPFV\tmeow,Cats meow.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-41,19,À dɔn explica Boye dɛ̀n se [...].,À\tdɔn\texplica\tBoye\tdɛ̀n\tse\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\tPRF\texplain\tBoye\tPL\tQUOT\t[...],I have explained to Boye and the others that [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-42,19,Dì klos dɛ̀n dɔn dray.,Dì\tklos\tdɛ̀n\tdɔn\tdray.,DEF\tclothes\tPL\tPRF\tbe.dry,The clothes have dried.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-31,21,Fatima and her friends,Fatima\tand\ther\tfriend-s,Fatima\tand\t3SG.POSS\tfriend-PL,Fatima and her friends,,,,constructed by linguist -21-32,21,papers,paper-s,paper-PL,papers,,,,constructed by linguist -22-48,22,Mi lukim Pius ol.,Mi\tluk-im\tPius\tol.,1SG\tsee-TR\tPius\t3PL,I saw Pius and them.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-49,22,Sandy ol laik go long fil na plei volibol.,Sandy\tol\tlaik\tgo\tlong\tfil\tna\tplei\tvolibol.,Sandy\tPL\twant\tgo\tPREP\tfield\tand\tplay\tvolleyball,Sandy and the others want to go to the field and play volleyball.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-51,23,hem i stap wetem Sale olgeta,hem\ti\tstap\twetem\tSale\tolgeta,3SG\tAGR\tstay\twith\tSale\t3PL,He's staying with Sale and his family.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-52,23,mifala i stap wetem olfala olgeta,mifala\ti\tstap\twetem\tolfala\tolgeta,1PL.INCL\tAGR\tstay\twith\told.one\t3PL,We were standing with all the old guys.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-55,24,John en dem,John\ten\tdem,John\tand\t3PL,John and his mates,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-150,25,"Thei ken thil faindim yuno, Helenmob hiya la hil.","Thei\tken\tthil\tfaind-im\tyuno,\tHelen-mob\thiya\tla\thil.",3PL\tcan\tstill\tfind-TR\tyou.know\tHelen-COLL\there\tLOC\thill,"They can still find them, you know, Helen and her people, here in the hill. (Referring to echidna, hunted for its meat in the past.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-151,25,"Ol yu Kananaramob, fo [...] Bredja said","Ol\tyu\tKananara-mob,\tfo\t[...]\tBredja\tsaid",all\t2SG\tKununurra-COLL\tfor\t[...]\tBradshaw\tside,"all you people from Kununurra, [traditional owners] for the Bradshaw country",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-152,25,Lenkanjilmob thei jabi.,Len-kanjil-mob\tthei\tjabi.,land-council-COLL\t3PL\tknow,The land council people know (about this).,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-153,25,Les kripap la Sherinmob.,Les\tkrip-ap\tla\tSherin-mob.,let's\tcreep-up\tLOC\tSharon-COLL,Let's creep up on Sharon and her friends.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-33,26,maɪ fadɛ dɛm justu go [...] sɛʔ [...] tə˞donɛʔ,maɪ\tfadɛ\tdɛm\tjustu\tgo\t[...]\tsɛʔ\t[...]\ttə˞donɛʔ,1SG.POSS\tfather\tASS\tPST.HAB\tACT\t[...]\tset\t[...]\tturtle.net,My father and his friends / those associated with him used to set turtle nets.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-28,27,"Hem seg, Meester sender sa wees welkom.","Hem\tseg,\tMeester\tsender\tsa\twees\twelkom.",3SG\tsay\tMaster\t3PL\twill\tbe\twelcome,He says that Master and his brother will be welcome.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-29,27,Mie ha seg na die Neeger sender: [...].,Mie\tha\tseg\tna\tdie\tNeeger\tsender:\t[...].,1SG\tPST\tsay\tLOC\tDET\tblack\t3PL\t[...],I told the blacks: [...].,,,,unspecified -28-51,28,"ɛkɛ wa stupa so, krɛkɛ ben, ofru hildapo","ɛkɛ\twa\tstupu-a\tso,\tkrɛkɛ\tben,\tofru\thilda-apu",1SG\tPST\tstop-IPFV\tso\tcreek\tinside\tover\tHilda-PL,"I was living over there, in the creek, on the other side of Hilda and her family.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-52,28,[...] titi o gruja mɛtɛ di tantijapo,[...]\ttiti\to\tgrui-a\tmɛtɛ\tdi\ttanti-apu,[...]\twhen\t3SG\tgrow-IPFV\twith\tthe\taunt-PL,[...] when she was growing up with her aunt and family.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-35,29,"Pa-hulle, Jan en Piet-hulle","Pa-hulle,\tJan\ten\tPiet-hulle",Dad-3PL\tJohn\tand\tPete-3PL,"Dad and one or more others, John and Pete and zero or more others",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-57,31,Nu ta ben ku familia txeu.,Nu\tta\tben\tku\tfamilia\ttxeu.,we\tASP\tcome\twith\tfamily\ta.lot,We come here with a lot of relatives.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-58,31,Bo ku bu familia pode ben nos kaza na kualker ora.,Bo\tku\tbu\tfamilia\tpode\tben\tnos\tkaza\tna\tkualker\tora.,you\twith\tyour\tfamily\tcan\tcome\tour\thouse\tat\tany\ttime,You and your loved ones can come to our house any time.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-51,33,ba Djon,ba\tDjon,ASS\tJohn,John and his associates,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-37,34,Pidru - ba Pidru-s,Pidru\t-\tba\tPidru-s,Peter\t-\tASS\tPeter-PL,Peter - Peter and his friends,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-51,35,inen Zon,inen\tZon,PL.DEF\tZon,Zon and his family/friends/relatives/children,,,,elicited from speaker -35-52,35,inen ke mu,inen\tke\tmu,PL.DEF\thouse\t1SG.POSS,"close friends, family (lit. those at my place)",,,,naturalistic spoken -35-53,35,inen ngê se,inen\tngê\tse,PL\tperson\tDEM,the people in question,,,,constructed by linguist -35-54,35,inen livlu se,inen\tlivlu\tse,PL\tbook\tDEM,the books in question,,,,constructed by linguist -36-33,36,Ane Peru thêka vitxa potho.,Ane\tPeru\tthêka\tvitxa\tpotho.,PL\tPeter\tPROG\tarrive\ttown,Peter and his friends are arriving in town.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-38,37,Ine Pedu vika.,Ine\tPedu\tvika.,PL\tPedu\tcome,Pedu and his family / his friends came.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-55,39,"Asĩ kwɔn vẽy mĩ nitiŋ tud, nɔs fal ikəl mem ẽ kaz purtəgez kom nɔs fal tud di.","Asĩ\tkwɔn\tvẽy\tmĩ\tnitiŋ\ttud,\tnɔs\tfal\tikəl\tmem\tẽ\tkaz\tpurtəgez\tkom\tnɔs\tfal\ttud\tdi.",so\twhen\tcome.NPST\tmy\tgrandchild\tSIML\t1PL\tspeak.NPST\tDEM\tEMPH\tin\thouse\tPortuguese\tlike\t1PL\tspeak.NPST\tall\tday,"So, when my grandchildren and so come, we speak Portuguese at home like we do every day.",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-56,39,"El tiŋ vay nə ũ jungle pu traze koys, aroz tud.","El\tt-iŋ\tvay\tnə\tũ\t\tpu\ttraz-e\tkoys,\taroz\ttud.",3SG\tIPFV-PST\tgo.INF\tLOC\tone\tjungle\tPURP\tbring-INF\tthing\trice\tSIML,"He went into a jungle to bring some things, rice and all that.",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-159,40,Teru korp bi-p lawo,Teru\tkorp\tbi-p\tlawo,Teru\tbody\tASS-body\twashed,Teru took a bath. (lit. Teru washed body and so forth),,,,constructed by linguist -41-50,41,rɔnal etus,rɔnal\tetus,Ronald\t3PL.HON,Ronald and them.,,,,constructed by linguist -44-48,44,el grupo de Nyor Berto,el\tgrupo\tde\tNyor\tBerto,DEF\tgroup\tof\tmister\tBerto,Berto and his group,,,,naturalistic written -45-39,45,el mga cortina,el\tmga\tcortina,DEF\tPL\tcurtain,the curtains,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-41,45,Ya mira sana Maria con Pedro.,Ya\tmira\tsana\tMaria\tcon\tPedro.,PFV\tsee\tSBJ.PL\tMaria\tOBJ\tPedro,Maria (and company) saw Pedro.,,,,written -46-56,46,Kandá Toots ya-bené na hotel.,Kandá\tToots\tya-bené\tna\thotel.,PL\tToots\tPFV-come\tLOC\thotel,Toots and some friends came to the hotel.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-51,47,Elviranan.,Elvira\tnan,Elvira\tPL,Elvira and her family,,,,naturalistic written -49-61,49,Jak yo,Jak\tyo,Jacques\tDEF.3PL,Jacques and his family OR: Jacques and his family and friends,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-41,50,Jéra é zanmi a'y,Jéra\té\tzanmi\ta'y,Gérard\tand\tfriend\tPREP.3SG,Gérard and his friends,,,,constructed by linguist -51-41,51,Jéra ek zanmi'y,Jéra\tek\tzanmi'y,Gerard\tand\tfriend.3SG,Gerard and his friends,,,,constructed by linguist -52-128,52,Joseph-ya,Joseph-ya,Joseph-PL,"Joseph and associates (family, friends)",,,,unspecified -53-89,53,Sa se pou Velma-ye.,Sa\tse\tpou\tVelma-ye.,DEM\tCOP\tfor\tVelma-PL,This belongs to Velma and her family.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-90,53,Doktoer Graillant sa se te doktoer a mom-ye.,Doktoer\tGraillant\tsa\tse\tte\tdoktoer\ta\tmom-ye.,doctor\tGraillant\tDEM\tCOP\tPST\tdoctor\tof\tmother-PL,Doctor Graillant was the doctor of my mother and her family.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-51,54,bann marmay,bann\tmarmay,PL\tchild,children,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-52,54,bann Linéda,bann\tLineda,PL\tLineda,Lineda and her family,,,,constructed by linguist -55-44,55,ban Abdula res prekot nu,ban\tAbdula\tres\tprekot\tnu,PL\tAbdullah\tlive\tnear\t1PL,The Abdullahs live near us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-45,55,ban zaṅfaṅ la fer tapaz,ban\tzaṅfaṅ\tla\tfer\ttapaz,PL\tchild\tDEF\tmake\tnoise,The children are making a noise.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-58,56,Bann danm i reponn.,Bann\tdanm\ti\treponn.,PL\twoman\tPM\tanswer,The women answered.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-59,56,bann Pyer,bann\tPyer,ASS\tPyer,Pyer and company,,,,constructed by native speaker -58-30,58,ba-Petelo/Pierre,ba-Petelo/Pierre,2-Petelo/Pierre,Peter/Pierre/Petelo and his associates/family/the other members of his group,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-31,58,"mu-ntu, ba-ntu, nkento, ba-nkento","mu-ntu,\tba-ntu;\t∅-nkento,\tba-nkento",SG1-person\tPL2-person\tSG1a-woman\tPL-woman,"person, persons; woman, women",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-88,59,a-Ngunzapa aeke ga na ala ka,a-Ngunzapa\ta-eke\tga\tna\tala\tka,PL-Ngunzapa\tPM-COP\tcome\tPREP\t3PL\tthere,Ngunzapa and the others are coming over there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-89,59,"mo ke wara atagba, adole, anyen'","mo\tke\twara\ta-tagba,\ta-dole,\ta-nyen'",2SG\tCOP\tfind\tPL-cob.antelope\tPL-elephant\tPL-what,"You'll find [in that place] cob antelopes, elephants, whatever.",,,,constructed by linguist -60-35,60,bato,ba-to,CLF.PL-person,persons,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-36,60,baSolange,ba-Solange,CLF.PL-Solange,Solange and her friends,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-22,62,vakína túri,va-akina\tturi,2-folk\tTuri,"Turi-folk, Turi and his people",,,,elicited from speaker -66-31,66,Miflal-derang pasar na blakang ka a-mainðuðuk ambε aðuuðung.,Miflal-derang\tpasar-na\tblakang\tka\ta-main-ðuuðuk\tambε\ta-ðuuðung.,Miflal-ASS\tshop-DAT\tback\tin\tPRS-play-PROG\tCOMP\tPRS-AUX,Miflal and his friends are playing behind the shop.,,,,elicited from speaker -68-38,68,Anis dong,Anis\tdong,Anis\t3PL,Anis and his friends,,,,elicited from speaker -68-39,68,gunung gunung,gunung~gunung,PL~mountain,mountains,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-47,71,Nuinui pilikia mi ame mama ma.,Nuinui\tpilikia\tmi\tame\tmama\tma.,plenty.of\ttrouble\t1SG\tand\tmother\tASS,"There will be a lot of trouble for me, my mother, and her friends.",,,,naturalistic written -71-48,71,Mahope owau hele ninau kela poe pake [...].,Mahope\towau\thele\tninau\tkela\tpoe\tpake\t[...].,later\t1SG\tgo\task\tDET\tpeople\tChinese\t[...],Then I asked the Chinese men [...].,,,,naturalistic written -72-42,72,Ngapulupurrupurru wayi?,Ngapulu-purrupurru\twayi?,milk-ASS.PL\tTAG,You mean milk and the like (other things that go with tea)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-43,72,Weya ngakparnnyarrara nyilarra.,Weya\tngakparn-nyarrara\tnyila-rra.,where\tfrog-ASS.PL\tthat-PAUC,Where's the toy frogs and other animals?,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-44,72,Yu kan luk ola ting tanyan an luwarranganyjuk.,Yu\tkan\tluk\tola\tting\ttanyan\tan\tluwarra-nganyjuk.,2SG\tcan\tsee\tall\tthing\tfish.species\tand\trifle.fish-ASS.PL,You can see all of the tanyan and a group of rifle fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-45,72,Dei bin gu tarukap na KA-mob-ma.,Dei\tbin\tgu\ttarukap\tna\tKA-mob-ma.,3PL.SBJ\tPST\tgo\tbathe\tSEQ\tNAME-ASS.PL-TOP,"They went swimming then, KA and her friends.",,,,naturalistic spoken -72-46,72,Nyawa Beckykuwangtu tubala gedim biskit yet.,Nyawa\tBecky-kuwang-tu\ttubala\tged-im\tbiskit\tyet.,this\tBecky-DU-ERG\t3DU.SBJ\tget-TR\tbiscuit\tstill,This Becky and her mate are still getting some biscuits.,,,9b433ca4d84df5243b3c46b75dd9077c,naturalistic spoken -1-76,1,"Morro ju gi dem, morro dem haksi.","Moro\tyu\tgi\tden,\tmoro\tden\taksi.",more\t2SG\tgi\t3PL\tmore\t3PL\task,"The more you give them, the more they request.",,,,written (dictionary) -2-57,2,Den meki tumsi opo-opo.,Den\tmeki\ttumsi\topo-opo.,3PL\tmake\texcessive\traise-raise,They made a big fuss.,,,,unknown -3-28,3,De si hen.,De\tsi\then.,3PL\tsee\t3SG,They saw it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-37,4,Den seni wan moni komoto a neidelati gi mi.,Den\tseni\twan\tmoni\tkomoto\ta\tneidelati\tgi\tmi.,they\tsend\tone\tmoney\tcoming.from\tLOC\tNetherlands\tgive\tme,They send some money to me from the Netherlands.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-38,4,"Den mama, den e poli den pikin.","Den\tmama,\tden\te\tpoli\tden\tpikin.",DET.PL\tmother\tthey\tIPFV\tspoil\tDET.PL\tchild,The mothers are spoiling the children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-44,5,som a dem mait kom waan mek - kom in yu shap,som a dem mait kom waan mek - kom in yu shap,some of 3PL might come want make   come in your shop,Some of them want to make - come in your shop. OR: Some of them might want to come and make - come into your shop.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-28,6,"(1) Santa, yu see yu an dem chupid Reindeer an dem, allyuh better tink twice bout landing on my house next year. (2) Dem say di gal tu fast.",[...]\tReindeer\tan\tdem\t[...].\tDem\tsay\t[...],[...]\tReindeer\tCONJ\t3PL\t[...]\t3PL\tsay\t[...],"(1) Santa, you see you and these stupid Reindeers, you better think twice about landing on my house next year. (2) They say that the girl is too fast.",,,,naturalistic written -7-67,7,dem,dem,3PL,they OR: them OR: those OR: their,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-68,7,Hi pikni an dem bad.,Hi\tpikni\tan\tdem\tbad.,3SG\tchild\tand\t3PL\tbad,His children are bad.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-69,7,Dem dotish.,Dem\tdotish.,3PL\tstupid,They are stupid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-288,7,di maango dem,di\tmaango\tdem,ART\tmango\tPL,the mangoes,,,,constructed by linguist -7-289,7,di maango an.dem ~ di maango a.dem,di maango an.dem ~ di maango a.dem,ART mango PL   ART mango PL,the mangoes,,,,unspecified -7-290,7,Hi pikni dem bad.,Hi pikni dem bad.,3SG child and 3PL bad,His children are bad.,,,,constructed by linguist -8-38,8,Di man-dem dig di huol an di uman-dem plaant di kaan.,Di\tman-dem\tdig\tdi\thuol\tan\tdi\tuman-dem\tplaant\tdi\tkaan.,DET\tman-PL\tdig\tDET\thole\tand\tDET\twoman-PL\tplant\tDET\tcorn,The men dug the holes and the women planted the corn.,,,,naturalistic written -8-39,8,Dem kaal mi fi kohn elp dem.,Dem\tkaal\tmi\tfi\tkohn\telp\tdem.,3PL\tcall\t1SG\tPURP\tcome\thelp\t3PL,They asked me to help them.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-50,9,Dey no wan du it.,Dey\tno\twan\tdu\tit.,3PL\tNEG\twant\tdo\tit,They don't want to do it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-51,9,Di kwaat badl dem we yu de luk fa da no sumtin we drif.,Di\tkwaat\tbadl\tdem\twe\tyu\tde\tluk\tfa\tda\tno\tsumtin\twe\tdrif.,the\tquart\tbottle\tPL\tREL\t2SG\tHAB\tlook\tfor\tTOP\tNEG\tsomething\tREL\tdrift,"The bottles that you look for, that's not something that drifts.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-50,10,An dem gaan an dem kot di bely.,An\tdem\tgaan\tan\tdem\tkot\tdi\tbely.,and\t3PL\tgo.ANT\tand\t3PL\tcut\tART.DEF\tbelly,And they went and cut open the belly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-51,10,di bwai dem,di\tbwai\tdem,ART.DEF\tboy\tPL,the boys,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-52,10,Dehn brok wan a di eg da dis kraasruod.,Dehn\tbrok\twan\ta\tdi\teg\tda\tdis\tkraasruod.,3PL\tbreak\tone\tof\tART.DEF\tegg\tat\tDEM\tcrossroads,They broke one of the eggs at the crossroads.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-55,11,Dei plaantin tuu moch palm.,Dei\tplaant-in\ttuu\tmoch\tpalm.,3PL\tplant-PROG\ttoo\tmuch\tpalm,They are planting too many palm trees.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-56,11,Dem mos gat plenti krak hous.,Dem\tmos\tgat\tplenti\tkrak\thous.,3PL\tmust\tget\tplenty\tcrack\thouse,They must have [=there have to be] a lot of crack houses around there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-57,11,aal di gyal dem,aal\tdi\tgyal\tdem,all\tART.DEF\tgirl\tPL,all the girls,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-49,12,Dem had a conversation about Jesus.,Dem\thad\ta\tconversation\tabout\tJesus.,3PL.SBJ\thave.PST\tART\tconversation\tabout\tJesus,They talked about Jesus.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-50,12,We had barracuda poison. We catch a barracuda coming up into George Town. [And what happened?] And he was poison - black as Shine. I tell the - fellows-them throw him in the sea.,[...] I tell the - fellows-them [...].,[...] 1SG.SBJ tell[PFV] ART   fellow.PL-PL [...],[...] I told the (other) guys (on the boat) [to throw him back into the sea].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-51,12,"He's have that, right, and he's go to the clinic, he have to go to clinic tomorrow, the nurse-them say - boy, and he used to go there mus'e from he was around three.",[...]\tthe\tnurse-them\tsay\t[...],[...]\tthe\tnurse-PL\tsay\t[...],[...] the nurses say [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -13-43,13,Ya mus dohn be like dem.,Ya\tmus\tdohn\tbe\tlike\tdem.,2\tmust\tNEG.AUX\tbe\tlike\t3PL.OBJ,You must not be like them. (Mt 6.8),,,,bible translation -13-44,13,Dey aks.,Dey\taks.,3PL.SBJ\task,They ask.,,,,bible translation -15-41,15,di buk dɛm,di\tbuk\tdɛm,ART\tbook\tPL,the books,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-42,15,dɛn di go na os,dɛn\tdi\tgo\tna\tos,3PL\tPROG\tgo\tLOC\thouse,They are going home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -17-36,17,got dè̱m,got\tdè̱m,goat\t3PL,goats,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-37,17,got,got,goat,goat(s),,,,naturalistic spoken -17-38,17,Dè̱m si dì got dè̱m.,Dè̱m\tsi\tdì\tgot\tdè̱m.,3PL\tsee\tART.DEF\tgoat\t3PL,They saw the goats.,,,,constructed by linguist -19-43,19,"Dɛ̀n dè chɔp rɛs, ɛni de.","Dɛ̀n\tdè\tchɔp\trɛs,\tɛni\tde.",3PL\tIPFV\teat\trice\tevery\tday,"They eat rice, every day.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-44,19,Dì man para insay pipul dɛ̀n.,Dì\tman\tpara\tinsay\tpipul\tdɛ̀n.,DEF\tman\tstand\tinside\tpeople\tPL,The man is standing amidst people.,,,,elicited from speaker -21-33,21,they see a book; the books,they\tsee\ta\tbook;\tthe\tbook-s,3PL\tsee\tDET\tbook\tDET\tbook-PL,They see a book; the books,,,,constructed by linguist -22-50,22,Ol i bin pret long dispela pik.,Ol\ti\tbin\tpret\tlong\tdispela\tpik.,3PL\tPM\tPST\tafraid\tPREP\tthis\tpig,They were afraid of this pig.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-51,22,Ol polis ol lukim ol peles ia.,Ol\tpolis\tol\tluk-im\tol\tpeles\tia.,PL\tpolice\t3PL\tlook-TR\tPL\tvillage\tANAPH,The police watched the villages.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-53,23,olgeta oli drong,olgeta\toli\tdrong,3PL\tAGR\tdrunk,They were drunk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-54,23,"wan trik ia, e, trik blong ol oli strong","wan\ttrik\tia,\te,\ttrik\tblong\tol\toli\tstrong",INDF\ttrick\tDEF\tEXCLAM\ttrick\tPOSS\t3PL\tAGR\tstrong,"(It was) this trick, eh, their tricks were clever.",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-56,24,dem,dem,3PL,they,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-57,24,em/dem gehl,em/dem\tgehl,DET.DEF.PL\twoman,the women,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-154,25,Wan men bin bringimap orla kid.,Wan\tmen\tbin\tbring-im-ap\torla\tkid.,one\tman\tPST\tbring-TR-up\tPL\tchild,A man brought the children.,,,,unknown -30-52,30,Ómis ben.,Ómi-s\tben.,man-PL\tcome,The men came.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-53,30,"Mamá, obi li, es go es sa ta traze-nu pon.","Mamá,\tobi\tli,\tes\tgo\tes=sa=ta=traze=nu\tpon.",mummy\tlisten\there\t3PL.INDP\tnow\t3PL.DEP=PROG=IPFV=bring=1PL\tbread,"Mummy, listen, these here, they are bringing us bread.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-59,31,"Kuma si nu panha pexi, es ta ba vende na vila.","Kuma\tsi\tnu\tpanha\tpexi,\tes\tta\tba\tvende\tna\tvila.",like\tif\twe\tcatch\tfish\tthey\tMOOD\tgo\tsell\tin\tcity,Like if we catch fish they will go and sell it in the city.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-52,33,E na lei livrus.,E\tna\tlei\tlivru-s.,3PL\tHAB\tread\tbook-PL,They read books.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-55,35,Inen lentla glêza.,Inen\tlentla\tglêza.,3PL\tenter\tchurch,They entered the church.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-56,35,Tudu inen ngê se ka môlê.,Tudu\tinen\tngê\tse\tka\tmôlê.,all\tPL\tperson\tDEM\tIPFV\tdie,All the people in question will die.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-34,36,[...] ane vala Daniel Daio thô ka fika pumbê minisu.,[...]\tane\tvala\tDaniel\tDaio\tthô\tka\tfika\tpumbê\tminisu.,[...]\t3PL\tsay\tDaniel\tDaio\tFOC\tFUT\tbecome\tfirst\tmininster,[...] they said that it was Daniel Daio who would become prime minister.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-39,37,Ine we kaxi ine.,Ine\twe\tkaxi\tine.,3PL\tgo\thouse\tPOSS.3PL,They went home.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-41,38,na batel,na\tbatel,PL\tcanoe,the canoes,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-42,38,íneni,íneni,3PL,they,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-57,39,"Elz tə istəda, vay iskɔl.","Elz\ttə\tistəd-a,\tvay\tiskɔl.",3PL\tIPFV.NPST\tstudy-INF\tgo.NPST\tschool,"They study, they go to school.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-51,41,ɔɔrtas; kokeeras; fereerus,ɔɔrta-s;\tkokeera-s;\tfereeru-s,land-PL\tcoconut.palm-PL\tblacksmith-PL,lands; coconut palms; blacksmiths,,,,elicited from speaker -43-32,43,Ilotër pidi agu.,Ilotër\tpidi\tagu.,3PL\task.for\twater,They asked for water.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-49,44,kel mánga ómbri,kel\tmánga\tómbri,DET\tPL\tman,the men,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-50,44,A pensá lótro.,A\tpensá\tlótro.,PFV\tthink\t3PL,They thought.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-42,45,manga libro,manga\tlibro,PL\tbook,books,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-43,45,Ya manda ilo hace un lapida para su lolo.,Ya\tmanda\tilo\thace\tun\tlapida\tpara\tsu\tlolo.,PFV\ttell\t3PL\tmake\tINDF\ttombstone\tfor\t3PL.POSS\tgrandfather,They had a tombstone made for their grandfather.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-57,46,Ya-mirá silá kun January.,Ya-mirá\tsilá\tkun\tJanuary.,PFV-see\tthey\tOBJ\tJanuary,They saw January.,,,,constructed by linguist -46-58,46,mga hénte,mga\thénte,PL\tperson,people,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-52,47,Nan a drenta manera di kustumber ketu-ketu.,Nan\ta\tdrenta\tmanera\tdi\tkustumber\tketu~ketu.,3PL\tPFV\tenter\tlike\tof\thabit\tquiet~quiet,"As usual, they entered quietly.",,,,literary source -47-53,47,Unda bo bukinan ta? Kua di nan?,Unda\tbo\tbuki\tnan\tta?\tKua\tdi\tnan?,where\t2SG\tbook\tPL\tCOP\twhich\tof\t3PL,Where are your books? Which of them?,,,,published source -48-92,48,Ané sabé-ba asé eso nu.,Ané\tsabé-ba\tasé\teso\tnu.,they\tHAB-PST.HAB\tdo\tthis\tNEG,They did not use to do this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-62,49,Yo kraze kay yo.,Yo\tkraze\tkay\tyo.,3PL\tdestroy\thouse\t3PL.POSS,They have demolished their houses.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-63,49,wòb yo,wòb\tyo,dress\tDEF.PL,the dresses,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-64,49,Ou bay chen yo manje?,Ou\tbay\tchen\tyo\tmanje?,2SG\tgive\tdog\tDEF.PL\teat,Did you feed the dogs?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-42,50,Sé zozyo-la chapé.,Sé\tzozyo-la\tchapé.,PL\tbird-DEF\tescape,The birds flew away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-43,50,Yo chapé.,Yo\tchapé.,3PL\tescape,They escaped/ flew away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-42,51,Sé zwézo-a chapé.,Sé\tzwézo-a\tchapé.,PL\tbird-DEF\tescape,The birds flew away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-43,51,Yo chapé.,Yo\tchapé.,3PL\tescape,They flew away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-31,52,yé gen roun liv; liv-ya,yé\tgen\troun\tliv;\tliv-ya,3PL\thave\ta\tbook\tbook-PL.DEF,They have a book. The books.,,,,unknown -53-91,53,Ye te pron nouzot le nwar.,Ye\tte\tpron\tnouzot\tle\tnwar.,3PL\tPST\ttake\t1PL\tART.DEF.PL\tblack,"They took us, the blacks.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-53,54,"Tout lé mous i rant [...] zot i rant, zot i sor pu.","Tout\tle\tmous\ti\trant\t[...]\tzot\ti\trant,\tzot\ti\tsor\tpu.",all\tDEF.PL\tbee\tFIN\tenter\t[...]\t3PL\tFIN\tenter\t3PL\tFIN\tgo.out\tNEG.more,"All the bees enter [...] they enter, they do not go out any more.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-46,55,Zot pe aste sez.,Zot\tpe\taste\tsez.,3PL\tPROG\tbuy\tchair,They are buying chairs.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-47,55,ban sez,ban\tsez,PL\tchair,chairs,,,,constructed by linguist -56-60,56,zot,zot,3PL,they,,,,constructed by linguist -57-32,57,tule ʃja le amboje,tule\tʃja\tle\tamboje,PL\tdog\tSI\tbark,The dogs are barking. / Dogs bark.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-33,57,lesot le travaj mboku,lesot\tle\ttravaj\tmboku,3PL\tSI\twork\tmuch,They work a lot.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-37,60,bangó,bangó,3PL.ANIM,they/them,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-38,60,"moto, bato; motúna, mitúna; litáma, matáma; elóko, bilóko","mo-to,\tba-to;\tmo-túna,\tmi-túna;\tli-táma,\tma-táma;\te-lóko,\tbi-lóko",SG-person\tPL-person\tSG-question\tPL-question\tSG-cheek\tPL-cheek\tSG-thing\tPL-thing,"person, persons; question, questions; cheek, cheeks; thing, things",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-44,63,úmun Núbi,úmun\tNúbi,3PL\tNubi,They are Nubi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-45,63,Núbi dol,Núbi\tdol,Nubi\tPL,the Nubis,,,,naturalistic spoken +ID,Language_ID,Primary_Text,Analyzed_Word,Gloss,Translated_Text,Meta_Language_ID,Comment,Source,Audio,Type,markup_text,markup_analyzed,markup_gloss,markup_comment,source_comment,original_script,sort,alt_translation +1-1,1,Isredeh mi kau bringi wan mannpikin.,Isrede\tmi\tkau\tbringi\twan\tmanpikin.,yesterday\t1SG\tcow\tdeliver\ta\tmale.young,Yesterday my cow delivered a bull calf.,,,1357[22],,written (dictionary),Isredeh mi kau bringi wan mannpikin.,Isrede mi kau bringi wan manpikin.,yesterday 1SG cow deliver a male.young,,,,1,"German: Gestern hat meine Kuh ein Junges, ein Oechsgen geworfen. [op.cit.]" +1-2,1,Da mastra tikki mi wyfi na nitti lange trange hay.,Da\tmasra\tteki\tmi\twefi\tna\tneti\tnanga\ttranga\tai.,DET.SG\tmaster\ttake\t1SG\twife\tin\tnight\twith\tstrong\teye,The master took my wife during the night with force.,,,1527[74],,written,Da mastra tikki mi wyfi na nitti lange trange hay.,Da masra teki mi wefi na neti nanga tranga ai.,DET.SG master take 1SG wife in night with strong eye,,,,2,Dutch: De Directeur het myn Vrouw met geweld in zyn Magt gekreegen en met geweld heeft hy by haar Geslaapen. [op.cit.] +2-1,2,A mama fon a pikin.,A\tmama\tfon\ta\tpikin.,DET\tmother\tbeat\tDET\tchild,The mother beat the child.,,,1585[26],,naturalistic written,A mama fon a pikin.,,DET mother beat DET child,,,,3, +2-2,2,A boi lobi a umapikin.,A\tboi\tlobi\ta\tumapikin.,DET\tboy\tlove\tDET\tgirl,The boy loves the girl.,,,,,elicited from speaker,A boi lobi a umapikin.,,DET boy love DET girl,,Winford transcripts,,4, +3-1,3,A téi dí páu páá.,A\ttéi\tdí\tpáu\tpáá.,3SG\ttake\tDEF.SG\tstick\tquick,He took the stick quickly.,,,1539[116],,naturalistic spoken,A téi dí páu páá.,,3SG take DEF.SG stick quick,,,,5, +3-32,3,Wojo u mi á sa kai ku di faja.,Wojo\tu\tmi\tá\tsa\tkai\tku\tdi\tfaja.,eye\tfor\t1SG\tNEG\tM\tfall\twith\tDEF.SG\tfire,My eye can't stand the light.,,,354[219],,naturalistic written,Wojo u mi á sa kai ku di faja.,,eye for 1SG NEG M fall with DEF.SG fire,,,,6, +3-69,3,Di mujɛɛ naki di womi.,Di\tmujɛɛ\tnaki\tdi\twomi.,DEF.SG\twoman\thit\tDEF.SG\tman,The woman hit the man.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di mujɛɛ naki di womi.,,DEF.SG woman hit DEF.SG man,,Fieldwork data,,7, +4-1,4,Den pikinnenge e lobi switi sii.,Den\tpikinnenge\te\tlobi\tswiti\tsii.,DET.PL\tchild\tIPFV\tlove/like\tsweet\tseeds,The children like sweets.,,,568[135],,naturalistic spoken,Den pikinnenge e lobi switi sii.,,DET.PL child IPFV love/like sweet seeds,,,,8, +5-1,5,kooknot bring ail,kooknot\tbring\tail,coconut\tbring.forth\toil,Coconuts produce oil. OR: The coconut produces oil.,,,1281[131 (line 247)],,naturalistic spoken,kooknot bring ail,,coconut bring.forth oil,,,,9, +6-1,6,Shi buy a nju cyar.,Shi\tbuy\ta\tnju\tcyar.,3SG\tbuy\tDET\tnew\tcar,She bought a new car.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Shi buy a nju cyar.,,3SG buy DET new car,,Own data,,10, +6-54,6,Sita eat di mango.,Sita\teat\tdi\tmango.,Sita\teat\tDET\tmango,Sita ate the mango.,,,1591[22],,constructed by linguist,Sita eat di mango.,,Sita eat DET mango,,,,11, +6-55,6,Di child want food.,Di\tchild\twant\tfood.,DET\tchild\twant\tfood,The child wants food.,,,1591[22],,constructed by linguist,Di child want food.,,DET child want food,,,,12, +7-1,7,Mi si di man.,Mi\tsi\tdi\tman.,1SG\tsee\tART\tman,I see the man. OR: I saw the man.,,This is the typical syntactic ordering.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi si di man.,,1SG see ART man,This is the typical syntactic ordering.,Own knowledge,,13, +7-22,7,Meiri duhz aaltaim kis Jan.,Meiri\tduhz\taal-taim\tkis\tJan.,Mary\tHAB\tall-time\tkiss\tJohn,Mary often kisses John. OR: Mary always kisses John.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Meiri duhz aaltaim kis Jan.",Meiri duhz aal-taim kis Jan.,Mary HAB all-time kiss John,,Own knowledge,,14, +7-61,7,Di hedtiicha duhz giv dem lesnz.,Di\thed-tiicha\tduhz\tgiv\tdem\tlesn-z.,ART\thead-teacher\tHAB\tgive\t3PL\tlesson-PL,The headteacher gives them lessons.,,Both ge (basilectal; Example 150) and giv (mesolectal) are used. The form gi (even more basilectal; Example 151) also exists.,1244[A10],,naturalistic spoken,Di hedtiicha duhz giv dem lesnz.,Di hed-tiicha duhz giv dem lesn-z.,ART head-teacher HAB give 3PL lesson-PL,"Both ge (basilectal; Example 150) and giv (mesolectal) are used. The form gi (even more basilectal; Example 151) also exists.",,,15, +8-1,8,Kien kil Iebl.,Kien\tkil\tIebl.,Cain\tkill\tAbel,Cain killed Abel.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kien kil Iebl.,,Cain kill Abel,,Own knowledge,,16, +9-1,9,Jimi fayn di kru.,Jimi\tfayn\tdi\tkru.,Jimmy\tfind\tART\tcrew,Jimmy hired the crew.,,,439[237],,naturalistic spoken,Jimi fayn di kru.,,Jimmy find ART crew,,,,17, +10-1,10,Beda Ginihen tek wan rod.,Beda\tGinihen\ttek\twan\trod.,Brother\tGuineahen\ttake\tART.INDF\trod,Brother Guineahen took a rod.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Beda Ginihen tek wan rod.,,Brother Guineahen take ART.INDF rod,,Unpublished field recordings,,18, +11-1,11,An horikien mash dat dong.,An\thorikien\tmash\tdat\tdong.,and\thurricane\tmash\tDEM\tdown,And the hurricane destroyed it.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,An horikien mash dat dong.,,and hurricane mash DEM down,,,,19, +11-8,11,Dis hat man waahn aal di gyal dem.,Dis\that\tman\twaahn\taal\tdi\tgyal\tdem.,DEM\thot\tman\twant\tall\tART.DEF\tgirl\tPL,This hot man wanted all the girls.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Dis hat man waahn aal di gyal dem.",,DEM hot man want all ART.DEF girl PL,,,,20, +12-1,12,And the mother count the fig - on the tree.,And the mother count the fig - on the tree.,and the mother count[PFV] the fig[PL]   on the tree,And the mother counted the figs on the tree.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,And the mother count the fig - on the tree.,,and the mother count[PFV] the fig[PL] on the tree,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,21, +13-1,13,Calvary couldn hol de people.,Calvary\tcouldn\thol\tde\tpeople.,Calvary\tcan.PST-NEG\thold\tthe\tpeople,Calvary couldn't hold the people.,,,1500[268],,naturalistic spoken,Calvary couldn hol de people.,,Calvary can.PST-NEG hold the people,,,,22, +14-1,14,She told him.,She\ttold\thim.,she\ttell.PST\thim,She told him.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She told him.,,she tell.PST him,,Own knowledge,,23, +14-2,14,Bruce like cheese.,Bruce\tlike-Ø\tcheese.,Bruce\tlike-Ø\tcheese,Bruce likes cheese.,,There is no overt 3rd singular marking on verbs that occur with 3rd person singular subjects.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce like cheese.,Bruce like-Ø cheese.,Bruce like-Ø cheese,There is no overt 3rd singular marking on verbs that occur with 3rd person singular subjects.,Own knowledge,,24, +14-7,14,The kid got asthma.,The\tkid\thas\tasthma,ART\tkid\thas\tasthma,The kid has asthma.,,,989[71],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,The kid got asthma.,The kid has asthma,ART kid has asthma,,,,25, +15-1,15,di bɔbɔ lɛk di titi,di\tbɔbɔ\tlɛk\tdi\ttiti,ART\tboy\tlike\tART\tgirl,The boy likes the girl.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di bɔbɔ lɛk di titi,,ART boy like ART girl,,Own knowledge,,26, +16-1,16,polismã ì bi laik wumã,polismã\tì\tbi\tlaik\twumã,policeman\t3SG\tCOP\tlike\twoman,Policemen are like women.,,,656[234],,naturalistic spoken,polismã ì bi laik wumã,,policeman 3SG COP like woman,,,,27, +16-179,16,"gɔd gò kil jù, gɔd gò paniʃ jù.","gɔd\tgò\tkil\tjù,\tgɔd\tgò\tpaniʃ\tjù.",God\tFUT\tkill\t2SG\tGod\tFUT\tpunish\t2SG,"God will kill you, God will punish you.",,,656[251],,naturalistic spoken,"gɔd gò kil jù, gɔd gò paniʃ jù.",,God FUT kill 2SG God FUT punish 2SG,,,,28, +17-1,17,À plant nyam.,À\tplant\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tplant\tyam,I planted yams.,,,462[71],,naturalistic spoken,À plant nyam.,,1SG.SBJ plant yam,,,,29, +17-96,17,Chidi (ìm) gò kawnt nyam.,Chidi\t(ìm)\tgò\tkawnt\tnyam.,Chidi\t(3SG.SBJ)\tIRR\tcount\tyam,Chidi will count yams.,,,462[58],,naturalistic spoken,Chidi (ìm) gò kawnt nyam.,,Chidi (3SG.SBJ) IRR count yam,,,,30, +18-1,18,A don tchop bif.,A\tdon\ttchop\tbif.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\teat\tmeat,I have eaten meat.,,,352[65],,published source,A don tchop bif.,A don tchop bif.,1SG.SBJ PFV eat meat,,,,31, +18-39,18,So troki i wuman put ol haf haf botul-dem an ston fo autsayd.,So\ttroki\ti\twuman\tput\tol\thaf~haf\tbotul-dem\tan\tston\tfo\tautsaid.,so\tturtle\t3SG.POSS\twife\tput\tall\thalf~half\tbottle-PL\tand\tstone\tfor\toutside,So the wife of the turtle put all broken bottles and stones outside (lit. So the wife of the turtle put all pieces of bottles and stones outside).,,,125[85],,naturalistic written,So troki i wuman put ol haf haf botul-dem an ston fo autsayd.,So troki i wuman put ol haf~haf botul-dem an ston fo autsaid.,so turtle 3SG.POSS wife put all half~half bottle-PL and stone for outside,,,,32, +18-75,18,Ndikum no fit draif moto.,Ndikum\tno\tfit\tdraif\tmoto.,Ndikum\tNEG\tbe.able\tdrive\tcar,Ndikum cannot drive a car.,,,63[439],,published source,"Ndikum no fit draif moto.",,Ndikum NEG be.able drive car,,,,33, +19-1,19,Dì gal dè kuk plàntí.,Dì\tgal\tdè\tkuk\tplàntí.,DEF\tgirl\tIPFV\tcook\tplantain,The girl is cooking plantain.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Dì gal dè kuk plàntí.,,DEF girl IPFV cook plantain,,Field data,,34, +20-1,20,I wantchee one piecee woolen.,I\twantchee\tone\tpiecee\twoolen.,1SG\twant\tART.INDF\tCLF\twoollen,I want a piece of woollen.,,The context suggests that the speaker is buying wool by the yard.,1489[VI.1],,naturalistic written,I wantchee one piecee woolen.,,1SG want ART.INDF CLF woollen,The context suggests that the speaker is buying wool by the yard.,,挨灣温卑士烏倫,35, +20-69,20,Coolie hap give letter he.,Coolie\thap\tgive\tletter\the.,coolie\tPFV\tgive\tletter\t3SG,The coolie has given the letter to him.,,,1489[VI.39],,naturalistic written,Coolie hap give letter he.,,coolie PFV give letter 3SG,,,沽厘合刦咧打希,36, +21-1,21,I want some fish.,I\twant\tsome\tfish.,I\twant\tsome\tfish,I want some fish.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I want some fish.,,I want some fish,,Own knowledge,,37, +21-2,21,Fish I wan.,Fish\tI\twan.,fish\t1SG\twant,I want (some) fish.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Fish I wan.,,fish 1SG want,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,38, +21-10,21,So your grandfather had three wives something like that ah?,So\tyour\tgrandfather\thad\tthree\twives\tsomething\tlike\tthat\tah?,so\t2SG.POSS\tgrandfather\thave.PST\tthree\twives\tsomething\tlike\tthat\tPCL,So your grandfather had three wives or something like that?,,,1568[68],,naturalistic spoken,So your grandfather had three wives something like that ah?,,so 2SG.POSS grandfather have.PST three wives something like that PCL,,,,39, +21-37,21,But the boss saw the interview.,But\tthe\tboss\tsaw\tthe\tinterview.,CONJ\tDET\tboss\tsee.PST\tDET\tinterview,But the boss saw the interview.,,,1568[60],,naturalistic spoken,But the boss saw the interview.,,CONJ DET boss see.PST DET interview,,,,40, +22-1,22,Yumi gat ol liklik dok.,Yumi\tgat\tol\tliklik\tdok.,1PL.INCL\thave\tPL\tsmall\tdog,We have little dogs.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Yumi gat ol liklik dok.,,1PL.INCL have PL small dog,,,,41, +22-3,22,Em bai inap wokim haus.,Em\tbai\tinap\twokim\thaus.,3SG\tFUT\tABIL\tmake\thouse,He'll be able to build a house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em bai inap wokim haus.,,3SG FUT ABIL make house,,Own knowledge,,42, +22-4,22,Tupela pikinini blongen go kisim lip banana.,Tu-pela\tpikinini\tblong-en\tgo\tkisim\tlip\tbanana.,two-MOD\tchild\tPOSS-3SG\tgo\tget\tleaf\tbanana,His two children went to fetch banana leaves.,,,584[WNB F10],,naturalistic spoken,Tupela pikinini blongen go kisim lip banana.,Tu-pela pikinini blong-en go kisim lip banana.,two-MOD child POSS-3SG go get leaf banana,,,,43, +23-1,23,Gavman blong Canada i kivim mane tu blong wan kompiuta blong Nasonal Akaev blong Vanuatu.,Gavman\tblong\tCanada\ti\tkivim\tmane\ttu\tblong\twan\tkompiuta\tblong\tNasonal\tAkaev\tblong\tVanuatu.,government\tPREP\tCanada\tAGR\tgive:TR\tmoney\ttoo\tCOMP\tINDF.ART\tcomputer\tPREP\tnational\tarchive\tPREP\tVanuatu,The Canadian Government has also given money for a computer for the National Archives of Vanuatu.,,,,,naturalistic written,Gavman blong Canada i kivim mane tu blong wan kompiuta blong Nasonal Akaev blong Vanuatu.,,government PREP Canada AGR give:TR money too COMP INDF.ART computer PREP national archive PREP Vanuatu,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 29 Nov 1997",,44, +24-1,24,Wi kech plente aabuuka.,Wi\tkech\tplente\taabuuka.,1PL\tcatch\tmuch\tgroper,We caught lots of groper (fish sp.).,,Here wi is anaphoric not deictic.,,,naturalistic written,Wi kech plente aabuuka.,,1PL catch much groper,"Here wi is anaphoric not deictic.",Own fieldwork,,45, +24-2,24,Mum gwen florg et.,Mum\tgwen\tflorg\tet.,mother\tFUT\tbeat\tme/you/him/her/it/us/you/them,Mother will beat me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mum gwen florg et.,,mother FUT beat me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them,,Own fieldwork,,46, +24-66,24,Laentan el giw a' gud lait.,Ø\tlaentan\tel\tgiw\ta'\tgud\tlait.,Ø\tlantern\tHAB\tgive\tDET.INDF\tgood\tlight,A lantern gives a good light.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Laentan el giw a' gud lait.",Ø laentan el giw a' gud lait.,Ø lantern HAB give DET.INDF good light,,Own fieldwork,,47, +24-109,24,Leonard cook dem fesh.,Leonard\tcook\tdem\tfesh.,Leonard\tcook\tDET.DEF.PL\tfish,Leonard cook(ed) the fish.,,,,,naturalistic written,Leonard cook dem fesh.,,Leonard cook DET.DEF.PL fish,,Own fieldwork,,48, +25-1,25,Wan litel gel bin katimbat wud blanga Jein.,Wan\tlitel\tgel\tbin\tkat-im-bat\twud\tblanga\tJein.,one\tlittle\tgirl\tPST\tcut-TR-PROG\twood\tDAT/POSS\tJane,One/a certain little girl was cutting wood for Jane.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the unmarked clause-level constituent order (SVO) and the position of the indefinite article in the noun phrase, and the benefactive construction using the dative/possessive preposition bla(nga).",,,naturalistic spoken,Wan litel gel bin katimbat wud blanga Jein.,Wan litel gel bin kat-im-bat wud blanga Jein.,one little girl PST cut-TR-PROG wood DAT/POSS Jane,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the unmarked clause-level constituent order (SVO) and the position of the indefinite article in the noun phrase, and the benefactive construction using the dative/possessive preposition bla(nga).",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,49, +25-2,25,Wan moning jad olgamen bin dringkimbat ti.,Wan\tmoning\tjad\tolgamen\tbin\tdringk-im-bat\tti.,one\tmorning\tDEM\twoman\tPST\tdrink-TR-PROG\ttea,One morning the woman was drinking tea.,,"Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates the unmarked constituent order on the clause level, SVO.",128[6],,naturalistic written,Wan moning jad olgamen bin dringkimbat ti.,Wan moning jad olgamen bin dringk-im-bat ti.,one morning DEM woman PST drink-TR-PROG tea,"Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates the unmarked constituent order on the clause level, SVO.",,,50, +25-4,25,Stakmen bin barnim gras.,Stakmen\tbin\tbarn-im\tgras.,stockman\tPST\tburn-TR\tgrass,The stockmen burnt the grass.,,"Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates a typical, unmarked object noun phrase.",1333[114],,unknown,Stakmen bin barnim gras.,Stakmen bin barn-im gras.,stockman PST burn-TR grass,"Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates a typical, unmarked object noun phrase.",,,51, +25-5,25,Dij kamel im likimbat bo dat kanggaru irrahol.,Dij\tkamel\tim\tlik-im-bat\tbo\tdat\tkanggaru\tirrahol.,PROX\tcamel\t3SG\tlick-TR-PROG\tDAT\tDEM\tkangaroo\tear,This camel is licking the kangaroo's ear.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. This example illustrates the dative preposition bo which replaces bla(nga) for younger generation speakers in some varieties.",,,elicited from speaker,Dij kamel im likimbat bo dat kanggaru irrahol.,Dij kamel im lik-im-bat bo dat kanggaru irrahol.,PROX camel 3SG lick-TR-PROG DAT DEM kangaroo ear,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. This example illustrates the dative preposition bo which replaces bla(nga) for younger generation speakers in some varieties.",Fieldwork Meakins,,52, +25-6,25,Orla kid bin tjakam ston.,Orla\tkid\tbin\ttjak-am\tston.,PL\tchild\tPST\tchuck-TR\tstone,The children threw stones.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the basic word order in a transitive clause.,659[37],,unknown,Orla kid bin tjakam ston.,Orla kid bin tjak-am ston.,PL child PST chuck-TR stone,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the basic word order in a transitive clause.,,,53, +26-1,26,smal lido ɹak hiʔ [...] ɹol daʊ da ɹuf,smal\tlido\tɹak\thiʔ\t[...]\tɹol\tdaʊ\tda\tɹuf,small\tlittle\trock\thit\t[...]\troll\tdown\tART\troof,Small little rocks hit [...] roll down the roof.,,,1545[102],,naturalistic spoken,smal lido ɹak hiʔ [...] ɹol daʊ da ɹuf,,small little rock hit [...] roll down ART roof,,,,54, +26-2,26,ænti maɪd hæv ɹitn [...] wan buk,ænti\tmaɪd\thæv\tɹitn\t[...]\twan\tbuk,auntie\tSPECUL.JUDG\thave\twrite.PRF\t[...]\tART\tbook,Auntie might have written [...] a book.,,"SPECUL = speculative +JUDG = judgement",1545[76],,naturalistic spoken,ænti maɪd hæv ɹitn [...] wan buk,,auntie SPECUL.JUDG have write.PRF [...] ART book,"SPECUL = speculative +JUDG = judgement",,,55, +26-3,26,dis waɾɛva spɹiʔ wɛn ʤamp intu dis wan gaɪ [...] dis mis was ʧokiŋ diz gaɪz nɛk,dis\twaɾɛva\tspɹiʔ\twɛn\tʤamp\tintu\tdis\twan\tgaɪ\t[...]\tdis\tmis\twas\tʧoki-ŋ\tdiz\tgaɪ-z\tnɛk,DEM\twhatever\tspirit\tPST.PFV\tjump\tinto\tDEM\tone\tguy\t[...]\tDEM\tmist\tCOP.PST\tchoke-PROG\tDEM\tguy-GEN\tneck,This whatever spirit jumped into this one guy [...] this mist was choking this guy's neck.,,,1545[48],,naturalistic spoken,dis waɾɛva spɹiʔ wɛn ʤamp intu dis wan gaɪ [...] dis mis was ʧokiŋ diz gaɪz nɛk,dis waɾɛva spɹiʔ wɛn ʤamp intu dis wan gaɪ [...] dis mis was ʧoki-ŋ diz gaɪ-z nɛk,DEM whatever spirit PST.PFV jump into DEM one guy [...] DEM mist COP.PST choke-PROG DEM guy-GEN neck,,,,56, +26-5,26,pɛlɛ laɪk wiski,pɛlɛ\tlaɪk\twiski,Pele\tlike\twhiskey,Pele likes whiskey.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,pɛlɛ laɪk wiski,,Pele like whiskey,,Own fieldwork recording,,57, +27-1,27,Də mēⁿshi a kri ēn kin.,Də\tmēⁿshi\ta\tkri\tēn\tkin.,DET\tgirl\tPST\tget\tINDF\tchild,The girl had a child.,,,355[12],,naturalistic spoken,Də mēⁿshi a kri ēn kin.,,DET girl PST get INDF child,,,,58,Dutch: Het meisje kreeg een kind. +28-1,28,di tokap furfurtɛ ɛk buku,di\ttoko-apu\tfuru-furu-tɛ\tɛkɛ\tbuku,the\tchild-PL\tsteal-steal-PFV\t1SG\tbook,"The children stole my books (repeatedly, over a period of time).",,The reduplicated verb form marks iterated activity.,736[287],,naturalistic spoken,di tokap furfurtɛ ɛk buku,di toko-apu furu-furu-tɛ ɛkɛ buku,the child-PL steal-steal-PFV 1SG book,The reduplicated verb form marks iterated activity.,,,59, +28-2,28,eni hari das bain eni toro,eni\thari\tdas\tbain\teni\ttoro,3PL\thear\tHAB\tcover\t3PL\tface,Their hair covers their faces.,,,737[561],,naturalistic spoken,eni hari das bain eni toro,eni hari das bain eni toro,3PL hear HAB cover 3PL face,,,,60, +29-1,29,omdat Jan die water weggooi,omdat\tJan\tdie\twater\tweg-gooi,because\tJohn\tDEF.ART\twater\taway-throws,because John throws away the water,,"This holds of subordinate clauses, whether the predicate is monoverbal (simplex) or complex. In main clauses with complex predicates, the non-finite main verb follows the object, i.e. we have SOV order, while the finite auxiliary immediately follows (S AUX O V) or precedes (AUX S O V) the subject. Non-finite auxiliaries always follow S O both in main clauses and in subordinate clauses. Note that in colloquial Afrikaans, main clause word order may be applied in subordinate clauses.",,,naturalistic written,omdat Jan die water weggooi,omdat Jan die water weg-gooi,because John DEF.ART water away-throws,"This holds of subordinate clauses, whether the predicate is monoverbal (simplex) or complex. In main clauses with complex predicates, the non-finite main verb follows the object, i.e. we have SOV order, while the finite auxiliary immediately follows (S AUX O V) or precedes (AUX S O V) the subject. Non-finite auxiliaries always follow S O both in main clauses and in subordinate clauses. Note that in colloquial Afrikaans, main clause word order may be applied in subordinate clauses.",Own knowledge,,61, +29-2,29,Jan gooi die water weg.,Jan\tgooi\tdie\twater\tweg.,John\tthrows\tDEF.ART\twater\taway,John throws the water away.,,Simplex predicates in main clauses must choose SVO or VSO word order. These ordering patterns are not required but may be used in subordinate clauses in Colloquial Afrikaans.,,,naturalistic spoken,Jan gooi die water weg.,,John throws DEF.ART water away,Simplex predicates in main clauses must choose SVO or VSO word order. These ordering patterns are not required but may be used in subordinate clauses in Colloquial Afrikaans.,Own knowledge,,62, +29-3,29,Daarom gooi Jan die water weg.,Daarom\tgooi\tJan\tdie\twater\tweg.,therefore\tthrows\tJohn\tDEF.ART\twater\taway,"For that reason, John is throwing away the water.",,Note that VSO declaratives require an extra element in first position (XVSO). Declarative main clauses with simplex predicates must be SVO or VSO. In Colloquial Afrikaans these patterns may also be used in subordinate clauses.,,,naturalistic written,Daarom gooi Jan die water weg.,,therefore throws John DEF.ART water away,Note that VSO declaratives require an extra element in first position (XVSO). Declarative main clauses with simplex predicates must be SVO or VSO. In Colloquial Afrikaans these patterns may also be used in subordinate clauses.,Own knowledge,,63, +30-1,30,Katxor morde mininu.,Katxor\tmorde\tmininu.,dog\tbite\tchild,The dog bit the child.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Katxor morde mininu.,,dog bite child,,,,64,German: Der Hund biss das Kind. +31-1,31,N ta gradise nha fidjus.,N\tta\tgradise\tnha\tfidjus.,1SG\tASP\tthank\tmy\tchildren,I thank my children.,,"A different word order is possible with intransitive and unaccusative verbs but not with transitives. For instance, the following sentence is grammatical: More djenti txeu. [died people a.lot] 'A lot of people died.'",663,,naturalistic spoken,N ta gradise nha fidjus.,,1SG ASP thank my children,"A different word order is possible with intransitive and unaccusative verbs but not with transitives. For instance, the following sentence is grammatical: More djenti txeu. [died people a.lot] 'A lot of people died.'",,,65, +31-2,31,Djedje di Djai atxa mudjer bibu.,Djedje\tdi\tDjai\tatxa\tmudjer\tbibu.,Djedje\tof\tDjai\tfound\twoman\talive,Djedje of Djai's found the woman alive.,,,126,,naturalistic spoken,Djedje di Djai atxa mudjer bibu.,,Djedje of Djai found woman alive,,,,66, +32-1,32,Nha tia fazê kmida.,Nha\ttia\tfazê\tkmida.,1SG.POSS\taunt\tmake\tfood,My aunt cooked food.,,,1456,,constructed by linguist,Nha tia fazê kmida.,,1SG.POSS aunt make food,,,,67,Portuguese: A minha tia fez a comida. +33-1,33,Djon ta pista si amigus dinyeru senpri ku disgostu.,Djon\tta\tpista\tsi\tamigu-s\tdinheru\tsempri\tku\tdisgostu.,John.SBJ\tHAB\tlend\tPOSS\tfriend-PL.OBL\tmoney.OBJ\talways\twith\tsorrow,John always lends money to his friends with sorrow.,,"Note that the orthography used in the primary text field is that of the source. +The orthography used in the analyzed text field is that of Scantamburlo (2007), as this is more modern and more similar to the Portuguese convention, which is the most widely used convention in the description of Guinea-Bissau Kriyol.",715[21],,naturalistic written,Djon ta pista si amigus dinyeru senpri ku disgostu.,Djon ta pista si amigu-s dinheru sempri ku disgostu.,John.SBJ HAB lend POSS friend-PL.OBL money.OBJ always with sorrow,"Note that the orthography used in the primary text field is that of the source. +The orthography used in the analyzed text field is that of Scantamburlo (2007), as this is more modern and more similar to the Portuguese convention, which is the most widely used convention in the description of Guinea-Bissau Kriyol.",,,68,Portuguese: O João empresta sempre dinheiro aos amigos com desgosto. +33-17,33,Maria ta beija Djon tudu ora.,Maria\tta\tbeija\tDjon\ttudu\tora.,Maria\tHAB\tkiss\tJohn\tall\thour,Maria kisses John often.,,The order is v + obj + adv.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Maria ta beija Djon tudu ora.",,Maria HAB kiss John all hour,The order is v + obj + adv.,Own knowledge,,69,Portuguese: A Maria beija frequentemente o João. +33-60,33,Lion ta montya gazela.,Lion\tta\tmontya\tgazela.,lion\tHAB\thunt\tgazelle.SG,Lions hunt gazelles.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Lion ta montya gazela.",,lion HAB hunt gazelle.SG,,Own knowledge,,70,Portuguese: Os leões caçam gazelas. +34-1,34,Kacor selantá gatu.,Kacor\tø\tselantá\tgatu.,dog\tPFV\tchase\tcat,The dog chased the cat.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kacor selantá gatu.,Kacor ø selantá gatu.,dog PFV chase cat,,Own knowledge,,71, +35-1,35,Mese ka kopla ũa lata fanha.,Mese\tka\tkopla\tũa\tlata\tfanha.,master\tIPFV\tbuy\tone\tcan\tflour,The master buys one can of flour.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mese ka kopla ũa lata fanha.,,master IPFV buy one can flour,,Own data,,72, +36-1,36,Tepu nakulu no Ngola ka zi kai no kota mionga [...].,Tepu\tnakulu\tno\tNgola\tka\tzi\tkai\tno\tkota\tmionga\t[...].,time\told\twe\tAngolar\tHAB\tmake\thouse\tPOSS.1PL\tside\tsee\t[...],"In the olden days, we, the Angolars, used to build our houses on the sea side [...].",,,901[134],,naturalistic spoken,"Tepu nakulu no Ngola ka zi kai no kota mionga [...].",,time old we Angolar HAB make house POSS.1PL side see [...],,,,73,"French: Autrefois, nous, les Angolars, nous construisions nos maisons au bord de la mer [...]." +37-1,37,[...] ê kum'inhemi sê pe.,[...]\tê\tkume\tinhemi\tsê\tpe.,[...]\t3SG\teat\tyam\tDEM\tIDEO,[...] He ate the whole yam.,,"Pe is an ideophone which normally modifies tudu 'all', but which may also stand alone.",905[182],,naturalistic spoken,[...] ê kum'inhemi sê pe.,[...] ê kume inhemi sê pe.,[...] 3SG eat yam DEM IDEO,"Pe is an ideophone which normally modifies tudu 'all', but which may also stand alone.",,,74, +37-16,37,Mene ka kopa pêxi na fya sempi.,Mene\tka\tkopa\tpêxi\tna\tfya\tsempi.,Mene\tHAB\tbuy\tfish\tLOC\tmarket\talways,Mene always buys fish at the market.,,,905,,elicited from speaker,"Mene ka kopa pêxi na fya sempi.",,Mene HAB buy fish LOC market always,,,,75, +37-34,37,[...] arê vya manda sodadi.,[...]\tarê\tvya\tmanda\tsodadi.,[...]\tking\tREP\tsend\tsoldier,[...] the king sent soldiers again.,,,905[184],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] arê vya manda sodadi.",,[...] king REP send soldier,,,,76, +38-1,38,No skéve wan xat.,No\tskéve\twan\txata.,1PL\twrite\tART\tletter,We write a letter.,,,,,elicited from speaker,No skéve wan xat.,No skéve wan xata.,1PL write ART letter,,Own fieldwork 1990,,77, +38-16,38,May laba mina sunzu.,Mai\tlaba\tmina\tsunzu.,mother\twash\tchild\tdirty,The mother washes the dirty child.,,,,,elicited from speaker,May laba mina sunzu.,Mai laba mina sunzu.,mother wash child dirty,,Own fieldwork 1990,,78, +39-1,39,Ryan tə lãbe biskit.,Ryan\ttə\tlãb-e\tbiskit.,Ryan\tIPFV.NPST\tlick-INF\tbiscuit,Ryan is licking the biscuit.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Ryan tə lãbe biskit.,Ryan tə lãb-e biskit.,Ryan IPFV.NPST lick-INF biscuit,,,,79, +39-2,39,Jacob tə faze vɔs də kɔb.,Jacob\ttə\tfaz-e\tvɔs\tdə\tkɔb.,Jacob\tIPFV.NPST\tmake-INF\tvoice\tof\tsnake,Jacob is imitating the voice of a snake (lit. Jacob is making the voice of a snake).,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Jacob tə faze vɔs də kɔb.,Jacob tə faz-e vɔs də kɔb.,Jacob IPFV.NPST make-INF voice of snake,,,,80, +39-3,39,El nã sab purtəgez.,El\tnã\tsab\tpurtəgez.,3\tNEG\tknow.NPST\tPortuguese,He doesn't know Portuguese.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,El nã sab purtəgez.,,3 NEG know.NPST Portuguese,,,,81, +39-4,39,Nĩge nã apiŋo pex.,Nĩge\tnã\tapiŋ-o\tpex.,nobody\tNEG\tcatch-PST\tfish,Nobody caught fish.,,,218,,elicited from speaker,Nĩge nã apiŋo pex.,Nĩge nã apiŋ-o pex.,nobody NEG catch-PST fish,,,,82, +40-2,40,Barber tiran ispi su. Ya korto su rhab.,Barber\ttiran\tispi\tsu.\tYa\tkorto\tsu\trhab.,barber\tpull.out.PROG\tthorn\tPOSS.3SG\tPST\tcut.PST\t3SG\ttail,The barber was pulling the thorn out of his tail (with a knife). He cut off his tail.,,,267[168],,naturalistic spoken,Barber tiran ispi su. Ya korto su rhab.,,barber pull.out.PROG thorn POSS.3SG PST cut.PST 3SG tail,,,,83, +40-44,40,Teru pelo ũ ũ prat yade.,Teru\tpelo\tũ\tũ\tprat\tyade.,Teru\tOBJ.3PL\tone\tone\tplate\tgave,Teru gave each one of them a plate.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Teru pelo ũ ũ prat yade.",,Teru OBJ.3PL one one plate gave,,Own knowledge,,84, +41-188,41,avara nosa mahanaaruntu um pesaam alaa ɔɔrta jatomaa,avara\tnosa\tmahanaar-untu\tum\tpesaam\talaa\tɔɔrta\tjaa-tomaa,now\t1PL.GEN\tson-LOC\tone\tperson\tthere\tland\tPST-buy,Now one of our sons has bought land there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,avara nosa mahanaaruntu um pesaam alaa ɔɔrta jatomaa,avara nosa mahanaar-untu um pesaam alaa ɔɔrta jaa-tomaa,now 1PL.GEN son-LOC one person there land PST-buy,,Field notes,,85, +42-1,42,Taté ja olá ku bela Rozil,Taté\tja\tolá\tku\tbela\tRozil,Taté\tPFV\tsee\tACC\told\tRozil,Taté saw old Rozil.,,,122[176],,naturalistic spoken,Taté ja olá ku bela Rozil,,Taté PFV see ACC old Rozil,,,,86, +43-1,43,Djenti kumi brot [...].,Djenti\tkumi\tbrot\t[...].,people\teat\tbread\t[...],People eat bread [...].,,,906[91],,pedagogical grammar,"Djenti kumi brot [...].",,people eat bread [...],,,,87, +44-1,44,Ya larga Maria quel gumamela colerao [...].,Ya\tlarga\tMaria\tquel\tgumamela\tcolerao\t[...].,PFV\tleave\tMaria\tthe\thibiscus\tred\t[...],Maria left the red hibiscus [...].,,,1064[10],,naturalistic written,Ya larga Maria quel gumamela colerao [...].,,PFV leave Maria the hibiscus red [...],,,,88, +44-2,44,Ta yuda bueno el Señor con todo Mardicas.,Ta\tyuda\tbueno\tel\tSeñor\tcon\ttodo\tMardicas.,IPFV\thelp\tgood\tDEF\tLord\tOBJ\tall\tmardicas,The Lord helps all the Mardicas well.,,"The animate object is generally marked with con. When the animate object is not human, there is variation in the use of con. Mardikas were local Christians from the island of Ternate in the Moluccas who accompanied the Spanish to Manila in the seventeenth century and later founded the village of Ternate. The etymological meaning of the name is “free people” (Blair & Robertson 1909 vol. 36: 237, de la Concepción 1788–1792: 102–103).",,,naturalistic written,Ta yuda bueno el Señor con todo Mardicas.,,IPFV help good DEF Lord OBJ all mardicas,"The animate object is generally marked with con. When the animate object is not human, there is variation in the use of con. Mardikas were local Christians from the island of Ternate in the Moluccas who accompanied the Spanish to Manila in the seventeenth century and later founded the village of Ternate. The etymological meaning of the name is “free people” (Blair & Robertson 1909 vol. 36: 237, de la Concepción 1788–1792: 102–103).","Evangelino Nigoza, p.c.",,89, +44-3,44,Ya kumpra plor el baguntáw.,Ya\tkumpra\tplor\tel\tbaguntáw.,PFV\tbuy\tflower\tthe\tyoung.man,The young man bought a flower.,,,1553[11],,elicited from speaker,Ya kumpra plor el baguntáw.,,PFV buy flower the young.man,,,,90, +45-1,45,Ya coge el mga pulis con el ladron.,Ya\tcoge\tel\tmga\tpulis\tcon\tel\tladron.,PFV\tcatch\tthe\tPL\tpolice\tOBJ\tthe\tthief,The policemen caught the thief.,,The animate object is generally marked with con.,426[79],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ya coge el mga pulis con el ladron.",,PFV catch the PL police OBJ the thief,"The animate object is generally marked with con.",,,91, +45-2,45,Ta cumi hamon el hombre.,Ta\tcumi\thamon\tel\thombre.,IPFV\teat\tham\tDEF\tman,The man is eating ham.,,,835[83],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ta cumi hamon el hombre.,,IPFV eat ham DEF man,,,,92, +46-1,46,Ya-kurtá yo kunéste kárne kon kuchílyo.,Ya-kurtá\tyo\tkunéste\tkárne\tkon\tkuchílyo.,PFV-cut\t1SG\tOBJ.this\tmeat\twith\tknife,I cut this meat with a knife.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ya-kurtá yo kunéste kárne kon kuchílyo.,,PFV-cut 1SG OBJ.this meat with knife,,Own knowledge,,93, +46-2,46,Ya-pegá 'le konel péhro.,Ya-pegá\t'le\tkonel\tpéhro.,PRF-hit\the\tOBJ.the\tdog,He hit the dog.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ya-pegá 'le konel péhro.,,PRF-hit he OBJ.the dog,,Own knowledge,,94, +46-3,46,Ta-tomá 'le múcho bíno.,Ta-tomá\t'le\tmúcho\tbíno.,IPFV-drink\t3SG\tmuch\trum,S/he is drinking a lot of rum.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ta-tomá 'le múcho bíno.,,IPFV-drink 3SG much rum,,Own knowledge,,95, +46-4,46,Hendéq 'le ta-komé kárne?,Hendéq\t'le\tta-komé\tkárne?,NEG\t3SG\teat\tmeat,S/he doesn't eat meat?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hendéq 'le ta-komé kárne?,,NEG 3SG eat meat,,Own knowledge,,96, +46-5,46,Ta canta yo ‘te cancion.,Ta-kantá\tyo\t(és)te\tkansyón.,IPFV-sing\t1SG\tthis\tsong,I am singing this song.,,This example is from a song by the band COMIC RELIEF.,,,naturalistic written,Ta canta yo ‘te cancion.,Ta-kantá yo (és)te kansyón.,IPFV-sing 1SG this song,This example is from a song by the band COMIC RELIEF.,Own knowledge,,97, +46-6,46,Éle ya-matá pwérko gat alyá gránde.,Éle\tya-matá\tpwérko\tgat\talyá\tgránde.,s/he\tPRF-kill\tpig\treally\tthere\tbig,S/he killed a really big pig there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Éle ya-matá pwérko gat alyá gránde.,,s/he PRF-kill pig really there big,,Own knowledge,,98, +46-7,46,Silá dos el ya-matá.,Silá\tdos\tel\tya-matá.,3PL\ttwo\t3SG\tPRF-kill,The two of them killed him.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Silá dos el ya-matá.,,3PL two 3SG PRF-kill,,Own knowledge,,99, +46-9,46,Ya-prepará ei ómbre un baróto.,Ya-prepará\tei\tómbre\tun\tbaróto.,PFV-prepare\tART\tman\ta\tbaroto,The man prepared a small boat (baroto).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ya-prepará ei ómbre un baróto.,,PFV-prepare ART man a baroto,,Own knowledge,,100, +46-10,46,Ya-mirá el mga ómbre un póno de ságing.,Ya-mirá\tel\tmga\tómbre\tun\tpóno\tde\tságing.,PFV-see\tART\tPL\tman\ta\ttree\tof\tbanana,The men saw a banana tree.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya-mirá el mga ómbre un póno de ságing.,,PFV-see ART PL man a tree of banana,,Own knowledge,,101, +46-11,46,Ya-mirá el táta su sitwasyón.,Ya-mirá\tel\ttáta\tsu\tsitwasyón.,PFV-see\tART\tfather\this\tsituation,The father saw his situation.,,,531[199],,naturalistic spoken,Ya-mirá el táta su sitwasyón.,,PFV-see ART father his situation,,,,102, +46-50,46,El marído tyéne kósa ta-buská.,El\tmarído\ttyéne\tkósa\tta-buská.,ART\thusband\tEXIST\twhat\tIPFV-seek,The husband is looking for something.,,,242,,naturalistic spoken,El marído tyéne kósa ta-buská.,,ART husband EXIST what IPFV-seek,,,,103, +46-74,46,El mga ómbre ya-kargá tres maléta káda úno.,El\tmga\tómbre\tya-kargá\ttres\tmaléta\tkáda\túno.,ART\tPL\tman\tPFV-carry\tthree\tsuitcase\teach\tone,The men carried three suitcases each.,,,,,elicited from speaker,El mga ómbre ya-kargá tres maléta káda úno.,,ART PL man PFV-carry three suitcase each one,,Own knowledge,,104, +47-1,47,Awe mainta mi a bai subi Hooiberg.,Awe\tmainta\tmi\ta\tbai\tsubi\tHooiberg.,today\tmorning\t1SG\tPFV\tgo\tclimb\tHooiberg,This morning I climbed Hooiberg.,,Hooiberg is a hill in Aruba popularly climbed for exercise.,731[46],,naturalistic written,Awe mainta mi a bai subi Hooiberg.,,today morning 1SG PFV go climb Hooiberg,Hooiberg is a hill in Aruba popularly climbed for exercise.,,,105, +47-3,47,Maria a duna Wanchu un buki.,Maria\ta\tduna\tWanchu\tun\tbuki.,Maria\tPFV\tgive\tWanchu\tINDF\tbook,Maria gave Wanchu a book.,,,732[209],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,Maria a duna Wanchu un buki.,,Maria PFV give Wanchu INDF book,,,,106, +48-1,48,Ana kelé komblá un koka kola.,Ana\tkelé\tkomblá\tun\tkoka\tkola.,Ana\twant.INF\tbuy.INF\tINDF\tCoca\tCola,Ana wants to buy a Coca Cola.,,Stative kelé could take progressive ta.,,,naturalistic spoken,Ana kelé komblá un koka kola.,,Ana want.INF buy.INF INDF Coca Cola,"Stative kelé could take progressive ta.",Recorded by author,,107,Spanish: Ana quiere comprar una coca cola. +48-3,48,Fautina asé bebé mucho sebesa nu.,Fautina\tasé\tbebé\tmucho\tsebesa\tnu.,Faustina\tHAB\tdrink\tmuch\tbeer\tNEG,Faustina does not (usually) drink much beer.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Fautina asé bebé mucho sebesa nu.,,Faustina HAB drink much beer NEG,,Recorded by author,,108,Spanish: Fausina no suele beber mucha cerveza. +49-1,49,Siklòn nan kraze kay la.,Siklòn\tnan\tkraze\tkay\tla.,cyclone\tDEF\tdemolish\thouse\tDEF,The cyclone demolished the house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Siklòn nan kraze kay la.,,cyclone DEF demolish house DEF,,Own knowledge,,109,French: Le cyclone a démoli la maison. +49-2,49,Bouki t ap danse yon bolewo.,Bouki\tt\tap\tdanse\tyon\tbolewo.,Bouki\tANT\tINACC\tdance\tINDF\tbolero,Bouki was dancing a bolero.,,,367[105],,naturalistic spoken,Bouki t ap danse yon bolewo.,,Bouki ANT INACC dance INDF bolero,,,,110,French: Bouki dansait un boléro. +50-1,50,Pyè ka manjé poul.,Pyè\tka\tmanjé\tpoul.,Peter\tPROG\teat\tchicken,Peter is eating chicken.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pyè ka manjé poul.,,Peter PROG eat chicken,,Own fieldwork,,111, +50-2,50,I pran liv-la.,I\tpran\tliv-la.,3SG\ttake\tbook-DEF,He took the book.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pran liv-la.,,3SG take book-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,112, +51-1,51,Piè ka manjé poul.,Piè\tka\tmanjé\tpoul.,Peter\tPROG\teat\tchicken,Peter is eating chicken.,,,346,,naturalistic spoken,Piè ka manjé poul.,,Peter PROG eat chicken,,,,113, +51-2,51,I pran liv-la.,I\tpran\tliv-la.,he\ttake\tbook-DEF,He took the book.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pran liv-la.,,he take book-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,114, +52-1,52,mo manman bat timoun-yan,mo\tmanman\tbat\ttimoun-yan,my\tmother\tbeat\tchildren-ART,My mother beat the children.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,mo manman bat timoun-yan,,my mother beat children-ART,,,,115, +53-1,53,Bouki trape banjo-la.,Bouki\ttrape\t-la.,Bouki\tgrab\tbanjo-ART.DEF.SG,Bouki grabbed the banjo.,,,1048[409],,naturalistic spoken,Bouki trape banjo-la.,Bouki trape <banjo>-la.,Bouki grab banjo-ART.DEF.SG,,,,116, +53-2,53,Mo garson achte en bel lalyans pou so kalin.,Mo\tgarson\tachte\ten\tbel\tlalyans\tpou\tso\tkalin.,1SG.POSS\tson\tbuy.PST\tART.INDF\tpretty\twedding.ring\tfor\t3SG.POSS.\tgirlfriend,My son bought a pretty wedding ring for his girlfriend.,,,1515[35],,elicited from speaker,Mo garson achte en bel lalyans pou so kalin.,,1SG.POSS son buy.PST ART.INDF pretty wedding.ring for 3SG.POSS. girlfriend,,,,117, +54-1,54,Le prèt malbar i pran in ti kouto.,Lë\tprèt\tmalbar\ti\tpran\ten\tti\tkouto.,DEF\tpriest\tIndian\tFIN\ttake\tINDF\tsmall\tknife,The Indian priest takes a small knife.,,This is an example of a monotransitive construction.,229[44],,naturalistic spoken,Le prèt malbar i pran in ti kouto.,Lë prèt malbar i pran en ti kouto.,DEF priest Indian FIN take INDF small knife,This is an example of a monotransitive construction.,,,118,French: Le prêtre indien prend un petit couteau. +55-1,55,Pol pu bat Zaṅ,Pol\tpu\tbat\tZaṅ,Paul\tFUT\thit\tJohn,Paul will hit John.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pol pu bat Zaṅ,,Paul FUT hit John,,Own knowledge,,119, +56-1,56,Nou griy nou kafe.,Nou\tgriy\tnou\tkafe.,1PL\troast\tPOSS.1PL\tcoffee,We roasted our coffee.,,,955[69],,naturalistic spoken,Nou griy nou kafe.,,1PL roast POSS.1PL coffee,,,,120, +56-2,56,Mari ti anbras Zan tanzantan.,Mari\tti\tanbras\tZan\ttanzantan.,Mary\tPST\tkiss\tJean\toften,Mary often kissed Jean.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Mari ti anbras Zan tanzantan.",,Mary PST kiss Jean often,,Own knowledge,,121, +56-3,56,Lion i manz gazel.,Lion\ti\tmanz\tgazel.,lion\tPM\teat\tgazelle,Lions eat gazelles.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Lion i manz gazel.,,lion PM eat gazelle,,Own knowledge,,122, +57-1,57,ma vwa kas sa le ŋgra,ma\tvwa\tkas\tsa\tle\tŋgra,1SG\tsee\thouse\tREL\tSI\tbig,I see the big house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ma vwa kas sa le ŋgra,,1SG see house REL SI big,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,123, +57-57,57,njo le mwaʃe pa: sa le vje,njo\tle\tmwaʃe\tpa:\tsa\tle\tvje,woman\tPM\teat\tbread\tREL\tSI\told,The woman eats some old bread.,,,,,constructed by linguist,njo le mwaʃe pa: sa le vje,,woman PM eat bread REL SI old,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,124, +57-119,57,"tule per-la, sola koma:se fer tule leŋglis partu","tule\tper-la,\tsola\tkoma:se\tfer\ttule\tleŋglis\tpartu",PL\tFather-DEM/DEF\t3PL\tbegin\tmake\tPL\tchurch\teverywhere,The Fathers began to construct churches everywhere.,,,423[237],,naturalistic spoken,"tule per-la, sola koma:se fer tule leŋglis partu",,PL Father-DEM/DEF 3PL begin make PL church everywhere,,,,125, +58-1,58,Yandi baka mbongo sumb-il-a mono mukanda.,Yandi\tbaka\tmbongo\tsumb-il-a\tmono\tmukanda.,he\ttake.NARR\tmoney\tbuy-APPL-NARR\tme\tbook,He took money and bought me a/the book. OR: He bought me the/a book with (the) money.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi baka mbongo sumb-il-a mono mukanda.,,he take.NARR money buy-APPL-NARR me book,,Own knowledge,,126, +58-2,58,Bo bula bo mosi.,Bo\tbula\tbo\tmosi.,3PL\thit\t3PL\tone,They hit themselves.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bo bula bo mosi.,,3PL hit 3PL one,,Own knowledge,,127, +58-45,58,Konso bakala nat-aka valise zole.,Konso\tbakala\tnat-aka\tvalise\tzole.,each\tman/male\tcarry-PST\tsuitcase\ttwo,Each man carried two suitcases.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Konso bakala nat-aka valise zole.,,each man/male carry-PST suitcase two,,Own knowledge,,128, +59-1,59,"melenge ti lo oko amu koli, kol ni ate zo","melenge\tti\tlo\toko\ta-mu\tkoli,\tkoli\tni\ta-te\tzo",child\tof\t3SG\tone\tPM-take\tman\tman\tDET\tPM-eat\tperson,His one child married a man; the man ate people.,,"Notice that although it was the man's practice to live on human flesh, habitual aspect is not expressed here with COP.",,,naturalistic spoken,"melenge ti lo oko amu koli, kol ni ate zo","melenge ti lo oko a-mu koli, koli ni a-te zo",child of 3SG one PM-take man man DET PM-eat person,"Notice that although it was the man's practice to live on human flesh, habitual aspect is not expressed here with COP.",Samarin corpus 1994,,129, +59-2,59,lo ke faa gi zo,lo\tke\tfaa\tgi\tzo,3SG\tCOP\tkill\tonly\tperson,He was (habitually) killing only people (not animals).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lo ke faa gi zo,,3SG COP kill only person,,Samarin corpus 1994,,130, +59-3,59,"to kol ti ni aga amu samba na lo, [...]","tongana\tkoli'\tti\tni\ta-ga\ta-mu\tsamba\tna\tlo,\t[...]",if\tman\tof\t1SG.LOG\tPM-come\tPM-give\tbeer\tPREP\t3SG\t[...],"(She said) if my husband should come and offer you beer, [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"to kol ti ni aga amu samba na lo, [...]","tongana koli' ti ni a-ga a-mu samba na lo, [...]",if man of 1SG.LOG PM-come PM-give beer PREP 3SG [...],,Samarin corpus 1994,,131, +59-4,59,kol na aleke zembe kwe,koli\tni\taleke\tzembe\tkwe,man\tDET\tSM.prepare\tknife\tall,The husband prepared the knife to perfection. OR: The husband sharpened the knife to perfection.,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,kol na aleke zembe kwe,koli ni aleke zembe kwe,man DET SM.prepare knife all,,,,132, +59-5,59,kol ni amu lege ahon' na ngonda,koli\tni\tamu\tlege\tahon'\tna\tngonda,man\tDET\tSM.take\tpath\tSM.depart\tPREP\tbush,The husband took off and went to the bush.,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,kol ni amu lege ahon' na ngonda,koli ni amu lege ahon' na ngonda,man DET SM.take path SM.depart PREP bush,,,,133, +59-6,59,lango agbu le ti kogara na ape,lango\ta-gbu\tle\tti\tkogara\tni\tape,sleep\tPM-grab\teye\tof\tin-law\tDET\tNEG,The mother-in-law was not overcome by sleep.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lango agbu le ti kogara na ape,lango a-gbu le ti kogara ni ape,sleep PM-grab eye of in-law DET NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,134, +60-1,60,Pierre amónákí Pauline,Pierre\ta-món-ákí\tPauline,Pierre\t3SG-see-PST\tPauline,Pierre saw Pauline.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,Pierre amónákí Pauline,Pierre a-món-ákí Pauline,Pierre 3SG-see-PST Pauline,,Own knowledge,,135, +61-1,61,Lo kati buka lo inja.,Lo\tkati\tbuk-a\tlo\tinja.,ART\tcat\tsee-PRS\tART\tdog.,The cat is looking at the dog. OR: The cat looks at the dog.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Lo kati buka lo inja.,Lo kati buk-a lo inja.,ART cat see-PRS ART dog.,,Field notes Mesthrie,,136, +62-1,62,nhalwá átányá shuhé na afá iʔí haráza,nhalwa\tá-tanya\tshuhe\tna\tafa\tiʔí\tharaza,Nhalwa\t3SG-intervene\tleopard\twith\tgoat(s)\there\triver:in,Nhalwa intervened the leopard and the goat here at the river.,,,,,constructed by linguist,nhalwá átányá shuhé na afá iʔí haráza,nhalwa á-tanya shuhe na afa iʔí haraza,Nhalwa 3SG-intervene leopard with goat(s) here river:in,,Own field data 1993,,137, +63-1,63,banát kúlu bi-lébisi skirt towíl,banát\tkúlu\tbi-lébisi\tskirt\ttowíl,girl.PL\tall\tTAM-wear\tskirt\tlong,The girls wear long skirts.,,,857[360],,naturalistic spoken,banát kúlu bi-lébisi skirt towíl,,girl.PL all TAM-wear skirt long,,,,138, +64-1,64,ásed gekátulu nas,ásed\tge=kátulu\tnas,lion\tPROG=kill\tpeople,The lion kills people.,,,874[127],,elicited from speaker,ásed gekátulu nas,ásed ge=kátulu nas,lion PROG=kill people,,,,139, +65-1,65,Xəʧʒu lisa kupila.,Xəʧʒu\tlisa\tkupi-la.,Xeczu\trice\tbuy-PFV,Xeczu bought rice.,,This example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,1195[221],,naturalistic spoken,Xəʧʒu lisa kupila.,Xəʧʒu lisa kupi-la.,Xeczu rice buy-PFV,This example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,,,140, +65-2,65,Kitaisa davali minia ixiɲ.,Kitaisa\tdava-li\tminia\tixiɲ.,Chinese\tgive-PFV\t1SG\t3PL,They gave me to a Chinese.,,"OVS and OiVOdS word order occur only with a pronominal Subject. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1885 (Primorskij region).",1195[237],,naturalistic spoken,Kitaisa davali minia ixiɲ.,Kitaisa dava-li minia ixiɲ.,Chinese give-PFV 1SG 3PL,"OVS and OiVOdS word order occur only with a pronominal Subject. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1885 (Primorskij region).",,Kитайса давали меня ихинь.,141, +65-3,65,Lusəki musina pjotə wotka nogo.,Lusəki\tmusina\tpjotə\twotka\tnogo.,Russian\tman\tdrink.3SG.PRS\tvodka\ta.lot,Russian men drink too much alcohol.,,"A Russian verb form is used, which is a sign of depidginization. +The example was recorded by E.Perekhvalskaya and V.Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).",1195[260],,naturalistic spoken,Lusəki musina pjotə wotka nogo.,,Russian man drink.3SG.PRS vodka a.lot,"A Russian verb form is used, which is a sign of depidginization. +The example was recorded by E.Perekhvalskaya and V.Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).",,Pyccки мущина пьот вотка много.,142, +65-4,65,Rusəkə xəleba kuʃi.,Rusəkə\txəleba\tkuʃi.,Russian\tbread\teat,Russians eat bread.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[273],,naturalistic spoken,Rusəkə xəleba kuʃi.,,Russian bread eat,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,Русэкэ хэлеба куши.,143, +65-5,65,Kniʃka xoʧi d'elaj eta liudi.,Kniʃka\txoʧi\td'elaj\teta\tliudi.,book\twant\tmake\tthis\tperson,These people wish to compose a book.,,"Liudi here refers to two people (us, the linguists). The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[265],,naturalistic spoken,Kniʃka xoʧi d'elaj eta liudi.,,book want make this person,"Liudi here refers to two people (us, the linguists). The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,книжка хóчи делай эта люди.,144, +65-6,65,Ty babəsəka delaj kuxajka.,Ty\tbabəsəka\tdelaj\tkuxajka.,2SG\tgrandmother\tmake\tquilted.coat,Your grandmother used to make quilted coats.,,"This is a story of old times, recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[271],,naturalistic spoken,Ty babəsəka delaj kuxajka.,,2SG grandmother make quilted.coat,"This is a story of old times, recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,Ты бабэскэ делай кухайка.,145, +66-1,66,Go bicaya luyang.,Go\tbicaya\tlu-yang.,1SG\tbelieve\t2SG-ACC.DEF,I believe you. (NOT: I believed you.),,,,,elicited from speaker,Go bicaya luyang.,Go bicaya lu-yang.,1SG believe 2SG-ACC.DEF,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,146, +66-2,66,Farida dua pong yang siklatan.,Farida\tdua\tpong\tyang\tsi-klatan.,Farida\ttwo\ttree\tACC.DEF\tPST-look,Farida looked at the two trees.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Farida dua pong yang siklatan.,Farida dua pong yang si-klatan.,Farida two tree ACC.DEF PST-look,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,147, +66-3,66,Anak nasi simakan.,Anak\tnasi\tsi-makan.,child\trice\tPST-eat,The child ate rice.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Anak nasi simakan.,Anak nasi si-makan.,child rice PST-eat,,Own knowledge,,148, +66-71,66,Pompanganak ekasi (aða) kumbang attu deppe ummana.,Pompang-anak\te-kasi\t(aða)\tkumbang\tattu\tde-pe\tumma-na.,female-child\tASP-give\t(AUX)\tflower\tINDF\t3SG-POSS\tmother-DAT,The girl has given a flower to her mother.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pompanganak ekasi (aða) kumbang attu deppe ummana.,Pompang-anak e-kasi (aða) kumbang attu de-pe umma-na.,female-child ASP-give (AUX) flower INDF 3SG-POSS mother-DAT,,Own knowledge,,149, +67-1,67,"Wah tengok punya olang pecaya, sayang sama dia.","Wah\ttengok\tpunya\tolang\tpecaya,\tsayang\tsama\tdia.",INTERJ\tlook.at\tREL\tperson\tbelieve\tadmire\twith\t3SG,"Wah, people who were watching believed (and) admired him.",,,708[128],,elicited from speaker,"Wah tengok punya olang pecaya, sayang sama dia.",,INTERJ look.at REL person believe admire with 3SG,,,,150, +67-2,67,Teochew cakap Teochew la.,Teochew\tcakap\tTeochew\tla.,Teochew\tspeak\tTeochew\tEMPH,The Teochew speak Teochew.,,,708[358],,naturalistic spoken,Teochew cakap Teochew la.,,Teochew speak Teochew EMPH,,,,151, +68-1,68,Dia buka mulu ka mari.,Dia\tbuka\tmulu\tka\tmari.,3SG\topen\tmouth\tto\there,It opened its mouth to here.,,,1178,,naturalistic spoken,Dia buka mulu ka mari.,,3SG open mouth to here,,,,152, +68-36,68,Ibu ibu suka cari dorang pung suami di situ.,Ibu~ibu\tsuka\tcari\tdorang\tpung\tsuami\tdi\tsitu.,PL~mother\tlike\tsearch.for\t3PL\tPOSS\thusband\tLOC\tthere,Married women search for their husbands there.,,,1178[406],,naturalistic spoken,Ibu ibu suka cari dorang pung suami di situ.,Ibu~ibu suka cari dorang pung suami di situ.,PL~mother like search.for 3PL POSS husband LOC there,,,,153, +69-1,69,mən ama namban kratəkənan,mən\tama\tnamban\tkratəkə-nan,3SG\t1SG\tDAT\thit-NONFUT,He hit me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mən ama namban kratəkənan,mən ama namban kratəkə-nan,3SG 1SG DAT hit-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,154, +69-2,69,nuŋgum paymban awkurambi [...],nuŋgum\tpaymban\tawkura-mbi\t[...],man\teagle\ttake-DEP\t[...],The eagle took the man and [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,nuŋgum paymban awkurambi [...],nuŋgum paymban awkura-mbi [...],man eagle take-DEP [...],,Own field notes 1985,,155, +69-45,69,aykum mən mambi man kuraŋ awtɲan,aykum\tmən\tmambi\tman\tkuraŋ\tawt-ɲan,woman\t3SG\tagain\tother\tcoconut\ttake-NONFUT,The woman again took a coconut.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,aykum mən mambi man kuraŋ awtɲan,aykum mən mambi man kuraŋ awt-ɲan,woman 3SG again other coconut take-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,156, +70-1,70,Ham bejo ek larika.,Ham\tbejo\tek\tlarika.,1SG\tsend\tone\tboy,I sent a boy.,,,1401[250],,naturalistic spoken,Ham bejo ek larika.,,1SG send one boy,,,,157, +70-2,70,Ham Simioni milo.,Ham\tSimioni\tmilo.,1SG\tSimioni\tmeet,I met Simioni.,,,1401[250],,naturalistic spoken,Ham Simioni milo.,,1SG Simioni meet,,,,158, +70-15,70,Kuta deko suar.,Kuta\tdeko\tsuar.,dog\tsee\tpig,The dog saw the pig.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Kuta deko suar.,,dog see pig,,Own knowledge,,159, +70-82,70,Masta ekdam cesma sanglas paino.,Masta\tekdam\tcesma\tsanglas\tpaino.,Masta[name]\tEMPH\tglasses\tsunglasses\tput.on,Masta just put on sunglasses.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Masta ekdam cesma sanglas paino.,,Masta[name] EMPH glasses sunglasses put.on,,own knowledge,,160, +71-1,71,Wau kii kela papale wau.,Wau\tkii\tkela\tpapale\twau.,1SG\tfetch\tDET\that\t1SG.POSS,I fetched my hat.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau kii kela papale wau.",,1SG fetch DET hat 1SG.POSS,,Own data 1888,,161, +71-2,71,Kuai wau kela pahu.,Kuai\twau\tkela\tpahu.,buy\t1SG\tDET\tcontainer,I bought the jar (of honey).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kuai wau kela pahu.,,buy 1SG DET container,,Own data 1896,,162, +71-3,71,Iaia puniu inaha la!,Iaia\tpuniu\tinaha\tla!,3SG\tskull\tsmash\tMOD,He smashes skulls!,,,,,naturalistic written,Iaia puniu inaha la!,,3SG skull smash MOD,,own data 1873,,163, +71-16,71,Kela lio oe inaha akahi eke palani.,Kela\tlio\toe\tinaha\takahi\teke\tpalani.,DET\thorse\t2SG.POSS\ttear\tINDF\tsack\tbran,Your horse tore into a sack of bran.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Kela lio oe inaha akahi eke palani.",,DET horse 2SG.POSS tear INDF sack bran,,Own data 1892,,164, +71-101,71,Ma ka poalua lawe kela Mino i ka pu ma kahi hana.,Ma\tka\tpoalua\tlawe\tkela\tMino\ti\tka\tpu\tma\tkahi\thana.,LOC\tDEF\tTuesday\ttake\tDET\tMino\tOBJ\tDEF\tgun\tLOC\tplace\twork,"On Tuesday, Mino took the gun to his workplace.",,"The use of case marking (retained from the lexifier) co-occurs with other retained features from the lexifier, such as ka as definite article (in place of kela) and VSO word order. However kela + proper noun is a pidgin feature and the text as a whole is rich in pidgin features. The relatively high density of lexifier retentions is probably due to the early date of the text.",,,naturalistic written,"Ma ka poalua lawe kela Mino i ka pu ma kahi hana.",,LOC DEF Tuesday take DET Mino OBJ DEF gun LOC place work,"The use of case marking (retained from the lexifier) co-occurs with other retained features from the lexifier, such as ka as definite article (in place of kela) and VSO word order. However kela + proper noun is a pidgin feature and the text as a whole is rich in pidgin features. The relatively high density of lexifier retentions is probably due to the early date of the text.",own data 1879,,165, +72-1,72,Jintaku karungku i bin gedim kengkaru mirlarrangyawung.,Jintaku\tkaru-ngku\ti\tbin\tged-im\tkengkaru\tmirlarrang-yawung.,one\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tshoot-TR\tkangaroo\tspear-COM,One kid got the kangaroo with a spear.,,"The pronoun-verb order is SVO, as is the nominal-verb order.",920[283],,peer elicitation,Jintaku karungku i bin gedim kengkaru mirlarrangyawung.,Jintaku karu-ngku i bin ged-im kengkaru mirlarrang-yawung.,one child-ERG 3SG.SBJ PST shoot-TR kangaroo spear-COM,"The pronoun-verb order is SVO, as is the nominal-verb order.",,,166, +72-4,72,Kajirringku im katim jawurt kengkaruyu.,Kajirri-ngku\tim\tkat-im\tjawurt\tkengkaru-yu.,woman-ERG\t3SG\tcut-TR\ttail\tkangaroo-DAT,The old woman chopped off the kangaroo's tail.,,This example reflects possessum-possessor order.,920[224],,peer elicitation,Kajirringku im katim jawurt kengkaruyu.,Kajirri-ngku im kat-im jawurt kengkaru-yu.,woman-ERG 3SG cut-TR tail kangaroo-DAT,This example reflects possessum-possessor order.,,,167, +73-3,73,kura bindiziaxun nwibu iskwilada,kura\tbindizia-xu-n\tnwibu\tiskwila-da,priest\tbless-PROG-3SG\tnew\tschool-ACC,The priest blesses the new school.,,,1038[395],,elicited from speaker,kura bindiziaxun nwibu iskwilada,kura bindizia-xu-n nwibu iskwila-da,priest bless-PROG-3SG new school-ACC,,,,168, +73-4,73,yoga solta kirixuni i no soleanga,yo-ga\tsol-ta\tkiri-xu-ni\ti\tno\tsolea-nga,1SG-TOP\tsun-ACC\twant-PROG-1SG\tand\tNEG\tshine-3FUT,I want sun and the sun is not going to shine.,,,1033[64],,elicited from speaker,"yoga solta kirixuni i no soleanga",yo-ga sol-ta kiri-xu-ni i no solea-nga,1SG-TOP sun-ACC want-PROG-1SG and NEG shine-3FUT,,,,169, +73-18,73,miu ermanoga trabaxoda akabaxunmi a las sinkoda,miu\termano-ga\ttrabaxo-da\takaba-xu-n-mi\ta\tlas\tsinko-da,1SG.POSS\tbrother-TOP\twork-ACC\tfinish-PROG-3-AFF\tat\tthe\tfive-ACC,My brother (usually) finishes work at five.,,,,,elicited from speaker,miu ermanoga trabaxoda akabaxunmi a las sinkoda,miu ermano-ga trabaxo-da akaba-xu-n-mi a las sinko-da,1SG.POSS brother-TOP work-ACC finish-PROG-3-AFF at the five-ACC,,Field notes,,170, +74-1,74,man mákmak kámuks,man\tmákmak\tkámuks,man\teat\tdog,The man eats the dog.,,,,,constructed by linguist,man mákmak kámuks,,man eat dog,,Own knowledge,,171, +74-2,74,man makmak kamuks,man\tmakmak\tkamuks,man\teat\tdog,The man eats (the) dog.,,,,,constructed by linguist,man makmak kamuks,,man eat dog,,Own knowledge,,172, +74-3,74,yáka łap ixt man,yáka\tłap\tixt\tman,3SG\tfind\tone\tman,He found a man.,,,154[211],,narrative,yáka łap ixt man,,3SG find one man,,,,173, +75-1,75,Trwaa lii zom kiitahkwamamwak trwa lii suutkees shaak.,Trwaa\tlii\tzom\tkii-tahkwamamw-ak\ttrwa\tlii\tsuutkees\tshaak.,three\tART.PL\tman\tPST-carry.INAN-3PL\tthree\tART.PL\tsuitcase\teach,Three men carried three suitcases each.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Trwaa lii zom kiitahkwamamwak trwa lii suutkees shaak.,Trwaa lii zom kii-tahkwamamw-ak trwa lii suutkees shaak.,three ART.PL man PST-carry.INAN-3PL three ART.PL suitcase each,,,,174, +75-2,75,La shyenn lii ptsi shyaen meekwaat ayaaweew.,La\tshyenn\tlii\tptsi\tshyaen\tmeekwaat\tayaaw-eew.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tbitch\tART.PL\tsmall\tdog\tPROG\thave.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,The bitch is having pups.,,,789[42],,naturalistic written,La shyenn lii ptsi shyaen meekwaat ayaaweew.,La shyenn lii ptsi shyaen meekwaat ayaaw-eew.,DEF.ART.F.SG bitch ART.PL small dog PROG have.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,,,,175, +75-3,75,Lii zaray pwaencheu ayaawak li loo pi li minush.,Lii\tzaray\tpwaencheu\tayaa-wak\tli\tloo\tpi\tli\tminush.,ART.PL\tear\tpointed\thave-3PL\tDEF.ART.M.SG\twolf\tand\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tcat,The cat and the wolf are sharp-eared. OR: Cats and wolves have pointed ears.,,,789[292],,naturalistic written,Lii zaray pwaencheu ayaawak li loo pi li minush.,Lii zaray pwaencheu ayaa-wak li loo pi li minush.,ART.PL ear pointed have-3PL DEF.ART.M.SG wolf and DEF.ART.M.SG cat,,,,176, +75-4,75,Kiiwanistaw li zhwal soo likoo.,Kii-wanist-aw\tli\tzhwal\tsoo\tlikoo.,PST-lose.INAN-3\tDEF.ART.M.SG\thorse\t3.POSS.M\thalter,The horse lost its halter.,,,789[123],,naturalistic written,Kiiwanistaw li zhwal soo likoo.,Kii-wanist-aw li zhwal soo likoo.,PST-lose.INAN-3 DEF.ART.M.SG horse 3.POSS.M halter,,,,177, +75-5,75,Kiiuchipitam sa tet la torcheu.,Kii-uchi-pit-am\tsa\ttet\tla\ttorcheu.,PST-from-pull-3.OBJ.INAN\tPOSS.3.F\thead\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tturtle,The turtle retracted its head.,,,789[267],,naturalistic written,Kiiuchipitam sa tet la torcheu.,Kii-uchi-pit-am sa tet la torcheu.,PST-from-pull-3.OBJ.INAN POSS.3.F head DEF.ART.F.SG turtle,,,,178, +75-6,75,Aen beebii la praenses kiiayaweew.,Aen\tbeebii\tla\tpraenses\tkii-ayaw-eew.,INDF.M.SG\tbaby\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tprincess\tPST-have.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,The princess had a baby.,,,789[241],,naturalistic written,Aen beebii la praenses kiiayaweew.,Aen beebii la praenses kii-ayaw-eew.,INDF.M.SG baby DEF.ART.F.SG princess PST-have.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,,,,179, +76-1,76,wai'hinni artegi annahanna pȗgmȗmmi,wai'hinni\tartegi\tannahanna\tpȗgmȗmmi,woman\tcoat\tsew\tnow,The woman is sewing a coat now.,,The first and third words are of Hawaiian origin. The second and fourth words are of Eskimo origin.,1442[224],,reconstructed by documentalist,wai'hinni artegi annahanna pȗgmȗmmi,,woman coat sew now,The first and third words are of Hawaiian origin. The second and fourth words are of Eskimo origin.,,,180, +76-3,76,uñasĭkcu tautuk awoñga atcu tuktu atcu kēruk añaninni,uñasĭkcu\ttautuk\tawoñga\tatcu\ttuktu\tatcu\tkēruk\tañaninni,far\tsee\tI\tif\tcaribou\tif\twood\tbig,I saw far away either a deer or a large piece of wood.,,This is the only example in Stefánsson (1909: 224) that seems to display VSO word order. All words have Eskimo origin. Atcu also means 'I don't know'. Añaninni has a dual Eskimo-Portuguese origin (van der Voort 1997: 383).,1442[224],,reconstructed by documentalist,uñasĭkcu tautuk awoñga atcu tuktu atcu kēruk añaninni,,far see I if caribou if wood big,"This is the only example in Stefánsson (1909: 224) that seems to display VSO word order. All words have Eskimo origin. Atcu also means 'I don't know'. Añaninni has a dual Eskimo-Portuguese origin (van der Voort 1997: 383).",,,181, +1-3,1,Mi vergiti da man nem.,Mi\tfrigiti\tda\tman\tnen.,1SG\tforget\tDET.SG\tman\tname,I have forgotten that man's name.,,This example illustrates the use of possessor-possessum in mere juxtaposition; this order appears to be restricted to cases with a 'human' possessor.,1527[29],,written,Mi vergiti da man nem.,Mi frigiti da man nen.,1SG forget DET.SG man name,This example illustrates the use of possessor-possessum in mere juxtaposition; this order appears to be restricted to cases with a 'human' possessor.,,,182,Dutch: Ik vergeet die Man zyn naam. [op.cit.] +1-4,1,mie Piekien em Oema,mi\tpikin\ten\tuma,1SG\tchild\t3SG\twoman,my child's wife (daughter in law),,"Here the 3SG non-subject pronoun en, coreferential with the possessor, appears between possessor and possessum. This construction occurs only rarely in the 18th-century sources; it is also attested for later stages of Sranan however. Even though we find no cases with the 3PL pronoun, we assume it may have been possible.",1576[15],,written,mie Piekien em Oema,mi pikin en uma,1SG child 3SG woman,"Here the 3SG non-subject pronoun en, coreferential with the possessor, appears between possessor and possessum. This construction occurs only rarely in the 18th-century sources; it is also attested for later stages of Sranan however. Even though we find no cases with the 3PL pronoun, we assume it may have been possible.",,,183,"Dutch: myn Zoonsvrouw, Schoondochter [op.cit.]" +1-5,1,Tata fo da misi a gi na hem pikien da tem a trouw vyfi ten tien duizent pissi fo Schelling.,Tata\tfu\tda\tmisi\ta\tgi\tna\ten\tpikin\tda\tten\ta\ttrow\tfeifi\tten\ttin\tdusun\tpisi\tfu\tsyèlin.,father\tof\tDET.SG\tmissis\t3SG.SBJ\tgive\tto\t3SG\tchild\tDET.SG\ttime\t3SG.SBJ\tmarry\tfive\ttime\tten\tthousand\tpiece\tof\tshilling,The father of the young lady will give his child fifty thousand Caroli guilders (shilling).,,"This illustrates the possessum-fu-possessor construction. As a human possessor is involved, possessor-possessum would be possible too in this case: da misi (en) tata 'the young lady's father'.",1527[33],,written,Tata fo da misi a gi na hem pikien da tem a trouw vyfi ten tien duizent pissi fo Schelling.,Tata fu da misi a gi na en pikin da ten a trow feifi ten tin dusun pisi fu syèlin.,father of DET.SG missis 3SG.SBJ give to 3SG child DET.SG time 3SG.SBJ marry five time ten thousand piece of shilling,"This illustrates the possessum-fu-possessor construction. As a human possessor is involved, possessor-possessum would be possible too in this case: da misi (en) tata 'the young lady's father'.",,,184,Dutch: De Vader zal aan zyn Dogter ten Huwelyk geeven 50 Duizend Caroli Guldens. [op.cit.] +1-6,1,Hoe ply slotelen fo jarri?,O-pe\tsroto\tfu\tdyari?,Q-place\tkey\tof\tgarden,Where is the key of the garden?,,"Ad Feature 2 ""Order of possessor and possessum"": This example shows a possessum-fu-possessor construction; this is the only option with non-human possessors. +Ad Features 75 ""Predicative locative phrases"" and 76 ""Predicative noun phrases and predicative locative phrases"": This example shows locative predication in an interrogative phrase without a copula.",1527[43],,written,Hoe ply slotelen fo jarri?,O-pe sroto fu dyari?,Q-place key of garden,"Ad Feature 2 ""Order of possessor and possessum"": This example shows a possessum-fu-possessor construction; this is the only option with non-human possessors. +Ad Features 75 ""Predicative locative phrases"" and 76 ""Predicative noun phrases and predicative locative phrases"": This example shows locative predication in an interrogative phrase without a copula.",,,185,Dutch: Waar is de Sleutel van de Thuyn? [op.cit.] +2-3,2,Charles oto,Charles\toto,Charles\tcar,Charles' car,,,1062[37],,naturalistic written,Charles oto,,Charles car,,,,186, +2-4,2,mi ma prasoro,mi\tma\tprasoro,my\tmother\tumbrella,my mother's umbrella,,,1062[37],,naturalistic written,mi ma prasoro,,my mother umbrella,,,,187, +2-5,2,mi masra famiri oso,mi\tmasra\tfamiri\toso,my\thusband\tfamily\thouse,my husband’s family’s house,,,1062[34],,naturalistic written,mi masra famiri oso,,my husband family house,,,,188, +2-6,2,a buba fu a tigri,a\tbuba\tfu\ta\ttigri,DET\tskin\tof\tDET\ttiger,the tiger’s pelt,,,1062[37],,naturalistic written,a buba fu a tigri,,DET skin of DET tiger,,,,189, +2-7,2,a granman fu den Dyuka,a\tgranman\tfu\tden\tDyuka,DET\tchief\tof\tthe.PL\tNdjuka,the chief of the Aukaners,,,1585[27],,naturalistic written,a granman fu den Dyuka,,DET chief of the.PL Ndjuka,,,,190, +3-2,3,konu bo,konu\tbo,king\tvow,the king's vow,,,1558[148],,naturalistic spoken,konu bo,,king vow,,,,191, +3-3,3,di wosu u di womi,di\twosu\tu\tdi\twomi,DEF.SG\thouse\tfor\tDEF.SG\tman,the house of the man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,di wosu u di womi,,DEF.SG house for DEF.SG man,,Fieldwork data,,192, +4-2,4,a kownu pikin,a\tkownu\tpikin,DET.SG\tking\tchild,the king's child,,,568[72],,elicited from speaker,a kownu pikin,,DET.SG king child,,,,193, +4-3,4,a pikin fu a kownu,a\tpikin\tfu\ta\tkownu,DET.SG\tchild\tPOSS\tDET.SG\tking,the king's child / the child of the king,,,568[72],,elicited from speaker,a pikin fu a kownu,,DET.SG child POSS DET.SG king,,,,194, +5-2,5,kostomo gyal chirin,kostomo\tgyal\tchirin,customer\tgirl\tchildren,customers' daughters OR: daughters of customers,,,1281[180 (line 736)],,naturalistic spoken,kostomo gyal chirin,,customer girl children,,,,195, +5-3,5,di kova fo(r) am laas,di\tkova\tfo(r)\tam\tlaas,the\tcover\tPOSS\t3SG\tlose,Its cover is lost.,,This construction only occurs with inanimate possessors.,,,constructed by linguist,di kova fo(r) am laas,,the cover POSS 3SG lose,This construction only occurs with inanimate possessors.,Own knowledge,,196, +5-4,5,stoov ke tap,stoov\tke\ttap,stove\tPOSS\ttop,top of stove,,Ke is a loan morpheme from Bhojpuri and is used predominantly in the speech of rural people of Indian origin.,1281[68],,naturalistic spoken,stoov ke tap,,stove POSS top,"Ke is a loan morpheme from Bhojpuri and is used predominantly in the speech of rural people of Indian origin.",,,197, +5-68,5,di kova fo di pat laas,di\tkova\tfo\tdi\tpat\tlaas,DEF\tcover\tPOSS\tDEF\tpot\tlose,The pot cover is lost.,,,1281,,constructed by linguist,di kova fo di pat laas,,DEF cover POSS DEF pot lose,,,,198, +6-2,6,Meri haus,Meri\thaus,Mary\thouse,Mary's house,,,,,elicited from speaker,Meri haus,,Mary house,,own data (native speaker informant),,199, +6-40,6,shi tantie house,shi\ttantie\thouse,3SG.POSS\taunt\thouse,her aunt's house,,,,,elicited from speaker,shi tantie house,,3SG.POSS aunt house,,Informant,,200, +7-2,7,di pikni fo Meivis,di\tpikni\tfo\tMeivis,ART\tchild\tfor\tMavis,Mavis’ child OR: Mavis' children,,"The benefactive marker precedes the full NP or proper noun possessor or the possessive pronoun, but follows the possessum.",1244[158],,naturalistic spoken,di pikni fo Meivis,,ART child for Mavis,"The benefactive marker precedes the full NP or proper noun possessor or the possessive pronoun, but follows the possessum.",,,201, +7-3,7,di pikni fo di woman,di\tpikni\tfo\tdi\twoman,ART\tchild/children\tfor\tART\twoman,the woman’s child(ren),,"See Examples 2 and 3 for Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"", where we illustrated that in this structure, the NP with postposed fo must only bear a definiteness marker.",1244[158],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di pikni fo di woman,,ART child/children for ART woman,"See Examples 2 and 3 for Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"", where we illustrated that in this structure, the NP with postposed fo must only bear a definiteness marker.",,,202, +7-4,7,misa Jesi god fren suhn,misa\tJesi\tgod\tfren\tsuhn,Mister\tJessie\tgood\tfriend\tson,Mr Jessie’s good friend’s son,,,1244[160],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,misa Jesi god fren suhn,,Mister Jessie good friend son,,,,203, +8-2,8,Mieri son gi Piita daata Maak buk.,Mieri\tson\tgi\tPiita\tdaata\tMaak\tbuk.,Mary\tson\tgive\tPeter\tdaughter\tMark\tbook,Mary's son gave Peter's daughter Mark's book.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mieri son gi Piita daata Maak buk.,,Mary son give Peter daughter Mark book,,Own knowledge,,204, +8-195,8,Di nieba-dem ous wash we ina di laas flod.,Di\tnieba-dem\tous\twash\twe\tina\tdi\tlaas\tflod.,DET\tneighbor-PL\thouse\twash\taway\tin\tDET\tlast\tflood,The neighbours’ house got washed away in the last flood.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di nieba-dem ous wash we ina di laas flod.,,DET neighbor-PL house wash away in DET last flood,,Own knowledge,,205, +9-2,9,di laya sista,di\tlaya\tsista,the\tlawyer\tsister,the lawyer's sister,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,di laya sista,,the lawyer sister,,,,206, +9-3,9,Dog pa fi dem pap da wan big dog.,Dog\tpa\tfi\tdem\tpap\tda\twan\tbig\tdog.,dog\tfather\tfor\tthem\tpup\tTOP\ta\tbig\tdog,These puppies' father is a big dog.,,,445[542],,naturalistic spoken,Dog pa fi dem pap da wan big dog.,,dog father for them pup TOP a big dog,,,,207, +9-4,9,A waz soprayz wen dey tel mi di prays of sement.,A\twaz\tsoprayz\twen\tdey\ttel\tmi\tdi\tprays\tof\tsement.,I\twas\tsurprised\twhen\tthey\ttell\tme\tthe\tprice\tof\tcement,I was surprised when they told me the price of cement.,,"This is possibly mesolectal, but 'was/is' occasionally occurs in basilects as well.",442[178],,naturalistic spoken,A waz soprayz wen dey tel mi di prays of sement.,,I was surprised when they tell me the price of cement,"This is possibly mesolectal, but 'was/is' occasionally occurs in basilects as well.",,,208, +10-2,10,"Beda Taigi, dat truu yu da Naansi raidin haas?","Beda\tTaigi,\tdat\ttruu\tyu\tda\tNaansi\traidin\thaas?",Brother\tTiger\tDEM\ttrue\t2SG\tFOC\tAnansi\triding\thorse,"Brother Tiger, is it true that you are Anansi’s riding horse?",,,113[32],,naturalistic spoken,"Beda Taigi, dat truu yu da Naansi raidin haas?",,Brother Tiger DEM true 2SG FOC Anansi riding horse,,,,209, +10-44,10,Maskita fala man iaz.,Maskita\tfala\tman\tiaz.,mosquito\tfollow\tman\tear,Mosquito follows man's ears.,,"Considering that iaz is invariable with regard to number, this is not really an example of plural suffixation.",,,naturalistic spoken,Maskita fala man iaz.,,mosquito follow man ear,"Considering that iaz is invariable with regard to number, this is not really an example of plural suffixation.",Unpublished field recordings,,210, +11-2,11,di King waif,di\tKing\twaif,ART.DEF\tKing\twife,the King’s wife,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,di King waif,,ART.DEF King wife,,,,211, +11-3,11,di Kingz waif,di\tKing-z\twaif,ART.DEF\tKing-GEN\twife,the King’s wife,,"This example is from the same oral story as di King waif (without genitive -s), see ex. 2.",1054,,naturalistic spoken,di Kingz waif,di King-z waif,ART.DEF King-GEN wife,"This example is from the same oral story as di King waif (without genitive -s), see ex. 2.",,,212, +12-2,12,the boy uncle,the\tboy\tuncle,the\tboy[POSS.SG]\tuncle,the boy’s uncle,,,634[X],,naturalistic spoken,the boy uncle,,the boy[POSS.SG] uncle,,,,213, +12-3,12,"Haitian? But I like 'em, because - I say all is God people [...].",[...]\tall\tis\tGod\tpeople\t[...].,[...]\tall\tCOP.3PL\tGod[POSS]\tpeople\t[...],[...] all are God’s people [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Haitian? But I like 'em, because - I say all is God people [...].",[...] all is God people [...].,[...] all COP.3PL God[POSS] people [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,214, +13-2,13,God work,God\twork,God\twork,God’s work,,,1500[266],,naturalistic spoken,God work,,God work,,,,215, +13-3,13,Now de axe ta de foot ob de tree.,Now\tde\taxe\tta\tde\tfoot\tob\tde\ttree.,now\tthe\taxe\tto\tthe\tfoot\tof\tthe\ttree,(And) now (also) the axe (is laid) unto the root of the trees. (Lk 3.9),,,357[203],,bible translation,Now de axe ta de foot ob de tree.,,now the axe to the foot of the tree,,,,216, +14-3,14,Sue house,Sue\thouse,Sue\thouse,Sue's house,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Sue house,,Sue house,,Own knowledge,,217, +14-4,14,I saw they house.,I\tsaw\tthey-Ø\thouse,I\tsaw\tthey-3PL.POSS\thouse,I saw their house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I saw they house.",I saw they-Ø house,I saw they-3PL.POSS house,,Own knowledge,,218, +14-11,14,It was a nurse and a nurse's aid used to stand up at the door.,It\twas\ta\tnurse\tand\ta\tnurse's\taid\tused\tto\tstand\tup\tat\tthe\tdoor.,EXPL\twas\ta\tnurse\tand\ta\tnurse's\taid\tused\tto\tstand\tup\tat\tthe\tdoor,There was a nurse and a nurse's aid who used to stand up at the door.,,"African American English has contact relatives, in which relative clauses are not introduced by a relative pronoun.",576[90],,naturalistic spoken,It was a nurse and a nurse's aid used to stand up at the door.,,EXPL was a nurse and a nurse's aid used to stand up at the door,"African American English has contact relatives, in which relative clauses are not introduced by a relative pronoun.",,,219, +15-2,15,di man ĩ os,di\tman\tĩ\tos,ART\tman\tPOSS\thouse,the man's house,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di man ĩ os,,ART man POSS house,,Own knowledge,,220, +16-2,16,dè go fɔ dagɔmba ʧif haus,dè\tgo\tfɔ\tdagɔmba\tʧif\thaus,3PL\tgo\tto\tDagomba\tchief\thouse,They went to the Dagomba chief's house.,,"Ghanaian Pidgin English has an alternative possessive construction with an intervening 3rd person possessive pronoun (possessor + possessive pronoun + possessum), but the order of possessor and possessum is the same.",656[210],,naturalistic spoken,dè go fɔ dagɔmba ʧif haus,,3PL go to Dagomba chief house,"Ghanaian Pidgin English has an alternative possessive construction with an intervening 3rd person possessive pronoun (possessor + possessive pronoun + possessum), but the order of possessor and possessum is the same.",,,221, +16-180,16,à hiɛ dɛ fud ìn tes.,à\thiɛ\tdɛ\tfud\tìn\ttes.,1SG\tsmell\tART.DEF\tfood\t3SG.POSS\tsmell,I smelled the food's smell.,,"Hiɛ (< hear) and tes (< taste) result from substratal/adstratal influence. +Ghanaian Pidgin English has an alternative possessive construction without the intervening 3rd person possessive pronoun (simple juxtaposition of possessor and possessum), but the order is the same.",656[211],,naturalistic spoken,à hiɛ dɛ fud ìn tes.,,1SG smell ART.DEF food 3SG.POSS smell,"Hiɛ (< hear) and tes (< taste) result from substratal/adstratal influence. +Ghanaian Pidgin English has an alternative possessive construction without the intervening 3rd person possessive pronoun (simple juxtaposition of possessor and possessum), but the order is the same.",,,222, +17-2,17,dì wuman ìm mòto,dì\twuman\tìm\tmòto,ART.DEF\twoman\t3SG.POSS\tcar,the woman’s car,,,462[144],,naturalistic spoken,dì wuman ìm mòto,,ART.DEF woman 3SG.POSS car,,,,223, +18-2,18,ma broda i pikin,ma\tbroda\ti\tpikin,my\tbrother\this\tchild,my brother's child,,,125[21],,unspecified,ma broda i pikin,,my brother his child,,,,224, +18-3,18,Na Joseph i haus.,Na\tJoseph\ti\thaus.,COP\tJoseph\this\thouse,This is Joseph's house.,,,125[20],,unspecified,Na Joseph i haus.,,COP Joseph his house,,,,225, +18-4,18,Pi'kin fo 'dis 'wuman go 'kom tu'moro.,Pikin\tfo\tdis\twuman\tgo\tkom\ttumoro.,child\tof\tDEM\twoman\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,This woman's child will come tomorrow.,,,352[110],,published source,Pi'kin fo 'dis 'wuman go 'kom tu'moro.,Pikin fo dis wuman go kom tumoro.,child of DEM woman FUT come tomorrow,,,,226, +19-2,19,Pero chico na yù pikin ìn layf.,Pero\tchico\tna\tyù\tpikin\tìn\tlayf.,but\tboy\tFOC\t2SG\tchild\t3SG.POSS\tlife,"But boy, it is your child’s life.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Pero chico na yù pikin ìn layf.",,but boy FOC 2SG child 3SG.POSS life,,Field data,,227, +19-3,19,[...] nà gɔd pìkín dis.,[...]\tnà\tgɔd\tpìkín\tdis.,[...]\tFOC\tGod\tchild\tthis,[...] this is a child of God.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"[...] nà gɔd pìkín dis.",,[...] FOC God child this,,Field data,,228, +19-4,19,Nà dì las pìkín fɔ̀ mì àntí.,Nà\tdì\tlas\tpìkín\tfɔ̀\tmì\tàntí.,FOC\tDEF\tlast\tchild\tASSOC\t1SG.POSS\taunt,He's the last child of my aunt.,,,1634[34],,elicited from speaker,"Nà dì las pìkín fɔ̀ mì àntí.",,FOC DEF last child ASSOC 1SG.POSS aunt,,,,229, +20-2,20,Deer sinew makee cook proper.,Deer\tsinew\tmakee\tcook\tproper.,deer\tsinew\tmake\tcook\tproper,Boil the deer's sinew thoroughly.,,,1489[VI.44],,naturalistic written,Deer sinew makee cook proper.,,deer sinew make cook proper,,,爹仙鳥米其谷巴鏬巴,230, +20-3,20,My wantchee money tomorrow expensee.,My\twantchee\tmoney\ttomorrow\texpensee.,1SG\twant\tmoney\ttomorrow\texpenses,I want the money for tomorrow's expenses. OR: I want it for tomorrow's expenses.,,The second translation is as given in Tong (1862).,1489[VI.54],,naturalistic written,My wantchee money tomorrow expensee.,,1SG want money tomorrow expenses,The second translation is as given in Tong (1862).,,米灣治捫尼都孖鏬益士邊時,231, +21-4,21,Lisa's phonetics lab,Lisa's\tphonetics\tlab,Lisa-POSS\tphonetics\tlaboratory,Lisa's phonetics laboratory,,,,,constructed by linguist,Lisa's phonetics lab,,Lisa-POSS phonetics laboratory,,Own knowledge,,232, +21-5,21,her brother's wedding,her\tbrother's\twedding,3P.POSS\tbrother-POSS\twedding,her brother's wedding,,,820[51],,naturalistic spoken,her brother's wedding,,3P.POSS brother-POSS wedding,,,,233, +21-6,21,the wedding of her brother,the\twedding\tof\ther\tbrother,DET\twedding\tof\t3P.POSS\tbrother,the wedding of her brother,,,,,own knowledge,the wedding of her brother,,DET wedding of 3P.POSS brother,,Own knowledge,,234, +22-5,22,Em haus bilong husat?,Em\thaus\tbilong\thusat?,3SG\thouse\tPOSS\twho,Whose house is that?,,,411[38],,constructed by linguist,"Em haus bilong husat?",,3SG house POSS who,,,,235, +22-6,22,Ol i katim baksait bilong papa bilong mi long naif.,Ol\ti\tkatim\tbaksait\tbilong\tpapa\tbilong\tmi\tlong\tnaif.,3PL\tPM\tcut\tback\tPOSS\tfather\tPOSS\t1SG\tINS\tknife,They cut my father’s back with a knife.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Ol i katim baksait bilong papa bilong mi long naif.,,3PL PM cut back POSS father POSS 1SG INS knife,,,,236, +22-7,22,Yu salim wanpela long hamas?,Yu\tsalim\twan-pela\tlong\thamas?,2SG\tsell\tone-MOD\tPREP\thow.much,How much do you sell one for?,,,411[31],,constructed by linguist,Yu salim wanpela long hamas?,Yu salim wan-pela long hamas?,2SG sell one-MOD PREP how.much,,,,237, +22-8,22,"Em dispela meri bilong dispela man ia, em i bin dai ia.","Em\tdispela\tmeri\tbilong\tdispela\tman\tia,\tem\ti\tbin\tdai\tia.",FOC\tthis\twoman\tPOSS\tthis\tman\tFOC\t3SG\tPM\tPST\tdie\tFOC,It was this man’s wife who died.,,,1425[166],,naturalistic spoken,"Em dispela meri bilong dispela man ia, em i bin dai ia.",,FOC this woman POSS this man FOC 3SG PM PST die FOC,,,,238, +22-9,22,Em laik klinim gaden bilongen tasol em katim han bilongen.,Em\tlaik\tklin-im\tgaden\tbilong-en\ttasol\tem\tkatim\than\tbilong-en.,3SG\twant\tclean-TR\tgarden\tPOSS-3SG\tbut\t3SG\tcut\thand/arm\tPOSS-3SG,He wanted to clean his garden but he cut his hand/arm.,,,584[Manus F13],,naturalistic spoken,Em laik klinim gaden bilongen tasol em katim han bilongen.,Em laik klin-im gaden bilong-en tasol em katim han bilong-en.,3SG want clean-TR garden POSS-3SG but 3SG cut hand/arm POSS-3SG,,,,239, +23-2,23,"[...] Rablar, olsem klos blong em we hemi blong lif blong banana we i drae.","[...]\tRablar,\tolsem\tklos\tblong\tem\twe\themi\tblong\tlif\tblong\tbanana\twe\ti\tdrae.",[...]\tRablar\tlike\tclothes\tPOSS\t3SG\tREL\t3SG.AGR\tPOSS\tleaf\tPOSS\tbanana\tREL\tAGR\tdry,"[...] [They wear] ""Rablar"", or (as it were) his clothes that are made of dry banana leaf.",,,1532,,naturalistic written,"[...] Rablar, olsem klos blong em we hemi blong lif blong banana we i drae.",,[...] Rablar like clothes POSS 3SG REL 3SG.AGR POSS leaf POSS banana REL AGR dry,,,,240, +24-3,24,dads side,dads\tside,dad.POSS\thouse,dad’s house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dads side,,dad.POSS house,,Own fieldwork,,241, +24-4,24,ar side fer dads,ar\tside\tfer\tdads,DET.DEF\thouse\tPREP\tDad.POSS,Dad’s house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ar side fer dads,,DET.DEF house PREP Dad.POSS,,Own fieldwork,,242, +24-5,24,ar side fer ucklun,ar\tside\tfer\tucklun,DET.DEF\tplace\tPREP\twe,our place,,,,,naturalistic written,ar side fer ucklun,,DET.DEF place PREP we,,Own fieldwork,,243, +24-6,24,ar pain fe Robinson,ar\tpain\tfe\tRobinson,the\tpine.tree\tPREP\tRobinson,Robinson’s pine tree,,Robinson is a place name.,,,naturalistic spoken,ar pain fe Robinson,,the pine.tree PREP Robinson,"Robinson is a place name.",Own fieldwork,,244, +24-7,24,me en myse dad,me\ten\tmyse\tdad,1SG.NSBJ\tand\t1SG.POSS\tfather,I and my father,,,,,unknown,me en myse dad,,1SG.NSBJ and 1SG.POSS father,,Own fieldwork,,245, +24-79,24,berds eig / bads eig,berds\teig\t/\tbads\teig,whalebird.POSS\tegg\t/\twhalebird.POSS\tegg,birds eggs,,,,,naturalistic spoken,berds eig / bads eig,,whalebird.POSS egg / whalebird.POSS egg,,Own fieldwork,,246, +24-81,24,biids f Beryl,biids\tf\tBeryl,beads\tPREP\tBeryl,Beryl's necklace,,-s is part of the stem of biids.,,,naturalistic spoken,biids f Beryl,,beads PREP Beryl,"-s is part of the stem of biids.",Own fieldwork,,247, +25-7,25,san blanga olmen,san\tblanga\tolmen,son\tDAT/POSS\tolder.man,the son of the man,,"Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates an adpositional possessive expression, the possessor following the possessum.",1333[156],,unknown,san blanga olmen,,son DAT/POSS older.man,"Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates an adpositional possessive expression, the possessor following the possessum.",,,248, +25-8,25,bla big goana waif,bla\tbig\tgoana\twaif,DAT/POSS\tbig\tgoanna\twife,the female ('wife') of the big goanna (which has a different name from the male),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an adpositional possessive expression, the possessor preceding the possessum. A goanna is a large reptile which is hunted and eaten.",,,naturalistic spoken,bla big goana waif,,DAT/POSS big goanna wife,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an adpositional possessive expression, the possessor preceding the possessum. A goanna is a large reptile which is hunted and eaten.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,249, +25-9,25,blanga men kantri,blanga\tmen\tkantri,POSS\tman\tcountry,the man's country,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an adpositional possessive expression, the possessor preceding the possessum.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,blanga men kantri,,POSS man country,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an adpositional possessive expression, the possessor preceding the possessum.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,250, +25-10,25,matha blanga Barbara,matha\tblanga\tBarbara,mother\tPOSS\tBarbara,Barbara's mother,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an adpositional possessive expression, the possessor following the possessum. (Name has been changed.)",,,naturalistic spoken,matha blanga Barbara,,mother POSS Barbara,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an adpositional possessive expression, the possessor following the possessum. (Name has been changed.)",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,251, +25-11,25,blanga olgamen daga,blanga\tolgamen\tdaga,POSS\twoman\tfood,the woman's food,,"Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates an adpositional possessive expression, the possessor preceding the possessum.",1333[156],,unknown,blanga olgamen daga,,POSS woman food,"Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates an adpositional possessive expression, the possessor preceding the possessum.",,,252, +25-12,25,Ai bin faindim det kap bla det wumun.,Ai\tbin\tfaind-im\tdet\tkap\tbla\tdet\twumun.,1SG\tPST\tfind-TR\tDEM\tcup\tDAT/POSS\tDEM\twoman,I found the woman's cup.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a nominal possessor following the possessum.,659[71],,unknown,Ai bin faindim det kap bla det wumun.,Ai bin faind-im det kap bla det wumun.,1SG PST find-TR DEM cup DAT/POSS DEM woman,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a nominal possessor following the possessum.,,,253, +25-13,25,Det sneik bla ai dei kolam rili dipwan.,Det\tsneik\tbla\tai\tdei\tkol-am\trili\tdip-wan.,DEM\tsnake\tDAT/POSS\teye\t3PL\tcall-TR\treally\tdeep-ADJ,The (mythical) snake's eye is what they call the really deep one (waterhole).,,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a nominal possessor marked by a postposition, preceding the possessum.",659[71],,naturalistic spoken,Det sneik bla ai dei kolam rili dipwan.,Det sneik bla ai dei kol-am rili dip-wan.,DEM snake DAT/POSS eye 3PL call-TR really deep-ADJ,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a nominal possessor marked by a postposition, preceding the possessum.",,,254, +25-14,25,Fo Jukuna kid iya.,Fo\tJukuna\tkid\tiya.,DAT/POSS\tJukuna\tchild\there,Jukuna's child is here.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a nominal possessor preceding the possessum.,659[72],,unknown,Fo Jukuna kid iya.,,DAT/POSS Jukuna child here,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a nominal possessor preceding the possessum.,,,255, +26-6,26,diz gaɪz nɛk,diz\tgaɪ-z\tnɛk,DEM\tguy-GEN\tneck,this guy's neck,,,1545[48],,naturalistic spoken,"diz gaɪz nɛk",diz gaɪ-z nɛk,DEM guy-GEN neck,,,,256, +26-140,26,On a saId a da rod,On\ta\tsaId\ta\tda\trod,on\tART\tside\tof\tART\troad,on the side of the road,,,1545[119],,naturalistic spoken,On a saId a da rod,,on ART side of ART road,,,,257, +27-2,27,di pushi kōp,di\tpushi\tkōp,DET\tcat\thead,the cat's head,,"The possessor may precede the possessum, when the former is animate.",355[16],,naturalistic spoken,di pushi kōp,,DET cat head,"The possessor may precede the possessum, when the former is animate.",,,258,Dutch: de poes z'n kop +27-3,27,di andi shi fan di lan,di\tandi\tshi\tfan\tdi\tlan,DET\tother\tside\tof\tDET\tcountry,the other side of the country,,The possessor follows the possessum when the former is inanimate.,355[11],,naturalistic spoken,di andi shi fan di lan,,DET other side of DET country,The possessor follows the possessum when the former is inanimate.,,,259, +28-3,28,di jɛrma papa,di\tjɛrma\tpapa,the\twoman\tfather,the woman's father,,,737[159],,naturalistic spoken,di jɛrma papa,di jɛrma papa,the woman father,,,,260, +28-4,28,di potman ʃi toro,di\tpotɛ\tman\tʃi\ttoro,the\told\tman\t3SG.POSS\teye,the old man's eye,,,737[160],,naturalistic spoken,di potman ʃi toro,di potɛ man ʃi toro,the old man 3SG.POSS eye,,,,261, +29-4,29,Karel se motor,Karel\tse\tmotor,Charles\tPOSS\tcar,Charles' car,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Karel se motor,,Charles POSS car,,Own knowledge,,262, +29-5,29,die motor van Karel,die\tmotor\tvan\tKarel,DEF.ART\tcar\tof\tCharles,Charles' car,,,,,naturalistic written,die motor van Karel,,DEF.ART car of Charles,,Own knowledge,,263, +29-67,29,die huise van die bure,die\thuis-e\tvan\tdie\tbur-e,DEF.ART\thouse-s\tof\tDEF.ART\tneighbour-s,the houses of the neighbours,,,,,naturalistic spoken,die huise van die bure,die huis-e van die bur-e,DEF.ART house-s of DEF.ART neighbour-s,,Own knowledge,,264, +29-242,29,die kind se toontjie,die\tkind\tse\ttoontjie,DEF.ART\tchild\tPOSS\ttoe,the child's toe,,,402[98],,unspecified,die kind se toontjie,,DEF.ART child POSS toe,,,,265, +30-2,30,kása di Pedru,kása\tdi=Pedru,house\tof=Peter,Peter’s house,,,786,,constructed by linguist,kása di Pedru,kása di=Pedru,house of=Peter,,,,266,German: Peters Haus +30-3,30,kása-l Pedru,kása=l\tPedru,house=of\tPeter,Peter’s house,,,786,,constructed by linguist,kása-l Pedru,kása=l Pedru,house=of Peter,,,,267,German: Peters Haus +30-4,30,kása Pedru,kása\tPedru,house\tPeter,Peter’s house,,,786,,constructed by linguist,kása Pedru,,house Peter,,,,268,German: Peters Haus +30-16,30,"Mai di si maridu kontenti ku el txeu, [...].","Mai\tdi=si=maridu\tkontenti\tku=el\ttxeu,\t[...].",mother\tof=her=husband\tsatisfied\twith=3SG\tvery\t[...],"Her husband's mother was very satified with her, [...].",,,1407[41],,naturalistic spoken,"Mai di si maridu kontenti ku el txeu, [...].","Mai di=si=maridu kontenti ku=el txeu, [...].",mother of=her=husband satisfied with=3SG very [...],,,,269,"German: Die Mutter ihres Mannes war sehr zufrieden mit ihr, [...]." +31-3,31,Djedje di Djai atxa mudjer bibu.,Djedje\tdi\tDjai\tatxa\tmudjer\tbibu.,Djedje\tof\tDjai\tfound\twoman\talive,Djedje of Djai's found a woman alive.,,Djedje of Djai illustrating the possessum-possessor word order reflects here a kinship type of relationship between Djedje and Djai.,126,,naturalistic spoken,Djedje di Djai atxa mudjer bibu.,,Djedje of Djai found woman alive,"Djedje of Djai illustrating the possessum-possessor word order reflects here a kinship type of relationship between Djedje and Djai.",,,270, +31-4,31,"fidju di kristan, fidju di Deus","fidju\tdi\tkristan,\tfidju\tdi\tDeus",son\tof\tChristian\tson\tof\tGod,"sons of Christians, sons of God",,,663,,naturalistic spoken,"fidju di kristan, fidju di Deus",,son of Christian son of God,,,,271, +32-2,32,Li na káza d'un senhor [...].,Li\tna\tkáza\tde\tun\tsenhor\t[...].,here\tin\thouse\tof\tDET\tgentleman\t[...],Here in the house of a gentleman [...].,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,Li na káza d'un senhor [...].,Li na káza de un senhor [...].,here in house of DET gentleman [...],,,,272,"Portuguese: Aqui, na casa de un senhor [...]." +33-2,33,karu di Djon,karu\tdi\tDjon,car\tPOSS\tJohn,John’s car,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,karu di Djon,,car POSS John,,Own knowledge,,273,Portuguese: o carro do João +33-227,33,pezu di padja,pezu\tdi\tpadja,weight\tof\tgrass,the weight of the grass,,,1793[n/a],,unspecified,pezu di padja,,weight of grass,,,,274, +34-3,34,kasa di Pidru,kasa\tdi\tPidru,house\tof\tPeter,Peter's house,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,kasa di Pidru,,house of Peter,,Own knowledge,,275, +34-180,34,N ka sintí wora ku mininu kordá. — Mininu ta sintí keru di si mamɛ́.,N ka ø sintí wora ku mininu ø kordá. — Mininu ta sintí keru di si mamɛ́.,1SG.SBJ NEG PFV feel hour REL.OBJ child PFV wake.up   child HAB feel smell of POSS.3SG mother,I did not hear when the child woke up. — A child is able to recognize (smell) its mother's smell.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N ka sintí wora ku mininu kordá. — Mininu ta sintí keru di si mamɛ́.","N ka ø sintí wora ku mininu ø kordá. — Mininu ta sintí keru di si mamɛ́.",1SG.SBJ NEG PFV feel hour REL.OBJ child PFV wake.up child HAB feel smell of POSS.3SG mother,,Own knowledge,,276, +35-2,35,poto di nfenu,poto\tdi\tnfenu,door\tof\thell,hell’s door,,"When the possessum is consonant-initial, genitive di ‘of’ is optional.",,,naturalistic spoken,poto di nfenu,,door of hell,"When the possessum is consonant-initial, genitive di ‘of’ is optional.",Own data,,277, +35-3,35,sode d’alê,sode\td’=alê,soldier\tof=king,soldiers of the king,,"When the possessum is vowel-initial, genitive di ‘of’ is obligatory.",,,naturalistic spoken,sode d’alê,sode d’=alê,soldier of=king,"When the possessum is vowel-initial, genitive di ‘of’ is obligatory.",Own data,,278, +35-4,35,ke pe bô,ke\tpe\tbô,house\tfather\t2SG.POSS,your father's house OR: the house of your father,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ke pe bô,,house father 2SG.POSS,,Own data,,279, +36-2,36,mulu kai,mulu\tkai,wall\thouse,the wall of the house,,,901[54],,elicited from speaker,mulu kai,,wall house,,,,280,French: le mur de la maison +37-2,37,kaxi Zwan,kaxi\tZwan,house\tZwan,Zwan's house,,,,,constructed by linguist,kaxi Zwan,,house Zwan,,Own knowledge,,281, +37-57,37,sodadi arê,sodadi\tarê,soldier\tking,the king's soldiers,,,905[50],,naturalistic spoken,"sodadi arê",,soldier king,,,,282, +38-2,38,batela namasesai,batela\tna-mase-sai,canoe\tART.DEF-boy-DEM,this boy's canoe,,,,,naturalistic spoken,batela namasesai,batela na-mase-sai,canoe ART.DEF-boy-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1993,,283, +38-3,38,minamieldale,mina-miela-de-alé,child-female-of-king,the king's daughter,,,,,naturalistic spoken,minamieldale,mina-miela-de-alé,child-female-of-king,,Own fieldwork 1993,,284, +39-5,39,"Dəpəy muyɛmuyɛr də Manu, muyɛmuyɛr də ɔrlãd.","Dəpəy\tmuyɛr~muyɛr\tdə\tManu,\tmuyɛr~muyɛr\tdə\tɔrlãd.",then\twoman~woman\tof\tManu\twoman~woman\tof\tOrlando,"then the women of Manu('s family), the women of Orlando('s family)",,,221[175],,naturalistic spoken,"Dəpəy muyɛmuyɛr də Manu, muyɛmuyɛr də ɔrlãd.","Dəpəy muyɛr~muyɛr də Manu, muyɛr~muyɛr də ɔrlãd.",then woman~woman of Manu woman~woman of Orlando,,,,285, +39-6,39,Də tɛtɛ kaz jə bẽzew?,Də\ttɛtɛ\tkaz\tjə\tbẽze-w?,of\tTete\thouse\talready\tbless-PST,Has [he] already blessed Tete's house?,,,221[169],,naturalistic spoken,Də tɛtɛ kaz jə bẽzew?,Də tɛtɛ kaz jə bẽze-w?,of Tete house already bless-PST,,,,286, +39-7,39,Kurəsãw də makak dẽt del mem korp.,Kurəsãw\tdə\tmakak\tdẽt\tdə-el\tmem\tkorp.,heart\tof\tmonkey\tinside\tof-3SG\tEMPH\tbody,The monkey's heart is inside his own body.,,,221[220],,naturalistic spoken,Kurəsãw də makak dẽt del mem korp.,Kurəsãw də makak dẽt də-el mem korp.,heart of monkey inside of-3SG EMPH body,,,,287, +40-3,40,Pedru su kadz,Pedru\tsu\tkadz,Pedru\tGEN\thouse,Pedru's house,,,267[168],,constructed by linguist,Pedru su kadz,,Pedru GEN house,,,,288, +40-16,40,u͂ rhe su kabel ki korta ani su barb ki fedze u͂ barber ti vi kad suman.,u͂\trhe\tsu\tkabel\tki\tkorta\tani\tsu\tbarb\tki\tfedze\tu͂\tbarber\tti\tvi\tkad\tsuman.,a\tking\tGEN\thair\tCOMP\tcut\tand\this\tbeard\tCOMP\tdo\ta\tbarber\tPST\tcome\teach\tweek,A barber would come each week to cut a king's hair and shave him.,,This is taken from a story told by Angelin Rosario.,,,naturalistic spoken,u͂ rhe su kabel ki korta ani su barb ki fedze u͂ barber ti vi kad suman.,,a king GEN hair COMP cut and his beard COMP do a barber PST come each week,This is taken from a story told by Angelin Rosario.,Unpublished story,,289, +41-3,41,tiimassu fiiyu kum delfassu fiiyu takustumaaski,tiimas-su\tfiiyu\tkum\tdelfas-su\tfiiyu\tta-kustumaa=ski,Timus-GEN\tson\tand\tDelfus-GEN\tson\tPRS-practice=REPORT,"Timus’s son and Delfus’s son are practicing, apparently.",,,1416[5429],,naturalistic spoken,"tiimassu fiiyu kum delfassu fiiyu takustumaaski",tiimas-su fiiyu kum delfas-su fiiyu ta-kustumaa=ski,Timus-GEN son and Delfus-GEN son PRS-practice=REPORT,,,,290,"Sri Lanka English: Timus’s son and Delfus’s son are practicing, it seems." +41-4,41,avara bosa roostu sudu cummaa um fuumuley teem,avara\tbosa\troostu\tsudu\tcummaa\tum\tfuumu=ley\tteem,now\t2SG.GEN\tface\tall\tjust\tone\tsmoke=like\tPRS.be,Now your whole face just is like a [cloud of] smoke.,,,1416[5075],,naturalistic spoken,avara bosa roostu sudu cummaa um fuumuley teem,avara bosa roostu sudu cummaa um fuumu=ley teem,now 2SG.GEN face all just one smoke=like PRS.be,,,,291, +41-5,41,"fuula da rɔɔza, fɔɔya teem veerdi","fuula\tda\trɔɔza,\tfɔɔya\tteem\tveerdi",flower\tof\trose\tleaf\tPRS.be\tgreen,"Flower of the rose, leaf is green.",,"The da-construction has likely never been part of the colloquial language. The consultant's original transcription is fɔɔya da veerdi, but teem is clear on the recording. Possibly the consultant's version of the song was different from the singer's.",1416[2112],,written (poetic),"fuula da rɔɔza, fɔɔya teem veerdi","fuula da rɔɔza, fɔɔya teem veerdi",flower of rose leaf PRS.be green,"The da-construction has likely never been part of the colloquial language. The consultant's original transcription is fɔɔya da veerdi, but teem is clear on the recording. Possibly the consultant's version of the song was different from the singer's.",,,292, +41-6,41,ɔkalɔɔra keesasu tɛɛmpupa pesaam nikara fikaa parsiidu,ɔklɔɔra\tkeesa-su\ttɛɛmpu-pa\tpesaam\tnikara\tfikaa\tparsii-du,then\tcase-GEN\ttime-DAT\tperson\tNEG.HAB\tbecome\tappear-ADJZ,So for the case date the person doesn't appear.,,"Formally, this is a passive construction with an intransitive verb.",1416[4970],,naturalistic spoken,ɔkalɔɔra keesasu tɛɛmpupa pesaam nikara fikaa parsiidu,ɔklɔɔra keesa-su tɛɛmpu-pa pesaam nikara fikaa parsii-du,then case-GEN time-DAT person NEG.HAB become appear-ADJZ,"Formally, this is a passive construction with an intransitive verb.",,,293, +42-2,42,Maria sa kaza,Maria\tsa\tkaza,Maria\tGEN\thouse,Maria’s house,,,120[78],,elicited from speaker,Maria sa kaza,,Maria GEN house,,,,294, +42-3,42,aké femi sa kachoru,aké\tfemi\tsa\tkachoru,that\tgirl\tGEN\tdog,the girl's dog,,,,,elicited from speaker,aké femi sa kachoru,,that girl GEN dog,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,295, +42-4,42,tabu di prau,tabu\tdi\tprau,plank\tof\tboat,the planking of the boat,,,,,elicited from speaker,tabu di prau,,plank of boat,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,296, +42-5,42,"isti, nu gitá kabesa di prau","isti,\tnu\tgitá\tkabesa\tdi\tprau",this\t1PL\tcall\thead\tof\tboat,"This, we call the head of the boat.",,"This construction, of Portuguese origin, overlaps with the sa genitive of Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"" in the case of 'part-whole' and 'origin' relationships. It is also used exclusively in 'spatial' and 'piece-of' relationships. However, is is rarely used in relationships involving 'ownership' or 'kinship'.",122[93-99],,elicited from speaker,"isti, nu gitá kabesa di prau",,this 1PL call head of boat,"This construction, of Portuguese origin, overlaps with the sa genitive of Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"" in the case of 'part-whole' and 'origin' relationships. It is also used exclusively in 'spatial' and 'piece-of' relationships. However, is is rarely used in relationships involving 'ownership' or 'kinship'.",,,297, +43-2,43,Ile anda nu chang di sua moler su pay.,Ile\tanda\tnu\tchang\tdi\tsua\tmoler\tsu\tpay.,he\tgo\tLOC\tland\tof\tPOSS.3SG\twife\tPOSS.3SG\tfather,He went to the property of his wife’s father.,,This example contains both orders: possessor-possessum (chang di sua moler su pay) and possessum-possessor (chang di sua moler su pay).,906[30],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile anda nu chang di sua moler su pay.",,he go LOC land of POSS.3SG wife POSS.3SG father,"This example contains both orders: possessor-possessum (chang di sua moler su pay) and possessum-possessor (chang di sua moler su pay).",,,298, +44-4,44,náy di Kárlos,náy\tdi\tKárlos,mother\tof\tCarlos,Carlos' mother,,,,,naturalistic spoken,náy di Kárlos,,mother of Carlos,,Own data,,299, +44-46,44,mi mánga myémbro di pamílya,mi\tmánga\tmyémbro\tdi\tpamílya,1SG.POSS\tPL\tmember\tof\tfamily,my family members,,,1414[46],,naturalistic spoken,mi mánga myémbro di pamílya,,1SG.POSS PL member of family,,,,300,Spanish: los miembros de mi familia +45-3,45,Grueso el pellejo del rimas.,Grueso\tel\tpellejo\tdel\trimas.,thick\tDEF\tpeel\tof\tbreadfruit,The peel of the breadfruit is thick.,,,426[136],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Grueso el pellejo del rimas.,,thick DEF peel of breadfruit,,,,301, +46-12,46,el kása del ómbre,el\tkása\tdel\tómbre,ART\thouse\tof.the\tman,the house of the man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,el kása del ómbre,,ART house of.the man,,Own knowledge,,302, +46-13,46,del ómbre kása,del\tómbre\tkása,of.the\tman\thouse,the man's house,,"This is a pragmatically marked construction, mostly giving an answer to the question 'The house belongs to whom?'.",,,elicited from speaker,del ómbre kása,,of.the man house,"This is a pragmatically marked construction, mostly giving an answer to the question 'The house belongs to whom?'.",Own knowledge,,303, +46-14,46,el kása di Juan,el\tkása\tdi\tJuan,the\thouse\tof\tJuan,Juan's house,,,,,elicited from speaker,el kása di Juan,,the house of Juan,,Own knowledge,,304, +47-5,47,boso tur su trabou,boso\ttur\tsu\ttrabou,2PL\tall\tPOSS\twork,the work of you all,,The translation is mine.,898[38],,published source,boso tur su trabou,,2PL all POSS work,The translation is mine.,,,305, +47-6,47,Hose su kas,Hose\tsu\tkas,Hose\tPOSS\thouse,Hose's house,,The translation is mine.,898[38],,published source,Hose su kas,,Hose POSS house,The translation is mine.,,,306, +47-7,47,kas di mi ruman Eric,kas\tdi\tmi\truman\tEric,house\tof\t1SG\tsibling\tEric,(the) house of my brother Eric,,,731[50],,naturalistic spoken,kas di mi ruman Eric,kas di mi ruman Eric,house of 1SG sibling Eric,,,,307, +47-8,47,e muchanan su bukinan,e\tmucha\tnan\tsu\tbuki\tnan,DEF\tchild\tPL\tPOSS\tbook\tPL,the children's books,,The translation is mine.,898[38],,published source,e muchanan su bukinan,e mucha nan su buki nan,DEF child PL POSS book PL,The translation is mine.,,,308, +47-9,47,El a kohe e sombré di e homber bisti.,El\ta\tkohe\te\tsombré\tdi\te\thomber\tbisti.,3SG\tPFV\ttake\tDEF\that\tof\tDEF\tman\twear,He took the man's hat and put it on.,,The translation is mine.,1214[22],,literary source,El a kohe e sombré di e homber bisti.,,3SG PFV take DEF hat of DEF man wear,The translation is mine.,,,309, +48-4,48,kasa ri Malía,kasa\tri\tMalía,house\tof\tMaría,Maria's house,,"There also exists another structure without the preposition ri (variant of di, de). For details see Moñino (2002).",,,naturalistic spoken,kasa ri Malía,,house of María,"There also exists another structure without the preposition ri (variant of di, de). For details see Moñino (2002).",Recorded by author,,310,Spanish: La casa de María +48-62,48,kasa ri numano mi,kasa\tri\tnumano\tmi,house\tof\tbrother\tmy,the house of my brother / my brother's house,,"Note that ri 'of' is derived from Spanish or Portuguese de 'of', and its phonetic form alternates between ri, di, i, re, de, li, le, etc.",,,naturalistic spoken,kasa ri numano mi,,house of brother my,"Note that ri 'of' is derived from Spanish or Portuguese de 'of', and its phonetic form alternates between ri, di, i, re, de, li, le, etc.",Recorded by author,,311,Spanish: la casa de mi hermano +49-3,49,kay Jan an,kay\tJan\tan,house\tJean\tDEF,John's house,,,,,constructed by linguist,kay Jan an,,house Jean DEF,,Own knowledge,,312,French: la maison de Jean +49-4,49,Mwen wè machin wouj Mari a.,Mwen\twè\tmachin\twouj\tMari\ta.,1SG\tsee\tcar\tred\tMarie\tDEF,I saw Marie's red car.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mwen wè machin wouj Mari a.,,1SG see car red Marie DEF,,Own knowledge,,313,French: J'ai vu la voiture rouge de Marie. +49-30,49,Msye souse tout san bourik la.,Msye\tsouse\ttout\tsan\tbourik\tla.,mister\tsuck\tall\tblood\tdonkey\tDEF,He sucked all the blood of the donkey.,,This word comes from the French monsieur and can also fulfil other functions apart from pronominal substitution.,471[229],,naturalistic spoken,Msye souse tout san bourik la.,,mister suck all blood donkey DEF,"This word comes from the French monsieur and can also fulfil other functions apart from pronominal substitution.",,,314,French: Il suça tout le sang de l'âne. +50-3,50,chyen a Wojé,chyen\ta\tWojé,dog\tof\tRoger,Roger's dog,,,,,naturalistic spoken,chyen a Wojé,,dog of Roger,,Own fieldwork,,315, +51-4,51,Chien Wojé,Chien\tWojé,Dog\tRoger,Roger's dog,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Chien Wojé,,Dog Roger,,Own fieldwork,,316, +51-5,51,Zanmi-mwen,Zanmi-mwen,friend-1SG,my friend,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Zanmi-mwen,,friend-1SG,,Own fieldwork,,317, +52-2,52,kaz Georges,kaz\tGeorges,house\tGeorge,the house of George,,,,,elicited from speaker,kaz Georges,,house George,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,318, +52-127,52,pitit bondyé,pitit\tbondyé,child\tGod,God's children,,,,,naturalistic spoken,pitit bondyé,,child God,,Field data,,319, +53-3,53,mison gro zabitan la,mison\tgro\tzabitan-la,house\tbig\tplanter-ART.DEF.SG,the house of the big planter,,,1049[10],,naturalistic written,mison gro zabitan la,mison gro zabitan-la,house big planter-ART.DEF.SG,,,,320, +53-4,53,la mezon en blan,la\tmezon\ten\tblan,ART.DEF.SG\thouse\tART.INDF.SG\twhite,the house of a white person,,,1048[160],,elicited from speaker,la mezon en blan,,ART.DEF.SG house ART.INDF.SG white,,,,321, +53-5,53,chapo a nom-la,chapo\ta\tnom-la,hat\tPOSS\tman-ART.DEF.SG,the man's hat,,,1048[160],,elicited from speaker,chapo a nom-la,,hat POSS man-ART.DEF.SG,,,,322, +53-6,53,Compair Lapin so la tché to coute.,Compair\tLapin\tso\tlatché\tto\tcoute,Brother\tRabbit\t3SG.POSS\ttail\ttoo\tshort,Brother Rabbit's tail is too short.,,,1049[10],,naturalistic written,Compair Lapin so la tché to coute.,Compair Lapin so latché to coute,Brother Rabbit 3SG.POSS tail too short,,,,323, +53-7,53,piti pou mo neve,piti\tpou\tmo\tneve,child\tfor\t1SG.POSS\tnephew,my nephew's child,,,1048[160],,elicited from speaker,piti pou mo neve,,child for 1SG.POSS nephew,,,,324, +54-2,54,la fiy le roi,la\tfiy\tlë\trwa,DEF\tdaughter\tDEF\tking,the king’s daughter,,,110[55],,naturalistic spoken,la fiy le roi,la fiy lë rwa,DEF daughter DEF king,,,,325,French: la fille du roi +55-2,55,Pol so ti-frer,Pol\tso\tti-frer,Paul\t3SG.POSS\tDIM-brother,Paul's little brother,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pol so ti-frer,,Paul 3SG.POSS DIM-brother,,Own knowledge,,326, +55-3,55,ti-frer Pol,ti-frer\tPol,DIM-brother\tPaul,Paul's little brother,,,,,constructed by linguist,ti-frer Pol,,DIM-brother Paul,,Own knowledge,,327, +55-4,55,Sesil so lisyeṅ in mor.,Sesil\tso\tlisyeṅ\tin\tmor.,Cecil\tPOSS\tdog\tCOMPL\tdead,Cécile's dog has died.,,,76[83],,written (grammar),Sesil so lisyeṅ in mor.,,Cecil POSS dog COMPL dead,,,,328, +55-5,55,ti baba Baka usi ena kat mwa,ti\tbaba\tBaka\tusi\tena\tkat\tmwa,DIM\tbaby\tBaka\ttoo\thave\tfour\tmonth,Baka's little baby is also four months old.,,,760[210],,naturalistic spoken,ti baba Baka usi ena kat mwa,,DIM baby Baka too have four month,,,,329, +55-219,55,zaṅfaṅ so zuzu,zaṅfaṅ\tso\tzuzu,child\t3SG.POSS\ttoy,(the) child's toy,,,,,constructed by linguist,zaṅfaṅ so zuzu,,child 3SG.POSS toy,,Own knowledge,,330, +56-4,56,lakaz Marcel,lakaz\tMarcel,house\tMarcel,Marcel's house,,,,,constructed by linguist,lakaz Marcel,,house Marcel,,Own knowledge,,331, +56-5,56,Soungoula son vant,Soungoula\tson\tvant,Soungoula\tPOSS.3SG\tbelly,Soungoula's belly,,,"159[42, 100]",,naturalistic written,Soungoula son vant,,Soungoula POSS.3SG belly,,,,332, +56-6,56,Marcel son lakaz,Marcel\tson\tlakaz,Marcel\tPOSS.3SG\thouse,Marcel's house,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Marcel son lakaz,,Marcel POSS.3SG house,,Own knowledge,,333, +56-7,56,Bann laport lekol fodre penn.,Bann\tlaport\tlekol\tfodre\tpenn.,PL\tdoor\tschool\tmust\tpaint,The school doors have to be painted.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Bann laport lekol fodre penn.,,PL door school must paint,,Own knowledge,,334, +56-8,56,sa madanm son lakaz,sa\tmadanm\tson\tlakaz,DET\twoman\t3SG.POSS\thouse,the woman's house,,,,,constructed by native speaker,sa madanm son lakaz,,DET woman 3SG.POSS house,,Own knowledge,,335, +56-9,56,Lekol son bann laport fodre penn.,Lekol\tson\tbann\tlaport\tfodre\tpenn.,school\t3SG.POSS\tPL\tdoor\tmust\tpaint,All the school doors have to be painted.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Lekol son bann laport fodre penn.,,school 3SG.POSS PL door must paint,,Own knowledge,,336, +56-10,56,Mon krwar ki lekol son bann laport fodre penn.,Mon\tkrwar\tki\tlekol\tson\tbann\tlaport\tfodre\tpenn.,1SG\tthink\tCOMP\tschool\t3SG.POSS\tPL\tdoor\tmust\tpaint,I think that all the school doors have to be painted.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mon krwar ki lekol son bann laport fodre penn.,,1SG think COMP school 3SG.POSS PL door must paint,,Own knowledge,,337, +56-11,56,La marto son de lizye i lo son laloup.,La\tmarto\tson\tde\tlizye\ti\tlo\tson\tlaloup.,there\thammerhead.shark\t3SG.POSS\ttwo\teye\tPM\ton\t3SG.POSS\textension,"There, the eyes of the hammerhead shark are on the tips of the extensions of his head.",,,158[224],,naturalistic spoken,La marto son de lizye i lo son laloup.,,there hammerhead.shark 3SG.POSS two eye PM on 3SG.POSS extension,,,,338,"French: Le marteau, ses yeux sont sur sa loupe. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 225)" +57-2,57,fij pu ʃef,fij\tpu\tʃef,daughter\tPREP\tchief,the chief's daughter,,,423[221],,naturalistic spoken,fij pu ʃef,,daughter PREP chief,,,,339, +57-122,57,meso pu per,meso\tpu\tper,house\tPREP\tFather,the Father's house,,,423[149],,naturalistic spoken,meso pu per,,house PREP Father,,,,340, +58-3,58,mwana na mono,mwana\tna\tmono,child\tof\tme,my child,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mwana na mono,,child of me,,Own knowledge,,341, +58-4,58,mwana ya Petelo,mwana\tya\tPetelo,child\tof\tPeter,Peter's child,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mwana ya Petelo,,child of Peter,,Own knowledge,,342, +58-7,58,na kati ya nzo,na\tkati\tya\tnzo,CONN\tinner.part\tof\thouse,inside the house,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,na kati ya nzo,,CONN inner.part of house,,Own knowledge,,343, +59-7,59,lo kpe lo kiri na da ti ababa ti lo,lo\tkpe\tlo\tkiri\tna\tda\tti\ta-baba\tti\tlo,3SG\tflee\t3SG\treturn\tPREP\thouse\tof\tPL-father\tof\t3SG,She fled to the home of her uncles. OR: She fled to where her male elders lived.,,Since the plural marker marks deference and respect ababa can mean simply 'father'.,,,naturalistic spoken,lo kpe lo kiri na da ti ababa ti lo,lo kpe lo kiri na da ti a-baba ti lo,3SG flee 3SG return PREP house of PL-father of 3SG,"Since the plural marker marks deference and respect ababa can mean simply 'father'.",Samarin corpus 1994,,344, +59-8,59,melenge ti kozo wali ni so,melenge\tti\tkozo\twali\tni\tso,child\tof\tfirst\twoman\tDET\tDEM,the child of this first wife,,,,,naturalistic spoken,melenge ti kozo wali ni so,,child of first woman DET DEM,,Samarin corpus 1994,,345, +59-9,59,ala si na da ti koli ni,ala\tsi\tna\tda\tti\tkoli\tni,3PL\tarrive\tPREP\thouse\tof\tman\tDET,They arrived at the husband's home.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ala si na da ti koli ni,,3PL arrive PREP house of man DET,,Samarin corpus 1994,,346, +59-10,59,samba ti mama ti lo ni so,samba\tti\tmama\tti\tlo\tni\tso,co-wife\tof\tmother\tof\t3SG\tDET\tDEM,the co-wife of her mother,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,samba ti mama ti lo ni so,,co-wife of mother of 3SG DET DEM,,,,347, +59-11,59,ni eke gwe ti baa melenge ti samba ti ni,ni\teke\tgwe\tti\tbaa\tmelenge\tti\tsamba\tti\tni,1SG.LOG\tCOP\tgo\tof\tsee\tchild\tof\tco-wife\tof\t1SG.LOG,I'm going to see my co-wife's child.,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,ni eke gwe ti baa melenge ti samba ti ni,,1SG.LOG COP go of see child of co-wife of 1SG.LOG,,,,348, +60-2,60,ndáko ya mobáli,ndáko\tya\tmobáli,house\tof\tman,the house of the man,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,ndáko ya mobáli,,house of man,,Own knowledge,,349, +61-2,61,baba ga mina,baba\tga\tmina,father\tPOSS\tme,my father,,,1[37],,constructed by linguist,baba ga mina,,father POSS me,,,,350, +61-98,61,"Lo tombi lo wena bukile yena izolo lapa simin, yena sistela ga lo Bobby.","Lo\ttombi\tlo\twena\tbukile\tyena\tizolo\tlapa\tsimin,\tyena\tsistela\tga\tlo\tBobby.",DEF.ART\tgirl\tREL\tyou\tsee.PST\ther\tyesterday\tLOC.PREP\tfield\tshe\tsister\tPOSS\tDEF.ART\tBobby,"The girl that you saw in the field yesterday is Bobby's sister. OR: The girl, the one who you saw in the field yesterday, is Bobby's sister.",,The first yena is a resumptive pronoun; the second is a normal NP appositional pronoun.,,,elicited from speaker,"Lo tombi lo wena bukile yena izolo lapa simin, yena sistela ga lo Bobby.",,DEF.ART girl REL you see.PST her yesterday LOC.PREP field she sister POSS DEF.ART Bobby,"The first yena is a resumptive pronoun; the second is a normal NP appositional pronoun.",Field notes Mesthrie,,351, +61-127,61,sistela ga lo ticha,sistela\tga\tlo\tticha,sister\tPOSS\tDEF.ART\tteacher,the teacher's sister,,,,,constructed by linguist,sistela ga lo ticha,,sister POSS DEF.ART teacher,,Own knowledge,,352, +62-2,62,itabenu lá m̩hatú,itabenu\tlí-a\tm̩hatu,branch\t5-CONN\ttree,branch of a tree,,,,,elicited from speaker,itabenu lá m̩hatú,itabenu lí-a m̩hatu,branch 5-CONN tree,,Own field data 1993,,353, +63-2,63,lébis ta sudan-íya,lébis\tta\tsudan-íya,cloth\tGEN\tSudanese-PL,the clothes of the Sudanese,,,857[336],,naturalistic spoken,lébis ta sudan-íya,,cloth GEN Sudanese-PL,,,,354, +64-2,64,fi bet ta abú tómon,fi\tbet\tta\tabú\ttómon,in\thouse\tPOSS\tfather\tPOSS.3PL,in their father’s house,,,874[126],,naturalistic spoken,fi bet ta abú tómon,,in house POSS father POSS.3PL,,,,355, +64-3,64,áhal ta wéled bidáfa mal le áhal bitá biníya,áhal\tta\twéled\tbi=dáfa\tmal\tle\táhal\tbitá\tbiníya,family\tPOSS\tboy\tIRR=pay\tdowry\tto\tfamily\tPOSS\tgirl,The bridegroom’s family will pay the dowry to the bride’s family.,,,874[126],,naturalistic spoken,áhal ta wéled bidáfa mal le áhal bitá biníya,áhal ta wéled bi=dáfa mal le áhal bitá biníya,family POSS boy IRR=pay dowry to family POSS girl,,,,356, +65-7,65,Eta iwo synə iwo doʧə - xadila s'uda Martynixa dom.,Eta iwo synə iwo doʧə - xadi-la s'uda Martynixa dom.,that 3SG son 3SG daughter   walk-PFV here Martynixa house,She is her son's daughter; she has moved here to Martynixa's house.,,"Martynixa is the name of an old woman named after her late husband (Martyn). + = 'what-d'you-call-it' +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).",1195[236],,naturalistic spoken,Eta iwo synə iwo doʧə - xadila s'uda <eta> Martynixa dom.,Eta iwo synə iwo doʧə - xadi-la s'uda <eta> Martynixa dom.,that 3SG son 3SG daughter walk-PFV here <what.was.it> Martynixa house,"Martynixa is the name of an old woman named after her late husband (Martyn). +<eta> = 'what-d'you-call-it' +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).",,"Эта его сын, его дочь - ходила сюда, ... эта, Мартыниха дом.",357, +65-8,65,Iwo kuriʧa jajʧy eta lamaj.,Iwo\tkuriʧa\tjajʧy\teta\tlamaj.,3SG\tchicken\tegg\tthis\tbreak,He broke those chicken eggs.,,This example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,1195[221],,naturalistic spoken,Iwo kuriʧa jajʧy eta lamaj.,,3SG chicken egg this break,This example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,,Иво курица яйцы эта ламай.,358, +66-4,66,Go pe bapa paipaagi abau.,Go-pe\tbapa\tpai~paagi\ta-bau.,1SG-POSS\tfather\tRED.morning\tPRS-get.up,My father gets up very early.,,This example is in the Kirinda dialect.,,,constructed by linguist,Go pe bapa paipaagi abau.,Go-pe bapa pai~paagi a-bau.,1SG-POSS father RED.morning PRS-get.up,This example is in the Kirinda dialect.,Own knowledge,,359, +66-5,66,Go pe tummanpəðə go samma Kirinde-na e-datang (aða).,Go-pe\ttumman-pəðə\tgo-samma\tKirinde-na\te-datang\t(aða).,1SG-POSS\tfriend-PL\t1SG-COM\tKirinda-DAT\tASP-come\t(AUX),My friends have come to Kirinda with me.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Go pe tummanpəðə go samma Kirinde-na e-datang (aða).,Go-pe tumman-pəðə go-samma Kirinde-na e-datang (aða).,1SG-POSS friend-PL 1SG-COM Kirinda-DAT ASP-come (AUX),,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,360, +66-24,66,Risan pe kaka manaka aduduk?,Risan\tpe\tkaka\tmana-ka\ta-duduk?,Risan\tPOSS\tbrother\twhere-in\tPRS-stay,Where is Risan's brother?,,Kaka means elder brother.,,,constructed by linguist,Risan pe kaka manaka aduduk?,Risan pe kaka mana-ka a-duduk?,Risan POSS brother where-in PRS-stay,"Kaka means elder brother.",Own knowledge,,361, +66-130,66,Go ayangpe buuluattuyang eçabut ambε.,Go\tayang-pe\tbuulu-attu-yang\te-Cabut\tambε.,1SG\tchicken-POSS\tfeather-INDF-ACC.DEF\tPST-pluck\ttake,I plucked a chicken’s feather.,,"Note that the features INDF (as an indefinite article) and DEF (as a case marker) co-occur. The reference is to a specific feather known to the speaker. By way of contrast, if the feather were picked by the agent while blindfolded, the case marker would be ungrammatical because of its definiteness feature.",,,elicited from speaker,Go ayangpe buuluattuyang eçabut ambε.,Go ayang-pe buulu-attu-yang e-Cabut ambε.,1SG chicken-POSS feather-INDF-ACC.DEF PST-pluck take,"Note that the features INDF (as an indefinite article) and DEF (as a case marker) co-occur. The reference is to a specific feather known to the speaker. By way of contrast, if the feather were picked by the agent while blindfolded, the case marker would be ungrammatical because of its definiteness feature.","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,362, +67-3,67,Ini Anita laki.,Ini\tAnita\tlaki.,DEM\tAnita\thusband,This is Anita’s husband.,,,708[454],,naturalistic spoken,Ini Anita laki.,,DEM Anita husband,,,,363, +67-4,67,anjing punya kaki,anjing\tpunya\tkaki,dog\tPOSS\tleg,the dog's leg/legs,,,708[352],,elicited from speaker,anjing punya kaki,,dog POSS leg,,,,364, +67-5,67,Dia dua-dua nama dua tempat ah.,Dia\tdua~dua\tnama\tdua\ttempat\tah.,3SG\ttwo~two\tname\ttwo\tplace\tPCL,Both of them are the names of two places.,,,708[107],,naturalistic spoken,Dia dua-dua nama dua tempat ah.,Dia dua~dua nama dua tempat ah.,3SG two~two name two place PCL,,,,365, +68-2,68,katong pung ruma ruma,katong\tpung\truma~ruma,1PL\tPOSS\tPL~house,our houses,,,1178[408],,naturalistic spoken,katong pung ruma ruma,katong pung ruma~ruma,1PL POSS PL~house,,,,366, +68-3,68,tampa tinggal antua,tampa\ttinggal\tantua,place\tlive\t3SG.FORMAL,her residence,,,1178[409],,naturalistic spoken,tampa tinggal antua,,place live 3SG.FORMAL,,,,367, +68-146,68,Antua dengar orang pung susa.,Antua\tdengar\torang\tpung\tsusa.,3SG.FORMAL\thear\tperson\tPOSS\tdifficulty,She listens to their problems.,,,1178[175],,naturalistic spoken,Antua dengar orang pung susa.,,3SG.FORMAL hear person POSS difficulty,,,,368, +68-147,68,tempat tinggal guru,tempat\ttinggal\tguru,place\tlive\tteacher,the teacher's house,,,,,constructed by linguist,tempat tinggal guru,,place live teacher,,,,369, +69-4,69,amanakən tam,ama-nakən\ttam,1SG-POSS\tdog,my dog,,,,,naturalistic spoken,amanakən tam,ama-nakən tam,1SG-POSS dog,,Own field notes 1985,,370, +69-78,69,arəŋgawŋ mən-(n)akən tanəm,arəŋgawŋ\tmən-(n)akən\ttanəm,flying.fox\t3SG-POSS\tbone,a flying fox bone,,,,,naturalistic spoken,arəŋgawŋ mən-(n)akən tanəm,,flying.fox 3SG-POSS bone,,Own field notes 1985,,371, +70-3,70,Daya ke kuta,Daya\tke\tkuta,Daya\tPOSS\tdog,Daya's dog,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Daya ke kuta,,Daya POSS dog,,Siegel-field recording,,372, +71-4,71,Akoi ma kela lumi Lam See.,Akoi\tma\tkela\tlumi\tLam\tSee.,Akoi\tLOC\tDET\troom\tLam\tSee,Akoi was in Lam See's room.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Akoi ma kela lumi Lam See.",,Akoi LOC DET room Lam See,,own data 1899,,373, +71-135,71,Poakahi aole loaa hulu moa ma kela hale oe?,Poakahi\taole\tloaa\thulu\tmoa\tma\tkela\thale\toe?,Monday\tNEG\tEXIST\tfeather\tchicken\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t2SG.POSS,"On Monday, were there no chicken feathers at your house?",,,,,naturalistic written,"Poakahi aole loaa hulu moa ma kela hale oe?",,Monday NEG EXIST feather chicken LOC DET house 2SG.POSS,,own data 1906,,374, +71-205,71,"Kela pake olelo iaia, “Aole hele malaila,” kela keiki paa ka lima ka pake.","Kela\tpake\tolelo\tiaia,\t“Aole\thele\tmalaila,”\tkela\tkeiki\tpaa\tka\tlima\tka\tpake.",DET\tChinese\tspeak\t3SG\tNEG\tgo\tthere\tDET\tchild\thold\tDEF\tarm\tDEF\tChinese,"That Chinese said to him [the child], 'Don't go there,' the child grabbed the Chinese's arm.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kela pake olelo iaia, “Aole hele malaila,” kela keiki paa ka lima ka pake.",,DET Chinese speak 3SG NEG go there DET child hold DEF arm DEF Chinese,,Own data 1893,,375, +72-3,72,LD an Shadow bin jidan LDtu rumta.,LD\tan\tShadow\tbin\tjidan\tLD-tu\trum-ta.,LD\tand\tShadow\tPST\tsit\tLD-DAT\troom-LOC,LD and Shadow were sitting in LD's room.,,This example reflects possessor-possessum order.,920[212],,narrative,LD an Shadow bin jidan LDtu rumta.,LD an Shadow bin jidan LD-tu rum-ta.,LD and Shadow PST sit LD-DAT room-LOC,This example reflects possessor-possessum order.,,,376, +72-64,72,Wartarra i bin kirt det ngakparnku hawuj.,Wartarra\ti\tbin\tkirt\tdet\tngakparn-ku\thawuj.,goodness\t3SG\tPST\tbreak\tthe\tfrog-DAT\thome,"Goodness me, he broke the frog's home (the bottle).",,,8,2c5703b34e35a1d5509c0b6805211e97,narrative,"Wartarra i bin kirt det ngakparnku hawuj.","Wartarra i bin kirt det ngakparn-ku hawuj.","goodness 3SG PST break the frog-DAT home",,,,377, +73-5,73,markobu platuda,marko-bu\tplatu-da,Marco-GEN\tplate-ACC,Marco's plate,,,,,elicited from speaker,markobu platuda,marko-bu platu-da,Marco-GEN plate-ACC,,Field notes,,378, +73-50,73,mio muxerpu ñanaguna,mio\tmuxer-pu\tñana-guna,1.POSS\twife-GEN\tsister.F-PL,my wife's sisters,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mio muxerpu ñanaguna,mio muxer-pu ñana-guna,1.POSS wife-GEN sister.F-PL,,Field notes,,379, +74-4,74,man yáka kánim,man\tyáka\tkánim,man\t3SG\tcanoe,the man’s canoe,,"3SG is case-neutral (subject, direct object, indirect object, possessive).",,,constructed by linguist,man yáka kánim,,man 3SG canoe,"3SG is case-neutral (subject, direct object, indirect object, possessive).",Own knowledge,,380, +74-5,74,máyka kánim,máyka\tkánim,2SG\tcanoe,your canoe,,,,,constructed by linguist,máyka kánim,,2SG canoe,,Own knowledge,,381, +74-6,74,uk man yáka tánas yáka čáku sik,uk\tman\tyáka\ttánas\tyáka\tčáku\tsik,that\tman\t3SG\tsmall\t3SG\tcome\tsick,The man's child became ill. OR The small man became sick.,,,675[26],,narrative,uk man yáka tánas yáka čáku sik,,that man 3SG small 3SG come sick,,,,382, +75-7,75,la fiy soo zhwal,la\tfiy\tsoo\tzhwal,the.F\tgirl\t3.M.POSS\thorse,the girl’s horse,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,la fiy soo zhwal,,the.F girl 3.M.POSS horse,,,,383, +75-8,75,la fiy opaapaawa,la fiy o-paapaa-wa,the.F (F) girl (F) 3.POSS-father-OBV (C),the girl's father,,F = from French; C = from Cree,,,constructed by linguist,la fiy opaapaawa,la fiy o-paapaa-wa,the.F (F) girl (F) 3.POSS-father-OBV (C),F = from French; C = from Cree,Own knowledge,,384, +75-9,75,li garson son krayon,li\tgarson\tson\tkrayon,the.M\tboy\this.M\tcrayon,the boy's crayon,,,,,constructed by linguist,li garson son krayon,,the.M boy his.M crayon,,Own knowledge,,385, +75-10,75,nimushum,ni-mushum,1SG.POSS-grandfather,my grandfather,,,,,naturalistic spoken,nimushum,ni-mushum,1SG.POSS-grandfather,,Own knowledge,,386, +76-5,76,awoña kammik,awoña\tkammik,I\tboot,my boots,,"Similar expressions were attested in Eskimo pidgins all over the arctic, in different times, e.g. 17th century Greenlandic Pidgin Uvanga Nulia 'my wife' (lit. 'I wife') (van der Voort 1996: 117).",1442[224],,reconstructed by documentalist,awoña kammik,,I boot,"Similar expressions were attested in Eskimo pidgins all over the arctic, in different times, e.g. 17th century Greenlandic Pidgin Uvanga Nulia 'my wife' (lit. 'I wife') (van der Voort 1996: 117).",,,387, +76-6,76,awoña artegi taima?,awoña\tartegi\ttaima?,I\tcoat\tfinish,Is my coat finished?,,,1442[230],,reconstructed by documentalist,awoña artegi taima?,,I coat finish,,,,388, +76-7,76,kiñma artēgi,kiñma\tartēgi,dog\tcoat,dog's harness,,"The example is structurally ambiguous. In Eskimo proper it would be a possessive construction, and include obligatory ergative/genitive case marking and possessive agreement. In Eskimo Pidgin, possession is morphologically unmarked, which is why the example could in principle also be regarded as an instance of attribute-noun modification (Eskimo proper has the reverse order), or even a noun-noun compound (which does not exist in Eskimo proper).",1442[224],,reconstructed by documentalist,kiñma artēgi,,dog coat,"The example is structurally ambiguous. In Eskimo proper it would be a possessive construction, and include obligatory ergative/genitive case marking and possessive agreement. In Eskimo Pidgin, possession is morphologically unmarked, which is why the example could in principle also be regarded as an instance of attribute-noun modification (Eskimo proper has the reverse order), or even a noun-noun compound (which does not exist in Eskimo proper).",,,389, +76-8,76,I'ttûb sávik,I'ttûb\tsávik,Ittu\tknife,Ittu's knife,,"The example is from an Eskimo language sample taken at Point Barrow (Ray 1885), where the Herschel Island Trade Jargon was also spoken. Even though the example shows ergative/genitive marking on the possessor, this probably is a result of transfer from the lexifier language, since it is not a productive morpheme in Eskimo Pidgin. The fact that the example does not feature possessive agreement on the possessum shows it represents Eskimo Pidgin (or, alternatively, foreigner talk).",1266[58],,naturalistic spoken,I'ttûb sávik,,Ittu knife,"The example is from an Eskimo language sample taken at Point Barrow (Ray 1885), where the Herschel Island Trade Jargon was also spoken. Even though the example shows ergative/genitive marking on the possessor, this probably is a result of transfer from the lexifier language, since it is not a productive morpheme in Eskimo Pidgin. The fact that the example does not feature possessive agreement on the possessum shows it represents Eskimo Pidgin (or, alternatively, foreigner talk).",,,390, +1-7,1,No bendi da moi pendi tiki.,No\tbeni\tda\tmoi\tpeni\ttiki.,NEG\tbend\tDET.SG\tpretty\tspeckled\tstick,Don't bend the pretty speckled stick.,,,1357[134],,written (dictionary),No bendi da moi pendi tiki.,No beni da moi peni tiki.,NEG bend DET.SG pretty speckled stick,,,,391, +2-8,2,wan moi pikin grun wan,wan\tmoi\tpikin\tgrun\twan,INDF\tpretty\tlittle\tgreen\tone,a pretty little green one,,,1062[34],,naturalistic written,wan moi pikin grun wan,,INDF pretty little green one,,,,392, +2-9,2,soso dungru katun krosi,soso\tdungru\tkatun\tkrosi,only\tdark\tcotton\tclothes,only dark cotton clothes,,,1062[34],,naturalistic written,soso dungru katun krosi,,only dark cotton clothes,,,,393, +3-4,3,di hansɛ mujɛɛ,di\thansɛ\tmujɛɛ,DEF.SG\tbeautiful\twoman,the beautiful woman,,,,,naturalistic spoken,di hansɛ mujɛɛ,,DEF.SG beautiful woman,,Fieldwork data,,394, +4-4,4,Da i wasi den tyobo sani.,Da\ti\twasi\tden\ttyobo\tsani.,then\tyou.SG\twash\tDET.PL\tdirty\tthing,Then (you) wash the dirty things (dishes).,,,568[73],,naturalistic spoken,Da i wasi den tyobo sani.,,then you.SG wash DET.PL dirty thing,,,,395, +5-5,5,wan shaap reezaa,wan\tshaap\treezaa,INDF.ART\tsharp\trazor,a sharp razor,,,1281[130(line 217)],,naturalistic spoken,wan shaap reezaa,,INDF.ART sharp razor,,,,396, +6-3,6,dem big dog,dem\tbig\tdog,DET\tbig.ADJ\tdog,the big dogs,,,,,constructed by linguist,dem big dog,,DET big.ADJ dog,,Own knowledge,,397, +7-5,7,wan priti gyel,wan\tpriti\tgyel,INDF\tpretty\tgirl,a pretty girl,,,1244[130],,naturalistic spoken,wan priti gyel,,INDF pretty girl,,,,398, +8-3,8,Di gyal av taal ier.,Di\tgyal\tav\ttaal\tier.,DET\tgirl\thave\ttall\thair,The girl has long hair.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di gyal av taal ier.,,DET girl have tall hair,,Own knowledge,,399, +9-5,9,di owl ledi,di\towl\tledi,ART\told\tlady,the old lady,,,445[531],,naturalistic spoken,di owl ledi,,ART old lady,,,,400, +9-6,9,I da no li bway i olda dan yu.,I\tda\tno\tli\tbway\ti\tolda\tdan\tyu.,3SG\tTOP\tNEG\tlittle\tboy\t3SG\tolder\tthan\t2SG,"He is not a little boy, he is older than you.",,,434,,naturalistic spoken,I da no li bway i olda dan yu.,,3SG TOP NEG little boy 3SG older than 2SG,,,,401, +10-3,10,An di likl gyal get op an uopn di doa.,An\tdi\tlikl\tgyal\tget\top\tan\tuopn\tdi\tdoa.,and\tART.DEF\tlittle\tgirl\tget\tup\tand\topen\tART.DEF\tdoor,And the little girl got up and opened the door.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An di likl gyal get op an uopn di doa.,,and ART.DEF little girl get up and open ART.DEF door,,Unpublished field recordings,,402, +11-4,11,Aafta a wail a dis bad bisnes goin on [...].,Aafta\ta\twail\ta\tdis\tbad\tbisnes\tgo-in\ton\t[...].,after\tART.INDF\twhile\tof\tDEM\tbad\tbusiness\tgo-PROG\ton\t[...],After a while of this bad business going on [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Aafta a wail a dis bad bisnes goin on [...].,Aafta a wail a dis bad bisnes go-in on [...].,after ART.INDF while of DEM bad business go-PROG on [...],,,,403, +11-5,11,a yong man,a\tyong\tman,ART.INDF\tyoung\tman,a young man,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,a yong man,,ART.INDF young man,,,,404, +12-4,12,"Uh - if - hi, pretty girl!","[...]\thi,\tpretty\tgirl!",[...]\thi\tADJ\tgirl[SG],"[...] hi, pretty girl!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Uh - if - hi, pretty girl!","[...] hi, pretty girl!",[...] hi ADJ girl[SG],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,405, +12-5,12,I is a good singer.,I\tis\ta\tgood\tsinger.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tINDF\tADJ\tsinger[SG],I am a good singer.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I is a good singer.,,1SG.SBJ COP INDF ADJ singer[SG],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,406, +13-4,13,"big, white hole","big,\twhite\thole",big\twhite\thole,"big, white hole",,,1500[268],,naturalistic spoken,"big, white hole",,big white hole,,,,407, +14-5,14,big house,big\thouse,big\thouse,a big house,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,big house,,big house,,Own knowledge,,408, +15-3,15,lili pikin,lili\tpikin,little\tchild,a little child OR: a tiny child,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,lili pikin,,little child,,Own knowledge,,409, +16-3,16,ì bì gud mã,ì\tbì\tgud\tmã,3SG\tCOP\tgood\tman,He is a good man.,,,656[232],,naturalistic spoken,ì bì gud mã,,3SG COP good man,,,,410, +17-3,17,smo̱l pìkín,smo̱l\tpìkín,be.small.NMLZ\tchild,small child,,,,,constructed by linguist,smo̱l pìkín,,be.small.NMLZ child,,Own knowledge,,411, +18-5,18,Peter na big man.,Peter\tna\tbig\tman.,Peter\tCOP\tbig\tman,Peter is an important person.,,,125[11],,unspecified,Peter na big man.,,Peter COP big man,,,,412, +19-5,19,Dì human sɛf nà big human.,Dì\thuman\tsɛf\tnà\tbig\thuman.,DEF\twoman\tEMPH\tCOP\tbig\twoman,"The woman, too, is a big woman.",,,1634[169],,naturalistic spoken,"Dì human sɛf nà big human.",,DEF woman EMPH COP big woman,,,,413, +20-4,20,[...] only common dinner.,[...]\tonly\tcommon\tdinner.,[...]\tonly\tcommon\tdinner,[...] just an ordinary dinner. OR: [...] but merely an ordinary dinner.,,The second translation is as given in Tong (1862).,1489[VI.74],,naturalistic written,[...] only common dinner.,,[...] only common dinner,The second translation is as given in Tong (1862).,,安黎甘文顚拿,414, +20-5,20,My proper man.,My\tproper\tman.,1SG\tproper\tman,I am a proper man to deal with.,,,1489[VI.23],,naturalistic written,My proper man.,,1SG proper man,,,米巴鏬巴文,415, +21-7,21,Why I never see you wear those short-short skirts one a24?,Why\tI\tnever\tsee\tyou\twear\tthose\tshort-short\tskirt-s\tone\ta24?,why\t1SG\tnever\tsee\t2SG\twear\tDEM.PL\tshort-short\tskirt-PL\tNMLZ\tPCL,Why don't I ever see you wearing those extremely short shirts?,,"a24 = interrogative particle, rise tone, response required",1569[108],,naturalistic spoken,Why I never see you wear those short-short skirts one a24?,Why I never see you wear those short-short skirt-s one a24?,why 1SG never see 2SG wear DEM.PL short-short skirt-PL NMLZ PCL,"a24 = interrogative particle, rise tone, response required",,,416, +22-10,22,Em i bikpela haus tru.,Em\ti\tbik-pela\thaus\ttru.,3SG\tPM\tbig-MOD\thouse\tvery,That's a very big house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Em i bikpela haus tru.",Em i bik-pela haus tru.,3SG PM big-MOD house very,,Own knowledge,,417, +22-11,22,Em i man nogut.,Em\ti\tman\tnogut.,3SG\tPM\tman\tbad,He's a bad man.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em i man nogut.,,3SG PM man bad,,Own knowledge,,418, +23-3,23,i openem longfala maot ya blong hem ya,i\topenem\tlongfala\tmaot\tya\tblong\them\tya,AGR\topen\tlong\tmouth\tDEF\tPOSS\t3SG\tDEF,[He] opens his long beak,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,i openem longfala maot ya blong hem ya,,AGR open long mouth DEF POSS 3SG DEF,,,,419, +23-4,23,"antap ia, hem i rum nating","antap\tia,\them\ti\trum\tnating",on.top\tDEF\t3SG\tAGR\troom\tnothing,The room up there isn't used for anything.,,"Nating can be postposed to a N to indicate the N is non-prototypical in some way, lacking in a key characteristic or property. A brum nating ('broom nothing') is one that has hardly any bristles and can't sweep properly. This example is an interesting one that I heard (but didn't audio record) in 1998 on Malo. The speaker was explaining that since the family's oldest son had moved out, no-one was sleeping in his old bedroom. In fact the younger children were using it as a playroom, but its prototypical quality of being a room for sleeping in was what was being negated with nating.",,,naturalistic spoken,"antap ia, hem i rum nating",,on.top DEF 3SG AGR room nothing,"Nating can be postposed to a N to indicate the N is non-prototypical in some way, lacking in a key characteristic or property. A brum nating ('broom nothing') is one that has hardly any bristles and can't sweep properly. This example is an interesting one that I heard (but didn't audio record) in 1998 on Malo. The speaker was explaining that since the family's oldest son had moved out, no-one was sleeping in his old bedroom. In fact the younger children were using it as a playroom, but its prototypical quality of being a room for sleeping in was what was being negated with nating.",Field notes,,420, +23-5,23,Ol man Saot oli klapem han mo prudprud long leg wetem singsing blong danis.,Ol\tman\tSaot\toli\tklapem\than\tmo\tprud~prud\tlong\tleg\twetem\tsingsing\tblong\tdanis.,PL\tman\tsouth\tAGR\tclap\thand\tand\tRED.stamp\tPREP\tleg\twith\tsong\tPOSS\tdance,Southern people clap their hand and stamp their feet in time with the dance's song.,,Ol man Saot denotes the property of being from the southern islands.,1532,,naturalistic written,Ol man Saot oli klapem han mo prudprud long leg wetem singsing blong danis.,Ol man Saot oli klapem han mo prud~prud long leg wetem singsing blong danis.,PL man south AGR clap hand and RED.stamp PREP leg with song POSS dance,"Ol man Saot denotes the property of being from the southern islands.",,,421, +24-8,24,Ai gat ar agli lieg.,Ai\tgat\tar\tagli\tlieg.,SG.SBJ\tget\tDET.INDF\tugly\tleg/foot,I have a sore leg (or foot).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai gat ar agli lieg.,,SG.SBJ get DET.INDF ugly leg/foot,,Own fieldwork,,422, +24-9,24,amaula salan,amaula\tsalan,clumsy\tpeople,clumsy people,,,,,naturalistic spoken,amaula salan,,clumsy people,,Own fieldwork,,423, +25-15,25,Wi gan idimbat oldei rowan taga.,Wi\tgan\tid-im-bat\toldei\tro-wan\ttaga.,1PL.INCL\tcannot\teat-TR-PROG\talways\traw-ADJ\ttucker,We can’t continue to eat raw food.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the word order adjective-noun.,1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,Wi gan idimbat oldei rowan taga.,Wi gan id-im-bat oldei ro-wan taga.,1PL.INCL cannot eat-TR-PROG always raw-ADJ tucker,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the word order adjective-noun.,,,424, +25-16,25,Dijan bin oldei killim bigwan goana gibit langa im na.,Dijan\tbin\toldei\tkill-im\tbig-wan\tgoana\tgib-it\tlanga\tim\tna.,PROX:ADJ\tPST\talways\tkill-TR\tbig-ADJ\tgoanna\tgive-TR\tLOC\t3SG\tnow,This one always killed big goannas and gave them to her then.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the proximal demonstrative dijan 'this' in pronominal function and the order of adjective and noun (as well as the lack of gender agreement) in the noun phrase.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Dijan bin oldei killim bigwan goana gibit langa im na.","Dijan bin oldei kill-im big-wan goana gib-it langa im na.",PROX:ADJ PST always kill-TR big-ADJ goanna give-TR LOC 3SG now,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the proximal demonstrative dijan 'this' in pronominal function and the order of adjective and noun (as well as the lack of gender agreement) in the noun phrase.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,425, +25-17,25,Olabat bigbala yem.,Olabat\tbig-bala\tyem.,3PL\tbig-ADJ2\tyam,They are big yams.,,"Variety: Roper River. This is an example of a predicative noun phrase in a verbless clause with present tense interpretation, which also illustrates the order of adjective and noun in a noun phrase.",1333[123],,unknown,Olabat bigbala yem.,Olabat big-bala yem.,3PL big-ADJ2 yam,"Variety: Roper River. This is an example of a predicative noun phrase in a verbless clause with present tense interpretation, which also illustrates the order of adjective and noun in a noun phrase.",,,426, +25-18,25,Imin dalim ola lilwanlilwan kokiroj.,Im=in\tdal-im\tola\tlilwan~lilwan\tkokiroj.,3S=PST\ttell-TR\tall\tRED.little:ADJ\tcockroach,It told the little cockroaches.,,Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates the use of reduplication in adjectival modification (not on the head noun) to indicate plurality of the noun phrase referent.,128[3],,naturalistic written,Imin dalim ola lilwanlilwan kokiroj.,Im=in dal-im ola lilwan~lilwan kokiroj.,3S=PST tell-TR all RED.little:ADJ cockroach,Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates the use of reduplication in adjectival modification (not on the head noun) to indicate plurality of the noun phrase referent.,,,427, +25-19,25,"Ai oldei telim im ""Na::, jed Nangari yu bin meikim krai fo jet lil bed.""","Ai\toldei\ttel-im\tim\t""Na,\tjed\tNangari\tyu\tbin\tmeik-im\tkrai\tfo\tjet\tlil\tbed.""",1SG\talways\ttell-TR\t3SG\tno\tDEM\tNangari\t2SG\tPST\tmake-TR\tcry\tDAT\tDEM\tlittle\tbird,"I always tell him: ""No, that Nangari, you made her cry for that little bird.""",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a verb of speaking with a quotation (direct speech) complement, as well as a noun phrase consisting of a demonstrative/article, adjective and noun. Nangari is a subsection (""skin"") name used throughout the Victoria River Area.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai oldei telim im ""Na::, jed Nangari yu bin meikim krai fo jet lil bed.""","Ai oldei tel-im im ""Na, jed Nangari yu bin meik-im krai fo jet lil bed.""",1SG always tell-TR 3SG no DEM Nangari 2SG PST make-TR cry DAT DEM little bird,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a verb of speaking with a quotation (direct speech) complement, as well as a noun phrase consisting of a demonstrative/article, adjective and noun. Nangari is a subsection (""skin"") name used throughout the Victoria River Area.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,428, +25-20,25,dis bigwan mangki,dis\tbig-wan\tmangki,PROX\tbig-ADJ\tmonkey,this big monkey,,,659[48],,naturalistic spoken,dis bigwan mangki,dis big-wan mangki,PROX big-ADJ monkey,,,,429, +25-21,25,"Mela bin kemp theya na, theya, tharrei la [...] ol rod.","Mela\tbin\tkemp\ttheya\tna,\ttheya,\ttharr-ei\tla\t[...]\tol\trod.",1PL.EXCL\tPST\tcamp\tthere\tnow\tthere\tDIST-DIR\tLOC\t[...]\told\troad,"We camped right there, there, that way on the old road.",,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the order of adjective and noun in a noun phrase.,40,,naturalistic spoken,"Mela bin kemp theya na, theya, tharrei la [...] ol rod. ","Mela bin kemp theya na, theya, tharr-ei la [...] ol rod.",1PL.EXCL PST camp there now there DIST-DIR LOC [...] old road,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the order of adjective and noun in a noun phrase.,,,430, +25-22,25,Thei bin bayimbat ola nyuwannyuwan modiga na. Yu luk olkain modiga nyuwannyuwan la B.,Thei\tbin\tbay-im-bat\tola\tnyuwan~nyuwan\tmodiga\tna.\tYu\tluk\tolkain\tmodiga\tnyuwan~nyuwan\tla\tB.,3PL\tPST\tbuy-TR-PROG\tPL\tRED.new:ADJ\tcar\tnow\t2SG\tlook\tall.kind\tcar\tRED.new:ADJ\tLOC\tB.,They bought new cars then. You look at all the cars that are new at B. (place name),,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates both orders of adjective and noun, reduplication of adjectives to mark plurality of referents, and the occurrence of plural marker ola with inanimate referents.",40,,naturalistic spoken,"Thei bin bayimbat ola nyuwannyuwan modiga na. Yu luk olkain modiga nyuwannyuwan la B.",Thei bin bay-im-bat ola nyuwan~nyuwan modiga na. Yu luk olkain modiga nyuwan~nyuwan la B.,3PL PST buy-TR-PROG PL RED.new:ADJ car now 2SG look all.kind car RED.new:ADJ LOC B.,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates both orders of adjective and noun, reduplication of adjectives to mark plurality of referents, and the occurrence of plural marker ola with inanimate referents.",,,431, +26-7,26,wan big ulua,wan\tbig\tulua,ART\tbig\tulua,a big ulua (type of fish),,,1545[71],,naturalistic spoken,wan big ulua,,ART big ulua,,,,432, +27-4,27,Dri blin mushi.,Dri\tblin\tmushi.,three\tblind\tmouse,Three blind mice.,,,355[63],,naturalistic spoken,Dri blin mushi.,,three blind mouse,,,,433, +28-5,28,en bam jũ jɛrma,en\tbam\tjungu\tjɛrma,one\tpretty\tyoung\twoman,one pretty young woman,,,737[157],,naturalistic spoken,en bam jũ jɛrma,en bam jungu jɛrma,one pretty young woman,,,,434, +29-6,29,matige klimaat,matig-e\tklimaat,mild-INFL\tclimate,mild climate,,"Afrikaans attributive adjectives may, but do not have to inflect. Whether there is inflection depends upon the adjective. In some cases, there are choices, in which case the inflected form tends to express a figurative and/or affective meaning - 'n skoon venster ('a clean window') vs. skone angs ('pure anxiety') (Ponelis 1993: 364–376).",,,naturalistic spoken,matige klimaat,matig-e klimaat,mild-INFL climate,"Afrikaans attributive adjectives may, but do not have to inflect. Whether there is inflection depends upon the adjective. In some cases, there are choices, in which case the inflected form tends to express a figurative and/or affective meaning - 'n skoon venster ('a clean window') vs. skone angs ('pure anxiety') (Ponelis 1993: 364–376).",Own knowledge,,435, +30-5,30,"[...], e tenba sénpri bon parénsa, e stába sénpri kontenti, len di grándi brinkadjon k'el éra.","[...],\te=ten-ba\tsénpri\tbon\tparénsa,\te=stá-ba\tsénpri\tkontenti,\tlen\tdi=grándi\tbrinkadjon\tk=el=éra.",[...]\t3SG=have-ANT\talways\tgood\tappearance\t3SG=be-ANT\talways\tsatisfied\tapart\tfrom=great\tjoker\tCOMP=3SG=be.ANT,"[...], he always looked good, he was always content and, on top of that, he was a great joker.",,,1407[41],,naturalistic spoken,"[...], e tenba sénpri bon parénsa, e stába sénpri kontenti, len di grándi brinkadjon k'el éra.","[...], e=ten-ba sénpri bon parénsa, e=stá-ba sénpri kontenti, len di=grándi brinkadjon k=el=éra.",[...] 3SG=have-ANT always good appearance 3SG=be-ANT always satisfied apart from=great joker COMP=3SG=be.ANT,,,,436,"German: [...], er sah immer gut aus, er war immer zufrieden und war außerdem ein großer Spaßvogel." +30-6,30,"Mudjer tenba un katxorinhu bunitu, [...].","Mudjer\tten-ba\tun=katxor-inhu\tbunitu,\t[...].",woman\thave-ANT\tART.INDF=dog-DIM\tnice\t[...],"The woman had a nice little dog, [...].",,,1407[41],,naturalistic spoken,"Mudjer tenba un katxorinhu bunitu, [...].","Mudjer ten-ba un=katxor-inhu bunitu, [...].",woman have-ANT ART.INDF=dog-DIM nice [...],,,,437,"German: Die Frau hatte ein hübsches Hündchen, [...]." +30-7,30,"Dipos di fésta kasamentu, es komesa ta fase bida normal.","Dipos\tdi=fésta\tkasamentu,\tes=komesa\tta=fase\tbida\tnormal.",after\tof=party\tmarriage\t3PL=begin\tIPFV=make\tlife\tnormal,After their wedding celebrations they began to lead a normal life.,,,1407[41],,naturalistic spoken,"Dipos di fésta kasamentu, es komesa ta fase bida normal.","Dipos di=fésta kasamentu, es=komesa ta=fase bida normal.",after of=party marriage 3PL=begin IPFV=make life normal,,,,438,German: Nach dem Hochzeitsfest begannen sie ein normales Leben zu führen. +30-8,30,un póbri bédju,un=póbri\tbédju,ART.INDF=poor\told,a poor old man,,adjective-noun: poor since old,786,,elicited from speaker,un póbri bédju,un=póbri bédju,ART.INDF=poor old,adjective-noun: poor since old,,,439, +30-9,30,un bédju póbri,un=bédju\tpóbri,ART.INDF=old\tpoor,a poor old man,,noun-adjective: poor since without money,786,,elicited from speaker,un bédju póbri,un=bédju póbri,ART.INDF=old poor,noun-adjective: poor since without money,,,440, +31-5,31,un ki ten bon kurason,un\tki\tten\tbon\tkurason,one\tthat\thas\tgood\theart,one that has a good heart,,"The order ""adjective noun"" occurs with a restricted set of adjectives.",452,,naturalistic spoken,un ki ten bon kurason,,one that has good heart,"The order ""adjective noun"" occurs with a restricted set of adjectives.",,,441, +31-6,31,E un grandi sorti.,E\tun\tgrandi\tsorti.,is\tINDF\tgreat\tluck,It's great luck.,,,690,,naturalistic spoken,E un grandi sorti.,,is INDF great luck,,,,442, +31-7,31,Mi'N dja staba rapariga grandi.,Mi'N\tdja\tstaba\trapariga\tgrandi.,1SG\tCOMPL\twas\tgirl\tbig,I was already a big girl.,,,126,,naturalistic spoken,Mi'N dja staba rapariga grandi.,,1SG COMPL was girl big,,,,443, +31-8,31,"Ma inda, e sta omi riju.","Ma\tinda,\te\tsta\tomi\triju.",but\tstill\t3SG\tis\tman\tstrong,But he is still a strong man.,,,692,,naturalistic spoken,"Ma inda, e sta omi riju.",,but still 3SG is man strong,,,,444, +32-3,32,un senhóra skura,un\tsenhóra\tskura,DET\tlady\tdark.F,a dark lady,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,un senhóra skura,,DET lady dark.F,,,,445,Portuguese: uma senhora escura +32-4,32,un boa jornalista,un\tboa\tjornalista,DET\tgood.F\tjournalist,a good journalist (female),,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,un boa jornalista,,DET good.F journalist,,,,446,Portuguese: uma boa jornalista +32-5,32,un grand amig,un\tgrand\tamig,DET\tbig\tfriend,a good friend,,The position of adjective with human nouns affects its semantics: un amig grand 'a friend who is a big person'.,1456,,elicited from speaker,un grand amig,,DET big friend,"The position of adjective with human nouns affects its semantics: un amig grand 'a friend who is a big person'.",,,447,Portuguese: um grande amigo +33-3,33,karu nobu,car\tnew,car\tnew,the new car,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,karu nobu,car new,car new,,Own knowledge,,448,Portuguese: o carro novo +33-4,33,grandi atleta,grandi\tatleta,great\tathlete,great athlete,,"Adjectives in Guinea-Bissau Kriyol follow the same rules as Portuguese, French and other Romance languages, i.e. for a small group of adjectives (e.g. grande, pobre, etc.) the adjective has figurative meaning if used before the noun, but literal meaning if used after the noun.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,grandi atleta,,great athlete,"Adjectives in Guinea-Bissau Kriyol follow the same rules as Portuguese, French and other Romance languages, i.e. for a small group of adjectives (e.g. grande, pobre, etc.) the adjective has figurative meaning if used before the noun, but literal meaning if used after the noun.",Own knowledge,,449,Portuguese: grande atleta +34-4,34,karu burmeju,karu\tburmeju,car\tred,(a/the) red car,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"karu burmeju",,car red,,Own knowledge,,450, +34-5,34,boŋ miñjer,boŋ\tmiñjer,nice\twoman,(a/the) nice woman,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"boŋ miñjer",,nice woman,,Own knowledge,,451, +35-5,35,ũa soya glavi ku mwala glavi,ũa\tsoya\tglavi\tku\tmwala\tglavi,a\tstory\tnice\twith\twoman\tpretty,a nice story with pretty women,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ũa soya glavi ku mwala glavi,,a story nice with woman pretty,,Own data,,452, +35-6,35,Ê tê ũa bisu se vlêmê-vlêmê.,Ê\ttê\tũa\tbisu\tse\tvlêmê~vlêmê.,3SG\thave\ta\tanimal\tDEM\tred~red,It has this very red animal (on it).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ê tê ũa bisu se vlêmê-vlêmê.,Ê tê ũa bisu se vlêmê~vlêmê.,3SG have a animal DEM red~red,,Own data,,453, +35-7,35,bon afe vs. ma afe; bon ngê vs. ma ngê,bon\tafe\tvs.\tma\tafe;\tbon\tngê\tvs.\tma\tngê,good\tfaith\tvs.\tbad\tfaith\tgood\tperson\tvs.\tbad\tperson,bona fide/mala fide; good/bad person,,"This order is restricted to a few items, most commonly bon and ma.",,,constructed by linguist,bon afe vs. ma afe; bon ngê vs. ma ngê,,good faith vs. bad faith good person vs. bad person,"This order is restricted to a few items, most commonly bon and ma.",Own knowledge,,454, +36-3,36,M bê ũa buru ngai.,M\tbê\tũa\tburu\tngai.,1SG\tsee\tART\tstone\tbig,I saw a big stone.,,,901[50],,elicited from speaker,"M bê ũa buru ngai.",,1SG see ART stone big,,,,455,French: J'ai vu une grande pierre. +36-4,36,ũa bwa ngê,ũa\tbwa\tngê,ART\tgood\tperson,a good person,,,901[50],,elicited from speaker,"ũa bwa ngê",,ART good person,,,,456,French: une bonne personne +37-3,37,lonswe baanku,lonswe\tbaanku,sheet\twhite,a white sheet,,,905[181],,naturalistic spoken,"lonswe baanku",,sheet white,,,,457, +37-4,37,N rêsêbê ma nutixya.,N\trêsêbê\tma\tnutixya.,1SG\treceive\tbad\tnews,I got bad news.,,,905[47],,elicited from speaker,"N rêsêbê ma nutixya.",,1SG receive bad news,,,,458, +38-4,38,xalafa vedyi,xalafa\tvedyi,bottle\tgreen,the green bottle,,,,,elicited from speaker,xalafa vedyi,,bottle green,,Own fieldwork 1995,,459, +38-5,38,xadyi kitsyi,xadyi\tkitsyi,house\tsmall,the small house,,,,,elicited from speaker,xadyi kitsyi,,house small,,Own fieldwork 1990,,460, +38-213,38,panu véiu ~ véiu panu > vé' panu,panu\tvéiu\t~\tvéiu\tpanu\t>\tvé'\tpanu,dress\told\t~\told\tdress\t>\told\tdress,old dress,,,1786,,unspecified,panu véiu ~ véiu panu > vé' panu,,dress old ~ old dress > old dress,,,,461, +39-8,39,Ũ piken rat tiŋ vay nə del kamiŋ.,Ũ\tpiken\trat\tt-iŋ\tvay\tnə\tdə-el\tkamiŋ.,one\tsmall\tmouse\tIPFV-PST\tgo.INF\tLOC\tof-3SG\tway,One small mouse was going about its way.,,,221[166],,naturalistic spoken,Ũ piken rat tiŋ vay nə del kamiŋ.,Ũ piken rat t-iŋ vay nə də-el kamiŋ.,one small mouse IPFV-PST go.INF LOC of-3SG way,,,,462, +39-9,39,Es raprig a fika ũ bunit muyɛr.,Es\traprig\ta\tfik-a\tũ\tbunit\tmuyɛr.,DEM\tgirl\tIRR.NPST\tbecome-INF\tone\tbeautiful\twoman,This girl will become a beautiful woman.,,,221[169],,elicited from speaker,Es raprig a fika ũ bunit muyɛr.,Es raprig a fik-a ũ bunit muyɛr.,DEM girl IRR.NPST become-INF one beautiful woman,,,,463, +39-10,39,ikəl finfin pɛd,ikəl\tfin~fin\tpɛd,DEM\tsmall~small\tstone,that very small stone,,,221[122],,naturalistic spoken,ikəl finfin pɛd,ikəl fin~fin pɛd,DEM small~small stone,,,,464, +39-11,39,"Dew rəkri dew, dəpəy dew kader, fugãw vɛy.","De-w\trəkri\tde-w,\tdəpəy\tde-w\tkader,\tfugãw\tvɛy.",give-PST\tfood.stall\tgive-PST\tthen\tgive-PST\tchair\tstove\told,"[He] gave [me] the food stall, and also chairs, an old stove.",,"This sentence contains one of the few recorded examples of a postposed attributive adjective, contradicting the canonical position of adjective and noun in Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221[166],,naturalistic spoken,"Dew rəkri dew, dəpəy dew kader, fugãw vɛy.","De-w rəkri de-w, dəpəy de-w kader, fugãw vɛy.",give-PST food.stall give-PST then give-PST chair stove old,"This sentence contains one of the few recorded examples of a postposed attributive adjective, contradicting the canonical position of adjective and noun in Diu Indo-Portuguese.",,,465, +40-5,40,"Ye makak rhib jambler [...] kume-n fres, fres jamblãw [...].","Ye\tmakak\trhib\tjambler\t[...]\tkume-n\tfres,\tfres\tjamblãw\t[...].",DEM\tmonkey\ton\tblackberry.tree\t[...]\teat-PROG\tfresh\tfresh\tblackberries\t[...],This monkey on the blackberry tree [...] is eating very fresh blackberries [...].,,,267[167],,naturalistic spoken,"Ye makak rhib jambler [...] kume-n fres, fres jamblãw [...].",,DEM monkey on blackberry.tree [...] eat-PROG fresh fresh blackberries [...],,,,466, +40-6,40,Ki kume-w? Ob firjid.,Ki\tkume-w?\tOb\tfirjid.,what\teat-PST\tegg\tfried,What did you eat? Fried egg.,,,267[167],,naturalistic spoken,Ki kume-w? Ob firjid.,,what eat-PST egg fried,,,,467, +41-7,41,"maal poɖiyaas juuntu boom poɖiyaas jafoy see taam, maal poɖiyaas falaa mee nɔɔmi",maal\tpoɖiyaas\tjuuntu\tboom\tpoɖiyaas\tjaa-foy\tsee\ttaam\tmaal\tpoɖiyaas\tfalaa\tmee\tnɔɔmi,bad\tchild\twith\tgood\tchild\tPST-go\tCOND\tCONC\tbad\tchild\tQUOT\tFOC\tname,"If good children go with bad children, even though [they may be good children], they only get a bad name [i.e. their name is ""bad children""].",,,1416[5281],,naturalistic spoken,"maal poɖiyaas juuntu boom poɖiyaas jafoy see taam, maal poɖiyaas falaa mee nɔɔmi",maal poɖiyaas juuntu boom poɖiyaas jaa-foy see taam maal poɖiyaas falaa mee nɔɔmi,bad child with good child PST-go COND CONC bad child QUOT FOC name,,,,468, +41-8,41,maaci pavaam; fɛɛmiya pavaam,maaci\tpavaam;\tfɛɛmiya\tpavaam,male\tpeafowl\tfemale\tpeafowl,peacock; peahen,,These examples are constructed on the analogy of field notes item 5481 fɛɛmiya poɗiyaas 'female child; girl' (Smith 1974–5). Noun-adjective order is ungrammatical; as seen in field notes item: 4084a *pavaam maaci; *pavaam fɛɛmiya (Smith 1974–5).,,,constructed by linguist,maaci pavaam; fɛɛmiya pavaam,,male peafowl female peafowl,"These examples are constructed on the analogy of field notes item 5481 fɛɛmiya poɗiyaas 'female child; girl' (Smith 1974–5). Noun-adjective order is ungrammatical; as seen in field notes item: 4084a *pavaam maaci; *pavaam fɛɛmiya (Smith 1974–5).",Own knowledge,,469, +41-9,41,isti ingrees miziiɲa dika isti fɛɛvrispa malvaarsu miziiɲa mee boom falaatu takombersaa,isti\t[ingrees\tmiziiɲa\tdika\tisti\tfɛɛvri-s-pa\tmalvaar-su\tmiziiɲa\tmee\tboom\tfalaa-tu]\tta-kombersaa,this\t[English\tmedicine\tthan\tthis\tfever-PL-DAT\tTamil-GEN\tmedicine\tFOC\tgood\tQUOT-PFV]\tPRS-talk,"They say that for fevers, Tamil medicine (Ayurvedic medicine) is better than English (Western) medicine.",,"Isti does not seem to have any deictic or anaphoric function. +Field notes item 5347 (different speaker) has ingreesi miziiɲa (Smith 1974–1975).",1416[5345],,naturalistic spoken,isti ingrees miziiɲa dika isti fɛɛvrispa malvaarsu miziiɲa mee boom falaatu takombersaa,isti [ingrees miziiɲa dika isti fɛɛvri-s-pa malvaar-su miziiɲa mee boom falaa-tu] ta-kombersaa,this [English medicine than this fever-PL-DAT Tamil-GEN medicine FOC good QUOT-PFV] PRS-talk,"Isti does not seem to have any deictic or anaphoric function. +Field notes item 5347 (different speaker) has ingreesi miziiɲa (Smith 1974–1975).",,,470, +41-10,41,pentiyaa kabeelu nɔɔna; maraa konda graandi,pentiyaa\tkabeelu\tnɔɔna;\tmaraa\tkonda\tgraandi,comb\thair\tlady\ttie\tknot\tbig,"Comb your hair, lady; tie a big knot",,"The field notes (Smith 1974–5) record konda with a dental nasal-stop cluster; since Tamil has retroflexes koɳɖa, this may be a transcription error. +The field notes (Smith 1974–5) record kaveel is recorded as the modern lexical item in 0714.",1416[2135],,written (poetic),pentiyaa kabeelu nɔɔna; maraa konda graandi,pentiyaa kabeelu nɔɔna; maraa konda graandi,comb hair lady tie knot big,"The field notes (Smith 1974–5) record konda with a dental nasal-stop cluster; since Tamil has retroflexes koɳɖa, this may be a transcription error. +The field notes (Smith 1974–5) record kaveel is recorded as the modern lexical item in 0714.",,,471, +41-11,41,mandreetu maam; mayskaarda maam,mandreetu\tmaam;\tmays$kaarda\tmaam,right\thand\tleft\thand,right hand; left hand,,"This example illustrates Ptg. N-Adj order in frozen compounds, mandreetu < Ptg. mão direita 'hand right'; mayskaarda < Ptg. mão esquerda 'left hand'. $ in the analyzed text indicates a syllable boundary.",1416[1008-1009],,elicited from speaker,mandreetu maam; mayskaarda maam,mandreetu maam; mays$kaarda maam,right hand left hand,"This example illustrates Ptg. N-Adj order in frozen compounds, mandreetu < Ptg. mão direita 'hand right'; mayskaarda < Ptg. mão esquerda 'left hand'. $ in the analyzed text indicates a syllable boundary.",,,472, +42-6,42,aké kaza bedri,aké\tkaza\tbedri,that\thouse\tgreen,that/the green house,,,122[57],,naturalistic spoken,aké kaza bedri,,that house green,,,,473, +43-3,43,alfada kumpridu,alfada\tkumpridu,pillow\tlong,a long pillow,,,906[40],,pedagogical grammar,"alfada kumpridu",,pillow long,,,,474, +43-4,43,bong obu obu,bong\tobu\tobu,good\tegg\tegg,good eggs,,,906[41],,pedagogical grammar,"bong obu obu",,good egg egg,,,,475, +44-5,44,Tyéni un muhér byéha [...].,Tyéni\tun\tmuhér\tbyéha\t[...].,exist\tINDF\twoman\told\t[...],There was an old lady [...].,,We have past reference from the context.,,,naturalistic spoken,Tyéni un muhér byéha [...].,,exist INDF woman old [...],We have past reference from the context.,Own data,,476, +44-6,44,Kel mánga grándi bánka ta saká kel peskáw.,Kel\tmánga\tgrándi\tbánka\tta\tsaká\tkel\tpeskáw.,DET\tPL\tbig\tboat\tIPFV\ttake\tDET\tfish,The big boats take the fish.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kel mánga grándi bánka ta saká kel peskáw.,,DET PL big boat IPFV take DET fish,,Own data,,477, +45-4,45,Ya pudi cumpra yo aquel nuevo libro.,Ya\tpudi\tcumpra\tyo\taquel\tnuevo\tlibro.,PFV\tcan\tbuy\t1SG\tthat\tnew\tbook,I was able to buy that new book.,,,835[80],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ya pudi cumpra yo aquel nuevo libro.,,PFV can buy 1SG that new book,,,,478, +45-5,45,el estudiante inteligente,el\testudiante\tinteligente,the\tstudent\tintelligent,the intelligent student,,,835[95],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,el estudiante inteligente,,the student intelligent,,,,479, +46-15,46,Ay-komprá yo koloráw kamiséta.,Ay-komprá\tyo\tkoloráw\tkamiséta.,IRR-buy\t1SG\tread\tshirt,I will buy a red shirt.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ay-komprá yo koloráw kamiséta.,,IRR-buy 1SG read shirt,,Own knowledge,,480, +46-16,46,Takí peskáw gránde.,Takí\tpeskáw\tgránde.,EXIST.here\tfish\tbig,Here are big fish.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Takí peskáw gránde.,,EXIST.here fish big,,Own knowledge,,481, +46-17,46,Prikurá salbá el chabakáno antígwa.,Prikurá\tsalbá\tel\tchabakáno\tantígwa.,try\tsave\tART\tchabacano\tancient,Try to save the ancient Chabacano!,,,531[177],,naturalistic spoken,Prikurá salbá el chabakáno antígwa.,,try save ART chabacano ancient,,,,482, +47-10,47,un mal hende; e pober mucha,un\tmal\thende;\te\tpober\tmucha,INDF\tbad\tperson\tDEF\tpoor\tchild,a bad person; the poor child (arousing pity),,,752[324],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,un mal hende; e pober mucha,,INDF bad person DEF poor child,,,,483, +47-11,47,un hende malu; e mucha pober,un\thende\tmalu;\te\tmucha\tpober,INDF\tperson\tbad\tDEF\tchild\tpoor,a bad person; the poor child (i.e. without wealth),,,752[324],,own knowledge,un hende malu; e mucha pober,,INDF person bad DEF child poor,,,,484, +47-12,47,mucha chikitu,mucha\tchikitu,child\tsmall,small children,,,,,own knowledge,mucha chikitu,,child small,,Own knowledge,,485, +47-13,47,e palabra difisilnan/ e palabranan difisil,e\tpalabra\tdifisil\tnan/\te\tpalabra\tnan\tdifisil,DEF\tword\tdifficult\tPL\tDEF\tword\tPL\tdifficult,the difficult words,,"Muller's (1989) discussion suggests that the second case is interpreted as refering to the difficult words out of a larger set, whereas the first case is interpreted as refering to the entire set. The translation is mine.",1023[73],,published source,e palabra difisilnan/ e palabranan difisil,e palabra difisil nan/ e palabra nan difisil,DEF word difficult PL DEF word PL difficult,"Muller's (1989) discussion suggests that the second case is interpreted as refering to the difficult words out of a larger set, whereas the first case is interpreted as refering to the entire set. The translation is mine.",,,486, +47-14,47,un palu di mango grandi/ un palu grandi di tamarein,un\tpalu\tdi\tmango\tgrandi/\tun\tpalu\tgrandi\tdi\ttamarein,INDF\ttree\tof\tmango\tlarge\tINDF\ttree\tlarge\tof\ttamarind,a large mango tree; a tree bearing large mangos/ a large tamarind tree,,"In a N + di + N + A string, final placement of the adjective results in ambiguity: N + di + N can be interpreted as a phrasal compound, postmodified by A; alternatively, A can be interpreted as modifying the N to which it is adjacent only. As can be seen here, where A follows the head N, the phrasal interpretation is the only one available.",1024[545f],,published source,un palu di mango grandi/ un palu grandi di tamarein,,INDF tree of mango large INDF tree large of tamarind,"In a N + di + N + A string, final placement of the adjective results in ambiguity: N + di + N can be interpreted as a phrasal compound, postmodified by A; alternatively, A can be interpreted as modifying the N to which it is adjacent only. As can be seen here, where A follows the head N, the phrasal interpretation is the only one available.",,,487, +48-5,48,muhé guapo,muhé\tguapo,woman\tpretty,pretty woman,,"Adjective placement is virtually identicial to that of Spanish, where a few items can precede the noun.",,,naturalistic spoken,muhé guapo,,woman pretty,"Adjective placement is virtually identicial to that of Spanish, where a few items can precede the noun.",Recorded by author,,488,Spanish: mujer guapa +48-6,48,un buen lato,un\tbuen\tlato,ART.INDF.SG\tgood\twhile,"a good while = for some time, for a while",,"As in Spanish, adjective placement can have semantic consequences. In this example, postnominal placement would not mean the same thing, as it would imply contrastive meaning (i.e. a long rather than a short while).",,,naturalistic spoken,un buen lato,,ART.INDF.SG good while,"As in Spanish, adjective placement can have semantic consequences. In this example, postnominal placement would not mean the same thing, as it would imply contrastive meaning (i.e. a long rather than a short while).",Recorded by author,,489,Spanish: un buen rato +49-5,49,machin wouj la,machin\twouj\tla,car\tred\tDEF,the red car,,,,,constructed by linguist,machin wouj la,,car red DEF,,Own knowledge,,490,French: la voiture rouge +49-6,49,Se vye pawòl san sans.,Se\tvye\tpawòl\tsan\tsans.,HL\tstupid\twords\twithout\tmeaning,These are stupid words without any meaning.,,,381[7],,naturalistic written,Se vye pawòl san sans.,,HL stupid words without meaning,,,,491,French: Ce sont de stupides paroles sans sens. +49-7,49,Mari di l pran savon ki sou tab vèt ki nan chanm wouj la.,Mari\tdi\tl\tpran\tsavon\tki\tsou\ttab\tvèt\tki\tnan\tchanm\twouj\tla.,Marie\tsay\t3SG\ttake\tsoap\tREL\ton\ttable\tgreen\tREL\tin\troom\tred\tDEF,Marie told him to take the soap which is on the green table which is in the red room.,,,371[22],,constructed by linguist,Mari di l pran savon ki sou tab vèt ki nan chanm wouj la.,,Marie say 3SG take soap REL on table green REL in room red DEF,,,,492,French: Marie lui a dit de prendre le savon qui est sur la table verte qui est dans la chambre rouge. +50-5,50,on bèl kaz,on\tbèl\tkaz,INDF\tbeautiful\thouse,a beautiful house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,on bèl kaz,,INDF beautiful house,,Own fieldwork,,493, +50-6,50,on manman kaz,on\tmanman\tkaz,INDF\tmother\thouse,a big house,,The lexeme manman as a prenominal adjective can metaphorically refer to largeness.,132[989],,naturalistic spoken,on manman kaz,,INDF mother house,"The lexeme manman as a prenominal adjective can metaphorically refer to largeness.",,,494, +50-7,50,on kaz sal,on\tkaz\tsal,INDF\thouse\tdirty,a dirty house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,on kaz sal,,INDF house dirty,,Own fieldwork,,495, +51-6,51,an bel kay,an\tbel\tkay,INDF\tbeautiful\thouse,a beautiful house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,an bel kay,,INDF beautiful house,,Own fieldwork,,496, +51-7,51,an manman kay,an\tmanman\tkay,INDF\tmother\thouse,a big house,,The lexeme manman as a prenominal adjective can metaphorically refer to largeness.,,,naturalistic spoken,an manman kay,,INDF mother house,"The lexeme manman as a prenominal adjective can metaphorically refer to largeness.",Own fieldwork,,497, +51-8,51,an kay sal,an\tkay\tsal,INDF\thouse\tdirty,a dirty house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,an kay sal,,INDF house dirty,,Own fieldwork,,498, +52-3,52,oun bèl madanm,oun\tbèl\tmadanm,a\tnice\twoman,a pretty woman,,,487,,elicited from speaker,oun bèl madanm,,a nice woman,,,,499, +52-126,52,oun wonm troumantan,oun\twonm\ttroumantan,INDF\tman\ttrouble.making,a trouble-making man,,,,,constructed by linguist,oun wonm troumantan,,INDF man trouble.making,,Own knowledge,,500, +53-8,53,la bon vjon de kochon frech,la\tbon\tvjon\tde\tkochon\tfrech,ART.DEF.SG\tgood\tmeat\tof\tpork\tfresh,"good, fresh pork",,"This example illustrates both the ADJ + N structure (bon vjon) and the N + ADJ structure (kochon frech), both of which are common in Louisiana Creole.",1048[144],,naturalistic spoken,la bon vjon de kochon frech,,ART.DEF.SG good meat of pork fresh,"This example illustrates both the ADJ + N structure (bon vjon) and the N + ADJ structure (kochon frech), both of which are common in Louisiana Creole.",,,501, +53-9,53,en vje ti chjen,en\tvje\tti\tchjen,ART.INDF\told\tlittle\tdog,a little old dog,,,1048[144],,naturalistic spoken,en vje ti chjen,,ART.INDF old little dog,,,,502, +53-10,53,en divan for,en\tdivan\tfor,ART.INDF\twind\tstrong,a strong wind,,,1048[144],,elicited from speaker,en divan for,,ART.INDF wind strong,,,,503, +54-3,54,In bo zour lavé in vyé boug [...].,En\tbo\tzour\tlave\ten\tvye\tboug\t[...].,INDF\tgood\tday\thave.PST\tINDF\told\tman\t[...],Once upon a time there was an old man [...].,,,110[63],,naturalistic spoken,In bo zour lavé in vyé boug [...].,En bo zour lave en vye boug [...].,INDF good day have.PST INDF old man [...],,,,504,French: Un beau jour il y avait un vieil homme [...]. +54-4,54,Ou la fé in mové rèv?,Ou\tla\tfe\ten\tmove\trev?,2SG\tPRF\tmake\tINDF\tbad\tdream,Have you had a bad dream?,,,229[23],,naturalistic spoken,Ou la fé in mové rèv?,Ou la fe en move rev?,2SG PRF make INDF bad dream,,,,505,French: Tu as fait un mauvais rêve? +54-5,54,en rob rouz,en\trob\trouz,INDF\tdress\tred,a red dress,,,,,constructed by linguist,en rob rouz,,INDF dress red,,Own knowledge,,506,French: une robe rouge +54-6,54,in boug galan,en\tboug\tgalan,INDF\tman\telegant,an elegant man,,,229[88],,naturalistic spoken,in boug galan,en boug galan,INDF man elegant,,,,507,French: un homme élégant +55-6,55,en vye dimun,en\tvye\tdimun,an\told\tperson,an old person,,"The small set of adjectives which precede the noun is similar to French with a few additions. If such adjectives are modified by an intensifier, they follow the noun, e.g. en dimun byeṅ vye 'a very old person'",,,constructed by linguist,en vye dimun,,an old person,"The small set of adjectives which precede the noun is similar to French with a few additions. If such adjectives are modified by an intensifier, they follow the noun, e.g. en dimun byeṅ vye 'a very old person'",Own knowledge,,508, +55-7,55,de fler ruz,de\tfler\truz,two\tflower\tred,two red flowers,,,,,constructed by linguist,de fler ruz,,two flower red,,Own knowledge,,509, +56-12,56,bann zenn fiy,bann\tzenn\tfiy,PL\tyoung\tgirl,young girls,,,955[182],,naturalistic spoken,"bann zenn fiy",,PL young girl,,,,510, +56-13,56,La i en gran landrwa.,La\ti\ten\tgran\tlandrwa.,there\tPM\ta\tbig\tspace,There was a big space.,,This sentence has past reference because it was uttered in a narrative context where past reference had alreday been established.,955[182],,naturalistic spoken,"La i en gran landrwa.",,there PM a big space,This sentence has past reference because it was uttered in a narrative context where past reference had alreday been established.,,,511, +56-14,56,aswar ek lalin kler,aswar\tek\tlalin\tkler,in.the.evening\twith\tmoon\tbright,in the evening(s) with the bright moon,,,955[182],,naturalistic spoken,"aswar ek lalin kler",,in.the.evening with moon bright,,,,512, +56-15,56,Ou met dilo so.,Ou\tmet\tdilo\tso.,2SG\tput\twater\thot,You put hot water [into it].,,,955[184],,naturalistic spoken,"Ou met dilo so.",,2SG put water hot,,,,513, +56-16,56,"en zoli fiy, en zoli garson","en\tzoli\tfiy,\ten\tzoli\tgarson",INDF.ART\tbeautiful\tgirl\tINDF.ART\thandsome\tboy,"a beautiful girl, a handsome boy",,,,,constructed by native speaker,"en zoli fiy, en zoli garson",,INDF.ART beautiful girl INDF.ART handsome boy,,Own knowledge,,514, +56-17,56,I met en semiz rouz.,I\tmet\ten\tsemiz\trouz.,3SG\twear\tINDF\tshirt\tred,He wears a red shirt.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"I met en semiz rouz.",,3SG wear INDF shirt red,,Own knowledge,,515, +57-3,57,nu ale vwa ŋgra ʃef nde Paita,nu\tale\tvwa\tŋgra\tʃef\tnde\tPaita,1PL\tgo\tsee\tbig\tchief\tPREP\tPaita,We will go make a visit to the big chief of Paita.,,"This construction is used by the whole speech community for idiomatic expressions. Younger people and people who have a lot of contact with the world outside the tribe, and thus speak a decreolized variety of Tayo, tend to increasingly use preposed adjectives.",,,naturalistic spoken,nu ale vwa ŋgra ʃef nde Paita,,1PL go see big chief PREP Paita,"This construction is used by the whole speech community for idiomatic expressions. Younger people and people who have a lot of contact with the world outside the tribe, and thus speak a decreolized variety of Tayo, tend to increasingly use preposed adjectives.",Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,516, +57-123,57,ma mbwar ndolo-la sa le sal,ma\tmbwar\tndolo-la\tsa\tle\tsal,1SG\tdrink\twater-DEM/DEF\tREL\tSI\tdirty,I am drinking the dirty water.,,,423[201],,naturalistic spoken,ma mbwar ndolo-la sa le sal,,1SG drink water-DEM/DEF REL SI dirty,,,,517, +57-124,57,sepol ndrwat,sepol\tndrwat,shoulder\tright,right shoulder,,,423[146],,naturalistic spoken,sepol ndrwat,,shoulder right,,,,518, +58-5,58,muntu ya nda/ngolo,muntu\tya\tnda/ngolo,person\tof\ttallness/strength,tall/strong person,,This example illustrates the fact that what is translated by an adjective also functions as a noun. There are no adjectives in Kikongo-Kituba.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,muntu ya nda/ngolo,,person of tallness/strength,This example illustrates the fact that what is translated by an adjective also functions as a noun. There are no adjectives in Kikongo-Kituba.,Own knowledge,,519, +58-6,58,Yandi kele songa ngolo na yandi.,Yandi\tkele\tsonga\tngolo\tna\tyandi.,he/she\tbe\tshow\tstrength\tof\this/her,He/She is showing his/her strength. OR: He/She is showing how strong he/she is.,,The point of this example is to show that Kituba (like most Bantu languages) does not have a true category of adjectives.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi kele songa ngolo na yandi.,,he/she be show strength of his/her,The point of this example is to show that Kituba (like most Bantu languages) does not have a true category of adjectives.,Own knowledge,,520, +59-12,59,eski ni e kete melenge ti deku?,eski\tni\tyeke\tkete\tmelenge\tti\tdeku?,Q\t1SG.LOG\tCOP\tsmall\tchild\tof\tmouse,Am I a tiny baby mouse?,,Eski is borrowed from French est-ce que.,,,naturalistic spoken,eski ni e kete melenge ti deku?,eski ni yeke kete melenge ti deku?,Q 1SG.LOG COP small child of mouse,"Eski is borrowed from French est-ce que.",Samarin corpus 1994,,521, +59-13,59,kota ngu ake na popo ti ala na kodro ni,kota\tngu\ta-ke\tna\tpopo\tti\tala\tna\tkodoro\tni,large\twater\tPM-COP\tPREP\tmidst\tof\t3PL\tand\tvillage\tDET,A large river lay between them and the village.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kota ngu ake na popo ti ala na kodro ni,kota ngu a-ke na popo ti ala na kodoro ni,large water PM-COP PREP midst of 3PL and village DET,,Samarin corpus 1994,,522, +59-14,59,koli ti mbi ni ake nzoni zo ape,koli\tti\tmbi\tni\ta-ke\tnzoni\tzo\tape,man\tof\t1SG\tDET\tPM-COP\tgood\tperson\tNEG,My husband is not a good person.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,koli ti mbi ni ake nzoni zo ape,koli ti mbi ni a-ke nzoni zo ape,man of 1SG DET PM-COP good person NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,523, +59-15,59,aro abengba le ti keke ni kwe,aro\tabengba\tle\tti\tkeke\tni\tkwe,SM.gather\tPL.red\tfruit\tof\ttree\tDET\tall,He gathered up all the ripe fruit.,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,aro abengba le ti keke ni kwe,,SM.gather PL.red fruit of tree DET all,,,,524, +60-3,60,ndáko kitóko,ndáko\tkitóko,house\tbeautiful,a beautiful house,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,ndáko kitóko,,house beautiful,,Own knowledge,,525, +61-3,61,makhulu muntu,makhulu\tmuntu,great\tman,great man OR: big man,,,,,constructed by linguist,makhulu muntu,,great man,,Own knowledge,,526, +62-3,62,luhigé lukuhló ní yá,luhige\tlu-kuhlo\tní\tyá,door\t11-nice\tis\tthis,The good door is this.,,,,,elicited from speaker,luhigé lukuhló ní yá,luhige lu-kuhlo ní yá,door 11-nice is this,,Own field data 1993,,527, +63-3,63,rágil kebír,rágil\tkebír,man\tbig,a big man,,,857[329],,naturalistic spoken,rágil kebír,,man big,,,,528, +64-4,64,zol bári de,zol\tbári\tde,person\tBari\tDEM.PROX,this Bari man,,,,,constructed by linguist,zol bári de,,person Bari DEM.PROX,,Own knowledge,,529, +64-5,64,móya nadíf de,móya\tnadíf\tde,water\tclean\tDEM.PROX,the clean water,,,,,constructed by linguist,móya nadíf de,,water clean DEM.PROX,,Own knowledge,,530, +64-6,64,úo zol kwes,úo\tzol\tkwes,3SG\tindividual\tgood,He is a good person.,,,874[185],,naturalistic spoken,úo zol kwes,,3SG individual good,,,,531, +65-9,65,Za iwo malen'ki kurema pode bol'ʃina kurema ponosi esa.,Za\tiwo\tmalen'ki\tkurema\tpode\tbol'ʃina\tkurema\tponosi\tesa.,FOC\t3SG\tsmall\tjacket\tunder\tbig\tjacket\twear\tHAB,He wears a small jacket under a big jacket. OR: He wears a shirt under the jacket.,,"This is a description of a European suit from a Chinese point of view; the whole ""letter"" is probably made up by the author of the article. +The original source is Cherepanov (1853: 376).",1045[248],,constructed by linguist,Za iwo malen'ki kurema pode bol'ʃina kurema ponosi esa.,,FOC 3SG small jacket under big jacket wear HAB,"This is a description of a European suit from a Chinese point of view; the whole ""letter"" is probably made up by the author of the article. +The original source is Cherepanov (1853: 376).",,За ево маленьки курема поде большина курема поноси еса.,532, +65-10,65,Iwo gavari ruski liudi pəloxa ziml'a rabotaj.,Iwo\tgavari\truski\tliudi\tpəloxa\tziml'a\trabotaj.,3SG\tspeak\tRussian\tperson\tbad\tland\twork,He says that Russians cultivate land badly. OR: He says that Russian people can not cultivate land properly.,,,458[267],,citation in fiction,Iwo gavari ruski liudi pəloxa ziml'a rabotaj.,,3SG speak Russian person bad land work,,,"его говори, русский люди плохо земля работай.",533, +66-6,66,Go ayer mera kumbang attu yang eklaatan.,Go\tayer\tmera\tkumbang\tattu\tyang\te-klaatan.,1SG\twater\tred\tflower\tINDF\tACC\tASP-see,I saw a pink flower.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Go ayer mera kumbang attu yang eklaatan.,Go ayer mera kumbang attu yang e-klaatan.,1SG water red flower INDF ACC ASP-see,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,534, +67-6,67,"Lu pegan baru petir, lu mesti tahu berapa berat, tahu.","Lu\tpegan\tbaru\tpetir,\tlu\tmesti\ttahu\tberapa\tberat,\ttahu.",2SG\thold\tnew\tbox\t2SG\tmust\tknow\thow.much\theavy\tknow,"If you hold the new box, you certainly know how heavy it is, you know.",,,708[108],,naturalistic spoken,"Lu pegan baru petir, lu mesti tahu berapa berat, tahu.",,2SG hold new box 2SG must know how.much heavy know,,,,535, +67-7,67,Satu kilo sepuloh ringgit mahal punya ikan.,Satu\tkilo\tsepuloh\tringgit\tmahal\tpunya\tikan.,one\tkilo\tone.ten\tringgit\texpensive\tATTR\tfish,Ten ringgit for a kilo of fish is expensive.,,,708[114],,naturalistic spoken,Satu kilo sepuloh ringgit mahal punya ikan.,,one kilo one.ten ringgit expensive ATTR fish,,,,536, +67-8,67,Ini budak kecil kena pukul.,Ini\tbudak\tkecil\tkena\tpukul.,DEM\tchild\tsmall\tPASS\tbeat,This little child was beaten.,,,708[108],,elicited from speaker,Ini budak kecil kena pukul.,,DEM child small PASS beat,,,,537, +68-4,68,ana ana kacil,ana~ana\tkacil,PL~child\tsmall,small children,,,1178[413],,naturalistic spoken,ana ana kacil,ana~ana kacil,PL~child small,,,,538, +69-5,69,kəpan wakən,kəpan\twakən,big\tsnake,a big snake,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kəpan wakən,,big snake,,Own field notes 1985,,539, +70-9,70,"Jon taim u-lon maro, u roj barawala pati.","Jon\ttaim\tu-lon\tmaro,\tu\troj\tbarawala\tpati.",REL\ttime\t3-PL\tkill\tthat\tday\tbig\tparty,"The time that they killed (a pig), that day there was a big party.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jon taim u-lon maro, u roj barawala pati.",,REL time 3-PL kill that day big party,,Siegel-field recording,,540, +70-14,70,Baut barawala ciz nai baito jaise sako kato.,Baut\tbarawala\tciz\tnai\tbaito\tjaise\tsako\tkato.,very\tbig\tthing\tNEG\tCOP\tlike\tcan\tcut,There aren't very big things (in the bush) of the kind that can bite you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Baut barawala ciz nai baito jaise sako kato.,,very big thing NEG COP like can cut,,Siegel-field recording,,541, +71-6,71,Mahope oukou ike ehiku poe kela halewai [...] huna kela pokepoke laau me opihi.,Mahope\toukou\tike\tehiku\tpoe\tkela\thalewai\t[...]\thuna\tkela\tpokepoke\tlaau\tme\topihi.,later\t2PL\tsee\tseven\tpeople\tDET\tprison\t[...]\thide\tDET\tchopped\therb\twith\tlimpet,You will see seven prisoners [...] hide the chopped herb (i.e. opium) among limpets.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Mahope oukou ike ehiku poe kela halewai [...] huna kela pokepoke laau me opihi.",,later 2PL see seven people DET prison [...] hide DET chopped herb with limpet,,Own data 1891,,542, +71-7,71,Wau nana kela moa wahine eleele [...].,Wau\tnana\tkela\tmoa\twahine\teleele\t[...].,1SG\tlook\tDET\tchicken\twoman\tblack\t[...],I saw the black hen [...].,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau nana kela moa wahine eleele [...].",,1SG look DET chicken woman black [...],,Own data 1909,,543, +72-5,72,Dat yapakayi karungku i bin gon gedimbat dat karu.,Dat\tyapakayi\tkaru-ngku\ti\tbin\tgon\tged-im-bat\tdet\tkaru.,the\tsmall\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo\tget-TR-CONT\tthe\tchild,The small kid goes to get the (other) kid.,,,920[363],,narrative,Dat yapakayi karungku i bin gon gedimbat dat karu.,Dat yapakayi karu-ngku i bin gon ged-im-bat det karu.,the small child-ERG 3SG.SBJ PST go get-TR-CONT the child,,,,544, +72-6,72,Dat jimpiringkama i bin jik mawujimawuji yapakayi.,Dat\tjimpiri-ngka-ma\ti\tbin\tjik\tmawujimawuji\tyapakayi.,the\thole-LOC-TOP\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\temerge\tmouse\tsmall,Out of the hole emerged a little mouse.,,,920[457],,narrative,Dat jimpiringkama i bin jik mawujimawuji yapakayi.,Dat jimpiri-ngka-ma i bin jik mawujimawuji yapakayi.,the hole-LOC-TOP 3SG.SBJ PST emerge mouse small,,,,545, +74-7,74,háyas kánim,háyas\tkánim,big\tcanoe,(the/a) big canoe,,,,,constructed by linguist,háyas kánim,,big canoe,,Own knowledge,,546, +74-8,74,tenas man yáka ískam tenas stik,tenas\tman\tyáka\tískam\ttenas\tstik,small\tman\t3SG\ttake\tsmall\tstick,The little man took a small stick.,,,675[25],,narrative,tenas man yáka ískam tenas stik,,small man 3SG take small stick,,,,547, +75-11,75,ma maen dret,ma\tmaen\tdret,1SG.POSS.F\thand\tright,my right hand,,,522,,elicited from speaker,ma maen dret,,1SG.POSS.F hand right,,,,548, +75-12,75,aen boo kutoo,aen\tboo\tkutoo,INDF.ART.M\tgood.M\tknife,a good knife,,,522,,elicited from speaker,aen boo kutoo,,INDF.ART.M good.M knife,,,,549, +75-13,75,enn fleur ruuzh,enn\tfleur\truuzh,INDF.ART.F\tflower\tred,a red flower,,,522,,elicited from speaker,enn fleur ruuzh,,INDF.ART.F flower red,,,,550, +75-14,75,enn vyey faam,enn\tvyey\tfaam,INDF.ART.F\told.F\twoman,an old woman,,,522,,elicited from speaker,enn vyey faam,,INDF.ART.F old.F woman,,,,551, +75-15,75,Giimiyikawin aen morsoo kaamishaak la vyaand.,Gii-miy-ikaw-in\taen\tmorsoo\tkaa-mishaa-k\tla\tvyaand.,1.PST-give-PASS-1\tINDF.ART.M\tpiece\tREL-be.big.INAN-3\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tmeat,He was given a big piece of meat. OR: He was given a piece of meat that was big.,,,789[137],,naturalistic written,Giimiyikawin aen morsoo kaamishaak la vyaand.,Gii-miy-ikaw-in aen morsoo kaa-mishaa-k la vyaand.,1.PST-give-PASS-1 INDF.ART.M piece REL-be.big.INAN-3 DEF.ART.F.SG meat,,,,552, +75-16,75,"Wahwah, enn grangran maenzoon uma kaawiikichik.","Wahwah,\tenn\tgran~gran\tmaenzoon\tuma\tkaa-wiiki-chik.",wow\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tbig.RED\thouse\tDEM\tREL-build-3PL.SBJ.3.OBJ,Wow! That is a really big house that they built!,,,522,,elicited from speaker,"Wahwah, enn grangran maenzoon uma kaawiikichik.","Wahwah, enn gran~gran maenzoon uma kaa-wiiki-chik.",wow DEF.ART.F.SG big.RED house DEM REL-build-3PL.SBJ.3.OBJ,,,,553, +75-18,75,lii fiy anihi kaamayaatishichik,lii\tfiy\tanihi\tkaa-mayaatishi-chik,ART.PL\tgirl\tDEM.PL\tREL-be.ugly-3PL,those girls who were ugly OR: those ugly girls,,"The equivalent of adjectives are verbs in Cree, or relative clauses, as in this example. These usually have the form: kaa-VERB-agreement and they almost always follow the noun.",522,,naturalistic spoken,lii fiy anihi kaamayaatishichik,lii fiy anihi kaa-mayaatishi-chik,ART.PL girl DEM.PL REL-be.ugly-3PL,"The equivalent of adjectives are verbs in Cree, or relative clauses, as in this example. These usually have the form: kaa-VERB-agreement and they almost always follow the noun.",,,554, +76-9,76,anauta mikaninni,anauta\tmikaninni,axe\tsmall,hatchet,,,1442[223],,reconstructed by documentalist,anauta mikaninni,,axe small,,,,555, +76-10,76,kaliko kammik,kaliko\tkammik,fabric\tboot,socks,,The first word functions as an attributive noun.,1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,kaliko kammik,,fabric boot,The first word functions as an attributive noun.,,,556, +76-11,76,akkĭa añaninni picū'ktu pĭtcȗk,akkĭa\tañaninni\tpicū'ktu\tpĭtcȗk,trade\tbig\twant\tnot,"I don't want to pay a big price. He does not ask a big price., etc.",,"The negative element pĭtcȗk is very often attested in combination with the verb 'to want'. The interpretation of this example is highly context-dependent. In general, the interpretation of Eskimo Pidgin utterances can be strongly context-dependent (Stefánsson 1909: 221).",1442[223],,reconstructed by documentalist,akkĭa añaninni picū'ktu pĭtcȗk,,trade big want not,"The negative element pĭtcȗk is very often attested in combination with the verb 'to want'. The interpretation of this example is highly context-dependent. In general, the interpretation of Eskimo Pidgin utterances can be strongly context-dependent (Stefánsson 1909: 221).",,,557, +76-81,76,tipi ŏktcûk,tipi\tŏktcûk,stink\toil,kerosene,,,1442[228],,reconstructed by documentalist,tipi ŏktcûk,,stink oil,,,,558, +1-8,1,"A wakka go na Galileakondre, ma a no go na Nazareth.","A\twaka\tgo\tna\tGalileakondre,\tma\ta\tno\tgo\tna\tNazareth.",3SG.SBJ\ttravel\tgo\tLOC\tGalilee.country\tbut\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tgo\tLOC\tNazareth,"He travelled to Galilee, but he did not go to Nazareth.",,"Ad Feature 59 ""Alignment of case marking of pronouns"": The 3SG intransitive subject (S) is a (cf. Example 141). +Ad Features 4 ""Order of adposition and noun phrase"", 80 ""Going to named places"" and 84 ""'Come' and 'go' serial verb"": In the first clause, 'motion-to' is expressed by a serial verb construction: wakka 'travel (around)' expresses motion only (cf. Example 13), go 'go' specifies the direction 'to'. The general preposition na does not add to the semantics. In the second clause, go expresses motion and direction.",1355[45],,written,"A wakka go na Galileakondre, ma a no go na Nazareth.","A waka go na Galileakondre, ma a no go na Nazareth.",3SG.SBJ travel go LOC Galilee.country but 3SG.SBJ NEG go LOC Nazareth,"Ad Feature 59 ""Alignment of case marking of pronouns"": The 3SG intransitive subject (S) is a (cf. Example 141). +Ad Features 4 ""Order of adposition and noun phrase"", 80 ""Going to named places"" and 84 ""'Come' and 'go' serial verb"": In the first clause, 'motion-to' is expressed by a serial verb construction: wakka 'travel (around)' expresses motion only (cf. Example 13), go 'go' specifies the direction 'to'. The general preposition na does not add to the semantics. In the second clause, go expresses motion and direction.",,,559, +1-10,1,Dem sa trussu ju na ondro teh na inni horro va didübri.,Den\tsa\ttrusu\tyu\tna\tondro\tte\tna\tini\toro\tfu\td'dibri.,3PL\tFUT\tthrust\t2SG\tLOC\tunder\ttill\tLOC\tinside\thole\tof\tdevil,They will push you down right into the devil's hole.,,The specifying locative element ini 'in(side)' here precedes the noun phrase oro fu d'dibri alongside the general preposition na; the entire phrase is preceded by te 'until'.,1355[163],,written,Dem sa trussu ju na ondro teh na inni horro va didübri.,Den sa trusu yu na ondro te na ini oro fu d'dibri.,3PL FUT thrust 2SG LOC under till LOC inside hole of devil,"The specifying locative element ini 'in(side)' here precedes the noun phrase oro fu d'dibri alongside the general preposition na; the entire phrase is preceded by te 'until'.",,,560, +1-11,1,Dem nakki mi nanga wippi.,Den\tnaki\tmi\tnanga\twipi.,3PL\thit\t1SG\twith\twhip,They beat me with the whip.,,The preposition nanga here expresses instrumental 'with'.,1357[47],,written (dictionary),Dem nakki mi nanga wippi.,Den naki mi nanga wipi.,3PL hit 1SG with whip,"The preposition nanga here expresses instrumental 'with'.",,,561,German: Ich bin mit dem Peitschen-Stock geschlagen worden. [op.cit.] +1-13,1,A no wanni wakka na Djukondre.,A\tno\twani\twaka\tna\tDyukondre.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\twant\twalk\tLOC\tJew.country,He did not want to travel around in Judea. [NOT: He did not want to go to Judea.],,"Ad Feature 4 ""Order of adposition and noun phrase"": The general preposition na here marks a locative complement without contributing a specific meaning. +Ad Feature 80 ""Going to named places"": This example illustrates that by itself, waka 'travel (around)' does express 'motion' but no direction. To express 'motion-to', go 'go' needs to be present (cf. Example 8).",1355[130],,written,A no wanni wakka na Djukondre.,A no wani waka na Dyukondre.,3SG.SBJ NEG want walk LOC Jew.country,"Ad Feature 4 ""Order of adposition and noun phrase"": The general preposition na here marks a locative complement without contributing a specific meaning. +Ad Feature 80 ""Going to named places"": This example illustrates that by itself, waka 'travel (around)' does express 'motion' but no direction. To express 'motion-to', go 'go' needs to be present (cf. Example 8).",,,562, +1-14,1,Wi zy gi pikien drinki na den didde zomma toe.,Wi\tsa\tgi\tpikin\tdringi\tna\tden\tdede\tsoma\ttu.,1PL\tFUT\tgive\tlittle\tdrink\tto\tDET.PL\tdead\tperson\ttoo,We will give some liquor to the dead too.,,"Ad Features 60 ""Ditransitive ('give') constructions"" and 61 ""Order of recipient and theme in ditransitive constructions"": The order is S-V-T-R, with the general preposition na marking the recipient.",1527[109],,written,Wi zy gi pikien drinki na den didde zomma toe.,Wi sa gi pikin dringi na den dede soma tu.,1PL FUT give little drink to DET.PL dead person too,"Ad Features 60 ""Ditransitive ('give') constructions"" and 61 ""Order of recipient and theme in ditransitive constructions"": The order is S-V-T-R, with the general preposition na marking the recipient.",,,563,Dutch: Dan zellen wy met een onze Dooden wat Eeten en Drinken geeven. [op.cit.] +1-18,1,A trueh watra na inni vo wan tobbo.,A\ttrowe\twatra\tna\tini\tfu\twan\ttobo.,3SG.SBJ\tthrow\twater\tLOC\tin(side)\tof\tINDF.SG\ttub,He threw water in a tub.,,"Occasionally, the preposition fu intervenes between a specifying locative element such as ini 'in(side)' and the following noun phrase. There is no semantic difference with cases without fu (cf. Example 10).",1355[244],,written,A trueh watra na inni vo wan tobbo.,A trowe watra na ini fu wan tobo.,3SG.SBJ throw water LOC in(side) of INDF.SG tub,"Occasionally, the preposition fu intervenes between a specifying locative element such as ini 'in(side)' and the following noun phrase. There is no semantic difference with cases without fu (cf. Example 10).",,,564, +1-19,1,Mi kommotto na inni djari.,Mi\tkomoto\tna\tini\tdyari.,1SG\tcome.out\tLOC\tin(side)\tgarden,I’m coming out of the garden.,,"Conveying a meaning that differs slightly from that of Feature 79 ""Motion-to and motion-from"", in this example the source complement of komoto 'come out of' is preceded not only by the general preposition na but also by ini 'in(side)', a strategy that resembles that of the Gbe substrate.",1357[75],,written (dictionary),Mi kommotto na inni djari.,Mi komoto na ini dyari.,1SG come.out LOC in(side) garden,"Conveying a meaning that differs slightly from that of Feature 79 ""Motion-to and motion-from"", in this example the source complement of komoto 'come out of' is preceded not only by the general preposition na but also by ini 'in(side)', a strategy that resembles that of the Gbe substrate.",,,565,German: Ich komme aus dem Garten (eigentlich: aus dem inwendigen des Gartens.). [op.cit.] +2-10,2,nanga wantu mati fu mi,nanga\twantu\tmati\tfu\tmi,with\tsome\tfriends\tof\tmine,with some friends of mine,,,1062[39],,naturalistic written,nanga wantu mati fu mi,,with some friends of mine,,,,566, +2-11,2,ini a yari fu 1492,ini\ta\tyari\tfu\t1492,in\tDET\tyear\tof\t1492,in the year 1492,,,1062[39],,naturalistic written,ini a yari fu 1492,,in DET year of 1492,,,,567, +2-12,2,na ini Sranan,na\tini\tSranan,LOC\tin\tSranan,in Sranan,,"As Nickel & Wilner (1984: 40) note, location phrases are formed with the locational preposition na, which may then be followed by another locational marker such as ondro ‘under’, ini ‘in’, tapu ‘top’, etc. The latter items can also be used independently of na. Na used by itself simply marks location or a goal.",1062[40],,naturalistic written,na ini Sranan,,LOC in Sranan,"As Nickel & Wilner (1984: 40) note, location phrases are formed with the locational preposition na, which may then be followed by another locational marker such as ondro ‘under’, ini ‘in’, tapu ‘top’, etc. The latter items can also be used independently of na. Na used by itself simply marks location or a goal.",,,568, +2-13,2,Mi de na mi mama oso.,Mi\tde\tna\tmi\tmama\toso.,1SG\tbe.at\tLOC\t1SG\tmother\thouse,I’m at my mother’s house.,,"As Nickel & Wilner (1984: 40) note, location phrases are formed with the locational preposition na, which may then be followed by another locational marker such as ondro ‘under’, ini ‘in’, tapu ‘top’, etc. The latter items can also be used independently of na. Na used by itself simply marks location or a goal.",1585[47],,naturalistic written,Mi de na mi mama oso.,,1SG be.at LOC 1SG mother house,"As Nickel & Wilner (1984: 40) note, location phrases are formed with the locational preposition na, which may then be followed by another locational marker such as ondro ‘under’, ini ‘in’, tapu ‘top’, etc. The latter items can also be used independently of na. Na used by itself simply marks location or a goal.",,,569, +2-14,2,Mi e go na mi mama oso.,Mi\te\tgo\tna\tmi\tmama\toso.,1SG\tIPFV\tgo\tLOC\t1SG\tmother\thouse,I’m going to my mother’s house.,,"As Nickel & Wilner (1984: 40) note, location phrases are formed with the locational preposition na, which may then be followed by another locational marker such as ondro ‘under’, ini ‘in’, tapu ‘top’, etc. The latter items can also be used independently of na. Na used by itself simply marks location or a goal.",1585[47],,naturalistic written,Mi e go na mi mama oso.,,1SG IPFV go LOC 1SG mother house,"As Nickel & Wilner (1984: 40) note, location phrases are formed with the locational preposition na, which may then be followed by another locational marker such as ondro ‘under’, ini ‘in’, tapu ‘top’, etc. The latter items can also be used independently of na. Na used by itself simply marks location or a goal.",,,570, +2-15,2,A bedi de na ini a kamra.,A\tbedi\tde\tna\tini\ta\tkamra.,DET\tbed\tbe.at\tLOC\tin\tDET\troom,The bed is in the room.,,"Locational markers such as ini and ondro may either precede the noun, in which case they seem to function like prepositions, or follow the noun, in which case they are like nominalizations.",1585[33],,naturalistic written,A bedi de na ini a kamra.,,DET bed be.at LOC in DET room,"Locational markers such as ini and ondro may either precede the noun, in which case they seem to function like prepositions, or follow the noun, in which case they are like nominalizations.",,,571, +3-5,3,A kɔti hɛn ku di faka.,A\tkɔti\thɛn\tku\tdi\tfaka.,3SG\tcut\t3SG\twith\tDEF.SG\tknife,He cut it with the knife.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A kɔti hɛn ku di faka.,,3SG cut 3SG with DEF.SG knife,,Fieldwork data,,572, +3-6,3,A kumutu a di wosu dɛndu.,A\tkumutu\ta\tdi\twosu\tdɛndu.,3SG\tcome.out\tPREP\tDEF.SG\thouse\tinside,He came out of the house.,,Complex prepositional constructions in Saramaccan are sometimes mistakenly analyzed as postpositions.,,,naturalistic spoken,A kumutu a di wosu dɛndu.,,3SG come.out PREP DEF.SG house inside,Complex prepositional constructions in Saramaccan are sometimes mistakenly analyzed as postpositions.,Fieldwork data,,573, +3-36,3,Di makuka ta dɛ ku miii a baka.,Di\tmakuka\tta\tdɛ\tku\tmiii\ta\tbaka.,DEF.SG\tmonkey\tASP\tBE\twith\tchild\tLOC\tback,The monkey carries its child on its back.,,,354[8],,naturalistic written,"Di makuka ta dɛ ku miii a baka.",,DEF.SG monkey ASP BE with child LOC back,,,,574, +4-5,4,A feifi yali kaba di a e wooko gi lanti.,A\tfeifi\tyali\tkaba\tdi\ta\te\twooko\tgi\tlanti.,COP\tfive\tyear\talready\tREL\tshe\tIPFV\twork\tPREP\tgovernment,It's already five years that she's been working for the government.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A feifi yali kaba di a e wooko gi lanti.,,COP five year already REL she IPFV work PREP government,,Own observation,,575, +4-106,4,A e kon e geli enke na mi wan e booko ede na a sani.,A\te\tkon\te\tgeli\tenke\tna\tmi\twan\te\tbooko\tede\tna\ta\tsani.,it\tIPFV\tcome\tIPFV\tseem\tlike\tCOP\tme\tone\tIPFV\tbreak\thead\tLOC\tDET.SG\tthing,It seems as if it is me alone who tries to make an effort with the thing.,,Na functions as a general locative preposition here.,282,,naturalistic spoken,A e kon e geli enke na mi wan e booko ede na a sani.,,it IPFV come IPFV seem like COP me one IPFV break head LOC DET.SG thing,"Na functions as a general locative preposition here.",,,576, +5-6,5,hii a paas a rood,hii\ta\tpaas\ta\trood,he\tPROG\tpass\tPREP\troad,He was passing on the road.,,,1281[130 (line 218)],,naturalistic spoken,hii a paas a rood,,he PROG pass PREP road,,,,577, +6-4,6,Shi going by shi tantie.,Shi\tgoing\tby\tshi\ttantie.,3SG\tgoing\tPREP\t3SG.POSS\taunt,She's going to her aunt's.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Shi going by shi tantie.,,3SG going PREP 3SG.POSS aunt,,Informant,,578, +7-6,7,Mi ha a inglish tuhng ina fomi mout.,Mi\tha\ta\tinglish\ttuhng\tin-a\tfo-mi\tmout.,1SG\thave\tINDF\tenglish\ttongue\tin-PCL\tfor-1SG\tmouth,I speak English (lit. I have an English tongue in my mouth.).,,"As Example 190 shows, ina can also combine with a transitive motion verb.",1244[A17],,naturalistic spoken,Mi ha a inglish tuhng ina fomi mout.,Mi ha a inglish tuhng in-a fo-mi mout.,1SG have INDF english tongue in-PCL for-1SG mouth,"As Example 190 shows, ina can also combine with a transitive motion verb.",,,579, +8-4,8,Di pikni-dem a ramp ina di hous.,Di\tpikni-dem\ta\tramp\tina\tdi\thous.,DET\tchild-PL\tPROG\tromp\tin\tDET\thouse,The children are romping in the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di pikni-dem a ramp ina di hous.,,DET child-PL PROG romp in DET house,,Own knowledge,,580, +9-7,9,Wi freyd fa an.,Wi\tfreyd\tfa\tan.,we\tafraid\tfrom\ther,We were afraid of her.,,,432[41],,naturalistic spoken,Wi freyd fa an.,,we afraid from her,,,,581, +9-8,9,Wi me de wok fu ʃɛl.,Wi\tme\tde\twok\tfu\tʃɛl.,1PL\tANT\tPROG\twork\tfor\tShell,We were working for Shell.,,,439[237],,naturalistic spoken,Wi me de wok fu ʃɛl.,,1PL ANT PROG work for Shell,,,,582, +10-4,10,Beda Taiga gaan bai di doa.,Beda\tTaiga\tgaan\tbai\tdi\tdoa.,Brother\tTiger\tgo.ANT\tby\tART.DEF\tdoor,Brother Tiger went to the door.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Beda Taiga gaan bai di doa.,,Brother Tiger go.ANT by ART.DEF door,,Unpublished field recordings,,583, +11-6,11,Dei keri machet rait tu di skuul.,Dei\tkeri\tmachet\trait\ttu\tdi\tskuul.,3PL\tcarry\tmachet\tright\tto\tART.DEF\tschool,They take their machetes right to the school.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Dei keri machet rait tu di skuul.,,3PL carry machet right to ART.DEF school,,,,584, +11-7,11,Deh chap dong di uol papaya trii an gat chorch rait bihain di ubia uman haus.,Deh\tchap\tdong\tdi\tuol\tpapaya\ttrii\tan\tgat\tchorch\trait\tbihain\tdi\tubia\tuman\thaus.,3PL\tchop\tdown\tART.DEF\told\tpapaya\ttree\tand\tget\tchurch\tright\tbehind\tART.DEF\tobeah\twoman\thouse,They chopped down the old papaya tree and built a church right behind the obeah woman’s house.,,"Obeah is one of the many names used for witchcraft in the Caribbean. By consequence, an obeah woman is a sorcerer.",1054,,naturalistic spoken,Deh chap dong di uol papaya trii an gat chorch rait bihain di ubia uman haus.,,3PL chop down ART.DEF old papaya tree and get church right behind ART.DEF obeah woman house,"Obeah is one of the many names used for witchcraft in the Caribbean. By consequence, an obeah woman is a sorcerer.",,,585, +12-6,12,"But my boy what been here, he been in it for they school last year.",[...]\the\tbeen\tin\tit\tfor\tthey\tschool\tlast\tyear.,[...]\the\tCOP.PST\tPREP\tit\tPREP\tDET.POSS.3PL\tschool\tlast\tyear,"[But my son who was here,] he participated in it (Junkanoo, i.e. the Bahamian form of carnival) for their school last year.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"But my boy what been here, he been in it for they school last year.","[...] he been in it for they school last year.",[...] he COP.PST PREP it PREP DET.POSS.3PL school last year,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,586, +13-5,13,Yu aks me if I know 'bout de earthquake?,Yu\taks\tme\tif\tI\tknow\t'bout\tde\tearthquake?,2SG\task\t1SG.OBJ\tif\t1SG\tknow\tabout\tDEF\tearthquake,You ask me if I know about the earthquake?,,,1500[268],,naturalistic spoken,Yu aks me if I know 'bout de earthquake?,,2SG ask 1SG.OBJ if 1SG know about DEF earthquake,,,,587, +14-10,14,Sheila going to that place that pay better.,Sheila\tgoing\tto\tthat\tplace\tthat\tpay\tbetter.,Sheila\tgoing\tto\tthat\tplace\tthat\tpays\tbetter,Sheila is going to that place that pays better.,,,893[31],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Sheila going to that place that pay better.,,Sheila going to that place that pays better,,,,588, +15-4,15,di titi put di buk na di tebul,di\ttiti\tput\tdi\tbuk\tna\tdi\ttebul,ART\tgirl\tput\tART\tbook\tLOC\tART\ttable,The girl puts the book on the table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"di titi put di buk na di tebul",,ART girl put ART book LOC ART table,,Own knowledge,,589, +16-4,16,dɛ̀m dè slip fɔ varanda,dɛ̀m\tdè\tslip\tfɔ\tvaranda,3PL\tHAB\tsleep\tfor\tverandah,They sleep on the verandah.,,,656[212],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ̀m dè slip fɔ varanda,,3PL HAB sleep for verandah,,,,590, +16-5,16,à kam dɛ haus insai,à\tkam\tdɛ\thaus\tinsai,1SG\tcome\tART\thouse\tinside,I came into the house.,,,656[213],,naturalistic spoken,à kam dɛ haus insai,,1SG come ART house inside,,,,591, +16-6,16,ì go autsai dɛ siti,ì\tgo\tautsai\tdɛ\tsiti,3SG\tgo\toutside\tART\tcity,It goes outside the city.,,,656[214],,naturalistic spoken,ì go autsai dɛ siti,,3SG go outside ART city,,,,592, +17-4,17,À dè Kano frò̱m kò̱mót.,À\tdè\tKano\tfrò̱m\tkò̱mót.,1SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\tKano\tLOC\toriginate,I am from Kano.,,,,,constructed by linguist,À dè Kano frò̱m kò̱mót.,,1SG.SBJ NCOMPL Kano LOC originate,,Own knowledge,,593, +17-5,17,À de fò̱r fam.,À\tde\tfò̱r\tfam.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tPREP\tfarm,I am at the farm.,,,462[151],,naturalistic spoken,"À de fò̱r fam.",,1SG.SBJ COP PREP farm,,,,594, +18-6,18,A di go fo skul.,A\tdi\tgo\tfo\tskul.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo\tfor\tschool,I am going to school. OR: I go to school. (habitually),,,352[66],,published source,A di go fo skul.,,1SG.SBJ IPFV go for school,,,,595, +18-7,18,Pikin dem di pley futbol fo stad.,Pikin\tdem\tdi\tpley\tfutbol\tfo\tstad.,child\tPL\tIPFV\tplay\tfootball\tfor\tstadium,The children are playing football at the stadium.,,,63[444],,published source,Pikin dem di pley futbol fo stad.,,child PL IPFV play football for stadium,,,,596, +19-6,19,È lɛf dɛn pàn dì tebul.,È\tlɛf\tdɛn\tpàn\tdì\ttebul.,3SG.SBJ\tleave\t3PL.EMPH\ton\tDEF\ttable,She left them on the table.,,,1634[361],,naturalistic spoken,"È lɛf dɛn pàn dì tebul.",,3SG.SBJ leave 3PL.EMPH on DEF table,,,,597, +19-7,19,Dì gɛl waka go nà tɔn.,Dì\tgɛl\twaka\tgo\tnà\ttɔn.,DEF\tgirl\twalk\tgo\tLOC\ttown,The girl walked to town.,,,1634[399],,naturalistic spoken,"Dì gɛl waka go nà tɔn.",,DEF girl walk go LOC town,,,,598, +19-8,19,Afta è go nà hospital.,Afta\tè\tgo\tnà\thospital.,Then\t3SG.SBJ\tgo\tLOC\thospital,Then he went to [the] hospital.,,,1634[461],,naturalistic spoken,"Afta è go nà hospital.",,Then 3SG.SBJ go LOC hospital,,,,599, +20-6,20,My opposite that piecee.,My\topposite\tthat\tpiecee.,1SG\topposite\tDEM\tpiece,The one opposite to me.,,"This example appears to be calqued on the Cantonese localizer deuimihn 'opposite', which may be analyzed as a postposition.",1489[VI.41],,naturalistic written,My opposite that piecee.,,1SG opposite DEM piece,"This example appears to be calqued on the Cantonese localizer deuimihn 'opposite', which may be analyzed as a postposition.",,米鴨巴西咧卑士,600, +20-7,20,You can long my catchee one piecee good boy?,You\tcan\tlong\tmy\tcatchee\tone\tpiecee\tgood\tboy?,2SG\tcan\tBEN\t1SG\tcatch\tART.INDF\tCLF\tgood\tboy,Can you get me a good boy?,,,1489[VI.51],,naturalistic written,You can long my catchee one piecee good boy?,,2SG can BEN 1SG catch ART.INDF CLF good boy,,,㕭(口件)郎米結治温卑士豁杯,601, +20-8,20,He more better takee two piecee coolie long he.,He\tmore\tbetter\ttakee\ttwo\tpiecee\tcoolie\tlong\the.,3SG\tmore\tbetter\ttake\ttwo\tCLF\tcoolie\tCOM\t3SG,He better take two coolies with him.,,,1489[VI.55],,naturalistic written,He more better takee two piecee coolie long he.,,3SG more better take two CLF coolie COM 3SG,,,希麽必打忒其都卑時沽厘郎希,602, +20-116,20,Come Sydney side.,Come\tSydney\tside.,come\tSydney\tside,(She) came from Sydney.,,,1489[VI.32],,naturalistic written,Come Sydney side.,,come Sydney side,,,甘舌尼西,603, +21-8,21,You mean you brought your I.C. to a temp agency?,You\tmean\tyou\tbrought\tyour\tI.C.\tto\ta\ttemp\tagency?,2SG\tmean\t2SG\tbring.PST\t2SG.POSS\tidentity.card\tPREP\tART\ttemporary\tagency,Do you mean you brought your identity card to an agency for temporary jobs?,,,1568[60],,naturalistic spoken,You mean you brought your I.C. to a temp agency?,,2SG mean 2SG bring.PST 2SG.POSS identity.card PREP ART temporary agency,,,,604, +22-12,22,Planti taim mi bin stap long ples.,Planti\ttaim\tmi\tbin\tstap\tlong\tples.,many\ttime\t1SG\tPST\tstay\tat\tvillage,I often stayed in the village.,,,584[Vunak11\JosephB\enb\m20\islan],,naturalistic spoken,Planti taim mi bin stap long ples.,,many time 1SG PST stay at village,,,,605, +22-13,22,Em i givim tupla fedas i go long mama.,Em\ti\tgivim\ttu-pla\tfedas\ti\tgo\tlong\tmama.,3SG\tPM\tgive\ttwo-MOD\tfeather\tPM\tgo\tPREP\tmother,He gave two feathers to his mother.,,,584,,elicited from speaker,"Em i givim tupla fedas i go long mama.",Em i givim tu-pla fedas i go long mama.,3SG PM give two-MOD feather PM go PREP mother,,,,606, +22-14,22,Yutupela kam bek long gaden.,Yutupela\tkam\tbek\tlong\tgaden.,2DU\tcome\tback\tPREP\tgarden,You two have come back from the garden.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Yutupela kam bek long gaden.,,2DU come back PREP garden,,,,607, +23-6,23,hem i stap stap long solwota,hem\ti\tstap\tstap\tlong\tsolwota,3SG\tAGR\tstay\tstay\tPREP\tsalt.water,He lived for a long time by the ocean.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,hem i stap stap long solwota,,3SG AGR stay stay PREP salt.water,,,,608, +23-7,23,[...] bae i kam long gavman.,[...]\tbae\ti\tkam\tlong\tgavman.,[...]\tIRR\tAGR\tcome\tPREP\tgovernment,[...] it will come from the government.,,,1533,,naturalistic written,[...] bae i kam long gavman.,,[...] IRR AGR come PREP government,,,,609, +23-8,23,bae mi soemoat long yu,bae\tmi\tsoemoat\tlong\tyu,IRR\t1SG\tshow\tPREP\t2SG,I'll show [them] to you.,,,,,constructed by linguist,bae mi soemoat long yu,,IRR 1SG show PREP 2SG,,Own knowledge,,610, +24-10,24,daun ar toun,daun\tar\ttoun,DEIC\tDET.DEF\tKingston,(in) Kingston town,,Daun is an absolute spatial deictic marker.,,,naturalistic spoken,daun ar toun,,DEIC DET.DEF Kingston,"Daun is an absolute spatial deictic marker.",Own fieldwork,,611, +24-11,24,gen mii,gen\tmii,PREP\t1SG.OBJ/OBL,next to me,,,,,naturalistic spoken,gen mii,,PREP 1SG.OBJ/OBL,,Own fieldwork,,612, +24-16,24,"Bligh, en eaghteen dem one nawa mutiny, fine demsalf driften in ar Tongan Sea.","Bligh,\ten\teaghteen\tdem\tone\tØ\tnawa\tmutiny,\tfine\tdemsalf\tdriften\tin\tar\tTongan\tSea.",Bligh\tand\teighteen\t3PL\tone\tØ\tnever\tmutiny\tfind\t3PL.REFL\tdrift.continuous\tin\tDET.DEF\tTongan\tSea,"Bligh, and eighteen of the ones who did not mutiny, found themselves drifting on the Tongan Sea.",,This example is acrolectal.,9,,naturalistic written,"Bligh, en eaghteen dem one nawa mutiny, fine demsalf driften in ar Tongan Sea.","Bligh, en eaghteen dem one Ø nawa mutiny, fine demsalf driften in ar Tongan Sea.",Bligh and eighteen 3PL one Ø never mutiny find 3PL.REFL drift.continuous in DET.DEF Tongan Sea,This example is acrolectal.,,,613, +24-100,24,Hi yuus' draiw daun' taun.,Hi\tyuus'\tdraiw\tdaun'\ttaun.,3SG.M\tHAB\tdrive\tDEIC\ttown,He habitually drives to Kingston.,,Daun is an absolute deictic spatial marker.,,,naturalistic spoken,Hi yuus' draiw daun' taun.,,3SG.M HAB drive DEIC town,"Daun is an absolute deictic spatial marker.",Own fieldwork,,614, +25-23,25,Yu nomo washim bla mi kloth.,Yu\tnomo\twash-im\tbla\tmi\tkloth.,2SG\tNEG\twash-TR\tDAT/POSS\t1SG\tclothes,You never wash my clothes for me. (uttered as a complaint),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the dative preposition bla(nga), the negative marker nomo and the 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns.",,,naturalistic spoken,Yu nomo washim bla mi kloth.,Yu nomo wash-im bla mi kloth.,2SG NEG wash-TR DAT/POSS 1SG clothes,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the dative preposition bla(nga), the negative marker nomo and the 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,615, +25-24,25,Dei bin ol luginat la im.,Dei\tbin\tol\tlug-in-at\tla\tim.,3PL\tPST\tall\tlook-PROG-at\tLOC\t3SG,They all looked at him.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the past tense auxiliary and the order of adposition and pronoun.,1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,Dei bin ol luginat la im.,Dei bin ol lug-in-at la im.,3PL PST all look-PROG-at LOC 3SG,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the past tense auxiliary and the order of adposition and pronoun.,,,616, +25-26,25,Yu go la im bla meit!,Yu\tgo\tla\tim\tbla\tmeit!,2SG\tgo\tLOC\t3SG\tDAT/POSS\tmate,Go to her as a mate! (i.e. as companion),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the locative preposition la(nga) and the dative/possessive preposition bla(nga).",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Yu go la im bla meit!,,2SG go LOC 3SG DAT/POSS mate,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the locative preposition la(nga) and the dative/possessive preposition bla(nga).",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,617, +25-29,25,"Imin la Ningbingi yet, afta imin go la Agail then.","Im=in\tla\tNingbingi\tyet,\tafta\tim=in\tgo\tla\tAgail\tthen.",3SG=PST\tLOC\tNingbingi\tyet\tafterwards\t3SG=PST\tgo\tLOC\tArgyle\tthen,"He was in Ningbingi at that time, afterwards he went to Argyle.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of an adpositionally marked place name as goal with a verb of motion.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Imin la Ningbingi yet, afta imin go la Agail then.","Im=in la Ningbingi yet, afta im=in go la Agail then.",3SG=PST LOC Ningbingi yet afterwards 3SG=PST go LOC Argyle then,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of an adpositionally marked place name as goal with a verb of motion.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,618, +25-30,25,Imin hitim mi garra im teil.,Im=in\thit-im\tmi\tgarra\tim\tteil.,3SG=PST\thit-TR\t1SG\tCOM/INS\t3SG\ttail,He hit me with his tail.,,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates an instrumental expression and pronouns in subject, object and possessor position.",1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,Imin hitim mi garra im teil.,Im=in hit-im mi garra im teil.,3SG=PST hit-TR 1SG COM/INS 3SG tail,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates an instrumental expression and pronouns in subject, object and possessor position.",,,619, +26-8,26,wɛn wi fə˞s keɪm tu ɾis aɪlɛn,wɛn\twi\tfə˞s\tkeɪm\ttu\tɾis\taɪlɛn,when\t1PL\tfirst\tcame\tto\tDEM\tisland,when we first came to this island,,,1545[85],,naturalistic spoken,wɛn wi fə˞s keɪm tu ɾis aɪlɛn,,when 1PL first came to DEM island,,,,620, +27-5,27,Dan am a stān bō di klip.,Dan\tam\ta\tstān\tabo\tdi\tklip.,then\t3SG\tPST\tstand\ton\tDET\trock,Then he was standing on the rocks.,,,355[14],,naturalistic spoken,Dan am a stān bō di klip.,Dan am a stān abo di klip.,then 3SG PST stand on DET rock,,,,621, +28-6,28,ju kan sɛt sondro bita?,ju\tkan\tsɛtɛ\tsondro\tbita?,2SG\tcan\tstay\twithout\tclothes,Can you live without clothes?,,,737[201],,naturalistic spoken,ju kan sɛt sondro bita?,ju kan sɛtɛ sondro bita?,2SG can stay without clothes,,,,622, +28-7,28,"da mɛt oriso wa jɛnda, afto pakatɛ fan di haspital","da\tmɛtɛ\tori\tso\to\twa\tjɛn-da,\tafta\to\tpaka-tɛ\tfan\tdi\thaspital",COP\twith\t3SG\tFOC\t3SG\tPST\tLOC.COP-there\tafter\t3SG\texit-PFV\tfrom\tDEF\thospital,"It is with her that she was staying, after she came out of the hospital.",,,737[195],,naturalistic spoken,"da mɛt oriso wa jɛnda, afto pakatɛ fan di haspital","da mɛtɛ ori so o wa jɛn-da, afta o paka-tɛ fan di haspital",COP with 3SG FOC 3SG PST LOC.COP-there after 3SG exit-PFV from DEF hospital,,,,623, +28-8,28,o wa grui di lanʃi ben ka,o\twa\tgrui\tdi\tlanʃi\tben\tka,3SG\tPST\tgrow\tthe\tlanguage\tinside\tNEG,He did not grow up in this language.,,,737[213],,naturalistic spoken,o wa grui di lanʃi ben ka,o wa grui di lanʃi ben ka,3SG PST grow the language inside NEG,,,,624, +28-9,28,ɛk gruitɛ en tosn,ɛkɛ\tgrui-tɛ\teni\ttosn,1SG\tgrow-PFV\t3PL\tbetween,I grew up between them.,,,737[224],,naturalistic spoken,ɛk gruitɛ en tosn,ɛkɛ grui-tɛ eni tosn,1SG grow-PFV 3PL between,,,,625, +29-7,29,Hy werk {vir my pa / in Botswana}.,Hy werk {vir my pa / in Botswana}.,he works {for my dad   in Botswana},He is working {for my dad / in Botswana}.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy werk {vir my pa / in Botswana}.,,he works {for my dad in Botswana},,Own knowledge,,626, +29-8,29,In 1984 is hy Kaapstad toe.,In\t1984\tis\thy\tKaapstad\ttoe.,in\t1984\tis\the\tCape.Town\tto,In 1984 he went to Cape Town.,,"Toe is the sole postposition that can be productively used as a postposition in General Afrikaans. However note that there is a rich system of so-called circumpositions, i.e. combinations of a preposition and a postposition.",,,naturalistic spoken,In 1984 is hy Kaapstad toe.,,in 1984 is he Cape.Town to,"Toe is the sole postposition that can be productively used as a postposition in General Afrikaans. However note that there is a rich system of so-called circumpositions, i.e. combinations of a preposition and a postposition.",Own knowledge,,627, +29-9,29,Hy loop (in) die bos in.,Hy\tloop\t(in)\tdie\tbos\tin.,he\twalks\t(in)\tthe\tforest\tin,He walks into the forest.,,"In spoken Afrikaans, a structure which standardly only requires a postposition may feature an additional (semantically vacuous) preposition.",,,naturalistic spoken,Hy loop (in) die bos in.,,he walks (in) the forest in,"In spoken Afrikaans, a structure which standardly only requires a postposition may feature an additional (semantically vacuous) preposition.",Own knowledge,,628, +30-10,30,[...] e átxa un kabésa riba-l pédra: [...].,[...]\te=átxa\tun=kabésa\triba=l\tpédra:\t[...].,[...]\t3SG=find\ta=head\ton.top=of\tstone\t[...],[...] he found a head on a stone: [...].,,,1407[27],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] e átxa un kabésa riba-l pédra: [...].",[...] e=átxa un=kabésa riba=l pédra: [...].,[...] 3SG=find a=head on.top=of stone [...],,,,629,German: [...] er fand einen Kopf auf einem Stein: [...]. +31-9,31,Es ba pa San Tome.,Es\tba\tpa\tSan\tTome.,3PL\twent\tto\tSao\tTome,They went to Sao Tome.,,It is also possible not to have any preposition expressed. The following example is also grammatical: Es ba San Tome.,,,naturalistic spoken,Es ba pa San Tome.,,3PL went to Sao Tome,"It is also possible not to have any preposition expressed. The following example is also grammatical: Es ba San Tome.","Lolota Brava, p.c.",,630, +31-20,31,N kunpra un kaza ki kobra poku dinheru y kel aldeia fika pertu di trabadju.,N\tkunpra\tun\tkaza\tki\tkobra\tpoku\tdinheru\ty\tkel\taldeia\tfika\tpertu\tdi\ttrabadju.,I\tbought\tINDF\thouse\tthat\tcost\tlittle\tmoney\tand\tDEF\tneighbourhood\tis\tclose\tof\twork,I bought a house that cost little money and the neighbourhood is close to work.,,This sentence features a definite article that is naturally used in an associative context.,,,constructed by linguist,"N kunpra un kaza ki kobra poku dinheru y kel aldeia fika pertu di trabadju.",,I bought INDF house that cost little money and DEF neighbourhood is close of work,This sentence features a definite article that is naturally used in an associative context.,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,631, +32-6,32,Nha pai tá bá pa mar.,Nha\tpai\ttá\tbá\tpa\tmar.,1SG.POSS\tfather\tPST.IPFV\tgo\tto\tsea,My father used to go to the sea.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Nha pai tá bá pa mar.",,1SG.POSS father PST.IPFV go to sea,,,,632,Portuguese: O meu pai ia para o mar. +33-5,33,Djon sta na jardin.,Djon\tsta\tna\tjardin.,John\tCOP\tPREP\tgarden,John is in the garden.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Djon sta na jardin.,,John COP PREP garden,,Own knowledge,,633,Portuguese: O João está no jardim. +34-2,34,E bay fera ku Pidru.,E\tø\tbay\tfera\tku\tPidru.,3PL.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tmarket\twith\tPeter,They went to the market with Peter.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"E bay fera ku Pidru.","E ø bay fera ku Pidru.",3PL.SBJ PFV go market with Peter,,Own knowledge,,634, +34-6,34,No papiyá di bo na Sicor.,No\tø\tpapiyá\tdi\tbo\tna\tSicor.,1PL.SBJ\tPFV\ttalk\tof\t2SG.INDP\tin\tZiguinchor,We talked about you in Ziguinchor.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"No papiyá di bo na Sicor.","No ø papiyá di bo na Sicor.",1PL.SBJ PFV talk of 2SG.INDP in Ziguinchor,,Own knowledge,,635, +35-8,35,Ê saka sama sun alê djina xtlada.,Ê\tsaka\tsama\tsun\talê\tdjina\txtlada.,3SG\tPROG\tcall\tMr.\tking\tfrom\tstreet,He is calling the king from the street.,,"Djina ‘since’ and a few other items can be classified as true prepositions, meaning they are neither verbs nor nominals.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Ê saka sama sun alê djina xtlada.",,3SG PROG call Mr. king from street,"Djina ‘since’ and a few other items can be classified as true prepositions, meaning they are neither verbs nor nominals.",Own data,,636, +35-9,35,N ba tlaxi d’ũa ke.,N\tba\ttlaxi\td’ũa\tke.,1SG\tgo\tbehind\tof.a\thouse,I went behind a house.,,"Note that adpositions such as tlaxi ‘behind’ are nominals (Hagemeijer 2005, 2007).",,,naturalistic spoken,N ba tlaxi d’ũa ke.,,1SG go behind of.a house,"Note that adpositions such as tlaxi ‘behind’ are nominals (Hagemeijer 2005, 2007).",Own data,,637, +36-5,36,M ba potho ki ope.,M\tba\tpotho\tki\tope.,1SG\tgo\ttown\twith\tfoot,I went to town by foot.,,,901[126],,elicited from speaker,M ba potho ki ope.,,1SG go town with foot,,,,638,French: Je suis allé en ville à pied. +37-5,37,San ranha dêsê ten posan.,San\tranha\tdêsê\tten\tposan.,lady\tqueen\tgo.down\ttill\ttown,The queen went down to town. OR: The queen went down until the town.,,,905[198],,naturalistic spoken,"San ranha dêsê ten posan.",,lady queen go.down till town,,,,639, +38-6,38,dantu ngitál,dantu\tngĩntálu,inside\tcourtyard,inside the courtyard,,,,,elicited from speaker,dantu ngitál,dantu ngĩntálu,inside courtyard,,Own fieldwork 1990,,640, +38-19,38,Mala xoze wa bluz ku guya.,Mala\txoze\twan\tbluza\tku\tguya.,Mary\tsows\tART\tshirt\twith\tneedle,Mary sows a shirt with a needle.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mala xoze wa bluz ku guya.,Mala xoze wan bluza ku guya.,Mary sows ART shirt with needle,,Own fieldwork 1990,,641, +38-36,38,Pa budu xadenge.,Pa\tbudu\txa-da-ange.,for\tstone\tEVID-hit-person,Somebody will be hit by the stone.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Pa budu xadenge.,Pa budu xa-da-ange.,for stone EVID-hit-person,,Own fieldwork 1993,,642, +39-12,39,Lion vey i raspo pə gat.,\tvey\ti\trasp-o\tpə\tgat.,lion\tcome.PST\tand\tscratch-PST\tACC\tcat,The lion came and scratched the cat.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question. +Lion is taken from English.",221[181],,naturalistic spoken,Lion vey i raspo pə gat.,"<Lion> vey i rasp-o pə gat.",lion come.PST and scratch-PST ACC cat,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question. +Lion is taken from English.",,,643, +39-14,39,Mĩ jũt nã te muyt diŋer nã te.,Mĩ\tjũt\tnã\tte\tmuyt\tdiŋer\tnã\tte.,1SG.OBL\ttogether\tNEG\tEXIST.NPST\tmuch\tmoney\tNEG\tEXIST.NPST,I don't have much money (lit. With me/next to me there isn't much money).,,Possessive constructions in which the possessor takes a comitative (ku) or comitative/locative (jũt də X) marker - as is the case in this sentence - indicate temporary possession in Diu Indo-Portuguese. A similar construction involving locative marking on the possessor is found in several South Asian languages.,221[134],,naturalistic spoken,Mĩ jũt nã te muyt diŋer nã te.,,1SG.OBL together NEG EXIST.NPST much money NEG EXIST.NPST,"Possessive constructions in which the possessor takes a comitative (ku) or comitative/locative (jũt də X) marker - as is the case in this sentence - indicate temporary possession in Diu Indo-Portuguese. A similar construction involving locative marking on the possessor is found in several South Asian languages.",,,644, +39-205,39,yo fik d-ɛl jũt.,yo\tfik\td-ɛl\tjũt.,1SG\tdwell.NPST\tof-3SG.F\ttogether,I live with her. OR: I live next to her.,,,221[187],,unspecified,yo fik d-ɛl jũt.,,1SG dwell.NPST of-3SG.F together,,,,645, +40-7,40,Pradhan ya tumo doy soldad su kosid ani yaho də alde.,Pradhan\tya\ttumo\tdoy\tsoldad\tsu\tkosid\tani\tyaho\tdə\talde.,minister\tPST\ttake.PST\ttwo\tsoldier\tPOSS\twith\tand\twent\tLOC\tvillage,"The minister took two soldiers with him, and went to the village.",,kosid is used as a postposition and də as a preposition.,267[171],,naturalistic spoken,Pradhan ya tumo doy soldad su kosid ani yaho də alde.,,minister PST take.PST two soldier POSS with and went LOC village,"kosid is used as a postposition and də as a preposition.",,,646, +40-8,40,Ani pəkə ãp də mãw su nu solto.,Ani\tpəkə\tãp\tdə\tmãw\tsu\tnu\tsolto.,and\tOBJ.that\tbread\tLOC\thand\tPOSS\tNEG\tlet.go.PST,And he didn't let go of the bread in his hand.,,,267[171],,naturalistic spoken,Ani pəkə ãp də mãw su nu solto.,,and OBJ.that bread LOC hand POSS NEG let.go.PST,,,,647, +41-12,41,aka viida etus vɛrgɔɔɲantu naa papiyaa,aka\tviida\tetus\tvɛrgɔɔɲa-ntu\tnaa\tpapiyaa,that\tbecause\t3PL.HON\tshyness-LOC\tNEG.FUT\tspeak,"Therefore, in shyness they won’t talk. OR: Therefore, they are too shy to talk.",,,1419[150],,naturalistic spoken,aka viida etus vɛrgɔɔɲantu naa papiyaa,aka viida etus vɛrgɔɔɲa-ntu naa papiyaa,that because 3PL.HON shyness-LOC NEG.FUT speak,,,,648, +41-36,41,isti lav levaa maan riiva padaa keenntu teem fɔɔrsa?,isti\tlav\tlevaa\tmaam\triiva\tpa-daa\tkeem-ntu\tteem\tfɔɔrsa?,this\timmediately\ttake.away\thand\ton\tINF-give\twho-LOC\tPRS.be\tstrength,"To take and give in [his] hand immediately [i.e. all at once], who has the ability [for that]? OR: Who has the ability to pay the whole purchase price at once?",,The possessed NP here is arguably definite.,1416[5309],,naturalistic spoken,isti lav levaa maan riiva padaa keenntu teem fɔɔrsa?,isti lav levaa maam riiva pa-daa keem-ntu teem fɔɔrsa?,this immediately take.away hand on INF-give who-LOC PRS.be strength,The possessed NP here is arguably definite.,,,649, +41-61,41,"poɖiyaas sudu akantu mee yanasa, aka kaazantu","poɖiyaas\tsudu\taka-ntu\tmee\tjaa-nasa,\taka\tkaaza-ntu",children\tall\tthat-LOC\tFOC\tPST-be.born\tthat\thouse-LOC,"The children were all born there, in that house.",,,1416[5105],,naturalistic spoken,"poɖiyaas sudu akantu mee yanasa, aka kaazantu","poɖiyaas sudu aka-ntu mee jaa-nasa, aka kaaza-ntu",children all that-LOC FOC PST-be.born that house-LOC,,,,650, +42-7,42,eli ta drumí na chang,eli\tta\tdrumí\tna\tchang,3SG\tPROG\tsleep\tLOC\tfloor,He is sleeping on the floor.,,,122[163],,naturalistic spoken,eli ta drumí na chang,,3SG PROG sleep LOC floor,,,,651, +42-8,42,eli ja sai di kaza,eli\tja\tsai\tdi\tkaza,3SG\tPFV\texit\tfrom\thouse,He left the house.,,,122[164],,naturalistic spoken,eli ja sai di kaza,,3SG PFV exit from house,,,,652, +43-5,43,Ile anda nu chang [...].,Ile\tanda\tnu\tchang\t[...].,he\tgo\tLOC\tland\t[...],He went to the property [...].,,,906[30],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile anda nu chang [...].",,he go LOC land [...],,,,653, +44-7,44,Máski di lyobé dindá pa rin yo ayí na pláya.,Máski\tdi\tlyobé\tdindá\tpa\trin\tyo\tayí\tna\tpláya.,even\tCTPL\train\tCTPL.go\tstill\talso\t1SG\tthere\tLOC\tbeach,"Even if it rains, I’ll go to the beach.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Máski di lyobé dindá pa rin yo ayí na pláya.",,even CTPL rain CTPL.go still also 1SG there LOC beach,,Own data,,654, +45-6,45,Ya anda niso na baile anoche.,Ya\tanda\tniso\tna\tbaile\tanoche.,PFV\tgo\twe\tLOC\tdance\tlast.night,We went to a dance last night.,,,426[12],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ya anda niso na baile anoche.",,PFV go we LOC dance last.night,,,,655, +46-18,46,Andá alyí na réyno.,Andá\talyí\tna\tréyno.,go\tthere\tLOC\tkingdom,He goes to the kingdom.,,The original example is found in Forman (1972: 168). This example also shows the very frequent occurence of zero anaphora (cf. Forman 1972: 167–169).,830[376],,naturalistic written,Andá alyí na réyno.,,go there LOC kingdom,The original example is found in Forman (1972: 168). This example also shows the very frequent occurence of zero anaphora (cf. Forman 1972: 167–169).,,,656, +47-15,47,E ora mi ta sali foi bou di e klambu.,e\tora\tmi\tta\tsali\tfor-di\tbou\tdi\te\tklambu,DEF\thour\t1SG\tTNS\tcome.out\tfrom-of\tunder\tof\tDEF\tmosquito.net,Then I come out from under the mosquito net.,,"This illustrates the occurrence of di in a complex PP, where intransitive for (from) subcategorizes for a PP introduced by di. Other intransitive prepositions which participate in this construction include bou (under), banda (near), despues (after), dilanti (in front), tras (behind), afó (outside).",731[52],,published source,E ora mi ta sali foi bou di e klambu.,e ora mi ta sali for-di bou di e klambu,DEF hour 1SG TNS come.out from-of under of DEF mosquito.net,"This illustrates the occurrence of di in a complex PP, where intransitive for (from) subcategorizes for a PP introduced by di. Other intransitive prepositions which participate in this construction include bou (under), banda (near), despues (after), dilanti (in front), tras (behind), afó (outside).",,,657, +47-16,47,Ami kuné ta forma un tim pa nos hunga kontra di S. su koleganan di trabou.,a-mi\tku-e\tta\tforma\tun\ttim\tpa\tnos\thunga\tkontra\tdi\tS.\tsu\tkolega\tnan\tdi\ttrabou,EMPH-1SG\twith-3SG\tTNS\tform\tINDF\tteam\tfor\t1PL\tplay\tagainst\tof\tS.\tPOSS\tcolleague\tPL\tof\twork,Me and him will be forming a team to play against S.’s colleagues at work.,,,752[329],,published source,Ami kuné ta forma un tim pa nos hunga kontra di S. su koleganan di trabou.,a-mi ku-e ta forma un tim pa nos hunga kontra di S. su kolega nan di trabou,EMPH-1SG with-3SG TNS form INDF team for 1PL play against of S. POSS colleague PL of work,,,,658, +47-17,47,na tur skina di Korsou,na\ttur\tskina\tdi\tKorsou,LOC\tall\tcorner\tof\tCuracao,on all the corners of Curacao,,The translation is mine. This illustrates locative use of na.,869[22],,published source,na tur skina di Korsou,,LOC all corner of Curacao,"The translation is mine. This illustrates locative use of na.",,,659, +47-18,47,na diferente koló,na\tdiferente\tkoló,LOC\tdifferent\tcolour,in different colours,,The translation is mine. This illustrates abstract use of na.,869[23],,published source,na diferente koló,,LOC different colour,"The translation is mine. This illustrates abstract use of na.",,,660, +48-7,48,Suto asé trabahá pa gobienno.,Suto\tasé\ttrabahá\tpa\tgobienno.,we\tHAB\twork\tfor\tgovernment,We work for the government.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Suto asé trabahá pa gobienno.,,we HAB work for government,,Recorded by author,,661,Spanish: Nosotros hacemos (= solemos) trabajar por el gobierno. +49-8,49,Mari di l pran savon ki sou tab vèt ki nan chanm wouj la.,Mari\tdi\tl\tpran\tsavon\tki\tsou\ttab\tvèt\tki\tnan\tchanm\twouj\tla.,Marie\tsay\t3SG\ttake\tsoap\tCOMP\ton\ttable\tgreen\tCOMP\tin\troom\tred\tDEF,Marie told him to take the soap which is on the green table which is in the red room.,,,371[22],,constructed by linguist,"Mari di l pran savon ki sou tab vèt ki nan chanm wouj la.",,Marie say 3SG take soap COMP on table green COMP in room red DEF,,,,662,French: Marie lui a dit de prendre le savon qui est sur la table verte qui se trouve dans la chambre rouge. +50-8,50,Achté'y ban mwen!,Achté'y\tban\tmwen!,buy.3SG\tfor\t1SG,Buy it for me!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Achté'y ban mwen!,,buy.3SG for 1SG,,Own fieldwork,,663, +50-9,50,Yo adan chanm-la.,Yo\tadan\tchanm-la.,3PL\tin\troom-DEF,They are in the room.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yo adan chanm-la.,,3PL in room-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,664, +50-36,50,On moun kongné asi pòt-la.,On\tmoun\tkongné\tasi\tpòt-la.,one\tperson\tknock\ton\tdoor-DEF,Someone knocked at the door.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"On moun kongné asi pòt-la.",,one person knock on door-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,665, +51-9,51,Achté'y ba mwen!,Achté'y\tba\tmwen!,buy.3SG\tfor\t1SG,Buy it for me!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Achté'y ba mwen!,,buy.3SG for 1SG,,Own fieldwork,,666, +51-10,51,Yo adan chanm-lan.,Yo\tadan\tchanm-lan.,3PL\tin\troom-DEF,They are in the room.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yo adan chanm-lan.,,3PL in room-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,667, +51-36,51,An moun kwenyen asou lapot-la.,An\tmoun\tkwenyen\tasou\tlapot-la.,one\tperson\tknock\ton\tdoor-DEF,Someone knocked at the door.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"An moun kwenyen asou lapot-la.",,one person knock on door-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,668, +52-5,52,mo achté liv ba to,mo\tachté\tliv\tba\tto,I\tbuy\tbook\tgive\tyou,I bought a book for you.,,,,,elicited from speaker,mo achté liv ba to,,I buy book give you,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,669, +52-78,52,i pran li mété li annan mem trou-a,i\tpran\tli\tmété\tli\tannan\tmem\ttrou-a,he\ttake\tit\tput\tit\tin\tsame\thole-ART,He took it and put in into the same hole.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,i pran li mété li annan mem trou-a,,he take it put it in same hole-ART,,,,670, +53-11,53,Li va kote vye mile-la.,Li\tva\tkote\tvye\tmile-la.,3SG\tgo\tto\told\tmule-ART.DEF.SG,He goes over to the old mule.,,,1048[311],,naturalistic spoken,Li va kote vye mile-la.,,3SG go to old mule-ART.DEF.SG,,,,671, +54-7,54,dan out pos,dan\tout\tpos,in\tPOSS.2SG\tpocket,in your pocket,,,,,constructed by linguist,"dan out pos",,in POSS.2SG pocket,,Own knowledge,,672,French: dans ta poche +54-8,54,Li di ek son mari [...].,Li\tdi\tek\tson\tmari\t[...].,3SG.PRS\tsay\twith\tPOSS.3SG\thusband\t[...],She says to her husband [...].,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Li di ek son mari [...].",,3SG.PRS say with POSS.3SG husband [...],,Own knowledge,,673, +54-40,54,"Alor, zot dé Maryann, i rantr dan le pti panyé.","Alor,\tzot\tde\tMaryann,\ti\trant\tdan\tlë\tpti\tpanye.",then\t3PL\ttwo\tMarianne\tFIN\tenter\tin\tDEF\tlittle\tbasket,So then he and Marianne stepped into the little basket.,,This is the only authentic example I found in my entire corpus.,110[34],,naturalistic spoken,"Alor, zot dé Maryann, i rantr dan le pti panyé.","Alor, zot de Maryann, i rant dan lë pti panye.",then 3PL two Marianne FIN enter in DEF little basket,This is the only authentic example I found in my entire corpus.,,,674,French: Alors lui et Marianne rentrent dans le petit panier. +55-8,55,liv-la lor latab,liv-la\tlor\tlatab,book-the\ton\ttable,The book is on the table.,,,,,constructed by linguist,liv-la lor latab,,book-the on table,,Own knowledge,,675, +55-11,55,sa bug deryer twa pe atan pu revin daṅ so plas,sa\tbug\tderyer\ttwa\tpe\tatan\tpu\trevin\tdaṅ\tso\tplas,DEM\tguy\tbehind\t2SG\tPROG\twait\tfor\tcome.back\tLOC\tPOSS\tplace,This guy behind you is waiting to get back to his seat.,,"This example is adapted from Bollée 2004. It is one of very few examples where a following -la could not occur or would not be more usual. The use of sa without -la appears to have been more usual in the first half of the 19th century than +subsequently.",,,constructed by linguist,"sa bug deryer twa pe atan pu revin daṅ so plas",,DEM guy behind 2SG PROG wait for come.back LOC POSS place,"This example is adapted from Bollée 2004. It is one of very few examples where a following -la could not occur or would not be more usual. The use of sa without -la appears to have been more usual in the first half of the 19th century than +subsequently.",Own knowledge,,676, +55-100,55,fam la ti don larzaṅ la ar/ek/avek so garsoṅ,fam\tla\tti\tdon\tlarzaṅ\tla\tar/ek/avek\tso\tgarsoṅ,woman\tDEF\tPST\tgive\tmoney\tDEF\tto\ther\tboy,The woman gave the money to her son.,,,,,constructed by linguist,fam la ti don larzaṅ la ar/ek/avek so garsoṅ,,woman DEF PST give money DEF to her boy,,Own knowledge,,677, +56-18,56,I dans dan lamezon.,I\tdans\tdan\tlamezon.,PM\tdance\tin\thouse,[They] dance indoors.,,,955[182],,naturalistic spoken,"I dans dan lamezon.",,PM dance in house,,,,678, +57-4,57,nunde vote pu USTKE,nunde\tvote\tpu\tUSTKE,1DU.INCL\tvote\tPREP\tUSTKE,The two of us vote for the syndicate USTKE.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,nunde vote pu USTKE,,1DU.INCL vote PREP USTKE,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,679, +57-5,57,na ndipa ndesi latam,na\tndipa\tndesi\tlatam,EXIST\tbread\tLOC\ttable,There is some bread on the table.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,na ndipa ndesi latam,,EXIST bread LOC table,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,680, +58-20,58,Yandi pusa mono na kibaka.,Yandi\tpusa-Ø\tmono\tna\tkibaka.,he\tpush-NARR\tme\tCONN\twall,He pushed me against the wall.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi pusa mono na kibaka.,Yandi pusa-Ø mono na kibaka.,he push-NARR me CONN wall,,Own knowledge,,681, +59-16,59,lo ke zo ti tengo zo,lo\tke\tzo\tti\tte-ngo\tzo,3SG\tCOP\tperson\tof\teat-NMLZ\tperson,He's a cannibal.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lo ke zo ti tengo zo,lo ke zo ti te-ngo zo,3SG COP person of eat-NMLZ person,,Samarin corpus 1994,,682, +59-17,59,lo gwe lo si na yanga (ti) da ka,lo\tgwe\tlo\tsi\tna\tyanga\t(ti)\tda\tka,3SG\tgo\t3SG\tarrive\tPREP\tmouth\t(of)\thouse\tthere,She went and arrived at the house there. OR: She went to the house there. OR: She arrived at the house over there.,,"Although this is an example of a serial construction, the verb gwe might in this sentence be a feature of discourse meaning something like 'and then'.",,,naturalistic spoken,lo gwe lo si na yanga (ti) da ka,,3SG go 3SG arrive PREP mouth (of) house there,"Although this is an example of a serial construction, the verb gwe might in this sentence be a feature of discourse meaning something like 'and then'.",Samarin corpus 1994,,683, +60-4,60,abótámí na Kinshása,a-bót-ám-í\tna\tKinshása,3SG-bear-PASS-PRS.PRF\tin\tKinshasa,He was born in Kinshasa.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,abótámí na Kinshása,a-bót-ám-í na Kinshása,3SG-bear-PASS-PRS.PRF in Kinshasa,,Own knowledge,,684, +61-4,61,hamba ga motokali,hamb-a\tga\tmotokali,go\tby\tcar,go by car,,,,,elicited from speaker,hamba ga motokali,hamb-a ga motokali,go by car,,Field notes Mesthrie,,685, +61-66,61,Khona lo gudla lapa lo tafula.,Khon-a\tlo\tgudla\tlapa\tlo\ttafula.,be.EXIST-V\tDEF.ART\tfood\tLOC\tDEF.ART\ttable,There is food on the table.,,"Khona is a verb; no ""there"" particle co-occurs with it.",,,elicited from speaker,Khona lo gudla lapa lo tafula.,Khon-a lo gudla lapa lo tafula.,be.EXIST-V DEF.ART food LOC DEF.ART table,"Khona is a verb; no ""there"" particle co-occurs with it.",Field notes Mesthrie,,686, +62-4,62,nidáháye na ndaté,ni-daha-íye\tna\tndate,1SG-walk-PRF\twith\tstick,I walked with a stick.,,,,,elicited from speaker,nidáháye na ndaté,ni-daha-íye na ndate,1SG-walk-PRF with stick,,Own field data 1993,,687, +63-4,63,fi Kisúmu fí Núbi,fi\tKisúmu\tfí\tNúbi,in\tKisumu\tEXIST\tNubi,There are Nubi living in Kisumu.,,,857[241],,naturalistic spoken,fi Kisúmu fí Núbi,,in Kisumu EXIST Nubi,,,,688, +63-5,63,mun gi-gén Mazéras,mun\tgi-gén\tMazéras,3PL\tTAM-stay\tMazeras,They live in Mazeras.,,,857[241],,naturalistic spoken,mun gi-gén Mazéras,,3PL TAM-stay Mazeras,,,,689, +64-7,64,fi sána alfén,fi\tsána\talfén,in\tyear\ttwo.thousand,in the year two thousand,,,874[123],,naturalistic spoken,fi sána alfén,,in year two.thousand,,,,690, +64-8,64,ána ja min júba,ána\tja\tmin\tjúba,1SG\tcome\tfrom\tJuba,I came from Juba.,,,874[123],,naturalistic spoken,ána ja min júba,,1SG come from Juba,,,,691, +65-13,65,"Potom iwo lotka xadi, ja kampaniə hadi.","Potom\tiwo\tlotka\txadi,\tja\tkampaniə\thadi.",then\t3SG\tboat\tgo\t1SG\tcompany\tgo,"Then he went from a boat, he went with me.",,"Kampaniə is often used as a postposition, which supposedly is a contamination of the Russian word компания 'company' and the Chinese ганьбáнди (Shprintsyn 1968). +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).",1195[235],,naturalistic spoken,"Potom iwo lotka xadi, ja kampaniə hadi.",,then 3SG boat go 1SG company go,"Kampaniə is often used as a postposition, which supposedly is a contamination of the Russian word компания 'company' and the Chinese ганьбáнди (Shprintsyn 1968). +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).",,"Потом его лодка ходи, я компания ходи.",692, +66-7,66,"Asraf iipar, (lorang) nyari laut na e-pi (aða) sin?","Asraf-iipar,\tlorang\tnyari\tlaut\tna\te-pi\tada\tsin?",Asraf-VOC\t2SG.HON\ttoday\tsea\tPOSTP\tASP-go\tAUX\tQ,"Cousin Asraf, have you gone to sea today?",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Asraf iipar, (lorang) nyari laut na e-pi (aða) sin?","Asraf-iipar, lorang nyari laut na e-pi ada sin?",Asraf-VOC 2SG.HON today sea POSTP ASP-go AUX Q,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,693, +67-9,67,"Di sini Singapore, juga.","Di\tsini\tSingapore,\tjuga.",in\there\tSingapore\talso,[It is] also here in Singapore.,,,708[84],,naturalistic spoken,"Di sini Singapore, juga.",,in here Singapore also,,,,694, +67-10,67,Saya beranak Singapore.,Saya\tberanak\tSingapore.,1SG\tbe.born\tSingapore,I was born [in] Singapore.,,,708[84],,naturalistic spoken,Saya beranak Singapore.,,1SG be.born Singapore,,,,695, +67-11,67,Sekarang pindah Bukit Panjang.,Sekarang\tpindah\tBukit\tPanjang.,now\tmove\tBukit\tPanjang,"Now, [we] have moved [to] Bukit Panjang.",,,708[84],,naturalistic spoken,Sekarang pindah Bukit Panjang.,,now move Bukit Panjang,,,,696, +67-171,67,Lagi maybe lu minya anak prempuan datang dari sekola dan minum.,Lagi\tmaybe\tlu\tminya\tanak\tprempuan\tdatang\tdari\tsekola\tdan\tminum.,moreover\tmaybe\t2SG\tPOSS\tchild\tfemale\tcome\tfrom\tschool\tand\tdrink,"Moreover, your daughter probably came back from school and drank.",,,708[459],,naturalistic spoken,Lagi maybe lu minya anak prempuan datang dari sekola dan minum.,,moreover maybe 2SG POSS child female come from school and drink,,,,697, +68-5,68,ka dal aer masing,ka\tdal\taer\tmasing,to\tin\twater\tsalty,into the salt water,,,1178[400],,naturalistic spoken,ka dal aer masing,,to in water salty,,,,698, +69-6,69,kumbut kandək,kumbut\tkandək,village\tLOC,to/in/at the village,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kumbut kandək,,village LOC,,Own field notes 1985,,699, +69-53,69,waɲəŋ kandək apandan anak,waɲəŋ\tkandək\tapanda-n\tanak,arrow\twith\tshoot-FUT\tAUX,(We'll) shoot him with an arrow.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"waɲəŋ kandək apandan anak",waɲəŋ kandək apanda-n anak,arrow with shoot-FUT AUX,,Own field notes 1985,,700, +69-59,69,pucəm kandək tandaukənan,pucəm\tkandək\ttandaukə-nan,jungle\tOBL\tsit/stay-NONFUT,(We) were in the forest.,,"From the cross-linguistic perspective, stance verbs count as copulas.",,,naturalistic spoken,pucəm kandək tandaukənan,pucəm kandək tandaukə-nan,jungle OBL sit/stay-NONFUT,"From the cross-linguistic perspective, stance verbs count as copulas.",Own field notes 1985,,701, +70-4,70,Tum sako jao jangal akele suto.,Tum\tsako\tjao\tjangal\takele\tsuto.,2SG\tcan\tgo\tbush\talone\tsleep,You can go in the bush and sleep alone.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tum sako jao jangal akele suto.,,2SG can go bush alone sleep,,Siegel-field recording,,702, +70-5,70,Jangal me baito baut maja.,Jangal\tme\tbaito\tbaut\tmaja.,bush\tin\tCOP\tmuch\tfun,Staying in the bush is lots of fun.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jangal me baito baut maja.",,bush in COP much fun,,Siegel-field recording,,703, +71-8,71,Aole dala ulaula maloko ka hale maluna kela papa.,Aole\tdala\tulaula\tmaloko\tka\thale\tmaluna\tkela\tpapa.,NEG\tmoney\tgold\tin\tDET\thouse\ton\tDET\ttable,There weren't any gold coins in the house on the table.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Aole dala ulaula maloko ka hale maluna kela papa.",,NEG money gold in DET house on DET table,,Own data 1892,,704, +72-7,72,Jirribala karu dei gu warlakap bo jurlakawu.,Jirri-bala\tkaru\tdei\tgu\twarlakap\tbo\tjurlaka-wu.,three-NUM\tchild\t3PL.SBJ\tgo\tlook.around\tDAT\tbird-DAT,"Three kids, they go looking around for birds.",,,920[376],,narrative,"Jirribala karu dei gu warlakap bo jurlakawu.",Jirri-bala karu dei gu warlakap bo jurlaka-wu.,three-NUM child 3PL.SBJ go look.around DAT bird-DAT,,,,705, +72-8,72,Jintaku warlakungku i bin baitim im marluka la legta.,Jintaku\twarlaku-ngku\ti\tbin\tbait-im\tim\tmarluka\tla\tleg-ta.,one\tdog-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tbite-TR\t3SG.OBJ\told.man\tLOC\tleg-LOC,One dog bit the old man on the leg.,,,920[380],,peer elicitation,Jintaku warlakungku i bin baitim im marluka la legta.,Jintaku warlaku-ngku i bin bait-im im marluka la leg-ta.,one dog-ERG 3SG.SBJ PST bite-TR 3SG.OBJ old.man LOC leg-LOC,,,,706, +73-6,73,miza despwesito,miza\tdespwesito,mass\tafter,after Mass,,,,,naturalistic spoken,miza despwesito,,mass after,,Field notes,,707, +73-7,73,entre kwatroguna inchi,entre\tkwatro-guna\ti-nchi,among\tfour-PL\tgo-1PL,We go among the four of us.,,,1033[63],,naturalistic spoken,entre kwatroguna inchi,entre kwatro-guna i-nchi,among four-PL go-1PL,,,,708, +74-9,74,man yáka tlátwa kápa stik,man\tyáka\ttlátwa\tkápa\tstik,man\t3SG\tgo\tPREP\tstick,The man walks with a stick.,,,,,constructed by linguist,man yáka tlátwa kápa stik,,man 3SG go PREP stick,,Own knowledge,,709, +74-10,74,kápa yáka ílihi,kápa\tyáka\tílihi,PREP\t3SG\tearth,on his land,,,154[213],,narrative,kápa yáka ílihi,,PREP 3SG earth,,,,710, +75-19,75,dans le fridzh uhchi,dans\tle\tfridzh\tuhchi,LOC\tDEF.ART.M\tfridge\tfrom,out of the fridge,,,92[110],,elicited from speaker,dans le fridzh uhchi,,LOC DEF.ART.M fridge from,,,,711, +75-20,75,Li moond dan lii shezh apiwak.,Li\tmoond\tdan\tlii\tshezh\tapi-wak.,DEF.ART.M\tworld/people\tLOC\tART.PL\tchair\tsit-3PL,People sit on chairs.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Li moond dan lii shezh apiwak.,Li moond dan lii shezh api-wak.,DEF.ART.M world/people LOC ART.PL chair sit-3PL,,,,712, +75-21,75,Li maanzhii diseu la tab ashteew.,Li\tmaanzhii\tdiseu\tla\ttab\tashtee-w.,DEF.ART.M\tfood\ton\tDEF.ART.M\ttable\tbe.located-3SG,There is food on the table.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Li maanzhii diseu la tab ashteew.,Li maanzhii diseu la tab ashtee-w.,DEF.ART.M food on DEF.ART.M table be.located-3SG,,,,713, +75-22,75,Ma meer kiipeeashekiiweew Edmonton uhchi iyeer.,Ma\tmeer\tkii-pee-ashe-kiiwee-w\tEdmonton\tuhchi\tiyeer.,1SG.POSS.F\tmother\tPST-hither-back-go.home-3SG\tEdmonton\tfrom\tyesterday,My mother came back from Edmonton yesterday.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Ma meer kiipeeashekiiweew Edmonton uhchi iyeer.,Ma meer kii-pee-ashe-kiiwee-w Edmonton uhchi iyeer.,1SG.POSS.F mother PST-hither-back-go.home-3SG Edmonton from yesterday,,,,714, +76-12,76,kamotik kolane innītin,kamotik\tkolane\tinnītin,sled\tabove\tsit,Sit on top of the sled.,,The word order Noun-Locative in this example corresponds to the word order in Eskimo proper.,1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,kamotik kolane innītin,,sled above sit,The word order Noun-Locative in this example corresponds to the word order in Eskimo proper.,,,715, +76-13,76,iluane kammik,iluane\tkammik,in\tboots,socks OR: inside boots,,The word order Locative-Noun was attested only once. It does not correspond to the word order in Eskimo proper.,1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,iluane kammik,,in boots,The word order Locative-Noun was attested only once. It does not correspond to the word order in Eskimo proper.,,,716, +1-20,1,Da boote de go na diesi netti.,Da\tboto\tde\tgo\tna\tdisi\tneti.,DET.SG\tboat\tINGR\tgo\ton\tthis\tnight,The boat is going this night.,,"When disi 'this, these' precedes the noun, there is no article (note that na is a preposition; in 18th-century Sranan, the article is always da, not na as in later stages of the language).",1527[91],,written,Da boote de go na diesi netti.,Da boto de go na disi neti.,DET.SG boat INGR go on this night,"When disi 'this, these' precedes the noun, there is no article (note that na is a preposition; in 18th-century Sranan, the article is always da, not na as in later stages of the language).",,,717,Dutch: De Boot gaat van deeze Nagt. [op.cit.] +1-21,1,"Tee mie werie foe da Pliesierie datie, dan mie dee go baka na hoso.","Te\tmi\twêri\tfu\tda\tprisiri\tdati,\tdan\tmi\tde\tgo\tbaka\tna\toso.",when\t1SG\tweary\tof\tDET.SG\tpleasure\tthat\tthen\t1SG\tHAB\tgo\tback\tat\thouse,"When I’d got tired of that pleasure, then I’d (usually) return to the house.",,"This is the only 18th-century occurrence of adnominal dati 'that, those', from a late 18th-century source; this use of dati increases in frequency from then onwards. Adnominal dati follows the noun which is at the same time preceded by an article, here singular da.",1576[140],,written,"Tee mie werie foe da Pliesierie datie, dan mie dee go baka na hoso.","Te mi wêri fu da prisiri dati, dan mi de go baka na oso.",when 1SG weary of DET.SG pleasure that then 1SG HAB go back at house,"This is the only 18th-century occurrence of adnominal dati 'that, those', from a late 18th-century source; this use of dati increases in frequency from then onwards. Adnominal dati follows the noun which is at the same time preceded by an article, here singular da.",,,718,"Dutch: Vermoeid van dat vermaak, ging ik dan weer na huis [op.cit.]" +1-22,1,wan vo dem pikin dissi,wan\tfu\tden\tpikin\tdisi,one\tof\tDET.PL\tchild\tthis,one of these children,,"When disi follows the noun, it always coocurs with a definite article before the noun, in this case plural dem.",1355[158],,written,wan vo dem pikin dissi,wan fu den pikin disi,one of DET.PL child this,"When disi follows the noun, it always coocurs with a definite article before the noun, in this case plural dem.",,,719, +1-23,1,"Da stoeloe sa hey toemoesie sontem foe joe, Diesja sa moro betree.","Da\tsturu\tsa\thei\ttumusi\tsonten\tfu\tyu,\tdisi-dya\tsa\tmoro\tbetre.",DET.SG\tchair\tFUT\thigh\ttoo.much\tperhaps\tfor\t2SG\tthis-here\tFUT\tmore\tbetter,"That chair may be too high for you, this one here will be better.",,"Here the determiner da (SG) is a non-proximate demonstrative, contrasting with proximate diesja 'this one (here)'. Whether functioning as an article or as an adnominal demonstrative, da always precedes the noun.",1576[122],,written,"Da stoeloe sa hey toemoesie sontem foe joe, Diesja sa moro betree.","Da sturu sa hei tumusi sonten fu yu, disi-dya sa moro betre.",DET.SG chair FUT high too.much perhaps for 2SG this-here FUT more better,"Here the determiner da (SG) is a non-proximate demonstrative, contrasting with proximate diesja 'this one (here)'. Whether functioning as an article or as an adnominal demonstrative, da always precedes the noun.",,,720,Dutch: Die stoel […]. Deeze […]. [op.cit.] +1-24,1,[...] tra dirkture [... ] Takki mi hoe fa den dirkture de doe fo holli pranasie krien alle tem.,[...]\ttra\tdriktoro\t[...]\tTaki\tmi\to\tfa\tden\tdriktoro\tde\tdu\tfu\thori\tpranasi\tkrin\tala\tten.,[...]\tother\tmanager\t[...]\ttell\t1SG\tQ\tmanner\tDET.PL\tmanager\tHAB\tdo\tfor\thold\tplantation\tclean\tall\ttime,[...] other managers [...] Tell me how those managers manage to keep their plantations clean all the time.,,"Here the determiner den (PL) is a demonstrative. Whether functioning as an article or as an adnominal demonstrative, den always precedes the noun.",1527[87],,written,[...] tra dirkture [... ] Takki mi hoe fa den dirkture de doe fo holli pranasie krien alle tem.,[...] tra driktoro [...] Taki mi o fa den driktoro de du fu hori pranasi krin ala ten.,[...] other manager [...] tell 1SG Q manner DET.PL manager HAB do for hold plantation clean all time,"Here the determiner den (PL) is a demonstrative. Whether functioning as an article or as an adnominal demonstrative, den always precedes the noun.",,,721,Dutch: Ik zie hoe de andere Directeurs Leeven met het Plantagie-Werk en de Plantagies zyn altyd schoon en zy Werken niet half zoo veel als wy. [op.cit.] +2-17,2,dis’ wiki,dis’\twiki,this\tweek,this week,,,1585[19],,naturalistic spoken,"dis’ wiki",,this week,,,,722, +2-18,2,a sani dati,a\tsani\tdati,DET\tthing\tDEM,that thing,,,1585[19],,naturalistic spoken,"a sani dati",,DET thing DEM,,,,723, +2-19,2,den sani disi,den\tsani\tdisi,the.PL\tthing\tDEM,these things,,,1585[19],,naturalistic spoken,"den sani disi",,the.PL thing DEM,,,,724, +3-7,3,di wɔmi aki,di\twɔmi\taki,DEF.SG\tman\there,this man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,di wɔmi aki,,DEF.SG man here,,Fieldwork data,,725, +3-8,3,di wɔmi dɛ,di\twɔmi\tdɛ,DEF.SG\tman\tDEM,that man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,di wɔmi dɛ,,DEF.SG man DEM,,Fieldwork data,,726, +3-9,3,di wɔmi na-a-dɛ,di\twɔmi\tna-a-dɛ,DEF.SG\tman\tLOC-3SG-there,the man over there,,,,,naturalistic spoken,di wɔmi na-a-dɛ,,DEF.SG man LOC-3SG-there,,Fieldwork data,,727, +3-10,3,di wɔmi ala,di\twɔmi\tala,DEF.SG\tman\tthere,the man over yonder,,,,,naturalistic spoken,di wɔmi ala,,DEF.SG man there,,Fieldwork data,,728, +4-6,4,a pikin ya/de/anda,a\tpikin\tya/de/anda,DET.SG\tchild\there/there/over.there,this/that child,,,568[67],,elicited from speaker,a pikin ya/de/anda,,DET.SG child here/there/over.there,,,,729, +5-7,5,dis leedi,dis\tleedi,PROX.DEM\tlady,this lady,,,1281[130 (line 228)],,naturalistic spoken,"dis leedi",,PROX.DEM lady,,,,730, +5-8,5,diiz piipl dem,diiz\tpiipl\tdem,DEM\tpeople\tPL,these people,,,1281[241 (line 1226)],,naturalistic spoken,"diiz piipl dem",,DEM people PL,,,,731, +5-9,5,dem ekspreshn de,dem\tekspreshn\tde,DEM.PL.ADJ.DIST\tbad.word\tDEM.ADV.DIST,Those bad words.,,,1281[180 (line 737)],,naturalistic spoken,dem ekspreshn de,,DEM.PL.ADJ.DIST bad.word DEM.ADV.DIST,,,,732, +5-10,5,dem tingz o,dem\ttingz\to,DEM.PL.DIST\tthings\tDEM.SG.DIST,those things,,,"1281[178, line 701]",,naturalistic spoken,dem tingz o,,DEM.PL.DIST things DEM.SG.DIST,,,,733, +5-11,5,dem ting ya,dem\tting\tya,DEM.PL.DIST\tthing\tDEM.ADV.PROX,These things (here).,,,1281[175],,constructed by linguist,dem ting ya,,DEM.PL.DIST thing DEM.ADV.PROX,,,,734, +6-5,6,"dis book, dat book, dem book","dis\tbook,\tdat\tbook,\tdem\tbook",DEM.SG.PROX\tbook\tDEM.SG.DIST\tbook\tDEM.DIST.PL\tbook,"this book, that book, those books",,"""A few older speakers who also speak French Creole have only 'that' for the singular - i.e. they have no distinction between proximate and remote demonstratives."" (Solomon 1993: 49)",1431,,naturalistic written,"dis book, dat book, dem book",,DEM.SG.PROX book DEM.SG.DIST book DEM.DIST.PL book,"""A few older speakers who also speak French Creole have only 'that' for the singular - i.e. they have no distinction between proximate and remote demonstratives."" (Solomon 1993: 49)",,,735, +7-7,7,dis bok,dis\tbok,DEM\tbook,this/that book,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dis bok,,DEM book,,Own knowledge,,736, +7-8,7,dem tu man,dem\ttu\tman,DEM\ttwo\tman,these/those two men,,,1244[176],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dem tu man,,DEM two man,,,,737, +7-9,7,I ha dis man bin a wuhk lan fo J.,I\tha\tdis\tman\tbin\ta\twuhk\tlan\tfo\tJ.,3SG\thave\tDEM\tman\tPST\tPROG\twork\tland\tfor\tJ.,There was a man who used to work the land for J.,,Bin (past tense marker) is separated from the verb by the progressive aspect marker.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I ha dis man bin a wuhk lan fo J.,,3SG have DEM man PST PROG work land for J.,"Bin (past tense marker) is separated from the verb by the progressive aspect marker.",Own knowledge,,738, +8-5,8,Dis uman waahn wahn kyaar fi bai.,Dis\tuman\twaahn\twahn\tkyaar\tfi\tbai.,DEM\twoman\twant\tINDF\tcar\tINF\tbuy,This woman wants a car to buy.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Dis uman waahn wahn kyaar fi bai.",,DEM woman want INDF car INF buy,,Own knowledge,,739, +9-11,9,Da bich dɛ bad da bway.,Da\tbich\tdɛ\tbad\tda\tbway.,that\tbitch\tthere\tbad\tthat\tboy,"That guy is very good. OR: That son of a bitch, he is good, that boy really is (emphatic sentence).",,These are two examples of demonstratives: Da (bich) de is circumposed (based on the English demonstrative that combined with the postposed spatial adverb there); da bway illustrates simple preposing of the demonstrative that.,439[237],,naturalistic spoken,Da bich dɛ bad da bway.,,that bitch there bad that boy,"These are two examples of demonstratives: Da (bich) de is circumposed (based on the English demonstrative that combined with the postposed spatial adverb there); da bway illustrates simple preposing of the demonstrative that.",,,740, +9-12,9,Dey luk fu dem kwaat badl.,Dey\tluk\tfu\tdem\tkwaat\tbadl.,they\tlook\tfor\tthem\tquart\tbottle,They look for those quart bottles.,,The preposed demonstrative (based on personal PL pronoun) implies shared knowledge.,432[36],,naturalistic spoken,Dey luk fu dem kwaat badl.,,they look for them quart bottle,The preposed demonstrative (based on personal PL pronoun) implies shared knowledge.,,,741, +9-13,9,sam a dem bway,sam\ta\tdem\tbway,some\tof\tthem\tboy,some of these boys,,,432[36],,naturalistic spoken,sam a dem bway,,some of them boy,,,,742, +9-14,9,mos a di ki dem,mos\ta\tdi\tki\tdem,most\tof\tthe\tcaye\tthose,most of those cayes,,,432[36],,naturalistic spoken,mos a di ki dem,,most of the caye those,,,,743, +10-5,10,iina disya haad taim,iina\tdis-ya\thaad\ttaim,in\tDEM-EMPH\thard\ttime,in these hard times,,,113[60],,naturalistic spoken,iina disya haad taim,iina dis-ya haad taim,in DEM-EMPH hard time,,,,744, +10-6,10,Aal dem pail a gool de andaniit di sii de!,Aal\tdem\tpail\ta\tgool\tde\tandaniit\tdi\tsii\tde!,all\tDEM.PL\tpile\tof\tgold\tCOP.LOC\tunderneath\tART.DEF\tsea\tDEM.LOC,[Just think about] All those heaps of gold at the sea bottom!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Aal dem pail a gool de andaniit di sii de!",,all DEM.PL pile of gold COP.LOC underneath ART.DEF sea DEM.LOC,,Unpublished field recordings,,745, +11-9,11,Dem poliis shud gat moo atenshon fa di komyuniti.,Dem\tpoliis\tshud\tgat\tmoo\tatenshon\tfa\tdi\tkomyuniti.,DEM\tpolice\tshould\tget\tmore\tattention\tfor\tART.DEF\tcommunity,These policemen should pay more attention to the community.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Dem poliis shud gat moo atenshon fa di komyuniti.",,DEM police should get more attention for ART.DEF community,,,,746, +12-7,12,"They coming through this window here, you know, let me close.",They\tcoming\tthrough\tthis\twindow\there\t[...].,they\tcome.PROG\tthrough\tDEM\twindow\there\t[...],They (i.e. the mosquitoes) are coming [in] through this window here [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"They coming through this window here, you know, let me close.","They coming through this window here [...].",they come.PROG through DEM window here [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,747, +13-6,13,dis side,dis\tside,DEM\tside,this side,,,1500[272],,naturalistic spoken,"dis side",,DEM side,,,,748, +13-7,13,dat side,dat\tside,DEM\tside,that side,,,1500[272],,naturalistic spoken,"dat side",,DEM side,,,,749, +15-5,15,Da pus dɔn kil da arata.,Da\tpus\tdɔn\tkil\tda\tarata.,DEM\tcat\tPFV\tkill\tDEM\tmouse,The/That cat has killed the/that mouse.,,,686[80],,naturalistic written,Da pus dɔn kil da arata.,,DEM cat PFV kill DEM mouse,,,,750, +15-6,15,da man de dɔn dai,da\tman\tde\tdɔn\tdai,DEM\tman\tthere\tPFV\tdead,That particular man is dead.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,da man de dɔn dai,,DEM man there PFV dead,,Own knowledge,,751, +16-8,16,dis mã ì bì tifmã,dis\tmã\tì\tbì\ttifmã,DEM.PROX\tman\t3SG\tbe\tthief,This man is a thief.,,,656[194],,naturalistic spoken,dis mã ì bì tifmã,,DEM.PROX man 3SG be thief,,,,752, +16-9,16,dat tɔl masalaʤi,dat\ttɔl\tmasalaʤi,DEM.DIST\ttall\tmosque,that tall mosque,,,656[194],,naturalistic spoken,dat tɔl masalaʤi,,DEM.DIST tall mosque,,,,753, +16-10,16,dos pipu,dos\tpipu,DEM.DIST\tpeople,those people,,"Acrolectal GhaPE has a distal plural demonstrative dos ~ doz (< those), varying with dis. Whether or not there is also a proximal plural demonstrative is hard to say, since vowel length neutralization and final devoicing result in a loss of contrast between this and these in most of the cases, both being realized as dis.",656[194],,naturalistic spoken,dos pipu,,DEM.DIST people,"Acrolectal GhaPE has a distal plural demonstrative dos ~ doz (< those), varying with dis. Whether or not there is also a proximal plural demonstrative is hard to say, since vowel length neutralization and final devoicing result in a loss of contrast between this and these in most of the cases, both being realized as dis.",,,754, +17-6,17,dat pìkín,dat\tpìkín,DEM.DIST\tchild,that child,,,462[70],,naturalistic spoken,dat pìkín,,DEM.DIST child,,,,755, +18-8,18,dis rod,dis\trod,DEM\troad,this road,,,125[13],,unspecified,dis rod,,DEM road,,,,756, +18-9,18,dat man,dat\tman,DEM\tman,that man,,,125[12],,unspecified,dat man,,DEM man,,,,757, +19-9,19,"Di man gɛt liba, ɛn.","Di\tman\tgɛt\tliba,\tɛn.",this\tman\tget\tliver\tINTERJ,"This man has guts, you know.",,,1634[317],,naturalistic spoken,"Di man gɛt liba, ɛn.",,this man get liver INTERJ,,,,758, +19-10,19,À fit hol dan mɔ̀ní durante un mes entero.,À\tfit\thol\tdan\tmɔ̀ní\tdurante\tun\tmes\tentero.,1SG.SBJ\tbe.able\thold\tthat\tmoney\tduring\tDEF\tmonth\twhole,I’m able to keep that money for a whole month.,,,1634[318],,naturalistic spoken,"À fit hol dan mɔ̀ní durante un mes entero.",,1SG.SBJ be.able hold that money during DEF month whole,,,,759, +20-9,20,Killum thisee piecee capon.,Killum\tthisee\tpiecee\tcapon.,kill\tDEM\tCLF\tcapon,Kill this capon.,,,1489[VI.44],,naturalistic written,"Killum thisee piecee capon.",,kill DEM CLF capon,,,基林利士卑士雞品,760, +21-9,21,He is working in that company.,He\tis\twork-ing\tin\tthat\tcompany.,3SG\tto.be\twork-PROG\tin\tthat\tcompany,He works for that company.,,,,,elicited from speaker,He is working in that company.,He is work-ing in that company.,3SG to.be work-PROG in that company,,Own knowledge,,761, +22-15,22,Pikinini ia i bikpela liklik nau.,Pikinini\tia\ti\tbik-pela\tliklik\tnau.,child\tFOC\tPM\tbig-MOD\tsmall\tnow,The child was quite big now.,,,584[WNB M12],,naturalistic spoken,Pikinini ia i bikpela liklik nau.,Pikinini ia i bik-pela liklik nau.,child FOC PM big-MOD small now,,,,762, +22-16,22,Em i lukim wanpla lapun man em stap tasol na lo arere lo faia [...] na lapun man ia kirap na tok [...].,Em\ti\tlukim\twanpla\tlapun\tman\tem\tstap\ttasol\tna\tlo\tarere\tlo\tfaia\t[...]\tna\tlapun\tman\tia\tkirap\tna\ttok\t[...].,3SG\tPM\tsee\tone\told\tman\t3SG\tstay\tonly\tand\tPREP\tbeside\tPREP\tfire\t[...]\tand\told\tman\tFOC\tstart\tand\ttalk\t[...],He saw an old man alone beside the fire [...] and the old man (already mentioned) said [...].,,,1425[154],,naturalistic spoken,Em i lukim wanpla lapun man em stap tasol na lo arere lo faia [...] na lapun man ia kirap na tok [...].,,3SG PM see one old man 3SG stay only and PREP beside PREP fire [...] and old man FOC start and talk [...],,,,763, +22-17,22,Displa stori em kam long ples blo mama blo mi.,Displa\tstori\tem\tkam\tlong\tples\tblo\tmama\tblo\tmi.,this\tstory\t3SG\tcome\tfrom\tvillage\tPOSS\tmother\tPOSS\t1SG,This story comes from my mother's village.,,,1425[217],,naturalistic spoken,Displa stori em kam long ples blo mama blo mi.,,this story 3SG come from village POSS mother POSS 1SG,,,,764, +23-9,23,"lukaot, yu kafsaed wetem jea ia nao","lukaot,\tyu\tkafsaed\twetem\tjea\tia\tnao",look.out\t2SG\tcapsize\twith\tchair\tDEF\tnow,"Watch out, you're going to tip over the chair.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"lukaot, yu kafsaed wetem jea ia nao",,look.out 2SG capsize with chair DEF now,,,,765, +24-12,24,Hettae dar poem I promise fe write.,Hettae\tdar\tpoem\tI\tpromise\tfe\twrite.,voila\tthat\tpoem\t1SG.SBJ\tpromise\tCOMP\twrite,Here's that poem I promised to write.,,,,,naturalistic written,Hettae dar poem I promise fe write.,,voila that poem 1SG.SBJ promise COMP write,,Own fieldwork,,766, +24-13,24,Ieh keht moelten.,Ieh\tkeht\tmoelten.,this\tcat\tshed.CONT,This cat is shedding.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ieh keht moelten.,,this cat shed.CONT,,Own fieldwork,,767, +25-32,25,"Nunggubuyu-bala, dis blakbala im wokwok.","Nunggubuyu-bala,\tdis\tblakbala\tim\twok~wok.",Nunggubuyu-ADJ\tPROX\tAboriginal.person\t3SG\tRED.walk,"This Nunggubuyu person, this Aboriginal person he walks.",,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the order of adnominal demonstrative and noun.,1055[2],,naturalistic spoken,"Nunggubuyu-bala, dis blakbala im wokwok.","Nunggubuyu-bala, dis blakbala im wok~wok.",Nunggubuyu-ADJ PROX Aboriginal.person 3SG RED.walk,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the order of adnominal demonstrative and noun.,,,768, +25-33,25,Wat dijan mangarra?,Wat\tdijan\tmangarra?,what\tPROX:ADJ\tplant.food,What’s this food (called)?,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a verbless clause and the adnominal use of the pronominal (""long"") demonstrative. Mangarra is a Jaminjung word.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wat dijan mangarra?",,what PROX:ADJ plant.food,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a verbless clause and the adnominal use of the pronominal (""long"") demonstrative. Mangarra is a Jaminjung word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,769, +25-34,25,"Juwud [...] mibala kolim mangarra dijan, juwud.","Juwud\t[...]\tmibala\tkol-im\tmangarra\tdijan,\tjuwud.",eye/seed\t[...]\t1PL.EXCL\tcall-TR\tplant_food\tPROX:ADJ\teye/seed,"""Seed“ [...] we call this edible plant (part), ""seed“.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the pronominal (""long"") demonstrative in adnominal use, following the noun. Juwud and mangarra are Jaminjung words.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Juwud [...] mibala kolim mangarra dijan, juwud.","Juwud [...] mibala kol-im mangarra dijan, juwud.",eye/seed [...] 1PL.EXCL call-TR plant_food PROX:ADJ eye/seed,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the pronominal (""long"") demonstrative in adnominal use, following the noun. Juwud and mangarra are Jaminjung words.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,770, +25-35,25,Thet kenggaru bin toktok.,Thet\tkenggaru\tbin\ttok~tok.,DEM\tkangaroo\tPST\tRED.talk,The kangaroo was talking.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the definite article thet/jet and the function of reduplication with verbs.",,,naturalistic spoken,Thet kenggaru bin toktok.,Thet kenggaru bin tok~tok.,DEM kangaroo PST RED.talk,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the definite article thet/jet and the function of reduplication with verbs.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,771, +25-36,25,Mi bin groap dij kantri.,Mi\tbin\tgroap\tdij\tkantri.,1SG\tPST\tgrow.up\tPROX\tcountry,I grew up in this country.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the adnominal use of the proximal demonstrative.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi bin groap dij kantri.",,1SG PST grow.up PROX country,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the adnominal use of the proximal demonstrative.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,772, +25-37,25,Buji ai ani girrim dijan eig.,Buji\tai\tani\tgirr-im\tdijan\teig.,COND\t1SG\tonly\tget-TR\tPROX:ADJ\tegg,If I only take this egg [...],,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the adnominal use of the proximal demonstrative and a conditional clause introduced by buji.,1332[65],,naturalistic spoken,"Buji ai ani girrim dijan eig.",Buji ai ani girr-im dijan eig.,COND 1SG only get-TR PROX:ADJ egg,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the adnominal use of the proximal demonstrative and a conditional clause introduced by buji.",,,773, +25-38,25,Imin luk dis lilwan einjul bin wok from Maternity Ward raitap la Ward Thrri.,Im=in\tluk\tdis\tlil-wan\teinjul\tbin\twok\tfrom\tMaternity\tWard\traitap\tla\tWard\tThrri.,3SG=PST\tlook\tPROX\tlittle-ADJ\tangel\tPST\twalk\tfrom\tMaternity\tWard\tright.up\tLOC\tWard\tThree.,She saw this little angel walk from the Maternity Ward right up to Ward Three.,,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates source and goal in a motion expression, word order in the noun phrase, and the complement of a perception verb.",40,,naturalistic spoken,"Imin luk dis lilwan einjul bin wok from Maternity Ward raitap la Ward Thrri.",Im=in luk dis lil-wan einjul bin wok from Maternity Ward raitap la Ward Thrri.,3SG=PST look PROX little-ADJ angel PST walk from Maternity Ward right.up LOC Ward Three.,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates source and goal in a motion expression, word order in the noun phrase, and the complement of a perception verb.",,,774, +27-6,27,"Ju lō hi a di shi, mi sa lō a di andə shi.","Ju\tlō\thi\ta\tdi\tshi,\tmi\tsa\tlō\ta\tdi\tandə\tshi.",2SG\tgo\there\tLOC\tDET\tside\t1SG\twill\tgo\tLOC\tDET\tother\tside,"You will go to this side (take this path), and I will go to the other side (take the other path).",,,355[19],,naturalistic spoken,"Ju lō hi a di shi, mi sa lō a di andə shi.",,2SG go here LOC DET side 1SG will go LOC DET other side,,,,775, +27-7,27,So fan di dag dā də pushi a lō astə də roto en de hon astə de pushi.,So\tfan\tdi\tdag\tdā\tdə\tpushi\ta\tlō\tastə\tdə\troto\ten\tde\thon\tastə\tde\tpushi.,so\tfrom\tDET\tday\tthere\tART.DEF\tcat\tPST\tgo\tafter\tART.DEF\trat\tand\tART.DEF\tdog\tafter\tART.DEF\tcat,So from that day on the cat goes after the rat and the dog after the cat.,,,355[32],,naturalistic spoken,"So fan di dag dā də pushi a lō astə də roto en de hon astə de pushi.",,so from DET day there ART.DEF cat PST go after ART.DEF rat and ART.DEF dog after ART.DEF cat,,,,776, +28-10,28,di tokap di,di\ttoko-apu\tdi,DEF\tchild-PL\tDEM,these children,,,737[156],,naturalistic spoken,"di tokap di",di toko-apu di,DEF child-PL DEM,,,,777, +28-11,28,di wari dida,di\twari\tdida,DEF\thouse\tDEM,that house,,,737[157],,naturalistic spoken,"di wari dida",di wari dida,DEF house DEM,,,,778, +29-10,29,Ek wil dié week met jou praat.,Ek\twil\tdié\tweek\tmet\tjou\tpraat.,1SG.NOM\twant\tPROX.DEM\tweek\twith\t2SG.OBL\ttalk,I want to talk to you this week.,,This is an emphatic form of the proximal demonstrative; the unmarked form is hierdie.,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek wil dié week met jou praat.,,1SG.NOM want PROX.DEM week with 2SG.OBL talk,"This is an emphatic form of the proximal demonstrative; the unmarked form is hierdie.",Own knowledge,,779, +29-11,29,Hy sal môre {hierdie/daardie} dorp besoek.,Hy\tsal\tmôre\t{hier-die/daar-die}\tdorp\tbesoek.,3SG.M.NOM\twill\ttomorrow\t{here-DEF.ART/there-DEF.ART}\ttown\tvisit,He will visit {this/that} town tomorrow.,,"Hierdie and daardie are the unmarked demonstratives in spoken and written Afrikaans. +A third locative-based demonstrative, doerdie ('yonder') , a borrowing from a non-standard dialect, is slowly making its way into spoken Standard Afrikaans.",,,naturalistic spoken,Hy sal môre {hierdie/daardie} dorp besoek.,Hy sal môre {hier-die/daar-die} dorp besoek.,3SG.M.NOM will tomorrow {here-DEF.ART/there-DEF.ART} town visit,"Hierdie and daardie are the unmarked demonstratives in spoken and written Afrikaans. +A third locative-based demonstrative, doerdie ('yonder') , a borrowing from a non-standard dialect, is slowly making its way into spoken Standard Afrikaans.",Own knowledge,,780, +30-11,30,kel kása (li); kel kása (la); es kása (li),kel\tkása\t(li);\tkel\tkása\t(la);\tes\tkása\t(li),this.SG\thouse\t(here)\tthis.SG\thouse\t(there)\tthis\thouse\t(here),this house (over here); that house (over there); this house (over here),,,786,,constructed by linguist,"kel kása (li); kel kása (la); es kása (li)",,this.SG house (here) this.SG house (there) this house (here),,,,781,German: dieses Haus (hier); dieses Haus (dort); dieses Haus (hier) +31-11,31,Dja kel vida-li e un bokadu duru.,Dja\tkel\tvida-li\te\tun\tbokadu\tduru.,then\tthis\tlife-here\tis\ta\tlittle\tdifficult,"Then again, this life is a little difficult.",,Kel [...] li and kel [...] la are proximity and distal demonstratives respectively that correspond to 'this' and 'that'. Note that -li and -la do not need to be necessarily expressed for a demonstrative reading to obtain (whether proximal or distal).,689,,naturalistic spoken,Dja kel vida-li e un bokadu duru.,,then this life-here is a little difficult,"Kel [...] li and kel [...] la are proximity and distal demonstratives respectively that correspond to 'this' and 'that'. Note that -li and -la do not need to be necessarily expressed for a demonstrative reading to obtain (whether proximal or distal).",,,782, +31-12,31,un merkanu ki ten kel loja grandi-la,un\tmerkanu\tki\tten\tkel\tloja\tgrandi-la,an\tAmerican\twho\thas\tDEM\tshop\tbig-there,an American that has that big shop,,Kel is the distal demonstrative.,690,,naturalistic spoken,"un merkanu ki ten kel loja grandi-la",,an American who has DEM shop big-there,"Kel is the distal demonstrative.",,,783, +32-7,32,Vint y tres d'es mes [...].,Vint\ty\ttres\tde\tes\tmes\t[...].,twenty\tand\tthree\tof\tDEM.SG\tmonth\t[...],On the twenty-third of this month [...].,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Vint y tres d'es mes [...].",Vint y tres de es mes [...].,twenty and three of DEM.SG month [...],,,,784,Portuguese: A vinte e três deste mês [...]. +32-156,32,Es istória [...] no dá-l foi na skóla.,Es\tistória\t[...]\tno\tdá-l\tfoi\tna\tskóla.,DEM.PL\tstory\t[...]\t1PL\tgive-3SG.RES\tCOP.PST\tin\tschool.,We have studied these stories in school.,,"Here, there is a zero relative marker, and the role of head is shown by the resumptive pronoun -l.",1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Es istória [...] no dá-l foi na skóla.",,DEM.PL story [...] 1PL give-3SG.RES COP.PST in school.,"Here, there is a zero relative marker, and the role of head is shown by the resumptive pronoun -l.",,,785,"Portuguese: Essas histórias, damo-las foi na escola." +33-6,33,e rapas,e\trapas,DEM\tboy,this boy,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,e rapas,,DEM boy,,Own knowledge,,786,Portuguese: este rapaz +33-7,33,kil rapas,kil\trapas,DEM\tboy,that boy,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,kil rapas,,DEM boy,,Own knowledge,,787,Portuguese: aquele rapaz +34-7,34,e kacor; kel kacor,e\tkacor;\tkel\tkacor,DEM\tdog\tDEM\tdog,this dog (present in the physical environment of the speaker and the hearer); that dog (anaphoric use only),,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"e kacor; kel kacor",,DEM dog DEM dog,,Own knowledge,,788, +34-8,34,e kacor-li; e/ke(l) kacor-la,e\tkacor-li;\te/ke(l)\tkacor-la,DEM\tdog-here\tDEM\tdog-there,this dog; that dog,,All three forms refer to an object which is found/visible within the physical environment shared by the speaker and the hearer.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"e kacor-li; e/ke(l) kacor-la",,DEM dog-here DEM dog-there,All three forms refer to an object which is found/visible within the physical environment shared by the speaker and the hearer.,Own knowledge,,789, +35-10,35,vinpema se,vinpema\tse,palm.wine\tDEM,this palmwine / the palmwine in question,,,,,naturalistic spoken,vinpema se,,palm.wine DEM,,Own data,,790, +36-6,36,Turu kwa e ma alê e thêka fa [...].,Turu\tkwa\te\tma\talê\te\tthêka\tfa\t[...].,all\tthing\tDEM\tREL\tking\tDEM\tPROG\tsay\t[...],All these things the king was telling [...].,,,901[42],,naturalistic spoken,"Turu kwa e ma alê e thêka fa [...].",,all thing DEM REL king DEM PROG say [...],,,,791,French: Toutes ces choses que le roi était en train de dire [...]. +37-6,37,"Ine ningê ixila, ine rupê.","Ine\tningê\tixila,\tine\trupê.",PL\tperson\tDEM\t3PL\twhite,Those people are whites.,,,905[35],,elicited from speaker,"Ine ningê ixila, ine rupê.",,PL person DEM 3PL white,,,,792, +38-7,38,xadyise,xadyi-sai,house-DEM,this house,,,,,elicited from speaker,xadyise,xadyi-sai,house-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1990,,793, +38-8,38,xadyísyi,xadyi-syi,house-DEM,that house,,,,,elicited from speaker,xadyísyi,xadyi-syi,house-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1990,,794, +39-15,39,Es tud rəkri tud ε də moyrmoyr.,Es\ttud\trəkri\ttud\tε\tdə\tmoyr~moyr.,DEM\tall\tfood.stall\tall\tCOP.NPST\tof\tMuslim~Muslim,All these food stalls belong to Muslims.,,,221[120],,naturalistic spoken,Es tud rəkri tud ε də moyrmoyr.,Es tud rəkri tud ε də moyr~moyr.,DEM all food.stall all COP.NPST of Muslim~Muslim,,,,795, +39-16,39,Ali ikəl gate nã tə apərse pikənin? Ali ɛ mĩ kaz.,Ali\tikəl\t\tnã\ttə\tapərs-e\tpikənin?\tAli\tɛ\tmĩ\tkaz.,there\tDEM\tgate\tNEG\tIPFV.NPST\tshow-INF\tsmall\tthere\tCOP.NPST\t1SG.POSS\thouse,Can you see that small gate over there (lit. Doesn't that small gate show over there)? There is my house.,,"The first sentence in this example includes a discontinuous NP, in which the qualifying adjective pikənin occurs not only segmented from the head of the NP (gate) by the intervening predicate, but also postnominally - defying the canonical order of NP constitutents. Instances of discontinuous NPs are not infrequent in Diu Indo-Portuguese; for further information, see Cardoso (2009: 177,178). +Gate is taken from English.",221[177],,naturalistic spoken,Ali ikəl gate nã tə apərse pikənin? Ali ɛ mĩ kaz.,"Ali ikəl <gate> nã tə apərs-e pikənin? Ali ɛ mĩ kaz.",there DEM gate NEG IPFV.NPST show-INF small there COP.NPST 1SG.POSS house,"The first sentence in this example includes a discontinuous NP, in which the qualifying adjective pikənin occurs not only segmented from the head of the NP (gate) by the intervening predicate, but also postnominally - defying the canonical order of NP constitutents. Instances of discontinuous NPs are not infrequent in Diu Indo-Portuguese; for further information, see Cardoso (2009: 177,178). +Gate is taken from English.",,,796, +39-17,39,Ikəl kamiz ku verd i amrɛl flor ɛ də mĩ.,Ikəl\tkamiz\tku\tverd\ti\tamrɛl\tflor\tɛ\tdə\tmĩ.,DEM\tshirt\twith\tgreen\tand\tyellow\tflower\tCOP.NPST\tof\t1SG.OBL,The shirt with the green and yellow flowers is mine.,,,218,,elicited from speaker,Ikəl kamiz ku verd i amrɛl flor ɛ də mĩ.,,DEM shirt with green and yellow flower COP.NPST of 1SG.OBL,,,,797, +40-9,40,Ye warʤ use ulya.,Ye\twarʤ\tuse\tulya.,this\tfield\tyou.FORMAL\tlook.at.IMP,Look at this field.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ye warʤ use ulya.",,this field you.FORMAL look.at.IMP,,Own knowledge,,798, +40-10,40,əkə irmãw gran tɛ halan,əkə\tirmãw\tgran\ttɛ\thalan,that\tbrother\tbig\tPRS\tsay.PROG,that brother is saying,,This sentence is taken from a transcribed story told by Francis Martis.,,,naturalistic spoken,"əkə irmãw gran tɛ halan",,that brother big PRS say.PROG,This sentence is taken from a transcribed story told by Francis Martis.,Unpublished story,,799, +41-14,41,isti ooy interumeenti nikaraparsa. isti un coʈʈu taparsa,isti\tooy\tinterumeenti\tnikara-parsa.\tisti\tun\tcoʈʈu\tta-parsa,this\teye\tcompletely\tNEG.HAB-see\tthis\ta\tlittle\tPRS-see,This eye is completely blind. This one sees a little.,,,1416[5073],,naturalistic spoken,isti ooy interumeenti nikaraparsa. isti un coʈʈu taparsa,isti ooy interumeenti nikara-parsa. isti un coʈʈu ta-parsa,this eye completely NEG.HAB-see this a little PRS-see,,,,800, +41-15,41,"meshiin teem. botuspa kera kamfalaa - aka meshiin see - kera see, poy tiraa daa, botuspa","meshiin teem. botus-pa kera kanda falaa - aka meshiin see - kera see pooy tiraa daa, botus-pa",machine PRS.be 2.HON-DAT want COND QUOT   that machine COND   want COND HABIL take give 2.HON-DAT,"There IS a machine. If you want [it] - if [it's a question of] that machine - if you want, we can take it and give it to you. (OR: We HAVE a machine. If you want [it] - if [it's a question of] that machine - if you want, we can take it and give it to you.)",,"This is taken from a recorded conversation, with false starts. The final clause exhibits coda element, botus-pa, on low pitch after final falling contour. The referent of botus is plural here.",1416[5298],,naturalistic spoken,"meshiin teem. botuspa kera kamfalaa - aka meshiin see - kera see, poy tiraa daa, botuspa","meshiin teem. botus-pa kera kanda falaa - aka meshiin see - kera see pooy tiraa daa, botus-pa",machine PRS.be 2.HON-DAT want COND QUOT that machine COND want COND HABIL take give 2.HON-DAT,"This is taken from a recorded conversation, with false starts. The final clause exhibits coda element, botus-pa, on low pitch after final falling contour. The referent of botus is plural here.",,,801, +42-9,42,aké prau pezadu,aké\tprau\tpezadu,that\tboat\theavy,That boat is heavy.,,,122[87],,naturalistic spoken,"aké prau pezadu",,that boat heavy,,,,802, +42-10,42,isti prau teng buraku,isti\tprau\tteng\tburaku,this\tboat\thave\thole,This boat has a hole in it.,,,122[88],,naturalistic spoken,"isti prau teng buraku",,this boat have hole,,,,803, +43-6,43,Iste faka falta agudu.,Iste\tfaka\tfalta\tagudu.,DEM\tknife\tlack\tsharp,This knife is not very sharp.,,,906[25],,pedagogical grammar,"Iste faka falta agudu.",,DEM knife lack sharp,,,,804, +43-7,43,"Ake albër neli, ele tara ku tudu djenti [...].","Ake\talbër\tneli,\tele\ttara\tku\ttudu\tdjenti\t[...].",DEM\tplant\trice\t3SG\tplant\twith\tall\tpeople\t[...],This rice plant is planted by all [...].,,,906[26],,naturalistic written,"Ake albër neli, ele tara ku tudu djenti [...].",,DEM plant rice 3SG plant with all people [...],,,,805, +43-8,43,Fruta patola margodju aka marga; [...].,Fruta\tpatola\tmargodju\taka\tmarga;\t[...].,fruit\tcucumber\tbitter\tDEM\tbe.bitter\t[...],The fruit of the bitter cucumber is bitter; […].,,,906[26],,constructed by linguist,"Fruta patola margodju aka marga; [...].",,fruit cucumber bitter DEM be.bitter [...],,,,806, +44-8,44,Si kabá ya rin éle éste ányo éste [...].,Si\tkabá\tya\trin\téle\téste\tányo\téste\t[...].,if\tfinish\talready\talso\t3SG\tthis\tyear\tthis\t[...],If she finishes already this present year [...].,,"This might be a topic construction. In kel pwérko kel 'the pig', the repeated definite article indicates the topic, cf. Steinkrüger (2007: 374).",,,naturalistic spoken,Si kabá ya rin éle éste ányo éste [...].,,if finish already also 3SG this year this [...],"This might be a topic construction. In kel pwérko kel 'the pig', the repeated definite article indicates the topic, cf. Steinkrüger (2007: 374).",Own data,,807, +44-9,44,questi manga jente,questi\tmanga\tjente,this\tPL\tpeople,these people,,,1064[9],,written,questi manga jente,,this PL people,,,,808,Spanish: esta gente +45-7,45,Akel tres mujer el ultimo que di baila.,Akel\ttres\tmujer\tel\tultimo\tque\tdi\tbaila.,DEM\tthree\twoman\tDEF\tlast\tthat\tCTPL\tdance,The last to dance are those three ladies.,,,835[69],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Akel tres mujer el ultimo que di baila.,,DEM three woman DEF last that CTPL dance,,,,809, +46-19,46,éste ómbre,éste\tómbre,this\tman,this man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"éste ómbre",,this man,,Own knowledge,,810, +46-20,46,akél ómbre,akél\tómbre,that\tman,that man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,akél ómbre,,that man,,Own knowledge,,811, +46-21,46,Nuáy sábe éste hénte.,Nuáy\tsábe\téste\thénte.,NEG.EXIST\tknow\tthis\tperson,This person is stupid.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Nuáy sábe éste hénte.",,NEG.EXIST know this person,,Own knowledge,,812, +46-22,46,Éste ómbre mi ermáno.,Éste\tómbre\tmi\termáno.,this\tman\tmy\tbrother,This man is my brother.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Éste ómbre mi ermáno.,,this man my brother,,Own knowledge,,813, +46-23,46,Ése ómbre 'se ya-andá na tyángge.,Ése\tómbre\t'se\tya-andá\tna\ttyángge.,that\tman\tthat\tIPFV-go\tLOC\tmarket,That (very) man went to the market.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ése ómbre 'se ya-andá na tyángge.,,that man that IPFV-go LOC market,,Own knowledge,,814, +47-19,47,e pòtrèt aki,e\tpòtrèt\taki,DEF\tpicture\tDEM.PROX,this picture,,,731[37],,published source,e pòtrèt aki,,DEF picture DEM.PROX,,,,815, +47-20,47,e buki aki/ e buki ei/ e buki aya/ e bukinan aki/ e bukinan ei/ e bukinan aya,e\tbuki\taki/\te\tbuki\tei/\te\tbuki\taya/\te\tbuki\tnan\taki/\te\tbuki\tnan\tei/\te\tbuki\tnan\taya,DEF\tbook\there\tDEF\tbook\tthere\tDEF\tbook\tyonder\tDEF\tbook\tPL\there\tDEF\tbook\tPL\tthere\tDEF\tbook\tPL\tyonder,this book/ that book/ that book yonder/ these books/ those books/ those books yonder,,,556[30],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,e buki aki/ e buki ei/ e buki aya/ e bukinan aki/ e bukinan ei/ e bukinan aya,e buki aki/ e buki ei/ e buki aya/ e buki nan aki/ e buki nan ei/ e buki nan aya,DEF book here DEF book there DEF book yonder DEF book PL here DEF book PL there DEF book PL yonder,,,,816, +48-8,48,ese ombe,ese\tombe,this\tman,this man / these men,,"Note that a plural marker is NOT obligatory in Palenquero. Thus it can be ese ombe alone 'these men' (plural), and also ma ese ombe 'these men'.",,,naturalistic spoken,ese ombe,,this man,"Note that a plural marker is NOT obligatory in Palenquero. Thus it can be ese ombe alone 'these men' (plural), and also ma ese ombe 'these men'.",Recorded by author,,817,Spanish: ese hombre / esos hombres +48-9,48,ma ombe ese,ma\tombe\tese,PL\tman\tthis/that,these [bad] men,,"Postposition of the demonstrative may imply a negative connnotation in this case. Postposition of ese is not uncommon, and its multiple precise functions remain to be studied.",,,naturalistic spoken,ma ombe ese,,PL man this/that,"Postposition of the demonstrative may imply a negative connnotation in this case. Postposition of ese is not uncommon, and its multiple precise functions remain to be studied.",Recorded by author,,818,Spanish: esos hombres +49-9,49,Se pou wou manje sa a.,Se\tpou\twou\tmanje\tsa\ta.,HL\tfor\t2SG\tfood\tDEM\tSG,This food is yours.,,,371[12],,naturalistic spoken,Se pou wou manje sa a.,,HL for 2SG food DEM SG,,,,819,French: Ce repas est à toi. +49-10,49,M renmen moun sa yo.,M\trenmen\tmoun\tsa\tyo.,1SG\tlove\tperson\tDEM\tPL,I love these people.,,,,,constructed by linguist,M renmen moun sa yo.,,1SG love person DEM PL,,Own knowledge,,820,French: J'aime ces gens. +50-10,50,boug-lasa,boug-lasa,man-DEM,this man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"boug-lasa",,man-DEM,,Own fieldwork,,821, +51-11,51,boug-tala,boug-tala,man-DEM,this man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,boug-tala,,man-DEM,,Own fieldwork,,822, +52-6,52,sa kaz-a,sa\tkaz-a,DEM\thouse-DEF.ART,this house,,,,,unknown,"sa kaz-a",,DEM house-DEF.ART,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,823, +53-12,53,Kòmon to lem gonbo-sa-la?,Kòmon\tto\tlem\tgonbo\tsala?,how\t2SG\tlike\tgumbo\tDET.DEM.SG,How do you like this gumbo?,,,1048[135],,elicited from speaker,Kòmon to lem gonbo-sa-la?,Kòmon to lem gonbo sala?,how 2SG like gumbo DET.DEM.SG,,,,824, +53-13,53,To ouâ pié ci là.,To\touâ\tpié\tcilà.,2SG\tsee\ttree\tDET.DEM.SG,You see this tree.,,,1049[11],,naturalistic written,To ouâ pié ci là.,To ouâ pié cilà.,2SG see tree DET.DEM.SG,,,,825, +53-14,53,le kokodri-sa-la / le kokodri-la-la,le\tkokodri\tsala/lala,ART.DEF.PL\tcrocodile\tDET.DEM.SG,these crocodiles,,La-la is a free variant of sa-la.,1048[136],,elicited from speaker,le kokodri-sa-la / le kokodri-la-la,le kokodri sala/lala,ART.DEF.PL crocodile DET.DEM.SG,"La-la is a free variant of sa-la.",,,826, +53-15,53,nomme cila yé,nomme\tcila-ye,man\tDET.DEM-PL,these men,,,1049[11],,naturalistic written,nomme cila yé,nomme cila-ye,man DET.DEM-PL,,,,827, +53-16,53,nonm-sa-la; fwa-sa-la; jou-sa-a; gato-sa-a,nonm\tsala;\tfwa\tsala;\tjou\tsaa;\tgato\tsaa,man\tDET.DEM.SG\ttime\tDET.DEM.SG\tday\tDET.DEM.SG\tcake\tDET.DEM.SG,this/that man; this/that time; this/that day; this/that cake,,"Note that in the Pointe Coupee lect, sa-la has the common variant sa-a; both are proximal and distal.",722[182],,naturalistic spoken,nonm-sa-la; fwa-sa-la; jou-sa-a; gato-sa-a,nonm sala; fwa sala; jou saa; gato saa,man DET.DEM.SG time DET.DEM.SG day DET.DEM.SG cake DET.DEM.SG,"Note that in the Pointe Coupee lect, sa-la has the common variant sa-a; both are proximal and distal.",,,828, +53-17,53,zafè-sa-ye; depech-sa-ye; dekann-sa-ye; boug-sa-ye,zafè\tsaye;\tdepech\tsaye;\tdekann\tsaye;\tboug\tsaye,thing\tDET.DEM.PL\tpeach\tDET.DEM.PL\tsugar.cane\tDET.DEM.PL\tguy\tDET.DEM.PL,these/those things; these/those peaches; this/that sugar cane; these/those guys,,"The plural demonstrative with postnominal sa-ye (distal and proximal) and no prenominal element is common in the Pointe Coupee lect and distinguishes it from the Breaux Bridge lect described in Neumann (1985), where the construction is rare. Moreover, in Pointe Coupee sa-ye is used with human nouns, whereas this is unattested in Breaux Bridge.",722[182-183],,naturalistic spoken,zafè-sa-ye; depech-sa-ye; dekann-sa-ye; boug-sa-ye,zafè saye; depech saye; dekann saye; boug saye,thing DET.DEM.PL peach DET.DEM.PL sugar.cane DET.DEM.PL guy DET.DEM.PL,"The plural demonstrative with postnominal sa-ye (distal and proximal) and no prenominal element is common in the Pointe Coupee lect and distinguishes it from the Breaux Bridge lect described in Neumann (1985), where the construction is rare. Moreover, in Pointe Coupee sa-ye is used with human nouns, whereas this is unattested in Breaux Bridge.",,,829, +53-18,53,le moun-sa-ye,le\tmoun\tsaye,ART.DEF.PL\tperson\tDET.DEM.PL,these/those people,,,722[182],,naturalistic spoken,le moun-sa-ye,le moun saye,ART.DEF.PL person DET.DEM.PL,,,,830, +54-9,54,sa zerb,sa\tzerb,DEM\tgrass,this/that grass,,"The demonstrative sa is attested in Chaudenson (1974), but no examples of this type were found in my corpora.",236[359],,naturalistic spoken,sa zerb,,DEM grass,"The demonstrative sa is attested in Chaudenson (1974), but no examples of this type were found in my corpora.",,,831,French: ces herbes +54-10,54,Boug la lé pa kouyon.,Boug\tla\tle\tpa\tkouyon.,man\tDEM\tCOP.PRS\tNEG\tstupid,This/that man is not stupid.,,"Couillon is marked ""très familier"" in French.",236[359],,naturalistic spoken,Boug la lé pa kouyon.,Boug la le pa kouyon.,man DEM COP.PRS NEG stupid,"Couillon is marked ""très familier"" in French.",,,832,French: Ce type(-là) n'est pas couillon/bête. +54-11,54,se fanm la,së\tfanm\tla,DEM.SG\twoman\tDEM,this/that woman,,,230[58],,naturalistic spoken,se fanm la,së fanm la,DEM.SG woman DEM,,,,833,French: cette femme(-là) +54-12,54,sé nuaj blan la,se\tnuaj\tblan\tla,DEM.PL\tcloud\twhite\tDEM,these/those white clouds,,,230[59],,naturalistic spoken,sé nuaj blan la,se nuaj blan la,DEM.PL cloud white DEM,,,,834,French: ces nuages blancs(-là) +54-13,54,lé dé boug la,le\tde\tboug\tla,DEF.PL\ttwo\tman\tDEM,these/those two men,,This example shows that the noun can be preceded by a definite article.,230[57],,naturalistic spoken,lé dé boug la,le de boug la,DEF.PL two man DEM,This example shows that the noun can be preceded by a definite article.,,,835,French: ces deux types(-là) +54-14,54,Li la pasé lankostik se matin é li bros se soir.,Li\tla\tpase\tlankostik\tsë\tmaten\te\tli\tbros\tsë\tswar.,3SG\tPRF\tput.on\twax\tDEM\tmorning\tand\t3SG\tbrush\tDEM\tevening,She put on the wax this morning and she will polish it this evening.,,"The only examples of this type seem to be së maten 'this morning' and së swar 'this evening'. Therefore, they should perhaps be analysed as fixed expressions.",229[164],,naturalistic spoken,Li la pasé lankostik se matin é li bros se soir.,Li la pase lankostik së maten e li bros së swar.,3SG PRF put.on wax DEM morning and 3SG brush DEM evening,"The only examples of this type seem to be së maten 'this morning' and së swar 'this evening'. Therefore, they should perhaps be analysed as fixed expressions.",,,836,French: Elle a mis l'encaustique ce matin et elle brosse ce soir. +55-9,55,sa tifi ki pe tini en pupet la,sa\ttifi\tki\tpe\ttini\ten\tpupet\tla,DEM\tgirl\twho\tPROG\thold\tINDF\tdoll\tDEM,that girl who is holding a doll,,,,,constructed by linguist,"sa tifi ki pe tini en pupet la",,DEM girl who PROG hold INDF doll DEM,,Own knowledge,,837, +55-10,55,mo sipoze sa bann zanfan la sorti Kaznwayal,mo\tsipoze\tsa\tbann\tzanfan\tla\tsorti\tKaznwayal,1SG\tsuppose\tDEM\tPL\tchild\tDEM\tcome.from\tCase-Noyale,I imagine that these children come from Case Noyale [...].,,,766,,naturalistic spoken,mo sipoze sa bann zanfan la sorti Kaznwayal,,1SG suppose DEM PL child DEM come.from Case-Noyale,,,,838, +55-12,55,tifi ki pe tini en pupet la,tifi\tki\tpe\ttini\ten\tpupet\tla,girl\twho\tPROG\thold\tINDF\tdoll\tDEF/DEM,that girl who is holding a doll OR: the girl who is holding a doll,,"La can only occur NP finally so it does not necessarily immediately follow the noun (*en tifi la 'a that/the girl' cannot occur as an independent noun phrase). While NP-final la can often be translated indifferently as DEM or DEF ART, in modern usage, the latter is generally to be preferred.",,,constructed by linguist,"tifi ki pe tini en pupet la",,girl who PROG hold INDF doll DEF/DEM,"La can only occur NP finally so it does not necessarily immediately follow the noun (*en tifi la 'a that/the girl' cannot occur as an independent noun phrase). While NP-final la can often be translated indifferently as DEM or DEF ART, in modern usage, the latter is generally to be preferred.",Own knowledge,,839, +56-19,56,Tou sa bann landrwa mon 'n ale.,Tou\tsa\tbann\tlandrwa\tmon\t'n\tale.,all\tDEM\tPL\tplace\t1SG\tPRF\tgo,It's to all these places that I have been.,,,955[201],,naturalistic spoken,"Tou sa bann landrwa mon 'n ale.",,all DEM PL place 1SG PRF go,,,,840, +56-20,56,Apre nou pran sa baka la.,Apre\tnou\tpran\tsa\tbaka\tla.,then\t1PL\ttake\tDEM\tbaka\tthere,"Then we took that baka (alcoholic drink, fermented sugar cane).",,La 'there' is very often used at the end of an intonational unit; it might have some discourse marking function. But here more analysis is needed.,955[184],,naturalistic spoken,"Apre nou pran sa baka la.",,then 1PL take DEM baka there,"La 'there' is very often used at the end of an intonational unit; it might have some discourse marking function. But here more analysis is needed.",,,841, +57-6,57,mek-la,mek-la,man-DEM/DEF,this man / the man,,The construction with -la has a function in between that of a demonstrative and that of a definite article.,,,naturalistic spoken,mek-la,,man-DEM/DEF,"The construction with -la has a function in between that of a demonstrative and that of a definite article.",Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,842, +57-125,57,laser-la la travaj,laser-la\tla\ttravaj,nun-DEM/DEF\tSI\twork,The/this nun is working.,,,423[121f.],,naturalistic spoken,laser-la la travaj,,nun-DEM/DEF SI work,,,,843, +57-126,57,"se ki, ñoka-la?","se\tki,\tñoka-la?",PRESV\twho\twoman-DEM/DEF,Who is this woman?,,,423[122],,naturalistic spoken,"se ki, ñoka-la?",,PRESV who woman-DEM/DEF,,,,844, +58-8,58,mu-ntu/ ba-ntu yayi/ yina,mu-ntu/\tba-ntu\tyayi/\tyina,1-person\t2-person\tthis\tthat,"this/that person, these/those persons",,There is no number agreement in the demonstrative.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mu-ntu/ ba-ntu yayi/ yina",,1-person 2-person this that,There is no number agreement in the demonstrative.,Own knowledge,,845, +59-18,59,"tona lo mu koli so awe, [...]","tongana\tlo\tmu\tkoli\tso\tawe,\t[...]",when\t3SG\ttake\tman\tDEM\talready\t[...],"After she had married this man, [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"tona lo mu koli so awe, [...]","tongana lo mu koli so awe, [...]",when 3SG take man DEM already [...],,Samarin corpus 1994,,846, +59-19,59,samba ti mama ti lo ni so agoo ti baa lo fadso,samba\tti\tmama\tti\tlo\tni\tso\ta-gwe\tti\tbaa\tlo\tfadeso,co-wife\tof\tmother\tof\t3SG\tDET\tDEM\tPM-go\tof\tsee\t3SG\tnow,Then the co-wife of her mother went to see her (the daughter).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,samba ti mama ti lo ni so agoo ti baa lo fadso,samba ti mama ti lo ni so a-gwe ti baa lo fadeso,co-wife of mother of 3SG DET DEM PM-go of see 3SG now,,Samarin corpus 1994,,847, +59-20,59,"koli so, lo ke te zo tengo","koli\tso,\tlo\tke\tte\tzo\ttengo",man\tDEM\t3SG\tCOP\teat\tperson\teating,"This man, he really eats people.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"koli so, lo ke te zo tengo",,man DEM 3SG COP eat person eating,,Samarin corpus 1994,,848, +59-21,59,koli so alondo na ngonda ti gingo azo ti lo ni,koli\tso\talondo\tna\tngonda\tti\tgingo\tazo\tti\tlo\tni,man\tDEM\tSM.arise\tPREP\tbush\tof\thunt.NMLZ\tPL.person\tof\t3SG\tDET,The husband came from the bush where he hunted people. OR: The husband left his bush for hunting people.,,,,,constructed by linguist,koli so alondo na ngonda ti gingo azo ti lo ni,,man DEM SM.arise PREP bush of hunt.NMLZ PL.person of 3SG DET,,Own knowledge,,849, +59-22,59,"mama ni so, lo ke lango na bi ape","mama\tni\tso,\tlo\tke\tlango\tna\tbi\tape",mother\tDET\tDEM\t3SG\tCOP\tsleep\tPREP\tnight\tNEG,"The mother, she didn't sleep through the night. OR: The mother didn't sleep at night.",,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"mama ni so, lo ke lango na bi ape",,mother DET DEM 3SG COP sleep PREP night NEG,,,,850, +60-5,60,óyo mobáli,óyo\tmobáli,DEM\tman,this man,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"óyo mobáli",,DEM man,,Own knowledge,,851, +60-6,60,mobáli óyo,mobáli\tóyo,man\tDEM,this man,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"mobáli óyo",,man DEM,,Own knowledge,,852, +61-5,61,lo side,lo\tside,this\tside,this side OR: that side,,The meanings 'this' versus 'that' for lo may be expressed tonally by some speakers (low tone for 'this' and high tone for 'that'). Less proficient speakers may rely on accompanying hand gestures to clarify meaning. Side in this example is a loanword from English.,14[183],,naturalistic spoken,lo side,,this side,"The meanings 'this' versus 'that' for lo may be expressed tonally by some speakers (low tone for 'this' and high tone for 'that'). Less proficient speakers may rely on accompanying hand gestures to clarify meaning. Side in this example is a loanword from English.",,,853, +62-5,62,va'inyí yá ní vagitutú,va'inyí\tyá\tní\tva-gitutú,children\tthis\tis\t2-small,These children are small.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"va'inyí yá ní vagitutú",va'inyí yá ní va-gitutú,children this is 2-small,,Own field data 1993,,854, +63-6,63,anás dól,anás\tdól,people\tDET.PL,these people,,,857[329],,naturalistic spoken,anás dól,,people DET.PL,,,,855, +64-9,64,bágara de,bágara\tde,cow\tDEM.PROX,this cow,,,874[72],,naturalistic spoken,"bágara de",,cow DEM.PROX,,,,856, +64-10,64,dawát doldé,daw-át\tdoldé,medicine-PL\tDEM.DIST,those medicines,,,874[105],,naturalistic spoken,"dawát doldé","daw-át doldé",medicine-PL DEM.DIST,,,,857, +65-14,65,ʧega fanza bu ʃango.,ʧega\tfanza\tbu\tʃango.,this\thouse\tNEG\tgood,This house is not good.,,"This is a line of a popular song, taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.",1195[222],,naturalistic spoken,ʧega fanza bu ʃango.,,this house NEG good,"This is a line of a popular song, taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.",,Чега фанза бу шанго.,858, +65-15,65,Ruski gan'ali eta kitaisa.,Ruski\tgan'a-li\teta\tkitaisa.,Russian\tdrive.away-PFV.PL\tthis\tChinese,Russians sent those Chinese away.,,"This is about the deportation of the Chinese from the Soviet Union in the 1930s. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).",1195[238],,naturalistic spoken,Ruski gan'ali eta kitaisa.,Ruski gan'a-li eta kitaisa.,Russian drive.away-PFV.PL this Chinese,"This is about the deportation of the Chinese from the Soviet Union in the 1930s. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).",,Руски гоняли эта китайса.,859, +65-16,65,Iwo kuriʧa jajʧy eta lamaj.,Iwo\tkuriʧa\tjajʧy\teta\tlamaj.,3SG\tchicken\tegg\tthis\tbreak,He broke those chicken eggs.,,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,1195[221],,naturalistic spoken,Iwo kuriʧa jajʧy eta lamaj.,,3SG chicken egg this break,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,,Иво курица яйцы эта ламай.,860, +66-8,66,Itu oorang serattu.,Itu\toorang\tser-attu.,DEM\tperson\tteacher-INDF,That person is a (male) teacher.,,The common word for female teacher is miis (from English miss).,,,elicited from speaker,Itu oorang serattu.,Itu oorang ser-attu.,DEM person teacher-INDF,"The common word for female teacher is miis (from English miss).","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,861, +67-12,67,"Itu hari saya buka saya punya laci, apa-apa pun tak ada.","Itu\thari\tsaya\tbuka\tsaya\tpunya\tlaci,\tapa~apa\tpun\ttak\tada.",DEM\tday\t1SG\topen\t1SG\tPOSS\tdrawer\twhat~what\teven\tNEG\thave,"That day, I opened my drawer and there was nothing.",,,708[77],,naturalistic spoken,"Itu hari saya buka saya punya laci, apa-apa pun tak ada.","Itu hari saya buka saya punya laci, apa~apa pun tak ada.",DEM day 1SG open 1SG POSS drawer what~what even NEG have,,,,862, +67-13,67,Malam ini tentu hujan hebat.,Malam\tini\ttentu\thujan\thebat.,night\tDEM\tsure\train\ttense,"Tonight, it will rain heavily.",,,708[111],,naturalistic spoken,"Malam ini tentu hujan hebat.",,night DEM sure rain tense,,,,863, +67-14,67,Pagi-pagi saya suka ini kerja.,Pagi~pagi\tsaya\tsuka\tini\tkerja.,morning~morning\t1SG\tlike\tDEM\twork,"Every morning, I like this work.",,,708[111],,naturalistic spoken,"Pagi-pagi saya suka ini kerja.","Pagi~pagi saya suka ini kerja.",morning~morning 1SG like DEM work,,,,864, +67-15,67,Dia sotong tanya sotong ini satu kilo berapa?,Dia\tsotong\ttanya\tsotong\tini\tsatu\tkilo\tberapa?,3SG\tcuttlefish\task\tcuttlefish\tDEM\tone\tkilo\thow.many/how.much,"""The cuttlefish,"" [I] asked, “How much is a kilo of this cuttlefish?""",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dia sotong tanya sotong ini satu kilo berapa?",,3SG cuttlefish ask cuttlefish DEM one kilo how.many/how.much,,Own knowledge,,865, +68-6,68,daera itu,daera\titu,region\tDEM,that region,,,1178[410],,naturalistic spoken,daera itu,,region DEM,,,,866, +68-8,68,ini ikang,ini\tikang,DEM\tfish,this fish,,,1528[146],,naturalistic spoken,"ini ikang",,DEM fish,,,,867, +69-7,69,yəm mən,yəm\tmən,water\tthat,that water,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yəm mən,,water that,,Own field notes 1985,,868, +69-8,69,nak kumbut,nak\tkumbut,this\tvillage,this village,,,,,naturalistic spoken,nak kumbut,,this village,,Own field notes 1985,,869, +70-6,70,U larika baito maket kelage.,U\tlarika\tbaito\tmaket\tkelage.,DEM\tboy\tCOP\tmarket\tnear,That boy was near the market.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,U larika baito maket kelage.,,DEM boy COP market near,,Siegel-field recording,,870, +71-9,71,"Kela wahine Auroria hoi mai ma ka halepule me kela mau keiki wahine [...]. Wau olelo iaia noho malie, mahope huhu kela kahunapule.","Kela\twahine\tAuroria\thoi\tmai\tma\tka\thalepule\tme\tkela\tmau\tkeiki\twahine\t[...].\tWau\tolelo\tiaia\tnoho\tmalie,\tmahope\thuhu\tkela\tkahunapule.",that\twoman\tAuroria\treturn\tDIR\tLOC\tthe\tchurch\twith\tDET\tPL\tchild\twoman\t[...]\t1SG\tspeak\t3SG\tstay\tquiet\tlater\tangry\tDET\tpriest,"That woman Auroria returned to the church with some girls [...]. I told her to be quiet, or else the priest would get angry.",,The associative context for the definite kela kahunapule 'the priest' is the mention of the halepule 'church' a few sentences earlier.,,,naturalistic written,"Kela wahine Auroria hoi mai ma ka halepule me kela mau keiki wahine [...]. Wau olelo iaia noho malie, mahope huhu kela kahunapule.",,that woman Auroria return DIR LOC the church with DET PL child woman [...] 1SG speak 3SG stay quiet later angry DET priest,"The associative context for the definite kela kahunapule 'the priest' is the mention of the halepule 'church' a few sentences earlier.",Own data 1889,,871, +72-10,72,Nyawa yapakayi gel imin turrp im niduljawung.,Nyawa\tyapakayi\tgel\tim=in\tturrp\tim\tnidul-jawung.,this\tsmall\tgirl\t3SG-PST\tpoke\t3SG.OBJ\tneedle-INS,This small woman (nurse) jabbed her with a needle.,,The order in this example is demonstrative-noun.,920[298],,peer elicitation,Nyawa yapakayi gel imin turrp im niduljawung.,Nyawa yapakayi gel im=in turrp im nidul-jawung.,this small girl 3SG-PST poke 3SG.OBJ needle-INS,The order in this example is demonstrative-noun.,,,872, +72-11,72,Dei karankarra karuwalijangkuma ngakparnku nyawarrama.,Dei\tkaran-karra\tkaru-walija-ngku-ma\tngakparn-ku\tnyawa-rra-ma.,3PL.SBJ\tscratch-CONT\tchild-PAUC-ERG-DISC\tfrog-DAT\tthis-PL-TOP,This group of kids are digging for frogs.,,The demonstrative and the noun form a discontinuous constituent in this example.,920[388],,naturalistic spoken,Dei karankarra karuwalijangkuma ngakparnku nyawarrama.,Dei karan-karra karu-walija-ngku-ma ngakparn-ku nyawa-rra-ma.,3PL.SBJ scratch-CONT child-PAUC-ERG-DISC frog-DAT this-PL-TOP,The demonstrative and the noun form a discontinuous constituent in this example.,,,873, +73-8,73,undimunda isti botillada sakamungi?,undi-munda\tisti\tbotilla-da\tsaka-mu-ngi,where-ABL\tthis\tbottle-ACC\tget-CIS-2SG,Where did you you get this bottle from?,,,,,elicited from speaker,undimunda isti botillada sakamungi?,undi-munda isti botilla-da saka-mu-ngi,where-ABL this bottle-ACC get-CIS-2SG,,Field notes,,874, +74-11,74,úkuk haws,úkuk\thaws,this\thouse,this house,,,,,constructed by linguist,"úkuk haws",,this house,,Own knowledge,,875, +74-12,74,úkuk man,úkuk\tman,this\tman,this man,,,154[213],,narrative,úkuk man,,this man,,,,876, +75-23,75,uma li liivr,uma\tli\tliivr,this.INAN\tDEF.ART.M\tbook,this book,,,522,,elicited from speaker,"uma li liivr",,this.INAN DEF.ART.M book,,,,877, +75-24,75,li liivr anima neetee,li\tliivr\tanima\tneetee,DEF.ART.M\tbook\tthat.INAN\tover.there.DIST,that book over there,,,522,,elicited from speaker,"li liivr anima neetee",,DEF.ART.M book that.INAN over.there.DIST,,,,878, +75-25,75,staton,st-aton,DEM-fall,this fall,,,92[109],,elicited from speaker,staton,st-aton,DEM-fall,,,,879, +75-26,75,awa la fiy,awa\tla\tfiy,DEM.PROX.ANIM.\tDEF.ART.F\tgirl,this girl,,,92[109],,naturalistic spoken,"awa la fiy",,DEM.PROX.ANIM. DEF.ART.F girl,,,,880, +75-27,75,la faem ana,la\tfaem\tana,DEF.ART.F\twoman\tDEM.INTERM.ANIM,that woman,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"la faem ana",,DEF.ART.F woman DEM.INTERM.ANIM,,,,881, +76-14,76,ababa mȗgwa silatani kaili,ababa\tmȗgwa\tsilatani\tkaili,say\tthis\toutside\tcome,Tell them to come out.,,"Mȗgwa is translated by Stefánsson (1909: 227) as: 'this, these, those, they'.",1442[230],,reconstructed by documentalist,ababa mȗgwa silatani kaili,,say this outside come,"Mȗgwa is translated by Stefánsson (1909: 227) as: 'this, these, those, they'.",,,882, +76-15,76,mȗgwa kapsais silatani,mȗgwa\tkapsais\tsilatani,this\tspill\toutside,Empty this (e.g. slop pail) out of doors.,,"Mȗgwa is translated by Stefánsson (1909: 227) as: 'this, these, those, they'.",1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,mȗgwa kapsais silatani,,this spill outside,"Mȗgwa is translated by Stefánsson (1909: 227) as: 'this, these, those, they'.",,,883, +76-16,76,ī'la adla ĭn'nūk,ī'la\tadla\tĭn'nūk,he\tanother\tman,That is another man.,,"The word ī'la is translated by Stefánsson (1909: 119; 225) as: 'that one' and 'he, she, it'. In this example it could be a demonstrative.",1442[226],,reconstructed by documentalist,ī'la adla ĭn'nūk,,he another man,"The word ī'la is translated by Stefánsson (1909: 119; 225) as: 'that one' and 'he, she, it'. In this example it could be a demonstrative.",,,884, +76-17,76,ababa Kū'nak mani kaili,ababa\tKū'nak\tmani\tkaili,say\tKunak\there\tcome,Tell Kunak to come here.,,"Mani is translated by Stefánsson (1909: 226) as: 'here, in this (or that) place; hither'.",1442[226],,reconstructed by documentalist,ababa Kū'nak mani kaili,,say Kunak here come,"Mani is translated by Stefánsson (1909: 226) as: 'here, in this (or that) place; hither'.",,,885, +1-25,1,"Da vool ben siddom na tin eksi tappo, a brokko neni.","Da\tfowru\tben\tsidon\tna\ttin\teksi\ttapu,\ta\tbroko\tneni.",DET.SG\tchicken\tPST\tsit\tLOC\tten\tegg\ttop\t3SG.SBJ\tbreak\tnine,"The chicken has been brooding on ten eggs, nine hatched.",,,1357[23],,written (dictionary),"Da vool ben siddom na tin eksi tappo, a brokko neni.","Da fowru ben sidon na tin eksi tapu, a broko neni.",DET.SG chicken PST sit LOC ten egg top 3SG.SBJ break nine,,,,886,"German: Diese Henne hat 10 Eyer zum brüten gehabt, aber nur 9 heraus gebracht, aus gebrütet. [op.cit.]" +2-20,2,den seibi lowe srafu,den\tseibi\tlowe\tsrafu,the.PL\tseven\trunaway\tslave,the seven runaway slaves,,,1062[33],,naturalistic written,"den seibi lowe srafu",,the.PL seven runaway slave,,,,887, +3-11,3,dɛɛ tu wɔmi,dɛɛ\ttu\twɔmi,DEF.PL\ttwo\tman,the two men,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dɛɛ tu wɔmi,,DEF.PL two man,,Fieldwork data,,888, +4-7,4,Mi abi dii baala.,Mi\tabi\tdii\tbaala.,I\thave\tthree\tbrother,I have three brothers.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi abi dii baala.,,I have three brother,,Own observation,,889, +5-12,5,chrii taim,chrii\ttaim,three\ttime,three times,,,1281[148 (line 392)],,naturalistic spoken,chrii taim,,three time,,,,890, +5-13,5,twelv yeer,twelv\tyeer,twelve\tyear,twelve years of age,,,1281[144 (line 307)],,naturalistic spoken,twelv yeer,,twelve year,,,,891, +6-7,6,tri cyar,tri\tcyar,NUM\tcar,three cars,,,,,constructed by linguist,tri cyar,,NUM car,,Own knowledge,,892, +7-10,7,tu bok,tu\tbok,two\tbook,two books,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,tu bok,,two book,,Own knowledge,,893, +7-11,7,I gyel we Taalboi laik ha tu pikni.,I\tgyel\twe\tTaalboi\tlaik\tha\ttu\tpikni.,ART\tgirl\tREL\tTallboy\tlike\thave\ttwo\tchild,The girl whom Tallboy likes has two children.,,,1244[200],,naturalistic spoken,"I gyel we Taalboi laik ha tu pikni.",,ART girl REL Tallboy like have two child,,,,894, +7-12,7,tu bootlood a piiplo,tu\tboot-lood\ta\tpiiplo,two\tboat-load\tof\tpeople,two boats filled with people,,,1244[171],,naturalistic spoken,"tu bootlood a piiplo",tu boot-lood a piiplo,two boat-load of people,,,,895, +8-7,8,Dem tiif di faiv buk outa di shap.,Dem\ttiif\tdi\tfaiv\tbuk\touta\tdi\tshap.,3PL\tsteal\tDET\tfive\tbook\tout.of\tDET\tstore,They stole the five books from the store.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dem tiif di faiv buk outa di shap.,,3PL steal DET five book out.of DET store,,Own knowledge,,896, +9-15,9,nayti tawzen galan a di bonka ayl,nayti\ttawzen\tgalan\ta\tdi\tbonka\tayl,ninety\tthousand\tgallon\tof\tthe\tBunker\toil,"90,000 gallons of the Bunker oil",,,438,,naturalistic spoken,nayti tawzen galan a di bonka ayl,,ninety thousand gallon of the Bunker oil,,,,897, +10-7,10,Dis uman gat trii pikniny.,Dis\tuman\tgat\ttrii\tpikniny.,DEM\twoman\tget\tthree\tchild,This woman had three children.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dis uman gat trii pikniny.,,DEM woman get three child,,Unpublished field recordings,,898, +11-10,11,Iz a hondred an siksti-faiv ierz nou sins dei get frii.,Iz\ta\thondred\tan\tsiksti-faiv\tier-z\tnou\tsins\tdei\tget\tfrii.,COP.PRS\tART.INDF\thundred\tand\tsixty-five\tyear-PL\tnow\tsince\t3PL\tget\tfree,It’s a hundred and sixty-five years now since they got free.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Iz a hondred an siksti-faiv ierz nou sins dei get frii.,Iz a hondred an siksti-faiv ier-z nou sins dei get frii.,COP.PRS ART.INDF hundred and sixty-five year-PL now since 3PL get free,,,,899, +11-11,11,trii chalinj,trii\tchalinj,three\tchallenge,three challenges,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,trii chalinj,,three challenge,,,,900, +12-8,12,"Yeah, a card game. You get five card, and you play. [And how does that work? ...] OK, you have - you have - like if you have two eights, that's a pair, hey, if you have two nines, that's a pair, anything you have al- alike, that's a pair, and four card now and you keep on your hand, if you pick that, then you win.",[...]\tfive\tcard\t[...]\ttwo\teights\t[...]\ttwo\tnines\t[...]\tfour\tcard\t[...].,[...]\tNUM\tcard[PL]\t[...]\tNUM\teight.PL\t[...]\tNUM\tnine.PL\t[...]\tNUM\tcard[PL]\t[...],[You get] five cards [...] [if you have] two eights [...] [if you have] two nines [...] [and] four cards [now] [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, a card game. You get five card, and you play. [And how does that work? ...] OK, you have - you have - like if you have two eights, that's a pair, hey, if you have two nines, that's a pair, anything you have al- alike, that's a pair, and four card now and you keep on your hand, if you pick that, then you win.","[...] five card [...] two eights [...] two nines [...] four card [...].",[...] NUM card[PL] [...] NUM eight.PL [...] NUM nine.PL [...] NUM card[PL] [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,901, +13-8,13,twelve cent,twelve\tcent,NUM\tcent,twelve cents,,,1500[264],,naturalistic spoken,twelve cent,,NUM cent,,,,902, +14-8,14,four books,four\tbooks,four\tbook.PL,four books,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,four books,,four book.PL,,Own knowledge,,903, +14-9,14,two boy,two\tboy,two\tboys,two boys,,"In some cases, the plural -s on the head noun is optional when the number modifier is plural.",1283[7],,naturalistic spoken,two boy,,two boys,"In some cases, the plural -s on the head noun is optional when the number modifier is plural.",,,904, +15-7,15,tu titi,tu\ttiti,two\tgirl,two girls,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"tu titi",,two girl,,Own knowledge,,905, +16-11,16,"fɔ waif, twɛnti pikins","fɔ\twaif,\ttwɛnti\tpikins",four\twife\ttwenty\tchild.PL,"four wives, twenty children",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"fɔ waif, twɛnti pikins",,four wife twenty child.PL,,Own fieldwork,,906, +16-12,16,"dɛ̀m giv ɛvribɔdi olɔnka wan, bīs olɔnka wan","dɛ̀m\tgiv\tɛvribɔdi\tolɔnka\twan,\tbīs\tolɔnka\twan",3PL\tgive\teverybody\tolonka\tone\tbeans\tolonka\tone,"They gave everybody one olonka (each), one olonka of beans (each).",,Olonka is a measurement used for dry goods such as rice or beans.,,,naturalistic spoken,"dɛ̀m giv ɛvribɔdi olɔnka wan, bīs olɔnka wan",,3PL give everybody olonka one beans olonka one,"Olonka is a measurement used for dry goods such as rice or beans.",Own fieldwork,,907, +17-7,17,twe̱nti nyam,twe̱nti\tnyam,twenty\tyam,twenty yams,,,462[231],,naturalistic spoken,"twe̱nti nyam",,twenty yam,,,,908, +18-10,18,tu banana,tu\tbanana,two\tbanana,two bananas,,,1488[16],,published source,"tu banana",,two banana,,,,909, +19-11,19,È bring tri kasara.,È\tbring\ttri\tkasara.,3SG.SBJ\tbring\tthree\tcassava.,He brought three cassavas.,,,1634[632],,elicited from speaker,"È bring tri kasara.",,3SG.SBJ bring three cassava.,,,,910, +20-10,20,Two piecee man cuttee differencee.,Two\tpiecee\tman\tcuttee\tdifferencee.,two\tCLF\tman\tcut\tdifference,Let us split the difference. OR: The two of us will split the difference.,,,1489[VI.4],,naturalistic written,Two piecee man cuttee differencee.,,two CLF man cut difference,,,都卑士文吉地地化倫士,911, +20-11,20,Got ten year.,Got\tten\tyear.,got\tten\tyear,There have been ten years.,,,1489[VI.76],,naturalistic written,Got ten year.,,got ten year,,,吉(口顚) 爺,912, +22-18,22,tripela haus,tri-pela\thaus,three-MOD\thouse,three houses,,,967[197],,naturalistic spoken,tripela haus,tri-pela haus,three-MOD house,,,,913, +23-10,23,I gat tri nyusilan ami oli sik,I\tgat\ttri\tnyusilan\tami\toli\tsik,AGR\thave\tthree\tNew.Zealand\tarmy\tAGR\tsick,There were three guys from the New Zealand army who got sick.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,I gat tri nyusilan ami oli sik,,AGR have three New.Zealand army AGR sick,,,,914, +24-14,24,For gehl u deya.,For\tgehl\tu\tdeya.,four\twoman\tover\tthere,Four women are over there.,,,,,naturalistic written,For gehl u deya.,,four woman over there,,Own fieldwork,,915, +24-15,24,Siks yorlyi el fet iin ya.,Siks\tyorlyi\tel\tfet\tiin\tya.,six\t2PAUC/PL\tcan/able\tfit\tin\there,Six of you can fit in here.,,,791,,constructed by linguist,Siks yorlyi el fet iin ya.,,six 2PAUC/PL can/able fit in here,,,,916, +25-39,25,"Tubala bin goawei na, kenggaru tubala.","Tubala\tbin\tgoawei\tna,\tkenggaru\ttubala.",3DU\tPST\tgo_away\tnow\tkangaroo\ttwo,"The two went away then, the two kangaroos.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the numeral / dual marker tubala following a noun.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Tubala bin goawei na, kenggaru tubala.",,3DU PST go_away now kangaroo two,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the numeral / dual marker tubala following a noun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,917, +25-40,25,Tubala olmen bin lisen langa tubala na.,Tubala\tolmen\tbin\tlisen\tlanga\ttubala\tna.,two\tmen\tPST\tlisten\tLOC\t3DU\tnow,The two men listened to the two (kangaroos) then.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the absence of an article in an (anaphoric) definite context.",,,naturalistic spoken,Tubala olmen bin lisen langa tubala na.,,two men PST listen LOC 3DU now,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the absence of an article in an (anaphoric) definite context.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,918, +25-41,25,"Olman Dadi bin tok la im, G. tubala [...].","Olman\tDadi\tbin\ttok\tla\tim,\tG.\ttubala\t[...].",old.man\tDaddy\tPST\ttalk\tLOC\t3SG\tG.\ttwo\t[...],"The old man, Daddy, said to him, [to] G. and the other one [...].",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the inclusory use of a combination of a noun followed by the numeral 'two' (as dual marker).",,,naturalistic spoken,"Olman Dadi bin tok la im, G. tubala [...].",,old.man Daddy PST talk LOC 3SG G. two [...],"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the inclusory use of a combination of a noun followed by the numeral 'two' (as dual marker).",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,919, +25-42,25,"Teikim Nawurla tu, jet tubala Nangari ken luk ani laik thet from haiwei.","Teik-im\tNawurla\ttu,\tjet\ttubala\tNangari\tken\tluk\tani\tlaik\tthet\tfrom\thaiwei.",take-TR\tNawurla\ttoo\tDEM\ttwo\tNangari\tcan\tsee\tjust\tlike\tDEM\tfrom\thighway,"Take Nawurla too, those two, Nangari and her, will be able to see it just like that from the highway. (Context: looking for a particular plant)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the inclusory use of a combination of a noun and the numeral 'two'. Nawurla and Nangari are subsection (""skin"") names used throughout the Victoria River Area.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Teikim Nawurla tu, jet tubala Nangari ken luk ani laik thet from haiwei.","Teik-im Nawurla tu, jet tubala Nangari ken luk ani laik thet from haiwei.",take-TR Nawurla too DEM two Nangari can see just like DEM from highway,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the inclusory use of a combination of a noun and the numeral 'two'. Nawurla and Nangari are subsection (""skin"") names used throughout the Victoria River Area.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,920, +25-43,25,"Bat au fatha bin telim ""na yu kan teikimbek this tu kid"".","Bat\tau\tfatha\tbin\ttel-im\t""na\tyu\tkan\tteik-im-bek\tthis\ttu\tkid"".",but\t1PL.POSS\tfather\tPST\ttell-TR\tno\t2SG\tcan.NEG\ttake-TR-back\tPROX\ttwo\tchild,"But our father told him ""no you can't take back these two kids"".",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the negative ability auxiliary kan 'can't' and the order of numeral and noun in the noun phrase.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Bat au fatha bin telim ""na yu kan teikimbek this tu kid"".","Bat au fatha bin tel-im ""na yu kan teik-im-bek this tu kid"".",but 1PL.POSS father PST tell-TR no 2SG can.NEG take-TR-back PROX two child,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the negative ability auxiliary kan 'can't' and the order of numeral and noun in the noun phrase.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,921, +25-44,25,fo waif,fo\twaif,four\twife,four wives,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation.",,,naturalistic spoken,fo waif,,four wife,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,922, +25-45,25,Fes yu garra putim detlat faib ting la yu finga [...].,Fes\tyu\tgarra\tput-im\tdet-lat\tfaib\tting\tla\tyu\tfinga\t[...].,first\t2SG\tFUT/OBLIG\tput-TR\tDEM-PL\tfive\tthing\tLOC\t2SG\tfinger\t[...],First you have to put those five things in your hand [...].,,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the order of numeral and noun, and an expression for 'hand'.",659[30],,naturalistic spoken,Fes yu garra putim detlat faib ting la yu finga [...].,Fes yu garra put-im det-lat faib ting la yu finga [...].,first 2SG FUT/OBLIG put-TR DEM-PL five thing LOC 2SG finger [...],"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the order of numeral and noun, and an expression for 'hand'.",,,923, +25-46,25,"Sambala elikopta bin bajimap lilbit daga, maidi tu, thri deis [...] leita.","Sam-bala\telikopta\tbin\tbajimap\tlilbit\tdaga,\tmaidi\ttu,\tthri\tdei-s\t[...]\tleita.",some-ADJ2\thelicopter\tPST\tbring:TR\tlittle.bit\tfood\tmaybe\ttwo\tthree\tday-PL\t[...]\tlater,"Some helicopters brought a little bit of food, maybe two [or] three days later.",,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates constituent order in a transitive clause, and the order of quantifier and noun. Note the absence of plural marking on elikopta but presence of plural -s on deis.",40,,naturalistic spoken,"Sambala elikopta bin bajimap lilbit daga, maidi tu, thri deis [...] leita.","Sam-bala elikopta bin bajimap lilbit daga, maidi tu, thri dei-s [...] leita.",some-ADJ2 helicopter PST bring:TR little.bit food maybe two three day-PL [...] later,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates constituent order in a transitive clause, and the order of quantifier and noun. Note the absence of plural marking on elikopta but presence of plural -s on deis.",,,924, +25-47,25,En ai bin kambek garra det dupala fish la dinakemp.,En\tai\tbin\tkam-bek\tgarra\tdet\tdupala\tfish\tla\tdina-kemp.,and\t1SG\tPST\tcome-back\tCOM/INS\tDEM\ttwo\tfish\tLOC\tdinner-camp,And I came back with the two fish to the picnic spot.,,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the comitative reading of the preposition garra, and the position of numerals within the noun phrase.",659[74],,unknown,"En ai bin kambek garra det dupala fish la dinakemp.",En ai bin kam-bek garra det dupala fish la dina-kemp.,and 1SG PST come-back COM/INS DEM two fish LOC dinner-camp,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the comitative reading of the preposition garra, and the position of numerals within the noun phrase.",,,925, +25-48,25,"Thad wanim na, jei gula dubala, Y. en J. [...] J. dubala.","Thad\twanim\tna,\tjei\tgula\tdubala,\tY.\ten\tJ.\t[...]\tJ.\tdubala.",DEM\twhat's.it\tnow\t3PL\tcall\t3DU\tY.\tand\tJ.\t[...]\tJ.\ttwo,"What's-their-name, they call the two, Y. and J., [...] J. and his brother.",,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the numeral two as a dual marker following a noun in an inclusory construction.,41,,naturalistic spoken,"Thad wanim na, jei gula dubala, Y. en J. [...] J. dubala.",,DEM what's.it now 3PL call 3DU Y. and J. [...] J. two,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the numeral two as a dual marker following a noun in an inclusory construction.,,,926, +26-9,26,eɪtin jɛas ago,eɪtin\tjɛa-s\tago,eighteen\tyear-PL\tago,eighteen years ago,,,1545[52],,naturalistic spoken,eɪtin jɛas ago,eɪtin jɛa-s ago,eighteen year-PL ago,,,,927, +27-8,27,ēn man a ha dri jungkin.,ēn\tman\ta\tha\tdri\tjungkin.,INDF\tman\tPST\thave\tthree\tson,A man had three sons.,,,355[15],,naturalistic spoken,ēn man a ha dri jungkin.,,INDF man PST have three son,,,,928, +28-12,28,twe juŋ jɛrma,twe\tjungu\tjɛrma,two\tyoung\twoman,two girls,,,737[158],,naturalistic spoken,twe juŋ jɛrma,twe jungu jɛrma,two young woman,,,,929, +29-12,29,"een huis, drie huise","een\thuis,\tdrie\thuis-e",one\thouse\tthree\thouse-PL,"one house, three houses",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"een huis, drie huise","een huis, drie huis-e",one house three house-PL,,Own knowledge,,930, +30-12,30,Manel tinha tres katxor ki ta kumeba na pónta di si mésa.,Manel\ttinha\ttres\tkatxor\tki=ta=kume-ba\tna=pónta\tdi=si=mésa.,Manel\thave.ANT\tthree\tdog\tCOMP=IPFV=eat-ANT\tat=edge\tof=3SG.POSS=table,Manel had three dogs that ate at the foot of his table.,,,1407[238],,naturalistic spoken,"Manel tinha tres katxor ki ta kumeba na pónta di si mésa.",Manel tinha tres katxor ki=ta=kume-ba na=pónta di=si=mésa.,Manel have.ANT three dog COMP=IPFV=eat-ANT at=edge of=3SG.POSS=table,,,,931,"German: Manel besaß drei Hunde, die an seinem Tischende aßen." +31-13,31,Es tinha dos tisterna.,Es\ttinha\tdos\ttisterna.,they\thad\ttwo\tcisterns,They had two cisterns.,,,839,,naturalistic spoken,"Es tinha dos tisterna.",,they had two cisterns,,,,932, +31-14,31,N para tres anu na kontratu.,N\tpara\ttres\tanu\tna\tkontratu.,I\tstayed\tthree\tyear\tin\tcontract,I was contracted for three years.,,,880,,naturalistic spoken,N para tres anu na kontratu.,,I stayed three year in contract,,,,933, +32-8,32,sink amdjer,sink\tamdjer,five\twoman,five women,,,,,constructed by linguist,"sink amdjer",,five woman,,Own knowledge,,934,Portuguese: cinco mulheres +33-9,33,sinku rapas,sinku\trapas,five\tboy,five boys,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,sinku rapas,,five boy,,Own knowledge,,935,Portuguese: cinco rapazes +34-10,34,dos bajuda ku siŋku rapás,dos\tbajuda\tku\tsiŋku\trapás,two\tgirl\twith\tfive\tboy,two girls and five boys,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"dos bajuda ku siŋku rapás",,two girl with five boy,,Own knowledge,,936, +35-11,35,tlêxi manson,tlêxi\tmanson,three\tapple.banana,three apple-bananas,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tlêxi manson,,three apple.banana,,Own data,,937, +35-12,35,dôsu inen mina mosu se mu,dôsu\tinen\tmina\tmosu\tse\tmu,two\tPL.DEF\tchild\tboy\tDEM\t1SG.POSS,those two boys of mine,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dôsu inen mina mosu se mu,,two PL.DEF child boy DEM 1SG.POSS,,Own data,,938, +35-13,35,inen dôsu manu se,inen\tdôsu\tmanu\tse,3PL.DEF\ttwo\tbrother\tDEM,those two brothers,,This is the standard position of the numeral.,,,naturalistic spoken,inen dôsu manu se,,3PL.DEF two brother DEM,This is the standard position of the numeral.,Own data,,939, +35-14,35,inen sun se dôsu,inen\tsun\tse\tdôsu,PL.DEF\tman\tDEM\ttwo,these two men,,"This position of the numeral is rare and, according to informants, it is best accepted with low numbers.",,,naturalistic spoken,inen sun se dôsu,,PL.DEF man DEM two,"This position of the numeral is rare and, according to informants, it is best accepted with low numbers.",Own data,,940, +36-7,36,tano litu awa,tano\tlitu\tawa,five\tliter\twater,five liters of water,,,901[47],,elicited from speaker,"tano litu awa",,five liter water,,,,941,French: cinq litres d'eau +37-7,37,kaxi ũa,kaxi\tũa,house\tone,one house,,,,,constructed by linguist,"kaxi ũa",,house one,,Own knowledge,,942, +37-8,37,dexi kaxi,dexi\tkaxi,ten\thouse,ten houses,,,,,constructed by linguist,"dexi kaxi",,ten house,,Own knowledge,,943, +38-9,38,batel tisy,batelu\ttesyi,canoe\tthree,three canoes,,,,,naturalistic spoken,batel tisy,batelu tesyi,canoe three,,Own fieldwork 1993,,944, +39-18,39,ũ makak tiŋ i ũ crocodile.,ũ\tmakak\tt-iŋ\ti\tũ\t.,one\tmonkey\tEXIST-PST\tand\tone\tcrocodile,"[Once upon a time], there was a monkey and a crocodile.",,Crocodile is taken from English.,221[225],,naturalistic spoken,ũ makak tiŋ i ũ crocodile.,"ũ makak t-iŋ i ũ <crocodile>.",one monkey EXIST-PST and one crocodile,"Crocodile is taken from English.",,,945, +39-19,39,Dəpəy də trey di use vẽy voltad.,Dəpəy\tdə\ttrey\tdi\tuse\tvẽy\tvolta-d.,after\tof\tthree\tday\t2\tcome.NPST\treturn-PTCP,You [will] come back in three days.,,,221[189],,naturalistic spoken,Dəpəy də trey di use vẽy voltad.,Dəpəy də trey di use vẽy volta-d.,after of three day 2 come.NPST return-PTCP,,,,946, +40-11,40,"Tər u͂ mes ya fiko, doy mes ya fiko, trey mes fiko.","Tər\tu͂\tmes\tya\tfiko,\tdoy\tmes\tya\tfiko,\ttrey\tmes\tfiko.",then\tone\tmonth\tPST\tbecome.PST\ttwo\tmonth\tPST\tbecome.PST\tthree\tmonth\tbecome.PST,"So, a month went by, two months passed, and three months passed.",,This is taken from a narrative told by Jerome Francis Rosario.,265[164-67],,elicited from speaker,"Tər u͂ mes ya fiko, doy mes ya fiko, trey mes fiko.",,then one month PST become.PST two month PST become.PST three month become.PST,This is taken from a narrative told by Jerome Francis Rosario.,,,947, +41-16,41,inda un doos voo trees pesaan nukuvii,inda\tuŋ\tdoos\tvoo\ttrees\tpesaam\tnuku-vii,yet\tone\ttwo\tINDF\tthree\tperson\tNEG-come,Another two or three people did not come. OR: Another two or three people have not come.,,,1416[5421],,naturalistic spoken,inda un doos voo trees pesaan nukuvii,inda uŋ doos voo trees pesaam nuku-vii,yet one two INDF three person NEG-come,,,,948, +41-17,41,malvaar avara istintu taan tesirvii doos pesaam,malvaar\tagɔɔra\tisti-ntu\ttaam\tte-sirvii\tdoos\tpesaam,Tamil\tnow\tthis-LOC\talso\tPRS-work\ttwo\tperson,Two Tamils are also working here now. OR: Two Tamils are even working here now.,,Malvaar is not pluralized. Malvaar is the new information in this sentence. The speaker implies that he would rather employ Burghers than Tamils. Doos pesaam occurs in a de-emphasized coda.,1416[1372],,naturalistic spoken,malvaar avara istintu taan tesirvii doos pesaam,malvaar agɔɔra isti-ntu taam te-sirvii doos pesaam,Tamil now this-LOC also PRS-work two person,"Malvaar is not pluralized. Malvaar is the new information in this sentence. The speaker implies that he would rather employ Burghers than Tamils. Doos pesaam occurs in a de-emphasized coda.",,,949, +42-11,42,dos prau,dos\tprau,two\tboat,two boats,,,122[85],,elicited from speaker,dos prau,,two boat,,,,950, +43-9,43,[...] su largura ses peo dos dedu.,[...]\tsu\tlargura\tses\tpeo\tdos\tdedu.,[...]\tPOSS.3SG\twidth\tsix\tfoot\ttwo\tfinger,[...] six feet and two fingers wide.,,,906[134],,pedagogical grammar,"[...] su largura ses peo dos dedu.",,[...] POSS.3SG width six foot two finger,,,,951, +44-10,44,tres kobéta,tres\tkobéta,three\tpail,three toilets,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tres kobéta,,three pail,,Own data,,952, +45-8,45,Ese primer dos libro el nuevo.,Ese\tprimer\tdos\tlibro\tel\tnuevo.,that\tfirst\ttwo\tbook\tthe\tnew,The new ones are those first two books.,,,835[69],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ese primer dos libro el nuevo.",,that first two book the new,,,,953, +46-24,46,Tyéne tres karabáw na kamíno.,Tyéne\ttres\tkarabáw\tna\tkamíno.,EXIST\tthree\twater.buffalo\tLOC\tway/street,There are three water-buffalos on the way.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Tyéne tres karabáw na kamíno.,,EXIST three water.buffalo LOC way/street,,Own knowledge,,954, +47-21,47,Mi tin ocho ruman.,Mi\ttin\tocho\truman.,1SG\thave\teight\tsibling,I have eight siblings.,,,752[324],,published source,Mi tin ocho ruman.,,1SG have eight sibling,,,,955, +48-10,48,tre kasa,tre\tkasa,three\thouse,three houses,,A variant is ma tre kasa (with ma signalling plural).,,,naturalistic spoken,tre kasa,,three house,"A variant is ma tre kasa (with ma signalling plural).",Recorded by author,,956,Spanish: tres casas +49-11,49,Avyon an sot Pòtoprens a senk è.,Avyon\tan\tsot\tPòtoprens\ta\tsenk\tè.,plane\tDEF\tleave\tPort.au.Prince\tat\tfive\thour,The plane left Port-au-Prince at five o' clock.,,,371[14],,naturalistic spoken,Avyon an sot Pòtoprens a senk è.,,plane DEF leave Port.au.Prince at five hour,,,,957,French: L'avion est parti de Port-au-Prince à cinq heures. +50-11,50,douz timoun,douz\ttimoun,twelve\tchild,twelve children,,,,,naturalistic spoken,douz timoun,,twelve child,,Own fieldwork,,958, +51-12,51,douz timanmay,douz\ttimanmay,twelve\tchildren,twelve children,,,,,naturalistic spoken,douz timanmay,,twelve children,,Own fieldwork,,959, +52-7,52,trwa timoun chak,trwa\ttimoun\tchak,three\tchildren\teach,three children each,,,,,constructed by linguist,trwa timoun chak,,three children each,,Own knowledge,,960, +53-19,53,senkont piti,senkont\tpiti,fifty\tchild,fifty children,,,1048[378],,naturalistic spoken,senkont piti,,fifty child,,,,961, +54-15,54,trwa banann,trwa\tbanann,three\tbanana,three bananas,,,,,constructed by linguist,trwa banann,,three banana,,Own knowledge,,962,French: trois bananes +55-13,55,duz mwa,duz\tmwa,twelve\tmonth,twelve months,,,,,constructed by linguist,duz mwa,,twelve month,,Own knowledge,,963, +56-21,56,kat tanbour,kat\ttanbour,four\tdrum,four drums,,,955[182],,naturalistic spoken,kat tanbour,,four drum,,,,964, +57-7,57,na trwa loto pu lja,na\ttrwa\tloto\tpu\tlja,EXIST\tthree\tcar\tPREP\t3SG.M.POSS,He has three cars.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"na trwa loto pu lja",,EXIST three car PREP 3SG.M.POSS,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,965, +57-127,57,na nde mbetaj pu per ava,na\tnde\tmbetaj\tpu\tper\tava,EXIST\ttwo\tox\tPREP\tfather\tbefore,"Before, the father had two oxen.",,,423[246],,naturalistic spoken,"na nde mbetaj pu per ava",,EXIST two ox PREP father before,,,,966, +58-9,58,mwana/muntu mosi,mwana/muntu\tmosi,child/person\tone,one child/person,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mwana/muntu mosi,,child/person one,,Own knowledge,,967, +58-10,58,bana/bantu zole,bana/bantu\tzole,child/person\ttwo,two children/people,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,bana/bantu zole,,child/person two,,Own knowledge,,968, +59-23,59,melenge ti lo oko amu koli,melenge\tti\tlo\toko\ta-mu\tkoli,child\tof\t3SG\tone\tPM-take\tman,His one child got married.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,melenge ti lo oko amu koli,melenge ti lo oko a-mu koli,child of 3SG one PM-take man,,Samarin corpus 1994,,969, +59-24,59,melenge ti lo ni adu melenge ti koli oko,melenge\tti\tlo\tni\ta-du\tmelenge\tti\tkoli\toko,child\tof\t3SG\tDET\tPM-bear\tchild\tof\tmale\tone,His child gave birth to one son.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,melenge ti lo ni adu melenge ti koli oko,melenge ti lo ni a-du melenge ti koli oko,child of 3SG DET PM-bear child of male one,,Samarin corpus 1994,,970, +59-25,59,"wali ni, lo oko la (a)ke lango na ya ti da","wali\tni,\tlo\toko\tla\t(a)ke\tlango\tna\tya\tti\tda",woman\tDET\t3SG\tone\tFOC\t(PM-)COP\tsleep\tPREP\tbelly\tof\thouse,The woman alone slept in the house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"wali ni, lo oko la (a)ke lango na ya ti da",,woman DET 3SG one FOC (PM-)COP sleep PREP belly of house,,Samarin corpus 1994,,971, +59-26,59,lo mu na ni ye oko ape,lo\tmu\tna\tni\tye\toko\tape,3SG\tgive\tPREP\tDET\tthing\tone\tNEG,[Her mother said] that she (the daughter) didn't give her anything.,,,,,constructed by linguist,lo mu na ni ye oko ape,,3SG give PREP DET thing one NEG,,Own knowledge,,972, +59-27,59,so kwe ata ti lo ni ake ma meme ye oko na ya ni ape,so\tkwe\tata\tti\tlo\tni\ta-ke\tma\t\tye\toko\tna\tya\tni\tape,DEM\tall\tgrandmother\tof\t3SG\tDET\tSM-COP\thear\teven\tthing\tone\tPREP\tbelly\tDET\tNEG,Of all this her grandmother didn't observe one thing.,,Meme is a French word.,1326,,naturalistic spoken,so kwe ata ti lo ni ake ma meme ye oko na ya ni ape,so kwe ata ti lo ni a-ke ma <meme> ye oko na ya ni ape,DEM all grandmother of 3SG DET SM-COP hear even thing one PREP belly DET NEG,"Meme is a French word.",,,973, +60-7,60,mibáli míbalé,mibáli\tmíbalé,men\ttwo,two men,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mibáli míbalé,,men two,,Own knowledge,,974, +61-6,61,mabili fan,mabili\tfan,two\tboy,two boys OR: two sons,,Fan could be spelt to show vowel length.,940[235],,naturalistic spoken,mabili fan,,two boy,"Fan could be spelt <faan> to show vowel length.",,,975, +62-6,62,vigí vinú víáta iʔí ní vighó,vigi\tvi-nu\tví-ata\tiʔí\tní\tvi-ghó,things\t8-two\t8-be\there\tis\t8-my,The two things here are mine.,,,,,elicited from speaker,vigí vinú víáta iʔí ní vighó,vigi vi-nu ví-ata iʔí ní vi-ghó,things 8-two 8-be here is 8-my,,Own field data 1993,,976, +63-7,63,yal-á tísa,yal-á\ttísa,child-PL\tnine,nine children,,,857[329],,naturalistic spoken,yal-á tísa,,child-PL nine,,,,977, +64-11,64,árba yom,árba\tyom,four\tday,four days,,,874[100],,elicited from speaker,árba yom,,four day,,,,978, +64-12,64,kámsa wa iʃrín náfar,kámsa\twa\tiʃrín\tnáfar,five\tand\ttwenty\tindividual,twenty-five individuals,,,874[100],,elicited from speaker,kámsa wa iʃrín náfar,,five and twenty individual,,,,979, +64-13,64,alf bagarát,alf\tbagar-át,one.thousand\tcow-PL,one thousand cows,,,874[100],,elicited from speaker,alf bagarát,alf bagar-át,one.thousand cow-PL,,,,980, +65-17,65,Təri rubəli mala mala kuʃi.,Təri\trubəli\tmala\tmala\tkuʃi.,three\trouble\tsmall\tsmall\teat,Three roubles are enough to have a small meal.,,This example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,1195[226],,naturalistic spoken,Təri rubəli mala mala kuʃi.,,three rouble small small eat,This example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,,Три рубли мала мала куши.,981, +65-18,65,"Dwa mamka byla papa, dwa ʒenʃ'ina.","Dwa\tmamka\tbyla\tpapa,\tdwa\tʒenʃ'ina.",two\tmother\tCOP.PFV\tfather\ttwo\twoman,"Father had two wifes, two women.",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,1195[237],,naturalistic spoken,"Dwa mamka byla papa, dwa ʒenʃ'ina.",,two mother COP.PFV father two woman,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,,"Два мамка была папа, два женщина.",982, +67-16,67,"Saya ada dua anak, satu jantan, satu perempuan.","Saya\tada\tdua\tanak,\tsatu\tjantan,\tsatu\tperempuan.",1SG\thave\ttwo\tchild\tone\tmale\tone\tfemale,"I have two children, one son [and] one daughter.",,,708[109],,naturalistic spoken,"Saya ada dua anak, satu jantan, satu perempuan.",,1SG have two child one male one female,,,,983, +68-9,68,tuju orang bidadari,tuju\torang\tbidadari,seven\tCLF\tnymph,seven nymphs,,,1528[152],,naturalistic spoken,tuju orang bidadari,,seven CLF nymph,,,,984, +68-10,68,parangpuang tuju,parangpuang\ttuju,woman\tseven,seven women,,,1528[152],,naturalistic spoken,parangpuang tuju,,woman seven,,,,985, +69-9,69,aykum kundamwin,aykum\tkundamwin,woman\ttwo,two women,,,,,naturalistic spoken,aykum kundamwin,,woman two,,Own field notes 1985,,986, +70-7,70,Ham lekeao dui katon stabi.,Ham\tlekeao\tdui\tkaton\tstabi.,1SG\tbring\ttwo\tcarton\tstubby,I brought two cartons of stubbies.,,Stubbies are a kind of beer bottle.,,,naturalistic spoken,Ham lekeao dui katon stabi.,,1SG bring two carton stubby,"Stubbies are a kind of beer bottle.",Siegel-field recording,,987, +71-10,71,Ekolu kepani hopu kela Ahana.,Ekolu\tkepani\thopu\tkela\tAhana.,four\tJapanese\tseize\tDET\tAhana,Four Japanese men seized Ahana.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Ekolu kepani hopu kela Ahana.",,four Japanese seize DET Ahana,,Own data 1896,,988, +72-12,72,Nyawa jirribala malyju dei bin lukaran bo kirrawa.,Nyawa\tjirri-bala\tmalyju\tdei\tbin\tluk-aran\tbo\tkirrawa.,this\tthree-NUM\tboy\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tlook-around\tDAT\tgoanna,These three boys are searching for goannas.,,Here the numeral is found preceding the nominal.,583,1c0300805dda5144492a634a4fa849ae,narrative,Nyawa jirribala malyju dei bin lukaran bo kirrawa.,Nyawa jirri-bala malyju dei bin luk-aran bo kirrawa.,this three-NUM boy 3PL.SBJ PST look-around DAT goanna,Here the numeral is found preceding the nominal.,,,989, +72-13,72,"Imin grabim im leg wanbala, nyilangku pujikattu.","Im-in\tgrab-im\tim\tleg\twanbala,\tnyila-ngku\tpujikat-tu.",3SG-PST\tgrab-TR\t3SG\tleg\tone\tthat-ERG\tcat-ERG,That cat grabbed one of his legs.,,,400,9cc0a0dac55c18ac3142664ae0800aac,naturalistic spoken,"Imin grabim im leg wanbala, nyilangku pujikattu.","Im-in grab-im im leg wanbala, nyila-ngku pujikat-tu.",3SG-PST grab-TR 3SG leg one that-ERG cat-ERG,,,,990, +73-9,73,sinku botillada,sinku\tbotilla-da,five\tbottle-ACC,five bottles,,,1038[396],,elicited from speaker,sinku botillada,sinku botilla-da,five bottle-ACC,,,,991, +74-13,74,ixt but,ixt\tbut,one\tboat,one boat,,,,,constructed by linguist,ixt but,,one boat,,Own knowledge,,992, +74-14,74,makwst but,makwst\tbut,two\tboat,two boats,,,,,constructed by linguist,makwst but,,two boat,,Own knowledge,,993, +74-15,74,ixt man,ixt\tman,one\tman,one man,,,675[16],,narrative,ixt man,,one man,,,,994, +75-28,75,kat lii sheezh,kat\tlii\tsheezh,four\tART.PL\tchair,four chairs,,"The article is obligaotory after numerals, and it does not mark definiteness.",522,,elicited from speaker,kat lii sheezh,,four ART.PL chair,"The article is obligaotory after numerals, and it does not mark definiteness.",,,995, +75-29,75,Peeyak miina ota takopayiw enn fiy.,Peeyak\tmiina\tota\ttako-pay-iw\tenn\tfiy.,one\talso\there\tarrive-MOVE-3SG\tINDF.ART.F\tgirl,One more girl has arrived here.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Peeyak miina ota takopayiw enn fiy.,Peeyak miina ota tako-pay-iw enn fiy.,one also here arrive-MOVE-3SG INDF.ART.F girl,,,,996, +76-18,76,malo okio aipani,malo\tokio\taipani,two\twinter\tlong.ago,two winters ago,,,1442[228],,reconstructed by documentalist,malo okio aipani,,two winter long.ago,,,,997, +76-19,76,"awoñ'a ca'vik ai'tcū, ila awoñ'a ekal'luk ta'llimat a'itcū","awoñ'a\tca'vik\tai'tcū,\tila\tawoñ'a\tekal'luk\tta'llimat\ta'itcū",I\tknife\tgive\the\tI\tfish\tfive\tgive,I gave him a knife (for which) he gave me five fish.,,,1442[223],,reconstructed by documentalist,"awoñ'a ca'vik ai'tcū, ila awoñ'a ekal'luk ta'llimat a'itcū",,I knife give he I fish five give,,,,998, +1-26,1,"Bikasi allasanni, dissi buku takki va mi, sa komm so.","Bikasi\tala-sani,\tdisi\tbuku\ttaki\tfu\tmi,\tsa\tkom\tso.",because\tall-thing\tREL\tbook\tsay\tof\t1SG\tFUT\tcome\tso,Because everything that the Book says about me will happen like that.,,"The relative clause, marked by disi and with an empty object position, immediately follows the subject antecedent.",1355[253],,written,"Bikasi allasanni, dissi buku takki va mi, sa komm so.","Bikasi ala-sani, disi buku taki fu mi, sa kom so.",because all-thing REL book say of 1SG FUT come so,"The relative clause, marked by disi and with an empty object position, immediately follows the subject antecedent.",,,999, +1-27,1,Den zomma disi brokke da koffi na zabatim den no moese myki zoo menni balibali lange da zinge.,Den\tsoma\tdisi\tbroko\tda\tkofi\tna\tsabaten\tden\tno\tmusu\tmeki\tso-meni\tbabari\tnanga\tda\tsingi.,DET.PL\tpeople\tREL\tbreak\tDET.SG\tcoffee\tat\tevening\t3PL\tNEG\tmust\tmake\tso-much\tshouting\twith\tDET.SG\tsinging,The people that will peel coffee beans tonight (they) mustn’t make so much noise with their singing.,,"The relative clause is marked by disi; nothing (else) appears in its subject position. The subject antecedent and the relative clause are followed here by a copy pronoun (external resumptive), den, in the matrix clause.",1527[68],,written,"Den zomma disi brokke da koffi na zabatim den no moese myki zoo menni balibali lange da zinge.",Den soma disi broko da kofi na sabaten den no musu meki so-meni babari nanga da singi.,DET.PL people REL break DET.SG coffee at evening 3PL NEG must make so-much shouting with DET.SG singing,"The relative clause is marked by disi; nothing (else) appears in its subject position. The subject antecedent and the relative clause are followed here by a copy pronoun (external resumptive), den, in the matrix clause.",,,1000,"Dutch: Die daar 's Avonds de Koffi uit de Schil doen die moeten zoo veel geraas niet maaken, met haar Zingen. [op.cit.]" +1-28,1,"Wan uman ben de dapeh, dissi habi wan jeje vo siki sinsi tin na aiti jari.","Wan\tuma\tben\tde\tdape,\tdisi\thabi\twan\tyeye\tfu\tsiki\tsensi\ttin\tna\taiti\tyari.",ART.INDF.SG\twoman\tPST\tCOP\tthere\tREL\thave\tART.INDF.SG\tspirit\tof\tillness\tsince\tten\tat\teight\tyear,"There was a woman there, who had a spirit of infirmity for eighteen years.",,"Ad Features 92 ""Subject relative clauses"" and 7 ""Order of relative clause and noun"": The relative clause is marked by disi; nothing (else) appears in its subject position. It appears to the right of the matrix predicate, while the antecedent is in the sentence-initial subject position.",1355[176],,written,"Wan uman ben de dapeh, dissi habi wan jeje vo siki sinsi tin na aiti jari.","Wan uma ben de dape, disi habi wan yeye fu siki sensi tin na aiti yari.",ART.INDF.SG woman PST COP there REL have ART.INDF.SG spirit of illness since ten at eight year,"Ad Features 92 ""Subject relative clauses"" and 7 ""Order of relative clause and noun"": The relative clause is marked by disi; nothing (else) appears in its subject position. It appears to the right of the matrix predicate, while the antecedent is in the sentence-initial subject position.",,,1001, +1-29,1,Soema dée diesie dee aksie na joe.,Soma\tde\tdisi\tde\taksi\tna\tyu.,person\tbe.there\tREL\tASP\task\tfor\t2SG,There are people who are asking for you.,,"The relative clause is marked by disi; nothing (else) appears in its subject position. It appears to the right of the matrix predicate, while the antecedent is in the sentence-initial subject position.",1576[92],,written,Soema dée diesie dee aksie na joe.,Soma de disi de aksi na yu.,person be.there REL ASP ask for 2SG,"The relative clause is marked by disi; nothing (else) appears in its subject position. It appears to the right of the matrix predicate, while the antecedent is in the sentence-initial subject position.",,,1002,Dutch: Daar zyn luiden die naar u vraagen. [op.cit.] +2-21,2,a man di gi mi a papira,a\tman\tdi\tgi\tmi\ta\tpapira,DET\tman\tREL\tgive\tme\tDET\tpaper,the man who gave me the paper,,,1585[19],,naturalistic spoken,"a man di gi mi a papira",,DET man REL give me DET paper,,,,1003, +2-22,2,a tori disi san mi e go taki,a\ttori\tdisi\tsan\tmi\te\tgo\ttaki,DET\tstory\tDEM\tREL\t1SG\tIPFV\tgo\ttalk,the story that I’m going to tell,,,1062[24],,naturalistic spoken,"a tori disi san mi e go taki",,DET story DEM REL 1SG IPFV go talk,,,,1004, +3-12,3,dɛɛ womi dɛɛ mi wɔɔkɔ ku dɛ,dɛɛ\twomi\tdɛɛ\tmi\twɔɔkɔ\tku\tdɛ,DEF.PL\tman\tREL.PL\t1SG\twork\twith\t3PL,the men that I work with,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dɛɛ womi dɛɛ mi wɔɔkɔ ku dɛ,,DEF.PL man REL.PL 1SG work with 3PL,,Fieldwork data,,1005, +4-8,4,A peesi di mi e tan abi wan moy kiiki.,A\tpeesi\tdi\tmi\te\ttan\tabi\twan\tmoy\tkiiki.,DET.SG\tplace\tREL\t1SG\tIPFV\tstay\thave\tone\tnice\tcreek,The place where I live has a nice creek.,,,568[158],,naturalistic spoken,"A peesi di mi e tan abi wan moy kiiki.",,DET.SG place REL 1SG IPFV stay have one nice creek,,,,1006, +5-14,5,ayu na ga non wo doz oopn mashiin an so?,ayu\tna\tga\tnon\two\tdoz\toopn\tmashiin\tan\tso?,2PL\tNEG\thave\tnone\tREL\tHAB\topen\tmachine\tand\tsuch,Don't you have any that opens machines and other such things?,,,1281[132 (line 258 - 9)],,naturalistic spoken,"ayu na ga non wo doz oopn mashiin an so?",,2PL NEG have none REL HAB open machine and such,,,,1007, +5-15,5,di man wa de pan di rood ii chupit baad,di\tman\twa\tde\tpan\tdi\trood\tii\tchupit\tbaad,DEF\tman\tREL\tLOC\tPREP\tDEF\troad\t3SG\tstupid\tbad,The man who is on the road is very stupid.,,,,,constructed by linguist,di man wa de pan di rood ii chupit baad,,DEF man REL LOC PREP DEF road 3SG stupid bad,,Own knowledge,,1008, +6-8,6,de woman weh mek de pilau,de\twoman\tweh\tmek\tde\tpilau,DET\twoman\tREL.PRO\tmake\tDET\tpilau,the woman who made the pilau,,,,,elicited from speaker,de woman weh mek de pilau,,DET woman REL.PRO make DET pilau,,Informant,,1009, +7-13,7,I gyel we/da taalboi laik ha tu pikni.,I\tgyel\twe/da\ttaalboi\tlaik\tha\ttu\tpikni.,ART\tgirl\tREL\ttallboy\tlike\thave\ttwo\tchild,The girl whom Tallboy likes has two children.,,,1244[199],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I gyel we/da taalboi laik ha tu pikni.",,ART girl REL tallboy like have two child,,,,1010, +7-14,7,Mi waa suhmting outa di chek we yu get.,Mi\twaa\tsuhm-ting\tout-a\tdi\tchek\twe\tyu\tget.,1SG\twant\tsome-thing\tout-of\tthe\tcheck\tREL\tyou\tget,I want something from the check which you got.,,,1244[102],,naturalistic spoken,Mi waa suhmting outa di chek we yu get.,Mi waa suhm-ting out-a di chek we yu get.,1SG want some-thing out-of the check REL you get,,,,1011, +8-8,8,Wi fain di moni we Jan laas.,Wi\tfain\tdi\tmoni\twe\tJan\tlaas.,1PL\tfind\tDET\tmoney\tREL\tJohn\tlose,We found the money that John lost.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Wi fain di moni we Jan laas.,,1PL find DET money REL John lose,,Own knowledge,,1012, +9-16,9,Maskin me ownli de tiŋk bowt di trezha we i me las.,Maskin\tme\townli\tde\ttiŋk\tbowt\tdi\ttrezha\twe\ti\tme\tlas.,Maskin\tANT\tonly\tPROG\tthink\tabout\tthe\ttreasure\tREL\t3SG\tANT\tlose,Maskin was only thinking about the treasure that he had lost.,,,432[47],,naturalistic spoken,Maskin me ownli de tiŋk bowt di trezha we i me las.,,Maskin ANT only PROG think about the treasure REL 3SG ANT lose,,,,1013, +9-17,9,di kwaat badl we yu de luk fa,di\tkwaat\tbadl\twe\tyu\tde\tluk\tfa,the\tquart\tbottle\tREL\t2SG\tPROG\tlook\tfor,the quart bottles that you are looking for,,,432[36],,naturalistic spoken,di kwaat badl we yu de luk fa,,the quart bottle REL 2SG PROG look for,,,,1014, +10-8,10,Yu sii dis man we kom iin rait now?,Yu\tsii\tdis\tman\twe\tkom\tiin\trait\tnow?,2SG\tsee\tDEM\tman\tREL\tcome\tin\tright\tnow,Do you see this man who is coming in right now?,,,113[127],,naturalistic spoken,Yu sii dis man we kom iin rait now?,,2SG see DEM man REL come in right now,,,,1015, +11-12,11,Iin di praimari skuul we Ai wook wi hav seventiin tiichaz.,Iin\tdi\tpraimari\tskuul\twe\tAi\twook\twi\thav\tseventiin\ttiicha-z.,in\tART.DEF\tprimary\tschool\tREL\t1SG\twork\t1PL\thave\tseventeen\tteacher-PL,In the primary school where I work there are seventeen teachers.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Iin di praimari skuul we Ai wook wi hav seventiin tiichaz.,Iin di praimari skuul we Ai wook wi hav seventiin tiicha-z.,in ART.DEF primary school REL 1SG work 1PL have seventeen teacher-PL,,,,1016, +11-13,11,So di wan we aansa di bes iz di wan we get di fors plees.,So\tdi\twan\twe\taansa\tdi\tbes\tiz\tdi\twan\twe\tget\tdi\tfors\tplees.,so\tART.DEF\tone\tREL\tanswer\tART.DEF\tbest\tCOP.PRS\tART.DEF\tone\tREL\tget\tART.DEF\tfirst\tplace,So the one who gives the best answer wins the first prize.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,So di wan we aansa di bes iz di wan we get di fors plees.,,so ART.DEF one REL answer ART.DEF best COP.PRS ART.DEF one REL get ART.DEF first place,,,,1017, +12-9,12,January just make him thirteen. January what gone make him thirteen.,[...]\tJanuary\twhat\tgone\tmake\thim\tthirteen.,[...]\tJanuary\tREL\tgo\PFV\tmake[PFV]\thim\tthirteen,[He just turned thirteen in January.] He turned thirteen last January (= the January that just passed).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"January just make him thirteen. January what gone make him thirteen.","[...] January what gone make him thirteen.",[...] January REL go\PFV make[PFV] him thirteen,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,1018, +13-9,13,dem people what go dere,dem\tpeople\twhat\tgo\tdere,DEM\tpeople\tREL\tgo\tthere,the people who go there,,,1500[260],,naturalistic spoken,dem people what go dere,,DEM people REL go there,,,,1019, +13-10,13,de person who de hag da ride,de\tperson\twho\tde\thag\tda\tride,the\tperson\tREL\tthe\thag\tIPFV\tride,the person who the hag is riding,,,1500[276],,naturalistic spoken,de person who de hag da ride,,the person REL the hag IPFV ride,,,,1020, +15-8,15,"Da buk we yu bin gi mi, a dɔn lɔs am.","Da\tbuk\twe\tyu\tbin\tgi\tmi,\ta\tdɔn\tlɔs\tam.",ART\tbook\tREL\t2SG\tPST\tgive\tme\t1SG\tPFV\tlose\tit,I have misplaced the book that you gave me.,,,686[82],,naturalistic written,"Da buk we yu bin gi mi, a dɔn lɔs am.",,ART book REL 2SG PST give me 1SG PFV lose it,,,,1021, +16-13,16,pipu we dɛm dè dè wɔʧ dɛ fiʃ,pipu\twe\tdɛm\tdè\tdè\twɔʧ\tdɛ\tfiʃ,people\tCOMP\t3PL\t3PL\tHAB\twatch\tART\tfish,people who minded the fish,,The complementizer (relativizer) we and the resumptive pronoun within the relative clause (here: dè) are optional.,656[181],,naturalistic spoken,pipu we dɛm dè dè wɔʧ dɛ fiʃ,,people COMP 3PL 3PL HAB watch ART fish,"The complementizer (relativizer) we and the resumptive pronoun within the relative clause (here: dè) are optional.",,,1022, +17-8,17,À si dì man we̱ ìm bin cho̱p.,À\tsi\tdì\tman\twe̱\tìm\tbin\tcho̱p.,1SG.SBJ\tsee\tART.DEF\tman\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\tANT\teat,I saw the man who ate.,,,462[36],,naturalistic spoken,À si dì man we̱ ìm bin cho̱p.,,1SG.SBJ see ART.DEF man REL 3SG.SBJ ANT eat,,,,1023, +18-11,18,Dat man we a bin si i.,Dat\tman\twe\ta\tbin\tsi\ti.,that\tman\tREL\t1SG\tPST\tsee\t3SG,The man that I saw.,,,125[60],,unspecified,Dat man we a bin si i.,,that man REL 1SG PST see 3SG,,,,1024, +19-12,19,Mi nà wan human we à siryɔs.,Mi\tnà\twan\thuman\t[we\tà\tsiryɔs].,1SG.EMPH\tCOP\tone\twoman\t[SUBORD\t1SG.SBJ\tbe.serious],I (emphasis) am a woman who is serious.,,,1634[486],,elicited from speaker,"Mi nà wan human we à siryɔs.","Mi nà wan human [we à siryɔs].",1SG.EMPH COP one woman [SUBORD 1SG.SBJ be.serious],,,,1025, +20-13,20,"Me thinkey you one very good man, one man what know justice and law.","Me\tthinkey\tyou\tone\tvery\tgood\tman,\tone\tman\twhat\tknow\tjustice\tand\tlaw.",1SG\tthink\t2SG\tART.INDF\tvery\tgood\tman\tART.INDF\tman\twhat\tknow\tjustice\tand\tlaw,"I think you are a good man, one who knows justice and the law.",,"This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours. +Note the use of what as relative pronoun as in some British dialects.",1310[289],,naturalistic written,"Me thinkey you one very good man, one man what know justice and law.",,1SG think 2SG ART.INDF very good man ART.INDF man what know justice and law,"This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours. +Note the use of what as relative pronoun as in some British dialects.",,,1026, +21-11,21,The boy pinch my sister one very naughty.,The\tboy\tpinch\tmy\tsister\tone\tvery\tnaughty.,DET\tboy\tpinch\t1SG.POSS\tsister\tREL\tvery\tnaughty,The boy who pinches/pinched my sister is very naughty.,,,1568[67],,constructed by linguist,The boy pinch my sister one very naughty.,,DET boy pinch 1SG.POSS sister REL very naughty,,,,1027, +21-12,21,the way that acrolectal speakers say it,the way that acrolectal speakers say it,,the way that acrolectal speakers say it,,,,,constructed by linguist,the way that acrolectal speakers say it,,,,Own knowledge,,1028, +22-19,22,Mi lukim ol dok i ranim pik bilong mi.,Mi\tluk-im\tol\tdok\ti\tran-im\tpik\tbilong\tmi.,1SG\tsee-TR\tPL\tdog\tPM\trun-TR\tpig\tPOSS\t1SG,I saw the dogs that chased my pig.,,,411[140],,constructed by linguist,Mi lukim ol dok i ranim pik bilong mi.,Mi luk-im ol dok i ran-im pik bilong mi.,1SG see-TR PL dog PM run-TR pig POSS 1SG,,,,1029, +22-20,22,I gat wanpla lapun meri em sa stap long hap.,I\tgat\twanpla\tlapun\tmeri\tem\tsa\tstap\tlong\thap.,PM\tgot\tone\told\twoman\t3SG\tHAB\tstay\tat\tside,There was an old woman who stayed there.,,,1425[150],,naturalistic spoken,I gat wanpla lapun meri em sa stap long hap.,,PM got one old woman 3SG HAB stay at side,,,,1030, +22-21,22,Dedi blo mi bin lukim wanpla krokodail we em i traim lo atekim mipla.,Dedi\tblo\tmi\tbin\tluk-im\twan-pla\tkrokodail\twe\tem\ti\ttraim\tlo\tatek-im\tmipla.,father\tPOSS\t1SG\tPST\tsee-TR\tone-MOD\tcrocodile\tREL\t3SG\tPM\ttry\tto\tattack-TR\t1PL.EXCL,My father saw a crocodile which tried to attack us.,,,1425[153],,naturalistic spoken,Dedi blo mi bin lukim wanpla krokodail we em i traim lo atekim mipla.,Dedi blo mi bin luk-im wan-pla krokodail we em i traim lo atek-im mipla.,father POSS 1SG PST see-TR one-MOD crocodile REL 3SG PM try to attack-TR 1PL.EXCL,,,,1031, +23-11,23,from hem i wan pikinini we hem i no save hangri,from\them\ti\twan\tpikinini\twe\them\ti\tno\tsave\thangri,because\t3SG\tAGR\tINDF.ART\tchild\tREL\t3SG\tAGR\tNEG\tHAB\thungry,because he's a child who doesn't feel hungry [but then gets headaches if he hasn't eaten],,,942,,naturalistic spoken,from hem i wan pikinini we hem i no save hangri,,because 3SG AGR INDF.ART child REL 3SG AGR NEG HAB hungry,,,,1032, +23-12,23,"woman we hem i aot finis, hem i pem buk ia","woman\twe\them\ti\taot\tfinis,\them\ti\tpem\tbuk\tia",woman\tREL\t3SG\tAGR\tout\tCOMPL\t3SG\tAGR\tbuy\tbook\tDEF,"The woman who left already, she bought that book.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"woman we hem i aot finis, hem i pem buk ia",,woman REL 3SG AGR out COMPL 3SG AGR buy book DEF,,Own knowledge,,1033, +24-17,24,Ai si aa gehl gwen a maeri Chaali.,Ai si aa gehl gwen a maeri Chaali.,1SG see DET.DEF.SG woman FUT marry Charley,I saw the woman who is going to marry Charley.,,a may be a link vowel rather than a future marker,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai si aa gehl gwen a maeri Chaali.,,1SG see DET.DEF.SG woman FUT marry Charley,"a may be a link vowel rather than a future marker",Own fieldwork,,1034, +25-49,25,"Thei bin oldei faindim, thet [...] goana, we imin oldei klaimap.","Thei\tbin\toldei\tfaind-im,\tthet\t[...]\tgoana,\twe\tim=in\toldei\tklaim-ap.",3PL\tPST\talways\tfind-TR\tDEM\t[...]\tgoanna\tSUBORD\t3SG=PST\talways\tclimb-up,They used to find the [...] goanna when it used to climb up. OR: They used to find any goanna that climbed up.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the general subordinating marker we which can be used to form relative clauses. A goanna is a large reptile and prized food; the agent in the example are dogs used to hunt them.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Thei bin oldei faindim, thet [...] goana, we imin oldei klaimap.","Thei bin oldei faind-im, thet [...] goana, we im=in oldei klaim-ap.",3PL PST always find-TR DEM [...] goanna SUBORD 3SG=PST always climb-up,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the general subordinating marker we which can be used to form relative clauses. A goanna is a large reptile and prized food; the agent in the example are dogs used to hunt them.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1035, +25-50,25,"Thet bekbon bla im en teil, yuno, wanim kipgon krejim.","Thet\tbekbon\tbla\tim\ten\tteil,\tyuno,\twan=im\tkip-gon\tkrej-im.",DEM\tback\tDAT/POSS\t3SG\tand\ttail\tyou_know\tSUBORD=SG\tkeep-going\tscratch-TR,"Its back and tail, you know, when it keeps digging. (Refering to a goanna)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates nominal conjunction, as well as the use of an adpositional phrase with a pronominal NP as possessor.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Thet bekbon bla im en teil, yuno, wanim kipgon krejim.","Thet bekbon bla im en teil, yuno, wan=im kip-gon krej-im.",DEM back DAT/POSS 3SG and tail you_know SUBORD=SG keep-going scratch-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates nominal conjunction, as well as the use of an adpositional phrase with a pronominal NP as possessor.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1036, +25-51,25,Imin daib rait la jat krokadail wea imin nesimbat dat faiya.,Im=in\tdaib\trait\tla\tjat\tkrokadail\twea\tim=in\tnes-im-bat\tdat\tfaiya.,3SG=PST\tdive\tright\tLOC\tDEM\tcrocodile\tSUBORD\t3SG=PST\tnurse-TR-PROG\tDEM\tfire,It dove right to the crocodile which was looking after the fire.,,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the reduced cliticized form =im of the past tense auxiliary bin, and a subject relative clause.",1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,"Imin daib rait la jat krokadail wea imin nesimbat dat faiya.",Im=in daib rait la jat krokadail wea im=in nes-im-bat dat faiya.,3SG=PST dive right LOC DEM crocodile SUBORD 3SG=PST nurse-TR-PROG DEM fire,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the reduced cliticized form =im of the past tense auxiliary bin, and a subject relative clause.",,,1037, +25-52,25,Tubala kamin hiya we imin habim tubala marrug.,Tubala\tkam-in\thiya\twe\tim=in\thab-im\ttubala\tmarrug.,two\tcome-PROG2\there\tSUBORD\t3SG=PST\thave-TR\ttwo\thidden,"The two are coming here, the ones that he (a white man) had kept hidden away. (Context: a narrative about the escape of the speaker and her classificatory sister from a station where, as young girls, they were kept for domestic labour - quoting a familiy member when they reached their family living in the hill country.)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an adjoined relative clause (really a general subordinate clause) separated from its head noun. Marrug is a Jaminjung word.",,,naturalistic spoken,Tubala kamin hiya we imin habim tubala marrug.,Tubala kam-in hiya we im=in hab-im tubala marrug.,two come-PROG2 here SUBORD 3SG=PST have-TR two hidden,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an adjoined relative clause (really a general subordinate clause) separated from its head noun. Marrug is a Jaminjung word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1038, +25-53,25,Gunjumarra min bla mibala bos wanim tijing as yuno?,Gunjumarra\tmin\tbla\tmibala\tbos\twan=im\ttij-ing\tas\tyuno?,boss\tmeans\tDAT/POSS\t1PL.EXCL\tboss\tSUBORD=3SG\tteach-PROG2\t1PL.EXCL.OBJ\tyou.know,"""Gunjumarra"" means our boss who is teaching us, you know?",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. This example illustrates an relative clause (really a general subordinate clause). Gunjumarra is a Jaminjung word.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Gunjumarra min bla mibala bos wanim tijing as yuno?,Gunjumarra min bla mibala bos wan=im tij-ing as yuno?,boss means DAT/POSS 1PL.EXCL boss SUBORD=3SG teach-PROG2 1PL.EXCL.OBJ you.know,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. This example illustrates an relative clause (really a general subordinate clause). Gunjumarra is a Jaminjung word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1039, +25-54,25,Thei bin frait [...] we thei bin katim.,Thei\tbin\tfrait\t[...]\twe\tthei\tbin\tkat-im.,3PL\tPST\tfrightened/fear\t[...]\tSUBORD\t3PL\tPST\tcut-TR,"They were afraid, since they cut him. (i.e. cut his finger off)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an expression of fear, and a causal interpretation of the generalized (adjoined) subordinate/relative clause.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Thei bin frait [...] we thei bin katim.,Thei bin frait [...] we thei bin kat-im.,3PL PST frightened/fear [...] SUBORD 3PL PST cut-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an expression of fear, and a causal interpretation of the generalized (adjoined) subordinate/relative clause.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1040, +25-55,25,Yu ken ji jet fingganeil trek we im openim.,Yu\tken\tji\tjet\tfingga-neil\ttrek\twe\tim\topen-im.,2SG\tcan\tsee\tDEM\tfinger-nail\ttrack\tSUBORD\t3SG\topen-TR,You can see the claws' track where it comes out into the open. (talking about a goanna [large lizard]),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the spatial use of general subordinate clause ('adjoined relative clause').",,,naturalistic spoken,Yu ken ji jet fingganeil trek we im openim.,Yu ken ji jet fingga-neil trek we im open-im.,2SG can see DEM finger-nail track SUBORD 3SG open-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the spatial use of general subordinate clause ('adjoined relative clause').",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1041, +25-56,25,Thet the kenggaru na langa hil we im jidan.,Thet\tthe\tkenggaru\tna\tlanga\thil\twe\tim\tjidan.,DEM\tEQ.COP\tkangaroo\tnow\tLOC\thill\tSUBORD\t3SG\tstay,(Discussing animal names:) That's the kangaroo that lives in the hills.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the generalized subordinate/relative clause and the use of na as identificational focus marker. The form the does not function as a definite article in Kriol but only occurs in equational clauses.",,,naturalistic spoken,Thet the kenggaru na langa hil we im jidan.,,DEM EQ.COP kangaroo now LOC hill SUBORD 3SG stay,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the generalized subordinate/relative clause and the use of na as identificational focus marker. The form the does not function as a definite article in Kriol but only occurs in equational clauses.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1042, +25-57,25,"Oletaim, yuno, wa mibala bin la steshen.","Oletaim,\tyuno,\twa\tmibala\tbin\tla\tsteshen.",always\tyou.know\tSUBORD\t1PL\tPST\tLOC\tstation,"All the time, you know, when/that we were on the station.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a predicative locative phrase in the past tense, marked by the auxiliary bin, and a generalized subordinate clause (here with a temporal interpretation) employing the subordinator wa~we.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Oletaim, yuno, wa mibala bin la steshen.",,always you.know SUBORD 1PL PST LOC station,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a predicative locative phrase in the past tense, marked by the auxiliary bin, and a generalized subordinate clause (here with a temporal interpretation) employing the subordinator wa~we.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1043, +25-58,25,"Ola munanga, dei bin kraikrai bla alabat bisnis dei bin lusim [...].","Ola\tmunanga,\tdei\tbin\tkrai~krai\tbla\talabat\tbisnis\tdei\tbin\tlus-im\t[...].",PL\tnon-Aboriginal\t3PL\tPST\tRED.cry\tDAT/POSS\t3PL\tbusiness\t3PL\tPST\tlose-TR\t[...],"The non-Aboriginals, they were crying for their businesses which they lost [...].",,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates an unmarked object relative clause without resumptive pronoun.,40,,naturalistic spoken,"Ola munanga, dei bin kraikrai bla alabat bisnis dei bin lusim [...].","Ola munanga, dei bin krai~krai bla alabat bisnis dei bin lus-im [...].",PL non-Aboriginal 3PL PST RED.cry DAT/POSS 3PL business 3PL PST lose-TR [...],Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates an unmarked object relative clause without resumptive pronoun.,,,1044, +25-59,25,Mindubala go ngarra la thatlat biginini ani kambek burrum Dupuma.,Mindubala\tgo\tngarra\tla\tthat-lat\tbiginini\tani\tkam-bek\tburrum\tDupuma.,1DU.EXCL\tgo\tlook.for\tLOC\tDEM-PL\tchild\tPOT\tcome-back\tfrom\tDhupuma,We're going to look for the children who will come back from Dhupuma (College). OR: We're going to look for the children who are coming back from Dhupuma (College).,,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates a relative clause without relative marker. Compare Example 60.,1332[57],,unknown,Mindubala go ngarra la thatlat biginini ani kambek burrum Dupuma.,Mindubala go ngarra la that-lat biginini ani kam-bek burrum Dupuma.,1DU.EXCL go look.for LOC DEM-PL child POT come-back from Dhupuma,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates a relative clause without relative marker. Compare Example 60.,,,1045, +25-60,25,Mindubala go ngarra la thatlat biginini weya alabat ani kambek burrum Dupuma.,Mindubala\tgo\tngarra\tla\tthat-lat\tbiginini\tweya\talabat\tani\tkam-bek\tburrum\tDupuma.,1DU.EXCL\tgo\tlook.for\tLOC\tDEM-PL\tchild\tSUBORD\t3PL\tPOT\tcome-back\tfrom\tDhupuma,We're going to look for the children who will come back from Dhupuma (College). OR: We're going to look for the children who are coming back from Dhupuma (College).,,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates a relative/general subordinate clause with relative marker and resumptive pronoun. Compare Example 59.,1332[57],,unknown,Mindubala go ngarra la thatlat biginini weya alabat ani kambek burrum Dupuma.,Mindubala go ngarra la that-lat biginini weya alabat ani kam-bek burrum Dupuma.,1DU.EXCL go look.for LOC DEM-PL child SUBORD 3PL POT come-back from Dhupuma,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates a relative/general subordinate clause with relative marker and resumptive pronoun. Compare Example 59.,,,1046, +26-10,26,ʃi da wan hu da fə˞s wɛn ʃo mi wɛ da bal,ʃi\tda\twan\t[hu\tda\tfə˞s\twɛn\tʃo\tmi\twɛ\tda\tbal],she\tART\tone\t[REL\tART\tfirst\tPST.PFV\tshow\t1SG.OBL\twhere\tART\tball],She was the one who was the first to show me where the ball was.,,,1545[176],,naturalistic spoken,"ʃi da wan hu da fə˞s wɛn ʃo mi wɛ da bal",ʃi da wan [hu da fə˞s wɛn ʃo mi wɛ da bal],she ART one [REL ART first PST.PFV show 1SG.OBL where ART ball],,,,1047, +26-11,26,id kam tu ɾa saɪz wad ji wan,id\tkam\ttu\tɾa\tsaɪz\t[wad\tji\twan],3SG\tcome\tto\tART\tsize\t[REL\t2SG\twant],It comes to the size which you want.,,id 'it' = neutral,1545[46],,naturalistic spoken,"id kam tu ɾa saɪz wad ji wan",id kam tu ɾa saɪz [wad ji wan],3SG come to ART size [REL 2SG want],"id 'it' = neutral",,,1048, +27-9,27,Dan sinu a bli tu op alma di suku sinu wa sinu a gōi a ton fo ma rhum fo di fəlḗ̄gen wēk.,Dan\tsinu\ta\tbli\ttu\top\talma\tdi\tsuku\tsinu\twa\tsinu\ta\tgōi\ta\tton\tfo\tma\trhum\tfo\tdi\tfəlḗ̄gen\twēk.,then\t3PL\tPST\tstay\tcover\tup\tall\tDET\tsugar\t3PL\twhat\t3PL\tPST\tthrow\tLOC\tbarrel\tfor\tmake\trum\tfor\tDET\tnext\tweek,Then they stayed to cover up all the sugar canes that they threw in the barrel to make rum for the next week.,,,355[58],,naturalistic spoken,Dan sinu a bli tu op alma di suku sinu wa sinu a gōi a ton fo ma rhum fo di fəlḗ̄gen wēk.,Dan sinu a bli tu op alma di suku sinu wa sinu a gōi a ton fo ma rhum fo di fəlḗ̄gen wēk.,then 3PL PST stay cover up all DET sugar 3PL what 3PL PST throw LOC barrel for make rum for DET next week,,,,1049, +28-13,28,nasi wa poko di gu wat eni lup sopi,anansi\twa\tpoko\tdi\tgutu\twati\teni\tlupu\tsopi,Anancy\tPST\tlike\tthe\tthing\twhat\t3PL\tcall\trum,Anancy liked this thing which is called rum.,,,737[378],,naturalistic spoken,nasi wa poko di gu wat eni lup sopi,anansi wa poko di gutu wati eni lupu sopi,Anancy PST like the thing what 3PL call rum,,,,1050, +28-14,28,o ha gati wanga di mingi das paka,o\tha\tgati\twanga\tdi\tmingi\tdas\tpaka,3SG\thave\thole\twhere\tthe\twater\tHAB\temerge,There are holes where the water comes out (lit. It has holes where the water comes out).,,,737[380],,naturalistic spoken,o ha gati wanga di mingi das paka,o ha gati wanga di mingi das paka,3SG have hole where the water HAB emerge,,,,1051, +29-13,29,"Die man wat gister kom kuier het, bly in hierdie hotel.","Die\tman\twat\tgister\tkom\tkuier\thet,\tbly\tin\thierdie\thotel.",DEF.ART\tman\tREL\tyesterday\tcome\tvisit\tPST\tstays\tin\tPROX.DEM\thotel,The man who paid us a visit yesterday is staying in this hotel.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Die man wat gister kom kuier het, bly in hierdie hotel.",,DEF.ART man REL yesterday come visit PST stays in PROX.DEM hotel,,Own knowledge,,1052, +30-13,30,"[...], e txoma Iáni ki ka kudi.","[...],\te=txoma\tIáni\tki=ka=kudi.",[...]\t3SG=call\tIáni\tCOMP=NEG=answer,"[...], she called for Iáni, who didn't answer.",,There is no indication that this is a ki different from the ki with the meaning 'that' - even if the clause behaves like a relative clause (cf. Popular French la femme que j'ai vu son mari etc.).,1407[48],,naturalistic spoken,"[...], e txoma Iáni ki ka kudi.","[...], e=txoma Iáni ki=ka=kudi.",[...] 3SG=call Iáni COMP=NEG=answer,"There is no indication that this is a ki different from the ki with the meaning 'that' - even if the clause behaves like a relative clause (cf. Popular French la femme que j'ai vu son mari etc.).",,,1053,"German: [...], sie rief nach Iáni, der nicht antwortete." +30-14,30,"Gomis labánta, e buska si jéru k'el ka átxa.","Gomis\tlabánta,\te=buska\tsi=jéru\tk=el=ka=átxa.",Gomis\tget.up\t3SG=search\t3SG.POSS=son.in.law\tCOMP=3SG=NEG=find,"Gomis stood up and looked for his son-in-law, whom he didn't find.",,,1407[48],,naturalistic spoken,"Gomis labánta, e buska si jéru k'el ka átxa.","Gomis labánta, e=buska si=jéru k=el=ka=átxa.",Gomis get.up 3SG=search 3SG.POSS=son.in.law COMP=3SG=NEG=find,,,,1054,"German: Gomis stand auf und suchte seinen Schwiegersohn, den er nicht fand." +30-15,30,"Mudjer tinha se madrinha, k'éra un mudjer ki mudjer tinha mutu amizádi ku el.","Mudjer\ttinha\tse=madrinha,\tk=éra\tun=mudjer\tki=mudjer\ttinha\tmutu\tamizádi\tku=el.",woman\thave.ANT\t3SG.POSS=godmother\tCOMP=be.ANT\tART.INDF=woman\tCOMP=woman\thave.ANT\tmuch\tfriendship\twith=3SG,"The woman had a godmother, who was a woman that the woman was good friends with.",,,1407[172],,naturalistic spoken,"Mudjer tinha se madrinha, k'éra un mudjer ki mudjer tinha mutu amizádi ku el.","Mudjer tinha se=madrinha, k=éra un=mudjer ki=mudjer tinha mutu amizádi ku=el.",woman have.ANT 3SG.POSS=godmother COMP=be.ANT ART.INDF=woman COMP=woman have.ANT much friendship with=3SG,,,,1055,"German: Die Frau hatte ihre Patentante, die eine Frau war, mit der die Frau eng befreundet war." +31-15,31,Tenhi un omi grandi ki ta txoma Nho Djiku.,Tenhi\tun\tomi\tgrandi\tki\tta\ttxoma\tNho\tDjiku.,had\ta\tman\told\tREL\tASP\tcall\tNho\tDjiku,There was an old man who was called Nho Djiku.,,,839,,naturalistic spoken,Tenhi un omi grandi ki ta txoma Nho Djiku.,,had a man old REL ASP call Nho Djiku,,,,1056, +31-16,31,N ten fidju ki ten seti fidju.,N\tten\tfidju\tki\tten\tseti\tfidju.,I\thave\tchild\tCOMP\thave\tseven\tchild,I have a child that has seven children.,,,57,,naturalistic spoken,N ten fidju ki ten seti fidju.,,I have child COMP have seven child,,,,1057, +32-9,32,[...] purtugês k inda tinha negos li.,[...]\tpurtugês\tk\tinda\ttinha\tnegos\tli.,[...]\tPortuguese\tREL\tstill\thave.PST\tbusiness\there,[...] the Portuguese who still had businesses here.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] purtugês k inda tinha negos li.",,[...] Portuguese REL still have.PST business here,,Swolkien 2003-2005 fieldwork,,1058,Portuguese:[...] os portugueses que ainda tinham negócios aqui. +33-10,33,N misti panya dus lagartus ku ngana n.,N\tmisti\tpanya\tdus\tlagartu-s\tku\tngana\tn.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tcatch\ttwo\tscoundrel-PL\tREL\tdeceive\t1SG.OBJ,I want to catch two scoundrels that deceived me.,,Note that the orthography is that of the source.,715[177],,naturalistic written,N misti panya dus lagartus ku ngana n.,N misti panya dus lagartu-s ku ngana n.,1SG.SBJ want catch two scoundrel-PL REL deceive 1SG.OBJ,Note that the orthography is that of the source.,,,1059,Portuguese: Quero apanhar dois safados que me enganaram. +34-11,34,Kasa ku N wojá i burmeju.,Kasa\tku\tN\tø\twojá\tø\ti\tburmeju.,house\tREL.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsee\tPFV\tCOP\tred,The house that I have seen is red.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kasa ku N wojá i burmeju.","Kasa ku N ø wojá ø i burmeju.",house REL.OBJ 1SG.SBJ PFV see PFV COP red,,Own knowledge,,1060, +35-15,35,ja se ku non bi,ja\tse\tku\tnon\tbi,day\tDEM\tREL\t1PL\tcome,the day we came,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ja se ku non bi,,day DEM REL 1PL come,,Own data,,1061, +35-16,35,Mina se ku n sa ku ê ni tlaxi sa mina dê.,Mina\tse\tku\tn\tsa\tku\tê\tni\ttlaxi\tsa\tmina\tdê.,child\tDEM\tREL\t1SG\tbe\twith\t3SG\ton\tback\tCOP\tchild\t3SG.POSS,The child I have on my back is her child.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mina se ku n sa ku ê ni tlaxi sa mina dê.,,child DEM REL 1SG be with 3SG on back COP child 3SG.POSS,,Own data,,1062, +36-8,36,A na ta ngê ki m'me minhu wa.,A\tna\tta\tngê\tki\tm'me\tminhu\twa.,INDF\tNEG\tknow\tperson\tREL\teat\tmaize\tNEG,One doesn't know who ate the maize.,,,901[58],,naturalistic spoken,"A na ta ngê ki m'me minhu wa.",,INDF NEG know person REL eat maize NEG,,,,1063,French: On ne sait pas qui a mangé le maïs. +37-9,37,omi sê ki vika ni,omi\tsê\tki\tvika\tni,man\tDEM\tREL\tcome\there,the man who came here,,,,,constructed by linguist,"omi sê ki vika ni",,man DEM REL come here,,Own knowledge,,1064, +38-10,38,Amu mata layansyi bisa xodyiãnmu osesyi.,Amu\tmata\tlayá-syi\tbi-sa\txodyian-mu\tosesyi.,1SG\tkill\tspider-DEM\tANT-be\troom-1SG\tthen,I killed the spider that was in my room.,,,1233[167-186],,elicited from speaker,Amu mata layansyi bisa xodyiãnmu osesyi.,Amu mata layá-syi bi-sa xodyian-mu osesyi.,1SG kill spider-DEM ANT-be room-1SG then,,,,1065, +38-11,38,Amu saxa fundá kusaxa mému.,Amu\tsaxa\tfunda\tku-sa-xa\tmé-mu.,1SG\thave\tpacket\tREL-be-thing\tmother-1SG,I have a packet that is for my mother.,,,1233[167-186],,elicited from speaker,Amu saxa fundá kusaxa mému.,Amu saxa funda ku-sa-xa mé-mu.,1SG have packet REL-be-thing mother-1SG,,,,1066, +38-12,38,Novasyi ku adanoe bi sa wan nova gav.,Nova-syi\tku\ta-da-no-e\tbi\tsa\twan\tnova\tgavu.,news-DEM\tCONJ\t3.GENER-give-1PL-ADV\tANT\tbe\tART\tnews\tgood,The news he gave us was fine.,,,1233[167-186],,elicited from speaker,Novasyi ku adanoe bi sa wan nova gav.,Nova-syi ku a-da-no-e bi sa wan nova gavu.,news-DEM CONJ 3.GENER-give-1PL-ADV ANT be ART news good,,,,1067, +38-13,38,Xadyi no xatae sa xa tudyia.,Xadyi\tno\txata-iai\tsa\txa\ttudyia.,house\t1PL\tlive-ADV\tbe\tthing\told,The house that we live in is very old.,,,1233[167-186],,elicited from speaker,Xadyi no xatae sa xa tudyia.,Xadyi no xata-iai sa xa tudyia.,house 1PL live-ADV be thing old,,,,1068, +39-20,39,ikəl raprig ki vẽdew jɔrnal,ikəl\traprig\tki\tvẽde-w\tjɔrnal,DEM\tgirl\tREL\tsell-PST\tnewspaper,the girl who sold (me) the newspaper,,,218,,elicited from speaker,"ikəl raprig ki vẽdew jɔrnal",ikəl raprig ki vẽde-w jɔrnal,DEM girl REL sell-PST newspaper,,,,1069, +39-21,39,Yo ẽkətro pə ikəl ɔm kwɔl use falo.,Yo\tẽkətr-o\tpə\tikəl\tɔm\tkwɔl\tuse\tfal-o.,1SG\tmeet-PST\tACC\tDEM\tman\tREL\t2\tspeak-PST,I met the man you said.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",218,,constructed by linguist,"Yo ẽkətro pə ikəl ɔm kwɔl use falo.",Yo ẽkətr-o pə ikəl ɔm kwɔl use fal-o.,1SG meet-PST ACC DEM man REL 2 speak-PST,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",,,1070, +39-22,39,Ikəl di ki yo viw a use tiŋ muyt sɔl.,Ikəl\tdi\tki\tyo\tvi-w\ta\tuse\tt-iŋ\tmuyt\tsɔl.,DEM\tday\tREL\t1SG\tsee-PST\tACC\t2\tEXIST-PST\tmuch\tsun,The day that I saw you was very sunny.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",221[244],,elicited from speaker,Ikəl di ki yo viw a use tiŋ muyt sɔl.,Ikəl di ki yo vi-w a use t-iŋ muyt sɔl.,DEM day REL 1SG see-PST ACC 2 EXIST-PST much sun,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",,,1071, +40-12,40,"Akə ɔm ɔ͂t ki yawe, Janna pel ulyo.","Akə\tɔm\tɔ͂t\tki\tyawe,\tJanna\tpel\tulyo.",that\tman\tyesterday\tREL\tcame\tJanna\tOBJ.3SG\tsee.PST,Janna saw the man who came yesterday.,,,265[185],,constructed by linguist,"Akə ɔm ɔ͂t ki yawe, Janna pel ulyo.",,that man yesterday REL came Janna OBJ.3SG see.PST,,,,1072, +40-13,40,Janna pəkə ɔm julyo ɔ͂t ki yawe.,Janna\tpəkə\tɔm\tjulyo\tɔ͂t\tki\tyawe.,Janna\tOBJ.that\tman\tPST.see.PST\tyesterday\tREL\tcame,Janna saw that man who came yesterday.,,,265[185],,constructed by linguist,Janna pəkə ɔm julyo ɔ͂t ki yawe.,,Janna OBJ.that man PST.see.PST yesterday REL came,,,,1073, +40-123,40,"Akə ɔm Mari ɔ̃t ki ulyo, el tɛ aki oʤ.","Akə\tɔm\tMari\tɔ̃t\tki\tulyo,\tel\ttɛ\taki\toʤ.",that\tman\tMari\tyesterday\tREL\tsee.PST\t3SG\tCOP.PRS\there\ttoday,The man who Mari saw yesterday is here today.,,,265[185],,constructed by linguist,"Akə ɔm Mari ɔ̃t ki ulyo, el tɛ aki oʤ.",,that man Mari yesterday REL see.PST 3SG COP.PRS here today,,,,1074, +41-1,41,tɔɔna voos isti ravkiin kikustumaa jeentispa uŋ gɔɔta bata laraa; uŋ gɔɔta regulaadu kustumaa falaatu,tɔɔna\tvoos\tisti\t[ravkiin\tki-kustumaa]\tjeentis-pa\tuŋ\tgɔɔta\tbataa\tlaraa;\tuŋ\tgɔɔta\tregulaadu\tkustumaa\tfalaatu,afterwards\t2SG\tthis\t[violin\tHAB-practice]\tpeople-ACC\ta\tlittle\thit\tPFV\ta\tlittle\tregularly\tpractice\tQUOT,"Then shake up these people who are practicing violin a little, telling them to practice regularly.",,"For comparison with the prohibitive, this example contains two positive imperatives: bataa(tu) laraa 'shake up' and kustumaa 'practice'. Note that the verb stem is used as imperative. In bataa(tu) laraa, it is the perfective auxiliary laraa that is in imperative form. Corresponding prohibitives would be nikara~numis (ta-)bataa (assuming perfectivity is not expressed) and nikara~numis (ta-)kustumaa. +Jeentis-pa illustrates accusative marking on Ps (different from A and S).",1416[5427],,naturalistic spoken,"tɔɔna voos isti ravkiin kikustumaa jeentispa uŋ gɔɔta bata laraa; uŋ gɔɔta regulaadu kustumaa falaatu",tɔɔna voos isti [ravkiin ki-kustumaa] jeentis-pa uŋ gɔɔta bataa laraa; uŋ gɔɔta regulaadu kustumaa falaatu,afterwards 2SG this [violin HAB-practice] people-ACC a little hit PFV a little regularly practice QUOT,"For comparison with the prohibitive, this example contains two positive imperatives: bataa(tu) laraa 'shake up' and kustumaa 'practice'. Note that the verb stem is used as imperative. In bataa(tu) laraa, it is the perfective auxiliary laraa that is in imperative form. Corresponding prohibitives would be nikara~numis (ta-)bataa (assuming perfectivity is not expressed) and nikara~numis (ta-)kustumaa. +Jeentis-pa illustrates accusative marking on Ps (different from A and S).",,,1075, +41-18,41,"senaa nosantu teem meshiin kera see, botuspa poy venda","senaa\tnosa-ntu\tteem\tmeshiin\tkera\tsee,\tbotus-pa\tpooy\tvenda",or\t1PL.GEN-LOC\tPRS.be\tmachine\twant\tCOND\t2.HON-DAT\tHABIL\tsell,"Or else, if you want the machine that we have (lit. that is with us), we can sell it to you (lit. Or else, if you want the machine that is with us, we can sell it to you).",,,1416[5299],,naturalistic spoken,"senaa nosantu teem meshiin kera see, botuspa poy venda","senaa nosa-ntu teem meshiin kera see, botus-pa pooy venda",or 1PL.GEN-LOC PRS.be machine want COND 2.HON-DAT HABIL sell,,,,1076, +42-12,42,tantu yo sa kambra-kambradu ki ja bai skola pun ja bai fora di tera,tantu\tyo\tsa\tkambra-kambradu\tki\tja\tbai\tskola\tpun\tja\tbai\tfora\tdi\ttera,many\t1SG\tGEN\tfriend-friend\tREL\tPRF\tgo\tschool\talso\tPFV\tgo\tout\tof\tcountry,"Many of my friends who went to school, too, left the country.",,,122[110],,naturalistic spoken,"tantu yo sa kambra-kambradu ki ja bai skola pun ja bai fora di tera",,many 1SG GEN friend-friend REL PRF go school also PFV go out of country,,,,1077, +42-13,42,jenti konta stori rainya omi,jenti\tkonta\tstori\trainya\tomi,person\ttell\tstory\tqueen\tman,People who tell traditional stories (stori rainya) are men. OR: The person who tells traditional stories is a man.,,This relative clause does not contain a relativizer. In Baxter (1988) it is referred to as a reducing relative clause.,122[111],,naturalistic spoken,jenti konta stori rainya omi,,person tell story queen man,This relative clause does not contain a relativizer. In Baxter (1988) it is referred to as a reducing relative clause.,,,1078, +43-10,43,mati mati ki dja fika pedra,mati\tmati\tki\tdja\tfika\tpedra,shell\tshell\tREL\tPFV\tbecome\tstone,petrified shells (lit. shells that have become stones),,,906[46],,pedagogical grammar,"mati mati ki dja fika pedra",,shell shell REL PFV become stone,,,,1079, +44-11,44,Kel muhér ya biní akí andinánti ta trabahá ayá na iglésya.,Kel\tmuhér\tya\tbiní\takí\tandinánti\tta\ttrabahá\tayá\tna\tiglésya.,DEF\twoman\tPFV\tcome\there\tearlier\tIPFV\twork\tthere\tLOC\tchurch,The woman who came here earlier works there at the church.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Kel muhér ya biní akí andinánti ta trabahá ayá na iglésya.,,DEF woman PFV come here earlier IPFV work there LOC church,,Own data,,1080, +44-12,44,Kel a-konosé bo ómbri agóra mi ermáno.,[Kel\ta-konosé\tbo\tómbri\tagóra]\tmi\termáno.,[that\tPFV-know\tyou\tman\ttoday]\tmy\tbrother,The man you met today is my brother.,,"The relative clause can also be located between the determiner and the noun, in which case a relativizer is not employed (Steinkrüger 2007: 376). This might reflect an adstrate structure of modifying phrases, which may either precede or follow the head in Tagalog in most cases (Schachter & Otanes 1972: 123).",1446[377],,written (grammar),Kel a-konosé bo ómbri agóra mi ermáno.,[Kel a-konosé bo ómbri agóra] mi ermáno.,[that PFV-know you man today] my brother,"The relative clause can also be located between the determiner and the noun, in which case a relativizer is not employed (Steinkrüger 2007: 376). This might reflect an adstrate structure of modifying phrases, which may either precede or follow the head in Tagalog in most cases (Schachter & Otanes 1972: 123).",,,1081,Spanish: El hombre que conociste hoy es mi hermano. +45-9,45,Cosa el titulo del libro que tu ta lee?,Cosa\tel\ttitulo\tdel\tlibro\tque\ttu\tta\tlee?,what\tthe\ttitle\tof\tbook\tREL\t2SG\tIPFV\tread,What is the title of the book you are reading?,,,426[179],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Cosa el titulo del libro que tu ta lee?,,what the title of book REL 2SG IPFV read,,,,1082, +46-25,46,Éste el ómbre (kon) kyen yo ya-mirá ayér.,Éste\tel\tómbre\t(kon)\tkyen\tyo\tya-mirá\tayér.,this\tthe\tman\t(OBJ)\twho\t1SG\tPRF-see\tyesterday,This is the man who I saw yesterday.,,This construction is not very reliable since it was elicitated via English.,,,elicited from speaker,Éste el ómbre (kon) kyen yo ya-mirá ayér.,,this the man (OBJ) who 1SG PRF-see yesterday,This construction is not very reliable since it was elicitated via English.,Own knowledge,,1083, +46-26,46,Tyéne kyen ya-mirá koneste ómbre.,Tyéne\tkyen\tya-mirá\tkoneste\tómbre.,EXIST\twho\tPRF-see\tOBJ.this\tman,There is somebody who saw this man.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tyéne kyen ya-mirá koneste ómbre.,,EXIST who PRF-see OBJ.this man,,Own knowledge,,1084, +47-22,47,"Dia, ku e soldánan a bai drumi [...].",Dia\tku\te\tsoldá\tnan\ta\tbai\tdrumi\t[...].,day\tCOMP\tDEF\tsoldier\tPL\tPFV\tgo\tsleep\t[...],The day the soldiers fell asleep [...].,,The translation is mine.,1214[71],,literary source,"Dia, ku e soldánan a bai drumi [...].",Dia ku e soldá nan a bai drumi [...].,day COMP DEF soldier PL PFV go sleep [...],The translation is mine.,,,1085, +47-23,47,Mi a bai job centre e dia djis chèk si nan tin trabou ku ami lo kièr hasi.,Mi\ta\tbai\t\te\tdia\tdjis\tchèk\tsi\tnan\ttin\ttrabou\tku\ta-mi\tlo\tkièr\thasi.,1SG\tPFV\tgo\tjob\tcentre\tDEF\tday\tjust\tcheck\twhether\t3PL\thave\twork\tCOMP\tEMPH-1SG\tMOOD\twant\tdo,That day I went to the job centre just to check whether they had any work that I would want to do.,,,755,,naturalistic written,"Mi a bai job centre e dia djis chèk si nan tin trabou ku ami lo kièr hasi.",Mi a bai <job centre> e dia djis chèk si nan tin trabou ku a-mi lo kièr hasi.,1SG PFV go job centre DEF day just check whether 3PL have work COMP EMPH-1SG MOOD want do,,,,1086, +48-11,48,chito maí lo k'í teneba,chito\tmaí\tlo\tk'í\tteneba,piece\tcorn\tREL\tREL.1SG\thave.HAB.PST,the little bit of corn that I had,,"The relativizer lo ke in the example above is often just ke, parallel to Spanish (it is not bi-morphemic, contrary to what the spelling convention (adopted from Spanish, and used universally by all linguists who have worked on Palenque) may suggest. Also, and this is not mentioned in the source cited (Patiño Rosselli 1983), the relativizer is sometimes also simply omitted. Thus, the following variations exist: + +chito maí lo k'í teneba +chito maí __ k'í teneba +chito maí __ __ 'í teneba",353[176-177],,naturalistic spoken,chito maí lo k'í teneba,,piece corn REL REL.1SG have.HAB.PST,"The relativizer lo ke in the example above is often just ke, parallel to Spanish (it is not bi-morphemic, contrary to what the spelling convention (adopted from Spanish, and used universally by all linguists who have worked on Palenque) may suggest. Also, and this is not mentioned in the source cited (Patiño Rosselli 1983), the relativizer is sometimes also simply omitted. Thus, the following variations exist: + +chito maí lo k'í teneba +chito maí __ k'í teneba +chito maí __ __ 'í teneba",,,1087,Spanish: el poco de maiz que yo tenía +49-12,49,M wè ti nèg ki frekan an.,M\twè\tti\tnèg\tki\tfrekan\tan.,1SG\tsee\tlittle\tman\tREL\tinsolent\tDEF,I saw the little boy who is impertinent. OR: I saw the impertinent little boy.,,,371[15],,naturalistic spoken,M wè ti nèg ki frekan an.,,1SG see little man REL insolent DEF,,,,1088,French: J'ai vu le petit gars qui est insolent. OR: J'ai vu le petit insolent. +49-13,49,Moun ki pa travay p ap touche.,Moun\tki\tpa\ttravay\tp\tap\ttouche.,people\tREL\tNEG\twork\tNEG\tINACC\tget.paid,Those who don't work won't get paid.,,,367[110],,naturalistic spoken,Moun ki pa travay p ap touche.,,people REL NEG work NEG INACC get.paid,,,,1089,French: Ceux qui ne travaillent pas ne toucheront pas (d'argent). +50-12,50,kabrit-la ou maré la,kabrit-la\tou\tmaré\tla,goat-DEF\t2SG\ttie\tup,the goat that you tied up,,,132,,naturalistic written,kabrit-la ou maré la,,goat-DEF 2SG tie up,,,,1090, +51-13,51,kabrit-la ou maré a,kabrit-la\tou\tmaré\ta,goat-DEF\t2SG\ttie\tup,the goat that you tied up,,,132,,naturalistic written,kabrit-la ou maré a,,goat-DEF 2SG tie up,,,,1091, +52-8,52,mèr-a ki té la a té roun natif Saül,mèr-a\tki\tté\tla\ta\tté\troun\tnatif\tSaül,maire-ART\t(REL\tPST\tthere\tREL)\tPST\tINDF\tborn\tSaül,The maire who was there had been born in the small town of Saül.,,,847,,naturalistic spoken,mèr-a ki té la a té roun natif Saül,,maire-ART (REL PST there REL) PST INDF born Saül,,,,1092, +53-20,53,Inave en vye nom ki te gen en vye neg.,Inave\ten\tvye\tnom\tki\tte\tgen\ten\tvye\tneg.,EXIST.PST\tART.INDF\told\tman\tREL\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\told\tblack.man,There was an old man who had an old black man.,,,1048[176],,naturalistic spoken,Inave en vye nom ki te gen en vye neg.,,EXIST.PST ART.INDF old man REL PST have ART.INDF old black.man,,,,1093, +53-21,53,Tou piti-ye mo gen a se pou li.,Tou\tpiti-ye\tmo\tgen\ta\tse\tpou\tli.,all\tchild-PL\t1SG\thave\tDET.DEF.SG\tare\tfor\thim,All of the children that I have are his. OR: He is the father of all of my children.,,"Note that the definite determiner a here qualifies the whole NP, including relative clause: tout piti-ye mo gen.",722[226],,naturalistic spoken,Tou piti-ye mo gen a se pou li.,,all child-PL 1SG have DET.DEF.SG are for him,"Note that the definite determiner a here qualifies the whole NP, including relative clause: tout piti-ye mo gen.",,,1094, +53-22,53,O se kè-chò ki bon!,O\tse\tkè-chò\tki\tbon!,Oh\tthat.is\tsome-thing\tthat\tgood,Oh that's something that's good!,,This is a cleft construction and not a prototypical relative clause.,722[226],,naturalistic spoken,O se kè-chò ki bon!,,Oh that.is some-thing that good,This is a cleft construction and not a prototypical relative clause.,,,1095, +54-16,54,lé zòt bònòm k lété avèk li,le\tzot\tbonom\tk\tlete\tavek\tli,DEF.PL\tother\tman\tREL\tCOP.PST\twith\t3SG,the other men who were with him,,,236[364],,naturalistic spoken,lé zòt bònòm k lété avèk li,le zot bonom k lete avek li,DEF.PL other man REL COP.PST with 3SG,,,,1096,French: les autres hommes qui étaient avec lui +55-14,55,zom ki met en simiz ruz la,zom\t[ki\tmet\ten\tsimiz\truz]\tla,man\twho\tput\ta\tshirt\tred\tthe,the man who is wearing a red shirt,,Note that the definite article la follows the relative clause.,854,,constructed by linguist,zom ki met en simiz ruz la,zom [ki met en simiz ruz] la,man who put a shirt red the,"Note that the definite article la follows the relative clause.",,,1097, +55-15,55,"ou'nn konn enn sanzman ki'nn, ki'nn koul pei la net depi lindepandans","ou'nn\tkonn\tenn\tsanzman\tki'nn,\tki'nn\tkoul\tpei\tla\tnet\tdepi\tlindepandans",2SG.COMPL\tknow\tINDF\tchange\tREL.COMPL\tREL.COMPL\tdrown\tcountry\tDEF\tcompletely\tABL\tindependence,"[It's as if] you had realized a change which, which completely ruined the country since Independence.",,,766[192],,naturalistic spoken,"ou'nn konn enn sanzman ki'nn, ki'nn koul pei la net depi lindepandans",,2SG.COMPL know INDF change REL.COMPL REL.COMPL drown country DEF completely ABL independence,,,,1098, +56-22,56,I annan en koray ki apel koray Sidwes?,I\tannan\ten\tkoray\tki\tapel\tkoray\tSidwes?,PM\thave\ta\tcoral\tREL\tcall\tcoral\tSud.ouest,Is there a coral whose name is Sud-ouest coral?,,,158[224],,naturalistic spoken,I annan en koray ki apel koray Sidwes?,,PM have a coral REL call coral Sud.ouest,,,,1099,French: Il y a un corail qui s'appelle corail Sud-ouest? (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 225) +57-8,57,le mbo ŋgato sa la fe,le\tmbo\tŋgato\tsa\tla\tfe,SI\tgood\tcake\tREL\t3SG\tdo,She/He bakes nice cakes.,,,423[153],,naturalistic spoken,le mbo ŋgato sa la fe,,SI good cake REL 3SG do,,,,1100, +57-9,57,se te Tuo le pla:te,se\tte\tTuo\tle\tpla:te,PRESV\tPL\tTouho\tSI\tplant,It is the Touho people that planted them.,,Te is the short form of the plural marker tule.,423[154],,naturalistic spoken,se te Tuo le pla:te,,PRESV PL Touho SI plant,"Te is the short form of the plural marker tule.",,,1101, +57-128,57,na lot ŋgarso pu nu ke va amene lja le mata,na\tlot\tŋgarso\tpu\tnu\tke\tva\tamene\tlja\tle\tmata,EXIST\tother\tson\tPREP\t1PL\tREL\tFUT\ttake\t3SG\tDEF.ART\tmorning,Our other son will take him in the morning (lit. There is another son of us who will take him in the morning).,,,423[219],,naturalistic spoken,na lot ŋgarso pu nu ke va amene lja le mata,,EXIST other son PREP 1PL REL FUT take 3SG DEF.ART morning,,,,1102, +58-11,58,mu-ntu yina ya mono mon-aka,mu-ntu\tyina\tya\tmono\tmon-aka,CL1-person\tthat\tCONN\tme\tsee-PST,the person that I saw,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mu-ntu yina ya mono mon-aka,,CL1-person that CONN me see-PST,,Own knowledge,,1103, +59-28,59,"mama ni so adu ape so, lo gwe na ndo ti melenge ti wali so","mama\tni\tso\ta-du\tape\tso,\tlo\tgwe\tna\tndo\tti\tmelenge\tti\twali\tso",mother\tDET\tDEM\tPM-bear\tNEG\tthus\t3SG\tgo\tPREP\tplace\tof\tchild\tof\tfemale\tthus,"The mother (co-wife of biological mother) who hadn't given birth, she went to the village of the girl. OR: The mother who hadn't born a child went to the girl's place.",,"The relative clause here may be an example of a bracketed (circumposed) clause with so ... so. Although the clause-final so is translated 'thus', in the second clause it might be the demonstrative, meaning 'this girl', perhaps even 'this place where the girl lived'. This final so might even be an example of the kind of stylistic repetition that characterizes the speech of some urban speakers.",1326,,naturalistic spoken,"mama ni so adu ape so, lo gwe na ndo ti melenge ti wali so","mama ni so a-du ape so, lo gwe na ndo ti melenge ti wali so",mother DET DEM PM-bear NEG thus 3SG go PREP place of child of female thus,"The relative clause here may be an example of a bracketed (circumposed) clause with so ... so. Although the clause-final so is translated 'thus', in the second clause it might be the demonstrative, meaning 'this girl', perhaps even 'this place where the girl lived'. This final so might even be an example of the kind of stylistic repetition that characterizes the speech of some urban speakers.",,,1104, +59-29,59,"lo so lo du ape so atee, ni ke go a ndo meenge ti ni","lo\tso\tlo\tdu\tape\tso\ta-tene,\tni\tke\tgo\tna\tndo\tti\tmelenge\tti\tni",3SG\tREL\t3SG\tbore\tNEG\tREL\tPM-say\t1SG.LOG\tCOP\tgo\tPREP\tplace\tof\tchild\tof\t1SG.LOG,"The one who hadn't given birth to a child said, ""I'm going to my child's village.""",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"lo so lo du ape so atee, ni ke go a ndo meenge ti ni","lo so lo du ape so a-tene, ni ke go na ndo ti melenge ti ni",3SG REL 3SG bore NEG REL PM-say 1SG.LOG COP go PREP place of child of 1SG.LOG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,1105, +59-30,59,lo wara melenge ni so alondo ka na kodro ti lo ni aga ti to ngu,lo\twara\tmelenge\tni\tso\ta-londo\tka\tna\tkodoro\tti\tlo\tni\ta-ga\tti\tto\tngu,3SG\tfind\tchild\tDET\twho\tPM-arise\tthere\tPREP\tvillage\tof\t3SG\tDET\tPM-come\tof\tdraw\twater,He met the girl who had left her village over there and had come to draw water.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"lo wara melenge ni so alondo ka na kodro ti lo ni aga ti to ngu",lo wara melenge ni so a-londo ka na kodoro ti lo ni a-ga ti to ngu,3SG find child DET who PM-arise there PREP village of 3SG DET PM-come of draw water,,Samarin corpus 1994,,1106, +59-31,59,"ye so koli ti ni ake ga na ni, wala akobe so, wala akasa so, koli ti ni ake ga na ni so, tona lo tene, ni to amafuta n na mo mo te, il faut mo te ape","ye so koli ti ni ake ga na ni, wala akobe so, wala akasa so, koli ti ni ake ga na ni so, tongana lo tene, ni to amafuta ni na mo mo te, il faut mo te ape",thing REL husband of 1SG.LOG SM.COP come PREP DET or PL.food REL or PL.stews REL husband of 1SG.LOG SM.COP come PREP DET REL when 3SG say 1SG.LOG cook PL.fat DET PREP 2SG 2SG eat INTERDICTION 2SG eat NEG,"Whatever my husband should bring, whether different kinds of food, whether different kinds of stews, my husband should bring (something), when he says, ""I'll cook different rich dishes for you to eat"" you must not eat it.",,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"ye so koli ti ni ake ga na ni, wala akobe so, wala akasa so, koli ti ni ake ga na ni so, tona lo tene, ni to amafuta n na mo mo te, il faut mo te ape","ye so koli ti ni ake ga na ni, wala akobe so, wala akasa so, koli ti ni ake ga na ni so, tongana lo tene, ni to amafuta ni na mo mo te, il faut mo te ape",thing REL husband of 1SG.LOG SM.COP come PREP DET or PL.food REL or PL.stews REL husband of 1SG.LOG SM.COP come PREP DET REL when 3SG say 1SG.LOG cook PL.fat DET PREP 2SG 2SG eat INTERDICTION 2SG eat NEG,,,,1107, +59-32,59,"gi anyama ni so laa lo ke ro, lo ke te na milieu ni","gi\tanyama\tni\tso\tlaa\tlo\tke\tro,\tlo\tke\tte\tna\t\tni",only\tPL.meat\tDET\tREL\tFOC\t3SG\tCOP\tgather.up\t3SG\tCOP\teat\tPREP\tmiddle\tDET,It was only from the pieces of meat that she (the wife) gathered up that the co-mother ate. OR: The co-mother ate only those pieces of meat that the wife had gathered up.,,Milieu is French.,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"gi anyama ni so laa lo ke ro, lo ke te na milieu ni","gi anyama ni so laa lo ke ro, lo ke te na <milieu> ni",only PL.meat DET REL FOC 3SG COP gather.up 3SG COP eat PREP middle DET,"Milieu is French.",,,1108, +60-8,60,"kíti óyo namónákí, ezalí tálo","kíti\tóyo\tna-món-ákí,\te-zal-í\ttálo",chair\twhich\t1SG-see-PST\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tprice,The chair I saw is expensive.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"kíti óyo namónákí, ezalí tálo","kíti óyo na-món-ákí, e-zal-í tálo",chair which 1SG-see-PST 3SG-be-PRS.PRF price,,Own knowledge,,1109, +61-7,61,Lo kuba yena lo into lo tina lima ka yena [...].,Lo\tkuba\tyena\tlo\tinto\tlo\ttina\tlim-a\tka\tyena\t[...].,ART\thoe\tit\tART\tthing\tREL\twe\tplough-V\tINS\tit\t[...],A hoe is a thing that we plough with [...].,,The example has been shortened. The relative marker lo has high tone (and length) to distinguish it from the article lo. Both forms derive from the Zulu/Xhosa demonstrative lo.,14[12],,naturalistic spoken,Lo kuba yena lo into lo tina lima ka yena [...].,Lo kuba yena lo into lo tina lim-a ka yena [...].,ART hoe it ART thing REL we plough-V INS it [...],"The example has been shortened. The relative marker lo has high tone (and length) to distinguish it from the article lo. Both forms derive from the Zulu/Xhosa demonstrative lo.",,,1110, +62-7,62,urukao wó niló na?ó,urukao\tú-ó\tni-lo\tna-ó,illness\t14-REL\t1SG-have\twith-14:REL,The illness that I have.,,The example does not involve an instrument but the same preposition that would be used for an instrument. The same strategy would be used for an instrument. The preposition is followed with a relative pronoun functioning as a resumptive pronoun referring to the head noun.,,,elicited from speaker,urukao wó niló na?ó,urukao ú-ó ni-lo na-ó,illness 14-REL 1SG-have with-14:REL,The example does not involve an instrument but the same preposition that would be used for an instrument. The same strategy would be used for an instrument. The preposition is followed with a relative pronoun functioning as a resumptive pronoun referring to the head noun.,Own field data 1993,,1111, +63-8,63,kázi al ána gu-só,kázi\tal\tána\tgu-só,work\tREL\t1SG\tPROG-do,the work that I do,,,857[367],,naturalistic spoken,kázi al ána gu-só,,work REL 1SG PROG-do,,,,1112, +64-14,64,zurúf al ána kan wáje,zurúf\tal\tána\tkan\twáje,circumstances\tREL\t1SG\tANT\tface,the circumstances that I faced,,,874[189],,naturalistic spoken,"zurúf al ána kan wáje",,circumstances REL 1SG ANT face,,,,1113, +64-15,64,júwa al ána gegéni fógo,júwa\tal\tána\tge=géni\tfógo,house\tREL\t1SG\tPROG=stay\ton,the house where I live,,,874[106],,naturalistic spoken,júwa al ána gegéni fógo,júwa al ána ge=géni fógo,house REL 1SG PROG=stay on,,,,1114, +64-16,64,nas al gegéni fi juba úmon tabanín,nas\tal\tge=géni\tfi\tjuba\túmon\ttaban-ín,people\tREL\tPROG=stay\tin\tJuba\t3PL\tpoor-PL,People who live in Juba are poor.,,Here ge has a current state meaning.,874[105],,naturalistic spoken,nas al gegéni fi juba úmon tabanín,nas al ge=géni fi juba úmon taban-ín,people REL PROG=stay in Juba 3PL poor-PL,"Here ge has a current state meaning.",,,1115, +65-12,65,"Eta katory liudi kalodiʧa lazil, takoj skaʒi.","Eta\tkatory\tliudi\tkalodiʧa\tlazi-l,\ttakoj\tskaʒi.",this\twhich\tperson\twell\tget.into-PFV\tthat\ttell,Tell about a person who got into the well.,,"The speaker has Russian as his mother tongue, so he may follow the Russian pattern of a relative clause structure. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[264],,naturalistic spoken,"Eta katory liudi kalodiʧa lazil, takoj skaʒi.","Eta katory liudi kalodiʧa lazi-l, takoj skaʒi.",this which person well get.into-PFV that tell,"The speaker has Russian as his mother tongue, so he may follow the Russian pattern of a relative clause structure. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,"Это который люди колодица лазил, такой скажи.",1116, +66-9,66,poðiyen sibilli teegi,poðiyen\tsi-billi\tteegi,boy\tPST-buy\tgift,the gift that the boy just bought,,,,,elicited from speaker,poðiyen sibilli teegi,poðiyen si-billi teegi,boy PST-buy gift,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,1117, +67-17,67,"Dulu, orang yang sana cakap Melayu.","Dulu,\torang\tyang\tsana\tcakap\tMelayu.",before\tperson\tREL\tthere\tspeak\tMalay,"Before, people who [were] there spoke Malay.",,,708[116],,naturalistic spoken,"Dulu, orang yang sana cakap Melayu.",,before person REL there speak Malay,,,,1118, +67-18,67,Singapore punya orang terlinga dia dengar mana (yang barang murah) dia pergi.,Singapore\tpunya\torang\tterlinga\tdia\tdengar\tmana\t(yang\tbarang\tmurah)\tdia\tpergi.,Singapore\tATTR\tpeople\tear\t3SG\thear\twhere\t(REL\tgoods\tcheap)\t3SG\tgo,"Once a Singaporean hears where things are cheap, he will go there.",,,708[117],,naturalistic spoken,Singapore punya orang terlinga dia dengar mana (yang barang murah) dia pergi.,,Singapore ATTR people ear 3SG hear where (REL goods cheap) 3SG go,,,,1119, +67-19,67,Pasal ini tempat lu ada pun punya lu boleh pergi punya.,Pasal\tini\ttempat\tlu\tada\tpun\tpunya\tlu\tboleh\tpergi\tpunya.,matter\tDEM\tplace\t2SG\thave\talso\tREL\t2SG\tcan\tgo\tREL,"The matter [of] this place is what you possess, where you can go.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pasal ini tempat lu ada pun punya lu boleh pergi punya.,,matter DEM place 2SG have also REL 2SG can go REL,,Own knowledge,,1120, +67-20,67,Di sini tinggal punya orang pun boleh jauh pergi beli.,Di\tsini\ttinggal\tpunya\torang\tpun\tboleh\tjauh\tpergi\tbeli.,in\there\tlive\tREL\tpeople\teven\tcan\tfar\tgo\tbuy,Even people who live here can go far to buy [it].,,,708[115],,naturalistic spoken,Di sini tinggal punya orang pun boleh jauh pergi beli.,,in here live REL people even can far go buy,,,,1121, +68-11,68,kaki kuda yang di sa-bala,kaki\tkuda\tyang\tdi\tsa-bala,foot\thorse\tREL\tLOC\tone-side,a horse hoof which was on one side,,,1178[412],,naturalistic spoken,kaki kuda yang di sa-bala,,foot horse REL LOC one-side,,,,1122, +69-10,69,payum aka aykum tarikən,payum\taka\taykum\ttari-kən,man\tNEG\twoman\thold-NFUT,unmarried man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,payum aka aykum tarikən,payum aka aykum tari-kən,man NEG woman hold-NFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,1123, +70-8,70,Tab u manki jon jano [...] u-loŋ karo.,Tab\tu\tmanki\tjon\tjano\t[...]\tu-loŋ\tkaro.,then\tDEM\tmonkey\tREL\tknow\t[...]\t3-PL\tdo,Then those monkeys that know (they) do it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tab u manki jon jano [...] u-loŋ karo.,,then DEM monkey REL know [...] 3-PL do,,Siegel-field recording,,1124, +70-10,70,"Jon roj tum-loko ao, tab ham batana.","Jon\troj\ttum-loko\tao,\ttab\tham\tbatana.",REL\tday\t2-PL\tcome\tthen\t1SG\ttell,"The day that you come, I will tell (you).",,,,,naturalistic written,"Jon roj tum-loko ao, tab ham batana.",,REL day 2-PL come then 1SG tell,,Siegel-field recording,,1125, +70-11,70,"Jon kempa u-lon baito, u maila.","Jon\tkempa\tu-lon\tbaito,\tu\tmaila.",REL\tcamp\t3-PL\tCOP\t3SG\tdirty,The camp that they stayed at was dirty.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jon kempa u-lon baito, u maila.",,REL camp 3-PL COP 3SG dirty,,Own field notes,,1126, +70-12,70,Jon tum-loko age baito tum jao uske lage baito tum gad karo uske.,Jon\ttum-loko\tage\tbaito\ttum\tjao\tuske\tlage\tbaito\ttum\tgad\tkaro\tuske.,REL\t2-PL\tfront\tsit\t2SG\tgo\t3SG.ACC\tside\tsit\t2SG\tguard\tdo\t3SG.ACC,"Those of you who sit in front, sit by his side and guard him.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jon tum-loko age baito tum jao uske lage baito tum gad karo uske.,,REL 2-PL front sit 2SG go 3SG.ACC side sit 2SG guard do 3SG.ACC,,Siegel-field recording,,1127, +71-11,71,kela dala kela pukiki poina maluna kela pahu,kela\tdala\tkela\tpukiki\tpoina\tmaluna\tkela\tpahu,DET\tmoney\tthat\tPortuguese\tforget\ton\tDET\tbox,the money which the Portuguese left on the box,,,,,naturalistic written,kela dala kela pukiki poina maluna kela pahu,,DET money that Portuguese forget on DET box,,Own data 1908,,1128, +71-12,71,kela dala aie wau,kela\tdala\taie\twau,DET\tmoney\towe\t1SG,the money that I owe,,,,,naturalistic written,kela dala aie wau,,DET money owe 1SG,,Own data 1883,,1129, +72-14,72,I bin teikim bo nyanuny jaju wen i bin makin kanyjurra tringka.,I\tbin\tteik-im\tbo\tnyanuny\tjaju\twen\ti\tbin\tmakin\tkanyjurra\ttri-ngka.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\ttake-TR\tDAT\t3SG.DAT\tgrandmother\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tsleep\tdown\ttree-LOC,She took it to her grandmother who was sleeping under a tree.,,"The 3.DAT is the third person dative pronoun referring to 'her', 'his' or 'its'. It is derived from Gurindji.",583,d93db5219b7cd69878e93f4b797ff7be,elicited from speaker,I bin teikim bo nyanuny jaju wen i bin makin kanyjurra tringka.,I bin teik-im bo nyanuny jaju wen i bin makin kanyjurra tri-ngka.,3SG.SBJ PST take-TR DAT 3SG.DAT grandmother REL 3SG.SBJ PST sleep down tree-LOC,"The 3.DAT is the third person dative pronoun referring to 'her', 'his' or 'its'. It is derived from Gurindji.",,,1130, +72-15,72,Jintaku mantu i bin nurt im kajirri makinta.,Jintaku\tman-tu\ti\tbin\tnurt\tim\tkajirri\tmakin-ta.,one\tman-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tput.pressure\t3SG.OBJ\twoman\tsleep-LOC,One man sat on the woman who was sleeping.,,The subject of the relative clause is indicated by a locative marker. Sometimes an allative marker is used. This strategy is derived from Gurindji.,583,2e63b5db0af561878ee2752ced87ffaf,elicited from speaker,Jintaku mantu i bin nurt im kajirri makinta.,Jintaku man-tu i bin nurt im kajirri makin-ta.,one man-ERG 3SG.SBJ PST put.pressure 3SG.OBJ woman sleep-LOC,The subject of the relative clause is indicated by a locative marker. Sometimes an allative marker is used. This strategy is derived from Gurindji.,,,1131, +73-10,73,nochu bikangi señorada sinku gallinada tinikta?,no-chu\tbi-ka-ngi\tseñora-da\tsinku\tgallina-da\ttini-k-ta,not-Q\tsee-PST-2SG\tlady-ACC\tfive\tchicken-ACC\thave-AG-ACC,Didn't you see the lady who had five chickens?,,,1038[399],,elicited from speaker,nochu bikangi señorada sinku gallinada tinikta?,no-chu bi-ka-ngi señora-da sinku gallina-da tini-k-ta,not-Q see-PST-2SG lady-ACC five chicken-ACC have-AG-ACC,,,,1132, +73-11,73,kozingabu sal nuwabishka,kozi-nga-bu\tsal\tnuwabi-shka,cook-NMLZ-BEN\tsalt\tNEG.EXIST-EVID,There turns out to be no salt for cooking.,,,,,elicited from speaker,kozingabu sal nuwabishka,kozi-nga-bu sal nuwabi-shka,cook-NMLZ-BEN salt NEG.EXIST-EVID,,Field notes,,1133, +73-12,73,nu tinini warmi kunkiun no kazay pudini,nu\ttini-ni\twarmi\tkunki-un\tno\tkaza-y\tpudi-ni,NEG\thave-1SG\twoman\twith.who-INS\tnot\tmarry-INF\tcan-1SG,I do not have a woman whom I can marry.,,"The presence of the two negators is surprising, since the interpretation is that of a single negator.",1038[399],,elicited from speaker,nu tinini warmi kunkiun no kazay pudini,nu tini-ni warmi kunki-un no kaza-y pudi-ni,NEG have-1SG woman with.who-INS not marry-INF can-1SG,"The presence of the two negators is surprising, since the interpretation is that of a single negator.",,,1134, +74-16,74,man yka tlátwa kápa stik yáka pasáyuks,man\tyka\ttlátwa\tkápa\tstik\tyáka\tpasáyuks,man\t3SG\tgo\tPREP\tstick\t3SG\tFrench,The man who is walking with a stick is a Frenchman.,,,,,constructed by linguist,man yka tlátwa kápa stik yáka pasáyuks,,man 3SG go PREP stick 3SG French,,Own knowledge,,1135, +74-17,74,łáska łátwa nánič ílihi,łáska\tłátwa\tnánič\tílihi,3PL\tgo\tsee\tearth,When they went to see the land […],,,675[17],,narrative,łáska łátwa nánič ílihi,,3PL go see earth,,,,1136, +75-30,75,Kahkiyaw kaanihtaweehtaman kamiyitin.,Kahkiyaw\tkaa-nihtaweehtam-an\tka-miy-iti-n.,all\tREL-need.INAN-2SG\t2SG.FUT-give-INV-1SG,"Everything that you need, I will give you.",,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"Kahkiyaw kaanihtaweehtaman kamiyitin.",Kahkiyaw kaa-nihtaweehtam-an ka-miy-iti-n.,all REL-need.INAN-2SG 2SG.FUT-give-INV-1SG,,,,1137, +75-31,75,lii groo pale kaaayaachik wishtawaw,lii\tgroo\tpale\tkaa-ayaa-chik\twishtawaw,ART.PL\tbig\tpalace\tREL-have-CONJ.3PL\t3PL.also,those who have big palaces,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"lii groo pale kaaayaachik wishtawaw",lii groo pale kaa-ayaa-chik wishtawaw,ART.PL big palace REL-have-CONJ.3PL 3PL.also,,,,1138, +75-32,75,Kiiushpeeham taanshi eeiteestahk uma li tretii ki vyaen.,Kii-ushpee-h-am\ttaanshi\tee-iteest-ahk\tuma\tli\ttretii\tki\tvyaen.,PST-write-CAUS-3.INAN.OBJ\thow\tCOMP-think.INAN-3SG.SBJ.ANIM.3.OBJ.INAN\tDEM.3SG.INAN\tDEF.ART.M\ttreaty\tREL\tcome,He wrote an essay on this coming treaty (lit. He wrote how he thinks about this coming treaty).,,,789[87],,naturalistic written,Kiiushpeeham taanshi eeiteestahk uma li tretii ki vyaen.,Kii-ushpee-h-am taanshi ee-iteest-ahk uma li tretii ki vyaen.,PST-write-CAUS-3.INAN.OBJ how COMP-think.INAN-3SG.SBJ.ANIM.3.OBJ.INAN DEM.3SG.INAN DEF.ART.M treaty REL come,,,,1139, +75-33,75,Gishkeeyimaaw enn fiy ki li paraliizii.,Gishkeeyim-aaw\tenn\tfiy\tki\tli\tparaliizii.,1SG.know.ANIM-3SG.OBJ\tINDF.ART.F\tgirl\tREL\tCOP\tparalyzed,I know a girl who has infantile paralysis.,,"The verb stem starts with k-, but the stem merges with the prefix ni- to g-.",789[145],,naturalistic written,"Gishkeeyimaaw enn fiy ki li paraliizii.",Gishkeeyim-aaw enn fiy ki li paraliizii.,1SG.know.ANIM-3SG.OBJ INDF.ART.F girl REL COP paralyzed,"The verb stem starts with k-, but the stem merges with the prefix ni- to g-.",,,1140, +75-34,75,enn pitael pur anikik kaaya kwayesh kaayaachik daa leu tet,enn\tpitael\tpur\tanikik\tkaaya\tkwayesh\tkaa-ayaa-chik\tdaa\tleu\ttet,INDF.ART.F.SG\thospital\tfor\tDEM.PL\tNEG\tright\tREL-be-3PL\tLOC\t3PL.POSS\thead,a hospital for those who are not right in the head (i.e. an asylum),,,789[28],,naturalistic written,enn pitael pur anikik kaaya kwayesh kaayaachik daa leu tet,enn pitael pur anikik kaaya kwayesh kaa-ayaa-chik daa leu tet,INDF.ART.F.SG hospital for DEM.PL NEG right REL-be-3PL LOC 3PL.POSS head,,,,1141, +76-20,76,kimmik nagorok pitcȗk uñacĭksu elekta picuktu pitcȗk awoña,kimmik\tnagorok\tpitcȗk\tuñacĭksu\telekta\tpicuktu\tpitcȗk\tawoña,dog\tgood\tnot\tfar\tgo\twant\tnot\tI,When I have poor dogs I don't like to make long trips.,,A distinction between relative clauses and other attributive or in this example even predicative constructions cannot really be made.,1442[231],,reconstructed by documentalist,kimmik nagorok pitcȗk uñacĭksu elekta picuktu pitcȗk awoña,,dog good not far go want not I,A distinction between relative clauses and other attributive or in this example even predicative constructions cannot really be made.,,,1142, +76-21,76,okio uñacikcu,okio\tuñacikcu,winter\tfar,a winter long ago,,,1442[228],,naturalistic spoken,okio uñacikcu,,winter far,,,,1143, +1-30,1,wan toemoesie Biegie Soema,wan\ttumusi\tbigi\tsoma,INDF.SG\tvery\tbig\tperson,a very big person; a giant.,,,1576[105],,written,wan toemoesie Biegie Soema,wan tumusi bigi soma,INDF.SG very big person,,,,1144,Dutch: Een Reus. [op.cit.] +1-31,1,"Lampo de fulu tumussi, a de go passa abra.","Lampu\tde\tfuru\ttumusi,\ta\tde\tgo\tpasa\tabra.",lamp\tIPFV\tfull\ttoo.much\t3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo\tpass\tover,"The lamp is (getting) overfull, it is going to overflow.",,Please note that de can be analyzed here as a progressive marker as well as a copula.,1357[132],,written (dictionary),"Lampo de fulu tumussi, a de go passa abra.","Lampu de furu tumusi, a de go pasa abra.",lamp IPFV full too.much 3SG.SBJ IPFV go pass over,"Please note that de can be analyzed here as a progressive marker as well as a copula.",,,1145,"German: Die Lampe ist zu voll (Oehl), sie wird überlaufen. [op.cit.]" +1-32,1,Joe lau te moesi.,Yu\tlaw\ttumusi.,2SG\tmad\tvery.much,You are really mad.,,"This example shows adjectival predication without copula. Note that the degree adverb tumusi follows law, as is typically the case with verbs.",1527[22],,written,Joe lau te moesi.,Yu law tumusi.,2SG mad very.much,"This example shows adjectival predication without copula. Note that the degree adverb tumusi follows law, as is typically the case with verbs.",,,1146,Dutch: Je bent al te gek. [op.cit.] +2-23,2,John moro bigi,John\tmoro\tbigi,John\tmore\tbig,John's bigger,,"This pattern applies mostly to comparative moro in dialect A. (which is the default lect in the Sranan dataset). However, it is allowed only when one of the entities being compared is mentioned. When two entities are mentioned, moro must follow the property item.",1604[279],,naturalistic spoken,John moro bigi,,John more big,"This pattern applies mostly to comparative moro in dialect A. (which is the default lect in the Sranan dataset). However, it is allowed only when one of the entities being compared is mentioned. When two entities are mentioned, moro must follow the property item.",,,1147, +2-24,2,A oloisi disi moro diri.,A\toloisi\tdisi\tmoro\tdiri.,DET\twatch\tDEM\tmore\tdear,This watch is more expensive.,,"This pattern applies mostly to comparative moro in dialect A (which is the default lect in the Sranan dataset). However, it is allowed only when one of the entities being compared is mentioned. When two entities are mentioned, moro must follow the property item.",1604[279],,naturalistic spoken,A oloisi disi moro diri.,,DET watch DEM more dear,"This pattern applies mostly to comparative moro in dialect A (which is the default lect in the Sranan dataset). However, it is allowed only when one of the entities being compared is mentioned. When two entities are mentioned, moro must follow the property item.",,,1148, +2-25,2,A liba disi bradi tumsi fu swen abra.,A\tliba\tdisi\tbradi\ttumsi\tfu\tswen\tabra.,DET\triver\tDEM\tbroad\ttoo.much\tfor\tswim\tover,This river is too broad to swim across.,,,1604[277],,naturalistic spoken,A liba disi bradi tumsi fu swen abra.,,DET river DEM broad too.much for swim over,,,,1149, +2-26,2,A watra faya bun.,A\twatra\tfaya\tbun.,DET\twater\thot\tgood,The water is very hot.,,,1604[277],,naturalistic spoken,A watra faya bun.,,DET water hot good,,,,1150, +2-27,2,A oloisi disi diri moro a dati.,A\toloisi\tdisi\tdiri\tmoro\ta\tdati.,DET\twatch\tDEM\tdear\tmore\tDET\tDEM,This watch is more expensive than that one.,,"When two entities are mentioned, moro must follow the property item.",1604,,naturalistic spoken,A oloisi disi diri moro a dati.,,DET watch DEM dear more DET DEM,"When two entities are mentioned, moro must follow the property item.",,,1151, +2-28,2,A liba de tumsi bradi fu swen abra.,A\tliba\tde\ttumsi\tbradi\tfu\tswen\tabra.,DET\triver\tCOP\ttoo\tbroad\tfor\tswim\tover,The river is too broad to swim across.,,,1604[277],,naturalistic spoken,A liba de tumsi bradi fu swen abra.,,DET river COP too broad for swim over,,,,1152, +2-29,2,A watra de bun faya.,A\twatra\tde\tbun\tfaya.,DET\twater\tCOP\tgood\thot,The water is very hot.,,,1604[277],,naturalistic spoken,A watra de bun faya.,,DET water COP good hot,,,,1153, +2-30,2,John de moro bigi leki Peter.,John\tde\tmoro\tbigi\tleki\tPeter.,John\tCOP\tmore\tbig\tthan\tPeter,John’s bigger than Peter.,,,1604[280],,naturalistic spoken,John de moro bigi leki Peter.,,John COP more big than Peter,,,,1154, +3-13,3,A fatu poi.,A\tfatu\tpoi.,3SG\tfat\tspoil,She is very fat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A fatu poi.,,3SG fat spoil,,Fieldwork data,,1155, +3-14,3,Di mɔɔ hansɛ wan.,Di\tmɔɔ\thansɛ\twan.,DEF.SG\tmore\tbeautiful\tone,The one that is more beautiful.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di mɔɔ hansɛ wan.,,DEF.SG more beautiful one,,Fieldwork data,,1156, +4-9,4,Den nenge(e) ya koni te(ee).,Den\tnenge(e)\tya\tkoni\tte(ee).,DET.PL\t(black).person\tDEM\tintelligent\tvery,These people are very intelligent.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Den nenge(e) ya koni te(ee).",,DET.PL (black).person DEM intelligent very,,Own observation,,1157, +4-10,4,wan gaan moy uman,wan\tgaan\tmoy\tuman,a\tgreat\tnice\twoman,a very pretty woman,,,661[173],,naturalistic spoken,wan gaan moy uman,,a great nice woman,,,,1158, +4-11,4,wan tumisi gaan makiti,wan\ttumisi\tgaan\tmakiti,a\ttoo.much\tgreat\tpower,a very great power,,,661[173],,naturalistic spoken,wan tumisi gaan makiti,,a too.much great power,,,,1159, +5-16,5,"afta mi groo an mi get lil mo big, mi - mi gu wee a wiiding dee","afta mi groo an mi get lil mo big, mi - mi gu wee a wiiding dee",after I grow and I get DEGREE more big I   I go away to weeding there,"After I grew up and got a little bigger, I - I went away to the weeding gang.",,,1281[145 lines 328-329],,naturalistic spoken,"afta mi groo an mi get lil mo big, mi - mi gu wee a wiiding dee",,after I grow and I get DEGREE more big I I go away to weeding there,,,,1160, +5-17,5,di baai dootish baad,di\tbaai\tdootish\tbaad,DET\tboy\tfoolish\tvery,The boy is very foolish. OR: The boy is quite foolish.,,"The postposed degree words only occur when the Adjective is used as Predicator. When used as an attributive, degree is expressed by reduplication.",,,constructed by linguist,di baai dootish baad,,DET boy foolish very,"The postposed degree words only occur when the Adjective is used as Predicator. When used as an attributive, degree is expressed by reduplication.",Own knowledge,,1161, +6-9,6,Hi laik woman tu bad.,Hi\tlaik\twoman\ttu\tbad.,3SG\tlike\twoman.PL\tDEGREE\tADJ,He likes women very much.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Hi laik woman tu bad.,,3SG like woman.PL DEGREE ADJ,,Informant,,1162, +7-15,7,Hi reil dotish.,Hi\treil\tdotish.,3SG\treal\tstupid,He is very stupid.,,The degree expression precedes the adjective.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Hi reil dotish.",,3SG real stupid,The degree expression precedes the adjective.,Own knowledge,,1163, +7-16,7,Hi dotish fo so.,Hi\tdotish\tfo\tso.,3SG\tstupid\tfor\tso,He is very stupid.,,The degree expression follows the adjective.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Hi dotish fo so.",,3SG stupid for so,The degree expression follows the adjective.,Own knowledge,,1164, +7-17,7,Hi tu dotish.,Hi\ttu\tdotish.,3SG\ttoo\tstupid,He is too stupid.,,The degree expression precedes the adjective.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Hi tu dotish.",,3SG too stupid,The degree expression precedes the adjective.,Own knowledge,,1165, +7-18,7,Hi dotish tu bad.,Hi\tdotish\ttu\tbad.,3SG\tstupid\ttoo\tbad,He is really stupid.,,The degree expression follows the adjective.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Hi dotish tu bad.",,3SG stupid too bad,The degree expression follows the adjective.,Own knowledge,,1166, +8-9,8,Di lili pikni tuu bad.,Di\tlili\tpikni\ttuu\tbad.,DET\tlittle\tchild\ttoo\tbad,The little child is too rude.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di lili pikni tuu bad.,,DET little child too bad,,Own knowledge,,1167, +8-10,8,Di fuud hat bad.,Di\tfuud\that\tbad.,DET\tfood\thot\tbad,The food is very hot.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di fuud hat bad.,,DET food hot bad,,Own knowledge,,1168, +9-18,9,I veri brayt.,I\tveri\tbrayt.,3SG\tvery\tbright,He is very bright.,,,445[538],,naturalistic spoken,I veri brayt.,,3SG very bright,,,,1169, +9-19,9,Yu ga sam big finga.,Yu\tga\tsam\tbig\tfinga.,2SG\tgot\tsome\tbig\tfinger,You have really big fingers.,,,429,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu ga sam big finga.",,2SG got some big finger,,,,1170, +10-9,10,Di son tuu hat.,Di\tson\ttuu\that.,ART.DEF\tsun\ttoo\thot,The sun is very hot.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di son tuu hat.,,ART.DEF sun too hot,,Field notes 2008,,1171, +11-14,11,In douz diez di piipl dem woz muor kyarfuul.,In\tdouz\tdie-z\tdi\tpiipl\tdem\twoz\tmuor\tkyarfuul.,in\tDEM.PL\tday-PL\tART.DEF\tpeople\tPL\tCOP.PST\tmore\tcareful,In those days people were more careful.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,In douz diez di piipl dem woz muor kyarfuul.,In douz die-z di piipl dem woz muor kyarfuul.,in DEM.PL day-PL ART.DEF people PL COP.PST more careful,,,,1172, +11-15,11,Shi woz veri gud.,Shi\twoz\tveri\tgud.,3SG.F\tCOP.PST\tvery\tgood,She was very good [at it].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Shi woz veri gud.,,3SG.F COP.PST very good,,,,1173, +12-10,12,"Yeah, man, I get so mad. Children broke up the 'mote control, that's done five 'mote control I done buy.",[...]\tI\tget\tso\tmad\t[...].,[...]\tI\tget[PFV]\tso\tmad\t[...],[...] I got so mad. [The children had broken the remote control] [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, man, I get so mad. Children broke up the 'mote control, that's done five 'mote control I done buy.","[...] I get so mad [...].",[...] I get[PFV] so mad [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,1174, +12-11,12,De okra-dem long so.,De\tokra-dem\tlong\tso.,the\tokra-PL\tlong\tso,The okras are so long.,,,634[188],,naturalistic spoken,"De okra-dem long so.",,the okra-PL long so,,,,1175, +13-11,13,very ol lady,very\tol\tlady,very\told\tlady,very old lady,,,1500[276],,naturalistic spoken,very ol lady,,very old lady,,,,1176, +14-12,14,"He was a little taller than me, but not much.","He\twas\ta\tlittle\ttaller\tthan\tme,\tbut\tnot\tmuch.",he\twas\ta\tlittle\ttaller\tthan\tme\tbut\tnot\tmuch,"He was a little taller than me, but not much.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"He was a little taller than me, but not much.",,he was a little taller than me but not much,,Own knowledge,,1177, +15-9,15,a tu taya,a\ttu\ttaya,1SG\ttoo\ttire,I'm very tired.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"a tu taya",,1SG too tire,,Own knowledge,,1178, +15-10,15,a taya bad,a\ttaya\tbad,1SG\ttire\tvery.much,I'm too tired.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"a taya bad",,1SG tire very.much,,Own knowledge,,1179, +16-14,16,pɔpjuleʃɛn tu gret,pɔpjuleʃɛn\ttu\tgret,population\ttoo\tgreat,The population is too large.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,pɔpjuleʃɛn tu gret,,population too great,,Own fieldwork,,1180, +16-15,16,nima dɛti tu maʧ,nima\tdɛti\ttu\tmaʧ,Nima\tdirty\ttoo\tmuch,Nima is too/very dirty.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,nima dɛti tu maʧ,,Nima dirty too much,,Own fieldwork,,1181, +17-9,17,Dì sup swit wé̱l wé̱l.,Dì\tsup\tswit\twé̱l~wé̱l.,ART.DEF\tsoup\tbe.tasty\tvery~thoroughly,The soup is delicious.,,,462[228],,naturalistic spoken,"Dì sup swit wé̱l wé̱l.","Dì sup swit wé̱l~wé̱l.",ART.DEF soup be.tasty very~thoroughly,,,,1182, +17-10,17,Dì sup tu swit.,Dì\tsup\ttu\tswit.,ART.DEF\tsoup\texcessively\tbe.tasty,The soup is excessively delicious.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Dì sup tu swit.",,ART.DEF soup excessively be.tasty,,Own knowledge,,1183, +18-12,18,Di pikin drai bad.,Di\tpikin\tdrai\tbad.,ART.DEF\tchild\tdry\tbad,The child is very thin.,,,1488[23],,published source,"Di pikin drai bad.",,ART.DEF child dry bad,,,,1184, +18-13,18,A bin vehks bad.,A\tbin\tveks\tbad.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tvex\tbad,I was very angry.,,,1488[23],,published source,A bin vehks bad.,A bin veks bad.,1SG.SBJ PST vex bad,,,,1185, +18-14,18,I tu dye.,I\ttu\tdia.,3SG.SBJ\ttoo\tdear,It is too expensive.,,,125[91],,unspecified,I tu dye.,I tu dia.,3SG.SBJ too dear,,,,1186, +19-13,19,Dì pìkín dray tu mɔch.,Dì\tpìkín\tdray\ttu\tmɔch.,DEF\tchild\tbe.dry\ttoo\tmuch,The child is too lean.,,,1634[329],,naturalistic spoken,"Dì pìkín dray tu mɔch.",,DEF child be.dry too much,,,,1187, +19-14,19,"Mì layf, è tranga bad.","Mì\tlayf,\tè\ttranga\tbad.",1SG.POSS\tlife\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.strong\tbad,"My life, it was really tough.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mì layf, è tranga bad.",,1SG.POSS life 3SG.SBJ be.strong bad,,Field data,,1188, +19-15,19,Dì chɔp è tu bɔ̀kú.,Dì\tchɔp\tè\ttu\tbɔ̀kú.,DEF\tfood\t3SG.SBJ\ttoo\tbe.much,The food is too much.,,,1634[247],,naturalistic spoken,"Dì chɔp è tu bɔ̀kú.",,DEF food 3SG.SBJ too be.much,,,,1189, +20-14,20,How fashion you can chargee so muchee?,How\tfashion\tyou\tcan\tchargee\tso\tmuchee?,how\tway\t2SG\tcan\tcharge\tso\tmuch,How can you charge such a price?,,,1489[VI.3],,naturalistic written,How fashion you can chargee so muchee?,,how way 2SG can charge so much,,,口花臣㕭(口件)揸治梳乜治,1190, +20-15,20,Thisee mutton too muchee hard.,Thisee\tmutton\ttoo\tmuchee\thard.,DEM\tmutton\ttoo\tmuch\thard,This mutton is too hard.,,,1489[VI.25],,naturalistic written,Thisee mutton too muchee hard.,,DEM mutton too much hard,,,利士乜頓都乜治乞,1191, +21-13,21,Singapore flat very expensive a21?,Singapore\tflat\tvery\texpensive\ta21?,Singapore\tapartments\tvery\texpensive\tPCL,Are Singapore's apartments very expensive? [requiring response],,a21 = particle with low-falling tone,,,elicited from speaker,Singapore flat very expensive a21?,,Singapore apartments very expensive PCL,a21 = particle with low-falling tone,Own knowledge,,1192, +22-22,22,Haus i bikpela tru.,Haus\ti\tbikpela\ttru.,house\tPM\tbig.MOD\tvery,The house is very big.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Haus i bikpela tru.",,house PM big.MOD very,,Own knowledge,,1193, +23-13,23,ol nes oli bisi tumas,ol\tnes\toli\tbisi\ttumas,PL\tnurse\tAGR\tbusy\ttoo.much,The nurses were all too busy.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,ol nes oli bisi tumas,,PL nurse AGR busy too.much,,,,1194, +23-14,23,Saes blong wharf bae i bigwan lelebet long hemia we i stap naoia.,Saes\tblong\twharf\tbae\ti\tbigwan\tlelebet\tlong\themia\twe\ti\tstap\tnaoia.,size\tPOSS\twharf\tIRR\tAGR\tbig\tlittle.bit\tto\t3SG.DEF\tREL\tAGR\tstay\tnow.DEF,The size of the wharf will be a bit bigger than the current one.,,,,,naturalistic written,Saes blong wharf bae i bigwan lelebet long hemia we i stap naoia.,,size POSS wharf IRR AGR big little.bit to 3SG.DEF REL AGR stay now.DEF,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 27 June 1998",,1195, +23-15,23,Hem i shoem veri klia ol genuine konsern blong olgeta.,Hem\ti\tshoem\tveri\tklia\tol\tgenuine\tkonsern\tblong\tolgeta.,3SG\tAGR\tshow\tvery\tclear\tPL\tgenuine\tconcern\tPOSS\t3PL,This shows very clearly their genuine concerns.,,"This use of veri is strongly linked to English proficiency. Note its co-occurrence here with other markers of English influence, e.g. genuine and shoem (rather than the normal Bislama soem representing the more English palatal fricative). This use of veri may be increasing.",1533,,naturalistic written,Hem i shoem veri klia ol genuine konsern blong olgeta.,,3SG AGR show very clear PL genuine concern POSS 3PL,"This use of veri is strongly linked to English proficiency. Note its co-occurrence here with other markers of English influence, e.g. genuine and shoem (rather than the normal Bislama soem representing the more English palatal fricative). This use of veri may be increasing.",,,1196, +24-18,24,Yu hau amaula.,Yu\thau\tamaula.,you\thow\tclumsy,You are very clumsy.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yu hau amaula.,,you how clumsy,,Own fieldwork,,1197, +24-19,24,Dem es kwait smol an.,Dem\tes\tkwait\tsmol\tan.,3PL\tCOP\tquite\tsmall\tone,They are quite small.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dem es kwait smol an.,,3PL COP quite small one,,Own fieldwork,,1198, +25-61,25,Jad olgamen bin rili hepi na.,Jad\tolgamen\tbin\trili\thepi\tna.,DEM\twoman\tPST\treally\thappy\tnow,The woman was very happy then.,,"Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates the use of the degree adverb rili 'really, very'.",128[8],,naturalistic written,Jad olgamen bin rili hepi na.,,DEM woman PST really happy now,"Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates the use of the degree adverb rili 'really, very'.",,,1199, +25-62,25,"Dijan na, hadwan brabli.","Dijan\tna,\thad-wan\tbrabli.",PROX:ADJ\tnow\thard-ADJ\tproperly,This one is really hard. (context: picture matching task),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the degree word brabli following the predicate.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Dijan na, hadwan brabli.","Dijan na, had-wan brabli.",PROX:ADJ now hard-ADJ properly,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the degree word brabli following the predicate.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1200, +25-63,25,En thet melk yusdu kamat rili wait.,En\tthet\tmelk\tyusdu\tkam-at\trili\twait.,and\tDEM\tmilk\tHAB\tcome-out\treally\twhite,And the milk used to come out really white. (after treating new mothers in the traditional way),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the degree word rili 'really, very'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"En thet melk yusdu kamat rili wait.",En thet melk yusdu kam-at rili wait.,and DEM milk HAB come-out really white,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the degree word rili 'really, very'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1201, +25-64,25,Im brabli bigbala.,Im\tbrabli\tbig-bala.,3SG\tvery\tbig-ADJ2.,He is very big.,,"Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the degree word brabli 'properly, very'.",1333[167],,unknown,Im brabli bigbala.,Im brabli big-bala.,3SG very big-ADJ2.,"Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the degree word brabli 'properly, very'.",,,1202, +25-65,25,Dijan kokiroj bin rili bigwan.,Dijan\tkokiroj\tbin\trili\tbig-wan.,PROX:ADJ\tcockroach\tPST\treally\tbig-ADJ,This cockroach was really big. OR: Once there was a big cockroach. (Original translation),,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a predicative adjective in the past tense, marked by the auxiliary bin.",128[1],,naturalistic written,Dijan kokiroj bin rili bigwan.,Dijan kokiroj bin rili big-wan.,PROX:ADJ cockroach PST really big-ADJ,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a predicative adjective in the past tense, marked by the auxiliary bin.",,,1203, +25-66,25,Aaaa dis brabli gudwan.,Aaaa\tdis\tbrabli\tgud-wan.,INTERJ\tPROX\treally\tgood-ADJ,"Ah, this one is very good.",,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a predicative adjective, preceded by a degree adverb, in a nonverbal clause.",570[13],,naturalistic spoken,Aaaa dis brabli gudwan.,Aaaa dis brabli gud-wan.,INTERJ PROX really good-ADJ,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a predicative adjective, preceded by a degree adverb, in a nonverbal clause.",,,1204, +25-67,25,Blanga yu but im dardibala brabli!,Blanga\tyu\tbut\tim\tdardi-bala\tbrabli!,DAT/POSS\t2SG\tfoot\t3SG\tdirty-ADJ2\tproperly,Your foot is very dirty!,,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the word order adjective - degree adverb.,1332[15],,unknown,Blanga yu but im dardibala brabli!,Blanga yu but im dardi-bala brabli!,DAT/POSS 2SG foot 3SG dirty-ADJ2 properly,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the word order adjective - degree adverb.,,,1205, +25-68,25,Im hanggri bla shuga brabli!,Im\thanggri\tbla\tshuga\tbrabli!,3SG\thungry\tDAT/POSS\tsugar\tvery,He [is/was] very hungry for sugar!,,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a degree word separated from the adjective which it modifies.,40,,naturalistic spoken,"Im hanggri bla shuga brabli!",,3SG hungry DAT/POSS sugar very,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a degree word separated from the adjective which it modifies.,,,1206, +26-12,26,ji gona bi ɹɛo smuð,ji\tgona\tbi\tɹɛo\tsmuð,2SG\tFUT\tbe\treal\tsmooth,You're going to be real smooth.,,,1545[66],,naturalistic spoken,ji gona bi ɹɛo smuð,,2SG FUT be real smooth,,,,1207, +27-10,27,Am a wes obu so kwāt.,Am\ta\twes\tobu\tso\tkwāt.,3SG\tPST\tbe\tover\tso\tangry,He was very much angry.,,,355[52],,naturalistic spoken,Am a wes obu so kwāt.,,3SG PST be over so angry,,,,1208, +28-15,28,di kosuwapu di astwɛlɛ hogo,di\tkosu-apu\tdi\tastwɛlɛ\thogo,the\tfever-PL\tDEM\ttoo.much\thigh,These fevers are too high (to be treated).,,,737[560],,naturalistic spoken,di kosuwapu di astwɛlɛ hogo,di kosu-apu di astwɛlɛ hogo,the fever-PL DEM too.much high,,,,1209, +28-16,28,di plɛkɛ droko astwɛlɛ,di\tplɛkɛ\tdroko\tastwɛlɛ,the\tplace\tdry\ttoo.much,The field is far too dry (for anything to grow there).,,,737[560],,naturalistic spoken,di plɛkɛ droko astwɛlɛ,di plɛkɛ droko astwɛlɛ,the place dry too.much,,,,1210, +28-17,28,ori mjatɛ ʃi selfu atwɛlɛ skrewn,ori\tmja-tɛ\tʃi\tselfu\tastwɛlɛ\tskrewn,3SG\tmake-PFV\t3SG.POSS\tself\ttoo.much\tgreedy,He made himself much too greedy.,,Creolese skrewn < English craven.,737[355],,naturalistic spoken,ori mjatɛ ʃi selfu atwɛlɛ skrewn,ori mja-tɛ ʃi selfu astwɛlɛ skrewn,3SG make-PFV 3SG.POSS self too.much greedy,"Creolese skrewn < English craven.",,,1211, +28-18,28,o kriktɛ en moi gu goto,o\tkriki-tɛ\ten\tmoi\tgu\tgoto,3SG\tget-PFV\tone\tgood\tbig\ttrench,He got to a fairly big trench.,,,737[254],,naturalistic spoken,o kriktɛ en moi gu goto,o kriki-tɛ en moi gu goto,3SG get-PFV one good big trench,,,,1212, +29-14,29,Dis baie mooi huise.,Dis\tbaie\tmooi\thuis-e.,3SG=s\tmuch\tbeautiful\thouse-PL,These are very beautiful houses.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dis baie mooi huise.,Dis baie mooi huis-e.,3SG=s much beautiful house-PL,,Own knowledge,,1213, +30-17,30,[...] na kes árvis mutu grándi N ka ta subi n'el.,[...]\tna=kes=árvi-s\tmutu\tgrándi\tN=ka=ta=subi\tn=el.,[...]\tin=DEM.PL=tree-PL\tvery\thigh\t1SG=NEG=IPFV=climb\tin=3SG,[...] I won't climb up on these very big trees.,,,1407[143],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] na kes árvis mutu grándi N ka ta subi n'el.",[...] na=kes=árvi-s mutu grándi N=ka=ta=subi n=el.,[...] in=DEM.PL=tree-PL very high 1SG=NEG=IPFV=climb in=3SG,,,,1214,German: [...] auf diese sehr großen Bäume werde ich nicht steigen. +30-18,30,Kel mós la ê más prigós ki xuxu!,Kel=mós\tla\tê\tmás\tprigós\tki=xuxu!,DEM.SG=boy\tthere\tbe\tmore\tdangerous\tCOMP=devil,That young man there is more dangerous than the devil!,,,784[s.v. prigós],,naturalistic spoken,"Kel mós la ê más prigós ki xuxu!",Kel=mós la ê más prigós ki=xuxu!,DEM.SG=boy there be more dangerous COMP=devil,,,,1215,German: Der junge Mann dort ist gefährlicher als der Teufel! +31-17,31,"Kabu e mutu fundu, mutu lonju di tera.","Kabu\te\tmutu\tfundu,\tmutu\tlonju\tdi\ttera.",place\tis\ttoo\tremote\ttoo\tfar\tfrom\tland,"The place is too remote, too far from the land.",,,57,,naturalistic spoken,"Kabu e mutu fundu, mutu lonju di tera.",,place is too remote too far from land,,,,1216, +31-18,31,Es fra ka ta bebe mas kabu e mutu dretu.,Es\tfra\tka\tta\tbebe\tmas\tkabu\te\tmutu\tdretu.,they\tsay\tNEG\tASP\tdrink\tmore\tplace\tis\tvery\tgood,"They said that no one drinks anymore, the place is very good.",,,880,,naturalistic spoken,"Es fra ka ta bebe mas kabu e mutu dretu.",,they say NEG ASP drink more place is very good,,,,1217, +32-10,32,Bo térra e mut sáb!,Bo\ttérra\te\tmut\tsáb!,2SG.POSS\tland\tCOP\tvery\tnice,Your country is very pleasant!,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Bo térra e mut sáb!",,2SG.POSS land COP very nice,,,,1218,Portuguese: A tua terra é muito agradável! +33-11,33,fidju mas garandi,fidju\tmas\tgarandi,son\tDEGREE\told,the older son,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"fidju mas garandi",,son DEGREE old,,Own knowledge,,1219,Portuguese: o filho mais velho +33-12,33,I riku dimas.,I\triku\tdimas.,3SG\trich\tvery,She is very rich.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I riku dimas.",,3SG rich very,,Own knowledge,,1220,Portuguese: Ela é muito rica. +33-13,33,garandi dimas,garandi\tdimas,old\ttoo.much,too old,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"garandi dimas",,old too.much,,Own knowledge,,1221,Portuguese: velho demais +34-12,34,E añju fiw dimás.,E\tañju\tø\tfiw\tdimás.,DEM\tbaby\tPFV\tugly\ttoo,This baby is very ugly.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"E añju fiw dimás.","E añju ø fiw dimás.",DEM baby PFV ugly too,,Own knowledge,,1222, +34-13,34,Pidru ma(s) bo giru.,Pidru\tø\tma(s)\tbo\tgiru.,Peter\tPFV\tmore\t2SG.INDP\tsmart,Peter is smarter than you.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Pidru ma(s) bo giru.","Pidru ø ma(s) bo giru.",Peter PFV more 2SG.INDP smart,,Own knowledge,,1223, +35-17,35,Sun sa maxi tamen dôkê pe mu.,Sun\tsa\tmaxi\ttamen\tdôkê\tpe\tmu.,2SG\tbe\tmore\ttall\tthan\tfather\t1SG.POSS,You are taller than my father.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sun sa maxi tamen dôkê pe mu.",,2SG be more tall than father 1SG.POSS,,Own data,,1224, +35-18,35,Mosu se sa flontadu muntu.,Mosu\tse\tsa\tflontadu\tmuntu.,boy\tDEM\tCOP\tannoyed\tvery,The boy is very annoyed.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mosu se sa flontadu muntu.",,boy DEM COP annoyed very,,Own data,,1225, +35-19,35,A kume bwa so.,A\tkume\tbwa\tso.,IMPRS\teat\tgood\tvery,They ate very well.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"A kume bwa so.",,IMPRS eat good very,,Own data,,1226, +36-9,36,N'thuala ki lôthô rosi n'tu.,N'thuala\tki\tlôthô\trosi\tn'tu.,oyster\twith\trice\tnice\tvery,Oysters with rice are very good.,,,901[50],,naturalistic spoken,N'thuala ki lôthô rosi n'tu.,,oyster with rice nice very,,,,1227,"French: Les huîtres avec du riz, c'est très bon." +36-10,36,Am masi tame ô.,Am\tmasi\ttame\tô.,1SG\tmore\told\t2SG,I am older than you.,,,901[52],,elicited from speaker,"Am masi tame ô.",,1SG more old 2SG,,,,1228,French: Je suis plus vieux que toi. +37-10,37,[...] txi rwin mutu.,[...]\ttxi\trwin\tmutu.,[...]\t2SG\twicked\tvery,You are too wicked. OR: You are very wicked.,,,905[48],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] txi rwin mutu.",,[...] 2SG wicked very,,,,1229, +37-11,37,Txi maxi gôdô dêkê mi.,Txi\tmaxi\tgôdô\tdêkê\tmi.,2SG\tmore\tfat\tthan\t1SG,You are fatter than I am.,,,905[49],,elicited from speaker,"Txi maxi gôdô dêkê mi.",,2SG more fat than 1SG,,,,1230, +38-14,38,sunzu muntu,sunzu\tmuntu,dirty\tvery,very dirty,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"sunzu muntu",,dirty very,,Own fieldwork 1993,,1231, +38-15,38,sunzu masy (ku B),sunzu\tmasy\t(ku\tB),dirty\tmore\t(than\tB),dirtier (than B),,,,,constructed by linguist,sunzu masy (ku B),,dirty more (than B),,Own knowledge,,1232, +39-23,39,Pok vɛy ɛ.,Pok\tvɛy\tɛ.,little\told\tCOP.NPST,(X) is/are are a bit old.,,,221[122],,naturalistic spoken,Pok vɛy ɛ.,,little old COP.NPST,,,,1233, +39-24,39,"Mĩ nom ɛ muyt kõprid, nə?","Mĩ\tnom\tɛ\tmuyt\tkõprid,\tnə?",1SG.POSS\tname\tCOP.NPST\tvery\tlong\tREQ,"My name is very long, isn't it?",,,221[178],,naturalistic spoken,"Mĩ nom ɛ muyt kõprid, nə?",,1SG.POSS name COP.NPST very long REQ,,,,1234, +40-14,40,Mayz ki wɔs gran mwit tig ti wid.,Mayz\tki\twɔs\tgran\tmwit\ttig\tti\twid.,more\tthan\tyou\tbig\tvery\ttiger\tPST.COP\tcome.PTCP,A tiger much bigger than you had come.,,The sentence is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,,,naturalistic spoken,Mayz ki wɔs gran mwit tig ti wid.,,more than you big very tiger PST.COP come.PTCP,The sentence is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,Unpublished story,,1235, +40-15,40,Elo tɛ mwit buni.,Elo\ttɛ\tmwit\tbuni.,3PL\tare\tvery\tgood,They are very good.,,This is taken from a story told by Jerome Rosario.,,,naturalistic spoken,Elo tɛ mwit buni.,,3PL are very good,This is taken from a story told by Jerome Rosario.,Unpublished story,,1236, +41-19,41,aka muytu viraadu kaavs,aka\tmuytu\tviraadu\tkaavs,that\tvery\twrong\tthing,That is a very wrong thing.,,,1416[5123],,naturalistic spoken,aka muytu viraadu kaavs,,that very wrong thing,,,,1237, +41-20,41,didiiyantu muytu keenti,didiiya-ntu\tmuytu\tkeenti,daytime-LOC\tvery\thot,In the daytime it is very hot.,,,1416[5136],,naturalistic spoken,didiiyantu muytu keenti,didiiya-ntu muytu keenti,daytime-LOC very hot,,,,1238, +42-14,42,úngua omi bomong godru,úngua\tomi\tbomong\tgodru,one\tman\tvery\tfat,a very fat man,,,122[104],,naturalistic spoken,úngua omi bomong godru,,one man very fat,,,,1239, +42-15,42,bomong kalor,bomong\tkalor,good.RED\thot,very hot,,,,,elicited from speaker,bomong kalor,,good.RED hot,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,1240, +42-16,42,úngua omi godru mbés,úngua\tomi\tgodru\tmbés,one\tman\tfat\textremely,an extremely fat man,,,,,elicited from speaker,úngua omi godru mbés,,one man fat extremely,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,1241, +43-11,43,Akel teng mutu karu.,Akel\tteng\tmutu\tkaru.,that\tCOP\tvery\texpensive,That one is too expensive.,,,906[66],,pedagogical grammar,"Akel teng mutu karu.",,that COP very expensive,,,,1242, +43-12,43,Sebab eli asley bong ka nos.,Sebab\teli\tasley\tbong\tka\tnos.,because\t3SG\tso\tgood\tOBJ\t1PL,Because he is so good to us.,,,906[67],,naturalistic written,"Sebab eli asley bong ka nos.",,because 3SG so good OBJ 1PL,,,,1243, +43-13,43,Sua karni bariga sabrodju dretu.,Sua\tkarni\tbariga\tsabrodju\tdretu.,POSS.3SG\tmeat\tbelly\tdelicious\tright,The meat of its belly is extremely delicious.,,,906[42],,naturalistic written,"Sua karni bariga sabrodju dretu.",,POSS.3SG meat belly delicious right,,,,1244, +44-13,44,bung grándi,bung\tgrándi,very\tbig,very big,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"bung grándi",,very big,,Own data,,1245, +45-10,45,masiao joven,masiao\tjoven,too\tyoung,too young,,Note that intensification can also be expressed by reduplication with the linker na as in: joven na joven ‘very young’.,835[79],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"masiao joven",,too young,"Note that intensification can also be expressed by reduplication with the linker na as in: joven na joven ‘very young’.",,,1246, +46-27,46,Byen gránde éste ságing.,Byen\tgránde\téste\tságing.,very\tbig\tthis\tbanana,This banana is very big.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Byen gránde éste ságing.,,very big this banana,,Own knowledge,,1247, +47-24,47,"grandi, mas grandi, di mas grandi","grandi,\tmas\tgrandi,\tdi\tmas\tgrandi",big\tmore\tbig\tof\tmore\tbig,"big, bigger, biggest",,,556[47],,published source,"grandi, mas grandi, di mas grandi",,big more big of more big,,,,1248, +48-12,48,É un kusa muy impottante.,É\tun\tkusa\tmuy\timpottante.,be\tART.INDF.SG\tthing\tvery\timportant,It is a very important thing/matter.,,"Degree words like muy 'very', poco 'little' etc. always precede the adjective. However, the word rimá (probably derived from Portuguese emais or archaic Spanish demás) always follows the adjective. See Example 13.","1359[292,note 20]",,naturalistic spoken,É un kusa muy impottante.,,be ART.INDF.SG thing very important,"Degree words like muy 'very', poco 'little' etc. always precede the adjective. However, the word rimá (probably derived from Portuguese emais or archaic Spanish demás) always follows the adjective. See Example 13.",,,1249,Spanish: Es una cosa muy importante. +48-13,48,Bo e goddo rimá.,Bo\te\tgoddo\trimá.,you.SG\tbe\tfat\ttoo.much,You are too fat.,,"Especially younger generation speakers tend to give preference to the prenominal (and more superstrate-like) demasiao, as in bo e demasiao goddo, in which case the degree word precedes the noun.",,,naturalistic spoken,Bo e goddo rimá.,,you.SG be fat too.much,"Especially younger generation speakers tend to give preference to the prenominal (and more superstrate-like) demasiao, as in bo e demasiao goddo, in which case the degree word precedes the noun.",Recorded by author,,1250,Spanish: Vos es (ser) gorda demasiado. +49-14,49,Wòb sa a pi bèl.,Wòb\tsa\ta\tpi\tbèl.,dress\tDEM\tSG\tmore\tbeautiful,This dress is more beautiful.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Wòb sa a pi bèl.",,dress DEM SG more beautiful,,Own knowledge,,1251,French: Cette robe est plus belle. +49-15,49,Li cho anpil.,Li\tcho\tanpil.,3SG\thot\tvery,He/She is very hot.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Li cho anpil.",,3SG hot very,,Own knowledge,,1252,French: Il/Elle est très chaud(e). +50-13,50,I tibwen cho.,I\ttibwen\tcho.,3SG\ta.little\thot,It is a little hot.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I tibwen cho.,,3SG a.little hot,,Own knowledge,,1253, +50-14,50,I gran toubolman.,I\tgran\ttoubolman.,3SG\ttall\tvery,He is very tall.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I gran toubolman.,,3SG tall very,,Own knowledge,,1254, +50-15,50,Madanm-la bèl onpil.,Madanm-la\tbèl\tonpil.,woman-DEF\tbeautiful\ta.lot,That woman is very beautiful.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Madanm-la bèl onpil.,,woman-DEF beautiful a.lot,,Own knowledge,,1255, +51-14,51,I tibwen cho.,I\ttibwen\tcho.,3SG\ta.little\thot,It is a little hot.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I tibwen cho.,,3SG a.little hot,,Own fieldwork,,1256, +51-15,51,I gran toubannman.,I\tgran\ttoubannman.,3SG\ttall\tvery,He is very tall.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I gran toubannman.,,3SG tall very,,Own fieldwork,,1257, +51-16,51,Madanm-lan bel anpil.,Madanm-lan\tbel\tanpil.,woman-DEF\tbeautiful\ta.lot,The woman is very beautiful.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Madanm-lan bel anpil.,,woman-DEF beautiful a.lot,,Own fieldwork,,1258, +52-9,52,i oun timoso sòt,i\toun\ttimoso\tsòt,he\ta\tbit\tsilly,He is a little bit silly.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,i oun timoso sòt,,he a bit silly,,Own knowledge,,1259, +53-23,53,en byen bon gonbo,en\tbyen\tbon\tgonbo,ART.DEF\tvery\tgood\tgumbo,a very good gumbo,,,1048[145],,elicited from speaker,en byen bon gonbo,,ART.DEF very good gumbo,,,,1260, +53-24,53,en bug tro jen,en\tbug\ttro\tjen,ART.INDF\tboy\ttoo\tyoung,a boy who is too young,,,1048[145],,elicited from speaker,en bug tro jen,,ART.INDF boy too young,,,,1261, +53-25,53,ka en mounn te boukou malad,ka\ten\tmounn\tte\tboukou\tmalad,when\tART.INDF\tperson\tPST\tvery\tsick,when a person was very sick,,,722[351],,naturalistic spoken,ka en mounn te boukou malad,,when ART.INDF person PST very sick,,,,1262, +53-26,53,Li byen byen vyeu.,Li\tbyen\tbyen\tvyeu.,3SG\tvery\tvery\told,He's very very old.,,,722[351],,naturalistic spoken,Li byen byen vyeu.,,3SG very very old,,,,1263, +53-27,53,E la vou fe vou en rou en pe nwa.,E\tla\tvou\tfe\tvou\ten\trou\ten\tpe\tnwa.,and\tthen\t2SG\tmake\t2SG\tART.INDF\troux\tART.INDF\tlittle\tblack,And then you make yourself a roux [that is] a little bit blackened.,,,722[352],,naturalistic spoken,E la vou fe vou en rou en pe nwa.,,and then 2SG make 2SG ART.INDF roux ART.INDF little black,,,,1264, +53-28,53,Se tro fre en peu.,Se\ttro\tfre\ten\tpeu.,it.is\ttoo\tcold\tART.INDF\tlittle,It's a little too cold.,,,722[352],,naturalistic spoken,Se tro fre en peu.,,it.is too cold ART.INDF little,,,,1265, +54-17,54,La famiy lé byin kontan.,La\tfamiy\tle\tbyen\tkontan.,DEF\tfamily\tCOP.PRS\tvery\thappy,The family is very happy.,,,110[56],,naturalistic spoken,"La famiy lé byin kontan.",La famiy le byen kontan.,DEF family COP.PRS very happy,,,,1266,French: La famille est bien contente. +55-16,55,li tro kuyoṅ,li\ttro\tkuyoṅ,3SG\ttoo\tfoolish,He is too foolish.,,,,,constructed by linguist,li tro kuyoṅ,,3SG too foolish,,Own knowledge,,1267, +56-23,56,Sa enn ti 'n tro vye.,Sa\tenn\tti\t'n\ttro\tvye.,DEM\tone\tPST\tPRF\ttoo\told,This one had been / was too old.,,,158[Text 7],,naturalistic spoken,"Sa enn ti 'n tro vye.",,DEM one PST PRF too old,,,,1268, +56-24,56,I en pti pe so.,I\ten\tpti\tpe\tso.,PM\ta\tlittle\tbit\thot,It is a bit hot.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"I en pti pe so.",,PM a little bit hot,,Own knowledge,,1269, +57-10,57,lja la ʃate tru mbja,lja\tla\tʃate\ttru\tmbja,3SG\tSI\tsing\tINTENS\tnice,She/He sings very nicely.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lja la ʃate tru mbja,,3SG SI sing INTENS nice,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,1270, +57-129,57,ma truve a papaj fa mir,ma\ttruve\ta\tpapaj\tfa\tmir,1SG\tfind\tINDF.ART\tpapaya\tINTENS\tripe,I found a very ripe papaya.,,,423[147],,naturalistic spoken,ma truve a papaj fa mir,,1SG find INDF.ART papaya INTENS ripe,,,,1271, +57-130,57,le fa move,le\tfa\tmove,SI\tINTENS\tmean,He is very mean.,,,423[147],,naturalistic spoken,le fa move,,SI INTENS mean,,,,1272, +58-12,58,ngolo mingi (ve),ngolo\tmingi\t(ve),strength\tmuch\t(not),(not) very strong,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ngolo mingi (ve),,strength much (not),,Own knowledge,,1273, +59-33,59,karako ni ale nzoni mingi,karako\tni\ta-le\tnzoni\tmingi,peanuts\tDET\tPM-bear\tgood/well\tmuch,The peanuts have borne very well.,,,1320[76],,naturalistic spoken,karako ni ale nzoni mingi,karako ni a-le nzoni mingi,peanuts DET PM-bear good/well much,,,,1274, +59-34,59,kobela so ake sioni ahon' ndo ni,kobela\tso\ta-ke\tsioni\ta-hon'\tndo\tni,sickness\tDEM\tPM-COP\tbad\tPM-pass\tplace\tDET,This illness is unbelievably bad.,,,1463[70],,constructed by linguist,kobela so ake sioni ahon' ndo ni,kobela so a-ke sioni a-hon' ndo ni,sickness DEM PM-COP bad PM-pass place DET,,,,1275, +59-35,59,kobela so ake sioni alingbi ape,kobela\tso\ta-ke\tsioni\ta-lingbi\tape,sickness\tDEM\tPM-COP\tbad\tPM-be.enough\tNEG,This illness is bad beyond comparison.,,,,,constructed by linguist,kobela so ake sioni alingbi ape,kobela so a-ke sioni a-lingbi ape,sickness DEM PM-COP bad PM-be.enough NEG,,Own knowledge,,1276, +60-9,60,ndáko ezalákí mwâ kitóko,ndáko\te-zal-ákí\tmwâ\tkitóko,house\t3SG-be-PST\tmoderately\tbeautiful,The house was a bit nice.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,ndáko ezalákí mwâ kitóko,ndáko e-zal-ákí mwâ kitóko,house 3SG-be-PST moderately beautiful,,Own knowledge,,1277, +60-10,60,ndáko ezalákí kitóko míngi,ndáko\te-zal-ákí\tkitóko\tmíngi,house\t3SG-be-PST\tbeautiful\tvery,The house was very nice.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,ndáko ezalákí kitóko míngi,ndáko e-zal-ákí kitóko míngi,house 3SG-be-PST beautiful very,,Own knowledge,,1278, +61-8,61,Yena pikinin stelek.,Yena\tpikinin\tstelek.,it\tsmall\tstrong,It is very little.,,Pikinin is the head adjective; stelek the modifier.,"1086[Part 3, page 3]",,constructed by linguist,Yena pikinin stelek.,,it small strong,"Pikinin is the head adjective; stelek the modifier.",,,1279, +62-8,62,úda-sha,úda-sha,far-INTENS,very far,,,988[177],,elicited from speaker,úda-sha,,far-INTENS,,,,1280, +63-9,63,ána g-ásma kwes zaídi,ána\tg-ásma\tkwes\tzaídi,1SG\tTAM-understand\tgood\tvery,I understand very well.,,,857[387],,naturalistic spoken,ána g-ásma kwes zaídi,,1SG TAM-understand good very,,,,1281, +63-10,63,kwés záidi,kwés\tzáidi,good\tvery,very good,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kwés záidi,,good very,,Personal data,,1282, +64-17,64,ákil de kwes kális,ákil\tde\tkwes\tkális,food\tDEM.PROX\tgood\tvery,This food is very good.,,,1567[29],,unknown,ákil de kwes kális,,food DEM.PROX good very,,,,1283, +64-18,64,úo kan murtá ʃedíd,úo\tkan\tmurtá\tʃedíd,3SG\tANT\thappy\tvery,He was very happy.,,,874[208],,naturalistic spoken,úo kan murtá ʃedíd,,3SG ANT happy very,,,,1284, +64-19,64,kúlu kan sakranín ketír,kúlu\tkan\tsakran-ín\tketír,all\tANT\tdrunk-PL\ta.lot,Everyone was very drunk.,,,874[208],,naturalistic spoken,kúlu kan sakranín ketír,kúlu kan sakran-ín ketír,all ANT drunk-PL a.lot,,,,1285, +65-19,65,"Tibe sasemu xuda, sybika bu xao.","Tibe\tsasemu\txuda,\tsybika\tbu\txao.",2SG\ttotally\tbad\tvery\tNEG\tgood,"You are absolutely useless, you are completely bad.",,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,1195[222],,naturalistic spoken,"Tibe sasemu xuda, sybika bu xao.",,2SG totally bad very NEG good,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,,"Тибе сасему худа, сибыка бу хао.",1286, +65-20,65,Iwo shibəko bərednə.,Iwo\tshibəko\tbərednə.,3SG\tvery\tmean,It is very treacky (of fuel).,,,60[39],,citation in fiction,Iwo shibəko bərednə.,,3SG very mean,,,Его шибко вредный.,1287, +66-10,66,Itu ijo pong buttul bissar.,Itu\tijo\tpong\tbuttul\tbissar.,DEM\tgreen\ttree\tDEGREE\tbig,That green tree is very big.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Itu ijo pong buttul bissar.,Itu ijo pong buttul bissar.,DEM green tree DEGREE big,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,1288, +67-21,67,Sekarang malam pasar sudah manyak kurang.,Sekarang\tmalam\tpasar\tsudah\tmanyak\tkurang.,now\tnight\tmarket\tPFV\tvery\tless,"Now, the night markets have already become less.",,,708[123],,naturalistic spoken,Sekarang malam pasar sudah manyak kurang.,,now night market PFV very less,,,,1289, +67-22,67,Dia punya tempat banyak besar-besar tahu?,Dia\tpunya\ttempat\tbanyak\tbesar~besar\ttahu?,3SG\tPOSS\tplace\tmuch\tbig~big\tknow,"His place (house) was very, very big, you know?",,,708[123-124],,naturalistic spoken,Dia punya tempat banyak besar-besar tahu?,Dia punya tempat banyak besar~besar tahu?,3SG POSS place much big~big know,,,,1290, +67-23,67,Sekarang ada kurang sikit.,Sekarang\tada\tkurang\tsikit.,now\thave\tless\tlittle,"Now, it becomes a bit less.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sekarang ada kurang sikit.,,now have less little,,Own knowledge,,1291, +67-24,67,Ah saya sudah takut sekali.,Ah\tsaya\tsudah\ttakut\tsekali.,PCL\t1SG\tPFV\tafraid\tvery,I was very frightened.,,,708[344],,naturalistic spoken,Ah saya sudah takut sekali.,,PCL 1SG PFV afraid very,,,,1292, +68-12,68,katong pung ruma ada sadiki besar,katong\tpung\truma\tada\tsadiki\tbesar,1PL\tPOSS\thouse\thave\tlittle\tbig,our house was rather big,,,1178[635],,naturalistic spoken,katong pung ruma ada sadiki besar,,1PL POSS house have little big,,,,1293, +68-13,68,mara sakali,mara\tsakali,angry\tvery,very angry,,,1528[196],,naturalistic spoken,mara sakali,,angry very,,,,1294, +68-14,68,paleng manganta lawang,paleng\tmanganta\tlawang,very\tpainful\tvery,very very painful,,,1528[78],,constructed by linguist,paleng manganta lawang,,very painful very,,,,1295, +70-13,70,U ekdam katakata.,U\tekdam\tkatakata.,3SG\tEMPH\thot,He was really hot.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,U ekdam katakata.,,3SG EMPH hot,,Siegel-field recording,,1296, +71-13,71,Iaia nuinui naaupo.,Iaia\tnuinui\tnaaupo.,3SG\tvery.much\tstupid,He's exceedingly stupid.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Iaia nuinui naaupo.",,3SG very.much stupid,,Own data 1891,,1297, +71-14,71,Wau hai oe kekahi nuhou kaumaha loa.,Wau\thai\toe\tkekahi\tnuhou\tkaumaha\tloa.,1SG\ttell\t2SG\tINDF.PL\tnews\tsad\tvery,I'll tell you some very sad news.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau hai oe kekahi nuhou kaumaha loa.",,1SG tell 2SG INDF.PL news sad very,,Own data 1888,,1298, +72-16,72,Jeya na dat mangarri rili jangkarni.,Jeya\tna\tdat\tmangarri\trili\tjangkarni.,there\tFOC\tthe\tvegetable.food\treally\tbig,"There now, those nuts are really big.",,,8,475b4826c93f79d64c51d371b32a350e,naturalistic spoken,"Jeya na dat mangarri rili jangkarni.",,there FOC the vegetable.food really big,,,,1299, +73-13,73,bosga xwirti xuyashka gangi,bos-ga\txwirti\txuyashka\tga-ngi,2.PRO-TOP\tstrong\tfriendly\tbe-2SG,You are very friendly.,,Xuyashka is a Quechua root.,1038[401],,elicited from speaker,bosga xwirti xuyashka gangi,bos-ga xwirti xuyashka ga-ngi,2.PRO-TOP strong friendly be-2SG,"Xuyashka is a Quechua root.",,,1300, +74-18,74,hayú wam,hayú\twam,much\thot,"very hot, very warm",,,,,constructed by linguist,hayú wam,,much hot,,Own knowledge,,1301, +74-19,74,dêlét sáXali,dêlét\tsáXali,very\thigh,very high,,,154[212],,narrative,dêlét sáXali,,very high,,,,1302, +74-20,74,hayás úlman,hayás\túlman,much\told,very old,,,595[12],,narrative,hayás úlman,,much old,,,,1303, +75-35,75,Lii kluu mituni kawiishakahukwak.,Lii\tkluu\tmituni\tka-wiishakah-ukw-ak.,ART.PL\tboil\tvery\t2SG.FUT-hurt.ANIM-INV-3PL,Boils are very painful. OR: The boils will hurt you very much.,,,789[47-48],,naturalistic written,Lii kluu mituni kawiishakahukwak.,Lii kluu mituni ka-wiishakah-ukw-ak.,ART.PL boil very 2SG.FUT-hurt.ANIM-INV-3PL,,,,1304, +75-36,75,Aen vre baen fet.,Aen\tvre\tbaen\tfet.,INDF.ART.M\treally\twell\tmade,He has a good physique. OR: a very well built [man] (lit. a very well made),,,789[226],,naturalistic written,Aen vre baen fet.,,INDF.ART.M really well made,,,,1305,French (lit.): un vrai bien fait +75-37,75,Mituni mishikitiw.,Mituni\tmishikiti-w.,very\tbig-3,She is very large.,,,789[160],,naturalistic written,Mituni mishikitiw.,Mituni mishikiti-w.,very big-3,,,,1306, +75-38,75,Iikichikawiw mituni.,Iikichika-wi-w\tmituni.,awkward-BE-3\tvery,He is very awkward.,,,789[31],,naturalistic written,Iikichikawiw mituni.,Iikichika-wi-w mituni.,awkward-BE-3 very,,,,1307, +76-22,76,okio añaninni uñacikcu,okio\tañaninni\tuñacikcu,winter\tbig\tfar,a winter very long ago,,,1442[228],,reconstructed by documentalist,okio añaninni uñacikcu,,winter big far,,,,1308, +76-23,76,elekta kīlamik añaninni,elekta\tkīlamik\tañaninni,go\tquick\tbig,"He (or I, they, it, etc.) travel (run, sail, etc.) very fast.",,,1442[223],,reconstructed by documentalist,elekta kīlamik añaninni,,go quick big,,,,1309, +1-33,1,Dem tu brara no lukku dem tatta.,Den\ttu\tbrara\tno\tluku\tden\ttata.,DET.PL\ttwo\tbrother\tNEG\tlook.after\t3PL\tfather,The/those two brothers don't take care of their father.,,"In dem tu brara, dem is the DEF.PL determiner; in dem tata, dem is the 3PL pronoun expressing the possessor role.",1357[29],,written (dictionary),Dem tu brara no lukku dem tatta.,Den tu brara no luku den tata.,DET.PL two brother NEG look.after 3PL father,"In dem tu brara, dem is the DEF.PL determiner; in dem tata, dem is the 3PL pronoun expressing the possessor role.",,,1310,German: Die 2 Gebrüder bekümmern sich nicht um ihren Vater. [op.cit.] +1-34,1,Fulu da tobbo nanga watra teh na muffe.,Furu\tda\ttobo\tnanga\twatra\tte\tna\tmofo.,fill\tDET.SG\ttub\twith\twater\tuntil\tLOC\tmouth,Fill the tub with water up to the rim.,,"The DEF.SG article da here precedes tobo. Definite NPs do not necessarily contain da (SG) or den (PL); here, mofo is identifiable through the associative context but it appears as a bare noun.",1357[46],,written (dictionary),Fulu da tobbo nanga watra teh na muffe.,Furu da tobo nanga watra te na mofo.,fill DET.SG tub with water until LOC mouth,"The DEF.SG article da here precedes tobo. Definite NPs do not necessarily contain da (SG) or den (PL); here, mofo is identifiable through the associative context but it appears as a bare noun.",,,1311,"German: Fülle das Fass mit Wasser bis oben an, gestrichen voll. [op.cit.]" +2-31,2,Dati na a triki fu en.,Dati\tna\ta\ttriki\tfu\ten.,That\tCOP\tDET\ttricky\tfor\thim,That’s his trick.,,,1062[34],,naturalistic spoken,Dati na a triki fu en.,,That COP DET tricky for him,,,,1312, +2-32,2,Den si den ingi.,Den\tsi\tden\tingi.,3PL\tsee\tDET.PL\tIndian,They saw the Indians.,,,1062[34],,naturalistic spoken,Den si den ingi.,,3PL see DET.PL Indian,,,,1313, +4-12,4,a pikin lafu.,a\tpikin\tlafu.,DET.SG\tchild\tlaugh,The child laughed.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,a pikin lafu.,,DET.SG child laugh,,Own observation,,1314, +6-10,6,Di gal doh laik shi.,Di\tgal\tdoh\tlaik\tshi.,DET\tgirl\tNEG\tlike\t3SG.F,The girl doesn't like her.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Di gal doh laik shi.,,DET girl NEG like 3SG.F,,Own knowledge,,1315, +7-19,7,I ha ants fo so in di kichin.,I\tha\tant-s\tfo\tso\tin\tdi\tkichin.,3SG.N\thave\tant-PL\tfor\tso\tin\tART\tkitchen,There are lots of ants in the kitchen.,,3SG.N refers to the neutral third person singular subject.,1244[184],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I ha ants fo so in di kichin.,I ha ant-s fo so in di kichin.,3SG.N have ant-PL for so in ART kitchen,3SG.N refers to the neutral third person singular subject.,,,1316, +7-20,7,di bok,di\tbok,DEF\tbook,the book,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di bok,,DEF book,,Own knowledge,,1317, +8-11,8,Di man nyam di manggo wa wehn de pan di tiebl.,Di\tman\tnyam\tdi\tmanggo\twa\twehn\tde\tpan\tdi\ttiebl.,DET\tman\teat\tDET\tmango\tREL\tANT\tLOC\ton\tDET\ttable,The man ate the mango which was on the table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di man nyam di manggo wa wehn de pan di tiebl.,,DET man eat DET mango REL ANT LOC on DET table,,Own knowledge,,1318, +9-20,9,Wi me wan sum rowp fu tay op di nɛt dɛ.,Wi\tme\twan\tsum\trowp\tfu\ttay\top\tdi\tnɛt\tdɛ.,1PL\tANT\twant\tsome\trope\tto\ttie\tup\tART.DEF\tnet\tLOC/ART.DEF,We wanted some rope to tie up that net.,,"Here, 'want' is used as volition verb (not the future marker).",432[34],,naturalistic spoken,Wi me wan sum rowp fu tay op di nɛt dɛ.,,1PL ANT want some rope to tie up ART.DEF net LOC/ART.DEF,"Here, 'want' is used as volition verb (not the future marker).",,,1319, +9-21,9,di kapn,di\tkapn,ART.DEF\tcaptain,the captain,,,439[237],,naturalistic spoken,di kapn,,ART.DEF captain,,,,1320, +10-10,10,So di muma tek di pikniny dem [...].,So\tdi\tmuma\ttek\tdi\tpikniny\tdem\t[...].,so\tART.DEF\tmother\ttake\tART.DEF\tchild\tPL\t[...],So the mother took the children [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,So di muma tek di pikniny dem [...].,,so ART.DEF mother take ART.DEF child PL [...],,Unpublished field recordings,,1321, +11-16,11,Aafta dat yu get di bred kain we yu kan put iin it [...].,Aafta\tdat\tyu\tget\tdi\tbred\tkain\twe\tyu\tkan\tput\tiin\tit\t[...].,after\tDEM\t2SG\tget\tART.DEF\tbread\tkind\tREL\t2SG\tcan\tput\tin\t3SG.N\t[...],After that you get the starchy vegetables which you can put into it [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Aafta dat yu get di bred kain we yu kan put iin it [...].,,after DEM 2SG get ART.DEF bread kind REL 2SG can put in 3SG.N [...],,,,1322, +11-17,11,Di watch man woz de.,Di\twatch\tman\twoz\tde.,ART.DEF\twatch\tman\tCOP.PST\tDEM.LOC,The watchman was there.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Di watch man woz de.,,ART.DEF watch man COP.PST DEM.LOC,,,,1323, +12-12,12,But I want go back so - we could clean up the lot and build one house there.,But I want go back so - we could clean up the lot [...].,but 1SG.SBJ want go back so   1PL.SBJ MOD.AUX clean up DEF lot [...],But I want to go back (to another island) so we can clean up the lot [and build a house there].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,But I want go back so - we could clean up the lot and build one house there.,But I want go back so - we could clean up the lot [...].,but 1SG.SBJ want go back so 1PL.SBJ MOD.AUX clean up DEF lot [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,1324, +13-12,13,de house,de\thouse,DET\thouse,the house,,,1500[276],,naturalistic spoken,de house,,DET house,,,,1325, +13-13,13,de baby,de\tbaby,DET\tbaby,the baby,,,1500[274],,naturalistic spoken,de baby,,DET baby,,,,1326, +15-11,15,di os,di\tos,ART\thouse,the house,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di os,,ART house,,Own knowledge,,1327, +16-16,16,ì gò kam riʧ dɛ ɔda ɛnt,ì\tgò\tkam\triʧ\tdɛ\tɔda\tɛnt,3SG\tIRR\tcome\treach\tART.DEF\tother\tend,It would reach the other side.,,,656[191],,naturalistic spoken,ì gò kam riʧ dɛ ɔda ɛnt,,3SG IRR come reach ART.DEF other end,,,,1328, +17-11,17,dì klo̱t,dì\tklo̱t,ART.DEF\tcloth,the cloth,,,462[70],,naturalistic spoken,dì klo̱t,,ART.DEF cloth,,,,1329, +18-15,18,Di haus i big.,Di\thaus\ti\tbig.,DEF.ART\thouse\t3SG.SBJ\tbig,The house is big.,,,1344,,elicited from speaker,Di haus i big.,,DEF.ART house 3SG.SBJ big,,,,1330, +19-16,19,dì tebul,dì\ttebul,DEF\ttable,the table,,,,,constructed by linguist,"dì tebul",,DEF table,,Own knowledge,,1331, +20-16,20,Look see that money makee weigh.,Look\tsee\tthat\tmoney\tmakee\tweigh.,look\tsee\tDEM\tmoney\tmake\tweigh,See that the money is weighed.,,,1489[VI.55],,naturalistic written,Look see that money makee weigh.,,look see DEM money make weigh,,,碌思咧捫尼米其威,1332, +21-14,21,"Lastime the photo they don’t have the technology, you see.","Lastime\tthe\tphoto\tthey\tdon’t\thave\tthe\ttechnology,\tyou\tsee.",PST\tDET\tphoto\t3PL\tdo.NEG\thave\tDET\ttechnology\t2SG\tsee,"In the past, they didn’t have the technology for photos, you see.",,,529[81],,naturalistic spoken,"Lastime the photo they don’t have the technology, you see.",,PST DET photo 3PL do.NEG have DET technology 2SG see,,,,1333, +21-15,21,Please open window.,Please\topen\twindow.,please\topen\twindow,Please open the window.,,,1568[61],,naturalistic spoken,Please open window.,,please open window,,,,1334, +22-23,22,tamiok em bin katim diwai longen,tamiok\tem\tbin\tkatim\tdiwai\tlong-en,axe\t3SG\tPST\tcut\ttree\tPREP-3SG,the axe with which he cut the tree,,There are no examples in the corpus. Our non-native intuition may be unreliable.,,,constructed by linguist,"tamiok em bin katim diwai longen",tamiok em bin katim diwai long-en,axe 3SG PST cut tree PREP-3SG,There are no examples in the corpus. Our non-native intuition may be unreliable.,Own knowledge,,1335, +22-24,22,Bodi bilong man i go yelo.,Bodi\tbilong\tman\ti\tgo\tyelo.,body\tPOSS\tman\tPM\tgo\tyellow,The man’s body went yellow.,,,584[NSP M16],,naturalistic spoken,Bodi bilong man i go yelo.,,body POSS man PM go yellow,,,,1336, +23-16,23,mi stap antap long get blong pasta ia,mi\tstap\tantap\tlong\tget\tblong\tpasta\tia,1SG\tstay\ton.top\tPREP\tgate\tPOSS\tpastor\tDEF,I was standing up at the pastor's gate.,,This refers to a gate some distance away.,942,,naturalistic spoken,mi stap antap long get blong pasta ia,,1SG stay on.top PREP gate POSS pastor DEF,This refers to a gate some distance away.,,,1337, +23-17,23,[mi] sarem ol samting ia i stap,[mi]\tsarem\tol\tsamting\tia\ti\tstap,1SG\tshut\tPL\tsomething\tDEF\tAGR\tstay,[I] shut all the things there.,,The speaker is telling a story where he shuts someone in a room against their will. Ol samting ia i stap refers to the possible exit points.,942,,naturalistic spoken,[mi] sarem ol samting ia i stap,,1SG shut PL something DEF AGR stay,"The speaker is telling a story where he shuts someone in a room against their will. Ol samting ia i stap refers to the possible exit points.",,,1338, +24-20,24,Ar phone se gorn blank after fly orf ar wall.,Ar\tphone\tse\tgorn\tblank\tafter\tfly\torf\tar\twall.,DET.DEF\tphone\tCOMPL\tgone\tblank\tCOMP\tfall\tPREP\tDET.DEF\twall,The phone has gone dead after falling off the wall.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ar phone se gorn blank after fly orf ar wall.,,DET.DEF phone COMPL gone blank COMP fall PREP DET.DEF wall,,Own fieldwork,,1339, +24-21,24,Em letl salan hau priti!,Em\tletl\tsalan\thau\tpriti!,PL\tlittle\tpeople\thow\tpretty,How pretty the children are!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Em letl salan hau priti!,,PL little people how pretty,,Own fieldwork,,1340, +24-22,24,Daas d' fas jinja shi-keht ai aewa bin sii.,Daas\td'\tfas\tjinja\tshi-keht\tai\taewa\tbin\tsii.,that.is\tDET.DEF\tfirst\tginger\tshe-cat\t1SG\tever\tPST\tsee,That's the first female ginger cat I've ever seen.,,,,,naturalistic written,Daas d' fas jinja shi-keht ai aewa bin sii.,,that.is DET.DEF first ginger she-cat 1SG ever PST see,,Own fieldwork,,1341, +25-69,25,"Det R. en J., yu sabe dubala?","Det\tR.\ten\tJ.,\tyu\tsabe\tdubala?",DEM\tR.\tand\tJ.\t2SG\tknow\t3DU,"R. and J., do you know the two?",,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the recognitional use of the definite article det, as it is used here at first mention of the referents. It also illustrates noun phrase conjunction, the 3rd person dual pronoun, and the verb sabe 'know'.",1055[3],,naturalistic spoken,"Det R. en J., yu sabe dubala?",,DEM R. and J. 2SG know 3DU,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the recognitional use of the definite article det, as it is used here at first mention of the referents. It also illustrates noun phrase conjunction, the 3rd person dual pronoun, and the verb sabe 'know'.",,,1342, +25-70,25,"Wanim reintaim im gro thet big intit, en yu ken luk thet flaua bla im yuno.","Wan=im\trein-taim\tim\tgro\tthet\tbig\tintit,\ten\tyu\tken\tluk\tthet\tflaua\tbla\tim\tyuno.",SUBORD=3SG\train-time\t3SG\tgrow\tDEM\tbig\tTAG\tand\t2SG\tcan\tsee\tDEM\tflower\tPOSS\t3SG\tyou.know,"In the rain time it grows this high, doesn't it, and you can see its flower, you know.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the ability verb ken, a temporal subordinate clause, a pronominal possessor and the use of the demonstrative/definite article thet/jed.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wanim reintaim im gro thet big intit, en yu ken luk thet flaua bla im yuno.","Wan=im rein-taim im gro thet big intit, en yu ken luk thet flaua bla im yuno.",SUBORD=3SG rain-time 3SG grow DEM big TAG and 2SG can see DEM flower POSS 3SG you.know,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the ability verb ken, a temporal subordinate clause, a pronominal possessor and the use of the demonstrative/definite article thet/jed.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1343, +26-13,26,ji gaɾa ʤɹiŋk da ɹɔ ɛg,ji\tgaɾa\tʤɹiŋk\tda\tɹɔ\tɛg,2SG\tASSOBL\tdrink\tART\traw\tegg,You've got to drink the raw egg.,,"ASS = associative +OBL = obligation",1545[59],,naturalistic spoken,ji gaɾa ʤɹiŋk da ɹɔ ɛg,,2SG ASSOBL drink ART raw egg,"ASS = associative +OBL = obligation",,,1344, +27-11,27,Di noli a sē,Di\tnoli\ta\tsē,DET\tdonkey\tPST\tsay,The donkey said:,,,355[16],,naturalistic spoken,Di noli a sē,,DET donkey PST say,,,,1345, +28-19,28,di lanʃi,di\tlanʃi,the\tlanguage,Berbice Dutch OR: the language,,,737[584],,naturalistic spoken,di lanʃi,di lanʃi,the language,,,,1346, +28-20,28,di tokap,di\ttoko-apu,the\tchild-PL,the children,,,737[584],,naturalistic spoken,di tokap,di toko-apu,the child-PL,,,,1347, +29-15,29,die wolk,die\twolk,DEF.ART\tcloud,the cloud,,,,,naturalistic spoken,die wolk,,DEF.ART cloud,,Own knowledge,,1348, +30-19,30,"Bá la na kuxera, djobe kel kabálu más mufinu ki sta la, bu ben ku el.","Bá\tla\tna=kuxera,\tdjobe\tkel=kabálu\tmás\tmufinu\tki=sta\tla,\tbu=ben\tku=el.",go\tthere\tin=stable\tsearch\tDEM.SG=horse\tmost\tbad\tCOMP=be\tthere\t2SG=come\twith=3SG,"Go into the stable there, look for the worst horse that is there, and bring it here.",,,1407[89],,naturalistic spoken,"Bá la na kuxera, djobe kel kabálu más mufinu ki sta la, bu ben ku el.","Bá la na=kuxera, djobe kel=kabálu más mufinu ki=sta la, bu=ben ku=el.",go there in=stable search DEM.SG=horse most bad COMP=be there 2SG=come with=3SG,,,,1349,"German: Geh in den Stall dort, such das schlechteste Pferd, das dort ist, und komm mit ihm." +31-19,31,Nha ka sta pensa na kel renda di kaza.,Nha\tka\tsta\tpensa\tna\tkel\trenda\tdi\tkaza.,you\tNEG\tASP\tthink\tof\tthe\trent\tof\thouse,You are not thinking about the house rent.,,"The definite article kel/kes overlaps in use with the demonstrative kel/kes. One could assume that the definite reading gradually evolved from the demonstrative and that there may have been a stage where definiteness could only be conveyed via a bare noun. Furthermore, a bare noun is also interpretable as definite and is in many cases the preferred option to convey definiteness (see Baptista & Gueron 2007).",57,,naturalistic spoken,"Nha ka sta pensa na kel renda di kaza.",,you NEG ASP think of the rent of house,"The definite article kel/kes overlaps in use with the demonstrative kel/kes. One could assume that the definite reading gradually evolved from the demonstrative and that there may have been a stage where definiteness could only be conveyed via a bare noun. Furthermore, a bare noun is also interpretable as definite and is in many cases the preferred option to convey definiteness (see Baptista & Gueron 2007).",,,1350, +32-11,32,Toi dá-m un anel ma mi N perdê kel pedra.,Toi\tdá-m\tun\tanel\tma\tmi\tN\tperdê\tkel\tpedra.,Toi\tgive-1SG\tART.INDF\tring\tbut\t1SG\t1SG\tloose\tART.DEF\tstone,Toi gave me a ring but I lost the stone.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,"Toi dá-m un anel ma mi N perdê kel pedra.",,Toi give-1SG ART.INDF ring but 1SG 1SG loose ART.DEF stone,,,,1351,Portuguese: O Toi deu-me um anel mas eu perdi a pedra. +32-12,32,"Uk bzot tá plantá, manera k bzot prepará kel térra?","Uk\tbzot\ttá\tplantá,\tmanera\tk\tbzot\tprepará\tkel\ttérra?",what\t2PL\tPST.IPFV\tplant\thow\tCOMP\t2PL\tprepare\tDEF\tland,"What did you plant, how did you prepare the land?",,"Here kel is used in an associative context which is the crucial function in the APiCS definition of ""definite article"" (see APiCS glossary). Demonstrative reading is impossible.",1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Uk bzot tá plantá, manera k bzot prepará kel térra?",,what 2PL PST.IPFV plant how COMP 2PL prepare DEF land,"Here kel is used in an associative context which is the crucial function in the APiCS definition of ""definite article"" (see APiCS glossary). Demonstrative reading is impossible.",,,1352,"Portuguese: O que costumavam plantar, como preparavam a terra?" +33-14,33,e fidju,e\tfidju,DEF\tson,the son,,Nouns can be preceded by definite articles (= demonstratives).,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"e fidju",,DEF son,Nouns can be preceded by definite articles (= demonstratives).,Own knowledge,,1353,Portuguese: o filho +34-14,34,Karu di ña yermoŋ bonitu.,Karu\tdi\tña\tyermoŋ\tø\tbonitu.,car\tof\tPOSS.1SG\tsibling\tPFV\tnice,My brother's car is nice.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Karu di ña yermoŋ bonitu.,Karu di ña yermoŋ ø bonitu.,car of POSS.1SG sibling PFV nice,,Own knowledge,,1354, +34-15,34,Pis-kabalu i limáriya ki má maw.,Pis-kabalu\tø\ti\tlimáriya\tki\tø\tmá\tmaw.,fish-horse\tPFV\tCOP\tanimal\tREL.SBJ\tPFV\tmost\tbad,The hippopotamus is the most dangerous animal.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Pis-kabalu i limáriya ki má maw.,Pis-kabalu ø i limáriya ki ø má maw.,fish-horse PFV COP animal REL.SBJ PFV most bad,,Own knowledge,,1355, +35-20,35,Inen mosu ni ke mu ka fe tlomentu.,Inen\tmosu\tni\tke\tmu\tka\tfe\ttlomentu.,3PL.DEF\tboy\tat\thouse\t1SG.POSS\tIPFV\tmake\tnoise,The boys at my place make noise.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Inen mosu ni ke mu ka fe tlomentu.,,3PL.DEF boy at house 1SG.POSS IPFV make noise,,Own data,,1356, +37-12,37,"Dya ũa a kumbina di we uvôdô na ose. [...] Mo Têtuuga vê meze xyadu, ê mêsê pa ê kaba meze pimyô.","Dya\tũa\ta\tkumbina\tdi\twe\tuvôdô\tna\tose.\t[...]\tMo\tTêtuuga\tvê\tmeze\txyadu,\tê\tmêsê\tpa\tê\tkaba\tmeze\tpimyô.",day\tone\tINDF\tagree\tof\tgo\tparty\tLOC\theaven\t[...]\tmanner\tTurtle\tsee\ttable\tfill.PP\t3SG\twant\tCOMP\t3SG\tfinish\ttable\tfirst,"One day, they agreed to go to a party in heaven. [...] As Turtle saw how full of food the table was, he wanted to finish the table first.",,"This example shows that, in Principense, a noun in an associative context is not modified by a definite article, but that the noun (or the noun phrase) is bare. The noun meze 'table', which has not been previously introduced into discourse, refers associatively to uvôdô 'party'. Thus, and according to the APiCS definition, Principense has no definite article.",905[46],,naturalistic spoken,"Dya ũa a kumbina di we uvôdô na ose. [...] Mo Têtuuga vê meze xyadu, ê mêsê pa ê kaba meze pimyô.",,day one INDF agree of go party LOC heaven [...] manner Turtle see table fill.PP 3SG want COMP 3SG finish table first,"This example shows that, in Principense, a noun in an associative context is not modified by a definite article, but that the noun (or the noun phrase) is bare. The noun meze 'table', which has not been previously introduced into discourse, refers associatively to uvôdô 'party'. Thus, and according to the APiCS definition, Principense has no definite article.",,,1357, +38-17,38,namina miel,na-mina\tmiela,ART-child\tfemale,the girls/daughters,,,,,naturalistic spoken,namina miel,na-mina miela,ART-child female,,Own fieldwork 1993,,1358, +39-25,39,Es tud ɔn foy raprig?,Es\ttud\tɔn\tfoy\traprig?,DEM\tall\twhere\tgo.PST\tgirl,Where did all the girls go?,,,221[173],,naturalistic spoken,Es tud ɔn foy raprig?,,DEM all where go.PST girl,,,,1359, +42-17,42,nus sibrí aké pesi kanikaninu,nus\tsibrí\také\tpesi\tkani~kaninu,1PL\tuse\tthat\tfish\tsmall~small,We use the very small fish.,,,122[107],,naturalistic spoken,nus sibrí aké pesi kanikaninu,nus sibrí aké pesi kani~kaninu,1PL use that fish small~small,,,,1360, +42-18,42,isti prau teng buraku,isti\tprau\tteng\tburaku,this\tboat\thave\thole,This boat has a hole in it.,,,122[87-88],,naturalistic spoken,isti prau teng buraku,,this boat have hole,,,,1361, +43-14,43,Fruta patola margodju aka marga [...].,Fruta\tpatola\tmargodju\taka\tmarga\t[...].,fruit\tcucumber\tbitter\tDEF.ART\tbitter\t[...],The fruit of the bitter cucumber is bitter [...].,,,906[26],,naturalistic written,"Fruta patola margodju aka marga [...].",,fruit cucumber bitter DEF.ART bitter [...],,,,1362, +43-15,43,"Nosotër kontenti fay orta, tara klapa. Mas dianti nos bota aka somenti.","Nosotër\tkontenti\tfay\torta,\ttara\tklapa.\tMas\tdianti\tnos\tbota\taka\tsomenti.",1PL\thappy\tmake\tgarden\tplant\tcoconut\tmore\tfront\t1PL\tput\tDEF.ART\tseed,"We like to cultivate a garden, to plant cocounut palms. First we plant the seeds.",,The noun somenti 'seeds' hasn't been introduced into discourse before. The definite article is used because of the associative link with orta 'garden' and klapa 'coconut'.,906[24],,naturalistic written,"Nosotër kontenti fay orta, tara klapa. Mas dianti nos bota aka somenti.",,1PL happy make garden plant coconut more front 1PL put DEF.ART seed,"The noun somenti 'seeds' hasn't been introduced into discourse before. The definite article is used because of the associative link with orta 'garden' and klapa 'coconut'.",,,1363, +43-16,43,[...] kantu kere da akel ondra kung eo [...].,[...]\tkantu\tkere\tda\takel\tondra\tkung\teo\t[...].,[...]\tif\twant\tgive\tDEF.ART\thonour\tOBJ\t1SG\t[...],[…] whether he wants to give me the honour […].,,,906[24],,pedagogical grammar,"[...] kantu kere da akel ondra kung eo [...].",,[...] if want give DEF.ART honour OBJ 1SG [...],,,,1364, +44-14,44,kel nóbya,kel\tnóbya,the\tbride,the bride,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kel nóbya,,the bride,,Own data,,1365, +44-15,44,kel pwérko kel,kel\tpwérko\tkel,the\tpig\tTOP,the pig,,,1446[374],,written (grammar),kel pwérko kel,,the pig TOP,,,,1366,Spanish: el puerco (aquel?) +45-11,45,El maestra el mujer.,El\tmaestra\tel\tmujer.,DEF\tteacher\tDEF\twoman,The woman is the teacher.,,,835[68],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,El maestra el mujer.,,DEF teacher DEF woman,,,,1367, +46-28,46,el kása,el\tkása,ART\thouse,the house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,el kása,,ART house,,Own knowledge,,1368, +46-29,46,El ómbre el ya-bené.,El\tómbre\tel\tya-bené.,DET\tman\tDET\tPRF-come,This (same) man has come.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,El ómbre el ya-bené.,,DET man DET PRF-come,,Own knowledge,,1369, +46-30,46,El móra el ya-bendé.,El\tmóra\tel\tya-bendé.,ART\tMuslim.F\tART\tPFV-sell,The one who sold it was the Muslim woman.,,,531[175],,naturalistic spoken,El móra el ya-bendé.,,ART Muslim.F ART PFV-sell,,,,1370, +47-25,47,e buki; un buki,e\tbuki;\tun\tbuki,DEF\tbook\tINDF\tbook,the book; a book,,,556[14],,published source,e buki; un buki,,DEF book INDF book,,,,1371, +49-16,49,Malerèz la prete lajan nan men moun.,Malerèz\tla\tprete\tlajan\tnan\tmen\tmoun.,poor\tDEF\tborrow\tmoney\tin\thand\tperson,The poor person has borrowed money from somebody.,,,371[14],,naturalistic spoken,Malerèz la prete lajan nan men moun.,,poor DEF borrow money in hand person,,,,1372,French: Le/La pauvre a emprunté de l'argent à quelqu'un. +50-16,50,vwati-la,vwati-la,car-DEF,the car,,,,,naturalistic spoken,vwati-la,,car-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,1373, +51-17,51,loto-a,loto-a,car-DEF,the car,,,,,naturalistic spoken,loto-a,,car-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,1374, +52-10,52,kaz-a,kaz-a,house-ART,the house,,,487,,elicited from speaker,kaz-a,,house-ART,,,,1375, +53-29,53,Komon ye pel le piti?,Komon\tye\tpel\tle\tpiti?,how\t3PL\tcall\tART.DEF.SG\tchild,How do they call the child?,,,1048[110],,naturalistic spoken,Komon ye pel le piti?,,how 3PL call ART.DEF.SG child,,,,1376, +53-30,53,Vié nom là vini koté li.,Vié\tnom-là\tvini\tkoté\tli.,old\tman-ART.DEF.SG\tcame\ttowards\t3SG,The old man came towards him.,,,1049[75],,naturalistic written,Vié nom là vini koté li.,Vié nom-là vini koté li.,old man-ART.DEF.SG came towards 3SG,,,,1377, +53-31,53,La fiy vini reste avek mwa isi.,La\tfiy\tvini\treste\tavek\tmwa\tisi.,ART.DEF.SG\tgirl\tcame\tstay\twith\t1SG\there,The girl came to stay here with me.,,,1048[110],,naturalistic spoken,La fiy vini reste avek mwa isi.,,ART.DEF.SG girl came stay with 1SG here,,,,1378, +53-32,53,Li présenté zoficié yé à zeine sarpantié.,Li\tprésenté\tzoficié-yé\tà\tzeine\tsarpantié.,3SG\tpresent\tofficer-ART.DEF.PL\tto\tyoung\tcarpenter,He presented the officers to the young carpenter.,,,1049[75],,naturalistic written,Li présenté zoficié yé à zeine sarpantié.,Li présenté zoficié-yé à zeine sarpantié.,3SG present officer-ART.DEF.PL to young carpenter,,,,1379, +53-33,53,Jordi le mun nwar lib.,Jordi\tle\tmun\tnwar\tlib.,today\tART.DEF.PL\tperson\tblack\tfree,Today the black people are free.,,,1048[112],,naturalistic spoken,Jordi le mun nwar lib.,,today ART.DEF.PL person black free,,,,1380, +53-34,53,"Mo pa krwa, li di, m ale jwe pou bal-la.","Mo\tpa\tkrwa,\tli\tdi,\tm\tale\tjwe\tpou\tbal\tla.",1SG\tNEG\tthink\t3SG\tsay\t1SG\tFUT\tplay\tfor\tdance\tART.DEF.SG,I don't think that I will play at the dance.,,,1048[396],,naturalistic spoken,"Mo pa krwa, li di, m ale jwe pou bal-la.","Mo pa krwa, li di, m ale jwe pou bal la.",1SG NEG think 3SG say 1SG FUT play for dance ART.DEF.SG,,,,1381,French: Je ne crois pas que je jouerai au bal. +53-35,53,Sa se l janm. [...] Sa se l soulye.,Sa\tse\tl\tjanm.\t[...]\tSa\tse\tl\tsoulye.,DEM\tCOP\tART.DEF.SG\tleg\t[...]\tDEM\tCOP\tART.DEF.SG\tshoe,That's the leg. [...] That's the shoe.,,,722[174],,naturalistic spoken,Sa se l janm. [...] Sa se l soulye.,,DEM COP ART.DEF.SG leg [...] DEM COP ART.DEF.SG shoe,,,,1382, +53-36,53,To pròch pa ka fe la diferans.,To\tpròch\tpa\tka\tfe\tla\tdiferans.,2SG\talmost\tNEG\tcan\tmake\tART.DEF.SG\tdifference,You can hardly tell the difference.,,,722[174],,naturalistic spoken,To pròch pa ka fe la diferans.,,2SG almost NEG can make ART.DEF.SG difference,,,,1383, +53-37,53,Chyen-la trape lodè lapen-la.,Chyen-la\ttrape\tlodè\tlapen-la.,dog-ART.DEF.SG\tcatch\tscent\trabbit-ART.DEF.SG,The dog caught the rabbit's scent.,,,722[173],,elicited from speaker,Chyen-la trape lodè lapen-la.,,dog-ART.DEF.SG catch scent rabbit-ART.DEF.SG,,,,1384, +53-38,53,Letòf-loe te pli mens.,Letòf-loe\tte\tpli\tmens.,material-ART.DEF.SG\tPST\tmore\tthin,The material was thinner.,,Note the unusual use of the front rounded low-mid vowel in the article: loe.,722[173],,naturalistic spoken,Letòf-loe te pli mens.,,material-ART.DEF.SG PST more thin,"Note the unusual use of the front rounded low-mid vowel in the article: loe.",,,1385, +53-39,53,Li met papye-a dan tirwa-la.,Li\tmet\tpapye-a\tdan\ttirwa-la.,3SG\tput\tpaper-ART.DEF.SG\tin\tdrawer-ART.DEF.SG,He put the paper in the drawer.,,"Note the morphophonological variant of the definite article a, which sometimes occurs after a vowel-final noun. As tirwa-la demonstrates, however, a is in free variation with la.",722[173],,elicited from speaker,Li met papye-a dan tirwa-la.,,3SG put paper-ART.DEF.SG in drawer-ART.DEF.SG,"Note the morphophonological variant of the definite article a, which sometimes occurs after a vowel-final noun. As tirwa-la demonstrates, however, a is in free variation with la.",,,1386, +53-40,53,vyè moun-an,vyè\tmoun-an,old\tperson-ART.DEF.SG,the adult,,"Note the morphophonological variant of the definite article an, which sometimes occurs after a noun ending in a nasal consonant, like moun in this example.",722[173],,naturalistic spoken,vyè moun-an,,old person-ART.DEF.SG,"Note the morphophonological variant of the definite article an, which sometimes occurs after a noun ending in a nasal consonant, like moun in this example.",,,1387, +53-41,53,Depech-ye mi.,Depech-ye\tmi.,peach-ART.DEF.PL\tripe,The peaches are ripe.,,,722[174],,naturalistic spoken,Depech-ye mi.,,peach-ART.DEF.PL ripe,,,,1388, +53-42,53,Ye loure bari-ye.,Ye\tloure\tbari-ye.,3PL\troll\tbarrel-ART.DEF.PL,They rolled the barrels.,,,722[174],,elicited from speaker,Ye loure bari-ye.,,3PL roll barrel-ART.DEF.PL,,,,1389, +53-43,53,tou le jenn jan-ye,tou\tle\tjenn\tjan-ye,all\tART.DEF.PL\tyoung\tperson-ART.DEF.PL,all the young people,,,722[174],,naturalistic spoken,tou le jenn jan-ye,,all ART.DEF.PL young person-ART.DEF.PL,,,,1390, +54-18,54,le tonton i di ali,lë\ttonton\ti\tdi\tali,DEF.SG\tuncle\tFIN\tsay\t3SG.OBL,the uncle says to him,,,110[54],,naturalistic spoken,le tonton i di ali,lë tonton i di ali,DEF.SG uncle FIN say 3SG.OBL,,,,1391,French: le tonton lui dit +54-19,54,La fanm la parti.,La\tfanm\tla\tparti.,DEF\twoman\tPRF\tleave,The woman has left.,,,,,constructed by linguist,La fanm la parti.,,DEF woman PRF leave,,Own knowledge,,1392,French: La femme est partie. +55-17,55,lakaz la,lakaz\tla,house\tDEF,the house,,,,,elicited from speaker,lakaz la,,house DEF,,Own knowledge,,1393, +56-25,56,"Ou pa kapab grate pwason. Ou a bezwen sal li ek son lekay tou. E ou tir sa gro zaret milye, ou tir latet.","Ou\tpa\tkapab\tgrate\tpwason.\tOu\ta\tbezwen\tsal\tli\tek\tson\tlekay\ttou.\tE\tou\ttir\tsa\tgro\tzaret\tmilye,\tou\ttir\tlatet.",2SG\tNEG\tcan\tscratch\tfish\t2SG\tFUT\tneed\tsalt\tit\twith\tPOSS.3SG\tscale\tall\tand\t2SG\tpull\tART\tthick\tbone\tmiddle\t2SG\tpull\thead,"You could not scratch the fish. You had to salt them with their scales. And you pulled the large bone in the middle, you pulled the heads.",,"Here, sa is used in an associative context which is the crucial function in the APiCS definition of ""definite article"": the fish are mentioned in the context, and sa gro zaret milye refers in an associative manner to fish.",158[224],,naturalistic spoken,"Ou pa kapab grate pwason. Ou a bezwen sal li ek son lekay tou. E ou tir sa gro zaret milye, ou tir latet.",,2SG NEG can scratch fish 2SG FUT need salt it with POSS.3SG scale all and 2SG pull ART thick bone middle 2SG pull head,"Here, sa is used in an associative context which is the crucial function in the APiCS definition of ""definite article"": the fish are mentioned in the context, and sa gro zaret milye refers in an associative manner to fish.",,,1394,"French: On n'aurait pas pu écailler les poissons. Il fallait donc les saler avec leurs écailles. Et on retirait *les* grandes arêtes au milieu, on retirait les têtes. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 225)" +59-36,59,"lakwe na bi aga ake menase lo, kogara ti lo ni ae ga amenase lo ngbii","lakwe\tna\tbi\ta-ga\ta-ke\tmenase\tlo,\tkogara\tti\tlo\tni\ta-yeke\tga\ta-menase\tlo\tngbii",always\tPREP\tnight\tPM-come\tPM-COP\tthreaten\t3SG\tin-law\tof\t3SG\tDET\tPM-COP\tcome\tPM-threaten\t3SG\tlong.time,"Every night he came and threatened her, her son-in-law came and threatened her for a long time.",,Menase is borrowed from French menacer.,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"lakwe na bi aga ake menase lo, kogara ti lo ni ae ga amenase lo ngbii","lakwe na bi a-ga a-ke menase lo, kogara ti lo ni a-yeke ga a-menase lo ngbii",always PREP night PM-come PM-COP threaten 3SG in-law of 3SG DET PM-COP come PM-threaten 3SG long.time,"Menase is borrowed from French menacer.",,,1395, +59-37,59,ata ti lo ni angba azingo,ata\tti\tlo\tni\ta-ngba\ta-zingo,grandparent\tof\t3SG\tDET\tPM-remain\tPM-awaken,Her grandmother suddenly woke up.,,"This may be an example of substratal influence, because the equivalent verb in Gbaya is used in narratives to enhance the tension of a story; the verb ga 'come' is more frequently used in Sango.",,,naturalistic spoken,ata ti lo ni angba azingo,ata ti lo ni a-ngba a-zingo,grandparent of 3SG DET PM-remain PM-awaken,"This may be an example of substratal influence, because the equivalent verb in Gbaya is used in narratives to enhance the tension of a story; the verb ga 'come' is more frequently used in Sango.",Samarin corpus 1994,,1396, +59-38,59,"kogara ti lo ni aten toon'so awe, [...]","kogara\tti\tlo\tni\ta-tene\ttongaso\tawe,\t[...]",in-law\tof\t3SG\tDET\tPM-say\tthus\talready\t[...],"After his mother-in-law had spoken thusly, [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"kogara ti lo ni aten toon'so awe, [...]","kogara ti lo ni a-tene tongaso awe, [...]",in-law of 3SG DET PM-say thus already [...],,Samarin corpus 1994,,1397, +59-39,59,"ndo ni avoko toon’so, [...] melenge ti lo ni aleke place","ndo\tni\tavoko\ttongaso,\t[...]\tmelenge\tti\tlo\tni\taleke\t",place\tDET\tSM.become.dark\tthus\t[...]\tchild\tof\t3SG\tDET\tSM.prepare\tplace,"After it had become dark, [...] her child prepared a place (to sleep).",,"I see no reason for ni after ndo, because the phrase is a common one for 'night falls'. No particular place is mentioned. Place is a French word.",,,constructed by linguist,"ndo ni avoko toon’so, [...] melenge ti lo ni aleke place","ndo ni avoko tongaso, [...] melenge ti lo ni aleke <place>",place DET SM.become.dark thus [...] child of 3SG DET SM.prepare place,"I see no reason for ni after ndo, because the phrase is a common one for 'night falls'. No particular place is mentioned. Place is a French word.",Own knowledge,,1398, +59-40,59,amu mafuta ti zo ni amu na lo,amu\tmafuta\tti\tzo\tni\tamu\tna\tlo,SM.take\tfat\tof\tperson\tDET\tSM.give\tPREP\t3SG,He took the human fatty meat and gave it to her.,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,amu mafuta ti zo ni amu na lo,,SM.take fat of person DET SM.give PREP 3SG,,,,1399, +61-9,61,lo nyama,lo\tnyama,the\tmeat,the meat OR: meat,,Lo can be definite or generic.,650[7],,constructed by linguist,lo nyama,,the meat,"Lo can be definite or generic.",,,1400, +63-11,63,júa dé,júa\tdé,house\tDET,this house,,,622[31],,naturalistic spoken,júa dé,,house DET,,,,1401, +65-21,65,"Xeʧʒu liba kupila, eta liba pomilaj netu [...] eta liba ubiʒala.","Xeʧʒu\tliba\tkupi-la,\teta\tliba\tpomilaj\tnetu\t[...]\teta\tliba\tubiʒala.",Xeczu\tfish\tbuy-PFV\tthis\tfish\tdie\tNEG\t[...]\tthis\tfish\trun.away.PFV,"Xeczu bought a fish, the fish was alive [...] the fish swam away.",,"This is an extract from a folk tale. +The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.",1195[221],,naturalistic spoken,"Xeʧʒu liba kupila, eta liba pomilaj netu [...] eta liba ubiʒala.","Xeʧʒu liba kupi-la, eta liba pomilaj netu [...] eta liba ubiʒala.",Xeczu fish buy-PFV this fish die NEG [...] this fish run.away.PFV,"This is an extract from a folk tale. +The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.",,"Хэцзю либа купила, эта либа помилай нету [...] эта либа убижала.",1402, +67-25,67,Lagi sekarang tak ada kerja ah tengok itu cucu tak apa-apa la.,Lagi\tsekarang\ttak\tada\tkerja\tah\ttengok\titu\tcucu\ttak\tapa~apa\tla.,more\tnow\tNEG\texist\twork\tPCL\tlook.at\tDEM\tgrandchild\tNEG\twhat~what\tEMPH,"Now that I am not working, taking care of the grandchild is nothing.",,,708[77],,naturalistic spoken,"Lagi sekarang tak ada kerja ah tengok itu cucu tak apa-apa la.","Lagi sekarang tak ada kerja ah tengok itu cucu tak apa~apa la.",more now NEG exist work PCL look.at DEM grandchild NEG what~what EMPH,,,,1403, +67-26,67,Jadi ini katak manyak lawan ah.,Jadi\tini\tkatak\tmanyak\tlawan\tah.,well\tDEM\tfrog\tmany\tattack\tEMPH,"Well, this frog is very aggressive.",,,708[77],,elicited from speaker,Jadi ini katak manyak lawan ah.,,well DEM frog many attack EMPH,,,,1404, +67-27,67,Dia sotong tanya sotong ini satu kilo berapa?,Dia\tsotong\ttanya\tsotong\tini\tsatu\tkilo\tberapa?,3SG\tcuttlefish\task\tcuttlefish\tDEM\tone\tkilo\thow.many/how.much,"""The cuttlefish,"" [I] asked, “How much is a kilo of this cuttlefish?""",,,708[111],,naturalistic spoken,"Dia sotong tanya sotong ini satu kilo berapa?",,3SG cuttlefish ask cuttlefish DEM one kilo how.many/how.much,,,,1405, +71-15,71,Kela Kepani hapai kela lepo hana piha kela waha.,Kela\tKepani\thapai\tkela\tlepo\thana\tpiha\tkela\twaha.,DET\tJapanese\ttake\tDET\tdirt\tmake\tfull\tDET\tmouth,The Japanese took some dirt and filled his mouth (with it). OR: The Japanese filled his mouth with dirt.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Kela Kepani hapai kela lepo hana piha kela waha.",,DET Japanese take DET dirt make full DET mouth,,Own data 1896,,1406, +72-17,72,Dat warlakungku im warlakap nyilangka botulta.,Dat\twarlaku-ngku\tim\twarlakap\tnyila-ngka\tbotul-ta.,the\tdog-ERG\t3SG\tlook.around\tthat-LOC\tbottle-LOC,The dog looked in that bottle.,,,923[73],,naturalistic spoken,Dat warlakungku im warlakap nyilangka botulta.,Dat warlaku-ngku im warlakap nyila-ngka botul-ta.,the dog-ERG 3SG look.around that-LOC bottle-LOC,,,,1407, +75-39,75,Li garson kinoshiw.,Li\tgarson\tkino-shi-w.,DEF.ART.M\tboy\ttall-be-3SG,The boy is tall.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Li garson kinoshiw.,Li garson kino-shi-w.,DEF.ART.M boy tall-be-3SG,,,,1408, +75-40,75,ekwanima la montay,ekwanima\tla\tmontay,that\tDEF.ART.F\tmountain,that mountain,,,522,,elicited from speaker,ekwanima la montay,,that DEF.ART.F mountain,,,,1409, +1-35,1,wan nuwenti; wan passi,wan\tnyunwenke;\twan\tpasi,ART.INDF.SG\tmaiden\tART.INDF.SG\troad,a maiden; a road,,,1527[9.10],,written,wan nuwenti; wan passi,wan nyunwenke; wan pasi,ART.INDF.SG maiden ART.INDF.SG road,,,,1410,Dutch: een Vryster; een Straat [op.cit.] +2-33,2,wan tori fu Anansi,wan\ttori\tfu\tAnansi,DET\tstory\tof\tAnansi,a story about Anansi,,,1062[35],,naturalistic spoken,wan tori fu Anansi,,DET story of Anansi,,,,1411, +2-34,2,Dati a wan nengre leki den srefi.,Dati\ta\twan\tnengre\tleki\tden\tsrefi.,that\tCOP\tDET\tblack\tlike\tthem\tself,That is a black man like themselves.,,,1062[35],,naturalistic spoken,Dati a wan nengre leki den srefi.,,that COP DET black like them self,,,,1412, +3-15,3,wan wɔmi,wan\twɔmi,INDF\tman,a man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wan wɔmi,,INDF man,,Fieldwork data,,1413, +4-13,4,a gaan osu,a\tgaan\tosu,DET.INDF\tbig\thouse,The big house.,,,568[65],,naturalistic spoken,a gaan osu,,DET.INDF big house,,,,1414, +5-18,5,dis bina wan maan [...],dis\tbina\twan\tmaan\t[...],this\twas\tINDF.ART\tman\t[...],There was this man [...].,,,1281[130 (line 216)],,naturalistic spoken,dis bina wan maan [...],,this was INDF.ART man [...],,,,1415, +6-11,6,a gal,a\tgal,DET\tgirl,a girl,,,,,constructed by linguist,"a gal",,DET girl,,Own knowledge,,1416, +7-21,7,wan aami man,wan\taami\tman,INDF\tarmy\tman,a soldier,,,1244[129],,naturalistic spoken,wan aami man,,INDF army man,,,,1417, +8-12,8,Wahn dopi lik wahn man.,Wahn\tdopi\tlik\twahn\tman.,INDF\tghost\thit\tINDF\tman,A ghost hit a man.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Wahn dopi lik wahn man.,,INDF ghost hit INDF man,,Own knowledge,,1418, +9-22,9,A wan pul wan mame fa tri fi yu.,A\twan\tpul\twan\tmame\tfa\ttri\tfi\tyu.,1SG\tFUT\tpull\tone\tmame\tfrom\ttree\tfor\tyou,I will pull a mame (fruit) from the tree for you.,,,434,,naturalistic spoken,A wan pul wan mame fa tri fi yu.,,1SG FUT pull one mame from tree for you,,,,1419, +10-11,10,"Wen ihn get to wan distant, him fain Beda Naansi [...].","Wen\tihn\tget\tto\twan\tdistant,\thim\tfain\tBeda\tNaansi\t[...].",when\t3SG\tget\tto\tART.INDF\tdistance\t3SG\tfind\tBrother\tAnansi\t[...],"When he got to a [certain] distance, he found Brother Anansi [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Wen ihn get to wan distant, him fain Beda Naansi [...].",,when 3SG get to ART.INDF distance 3SG find Brother Anansi [...],,Unpublished field recordings,,1420, +11-18,11,Dei set dat op at a distans.,Dei\tset\tdat\top\tat\ta\tdistans.,3PL\tset\tDEM\tup\tat\tART.INDF\tdistance,They set that up at a distance.,,"This specific example was chosen because it contains the lexical item distans, which clearly shows that Nicaraguan Creole English is more acrolectal than San Andrés Creole English which uses distant both nominally and adnominally.",1054,,naturalistic spoken,Dei set dat op at a distans.,,3PL set DEM up at ART.INDF distance,"This specific example was chosen because it contains the lexical item distans, which clearly shows that Nicaraguan Creole English is more acrolectal than San Andrés Creole English which uses distant both nominally and adnominally.",,,1421, +12-13,12,"I hear 'bout - I hear people say they is see one horse be riding, too. One ghost horse. Ghost horse. In the night time.",[...]\tone\thorse\t[...]\tOne\tghost\thorse\t[...],[...]\tINDF\thorse\t[...]\tINDF\tghost\thorse\t[...],[I’ve heard people say they see] a horse riding [...] A ghost horse [...] at night.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I hear 'bout - I hear people say they is see one horse be riding, too. One ghost horse. Ghost horse. In the night time.","[...] one horse [...] One ghost horse [...]",[...] INDF horse [...] INDF ghost horse [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,1422, +13-14,13,a buckra,a\tbuckra,a\tbuckra,a white man,,,1500[272],,naturalistic spoken,a buckra,,a buckra,,,,1423, +13-15,13,a great big house,a\tgreat\tbig\thouse,a\tgreat\tbig\thouse,a great big house,,,1500[272],,naturalistic spoken,a great big house,,a great big house,,,,1424, +14-13,14,She ate a sandwich.,She\tate\ta\tsandwich.,she\teat.PST\ta\tsandwich,She ate a sandwich.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She ate a sandwich.,,she eat.PST a sandwich,,Own knowledge,,1425, +15-12,15,a sabi wan siŋg,a\tsabi\twan\tsiŋg,1SG\tknow\tone\tsong,I know a song. OR: I know only one song.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a sabi wan siŋg,,1SG know one song,,Own knowledge,,1426, +15-13,15,a gɛt bɔl,a\tgɛt\tbɔl,ART\thave\tball,I have a ball.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a gɛt bɔl,,ART have ball,,Own knowledge,,1427, +16-17,16,à gɛt sɔm frɛn sɛf we ì kam frɔm togo,à\tgɛt\tsɔm\tfrɛn\tsɛf\twe\tì\tkam\tfrɔm\ttogo,1SG\tget\tART.INDF\tfriend\tself\tCOMP\t3SG\tcome\tfrom\tTogo,I even have a friend who comes from Togo.,,"Sɔm is the singular and plural indefinite article. In the singular, sɔm is occasionally replaced by wan (< one).",656[192],,naturalistic spoken,"à gɛt sɔm frɛn sɛf we ì kam frɔm togo",,1SG get ART.INDF friend self COMP 3SG come from Togo,"Sɔm is the singular and plural indefinite article. In the singular, sɔm is occasionally replaced by wan (< one).",,,1428, +17-12,17,wo̱n klo̱t,wo̱n\tklo̱t,ART.INDF\tcloth,a cloth,,,462[70],,naturalistic spoken,wo̱n klo̱t,,ART.INDF cloth,,,,1429, +18-16,18,Wan boi an wan gel di plei fo rut.,Wan\tboi\tan\twan\tgel\tdi\tplei\tfo\trut.,INDF.ART\tboy\tand\tINDF.ART\tgirl\tIPFV\tplay\tfor\troad,A boy and a girl are playing in the street.,,This is sentence 195 in Dahl's (1985) TAM questionnaire.,1344,,elicited from speaker,Wan boi an wan gel di plei fo rut.,,INDF.ART boy and INDF.ART girl IPFV play for road,This is sentence 195 in Dahl's (1985) TAM questionnaire.,,,1430, +19-17,19,À gɛt wan big sista we nà mulata.,À\tgɛt\twan\tbig\tsista\twe\tnà\tmulata.,1SG.SBJ\tget\tone\tbig\tsister\tSUBORD\tFOC\tAfrican-European.female,I have a big sister who is African-European.,,,1634[157],,naturalistic spoken,"À gɛt wan big sista we nà mulata.",,1SG.SBJ get one big sister SUBORD FOC African-European.female,,,,1431, +20-17,20,Makee one pigeon pie.,Makee\tone\tpigeon\tpie.,make\tART.INDF\tpigeon\tpie,Make a pigeon pie.,,,1489[VI.42],,naturalistic written,Makee one pigeon pie.,,make ART.INDF pigeon pie,,,米其温卑剪排,1432, +21-16,21,"Yes, I was calling up for temp job.","Yes,\tI\twas\tcall-ing\tup\tfor\ttemp\tjob.",yes\t1SG\tbe.SG.PST\tcall-PROG\tup\tfor\ttemporary\tjob,"Yes, I was phoning for a temporary job.",,,1568[60],,naturalistic spoken,"Yes, I was calling up for temp job.","Yes, I was call-ing up for temp job.",yes 1SG be.SG.PST call-PROG up for temporary job,,,,1433, +22-25,22,Long dispela ples i gat wanpela lapun meri.,Long\tdispela\tples\ti\tgat\twanpela\tlapun\tmeri.,PREP\tthis\tvillage\tPM\thave\tone\told\twoman,In this village there was an old woman.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,"Long dispela ples i gat wanpela lapun meri.",,PREP this village PM have one old woman,,,,1434, +23-18,23,hem i kam blong stap long wan kos blong hem,hem\ti\tkam\tblong\tstap\tlong\twan\tkos\tblong\them,3SG\tAGR\tcome\tCOMP\tstay\tPREP\tINDF\tcourse\tPOSS\t3SG,She's come to attend a course of hers.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,hem i kam blong stap long wan kos blong hem,,3SG AGR come COMP stay PREP INDF course POSS 3SG,,,,1435, +24-23,24,Ai si wan mien ap yena.,Ai\tsi\twan\tmien\tap\tyena.,1SG.SBJ\tsee\tDET.INDF\tman\tPREP\tLOC.ADV,I saw a man up there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai si wan mien ap yena.,,1SG.SBJ see DET.INDF man PREP LOC.ADV,,Own fieldwork,,1436, +24-24,24,Tek a' bred!,Tek\ta'\tbred!,Take\tDET.INDF\tbread,Have some bread!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tek a' bred!,,Take DET.INDF bread,,Own fieldwork,,1437, +24-25,24,Ai pik wan baket a' hihi.,Ai\tpik\twan\tbaket\ta'\thihi.,1SG\tpick\tDET.INDF.SG\tbucket\tPREP\tperiwinkle,I collected a bucket of periwinkles.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ai pik wan baket a' hihi.,,1SG pick DET.INDF.SG bucket PREP periwinkle,,Own fieldwork,,1438, +25-71,25,"Wanbala mayi, im peising derrei, wanbala mayi peisin dijei.","Wan-bala\tmayi,\tim\tpeis-ing\tderr-ei,\twan-bala\tmayi\tpeis-in\tdij-ei.",one-ADJ2\tman\t3SG\tface-PROG2\tDIST-way\tone-ADJ2\tman\tface-PROG2\tPROX-way,"One man is facing that way, one man is facing this way. (Context: spatial elicitation game)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. This example illustrates the numeral wanbala 'one'. Mayi is a Jaminjung word.",,,elicited from speaker,"Wanbala mayi, im peising derrei, wanbala mayi peisin dijei.","Wan-bala mayi, im peis-ing derr-ei, wan-bala mayi peis-in dij-ei.",one-ADJ2 man 3SG face-PROG2 DIST-way one-ADJ2 man face-PROG2 PROX-way,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. This example illustrates the numeral wanbala 'one'. Mayi is a Jaminjung word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1439, +25-72,25,Wanbala men bin godan.,Wan-bala\tmen\tbin\tgo-dan.,one-ADJ2\tman\tPST\tgo-down,One man went down. OR: A certain man went down.,,"Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the numeral wanbala 'one' which can also be used as a specific indefinite article. The first interpretation is more likely in everyday conversation, the latter in a story context.",1333[104],,unknown,Wanbala men bin godan.,Wan-bala men bin go-dan.,one-ADJ2 man PST go-down,"Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the numeral wanbala 'one' which can also be used as a specific indefinite article. The first interpretation is more likely in everyday conversation, the latter in a story context.",,,1440, +25-73,25,Tubala bin go kamat la wanbala wodahol.,Tubala\tbin\tgo\tkamat\tla\twan-bala\twodahol.,3DU\tPST\tgo\tcome\tLOC\tone-ADJ2\twaterhole.,The two went and came to a (specific) waterhole.,,"Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates the ""specific indefinite"" reading of the numeral 'one' and a serial verb construction with 'go'.",546,,naturalistic written,"Tubala bin go kamat la wanbala wodahol.","Tubala bin go kamat la wan-bala wodahol.",3DU PST go come LOC one-ADJ2 waterhole.,"Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates the ""specific indefinite"" reading of the numeral 'one' and a serial verb construction with 'go'.",,,1441, +25-74,25,Dijan lilboi imin drim blanga wanbala olgamen.,Dijan\tlilboi\tim=in\tdrim\tblanga\twan-bala\tolgamen.,PROX:ADJ\tlittle.boy\t3SG=PST\tdream\tDAT/POSS\tone-ADJ2\tolder.woman,This boy dreamt of a woman.,,"Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates the ""specific indefinite"" reading of the numeral 'one'.",175,,naturalistic written,Dijan lilboi imin drim blanga wanbala olgamen.,Dijan lilboi im=in drim blanga wan-bala olgamen.,PROX:ADJ little.boy 3SG=PST dream DAT/POSS one-ADJ2 older.woman,"Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates the ""specific indefinite"" reading of the numeral 'one'.",,,1442, +25-75,25,"Wal imin ruwinim wanbala hawus ba wan olgumen, ol K. na en im asbin.","Wal\tim=in\truwin-im\twan-bala\thawus\tba\twan\tolgumen,\tol\tK.\tna\ten\tim\tasbin.",well\t3SG=PST\truin-TR\tone-ADJ2\thouse\tDAT/POSS\tone\twoman\told\tK.\tnow\tand\t3SG\thusband,"Well it (the flood) ruined one woman's house, old K('s) and her husband('s).",,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates noun phrase conjunction, the numeral/indefinite article wan(bala), and the order of possessum-possessor in the noun phrase.",40,,naturalistic spoken,"Wal imin ruwinim wanbala hawus ba wan olgumen, ol K. na en im asbin.","Wal im=in ruwin-im wan-bala hawus ba wan olgumen, ol K. na en im asbin.",well 3SG=PST ruin-TR one-ADJ2 house DAT/POSS one woman old K. now and 3SG husband,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates noun phrase conjunction, the numeral/indefinite article wan(bala), and the order of possessum-possessor in the noun phrase.",,,1443, +26-14,26,ʃi wɛn ɹaɪʔ wan buk,ʃi\twɛn\tɹaɪʔ\twan\tbuk,3SG.F\tPST.PFV\twrite\tART\tbook,She wrote a book.,,"ʃi is a dependent pronoun [3SG], which looks exactly the same as the independent one (ʃi = 3SG).",1545[76],,naturalistic spoken,ʃi wɛn ɹaɪʔ wan buk,,3SG.F PST.PFV write ART book,"ʃi is a dependent pronoun [3SG], which looks exactly the same as the independent one (ʃi = 3SG).",,,1444, +27-12,27,An sini a sing een sang.,An\tsini\ta\tsing\teen\tsang.,and\t3PL\tPST\tsing\tINDF\tsong,And they sang a song.,,,355[16],,naturalistic spoken,An sini a sing een sang.,,and 3PL PST sing INDF song,,,,1445, +28-21,28,ɛkɛ mama wa da en boko jɛrma,ɛkɛ\tmama\twa\tda\ten\tboko\tjɛrma,1SG\tmother\tPST\tCOP\tINDF\tAmerindian\twoman,My mother was an Amerindian (Arawak) woman.,,,737[590],,naturalistic spoken,ɛkɛ mama wa da en boko jɛrma,,1SG mother PST COP INDF Amerindian woman,,,,1446, +28-22,28,en kɛnɛ pi eni en gutu ka,en\tkɛnɛ\tpi\teni\ten\tgutu\tka,INDF\tperson\tgive\t3PL\tINDF\tthing\tNEG,Nobody gives them anything.,,Indefinite quantifiers are usually negated if appearing within the scope of negation; this is true here of both en kɛnɛ and en gutu.,737[590],,naturalistic spoken,en kɛnɛ pi eni en gutu ka,en kɛnɛ pi eni en gutu ka,INDF person give 3PL INDF thing NEG,"Indefinite quantifiers are usually negated if appearing within the scope of negation; this is true here of both en kɛnɛ and en gutu.",,,1447, +29-16,29,'n perd,'n\tperd,INDF.ART\thorse,a horse,,,,,naturalistic spoken,'n perd,,INDF.ART horse,,Own knowledge,,1448, +30-20,30,Éra un bes un mudjer la di fóra ki tenba un úniku fidju mátxu.,Éra\tun=bes\tun=mudjer\tla\tdi=fóra\tki\tten-ba\tun=úniku\tfidju\tmátxu.,be.ANT\tART.INDF.SG=time\tART.INDF.SG=woman\tthere\tof=out\tCOMP\thave-ANT\tART.INDF.SG=single\tson\tmale,"There was once a woman from outside [from the interior of the island, not from the capital], who had one single son.",,,1407[41],,naturalistic spoken,"Éra un bes un mudjer la di fóra ki tenba un úniku fidju mátxu.",Éra un=bes un=mudjer la di=fóra ki ten-ba un=úniku fidju mátxu.,be.ANT ART.INDF.SG=time ART.INDF.SG=woman there of=out COMP have-ANT ART.INDF.SG=single son male,,,,1449,"German: Es war einmal eine Frau von dort draußen [vom Innern der Insel, nicht von der Hauptstadt], die einen einzigen Sohn hatte." +31-21,31,Tinha un mudjer lago ki nha mai ten pidiba bokadinhu di kumida.,Tinha\tun\tmudjer\tlago\tki\tnha\tmai\tten\tpidiba\tbokadinhu\tdi\tkumida.,was\ta\twoman\tthere\twho\tmy\tmother\thad\tasked\tlittle\tof\tfood,There was a woman to whom my mother had asked a little of food.,,A bare noun is also interpretable as indefinite (see Baptista & Gueron 2007).,126,,naturalistic spoken,"Tinha un mudjer lago ki nha mai ten pidiba bokadinhu di kumida.",,was a woman there who my mother had asked little of food,A bare noun is also interpretable as indefinite (see Baptista & Gueron 2007).,,,1450, +31-22,31,Es ta ben poba n'un lugar ki ta txomaba Albeira.,Es\tta\tben\tpoba\tn'un\tlugar\tki\tta\ttxomaba\tAlbeira.,they\tCOND\tcome\tput\tin.INDF\tplace\tthat\tHAB\twas.called\tAlbeira,They would put it in a place that was called Albeira.,,,126,,naturalistic spoken,"Es ta ben poba n'un lugar ki ta txomaba Albeira.",,they COND come put in.INDF place that HAB was.called Albeira,,,,1451, +32-13,32,"Dpos, un vapor d'gérra ben pxá-l pra lá.","Dpos,\tun\tvapor\tde\tgérra\tben\tpxá-l\tpra\tlá.",later\tART.INDF\tsteam\tof\twar\tcome\tpull-3SG\tto\tthere,"Later, a war ship hauled it there.",,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Dpos, un vapor d'gérra ben pxá-l pra lá.","Dpos, un vapor de gérra ben pxá-l pra lá.",later ART.INDF steam of war come pull-3SG to there,,,,1452,"Portuguese: Depois, um barco de guerra veio rebocá-lo para aí." +33-15,33,N’ odja un homi musulmanu.,N\todja\tun\thomi\tmusulmanu.,1SG\tsee\ta\tman\tMuslim,I saw a Muslim man.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’ odja un homi musulmanu.",N odja un homi musulmanu.,1SG see a man Muslim,,Own knowledge,,1453,Portuguese: Vi um homem muçulmano. +34-16,34,N wocá uŋ karnedu na ña worta.,N\tø\twocá\tuŋ\tkarnedu\tna\tña\tworta.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tfind\tINDF\tsheep\tin\tPOSS.1SG\tkitchen.garden,I have found a sheep in my kitchen garden.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N wocá uŋ karnedu na ña worta.","N ø wocá uŋ karnedu na ña worta.",1SG.SBJ PFV find INDF sheep in POSS.1SG kitchen.garden,,Own knowledge,,1454, +35-21,35,ũa sôpa kêntxi,ũa\tsôpa\tkêntxi,a\tsoup\thot,a hot soup,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ũa sôpa kêntxi,,a soup hot,,Own data,,1455, +36-11,36,No ka konta ũa thoya [...].,No\tka\tkonta\tũa\tthoya\t[...].,1PL\tFUT\ttell\tART\tstory\t[...],I am going to tell a story [...].,,,901[40],,naturalistic spoken,"No ka konta ũa thoya [...].",,1PL FUT tell ART story [...],,,,1456,French: Je vais raconter une histoire [...]. +37-13,37,Dya ũa a kumbina di w'uvôdô n'ose.,Dya\tũa\ta\tkumbina\tdi\twe\tuvôdô\tna\tose.,day\tone\tINDF\tagree\tof\tgo\tparty\tLOC\tsky,"One day, they agreed to go to a party in heaven.",,,905[34],,naturalistic spoken,"Dya ũa a kumbina di w'uvôdô n'ose.",Dya ũa a kumbina di we uvôdô na ose.,day one INDF agree of go party LOC sky,,,,1457, +38-18,38,Namse ska skeve wan xat.,Namisedyi\tsxa\tskeve\twan\txata.,2PL\tPROG\twrite\tART\tletter,You write a letter.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Namse ska skeve wan xat.,Namisedyi sxa skeve wan xata.,2PL PROG write ART letter,,Own fieldwork 1990,,1458, +39-26,39,Ali ve ũ dɛmɔn si sai.,Ali\tve\tũ\tdɛmɔn\tsi\tsa-i.,there\tsee.NPST\tone\tghost\tif\tleave-INF,Watch out whether a ghost will come out.,,,221[173],,naturalistic spoken,Ali ve ũ dɛmɔn si sai.,Ali ve ũ dɛmɔn si sa-i.,there see.NPST one ghost if leave-INF,,,,1459, +40-17,40,u͂ ti ap ani fig.,u͂\tti\tap\tani\tfig.,a\tPST.COP\thand.bread\tand\tbanana,There once was a hand bread and a banana.,,"In younger people's speech, Korlai indefinite u͂ sometimes does not directly precede the noun or noun phrase. It seems to be a formulaic expression. It happens in the formula ""once upon a time there was [...]"" u͂ t'hika + NP [...] or u͂ ti + NP.",,,naturalistic spoken,u͂ ti ap ani fig.,,a PST.COP hand.bread and banana,"In younger people's speech, Korlai indefinite u͂ sometimes does not directly precede the noun or noun phrase. It seems to be a formulaic expression. It happens in the formula ""once upon a time there was [...]"" u͂ t'hika + NP [...] or u͂ ti + NP.",Unpublished story,,1460, +41-21,41,um buku jaoyaa sara leʈʈar taparsa rɔnal,um\tbuku\tjaa-oyaa\tsara\tleʈʈar\tta-parsa\trɔnal,one\tbook\tPST-look.at\tCOND\tletter\tPRS-be.visible\tRonald,"If [I] look at a book, the letters are visible, Ronald.",,The fieldnotes record the stops in leʈʈar as retroflex. It is possible that they are alveolar (but definitely not dental). The local dialect of Tamil has a dental-alvelar-retroflex distinction.,1416[5077],,naturalistic spoken,um buku jaoyaa sara leʈʈar taparsa rɔnal,um buku jaa-oyaa sara leʈʈar ta-parsa rɔnal,one book PST-look.at COND letter PRS-be.visible Ronald,"The fieldnotes record the stops in leʈʈar as retroflex. It is possible that they are alveolar (but definitely not dental). The local dialect of Tamil has a dental-alvelar-retroflex distinction.",,,1461, +42-19,42,eli ja olá úngua mulé brangku mbés,eli\tja\tolá\túngua\tmulé\tbrangku\tmbés,3SG\tPFV\tsee\tone\twoman\twhite\textremely,He saw a woman who was very white.,,,122[87],,naturalistic spoken,eli ja olá úngua mulé brangku mbés,,3SG PFV see one woman white extremely,,,,1462, +43-17,43,Ile kompra ung orta [...].,Ile\tkompra\tung\torta\t[...].,he\tbuy\ta\tplot\t[...],He bought a plot for planting [...].,,,906[25],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile kompra ung orta [...].",,he buy a plot [...],,,,1463, +44-16,44,A yega esti siete pamilia nah ung lugar donde tiene ung pónu [...].,A\tyega\testi\tsiete\tpamilia\tnah\tung\tlugar\tdonde\ttiene\tung\tpónu\t[...].,PFV\tarrive\tthis\tseven\tfamily\tLOC\tINDF\tplace\twhere\texist\tINDF\ttree\t[...],These seven families came to a place where there was a tree [...].,,,,,naturalistic written,A yega esti siete pamilia nah ung lugar donde tiene ung pónu [...].,,PFV arrive this seven family LOC INDF place where exist INDF tree [...],,Own data,,1464, +45-12,45,Ta escribi ele un carta.,Ta\tescribi\tele\tun\tcarta.,IPFV\twrite\t3SG\tINDF\tletter,He writes a letter.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta escribi ele un carta.,,IPFV write 3SG INDF letter,,"Librada Llamado, p.c.",,1465, +46-31,46,un hénte,un\thénte,a\tperson,a person,,"There is no gender distinction nor is plural marking possible, as e.g. in Spanish.",,,naturalistic spoken,un hénte,,a person,"There is no gender distinction nor is plural marking possible, as e.g. in Spanish.",Own knowledge,,1466, +48-14,48,un ma kusa,un\tma\tkusa,INDF.ART\tPL\tthing,some things,,,,,naturalistic spoken,un ma kusa,,INDF.ART PL thing,,Recorded by author,,1467,Spanish: unas cosas +49-17,49,Eske ou konn on moun ki bezwen al Chicago?,Eske\tou\tkonn\ton\tmoun\tki\tbezwen\tal\tChicago?,Q\t2SG\tknow\tINDF\tperson\tREL\tneed.to\tgo\tChicago,Do you know somebody who needs to go to Chicago?,,,371[16],,naturalistic spoken,Eske ou konn on moun ki bezwen al Chicago?,,Q 2SG know INDF person REL need.to go Chicago,,,,1468,French: Est-ce que tu connais quelqu'un qui a besoin d'aller à Chicago? +50-17,50,on fanm,on\tfanm,INDF\twoman,a woman,,,,,naturalistic spoken,on fanm,,INDF woman,,Own fieldwork,,1469, +51-18,51,an fanm,an\tfanm,INDF\twoman,a woman,,,,,naturalistic spoken,an fanm,,INDF woman,,Own fieldwork,,1470, +52-11,52,i pouvé ka ékri roun bon liv,i\tpouvé\tka\tékri\troun\tbon\tliv,he\tcan\tPROG\twrite\ta\tgood\tbook,He might be able to write a good book.,,,1208[146],,elicited from speaker,"i pouvé ka ékri roun bon liv",,he can PROG write a good book,,,,1471, +52-12,52,oun moun,oun\tmoun,one\tpeople,somebody OR: one man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,oun moun,,one people,,Own knowledge,,1472, +53-44,53,E en pov nèg te gen tou louvraj.,E\ten\tpov\tnèg\tte\tgen\ttou\tlouvraj.,and\tART.INDF.SG\tpoor\tblack.man\tPST\thave\tall\twork,And a poor black man had all the work.,,,1048[107],,naturalistic spoken,E en pov nèg te gen tou louvraj.,,and ART.INDF.SG poor black.man PST have all work,,,,1473, +54-20,54,"Alor, in zour lavé in boug, li avé in kamarad ali [...].","Alor,\ten\tzour\tlave\ten\tboug,\tli\tave\ten\tkamarad\tali\t[...].",then\tINDF\tday\thave.PST\tINDF\tman\t3SG\thave.PST\tINDF\tcompanion\tOBL.3SG\t[...],"Once upon a time there was a man, he had a companion [...].",,,110[59],,naturalistic spoken,"Alor, in zour lavé in boug, li avé in kamarad ali [...].","Alor, en zour lave en boug, li ave en kamarad ali [...].",then INDF day have.PST INDF man 3SG have.PST INDF companion OBL.3SG [...],,,,1474,"French: Alors, un jour il y avait un homme, il avait un camarade [...]." +55-18,55,en lakaz,en\tlakaz,a\thouse,a house,,,,,constructed by linguist,en lakaz,,a house,,Own knowledge,,1475, +56-26,56,Sant en lot sanson pirog.,Sant\ten\tlot\tsanson\tpirog.,sing\ta\tother\tsong\tpirogue,Sing another pirogue song.,,,158[228],,naturalistic spoken,Sant en lot sanson pirog.,,sing a other song pirogue,,,,1476,French: Chantez une autre chanson de piroguier. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 229) +57-11,57,a ŋgra latam,a\tŋgra\tlatam,INDF.ART\tbig\ttable,a big table,,We consider the use of the indefinite article as a sign of decreolization. It is rare in core Creole to see an indefinite article; usually no marker is used in this context.,423[126],,naturalistic spoken,a ŋgra latam,,INDF.ART big table,We consider the use of the indefinite article as a sign of decreolization. It is rare in core Creole to see an indefinite article; usually no marker is used in this context.,,,1477, +57-131,57,nu ekri a ŋgra let,nu\tekri\ta\tŋgra\tlet,1PL\twrite\tINDF.ART\tlong\tletter,We are writing a long letter.,,,423[126],,naturalistic spoken,nu ekri a ŋgra let,,1PL write INDF.ART long letter,,,,1478, +59-41,59,mbeni nzoni zo ake na kodoro so ape,mbeni\tnzoni\tzo\ta-ke\tna\tkodoro\tso\tape,certain\tgood\tperson\tPM-COP\tPREP\tvillage\tDEM\tNEG,There's not one good person in this village.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mbeni nzoni zo ake na kodoro so ape,mbeni nzoni zo a-ke na kodoro so ape,certain good person PM-COP PREP village DEM NEG,,Own knowledge,,1479, +59-42,59,ala mu mbeni melenge oko,ala\tmu\tmbeni\tmelenge\toko,3PL\ttake\tsome\tchild\tone,They took one child.,,,1320,,naturalistic spoken,ala mu mbeni melenge oko,,3PL take some child one,,,,1480, +61-10,61,Mina funa (muye) (lo) geja.,Mina\tfuna\t(muye)\t(lo)\tgeja.,I\twant\t(one)\t(ART)\thoe,I want a hoe.,,The article is optional. Some authors consider the pidgin not to have an indefinite article. Note that the definite article lo can sometimes have indefinite meaning.,,,elicited from speaker,Mina funa (muye) (lo) geja.,,I want (one) (ART) hoe,"The article is optional. Some authors consider the pidgin not to have an indefinite article. Note that the definite article lo can sometimes have indefinite meaning.",Field notes Mesthrie,,1481, +62-9,62,héló i?azé iwé,hé-lo\ti?aze\ti-we,16-have\tday\t5-one,on a certain day,,,,,elicited from speaker,héló i?azé iwé,hé-lo i?aze i-we,16-have day 5-one,,Own field data 1993,,1482, +63-12,63,nyerekú wáy,nyerekú\twáy,boy\tone,a boy,,,857[330],,naturalistic spoken,nyerekú wáy,,boy one,,,,1483, +66-11,66,Go attu ayer mera kumbang yang eklaatan.,Go\tattu\tayer\tmera\tkumbang\tyang\te-klaatan.,1SG\tINDF\twater\tred\tflower\tACC\tASP-see,I saw a pink flower.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Go attu ayer mera kumbang yang eklaatan.,Go attu ayer mera kumbang yang e-klaatan.,1SG INDF water red flower ACC ASP-see,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,1484, +66-12,66,Go panjang attu buk sibaca.,Go\tpanjang\tattu\tbuk\tsi-baca.,1SG\tlong\tINDF\tbook\tPST-read,I read a long book.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Go panjang attu buk sibaca.,Go panjang attu buk si-baca.,1SG long INDF book PST-read,,Own knowledge,,1485, +67-28,67,Saya ada satu orang gaji.,Saya\tada\tsatu-orang\tgaji.,1SG\thave\tone-person\tsalary,I have a maid/worker.,,,708[81],,naturalistic spoken,"Saya ada satu orang gaji.","Saya ada satu-orang gaji.",1SG have one-person salary,,,,1486,Standard Malay: Saya ada se-orang gaji. +71-17,71,Kela wahine no iaia hele malaila lawe kekahi papa liilii.,Kela\twahine\tno\tiaia\thele\tmalaila\tlawe\tkekahi\tpapa\tliilii.,that\twoman\tINTENS\t3SG\tgo\tthere\ttake\tINDF.PL\tboard\tlittle,That woman went there [and] took some pieces of boards.,,,,,naturalistic written,Kela wahine no iaia hele malaila lawe kekahi papa liilii.,,that woman INTENS 3SG go there take INDF.PL board little,,Own data 1892,,1487, +72-18,72,Wan kirri im teikim keik shopta.,Wan\tkirri\tim\tteik-im\tkeik\tshop-ta.,a\twoman\t3SG\ttake-TR\tcake\tshop-LOC,A woman takes the cake to the shop.,,Kirri and ta are taken from Gurindji.,920[267],,elicited from speaker,Wan kirri im teikim keik shopta.,Wan kirri im teik-im keik shop-ta.,"a woman 3SG take-TR cake shop-LOC","Kirri and ta are taken from Gurindji.",,,1488, +73-14,73,uno faburta pidingabu binixuni,uno\tfabur-ta\tpidi-nga-bu\tbini-xu-ni,one\tfavor-ACC\task-NMLZ-BEN\tcome-PROG-1SG,I am coming/I come to ask a favor.,,,,,elicited from speaker,uno faburta pidingabu binixuni,uno fabur-ta pidi-nga-bu bini-xu-ni,one favor-ACC ask-NMLZ-BEN come-PROG-1SG,,Field notes,,1489, +1-36,1,Ju lai da boto tumussi.,Yu\tlai\tda\tboto\ttumusi.,2SG\tload\tDET.SG\tboat\texcessively,You overload the boat.,,,1357[97],,written (dictionary),"Ju lai da boto tumussi.",Yu lai da boto tumusi.,2SG load DET.SG boat excessively,,,,1490,German: Du beladest das Boot allzusehr. [op.cit.] +1-37,1,Mi zi joe noefetrom.,Mi\tsi\tyu\tnofotron.,1SG\tsee\t2SG\toften,I see you often.,,"Ad Feature 11 ""Order of adverb, verb and object: 'often'"": Pronominal object. +Ad Feature 59 ""Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns"": With pronouns other than 3SG, there is no nominative-accusative distinction (cf. Example 142).",1527[6],,written,"Mi zi joe noefetrom.",Mi si yu nofotron.,1SG see 2SG often,"Ad Feature 11 ""Order of adverb, verb and object: 'often'"": Pronominal object. +Ad Feature 59 ""Alignment of Case Marking of Pronouns"": With pronouns other than 3SG, there is no nominative-accusative distinction (cf. Example 142).",,,1491,Dutch: Ik zie haar dikwils. [op.cit.] +1-38,1,"leki va wassi so mennitron dem dringiglasi, djoggo, pattu, pleti, tafra en stulu",leki\tfu\twasi\tsomentron\tden\tdringiglasi\tdyogo\tpatu\tpreti\ttafra\ten\tsturu,like\tto\twash\tso.many.times\tDET.PL\tdrink.glass\tjug\tpot\tplate\ttable\tand\tchair,"like cleaning often the drinking glasses, jugs, pots, plates, tables and chairs",,,1355[122],,written,"leki va wassi so mennitron dem dringiglasi, djoggo, pattu, pleti, tafra en stulu",leki fu wasi somentron den dringiglasi dyogo patu preti tafra en sturu,like to wash so.many.times DET.PL drink.glass jug pot plate table and chair,,,,1492, +2-35,2,Fa ai kon dati alaten yu e kon lati na wroko.,Fa\ta\te\tkon\tdati\talaten\tyu\te\tkon\tlati\tna\twroko.,how\tit\tIPFV\tcome\tthat\talways\t2SG\tIPFV\tcome\tlate\tLOC\twork,How is it that you always come late to work?,,,1585[3],,naturalistic spoken,"Fa ai kon dati alaten yu e kon lati na wroko.",Fa a e kon dati alaten yu e kon lati na wroko.,how it IPFV come that always 2SG IPFV come late LOC work,,,,1493, +2-36,2,Mi bari en nofrotron fu no waka nanga den boi dati.,Mi\tbari\ten\tnofrotron\tfu\tno\twaka\tnanga\tden\tboi\tdati.,1SG\twarn\t3SG\toften\tfor\tNEG\twalk\twith\tthe.PL\tboy\tDEM,I warned him often not to hang around with those boys.,,,1438,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi bari en nofrotron fu no waka nanga den boi dati.",,1SG warn 3SG often for NEG walk with the.PL boy DEM,,,,1494, +2-37,2,Mi bari a pikin nofrotron fu no waka nanga den boi dati.,Mi\tbari\ta\tpikin\tnofrotron\tfu\tno\twaka\tnanga\tden\tboi\tdati.,1SG\twarn\tthe.SG\tchild\toften\tfor\tNEG\twalk\twith\tthe.PL\tboy\tDEM,I warned the child often not to hang around with those boys.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mi bari a pikin nofrotron fu no waka nanga den boi dati.",,1SG warn the.SG child often for NEG walk with the.PL boy DEM,,Own knowledge,,1495, +2-38,2,Ala yuru a man disi e kon tanteri mi.,Ala\tyuru\ta\tman\tdisi\te\tkon\ttanteri\tmi.,all\ttime\tthe.SG\tman\tDEM\tIPFV\tcome\tbother\t1SG,This man comes and bothers me all the time.,,,1438,,unknown,"Ala yuru a man disi e kon tanteri mi.",,all time the.SG man DEM IPFV come bother 1SG,,,,1496, +3-16,3,Só de bì naa béi sèmbè.,Só\tde\tbì\tnaa\tbéi\tsèmbè.,so\t3PL\tTNS\tusually\tbury\tpeople,In this way they usually buried people.,,"Naa is an adverb meaning 'still', 'usually'.",1539[26],,naturalistic spoken,"Só de bì naa béi sèmbè.",,so 3PL TNS usually bury people,"Naa is an adverb meaning 'still', 'usually'.",,,1497, +4-14,4,Mi bay en omen leisi.,Mi\tbay\ten\tomen\tleisi.,I\tbuy\tit\tmany\ttime,I often bought it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi bay en omen leisi.",,I buy it many time,,Own observation,,1498, +4-15,4,(I sabi) omen leisi mi taagi en a toli de?,(I\tsabi)\tomen\tleisi\tmi\ttaagi\ten\ta\ttoli\tde?,(you\tknow)\thow.many\ttime\tI\ttell\thim\tDET\tstory\tthere,Do you know how often I told him that story?,,,,,unknown,"(I sabi) omen leisi mi taagi en a toli de?",,(you know) how.many time I tell him DET story there,,Own observation,,1499, +5-19,5,from fraidi nait yu a ge piipl stedii,from\tfraidi\tnait\tyu\ta\tge\tpiipl\tstedii,from\tFriday\tnight\tyou\tASP\tget\tpeople\tregularly,From Friday night people are continuing to pour in.,,,1281[146 (line 338)],,naturalistic spoken,"from fraidi nait yu a ge piipl stedii",,from Friday night you ASP get people regularly,,,,1500, +5-20,5,yu aalweez fraikn eni lil naiz,yu\taalweez\tfraikn\teni\tlil\tnaiz,You\tADV\tafraid\tany\tlittle\tnoise,You are always afraid of any little noise. OR: The least (bit of) noise startles you.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"yu aalweez fraikn eni lil naiz",,You ADV afraid any little noise,,Own knowledge,,1501, +5-21,5,eni lil naiz yu alweez freed,eni\tlil\tnaiz\tyu\talweez\tfreed,any\tlittle\tnoise\tyou\tADV\tADJ.PRED,Any little noise scares you. OR: You are always scared by the least bit of noise.,,,1197[1],,naturalistic spoken,"eni lil naiz yu alweez freed",,any little noise you ADV ADJ.PRED,,,,1502, +6-12,6,Don kis shi plenty.,Don\tkis\tshi\tplenty.,Don\tkiss.3SG\t3SG.DO\tplenty,Don kisses her often.,,,1431[55],,elicited from speaker,Don kis shi plenty.,,"Don kiss.3SG 3SG.DO plenty",,,,1503, +6-13,6,Hi well laik shi.,Hi\twell\tlaik\tshi.,3SG\tADV\tlike\t3SG.DO,He likes her all right (mostly).,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Hi well laik shi.",,3SG ADV like 3SG.DO,,Informant,,1504, +7-23,7,Hi aaltaim tel di truut.,Hi\taal-taim\ttel\tdi\ttruut.,3SG\tall-time\ttell\tART\ttruth,He often tells the truth. OR: He always tells the truth.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Hi aaltaim tel di truut.",Hi aal-taim tel di truut.,3SG all-time tell ART truth,,Own knowledge,,1505, +7-24,7,Meiri duhz kis Jan plenti taim.,Meiri\tduhz\tkis\tJan\tplenti\ttaim.,Mary\tHAB\tkiss\tJohn\tplenty\ttime,Mary often kisses John. OR: Mary kisses John a lot.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Meiri duhz kis Jan plenti taim.",,Mary HAB kiss John plenty time,,Own knowledge,,1506, +8-13,8,Di pikni nyam manggo aaftin.,Di\tpikni\tnyam\tmanggo\taaftin.,DET\tchild\teat\tmango\toften,The child eats mangoes often.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di pikni nyam manggo aaftin.",,DET child eat mango often,,Own knowledge,,1507, +9-23,9,Yu no pas dat ting ataal.,Yu\tno\tpas\tdat\tting\tataal.,2SG\tNEG\tpass\tthat\tthing\tat.all,Don’t overlook that.,,,432[34],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu no pas dat ting ataal.",,2SG NEG pass that thing at.all,,,,1508, +9-24,9,Habat i me niali ga wan bad brɛkdown.,Habat\ti\tme\tniali\tga\twan\tbad\tbrɛkdown.,Herbert\the\tANT\tnearly\tget\ta\tbad\tbreakdown,Herbert nearly had a bad breakdown.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,"Habat i me niali ga wan bad brɛkdown.",,Herbert he ANT nearly get a bad breakdown,,,,1509, +9-25,9,Evri no an agin yu si wan ton op.,Evri\tno\tan\tagin\tyu\tsi\twan\tton\top.,every\tone\tand\tagain\t2SG\tsee\tone\tturn\tup,Every now and again you see one turn up.,,An adverb in sentence initial position is less frequent than its occurrence after the subject.,429,,naturalistic spoken,"Evri no an agin yu si wan ton op.",,every one and again 2SG see one turn up,An adverb in sentence initial position is less frequent than its occurrence after the subject.,,,1510, +9-26,9,ʧɛk owt beliz pipol dem iyt lown krab.,ʧɛk\towt\tbeliz\tpipol\tdem\tiyt\tlown\tkrab.,check\tout\tBelize\tpeople\t3PL\teat\tlone\tcrab,Belizeans often eat crab.,,The use of this frequency adjective has actually adverbial value because it is attached to the noun.,438,,naturalistic spoken,"ʧɛk owt beliz pipol dem iyt lown krab.",,check out Belize people 3PL eat lone crab,The use of this frequency adjective has actually adverbial value because it is attached to the noun.,,,1511, +9-27,9,Wɛn i kum bak da lown kriol i de taak.,Wɛn\ti\tkum\tbak\tda\tlown\tkriol\ti\tde\ttaak.,when\t3SG\tcome\tback\tTOP\tlone\tcreole\t3SG\tPROG\ttalk,When he came back he often spoke creole. OR: He could speak creole really well.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,"Wɛn i kum bak da lown kriol i de taak.",,when 3SG come back TOP lone creole 3SG PROG talk,,,,1512, +10-12,10,Mary kis John plenty.,Mary\tkis\tJohn\tplenty.,Mary\tkiss\tJohn\tplenty,Mary often kisses John.,,The counterpart of English often does not exist in San Andrés Creole English.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mary kis John plenty.",,Mary kiss John plenty,"The counterpart of English often does not exist in San Andrés Creole English.",Field notes 2008,,1513, +11-19,11,Mary kis John evri minit.,Mary\tkis\tJohn\tevri\tminit.,Mary\tkiss\tJohn\tevery\tminute,Mary often kisses John.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mary kis John evri minit.",,Mary kiss John every minute,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,1514, +11-20,11,Mary aalitaim kis John.,Mary\taal-i-taim\tkis\tJohn,Mary\tall-ART.DEF-time\tkiss\tJohn,Mary often kisses John.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mary aalitaim kis John.",Mary aal-i-taim kis John,Mary all-ART.DEF-time kiss John,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,1515, +12-14,12,I always ride the plane.,I\talways\tride\tthe\tplane.,I\tADV\tride\tthe\tplane,I always take the plane.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I always ride the plane.,,I ADV ride the plane,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,1516, +12-15,12,I like it plenty.,I\tlike\tit\tplenty.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\t3SG.N.OBJ\tplenty,I like it a lot.,,,634[157],,naturalistic written,I like it plenty.,,1SG.SBJ like 3SG.N.OBJ plenty,,,,1517, +13-16,13,Dey alltime kill lamb.,Dey\talltime\tkill\tlamb.,they\talways\tkill\tlamb,They always kill lambs. (Mk 14.12),,,357[175],,bible translation,"Dey alltime kill lamb.",,they always kill lamb,,,,1518, +14-14,14,They usually eat cheese.,They\tusually\teat\tcheese.,they\tusually\teat\tcheese,They usually eat cheese.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,They usually eat cheese.,,they usually eat cheese,,Own knowledge,,1519, +14-15,14,I usually be looking for somewhere to waste time.,I\tusually\tbe\tlooking\tfor\tsomewhere\tto\twaste\ttime.,1SG\tusually\tHAB\tlooking\tfor\tsomewhere\tto\twaste\ttime,It is usually the case that I am looking for somewhere to waste time. OR: It it the case that I am usually looking for somewhere to waste time.,,"Adverbs usually precede aspectual markers, such as be.",576[51],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I usually be looking for somewhere to waste time.,,1SG usually HAB looking for somewhere to waste time,"Adverbs usually precede aspectual markers, such as be.",,,1520, +15-14,15,dʃɔn bin de go fɛn meri ɔl di tɛm,dʃɔn\tbin\tde\tgo\tfɛn\tmeri\tɔl\tdi\ttɛm,John\tPST\tPROG\tgo\tfind\tMary\tall\tthe\ttime,John always used to go visit Mary.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dʃɔn bin de go fɛn meri ɔl di tɛm,,John PST PROG go find Mary all the time,,Own knowledge,,1521, +15-15,15,ɔl tɛm ʤɔn de na meri ĩ os,ɔl\ttɛm\tʤɔn\tde\tna\tmeri\tĩ\tos,all.the\ttime\tJohn\tthere\tLOC\tMary\tPOSS\thouse,John is always at Mary's house. OR: John is at Mary's house all the time.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ɔl tɛm ʤɔn de na meri ĩ os,,all.the time John there LOC Mary POSS house,,Own knowledge,,1522, +16-18,16,dè implɔi pipu plɛnti,dè\timplɔi\tpipu\tplɛnti,3PL\temploy\tpeople\tplenty,They employ people a lot. OR: They employ a lot of people.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"dè implɔi pipu plɛnti",,3PL employ people plenty,,Own fieldwork,,1523, +17-13,17,Me̱ri dè kis Jo̱n planti taym.,Me̱ri\tdè\tkis\tJo̱n\tplanti\ttaym.,Mary\tNCOMPL\tkiss\tJohn\tplenty\ttime,Mary often kisses John.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Me̱ri dè kis Jo̱n planti taym.",,Mary NCOMPL kiss John plenty time,,Own knowledge,,1524, +17-14,17,Planti taym Me̱ri dè kis Jo̱n.,Planti\ttaym\tMe̱ri\tdè\tkis\tJo̱n.,plenty\ttime\tMary\tNCOMPL\tkiss\tJohn,Mary often kisses John.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Planti taym Me̱ri dè kis Jo̱n.",,plenty time Mary NCOMPL kiss John,,Own knowledge,,1525, +18-17,18,A laikam plehnti.,A\tlaik-am\tplenti.,1SG.SBJ\tlike-3SG.OBL\tplenty,I like it a lot.,,,1488[22],,published source,A laikam plehnti.,A laik-am plenti.,1SG.SBJ like-3SG.OBL plenty,,,,1526, +18-18,18,I bi di so so kof.,I\tbi\tdi\tso\tso\tkof.,2SG.SBJ\tPST\tIPFV\toften\toften\tcough,He coughed often.,,This is sentence 96 from Dahl's TAM questionnaire.,1344,,elicited from speaker,I bi di so so kof.,,2SG.SBJ PST IPFV often often cough,This is sentence 96 from Dahl's TAM questionnaire.,,,1527, +19-18,19,À kìn si dan bɔy bɔ̀kú nà tɔn.,À\tkìn\tsi\tdan\tbɔy\tbɔ̀kú\tnà\ttɔn.,1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tsee\tthat\tboy\tmuch\tLOC\ttown,I often see that boy in town.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"À kìn si dan bɔy bɔ̀kú nà tɔn.",,1SG.SBJ HAB see that boy much LOC town,,Field data,,1528, +20-18,20,He often stop here.,He\toften\tstop\there.,3SG\toften\tCOP\there,He is often here.,,,1489[IV.50],,naturalistic written,He often stop here.,,3SG often COP here,,,希阿分士塔唏,1529, +20-19,20,He every day tipsy.,He\tevery\tday\ttipsy.,3SG\tevery\tday\ttipsy,He gets drunk every day.,,,1489[IV.55],,naturalistic written,He every day tipsy.,,3SG every day tipsy,,,希(口衣)乎黎低帖時,1530, +21-17,21,She always doing that.,She\talways\tdo-ing\tthat.,3SG\talways\tdo-PROG\tthat,She does that all the time.,,,48[137],,naturalistic spoken,"She always doing that.",She always do-ing that.,3SG always do-PROG that,,,,1531, +21-18,21,She's doing that always.,She's\tdo-ing\tthat\talways.,3SG.be.3SG\tdo-PROG\tthat\talways,She's always doing that.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"She's doing that always.",She's do-ing that always.,3SG.be.3SG do-PROG that always,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,1532, +22-26,22,Mi bin lukim mama planti taim.,Mi\tbin\tluk-im\tmama\tplanti\ttaim.,1SG\tPST\tsee-TR\tmother\tmany\ttime,I saw mother often.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mi bin lukim mama planti taim.",Mi bin luk-im mama planti taim.,1SG PST see-TR mother many time,,Own knowledge,,1533, +23-19,23,[...] blong mekem sua se gavman hemi folem loa oltaem long ol wok blong hem.,[...]\tblong\tmekem\tsua\tse\tgavman\themi\tfolem\tloa\toltaem\tlong\tol\twok\tblong\them.,[...]\tPURP\tmake\tsure\tCOMP\tgovernment\t3SG.AGR\tfollow\tlaw\tall.time\tLOC\tPL\twork\tPOSS\t3SG,[...] in order to ensure that the Government always obeys the law in its work.,,,,,naturalistic written,"[...] blong mekem sua se gavman hemi folem loa oltaem long ol wok blong hem.",,[...] PURP make sure COMP government 3SG.AGR follow law all.time LOC PL work POSS 3SG,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 20 June 1998",,1534, +24-26,24,Dem uuli florg dems lekl salan.,Dem\tuuli\tflorg\tdems\tlekl\tsalan.,they\toften\tbeat\tthey.POSS\tlittle\tperson,They often beat their children.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dem uuli florg dems lekl salan.",,they often beat they.POSS little person,,Own fieldwork,,1535, +25-76,25,Jamtaim wi tok lengguij jirrama.,Jamtaim\twi\ttok\tlengguij\tjirrama.,sometimes\t1PL.EXCL\tspeak\tlanguage\ttwo,Sometimes we speak two languages.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the frequency adverbial jamtaim 'sometimes'. Jirrama 'two' is a Jaminjung word.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Jamtaim wi tok lengguij jirrama.",,sometimes 1PL.EXCL speak language two,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the frequency adverbial jamtaim 'sometimes'. Jirrama 'two' is a Jaminjung word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1536, +25-77,25,Ai bin oldei lisen mai olmen.,Ai\tbin\toldei\tlisen\tmai\tolmen.,1SG\tPST\talways/HAB\tlisten\t1SG:POSS\told.man,I always/habitually listened to my old man (i.e. father).,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the frequency adverbial oldei 'always' which occurs in preverbal position in habitual function, and a possessive pronoun.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai bin oldei lisen mai olmen.",,1SG PST always/HAB listen 1SG:POSS old.man,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the frequency adverbial oldei 'always' which occurs in preverbal position in habitual function, and a possessive pronoun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1537, +25-78,25,Gardiya bin oldei ringim thet bel.,Gardiya\tbin\toldei\tring-im\tthet\tbel.,white.person\tPST\talways/HAB\tring-TR\tDEM\tbell,"A white person used to ring a bell every day. (context: work on the cattle stations, when speaker was young).",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the frequency adverbial oldei 'always' which occurs in preverbal position in habitual function. Gardiya is a Ngarinyman word.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Gardiya bin oldei ringim thet bel.,Gardiya bin oldei ring-im thet bel.,white.person PST always/HAB ring-TR DEM bell,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the frequency adverbial oldei 'always' which occurs in preverbal position in habitual function. Gardiya is a Ngarinyman word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1538, +25-79,25,"Wi yusdu get haidin from wait men yuno, oletaim.","Wi\tyusdu\tget\thaidin\tfrom\twait\tmen\tyuno,\toletaim.",1PL\tHAB\tget\thiding\tfrom\twhite\tmen\tyou.know\talways,We used to get a beating from the white people all the time.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a 1st person exclusive use of the plural pronoun wi, and the habitual marker yusdu.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wi yusdu get haidin from wait men yuno, oletaim.",,1PL HAB get hiding from white men you.know always,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a 1st person exclusive use of the plural pronoun wi, and the habitual marker yusdu.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1539, +25-80,25,Ai bin gowin skul orlataim. Afda tharran ai orlas kambek en abam dina en go pleibat garra orla kid.,Ai\tbin\tgow-in\tskul\torlataim.\tAfda\ttharran\tai\torlas\tkam-bek\ten\tab-am\tdina\ten\tgo\tplei-bat\tgarra\torla\tkid.,1SG\tPST\tgo-PROG2\tschool\talways\tafter\tDIST:ADJ\t1SG\talways\tcome-back\tand\thave-TR\tdinner\tand\tgo\tplay-PROG\tCOM/INS\tPL\tchild,I used to go to school every day. After school I would come back and have dinner and then go and play with the children.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the position of frequency adverbs in the clause.,659[32],,naturalistic spoken,"Ai bin gowin skul orlataim. Afda tharran ai orlas kambek en abam dina en go pleibat garra orla kid.",Ai bin gow-in skul orlataim. Afda tharran ai orlas kam-bek en ab-am dina en go plei-bat garra orla kid.,1SG PST go-PROG2 school always after DIST:ADJ 1SG always come-back and have-TR dinner and go play-PROG COM/INS PL child,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the position of frequency adverbs in the clause.,,,1540, +26-15,26,a stɛ go kat gɹæs al a taɪm,a\tstɛ\tgo\tkat\tgɹæs\tal\ta\ttaɪm,1SG\tIPFV\tACT\tcut\tgrass\tall\tART\ttime,I kept cutting grass all the time.,,ACT = action marker,1545[86],,naturalistic spoken,"a stɛ go kat gɹæs al a taɪm",,1SG IPFV ACT cut grass all ART time,ACT = action marker,,,1541, +26-16,26,aɪ no is da seɪm wan deɪ plæ ɛvɹitaɪmɛvɹitaɪm,aɪ\tno\tis\tda\tseɪm\twan\tdeɪ\tplæ\tɛvɹitaɪm-ɛvɹitaɪm,1SG\tknow\tis\tART\tsame\tone\t3PL\tplay\tevery.time-INTENS,I know it's the same one they play every single time.,,"INTENS = intensive; note that this is not reduplication, but simply a non-grammaticalized repetition that is sometimes used to indicate intensification (see also Velupillai 2003b).",1545[103],,naturalistic spoken,aɪ no is da seɪm wan deɪ plæ ɛvɹitaɪmɛvɹitaɪm,aɪ no is da seɪm wan deɪ plæ ɛvɹitaɪm-ɛvɹitaɪm,1SG know is ART same one 3PL play every.time-INTENS,"INTENS = intensive; note that this is not reduplication, but simply a non-grammaticalized repetition that is sometimes used to indicate intensification (see also Velupillai 2003b).",,,1542, +28-23,28,idri tito wa haf mu fɛkɛ,idri\ttiti\to\twa\thafi\tmu\tfi\tɛkɛ,every\ttime\t3SG\tPST\thave.to\tgo\tfor\t1SG,Every time he had to fetch me.,,,737[392],,naturalistic spoken,idri tito wa haf mu fɛkɛ,idri titi o wa hafi mu fi ɛkɛ,every time 3SG PST have.to go for 1SG,,,,1543, +28-24,28,idri daka nau ma krik tukuma fə ʃi jefi,idri\tdaka\tnau\tma\tkriki\ttukuma\tfi\tʃi\tjefi,every\tday\tnow\tIRR\tget\tpalmworm\tfor\t3SG.POSS\tfood,Every day now (she) would get palmworms to eat.,,,737[107],,naturalistic spoken,idri daka nau ma krik tukuma fə ʃi jefi,idri daka nau ma kriki tukuma fi ʃi jefi,every day now IRR get palmworm for 3SG.POSS food,,,,1544, +28-25,28,"aʃu pruf di gudi, ju ma alwesuko","aʃi\tju\tpruf\tdi\tgutu\tdi,\tju\tma\talwes\tsuku\to",if\t2SG\ttaste\tthe\tthing\tDEM\t2SG\tIRR\talways\twant\t3SG,"If you taste this stuff, you will always want it.",,,737[106],,naturalistic spoken,"aʃu pruf di gudi, ju ma alwesuko","aʃi ju pruf di gutu di, ju ma alwes suku o",if 2SG taste the thing DEM 2SG IRR always want 3SG,,,,1545, +28-26,28,da somtiti ju hafə nunu wedri blarwap an [...],da\tsomtiti\tju\thafu\tnunu\tweldri\tblaru-apu\tan\t[...],COP\tsometimes\t2SG\thave.to\tpull\twild\tleaf-PL\tand\t[...],"(It is the case that) sometimes you have to pull off wild leaves, and [...].",,Initial da here marks sentential focus (see Kouwenberg 1994: 431f. for discussion).,737[103],,naturalistic spoken,da somtiti ju hafə nunu wedri blarwap an [...],da somtiti ju hafu nunu weldri blaru-apu an [...],COP sometimes 2SG have.to pull wild leaf-PL and [...],"Initial da here marks sentential focus (see Kouwenberg 1994: 431f. for discussion).",,,1546, +29-17,29,Marie soen dikwels (vir) Piet.,Marie\tsoen\tdikwels\t(vir)\tPiet.,Mary\tkisses\toften\t(OBJ.MARKER)\tPete,Mary often kisses Pete.,,This is the normal order where the object is new information (vir is a rheme-marker - cf. Molnarfi 1999).,,,naturalistic spoken,Marie soen dikwels (vir) Piet.,,Mary kisses often (OBJ.MARKER) Pete,"This is the normal order where the object is new information (vir is a rheme-marker - cf. Molnarfi 1999).",Own knowledge,,1547, +29-18,29,Marie soen Piet dikwels.,Marie\tsoen\tPiet\tdikwels.,Mary\tkisses\tPete\toften,Mary often kisses Pete.,,This order is most natural with old information / specific objects.,,,naturalistic spoken,Marie soen Piet dikwels.,,Mary kisses Pete often,This order is most natural with old information / specific objects.,Own knowledge,,1548, +29-19,29,omdat Marie Piet dikwels soen,omdat\tMarie\tPiet\tdikwels\tsoen,because\tMary\tPete\toften\tkisses,because Mary often kisses Pete,,,,,naturalistic written,omdat Marie Piet dikwels soen,,because Mary Pete often kisses,,Own knowledge,,1549, +29-20,29,omdat Marie dikwels vir Piet soen,omdat\tMarie\tdikwels\tvir\tPiet\tsoen,because\tMary\toften\tOBJ.MARKER\tPete\tkisses,because Mary often kisses Pete,,,,,naturalistic spoken,omdat Marie dikwels vir Piet soen,,because Mary often OBJ.MARKER Pete kisses,,Own knowledge,,1550, +30-21,30,Kunprador txeu bes ta kunpra na órta mé.,Kunprador\ttxeu\tbes\tta=kunpra\tna=órta\tmé.,buyer\tmany\ttime\tIPFV=buy\tin=field\titself,The customers often buy [the goods] directly from the field.,,,784[s.v. mé],,naturalistic spoken,"Kunprador txeu bes ta kunpra na órta mé.",Kunprador txeu bes ta=kunpra na=órta mé.,buyer many time IPFV=buy in=field itself,,,,1551, +30-22,30,"Txeu bes flexa ta tenba venénu n'el, pa máta inimigu más fáxi.","Txeu\tbes\tflexa\tta=ten-ba\tvenénu\tn=el,\tpa=máta\tinimigu\tmás\tfáxi.",many\ttime\tarrow\tIPFV=have-ANT\tpoison\tin=it\tfor=kill\tenemy\tmore\tquick,"The arrows were often poisoned, in order to kill the enemy faster.",,,784[s.v. flexa],,naturalistic spoken,"Txeu bes flexa ta tenba venénu n'el, pa máta inimigu más fáxi.","Txeu bes flexa ta=ten-ba venénu n=el, pa=máta inimigu más fáxi.",many time arrow IPFV=have-ANT poison in=it for=kill enemy more quick,,,,1552,"German: Die Pfeile waren oft vergiftet, um den Feind schneller zu töten." +30-23,30,"Dimóniu tenta Jizus txeu bes, la na dizértu.","Dimóniu\ttenta\tJizus\ttxeu\tbes,\tla\tna=dizértu.",devil\ttempt\tJesus\tmany\ttime\tthere\tin=desert,The devil often tempted Jesus there in the desert.,,,784[s.v. tenta],,naturalistic spoken,"Dimóniu tenta Jizus txeu bes, la na dizértu.","Dimóniu tenta Jizus txeu bes, la na=dizértu.",devil tempt Jesus many time there in=desert,,,,1553,German: Der Teufel führte Jesus dort in der Wüste oft in Versuchung. +30-24,30,[...] nhu ta ten txeu bes surpréza.,[...]\tnhu=ta=ten\ttxeu\tbes\tsurpréza.,[...]\t2SG.POL.M=IPFV=have\tmany\ttime\tsurprise,[...] you often have a surprise.,,,784[s.v. dizinbrudja],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] nhu ta ten txeu bes surpréza.",[...] nhu=ta=ten txeu bes surpréza.,[...] 2SG.POL.M=IPFV=have many time surprise,,,,1554,German: [...] Sie erleben oft eine Überraschung. +31-23,31,El da-nu zimola e da senpri se pon di kada dia.,El\tda-nu\tzimola\te\tda\tsenpri\tse\tpon\tdi\tkada\tdia.,he\tgave-us\tcharity\the\tgives\talways\this\tbread\tof\tevery\tday,"He gave us charity, he always provides every day's bread.",,"The adverbial may occur right after the verb, as instantiated in this sentence. This sentence is a modified version of an utterance found in my Santiago fieldwork corpus. It is also reflective of what is possible in the Brava variety of the language.",,,constructed by linguist,"El da-nu zimola e da senpri se pon di kada dia.",,he gave-us charity he gives always his bread of every day,"The adverbial may occur right after the verb, as instantiated in this sentence. This sentence is a modified version of an utterance found in my Santiago fieldwork corpus. It is also reflective of what is possible in the Brava variety of the language.",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,1555, +31-24,31,Minizu senpri ta sa so na gera ku mi i ku bo.,Minizu\tsenpri\tta\tsa\tso\tna\tgera\tku\tmi\ti\tku\tbo.,children\talways\tTAM\tTAM\tonly\tin\twar\twith\tme\tand\twith\tyou,Children are always fighting me and you.,,Here the adverbial occurs BEFORE the verb. This sentence is a modified version of an utterance found in my Santiago fieldwork corpus. It is also reflective of what is possible in the Brava variety of the language.,,,constructed by linguist,"Minizu senpri ta sa so na gera ku mi i ku bo.",,children always TAM TAM only in war with me and with you,Here the adverbial occurs BEFORE the verb. This sentence is a modified version of an utterance found in my Santiago fieldwork corpus. It is also reflective of what is possible in the Brava variety of the language.,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,1556, +31-25,31,Maria t'odja Paulo senpri.,Maria\tt'odja\tPaulo\tsenpri.,Maria\tTAM.see\talways\tPaulo,Maria always sees Paulo.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Maria t'odja Paulo senpri.",,Maria TAM.see always Paulo,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,1557, +32-14,32,Pais devê lutá senpr pa se independênsia.,Pais\tdevê\tlutá\tsenpr\tpa\tse\tindependênsia.,country\tmust\tfight\talways\tfor\t3SG.POSS\tindependence,A country must always fight for its independence.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Pais devê lutá senpr pa se independênsia.",,country must fight always for 3SG.POSS independence,,,,1558,Portuguese: Um pais deve lutar sempre para a sua independência. +32-15,32,Nha avô senpr vendê midj.,Nha\tavô\tsenpr\tvendê\tmidj.,1SG.POSS\tgrandmother\talways\tsell\tcorn,My grandmother always sold corn.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Nha avô senpr vendê midj.",,1SG.POSS grandmother always sell corn,,,,1559,Portuguese: A minha avó senpre vendeu milho. +32-16,32,Doka t'oiá jog senpr.,Doka\tta\toiá\tjog\tsenpr.,Doka\tPRS\twatch\tmatch\talways,Doka always watches games.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Doka t'oiá jog senpr.","Doka ta oiá jog senpr.",Doka PRS watch match always,,Own knowledge,,1560,Portuguese: O Doka sempre vê o jogo. +33-16,33,Tudu ora Maria ta beija Djon.,Tudu\tora\tMaria\tta\tbeija\tDjon.,all\thour\tMaria\tHAB\tkiss\tJohn,Maria often kisses John.,,The order is adv + v + obj .,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Tudu ora Maria ta beija Djon.",,all hour Maria HAB kiss John,The order is adv + v + obj .,Own knowledge,,1561,Portuguese: A Maria beija frequentemente o João. +33-18,33,Maria tudu ora ta beija Djon.,Maria\ttudu\tora\tta\tbeija\tDjon.,Maria\tall\thour\tHAB\tkiss\tJohn,Mary is always kissing John.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Maria tudu ora ta beija Djon.",,Maria all hour HAB kiss John,,Own knowledge,,1562,Portuguese: A Maria está sempre a beijar o João. +34-17,34,Kada diya N ta wojá Mariya na fera.,Kada\tdiya\tN\tta\twojá\tMariya\tna\tfera.,each\tday\t1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tsee\tMary\tin\tmarket,I see Mary every day at the market.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kada diya N ta wojá Mariya na fera.",,each day 1SG.SBJ HAB see Mary in market,,Own knowledge,,1563, +34-18,34,N ta wojá kada diya Mariya na fera.,N\tta\twojá\tkada\tdiya\tMariya\tna\tfera.,1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tsee\teach\tday\tMary\tin\tmarket,I see Mary every day at the market.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N ta wojá kada diya Mariya na fera.",,1SG.SBJ HAB see each day Mary in market,,Own knowledge,,1564, +34-19,34,N ta wojá Mariya kada diya na fera.,N\tta\twojá\tMariya\tkada\tdiya\tna\tfera.,1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tsee\tMary\teach\tday\tin\tmarket,I see Mary every day at the market.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N ta wojá Mariya kada diya na fera.",,1SG.SBJ HAB see Mary each day in market,,Own knowledge,,1565, +35-22,35,Ê ka kopla pixi tudu ola.,Ê\tka\tkopla\tpixi\ttudu\tola.,3SG\tIPFV\tbuy\tfish\tall\thour,He buys fish all the time.,,Sentence-level adverbs occur typically in pre-subject or sentence-final position.,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê ka kopla pixi tudu ola.",,3SG IPFV buy fish all hour,Sentence-level adverbs occur typically in pre-subject or sentence-final position.,Own data,,1566, +35-23,35,Tudu ola ê ka kopla pixi.,Tudu\tola\tê\tka\tkopla\tpixi.,all\thour\t3SG\tIPFV\tbuy\tfish,He buys fish all the time.,,Sentence-level adverbs occur typically in pre-subject or sentence-final position.,,,elicited from speaker,"Tudu ola ê ka kopla pixi.",,all hour 3SG IPFV buy fish,Sentence-level adverbs occur typically in pre-subject or sentence-final position.,Own data,,1567, +36-12,36,Thempe ê ka kopua kikiê ra m.,Thempe\tê\tka\tkopua\tkikiê\tra\tm.,always\the\tHAB\tbuy\tfish\tgive\tme,She always buys fish for me.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Thempe ê ka kopua kikiê ra m.",,always he HAB buy fish give me,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,1568, +36-13,36,Ê ka kopua thempe kikiê ra m.,Ê\tka\tkopua\tthempe\tkikiê\tra\tm.,she\tHAB\tbuy\talways\tfish\tgive\tme,She always buys fish for me.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê ka kopua thempe kikiê ra m.",,she HAB buy always fish give me,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,1569, +36-14,36,Ê ka kopua kikiê ra m thempe.,Ê\tka\tkopua\tkikiê\tra\tm\tthempe.,she\tHAB\tbuy\tfish\tgive\tme\talways,She always buys fish for me.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê ka kopua kikiê ra m thempe.",,she HAB buy fish give me always,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,1570, +37-14,37,Mene sempi ka kopa pêxi na fya.,Mene\tsempi\tka\tkopa\tpêxi\tna\tfya.,Mene\talways\tHAB\tbuy\tfish\tLOC\tmarket,Mene always buys fish at the market.,,,905[142],,elicited from speaker,"Mene sempi ka kopa pêxi na fya.",,Mene always HAB buy fish LOC market,,,,1571, +37-15,37,Mene ka kopa sempi pêxi na fya.,Mene\tka\tkopa\tsempi\tpêxi\tna\tfya.,Mene\tHAB\tbuy\talways\tfish\tLOC\tmarket,Mene always buys fish at the market.,,,905[142],,elicited from speaker,"Mene ka kopa sempi pêxi na fya.",,Mene HAB buy always fish LOC market,,,,1572, +39-27,39,Yo sẽp tə brĩka saykəl.,Yo\tsẽp\ttə\tbrĩka\tsaykəl.,1SG\toften/always\tIPFV.NPST\tplay-INF\tbicycle,I often/always play with my bicycle.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Yo sẽp tə brĩka saykəl.","Yo sẽp tə brĩka saykəl.",1SG often/always IPFV.NPST play-INF bicycle,,Own knowledge,,1573, +39-28,39,El sẽp dəpəy də jãtar ad vay kaz pu drumi.,El\tsẽp\tdəpəy\tdə\tjãtar\tad\tvay\tkaz\tpu\tdrum-i.,3SG\talways/often\tafter\tof\tlunch\tIRR.NPST\tgo.INF\thouse\tPURP\tsleep-INF,He always/often goes home after lunch to sleep.,,,221[241],,elicited from speaker,"El sẽp dəpəy də jãtar ad vay kaz pu drumi.",El sẽp dəpəy də jãtar ad vay kaz pu drum-i.,3SG always/often after of lunch IRR.NPST go.INF house PURP sleep-INF,,,,1574, +40-18,40,N-əkə alde nɔ kadi ti baʃa.,N-əkə\talde\tnɔ\tkadi\tti\tbaʃa.,LOC-that\tvillage\twe\teveryday\tPST\tgo.down,We would go down to that village every day. OR: We used to go down to that village every day.,,This sentence is taken from a story told by Rozy Martis.,,,naturalistic spoken,N-əkə alde nɔ kadi ti baʃa.,,LOC-that village we everyday PST go.down,This sentence is taken from a story told by Rozy Martis.,Unpublished story,,1575, +40-19,40,Tər asĩ kadi ũ ũ bəli tə manda manda.,Tər\tasĩ\tkadi\tũ\tũ\tbəli\ttə\tmanda\tmanda.,so\tin.this.way\teveryday\tone\tone\tsacrificial.offering\tPRS\tsend\tsend,"So, in this way each day one sacrificial offering would be sent.",,This is from an unpublished story told by Francis Martis. It is in the historical present. The scene took place in the past.,,,naturalistic spoken,Tər asĩ kadi ũ ũ bəli tə manda manda.,,so in.this.way everyday one one sacrificial.offering PRS send send,This is from an unpublished story told by Francis Martis. It is in the historical present. The scene took place in the past.,Unpublished story,,1576, +41-22,41,eev vosa kuɲaadupa kada ɔɔra kilembraa,eev\tvosa\tkuɲaadu-pa\tkada\tɔɔra\tki-lembraa,1SG\t2SG.GEN\tbrother.in.law-ACC\tevery\ttime\tHAB-think.of,I often think of your brother-in-law.,,It is likely that Adv NP order is possible here too. Note that the translation given is the prompt. A better translation of the sentence elicited would be 'I’m always thinking of your brother-in-law.',1416[3870],,elicited from speaker,"eev vosa kuɲaadupa kada ɔɔra kilembraa",eev vosa kuɲaadu-pa kada ɔɔra ki-lembraa,1SG 2SG.GEN brother.in.law-ACC every time HAB-think.of,It is likely that Adv NP order is possible here too. Note that the translation given is the prompt. A better translation of the sentence elicited would be 'I’m always thinking of your brother-in-law.',,,1577, +41-23,41,akii kiyɔɔra taam aros kikuza,akii\tkii-ɔɔra\ttaam\taros\tki-kuza,here\twhat-time\tCONC\trice\tHAB-cook,Here you cook rice often (lit. Here you cook rice whenever).,,"It is likely that NP Adv order is also possible. Habitual is marked by the nominalized verb. Indefinite 'whenever' is marked by the interrogative word + concessive particle (see Feature 21 ""Indefinite pronouns"").",1416[3623],,elicited from speaker,"akii kiyɔɔra taam aros kikuza",akii kii-ɔɔra taam aros ki-kuza,here what-time CONC rice HAB-cook,"It is likely that NP Adv order is also possible. Habitual is marked by the nominalized verb. Indefinite 'whenever' is marked by the interrogative word + concessive particle (see Feature 21 ""Indefinite pronouns"").",,,1578, +42-20,42,Stanley niora niora lo bebé sura,Stanley\tniora\tniora\tlo\tbebé\tsura,Stanley\tdue.course\tdue.course\tFUT\tdrink\ttoddy,Stanley often drinks toddy.,,"This was tested with informants in Malacca, October 26, 2009. This order is predominant and considered 'normal'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Stanley niora niora lo bebé sura",,Stanley due.course due.course FUT drink toddy,"This was tested with informants in Malacca, October 26, 2009. This order is predominant and considered 'normal'.","Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,1579, +42-21,42,Stanley lo bebé sura niora niora,Stanley\tlo\tbebé\tsura\tniora\tniora,Stanley\tFUT\tdrink\ttoddy\tdue.course\tdue.course,Stanley drinks toddy often.,,This was tested on 26th of October 2009 with informants in Malacca.,,,elicited from speaker,"Stanley lo bebé sura niora niora",,Stanley FUT drink toddy due.course due.course,This was tested on 26th of October 2009 with informants in Malacca.,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,1580, +44-17,44,El mánga kriyatúra ta bisamánu pírmi kon Lóling.,El\tmánga\tkriyatúra\tta\tbisamánu\tpírmi\tkon\tLóling.,DET\tPL\tchild\tIPFV\tkiss.hand\talways\tOBJ\tLoling,The children always kiss the hand of Loling.,,Pírmi expresses ‘often/always’. Here bisamánu might work as a verb. It means getting a blessing from an older person.,,,elicited from speaker,"El mánga kriyatúra ta bisamánu pírmi kon Lóling.",,DET PL child IPFV kiss.hand always OBJ Loling,"Pírmi expresses ‘often/always’. Here bisamánu might work as a verb. It means getting a blessing from an older person.",Own data,,1581, +44-18,44,Quel manga Mardicas pirme ta visia con quel manga pirata moro [...].,Quel\tmanga\tMardicas\tpirme\tta\tvisia\tcon\tquel\tmanga\tpirata\tmoro\t[...].,DET\tPL\tmardicas\talways\tIPFV\tkeep.watch\tOBJ\tDET\tPL\tpirate\tmoro\t[...],The mardicas always kept watch for the moro pirates [...].,,"Pírmi stands for ‘often/always’. Mardikas were local Christians from the island of Ternate in the Moluccas who accompanied the Spanish to Manila in the seventeenth century and later founded the village of Ternate. The etymological meaning of the name is “free people” (Blair & Robertson 1909 vol. 36: 237, de la Concepción 1788–1792: 102–103).",1064[5],,naturalistic written,"Quel manga Mardicas pirme ta visia con quel manga pirata moro [...].",,DET PL mardicas always IPFV keep.watch OBJ DET PL pirate moro [...],"Pírmi stands for ‘often/always’. Mardikas were local Christians from the island of Ternate in the Moluccas who accompanied the Spanish to Manila in the seventeenth century and later founded the village of Ternate. The etymological meaning of the name is “free people” (Blair & Robertson 1909 vol. 36: 237, de la Concepción 1788–1792: 102–103).",,,1582, +44-19,44,Pírmi el mánga kriyatúra ta bisamánu kon Lóling.,Pírmi\tel\tmánga\tkriyatúra\tta\tbisamánu\tkon\tLóling.,always\tDEF\tPL\tchild\tIPFV\tkiss.hand\tOBJ\tLoling,The children always kiss the hand of Loling.,,Pírmi stands for ‘often/always’. Here bisamánu might work as a verb. It means getting a blessing from an older person.,,,elicited from speaker,"Pírmi el mánga kriyatúra ta bisamánu kon Lóling.",,always DEF PL child IPFV kiss.hand OBJ Loling,"Pírmi stands for ‘often/always’. Here bisamánu might work as a verb. It means getting a blessing from an older person.",Own data,,1583, +45-13,45,Ta visita Rosa con su tres hermano firme.,Ta\tvisita\tRosa\tcon\tsu\ttres\thermano\tfirme.,IPFV\tvisit\tRosa\tOBJ\ther\tthree\tbrother\talways,Rosa always visits her three brothers.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ta visita Rosa con su tres hermano firme.",,IPFV visit Rosa OBJ her three brother always,,Own knowledge,,1584, +45-14,45,Ta visita Rosa firme con su tres hermano.,Ta\tvisita\tRosa\tfirme\tcon\tsu\ttres\thermano.,IPFV\tvisit\tRosa\talways\tOBJ\ther\tthree\tbrother,Rosa visits her three brothers often.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ta visita Rosa firme con su tres hermano.",,IPFV visit Rosa always OBJ her three brother,,Own knowledge,,1585, +45-15,45,Firme ta visita Rosa con su tres hermano.,Firme\tta\tvisita\tRosa\tcon\tsu\ttres\thermano.,often\tIPFV\tvisit\tRosa\tOBJ\ther\tthree\tbrother,Rosa visits her three brothers often.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Firme ta visita Rosa con su tres hermano.",,often IPFV visit Rosa OBJ her three brother,,Own data,,1586, +46-32,46,Pírmi si Peter ta-besá kun Joan.,Pírmi\tsi\tPeter\tta-besá\tkun\tJoan.,often\tAG\tPeter\tIPFV-kiss\tOBJ\tJoan,Peter often kisses Joan. OR: Peter always kisses Joan.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Pírmi si Peter ta-besá kun Joan.",,often AG Peter IPFV-kiss OBJ Joan,,Own knowledge,,1587, +46-33,46,Ta-besá si Peter kun January pírmi.,Ta-besá\tsi\tPeter\tkun\tJanuary\tpírmi.,IPFV-kiss\tAG\tPeter\tOBJ\tJanuary\toften,Peter kisses January frequently.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta-besá si Peter kun January pírmi.",,IPFV-kiss AG Peter OBJ January often,,Own knowledge,,1588, +46-34,46,Ta-besá si Patrick pirmi kun January.,Ta-besá\tsi\tPatrick\tpirmi\tkun\tJanuary.,IPFV-kiss\tAG\tPatrick\toften\tOBJ\tJanuary,Patrick often kisses January.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta-besá si Patrick pirmi kun January.",,IPFV-kiss AG Patrick often OBJ January,,Own knowledge,,1589, +47-26,47,Huan ta kanta tur día.,Huan\tta\tkanta\ttur\tdia.,Huan\tTNS\tsing\tevery\tday,Huan sings every day.,,The translation is mine.,898[82],,published source,"Huan ta kanta tur día.",Huan ta kanta tur dia.,Huan TNS sing every day,The translation is mine.,,,1590, +47-27,47,E minister ei ta biaha hopi.,E\tminister\tei\tta\tbiaha\thopi.,DEF\tminister\tDEM.NPROX\tTNS\ttravel\tmuch,That minister (of government) travels a lot.,,The translation is mine.,1024[201],,published source,"E minister ei ta biaha hopi.",,DEF minister DEM.NPROX TNS travel much,The translation is mine.,,,1591, +48-15,48,¿Bo akolá ri Pelo mucho?,¿Bo\takolá\tri\tPelo\tmucho?,you.SG\tthink\tof\tPedro\tmuch,Do you think of Pedro often?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"¿Bo akolá ri Pelo mucho?",,you.SG think of Pedro much,,Recorded by author,,1592,Spanish: ¿Te acuerdas de Pedro mucho? +48-16,48,¡Lusi a ngutá ri e ma kusa un poco!,¡Lusi\ta\tngutá\tri\te\tma\tkusa\tun\tpoco!,Lucy\tPST\tlike\tof\tDEM\tPL\tthing\ta\tlittle,Lucy loved these things a lot!,,"Note that the literal meaning of un poco is 'a little', but in an expression of this nature, it most often means the opposite (it can have both meanings; the context almost always clarifies the intended meaning).",,,naturalistic spoken,¡Lusi a ngutá ri e ma kusa un poco!,,Lucy PST like of DEM PL thing a little,"Note that the literal meaning of un poco is 'a little', but in an expression of this nature, it most often means the opposite (it can have both meanings; the context almost always clarifies the intended meaning).",Recorded by author,,1593,"Spanish: ¡A Lucy le gustaron estas cosas ""un poco"" (= bastante)!" +49-18,49,Li konn fè travay la souvan.,Li\tkonn\tfè\ttravay\tla\tsouvan.,he/she\thave.the.habit.of\tdo\twork\tDEF\toften,He/She has the habit of doing this work often.,,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2127.","473[vol. 6, p. 264]",,constructed by linguist,"Li konn fè travay la souvan.",,he/she have.the.habit.of do work DEF often,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2127.",,,1594,French: Il/Elle a l’habitude de faire souvent ce travail. +49-19,49,Entèl pase isi ya dri.,Entèl\tpase\tisi\tya\tdri.,so.and.so\tcome.by\there\tDEF\toften,So-and-so comes by here often.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 264]",,naturalistic spoken,"Entèl pase isi ya dri.",,so.and.so come.by here DEF often,,,,1595,French: Untel passe souvent ici. +49-20,49,Dridri m wè msye pase la.,Dridri\tm\twè\tmsye\tpase\tla.,often.often\t1SG\tsee\t3SG.M\tgo.by\tthere,I see him go by there very often.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 264]",,naturalistic spoken,"Dridri m wè msye pase la.",,often.often 1SG see 3SG.M go.by there,,,,1596,French: Très souvent je le vois passer là. +49-21,49,Ou pale avè l souvan?,Ou\tpale\tavè\tl\tsouvan?,2SG\tspeak\twith\t3SG\toften,Do you talk with her/him often?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ou pale avè l souvan?",,2SG speak with 3SG often,,Own knowledge,,1597,French: Tu parles souvent avec elle/lui? +49-22,49,Li pa vini isit la souvan.,Li\tpa\tvini\tisit\tla\tsouvan.,3SG\tNEG\tcome\there\tDEF\toften,He/She doesn't come here often.,,"Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2172, point 14.","473[vol. 6, p. 264]",,naturalistic spoken,"Li pa vini isit la souvan.",,3SG NEG come here DEF often,"Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2172, point 14.",,,1598,French: Il/Elle ne vient pas ici souvent. +49-23,49,Tut tan l ap pase la.,Tut\ttan\tl\tap\tpase\tla.,all\ttime\t3SG\tINACC\tgo.by\tthere,He goes by there all the time.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 264]",,elicited from speaker,"Tut tan l ap pase la.",,all time 3SG INACC go.by there,,,,1599,French: Tout le temps il passe là. +50-18,50,Jòj souvan k'ay Bastè.,Jòj\tsouvan\tk'ay\tBastè.,George\toften\tgo\tBasse-Terre,George often goes to Basse-Terre.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jòj souvan k'ay Bastè.",,George often go Basse-Terre,,Own fieldwork,,1600, +50-19,50,Jòj toujou k'ay Bastè.,Jòj\ttoujou\tk'ay\tBastè.,George\talways\tgo\tBasse-Terre,George always goes to Basse-Terre.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jòj toujou k'ay Bastè.",,George always go Basse-Terre,,Own fieldwork,,1601, +50-20,50,Jòj k'ay Bastè souvan.,Jòj\tk'ay\tBastè\tsouvan.,George\tHAB.go\tBasse-Terre\toften,George often goes to Basse-Terre.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jòj k'ay Bastè souvan.",,George HAB.go Basse-Terre often,,Own fieldwork,,1602, +50-21,50,Jòj ka bwè onlo.,Jòj\tka\tbwè\tonlo.,George\tHAB\tdrink\ta.lot,George drinks a lot.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jòj ka bwè onlo.",,George HAB drink a.lot,,Own fieldwork,,1603, +51-19,51,Joj souvan ka alé Baspwent.,Joj\tsouvan\tka\talé\tBaspwent.,Geoge\toften\tIPFV\tgo\tBasse-Pointe,George often goes to Basse-Pointe.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Joj souvan ka alé Baspwent.",,Geoge often IPFV go Basse-Pointe,,Own fieldwork,,1604, +51-20,51,Joj toujou ka alé Baspwent.,Joj\ttoujou\tka\talé\tBaspwent.,George\talways\tIPFV\tgo\tBasse-Pointe,George always goes to Basse-Pointe.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Joj toujou ka alé Baspwent.",,George always IPFV go Basse-Pointe,,Own fieldwork,,1605, +51-21,51,Joj ka alé Baspwent souvan.,Joj ka alé Baspwent souvan.,George go Basse-Pointe often,Geoge often goes to Basse-Pointe.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Joj ka alé Baspwent souvan.",,George go Basse-Pointe often,,Own fieldwork,,1606, +52-13,52,fanm-an souvan ka ba so mari soumaké; i ka souvan ba li soumaké,fanm-an\tsouvan\tka\tba\tso\tmari\tsoumaké;\ti\tka\tsouvan\tba\tli\tsoumaké,woman-the\toften\tHAB\tgive\ther\thusband\tmoney\tshe\tHAB\toften\tgive\thim\tmoney,The woman often gives her husband money; she often gives him money.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"fanm-an souvan ka ba so mari soumaké; i ka souvan ba li soumaké",,woman-the often HAB give her husband money she HAB often give him money,,Own knowledge,,1607, +53-45,53,Li tou-l-tan ape foutaje dan la kwizin.,Li\ttou-l-tan\tape\tfoutaje\tdan\tla\tkwizin.,3SG\tall-the-time\tPROG\tmess\tin\tART.DEF.SG\tkitchen,He is always messing around in the kitchen.,,,1048[297],,naturalistic spoken,"Li tou-l-tan ape foutaje dan la kwizin.",,3SG all-the-time PROG mess in ART.DEF.SG kitchen,,,,1608, +53-46,53,Me tant parl pa sa ek ye tou-l-tan.,Me\ttant\tparl\tpa\tsa\tek\tye\ttou-l-tan.,1SG.POSS.PL\taunt\tspeak\tNEG\tDEM\twith\t3PL\tall-the-time,My aunts don't speak it (i.e. Creole) with them all the time.,,,1048[297],,naturalistic spoken,"Me tant parl pa sa ek ye tou-l-tan.",,1SG.POSS.PL aunt speak NEG DEM with 3PL all-the-time,,,,1609,French: Mes tantes ne le (le créole) parlent pas avec eux tout le temps. +53-47,53,Le pret toujour pardonn twa.,Le\tpret\ttoujour\tpardonn\ttwa.,ART.DEF.PL\tpriest\talways\tforgive\t2PL,The priests always forgive you.,,,1048[296],,naturalistic spoken,"Le pret toujour pardonn twa.",,ART.DEF.PL priest always forgive 2PL,,,,1610, +53-48,53,Nou parl toujour kreol avek ye.,Nou\tparl\ttoujour\tkreol\tavek\tye.,1PL\tspeak\talways\tCreole\twith\t3PL,We always speak Creole with them.,,,1048[296],,naturalistic spoken,"Nou parl toujour kreol avek ye.",,1PL speak always Creole with 3PL,,,,1611, +53-49,53,E nou pal kreyòl tou-l-tan.,E\tnou\tpal\tkreyòl\ttou-l-tan.,and\t1PL\tspeak\tCreole\tall-the-time,And we speak Creole all the time.,,,722[506],,naturalistic spoken,"E nou pal kreyòl tou-l-tan.",,and 1PL speak Creole all-the-time,,,,1612, +53-50,53,Ye toujou te gen en batay.,Ye\ttoujou\tte\tgen\ten\tbatay.,3PL\talways\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\tfight,There was always a fight.,,,722[384],,naturalistic spoken,"Ye toujou te gen en batay.",,3PL always PST have ART.INDF fight,,,,1613, +53-51,53,"(Li) te toujou gen gen monje-la uh, uh, ready.","(Li)\tte\ttoujou\tgen\tgen\tmonje-la\tuh,\tuh,\t.",(3SG)\tPST\talways\thave\thave\tmeal-ART.DEF.SG\tuh\tuh\tready,He always had to have the meal ready.,,,722[443],,naturalistic spoken,"(Li) te toujou gen gen monje-la uh, uh, ready.","(Li) te toujou gen gen monje-la uh, uh, <ready>.",(3SG) PST always have have meal-ART.DEF.SG uh uh ready,,,,1614, +54-21,54,Ou pran touzour in tant.,Ou\tpran\ttouzour\ten\ttant.,2SG\ttake\talways\tINDF\tbasket,You always take a basket.,,,229[54],,naturalistic spoken,"Ou pran touzour in tant.",Ou pran touzour en tant.,2SG take always INDF basket,,,,1615,French: Tu prends toujours un panier (en vacoa tressé). +55-19,55,mo mazin mo fam tultaṁ,mo\tmazin\tmo\tfam\ttultaṁ,1SG\tthink.about\tmy\twife\tall.the.time,I think about my wife all the time.,,This adverb could also occur sentence initially with the remaining word order unchanged. This would add emphasis to the adverb.,,,constructed by linguist,"mo mazin mo fam tultaṁ",,1SG think.about my wife all.the.time,This adverb could also occur sentence initially with the remaining word order unchanged. This would add emphasis to the adverb.,Own knowledge,,1616, +55-20,55,normalmaṅ mo praṅ bis,normalmaṅ\tmo\tpraṅ\tbis,normally\t1SG\ttake\tbus.OBJ,I usually take the bus.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"normalmaṅ mo praṅ bis",,normally 1SG take bus.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,1617, +55-21,55,mo pa met linet suvaṅ,mo\tpa\tmet\tlinet\tsuvaṅ,1S\tNEG\tput\tglasses\toften,I don't wear glasses often.,,,760,,naturalistic spoken,"mo pa met linet suvaṅ",,1S NEG put glasses often,,,,1618, +56-27,56,Mari tanzantan ti anbras Zan.,Mari\ttanzantan\tti\tanbras\tZan.,Marie\toften\tPST\tkiss\tJohn,Marie often kissed John.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Mari tanzantan ti anbras Zan.",,Marie often PST kiss John,,Own knowledge,,1619, +56-28,56,Mon al Ladig souvan.,Mon\tal\tLadig\tsouvan.,1SG\tgo\tLa.Digue\toften,I often go to La Digue.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Mon al Ladig souvan.",,1SG go La.Digue often,,Own knowledge,,1620, +57-12,57,Linda ke ambrase lja,Linda\tke\tambrase\tlja,Linda\toften\tkiss\t3SG.OBJ,Linda often kisses him.,,"There is no exact correspondence to 'often' in English. It may be expressed by ʃu '(almost) always', or the assertive marker ke, which places emphasis on the verb.",,,constructed by linguist,"Linda ke ambrase lja",,Linda often kiss 3SG.OBJ,"There is no exact correspondence to 'often' in English. It may be expressed by ʃu '(almost) always', or the assertive marker ke, which places emphasis on the verb.",own knowledge Ehrhart,,1621, +57-13,57,Linda nd̥ʒu ambrase lja,Linda\tnd̥ʒu\tambrase\tlja,Linda\talways\tkiss\t3SG.OBJ.M,Linda often/always kisses him.,,"There is no exact correspondence to 'often' in English. It may be expressed by ʃu '(almost) always', or the assertive marker ke, which places emphasis on the verb.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Linda nd̥ʒu ambrase lja",,Linda always kiss 3SG.OBJ.M,"There is no exact correspondence to 'often' in English. It may be expressed by ʃu '(almost) always', or the assertive marker ke, which places emphasis on the verb.",Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,1622, +58-13,58,Yandi kwis-aka mbangu.,Yandi\tkwis-aka\tmbangu.,he\tcome-PST\trunning.N,He came fast.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi kwis-aka mbangu.,,he come-PST running.N,,Own knowledge,,1623, +58-14,58,Yandi bak-aka yo sisepi yai.,Yandi\tbak-aka\tyo\tsisepi\tyai.,he/she\ttake-PST\tit\tright.now\tthis,He/She took it right now.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi bak-aka yo sisepi yai.,,he/she take-PST it right.now this,,Own knowledge,,1624, +59-43,59,mbi te makongo lege mingi.,mbi\tte\tmakongo\tlege\tmingi.,1SG\teat\tcaterpillar\tpath\tmany,I've eaten caterpillars several times.,,"With the noun lege of course one can be specific: lege oko [path one] 'once', etc.",,,constructed by linguist,"mbi te makongo lege mingi.",,1SG eat caterpillar path many,"With the noun lege of course one can be specific: lege oko [path one] 'once', etc.",Own knowledge,,1625, +59-44,59,ala te gi ngunza lakwe,ala\tte\tgi\tngunza\tlakwe,3PL\teat\tonly\tmanioc.leaves\talways,They always eat nothing but manioc leaves.,,"In this case lakwe can occur at the beginning before the subject. The leaves of the manioc plant prepared as a sauce to accompany the staple of manioc dough constitutes minimal cuisine, just enough to live on.",,,constructed by linguist,"ala te gi ngunza lakwe",,3PL eat only manioc.leaves always,"In this case lakwe can occur at the beginning before the subject. The leaves of the manioc plant prepared as a sauce to accompany the staple of manioc dough constitutes minimal cuisine, just enough to live on.",Own knowledge,,1626, +59-46,59,lakwe mo eke wara malade,lakwe\tmo\teke\twara\tmalade,always\t2SG\tCOP\tget\tsickness,"(If you don't do this), you'll always get ill.",,"This is an example in which 'always' reinforces the idea of an anticipated event, habitually, but 'always' might also mean 'frequently'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"lakwe mo eke wara malade",,always 2SG COP get sickness,"This is an example in which 'always' reinforces the idea of an anticipated event, habitually, but 'always' might also mean 'frequently'.",Own knowledge,,1627, +59-47,59,gere ti mbi oko aso,gere\tti\tmbi\toko\ta-so,foot/leg\tof\t1SG\tone\tPM-hurt,One of my feet/legs hurts.,,,,,constructed by linguist,gere ti mbi oko aso,gere ti mbi oko a-so,foot/leg of 1SG one PM-hurt,,Own knowledge,,1628, +60-11,60,abósanaka míngi ekoti na yé,a-bósan-aka\tmíngi\tekoti\tna\tyé,3SG-forget-HAB\toften\that\tof\t3SG,He often forgets his hat.,,,1273,,elicited from speaker,"abósanaka míngi ekoti na yé",a-bósan-aka míngi ekoti na yé,3SG-forget-HAB often hat of 3SG,,,,1629, +60-12,60,abósanaka ekoti na yé míngi,a-bósan-aka\tekoti\tna\tyé\tmíngi,3SG-forget-HAB\that\tof\t3SG\toften,He often forgets his hat.,,,1273,,elicited from speaker,"abósanaka ekoti na yé míngi",a-bósan-aka ekoti na yé míngi,3SG-forget-HAB hat of 3SG often,,,,1630, +61-11,61,Lo muzi ka tina yena thanda lo mafish stelek.,Lo\tmuzi\tka\ttina\tyena\tthand-a\tlo\tma-fish\tstelek.,ART\tfamily\tPOSS\twe\tit\tlike-V\tART\tPL-fish\tstrong,Our family loves fish greatly.,,"Stelek is an intensifying adverb, literally meaning 'strong'.","1086[Part 3, page 1]",,constructed by linguist,"Lo muzi ka tina yena thanda lo mafish stelek.",Lo muzi ka tina yena thand-a lo ma-fish stelek.,ART family POSS we it like-V ART PL-fish strong,"Stelek is an intensifying adverb, literally meaning 'strong'.",,,1631, +61-12,61,Yena thanda stelleg lo fish.,Yena\tthand-a\tstelleg\tlo\tfish.,they\tlike-V\tstrong\tART\tfish,They like fish a lot. OR: They like fish greatly.,,This would be a marked order.,,,elicited from speaker,"Yena thanda stelleg lo fish.",Yena thand-a stelleg lo fish.,they like-V strong ART fish,This would be a marked order.,Field notes Mesthrie,,1632, +62-10,62,síkúru mbuvá ghó kángi,si-kuru\tmbuva\tghó\tka-ingi,1SG:NEG-cultivate\tfield\tmy\ttime-many,I don't cultivate my farm often.,,/kangi/ [time.many] is the construction used to express 'often'. There are no monomorphemic frequency adverbs in the language.,,,elicited from speaker,"síkúru mbuvá ghó kángi",si-kuru mbuva ghó ka-ingi,1SG:NEG-cultivate field my time-many,/kangi/ [time.many] is the construction used to express 'often'. There are no monomorphemic frequency adverbs in the language.,Own field data 1993,,1633, +63-13,63,záidi kamán ta gu-rúo logó fi bómbo núbi,záidi\tkamán\tta\tgu-rúo\tlogó\tfi\tbómbo\tnúbi,often\ttoo\t2SG\tTAM-go\tfind\tin\tBombo\tNubi,"Very often too, you will find Nubi in Bombo.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"záidi kamán ta gu-rúo logó fi bómbo núbi",,often too 2SG TAM-go find in Bombo Nubi,,Personal data,,1634, +63-14,63,íta g-wónus ma swahil-íya ketír,íta\tg-wónus\tma\tswahil-íya\tketír,2SG\tTAM-speak\twith\tSwahili-PL\toften,You often speak with Swahili people.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"íta g-wónus ma swahil-íya ketír",,2SG TAM-speak with Swahili-PL often,,Personal data,,1635, +63-15,63,úwo záidi gi-áinu yal-á al babá t-ómun mutu,úwo\tzáidi\tgi-áinu\tyal-á\tal\tbabá\tt-ómun\tmutu,3SG\toften\tTAM-watch\tchild-PL\tREL\tfather\tGEN-their\tdie,He often takes care of the children whose father died.,,,1574[225],,naturalistic spoken,"úwo záidi gi-áinu yal-á al babá t-ómun mutu",,3SG often TAM-watch child-PL REL father GEN-their die,,,,1636, +64-20,64,jon bibúsa sándi tawáli,jon\tbi=búsa\tsándi\ttawáli,John\tIRR=kiss\tSunday\tdirectly,John often kisses Sunday.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"jon bibúsa sándi tawáli","jon bi=búsa sándi tawáli",John IRR=kiss Sunday directly,,Own knowledge,,1637, +65-22,65,m'asa sio rem' oxotaj ʤimoj,m'asa\tsio\trem'\toxotaj\tʤimoj,meat\tall\ttime\thunt\tin.winter,Every winter he used to hunt for meat,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,1195[235],,naturalistic spoken,"m'asa sio rem' oxotaj ʤimoj",,meat all time hunt in.winter,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,,мяса сё ремь охотай зимой,1638, +65-23,65,Suda nogo xodi.,Suda\tnogo\txodi.,here\tmany\tgo,They come here often.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,1195[240],,naturalistic spoken,"Suda nogo xodi.",,here many go,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,,Суда ного ходи.,1639, +65-24,65,Tiper maja sigəda iwo biristoj pali.,Tiper\tmaja\tsigəda\tiwo\tbiristoj\tpali.,now\t1SG\talways\t3SG\tbirch.bark\tburn,Now I always set them (wasp nests) on fire with the help of burning birch bark.,,,60[191],,citation in fiction,"Tiper maja sigəda iwo biristoj pali.",,now 1SG always 3SG birch.bark burn,,,Теперь моя всегда его берестой пали.,1640, +66-13,66,Farida nasi manawaktule amakan.,Farida\tnasi\tmana-waktu-le\ta-makan.,Farida\trice\twhich-time-COM\tPRS-eat,Farida often eats rice.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Farida nasi manawaktule amakan.",Farida nasi mana-waktu-le a-makan.,Farida rice which-time-COM PRS-eat,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,1641, +66-14,66,Farida manawaktule nasi amakan.,Farida\tmana-waktu-le\tnasi\ta-makan.,Farida\twhich-time-COM\trice\tPRS-eat,Farida often eats rice.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Farida manawaktule nasi amakan.",Farida mana-waktu-le nasi a-makan.,Farida which-time-COM rice PRS-eat,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,1642, +67-29,67,Dia selalu di tenga jalan tipu-tipu sama olang.,Dia\tselalu\tdi\ttenga\tjalan\ttipu-tipu\tsama\tolang.,3SG\talways\tin\tmiddle\troad\tcheat-cheat\twith\tperson,"He is always on the road, cheating people.",,,708[354],,elicited from speaker,"Dia selalu di tenga jalan tipu-tipu sama olang.",,3SG always in middle road cheat-cheat with person,,,,1643, +68-15,68,biasanya perjalanan itu memake kuda,biasanya\tperjalanan\titu\tmemake\tkuda,usually\tjourney\tDEM\tuse\thorse,her journey was usually on a horse,,,1178[626],,naturalistic spoken,biasanya perjalanan itu memake kuda,,usually journey DEM use horse,,,,1644, +70-16,70,"U karate baito, sab taim siko karate.","U\tkarate\tbaito,\tsab\ttaim\tsiko\tkarate.",3SG\tkarate\tCOP\tall\ttime\tlearn\tkarate,"He does karate, always learning (i.e. practising) karate.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"U karate baito, sab taim siko karate.",,3SG karate COP all time learn karate,,Siegel-field recording,,1645, +70-17,70,Koi koi taim ham-log motar banao.,Koi\tkoi\ttaim\tham-log\tmotar\tbanao.,some\tsome\ttime\t1-PL\tcar\tmake,Sometimes we fix up cars.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Koi koi taim ham-log motar banao.",,some some time 1-PL car make,,Siegel-field recording,,1646, +71-18,71,Aole hiki wau malama kela ohana wau pauloa manawa.,Aole\thiki\twau\tmalama\tkela\tohana\twau\tpauloa\tmanawa.,NEG\tcan\t1SG\tcare.for\tDET\tfamily\t1SG.POSS\tall\ttime,I cannot always take care of my family.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Aole hiki wau malama kela ohana wau pauloa manawa.",,NEG can 1SG care.for DET family 1SG.POSS all time,,Own data 1896,,1647, +71-19,71,Wahine nuinui panipani kanaka.,Wahine\tnuinui\tpanipani\tkanaka.,woman\tvery.much\thave.sex\tHawaiian,The woman often slept with this Hawaiian.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wahine nuinui panipani kanaka.",,woman very.much have.sex Hawaiian,,Own data 1893,,1648, +72-19,72,Dat kaya bin kom ebritaim bijinbat.,Dat\tkaya\tbin\tkom\tebritaim\tbijinbat.,the\tmonster\tPST\tcome\toften\tfishing,The monster often came fishing.,,,8,,naturalistic spoken,"Dat kaya bin kom ebritaim bijinbat.",,the monster PST come often fishing,,,,1649, +72-20,72,Dei kan kura ebritaim.,Dei\tkan\tkura\tebritaim.,3PL.SBJ\tcan\tshit\toften,They can go to the toilet all the time.,,,8,525c6b09bd54d4a1fa046569e7301739,naturalistic spoken,"Dei kan kura ebritaim.",,3PL.SBJ can shit often,,,,1650, +74-21,74,hayú líli man yáka tlátwa tawn,hayú\tlíli\tman\tyáka\ttlátwa\ttawn,much\ttime\tman\t3SG\tgo\ttown,The man goes to town often.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"hayú líli man yáka tlátwa tawn",,much time man 3SG go town,,Own knowledge,,1651, +75-41,75,Kihchiwaawiipat Marii Zhaan eewiichimaat.,Kihchi-waa~wiipat\tMarii\tZhaan\tee-wiichim-aat.,big-RED.often\tMarie\tJean\tCOMP-kiss.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,Marie kisses John (very) often.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Kihchiwaawiipat Marii Zhaan eewiichimaat.,Kihchi-waa~wiipat Marii Zhaan ee-wiichim-aat.,big-RED.often Marie Jean COMP-kiss.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,,,,1652, +75-42,75,Suvaan ekuta duhtaanaan.,Suvaan\takuta\tduht-aanaan.,often\tthere\t1.go-1PL,I see (meet) her often (lit. We go there often).,,,789[199],,naturalistic written,"Suvaan ekuta duhtaanaan.",Suvaan akuta duht-aanaan.,often there 1.go-1PL,,,,1653, +75-43,75,Ma difaent mer maana lii bang giiushtaamaak.,Ma\tdifaent\tmer\tmaana\tlii\tbang\tgii-ushtaam-aa-k.,1SG.POSS\tdeceased\tmother\tusually\tART.PL\tbang\t1.PST-make-BEN-INV,My deceased mother used to make bangs for me.,,The adverb is between the subject and the object.,789[70],,naturalistic written,"Ma difaent mer maana lii bang giiushtaamaak.",Ma difaent mer maana lii bang gii-ushtaam-aa-k.,1SG.POSS deceased mother usually ART.PL bang 1.PST-make-BEN-INV,The adverb is between the subject and the object.,,,1654, +75-44,75,Mihceet Maari Zhaan uhchimeew.,Mihceet\tMaari\tZhaan\tuhchim-eew.,much\tMary\tJohn\tkiss-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,Mary kisses John often.,,"It would be possible to add an obiative marker here: Mihceet Maari Zhaan-a uhchimeew. +Mihceet Maari-wa Zhaan uhchimeew would mean: 'John kisses Mary often', but it sounds unnatural because of the ordering.",522,,elicited from speaker,Mihceet Maari Zhaan uhchimeew.,Mihceet Maari Zhaan uhchim-eew.,much Mary John kiss-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,"It would be possible to add an obiative marker here: Mihceet Maari Zhaan-a uhchimeew. +Mihceet Maari-wa Zhaan uhchimeew would mean: 'John kisses Mary often', but it sounds unnatural because of the ordering.",,,1655, +75-45,75,Miyeehtaakwan la kunpayiin chiayaahk aashkaw.,Miyeeht-aakwan\tla\tkunpayiin\tchi-ayaa-hk\taashkaw.,be.good-3SG.INAN\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tcompany\tCOMP-have-INDF.ACTOR\tsometimes,It's delightful to have company sometimes.,,,789[71],,naturalistic written,Miyeehtaakwan la kunpayiin chiayaahk aashkaw.,Miyeeht-aakwan la kunpayiin chi-ayaa-hk aashkaw.,be.good-3SG.INAN DEF.ART.F.SG company COMP-have-INDF.ACTOR sometimes,,,,1656, +75-46,75,Aen susis nimiyeehtaen aashkaw.,Aen\tsusis\tni-miyeeht-aen\taashkaw.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tsausage\t1-like.TR.INAN-3.OBJ\tsometimes,I like a frankfurter sometimes.,,,789[103],,naturalistic written,Aen susis nimiyeehtaen aashkaw.,Aen susis ni-miyeeht-aen aashkaw.,DEF.ART.M.SG sausage 1-like.TR.INAN-3.OBJ sometimes,,,,1657, +75-47,75,Aashkaw daashkinamaatunaan li maazhee.,Aashkaw\tni-taashkin-amaa-tu-naan\tli\tmaazhee.,sometimes\t1-split-BEN-RECP-1PL\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tfood,We sometimes split a meal.,,,789[310],,naturalistic written,Aashkaw daashkinamaatunaan li maazhee.,Aashkaw ni-taashkin-amaa-tu-naan li maazhee.,sometimes 1-split-BEN-RECP-1PL DEF.ART.M.SG food,,,,1658, +1-39,1,Hupeh ju findi datti? — Na hupeh ju findi datti?,Ope yu findi dati? — Na ope yu findi dati?,Q=place 2SG find that   LOC Q=place 2SG find that,Where did you find that? — Where (at which place) did you find that?,,(Na) hu-pe stands for 'where'.,1357[69],,written (dictionary),"Hupeh ju findi datti? — Na hupeh ju findi datti?",Ope yu findi dati? — Na ope yu findi dati?,Q=place 2SG find that LOC Q=place 2SG find that,"(Na) hu-pe stands for 'where'.",,,1659,German: Wo hast du dieses gefunden? [op.cit.] +1-40,1,Huklossi ju wanni?,O=krosi\tyu\twani.,which=cloth\t2SG\twant,What kind of cloth would you like?,,"The question particle hu/o cannot appear on its own; it is either part of a question word or, as in this case, precedes an open class content word, here the noun krosi.",1357[68],,written (dictionary),"Huklossi ju wanni?",O=krosi yu wani.,which=cloth 2SG want,"The question particle hu/o cannot appear on its own; it is either part of a question word or, as in this case, precedes an open class content word, here the noun krosi.",,,1660,German: Was vor Zeug willst du? [op.cit.] +1-41,1,Hoe zan joe za jari.,O=san\tyu\tsa\ttyari.,which=thing\t2SG\tFUT\tcarry,What will you bring?,,The question word is (hu-)san(i); the question particle hu/o is not always present with the interrogative 'what'.,1527[34],,written,Hoe zan joe za jari.,O=san yu sa tyari.,which=thing 2SG FUT carry,"The question word is (hu-)san(i); the question particle hu/o is not always present with the interrogative 'what'.",,,1661,Dutch: Wat zel je meê brengen? [op.cit.] +1-42,1,Sanni ju wanni?,Sani\tyu\twani?,thing/what\t2SG\twant,What do you want?,,The question word is (hu-)san(i); the question particle hu/o is not always present with the interrogative 'what'.,1357[149],,written (dictionary),Sanni ju wanni?,Sani yu wani?,thing/what 2SG want,"The question word is (hu-)san(i); the question particle hu/o is not always present with the interrogative 'what'.",,,1662,German: Was willst du? [op.cit.] +2-39,2,San yu tyari kon gi mi?,San\tyu\ttyari\tkon\tgi\tmi?,what\t2SG\tcarry\tcome\tgive\tme,What did you bring for me?,,,1062[18],,naturalistic spoken,"San yu tyari kon gi mi?",,what 2SG carry come give me,,,,1663, +2-40,2,Sanede yu du dati?,Sanede\tyu\tdu\tdati?,why\t2SG\tdo\tthat,Why did you do that?,,,1062[18],,naturalistic spoken,"Sanede yu du dati?",,why 2SG do that,,,,1664, +3-17,3,Andí a bì bái?,Andí\ta\tbì\tbái?,what\t3SG\tTNS\tbuy,What did he buy?,,,1539[17],,naturalistic spoken,"Andí a bì bái?",,what 3SG TNS buy,,,,1665, +4-16,4,Pe a e tan?,Pe\ta\te\ttan?,where\tshe\tIPFV\tstay,Where does she stay?,,,568[145],,naturalistic spoken,"Pe a e tan?",,where she IPFV stay,,,,1666, +4-17,4,San a gi i?,San\ta\tgi\ti?,what\tshe\tgive\tyou,What did she give you?,,,568[145],,naturalistic spoken,"San a gi i?",,what she give you,,,,1667, +5-22,5,yu jraa om wid wo - charkool?,yu jraa om wid wo - charkool?,you draw him/it with what   charcoal,What did you draw it with? Charcoal?,,,1281[134 (line 304)],,naturalistic spoken,"yu jraa om wid wo - charkool?",,you draw him/it with what charcoal,,,,1668, +5-23,5,an wee alyu yuuzto plee dis?,an\twee\talyu\tyuuzto\tplee\tdis?,and\twhere\tyou.PL\tused.to\tplay\tthis,And where did you guys play this?,,,1281[134 (line 299)],,naturalistic spoken,"an wee alyu yuuzto plee dis?",,and where you.PL used.to play this,,,,1669, +6-14,6,Who yu give it to?,Who\tyu\tgive\tit\tto?,who\t2SG\tgive\t3SG.DO\tto,Who did you give it to?,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Who yu give it to?",,who 2SG give 3SG.DO to,,Informant,,1670, +7-25,7,We yo ongklo bring?,We\tyo\tongklo\tbring?,what\t2.POSS\tuncle\tbring,What did your uncle bring?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"We yo ongklo bring?",,what 2.POSS uncle bring,,Own knowledge,,1671, +7-26,7,Yo ongklo bring wa?,Yo\tongklo\tbring\twa?,2.POSS\tuncle\tbring\twhat,What did your uncle bring?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Yo ongklo bring wa?",,2.POSS uncle bring what,,Own knowledge,,1672, +7-27,7,Hu si yo ongklo.,Hu\tsi\tyo\tongklo.,Q\tsee\t2.POSS\tuncle,Who saw your uncle?,,No other position is attested for the interrogative phrase here (i.e. when it is subject of the sentence).,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Hu si yo ongklo.",,Q see 2.POSS uncle,No other position is attested for the interrogative phrase here (i.e. when it is subject of the sentence).,Own knowledge,,1673, +7-28,7,Hu badi du dat?,Hu\tbadi\tdu\tdat?,Q\tbody\tdo\tthat,Who did that?,,,1244[96],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hu badi du dat?,,Q body do that,,,,1674, +8-14,8,A wa Jan bai wid di moni?,A\twa\tJan\tbai\twid\tdi\tmoni?,FOC\twhat\tJohn\tbuy\twith\tDET\tmoney,What did John buy with the money?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"A wa Jan bai wid di moni?",,FOC what John buy with DET money,,Own knowledge,,1675, +9-28,9,Hu unu me go da trip fa?,Hu\tunu\tme\tgo\tda\ttrip\tfa?,who\t2PL\tANT\tgo\tthat\ttrip\tfor,For whom did you go on that trip? OR: Who did you work for on that trip?,,,439[237],,naturalistic spoken,Hu unu me go da trip fa?,,who 2PL ANT go that trip for,,,,1676, +9-29,9,A hu ɛls dɛ wid unu?,A\thu\tɛls\tdɛ\twid\tunu?,TOP\twho\telse\tLOC\twith\t2PL,Who else was with you?,,,439[237],,naturalistic spoken,A hu ɛls dɛ wid unu?,,TOP who else LOC with 2PL,,,,1677, +9-30,9,Da wiʧ Lindo dat?,Da\twiʧ\tLindo\tdat?,TOP\twhich\tLindo\tthat,Which Lindo was that? OR: Which one of the Lindos are you talking about?,,,439[237],,naturalistic spoken,Da wiʧ Lindo dat?,,TOP which Lindo that,,,,1678, +9-31,9,Wɛn unu kum da town?,Wɛn\tunu\tkum\tda\ttown?,when\t2PL\tcome\tto\ttown,When are you coming to town?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Wɛn unu kum da town?,,when 2PL come to town,,Own data 1985,,1679, +10-13,10,Wa yu waahn du wid ih?,Wa\tyu\twaahn\tdu\twid\tih?,what\t2SG\tFUT\tdo\tINS\t3SG.N,What are you going to do with it?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Wa yu waahn du wid ih?",,what 2SG FUT do INS 3SG.N,,Unpublished field recordings,,1680, +10-14,10,We yu onkl bring?,We\tyu\tonkl\tbring?,what\t2SG.POSS\tuncle\tbring,What did your uncle bring?,,,,,elicited from speaker,"We yu onkl bring?",,what 2SG.POSS uncle bring,,Field notes 2008,,1681, +10-15,10,We yu wehn sii di ishili?,We\tyu\twehn\tsii\tdi\tishili?,where\t2SG\tANT\tsee\tART.DEF\tlizard,Where did you see the lizard?,,,,,elicited from speaker,"We yu wehn sii di ishili?",,where 2SG ANT see ART.DEF lizard,,Field notes 2008,,1682, +11-21,11,Wat dat iz?,Wat\tdat\tiz?,what\tDEM\tCOP.PRS,What is that?,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wat dat iz?",,what DEM COP.PRS,,,,1683, +11-22,11,"Grani, so wier is mai rat?","Grani,\tso\twier\tis\tmai\trat?",granny\tso\twhere\tCOP.PRS\t1SG.POSS\trat,"Granny, so where is my rat?",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Grani, so wier is mai rat?",,granny so where COP.PRS 1SG.POSS rat,,,,1684, +12-16,12,"I - I see - let me see, I see you and - who that is?",[...]\twho\tthat\tis?,[...]\twho\tthat\tCOP.3SG,[...] [I saw you and] - who’s that?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I - I see - let me see, I see you and - who that is?",[...] who that is?,[...] who that COP.3SG,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,1685, +12-17,12,So what-all you get for two hundred?,[...]\twhat-all\tyou\tget\t[...],[...]\twhat\tyou\tget[PFV]\t[...],[So] what did you get [for two hundred [dollars]]?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"So what-all you get for two hundred?",[...] what-all you get [...],[...] what you get[PFV] [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,1686, +13-17,13,Why you always go round?,Why\tyou\talways\tgo\tround?,why\tyou\talways\tgo\taround,Why are you always going around?,,,1500[276],,naturalistic spoken,"Why you always go round?",,why you always go around,,,,1687, +13-18,13,How I manage with it?,How\tI\tmanage\twith\tit?,how\tI\tmanage\twith\tit,How did I manage with it?,,,1500[286],,naturalistic spoken,"How I manage with it?",,how I manage with it,,,,1688, +13-19,13,What you talking bout?,What\tyou\ttalking\tbout?,what\tyou\ttalking\tabout,What are you talking about?,,,1500[282],,naturalistic spoken,"What you talking bout?",,what you talking about,,,,1689, +14-16,14,Why those people don't want to take that car?,Why\tthose\tpeople\tdon't\twant\tto\ttake\tthat\tcar?,why\tthose\tpeople\tdon't\twant\tto\ttake\tthat\tcar,Why don't those people want to take that car?,,,576[85],,naturalistic spoken,"Why those people don't want to take that car?",,why those people don't want to take that car,,,,1690, +15-16,15,usai yu kɔmɔt?,usai\tyu\tkɔmɔt?,where\t2SG\tcome.from,Where have you come from? OR: Where do you come from / originate?,,,686[81],,naturalistic spoken,"usai yu kɔmɔt?",,where 2SG come.from,,,,1691, +15-17,15,yu kɔmɔt usai?,yu\tkɔmɔt\tusai?,2SG\tcome.from\twhere,You came from / originated where?,,"When used in situ, the wh-word is used with a rising intonation.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"yu kɔmɔt usai?",,2SG come.from where,"When used in situ, the wh-word is used with a rising intonation.",Own knowledge,,1692, +16-19,16,wiʧples dɛ faia dè bɛn?,wiʧ-ples\tdɛ\tfaia\tdè\tbɛn?,which-place\tART\tfire\tPROG\tburn,Where is the fire?,,,656[188],,naturalistic spoken,wiʧples dɛ faia dè bɛn?,"wiʧ-ples dɛ faia dè bɛn?",which-place ART fire PROG burn,,,,1693, +16-20,16,dè want tu du wetin?,dè\twant\ttu\tdu\twetin?,3PL\twant\tto\tdo\twhat,What do they want to do?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dè want tu du wetin?,,3PL want to do what,,Own fieldwork,,1694, +17-15,17,Dè̱m ge̱t haw mo̱ch mò̱ni?,Dè̱m\tge̱t\thaw\tmo̱ch\tmò̱ni?,3PL.SBJ\thave\thow\tmuch\tmoney,How much money do they have?,,,462[15],,naturalistic spoken,"Dè̱m ge̱t haw mo̱ch mò̱ni?",,3PL.SBJ have how much money,,,,1695, +17-16,17,Haw mo̱ch mò̱ni dè̱m ge̱t?,Haw\tmo̱ch\tmò̱ni\tdè̱m\tge̱t?,how\tmuch\tmoney\t3PL.SBJ\thave,How much money do they have?,,,462[15],,naturalistic spoken,"Haw mo̱ch mò̱ni dè̱m ge̱t?",,how much money 3PL.SBJ have,,,,1696, +18-19,18,Weti wuna de du?,Weti\twuna\tdi\tdu?,what\t2PL\tIPFV\tdo,What are you doing?,,,125[9],,unspecified,Weti wuna de du?,Weti wuna di du?,what 2PL IPFV do,,,,1697, +18-20,18,Yu layk wich kayn chop?,Yu\tlaik\twitch\tkain\ttchop?,2SG.SBJ\tlike\twhich\tkind\tfood,What kind of food do you like?,,,125[9],,unspecified,Yu layk wich kayn chop?,Yu laik witch kain tchop?,2SG.SBJ like which kind food,,,,1698, +19-19,19,Wetin yù want no?,Wetin\tyù\twant\tno?,what\t2SG\twant\tknow,What do you want to know?,,,1634[269],,elicited from speaker,"Wetin yù want no?",,what 2SG want know,,,,1699, +19-20,19,Yù want no wetin?,Yù\twant\tno\twetin?,2SG\twant\tknow\twhat,What do you want to know?,,,1634[269],,elicited from speaker,"Yù want no wetin?",,2SG want know what,,,,1700, +20-20,20,What thing you wantchee?,What\tthing\tyou\twantchee?,what\tthing\t2SG\twant,What things do you want?,,,1489[VI.1],,naturalistic written,What thing you wantchee?,,what thing 2SG want,,,喝丁㕭灣治,1701, +20-21,20,My owe you how muchee money?,My\towe\tyou\thow\tmuchee\tmoney?,1SG\towe\t2SG\thow\tmuch\tmoney,How much do I owe you?,,This example shows the wh- phrase in-situ following Chinese syntax.,1489[IV.73],,naturalistic written,My owe you how muchee money?,,1SG owe 2SG how much money,This example shows the wh- phrase in-situ following Chinese syntax.,,米澳㕭厚乜治蚊尼,1702, +20-22,20,You thinkee what time ship can come?,You\tthinkee\twhat\ttime\tship\tcan\tcome?,2SG\tthink\twhat\ttime\tship\tcan\tcome,When do you expect the ship to arrive? OR: When do you expect the ship's arrival?,,"The placement of the interrogative phrase what time at the front of the embedded clause is an intermediate option, between Chinese and English, but not attested in either language.",1489[VI.8],,naturalistic written,You thinkee what time ship can come?,,2SG think what time ship can come,"The placement of the interrogative phrase what time at the front of the embedded clause is an intermediate option, between Chinese and English, but not attested in either language.",,㕭丁其喝店涉(口件)甘,1703, +21-19,21,Why are you laughing?,Why\tare\tyou\tlaugh-ing?,why\tbe.PL\t2P\tlaugh-PROG,Why are you laughing?,,,529[91],,naturalistic spoken,Why are you laughing?,Why are you laugh-ing?,why be.PL 2P laugh-PROG,,,,1704, +21-20,21,So you get what?,So\tyou\tget\twhat?,so\t2P\tget\twhat,So what do you get?,,,529[91],,naturalistic spoken,So you get what?,,so 2P get what,,,,1705, +22-27,22,Husat i bin wokim?,Husat\ti\tbin\twok-im?,who\tPM\tPST\tdo-TR,Who did it?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Husat i bin wokim?",Husat i bin wok-im?,who PM PST do-TR,,Own knowledge,,1706, +22-28,22,Wanem taim bai yu go?,Wanem\ttaim\tbai\tyu\tgo?,what\ttime\tFUT\t2SG\tgo,When will you go?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Wanem taim bai yu go?",,what time FUT 2SG go,,Own knowledge,,1707, +23-20,23,folem wanem nao yufala i klem long hem?,folem\twanem\tnao\tyufala\ti\tklem\tlong\them?,follow\twhat\tnow\t2PL\tAGR\tclaim\tLOC\t3SG,For what reason did you claim [it] from him?,,The fronted object suggests shock or dismay or accusation. Note the use of focus particle nao with the fronted interrogative. Examples like this one are found in recordings of cross-examination in court.,942,,naturalistic spoken,"folem wanem nao yufala i klem long hem?",,follow what now 2PL AGR claim LOC 3SG,"The fronted object suggests shock or dismay or accusation. Note the use of focus particle nao with the fronted interrogative. Examples like this one are found in recordings of cross-examination in court.",,,1708, +23-21,23,oli no save se wea mama?,oli\tno\tsave\tse\twea\tmama?,3PL\tNEG\tknow\tCOMP\twhere\tmother,"They don't know, where is their mother?",,"This sentence conveys abruptness and startledness, cf. oli no save se mama i stap wea? [3PL NEG know COMP mother AGR stay where] ‘They don’t know where is their mother?’ This construction is pragmatically softer.",942,,naturalistic spoken,"oli no save se wea mama?",,3PL NEG know COMP where mother,"This sentence conveys abruptness and startledness, cf. oli no save se mama i stap wea? [3PL NEG know COMP mother AGR stay where] ‘They don’t know where is their mother?’ This construction is pragmatically softer.",,,1709, +23-22,23,yu wantem karem wanem?,yu\twantem\tkarem\twanem?,2SG\twant\ttake\twhat,What do you want to buy?,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,yu wantem karem wanem?,,2SG want take what,,,,1710, +24-27,24,Wuthing cors?,Wuthing\tcors?,what.thing\tcost,What does it cost?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Wuthing cors?",,what.thing cost,,Own fieldwork,,1711, +24-28,24,Watawieh yu?,Watawieh\tyu?,how\tyou,How are you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Watawieh yu?",,how you,,Own fieldwork,,1712, +24-29,24,What-time em pear use-er/juusa ripe?,What-time\tem\tpear\tuse-er/juusa\tripe?,what-time\tDET.PL.DEF\tpear\tHAB\tripe,When do those pears usually ripen?,,,,,naturalistic written,"What-time em pear use-er/juusa ripe?",,what-time DET.PL.DEF pear HAB ripe,,Own fieldwork,,1713, +25-81,25,Hu dijan im kaminap? – Rong pleis im go jet gardiya!,Hu\tdijan\tim\tkam-in-ap?\t–\tRong\tpleis\tim\tgo\tjet\tgardiya!,who\tPROX:ADJ\t3SG\tcome-PROG2-up\t–\twrong\tplace\t3SG\tgo\tDEM\tnon.Aboriginal,"Who's this coming? – He's going to the wrong place, the white person!",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the present tense interpretation of unmarked verbs (in the second clause), the personal interrogative pronoun hu 'who', and the proximal demonstrative dijan in pronominal function. Gardiya is a Ngarinyman word.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Hu dijan im kaminap? – Rong pleis im go jet gardiya!",Hu dijan im kam-in-ap? – Rong pleis im go jet gardiya!,who PROX:ADJ 3SG come-PROG2-up – wrong place 3SG go DEM non.Aboriginal,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the present tense interpretation of unmarked verbs (in the second clause), the personal interrogative pronoun hu 'who', and the proximal demonstrative dijan in pronominal function. Gardiya is a Ngarinyman word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1714, +25-82,25,Wotaim yu gota go hom [...] kantri?,Wotaim\tyu\tgota\tgo\thom\t[...]\tkantri?,when\t2SG\tFUT/OBLIG\tgo\thome\t[...]\tcountry,When will you go home to [your] country?,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the complex temporal interrogative pronoun wot taim.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wotaim yu gota go hom [...] kantri?",,when 2SG FUT/OBLIG go home [...] country,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the complex temporal interrogative pronoun wot taim.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1715, +25-83,25,"We yu go, wijei jed pleis?","We\tyu\tgo,\twij-ei\tjed\tpleis?",where\t3SG\tgo\twhich-DIR\tDEM\tplace,"Where do you go, which way is that place?",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the locative and allative interrogative pronouns.",,,naturalistic spoken,"We yu go, wijei jed pleis?","We yu go, wij-ei jed pleis?",where 3SG go which-DIR DEM place,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the locative and allative interrogative pronouns.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1716, +25-84,25,"Wot hi got, bideo, o wot?","Wot\thi\tgot,\tbideo,\to\twot?",what\t3SG\tgot\tvideo\tor\twhat,"What does she have, a video, or what? (referring to someone's mobile phone)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a sentence-initial object interrogative.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wot hi got, bideo, o wot?",,what 3SG got video or what,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a sentence-initial object interrogative.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1717, +25-85,25,"Wot fo im krainabat thet lil gel, yubala bin hitim?","Wot\tfo\tim\tkra-in-abat\tthet\tlil\tgel,\tyubala\tbin\thit-im?",what\tfor\t3SG\tcry-PROG2-PROG\tDEM\tlittle\tgirl\t2PL\tPST\thit-TR,"Why is she crying, this little girl, did you hit her?",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a sentence-initial adverbial interrogative.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Wot fo im krainabat thet lil gel, yubala bin hitim?","Wot fo im kra-in-abat thet lil gel, yubala bin hit-im?",what for 3SG cry-PROG2-PROG DEM little girl 2PL PST hit-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a sentence-initial adverbial interrogative.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1718, +25-86,25,Imin gibit langa wijan?,Im=in\tgibit\tlanga\twijan?,3SG=PST\tgive\tLOC\twhich:one,Who did he give it to?,,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates an in-situ interrogative.,1333[98],,unknown,"Imin gibit langa wijan?",Im=in gibit langa wijan?,3SG=PST give LOC which:one,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates an in-situ interrogative.,,,1719, +25-87,25,Wanim dea yu gugumbat?,Wanim\tdea\tyu\tgug-um-bat?,what\tthere\t2SG\tcook-TR-PROG,What are you cooking there?,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates an information question with clause-initial interrogative.,1332[65],,naturalistic spoken,"Wanim dea yu gugumbat?",Wanim dea yu gug-um-bat?,what there 2SG cook-TR-PROG,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates an information question with clause-initial interrogative.,,,1720, +25-88,25,"Bikos wi bin kamap wotaim? – Maidi ten aklak iya, im maidi leven aklak.","Bikos\twi\tbin\tkamap\twotaim?\t–\tMaidi\tten\taklak\tiya,\tim\tmaidi\tleven\taklak.",because\t1PL\tPST\tcome\twhen\t–\tmaybe\tten\to'clock\there\t3SG\tmaybe\televen\to'clock,"Because we arrived when? – Maybe [around] 10 o'clock here, it might be 11 o'clock.",,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a content question with in situ interrogative pronoun - possibly a rhetorical question.,41,,naturalistic spoken,"Bikos wi bin kamap wotaim? – Maidi ten aklak iya, im maidi leven aklak.",,because 1PL PST come when – maybe ten o'clock here 3SG maybe eleven o'clock,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a content question with in situ interrogative pronoun - possibly a rhetorical question.,,,1721, +25-89,25,Hau wi bin go? – Bas maidi.,Hau\twi\tbin\tgo?\t–\tBas\tmaidi.,how\t1PL.EXCL\tPST\tgo\t–\tbus\tmaybe,How did we go? – Maybe (by) bus.,,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the manner interrogative hau.,40,,naturalistic spoken,"Hau wi bin go? – Bas maidi.",,how 1PL.EXCL PST go – bus maybe,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the manner interrogative hau.",,,1722, +26-17,26,waɪ ʃi go?,waɪ\tʃi\tgo?,why\t3SG\tgo,Why did she go?,,,1545[180],,naturalistic spoken,"waɪ ʃi go?",,why 3SG go,,,,1723, +27-13,27,Wa ju grani sē?,Wa\tju\tgrani\tsē?,what\t2SG\tgranny\tsay,What did your grandma say?,,,355[21],,naturalistic spoken,Wa ju grani sē?,,what 2SG granny say,,,,1724, +28-27,28,wat ju nintəbotau?,wati\tju\tnimi-tɛ\tabout\ttau?,what\t2SG\tknow-PFV\tabout\tsnake,What do you know about snakes?,,,737[40],,naturalistic spoken,"wat ju nintəbotau?",wati ju nimi-tɛ about tau?,what 2SG know-PFV about snake,,,,1725, +28-28,28,wanɛsə ju ma ritanga?,wanɛrɛ\tso\tju\tmu-a\trita\tanga?,when\tFOCUS\t2SG\tgo-IPFV\tRita\tLOC,When are you going to Rita's?,,,737[41],,naturalistic spoken,"wanɛsə ju ma ritanga?",wanɛrɛ so ju mu-a rita anga?,when FOCUS 2SG go-IPFV Rita LOC,,,,1726, +28-29,28,waskolo jɛndɛ mangja?,waskolo\tjɛndɛ\tmangi-a?,why\t2PL\trun-IPFV,Why are you (all) running?,,,737[42],,naturalistic spoken,"waskolo jɛndɛ mangja?",waskolo jɛndɛ mangi-a?,why 2PL run-IPFV,,,,1727, +28-30,28,ju mwa bof ʃi an ju ma kom wanɛ? fridak?,ju\tmu-a\tbofu\tʃi\tan\tju\tma\tkumu\twanɛrɛ?\tfridaka?,2SG\tgo-IPFV\ttop\tside\tand\t2SG\tIRR\tcome\twhen\tFriday,You are going upriver and you are coming back when? Friday?,,,737[44],,naturalistic spoken,"ju mwa bof ʃi an ju ma kom wanɛ? fridak?",ju mu-a bofu ʃi an ju ma kumu wanɛrɛ? fridaka?,2SG go-IPFV top side and 2SG IRR come when Friday,,,,1728, +28-31,28,aʃi en mangitɛ maŋtɛ mutɛ wanga?,aʃi\teni\tmangi-tɛ\tmangi-tɛ\tmu-tɛ\twanga?,if\t3PL\trun-PFV\trun-PFV\tgo-PFV\twhere,"If they fled, they would have gone where?",,,737[44],,naturalistic spoken,"aʃi en mangitɛ maŋtɛ mutɛ wanga?",aʃi eni mangi-tɛ mangi-tɛ mu-tɛ wanga?,if 3PL run-PFV run-PFV go-PFV where,,,,1729, +29-21,29,Wat het hy gesê?,Wat\thet\thy\tge-sê?,what\tPST\t3SG.NOM\tPTCP-said,What did he say? / What has he said?,,"As Afrikaans has lost the distinction between the preterite and the perfect, the het [...] ge- form is, taken out of context, always ambiguous between a preterite and a perfect reading.",,,naturalistic spoken,Wat het hy gesê?,Wat het hy ge-sê?,what PST 3SG.NOM PTCP-said,"As Afrikaans has lost the distinction between the preterite and the perfect, the het [...] ge- form is, taken out of context, always ambiguous between a preterite and a perfect reading.",Own knowledge,,1730, +29-22,29,Jy het WAT gesê?,Jy\thet\tWAT\tge-sê?,you\tPST\twhat\tPTCP-said,You said WHAT?!,,"When wh-phrases are left in situ, an echo question results (the effect is the same as in English).",,,naturalistic spoken,Jy het WAT gesê?,Jy het WAT ge-sê?,you PST what PTCP-said,"When wh-phrases are left in situ, an echo question results (the effect is the same as in English).",Own knowledge,,1731, +30-25,30,Undi N ta po nha bitxu?,Undi\tN=ta=po\tnha=bitxu?,where\t1SG=IPFV=put\tmy=animal,Where shall I put my animal?,,,1407[71],,naturalistic spoken,"Undi N ta po nha bitxu?","Undi N=ta=po nha=bitxu?",where 1SG=IPFV=put my=animal,,,,1732,German: Wo soll ich mein Tier hintun? +30-26,30,Pamodi ki bu sta tristi?,Pamodi\tki=bu=sta\ttristi?,why\tCOMP=2SG=be\tsad,Why are you sad?,,,1407[41],,naturalistic spoken,"Pamodi ki bu sta tristi?",Pamodi ki=bu=sta tristi?,why COMP=2SG=be sad,,,,1733,German: Warum bist du traurig? +30-27,30,Abo ê kenha?,A-bo\tê\tkenha?,TOP-2SG.INDP\tbe\twho,Who are you?,,,1407[111],,naturalistic spoken,"Abo ê kenha?",A-bo ê kenha?,TOP-2SG.INDP be who,,,,1734, +30-28,30,Kel (kumida) la ê di kenha?,Kel=(kumida)\tla\tê\tdi=kenha?,that=(food)\tthere\tbe\tof=whom,Whose is that (food)?,,,1407[27/28],,naturalistic spoken,"Kel (kumida) la ê di kenha?",Kel=(kumida) la ê di=kenha?,that=(food) there be of=whom,,,,1735, +30-29,30,"""Karterista"" go ê kusê?","""Karterista""\tgo\tê\tkusê?",pickpocket\tTOP\tbe\twhat,"What is a ""pickpocket""?",,,784[s.v. karterista],,naturalistic spoken,"""Karterista"" go ê kusê?",,pickpocket TOP be what,,,,1736, +31-26,31,Unde ki’N ta panha pa’N da fidju?,Unde\tki’N\tta\tpanha\tpa’N\tda\tfidju?,where\tthat.I\tTAM\ttake\tfor.I\tgive\tchild,Where can I take from to give my child?,,"Interrogative words tend to be followed by the particle ki although in some cases involving both argument and adverbial types of wh-words, ki may be absent.",452,,naturalistic spoken,"Unde ki’N ta panha pa’N da fidju?",,where that.I TAM take for.I give child,"Interrogative words tend to be followed by the particle ki although in some cases involving both argument and adverbial types of wh-words, ki may be absent.",,,1737, +31-27,31,Bu kunpra kuze?,Bu\tkunpra\tkuze?,you\tbought\twhat,You bought what?,,Wh-words can be found in situ in echo questions.,,,constructed by linguist,"Bu kunpra kuze?",,you bought what,Wh-words can be found in situ in echo questions.,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,1738, +31-28,31,Kuze N ta faze?,Kuze\tN\tta\tfaze?,what\tI\tMOOD\tdo,What will I do?,,,887,,naturalistic spoken,"Kuze N ta faze?",,what I MOOD do,,,,1739, +31-29,31,Bu ta ben papia ku kenhi?,Bu\tta\tben\tpapia\tku\tkenhi?,you\tMOOD\tcome\tspeak\twith\twho,You are going to be speaking with whom?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Bu ta ben papia ku kenhi?",,you MOOD come speak with who,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,1740, +32-17,32,Ondê bosê nassê?,Ondê\tbosê\tnassê?,where\t2SG.polite\tborn,Where were you born?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ondê bosê nassê?",,where 2SG.polite born,,Swolkien 2003-2005 fieldwork,,1741,Portuguese: Onde o senhor nasceu? +32-18,32,Bo morá lá ma kenhê?,Bo\tmorá\tlá\tma\tkenhê?,2SG\tlive\tthere\tCOM\twho,With whom did you live there?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Bo morá lá ma kenhê?",,2SG live there COM who,,Swolkien 2003-2005 fieldwork,,1742,Portuguese: Com quem moraste aí? +33-19,33,Kin ki ciga aonti?,Kin\tki\tciga\taonti?,who\tthat\tarrive.PST\tyesterday,Who arrived yesterday?,,Interrogative phrase is obligatorily initial. Orthography is that of the source.,403[13],,naturalistic written,"Kin ki ciga aonti?",,who that arrive.PST yesterday,Interrogative phrase is obligatorily initial. Orthography is that of the source.,,,1743,Portuguese: Quem chegou ontem? +33-20,33,Pa nunde kuu na bay?,Pa\tnunde\tku-u\tna\tbay?,to\twhere\tthat-2SG\tPROG\tgo,Where are you going?,,The orthography is that of the source.,403[13],,naturalistic written,"Pa nunde kuu na bay?",Pa nunde ku-u na bay?,to where that-2SG PROG go,The orthography is that of the source.,,,1744,Portuguese: Onde vais? +33-21,33,Bu na bay pa nunde?,Bu\tna\tbay\tpa\tnunde?,2SG\tPROG\tgo\tto\twhere,Where are you going?,,Non-initial position is possible in echo questions.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bu na bay pa nunde?",,2SG PROG go to where,Non-initial position is possible in echo questions.,Own knowledge,,1745,Portuguese: Onde vais? +33-22,33,Kin ku bu odja?,Kin\tku\tbu\todja?,who\tREL\t2SG\tsee.PST,Who was it that you saw?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kin ku bu odja?",,who REL 2SG see.PST,,Own knowledge,,1746,Portuguese: Quem é que viste? +33-23,33,Bu odja kin?,Bu\todja\tkin?,2SG\tsee.PST\twho,Who did you see?,,Non-initial position is possible in echo questions.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bu odja kin?",,2SG see.PST who,Non-initial position is possible in echo questions.,Own knowledge,,1747,Portuguese: Tu viste quem? +34-20,34,Parbiya bu sutá-l?,Parbiya\tbu\tø\tsutá-l?,why\t2SG.SBJ\tPFV\thit-3SG.OBJ,Why did you hit him/her/it?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Parbiya bu sutá-l?","Parbiya bu ø sutá-l?",why 2SG.SBJ PFV hit-3SG.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,1748, +34-21,34,Kumá ku bu kosé bu kamisa?,Kumá\tku\tbu\tø\tkosé\tbu\tkamisa?,how\tREL.OBJ\t2SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsew.up\tPOSS.2SG\tshirt,How did you sew up your shirt?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kumá ku bu kosé bu kamisa?","Kumá ku bu ø kosé bu kamisa?",how REL.OBJ 2SG.SBJ PFV sew.up POSS.2SG shirt,,Own knowledge,,1749, +35-24,35,Kê kwa ku ê ska fe nala?,Kê\tkwa\tku\tê\tska\tfe\tnala?,"what\tthing\t""ku""\t3SG\tPROG\tdo\tthere",What is he doing there?,,"Ku, which we see in this example, occurs typically with fronted wh-constituents (here: kê kwa 'what').",,,naturalistic spoken,"Kê kwa ku ê ska fe nala?",,"what thing ""ku"" 3SG PROG do there","Ku, which we see in this example, occurs typically with fronted wh-constituents (here: kê kwa 'what').",Own data,,1750, +35-25,35,Kê ngê n ga pô da?,Kê\tngê\tn\tga\tpô\tda?,what\tperson\t1SG\tIPFV\tcan\tgive,Who can I give it to?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kê ngê n ga pô da?",,what person 1SG IPFV can give,,Own data,,1751, +35-26,35,Êlê bô?,Êlê\tbô?,3SG\twhere,Where is he?,,The special interrogative pronoun bô can only question nominals and obligatorily occurs in final position.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Êlê bô?",,3SG where,"The special interrogative pronoun bô can only question nominals and obligatorily occurs in final position.",Own data,,1752, +35-27,35,Bô ka ta anji?,Bô\tka\tta\tanji?,2SG\tIPFV\tbe\twhere,Where are you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Bô ka ta anji?",,2SG IPFV be where,,Own data,,1753, +35-28,35,Nansê tava nala kantu ja?,Nansê\ttava\tnala\tkantu\tja?,2PL\tPST\tthere\thow.many\tday,You were there for how many days?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Nansê tava nala kantu ja?",,2PL PST there how.many day,,Own data,,1754, +36-15,36,A ô bê thapatu pê?,A\tô\tbê\tthapatu\tpê?,where\t2SG\tsee\tshoe\tput,Where did you find the shoes?,,Pê 'to put' is used as a serial verb in this example.,901[138],,naturalistic spoken,"A ô bê thapatu pê?",,where 2SG see shoe put,"Pê 'to put' is used as a serial verb in this example.",,,1755,French: Où as-tu trouvé les souliers? +37-17,37,Ki dya ki txi xiga?,Ki\tdya\tki\ttxi\txiga?,what\tday\tREL\t2SG\tarrive,When did you arrive?,,,905[146],,elicited from speaker,"Ki dya ki txi xiga?",,what day REL 2SG arrive,,,,1756, +38-20,38,Xa bo fala?,Xa\tbo\tfala?,thing\t2SG\tspeak,What do you say?,,,1236[191-204],,naturalistic spoken,"Xa bo fala?",,thing 2SG speak,,,,1757, +38-21,38,Xafe iske fa namise xozai?,Xafe\teli-ske\tfa\tnamisedyi\txo-sai?,why\t3SG-IRR\tspeak\t2PL\tthing-DEM,Why would he say that to you?,,,,,elicited from speaker,Xafe iske fa namise xozai?,Xafe eli-ske fa namisedyi xo-sai?,why 3SG-IRR speak 2PL thing-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1990,,1758, +38-22,38,Xama Zwan sa?,Xama\tZwan\tsa?,place\tJohn\tbe,Where is John?,,,1236[191-204],,naturalistic spoken,"Xama Zwan sa?",,place John be,,,,1759, +39-13,39,Use də ki tə fika med?,Use\tdə\tki\ttə\tfik-a\tmed?,2SG\tof\twhat\tIPFV.NPST\tbecome-INF\tfear,What are you afraid of?,,,221[203],,naturalistic spoken,Use də ki tə fika med?,Use də ki tə fik-a med?,2SG of what IPFV.NPST become-INF fear,,,,1760, +39-29,39,Use õt kom nã vey?,Use\tõt\tkom\tnã\tvey?,2\tyesterday\twhy/how\tNEG\tcome.PST,Why didn't you come yesterday?,,,221[202],,naturalistic spoken,"Use õt kom nã vey?",,2 yesterday why/how NEG come.PST,,,,1761, +39-30,39,Ali nɔs uki tiŋ brĩka?,Ali\tnɔs\tuki\tt-iŋ\tbrĩk-a?,there\t1PL\twhat\tIPFV-PST\tplay-INF,What were we playing there?,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Ali nɔs uki tiŋ brĩka?,Ali nɔs uki t-iŋ brĩk-a?,there 1PL what IPFV-PST play-INF,,,,1762, +40-20,40,Use kɛ͂ tɛ?,Use\tkɛ͂\ttɛ?,2SG.FORMAL\twho\tCOP.PRS,Who are you?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Use kɛ͂ tɛ?",,2SG.FORMAL who COP.PRS,,Own knowledge,,1763, +40-21,40,Karekrəm tsalu kɔr lə hika?,Karekrəm\ttsalu\tkɔr\tlə\thika?,program\tbeginning\twhen\tFUT\tbecome,When will the program begin?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Karekrəm tsalu kɔr lə hika?",,program beginning when FUT become,,Own knowledge,,1764, +41-24,41,botussu enteeru nɔɔmi kii,botus-su\tenteeru\tnɔɔmi\tkii,2.HON-GEN\tentire\tname\twhat,What is your full name?,,,1416[5062],,naturalistic spoken,"botussu enteeru nɔɔmi kii",botus-su enteeru nɔɔmi kii,2.HON-GEN entire name what,,,,1765, +41-25,41,kii tafaya? poɖiyaasntu taam kii poy faya?,kii\tta-faya?\tpoɖiyaas-ntu\ttaam\tkii\tpoy\tfaya?,what\tPRS-do\tchild-LOC\talso\twhat\tHABIL\tdo,What to do? What can the children do also?,,"The speaker was an aged woman and clearly a native speaker of Sri Lanka Portuguese. Another consultant commented that poɖiyaas vɔɔnda was ""better"" than poɖiyaas-ntu.",1416[5068],,naturalistic spoken,"kii tafaya? poɖiyaasntu taam kii poy faya?",kii ta-faya? poɖiyaas-ntu taam kii poy faya?,what PRS-do child-LOC also what HABIL do,"The speaker was an aged woman and clearly a native speaker of Sri Lanka Portuguese. Another consultant commented that poɖiyaas vɔɔnda was ""better"" than poɖiyaas-ntu.",,,1766, +41-26,41,"parkii taal pesaampa astaantupa faya jadaa, tɔɔna miɲantu kii avara tapidii botus maas","parkii\ttaal\tpesaam-pa\tastaantu-pa\tfaya\tjaa-daa,\ttɔɔna\tmiɲa-ntu\tkii\tavara\tta-pidii\tbotus\tmaas",why\tsuch\tperson-DAT\tso.much-DAT\tdo\tPST-give\tafterwards\t1SG.GEN-LOC\twhat\tnow\tPRS-ask.for\t2.HON\tmore,"Why did you make it for so and so for such and such [a price], and afterwards, what!, now you are asking more [from me]?",,The speaker is a carpenter quoting a generic customer to explain why he has been unable to raise his prices despite the rise in cost of materials.,1416[4925],,naturalistic spoken,"parkii taal pesaampa astaantupa faya jadaa, tɔɔna miɲantu kii avara tapidii botus maas","parkii taal pesaam-pa astaantu-pa faya jaa-daa, tɔɔna miɲa-ntu kii avara ta-pidii botus maas",why such person-DAT so.much-DAT do PST-give afterwards 1SG.GEN-LOC what now PRS-ask.for 2.HON more,The speaker is a carpenter quoting a generic customer to explain why he has been unable to raise his prices despite the rise in cost of materials.,,,1767, +42-22,42,úndi bos ja parí?,úndi\tbos\tja\tparí?,where\t2SG\tPFV\tbear,Where were you born?,,,122[189],,elicited from speaker,"úndi bos ja parí?",,where 2SG PFV bear,,,,1768, +42-23,42,bos úndi ja parí?,bos\túndi\tja\tparí?,2SG\twhere\tPFV\tbear,Where were you born?,,,122[189],,elicited from speaker,"bos úndi ja parí?",,2SG where PFV bear,,,,1769, +42-24,42,bos já parí úndi?,bos\tjá\tparí\túndi?,2SG\tPFV\tbear\twhere,Where were you born?,,,122[188-9],,naturalistic spoken,"bos já parí úndi?",,2SG PFV bear where,,,,1770, +43-18,43,Akel sua predju kantu?,Akel\tsua\tpredju\tkantu?,that\tPOSS\tprice\thow.much,How much is that one’s price?,,,906[96],,pedagogical grammar,"Akel sua predju kantu?",,that POSS price how.much,,,,1771, +43-19,43,Ki nos misti fadji?,Ki\tnos\tmisti\tfadji?,what\t1PL\tmust\tdo,What do we have to do?,,,906[96],,pedagogical grammar,"Ki nos misti fadji?",,what 1PL must do,,,,1772, +44-20,44,Óndi bo ta kedá?,Óndi\tbo\tta\tkedá?,where\t2SG\tIPFV\tstay,Where are you staying? OR: Where are you living?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Óndi bo ta kedá?",,where 2SG IPFV stay,,Own data,,1773,Spanish: ¿Dónde vives? +45-16,45,Como ta tieni miedo cucaracha?,Como\tta\ttieni\tmiedo\tcucaracha?,why\tIPFV\thave\tfear\tcockroach,Why are you afraid of cockroaches?,,,1084[79],,written,"Como ta tieni miedo cucaracha?",,why IPFV have fear cockroach,,,,1774,Spanish: ¿Por qué tienes miedo a las cucarachas? Tagalog: Bakit ka natatakot sa ipis? +46-35,46,Kósa tu ta-asé?,Kósa\ttu\tta-asé?,what\tyou\tIPFV-do,What are you doing?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kósa tu ta-asé?",,what you IPFV-do,,Own knowledge,,1775, +47-28,47,Kon a para ku bo outo nobo?,Kon\ta\tpara\tku\tbo\touto\tnobo?,how\tPFV\tstand\twith\t2SG\tcar\tnew,How are things with your new car?,,,752[321],,published source,"Kon a para ku bo outo nobo?",,how PFV stand with 2SG car new,,,,1776, +47-29,47,Anto kiko mi mester hasi awor?,Anto\tkiko\tmi\tmester\thasi\tawor?,then\twhat\t1SG\tmust\tdo\tnow,Then what should I do now?,,The original source is Lauffer (1969). The translation is mine.,898[366],,literary source,Anto kiko mi mester hasi awor?,,then what 1SG must do now,The original source is Lauffer (1969). The translation is mine.,,,1777, +48-17,48,¿Aonde bo tan bae?,¿Aonde\tbo\ttan\tbae?,where\tyou.SG\tFUT\tgo,Where are you (sg.) going?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¿Aonde bo tan bae?,,where you.SG FUT go,,Recorded by author,,1778,Spanish: ¿Adónde te vas? +48-18,48,¿Bo tan bae aonde?,¿Bo\ttan\tbae\taonde?,you.SG\tFUT\tgo\twhere,Where are you going?,,"Postposition of the interrogative phrase highlights that phrase, which may express a variety of presuppositional (implied) meanings, including doubts about the veracity of an earlier statement.",,,constructed by linguist,¿Bo tan bae aonde?,,you.SG FUT go where,"Postposition of the interrogative phrase highlights that phrase, which may express a variety of presuppositional (implied) meanings, including doubts about the veracity of an earlier statement.",Own knowledge,,1779,Spanish: ¿Adónde (te) vas? +49-24,49,Ki sa ou te ba ti fi a?,Ki\tsa\tou\tte\tba\tti\tfi\ta?,what\twhat\t2SG\tANT\tgive\tlittle\tgirl\tDEF,What did you give the little girl?,,,371[39],,naturalistic spoken,Ki sa ou te ba ti fi a?,,what what 2SG ANT give little girl DEF,,,,1780,French: Qu'est-ce que tu as donné à la petite fille? +49-25,49,"Moun ki te vini an, se ki moun?","Moun\tki\tte\tvini\tan,\tse\tki\tmoun?",person\tREL\tANT\tcome\tDEF\tSE\twhich\tperson,"The person who came, who is he/she?",,,371[50],,naturalistic spoken,"Moun ki te vini an, se ki moun?",,person REL ANT come DEF SE which person,,,,1781,"French: La personne qui est venue, c’est qui?" +49-26,49,Ki kote li rete?,Ki\tkote\tli\trete?,which\tplace\t3SG\tlive,Where does he live?,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ki kote li rete?,,which place 3SG live,,Own knowledge,,1782,French: Où habite-t-il? +49-27,49,Li ki kote?,Li\tki\tkote?,3SG\twhich\tplace,Where is he?,,,371[51],,naturalistic spoken,Li ki kote?,,3SG which place,,,,1783,French: Il est où? +49-28,49,Se pou n te fè ki sa?,Se\tpou\tn\tte\tfè\tki\tsa?,HL\tfor\t1PL\tANT\tdo\twhat\twhat,What should we have done?,,,371[50],,naturalistic spoken,Se pou n te fè ki sa?,,HL for 1PL ANT do what what,,,,1784,French: Nous aurions dû faire quoi? +50-22,50,Ola ou yé?,Ola\tou\tyé?,where\t2SG\tbe,Where are you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ola ou yé?",,where 2SG be,,Own fieldwork,,1785, +50-23,50,Ki koté ou té yé?,Ki\tkoté\tou\tté\tyé?,which\tplace\t2SG\tPST\tbe,Where were you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ki koté ou té yé?",,which place 2SG PST be,,Own fieldwork,,1786, +50-24,50,Ou té ki koté?,Ou\tté\tki\tkoté?,2SG\tPST\twhich\tplace,Where were you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ou té ki koté?",,2SG PST which place,,Own fieldwork,,1787, +51-22,51,Éti ou yé?,Éti\tou\tyé?,where\t2SG\tbe,Where are you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Éti ou yé?,,where 2SG be,,Own fieldwork,,1788, +51-23,51,Ki koté ou té yé?,Ki\tkoté\tou\tté\tyé?,which\tplace\t2SG\tPST\tbe,Where were you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ki koté ou té yé?,,which place 2SG PST be,,Own fieldwork,,1789, +51-24,51,Ou té ki koté?,Ou\tté\tki\tkoté?,2SG\tPST.be\twhich\tplace,Where were you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ou té ki koté?,,2SG PST.be which place,,Own fieldwork,,1790, +52-14,52,kikoté i fika?,kikoté\ti\tfika?,where\the\tis,Where is he?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kikoté i fika?,,where he is,,Own knowledge,,1791, +52-15,52,to lé fè sa kimannyè?,to\tlé\tfè\tsa\tkimannyè?,2SG\twant\tdo\tthat\thow,In which way do you want to do that?,,,,,constructed by linguist,to lé fè sa kimannyè?,,2SG want do that how,,Own knowledge,,1792, +53-52,53,"Sa t ole isi, twa?","Sa\tt\tole\tisi,\ttwa?",what\t2SG\twant\there\t2SG,What do you want here?,,,1048[334],,naturalistic spoken,"Sa t ole isi, twa?",,what 2SG want here 2SG,,,,1793,French: Qu'est-ce que tu veux ici? +53-53,53,Eou Torti te?,Eou\tTorti\tte?,where\tTurtle\tPST,Where was Turtle?,,,1048[336],,naturalistic spoken,Eou Torti te?,,where Turtle PST,,,,1794,French: Où est-ce que Tortue était? +54-22,54,Koman i apel sa?,Koman\ti\tapel\tsa?,how\tFIN\tcall\tthat,What do you call this/that?,,,110[54],,naturalistic spoken,"Koman i apel sa?",,how FIN call that,,,,1795,French: Comment ça s’appelle? +54-23,54,Li ariv kèl er?,Li\tariv\tkel\ter?,3SG.FIN\tarrive\twhat\ttime,At what time does he arrive?,,,236[363],,naturalistic spoken,"Li ariv kèl er?",Li ariv kel er?,3SG.FIN arrive what time,,,,1796,French: Il arrive à quelle heure? +55-22,55,ki li pu fer ek sa?,ki\tli\tpu\tfer\tek\tsa?,what\t3SG\tFUT\tdo\twith\tthat,What will he do with that?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ki li pu fer ek sa?",,what 3SG FUT do with that,,Own knowledge,,1797, +55-23,55,li a fer ki ek sa?,li\ta\tfer\tki\tek\tsa?,he\tFUT\tdo\twhat\twith\tthat,What will he do with that?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"li a fer ki ek sa?",,he FUT do what with that,,Own knowledge,,1798, +55-24,55,ki u fer egsaktemaṅ?,ki\tu\tfer\tegsaktemaṅ?,what\t2SG\tdo\texactly,What do you do exactly?,,,760,,naturalistic spoken,"ki u fer egsaktemaṅ?",,what 2SG do exactly,,,,1799,French: Que faites-vous exactement? +56-29,56,Lekel ki ou ti vwar?,Lekel\tki\tou\tti\tvwar?,who\tREL\t2SG\tPST\tsee,Whom did you see?,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Lekel ki ou ti vwar?",,who REL 2SG PST see,,Own knowledge,,1800, +56-30,56,Kan ou pou vini?,Kan\tou\tpou\tvini?,when\t2SG\tFUT\tcome,When will you come?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Kan ou pou vini?",,when 2SG FUT come,,Own knowledge,,1801, +56-31,56,I fer avek kwa?,I\tfer\tavek\tkwa?,PM\tmake\twith\twhat,With what did you/one do it?,,"Here the verb, even though not marked for past, is interpreted as such, because the point of reference has been set in the past.",158[174],,naturalistic spoken,"I fer avek kwa?",,PM make with what,"Here the verb, even though not marked for past, is interpreted as such, because the point of reference has been set in the past.",,,1802,French: On l'a fait avec quoi? (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 175) +56-32,56,Avek kwa ti fer sa?,Avek\tkwa\tti\tfer\tsa?,with\twhat\tPST\tmake\tthis,With what did one make this?,,,158,,naturalistic spoken,"Avek kwa ti fer sa?",,with what PST make this,,,,1803, +56-33,56,Ou ti vwar lekel?,Ou\tti\tvwar\tlekel?,2SG\tPST\tsee\twho,Whom did you see?,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Ou ti vwar lekel?",,2SG PST see who,,Own knowledge,,1804, +56-34,56,Kote ou'n ale?,Kote\tou'n\tale?,where\t2SG.PRF\tgo,Where did you go?,,Ou'n al kote? is also possible,,,constructed by native speaker,"Kote ou'n ale?",,where 2SG.PRF go,"Ou'n al kote? is also possible",Own knowledge,,1805, +56-35,56,Kan ou pou vini?,Kan\tou\tpou\tvini?,when\t2SG\tFUT\tcome,When will you come?,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Kan ou pou vini?,,when 2SG FUT come,,Own knowledge,,1806, +56-36,56,Ou pou vin kan?,Ou\tpou\tvin\tkan?,2SG\tFUT\tcome\twhen,When will you come?,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Ou pou vin kan?",,2SG FUT come when,,Own knowledge,,1807, +57-14,57,tale u?,ta\tale\tu?,2SG\tgo\twhere,Where do you go?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tale u?,ta ale u?,2SG go where,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,1808, +57-15,57,ta tape ki?,ta\ttape\tki?,you\thit\twhom,Whom do you hit? OR: Whom did you hit?,,,423[197],,naturalistic spoken,ta tape ki?,,you hit whom,,,,1809, +57-132,57,sa tra nde fe kwa?,sa\ttra\tnde\tfe\tkwa?,3PL\tPROG\tPROG\tdo\twhat,What are they doing?,,,1453,,naturalistic spoken,sa tra nde fe kwa?,,3PL PROG PROG do what,,,,1810, +58-15,58,Nge me mona nki?,Nge\tme\tmona\tnki?,you\tPRF\tsee\twhat,What have you seen?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Nge me mona nki?",,you PRF see what,,Own knowledge,,1811, +58-16,58,Nge me mona nani?,Nge\tme\tmona\tnani?,you\tPRF\tsee\twho,Who have you seen?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Nge me mona nani?",,you PRF see who,,Own knowledge,,1812, +59-48,59,mo ga ti sara nyen' la?,mo\tga\tti\tsara\tnyen'\tla?,2SG\tcome\tof\tdo\twhat\tFOC,What have you come to do there?,,The focus marker la is not necessary. In contemporary Sango it seems to be overused.,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"mo ga ti sara nyen' la?",,2SG come of do what FOC,"The focus marker la is not necessary. In contemporary Sango it seems to be overused.",,,1813, +59-49,59,mama akiri tene na lo nyen' si lo mu lege lo hon'?,mama\ta-kiri\ttene\tna\tlo\tnyen'\tsi\tlo\tmu\tlege\tlo\thon'?,mother\tPM-return\tspeech\tPREP\t3SG\twhat\tCONN\t3SG\ttake\tpath\t3SG\tdepart,What did Mother say in return to him that he took to the road and left?,,"One might say that the noun phrase tene nyen' 'what word' is broken by the introduction of na lo 'to him', but one can argue that nyen' stands alone as a predication. I have no analysis at the moment for this structure, but it does illustrate syntactic complexity in a pidgin.",,,naturalistic spoken,"mama akiri tene na lo nyen' si lo mu lege lo hon'?","mama a-kiri tene na lo nyen' si lo mu lege lo hon'?",mother PM-return speech PREP 3SG what CONN 3SG take path 3SG depart,"One might say that the noun phrase tene nyen' 'what word' is broken by the introduction of na lo 'to him', but one can argue that nyen' stands alone as a predication. I have no analysis at the moment for this structure, but it does illustrate syntactic complexity in a pidgin.",Samarin corpus 1994,,1814, +59-50,59,ala ke (yeke) na ndwa / ala ke (na) ndwa?,ala\tke\tna\tndo\twa?,3PL\tCOP\tat\tplace\twhat,Where are they?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ala ke (yeke) na ndwa / ala ke (na) ndwa?",ala ke na ndo wa?,3PL COP at place what,,Own knowledge,,1815, +59-51,59,nyen' aso mo si mo eke toto tongaso?,nyen'\taso\tmo\tsi\tmo\teke\ttoto\ttongaso?,what\tSM.hurt\t2SG\tthen\t2SG\tCOP\tcry\tthus,What ails you that you're crying like this?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"nyen' aso mo si mo eke toto tongaso?",,what SM.hurt 2SG then 2SG COP cry thus,,Own knowledge,,1816, +59-52,59,tenti nyen' laa lo tene so?!,tene\tti\tnyen'\tlaa\tlo\ttene\tso?!,affair\tof\twhat\tFOC\t3SG\tsay\tthus,Why in the world did you speak this way?,,"The question word 'why' is composed of 'affair of'. When a question is repeated or when expressing emotion, a rising-falling contour with greater emphasis occurs on the final syllable represented by (?!).",1326,,naturalistic spoken,"tenti nyen' laa lo tene so?!",tene ti nyen' laa lo tene so?!,affair of what FOC 3SG say thus,"The question word 'why' is composed of 'affair of'. When a question is repeated or when expressing emotion, a rising-falling contour with greater emphasis occurs on the final syllable represented by (?!).",,,1817, +60-13,60,wápi akendákí?,wápi\ta-kend-ákí?,where\t3SG-go-PST,Where did he go?,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,"wápi akendákí?",wápi a-kend-ákí?,where 3SG-go-PST,,,,1818, +60-14,60,akendákí wápi?,a-kend-ákí\twápi?,3SG-go-PST\twhere,Where did he go?,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,"akendákí wápi?",a-kend-ákí wápi?,3SG-go-PST where,,,,1819, +61-13,61,Ipi skati yena polisha lo taful?,Ipi\tskati\tyena\tpolisha\tlo\ttaful?,where\ttime\the\tpolish\tART\ttable,When does he polish the table?,,An alternative form to ipi skati is ini skati.,650[7],,constructed by linguist,Ipi skati yena polisha lo taful?,,where time he polish ART table,"An alternative form to ipi skati is ini skati.",,,1820, +61-14,61,Yena hambile iphi?,Yena\thamb-ile\tiphi?,she\tgo-PST\twhere,Where did she go?,,This is a marked order. Usually interrogatives are sentence-initial.,,,elicited from speaker,Yena hambile iphi?,Yena hamb-ile iphi?,she go-PST where,This is a marked order. Usually interrogatives are sentence-initial.,Field notes Mesthrie,,1821, +62-11,62,ékuʔóíye ahoní?,é-ku-ʔo-íye\tahoni?,3SG-OBJ.2SG-give-PRF\twhat,What did he give you?,,,,,elicited from speaker,"ékuʔóíye ahoní?",é-ku-ʔo-íye ahoni?,3SG-OBJ.2SG-give-PRF what,,Own field data 1993,,1822, +63-16,63,dé múnu?,dé\tmúnu?,DET\twho,Who’s that?,,,857[379],,naturalistic spoken,"dé múnu?",,DET who,,,,1823, +63-17,63,úo jíbu sunú?,úo\tjíbu\tsunú?,3SG\tbring\twhat,What did he bring?,,,622[82],,naturalistic spoken,"úo jíbu sunú?",,3SG bring what,,,,1824, +64-21,64,íta gerówa wen?,íta\tge=rówa\twen?,2SG\tPROG=go\twhere,Where are you going?,,Here ge has a present progressive meaning.,874[120],,naturalistic spoken,"íta gerówa wen?","íta ge=rówa wen?",2SG PROG=go where,"Here ge has a present progressive meaning.",,,1825, +64-22,64,íta munú?,íta\tmunú?,2SG\twho,Who are you?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"íta munú?",,2SG who,,Own knowledge,,1826, +64-23,64,munú der móya?,munú\tder\tmóya?,who\twant\twater,Who wants water?,,,874[110],,naturalistic spoken,"munú der móya?",,who want water,,,,1827, +64-24,64,fi yátu béled?,fi\tyátu\tbéled?,in\twhich\tcountry,In which country?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"fi yátu béled?",,in which country,,Own knowledge,,1828, +64-25,64,yatú?,yatú?,which,which one?,,Note the stress displacement due to the agglutination of the 3SG pronoun úo in yátu úo?.,874[111],,naturalistic spoken,yatú?,,which,"Note the stress displacement due to the agglutination of the 3SG pronoun úo in yátu úo?.",,,1829, +65-25,65,Iwo ide budu: Ol'ga ili Səkabeiwka?,Iwo\tide\tbudu:\tOl'ga\tili\tSəkabeiwka?,3SG\twhere\tCOP.FUT\tOlga\tor\tSkobeevka,Where will he be - in Olga or in Skobeevka?,,Olga and Skobeevka are place names.,458[12],,citation in fiction,"Iwo ide budu: Ol'ga ili Səkabeiwka?",,3SG where COP.FUT Olga or Skobeevka,"Olga and Skobeevka are place names.",,Его где буду – Ольга или Скобеевка?,1830, +65-26,65,Ti gəkaj duwal esy?,Ti\tgəkaj\tduwal\tesy?,2SG\twhich\tgoods\tCOP,What kind of merchandise do you have?,,,141[5],,naturalistic spoken,Ti gəkaj duwal esy?,,2SG which goods COP,,,Ти гэкай дувал есы?,1831, +65-27,65,Kamu den'gi dawaj?,Kamu\tden'gi\tdawaj?,whom\tmoney\tgive,To whom are you going to give money?,,,895[36],,citation in fiction,Kamu den'gi dawaj?,,whom money give,,,Кому деньги давай?,1832, +65-28,65,Kakoj liudi xoʧu kanka?,Kakój\tliudi\txóču\tkánka?,which\tperson\twant\tsee,Whom do you want to see?,,,671[167],,elicited from speaker,"Kakoj liudi xoʧu kanka?",Kakój liudi xóču kánka?,which person want see,,,,1833, +66-15,66,Lupe maama apayang ebawa (aða)?,Lu-pe\tmaama\tapa-yang\te-bawa\t(aða)?,2SG-POSS\tuncle\twhat-ACC\tASP-bring\t(AUX),What did your uncle bring?,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Lupe maama apayang ebawa (aða)?",Lu-pe maama apa-yang e-bawa (aða)?,2SG-POSS uncle what-ACC ASP-bring (AUX),,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,1834, +66-16,66,Apayang lupe maama ebawa (aða)?,Apa-yang\tlu-pe\tmaama\te-bawa\t(aða)?,what-ACC\t2SG-POSS\tuncle\tASP-bring\t(AUX),What did your uncle bring?,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Apayang lupe maama ebawa (aða)?",Apa-yang lu-pe maama e-bawa (aða)?,what-ACC 2SG-POSS uncle ASP-bring (AUX),,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,1835, +66-17,66,Mana ka buwayayang eklaatan (aða)?,Mana\tka\tbuwaya-yang\te-klaatan\t(aða)?,where\tin\tcrocodile-ACC\tASP-see\t(AUX),Where did you see the crocodile?,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mana ka buwayayang eklaatan (aða)?",Mana ka buwaya-yang e-klaatan (aða)?,where in crocodile-ACC ASP-see (AUX),,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,1836, +67-30,67,Berapa lu mahu?,Berapa\tlu\tmahu?,how.much\t2SG\twant,How much do you want?,,,708[142],,naturalistic spoken,"Berapa lu mahu?",,how.much 2SG want,,,,1837, +67-31,67,Lagi sini berapa tahun lu baca?,Lagi\tsini\tberapa\ttahun\tlu\tbaca?,again\there\thow.many\tyear\t2SG\tread,How many more years are you going to study here?,,,708[141],,naturalistic spoken,"Lagi sini berapa tahun lu baca?",,again here how.many year 2SG read,,,,1838, +68-16,68,Tadi se dapa brapa?,Tadi\tse\tdapa\tbrapa?,just.now\t2SG\tget\thow.many,How many did you get?,,,1528[267],,naturalistic spoken,Tadi se dapa brapa?,,just.now 2SG get how.many,,,,1839, +69-11,69,mi ɳawn payum anak,mi\tnawn\tpayum\tanak,2SG\twho\tman\tCOP,Which man are you?,,,,,elicited from speaker,mi ɳawn payum anak,mi nawn payum anak,2SG who man COP,,Own field notes 1985,,1840, +70-18,70,Kon baito gare?,Kon\tbaito\tgare?,who\tCOP\thome,Who is at home?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Kon baito gare?",,who COP home,,Own knowledge,,1841, +70-19,70,U konci bolo?,U\tkonci\tbolo?,3SG\twhat\tsay,What did he say?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"U konci bolo?",,3SG what say,,Siegel-field recording,,1842, +70-20,70,U kaha jao?,U\tkaha\tjao?,3SG\twhere\tgo,Where did he go?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"U kaha jao?",,3SG where go,,Siegel-field recording,,1843, +71-20,71,Mahea oe waiho kela eke palani oe?,Mahea\toe\twaiho\tkela\teke\tpalani\toe?,where\t2SG\tleave\tDET\tsack\tbran\t2SG.POSS,Where did you leave your sack of bran?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Mahea oe waiho kela eke palani oe?",,where 2SG leave DET sack bran 2SG.POSS,,Own data 1892,,1844, +71-21,71,"Oe lawe kela ehiku noloko umikumalua, koe ahia?","Oe\tlawe\tkela\tehiku\tnoloko\tumikumalua,\tkoe\tahia?",2SG\ttake\tDET\tseven\tfrom\ttwelve\tremain\thow.much,"If you subtract seven from twelve, how much is left over?",,,,,naturalistic written,"Oe lawe kela ehiku noloko umikumalua, koe ahia?",,2SG take DET seven from twelve remain how.much,,Own data 1891,,1845, +71-22,71,"Hallo aikane, hele mahea?","Hallo\taikane,\thele\tmahea?",hello\tfriend\tgo\twhere,"Hello my friend, where are you going?",,,,,naturalistic written,"Hallo aikane, hele mahea?",,hello friend go where,,Own data 1894,,1846, +72-21,72,Weyangka irra baitim nyuntu?,Weya-ngka\ti-rra\tbait-im\tnyuntu?,where-LOC\t3SG-POT\tbite-TR\t2SG,Where's it going to bite you?,,,920[366],,naturalistic spoken,"Weyangka irra baitim nyuntu?","Weya-ngka i-rra bait-im nyuntu?",where-LOC 3SG-POT bite-TR 2SG,,,,1847, +73-19,73,kwandudi tuyu ixada shutichirkangi?,kwandu-di\ttuyu\tixa-da\tshuti-chi-rka-ngi,when-EMPH\t2.POSS\tdaughter-ACC\tname-CAUS-PST-2SG,When did you have your daughter baptized?,,,,,elicited from speaker,kwandudi tuyu ixada shutichirkangi?,kwandu-di tuyu ixa-da shuti-chi-rka-ngi,when-EMPH 2.POSS daughter-ACC name-CAUS-PST-2SG,,Field notes,,1848, +74-22,74,qáta máyka mákmak?,qáta\tmáyka\tmákmak?,what\t2SG\teat,What are you eating?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"qáta máyka mákmak?",,what 2SG eat,,Own knowledge,,1849, +74-23,74,qáta wik mamúnk páya ánkati?,qáta\twik\tmamúnk\tpáya\tánkati?,why\tnot\tmake\tfire\tformerly,Why didn’t you cook it beforehand?,,,675[14],,narrative,"qáta wik mamúnk páya ánkati?",,why not make fire formerly,,,,1850, +75-48,75,Keekway soo nikskeuz aanrtaar eeayaat?,Keekway\tsoo\tnikskeuz\taanrtaar\tee-ayaa-t?,what\this\texcuse\tlate\tCOMP-be-3SG,What's his excuse for being late?,,,789[88],,naturalistic written,Keekway soo nikskeuz aanrtaar eeayaat?,Keekway soo nikskeuz aanrtaar ee-ayaa-t?,what his excuse late COMP-be-3SG,,,,1851, +75-49,75,Keekway ton nok kaapeetaat.,Keekway\tton\tnok\tkaa-peet-aat.,what\t2SG.POSS\tuncle\tCOMP-bring-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,What did your uncle bring?,,,522,,elicited from speaker,"Keekway ton nok kaapeetaat.",Keekway ton nok kaa-peet-aat.,what 2SG.POSS uncle COMP-bring-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,,,,1852, +76-24,76,cuna picuktu?,cuna\tpicuktu?,what\twant,What do you want?,,,1442[230],,reconstructed by documentalist,cuna picuktu?,,what want,,,,1853, +76-32,76,kīna omiakpȗk tautuk?,kīna\tomiakpȗk\ttautuk?,who\tship\tsee,Which ship did you see?,,,1442[226],,reconstructed by documentalist,kīna omiakpȗk tautuk?,,who ship see,,,,1854, +76-33,76,cuna elekta illuit?,cuna\telekta\tilluit?,which\tgo\tyou,Where are you going?,,"Occasionally the second person singular and plural pronoun are distinguished, although the plural form is often used for both numbers.",1442[230],,reconstructed by documentalist,cuna elekta illuit?,,which go you,"Occasionally the second person singular and plural pronoun are distinguished, although the plural form is often used for both numbers.",,,1855, +76-34,76,kapsi'nik,kapsi'nik,how.many,how many,,This interrogative pronoun was also attested in 18th century Greenlandic Pidgin (van der Voort 1996: 229).,1442[226],,reconstructed by documentalist,kapsi'nik,,how.many,This interrogative pronoun was also attested in 18th century Greenlandic Pidgin (van der Voort 1996: 229).,,,1856, +2-41,2,A de bun.,A\tde\tbun.,3SG\tCOP\tgood,He/She/It is good/well.,,,1604[282],,naturalistic spoken,A de bun.,,3SG COP good,,,,1857, +2-42,2,En na mi mati.,En\tna\tmi\tmati.,3SG\tCOP\t1SG\tfriend,He/She is my friend.,,,1062[22],,naturalistic spoken,"En na mi mati.",,3SG COP 1SG friend,,,,1858, +2-43,2,Na en teki a buku.,Na\ten\tteki\ta\tbuku.,FOC\t3SG\ttake\tDET\tbook,It’s HER/HIM that took the book.,,"The oblique form of the 3rd person singular pronoun functions as the subject of the equative copula, and also functions as an emphatic form in cleft constructions.",,,constructed by linguist,"Na en teki a buku.",,FOC 3SG take DET book,"The oblique form of the 3rd person singular pronoun functions as the subject of the equative copula, and also functions as an emphatic form in cleft constructions.",Winford transcripts,,1859, +3-18,3,a kai,a\tkai,3SG\tfall,she/he/it fell,,,,,naturalistic spoken,a kai,,3SG fall,,Fieldwork data,,1860, +4-18,4,A feni wan gaan pisi gowtu.,A\tfeni\twan\tgaan\tpisi\tgowtu.,he\tfind\ta\tbig\tpiece\tgold,He found a big piece of gold.,,,568[233],,naturalistic spoken,A feni wan gaan pisi gowtu.,,he find a big piece gold,,,,1861, +4-19,4,Taa dei a meki wan moy pikin.,Taa\tdei\ta\tmeki\twan\tmoy\tpikin.,other\tday\tshe\tmake\ta\tnice\tchild,The other day she gave birth to a nice child.,,,1271,,naturalistic spoken,Taa dei a meki wan moy pikin.,,other day she make a nice child,,,,1862, +5-24,5,ii na ded,ii\tna\tded,3SG\tNEG\tdead,He isn't dead.,,,1281[160 (line 515 - 6)],,naturalistic spoken,ii na ded,,3SG NEG dead,,,,1863, +5-25,5,an ii bigin fu sok dis bai,an\tii\tbigin\tfu\tsok\tdis\tbai,and\t3SG\tbegin\tto\tsuck\tthe\tboy,And she began to suck the boy.,,,1281[160 (line 495)],,naturalistic spoken,an ii bigin fu sok dis bai,,and 3SG begin to suck the boy,,,,1864, +6-15,6,Who say dat? Shi.,Who\tsay\tdat?\tShi.,who\tsay\tDEM.SG\t3SG.F,Who said that? She.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Who say dat? Shi.,,who say DEM.SG 3SG.F,,Informant,,1865, +7-29,7,I tel mi so.,I\ttel\tmi\tso.,3SG\ttell\t1SG\tso,He/she told me that.,,There is a neutral gender which is used for both 'he' and 'she' but also 'it'.,1244[86],,naturalistic spoken,I tel mi so.,,3SG tell 1SG so,There is a neutral gender which is used for both 'he' and 'she' but also 'it'.,,,1866, +7-30,7,Hi tel mi so.,Hi\ttel\tmi\tso.,3SG.M\ttell\t1SG\tso,He told me that.,,‘He’ is expressed by hi so that no confusion is intended (between 'he' and 'she'). Please compare with Example 29.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi tel mi so.,,3SG.M tell 1SG so,"‘He’ is expressed by hi so that no confusion is intended (between 'he' and 'she'). Please compare with Example 29.",Own knowledge,,1867, +7-31,7,Shi tel mi so.,Shi\ttel\tmi\tso.,3SG.F\ttell\t1SG\tso,She told me that.,,‘She’ is expressed by shi so that no confusion is intended between 'he' and 'she'. Please compare with Examples 29 and 30.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Shi tel mi so.,,3SG.F tell 1SG so,"‘She’ is expressed by shi so that no confusion is intended between 'he' and 'she'. Please compare with Examples 29 and 30.",Own knowledge,,1868, +8-15,8,Im gi im im.,Im\tgi\tim\tim.,3SG\tgive\t3SG\t3SG,She gave him/it (i.e. the dog) to him.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Im gi im im.,,3SG give 3SG 3SG,,Own knowledge,,1869, +8-16,8,Im a di liida.,Im\ta\tdi\tliida.,3SG\tCOP\tDET\tleader,He is the leader.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Im a di liida.,,3SG COP DET leader,,Own knowledge,,1870, +8-17,8,Shi a di liida.,Shi\ta\tdi\tliida.,3SG.F\tCOP\tDET\tleader,She is the leader.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Shi a di liida.,,3SG.F COP DET leader,,Own knowledge,,1871, +9-32,9,"Im tɛl mi, im tɛl mi. — ʧo wɛn?","Im tɛl mi, im tɛl mi. — ʧo wɛn?",he told me he told me   cho when,"He told me. — No way, when?",,A click occurs in the position of — cho expresses the same affective function (here exasperation).,429,,elicited from speaker,"Im tɛl mi, im tɛl mi. — ʧo wɛn?",,he told me he told me cho when,"A click occurs in the position of — cho expresses the same affective function (here exasperation).",,,1872, +9-33,9,(Suzi) i me de kaal mi.,(Suzi)\ti\tme\tde\tkaal\tmi.,(Suzi)\tshe\tANT\tPROG\tcall\tme,"(Suzi,) she was calling me.",,,432[41],,naturalistic spoken,(Suzi) i me de kaal mi.,,(Suzi) she ANT PROG call me,,,,1873, +9-34,9,ʃi de se di preya.,ʃi\tde\tse\tdi\tpreya.,she\tPROG\tsay\tDEF\tprayer,She is saying the prayer.,,,432[50],,naturalistic spoken,ʃi de se di preya.,,she PROG say DEF prayer,,,,1874, +10-16,10,An ihn tel Beda Taiga fi jomp.,An\tihn\ttel\tBeda\tTaiga\tfi\tjomp.,and\t3SG\ttell\tBrother\tTiger\tCOMP\tjump,And he told Brother Tiger to jump.,,Ihn could refer to a female as well.,,,naturalistic spoken,"An ihn tel Beda Taiga fi jomp.",,and 3SG tell Brother Tiger COMP jump,"Ihn could refer to a female as well.",Unpublished field recordings,,1875, +10-17,10,Ihn kaal aan tu wan likl gyal neiba.,Ihn\tkaal\taan\ttu\twan\tlikl\tgyal\tneiba.,3SG\tcall\ton\tto\tART.INDF\tlittle\tgirl\tneighbour,She called to a neighbour’s little girl.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ihn kaal aan tu wan likl gyal neiba.",,3SG call on to ART.INDF little girl neighbour,,Unpublished field recordings,,1876, +10-18,10,Shi kaal fi shi swiit bwai.,Shi\tkaal\tfi\tshi\tswiit\tbwai.,3SG.F\tcall\tfor\t3SG.POSS.F\tsweet\tboy,She called out to her sweet boy.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Shi kaal fi shi swiit bwai.,,3SG.F call for 3SG.POSS.F sweet boy,,Unpublished field recordings,,1877, +11-23,11,"Aafta shi iit har sekant miil, hi sed [...].","Aafta\tshi\tiit\thar\tsekant\tmiil,\thi\tsed\t[...].",after\t3SG.F\teat\t3SG.POSS.F\tsecond\tmeal\t3SG.M\tsay.PST\t[...],"After she had eaten her second meal, he said: [...].",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Aafta shi iit har sekant miil, hi sed [...].",,after 3SG.F eat 3SG.POSS.F second meal 3SG.M say.PST [...],,,,1878, +11-24,11,"Hi se: ""Wel, ai haf di ring.""","Hi\tse:\t""Wel,\tai\thaf\tdi\tring.""",3SG.M\tsay\twell\t1SG\thave\tART.DEF\tring,"He said: ""Well, I have the ring.""",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Hi se: ""Wel, ai haf di ring.""",,3SG.M say well 1SG have ART.DEF ring,,,,1879, +12-18,12,Only mi- o- only - my mother had - one brother what I didn't know - he - he is - he used to say it was three of we.,[...]\tmy\tmother\t[...]\the\tused\tto\tsay\t[...],[...]\tmy\tmother\t[...]\t3SG\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\tsay\t[...],[...] my mother [...] she used to say [there were three of us].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Only mi- o- only - my mother had - one brother what I didn't know - he - he is - he used to say it was three of we.","[...] my mother [...] he used to say [...]",[...] my mother [...] 3SG HAB.PST HAB.PST say [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,1880, +12-19,12,"Yeah, no, my mother dead long time. She dead [...] my younger sister was 'bout five, I been mus'e 'bout 13, my older sister 'bout 16. Long time. When she dead - she leave eight children.",[...] When she dead - she leave eight children.,[...] when 3SG.F die[PFV]   3SG.F leave[PFV] eight children,[...] When she died she left eight children.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, no, my mother dead long time. She dead [...] my younger sister was 'bout five, I been mus'e 'bout 13, my older sister 'bout 16. Long time. When she dead - she leave eight children.","[...] When she dead - she leave eight children.",[...] when 3SG.F die[PFV] 3SG.F leave[PFV] eight children,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,1881, +12-20,12,[...] he’s my cousin.,[...]\the’s\tmy\tcousin.,[...]\t3SG.M.COP\tmy\tcousin,[...] he's my cousin.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,[...] he’s my cousin.,,[...] 3SG.M.COP my cousin,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,1882, +12-21,12,She can’t break it up!,She\tcan’t\tbreak\tit\tup!,she\tcan't\tbreak\t3SG.N\tup,She (i.e. the speaker's grandmother) can't break it (i.e. the speaker's relationship with a particular man) up.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,She can’t break it up!,,she can't break 3SG.N up,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,1883, +13-20,13,E gone an marry Mary.,E\tgone\tan\tmarry\tMary.,3SG\tgo.PST\tand\tmarry\tMary,He went and married Mary. (Mt 1.24),,,357[3],,bible translation,E gone an marry Mary.,,3SG go.PST and marry Mary,,,,1884, +13-21,13,E gwine be wid chile.,E\tgwine\tbe\twid\tchile.,3SG\tgoing\tbe\twith\tchild,She will be pregnant. (Mt 1.23),,,357[3],,bible translation,E gwine be wid chile.,,3SG going be with child,,,,1885, +14-17,14,He asked them if she had his number.,He\tasked\tthem\tif\tshe\thad\this\tnumber.,he\tasked\tthem\tif\tshe\thad\this\tnumber,He asked them if she had his number.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He asked them if she had his number.,,he asked them if she had his number,,Own knowledge,,1886, +15-18,15,i dɔn kam,i\tdɔn\tkam,3SG\tPFV\tcome,He/She/It has arrived.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,i dɔn kam,,3SG PFV come,,Own knowledge,,1887, +16-21,16,in tu ì mek wì dè fiɛr àm nau,in\ttu\tì\tmek\twì\tdè\tfiɛr\tàm\tnau,3SG.F/M/N\tTOP\t3SG\tmake\t1PL\tHAB\tfear\t3SG.OBL\tnow,She/he/it makes us fear her/him/it now.,,"In is the independent personal pronoun, ì the dependent one.",656[197],,naturalistic spoken,in tu ì mek wì dè fiɛr àm nau,,3SG.F/M/N TOP 3SG make 1PL HAB fear 3SG.OBL now,"In is the independent personal pronoun, ì the dependent one.",,,1888, +17-17,17,Ìm kari nayf go.,Ìm\tkari\tnayf\tgo.,3SG.SBJ\tcarry\tknife\tgo.LOC,S/he took the knife away.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ìm kari nayf go.,,3SG.SBJ carry knife go.LOC,,Own knowledge,,1889, +18-21,18,I 'don 'si 'yi,I\tdon\tsi\ti.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsee\t3SG.OBL,She/He has seen her/him.,,,352[93],,published source,I 'don 'si 'yi,I don si i.,3SG.SBJ PFV see 3SG.OBL,,,,1890, +19-21,19,in,in,3SG.EMPH,s/he,,,,,constructed by linguist,in,,3SG.EMPH,,Own knowledge,,1891, +20-12,20,[...] to make speak to dat old fool head lun away long she.,[...]\tto\tmake\tspeak\tto\tdat\told\tfool\thead\tlun\taway\tlong\tshe.,[...]\tto\tmake\tspeak\tto\tDEM\told\tfool\thead\trun\taway\tCOM\tshe,[...] to speak to that foolish old man (who) ran away with her.,,This rare example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1481[767],,naturalistic written,[...] to make speak to dat old fool head lun away long she.,,[...] to make speak to DEM old fool head run away COM she,This rare example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,1892, +20-23,20,"Suppose he no small feet, no man wantjee make he number one wife.","Suppose\the\tno\tsmall\tfeet,\tno\tman\twantjee\tmake\the\tnumber\tone\twife.",suppose\t3SG\tno\tsmall\tfeet\tno\tman\twant\tmake\t3SG\tnumber\tone\twife,"If she doesn't have small feet, nobody will want to make her his principal wife.",,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,350[272],,naturalistic written,"Suppose he no small feet, no man wantjee make he number one wife.",,suppose 3SG no small feet no man want make 3SG number one wife,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,,,1893, +23-23,23,hem i katkatem smolsmol kabis blong hem,hem\ti\tkat~kat-em\tsmol~smol\tkabis\tblong\them,3SG\tAGR\tcut~cut-TR\tsmall~small\tcabbage\tPOSS\t3SG,She cut up her cabbage very fine(ly).,,,948[236],,naturalistic spoken,"hem i katkatem smolsmol kabis blong hem",hem i kat~kat-em smol~smol kabis blong hem,3SG AGR cut~cut-TR small~small cabbage POSS 3SG,,,,1894, +23-24,23,hem i no save se woman blong hem i bon finis,hem\ti\tno\tsave\tse\twoman\tblong\them\ti\tbon\tfinis,3SG\tAGR\tNEG\tknow\tCOMP\twoman\tPOSS\t3SG\tAGR\tburn\tCOMPL,He didn't know that his wife had (by that time) already been burnt.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"hem i no save se woman blong hem i bon finis",,3SG AGR NEG know COMP woman POSS 3SG AGR burn COMPL,,,,1895, +23-25,23,sapos haos kapa blong yumi i muv [...] kijin blong hem i kam long saed,sapos\thaos\tkapa\tblong\tyumi\ti\tmuv\t[...]\tkijin\tblong\them\ti\tkam\tlong\tsaed,if\thouse\tcopper\tPOSS\t1PL.INCL\tAGR\tmove\t[...]\tkitchen\tPOSS\t3SG\tAGR\tcome\tLOC\tside,If our house with the iron roof moves (down here) [...] its kitchen (could) come on the side.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,sapos haos kapa blong yumi i muv [...] kijin blong hem i kam long saed,,if house copper POSS 1PL.INCL AGR move [...] kitchen POSS 3SG AGR come LOC side,,,,1896, +24-30,24,Hi tal shi kamen.,Hi\ttal\tshi\tkamen.,he\tsay\tshe\tcome.PROG,He said she was coming.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hi tal shi kamen.,,he say she come.PROG,,Own fieldwork,,1897, +25-90,25,"Gardiya pein, im nomo laikim blekbala pein.","Gardiya\tpein,\tim\tnomo\tlaik-im\tblekbala\tpein.",white.person\tpaint\t3SG\tNEG\tlike-TR\tAboriginal.person\tpaint,"White people’s paint, she doesn’t like Aboriginal people’s paint. (Talking about decorating artefacts).",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the 3rd person singular pronoun im (unmarked for gender), the negative marker nomo and the use of the verb laik-im 'like'. Gardiya is a Ngarinyman word.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Gardiya pein, im nomo laikim blekbala pein.","Gardiya pein, im nomo laik-im blekbala pein.",white.person paint 3SG NEG like-TR Aboriginal.person paint,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the 3rd person singular pronoun im (unmarked for gender), the negative marker nomo and the use of the verb laik-im 'like'. Gardiya is a Ngarinyman word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1898, +25-91,25,Jed olgamen bin luk ebriweya bat im nomo bin faindim olabat.,Jed\tolgamen\tbin\tluk\tebriweya\tbat\tim\tnomo\tbin\tfaind-im\tolabat.,DEM\twoman\tPST\tlook\teverywhere\tbut\t3SG\tNEG\tPST\tfind-TR\t3PL,The woman looked everywhere but couldn’t find them.,,Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates normal clausal negation and the lack of gender distinction in 3rd person pronouns.,128[5],,naturalistic written,Jed olgamen bin luk ebriweya bat im nomo bin faindim olabat.,Jed olgamen bin luk ebriweya bat im nomo bin faind-im olabat.,DEM woman PST look everywhere but 3SG NEG PST find-TR 3PL,Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates normal clausal negation and the lack of gender distinction in 3rd person pronouns.,,,1899, +25-92,25,Nomo boiwan im gelwan.,Nomo\tboi-wan\tim\tgel-wan.,NEG\tmale-ADJ\t3SG\tfemale-ADJ,"It is not the male, it is the female.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the terms for 'male' and 'female' used to make sex distinctions for animals.",,,naturalistic spoken,Nomo boiwan im gelwan.,Nomo boi-wan im gel-wan.,NEG male-ADJ 3SG female-ADJ,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the terms for 'male' and 'female' used to make sex distinctions for animals.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1900, +25-93,25,"Hi got rul yet, mai matha.","Hi\tgot\trul\tyet,\tmai\tmatha.",3SG\thave\trule\tyet/still\t1SG.POSS\tmother,"She still keeps the traditions, my mother.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the transitive possessive verb and the fact that the 3rd person singular pronoun is unmarked for gender.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Hi got rul yet, mai matha.",,3SG have rule yet/still 1SG.POSS mother,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the transitive possessive verb and the fact that the 3rd person singular pronoun is unmarked for gender.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1901, +25-94,25,Wan wi bin kid mi en he.,Wan\twi\tbin\tkid\tmi\ten\the.,TEMP\t1PL\tPST\tchild\t1SG\tand\t3SG.F,"When we were children, me and her.",,Variety: Spoken Victoria River (acrolectal). This example illustrates the (acrolectal) possibility of gender distinction in 3rd singular pronouns (note that the absence of plural marking on the noun is a non-acrolectal feature).,,,naturalistic spoken,Wan wi bin kid mi en he.,,TEMP 1PL PST child 1SG and 3SG.F,Variety: Spoken Victoria River (acrolectal). This example illustrates the (acrolectal) possibility of gender distinction in 3rd singular pronouns (note that the absence of plural marking on the noun is a non-acrolectal feature).,Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,1902, +26-18,26,hi tol mi,hi\ttol\tmi,3SG.M\tsaid\t1SG.OBL,he said to me,,,1545[47],,naturalistic spoken,hi tol mi,,3SG.M said 1SG.OBL,,,,1903, +27-14,27,am,am,3SG,"he, she",,,355[11],,naturalistic spoken,am,,3SG,,,,1904, +28-32,28,"ori, o noko redi noko ka","ori,\to\tno-ko\tredi\tnoko\tka",3SG\t3SG\tnot-RES\tready\tyet\tNEG,"As for her, she wasn't ready yet.",,"This example shows the independent form ori in dislocated position, whereas the dependent form o appears as resumptive pronoun. Note that the independent form ori can also appear as resumptive pronoun, but that the dependent form o cannot be dislocated.",737[649],,naturalistic spoken,"ori, o noko redi noko ka","ori, o no-ko redi noko ka",3SG 3SG not-RES ready yet NEG,"This example shows the independent form ori in dislocated position, whereas the dependent form o appears as resumptive pronoun. Note that the independent form ori can also appear as resumptive pronoun, but that the dependent form o cannot be dislocated.",,,1905, +28-33,28,ori mjato ʃi selfu,ori\tmja-tɛ\to\tʃi\tselfu,3SG\tmake-PFV\t3SG\t3SG.POSS\tself,He made it himself.,,,737[172],,naturalistic spoken,ori mjato ʃi selfu,ori mja-tɛ o ʃi selfu,3SG make-PFV 3SG 3SG.POSS self,,,,1906, +28-34,28,"en bi oprop oko, ori oko moi ka",eni\tbi\topropo\toko\tori\toko\tmoi\tka,3PL\tsay\tpig\ttoo\t3SG\ttoo\tgood\tNEG,"They say pig too, it too isn't good (to eat).",,,737[170],,naturalistic spoken,"en bi oprop oko, ori oko moi ka",eni bi opropo oko ori oko moi ka,3PL say pig too 3SG too good NEG,,,,1907, +29-23,29,hy vs. sy; hom vs. haar,hy\tvs.\tsy;\thom\tvs.\thaar,3SG.M.NOM\tvs.\t3SG.F.NOM\t3SG.M.OBL\tvs.\t3SG.F.OBL,he vs. she; him vs. her,,,,,naturalistic spoken,hy vs. sy; hom vs. haar,,3SG.M.NOM vs. 3SG.F.NOM 3SG.M.OBL vs. 3SG.F.OBL,,Own knowledge,,1908, +30-30,30,"Fáda ben di rubera, ael ku si mininu, [...]/ Lobu, ael ê laskádu.","Fáda ben di=rubera, ael ku=si=mininu, [...] / Lobu, ael ê laskádu.",fairy come from=river TOP.3SG.INDP with=her=child [...]   Lobu TOP.3SG.INDP be greedy,"The fairy came from the river, she and her child, [...] / The Lobu (male mythical creature), he is greedy.",,,1407[157/351],,naturalistic spoken,"Fáda ben di rubera, ael ku si mininu, [...]/ Lobu, ael ê laskádu.","Fáda ben di=rubera, ael ku=si=mininu, [...] / Lobu, ael ê laskádu.",fairy come from=river TOP.3SG.INDP with=her=child [...] Lobu TOP.3SG.INDP be greedy,,,,1909,"German: Die Fee kam vom Fluss, sie und ihr Kind, [...] / Der Lobu (männliches Fabelwesen), der ist gierig." +30-31,30,"Nton, es munta na kabálu, el [Bránka Flor] ku Djuzé, es tudu dos [...].","Nton,\tes=munta\tna=kabálu,\tel\tku=Djuzé,\tes\ttudu\tdos\t[...].",Then\t3PL.DEP=mount\tin=horse\t3SG.INDP\twith=Joseph\t3PL.INDP\tall\ttwo\t[...],"Then they mounted the horse, she (Bránka Flor) and Joseph, both of them [...].",,,1407[102],,naturalistic spoken,"Nton, es munta na kabálu, el [Bránka Flor] ku Djuzé, es tudu dos [...].","Nton, es=munta na=kabálu, el ku=Djuzé, es tudu dos [...].",Then 3PL.DEP=mount in=horse 3SG.INDP with=Joseph 3PL.INDP all two [...],,,,1910,"German: Da bestiegen sie das Pferd, sie (Bránka Flor) und Josef, sie alle beide [...]." +30-32,30,"Anho nhu ta bai, anha nha ta fika.","A-nho\tnhu=ta=bai,\ta-nha\tnha=ta=fika.",TOP-2SG.POL.M.INDP\t2SG.POL.M.DEP=IPFV=go\tTOP-2SG.POL.F.INDP\t2SG.POL.F.DEP=IPFV=stay,"You (SG.M, polite) will go, you (SG.F, polite) will stay.",,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Anho nhu ta bai, anha nha ta fika.","A-nho nhu=ta=bai, a-nha nha=ta=fika.",TOP-2SG.POL.M.INDP 2SG.POL.M.DEP=IPFV=go TOP-2SG.POL.F.INDP 2SG.POL.F.DEP=IPFV=stay,,,,1911,"German: Sie (SG.M) (werden) gehen, Sie (SG.F) (werden) bleiben." +31-30,31,El ben more.,El\tben\tmore.,3SG\tcome\tdie,He died.,,There is no gender distinction for the third person singular independent pronoun. El can stand for 'he/she/it'.,663,,naturalistic spoken,El ben more.,,3SG come die,"There is no gender distinction for the third person singular independent pronoun. El can stand for 'he/she/it'.",,,1912, +31-31,31,"Jisus ta bensua nha, ta kunpanha nha.","Jisus\tta\tbensua\tnha,\tta\tkunpanha\tnha.",Jesus\tMOOD\tbless\tyou\tMOOD\taccompany\tyou,May Jesus bless you and be with you.,,"Nho/nha is pervasive among older speakers and is believed to be derived from sinhor 'Sir', sinhora 'Mrs'. Nowadays, sinhor/sinhora followed by the person's first name is used among younger speakers.",663,,naturalistic spoken,"Jisus ta bensua nha, ta kunpanha nha.",,Jesus MOOD bless you MOOD accompany you,"Nho/nha is pervasive among older speakers and is believed to be derived from sinhor 'Sir', sinhora 'Mrs'. Nowadays, sinhor/sinhora followed by the person's first name is used among younger speakers.",,,1913, +31-32,31,"si nha ben li, nha atxa-m nha debe da-m","si\tnha\tben\tli,\tnha\tatxa-m\tnha\tdebe\tda-m",if\tyou\tcome\there\tyou\tfind-me\tyou\tmust\tgive-me,"if you come here, you find me, you must give me",,"Nho is the masculine counterpart to nha. Nho and nha are truly independent pronouns, as they may occur in isolation in response to a question. For instance, kenhi ki Maria odja na merkadu? 'Who did Maria see at the market?' Nha! 'You!'.",57,,naturalistic spoken,"si nha ben li, nha atxa-m nha debe da-m",,if you come here you find-me you must give-me,"Nho is the masculine counterpart to nha. Nho and nha are truly independent pronouns, as they may occur in isolation in response to a question. For instance, kenhi ki Maria odja na merkadu? 'Who did Maria see at the market?' Nha! 'You!'.",,,1914, +31-33,31,El fika k'un mudjer la.,El\tfika\tk'un\tmudjer\tla.,he\tstay\twith.a\twoman\tthere,He stayed with a woman there.,,,61,,naturalistic spoken,El fika k'un mudjer la.,,he stay with.a woman there,,,,1915, +32-19,32,"El, bosê","El,\tbosê",3SG\t2SG.polite,"he/she/it, you (polite)",,"Contrary to the Sotavento varieties of Cape Verdean Creole, which show gender distinction in polite second person singular pronouns (nho or anho [2SG.M] ‘you’ vs. nha or anha [2SG.F] ‘you’), only one form exists in the São Vicente variety, i.e. bosê [2SG.polite] 'you'.",1456,,constructed by linguist,"El, bosê",,3SG 2SG.polite,"Contrary to the Sotavento varieties of Cape Verdean Creole, which show gender distinction in polite second person singular pronouns (nho or anho [2SG.M] ‘you’ vs. nha or anha [2SG.F] ‘you’), only one form exists in the São Vicente variety, i.e. bosê [2SG.polite] 'you'.",,,1916,"Portuguese: ele/ela, senhor/senhora" +33-24,33,I kume.,I\tkume.,3SG\teat.PST,He/she ate.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I kume.,,3SG eat.PST,,Own knowledge,,1917,Portuguese: Comeu. +34-22,34,yel,yel,3SG.INDP,he/she/it,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,yel,,3SG.INDP,,Own knowledge,,1918, +35-29,35,êlê,êlê,3SG,he/she/it,,,,,naturalistic spoken,êlê,,3SG,,Own data,,1919, +36-16,36,ê,ê,he/she/it,"he, she, it",,,901[59],,elicited from speaker,ê,,he/she/it,,,,1920, +37-18,37,ê; ine,ê;\tine,he/she/it\tthey,he/she/it; they,,,,,constructed by linguist,ê; ine,,he/she/it they,,Own knowledge,,1921, +38-23,38,I na ske kumpa zuanxa da bof.,Eli\tna\tske\tkumpa\tzuguan-xa\tda\tbo-f.,3SG\tNEG\tIRR\tbuy\tsome-thing\tgive\t2SG-NEG,He/she will not buy you a present.,,,,,elicited from speaker,I na ske kumpa zuanxa da bof.,Eli na ske kumpa zuguan-xa da bo-f.,3SG NEG IRR buy some-thing give 2SG-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1990,,1922, +39-31,39,ɛl ɛ muyt muyt muyt mɛdroz.,ɛl\tɛ\tmuyt\tmuyt\tmuyt\tmɛdroz.,3SG.F\tCOP.NPST\tvery\tvery\tvery\tfrightful,She gets scared very very very easily (lit. She is very very very frightful).,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,ɛl ɛ muyt muyt muyt mɛdroz.,,3SG.F COP.NPST very very very frightful,,,,1923, +39-32,39,El mem atəro pə el.,El\tmem\tatər-o\tpə\tel.,3SG\tEMPH\tpush-PST\tACC\t3SG,HE pushed him.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",218,,naturalistic spoken,El mem atəro pə el.,El mem atər-o pə el.,3SG EMPH push-PST ACC 3SG,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",,,1924, +40-22,40,"ɔ͂m tə hika nɛ. El tə hala [ku muler], “Tər wɔ un ti andad?”","ɔ͂m\ttə\thika\tnɛ.\tEl\ttə\thala\t[ku\tmuler],\t“Tər\twɔ\tun\tti\tandad?”",man\tPRS\tCOP\tright\t3SG\tPRS\tsay\t[to\twoman]\tso\tyou.FAM\twhere\tPST\tgo.PTCP,"There's a man, right. He says [to the woman], ""So, where have you been?""",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"ɔ͂m tə hika nɛ. El tə hala [ku muler], “Tər wɔ un ti andad?”",,man PRS COP right 3SG PRS say [to woman] so you.FAM where PST go.PTCP,,Unpublished story,,1925, +40-23,40,"əkə mulɛr tə hala, ""Yo ti andad əkə ye pesh ulya"". Tər pesh pən nu ti nad. Mhanje el ti andad lava kɔrp.","əkə\tmulɛr\ttə\thala,\t""Yo\tti\tandad\təkə\tye\tpesh\tulya"".\tTər\tpesh\tpən\tnu\tti\tnad.\tMhanje\tel\tti\tandad\tlava\tkɔrp.",that\twoman\tPRS\tsay\tI\tPST\tgo.PTCP\tthat\tthis\tfish\tlook.at\tbut\tfish\talso\tNEG\tCOP.PST\tnothing\tthat.is\t3SG\tPST\tgo.PTCP\twash\tbody,"That woman said, ""I went to look at the fish."" But there was no fish. That's to say, she went to take a bath.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"əkə mulɛr tə hala, ""Yo ti andad əkə ye pesh ulya"". Tər pesh pən nu ti nad. Mhanje el ti andad lava kɔrp.",,that woman PRS say I PST go.PTCP that this fish look.at but fish also NEG COP.PST nothing that.is 3SG PST go.PTCP wash body,,Unpublished story,,1926, +41-2,41,elispa inda nukutiraa noos,eli-s-pa\tinda\tnuku-tiraa\tnoos,3.M-PL-ACC\tyet\tNEG-take\t1PL,We haven't engaged them yet. OR: We haven't taken them on as regular employees yet.,,"The topic is elis, whose referent was introduced in the preceding sentence in the discourse. The referent of noos is speaker and his relatives who are running a business, and excludes the addressee (who is neither a relative nor involved in the business). +Elis-pa illustrates accusative marking on pronominal P, different from A and S. +This example also illustrates the unmarked negative, which may refer to present, past or near future time.",1416[1372],,naturalistic spoken,elispa inda nukutiraa noos,eli-s-pa inda nuku-tiraa noos,3.M-PL-ACC yet NEG-take 1PL,"The topic is elis, whose referent was introduced in the preceding sentence in the discourse. The referent of noos is speaker and his relatives who are running a business, and excludes the addressee (who is neither a relative nor involved in the business). +Elis-pa illustrates accusative marking on pronominal P, different from A and S. +This example also illustrates the unmarked negative, which may refer to present, past or near future time.",,,1927, +41-27,41,eli; elis; ɛla; ɛlas; osiir; etus,eli;\teli-s;\tɛla;\tɛla-s;\tosiir;\tetus,3SG.M\t3.M-PL\t3SG.F\t3.F-PL\t3SG.HON\t3PL.HON,he; they; she; they; he/she; they,,The is a paradigm of the 3rd person nominative forms.,1416[passim],,elicited from speaker,eli; elis; ɛla; ɛlas; osiir; etus,eli; eli-s; ɛla; ɛla-s; osiir; etus,3SG.M 3.M-PL 3SG.F 3.F-PL 3SG.HON 3PL.HON,The is a paradigm of the 3rd person nominative forms.,,,1928, +41-28,41,aka laraandu ɛla takustumaa kiipa kamfalaa nosa gaavns pakuzataam,aka\tlaraandu\tɛla\tta-kustumaa\tkii-pa\tkam-falaa\tnosa\tgaavn-s\tpa-kuza-taam,that\taside\t3SG.F\tPRS-train\twhat-DAT\tCOND-say\t1PL.GEN\tdress-PL\tINF-sew-REFL,"That aside, why she is learning [how to sew] is to sew our own frocks.",,,1416[5280],,naturalistic spoken,"aka laraandu ɛla takustumaa kiipa kamfalaa nosa gaavns pakuzataam",aka laraandu ɛla ta-kustumaa kii-pa kam-falaa nosa gaavn-s pa-kuza-taam,that aside 3SG.F PRS-train what-DAT COND-say 1PL.GEN dress-PL INF-sew-REFL,,,,1929, +41-29,41,aka mee elis tafalaa avara,aka\tmee\teli-s\tta-falaa\tavara,that\tFOC\t3.M-PL\tPRS-say\tnow,That is what they (the union committee members) are saying now.,,,1416[5330],,naturalistic spoken,"aka mee elis tafalaa avara",aka mee eli-s ta-falaa avara,that FOC 3.M-PL PRS-say now,,,,1930, +42-25,42,eli,eli,3SG,he/she/it,,,122[53],,elicited from speaker,eli,,3SG,,,,1931, +42-26,42,olotu,olotu,3PL,"they (male, female, or non-sex referent)",,,122[53],,elicited from speaker,olotu,,3PL,,,,1932, +43-20,43,kung ile,kung\tile,OBJ\t3SG.M,him,,,906[49],,pedagogical grammar,"kung ile",,OBJ 3SG.M,,,,1933, +43-21,43,kung ela,kung\tela,OBJ\t3SG.F,her,,,906[50],,pedagogical grammar,"kung ela",,OBJ 3SG.F,,,,1934, +44-21,44,Ta yudá éle su marído.,Ta\tyudá\téle\tsu\tmarído.,IPFV\thelp\t3SG\t3SG.POSS\thusband,She helps her husband.,,Note that the object marker kon is missing in this example. This happens occasionally.,,,naturalistic spoken,Ta yudá éle su marído.,,IPFV help 3SG 3SG.POSS husband,"Note that the object marker kon is missing in this example. This happens occasionally.",Own data,,1935, +44-22,44,Mi marído méstro rin [...] sábe rin éle tʃabakáno.,Mi\tmarído\tméstro\trin\t[...]\tsábe\trin\téle\ttʃabakáno.,1SG.POSS\thusband\tteacher\talso\t[...]\tknow\talso\t3SG\tchabacano,My husband is also a teacher [...] He too knows Chabacano.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi marído méstro rin [...] sábe rin éle tʃabakáno.,,1SG.POSS husband teacher also [...] know also 3SG chabacano,,Own data,,1936, +45-17,45,Bueno eli toca piano.,Bueno\teli\ttoca\tpiano.,well\t3SG\tplay\tpiano,She plays the piano well.,,,426[179],,naturalistic written,Bueno eli toca piano.,,well 3SG play piano,,,,1937,Spanish: Ella toca bien el piano. +45-18,45,Ya cumpra ele ese na Hapon.,Ya\tcumpra\tele\tese\tna\tHapon.,PFV\tbuy\t3SG\tthat\tin\tJapan,He bought that in Japan.,,,835[77],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ya cumpra ele ese na Hapon.,,PFV buy 3SG that in Japan,,,,1938,Spanish: Compró ese en Japón. +46-36,46,éle,éle,3SG,s/he,,,,,naturalistic spoken,éle,,3SG,,Own knowledge,,1939, +47-30,47,"ele, é, té","ele,\té,\tta\té",3SG.EMPH\t3SG\tFOC\t3SG,"(it is) her, him, it",,,751[206],,published source,"ele, é, té","ele, é, ta é",3SG.EMPH 3SG FOC 3SG,,,,1940, +48-19,48,¡Ele e un muhé!,¡Ele\te\tun\tmuhé!,3SG\tbe\tART.INDF.SG\twoman,She is a woman (rather than a man)!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¡Ele e un muhé!,,3SG be ART.INDF.SG woman,,Recorded by author,,1941,Spanish: ¡Ella es una mujer! +48-20,48,"Mailo mi, ele kele sabé naa ri eso nu!","Mailo\tmi,\tele\tkele\tsabé\tnaa\tri\teso\tnu!",husband\tmy\the\twant\tknow\tnothing\tof\tthis\tNEG,"My husband, he doesn't want to know anything about this!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mailo mi, ele kele sabé naa ri eso nu!",,husband my he want know nothing of this NEG,,Recorded by author,,1942,Spanish: ¡Mi marido no quiere saber nada de eso! +49-29,49,Se li k malere a.,Se\tli\tk\tmalere\ta.,HL\t3SG\tREL\tpoor\tDEF,It's he/she who is the poor one.,,,469[146],,naturalistic spoken,Se li k malere a.,,HL 3SG REL poor DEF,,,,1943,French: C'est lui/elle qui est le/la pauvre. +50-25,50,I pati.,I\tpati.,3SG\tleave,He/she left.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pati.,,3SG leave,,Own fieldwork,,1944, +51-25,51,I pati.,I\tpati.,3SG\tleave,He/she left.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pati.,,3SG leave,,Own fieldwork,,1945, +53-54,53,Li te pov li-mem.,Li\tte\tpov\tli-mem.,3SG\tPST\tpoor\t3SG-self,He was poor himself.,,,1048[172],,naturalistic spoken,Li te pov li-mem.,,3SG PST poor 3SG-self,,,,1946, +53-55,53,Li gen en pli vajon mezon ke motchen.,Li\tgen\ten\tpli\tvajon\tmezon\tke\tmo-tchen.,3SG\thave\tART.INDF\tmore\tpretty\thouse\tthan\t1SG.POSS-POSS,She has a house (that is) nicer than mine.,,,1048[172],,naturalistic spoken,Li gen en pli vajon mezon ke motchen.,Li gen en pli vajon mezon ke mo-tchen.,3SG have ART.INDF more pretty house than 1SG.POSS-POSS,,,,1947,French: Elle a une plus jolie maison que la mienne. +54-24,54,"Bin, la fam la parti [...] li voi banann par isi.","Ben,\tla\tfamn\tla\tparti\t[...]\tli\tvwa\tbanann\tpar\tisi.",well\tDEF\twoman\tPRF\tleave\t[...]\t3SG.FIN\tsee\tbanana\tover\there,"Well, the woman has left (her house) [...] she sees some bananas over here.",,,110[13],,naturalistic spoken,"Bin, la fam la parti [...] li voi banann par isi.","Ben, la famn la parti [...] li vwa banann par isi.",well DEF woman PRF leave [...] 3SG.FIN see banana over here,,,,1948,"French: Eh bien, la femme est partie [...] elle voit des bananes par ici." +54-25,54,"Alor, in zour, lavé in per de famiy; alor li na tro de zanfan [...].","Alor,\ten\tzour,\tlave\ten\tper\tdë\tfamiy;\talor\tli\tna\ttrodë\tzanfan\t[...].",at.that.time\tINDF\tday\thave.PST\tINDF\tfather\tof\tfamily\twell.then\t3SG\thave\ttoo.many\tchild\t[...],"Once upon a time there was a father; well, he had too many children [...].",,,110[43],,naturalistic spoken,"Alor, in zour, lavé in per de famiy; alor li na tro de zanfan [...].","Alor, en zour, lave en per dë famiy; alor li na trodë zanfan [...].",at.that.time INDF day have.PST INDF father of family well.then 3SG have too.many child [...],,,,1949,French: Alors un jour il y avait un père de famille; alors il a trop d'enfants [...]. +55-25,55,li,li,him/her/it,him/her/it,,,,,constructed by linguist,li,,him/her/it,,Own knowledge,,1950, +56-37,56,i,i,3SG,"he, she",,,,,constructed by linguist,i,,3SG,,Own knowledge,,1951, +57-16,57,lja,lja,3SG,he/she/it,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lja,,3SG,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,1952, +58-17,58,Yandi mene bwa.,Yandi\tmene\tbwa.,he/she\tfinish\tfall,He/she has fallen.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi mene bwa.",,he/she finish fall,,Own knowledge,,1953, +58-18,58,Yo mene bwa.,Yo\tmene\tbwa.,it\tfinish\tfall,It has fallen.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yo mene bwa.",,it finish fall,,Own knowledge,,1954, +58-19,58,Bo mene bwa.,Bo\tmene\tbwa.,they\tfinish\tfallen,They have fallen.,,This plural identifies only humans. There is no plural for reference to non-humans.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bo mene bwa.",,they finish fallen,This plural identifies only humans. There is no plural for reference to non-humans.,Own knowledge,,1955, +59-53,59,"lo faa mama ni awe, asi na ndapre, lo tene, [...]","lo\tfaa\tmama\tni\tawe,\ta-si\tna\tndaperere,\tlo\ttene,\t[...]",3SG\tkill\tmother\tDET\talready\tPM-arrive\tPREP\tmorning\t3SG\tsay\t[...],"After he had killed the mother and morning had come, she (the wife) said, [...].",,I have come across several examples of something like asi na with respect to time in tape recordings of the 1990s. This is some innovation. One certainly cannot say *ndaperere asi 'morning arrived'.,,,naturalistic spoken,"lo faa mama ni awe, asi na ndapre, lo tene, [...]","lo faa mama ni awe, a-si na ndaperere, lo tene, [...]",3SG kill mother DET already PM-arrive PREP morning 3SG say [...],"I have come across several examples of something like asi na with respect to time in tape recordings of the 1990s. This is some innovation. One certainly cannot say *ndaperere asi 'morning arrived'.",Samarin corpus 1994,,1956, +60-15,60,namónákí yé té,na-món-ákí\tyé\tté,1SG-see-PST\t3SG.ANIM\tNEG,I didn't see her/him.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,"namónákí yé té",na-món-ákí yé té,1SG-see-PST 3SG.ANIM NEG,,,,1957, +60-16,60,namónákí yangó té,na-món-ákí\tyangó\tté,1SG-see-PST\t3SG.INAN\tNEG,I didn't see it.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,"namónákí yangó té",na-món-ákí yangó té,1SG-see-PST 3SG.INAN NEG,,,,1958, +60-17,60,namónákí bangó té,na-món-ákí\tbangó\tté,1SG-see-PST\t3PL.ANIM\tNEG,I didn't see them.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,"namónákí bangó té","na-món-ákí bangó té",1SG-see-PST 3PL.ANIM NEG,,,,1959, +60-18,60,namónákí yangó té,na-món-ákí\tyangó\tté,1SG-see-PST\t3PL.INAN\tNEG,I didn't see the things.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"namónákí yangó té","na-món-ákí yangó té",1SG-see-PST 3PL.INAN NEG,,Own knowledge,,1960, +61-15,61,Yena tshen-ile thina.,Yena\ttshen-ile\tthina.,he/she/it\ttell-PST\tus,He told us. / She told us. / It told us.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Yena tshen-ile thina.",,he/she/it tell-PST us,,Field notes Mesthrie,,1961, +63-18,63,úwo gu-rúo ma baláma de,úwo\tgu-rúo\tma\tbaláma\tde,3SG\tTAM-go\twith\tbalama\tDEM,She wears the balama (a kind of cloth).,,,856[82],,naturalistic spoken,"úwo gu-rúo ma baláma de",,3SG TAM-go with balama DEM,,,,1962, +63-19,63,úwo captain,úwo\tcaptain,3SG\tcaptain,He is a captain.,,,856[37],,naturalistic spoken,"úwo captain",,3SG captain,,,,1963, +64-26,64,úmon biʃílu binía de úmon bira ma úo fi bet tómon,úmon\tbi=ʃílu\tbinía\tde\túmon\tbi=ra\tma\túo\tfi\tbet\ttómon,3PL\tIRR=bring\tgirl\tDEM.PROX\t3PL\tIRR=go\twith\t3SG\tin\thome\tPOSS.3PL,They take away the girl and they go to their house with her.,,,874[236],,naturalistic spoken,"úmon biʃílu binía de úmon bira ma úo fi bet tómon","úmon bi=ʃílu binía de úmon bi=ra ma úo fi bet tómon",3PL IRR=bring girl DEM.PROX 3PL IRR=go with 3SG in home POSS.3PL,,,,1964, +64-27,64,akú tái abú ána kan géni ma úo,akú\ttái\tabú\tána\tkan\tgéni\tma\túo,brother\tPOSS.1SG\tREL\t1SG\tANT\tstay\twith\t3SG,"my brother, the one I used to live with",,,,,constructed by linguist,"akú tái abú ána kan géni ma úo",,brother POSS.1SG REL 1SG ANT stay with 3SG,,Own knowledge,,1965, +65-29,65,Iwo ʃila iwo.,Iwo\tʃi-la\tiwo.,3SG\tsew-PFV\t3SG,She sewed it.,,"Iwo is the unique form for all pronouns of the 3rd person Sg: he, she or it. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).",1195[236],,naturalistic spoken,Iwo ʃila iwo.,Iwo ʃi-la iwo.,3SG sew-PFV 3SG,"Iwo is the unique form for all pronouns of the 3rd person Sg: he, she or it. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).",,Иво шила иво.,1966, +65-30,65,"Iwo sioravno liudi, toko rubaʃəka dərugoj.","Iwo\tsioravno\tliudi,\ttoko\trubaʃəka\tdərugoj.",3SG\tall.the.same\tperson\tonly\tshirt\tdifferent,It is also a human in another appearance.,,This was said about a wild pig.,60[32],,citation in fiction,"Iwo sioravno liudi, toko rubaʃəka dərugoj.",,3SG all.the.same person only shirt different,This was said about a wild pig.,,"Его все равно люди, только рубашка другой.",1967, +67-32,67,"Saya punya dia tak mahu, dia buang.","Saya\tpunya\tdia\ttak\tmahu,\tdia\tbuang.",3SG\tPOSS\t3SG\tNEG\twant\t3SG\tthrow.away,"She would throw away mine, which she does not want.",,,708[73],,naturalistic spoken,"Saya punya dia tak mahu, dia buang.",,3SG POSS 3SG NEG want 3SG throw.away,,,,1968, +67-33,67,Dia selalu di tenga jalan tipu-tipu sama olang.,Dia\tselalu\tdi\ttenga\tjalan\ttipu-tipu\tsama\tolang.,3SG\talways\tin\tmiddle\troad\tcheat-cheat\twith\tperson,"He is always on the road, cheating people.",,,708[354],,naturalistic spoken,Dia selalu di tenga jalan tipu-tipu sama olang.,,3SG always in middle road cheat-cheat with person,,,,1969, +68-17,68,dia,dia,3SG,he/she/it,,,1178[406],,naturalistic spoken,dia,,3SG,,,,1970, +69-12,69,mən,mən,3SG,he/she/it,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mən,,3SG,,Own field notes 1985,,1971, +70-21,70,U baito gare.,U\tbaito\tgare.,he/she/it\tstay\thome,He/she/it is at home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,U baito gare.,,he/she/it stay home,,Own knowledge,,1972, +71-23,71,"Kela aina pauloa inaha, iaia pauloa ko hele malalo, iaia nuinui poho.","Kela\taina\tpauloa\tinaha,\tiaia\tpauloa\tko\thele\tmalalo,\tiaia\tnuinui\tpoho.",DET\tland\tall\tbreak\t3SG\tall\tgo[?]\tgo\tdown\t3SG\tvery.much\truined,"The land collapsed, it fell downward, and it was very much ruined.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Kela aina pauloa inaha, iaia pauloa ko hele malalo, iaia nuinui poho.",,DET land all break 3SG all go[?] go down 3SG very.much ruined,,Own data 1886,,1973, +71-24,71,"Kanaka pauloa hele, iaia akahi koe.","Kanaka\tpauloa\thele,\tiaia\takahi\tkoe.",people\tall\tgo\t3SG\tone\tremain,"Everybody left, he was the only one still there.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Kanaka pauloa hele, iaia akahi koe.",,people all go 3SG one remain,,Own data 1896,,1974, +72-22,72,Dat geltu im tokin bo nyanuny kapuku wartanta.,Dat\tgel-tu\tim\ttok-in\tbo\tnyanuny\tkapuku\twartan-ta.,the\tgirl-ERG\t3SG\ttalk-CONT\tPREP\t3SG.DAT\tsister\thand-LOC,"The girl (she) is talking to her sister, behind her hand.",,"Here im refers to a female entity. There are no gender distinctions in any pronouns. In the 3rd person, i (NOM) and im (ACC) are the forms used for all natural genders. Note that im is also used as a subject pronoun. This form may be a variant of i. It also may be tentatively analyzed as 3SG.SBJ-PRS.PROG.",583,851458f6367462c2f2412e18f915b647,peer elicitation,Dat geltu im tokin bo nyanuny kapuku wartanta.,Dat gel-tu im tok-in bo nyanuny kapuku wartan-ta.,the girl-ERG 3SG talk-CONT PREP 3SG.DAT sister hand-LOC,"Here im refers to a female entity. There are no gender distinctions in any pronouns. In the 3rd person, i (NOM) and im (ACC) are the forms used for all natural genders. Note that im is also used as a subject pronoun. This form may be a variant of i. It also may be tentatively analyzed as 3SG.SBJ-PRS.PROG.",,,1975, +72-23,72,Det boingku im jutim hawuj wumarayawung xxx.,Det\tboi-ngku\tim\tjut-im\thawuj\twumara-yawung\txxx.,the\tboy-ERG\t3SG\tshoot-TR\thouse\trock-COM\txxx,The boy shoots the house with a rock.,,"Here im refers to a male entity, however there are no gender distinctions in any pronouns. In the 3rd person, i (NOM) and im (ACC) are the forms used for all natural genders. Note that im is also used as a subject pronoun. This form may be a variant of i. It also may be tentatively analyzed as 3SG.SBJ-PRS.PROG.",583,4160b6f72f2c67ba0a3f9575d6adeccb,peer elicitation,Det boingku im jutim hawuj wumarayawung xxx.,Det boi-ngku im jut-im hawuj wumara-yawung xxx.,the boy-ERG 3SG shoot-TR house rock-COM xxx,"Here im refers to a male entity, however there are no gender distinctions in any pronouns. In the 3rd person, i (NOM) and im (ACC) are the forms used for all natural genders. Note that im is also used as a subject pronoun. This form may be a variant of i. It also may be tentatively analyzed as 3SG.SBJ-PRS.PROG.",,,1976, +73-20,73,el,el,3SG.PRO,"she, he",,,1038[394],,naturalistic spoken,el,,3SG.PRO,,,,1977, +73-21,73,"el, il; ella, illa; elkuna, ilkuna, illoskuna, ellakuna, illakuna, ellas, illas","el,\til;\tella,\tilla;\tel-kuna,\til-kuna,\tillos-kuna,\tella-kuna,\tilla-kuna,\tella-s,\tilla-s",3SG.M\t3SG.M\t3SG.F\t3SG.F\t3.M-PL\t3.M-PL\t3.M-PL\t3.F-PL\t3.F-PL\t3F-PL\t3.F-PL,he; she; they,,,558[95],,naturalistic spoken,"el, il; ella, illa; elkuna, ilkuna, illoskuna, ellakuna, illakuna, ellas, illas","el, il; ella, illa; el-kuna, il-kuna, illos-kuna, ella-kuna, illa-kuna, ella-s, illa-s",3SG.M 3SG.M 3SG.F 3SG.F 3.M-PL 3.M-PL 3.M-PL 3.F-PL 3.F-PL 3F-PL 3.F-PL,,,,1978, +73-22,73,"il, ella","il,\tella",he\tshe,"he, she",,,557[95],,naturalistic spoken,"il, ella",,he she,,,,1979, +74-24,74,yáka,yáka,she/he/it,"she, he, it",,There is no gender distinction.,595[46],,narrative,yáka,,she/he/it,There is no gender distinction.,,,1980, +75-50,75,Namo kakiiituhtew wiya.,Namo\tkakii-ituhte-w\twiya.,NEG\table-go-3SG\t3SG,She was not able to go.,,"Wiya is used for masculine, feminine and sometimes neuter referents. +Kakii- combines a FUT prefix ka- with a PST prefix kii-, and the meaning is 'ability'.",522,,naturalistic spoken,Namo kakiiituhtew wiya.,Namo kakii-ituhte-w wiya.,NEG able-go-3SG 3SG,"Wiya is used for masculine, feminine and sometimes neuter referents. +Kakii- combines a FUT prefix ka- with a PST prefix kii-, and the meaning is 'ability'.",,,1981, +75-51,75,Ma fiy avik so marii sa sakord baen.,Ma\tfiy\tavik\tso\tmarii\tsa\tsakord\tbaen.,1.POSS.F\tgirl\twith\t3.POSS.M\thusband\t3PL\tagree\twell,My daughter and her husband are harmonious (get along well).,,,789[126],,naturalistic written,Ma fiy avik so marii sa sakord baen.,,1.POSS.F girl with 3.POSS.M husband 3PL agree well,,,,1982, +75-52,75,"La fiy ana, site yaenk aen servant ana.","La\tfiy\tana,\tsite\tyaenk\taen\tservant\tana.",DEF.ART.F.SG\tgirl\tDEM.SG.ANIM.INTERM\tBE.PST.3\tonly\tINDF.ART\tservant\tDEM.SG.ANIM.INTERM,"That girl, she was only a servant.",,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"La fiy ana, site yaenk aen servant ana.",,DEF.ART.F.SG girl DEM.SG.ANIM.INTERM BE.PST.3 only INDF.ART servant DEM.SG.ANIM.INTERM,,,,1983, +75-53,75,Ekwanima piko kaakanaweeyihtahk site soo suyii.,Ekwanima\tpiko\tkaa-kanaweeyiht-ahk\tsite\tsoo\tsuyii.,that.mentioned\tonly\tREL-keep-3.SBJ.3.OBJ.INAN\t3.was\t3.POSS.M\tshoe,The only thing that she had kept was her shoe.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Ekwanima piko kaakanaweeyihtahk site soo suyii.,Ekwanima piko kaa-kanaweeyiht-ahk site soo suyii.,that.mentioned only REL-keep-3.SBJ.3.OBJ.INAN 3.was 3.POSS.M shoe,,,,1984, +75-54,75,"Kiinipaahishin ana, ahpo eetikwee.","Kii-nipaa-ishi-n\tana,\tahpo\teetikwee.",PST-die-fall-3SG\tthat.one.ANIM\tor\tapparently,"Maybe he fell down dead, I don't know.",,Ahpo eetikwee (ahpeetikwee) is idiomatic and means 'I don't know'. It expresses epistemic possibility mainly or exclusively for past events. This is a monotransitive clause.,522,,naturalistic spoken,"Kiinipaahishin ana, ahpo eetikwee.","Kii-nipaa-ishi-n ana, ahpo eetikwee.",PST-die-fall-3SG that.one.ANIM or apparently,"Ahpo eetikwee (ahpeetikwee) is idiomatic and means 'I don't know'. It expresses epistemic possibility mainly or exclusively for past events. This is a monotransitive clause.",,,1985, +75-55,75,Akwanikik savayet tii zhvoo.,Akwanikik\tsa-va-yet\ttii\tzhvoo.,those.ANIM\t3PL-FUT-be\t2PL.POSS\thorse.PL,Those will be your horses.,,Savayet is French ça va être.,522,,naturalistic spoken,Akwanikik savayet tii zhvoo.,Akwanikik sa-va-yet tii zhvoo.,those.ANIM 3PL-FUT-be 2PL.POSS horse.PL,"Savayet is French ça va être.",,,1986, +76-25,76,ī'la,ī'la,he,"he, she, it",,,1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,ī'la,,he,,,,1987, +7-32,7,Aayo na si nobadi kuhm ya?,Aa-yo\tna\tsi\tnobadi\tkuhm\tya?,all-2\tNEG\tsee\tnobody\tcome\there,Haven’t you (PL) seen anybody come here?,,Aayo unequivocally refers to more than one addressee.,1244[113],,naturalistic spoken,Aayo na si nobadi kuhm ya?,Aa-yo na si nobadi kuhm ya?,all-2 NEG see nobody come here,"Aayo unequivocally refers to more than one addressee.",,,1988, +7-33,7,Yo na si nobadi kuhm ya?,Yo\tna\tsi\tnobadi\tkuhm\tya?,2\tNEG\tsee\tnobody\tcome\there,"Haven’t you (SG, PL) seen anybody come here?",,Yo could refer to one or more addressees.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yo na si nobadi kuhm ya?,,2 NEG see nobody come here,"Yo could refer to one or more addressees.",Own knowledge,,1989, +10-19,10,Wi hafy go skuul an stody haad fi get wan gud jab.,Wi\thafy\tgo\tskuul\tan\tstody\thaad\tfi\tget\twan\tgud\tjab.,1PL\thave.to\tgo\tschool\tand\tstudy\thard\tCOMP\tget\tART.INDF\tgood\tjob,We have to go to school and study hard in order to get a good job.,,,113[68],,naturalistic spoken,Wi hafy go skuul an stody haad fi get wan gud jab.,,1PL have.to go school and study hard COMP get ART.INDF good job,,,,1990, +10-20,10,Unu laik di stuori?,Unu\tlaik\tdi\tstuori?,2PL\tlike\tART.DEF\tstory,Did you like the story?,,,113[118],,naturalistic spoken,Unu laik di stuori?,,2PL like ART.DEF story,,,,1991, +11-25,11,Wi haftu rait wi histori.,Wi\thaf-tu\trait\twi\thistori.,1PL\thave-to\twrite\t1PL.POSS\thistory,We have to write down our history.,,Note that Nicaraguan Creole English haftu is more acrolectal than San Andrés Creole English (ha)fi.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wi haftu rait wi histori.,Wi haf-tu rait wi histori.,1PL have-to write 1PL.POSS history,"Note that Nicaraguan Creole English haftu is more acrolectal than San Andrés Creole English (ha)fi.",,,1992, +15-19,15,wi,wi,1PL,we,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,wi,,1PL,,Own knowledge,,1993, +17-18,17,Wì plant nyam.,Wì\tplant\tnyam.,1PL.SBJ\tplant\tyam,"We (inclusive and exclusive, dual and plural) planted yams.",,,,,constructed by linguist,Wì plant nyam.,,1PL.SBJ plant yam,,Own knowledge,,1994, +19-22,19,"Yù si, dɛ̀nɔ̀ltu jump fɔ̀ bɔt dì bɔl.","Yù\tsi,\tdɛ̀n-ɔ̀l-tu\tjump\tfɔ̀\tbɔt\tdì\tbɔl.",2SG\tsee\t3PL.EMPH.CPD-all.CPD-two\tjump\tASSOC\thit.with.head\tDEF\tball,"You see, they both jumped to head the ball.",,CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.,1634[184],,naturalistic spoken,"Yù si, dɛ̀nɔ̀ltu jump fɔ̀ bɔt dì bɔl.","Yù si, dɛ̀n-ɔ̀l-tu jump fɔ̀ bɔt dì bɔl.",2SG see 3PL.EMPH.CPD-all.CPD-two jump ASSOC hit.with.head DEF ball,CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.,,,1995, +19-23,19,Lɛ̀k se dɛ̀n dè hia wìɔ̀ltu wì dè tɔk yet.,Lɛ̀k\tse\tdɛ̀n\tdè\thia\twì-ɔ̀l-tu\twì\tdè\ttɔk\tyet.,like\tQUOT\t3PL\tIPFV\thear\t1PL.EMPH.CPD-all.CPD-two\t1PL\tIPFV\ttalk\tyet,Like if they heard both of us still talking.,,CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.,1634[184],,naturalistic spoken,"Lɛ̀k se dɛ̀n dè hia wìɔ̀ltu wì dè tɔk yet.","Lɛ̀k se dɛ̀n dè hia wì-ɔ̀l-tu wì dè tɔk yet.",like QUOT 3PL IPFV hear 1PL.EMPH.CPD-all.CPD-two 1PL IPFV talk yet,CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.,,,1996, +19-24,19,Ùnaɔ̀ltú gò go de?,Ùna-ɔ̀l-tú\tgò\tgo\tde?,2PL.INC-all.INC-two\tPOT\tgo\tthere,Will the two of you go there?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ùnaɔ̀ltú gò go de?","Ùna-ɔ̀l-tú gò go de?",2PL.INC-all.INC-two POT go there,,Field data,,1997, +22-29,22,mipela,mipela,1DU.EXCL,we two,,,,,constructed by linguist,mipela,,1DU.EXCL,,Own knowledge,,1998, +22-30,22,yumitupela,yumitupela,1DU.INCL,we (the two of us),,,,,constructed by linguist,yumitupela,,1DU.INCL,,Own knowledge,,1999, +22-31,22,yutupela,yutupela,2DU,you two,,,,,constructed by linguist,yutupela,,2DU,,Own knowledge,,2000, +22-32,22,tupela,tupela,3DU,those two,,,,,constructed by linguist,tupela,,3DU,,Own knowledge,,2001, +23-26,23,yutufala i promes blong go mit long wan ples we oli no save Denis,yutufala\ti\tpromes\tblong\tgo\tmit\tlong\twan\tples\twe\toli\tno\tsave\tDenis,2DU\tAGR\tpromise\tCOMP\tgo\tmeet\tLOC\tINDF\tplace\tREL\tAGR\tNEG\tknow\tDenis,You arranged to meet up somewhere where no-one knows Dennis.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"yutufala i promes blong go mit long wan ples we oli no save Denis",,2DU AGR promise COMP go meet LOC INDF place REL AGR NEG know Denis,,,,2002, +23-27,23,"hem i se ""e, yutufala i stanap gud""","hem\ti\tse\t""e,\tyutufala\ti\tstanap\tgud""",3SG\tAGR\tsay\they\t2DU\tAGR\tstand.up\tgood,"She said ""Hey, you guys, stand up straight"".",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"hem i se ""e, yutufala i stanap gud""",,3SG AGR say hey 2DU AGR stand.up good,,,,2003, +23-28,23,mi talem se bae mitufala i danis,mi\ttalem\tse\tbae\tmitufala\ti\tdanis,1SG\ttell\tCOMP\tIRR\t1DU\tAGR\tdance,I said we should dance.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"mi talem se bae mitufala i danis",,1SG tell COMP IRR 1DU AGR dance,,,,2004, +23-29,23,"i se ""No, bae mifala i mas mekem""","i\tse\t""No,\tbae\tmifala\ti\tmas\tmekem""",AGR\tsay\tNEG\tIRR\t1PL\tAGR\tmust\tmake,"[He] said ""No, we have to do this"".",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"i se ""No, bae mifala i mas mekem""",,AGR say NEG IRR 1PL AGR must make,,,,2005, +23-30,23,be yufala i pem hem from wanem?,be\tyufala\ti\tpem\them\tfrom\twanem?,but\t2PL\tAGR\tpay\t3SG\tCAUS\twhat,But why are you paying (a fine) for her?,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"be yufala i pem hem from wanem?",,but 2PL AGR pay 3SG CAUS what,,,,2006, +23-79,23,ale tufala i stap wok long Santo ia,ale\ttufala\ti\tstap\twok\tlong\tSanto\tia,so\t3DU\tAGR\tPROG\twork\tLOC\tSanto\tDEF,So the two of them were working in Santo.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,ale tufala i stap wok long Santo ia,,so 3DU AGR PROG work LOC Santo DEF,,,,2007,So the two of them are working in Santo. +24-31,24,himii/hamii,himii/hamii,we.DU.INCL,you and me (inclusive),,Etymologically this means 'thou and me'.,,,unknown,himii/hamii,,we.DU.INCL,Etymologically this means 'thou and me'.,Own fieldwork,,2008, +24-32,24,mii en hem,mii\ten\them,I.NSBJ\tand\the.NSBJ,he and I (exclusive),,,,,naturalistic spoken,mii en hem,,I.NSBJ and he.NSBJ,,Own fieldwork,,2009, +24-33,24,yuu/yu,yuu/yu,you,you (singular),,,,,naturalistic spoken,yuu/yu,,you,,Own fieldwork,,2010, +24-34,24,yutuu,yutuu,you.two,the two of you,,Yutuu is used almost exclusively to refer to non-islanders (not part of the Norfolk community). Yorle is typically reserved for addressees of island descent.,,,naturalistic spoken,yutuu,,you.two,"Yutuu is used almost exclusively to refer to non-islanders (not part of the Norfolk community). Yorle is typically reserved for addressees of island descent.",Own fieldwork,,2011, +24-35,24,hi/shi; dem tuu,hi/shi;\tdem\ttuu,he/she\tthey\ttwo,he/she; the two of them,,,,,naturalistic spoken,hi/shi; dem tuu,,he/she they two,,Own fieldwork,,2012, +25-95,25,Dijan langa Leguna tubala bin tokin.,Dijan\tlanga\tLeguna\ttubala\tbin\ttok-in.,PROX:ADJ\tLOC\tLegune\t3DU\tPST\ttalk-PROG2,It was at Legune that the two were talking.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a 3rd person dual pronoun.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Dijan langa Leguna tubala bin tokin.",Dijan langa Leguna tubala bin tok-in.,PROX:ADJ LOC Legune 3DU PST talk-PROG2,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a 3rd person dual pronoun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2013, +25-96,25,Mindubala Namij kolim dardaga.,Mindubala\tNamij\tkol-im\tdardaga.,1DU.EXCL\tNamij\tcall-TR\tplant.species,"Namij and I (in our language, Ngarinyman) call it dardaga (an edible plant).",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the 1st person dual exclusive pronoun mindubala, also used in the juxtaposed inclusory construction. Dardaga is a Ngarinyman word. Namij is a subsection (""skin"") name.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Mindubala Namij kolim dardaga.","Mindubala Namij kol-im dardaga.",1DU.EXCL Namij call-TR plant.species,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the 1st person dual exclusive pronoun mindubala, also used in the juxtaposed inclusory construction. Dardaga is a Ngarinyman word. Namij is a subsection (""skin"") name.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2014, +25-97,25,Yundubala goawei!,Yundubala\tgo-awei!,2DU\tgo-away,You two go away!,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a 2nd person dual pronoun.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Yundubala goawei!","Yundubala go-awei!",2DU go-away,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a 2nd person dual pronoun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2015, +25-98,25,Thet the mindubala lengwij na wi toking la yu dijey taka.,Thet\tthe\tmindubala\tlengwij\tna\twi\ttok-ing\tla\tyu\tdij-ey\ttaka.,DEM\tEQ.COP\t1DU.EXCL\tlanguage\tnow\t1PL\ttalk-PROG2\tLOC\t2SG\tPROX-way\tplant.food,It's OUR language that we're speaking to you [when giving you the word for] this edible plant.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example may be an example of a nominal cleft construction. The form the does not function as a definite article in Kriol but only occurs in equational clauses. The example also illustrates the use of thet~jet~det as a demonstrative pronoun unmarked for distance.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Thet the mindubala lengwij na wi toking la yu dijey taka.,Thet the mindubala lengwij na wi tok-ing la yu dij-ey taka.,DEM EQ.COP 1DU.EXCL language now 1PL talk-PROG2 LOC 2SG PROX-way plant.food,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example may be an example of a nominal cleft construction. The form the does not function as a definite article in Kriol but only occurs in equational clauses. The example also illustrates the use of thet~jet~det as a demonstrative pronoun unmarked for distance.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2016, +25-99,25,Wot kain yunmi gona toktok?,Wot\tkain\tyunmi\tgona\ttok~tok?,what\tkind\t1DU.INCL\tFUT\tRED.talk,What (i.e. which language) are we going to speak?,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the yunmi variant of the 1st person dual inclusive pronoun, as well as future marking and verbal reduplication.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wot kain yunmi gona toktok?",Wot kain yunmi gona tok~tok?,what kind 1DU.INCL FUT RED.talk,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the yunmi variant of the 1st person dual inclusive pronoun, as well as future marking and verbal reduplication.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2017, +25-100,25,Minyu jidan.,Minyu\tjidan.,1DU.INCL\tsit.down,Let's sit down (you and me).,,Variety: Spoken Victoria River. This example illustrates the minyu variant of the 1st person dual inclusive pronoun.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Minyu jidan.",,1DU.INCL sit.down,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River. This example illustrates the minyu variant of the 1st person dual inclusive pronoun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2018, +25-101,25,Imin lagijat la mi en a - mindubala bin agamen na.,Im=in\tlagijat\tla\tmi\ten\ta\t-\tmindubala\tbin\tagamen\tna.,3SG=PST\tlike.that\tLOC\t1SG\tand\t[false_start]\t-\t1DU.EXCL\tPST\targue\tnow,He went like that (i.e. said that) to me – we two had an argument then.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This textual example illustrates the 2nd person exclusive dual pronoun mindubala.,1332[65],,naturalistic spoken,Imin lagijat la mi en a - mindubala bin agamen na.,Im=in lagijat la mi en a - mindubala bin agamen na.,3SG=PST like.that LOC 1SG and [false_start] - 1DU.EXCL PST argue now,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. This textual example illustrates the 2nd person exclusive dual pronoun mindubala.",,,2019, +25-102,25,Dubala bin nomo laigim bolorrimap langa mibala.,Dubala\tbin\tnomo\tlaig-im\tbolor-im-ap\tlanga\tmibala.,3DU\tPST\tNEG\tlike-TR\tfollow-TR-up\tLOC\t1PL,The two didn't want to follow us.,,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a complement of 'like, want' without a complementizer.",1332[63],,naturalistic spoken,Dubala bin nomo laigim bolorrimap langa mibala.,Dubala bin nomo laig-im bolor-im-ap langa mibala.,3DU PST NEG like-TR follow-TR-up LOC 1PL,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a complement of 'like, want' without a complementizer.",,,2020, +28-35,28,da iʃi twalen jɛnda hiri,da\tiʃi\ttwɛ\talen\tjɛn-da\thiri,FOC\t1PL\ttwo\talone\tbe-there\there,The two of us alone were here.,,,737[176],,naturalistic spoken,da iʃi twalen jɛnda hiri,da iʃi twɛ alen jɛn-da hiri,FOC 1PL two alone be-there here,,,,2021, +31-34,31,Es bandera sa di mas pa nhos.,Es\tbandera\tsa\tdi\tmas\tpa\tnhos.,this\tflag\tis\ttoo\tmuch\tfor\tyou,This flag is too much for you (all of you).,,There are no special dual forms for 'you' (the two of you) versus 'you' (all of you).,270,,naturalistic spoken,"Es bandera sa di mas pa nhos.",,this flag is too much for you,There are no special dual forms for 'you' (the two of you) versus 'you' (all of you).,,,2022, +31-35,31,N ta sera ki nhos ta ben brinka ku mi na nha kaza.,N\tta\tsera\tki\tnhos\tta\tben\tbrinka\tku\tmi\tna\tnha\tkaza.,I\tASP\texpect\tthat\tyou.(two)\tASP\tcome\tplay\twith\tme\tin\tmy\thouse,I expect that you (two) come and play with me in my house.,,,270,,naturalistic spoken,"N ta sera ki nhos ta ben brinka ku mi na nha kaza.",,I ASP expect that you.(two) ASP come play with me in my house,,,,2023, +35-30,35,non dôsu,non\tdôsu,1PL\ttwo,the two of us,,,,,naturalistic spoken,non dôsu,,1PL two,,Own data,,2024, +35-31,35,tudu non,tudu\tnon,all\t1PL,all of us,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tudu non,,all 1PL,,Own data,,2025, +41-30,41,"alaa, noos jafoy luvaara","alaa,\tnoos\tjaa-foy\tluvaara",there\t1PL\tPST-go\tplace,"There, the place we went.",,The referents of /noos/ are the speaker and the addressee.,1416[5551],,naturalistic spoken,"alaa, noos jafoy luvaara","alaa, noos jaa-foy luvaara",there 1PL PST-go place,The referents of /noos/ are the speaker and the addressee.,,,2026, +44-23,44,"Yo disé interbyú késti hénti takí na mi húnto, góra ya mótro di impisá.","Yo\tdisé\tinterbyú\tkésti\thénti\ttakí\tna\tmi\thúnto,\tgóra\tya\tmótro\tdi\timpisá.",1SG\tCTPL.make\tinterview\tthis\tperson\tIPFV.here\tLOC\t1SG.POSS\ttogether\tnow\talready\t1PL\tCTPL\tstart,"I will interview this person who is next to me, now we will start.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yo disé interbyú késti hénti takí na mi húnto, góra ya mótro di impisá.",,1SG CTPL.make interview this person IPFV.here LOC 1SG.POSS together now already 1PL CTPL start,,Own data,,2027, +44-24,44,"Lótro dos numá ya andá y Mutyá, lótros tres.","Lótro\tdos\tnumá\tya\tandá\ty\tMutyá,\tlótros\ttres.",3PL\ttwo\tjust\tPFV\tgo\tand\tMutyá\t3PL\tthree,"Just the two of them went and Mutya, the three of them.",,"The example shows the possibility of lexical distinction ('they two, they three').",,,naturalistic spoken,"Lótro dos numá ya andá y Mutyá, lótros tres.",,3PL two just PFV go and Mutyá 3PL three,"The example shows the possibility of lexical distinction ('they two, they three').",Own data,,2028, +45-19,45,Di le nisos el libro.,Di\tle\tnisos\tel\tlibro.,CTPL\tread\t1PL\tthe\tbook,We/ You and I will read the book.,,,835[74],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di le nisos el libro.,,CTPL read 1PL the book,,,,2029, +47-31,47,nos dos; boso dos; nan dos,nos\tdos;\tboso\tdos;\tnan\tdos,1PL\ttwo\t2PL\ttwo\t3PL\ttwo,us two/ the two of us; you two/ the two of you; them two/ the two of them,,,,,own knowledge,nos dos; boso dos; nan dos,nos dos; boso dos; nan dos,1PL two 2PL two 3PL two,,Own knowledge,,2030, +48-21,48,Suto a miní ayé.,Suto\ta\tminí\tayé.,we\tPST\tcome\tyesterday,We arrived yesterday.,,"Suto (we) can be any number of people. There does exist a special expression that insists on 'the two uf us', which is suto ndo (lit. 'we two'). The same holds for all other plural pronouns (cp. suto ndo, utere ndo, ané ndo 'the two of us, the two of you, the two of them').",,,naturalistic spoken,Suto a miní ayé.,,we PST come yesterday,"Suto (we) can be any number of people. There does exist a special expression that insists on 'the two uf us', which is suto ndo (lit. 'we two'). The same holds for all other plural pronouns (cp. suto ndo, utere ndo, ané ndo 'the two of us, the two of you, the two of them').",Recorded by author,,2031,Spanish: (Nosotros) llegamos ayer. +49-31,49,Nou de met ansanm n achte y.,Nou\tde\tmet\tansanm\tn\tachte\ty.,1PL\ttwo\tput\ttogether\t1PL\tbuy\t3SG,"The two of us got together, we bought it.",,,471[225],,naturalistic spoken,Nou de met ansanm n achte y.,,1PL two put together 1PL buy 3SG,,,,2032,"French: Nous deux nous sommes mis ensemble, nous l'avons acheté." +55-26,55,nu,nu,2PL,you,,,,,constructed by linguist,nu,,2PL,,Own knowledge,,2033, +57-17,57,nunde,nunde,1DU,the two of us,,The use of the dual is obligatory in all contexts and with all groups of speakers.,,,naturalistic spoken,nunde,,1DU,The use of the dual is obligatory in all contexts and with all groups of speakers.,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,2034, +57-18,57,unde,unde,2DU,the two of you,,The use of the dual is obligatory in all contexts and with all groups of speakers.,,,naturalistic spoken,unde,,2DU,The use of the dual is obligatory in all contexts and with all groups of speakers.,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,2035, +57-19,57,lende,lende,3DU,the two of them,,The use of the dual is obligatory in all contexts and with all groups of speakers.,,,naturalistic spoken,lende,,3DU,The use of the dual is obligatory in all contexts and with all groups of speakers.,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,2036, +67-34,67,saya/aku/wa; kita/kitaorang;,saya/aku/wa;\tkita/kitaorang;,1SG\t1PL,I; we,,,708[73],,naturalistic spoken,saya/aku/wa; kita/kitaorang;,,1SG 1PL,,,,2037, +67-35,67,awak/engkau/lu/lia; luorang; dia; diaorang/diorang,awak/engkau/lu/lia;\tluorang;\tdia;\tdiaorang/diorang,2SG\t2PL\t3SG\t3PL,you; you; he/she/it; they,,,"708[73,74]",,naturalistic spoken,awak/engkau/lu/lia; luorang; dia; diaorang/diorang,,2SG 2PL 3SG 3PL,,,,2038, +69-13,69,kapa,kapa,1DU,the two of us,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kapa,,1DU,,Own field notes 1985,,2039, +71-25,71,Maua hapai kela pohaku.,Maua\thapai\tkela\tpohaku.,1DU\tbring\tDET\trock,The two of us brought the rock.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Maua hapai kela pohaku.",,1DU bring DET rock,,Own data 1898,,2040, +71-26,71,Olua kokua wau.,Olua\tkokua\twau.,2DU\thelp\t1SG,You two help me.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Olua kokua wau.",,2DU help 1SG,,Own data 1893,,2041, +71-27,71,Aole laua hakaka maloko o ka lumi.,Aole\tlaua\thakaka\tmaloko\to\tka\tlumi.,NEG\t3DU\tfight\tinside\tPOSS\tDEF\troom,The two didn't fight inside the room.,,,,,naturalistic written,Aole laua hakaka maloko o ka lumi.,,NEG 3DU fight inside POSS DEF room,,Own data 1889,,2042, +72-24,72,Ngali gon taruk.,ngali\tgon\ttaruk,1DU\tgo\tbathe,You and I went swimming.,,This is an example of a 1st person dual pronoun.,8,,naturalistic spoken,Ngali gon taruk.,ngali gon taruk,1DU go bathe,This is an example of a 1st person dual pronoun.,,,2043, +72-25,72,Jarrpip yutubala Nangaringku.,Jarrpip\tyutubala\tNangari-ngku.,carry\t2DU\tskin.name-ERG,Nangari will carry you two.,,This is an example of a 2nd person dual pronoun.,8,dd17d2b01c5200f9387d3daab7589688,naturalistic spoken,Jarrpip yutubala Nangaringku.,Jarrpip yutubala Nangari-ngku.,carry 2DU skin.name-ERG,This is an example of a 2nd person dual pronoun.,,,2044, +72-26,72,Tubala rarraj laim.,Tubala\trarraj\tla=im.,3DU\trun\tOBL-3SG.OBJ,Those two ran at him.,,Tubala is an example of a 3rd person dual pronoun.,8,b8da827acff8a57448f78da232ea1daf,narrative,Tubala rarraj laim.,Tubala rarraj la=im.,3DU run OBL-3SG.OBJ,"Tubala is an example of a 3rd person dual pronoun.",,,2045, +76-26,76,ĕlĭp'tĭk,ĕlĭp'tĭk,you.two,you too (sic),,"This is a dual form of the pronoun ĭllĭpsī 'you'. It was registered by Stefánsson (1909: 221) only on one occasion. It was not interpreted by his consultant as a dual, but it was considered to have a special meaning: 'you too'. It probably represents interference from Eskimo proper, which has a dual.",1442[221],,reconstructed by documentalist,ĕlĭp'tĭk,,you.two,"This is a dual form of the pronoun ĭllĭpsī 'you'. It was registered by Stefánsson (1909: 221) only on one occasion. It was not interpreted by his consultant as a dual, but it was considered to have a special meaning: 'you too'. It probably represents interference from Eskimo proper, which has a dual.",,,2046, +1-43,1,"Mi nanga ju, wi alla tu de poti.","Mi\tnanga\tyu,\twi\tala\ttu\tde\tpôti.",1SG\tand\t2SG\t1PL\tall\ttwo\tIPFV\tbe.poor,"Me and you, we both are poor.",,,1357[120],,written (dictionary),"Mi nanga ju, wi alla tu de poti.","Mi nanga yu, wi ala tu de pôti.",1SG and 2SG 1PL all two IPFV be.poor,,,,2047,German: Ich und du sind beyde arm. [op.cit.] +1-44,1,"Gado no habi ougri hatti vo somma, a habi bunne hatti vo wi allamal.","Gado\tno\thabi\togri\thati\tfu\tsoma,\ta\thabi\tbun\thati\tfu\twi\talamala.",God\tNEG\thave\tevil\theart\tfor\tsomeone\t3SG.SBJ\thave\tgood\theart\tfor\t1PL\tall,"God dislikes no one, he loves us all.",,,1357[61],,written (dictionary),"Gado no habi ougri hatti vo somma, a habi bunne hatti vo wi allamal.","Gado no habi ogri hati fu soma, a habi bun hati fu wi alamala.",God NEG have evil heart for someone 3SG.SBJ have good heart for 1PL all,,,,2048, +2-44,2,Wi e kon dalék.,Wi\te\tkon\tdalék.,1PL\tASP\tcome\tright.away,We're coming right away.,,"Usually, we is undifferentiated as to inclusive/exclusive. However, it is inclusive if it is in contrast with unu.",1587[164],,unknown,Wi e kon dalék.,,1PL ASP come right.away,"Usually, we is undifferentiated as to inclusive/exclusive. However, it is inclusive if it is in contrast with unu.",,,2049, +2-45,2,Mi heri famiri kon na a friyari-oso. Un prisiri sote!,Mi\theri\tfamiri\tkon\tna\ta\tfriyari-oso.\tUn\tprisiri\tsote!,1SG\twhole\tfamily\tcome\tLOC\tART\tbirthday-party\t1PL.EXCL\thave.fun\tso.much,My whole family came to the birthday party. We really enjoyed ourselves.,,"Unu is also the second person plural pronoun (subject, object, possessive). It signifies exclusive 1PL if in contrast with wi. +The personal pronoun paradigm is mi, ju/i, a/en, wi/unu, unu, den.",1587,,unknown,Mi heri famiri kon na a friyari-oso. Un prisiri sote!,,1SG whole family come LOC ART birthday-party 1PL.EXCL have.fun so.much,"Unu is also the second person plural pronoun (subject, object, possessive). It signifies exclusive 1PL if in contrast with wi. +The personal pronoun paradigm is mi, ju/i, a/en, wi/unu, unu, den.",,,2050, +3-19,3,U o si.,U\to\tsi.,1PL\tMOOD\tsee,We will see.,,,354[359],,naturalistic spoken,U o si.,,1PL MOOD see,,,,2051, +4-20,4,U e nyam en.,U\te\tnyam\ten.,we\tIPFV\teat\tit,We eat it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,U e nyam en.,,we IPFV eat it,,Own observation,,2052, +5-26,5,awii liv fan a dam,awii\tliv\tfan\ta\tdam,1PL\tlive\ton\ta\tdam,We were living on a dam.,,,1281[164 (line 566)],,naturalistic spoken,awii liv fan a dam,,1PL live on a dam,,,,2053, +6-16,6,(1) So yoo see we mos teke ebryting. (2) Awe go.,(1)\tSo\tyoo\tsee\twe\tmos\tteke\tebryting.\t(2)\tAwe\tgo.,(1)\tso\t2SG\tsee\t1PL\tmust\ttake\teverything\t(2)\t1PL\tgo,(1) So you see that we have to take everything. (2) Let us go.,,,1594[948],,naturalistic written,(1) So yoo see we mos teke ebryting. (2) Awe go.,,(1) so 2SG see 1PL must take everything (2) 1PL go,,,,2054, +7-34,7,Wi/aawi kod swim.,Wi/aawi\tkod\tswim.,1PL\tMOD\tswim,We can swim.,,"Here, 'can' signals ability so that wi kod swim means 'We know how to swim'. Wi and aawi are variants for the 1st person plural.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Wi/aawi kod swim.,,1PL MOD swim,"Here, 'can' signals ability so that wi kod swim means 'We know how to swim'. Wi and aawi are variants for the 1st person plural.",Own knowledge,,2055, +7-35,7,Laik wi ste lang inuhf.,Laik\twi\tste\tlang\tinuhf.,like\t1PL\tstay\tlong\tenough,It seems that we have stayed long enough.,,"laik can be combined with negation and TMA particles, e.g. na laik or bin laik.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Laik wi ste lang inuhf.,,like 1PL stay long enough,"laik can be combined with negation and TMA particles, e.g. na laik or bin laik.",Own knowledge,,2056, +8-18,8,Wi de go a Tong.,Wi\tde\tgo\ta\tTong.,1PL\tPROG\tgo\tto\tTown,We are going to town.,,"Here, wi 'we' can refer to either a group including or excluding the addressee. +Town refers to Kingston.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Wi de go a Tong.,,1PL PROG go to Town,"Here, wi 'we' can refer to either a group including or excluding the addressee. +Town refers to Kingston.",Own knowledge,,2057, +9-35,9,Wi ron.,Wi\tron.,1PL\trun,We ran.,,,432[42],,naturalistic spoken,Wi ron.,,1PL run,,,,2058, +10-21,10,Wi taak Kriol Inglish.,Wi\ttaak\tKriol\tInglish.,1PL\ttalk\tCreole\tEnglish,We speak Creole English.,,The construction is the same whether everyone present is included or not.,113[119],,naturalistic spoken,Wi taak Kriol Inglish.,,1PL talk Creole English,The construction is the same whether everyone present is included or not.,,,2059, +11-26,11,Wi no get di nyuuz bot wi get di prensa.,Wi\tno\tget\tdi\tnyuuz\tbot\twi\tget\tdi\tprensa.,1PL\tNEG\tget\tART.DEF\tnews\tbut\t1PL\tget\tART.DEF\tpress,We don’t get the (television) news but we get the press.,,The construction is the same whether everyone present is included or not. Nyuuz is monomorphematic as in English.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wi no get di nyuuz bot wi get di prensa.,,1PL NEG get ART.DEF news but 1PL get ART.DEF press,"The construction is the same whether everyone present is included or not. Nyuuz is monomorphematic as in English.",,,2060, +12-22,12,"Yeah, and we gone to court, and then he man tell him say he must pay 25 dollars every week.",[...]\tand\twe\tgone\tto\tcourt\t[...],[...]\tand\t1PL\tgo.PFV\tto\tcourt\t[...],[...] and we went to court [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, and we gone to court, and then he man tell him say he must pay 25 dollars every week.","[...] and we gone to court [...]",[...] and 1PL go.PFV to court [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2061, +13-22,13,wi,wi,1PL,we,,,1500[227],,naturalistic spoken,wi,,1PL,,,,2062, +14-18,14,I and you / we,I and you / we,1SG and 2SG   1PL,we,,"Generally we is used. In this construction, others can be included.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I and you / we,,1SG and 2SG 1PL,"Generally we is used. In this construction, others can be included.",Own knowledge,,2063, +15-20,15,wi,wi,1PL,we,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,wi,,1PL,,Own knowledge,,2064, +16-22,16,"bat we tu, blakman, wi no dè hiɛ","bat\twe\ttu,\tblakman,\twi\tno\tdè\thiɛ",but\t1PL\tTOP\tblack.man\t1PL.(EXCL)\tNEG\tHAB\thear,But we blacks (excl) don't understand.,,This was said to a white investigator.,,,naturalistic spoken,"bat we tu, blakman, wi no dè hiɛ",,but 1PL TOP black.man 1PL.(EXCL) NEG HAB hear,This was said to a white investigator.,Own fieldwork,,2065, +16-23,16,wɛn wì go fɔ dɛ gɔta dɛ [...] jù gò go si strɔʧa strɔʧa,wɛn\twì\tgo\tfɔ\tdɛ\tgɔta\tdɛ\t[...]\tjù\tgò\tgo\tsi\tstrɔʧa~strɔʧa,when\t1PL\tgo\tfor\tART\tgutter\tthere\t[...]\t2SG\tFUT\tgo\tsee\tstructure~structure,When we (incl) go to the gutter over there [...] you will see structures.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wɛn wì go fɔ dɛ gɔta dɛ [...] jù gò go si strɔʧa strɔʧa,wɛn wì go fɔ dɛ gɔta dɛ [...] jù gò go si strɔʧa~strɔʧa,when 1PL go for ART gutter there [...] 2SG FUT go see structure~structure,,Own fieldwork,,2066, +18-22,18,Wi fit go sinima dis nait?,Wi\tfit\tgo\tsinima\tdis\tnait?,1PL.SBJ\tbe.able\tgo\tcinema\tthis\tnight,Could we go to the cinema tonight?,,,63[439],,published source,Wi fit go sinima dis nait?,,1PL.SBJ be.able go cinema this night,,,,2067, +18-23,18,Wi fit waka foh makeht wi tu.,Wi\tfit\twaka\tfo\tmaket\twi\ttu.,1PL.SBJ\tAUX\twalk\tfor\tmarket\t1PL\ttwo,We can walk to the market together.,,,1488[8],,published source,Wi fit waka foh makeht wi tu.,Wi fit waka fo maket wi tu.,1PL.SBJ AUX walk for market 1PL two,,,,2068, +19-25,19,Wì dɔn kɔstɔn fɔ̀ràn.,Wì\tdɔn\tkɔstɔn\tfɔ̀r=àn.,1PL\tPRF\tbe.used.to\tASSOC=3SG.OBJ,We’ve got used to it.,,,1634[395],,naturalistic spoken,"Wì dɔn kɔstɔn fɔ̀ràn.","Wì dɔn kɔstɔn fɔ̀r=àn.",1PL PRF be.used.to ASSOC=3SG.OBJ,,,,2069, +20-24,20,We go nother side sit down talkee.,We\tgo\tnother\tside\tsit\tdown\ttalkee.,we\tgo\tanother\tside\tsit\tdown\ttalk,Let us rise and have a little talk.,,,1489[VI.76],,naturalistic written,We go nother side sit down talkee.,,we go another side sit down talk,,,(口維)哥拿打西薛當託記,2070, +21-21,21,We eat already.,We\teat\talready.,we\teat\tPRF,We have already eaten.,,,,,constructed by linguist,We eat already.,,we eat PRF,,Own knowledge,,2071, +22-33,22,yumi,yumi,1PL.INCL,we,,,,,constructed by linguist,yumi,,1PL.INCL,,Own knowledge,,2072, +22-34,22,mipela/mipla,mipela/mipla,1PL.EXCL,we,,,,,constructed by linguist,mipela/mipla,,1PL.EXCL,,Own knowledge,,2073, +23-31,23,grup blong mifala oli mas karem mi,grup\tblong\tmifala\toli\tmas\tkarem\tmi,group\tPOSS\t1PL.EXCL\tAGR\tmust\tcarry/bring\t1SG,My group had to carry me.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,grup blong mifala oli mas karem mi,,group POSS 1PL.EXCL AGR must carry/bring 1SG,,,,2074, +24-36,24,himii/hamii,himii/hamii,we.DU.INCL,"we (dual, inclusive)",,Etymologically this means 'thou and me'; it is deictic and rarely anaphoric.,,,naturalistic spoken,himii/hamii,,we.DU.INCL,Etymologically this means 'thou and me'; it is deictic and rarely anaphoric.,Own fieldwork,,2075, +24-37,24,"miienhem, miienher","miienhem,\tmiienher",1DU.EXCL.M\t1DU.EXCL.F,"we (dual, exclusive, male referent), we (dual, exclusive, female referent)",,"These pronouns are deictic, rarely anaphoric.",,,naturalistic spoken,"miienhem, miienher",,1DU.EXCL.M 1DU.EXCL.F,"These pronouns are deictic, rarely anaphoric.",Own fieldwork,,2076, +24-38,24,miienher,miienher,1DU.EXCL.F,"we (dual, exclusive, female referent)",,Miienher is deictic and rarely anaphoric.,,,naturalistic spoken,miienher,,1DU.EXCL.F,"Miienher is deictic and rarely anaphoric.",Own fieldwork,,2077, +25-103,25,"Wen wi bin langa Carlton, en Missis bin oldei givit mibala boksis.","Wen\twi\tbin\tlanga\tCarlton,\ten\tMissis\tbin\toldei\tgiv-it\tmibala\tboks-is.",when\t1PL.EXCL\tPST\tLOC\tCarlton\tand\tMissis\tPST\talways\tgive-TR\t1PL.EXCL\tbox-PL,"When we were [working] on Carlton Station, and the Missus used to give us boxes. (with matches, to burn the grass)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a double-object construction with the verb 'give'. The plural marking on the noun boksis is an acrolectal feature.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wen wi bin langa Carlton, en Missis bin oldei givit mibala boksis.","Wen wi bin langa Carlton, en Missis bin oldei giv-it mibala boks-is.",when 1PL.EXCL PST LOC Carlton and Missis PST always give-TR 1PL.EXCL box-PL,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a double-object construction with the verb 'give'. The plural marking on the noun boksis is an acrolectal feature.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2078, +25-104,25,Yunmi labda go bek la im.,Yunmi\tlabda\tgo\tbek\tla\tim.,1DU.INCL\tOBLIG\tgo\tback\tLOC\t3SG,You and I should go back to/for her.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a 1st person inclusive dual pronoun.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Yunmi labda go bek la im.",,1DU.INCL OBLIG go back LOC 3SG,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a 1st person inclusive dual pronoun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2079, +25-105,25,Mibala yujdu idimbat la bush.,Mibala\tyujdu\tid-im-bat\tla\tbush.,1PL\tHAB\teat-TR-PROG\tLOC\tbush,We used to eat it in the bush.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a 1st person exclusive plural pronoun and the habitual marker yujdu.",,,naturalistic spoken,Mibala yujdu idimbat la bush.,Mibala yujdu id-im-bat la bush.,1PL HAB eat-TR-PROG LOC bush,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a 1st person exclusive plural pronoun and the habitual marker yujdu.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2080, +25-106,25,"[...] en mibala bin gowin na. Wi bin gowin insaid an jat men bin brejim batn bla mibala. Imin - mibalan godan, godan yilif. Godan yilif, pulap langa midl, apwei. Mela bin lukaran. Wi bin luk jarrawei an wi bin luk dijei.","[...] en mibala bin gow-in na. Wi bin gow-in insaid an jat men bin brej-im batn bla mibala. Im=in - mibala=n godan, go-dan yilif. Go-dan yilif, pul-ap langa midl, apwei. Mela bin luk-aran. Wi bin luk jarra-wei an wi bin luk dij-ei.",[...] and 1PL PST go-in now 1PL PST go-in inside and DEM man PST press-TR button DAT/POSS 1PL 3SG=PST   1PL=PST go-down go-down lift go-down lift pull-up LOC middle halfway 1PL PST look-around 1PL PST look DIST-DIR and 1PL PST look PROX-DIR,[...] and we went in. We went inside and the man there pressed a button for us and we went down. We went down in the lift and we stopped half way down. We looked around. We looked this way and that way.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This textual example illustrates the variation between various forms of the 1st person plural exclusive in the Roper River variety of Kriol.,1332[81],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] en mibala bin gowin na. Wi bin gowin insaid an jat men bin brejim batn bla mibala. Imin - mibalan godan, godan yilif. Godan yilif, pulap langa midl, apwei. Mela bin lukaran. Wi bin luk jarrawei an wi bin luk dijei.","[...] en mibala bin gow-in na. Wi bin gow-in insaid an jat men bin brej-im batn bla mibala. Im=in - mibala=n godan, go-dan yilif. Go-dan yilif, pul-ap langa midl, apwei. Mela bin luk-aran. Wi bin luk jarra-wei an wi bin luk dij-ei.",[...] and 1PL PST go-in now 1PL PST go-in inside and DEM man PST press-TR button DAT/POSS 1PL 3SG=PST 1PL=PST go-down go-down lift go-down lift pull-up LOC middle halfway 1PL PST look-around 1PL PST look DIST-DIR and 1PL PST look PROX-DIR,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This textual example illustrates the variation between various forms of the 1st person plural exclusive in the Roper River variety of Kriol.,,,2081, +27-15,27,ons,ons,1PL,we,,De Josselin de Jong (1926: 95) gives two allomorphs for ons [1PL]: oⁿs and ong.,355[14],,naturalistic spoken,ons,ons,1PL,"De Josselin de Jong (1926: 95) gives two allomorphs for ons [1PL]: oⁿs and ong.",,,2082, +28-36,28,ju ma sɛtɛ ma horo wat enʃi ma futɛlɛ,ju\tma\tsɛtɛ\tma\thoro\twati\tenʃi\tma\tfutɛlɛ,2SG\tIRR\tsit\tIRR\thear\tREL\t1PL\tIRR\tspeak,You will sit down (and) hear what we are going to tell.,,,737[590],,naturalistic spoken,ju ma sɛtɛ ma horo wat enʃi ma futɛlɛ,ju ma sɛtɛ ma horo wati enʃi ma futɛlɛ,2SG IRR sit IRR hear REL 1PL IRR speak,,,,2083, +28-37,28,"ə bi datə, ɛni titi ju kriktɛ gutu da iʃ twejɛ ju nintɛ","o\tbi\tdati,\tɛni\ttiti\tju\tkriki-tɛ\tgutu\tda\tiʃi\ttwe-jɛ\tju\tnimi-tɛ",3SG\tsay\tCOMP\tany\ttime\t2SG\tget-PRF\tthing\tCOP\t1PL\ttwo-NMLZ\t2SG\tknow-PRF,"He said that, any time you get something, (it) belongs to the two of us you know.",,"Note that the enclitic nominalizer creates an independent possessive pronoun, something like 'our two's'.",737[176],,naturalistic spoken,"ə bi datə, ɛni titi ju kriktɛ gutu da iʃ twejɛ ju nintɛ","o bi dati, ɛni titi ju kriki-tɛ gutu da iʃi twe-jɛ ju nimi-tɛ",3SG say COMP any time 2SG get-PRF thing COP 1PL two-NMLZ 2SG know-PRF,"Note that the enclitic nominalizer creates an independent possessive pronoun, something like 'our two's'.",,,2084, +29-24,29,Ons verstaan dit goed.,Ons\tverstaan\tdit\tgoed.,1PL\tunderstand\tit\twell,We understand it well.,,"Here ons can have both an inclusive and an exclusive reading, depending on the speaker's intention. Just as in English, ons can be stressed to signify an exclusive meaning - ONS verstaan dit goed (maar jy nie), i.e. 'WE understand it well (but you don't)'.",,,naturalistic spoken,Ons verstaan dit goed.,,1PL understand it well,"Here ons can have both an inclusive and an exclusive reading, depending on the speaker's intention. Just as in English, ons can be stressed to signify an exclusive meaning - ONS verstaan dit goed (maar jy nie), i.e. 'WE understand it well (but you don't)'.",Own knowledge,,2085, +30-33,30,"Maridu, anos nu ten ki sai di li, [...].",Maridu\ta-nos\tnu=ten\tki=sai\tdi=li\t[...].,husband\tTOP-1PL.INDP\t1PL.DEP=must\tto=go.out\tof=here\t[...],"My husband, we have to get out of here [...].",,,1407[31],,naturalistic spoken,"Maridu, anos nu ten ki sai di li, [...].","Maridu a-nos nu=ten ki=sai di=li [...].",husband TOP-1PL.INDP 1PL.DEP=must to=go.out of=here [...],,,,2086,"German: Mein Mann, wir müssen hier raus(gehen)." +30-34,30,"E nho, nhu ten abertal di parti-nu es boi li, ki nos ninhun nu ka ta fika mal?","E\tnho,\tnhu=ten\tabertal\tdi=parti=nu\tes=boi\tli,\tki=nos\tninhun\tnu=ka=ta=fika\tmal?",Hello\t2SG.POL.M.INDP\t2SG.POL.M.DEP=have\tskill\tof=divide=1PL\tDEM=ox\there\tCOMP=1PL.INDP\tno.one\t1PL.DEP=NEG=IPFV=remain\tbad,"Hello, do you have the skills to divide this ox among us in such a way that no one comes off badly?",,,1407[160],,naturalistic spoken,"E nho, nhu ten abertal di parti-nu es boi li, ki nos ninhun nu ka ta fika mal?","E nho, nhu=ten abertal di=parti=nu es=boi li, ki=nos ninhun nu=ka=ta=fika mal?",Hello 2SG.POL.M.INDP 2SG.POL.M.DEP=have skill of=divide=1PL DEM=ox here COMP=1PL.INDP no.one 1PL.DEP=NEG=IPFV=remain bad,,,,2087,"German: Hallo Sie, haben Sie das Geschick, diesen Ochsen so unter uns aufzuteilen, dass keiner von uns schlecht dabei wegkommt?" +31-36,31,"Mi ku bo, nu ta da dretu.","Mi\tku\tbo,\tnu\tta\tda\tdretu.",me\twith\tyou\twe\tASP\tget.along\twell,"You and me, we (inclusive) get along well.",,There is no inclusive/exclusive distinction for 'we'.,,,constructed by linguist,"Mi ku bo, nu ta da dretu.",,me with you we ASP get.along well,There is no inclusive/exclusive distinction for 'we'.,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,2088, +31-37,31,"Nu ta ben as ves tres ora, as ves kuat'ora.","Nu\tta\tben\tas\tves\ttres\tora,\tas\tves\tkuat'ora.",we\tASP\tcome\tat\ttimes\tthree\thour\tat\ttimes\tfour.hour,"We (exclusive) come back at times at three o'clock, at times at four o'clock.",,,57,,naturalistic spoken,"Nu ta ben as ves tres ora, as ves kuat'ora.",,we ASP come at times three hour at times four.hour,,,,2089, +32-20,32,no/nos,no/nos,1PL,we,,,1456,,constructed by linguist,no/nos,,1PL,,,,2090,Portuguese: nós +33-26,33,No fasi no trabadju.,No\tfasi\tno\ttrabadju.,1PL\tdo.PST\tPOSS.1PL\twork,We did our work.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,No fasi no trabadju.,,1PL do.PST POSS.1PL work,,Own knowledge,,2091,Portuguese: Fizémos o nosso trabalho. +34-23,34,Awonti no bay na baŋ Ñagis.,Awonti\tno\tø\tbay\tna\tbaŋ\tÑagis.,yesterday\t1PL.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tASS\tPST\tNiaguis,Yesterday we (inclusive/exclusive) went to Niaguis.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Awonti no bay na baŋ Ñagis.","Awonti no ø bay na baŋ Ñagis.",yesterday 1PL.SBJ PFV go ASS PST Niaguis,,Own knowledge,,2092, +35-32,35,non,non,1PL,we/us,,,,,naturalistic spoken,non,,1PL,,Own data,,2093, +36-17,36,no,no,we,we,,,901[59],,naturalistic spoken,no,,we,,,,2094, +37-19,37,no/non,no/non,we,we,,,,,constructed by linguist,no/non,,we,,Own knowledge,,2095, +38-24,38,Pake no na muntsyi-muntuf.,Pake\tno\tna\tmunt-syi-muntu-f.,because\t1PL\tNEG\tmany-DEM-many-NEG,Because we are not many.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pake no na muntsyi-muntuf.,Pake no na munt-syi-muntu-f.,because 1PL NEG many-DEM-many-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,2096, +39-33,39,Nɔs doy a faze race.,Nɔs\tdoy\ta\tfaz-e\t.,1PL\ttwo\tIRR.NPST\tmake-INF\trace,The two of us will race.,,Race is taken from English.,221[206],,naturalistic spoken,Nɔs doy a faze race.,"Nɔs doy a faz-e <race>.",1PL two IRR.NPST make-INF race,"Race is taken from English.",,,2097, +39-34,39,"Dəpəy nɔs ɔn foy? ɔn foy dəpəy nɔs, nɔs doy?","Dəpəy\tnɔs\tɔn\tfoy?\tɔn\tfoy\tdəpəy\tnɔs,\tnɔs\tdoy?",then\t1PL\twhere\tgo.PST\twhere\tgo.PST\tthen\t1PL\t1PL\ttwo,"And then where did we go? Where did we go then, the two of us?",,,218,,naturalistic spoken,"Dəpəy nɔs ɔn foy? ɔn foy dəpəy nɔs, nɔs doy?",,then 1PL where go.PST where go.PST then 1PL 1PL two,,,,2098, +40-24,40,nɔ,nɔ,we,we,,This is the only form that corresponds to 1PL subject pronoun.,,,constructed by linguist,nɔ,,we,This is the only form that corresponds to 1PL subject pronoun.,Own knowledge,,2099, +42-27,42,nus,nus,1PL,we,,,122[53],,elicited from speaker,nus,,1PL,,,,2100, +43-22,43,Bi desa nos fadji asi.,Bi\tdesa\tnos\tfadji\tasi.,come\tlet\t1PL\tdo\tso,"Come on, let's do it like this.",,,906[86],,pedagogical grammar,"Bi desa nos fadji asi.",,come let 1PL do so,,,,2101, +44-25,44,Ya kasá mihótro.,Ya\tkasá\tmihótro.,PFV\tmarry\t1PL,We (you not included) got married.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ya kasá mihótro.,,PFV marry 1PL,,Own data,,2102, +44-26,44,Komé múna mihótro bágo mótro indá mirá el koronasyón.,Komé\tmúna\tmihótro\tbágo\tmótro\tindá\tmirá\tel\tkoronasyón.,eat\tfirst\t1PL\tbefore\t1PL\tgo\tsee\tDEF\tcoronation,"Let us (you and I) eat first, then we (you and I) go to see the coronation.",,,,,elicited from speaker,Komé múna mihótro bágo mótro indá mirá el koronasyón.,,eat first 1PL before 1PL go see DEF coronation,,Own data,,2103, +46-37,46,kitá,kitá,we.INCL,we,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kitá,,we.INCL,,Own knowledge,,2104, +46-38,46,kamé,kamé,we.EXCL,we,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kamé,,we.EXCL,,Own knowledge,,2105, +47-32,47,"Si nos a laga nan kaminda nos a haya nan, pushi ta kome nan.","Si\tnos\ta\tlaga\tnan\tkaminda\tnos\ta\thaya\tnan,\tpushi\tta\tkome\tnan.",if\t1PL\tPFV\tleave\t3PL\twhere\t1PL\tPFV\tfind\t3PL\tcat\tTNS\teat\t3PL,"Had we left them where we found them, a cat/cats would have eaten them. [of baby birds]",,"From the context of this utterance, it is clear that the adressee is not included in the reference of nos.",752[317],,published source,"Si nos a laga nan kaminda nos a haya nan, pushi ta kome nan.",,if 1PL PFV leave 3PL where 1PL PFV find 3PL cat TNS eat 3PL,"From the context of this utterance, it is clear that the adressee is not included in the reference of nos.",,,2106, +48-58,48,Suto tené sinko bulo.,Suto\ttené\tsinko\tbulo.,we\thave\tfive\tdonkey,We have five donkeys.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Suto tené sinko bulo.,,we have five donkey,,Recorded by author,,2107,Spanish: (Nosotros) tenemos cinco burros. +49-32,49,Ann pale san fache!,Ann\tpale\tsan\tfache!,1PL.IMP\tspeak\twithout\tget.angry,Let's talk without getting angry!,,,471[218],,naturalistic written,Ann pale san fache!,,1PL.IMP speak without get.angry,,,,2108,French: Parlons sans nous fâcher! +49-33,49,N ap manje.,N\tap\tmanje.,1PL\tINACC\teat,We are eating.,,,"473[Vol. 6, p. 37]",,naturalistic spoken,N ap manje.,,1PL INACC eat,,,,2109,French: Nous sommes en train de manger. +50-26,50,Nou ay Goubè.,Nou\tay\tGoubè.,1PL\tgo\tGourbeyre,We went to Gourbeyre.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Nou ay Goubè.,,1PL go Gourbeyre,,Own fieldwork,,2110, +51-26,51,Nou ay Fodfrans.,Nou\tay\tFodfrans.,1PL\tgo\tFort-de-France,We went to Fort-de-France.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Nou ay Fodfrans.,,1PL go Fort-de-France,,Own fieldwork,,2111, +52-16,52,nou ka pati si Bondyé lé,nou\tka\tpati\tsi\tBondyé\tlé,we\tIPFV\tleave\tif\tGod\twant,We will go if God wants us to.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,nou ka pati si Bondyé lé,,we IPFV leave if God want,,Own knowledge,,2112, +53-56,53,no/nou/nouzòt,no/nou/nouzòt,1PL,we,,"These forms are interchangeable in subject position, but only nouzòt can be emphatic.",1048[166],,naturalistic spoken,no/nou/nouzòt,,1PL,"These forms are interchangeable in subject position, but only nouzòt can be emphatic.",,,2113,French: nous +54-26,54,"Ojourdui nou lé marié, bin, nou doi viv ansanb.","Ojourdui\tnou\tle\tmarye,\tben,\tnou\tdwa\tviv\tansanm.",today\t1PL\tCOP.PRS\tmarried\twell\t1PL\tmust\tlive\ttogether,"Today we are married, well, we have to live together.",,,229[43],,naturalistic spoken,"Ojourdui nou lé marié, bin, nou doi viv ansanb.","Ojourdui nou le marye, ben, nou dwa viv ansanm.",today 1PL COP.PRS married well 1PL must live together,,,,2114,"French: Aujourd'hui nous sommes mariés, eh bien, nous devons vivre ensemble." +55-27,55,nu,nu,1PL,we,,,,,constructed by linguist,nu,,1PL,,Own knowledge,,2115, +56-38,56,nou,nou,1PL,we,,,,,constructed by linguist,nou,,1PL,,Own knowledge,,2116, +57-20,57,nunde ave twa nu ale,nunde\tave\ttwa\tnu\tale,1DU\twith\tyou\t1PL\tgo,"We go together, you and the two of us.",,The exclusive construction for the dual is optional and not strongly grammaticalized.,,,constructed by linguist,nunde ave twa nu ale,,1DU with you 1PL go,The exclusive construction for the dual is optional and not strongly grammaticalized.,own knowledge Ehrhart,,2117, +57-21,57,nunde sa twa nale vwar wawa,nunde\tsa\ttwa\tnu\tale\tvwar\twawa,1DU\twithout\tyou\t1PL\tgo\tsee\tgrandmother,The two of us go to see grandmother without you.,,The exclusive construction for the dual is optional and not strongly grammaticalized. Nale is the contraction of nu ale.,,,constructed by linguist,nunde sa twa nale vwar wawa,nunde sa twa nu ale vwar wawa,1DU without you 1PL go see grandmother,"The exclusive construction for the dual is optional and not strongly grammaticalized. Nale is the contraction of nu ale.",own knowledge Ehrhart,,2118, +58-98,58,Beto vand-aka na nzo.,Beto\tvand-aka\tna\tnzo.,we\tbe/sit-PST\tCONN\thouse,We were at home/in the house.,,"In the present vanda means 'sit'. In the past, vanda acts as the copula: Yandi vand-aka vanda ‘He was sitting’.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Beto vand-aka na nzo.,,we be/sit-PST CONN house,"In the present vanda means 'sit'. In the past, vanda acts as the copula: Yandi vand-aka vanda ‘He was sitting’.",Own knowledge,,2119, +59-54,59,"i ke na moyen titene, i faa doli ni ti gwe na ni, ake ape","i\tke\tna\t\ttitene,\ti\tfaa\tdoli\tni\tti\tgwe\tna\tni,\take\tape",1PL\tCOP\tPREP\tmeans\tso.that\t1PL\tcut\telephant\tDET\tof\tgo\tPREP\tDET\tSM.COP\tNEG,We had no way to butcher the elephant and take it (the pieces of meat) away.,,"This kind of sentence was not at all unusual in the 1950s, and it may reflect the first languages spoken by Central Africans. I suspect that in the vernacular of Bangui it no longer exists. The word moyen is French.",,,naturalistic spoken,"i ke na moyen titene, i faa doli ni ti gwe na ni, ake ape","i ke na <moyen> titene, i faa doli ni ti gwe na ni, ake ape",1PL COP PREP means so.that 1PL cut elephant DET of go PREP DET SM.COP NEG,"This kind of sentence was not at all unusual in the 1950s, and it may reflect the first languages spoken by Central Africans. I suspect that in the vernacular of Bangui it no longer exists. The word moyen is French.",Own knowledge,,2120, +59-55,59,mo ga i gwe,mo\tga\ti\tgwe,2SG\tcome\twe\tgo,Let's go!,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo ga i gwe,,2SG come we go,,Own knowledge,,2121, +60-19,60,bísó,bísó,1PL,we (inclusive and exclusive),,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,bísó,,1PL,,,,2122, +61-16,61,Thina zo hamba gusasa.,Thina\tzo\thamb-a\tgusasa.,we\twill\tgo-V\ttomorrow,We (incl. or excl.) will go tomorrow.,,There is no difference between inclusive and exclusive meaning.,,,constructed by linguist,Thina zo hamba gusasa.,Thina zo hamb-a gusasa.,we will go-V tomorrow,There is no difference between inclusive and exclusive meaning.,Own knowledge,,2123, +62-12,62,níne/nne,níne/nne,1PL,we,,The two forms can be used interchangeably.,988[195],,elicited from speaker,níne/nne,,1PL,The two forms can be used interchangeably.,,,2124, +63-20,63,ína én bes ína fi báhar,ína\tén\tbes\tína\tfi\tbáhar,1PL\tsee\tjust\t1PL\tin\tsea,We just noticed that we were by the sea.,,,856[44],,naturalistic spoken,ína én bes ína fi báhar,,1PL see just 1PL in sea,,,,2125, +64-28,64,úmon gále íta gerówa ámulu ʃenú wa ána kélim galé ánna kan gerówa iʃtéri bagarát,úmon\tgále\títa\tge=rówa\támulu\tʃenú\twa\tána\tkélim\tgalé\tánna\tkan\tge=rówa\tiʃtéri\tbagar-át,3PL\tsay\t2SG\tPROG=go\tdo\twhat\tand\t1SG\tspeak\tsay\t1PL\tANT\tPROG=go\tbuy\tcow-PL,They said: What are you going to do? And I answered that we were going to buy some cows.,,In this example kélim 'speak' is followed by the complementizer gále.,874[192],,naturalistic spoken,úmon gále íta gerówa ámulu ʃenú wa ána kélim galé ánna kan gerówa iʃtéri bagarát,úmon gále íta ge=rówa ámulu ʃenú wa ána kélim galé ánna kan ge=rówa iʃtéri bagar-át,3PL say 2SG PROG=go do what and 1SG speak say 1PL ANT PROG=go buy cow-PL,"In this example kélim 'speak' is followed by the complementizer gále.",,,2126, +65-31,65,Nasa negidales.,Nasa\tnegidales.,1PL\tNegidal,We are Negidals.,,Negidal is an ethnic group of Tungusic origin; the speaker uses the Russian ethnonym negidalets.,707[182],,naturalistic spoken,Nasa negidales.,,1PL Negidal,"Negidal is an ethnic group of Tungusic origin; the speaker uses the Russian ethnonym negidalets.",,наша негидалец.,2127, +65-32,65,Vy myn' ingaj narodnə xaʤajstəvə ban'ʤu.,Vy\tmyn'\tingaj\tnarodnə\txaʤajstəvə\tban'ʤu.,1PL\t1PL\tmust\tnational\teconomy\thelp,We must help national economy.,,"This is an example of the Chinese ethnolect: vy myn' is the Chinese form of the 1PL personal pronoun. +The example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).",1195[228],,naturalistic spoken,Vy myn' ingaj narodnə xaʤajstəvə ban'ʤu.,,1PL 1PL must national economy help,"This is an example of the Chinese ethnolect: vy myn' is the Chinese form of the 1PL personal pronoun. +The example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).",,Вы мынь ингай народное хозяйство баньчжу.,2128, +66-18,66,kitang,kitang,1PL,we,,,,,elicited from speaker,kitang,,1PL,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,2129, +66-19,66,kitampəðə,kitang-pəðə,1PL-PL,we,,,,,elicited from speaker,kitampəðə,kitang-pəðə,1PL-PL,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,2130, +67-36,67,kita/kita-orang,kita/kita-orang,1PL/1PL-person,we,,,708[73. 198],,naturalistic spoken,kita/kita-orang,,1PL/1PL-person,,,,2131, +68-18,68,katong,katong,1PL,we (inclusive/exclusive),,,1178[406],,naturalistic spoken,katong,,1PL,,,,2132, +69-14,69,paŋgət (asəŋ),paŋgət\t(asəŋ),1PL\t(PL),we (more than 2),,Asəŋ is an optional plural marker for first and second person pronouns only.,,,naturalistic spoken,paŋgət (asəŋ),,1PL (PL),"Asəŋ is an optional plural marker for first and second person pronouns only.",Own field notes 1985,,2133, +70-22,70,"Ham-log kana pakao, tum-log tora deri baito.","Ham-log\tkana\tpakao,\ttum-log\ttora\tderi\tbaito.",1-PL\tfood\tcook\t2-PL\ta.little\tlong\tstay,"We'll cook some food, you all stay a bit longer.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ham-log kana pakao, tum-log tora deri baito.",,1-PL food cook 2-PL a.little long stay,,Siegel-field recording,,2134, +71-28,71,Kakou no hele nuinui kaukau kela laiki.,Kakou\tno\thele\tnuinui\tkaukau\tkela\tlaiki.,1PL.INCL\tINTENS\tgo\tplenty.of\tfood\tDET\trice,"Let's go, there's a lot of food and rice.",,INTENS=intensifier,,,naturalistic written,"Kakou no hele nuinui kaukau kela laiki.",,1PL.INCL INTENS go plenty.of food DET rice,INTENS=intensifier,Own data 1885,,2135, +71-29,71,Makou hapai no keia papa.,Makou\thapai\tno\tkeia\tpapa.,1PL.INCL\tcarry\tINTENS\tthis\tboard,Let's carry this board of lumber.,,"Although makou is the exclusive form in the lexifier, it is here used with inclusive reference. INTENS=intensifier",,,naturalistic written,"Makou hapai no keia papa.",,1PL.INCL carry INTENS this board,"Although makou is the exclusive form in the lexifier, it is here used with inclusive reference. INTENS=intensifier",Own data 1912,,2136, +72-27,72,Ngantipa bin wukarra.,Ngantipa\tbin\twukarra.,1PL.EXCL\tPST\tfrightened,We [not including you] were scared.,,,8,be90d9ae4b09c6bbaf0d5264a07e9cf2,naturalistic spoken,Ngantipa bin wukarra.,,1PL.EXCL PST frightened,,,,2137, +72-28,72,ngaliwa kayikayi im nganta?,ngaliwa\tkayikayi\tim\tnganta?,1PL.INCL\tchase\t3SG\tdoubt,"We [including you] are chasing him, hey?",,,8,a04cf55fb9fa2734bdff44f42188262f,naturalistic spoken,ngaliwa kayikayi im nganta?,,1PL.INCL chase 3SG doubt,,,,2138, +73-23,73,"nustru, nustrus, nosotros, ñukanchi","nustru,\tnustrus,\tnosotros,\tñukanchi",1PL\t1PL\t1PL\t1PL,we,,,1038[394],,naturalistic spoken,"nustru, nustrus, nosotros, ñukanchi",,1PL 1PL 1PL 1PL,,,,2139, +74-25,74,alháyka,alháyka,we.INCL,we (inclusive),,This word is rarely used.,595[13],,narrative,alháyka,,we.INCL,This word is rarely used.,,,2140, +75-56,75,Giiayaanaan aen nawapuu avik niiyanaan.,Gii-ayaa-naan\taen\tnawapuu\tavik\tniiyanaan.,1.PST-have-1PL.EXCL\tINDF.ART.M\tknapsack\twith\t1PL.EXCL,We had a knapsack with us.,,,789[156],,naturalistic written,Giiayaanaan aen nawapuu avik niiyanaan.,Gii-ayaa-naan aen nawapuu avik niiyanaan.,1.PST-have-1PL.EXCL INDF.ART.M knapsack with 1PL.EXCL,,,,2141, +75-57,75,Kiyanaan iku kaushtaanaan.,Kiyanaan\tiku\tka-usht-aanaan.,1PL.INCL\tself\t2FUT-do.INAN-2PL,We'll do it ourselves.,,,789[205],,naturalistic written,Kiyanaan iku kaushtaanaan.,Kiyanaan iku ka-usht-aanaan.,1PL.INCL self 2FUT-do.INAN-2PL,,,,2142, +1-45,1,mi - ju - a - hem - wi - unu - den,mi\t-\tyu\t-\ta\t-\ten\t-\twi\t-\tunu\t-\tden,1SG\t-\t2SG\t-\t3SG.SBJ\t-\t3SG\t-\t1PL\t-\t2PL\t-\t3PL,I - you - he/she/it - him/her/it - we - you - they,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi - ju - a - hem - wi - unu - den,mi - yu - a - en - wi - unu - den,1SG - 2SG - 3SG.SBJ - 3SG - 1PL - 2PL - 3PL,,Own knowledge,,2143, +3-20,3,"mi, i, a, u, unu, dɛ","mi,\ti,\ta,\tu,\tunu,\tdɛ",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they",,,1539[30],,naturalistic spoken,"mi, i, a, u, unu, dɛ",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,,,,2144, +4-21,4,U an sabi en.,U\tan\tsabi\ten.,we/you.PL\tNEG\tknow\ther,We/you don't know her.,,,,,elicited from speaker,U an sabi en.,,we/you.PL NEG know her,,Own observation,,2145, +5-27,5,"(1) mii; yuu; hii; awii; a(l)yu; dem (2) hii, shii, it","(1)\tmii;\tyuu;\thii;\tawii;\ta(l)yu;\tdem\t(2)\thii,\tshii,\tit",(1)\tI/me\tyou.SG\the/him/she/her/it\twe/us\tyou.PL\tthey/them\t(2)\the/him\tshe/her\tit,"(1) I/me; you (SG); he/him, she/her, it; we/us; you (PL); they/them (2) he/him, she/her, it",,(1) gives the conservative paradigm. (2) gives the less conservative forms for the 3rd person singular.,,,unspecified,"(1) mii; yuu; hii; awii; a(l)yu; dem (2) hii, shii, it",,(1) I/me you.SG he/him/she/her/it we/us you.PL they/them (2) he/him she/her it,(1) gives the conservative paradigm. (2) gives the less conservative forms for the 3rd person singular.,Own knowledge,,2146, +6-17,6,"A/mi; yu; hi/shi/it; wi, allyu, dem","A/mi;\tyu;\thi/shi/it;\twi,\tallyu,\tdem",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they,,,1431[48],,constructed by linguist,"A/mi; yu; hi/shi/it; wi, allyu, dem",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,,,,2147, +7-36,7,"mi, yu, hi, shi, (aa)wi, aayo, dem; yo, i","mi,\tyu,\thi,\tshi,\t(aa)wi,\taayo,\tdem;\tyo,\ti",I.INDP\tyou.INDP\the.INDP\tshe.INDP\twe.INDP\tyou.PL.INDP\tthey.INDP\tyou.DEP\the/she.DEP,"I, you, he, she, we, you(PL), they; you, he/she",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mi, yu, hi, shi, (aa)wi, aayo, dem; yo, i",,I.INDP you.INDP he.INDP she.INDP we.INDP you.PL.INDP they.INDP you.DEP he/she.DEP,,Own knowledge,,2148, +7-37,7,"(independent object:) mi, yu, hi, shi, (aa)wi, aayo, dem vs. (dependent object:) yo, i, uhm","(independent\tobject:)\tmi,\tyu,\thi,\tshi,\t(aa)wi,\taayo,\tdem\tvs.\t(dependent\tobject:)\tyo,\ti,\tuhm",(independent\tobject:)\tme\tyou\thim\ther\tus\tyou.PL\tthem\tvs.\t(dependent\tobject:)\tyou\thim/her\thim/her,"me, you, him, her, we, you (PL), they vs. you, him/her, him/her",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"(independent object:) mi, yu, hi, shi, (aa)wi, aayo, dem vs. (dependent object:) yo, i, uhm",,(independent object:) me you him her us you.PL them vs. (dependent object:) you him/her him/her,,Own knowledge,,2149, +8-19,8,Mi/yu/im/wi/unu/dem nuo di man.,Mi/yu/im/wi/unu/dem\tnuo\tdi\tman.,1SG/2SG/3SG/1PL/2PL/3PL\tknow\tDET\tman,I/you/he/we/you/they know the man.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi/yu/im/wi/unu/dem nuo di man.,,1SG/2SG/3SG/1PL/2PL/3PL know DET man,,Own knowledge,,2150, +10-22,10,mi; yu; ihn; ih; wi; unu; dehn,mi;\tyu;\tihn;\tih;\twi;\tunu;\tdehn,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t3SG.N\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you(SG); he/she; it; we; you(PL); they,,"This is the basilectal system. Note that the 3rd person pronouns have morphonological variants: ihn ~ him ~ im, dehn ~ dem. When moving to the meso- and acrolects, other variants surface: A ~ Ai [1SG]; hi [3SG.M]; shi [3SG.F]; yu-aal [2PL]; dey [3PL].",,,constructed by linguist,mi; yu; ihn; ih; wi; unu; dehn,,1SG 2SG 3SG 3SG.N 1PL 2PL 3PL,"This is the basilectal system. Note that the 3rd person pronouns have morphonological variants: ihn ~ him ~ im, dehn ~ dem. When moving to the meso- and acrolects, other variants surface: A ~ Ai [1SG]; hi [3SG.M]; shi [3SG.F]; yu-aal [2PL]; dey [3PL].",Own knowledge,,2151, +11-27,11,mi/A/Ai; yu; ih/him/im; ih/sh; ih; wi; unu; dem,mi/A/Ai;\tyu;\tih/him/im;\tih/sh;\tih;\twi;\tunu;\tdem,1SG\t2SG\t3SG.M\t3SG.F\t3SG.N\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; he; she; it; we; you; they,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,mi/A/Ai; yu; ih/him/im; ih/sh; ih; wi; unu; dem,,1SG 2SG 3SG.M 3SG.F 3SG.N 1PL 2PL 3PL,,,,2152, +12-23,12,"Da' time, I take a trip here an' go back.",[...]\tI\ttake\ta\ttrip\t[...],[...]\t1SG\ttake[PFV]\ta\ttrip\t[...],[...] I came [here and went back].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Da' time, I take a trip here an' go back.","[...] I take a trip [...]",[...] 1SG take[PFV] a trip [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2153, +12-24,12,"Lord, I know you was puhwidin'.",[...]\tI\tknow\tyou\twas\tpuhwid-in',[...]\t1SG\tknow\t2SG\tCOP\tprovide-PROG,"[Lord,] I know you were providing.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Lord, I know you was puhwidin'.","[...] I know you was puhwid-in'",[...] 1SG know 2SG COP provide-PROG,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2154, +12-25,12,"[Did you ever take the mailboat to Nassau?] Couple time, but 'e ain't agree wid me. I get seasick.",[...]\tbut\t'e\tain't\tagree\twid\tme\t[...].,[...]\tbut\t3SG.N\tNEG\tagree\twith\tme\t[...],[...] but it didn't agree with me [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[Did you ever take the mailboat to Nassau?] Couple time, but 'e ain't agree wid me. I get seasick.","[...] but 'e ain't agree wid me [...].",[...] but 3SG.N NEG agree with me [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2155, +12-26,12,"Her will go up to de school an' sell lunch. Fried chicken, conch an' ting, maccaroni, he bake dem, an' he carry dem, an' when de school out, de children come an' dey buy it from her. Yeah.","[...]\the\tbake\tdem,\tan'\the\tcarry\tdem,\tan'\t[...]\tde\tchildren\tcome\tan'\tdey\tbuy\tit\tfrom\ther.",[...]\t3SG.F\tbake\tthem\tand\t3SG.F\tcarry\tthem\tand\t[...]\tthe\tchildren\tcome\tand\t3PL\tbuy\tit\tfrom\ther,"[Fried chicken, conch etc., maccaroni,] she bakes them, and carries them, and [when school's over,] the children come, and they buy it from her.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Her will go up to de school an' sell lunch. Fried chicken, conch an' ting, maccaroni, he bake dem, an' he carry dem, an' when de school out, de children come an' dey buy it from her. Yeah.","[...] he bake dem, an' he carry dem, an' [...] de children come an' dey buy it from her.",[...] 3SG.F bake them and 3SG.F carry them and [...] the children come and 3PL buy it from her,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2156, +12-27,12,"All a' body in Forbes Hill, we jus' go - sometime we go Williamstown - when we have missionary day - boss come take us an' carry us, an' den evenin', we come back home.",[...] we jus' go - sometime we go [...] when we have [...] we come [...],[...] 1PL just go[HAB]   sometimes 1PL go[HAB] [...] when 1PL have[HAB] [...] 1PL come[HAB] [...],"[...] we just go - sometimes we go [to WIlliamstown] - when we have [missionary day - the boss comes and takes us there, and then in the evening] we come back home.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"All a' body in Forbes Hill, we jus' go - sometime we go Williamstown - when we have missionary day - boss come take us an' carry us, an' den evenin', we come back home.","[...] we jus' go - sometime we go [...] when we have [...] we come [...]",[...] 1PL just go[HAB] sometimes 1PL go[HAB] [...] when 1PL have[HAB] [...] 1PL come[HAB] [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2157, +12-28,12,you,you,2PL,you,,,,,constructed by linguist,you,,2PL,,Own knowledge,,2158, +13-23,13,mi,mi,1SG,I,,,1500[227],,naturalistic spoken,mi,,1SG,,,,2159, +13-24,13,unna,unna,2PL,you,,,1500[227],,naturalistic spoken,unna,,2PL,,,,2160, +13-25,13,i,i,3SG,he/she/it,,,1500[227],,naturalistic spoken,i,,3SG,,,,2161, +15-21,15,"a/mi, yu/yu, i/am, wi/wi, una~unu/una~unu, dɛn/dɛm","a/mi,\tyu/yu,\ti/am,\twi/wi,\tuna~unu/una~unu,\tdɛn/dɛm",1SG.SBJ/OBJ\t2SG.SBJ/OBJ\t3SG.SBJ/OBJ\t1PL.SBJ/OBJ\t2PL.SBJ/OBJ\t3PL.SBJ/OBJ,"I/me, you (SG)/you (SG), he, she, it/him, her, it, we/us, you (PL)/you (PL), they/them",,"These are the dependent personal pronouns. The form before the slash shows the subject pronouns, the form after the slash shows the object. The independent pronouns are like the object pronouns except in the 3SG (independent pronoun in).",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"a/mi, yu/yu, i/am, wi/wi, una~unu/una~unu, dɛn/dɛm",,1SG.SBJ/OBJ 2SG.SBJ/OBJ 3SG.SBJ/OBJ 1PL.SBJ/OBJ 2PL.SBJ/OBJ 3PL.SBJ/OBJ,"These are the dependent personal pronouns. The form before the slash shows the subject pronouns, the form after the slash shows the object. The independent pronouns are like the object pronouns except in the 3SG (independent pronoun in).",Own knowledge,,2162, +18-24,18,a; yu; i; wi; wuna; dem,a;\tyu;\ti;\twi;\twuna;\tdem,1SG.SBJ\t2SG.SBJ\t3SG.SBJ\t1PL.SBJ\t2PL.SBJ\t3PL.SBJ,I; you (sg.); he/she/it; we; you (pl.); they,,,125[9],,unspecified,a; yu; i; wi; wuna; dem,,1SG.SBJ 2SG.SBJ 3SG.SBJ 1PL.SBJ 2PL.SBJ 3PL.SBJ,,,,2163, +19-26,19,mi; yu; in; wi; una/unu; dɛn,mi;\tyu;\tin;\twi;\tuna/unu;\tdɛn,1SG.EMPH\t2SG.EMPH\t3SG.EMPH\t1PL.EMPH\t2PL\t3PL.EMPH,I; you; he/she/it; we; you (PL); they,,,1634[179],,constructed by linguist,mi; yu; in; wi; una/unu; dɛn,,1SG.EMPH 2SG.EMPH 3SG.EMPH 1PL.EMPH 2PL 3PL.EMPH,,,,2164, +20-25,20,"my, you, he, we, you","my,\tyou,\the,\twe,\tyou",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL,"I, you, he, we, you",,,1489,,naturalistic written,"my, you, he, we, you",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL,,,"米, 㕭, 希, (口維), 㕭",2165, +21-22,21,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they; me; you; him/her/it; us; you; them,I;\tyou;\the/she/it;\twe;\tyou;\tthey;\tme;\tyou;\thim/her/it;\tus;\tyou;\tthem,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL\t1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they; me; you; him/her/it; us; you; them,,,,,constructed by linguist,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they; me; you; him/her/it; us; you; them,,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL 1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,,Own knowledge,,2166, +23-32,23,mi faenem wan ston,mi\tfaenem\twan\tston,1SG\tfind\tINDF\tstone,I found a stone.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi faenem wan ston,,1SG find INDF stone,,Own knowledge,,2167, +23-33,23,yu faenem wan ston,yu\tfaenem\twan\tston,2SG\tfind\tINDF\tstone,You found a stone.,,,,,constructed by linguist,yu faenem wan ston,,2SG find INDF stone,,Own knowledge,,2168, +23-34,23,hem i faenem wan ston,hem\ti\tfaenem\twan\tston,3SG\tAGR\tfind\tINDF\tstone,S/he found a stone.,,,,,constructed by linguist,hem i faenem wan ston,,3SG AGR find INDF stone,,Own knowledge,,2169, +23-35,23,mifala i faenem wan ston,mifala\ti\tfaenem\twan\tston,1PL.EXCL\tAGR\tfind\tINDF\tstone,We (exclusive) found a stone.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mifala i faenem wan ston,,1PL.EXCL AGR find INDF stone,,Own knowledge,,2170, +23-36,23,yumi faenem wan ston,yumi\tfaenem\twan\tston,1PL.INCL\tfind\tINDF\tstone,We (inclusive) found a stone.,,,,,constructed by linguist,yumi faenem wan ston,,1PL.INCL find INDF stone,,Own knowledge,,2171, +23-37,23,yufala i faenem wan ston,yufala\ti\tfaenem\twan\tston,2PL\tAGR\tfind\tINDF\tstone,You (plural) found a stone.,,,,,constructed by linguist,yufala i faenem wan ston,,2PL AGR find INDF stone,,Own knowledge,,2172, +23-38,23,olgeta oli faenem wan ston,olgeta\toli\tfaenem\twan\tston,3PL\tAGR\tfind\tINDF\tstone,They found a stone.,,,,,constructed by linguist,olgeta oli faenem wan ston,,3PL AGR find INDF stone,,Own knowledge,,2173, +25-107,25,Wel imin git kwait na.,Wel\tim=in\tgit\tkwait\tna.,well\t3SG=PST\tget\tquiet\tnow,"Well, he became quiet then.",,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the 3rd person singular pronoun cliticized onto the past tense marker. It also illustrates the formation of inchoative expressions with adjectival predicates.,1332[65],,naturalistic spoken,Wel imin git kwait na.,Wel im=in git kwait na.,well 3SG=PST get quiet now,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the 3rd person singular pronoun cliticized onto the past tense marker. It also illustrates the formation of inchoative expressions with adjectival predicates.,,,2174, +25-108,25,"Ai nomo bin jabi yu bin go, Nangari.","Ai\tnomo\tbin\tjabi\tyu\tbin\tgo,\tNangari.",1SG\tNEG\tPST\tknow\t2SG\tPST\tgo\tNangari,"I didn’t know that you went away, Nangari.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns as well as the verb of knowing sabi followed by a complement clause. Nangari is a subsection (""skin"") term used by members of a number of language groups in the Victoria River District region.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai nomo bin jabi yu bin go, Nangari.",,1SG NEG PST know 2SG PST go Nangari,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns as well as the verb of knowing sabi followed by a complement clause. Nangari is a subsection (""skin"") term used by members of a number of language groups in the Victoria River District region.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2175, +25-109,25,"Im rait la yubala, not langa mi.","Im\trait\tla\tyubala,\tnot\tlanga\tmi.",3SG\tright\tLOC\t2PL\tNEG\tLOC\t1SG.OBL,"It maybe all right for you (PL), but not for me. (Referring to sitting in the cold)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the 2nd person plural pronoun yubala and the object/oblique 1st person singular pronoun mi.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Im rait la yubala, not langa mi.","Im rait la yubala, not langa mi.",3SG right LOC 2PL NEG LOC 1SG.OBL,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the 2nd person plural pronoun yubala and the object/oblique 1st person singular pronoun mi.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2176, +25-110,25,Tubala bait wan anatha.,Tubala\tbait\twan\tanatha.,3DU\tbite\tone\tanother.,The two (dogs) bite each other.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the use of a distinct (and more acrolectal) reciprocal marker, wan anatha.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Tubala bait wan anatha.",,3DU bite one another.,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the use of a distinct (and more acrolectal) reciprocal marker, wan anatha.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2177, +25-111,25,Olabat nomo sabi slip.,Olabat\tnomo\tsabi\tslip.,3PL\tNEG\tknow\tsleep,They don't [know how to] sleep. (Referring to young people who are making noise in the night),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the 3rd person plural pronoun olabat, the stative verb sabi, and verbal negation.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Olabat nomo sabi slip.,,3PL NEG know sleep,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the 3rd person plural pronoun olabat, the stative verb sabi, and verbal negation.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2178, +26-19,26,aɪ lav dɔgs,aɪ\tlav\tdɔg-s,1SG\tlove\tdog-PL,I love dogs.,,"Ai is a dependent pronoun [1SG], which looks exactly the same as the independent one (ai = 1SG).",1545[119],,naturalistic spoken,aɪ lav dɔgs,aɪ lav dɔg-s,1SG love dog-PL,"Ai is a dependent pronoun [1SG], which looks exactly the same as the independent one (ai = 1SG).",,,2179, +26-20,26,sɔ ju ʧip dat pɔʃin af,sɔ\tju\tʧip\tdat\tpɔʃin\taf,so\t2SG\tchip\tDEM\tportion\toff,So you chip that portion off.,,"Ju is a dependent pronoun [2SG], which looks exactly the same as the independent one (ju = 2SG).",1545[57],,naturalistic spoken,sɔ ju ʧip dat pɔʃin af,,so 2SG chip DEM portion off,"Ju is a dependent pronoun [2SG], which looks exactly the same as the independent one (ju = 2SG).",,,2180, +26-21,26,wi hævtu tiʧ al ju foks,wi\thævtu\ttiʧ\tal\tju\tfoks,1PL\tDISASS.OBLIG\tteach\tall\t2PL\tfolks,We have to teach all you folks.,,DISASS = disassociative,1545[50],,naturalistic spoken,wi hævtu tiʧ al ju foks,,1PL DISASS.OBLIG teach all 2PL folks,DISASS = disassociative,,,2181, +27-16,27,mi; ju; am; ons; jen; sini,mi;\tju;\tam;\tons;\tjen;\tsini,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you(SG); he/she/it; we; you(PL); they,,"The forms of the 2PL and 3PL show a bit of variation. De Josselin de Jong (1926) lists for 2SG: jen, jin, jin, jine, jini, and for 3SG: sendr, senr, sinr, sene, sine, seni, sini, sinu, zine, si, se, sa. For 1PL: ons, oⁿs, ong.","355[86, 95, 99]",,naturalistic spoken,mi; ju; am; ons; jen; sini,,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,"The forms of the 2PL and 3PL show a bit of variation. De Josselin de Jong (1926) lists for 2SG: jen, jin, jin, jine, jini, and for 3SG: sendr, senr, sinr, sene, sine, seni, sini, sinu, zine, si, se, sa. For 1PL: ons, oⁿs, ong.",,,2182, +28-38,28,"ɛkɛ, ju, ori/o, enʃi/iʃi, jɛndɛ, eni/ini","ɛkɛ,\tju,\tori/o,\tenʃi/iʃi,\tjɛndɛ,\teni/ini",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they",,,737[169],,constructed by linguist,"ɛkɛ, ju, ori/o, enʃi/iʃi, jɛndɛ, eni/ini",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,,,,2183, +29-25,29,ek; jy; hy/sy/dit; ons; julle; hulle,ek;\tjy;\thy/sy/dit;\tons;\tjulle;\thulle,I\tyou.SG\the/she/it\twe\tyou.PL\tthey,"I; you (SG); he, she, it; we; you (PL); they",,"Julle and hulle may be reduced to jul and hul respectively in informal registers. In addition to the above, Afrikaans also features a polite form u.",,,naturalistic spoken,ek; jy; hy/sy/dit; ons; julle; hulle,,I you.SG he/she/it we you.PL they,"Julle and hulle may be reduced to jul and hul respectively in informal registers. In addition to the above, Afrikaans also features a polite form u.",Own knowledge,,2184, +30-35,30,"(a)mi, (a)bo, (a)nho, (a)nha, (a)el, (a)nos, (a)nhos, (a)es","(a)mi,\t(a)bo,\t(a)nho,\t(a)nha,\t(a)el,\t(a)nos,\t(a)nhos,\t(a)es",1SG\t2SG\t2SG.POL.M\t2SG.POL.F\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, you (polite, to a man), you (polite, to a woman), he/her, we, you (to more than one), they",,,784[s.v.],,naturalistic spoken,"(a)mi, (a)bo, (a)nho, (a)nha, (a)el, (a)nos, (a)nhos, (a)es",,1SG 2SG 2SG.POL.M 2SG.POL.F 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,,,,2185, +31-38,31,mi/ami; bo/abo; nho/nha; el/ael; nos/anos; nhos/anhos; es/aes,mi/ami;\tbo/abo;\tnho/nha;\tel/ael;\tnos/anos;\tnhos/anhos;\tes/aes,I\tyou\tyou.POL.M/you.POL.F\the/she/it\twe\tyou\tthey,I; you; he/she/it; you (polite forms for mas. and fem.); we; you; they,,,106[48],,written,mi/ami; bo/abo; nho/nha; el/ael; nos/anos; nhos/anhos; es/aes,,I you you.POL.M/you.POL.F he/she/it we you they,,,,2186, +32-21,32,"N/mi, bo, el, no/nos, bzot, es","N/mi,\tbo,\tel,\tno/nos,\tbzot,\tes",I\tyou\the/she/it\twe\tyou.PL\tthey,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you (PL), they",,,1456,,constructed by linguist,"N/mi, bo, el, no/nos, bzot, es",,I you he/she/it we you.PL they,,,,2187,"Portuguese: eu, tu, ele/ela, nós, vocês, eles/elas" +33-27,33,Ami abo ku el no na bai kume ma bo na fika.,Ami\tabo\tku\tel\tno\tna\tbai\tkume\tma\tbo\tna\tfika.,I\tyou\tand\the\t1PL\tPROG\tgo\teat\tbut\t2PL\tPROG\tstay,"Me, you and him are going to eat but you are staying.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ami abo ku el no na bai kume ma bo na fika.,,I you and he 1PL PROG go eat but 2PL PROG stay,,Own knowledge,,2188,"Portuguese: Eu, tu e ele vamos comer mas vocês ficam." +35-33,35,ami; bô; êlê; non; inansê; inen,ami;\tbô;\têlê;\tnon;\tinansê;\tinen,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you (PL); they,,,,,constructed by linguist,ami; bô; êlê; non; inansê; inen,,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,,Own data,,2189, +36-18,36,"am, bô/ô, êlê, no, thê, ane/ene","am,\tbô/ô,\têlê,\tno,\tthê,\tane/ene",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they",,,901[59],,elicited from speaker,"am, bô/ô, êlê, no, thê, ane/ene",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,,,,2190, +37-20,37,"ami, atxi, êli, no/non, owo, ina/ine","ami,\tatxi,\têli,\tno/non,\towo,\tina/ine",I\tyou\the/she/it\twe\tyou.PL\tthey,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you (PL), they",,,,,constructed by linguist,"ami, atxi, êli, no/non, owo, ina/ine",,I you he/she/it we you.PL they,,Own knowledge,,2191, +38-25,38,Bo xapska.,Bo\txa-piska.,2SG\tEVID-fish,You fish.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Bo xapska.,Bo xa-piska.,2SG EVID-fish,,Own fieldwork 1990,,2192, +38-26,38,E fe padyi kumu.,Eli\tfe\tpadyi\tkumu.,3SG\tmake\tpart\tmeal,He has eaten part of the meal.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,E fe padyi kumu.,Eli fe padyi kumu.,3SG make part meal,,Own fieldwork 1993,,2193, +39-35,39,"yo, mĩ","yo,\tmĩ",1SG\t1SG.OBL,"I, me",,"The first person singular pronoun is the only one to display a direct/oblique distinction, as exemplified here.",221[129],,naturalistic spoken,"yo, mĩ",,1SG 1SG.OBL,"The first person singular pronoun is the only one to display a direct/oblique distinction, as exemplified here.",,,2194, +39-36,39,nɔs,nɔs,1PL,we/us,,,221[129],,naturalistic spoken,nɔs,,1PL,,,,2195, +39-37,39,use,use,2SG,you,,,221[129],,naturalistic spoken,use,,2SG,,,,2196, +39-38,39,usez,usez,2PL,you,,,221[129],,naturalistic spoken,usez,,2PL,,,,2197, +39-39,39,"el, ɛl","el,\tɛl",3SG.M\t3SG.F,"he, she",,"The gender distinction in 3rd person singular independent pronouns, demonstrated above, is not always valid. Very often, the form el is used with masculine as well as feminine referents and, in that sense, it is ambigous. The form ɛl, on the other hand, always unambiguously refers to a feminine entity.",221[129],,naturalistic spoken,"el, ɛl",,3SG.M 3SG.F,"The gender distinction in 3rd person singular independent pronouns, demonstrated above, is not always valid. Very often, the form el is used with masculine as well as feminine referents and, in that sense, it is ambigous. The form ɛl, on the other hand, always unambiguously refers to a feminine entity.",,,2198, +39-40,39,e(l)z,e(l)z,3PL,they,,,221[129],,naturalistic spoken,e(l)z,,3PL,,,,2199, +40-25,40,"wɔ, pɔrɔ","wɔ,\tpɔrɔ",2SG.FAM\tOBJ.2SG.FAM,you (familiar),,,"265[103, 106, 108]",,constructed by linguist,"wɔ, pɔrɔ",,2SG.FAM OBJ.2SG.FAM,,,,2200, +41-31,41,eev; boos; noos; botus,eev;\tboos;\tnoos;\tbotus,1SG\t2SG\t1PL\t2PL/2.HON,I; you; we; you,,"These are the paradigms of the 1st and 2nd person pronoun nominative forms. +Botus (< Portuguese vos outros) is plural (without honorific disctinction) or singular honorific.",1416[passim],,constructed by linguist,eev; boos; noos; botus,,1SG 2SG 1PL 2PL/2.HON,"These are the paradigms of the 1st and 2nd person pronoun nominative forms. +Botus (< Portuguese vos outros) is plural (without honorific disctinction) or singular honorific.",,,2201, +42-28,42,"yo, bos, eli, nus, bolotu, olotu","yo,\tbos,\teli,\tnus,\tbolotu,\tolotu",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you (S), he/she/it, we, you (PL), they",,,122[53],,elicited from speaker,"yo, bos, eli, nus, bolotu, olotu",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,,,,2202, +43-23,43,"eo, bos/bose/vose, ile/ele, nos/nosotër, vosotër, ilotër","eo,\tbos/bose/vose,\tile/ele,\tnos/nosotër,\tvosotër,\tilotër",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you (sg.), he/she/it, we, you (pl.), they",,,906[49],,pedagogical grammar,"eo, bos/bose/vose, ile/ele, nos/nosotër, vosotër, ilotër",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,,,,2203, +44-27,44,"yo; bo; (us)tédi, éle; mihótro; (us)tédi; lohótro","yo;\tbo;\t(us)tédi,\téle;\tmótro;\t(us)tédi;\tlótro",1SG\t2SG\t2SG.POL\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, (s)he, we, you, they",,"The plural pronouns have weak or unstressed forms (mótro, di, lótro) mainly occurring after the verb (Steinkrüger 2007: 368).",1414[49],,constructed by linguist,"yo; bo; (us)tédi, éle; mihótro; (us)tédi; lohótro","yo; bo; (us)tédi, éle; mótro; (us)tédi; lótro",1SG 2SG 2SG.POL 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,"The plural pronouns have weak or unstressed forms (mótro, di, lótro) mainly occurring after the verb (Steinkrüger 2007: 368).",,,2204, +45-20,45,"yo, vo/tu/uste, ele, nisos, vusos/ustedes, ilos","yo,\tvo/tu/uste,\tele,\tnisos,\tvusos/ustedes,\tilos",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she, we, you, they",,The different forms for the second person are in a scale of politeness.,835[73],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"yo, vo/tu/uste, ele, nisos, vusos/ustedes, ilos",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,The different forms for the second person are in a scale of politeness.,,,2205, +47-33,47,mi; bo; e; nos; boso; nan,mi;\tbo;\te;\tnos;\tboso;\tnan,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t3PL\t3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they,,,555[12],,published source,mi; bo; e; nos; boso; nan,,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 3PL 3PL,,,,2206, +48-22,48,Ele fue.,Ele\tfue.,he/she/they\tbe,It was he/she/they.,,"This expession normally means 'it is he/she', but on rare occasions it also means 'it is they'. See the etymological explanation that accompanies this entry. +Special note: contrary to what readers familiar with Spanish may think, in this example fue is not (necessarily) past. Fue often has a ""present"" meaning.",,,naturalistic spoken,Ele fue.,,he/she/they be,"This expession normally means 'it is he/she', but on rare occasions it also means 'it is they'. See the etymological explanation that accompanies this entry. +Special note: contrary to what readers familiar with Spanish may think, in this example fue is not (necessarily) past. Fue often has a ""present"" meaning.",Recorded by author,,2207,Spanish: Fue él/ella. +49-34,49,Annou ale!,Annou\tale!,IMP.1PL/2PL\tgo,Let's go / Go!,,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 1992, point 17: avè m [with 1SG] 'with me' is present to disambiguate: annou soti avè m 'go out with me'.","473[vol. 6, p. 40]",,naturalistic spoken,Annou ale!,,IMP.1PL/2PL go,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 1992, point 17: avè m [with 1SG] 'with me' is present to disambiguate: annou soti avè m 'go out with me'.",,,2208,French: Allons/Allez! +49-35,49,Nou doktè.,Nou\tdoktè.,1PL/2PL\tdoctor,We/You are doctors.,,,367[117],,naturalistic spoken,Nou doktè.,,1PL/2PL doctor,,,,2209,French: Nous/Vous sommes/êtes médecins. +50-27,50,an pati / ou pati / i pati / nou pati / zòt pati / yo pati,an pati / ou pati / i pati / nou pati / zòt pati / yo pati,I leave   you leave   he/she leave   we leave   you leave   they leave,"I left / you left / he, she left / we left / you left / they left",,,,,naturalistic spoken,an pati / ou pati / i pati / nou pati / zòt pati / yo pati,,I leave you leave he/she leave we leave you leave they leave,,Own fieldwork,,2210, +51-27,51,Man / Ou / I / Nou / Zot / Yo pati.,Man / Ou / I / Nou / Zot / Yo pati.,I   you   he/she   we   you   they leave,"I / you / he, she / we / you / they left.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man / Ou / I / Nou / Zot / Yo pati.,,I you he/she we you they leave,,Own fieldwork,,2211, +52-17,52,"mo, to, i, no, vou, zòt ka [...] dronmi","mo,\tto,\ti,\tno,\tvou,\tzòt\tka\t[...]\tdronmi",I\tyou\the/she\twe\tyou\tthey\tPROG\t[...]\tsleeping,"I, you(SG), he/she, we, you(PL), they am,are,is,are [...] sleeping.",,,,,unknown,"mo, to, i, no, vou, zòt ka [...] dronmi",,I you he/she we you they PROG [...] sleeping,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,2212, +53-57,53,"mwa, twa, li, nouzòt, vouzòt, ye","mwa,\ttwa,\tli,\tnouzòt,\tvouzòt,\tye",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"me, you, him/her, us, you, them",,,1048[166],,elicited from speaker,"mwa, twa, li, nouzòt, vouzòt, ye",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,,,,2213, +54-27,54,A koz zot i ariv kom sa don? Lontan zot la pa ankor veni voir amoin!,Akoz\tzot\ti\tariv\tkom\tsa\tdon?\tLontan\tzot\tla\tpa\tankor\tvëni\tvwar\tamwen!,why\t2PL\tFIN\tarrive\tlike\tthat\tthen\tlong.time\t2PL\tPRF\tNEG\tyet\tcome\tsee\tOBL.1SG,Why do you arrive like that? It has been a long time since you have come to see me!,,Context: a mother addresses her children coming back home unexpectedly.,110[31],,naturalistic spoken,A koz zot i ariv kom sa don? Lontan zot la pa ankor veni voir amoin!,Akoz zot i ariv kom sa don? Lontan zot la pa ankor vëni vwar amwen!,why 2PL FIN arrive like that then long.time 2PL PRF NEG yet come see OBL.1SG,Context: a mother addresses her children coming back home unexpectedly.,,,2214,French: Pourquoi vous arrivez comme ça donc? Il y a longtemps que vous n'êtes pas venus me voir! +54-28,54,"Kan zot l'arivé, loin mem la, i voi Gran Dyab, ek sa bot a set lyé, déyer zot.","Kan\tzot\tl\tarive,\tlwen\tmem\tla,\ti\tvwa\tGran\tDyab,\tek\tsa\tbot-a-set-lye,\tdeyer\tzot.",when\t3PL\tPRF\tarrive\tfar\tvery\tthere\tFIN\tsee\tBig\tDevil\twith\tPOSS.3SG\tboot-with-seven-league\tbehind\t3PL,"When they arrived, very far from there, they saw Big Devil, with his seven-league boot, behind them.",,"The paradigm is mwen 'I', ou 'you (SG)', li 'he/she', nou 'we', zot 'you (PL)', zot 'they'.",110[36],,naturalistic spoken,"Kan zot l'arivé, loin mem la, i voi Gran Dyab, ek sa bot a set lyé, déyer zot.","Kan zot l arive, lwen mem la, i vwa Gran Dyab, ek sa bot-a-set-lye, deyer zot.",when 3PL PRF arrive far very there FIN see Big Devil with POSS.3SG boot-with-seven-league behind 3PL,"The paradigm is mwen 'I', ou 'you (SG)', li 'he/she', nou 'we', zot 'you (PL)', zot 'they'.",,,2215,"French: Quand ils sont arrivés, très loin de là, ils voient Grand Diable, avec sa botte à sept lieux, derrière eux." +54-29,54,Bann la i ariv la kaz.,Bannla\ti\tariv\tla\tkaz.,3PL\tFIN\tarrive\tDEF\thouse.,They arrive at home.,,"The pronoun bannla occurs only in subject function, there is no subject - object opposition as in the case of zot - azot.",229[89],,naturalistic spoken,Bann la i ariv la kaz.,Bannla i ariv la kaz.,3PL FIN arrive DEF house.,"The pronoun bannla occurs only in subject function, there is no subject - object opposition as in the case of zot - azot.",,,2216,French: Ils arrivent à la maison. +55-28,55,zot pu vini,zot\tpu\tvini,2PL/3PL\tFUT\tcome,You (PL) will come. OR: They will come.,,,,,constructed by linguist,zot pu vini,,2PL/3PL FUT come,,Own knowledge,,2217, +56-39,56,zot,zot,2PL/3PL,"you (PL), they",,,,,constructed by linguist,zot,,2PL/3PL,,Own knowledge,,2218, +57-22,57,"mwa, twa, lia/lja, nu, uso, sola/lesot","mwa,\ttwa,\tlia/lja,\tnu,\tuso,\tsola/lesot",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you.SG, he/she/it, we, you.PL, they",,"These are the independent pronouns. The plural independent pronouns nu [1PL], uso [2PL], sola [3PL] and lesot [3PL] have the same form as the dependent pronouns.",423[135-142],,naturalistic spoken,"mwa, twa, lia/lja, nu, uso, sola/lesot",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,"These are the independent pronouns. The plural independent pronouns nu [1PL], uso [2PL], sola [3PL] and lesot [3PL] have the same form as the dependent pronouns.",,,2219, +58-156,58,1SG móno; 2SG ngé; 3SG.ANIM yándi; 3SG.INAN yó; 1PL béto; 2PL béno; 3PL bó,1SG móno; 2SG ngé; 3SG.ANIM yándi; 3SG.INAN yó; 1PL béto; 2PL béno; 3PL bó,,,,,,,constructed by linguist,"1SG móno; 2SG ngé; 3SG.ANIM yándi; 3SG.INAN yó; 1PL béto; 2PL béno; 3PL bó",,,,own knowledge,,2220, +59-56,59,ala he pembe ti mbi ape o,ala\the\tpembe\tti\tmbi\tape\to,2PL\tridicule\tteeth\tof\t1SG\tNEG\tPCL,Please don't laugh at my teeth.,,,1320[148],,naturalistic spoken,ala he pembe ti mbi ape o,,2PL ridicule teeth of 1SG NEG PCL,,,,2221, +59-57,59,ala yi nyen'?,ala\tyi\tnyen'?,2PL\twant\twhat,What do you want?,,,,,constructed by linguist,ala yi nyen'?,,2PL want what,,Own knowledge,,2222, +59-58,59,ala gwe awe,ala\tgwe\tawe,3PL\tgo\talready,They've gone.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ala gwe awe,,3PL go already,,Own knowledge,,2223, +60-20,60,"ngáí, yó, yé, yangó; bísó, bínó, bangó, yangó","ngáí,\tyó,\tyé,\tyangó;\tbísó,\tbínó,\tbangó,\tyangó",1SG\t2SG\t3SG.ANIM\t3SG.INAN\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL.ANIM\t3PL.INAN,"I, you, s/he, it; we, you, they, they",,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,"ngáí, yó, yé, yangó; bísó, bínó, bangó, yangó",,1SG 2SG 3SG.ANIM 3SG.INAN 1PL 2PL 3PL.ANIM 3PL.INAN,,,,2224, +61-17,61,Yena doba lapa lo fulen.,Yena\tdoba\tlapa\tlo\tfulen.,he/they\tfish\tLOC\tART\triver,They are fishing at the river. OR: He/she/it is fishing at the river.,,Some speakers and some grammarians use the plural pronoun form bona.,,,elicited from speaker,Yena doba lapa lo fulen.,,he/they fish LOC ART river,"Some speakers and some grammarians use the plural pronoun form bona.",Field notes Mesthrie,,2225, +63-21,63,"ána Núbi, íta Núbi, úwo Núbi, ína Núbi, ítokum Núbi, ómun Núbi","ána\tNúbi,\títa\tNúbi,\túwo\tNúbi,\tína\tNúbi,\títokum\tNúbi,\tómun\tNúbi",1SG\tNubi\t2SG\tNubi\t3SG\tNubi\t1PL\tNubi\t2PL\tNubi\t3PL\tNubi,"I am a Nubi, you are a Nubi, he/she is a Nubi, we are Nubi, you are Nubi, they are Nubi",,,,,constructed by linguist,"ána Núbi, íta Núbi, úwo Núbi, ína Núbi, ítokum Núbi, ómun Núbi",,1SG Nubi 2SG Nubi 3SG Nubi 1PL Nubi 2PL Nubi 3PL Nubi,,Own fieldwork,,2226, +64-29,64,ána; íta; úo; anína; ítakum; úmon,ána;\títa;\túo;\tanína;\títakum;\túmon,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you (SG); he/she/it; we; you (PL); they,,,874[101],,elicited from speaker,ána; íta; úo; anína; ítakum; úmon,,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,,,,2227, +65-33,65,Maja təvaja panimaj netu.,Maja\ttəvaja\tpanimaj\tnetu.,1SG\t2SG\tunderstand\tNEG,I do not understand you.,,,1195[165],,citation in fiction,Maja təvaja panimaj netu.,,1SG 2SG understand NEG,,,Моя твоя понимай нету.,2228, +65-34,65,Maja iga kunja lianga synka.,Maja\tiga\tkunja\tlianga\tsynka.,1SG\tone\tgirl\ttwo\tson,I have one daughter and two sons.,,The numerals are of Chinese origin: iga ‘one’ and lianga ‘two’.,671[167],,elicited from speaker,Maja iga kunja lianga synka.,,1SG one girl two son,"The numerals are of Chinese origin: iga ‘one’ and lianga ‘two’.",,Мая ига кунья лянга сынка.,2229, +65-35,65,Za wasa ʒenusəki mesiaʒa pasidi esa?,Za\twasa\tʒenusəki\tmesiaʒa\tpasidi\tesa?,FOC\t2PL\twife\tplace\tsit\tREP,Do you (pl.) sit with your wives? OR: Do you spend much time with your wives?,,"This is a question asked by a Russian woman to a Chinese merchant about Chinese customs. +The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).",1045[246-248],,constructed by linguist,Za wasa ʒenusəki mesiaʒa pasidi esa?,,FOC 2PL wife place sit REP,"This is a question asked by a Russian woman to a Chinese merchant about Chinese customs. +The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).",,За ваша женушеки месяза посиди еса?,2230, +66-20,66,go/(se) go; lu/lorang; dia/de/inçian/inçe; kitang/kitampəðə; lorangpəðə/lompəðə; derang/dempəðə,go/(se) go; lu/lorang; dia/de/inçian/inçe; kitang/kitampəðə; lorangpəðə/lompəðə; derang/dempəðə,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they,,"This paradigm is for Kirinda usage, in which se is rare.",,,naturalistic spoken,go/(se) go; lu/lorang; dia/de/inçian/inçe; kitang/kitampəðə; lorangpəðə/lompəðə; derang/dempəðə,,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,"This paradigm is for Kirinda usage, in which se is rare.",Recorded by author,,2231, +67-37,67,saya/aku/wa; kita/kitaorang; awak/engkau/lu/lia; luorang; dia; diaorang/diorang,saya/aku/wa;\tkita/kitaorang;\tawak/engkau/lu/lia;\tluorang;\tdia;\tdiaorang/diorang,1SG\t1PL\t2SG\t2PL\t3SG\t3PL,I; we; you; you (PL); he/she/it; they,,,,,naturalistic spoken,saya/aku/wa; kita/kitaorang; awak/engkau/lu/lia; luorang; dia; diaorang/diorang,,1SG 1PL 2SG 2PL 3SG 3PL,,Own knowledge,,2232, +68-19,68,dorang/dong,dorang/dong,2PL/3PL,you (plural) / they,,Dong is a short form of dorang. Both mean ‘you’ (plural) or ‘they’.,1178[406],,naturalistic spoken,dorang/dong,,2PL/3PL,"Dong is a short form of dorang. Both mean ‘you’ (plural) or ‘they’.",,,2233, +69-15,69,"ama, mi, mən, kapa, paŋgət (asəŋ), mi asəŋ, mən manba","ama,\tmi,\tmən,\tkapa,\tpaŋgət\t(asəŋ),\tmi\tasəŋ,\tmən\tmanba",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1DU\t1PL\t(PL)\t2PL\tPL\t3PL\tPL,"I, you(SG), he/she/it, we (DU), we (PL), you (PL), they",,,,,elicited from speaker,"ama, mi, mən, kapa, paŋgət (asəŋ), mi asəŋ, mən manba",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1DU 1PL (PL) 2PL PL 3PL PL,,Own field notes 1985,,2234, +71-30,71,Wau puhi kela paka kikalika.,Wau\tpuhi\tkela\tpaka\tkikalika.,1SG\tsmoke\tDET\ttobacco\tcigarette,I was smoking a cigarette.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau puhi kela paka kikalika.",,1SG smoke DET tobacco cigarette,,own data 1899,,2235, +71-31,71,Oe makemake hakaka?,Oe\tmakemake\thakaka?,2SG\twant\tfight,Do you want to fight?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Oe makemake hakaka?",,2SG want fight,,own data 1915,,2236, +71-32,71,Oukou likepu Ilikini.,Oukou\tlikepu\tIlikini.,2PL\tjust.like\tIndian,You are all like Indians.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Oukou likepu Ilikini.",,2PL just.like Indian,,own data 1910,,2237, +71-33,71,Mahea lakou hele?,Mahea\tlakou\thele?,where\t3PL\tgo,Where did they all go?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Mahea lakou hele?",,where 3PL go,,own data 1881,,2238, +73-24,73,"yo, bos, el, nustru, bos-kuna, el-kuna","yo,\tbos,\tel,\tnustru,\tbos-kuna,\tel-kuna",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2-PL\t3-PL,"I, you, she/he, we, you all, they",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"yo, bos, el, nustru, bos-kuna, el-kuna",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2-PL 3-PL,,Field notes,,2239, +75-58,75,U va aseurii kaapooni li begiit.,U\tva\taseurii\tkaa-pooni\tli\tbeg-ii-t.,1PL\tFUT\tassure\tCOMP-quit\tM.DEF.ART\tstutter-INF-3,We will assure him he can get over stuttering.,,"There is a French verb here, with a French future marker.",789[28],,naturalistic written,U va aseurii kaapooni li begiit.,U va aseurii kaa-pooni li beg-ii-t.,1PL FUT assure COMP-quit M.DEF.ART stutter-INF-3,"There is a French verb here, with a French future marker.",,,2240, +75-59,75,Kiya kamiyitinaan.,Kiya\tki-ka-miy-iti-naan.,you\t2SG-FUT-give-INV-1PL,I give it to YOU.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Kiya kamiyitinaan.,Kiya ki-ka-miy-iti-naan.,you 2SG-FUT-give-INV-1PL,,,,2241, +75-60,75,Wiya pi niya gischiiteeyimitunaan.,Wiya\tpi\tniya\tgischi-it-eeyim-itu-naan.,3SG\tand\t1SG\tbig-thus-think.ANIM.OBJ-RECP-1PL,She and I have mutual respect. OR: She and I think highly of each other.,,,789[186],,naturalistic written,Wiya pi niya gischiiteeyimitunaan.,Wiya pi niya gischi-it-eeyim-itu-naan.,3SG and 1SG big-thus-think.ANIM.OBJ-RECP-1PL,,,,2242, +75-61,75,Mwaen mem giiushtaan.,Mwaen\tmem\tgii-usht-aan.,1SG\tself\t1.PST-do.INAN-1,I did it myself.,,,789[186],,naturalistic written,Mwaen mem giiushtaan.,Mwaen mem gii-usht-aan.,1SG self 1.PST-do.INAN-1,,,,2243, +75-62,75,Lii zaanfaan sapran kiishta chiayaawaachik.,Lii\tzaanfaan\tsapran\tkiishta\tchi-ayaaw-aachik.,the.PL\tchild\tmust\tyou.too\tCOMP.FUT-have-2SG.SBJ.3PL.OBJ,You will have to have children.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Lii zaanfaan sapran kiishta chiayaawaachik.,Lii zaanfaan sapran kiishta chi-ayaaw-aachik.,the.PL child must you.too COMP.FUT-have-2SG.SBJ.3PL.OBJ,,,,2244, +1-46,1,Gimi dati alle de bon maar datti no bon.,Gi\tmi\tdati\tala\tde\tbun\tmara\tdati\tno\tbun.,give\t1SG\tthat\tall\tCOP\tgood\tbut\tthat\tNEG\tgood,"Give it to me. Everything is fine, but that (one) is not.",,"In the 18th century, dati 'that, those' is always pronominal, with one exception (see Example 21).",1527[101],,written,Gimi dati alle de bon maar datti no bon.,Gi mi dati ala de bun mara dati no bun.,give 1SG that all COP good but that NEG good,"In the 18th century, dati 'that, those' is always pronominal, with one exception (see Example 21).",,,2245,"Dutch: Geef eens hier, dat is allemaal goed, maar dat is niet goed. [op.cit.]" +1-47,1,"A takki, hem no komm.","A\ttaki,\ten\tno\tkon.",3SG.SBJ\tsay\t3SG\tNEG\tcome,He says that he (himself) will not come.,,"Ad Feature 17 ""Special dependent personal pronouns"" and 62 ""Expression of pronominal subjects"": This illustrates the non-emphatic subject form a in a main clause; +hem/en, primarily non-subject form, here is the subject of the subordinate clause, expressing corefence with subject of main clause. Cf. Example 48. +Ad Feature 95 ""Complementizer with verbs of speaking"": Here taki is a verb; there is no complementizer.",1357[65],,written (dictionary),"A takki, hem no komm.","A taki, en no kon.",3SG.SBJ say 3SG NEG come,"Ad Feature 17 ""Special dependent personal pronouns"" and 62 ""Expression of pronominal subjects"": This illustrates the non-emphatic subject form a in a main clause; +hem/en, primarily non-subject form, here is the subject of the subordinate clause, expressing corefence with subject of main clause. Cf. Example 48. +Ad Feature 95 ""Complementizer with verbs of speaking"": Here taki is a verb; there is no complementizer.",,,2246,"Latin: Dicit, se non venturum. German: Er sagt (von sich selbst ), dass er nicht kommt. [op.cit.]" +1-48,1,"A takki, a no komm jette.",A\ttaki\ta\tno\tkon\tete.,3SG.SBJ\tsay\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tcome\tyet,He says that he (someone else) hasn't come yet.,,"This example illustrates the non-emphatic subject form a in the main clause, and in the subordinate clause, expressing non-identity with the subject of the main clause. Cf. Example 47.",1357[65],,written (dictionary),"A takki, a no komm jette.",A taki a no kon ete.,3SG.SBJ say 3SG.SBJ NEG come yet,"This example illustrates the non-emphatic subject form a in the main clause, and in the subordinate clause, expressing non-identity with the subject of the main clause. Cf. Example 47.",,,2247,"Latin: Dicit, eum nondum venisse. German: Er sagt, dass er (ein anderer) noch nicht gekommen ist. [op.cit.]" +1-49,1,A Za kom jusse na.,A\tsa\tkon\tdyonso.,3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tcome\tsoon,He will come soon.,,"The subject form a is non-emphatic. Note that here not a but the following word, Za, is capitalized, which is attested more often in van Dyk (c1765).",1527[47],,written,A Za kom jusse na.,A sa kon dyonso.,3SG.SBJ FUT come soon,"The subject form a is non-emphatic. Note that here not a but the following word, Za, is capitalized, which is attested more often in van Dyk (c1765).",,,2248,Dutch: Hy moet haast weêr koomen. [op.cit.] +1-50,1,Jie no draei?,Yu/i\tno\tdre?,2SG\tNEG\tdry,Aren't you thirsty?,,"2SG jie occurs several times in Herlein (1718); it may be seen as a precursor of present-day i (< English ye), dependent variant of yu (Smith 1987: 271).",625[121],,written,Jie no draei?,Yu/i no dre?,2SG NEG dry,"2SG jie occurs several times in Herlein (1718); it may be seen as a precursor of present-day i (< English ye), dependent variant of yu (Smith 1987: 271).",,,2249,Dutch: Hebje geen dorst? [op.cit.] +1-51,1,A de na hosso.,A\tde\tna\toso.,3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tLOC\thouse,He is at home.,,"Ad Feature 17 ""Special dependent personal pronouns"": The dependent, non-emphatic 3SG subject form a can only occur in combination with the copula de, it cannot appear with the copula da; cf. Example 52. +Ad Feature 83 ""Transitive motion verbs: 'pull': This illustrates that na is used in the context of 'position at'.",1357[119],,written (dictionary),A de na hosso.,A de na oso.,3SG.SBJ COP LOC house,"Ad Feature 17 ""Special dependent personal pronouns"": The dependent, non-emphatic 3SG subject form a can only occur in combination with the copula de, it cannot appear with the copula da; cf. Example 52. +Ad Feature 83 ""Transitive motion verbs: 'pull': This illustrates that na is used in the context of 'position at'.",,,2250,German: Er ist zu Haus. [op.cit.] +1-52,1,Hem da wan va dem tin na tu Discipel.,En\tda\twan\tfu\tden\ttin\tna\ttu\tDisipri.,3SG\tCOP\tone\tof\tDET.PL\tten\tat\ttwo\tdisciple,He is one of the twelve Disciples.,,"The dependent 3SG subject form a cannot appear before the copula da; instead, the independent 3SG form hem/en appears, or no pronoun, with da as clause-introducing copula [it.be] (see also Feature 73 ""Predicative noun phrases"").",1355[264],,written,Hem da wan va dem tin na tu Discipel.,En da wan fu den tin na tu Disipri.,3SG COP one of DET.PL ten at two disciple,"The dependent 3SG subject form a cannot appear before the copula da; instead, the independent 3SG form hem/en appears, or no pronoun, with da as clause-introducing copula [it.be] (see also Feature 73 ""Predicative noun phrases"").",,,2251, +1-53,1,Hoe ply joe wan jarimi.,O=pe\tyu\twani\ttyari=mi.,Q=place\t2SG\twant\tbring=1SG,Where would you like to take me?,,"Here, 1SG mi is written together with the verb jari of which it is the object. Even though this is an isolated case, it could be seen as an indication of the existence of dependent variants of subject/object pronouns that were not differentiated from the full forms in the writing.",1527[30],,written,Hoe ply joe wan jarimi.,O=pe yu wani tyari=mi.,Q=place 2SG want bring=1SG,"Here, 1SG mi is written together with the verb jari of which it is the object. Even though this is an isolated case, it could be seen as an indication of the existence of dependent variants of subject/object pronouns that were not differentiated from the full forms in the writing.",,,2252,Dutch: Waar wou uwe myn brengen. [op.cit.] +1-54,1,"Jesus Christus da Massra va wi, bikasi hem ben bai wi nanga hem brudu.","Yesus\tKristus\tda\tMasra\tfu\twi,\tbikasi\ten\tben\tbai\twi\tnanga\ten\tbrudu.",Jesus\tChrist\tCOP\tmaster\tof\t1PL\tbecause\t3SG\tPST\tbuy\t1PL\twith\t3SG\tblood,"Jesus Christ is our Lord, because he bought us with his blood.",,"When emphasized, the 3SG subject pronoun is not a but hem/en, which otherwise is the object pronoun.",1357[64],,written (dictionary),"Jesus Christus da Massra va wi, bikasi hem ben bai wi nanga hem brudu.","Yesus Kristus da Masra fu wi, bikasi en ben bai wi nanga en brudu.",Jesus Christ COP master of 1PL because 3SG PST buy 1PL with 3SG blood,"When emphasized, the 3SG subject pronoun is not a but hem/en, which otherwise is the object pronoun.",,,2253,"German: J. Chr. ist unser Herr, denn er hat uns erkauft mit seinem Blute, dass wir ihm dienen u. ihn lieben. [op.cit.]" +1-55,1,"Ma effi wan somma giu wan Klap na wan sei va fesi, drai [...].","Ma\tefi\twan\tsoma\tgi=u\twan\tklapu\tna\twan\tsei\tfu\tfesi,\tdrai\t[...].",but\tif\tINDF.SG\tperson\tgive=2SG\tINDF.SG\tblow\tLOC\tone\tside\tof\tface\tturn\t[...],"But if someone gives you a blow on one cheek, turn [...].",,"Giu, gi + -u, is written as one word; it is found more often in Schumann (1781), but not in other sources. It is not clear whether -u should be considered dependent indirect object pronoun. Cf. jie, Example 50.",1355[61],,written (dictionary),"Ma effi wan somma giu wan Klap na wan sei va fesi, drai [...].","Ma efi wan soma gi=u wan klapu na wan sei fu fesi, drai [...].",but if INDF.SG person give=2SG INDF.SG blow LOC one side of face turn [...],"Giu, gi + -u, is written as one word; it is found more often in Schumann (1781), but not in other sources. It is not clear whether -u should be considered dependent indirect object pronoun. Cf. jie, Example 50.",,,2254, +1-56,1,Mino zabi anno takki na mi.,Mi=no\tsabi\ta=no\ttaki\tna\tmi.,1SG=NEG\tknow\t3SG.SBJ=NEG\tsay\tto\t1SG,"I don't know, he didn't tell me.",,"In van Dyk (c1765), ano [3SG.SUB=NEG] is often written as one word, in line with the dependent status of a. We also find other pronouns written together with no, as in this case: mino [1SG=NEG], which could be taken as an indication of dependent status of the pronoun in this context.",1527[95],,written,Mino zabi anno takki na mi.,Mi=no sabi a=no taki na mi.,1SG=NEG know 3SG.SBJ=NEG say to 1SG,"In van Dyk (c1765), ano [3SG.SUB=NEG] is often written as one word, in line with the dependent status of a. We also find other pronouns written together with no, as in this case: mino [1SG=NEG], which could be taken as an indication of dependent status of the pronoun in this context.",,,2255,"Dutch: Ik weet het niet, hy heeft het my niet gezegd. [op.cit.]" +3-21,3,Ambè náki dí dágu kíi? Hén/*a!,Ambè\tnáki\tdí\tdágu\tkíi?\tHén/*a!,who\thit\tDEF.SG\tdog\tkill\t3SG,Who struck the dog dead? He did!,,,1539[35],,elicited from speaker,Ambè náki dí dágu kíi? Hén/*a!,,who hit DEF.SG dog kill 3SG,,,,2256, +3-22,3,A sindó nján.,A\tsindó\tnján.,he\tsit.down\teat,He sat down and ate.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A sindó nján.,,he sit.down eat,,Fieldwork data,,2257, +4-22,4,Mi lobi a sama.,Mi\tlobi\ta\tsama.,I\tlove\tDET\tperson,I love that person.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi lobi a sama.,,I love DET person,,Own observation,,2258, +4-23,4,Speaker_A: Sama si en? – Speaker_B: Na mi.,Speaker_A:\tSama\tsi\ten?\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tNa\tmi.,Speaker_A:\twho\tsee\ther\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tFOC\tme,Speaker A: Who saw her? – Speaker B: It was me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Speaker_A: Sama si en? – Speaker_B: Na mi.,,Speaker_A: who see her – Speaker_B: FOC me,,Own observation,,2259, +4-24,4,Speaker_A: Sama bay a buku de? – Speaker_B: Na en/*a,Speaker_A:\tSama\tbay\ta\tbuku\tde?\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tNa\ten/*a,Speaker_A:\tperson\tbuy\tDET\tbook\tDEM\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tFOC\thim/he,Speaker A: Who bought that book? – Speaker B: It was him.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Speaker_A: Sama bay a buku de? – Speaker_B: Na en/*a,,Speaker_A: person buy DET book DEM – Speaker_B: FOC him/he,,Own data,,2260, +4-84,4,"Nownow a siki, a ná o man koti a goon gi i.","Nownow\ta\tsiki,\ta\tná\to\tman\tkoti\ta\tgoon\tgi\ti.",now.now\the\tsick\the\tNEG\tFUT\table\tcut\tDET.SG\tfield\tgive\tyou,Right now he is sick; he'll not be able to prepare the field for you.,,,568[104],,naturalistic spoken,"Nownow a siki, a ná o man koti a goon gi i.",,now.now he sick he NEG FUT able cut DET.SG field give you,,,,2261, +5-28,5,"mii vs. mi, yuu vs. yu, hii vs. ii, am","mii\tvs.\tmi,\tyuu\tvs.\tyu,\thii\tvs.\tii,\tam",I.INDP\tvs.\tme.DEP\tyou.SG.INDP\tvs.\tyou.SG.DEP\the.INDP/she.INDP/it.INDP\tvs.\the.DEP.SBJ/she.DEP.SBJ/it.DEP.SBJ\thim.DEP.OBJ/her.DEP.OBJ/it.DEP.OBJ,"I, you, he/him/she/her/it",,,,,unspecified,"mii vs. mi, yuu vs. yu, hii vs. ii, am",,I.INDP vs. me.DEP you.SG.INDP vs. you.SG.DEP he.INDP/she.INDP/it.INDP vs. he.DEP.SBJ/she.DEP.SBJ/it.DEP.SBJ him.DEP.OBJ/her.DEP.OBJ/it.DEP.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,2262, +5-29,5,awii; a(l)yu; dém vs. dèm,awii;\ta(l)yu;\tdém\tvs.\tdèm,1PL\t2PL\t3PL.INDP\tvs.\t3PL.DEP,we/us; you; they/them,,,,,constructed by linguist,awii; a(l)yu; dém vs. dèm,,1PL 2PL 3PL.INDP vs. 3PL.DEP,,Own knowledge,,2263, +6-18,6,A buy a cyar for he to draiv.,A\tbuy\ta\tcyar\tfor\the\tto\tdraiv.,1SG\tbuy\tDET\tcar\tPREP\t3SG.DO\tto\tdrive,I bought a car from him (to drive).,,,,,elicited from speaker,A buy a cyar for he to draiv.,,1SG buy DET car PREP 3SG.DO to drive,,Informant,,2264, +7-38,7,Hu du dat? – Hi.,Hu\tdu\tdat?\t–\tHi.,who\tdo\tDEM\t–\t3SG.M,Who did that? – He did.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hu du dat? – Hi.,,who do DEM – 3SG.M,,Own knowledge,,2265, +7-39,7,Hu du dat? – Shi.,Hu\tdu\tdat?\t–\tShi.,who\tdo\tDEM\t–\t3SG.F,Who did that? – She did.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hu du dat? – Shi.,,who do DEM – 3SG.F,,Own knowledge,,2266, +7-40,7,Hu du dat? – *i/*uhm; *yo,Hu\tdu\tdat?\t–\t*i/*uhm;\t*yo,who\tdo\tDEM\t–\t3SG.N/3SG.OBJ\t2,Who did that? – NOT: He/she; You did.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hu du dat? – *i/*uhm; *yo,,who do DEM – 3SG.N/3SG.OBJ 2,,Own knowledge,,2267, +7-41,7,Hu du dat? – *yo du uhm,Hu\tdu\tdat?\t–\t*yo\tdu\tuhm,who\tdo\tDEM\t–\t2\tdo\t3.OBJ,Who did that? – NOT: YOU did it.,,Yo is unstressed and therefore inappropriate here. It must be replaced by yu.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hu du dat? – *yo du uhm,,who do DEM – 2 do 3.OBJ,"Yo is unstressed and therefore inappropriate here. It must be replaced by yu.",Own knowledge,,2268, +8-20,8,Ihn tel lai pahn mi.,Ihn\ttel\tlai\tpahn\tmi.,3SG\ttell\tlie\ton\t1SG,He told a lie about me.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ihn tel lai pahn mi.,,3SG tell lie on 1SG,,Own knowledge,,2269, +8-21,8,*A ihn tel lai pahn mi.,*A\tihn\ttel\tlai\tpahn\tmi.,FOC\t3SG\ttell\tlie\ton\t1SG,NOT: He is the one who told the lie about me.,,This example sentence is ungrammatical and so the translation is an intended reading.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,*A ihn tel lai pahn mi.,,FOC 3SG tell lie on 1SG,This example sentence is ungrammatical and so the translation is an intended reading.,Own knowledge,,2270, +9-36,9,Yu layk du dat? — Mi?,Yu layk du dat? — Mi?,2SG like do that   me,Would you like to do that? — Me?,,,429,,naturalistic spoken,Yu layk du dat? — Mi?,,2SG like do that me,,,,2271, +10-23,10,So ihn aks Beda Naansi how him waahn get ih.,So\tihn\taks\tBeda\tNaansi\thow\thim\twaahn\tget\tih.,so\t3SG\task\tBrother\tAnansi\thow\t3SG\tFUT\tget\t3SG.N,So he asked Brother Anansi how he was going to get it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,So ihn aks Beda Naansi how him waahn get ih.,,so 3SG ask Brother Anansi how 3SG FUT get 3SG.N,,Unpublished field recordings,,2272, +10-24,10,mi; yu; ihn; ih; wi; unu; dehn,mi;\tyu;\tihn;\tih;\twi;\tunu;\tdehn,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t3SG.N\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you(SG); he/she; it; we; you(PL); they,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi; yu; ihn; ih; wi; unu; dehn,,1SG 2SG 3SG 3SG.N 1PL 2PL 3PL,,Own knowledge,,2273, +11-28,11,Hi yuustu tel mi di miining.,Hi\tyuustu\ttel\tmi\tdi\tmiining.,3SG.M\tHAB.PST\ttell\t1SG\tART.DEF\tmeaning,He would tell me the meaning.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Hi yuustu tel mi di miining.,,3SG.M HAB.PST tell 1SG ART.DEF meaning,,,,2274, +11-29,11,mi/A/Ai; yu; ih/him/im; ih/shi; ih; wi; unu; dem,mi/A/Ai;\tyu;\tih/him/im;\tih/shi;\tih;\twi;\tunu;\tdem,1SG\t2SG\t3SG.M\t3SG.F\t3SG.N\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; he; she; it; we; you; they,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,mi/A/Ai; yu; ih/him/im; ih/shi; ih; wi; unu; dem,,1SG 2SG 3SG.M 3SG.F 3SG.N 1PL 2PL 3PL,,,,2275, +12-29,12,"You fader leave dis fer me ter do. If I don't do um, he gwine kill me.","If\tI\tdon't\tdo\tum,\the\tgwine\tkill\tme.",if\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tdo\t3SG.N.OBJ\t3SG.M.SBJ\tFUT\tkill\t1SG.OBJ,"If I don't do it, he'll kill me.",,,634[213],,naturalistic spoken,"You fader leave dis fer me ter do. If I don't do um, he gwine kill me.","If I don't do um, he gwine kill me.",if 1SG.SBJ NEG do 3SG.N.OBJ 3SG.M.SBJ FUT kill 1SG.OBJ,,,,2276, +13-26,13,I tell um so.,I\ttell\tum\tso.,1SG.SBJ\ttell\t3.OBJ\tso,I tell him so.,,,1500[260],,naturalistic spoken,I tell um so.,,1SG.SBJ tell 3.OBJ so,,,,2277, +13-27,13,Ee very plany.,Ee\tvery\tplany.,3SG\tvery\tresourceful,He is very resourceful.,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,Ee very plany.,,3SG very resourceful,,,,2278, +15-26,15,"a, yu, i, wi, una, dɛ̃; mi, yu, am, wi, una, dɛm","a,\tyu,\ti,\twi,\tuna,\tdɛ̃;\tmi,\tyu,\tam,\twi,\tuna,\tdɛm",1SG.SBJ\t2SG.SBJ\t3SG.SBJ\t1PL.SBJ\t2PL.SBJ\t3PL.SBJ\t1SG.OBJ\t2SG.OBJ\t3SG.OBJ\t1PL.OBJ\t2PL.OBJ\t3PL.OBJ,"I, you (SG), he/she/it, we, you (PL), they; me, you (SG, OBJ), him/her/it, us, you (PL, OBJ), them",,These are the dependent personal pronouns. The special forms that differ from the independent forms are shown in boldface.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"a, yu, i, wi, una, dɛ̃; mi, yu, am, wi, una, dɛm",,1SG.SBJ 2SG.SBJ 3SG.SBJ 1PL.SBJ 2PL.SBJ 3PL.SBJ 1SG.OBJ 2SG.OBJ 3SG.OBJ 1PL.OBJ 2PL.OBJ 3PL.OBJ,These are the dependent personal pronouns. The special forms that differ from the independent forms are shown in boldface.,Own knowledge,,2279, +15-27,15,uda do dat? – mi,uda\tdo\tdat?\t–\tmi,who\tdo\tthat\t–\tme,Who did that? – I.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,uda do dat? – mi,,who do that – me,,Own knowledge,,2280, +15-28,15,mi ɛn ʤɔn,mi\tɛn\tʤɔn,me\tand\tJohn,I and John,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mi ɛn ʤɔn,,me and John,,Own knowledge,,2281, +16-24,16,"à, jù, ì, wì, jù, dè/dɛ̀m","à,\tjù,\tì,\twì,\tjù,\tdè/dɛ̀m",1SG.SBJ\t2SG.SBJ\t3SG.SBJ\t1PL.SBJ\t2PL.SBJ\t3PL.SBJ,"I, you, her/she/it, we, you, they",,"Dependent pronouns carry a low tone, while independent pronouns are high-toned.",656[197],,constructed by linguist,"à, jù, ì, wì, jù, dè/dɛ̀m",,1SG.SBJ 2SG.SBJ 3SG.SBJ 1PL.SBJ 2PL.SBJ 3PL.SBJ,"Dependent pronouns carry a low tone, while independent pronouns are high-toned.",,,2282, +16-25,16,"mì, jù, àm, wì, jù, dɛ̀m","mì,\tjù,\tàm,\twì,\tjù,\tdɛ̀m",1SG.OBJ\t2SG.OBJ\t3SG.OBJ\t1PL.OBJ\t2PL.OBJ\t3PL.OBJ,"me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them",,"Dependent pronouns carry a low tone, while independent pronouns are high-toned.",656[199],,constructed by linguist,"mì, jù, àm, wì, jù, dɛ̀m",,1SG.OBJ 2SG.OBJ 3SG.OBJ 1PL.OBJ 2PL.OBJ 3PL.OBJ,"Dependent pronouns carry a low tone, while independent pronouns are high-toned.",,,2283, +17-19,17,Mi à sàbi yù.,Mi\tà\tsàbi\tyù.,1SG.SBJ.FOC\t1SG.SBJ\tknow\t2SG.OBJ,"As for me, I know you.",,,,,constructed by linguist,Mi à sàbi yù.,,1SG.SBJ.FOC 1SG.SBJ know 2SG.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,2284, +17-20,17,À sàbi yu.,À\tsàbi\tyu.,1SG.SBJ\tknow\t2SG.OBJ.FOC,I know you (not him).,,,,,constructed by linguist,À sàbi yu.,,1SG.SBJ know 2SG.OBJ.FOC,,Own knowledge,,2285, +18-25,18,A si-am.,A\tsi-am.,1SG.SBJ\tsee-3SG.OBL,I saw him/her.,,,,,constructed by linguist,A si-am.,,1SG.SBJ see-3SG.OBL,,Own knowledge,,2286, +19-27,19,à; yù; è; wì; ùna/ùnu; dɛ̀n,à;\tyù;\tè;\twì;\tùna/ùnu;\tdɛ̀n,1SG.SBJ\t2SG\t3SG.SBJ\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; (s)he/it; we; you; they,,"Dependent subject personal pronouns are low-toned. Yù '2SG', wì '1PL' and dèn '3PL' are also employed as preposed possessive pronouns.The 2PL form ùna (and its free variant ùnu) is invariable and also employed as a possessive, emphatic/object pronoun.",,,constructed by linguist,à; yù; è; wì; ùna/ùnu; dɛ̀n,,1SG.SBJ 2SG 3SG.SBJ 1PL 2PL 3PL,"Dependent subject personal pronouns are low-toned. Yù '2SG', wì '1PL' and dèn '3PL' are also employed as preposed possessive pronouns.The 2PL form ùna (and its free variant ùnu) is invariable and also employed as a possessive, emphatic/object pronoun.",Own knowledge,,2287, +19-28,19,mi; yu; àn/in; wi; ùna/ùnu; dɛn,mi;\tyu;\t=àn/in;\twi;\tùna/ùnu;\tdɛn,1SG.EMPH\t2SG.EMPH\t3SG.OBJ\t1PL.EMPH\t2PL\t3PL.EMPH,me; you; him/her/it; us; you; they/them,,"The low-toned clitic object pronoun /=àn/ is the only dependent object pronoun. It alternates with the independent high-toned independent 3sg pronoun /in/ in a phonologically conditioned allomorphy. With the other persons of the paradigm, only the high-toned pronouns from the independent series are recruited to express object case. The only exception is /ùna/ (and its free variant /ùnu/) [2PL] which is invariable throughout the entire personal pronoun paradigm.",,,constructed by linguist,mi; yu; àn/in; wi; ùna/ùnu; dɛn,mi; yu; =àn/in; wi; ùna/ùnu; dɛn,1SG.EMPH 2SG.EMPH 3SG.OBJ 1PL.EMPH 2PL 3PL.EMPH,"The low-toned clitic object pronoun /=àn/ is the only dependent object pronoun. It alternates with the independent high-toned independent 3sg pronoun /in/ in a phonologically conditioned allomorphy. With the other persons of the paradigm, only the high-toned pronouns from the independent series are recruited to express object case. The only exception is /ùna/ (and its free variant /ùnu/) [2PL] which is invariable throughout the entire personal pronoun paradigm.",Own knowledge,,2288, +20-170,20,"Who my? My, Shoe Lane, Number One, Hoby! No saavez my?","Who\tmy?\tMy,\tShoe\tLane,\tNumber\tOne,\tHoby!\tNo\tsaavez\tmy?",who\t1SG\t1SG\tShoe\tLane\tnumber\tone\tHoby\tNEG\tremember\t1SG,"Who am I? Me, Hoby, from Number one Shoe Lane. Don't you remember me?",,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1653[I.284],,naturalistic written,"Who my? My, Shoe Lane, Number One, Hoby! No saavez my?",,who 1SG 1SG Shoe Lane number one Hoby NEG remember 1SG,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,2289, +21-23,21,Ok you want to go to watch movie or you want to go to ***.,Ok\tyou\twant\tto\tgo\tto\twatch\tmovie\tor\tyou\twant\tto\tgo\tto\t***.,okay\t2SG\twant\tto\tgo\tto\twatch\tmovie\tor\t2SG\twant\tto\tgo\tto\t[...],"Okay, do you want to go to watch a movie, or do you want to go to [...].",,,1568[58],,naturalistic spoken,Ok you want to go to watch movie or you want to go to ***.,,okay 2SG want to go to watch movie or 2SG want to go to [...],,,,2290, +22-35,22,Husat i stap? Mi.,Husat\ti\tstap?\tMi.,who\tPM\tstay\t1SG,Who's there? Me.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Husat i stap? Mi.,,who PM stay 1SG,,Own knowledge,,2291, +22-36,22,Husat i bin wokim? Em tasol.,Husat\ti\tbin\twok-im?\tEm\ttasol.,who\tPM\tPST\tdo-TR\t3SG\tonly,Who did it? He did.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Husat i bin wokim? Em tasol.,Husat i bin wok-im? Em tasol.,who PM PST do-TR 3SG only,,Own knowledge,,2292, +24-39,24,Yu se fatu.,Yu\tse\tfatu.,2SG\tCOMPL\texhausted,You are very tired.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yu se fatu.,,2SG COMPL exhausted,,Own fieldwork,,2293, +24-40,24,Huu se fatu? Yuu.,Huu\tse\tfatu?\tYuu.,who\tCOMPL\texhausted\t2SG,Who is tired? You.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Huu se fatu? Yuu.,,who COMPL exhausted 2SG,,Own fieldwork,,2294, +24-41,24,Mais dog se dijed.,Mais\tdog\tse\tdijed.,my\tdog\tCOMPL\tdead,My dog has died.,,"Mais, unlike yu-s, cannot be analyzed further,",,,naturalistic written,Mais dog se dijed.,,my dog COMPL dead,"Mais, unlike yu-s, cannot be analyzed further,",Own fieldwork,,2295, +24-42,24,Huus dog se died? Main.,Huus\tdog\tse\tdied?\tMain.,who.POSS\tdog\tCOMPL\tdead\tmine,Whose dog has died? Mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Huus dog se died? Main.,,who.POSS dog COMPL dead mine,,Own knowledge,,2296, +24-43,24,yus dog; yoen,yus\tdog;\tyoen,you.POSS\tdog\tyours,your dog; yours,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yus dog; yoen,,you.POSS dog yours,,Own fieldwork,,2297, +25-112,25,Maitbi im na im gin album wi.,Maitbi\tim\tna\tim\tgin\talb-um\twi.,maybe\t3SG\tnow/FOC\t3SG\tcan\thelp-TR\t1PL,"Maybe he, he can help us. OR: Maybe he's the one who can help us.",,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates both the independent and the dependent use of the 3rd person singular subject pronoun im, as well as the use of the particle na as a focus marker.",1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,Maitbi im na im gin album wi.,Maitbi im na im gin alb-um wi.,maybe 3SG now/FOC 3SG can help-TR 1PL,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates both the independent and the dependent use of the 3rd person singular subject pronoun im, as well as the use of the particle na as a focus marker.",,,2298, +25-113,25,Dei bin jingginabat dislot olmenolmenwan.,Dei\tbin\tjingg-in-abat\tdis-lot\tolmen~olmen-wan.,3PL\tPST\tthink-PROG2-about\tPROX-PL\tRED.men-ADJ,"They were thinking about it, these old men.",,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates reduplication as a plural marker on nominals with human referents.,1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,Dei bin jingginabat dislot olmenolmenwan.,"Dei bin jingg-in-abat dis-lot olmen~olmen-wan.",3PL PST think-PROG2-about PROX-PL RED.men-ADJ,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates reduplication as a plural marker on nominals with human referents.,,,2299, +25-114,25,Maitbi yu na kingfishamen yu gin album mibala.,Maitbi\tyu\tna\tkingfisha-men\tyu\tgin\talb-um\tmibala.,maybe\t2SG\tnow/FOC\tkingfisher-man\t2SG\tcan\thelp-TR\t1PL.EXCL,"Maybe you, kingfisher man, you can help us.",,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the invariable second person singular pronoun yu (unmarked for politeness and invariable across independent/dependent contexts).,1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,Maitbi yu na kingfishamen yu gin album mibala.,Maitbi yu na kingfisha-men yu gin alb-um mibala.,maybe 2SG now/FOC kingfisher-man 2SG can help-TR 1PL.EXCL,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the invariable second person singular pronoun yu (unmarked for politeness and invariable across independent/dependent contexts).",,,2300, +25-115,25,"That lilbit ai bin hit yu, ai wana hit yu brabli na meik yu krai.","That\tlilbit\tai\tbin\thit\tyu,\tai\twana\thit\tyu\tbrabli\tna\tmeik\tyu\tkrai.",DEM\ta_little\t1SG\tPST\thit\t2SG\t1SG\tPOT\thit\t2SG\tproperly\tnow\tmake\t2SG\tcry,"That (was only that) I hit you a little, I will hit you properly now and make you cry.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the dependent 1st person singular subject pronoun ai and the pre-verbal position of the past tense auxiliary bin and the future/modal auxiliary wana.",,,naturalistic spoken,"That lilbit ai bin hit yu, ai wana hit yu brabli na meik yu krai.",,DEM a_little 1SG PST hit 2SG 1SG POT hit 2SG properly now make 2SG cry,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the dependent 1st person singular subject pronoun ai and the pre-verbal position of the past tense auxiliary bin and the future/modal auxiliary wana.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2301, +25-116,25,"Thet olgamanolgaman olabat jingat na ""[...]"".","Thet\tolgaman~olgaman\tolabat\tjing-at\tna\t""[...]"".",DEM\tRED.older.woman\t3PL\tsing-out\tnow\t[...],"Those women, they call out now: ""[...]""",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of reduplication of nouns with human reference to indicate plurality.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Thet olgamanolgaman olabat jingat na ""[...]"".","Thet olgaman~olgaman olabat jing-at na ""[...]"".",DEM RED.older.woman 3PL sing-out now [...],"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of reduplication of nouns with human reference to indicate plurality.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2302, +25-117,25,"Thei bin beltim im tharrei, thetlot kid.","Thei\tbin\tbelt-im\tim\ttharrei,\tthet-lot\tkid.",3PL\tPST\thit-TR\t3SG\tthere\tDEM-PL\tchild,"They hit him over there, those kids (did).",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of a plural demonstrative to indicate plurality.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Thei bin beltim im tharrei, thetlot kid.","Thei bin belt-im im tharrei, thet-lot kid.",3PL PST hit-TR 3SG there DEM-PL child,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of a plural demonstrative to indicate plurality.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2303, +25-118,25,"Ai kolim gardawalng, mi.","Ai\tkol-im\tgardawalng,\tmi.",1SG\tcall-TR\tegg\t1SG,"I call it (egg) gardawalng, me.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the different dependent and independent 1st person singular pronouns. Gardawalng is a Jaminjung word.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Ai kolim gardawalng, mi.","Ai kol-im gardawalng, mi.",1SG call-TR egg 1SG,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the different dependent and independent 1st person singular pronouns. Gardawalng is a Jaminjung word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2304, +25-119,25,"""Wal ai gin trai."" Imin lagijat la olabat.","""Wal\tai\tgin\ttrai.""\tIm=in\tlagijat\tla\tolabat.",well\t1SG\tcan\ttry\t3SG=PST\tlike.that\tLOC\t3PL,"""Well, I'll try,"" he said to them.",,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the quotation marker lagijat 'thus, like that' without a verb of speech, with a direct speech complement.",1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,"""Wal ai gin trai."" Imin lagijat la olabat.","""Wal ai gin trai."" Im=in lagijat la olabat.",well 1SG can try 3SG=PST like.that LOC 3PL,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the quotation marker lagijat 'thus, like that' without a verb of speech, with a direct speech complement.",,,2305, +25-120,25,Imin rakamen la olabat en puta ngalarr la olabat.,Im=in\trakamen\tla\tolabat\ten\tputa\tngalarr\tla\tolabat.,3SG=PST\targue\tLOC\t3PL\tand\tput\tpoliceman\tLOC\t3PL,He argued with them and put the police on their tracks.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrate the invariable pronoun olabat '3PL'. Ngalarr is a Jaminjung word.",,,naturalistic spoken,Imin rakamen la olabat en puta ngalarr la olabat.,Im=in rakamen la olabat en puta ngalarr la olabat.,3SG=PST argue LOC 3PL and put policeman LOC 3PL,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrate the invariable pronoun olabat '3PL'. Ngalarr is a Jaminjung word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2306, +27-17,27,mi a frāg; ju a frāg; am a frāg; ons a frāg; jen a frāg; sinu a frāg,mi\ta\tfrāg;\tju\ta\tfrāg;\tam\ta\tfrāg;\tons\ta\tfrāg;\tjen\ta\tfrāg;\tsinu\ta\tfrāg,1SG\tPST\task\t2SG\tPST\task\t3SG\tPST\task\t1PL\tPST\task\t2PL\tPST\task\t3PL\tPST\task,I asked; you(SG) asked; he/she/it asked; we asked; you(PL) asked; they asked,,"Only the third person examples were attested in the text, whereas the rest of the paradigm is constructed by me on the basis of other verbs. So I have just taken other verbs (e.g. ju weet [2SG know], mi kaa see [1SG PRF see], etc.) and changed them in order to form a paradigm of one verb.",355[29],,naturalistic spoken,mi a frāg; ju a frāg; am a frāg; ons a frāg; jen a frāg; sinu a frāg,,1SG PST ask 2SG PST ask 3SG PST ask 1PL PST ask 2PL PST ask 3PL PST ask,"Only the third person examples were attested in the text, whereas the rest of the paradigm is constructed by me on the basis of other verbs. So I have just taken other verbs (e.g. ju weet [2SG know], mi kaa see [1SG PRF see], etc.) and changed them in order to form a paradigm of one verb.",,,2307, +28-39,28,o kumu fragtɛk bi ɛk ma swɛto,o\tkom\tfragi-tɛ\tɛkɛ\tbi\tɛkɛ\tma\tswɛt\to,3SG\tcome\task-PFV\t1SG\tsay\t1SG\tIRR\tsweat\t3SG,He came to ask me if I would give him a steam bath.,,,737[662],,naturalistic spoken,o kumu fragtɛk bi ɛk ma swɛto,o kom fragi-tɛ ɛkɛ bi ɛkɛ ma swɛt o,3SG come ask-PFV 1SG say 1SG IRR sweat 3SG,,,,2308, +29-111,29,"ek - my, jy - jou, hy - hom, sy - haar vs. ons - ons, julle - julle, hulle - hulle","ek\t-\tmy,\tjy\t-\tjou,\thy\t-\thom,\tsy\t-\thaar\tvs.\tons\t-\tons,\tjulle\t-\tjulle,\thulle\t-\thulle",1SG.NOM\t-\t1SG.OBL\t2SG.NOM\t-\t2SG.OBL\t3SG.M.NOM\t-\t3SG.M.OBL\t3SG.F.NOM\t-\t3SG.F.OBL\tvs.\t1PL.NOM\t-\t1PL.OBL\t2PL.NOM\t-\t2PL.OBL\t3PL.NOM\t-\t3PL.OBL,"I - me, you - you, he - him, she - her vs. we - us, you (pl) - you (pl), they - them",,A/S vs. P distinctions are only attested in the singular.,,,naturalistic spoken,"ek - my, jy - jou, hy - hom, sy - haar vs. ons - ons, julle - julle, hulle - hulle",,1SG.NOM - 1SG.OBL 2SG.NOM - 2SG.OBL 3SG.M.NOM - 3SG.M.OBL 3SG.F.NOM - 3SG.F.OBL vs. 1PL.NOM - 1PL.OBL 2PL.NOM - 2PL.OBL 3PL.NOM - 3PL.OBL,A/S vs. P distinctions are only attested in the singular.,Own knowledge,,2309, +30-36,30,(A)mi N ta bai. (A)el e ta kunpanha-m. E ta kunpanha-l.,A-mi\tN=ta=bai.\tA-el\te=ta=kunpanha=m.\tE=ta=kunpanha=l.,TOP-1SG.INDP\t1SG.DEP=IPFV=go\tTOP-3SG.INDP\t3SG.DEP=IPFV=accompany=1SG\t3SG.DEP=IPFV=accompany=3SG,I go. He accompanies me. He accompanies him.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"(A)mi N ta bai. (A)el e ta kunpanha-m. E ta kunpanha-l.",A-mi N=ta=bai. A-el e=ta=kunpanha=m. E=ta=kunpanha=l.,TOP-1SG.INDP 1SG.DEP=IPFV=go TOP-3SG.INDP 3SG.DEP=IPFV=accompany=1SG 3SG.DEP=IPFV=accompany=3SG,,,,2310,German: Ich gehe. Er begleitet mich. Er begleitet ihn. +30-37,30,"N, bu, nhu, nha, e(l), nu, nhos, es","N,\tbu,\tnhu,\tnha,\te(l),\tnu,\tnhos,\tes",1SG\t2SG\t2SG.POL.M\t2SG.POL.F\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, you (polite M), you (polite F), he/she, we, you, they",,These are the dependent subject pronouns.,786,,naturalistic spoken,"N, bu, nhu, nha, e(l), nu, nhos, es",,1SG 2SG 2SG.POL.M 2SG.POL.F 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,These are the dependent subject pronouns.,,,2311, +30-38,30,"-m, -(b)u, -l, -nu, -s","-m,\t-(b)u,\t-l,\t-nu,\t-s",1SG.OBJ.DEP\t2SG.OBJ.DEP\t3SG.OBJ.DEP\t1PL.OBJ.DEP\t3PL.OBJ.DEP,"me, you, him/her, us, them",,These are the dependent object pronouns.,786,,naturalistic spoken,"-m, -(b)u, -l, -nu, -s",,1SG.OBJ.DEP 2SG.OBJ.DEP 3SG.OBJ.DEP 1PL.OBJ.DEP 3PL.OBJ.DEP,These are the dependent object pronouns.,,,2312, +31-39,31,"Ami, N nese na Braga.","Ami,\tN\tnese\tna\tBraga.",me\tI\twas.born\tin\tBraga,"As for me, I was born in Braga.",,"Note, however, that it is possible to get the cluster ami'N without any topicalization involved and yielding a regular pronominal reading like 'I'.",690,,naturalistic spoken,"Ami, N nese na Braga.",,me I was.born in Braga,"Note, however, that it is possible to get the cluster ami'N without any topicalization involved and yielding a regular pronominal reading like 'I'.",,,2313, +31-40,31,El tinji-m na pulmon.,El\ttinji-m\tna\tpulmon.,it\treached-me\tin\tlung,It reached my lungs.,,,690,,naturalistic spoken,"El tinji-m na pulmon.",,it reached-me in lung,,,,2314, +31-41,31,N trata di setenti kuatru te setenti oitu.,N\ttrata\tdi\tsetenti\tkuatru\tte\tsetenti\toitu.,I\ttreated\tfrom\tseventy\tfour\tto\tseventy\teight,I received treatment from seventy-four to seventy-eight.,,N is a dependent pronoun.,690,,naturalistic spoken,"N trata di setenti kuatru te setenti oitu.",,I treated from seventy four to seventy eight,"N is a dependent pronoun.",,,2315, +32-22,32,"Mi, N ka oió-b.","Mi,\tN\tka\toió-b.",1SG.INDP\t1SG.DEP\tNEG\tsee-2SG.DEP,I didn't see you.,,,1456,,constructed by linguist,"Mi, N ka oió-b.",,1SG.INDP 1SG.DEP NEG see-2SG.DEP,,,,2316,Portuguese: Não te vi. +32-23,32,Es txmá-l.,Es\ttxmá-l.,3PL.INDP\tcall-3SG.DEP,They called him.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Es txmá-l.",,3PL.INDP call-3SG.DEP,,,,2317,Portuguese: Chamaram-no. +33-28,33,Kin ku misti bin? Ami.,Kin\tku\tmisti\tbin?\tAmi.,who\tthat\twant\tcome\tI,Who wants to come? I do.,,Ami is an independent subject pronoun.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kin ku misti bin? Ami.,,who that want come I,"Ami is an independent subject pronoun.",Own knowledge,,2318,Portuguese: Quem quer vir? Eu. +33-29,33,Kin ku misti bin? M’misti.,Kin\tku\tmisti\tbin?\tM-misti.,who\tthat\twant\tcome\t1SG.SBJ-want,Who wants to come? I want to (come).,,M- is a dependent subject pronoun.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kin ku misti bin? M’misti.,Kin ku misti bin? M-misti.,who that want come 1SG.SBJ-want,"M- is a dependent subject pronoun.",Own knowledge,,2319,Portuguese: Quem quer vir? Eu quero. +33-30,33,Kin ki i suta? Ami.,Kin\tki\ti\tsuta?\tAmi.,who\tREL\t3SG\tbeat\t1SG,Whom did he beat? Me.,,Ami is an independent object pronoun.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kin ki i suta? Ami.,,who REL 3SG beat 1SG,"Ami is an independent object pronoun.",Own knowledge,,2320,Portuguese: Em quem é que ele bateu? A mim. +33-31,33,Bu tene nha livru? N tenel.,Bu\ttene\tnha\tlivru?\tN\ttene-l.,2SG\thave\tPOSS\tbook\tI\thave-it,Do you have my book? I have it.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bu tene nha livru? N tenel.,Bu tene nha livru? N tene-l.,2SG have POSS book I have-it,,Own knowledge,,2321,Portuguese: Tens o meu livro? Tenho-o. +34-24,34,Keŋ ki fasí-l?,Keŋ\tki\tø\tfasí-l?,who\tREL.SBJ\tPFV\tdo-3SG.OBJ,Who did it?,,-l is a dependent object form.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Keŋ ki fasí-l?","Keŋ ki ø fasí-l?","who REL.SBJ PFV do-3SG.OBJ","-l is a dependent object form.",Own knowledge,,2322, +34-25,34,I ka sebé nada.,I\tka\tø\tsebé\tnada.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\tknow\tnothing,He does not know anything.,,I functions as a dependent subject form.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I ka sebé nada.","I ka ø sebé nada.","3SG.SBJ NEG PFV know nothing","I functions as a dependent subject form.",Own knowledge,,2323, +34-26,34,Keŋ ki kebrá turpesa? – Yel.,Keŋ\tki\tø\tkebrá\tturpesa?\t–\tYel.,who\tREL.SBJ\tPFV\tbreak\tstool\t–\t3SG.TOP,Who broke the stool? – He.,,Yel is an independent pronoun.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Keŋ ki kebrá turpesa? – Yel.","Keŋ ki ø kebrá turpesa? – Yel.",who REL.SBJ PFV break stool – 3SG.TOP,"Yel is an independent pronoun.",Own knowledge,,2324, +35-34,35,ami; bô; êlê; non; inansê; inen,ami;\tbô;\têlê;\tnon;\tinansê;\tinen,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you (PL); they,,"These are the strong/independent pronouns (which occur in isolation, focus, etc.).",593[21-29],,constructed by linguist,ami; bô; êlê; non; inansê; inen,,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,"These are the strong/independent pronouns (which occur in isolation, focus, etc.).",,,2325, +35-35,35,n; ô; ê; nen,n;\tô;\tê;\tnen,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t3PL,I; you; he/she/it; we; you; they,,This group of dependent pronouns comprises both weak pronouns and strong reduced pronouns. These forms do not occur in isolation.,593[21-29],,constructed by linguist,n; ô; ê; nen,,1SG 2SG 3SG 3PL,This group of dependent pronouns comprises both weak pronouns and strong reduced pronouns. These forms do not occur in isolation.,,,2326, +36-19,36,"Am ki ô ki ka ba potho, no ki rê wa.","Am\tki\tô\tki\tka\tba\tpotho,\tno\tki\trê\twa.",1SG.INDP\twith\t2SG\tREL\tFUT\tgo\ttown\t1PL\twith\t3SG\tNEG,"It is you and I that will go to town, not she and me.",,The personal pronoun is a special independent form.,901[63],,elicited from speaker,"Am ki ô ki ka ba potho, no ki rê wa.",,1SG.INDP with 2SG REL FUT go town 1PL with 3SG NEG,The personal pronoun is a special independent form.,,,2327,"French: C'est toi et moi qui irons en ville, pas lui et moi." +36-20,36,Êlê thô m'me.,Êlê\tthô\tm'me.,3SG.INDP\tFOC\teat,It was him who ate it.,,The personal pronoun is a special independent form.,,,constructed by linguist,Êlê thô m'me.,,3SG.INDP FOC eat,The personal pronoun is a special independent form.,Own knowledge,,2328, +36-77,36,Ê muê.,Ê\tmuê.,he\tdie,He died.,,The personal pronoun is a special dependent form.,,,constructed by linguist,Ê muê.,,he die,The personal pronoun is a special dependent form.,Own knowledge,,2329, +36-79,36,N pem'e.,N\tpema=e.,I\tpress=it,I pressed it.,,The personal pronoun is a special dependent form.,,,constructed by linguist,N pem'e.,N pema=e.,I press=it,The personal pronoun is a special dependent form.,Own knowledge,,2330, +37-21,37,n vs. ami; txi vx. atxi; ê vs. êli; no/non; owo; ine,n\tvs.\tami;\ttxi\tvx.\tatxi;\tê\tvs.\têli;\tno/non;\towo;\tine,1SG.DEP\tvs.\t1SG.INDP\t2SG.DEP\tvs.\t2SG.INDP\t3SG.DEP\tvs.\t3SG.INDP\t1PL\t2PL\tPL,I vs. me; you vs. you; he/she vs. him/her,,,905[56],,naturalistic written,n vs. ami; txi vx. atxi; ê vs. êli; no/non; owo; ine,,1SG.DEP vs. 1SG.INDP 2SG.DEP vs. 2SG.INDP 3SG.DEP vs. 3SG.INDP 1PL 2PL PL,,,,2331, +37-22,37,"mi/n, txi, li/e, no/non, owo, ine","mi/n,\ttxi,\tli/e,\tno/non,\towo,\tine",1SG.DEP\t2SG.DEP\t3SG.DEP\t1PL.DEP\t2PL.DEP\t3PL.DEP,"me, you, him/her/it, us, you, them",,,905[56],,naturalistic spoken,"mi/n, txi, li/e, no/non, owo, ine",,1SG.DEP 2SG.DEP 3SG.DEP 1PL.DEP 2PL.DEP 3PL.DEP,,,,2332, +37-23,37,Ningê ki txi vê na posan a? – Atxi êli ki n vê.,Ningê\tki\ttxi\tvê\tna\tposan\ta?\t–\tAtxi\têli\tki\tn\tvê.,person\tREL\t2SG.DEP\tsee\tLOC\ttown\tQ\t–\t2SG.INDP\tFOC\tREL\t1SG\tsee,Whom did you see in town? - It is you that I saw.,,This example illustrates (a) the use of txi 'you' as a dependent subject pronoun; and (b) the use of the independent pronoun atxi 'you' functioning as a direct object in a focus construction.,,,constructed by linguist,"Ningê ki txi vê na posan a? – Atxi êli ki n vê.",,person REL 2SG.DEP see LOC town Q – 2SG.INDP FOC REL 1SG see,"This example illustrates (a) the use of txi 'you' as a dependent subject pronoun; and (b) the use of the independent pronoun atxi 'you' functioning as a direct object in a focus construction.",Own knowledge,,2333, +37-24,37,"Fa mi, n ka zuda owo xi owo tê dyô.","Fa\tmi,\tn\tka\tzuda\towo\txi\towo\ttê\tdyô.",tell\t2SG.OBJ.DEP\t1SG.SBJ.DEP\tFUT\thelp\t2PL.OBJ\tif\t2PL.SBJ\thave\tmoney,"Tell me, and I will help you if you have money.",,,905[57],,naturalistic spoken,"Fa mi, n ka zuda owo xi owo tê dyô.",,tell 2SG.OBJ.DEP 1SG.SBJ.DEP FUT help 2PL.OBJ if 2PL.SBJ have money,,,,2334, +38-27,38,"Ku bof, xol!","Ku\tbo-f,\tku-eli!",with\t2SG-NEG\twith-3SG,"Not with you, with him!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ku bof, xol!","Ku bo-f, ku-eli!",with 2SG-NEG with-3SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,2335, +38-28,38,amu ku bo,amu\tku\tbo,1SG\tand\t2SG,me and you,,,,,elicited from speaker,amu ku bo,,1SG and 2SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,2336, +38-29,38,I ske pali za.,Eli\tske\tpali\tza.,3SG\tFUT\tgive.birth\talready,She is about to give birth.,,,,,elicited from speaker,I ske pali za.,Eli ske pali za.,3SG FUT give.birth already,,Own fieldwork 1993,,2337, +38-113,38,Amu fal bebela.,Amu\tfa-li\tbebela.,1SG\tspeak-3SG\talready,I told him/her already.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Amu fal bebela.,Amu fa-li bebela.,1SG speak-3SG already,,Own fieldwork 1990,,2338, +38-154,38,M’pizal ba omal.,Amu-piza-li\tba\tomali.,1SG-push-3SG\tgo\tsea,I pushed him into the sea.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,M’pizal ba omal.,Amu-piza-li ba omali.,1SG-push-3SG go sea,,Own fieldwork 1993,,2339, +39-41,39,Yo kɛr fala.,Yo\tkɛr\tfal-a.,1SG\twant.NPST\tspeak-INF,I want to speak.,,,221[151],,naturalistic spoken,Yo kɛr fala.,Yo kɛr fal-a.,1SG want.NPST speak-INF,,,,2340, +39-42,39,Kẽ sab istɔr? Yo.,Kẽ\tsab\tistɔr?\tYo.,who\tknow.NPST\tstory\t1SG,Who knows a story? Me.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Kẽ sab istɔr? Yo.,,who know.NPST story 1SG,,,,2341, +40-26,40,Yo ulyo ku padgar.,Yo\tulyo\tku\tpadgar.,I\tsee.PST\tOBJ\tpriest,I saw the priest.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Yo ulyo ku padgar.,,I see.PST OBJ priest,,Own knowledge,,2342, +42-29,42,"yo, bos, eli, nus, olotu, bolotu","yo,\tbos,\teli,\tnus,\tolotu,\tbolotu",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they",,"The independent status of these pronouns was checked in March 2009, with informants in Malacca. The pronouns can be used in response to elliptical questions.",122[53],,elicited from speaker,"yo, bos, eli, nus, olotu, bolotu",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,"The independent status of these pronouns was checked in March 2009, with informants in Malacca. The pronouns can be used in response to elliptical questions.",,,2343, +42-104,42,yo ja olá ku eli,yo\tja\tolá\tku\teli,1SG\tPFV\tsee\tACC\t3SG,I saw him.,,,122[150-160],,naturalistic spoken,yo ja olá ku eli,,1SG PFV see ACC 3SG,,,,2344, +44-28,44,"kumígo; kumbó, kun(g)tédi; kun(g)éli; kumihótro [kumótru]; kun(g)tédi; kulótru","kumígo;\tkumbó,\tkun(g)tédi;\tkun(g)éli;\tkumótru;\tkun(g)tédi;\tkulótru",1SG.OBJ\t2SG.OBJ\t2SG.OBJ.POL\t3SG.OBJ\t1PL.OBJ\t2PL.OBJ\t3PL.OBJ,me; you; him/her; us; you; them,,,,,constructed by linguist,"kumígo; kumbó, kun(g)tédi; kun(g)éli; kumihótro [kumótru]; kun(g)tédi; kulótru","kumígo; kumbó, kun(g)tédi; kun(g)éli; kumótru; kun(g)tédi; kulótru",1SG.OBJ 2SG.OBJ 2SG.OBJ.POL 3SG.OBJ 1PL.OBJ 2PL.OBJ 3PL.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,2345, +44-29,44,"Ya botá kon éli, ya salí éli.","Ya\tbotá\tkon\téli,\tya\tsalí\téli.",PFV\tthrow.away\tOBJ\t3SG\tPFV\tgo\t3SG,"He was thrown out, he left.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ya botá kon éli, ya salí éli.",,PFV throw.away OBJ 3SG PFV go 3SG,,Own data,,2346, +46-39,46,sábe ka,sábe\tka,know\tyou,you know,,,,,naturalistic spoken,sábe ka,,know you,,Own knowledge,,2347, +47-34,47,"mi, bo/bu, e, nos, boso, nan","mi,\tbo/bu,\te,\tnos,\tboso,\tnan",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they",,These are the dependent personal pronouns. Bu is the clitic object pronoun in Curacaoan Papiamentu; bo is used as subject pronoun and as object of a preposition. Aruban speakers use invariant bo.,751[206],,published source,"mi, bo/bu, e, nos, boso, nan",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,"These are the dependent personal pronouns. Bu is the clitic object pronoun in Curacaoan Papiamentu; bo is used as subject pronoun and as object of a preposition. Aruban speakers use invariant bo.",,,2348, +47-35,47,"ami, abo, ele, (a)nos, (a)boso, (a)nan","a-mi,\ta-bo,\tele,\t(a)-nos,\t(a)-boso,\t(a)-nan",EMPH-1SG\tEMPH-2SG\t3SG.EMPH\t(EMPH-)1PL\t(EMPH-)2PL\t(EMPH-)3PL,"I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they",,"These are the independent personal pronouns. The plural forms a-nos, a-boso, a-nan are restricted to Aruban Papiamentu.",,,own knowledge,"ami, abo, ele, (a)nos, (a)boso, (a)nan","a-mi, a-bo, ele, (a)-nos, (a)-boso, (a)-nan",EMPH-1SG EMPH-2SG 3SG.EMPH (EMPH-)1PL (EMPH-)2PL (EMPH-)3PL,"These are the independent personal pronouns. The plural forms a-nos, a-boso, a-nan are restricted to Aruban Papiamentu.",Own knowledge,,2349, +48-23,48,Yo i sabé eso nu.,Yo\ti\tsabé\teso\tnu.,I\tDEP.PRO.1SG\tknow\tthis\tNEG,I don't know this.,,"Before [a], i can become y- (as in: yo y-a asé eso nu 'I did not do this').",,,naturalistic spoken,Yo i sabé eso nu.,,I DEP.PRO.1SG know this NEG,"Before [a], i can become y- (as in: yo y-a asé eso nu 'I did not do this').",Recorded by author,,2350,Spanish: (Yo) no sé eso. +48-24,48,Bo o sabé eso nu.,Bo\to\tsabé\teso\tnu.,you\tDEP.PRO.2SG\tknow\tthis\tNEG,You don't know this.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Bo o sabé eso nu.,,you DEP.PRO.2SG know this NEG,,Recorded by author,,2351,Spanish: (Vos) no sabe eso. +48-25,48,Ele e sabé eso nu.,Ele\te\tsabé\teso\tnu.,he/she\tDEP.PRO.3SG\tknow\tthis\tNEG,He/she doesn't know this.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ele e sabé eso nu.,,he/she DEP.PRO.3SG know this NEG,,Recorded by author,,2352,Spanish: (Él/ella) no sabe eso. +49-36,49,Mé sa entèl di m.,Mé\tsa\tentèl\tdi\tm.,this.is\tthat\tsomeone\tsay\t3SG,This is what someone has told me.,,,471[230],,naturalistic spoken,Mé sa entèl di m.,,this.is that someone say 3SG,,,,2353,French: Voilà ce qu'untel m'a dit. +49-37,49,M bliye chante a wi mwen!,M\tbliye\tchante\ta\twi\tmwen!,1SG\tforget\tsong\tDEF\tyes\t1SG,"I forgot the song, yes I!",,,471[231],,naturalistic spoken,M bliye chante a wi mwen!,,1SG forget song DEF yes 1SG,,,,2354,French: J’ai oublié la chanson oui moi! +49-38,49,Se pou ou manje sa a. — Se pou wou manje sa a.,Se\tpou\tou\tmanje\tsa\ta.\t—\tSe\tpou\twou\tmanje\tsa\ta.,HL\tfor\t2SG.DEP\teat\tDEM\tSG.PRO\t—\tHL\tfor\t2SG.INDP\tfood\tDEM\tSG.DET,You have to eat this. — This food is for you.,,"Dejean rightly insists on “the subtle syntactic distinction reflected in the phonic surface form [...] of the second person singular pronoun” ou/wou. For the other pronouns, there is ambiguity in the long form: se pou mwen/li/nou/yo manje sa a, but no ambiguity in the short form of the pronoun: se pou m/w/l/n manje sa a (sa a se pou (pronoun) manje l) 'I/you/he/we/you/they must eat that'.",371[12],,naturalistic spoken,Se pou ou manje sa a. — Se pou wou manje sa a.,,HL for 2SG.DEP eat DEM SG.PRO — HL for 2SG.INDP food DEM SG.DET,"Dejean rightly insists on “the subtle syntactic distinction reflected in the phonic surface form [...] of the second person singular pronoun” ou/wou. For the other pronouns, there is ambiguity in the long form: se pou mwen/li/nou/yo manje sa a, but no ambiguity in the short form of the pronoun: se pou m/w/l/n manje sa a (sa a se pou (pronoun) manje l) 'I/you/he/we/you/they must eat that'.",,,2355,French: Tu dois manger ça (= sa a se pou ou manje l). — Ce repas est à toi (= manje sa a (se) pou wou). +49-39,49,Kiyès sa? Mwen menm?,Kiyès\tsa?\tMwen\tmenm?,who\tthat\t1SG\tself,Who? Me?,,There is no special form for independent use. The long form of the pronoun is used to which the word menm is added: ou menm (2SG); li menm (3SG); nou menm (1 ou 2 PL); yo menm (3PL).,469[145],,naturalistic written,Kiyès sa? Mwen menm?,,who that 1SG self,"There is no special form for independent use. The long form of the pronoun is used to which the word menm is added: ou menm (2SG); li menm (3SG); nou menm (1 ou 2 PL); yo menm (3PL).",,,2356,French: Qui ça? Moi? +49-40,49,"Ou menm, pa kwè papa w, tande, se jwe l ap jwe.","Ou\tmenm,\tpa\tkwè\tpapa\tw,\ttande,\tse\tjwe\tl\tap\tjwe.",2SG\tself\tNEG\tbelieve\tfather\t2SG\tunderstand\tSE\tplay\t3SG\tINACC\tplay,"You, don't believe your father, he is only playing around.",,,381[22],,naturalistic written,"Ou menm, pa kwè papa w, tande, se jwe l ap jwe.",,2SG self NEG believe father 2SG understand SE play 3SG INACC play,,,,2357,"French: Toi, ne crois pas ton père, il ne fait que jouer." +49-41,49,"Mwen vini, m achte liv la, Jan wè m, Jan remèt mwen liv la.","Mwen\tvini,\tm\tachte\tliv\tla,\tJan\twè\tm,\tJan\tremèt\tmwen\tliv\tla.",1SG\tcome\t1SG\tbuy\tbook\tDEF\tJean\tsee\t1SG\tJean\thand.over\t1SG\tbook\tDEF,"I came, I bought the book, Jean saw me, Jean handed me the book over.",,"Long subject and object forms are used when the verb has a consonant in initial or final position. Short subject and object forms are used when the verb has a vowel in initial or final position. In the latter case, the dependent pronoun leans on the preceding accentogene unit (Jan [wèm]: enclitic) or the following accentogene unit ([machte] liv la: proclitic). +Paradigms: Long forms: mwen/wou/li/nou/yo. Short forms: m/w,ou/l/n/y.",206[10],,constructed by linguist,"Mwen vini, m achte liv la, Jan wè m, Jan remèt mwen liv la.",,1SG come 1SG buy book DEF Jean see 1SG Jean hand.over 1SG book DEF,"Long subject and object forms are used when the verb has a consonant in initial or final position. Short subject and object forms are used when the verb has a vowel in initial or final position. In the latter case, the dependent pronoun leans on the preceding accentogene unit (Jan [wèm]: enclitic) or the following accentogene unit ([machte] liv la: proclitic). +Paradigms: Long forms: mwen/wou/li/nou/yo. Short forms: m/w,ou/l/n/y.",,,2358,"French: Je suis venu, j'ai acheté le livre, Jean m'a vu, Jean m'a remis le livre." +49-42,49,Kilès k ap frape a? Se mwen.,Kilès\tk\tap\tfrape\ta?\tSe\tmwen.,who\tREL\tINACC\tknock\tDEF\tHL\t1SG,Who is knocking? It's me.,,,1505[502],,naturalistic spoken,Kilès k ap frape a? Se mwen.,,who REL INACC knock DEF HL 1SG,,,,2359,French: Qui frappe à la porte? C'est moi. +50-28,50,Mwen ka pati. ~ An ka pati.,Mwen ka pati. ~ An ka pati.,1SG PROG leave   1SG PROG leave,I am leaving.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mwen ka pati. ~ An ka pati.,,1SG PROG leave 1SG PROG leave,,Own fieldwork,,2360, +50-29,50,"Mwen, an ka pati.","Mwen,\tan\tka\tpati.",1SG\t1SG\tPROG\tleave,"Me, I am leaving.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mwen, an ka pati.",,1SG 1SG PROG leave,,Own fieldwork,,2361, +51-28,51,Mwen ka pati. ~ Man ka pati.,Mwen ka pati. ~ Man ka pati.,1SG PROG leave   1SG PROG leave,I am leaving.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mwen ka pati. ~ Man ka pati.,,1SG PROG leave 1SG PROG leave,,Own fieldwork,,2362, +51-29,51,"Mwen, man ka pati.","Mwen,\tman\tka\tpati.",1SG\t1SG\tPROG\tleave,"Me, I am leaving.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mwen, man ka pati.",,1SG 1SG PROG leave,,Own fieldwork,,2363, +52-18,52,mo kontan sa liv-(l)a,mo\tkontan\tsa\tliv-(l)a,I\tlove\tDEM\tbook-DEF,I love this book.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,mo kontan sa liv-(l)a,,I love DEM book-DEF,,,,2364, +52-19,52,mo ba Georges liv-a,mo\tba\tGeorges\tliv-a,I\tgive\tGeorge\tbook-the,I gave Georges the book.,,,1211,,elicited from speaker,mo ba Georges liv-a,,I give George book-the,,,,2365, +53-58,53,"Si to di li ke-choz ondon kreol, l ale monde twa: ""Ki sa?""","Si\tto\tdi\tli\tkechoz\tondon\tkreol,\tl\tale\tmonde\ttwa:\t""Ki\tsa?""",if\t2SG\tsay\t3SG\tsomething\tin\tCreole\t3SG\tFUT\task\t2SG\twhat\tthis,"If you tell him something in Creole, he will ask you: ""What?""",,,1048[166],,naturalistic spoken,"Si to di li ke-choz ondon kreol, l ale monde twa: ""Ki sa?""","Si to di li kechoz ondon kreol, l ale monde twa: ""Ki sa?""",if 2SG say 3SG something in Creole 3SG FUT ask 2SG what this,,,,2366,"French: Si tu lui dis quelque chose en créole, elle va te demander: ""Quoi?""" +53-59,53,"Sa nouzot nou parl, to trouv pa sa dan le liv.","Sa\tnouzot\tnou\tparl,\tto\ttrouv\tpa\tsa\tdan\tle\tliv.",what\t1PL\t1PL\tspeak\t2SG\tfind\tNEG\tthis\tin\tDET.PL\tbook,"What we speak, you don't find that in books.",,,1048[172],,naturalistic spoken,"Sa nouzot nou parl, to trouv pa sa dan le liv.",,what 1PL 1PL speak 2SG find NEG this in DET.PL book,,,,2367, +53-60,53,M a seye fer la kours-sa-la avek twa kan-mem.,M\ta\tseye\tfer\tla\tkours\tsala\tavek\ttwa\tkan-mem.,1SG\tFUT\ttry\tdo\tART.DEF.SG\trace\tDET.DEM.SG\twith\t2SG\twhen-same,I will try to run this race with you all the same.,,,1048[135],,naturalistic spoken,M a seye fer la kours-sa-la avek twa kan-mem.,M a seye fer la kours sala avek twa kan-mem.,1SG FUT try do ART.DEF.SG race DET.DEM.SG with 2SG when-same,,,,2368, +53-61,53,Get kom li kone di mwa sa!,Get\tkom\tli\tkone\tdi\tmwa\tsa!,look\thow\t3SG\tHAB\tsay\t1SG\tDEM,Listen to what she tells me all the time!,,,1048[237],,naturalistic spoken,Get kom li kone di mwa sa!,,look how 3SG HAB say 1SG DEM,,,,2369, +54-30,54,mi dans; vi dans; li dans; ni dans,mi\tdans;\tvi\tdans;\tli\tdans;\tni\tdans,1SG.FIN\tdance\t2SG.FIN\tdance\t3SG.FIN\tdance\t1PL.FIN\tdance,I dance; you dance; he/she dances; we dance,,Subject pronouns are reduced to clitic forms before the markers i and a. No such special clitic forms exist for 2PL (zot) and 3PL (zot).,,,constructed by linguist,mi dans; vi dans; li dans; ni dans,,1SG.FIN dance 2SG.FIN dance 3SG.FIN dance 1PL.FIN dance,"Subject pronouns are reduced to clitic forms before the markers i and a. No such special clitic forms exist for 2PL (zot) and 3PL (zot).",Own knowledge,,2370,French: je danse; tu danses; il/elle danse; nous dansons +54-31,54,mwen la danse; ou la danse; nou la danse,mwen\tla\tdanse;\tou\tla\tdanse;\tnou\tla\tdanse,1SG\tPRF\tdance\t2SG\tPRF\tdance\t1PL\tPRF\tdance,I have danced; you have danced; we have danced,,These are examples of the independent personal pronouns.,,,constructed by linguist,mwen la danse; ou la danse; nou la danse,,1SG PRF dance 2SG PRF dance 1PL PRF dance,These are examples of the independent personal pronouns.,Own knowledge,,2371,French: j'ai dansé; tu as dansé; nous avons dansé +54-32,54,[...] sa out bébet sé ou la méné! Pa moin! Mi koné pa moin!,[...]\tsa\tout\tbebet\tse\tou\tla\tmene!\tPa\tmwen!\tMi\tkone\tpa\tmwen!,[...]\tthat\tPOSS.3SG\tanimal\tHL\t2SG\tPRF\tbring\tNEG\t1SG\t1SG.FIN\tknow\tNEG\t1SG,"[...] That is your animal, it was you who brought it! Not me! I don't know it!",,,110[18],,naturalistic spoken,[...] sa out bébet sé ou la méné! Pa moin! Mi koné pa moin!,[...] sa out bebet se ou la mene! Pa mwen! Mi kone pa mwen!,[...] that POSS.3SG animal HL 2SG PRF bring NEG 1SG 1SG.FIN know NEG 1SG,,,,2372,"French: [...] C'est ta bête, c'est toi qui l'a amenée! Pas moi! Je ne la connais pas, moi!" +55-29,55,to,to,2SG.FAM.SBJ,"you (singular, familiar, subject only)",,Contrasts with object/independent twa; similarly 1SG mo (subject) contrasts with mwa.,,,elicited from speaker,to,,2SG.FAM.SBJ,"Contrasts with object/independent twa; similarly 1SG mo (subject) contrasts with mwa.",Own knowledge,,2373, +55-30,55,mo pa ti al kominye mwa,mo\tpa\tti\tal\tkominye\tmwa,1SG\tNEG\tPST\tgo\tcommunion\t1SG,"As for me, I didn't go to holy communion.",,,760,,naturalistic spoken,mo pa ti al kominye mwa,,1SG NEG PST go communion 1SG,,,,2374,"French: Je ne suis pas allée communier, moi." +56-40,56,Apre mon 'n tournen.,Apre\tmon\t'n\ttournen.,then\t1SG\tPRF\treturn,Then I returned.,,,955[201],,naturalistic spoken,Apre mon 'n tournen.,,then 1SG PRF return,,,,2375, +56-41,56,Mwan zanmen mon 'n reste dan zil plis ki en mwa.,Mwan\tzanmen\tmon\t'n\treste\tdan\tzil\tplis\tki\ten\tmwa.,1SG.INDP\tnever\t1SG\tPRF\tstay\tin\tisland\tmore\tthan\tone\tmonth,"Me, I never stayed on an island for more than one month.",,,955[201],,naturalistic spoken,Mwan zanmen mon 'n reste dan zil plis ki en mwa.,,1SG.INDP never 1SG PRF stay in island more than one month,,,,2376, +56-42,56,I pran trwa kat bobin i roule.,I\tpran\ttrwa\tkat\tbobin\ti\troule.,3SG\ttake\tthree\tfour\tbobbin\t3SG\ttwine,"He took three, four bobbins and twined them together. OR: He twined three, four bobbins together.",,"Here, it is not clear whether we are dealing with one single event or more likely with two subevents.",955[65],,naturalistic spoken,I pran trwa kat bobin i roule.,,3SG take three four bobbin 3SG twine,"Here, it is not clear whether we are dealing with one single event or more likely with two subevents.",,,2377, +56-43,56,"Marcel-o, donn mwan sa bolpenn.","Marcel-o,\tdonn\tmwan\tsa\tbolpenn.",Marcel-VOC\tgive\tme\tDEM\tballpen,"Marcel, give me this ballpen.",,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Marcel-o, donn mwan sa bolpenn.",,Marcel-VOC give me DEM ballpen,,Own knowledge,,2378, +56-44,56,Prezan ou met li drwat.,Prezan\tou\tmet\tli\tdrwat.,then\t2SG\tput\t3SG.DEP\tstraight,Then you put it straight.,,,158,,naturalistic spoken,Prezan ou met li drwat.,,then 2SG put 3SG.DEP straight,,,,2379, +57-23,57,ma ndefan mwa paske la ule tape avec a mbwa,ma\tndefan\tmwa\tpaske\tla\tule\ttape\tavec\ta\tmbwa,1SG.DEP\tdefend\t1SG.INDP\tbecause\t3SG\twant\thit\tINS\tART.INDF\tstick,I defended myself because he/she wanted to hit me with a stick.,,,423[140],,naturalistic spoken,ma ndefan mwa paske la ule tape avec a mbwa,,1SG.DEP defend 1SG.INDP because 3SG want hit INS ART.INDF stick,,,,2380, +57-133,57,"ma, ta, la, nu, uso, sa/sola/lesot","ma,\tta,\tla,\tnu,\tuso,\tsa/sola/lesot",1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL,"I, you, he/she, we, you, they",,"These are the dependent pronouns. Nu [1PL], uso [2PL], sola [3PL] and lesot [3PL] have the same form as the independent pronouns.",423[135-138],,naturalistic spoken,"ma, ta, la, nu, uso, sa/sola/lesot",,1SG 2SG 3SG 1PL 2PL 3PL,"These are the dependent pronouns. Nu [1PL], uso [2PL], sola [3PL] and lesot [3PL] have the same form as the independent pronouns.",,,2381, +58-24,58,Yandi na Petelo bo kwend-aka.,Yandi\tna\tPetelo\tbo\tkwend-aka.,he\tand/with\tPetelo\tthey\tleave-PST,"He and Peter, they left.",,This construction is evidently emphatic. It's not acceptable without the resumptive pronoun.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi na Petelo bo kwend-aka.,,he and/with Petelo they leave-PST,This construction is evidently emphatic. It's not acceptable without the resumptive pronoun.,Own knowledge,,2382, +58-78,58,Mono zola yandi.,Mono\tzola\tyandi.,me\tlike\thim/her,I like him/her.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono zola yandi.,,me like him/her,,Own knowledge,,2383, +58-109,58,yandi mosi,yandi\tmosi,he/she\tone,himself/herself (emphatic or reflexive),,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,yandi mosi,,he/she one,,Own knowledge,,2384, +59-59,59,"mo ga so, me mbi ke saar tone nyen'?!","mo\tga\tso,\tme\tmbi\tke\tsara\ttongana\tnyen'?!",2SG\tcome\tthus\tso\t1SG\tCOP\tdo\tlike\twhat,"Since you've come, what am I going to do?!",,"When a question is repeated or when expressing emotion, a rising-falling contour with greater emphasis occurs on the final syllable represented by (?!).",,,naturalistic spoken,"mo ga so, me mbi ke saar tone nyen'?!","mo ga so, me mbi ke sara tongana nyen'?!",2SG come thus so 1SG COP do like what,"When a question is repeated or when expressing emotion, a rising-falling contour with greater emphasis occurs on the final syllable represented by (?!).",Samarin corpus 1994,,2385, +59-60,59,"i sara kobe na lege ni pepe; ni laa si i ke wara malade mingi, si i toto ya ti i","i\tsara\tkobe\tna\tlege\tni\tpepe;\tni\tlaa\tsi\ti\tke\twara\tmalade\tmingi,\tsi\ti\ttoto\tya\tti\ti",1PL\tmake\tfood\tPREP\tway\tDET\tNEG\tDET\tCONN\tthen\t1PL\tCOP\tget\tsickness\tmuch\tthen\t1PL\tcry\tbelly\tof\t1PL,We don't prepare food in the correct manner; that's why we have a lot of sickness and we complain about our stomachs.,,"This is a beautiful utterance, because it shows the way a speaker focuses on an event that happens again and again; but surely the toto applies to stomach aches that habitually occur with the episodes of sickness. I can't imagine the copula being used with all three verbs. -- Notice the way 'cry' is used transitively.",1320[156],,naturalistic spoken,"i sara kobe na lege ni pepe; ni laa si i ke wara malade mingi, si i toto ya ti i",,1PL make food PREP way DET NEG DET CONN then 1PL COP get sickness much then 1PL cry belly of 1PL,"This is a beautiful utterance, because it shows the way a speaker focuses on an event that happens again and again; but surely the toto applies to stomach aches that habitually occur with the episodes of sickness. I can't imagine the copula being used with all three verbs. -- Notice the way 'cry' is used transitively.",,,2386, +59-61,59,"lo mu na wali ti lo, ato na mama ni","lo\tmu\tna\twali\tti\tlo,\ta-to\tna\tmama\tni",3SG\tgive\tPREP\twife\tof\t3SG\tPM-cook\tPREP\tmother\tDET,He gave it (the meat) to his wife to prepare for the mother.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"lo mu na wali ti lo, ato na mama ni","lo mu na wali ti lo, a-to na mama ni",3SG give PREP wife of 3SG PM-cook PREP mother DET,,Samarin corpus 1994,,2387, +59-62,59,"mbi lingbi titene, mbi diko ahunzi pepe","mbi\tlingbi\ttitene,\tmbi\tdiko\tahunzi\tpepe",1SG\table\tso.that\t1SG\tcount\tSM.be.finished\tNEG,I can't say that I have listed everything completely.,,This is from a radio broadcast in 1961 or 1962. It may therefore be the translation of a text in French either written in Sango or given extemporaneously.,,,naturalistic spoken,"mbi lingbi titene, mbi diko ahunzi pepe",,1SG able so.that 1SG count SM.be.finished NEG,This is from a radio broadcast in 1961 or 1962. It may therefore be the translation of a text in French either written in Sango or given extemporaneously.,Own knowledge,,2388, +59-63,59,lo ga na ala,lo\tga\tna\tala,3SG\tcome\twith\t3PL,He/she came with them.,,,,,constructed by linguist,lo ga na ala,,3SG come with 3PL,,Own knowledge,,2389, +59-64,59,mbi? mbi hinga ape,mbi?\tmbi\thinga\tape,1SG\t1SG\tknow\tNEG,Me? I don't know.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mbi? mbi hinga ape,,1SG 1SG know NEG,,Own knowledge,,2390, +59-65,59,"lo o, lo hinga ti lo ape","lo\to,\tlo\thinga\tti\tlo\tape",3SG\tPCL\t3SG\tknow\tof\t3SG\tNEG,"Him/her, he/she doesn't know.",,"I seem to recall the use of the particle in this way, but I don't have any confirmation.",,,constructed by linguist,"lo o, lo hinga ti lo ape",,3SG PCL 3SG know of 3SG NEG,"I seem to recall the use of the particle in this way, but I don't have any confirmation.",Own knowledge,,2391, +60-21,60,"na-, o- , a- , e-; to-, bo-, ba-, e-","na-, o- , a- , e-; to-, bo-, ba-, e-",1SG 2SG 3SG.ANIM 3SG.INAN 1PL 2PL 3PL.ANIM 3PL.INAN,"I, you, s/he, it; we, you, they, they",,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,"na-, o- , a- , e-; to-, bo-, ba-, e-",,1SG 2SG 3SG.ANIM 3SG.INAN 1PL 2PL 3PL.ANIM 3PL.INAN,,,,2392, +60-22,60,atángákí,a-táng-ákí,3SG-study-PST,He studied.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,atángákí,a-táng-ákí,3SG-study-PST,,,,2393, +60-123,60,Pierre amónákí yangó yé mókó,Pierre\ta-món-ákí\tyangó\tyé\tmókó,Pierre\t3SG-see-PST\t3SG.INAN\t3SG.ANIM\tone,Pierre saw it himself.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"Pierre amónákí yangó yé mókó",Pierre a-món-ákí yangó yé mókó,Pierre 3SG-see-PST 3SG.INAN 3SG.ANIM one,,Own knowledge,,2394, +62-13,62,énihéye aré,é-ni-he-ye\taré,3SG-OBJ.1SG-arrive-APPL:PRF\tthere,He met me there.,,,,,elicited from speaker,énihéye aré,é-ni-he-ye aré,3SG-OBJ.1SG-arrive-APPL:PRF there,,Own field data 1993,,2395, +63-22,63,íta ázu míle,íta\tázu\tmíle,2SG\twant\tsalt,You want salt.,,,857[171],,naturalistic spoken,íta ázu míle,,2SG want salt,,,,2396, +63-23,63,ána wéza shítim íta,ána\twéza\tshítim\títa,1SG\tcan\tinsult\t2SG,I can insult you.,,,857[172],,naturalistic spoken,ána wéza shítim íta,,1SG can insult 2SG,,,,2397, +64-30,64,íta ásalu íta,íta\tásalu\títa,2SG\task\t2SG,You ask yourself.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"íta ásalu íta",,2SG ask 2SG,,Own knowledge,,2398, +64-31,64,úmon dúgu ána ʃedíd,úmon\tdúgu\tána\tʃedíd,3PL\tbeat\t1SG\thard,They beat me hard.,,,874[147],,naturalistic spoken,úmon dúgu ána ʃedíd,,3PL beat 1SG hard,,,,2399, +64-32,64,úmon kútu ána géni fi síjin taláta yom,úmon\tkútu\tána\tgéni\tfi\tsíjin\ttaláta\tyom,3PL\tput\t1SG\tstay\tin\tprison\tthree\tday,They made me stay in prison for three days.,,Úmon functions as A (transitive agent/subject).,874[148],,naturalistic spoken,úmon kútu ána géni fi síjin taláta yom,,3PL put 1SG stay in prison three day,"Úmon functions as A (transitive agent/subject).",,,2400, +64-33,64,ána haggí de ma biaaddík le úo,ána\thaggí\tde\tma\tbi=a-addí-k\tle\túo,1SG\t[POSS.OBJ.1SG]\tDEM.PROX\tNEG\tIRR=[SBJ.1SG]-give-[OBJ.2SG.M]\tACC\t3SG,I will not give it to you.,,Arabic interference is in brackets.,,,constructed by linguist,ána haggí de ma biaaddík le úo,ána haggí de ma bi=a-addí-k le úo,1SG [POSS.OBJ.1SG] DEM.PROX NEG IRR=[SBJ.1SG]-give-[OBJ.2SG.M] ACC 3SG,Arabic interference is in brackets.,Own knowledge,,2401, +64-34,64,nemʃi nestákal fi betum,ne-mʃi\tne-stákal\tfi\tbet-um,[SBJ.1PL]-go\t[SBJ.1PL]-work\tLOC\thouse-[POSS.3PL.M],We go to work at their place.,,Arabic interference is in brackets.,,,constructed by linguist,nemʃi nestákal fi betum,ne-mʃi ne-stákal fi bet-um,[SBJ.1PL]-go [SBJ.1PL]-work LOC house-[POSS.3PL.M],Arabic interference is in brackets.,Own knowledge,,2402, +65-11,65,Moja pastajana sopəka ʒiwi.,Moja\tpastajana\tsopəka\tʒiwi.,1SG\talways\tmountain\tlive,I permanently live in mountains.,,,60[22],,citation in fiction,Moja pastajana sopəka ʒiwi.,,1SG always mountain live,,,Моя постоянно сопка живи.,2403, +65-36,65,"Malisa astavi, plakaj iwo.","Malisa\tastavi,\tplakaj\tiwo.",small.one\tleave\tcry\t3SG,She would leave the child alone and he would cry.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,1195[237],,naturalistic spoken,"Malisa astavi, plakaj iwo.",,small.one leave cry 3SG,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,,"малиса остави, плакай его.",2404, +66-21,66,Sapa gosama Klumbuna məpi na adatang? Incian.,Sapa\tgo-sama\tKlumbu-na\tmə-pi=na\ta-datang?\tIncian.,who\t1SG-with\tColombo-to\tINF-go=DAT\tPRS-come\t3SG,Who is coming with me to go to Colombo? He is.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Sapa gosama Klumbuna məpi na adatang? Incian.,Sapa go-sama Klumbu-na mə-pi=na a-datang? Incian.,who 1SG-with Colombo-to INF-go=DAT PRS-come 3SG,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,2405, +67-38,67,saya/aku/wa; kita/kitaornag; awak/engkau/lu/lia; luorang; dia; diaorang/diorang,saya/aku/wa;\tkita/kitaornag;\tawak/engkau/lu/lia;\tluorang;\tdia;\tdiaorang/diorang,1SG\t1PL\t2SG\t2PL\t3SG\t3PL,I; we; you; you (PL); he/she/it; they,,,"708[73, 74]",,naturalistic spoken,saya/aku/wa; kita/kitaornag; awak/engkau/lu/lia; luorang; dia; diaorang/diorang,,1SG 1PL 2SG 2PL 3SG 3PL,,,,2406, +67-39,67,"Kalau itu Hokkien, kita cakap Hokkien sama dia la.","Kalau\titu\tHokkien,\tkita\tcakap\tHokkien\tsama\tdia\tla.",If\tDEM\tHokkien\t1PL\tspeak\tHokkien\twith\t3SG\tEMPH,"If that [person] is Hokkien, we talk to him in Hokkien.",,,708[358],,naturalistic spoken,"Kalau itu Hokkien, kita cakap Hokkien sama dia la.",,If DEM Hokkien 1PL speak Hokkien with 3SG EMPH,,,,2407, +68-20,68,Itu beta pung.,Itu\tbeta\tpung.,DEM\t1SG\tPOSS,That one is mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Itu beta pung.,,DEM 1SG POSS,,Own knowledge,,2408, +68-21,68,Beta pung kalsang.,Beta\tpung\tkalsang.,1SG\tPOSS\ttrousers,My trousers.,,,1528[161],,elicited from speaker,Beta pung kalsang.,,1SG POSS trousers,,,,2409, +68-22,68,De blong ada makan.,De\tblong\tada\tmakan.,3SG\tnot.yet\tPROG\teat,He's not eating yet.,,,1528[231],,naturalistic spoken,"De blong ada makan.",,3SG not.yet PROG eat,,,,2410, +68-23,68,beta/bet/be,beta/bet/be,1SG,"me, I",,Only beta is allowed in object position or as a one word sentence. All three forms can occur in subject position.,1178[406],,elicited from speaker,beta/bet/be,,1SG,"Only beta is allowed in object position or as a one word sentence. All three forms can occur in subject position.",,,2411, +68-24,68,ose/os/se; ale/al,ose/os/se;\tale/al,2SG.INFORMAL\t2SG.SBJ.INFORMAL,"you (singular, informal)",,The form al can only occur in subject position. All the other forms can occur in both subject and object position.,1178[406],,elicited from speaker,ose/os/se; ale/al,,2SG.INFORMAL 2SG.SBJ.INFORMAL,"The form al can only occur in subject position. All the other forms can occur in both subject and object position.",,,2412, +68-25,68,dia/di/de; antua/ontua; akang/kang/ang,dia/di/de;\tantua/ontua;\takang/kang/ang,3SG\t3SG.FORMAL\t3SG.N,s/he; she; it,,"The forms di and de can only occur in subject position. All the other forms, with the exception of the third-person singular neuter form akang and its short forms, can occur in both subject and object position or serve as one word sentences. Akang cannot form a one-word sentence at all.",1178[406],,elicited from speaker,dia/di/de; antua/ontua; akang/kang/ang,,3SG 3SG.FORMAL 3SG.N,"The forms di and de can only occur in subject position. All the other forms, with the exception of the third-person singular neuter form akang and its short forms, can occur in both subject and object position or serve as one word sentences. Akang cannot form a one-word sentence at all.",,,2413, +68-26,68,katong/tong,katong/tong,1PL.INCL/1PL.EXCL,we (inclusive or exclusive),,Both forms can occur in subject position. Only katong can occur as an object or one word sentence.,1178[406],,elicited from speaker,katong/tong,,1PL.INCL/1PL.EXCL,"Both forms can occur in subject position. Only katong can occur as an object or one word sentence.",,,2414, +68-27,68,dorang/dong,dorang/dong,2PL/3PL,"you (plural), they",,"Dong is a short form of dorang. Both mean ‘you’ (plural) or ‘they’. Both forms can occur as subjects, objects or one word sentences.",1178[406],,elicited from speaker,dorang/dong,,2PL/3PL,"Dong is a short form of dorang. Both mean ‘you’ (plural) or ‘they’. Both forms can occur as subjects, objects or one word sentences.",,,2415, +69-16,69,ama,ama,1SG,I/me,,This is an independent pronoun.,,,naturalistic spoken,ama,,1SG,This is an independent pronoun.,Own field notes 1985,,2416, +70-23,70,Ham mango tum.,Ham\tmango\ttum.,1SG\tlike/want\t2SG,I like/want you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ham mango tum.,,1SG like/want 2SG,,Siegel-field recording,,2417, +70-24,70,Kon karo? Ham.,Kon\tkaro?\tHam.,who\tdo\t1SG,Who did it? Me.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Kon karo? Ham.,,who do 1SG,,Own knowledge,,2418, +72-29,72,Ma ngali gon jarrei toktok bo nyilarrat jarrei.,Ma\tngali\tgon\tjarrei\ttok~tok\tbo\tnyila-rrat\tjarrei.,OK\t1DU.INCL.POT\tgo\tthat.way\ttalk.RED\tPREP\tthat-PL\tthat.way,OK you and I will go there to talk to that lot over there.,,Full reduplication is used for expressing iterative aspect in a Kriol-derived word. The subject pronoun ai [1SG.S] is a dependent pronoun in that it must occur with the verb.,8,2df1cf0ca384ca0792f0d48fff5e3429,naturalistic spoken,Ma ngali gon jarrei toktok bo nyilarrat jarrei.,Ma ngali gon jarrei tok~tok bo nyila-rrat jarrei.,OK 1DU.INCL.POT go that.way talk.RED PREP that-PL that.way,"Full reduplication is used for expressing iterative aspect in a Kriol-derived word. The subject pronoun ai [1SG.S] is a dependent pronoun in that it must occur with the verb.",,,2419, +72-30,72,An wijantu makin nyilangka? Ngayungku!,An\twijan-tu\tmakin\tnyila-ngka?\tNgayu-ngku!,and\twho-ERG\tsleep\tthat-LOC\tme-ERG,And who sleeps there? Me!,,"In this example, the emphatic pronoun ngayu must be used in response to the question. The speaker cannot use the corresponding dependent pronoun ai or mi.",920[307],,naturalistic spoken,"An wijantu makin nyilangka? Ngayungku!","An wijan-tu makin nyila-ngka? Ngayu-ngku!",and who-ERG sleep that-LOC me-ERG,"In this example, the emphatic pronoun ngayu must be used in response to the question. The speaker cannot use the corresponding dependent pronoun ai or mi.",,,2420, +72-147,72,Dat karungku im rekin dat mukmuk bin kayikayi im.,Dat\tkaru-ngku\tim\trekin\tdat\tmukmuk\tbin\tkayikayi\tim.,the\tkid-ERG\t3SG\tthink\tthe\towl\tPST\tchase\t3SG.OBJ,The kid thought the owl was chasing him.,,,583,369b99b36223fa68319b5f8d5d1f93e2,naturalistic spoken,Dat karungku im rekin dat mukmuk bin kayikayi im.,Dat karu-ngku im rekin dat mukmuk bin kayikayi im.,the kid-ERG 3SG think the owl PST chase 3SG.OBJ,,,,2421, +73-17,73,airga no bishkanichu eltaga,air-ga\tno\tbi-shka-ni-chu\tel-ta-ga,yesterday-TOP\tnot\tsee-EVID-1SG-NEG\t3SG-ACC-TOP,I did not see him yesterday.,,,,,naturalistic adapted,airga no bishkanichu eltaga,air-ga no bi-shka-ni-chu el-ta-ga,yesterday-TOP not see-EVID-1SG-NEG 3SG-ACC-TOP,,Field notes,,2422, +73-25,73,yo xwirti kargani,yo\txwirti\tkarga-ni,1SG\tstrong\tcarry-1SG,I carry a heavy load.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yo xwirti kargani,yo xwirti karga-ni,1SG strong carry-1SG,,Field notes,,2423, +73-26,73,bosga xwirti xuyashka gangi,bos-ga\txwirti\txuya-shka\tga-ngi,2SG-TOP\tvery\tlove-NMLZ\tbe-2SG,You are very nice.,,,,,elicited from speaker,bosga xwirti xuyashka gangi,bos-ga xwirti xuya-shka ga-ngi,2SG-TOP very love-NMLZ be-2SG,,Field notes,,2424, +74-26,74,kámuks mákmak náyka,kámuks\tmákmak\tnáyka,dog\tbite\t1SG,The dog bites me. OR: The dog eats me.,,,,,constructed by linguist,kámuks mákmak náyka,,dog bite 1SG,,Own knowledge,,2425, +74-27,74,náyka,náyka,1SG,"I, me",,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka,,1SG,,Own knowledge,,2426, +74-28,74,náyka tq’iχ kápi,náyka\ttq’iχ\tkápi,1SG\tlike\tcoffee,I like coffee.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka tq’iχ kápi,,1SG like coffee,,Own knowledge,,2427, +74-29,74,na-tl'kup stik,na-tl'kup\tstik,1SG-cut\twood,I cut wood.,,Emphatic nayka is used to stress that I rather than someone else did the cutting.,,,constructed by linguist,na-tl'kup stik,,1SG-cut wood,"Emphatic nayka is used to stress that I rather than someone else did the cutting.",Own knowledge,,2428, +74-30,74,ya,ya,she/he/it,"she, he, it",,,675[41-42],,narrative,ya,,she/he/it,,,,2429, +75-63,75,Ta fiy mitoni gakanaweeyimaaw.,Ta\tfiy\tmitoni\tga-kanaweeyim-aaw.,2SG.POSS\tgirl\tvery\t1.FUT-take.care.of-3.OBJ,I will take care of your daughter very well.,,The ga- prefix is a merged form with the underlying forms ni- 1SG and ka- FUT.,522,,naturalistic spoken,Ta fiy mitoni gakanaweeyimaaw.,Ta fiy mitoni ga-kanaweeyim-aaw.,2SG.POSS girl very 1.FUT-take.care.of-3.OBJ,"The ga- prefix is a merged form with the underlying forms ni- 1SG and ka- FUT.",,,2430, +76-2,76,ōmē'lĭk a'baba ca'vik ka'ili ili'psi,ōmē'lĭk\ta'baba\tca'vik\tka'ili\tili'psi,captain\tsay\tknife\tcome\tyou,The captain orders you to bring him a knife.,,,1442[222],,reconstructed by documentalist,ōmē'lĭk a'baba ca'vik ka'ili ili'psi,,captain say knife come you,,,,2431, +76-27,76,tuktu tautuk picuktu awoña,tuktu\ttautuk\tpicuktu\tawoña,caribou\tsee\twant\tI,I am hunting caribou.,,,1442[231],,reconstructed by documentalist,tuktu tautuk picuktu awoña,,caribou see want I,,,,2432, +76-28,76,awoña,awoña,I,I,,This is an independent personal pronoun.,1442[224],,reconstructed by documentalist,awoña,,I,This is an independent personal pronoun.,,,2433, +76-29,76,ĭllĭpsī,ĭllĭpsī,you,you,,This is an independent personal pronoun.,1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,ĭllĭpsī,,you,This is an independent personal pronoun.,,,2434, +76-30,76,īla,īla,he,"he, she, it",,This is an independent personal pronoun.,1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,īla,,he,This is an independent personal pronoun.,,,2435, +76-31,76,ĭllūĭt,ĭllūĭt,you.SG,you,,This is a rare second person singular independent personal pronoun.,1442[221],,reconstructed by documentalist,ĭllūĭt,,you.SG,This is a rare second person singular independent personal pronoun.,,,2436, +1-57,1,Odi mijn heer hoe fa joe tan gran tanki fo myn heer a komi ja fo loeke da pranasie wan trom.,Odi\tmneri\to=fa\tyu\ttan\tgrantangi\tfu\tmneri\ta\tkon\tdya\tfu\tluku\tda\tpranasi\twan\ttron.,howdy\tmy.lord\twhich=manner\t2SG\tstay\tmany.thanks\tfor\tmy.lord\t3SG.SBJ\tcome\there\tto\tlook\tDET.SG\tplantation\tone\ttime,"Good day, Sir, how are you? Many thanks to Sir, (that) he has come here to look at the plantation on this occasion.",,,1527[93],,written,Odi mijn heer hoe fa joe tan gran tanki fo myn heer a komi ja fo loeke da pranasie wan trom.,Odi mneri o=fa yu tan grantangi fu mneri a kon dya fu luku da pranasi wan tron.,howdy my.lord which=manner 2SG stay many.thanks for my.lord 3SG.SBJ come here to look DET.SG plantation one time,,,,2437,"Dutch: Goeden Dag myn Heer, hoe Vaard uwe al, ik Bedank uw met een dat je zoo goed bent en bekykt de Plantagie eens. [op.cit.]" +1-58,1,"Ju gi assranti na Bakkra? – No, Massra, mi no gi ju assranti.","Yu\tgi\tasranti\tna\tbakra?\t–\tNo,\tmasra,\tmi\tno\tgi\tyu\tasranti.",2SG\tgive\timpertinent\tto\twhiteman\t–\tNEG\tmaster\t1SG\tNEG\tgive\t2SG\timpertinent,"Are you being impertinent with me? – No, master, I'm not being impertinent.",,,1357[8],,written (dictionary),"Ju gi assranti na Bakkra? – No, Massra, mi no gi ju assranti.","Yu gi asranti na bakra? – No, masra, mi no gi yu asranti.",2SG give impertinent to whiteman – NEG master 1SG NEG give 2SG impertinent,,,,2438,"German: Redst du so frech gegen einen Blanken? – Nein, Meister, ich habe keine grobe Reden gegen dich gebraucht. [op.cit.]" +2-46,2,"yu, unu","yu,\tunu",2SG\t2PL,"you(sg.), you(pl.)",,,1587,,unknown,"yu, unu",,2SG 2PL,,,,2439, +3-23,3,I wɛki ɔ?/ Un wɛki ɔ?,I\twɛki\tɔ?/\tUn\twɛki\tɔ?,2SG\tawake\tQ\t2PL\tawake\tQ,How are you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I wɛki ɔ?/ Un wɛki ɔ?,,2SG awake Q 2PL awake Q,,Fieldwork data,,2440, +4-25,4,"Gaanman, u/*i mu yeepi den sama ya.","Gaanman,\tu/*i\tmu\tyeepi\tden\tsama\tya.",paramount.chief\t2PL/2SG\tmust\thelp\tDET.PL\tperson\tDEM,"Chief, you should help these people.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Gaanman, u/*i mu yeepi den sama ya.",,paramount.chief 2PL/2SG must help DET.PL person DEM,,Own observation,,2441, +5-30,5,"yu, a(l)yu","yu,\ta(l)yu",2SG\t2PL,"you (SG), you (PL)",,,,,unspecified,"yu, a(l)yu",,2SG 2PL,,Own knowledge,,2442, +6-19,6,Allyu making sure de lain secure?,Allyu\tmaking\tsure\tde\tlain\tsecure?,2PL\tmake.PROG\tsure\tDET\tline\tsecure,Can you make sure that the line is secure?,,"As 2PL pronouns, allyu and yu can be used interchangeably in Trinidad English Creole. Allyu is more likely to be used in face-threatening situations, for instance, in requests or criticism (Mühleisen 2010b).",,,naturalistic written,Allyu making sure de lain secure?,,2PL make.PROG sure DET line secure,"As 2PL pronouns, allyu and yu can be used interchangeably in Trinidad English Creole. Allyu is more likely to be used in face-threatening situations, for instance, in requests or criticism (Mühleisen 2010b).",Own data,,2443, +7-42,7,yo; yu; aayo; yaal,"yo,\tyu,\taa-yo,\ty-aal",2\t2\tall-2\t2-all,Intimate or non-intimate person(s) addressed.,,Note that in the mesolectal variety there will be an avoidance of aayo and preference for yaal. This is due to register adjustment rather than an intimate/non-intimate distinction.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,yo; yu; aayo; yaal,"yo, yu, aa-yo, y-aal",2 2 all-2 2-all,"Note that in the mesolectal variety there will be an avoidance of aayo and preference for yaal. This is due to register adjustment rather than an intimate/non-intimate distinction.",Own knowledge,,2444, +8-22,8,"Misa Broun, yu no nuo a wa dem a du.","Misa\tBroun,\tyu\tno\tnuo\ta\twa\tdem\ta\tdu.",Mr.\tBrown\t2SG\tNEG\tknow\tFOC\twhat\t3PL\tPROG\tdo,"Mr. Brown, you don't know what they're doing.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Misa Broun, yu no nuo a wa dem a du.",,Mr. Brown 2SG NEG know FOC what 3PL PROG do,,Own knowledge,,2445, +9-37,9,Yu no pas dat ting ataal.,Yu\tno\tpas\tdat\tting\tataal.,2SG\tNEG\tpass\tthat\tthing\tat.all,It's very important that you not overlook that thing.,,,432[34],,naturalistic spoken,Yu no pas dat ting ataal.,,2SG NEG pass that thing at.all,,,,2446, +9-38,9,Wɛn unu kom da town?,Wɛn\tunu\tkom\tda\ttown?,when\t2PL\tcome\tto\ttown,When do you come to town?,,"Unu is required for 2PL, but is not linked to politeness.",429,,naturalistic spoken,Wɛn unu kom da town?,,when 2PL come to town,"Unu is required for 2PL, but is not linked to politeness.",,,2447, +10-25,10,"Yep, hia yu sii a byuuti we baan iina stiebl!","Yep,\thia\tyu\tsii\ta\tbyuuti\twe\tbaan\tiina\tstiebl!",yep\there\t2SG\tsee\tART.INDF\tbeauty\tREL\tgive.birth\tin\tstable,"Yep, here you see a beauty who was born in a stable!",,"In this example, Brother Anansi addresses the king whose daughter he wants to marry.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Yep, hia yu sii a byuuti we baan iina stiebl!",,yep here 2SG see ART.INDF beauty REL give.birth in stable,"In this example, Brother Anansi addresses the king whose daughter he wants to marry.",Unpublished field recordings,,2448, +10-26,10,yu,yu,2SG,you,,,,,constructed by linguist,yu,,2SG,,Own knowledge,,2449, +11-30,11,Bot yu kyaan taak.,Bot\tyu\tkyaan\ttaak.,but\t2SG\tcan.NEG\ttalk,But you mustn’t tell anyone.,,"In this example, an ordinary man addresses the King’s wife.",1054,,naturalistic spoken,Bot yu kyaan taak.,,but 2SG can.NEG talk,"In this example, an ordinary man addresses the King’s wife.",,,2450, +12-30,12,"I say, de Lord be wid yinna.","I\tsay,\tde\tLord\tbe\twid\tyinna.",1SG.SBJ\tsay\tART\tLord\tCOP\twith\t2PL.OBJ,I say the Lord be with you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I say, de Lord be wid yinna.",,1SG.SBJ say ART Lord COP with 2PL.OBJ,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2451, +12-31,12,"And then my sister holler out say, You see what I tell you-all, I tell you-all something was go happen through here.","And\tthen\tmy\tsister\tholler\tout\tsay,\tYou\tsee\twhat\tI\ttell\tyou-all,\tI\ttell\tyou-all\tsomething\twas\tgo\thappen\tthrough\there.",and\tthen\t1SG.POSS\tsister\tcry[PFV]\tout\tCOMP\t2PL.SBJ\tsee\twhat\t1SG.SBJ\ttell.PFV\t2PL.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\ttell[PFV]\t2PL.OBJ\tsomething\tCOP.PST\tFUT\thappen\tthrough\there,"And then my sister cried out, You see what I told you! I told you something was going to happen here.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And then my sister holler out say, You see what I tell you-all, I tell you-all something was go happen through here.",,and then 1SG.POSS sister cry[PFV] out COMP 2PL.SBJ see what 1SG.SBJ tell.PFV 2PL.OBJ 1SG.SBJ tell[PFV] 2PL.OBJ something COP.PST FUT happen through here,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2452, +13-28,13,unna,unna,2,you,,,1500[227],,naturalistic spoken,unna,,2,,,,2453, +14-19,14,"If you don't do nothing but farm work, your social security don't be nothing.","If\tyou\tdon't\tdo\tnothing\tbut\tfarm\twork,\tyour\tsocial\tsecurity\tdon't\tbe\tnothing.",if\tyou\tdo.NEG\tdo\tnothing\tbut\tfarm\twork\tyour\tsocial\tsecurity\tdo.NEG\tbe\tnothing,"If you only do farm work, then your social security usually isn't very much.",,,576[77],,naturalistic spoken,"If you don't do nothing but farm work, your social security don't be nothing.",,if you do.NEG do nothing but farm work your social security do.NEG be nothing,,,,2454, +15-29,15,yu; una/unu,yu;\tuna/unu,2SG\t2PL,you (singular); you (plural),,There is no politeness distinction.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,yu; una/unu,,2SG 2PL,There is no politeness distinction.,Own knowledge,,2455, +17-21,17,Yù dè tek ègúsí prìpyár sup.,Yù\tdè\ttek\tègúsí\tprìpyár\tsup.,2SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\ttake\tègúsí\tprepare\tsoup,You (both polite and informal) prepare soup with ègúsí (a vegetable).,,,,,constructed by linguist,Yù dè tek ègúsí prìpyár sup.,,2SG.SBJ NCOMPL take ègúsí prepare soup,,Own knowledge,,2456, +19-29,19,yù; yu; ùna/ùnu,yù;\tyu;\tùna/ùnu,2SG\t2SG.EMPH\t2PL,you; you (emphatic); you (PL),,,1634[179],,constructed by linguist,yù; yu; ùna/ùnu,,2SG 2SG.EMPH 2PL,,,,2457, +23-39,23,yu no save shopping blong ol man wetem blong yu,yu\tno\tsave\tshopping\tblong\tol\tman\twetem\tblong\tyu,2SG\tNEG\tcan\tshopping\tPOSS\tPL\tman\twith\tPOSS\t2SG,You can't do everyone else's shopping and yours.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"yu no save shopping blong ol man wetem blong yu",,2SG NEG can shopping POSS PL man with POSS 2SG,,,,2458, +23-40,23,be i gud yufala i talem olsem,be\ti\tgud\tyufala\ti\ttalem\tolsem,but\tAGR\tgood\t2PL\tAGR\ttell\tlike,But it's good you tell (me) this.,,"Reconstructed from a conversation two men had in front of me (but which was not recorded). The addressee was the speaker's classificatory uncle, hence the appropriateness of yufala (normally a plural pronoun) in addressing an individual.",1723[237],,constructed by linguist,be i gud yufala i talem olsem,,but AGR good 2PL AGR tell like,"Reconstructed from a conversation two men had in front of me (but which was not recorded). The addressee was the speaker's classificatory uncle, hence the appropriateness of yufala (normally a plural pronoun) in addressing an individual.",,,2459, +25-121,25,Wots rong yu gata hedeik?,Wots\trong\tyu\tgata\thedeik?,what's\twrong\t2SG\tgot\theadache,Why do you have a headache?,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an expression for 'headache' and the invariable 2nd person singular pronoun yu.",,,naturalistic spoken,Wots rong yu gata hedeik?,,what's wrong 2SG got headache,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an expression for 'headache' and the invariable 2nd person singular pronoun yu.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2460, +27-18,27,Mi sa ko tre di it fa di gron fo ju.,Mi\tsa\tko\ttre\tdi\tit\tfa\tdi\tgron\tfo\tju.,1SG\twill\tcome\tpull\tDET\tout\tof\tDET\tground\tfor\t2SG,I will come and pull them out of the ground for you.,,"The person addressed in this sentence is a king. Therefore I regard the 2SG pronoun here as a polite one. In any other case (between friends, parents etc.) also this same pronoun (ju) is used.",355[58],,elicited from speaker,Mi sa ko tre di it fa di gron fo ju.,,1SG will come pull DET out of DET ground for 2SG,"The person addressed in this sentence is a king. Therefore I regard the 2SG pronoun here as a polite one. In any other case (between friends, parents etc.) also this same pronoun (ju) is used.",,,2461, +29-26,29,"jy, julle vs. u","jy,\tjulle\tvs.\tu",2SG.NOM\t2PL\tvs.\t2.POL,"you (SG and PL) vs. you (SG and PL, polite)",,"'U' is generally avoided as it is very formal. In the plural form, it is a marker of even more formal situations (Donaldson 1993: 126). For polite address, the language also uses titles like Pa, Ma, Oom, Tannie, Dr, Meneer, Mevrou, etc. ('Dad', 'Mum', 'Uncle', 'Auntie', 'Dr', 'Mr', 'Mrs' etc.)",,,naturalistic spoken,"jy, julle vs. u",,2SG.NOM 2PL vs. 2.POL,"'U' is generally avoided as it is very formal. In the plural form, it is a marker of even more formal situations (Donaldson 1993: 126). For polite address, the language also uses titles like Pa, Ma, Oom, Tannie, Dr, Meneer, Mevrou, etc. ('Dad', 'Mum', 'Uncle', 'Auntie', 'Dr', 'Mr', 'Mrs' etc.)",Own knowledge,,2462, +29-27,29,{Jy/U/Oom} moet {jou/u/Oom} gedra.,{Jy/U/Oom}\tmoet\t{jou/u/Oom}\tgedra.,{2SG.NOM/2.POL/Uncle}\tmust\t{2SG/2.POL/Uncle}\tbehave,"You should behave yourself, (Sir).",,,1226[39-40],,naturalistic spoken,{Jy/U/Oom} moet {jou/u/Oom} gedra.,,{2SG.NOM/2.POL/Uncle} must {2SG/2.POL/Uncle} behave,,,,2463, +29-28,29,Sy lyk te pragtig in daardie rok!,Sy\tlyk\tte\tpragtig\tin\tdaardie\trok!,she\tlooks\ttoo\tbeautiful\tin\tthat\tdress,"Madam, you look too beautiful in that dress!",,Shop assistants and those in service industries use this form very commonly.,,,naturalistic spoken,Sy lyk te pragtig in daardie rok!,,she looks too beautiful in that dress,Shop assistants and those in service industries use this form very commonly.,Own knowledge,,2464, +30-39,30,"Abo bu ta fika, anho nhu pode bai.","A-bo\tbu=ta=fika,\ta-nho\tnhu=pode\tbai.",TOP-2SG.INDP\t2SG.DEP=IPFV=stay\tTOP-2SG.POL.M.INDP\t2SG.POL.M.DEP=can\tgo,"You (SG) stay, you (SG.M.POLITE) can go.",,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Abo bu ta fika, anho nhu pode bai.","A-bo bu=ta=fika, a-nho nhu=pode bai.",TOP-2SG.INDP 2SG.DEP=IPFV=stay TOP-2SG.POL.M.INDP 2SG.POL.M.DEP=can go,,,,2465,"German: Du bleibst, Sie (SG.M.POLITE) können gehen." +30-40,30,"[...], bu átxa ma N ta xinti koráji di dexa bo ku Bina, nhos dos txaskan, bá bádju funson la Pédra Badexu?","[...]\tbu=átxa\tma=N=ta=xinti\tkoráji\tdi=dexa\tbo\tku=Bina,\tnhos\tdos\ttxaskan,\tbá\tbádju\tfunson\tla=Pédra\tBadexu?",[...]\t2SG=think\tCOMP=1SG=IPFV=feel\tcourage\tof=let\t2SG.INDP\twith=Bina\t2PL.INDP\ttwo\talone\tgo\tdance\tevent\tto=Pédra\tBadexu,"So you think that I have the courage to let you and Bina, you two alone, go to the dance event to Pédra Badexu?",,,784[s.v. bádju],,naturalistic spoken,"[...], bu átxa ma N ta xinti koráji di dexa bo ku Bina, nhos dos txaskan, bá bádju funson la Pédra Badexu?","[...] bu=átxa ma=N=ta=xinti koráji di=dexa bo ku=Bina, nhos dos txaskan, bá bádju funson la=Pédra Badexu?",[...] 2SG=think COMP=1SG=IPFV=feel courage of=let 2SG.INDP with=Bina 2PL.INDP two alone go dance event to=Pédra Badexu,,,,2466,"German: Du glaubst also, dass ich so kühn bin, dich und Bina, euch beide ganz alleine, zu der Tanzveranstaltung nach Pédra Badexu gehen zu lassen?" +31-42,31,"Jisus ta bensua nha, ta kunpanha nha.","Jisus\tta\tbensua\tnha,\tta\tkunpanha\tnha.",Jesus\tTAM\tbless\tyou\tTAM\taccompany\tyou,May Jesus bless you and be with you.,,"There is a generational gap where older people use the polite form nho and nha as 'you' as opposed to bu (informal 'you'). Younger people may say sinhor Paiva 'sinhor Paiva' addressing an individual using a third person nominal like sinhor or sinhora. The younger generation rarely uses the polite forms nho, nha.",663,,naturalistic spoken,"Jisus ta bensua nha, ta kunpanha nha.",,Jesus TAM bless you TAM accompany you,"There is a generational gap where older people use the polite form nho and nha as 'you' as opposed to bu (informal 'you'). Younger people may say sinhor Paiva 'sinhor Paiva' addressing an individual using a third person nominal like sinhor or sinhora. The younger generation rarely uses the polite forms nho, nha.",,,2467, +31-43,31,"Pa Deus da nha bon trabadju, pa nha rasebedu sabi.","Pa\tDeus\tda\tnha\tbon\ttrabadju,\tpa\tnha\trasebedu\tsabi.",for\tGod\tgive\tyou\tgood\twork\tfor\tyou\treceived\twell,May God give you good work and may you be welcomed.,,,663,,naturalistic spoken,"Pa Deus da nha bon trabadju, pa nha rasebedu sabi.",,for God give you good work for you received well,,,,2468, +32-24,32,"bo, bosê","bo,\tbosê",2SG.INTIM\t2SG.POL,"you (intimate), you (polite)",,,,,constructed by linguist,"bo, bosê",,2SG.INTIM 2SG.POL,,Own knowledge,,2469,"Portuguese: tu, o senhor/a senhora" +32-25,32,"bzot, bosês","bzot,\tbosês",2PL.INTIM\t2PL.POL,"you (intimate), you (polite)",,,,,constructed by linguist,"bzot, bosês",,2PL.INTIM 2PL.POL,,Own knowledge,,2470,"Portuguese: vocês, senhores/senhoras" +33-32,33,bu kume?,bu\tkume?,2SG\teat.PST,Did you eat?,,This is informal register.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,bu kume?,,2SG eat.PST,This is informal register.,Own knowledge,,2471,Portuguese: Comeste? +33-33,33,Nhu kume?,Nh-u\tkume?,2SG-M\teat.PST,Did you eat (Sir)?,,"Polite. Nhu is not a noun, but can be used to call a person: Nhu! Nhu bin! 'Sir, please come.'",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Nhu kume?,Nh-u kume?,2SG-M eat.PST,"Polite. Nhu is not a noun, but can be used to call a person: Nhu! Nhu bin! 'Sir, please come.'",Own knowledge,,2472,Portuguese: Você/ o senhor comeu? +34-84,34,Bu ka kantá.,Bu\tka\tø\tkantá.,2SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\tsing,You did not sing.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bu ka kantá.","Bu ka ø kantá.",2SG.SBJ NEG PFV sing,,Own knowledge,,2473, +35-36,35,Bô mêsê pa bô be bô?,Bô\tmêsê\tpa\tbô\tbe\tbô?,2SG\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tgo\tREFL,Do you want to go?,,,,,elicited from speaker,Bô mêsê pa bô be bô?,,2SG want COMP 2SG go REFL,,Own data,,2474, +35-37,35,Sun mêsê pa sun be sun?,Sun\tmêsê\tpa\tsun\tbe\tsun?,you\twant\tfor\tyou\tgo\tREFL,"Do you (masc., formal) want to go?",,The feminine counterpart of sun is san.,,,elicited from speaker,Sun mêsê pa sun be sun?,,you want for you go REFL,"The feminine counterpart of sun is san.",Own data,,2475, +36-21,36,O ma m bi kai Kompa [...] a Kompa tha pê?,O\tma\tm\tbi\tkai\tKompa\t[...]\ta\tKompa\ttha\tpê?,hour\tREL\t1SG\tcome\thouse\tfriend\t[...]\twhere\tfriend\tbe\tput,"When I came to your house, [...] where were you?",,,901[62],,naturalistic spoken,"O ma m bi kai Kompa [...] a Kompa tha pê?",,hour REL 1SG come house friend [...] where friend be put,,,,2476,"French: Lorsque je suis venu chez vous, [...] où étiez-vous?" +36-22,36,A tha ku ê kikiê bêndê?,A\ttha\tku\tê\tkikiê\tbêndê?,INDF\tbe\twith\t3SG\tfish\tsell,Do you have some fish to sell?,,,901[62],,elicited from speaker,A tha ku ê kikiê bêndê?,,INDF be with 3SG fish sell,,,,2477,French: Avez-vous du poisson à vendre? +37-25,37,Kasô Sun mêê Sun maxi dêkê mosa Sun.,Kasô\tSun\tmêê\tSun\tmaxi\tdêkê\tmosa\tSun.,dog\tSir\tlove\tSir\tmore\tthan\tgirl\tSir,Your dog loves you more than your wife does.,,,905[58],,naturalistic spoken,"Kasô Sun mêê Sun maxi dêkê mosa Sun.",,dog Sir love Sir more than girl Sir,,,,2478, +39-43,39,Nə saykəl uncle tiŋ vay.,Nə\tsaykəl\t\tt-iŋ\tvay.,LOC\tbicycle\tuncle\tIPFV-PST\tgo.INF,You (uncle) were going by bicycle.,,Uncle is taken from English.,221[147],,naturalistic spoken,Nə saykəl uncle tiŋ vay.,"Nə saykəl <uncle> t-iŋ vay.",LOC bicycle uncle IPFV-PST go.INF,"Uncle is taken from English.",,,2479, +39-44,39,"Use uki kɛr, uncle?","Use\tuki\tkɛr,\t?",2\twhat\twant.NPST\tuncle,"What do you want, uncle?",,Uncle is taken from English.,218,,naturalistic spoken,"Use uki kɛr, uncle?","Use uki kɛr, <uncle>?",2 what want.NPST uncle,"Uncle is taken from English.",,,2480, +40-27,40,"use, puse","use,\tpuse",2SG.FORMAL\tOBJ.2SG.FORMAL,you (formal),,,"265[103, 106, 108]",,elicited from speaker,"use, puse",,2SG.FORMAL OBJ.2SG.FORMAL,,,,2481, +40-28,40,"udzo, pudzo","udzo,\tpudzo",2PL\tOBJ.2PL,you (formal),,"In Korlai, sometimes the 2PL form (udzo, pudzo) is used to indicate a higher degree of formality. Thus, there are three degrees of formality in the pronominal system: informal: wɔ, pɔrɔ; formal: use, puse; and very formal: udzo, pudzo.","265[103, 106, 108]",,elicited from speaker,"udzo, pudzo",,2PL OBJ.2PL,"In Korlai, sometimes the 2PL form (udzo, pudzo) is used to indicate a higher degree of formality. Thus, there are three degrees of formality in the pronominal system: informal: wɔ, pɔrɔ; formal: use, puse; and very formal: udzo, pudzo.",,,2482, +41-32,41,liimpu bistiidu buniitu oondi boos tandaa?,liimpu\tbistiidu\tbuniitu\toondi\tboos\tta-andaa?,clean\tclothing\tpretty\twhere\t2SG\tPRS-go,Where do you think you're going all gussied up like that?,,(This was said by a mother talking to her daughter.),1416[5567],,written (poetic),liimpu bistiidu buniitu oondi boos tandaa?,liimpu bistiidu buniitu oondi boos ta-andaa?,clean clothing pretty where 2SG PRS-go,(This was said by a mother talking to her daughter.),,,2483, +41-33,41,prumeer botussu tɛɛrantu taam istiley mee lotiɲam,prumeer\tbotus-su\ttɛɛra-ntu\ttaam\tisti=ley\tmee\tlotiɲam,formerly\t2.HON-GEN\tcountry-LOC\talso\tthis=like\tFOC\tFUT.be.PRF,"Formerly in your country, too, it would have been like this.",,,1416[4061],,naturalistic spoken,"prumeer botussu tɛɛrantu taam istiley mee lotiɲam",prumeer botus-su tɛɛra-ntu taam isti=ley mee lotiɲam,formerly 2.HON-GEN country-LOC also this=like FOC FUT.be.PRF,,,,2484, +41-34,41,etus siɲoor juuntu tapapiyaa lingvaay siɲoorpa lointinda?,[etus\tsiɲoor\tjuuntu\tta-papiyaa]\tlingvaay\tsiɲoor-pa\tlo-intinda?,[3PL.HON\tgentleman\twith\tPRS-speak]\tlanguage\tgentleman-DAT\tFUT-understand,Do you understand the language they speak to you?,,Siɲoor is a noun. E.g. it may be preceded by a determiner: isti siɲoor 'this gentleman'.,1416[2818],,naturalistic spoken,etus siɲoor juuntu tapapiyaa lingvaay siɲoorpa lointinda?,[etus siɲoor juuntu ta-papiyaa] lingvaay siɲoor-pa lo-intinda?,[3PL.HON gentleman with PRS-speak] language gentleman-DAT FUT-understand,"Siɲoor is a noun. E.g. it may be preceded by a determiner: isti siɲoor 'this gentleman'.",,,2485, +42-30,42,"bos, bolotu","bos,\tbolotu",2SG\t2PL,"you (SG), you (PL)",,,122[53],,elicited from speaker,"bos, bolotu",,2SG 2PL,,,,2486, +44-30,44,bo,bo,2SG.FAM,you (familiar),,,,,constructed by linguist,bo,,2SG.FAM,,Own knowledge,,2487, +44-31,44,tédi,tédi,2SG.POL,you (polite),,,,,constructed by linguist,tédi,,2SG.POL,,Own knowledge,,2488, +45-21,45,bo,bo,2SG.intimate,you (intimate),,,426[14],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,bo,,2SG.intimate,,,,2489, +45-22,45,tu,tu,2SG.familiar,you (familiar),,,426[183],,written,tu,,2SG.familiar,,,,2490, +45-23,45,uste(d),uste(d),2SG.polite,you (polite),,,426[186],,written,uste(d),,2SG.polite,,,,2491, +46-40,46,(e)bó(s),(e)bó(s),2SG,you,,This is a very intimate form of address.,,,naturalistic spoken,(e)bó(s),,2SG,This is a very intimate form of address.,Own knowledge,,2492, +46-41,46,tu,tu,you,you,,This is the unmarked form of address. There is also the common (also unmarked) pronoun ka which is especially used by younger speakers. It is the short form borrowed from Philippine languages such as Cebuano or Tagalog (full form ikáw).,,,naturalistic spoken,tu,,you,"This is the unmarked form of address. There is also the common (also unmarked) pronoun ka which is especially used by younger speakers. It is the short form borrowed from Philippine languages such as Cebuano or Tagalog (full form ikáw).",Own knowledge,,2493, +46-42,46,ustéd,ustéd,you,you,,Ustéd mostly occurs in formal contexts and in written texts.,,,naturalistic written,ustéd,,you,"Ustéd mostly occurs in formal contexts and in written texts.",Own knowledge,,2494, +46-43,46,kamó,kamó,2PL,you,,This frequent and unmarked pronoun derives from a Malayo-Polynesian language.,,,naturalistic spoken,kamó,,2PL,This frequent and unmarked pronoun derives from a Malayo-Polynesian language.,Own knowledge,,2495, +46-44,46,ustédes,ustédes,2PL,you (polite),,Ustédes mostly occurs in formal contexts (e.g. TV news) and written texts.,,,naturalistic written,ustédes,,2PL,"Ustédes mostly occurs in formal contexts (e.g. TV news) and written texts.",Own knowledge,,2496, +47-36,47,Shon warda kurpa.,Shon\twarda\tkurpa.,Sir/Madam\tkeep\tbody,You should be careful [of the cold weather].,,The source is Henriquez (1954). The translation is mine.,898[394],,literary source,Shon warda kurpa.,,Sir/Madam keep body,The source is Henriquez (1954). The translation is mine.,,,2497, +47-37,47,Shon por yuda mi un ratu?,Shon\tpor\tyuda\tmi\tun\tratu?,Sir/Madam\tbe.able\thelp\t1SG\tINDF\twhile,Could you help me please?,,The translation is mine.,694[292],,published source,Shon por yuda mi un ratu?,,Sir/Madam be.able help 1SG INDF while,The translation is mine.,,,2498, +47-38,47,Roberto tin Roberto su buki?,Roberto\ttin\tRoberto\tsu\tbuki?,Roberto\thave\tRoberto\tPOSS\tbook,Do you have your book? (Literally: Does Roberto have Roberto's book?),,"The use of the name of the addressee in this construction represents the use of nouns as 2nd person forms discussed under Feature 18 ""Politeness distinctions in second person pronouns"".",151[64],,published source,Roberto tin Roberto su buki?,,Roberto have Roberto POSS book,"The use of the name of the addressee in this construction represents the use of nouns as 2nd person forms discussed under Feature 18 ""Politeness distinctions in second person pronouns"".",,,2499, +48-26,48,¡Uté ~ bo ta loko!,¡Uté\t~\tbo\tta\tloko!,you.SG\t~\tyou.SG\tbe\tcrazy,You (sg.) are crazy.,,"Note that Palenquero bo 'you.SG' often alternates with uté (derived from the Spanish ""polite"" form usted). However, in Palenquero, this alternation seems free, and has no semantic consequences. That is, bo and uté can both be formal and/or informal. Uté is thus not identical to Spanish usted.",,,naturalistic spoken,¡Uté ~ bo ta loko!,,you.SG ~ you.SG be crazy,"Note that Palenquero bo 'you.SG' often alternates with uté (derived from the Spanish ""polite"" form usted). However, in Palenquero, this alternation seems free, and has no semantic consequences. That is, bo and uté can both be formal and/or informal. Uté is thus not identical to Spanish usted.",Recorded by author,,2500,Spanish: ¡Usted ~ vos está loco/loca! +48-27,48,¡Utere ~ enú ta loko!,¡Utere\t~\tenú\tta\tloko!,you.PL\t~\tyou.PL\tbe\tcrazy,You (pl.) are crazy.,,"Utere is the normal form; enú (same meaning as utere) was highly archaic by the 1980s, but has undergone revitalization, as it is now recognized in the community as an ""African"" feature that has special sociolinguistic value. Enú is now used by younger Palenqueros who wish to display their (supposed) ""deep knowledge"" of the creole. Enú is derived from Kikongo, as shown in Schwegler (2002b: 185).",,,naturalistic spoken,¡Utere ~ enú ta loko!,,you.PL ~ you.PL be crazy,"Utere is the normal form; enú (same meaning as utere) was highly archaic by the 1980s, but has undergone revitalization, as it is now recognized in the community as an ""African"" feature that has special sociolinguistic value. Enú is now used by younger Palenqueros who wish to display their (supposed) ""deep knowledge"" of the creole. Enú is derived from Kikongo, as shown in Schwegler (2002b: 185).",Recorded by author,,2501,Spanish: ¡Ustedes están locos/locas! +49-43,49,W ap voye l ban nou.,W\tap\tvoye\tl\tban\tnou.,2SG\tINACC\tsend\t3SG\tgive\t1PL,You will send it to us.,,,1462[131],,naturalistic spoken,W ap voye l ban nou.,,2SG INACC send 3SG give 1PL,,,,2502,French: Tu nous l'enverras. +50-30,50,Ou ni chans.,Ou\tni\tchans.,2SG\thave\tluck,You are lucky.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ou ni chans.,,2SG have luck,,Own fieldwork,,2503, +51-30,51,Ou ni chans.,Ou\tni\tchans.,2SG\thave\tluck,You are lucky.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ou ni chans.,,2SG have luck,,Own fieldwork,,2504, +52-20,52,mo di to,mo\tdi\tto,I\ttell\tyou,I tell you (SG),,To 'you (SG)' is used in conversations between intimates.,,,naturalistic spoken,mo di to,,I tell you,"To 'you (SG)' is used in conversations between intimates.",Own knowledge,,2505, +52-21,52,mo di ou,mo\tdi\tou,I\ttell\tyou,I tell you (SG),,Ou 'you (SG)' is used in conversations between non-intimates.,,,naturalistic spoken,mo di ou,,I tell you,"Ou 'you (SG)' is used in conversations between non-intimates.",Own knowledge,,2506, +53-62,53,M a dòn vou enn pyas pou li.,M\ta\tdòn\tvou\tenn\tpyas\tpou\tli.,1SG\tFUT\tgive\t2SG.POL\tART.INDF\tdollar\tfor\t3SG,I will give you one dollar for it.,,This was said by a black person speaking to a white person.,1048[169],,naturalistic spoken,M a dòn vou enn pyas pou li.,,1SG FUT give 2SG.POL ART.INDF dollar for 3SG,This was said by a black person speaking to a white person.,,,2507, +54-33,54,"Mon garson, i di, ou i em byin mon fiy?","Mon\tgarson,\ti\tdi,\tou\ti\tem\tbyen\tmon\tfiy?",1SG.POSS\tboy\tFIN\tsay\t2SG\tFIN\tlove\twell\t1SG.POSS\tdaughter,"Young man, he says, do you love my daughter?",,,110[56],,naturalistic spoken,"Mon garson, i di, ou i em byin mon fiy?","Mon garson, i di, ou i em byen mon fiy?",1SG.POSS boy FIN say 2SG FIN love well 1SG.POSS daughter,,,,2508,"French: Mon garçon, dit-il, tu aimes (bien) ma fille?" +54-34,54,Ousa ti arèt toué?,Ousa\tti\taret\ttwe?,where\t2SG.FIN\tstay\t2SG,Where do you live?,,The 2SG forms t/twe (SBJ) and atwe (OBL) are described as obsolete or stylistically marked by Chaudenson (1974: 333). In the example quoted here ti and twe probably express familiarity.,229[44],,naturalistic spoken,Ousa ti arèt toué?,Ousa ti aret twe?,where 2SG.FIN stay 2SG,"The 2SG forms t/twe (SBJ) and atwe (OBL) are described as obsolete or stylistically marked by Chaudenson (1974: 333). In the example quoted here ti and twe probably express familiarity.",,,2509,"French: Où est-ce que tu habites, toi?" +55-31,55,"to, twa, u, zot","to,\ttwa,\tu,\tzot",2SGINTIM.SBJ\t2SG.INTIM.SBJ\t2SG.POL\t2PL,"you, you, you, you",,"To/twa are familiar, u is polite/respectful.",,,naturalistic spoken,"to, twa, u, zot",,2SGINTIM.SBJ 2SG.INTIM.SBJ 2SG.POL 2PL,"To/twa are familiar, u is polite/respectful.",Own knowledge,,2510, +55-32,55,to/ou pou vini demin?,to/ou\tpou\tvini\tdemin?,2SG\tMOD\tcome\ttomorrow,Will you come tomorrow?,,,770,,elicited from speaker,to/ou pou vini demin?,,2SG MOD come tomorrow,,,,2511, +57-117,57,ta ule kwa?,ta\tule\tkwa?,2SG\twant\twhat,What do you want?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ta ule kwa?,,2SG want what,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,2512, +59-66,59,"mo ma awe, mama?","mo\tma\tawe,\tmama?",2SG\thear\talready\tmother,"Did you understand, Mother?",,The rising intonation contour for the question occurs on the last syllable of the clause ending with awe.,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"mo ma awe, mama?",,2SG hear already mother,"The rising intonation contour for the question occurs on the last syllable of the clause ending with awe.",,,2513, +59-67,59,"mama, ala de ti lango ape?!","mama,\tala\tde\tti\tlango\tape?!",mother\t2PL\tcontinue\tof\tsleep\tNEG,"Mother, haven't you fallen asleep yet?!",,"Something like this is the correct meaning although lo de ti lango means 'he/she is still sleeping'. +Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.",,,naturalistic spoken,"mama, ala de ti lango ape?!",,mother 2PL continue of sleep NEG,"Something like this is the correct meaning although lo de ti lango means 'he/she is still sleeping'. +Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.",Samarin corpus 1994,,2514, +59-68,59,"i na mama, i ga","i\tna\tmama,\ti\tga",1PL\tand\tmother\t1PL\tcome,Mother and I came.,,,1320[140],,naturalistic spoken,"i na mama, i ga",,1PL and mother 1PL come,,,,2515, +60-23,60,yó; bínó,yó;\tbínó,2SG\t2PL,you (intimate); you (polite),,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,yó; bínó,,2SG 2PL,,,,2516, +61-61,61,Mina buka wena.,Mina\tbuka\twena.,I\tsee\tyou,I see you. OR: I'm looking at you.,,,1495,,constructed by linguist,Mina buka wena.,,I see you,,,,2517, +63-24,63,íta ázu míle; British gu-ása: íta ázu súnu?,íta\tázu\tmíle;\tBritish\tgu-ása:\títa\tázu\tsúnu?,2SG\twant\tsalt\tBritish\tTAM-ask\t2SG\twant\twhat,"You want salt. The British officers asked him: ""What do you want?""",,,,,naturalistic spoken,íta ázu míle; British gu-ása: íta ázu súnu?,,2SG want salt British TAM-ask 2SG want what,,Own fieldwork,,2518, +65-37,65,"Kapitana, waʃa ni kasajs'a!","Kapitána,\tváša\tni\tkasájsia!",captain\t2PL\tNEG\tconcern,"It is none of your business, sir.",,'Captain' (kapitan) was the usual form of a polite address to a man of European origin.,671[167],,elicited from speaker,"Kapitana, waʃa ni kasajs'a!","Kapitána, váša ni kasájsia!",captain 2PL NEG concern,"'Captain' (kapitan) was the usual form of a polite address to a man of European origin.",,,2519, +66-22,66,Lu ebiilang (aða) attu buttul. / Lorang ebiilang (aða) attu buttul.,Lu e-biilang (aða) attu buttul. / Lorang e-biilang (aða) attu buttul.,2SG.INFORMAL ASP-say (AUX) one correct   2SG.FORMAL ASP-say (AUX) one correct,What you have said is correct.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Lu ebiilang (aða) attu buttul. / Lorang ebiilang (aða) attu buttul.,Lu e-biilang (aða) attu buttul. / Lorang e-biilang (aða) attu buttul.,2SG.INFORMAL ASP-say (AUX) one correct 2SG.FORMAL ASP-say (AUX) one correct,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,2520, +67-40,67,awak/engkau; lu/lia,awak/engkau;\tlu/lia,2SG\t2SG,you (polite but distant); you (rude but intimate),,,708[74],,naturalistic spoken,awak/engkau; lu/lia,,2SG 2SG,,,,2521, +67-41,67,"Sekejap lagi balek, awak bole pas ka?","Sekejap\tlagi\tbalek,\tawak\tbole\tpas\tka?",a.while\tmore\treturn\t2SG\tcan\tpass\tQ,"[I] will come back after a while, is that fine with you (lit. can you allow [me])?",,,708[363],,naturalistic spoken,"Sekejap lagi balek, awak bole pas ka?",,a.while more return 2SG can pass Q,,,,2522, +68-28,68,"Ose nanti, seng ampas, ose tra ampas lei!","Ose\tnanti,\tseng\tampas,\tose\ttra\tampas\tlei!",2SG\twait\tNEG\twaste\t2SG\tNEG\twaste\talso,"You just wait, nothing, not even a trace of you will remain! OR: I won't spare you at all!",,The sense conveyed by the pronoun choice and wording is one of impoliteness.,1528[276],,naturalistic spoken,"Ose nanti, seng ampas, ose tra ampas lei!",,2SG wait NEG waste 2SG NEG waste also,The sense conveyed by the pronoun choice and wording is one of impoliteness.,,,2523, +73-27,73,bos,bos,you,you (familiar),,,557[95],,naturalistic spoken,bos,,you,,,,2524, +73-28,73,ustí,ustí,you,you (polite),,,557[95],,naturalistic spoken,ustí,,you,,,,2525, +73-29,73,bos,bos,you,you (2SG),,,1033[58],,naturalistic spoken,bos,,you,,,,2526, +1-59,1,Hoe zomma kalle mi.,O=soma\tkari\tmi.,Q=person\tcall\t1SG,Who's calling me?,,The question word is (hu-)soma; the question element hu/o is not always present with the interrogative 'who'.,1527[23],,written,Hoe zomma kalle mi.,O=soma kari mi.,Q=person call 1SG,"The question word is (hu-)soma; the question element hu/o is not always present with the interrogative 'who'.",,,2527,Dutch: Wie roept myn. [op.cit.] +1-60,1,(hu)-soma; (hu)san(i); hu-ple(si)/pre/pe; hu-ten; (hu)-fa(si),(hu)=soma;\t(hu)=san(i);\thu=ple(si)/pre/pe;\thu=ten;\t(hu)=fa(si),(Q)=person\t(Q)=thing\tQ=place\tQ=time\t(Q)=manner,who; what; where; when; how (why),,"The question element hu, or o, cannot appear on its own; it may precede an open class content word (adjective, noun), or be part of a compound interrogative. With the interrogatives 'who', 'what', and, exceptionally, 'how', the question particle may be absent.",183[145],,constructed by linguist,(hu)-soma; (hu)san(i); hu-ple(si)/pre/pe; hu-ten; (hu)-fa(si),(hu)=soma; (hu)=san(i); hu=ple(si)/pre/pe; hu=ten; (hu)=fa(si),(Q)=person (Q)=thing Q=place Q=time (Q)=manner,"The question element hu, or o, cannot appear on its own; it may precede an open class content word (adjective, noun), or be part of a compound interrogative. With the interrogatives 'who', 'what', and, exceptionally, 'how', the question particle may be absent.",,,2528, +1-61,1,Oe tem wie wil gaeu na Riba?,O=ten\twi\twil\tgo\tna\tRiba?,Q=time\t1PL\twant\tgo\tLOC\triver,When do we want to go to the river?,,O-ten stands for 'when'.,625[122],,written,Oe tem wie wil gaeu na Riba?,O=ten wi wil go na Riba?,Q=time 1PL want go LOC river,"O-ten stands for 'when'.",,,2529,Dutch: Wanneer wille wy de Rivier op-varen? +1-62,1,Oe fasse nam vor joe Mastre?,O=fa\tnen\tfu\tyu\tMasra?,Q=manner\tname\tfor\t2SG\tmaster,How is your master named?,,(Hu)fa(si) stands for 'how'; cf. Example 64.,625[122],,written,Oe fasse nam vor joe Mastre?,O=fa nen fu yu Masra?,Q=manner name for 2SG master,"(Hu)fa(si) stands for 'how'; cf. Example 64.",,,2530,Dutch: Hoe heet jou Meester? +1-63,1,Hoe py a de go?,O=pe\ta\tde\tgo?,Q=place\t3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo,Where did he go?,,The question word is hu-ple(si)/pre/pe 'where'.,1527[70],,written,Hoe py a de go?,O=pe a de go?,Q=place 3SG.SBJ IPFV go,"The question word is hu-ple(si)/pre/pe 'where'.",,,2531,Dutch: Waar is hy dan. [op.cit.] +1-64,1,Mie no sabie fa a nem.,Mi\tno\tsabi\tfa\ta\tnen.,1SG\tNEG\tknow\thow\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.called,I don't know how he's called.,,"An exceptional case from the late 18th century is the reduced form fa (< fasi 'manner') as interrogative 'how' without the question particle. This has become common in later stages of the language; cf. also reduced pe (< plesi 'place') for 'where', which is not attested in the 18th century.",1576[91],,written,Mie no sabie fa a nem.,Mi no sabi fa a nen.,1SG NEG know how 3SG.SBJ be.called,"An exceptional case from the late 18th century is the reduced form fa (< fasi 'manner') as interrogative 'how' without the question particle. This has become common in later stages of the language; cf. also reduced pe (< plesi 'place') for 'where', which is not attested in the 18th century.",,,2532,Dutch: Ik weet niet hoe hy heet. [op.cit.] +2-47,2,Suma e kon dape de?,Suma\te\tkon\tdape\tde?,who\tASP\tcome\tthere\texist,Who is coming there?,,,1587,,unknown,Suma e kon dape de?,,who ASP come there exist,,,,2533, +2-48,2,Ope yu kmopo?,O-pe\tyu\tkmopo?,how-where/place\t2SG\tcome.from,Where did you come from?,,,1587,,unknown,Ope yu kmopo?,O-pe yu kmopo?,how-where/place 2SG come.from,,,,2534, +2-49,2,"Pe smoko de, faya de.","Pe\tsmoko\tde,\tfaya\tde.",where/place\tsmoke\tCOP\tfire\tCOP,"Where there is smoke, there's fire.",,,1587,,unknown,"Pe smoko de, faya de.",,where/place smoke COP fire COP,,,,2535, +2-50,2,Oten wi o drai go baka?,O-ten\twi\to\tdrai\tgo\tbaka?,how-time\t2PL\tFUT\tturn\tgo\tback,When will we return?,,,1587,,unknown,Oten wi o drai go baka?,O-ten wi o drai go baka?,how-time 2PL FUT turn go back,,,,2536, +2-51,2,"So Fine, fa yu e tan?","So\tFine,\tfa\tyu\te\ttan?",so\tFina\thow\t2SG\tASP\tstay,"So Fina, how are you?",,,1587,,unknown,"So Fine, fa yu e tan?",,so Fina how 2SG ASP stay,,,,2537, +3-24,3,ambɛ; naunsɛ; nauntɛ; ufa,ambɛ;\tna-u-sɛ;\tna-u-tɛ;\tu-fa,who\tLOC-Q-side\tLOC-Q-time\tQ-way,who; where; when; how,,,354,,naturalistic spoken,ambɛ; naunsɛ; nauntɛ; ufa,ambɛ; na-u-sɛ; na-u-tɛ; u-fa,who LOC-Q-side LOC-Q-time Q-way,,,,2538, +4-26,4,sama / on sama; pe / on pe; on ten / on yuu; fa / (on fa); san / on san(i),sama / on sama; pe / on pe; on ten / on yuu; fa / (on fa); san / on san(i),who   question.word person where   question.word place question.word time   question.word hour how   (question.word how) what   question.word thing,who; where; when; how; what,,,661[20],,elicited from speaker,sama / on sama; pe / on pe; on ten / on yuu; fa / (on fa); san / on san(i),,who question.word person where question.word place question.word time question.word hour how (question.word how) what question.word thing,,,,2539, +5-31,5,wi said ~ wich paat,wi\tsaid\t~\twich\tpaat,which\tside\t~\twhich\tpart,where,,,,,unspecified,wi said ~ wich paat,,which side ~ which part,,Own knowledge,,2540, +5-32,5,wa taim,wa\ttaim,what\ttime,when,,,,,constructed by linguist,wa taim,,what time,,Own knowledge,,2541, +5-33,5,wich badi ~ huu badi,wich\tbadi\t~\thuu\tbadi,which\tbody\t~\twho\tbody,who/whom,,,,,constructed by linguist,wich badi ~ huu badi,,which body ~ who body,,Own knowledge,,2542, +5-34,5,hou yu doz plee krikit in mod?,hou\tyu\tdoz\tplee\tkrikit\tin\tmod?,how\tyou\tHAB\tplay\tcricket\tin\tmud,How does one play cricket in mud?,,,,,constructed by linguist,hou yu doz plee krikit in mod?,,how you HAB play cricket in mud,,Own knowledge,,2543, +6-20,6,Which part yu livin?,Which\tpart\tyu\tlivin?,which\tpart\t2SG\tlive.PROG,Where do you live?,,,1431[61],,constructed by linguist,"Which part yu livin?",,which part 2SG live.PROG,,,,2544, +6-21,6,Who yu give it to? — We you give she? — When she reach Tobago? — How you spell yu nem?,Who\tyu\tgive\tit\tto?\t—\tWe\tyou\tgive\tshe?\t—\tWhen\tshe\treach\tTobago?\t—\tHow\tyou\tspell\tyu\tnem?,who\t2SG\tgive\t3SG\tto\t—\twhat\t2SG\tgive\t3SG\t—\twhen\t3SG.F\treach\tTobago\t—\thow\t2SG\tspell\t2SG.POSS\tname,Who did you give it to? — What did you give her? — When did she arrive in Tobago? — How do you spell your name?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Who yu give it to? — We you give she? — When she reach Tobago? — How you spell yu nem?,,who 2SG give 3SG to — what 2SG give 3SG — when 3SG.F reach Tobago — how 2SG spell 2SG.POSS name,,Informant,,2545, +7-43,7,hu,hu,who,who,,,1244[111],,naturalistic spoken,hu,,who,,,,2546, +7-44,7,hu badi,hu\tbadi,who\tbody,who,,,1244[96],,naturalistic spoken,hu badi,,who body,,,,2547, +7-45,7,we,we,where,where,,,1244[111],,naturalistic spoken,we,,where,,,,2548, +7-46,7,We/Wich paa(t) i gaan?,We/Wich\tpaa(t)\ti\tgaan?,which\tpart\t3SG\tgone,Where did he/she/it go?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,We/Wich paa(t) i gaan?,,which part 3SG gone,,Own knowledge,,2549, +7-47,7,Wen/hou i du uhm?,Wen/hou\ti\tdu\tuhm?,when/how\t3SG\tdo\t2.OBJ,When/how did he/she do it?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Wen/hou i du uhm?,,when/how 3SG do 2.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,2550, +8-23,8,Wich-paat yu waak gu dong de?,Wich-paat\tyu\twaak\tgu\tdong\tde?,which-part\t2SG\twalk\tgo\tdown\tthere,Where do you walk to get down there?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Wich-paat yu waak gu dong de?",,which-part 2SG walk go down there,,Own knowledge,,2551, +8-24,8,Wa-taim yu kum uom yeside?,Wa-taim\tyu\tkum\tuom\tyeside?,what-time\t2SG\tcome\thome\tyesterday,When did you come home yesterday?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Wa-taim yu kum uom yeside?",,what-time 2SG come home yesterday,,Own knowledge,,2552, +8-25,8,Wich-wie yu waahn mi fi dwiit?,Wich-wie\tyu\twaahn\tmi\tfi\tdu-it?,which-way\t2SG\twant\t1SG\tINF\tdo-it,How do you want me to do it?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Wich-wie yu waahn mi fi dwiit?",Wich-wie yu waahn mi fi du-it?,which-way 2SG want 1SG INF do-it,,Own knowledge,,2553, +8-26,8,Huu tel yu se yu no gat no sens?,Huu\ttel\tyu\tse\tyu\tno\tgat\tno\tsens?,who\ttell\t2SG\tCOMP\t2SG\tNEG\thave\tNEG\tsense,Who told you that you have no sense?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Huu tel yu se yu no gat no sens?",,who tell 2SG COMP 2SG NEG have NEG sense,,Own knowledge,,2554, +9-39,9,Hu unu me go da trip fu?,Hu\tunu\tme\tgo\tda\ttrip\tfu?,who\t2PL\tANT\tgo\tthat\ttrip\tfor,Who did you work for on that trip?,,,439[237],,naturalistic spoken,"Hu unu me go da trip fu?",,who 2PL ANT go that trip for,,,,2555, +9-40,9,Wɛn unu kum da town?,Wɛn\tunu\tkum\tda\ttown?,when\t2PL\tcome\tto\ttown,When are you coming to town?,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,"Wɛn unu kum da town?",,when 2PL come to town,,,,2556, +9-41,9,Ho yu fayn dem?,Ho\tyu\tfayn\tdem?,how\tyou\tfind\tthem,How do you find them?,,,432[35],,naturalistic spoken,Ho yu fayn dem?,,how you find them,,,,2557, +9-42,9,Yu eva si da big blu hol we de dɛ? – Da we dat? – Klos tu di ki.,Yu\teva\tsi\tda\tbig\tblu\thol\twe\tde\tdɛ?\t–\tDa\twe\tdat?\t–\tKlos\ttu\tdi\tki.,you\tever\tsee\tthat\tbig\tblue\thole\tREL\tLOC\tthere\t–\tTOP\twhere\tthat\t–\tclose\tto\tthe\tcaye,Did you ever see that big blue hole that is there? – Where is that? – Close to the caye.,,,429,,naturalistic spoken,Yu eva si da big blu hol we de dɛ? – Da we dat? – Klos tu di ki.,,you ever see that big blue hole REL LOC there – TOP where that – close to the caye,,,,2558, +10-27,10,We yu de stie?,We\tyu\tde\tstie?,Where\t2SG\tPROG\tstay,Where are you staying?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"We yu de stie?",,Where 2SG PROG stay,,Field notes 2008,,2559, +10-28,10,How di likl bwai niem?,How\tdi\tlikl\tbwai\tniem?,how\tART.DEF\tlittle\tboy\tname,What is the little boy's name?,,San Andrés Creole English: niem 'to be called'.,113[57],,naturalistic spoken,"How di likl bwai niem?",,how ART.DEF little boy name,"San Andrés Creole English: niem 'to be called'.",,,2560, +10-29,10,huu; we; wen; how,huu;\twe;\twen;\thow,who\twhere\twhen\thow,who; where; when; how,,"See comment on Feature 19 ""Interrogative pronouns"".",,,constructed by linguist,huu; we; wen; how,,who where when how,"See comment on Feature 19 ""Interrogative pronouns"".",Own knowledge,,2561, +10-30,10,Da wen yu kom?,Da\twen\tyu\tkom?,FOC\twhen\t2SG\tcome,When did you come?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Da wen yu kom?",,FOC when 2SG come,,Field notes 2008,,2562, +10-31,10,Huu gwain du ih?,Huu\tgwain\tdu\tih?,who\tFUT\tdo\t3SG.N,Who is going to do it?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Huu gwain du ih?,,who FUT do 3SG.N,,Field notes 2008,,2563, +11-31,11,huu; we/wier; wen; hou,huu;\twe/wier;\twen;\thou,who\twhere\twhen\thow,who; where; when; how,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,huu; we/wier; wen; hou,,who where when how,,,,2564, +11-32,11,Huu wa so briev fu put di bel roun di pus nek?,Huu\twa\tso\tbriev\tfu\tput\tdi\tbel\troun\tdi\tpus\tnek?,who\tFUT\tso\tbrave\tCOMP\tput\tART.DEF\tbell\taround\tART.DEF\tcat\tneck,Who will be so brave as to put the bell around the cat’s neck?,,,,,naturalistic written,Huu wa so briev fu put di bel roun di pus nek?,,who FUT so brave COMP put ART.DEF bell around ART.DEF cat neck,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,2565, +11-33,11,Weh di fish?,Weh\tdi\tfish?,where\tART.DEF\tfish,Where are the fish?,,,,,naturalistic written,Weh di fish?,,where ART.DEF fish,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,2566, +11-34,11,Hou yu gwain hevn an noh hav wing fa flai?,Hou\tyu\tgwain\thevn\tan\tno\thav\twing\tfa\tflai?,how\t2SG\tgo.PROG\theaven\tand\tNEG\thave\twing\tfor\tfly,How are you going to heaven even though you don’t have wings to fly?,,,,,naturalistic written,Hou yu gwain hevn an noh hav wing fa flai?,Hou yu gwain hevn an no hav wing fa flai?,how 2SG go.PROG heaven and NEG have wing for fly,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,2567, +11-35,11,Weh yu hie di neks kriol?,Weh\tyu\thie\tdi\tneks\tkriol?,where\t2SG\thear\tART.DEF\tnext\tcreole,Where have you heard the other/another creole spoken?,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Weh yu hie di neks kriol?,,where 2SG hear ART.DEF next creole,,,,2568, +11-36,11,Hou normal it iz?,Hou\tnormal\tit\tiz?,how\tnormal\t3SG.N\tCOP.PRS,How common is it?,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Hou normal it iz?,,how normal 3SG.N COP.PRS,,,,2569, +12-32,12,What side he want me put it?,What\tside\the\twant\tme\tput\tit?,what\tside\t3SG.M.SBJ\twant\t1SG.OBJ\tput\t3SG.N.OBJ,Where does he want me to put it?,,,634[218],,naturalistic spoken,"What side he want me put it?",,what side 3SG.M.SBJ want 1SG.OBJ put 3SG.N.OBJ,,,,2570, +12-33,12,"Right where you living - uh - what part you living, on - on that side [...].",[...]\twhat\tpart\tyou\tliv-ing\t[...].,[...]\twhere\twhere\t2PL.SBJ\tstay-PROG\t[...],"[Right where you’re staying,] where you’re staying, on - on that side [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Right where you living - uh - what part you living, on - on that side [...].","[...] what part you liv-ing [...].",[...] where where 2PL.SBJ stay-PROG [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2571, +12-34,12,"When she take out the food, he know what time sh- he coming home. She take out the food, and he was done there.",[...] he know what time sh- he com-ing home. [...],[...] 3SG.M.SBJ know when when 3SG.F.SBJ come-PROG home [...]  ,[...] she knew when he was going to come home [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"When she take out the food, he know what time sh- he coming home. She take out the food, and he was done there.","[...] he know what time sh- he com-ing home. [...]",[...] 3SG.M.SBJ know when when 3SG.F.SBJ come-PROG home [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2572, +12-35,12,So what time you-all church is out where you been?,So what time you-all church is out [...],so when 2PL.POSS.DET church COP out [...]  ,So when does the church (service) finish [where you went (the other day)]?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"So what time you-all church is out where you been?","So what time you-all church is out [...]",so when 2PL.POSS.DET church COP out [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2573, +13-29,13,Who-dat gii ya dat right?,Who-dat\tgii\tya\tdat\tright?,who-that\tgive\t2SG.OBJ\tthat\tright,Who gave you that right?,,,357[78],,bible translation,"Who-dat gii ya dat right?",,who-that give 2SG.OBJ that right,,,,2574, +13-30,13,How I gwine lef my home?,How\tI\tgwine\tlef\tmy\thome?,how\t1SG.SBJ\tgoing\tleave\t1SG.POSS\thome,How am I going to leave my home?,,,1500[261],,naturalistic spoken,"How I gwine lef my home?",,how 1SG.SBJ going leave 1SG.POSS home,,,,2575, +13-31,13,Who is dat?,Who\tis\tdat?,who\tis\tDEM.DIST,Who is that?,,,1500[281],,naturalistic spoken,"Who is dat?",,who is DEM.DIST,,,,2576, +13-32,13,Weh A gwine git cloes fa weah?,Weh\tA\tgwine\tgit\tcloes\tfa\tweah?,where\t1SG\tgoing\tget\tclothes\tfor\twear,Where am I going to get clothes to wear? (Mt 6.31),,,357[21],,bible translation,"Weh A gwine git cloes fa weah?",,where 1SG going get clothes for wear,,,,2577, +13-33,13,Wen dat gwine happen?,Wen\tdat\tgwine\thappen?,when\tDEM\tgoing\thappen,When is this going to happen? (Mt 24.3),,,357[90],,bible translation,"Wen dat gwine happen?",,when DEM going happen,,,,2578, +14-20,14,Who went to the store?,Who\twent\tto\tthe\tstore?,who\tgo.PST\tto\tthe\tstore,Who went to the store?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Who went to the store?,,who go.PST to the store,,Own knowledge,,2579, +14-21,14,How you knew I was here?,How\tyou\tknew\tI\twas\there?,how\tyou\tknow\PST\tI\twas\there,How did you know I was here?,,,576[85],,naturalistic spoken,How you knew I was here?,,how you know\PST I was here,,,,2580, +14-22,14,Where your part be at?,Where\tyour\tpart\tbe\tat?,where\tyour\tpart\tbe.HAB\tat,"Usually, where is your part? OR: On what side do you generally part your hard?",,,576[85],,naturalistic spoken,Where your part be at?,,where your part be.HAB at,,,,2581, +14-23,14,When did they leave?,When\tdid\tthey\tleave?,when\tdid\tthey\tleave,When did they leave?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,When did they leave?,,when did they leave,,Own knowledge,,2582, +15-30,15,uda(t),uda(t),who,who,,,686,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,uda(t),,who,,,,2583, +15-31,15,usai,u-sai,which-side,where,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,usai,u-sai,which-side,,Own knowledge,,2584, +15-32,15,ustɛm,us-tɛm,which-time,when,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ustɛm,us-tɛm,which-time,,Own knowledge,,2585, +15-33,15,aw,aw,how,how,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,aw,,how,,Own knowledge,,2586, +16-26,16,"wiʧpɛsin/wiʧman, wiʧples, wataim","wiʧpɛsin/wiʧman,\twiʧples,\twataim",who\twhere\twhen,"who, where, when",,There is no bimorphemic question word meaning 'how'.,656[178],,constructed by linguist,"wiʧpɛsin/wiʧman, wiʧples, wataim",,who where when,There is no bimorphemic question word meaning 'how'.,,,2587, +17-22,17,{Wich pe̱sin/Hus-pe̱sin/Hu} ko̱t di nyam?,{Wich\tpe̱sin/Hus-pe̱sin/Hu}\tko̱t\tdi\tnyam?,{which\tperson/Q-person/who}\tcut\tART.DEF\tyam,Who cut the yams?,,,462[11-21],,naturalistic spoken,{Wich pe̱sin/Hus-pe̱sin/Hu} ko̱t di nyam?,,{which person/Q-person/who} cut ART.DEF yam,,,,2588, +17-23,17,Yù tek {wich we/haw} ko̱t di nyam?,Yù\ttek\t{wich\twe/haw}\tko̱t\tdi\tnyam?,2SG.SBJ\ttake\t{which\tway/how}\tcut\tART.DEF\tyam,How did you cut the yams?,,,462[11-21],,naturalistic spoken,Yù tek {wich we/haw} ko̱t di nyam?,,2SG.SBJ take {which way/how} cut ART.DEF yam,,,,2589, +17-24,17,Yù tek {wich taym/hus-taym} ko̱t di nyam?,Yù\ttek\t{wich\ttaym/hus-taym}\tko̱t\tdi\tnyam?,2SG.SBJ\ttake\t{which\ttime/Q-time}\tcut\tART.DEF\tyam,When did you cut the yams?,,,462[11-21],,naturalistic spoken,Yù tek {wich taym/hus-taym} ko̱t di nyam?,,2SG.SBJ take {which time/Q-time} cut ART.DEF yam,,,,2590, +18-26,18,Wich taym dem de go?,Witch\ttaim\tdem\tdi\tgo?,which\ttime\t3PL.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo,When are they going?,,,125[9],,unspecified,Wich taym dem de go?,Witch taim dem di go?,which time 3PL.SBJ IPFV go,,,,2591, +18-27,18,Husay i komot?,Hu\tsai\ti\tkom\tot?,who\tside\t3SG.SBJ\tcome\tout,Where is he/she/it from?,,,125[9],,unspecified,Husay i komot?,Hu sai i kom ot?,who side 3SG.SBJ come out,,,,2592, +18-28,18,Husman?,Hus\tman?,who\tman,Who?,,,125[9],,unspecified,Husman?,Hus man?,who man,,,,2593, +18-29,18,Ha yu de?,Ha\tyu\tde?,how\t2SG.SBJ\tCOP,How are you?,,There is no bimorphemic question word meaning ‘how’.,125[0],,unspecified,Ha yu de?,,how 2SG.SBJ COP,There is no bimorphemic question word meaning ‘how’.,,,2594, +18-30,18,Hu de tich Pidgin?,Hu\tdi\ttitch\tPidgin?,who\tIPFV\tteach\tPidgin,Who teaches Pidgin? OR: Who is teaching Pidgin?,,This monomorphemic variant of ‘who’ is probably more usual than husman (Example 28).,125[9],,unspecified,Hu de tich Pidgin?,Hu di titch Pidgin?,who IPFV teach Pidgin,"This monomorphemic variant of ‘who’ is probably more usual than husman (Example 28).",,,2595, +19-30,19,uspɔsin; udat,us=pɔsin;\tudat,Q=person\twho,who,,,,,constructed by linguist,uspɔsin; udat,us=pɔsin; udat,Q=person who,,Own knowledge,,2596, +19-31,19,ussay,us=say,Q=side,where,,,,,constructed by linguist,ussay,us=say,Q=side,,Own knowledge,,2597, +19-32,19,us=tɛn,us=tɛn,Q=time,when,,,,,constructed by linguist,us=tɛn,us=tɛn,Q=time,,Own knowledge,,2598, +19-33,19,usstayl; haw,us=stayl;\thaw,Q=manner\thow,how,,,,,constructed by linguist,usstayl; haw,us=stayl; haw,Q=manner how,,Own knowledge,,2599, +20-26,20,Who man do he pidgin?,Who\tman\tdo\the\tpidgin?,who\tman\tdo\t3SG.POSS\tpidgin,Who takes up the case for him?,,"The word pidgin, generally meaning 'business', is extended here to a legal case. The author Tong is known as being involved in legal cases.",1489[IV.33],,naturalistic written,Who man do he pidgin?,,who man do 3SG.POSS pidgin,"The word pidgin, generally meaning 'business', is extended here to a legal case. The author Tong is known as being involved in legal cases.",,呼文都希卑剪,2600, +20-27,20,What placee you go?,What\tplacee\tyou\tgo?,what\tplace\t2SG\tgo,Where are you going?,,,1489[IV.39],,naturalistic written,What placee you go?,,what place 2SG go,,,喝舖禮士㕭歌,2601, +20-28,20,What time you can give me?,What\ttime\tyou\tcan\tgive\tme?,what\ttime\t2SG\tcan\tgive\t1SG,When can you let me have it?,,,1489[VI.55],,naturalistic written,What time you can give me?,,what time 2SG can give 1SG,,,喝店㕭(口件)刦未,2602, +20-29,20,How fashion takee go home?,How\tfashion\ttakee\tgo\thome?,how\tway\ttake\tgo\thome,How shall I take it home?,,,1489[VI.26],,naturalistic written,How fashion takee go home?,,how way take go home,,,口花臣忒記哥龕,2603, +20-75,20,Who give you order?,Who\tgive\tyou\torder?,who\tgive\t2SG\torder,Who gives you permission?,,,1489[IV.42],,naturalistic written,Who give you order?,,who give 2SG order,,,呼刼㕭阿打,2604, +20-157,20,what have got?,what\thave\tgot?,what\thave\tgot,What do you have?,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,389[301],,naturalistic written,what have got?,,what have got,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,2605, +20-158,20,What ting wantyee?,What\tting\twantyee?,what\tthing\twant,What do you want?,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,389[301],,naturalistic written,What ting wantyee?,,what thing want,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,2606, +20-159,20,When he wantshey?,When\the\twantshey?,when\t3SG\twant,When does he want it?,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1310[II.223],,naturalistic written,When he wantshey?,,when 3SG want,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,2607, +20-160,20,"Boy, Mississi say you just now please go office-side talkee Master what time he wantchee chow-chow.","Boy,\tMississi\tsay\tyou\tjust\tnow\tplease\tgo\toffice-side\ttalkee\tMaster\twhat\ttime\the\twantchee\tchow~chow.",Boy\tMiss\tsay\tyou\tjust\tnow\tplease\tgo\toffice-side\ttalk\tMaster\twhat\ttime\the\twant\tfood~food,"Boy, the lady asks you to please go to the office now and ask the gentleman what time he would like to eat",,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,1650[331],,naturalistic written,"Boy, Mississi say you just now please go office-side talkee Master what time he wantchee chow-chow.","Boy, Mississi say you just now please go office-side talkee Master what time he wantchee chow~chow.",Boy Miss say you just now please go office-side talk Master what time he want food~food,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,,,2608, +20-161,20,Where can catchee?,Where\tcan\tcatchee?,where\tcan\tcatch,Where can I get it?,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,389[301],,naturalistic written,Where can catchee?,,where can catch,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,2609, +20-162,20,What side he come from?,What\tside\the\tcome\tfrom?,what\tside\t3SG\tcome\tfrom,Where did he come from?,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,389[301],,naturalistic written,What side he come from?,,what side 3SG come from,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,2610, +20-163,20,That b'long who man?,That\tb'long\twho\tman?,that\tbelong\twho\tman,Who is that?,,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is provided in the corpus.,613[374],,naturalistic written,That b'long who man?,,that belong who man,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is provided in the corpus.,,,2611, +20-164,20,Who you talkee so fashion?,Who\tyou\ttalkee\tso\tfashion?,who\t2SG\ttalk\tso\tfashion,Who do you think you are to talk in this manner?,,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,255,,naturalistic written,Who you talkee so fashion?,,who 2SG talk so fashion,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,,,2612, +20-165,20,how fashion you wanchee bindee?,how\tfashion\tyou\twanchee\tbindee?,how\tfashion\t2SG\twant\tbind,How do you want it to be bound?,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,42[433],,naturalistic written,how fashion you wanchee bindee?,,how fashion 2SG want bind,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,2613, +20-166,20,How can measure ship with one mast?,How\tcan\tmeasure\tship\twith\tone\tmast?,how\tcan\tmeasure\tship\twith\tone\tmast,How can I measure a ship with only one mast?,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1070[169],,naturalistic written,How can measure ship with one mast?,,how can measure ship with one mast,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,2614, +21-24,21,who; where; when; how,who;\twhere;\twhen;\thow,who\twhere\twhen\thow,who; where; when; how,,,,,constructed by linguist,who; where; when; how,,who where when how,,Own knowledge,,2615, +22-37,22,Yutupela kam olsem wanem?,Yutupela\tkam\tolsem\twanem?,2DU\tcome\tlike\twhat,How did you come?,,,584[Morobe F12],,naturalistic spoken,"Yutupela kam olsem wanem?",,2DU come like what,,,,2616, +22-38,22,Wonem taim yu kam?,Wonem\ttaim\tyu\tkam?,what\ttime\t2SG\tcome,When did you come?,,,584[Manus M18],,naturalistic spoken,"Wonem taim yu kam?",,what time 2SG come,,,,2617, +22-39,22,Haus bilong yu i stap we?,Haus\tbilong\tyu\ti\tstap\twe?,house\tPOSS\t2SG\tPM\tstay\twhere,Where is your house?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Haus bilong yu i stap we?",,house POSS 2SG PM stay where,,Own knowledge,,2618, +23-41,23,hem i luk Vira wetem hu i stap stanap?,hem\ti\tluk\tVira\twetem\thu\ti\tstap\tstanap?,3SG\tAGR\tlook\tVira\twith\twho\tAGR\tPROG\tstand.up,Who did she see Vira standing with?,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,hem i luk Vira wetem hu i stap stanap?,,3SG AGR look Vira with who AGR PROG stand.up,,,,2619, +23-42,23,"e maefren, yu olsem wanem ia?","e\tmaefren,\tyu\tolsem\twanem\tia?",hey\tmy.friend\t2SG\tlike\twhat\tDEF,"Hey, my friend, how are you?",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"e maefren, yu olsem wanem ia?",,hey my.friend 2SG like what DEF,,,,2620, +23-43,23,plen bae i kamtru long wanem taem?,plen\tbae\ti\tkamtru\tlong\twanem\ttaem?,plane\tIRR\tAGR\tarrive\tLOC\twhat\ttime,When will the plane arrive?,,,,,constructed by linguist,plen bae i kamtru long wanem taem?,,plane IRR AGR arrive LOC what time,,Own knowledge,,2621, +24-44,24,Wataim?,Wataim?,what.time,When?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Wataim?,,what.time,,Own fieldwork,,2622, +24-45,24,Webaut?,Webaut?,where,Where?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Webaut?,,where,,Own fieldwork,,2623, +24-46,24,Watawieh?,Watawieh?,how,How?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Watawieh?,,how,,Own fieldwork,,2624, +25-27,25,Blanga hu jadan waya?,Blanga\thu\tjadan\twaya?,DAT/POSS\twho\tDIST:ADJ\twire/spear,Whose is that fishing spear?,,"Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the dative/possessive preposition bla(nga), which with interrogatives also has a postpositional use.",1333[98],,unknown,Blanga hu jadan waya?,,DAT/POSS who DIST:ADJ wire/spear,"Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the dative/possessive preposition bla(nga), which with interrogatives also has a postpositional use.",,,2625, +25-122,25,Yu no wijei im go.,Yu\tno\twij-ei\tim\tgo.,2SG\tknow\twhich-DIR\t3SG\tgo,You know where he goes.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the verb of knowing no followed by a complement clause.",,,naturalistic spoken,Yu no wijei im go.,Yu no wij-ei im go.,2SG know which-DIR 3SG go,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the verb of knowing no followed by a complement clause.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2626, +25-123,25,Burrum weya yundubala bin kaman?,Burrum\tweya\tyundubala\tbin\tkaman?,from\twhere\t2DU\tPST\tcome,From where did you two come?,,Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates the interrogative weya.,1332[9],,unknown,Burrum weya yundubala bin kaman?,,from where 2DU PST come,"Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates the interrogative weya.",,,2627, +25-124,25,Wijey im na?,Wijey\tim\tna?,how\t3SG\tnow,How does it go now? (Context: speaker wondering how to continue her story).,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation.",,,naturalistic spoken,Wijey im na?,,how 3SG now,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2628, +26-22,26,haʊ æl go ji tiŋ hi gɛt ʧans?,haʊ\tæl\tgo\tji\ttiŋ\thi\tgɛt\tʧans?,how\tAl\tGore\t2SG\tthink\t3SG\tPOSS\tchance,"How about Al Gore, you think he has a chance?",,,1545[58],,naturalistic spoken,haʊ æl go ji tiŋ hi gɛt ʧans?,,how Al Gore 2SG think 3SG POSS chance,,,,2629, +26-23,26,wɛ da hɛo dæt ɹak keɪm fɹɔm?,wɛ\tda\thɛo\tdæt\tɹak\tkeɪm\tfɹɔm?,where\tART\thell\tDEM\trock\tcame\tfrom,Where the hell did that rock come from?,,,1545[102],,naturalistic spoken,"wɛ da hɛo dæt ɹak keɪm fɹɔm?",,where ART hell DEM rock came from,,,,2630, +26-24,26,hu dæʔ?,hu\tdæʔ?,who\tDEM,Who's that?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"hu dæʔ?",,who DEM,,Own fieldwork recording,,2631, +26-25,26,wɛn wi stat?,wɛn\twi\tstat?,when\t1PL\tstart,When do we start?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"wɛn wi stat?",,when 1PL start,,Own fieldwork recording,,2632, +27-19,27,ho(so)/huso,ho(so)/huso,how(so),how,,"So is not considered to make the word a compound, for it can also be attached to where(waa), here(hi) and there(daa), adding only emphasis, not its own meaning.",355[53],,naturalistic spoken,ho(so)/huso,,how(so),"So is not considered to make the word a compound, for it can also be attached to where(waa), here(hi) and there(daa), adding only emphasis, not its own meaning.",,,2633, +27-20,27,"wā(so); (a)wapi; api, ape; waple","wā(so);\t(a)w-api;\tapi,\tape;\twa-ple",where(so)\twhere-where\twhere\twhere\twhat-place,where,,"So is not considered to make the word a compound, for it can also be attached to how(ho,hu), here(hi) and there(daa), adding only emphasis, not its own meaning. Of these five, wapi, consisting of wa 'where' and api 'where', and waple (lit. 'what place') are compounds.",355[66],,naturalistic spoken,"wā(so); (a)wapi; api, ape; waple","wā(so); (a)w-api; api, ape; wa-ple",where(so) where-where where where what-place,"So is not considered to make the word a compound, for it can also be attached to how(ho,hu), here(hi) and there(daa), adding only emphasis, not its own meaning. Of these five, wapi, consisting of wa 'where' and api 'where', and waple (lit. 'what place') are compounds.",,,2634, +27-21,27,(a)widi; awi,(a)wi-di;\tawi,who-DET\twho,who,,"Of these two, (a)widi is a complex form, consisting of awi 'who' and the determiner di.",355[71],,naturalistic spoken,(a)widi; awi,(a)wi-di; awi,who-DET who,"Of these two, (a)widi is a complex form, consisting of awi 'who' and the determiner di.",,,2635, +27-22,27,waneer; watit,waneer;\twa-tit,when\twhat-time,when,,,872[43],,unspecified,waneer; watit,waneer; wa-tit,when what-time,,,,2636, +28-40,28,wi; wanga; wanɛrɛ; hoso,wi;\twanga;\twanɛrɛ;\thoso,who\twhere\twhen\thow,who; where; when; how,,,737[36f],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,wi; wanga; wanɛrɛ; hoso,,who where when how,,,,2637, +29-29,29,wie; waar; wanneer; hoe,wie;\twaar;\twanneer;\thoe,who\twhere\twhen\thow,who; where; when; how,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wie; waar; wanneer; hoe,,who where when how,,Own knowledge,,2638, +30-41,30,Kenha ê kulpádu?,Kenha\tê\tkulpádu?,who\tbe\tguilty,Who is guilty/the guilty party?,,,"784[s.v. luxa, fase]",,naturalistic spoken,"Kenha ê kulpádu?",,who be guilty,,,,2639,German: Wer ist schuldig/der Schuldige? +30-42,30,N ka sabe ki ténpu ki nos odju ta fase kuátu.,N=ka=sabe\tki\tténpu\tki=nos=odju\tta=fase\tkuátu.,1SG=NEG=know\twhat\ttime\tCOMP=our=eye\tIPFV=make\tfour,I don't know when we'll meet.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"N ka sabe ki ténpu ki nos odju ta fase kuátu.","N=ka=sabe ki ténpu ki=nos=odju ta=fase kuátu.",1SG=NEG=know what time COMP=our=eye IPFV=make four,,,,2640,"German: Ich weiß nicht, wann wir uns treffen werden." +30-43,30,Undi N ta po nha bitxu?,Undi\tN=ta=po\tnha=bitxu?,where\t1SG=IPFV=put\tmy=animal,Where shall I put my animal?,,,784[s.v. undi],,naturalistic spoken,"Undi N ta po nha bitxu?",Undi N=ta=po nha=bitxu?,where 1SG=IPFV=put my=animal,,,,2641,German: Wo soll ich mein Tier hintun? +30-44,30,Modi ki txoma kes sinku kontinenti ki nu ten?,Modi\tki=txoma\tkes=sinku\tkontinenti\tki=nu=ten?,how\tCOMP=call\tDEM.PL=five\tcontinent\tCOMP=1PL=have,How are the five continents called that we have?,,,784[s.v. módi],,naturalistic spoken,"Modi ki txoma kes sinku kontinenti ki nu ten?",Modi ki=txoma kes=sinku kontinenti ki=nu=ten?,how COMP=call DEM.PL=five continent COMP=1PL=have,,,,2642,"German: Wie heißen die fünf Kontinente, die wir haben / die es gibt?" +31-44,31,Kuze nu sabe?,Kuze\tnu\tsabe?,what\twe\tknow,What do we know?,,It is possible to use wh-words without the ki particle.,106,,naturalistic spoken,"Kuze nu sabe?",,what we know,"It is possible to use wh-words without the ki particle.",,,2643, +31-45,31,Modi ki'N pode djuda-bu?,Modi\tki'N\tpode\tdjuda-bu?,how\tthat.I\tcan\thelp-you,How can I help you?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Modi ki'N pode djuda-bu?",,how that.I can help-you,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,2644, +31-46,31,Kuandu ki bu kre bai Merka?,Kuandu\tki\tbu\tkre\tbai\tMerka?,when\tthat\tyou\twant\tgo\tAmerica,When do you want to go to America?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kuandu ki bu kre bai Merka?",,when that you want go America,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,2645, +31-47,31,"Kenhi ki ten se kaza na dja Braba, el e riku.","Kenhi\tki\tten\tse\tkaza\tna\tdja\tBraba,\tel\te\triku.",who\tthat\thas\this\thouse\tin\tdja\tBraba\the\tis\trich,Whoever has a house in Brava is rich.,,"All wh- argument and adverbial words may be accompanied with the particle ki, but ki may also be absent. Brava can be referred to as Brava or dja Braba, two ways that natives call the island.",57,,naturalistic spoken,"Kenhi ki ten se kaza na dja Braba, el e riku.",,who that has his house in dja Braba he is rich,"All wh- argument and adverbial words may be accompanied with the particle ki, but ki may also be absent. Brava can be referred to as Brava or dja Braba, two ways that natives call the island.",,,2646, +31-48,31,"Midju, bu sabe kuze k’e midju?","Midju,\tbu\tsabe\tkuze\tk’e\tmidju?",corn\tyou\tknow\twhat\tthat.is\tcorn,"Corn, do you know what corn is?",,,886,,naturalistic spoken,"Midju, bu sabe kuze k’e midju?",,corn you know what that.is corn,,,,2647, +31-49,31,Ki tenpu bu ta bai Merka?,Ki\ttenpu\tbu\tta\tbai\tMerka?,ki\twhen\tyou\tMOOD\tgo\tAmerica,When will you be going to America?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ki tenpu bu ta bai Merka?",,ki when you MOOD go America,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,2648, +31-50,31,Ki tenpu mininu ta nase?,Ki\ttenpu\tmininu\tta\tnase?,when\twhen/time\tchild\tMOOD\tbe.born,When is the child due?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ki tenpu mininu ta nase?",,when when/time child MOOD be.born,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,2649, +32-26,32,Kenhê k ben? ~ Ken ben?,Kenhê k ben? ~ Ken ben?,who COMP come   who come,Who came?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Kenhê k ben? ~ Ken ben?",,who COMP come who come,,Own knowledge,,2650,Portuguese: Quem veio? +32-27,32,Ondê (k) bosê tá morá?,Ondê\t(k)\tbosê\ttá\tmorá?,where\t(COMP)\t2SG.POL\tPST\tlive,Where did you live?,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Ondê (k) bosê tá morá?",,where (COMP) 2SG.POL PST live,,,,2651,Portuguese: Onde a senhora morava? +32-28,32,Kondê (k) bo ben?,Kondê\t(k)\tbo\tben?,when\t(COMP)\t2SG\tcome,When did you come?,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,"Kondê (k) bo ben?",,when (COMP) 2SG come,,,,2652,Portuguese: Quando vieste? +32-29,32,K manera (k) bosê tá mamentá kes mnin?,K\tmanera\t(k)\tbosê\ttá\tmamentá\tkes\tmnin?,what\tway\t(COMP)\t2SG\tPST.IPFV\tbreastfeed\tDET\tchild,How did you breastfeed your children?,,"Here, manera 'how' is possible",1456,,naturalistic spoken,"K manera (k) bosê tá mamentá kes mnin?",,what way (COMP) 2SG PST.IPFV breastfeed DET child,"Here, manera 'how' is possible",,,2653,Portuguese: Como amamentava os meninos? +33-34,33,Kal ora ki bu tciga?,Kal\tora\tki\tbu\ttciga?,which\thour\tthat\t2SG\tarrive,When do you arrive?,,Kal ora 'when?' is a compound interrogative which requires the highlighter ki.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kal ora ki bu tciga?",,which hour that 2SG arrive,"Kal ora 'when?' is a compound interrogative which requires the highlighter ki.",Own knowledge,,2654,Portuguese: Quando chegas? +33-35,33,Nunde ki bu sta?,Nunde\tki\tbu\tsta?,where\tHL\t2SG\tbe,Where are you?,,Nunde 'where' is a single morpheme and requires the higlighter ki.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Nunde ki bu sta?",,where HL 2SG be,"Nunde 'where' is a single morpheme and requires the higlighter ki.",Own knowledge,,2655,Portuguese: Onde estás? +33-36,33,Kin ki tciga?,Kin\tki\ttciga?,who\tthat\tarrive,Who arrived?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kin ki tciga?",,who that arrive,,Own knowledge,,2656,Portuguese: Quem chegou? +33-37,33,Kuma ki bu sta?,Kuma\tki\tbu\tsta?,how\tthat\t2SG\tbe,How are you?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kuma ki bu sta?",,how that 2SG be,,Own knowledge,,2657,Portuguese: Como estás? +33-38,33,Kuma ki bu nomi?,Kuma\tki\tbu\tnomi?,how\tHL\t2SG\tname,What is your name (lit. How is your name)?,,Kuma 'how' is a single morpheme and requires the highlighter ki.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kuma ki bu nomi?",,how HL 2SG name,"Kuma 'how' is a single morpheme and requires the highlighter ki.",Own knowledge,,2658,Portuguese: Como é o teu nome? +33-39,33,Na kal ladu ki bu sta?,Na\tkal\tladu\tki\tbu\tsta?,in\twhich\tside\tHL\t2SG\tbe,Where are you?,,Kal ladu 'where?' is a compound interrogative which requires the highlighter ki.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Na kal ladu ki bu sta?",,in which side HL 2SG be,"Kal ladu 'where?' is a compound interrogative which requires the highlighter ki.",Own knowledge,,2659,Portuguese: Onde estás? +34-27,34,Keŋ ki fasí-l?,Keŋ\tki\tø\tfasí-l?,who\tREL.SBJ\tPFV\tdo-3SG.OBJ,Who dit it?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Keŋ ki fasí-l?","Keŋ ki ø fasí-l?",who REL.SBJ PFV do-3SG.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,2660, +34-28,34,Nundé ku Pidru ta tarbajá?,Nundé\tku\tPidru\tta\ttarbajá?,where\tREL.OBJ\tPeter\tHAB\twork,Where does Peter work?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Nundé ku Pidru ta tarbajá?",,where REL.OBJ Peter HAB work,,Own knowledge,,2661, +34-29,34,Kal wora/diya/tempu ku bu na beŋ?,Kal\twora/diya/tempu\tku\tbu\tna\tbeŋ?,which\thour/day/moment\tREL.OBJ\t2SG.SBJ\tFUT\tcome,When (at what time / which day / which moment) will you come ?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kal wora/diya/tempu ku bu na beŋ?",,which hour/day/moment REL.OBJ 2SG.SBJ FUT come,,Own knowledge,,2662, +34-30,34,Kumá ku bu pasá festa?,Kumá\tku\tbu\tø\tpasá\tfesta?,how\tREL.OBJ\t2SG.SBJ\tPFV\tspend\tparty,How about your party? OR: How did you spend your party?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kumá ku bu pasá festa?","Kumá ku bu ø pasá festa?",how REL.OBJ 2SG.SBJ PFV spend party,,Own knowledge,,2663, +35-38,35,kê ngê; kên,kê\tngê;\tkên,what\tperson\twho,who,,Kê ngê is most commonly used.,,,constructed by linguist,kê ngê; kên,,what person who,"Kê ngê is most commonly used.",Own knowledge,,2664, +35-39,35,andji; an; kê xitu; kamya; kê kamya,andji;\tan;\tkê\txitu;\tkamya;\tkê\tkamya,where\twhere\twhat\tplace\tplace\twhat\tplace,where,,"An is a truncated form of andji. These two single expressions are extremely frequent, whereas the compound expressions clearly constitute a minority of cases.",,,constructed by linguist,andji; an; kê xitu; kamya; kê kamya,,where where what place place what place,"An is a truncated form of andji. These two single expressions are extremely frequent, whereas the compound expressions clearly constitute a minority of cases.",Own knowledge,,2665, +35-40,35,kê ola; kê dja,kê\tola;\tkê\tdja,what\thour\twhat\tday,when,,,,,constructed by linguist,kê ola; kê dja,,what hour what day,,Own knowledge,,2666, +35-41,35,kuma; kê modu,kuma;\tkê\tmodu,how\twhat\tway,how,,The use of the single expression largely outnumbers the use of the compound expression.,,,constructed by linguist,kuma; kê modu,,how what way,The use of the single expression largely outnumbers the use of the compound expression.,Own knowledge,,2667, +36-23,36,Ngêi ki bi?,Ngêi\tki\tbi?,who\tREL\tcome,Who came?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ngêi ki bi?",,who REL come,,Own knowledge,,2668, +36-24,36,Dia kutxi ma bô ka ba kwanda?,Dia\tkutxi\tma\tbô\tka\tba\tkwanda?,day\twhich\tREL\t2SG\tFUT\tgo\ttop,When will you go up?,,,901[138],,elicited from speaker,"Dia kutxi ma bô ka ba kwanda?",,day which REL 2SG FUT go top,,,,2669,French: Quel jour est-ce que tu vas aller en haut? +36-25,36,M'ma ma n ga kuna minhu?,M'ma\tma\tn\tga\tkuna\tminhu?,how\tREL\t1SG\tFUT\tsow\tmaize,How am I going to sow corn?,,,901[138],,naturalistic spoken,"M'ma ma n ga kuna minhu?",,how REL 1SG FUT sow maize,,,,2670,French: Comment vais-je semer du maïs? +37-26,37,Mo ki txi fêzê kwisê a?,Mo\tki\ttxi\tfêzê\tkwisê\ta?,manner\tREL\t2SG\tdo\tthing.this\tQ,How did you do this?,,,905[146],,elicited from speaker,"Mo ki txi fêzê kwisê a?",,manner REL 2SG do thing.this Q,,,,2671, +37-27,37,Ningê ki fêzê kwisê a?,Ningê\tki\tfêzê\tkwisê\ta?,person\tREL\tdo\tthing.this\tQ,Who did this?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ningê ki fêzê kwisê a?",,person REL do thing.this Q,,Own knowledge,,2672, +37-28,37,Kumi ki txi we?,Kumi\tki\ttxi\twe?,place\tREL\t2SG\tgo,Where did you go?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Kumi ki txi we?",,place REL 2SG go,,Own knowledge,,2673, +37-29,37,Ki ora txi fêzê kusê a?,Ki\tora\ttxi\tfêzê\tkusê\ta?,what\thour\t2SG\tdo\tthis.thing\tQ,When did you do that?,,,905[146],,elicited from speaker,"Ki ora txi fêzê kusê a?",,what hour 2SG do this.thing Q,,,,2674, +38-30,38,kenge,ke\tnge,what\tperson,who,,,,,elicited from speaker,kenge,ke nge,what person,,Own fieldwork 1993,,2675, +38-31,38,xamá,xamá,place,where,,Xamá (where) is stressed on the last syllable as opposed to xáma (how) that is stressed on the first one.,,,elicited from speaker,xamá,,place,"Xamá (where) is stressed on the last syllable as opposed to xáma (how) that is stressed on the first one.",Own fieldwork 1993,,2676, +38-32,38,ke ola,ke\tola,what\ttime,when,,,,,elicited from speaker,ke ola,,what time,,Own fieldwork 1990,,2677, +38-33,38,xáma,xáma,place,how,,There is a stress difference between xamá 'where' and xáma 'how'.,,,elicited from speaker,xáma,,place,"There is a stress difference between xamá 'where' and xáma 'how'.",Own fieldwork 1993,,2678, +39-45,39,Es tud ɔn foy raprig?,Es\ttud\tɔn\tfoy\traprig?,this\tall\twhere\tgo.PST\tgirl,Where did the girls go?,,,221[173],,naturalistic spoken,"Es tud ɔn foy raprig?",,this all where go.PST girl,,,,2679, +39-46,39,"ɔy, pə Bablu kẽ vay chama?","ɔy,\tpə\tBablu\tkẽ\tvay\tcham-a?",INTERJ\tACC\tBablu\twho\tgo.NPST\tcall-INF,"Hey, who will go call Bablu?",,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",218,,naturalistic spoken,"ɔy, pə Bablu kẽ vay chama?","ɔy, pə Bablu kẽ vay cham-a?",INTERJ ACC Bablu who go.NPST call-INF,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",,,2680, +39-47,39,Kwɔn kõpro?,Kwɔn\tkõpr-o?,when\tbuy-PST,When (did you) buy (it)?,,,221[217],,naturalistic spoken,"Kwɔn kõpro?",Kwɔn kõpr-o?,when buy-PST,,,,2681, +40-29,40,"Use, kɛ̃ tɛ?","Use,\tkɛ̃\ttɛ?",2SG.FORMAL\twho\tPRS,Who are you?,,,265[179],,constructed by linguist,"Use, kɛ̃ tɛ?",,2SG.FORMAL who PRS,,,,2682, +40-30,40,Karekrəm tsalu kɔr lə hika?,Karekrəm\ttsalu\tkɔr\tlə\thika?,program\tbeginning\twhen\tFUT\tbe/become,When will the program begin?,,,,,constructed by linguist,Karekrəm tsalu kɔr lə hika?,,program beginning when FUT be/become,,Own knowledge,,2683, +40-31,40,Duming un tɛ?,Duming\tun\ttɛ?,Duming\twhere\tCOP.PRS,Where is Duming?,,,,,constructed by linguist,Duming un tɛ?,,Duming where COP.PRS,,Own knowledge,,2684, +40-32,40,Use kilɛ tɛ?,Use\tkilɛ\ttɛ?,2SG.FORMAL\thow\tCOP.PRS,How are you?,,,265,,elicited from speaker,Use kilɛ tɛ?,,2SG.FORMAL how COP.PRS,,,,2685, +41-35,41,kilaay paasu?,kilaay\tpaasu?,how\tstruggle,How’s the struggle? OR: How’s it going?,,This is a standard greeting.,1416[3863],,naturalistic spoken,kilaay paasu?,kilaay paasu?,how struggle,This is a standard greeting.,,,2686, +41-37,41,kiyɔɔra noos pooy andaa?,kii-ɔɔra\tnoos\tpooy\tandaa?,what-time\t1PL\tHABIL\tgo,When can we go?,,,1416[3180],,naturalistic spoken,kiyɔɔra noos pooy andaa?,kii-ɔɔra noos pooy andaa?,what-time 1PL HABIL go,,,,2687, +42-31,42,ki banda,ki\tbanda,what\tside,where,,"While ki banda 'where' is used, the monomorphemic úndi 'where' is more frequent. The bimorphemic form ki ora 'when' also exists as monomorphemic variants kiora and kora 'when'.",122[189],,naturalistic spoken,ki banda,,what side,"While ki banda 'where' is used, the monomorphemic úndi 'where' is more frequent. The bimorphemic form ki ora 'when' also exists as monomorphemic variants kiora and kora 'when'.",,,2688, +42-32,42,ki ora,ki\tora,what\thour,when,,,122[189],,naturalistic spoken,ki ora,,what hour,,,,2689, +42-33,42,ki sorti,ki\tsorti,what\tkind,how,,,122[189],,naturalistic spoken,ki sorti,,what kind,,,,2690, +43-24,43,Undi dja anda?,Undi\tdja\tanda?,where\tPFV\tgo,Where did he go?,,,906[144],,pedagogical grammar,"Undi dja anda?",,where PFV go,,,,2691, +43-25,43,Ki ora ile lo bira torna?,Ki\tora\tile\tlo\tbira\ttorna?,what\thour\t3SG\tFUT\tcome.back\tREP,When will he come back again?,,,906[74],,pedagogical grammar,"Ki ora ile lo bira torna?",,what hour 3SG FUT come.back REP,,,,2692, +43-26,43,Kilay Sinyoro teng?,Kilay\tSinyoro\tteng?,what.sort\tMr\tCOP,How are you?,,,906[51],,pedagogical grammar,"Kilay Sinyoro teng?",,what.sort Mr COP,,,,2693, +44-32,44,Kyén ya labá el pláto?,Kyén\tya\tlabá\tel\tpláto?,who\tPFV\twash\tthe\tplate,Who washed the dishes?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kyén ya labá el pláto?",,who PFV wash the plate,,Own data,,2694,Spanish: ¿Quién lavó los platos? +44-33,44,(D)óndi bo ta kedá?,(D)óndi\tbo\tta\tkedá?,where\t2SG\tIPFV\tstay,Where are you staying? OR: Where are you living?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"(D)óndi bo ta kedá?",,where 2SG IPFV stay,,Own data,,2695,Spanish: ¿Dónde vives? +44-34,44,Kwándu lótro ya pará?,Kwándu\tlótro\tya\tpará?,when\t3PL\tPFV\tstop,When did they stop?,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Kwándu lótro ya pará?",,when 3PL PFV stop,,Own data,,2696, +44-35,44,pakiláya,pakiláya,how,how,,Kiláya comes from Portuguese que laia 'which manner'.,,,constructed by linguist,"pakiláya",,how,"Kiláya comes from Portuguese que laia 'which manner'.",Own knowledge,,2697, +44-36,44,kósa óras,kósa\tóras,what\ttime,at which time,,Kósa óras is used when referring to time and the answer is for example 'at six o'clock'.,,,naturalistic spoken,kósa óras,,what time,"Kósa óras is used when referring to time and the answer is for example 'at six o'clock'.",Own data,,2698, +45-24,45,Donde esta yo?,Donde\testa\tyo?,Where\tbe\t1SG,Where am I?,,,426[200],,written,"Donde esta yo?",,Where be 1SG,,,,2699, +45-25,45,Cuando ustedes ya revolve?,Cuando\tustedes\tya\trevolve?,when\t2PL\tPFV\treturn,When did you come back?,,,,,elicited from speaker,Cuando ustedes ya revolve?,,when 2PL PFV return,,Own data,,2700, +45-26,45,Quilaya ba tu ta habla esi na Chabacano?,Quilaya\tba\ttu\tta\thabla\tesi\tna\tChabacano?,how\tQ\t2SG\tIPFV\tspeak\tthat\tin\tChabacano,How do you say that in Chabacano?,,,426[151],,written,"Quilaya ba tu ta habla esi na Chabacano?",,how Q 2SG IPFV speak that in Chabacano,,,,2701, +45-27,45,Quien que ya llama na telefono?,Quien\tque\tya\tllama\tna\ttelefono?,who\tREL\tPFV\tcall\tLOC\ttelephone,Who called over the phone?,,,426[151],,written,"Quien que ya llama na telefono?",,who REL PFV call LOC telephone,,,,2702, +46-45,46,(pa)kemódo/(pa)kiláya/(pa)kechúra/(pa)kemanéra?,(pa)kemódo/(pa)kiláya/(pa)kechúra/(pa)kemanéra?,how,how?,,,,,unspecified,(pa)kemódo/(pa)kiláya/(pa)kechúra/(pa)kemanéra?,,how,,Own knowledge,,2703, +46-46,46,Kyén ya-bené?,Kyén\tya-bené?,who\tPRF-come,Who came?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kyén ya-bené?",,who PRF-come,,Own knowledge,,2704, +46-47,46,Kwándo ya-konosé tu el marído del ditúyu anák?,Kwándo\tya-konosé\ttu\tel\tmarído\tdel\tditúyu\tanák?,when\tPRF-know\t2SG\tART\thusband\tof\tyour\tchild,When did you get to know the husband of your child?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kwándo ya-konosé tu el marído del ditúyu anák?",,when PRF-know 2SG ART husband of your child,,Own knowledge,,2705, +46-48,46,(D)ónde?,(D)ónde?,where,Where?,,,,,unspecified,"(D)ónde?",,where,,Own knowledge,,2706, +47-39,47,ken; (na) unda; ki ora/ ki dia/ ki tempu; kon; kiko; di kon; pa kiko,ken;\t(na)\tunda;\tki\tora/\tki\tdia/\tki\ttempu;\tkon;\tkiko;\tdi\tkon;\tpa\tkiko,who\t(LOC)\twhere\twhat\thour\twhat\tday\twhat\ttime\thow\twhat\tof\thow\tfor\twhat,who; where; when; how; what; why; why,,"In the expressions consisting of ki + N, ki is clearly a general question element, presumably reduced from kiko 'what'.",731[36],,published source,ken; (na) unda; ki ora/ ki dia/ ki tempu; kon; kiko; di kon; pa kiko,,who (LOC) where what hour what day what time how what of how for what,"In the expressions consisting of ki + N, ki is clearly a general question element, presumably reduced from kiko 'what'.",,,2707, +48-2,48,¿Aonde ele polé komblá sebbesa?,¿Aonde\tele\tpolé\tkomblá\tsebbesa?,where\the/she\tcan\tbuy\tbeer,Where can s/he buy (a) beer?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¿Aonde ele polé komblá sebbesa?,,where he/she can buy beer,,Recorded by author,,2708,Spanish: ¿Dónde puede él/ella comprar (una) cerveza? +48-28,48,¿Kiene fue?,¿Kiene\tfue?,who\tis,Who is it?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¿Kiene fue?,,who is,,Recorded by author,,2709,Spanish: ¿Quien es? +48-29,48,¿Kuando utere a yegá?,¿Kuando\tutere\ta\tyegá?,when\tyou.PL\tPST\tarrive,When did you arrive?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¿Kuando utere a yegá?,,when you.PL PST arrive,,Recorded by author,,2710,Spanish: ¿Cuándo llegaron ustedes? +48-30,48,¿Kumu bo asé nyamá?,¿Kumu\tbo\tasé\tnyamá?,how\tyou.SG\tHAB\tcall,How are you called? OR: What is your name?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¿Kumu bo asé nyamá?,,how you.SG HAB call,,Recorded by author,,2711,Spanish: ¿Cómo se llama usted? +49-44,49,"Ou te wè ki moun, ki lè, ki kote, pou ki sa?","Ou\tte\twè\tki\tmoun,\tki\tlè,\tki\tkote,\tpou\tki\tsa?",2SG\tANT\tsee\twhich\tperson\twhich\ttime\twhich\tplace\tfor\twhat\twhat,"You saw whom, when, where and why?",,,371[54],,constructed by linguist,"Ou te wè ki moun, ki lè, ki kote, pou ki sa?",,2SG ANT see which person which time which place for what what,,,,2712,"French: Tu avais vu qui, quand, où, et pour quoi?" +49-45,49,Jak mache ki jan?,Jak\tmache\tki\tjan?,Jacques\twalk\twhich\tmanner,How does Jacques walk?,,,371[53],,naturalistic spoken,"Jak mache ki jan?",,Jacques walk which manner,,,,2713,French: Jacques marche comment? +49-46,49,Jak mache kouman?,Jak\tmache\tkouman?,Jacques\twalk\thow,How does Jacques walk?,,,371[53],,naturalistic spoken,"Jak mache kouman?",,Jacques walk how,,,,2714,French: Jacques marche comment? +49-47,49,Ki bò w ale?,Ki\tbò\tw\tale?,which\tplace\t2SG\tgo,Where did you go?,,"Even though the element ki is optional in the pronoun ki kote (same meaning), it is not optional with bò.","473[vol. 6, p. 48]",,naturalistic spoken,"Ki bò w ale?",,which place 2SG go,"Even though the element ki is optional in the pronoun ki kote (same meaning), it is not optional with bò.",,,2715,French: Où est-ce que tu es allé? +49-48,49,Ki sa ou genyen? Sa l genyen?,Ki\tsa\tou\tgenyen?\tSa\tl\tgenyen?,what\twhat\t2SG\thave\tthat\t3SG\thave,What do you have? What does he have?,,Ki is optional.,"473[vol. 6, p. 56]",,naturalistic spoken,"Ki sa ou genyen? Sa l genyen?",,what what 2SG have that 3SG have,"Ki is optional.",,,2716,French: Qu'est-ce que tu as? Qu'est-ce qu'il a? +50-31,50,Ki koté ou yé?,Ki\tkoté\tou\tyé?,which\tplace\t2SG\tbe,Where are you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ki koté ou yé?",,which place 2SG be,,Own fieldwork,,2717, +50-32,50,Ki jan a'w?,Ki\tjan\ta'w?,which\tway\tPREP.1SG,How are you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ki jan a'w?",,which way PREP.1SG,,Own fieldwork,,2718, +50-33,50,Ki tan i ké vini?,Ki\ttan\ti\tké\tvini?,what\ttime/period\t3SG\tFUT\tcome,When will he come?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ki tan i ké vini?",,what time/period 3SG FUT come,,Own fieldwork,,2719, +50-34,50,Ki moun ki la?,Ki\tmoun\tki\tla?,which\tperson\tthat\tthere,Who's there?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ki moun ki la?",,which person that there,,Own fieldwork,,2720, +51-31,51,Ki koté ou yé?,Ki\tkoté\tou\tyé?,which\tplace\t2SG\tbe,Where are you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ki koté ou yé?,,which place 2SG be,,Own fieldwork,,2721, +51-32,51,Ki manniè ou fè sa?,Ki\tmanniè\tou\tfè\tsa?,which\tway\t2SG\tdo\tit,How did you do it?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ki manniè ou fè sa?,,which way 2SG do it,,Own fieldwork,,2722, +51-33,51,Ki tan i ké vini?,Ki\ttan\ti\tké\tvini?,what\ttime\t3SG\tFUT\tcome,When will he come?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ki tan i ké vini?,,what time 3SG FUT come,,Own fieldwork,,2723, +51-34,51,Ki moun ki la?,Ki\tmoun\tki\tla?,which\tperson\twho\tthere,Who's there?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ki moun ki la?,,which person who there,,Own fieldwork,,2724, +52-22,52,"kimoun, kilès, kiyakèl","ki-moun,\tki-lès,\tki-yakèl",which-people\twhich-X\twhich-X,who,,,487,,elicited from speaker,"kimoun, kilès, kiyakèl","ki-moun, ki-lès, ki-yakèl",which-people which-X which-X,,,,2725, +52-23,52,"kikoté, k-koté, koté","ki-koté,\tk-koté,\tkoté",which-side\twhich-side\tside,where,,,487,,elicited from speaker,"kikoté, k-koté, koté","ki-koté, k-koté, koté",which-side which-side side,,,,2726, +52-24,52,"kitan, kilèr","ki-tan,\tki-lèr",which-time\twhich-hour,when,,,,,elicited from speaker,"kitan, kilèr","ki-tan, ki-lèr",which-time which-hour,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,2727, +52-25,52,"kimanyè, kouman","ki-manyè,\tkouman",which-manner\thow,how,,,487,,elicited from speaker,"kimanyè, kouman","ki-manyè, kouman",which-manner how,,,,2728, +53-63,53,Eu Torti te?,Eu\tTorti\tte?,where\tTorti\tPST,Where was Torti?,,,1048[336],,naturalistic spoken,Eu Torti te?,,where Torti PST,,,,2729,French: Où était Tortue? +53-64,53,Sa-ki vini yer?,Saki\tvini\tyer?,who\tcome.PST\tyesterday,Who came yesterday?,,,1048[334],,elicited from speaker,Sa-ki vini yer?,Saki vini yer?,who come.PST yesterday,,,,2730,French: Qui est venu hier? +53-65,53,Komon sa arive?,Komon\tsa\tarive?,how\tthis\thappen,How did this happen?,,,1048[337],,naturalistic spoken,Komon sa arive?,,how this happen,,,,2731,French: Comment cela est-il arrivé? +53-66,53,Ekan Lapen vini?,Ekan\tLapen\tvini?,when\trabbit\tcome,When did Rabbit come?,,,1048[336],,naturalistic spoken,Ekan Lapen vini?,,when rabbit come,,,,2732,French: Quand Lapin est-il venu? +53-67,53,Ki-mounn zò pey pou tchòmbo legliz-la?,Ki-mounn\tzò\tpey\tpou\ttchòmbo\tlegliz-la?,which-person\t2PL\tpay\tfor\tmaintain\tchurch-ART.DEF.SG,Who do you pay to maintain the church?,,,722[330],,naturalistic spoken,Ki-mounn zò pey pou tchòmbo legliz-la?,,which-person 2PL pay for maintain church-ART.DEF.SG,,,,2733, +53-68,53,Ki-mounn gen peye vou?,Ki-mounn\tgen\tpeye\tvou?,which-person\tFUT\tpay\t2SG,Who will pay you?,,,722[331],,naturalistic spoken,Ki-mounn gen peye vou?,,which-person FUT pay 2SG,,,,2734, +53-69,53,Kote ki-mounn to ye isi?,Kote\tki-mounn\tto\tye\tisi?,at\twhich-person\t2SG\tCOP\there,Whom do you live with here? OR: At whose house are you staying here?,,,722[331],,naturalistic spoken,Kote ki-mounn to ye isi?,,at which-person 2SG COP here,,,,2735, +54-35,54,Ki sa i di aou mi gagn pa?,Kisa\ti\tdi\taou\tmi\tgany\tpa?,who\tFIN\tsay\tOBL.2SG\t1SG.FIN\tget\tNEG,Who told you I will not get it?,,,110[39],,naturalistic spoken,"Ki sa i di aou mi gagn pa?",Kisa i di aou mi gany pa?,who FIN say OBL.2SG 1SG.FIN get NEG,,,,2736,French: Qui te dit que je ne l'obtiens pas? +54-36,54,Ousa vi abit?,Ousa\tvi\tabit?,where\t2SG.FIN\tlive,Where do you live?,,,214[30],,naturalistic spoken,"Ousa vi abit?",,where 2SG.FIN live,,,,2737,French: Où habites-tu / habitez-vous? +54-37,54,Kan ma veni sers mon zanfan?,Kan\tma\tveni\tsers\tmon\tzanfan?,when\t1SG.FUT\tcome\tfetch\tPOSS.1SG\tchild,When shall I come to fetch my child?,,,110[26],,naturalistic spoken,"Kan ma veni sers mon zanfan?",,when 1SG.FUT come fetch POSS.1SG child,,,,2738,French: Quand viendrai-je chercher mon enfant? +54-38,54,Koman ou trouv mous-a-mièl?,Koman\tou\ttrouv\tmous-a-myel?,how\t2SG\tfind\tbee,How do you find [the] bees?,,,229[53],,naturalistic spoken,"Koman ou trouv mous-a-mièl?",Koman ou trouv mous-a-myel?,how 2SG find bee,,,,2739,French: Comment tu trouves les abeilles? +55-33,55,"ki, ki senla, ki dimun","ki,\tki\tsenla,\tki\tdimun",who\twhich\twho\twhich\tperson,"who, who, who",,"/ki/ means 'what' as well as 'who' but occurs in the latter role at least as often as /ki senla/ (< Fr. qui + celle-la) and /ki dimun/ (< Fr. qui + du monde) combined. Of the 'where' words, /kot/ is much more frequent than /ki kote/ today. /kot/ is an abbreviation of /akot/ (still current but less frequent) from Fr. à cote de. /kote/ occurs only utterance finally, e.g. 'Where is his house' can be rendered as /ki kote so lakaz/, /kot so lakaz/ or /so lakaz kote/. /ki kote/ is more often used to request more precise information, e.g. +kot li reste? 'Where does she live?' +- Por Lwi 'Port Louis' +ki kote? 'whereabouts?' +lari Madam 'rue Madame'. +Of the when words, only kan (< Fr. quand) can be used in all circumstances, /ki ler/ being limited to times of day (but being more frequent than French à quelle heure or English what time. For 'how' /ki manyer/ and /kuma/ (< Fr. comment) occur with roughly equal frequency.",,,constructed by linguist,"ki, ki senla, ki dimun",,who which who which person,"/ki/ means 'what' as well as 'who' but occurs in the latter role at least as often as /ki senla/ (< Fr. qui + celle-la) and /ki dimun/ (< Fr. qui + du monde) combined. Of the 'where' words, /kot/ is much more frequent than /ki kote/ today. /kot/ is an abbreviation of /akot/ (still current but less frequent) from Fr. à cote de. /kote/ occurs only utterance finally, e.g. 'Where is his house' can be rendered as /ki kote so lakaz/, /kot so lakaz/ or /so lakaz kote/. /ki kote/ is more often used to request more precise information, e.g. +kot li reste? 'Where does she live?' +- Por Lwi 'Port Louis' +ki kote? 'whereabouts?' +lari Madam 'rue Madame'. +Of the when words, only kan (< Fr. quand) can be used in all circumstances, /ki ler/ being limited to times of day (but being more frequent than French à quelle heure or English what time. For 'how' /ki manyer/ and /kuma/ (< Fr. comment) occur with roughly equal frequency.",Own knowledge,,2740, +55-34,55,"ki kote, kot, akot, (kote)","ki\tkote,\tkot,\takot,\t(kote)",which\tside\twhere\twhere\t(where),where,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ki kote, kot, akot, (kote)",,which side where where (where),,Own knowledge,,2741, +55-35,55,kaṅ zot ti revin Moris? (Zedi) — ki ler u ti sort lakaz? (Never par la),kaṅ zot ti revin Moris? (Zedi) — ki ler u ti sort lakaz? (Never par la),when they PST come.back Mauritius (Thursday)   what hour 2SG PST leave house (9.o'clock by there),When did they come back to Mauritius? (Thursday) — What time did you leave home? (About nine o'clock),,/ki ler/ is generally restricted to contexts where a specific time of the day is sought.,,,constructed by linguist,kaṅ zot ti revin Moris? (Zedi) — ki ler u ti sort lakaz? (Never par la),,when they PST come.back Mauritius (Thursday) what hour 2SG PST leave house (9.o'clock by there),/ki ler/ is generally restricted to contexts where a specific time of the day is sought.,Own knowledge,,2742, +55-36,55,ki manyer so mama? kuma to ti kone kot mo reste?,ki\tmanyer\tso\tmama?\tkuma\tto\tti\tkone\tkot\tmo\treste?,what\tmanner\t3.POSS\tmother\thow\t2SG.FAM\tPST\tknow\twhere\t1SG\tlive,How is his mother? How did you know where I live?,,"/ki manyer/ and /kuma/ (< Fr. comment) occur with roughly equal frequency and in many cases are interchangeable. But /ki manyer/ is preferred when enquiring about health or how somone is dealing with a problem. /ki manyer/ is also used by itself on meeting someone as a kind of greeting + semi-question to which only a very short answer such as ""korek"" ('OK') is expected.",,,constructed by linguist,ki manyer so mama? kuma to ti kone kot mo reste?,,what manner 3.POSS mother how 2SG.FAM PST know where 1SG live,"/ki manyer/ and /kuma/ (< Fr. comment) occur with roughly equal frequency and in many cases are interchangeable. But /ki manyer/ is preferred when enquiring about health or how somone is dealing with a problem. /ki manyer/ is also used by itself on meeting someone as a kind of greeting + semi-question to which only a very short answer such as ""korek"" ('OK') is expected.",Own knowledge,,2743, +56-45,56,Ki mannyer zot ti organiz zot pour danse?,Ki\tmannyer\tzot\tti\torganiz\tzot\tpour\tdanse?,which\tmanner\t2PL\tPST\torganize\t2PL\tfor\tdance,How did you organize yourselves in order to dance?,,,955[182],,naturalistic spoken,"Ki mannyer zot ti organiz zot pour danse?",,which manner 2PL PST organize 2PL for dance,,,,2744, +56-46,56,Lekel ki ti vini?,Lekel\tki\tti\tvini?,who\tREL\tPST\tcome,Who came?,,"Ki sennla ki is also used to refer to 'who', Bollée (1977: 50), sennla meaning 'this one, that one'.",,,constructed by linguist,"Lekel ki ti vini?",,who REL PST come,"Ki sennla ki is also used to refer to 'who', Bollée (1977: 50), sennla meaning 'this one, that one'.",Own knowledge,,2745, +56-47,56,Be aktyelman kote ou ti ne ou la?,Be\taktyelman\tkote\tou\tti\tne\tou\tla?,but\tactually\twhere\t2SG\tPST\tborn\t2SG\there,"But actually, where were you born?",,,158[168],,naturalistic spoken,"Be aktyelman kote ou ti ne ou la?",,but actually where 2SG PST born 2SG here,,,,2746, +56-48,56,Be kan ti konstri sa?,Be\tkan\tti\tkonstri\tsa?,but\twhen\tPST\tbuild\tthis,But when did one/they build this?,,"The subject position is not filled; therefore, a human, non-specific agent is referred to.",158[168],,naturalistic spoken,"Be kan ti konstri sa?",,but when PST build this,"The subject position is not filled; therefore, a human, non-specific agent is referred to.",,,2747, +56-49,56,Ki sennla ki ti vini?,Ki\tsennla\tki\tti\tvini?,which\tperson\tREL\tPST\tcome,Who came?,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Ki sennla ki ti vini?",,which person REL PST come,,Own knowledge,,2748, +57-24,57,tale u?,ta\tale\tu?,2SG\tgo\twhere,Where are you going?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tale u?,ta ale u?,2SG go where,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,2749, +57-25,57,"ki, u, ka, koma","ki,\tu,\tka,\tkoma",who\twhere\twhen\thow,"who, where, when, how",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"ki, u, ka, koma",,who where when how,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,2750, +57-26,57,per-la le vja ka?,per-la\tle\tvja\tka?,Father-DEM/DEF\tSI\tcome\twhen,When does the Father come?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,per-la le vja ka?,,Father-DEM/DEF SI come when,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,2751, +57-27,57,"koma, no pu unde?","koma,\tno\tpu\tunde?",how\tname\tPREP\t2DU,What is your name?,,,423[198],,naturalistic spoken,"koma, no pu unde?",,how name PREP 2DU,,,,2752, +58-21,58,Nani me kwisa?,Nani\tme\tkwisa?,who\tPRF\tcome,Who has come?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Nani me kwisa?,,who PRF come,,Own knowledge,,2753, +58-22,58,Nge me kwenda wapi?,Nge\tme\tkwenda\twapi?,you\tPRF\tgo\twhere,Where have you gone?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Nge me kwenda wapi?,,you PRF go where,,Own knowledge,,2754, +59-69,59,zo wa laa (a)tene mo ga zo wa?,zo\twa\tlaa\t(a)tene\tmo\tga\tzo\twa?,person\twhat\tFOC\t(PM-)say\t2SG\tcome\tperson\twhat,Who told you to come?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"zo wa laa (a)tene mo ga zo wa?",,person what FOC (PM-)say 2SG come person what,,Samarin corpus 1994,,2755, +59-70,59,fade mbi zaa mo na ndo wa?,fade\tmbi\tzia\tmo\tna\tndo\twa,immediately\t1SG\tput\t2SG\tPREP\tplace\twhat,Where am I going to put you?,,Fade is one of the adverbial markers of the future.,1320[217],,naturalistic spoken,"fade mbi zaa mo na ndo wa?",fade mbi zia mo na ndo wa,immediately 1SG put 2SG PREP place what,"Fade is one of the adverbial markers of the future.",,,2756, +59-71,59,mo lingbi ti ken' lo ngbangati bongo la wa?,mo\tlingbi\tti\tken'\tlo\tngbangati\tbongo\tla\twa?,2SG\tcan\tof\treject\t3SG\tbecause.of\tcloth\tsun\twhat,When can you reject him (husband) over clothes? OR: How could you possibly reject him over clothes?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"mo lingbi ti ken' lo ngbangati bongo la wa?",,2SG can of reject 3SG because.of cloth sun what,,Own knowledge,,2757, +59-72,59,mbi ke saar tone nyen'?!,mbi\tke\tsara\ttongana\tnyen'?!,1SG\tCOP\tdo\tlike\twhat,What am I going to do?!,,"When a question is repeated or when expressing emotion, a rising-falling contour with greater emphasis occurs on the final syllable represented by (?!).",1326,,naturalistic spoken,mbi ke saar tone nyen'?!,mbi ke sara tongana nyen'?!,1SG COP do like what,"When a question is repeated or when expressing emotion, a rising-falling contour with greater emphasis occurs on the final syllable represented by (?!).",,,2758, +59-73,59,nye laa mbi ke sara na mama ti mbi so nye?,nye\tlaa\tmbi\tke\tsara\tna\tmama\tti\tmbi\tso\tnye?,what\tFOC\t1SG\tCOP\tdo\tPREP\tmother\tof\t1SG\tDEM\twhat,What am I going to do with my mother?,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,nye laa mbi ke sara na mama ti mbi so nye?,,what FOC 1SG COP do PREP mother of 1SG DEM what,,,,2759, +60-24,60,náni,náni,who,who,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,náni,,who,,,,2760, +60-25,60,wápi,wápi,where,where,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,wápi,,where,,,,2761, +60-26,60,tángo níni,tángo\tníni,moment\twhich,when,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,tángo níni,,moment which,,,,2762, +60-27,60,ndéngé níni,ndéngé\tníni,manner\twhich,how,,Ndéngé níni also has the noncompound equivalent bóní; both are equally frequent.,1273,,naturalistic spoken,ndéngé níni,,manner which,"Ndéngé níni also has the noncompound equivalent bóní; both are equally frequent.",,,2763, +61-18,61,(y)ini skati,(y)ini\tskati,what\ttime,when,,"An alternative used by some speakers is (y)ipi skati, literally 'where time' = 'when'.",650[7],,constructed by linguist,(y)ini skati,,what time,"An alternative used by some speakers is (y)ipi skati, literally 'where time' = 'when'.",,,2764, +62-14,62,niji,niji,who,who?,,,,,elicited from speaker,niji,,who,,Own field data 1993,,2765, +62-15,62,=lé,=lé,where,where,,=lé is a sentence final clitic.,,,elicited from speaker,=lé,,where,"=lé is a sentence final clitic.",Own field data 1993,,2766, +62-16,62,ámi?,ámi?,when,When?,,,,,elicited from speaker,ámi?,,when,,Own field data 1993,,2767, +62-17,62,véeku-kúru-mo?,véeku-kúru-mo?,2:PST:IPFV-cultivate-how,How were they cultivating?,,,988[121],,elicited from speaker,véeku-kúru-mo?,,2:PST:IPFV-cultivate-how,,,,2768, +63-25,63,de múnu?,de\tmúnu?,DEM\twho,Who is he?,,,857[379],,naturalistic spoken,"de múnu?",,DEM who,,,,2769, +63-26,63,íta já kefín?,íta\tjá\tkefín?,2SG\tcome\thow,How did you come?,,,857[379],,naturalistic spoken,"íta já kefín?",,2SG come how,,,,2770, +63-27,63,íta gén wén?,íta\tgén\twén?,2SG\tstay\twhere,Where do you live?,,,857[379],,naturalistic spoken,"íta gén wén?",,2SG stay where,,,,2771, +63-28,63,íta já mitén?,íta\tjá\tmitén?,2SG\tcome\twhen,When did you come?,,,857[380],,naturalistic spoken,"íta já mitén?",,2SG come when,,,,2772, +64-35,64,íta ma biligó ʃókol íta biligó kef?,íta\tma\tbi=ligó\tʃókol\títa\tbi=ligó\tkef?,2SG\tNEG\tIRR=find\twork\t2SG\tIRR=find\thow,"You won’t find work, how will/would you find it?",,,1491[434],,naturalistic spoken,íta ma biligó ʃókol íta biligó kef?,íta ma bi=ligó ʃókol íta bi=ligó kef?,2SG NEG IRR=find work 2SG IRR=find how,,,,2773, +64-36,64,íta ja mitén?,íta\tja\tmitén?,2SG\tcome\twhen,When did you arrive?,,,874[121],,naturalistic spoken,"íta ja mitén?",,2SG come when,,,,2774, +65-38,65,Kakoj liudi dəliko sopka xodi?,Kakoj\tliudi\tdəliko\tsopka\txodi?,which\tperson\tfar\tmountain\tgo,Who is walking far in the mountains?,,,60[22],,citation in fiction,"Kakoj liudi dəliko sopka xodi?",,which person far mountain go,,,Какой люди далеко сопка ходи?,2775, +65-39,65,Kako xyʧi?,Kako\txyʧi?,how\twant,How would you like it to be done?,,This was said while bargaining. The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).,1045[247],,constructed by linguist,"Kako xyʧi?",,how want,This was said while bargaining. The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).,,Како хычи?,2776, +66-23,66,çərapa,çər-apa,way-what,how,,"This word is a contraction of cara apa. It is not possible to say this without phonological reduction, so it is only etymologically a compound. It is also possible to say apa cara, and that is without phonological reduction.",,,own knowledge,çərapa,çər-apa,way-what,"This word is a contraction of cara apa. It is not possible to say this without phonological reduction, so it is only etymologically a compound. It is also possible to say apa cara, and that is without phonological reduction.",Own knowledge,,2777, +67-42,67,Lu pinya anak siapa tengok? Busat?,Lu\tpinya\tanak\tsiapa\ttengok?\tBusat?,2SG\tPOSS\tchild\twho\ttake.care\tbig,Who takes care of your [younger] son? The bigger one?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Lu pinya anak siapa tengok? Busat?",,2SG POSS child who take.care big,,Own knowledge,,2778, +67-43,67,bila,bila,where,where,,,,,naturalistic spoken,bila,,where,,Own knowledge,,2779, +67-44,67,Lu mana tinggal?,Lu\tmana\ttinggal?,2SG\twhere\tlive,Where do you live?,,,708[142. 422],,naturalistic spoken,"Lu mana tinggal?",,2SG where live,,,,2780, +67-45,67,mana/apa-macam; siapa; bila,mana/apa-macam;\tsiapa;\tbila,how/what-like\twho\twhere,how; who; where,,,708[140],,naturalistic spoken,mana/apa-macam; siapa; bila,,how/what-like who where,,,,2781, +67-46,67,Gaji mana ada cukop?,Gaji\tmana\tada\tcukop?,salary\thow\tbe\tenough,How can the salary be enough?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Gaji mana ada cukop?",,salary how be enough,,Own knowledge,,2782, +67-47,67,Siapa pecah ini cermin?,Siapa\tpecah\tini\tcermin?,who\tbreak\tDEM\tglass,Who broke this glass?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Siapa pecah ini cermin?",,who break DEM glass,,Own knowledge,,2783, +68-29,68,apa tempo,apa\ttempo,what\ttime,when,,,1178[404],,naturalistic spoken,apa tempo,,what time,,,,2784, +68-30,68,sapa,sapa,who,who,,,1178[404],,naturalistic spoken,sapa,,who,,,,2785, +68-31,68,mana,mana,where,where,,,1178[404],,naturalistic spoken,mana,,where,,,,2786, +68-32,68,bagaimana,bagaimana,how,how,,,1178[404],,naturalistic spoken,bagaimana,,how,,,,2787, +70-25,70,kaise,kaise,how,how,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kaise,,how,,Own field notes,,2788, +70-26,70,kon taim,kon\ttaim,which\ttime,when,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kon taim,,which time,,Own field notes,,2789, +70-27,70,ka karo,ka\tkaro,what\tdo,why,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ka karo,,what do,,Own field notes,,2790, +71-34,71,"Mahope iaia pimai, pehea ka manawa, hola ahia?","Mahope\tiaia\tpimai,\tpehea\tka\tmanawa,\thola\tahia?",later\t3SG\tcome\twhat\tDEF\ttime\thour\twhich,"When does he usually come home, at what hour?",,"The answer to this question was, 'Sometimes he comes in the afternoon, sometimes he comes in the evening'. Here hola ahia and pehea ka manawa appear to be interchangeable.",,,naturalistic written,"Mahope iaia pimai, pehea ka manawa, hola ahia?",,later 3SG come what DEF time hour which,"The answer to this question was, 'Sometimes he comes in the afternoon, sometimes he comes in the evening'. Here hola ahia and pehea ka manawa appear to be interchangeable.",own data 1906,,2791, +71-35,71,Lapule hola ahia pau hana?,Lapule\thola\tahia\tpau\thana?,Sunday\thour\twhich\tfinish\twork,"On Sunday, at what hour was the work finished?",,"Ahia usually means 'how many' in Hawaiian and the pidgin, but the question is not how long the work will take because the answer to the question was Hola 9 '9 o'clock'. Hola ahia thus specifies a specific time and not a duration. See Examples 34 and 38 as well.",,,naturalistic written,"Lapule hola ahia pau hana?",,Sunday hour which finish work,"Ahia usually means 'how many' in Hawaiian and the pidgin, but the question is not how long the work will take because the answer to the question was Hola 9 '9 o'clock'. Hola ahia thus specifies a specific time and not a duration. See Examples 34 and 38 as well.",own data 1906,,2792, +71-36,71,"Pehea iaia keia manawa, pehea kela ma‘i iaia?","Pehea\tiaia\tkeia\tmanawa,\tpehea\tkela\tma‘i\tiaia?",how\t3SG\tthis\ttime\thow\tDEF\tdisease\t3SG.POSS,"How is he doing now, how much has his disease progressed?",,,,,naturalistic written,"Pehea iaia keia manawa, pehea kela ma‘i iaia?",,how 3SG this time how DEF disease 3SG.POSS,,own data 1906,,2793, +71-37,71,Owai makana oe kela dala?,Owai\tmakana\toe\tkela\tdala?,who\tgive\tyou\tDEF\tmoney,Who gave you the money?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Owai makana oe kela dala?",,who give you DEF money,,own data 1882,,2794, +71-38,71,Hora ahia oe pii mai?,Hora\tahia\toe\tpiimai?,hour\twhich\t2SG\tcome,What hour did you come? OR: When did you come?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Hora ahia oe pii mai?",Hora ahia oe piimai?,hour which 2SG come,,Own data 1898,,2795, +72-31,72,Weyangka irra baitim nyuntu?,Weya-ngka\ti-rra\tbait-im\tnyuntu?,where-LOC\t3SG-POT\tbite-TR\t2SG,Where's it going to bite you?,,Here the interrogative nominal also takes a Gurindji-derived case-marker.,920[366],,naturalistic spoken,Weyangka irra baitim nyuntu?,Weya-ngka i-rra bait-im nyuntu?,where-LOC 3SG-POT bite-TR 2SG,Here the interrogative nominal also takes a Gurindji-derived case-marker.,,,2796, +72-32,72,Wattaim nyanuny Dedi kom-in?,Wattaim\tnyanuny\tDedi\tkom-in?,when\t3SG.DAT\tfather\tcome-CONT,When is his father coming?,,,8,,naturalistic spoken,Wattaim nyanuny Dedi kom-in?,,when 3SG.DAT father come-CONT,,,,2797, +72-33,72,Hau i bin lungkarra na?,Hau\ti\tbin\tlungkarra\tna?,how\t3SG\tPST\tcry\tSEQ,How did he cry then?,,,8,a97c06f4ec05622bf87f62f5059c6296,naturalistic spoken,"Hau i bin lungkarra na?",,how 3SG PST cry SEQ,,,,2798, +73-30,73,kin,kin,who,who,,,1038[394],,naturalistic spoken,kin,,who,,,,2799, +73-31,73,undimu,undi-mu,where-ALL,where to,,,1038[394],,naturalistic spoken,undimu,undi-mu,where-ALL,,,,2800, +73-32,73,komo,komo,how,how,,,1038[394],,elicited from speaker,komo,,how,,,,2801, +73-33,73,ki uras,ki\turas,what\thour(s),when,,Ki uras alternates with kwandu 'when'.,1038[394],,naturalistic spoken,ki uras,,what hour(s),"Ki uras alternates with kwandu 'when'.",,,2802, +74-31,74,qa man?,qa\tman?,where\tman,Where is the man?,,,,,constructed by linguist,qa man?,,where man,,Own knowledge,,2803, +74-32,74,ikta ukuk?,ikta\tukuk?,what\tthis,What is this?,,,,,constructed by linguist,ikta ukuk?,,what this,,Own knowledge,,2804, +75-64,75,Aweena kaaitohtaahit?,Aweena\tkaa-itohtaa-h-it?,who\tCOMP-go-CAUS-3.SBJ.1.OBJ,Who is going to take me (there)?,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Aweena kaaitohtaahit?,Aweena kaa-itohtaa-h-it?,who COMP-go-CAUS-3.SBJ.1.OBJ,,,,2805, +75-65,75,Taandee chiwiikit.,Taandee\tchi-wiiki-t.,where\tCOMP.FUT-live-3,Where was she to live?,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Taandee chiwiikit.,Taandee chi-wiiki-t.,where COMP.FUT-live-3,,,,2806, +75-66,75,Taanishi kaaishushihaat awa?,Taanishi\tkaa-ish-ushi-h-aat\tawa?,how\tCOMP-manner-make-CAUS-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tthis.one,How can she make all that?,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Taanishi kaaishushihaat awa?,Taanishi kaa-ish-ushi-h-aat awa?,how COMP-manner-make-CAUS-3.SBJ.3.OBJ this.one,,,,2807, +75-67,75,Taanshpi kaaishpayik?,Taanshpi\tkaa-ish-payi-k?,when\tCOMP-manner-MOVE-3,When did that happen?,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Taanshpi kaaishpayik?,Taanshpi kaa-ish-payi-k?,when COMP-manner-MOVE-3,,,,2808, +75-68,75,Kubaen d pyii eeishkwaak la plaansh?,Kubaen\td\tpyii\tee-ishkwaa-k\tla\tplaansh?,how.many\tof\tfoot\tCOMP-end-3\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tboard,How many feet long is the board?,,,789[101],,naturalistic written,Kubaen d pyii eeishkwaak la plaansh?,Kubaen d pyii ee-ishkwaa-k la plaansh?,how.many of foot COMP-end-3 DEF.ART.F.SG board,,,,2809, +1-65,1,Dan mie nanga den Booy foe mie [...].,Dan\tmi\tnanga\tden\tboi\tfu\tmi\t[...].,then\t1SG\twith\tDET.PL\tboy\tof\t1SG\t[...],Then me and my boys [...].,,,1576[139],,written,Dan mie nanga den Booy foe mie [...].,Dan mi nanga den boi fu mi [...].,then 1SG with DET.PL boy of 1SG [...],,,,2810,Dutch: [...] myne Jongens [...]. [op.cit.] +2-52,2,Mi nanga Arnie e tan ini a srefi birti.,Mi\tnanga\tArnie\te\ttan\tini\ta\tsrefi\tbirti.,1SG\twith\tArnie\tASP\tstay\tin\tART\tsame\tneighborhood,Arnie and I live in the same neighborhood.,,,1587,,unknown,Mi nanga Arnie e tan ini a srefi birti.,,1SG with Arnie ASP stay in ART same neighborhood,,,,2811, +3-25,3,Hén ku Jan náki dí dágu.,Hén\tku\tJan\tnáki\tdí\tdágu.,3SG\tand\tJohn\thit\tDEF.SG\tdog,He and John hit the dog.,,Pronoun conjunction is not possible with subject clitics.,1539[35],,naturalistic spoken,Hén ku Jan náki dí dágu.,,3SG and John hit DEF.SG dog,Pronoun conjunction is not possible with subject clitics.,,,2812, +4-27,4,A ya mi anga Selifi de.,A\tya\tmi\tanga\tSelifi\tde.,FOC\there\tI\twith/and\tSelifi\texist,It's here that I and Silvy are.,,,1271,,naturalistic spoken,"A ya mi anga Selifi de.",,FOC here I with/and Selifi exist,,,,2813, +5-35,5,"aat, iz wi bai livin de, rait? mi brodo an mii, rait?","aat,\tiz\twi\tbai\tlivin\tde,\trait?\tmi\tbrodo\tan\tmii,\trait?",alright\tis\tour\tboys\tliving\tthere\tright\tmy\tbrother\tand\tme\tright,"Alright, it is our boys who are living there, okay? My brother and me, okay?",,,"1281[210, lines 971-972]",,naturalistic spoken,"aat, iz wi bai livin de, rait? mi brodo an mii, rait?",,alright is our boys living there right my brother and me right,,,,2814, +6-22,6,mi an Meri,mi\tan\tMeri,1SG\tCONJ\tMary,I and Mary,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi an Meri,,1SG CONJ Mary,,Own knowledge,,2815, +7-48,7,mi an meiri,mi\tan\tmeiri,1SG\tand\tMary,Mary and I,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mi an meiri,,1SG and Mary,,Own knowledge,,2816, +8-27,8,Mi an Mieri arienj-op di hous fi di paati.,Mi\tan\tMieri\tarienj-op\tdi\thous\tfi\tdi\tpaati.,1SG\tCONJ\tMary\tarrange-up\tDET\thouse\tfor\tDET\tparty,Mary and I arranged the house for the party.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi an Mieri arienj-op di hous fi di paati.,,1SG CONJ Mary arrange-up DET house for DET party,,Own knowledge,,2817, +8-28,8,Wi an Mieri kech liet.,Wi\tan\tMieri\tkech\tliet.,1PL\tCONJ\tMary\tcatch\tlate,We and Mary arrived late.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Wi an Mieri kech liet.,,1PL CONJ Mary catch late,,Own knowledge,,2818, +9-43,9,"Wi me de luk fu rowp wan taym, mi n̩ Riko.","Wi\tme\tde\tluk\tfu\trowp\twan\ttaym,\tmi\tn̩\tRiko.",1PL\tANT\tPROG\tlook\tfor\trope\tone\ttime\tme\tand\tRico,"We were looking for some rope once, me and Rico.",,,432[34],,naturalistic spoken,"Wi me de luk fu rowp wan taym, mi n̩ Riko.",,1PL ANT PROG look for rope one time me and Rico,,,,2819, +10-32,10,Mi an da man iz nat fren.,Mi\tan\tda\tman\tiz\tnat\tfren.,1SG\tand\tDEM\tman\tCOP.PRS\tNEG\tfriend,I and that man are not friends.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi an da man iz nat fren.,,1SG and DEM man COP.PRS NEG friend,,Unpublished field recordings,,2820, +10-33,10,Mi an Mary gaan huom.,Mi\tan\tMary\tgaan\thuom.,1SG\tand\tMary\tgo.ANT\thome,I and Mary went home.,,The order 'Mary and I went home' would be due to English influence.,,,elicited from speaker,Mi an Mary gaan huom.,,1SG and Mary go.ANT home,The order 'Mary and I went home' would be due to English influence.,Field notes 2008,,2821, +11-37,11,Mary an Ai gaan huom.,Mary\tan\tAi\tgaan\thuom.,Mary\tand\t1SG\tgo.PST\thome,Mary and I went home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mary an Ai gaan huom.,,Mary and 1SG go.PST home,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,2822, +11-38,11,I hosban an i neva hav notin tu kuk.,I\thosban\tan\ti\tneva\thav\tnotin\ttu\tkuk.,3SG.POSS\thusband\tand\t3SG\tNEG.PST\thave\tnothing\tto\tcook,She and her husband had nothing to eat.,,,636[264],,naturalistic spoken,I hosban an i neva hav notin tu kuk.,,3SG.POSS husband and 3SG NEG.PST have nothing to cook,,,,2823, +11-39,11,Mi an Mary gaan huom.,Mi\tan\tMary\tgaan\thuom.,1SG\tand\tMary\tgo.PST\thome,Mary and I went home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mi an Mary gaan huom.,,1SG and Mary go.PST home,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,2824, +11-40,11,Mary gaan huom wid mi.,Mary\tgaan\thuom\twid\tmi.,Mary\tgo.PST\thome\tCOM\t1SG,Mary and I went home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mary gaan huom wid mi.,,Mary go.PST home COM 1SG,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,2825, +12-36,12,"Al wasn't home, just me and David, so David say, Mum, if I could take out my soup, so I said yes.",[...]\tjust\tme\tand\tDavid\t[...],[...]\tjust\t1SG.SBJ\tand\tDavid\t[...],[...] just me and David [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Al wasn't home, just me and David, so David say, Mum, if I could take out my soup, so I said yes.",[...] just me and David [...],[...] just 1SG.SBJ and David [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2826, +13-34,13,Me and she be walking the road.,Me\tand\tshe\tbe\twalking\tthe\troad.,1SG\tand\t3SG\tHAB\twalking\tthe\troad,She and I walk the road [habitually].,,,330[146],,naturalistic spoken,"Me and she be walking the road.",,1SG and 3SG HAB walking the road,,,,2827, +14-24,14,Me and Bruce went to the store.,Me\tand\tBruce\twent\tto\tthe\tstore.,me\tand\tBruce\twent\tto\tthe\tstore,Bruce and I went to the store.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Me and Bruce went to the store.,,me and Bruce went to the store,,Own knowledge,,2828, +15-34,15,mi ɛn meri go na os,mi\tɛn\tmeri\tgo\tna\tos,1SG\tand\tMary\tgo\tLOC\thouse,Mary and I went home.,,The object form of the pronoun – /mi/ (instead of the subject form /a/) – is used and invariably precedes the NP.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mi ɛn meri go na os",,1SG and Mary go LOC house,The object form of the pronoun – /mi/ (instead of the subject form /a/) – is used and invariably precedes the NP.,Own knowledge,,2829, +16-27,16,nana ɛn mi go taun,nana\tɛn\tmi\tgo\ttaun,Nana\tand\t1SG\tgo\ttown,Nana and I went to town.,,,,,constructed by linguist,nana ɛn mi go taun,,Nana and 1SG go town,,Own knowledge,,2830, +16-28,16,mi plus mɛri go taun,mi\tplus\tmɛri\tgo\ttaun,1SG\tand\tMary\tgo\ttown,Mary and I went to town. OR: I went to town with Mary.,,,,,elicited from speaker,mi plus mɛri go taun,,1SG and Mary go town,,Own fieldwork,,2831, +17-25,17,Mí ànd/wìt Àdé gò dans.,Mí\tànd/wìt\tÀdé\tgò\tdans.,1SG.SBJ.INDP\tand/COM\tÀdé\tIRR\tdance,Àdé and I will dance.,,,462[82],,naturalistic spoken,Mí ànd/wìt Àdé gò dans.,,1SG.SBJ.INDP and/COM Àdé IRR dance,,,,2832, +18-31,18,Mi an Mary go fo maket.,Mi\tan\tMary\tgo\tfo\tmaket.,1SG.SBJ\tand\tMary\tgo\tfor\tmarket,Mary and I went to the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mi an Mary go fo maket.",,1SG.SBJ and Mary go for market,,Own knowledge,,2833, +18-32,18,Mi an ma sista get wan kain klos.,Mi\tan\tma\tsista\tget\twan\tkain\tklos.,1SG.SBJ\tand\t1SG.POSS\tsister\tget\tone\tkind\tcloth,My sister and I have the same kind of dress.,,,63[431],,published source,"Mi an ma sista get wan kain klos.",,1SG.SBJ and 1SG.POSS sister get one kind cloth,,,,2834, +19-34,19,Mi wèt Djunais wì mitɔp.,Mi\twèt\tDjunais\twì\tmitɔp.,1SG.EMPH\twith\tDjunais\t1PL\tmeet,Me and Djunais met.,,,1634[451],,elicited from speaker,"Mi wèt Djunais wì mitɔp.",,1SG.EMPH with Djunais 1PL meet,,,,2835, +20-97,20,My long you go see he.,My\tlong\tyou\tgo\tsee\the.,1SG\tCOM\t2SG\tgo\tsee\t3SG,We will go together to have an interview.,,,1489[VI.79],,naturalistic written,"My long you go see he.",,1SG COM 2SG go see 3SG,,,米郎㕭哥思希,2836, +21-25,21,Lastime Mama and I always go Siglap market.,Lastime\tMama\tand\tI\talways\tgo\tSiglap\tmarket.,in.the.past\tgrandmother\tand\t1SG\talways\tgo\tSiglap\tmarket,"In the past, grandmother and I always went/ used to go to Siglap market.",,,,,constructed by linguist,Lastime Mama and I always go Siglap market.,,in.the.past grandmother and 1SG always go Siglap market,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,2837, +22-40,22,Nau mitupla Beiko les [...].,Nau\tmitupla\tBeiko\tles\t[...].,now\t1DU.EXCL\tBeiko\ttired\t[...],Now me and Beiko were tired [...].,,,584[LaeCity\Paza\mor\f11\momas\morp],,naturalistic spoken,Nau mitupla Beiko les [...].,,now 1DU.EXCL Beiko tired [...],,,,2838, +22-41,22,Mi na Tomas i go long haus.,Mi\tna\tTomas\ti\tgo\tlong\thaus.,1SG\tand\tThomas\tPM\tgo\tPREP\thouse,Me and Thomas went home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mi na Tomas i go long haus.,,1SG and Thomas PM go PREP house,,Own knowledge,,2839, +23-44,23,"afta hem i talem long mi wetem Charlie – mitufala wetem Charlie i wok – se ""bae mi go ple""","afta\them\ti\ttalem\tlong\tmi\twetem\tCharlie\t–\tmitufala\twetem\tCharlie\ti\twok\t–\tse\t""bae\tmi\tgo\tple""",after\t3SG\tAGR\ttell\tALL\t1SG\twith\tCharlie\t–\t1DU\twith\tCharlie\tAGR\twork\t–\tsay\tIRR\t1SG\tgo\tplay,"So he said to me and Charlie – Charlie and I were at work – (he) said ""I'm going to play (the slots)"".",,"Note the two co-ordinated NP variants, mi + wetem + PN and mitufala + wetem + PN. Se could be glossed as a complementizer, but given the pronoun choice in the following clause it seems more appropriate to gloss it as a verb introducing direct speech.",942,,naturalistic spoken,"afta hem i talem long mi wetem Charlie – mitufala wetem Charlie i wok – se ""bae mi go ple""",,after 3SG AGR tell ALL 1SG with Charlie – 1DU with Charlie AGR work – say IRR 1SG go play,"Note the two co-ordinated NP variants, mi + wetem + PN and mitufala + wetem + PN. Se could be glossed as a complementizer, but given the pronoun choice in the following clause it seems more appropriate to gloss it as a verb introducing direct speech.",,,2840, +23-45,23,mi wetem man blong Rini mitufala i stap kam,mi\twetem\tman\tblong\tRini\tmitufala\ti\tstap\tkam,1SG\twith\tman\tof\tRini\t1DU\tAGR\tPROG\tcome,Rini's husband and I were coming.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,mi wetem man blong Rini mitufala i stap kam,,1SG with man of Rini 1DU AGR PROG come,,,,2841, +25-125,25,"Bat mai [...] bratha waif bin lukinaftaim mi, mi en E.","Bat\tmai\t[...]\tbratha\twaif\tbin\tluk-in-afta-im\tmi,\tmi\ten\tE.",but\t1SG.POSS\t[...]\tbrother\twife\tPST\tlook-PROG2-after-TR\t1SG\t1SG\tand\tE.,"[My mother died] but my brother's wife looked after me, me and E.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates pronoun conjunction and the 1st person singular object pronoun mi.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Bat mai [...] bratha waif bin lukinaftaim mi, mi en E.","Bat mai [...] bratha waif bin luk-in-afta-im mi, mi en E.",but 1SG.POSS [...] brother wife PST look-PROG2-after-TR 1SG 1SG and E.,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates pronoun conjunction and the 1st person singular object pronoun mi.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2842, +25-126,25,Minbala main dota bin go wandei jeya [...].,Minbala\tmain\tdota\tbin\tgo\twandei\tjeya\t[...].,1DU.EXCL\t1SG.POSS\tdaughter\tPST\tgo\tone.day\tthere\t[...],"The two of us, my daughter (and I) went there one day [...].",,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the inclusory construction.,40,,naturalistic spoken,Minbala main dota bin go wandei jeya [...].,,1DU.EXCL 1SG.POSS daughter PST go one.day there [...],Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the inclusory construction.,,,2843, +25-127,25,Mi en main mami bin getim det drak blanga im na.,Mi\ten\tmain\tmami\tbin\tget-im\tdet\tdrak\tblanga\tim\tna.,1SG\tand\t1SG.POSS\tmummy\tPST\tget–TR\tDEM\ttruck\tDAT/POSS\t3SG\tnow,My mummy and I got his truck (that truck of his) now.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River.,1026[142],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi en main mami bin getim det drak blanga im na.","Mi en main mami bin get-im det drak blanga im na.","1SG and 1SG.POSS mummy PST get–TR DEM truck DAT/POSS 3SG now",Variety: Spoken Roper River.,,,2844, +26-26,26,mi æn papa,mi\tæn\tpapa,1SG\tand\tPapa,I and Papa,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mi æn papa,,1SG and Papa,,Own fieldwork recording,,2845, +28-41,28,ɛk mɛtɛk tokap,ɛkɛ\tmɛtɛ\tɛkɛ\ttoko-apu,1SG\twith\t1SG\tchild-PL,me and my children,,,737[164],,naturalistic spoken,ɛk mɛtɛk tokap,ɛkɛ mɛtɛ ɛkɛ toko-apu,1SG with 1SG child-PL,,,,2846, +29-30,29,Marie en ek het teruggegaan.,Marie\ten\tek\thet\tterug-ge-gaan.,Mary\tand\t1SG.NOM\tPST\tback-PST-gone,Mary and I went back.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Marie en ek het teruggegaan.,Marie en ek het terug-ge-gaan.,Mary and 1SG.NOM PST back-PST-gone,,Own knowledge,,2847, +30-45,30,"Obi li, mi ku Djonsinhu li nu tene un grándi prubléma.","Obi\tli,\tmi\tku=Djon-sinhu\tli\tnu=tene\tun=grándi\tprubléma.",hear\there\t1SG\twith=John-little\there\t1PL=have\ta=big\tproblem,"Listen, I and Little John, we have a big problem.",,,784[s.v. ku],,naturalistic spoken,"Obi li, mi ku Djonsinhu li nu tene un grándi prubléma.","Obi li, mi ku=Djon-sinhu li nu=tene un=grándi prubléma.",hear here 1SG with=John-little here 1PL=have a=big problem,,,,2848,"German: Hör mal, ich und Hänschen wir haben da ein großes Problem." +31-51,31,Mi ku Maria ta da dretu ku kunpanheru.,Mi\tku\tMaria\tta\tda\tdretu\tku\tkunpanheru.,me\tand\tMaria\tASP\tgive\twell\twith\teach.other,Me and Maria get along well with each other.,,,57,,naturalistic spoken,Mi ku Maria ta da dretu ku kunpanheru.,,me and Maria ASP give well with each.other,,,,2849, +31-52,31,"N ka ten ningen na Merka pa da-m, nen mai ku pai, dja more tudu.","N\tka\tten\tningen\tna\tMerka\tpa\tda-m,\tnen\tmai\tku\tpai,\tdja\tmore\ttudu.",I\tNEG\thave\tno.one\tin\tAmerica\tto\tgive-me\tnor\tmother\tand\tfather\tCOMPL\tdie\tall,"I have no one in America to give me anything, neither mother nor father, they are all dead.",,This example shows that the same conjunction is used when connecting two full NPs.,57,,naturalistic spoken,"N ka ten ningen na Merka pa da-m, nen mai ku pai, dja more tudu.",,I NEG have no.one in America to give-me nor mother and father COMPL die all,This example shows that the same conjunction is used when connecting two full NPs.,,,2850, +32-30,32,Mi má Jacira ijgá ténis.,Mi\tmá\tJacira\tijgá\tténis.,1SG\tand/COM\tJacira\tplay\ttennis,Jacira and I played tennis.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,"Mi má Jacira ijgá ténis.",,1SG and/COM Jacira play tennis,,,,2851,Portuguese: Eu e a Jacira jogámos ténis. +33-40,33,Ami ku Maria no bay praia.,Ami\tku\tMaria\tno\tbay\tpraia.,1SG.EMPH\tCONJ\tMaria\t1PL\tgo\tbeach,Maria and I went to the beach.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ami ku Maria no bay praia.",,1SG.EMPH CONJ Maria 1PL go beach,,Own knowledge,,2852,Portuguese: Eu e a Maria fomos à praia. +34-31,34,"A-mi ku Joŋ no ka tené nada, no bay kasa.","A-mi\tku\tJoŋ\tno\tka\tø\ttené\tnada,\tno\tø\tbay\tkasa.",1SG.TOP\twith\tJohn\t1PL.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\tget/have\tnothing\t1PL.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\thouse,"John and I didn't catch anything (fishing, hunting...), [therefore] we went home.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"A-mi ku Joŋ no ka tené nada, no bay kasa.","A-mi ku Joŋ no ka ø tené nada, no ø bay kasa.",1SG.TOP with John 1PL.SBJ NEG PFV get/have nothing 1PL.SBJ PFV go house,,Own knowledge,,2853, +35-42,35,ami ku san Betina tan,ami\tku\tsan\tBetina\ttan,1SG\twith\tMiss\tBetina\tonly,just me and Miss Betina,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ami ku san Betina tan,,1SG with Miss Betina only,,Own data,,2854, +36-26,36,[...] no ki Têtêuga ba pia minhu [...].,[...]\tno\tki\tTêtêuga\tba\tpia\tminhu\t[...].,[...]\t1PL\twith\tturtle\tgo\tlook\tmaize\t[...],[...] Turtle and I went to have a look at the maize [...].,,,901[62],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] no ki Têtêuga ba pia minhu [...].",,[...] 1PL with turtle go look maize [...],,,,2855, +36-27,36,"Olo ma ê vitxa kai thô, ane ki mengai rê kota fintxin pê.","Olo\tma\tê\tvitxa\tkai\tthô,\tane\tki\tmengai\trê\tkota\tfintxin\tpê.",hour\tREL\t3SG\tarrive\thouse\tFOC\t3PL\twith\twife\tPOSS.3SG\tcut\tquarrel\tput,"Immediately after he came home, he and his wife started to quarrel.",,,901[63],,naturalistic spoken,"Olo ma ê vitxa kai thô, ane ki mengai rê kota fintxin pê.",,hour REL 3SG arrive house FOC 3PL with wife POSS.3SG cut quarrel put,,,,2856,French: A peine était-il arrivé chez lui que sa femme et lui se sont mis à se quereller. +37-30,37,Ami ki Zon we posan.,Ami\tki\tZon\twe\tposan.,1SG\twith\tZon\tgo\ttown,John and I went to town.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ami ki Zon we posan.",,1SG with Zon go town,,Own knowledge,,2857, +39-48,39,Oj də maŋã yo ko Fabian tiŋ gia saykəl.,Oj\tdə\tmaŋã\tyo\tko\tFabian\tt-iŋ\tgi-a\tsaykəl.,today\tof\tmorning\t1SG\tCOM\tFabian\tIPFV-PST\tride-INF\tbicycle,"This morning, me and Fabian rode our bicycles.",,,221[147],,naturalistic spoken,Oj də maŋã yo ko Fabian tiŋ gia saykəl.,Oj də maŋã yo ko Fabian t-iŋ gi-a saykəl.,today of morning 1SG COM Fabian IPFV-PST ride-INF bicycle,,,,2858, +39-49,39,Yo may doy rapas tə trabəya.,Yo\tmay\tdoy\trapas\ttə\ttrabəy-a.,1SG\tmore\ttwo\tboy\tIPFV.NPST\twork-INF,Me and two boys work [here].,,,221[28],,naturalistic spoken,Yo may doy rapas tə trabəya.,Yo may doy rapas tə trabəy-a.,1SG more two boy IPFV.NPST work-INF,,,,2859, +40-33,40,"Padgar ani yo, nɔ ti andad Boməy.","Padgar\tani\tyo,\tnɔ\tti\tandad\tBoməy.",priest\tand\tI\twe\tPST\tgo.PTCP\tMumbai,Father and I have gone to and returned from Mumbai.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Padgar ani yo, nɔ ti andad Boməy.",,priest and I we PST go.PTCP Mumbai,,Own knowledge,,2860, +41-38,41,aapa loasaa naa mamane; puuʈu lokuzee/ akasu pruveetu eev kuŋ amoor lokumee,aapa\tlo-asaa\tnaa\tmama-ne;\tpuuʈu\tlo-kuzee/\taka-su\tpruveetu\teev\tkuŋ\tamoor\tlo-kuma,hoppers\tFUT-bake\tTAG\tmummy-ADR.F\tpittu\tFUT-cook\tthat-GEN\tprofit\t1SG\tand\tlove\tFUT-eat,"I’ll bake hoppers, eh, mummy dear – I’ll cook pittu. [With] the profit from that, I and my love will eat.",,"No example with a proper name is available. In the audio file the two lines are first sung in the order given, then repeated in the reverse order.",1416[5715],ad301994458ae1b387817e916f9c40d5,written (poetic),"aapa loasaa naa mamane; puuʈu lokuzee/ akasu pruveetu eev kuŋ amoor lokumee",aapa lo-asaa naa mama-ne; puuʈu lo-kuzee/ aka-su pruveetu eev kuŋ amoor lo-kuma,hoppers FUT-bake TAG mummy-ADR.F pittu FUT-cook that-GEN profit 1SG and love FUT-eat,"No example with a proper name is available. In the audio file the two lines are first sung in the order given, then repeated in the reverse order.",,,2861, +42-34,42,yo ku yo sa mulé ja bai Muar,yo\tku\tyo\tsa\tmulé\tja\tbai\tMuar,1SG\tCOM\t1SG\tGEN\twife\tPFV\tgo\tMuar,I and my wife went to Muar.,,"This was verified in Malacca with my informant, October 26th, 2009.",,,naturalistic spoken,yo ku yo sa mulé ja bai Muar,,1SG COM 1SG GEN wife PFV go Muar,"This was verified in Malacca with my informant, October 26th, 2009.","Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,2862, +44-37,44,Ta bolbé na kása yo y mánang Lóling.,Ta\tbolbé\tna\tkása\tyo\ty\tmánang\tLóling.,IPFV\treturn\tLOC\thome\t1SG\tand\tsister\tLoling,Loling and I go back home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta bolbé na kása yo y mánang Lóling.,,IPFV return LOC home 1SG and sister Loling,,Own data,,2863, +44-38,44,Asé támpu rin mótru di mánag Lóling.,Asé\ttámpu\trin\tmótru\tdi\tmánag\tLóling.,make\tsulk\ttoo\t1PL\tof\tsister\tLoling,I and sister Loling sulked.,,"Sometimes constructions with mótru di occur, but there seems to be variation in the pronoun conjunction.",,,naturalistic spoken,Asé támpu rin mótru di mánag Lóling.,,make sulk too 1PL of sister Loling,"Sometimes constructions with mótru di occur, but there seems to be variation in the pronoun conjunction.",Own data,,2864, +45-28,45,Ya anda niso di Maria na plasa.,Ya\tanda\tniso\tdi\tMaria\tna\tplasa.,PFV\tgo\t1PL\tCONJ\tMaria\tLOC\tmarket,Maria and I went to the market.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya anda niso di Maria na plasa.,,PFV go 1PL CONJ Maria LOC market,,Own data,,2865, +45-29,45,Ya sali ya Maria y yo na iglesia.,Ya\tsali\tya\tMaria\ty\tyo\tna\tiglesia.,PFV\tleave\talready\tMaria\tand\tI\tLOC\tchurch,Maria and I left the church.,,The first person pronoun in conjunction with a personal name is quite formal. Generally the plural pronoun is used with di.,,,elicited from speaker,Ya sali ya Maria y yo na iglesia.,,PFV leave already Maria and I LOC church,"The first person pronoun in conjunction with a personal name is quite formal. Generally the plural pronoun is used with di.",Own data,,2866, +46-49,46,Ya-andá yo ubán si June na cine.,Ya-andá\tyo\tubán\tsi\tJune\tna\tcine.,PRF-go\tI\tCOM\tAG\tJune\tLOC\tcinema,I went (together) with June to the pictures.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ya-andá yo ubán si June na cine.,,PRF-go I COM AG June LOC cinema,,Own knowledge,,2867, +47-40,47,Awe nochi ami ku Steven ta bai tren hunga pingpong.,awe\tnochi\ta-mi\tku\tSteven\tta\tbai\ttren\thunga\tpingpong,today\tnight\tEMPH-1SG\twith\tS.\tTNS\tgo\ttrain\tplay\ttable.tennis,"Tonight, me and Steven will train playing ping-pong.",,,755,,naturalistic written,"Awe nochi ami ku Steven ta bai tren hunga pingpong.",awe nochi a-mi ku Steven ta bai tren hunga pingpong,today night EMPH-1SG with S. TNS go train play table.tennis,,,,2868, +48-31,48,Malia i yo a bae a kasa.,Malia\ti\tyo\ta\tbae\ta\tkasa.,Mary\tand\tI\tPST\tgo\tto\thome,Mary and I have gone home.,,"Alternative construction: Malia ku yo a bae a kasa lit. 'Mary with I ...' This may have been the traditional way of expressing it, and superstrate pressure may have led to the current preference for the use of i rather than ku.",,,naturalistic spoken,Malia i yo a bae a kasa.,,Mary and I PST go to home,"Alternative construction: Malia ku yo a bae a kasa lit. 'Mary with I ...' This may have been the traditional way of expressing it, and superstrate pressure may have led to the current preference for the use of i rather than ku.",Recorded by author,,2869,Spanish: María y yo hemos ido a casa. +49-49,49,Mwen avè Pyè de kouzen.,Mwen\tavè\tPyè\tde\tkouzen.,I\twith\tPierre\ttwo\tcousins,Pierre and I are two cousins.,,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 1114: M avè w de kouzen. 'I and you are (two) cousins.'; Mwen avè w, nou se de kouzen. 'I and you, we are (two) cousins.'",,,constructed by linguist,Mwen avè Pyè de kouzen.,,I with Pierre two cousins,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 1114: M avè w de kouzen. 'I and you are (two) cousins.'; Mwen avè w, nou se de kouzen. 'I and you, we are (two) cousins.'",Own knowledge,,2870,French: Pierre et moi sommes deux cousins. +49-50,49,Mwen ak li nou zanmi lontan.,Mwen\tak\tli\tnou\tzanmi\tlontan.,1SG\twith\t3SG\t1PL\tfriend\tlong.time,He and I have been friends for a long time.,,,1505[55],,naturalistic spoken,Mwen ak li nou zanmi lontan.,,1SG with 3SG 1PL friend long.time,,,,2871,"French: Moi et lui, nous sommes amis depuis longtemps." +50-35,50,Mwen épi Jòj alé jwé boul.,Mwen\tépi\tJòj\talé\tjwé\tboul.,1SG\tand\tGeorges\tgo\tplay\tball,Georges and I went to play football.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mwen épi Jòj alé jwé boul.,,1SG and Georges go play ball,,Own fieldwork,,2872, +51-35,51,Mwen ek Joj alé jwé foutbol.,Mwen\tek\tJoj\talé\tjwé\tfoutbol.,1SG\tand\tGeorge\tgo\tplay\tfootball,George and I went to play football.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mwen ek Joj alé jwé foutbol.,,1SG and George go play football,,Own fieldwork,,2873, +52-26,52,mo ké Marie ké pati,mo\tké\tMarie\tké\tpati,1SG\twith\tMary\tFUT\tleave,Mary and I will leave.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mo ké Marie ké pati,,1SG with Mary FUT leave,,Own knowledge,,2874, +52-27,52,nou ké Marie ké parti,nou\tké\tMarie\tké\tparti,1PL\twith\tMary\tFUT\tleave,Mary and I will leave.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,nou ké Marie ké parti,,1PL with Mary FUT leave,,Own knowledge,,2875, +53-70,53,Mwa e Donald nou parl en ta kreol.,Mwa\te\tDonald\tnou\tparl\ten\tta\tkreol.,1SG\tand\tDonald\t1PL\tspeak\tART.INDF\tpile\tcreole,I and Donald speak a lot of creole.,,,1048[356],,naturalistic spoken,"Mwa e Donald nou parl en ta kreol.",,1SG and Donald 1PL speak ART.INDF pile creole,,,,2876, +54-39,54,nout de mon frer,nou\tde\tmon\tfrer,we\ttwo\tPOSS.1SG\tbrother,my brother and I,,"The example, with the variant nout instead of nou, is very strange, and, to my knowledge, not attested in any text. I have not found an example with nou de ... either.",1440[65],,constructed by linguist,nout de mon frer,nou de mon frer,we two POSS.1SG brother,"The example, with the variant nout instead of nou, is very strange, and, to my knowledge, not attested in any text. I have not found an example with nou de ... either.",,,2877,French: mon frère et moi +54-41,54,"Amoin ek ser, va rantr dedan.","Amwen\tek\tser,\tva\trant\tdëdan.",OBL.1SG\twith\tsister\tFUT\tenter\tinto,My sister and I will go into it.,,Context: Brother and sister enter the basket which the brother has made for them to fly away.,110[30],,naturalistic spoken,"Amoin ek ser, va rantr dedan.","Amwen ek ser, va rant dëdan.",OBL.1SG with sister FUT enter into,Context: Brother and sister enter the basket which the brother has made for them to fly away.,,,2878,French: Ma soeur et moi rentrerons dedans. +55-37,55,mwa ek Mari ti al Porlwi,mwa\tek\tMari\tti\tal\tPorlwi,1SG\tand\tMary\tPST\tgo\tPort.Louis,Mary and I went to Port Louis.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mwa ek Mari ti al Porlwi,,1SG and Mary PST go Port.Louis,,Own knowledge,,2879, +55-38,55,ti ena zis mwa ek so mama,ti\tena\tzis\tmwa\tek\tso\tmama,PST\thave\tjust\t1SG\tCOM\tPOSS\tmother,There was just me and her mother.,,,760,,naturalistic spoken,ti ena zis mwa ek so mama,,PST have just 1SG COM POSS mother,,,,2880,French: Il y avait juste moi et sa mère. +56-50,56,Nou de Mari ti al kot lakaz.,Nou\tde\tMari\tti\tal\tkot\tlakaz.,we\ttwo\tMarie\tPST\tgo\tto\thouse,Marie and me went home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Nou de Mari ti al kot lakaz.",,we two Marie PST go to house,,Own knowledge,,2881, +56-51,56,Nou de fre Zako nou a fer bon travay.,Nou\tde\tfre\tZako\tnou\ta\tfer\tbon\ttravay.,1PL\ttwo\tbrother\tZako\t1PL\tFUT\tmake\tgood\twork,Brother Zako and me will do a good job.,,,159[49],,naturalistic written,"Nou de fre Zako nou a fer bon travay.",,1PL two brother Zako 1PL FUT make good work,,,,2882, +56-52,56,Nou - mwan ek mon granmoun - nou'n marse aswar: (…),Nou - mwan ek mon granmoun - nou'n marse aswar: (...),1PL   1SG with POSS.1SG parents   1SG.PRF walk.around ce.soir  ,"We, me and my parents, we went around that night.",,,158[266],,naturalistic spoken,Nou - mwan ek mon granmoun - nou'n marse aswar: (…),,1PL 1SG with POSS.1SG parents 1SG.PRF walk.around ce.soir,,,,2883,French: Nous - moi et mes parents - nous avons circulé ce soir. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 267) +57-28,57,ma pi Lidi nu ale Numea,ma\tpi\tLidi\tnu\tale\tNumea,1SG\tand\tLidi\t1PL\tgo\tNouméa,Lydie and I go to Nouméa.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"ma pi Lidi nu ale Numea",,1SG and Lidi 1PL go Nouméa,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,2884, +58-23,58,Yandi/bo kwend-aka na Petelo.,Yandi/bo\tkwend-aka\tna\tPetelo.,he/they\tleave-PST\twith\tPetelo,He/they left with Petelo.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi/bo kwend-aka na Petelo.,,he/they leave-PST with Petelo,,Own knowledge,,2885, +59-74,59,"i na lo, i ga na Bambari","i\tna\tlo,\ti\tga\tna\tBambari",1PL\tPREP\t3SG\t1PL\tcome\tPREP\tBambari,He/she and I came to Bambari.,,Some people (probably more frequently among the young) say mbi na lo [1SG PREP 3SG] 'me and him/her' without the inclusory pronoun i 'we' in the first phrase.,1320[140],,naturalistic spoken,"i na lo, i ga na Bambari",,1PL PREP 3SG 1PL come PREP Bambari,"Some people (probably more frequently among the young) say mbi na lo [1SG PREP 3SG] 'me and him/her' without the inclusory pronoun i 'we' in the first phrase.",,,2886, +59-75,59,"Mbi na lo, ani gwe.","Mbi\tna\tlo,\tani\tgwe.",1SG\tPREP\t3SG\t1PL\tgo,He and I came.,,Ani was the Protestant form for 1PL.,1320[140],,naturalistic written,"Mbi na lo, ani gwe.",,1SG PREP 3SG 1PL go,"Ani was the Protestant form for 1PL.",,,2887, +59-76,59,"i na mama, i ga","i\tna\tmama,\ti\tga",1PL\tPREP\tmother\t1PL\tcome,Mother and I came.,,,1320[140],,naturalistic spoken,"i na mama, i ga",,1PL PREP mother 1PL come,,,,2888, +60-28,60,bísó na Marie tokendákí na ndáko,bísó\tna\tMarie\tto-kend-ákí\tna\tndáko,1PL\tand\tMary\t1PL-go-PST\tto\thouse,Mary and I went home.,,,1273,,elicited from speaker,bísó na Marie tokendákí na ndáko,bísó na Marie to-kend-ákí na ndáko,1PL and Mary 1PL-go-PST to house,,,,2889, +60-29,60,ngáí na Marie,ngáí\tna\tMarie,1SG\tand\tMary,I and Mary,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,ngáí na Marie,,1SG and Mary,,Own knowledge,,2890, +61-19,61,Mina na lo Mary hambile khaya.,Mina\tna\tlo\tMary\thamb-ile\tkhaya.,I\tand\tART\tMary\tgo-PST\thome,Mary and I went home. OR: Me and Mary went home.,,"The opposite order is also possible: Mary na mina, with the pronoun second after the conjunction.",,,elicited from speaker,"Mina na lo Mary hambile khaya.",Mina na lo Mary hamb-ile khaya.,I and ART Mary go-PST home,"The opposite order is also possible: Mary na mina, with the pronoun second after the conjunction.",Field notes Mesthrie,,2891, +63-29,63,ána u íta,ána\tu\títa,1SG\tand\t2SG,I and you.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ána u íta,,1SG and 2SG,,Personal data,,2892, +64-37,64,ána wa jon azín rája bet,ána\twa\tjon\taz-ín\trája\tbet,1SG\tand\tJohn\twant-PL\tcome.back\thome,"Me and John, we want to come back home.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"ána wa jon azín rája bet",ána wa jon az-ín rája bet,1SG and John want-PL come.back home,,Own knowledge,,2893, +65-40,65,My s doʧəkəm toka razgavarivaim udəjski.,My\ts\tdoʧəkəm\ttoka\trazgavarivaim\tudəjski.,1PL\twith\tdaughter.DAT.M\tonly\ttalk.PRS.1PL\tUdihe,Only me and my daughter talk Udihe.,,Udihe is a minority language of the Tungusic language family; the speaker uses Russianized forms. The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,1195[261],,naturalistic spoken,My s doʧəkəm toka razgavarivaim udəjski.,,1PL with daughter.DAT.M only talk.PRS.1PL Udihe,"Udihe is a minority language of the Tungusic language family; the speaker uses Russianized forms. The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).",,мы с дочком токо разговариваем удэйски.,2894, +66-25,66,Miflalle diale rumana sipi.,Miflal-le\tdia-le\truma-na\tsi-pi.,Miflal-COM\t3SG-COM\thouse-to\tPST-go,Miflal and he went home.,,"If a 1SG subject is involved, the perfect construction must be used (Kirinda dialect).",,,elicited from speaker,Miflalle diale rumana sipi.,Miflal-le dia-le ruma-na si-pi.,Miflal-COM 3SG-COM house-to PST-go,"If a 1SG subject is involved, the perfect construction must be used (Kirinda dialect).","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,2895, +67-48,67,Dia Hokku sama dia sendili punya Hokku la dia cakap.,Dia\tHokku\tsama\tdia\tsendili\tpunya\tHokku\tla\tdia\tcakap.,3SG\tFoozhou\twith\t3SG\town\tPOSS\tFoozhou\tEMPH\t3SG\tspeak,"With his own people, the Foozhou people speak (the Foozhou dialect).",,,708[359],,naturalistic spoken,Dia Hokku sama dia sendili punya Hokku la dia cakap.,,3SG Foozhou with 3SG own POSS Foozhou EMPH 3SG speak,,,,2896, +67-49,67,Saya pagi minum cope sama roti.,Saya\tpagi\tminum\tcope\tsama\troti.,1SG\tmorning\tdrink\tcoffee\twith/and\tbread,I drink coffee and [eat] bread in the morning.,,,708[376],,elicited from speaker,Saya pagi minum cope sama roti.,,1SG morning drink coffee with/and bread,,,,2897, +67-50,67,saya punya kawan sama saya vs. saya sama saya punya kawan,saya\tpunya\tkawan\tsama\tsaya\tvs.\tsaya\tsama\tsaya\tpunya\tkawan,1SG\tPOSS\tfriend\tand\t1SG\tvs.\t1SG\tand\t1SG\tPOSS\tfriend,my friend and I vs. me and my friend,,,,,constructed by linguist,saya punya kawan sama saya vs. saya sama saya punya kawan,,1SG POSS friend and 1SG vs. 1SG and 1SG POSS friend,,Own knowledge,,2898, +68-33,68,beta deng Min,beta\tdeng\tMin,1SG\twith\tMin,Min and I,,,,,constructed by linguist,beta deng Min,,1SG with Min,,Own knowledge,,2899, +69-17,69,ama mən Kambanmat,ama\tmən\tKambanmat,1SG\t3SG\tWambremas,I and a Wambremas man.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ama mən Kambanmat,,1SG 3SG Wambremas,,Own field notes 1985,,2900, +70-28,70,Wai taim ham aur Vesu ao.,Wai\ttaim\tham\taur\tVesu\tao.,that\ttime\t1SG\tand\tVesu\tcome,"At that time, me and Vesu came.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Wai taim ham aur Vesu ao.,,that time 1SG and Vesu come,,Siegel-field recording,,2901, +70-29,70,Ham Biju jao.,Ham\tBiju\tjao.,1SG\tBiju\tgo,Me and Biju went.,,Here the singular first person pronoun is juxtaposed with a person name. (This is also possible with non-pronoun conjuncts.),,,naturalistic spoken,Ham Biju jao.,,1SG Biju go,Here the singular first person pronoun is juxtaposed with a person name. (This is also possible with non-pronoun conjuncts.),Siegel-field recording,,2902, +71-39,71,Henry huipu wau inu akahi omole.,Henry\thuipu\twau\tinu\takahi\tomole.,Henry\ttogether\t1SG\tdrink\tINDF\tbottle,Henry and I drank a bottle (of liquor).,,,,,naturalistic written,"Henry huipu wau inu akahi omole.",,Henry together 1SG drink INDF bottle,,Own data 1897,,2903, +71-40,71,Wau me Ah Tini So noho ma ka lumi paina.,Wau\tme\tAh\tTini\tSo\tnoho\tma\tka\tlumi\tpaina.,1SG\twith\tAh\tTini\tSo\tstay\tin\tDEF\troom\tmeal,Ah Tini So and I were in the dining room.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau me Ah Tini So noho ma ka lumi paina.",,1SG with Ah Tini So stay in DEF room meal,,own data 1882,,2904, +71-41,71,Mahope hele aku maua me Kauiaa.,Mahope\thele\taku\tmaua\tme\tKauiaa.,later\tgo\tDIR\t1DU\twith\tKauiaa,Later Kauiaa and I left (the house).,,"There are no examples in the corpus, but the pattern in this example (taken from court testimony of a Hawaiian speaker code-switching into Pidgin Hawaiian in the same sentence) is the usual pattern in the lexifier and was probably at least an option in the pidgin.",,,constructed by linguist,"Mahope hele aku maua me Kauiaa.",,later go DIR 1DU with Kauiaa,"There are no examples in the corpus, but the pattern in this example (taken from court testimony of a Hawaiian speaker code-switching into Pidgin Hawaiian in the same sentence) is the usual pattern in the lexifier and was probably at least an option in the pidgin.",Own data 1893,,2905, +72-34,72,Mijij ngali wulaj nyangka!,Mijij\tngali\twulaj\tnyangka!,Mijij\t1DU.INCL\thide\tlook,"Mijij and I are hiding, look!",,It is not clear whether this sentence is spoken to Mijij or not.,8,eb8ba92cbf062d5b2716bc828cc33ae3,naturalistic spoken,Mijij ngali wulaj nyangka!,,Mijij 1DU.INCL hide look,It is not clear whether this sentence is spoken to Mijij or not.,,,2906, +73-34,73,Xwanbish yobish kazamu rinchi,Xwan-bish\tyo-bish\tkaza-mu\tri-nchi,Juan-ADD\t1SG-ADD\thouse-ALL\tgo-1PL,Juan and I go home.,,,1038[387],,naturalistic adapted,"Xwanbish yobish kazamu rinchi",Xwan-bish yo-bish kaza-mu ri-nchi,Juan-ADD 1SG-ADD house-ALL go-1PL,,,,2907, +74-33,74,Sáli kánamakwst náyka ntsáyka mákmak kalakaláma,Sáli\tkánamakwst\tnáyka\tntsáyka\tmákmak\tkalakaláma,Sally\ttogether\t1SG\t1PL\teat\tgoose,Sally and I ate the goose.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Sáli kánamakwst náyka ntsáyka mákmak kalakaláma,,Sally together 1SG 1PL eat goose,,Own knowledge,,2908, +75-69,75,Pete eekwa niya giiwaapamaanan aen pishuu daa la gred.,Pete\teekwa\tniya\tgii-waapam-aanan\taen\tpishuu\tdaa\tla\tgred.,Pete\tand\tme\t1.PST-see.ANIM-1PL\tINDF.ART.M\tlynx/bobcat\tLOC.PREP\tDEF.ART\tbank,Pete and I saw a lynx on the bank.,,,789[167],,naturalistic written,Pete eekwa niya giiwaapamaanan aen pishuu daa la gred.,Pete eekwa niya gii-waapam-aanan aen pishuu daa la gred.,Pete and me 1.PST-see.ANIM-1PL INDF.ART.M lynx/bobcat LOC.PREP DEF.ART bank,,,,2909, +1-66,1,"Effi mi ben lukku wan somma, mi goweh, mi takki: Kroboi!","Efi\tmi\tben\tluku\twan\tsoma,\tmi\tgwe,\tmi\ttaki:\tkroboi!",if\t1SG\tPST\tvisit\tINDF.SG\tperson\t1SG\tgo.away\t1SG\tsay\tgoodbye,"When I visit somebody, and I go away, I say: Goodbye!",,,1357[91],,written (dictionary),"Effi mi ben lukku wan somma, mi goweh, mi takki: Kroboi!","Efi mi ben luku wan soma, mi gwe, mi taki: kroboi!",if 1SG PST visit INDF.SG person 1SG go.away 1SG say goodbye,,,,2910, +1-67,1,(wan) soma; (wan)sani,(wan)\tsoma;\t(wan)sani,(INDF.SG)\tperson\t(INDF.SG)thing,someone; something,,"This example is based, among others, on Schumann (1783: 160, 239, 240).","1357[160, 239, 240]",,constructed by linguist,(wan) soma; (wan)sani,,(INDF.SG) person (INDF.SG)thing,"This example is based, among others, on Schumann (1783: 160, 239, 240).",,,2911, +1-68,1,Da no sanie foe takie tangie.,Da\tno\tsani\tfu\ttaki\ttangi.,it.be\tNEG\t(some)thing\tfor\tsay\tthanks,It isn’t something to say thanks for.,,,1576[102],,written,"Da no sanie foe takie tangie.",Da no sani fu taki tangi.,it.be NEG (some)thing for say thanks,,,,2912,Dutch: Het is geen dankens waard. [op.cit.] +1-69,1,"Somma gi ju wansanni, ju musse takki tangi.","Soma\tgi\tyu\twansani,\tyu\tmusu\ttaki\ttangi.",someone/person\tgive\t2SG\tINDF.SG.thing\t2SG\tmust\tsay\tthanks,"When someone gives you something, you have to say thanks.",,,1357[160],,written (dictionary),"Somma gi ju wansanni, ju musse takki tangi.","Soma gi yu wansani, yu musu taki tangi.",someone/person give 2SG INDF.SG.thing 2SG must say thanks,,,,2913,"German: Wenn dir jemand was gibt, so must du danken. [op.cit.]" +2-53,2,Wan sma e waka ini a strati.,Wan\tsma\te\twaka\tini\ta\tstrati.,one\tperson\tASP\twalk\tin\tART\tstreet,Someone walks in the street.,,,1587,,unknown,"Wan sma e waka ini a strati.",,one person ASP walk in ART street,,,,2914, +2-54,2,A gersi sani e dringi mi brudu.,A\tgersi\tsani\te\tdringi\tmi\tbrudu.,3SG\tlike\tthing\tis\tdrinking\tmy\tblood,It's like something is drinking my blood.,,,1587,,unknown,"A gersi sani e dringi mi brudu.",,3SG like thing is drinking my blood,,,,2915, +3-26,3,sɛmbɛ; sɔndi,sɛmbɛ;\tsɔndi,someone\tsomething,someone; something,,,354,,naturalistic spoken,sɛmbɛ; sɔndi,,someone something,,,,2916, +4-28,4,Wan sama fufuu mi wagi.,Wan\tsama\tfufuu\tmi\twagi.,INDF.DET\tperson\tsteal\tmy\tcar,Someone stole my car.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Wan sama fufuu mi wagi.",,INDF.DET person steal my car,,Own observation,,2917, +4-29,4,I mu gi mi wan sani.,I\tmu\tgi\tmi\twan\tsani.,you\tmust/should\tgive\tme\tINDF.DET\tthing,You have to give me something.,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,"I mu gi mi wan sani.",,you must/should give me INDF.DET thing,,Own observation,,2918, +4-30,4,A yali ya sani miti mi.,A\tyali\tya\tsani\tmiti\tmi.,DET\tyear\tDEM\tthing\tmeet\tme,This year something bad happened to me.,,,661[466],,naturalistic spoken,"A yali ya sani miti mi.",,DET year DEM thing meet me,,,,2919, +4-31,4,I akisi sama di an sabi a sani.,I\takisi\tsama\tdi\tan\tsabi\ta\tsani.,you\task\tperson\tREL\tNEG\tknow\tDET\tthing,You asked a person who doesn't know about this.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I akisi sama di an sabi a sani.",,you ask person REL NEG know DET thing,,Own observation,,2920, +5-36,5,wan badii vs. sombadi,wan\tbadii\tvs.\tsombadi,INDF.ART\tbody\tvs.\tsomebody,"a person/someone, somebody",,,,,constructed by linguist,wan badii vs. sombadi,,INDF.ART body vs. somebody,,Own knowledge,,2921, +5-37,5,wan ting vs. somting,wan\tting\tvs.\tsomting,INDF.ART\tthing\tvs.\tsomething,"a thing/something, something",,,,,constructed by linguist,wan ting vs. somting,,INDF.ART thing vs. something,,Own knowledge,,2922, +6-23,6,(1) Somebody tell mi bout dis clash las night. (2) Lemme ask allyu someting.,(1)\tSomebody\ttell\tmi\tbout\tdis\tclash\tlas\tnight.\t(2)\tLemme\task\tallyu\tsometing.,(1)\tIND.PRO\ttell\t1SG.DO\tabout\tDEM\tclash\tlast\tnight\t(2)\tlet.1SG.DO\task\t2PL.DO\tsomething,(1) Somebody has told me about this clash last night. (2) Let me ask you something.,,,,,naturalistic written,"(1) Somebody tell mi bout dis clash las night. (2) Lemme ask allyu someting.",,(1) IND.PRO tell 1SG.DO about DEM clash last night (2) let.1SG.DO ask 2PL.DO something,,Own data,,2923, +7-49,7,Suhmbadi a kuhm.,suhm-badi\ta\tkuhm,some-body\tPROG\tcome,Someone is coming.,,,1244[112],,naturalistic spoken,Suhmbadi a kuhm.,suhm-badi a kuhm,some-body PROG come,,,,2924, +7-50,7,De so despareit an lai dat de go du eniting fo lak mi uhp.,De\tso\tdespareit\tan\tlai\tdat\tde\tgo\tdu\teni-ting\tfo\tlak\tmi\tuhp.,3PL\tso\tdesperate\tand\tlie\tthat\t3PL\tFUT\tdo\tany-thing\tfor\tlock\t1SG\tup,They are so desperate and dishonest that they will do anything to have me locked up.,,,1244[116],,naturalistic spoken,"De so despareit an lai dat de go du eniting fo lak mi uhp.",De so despareit an lai dat de go du eni-ting fo lak mi uhp.,3PL so desperate and lie that 3PL FUT do any-thing for lock 1SG up,,,,2925, +7-51,7,Nowe na oopn?,No-we\tna\toopn?,no-where\tNEG\topen,Is nowhere open?,,We could be interpreted both as interrogative ‘where’ or non interrogative ‘way’.,1244[113],,naturalistic spoken,Nowe na oopn?,No-we na oopn?,no-where NEG open,"We could be interpreted both as interrogative ‘where’ or non interrogative ‘way’.",,,2926, +7-52,7,enihou yo waa tu teik it,eni-hou\tyo\twaa\ttu\tteik\tit,any-how\t2.SBJ\twant\tto\ttake\t3SG,no matter how you look at it OR: however you look at it,,"This indefinite is based on the interrogative use of ‘how’. Note the similarity with ‘anyhow’, although 'however' would be the required translation here.",1244[116],,naturalistic spoken,enihou yo waa tu teik it,eni-hou yo waa tu teik it,any-how 2.SBJ want to take 3SG,"This indefinite is based on the interrogative use of ‘how’. Note the similarity with ‘anyhow’, although 'however' would be the required translation here.",,,2927, +7-53,7,suhmbadi,suhm-badi,some-body,somebody,,,1244[111],,naturalistic spoken,suhmbadi,suhm-badi,some-body,,,,2928, +7-54,7,"suhmting, suhmpn, suhtn","suhm-ting,\tsuhmp-n,\tsuht-n",some-thing\tsome-thing\tsome-thing,"something, something, something",,,1244[111],,naturalistic spoken,"suhmting, suhmpn, suhtn","suhm-ting, suhmp-n, suht-n",some-thing some-thing some-thing,,,,2929, +8-29,8,Dem gi smadi di mechiz fi gi mi.,Dem\tgi\tsmadi\tdi\tmechiz\tfi\tgi\tmi.,3PL\tgive\tsomebody\tDET\tmessage\tPURP\tgive\t1SG,They gave someone the message to give to me.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Dem gi smadi di mechiz fi gi mi.",,3PL give somebody DET message PURP give 1SG,,Own knowledge,,2930, +8-30,8,Dem tek di ogli sitn gi di pikni.,Dem\ttek\tdi\togli\tsitn\tgi\tdi\tpikni.,3PL\ttake\tDET\tugly\tsomething\tgive\tDET\tchild,They took the ugly thing and gave it to the child.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Dem tek di ogli sitn gi di pikni.",,3PL take DET ugly something give DET child,,Own knowledge,,2931, +9-44,9,Yu hia samtn̩ de krich krich ina mangru.,Yu\thia\tsamtn̩\tde\tkrich\tkrich\tina\tmangru.,you\thear\tsomething\tPROG\tscreech\tscreech\tin\tmangrove,You hear a screeching noise in the mangrove.,,note [skr] > [kr],432[34],,naturalistic spoken,Yu hia samtn̩ de krich krich ina mangru.,Yu hia samtn̩ de krich krich ina mangru.,you hear something PROG screech screech in mangrove,note [skr] > [kr],,,2932, +9-45,9,Sambodi me wan pik it in.,Sambodi\tme\twan\tpik\tit\tin.,somebody\tANT\tFUT\tpick\tit\tin,Somebody would have picked it up.,,The future marker follows the anterior marker (counterfactual).,445[536],,naturalistic spoken,Sambodi me wan pik it in.,,somebody ANT FUT pick it in,The future marker follows the anterior marker (counterfactual).,,,2933, +10-34,10,Mek Ai tel yu somting now.,Mek\tAi\ttel\tyu\tsom-ting\tnow.,make\t1SG\ttell\t2SG\tsome-thing\tnow,Let me tell you something now.,,,113[63],,naturalistic spoken,"Mek Ai tel yu somting now.",Mek Ai tel yu som-ting now.,make 1SG tell 2SG some-thing now,,,,2934, +10-35,10,A wehn sii sombadi.,A\twehn\tsii\tsom-badi.,1SG\tANT\tsee\tsome-body,I saw somebody.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"A wehn sii sombadi.",A wehn sii som-badi.,1SG ANT see some-body,,Field notes 2008,,2935, +10-36,10,Mek A invait yu somting da di shop.,Mek\tA\tinvait\tyu\tsom-ting\tda\tdi\tshop.,Make\t1SG\tinvite\t2SG\tsome-thing\tat\tART.DEF\tshop,Let me buy you something from the store.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mek A invait yu somting da di shop.",Mek A invait yu som-ting da di shop.,Make 1SG invite 2SG some-thing at ART.DEF shop,,Unpublished field recordings,,2936, +11-41,11,Ai aalwiez disaid dat di wan dat waan tu stodi an waan bii sombadi kyan get dat.,Ai\taalwiez\tdisaid\tdat\tdi\twan\tdat\twaan\ttu\tstodi\tan\twaan\tbii\tsom-badi\tkyan\tget\tdat.,1SG\talways\tdecide\tCOMP\tART.DEF\tone\tREL\twant\tCOMP\tstudy\tand\tFUT\tCOP.INF\tsome-body\tcan\tget\tDEM,I decided a long time ago that the one who wants to study and is going to be somebody can get the money.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai aalwiez disaid dat di wan dat waan tu stodi an waan bii sombadi kyan get dat.",Ai aalwiez disaid dat di wan dat waan tu stodi an waan bii som-badi kyan get dat.,1SG always decide COMP ART.DEF one REL want COMP study and FUT COP.INF some-body can get DEM,,,,2937, +11-42,11,Dat iz somting wat somwan shud luk intu.,Dat\tiz\tsom-ting\twat\tsom-wan\tshud\tluk\tintu.,DEM\tCOP.PRS\tsome-thing\tREL\tsome-one\tshould\tlook\tinto,That is something someone should look into.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Dat iz somting wat somwan shud luk intu.",Dat iz som-ting wat som-wan shud luk intu.,DEM COP.PRS some-thing REL some-one should look into,,,,2938, +12-37,12,"[...] this was long before I was born - say they were living in this area, and they a- she ax through the settlement who move it - who move the conch off the line, and someone tell her. And this lady dau- ax her daughter if she move it in the night, and she - girl lie to her say, No, I didn't move it. And you know something? And they say when that girl was supposed to have that baby, she couldn'ta live with that baby, and her mother went down and ax her say, I hope you ain't eat them - that - that - uh, uh - that conch off that line. She say, Yeah, mama, I eat it. She say, Wait, let me go down to - to the lady and - and tell her it's you who eat that, because that was her cousin's daughter. And when she tell her that happen, she say, What? She say, Anyway, when you reach home, put the bucket down and pull her over the bucket, and they pull her over - pull her over the bucket, and you know, before she had that baby, she deliver something like a big piece of conch - from out of her stomach - first - before, and then after she had deliver that - then she deliver that baby.",[...]\tand\tsomeone\ttell\ther\t[...]\tAnd\tyou\tknow\tsomething?\t[...]\tshe\tdeliver\tsomething\t[...].,[...]\tand\tINDF.SBJ\ttell[PFV]\t3SG.F.OBJ\t[...]\tand\t2SG.SBJ\tknow\tINDF.OBJ\t[...]\t3SG.F.SBJ\tdeliver[PFV]\tINDF.OBJ\t[...],[...] and someone told her [...] And you know something? [...] she delivered something [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] this was long before I was born - say they were living in this area, and they a- she ax through the settlement who move it - who move the conch off the line, and someone tell her. And this lady dau- ax her daughter if she move it in the night, and she - girl lie to her say, No, I didn't move it. And you know something? And they say when that girl was supposed to have that baby, she couldn'ta live with that baby, and her mother went down and ax her say, I hope you ain't eat them - that - that - uh, uh - that conch off that line. She say, Yeah, mama, I eat it. She say, Wait, let me go down to - to the lady and - and tell her it's you who eat that, because that was her cousin's daughter. And when she tell her that happen, she say, What? She say, Anyway, when you reach home, put the bucket down and pull her over the bucket, and they pull her over - pull her over the bucket, and you know, before she had that baby, she deliver something like a big piece of conch - from out of her stomach - first - before, and then after she had deliver that - then she deliver that baby.","[...] and someone tell her [...] And you know something? [...] she deliver something [...].",[...] and INDF.SBJ tell[PFV] 3SG.F.OBJ [...] and 2SG.SBJ know INDF.OBJ [...] 3SG.F.SBJ deliver[PFV] INDF.OBJ [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2939, +12-38,12,"Some I know - I know 'bout s- three girls and something like that - like when they had they children, I hear them say they find one in the toil- one in the toilet, they find one in the front of somebody door, yeah. They find a baby mus'e just born to the front of somebody door, and they say one time again they find one like through the bush in the garbage.",[...]\tand\tsomething\tlike\tthat\t[...]\tin\tthe\tfront\tof\tsomebody\tdoor\t[...]\tto\tthe\tfront\tof\tsomebody\tdoor\t[...],[...]\tand\tINDF.OBJ\tlike\tthat\t[...]\tin\tthe\tfront\tof\tINDF.POSS\tdoor\t[...]\tto\tthe\tfront\tof\tINDF.POSS\tdoor\t[...],[...] and something like that [...] they found one in front of somebody's door [...]. They found a newborn in front of somebody's door [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Some I know - I know 'bout s- three girls and something like that - like when they had they children, I hear them say they find one in the toil- one in the toilet, they find one in the front of somebody door, yeah. They find a baby mus'e just born to the front of somebody door, and they say one time again they find one like through the bush in the garbage.","[...] and something like that [...] in the front of somebody door [...] to the front of somebody door [...]",[...] and INDF.OBJ like that [...] in the front of INDF.POSS door [...] to the front of INDF.POSS door [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,2940, +13-35,13,somebody in de neighborhood,somebody\tin\tde\tneighborhood,INDF.PRO\tin\tDET\tneighbourhood,somebody in the neighbourhood,,,1500[276],,naturalistic spoken,"somebody in de neighborhood",,INDF.PRO in DET neighbourhood,,,,2941, +13-36,13,beggin for something,beggin\tfor\tsomething,begging\tfor\tINDF.PRO,begging for something,,,1500[276],,naturalistic spoken,"beggin for something",,begging for INDF.PRO,,,,2942, +14-25,14,somebody,some-body,some-body,a person,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,somebody,some-body,some-body,,Own knowledge,,2943, +14-26,14,someone,some-one,some-one,a person,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,someone,some-one,some-one,,Own knowledge,,2944, +14-27,14,something,some-thing,some-thing,a thing,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,something,some-thing,some-thing,,Own knowledge,,2945, +15-35,15,sɔmbɔdi,sɔmbɔdi,somebody,somebody,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,sɔmbɔdi,,somebody,,Own knowledge,,2946, +15-36,15,sɔntiŋ,sɔntiŋ,something,something,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,sɔntiŋ,,something,,Own knowledge,,2947, +16-29,16,jù gò si sɔmbɔdi wit ĩ̀ waif,jù\tgò\tsi\tsɔmbɔdi\twit\tĩ̀\twaif,2SG\tFUT\tsee\tINDF\twith\t3SG.POSS\twife,You will see somebody with his wife.,,,656[202],,naturalistic spoken,"jù gò si sɔmbɔdi wit ĩ̀ waif",,2SG FUT see INDF with 3SG.POSS wife,,,,2948, +16-30,16,wɛn jù tek sɔmtin nak àm wan,wɛn\tjù\ttek\tsɔmtin\tnak\tàm\twan,when\t2SG\ttake\tINDF\tknock\t3SG\tone,when you knock it once with something,,,656[203],,naturalistic spoken,"wɛn jù tek sɔmtin nak àm wan",,when 2SG take INDF knock 3SG one,,,,2949, +17-26,17,so̱mbo̱di,so̱mbo̱di,somebody,somebody,,,462[251-252],,naturalistic spoken,so̱mbo̱di,,somebody,,,,2950, +17-27,17,so̱mting,so̱mting,something,something,,,462[251-252],,naturalistic spoken,so̱mting,,something,,,,2951, +18-33,18,A bin si sombodi.,A\tbin\tsi\tsombodi.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tsee\tsomebody,I saw somebody.,,"The word sombodi is rare in basilectal Cameroon Pidgin; normally some form like som man, som wuman or som peson would be used. However, sombodi does exist for some speakers, especially for those with Standard English knowledge.",97,,elicited from speaker,"A bin si sombodi.",,1SG.SBJ PST see somebody,"The word sombodi is rare in basilectal Cameroon Pidgin; normally some form like som man, som wuman or som peson would be used. However, sombodi does exist for some speakers, especially for those with Standard English knowledge.",,,2952, +18-34,18,Somtin(g) bin happen.,Somtin(g)\tbin\thappen.,something\tPST\thappen,Something happened.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"Somtin(g) bin happen.",,something PST happen,,,,2953, +19-35,19,À si sɔ̀n pɔsin de.,À\tsi\tsɔ̀n\tpɔsin\tde.,1SG.SBJ\tsee\tsome\tperson\tthere.,I saw somebody there.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"À si sɔ̀n pɔsin de.",,1SG.SBJ see some person there.,,Own knowledge,,2954, +19-36,19,È dè fɛn sɔ̀n tin.,È\tdè\tfɛn\tsɔ̀n\ttin.,3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tlook.for\tsome\tthing,She's looking for something.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"È dè fɛn sɔ̀n tin.",,3SG.SBJ IPFV look.for some thing,,Field data,,2955, +20-31,20,I wantchee long you buy something.,I\twantchee\tlong\tyou\tbuy\tsomething.,1SG\twant\tABL\t2SG\tbuy\tsomething,I want to buy something from you.,,,1489[VI.1],,naturalistic written,"I wantchee long you buy something.",,1SG want ABL 2SG buy something,,,挨灣治郎㕭拜深丁,2956, +20-32,20,Some man killum him.,Some\tman\tkillum\thim.,some\tman\tkill\t3SG,Someone killed him. OR: He has been murdered.,,This sentence is used to translate the passive sentence (see the second translation) in Tong (1862). The subject some man is assumed to be an indefinite pronoun.,1489[IV.72],,naturalistic written,Some man killum him.,,some man kill 3SG,"This sentence is used to translate the passive sentence (see the second translation) in Tong (1862). The subject some man is assumed to be an indefinite pronoun.",,深文基林謙,2957, +21-26,21,Got somebody at the door. I wan something to eat.,Got\tsomebody\tat\tthe\tdoor.\tI\twan\tsomething\tto\teat.,there.be.3SG\tsomebody\tat\tDET\tdoor\t1SG\twant\tsomething\tto\teat,There is somebody at the door. I want something to eat.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Got somebody at the door. I wan something to eat.",,there.be.3SG somebody at DET door 1SG want something to eat,,Own knowledge,,2958, +22-42,22,Yupla kisim wanpela meri tu na yupela go?,yupla\tkisim\twan-pela\tmeri\ttu\tna\tyupela\tgo?,2PL\tget\tone-MOD\tgirl\talso\tand\t2PL\tgo,Did you take a girl with you?,,,584[Morobe F13],,naturalistic spoken,Yupla kisim wanpela meri tu na yupela go?,yupla kisim wan-pela meri tu na yupela go?,2PL get one-MOD girl also and 2PL go,,,,2959, +22-43,22,sampela man,sampela\tman,some\tperson,"somebody, someone",,,,,constructed by linguist,sampela man,,some person,,Own knowledge,,2960, +22-166,22,Em save olsem samting rong long aus nau.,Em\tsave\tolsem\tsamting\trong\tlong\taus\tnau.,3SG\tknow\tCOMP\tthing\twrong\tPREP\thouse\tnow,She knew there was something wrong at home.,,,584[EHP F12],,naturalistic spoken,"Em save olsem samting rong long aus nau.",,3SG know COMP thing wrong PREP house now,,,,2961, +23-46,23,hem i wan samting we sapos yu go tru long hol ia bambae yu yu wan laki man,hem\ti\twan\tsamting\twe\tsapos\tyu\tgo\ttru\tlong\thol\tia\tbambae\tyu\tyu\twan\tlaki\tman,3S\tAGR\tINDF\tsomething\tREL\tif\t2SG\tgo\tthrough\tLOC\thole\tDEF\tIRR\t2SG\t2SG\tINDF\tlucky\tman,"It was something that if you can go through the hole, you'll have lots of luck.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"hem i wan samting we sapos yu go tru long hol ia bambae yu yu wan laki man",,3S AGR INDF something REL if 2SG go through LOC hole DEF IRR 2SG 2SG INDF lucky man,,,,2962, +23-47,23,Taem wan man hemi mekem wan komplen long ambudjman [...].,Taem\twan\tman\themi\tmekem\twan\tkomplen\tlong\tambudjman\t[...].,time\tINDF\tman\t3SG.AGR\tmake\tINDF\tcomplaint\tto\tombudsman\t[...],When someone makes a complaint to the Ombudsman [...].,,,,,naturalistic written,"Taem wan man hemi mekem wan komplen long ambudjman [...].",,time INDF man 3SG.AGR make INDF complaint to ombudsman [...],,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 20 June 1998",,2963, +24-47,24,Sambhodi baun t' komplien.,Sambhodi\tbaun\tt'\tkomplien.,somebody\tbound\tCOMP\tcomplain,Somebody is sure to complain.,,,,,internet chatroom,"Sambhodi baun t' komplien.",,somebody bound COMP complain,,Internet chatroom,,2964, +24-48,24,Samthing gwen a' haepen.,Samthing\tgwen\ta'\thaepen.,something\tFUT\tFUT\thappen,Something will happen.,,A' is either a link vowel or the gwena variant of gwen [FUT].,,,naturalistic spoken,"Samthing gwen a' haepen.",,something FUT FUT happen,"A' is either a link vowel or the gwena variant of gwen [FUT].",Own fieldwork,,2965, +25-128,25,Sambadi bin get meda.,Sambadi\tbin\tget\tmeda.,somebody\tPST\tPASS\tmurdered,Somebody got murdered.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the passive construction with get, and the indefinite pronoun sambadi.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Sambadi bin get meda.",,somebody PST PASS murdered,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the passive construction with get, and the indefinite pronoun sambadi.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2966, +25-129,25,"Laik yunmi taimap jamjing, intit.","Laik\tyunmi\ttai-im-ap\tjamjing,\tintit.",like\t1DU.INCL\ttie-TR-up\tsomething\tTAG,"Like you and I tie up something, right?",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the indefinite pronoun jamjing.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Laik yunmi taimap jamjing, intit.","Laik yunmi tai-im-ap jamjing, intit.",like 1DU.INCL tie-TR-up something TAG,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the indefinite pronoun jamjing.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,2967, +25-130,25,"Bat sambala bin tok: ""Yu labda kaman; woda gada gajimap wi."" Gudjob thad olgumen bin lafta mub.","Bat\tsam-bala\tbin\ttok:\t""Yu\tlabda\tkaman;\twoda\tgada\tgajimap\twi.""\tGud-job\tthad\tolgumen\tbin\tlafta\tmub.",but\tsome-ADJ2\tPST\tsay\t2SG\tOBLIG\tcome\twater\tFUT/OBLIG\treach:TR\t1PL\tgood-job\tDEM\twoman\tPST\tOBLIG\tmove,"But some people said: ""You have to come (because) the water is going to reach us."" Just as well that woman had to move.",,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the order of tense and modal markers and the verb in a verb phrase.,40,,naturalistic spoken,"Bat sambala bin tok: ""Yu labda kaman; woda gada gajimap wi."" Gudjob thad olgumen bin lafta mub.","Bat sam-bala bin tok: ""Yu labda kaman; woda gada gajimap wi."" Gud-job thad olgumen bin lafta mub.",but some-ADJ2 PST say 2SG OBLIG come water FUT/OBLIG reach:TR 1PL good-job DEM woman PST OBLIG move,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the order of tense and modal markers and the verb in a verb phrase.,,,2968, +26-27,26,sambaɾi waz ɹaɪd dɛa,sambaɾi\twaz\tɹaɪd\tdɛa,INDF\twas\tright\tthere,Somebody was right there.,,,1545[72],,naturalistic spoken,"sambaɾi waz ɹaɪd dɛa",,INDF was right there,,,,2969, +26-28,26,ju si samtin,ju\tsi\tsamtin,2SG\tsee\tINDF,You see something.,,,1545[114],,naturalistic spoken,"ju si samtin",,2SG see INDF,,,,2970, +27-23,27,"Am kan gi am ēn gut obu di, as am nu overcharge am.","Am\tkan\tgi\tam\tēn\tgut\tobu\tdi,\tas\tam\tnu\tovercharge\tam.",3SG\tcan\tgive\t3SG\ta\tthing\tover\tDET\tif\t3SG\tnow\tovercharge\t3SG,"He could give him something more, if he overcharged himself now.",,,355[59],,naturalistic spoken,"Am kan gi am ēn gut obu di, as am nu overcharge am.",,3SG can give 3SG a thing over DET if 3SG now overcharge 3SG,,,,2971, +27-24,27,Am no kan bətróu fo gi di a ēntēnfuluk.,Am\tno\tkan\tbətróu\tfo\tgi\tdi\ta\tēntēn-fuluk.,3SG\tNEG\tcan\ttrust\tfor\tgive\tDET\tLOC\tno-people,He cannot trust to give it to anybody.,,,355[61],,naturalistic spoken,Am no kan bətróu fo gi di a ēntēnfuluk.,Am no kan bətróu fo gi di a ēntēn-fuluk.,3SG NEG can trust for give DET LOC no-people,,,,2972, +28-42,28,kɛnɛ mut mɛto,kɛnɛ\tmu-tɛ\tmɛtɛ\to,person\tgo-PFV\twith\t3SG,Some went with it (i.e. stole it).,,,737[624],,naturalistic spoken,kɛnɛ mut mɛto,kɛnɛ mu-tɛ mɛtɛ o,person go-PFV with 3SG,,,,2973, +28-43,28,gutu wa gjoftɛkɛ toro,gutu\twa\tgjof-tɛ\tɛkɛ\ttoro,thing\tPST\thit-PFV\t1SG\teye,Something had hit my eye.,,,737[607],,naturalistic spoken,gutu wa gjoftɛkɛ toro,gutu wa gjof-tɛ ɛkɛ toro,thing PST hit-PFV 1SG eye,,,,2974, +29-31,29,Daar het iemand geroep.,Daar\thet\tiemand\tge-roep.,there\tPST\tsomebody\tPTCP-called,Somebody called.,,,1226[99],,naturalistic spoken,"Daar het iemand geroep.",Daar het iemand ge-roep.,there PST somebody PTCP-called,,,,2975, +29-32,29,Iets het verkeerd geloop.,Iets\thet\tverkeerd\tge-loop.,something\tPST\twrong\tPTCP-gone,Something went wrong.,,This form has its origins in Dutch.,1226[100],,naturalistic spoken,"Iets het verkeerd geloop.",Iets het verkeerd ge-loop.,something PST wrong PTCP-gone,This form has its origins in Dutch.,,,2976, +30-46,30,"Nhu pádri purgunta, si algen sabe di algun inpidimentu di kel kasamentu, [...].","Nhu=pádri\tpurgunta,\tsi=algen\tsabe\tdi=algun\tinpidimentu\tdi=kel=kasamentu,\t[...].",mister=priest\task\twhether=somebody\tknow\tof=some\timpediment\tof=this=marriage\t[...],The priest asked whether anyone knew of any impediment to this wedding [...].,,,784[s.v. algen],,naturalistic spoken,"Nhu pádri purgunta, si algen sabe di algun inpidimentu di kel kasamentu, [...].","Nhu=pádri purgunta, si=algen sabe di=algun inpidimentu di=kel=kasamentu, [...].",mister=priest ask whether=somebody know of=some impediment of=this=marriage [...],,,,2977,"German: Der Priester fragte, ob jemand von irgendeinem Hindernis für diese Heirat Kenntnis habe, [...]." +30-47,30,E pensa ma algun kusa ki kontise.,E=pensa\tma=algun\tkusa\tki=kontise.,3SG=think\tCOMP=some\tthing\tCOMP=happen,He thought that something had happened!,,,784[s.v. algun],,naturalistic spoken,"E pensa ma algun kusa ki kontise.",E=pensa ma=algun kusa ki=kontise.,3SG=think COMP=some thing COMP=happen,,,,2978,"German: Er dachte, dass etwas passiert sei!" +31-53,31,Algun kuza dja kontise.,Algun\tkuza\tdja\tkontise.,some\tthing\tCOMP\thappen,Something has happened.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Algun kuza dja kontise.",,some thing COMP happen,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,2979, +31-54,31,Algun djenti debe txoma-l.,Algun\tdjenti\tdebe\ttxoma-l.,some\tone\tmust\tcall-him,Someone must have called him.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Algun djenti debe txoma-l.",,some one must call-him,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,2980, +32-31,32,Se bo sintí falta d'un koza [...].,Se\tbo\tsintí\tfalta\tde\tun\tkoza\t[...].,if\t2SG\tfeel\tlack\tof\tone\tthing\t[...],If you feel you need something [...].,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Se bo sintí falta d'un koza [...].",Se bo sintí falta de un koza [...].,if 2SG feel lack of one thing [...],,,,2981,Portuguese: Se sentires falta de algo [...]. +32-32,32,Ma se un psoa falá ma bosê purtugês?,Ma\tse\tun\tpsoa\tfalá\tma\tbosê\tpurtugês?,but\tif\tone\tperson\ttalk\twith\t2SG.POL\tPortuguese,But if somebody would talk to you in Portuguese?,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Ma se un psoa falá ma bosê purtugês?",,but if one person talk with 2SG.POL Portuguese,,,,2982,Portuguese: Mas se alguém falasse consigo português? +33-41,33,un kusa,un\tkusa,one\tthing,something,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,un kusa,,one thing,,Own knowledge,,2983,Portuguese: alguma coisa +33-42,33,algin / un algin,algin / un algin,person   a person,somebody,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,algin / un algin,,person a person,,Own knowledge,,2984,Portuguese: alguém +34-32,34,N wojá algeŋ/pekador.,N\tø\twojá\talgeŋ/pekador.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsee\thuman.being,I saw somebody.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N wojá algeŋ/pekador.","N ø wojá algeŋ/pekador.",1SG.SBJ PFV see human.being,,Own knowledge,,2985, +34-33,34,Kusaŋ tené baŋ awonti. ~ Alguŋ kusaŋ tené baŋ awonti.,Kusaŋ\tø\ttené\tbaŋ\tawonti.\t~\tAlguŋ\tkusaŋ\tø\ttené\tbaŋ\tawonti.,thing\tPFV\thappen\tPST\tyesterday\t~\tINDF\tthing\tPFV\thappen\tPST\tyesterday,Something happened yesterday.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kusaŋ tené baŋ awonti. ~ Alguŋ kusaŋ tené baŋ awonti.","Kusaŋ ø tené baŋ awonti. ~ Alguŋ kusaŋ ø tené baŋ awonti.",thing PFV happen PST yesterday ~ INDF thing PFV happen PST yesterday,,Own knowledge,,2986, +35-43,35,Soku ê da mu ũa kwa.,Soku\tê\tda\tmu\tũa\tkwa.,then\t3SG\tgive\tme\tone\tthing,Then he gave me something.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Soku ê da mu ũa kwa.",,then 3SG give me one thing,,Own data,,2987, +35-44,35,Ê bê ũa ngê ka bi.,Ê\tbê\tũa\tngê\tka\tbi.,3SG\tsee\tone\tperson\tIPFV\tcome,He saw somebody coming.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ê bê ũa ngê ka bi.",,3SG see one person IPFV come,,Own data,,2988, +36-28,36,ũa kwa,ũa\tkwa,INDF.ART\tthing,something,,,901[64],,elicited from speaker,ũa kwa,,INDF.ART thing,,,,2989, +36-29,36,ũa ngê,ũa\tngê,INDF.ART\tperson,somebody,,,901[64],,elicited from speaker,ũa ngê,,INDF.ART person,,,,2990, +37-31,37,N sa ke fa txi kwa ũa.,N\tsa\tke\tfa\ttxi\tkwa\tũa.,1SG\tPROG\tIPFV.go\ttell\t2SG\tthing\tone,I'm going to tell you something.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"N sa ke fa txi kwa ũa.",,1SG PROG IPFV.go tell 2SG thing one,,Own knowledge,,2991, +37-32,37,Owo vê ningê ũa.,Owo\tvê\tningê\tũa.,2PL\tsee\tperson\tone,You saw somebody.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Owo vê ningê ũa.",,2PL see person one,,Own knowledge,,2992, +38-34,38,zuguan nge,zuguan\tnge,some\tperson,somebody,,,,,elicited from speaker,zuguan nge,,some person,,Own fieldwork 1993,,2993, +38-35,38,zuguan kuz,zuguan\tkuzu,some\tthing,something,,,,,elicited from speaker,zuguan kuz,zuguan kuzu,some thing,,Own fieldwork 1993,,2994, +39-50,39,Aŋe si ver ad dize ki es asĩ purtəgez kẽ fal?,Aŋe\tsi\tver\tad\tdiz-e\tki\tes\tasĩ\tpurtəgez\tkẽ\tfal?,someone\tif\tsee.INF\tIRR.NPST\tsay-INF\tCOMP\tDEM\tthus\tPortuguese\twho\tspeak.NPST,"If someone sees, (they) will say: ""Who speaks Portuguese like this?"".",,,221[232],,naturalistic spoken,"Aŋe si ver ad dize ki es asĩ purtəgez kẽ fal?",Aŋe si ver ad diz-e ki es asĩ purtəgez kẽ fal?,someone if see.INF IRR.NPST say-INF COMP DEM thus Portuguese who speak.NPST,,,,2995, +39-51,39,Dig aŋũ koys a mĩ.,Dig\taŋũ\tkoys\ta\tmĩ.,tell.NPST\tsome\tthing\tDAT\t1SG.OBL,Tell me something.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Dig aŋũ koys a mĩ.",,tell.NPST some thing DAT 1SG.OBL,,Own knowledge,,2996, +40-34,40,Angɛ͂ yawe?,Angɛ͂\tyawe?,someone\tcame,Did someone come?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Angɛ͂ yawe?",,someone came,,Own knowledge,,2997, +40-35,40,Jhiko ankodz?,Jhiko ankodz?,PST-be/become-PST,Did something happen?,,"Jhiko is derived from ya hiko, which in turn comes from Portuguese já ficou [already become.PST].",,,constructed by linguist,"Jhiko ankodz?",,PST-be/become-PST,"Jhiko is derived from ya hiko, which in turn comes from Portuguese já ficou [already become.PST].",Own knowledge,,2998, +41-39,41,eli kii tokaa see taan tafikaa ooru,eli\tkii\ttokaa\tsee\ttaam\tta-fikaa\tooru,3SG.M\twhat\ttouch\tCOND\tCONC\tPRS-become\tgold,Whatever he touches becomes gold.,,,1416[1087],,elicited from speaker,eli kii tokaa see taan tafikaa ooru,eli kii tokaa see taam ta-fikaa ooru,3SG.M what touch COND CONC PRS-become gold,,,,2999, +41-40,41,"aki keensee teem voo, pafaya prenda, ravkiin?","aki\tkeem\tsee\tteem\tvoo,\tpa-faya\tprenda,\travkiin?",here\twho\tCOND\tbe\tINDF\tINF-CAUS\tstudy\tviolin,"Is there someone here to teach, violin? OR: Is there anyone here to teach, violin?",,"Here the indefinite marker voo signals a softened yes-no question. Its normal position is clause final, but it may be followed by coda elements (which are not syntactically integrated into the clause) or heavy extraposed items. +Question word + conditional particle is one of two standard ways of constructing an indefinite such as 'somebody/anybody'. (The other uses question word + voo, which usually has a more indefinite reading, such as 'somebody or other; whoever'.)",1416[5545],,elicited from speaker,"aki keensee teem voo, pafaya prenda, ravkiin?","aki keem see teem voo, pa-faya prenda, ravkiin?",here who COND be INDF INF-CAUS study violin,"Here the indefinite marker voo signals a softened yes-no question. Its normal position is clause final, but it may be followed by coda elements (which are not syntactically integrated into the clause) or heavy extraposed items. +Question word + conditional particle is one of two standard ways of constructing an indefinite such as 'somebody/anybody'. (The other uses question word + voo, which usually has a more indefinite reading, such as 'somebody or other; whoever'.)",,,3000, +41-41,41,etuspa un diiyapa kiivoo tadaa vesli,etus-pa\tuŋ\tdiiya-pa\tkii\tvoo\tta-daa\tvesli,3PL.HON-DAT\tone\tday-DAT\twhat\tINDF\tPRS-give\tWesley,Wesley is giving them something or other per day.,,,1416[1378],,naturalistic spoken,"etuspa un diiyapa kiivoo tadaa vesli",etus-pa uŋ diiya-pa kii voo ta-daa vesli,3PL.HON-DAT one day-DAT what INDF PRS-give Wesley,,,,3001, +41-42,41,asii mee kii see pooy teem,asii\tmee\tkii\tsee\tpooy\tteem,so\tFOC\twhat\tCOND\tHABIL\tbe,It may be something like that.,,Context: This informant was speculating on why a certain country was not given self-government.,1416[1653],,naturalistic spoken,asii mee kii see pooy teem,,so FOC what COND HABIL be,Context: This informant was speculating on why a certain country was not given self-government.,,,3002, +41-43,41,aluŋas tafalaa aka nikarasuportaa; isti mee losuportaa falaatu tafalaa,aluŋa-s\tta-falaa\taka\tnikara-suportaa;\tisti\tmee\tlo-suportaa\tfalaa=tu\tta-falaa,some-PL\tPRS-say\tthat\tNEG.HAB-withstand\tthis\tFOC\tFUT-withstand\tQUOT=PFV\tPRS-say,"Some say that [brand of tire] doesn’t withstand [the load]; only this [brand] withstands, they say.",,,,,unknown,aluŋas tafalaa aka nikarasuportaa; isti mee losuportaa falaatu tafalaa,aluŋa-s ta-falaa aka nikara-suportaa; isti mee lo-suportaa falaa=tu ta-falaa,some-PL PRS-say that NEG.HAB-withstand this FOC FUT-withstand QUOT=PFV PRS-say,,,,3003, +42-35,42,teng angkoza na rentu,teng\tangkoza\tna\trentu,BE\tthing\tLOC\tinside,There is something inside.,,It is also possible to say téng úngua angkóza na réntu [be one something LOC inside] 'There is something inside'.,122[55],,naturalistic spoken,"teng angkoza na rentu",,BE thing LOC inside,"It is also possible to say téng úngua angkóza na réntu [be one something LOC inside] 'There is something inside'.",,,3004, +42-36,42,teng jenti na fora,teng\tjenti\tna\tfora,BE\tperson\tLOC\toutside,There is somebody outside.,,Note that it is also possible to say téng ungua jénti na fóra [be one person LOC outside] 'There is somebody outside'.,122[55],,naturalistic spoken,"teng jenti na fora",,BE person LOC outside,"Note that it is also possible to say téng ungua jénti na fóra [be one person LOC outside] 'There is somebody outside'.",,,3005, +42-37,42,úngua jénti já kebrá aké práu,úngua\tjénti\tjá\tkebrá\také\tpráu,one\tperson\tPRF\tbreak\tthat\tboat,Somebody broke the boat.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"úngua jénti já kebrá aké práu",,one person PRF break that boat,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,3006, +42-38,42,úngua angkóza já rintá na éli sa ólu,úngua\tangkóza\tjá\trintá\tna\téli\tsa\tólu,one\tsomething\tPRF\tenter\tLOC\t3SG\tGEN\teye,Something entered his eye.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"úngua angkóza já rintá na éli sa ólu",,one something PRF enter LOC 3SG GEN eye,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,3007, +43-27,43,Eo lo konta alung kudja.,Eo\tlo\tkonta\talung\tkudja.,1SG\tFUT\ttell\tsome\tthing,I’ll tell [you] something.,,,906[34],,pedagogical grammar,"Eo lo konta alung kudja.",,1SG FUT tell some thing,,,,3008, +43-28,43,alung pesua,alung\tpesua,some\tperson,somebody,,,906[34],,pedagogical grammar,"alung pesua",,some person,,,,3009, +43-29,43,"Yo nunte doy, nunte ki ki.","Yo\tnunte\tdoy,\tnunte\tki\tki.",1SG\tNEG.have\tmoney\tNEG.have\twhat\twhat,"I don’t have any money, I don’t have anything.",,,906[34],,naturalistic written,"Yo nunte doy, nunte ki ki.",,1SG NEG.have money NEG.have what what,,,,3010, +44-39,44,Tyéni hénti ayá na pwéra.,Tyéni\thénti\tayá\tna\tpwéra.,EXIST\tperson\tthere\tLOC\toutside,There is someone outside.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Tyéni hénti ayá na pwéra.,,EXIST person there LOC outside,,Own data,,3011, +44-40,44,Máski kósa ya dáli kumígo.,Máski\tkósa\tya\tdáli\tkumígo.,even\tthing\tPFV\tgive\t1SG.OBJ,He gave me something.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Máski kósa ya dáli kumígo.,,even thing PFV give 1SG.OBJ,,Own data,,3012, +44-41,44,Tyéni kyén ya yudá konmígo [...].,Tyéni\tkyén\tya\tyudá\tkonmígo\t[...].,exist\twho\tPFV\thelp\t1SG.OBJ\t[...],Someone helped me [...].,,,,,elicited from speaker,Tyéni kyén ya yudá konmígo [...].,,exist who PFV help 1SG.OBJ [...],,Own data,,3013, +44-42,44,Tyéni éle ya dáli konmígu.,Tyéni\téle\tya\tdáli\tkonmígu.,have\t3SG\tPFV\tgive\t1SG.OBJ,He gave me something. OR: He had something to give to me.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Tyéni éle ya dáli konmígu.,,have 3SG PFV give 1SG.OBJ,,Own data,,3014, +45-30,45,Tiene yo que ya come.,Tiene\tyo\tque\tya\tcome.,EXIST\t1SG\tREL\tPFV\teat,I ate something.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Tiene yo que ya come.,,EXIST 1SG REL PFV eat,,Own data,,3015, +45-31,45,Ya lliga alguno.,Ya\tlliga\talguno.,PFV\tcome\tsomeone,Someone came.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Ya lliga alguno.",,PFV come someone,,Own data,,3016, +45-32,45,Tiene que ya llega.,Tiene\tque\tya\tllega.,EXIST\twho\tPFV\tcome,Someone came.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Tiene que ya llega.,,EXIST who PFV come,,"Enrique Escalante, p.c.",,3017, +45-33,45,Mas bueno que tiene tu algo que no hay nada.,Mas\tbueno\tque\ttiene\ttu\talgo\tque\tno\thay\tnada.,more\tgood\tthat\thave\t2SG\tsomething\tthan\tNEG\texist\tnothing,It is better that you have something than nothing.,,,426[6],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mas bueno que tiene tu algo que no hay nada.",,more good that have 2SG something than NEG exist nothing,,,,3018, +46-51,46,Tyéne kyen ya-abusá konel disuyo anák muhér na edad de syéte ányos.,Tyéne\tkyen\tya-abusá\tkonel\tdisuyo\tanák\tmuhér\tna\tedad\tde\tsyéte\tányos.,EXIST\twho\tPFV-abused\tOBJ.ART\this\tchild\twoman\tLOC\tage\tof\tseven\tyears,Somebody abused his seven year old daughter.,,,242,,naturalistic written,Tyéne kyen ya-abusá konel disuyo anák muhér na edad de syéte ányos.,,EXIST who PFV-abused OBJ.ART his child woman LOC age of seven years,,,,3019, +47-41,47,Ela haya algo pa hasi.,El\ta\thaya\talgo\tpa\thasi.,3SG\tPFV\tget\tsomething\tfor\tdo,He found something to do.,,,755,,naturalistic written,"Ela haya algo pa hasi.",El a haya algo pa hasi.,3SG PFV get something for do,,,,3020, +47-42,47,Un hende a puntra pa bo.,Un\thende\ta\tpuntra\tpa\tbo.,INDF\tperson\tPFV\task\tfor\t2SG,Somebody has asked for you.,,,556[105],,published source,"Un hende a puntra pa bo.",,INDF person PFV ask for 2SG,,,,3021, +48-32,48,Aggú kusa ta aí.,Aggú\tkusa\tta\taí.,some\tthing\tbe\tthere,Something is (over) there.,,Note that Spanish algo 'something' is not used in the creole; aggú kusa is used instead.,,,constructed by linguist,"Aggú kusa ta aí.",,some thing be there,"Note that Spanish algo 'something' is not used in the creole; aggú kusa is used instead.",Own knowledge,,3022,Spanish: Alguna cosa está allí. +48-33,48,¿Bo a komblá aggú kusa?,¿Bo\ta\tkomblá\taggú\tkusa?,you.SG\tPST\tbuy\tsome\tthing,Did you buy something?,,Note that Spanish algo 'something' is not used in the creole; aggú kusa is used instead. It never takes the feminine gender.,,,constructed by linguist,"¿Bo a komblá aggú kusa?",,you.SG PST buy some thing,"Note that Spanish algo 'something' is not used in the creole; aggú kusa is used instead. It never takes the feminine gender.",Own knowledge,,3023,Spanish: Vos/usted has/ha comprado algo (lit. alguna cosa)? +48-34,48,I ta miná hende aí memo.,I\tta\tminá\thende\taí\tmemo.,I\tPROG\tsee\tpeople\tthere\tright,I see someone right there.,,"Note: hende is derived from Spanish (perhaps also via relexification from Portuguese gente 'people', which in some varieties of Portuguese also means 'we').",,,naturalistic spoken,"I ta miná hende aí memo.",,I PROG see people there right,"Note: hende is derived from Spanish (perhaps also via relexification from Portuguese gente 'people', which in some varieties of Portuguese also means 'we').",Recorded by author,,3024,Spanish: (Yo) miro a la gente allí mismo. +48-35,48,Hende ta eperá aí.,Hende\tta\teperá\taí.,people\tPROG\twait\tthere,Someone is waiting there.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Hende ta eperá aí.",,people PROG wait there,,Own knowledge,,3025,Spanish: Alguien (gente) está esperando allí. +49-51,49,Gen yon moun ki pran plim mwen.,Gen\tyon\tmoun\tki\tpran\tplim\tmwen.,have\tINDF\tperson\tREL\ttake\tpen\t1SG,Someone took my pen.,,,1514[329],,naturalistic spoken,Gen yon moun ki pran plim mwen.,,have INDF person REL take pen 1SG,,,,3026,French: Il y a quelqu'un qui a pris mon stylo. +49-52,49,Gen yon bagay ki pike m.,Gen\tyon\tbagay\tki\tpike\tm.,have\tINDF\tthing\tREL\tsting\t1SG,Something stung me.,,,1514[329],,naturalistic spoken,Gen yon bagay ki pike m.,,have INDF thing REL sting 1SG,,,,3027,French: Il y a quelque chose (un truc) qui m'a piqué. +49-53,49,M'ta bwè yon bagay.,M'ta\tbwè\tyon\tbagay.,1SG.COND\tdrink\tINDF\tsomething,I'd like to drink something.,,COND = conditional (verb marker combination),1514[329],,naturalistic spoken,M'ta bwè yon bagay.,,1SG.COND drink INDF something,COND = conditional (verb marker combination),,,3028,French: Je boirais bien quelque chose. +49-54,49,M'wè yon moun nan lakou ou la yè swa.,M'wè\tyon\tmoun\tnan\tlakou\tou\tla\tyè\tswa.,1SG.see\tINDF\tperson\tin\tyard\t2SG\tDEF\tyesterday\tevening,I saw someone in your yard last night.,,,1514[329],,naturalistic spoken,M'wè yon moun nan lakou ou la yè swa.,,1SG.see INDF person in yard 2SG DEF yesterday evening,,,,3029,French: J'ai vu quelqu'un dans ta cour hier soir. +49-365,49,M ta bwè yon bagay.,M\tta\tbwè\tyon\tbagay.,1SG\tCOND\tdrink\tINDF\tthing,I'd like to drink something.,,,,,constructed by linguist,M ta bwè yon bagay.,,1SG COND drink INDF thing,,Own knowledge,,3030, +49-366,49,M wè yon moun nan lakou ou la yè swa.,M wè yon moun nan lakou ou la yè swa.,,I saw someone in your yard last night.,,,,,constructed by linguist,M wè yon moun nan lakou ou la yè swa.,,,,Own knowledge,,3031, +50-37,50,An ni on biten ba'w.,An\tni\ton\tbiten\tba'w.,1SG\thave\tone\tthing\tfor.2SG,I have something for you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"An ni on biten ba'w.",,1SG have one thing for.2SG,,Own fieldwork,,3032, +51-37,51,Man ni an bagay ba'w.,Man\tni\tan\tbagay\tba'w.,1SG\thave\tone\tthing\tfor.2SG,I have something for you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Man ni an bagay ba'w.",,1SG have one thing for.2SG,,Own fieldwork,,3033, +52-28,52,oun bèt,oun\tbèt,one\tthing,something,,Oun bèt is often reduced to 'n bèt.,,,naturalistic spoken,oun bèt,,one thing,"Oun bèt is often reduced to 'n bèt.",Own knowledge,,3034, +53-71,53,"Bondjeu koz pa, non, li gen keken pou koze ak twa.","Bondjeu\tkoz\tpa,\tnon,\tli\tgen\tkeken\tpou\tkoze\tak\ttwa.",God\tspeak\tNEG\tno\t3SG\thave\tsomebody\tfor\ttalk\twith\t2SG,"God doesn't speak, he has somebody (else) to speak with you.",,,1048[183],,naturalistic spoken,"Bondjeu koz pa, non, li gen keken pou koze ak twa.",,God speak NEG no 3SG have somebody for talk with 2SG,,,,3035, +53-72,53,Li achte kek-choz.,Li\tachte\tkek-choz.,3SG\tbuy\tsome-thing,He bought something.,,,1048[182],,naturalistic spoken,"Li achte kek-choz.",,3SG buy some-thing,,,,3036, +53-73,53,Lot bout-la ina en dimoun ki gen plizyèr.,Lot\tbout-la\tina\ten\tdimoun\tki\tgen\tplizyèr.,other\tside-ART.DEF.SG\tthere.is\tART.INDF\tperson\twho\thave\tseveral,On the other side there is somebody who has got several.,,,1048[183],,naturalistic spoken,"Lot bout-la ina en dimoun ki gen plizyèr.",,other side-ART.DEF.SG there.is ART.INDF person who have several,,,,3037,French: De l'autre côté il y a quelqu'un qui en a plusieurs. +54-42,54,"en moun, d moun","en\tmoun,\td\tmoun",INDF\tperson\tPARTITIVE\tperson,somebody,,"The variant d moun is used after na(na) 'there is', e.g.: Na dmoun? 'Is there somebody?', a question you ask at the gate when you want to enter the courtyard or the house (Carayol et al. 1984–1995: 248N).",,,constructed by linguist,"en moun, d moun",,INDF person PARTITIVE person,"The variant d moun is used after na(na) 'there is', e.g.: Na dmoun? 'Is there somebody?', a question you ask at the gate when you want to enter the courtyard or the house (Carayol et al. 1984–1995: 248N).",Own knowledge,,3038, +54-43,54,kèksoz/kèkchoz,kek-soz,some-thing,something,,"The noun soz 'thing' (< French chose) exists, but is used mostly in fixed expressions. Therefore, keksoz is probably not transparent. Kekchoz is the more acrolectal variant.",1440[76],,naturalistic spoken,kèksoz/kèkchoz,kek-soz,some-thing,"The noun soz 'thing' (< French chose) exists, but is used mostly in fixed expressions. Therefore, keksoz is probably not transparent. Kekchoz is the more acrolectal variant.",,,3039,French: quelque chose +54-44,54,enn afer / en zafer,enn\tafer\t/\ten\tzafer,INDF\tthing\t/\tINDF\tthing,something,,The variant enn instead of en occurs because of liaison.,1440[76],,naturalistic spoken,enn afer / en zafer,,INDF thing / INDF thing,"The variant enn instead of en occurs because of liaison.",,,3040,French: quelque chose +55-39,55,kiken,kiken,someone,someone,,This word derives from French quelqu'un.,,,naturalistic spoken,kiken,,someone,"This word derives from French quelqu'un.",Own knowledge,,3041, +55-40,55,kitsoz,kitsoz,something,something,,From French quelque chose; /kitsoz/ appears to be more frequent than its variants /kiksoz/ and /kisoz/.,,,naturalistic spoken,kitsoz,,something,"From French quelque chose; /kitsoz/ appears to be more frequent than its variants /kiksoz/ and /kisoz/.",Own knowledge,,3042, +56-53,56,keksoz,keksoz,something,something,,"Ketsoz is a variant of keksoz. +Keksoz may also mean 'thing'; 'thing' also being expressed by lasoz and soz (see St Jorre & Lionnet 1999).",1439[129],,written (dictionary),keksoz,,something,"Ketsoz is a variant of keksoz. +Keksoz may also mean 'thing'; 'thing' also being expressed by lasoz and soz (see St Jorre & Lionnet 1999).",,,3043, +56-54,56,dimoun,dimoun,person,someone,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),dimoun,,person,,,,3044, +56-55,56,kek dimoun,kek\tdimoun,some\tpeople,somebody,,,1439[129],,written (dictionary),kek dimoun,,some people,,,,3045, +57-29,57,keka,keka,somebody,somebody,,,,,naturalistic spoken,keka,,somebody,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,3046, +57-30,57,kekeʃos,kekeʃos,something,something,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kekeʃos,,something,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,3047, +58-114,58,Muntu mene kuf-il-a mono.,Muntu\tmene\tkuf-il-a\tmono.,person\tPRF\tdie-APPL-INF\t1SG,The/A person has died on my account.,,This is an adversative use of the applicative.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Muntu mene kuf-il-a mono.,,person PRF die-APPL-INF 1SG,This is an adversative use of the applicative.,Own knowledge,,3048, +59-77,59,mbeni zo aga ti baa mo,mbeni\tzo\ta-ga\tti\tbaa\tmo,some\tperson\tPM-come\tto\tsee\t2SG,Someone came to see you. OR: Someone has come to see you.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mbeni zo aga ti baa mo,mbeni zo a-ga ti baa mo,some person PM-come to see 2SG,,Own knowledge,,3049, +59-78,59,mo wara mbeni yi na ya ni?,mo\twara\tmbeni\tyi\tna\tya\tni?,2SG\tfind\tsome\tthing\tPREP\tbelly\tDET,Did you find something inside?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo wara mbeni yi na ya ni?",,2SG find some thing PREP belly DET,,Own knowledge,,3050, +59-79,59,mbeni yi laa asara lo a lege,mbeni\tyi\tlaa\ta-sara\tlo\tna\tlege,certain\tthing\tFOC\tPM-do\t3SG\tPREP\tpath,(Perhaps) something happened to her on the way.,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"mbeni yi laa asara lo a lege",mbeni yi laa a-sara lo na lege,certain thing FOC PM-do 3SG PREP path,,,,3051,French: Quelque chose lui serait arrivé en route. +59-80,59,ambeni avo karako,a-mbeni\ta-vo\tkarako,PL-certain\tPM-buy\tpeanuts,Some buy peanuts.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ambeni avo karako",a-mbeni a-vo karako,PL-certain PM-buy peanuts,,Own knowledge,,3052, +59-81,59,"Mbeni, lo ken' ti sara ngia na koli ni.","Mbeni,\tlo\tken'\tti\tsara\tngia\tna\tkoli\tni.",some\t3SG\trefuse\tto\tmake\tpleasure\twith\tman\tDET,"Another one, she refuses to chat with her husband.",,,1320[61],,naturalistic written,"Mbeni, lo ken' ti sara ngia na koli ni.",,some 3SG refuse to make pleasure with man DET,,,,3053, +59-82,59,Mbeni mbakoro wale aeke.,mbeni\tmbakoro\twale\ta-eke,some\told\twoman\tPM-COP,There was an old woman.,,,1320[60],,naturalistic written,Mbeni mbakoro wale aeke.,mbeni mbakoro wale a-eke,some old woman PM-COP,,,,3054, +60-30,60,elóko mókó,elóko\tmókó,thing\tone,something,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,elóko mókó,,thing one,,,,3055, +60-31,60,moto mókó,moto\tmókó,person\tone,someone,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,moto mókó,,person one,,,,3056, +61-20,61,Mina bukile yena akha muye into.,Mina\tbuk-ile\tyena\takh-a\tmuye\tinto.,I\tsee-PST\the\tmake-V\tone\tthing,I saw him making something.,,"Muye into = 'a thing, one thing' meaning 'something' in context. Same with muye muntu 'one person, a person' means 'someone' in context.",,,elicited from speaker,"Mina bukile yena akha muye into.",Mina buk-ile yena akh-a muye into.,I see-PST he make-V one thing,"Muye into = 'a thing, one thing' meaning 'something' in context. Same with muye muntu 'one person, a person' means 'someone' in context.",Field notes Mesthrie,,3057, +62-18,62,m̩hé égáye maláma ésíkó,m̩he\té-ga-ye\tmalama\té-si-ko,man\t3SG-die-APPL:PRF\tears\t3SG-NEG-hear,Someone who lacks ears doesn't hear.,,,,,elicited from speaker,m̩hé égáye maláma ésíkó,m̩he é-ga-ye malama é-si-ko,man 3SG-die-APPL:PRF ears 3SG-NEG-hear,,Own field data 1993,,3058, +62-19,62,nitekó kigí chinidosa líya,ni-te-ko\tkigi\tchí-ni-dosa\tliya,1SG-EVID-hear\tthing\t7-1SG-follow\tbackwards,I heard something following me from behind.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"nitekó kigí chinidosa líya",ni-te-ko kigi chí-ni-dosa liya,1SG-EVID-hear thing 7-1SG-follow backwards,,Own field data 1993,,3059, +63-30,63,azól fulán,azól\tfulán,man\tso.and.so,"somebody, anybody",,,857[99],,naturalistic spoken,azól fulán,,man so.and.so,,,,3060, +63-31,63,bakán fulán,bakán\tfulán,place\tso.and.so,somewhere,,,857[194],,naturalistic spoken,bakán fulán,,place so.and.so,,,,3061, +64-38,64,izakán ána séregu hája ta zol ána bidáfa hája de árba marát,izakán\tána\tséregu\thája\tta\tzol\tána\tbi=dáfa\thája\tde\tárba\tmar-át,if\t1SG\tsteal\tthing\tPOSS\tindividual\t1SG\tIRR=pay\tthing\tDEM.PROX\tfour\ttime-PL,"If I have stolen something from somebody, I will pay for it four times.",,,874[195],,naturalistic spoken,"izakán ána séregu hája ta zol ána bidáfa hája de árba marát",izakán ána séregu hája ta zol ána bi=dáfa hája de árba mar-át,if 1SG steal thing POSS individual 1SG IRR=pay thing DEM.PROX four time-PL,,,,3062, +64-39,64,wáy min ítakum ma ámulu hája aʃán ágder rája fi béled,wáy\tmin\títakum\tma\támulu\thája\taʃán\tágder\trája\tfi\tbéled,one\tfrom\t3PL\tNEG\tdo\tthing\tPURP\tcan\tcome.back\tin\tcountry,None of you did anything in order to come back to the homeland.,,,874[241],,naturalistic spoken,"wáy min ítakum ma ámulu hája aʃán ágder rája fi béled",,one from 3PL NEG do thing PURP can come.back in country,,,,3063, +65-41,65,Dawno adin liudi xodi.,Dawno\tadin\tliudi\txodi.,long.ago\tone\tperson\tgo,Somebody passed here a long time ago.,,,60[26],,citation in fiction,"Dawno adin liudi xodi.",,long.ago one person go,,,Давно один люди ходи.,3064, +65-42,65,Xetsʒu famili ʧiwo-ʧiwo kupila.,Xetsʒu\tfamili\tʧiwo-ʧiwo\tkupi-la.,Xeczu\tkin\twhat-what\tbuy-PFV,A person by the name Xeczu bought something.,,"The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn. ʧiwo alone means 'what'. ʧiwo-ʧiwo means 'different things'. It is a calque from Tungusic languages where the corresponding construction is widely used, cf. Udihe j'əu 'what' j'əu-j'əu 'different things, all sorts of things'.",1195[221],,naturalistic spoken,"Xetsʒu famili ʧiwo-ʧiwo kupila.",Xetsʒu famili ʧiwo-ʧiwo kupi-la.,Xeczu kin what-what buy-PFV,"The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn. ʧiwo alone means 'what'. ʧiwo-ʧiwo means 'different things'. It is a calque from Tungusic languages where the corresponding construction is widely used, cf. Udihe j'əu 'what' j'əu-j'əu 'different things, all sorts of things'.",,Хэцзю фамили чиво-чиво купила.,3065, +66-26,66,Go sapabεkεyang si-liiyat.,Go\tsapa-bεkε-yang\tsi-liyat.,1SG\twho-QUANT-ACC/DEF\tPST-see,I saw somebody.,,This example is for the southern dialect (Kirinda).,,,elicited from speaker,Go sapabεkεyang si-liiyat.,Go sapa-bεkε-yang si-liyat.,1SG who-QUANT-ACC/DEF PST-see,This example is for the southern dialect (Kirinda).,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,3066, +66-27,66,Apa bεkε sijadi.,Apa\tbεkε\tsi-jadi.,what\tQUANT\tPST-happen,Something happened.,,This example is for the southeastern dialect (Kirinda).,,,elicited from speaker,Apa bεkε sijadi.,Apa bεkε si-jadi.,what QUANT PST-happen,This example is for the southeastern dialect (Kirinda).,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,3067, +67-51,67,siapa-siapa; (satu) orang,siapa-siapa;\t(satu)\torang,who-who\t(one)\tperson/people,anyone/ someone; someone/somebody,,,708[78],,elicited from speaker,siapa-siapa; (satu) orang,,who-who (one) person/people,,,,3068, +67-52,67,apa-apa,apa~apa,what~what,"whatever, anything/something",,,708[78],,naturalistic spoken,apa-apa,apa~apa,what~what,,,,3069, +68-34,68,Buku ini ada orang yang tulis.,Buku\tini\tada\torang\tyang\ttulis.,book\tDET\thave\tperson\tREL\twrite,This book was written by someone.,,The example is from North Moluccan Malay.,1178[613],,elicited from speaker,Buku ini ada orang yang tulis.,,book DET have person REL write,The example is from North Moluccan Malay.,,,3070, +70-30,70,Koi ao ka?,Koi\tao\tka?,someone\tcome\twhat,Is someone coming?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Koi ao ka?,,someone come what,,Own field notes,,3071, +70-31,70,Koi nai baito.,Koi\tnai\tbaito.,something\tNEG\tCOP,There wasn't anything.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Koi nai baito.,,something NEG COP,,Own knowledge,,3072, +71-42,71,Ina kekahi kanaka kolohe piimai [...].,Ina\tkekahi\tkanaka\tkolohe\tpiimai\t[...].,if\tsome\tperson\tbad\tcome\t[...],If somebody bad comes here [...].,,,,,naturalistic written,"Ina kekahi kanaka kolohe piimai [...].",,if some person bad come [...],,Own data 1888,,3073, +71-43,71,kekahi mea [...],kekahi\tmea\t[...],some\tthing\t[...],something [...],,There is a lexical gap in my corpus concerning the indefinite inanimate noun 'something'; however indefinite inanimate kekahi mea 'somebody' is found in the lexifier (along with kekahi kanaka 'somebody' and aole mea 'nobody') and the corresponding animate kekahi kanaka occurs in the pidgin.,,,constructed by linguist,"kekahi mea [...]",,some thing [...],"There is a lexical gap in my corpus concerning the indefinite inanimate noun 'something'; however indefinite inanimate kekahi mea 'somebody' is found in the lexifier (along with kekahi kanaka 'somebody' and aole mea 'nobody') and the corresponding animate kekahi kanaka occurs in the pidgin.",Own data,,3074, +71-44,71,Pehea la kanaka ma kela hale wau?,Pehea\tla\tkanaka\tma\tkela\thale\twau?,why\tMOD\tperson\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t1SG.POSS,Why is someone in my house? (official court translation),,,,,naturalistic written,"Pehea la kanaka ma kela hale wau?",,why MOD person LOC DET house 1SG.POSS,,Own data 1892,,3075, +72-35,72,Jambala dei meikim nyawanginyima.,Jambala\tdei\tmeik-im\tnyawa-nginyi-ma.,somebody\t3PL.SBJ\tmake-TR\tthis-ABL-TOP,Some people make it out of this one.,,,8,ab3b2661e85c932a85ab0c8a42befc91,naturalistic spoken,"Jambala dei meikim nyawanginyima.",Jambala dei meik-im nyawa-nginyi-ma.,somebody 3PL.SBJ make-TR this-ABL-TOP,,,,3076, +72-36,72,Jamtingtu nyimpuruk jeya.,Jamting-tu\tnyimpuruk\tjeya.,something-ERG\tdive\tthere,Something just dived under there.,,,8,5b1d7d1256ff51eb78d9e85d70b00f18,naturalistic spoken,"Jamtingtu nyimpuruk jeya.",Jamting-tu nyimpuruk jeya.,something-ERG dive there,,,,3077, +74-34,74,ína naníč íkta,ína\tnaníč\tíkta,beaver\tsee\twhat,The beaver saw something.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ína naníč íkta",,beaver see what,,Own knowledge,,3078, +75-70,75,Sapran awiyak chipamihaat.,Sapran\tawiyak\tchi-pami-h-aat.,necessary\tsomeone\tCOMP.FUT-drive-CAUS-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,She needed someone to drive.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"Sapran awiyak chipamihaat.",Sapran awiyak chi-pami-h-aat.,necessary someone COMP.FUT-drive-CAUS-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,,,,3079, +75-71,75,Keekwaay eeyaayen daan ta maen?,Keekwaay\tee-ayaa-yen\tdaan\tta\tmaen?,what\tCOMP-have.INAN-2SG\tPREP.LOC\t2SG.POSS\thand,What do you have in your hand?,,,789[355],,naturalistic written,Keekwaay eeyaayen daan ta maen?,Keekwaay ee-ayaa-yen daan ta maen?,what COMP-have.INAN-2SG PREP.LOC 2SG.POSS hand,,,,3080, +75-72,75,Keekway namateew daan ta sup.,Keekway\tnamatee-w\tdaan\tta\tsup.,something\tlack-3\tPREP.LOC\t2SG.POSS\tsoup,There's something lacking in your soup.,,,789[158],,naturalistic written,"Keekway namateew daan ta sup.",Keekway namatee-w daan ta sup.,something lack-3 PREP.LOC 2SG.POSS soup,,,,3081, +75-73,75,Cheukzenn kapooshihikunaan.,Cheukzenn\tka-pooshi-h-iku-naan.,someone\tFUT-embark-CAUS-INV-1PL,Someone will give us a ride.,,Cheukzenn is from French: quelque + un.,789[306],,naturalistic written,"Cheukzenn kapooshihikunaan.",Cheukzenn ka-pooshi-h-iku-naan.,someone FUT-embark-CAUS-INV-1PL,"Cheukzenn is from French: quelque + un.",,,3082, +76-4,76,tuktu mȗkki ila,tuktu\tmȗkki\tila,caribou\tdead\the,He killed (some) caribou.,,"Stefánsson's (1909: 228) translation implies the possibility of both a definite and an indefinite interpretation of the object noun. + +Pronominal subjects tend to be sentence-final and follow the verb. Full NP subjects tend to be sentence-initial.",1442[228],,reconstructed by documentalist,tuktu mȗkki ila,,caribou dead he,"Stefánsson's (1909: 228) translation implies the possibility of both a definite and an indefinite interpretation of the object noun. + +Pronominal subjects tend to be sentence-final and follow the verb. Full NP subjects tend to be sentence-initial.",,,3083, +76-35,76,ababa innuk kaili,ababa\tinnuk\tkaili,say\tman\tcome,Tell (some) man to come here.,,Stefánsson's translation implies the possibility of both a definite and an indefinite interpretation.,1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,"ababa innuk kaili",,say man come,Stefánsson's translation implies the possibility of both a definite and an indefinite interpretation.,,,3084, +1-70,1,"Kaba killiman miti hem na pasi, dem pulu sanni va hem, [...].","Kaba\tkiriman\tmiti\ten\tna\tpasi,\tden\tpuru\tsani\tfu\ten,\t[...].",and\tmurderer\tmeet\t3SG\tLOC\troad\t3PL\tremove\tthing\tof\t3SG\t[...],"And murderers came upon him on the road, they removed his things, [...].",,"Indefinite plurals, such as killiman, are always unmarked: There is no plural determiner and no marking on the noun itself.",1355[164],,written,"Kaba killiman miti hem na pasi, dem pulu sanni va hem, [...].","Kaba kiriman miti en na pasi, den puru sani fu en, [...].",and murderer meet 3SG LOC road 3PL remove thing of 3SG [...],"Indefinite plurals, such as killiman, are always unmarked: There is no plural determiner and no marking on the noun itself.",,,3085, +1-71,1,Dem sa moesoe sorie alle dem condre na bacara.,Den\tsa\tmusu\tsori\tala\tden\tkondre\tna\tbakra.,3PL\tFUT\tmust\tshow\tall\tDET.PL\tvillage\tto\twhite,They will have to show all their villages to the Europeans.,,"Animate bacara has definite plural reference, but in this case the DEF.PL determiner is absent. Plural is never marked on the noun itself. In the case of dem condre, dem can be the PL determiner, or the 3PL pronoun expressing the possessor role.",1437,,written,Dem sa moesoe sorie alle dem condre na bacara.,Den sa musu sori ala den kondre na bakra.,3PL FUT must show all DET.PL village to white,"Animate bacara has definite plural reference, but in this case the DEF.PL determiner is absent. Plural is never marked on the noun itself. In the case of dem condre, dem can be the PL determiner, or the 3PL pronoun expressing the possessor role.",,,3086, +1-72,1,"Kaba dem fotto Ningre no jeri hem kwetikweti, na dem oure English plantasi dem habi hem.","Kaba\tden\tfoto\tNengre\tno\tyere\ten\tkwetikweti,\tna\tden\towru\tIngris\tpranasi\tden\thabi\ten.",and\tDET.PL\tfort\tblack\tNEG\thear\t3SG\treally\tLOC\tDET.PL\told\tEnglish\tplantation\t3PL\thave\t3SG,"And the town blacks don't really know it, (but) on the old English plantations they say it.",,Both animate fotto Ningre and inanimate oure English plantasi are preceded by the DEF.PL determiner dem. Plural is never marked morphologically on the noun itself. The 3PL pronoun dem appears in the final part of the example (as the subject of habi).,1357[21],,written (dictionary),"Kaba dem fotto Ningre no jeri hem kwetikweti, na dem oure English plantasi dem habi hem.","Kaba den foto Nengre no yere en kwetikweti, na den owru Ingris pranasi den habi en.",and DET.PL fort black NEG hear 3SG really LOC DET.PL old English plantation 3PL have 3SG,"Both animate fotto Ningre and inanimate oure English plantasi are preceded by the DEF.PL determiner dem. Plural is never marked morphologically on the noun itself. The 3PL pronoun dem appears in the final part of the example (as the subject of habi).",,,3087, +2-55,2,den oso,den\toso,ART.DEF.PL\thouse,the houses,,"The definite article has a number distinction, such that definite plural nouns are preceded by the plural definite article, as in the above example. Indefinite plurals have no article. Bare nouns can thus have a plural interpretation, and, due to variable singular article omission, a definite or indefinite signular interpretation.",189[177],,unknown,den oso,,ART.DEF.PL house,"The definite article has a number distinction, such that definite plural nouns are preceded by the plural definite article, as in the above example. Indefinite plurals have no article. Bare nouns can thus have a plural interpretation, and, due to variable singular article omission, a definite or indefinite signular interpretation.",,,3088, +2-56,2,den uma,den\tuma,ART.PL\twoman,the women,,,1587,,unknown,den uma,,ART.PL woman,,,,3089, +3-27,3,di wɔmi; dɛɛ wɔmi,di\twɔmi;\tdɛɛ\twɔmi,DEF.SG\tman\tDEF.PL\tman,the man; the men,,Plural marking is on determiners.,,,naturalistic spoken,di wɔmi; dɛɛ wɔmi,,DEF.SG man DEF.PL man,Plural marking is on determiners.,Fieldwork data,,3090, +4-32,4,Den sama e luku en so duun.,Den\tsama\te\tluku\ten\tso\tduun.,DET.PL\tperson\tIPFV\tlook\thim\tlike.that\tIDEO,The people are staring at him.,,,1271,,naturalistic spoken,Den sama e luku en so duun.,,DET.PL person IPFV look him like.that IDEO,,,,3091, +4-33,4,Kau de a pasi.,Kau\tde\ta\tpasi.,cow\tCOP\tLOC\tpath,Cows are on the path. OR: There are cows on the path.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kau de a pasi.,,cow COP LOC path,,Own observation,,3092, +5-38,5,"wen di poor piipl dem go we, di puliismaan dem kech di maan dem a rood, an kyar dem","wen\tdi\tpoor\tpiipl\tdem\tgo\twe,\tdi\tpuliismaan\tdem\tkech\tdi\tmaan\tdem\ta\trood,\tan\tkyar\tdem",when\tDEF.ART\tpoor\tpeople\tPL\tgo\taway\tthe\tpoliceman\tPL\tcatch\tthe\tman\tPL\ton\troad\tand\tcarry\tthem,"When the poor people had dispersed, the policemen caught up with the guys on the road and carried them to lock them up.",,,1281[155 (line 487-8)],,naturalistic spoken,"wen di poor piipl dem go we, di puliismaan dem kech di maan dem a rood, an kyar dem",,when DEF.ART poor people PL go away the policeman PL catch the man PL on road and carry them,,,,3093, +5-39,5,wen wii heer about dem tingz dem dis wii doon noo wat tu do,wen\twii\theer\tabout\tdem\ttingz\tdem\tdis\twii\tdoon\tnoo\twat\ttu\tdo,when\twe\thear\tabout\tDEM\tthings\tPL\tthis\twe\tdon't\tknow\twhat\tto\tdo,"When we hear about these things, we don't know what to do.",,,1197[Chapt 3 (line 3)],,naturalistic spoken,wen wii heer about dem tingz dem dis wii doon noo wat tu do,,when we hear about DEM things PL this we don't know what to do,,,,3094, +6-24,6,di dog an dem / di book an dem,di dog an dem / di book an dem,DET dog CONJ 3PL   DET book CONJ 3PL,the dogs / the books,,,1431[45],,constructed by linguist,di dog an dem / di book an dem,,DET dog CONJ 3PL DET book CONJ 3PL,,,,3095, +7-55,7,Hi get plenti tabangka.,Hi\tget\tplenti\ttabangka.,3SG\tget\tplenty\tcuckolding,He was often cuckolded.,,"Nouns of an abstract nature cannot bear a plural morpheme of the -s, -z type.",1244[164],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi get plenti tabangka.,,3SG get plenty cuckolding,"Nouns of an abstract nature cannot bear a plural morpheme of the -s, -z type.",,,3096, +7-56,7,wan machiz; wan shuuz; wan ants,wan\tmach-iz;\twan\tshuu-z;\twan\tant-s,INDF\tmatch-es\tINDF\tshoe-s\tINDF\tant-s,a match; a shoe; an ant,,"These nouns bear a mark that echoes the plural marker of the lexifier, but they are not necessarily to be interpreted as plural.",1244[146],,naturalistic spoken,wan machiz; wan shuuz; wan ants,wan mach-iz; wan shuu-z; wan ant-s,INDF match-es INDF shoe-s INDF ant-s,"These nouns bear a mark that echoes the plural marker of the lexifier, but they are not necessarily to be interpreted as plural.",,,3097, +7-57,7,Shi pikni (an/a dem) ruud.,Shi\tpikni\t(an/a\tdem)\truud.,3SG.POSS\tchild\t(and\tthem)\trude,Her child(ren) is/are rude.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Shi pikni (an/a dem) ruud.,,3SG.POSS child (and them) rude,,Own knowledge,,3098, +7-58,7,Suhm di tri dem laik de wuhz draiyin duhng.,Suhm\tdi\ttri\tdem\tlaik\tde\twuhz\tdrai-yin\tduhng.,some\tART\ttree\tPL\tlike\t3PL\twas\tdry-PROG\tdown,Some of the trees seemed to be waning.,,,1244[A8],,naturalistic spoken,Suhm di tri dem laik de wuhz draiyin duhng.,Suhm di tri dem laik de wuhz drai-yin duhng.,some ART tree PL like 3PL was dry-PROG down,,,,3099, +7-59,7,I ting (an/a dem) duhz duhn faas.,I\tting\t(an/a\tdem)\tduhz\tduhn\tfaas.,ART\tthing\t(and\tthem)\tHAB\tdone\tfast,We usually run out of the thing(s) quickly.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I ting (an/a dem) duhz duhn faas.,,ART thing (and them) HAB done fast,,Own knowledge,,3100, +8-31,8,Di pikni-dem laas di piepa.,Di\tpikni-dem\tlaas\tdi\tpiepa.,DET\tchild-PL\tlose\tDET\tpaper,The children lost the paper.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di pikni-dem laas di piepa.,,DET child-PL lose DET paper,,Own knowledge,,3101, +8-32,8,Di buk-dem de pan di tiebl.,Di\tbuk-dem\tde\tpan\tdi\ttiebl.,DET\tbook-PL\tLOC\ton\tDET\ttable,The books are on the table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di buk-dem de pan di tiebl.,,DET book-PL LOC on DET table,,Own knowledge,,3102, +8-33,8,Buk de pan di tiebl.,Buk\tde\tpan\tdi\ttiebl.,book\tLOC.COP\ton\tDET\ttable,Books are on the table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Buk de pan di tiebl.,,book LOC.COP on DET table,,Own knowledge,,3103, +9-46,9,Ma grandfada had faiv eykaz a lan hia.,Ma\tgrandfada\thad\tfaiv\teykaz\ta\tlan\thia.,my\tgrandfather\thad\tfive\tacres\tof\tland\there,My grandfather had five acres of land here.,,,429,,naturalistic spoken,Ma grandfada had faiv eykaz a lan hia.,,my grandfather had five acres of land here,,,,3104, +9-47,9,Maskin kaal op di sowdjaz dem.,Maskin\tkaal\top\tdi\tsowdjaz\tdem.,Maskin\tcall\tup\tthe\tsoldiers\tthem,Maskin called up the soldiers.,,,432[46],,naturalistic spoken,Maskin kaal op di sowdjaz dem.,,Maskin call up the soldiers them,,,,3105, +10-37,10,Di pikniny dem we stodi Baptis taak di trii.,Di\tpikniny\tdem\twe\tstodi\tBaptis\ttaak\tdi\ttrii.,ART.DEF\tchild\tPL\tREL\tstudy\tBaptist\ttalk\tART.DEF\tthree,The children who study at one of the Baptist schools talk the three (languages).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di pikniny dem we stodi Baptis taak di trii.,,ART.DEF child PL REL study Baptist talk ART.DEF three,,Unpublished field recordings,,3106, +10-38,10,Aafta di skiel gaan iin di sii batam [...].,Aafta\tdi\tskiel\tgaan\tiin\tdi\tsii\tbatam\t[...].,after\tART.DEF\tscale\tgo.PST\tin\tART.DEF\tsea\tbottom\t[...],After the scales had fallen onto the bottom of the sea [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Aafta di skiel gaan iin di sii batam [...].,,after ART.DEF scale go.PST in ART.DEF sea bottom [...],,Unpublished field recordings,,3107, +10-39,10,"Yo finganiel dem tuu long, sha!","Yo\tfinga-niel\tdem\ttuu\tlong,\tsha!",2SG.POSS\tfinger-nail\tPL\ttoo\tlong\tsir,"Your fingernails are too long, sir!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yo finganiel dem tuu long, sha!","Yo finga-niel dem tuu long, sha!",2SG.POSS finger-nail PL too long sir,,Unpublished field recordings,,3108, +10-40,10,So aal di animal neva kuda flai op.,So\taal\tdi\tanimal\tneva\tkuda\tflai\top.,so\tall\tART.DEF\tanimal\tNEG.ANT\tcan.PST\tfly\tup,But not all of the animals could fly up [to the mountain top].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,So aal di animal neva kuda flai op.,,so all ART.DEF animal NEG.ANT can.PST fly up,,Unpublished field recordings,,3109, +11-43,11,Bot mai tiicha dei taak Inglish or Spanish.,Bot\tmai\ttiicha\tdei\ttaak\tInglish\tor\tSpanish.,but\t1SG.POSS\tteacher\t3PL\ttalk\tEnglish\tor\tSpanish,"But my teachers, they talk English or Spanish.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Bot mai tiicha dei taak Inglish or Spanish.,,but 1SG.POSS teacher 3PL talk English or Spanish,,,,3110, +11-44,11,Som a di tiichaz dem don nou Inglish.,Som\ta\tdi\ttiicha-z\tdem\tdon\tnou\tInglish.,some\tof\tART.DEF\tteacher-PL\tPL\tNEG\tknow\tEnglish,Some of the teachers don’t know English.,,This has to be considered double plural marking as the singular form is tiicha.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Som a di tiichaz dem don nou Inglish.",Som a di tiicha-z dem don nou Inglish.,some of ART.DEF teacher-PL PL NEG know English,"This has to be considered double plural marking as the singular form is tiicha.",,,3111, +11-45,11,di piknini dem,di\tpiknini\tdem,ART.DEF\tchild\tPL,the children,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"di piknini dem",,ART.DEF child PL,,,,3112, +11-46,11,Nou wi hav les torkl dan ada animal.,Nou\twi\thav\tles\ttorkl\tdan\tada\tanimal.,now\t1PL\thave\tless\tturtle\tthan\tother\tanimal,Now we find less turtles than other animals.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Nou wi hav les torkl dan ada animal.,,now 1PL have less turtle than other animal,,,,3113, +11-47,11,Di muos praablem iz di drogz wid di yong man.,Di\tmuos\tpraablem\tiz\tdi\tdrog-z\twid\tdi\tyong\tman.,ART.DEF\tmost\tproblem\tCOP.PRS\tART.DEF\tdrug-PL\twith\tART.DEF\tyoung\tman,"For young men, the biggest problem are the drugs.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Di muos praablem iz di drogz wid di yong man.",Di muos praablem iz di drog-z wid di yong man.,ART.DEF most problem COP.PRS ART.DEF drug-PL with ART.DEF young man,,,,3114, +11-48,11,"Deh get som plaans fram FADCANIC laik ariinj, kokanat an ada ting.","Deh\tget\tsom\tplaan-s\tfram\tFADCANIC\tlaik\tariinj,\tkokanat\tan\tada\tting.",3PL\tget\tsome\tplant-PL\tfrom\tFADCANIC\tlike\torange\tcoconut\tand\tother\tthing,They get some plants from the FADCANIC like orange and coconut trees and other things.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Deh get som plaans fram FADCANIC laik ariinj, kokanat an ada ting.","Deh get som plaan-s fram FADCANIC laik ariinj, kokanat an ada ting.",3PL get some plant-PL from FADCANIC like orange coconut and other thing,,,,3115, +12-39,12,I had four husband.,I\thad\tfour\thusband.,1SG.SBJ\thave.PST\tfour\thusband,I had four husbands.,,,554[10],,unspecified,I had four husband.,,1SG.SBJ have.PST four husband,,,,3116, +12-40,12,Miss - the boys - them broke down Bay Street.,Miss - the boys - them broke down Bay Street.,Miss   ART boy.PL   PL break[PFV] down Bay Street,"Miss, the men completely destroyed Bay Street.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Miss - the boys - them broke down Bay Street.,,Miss ART boy.PL PL break[PFV] down Bay Street,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3117, +12-41,12,"And girl, let me tell you. When you go to the Island - when you go to Island, try carry Off. Because them mosquito, they'll kill you - and them sandfly.","[...] them mosquito, they'll kill you - and them sandfly.",[...] PL mosquito[SBJ] 3PL.SBJ.FUT kill 2SG.OBJ   and PL sandfly[SBJ],[...] those mosquitoes [...] and those sandflies.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And girl, let me tell you. When you go to the Island - when you go to Island, try carry Off. Because them mosquito, they'll kill you - and them sandfly.","[...] them mosquito, they'll kill you - and them sandfly.",[...] PL mosquito[SBJ] 3PL.SBJ.FUT kill 2SG.OBJ and PL sandfly[SBJ],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3118, +12-42,12,De boy-dem playin' hockey.,De\tboy-dem\tplayin'\thockey.,ART\tboy-PL\tplay-PROG\thockey,The boys are playing hockey.,,,554[10],,naturalistic spoken,De boy-dem playin' hockey.,,ART boy-PL play-PROG hockey,,,,3119, +13-37,13,twenty-four bed,twenty-four\tbed,twenty-four\tbed,twenty-four beds,,,1500[282],,naturalistic spoken,twenty-four bed,,twenty-four bed,,,,3120, +13-38,13,pieces,piece-s,piece-PL,pieces,,,1500[266],,naturalistic spoken,pieces,piece-s,piece-PL,,,,3121, +13-39,13,chillen,chillen,child.PL,children,,,1500[266],,naturalistic spoken,chillen,,child.PL,,,,3122, +14-28,14,two dogs,two\tdogs,two\tdogs,two dogs,,"In instances in which number is stated, plural marking may be optional. This pattern is not pervasive, however.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,two dogs,,two dogs,"In instances in which number is stated, plural marking may be optional. This pattern is not pervasive, however.",Own knowledge,,3123, +14-29,14,"dog, dogs","dog,\tdogs",dog.SG\tdog.PL,"dog, dogs",,"Some irregular plurals take different forms or may be doubly marked for plural: e.g. goose (singular), geeses/gooses (plural).",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"dog, dogs",,dog.SG dog.PL,"Some irregular plurals take different forms or may be doubly marked for plural: e.g. goose (singular), geeses/gooses (plural).",Own knowledge,,3124, +15-37,15,pikin dɛm,pikin\tdɛm,child\tPL,children,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,pikin dɛm,,child PL,,Own knowledge,,3125, +15-38,15,buk ~ buk dɛm,buk ~ buk dɛm,book   book PL,books,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,buk ~ buk dɛm,,book book PL,,Own knowledge,,3126, +16-31,16,"dɛ pasɛnʤɛs tel àm se ""mà frɛn [...]""","dɛ\tpasɛnʤɛ-s\ttel\tàm\tse\t""mà\tfrɛn\t[...]""",ART\tpassenger-PL\ttell\t3SG.OBL\tCOMP\tmy\tfriend\t[...],"The passengers said to him, ""My friend [...]"".",,The animate noun (passengers) is overtly marked for plurality.,656[204],,naturalistic spoken,"dɛ pasɛnʤɛs tel àm se ""mà frɛn [...]""","dɛ pasɛnʤɛ-s tel àm se ""mà frɛn [...]""",ART passenger-PL tell 3SG.OBL COMP my friend [...],"The animate noun (passengers) is overtly marked for plurality.",,,3127, +16-32,16,wì gɛt sɔm wumã we dè dè kuk,wì\tgɛt\tsɔm\twumã\twe\tdè\tdè\tkuk,1PL\tget\tINDF\twoman\tCOMP\t3PL\tHAB\tcook,There were women who cooked (for us).,,The animate noun (woman) is not marked for plurality.,656[204],,naturalistic spoken,wì gɛt sɔm wumã we dè dè kuk,,1PL get INDF woman COMP 3PL HAB cook,"The animate noun (woman) is not marked for plurality.",,,3128, +16-33,16,dɛ trɔks we dè briŋg àm frɔm ʤɛmɛni,dɛ\ttrɔk-s\twe\tdè\tbriŋg\tàm\tfrɔm\tʤɛmɛni,ART\ttruck-PL\tCOMP\t3PL\tbring\t3SG.OBL\tFROM\tGermany,the trucks they brought from Germany,,The inanimate noun (truck) is overtly marked for plurality.,656[182],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ trɔks we dè briŋg àm frɔm ʤɛmɛni,dɛ trɔk-s we dè briŋg àm frɔm ʤɛmɛni,ART truck-PL COMP 3PL bring 3SG.OBL FROM Germany,"The inanimate noun (truck) is overtly marked for plurality.",,,3129, +16-34,16,dè brek dɛ̀m haus,dè\tbrek\tdɛ̀m\thaus,3PL\tbreak\t3PL.POSS\thouse,They demolished their houses.,,The inanimate noun (house) is unmarked for plurality.,656[200],,naturalistic spoken,dè brek dɛ̀m haus,,3PL break 3PL.POSS house,"The inanimate noun (house) is unmarked for plurality.",,,3130, +17-28,17,"man dè̱m, got dè̱m, ston dè̱m","man\tdè̱m,\tgot\tdè̱m,\tston\tdè̱m",man\t3PL\tgoat\t3PL\tstone\t3PL,"men, goats, stones",,,462[168],,naturalistic spoken,"man dè̱m, got dè̱m, ston dè̱m",,man 3PL goat 3PL stone 3PL,,,,3131, +17-29,17,man; got; ston,man;\tgot;\tston,man\tgoat\tstone,man/men; goat(s); stone(s),,,462[168],,naturalistic spoken,man; got; ston,,man goat stone,,,,3132, +18-35,18,Haumoch foh dat yu banana?,Ha\tmotch\tfo\tdat\tyu\tbanana?,how\tmuch\tfor\tthat\t2SG.POSS\tbanana,How much are those bananas of yours?,,,1488[16],,published source,Haumoch foh dat yu banana?,Ha motch fo dat yu banana?,how much for that 2SG.POSS banana,,,,3133, +19-37,19,pìkin; stik,pìkin;\tstik,child\ttree,child; tree,,,,,constructed by linguist,pìkin; stik,,child tree,,Own knowledge,,3134, +19-38,19,pìkín dɛ̀n; stik dɛ̀n,pìkín\tdɛ̀n;\tstik\tdɛ̀n,child\tPL\ttree\tPL,children; trees,,,,,constructed by linguist,"pìkín dɛ̀n; stik dɛ̀n",,child PL tree PL,,Own knowledge,,3135, +20-33,20,You children hap alla marry?,You\tchildren\thap\talla\tmarry?,2SG.POSS\tchildren\tPFV\tall\tmarry,May I ask whether all your children have been married?,,,1489[VI.81],,naturalistic written,You children hap alla marry?,,2SG.POSS children PFV all marry,,,㕭趨炉地倫合椏鏬咩(竹+厘),3136, +20-168,20,Ship got womans?,Ship\tgot\twomans?,ship\tgot\twoman.PL,Are there women on the ship?,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1651[150],,naturalistic written,Ship got womans?,,ship got woman.PL,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,3137, +21-27,21,Like ten thousand of my friend already applied and went for interview.,Like\tten\tthousand\tof\tmy\tfriend\talready\tappli-ed\tand\twent\tfor\tinterview.,like\tten\tthousand\tof\t1SG.POSS\tfriend\talready\tapply-PST\tand\tgo.PST\tfor\tinterview,"For example, ten thousand of my friends have already applied [for jobs] and gone for interviews.",,,1568[64],,naturalistic spoken,Like ten thousand of my friend already applied and went for interview.,Like ten thousand of my friend already appli-ed and went for interview.,like ten thousand of 1SG.POSS friend already apply-PST and go.PST for interview,,,,3138, +21-28,21,Then they teach you all the technique lah.,Then\tthey\tteach\tyou\tall\tthe\ttechnique\tlah.,then\t3PL\tteach\t2SG\tall\tDET\ttechnique.PL\tPCL,Then they teach you all the techniques.,,,1568[64],,naturalistic spoken,Then they teach you all the technique lah.,,then 3PL teach 2SG all DET technique.PL PCL,,,,3139, +22-44,22,Displa pik em i bin sae kaikaim ol man.,Displa\tpik\tem\ti\tbin\tsae\tkaikai-m\tol\tman,this\tpig\t3SG\tPM\tPST\tHAB\tbite-TR\tPL\tman,This pig used to bite people.,,,584[Keravat5\Gibson\enb\m18\islan],,naturalistic spoken,Displa pik em i bin sae kaikaim ol man.,Displa pik em i bin sae kaikai-m ol man,this pig 3SG PM PST HAB bite-TR PL man,,,,3140, +22-45,22,Askim ol lapun.,Askim\tol\tlapun.,ask\tPL\told.person,Ask older people.,,,1548[347],,naturalistic written,Askim ol lapun.,,ask PL old.person,,,,3141, +22-46,22,Em i stap nau ma(ma) bl' em wokim spia nao em i kam nau ma bl' em wokim ol bet.,Em\ti\tstap\tnau\tma(ma)\tbl'\tem\twokim\tspia\tnao\tem\ti\tkam\tnau\tma\tbl'\tem\twokim\tol\tbet.,3SG\tPM\tstay\tnow\tmother\tPOSS\t3SG\tmake\tspear\tnow\t3SG\tPM\tcome\tnow\tmother\tPOSS\t3SG\tmake\tPL\tbed,"He stayed and his mother made arrows, he came and his mother made beds.",,,1425[66],,naturalistic spoken,Em i stap nau ma(ma) bl' em wokim spia nao em i kam nau ma bl' em wokim ol bet.,,3SG PM stay now mother POSS 3SG make spear now 3SG PM come now mother POSS 3SG make PL bed,,,,3142, +23-48,23,ol haos oli fasfas tumas,ol\thaos\toli\tfasfas\ttumas,PL\thouse\tAGR\tfast\tvery,The houses are crowded together.,,,948[235],,naturalistic spoken,ol haos oli fasfas tumas,ol haos oli fasfas tumas,PL house AGR fast very,,,,3143, +24-49,24,gehl,gehl,woman,women,,,,,naturalistic spoken,gehl,,woman,,Own fieldwork,,3144, +24-50,24,"gehl, gehls","gehl,\tgehls",woman\twoman.PL,"woman, women",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"gehl, gehls",,woman woman.PL,,Own fieldwork,,3145, +24-51,24,em letl salan,em\tletl\tsalan,DET.DEF.PL\tlittle\tpeople,the little children,,,,,naturalistic spoken,em letl salan,,DET.DEF.PL little people,,Own fieldwork,,3146, +25-131,25,Im kukumbat eig.,Im\tkuk-um-bat\teig.,3SG\tcook-TR-PROG\tegg,He is cooking eggs.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the present tense interpretation of unmarked verbs and the possibility of plural interpretation with unmarked nouns (eig 'egg' is clearly plural in context of the story).,1332[65],,naturalistic spoken,Im kukumbat eig.,Im kuk-um-bat eig.,3SG cook-TR-PROG egg,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the present tense interpretation of unmarked verbs and the possibility of plural interpretation with unmarked nouns (eig 'egg' is clearly plural in context of the story).",,,3147, +25-132,25,D. im med langa ole boi.,D.\tim\tmed\tlanga\tole\tboi.,D.\t3SG\tmad\tLOC\tPL\tboy,D. is mad with the boys.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the plural word ole as a plural marker.",,,naturalistic spoken,D. im med langa ole boi.,,D. 3SG mad LOC PL boy,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the plural word ole as a plural marker.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3148, +25-133,25,Yu kan tok la thislot medbaga.,Yu\tkan\ttok\tla\tthis-lot\tmed-baga.,2SG\tcan.NEG\ttalk\tLOC\tPROX-PL\tmad-ADJ3,You can’t talk to these mad ones (children).,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the plural word thislot/dijlot as a plural marker and an expression of negative ability.",,,naturalistic spoken,Yu kan tok la thislot medbaga.,Yu kan tok la this-lot med-baga.,2SG can.NEG talk LOC PROX-PL mad-ADJ3,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the plural word thislot/dijlot as a plural marker and an expression of negative ability.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3149, +25-134,25,"Nomo gata lif, thislot botel tri.","Nomo\tgata\tlif,\tthis-lot\tbotel\ttri.",NEG\tCOM\tleaf\tPROX-PL\tbottle\ttree,"They don’t have leaves, these bottle trees!",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the plural word thislot/dijlot as a plural marker with an inanimate noun.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Nomo gata lif, thislot botel tri.","Nomo gata lif, this-lot botel tri.",NEG COM leaf PROX-PL bottle tree,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the plural word thislot/dijlot as a plural marker with an inanimate noun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3150, +25-135,25,Yubala go gedim main daga. Nomo wori bla ola pipul.,Yubala\tgo\tged-im\tmain\tdaga.\tNomo\twori\tbla\tola\tpipul.,2PL\tgo\tget-TR\t1SG.POSS\ttucker\tNEG\tworry\tDAT/POSS\tPL\tpeople,You lot go and get my food. Don’t worry about the people.,,"Variety: Written Roper River. The example illustrates a prohibitive expression, the use of plural marker ola with a noun phrase with a human referent, and a pronominal possessor.",128[1],,naturalistic written,Yubala go gedim main daga. Nomo wori bla ola pipul.,Yubala go ged-im main daga. Nomo wori bla ola pipul.,2PL go get-TR 1SG.POSS tucker NEG worry DAT/POSS PL people,"Variety: Written Roper River. The example illustrates a prohibitive expression, the use of plural marker ola with a noun phrase with a human referent, and a pronominal possessor.",,,3151, +25-136,25,Wi yusdu habim kid la bush.,Wi\tyusdu\thab-im\tkid\tla\tbush.,1PL\tHAB\thave-TR\tchild\tLOC\tbush,We used to have children in the bush.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of kid as the term for 'child'.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Wi yusdu habim kid la bush.",Wi yusdu hab-im kid la bush.,1PL HAB have-TR child LOC bush,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of kid as the term for 'child'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3152, +25-137,25,Imin ded silip eniwei la ola rok.,Im=in\tded\tsilip\teniwei\tla\tola\trok.,3SG=PST\tdead\tsleep\tanyway\tLOC\tPL\trock,He went sound asleep on the rocks.,,Variety: Written Roper River. The example illustrates a plural marker with an inanimate noun.,546,,naturalistic written,Imin ded silip eniwei la ola rok.,Im=in ded silip eniwei la ola rok.,3SG=PST dead sleep anyway LOC PL rock,Variety: Written Roper River. The example illustrates a plural marker with an inanimate noun.,,,3153, +25-138,25,Ai bin bilimap olda eig.,Ai\tbin\tbil-im-ap\tolda\teig.,1SG\tPST\tfill-TR-up\tPL\tegg,I filled it up with the eggs.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates olda as a plural marker with an inanimate noun.,1332[65],,naturalistic spoken,Ai bin bilimap olda eig.,Ai bin bil-im-ap olda eig.,1SG PST fill-TR-up PL egg,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates olda as a plural marker with an inanimate noun.",,,3154, +25-139,25,"Imin polis treka olegija na, til imin hevim ole children.","Im=in\tpolis\ttreka\tolegija\tna,\ttil\tim=in\thev-im\tole\tchildren.",3SG=PST\tpolice\ttracker\taltogether\tnow\ttill\t3SG=PST\thave-TR\tPL\tchildren,"He was a police tracker for good then, until he had children.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of a plural marker with a noun with human reference.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Imin polis treka olegija na, til imin hevim ole children.","Im=in polis treka olegija na, til im=in hev-im ole children.",3SG=PST police tracker altogether now till 3SG=PST have-TR PL children,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of a plural marker with a noun with human reference.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3155, +25-140,25,Yu bin ji ole nat [...] boling dan?,Yu\tbin\tji\tole\tnat\t[...]\tbol-ing\tdan?,2SG\tPST\tsee\tPL\tnut\t[...]\tfall-PROG2\tdown,Did you see the nuts falling down?,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of a plural marker with a noun with non-human reference.",,,naturalistic spoken,Yu bin ji ole nat [...] boling dan?,Yu bin ji ole nat [...] bol-ing dan?,2SG PST see PL nut [...] fall-PROG2 down,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of a plural marker with a noun with non-human reference.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3156, +25-141,25,"Wal dislot bed, fram antop dei bin – dei bin lukinat na.","Wal dis-lot bed, fram antop dei bin – dei bin luk-in-at na.",well PROX-PL bird from above 3PL PST   3PL PST look-PROG2-out now,But these birds were watching from above.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the use of the plural demonstrative dislot as a plural marker.,1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,"Wal dislot bed, fram antop dei bin – dei bin lukinat na.","Wal dis-lot bed, fram antop dei bin – dei bin luk-in-at na.",well PROX-PL bird from above 3PL PST 3PL PST look-PROG2-out now,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the use of the plural demonstrative dislot as a plural marker.",,,3157, +25-142,25,Ala munanga bin lus olabat shap [...] ebarrijing!,Ala\tmunanga\tbin\tlus\tolabat\tshap\t[...]\tebarrijing!,PL\tnon-Aboriginal\tPST\tlose\t3PL\tshop\t[...]\tbelongings,The non-Aboriginals lost their shops [...] (all their) belongings!,,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates constituent order in a transitive clause, plural marking by plural article with a noun with human reference (munanga), and absence of plural marking with a noun with inanimate reference (shop).",40,,naturalistic spoken,Ala munanga bin lus olabat shap [...] ebarrijing!,Ala munanga bin lus olabat shap [...] ebarrijing!,PL non-Aboriginal PST lose 3PL shop [...] belongings,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates constituent order in a transitive clause, plural marking by plural article with a noun with human reference (munanga), and absence of plural marking with a noun with inanimate reference (shop).",,,3158, +25-143,25,Wanbala olmen bin ran garrimap thad boks. Imin rekin im thad bigwan-bigwan peket.,Wan-bala\tolmen\tbin\tran\tgarrimap\tthad\tboks.\tIm=in\trekin\tim\tthad\tbigwan-bigwan\tpeket.,one-ADJ2\tman\tPST\trun\tpick:up\tDEM\tbox\t3SG=PST\tthink/say\t3SG\tDEM\tRED.big:ADJ\tpacket,One old man ran and picked up that box. He reckoned it was those big packets.,,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a motion serial verb construction, the verb of thinking/speaking reken followed by an unmarked complement clause, and adjectival reduplication.",40,,naturalistic spoken,Wanbala olmen bin ran garrimap thad boks. Imin rekin im thad bigwan-bigwan peket.,Wan-bala olmen bin ran garrimap thad boks. Im=in rekin im thad bigwan-bigwan peket.,one-ADJ2 man PST run pick:up DEM box 3SG=PST think/say 3SG DEM RED.big:ADJ packet,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a motion serial verb construction, the verb of thinking/speaking reken followed by an unmarked complement clause, and adjectival reduplication.",,,3159, +25-144,25,Ai bin gibitbat la ola kid tu sambala mani blanga plei.,Ai\tbin\tgib-it-bat\tla\tola\tkid\ttu\tsam-bala\tmani\tblanga\tplei.,1SG\tPST\tgive-TR-PROG\tLOC\tPL\tchild\ttoo\tsome-ADJ2\tmoney\tDAT/POSS\tplay,I was also giving the children some money for playing.,,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a locative-marked recipient with the verb 'give'.,40,,naturalistic spoken,Ai bin gibitbat la ola kid tu sambala mani blanga plei.,Ai bin gib-it-bat la ola kid tu sam-bala mani blanga plei.,1SG PST give-TR-PROG LOC PL child too some-ADJ2 money DAT/POSS play,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a locative-marked recipient with the verb 'give'.,,,3160, +25-145,25,Dumaji ai bin askimbat kwestyin la thad munanga na weya alabat wek jeya.,Dumaji\tai\tbin\task-im-bat\tkwestyin\tla\tthad\tmunanga\tna\tweya\talabat\twek\tjeya.,because\t1SG\tPST\task-TR-PROG\tquestion\tLOC\tDEM\tnon.Aboriginal\tnow\tSUBORD\t3PL\twork\tthere,Because I was questioning the non-Aboriginals who are working there.,,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a relative / general subordinate clause with subject resumptive pronoun, and a noun phrase with human, plural reference without a plural marker (plural reference is indicated by the resumptive pronoun).",40,,naturalistic spoken,"Dumaji ai bin askimbat kwestyin la thad munanga na weya alabat wek jeya. ",Dumaji ai bin ask-im-bat kwestyin la thad munanga na weya alabat wek jeya.,because 1SG PST ask-TR-PROG question LOC DEM non.Aboriginal now SUBORD 3PL work there,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a relative / general subordinate clause with subject resumptive pronoun, and a noun phrase with human, plural reference without a plural marker (plural reference is indicated by the resumptive pronoun).",,,3161, +26-29,26,haʊ kæn smao ɹaks hit a ɹuf?,haʊ\tkæn\tsmao\trak-s\thit\ta\truf,how\tcan\tsmall\trock-PL\thit\tART\troof,How can small rocks hit a roof?,,,1545[102],,naturalistic spoken,haʊ kæn smao ɹaks hit a ɹuf?,haʊ kæn smao rak-s hit a ruf,how can small rock-PL hit ART roof,,,,3162, +26-30,26,if aʊa gɹænmaɾa tol as nokæn,if\taʊa\tgrænmaɾa\ttol\tas\tno-kæn,if\t1PL.POSS\tgrandmother\ttold\t1PL.OBL\tPROH,if our grandmothers told us we weren't allowed to,,,1545[116],,naturalistic spoken,if aʊa gɹænmaɾa tol as nokæn,if aʊa grænmaɾa tol as no-kæn,if 1PL.POSS grandmother told 1PL.OBL PROH,,,,3163, +26-31,26,deɪ gaɪz go baɪ dɛm sam soɾaz,deɪ\tgaɪ-z\tgo\tbaɪ\tdɛm\tsam\tsoɾa-z,DEM\tguy-PL\tACT\tbuy\tREFL\tsome\tsoda-PL,Those guys go and buy themselves some sodas.,,,1545[97],,naturalistic spoken,"deɪ gaɪz go baɪ dɛm sam soɾaz",deɪ gaɪ-z go baɪ dɛm sam soɾa-z,DEM guy-PL ACT buy REFL some soda-PL,,,,3164, +27-25,27,də kētel (sinu),də\tkētel\t(sinu),ART.DEF\tkettle\t(3PL),the kettles,,,355[58],,naturalistic spoken,də kētel (sinu),,ART.DEF kettle (3PL),,,,3165, +27-26,27,di difman (sini),di\tdifman\t(sini),DET\tthief\t(3PL),the thieves,,,355[16],,naturalistic spoken,di difman (sini),,DET thief (3PL),,,,3166, +28-44,28,namblu alma das jɛnda danga,namblu\talma\tdas\tjɛn-da\tdanga,horse\tall\tHAB\tbe-there\tthere,Even horses are there.,,,749[441],,naturalistic spoken,namblu alma das jɛnda danga,namblu alma das jɛn-da danga,horse all HAB be-there there,,,,3167, +28-45,28,jɛrma doko gaugau,jɛrma\tdoko\tgau-gau,woman\tpaddle\tquick-quick,"Women paddle with short, quick strokes.",,,749[445],,naturalistic spoken,jɛrma doko gaugau,jɛrma doko gau-gau,woman paddle quick-quick,,,,3168, +28-46,28,eni bi eni das mini namapu kɛkɛ hatibeʃapu,eni\tbi\teni\tdas\tmini\tnama-apu\tkɛkɛ\thatibeʃi-apu,3PL\tsay\t3PL\tHAB\tswallow\tmeat-PL\tlike\tbush.deer-PL,"They say they swallow animals, such as bush deer.",,,749[445],,naturalistic spoken,"eni bi eni das mini namapu kɛkɛ hatibeʃapu",eni bi eni das mini nama-apu kɛkɛ hatibeʃi-apu,3PL say 3PL HAB swallow meat-PL like bush.deer-PL,,,,3169, +28-47,28,langi titi kɛnapu wa sɛtɛ kɛkɛ dalki titi kɛnapu ka,langi\ttiti\tkɛnɛ-apu\twa\tsɛtɛ\tkɛkɛ\tdalki\ttiti\tkɛnɛ-apu\tka,long\ttime\tperson-PL\tPST\tstay\tlike\tnow\ttime\tperson-PL\tNEG,People of long ago didn't live like people of nowadays.,,"Generic use of nouns does not preclude plural marking. This is in sharp contrast with Bickerton (1981: 22–24), where generic nouns are predicted to be bare nouns. That Berbice Dutch fails to conform to that prediction is perhaps due to the fact that the plural marker is a suffix, not a free form or enclitic, as is the case in Hawai'i Creole. Of relevance also is the argument of Stewart (2007) that the enclitic plural marker of Jamaican Creole is in fact an inclusiveness marker, not a plural marker. It is possible that that analysis can be extended to other creoles which use enclitic plural markers homophonous with a 3PL pronoun. Although derived from a pronominal form of plural human reference in the substrate, the Berbice Dutch plural marker is a suffix which has not retained the pronominal characteristics of its etymon, and is not restricted to human reference.",749[445],,naturalistic spoken,langi titi kɛnapu wa sɛtɛ kɛkɛ dalki titi kɛnapu ka,langi titi kɛnɛ-apu wa sɛtɛ kɛkɛ dalki titi kɛnɛ-apu ka,long time person-PL PST stay like now time person-PL NEG,"Generic use of nouns does not preclude plural marking. This is in sharp contrast with Bickerton (1981: 22–24), where generic nouns are predicted to be bare nouns. That Berbice Dutch fails to conform to that prediction is perhaps due to the fact that the plural marker is a suffix, not a free form or enclitic, as is the case in Hawai'i Creole. Of relevance also is the argument of Stewart (2007) that the enclitic plural marker of Jamaican Creole is in fact an inclusiveness marker, not a plural marker. It is possible that that analysis can be extended to other creoles which use enclitic plural markers homophonous with a 3PL pronoun. Although derived from a pronominal form of plural human reference in the substrate, the Berbice Dutch plural marker is a suffix which has not retained the pronominal characteristics of its etymon, and is not restricted to human reference.",,,3170, +28-48,28,o habo twɛ jɛrmatoko,o\thabu\ttwɛ\tjɛrma-toko,3SG\thave\ttwo\twoman-child,She has two daughters.,,,737[239],,naturalistic spoken,o habo twɛ jɛrmatoko,o habu twɛ jɛrma-toko,3SG have two woman-child,,,,3171, +29-33,29,"boek - boeke, dag - dae, man - mans, vrou - vrouens, kind - kinders","boek\t-\tboeke,\tdag\t-\tdae,\tman\t-\tmans,\tvrou\t-\tvrouens,\tkind\t-\tkinders",book\t-\tbook.PL\tday\t-\tday.PL\tman\t-\tman.PL\twoman\t-\twoman.PL\tchild\t-\tchild.PL,"book - books, day - days, man - men, woman - women, child - children",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"boek - boeke, dag - dae, man - mans, vrou - vrouens, kind - kinders",,book - book.PL day - day.PL man - man.PL woman - woman.PL child - child.PL,,Own knowledge,,3172, +30-48,30,"Ê pa ka dexa kes káru bedju ánda más, pamô ses fumu sa ta pului ár kada bes más.","ê\tpa=ka=dexa\tkes=káru\tbedju\tánda\tmás,\tpamô\tses=fumu\tsa=ta=pului\tár\tkada\tbes\tmás.",be\tfor=not=allow\tDEM.PL=car\told\tgo\tmore\tbecause\ttheir=smoke\tPROG=IPFV=pollute\tair\teach\ttime\tmore,These old cars shouldn’t be allowed to run any longer because their exhaust fumes are increasingly polluting the air.,,,784[s.v. ánda],,naturalistic written,"Ê pa ka dexa kes káru bedju ánda más, pamô ses fumu sa ta pului ár kada bes más.","ê pa=ka=dexa kes=káru bedju ánda más, pamô ses=fumu sa=ta=pului ár kada bes más.",be for=not=allow DEM.PL=car old go more because their=smoke PROG=IPFV=pollute air each time more,,,,3173,"German: Man sollte diese alten Autos nicht mehr fahren lassen, weil ihr Auspuffgas die Luft zunehmend verschmutzt." +30-49,30,"Amigus di Lusiu purgunta-l si e kreba entrába na djogu, más [...].","Amigu-s\tdi=Lusiu\tpurgunta=l\tsi=e=kre-ba\tentrá-ba\tna=djogu,\tmás\t[...].",friend-PL\tof=Lusiu\task=3SG\tif=3SG=want-ANT\tenter-ANT\tinto=game\tbut\t[...],"Lusiu’s friends asked him if he wanted to join the game, but [...].",,,784[s.v. djogu],,naturalistic spoken,"Amigus di Lusiu purgunta-l si e kreba entrába na djogu, más [...].","Amigu-s di=Lusiu purgunta=l si=e=kre-ba entrá-ba na=djogu, más [...].",friend-PL of=Lusiu ask=3SG if=3SG=want-ANT enter-ANT into=game but [...],,,,3174,"German: Lusius Freunde fragten ihn, ob er mitspielen wolle, aber [...]." +30-50,30,"Nos povu tenba ki vense, nos téra tenba ki liberta, nos ómi ku mudjer tenba ki vive na liberdádi, na pás y na pugrésu.","Nos=povu\tten-ba\tki=vense,\tnos=téra\tten-ba\tki=liberta,\tnos=ómi\tku=mudjer\tten-ba\tki=vive\tna=liberdádi,\tna=pás\ty\tna=pugrésu.",1PL.POSS=people\thave-ANT\tto=win\t1PL.POSS=country\thave-ANT\tto=free\t1PL.POSS=man\twith=woman\thave-ANT\tto=live\tin=freedom\tin=peace\tand\tin=progress,"Our people had to win, our country had to liberate itself, our men and women had to live in liberty, peace and progress.",,,1543[89],,naturalistic written,"Nos povu tenba ki vense, nos téra tenba ki liberta, nos ómi ku mudjer tenba ki vive na liberdádi, na pás y na pugrésu.","Nos=povu ten-ba ki=vense, nos=téra ten-ba ki=liberta, nos=ómi ku=mudjer ten-ba ki=vive na=liberdádi, na=pás y na=pugrésu.",1PL.POSS=people have-ANT to=win 1PL.POSS=country have-ANT to=free 1PL.POSS=man with=woman have-ANT to=live in=freedom in=peace and in=progress,,,,3175,"German: Unser Volk musste siegen, unser Land musste sich befreien, unsere Männer und Frauen mussten in Freiheit, Frieden und Fortschritt leben." +31-55,31,Ka kuma gosi ki minizu sa tudu ben bistidu.,Ka\tkuma\tgosi\tki\tminizu\tsa\ttudu\tben\tbistidu.,NEG\tlike\tnow\tthat\tchildren\tare\tall\twell\tdressed,It is not like nowadays that children are all well dressed.,,"This example illustrates the irregular plural minizu 'children', also realized as mininus (regular plural marking) in the language.",692,,naturalistic spoken,"Ka kuma gosi ki minizu sa tudu ben bistidu.",,NEG like now that children are all well dressed,"This example illustrates the irregular plural minizu 'children', also realized as mininus (regular plural marking) in the language.",,,3176, +31-56,31,"Trabadjadoris, gosi sta karu pa bu po pa trabadja.","Trabadjadoris,\tgosi\tsta\tkaru\tpa\tbu\tpo\tpa\ttrabadja.",worker.PL\tnow\tASP\texpensive\tfor\tyou\tput\tto\twork,Workers are now expensive for you to put to work.,,,670,,naturalistic spoken,"Trabadjadoris, gosi sta karu pa bu po pa trabadja.",,worker.PL now ASP expensive for you put to work,,,,3177, +32-33,32,"Galinha, porks e kes lá k no táva kriá.","Galinha,\tporks\te\tkes\tlá\tk\tno\ttáva\tkriá.",hen\tpig.PL\tFOC\tDEM\tthere\tREL\t1PL\tPST.IPFV\trear,"Hens, pigs, these were (the animals) that we used to rear.",,This example illustrates variability of morphological plural marking on animate non-human nouns.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Galinha, porks e kes lá k no táva kriá.",,hen pig.PL FOC DEM there REL 1PL PST.IPFV rear,This example illustrates variability of morphological plural marking on animate non-human nouns.,,,3178,"Portuguese: Galinhas, porcos, eram esses (animais) que criávamos." +32-34,32,"Mergulhadores, es mergulhador ta mufiná zóna d'péska.","Mergulhadores,\tes\tmergulhador\tta\tmufiná\tzóna\tde\tpéska.",scuba.diver.PL\tDEM.PL\tscuba.diver\tPRS\tdestroy\tzone\tof\tfishing,"Scuba divers, these scuba divers spoil the fishing areas.",,This example illustrates variability of morphological plural marking on human nouns.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Mergulhadores, es mergulhador ta mufiná zóna d'péska.","Mergulhadores, es mergulhador ta mufiná zóna de péska.",scuba.diver.PL DEM.PL scuba.diver PRS destroy zone of fishing,This example illustrates variability of morphological plural marking on human nouns.,,,3179,"Portuguese: Os mergulhadores, estes mergulhadores estragam as zonas de pesca." +32-35,32,Meius de komunikasãu tanben ta transmití-l.,Meius\tde\tkomunikasãu\ttanben\tta\ttransmití-l.,medium.PL\tof\tcommunication\talso\tPRS\ttransmit-3SG,The media also transmit it (the information).,,"This example illustrates inanimate nominal plural (see general comment on the value assignment for Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers"").",1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Meius de komunikasãu tanben ta transmití-l.",,medium.PL of communication also PRS transmit-3SG,"This example illustrates inanimate nominal plural (see general comment on the value assignment for Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers"").",,,3180,Portuguese: Os meios de comunicação também a (informação) transmitem. +32-36,32,Jent t'oiá kes káza lá de Madeiral.,Jent\tta\toiá\tkes\tkáza\tlá\tde\tMadeiral.,people\tPRS\tsee\tDEM.PL\thouse\tthere\tfrom\tMadeiral.,We can see those houses there from Madeiral.,,"Here, plurality is indicated by the plural form of the demonstrative.",1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Jent t'oiá kes káza lá de Madeiral.",Jent ta oiá kes káza lá de Madeiral.,people PRS see DEM.PL house there from Madeiral.,"Here, plurality is indicated by the plural form of the demonstrative.",,,3181,Portuguese: Vê-se aqulas casas aí de Madeiral. +33-43,33,mindjer,mindjer,woman.SG,woman,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mindjer,,woman.SG,,Own knowledge,,3182,Portuguese: mulher +33-44,33,mindjeris,mindjer-is,woman-PL,women,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mindjeris,mindjer-is,woman-PL,,Own knowledge,,3183,Portuguese: mulheres +33-45,33,dus fidju,dus\tfidju,two\tson,two sons,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dus fidju,,two son,,Own knowledge,,3184,Portuguese: dois filhos +33-46,33,dus fidjus,dus\tfidju-s,two\tson-PL,two sons,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dus fidjus,dus fidju-s,two son-PL,,Own knowledge,,3185,Portuguese: dois filhos +33-47,33,kaneta,kaneta,pen.SG,pen,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,kaneta,,pen.SG,,Own knowledge,,3186,Portuguese: caneta +33-48,33,kanetas,kaneta-s,pen-PL,pens,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,kanetas,kaneta-s,pen-PL,,Own knowledge,,3187,Portuguese: canetas +34-34,34,Ña karu ta lebá miñjer-us kabra-s kamati-s ku lansol-us pa fera.,Ña\tkaru\tta\tlebá\tmiñjer-us\tkabra-s\tkamati-s\tku\tlansol-us\tpa\tfera.,POSS.1SG\tcar\tHAB\tcarry\twoman-PL\tgoat-PL\ttomato-PL\twith\tsheet-PL\tto\tmarket,"I usually take women, goats, tomatoes and sheets to the market in my car.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ña karu ta lebá miñjer-us kabra-s kamati-s ku lansol-us pa fera.",,POSS.1SG car HAB carry woman-PL goat-PL tomato-PL with sheet-PL to market,,Own knowledge,,3188, +34-35,34,Bajuda-s wocá kaleroŋ-us tudu tama-du.,Bajuda-s\tø\twocá\tkaleroŋ-us\ttudu\ttama-du.,girl-PL\tPFV\tfind\tcauldron-PL\tall\ttake-PASS,"When the girls arrived, all the cauldrons were [already] occupied.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bajuda-s wocá kaleroŋ-us tudu tama-du.","Bajuda-s ø wocá kaleroŋ-us tudu tama-du.",girl-PL PFV find cauldron-PL all take-PASS,,Own knowledge,,3189, +35-45,35,Inen mina na be fô.,Inen\tmina\tna\tbe\tf=ô.,3PL\tchild\tNEG\tgo\tNEG=PCL,The children didn't go.,,PCL = discourse particle,,,naturalistic spoken,Inen mina na be fô.,Inen mina na be f=ô.,3PL child NEG go NEG=PCL,PCL = discourse particle,Own data,,3190, +35-46,35,Manga na sa bwa fa.,Manga\tna\tsa\tbwa\tfa.,mango\tNEG\tCOP\tgood\tNEG,The mangos aren't tasty OR: The (particular) mango isn't tasty.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Manga na sa bwa fa.,,mango NEG COP good NEG,,Own data,,3191, +35-47,35,Inen ngê se môlê ala me.,Inen\tngê\tse\tmôlê\tala\tme.,PL.DEF\tperson\tDEM\tdie\tthere\tright,These people died right there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Inen ngê se môlê ala me.,,PL.DEF person DEM die there right,,Own data,,3192, +35-48,35,inen fya se,inen\tfya\tse,PL.DEF\tleaf\tDEM,these/those leaves,,,,,elicited from speaker,inen fya se,,PL.DEF leaf DEM,,Own data,,3193, +36-30,36,Ê ra Têtêuga ũa kiba palaxu pa Têtêuga ngodha ki mengai rê ki ene n'na rê.,Ê\tra\tTêtêuga\tũa\tkiba\tpalaxu\tpa\tTêtêuga\tngodha\tki\tmengai\trê\tki\tene\tn'na\trê.,he\tgive\tturtle\tone\tpart\tpalace\tPURP\tturtle\tenjoy\twith\twife\this\tand\tPL\tchild\this,He gave Turtle a part of his palace for Turtle to enjoy it with his wife and his children.,,,901[169],,naturalistic spoken,Ê ra Têtêuga ũa kiba palaxu pa Têtêuga ngodha ki mengai rê ki ene n'na rê.,,he give turtle one part palace PURP turtle enjoy with wife his and PL child his,,,,3194,"French: Il donna une partie de son palais à Tortue, afin qu'il puisse en jouir avec sa femme et ses enfants." +36-31,36,Ê tambu ane fuuta e bê ku ê kai.,Ê\ttambu\tane\tfuuta\te\tbê\tku\tê\tkai.,he\ttake\tPL\tbreadfruit\tDEM\tgo\twith\tit\thome,He took the breadfruits and went home with them.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê tambu ane fuuta e bê ku ê kai.",,he take PL breadfruit DEM go with it home,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,3195, +37-33,37,Ine manse vika [...].,Ine\tmanse\tvika\t[...].,PL\tman\tcome\t[...],The men arrived [...].,,,905[31],,naturalistic spoken,"Ine manse vika [...].",,PL man come [...],,,,3196, +37-35,37,Ine laanza sê ki s'usan ê bôn fa.,Ine\tlaanza\tsê\tki\tsa\tusan\tê\tbôn\tfa.,PL\torange\tDEM\tREL\tbe\tground\t3SG\tgood\tNEG,The oranges that are on the ground are not good.,,,905[31],,elicited from speaker,"Ine laanza sê ki s'usan ê bôn fa.",Ine laanza sê ki sa usan ê bôn fa.,PL orange DEM REL be ground 3SG good NEG,,,,3197, +37-36,37,Ê tan laanza we ki sê.,Ê\ttan\tlaanza\twe\tki\tsê.,3SG\ttake\torange\tgo\tPOSS\tPOSS.3SG,He left with oranges. OR: He took oranges and left.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê tan laanza we ki sê.",,3SG take orange go POSS POSS.3SG,,Own data,,3198, +38-37,38,ngolo fumuzu,ngolo\tfumuzu,shell\tbeautiful,beautiful shell(s),,,,,elicited from speaker,ngolo fumuzu,,shell beautiful,,Own fieldwork 1990,,3199, +38-38,38,namin tesy,na-mina\ttesy,ART.PL-child\tthree,the three children,,,,,naturalistic spoken,namin tesy,na-mina tesy,ART.PL-child three,,Own fieldwork 1993,,3200, +38-62,38,masyivín tisy,masyivín\ttisy,youngster\tthree,three youngsters,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"masyivín tisy",,youngster three,,Own fieldwork 1990,,3201, +39-52,39,"Ikəl tud koyz ki lɛvo nə museum father Marian ki lɛvo, nə?","Ikəl\ttud\tkoyz\tki\tlɛv-o\tnə\t\tMarian\tki\tlɛv-o,\tnə?",DEM\tall\tthing\tREL\ttake-PST\tLOC\tmuseum\tfather\tMariano\tREL\ttake-PST\tREQ,Wasn't it father Mariano who took those things to the museum?,,"The requestative (REQ) particle nə is highly macrofunctional, participating in the formation of polar questions, imperatives, and to demand general acknowledgment of the clarity of an utterance or constituent. +Museum father is taken from English.",221[214],,naturalistic spoken,"Ikəl tud koyz ki lɛvo nə museum father Marian ki lɛvo, nə?","Ikəl tud koyz ki lɛv-o nə <museum father> Marian ki lɛv-o, nə?",DEM all thing REL take-PST LOC museum father Mariano REL take-PST REQ,"The requestative (REQ) particle nə is highly macrofunctional, participating in the formation of polar questions, imperatives, and to demand general acknowledgment of the clarity of an utterance or constituent. +Museum father is taken from English.",,,3202, +39-53,39,Yo a da kriãs pə tɛtɛ.,Yo\ta\tda\tkriãs\tpə\ttɛtɛ.,1SG\tIRR.NPST\tgive.INF\tchild\tDAT\taunt,I will give the children to (my) aunt.,,,221[196],,naturalistic spoken,Yo a da kriãs pə tɛtɛ.,,1SG IRR.NPST give.INF child DAT aunt,,,,3203, +41-44,41,"[...] tajuntaa luvaara andaatu, nosa jeentis doos pesaan tiɲatu, japapiyaa see, isti malvaars graasa tafaya [...]","[...]\tta-juntaa\tluvaara\tandaa-tu,\tnosa\tjeentis\tdoos\tpesaan\ttiɲa-tu,\tjaa-papiyaa\tsee,\tisti\tmalvaar-s\tgraasa\tta-faya\t[...]",[...]\t[PRS-meet\tplace\tgo-PFV.PTCP]\t[1PL.GEN\tpeople\ttwo\tperson\tstand-PFV.PTCP\tPST-speak\tCOND]\tthis\tTamil-PL\tridicule\tPRS-do\t[...],"[...] having gone to a place where [they] get together, if two of our people stand and talk, the(se) Tamils ridicule [them].",,"/isti/ is neither deictic nor anaphoric. The structure is a little complex, involving a verb chain within a verb chain: [....andaatu, [tiɲatu japapiyaasee] [...] ta-faya]. +It is possible that isti malvaars is not generic but definite (in the sense of a referent whose presence can be inferred from the real-world context).",1419[148-149],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] tajuntaa luvaara andaatu, nosa jeentis doos pesaan tiɲatu, japapiyaa see, isti malvaars graasa tafaya [...]","[...] ta-juntaa luvaara andaa-tu, nosa jeentis doos pesaan tiɲa-tu, jaa-papiyaa see, isti malvaar-s graasa ta-faya [...]",[...] [PRS-meet place go-PFV.PTCP] [1PL.GEN people two person stand-PFV.PTCP PST-speak COND] this Tamil-PL ridicule PRS-do [...],"/isti/ is neither deictic nor anaphoric. The structure is a little complex, involving a verb chain within a verb chain: [....andaatu, [tiɲatu japapiyaasee] [...] ta-faya]. +It is possible that isti malvaars is not generic but definite (in the sense of a referent whose presence can be inferred from the real-world context).",,,3204, +41-45,41,muytu moosamley isti luvaaras,muytu\tmoosam=ley\tisti\tluvaara-s,very\tbad=like\tthis\tplace-PL,"Very bad, these places!",,,1416[5244],,naturalistic spoken,muytu moosamley isti luvaaras,muytu moosam=ley isti luvaara-s,very bad=like this place-PL,,,,3205, +41-46,41,aka laraandu indum meʃiin teem. meʃiins teem taantu,aka\tlaraa-ndu\tinda\tuŋ\tmeʃiin\tteem.\tmeʃiin-s\tteem\ttaantu,that\tleave-PTCP\tanother\tone\tmachine\tPRS.be.\tmachine-PL\tPRS.be\tmany,"That aside, there is another machine. There are many machines. OR: That aside, [we] have another machine. [We] have many machines.",,,1416[5303],,naturalistic spoken,aka laraandu indum meʃiin teem. meʃiins teem taantu,aka laraa-ndu inda uŋ meʃiin teem. meʃiin-s teem taantu,that leave-PTCP another one machine PRS.be. machine-PL PRS.be many,,,,3206, +41-47,41,noos sarooti talimaa liima?,noos\tsarooti\tta-limaa\tliima?,1PL\tsaw\tPRS-file\tfile,The file that we file our saws with?,,Sarooti is not pluralized.,1416[4920],,naturalistic spoken,noos sarooti talimaa liima?,noos sarooti ta-limaa liima?,1PL saw PRS-file file,"Sarooti is not pluralized.",,,3207, +42-39,42,dos prau,dos\tprau,two\tboat,two boats,,,122[85],,naturalistic spoken,dos prau,,two boat,,,,3208, +42-40,42,aké kaza kaza ja belu,aké\tkaza\tkaza\tja\tbelu,that\thouse\thouse\tPFV\told,The/those houses are old.,,,122[102-104],,elicited from speaker,aké kaza kaza ja belu,,that house house PFV old,,,,3209, +43-30,43,"Ile ola tudu lay sorti di fula, di fruta fruta, di albër albër kung raisu [...].","Ile\tola\ttudu\tlay\tsorti\tdi\tfula,\tdi\tfruta\tfruta,\tdi\talbër\talbër\tkung\traisu\t[...].",he\tsee\tall\tkind\tsort\tof\tflower\tof\tfruit\tfruit\tof\ttree\ttree\twith\troot\t[...],"He saw all kinds of flowers, of fruit, of trees with roots [...].",,"This is an example of inanimate nouns which also shows the non-obligatoriness of the marking of the plural: fula 'flower' and raisu 'root' are not reduplicated, whereas fruta 'fruit' and albër 'tree' are reduplicated in order to indicate plurality.",906[23],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile ola tudu lay sorti di fula, di fruta fruta, di albër albër kung raisu [...].",,he see all kind sort of flower of fruit fruit of tree tree with root [...],"This is an example of inanimate nouns which also shows the non-obligatoriness of the marking of the plural: fula 'flower' and raisu 'root' are not reduplicated, whereas fruta 'fruit' and albër 'tree' are reduplicated in order to indicate plurality.",,,3210, +43-31,43,[...] tudu lay di bringku por fil filu.,[...]\ttudu\tlay\tdi\tbringku\tpor\tfil\tfilu.,[...]\tall\tsort\tof\ttoy\tfor\tchild\tchild,[…] all kinds of toys for children.,,,906[39],,pedagogical grammar,[...] tudu lay di bringku por fil filu.,,[...] all sort of toy for child child,,,,3211, +44-43,44,quel manga hombre,quel\tmanga\thombre,DET\tPL\tman,the men,,,1064[29],,naturalistic written,quel manga hombre,,DET PL man,,,,3212, +44-44,44,na mánga lugár,na\tmánga\tlugár,LOC\tPL\tplace,on places,,,,,naturalistic spoken,na mánga lugár,,LOC PL place,,Own data,,3213, +44-45,44,Ta eskribí éli kárta.,Ta\teskribí\téli\tkárta.,IPFV\twrite\t3SG\tletter,He writes letters.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta eskribí éli kárta.,,IPFV write 3SG letter,,Own data,,3214, +45-34,45,Recio cumí mi (mana) hija.,Recio\tcumí\tmi\t(mana)\thija.,strong\teat\t1PL.POSS\t(PL)\tchild,My children eat eagerly.,,,1084[78],,elicited from speaker,Recio cumí mi (mana) hija.,,strong eat 1PL.POSS (PL) child,,,,3215,Spanish: Mis hijos comen con gula. Tagalog: Malakas kumain ang mga anak ko. +45-35,45,Cada hombre ya lliva tres bag.,Cada\thombre\tya\tlliva\ttres\tbag.,each\tman\tPFV\ttake\tthree\tbag,The men took three bags each.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Cada hombre ya lliva tres bag.,,each man PFV take three bag,,Own data,,3216, +45-36,45,Mi tia y mi tio cuando ta queda frio ta hace sale el abrigo y mga camisa grueso.,Mi\ttia\ty\tmi\ttio\tcuando\tta\tqueda\tfrio\tta\thace\tsale\tel\tabrigo\ty\tmga\tcamisa\tgrueso.,1SG.POSS\taunt\tand\t1SG.POSS\tuncle\twhen\tIPFV\tbecome\tcold\tIPFV\tmake\tcome.out\tDEF\tcoat\tand\tPL\tshirt\tthick,"My aunt and my uncle, when it becomes cold, take out the coat(s) and thick shirts.",,,426[199],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi tia y mi tio cuando ta queda frio ta hace sale el abrigo y mga camisa grueso.,,1SG.POSS aunt and 1SG.POSS uncle when IPFV become cold IPFV make come.out DEF coat and PL shirt thick,,,,3217, +46-52,46,Tyéne hénte na kása.,Tyéne\thénte\tna\tkása.,EXIST\tperson\tLOC\thouse,There are people in the house. OR: There is somebody in the house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tyéne hénte na kása.,,EXIST person LOC house,,Own knowledge,,3218, +46-53,46,Tyéne mga karabáw na kamíno.,Tyéne\tmga\tkarabáw\tna\tkamíno.,EXIST\tPL\twater.buffalo\tLOC\tway,There are water buffalos on the road.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Tyéne mga karabáw na kamíno.,,EXIST PL water.buffalo LOC way,,Own knowledge,,3219, +47-43,47,E baka ta kome yerba; Baka ta kome yerba; E bakanan ta kome yerba; Bakanan ta kome yerba.,E\tbaka\tta\tkome\tyerba;\tbaka\tta\tkome\tyerba;\te\tbaka\tnan\tta\tkome\tyerba;\tbaka\tnan\tta\tkome\tyerba.,DEF\tcow\tTNS\teat\tgrass\tcow\tTNS\teat\tgrass\tDEF\tcow\tPL\tTNS\teat\tgrass\tcow\tPL\tTNS\teat\tgrass,The cow is eating grass. OR: Cows (in general) eat grass. OR: The cows are eating grass.,,,1560[82-83],,published source,E baka ta kome yerba; Baka ta kome yerba; E bakanan ta kome yerba; Bakanan ta kome yerba.,E baka ta kome yerba; baka ta kome yerba; e baka nan ta kome yerba; baka nan ta kome yerba.,DEF cow TNS eat grass cow TNS eat grass DEF cow PL TNS eat grass cow PL TNS eat grass,,,,3220, +47-44,47,Nan ta kria baka/ *bakanan.,Nan\tta\tkria\tbaka/\t*baka\tnan.,3PL\tTNS\traise\tcow\tcow\tPL,They keep cows.,,,392[218],,published source,Nan ta kria baka/ *bakanan.,Nan ta kria baka/ *baka nan.,3PL TNS raise cow cow PL,,,,3221, +47-45,47,Kachonan a keda grita henter anochi.,Kacho\tnan\ta\tkeda\tgrita\thenter\tanochi.,dog\tPL\tPFV\tremain\tbark\twhole\tnight,Dogs kept barking all night.,,"Dijkhoff (1983: 220) provides this as an example of an ""existentially asserted NP"", which requires the presence of the plural marker.",392[220],,published source,Kachonan a keda grita henter anochi.,Kacho nan a keda grita henter anochi.,dog PL PFV remain bark whole night,"Dijkhoff (1983: 220) provides this as an example of an ""existentially asserted NP"", which requires the presence of the plural marker.",,,3222, +47-46,47,El a bin ku regalo(*nan) pa mi; El a bin ku regalonan mashá karu pa mi.,El\ta\tbini\tku\tregalo\t(*nan)\tpa\tmi;\tEl\ta\tbini\tku\tregalo\tnan\tmashá\tkaru\tpa\tmi.,3SG\tPFV\tcome\twith\tpresent\t(PL)\tfor\t1SG\t3SG\tPFV\tcome\twith\tpresent\tPL\tvery\texpensive\tfor\t1SG,He came with presents for me; He came with very expensive presents for me.,,Kester & Schmitt (2007) argue that the first of these two examples shows that bare plurals in Papiamentu cannot have kind readings. The second example shows that a bare plural is acceptable where a specific reading can be obtained.,705[116],,published source,El a bin ku regalo(*nan) pa mi; El a bin ku regalonan mashá karu pa mi.,El a bini ku regalo (*nan) pa mi; El a bini ku regalo nan mashá karu pa mi.,3SG PFV come with present (PL) for 1SG 3SG PFV come with present PL very expensive for 1SG,Kester & Schmitt (2007) argue that the first of these two examples shows that bare plurals in Papiamentu cannot have kind readings. The second example shows that a bare plural is acceptable where a specific reading can be obtained.,,,3223, +47-47,47,Ta invitá tur amigu i konosí.,Ta\tinvitá\ttur\tamigu\ti\tkonosí.,TNS\tinvite\tall\tfriend\tand\tacquaintance,All friends and acquaintances are invited.,,"The translation is mine. Maduro offers this as an example where the plural marker should not be used, presumably because of the presence of the quantifier tur 'all'.",869[9],,published source,Ta invitá tur amigu i konosí.,,TNS invite all friend and acquaintance,"The translation is mine. Maduro offers this as an example where the plural marker should not be used, presumably because of the presence of the quantifier tur 'all'.",,,3224, +48-36,48,ese ma nimá,ese\tma\tnimá,this\tPL\tanimal,these animals,,"Here too, the ma pluralizer is not an obligatory element. Thus ese nimá alone could be used to express the same thing (context would clarify the plural meaning).",,,naturalistic spoken,ese ma nimá,,this PL animal,"Here too, the ma pluralizer is not an obligatory element. Thus ese nimá alone could be used to express the same thing (context would clarify the plural meaning).",Recorded by author,,3225,Spanish: esos animales +48-37,48,ma tre monasito,ma\ttre\tmonasito,PL\tthree\tchild.M,the three (male) children,,"Here, the ma pluralizer is not an obligatory element. Thus ese nimá alone could be used to express the same thing (context would clarify the plural meaning). Note: moná 'child, adolescent' is of African origin (Kikongo). -(c)ito is a Spanish-derived suffix (diminutive).",,,naturalistic spoken,ma tre monasito,,PL three child.M,"Here, the ma pluralizer is not an obligatory element. Thus ese nimá alone could be used to express the same thing (context would clarify the plural meaning). Note: moná 'child, adolescent' is of African origin (Kikongo). -(c)ito is a Spanish-derived suffix (diminutive).",Recorded by author,,3226,Spanish: los tres niños +49-55,49,Li kouri dèyè makout yo.,Li\tkouri\tdèyè\tmakout\tyo.,3SG\trun\tafter\tmacoute\tDEF.3PL,He ran after the brutes.,,"No explicit definite article la/a/an/nan/lan is used in this example. A makout is a ""thug that served as militia during the Duvalier regime"" (Valdman 2007).",367[117],,naturalistic spoken,Li kouri dèyè makout yo.,,3SG run after macoute DEF.3PL,"No explicit definite article la/a/an/nan/lan is used in this example. A makout is a ""thug that served as militia during the Duvalier regime"" (Valdman 2007).",,,3227,French: Il a couru après les brutes. +49-56,49,rad yo,rad\tyo,clothes\tDEF.3PL,the clothes,,,,,constructed by linguist,rad yo,,clothes DEF.3PL,,Own knowledge,,3228,French: les vêtements +50-38,50,Sé timoun-la pati.,Sé\ttimoun-la\tpati.,PL\tchild-DEF\tleave,The children left.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sé timoun-la pati.,,PL child-DEF leave,,Own fieldwork,,3229, +50-39,50,Sé tab-la sal.,Sé\ttab-la\tsal.,PL\ttable-DEF\tdirty,The tables are dirty.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sé tab-la sal.,,PL table-DEF dirty,,Own fieldwork,,3230, +51-38,51,Sé timanmay-la pati.,Sé\ttimanmay-la\tpati.,PL\tchild-DEF\tleave,The children left.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sé timanmay-la pati.,,PL child-DEF leave,,Own fieldwork,,3231, +51-39,51,Sé tab-la sal.,Sé\ttab-la\tsal.,PL\ttable-DEF\tdirty,The tables are dirty.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sé tab-la sal.,,PL table-DEF dirty,,Own fieldwork,,3232, +52-29,52,"kaz-a, sa kaz-a, wonm-an, sa wonm-an, kaz-ya, sa kaz-ya, moun-yan, sa moun-yan","kaz-a,\tsa\tkaz-a,\twonm-an,\tsa\twonm-an,\tkaz-ya,\tsa\tkaz-ya,\tmoun-yan,\tsa\tmoun-yan",house-DEF\tDEM\thouse-DEM\tman-DEF\tDEM\tman-DEM\thouse-DEF.PL\tDEM\thouse-DEM.PL\tpeople-DEF\tDEM\tpeople-DEM.PL,"the house, this/that house, the man, this/that man, the houses, these/those houses, the people, these/those people",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"kaz-a, sa kaz-a, wonm-an, sa wonm-an, kaz-ya, sa kaz-ya, moun-yan, sa moun-yan",,house-DEF DEM house-DEM man-DEF DEM man-DEM house-DEF.PL DEM house-DEM.PL people-DEF DEM people-DEM.PL,,Own knowledge,,3233, +52-30,52,timoun-yan kontan jwè,timoun-yan\tkontan\tjwè,children-PL.DEF\tlove\tplay,Children like to play. OR: Children love playing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,timoun-yan kontan jwè,,children-PL.DEF love play,,Own knowledge,,3234, +53-74,53,Le vye moun parl en ta kreol.,Le\tvye\tmoun\tparl\ten\tta\tkreol.,ART.DEF.PL\told\tpeople\tspeak\tART.INDF\tlot\tCreole,The old people speak a lot of Creole.,,,1048[112],,naturalistic spoken,Le vye moun parl en ta kreol.,,ART.DEF.PL old people speak ART.INDF lot Creole,,,,3235,French: Les vieux parlent beaucoup le créole. +53-75,53,Sa tou parl meriken akoz lez ekol.,Sa\ttou\tparl\tmeriken\takoz\tlez\tekol.,DEM\tall\tspeak\tAmerican\tbecause.of\tART.DEF.PL\tschool,They all speak English because of the schools.,,,1048[112],,elicited from speaker,Sa tou parl meriken akoz lez ekol.,,DEM all speak American because.of ART.DEF.PL school,,,,3236,French: Ils parlent tous americain à cause des écoles. +53-76,53,Alors Bouki trapé eine dans la tchés-yé.,Alors\tBouki\ttrapé\teine\tdans\tlatchés-yé.,then\tBouki\tgrab\tone\tin\ttail-ART.DEF.PL,Then Bouki grabbed one of the tails.,,,1049[9],,naturalistic written,Alors Bouki trapé eine dans la tchés-yé.,Alors Bouki trapé eine dans latchés-yé.,then Bouki grab one in tail-ART.DEF.PL,,,,3237,French: Alors Bouqui attrapa une des queues. +53-77,53,Compair Lapin soté on la garlie ouké tou mamzels yé té apé tende li avé Compair Bouki.,Compair\tLapin\tsoté\ton\tla\tgarlie\touké\ttou\tmamzels-yé\tté\tapé\ttende\tli\tavé\tCompair\tBouki.,Brother\tRabbit\tjump\ton\tART.DEF.SG\tgallery\twhere\tall\tgirl-ART.DEF.PL\tPST\tPROG\twait\t3SG\twith\tBrother\tBouki,Brother Rabbit jumped on the porch where all the girls were waiting for him with Brother Bouki.,,,1049[43],,naturalistic written,Compair Lapin soté on la garlie ouké tou mamzels yé té apé tende li avé Compair Bouki.,Compair Lapin soté on la garlie ouké tou mamzels-yé té apé tende li avé Compair Bouki.,Brother Rabbit jump on ART.DEF.SG gallery where all girl-ART.DEF.PL PST PROG wait 3SG with Brother Bouki,,,,3238,French: Compère Lapin sauta sur la véranda où toutes les demoiselles l'attendaient ainsi que compère Lapin. +53-78,53,Depech-ye mi.,Depech-ye\tmi.,peach-ART.DEF.PL\tripe,The peaches are ripe.,,This example illustrates the basilectal plural marker ye used with an inanimate noun.,722[174],,elicited from speaker,Depech-ye mi.,,peach-ART.DEF.PL ripe,"This example illustrates the basilectal plural marker ye used with an inanimate noun.",,,3239, +53-79,53,jenn mounn-yen,jenn\tmounn-yen,young\tpeople-ART.DEF.PL,the young people,,This example illustrates the basilectal plural marker ye (nasalized to yen under the influence of the preceding nasal consonant) used with an animate noun.,722[174],,naturalistic spoken,jenn mounn-yen,,young people-ART.DEF.PL,"This example illustrates the basilectal plural marker ye (nasalized to yen under the influence of the preceding nasal consonant) used with an animate noun.",,,3240, +53-80,53,le piti; le machin,le\tpiti;\tle\tmachin,ART.DEF.PL\tchild\tART.DEF.PL\tmachine,the children; the machines,,These examples illustrate the use of the prenominal plural marker le with animate and inanimate nouns. This feature is shared with the Creole of Breaux Bridge.,722[175],,naturalistic spoken,le piti; le machin,,ART.DEF.PL child ART.DEF.PL machine,"These examples illustrate the use of the prenominal plural marker le with animate and inanimate nouns. This feature is shared with the Creole of Breaux Bridge.",,,3241, +53-81,53,Se de gro poul nwa.,Se\tde\tgro\tpoul\tnwa.,it.is\tART.INDF.PL\tbig\tchicken\tblack,They are big black chickens.,,,722[172],,naturalistic spoken,Se de gro poul nwa.,,it.is ART.INDF.PL big chicken black,,,,3242, +53-82,53,Blan konm nwa te va pou chèche fonm nwa pou vini kote ye madonm.,Blan\tkonm\tnwa\tte\tva\tpou\tchèche\tfonm\tnwa\tpou\tvini\tkote\tye\tmadonm.,white\tand\tblack\tPST\tgo\tfor\tlook.for\twoman\tblack\tfor\tcome\tto\t3PL.POSS\twife,Whites and blacks alike went to get black women (i.e. midwives) to come to their wives (to deliver their children).,,"This example illustrates the basilectal feature of unmarked non-specific plural nouns (animate in this case), not uncommon in the Creole of Pointe Coupee.",722[177],,naturalistic spoken,Blan konm nwa te va pou chèche fonm nwa pou vini kote ye madonm.,,white and black PST go for look.for woman black for come to 3PL.POSS wife,"This example illustrates the basilectal feature of unmarked non-specific plural nouns (animate in this case), not uncommon in the Creole of Pointe Coupee.",,,3243, +53-83,53,Ye konm chyen e cha.,Ye\tkonm\tchyen\te\tcha.,3PL\tlike\tdog\tand\tcat,They're like (i.e. fight like) cats and dogs.,,"This example illustrates the basilectal feature of unmarked non-specific plural nouns (inanimate in this case), not uncommon in the Creole of Pointe Coupee.",722[177],,naturalistic spoken,Ye konm chyen e cha.,,3PL like dog and cat,"This example illustrates the basilectal feature of unmarked non-specific plural nouns (inanimate in this case), not uncommon in the Creole of Pointe Coupee.",,,3244, +54-45,54,mon bann zanfan,mon\tbann\tzanfan,POSS.1SG\tPL\tchild,my children,,"In traditional Reunion Creole, the plural marker bann is used only with human nouns, but le is also used. On map 391 of the linguistic atlas (Carayol et al. 1984–1995) 10 out of 40 localities have bann marmay / le zanfan 'the children'.",230[53],,naturalistic spoken,mon bann zanfan,,POSS.1SG PL child,"In traditional Reunion Creole, the plural marker bann is used only with human nouns, but le is also used. On map 391 of the linguistic atlas (Carayol et al. 1984–1995) 10 out of 40 localities have bann marmay / le zanfan 'the children'.",,,3245,French: mes enfants +54-46,54,I anvlop lé pié èk goni.,I\tanvlop\tle\tpye\tek\tgoni.,FIN\twrap\tDEF.PL\ttree\twith\tgunny.bag,You wrap the trees with gunny bags.,,The plural marker le occurs with inanimate as well as with human nouns.,229[52],,naturalistic spoken,I anvlop lé pié èk goni.,I anvlop le pye ek goni.,FIN wrap DEF.PL tree with gunny.bag,"The plural marker le occurs with inanimate as well as with human nouns.",,,3246,French: On enveloppe les arbres avec des sacs en jute. +54-47,54,"Marmay i bouz pa; i sort laba, i di: E bin! papa, la di, nou l'arivé!","Marmay\ti\tbouz\tpa;\ti\tsort\tlaba,\ti\tdi:\tEben!\tpapa,\tla\tdi,\tnou\tl\tarive!",child\tFIN\tmove\tNEG\tFIN\tleave\tover.there\tFIN\tsay\twell\tdaddy\tPRF\tsay\t1PL\tPRF\tarrive,"The children do not move; they leave the place; they say: Well, daddy, they said, we have arrived!",,The plural (marmay) is not overtly marked.,110[43],,naturalistic spoken,"Marmay i bouz pa; i sort laba, i di: E bin! papa, la di, nou l'arivé!","Marmay i bouz pa; i sort laba, i di: Eben! papa, la di, nou l arive!",child FIN move NEG FIN leave over.there FIN say well daddy PRF say 1PL PRF arrive,"The plural (marmay) is not overtly marked.",,,3247,"French: Les enfants ne bougent pas; ils quittent l'endroit, ils disent: Eh bien! papa, ils ont dit, nous sommes arrivés!" +54-48,54,"Sa mon banann, tou sa mon frui, ou la manzé la [...].","Sa\tmon\tbanann,\ttou\tsa\tmon\tfrui,\tou\tla\tmanze\tla\t[...].",DEM\tPOSS.1SG\tbanana\tall\tDEM\tPOSS.1SG\tfruit\t1SG\tPRF\teat\tthere\t[...],"These are my bananas, all that fruit you have eaten [...].",,The plural of banann and frui is not overtly marked.,110[16],,naturalistic spoken,"Sa mon banann, tou sa mon frui, ou la manzé la [...].","Sa mon banann, tou sa mon frui, ou la manze la [...].",DEM POSS.1SG banana all DEM POSS.1SG fruit 1SG PRF eat there [...],"The plural of banann and frui is not overtly marked.",,,3248,"French: Ce sont mes bananes, tous ces fruits que tu as mangés là [...]." +55-41,55,(ban) solda,(ban)\tsolda,(PL)\tsoldier,soldiers,,,,,constructed by linguist,(ban) solda,,(PL) soldier,,Own knowledge,,3249, +55-42,55,(ban) fizi,(ban)\tfizi,(PL)\trifle,rifles,,,,,constructed by linguist,(ban) fizi,,(PL) rifle,,Own knowledge,,3250, +56-56,56,Bann madanm i leve i danse.,Bann\tmadanm\ti\tleve\ti\tdanse.,PL\twoman\tPM\tget.up\tPM\tdance,The women got up and danced.,,This example is inserted into a narrative passage. Therefore we have past reference without overt past-marking.,955[185],,naturalistic spoken,Bann madanm i leve i danse.,,PL woman PM get.up PM dance,This example is inserted into a narrative passage. Therefore we have past reference without overt past-marking.,,,3251, +56-57,56,Leser in sorti anba.,Leser\tin\tsorti\tanba.,sister\tPRF\tcome.from\tthere,The sisters came out from there.,,"Here, leser is not marked for plural but interpreted as a plural.",955[183],,naturalistic spoken,Leser in sorti anba.,,sister PRF come.from there,"Here, leser is not marked for plural but interpreted as a plural.",,,3252, +57-31,57,"mek, te mek, kas, te kas","mek,\tte\tmek,\tkas,\tte\tkas",man\tPL\tman\thouse\tPL\thouse,"man, men, house, houses",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"mek, te mek, kas, te kas",,man PL man house PL house,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,3253, +57-134,57,na te larivjer Sa Lui,na\tte\tlarivjer\tSa\tLui,EXIST\tPL\triver\tSt.\tLouis,There are rivers in St. Louis.,,,423[119],,naturalistic spoken,na te larivjer Sa Lui,,EXIST PL river St. Louis,,,,3254, +57-135,57,"sa, se tule mBla kom tule Nwar, se ndefa:ndi pu nu pu fe kom sa","sa,\tse\ttule\tmBla\tkom\ttule\tNwar,\tse\tndefa:ndi\tpu\tnu\tpu\tfe\tkom\tsa",this\tPRESV\tPL\tWhite\tlike\tPL\tBlack\tPRESV\tforbidden\tfor\t1PL\tfor\tdo\tlike\tthat,This is something that is forbidden to do for both Blacks and Whites.,,,423[119],,naturalistic spoken,"sa, se tule mBla kom tule Nwar, se ndefa:ndi pu nu pu fe kom sa",,this PRESV PL White like PL Black PRESV forbidden for 1PL for do like that,,,,3255, +57-136,57,se fisi pu tle Bla-la,se\tfisi\tpu\ttle\tBla-la,PRESV\tgun\tPREP\tPL\tWhite-DEM/DEF,That's the gun of the Whites.,,,423[128],,naturalistic spoken,se fisi pu tle Bla-la,,PRESV gun PREP PL White-DEM/DEF,,,,3256, +58-25,58,mw-ana,mw-ana,CL1-child,child,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mw-ana,,CL1-child,,Own knowledge,,3257, +58-26,58,b-ana,b-ana,CL2-child,(the) children,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,b-ana,,CL2-child,,Own knowledge,,3258, +58-27,58,mu-ntu,mu-ntu,CL1-person,a person,,"This can be used specifically or non-specifically/generically, depending on discourse context.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mu-ntu,,CL1-person,"This can be used specifically or non-specifically/generically, depending on discourse context.",Own knowledge,,3259, +58-28,58,ba-ntu,ba-ntu,CL2-person,(the) persons,,"This can be used specifically or non-specifically/generically, depending on discourse context.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ba-ntu,,CL2-person,"This can be used specifically or non-specifically/generically, depending on discourse context.",Own knowledge,,3260, +58-29,58,"mu-sapi, mi-sapi, di-lala, ma-lala","mu-sapi,\tmi-sapi,\tdi-lala,\tma-lala",CL3-finger\tCL4-finger\tCL5-orange\tCL6-orange,"fingers, finger, an/the orange, (the) oranges",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mu-sapi, mi-sapi, di-lala, ma-lala",,CL3-finger CL4-finger CL5-orange CL6-orange,,Own knowledge,,3261, +59-83,59,azo ake mingi,a-zo\ta-ke\tmingi,PL-person\tPM-COP\tmany,There are a lot of people.,,,,,constructed by linguist,azo ake mingi,a-zo a-ke mingi,PL-person PM-COP many,,Own knowledge,,3262, +59-84,59,akete amelenge ti awali,a-kete\ta-melenge\tti\ta-wali,PL-small\tPL-child\tof\tPL-female,young girls,,"I have seen such utterances in my recordings of children in Bangui. One should, I think, consider it ungrammatical because of the plural with the word wali, which is functioning as a gender constraint and does not mean 'women'. This illustrates, however, the tendency to spread the plural.",,,naturalistic spoken,akete amelenge ti awali,a-kete a-melenge ti a-wali,PL-small PL-child of PL-female,"I have seen such utterances in my recordings of children in Bangui. One should, I think, consider it ungrammatical because of the plural with the word wali, which is functioning as a gender constraint and does not mean 'women'. This illustrates, however, the tendency to spread the plural.",Samarin corpus 1994,,3263, +59-85,59,"amapa, anyama, anyen'","a-mapa,\ta-nyama,\ta-nyen'",PL-bread\tPL-meat\tPL-what,"bread, meat, whatever...",,,,,constructed by linguist,"amapa, anyama, anyen'","a-mapa, a-nyama, a-nyen'",PL-bread PL-meat PL-what,,Own knowledge,,3264, +59-86,59,"lo sara agozo, lo sara ayi ti gongo na ni","lo\tsara\ta-gozo,\tlo\tsara\ta-yi\tti\tgwengo\tna\tni",3SG\tmake\tPL-manioc\t3SG\tmake\tPL-thing\tof\tgoing\tPREP\tDET,"She prepared manioc and things, she prepared things to take.",,"In addition to illustrating the use of PL with inanimate objects, this example illustrates its use as associative plural, which has here the meaning of 'et cetera'.",1326,,naturalistic spoken,"lo sara agozo, lo sara ayi ti gongo na ni","lo sara a-gozo, lo sara a-yi ti gwengo na ni",3SG make PL-manioc 3SG make PL-thing of going PREP DET,"In addition to illustrating the use of PL with inanimate objects, this example illustrates its use as associative plural, which has here the meaning of 'et cetera'.",,,3265, +60-32,60,mobáli; mibáli,mo-báli;\tmi-báli,CLF.SG-man\tCLF.PL-man,man; men,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,mobáli; mibáli,mo-báli; mi-báli,CLF.SG-man CLF.PL-man,,,,3266, +60-33,60,ebendé; bibendé,e-bendé;\tbi-bendé,CLF.SG-iron.bar\tCLF.PL-iron.bar,iron bar; iron bars,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,ebendé; bibendé,e-bendé; bi-bendé,CLF.SG-iron.bar CLF.PL-iron.bar,,,,3267, +62-20,62,"mlagé, valagé","m-lagé,\tva-lagé",1-woman\t2-woman,"woman, women",,,,,elicited from speaker,"mlagé, valagé","m-lagé, va-lagé",1-woman 2-woman,,Own field data 1993,,3268, +62-21,62,"kihlatú, vihlatú","ki-hlatú,\tvi-hlatú",7-finger\t8-finger,"finger, fingers",,,,,elicited from speaker,"kihlatú, vihlatú","ki-hlatú, vi-hlatú",7-finger 8-finger,,Own field data 1993,,3269, +63-32,63,nas dínka,nas\tdínka,PL\tDinka,the Dinka,,,857[141],,naturalistic spoken,nas dínka,,PL Dinka,,,,3270, +63-33,63,bakan-á,bakan-á,place-PL,places,,,857[138],,naturalistic spoken,bakan-á,,place-PL,,,,3271, +63-34,63,Núbi,Núbi,Nubi,Nubi (sg or pl),,,,,naturalistic spoken,Núbi,,Nubi,,Personal data,,3272, +64-40,64,hayawanát,hayawan-át,animal-PL,animals,,,874[95],,naturalistic spoken,hayawanát,hayawan-át,animal-PL,,,,3273, +64-41,64,gabát,gab-át,forest-PL,forests,,,874[95],,naturalistic spoken,gabát,gab-át,forest-PL,,,,3274, +64-42,64,ketirín,ketir-ín,much-PL,many,,,874[96],,naturalistic spoken,ketirín,ketir-ín,much-PL,,,,3275, +64-43,64,murtaín,murta-ín,happy-PL,happy,,,874[96],,naturalistic spoken,murtaín,murta-ín,happy-PL,,,,3276, +65-43,65,"Kakoj gadula a nizənəj, isio ukalainza siuda pəliʃola.","Kakoj\tgadula\ta\tnizənəj,\tisio\tukalainza\tsiuda\tpəliʃola.",which\tyear\t1SG\tnot.know\tPL\tUkranian\there\tcome.PFV,I do not know exactly in what year the Ukranians came here.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kakoj gadula a nizənəj, isio ukalainza siuda pəliʃola.",,which year 1SG not.know PL Ukranian here come.PFV,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,Unpublished data,"Какой гадула а низнэй, исё укалаинза сюда пришола.",3277, +65-44,65,Tiper' ibəŋka isio zenʃinə isio kərasivə.,Tiper'\tibəŋka\tisio\tzenʃinə\tisio\tkərasivə.,now\tJapanese\tPL\twoman\tPL\tbeautiful,Japanese women are beautiful.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[270],,naturalistic spoken,Tiper' ibəŋka isio zenʃinə isio kərasivə.,,now Japanese PL woman PL beautiful,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,Теперь ибэнка исё зенщинэ исё карасивы.,3278,"tiper' probably means 'generally, usually' here." +66-28,66,Go itu buk-pəðə-yang ati-baça.,Go\titu\tbuk-pəðə-yang\tati-baça.,1SG\tDEM\tbook-PL-ACC\tFUT-read,I will read those books.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Go itu buk-pəðə-yang ati-baça.",Go itu buk-pəðə-yang ati-baça.,1SG DEM book-PL-ACC FUT-read,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,3279, +66-29,66,Go itu tumman*(-pəðə) yang api məliyatna.,Go\titu\ttumman-pəðə-yang\ta-pi\tmə-liyat-na.,1SG\tDEM\tfriend-PL-ACC/DEF\tPRS-go\tINF-see-DAT,I am going to visit those friends.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Go itu tumman*(-pəðə) yang api məliyatna.,Go itu tumman-pəðə-yang a-pi mə-liyat-na.,1SG DEM friend-PL-ACC/DEF PRS-go INF-see-DAT,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,3280, +67-53,67,kawan-kawan; buku-buku,kawan~kawan;\tbuku~buku,friend~friend\tbook~book,friends; books,,,708[98],,elicited from speaker,kawan-kawan; buku-buku,kawan~kawan; buku~buku,friend~friend book~book,,,,3281, +67-54,67,Ada Melayu punya kawan-kawan campo-campo ada la.,Ada\tMelayu\tpunya\tkawan~kawan\tcampo~campo\tada\tla.,have\tMalay\tATTR\tfriend~friend\tmix~mix\thave\tEMPH,"[I] have Malay friends, with whom [I] mix all the time.",,,708[98],,naturalistic spoken,Ada Melayu punya kawan-kawan campo-campo ada la.,Ada Melayu punya kawan~kawan campo~campo ada la.,have Malay ATTR friend~friend mix~mix have EMPH,,,,3282, +67-56,67,itu gadis sama dia punya kawan,itu\tgadis\tsama\tdia\tpunya\tkawan,DEM\tgirl\twith\t3SG\tPOSS\tfriend,that girl and her friend(s),,,,,constructed by linguist,itu gadis sama dia punya kawan,,DEM girl with 3SG POSS friend,,Own knowledge,,3283, +68-35,68,Cengke cengke su abis.,Cengke~cengke\tsu\tabis.,PL~clove\tPFV\tfinish,The clove trees are all destroyed.,,,1178[406],,naturalistic spoken,Cengke cengke su abis.,Cengke~cengke su abis.,PL~clove PFV finish,,,,3284, +69-18,69,nuŋgum munja kumbut asəŋ,nuŋgum\tmunja\tkumbut\tasəŋ,man\tman\tvillage\tPL,village men,,,,,naturalistic spoken,nuŋgum munja kumbut asəŋ,,man man village PL,,Own field notes 1985,,3285, +69-19,69,kumbuŋa,kumbuŋa,shells,shells,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kumbuŋa,,shells,,Own field notes 1985,,3286, +71-45,71,Wau aole nana kela mau poho kiwi.,Wau\taole\tnana\tkela\tmau\tpoho\tkiwi.,1SG\tNEG\tlook\tDET\tPL\tcontainer\thorn,I didn't see the buffalo horn containers (used for opium).,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau aole nana kela mau poho kiwi.",,1SG NEG look DET PL container horn,,own data 1899,,3287, +71-46,71,Wau ike kela mau keiki akolu maloko nei.,Wau\tike\tkela\tmau\tkeiki\takolu\tmaloko\tnei.,1SG\tsee\tDET\tPL\tchild\tthree\tinside\there,I saw three children inside here.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau ike kela mau keiki akolu maloko nei.",,1SG see DET PL child three inside here,,Own data 1896,,3288, +72-37,72,Wi garra gedim wumarawalija.,Wi\tgarra\tged-im\twumara-walija.,1PL.SBJ\tPOT\tget-TR\trock-PAUC,We’ll get some rocks.,,-walija is a paucal marker only found on nouns.,8,e792acc14fe08e7a3fff09fbe54a0aaa,naturalistic spoken,Wi garra gedim wumarawalija.,Wi garra ged-im wumara-walija.,1PL.SBJ POT get-TR rock-PAUC,"-walija is a paucal marker only found on nouns.",,,3289, +72-38,72,Yu putim nyawarrat kututij.,Yu\tput-im\tnyawa-rrat\tkututij.,2SG\tput-TR\tthis-PAUC\tstand.RED,You make this lot stand up.,,-rrat is a paucal marker which is only found on Gurindji-derived demonstratives and is optional. Unmarked demonstratives may also refer to more than one referent.,8,081ed14244ab21a754f6c5ffedd0368d,naturalistic spoken,Yu putim nyawarrat kututij.,Yu put-im nyawa-rrat kututij.,2SG put-TR this-PAUC stand.RED,"-rrat is a paucal marker which is only found on Gurindji-derived demonstratives and is optional. Unmarked demonstratives may also refer to more than one referent.",,,3290, +72-39,72,Nyanawu kirri dei bin bringim im bihain wayi.,Nyanawu\tkirri\tdei\tbin\tbring-im\tim\tbihain\twayi.,remember\twoman\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tbring-TR\t3SG.OBJ\tbehind\tTAG,"You remember those women, they used to bring it at the back, didn't they.",,"In this example, the word kirri is unmarked for number, but clearly expresses plurality as shown in the choice of the third plural pronoun.",920[407],,naturalistic spoken,Nyanawu kirri dei bin bringim im bihain wayi.,Nyanawu kirri dei bin bring-im im bihain wayi.,"remember woman 3PL.SBJ PST bring-TR 3SG.OBJ behind TAG","In this example, the word kirri is unmarked for number, but clearly expresses plurality as shown in the choice of the third plural pronoun.",,,3291, +72-41,72,Dem manyanyi na ai laikim yapayapa.,Dem\tmanyanyi\tna\tai\tlaik-im\tyapayapa.,those\tplant.species\tFOC\t1SG.SBJ\tlike-TR\tyoung,I like the young manyanyi leaves.,,"No plural marking on noun, but plurality indicated in determiner.",8,eb89bb116201920a5977918f37f6b225,naturalistic spoken,Dem manyanyi na ai laikim yapayapa.,Dem manyanyi na ai laik-im yapayapa.,those plant.species FOC 1SG.SBJ like-TR young,"No plural marking on noun, but plurality indicated in determiner.",,,3292, +73-35,73,kuyibuk yirba nuwabishka,kuyi-buk\tyirba\tnuwabi-shka,guinea.pig-BEN\tgrass\tNEG.EXIST-EVID,There turns out to be no grass for the guinea pigs.,,,,,elicited from speaker,kuyibuk yirba nuwabishka,kuyi-buk yirba nuwabi-shka,guinea.pig-BEN grass NEG.EXIST-EVID,,Field notes,,3293, +73-36,73,isti trastigunada akimu trayiy,isti\ttrasti-guna-da\taki-mu\ttrayi-y,this\tdish-PL-ACC\tthis-ALL\tbring-IMP,Bring these dishes over here.,,,,,elicited from speaker,isti trastigunada akimu trayiy,isti trasti-guna-da aki-mu trayi-y,this dish-PL-ACC this-ALL bring-IMP,,Field notes,,3294, +74-35,74,wač,wač,watch,"watch, clock OR: watches, clocks",,,,,constructed by linguist,wač,,watch,,Own knowledge,,3295, +74-36,74,tayí,tayí,chief,"chief, chiefs",,,,,constructed by linguist,tayí,,chief,,Own knowledge,,3296, +74-37,74,íktas,íktas,things,things,,,675[21],,narrative,íktas,,things,,,,3297, +75-74,75,Kaaoshihtaachik lii maenzon lii rosh kiiaapachiheewak.,Kaa-oshihtaa-chik\tlii\tmaenzon\tlii\trosh\tkii-aapachih-eewak.,REL-make.INAN-3PL\tART.PL\thouse\tART.PL\trock\tPST-use.ANIM-3PL,"When they made houses, they used rocks. OR: The houses that they made, they made of rocks.",,"Lii maenzon and lii rosh are generic NPs; lii expresses plurality, not definiteness.",522,,naturalistic spoken,Kaaoshihtaachik lii maenzon lii rosh kiiaapachiheewak.,Kaa-oshihtaa-chik lii maenzon lii rosh kii-aapachih-eewak.,REL-make.INAN-3PL ART.PL house ART.PL rock PST-use.ANIM-3PL,"Lii maenzon and lii rosh are generic NPs; lii expresses plurality, not definiteness.",,,3298, +75-75,75,kitawakaya,ki-tawakay-a,2SG-ear-PL.INAN,your ears,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,kitawakaya,ki-tawakay-a,2SG-ear-PL.INAN,,,,3299, +76-36,76,ĭnnūĭt homolȗktu,ĭnnūĭt\thomolȗktu,men\tmany,many people,,,1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,ĭnnūĭt homolȗktu,,men many,,,,3300, +76-37,76,kaktuña mȗkki innuk kōpȗk,kaktuña\tmȗkki\tinnuk\tkōpȗk,hungry\tdead\tman\tKōpȗk,People are starving at Kōpȗk.,,According to Stefánsson (1909: 225) the idiomatic expression kaktuña mȗkki means 'starvation'.,1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,kaktuña mȗkki innuk kōpȗk,,hungry dead man Kōpȗk,"According to Stefánsson (1909: 225) the idiomatic expression kaktuña mȗkki means 'starvation'.",,,3301, +1-73,1,Dasanni habi horro-horro.,Da-sani\thabi\toro~oro.,DET.SG-thing\thave\thole.RED,It has holes all over.,,The reduplication of nouns to express multitude is rare; it may be typical of the European variety. Slightly more frequent is reduplication expressing a distributive meaning.,1357[67],,written (dictionary),Dasanni habi horro-horro.,Da-sani habi oro~oro.,DET.SG-thing have hole.RED,The reduplication of nouns to express multitude is rare; it may be typical of the European variety. Slightly more frequent is reduplication expressing a distributive meaning.,,,3302,German: Das ist ganz durchlöchert. [op.cit.] +1-74,1,"Dan mie dé soetoe na seysei, Boesieduyvie, Leguana ofoe Kauwrie na boon.","Dan\tmi\tde\tsutu\tna\tseisei,\tBusidoifi,\tLegwana\tofu\tKawri\tna\tbon.",then\t1SG\tASP\tshoot\tLOC\tside.RED\tbushpidgeon\tiguana\tor\tbird\tLOC\ttree,"Then I shoot bushpidgeons, iguanas, or jackdaws out of the trees on the sides (of the forest).",,The reduplication of nouns to express multitude is rare; it may be typical of the European variety. Slightly more frequent is reduplication expressing a distributive meaning.,1576[139],,written,"Dan mie dé soetoe na seysei, Boesieduyvie, Leguana ofoe Kauwrie na boon.","Dan mi de sutu na seisei, Busidoifi, Legwana ofu Kawri na bon.",then 1SG ASP shoot LOC side.RED bushpidgeon iguana or bird LOC tree,The reduplication of nouns to express multitude is rare; it may be typical of the European variety. Slightly more frequent is reduplication expressing a distributive meaning.,,,3303,"Dutch: Dan zo schoot ik aan de kanten wilde Duiven, Leguaanen of Kauwriers van de boomen. [op.cit.]" +1-75,1,Dem sa moessoe callie neem foe alla den hedieman foe dem condre.,Den\tsa\tmusu\tkali\tnen\tfu\tala\tden\thedeman\tfu\tden\tkondre.,3PL\tFUT\tmust\tcall\tname\tof\tall\tDET.PL\thead\tof\t3PL/DET.PL\tvillage,They will have to mention the names of all the captains of the/their villages.,,"Ad Feature 23 ""Expression of nominal plural meaning"": In den hedieman, den is the DEF.PL determiner; in dem condre, dem is ambiguous between the PL determiner and the 3PL pronoun in the possessor role. Plural is never marked on noun itself. +Ad Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"": Possessum-fu-possessor, with preposition fu as possessive marker.",1437[180],,written,"Dem sa moessoe callie neem foe alla den hedieman foe dem condre.",Den sa musu kali nen fu ala den hedeman fu den kondre.,3PL FUT must call name of all DET.PL head of 3PL/DET.PL village,"Ad Feature 23 ""Expression of nominal plural meaning"": In den hedieman, den is the DEF.PL determiner; in dem condre, dem is ambiguous between the PL determiner and the 3PL pronoun in the possessor role. Plural is never marked on noun itself. +Ad Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"": Possessum-fu-possessor, with preposition fu as possessive marker.",,,3304, +4-34,4,Den bobi ná e bigi.,Den\tbobi\tná\te\tbigi.,DET.PL\tbreast\tNEG\tIPFV\tbig,The breasts are not getting bigger.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Den bobi ná e bigi.,,DET.PL breast NEG IPFV big,,Own data,,3305, +5-40,5,di kou dem,di\tkou\tdem,the\tcow\tPL,the cows,,,1281[164 (line 582)],,naturalistic spoken,di kou dem,,the cow PL,,,,3306, +5-41,5,buk buk,buk\tbuk,book\tbook,books (all over),,,,,constructed by linguist,buk buk,,book book,,Own knowledge,,3307, +6-25,6,"a cat, two cat(s), all dem cat(s)","a\tcat,\ttwo\tcat(s),\tall\tdem\tcat(s)",DET\tcat\ttwo\tcat(PL)\tall\tART\tcat(PL),"a cat, two cats, all these cats",,The plural suffix is not obligatory when the modifiers carry indications of number.,,,constructed by linguist,"a cat, two cat(s), all dem cat(s)",,DET cat two cat(PL) all ART cat(PL),The plural suffix is not obligatory when the modifiers carry indications of number.,Own knowledge,,3308, +6-26,6,"dem cat, de cat an dem","dem\tcat,\tde\tcat\tan\tdem",PL\tcat\tDET\tcat\tCONJ\tPL,the cats,,,,,elicited from speaker,"dem cat, de cat an dem",,PL cat DET cat CONJ PL,,Informant,,3309, +7-60,7,boiz,boi-z,boy-PL,boys,,,1244[185],,naturalistic spoken,boiz,boi-z,boy-PL,,,,3310, +7-62,7,di pikni (an) dem,di\tpikni\t(an)\tdem,ART\tchild\t(and)\t3PL,the children,,,1244[185],,naturalistic spoken,di pikni (an) dem,,ART child (and) 3PL,,,,3311, +7-63,7,yeiz an yeiz,yei-z\tan\tyei-z,year-PL\tand\tyear-PL,for many years,,"Nouns are not usually pluralized by simple reduplication. It is common however, for lengths of time (months etc.) to be pluralized using the marker -s/z and repeated. In this case the coordinator must be present.",1244[185],,naturalistic spoken,yeiz an yeiz,yei-z an yei-z,year-PL and year-PL,"Nouns are not usually pluralized by simple reduplication. It is common however, for lengths of time (months etc.) to be pluralized using the marker -s/z and repeated. In this case the coordinator must be present.",,,3312, +7-64,7,pikni fo so,pikni\tfoso,child\tINTENS,many children,,"The (INTENS) intensifier/quantifier fo so usually combines with nouns that are unmarked for plurality (though not exclusively) to lend the idea of 'many'. However, it is not a plural marker in itself. (See also Examples 19, 128 and 157).",1244[185],,naturalistic spoken,pikni fo so,pikni foso,child INTENS,"The (INTENS) intensifier/quantifier fo so usually combines with nouns that are unmarked for plurality (though not exclusively) to lend the idea of 'many'. However, it is not a plural marker in itself. (See also Examples 19, 128 and 157).",,,3313, +8-34,8,buk-buk,buk-buk,book-book,(several) books (more than two),,,756[107],,elicited from speaker,buk-buk,buk-buk,book-book,,,,3314, +8-35,8,Di pus-dem av nof pikni.,Di\tpus-dem\tav\tnof\tpikni.,DET\tpuss-PL\thave\tmany\tchild,The cats have many kittens.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di pus-dem av nof pikni.,,DET puss-PL have many child,,Own knowledge,,3315, +9-10,9,A de taak bawt siywid dem.,A\tde\ttaak\tbawt\tsiywid\tdem.,1SG\tPROG\ttalk\tabout\tseaweed\tthem,I am talking about those types of seaweed (that you know of).,,This postposed demonstrative is based on the 3PL pronoun.,432[35],,naturalistic spoken,A de taak bawt siywid dem.,,1SG PROG talk about seaweed them,This postposed demonstrative is based on the 3PL pronoun.,,,3316, +9-48,9,Sam a dem bway wuda gu awt.,Sam\ta\tdem\tbway\twuda\tgu\tawt.,some\tof\tPL\tboy\twould\tgo\tout,Some of the boys want to go out.,,Them is a preposed nominal plural marker.,432[36],,naturalistic spoken,Sam a dem bway wuda gu awt.,,some of PL boy would go out,"Them is a preposed nominal plural marker.",,,3317, +9-49,9,Yu gat li aystaz we grow pan de.,Yu\tgat\tli\taystaz\twe\tgrow\tpan\tde.,you\tgot\tlittle\toysters\tREL\tgrow\ton\tthem,There are small oysters that grow on them.,,-z functions as a plural suffix.,432[35],,naturalistic spoken,Yu gat li aystaz we grow pan de.,,you got little oysters REL grow on them,"-z functions as a plural suffix.",,,3318, +10-41,10,Ih haad fi poo pikniny go skuul.,Ih\thaad\tfi\tpoo\tpikniny\tgo\tskuul.,3SG\thard\tfor\tpoor\tchild\tgo\tschool,It is hard for poor children to go to school.,,Plural marking is optional.,113[45],,elicited from speaker,Ih haad fi poo pikniny go skuul.,,3SG hard for poor child go school,Plural marking is optional.,,,3319, +10-42,10,Wen di pikniny dem hia dehn muma kom [...].,Wen\tdi\tpikniny\tdem\thia\tdehn\tmuma\tkom\t[...].,when\tART.DEF\tchild\tPL\thear\t3PL.POSS\tmother\tcome\t[...],When the children heard their mother coming [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Wen di pikniny dem hia dehn muma kom [...].,,when ART.DEF child PL hear 3PL.POSS mother come [...],,Unpublished field recordings,,3320, +10-43,10,Wi gat plenty problem.,Wi\tgat\tplenty\tproblem.,1PL\tget\tplenty\tproblem,We have a lot of problems.,,,113[31],,naturalistic spoken,Wi gat plenty problem.,,1PL get plenty problem,,,,3321, +10-45,10,di tiichaz dem,di\ttiicha-z\tdem,ART.DEF\tteacher-PL\tPL,the teachers,,,,,naturalistic spoken,di tiichaz dem,di tiicha-z dem,ART.DEF teacher-PL PL,,Field notes 2008,,3322, +11-49,11,Som ov di madaz don sen di piknini tu klaas.,Som\tov\tdi\tmada-z\tdon\tsen\tdi\tpiknini\ttu\tklaas.,some\tof\tART.DEF\tmother-PL\tCOMPL\tsend\tART.DEF\tchild\tto\tclass,Some of the mothers have sent their children to school.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Som ov di madaz don sen di piknini tu klaas.",Som ov di mada-z don sen di piknini tu klaas.,some of ART.DEF mother-PL COMPL send ART.DEF child to class,,,,3323, +11-50,11,di likl neebor dem,di\tlikl\tneebor\tdem,ART.DEF\tlittle\tneighbour\tPL,the little neighbours,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"di likl neebor dem",,ART.DEF little neighbour PL,,,,3324, +12-43,12,"That when the Duke first come here, and he gone over to talk with R- President Roosevelt to see that he get to 'cruit some of the boys from here to go over there to work the Work Food Administration.",[...]\tsome\tof\tthe\tboy-s\tfrom\there\t[...],[...]\tsome\tof\tART\tboy-PL\tfrom\there\t[...],[...] some of the boys from here [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"That when the Duke first come here, and he gone over to talk with R- President Roosevelt to see that he get to 'cruit some of the boys from here to go over there to work the Work Food Administration.",[...] some of the boy-s from here [...],[...] some of ART boy-PL from here [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3325, +12-44,12,"Except for like the dan - the dancers, 'cause people like - you know, women ain’t too handy with their hands, you know.",[...]\twomen\t[...],[...]\twoman.PL\t[...],"[...] women [aren't too clever with their hands, ...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Except for like the dan - the dancers, 'cause people like - you know, women ain’t too handy with their hands, you know.",[...] women [...],[...] woman.PL [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3326, +13-40,13,E call togeda all de leada dem.,E\tcall\ttogeda\tall\tde\tleada\tdem.,3SG.SBJ\tcall\ttogether\tall\tDET\tleader\tPL,He called together all the leaders. (Mt 2.4),,,357[4],,bible translation,E call togeda all de leada dem.,,3SG.SBJ call together all DET leader PL,,,,3327, +13-41,13,ʧaːl - ʧɪln̩,ʧaːl - ʧɪln̩,child   children,child - children,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ʧaːl - ʧɪln̩,,child children,,Own fieldwork 2008-2009,,3328, +14-30,14,gooses,gooses,geese,geese,,Some speakers also use regular plural -s for irregular plurals.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,gooses,,geese,"Some speakers also use regular plural -s for irregular plurals.",Own knowledge,,3329, +15-39,15,pikin dɛm,pikin\tdɛm,child\tPL,children,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,pikin dɛm,,child PL,,Own knowledge,,3330, +15-40,15,tʃuk tʃuk,tʃuk-tʃuk,prick-prick,thorns,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,tʃuk tʃuk,tʃuk-tʃuk,prick-prick,,Own knowledge,,3331, +16-35,16,"dat ples, no mɔskitos","dat\tples,\tno\tmɔskito-s",DEM\tplace\tNEG\tmosquito-PL,There are no mosquitoes in that place.,,,656[206],,naturalistic spoken,"dat ples, no mɔskitos","dat ples, no mɔskito-s",DEM place NEG mosquito-PL,,,,3332, +16-36,16,uman - umɛn,uman\t-\tumɛn,woman\t-\twoman.PL,woman - women,,"Other than in the major standard varieties of English, the Ghanaian Pidgin English plural of woman can be indicated by the change of the vowel in the second rather than the first syllable, in analogy to man-men. (The other possibilty is zero-marking.)",,,naturalistic spoken,uman - umɛn,,woman - woman.PL,"Other than in the major standard varieties of English, the Ghanaian Pidgin English plural of woman can be indicated by the change of the vowel in the second rather than the first syllable, in analogy to man-men. (The other possibilty is zero-marking.)",Own fieldwork,,3333, +16-37,16,dɛ̀m dè kam opĩ faktri-faktri fɔr às,dɛ̀m\tdè\tkam\topĩ\tfaktri~faktri\tfɔr\tàs,3PL\tHAB\tcome\topen\tfactory~PL\tfor\t1PL.OBL,They come and open factories for us.,,,656[203],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ̀m dè kam opĩ faktri-faktri fɔr às,dɛ̀m dè kam opĩ faktri~faktri fɔr às,3PL HAB come open factory~PL for 1PL.OBL,,,,3334, +17-30,17,got,got,goat,goat(s),,,462[168],,naturalistic spoken,got,,goat,,,,3335, +17-31,17,got dè̱m,got\tdè̱m,goat\t3PL,goats,,,462[168],,naturalistic spoken,got dè̱m,,goat 3PL,,,,3336, +17-32,17,pe̱sin vs. pipol,pe̱sin\tvs.\tpipol,person\tvs.\tpeople,person vs. people,,,462[171],,naturalistic spoken,pe̱sin vs. pipol,,person vs. people,,,,3337, +17-33,17,ge̱l vs. ge̱ls,ge̱l\tvs.\tge̱ls,girl\tvs.\tgirls,girl vs. girls,,,462[171],,elicited from speaker,ge̱l vs. ge̱ls,,girl vs. girls,,,,3338, +17-34,17,got got,goat~goat,goat~goat,some goats / plenty of goats,,,462[168],,naturalistic spoken,got got,goat~goat,goat~goat,,,,3339, +18-36,18,Kainkain klos dem dey fo maket.,Kainkain\tklos\tdem\tdey\tfo\tmaket.,kind.kind\tcloth\tPL\tthere\tfor\tmarket,There are various kinds of dresses in the market.,,Ayafor (2008: 431) opposes this to: Mi and ma sista get wan kain klos 'My sister and I have the same kind of dress.',63[431],,published source,Kainkain klos dem dey fo maket.,,kind.kind cloth PL there for market,"Ayafor (2008: 431) opposes this to: Mi and ma sista get wan kain klos 'My sister and I have the same kind of dress.'",,,3340, +19-39,19,mòtó; mòtó dɛ̀n,mòtó;\tmòtó\tdɛ̀n,car\tcar\tPL,car; cars,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mòtó; mòtó dɛ̀n",,car car PL,,Own knowledge,,3341, +19-40,19,gal/gals; bɔy/bɔys,gal/gal-s;\tbɔy/bɔy-s,girl/girl-PL\tboy/boy-PL,girl/girls; boy/boys,,These two words are the only ones in my corpus occasionally attested with the marginally productive pluralizing suffix -s.,,,constructed by linguist,gal/gals; bɔy/bɔys,gal/gal-s; bɔy/bɔy-s,girl/girl-PL boy/boy-PL,"These two words are the only ones in my corpus occasionally attested with the marginally productive pluralizing suffix -s.",Own knowledge,,3342, +20-50,20,[...] and all good mans must so fashion do ebely number 7 moon.,[...]\tand\tall\tgood\tmans\tmust\tso\tfashion\tdo\tebely\tnumber\t7\tmoon.,[...]\tand\tall\tgood\tman\tmust\tso\tfashion\tdo\tevery\tnumber\tseven\tmoon,[...] and everyone must do it in the seventh month of each year.,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1482[834],,naturalistic written,"[...] and all good mans must so fashion do ebely number 7 moon.",,[...] and all good man must so fashion do every number seven moon,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,3343, +20-71,20,He more better takee two piecee coolie long he.,He\tmore\tbetter\ttakee\ttwo\tpiecee\tcoolie\tlong\the.,3SG\tmore\tbetter\ttake\ttwo\tCLF\tcoolie\tCOM\t3SG,He better take two coolies with him.,,,1489[VI.55],,naturalistic written,He more better takee two piecee coolie long he.,,3SG more better take two CLF coolie COM 3SG,,,希麽必打忒其都卑時沽厘郎希,3344, +21-29,21,cat; cats,cat;\tcat-s,cat\tcat-PL,cats,,,,,constructed by linguist,cat; cats,cat; cat-s,cat cat-PL,,Own knowledge,,3345, +21-30,21,mouse; mice,mouse;\tmice,mouse\tmouse.PL,mice,,,,,constructed by linguist,mouse; mice,,mouse mouse.PL,,Own knowledge,,3346, +22-47,22,Ol i save salim ol kain kain tul long liklik mani tasol.,Ol\ti\tsave\tsalim\tol\tkain\tkain\ttul\tlong\tliklik\tmani\ttasol.,3PL\tPM\tHAB\tsell\tPL\tkind\tkind\ttool\tPREP\tlittle\tmoney\tonly,They regularly sell various kinds of tools for just very little.,,,1548[346],,naturalistic written,Ol i save salim ol kain kain tul long liklik mani tasol.,,3PL PM HAB sell PL kind kind tool PREP little money only,,,,3347, +23-49,23,olgeta UMP oli no laekem hem,olgeta\tUMP\toli\tno\tlaekem\them,3PL\tUMP\tAGR\tNEG\tlike\t3SG,The UMP (people) didn't like him.,,The UMP is the Union of Moderate Parties.,942,,naturalistic spoken,"olgeta UMP oli no laekem hem",,3PL UMP AGR NEG like 3SG,The UMP is the Union of Moderate Parties.,,,3348, +23-50,23,Ol Banks oli no mo save kivimaot ol loan.,Ol\tBanks\toli\tno\tmo\tsave\tkivimaot\tol\tloan.,PL\tbanks\tAGR\tNEG\tmore\tcan\tgive.out\tPL\tloan,The banks can no longer give out loans.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ol Banks oli no mo save kivimaot ol loan.,,PL banks AGR NEG more can give.out PL loan,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 13 June 1998",,3349, +24-52,24,iyalas,iyala-s,overbearing-PL,overbearing youngsters,,,,,naturalistic spoken,iyalas,iyala-s,overbearing-PL,,Own fieldwork,,3350, +24-53,24,dem giis,dem\tgiis,DET.PL\tgoose,geese,,Giis is singular or plural.,,,constructed by linguist,dem giis,,DET.PL goose,"Giis is singular or plural.",Own knowledge,,3351, +24-54,24,dem tieti,dem\ttieti,PL\tsweet.potato,(the) sweet potatoes,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dem tieti,,PL sweet.potato,,Own fieldwork,,3352, +25-146,25,"Brom top, yu ken luk ole haus ebriwea.","Brom\ttop,\tyu\tken\tluk\tole\thaus\tebriwea.",from\ttop\t2SG\tcan\tsee\tPL\thouse\teverywhere,"From the top, you can see the houses everywhere.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the plural word ole as a plural marker.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Brom top, yu ken luk ole haus ebriwea.",,from top 2SG can see PL house everywhere,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the plural word ole as a plural marker.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3353, +25-147,25,Wot abat yubala jiftim olabat dijlat pikanini?!,Wot\tabat\tyubala\tjift-im\tolabat\tdij-lat\tpikanini?!,what\tabout\t2PL\tshift-TR\t3PL\tPROX-PL\tchild,"How about you lot move them, these children?!",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of a plural marker with a noun with human reference, the term for 'child' pikanini.",,,naturalistic spoken,Wot abat yubala jiftim olabat dijlat pikanini?!,Wot abat yubala jift-im olabat dij-lat pikanini?!,what about 2PL shift-TR 3PL PROX-PL child,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of a plural marker with a noun with human reference, the term for 'child' pikanini.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3354, +25-148,25,Bat ole holidei oldei olmaolman wi yusdu getim.,Bat\tole\tholidei\toldei\tolma~olman\twi\tyusdu\tget-im.,but\tPL\tholiday\talways/HAB\tRED.older.man\t1PL\tHAB\tget-TR,But during all holidays with the old people we used to get them (traditional stone tools).,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of reduplication of nouns with human reference to indicate plurality, and the occurrence of both habitual markers, oldei and yusdu, in the same clause.",,,naturalistic spoken,Bat ole holidei oldei olmaolman wi yusdu getim.,Bat ole holidei oldei olma~olman wi yusdu get-im.,but PL holiday always/HAB RED.older.man 1PL HAB get-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of reduplication of nouns with human reference to indicate plurality, and the occurrence of both habitual markers, oldei and yusdu, in the same clause.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3355, +25-149,25,Wi bin siyim garra orla kid.,Wi\tbin\tsiy-im\tgarra\torla\tkid.,1SG\tPST\tsee-TR\tCOM/INS\tPL\tchild,We saw her with the children.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the comitative reading of the preposition garra.,659[74],,unknown,"Wi bin siyim garra orla kid.",Wi bin siy-im garra orla kid.,1SG PST see-TR COM/INS PL child,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the comitative reading of the preposition garra.",,,3356, +26-32,26,smao lido fit,smao\tlido\tfit,small\tlittle\tfeet,small little feet,,,,,naturalistic spoken,smao lido fit,,small little feet,,Own fieldwork recording,,3357, +27-27,27,di mēnshi sinu,di\tmēnshi\tsinu,DET\tgirl\t3PL,the girls,,,355[59],,naturalistic spoken,di mēnshi sinu,,DET girl 3PL,,,,3358, +28-49,28,ɛkɛ timi mɛtɛ di hogo skunapu ababaka,ɛkɛ\ttimi\tmɛtɛ\tdi\thogo\tskun-apu\tababa\tka,1SG\tbe.able\twith\tthe\thigh\tshoe-PL\tanymore\tNEG,I cannot cope with high-heeled shoes anymore.,,"The suffix -apu is used to mark plural on count nouns regardless of the semantic properties of the base. In other words, it is not sensitive to features such as human or animate. As seen in Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers"", it can also be used with nouns which have generic reference.",749[445],,naturalistic spoken,ɛkɛ timi mɛtɛ di hogo skunapu ababaka,ɛkɛ timi mɛtɛ di hogo skun-apu ababa ka,1SG be.able with the high shoe-PL anymore NEG,"The suffix -apu is used to mark plural on count nouns regardless of the semantic properties of the base. In other words, it is not sensitive to features such as human or animate. As seen in Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers"", it can also be used with nouns which have generic reference.",,,3359, +28-50,28,idri daka ɛk justu kriki skeliŋskeliŋ,idri\tdaka\tɛkɛ\tjustu\tkriki\tskelingi-skelingi,every\tday\t1SG\tPST.HAB\tget\tcent-cent,Every day I would find an 8-cent coin.,,The reduplicated noun obtains a distributive interpretation here.,737[245],,naturalistic spoken,"idri daka ɛk justu kriki skeliŋskeliŋ",idri daka ɛkɛ justu kriki skelingi-skelingi,every day 1SG PST.HAB get cent-cent,The reduplicated noun obtains a distributive interpretation here.,,,3360, +29-34,29,"kat - katte, hoedjie - hoedjies, droom - drome, wa - waens","kat\t-\tkat-(t)e,\thoed-jie\t-\thoed-jie-s,\tdroom\t-\tdrom-e,\twa\t-\twa-ens",cat\t-\tcat-PL\that-DIM\t-\that-DIM-PL\tdream\t-\tdream-PL\twaggon\t-\twaggon-PL,"cat - cats, little hat - little hats, dream - dreams, wagon - wagons",,-e and -s are the two most productive plural-forming suffixes in Afrikaans.,,,naturalistic spoken,"kat - katte, hoedjie - hoedjies, droom - drome, wa - waens","kat - kat-(t)e, hoed-jie - hoed-jie-s, droom - drom-e, wa - wa-ens",cat - cat-PL hat-DIM - hat-DIM-PL dream - dream-PL waggon - waggon-PL,"-e and -s are the two most productive plural-forming suffixes in Afrikaans.",Own knowledge,,3361, +30-51,30,"Amigus di Lusiu purgunta-l si e kreba entrába na djogu, más [...].","Amigu-s\tdi=Lusiu\tpurgunta=l\tsi=e=kre-ba\tentrá-ba\tna=djogu,\tmás\t[...].",friend-PL\tof=Lusiu\task=3SG\tif=he=want-ANT\tenter-ANT\tinto=game\tbut\t[...],"Lusiu’s friends asked him if he wanted to join the game, but [...].",,,784[s.v. djogu],,naturalistic spoken,"Amigus di Lusiu purgunta-l si e kreba entrába na djogu, más [...].","Amigu-s di=Lusiu purgunta=l si=e=kre-ba entrá-ba na=djogu, más [...].",friend-PL of=Lusiu ask=3SG if=he=want-ANT enter-ANT into=game but [...],,,,3362,"German: Die Freunde von Lusiu fragten ihn, ob er mitspielen wolle, aber [...]." +32-37,32,Psoas malkriód ka ta prendê.,Psoas\tmalkriód\tka\tta\tprendê.,person.PL\trude\tNEG\tPRS\tlearn,Rude people don't learn.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Psoas malkriód ka ta prendê.",,person.PL rude NEG PRS learn,,,,3363,Portuguese: As pessoas malcriadas não aprendem. +33-49,33,gatu,gatu,cat.SG,cat,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,gatu,,cat.SG,,Own knowledge,,3364,Portuguese: gato +33-50,33,gatus,gatu-s,cat-PL,cats,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,gatus,gatu-s,cat-PL,,Own knowledge,,3365,Portuguese: gatos +34-36,34,padidi/padidi-s,padidi/padidi-s,wall/wall-PL,wall/walls,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"padidi/padidi-s",,wall/wall-PL,,Own knowledge,,3366, +35-49,35,"Ũa notxi inen kôlômba pega sun Faxiku ku migu sun, sun Zoxi Mandjinga.","Ũa\tnotxi\tinen\tkôlômba\tpega\tsun\tFaxiku\tku\tmigu\tsun,\tsun\tZoxi\tMandjinga.",one\tnight\t3PL.DEF\twhite\tcatch\tMr.\tFaxiku\tand\tfriend\t3SG.POSS\tMr.\tZoxi\tMandjinga,"One night, (the) white people caught Mr. Faxiku and his friend Mr. Zoxi Mandjinga.",,"The plural marker inen assigns simultaneously definiteness and plurality. When inen is the only nominal modifier, which is not common, it typically conveys a definite meaning with respect to a non-individualized (or non-atomic) group familiar to the hearer.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Ũa notxi inen kôlômba pega sun Faxiku ku migu sun, sun Zoxi Mandjinga.",,one night 3PL.DEF white catch Mr. Faxiku and friend 3SG.POSS Mr. Zoxi Mandjinga,"The plural marker inen assigns simultaneously definiteness and plurality. When inen is the only nominal modifier, which is not common, it typically conveys a definite meaning with respect to a non-individualized (or non-atomic) group familiar to the hearer.",Own data,,3367, +35-50,35,Kwa ku inen mosu se fe?,Kwa\tku\tinen\tmosu\tse\tfe?,"thing\t""ku""\t3PL.DEF\tboys\tDEM\tdo",What did the boys in question do?,,"The deictic construal of inen + N + se is very productive in the language. The particle ku typically, but not obligatorily, follows fronted wh-phrases.",,,naturalistic spoken,Kwa ku inen mosu se fe?,,"thing ""ku"" 3PL.DEF boys DEM do","The deictic construal of inen + N + se is very productive in the language. The particle ku typically, but not obligatorily, follows fronted wh-phrases.",Own data,,3368, +36-32,36,Tuu ane alê e vitxa nha.,Tuu\tane\talê\te\tvitxa\tnha.,all\tPL\tking\tDEM\tarrive\tthere,All these kings arrived there.,,,901[41],,elicited from speaker,Tuu ane alê e vitxa nha.,,all PL king DEM arrive there,,,,3369,French: Tous ces rois arrivèrent là. +37-37,37,ine kaxi me,ine\tkaxi\tme,PL\thouse\tPOSS.1SG,my houses,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ine kaxi me",,PL house POSS.1SG,,Own knowledge,,3370, +38-39,38,Pay,pai,old.man,(the) old men,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pay,pai,old.man,,Own fieldwork 1990,,3371, +38-40,38,napay,na-pai,ART.PL-old.man,the old men,,,,,naturalistic spoken,napay,na-pai,ART.PL-old.man,,Own fieldwork 1993,,3372, +39-54,39,Es tud ε kaz də tud pad.,Es\ttud\tε\tkaz\tdə\ttud\tpad.,this\tPL\tCOP.NPST\thouse\tof\tall\tpriest,These are the houses of the priests.,,"Most native speakers hesitated when asked to mark plurality on priest; however, all consistently selected the element tud (prototypically a quantifier meaning 'all' to perform this function).",221[175],,elicited from speaker,Es tud ε kaz də tud pad.,,this PL COP.NPST house of all priest,"Most native speakers hesitated when asked to mark plurality on priest; however, all consistently selected the element tud (prototypically a quantifier meaning 'all' to perform this function).",,,3373, +41-48,41,"akamee, bəəgaspa juuda faya juuda faya falaa jafalaa","aka=mee,\t[bəəga-s-pa\tjuuda\tfaya\tjuuda\tfaya\tfalaa]\tjaa-falaa",that=FOC\t[Burgher-PL-DAT\thelp\tdo\thelp\tdo\tQUOT]\tPST-say,"Indeed! They said ""help the Burghers, help [them].""",,"Context: because of the irresponsible actions of one individual, a community project had failed and lost money.",1416[5337],,naturalistic spoken,"akamee, bəəgaspa juuda faya juuda faya falaa jafalaa","aka=mee, [bəəga-s-pa juuda faya juuda faya falaa] jaa-falaa",that=FOC [Burgher-PL-DAT help do help do QUOT] PST-say,"Context: because of the irresponsible actions of one individual, a community project had failed and lost money.",,,3374, +41-49,41,fiifis,fiifis,children,children,,"An analysis involving reduplication is not well supported. Synchronically (and diachronically) it could be related to fiiyu/fiiya 'son/daughter', but these words have their own regular plurals fiiyus/fiiyas. An equally plausible analysis is that it is a reduction of fiiyus fiiyas 'sons and daughters'.",1416[0139],,elicited from speaker,fiifis,,children,"An analysis involving reduplication is not well supported. Synchronically (and diachronically) it could be related to fiiyu/fiiya 'son/daughter', but these words have their own regular plurals fiiyus/fiiyas. An equally plausible analysis is that it is a reduction of fiiyus fiiyas 'sons and daughters'.",,,3375, +42-41,42,aké krenkrensa ta fazé amoku,aké\tkren~krensa\tta\tfazé\tamoku,that\tchild~child\tPROG\tmake\tnoise,The children are making noise.,,,122[102],,naturalistic spoken,aké krenkrensa ta fazé amoku,aké kren~krensa ta fazé amoku,that child~child PROG make noise,,,,3376, +44-47,44,mis sobrínos y sobrínas de akí,mi-s\tsobríno-s\ti\tsobrína-s\tde\takí,1SG.POSS-PL\tnephew-PL\tand\tniece-PL\tof\there,my nephews and nieces from here,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mis sobrínos y sobrínas de akí,mi-s sobríno-s i sobrína-s de akí,1SG.POSS-PL nephew-PL and niece-PL of here,,Own data,,3377,Spanish: mis sobrínos de aquí +45-38,45,Inteligente el manga estudiante.,Inteligente\tel\tmanga\testudiante.,intelligent\tthe\tPL\tstudent,The students are intelligent.,,,835[78],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Inteligente el manga estudiante.,,intelligent the PL student,,,,3378, +46-54,46,pyédra-pyédra,pyédra-pyédra,stone-stone,(all the) stones,,This construction also implies distributional meaning.,,,naturalistic spoken,pyédra-pyédra,,stone-stone,This construction also implies distributional meaning.,Own knowledge,,3379, +46-55,46,mga pyédra,mga\tpyédra,PL\tstone,stones,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mga pyédra,,PL stone,,Own knowledge,,3380, +47-48,47,e buki nan di skol vs. e buki di skol nan,e\tbuki\tnan\tdi\tskol\tvs.\te\tbuki\tdi\tskol\tnan,DEF\tbook\tPL\tof\tschool\tvs.\tDEF\tbook\tof\tschool\tPL,the books of the school/ the schoolbooks vs. the schoolbooks,,The translation is mine.,1024[542],,published source,e buki nan di skol vs. e buki di skol nan,e buki nan di skol vs. e buki di skol nan,DEF book PL of school vs. DEF book of school PL,The translation is mine.,,,3381, +47-49,47,Anochi ela sinta korta e kweru ku su santu pasenshi na repirepi.,Anochi\tel\ta\tsinta\tkorta\te\tkweru\tku\tsu\tsantu\tpasenshi\tna\trepi~repi.,night\t3SG\tPFV\tsit\tcut\tDEF\tskin\twith\tPOSS\tholy\tpatience\tLOC\tstrip~PL,At night he sat and patiently cut the skin into numerous strips.,,,745[162],,literary source,Anochi ela sinta korta e kweru ku su santu pasenshi na repirepi.,Anochi el a sinta korta e kweru ku su santu pasenshi na repi~repi.,night 3SG PFV sit cut DEF skin with POSS holy patience LOC strip~PL,,,,3382, +47-50,47,dama i kabayero nan,dama\ti\tkabayero\tnan,lady\tand\tgentleman\tPL,ladies and gentlemen,,,,,own knowledge,dama i kabayero nan,dama i kabayero nan,lady and gentleman PL,,Own knowledge,,3383, +48-38,48,Ma hende i ta miná kelé lendrá.,Ma\thende\ti\tta\tminá\tkelé\tlendrá.,PL\tpeople\tI\tPROG\tsee\twant\tenter,The people I am looking at want to enter (the house).,,"Here, the ma pluralizer is not an obligatory element. Thus hende i ta miná kelé lendrá could be used to express the same thing (context would clarify the plural meaning). + +Stative kelé could not take progressive ta. Thus ta kelé is ungrammatical.",,,naturalistic spoken,Ma hende i ta miná kelé lendrá.,,PL people I PROG see want enter,"Here, the ma pluralizer is not an obligatory element. Thus hende i ta miná kelé lendrá could be used to express the same thing (context would clarify the plural meaning). + +Stative kelé could not take progressive ta. Thus ta kelé is ungrammatical.",Recorded by author,,3384,Spanish: La gente que estoy mirando quiere entrar. +48-39,48,Ese ma nimá si a-ta harocho.,Ese\tma\tnimá\tsi\ta-ta\tharocho.,this\tPL\tanimal\tyour\tTMA-be\thungry,These animals of yours are hungry.,,"Note that sequence of ese ma nimá is fixed, that is, it cannot be ma ese nimá (alternatively, it could, however, be ma nimá ese, a construction that is common in Palenquero). + +A-ta harocho above is a good example where the segmentation (and exact interpretation) of [a'ta] is in question. That is: is this really a bimorphemic unit (in which case the inital a- carries a function), or is it perhaps a monomorphemic unit, i.e. [a'ta]? Note that, in many cases, expressions like a-ta harocho are simply rendered without the a- as in ta harocho.",,,naturalistic spoken,Ese ma nimá si a-ta harocho.,,this PL animal your TMA-be hungry,"Note that sequence of ese ma nimá is fixed, that is, it cannot be ma ese nimá (alternatively, it could, however, be ma nimá ese, a construction that is common in Palenquero). + +A-ta harocho above is a good example where the segmentation (and exact interpretation) of [a'ta] is in question. That is: is this really a bimorphemic unit (in which case the inital a- carries a function), or is it perhaps a monomorphemic unit, i.e. [a'ta]? Note that, in many cases, expressions like a-ta harocho are simply rendered without the a- as in ta harocho.",Recorded by author,,3385,Spanish: Esos animales tuyos están con hambre / tienen hambre. +48-40,48,asina kumu ma uto,asina\tkumu\tma\tuto,thus\tlike\tPL\tother,like the others,,,,,naturalistic spoken,asina kumu ma uto,,thus like PL other,,Recorded by author,,3386,Spanish: así como los demás (lit. como los otros) +48-41,48,ma músiko ri ante,ma\tmúsiko\tri\tante,PL\tmusicians\tfrom\tbefore,the musicians from before (i.e. from earlier times),,,,,naturalistic spoken,ma músiko ri ante,,PL musicians from before,,Recorded by author,,3387,Spanish: los músicos de antes +49-57,49,liv yo,liv\tyo,book\tDEF.3PL,the books,,,473[838],,naturalistic spoken,liv yo,,book DEF.3PL,,,,3388,French: les livres +49-58,49,gran manchèt plat la yo,gran\tmanchèt\tplat\tla\tyo,big\tmachete\tstraight\tDEF\t3PL,the big straight machetes,,"This variant (explicit DEF marker + PL marker) is not the most widespread. It is only used in marginal areas of Haiti, especially the south (see Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), comments 1971, 1972, 1979), and it was still in use when the ALH research was done. It is probably the oldest variant.",473[838],,naturalistic spoken,gran manchèt plat la yo,,big machete straight DEF 3PL,"This variant (explicit DEF marker + PL marker) is not the most widespread. It is only used in marginal areas of Haiti, especially the south (see Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), comments 1971, 1972, 1979), and it was still in use when the ALH research was done. It is probably the oldest variant.",,,3389,French: les grandes machettes plates +49-59,49,"madanm, medam","madanm,\tmedam",lady\tladies,"lady, ladies",,,370[135-136],,naturalistic spoken,"madanm, medam",,lady ladies,,,,3390,"French: dame, dames" +49-60,49,"msye, mesye","msye,\tmesye",mister\tmisters,"mister, misters",,,370[135-136],,naturalistic spoken,"msye, mesye",,mister misters,,,,3391,"French: monsieur, messieurs" +50-40,50,Sé madanm-lasa bèl.,Sé\tmadanm-lasa\tbèl.,PL\twoman-DEM\tbeautiful,These women are beautiful.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sé madanm-lasa bèl.,,PL woman-DEM beautiful,,Own fieldwork,,3392, +51-40,51,Sé madanm-tala bel.,Sé\tmadanm-tala\tbel.,PL\twoman-DEM\tbeautiful,These women are beautiful.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sé madanm-tala bel.,,PL woman-DEM beautiful,,Own fieldwork,,3393, +53-84,53,Jordi le mun nwar lib.,Jordi\tle\tmun\tnwar\tlib.,today\tART.DEF.PL\tpeople\tblack\tfree,Today (the) black people are free.,,,1048[112],,naturalistic spoken,Jordi le mun nwar lib.,,today ART.DEF.PL people black free,,,,3394,French: Aujourd'hui les Noirs sont libres. +53-85,53,zéronce là yé,zéronce-là-yé,briar-ART.DEF-PL,the briars,,,1049[9],,naturalistic written,zéronce là yé,zéronce-là-yé,briar-ART.DEF-PL,,,,3395, +53-86,53,nomme cila yé,nomme\tcila-yé,man\tDET.DEM-PL,these men,,,1049[11],,naturalistic written,nomme cila yé,nomme cila-yé,man DET.DEM-PL,,,,3396,French: ces hommes +53-87,53,Li fe lakord-ye sone doub.,Li\tfe\tlakord-ye\tsone\tdoub.,3SG\tmake\tstring-ART.DEF.PL\tsound\tdouble,He played the strings twice as loud.,,,1048[116],,naturalistic spoken,Li fe lakord-ye sone doub.,,3SG make string-ART.DEF.PL sound double,,,,3397, +53-88,53,Metres-ye te di mon komsa.,Metres-ye\tte\tdi\tmon\tkomsa.,teacher-ART.DEF.PL\tPST\tsay\t1SG\tlike.that,The teachers told me.,,,1048[116],,naturalistic spoken,Metres-ye te di mon komsa.,,teacher-ART.DEF.PL PST say 1SG like.that,,,,3398,French: Les maîtresses m'ont dit. +54-49,54,son bann kamarad,son\tbann\tkamarad,POSS.3SG\tPL\tfriend,his friends,,,,,constructed by linguist,son bann kamarad,,POSS.3SG PL friend,,Own knowledge,,3399,French: ses amis +54-50,54,band vyé fam la,bann\tvye\tfam\tla,PL\told\twoman\tDEM,these/those old women,,,110[26],,naturalistic spoken,band vyé fam la,bann vye fam la,PL old woman DEM,,,,3400,French: ces vieilles femmes(-là) +55-43,55,ban liv,ban\tliv,PL\tbook,books,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ban liv,,PL book,,Own knowledge,,3401, +57-137,57,na te larivjer sa lui,na\tte\tlarivjer\tsa\tlui,EXIST\tPL\triver\tSt.\tLouis,There are rivers in St. Louis.,,,423[119],,naturalistic spoken,na te larivjer sa lui,,EXIST PL river St. Louis,,,,3402, +57-138,57,nave lja ave tule premje katolik [...],nave\tlja\tave\ttule\tpremje\tkatolik\t[...],EXIST.PST\t3SG\twith\tPL\tfirst\tCatholics\t[...],He was with the first Catholics [...].,,,423[224],,naturalistic spoken,nave lja ave tule premje katolik [...],,EXIST.PST 3SG with PL first Catholics [...],,,,3403, +59-87,59,lo ga na ayi ti fango zo ni,lo\tga\tna\ta-yi\tti\tfango\tzo\tni,3SG\tcome\tPREP\tPL-thing\tof\tkilling\tperson\tDET,He brought his murderous weapons.,,For this sentence other narrators say a-yi ti fango na zo ni [PL-thing of killing PREP person DET] 'things with which to kill people'. The DET here is not anaphoric because the weapons had not previously been mentioned. Its use is therefore problematic. One should note the occurrence of zo 'person' in the singular in a sentence where in English one would say something like 'things with which to kill people'.,,,naturalistic spoken,lo ga na ayi ti fango zo ni,lo ga na a-yi ti fango zo ni,3SG come PREP PL-thing of killing person DET,"For this sentence other narrators say a-yi ti fango na zo ni [PL-thing of killing PREP person DET] 'things with which to kill people'. The DET here is not anaphoric because the weapons had not previously been mentioned. Its use is therefore problematic. One should note the occurrence of zo 'person' in the singular in a sentence where in English one would say something like 'things with which to kill people'.",Samarin corpus 1994,,3404,French: Il vint avec les outils d’assassin. +60-34,60,mobáli; mibáli,mo-báli;\tmi-báli,CLF.SG-man\tCLF.PL-man,man; men,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,mobáli; mibáli,mo-báli; mi-báli,CLF.SG-man CLF.PL-man,,,,3405, +63-35,63,nas debíba,nas\tdebíba,PL\tsnake,snakes,,,857[141],,naturalistic spoken,nas debíba,,PL snake,,,,3406, +63-36,63,bakan-á,bakan-á,place-PL,places,,,857[138],,naturalistic spoken,bakan-á,,place-PL,,,,3407, +63-37,63,"mára, nuswán","mára,\tnuswán",woman\twomen,"woman, women",,,857[144],,naturalistic written,"mára, nuswán",,woman women,,,,3408, +63-38,63,"sámaga, samagá","sámaga,\tsamagá",fish\tfishes,"fish, fishes",,,857[147],,naturalistic spoken,"sámaga, samagá",,fish fishes,,,,3409, +63-39,63,ómun afend-ín,ómun\tafend-ín,3PL\tchief-PL,They are the chiefs.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ómun afend-ín,,3PL chief-PL,,Own fieldwork,,3410, +63-40,63,bágara; bagará,bágara;\tbagará,cow\tcows,cow; cows,,,,,naturalistic spoken,bágara; bagará,,cow cows,,Own fieldwork,,3411, +63-41,63,kebír; kubár,kebír;\tkubár,big\tbig.PL,big; big (Pl.),,,,,naturalistic spoken,kebír; kubár,,big big.PL,,Personal data,,3412, +63-42,63,kazi kazi,kazi\tkazi,job\tjob,all kinds of job,,,857[150],,naturalistic spoken,kazi kazi,,job job,,,,3413, +63-43,63,shilúk dólde,shilúk\tdólde,Shilluk\tDEM.PL,the Shilluks,,"Sometimes the 3rd person plural pronoun follows a name, but I am not sure whether it is a plural marker or a copula.",857[149],,naturalistic spoken,shilúk dólde,,Shilluk DEM.PL,"Sometimes the 3rd person plural pronoun follows a name, but I am not sure whether it is a plural marker or a copula.",,,3414, +64-44,64,fi médina ta júba fi nas zaráf wa fi nas gazál wa fi ásed kamán,fi\tmédina\tta\tjúba\tfi\tnas\tzaráf\twa\tfi\tnas\tgazál\twa\tfi\tásed\tkamán,in\tcity\tPOSS\tJuba\tEXIST\tpeople\tgiraffe\tand\tEXIST\tpeople\tgazelle\tand\tEXIST\tlion\talso,"In the city of Juba there are giraffes, gazelles and also lions.",,Here kamán refers to 'lion'.,874[178],,naturalistic spoken,"fi médina ta júba fi nas zaráf wa fi nas gazál wa fi ásed kamán",,in city POSS Juba EXIST people giraffe and EXIST people gazelle and EXIST lion also,"Here kamán refers to 'lion'.",,,3415, +64-45,64,marát,mar-át,time-PL,times,,,874[169],,naturalistic spoken,marát,mar-át,time-PL,,,,3416, +64-46,64,molodát,molod-át,hoe-PL,hoes,,,874[95],,naturalistic spoken,molodát,molod-át,hoe-PL,,,,3417, +64-47,64,múʃkila; maʃákil,múʃkila;\tmaʃákil,problem\tproblem\PL,problem; problems,,Mašakil is the internal plural form borrowed from Sudanese Arabic.,874[96],,elicited from speaker,múʃkila; maʃákil,,problem problem\PL,"Mašakil is the internal plural form borrowed from Sudanese Arabic.",,,3418, +64-48,64,mára; nuswán; nasawín,mára;\tnuswán;\tnasaw-ín,woman\twomen\twomen-PL,woman; women; women,,"nuswán: suppletive form, nasawín: mixed form composed of suppletive stem + PL.",874[97],,elicited from speaker,mára; nuswán; nasawín,mára; nuswán; nasaw-ín,woman women women-PL,"nuswán: suppletive form, nasawín: mixed form composed of suppletive stem + PL.",,,3419, +65-45,65,Bəratə synə ribiatisəka isio poləno iwo.,Bəratə\tsynə\tribiatisəka\tisio\tpoləno\tiwo.,brother\tson\tchild\tPL\tfull\t3SG,My nephew has many children (lit. My brother's son has many children).,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[274],,naturalistic spoken,Bəratə synə ribiatisəka isio poləno iwo.,,brother son child PL full 3SG,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,Брата сына рибятисэка исё полэно иво.,3420, +66-30,66,Derang nigri ka baaru ruumapəɖə arikat.,Derang\tnigri\tka\tbaaru\truuma-pəɖə\ta-rikat.,3PL\t(large).village\tin\tnew\thouse-PL\tPRS-build,They are building new houses in the (large) village.,,This is a constructed example in the Kirinda dialect (verified locally with native speakers).,,,constructed by linguist,Derang nigri ka baaru ruumapəɖə arikat.,Derang nigri ka baaru ruuma-pəɖə a-rikat.,3PL (large).village in new house-PL PRS-build,This is a constructed example in the Kirinda dialect (verified locally with native speakers).,Own knowledge,,3421, +67-55,67,Dia mahu buang buku-buku dia.,Dia\tmahu\tbuang\tbuku~buku\tdia.,3SG\twant\tthrow\tbook~book\t3SG,S/he wanted to throw her/his books (various kinds of books) (away).,,,"708[98, 469]",,elicited from speaker,Dia mahu buang buku-buku dia.,Dia mahu buang buku~buku dia.,3SG want throw book~book 3SG,,,,3422, +68-37,68,gunung gunung tinggi,gunung~gunung\ttinggi,PL~mountain\ttall,tall mountains,,,1178[635],,naturalistic spoken,gunung gunung tinggi,gunung~gunung tinggi,PL~mountain tall,,,,3423, +69-20,69,nuŋgum munja kumbut asəŋ,nuŋgum\tmunja\tkumbut\tasəŋ,man\tman\tvillage\tPL,the village men,,,,,naturalistic spoken,nuŋgum munja kumbut asəŋ,,man man village PL,,Own field notes 1985,,3424, +72-40,72,Yu nou wen dei duim marlurlukangku raunanraun.,Yu\tnou\twen\tdei\tdu-im\tmarlurluka-ngku\traunanraun.,2SG\tknow\twhen\t3PL.SBJ\tdo-TR\told.man.RED-ERG\tround.and.round,"You know, when those old men do that part of the ceremony.",,"Plurality is indicated by partial reduplication for Gurindji-derived words. In this example, marlurluka is a reduplicated form derived from marluka.",8,0d70ec3180295543153ac16d2bd9abec,naturalistic spoken,Yu nou wen dei duim marlurlukangku raunanraun.,Yu nou wen dei du-im marlurluka-ngku raunanraun.,2SG know when 3PL.SBJ do-TR old.man.RED-ERG round.and.round,"Plurality is indicated by partial reduplication for Gurindji-derived words. In this example, marlurluka is a reduplicated form derived from marluka.",,,3425, +73-37,73,"boskunaga, perroguna, hermanaguna, gatosta, punchuguna","bos-kuna-ga,\tperro-guna,\thermana-guna,\tgato-s-ta,\tpunchu-guna",2SG-PL-TOP\tdog-PL\tsister-PL\tcat-PL-ACC\tponcho-PL,"you all, dogs, sisters, cats, poncho's",,"Plural is always formed with -guna, except for the Spanish -s as in 'cats'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"boskunaga, perroguna, hermanaguna, gatosta, punchuguna","bos-kuna-ga, perro-guna, hermana-guna, gato-s-ta, punchu-guna",2SG-PL-TOP dog-PL sister-PL cat-PL-ACC poncho-PL,"Plural is always formed with -guna, except for the Spanish -s as in 'cats'.",Field notes,,3426, +74-38,74,man,man,man,"man, men, a man, the man, the men",,,,,constructed by linguist,man,,man,,Own knowledge,,3427, +74-39,74,limá,limá,hand,"hand, hands",,,,,constructed by linguist,limá,,hand,,Own knowledge,,3428, +75-76,75,Nushishimak anikik.,N-ushish-im-ak\tanikik.,1-grandchild-POSS-ANIM.PL\tDEM.ANIM.PL,Those are my grandchildren.,,,789[115],,naturalistic written,Nushishimak anikik.,N-ushish-im-ak anikik.,1-grandchild-POSS-ANIM.PL DEM.ANIM.PL,,,,3429, +75-77,75,"Lii zanimoo, lii zhvoo kishkohaanaanik.","Lii\tzanimoo,\tlii\tzhvoo\tki-kishkoh-aanaan-ik.",ART.PL\tanimal.PL\tART.PL\thorse.PL\t2-own-1PL-PL.OBJ,"We own animals, horses.",,The singular nouns are animal and zhwal.,522,,naturalistic spoken,"Lii zanimoo, lii zhvoo kishkohaanaanik.","Lii zanimoo, lii zhvoo ki-kishkoh-aanaan-ik.",ART.PL animal.PL ART.PL horse.PL 2-own-1PL-PL.OBJ,"The singular nouns are animal and zhwal.",,,3430, +4-35,4,Den sa Moisi gwe kaba.,Den\tsa\tMoisi\tgwe\tkaba.,DET.PL\tcourtesy.title\tMoisi\tleave\talready,The family of Sa Moisi have left already.,,Sa is used for women of low social status (Mühleisen & Migge 2005: 141).,1271,,naturalistic spoken,Den sa Moisi gwe kaba.,,DET.PL courtesy.title Moisi leave already,"Sa is used for women of low social status (Mühleisen & Migge 2005: 141).",,,3431, +4-36,4,Den pikin komoto a sikoo.,Den\tpikin\tkomoto\ta\tsikoo.,DET.PL\tchild\tleave.from\tLOC\tschool,The children have come back from school.,,,,,unknown,Den pikin komoto a sikoo.,,DET.PL child leave.from LOC school,,Own observation,,3432, +5-42,5,Siita dem,Siita\tdem,Siita\t3PL,Sita and her friends.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Siita dem,,Siita 3PL,,Own knowledge,,3433, +5-43,5,di maan dem a wok,di\tmaan\tdem\ta\twok,the\tman\t3PL\tPROG\twork,The men are working.,,,,,constructed by linguist,di maan dem a wok,,the man 3PL PROG work,,Own knowledge,,3434, +6-27,6,an dem,an\tdem,CONJ\t3PL,and they,,,,,constructed by linguist,an dem,,CONJ 3PL,,Own knowledge,,3435, +7-65,7,Rhoda dem,Rhoda\tdem,rhoda\t3PL,Rhoda and those associated with her OR: Rhoda and company,,,1244[183],,naturalistic spoken,Rhoda dem,,rhoda 3PL,,,,3436, +8-36,8,Ruoz-dem tel im se a Klaris mash di pat.,Ruoz-dem\ttel\tim\tse\ta\tKlaris\tmash\tdi\tpat.,Rose-PL\ttell\t3SG\tCOMP\tFOC\tClaris\tsmash\tDET\tpot,Rose and the others told her that it was Claris [who] broke the pot.,,,66[111],,naturalistic spoken,Ruoz-dem tel im se a Klaris mash di pat.,,Rose-PL tell 3SG COMP FOC Claris smash DET pot,,,,3437, +8-37,8,Ruoz tel im se a Klaris mash di pat-dem.,Ruoz\ttel\tim\tse\ta\tKlaris\tmash\tdi\tpat-dem.,Rose\ttell\t3SG\tCOMP\tFOC\tClaris\tsmash\tDET\tpot-PL,Rose told her that it was Claris [who] broke the pots.,,This is an additive plural example for comparison.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ruoz tel im se a Klaris mash di pat-dem.,,Rose tell 3SG COMP FOC Claris smash DET pot-PL,This is an additive plural example for comparison.,Own knowledge,,3438, +10-46,10,Miss Aurora dem,Miss\tAurora\tdem,Miss\tAurora\tPL,Miss Aurora and her folks/family/(friends),,This specific example was recorded in Providence.,113[31],,naturalistic spoken,Miss Aurora dem,,Miss Aurora PL,This specific example was recorded in Providence.,,,3439, +10-47,10,Mak dem,Mak\tdem,Mac\tPL,Mac’s friends/family/team,,I assume the example is naturalistic and not elicited.,243[83],,naturalistic spoken,Mak dem,,Mac PL,I assume the example is naturalistic and not elicited.,,,3440, +10-48,10,Alma dem,Alma\tdem,Alma\tPL,Alma and her folks/friends,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Alma dem,,Alma PL,,Field notes 2008,,3441, +10-49,10,di piknini dem,di\tpiknini\tdem,ART.DEF\tchild\tPL,the children,,,,,constructed by linguist,di piknini dem,,ART.DEF child PL,,Own knowledge,,3442, +11-51,11,miz byuula-dem,miz\tbyuula-dem,Miss\tBeulah-PL,Miss Beulah and her friends (or family),,,636[278],,naturalistic spoken,miz byuula-dem,,Miss Beulah-PL,,,,3443, +11-52,11,mai piknini dem,mai\tpiknini\tdem,1SG.POSS\tchild\tPL,my children,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,mai piknini dem,,1SG.POSS child PL,,,,3444, +11-53,11,Mary dem,Mary\tdem,Mary\tPL,Mary and her family/folks/friends,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mary dem,,Mary PL,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,3445, +11-54,11,Aktuali di Heman dem iin di seem spat we dei begin so moch iaz ago.,Aktuali\tdi\tHeman\tdem\tiin\tdi\tseem\tspat\twe\tdei\tbegin\tso\tmoch\tia-z\tago.,actually\tART.DEF\tHeman\tPL\tin\tART.DEF\tsame\tspot\tREL.LOC\t3PL\tbegin\tso\tmuch\tyear-PL\tago,"At present, the Heman family finds itself in the very place from which they set out so many years ago.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Aktuali di Heman dem iin di seem spat we dei begin so moch iaz ago.,Aktuali di Heman dem iin di seem spat we dei begin so moch ia-z ago.,actually ART.DEF Heman PL in ART.DEF same spot REL.LOC 3PL begin so much year-PL ago,,,,3446, +12-45,12,B’Booky them having hard times.,B’Booky\tthem\thav-ing\thard\ttime-s.,B'Booky\tASS\thave-PROG\thard\ttime-PL,B’Booky and his family/friends/associates were having hard times.,,,316[61],,naturalistic spoken,"B’Booky them having hard times.","B’Booky them hav-ing hard time-s.",B'Booky ASS have-PROG hard time-PL,,,,3447, +12-46,12,"And like - when - when my aunt and them was on the Island, and she say the people dress the snake and put the bowtie 'round the snake and send the snake to her - and when she woke up in there hear the snake coming down in her house, right down for her, and all she do - when she whoof her hand like that, she grab that snake, and she tie him up and leave him there until in the morning.",[...]\twhen\tmy\taunt\tand\tthem\t[...],[...]\twhen\t1SG.POSS.DET\taunt\tand\tASS\t[...],[...] when my aunt and her family/friends/associates [were still living on the [Out] Island...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And like - when - when my aunt and them was on the Island, and she say the people dress the snake and put the bowtie 'round the snake and send the snake to her - and when she woke up in there hear the snake coming down in her house, right down for her, and all she do - when she whoof her hand like that, she grab that snake, and she tie him up and leave him there until in the morning.","[...] when my aunt and them [...]",[...] when 1SG.POSS.DET aunt and ASS [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3448, +12-47,12,Christine and those left already?,Christine\tand\tthose\tleft\talready?,Christine\tand\tASS\tleft\talready,Christine and her friends left already?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Christine and those left already?",,Christine and ASS left already,,Own field notes,,3449, +12-48,12,"Your little friend came by today axing me, Stephanie and those here?",[...]\tStephanie\tand\tthose\there,[...]\tStephanie\tand\tASS\there,[...] Are Stephanie and her friends here?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Your little friend came by today axing me, Stephanie and those here?","[...] Stephanie and those here",[...] Stephanie and ASS here,,Own field notes,,3450, +13-42,13,Paul dem lef Paphos.,Paul\tdem\tlef\tPaphos.,Paul\tASS\tleft\tPaphos,Paul and his company left Paphos. (Acts 13.13),,,357[446],,bible translation,Paul dem lef Paphos.,,Paul ASS left Paphos,,,,3451, +14-31,14,Felicia nem done gone.,Felicia\tnem\tdone\tgone.,Felicia\tASS\tCOMPL\tgo.PST,Felicia and her friends/family/associates have gone already.,,"It is not clear whether the associative marker occurs in all 'regional' varieties of African American English, or whether it is limited to southern varieties of African American English.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Felicia nem done gone.,,Felicia ASS COMPL go.PST,"It is not clear whether the associative marker occurs in all 'regional' varieties of African American English, or whether it is limited to southern varieties of African American English.","Salikoko Mufwene, p.c. (1998)",,3452, +14-32,14,The Lees left.,The\tLees\tleft.,the\tLees\tleft,The Lees (group) left.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,The Lees left.,,the Lees left,,Own knowledge,,3453, +16-38,16,bobo dèms,bobo\tdèms,Bobo\tASS.PL,Bobo and his peers,,"This appears to be very marginal and may be unacceptable to many speakers. Note also that the associative marker elsewhere in West African Pidgin Englishes is dem, whereas in this example the nominal plural -s is suffixed to it.",656[206],,naturalistic spoken,bobo dèms,,Bobo ASS.PL,"This appears to be very marginal and may be unacceptable to many speakers. Note also that the associative marker elsewhere in West African Pidgin Englishes is dem, whereas in this example the nominal plural -s is suffixed to it.",,,3454, +17-35,17,Chidi dè̱m gò go Òpóbo.,Chidi\tdè̱m\tgò\tgo\tÒpóbo.,Chidi\t3PL\tIRR\tgo\tOpobo,Chidi and his people will go to Opobo.,,,462[179],,naturalistic spoken,Chidi dè̱m gò go Òpóbo.,,Chidi 3PL IRR go Opobo,,,,3455, +18-37,18,Eric dem go fo Yaounde.,Eric\tdem\tgo\tfo\tYaounde.,Eric\tPL\tgo\tfor\tYaounde,Eric and his family/his people went to Yaounde.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Eric dem go fo Yaounde.,,Eric PL go for Yaounde,,,,3456, +18-38,18,Cat dem di miau.,Ket\tdem\tdi\tmiau.,cat\tPL\tIPFV\tmeow,Cats meow.,,This is sentence 73 on the Dahl (1989) questionnaire.,1344,,elicited from speaker,Cat dem di miau.,Ket dem di miau.,cat PL IPFV meow,This is sentence 73 on the Dahl (1989) questionnaire.,,,3457, +19-41,19,À dɔn explica Boye dɛ̀n se [...].,À\tdɔn\texplica\tBoye\tdɛ̀n\tse\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\tPRF\texplain\tBoye\tPL\tQUOT\t[...],I have explained to Boye and the others that [...].,,,1634[166],,naturalistic spoken,"À dɔn explica Boye dɛ̀n se [...].",,1SG.SBJ PRF explain Boye PL QUOT [...],,,,3458, +19-42,19,Dì klos dɛ̀n dɔn dray.,Dì\tklos\tdɛ̀n\tdɔn\tdray.,DEF\tclothes\tPL\tPRF\tbe.dry,The clothes have dried.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dì klos dɛ̀n dɔn dray.",,DEF clothes PL PRF be.dry,,Field data,,3459, +21-31,21,Fatima and her friends,Fatima\tand\ther\tfriend-s,Fatima\tand\t3SG.POSS\tfriend-PL,Fatima and her friends,,,,,constructed by linguist,Fatima and her friends,Fatima and her friend-s,Fatima and 3SG.POSS friend-PL,,Own knowledge,,3460, +21-32,21,papers,paper-s,paper-PL,papers,,,,,constructed by linguist,papers,paper-s,paper-PL,,Own knowledge,,3461, +22-48,22,Mi lukim Pius ol.,Mi\tluk-im\tPius\tol.,1SG\tsee-TR\tPius\t3PL,I saw Pius and them.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mi lukim Pius ol.,Mi luk-im Pius ol.,1SG see-TR Pius 3PL,,Own knowledge,,3462, +22-49,22,Sandy ol laik go long fil na plei volibol.,Sandy\tol\tlaik\tgo\tlong\tfil\tna\tplei\tvolibol.,Sandy\tPL\twant\tgo\tPREP\tfield\tand\tplay\tvolleyball,Sandy and the others want to go to the field and play volleyball.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Sandy ol laik go long fil na plei volibol.,,Sandy PL want go PREP field and play volleyball,,,,3463, +23-51,23,hem i stap wetem Sale olgeta,hem\ti\tstap\twetem\tSale\tolgeta,3SG\tAGR\tstay\twith\tSale\t3PL,He's staying with Sale and his family.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,hem i stap wetem Sale olgeta,,3SG AGR stay with Sale 3PL,,,,3464, +23-52,23,mifala i stap wetem olfala olgeta,mifala\ti\tstap\twetem\tolfala\tolgeta,1PL.INCL\tAGR\tstay\twith\told.one\t3PL,We were standing with all the old guys.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,mifala i stap wetem olfala olgeta,,1PL.INCL AGR stay with old.one 3PL,,,,3465, +24-55,24,John en dem,John\ten\tdem,John\tand\t3PL,John and his mates,,,,,naturalistic spoken,John en dem,,John and 3PL,,Own fieldwork,,3466, +25-150,25,"Thei ken thil faindim yuno, Helenmob hiya la hil.","Thei\tken\tthil\tfaind-im\tyuno,\tHelen-mob\thiya\tla\thil.",3PL\tcan\tstill\tfind-TR\tyou.know\tHelen-COLL\there\tLOC\thill,"They can still find them, you know, Helen and her people, here in the hill. (Referring to echidna, hunted for its meat in the past.)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the associative plural marker with a proper name (the name has been changed to preserve anonymity).",,,naturalistic spoken,"Thei ken thil faindim yuno, Helenmob hiya la hil.","Thei ken thil faind-im yuno, Helen-mob hiya la hil.",3PL can still find-TR you.know Helen-COLL here LOC hill,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the associative plural marker with a proper name (the name has been changed to preserve anonymity).",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3467, +25-151,25,"Ol yu Kananaramob, fo [...] Bredja said","Ol\tyu\tKananara-mob,\tfo\t[...]\tBredja\tsaid",all\t2SG\tKununurra-COLL\tfor\t[...]\tBradshaw\tside,"all you people from Kununurra, [traditional owners] for the Bradshaw country",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the associative plural marker -mob.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Ol yu Kananaramob, fo [...] Bredja said","Ol yu Kananara-mob, fo [...] Bredja said",all 2SG Kununurra-COLL for [...] Bradshaw side,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the associative plural marker -mob.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3468, +25-152,25,Lenkanjilmob thei jabi.,Len-kanjil-mob\tthei\tjabi.,land-council-COLL\t3PL\tknow,The land council people know (about this).,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation.",,,naturalistic spoken,Lenkanjilmob thei jabi.,Len-kanjil-mob thei jabi.,land-council-COLL 3PL know,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3469, +25-153,25,Les kripap la Sherinmob.,Les\tkrip-ap\tla\tSherin-mob.,let's\tcreep-up\tLOC\tSharon-COLL,Let's creep up on Sharon and her friends.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the associative plural function of the collective suffix -mob.,659[60],,naturalistic spoken,Les kripap la Sherinmob.,Les krip-ap la Sherin-mob.,let's creep-up LOC Sharon-COLL,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the associative plural function of the collective suffix -mob.",,,3470, +26-33,26,maɪ fadɛ dɛm justu go [...] sɛʔ [...] tə˞donɛʔ,maɪ\tfadɛ\tdɛm\tjustu\tgo\t[...]\tsɛʔ\t[...]\ttə˞donɛʔ,1SG.POSS\tfather\tASS\tPST.HAB\tACT\t[...]\tset\t[...]\tturtle.net,My father and his friends / those associated with him used to set turtle nets.,,"HAB = habitual +ACT = action marker",1545[61],,naturalistic spoken,"maɪ fadɛ dɛm justu go [...] sɛʔ [...] tə˞donɛʔ",,1SG.POSS father ASS PST.HAB ACT [...] set [...] turtle.net,"HAB = habitual +ACT = action marker",,,3471, +27-28,27,"Hem seg, Meester sender sa wees welkom.","Hem\tseg,\tMeester\tsender\tsa\twees\twelkom.",3SG\tsay\tMaster\t3PL\twill\tbe\twelcome,He says that Master and his brother will be welcome.,,This is an example sentence from the grammar of Magens (1770: 63).,375[41],,naturalistic spoken,"Hem seg, Meester sender sa wees welkom.",,3SG say Master 3PL will be welcome,This is an example sentence from the grammar of Magens (1770: 63).,,,3472,Dutch: Hij zegt dat Meester en zijn broer welkom zullen zijn. +27-29,27,Mie ha seg na die Neeger sender: [...].,Mie\tha\tseg\tna\tdie\tNeeger\tsender:\t[...].,1SG\tPST\tsay\tLOC\tDET\tblack\t3PL\t[...],I told the blacks: [...].,,"This sentence is from 18th-century Negerhollands, while the rest of the database focuses on 20th-century Negerhollands. This is done to match the variety of the language of Example 28, to show that the word sender [3PL] can indeed be used as an associative and an additive plural in 18th-century Negerhollands. Sender corresponds with the words sini/sinu/senr etc. in 20th-century Negerhollands.",872[18],,unspecified,Mie ha seg na die Neeger sender: [...].,,1SG PST say LOC DET black 3PL [...],"This sentence is from 18th-century Negerhollands, while the rest of the database focuses on 20th-century Negerhollands. This is done to match the variety of the language of Example 28, to show that the word sender [3PL] can indeed be used as an associative and an additive plural in 18th-century Negerhollands. Sender corresponds with the words sini/sinu/senr etc. in 20th-century Negerhollands.",,,3473, +28-51,28,"ɛkɛ wa stupa so, krɛkɛ ben, ofru hildapo","ɛkɛ\twa\tstupu-a\tso,\tkrɛkɛ\tben,\tofru\thilda-apu",1SG\tPST\tstop-IPFV\tso\tcreek\tinside\tover\tHilda-PL,"I was living over there, in the creek, on the other side of Hilda and her family.",,,737[239],,naturalistic spoken,"ɛkɛ wa stupa so, krɛkɛ ben, ofru hildapo","ɛkɛ wa stupu-a so, krɛkɛ ben, ofru hilda-apu",1SG PST stop-IPFV so creek inside over Hilda-PL,,,,3474, +28-52,28,[...] titi o gruja mɛtɛ di tantijapo,[...]\ttiti\to\tgrui-a\tmɛtɛ\tdi\ttanti-apu,[...]\twhen\t3SG\tgrow-IPFV\twith\tthe\taunt-PL,[...] when she was growing up with her aunt and family.,,,737[239],,naturalistic spoken,[...] titi o gruja mɛtɛ di tantijapo,[...] titi o grui-a mɛtɛ di tanti-apu,[...] when 3SG grow-IPFV with the aunt-PL,,,,3475, +29-35,29,"Pa-hulle, Jan en Piet-hulle","Pa-hulle,\tJan\ten\tPiet-hulle",Dad-3PL\tJohn\tand\tPete-3PL,"Dad and one or more others, John and Pete and zero or more others",,"This structure is very common in the spoken language, but will only feature in informal written texts.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Pa-hulle, Jan en Piet-hulle",,Dad-3PL John and Pete-3PL,"This structure is very common in the spoken language, but will only feature in informal written texts.",Own knowledge,,3476, +31-57,31,Nu ta ben ku familia txeu.,Nu\tta\tben\tku\tfamilia\ttxeu.,we\tASP\tcome\twith\tfamily\ta.lot,We come here with a lot of relatives.,,There is no associative plural. The language just uses collective nouns like familia for such purposes.,689,,naturalistic spoken,Nu ta ben ku familia txeu.,,we ASP come with family a.lot,"There is no associative plural. The language just uses collective nouns like familia for such purposes.",,,3477, +31-58,31,Bo ku bu familia pode ben nos kaza na kualker ora.,Bo\tku\tbu\tfamilia\tpode\tben\tnos\tkaza\tna\tkualker\tora.,you\twith\tyour\tfamily\tcan\tcome\tour\thouse\tat\tany\ttime,You and your loved ones can come to our house any time.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Bo ku bu familia pode ben nos kaza na kualker ora.,,you with your family can come our house at any time,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,3478, +33-51,33,ba Djon,ba\tDjon,ASS\tJohn,John and his associates,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ba Djon,,ASS John,,Own knowledge,,3479,Portuguese: o João e os seus +34-37,34,Pidru - ba Pidru-s,Pidru\t-\tba\tPidru-s,Peter\t-\tASS\tPeter-PL,Peter - Peter and his friends,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Pidru - ba Pidru-s",,Peter - ASS Peter-PL,,Own knowledge,,3480, +35-51,35,inen Zon,inen\tZon,PL.DEF\tZon,Zon and his family/friends/relatives/children,,,,,elicited from speaker,inen Zon,,PL.DEF Zon,,Own data,,3481, +35-52,35,inen ke mu,inen\tke\tmu,PL.DEF\thouse\t1SG.POSS,"close friends, family (lit. those at my place)",,,,,naturalistic spoken,inen ke mu,,PL.DEF house 1SG.POSS,,Own data,,3482, +35-53,35,inen ngê se,inen\tngê\tse,PL\tperson\tDEM,the people in question,,,,,constructed by linguist,inen ngê se,,PL person DEM,,Own knowledge,,3483, +35-54,35,inen livlu se,inen\tlivlu\tse,PL\tbook\tDEM,the books in question,,,,,constructed by linguist,inen livlu se,,PL book DEM,,Own knowledge,,3484, +36-33,36,Ane Peru thêka vitxa potho.,Ane\tPeru\tthêka\tvitxa\tpotho.,PL\tPeter\tPROG\tarrive\ttown,Peter and his friends are arriving in town.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ane Peru thêka vitxa potho.",,PL Peter PROG arrive town,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,3485, +37-38,37,Ine Pedu vika.,Ine\tPedu\tvika.,PL\tPedu\tcome,Pedu and his family / his friends came.,,,905[33],,elicited from speaker,"Ine Pedu vika.",,PL Pedu come,,,,3486, +39-55,39,"Asĩ kwɔn vẽy mĩ nitiŋ tud, nɔs fal ikəl mem ẽ kaz purtəgez kom nɔs fal tud di.","Asĩ\tkwɔn\tvẽy\tmĩ\tnitiŋ\ttud,\tnɔs\tfal\tikəl\tmem\tẽ\tkaz\tpurtəgez\tkom\tnɔs\tfal\ttud\tdi.",so\twhen\tcome.NPST\tmy\tgrandchild\tSIML\t1PL\tspeak.NPST\tDEM\tEMPH\tin\thouse\tPortuguese\tlike\t1PL\tspeak.NPST\tall\tday,"So, when my grandchildren and so come, we speak Portuguese at home like we do every day.",,"The similative/associative plural (SIML) involves the same marker of additive plurality, viz. tud (also a universal quantifier), although in a different position relative to the head noun. Whereas tud precedes the head noun in plural reference, it occurs immediately after the noun in a similative/associative plural.",221[176-7],,naturalistic spoken,"Asĩ kwɔn vẽy mĩ nitiŋ tud, nɔs fal ikəl mem ẽ kaz purtəgez kom nɔs fal tud di.",,so when come.NPST my grandchild SIML 1PL speak.NPST DEM EMPH in house Portuguese like 1PL speak.NPST all day,"The similative/associative plural (SIML) involves the same marker of additive plurality, viz. tud (also a universal quantifier), although in a different position relative to the head noun. Whereas tud precedes the head noun in plural reference, it occurs immediately after the noun in a similative/associative plural.",,,3487, +39-56,39,"El tiŋ vay nə ũ jungle pu traze koys, aroz tud.","El\tt-iŋ\tvay\tnə\tũ\t\tpu\ttraz-e\tkoys,\taroz\ttud.",3SG\tIPFV-PST\tgo.INF\tLOC\tone\tjungle\tPURP\tbring-INF\tthing\trice\tSIML,"He went into a jungle to bring some things, rice and all that.",,"The similative/associative plural involves the same marker of additive plurality, viz. tud (also a universal quantifier), although in a different position relative to the head noun. Whereas tud precedes the head noun in plural reference, it occurs immediately after the noun in a similative/associative plural. +Jungle is taken from English.",221[176],,naturalistic spoken,"El tiŋ vay nə ũ jungle pu traze koys, aroz tud.","El t-iŋ vay nə ũ <jungle> pu traz-e koys, aroz tud.",3SG IPFV-PST go.INF LOC one jungle PURP bring-INF thing rice SIML,"The similative/associative plural involves the same marker of additive plurality, viz. tud (also a universal quantifier), although in a different position relative to the head noun. Whereas tud precedes the head noun in plural reference, it occurs immediately after the noun in a similative/associative plural. +Jungle is taken from English.",,,3488, +40-159,40,Teru korp bi-p lawo,Teru\tkorp\tbi-p\tlawo,Teru\tbody\tASS-body\twashed,Teru took a bath. (lit. Teru washed body and so forth),,,,,constructed by linguist,Teru korp bi-p lawo,,Teru body ASS-body washed,,Own knowledge,,3489, +41-50,41,rɔnal etus,rɔnal\tetus,Ronald\t3PL.HON,Ronald and them.,,"There is no attestation of this construction, but it is expected on the basis of similar constructions in the local languages, in which the 3PL pronoun is used as an associative plural marker.",1435,,constructed by linguist,rɔnal etus,,Ronald 3PL.HON,"There is no attestation of this construction, but it is expected on the basis of similar constructions in the local languages, in which the 3PL pronoun is used as an associative plural marker.",,,3490,Tamil: rɔnal avanga; Sri Lanka Malay: rɔnal derang +44-48,44,el grupo de Nyor Berto,el\tgrupo\tde\tNyor\tBerto,DEF\tgroup\tof\tmister\tBerto,Berto and his group,,,1064[46],,naturalistic written,el grupo de Nyor Berto,,DEF group of mister Berto,,,,3491, +45-39,45,el mga cortina,el\tmga\tcortina,DEF\tPL\tcurtain,the curtains,,,426[32],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,el mga cortina,,DEF PL curtain,,,,3492, +45-41,45,Ya mira sana Maria con Pedro.,Ya\tmira\tsana\tMaria\tcon\tPedro.,PFV\tsee\tSBJ.PL\tMaria\tOBJ\tPedro,Maria (and company) saw Pedro.,,,1071[408],,written,"Ya mira sana Maria con Pedro.",,PFV see SBJ.PL Maria OBJ Pedro,,,,3493, +46-56,46,Kandá Toots ya-bené na hotel.,Kandá\tToots\tya-bené\tna\thotel.,PL\tToots\tPFV-come\tLOC\thotel,Toots and some friends came to the hotel.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kandá Toots ya-bené na hotel.,,PL Toots PFV-come LOC hotel,,Own knowledge,,3494, +47-51,47,Elviranan.,Elvira\tnan,Elvira\tPL,Elvira and her family,,,755[223],,naturalistic written,Elviranan.,Elvira nan,Elvira PL,,,,3495, +49-61,49,Jak yo,Jak\tyo,Jacques\tDEF.3PL,Jacques and his family OR: Jacques and his family and friends,,,473[837],,naturalistic spoken,Jak yo,,Jacques DEF.3PL,,,,3496,French: Jacques et sa famille OR: Jacques et les siens OR: Les Jacques +50-41,50,Jéra é zanmi a'y,Jéra\té\tzanmi\ta'y,Gérard\tand\tfriend\tPREP.3SG,Gérard and his friends,,,,,constructed by linguist,Jéra é zanmi a'y,,Gérard and friend PREP.3SG,,Own knowledge,,3497, +51-41,51,Jéra ek zanmi'y,Jéra\tek\tzanmi'y,Gerard\tand\tfriend.3SG,Gerard and his friends,,,,,constructed by linguist,Jéra ek zanmi'y,,Gerard and friend.3SG,,Own knowledge,,3498, +52-128,52,Joseph-ya,Joseph-ya,Joseph-PL,"Joseph and associates (family, friends)",,,,,unspecified,Joseph-ya,,Joseph-PL,,,,3499, +53-89,53,Sa se pou Velma-ye.,Sa\tse\tpou\tVelma-ye.,DEM\tCOP\tfor\tVelma-PL,This belongs to Velma and her family.,,,1048[117],,elicited from speaker,Sa se pou Velma-ye.,,DEM COP for Velma-PL,,,,3500, +53-90,53,Doktoer Graillant sa se te doktoer a mom-ye.,Doktoer\tGraillant\tsa\tse\tte\tdoktoer\ta\tmom-ye.,doctor\tGraillant\tDEM\tCOP\tPST\tdoctor\tof\tmother-PL,Doctor Graillant was the doctor of my mother and her family.,,,1048[117],,naturalistic spoken,Doktoer Graillant sa se te doktoer a mom-ye.,,doctor Graillant DEM COP PST doctor of mother-PL,,,,3501, +54-51,54,bann marmay,bann\tmarmay,PL\tchild,children,,,214[391],,naturalistic spoken,bann marmay,,PL child,,,,3502,French: les enfants +54-52,54,bann Linéda,bann\tLineda,PL\tLineda,Lineda and her family,,No example was found in the corpus Barat et al. (1977).,1440[57],,constructed by linguist,bann Linéda,bann Lineda,PL Lineda,No example was found in the corpus Barat et al. (1977).,,,3503,French: Linéda et les siens +55-44,55,ban Abdula res prekot nu,ban\tAbdula\tres\tprekot\tnu,PL\tAbdullah\tlive\tnear\t1PL,The Abdullahs live near us.,,,76[78],,naturalistic spoken,ban Abdula res prekot nu,,PL Abdullah live near 1PL,,,,3504, +55-45,55,ban zaṅfaṅ la fer tapaz,ban\tzaṅfaṅ\tla\tfer\ttapaz,PL\tchild\tDEF\tmake\tnoise,The children are making a noise.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ban zaṅfaṅ la fer tapaz,,PL child DEF make noise,,Own knowledge,,3505, +56-58,56,Bann danm i reponn.,Bann\tdanm\ti\treponn.,PL\twoman\tPM\tanswer,The women answered.,,Bann is the optional plural marker.,955[182],,naturalistic spoken,Bann danm i reponn.,,PL woman PM answer,"Bann is the optional plural marker.",,,3506, +56-59,56,bann Pyer,bann\tPyer,ASS\tPyer,Pyer and company,,The associative marker bann is the same as the normal additive plural marker bann.,,,constructed by native speaker,bann Pyer,,ASS Pyer,"The associative marker bann is the same as the normal additive plural marker bann.",Own knowledge,,3507, +58-30,58,ba-Petelo/Pierre,ba-Petelo/Pierre,2-Petelo/Pierre,Peter/Pierre/Petelo and his associates/family/the other members of his group,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ba-Petelo/Pierre,,2-Petelo/Pierre,,Own knowledge,,3508, +58-31,58,"mu-ntu, ba-ntu, nkento, ba-nkento","mu-ntu,\tba-ntu;\t∅-nkento,\tba-nkento",SG1-person\tPL2-person\tSG1a-woman\tPL-woman,"person, persons; woman, women",,The number in the gloss identifies the noun class. SG and PL are assigned to different formal classes.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mu-ntu, ba-ntu, nkento, ba-nkento","mu-ntu, ba-ntu; ∅-nkento, ba-nkento",SG1-person PL2-person SG1a-woman PL-woman,The number in the gloss identifies the noun class. SG and PL are assigned to different formal classes.,Own knowledge,,3509, +59-88,59,a-Ngunzapa aeke ga na ala ka,a-Ngunzapa\ta-eke\tga\tna\tala\tka,PL-Ngunzapa\tPM-COP\tcome\tPREP\t3PL\tthere,Ngunzapa and the others are coming over there.,,"Perhaps one could also say Ngunzapa aeke ga na ala ka and a-Ngunzapa aeke ga ka because there seems to be redundancy in the cited example, but perhaps redundancy is required.",1320,,naturalistic spoken,a-Ngunzapa aeke ga na ala ka,a-Ngunzapa a-eke ga na ala ka,PL-Ngunzapa PM-COP come PREP 3PL there,"Perhaps one could also say Ngunzapa aeke ga na ala ka and a-Ngunzapa aeke ga ka because there seems to be redundancy in the cited example, but perhaps redundancy is required.",,,3510, +59-89,59,"mo ke wara atagba, adole, anyen'","mo\tke\twara\ta-tagba,\ta-dole,\ta-nyen'",2SG\tCOP\tfind\tPL-cob.antelope\tPL-elephant\tPL-what,"You'll find [in that place] cob antelopes, elephants, whatever.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo ke wara atagba, adole, anyen'","mo ke wara a-tagba, a-dole, a-nyen'",2SG COP find PL-cob.antelope PL-elephant PL-what,,Own knowledge,,3511, +60-35,60,bato,ba-to,CLF.PL-person,persons,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,bato,ba-to,CLF.PL-person,,,,3512, +60-36,60,baSolange,ba-Solange,CLF.PL-Solange,Solange and her friends,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,baSolange,ba-Solange,CLF.PL-Solange,,,,3513, +62-22,62,vakína túri,va-akina\tturi,2-folk\tTuri,"Turi-folk, Turi and his people",,The term /akina/ is used in this function in Swahili. This could be Swahili influence but in Swahili it does not take a noun prefix. Both the mixed and the 'normal' Mbugu language use /vakína/ in this function.,,,elicited from speaker,vakína túri,va-akina turi,2-folk Turi,The term /akina/ is used in this function in Swahili. This could be Swahili influence but in Swahili it does not take a noun prefix. Both the mixed and the 'normal' Mbugu language use /vakína/ in this function.,Own field data 1993,,3514, +66-31,66,Miflal-derang pasar na blakang ka a-mainðuðuk ambε aðuuðung.,Miflal-derang\tpasar-na\tblakang\tka\ta-main-ðuuðuk\tambε\ta-ðuuðung.,Miflal-ASS\tshop-DAT\tback\tin\tPRS-play-PROG\tCOMP\tPRS-AUX,Miflal and his friends are playing behind the shop.,,This is a constructed example in the Kirinda dialect (verified locally with native speakers).,,,elicited from speaker,Miflal-derang pasar na blakang ka a-mainðuðuk ambε aðuuðung.,Miflal-derang pasar-na blakang ka a-main-ðuuðuk ambε a-ðuuðung.,Miflal-ASS shop-DAT back in PRS-play-PROG COMP PRS-AUX,This is a constructed example in the Kirinda dialect (verified locally with native speakers).,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,3515, +68-38,68,Anis dong,Anis\tdong,Anis\t3PL,Anis and his friends,,,1528[169],,elicited from speaker,Anis dong,,Anis 3PL,,,,3516, +68-39,68,gunung gunung,gunung~gunung,PL~mountain,mountains,,,1178[635],,naturalistic spoken,gunung gunung,gunung~gunung,PL~mountain,,,,3517, +71-47,71,Nuinui pilikia mi ame mama ma.,Nuinui\tpilikia\tmi\tame\tmama\tma.,plenty.of\ttrouble\t1SG\tand\tmother\tASS,"There will be a lot of trouble for me, my mother, and her friends.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Nuinui pilikia mi ame mama ma.",,plenty.of trouble 1SG and mother ASS,,Own data 1892,,3518, +71-48,71,Mahope owau hele ninau kela poe pake [...].,Mahope\towau\thele\tninau\tkela\tpoe\tpake\t[...].,later\t1SG\tgo\task\tDET\tpeople\tChinese\t[...],Then I asked the Chinese men [...].,,,,,naturalistic written,"Mahope owau hele ninau kela poe pake [...].",,later 1SG go ask DET people Chinese [...],,own data 1890,,3519, +72-42,72,Ngapulupurrupurru wayi?,Ngapulu-purrupurru\twayi?,milk-ASS.PL\tTAG,You mean milk and the like (other things that go with tea)?,,-purrupurru is an associative plural marker derived from Gurindji. It seems to be found marking inanimates.,920[388],,naturalistic spoken,Ngapulupurrupurru wayi?,"Ngapulu-purrupurru wayi?",milk-ASS.PL TAG,"-purrupurru is an associative plural marker derived from Gurindji. It seems to be found marking inanimates.",,,3520, +72-43,72,Weya ngakparnnyarrara nyilarra.,Weya\tngakparn-nyarrara\tnyila-rra.,where\tfrog-ASS.PL\tthat-PAUC,Where's the toy frogs and other animals?,,"-nyarrara is derived from Gurindji. It is equivalent to -purrupurru, but it seems to be only found marking animates.",920[388],,naturalistic spoken,Weya ngakparnnyarrara nyilarra.,"Weya ngakparn-nyarrara nyila-rra.",where frog-ASS.PL that-PAUC,"-nyarrara is derived from Gurindji. It is equivalent to -purrupurru, but it seems to be only found marking animates.",,,3521, +72-44,72,Yu kan luk ola ting tanyan an luwarranganyjuk.,Yu\tkan\tluk\tola\tting\ttanyan\tan\tluwarra-nganyjuk.,2SG\tcan\tsee\tall\tthing\tfish.species\tand\trifle.fish-ASS.PL,You can see all of the tanyan and a group of rifle fish.,,-nganyjuk is also derived from Gurindji and seems to be similar to -nyarrara.,920[388],,naturalistic spoken,Yu kan luk ola ting tanyan an luwarranganyjuk.,Yu kan luk ola ting tanyan an luwarra-nganyjuk.,2SG can see all thing fish.species and rifle.fish-ASS.PL,"-nganyjuk is also derived from Gurindji and seems to be similar to -nyarrara.",,,3522, +72-45,72,Dei bin gu tarukap na KA-mob-ma.,Dei\tbin\tgu\ttarukap\tna\tKA-mob-ma.,3PL.SBJ\tPST\tgo\tbathe\tSEQ\tNAME-ASS.PL-TOP,"They went swimming then, KA and her friends.",,"-mob is an associative plural marker derived from Kriol. It is used to mark people and their associated, e.g. family and friends.",920[388],,naturalistic spoken,Dei bin gu tarukap na KA-mob-ma.,,3PL.SBJ PST go bathe SEQ NAME-ASS.PL-TOP,"-mob is an associative plural marker derived from Kriol. It is used to mark people and their associated, e.g. family and friends.",,,3523, +72-46,72,Nyawa Beckykuwangtu tubala gedim biskit yet.,Nyawa\tBecky-kuwang-tu\ttubala\tged-im\tbiskit\tyet.,this\tBecky-DU-ERG\t3DU.SBJ\tget-TR\tbiscuit\tstill,This Becky and her mate are still getting some biscuits.,,,400,9b433ca4d84df5243b3c46b75dd9077c,naturalistic spoken,Nyawa Beckykuwangtu tubala gedim biskit yet.,Nyawa Becky-kuwang-tu tubala ged-im biskit yet.,this Becky-DU-ERG 3DU.SBJ get-TR biscuit still,,,,3524, +1-76,1,"Morro ju gi dem, morro dem haksi.","Moro\tyu\tgi\tden,\tmoro\tden\taksi.",more\t2SG\tgi\t3PL\tmore\t3PL\task,"The more you give them, the more they request.",,Here the 3PL pronoun dem appears once as subject and once as object.,1357[115],,written (dictionary),"Morro ju gi dem, morro dem haksi.","Moro yu gi den, moro den aksi.",more 2SG gi 3PL more 3PL ask,"Here the 3PL pronoun dem appears once as subject and once as object.",,,3525,"German: Je mehr du ihnen gibst, desto mehr fordern sie. [op.cit.]" +2-57,2,Den meki tumsi opo-opo.,Den\tmeki\ttumsi\topo-opo.,3PL\tmake\texcessive\traise-raise,They made a big fuss.,,,1587[112],,unknown,"Den meki tumsi opo-opo.",,3PL make excessive raise-raise,,,,3526, +3-28,3,De si hen.,De\tsi\then.,3PL\tsee\t3SG,They saw it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"De si hen.",,3PL see 3SG,,Fieldwork data,,3527, +4-37,4,Den seni wan moni komoto a neidelati gi mi.,Den\tseni\twan\tmoni\tkomoto\ta\tneidelati\tgi\tmi.,they\tsend\tone\tmoney\tcoming.from\tLOC\tNetherlands\tgive\tme,They send some money to me from the Netherlands.,,,284,,naturalistic spoken,"Den seni wan moni komoto a neidelati gi mi.",,they send one money coming.from LOC Netherlands give me,,,,3528, +4-38,4,"Den mama, den e poli den pikin.","Den\tmama,\tden\te\tpoli\tden\tpikin.",DET.PL\tmother\tthey\tIPFV\tspoil\tDET.PL\tchild,The mothers are spoiling the children.,,,279,,naturalistic spoken,"Den mama, den e poli den pikin.",,DET.PL mother they IPFV spoil DET.PL child,,,,3529, +5-44,5,som a dem mait kom waan mek - kom in yu shap,som a dem mait kom waan mek - kom in yu shap,some of 3PL might come want make   come in your shop,Some of them want to make - come in your shop. OR: Some of them might want to come and make - come into your shop.,,,1281[180 (line 728)],,naturalistic spoken,"som a dem mait kom waan mek - kom in yu shap",,some of 3PL might come want make come in your shop,,,,3530, +6-28,6,"(1) Santa, yu see yu an dem chupid Reindeer an dem, allyuh better tink twice bout landing on my house next year. (2) Dem say di gal tu fast.",[...]\tReindeer\tan\tdem\t[...].\tDem\tsay\t[...],[...]\tReindeer\tCONJ\t3PL\t[...]\t3PL\tsay\t[...],"(1) Santa, you see you and these stupid Reindeers, you better think twice about landing on my house next year. (2) They say that the girl is too fast.",,The nominal plural marker is an dem (dem = 3rd person plural pronoun).,,,naturalistic written,"(1) Santa, yu see yu an dem chupid Reindeer an dem, allyuh better tink twice bout landing on my house next year. (2) Dem say di gal tu fast.",[...] Reindeer an dem [...]. Dem say [...],[...] Reindeer CONJ 3PL [...] 3PL say [...],"The nominal plural marker is an dem (dem = 3rd person plural pronoun).",Own corpus data,,3531, +7-67,7,dem,dem,3PL,they OR: them OR: those OR: their,,,1244[85],,naturalistic spoken,dem,,3PL,,,,3532, +7-68,7,Hi pikni an dem bad.,Hi\tpikni\tan\tdem\tbad.,3SG\tchild\tand\t3PL\tbad,His children are bad.,,,1244[156],,naturalistic spoken,Hi pikni an dem bad.,,3SG child and 3PL bad,,,,3533, +7-69,7,Dem dotish.,Dem\tdotish.,3PL\tstupid,They are stupid.,,,1244[126],,naturalistic spoken,Dem dotish.,,3PL stupid,,,,3534, +7-288,7,di maango dem,di\tmaango\tdem,ART\tmango\tPL,the mangoes,,,,,constructed by linguist,di maango dem,,ART mango PL,,Own knowledge,,3535, +7-289,7,di maango an.dem ~ di maango a.dem,di maango an.dem ~ di maango a.dem,ART mango PL   ART mango PL,the mangoes,,,,,unspecified,"di maango an.dem ~ di maango a.dem",,ART mango PL ART mango PL,,,,3536, +7-290,7,Hi pikni dem bad.,Hi pikni dem bad.,3SG child and 3PL bad,His children are bad.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Hi pikni dem bad.,,3SG child and 3PL bad,,Own knowledge,,3537, +8-38,8,Di man-dem dig di huol an di uman-dem plaant di kaan.,Di\tman-dem\tdig\tdi\thuol\tan\tdi\tuman-dem\tplaant\tdi\tkaan.,DET\tman-PL\tdig\tDET\thole\tand\tDET\twoman-PL\tplant\tDET\tcorn,The men dug the holes and the women planted the corn.,,,1188[143],,naturalistic written,"Di man-dem dig di huol an di uman-dem plaant di kaan.",,DET man-PL dig DET hole and DET woman-PL plant DET corn,,,,3538, +8-39,8,Dem kaal mi fi kohn elp dem.,Dem\tkaal\tmi\tfi\tkohn\telp\tdem.,3PL\tcall\t1SG\tPURP\tcome\thelp\t3PL,They asked me to help them.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Dem kaal mi fi kohn elp dem.",,3PL call 1SG PURP come help 3PL,,Own knowledge,,3539, +9-50,9,Dey no wan du it.,Dey\tno\twan\tdu\tit.,3PL\tNEG\twant\tdo\tit,They don't want to do it.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,Dey no wan du it.,,3PL NEG want do it,,,,3540, +9-51,9,Di kwaat badl dem we yu de luk fa da no sumtin we drif.,Di\tkwaat\tbadl\tdem\twe\tyu\tde\tluk\tfa\tda\tno\tsumtin\twe\tdrif.,the\tquart\tbottle\tPL\tREL\t2SG\tHAB\tlook\tfor\tTOP\tNEG\tsomething\tREL\tdrift,"The bottles that you look for, that's not something that drifts.",,Dem is a postposed nominal plural.,432[33],,naturalistic spoken,Di kwaat badl dem we yu de luk fa da no sumtin we drif.,,the quart bottle PL REL 2SG HAB look for TOP NEG something REL drift,"Dem is a postposed nominal plural.",,,3541, +10-50,10,An dem gaan an dem kot di bely.,An\tdem\tgaan\tan\tdem\tkot\tdi\tbely.,and\t3PL\tgo.ANT\tand\t3PL\tcut\tART.DEF\tbelly,And they went and cut open the belly.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"An dem gaan an dem kot di bely.",,and 3PL go.ANT and 3PL cut ART.DEF belly,,Unpublished field recordings,,3542, +10-51,10,di bwai dem,di\tbwai\tdem,ART.DEF\tboy\tPL,the boys,,,113[30],,naturalistic spoken,"di bwai dem",,ART.DEF boy PL,,,,3543, +10-52,10,Dehn brok wan a di eg da dis kraasruod.,Dehn\tbrok\twan\ta\tdi\teg\tda\tdis\tkraasruod.,3PL\tbreak\tone\tof\tART.DEF\tegg\tat\tDEM\tcrossroads,They broke one of the eggs at the crossroads.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dehn brok wan a di eg da dis kraasruod.",,3PL break one of ART.DEF egg at DEM crossroads,,Unpublished field recordings,,3544, +11-55,11,Dei plaantin tuu moch palm.,Dei\tplaant-in\ttuu\tmoch\tpalm.,3PL\tplant-PROG\ttoo\tmuch\tpalm,They are planting too many palm trees.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Dei plaantin tuu moch palm.",Dei plaant-in tuu moch palm.,3PL plant-PROG too much palm,,,,3545, +11-56,11,Dem mos gat plenti krak hous.,Dem\tmos\tgat\tplenti\tkrak\thous.,3PL\tmust\tget\tplenty\tcrack\thouse,They must have [=there have to be] a lot of crack houses around there.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Dem mos gat plenti krak hous.",,3PL must get plenty crack house,,,,3546, +11-57,11,aal di gyal dem,aal\tdi\tgyal\tdem,all\tART.DEF\tgirl\tPL,all the girls,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"aal di gyal dem",,all ART.DEF girl PL,,,,3547, +12-49,12,Dem had a conversation about Jesus.,Dem\thad\ta\tconversation\tabout\tJesus.,3PL.SBJ\thave.PST\tART\tconversation\tabout\tJesus,They talked about Jesus.,,,634[204],,naturalistic spoken,"Dem had a conversation about Jesus.",,3PL.SBJ have.PST ART conversation about Jesus,,,,3548, +12-50,12,We had barracuda poison. We catch a barracuda coming up into George Town. [And what happened?] And he was poison - black as Shine. I tell the - fellows-them throw him in the sea.,[...] I tell the - fellows-them [...].,[...] 1SG.SBJ tell[PFV] ART   fellow.PL-PL [...],[...] I told the (other) guys (on the boat) [to throw him back into the sea].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"We had barracuda poison. We catch a barracuda coming up into George Town. [And what happened?] And he was poison - black as Shine. I tell the - fellows-them throw him in the sea.",[...] I tell the - fellows-them [...].,[...] 1SG.SBJ tell[PFV] ART fellow.PL-PL [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3549, +12-51,12,"He's have that, right, and he's go to the clinic, he have to go to clinic tomorrow, the nurse-them say - boy, and he used to go there mus'e from he was around three.",[...]\tthe\tnurse-them\tsay\t[...],[...]\tthe\tnurse-PL\tsay\t[...],[...] the nurses say [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"He's have that, right, and he's go to the clinic, he have to go to clinic tomorrow, the nurse-them say - boy, and he used to go there mus'e from he was around three.",[...] the nurse-them say [...],[...] the nurse-PL say [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3550, +13-43,13,Ya mus dohn be like dem.,Ya\tmus\tdohn\tbe\tlike\tdem.,2\tmust\tNEG.AUX\tbe\tlike\t3PL.OBJ,You must not be like them. (Mt 6.8),,,357[18],,bible translation,"Ya mus dohn be like dem.",,2 must NEG.AUX be like 3PL.OBJ,,,,3551, +13-44,13,Dey aks.,Dey\taks.,3PL.SBJ\task,They ask.,,,357[4],,bible translation,"Dey aks.",,3PL.SBJ ask,,,,3552, +15-41,15,di buk dɛm,di\tbuk\tdɛm,ART\tbook\tPL,the books,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"di buk dɛm",,ART book PL,,Own knowledge,,3553, +15-42,15,dɛn di go na os,dɛn\tdi\tgo\tna\tos,3PL\tPROG\tgo\tLOC\thouse,They are going home.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"dɛn di go na os",,3PL PROG go LOC house,,Own knowledge,,3554, +17-36,17,got dè̱m,got\tdè̱m,goat\t3PL,goats,,,462[168],,naturalistic spoken,got dè̱m,,goat 3PL,,,,3555, +17-37,17,got,got,goat,goat(s),,,462[168],,naturalistic spoken,got,,goat,,,,3556, +17-38,17,Dè̱m si dì got dè̱m.,Dè̱m\tsi\tdì\tgot\tdè̱m.,3PL\tsee\tART.DEF\tgoat\t3PL,They saw the goats.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Dè̱m si dì got dè̱m.",,3PL see ART.DEF goat 3PL,,Own knowledge,,3557, +19-43,19,"Dɛ̀n dè chɔp rɛs, ɛni de.","Dɛ̀n\tdè\tchɔp\trɛs,\tɛni\tde.",3PL\tIPFV\teat\trice\tevery\tday,"They eat rice, every day.",,,1634[36],,naturalistic spoken,"Dɛ̀n dè chɔp rɛs, ɛni de.",,3PL IPFV eat rice every day,,,,3558, +19-44,19,Dì man para insay pipul dɛ̀n.,Dì\tman\tpara\tinsay\tpipul\tdɛ̀n.,DEF\tman\tstand\tinside\tpeople\tPL,The man is standing amidst people.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dì man para insay pipul dɛ̀n.",,DEF man stand inside people PL,,Field data,,3559, +21-33,21,they see a book; the books,they\tsee\ta\tbook;\tthe\tbook-s,3PL\tsee\tDET\tbook\tDET\tbook-PL,They see a book; the books,,,,,constructed by linguist,they see a book; the books,they see a book; the book-s,3PL see DET book DET book-PL,,Own knowledge,,3560, +22-50,22,Ol i bin pret long dispela pik.,Ol\ti\tbin\tpret\tlong\tdispela\tpik.,3PL\tPM\tPST\tafraid\tPREP\tthis\tpig,They were afraid of this pig.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Ol i bin pret long dispela pik.,,3PL PM PST afraid PREP this pig,,,,3561, +22-51,22,Ol polis ol lukim ol peles ia.,Ol\tpolis\tol\tluk-im\tol\tpeles\tia.,PL\tpolice\t3PL\tlook-TR\tPL\tvillage\tANAPH,The police watched the villages.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Ol polis ol lukim ol peles ia.,Ol polis ol luk-im ol peles ia.,PL police 3PL look-TR PL village ANAPH,,,,3562, +23-53,23,olgeta oli drong,olgeta\toli\tdrong,3PL\tAGR\tdrunk,They were drunk.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"olgeta oli drong",,3PL AGR drunk,,,,3563, +23-54,23,"wan trik ia, e, trik blong ol oli strong","wan\ttrik\tia,\te,\ttrik\tblong\tol\toli\tstrong",INDF\ttrick\tDEF\tEXCLAM\ttrick\tPOSS\t3PL\tAGR\tstrong,"(It was) this trick, eh, their tricks were clever.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"wan trik ia, e, trik blong ol oli strong",,INDF trick DEF EXCLAM trick POSS 3PL AGR strong,,,,3564, +24-56,24,dem,dem,3PL,they,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dem,,3PL,,Own fieldwork,,3565, +24-57,24,em/dem gehl,em/dem\tgehl,DET.DEF.PL\twoman,the women,,,,,naturalistic spoken,em/dem gehl,,DET.DEF.PL woman,,Own fieldwork,,3566, +25-154,25,Wan men bin bringimap orla kid.,Wan\tmen\tbin\tbring-im-ap\torla\tkid.,one\tman\tPST\tbring-TR-up\tPL\tchild,A man brought the children.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the basic word order in a transitive clause.,659[55],,unknown,Wan men bin bringimap orla kid.,Wan men bin bring-im-ap orla kid.,one man PST bring-TR-up PL child,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the basic word order in a transitive clause.,,,3567, +30-52,30,Ómis ben.,Ómi-s\tben.,man-PL\tcome,The men came.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Ómis ben.",Ómi-s ben.,man-PL come,,,,3568,Portuguese: Os homens vieram. German: Die Männer kamen. +30-53,30,"Mamá, obi li, es go es sa ta traze-nu pon.","Mamá,\tobi\tli,\tes\tgo\tes=sa=ta=traze=nu\tpon.",mummy\tlisten\there\t3PL.INDP\tnow\t3PL.DEP=PROG=IPFV=bring=1PL\tbread,"Mummy, listen, these here, they are bringing us bread.",,,784[s.v. 1es],,naturalistic spoken,"Mamá, obi li, es go es sa ta traze-nu pon.","Mamá, obi li, es go es=sa=ta=traze=nu pon.",mummy listen here 3PL.INDP now 3PL.DEP=PROG=IPFV=bring=1PL bread,,,,3569,"German: Mama, hör zu, die da, die bringen uns Brot." +31-59,31,"Kuma si nu panha pexi, es ta ba vende na vila.","Kuma\tsi\tnu\tpanha\tpexi,\tes\tta\tba\tvende\tna\tvila.",like\tif\twe\tcatch\tfish\tthey\tMOOD\tgo\tsell\tin\tcity,Like if we catch fish they will go and sell it in the city.,,'They' is es.,689,,naturalistic spoken,"Kuma si nu panha pexi, es ta ba vende na vila.",,like if we catch fish they MOOD go sell in city,"'They' is es.",,,3570, +33-52,33,E na lei livrus.,E\tna\tlei\tlivru-s.,3PL\tHAB\tread\tbook-PL,They read books.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"E na lei livrus.",E na lei livru-s.,3PL HAB read book-PL,,Own knowledge,,3571,Portuguese: Eles lêm livros. +35-55,35,Inen lentla glêza.,Inen\tlentla\tglêza.,3PL\tenter\tchurch,They entered the church.,,The nominal plural marker and 3rd person plural pronoun can be inen or nen.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Inen lentla glêza.",,3PL enter church,"The nominal plural marker and 3rd person plural pronoun can be inen or nen.",Own data,,3572, +35-56,35,Tudu inen ngê se ka môlê.,Tudu\tinen\tngê\tse\tka\tmôlê.,all\tPL\tperson\tDEM\tIPFV\tdie,All the people in question will die.,,The nominal plural marker and 3rd person plural pronoun can be inen or nen.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Tudu inen ngê se ka môlê.",,all PL person DEM IPFV die,"The nominal plural marker and 3rd person plural pronoun can be inen or nen.",Own data,,3573, +36-34,36,[...] ane vala Daniel Daio thô ka fika pumbê minisu.,[...]\tane\tvala\tDaniel\tDaio\tthô\tka\tfika\tpumbê\tminisu.,[...]\t3PL\tsay\tDaniel\tDaio\tFOC\tFUT\tbecome\tfirst\tmininster,[...] they said that it was Daniel Daio who would become prime minister.,,This example illustrates the use of ka as a future marker.,901[203],,naturalistic spoken,[...] ane vala Daniel Daio thô ka fika pumbê minisu.,,[...] 3PL say Daniel Daio FOC FUT become first mininster,"This example illustrates the use of ka as a future marker.",,,3574,French: [...] ils ont dit que c'est Daniel Daio qui serait premier ministre. +37-39,37,Ine we kaxi ine.,Ine\twe\tkaxi\tine.,3PL\tgo\thouse\tPOSS.3PL,They went home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ine we kaxi ine.",,3PL go house POSS.3PL,,Own data,,3575, +38-41,38,na batel,na\tbatel,PL\tcanoe,the canoes,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"na batel",,PL canoe,,Own fieldwork 1993,,3576, +38-42,38,íneni,íneni,3PL,they,,,,,naturalistic spoken,íneni,,3PL,,Own fieldwork 1990,,3577, +39-57,39,"Elz tə istəda, vay iskɔl.","Elz\ttə\tistəd-a,\tvay\tiskɔl.",3PL\tIPFV.NPST\tstudy-INF\tgo.NPST\tschool,"They study, they go to school.",,,218,,naturalistic spoken,"Elz tə istəda, vay iskɔl.","Elz tə istəd-a, vay iskɔl.",3PL IPFV.NPST study-INF go.NPST school,,,,3578, +41-51,41,ɔɔrtas; kokeeras; fereerus,ɔɔrta-s;\tkokeera-s;\tfereeru-s,land-PL\tcoconut.palm-PL\tblacksmith-PL,lands; coconut palms; blacksmiths,,,1416[passim],,elicited from speaker,ɔɔrtas; kokeeras; fereerus,ɔɔrta-s; kokeera-s; fereeru-s,land-PL coconut.palm-PL blacksmith-PL,,,,3579, +43-32,43,Ilotër pidi agu.,Ilotër\tpidi\tagu.,3PL\task.for\twater,They asked for water.,,,906[135],,pedagogical grammar,"Ilotër pidi agu.",,3PL ask.for water,,,,3580, +44-49,44,kel mánga ómbri,kel\tmánga\tómbri,DET\tPL\tman,the men,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"kel mánga ómbri",,DET PL man,,Own data,,3581, +44-50,44,A pensá lótro.,A\tpensá\tlótro.,PFV\tthink\t3PL,They thought.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"A pensá lótro.",,PFV think 3PL,,Own data,,3582, +45-42,45,manga libro,manga\tlibro,PL\tbook,books,,,835[70],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,manga libro,,PL book,,,,3583, +45-43,45,Ya manda ilo hace un lapida para su lolo.,Ya\tmanda\tilo\thace\tun\tlapida\tpara\tsu\tlolo.,PFV\ttell\t3PL\tmake\tINDF\ttombstone\tfor\t3PL.POSS\tgrandfather,They had a tombstone made for their grandfather.,,,426[80],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ya manda ilo hace un lapida para su lolo.",,PFV tell 3PL make INDF tombstone for 3PL.POSS grandfather,,,,3584, +46-57,46,Ya-mirá silá kun January.,Ya-mirá\tsilá\tkun\tJanuary.,PFV-see\tthey\tOBJ\tJanuary,They saw January.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ya-mirá silá kun January.,,PFV-see they OBJ January,,Own knowledge,,3585, +46-58,46,mga hénte,mga\thénte,PL\tperson,people,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mga hénte,,PL person,,Own knowledge,,3586, +47-52,47,Nan a drenta manera di kustumber ketu-ketu.,Nan\ta\tdrenta\tmanera\tdi\tkustumber\tketu~ketu.,3PL\tPFV\tenter\tlike\tof\thabit\tquiet~quiet,"As usual, they entered quietly.",,The translation is mine.,1214[63],,literary source,Nan a drenta manera di kustumber ketu-ketu.,Nan a drenta manera di kustumber ketu~ketu.,3PL PFV enter like of habit quiet~quiet,The translation is mine.,,,3587, +47-53,47,Unda bo bukinan ta? Kua di nan?,Unda\tbo\tbuki\tnan\tta?\tKua\tdi\tnan?,where\t2SG\tbook\tPL\tCOP\twhich\tof\t3PL,Where are your books? Which of them?,,The translation is mine.,869[14],,published source,"Unda bo bukinan ta? Kua di nan?",Unda bo buki nan ta? Kua di nan?,where 2SG book PL COP which of 3PL,The translation is mine.,,,3588, +48-92,48,Ané sabé-ba asé eso nu.,Ané\tsabé-ba\tasé\teso\tnu.,they\tHAB-PST.HAB\tdo\tthis\tNEG,They did not use to do this.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ané sabé-ba asé eso nu.,,they HAB-PST.HAB do this NEG,,Recorded by author,,3589,Spanish: Ellos no solían hacer eso. +49-62,49,Yo kraze kay yo.,Yo\tkraze\tkay\tyo.,3PL\tdestroy\thouse\t3PL.POSS,They have demolished their houses.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Yo kraze kay yo.",,3PL destroy house 3PL.POSS,,Own knowledge,,3590,French: Ils/Elles ont démoli leurs maisons. +49-63,49,wòb yo,wòb\tyo,dress\tDEF.PL,the dresses,,,1505[772],,naturalistic spoken,"wòb yo",,dress DEF.PL,,,,3591,French: les robes +49-64,49,Ou bay chen yo manje?,Ou\tbay\tchen\tyo\tmanje?,2SG\tgive\tdog\tDEF.PL\teat,Did you feed the dogs?,,,1505[vii],,naturalistic spoken,"Ou bay chen yo manje?",,2SG give dog DEF.PL eat,,,,3592,French: Tu as donné à manger aux chiens? +50-42,50,Sé zozyo-la chapé.,Sé\tzozyo-la\tchapé.,PL\tbird-DEF\tescape,The birds flew away.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sé zozyo-la chapé.",,PL bird-DEF escape,,Own fieldwork,,3593, +50-43,50,Yo chapé.,Yo\tchapé.,3PL\tescape,They escaped/ flew away.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yo chapé.",,3PL escape,,Own fieldwork,,3594, +51-42,51,Sé zwézo-a chapé.,Sé\tzwézo-a\tchapé.,PL\tbird-DEF\tescape,The birds flew away.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sé zwézo-a chapé.",,PL bird-DEF escape,,Own fieldwork,,3595, +51-43,51,Yo chapé.,Yo\tchapé.,3PL\tescape,They flew away.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yo chapé.",,3PL escape,,Own fieldwork,,3596, +52-31,52,yé gen roun liv; liv-ya,yé\tgen\troun\tliv;\tliv-ya,3PL\thave\ta\tbook\tbook-PL.DEF,They have a book. The books.,,,,,unknown,yé gen roun liv; liv-ya,,3PL have a book book-PL.DEF,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,3597, +53-91,53,Ye te pron nouzot le nwar.,Ye\tte\tpron\tnouzot\tle\tnwar.,3PL\tPST\ttake\t1PL\tART.DEF.PL\tblack,"They took us, the blacks.",,,1048[167],,naturalistic spoken,"Ye te pron nouzot le nwar.",,3PL PST take 1PL ART.DEF.PL black,,,,3598,"French: Ils nous prenaient, nous, les Noirs." +54-53,54,"Tout lé mous i rant [...] zot i rant, zot i sor pu.","Tout\tle\tmous\ti\trant\t[...]\tzot\ti\trant,\tzot\ti\tsor\tpu.",all\tDEF.PL\tbee\tFIN\tenter\t[...]\t3PL\tFIN\tenter\t3PL\tFIN\tgo.out\tNEG.more,"All the bees enter [...] they enter, they do not go out any more.",,"The informant explains how to catch a swarm of bees in a bag made of vakwa leaves. The creole word mous 'bee' is short for mous-a-myel < mouche à miel, the traditional word for 'bee' currently used in Northern France, which was later replaced by abeille.",229[55],,naturalistic spoken,"Tout lé mous i rant [...] zot i rant, zot i sor pu.","Tout le mous i rant [...] zot i rant, zot i sor pu.",all DEF.PL bee FIN enter [...] 3PL FIN enter 3PL FIN go.out NEG.more,"The informant explains how to catch a swarm of bees in a bag made of vakwa leaves. The creole word mous 'bee' is short for mous-a-myel < mouche à miel, the traditional word for 'bee' currently used in Northern France, which was later replaced by abeille.",,,3599,"French: Toutes les abeilles entrent [...] elles entrent, elles ne sortent plus." +55-46,55,Zot pe aste sez.,Zot\tpe\taste\tsez.,3PL\tPROG\tbuy\tchair,They are buying chairs.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Zot pe aste sez.",,3PL PROG buy chair,,Own knowledge,,3600, +55-47,55,ban sez,ban\tsez,PL\tchair,chairs,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ban sez",,PL chair,,Own knowledge,,3601, +56-60,56,zot,zot,3PL,they,,,,,constructed by linguist,zot,,3PL,,Own knowledge,,3602, +57-32,57,tule ʃja le amboje,tule\tʃja\tle\tamboje,PL\tdog\tSI\tbark,The dogs are barking. / Dogs bark.,,This construction can be used for concrete cases as well as for generic statements.,,,constructed by linguist,tule ʃja le amboje,,PL dog SI bark,This construction can be used for concrete cases as well as for generic statements.,own knowledge Ehrhart,,3603,French: Les chiens aboient. +57-33,57,lesot le travaj mboku,lesot\tle\ttravaj\tmboku,3PL\tSI\twork\tmuch,They work a lot.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"lesot le travaj mboku",,3PL SI work much,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,3604,French: Ils/elles travaillent beaucoup. +60-37,60,bangó,bangó,3PL.ANIM,they/them,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,bangó,,3PL.ANIM,,,,3605, +60-38,60,"moto, bato; motúna, mitúna; litáma, matáma; elóko, bilóko","mo-to,\tba-to;\tmo-túna,\tmi-túna;\tli-táma,\tma-táma;\te-lóko,\tbi-lóko",SG-person\tPL-person\tSG-question\tPL-question\tSG-cheek\tPL-cheek\tSG-thing\tPL-thing,"person, persons; question, questions; cheek, cheeks; thing, things",,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,"moto, bato; motúna, mitúna; litáma, matáma; elóko, bilóko","mo-to, ba-to; mo-túna, mi-túna; li-táma, ma-táma; e-lóko, bi-lóko",SG-person PL-person SG-question PL-question SG-cheek PL-cheek SG-thing PL-thing,,,,3606, +63-44,63,úmun Núbi,úmun\tNúbi,3PL\tNubi,They are Nubi.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"úmun Núbi",,3PL Nubi,,Personal data,,3607, +63-45,63,Núbi dol,Núbi\tdol,Nubi\tPL,the Nubis,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Núbi dol",,Nubi PL,,Own fieldwork,,3608, 65-47,65,Tam iwo kitaisa pampusike kushi.,Tam\tiwo\tkitaisa\tpampusike\tkushi.,there\t3\tChinese\tChinese.bread\teat,"They ate the Chinese type of bread there. -(personal data, Chinese native speaker)",,,,naturalistic spoken -66-32,66,Sigretpəðə minung(-la)!,Sigret-pəðə\tminung(-la)!,cigarette-PL\tdrink(-IMP),Smoke cigarettes!,,,,constructed by linguist -66-33,66,Derang sigretpəɖə tərəminung.,Derang\tsigret-pəɖə\ttərə-minung.,3PL\tcigarette-PL\tNEG.FIN-drink,They did not smoke cigarettes.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-57,67,diaorang,dia-orang,3SG-person,they,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-58,67,buku-buku,buku~buku,book~book,books,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-21,69,mən manba,mən\tmanba,3SG\tmany,they,,,,elicited from speaker -69-22,69,aykum manba,aykum\tmanba,woman\tmany,women,,,,elicited from speaker -71-49,71,Mahea lakou hele?,Mahea\tlakou\thele?,where\t3PL\tgo,Where did they go?,,,,naturalistic written -72-47,72,An rein bin baldan bo dem na.,An\trein\tbin\tbaldan\tbo\tdem\tna.,and\train\tPST\tfall\tDAT\t3PL.OBJ\tFOC,And it rained on them now.,,,80210fad978d4196cea2318e9e52de48,naturalistic spoken -72-48,72,Dei bin kayikayi ngayu dem karu-walijangku nyawarrattu.,Dei\tbin\tkayikayi\tngayu\tdem\tkaru-walija-ngku\tnyawa-rrat-tu.,3PL.SBJ\tPST\tchase\t1SG\tthose\tchild-PAUC-ERG\tthis-PL-ERG,"They chased me, those kids did.",,,,naturalistic spoken -72-49,72,Darrei olda martiya kankula tringka.,Darrei\tolda\tmartiya\tkankula\ttri-ngka.,that.way\tall.of.the\tbush.gum\tup\ttree-LOC,That way all of the bush gum is in the tree.,,,4d15db01b2d92ea9fd2a3dbebef64896,elicited from speaker -72-50,72,Olda karu dei rarraj hawujjirri.,Olda\tkaru\tdei\trarraj\thawuj-jirri.,all.of.the\tchild\t3PL.S\trun\thouse-ALL,All the children run towards the house.,,,0a947502945a406d54c7451a1d8a27f3,naturalistic spoken -74-40,74,kámuks,kámuks,dog,"dog, dogs",,,,constructed by linguist -75-78,75,Wiyawaaw lii pleu aan naryeer daa la prosisyoon.,Wiyawaaw\tlii\tpleu\taan\tnaryeer\tdaa\tla\tprosisyoon.,3PL\tART.PL\tSUPERL\tLOC.PREP\tbehind\tLOC.PREP\tDEF.ART.F\tprocession,They were hindmost in the procession.,,,,naturalistic written -1-77,1,Da wan sakkasakkasanni.,Da\twan\tsaka~saka-sani.,it.be\tINDF.SG\tADJ~remain-thing,That's a weightless thing.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-78,1,Zibi Zibi,sibisibi,sweep.RED,broom,,,,written -1-79,1,"Wan hessi hessi lobbi no bun, a no holi langa.","Wan\thesi~hesi\tlobi\tno\tbun,\ta\tno\thori\tlanga.",INDF.SG\tquick.RED\tlove\tNEG\tbe.good\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\thold\tlong,"Fast love is no good, it will not last long.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-80,1,Trueh da sandi na hipihipi.,Trowe\tda\tsandi\tna\thipi~hipi.,throw\tDET.SG\tsand\tLOC\theap.RED,Throw up the sand in (separate) heaps.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-58,2,Norfu e férfi férfi.,Norfu\te\tférfi~férfi.,Norval\tASP\tpaint~DIM,Norval is painting a bit.,,,,unknown -2-59,2,a oso de férfi férfi,a\toso\tde\tférfi~férfi,ART\thouse\tCOP\tpaint~STATE,The house is (in a) painted (state).,,,,unknown -2-60,2,a oso férfi ferfi,a\toso\tférfi~ferfi,ART\thouse\tpaint~ITER,The house was/has been painted several times.,,,,unknown -3-29,3,wɛti-wɛti,wɛti~wɛti,white.RED,whitish,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-30,3,A ta waka hesi-hesi.,A\tta\twaka\thesi~hesi.,3SG\tASP\twalk\tfast.RED,He walks fast.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-31,3,Dí wómi de síki-síki.,Dí\twómi\tde\tsíki~síki.,DEF.SG\tman\tBE\tsick.RED,The man is in a bad/weak health.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-39,4,A dagu ya fatufatu.,A\tdagu\tya\tfatu~fatu.,DET.SG\tdog\there\tfat~fat,The dog is fattish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-40,4,A uwiii fu mi de lusulusu kaba.,A\tuwiii\tfu\tmi\tde\tlusu~lusu\tkaba.,DET.SG\thair\tPOSS\tme\tCOP\tloose~loose\talready,My hair is already in a loosened (unbraided) state.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-41,4,A sama akisiakisi sani te mi ede kon sipan.,A\tsama\takisi~akisi\tsani\tte\tmi\tede\tkon\tsipan.,DET.SG\tperson\task~ask\tthing\tuntil\tmy\thead\tcome\ttense,They asked a lot of things until my head hurt. OR: They continued to ask...,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-45,5,dem piknii dee fós fós,dem\tpiknii\tdee\tfós~fós,those\tchild\tbe\tfirst~first,The children went in front. OR: Those children were very much in front. (iconic interpretation),,,,naturalistic spoken -5-46,5,mii duu kàin káin wok,mii\tduu\tkàin~káin\twok,I\tdo\tkind~kind\twork,"I do all kinds of work. OR: I do work of this kind, that kind, the other kind.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-47,5,bloo bloo,bloo\tbloo,blow.V\tblow.V,a whistle (noun),,,,constructed by linguist -6-29,6,krai-krai,krai~krai,cry~cry,cry constantly,,,,constructed by linguist -6-125,6,she ugly ugly fo so,she\tugly~ugly\tfo\tso,3SG.F\tuglyugly\tINTFR\tINTFR,she's very ugly,,,,elicited from speaker -7-71,7,a wikid wikid man,a\twikid~wikid\tman,INDF\twicked~wicked\tman,a very wicked/cruel man,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-72,7,Shi baal shi baal.,Shi\tbaal\tshi\tbaal.,3SG\tbawl\t3SG\tbawl,She cried a lot.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-73,7,deiz an deiz,dei-z\tan\tdei-z,day-PL\tand\tday-PL,many days,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-74,7,Dem duhz waak bruhk uhp bruhk uhp.,Dem\tduhz\twaak\tbruhk\tuhp\tbruhk\tuhp.,3PL\tHAB\twalk\tbroke\tup\tbroke\tup,They walk very unsteadily.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-40,8,yala-yala,yala~yala,yellow~yellow,"yellowish, yellow-spotted",,,,naturalistic written -8-41,8,swiit-swiit,swiit~swiit,sweet~sweet,"something that smells sweet, e.g. perfume, disinfectant",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-52,9,Tayga baal i baal i baal i baal n̩ i tek buʃ.,Tayga\tbaal\ti\tbaal\ti\tbaal\ti\tbaal\tn̩\ti\ttek\tbuʃ.,tiger\tbawl\t3SG\tbawl\t3SG\tbawl\t3SG\tbawl\tand\t3SG\ttake\tbush,Tiger cried and cried and finally fled into the forest.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-53,10,Uova de flaat flat.,Uova\tde\tflaat~flat.,over\tDEM.LOC\tflat~flat,The land is very flat over there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-58,11,Di monki mi hapi hapi.,Di\tmonki\tmi\thapi~hapi.,ART.DEF\tmonkey\tPST\thappyhappy,The monkey was very happy.,,,,naturalistic written -11-59,11,"“Hel, bwai,” ih seh veks veks veks.","“Hel,\tbwai,”\tih\tseh\tveks~veks~veks.",hell\tboy\t3SG\tsay\tvex~vex~vex,"“Hell, boy,” he said very much annoyed.",,,,naturalistic written -11-60,11,Wi taiad ron ron bout di plees.,Wi\ttaiad\tron~ron\tbout\tdi\tplees.,1PL\ttired\trun~run\tabout\tART.DEF\tplace,We were tired of running around the place/area.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-61,11,Wi haf plenti plenti Miskito piipl out dier.,Wi\thaf\tplenti~plenti\tMiskito\tpiipl\tout\tdier.,1PL\thave\tplenty~plenty\tMiskito\tpeople\tout\tthere.,"There are many, many Miskito people out there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-52,12,"[...] the wind throw that board right off. I tell you we couldn'ta see nothing, you know, like when it get dark-dark night, we couldn'ta see nothing. The girl - the other girl, she start hollering, I say, Child, you hollering, and you better let's pray. And I start praying, and right after that, girl, I s- it come clear-clear.",[...]\twhen\tit\tget\tdark~dark\tnight\t[...]\tit\tcome\tclear~clear.,[...]\twhen\tit\tget\tdark.RED\tnight\t[...]\tit\tcome\tclear.RED,"[...] [the wind threw that board right off (the boat).] [...] [we weren’t able to see anything] [...] as when the night turns really dark [...]. [The other girl started shouting] [...] [And I started to pray, and right away,] it became very clear.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-53,12,"He say he going Freeport. Freeport, yeah, you ever been over there? I never been, I want go visit, and I hear that nice, you know. I hear in Freeport clean-clean!",[...]\tin\tFreeport\tclean~clean!,[...]\tin\tFreeport\tclean.RED,[...] Freeport is supposed to be very clean.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-45,13,fill fill,fill~fill,fill~INTENS,fill entirely,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-46,13,true true,true~true,true~INTENS,very true,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-43,15,ala ala,ala~ala,shout~shout,to scream very loudly OR: to shout very loudly,,,,naturalistic written -15-44,15,wàkà wákà,wàkà~wákà,walk~walk,promiscuous OR: living promiscuously,,,,naturalistic written -16-39,16,ì dè vɔmit vɔmit dɛn ʃit ʃit,ì\tdè\tvɔmit~vɔmit\tdɛn\tʃit~ʃit,3SG\tPROG\tvomit~vomit\tand\tshit~shit,He kept on vomiting and shitting.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-40,16,ì bì puɔ puɔ dè mek jù dè go bus,ì\tbì\tpuɔ~puɔ\tdè\tmek\tjù\tdè\tgo\tbus,3SG\tCOP\tpoor~poor\tHAB\tCAUS\t2SG\tHAB\tgo\tbooze,It is poverty that makes you go and drink.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-39,17,Dì wo̱sh wo̱sh we̱ à wo̱sh no bì smo̱l o.,Dì\two̱sh~wo̱sh\twe̱\tà\two̱sh\tno\tbì\tsmo̱l\to.,the\twash.RED\tREL\t1SG.SBJ\twash\tNEG\tCOP\tbe.small\tREALIS,I did a tremendous amount of washing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-40,17,Pipol ple̱nti ple̱nti nyàfù nyáfú.,Pipol\tple̱nti~ple̱nti\tnyàfù~nyáfú.,people\tbe.plenty~INTENS\tIDEO~ABUNDANCE,There are very many people (there).,,,,constructed by linguist -17-41,17,Ìm put ye̱lo ye̱lo klo̱t.,Ìm\tput\tye̱lo~ye̱lo\tklo̱t.,3SG.SBJ\tput\tyellow~ATT\tcloth,S/he wore faded clothes.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-40,18,I bin rohn kwik kwik.,I\tbin\tron\tkwik~kwik.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\trun\tquick~quick,He ran very quickly.,,,,published source -18-41,18,Ren di fol fol.,Ren\tdi\tfol~fol.,rain\tIPFV\tfall~fall,It is raining all the time.,,,,published source -19-45,19,Bɔ̀t in sìdɔ́n dɔn dɔn dɔn yàndá.,Bɔ̀t\tin\tsìdɔ́n\tdɔn\tdɔn\tdɔn\tyàndá.,but\t3SG.EMPH\tstay\tdown\tREP\tREP\tyonder,But he lives far down there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-46,19,Sɔ̀ntɛ́n è bìn dè jùmp-jump jùmp-jump pero è stret naw.,Sɔ̀ntɛ́n\tè\tbìn\tdè\tjùmp~jump\tjùmp~jump\tpero\tè\tstret\tnaw.,perhaps\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tIPFV\tRED.CPD.jump\tRED.CPD.jump\tbut\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.straight\tnow,Perhaps she was jumping around aimlessly all the time but she’s upright now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-34,20,Get up chop chop.,Get\tup\tchop~chop.,get\tup\tquick~quick,Get up quickly.,,,,naturalistic written -20-35,20,You no give he chow chow.,You\tno\tgive\the\tchow~chow.,2SG\tNEG\tgive\t3SG\tfood~food,You have not fed them. OR: You have not fed them properly.,,,,naturalistic written -21-34,21,sweet-sweet,sweet~sweet,sweet~sweet,very sweet,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-35,21,cough-cough,cough~cough,cough~cough,cough a little,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-52,22,"Tasol mi painim painim, nogat.","Tasol\tmi\tpainim~painim,\tnogat.",but\t1SG\tsearch~search\tnothing,I kept searching but in vain.,,,,naturalistic written -22-53,22,Ston i tantanim i kam daun.,ston\ti\ttan~tanim\ti\tkam\tdaun,stone\tPM\tITER~turn\tPM\tcome\tdown,The stone rolled down.,,,,naturalistic written -22-54,22,Ol i kam tupela tupela.,Ol\ti\tkam\ttu-pela~tu-pela.,3PL\tPM\tcome\ttwo-MOD~two-MOD,They came two by two.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-58,24,teya teya,teya~teya,tear~tear,"torn in many places, ragged",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-59,24,huihui,huihui,filthy,very dirty,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-155,25,Im-in baj-im-ap-baj-im-ap.,Im-in\tbaj-im-ap~baj-im-ap.,3SG-PST\tpass-TR-up-pass-TR-up,He was bringing it.,,,,unknown -25-156,25,Wan lain deibin gowin-gowin.,Wan\tlain\tdei=bin\tgowin~gowin.,one\tline\t3PL=PST\tRED.go:in,They went in one line. (referring to cockroaches),,,,naturalistic written -25-157,25,Dei bin traitrai. Najing.,Dei\tbin\ttrai~trai.\tNajing.,3PL\tPST\tRED.try\tnothing,They tried and tried and tried. But it was useless.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-158,25,Thet difrendifrenwan.,Thet\tdifren~difren-wan.,DEM\tRED.different-ADJ,They are different ones.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-53,28,di wotap draitɛ sa kalkali fi ɛkɛ,di\twoto-apu\tdrai-tɛ\tso\tkali~kali\tfi\tɛkɛ,the\tword-PL\tturn-PFV\tso\tsmall~small\tfor\t1SG,The words become so tiny for me. (referring to failing eyesight),,,,naturalistic spoken -28-54,28,ʃi kɛnap masi korkoritɛ wɛrɛ,ʃi\tkɛnɛ-apu\tmasi\tkori~kori-tɛ\twɛrɛ,3SG.POSS\tperson-PL\tmust\twork~work-PFV\tagain,Her people must have worked and worked again (until they had earned enough money).,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-55,28,"en tantanja bat djas ju latɛ, in fal di mingjaŋ","eni\ttan~tan-a\tbat\tdjas\tju\tla-tɛ,\teni\tfalu\tdi\tmingi-anga",3PL\tstand~stand-IPFV\tbut\tjust\t2SG\treach-PFV\t3PL\tfall\tthe\twater-LOC,"They are just standing there, but as soon as you get there, they fall into the water.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-36,29,Kom ons speel tol-tol.,Kom\tons\tspeel\ttol~tol.,come\t1PL\tplay\ttop~top,Come let's play tops.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-37,29,Die vaas wil-wil omval.,Die\tvaas\twil~wil\tom-val.,DEF.ART\tvase\twant~want\tover-fall,The vase is just about to tip over.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-38,29,Hulle soek-soek so tussen die bossies.,Hulle\tsoek~soek\tso\ttussen\tdie\tbossies.,3PL\tsearch~search\tso\tamong\tthe\tbushes,They are searching among the bushes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-39,29,Lappe-lappe staan onder water.,Lappe~lappe\tstaan\tonder\twater.,patch.PL~patch.PL\tstand\tunder\twater,Quite a few patches are under water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-40,29,Hulle kom drie-drie by die deur in.,Hulle\tkom\tdrie~drie\tby\tdie\tdeur\tin.,3PL\tcome\tthree~three\tby\tthe\tdoor\tin,They come in through the door three-by-three.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-41,29,Dis sommer 'n kar-kar.,Dis\tsommer\t'n\tkar~kar.,3SG=s\tjust\ta\tcar~car,It's just your basic car (nothing posh).,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-42,29,Ek sal dit lag-lag kan koop.,Ek\tsal\tdit\tlag~lag\tkan\tkoop.,1SG\tshall\tit\tlaugh~laugh\tcan\tbuy,I'll be able to buy it easily.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-43,29,Sy hanna-hanna altyd as sy iets moet doen.,Sy\thanna-hanna\taltyd\tas\tsy\tiets\tmoet\tdoen.,3SG.F\tprocrastinate\talways\tif\t3SG.F\tsomething\tmust\tdo,She always procrastinates when she has to do something.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-54,30,bófi-bófi; dó-dó; djáki-djáki,bófi~bófi;\tdó~dó;\tdjáki~djáki,lungs\teye.secretion\tyoung.bull~young.bull,lungs; eye secretion; name of a plant (Ricinus communis L.),,,,naturalistic spoken -30-55,30,bága-bága; fon-fon; bufa-bufa/bur-bur,bága~bága;\tfon~fon;\tbufa~bufa/bur~bur,termite\tname.of.an.insect\tdusty,termite; name of an insect; dusty,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-56,30,bénka-bénka,bénka~bénka,toward.here~toward.here,name of a children's game derived from the interjection Bénka! '(toward) here!',,,,naturalistic spoken -30-57,30,bódji-bódji; fritxi-fritxi; kati-kati; gri-gri; bran-bran; bruku-bruku,bódji~bódji;\tfritxi~fritxi;\tkati~kati;\tgri~gri;\tbran~bran;\tbruku~bruku,beat\ttwinkle\tstruggle\tnoise.produced.by.the.cricket\tdaily.struggle.for.life\tbang,beat; twinkle; struggle; noise produced by the cricket; daily struggle for life; Bang!,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-58,30,(bédju) kóti-kóti,(bédju)\tkóti~kóti,(old)\tvery,very (old),,,,naturalistic spoken -30-59,30,El kume fáxi-fáxi.,El=kume\tfáxi~fáxi.,3SG=eat\tquickly~INTENS,He ate very quickly.,,,,elicited from speaker -30-60,30,Ê so dentu fuska-fuska.,Ê\tso\tdentu\tfuska~fuska.,be\tonly\tin\tdark~dark,It is only at sundown.,,,,elicited from speaker -30-61,30,N kre karneru ki ta pari dos-dos.,N=kre\tkarneru\tki=ta=pari\tdos~dos.,1SG=want\tsheep\tCOMP=IPFV=deliver\ttwo~two,I want sheep that deliver lambs by pairs.,,,,elicited from speaker -31-60,31,El saí faxi-faxi.,El\tsaí\tfaxi~faxi.,he\tleave\tquickly~quickly,He left very quickly.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-61,31,"Gentis lebadu bárku-bárku, es more mónti-mónti.","Gentis\tlebadu\tbárku~bárku,\tes\tmore\tmónti~mónti.",people\tcarried\tboat~boat\tthey\tdied\theap~heap,"People were carried away boat after boat, they died in numbers.",,,,naturalistic written -31-62,31,N kre mininus dos dos.,N\tkre\tmininus\tdos~dos.,I\twant\tchildren\ttwo~two,I want children by pairs.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -31-63,31,fusku; fusku fusku,fusku;\tfusku~fusku,drunk\tdawn~dawn,drunk; dawn,,,,unknown -33-53,33,kinti kinti,kinti~kinti,hot~hot,very quickly,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-38,34,Mininu barí-barí garaŋ di biyanda.,Mininu\tø\tbarí~barí\tgaraŋ\tdi\tbiyanda.,child\tPFV\tsweep~sweep\tgrain\tof\trice,The child carefully swept the grains of rice (which had fallen onto the ground).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-39,34,Bu kasa limpu na fas-fas.,Bu\tkasa\tø\tlimpu\tna\tfas~fas.,POSS.2.SBJ\thouse\tPFV\tclean\tASS\tvery~very,Your house is absolutely clean.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-40,34,Porta pikininu: bo debé di yentrá dos-dos.,Porta\tø\tpikininu:\tbo\tø\tdebé\tdi\tyentrá\tdos~dos.,door\tPFV\tsmall\t2PL.SBJ\tPFV\thave.to\tof\tget.through\ttwo~two,"This door is small, you can get through it [only] two at the same time.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-41,34,Perá N kalá antu ku ña beju-beju na kordá.,ø\tperá\tN\tkalá\tantu\tku\tña\tbeju~beju\tna\tkordá.,2SG.SBJ\twait.IMP\t1SG.SBJ\tkeep.quiet\tbefore\tREL.OBJ\tPOSS.1SG\told~old\tFUT\twake.up,"Well, let me speak more quietly so that my ""oldie"" (baby/husband) does not wake up.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-57,35,Kot’e dô-dôsu mon.,Kot’e\tdô~dôsu\tmon.,cut.3SG\ttwo~two\thand,Cut both his hands off.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-58,35,N gá kunga klusu pê xin-xinku.,N\tgá\tkunga\tklusu\tpê\txin~xinku.,1SG\tIRR\tput\tcross\tput\tfive~five,I would have put the cross in all the five [boxes].,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-59,35,Sode d’alê kôndê-kôndê ni matu.,Sode\td’=alê\tkôndê~kôndê\tni\tmatu.,soldier\tof=king\thide~hide\tin\tbushes,The soldiers of the king all hid in the bushes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-60,35,"Tudu-tudu dja, men mu ka manda mu lekadu.","Tudu~tudu\tdja,\tmen\tmu\tka\tmanda\tmu\tlekadu.",all~all\tday\tmother\t1SG.POSS\tIPFV\tsend\tme\tmessage,"Each and every day, my mother sends me a message.",,,,naturalistic spoken -35-61,35,Kê kwa ka bila ome dentxi blanku-blanku me?,Kê\tkwa\tka\tbila\tome\tdentxi\tblanku~blanku\tme?,what\tthing\tIPFV\tturn\tman\ttooth\twhite~white\treally,What really whitens somebody’s teeth?,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-62,35,Yô ngê dêsê-dêsê.,Yô\tngê\tdêsê~dêsê.,many\tpeople\tdescend~descend,Many people went down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-35,36,"Ia itxiba e, kara ngê ka m'me rô-rôthu.","Ia\titxiba\te,\tkara\tngê\tka\tm'me\trô-rôthu.",PRESV\tbanana\tDEM\tevery\tperson\tFUT\teat\ttwo~two,"Here are the bananas, everyone will eat two each.",,,,elicited from speaker -36-36,36,"foga-foga, fo-foga","foga~foga,\tfo~foga",suffocate.RED\tsuffocate.RED,asthma,,,,elicited from speaker -36-37,36,"Tia si si-sisima, nê txo têtêmbu.","Tia\tsi\tsi~sisima,\tnê\ttxo\ttêtêmbu.",country\tDEM\tRED.dark\tnot.even\tlittle\tstar,"It is very dark here, there are no stars.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-40,37,N fo kopa kwa kwa.,N\tfo\tkopa\tkwa~kwa.,1SG\tcome.from\tbuy\tthing~thing,I have just come back from shopping.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-41,37,"Kumin kumin Mene po we, ê ka vê, ê ka panha Mene.","Kumin~kumin\tMene\tpo\twe,\tê\tka\tvê,\tê\tka\tpanha\tMene.",place~place\tMene\tcan\tgo\t3SG\tHAB\tsee\t3SG\tHAB\tcatch\tMene,"Wherever Mene would go, he (i.e. the ogre) would discover and catch Mene.",,,,naturalistic spoken -38-43,38,ngolongolo,ngolo~ngolo,shell~shell,collection of shells,,,,elicited from speaker -38-44,38,ketéketé,keté~keté,young~young,very young,,,,elicited from speaker -38-45,38,dyogódyogo,dyogó~dyogo,wrinkle~wrinkle,very wrinkled,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-46,38,losoloso,loso~loso,hamlet~hamlet,the group of hamlets (of Annobón),,,,constructed by linguist -39-58,39,Pokpok sɔ sab.,Pok~pok\tsɔ\tsab.,little~little\tonly\tknow.NPST,(I) only know a little bit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-59,39,Tud di vay da trĩtrĩt rupi.,Tud\tdi\tvay\tda\ttrĩttrĩt\trupi.,every\tday\tgo.NPST\tgive.INF\tthirty.thirty\trupee,Every day (I) give them thirty rupees each.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-36,40,"lɔ͂y lɔ͂y, u͂ u͂; kume bime, buni bini, korp bip","lɔ͂y~lɔ͂y,\tu͂~u͂;\tkume~bime,\tbuni~bini,\tkorp~bip",farfar\tone~one\teat~eat\tgood~good\tbody~body,"really far, one each; eat and so forth, good and all, body, etc.",,,,elicited from speaker -41-52,41,kaaza mee sɔɔ sɔɔ santaa tapusaa voo?,kaaza\tmee\tsɔɔ~sɔɔ\tsantaa\tta-pusaa\tvoo?,house\tFOC\talone~alone\tsit\tPRS-pull\tINDF,Are they sitting and playing at home by themselves [i.e. each one alone]?,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-53,41,aka meedu meedu meskura saykal. uŋ ispiim jadaay sara ʈyuub taam nukuvala,aka\tmeedu~meedu\tmes-kura\tsaykal.\tuŋ\tispiim\tjaa-daay\tsara\tʈyuub\ttaam\tnuku-vala,that\tfear~fear\tOBLIG-run\tbicycle\tone\tthorn\tPST-strike\tCOND\ttube\talso\tNEG-be.good,"I must ride in great fear. If I hit a thorn, the tube also is no good.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-54,41,"tɔɔna viraa rundaay kindaay faya kastigaatu poɖipa, tɔɔna viraa faya taprenda. kii tafaya?","tɔɔna\tviraa\trundaay\tki-ndaay\tfaya\tkastigaa-tu,\tpoɖipa,\ttɔɔna\tviraa\tfaya\tta-prenda.\tkii\tta-faya?",afterwards\tback\tscold\tki-RED\tCAUS\tpester-PFV.PTCP\tchild.ACC\tafterwards\tback\tCAUS\tPRS-study\twhat\tPRS-do,"Afterwards we scolded and so on and pestered him, the boy, afterwards [we] are again getting him to study. What to do? (OR: Consultant's original translation: Afterwards, scolded and advised and troubled him, again we are educating the boy. What to do?)",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-42,42,nu múi ku éli finu finu,nu\tmúi\tku\téli\tfinu~finu,1PL\tgrind\tACC\t3SG\tfine~fine,We grind it (= the dried fish) very fine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-43,42,sédu sédu eli lo bai mar,sédu~sédu\teli\tlo\tbai\tmar,early~early\t3SG\tFUT\tgo\tsea,He will go fishing very early (lit. He will go to sea very early).,,,,elicited from speaker -42-44,42,aké krenkrensa ta fazé amoku,aké\tkren~krensa\tta\tfazé\tamoku,that\tchild~child\tPROG\tmake\tnoise,The children are making noise.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-45,42,bong bong,bong~bong,good~good,very,,,,elicited from speaker -43-33,43,Dretu dretu sua predju kantu?,Dretu~dretu\tsua\tpredju\tkantu?,right~right\tPOSS.3SG\tprice\thow.much,What is your last price?,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-51,44,Ta pená mi kwérpu na kohrikohrí kon el agwaséru bung résyo.,Ta\tpená\tmi\tkwérpu\tna\tkohri~kohrí\tkon\tel\tagwaséru\tbung\trésyo.,IPFV\tsuffer\t1SG.POSS\tbody\tLOC\trun.RED\twith\tDEF\train\tvery\theavy,My body was suffering because of running (around) in the heavy rain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-52,44,Ta escribí bo día día ben lárgo lárgo.,Ta\tescribí\tbo\tdía~día\tben\tlárgo~lárgo.,IPFV\twrite\t2SG\tday~day\tvery\tlong~long,Every day you write a lot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-53,44,Manga languchi lotru ta sirve si ta se kubu-kubu.,Manga\tlanguchi\tlotru\tta\tsirve\tsi\tta\tse\tkubu~kubu.,PL\tsack\t3PL\tIPFV\tuse\tif\tIPFV\tmake\thut~hut,They used sacks for making playhouses.,,,,naturalistic written -45-44,45,uno-uno no mas,uno~uno\tno\tmas,one~one\tNEG\tmore,one by one only,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-45,45,Guapangguapa el mga mujer aquí.,Guapa-ng-guapa\tel\tmga\tmujer\taqui.,beautiful-LINK-beautiful\tDEF\tPL\twoman\there,The women here are very beautiful.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-59,46,Píka-píka éste adóbo.,Píka~píka\téste\tadóbo.,spicy.RED\tthis\tadobo,This adobo is very spicy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-60,46,kaminá-kaminá,kaminá~kaminá,walk.RED,walking around,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-61,46,díya-díya,díya~díya,day.RED,daily,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-54,47,fini; fini-fini; pega; pega-pega,fini;\tfini~fini;\tpega;\tpega~pega,fine/small\tfine~fine\tto.stick\tstick~stick,"fine, small; fine cactus hairs; to stick; gecko",,,,published source -47-55,47,blòki-blòki; bala-bala; kabes-kabes; bùmper-bùmper; pia-pia,blòki~blòki;\tbala~bala;\tkabes~kabes;\tbùmper~bùmper;\tpia~pia,square~square\tball~ball\thead~head\tbumper~bumper\tfoot~foot,"in squares; in a design of circles; head to head (for example, of people in a crowd); bumper-to-bumper; very slowly",,,,published source -49-65,49,Ann al fè on ti benbeny!,Ann\tal\tfè\ton\tti\tbenbeny!,IMP.1PL\tgo\tdo\tINDF\tlittle\tbath,Let's take a little bath!,,,,constructed by linguist -49-66,49,M ap fè travay la pwòp pwòp.,M\tap\tfè\ttravay\tla\tpwòp~pwòp.,1SG\tINACC\tdo\twork\tDEF\tproper~proper,I will do this work very neatly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-67,49,M t ap koud pantalon an anfòm anfòm.,M\tt\tap\tkoud\tpantalon\tan\tanfòm~anfòm.,1SG\tANT\tINACC\tsow\tpants\tDEF\timpeccable~impeccable,I was [in the process of] sowing these pants impeccably.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-68,49,Gad jan figi tifi a takte takte.,Gad\tjan\tfigi\ttifi\ta\ttakte~takte.,look\thow\tface\tyoung.girl\tDEF\tspeckled~speckled,Look how speckled the young girl's face is.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-69,49,Se ti zoranj piti piti piti piti piti yo.,Se\tti\tzoranj\tpiti~piti~piti~piti~piti\tyo.,HL\tlittle\torange\tlittle~little~little~little~little\t3PL,These are the tiny little oranges.,,,,naturalistic written -49-70,49,Sa ou genyen toutou? Pe pe bouch ou!,Sa\tou\tgenyen\ttoutou?\tPe~pe\tbouch\tou!,DEM\t2SG\thave\tdoggie\tpeace~peace\tmouth\t2SG.POSS,What's wrong honey? Calm down!,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-44,50,kòlè kòlè,kòlè~kòlè,angry~angry,very angry,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-45,50,wouj wouj,wouj~wouj,red~red,very red,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-46,50,kolé kolé,kolé~kolé,close~close,very close,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-44,51,kòlè kòlè,kòlè~kòlè,angry~angry,very angry,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-45,51,wouj wouj,wouj~wouj,red~red,very red,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-92,53,Li bjen bjen malad.,Li\tbjen~bjen\tmalad.,3SG\tvery~very\till,He is very ill.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-93,53,La ye te chofe en kouto cho cho cho.,La\tye\tte\tchofe\ten\tkouto\tcho~cho~cho.,ADV\t3PL\tPST\theat\tART.INDF\tknife\thot~hot~hot,Then they would heat a knife until it was very hot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-94,53,To bras li jiska li vini jon jon jon.,To\tbras\tli\tjiska\tli\tvini\tjon~jon~jon.,2SG\tstir\t3SG\tuntil\t3SG\tbecome\tyellow~yellow~yellow,You stir it until it becomes very yellow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-95,53,Se te jis kreol kreol.,Se\tte\tjis\tkreol~kreol.,this\tPST\tjust\tCreole~Creole,The only language spoken was Creole (i.e. Creole was always spoken instead of any other language).,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-54,54,en bèlbèl pwason,en\tbel~bel\tpwason,a\tbig~big\tfish,a very big fish,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-55,54,Mwen lé fayfay.,Mwen\tle\tfay~fay.,1SG\tCOP.PRS\ttired~tired,I am a bit tired.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-56,54,kozkoze,koz~koze,speak~ITER,to chatter,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-57,54,frotfrote,frot~frote,rub~ATT,to rub slightly,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-58,54,Mwen té an tren fròtfròt en pé loto.,Mwen\tte\tantren\tfrot~frot\ten\tpe\tloto.,1SG\tPST\tPROG\trub~rub\ta\tbit\tcar,I was polishing the car a little bit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-48,55,zoli zoli; tris tris,zoli~zoli;\ttris~tris,pretty~pretty\tsad~sad,very pretty; a bit sad,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-49,55,marse marse; mars-marse,marse~marse;\tmars~marse,walk~walk\twalk~walk,walk a long way and/or for a long time; stroll about (without any particular destination in mind),,,,written (grammar) -56-61,56,"Kan'em ou pa lav li prop prop, ou ganny konmsi en tanpon.","Kanmem\tou\tpa\tlav\tli\tprop~prop,\tou\tganny\tkonmsi\ten\ttanpon.",if\t2SG\tNEG\twash\tit\tclean~clean\t2SG\tget\tlike\ta\tbung,"If you don't rinse it very thoroughly, you will get some kind of bung.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-62,56,"Mon ti a kapab marye avek sa fiy, me selman i en pti pe vilenn-vilenn.","Mon\tti\ta\tkapab\tmarye\tavek\tsa\tfiy,\tme\tselman\ti\ten\tpti\tpe\tvilenn~vilenn.",1SG\tPST\tFUT\tcan\tmarry\twith\tDEM\tgirl\tbut\tonly\t3SG\ta\tlittle\tbit\tugly~ugly,"I might marry that girl, only she is just a little bit ugly.",,,,naturalistic written -56-63,56,mars marse; dans danse; manz manze,mars\tmarse;\tdans\tdanse;\tmanz\tmanze,walk\twalk\tdance\tdance\teat\teat,walk continuously; dance continuously; eat randomly,,,,elicited from speaker -58-32,58,malembe-malembe,malembe~malembe,slow~slow,very slowly,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-33,58,mbangu-mbangu,mbangu~mbangu,fast/quickly~fast/quickly,very fast/quickly,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-34,58,polo-polo (LH-LH),polo-polo,indiscrete.RED,indiscrete,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-35,58,saka-saka,saka-saka,cassava.leaves,cassava leaves (PLURAL meaning only),,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-90,59,kekete,kekete,very.small,very small,,,,constructed by linguist -59-91,59,giriri,giriri,a.very.long.time.ago,a very long time ago,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-92,59,ala mu na mbi senge senge,ala\tmu\tna\tmbi\tsesenge,3PL\tgive\tPREP\t1SG\tnothing,They gave it to me absolutely for nothing.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-39,60,kolángwa > kolángwalángwa,ko-lángw-a\t>\tko-lángw-a~lángw-a,INF-be.drunk-FV\t>\tINF-be.drunk-FV~be.drunk-FV,to be drunk > to be very drunk,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-23,62,mafundisho makáykáy,mafundisho\tma-káy~káy,teaching\t6-sharp~INTENS,serious teachings,,,,elicited from speaker -63-46,63,yal-á al dugag-ín dugag-ín,yal-á\tal\tdugag-ín\tdugag-ín,child-PL\tREL\tsmall-PL\tsmall-PL,the young children,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-49,64,fi wókit ta rabé kúlu zuhúr ge fáta fáta,fi\twókit\tta\trabé\tkúlu\tzuhúr\tge=fáta~fáta,EXIST\ttime\tPOSS\tspring\tall\tflowers\tPROG=open~open,All the flowers blossom in spring time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-50,64,úmon gum númu númu ma ána,úmon\tgum\tnúmu~númu\tma\tána,3PL\tget_up\tsleep~sleep\twith\t1SG,They began to rape me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-51,64,móyo móyo,móyo~móyo,water~water,liquid,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-52,64,béle béle,béle~béle,country~country,popular,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-53,64,maál tamán tamán tamán,maál\ttamán~tamán~tamán,place\tgood~good~good,a very good place,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-48,65,Siʧasa mala mala labotaj.,Siʧasa\tmala\tmala\tlabotaj.,now\tsmall\tsmall\twork,I have some small work right now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-49,65,Waʃa igraj-igraj ni nada.,Váša\tigráj-igráj\tni\tnáda.,2PL\tplay-play\tNEG\tmust,Do not mock [me] / laugh [at me].,,,,elicited from speaker -67-59,67,Dia mahu buang buku-buku dia.,Dia\tmahu\tbuang\tbuku~buku\tdia.,3SG\twant\tthrow\tbook~book\t3SG,She/he wanted to throw away all her/his books.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-60,67,Dia dua-dua nama dua tempat ah.,Dia\tdua~dua\tnama\tdua\ttempat\tah.,3SG\tboth\tname\ttwo\tplace\tPCL,The two names [refer to] two [different] places.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-61,67,"Ah! Lu hari-hari masak, lu tahu la.","Ah!\tLu\thari~hari\tmasak,\tlu\ttahu\tla.",INTERJ\t2SG\teveryday\tcook\t2SG\tknow\tEMPH,"Ah, (if) you cook everyday, you (will) know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-62,67,"Nanti dia habis, ini orang-orang kasi dia duit.","Nanti\tdia\thabis,\tini\torang~orang\tkasi\tdia\tduit.",wait\t3SG\tfinish\tDEM\tperson~person\tgive\t3SG\tmoney,"Later, [when] he finished, these people gave him money.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-63,67,Dia plan-plan jalan turun jalan.,Dia\tplan~plan\tjalan\tturun\tjalan.,3SG\tslow~slow\twalk\tdescend\twalk,She went down very slowly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-64,67,Makan apa itu sama makan itu ah ah sikit-sikit punya itu biskit ah.,Makan\tapa\titu\tsama\tmakan\titu\tah\tah\tsikit~sikit\tpunya\titu\tbiskit\tah.,eat\twhat\tDEM\twith\teat\tDEM\tEMPH\tEMPH\tlittle~little\tATTR\tDEM\tbiscuit\tPCL,What [we] ate were very few biscuits.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-65,67,Lagi-lagi pergi pasar susah.,Lagi~lagi\tpergi\tpasar\tsusah.,more~more\tgo\tmarket\tdifficult,"More and more, going to the market is difficult.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-40,68,Buaya nai par mo cari rusa rusa.,Buaya\tnai\tpar\tmo\tcari\trusa~rusa.,crocodile\tgo.up\tfor\tFUT\tsearch.for\tPL~deer,The crocodile climbed ashore to search for deer.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-41,68,malang; malang-malang,malang;\tmalang~malang,night\tnight~ADV,night; late at night (adverb),,,,naturalistic spoken -70-32,70,U bara bara kuta yar.,U\tbara~bara\tkuta\tyar.,3SG\tbig~big\tdog\tfriend,"It was a really big dog, man.",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-50,71,Nuinui pilikia kela kamalii.,Nuinui\tpilikia\tkela\tkamalii.,plenty.of\ttrouble\tDET\tchildren,The children are in a lot of trouble.,,,,naturalistic written -71-51,71,Nui loa pilikia kela poe.,Nui\tloa\tpilikia\tkela\tpoe.,much\tvery\ttrouble\tDET\tpeople,The people are in a lot of trouble.,,,,naturalistic written -72-51,72,Nyilanginyima dei bin rarrarraj na nganta motikangkirri.,Nyila-nginyi-ma\tdei\tbin\trarrarraj\tna\tnganta\tmotika-ngkirri.,that-ABL-DISC\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\trun.RED\tDISC\tDOUBT\tcar-ALL,"After that, they ran and ran to the car, I think.",,,fd720bea6e66a6c2bf2d31f630c0a173,narrative -72-52,72,Kajijirrima dei yusta jingimbat darrei yawulyu.,Kajijirri-ma\tdei\tyusta\tjing-im-bat\tdarrei\tyawulyu.,old.woman.RED-TOP\t3PL.SBJ\tused.to\tsing-TR-CONT\tthat.way\tsacred.song,The old women used to sing sacred songs over there.,,,40c18821a05178b2d1048a23c724047b,narrative -73-38,73,yoga bin bin tixiyda pudini,yo-ga\tbin~bin\ttixi-y-da\tpudi-ni,1SG-TOP\twell~well\tweave-INF-ACC\tcan-1SG,I can weave very well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-41,74,wáwa wáwa wáwa,wáwa\twáwa\twáwa,talk\ttalk\ttalk,talk and talk and talk,,,,constructed by linguist -74-185,74,łas mungk k’áu’kau dunusdunús,łas\tmungk\tk’áu’kau\tdunusdunús,3PL\tmake\ttie.RED\tsmall.RED,they tied it up very tightly,,,,narrative -75-79,75,Kiimamishimeewak maana.,Kii-ma~mishim-eew-ak\tmaana.,PST-RED.tell.on.ANIM-3-PL\tusually,They always used to tell on her usually.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-80,75,Kahkiyaashkit.,Kah~kiyaashki-t.,HAB~lie-3,She is lying all the time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-81,75,Kaahkiihtwaam chiushtaayaahk lii zafeer.,Kaah~kiihtwaam\tchi-ushtaa-yaahk\tlii\tzafeer.,RED.again\tCOMP.FUT-do.INAN-1PL\tART.PL\tthing,We have to do things over and over.,,,,naturalistic written -75-82,75,Paahpeeyek aen zhwal ayaaweewak.,Paah~peeyek\taen\tzhwal\tayaawee-wak.,RED.one\tDEF.ART.SG.M\thorse\thave-3PL,They each have a horse. OR: Each one has a horse.,,,,naturalistic written -75-83,75,Paahpawaachikew inaakushiw.,Paah~pawaach-ike-w\tinaaku-shi-w.,HAB~dream-DETRANS-3\tlook.like-be-3,She is dreamy looking.,,,,naturalistic written -75-84,75,Li shyaen mekwaat aen zoo maamaakwahtem.,Li\tshyaen\tmekwaat\taen\tzoo\tmaamaakwaht-em.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tdog\tPROG\tINDF.ART.M.SG\tbone\tchew.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,The dog is chewing on a bone.,,,,naturalistic written -1-81,1,Battra kotti mi futu.,Batra\tkoti\tmi\tfutu.,bottle\tcut\t1SG\tfoot,The bottle cut my foot.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-61,2,Esde mi drai mi futu.,Esde\tmi\tdrai\tmi\tfutu.,yesterday\tI\tturn\tmy\tfoot,Yesterday I twisted my foot.,,,,unknown -4-42,4,Na mi futu mi na e fii.,Na\tmi\tfutu\tmi\tna\te\tfii.,COP\tmy\tleg/foot\tI\tNEG\tIPFV\tfeel,It's my foot that I'm not feeling.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-43,4,Wan se fufu langa moo a taa wan.,Wan\tse\tfufu\tlanga\tmoo\ta\ttaa\twan.,one\tside\tfoot\tlong\tmore\tDET.SG\tother\tone,One foot is longer than the other one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-48,5,an di fut na kot a di rait spɔt,an\tdi\tfut\tna\tkot\ta\tdi\trait\tspɔt,and\tthe\tfoot\tNEG\tcut\tin\tthe\tright\tspot,And the foot was not cut at the right spot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-49,5,wan said eez; wan han,wan\tsaid\teez;\twan\than,one\tside\tears\tone\thand,one ear; one hand,,,,unspecified -6-30,6,a foot,a\tfoot,DET\tfoot,a foot,,,,elicited from speaker -7-75,7,a nooz hool,a\tnooz\thool,INDF\tnose\thole,a nostril,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-42,8,Mi fut de hat mi.,Mi\tfut\tde\that\tmi.,1SG\tfoot\tPROG\thurt\t1SG,My leg hurts.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-43,8,Di yai kudn shet.,Di\tyai\tkudn\tshet.,DET\teye\tMOD\tshut,The eye could not be closed.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-53,9,Di leydi me de waʧ a wid wan sayd a i ayz.,Di\tleydi\tme\tde\twaʧ\ta\twid\twan\tsayd\ta\ti\tayz.,the\tlady\tANT\tPROG\twatch\thim\twith\tone\tside\tof\ther\teyes,The lady was watching him sideways.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-54,9,(ʃaak) i bayt wan howl piys ina i fut.,(ʃaak)\ti\tbayt\twan\thowl\tpiys\tina\ti\tfut.,(shark)\t3SG\tbite\ta\twhole\tpiece\tin\this\tleg,"(The shark), it bit a piece of his leg (calf in this case).",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-54,10,An ihn tek di han an baks aaf ihn hed rait aaf.,An\tihn\ttek\tdi\than\tan\tbaks\taaf\tihn\thed\trait\taaf.,and\t3SG\ttake\tART.DEF\thand\tand\tbox\toff\t3SG.POSS\thead\tright\toff,And he took his hand and boxed her head right off.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-55,10,"Mama, mama, mi han taiad!","Mama,\tmama,\tmi\than\ttaiad!",mother\tmother\t1SG.POSS\thand\ttired,"Mother, mother, my hands are tired!",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-56,10,wan leg; wan fut; wan han; wan iaz; wan ai; wan nuoshuol,wan\tleg;\twan\tfut;\twan\than;\twan\tiaz;\twan\tai;\twan\tnuoshuol,ART.INDF\tleg\tART.INDF\tfoot\tART.INDF\thand\tART.INDF\tear\tART.INDF\teye\tART.INDF\tnostril,a leg; a foot; a hand; an ear; an eye; a nostril,,,,constructed by linguist -10-57,10,Mi gat wan gud han.,Mi\tgat\twan\tgud\than.,1SG\tget\tone\tgood\thand.,I have only one good hand left (because the other one is broken).,,,,constructed by linguist -11-62,11,Dei chop aaf den han or dei get ded.,Dei\tchop\taaf\tden\than\tor\tdei\tget\tded.,3PL\tchop\toff\t3PL.POSS\thand\tor\t3PL\tget\tdead,They chop off their hand/hands or they get themselves killed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-63,11,wan fut,wan\tfut,ART.INDF\tfoot,a foot/leg,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-64,11,wan han,wan\than,ART.INDF\thand,a hand/arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-65,11,wan yai,wan\tyai,ART.INDF\teye,an eye,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-66,11,wan nuoz huol,wan\tnuoz\thuol,ART.INDF\tnose\thole,a nostril,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-54,12,"And I get stick, and I didn't pay it no mind. And [...] - [You get stick - with what?] A prickle. [Oh ... what happened?] And I didn't pay it no mind. I see the hole in my leg - toe, you see.",[...] the hole in my leg - toe [...].,[...] the hole in my leg   toe [...],"[And I got stuck] [...] [and I saw] the hole in my leg - [in my] toe, you see.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-47,13,dey broke e leg.,dey\tbroke\te\tleg.,3PL.SBJ\tbroke\t3SG\tleg,They broke his leg. (Jn 19.32),,,,bible translation -14-33,14,leg,leg,leg,one leg,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-34,14,ear,ear,ear,one ear,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-35,14,eye,eye,eye,eye,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-45,15,"fut, yes, yay","fut,\tyes,\tyay",leg/foot\tear\teye,"leg, ear, eye",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-41,16,à tai sɔm smɔ rop fɔ ìn lɛg,à\ttai\tsɔm\tsmɔ\trop\tfɔ\tìn\tlɛg,1SG\ttie\tART\tsmall\trope\tfor\t3SG.POSS\tleg,I tied a small rope to its leg.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-42,17,Ìm tek nayf chuk mì fò̱r ay.,Ìm\ttek\tnayf\tchuk\tmì\tfò̱r\tay.,3SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tpierce\t1SG.OBJ\tPREP\teye,S/he stabbed me in the eye(s) with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-43,17,Ìm tek nayf chuk mì fò̱r wo̱n ay.,Ìm\ttek\tnayf\tchuk\tmì\tfò̱r\two̱n\tay.,3SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tpierce\t1SG.OBJ\tPREP\tone\teye,S/he stabbed me in one/an eye with a knife.,,,,unknown -18-42,18,"wan ai, wan fingga, wan han, wan fut","wan\tai,\twan\tfingga,\twan\than,\twan\tfut",one\teye\tone\tfinger\tone\thand\tone\tfoot,"eye, finger, hand/arm/sleeve, foot/leg/trouser leg",,,,published source -19-47,19,han; fut; yes; yayf,han;\tfut;\tyes;\tyayf,hand/arm\tfoot/leg\tear\teye,hand/arm; foot/leg; ear; eye,,,,constructed by linguist -20-36,20,Mutton leg sellum two macee eight candareen one catty.,Mutton\tleg\tsellum\ttwo\tmacee\teight\tcandareen\tone\tcatty.,mutton\tleg\tsell\ttwo\tmace\teight\tcandareen\tone\tcatty,Mutton leg sells two mace eight candareens a catty.,,,,naturalistic written -21-36,21,a leg; an ear; an eye,a\tleg;\tan\tear;\tan\teye,DET\tleg\tDET\tear\tDET\teye,a leg; an ear; an eye,,,,own knowledge -22-55,22,Lek bilongen pen.,Lek\tbilong-en\tpen.,leg\tPOSS-3SG\tpain,His leg hurt.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-55,23,mi luk han blong Linda i nogud we,mi\tluk\than\tblong\tLinda\ti\tnogud\twe,1SG\tlook\thand\tPOSS\tLinda\tAGR\tno.good\tCOMP,"I saw Linda's arm, it looks awful.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-159,25,"Hi nomo faindim broken leg, nathing, bon bin kam [...] beta, hilap.","Hi\tnomo\tfaind-im\tbroken\tleg,\tnathing,\tbon\tbin\tkam\t[...]\tbeta,\thil-ap.",3SG\tNEG\tfind-TR\tbroken\tleg\tnothing\tbone\tPST\tcome\t[...]\tbetter\theal-up,"He didn’t find a broken leg any more, the bone had gotten better, it had healed. (Doctor in later consultation of a patient with a broken leg.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-160,25,"Putim theya la bingga, jurruny.","Put-im\ttheya\tla\tbingga,\tjurruny.",put-TR\tthere\tLOC\tfinger/hand\thand,[They got hot sand and they] put it on my hand [to cure an insect bite].,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-34,26,ju get big hæn,ju\tget\tbig\thæn,2SG\tPOSS\tbig\thand,You've got big hands.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-35,26,wan hæn,wan\thæn,one\thand,one hand,,,,constructed by linguist -26-36,26,mai ɹaiʔ hæn,mai\tɹaiʔ\thæn,1SG.POSS\tright\thand,my right hand,,,,constructed by linguist -27-30,27,Di estə ēn ham a ha ēn hogo.,Di\testə\tēn\tham\ta\tha\tēn\thogo.,DET\tfirst\tone\t3SG\tPST\thave\tone\teye,The first one had one eye.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-56,28,ʃi bwa wa bigintɛ riʃi,ʃi\tbwa\twa\tbigin-tɛ\triʃi,3SG.POSS\tleg\tPST\tbegin-PFV\tswell,His leg had begun to swell.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-57,28,di en bara moi ka,di\ten\tbara\tmoi\tka,the\tone\tarm/hand\tgood\tNEG,His one hand is not good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-44,29,"arm, oog, oor","arm,\toog,\toor",arm\teye\tear,"arm, eye, ear",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-62,30,Algen ki ten un odju ségu ê kololu.,Algen\tki=ten\tun=odju\tségu\tê\tkololu.,somebody\tCOMP=have\tone=eye\tblind\tbe\tkololu,"Somebody who is blind on one eye is called ""kololu"".",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-64,31,"N ta sufri di rimatismu, na pe ma na mon.","N\tta\tsufri\tdi\trimatismu,\tna\tpe\tma\tna\tmon.",I\tASP\tsuffer\tfrom\trheumatism\ton\tfoot\tand\ton\thand,"I suffer from rheumatism, on my feet and hands.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-38,32,"ói/ un ói, uvid/ un uvid","ói/\tun\tói,\tuvid/\tun\tuvid",eyes/\tone\teye\tears/\tone\tear,"eyes/ one eye, ears/ one ear",,,,constructed by linguist -33-54,33,nha mon,nha\tmon,1SG.POSS\thand,my hand/ my hands,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-55,33,nha mons,nha\tmon-s,1SG.POSS\thand-PL,my hands,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-42,34,"moŋ, pe, wuju, woreja","moŋ,\tpe,\twuju,\tworeja",hand/arm\tfoot/leg\teye\tear,"a hand / an arm, a foot/leg, an eye, an ear",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-63,35,ũa mon,ũa\tmon,one\thand,one hand OR: a hand,,,,elicited from speaker -36-38,36,ũa mo,ũa\tmo,one\thand,one hand,,,,constructed by linguist -37-42,37,uman ũa,uman\tũa,hand\tone,one hand,,,,constructed by linguist -38-47,38,básu,básu,upper.arm,upper arm,,,,elicited from speaker -38-48,38,wã básu,wan\tbásu,one\tupper.arm,one upper arm,,,,elicited from speaker -39-60,39,Aməro pɛ dikəl lion.,Amər-o\tpɛ\tdə-ikəl\t.,bind-PST\tfoot/leg\tof-DEM\tlion,(X) bound the leg(s) of the lion.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-61,39,Nɔs tə kume ku mãw.,Nɔs\ttə\tkum-e\tku\tmãw.,1PL\tIPFV.NPST\teat-INF\tINS\thand/arm,We are eating with our hand(s).,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-62,39,Fal nə nə uvid.,Fal\tnə\tnə\tuvid.,speak.NPST\tREQ\tLOC\tear,Speak into (my) ear.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-37,40,ol; oʋid; pɛ; mãʋ,ol;\toʋid;\tpɛ;\tmãʋ,eye\tear\tfoot/leg\thand/arm,eye(s); ear(s); foot/feet / leg(s); hand(s) / arm(s),,,,elicited from speaker -42-46,42,ńgua perna,ńgua\tperna,one\tleg,a leg,,,,elicited from speaker -44-54,44,un pies,un\tpies,a\tfoot,a foot,,,,naturalistic written -44-55,44,un máno,un\tmáno,a\thand,a hand,,,,naturalistic written -45-46,45,Tiene un lunal na orejas de mi papa.,Tiene\tun\tlunal\tna\torejas\tde\tmi\tpapa.,EXIST\tINDF\tmole\tLOC\tear\tof\tmy\tfather,There is a mole in my father's ear.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-62,46,Kórto el pyérna déste ómbre.,Kórto\tel\tpyérna\tdéste\tómbre.,short\tthe\tleg\tof.this\tman,The leg(s) of this man are short.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-56,47,un wowo; un oreya,un\twowo;\tun\toreya,INDF\teye\tINDF\tear,an eye; an ear,,,,own knowledge -48-42,48,oho,oho,eye,eye,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-43,48,pie,pie,foot,foot,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-71,49,Grenn zye w i ye.,Grenn\tzye\tw\ti\tye.,unit\teye\t2SG.POSS\t3SG\tPRO,It's your eye.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-72,49,gwo grenn zye,gwo\tgrenn\tzye,big\tunit\teye,big eye,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-73,49,de zye ou,de\tzye\tou,two\teye\t2SG,your two eyes,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-74,49,nannan zye a,nannan\tzye\ta,pupil\teye\tDEF,the pupil of the eye,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-75,49,Janm mwen ap fè m mal.,Janm\tmwen\tap\tfè\tm\tmal.,leg\t1SG.POSS\tINACC\tmake\t3SG\tbad,My leg hurts.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-47,50,on bra,on\tbra,one\tarm,an/one arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-46,51,an bra,an\tbra,INDF\tarm,an/one arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-32,52,"pyé, bra, zorey","pyé,\tbra,\tzorey",leg\tarm\tear,"leg, arm, ear",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-96,53,Mom te rache l klou dan to pye.,Mom\tte\trache\tl\tklou\tdan\tto\tpye.,Mom\tPST\tpull.out\tART.DEF\tnail\tfrom\t2SG.POSS\tfoot,Mom would pull the nail out of your foot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-59,54,"Mi pran in koté lo ba, in koté soulié, tout koté lé ba.","Mi\tpran\ten\tkote\tlë\tba,\ten\tkote\tsoulye,\ttout\tkote\tle\tba.",1SG.FIN\ttake\tINDF\tside\tDEF.SG\tsock\tINDF\tside\tshoe\tall\tside\tDEF.PL\tsock,"I take one sock, one shoe, both socks.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-60,54,"mon koté d zórèy, mon dé zórèy","mon\tkote\td\tzorey,\tmon\tde\tzorey",POSS.1SG\tside\tof\tear\tPOSS.1SG\ttwo\tear,"my ear, my ears",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-61,54,"son soulié, in soulié gran talon","son\tsoulye,\ten\tsoulye\tgran\ttalon",POSS.3SG\tshoe\tINDF\tshoe\tbig\theel,"his/her shoe, a shoe with high heel",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-50,55,en kote lizye fer mal,en\tkote\tlizye\tfer\tmal,one\tside\teye\tmake\tbad,One eye is paining.,,,,elicited from speaker -55-218,55,li'nn perdi enn so lizye,li'nn\tperdi\tenn\tso\tlizye,3SG.COMPL\tlose\tone\t3SG.POSS\teye,s/he has lost the use of one eye,,,,constructed by linguist -56-64,56,en kote lipye,en\tkote\tlipye,a/one\tside\tleg,one leg,,,,constructed by linguist -56-65,56,Met en kote lipye devan.,Met\ten\tkote\tlipye\tdevan.,put\tone\tside\tfoot\tforward,Put one foot forward.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-66,56,Si ou met lipye lo la ou'n antre dan son kan ou pa a sorti.,Si\tou\tmet\tlipye\tlo\tla\tou'n\tantre\tdan\tson\tkan\tou\tpa\ta\tsorti.,if\t2SG\tput\tfoot\ton\tthere\t2SG=PRF\tenter\tin\t3SG.POSS\tfield\t2SG\tNEG\tFUT\tget.out,"If you step on it [a kind of grain], if you go into the field, you will not get out of it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -57-34,57,na a pje selma pu lja,na\ta\tpje\tselma\tpu\tlja,EXIST\tNUM\tfoot\tonly\tPOSS\t3SG,He has only one foot.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-36,58,"di-kulu, ma-kulu","di-kulu,\tma-kulu",CL5-leg\tCL6-leg,"leg, legs",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-37,58,"di-kutu, ma-kutu","di-kutu,\tma-kutu",CL5-ear\tCL6-ear,"ear, ears",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-93,59,lo kpo le ti lo oko,lo\tkpo\tle\tti\tlo\toko,3SG\tpierce\teye\tof\t3SG\tone,He pierced him in one eye. OR: He pierced one of his eyes.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-94,59,lo mu zembe na maboko ti lo.,lo\tmu\tzembe\tna\tmaboko\tti\tlo.,3SG\ttake\tknife\tPREP\thand\tof\t3SG,He took a knife in his hand.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-40,60,lokolo; makolo,lo-kolo;\tma-kolo,CLF.SG-leg\tCLF.PL-leg,leg; legs,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-125,61,muye mlenze,muye\tmlenze,one\tleg,one leg,,,,constructed by linguist -61-126,61,muye mehlo,muye\tmehlo,one\teye,one eye,,,,constructed by linguist -62-24,62,"i-'ilá, ma-'ilá","i-'ilá,\tma-'ilá",5-eye\t6-eye,"eye, eyes",,,,elicited from speaker -63-47,63,íta kut fi ída,íta\tkut\tfi\tída,2SG\tput\tin\thand,You put [the salt] in your hand.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-48,63,úwo dákul ída fi jéba,úwo\tdákul\tída\tfi\tjéba,3SG\tenter\thand\tin\tpocket,He put [his] hand in [his] pocket.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-54,64,ida; idén,ida;\tidén,hand\thands,"hand; two hands, hands",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-50,65,A belyj smatri - kasoj glaza u liudi - eto siorano sabaka.,A belyj smatri - kasoj glaza u liudi - eto siorano sabaka.,and white look   squint eye at person   this all.equal dog,As for a white person [for him] a person with squint eyes is just a dog.,,,,citation in fiction -66-128,66,tangang,tangang,arm,an arm,,,,elicited from speaker -67-66,67,"Anjing, dia gigit sama dia punya tangan ah.","Anjing,\tdia\tgigit\tsama\tdia\tpunya\ttangan\tah.",dog\t3SG\tbite\twith\t3SG\tPOSS\thand\tPCL,The dog bit his hand.,,,,elicited from speaker -68-42,68,satu (bua) kaki,satu\t(bua)\tkaki,one\t(CLF)\tfoot/leg,one foot/leg,,,,constructed by linguist -70-33,70,Am kali pip karo amara aki uske banduk.,Am\tkali\tpip\tkaro\tamara\taki\tuske\tbanduk.,1SG\tonly\tpeep\tdo\tmy\teye\t3SG.POSS\tgun,I just peeped with my eyes at his gun,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-34,70,Kitna sapa i-loŋ ke hat.,Kitna\tsapa\ti-loŋ\tke\that.,how\tsmooth\t3SG.PROX-PL\tPOSS\thand,How smooth their hands/arms are.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-52,71,Henry makana iaia akahi dala paa ma kela lima ka Pake.,Henry\tmakana\tiaia\takahi\tdala\tpaa\tma\tkela\tlima\tka\tPake.,Henry\tgive\t3SG\tone\tdollar\theld\tLOC\tDET\thand\tDEF\tChinese,Henry gave him a dollar held in the hand of a Chinese.,,,,naturalistic written -72-53,72,Dat jinektu im baitim marluka legta.,Dat\tjinek-tu\tim\tbait-im\tmarluka\tleg-ta.,the\tsnake-ERG\t3SG\tbite-TR\told.man\tleg-LOC,"The snake, it bites the old man on the leg.",,,,elicited from speaker -73-39,73,mano,mano,hand,"hand, a hand",,,,elicited from speaker -76-38,76,aipaña kammik navik'ta,aipaña\tkammik\tnavik'ta,second\tboot\tbroken,The other boot is torn.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-82,1,Den drom no klare jetti oenno zabi takki no wan zomma ben pree lange da drom na negi moen tem.,Den\tdron\tno\tklari\tete\tunu\tsabi\ttaki\tno-wan\tsoma\tben\tprei\tnanga\tda\tdron\tna\tneigi\tmun\tten.,DET.PL\tdrum\tNEG\tready\tyet\t2PL\tknow\tsay\tno-one\tperson\tPST\tplay\twith\tDET.SG\tdrum\tLOC\tnine\tmoon\ttime,"The drums are not ready yet, you know that no one has played on the drum in nine months time.",,,,written -1-83,1,Mastra wan koffi pranasie a habi vyfi ten tien zomma na fili da gron no mosse morre biki liki wan hondert na vyfi ten tien akkers.,Masra\twan\tkofi\tpranasi\ta\tabi\tfeifi\tten\ttin\tsoma\tna\tfiri\tda\tgron\tno\tmusu\tmoro\tbigi\tleki\twan\thondru\tna\tfeifi\tten\ttin\takkers.,master\tINDF.SG\tcoffee\tplantation\t3SG.SBJ\thave\tfive\ttime\tten\tperson\tLOC\tfield\tDET.SG\tground\tNEG\tmust\tmore\tbig\tlike\tone\thundred\tat\tfive\ttime\tten\tacre,"Master, when a coffee plantation has fifty blacks in the field, the land should not be bigger than 150 acres.",,,,written -2-62,2,Den ten disi a son e faya.,Den\tten\tdisi\ta\tson\te\tfaya.,the.PL\ttime\tDEM\tDET\tsun\tIPFV\thot,These days the sun is hot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-63,2,Ma dan fa a sani dati du kon dan eigenlijk dan.,Ma\tdan\tfa\ta\tsani\tdati\tdu\tkon\tdan\teigenlijk\tdan.,but\tthen\thow\tDET\tthing\tDEM\tdo\tbecome\tthen\tproperly\tthen,But how did that actually happen?,,,,elicited from speaker -3-33,3,di buku; di buku aki,di\tbuku;\tdi\tbuku\taki,DEF.SG\tbook\tDEF.SG\tbook\there,the book; this book,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-44,4,a osu; a osu ya/de,a\tosu;\ta\tosu\tya/de,DET.SG\thouse\tDET.SG\thouse\there/there,the house; this/that house,,,,elicited from speaker -5-50,5,wai dem kyaan go in di bangk an jraa monii?,wai\tdem\tkyaan\tgo\tin\tdi\tbangk\tan\tjraa\tmonii?,why\tthey\tcan't\tgo\tin\tDEF.ART\tbank\tand\tdraw\tmoney,Why can't they go in the bank and withdraw money?,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-51,5,wel a da! a da wa mii se!,wel\ta\tda!\ta\tda\twa\tmii\tse!,well\tit's\tDEM\tit's\tDEM\twhat\tI\tsay,Well that's it! That's what I say!,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-31,6,Shi see de man we give shi de book.,Shi\tsee\tde\tman\twe\tgive\tshi\tde\tbook.,she\tsee\tDET\tman\tREL\tgive\tshe\tDET\tbook,She saw the man who had given her the book.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-76,7,i/di bwai,i/di\tbwai,ART\tboy,the boy,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-77,7,dis/da bwai,dis/da\tbwai,DEM\tboy,this boy / that boy,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-78,7,Di man hu bil da hous de duhn ded.,Di\tman\thu\t∅\tbil\tda\thous\tde\tduhn\tded.,ART\tman\tREL\t∅\tbuild\tDEM\thouse\tthere\tCOMPL\tdead,The man who built that house is dead.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-44,8,Dis bwai ago mek mi sin miself.,Dis\tbwai\tago\tmek\tmi\tsin\tmiself.,DEM\tboy\tFUT\tmake\t1SG\tsin\t1SG.REFL,This boy is going to make me lose it (i.e. my cool).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-45,8,Di bwai mek mi staat kos badwod.,Di\tbwai\tmek\tmi\tstaat\tkos\tbadwod.,DET\tboy\tmake\t1SG\tstart\tcurse\tbad.word,The boy caused me to start swearing.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-55,9,wey bak ina di bush,wey\tbak\tina\tdi\tbush,way\tback\tin\tthe\tbush,way back in the bush,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-56,9,di bɛs rowp,di\tbɛs\trowp,the\tbest\trope,the best rope,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-57,9,Hi de se di preya.,Hi\tde\tse\tdi\tpreya.,she\tPROG\tsay\tthe\tprayer,She is saying the prayer.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-62,9,Yu wuda sit dawn de an trai taym wɛn da krab wuda kum owt di howl.,Yu\twuda\tsit\tdawn\tde\tan\ttrai\ttaym\twɛn\tda\tkrab\twuda\tkum\towt\tdi\thowl.,2SG\tHAB\tsit\tdown\tthere\tand\ttry\ttime\twhen\tthat\tcrab\twould\tcome\tout\tthe\thole,You sit there and wait until the crab comes out of its hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-58,10,Di man lisn gud.,Di\tman\tlisn\tgud.,ART.DEF\tman\tlisten\tgood,The man listened carefully.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-59,10,da man,da\tman,DEM\tman,that man,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-60,10,Dis uman liv da ihn hous.,Dis\tuman\tliv\tda\tihn\thous.,DEM\twoman\tlive\tat\t3SG.POSS\thouse,This woman lived at his house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-61,10,Beda Taiga disaid fi go iin de da di daata now bot no nuo how fi sing di song.,Beda\tTaiga\tdisaid\tfi\tgo\tiin\tde\tda\tdi\tdaata\tnow\tbot\tno\tnuo\thow\tfi\tsing\tdi\tsong.,Brother\tTiger\tdecide\tCOMP\tgo\tin\tDEM.LOC\tat\tART.DEF\tdaughter\tnow\tbut\tNEG\tknow\thow\tCOMP\tsing\tART.DEF\tsong,Brother Tiger decided to go into the house where the daughter was but he didn't know how to sing the song.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-67,11,"If dis ting woz wel regyuleeted wid di workshop, wid di diplomado, di tiicha dem wud stop rait de.","If\tdis\tting\twoz\twel\tregyuleet-ed\twid\tdi\tworkshop,\twid\tdi\tdiplomado,\tdi\ttiicha\tdem\twud\tstop\trait\tde.",if\tDEM\tthing\tCOP.PST\twell\tregulate-PTCP\twith\tART.DEF\tworkshop\twith\tART.DEF\tdiplomado\tART.DEF\tteacher\tPL\twould\tstop\tright\tDEM.LOC,"If this thing was well coordinated with the workshop and with the degree, the teachers would stay right there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-55,12,"I from the north. That is - Conch Sound, and there I was born.",I\tfrom\tthe\tnorth\t[...],I\tfrom\tDEF\tnorth\t[...],I’m from the north (of a particular Out Island) [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-56,12,"First time I gone over - the first time I did gone off - let me tell you 'bout that. See, what happen, first in 1942, I work for the Royal Air Force. 1942 I work to the Royal Air Force Hospital. Yeah. And after 1942, then the Duke of Windsor gone aways to the - in the United State. He was acting government in the Bahamas. And after he see the condition of the people need a job, he gone over - oh, 'scuse me! He gone over and ... President Roosevelt and ax him if he could 'cruit some of the boys from here over there to work for the War Food Administration. And see, and I gone - I gone work for the War Food Administration.",[...]\tthe\tfirst\ttime\t[...].,[...]\tDEF\tfirst\ttime\t[...],[...] the first time [I went away] [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-57,12,"And when he come back, he see this - he didn't believe in this martial law.",[...]\the\tsee\tthis\t[...]\tthis\tmartial\tlaw.,[...]\the\tsee\tDEM\t[...]\tDEM\tmartial\tlaw,[And when he (i.e. the Duke of Windsor) came back and] saw this - he didn't believe in martial law.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-48,13,de crop,de\tcrop,DEF\tcrop,the crop,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-49,13,dat hall,dat\thall,DEM.DIST\thall,that hall,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-36,14,You won't even take the trash out.,You\twon't\teven\ttake\tthe\ttrash\tout.,you\twon't\teven\ttake\tthe\ttrash\tout,You won't even take the trash out.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-37,14,That snake done bit me again.,That\tsnake\tdone\tbit\tme\tagain.,that\tsnake\tCOMPL\tbite.PST\tme\tagain,That snake has bitten me again.,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-46,15,di; dis/dat,di;\tdis/dat,ART\tDEM,the; this/that,,,,naturalistic written -16-42,16,dɛ tin we ì dè wɔri in dis àua zɔŋgo,dɛ\ttin\twe\tì\tdè\twɔri\tin\tdis\tàua\tzɔŋgo,DEF.ART\tthing\tCOMP\t3SG\tHAB\tworry\tin\tDEM\t1PL.POSS\tzongo,the thing that worries (us) in our immigrant quarter,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-44,17,nyam,nyam,yam,the/a/some yam(s),,,,naturalistic spoken -17-45,17,dì nyam,dì\tnyam,ART.DEF\tyam,the yam,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-48,19,Udat tif? Tɛl mi dì nem!,Udat\ttif?\tTɛl\tmi\tdì\tnem!,who\tsteal\ttell\t1SG.EMPH\tDEF\tname,Who stole (something)? Tell me the name (of the person)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-37,20,That clock hap stop.,That\tclock\thap\tstop.,DET\tclock\tPFV\tstop,The clock has stopped.,,,,naturalistic written -23-56,23,haos ia longwe i bigwan moa,haos\tia\tlongwe\ti\tbigwan\tmoa,house\tDEF\tthere\tAGR\tbig\tmore,That/The house over there is bigger [than the one I’m talking about].,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-57,23,long ples ia oli putum wan samting [...],long\tples\tia\toli\tputum\twan\tsamting\t[...],LOC\tplace\tDEF\tAGR\tput\tINDF\tsomething\t[...],They put something here (in this place) [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-58,23,mifala i stap talem wan gel ia hem i bin bon long faea,mifala\ti\tstap\ttalem\twan\tgel\tia\them\ti\tbin\tbon\tlong\tfaea,1PL.EXCL\tAGR\tPROG\ttell\tINDF\tgirl\tDEF\t3SG\tAGR\tANT\tburn\tLOC\tfire,We're talking about this girl who was burnt in a fire.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-60,24,Wataim aa shep (kamen)?,Wataim\taa\tshep\t(kamen)?,what.time\tART.DEF\tship\t(come.CONT),When will the ship arrive?,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-61,24,Hetta/hettieh daa/dar poem.,Hetta/hettieh\tdaa/dar\tpoem.,voila\tART.DEF\tpoem,Here is the poem.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-62,24,Daa taeksi kamen suun.,Daa\ttaeksi\tkamen\tsuun.,ART.DEF\ttaxi\tcome.CONT\tsoon,The taxi will be coming soon.,,,,naturalistic written -24-63,24,em/dem letel salan,em/dem\tletel\tsalan,DET.DEF.PL\tlittle\tpeople,the little children,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-161,25,"Im lib la keib, det larrpburniny.","M\tlib\tla\tkeib,\tdet\tlarrpburniny.",3SG\tlive\tLOC\tcave\tDEM\twallaby,"It lives in caves, the wallaby.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-162,25,Im smelim thet bif.,Im\tsmel-im\tthet\tbif.,3SG\tsmell-TR\tDEM\tmeat/beef,He smells the meat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-163,25,"Dijan iya im mukarra tri. Thad lif pat bla mukarra, im gudwan bla so.","Dijan\tiya\tim\tmukarra\ttri.\tThad\tlif\tpat\tbla\tmukarra,\tim\tgud-wan\tbla\tso.",PROX:ADJ\there\t3SG\triver.pandanus\ttree\tDEM\tleaf\tpart\tDAT/POSS\triver.pandanus\t3SG\tgood-ADJ\tDAT/POSS\tsore,This here is a river pandanus. The leaf of the river pandanus is good for sores.,,,,elicited from speaker -25-164,25,Wal jad lilboi imin reken frog bin likimbat feis en pulumbat heya.,Wal\tjad\tlilboi\tim=in\treken\tfrog\tbin\tlik-im-bat\tfeis\ten\tpul-um-bat\theya.,well\tDEM\tlittle.boy\t3SG=PST\tthink/say\tfrog\tPST\tlick-TR-PROG\tface\tand\tpull-TR-PROG\thair,Well that little boy said/thought that the frog licked his face and pulled his hair.,,,,naturalistic written -25-165,25,Thet min imin goap mo haya.,Thet\tmin\tim=in\tgoap\tmo\thaya.,DEM\tmean\t3SG=PST\tgo.up\tmore\thigher,That means he climbed up higher.,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-166,25,"Imin oldei telim mi “givit bek langa im thet taka blanga im, yu bin takat naf, givit bek la thet beibi"".","Im=in\toldei\ttel-im\tmi\t“giv-it\tbek\tlanga\tim\tthet\ttaka\tblanga\tim,\tyu\tbin\ttakat\tnaf,\tgiv-it\tbek\tla\tthet\tbeibi"".",3SG=PST\talways\ttell-TR\t1SG\tgive-TR\tback\tLOC\t3SG\tDEM\ttucker\tDAT/POSS\t3SG\t2SG\tPST\teat\tenough\tgive-TR\tback\tLOC\tDEM\tbaby,"She used to say to me ""give it back to her, that food of hers, you have eaten enough, give it back to the baby"".",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-167,25,Imin givit thet K. langa mai bratha.,Im=in\tgiv-it\tthet\tK.\tlanga\tmai\tbratha.,3SG=PST\tgive-TR\tDEM\tK.\tLOC\t1SG.POSS\tbrother,He gave K. to my brother (in marriage).,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-168,25,Dijan longtaim la fam en wi bin abum ol fam dea langa lolebul. Dijan la Katharrain en mai fatha yusta wek dea blanga dat men. Imin - dat men imin neim ol Jim.,Dijan longtaim la fam en wi bin ab-um ol fam dea langa lolebul. Dijan la Katharrain en mai fatha yusta wek dea blanga dat men. Im=in - dat men im=in neim ol Jim.,PROX:ADJ long.ago LOC farm and 1SG PST have-TR old farm there LOC Low.Level PROX:ADJ LOC Katherine and 1SG.POSS father HAB work there DAT/POSS DEM man 3SG=PST   DEM man 3SG=PST name old Jim,"This was long ago on a farm and we had an old farm there at Low Level (Crossing). This was in Katherine, and my father used to work there for that man. He- that man, his name was Old Jim. OR: This happened a long time ago on a farm. There was this old farm at the Low Level at Katherine and my father used to work there for a man named Jim. (Orig. Transl.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-169,25,Mi thad fes pesin bin gaji fish ba alabat.,Mi\tthad\tfes\tpesin\tbin\tgaji\tfish\tba\talabat.,1SG\tEQ.COP\tfirst\tperson\tPST\tget:TR\tfish\tDAT/POSS\t3PL,I was the first person who caught a fish for everyone.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-31,27,Di difman sini a kuri stā sin hus mi sin jit. Di noli a hōpō di dō.,Di\tdifman\tsini\ta\tkuri\tstā\tsin\thus\tmi\tsin\tjit.\tDi\tnoli\ta\thōpō\tdi\tdō.,DET\tthief\t3PL\tPST\trun\tleave\t3PL\thouse\twith\t3PL\tfood\tDET\tdonkey\tPST\topen\tDET\tdoor,The thieves ran away from their house and their food. The donkey opened the door.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-58,28,di tau bititɛ ʃi fingri an o dototɛ,di\ttau\tbiti-tɛ\tʃi\tfingri\tan\to\tdoto-tɛ,the\tsnake\tbite-PFV\t3SG.POSS\tfinger\tand\t3SG\tdie-PFV,The snake bit his finger and he died.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-45,29,die vs. hierdie; daardie vs. dié,die\tvs.\thierdie;\tdaardie\tvs.\tdié,DEF.ART\tvs.\tPROX.DEM\tDIST.DEM\tvs.\tPROX.DEM,the vs. this/these; that/those vs. this/these,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-63,30,"Nha-Tiu, grexa nobu ta nagurádu oxi.","Nha-Tiu,\tgrexa\tnobu\tta=nagurá-du\toxi.",My-Uncle\tchurch\tnew\tIPFV=inaugurate-PASS\ttoday,"My Uncle, the new church will be inaugurated today.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-64,30,"Tenba un ómi propetári riku ki ta morába la na rubera di Njenhu. Kel ómi li si nómi éra Zé Manel, el éra [...].","Ten-ba\tun=ómi\tpropetári\triku\tki=ta=morá-ba\tla\tna=rubera\tdi=Njenhu.\tKel=ómi\tli\tsi=nómi\téra\tZé\tManel,\tel=éra\t[...].",have-ANT\ta=man\towner\trich\tCOMP=IPFV=live-ANT\tthere\tin=valley\tof=Njenhu\tDEM.SG=man\there\t3SG.POSS=name\tbe.ANT\tZé\tManel\t3SG=be.ANT\t[...],"There was a rich owner, who lived in Njenhu valley. This man was called Zé Manel, he was [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-65,31,"N ta po ke simenti na txon, prontu.","N\tta\tpo\tke\tsimenti\tna\ttxon,\tprontu.",I\tASP\tput\tthe\tseed\tin\tground\tready,"I put the seeds in the ground, that's it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-39,32,"O amdjer, N ta k fóm, dá-m kel almós!","O\tamdjer,\tN\tta\tk\tfóm,\tdá-m\tkel\talmós!",VOC\twoman\t1SG\tCOP\tCOM\thunger\tgive-1SG\tART.DEF/DEM\tlunch,"O wife! I'm hungry, give me the lunch!",,,,naturalistic written -33-56,33,Un omi tciga. E omi tcomadu Djon.,Un\tomi\ttciga.\tE\tomi\ttcomadu\tDjon.,a\tman\tarrive\tDEF\tman\tcalled\tDjon,A man arrived. The man is called Djon.,,,,naturalistic written -33-57,33,e omi,e\tomi,DEM\tman,this man,,,,naturalistic written -34-43,34,N kumprá karu nobu. Si spiju klaru boŋ.,N\tø\tkumprá\tkaru\tnobu.\tSi\tspiju\tø\tklaru\tboŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tbuy\tcar\tnew\tPOSS.3SG\tmirror\tPFV\tclear\twell,I have bought a new car. The mirrors are perfectly clean.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-64,35,Nen mosu se b'êlê.,Nen\tmosu\tse\tb'=êlê.,3PL.DEF\tboy\tDEM\tsee=3SG,The boys in question saw him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-39,36,N tambu kanua [...].,N\ttambu\tkanua\t[...].,1SG\ttake\tcanoe\t[...],I took the canoe [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-49,38,galafa kitsyi vedyisai,galafa\tkitsyi\tvedyi-sai,bottle\tsmall\tgreen-DEM,the/this small green bottle,,,,elicited from speaker -41-55,41,"poɖiyaas sudu akantu mee yanasa, aka kaazantu","poɖiyaas\ttudu\taka-ntu\tmee\tjaa-nasa,\taka\tkaaza-ntu",children\tall\tthat-LOC\tFOC\tPST-be.born\tthat\thouse-LOC,"The children were all born there, in that house.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-56,41,alaa menaa bibeerley tiɲa. japaraa sudu akii mee. isti poɖiyaas yanasa sudu akii mee,alaa\tmenaa\tbibeer=ley\ttiɲa.\tjaa-paraa\ttudu\takii\tmee.\tisti\tpoɖiyaas\tjaa-nasa\ttudu\takii\tmee,there\tof.course\tlivelihood=like\tPST.be\tPST-live\tall\there\tFOC\tthis\tchildren\tPST-be.born\tall\there\tFOC,"We had work there, of course, [but] where we were all living was right here. Where the(se) children were all born was right here.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-57,41,"isti hɔlɛndars tavii ɔɔrasuntu taam, uŋ gɔɔta portugees jeentispa uŋ gɔɔta travaay jadaa","isti\thɔlɛndar-s\tta-vii\tɔɔras-untu\ttaam,\tuŋ\tgɔɔta\tportugees\tjeentis-pa\tuŋ\tgɔɔta\ttravaay\tjaa-daa",this\tHollander-PL\tPRS-come\twhen-LOC\talso\tone\tlittle\tPortuguese\tpeople-DAT\tone\tlittle\tdifficulty\tPST-give,"When the Hollanders came also, they gave a bit of trouble to the Portuguese.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-47,42,aké prau pezadu,aké\tprau\tpezadu,that\tboat\theavy,The boat is heavy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-48,42,isti prau tem buraku,isti\tprau\ttem\tburaku,this\tboat\thave\thole,This boat has a hole in it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-49,42,fémi já kazá ku kristang,fémi\tjá\tkazá\tku\tkristang,girl\tPRF\tmarry\tACC\tKristang,The girl (= the speaker’s daughter) married a Kristang.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-56,44,Kel péhro a-murdé kung kel muhér.,Kel\tpéhro\ta-murdé\tkung\tkel\tmuhér.,DET\tdog\tPFV-bite\tOBJ\tDET\twoman,The dog bit the woman.,,,,written (grammar) -44-57,44,"Mútʃo péhru, kel el kompanyéru de mi na kasa.","Mútʃo\tpéhru,\tkel\tel\tkompanyéru\tde\tmi\tna\tkasa.",many\tdog\tDEM\tDEF\tcompanion\tof\t1SG.POSS\tLOC\thouse,"Many dogs, they are my companions at home.",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-58,44,A mirá rin mánang Lóling kon kel ómbri.,A\tmirá\trin\tmánang\tLóling\tkon\tkel\tómbri.,PFV\tsee\talso\tsister\tLoling\tOBJ\tDEF\tman,Loling too saw that man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-47,45,Dale tu con migo ese libro.,Dale\ttu\tconmigo\tese\tlibro.,give\t2SG\tOBJ.1SG\tthat\tbook.,Give me that book.,,,,naturalistic written -45-48,45,Di anda niso na aplaya este semana.,Di\tanda\tniso\tna\taplaya\teste\tsemana.,CTPL\tgo\t1PL\tLOC\tbeach\tthis\tweek,We are going to the beach this week.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-49,45,El doctor el hombre.,El\tdoctor\tel\thombre.,DEF\tdoctor\tDEF\tman,The man is the doctor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-63,46,el ómbre,el\tómbre,the\tman,the man,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-76,49,W ap di nouvel la fè m sézi.,W\tap\tdi\tnouvel\tla\tfè\tm\tsézi.,2SG\tINACC\tsay\tnews\tDEF\tmake\t1SG\tshocked,You will say: The news shocked me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-77,49,kreyon wouj la,kreyon\twouj\tla,pencil\tred\tDEF,the red pencil,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-78,49,Kazal la,Kazal\tla,Cazale\tDEF,(the city of) Cazale,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-79,49,gran manchèt plat la yo,gran\tmanchèt\tplat\tla\tyo,big\tmachete\tstraight\tDEF\tPL,the big straight machetes,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-48,50,Kaz-la gran.,Kaz-la\tgran.,house-DEF\tbig,The house is big.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-49,50,Kaz-lasa gran.,Kaz-lasa\tgran.,house-DEM\tbig,This/that house is big.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-47,51,Kay-la gran.,Kay-la\tgran.,house-DEF\tbig,The house is big.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-48,51,Kay-tala gran.,Kay-tala\tgran.,house-DEM\tbig,This house is big.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-33,52,liv Cyril a,liv\tCyril\ta,book\tCyril\tDEF,Cyril's book,,,,elicited from speaker -53-97,53,Li monde pou ki l kouto.,Li\tmonde\tpou\tki\tl\tkouto.,3SG\task\tfor\twhom\tART.DEF.SG\tknife,He asked whose knife it was.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-98,53,Ti négresse là pa grouyé.,Ti\tnégresse-là\tpa\tgrouyé.,little\tblack.girl-ART.DEF.SG\tNEG\tmove,The little black girl didn't move.,,,,naturalistic written -53-99,53,La fiy vini reste avek mwa isi.,La\tfiy\tvini\treste\tavek\tmwa\tisi.,ART.DEF.SG\tgirl\tcome\tstay\twith\t1SG\there,The girl came to stay here with me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-100,53,Mo mai ape diminwi. Sa-k ape manje mai-la?,Mo\tmai\tape\tdiminwi.\tSa-k\tape\tmanje\tmai-la?,1SG.POSS\tcorn\tPROG\tdiminish\twho\tPROG\teat\tcorn-ART.DEF.SG,My corn is disappearing. Who's eating the corn?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-101,53,Laba kote l stor-la ina en gas station.,Laba\tkote\tl\tstor-la\tina\ten\t.,over.there\tnext.to\tART.DEF.SG\tstore-ART.DEF.SG\tthere.is\tART.INDF\tgas\tstation,Over there next to the store there is a gas station.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-62,54,"Aster le boug i di ali, i di: [...].","Aster\tlë\tboug\ti\tdi\tali,\ti\tdi:\t[...].",now\tDEF\tman\tFIN\tsay\tOBL.3SG\tFIN\tsay\t[...],"Now the man says to him, he says: [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-63,54,boug la,boug\tla,man\tDEM,this/that man,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-64,54,sa syen la,sa\tsyen\tla,DEM\tdog\tDEM,this/that dog,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-65,54,se boug la,së\tboug\tla,DEM\tman\tDEM,this/that man,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-51,55,Silvi fek aste en rob nef; mo truv kuler la byeṅ zoli,Silvi\tfek\taste\ten\trob\tnef;\tmo\ttruv\tkuler\tla\tbyeṅ\tzoli,Silvie\tjust\tbuy\tINDF.ART\tdress\tnew\t1SG\tfind\tcolour\tDEF\tvery\tnice,Silvie has just bought a new dress. I think the colour is very attractive.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-67,56,Mon apel sa madanm.,Mon\tapel\tsa\tmadanm.,1SG\tcall\tDEM\twoman,I call this woman. OR: I call the woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-68,56,Mõ pu don sa rob Mari-Frãs.,Mon\tpou\tdonn\tsa\trob\tMari-Frans.,1SG\tFUT\tgive\tDEM\tdress\tMari-Frans,I will give this dress to Mari-Frans.,,,,written (grammar) -57-35,57,ma wa a loto,ma\twa\ta\tloto,1SG\tsee\tINDF\tcar,I see a car.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-38,58,"muntu yayi, ba-ntu yayi","muntu\tyayi,\tba-ntu\tyayi",person\tthis\tpersons\tthis,this/the person these/the persons,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-39,58,"mu-nti yina, ba-ntu yina","mu-nti\tyina,\tba-ntu\tyina",person\tthat\tpersons\tthat,"that/the person, those/the persons",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-95,59,"tongana angarage ni abaa nyama na ti ti azo so, na ala tene, mu na mbi nyama ni","tongana\ta-ngarage\tni\ta-baa\tnyama\tna\tti\tti\ta-zo\tso,\tna\tala\ttene,\tmu\tna\tmbi\tnyama\tni",when\tPL-ngarage\tDEF\tPM-see\tanimal\tin\thand\tof\tPL-person\tthis\tand\t3PL\tsay\tgive\tto\t1SG\tanimal\tthe,"When the Ngarage see an animal in someone's hands, they say, ""Give the animal to me.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-96,59,"mbeni melenge ti wali ni, akoli ago na peko ti lo, lo ken’","mbeni\tmelenge\tti\twali\tni,\ta-koli\ta-gwe\tna\tpeko\tti\tlo,\tlo\tken’",certain\tchild\tof\tfemale\tDET\tPL-male\tPM-go\tPREP\tback\tof\t3SG\t3SG\treject,"This girl, men courted her, but she rejected them.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-97,59,"lo mu melenge ti wali ni, ala kiri","lo\tmu\tmelenge\tti\twali\tni,\tala\tkiri",3SG\ttake\tchild\tof\tfemale\tDET\t3PL\treturn,He married the girl and they returned home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-98,59,"wango so, la ni mo mu so, anzere mingi","wa-ngo\tso,\tla\tni\tmo\tmu\tso,\ta-nzere\tmingi",warn-NMLZ\tthis\tday\tDEF\t2SG\tgive\tthus\tPM-taste.good\tmuch,The advice you gave me on that day pleased me a great deal.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-99,59,la ni so mbi gwe na kotoro [...],la\tni\tso\tmbi\tgwe\tna\tkotoro\t[...],day\tDEF\tDEM\t1SG\tgo\tto\tvillage\t[...],That day when I went home [...]. OR: When I went home [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-21,61,Mina thengile muye bayiskili. Lo wil ga yena phukile.,Mina\ttheng-ile\tmuye\tbayiskili.\tLo\twil\tga\tyena\tphuk-ile.,I\tbuy-PST\tART\tbicycle\tDEF.ART\twheel\tPOSS\tit\tbreak-PST,I bought a bicycle. Its wheel is broken.,,,,unknown -63-49,63,bakán de ge-nadí Masindi,bakán\tde\tge-nadí\tMasindi,place\tDEM\tTAM-call\tMasindi,This palace is called Masindi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-50,63,azól de já ma galamóyo,azól\tde\tjá\tma\tgalamóyo,man\tDEM\tcome\twith\tgoat,The man came with a goat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-55,64,béled ísim to terkéka de,béled\tísim\tto\tterkéka\tde,country\tname\tPOSS.3SG\tTerkeka\tDEM.PROX,the village called Terkeka,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-56,64,zol abú ja naárde de,zol\tabú\tja\tnaárde\tde,individual\tREL\tcome\ttoday\tDEM.PROX,the man who came today,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-57,64,rábbana de kwes,rábbana\tde\tkwes,god\tDEM.PROX\tgood,God is good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-51,65,"Ziml'a rabotaj, patom arenda plati netu.","Ziml'a\trabotaj,\tpatom\tarenda\tplati\tnetu.",land\twork\tthen\trent\tpay\tNEG,I used to work on land and then I did not pay the rent.,,,,citation in fiction -67-67,67,Itu selalu tinggal sini punya orang pakai ini pasar ah.,Itu\tselalu\ttinggal\tsini\tpunya\torang\tpakai\tini\tpasar\tah.,DEM\talways\tlive\there\tREL\tperson\tuse\tDEM\tmarket\tPCL,The people living here use this market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-68,67,Dia ingat tengok itu lua olang tengok sama dia.,Dia\tingat\ttengok\titu\tlua\tolang\ttengok\tsama\tdia.,3SG\tthink\tlook.at\tDEM\ttwo\tperson\tlook.at\twith\t3SG,He thought that these two people were looking at him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-23,69,yəm mən murimbi tanan kakan,yəm\tmən\tmuri-mbi\tta-nan\tkakan,water\tthat/the?\trun-DEP\tProg-NONFUT\tNEG,That/the water hasn't drained yet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-54,72,Dat karu an dat warlakungku dei bin luk olda yapakayiwan ngakparnwalija.,Dat\tkaru\tan\tdat\twarlaku-ngku\tdei\tbin\tluk\tolda\tyapakayi-wan\tngakparn-walija.,the\tchild\tand\tthe\tdog-ERG\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tlook\tthe\tsmall-NMLZ\tfrog-PAUC,The child and the dog saw all of the small frogs.,,,988c773e0934a4cc5383c8d646b72e58,narrative -73-40,73,uno faborta pidingabu binixuni,uno\tfabor-ta\tpidi-nga-bu\tbini-xu-ni,one\tfavor-ACC\task-NMLZ-BEN\tcome-PROG-1,I come to ask a favor.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-42,74,uk-man,uk-man,the-man,the man,,,,constructed by linguist -74-43,74,uk ya-čêč,uk\tya-čêč,that\t3SG-grandchild,the grandchild,,,,narrative -75-85,75,niya ooma la liivr,niya(C)\tooma(C)\tli(F)\tlivr(F),1SG\tDEM.INAN.SG\tDEF.M\tbook,This book is mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -1-12,1,na abrasei va mi hosso [od.] na mi hosso abra,na\tabrasei\tfu\tmi\toso\t[oder]\tna\tmi\toso\tabra,LOC\tover.side\tof\t1SG\thouse\t[or.GERMAN]\tLOC\t1SG\thouse\tover,across from my house,,,,written (dictionary) -1-84,1,"Kaba a si wan figaboom varreweh na seipasi, nanga wirriwirri.","Kaba\ta\tsi\twan\tfigabon\tfarawe\tna\tseipasi,\tnanga\twiwiri.",and\t3SG.SBJ\tsee\tINDF.SG\tfig.tree\tfar.away\tLOC\tside.road\twith\tleaf,"And he saw a fig tree further down at the roadside, with leaves.",,,,written -1-85,1,Da wan bon zomma.,Da\twan\tbun\tsoma.,it.be\tINDF.SG\tgood\tperson,He(/she/it) is a good person.,,,,written -2-64,2,Wan ben tron datra srefi.,Wan\tben\ttron\tdatra\tsrefi.,one\tPST\tbecome\tdoctor\teven,One even became a doctor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-65,2,No wan sma ben bai den nyanyan.,No\twan\tsma\tben\tbai\tden\tnyanyan.,NEG\tone\tperson\tPST\tbuy\tthe.PL\tfood,Not one person bought them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-66,2,"Dus no wan, no wan fu unu ben man bai a unusrefi.","Dus\tno\twan,\tno\twan\tfu\tunu\tben\tman\tbai\ta\tunusrefi.",thus\tNEG\tone\tNEG\tone\tof\tus\tANT\tcan\tbuy\tfrom\tourselves,So none of us could buy from each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-67,2,Nanga den sma disi wi o abi wan taki-makandra.,Nanga\tden\tsma\tdisi\twi\to\tabi\twan\ttaki-makandra.,with\tthe.PL\tperson\tDEM\twe\tFUT\thave\tART\ttalk_about,We will have a conversation with these people.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-34,3,wan buku,wan\tbuku,D/NUM\tbook,a book / one book,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-45,4,"wan pikin; wan, tu, dii","wan\tpikin;\twan,\ttu,\tdii",one\tchild\tone\ttwo\tthree,"a child; one, two, three",,,,elicited from speaker -5-52,5,hii ga wàn shaap reezaa,hii\tga\twàn\tshaap\treezaa,he\thave\tINDF.ART\tsharp\trazor,He had a sharp razor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-78,5,wel wan dee mi bin a lai dong pan dis boot,wel\twan\tdee\tmi\tbin\ta\tlai\tdong\tpan\tdis\tboot,well\tone\tday\t1SG\tPST\tASP\tlie\tdown\ton\tthis\tboat,"Well, one day I was lying down on this boat.",,,,naturalistic spoken -6-32,6,Yuh want wan or two roti?,Yuh\twant\twan\tor\ttwo\troti?,2SG\twant\tone\tor\ttwo\troti,Do you want one or two roti?,,,,elicited from speaker -7-79,7,Len mi wan bok.,Len\tmi\twan\tbok.,lend\t1SG\tINDF\tbook,Lend me a book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-80,7,Hi kuhm ya wid wan spiid.,Hi\tkuhm\tya\twid\twan\tspiid.,3SG\tcome\there\twith\tone\tspeed,He came here in great hurry.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-46,8,Wahn uman gi Piita di loki lato nomba fi plie.,Wahn\tuman\tgi\tPiita\tdi\tloki\tlato\tnomba\tfi\tplie.,INDF\twoman\tgive\tPeter\tDET\tlucky\tlottery\tnumber\tINF\tplay,A woman gave Peter the lucky lottery number to play.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-47,8,Piita pik wan apl an Mieri pik tuu.,Piita\tpik\twan\tapl\tan\tMieri\tpik\ttuu.,Peter\tpick\tone\tapple\tand\tMary\tpick\ttwo,Peter picked one apple and Mary picked two.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-58,9,T. gat wan speʃl maak we i yuz.,T.\tgat\twan\tspeʃl\tmaak\twe\ti\tyuz.,T\tgot\tone\tspecial\tmark\tREL\the\tuse,T. has a special mark that he uses.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-88,9,Dis badl a me wan a di bigɛs badl.,Dis\tbadl\ta\tme\twan\ta\tdi\tbigɛs\tbadl.,this\tbottle\tTOP\tANT\tone\tof\tthe\tbiggest\tbottle,This bottle was one of the biggest (we ever found).,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-62,10,Di gyal had wan guol ring we ihn pupa gi im an wan guol niigl.,Di\tgyal\thad\twan\tguol\tring\twe\tihn\tpupa\tgi\tim\tan\twan\tguol\tniigl.,ART.DEF\tgirl\thave.PST\tART.INDF\tgold\tring\tREL\t3SG.POSS\tfather\tgive\t3SG\tand\tART.INDF\tgold\tneedle,The girl had a golden ring which her father had given to her and a golden needle.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-63,10,wan; tuu; trii,wan;\ttuu;\ttrii,one\ttwo\tthree,one; two; three,,,,constructed by linguist -11-68,11,"Aktuali, Tasba hav a kompliit praimari skuul.","Aktuali,\tTasba\thav\ta\tkompliit\tpraimari\tskuul.",actually\tTasbapauni\thave\tART.INDF\tcomplete\tprimary\tschool,"At present, there is a complete primary school in Tasbapauni.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-69,11,Deh put op wan lang puol.,Deh\tput\top\twan\tlang\tpuol.,3PL\tput\tup\tART.INDF\tlong\tpole,They put up a tall pole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-70,11,Wi hav wan turno onli in di maaning.,Wi\thav\twan\tturno\tonli\tin\tdi\tmaaning.,1PL\thave\tone\tturn\tonly\tin\tART.DEF\tmorning,We have just one shift in the morning.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-58,12,"And two people get kill. The police kill one, and one other fellow kill the other one.",[...]\tand\tone\tother\tfellow\tkill\tthe\tother\tone.,[...]\tand\tINDF\tother\tfellow\tkill[PFV]\tDEF\tother\tone,[...] and another guy killed the other one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-59,12,"Yeah, I know - one time I been - we been in Conch Sound. One yacht come in - come in there - bring some people, and they come 'shore. And - and it catch fire, and they did had this jum- jumping dance, you know?",One\tyacht\tcome\tin\t[...].,INDF\tyacht\tcome[PFV]\tin\t[...],A yacht came in [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-60,12,"[...] if I is on a hill, and you live below me, in the most cases, you still living on a hill.","[...]\tif\tI\tis\ton\ta\thill,\tand\tyou\tlive\tbelow\tme\t[...]\tyou\tstill\tliv-ing\ton\ta\thill.",[...]\tif\tI\t1SG.COP\ton\tINDF\thill\tand\tyou\tlive\tbelow\tme\t[...]\tyou\tstill\tlive-PROG\ton\tINDF\thill,[...] if I live on a hill [...] you [might] still live on a hill.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-50,13,one cent,one\tcent,NUM\tcent,one cent,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-51,13,a bag,a\tbag,INDF\tbag,a bag,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-38,14,a/one hat,a/one\that,a\that,a hat,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-47,15,wan man,wan\tman,INDF.ART\tman,a certain man,,,,naturalistic written -15-48,15,wan man,wan\tman,one\tman,(only) one (a single) man,,,,naturalistic written -16-65,16,if jù dè sik jùɔ bakjad jù si ɛ klinik,if\tjù\tdè\tsik\tjùɔ\tbakjad\tjù\tsi\tɛ\tklinik,if\t2SG\tPROG\tsick\t2SG.POSS\tbackyard\t2SG\tsee\tART\tclinic,"If you are ill (nowadays), you see a clinic in your backyard (i.e. nearby, to which you can go).",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-46,17,nyam,nyam,yam,the/a/some yam(s),,,,naturalistic spoken -17-47,17,wo̱n nyam,wo̱n\tnyam,ART.INDF\tyam,a yam OR: one yam,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-43,18,"wan banana, tu banana, tri banana","wan\tbanana,\ttu\tbanana,\ttri\tbanana",one\tbanana\ttwo\tbanana\tthree\tbanana,"one banana, two bananas, three bananas",,,,published source -19-49,19,À wɔnt mek yù du mi sɔ̀n febɔ [...].,À\twɔnt\tmek\tyù\tdu\tmi\tsɔ̀n\tfebɔ\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\twant\tSBJV\t2SG\tdo\t1SG.EMPH\tsome\tfavour\t[...],I want you to do me a favour [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-50,19,Mek à pul wan smɔl tòrí.,Mek\tà\tpul\twan\tsmɔl\ttòrí.,SBJV\t1SG.SBJ\tremove\tone\tsmall\tstory,Let me tell a small story.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-51,19,wan; tu; tre,wan;\ttu;\ttre,one\ttwo\tthree,one; two; three,,,,constructed by linguist -20-38,20,Makee roastee one piecee capon.,Makee\troastee\tone\tpiecee\tcapon.,make\troast\tART.INDF\tCLF\tcapon,Roast a capon.,,,,naturalistic written -20-39,20,Bring one piecee chair come.,Bring\tone\tpiecee\tchair\tcome.,bring\tART.INDF\tCLF\tchair\tcome,Bring a chair here.,,,,naturalistic written -20-76,20,My give you one sample.,My\tgive\tyou\tone\tsample.,1SG\tgive\t2SG\tART.INDF\tsample,I will give you one sample.,,,,naturalistic written -21-38,21,a cat; one cat,a\tcat;\tone\tcat,DET\tcat\tQUANT\tcat,a cat; one cat,,,,constructed by linguist -22-56,22,Long dispela tais saksak i gat wanpela traipela rot tasol em olgeta manmeri i save go kam longen.,Long\tdispela\ttais\tsaksak\ti\tgat\twan-pela\ttraipela\trot\ttasol\tem\tolgeta\tmanmeri\ti\tsave\tgo\tkam\tlong-en.,PREP\tDEM\tswamp\tsago\tPM\tgot\tone-MOD\tbig.MOD\troad\tonly\t3SG\tall\tpeople\tPM\tHAB\tgo\tcome\tPREP-3SG,In this sago swamp there was only one big road that all the people used to go and come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-120,23,Wan kaen grup blong ol sapota we hem i givim plante hedek long ol polis olsem long Mexico World Cup mo World Cup long Italy hem i olgeta blong England.,Wan\tkaen\tgrup\tblong\tol\tsapota\twe\them\ti\tgivim\tplante\thedek\tlong\tol\tpolis\tolsem\tlong\tMexico\tWorld\tCup\tmo\tWorld\tCup\tlong\tItaly\them\ti\tolgeta\tblong\tEngland.,one\tkind\tgroup\tof\tPL\tsupporter\tCOMP\t3SG\tAGR\tgive\tplenty\theadache\tto\tPL\tpolice\tlike\tin\tMexico\tWorld\tCup\tand\tWorld\tCup\tin\tItaly\t3SG\tAGR\t3PL\tof\tEngland,One type of group of supporters that gave the police plenty of headaches at the Mexico World Cup and the World Cup in Italy was those from England.,,,,naturalistic written -24-64,24,a' gud koknat pai,a'\tgud\tkoknat\tpai,DET.INDF\tgood\tcoconut\tpie,a good coconut pie,,,,naturalistic written -24-65,24,Ai si wan mien.,Ai\tsi\twan\tmien.,1SG\tsee\tDET.INDF.SG\tman,I see /saw a man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-170,25,I got wan mo geit tharrei.,I\tgot\twan\tmo\tgeit\ttharr-ei.,3SG\thave\tone\tmore\tgate\tDIST-DIR,There is one more gate over there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-37,26,wɛn ju luk a ɹak,wɛn\tju\tluk\ta\tɹak,when\t2SG\tsee\tART\trock,when you see a rock,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-32,27,ēn tid da ha ēn noli.,ēn\ttid\tda\tha\tēn\tnoli.,INDF\ttime\tthere\thave\tINDF\tdonkey,Once upon a time there was a donkey.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-33,27,ēn fa shi hō,ēn\tfa\tshi\thō,one\tof\t3SG.POSS\tear,one of his ears,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-59,28,iʃi koptɛ en kui mɛto,iʃi\tkopu-tɛ\ten\tkui\tmɛtɛ\to,2PL\tbuy-PFV\ta/one\tcow\twith\t3SG,We bought a cow with it (i.e. the money).,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-60,28,iʃi alma kumu-tɛ en stima,iʃi\talma\tkumu-tɛ\ten\tstima,1PL\tall\tcome-PFV\tone\tsteamer,We all came with the same steamerboat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-46,29,Ek het 'n kat gesien. vs. Ek het een kat gesien (maar nie meer nie).,Ek\thet\t'n\tkat\tge-sien.\tvs.\tEk\thet\teen\tkat\tge-sien\t(maar\tnie\tmeer\tnie).,1SG\tPST\ta\tcat\tPTCP-seen\tvs.\tI\tPST\tone\tcat\tPTCP-seen\t(but\tNEG\tmore\tNEG),I saw a cat. vs. I saw one cat (but not more).,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-65,30,Más N ten ki buska un pesoa ta koba.,Más\tN=ten\tki=buska\tun=pesoa\tta=koba.,but\tI=have\tthat=search\ta=person\tIPFV=dig,But I need to look for someone to dig (for me).,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-66,30,"Góra, nhu ta kume uns banána, pa nhu ndoxa bóka.","Góra,\tnhu=ta=kume\tuns=banána,\tpa=nhu=ndoxa\tbóka.",now\t2SG.POL.M=IPFV=eat\tART.INDF.PL=banana\tfor=2SG.POL.M=sweeten\tmouth,"Now eat some bananas, so that you get a sweet mouth.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-66,31,El atxa un rapas di Brava.,El\tatxa\tun\trapas\tdi\tBrava.,he\tfind\tNUM/INDF\tyoung.man\tfrom\tBrava,He met one/a young man from Brava.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-67,31,Ma N fra N ta tira un foto pamo senpri e lenbransa.,Ma\tN\tfra\tN\tta\ttira\tun\tfoto\tpamo\tsenpri\te\tlenbransa.,But\tI\tsay\tI\tFUT\ttake\ta\tpicture\tbecause\talways\tis\tmemory,But I said that I will take a picture because it will always be a memory.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-40,32,N ten un pork so.,N\tten\tun\tpork\tso.,1SG\thave\tone\tpig\tonly,I have only one pig.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-41,32,Es fazê un tank li.,Es\tfazê\tun\ttank\tli.,3PL\tmake\tART.INDF\twater.deposit\there,They built a water deposit here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-58,33,un omi musulmanu,un\tomi\tmusulmanu,INDF\tman\tMuslim,a Muslim man,,,,naturalistic written -33-59,33,utru omi musulmanu,utru\tomi\tmusulmanu,a\tman\tMuslim,a Muslim man,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-44,34,N wojá un karnedu na kambá kamiñu.,N\tø\twojá\tun\tkarnedu\tna\tkambá\tkamiñu.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsee\tINDF\tsheep\tPROG\tcross\tway,I saw a sheep crossing the street.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-45,34,un karnedu; un-soŋ karnedu,un\tkarnedu;\tun-soŋ\tkarnedu,INDF\tsheep\ta-only\tsheep,a sheep; one sheep,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-65,35,Ũa migu mu bi ai.,Ũa\tmigu\tmu\tbi\tai.,a\tfriend\t1SG.POSS\tcome\there,A friend of mine came here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-66,35,Ũa pema tan ô!,Ũa\tpema\ttan\tô!,one\tpalm.tree\tonly\tPCL,Just one palm tree!,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-40,36,M mêthê ũa litu vi.,M\tmêthê\tũa\tlitu\tvi.,1SG\twant\tone\tliter\twine,I want one liter of palm wine.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-43,37,Dya ũa a kumbina di w’uvôdô n’ose.,Dya\tũa\ta\tkumbina\tdi\twe\tuvôdô\tna\tose.,day\tone\tINDF\tagree\tof\tgo\tparty\tLOC\tsky,"One day, they agreed to go to a party in heaven.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-44,37,"N tê dôsu kasô fa, n tê kasô ũa.","N\ttê\tdôsu\tkasô\tfa,\tn\ttê\tkasô\tũa.",1SG\thave\ttwo\tdog\tNEG\t1SG\thave\tdog\tone,"I don't have two dogs, I have [only] one dog.",,,,constructed by linguist -38-50,38,wan moso,wan\tmoso,ART.SG\twoman,a woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-51,38,úña,úña,one,one,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-63,39,"Jacob ɛ ũ kɔb, el tə faze vɔs.","Jacob\tɛ\tũ\tkɔb,\tel\ttə\tfaz-e\tvɔs.",Jacob\tCOP.NPST\tone\tsnake\t3\tIPFV.NPST\tmake-INF\tvoice,"Jacob is a snake, he's imitating its voice.",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-64,39,ũ irmã te i trey irmãw te.,ũ\tirmã\tte\ti\ttrey\tirmãw\tte.,one\tsister\thave.NPST\tand\tthree\tbrother\thave.NPST,(I) have got one sister and three brothers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-38,40,Ti u͂ mat [...].,Ti\tu͂\tmat\t[...].,was\tone\tforest/woods\t[...],There was a forest [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-58,41,korsaampa uŋ gɔɔta alagriiya padaaley kum tambomley mee noos lopapiyaa,korsaam-pa\tuŋ\tgɔɔta\talagriiya\tpa-daa=ley\tkum\ttambom=ley\tmee\tnoos\tlo-papiyaa,heart-DAT\tone\tlittle\thappiness\tINF-give=like\tCONJ\texcellent=like\tFOC\t1PL\tFUT-speak,We just speak for the pleasure of it. OR: Consultant's translation: Without giving any trouble to the heart we shall just speak well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-50,42,"eli ja olá ńgua mulé brangku mbés, se [...]","eli\tja\tolá\tńgua\tmulé\tbrangku\tmbés,\tse\t[...]",3SG\tPFV\tsee\tone\twoman\twhite\tvery\tknow\t[...],"He saw a woman who was very white, you know [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-51,42,"eli teng justu ńgua prau, ńgka dos prau","eli\tteng\tjustu\tńgua\tprau,\tńgka\tdos\tprau",3SG\thave\tjust\tone\tboat\tNEG\ttwo\tboat,"He has only one boat, not two boats.",,,,elicited from speaker -43-34,43,[...] dja chega nu unga sepultura.,[...]\tdja\tchega\tnu\tunga\tsepultura.,[...]\tPFV\tarrive\tLOC\tINDF.ART\ttomb,[...] [he] arrived at a tomb.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-59,44,"Tyéni yo tres kobéta, úna na arríba, úna na báho [...].","Tyéni\tyo\ttres\tkobéta,\túna\tna\tarríba,\túna\tna\tbáho\t[...].",have\t1SG\tthree\tpail\tone\tLOC\tup\tone\tLOC\tdown\t[...],"I have three toilets, one upstairs, one downstairs [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-60,44,dos íha i un íhu,dos\tíha\ti\tun\tíhu,two\tgirl\tand\tone\tboy,two girls and one boy,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-50,45,Ya escribi yo un carta con mi amigo.,Ya\tescribi\tyo\tun\tcarta\tcon\tmi\tamigo.,PFV\twrite\t1SG\tINDF\tletter\tOBJ\tmy\tfriend,I wrote a letter to my friend.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-51,45,Caro ahora un litro de gasolina.,Caro\tahora\tun\tlitro\tde\tgasolina.,expensive\tnow\tINDF\tliter\tof\tgasoline,A/One liter of gasoline is expensive nowadays.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-91,45,Con un gente no mas ta sospecha el mga pulis.,Con\tun\tgente\tno\tmas\tta\tsospecha\tel\tmga\tpulis.,OBJ\tone\tperson\tNEG\tmore\tIPFV\tsuspect\tDEF\tPL\tpolice,The policemen suspect only one person.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-64,46,Ya-lyegá un ómbre na dimiyo kása.,Ya-lyegá\tun\tómbre\tna\tdimiyo\tkása.,PFV-arrive\ta\tman\tLOC\tmy\thouse,A man came to my house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-65,46,"Tyéne yo kwatro anák, uno ómbre, tres muhér.","Tyéne\tyo\tkwatro\tanák,\tuno\tómbre,\ttres\tmuhér.",have\tI\tfour\tchildren\tone\tman\tthree\twoman,"I have four children, one son, three daughters.",,,,naturalistic spoken -46-66,46,"Ya-mirá tu un muhér, kwátro ómbre.","Ya-mirá\ttu\tun\tmuhér,\tkwátro\tómbre.",PFV-see\tyou\tone\twoman\tfour\tmen,You saw one woman (and) four men.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-57,47,[...] i durante algun minüt a reina un silensio.,[...]\ti\tdurante\talgun\tminüt\ta\treina\tun\tsilensio.,[...]\tand\tduring\tsome\tminute\tPFV\treign\tINDF\tsilence,"[...] and for several minutes, there was silence.",,,,published source -47-58,47,"un, dos, tres, kwater, sinku, seis, shete, ocho, nwebe, dies","un,\tdos,\ttres,\tkwater,\tsinku,\tseis,\tshete,\tocho,\tnwebe,\tdies",one\ttwo\tthree\tfour\tfive\tsix\tseven\teight\tnine\tten,"one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten",,,,own knowledge -49-80,49,M gen yon zanmi ki malad.,M\tgen\tyon\tzanmi\tki\tmalad.,1SG\thave\tINDF\tfriend\tREL\tsick,I have a friend who is sick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-81,49,M pran youn ladan yo.,M\tpran\tyoun\tladan\tyo.,1SG\ttake\tone\tin\tDEF.3PL,I took one of them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-100,49,en/in/on/yon - premye,en/in/on/yon\t-\tpremye,one\t-\tfirst,one - first,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-102,49,"yon moun, de chen","yon\tmoun,\tde\tchen",one\tperson\ttwo\tdogs,"one person, two dogs",,,,constructed by linguist -50-50,50,on chyen,on\tchyen,one\tdog,a dog,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-51,50,An ni on chyen. vs. An ni yonn.,An\tni\ton\tchyen.\tvs.\tAn\tni\tyonn.,1SG\thave\tINDF\tdog\tvs.\t1SG\thave\tone,I have a/one dog. vs. I have one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-49,51,an chien,an\tchien,one\tdog,a dog,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-50,51,Man ni an chien. vs. Man ni yonn.,Man\tni\tan\tchien.\tvs.\tMan\tni\tyonn.,1SG\thave\tINDF\tdog\tvs.\t1SG\thave\tNUM,I have a dog. vs. I have one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-51,51,Konmen sa? An éwo.,Konmen\tsa?\tAn\téwo.,how.much\tthis\tone\teuro,How much does it cost? One euro.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-34,52,roun lougarou pasé,roun\tlougarou\tpasé,INDF\twerewolf\tpassed.by,A werewolf passed by.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-35,52,ayer mo wè oun tifiy,ayer\tmo\twè\toun\ttifiy,yesterday\tI\tsee\tART\tgirl,I saw a girl yesterday.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-102,53,en pov neg,en\tpov\tneg,ART.INDF\tpoor\tblack.man,a poor black man,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-103,53,Ye monte onho en dan log-ye.,Ye\tmonte\tonho\ten\tdan\t-ye.,3PL\tclimb\tonto\tART.INDF\tamong\tlog-ART.DEF.PL,They climbed onto one of the logs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-66,54,"In bo zour lavé in vyé boug, [...].","En\tbo\tzour\tlave\ten\tvye\tboug,\t[...].",INDF\tgood\tday\thave.PST\tINDF\told\tman\t[...],"Once upon a time, there was an old man, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-67,54,"[...] li manz enn, li donn son syin sakin enn.","[...]\tli\tmanz\tenn,\tli\tdonn\tson\tsyen\tsaken\tenn.",[...]\t3SG.FIN\teat\tone\t3SG.FIN\tgive\tPOSS.3SG\tdog\teach\tone,"[...] he eats one, he gives his dogs one each.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-222,54,Pandan in moi [...] zot i trap pa ryin.,Pandan\ten\tmwa\t[...]\tzot\ti\ttrap\tpa\tryen.,during\tINDF\tmonth\t[...]\t3PL\tFIN\tcatch\tNEG\tnothing,During one month [...] they catch nothing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-52,55,en sát vs. én sát,en\tsát\tvs.\tén\tsát,a\tcat\tvs.\tone\tcat,a cat vs. one cat,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-69,56,en sat,en\tsat,a/one\tcat,a cat,,,,constructed by linguist -56-70,56,Mon annan enn. vs. Mon annan en sat.,Mon\tannan\tenn.\tvs.\tMon\tannan\ten\tsat.,1SG\thave\tone\tvs.\t1SG\thave\tone\tcat,I have got one. vs. I have got one cat.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-36,57,na a loto pu mwa (selma),na\ta\tloto\tpu\tmwa\t(selma),EXIST\tone\tcar\tfor\tme\t(only),I have one car.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-40,58,mu-ntu mosi,mu-ntu\tmosi,CL1-person\tone,a person,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-41,58,ba-ntu mosi,ba-ntu\tmosi,PL-person\tone,persons/people,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-100,59,ala mu mbeni melenge (ti) wali oko,ala\tmu\tmbeni\tmelenge\t(ti)\twali\toko,3PL\ttake\ta\tchild\t(of)\tfemale\tone,They take a girl.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-101,59,i faa mbeni kota yaka,i\tfaa\tmbeni\tkota\tyaka,1PL\tcut\ta\tlarge\tgarden,We made a large garden.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-102,59,ala mu na i nginza mbeni pepe,ala\tmu\tna\ti\tnginza\tmbeni\tpepe,3PL\tgive\tPREP\t1PL\tmoney\tagain\tNEG,They don't give us money any more.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-103,59,ambeni avo karako,ambeni\tavo\tkarako,PL.some\tSM.buy\tpeanuts,Some buy peanuts.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-104,59,mbeni mbakoro wali aeke,mbeni\tmbakoro\twali\taeke,certain\told\twoman\tSM.COP,There was (once) a certain old woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-22,61,Buyisa muye spigil.,Buy-isa\tmuye\tspigil.,bring-CAUS\tone\tnail,Bring a nail.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-23,61,muye kati,muye\tkati,one\tcat,a cat / one cat,,,,constructed by linguist -63-51,63,fi nyerekú wáy kamán rúo ma bába t-o,fi\tnyerekú\twáy\tkamán\trúo\tma\tbába\tt-o,EXIST\tchild\tone\ttoo\tgo\twith\tfather\tGEN-his,There was also a child who went with his father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-52,63,azól de já ma galamóyo,azól\tde\tjá\tma\tgalamóyo,man\tDEM\tcome\twith\tgoat,The man came with a goat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-166,63,Núbi dé kabíla wáy bináfsu,Núbi\tdé\tkabíla\twáy\tbináfsu,Nubi\tDEM\ttribe\tone\titself,The Nubi themselves form one tribe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-58,64,kan fi zol al gefétisu abúna tánna,kan\tfi\tzol\tal\tge=fétisu\tabúna\ttánna,ANT\tEXIST\tindividual\tREL\tPROG=looking.for\tpriest\tPOSS.1PL,There was a man looking for our priest.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-59,64,kan fi taríga,kan\tfi\ttaríga,if\tEXIST\tway,if there is a solution,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-34,66,Pompanganak deppe ummana kumbang attu ekasi (aða). Attusi duasi?,Pompang-anak\tde-pe\tumma-na\tkumbang\tattu\te-kasi\t(aða).\tAttu-si\tdua-si?,female-child\t3SG-POSS\tmother-DAT\tflower\tINDF\tASP-give\t(AUX)\tone-or\ttwo-or,The girl has given her mother a rose. One or two?,,,,constructed by linguist -67-69,67,Ada satu orang tua.,Ada\tsatu\torang\ttua.,exist\tone\tperson\told,There was an old man.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-70,67,Cinmai oh myintin dekat ada satu tampat.,Cinmai\toh\tmyintin\tdekat\tada\tsatu\ttampat.,Chiang.Mai\tPCL\tMyanmar\tnear\thave\tone\tplace,Chiang Mai is a place near Myanmar.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-53,71,"Ahi kuai iaia $2.50 akahi omole, alua omole $5.00.","Ahi\tkuai\tiaia\t$2.50\takahi\tomole,\talua\tomole\t$5.00.",Ahi\tsell\t3SG\t$2.50\tone\tbottle\ttwo\tbottle\t$5.00,Ahi sold one bottle to him for $2.50 and two bottles for $5.00.,,,,naturalistic written -72-55,72,An wan warlaku atsaid shopta im makin.,An\twan\twarlaku\tatsaid\tshop-ta\tim\tmakin.,and\ta\tdog\toutside\tshop-LOC\t3SG\tsleep,And a dog is outside the shop sleeping.,,,c6b41b35819e9c93f49c88cb0eac0bcb,peer elicitation -73-41,73,uno musika,uno\tmusika,one\tmusic,a tune,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-42,73,p'ítida ispirangi,p'íti-da\tispira-ngi,bit-ACC\twait-2SG,Wait a bit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-44,74,latáb,latáb,table,"table, a table, the table, tables, the tables",,,,constructed by linguist -75-86,75,Peeyek piko aen naraanzh dayaawaaw.,Peeyek\tpiko\taen\tnaraanzh\tdayaaw-aaw.,one\tonly\tINDF.ART\torange\t1.have-3.ANIM.OBJ,I have just one orange.,,,,naturalistic written -75-87,75,Maaka henn kiiwanihtaaw kaatapashiit.,Maaka\thenn\tkii-waniht-aaw\tkaa-tapashii-t.,but\tone\tPST-lost.INAN-3SG\tCOMP-flee-3SG,But she lost one when she fled.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-88,75,Aen zhwal ndaaweeyimaaw.,Aen\tzhwal\tn-daaweeyim-aaw.,INDF.ART.M\thorse\t1-need.ANIM-3.ANIM.OBJ,I need a horse.,,,,elicited from speaker -1-86,1,Sarki swali somma; a hali somma go na inni watra.,Sarki\tswari\tsoma;\ta\thari\tsoma\tgo\tna\tini\twatra.,shark\tswallow\tperson\t3SG.SBJ\tpull\tperson\tgo\tLOC\tin(side)\twater,(A) shark(s) swallow(s) people; it pulls people into the water.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-87,1,"Sikiman no musse jam, ma a musse dringi pappa.","Sikiman\tno\tmusu\tnyan,\tma\ta\tmusu\tdringi\tpapa.",sick.NMLZ\tNEG\tmust\teat\tbut\t3SG.SBJ\tmust\tdrink\tporridge,"A sick person should not eat, but s/he should drink porridge.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-88,1,"Paramakka no fütti Bakkra belle, a tranga tumussi: Ningre kann jam hem.","Paramaka\tno\tfiti\tbakra\tberi,\ta\ttranga\ttumusi:\tNengre\tkan\tnyan\ten.",paramaka\tNEG\tbe.fitting\twhite\tstomach\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.strong\texcessively\tblack\tcan\teat\t3SG,"Paramaka (fruit) is not good for European stomachs, it is too strong. Blacks can eat it.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-89,1,Dem retiwan no du ougrisanni.,Den\tretiwan\tno\tdu\togrisani.,DET.PL\tright.one\tNEG\tdo\tevil.thing,The righteous don't do harm.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-68,2,"Fowru e singi, dagu e bari.","Fowru\te\tsingi,\tdagu\te\tbari.",bird\tIPFV\tsing\tdog\tIPFV\tbark,"Birds sing, dogs bark.",,,,naturalistic spoken -3-35,3,Dagu ta giita.,Dagu\tta\tgiita.,dog\tASP\tgrowl,Dogs growl.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-46,4,Nyamasu na wan fufuuman.,Nyamasu\tna\twan\tfufuuman.,vulture\tCOP\tone\tthief,The vulture is a thief.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-47,4,"A nyamasu, ne en na a basi fu sumee tingi sani.","A\tnyamasu,\tne\ten\tna\ta\tbasi\tfu\tsumee\ttingi\tsani.",DET.SG\tvulture\tFOC\tit\tCOP\tDET.SG\tboss\tfor\tsmell\tstink\tthing,The vulture is the leader in smelling stinking things.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-50,4,Alata e poli nyanyan.,Alata\te\tpoli\tnyanyan.,rat\tIPFV\tspoil\tfood,Rats spoil food.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-53,5,"kombain kot am, win am an ful am in bag","kombain\tkot\tam,\twin\tam\tan\tful\tam\tin\tbag",combined.harvester\tcut\t3SG.ACC\twinnow\t3SG.ACC\tand\tfull\t3SG.ACC\tin\tbag,"Combined harvesters cut it, winnow it and bag it. OR: Using combined harvesters, (we) cut, winnow and bag it (the rice).",,,,naturalistic spoken -6-33,6,Marriage have teet.,Marriage\thave\tteet.,marriage\thave.3SG\tteeth,Marriage can bite / is a serious matter.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-81,7,wen kou ha kyaaf,wen\tkou\tha\tkyaaf,when\tcow\thave\tcalf,when a cow has a calf,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-82,7,ants duhz bait,ants\tduhz\tbait,ants\tHAB\tbite,ants bite,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-170,7,Daag an kyat naa liv god wid wan anoda.,Daag\tan\tkyat\tna-a\tliv\tgod\twid\twan\tanoda.,dog\tand\tcat\tNEG-PROG\tlive\tgood\twith\tone\tanother,Dogs and cats do not live well together.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-48,8,Mangguus nyam foul.,Mangguus\tnyam\tfoul.,mongoose\teat\tchicken,Mongooses eat chickens.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-60,9,Krab waak onda wata [...] krab dey kud kros riyf.,Krab\twaak\tonda\twata\t[...]\tkrab\tdey\tkud\tkros\triyf.,crab\twalk\tunder\twater\t[...]\tcrab\t3PL\tcan\tcross\treef,"Crabs walk under the water [...] crabs, they can cross the reef.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-64,10,Di dag dem baak.,Di\tdag\tdem\tbaak.,ART.DEF\tdog\tPL\tbark,Dogs bark.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-71,11,Aligieta gou ap tu footiin fiit.,Aligieta\tgou\tap\ttu\tfoo-tiin\tfiit.,alligator\tgo\tup\tto\tfour-teen\tfeet,Alligators measure up to fourteen feet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-72,11,Mananti iz a nais fish.,Mananti\tiz\ta\tnais\tfish.,manatee\tCOP.PRS\tART.INDF\tnice\tfish,Manatees are nice fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-73,11,Ai woz mainding beebi an wash de napi.,Ai\twoz\tmaind-ing\tbeebi\tan\twash\tde\tnapi.,1SG\tCOP.PST\tmind-PROG\tbaby\tand\twash\t3PL.POSS\tnappy,I was minding babies and washing their nappies.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-61,12,"When cockroach give dance, he don’t ask fowl.","When\tcockroach\tgive\tdance,\the\tdon’t\task\tfowl.",when\tcockroach[GENER]\tgive\tdance\t3SG.M.SBJ\tNEG\task\tfowl[GENER],"When cockroaches have a dance, they don't ask the fowl [to attend].",,,,unspecified -12-62,12,Fish’man never call his own fish stink.,Fish’man\tnever\tcall\this\town\tfish\tstink.,fisherman[GENER]\tNEG\tcall\t3SG.M.POSS.DET\town\tfish\tstink,A fisherman will never call his own fish smelly. OR: No one ever sees faults in anything connected with himself.,,,,unspecified -13-52,13,Deh root doctuh kin hep yuh too. [...] Dey is powful smaht.,Deh\troot\tdoctuh\tkin\thep\tyuh\ttoo.\t[...]\tDey\tis\tpowful\tsmaht.,the\troot\tdoctor\tcan\thelp\tyou\ttoo\t[...]\tthey\tis\tpowerful\tsmart,"Root doctors can help you, too. They are powerful and smart.",,,,naturalistic written -13-53,13,Palmettuh cabbages is good eatin.,Palmettuh\tcabbages\tis\tgood\teatin.,palmetto\tcabbage.PL\tis\tgood\teating,Palmetto cabbage tastes good.,,,,naturalistic written -13-54,13,Dog eat scrap.,Dog\teat\tscrap.,dog\teat\tscrap,Dogs eat scrap.,,,,elicited from speaker -13-55,13,Rabbit eat grass.,Rabbit\teat\tgrass.,rabbit\teat\tgrass,Rabbits eat grass.,,,,elicited from speaker -13-56,13,Snake eat frogs.,Snake\teat\tfrogs.,snake\teat\tfrogs,Snakes eat frogs.,,,,elicited from speaker -14-39,14,Mice small.,Mice\tsmall.,mice\tsmall,Mice are small.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-49,15,we pus nɔ de arata tek ʧaʤ,we\tpus\tnɔ\tde\tarata\ttek\tʧaʤ,when\tcat\tNEG\taround\tmouse\ttake\tcharge,When the cat is away the mice will play (lit: When the cat is away the mouse takes charge).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-44,16,man gò wɔk,man\tgò\twɔk,man\tFUT\twork,Men/people will work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-48,17,Pìkín gud.,Pìkín\tgud.,child\tbe.good,Children are good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-49,17,Pìkín dèm gud.,Pìkín\tdèm\tgud.,child\tPL\tbe.good,Children are good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-52,19,Dɔg kìn bɛt.,Dɔg\tkìn\tbɛt.,dog\tHAB\tbite,Dogs bite.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-40,20,Court expensee too muchee.,Court\texpensee\ttoo\tmuchee.,court\texpense\ttoo\tmuch,The court fees are very heavy.,,,,naturalistic written -20-41,20,Sheep head sellum how muchee?,Sheep\thead\tsellum\thow\tmuchee?,sheep\thead\tsell\thow\tmuch,How much for a sheep head?,,,,naturalistic written -21-39,21,Saturday and Sunday afternoons are not crap [...].,Saturday\tand\tSunday\tafternoons\tare\tnot\tcrap\t[...].,Saturday\tand\tSunday\tafternoon.PL\tare\tNEG\tcrap\t[...],Saturday and Sunday afternoons are not lousy [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-40,21,Private is much cheaper than all this centre centre thing.,Private\tis\tmuch\tcheap-er\tthan\tall\tthis\tcentre\tcentre\tthing.,private.(tuition)\tbe.SG\tmuch\tcheap-COMPAR\tthan\tall\tDEM\tcentre\tcentre\tthing,Private tuition is much cheaper than all these tuition centres.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-41,21,The roots cannot be taken.,The\troot-s\tcan-not\tbe\ttaken.,DET\troot-PL\tcan-NEG\tbe\ttaken,The roots cannot be taken.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-42,21,once the weed is grown in,once\tthe\tweed\tis\tgrown\tin,once\tDET\tweed\tbe.SG\tgrown\tin,once weeds have grown,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-57,22,Ol sikau i sae slip antap long diwai.,Ol\tsikau\ti\tsae\tslip\tantap\tlong\tdiwai.,PL\ttree.kangaroo\tPM\tHAB\tsleep\ton.top\tPREP\ttree,Tree kangaroos sleep in trees.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-59,23,Dengue moskito i putum ek blong hem long ol containers olsem ia [...].,Dengue\tmoskito\ti\tputum\tek\tblong\them\tlong\tol\tcontainers\tolsem\tia\t[...].,dengue\tmosquito\tAGR\tput\tegg\tPOSS\t3SG\tLOC\tPL\tcontainers\tlike\tDEF\t[...],Dengue mosquitoes lay their eggs in containers such as the following [...].,,,,naturalistic written -23-60,23,"Pikinini emi mas learn taem emi smol nomo rispect blong brata, sista, papa, mama, uncle anti.","Pikinini\temi\tmas\tlearn\ttaem\temi\tsmol\tnomo\trispect\tblong\tbrata,\tsista,\tpapa,\tmama,\tuncle\tanti.",child\t3SG.AGR\tmust\tlearn\ttime\t3SG.AGR\tsmall\tonly\trespect\tof\tbrother\tsister\tfather\tmother\tuncle\taunty,"Children (A child) must learn respect for brothers, sisters, father, mother, uncle, aunty, when they are very little.",,,,naturalistic written -23-61,23,Ol boe tu oli kat sem raet.,Ol\tboe\ttu\toli\tkat\tsem\traet.,PL\tboy\ttoo\tAGR\thave\tsame\tright,"Boys, too, have the same rights.",,,,naturalistic written -25-171,25,Blekbala jabi.,Blekbala\tjabi.,Aboriginal.person\tknow,Aboriginal people understand.,,,,unknown -25-172,25,Jikiwan thet garndi.,Jiki-wan\tthet\tgarndi.,cheeky-ADJ\tDEM\ttree,It is 'cheeky' (bitter or dangerous) that (type of) tree.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-173,25,Yuno gulmarri im gotim thet nidel.,Yuno\tgulmarri\tim\tgot-im\tthet\tnidel.,you.know\tpandanus\t3SG\thave-TR\tDEM\tthorn/needle,"You know, the pandanus (leaves) have thorns.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-174,25,Det gowena i mit.,Det\tgowena\ti\tmit.,DEM\tgoanna\t3SG\tmeat,Goannas are edible animals. OR: The goanna is meat. (Orig. Trans.),,,,unknown -26-38,26,da mɛnehunis kam aʊt naɪtaɪm,da\tmɛnehuni-s\tkam\taʊt\tnaɪtaɪm,DEF\tmenehune-PL\tcome\tout\tat.night,Menehunes ('little people') come out at night.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-39,26,æs wad dɛ hawaɪɛn dan,æs\twad\tdɛ\thawaɪɛn\tdan,that.is\twhat\tART\tHawaiian\tdo.PST,That's what the Hawaiians did.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-62,28,di jɛrma doko gaugau,di\tjɛrma\tdoko\tgau-gau,the\twoman\tpaddle\tquick-quick,"Women paddle with short, quick strokes.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-63,28,di bokapu bin bangi di doto kɛnɛ,di\tboko-apu\tbin\tbangi\tdi\tdoto\tkɛnɛ,the\tAmerindian.person-PL\tPST\tafraid\tthe\tdead\tperson,Amerindians used to be scared of the dead.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-47,29,Die koerant is 'n massamedium.,Die\tkoerant\tis\t'n\tmassa-medium.,DEF.ART\tnewspaper\tis\tINDF.ART\tmass-medium,Newspapers are a mass medium.,,,,naturalistic written -29-48,29,'n Koerant moet objektief wees.,'n\tKoerant\tmoet\tobjektief\twees.,INDF.ART\tnewspaper\tmust\tobjective\tbe.INF,A newspaper has to be objective.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-50,29,Nuwe metodes word altyd langsaam aanvaar.,Nuwe\tmetode-s\tword\taltyd\tlangsaam\taanvaar.,new\tmethod-PL\tbecome\talways\tslowly\taccepted,New methods are always accepted slowly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-51,29,Jou Volkswagen is 'n goeie kar.,Jou\tVolkswagen\tis\t'n\tgoei-e\tkar.,2SG.POSS\tVolkswagen\tis\ta\tgood-INFL\tcar,Volkswagen is a good car. / Volkswagens are good cars.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-67,30,Milágri [...] ka ten o si e ten nos tudu nu pode fase-l.,Milágri\t[...]\tka=ten\to\tsi=e=ten\tnos=tudu\tnu=pode\tfase=l.,miracle\t[...]\tnot=have\tor\tif=3SG=have\t1PL.INDP=all\t1PL.DEP=can\tdo=3SG,"No such things as miracles [...] exist, or, if they do exist, then we all are able to perform them.",,,,naturalistic written -30-68,30,Ómi ten pé di katxor.,Ómi\tten\tpé\tdi=katxor.,man\thave\tfoot\tof=dog,Men are always out.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-69,30,"Makáku tioxi ka tonba, purki es ê kustumádu ku rótxa.","Makáku\ttioxi\tka=tonba,\tpurki\tes\tê\tkustumádu\tku=rótxa.",ape\tnever\tNEG=fall\tbecause\t3PL\tbe\tfamiliar\twith=rock,Monkeys never fall down because they are used to rocks.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-68,31,"Piskador ka ta mexe mon na nada di djenti, pamo piskador e konfortadu.","Piskador\tka\tta\tmexe\tmon\tna\tnada\tdi\tdjenti,\tpamo\tpiskador\te\tkonfortadu.",fisherman\tNEG\tASP\ttouch\thand\ton\tnothing\tof\tpeople\tbecause\tfisherman\tis\tcontent,Fishermen do not steal anything from people because fishermen are content.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-42,32,Galinha ta kmê midj.,Galinha\tta\tkmê\tmidj.,hen\tPRS\teat\tcorn,Hens eat corn.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-43,32,Un om ka ta txorá.,Un\tom\tka\tta\ttxorá.,DET\tman\tNEG\tPRS\tcry,Men don't cry.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-61,33,Lions ta montya gazelas.,Lion-s\tta\tmontya\tgazela-s.,lion-PL\tHAB\thunt\tgazelle-PL,Lions hunt gazelles.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-46,34,Liyoŋ ta montiyá kasela.,Liyoŋ\tta\tmontiyá\tkasela.,lion\tHAB\thunt\tgazelle,Lions hunt gazelles.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-67,35,Ngê ka futa nganha ten.,Ngê\tka\tfuta\tnganha\tten.,person\tIPFV\tsteal\tchicken\talso,People steal chicken as well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-68,35,Nganha ka kume min.,Nganha\tka\tkume\tmin.,chicken\tIPFV\teat\tmaize,Chicken eat maize.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-41,36,[...] minhu febentaru ka nathê.,[...]\tminhu\tfebentaru\tka\tnathê.,[...]\tmaize\tboiled\tGENER\tbe.born,[...] boiled maize sprouts.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-45,37,Inhemi fêbêntadu ka gomon.,Inhemi\tfêbêntadu\tka\tgomon.,yam\tboil.PST.PTCP\tHAB\tsprout,Boiled yam sprouts.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-52,38,Namay na fo tasyi fa za.,Na-may\tna\tfo\tta-syi\tfa\tza.,ART-woman\tNEG\tcan\tstay-DEM\tNEG\talready,A woman can’t stay like that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-65,39,"Kriãs dig: ""es kumid ɛ bunit"" may nɔs dig: ""es kumid ɛ muyt gustoz"".","Kriãs\tdig:\t""es\tkumid\tɛ\tbunit""\tmay\tnɔs\tdig:\t""es\tkumid\tɛ\tmuyt\tgustoz"".",child\tsay.NPST\tDEM\tfood\tCOP.NPST\tbeautiful/good\tbut\t1PL\tsay.NPST\tDEM\tfood\tCOP.NPST\tvery\ttasty,"Children say: ""es kumid ɛ bunit"", but we say: ""es kumid ɛ muyt gustoz"".",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-66,39,ɛlifãt ɛ may fɔrt ki də nɔs.,ɛlifãt\tɛ\tmay\tfɔrt\tki\tdə\tnɔs.,elephant\tCOP.NPST\tmore\tstrong\tCOMPAR\tfrom\t1PL,Elephants are stronger than us.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-157,40,ki kãw tɛ kwat pɛ.,ki\tkãw\ttɛ\tkwat\tpɛ.,OBJ\tdog\tCOP.PRS\tfour\tfoot/leg,Dogs have four legs.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-158,40,kãw tɛ kwat pɛ.,kãw\ttɛ\tkwat\tpɛ.,dog\thave\tfour\tfoot/leg,Dogs have four legs.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-59,41,lagaartisu kuruva cooru,lagaarti-su\tkruuva\tcooru,crocodile-GEN\tfresh\ttears,The crocodile’s tears are fresh. (i.e. They always tear.),,,,written (poetic) -41-60,41,aka parim boom prendudoor uŋa jafalaa: jeentis falaa daatu aka kriyaansas kitaprenda see aka muytu viraadu,aka\tparim\tboom\tprendudoor\tuŋa\tjaa-falaa:\t[jeentis\tfalaa-daa-tu\taka\tkriyaansa-s\tki-ta-prenda\tsee\taka\tmuytu\tviraadu],that\t1SG.DAT\tgood\tlearned.person\tone\tPST-say\t[people\tsay-give-PFV.PTCP\tthat\tchild-PL\tNMLZ-PRS-study\tCOND\tthat\tvery\twrong],"With respect to that, a very learned person told me that [the model of education whereby] people teach and children study is wrong. OR: Consultant's translation: That, one very learned person told me: people teaching [children] and that children learning is wrong.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-52,42,kobra pesonya,kobra\tpesonya,snake\tpoison,Snakes are poisonous.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-35,43,Bobra brangku brata [...].,Bobra\tbrangku\tbrata\t[...].,sqash\twhite\tcheap\t[...],The white sqash is cheap [...].,,,,naturalistic written -43-141,43,bistidu di ung omi slam,bistidu\tdi\tung\tomi\tslam,clothes\tof\tART\tman\tnative,clothes of native men,,,,naturalistic written -44-61,44,Ta komé késo kel mánga ratóng.,Ta\tkomé\tkéso\tkel\tmánga\tratóng.,IPFV\teat\tcheese\tDEF\tPL\trat,Rats eat cheese.,,,,constructed by linguist -44-62,44,Ta ladrá ba el gátu?,Ta\tladrá\tba\tel\tgátu?,IPFV\tbark\tQ\tDEF\tcat,Do cats bark?,,,,elicited from speaker -45-52,45,Tiene cuatro alas el baraha.,Tiene\tcuatro\talas\tel\tbaraha.,have\tfour\tace\tDEF\tcard,Decks of cards have four aces.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-53,45,Ta haci habol el mga perro con el mga gato.,Ta\thaci\thabol\tel\tmga\tperro\tcon\tel\tmga\tgato.,IPFV\tmake\tcatch\tDEF\tPL\tdog\tOBJ\tDEF\tPL\tcat,Dogs chase cats.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-67,46,Ta-komé el gáto ratón.,Ta-komé\tel\tgáto\tratón.,IPFV-eat\tthe\tcat\trat,Cats eat rats.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-68,46,El ómbre kyére muhér.,El\tómbre\tkyére\tmuhér.,the\tman\tlike\twoman,Men like women.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-59,47,Kabritu ta mashá komun na Kòrsou.,Kabritu\tta\tmashá\tkomun\tna\tKòrsou.,goat\tCOP\tvery\tcommon\tin\tCuraçao,Goats are very common in Curaçao.,,,,published source -47-60,47,(*E) bayena ta un mamífero.,(*E)\tbayena\tta\tun\tmamífero.,(DEF)\twhale\tCOP\tINDF\tmammal,The whale is a mammal.,,,,published source -48-44,48,Radio a yegá a Palengue ante ri telebisión.,Radio\ta\tyegá\ta\tPalengue\tante\tri\ttelebisión.,radio\tPST\tarrive\tto\tPalenque\tbefore\tof\ttelevision,The radio arrived in Palenque before TV.,,,,constructed by linguist -48-45,48,Hende ri Palengue asé asé eso nu.,Hende\tri\tPalengue\tasé\tasé\teso\tnu.,people\tof\tPalenque\tHAB\tdo\tthis\tNEG,Palenqueros don't (normally/generally) do this.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-82,49,Piti piti zwazo fè nich li.,Piti\tpiti\tzwazo\tfè\tnich\tli.,little\tlittle\tbird\tmake\tnest\t3SG.POSS,"Little by little, the bird builds its nest.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-83,49,"Ameriken bwè koka-kola, franse bwè diven, alman bwè byè, ayisyen bwè dlo.","Ameriken\tbwè\tkoka-kola,\tfranse\tbwè\tdiven,\talman\tbwè\tbyè,\tayisyen\tbwè\tdlo.",American\tdrink\tcoca-cola\tFrench\tdrink\twine\tGerman\tdrink\tbeer\tHaitian\tdrink\twater,"Americans drink coke, Frenchmen drink wine, Gemans drink beer, Haitians drink water.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-84,49,Nou konnen yon vè aleksandren toujou gen douz silab.,Nou\tkonnen\tyon\tvè\taleksandren\ttoujou\tgen\tdouz\tsilab.,1PL/2PL\tknow\tINDF\ttoward\talexandrine\talways\thave\ttwelve\tsyllable,We know / You (pl) know that an alexandrine always has twelve syllables.,,,,naturalistic written -49-85,49,Fanm ayisyèn nan chèlbè.,Fanm\tayisyèn\tnan\tchèlbè.,woman\tHaitian\tDEF\tpretty,Haitian women are pretty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-86,49,Chat manje sourit.,Chat\tmanje\tsourit.,cat\teat\tmouse,Cats eat mice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-87,49,"Rat manje kann, e zandolit mouri inosan.","Rat\tmanje\tkann,\te\tzandolit\tmouri\tinosan.",rat\teat\tcane\tand\tlizard\tdie\tinnocent,The rat ate sugar cane and the innocent lizard died from it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-88,49,Chen anraje mòde menm mèt li.,Chen\tanraje\tmòde\tmenm\tmèt\tli.,dog\trabid\tbite\teven\tmaster\t3SG.POSS,The rabid dog bites even its owner.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-89,49,Dlo manyòk pa lèt.,Dlo\tmanyòk\tpa\tlèt.,water\tmanioc\tNEG\tmilk,Manioc milk is not milk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-52,50,Chyen pa ka fè chat.,Chyen\tpa\tka\tfè\tchat.,dog\tNEG\tHAB\tdo\tcat,"Like father, like son (lit. Dogs do not give birth to cats).",,,,naturalistic spoken -51-52,51,Chien pa ka fè chat.,Chien\tpa\tka\tfè\tchat.,dog\tNEG\tHAB\tdo\tcat,"Dogs do not give birth to cats. OR: Like father, like son.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-104,53,Dison va dè son fwa par è andan vo kidni.,Dison\tva\tdè\tson\tfwa\tpar\tè\tandan\tvo\tkidni.,blood\tgo\ttwo\thundred\ttime\tper\thour\tin\t2SG.POSS\tkidney,Blood passes through your kidneys two hundred times an hour.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-105,53,Diri bon pou to lasante.,Diri\tbon\tpou\tto\tlasante.,rice\tgood\tfor\t2SG.POSS\thealth,Rice is good for you.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-106,53,"En chawe, se pròch konm en radbwa men li ho konm sa.","En\tchawe,\tse\tpròch\tkonm\ten\tradbwa\tmen\tli\tho\tkonm\tsa.",INDF.ART\traccoon\tCOP\talmost\tlike\tART.INDF\toppossum\tbut\t3SG\thigh\tlike\tDEM,"A raccoon is almost like an oppossum, but it's this high.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-107,53,Le machin pran tou nouvraj-la.,Le\tmachin\tpran\ttou\tnouvraj-la.,ART.PL\tmachine\ttake\tall\twork-ART.DEF.SG,Machines have taken all the jobs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-108,53,Chatte brilé pair difé.,Chatte\tbrilé\tpair\tdifé.,cat\tburn\tfear\tfire,A burnt cat is afraid of fire.,,,,naturalistic written -53-109,53,Capon vive longtemps.,Capon\tvive\tlongtemps.,coward\tlive\tlong.time,The coward lives a long time.,,,,naturalistic written -53-110,53,Voila pouquoi carencros choves.,Voila\tpouquoi\tcarencros\tchoves.,that.is\twhy\tvulture\tbald,That's why vultures are bald.,,,,naturalistic written -53-111,53,"La pli tombé, ouaouaron chanté.","Lapli\ttombé,\touaouaron\tchanté.",rain\tfall\tbullfrog\tsing,"When the rain is coming, the bullfrogs sing.",,,,naturalistic written -54-68,54,Papang i manz tèktèk,Papang\ti\tmanz\ttektek.,papang\tFIN\teat\ttektek,Big birds eat small birds.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-69,54,Lantiy i èm pà lë solèy tró fòr.,Lantiy\ti\tem\tpa\tlë\tsoley\ttro\tfor.,lentil\tFIN\tlike\tNEG\tDEF\tsun\ttoo\tstrong,Lentils do not like too much sunshine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-53,55,zako maṅz fri,zako\tmaṅz\tfri,monkey\teat\tfruit,Monkeys eat fruit.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-105,59,zo kwe ake zo,zo\tkwe\ta-ke\tzo,person\tall\tPM-COP\tperson,Everyone is a human being.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-106,59,bamara ake nyama ti ngangu,bamara\ta-ke\tnyama\tti\tngangu,lion\tPM-COP\tanimal\tof\tstrength,The lion is a powerful animal.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-109,59,"angunza, agozo, nyen'?","angunza,\tagozo,\tnyen'?",PL.manioc.leaves\tPL.manioc\twhat,"Manioc greens, manioc, whatever...",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-112,59,yi ti giriri,yi\tti\tgiriri,thing\tof\tlong.ago,ancient (or former) things,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-113,59,anyama ake da mingi,a-nyama\ta-ke\tda\tmingi,PL-animal\tPM-COP\tthere\tmany,There are a lot of animals there.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-24,61,Lo pikanin yena hayi thanda lo pelepele.,Lo\tpikanin\tyena\thayi\tthand-a\tlo\tpelepele.,DEF.ART\tchild\tit\tNEG\tlike-V\tDEF.ART\tpepper,Children don't like pepper. OR: The child doesn't like the pepper.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-25,61,Lo bongolo yena baleka kakhulu.,Lo\tbongolo\tyena\tbalek-a\tkakhulu.,DEF.ART\tdonkey\tit\trun-PRS\tgreatly,Donkeys run greatly. OR: The donkey runs greatly. OR: A donkey runs greatly.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-53,63,núbi ta zamán kan kwés,núbi\tta\tzamán\tkan\tkwés,nubi\tGEN\tformerly\tIMPF\tgood,"Formerly, Nubi were good persons.",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-54,63,mútu ketír fára,mútu\tketír\tfára,die\tmany\tjoy,It’s nice not to die alone (proverb).,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-55,63,Japán ásker kwés,Japán\tásker\tkwés,Japanese\tsoldier\tgood,The Japanese are good soldiers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-60,64,nas fi júba úmon nas mutalimín wa muhtaramín,nas\tfi\tjúba\túmon\tnas\tmutalim-ín\twa\tmuhtaram-ín,people\tin\tJuba\t3PL\tpeople\teducated-PL\tand\trespectful-PL,Juba people are educated and respectful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-61,64,mundukúru fi ʃimál anína fi jenúb,mundukúru\tfi\tʃimál\tanína\tfi\tjenúb,Arabs\tin\tnorth\t1PL\tin\tsouth,"The Arabs are in the north, we are in the south.",,,,naturalistic spoken -66-35,66,Anak pəðə dempe tangan pəðə yang dempəðə jo çuçi ambε.,Anak-pəðə\tderang-pe\ttangan-pəðə-yang\tderang-pəðə-jo\tçuçi-ambε.,child-PL\t3PL-POSS\thand-PL-ACC.DEF\t3PL-PL-FOC\twash-take,(The) children are washing each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-71,67,Hokku Hainan sama juga.,Hokku\tHainan\tsama\tjuga.,Foozhou\tHainan\tsame\talso,Foozhou and Hainanese are the same.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-54,71,Pake nui akamai pauloa.,Pake\tnui\takamai\tpauloa.,Chinese\tvery\tsmart\tall,Chinese are all very smart.,,,,naturalistic written -71-55,71,Kela kuoho no nuinui kela keiki.,Kela\tkuoho\tno\tnuinui\tkela\tkeiki.,DET\tkuoho\tINTENS\tmany\tDET\tshoot,Kuoho plants (a variety of taro) have lots of shoots.,,,,elicited from speaker -72-173,72,kirrawangku dei laikim pirlpirlji,kirrawa-ngku\tdei\tlaik-im\tpirlpirlji,goanna-ERG\t3PL.S\tlike-TR\tgrasshopper,Goannas like (to eat) grasshoppers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-43,73,papa frita/frishka gushtumi,papa\tfrita/fri-shka\tgushtu-mi,potato\tfried/fry-NMLZ\tgood-AFF,Fried potatoes are good.,,,,naturalistic adapted -75-89,75,Lii manidzhoosh ruuzh lii taesh ayaawak daa leu doo.,Lii\tmanidzhuush\truuzh\tlii\ttaesh\tayaawak\tdaa\tleu\tdoo.,ART.PL\tinsect\tred\tART.PL\tspot\thave.3PL\tPREP.LOC\t3PL.POSS\tback,Ladybugs have spotted backs.,,,,naturalistic written -75-90,75,Aen lyoon sitaen animal li mood eemowaat.,Aen\tlyoon\tsitaen\tanimal\tli\tmood\tee-mow-aat.,INDF.ART.M.SG\tlion\tis.a\tanimal\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tpeople\tCOMP-eat.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,A lion is a man-eater.,,,,naturalistic written -1-90,1,de negere fo disi pranasie,den\tnengre\tfu\tdisi\tpranasi,DET.PL\tblack\tof\tthis\tplantation,the blacks of this plantation,,,,written -1-91,1,da Ningre dissi,da\tNengre\tdisi,DET.SG\tnegro\tthis,this negro,,,,written (dictionary) -2-69,2,A man dati kon dri leisi dya.,A\tman\tdati\tkon\tdri\tleisi\tdya.,DET\tman\tDEM\tcome\tthree\ttime\there,That man came here three times.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-70,2,A man disi sabi a tori.,A\tman\tdisi\tsabi\ta\ttori.,DET\tman\tDEM\tknow\tART\tstory,This guy knows the story.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-51,4,a pikin ya,a\tpikin\tya,DET.SG\tchild\there,this child,,,,elicited from speaker -5-54,5,"wel, dis big mongkii, hii tek sompn ou dis jrom, an dash om in di riva.","wel,\tdis\tbig\tmongkii,\thii\ttek\tsompn\tou\tdis\tjrom,\tan\tdash\tom\tin\tdi\triva.",well\tPROX.DEM\tbig\tmonkey\the\ttake\tsomething\tout\tPROX.DEM\tdrum\tand\tthrow\tit\tin\tthe\triver,"Well, this big monkey, he took something out of this drum, and threw it into the river.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-55,5,"sins wen mii na bin baarn yeet, mamii in bai da mashiin","sins\twen\tmii\tna\tbin\tbaarn\tyeet,\tmamii\tin\tbai\tda\tmashiin",since\twhen\tI\tnot\tPST\tborn\tyet\tmommy\tPST\tbuy\tDIST.DEM\tmachine,Even before I was born Mummy bought that machine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-83,7,A mi ruhn dis hous ya.,A\tmi\truhn\tdis\thous\tya.,FOC\t1SG\trun\tDEM\thouse\there,I am the one running this house. OR: I am running this house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-84,7,*A mi ruhn dis di hous ya.,*A\tmi\truhn\tdis\tdi\thous\tya.,FOC\t1SG\trun\tDEM\tART\thouse\there,NOT: I am the one running this house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-49,8,Dis-ya buk swiit no hel.,Dis-ya\tbuk\tswiit\tno\thel.,DEM-PROX\tbook\tsweet\tNEG\thell,This book is extremely enjoyable.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-61,9,Horiken dɛstray dat ki.,Horiken\tdɛstray\tdat\tki.,hurricane\tdestroy\tthat\tcaye,The hurricane destroyed that caye.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-65,10,So dis die now di uman gaan out egen.,So\tdis\tdie\tnow\tdi\tuman\tgaan\tout\tegen.,so\tDEM\tday\tnow\tART.DEF\twoman\tgo.ANT\tout\tagain,So on this day the woman had gone out again.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-66,10,disya buk,dis-ya\tbuk,DEM-EMPH\tbook,this very book,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-67,10,dat mountin,dat\tmountin,DEM\tmountain,that mountain,,,,constructed by linguist -10-68,10,Get dat piis a klat!,Get\tdat\tpiis\ta\tklat!,get\tDEM\tpiece\tof\tcloth,Get that piece of cloth!,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-74,11,Diiz likl gyal no nou wat iz a beebi.,Diiz\tlikl\tgyal\tno\tnou\twat\tiz\ta\tbeebi.,DEM.PL\tlittle\tgirl\tNEG\tknow\twhat\tCOP.PRS\tART.INDF\tbaby,These little girls don’t know what a baby is.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-75,11,dis buk,dis\tbuk,DEM\tbook,this book,,,,constructed by linguist -12-63,12,"Them days, when I was small, we want work. In these day - them days, these - they - they don't want work.","Them\tdays\t[...]\twe\twant\twork.\tIn\tthese\tday,\tthem\tdays,\tthese,\tthey,\tthey\tdon't\twant\twork.",DEM\tday.PL\t[...]\t1PL.SBJ\twant\twork\tin\tDEM\tday[PL]\tDEM\tday.PL\tDEM\t3PL.SBJ\t3PL.SBJ\tNEG\twant\twork,"In those days, [when I was small,] we wanted to work. These days, today [...] no one wants to work.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-64,12,"Sir 'Arry Oakes ax tell the government of - they the days the UBP govern, You work half of the people, let me work the other half. He say, You ain't got nothing to tell me what to do with them black business - over there. That's right. And every one of them work for him, work for Sir Harry Oakes. He buy seven thousand acre of land to build low-cost house for the poor people this country - they kill him.",Sir\t'Arry\tOakes\tax\ttell\tthe\tgovernment\t[...]\tYou\tain't\tgot\tnothing\tto\ttell\tme\twhat\tto\tdo\twith\tthem\tblack\tbusiness\t[...].,Sir\tHarry\tOakes\task\ttell\tART\tgovernment[SG]\t[...]\t2PL.SBJ\tNEG\tgot\tINDF\tto\ttell\tme\twhat\tto\tdo\twith\tDEM\tblack\tbusiness[PL]\t[...],Sir Harry Oakes told the government [...] You’re not going to tell me what to do with those black businesses over there [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-57,13,dat cotton,dat\tcotton,DEM.DIST\tcotton,that cotton,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-40,14,I found this/dis book.,I\tfound\tthis/dis\tbook.,I\tfound\tDEM\tbook,I found this book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-50,15,di buk; dis buk; *dis di buk,di\tbuk;\tdis\tbuk;\t*dis\tdi\tbuk,ART\tbook\tDEM\tbook\tDEM\tART\tbook,the book; this book; NOT: *this the book,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -17-50,17,dis pìkín vs. dat pìkín,dis\tpìkín\tvs.\tdat\tpìkín,DEM.PROX\tchild\tvs.\tDEM.DIST\tchild,this/these child(ren) vs. that/those child(ren),,,,naturalistic spoken -17-51,17,Dis dì pìkín we̱ go skul do̱n taya.,Dis\tdì\tpìkín\twe̱\tgo\tskul\tdo̱n\ttaya.,DEM.PROX\tART.DEF\tchild\tREL\tgo\tschool\tCOMPL\ttire,These children who went to school are tired.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-53,19,di buk; dan bolí,di\tbuk;\tdan\tbolí,this\tbook\tthat\tpen,this book; that pen,,,,constructed by linguist -20-42,20,Makee change thisee napkin.,Makee\tchange\tthisee\tnapkin.,make\tchange\tDEM\tnapkin,Change this napkin.,,,,naturalistic written -23-62,23,ol smolsmol tortel ia oli kamaot long eg,ol\tsmol~smol\ttortel\tia\toli\tkamaot\tlong\teg,PL\tsmall~small\tturtle\tDEF\tAGR\tcome.out\tfrom\tegg,The little turtles come out of the(ir) egg.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-63,23,mi luk olsem bubu ia i kakae fulap tumas,mi\tluk\tolsem\tbubu\tia\ti\tkakae\tfulap\ttumas,1SG\tlook\tCOMP\tgrandparent\tDEF\tAGR\teat\tfull.up\tvery,It seems to me that/like this grandmother eats too much.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-67,24,Ieh keht moelten.,Ieh\tkeht\tmoelten.,this\tcat\tshed.CONT,This cat is shedding.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-68,24,Daa keht moelten.,Daa\tkeht\tmoelten.,that\tcat\tshed.CONT,The/That cat is shedding.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-175,25,Thet pab hiya.,Thet\tpab\thiya.,DEM\tpub\there,That pub here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-176,25,"Det wanim jeya, la bastap.","Det\twanim\tjeya,\tla\tbastap.",DEM\twhatsitcalled\tthere\tLOC\tbus.stop,"That what's it called there, at the bus stop.",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-34,27,di damsél da,di\tdamsél\tda,DET\tgirl\tthere,that girl,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-64,28,di wari di / di wari dida,di wari di / di wari dida,the house DEM   the house DEM,this house / that house,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-65,28,ju kiki di gutwap di ka,ju\tkiki\tdi\tgutu-apu\tdi\tka,2SG\tsee\tthe\tthing-PL\tDEM\tNEG,You don't see these things.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-52,29,"*hierdie die boek, *daardie die huis","*hierdie\tdie\tboek,\t*daardie\tdie\thuis",PROX.DEM\tDEF.ART\tbook\tDIST.DEM\tDEF.ART\thouse,"NOT: *this the book, *that the house",,,,constructed by linguist -29-53,29,die week vs. dié week (*dié die week),die\tweek\tvs.\tdié\tweek\t(*dié\tdie\tweek),DEF.ART\tweek\tvs.\tPROX.DEM\tweek\t(PROX.DEM\tDEF.ART\tweek),the week vs. this week (NOT: *this the week),,,,naturalistic spoken -30-70,30,Nha bende-m kes pinton la!,Nha=bende=m\tkes=pinton\tla!,2SG.POL.F.=sell=1SG\tDEM.PL=chick\tthere,Sell me those chicks there!,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-69,31,"Kel rapas la e ladron, e malandru.","Kel\trapas\tla\te\tladron,\te\tmalandru.",the\tman\tthere\tis\tthief\tis\tdishonest,"That man is a thief, he is dishonest.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-70,31,E kel mizeria.,E\tkel\tmizeria.,is\tthat\tpoverty,It is that poverty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-62,33,e livru,e\tlivru,DEF\tbook,the book / this book,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-69,35,inen mina-mina kwa se,inen\tmina-mina\tkwa\tse,PL.DEF\tlittle-little\tthing\tDEM,these tiny little things,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-70,35,Tudu inen bisu se non tê nai.,Tudu\tinen\tbisu\tse\tnon\ttê\tnai.,all\tPL.DEF\tanimal\tDEM\t1PL\thave\there,All these animals we have here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-53,38,Mindyi pa naxoxosay sa napay.,Mindyi\tpa\tna-xoxo-sai\tsa\tna-pay.,but\tfor\tART-offspring-DEM\tbe\tART-male,But this offspring (child) should be a male.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-54,38,xadyisay,xadyi-sai,house-DEM,this house,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-36,43,Pertu di akel sepultura teng ung albër bringin.,Pertu\tdi\takel\tsepultura\tteng\tung\talbër\tbringin.,near\tof\tDEM\ttomb\tCOP\tone\ttree\tfig,Near that tomb there was a fig tree.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-63,44,"Kel el grítu di kel muhér, byéha kel.","Kel\tel\tgrítu\tdi\tkel\tmuhér,\tbyéha\tkel.",DEM\tDEF\tcry\tof\tDET\twoman\told.F\tDEM,"That was the cry of the woman, that old woman.",,,,naturalistic spoken -45-54,45,Ese primer dos libro el nuevo.,Ese\tprimer\tdos\tlibro\tel\tnuevo.,DEM\tfirst\ttwo\tbook\tDEF\tnew,The new ones are those first two books.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-55,45,Huerfano aquel kaescuela mio.,Huerfano\taquel\tkaescuela\tmio.,orphan\tDEM\tclassmate\tmy,That classmate of mine is an orphan.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-69,46,el éste póno,el\téste\tpóno,ART\tthis\ttree,specifically this tree OR: this very tree,,,,elicited from speaker -49-90,49,chat sa a,chat\tsa\ta,cat\tDEM\tDEF,this cat,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-91,49,chat sa yo,chat\tsa\tyo,cat\tDEM\tPL,these cats,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-53,50,Kaz-la bèl. vs. Kaz-la-sa bèl.,Kaz-la\tbèl.\tvs.\tKaz-la-sa\tbèl.,house-DEF\tbeautiful\tvs.\thouse-DEF-DEM\tbeautiful,The house is beautiful. vs. This house is beautiful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-53,51,Kay-la bel. vs. Kay-tala bel.,Kay-la\tbel.\tvs.\tKay-tala\tbel.,house-DEF\tbeautiful\tvs.\thouse-DEM.DEF\tbeautiful,The house is beautiful. vs. This/that house is beautiful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-112,53,Komon to lenm gonbo-sa-la?,Komon\tto\tlenm\tgonbo\tsala?,how\t2SG\tlike\tgumbo\tDET.DEM,How do you like this gumbo?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-113,53,To ouâ pié ci là.,To\touâ\tpié\tcilà.,2SG\tsee\ttree\tDET.DEM,You see this tree.,,,,naturalistic written -53-114,53,Eou twa to tandé parle pou dons-sa-la?,Eou\ttwa\tto\ttandé\tparle\tpou\tdons\tsala?,where\t2SG\t2SG\thear\tspeak\tfor\tdance\tDET.DEM,Where did you hear about the dance?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-115,53,le moun-sa-la,le\tmoun\tsala,ART.DEF.PL\tperson\tDET.DEM,these people,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-116,53,M a seye fer la kours-sa-la avek twa kamem.,M\ta\tseye\tfer\tla\tkours\tsala\tavek\ttwa\tkamem.,1SG\tFUT\ttry\tdo\tART.DEF\trace\tDET.DEM\twith\t2SG\tall.the.same,I'll try to run the race with you anyway.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-117,53,nonm-sa-la; fwa-sa-la; lonmson-sa-a; zafè-sa-ye; depech-sa-ye; boug-sa-ye,nonm\tsala;\tfwa\tsala;\tlonmson\tsaa;\tzafè\tsaye;\tdepech\tsaye;\tboug\tsaye,man\tDET.DEM.SG\ttime\tDET.DEM.SG\thook\tDET.DEM.SG\tthing\tDET.DEM.PL\tpeach\tDET.DEM.PL\tguy\tDET.DEM.PL,that man; this time; that hook; those things; those peaches; those guys,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-118,53,le mounn-sa-ye,le\tmoun\tsaye,ART.DEF.PL\tperson\tDET.DEM.PL,those people,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-119,53,chenmen-sa; dan ton-sa,chemen\tsa;\tdan\tton\tsa,road\tDET.DEM.SG\tin\ttime\tDET.DEM.SG,that road; in those days / at that time,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-70,54,Le boug la i di: [...].,Lë\tboug\tla\ti\tdi:\t[...].,DEF\tman\tDEM\tFIN\tsay\t[...],This man says: [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-71,54,boug la,boug\tla,man\tDEM,this/that man,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-72,54,Lë madam-là té i ri ek ou.,Lë\tmadam\tla\tte-i\tri\tek\tou.,DEF\twoman\tDEM\tPST-FIN\tlaugh\twith\tyou,The woman smiled at you.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-54,55,sa zom la,sa\tzom\tla,this/that\tman\tDEF,that man,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-55,55,zom la,zom\tla,man\tDEF,the man OR: this/that man,,,,constructed by linguist -59-114,59,mo wara pendere bongo ni so na ndo wa?,mo\twara\tpendere\tbongo\tni\tso\tna\tndo\twa?,2SG\tget\tpretty\tdress\tDET\tDEM\tPREP\tplace\twhere,Where did you get this pretty dress?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-115,59,ala ke tene tene ni so gi na yanga senge senge,ala\tke\ttene\ttene\tni\tso\tgi\tna\tyanga\tsenge\tsenge,3PL\tCOP\tsay\tword\tDET\tDEM\tonly\tPREP\tmouth\tnothing\tnothing,They're just saying this frivolously.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-116,59,melenge ti wali so akumase ti toto,melenge\tti\twali\tso\ta-kumase\tti\ttoto,child\tof\tfemale\tDEM\tPM-begin\tof\tcry,The girl began to cry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-117,59,"koli ti fango zo so, lo hunda poro ti tere ti anyama oko oko oko, lo yu na tere ti lo","koli\tti\tfango\tzo\tso,\tlo\thunda\tporo\tti\ttere\tti\ta-nyama\toko\toko\toko,\tlo\tyu\tna\ttere\tti\tlo",man\tof\tkill.NOM\tperson\tDEM\t3SG\task\tskin\tof\tbody\tof\tPL-animal\tone\tone\tone\t3SG\twear\ton\tbody\tof\t3SG,"This murderer, he asked (people) for skins of each kind of animal and put them on.",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-56,63,fi béle de,fi\tbéle\tde,in\tcountry\tDEM,in this country,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-72,67,"Itu hari saya buka saya punya laci, apa-apa pun tak ada.","Itu\thari\tsaya\tbuka\tsaya\tpunya\tlaci,\tapa~apa\tpun\ttak\tada.",DEM\tday\t1SG\topen\t1SG\tPOSS\tdrawer\twhat~what\teven\tNEG\thave,"That day, I opened my drawer and there was nothing.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-73,67,itu orang bangsa punya cakap,itu\torang\tbangsa\tpunya\tcakap,this\tperson\tnation\tATTR\tspeak,the national language,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-24,69,andi nak,andi\tnak,land\tthis,this land,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-56,71,Oe kolohe kela wahine.,Oe\tkolohe\tkela\twahine.,2SG\tmistreat\tthat\twoman,You've done injury to that woman.,,,,naturalistic written -72-56,72,Nyawa ngumpittu im katimbat kengkaru.,Nyawa\tngumpit-tu\tim\tkat-im-bat\tkengkaru.,this\tman-ERG\t3SG\tcut-TR-CONT\tkangaroo,This man is cutting up the kangaroo.,,,2cd5c13b61fd2957e8787dc9b30c3a0a,peer elicitation -74-48,74,úkuk latáb,úkuk\tlatáb,this\ttable,"this table, that table",,,,constructed by linguist -74-49,74,haws,haws,house,"house, the house, a house",,,,constructed by linguist -75-91,75,Ekwana servan kiimiyohoow miina lii boo bitaen kiikishkam.,Ekwana\tservan\tkii-miyohoo-w\tmiina\tlii\tboo\tbitaen\tkii-kishk-am.,DEM.INTERM.ANIM.SG\tservant\tPST-well.dressed-3\tand/also\tART.PL\tbeautiful.M\tclothing\tPST-wear.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,This servant was well dressed and he (also) had beautiful clothes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-92,75,Maenwi kasheeweew ana la larloozh.,Maenwi\tka-sheewee-w\tana\tla\tlarloozh.,midnight\tFUT-ring-3\tDEM.ANIM.SG.DIST\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tclock,At midnight that clock will ring.,,,,naturalistic spoken -1-92,1,Disi morre hey.,Disi\tmoro\thei.,this\tmore\thigh,This one is higher.,,,,written -2-71,2,Disi a fu un bori.,Disi\ta\tfu\tun\tbori.,this\tis\tfor\twe\tcook,This is for us to cook.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-72,2,Dati meki mi no ben kisi brede a skoro.,Dati\tmeki\tmi\tno\tben\tkisi\tbrede\ta\tskoro.,that\tmake\t1SG\tNEG\tPST\tget\tbread\tat\tschool,That’s why I didn’t get bread in school.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-73,2,"Mi begi, yu no kan fergiti dati tog.","Mi\tbegi,\tyu\tno\tkan\tfergiti\tdati\ttog.",1SG\tpray\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\tforget\tthat\tTAG,"I prayed, you can’t forget that, right.",,,,elicited from speaker -3-37,3,di bɛ buku aki,di\tbɛ\tbuku\taki,DEF.SG\tred\tbook\there,this red book,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-38,3,di bɛ wan aki,di\tbɛ\twan\taki,DEF.SG\tred\tone\there,this red one,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-52,4,A dagu ya nyan mi meti.,A\tdagu\tya\tnyan\tmi\tmeti.,DET.SG\tdog\there\teat\tmy\tmeat,This dog ate my meat.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -4-53,4,Disi nyan mi meti.,Disi\tnyan\tmi\tmeti.,this\teat\tmy\tmeat,This one ate my meat.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -5-56,5,da kyaahn wok,da\tkyaahn\twok,that\tcannot\twork,That is not suitable.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-57,5,da stoorii kyaahn wok,da\tstoorii\tkyaahn\twok,that\tstory\tcannot\twork,That story is not believable.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-34,6,"dis man, dis wan, dat wan","dis\tman,\tdis\twan,\tdat\twan",DEM.PROX\tman\tDEM.PROX\tone\tDEM.DIST\tone,"this man, this one, that one",,,,constructed by linguist -7-85,7,Dis ya miit haad fo boil.,Dis\tya\tmiit\thaad\tfo\tboil.,DEM\there\tmeat\thard\tfor\tboil,This meat is hard to boil. OR: Life’s hard.,,,,written (poetic) -7-86,7,Dis ya a fomi oon.,Dis\tya\ta\tfo-mi\toon.,DEM\there\tCOP\tfor-1SG\town,This is mine. OR: This one is mine.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-50,8,Dat-de buk laas.,Dat-de\tbuk\tlaas.,DEM-DIST\tbook\tlose,He lost that book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-51,8,Im laas dat-de.,Im\tlaas\tdat-de.,3SG\tlose\tDEM-DIST,He lost that one.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-52,8,Im laas dat-de wan.,Im\tlaas\tdat-de\twan.,3SG\tlose\tDEM-DIST\tone,He lost that one.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-63,9,"Yu hia dat naw, yu haf tu ʧɛk awt da sawn.","Yu\thia\tdat\tnaw,\tyu\thaf\ttu\tʧɛk\tawt\tda\tsawn.",2SG\thear\tthat\tnow\tyou\thave\tto\tcheck\tout\tthat\tsound,"When you hear that, you must check out the origin of that sound.",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-64,9,Ker da pants fu fiks.,Ker\tda\tpants\tfu\tfiks.,carry\tthat\tpants\tto\tfix,Bring those pants so they can be repaired.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-69,10,So dis die Beda Taiga gaan sii how ihn muma de.,So\tdis\tdie\tBeda\tTaiga\tgaan\tsii\thow\tihn\tmuma\tde.,so\tDEM\tday\tBrother\tTiger\tgo.ANT\tsee\thow\t3SG.POSS\tmother\tCOP.LOC,So on this day Brother Tiger went to see how his mother was doing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-70,10,Yu mosi du dat!,Yu\tmosi\tdu\tdat!,2SG\tmust\tdo\tDEM,You must do that!,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-71,10,Mi sii dis buk. Mi sii dis wan.,Mi\tsii\tdis\tbuk.\tMi\tsii\tdis\twan.,1SG\tsee\tDEM\tbook\t1SG\tsee\tDEM\tone,I see this book. I see this one.,,,,constructed by linguist -11-76,11,dis seilin ship,dis\tseilin\tship,DEM\tsailing\tship,this sailing ship,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-77,11,Wi wil fiks dis.,Wi\twil\tfiks\tdis.,1PL\tFUT\tfix\tDEM,We will fix this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-78,11,G. no eksersaiz dat pawa.,G.\tno\teksersaiz\tdat\tpawa.,G.\tNEG\texcercise\tDEM\tpower,G. doesn’t excercise that/her power.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-79,11,Horikien mash dat dong.,Horikien\tmash\tdat\tdong.,hurricane\tmash\tDEM\tdown,The hurricane mashed that down/destroyed it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-65,12,"A dea- a deacon is - something - be n- next to the - be to the pastor. You counsel people. You tell people 'bout Jesus Christ. Anything what you see wrong, you tell 'em, Don't do that, that is wrong! Do the thing what is right!","[...]\tDon't\tdo\tthat,\tthat\tis\twrong!",[...]\tNEG.IMP\tdo\tDEM\tDEM\t3SG.COP\twrong,"[...] Don’t do that, that is wrong!",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-66,12,"After three months time we get home, and we come to Nassau and bring that sponge.",[...]\tand\tbring\tthat\tsponge.,[...]\tand\tbring[HAB.PST]\tDEM\tsponge,[...] and we brought home that sponge.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-68,12,"They had a Coronation Day, them days used to had Coronation Day, you know?",[...]\tthem\tday-s\tused\tto\t[...],[...]\tDEM\tday-PL\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\t[...],[...] in those days they used to [have Coronation Day...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-58,13,We shut up that hole.,We\tshut\tup\tthat\thole.,1PL.SBJ\tshut\tup\tDEM\thole,We close that hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-59,13,I well know that.,I\twell\tknow\tthat.,1SG.SBJ\twell\tknow\tDEM,I certainly know it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-41,14,They want this/dis book.,They\twant\tthis/dis\tbook.,they\twant\tDEM\tbook,They want this book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-42,14,Dis book was on the table.,Dis\tbook\twas\ton\tthe\ttable.,DEM\tbook\twas\ton\tthe\ttable,This book was on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-51,15,a sabi dis man,a\tsabi\tdis\tman,1SG\tknow\tDEM\tman,I know this man.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-52,15,a lɛk dis wan,a\tlɛk\tdis\twan,1SG\tlike\tDEM\tone,I like this (one).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-45,16,"busu busu ì bì dis smɔl lamp, afrikã lamp","busu~busu\tì\tbì\tdis\tsmɔl\tlamp,\tafrikã\tlamp",busu~busu\t3SG\tCOP\tDEM.PROX\tsmall\tlamp\tAfrican\tlamp,Busu-Busu is this small African lamp.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-46,16,bikɔs gɔnʤa en dagɔmba bì laik dis,bikɔs\tgɔnʤa\ten\tdagɔmba\tbì\tlaik\tdis,because\tGonja\tand\tDagomba\tCOP\tlike\tDEM.PROX,because Gonjas and Dagombas are like this (i.e. close friends),,,,naturalistic spoken -16-47,16,"mà frɛn, jù gò pe fɔ dis wan o","mà\tfrɛn,\tjù\tgò\tpe\tfɔ\tdis\twan\to",1SG.POSS\tfriend\t2SG\tFUT\tpay\tfor\tDEM.PROX\tone\tEMPH,"My friend, you will pay for this one.",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-52,17,Mà pìkín bì dat.,Mà\tpìkín\tbì\tdat.,my\tchild\tCOP\tDEM.DIST,That is my child. OR: My child is that one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-53,17,Mà pìkín bì datwo̱n.,Mà\tpìkín\tbì\tdatwo̱n.,my\tchild\tCOP\tDEM.DIST.NMLZ,That is my child. OR: My child is that one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-44,18,A bin si dat wan.,A\tbin\tsi\tdat\twan.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tsee\tDEM\tone,I have seen that (one).,,,,elicited from speaker -19-54,19,"À bɛg, luk dis pìkín, di pìkín no de gud.","À\tbɛg,\tluk\tdis\tpìkín,\tdi\tpìkín\tno\tde\tgud.",1SG.SBJ\tbeg\tlook\tthis\tchild\tthis\tchild\tNEG\tCOP\tgood,"Please, look at this child, this child is not well.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-55,19,Di wan du fɔ̀ mi.,Di\twan\tdu\tfɔ̀\tmi.,this\tone\tdo\tASSOC\t1SG.EMPH,This is enough for me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-43,20,Smellee thisee flower.,Smellee\tthisee\tflower.,smell\tDEM\tflower,Smell this flower.,,,,naturalistic written -20-44,20,Thisee belong you?,Thisee\tbelong\tyou?,DEM\tbelong\t2SG,Is this yours?,,,,naturalistic written -22-58,22,Na displa samting em kamap pinis. [...] Na displa em kamap pinis.,Na\tdispla\tsamting\tem\tkamap\tpinis.\t[...]\tNa\tdispla\tem\tkamap\tpinis.,and\tthis\tthing\tit\thappen\tCOMPL\t[...]\tand\tthis\tit\thappen\tCOMPL,And this thing happened. [...] And this happened.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-59,22,Mi laikim disla.,Mi\tlaik-im\tdisla.,1SG\tlike-TR\tthis,I like this (one).,,,,constructed by linguist -23-64,23,Hemi mas kam long Port Vila blong salem ol faol ia.,Hemi\tmas\tkam\tlong\tPort\tVila\tblong\tsalem\tol\tfaol\tia.,3SG.AGR\tmust\tcome\tALL\tPort\tVila\tPURP\tsell\tPL\tchicken\tDEF,She has to come to Port Vila to sell these chickens.,,,,naturalistic written -24-69,24,Ai nor laik daa.,Ai\tnor\tlaik\tdaa.,I\tNEG\tlike\tthat,I don't like that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-70,24,daa kaa,daa\tkaa,that\tcar,that car,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-71,24,Ieh caet moelten.,Ieh\tcaet\tmoelten.,this\tcat\tshed.CONT,This cat is shedding hair.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-72,24,Wats dieh?,Wats\tdieh?,what.is\tthis,What is this?,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-73,24,Ieh/dieh es yoen.,Ieh/dieh\tes\tyoen.,this\tCOP\tyours,This is yours.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-177,25,Imin stilimbat brom dat awus.,Im=in\tstil-im-bat\tbrom\tdat\tawus.,3SG=PST\tsteal-TR-PROG\tfrom\tDEM\thouse,He stole (them) from the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-178,25,Wi noim bla thet kantri.,Wi\tno-im\tbla\tthet\tkantri.,1PL.EXCL\tknow-TR\tDAT/POSS\tDEM\tcountry,We know about that country.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-179,25,"Im frait, dijan.","Im\tfrait,\tdijan.",3SG\tget.frightened\tPROX:ADJ,"He gets frightened, this one.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-180,25,Wot dijan mangarra?,Wot\tdijan\tmangarra?,what\tPROX:ADJ\tplant.food,What’s this food?,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-181,25,I meka hani tharran.,I\tmeka\thani\ttharran.,3SG\tmake\thoney\tDIST:ADJ,"It makes honey, that one. (Referring to bees in picture book.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-182,25,Hu dijan hiya?,Hu\tdijan\thiya?,who\tPROX:ADJ\there,Who is this?,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-40,26,aɪ stɛ tiŋkiŋ ɔv dæt wan,aɪ\tstɛ\ttiŋk-iŋ\tɔv\tdæt\twan,1SG\tIPFV\tthink-PROG\tof\tDEM\tone,I'll be thinking of that one. OR: I'm thinking of that one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-41,26,aɪ stio stɛ tiŋkiŋ ɔv dæd kwɛʃʧɛn,aɪ\tstio\tstɛ\ttiŋk-iŋ\tɔv\tdæd\tkwɛʃʧɛn,1SG\tstill\tIPFV\tthink-PROG\tof\tDEM\tquestion,I'm still thinking of that question.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-42,26,ma aŋko waz ɹaɪd ɔntɔp hiʒ bæk swimin wid diʃ ʃak,ma\taŋko\twaz\traɪd\tɔntɔp\thiʒ\tbæk\tswim-in\twid\tdiʃ\tʃak,1SG.POSS\tuncle\twas\tright\ton.top\t3SG.POSS\tback\tswim-PROG\twith\tDEM\tshark,"My uncle was right on top of its back, swimming with this shark.",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-35,27,Di da mi frāi.,Di\tda\tmi\tfrāi.,DET\tthere\tCOP\tgood,That one is good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-66,28,alma di,alma\tdi,all\tDEM,all of this,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-67,28,o mɛrɛ gu dɛn djap,o\tmɛrɛ\tgu\tdɛn\tdi-apu,3SG\tmore\tbig\tthan\tDEM-PL,She is bigger than these.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-54,29,Hierdie/daardie is baie mooi.,Hierdie/daardie\tis\tbaie\tmooi.,PROX.DEM/DIST.DEM\tis\tvery\tbeautiful,These/those are very pretty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-55,29,"Hierdie boek is baie goed, maar daardie een is nog beter.","Hierdie\tboek\tis\tbaie\tgoed,\tmaar\tdaardie\teen\tis\tnog\tbeter.",PROX.DEM\tbook\tis\tvery\tgood\tbut\tDIST.DEM\tone\tis\teven\tbetter,"This book is very good, but that one is even better.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-56,29,"(Wil jy hierdie posseël vir jou versameling hê?) Nee, dié het ek al.","(Wil\tjy\thierdie\tposseël\tvir\tjou\tversameling\thê?)\tNee,\tdié\thet\tek\tal.",(want\t2SG\tPROX.DEM\tstamp\tfor\t2SG.POSS\tcollection\thave?)\tno\tDIST.DEM\thave\t1SG\talready,"(Would you like this stamp for your collection?) No, that one I've got already.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-57,29,Ek sien hierdie boeke. vs. Ek sien hierdie. vs. Ek sien hierdie boek. vs. Ek sien hierdie een/ene.,Ek\tsien\thierdie\tboek-e.\tvs.\tEk\tsien\thierdie.\tvs.\tEk\tsien\thierdie\tboek.\tvs.\tEk\tsien\thierdie\teen/ene.,1SG.NOM\tsee\tthese\tbook-s\tvs.\t1SG.NOM\tsee\tthese\tvs.\t1SG.NOM\tsee\tthis\tbook\tvs.\t1SG.NOM\tsee\tthis\tone,I see these books. vs. I see these. vs. I see this book. vs. I see this one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-71,30,Kel (lápis) li/ Es (lápis) (li) ê di meu. Kel (lápis) la ê di bo.,Kel=(lápis)\tli.\tEs=(lápis)\t(li)\tê\tdi.meu.\tKel=(lápis)\tla\tê\tdi=bo.,DEM.SG=(pencil)\there\tDEM.SG=(pencil)\t(here)\tbe\t1SG.POSS\tDEM.SG=(pencil)\tthere\tbe\tof=2SG,This pencil (this one) / This (pencil) belongs to me. That (pencil) belongs to you.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-72,30,Kel ki N kre. Kel katxor ki N kre.,Kel\tki=N=kre.\tKel=katxor\tki=N=kre.,DEM.SG\tCOMP=1SG=want\tDEM.SG=dog\tCOMP=1SG=want,The one I want. The dog I want.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-71,31,N gosta di kel-li.,N\tgosta\tdi\tkel-li.,I\tlike\tof\tDEM-DEM,I like this one.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-72,31,Dja kel vida li e un bokadu duru.,Dja\tkel\tvida\tli\te\tun\tbokadu\tduru.,COMPL\tthe\tlife\there\tis\ta\tlittle\tdifficult,This life is a little difficult.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-44,32,Kel fema e intelijent.,Kel\tfema\te\tintelijent.,DEM\tfemale\tCOP\tintelligent,That girl is intelligent.,,,,constructed by native speaker -32-45,32,Kel e nha fema.,Kel\te\tnha\tfema.,DEM\tCOP\tPOSS.1SG\tfemale,That (one) is my girlfriend.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-63,33,e livro,e\tlivro,DEM\tbook,this book,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-64,33,Kila kume.,Kila\tkume.,DEM\teat.PST,That [man] ate.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-65,33,Kal livru ki bo kumpra? Es.,Kal\tlivru\tki\tbo\tkumpra?\tEs.,what\tbook\tthat\t1PL\tbuy.PST\tDEM,Which book did you buy? This one.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-66,33,es livru,es\tlivru,DEM\tbook,this book,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-47,34,ke(l) kasa-la bonitu - kil-la/kel-la bonitu,ke(l)\tkasa-la\tø\tbonitu\t-\tkil-la/kel-la\tø\tbonitu,DEM\thouse-there\tPFV\tnice\t-\tDEM-there/DEM-there\tPFV\tnice,that house is nice - that one is nice,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-48,34,E kasa(-li) bonitu. — Es-li bonitu. ~ Kel-li bonitu.,E kasa(-li) ø bonitu. — Es-li ø bonitu. ~ Kel-li ø bonitu.,DEM house(-here) PFV nice   DEM-here PFV nice   DEM-here PFV nice,This house is nice. — This one is nice.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-71,35,Ise sa doxi.,Ise\tsa\tdoxi.,this\tCOP\tsweet,This/that one is sweet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-72,35,Ê ka vumba mon pê isala.,Ê\tka\tvumba\tmon\tpê\tisala.,3SG\tIPFV\tput\thand\tput\tthat,He puts his hand in that one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-73,35,So isaki so s’ai sa ska be.,So\tisaki\tso\ts’=ai\tsa\tska\tbe.,then\tthis.one.here\tFOC\tbe=here\tbe\tPROG\tgo,Then it is this one here that is going.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-74,35,Isala ô ise?,Isala\tô\tise?,that.one\tor\tthis.one,That one or this one?,,,,naturalistic written -35-75,35,vin se,vin\tse,wine\tDEM,the wine in question,,,,constructed by linguist -35-76,35,tudu kwa sala,tudu\tkwa\tsala,all\tthing\tDEM,all those things,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-42,36,e/dhe vs. isi-e/isi-dhe,e/dhe\tvs.\tisi-e/isi-dhe,DEM.PROX\tvs.\tDEM-DEM.PROX,this (adnominal) vs. this one (pronominal),,,,elicited from speaker -36-43,36,dha/si-dha vs. isi-dha,dha/si-dha\tvs.\tisi-dha,DEM.DIST/DEM-DEM.DIST\tvs.\tDEM-DEM.DIST,that vs. that one,,,,elicited from speaker -37-46,37,ningê sê,ningê\tsê,person\tthis,this person,,,,constructed by linguist -37-47,37,Isê gaaavi mutu.,Isê\tgaaavi\tmutu.,DEM\tbeautiful\tvery,This one is very beautiful.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-55,38,Isay sa soya ku mémuse da mu.,I-sai\tsa\tsoya\tku\tmé-mu-sai\tda\tmu.,PRO-DEM\tbe\tstory\tCONJ\tmother-1.POSS-DEM\tgive\t1SG,This is the story that my mother told me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-56,38,pepesai,pepe-sai,grandfather-DEM,that grandfather OR: old man,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-67,39,Ikəl ɛ mĩ kaz.,Ikəl\tɛ\tmĩ\tkaz.,DEM\tCOP.NPST\t1SG.POSS\thouse,That is my house.,,,,constructed by linguist -39-68,39,Ikəl blue colour kaz nã tə apərse?,Ikəl\t\tkaz\tnã\ttə\tapərs-e?,DIST\tblue\tcolour\thouse\tNEG\tIPFV.NPST\tshow-INF,Do you see that blue house over there (lit. Isn't that blue colour house showing)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-69,39,"Es tira fɔr, nə?","Es\ttir-a\tfɔr,\tnə?",DEM\ttake-INF\tout\tREQ,"(I'll) remove this, you see?",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-40,40,Agɔr ye kas un lə piʧa?,Agɔr\tye\tkas\tun\tlə\tpiʧa?,now\tthis\trind\twhere\tFUT\tthrow,"Now, where should I throw this (watermelon) rind?",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-41,40,"Gran irmão te puntan pel ye, ""wɔ asta paisa dun tedzer?""","Gran\tirmão\tte\tpuntan\tpel\tye,\t""wɔ\tasta\tpaisa\tdun\ttedzer?""",big\tbrother\tPRS\task.PROG\tOBJ\tthis\t2SG\tso.much\tmoney\tfrom-where\tbring,"The big brother is asking this: ""Where did you get so much money from?""",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-62,41,istis ɛkavnntu tatiraa naa,isti-s\tɛkavn-ntu\tta-tiraa\tnaa,this-PL\taccount-LOC\tPRS-take\tTAG,"These guys are buying on account, eh.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-53,42,yo ta olá isti buku / yo ta olá isti,yo ta olá isti buku / yo ta olá isti,1SG PROG look DEM book   1SG PROG look DEM,I am looking at this book. / I am looking at this (one).,,,,elicited from speaker -42-54,42,yo ta olá akeli buku/ yo ta olá akeli,yo\tta\tolá\takeli\tbuku/\tyo\tta\tolá\takeli,1SG\tPROG\tlook\tDEM\tbook\t1SG\tPROG\tlook\tDEM,I am looking at that book. / I am looking at that (one).,,,,elicited from speaker -43-37,43,Eo apusta ki akel teng mintrodju.,Eo\tapusta\tki\takel\tteng\tmintrodju.,I\tbet\tCOMP\tDEM\tCOP\tlie,I bet that that is a lie.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-65,44,Éste a kedá báryo di Maragondón.,Éste\ta\tkedá\tbáryo\tdi\tMaragondón.,this\tPFV\tbecome\tpart\tof\tMaragondon,This became a district (part) of Maragondon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-66,44,kabándo éste karakól,kabándo\téste\tkarakól,finished\tthis\tcaracol,after this caracol-dance,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-56,45,Ya cumpra ele ese na Hapon.,Ya\tcumpra\tele\tese\tna\tHapon.,PFV\tbuy\t3SG\tthat\tLOC\tJapan,He bought that in Japan.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-57,45,Ya cumpra ele ese muñeca na Hapon.,Ya\tcumpra\tele\tese\tmuñeca\tna\tHapon.,PFV\tbuy\t3SG\tthat\tdoll\tLOC\tJapan,He bought that doll in Japan.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-70,46,Éste mi ermáno.,Éste\tmi\termáno.,this\tmy\tbrother,This (one) is my brother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-61,47,Esei kièr men ku ta dura dos siman promé ku mi haya bo karta.,Es(un)-ei\tkièr\tmen\tku\tta\tdura\tdos\tsiman\tpromé\tku\tmi\thaya\tbo\tkarta.,one-DEM.NPROX\twant\tmean\tCOMP\tTNS\tlast\ttwo\tweek\tbefore\tCOMP\t1SG\treceive\t2SG\tletter,That means that it takes two weeks before I get your letter.,,,,naturalistic written -47-62,47,[...] esnan ku ta siña spañó,[...]\tes(un)\tnan\tku\tta\tsiña\tspañó,[...]\tone\tPL\tCOMP\tTNS\tlearn\tSpanish,[...] those who are learning Spanish.,,,,published source -48-47,48,¿Ese moná ri kiene fue? – ri ese.,¿Ese\tmoná\tri\tkiene\tfue?\t–\tri\tese.,this\tchild\tof\twho\tbe\t–\tof\tthis.one,Whose child is it? – Of that one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-48,48,¡Ese ma benta [...] ese ta-ba bueno nu!,¡Ese\tma\tbenta\t[...]\tese\tta-ba\tbueno\tnu!,that\tPL\tsale\t[...]\tthat\tbe-PST\tgood\tNEG,Those sales [...] those were not good!,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-49,48,Ese i ta akí no vale náa.,Ese\ti\tta\takí\t.,that\twhich\tbe\there\tNEG\tworth\tnothing,That one (that is) here is worth nothing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-92,49,"M wè sa a, m pa wè lòt la.","M\twè\tsa\ta,\tm\tpa\twè\tlòt\tla.",1SG\tsee\tDEM\tSG\t1SG\tNEG\tsee\tother\tDEF,"I see that one there, I don't see the other one.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-93,49,M pa vle sa (menm)!,M\tpa\tvle\tsa\t(menm)!,1SG\tNEG\twant\tDEM\t(even),I don't want any of this!,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-54,50,Mwen enmé sila.,Mwen\tenmé\tsila.,1SG\tlike\tDEM,I like this one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-55,50,Mwen enmé tala/sala.,Mwen\tenmé\ttala/sala.,1SG\tlike\tDEM,I like that one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-56,50,Mwen enmé madanm-lasa.,Mwen\tenmé\tmadanm-lasa.,1SG\tlove\twoman-DEM,I love this/that woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-54,51,Liv-tala entérésan.,Liv-tala\tentérésan.,book-DEM\tinteresting,This book is interesting.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-55,51,Tala entérésan.,Tala\tentérésan.,DEM\tinteresting,This one is interesting.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-36,52,sa-a movè,sa-a\tmovè,DEM-DEF.ART\tbad,This one is bad.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-120,53,"dans-sa-la, le kokodri-sa-la","dans\tsala,\tle\tkokodri\tsala",dance\tDET.DEM\tART.DEF.PL\talligator\tDET.DEM,"this dance, these crocodiles",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-121,53,To ouâ pié ci là.,To\touâ\tpié\tcilà.,2PL\tsee\ttree\tDET.DEM.SG,You see this tree.,,,,naturalistic written -53-122,53,Komon ye pèl sila?,Komon\tye\tpèl\tsila?,how\t3PL\tcall\tDEM,How do they call this one?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-123,53,Fô to soizi cilà to oulé.,Fô\tto\tsoizi\tcilà\tto\toulé.,have.to\t2SG\tchoose\tDEM\t2SG\twant,You have to choose the one you want.,,,,naturalistic written -53-124,53,Tu sezla ki katolik monj pa l vjon dan karem.,Tu\tsezla\tki\tkatolik\tmonj\tpa\tl\tvjon\tdan\tkarem.,all\tDEM.PL\tREL\tcatholic\teat\tNEG\tART.DEF.SG\tmeat\tin\tLent,All those that are catholic don't eat meat during Lent.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-125,53,Mo gen en zye. Mo pa gen pase en. [...] Mo gen jis sa-la.,Mo\tgen\ten\tzye.\tMo\tpa\tgen\tpase\ten.\t[...]\tMo\tgen\tjis\tsala.,1SG\thave\tINDF.ART\teye\t1SG\tNEG\thave\tmore.than\tone\t[...]\t1SG\thave\tonly\tDEM,I have one eye. I don't have more than one. [...] I just have this one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-126,53,"Li gen en, en ti-fiy. E sa-la pa gen ditou li.","Li\tgen\ten,\ten\tti-fiy.\tE\tsala\tpa\tgen\tditou\tli.",3SG\thave\tART.INDF\tART.INDF\tlittle-girl\tand\tDEM\tNEG\thave\tat.all\t3SG,She has a daughter. And that one doesn't have (any children) at all.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-127,53,Ye pa gen traka e sa-ye non plu.,Ye\tpa\tgen\ttraka\te\tsaye\tnon\tplu.,3PL\tNEG\thave\ttrouble\twith\tDEM.PL\tnot\tmore,"They don't have trouble with those (children), either.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-128,53,Sa-ye ka read et ye ka ekri.,Saye\tka\t\tet\tye\tka\tekri.,DEM.PL\tcan\tread\tand\t3PL\tcan\twrite,Those (people) can read and write.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-73,54,Sà i fé pá màl.,Sa\ti\tfe\tpa\tmal.,DEM\tFIN\tmake\tNEG\tbad,That does not hurt.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-74,54,se fanm la,së\tfanm\tla,DEM\twoman\tDEM,this/that woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-75,54,sa syen la,sa\tsyen\tla,DEM\tdog\tDEM,this/that dog,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-76,54,Sad la mi koné pa moi.,Sad\tla\tmi\tkone\tpa\tmwa.,DEM\tDEM\t1SG.FIN\tknow\tNEG\t1SG,This/that one I don't know.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-77,54,Sak la pa parti lékol; i koné pa lir.,Sak\tla\tpa\tparti\tlekol;\ti\tkone\tpa\tlir.,DEM\tDEM\tNEG\tgo\tschool\tFIN\tknow\tNEG\tread,This/that one does not go to school; he / she cannot read.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-56,55,mo pli koṅtaṅ sa liv la,mo\tpli\tkoṅtaṅ\tsa\tliv\tla,1SG\tmore\tlike\tDEM\tbook\tDEF,I prefer that book.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-57,55,mo pli koṅtaṅ sa — mo pli koṅtaṅ senla,mo pli koṅtaṅ sa — mo pli koṅtaṅ senla,1SG more like that   1SG more like that.one,I prefer that. — I prefer that one.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-71,56,Me si bato i sanze sa i red.,Me\tsi\tbato\ti\tsanze\tsa\ti\tred.,but\tif\tboat\tPM\tchange\tDEM\tPM\trigid,"But if the boat changed side, that one was rigid.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-72,56,Sa enn pye anba la ti bon groser koko,Sa enn pye anba la ti bon groser koko,DEM one tree down there PST good coconut,This coconut tree over there had very thick coconuts.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-73,56,(...) i pran sa enn ki anba son lebra.,(...)\ti\tpran\tsa\tenn\tki\tanba\tson\tlebra.,(...)\t3SG\ttake\tDEM\tone\tREL\tunder\t3SG.POSS\tarm,(...) he takes that one which is under his arm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-74,56,sa enn laba i mon frer,sa\tenn\tlaba\ti\tmon\tfrer,DEM\tone\tthere\tPM\t1SG.POSS\tbrother,This one over there is my brother.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -56-75,56,sennla laba i mon frer,sennla\tlaba\ti\tmon\tfrer,this.one\tthere\tPM\t1SG.POSS\tbrother,This one over there is my brother.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -57-37,57,ma ule mwaʃe sa-la,ma\tule\tmwaʃe\tsa-la,1SG\twant\teat\tthat-DEM/DEF,I want to eat this one.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-42,58,Yandi yayi mene kwenda.,Yandi\tyayi\tmene\tkwenda.,he/she\there\tfinish\tleave,He/she has (just) left.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-43,58,Yandi yina mene kwenda.,Yandi\tyina\tmene\tkwenda.,he/she\tthere\tfinish\tleave,He/she has (just) left.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-118,59,so amu vundu na mbi mingi,so\ta-mu\tvundu\tna\tmbi\tmingi,DEM\tPM-give\tgrief\tPREP\t1SG\tmuch,That grieves me a lot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-119,59,ake so?,a-ke\tso?,PM-COP\tDEM,Is it this?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-120,59,mbi ye so pepe,mbi\tye\tso\tpepe,1SG\tlike\tDEM\tNEG,I don't like that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-121,59,mbi sara yi so ngbangati so mbi ke zo voko,mbi\tsara\tyi\tso\tngbangati\tso\tmbi\tke\tzo\tvoko,1SG\tdo\tthing\tDEM\tbecause\tDEM\t1SG\tCOP\tperson\tblack,I do this because I'm an African.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-41,60,mobáli óyo; mobáli wâná,mobáli\tóyo;\tmobáli\twâná,man\tDEM\tman\tDEM,this man; that man,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-42,60,"baóyo bakwéyakí, baóyo wâná té́","ba-óyo\tba-kwéy-akí,\tba-óyo\twâná\tté́",PL-DEM\t3PL-fall-PST\tPL-DEM\tDEM\tNEG,"these ones fell, those ones not",,,,elicited from speaker -61-26,61,Mina funa ló.,Mina\tfun-a\tló.,I\twant-V\tthat,I want that (one).,,,,elicited from speaker -61-27,61,Mina funa lo book.,Mina\tfun-a\tlo\tbook.,I\twant-V\tDEM\tbook,I want that book.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-25,62,lukándo lukusá ní hú,lukando\tlu-kusa\tní\thú,wall\t11-bad\tis\tthat,The bad wall is that one.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-26,62,mbuvá hú ní kíni,mbuva\thú\tní\tkíni,field\tthat\tis\ttheir,That field is theirs.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-57,63,wedé ya sókol al ána gi-kumbúka,wedé\tya\tsókol\tal\tána\tgi-kumbúka,DEM\tCOP\tthing\tREL\t1SG\tTAM-remember,That is what I remember.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-58,63,lakáta wedé,lakáta\twedé,tree\tDEM,this tree,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-62,64,júa de kebír,júa\tde\tkebír,house\tDEM.PROX\tbig,This house is big.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-63,64,de gísa basít,de\tgísa\tbasít,DEM.PROX\tstory\tsimple,This is a simple story.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-52,65,"I sioty kərasnə, eta iwo sam rasti.","I\tsioty\tkərasnə,\teta\tiwo\tsam\trasti.",and\tflower\tred\tDEM\t3SG\tself\tgrow,"And flowers are red, this one grows by itself.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-53,65,"Wot eta - topalia kara, wot eta - jolka kara.","Wot eta - topalia kara, wot eta - jolka kara.",here DEM   poplar bark here DEM   fir.tree bark,"This one is the bark of a poplar, that one is the bark of a fir tree.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-54,65,eta liba pamikaj netu.,eta\tliba\tpamikaj\tnetu.,this\tfish\tdie\tNEG,The fish was alive.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-36,66,Ini sapape bukpəðə? Go pe.,Ini\tsapa-pe\tbuk-pəðə?\tGo-pe.,DEM\twho-POSS\tbook-PL\t1SG-POSS,Whose books are these? Mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-74,67,itu selalu tinggla sini punya orang,itu\tselalu\ttinggla\tsini\tpunya\torang,this\talways\tlive\there\tREL\tperson,the people who always live here,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-75,67,Itu pon bole.,Itu\tpon\tbole.,DEM\talso\tcan,That can also do (lit. That also can).,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-43,68,Dia seng percaya par dia pung mama pi di tampa itu.,Dia\tseng\tpercaya\tpar\tdia\tpung\tmama\tpi\tdi\ttampa\titu.,3SG\tNEG\tbelieve\tfor\t3SG\tPOSS\tmother\tgo\tLOC\tplace\tDEM,He didn't believe his mother would go to that place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-44,68,Itu seperti saja deng katong bilang pahlawan Maluku.,Itu\tseperti\tsaja\tdeng\tkatong\tbilang\tpahlawan\tMaluku.,DEM\tlike\tonly\twith\t1PL\tsay\thero\tMoluccas,It was like what we call a hero of the Moluccas.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-25,69,mən naŋga,mən\tnaŋga,3SG\twhere,Where is that?,,,,elicited from speaker -69-26,69,yəm mən murimbi tanan kakan,yəm\tmən\tmuri-mbi\tta-nan\tkakan,water\tthat/the?\trun-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT\tNEG,The/that water hasn't drained yet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-35,70,U hamar gar baito.,U\thamar\tgar\tbaito.,that\t1SG.POSS\thouse\tCOP,That's my house.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-57,71,"Oe hele, aole hana like pu kela.","Oe\thele,\taole\thana\tlikepu\tkela.",2SG\tgo\tNEG\tdo\tjust.like\tthat,"You had better leave, and don't do that. OR: You had better get off from here, and don't do that.",,,,naturalistic written -72-57,72,Nyila warlaku im gon kankula karntingka nyila biwalijayu.,Nyila\twarlaku\tim\tgon\tkankula\tkarnti-ngka\tnyila\tbi-walija-yu.,that\tdog\t3SG\tgo\tup\ttree-LOC\tthat\tbee-PAUC-DAT,That dog goes up the tree after the bees.,,,89780314b7c3985e9f699283de9667f0,narrative -72-58,72,Im gedim im na nyilangku.,Im\tged-im\tim\tna\tnyila-ngku.,3SG\tget-TR\t3SG\tFOC\tthat-ERG,That one gets it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-44,73,isiti pweblobiga pwirkuguna abinmi,isiti\tpweblo-bi-ga\tpwirku-guna\tabi-n-mi,this\ttown-LOC-TOP\tpig-PL\tEXIST-3-AFF,"In this town, there are pigs.",,,,elicited from speaker -73-45,73,isi-da,isi-da,that-ACC,that one,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-50,74,úkuk man,úkuk\tman,this\tman,this man,,,,constructed by linguist -74-51,74,úkuk wam,úkuk\twam,this\twarm,This is warm.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-66,74,hayás úlman úkuk kánim,hayás\túlman\túkuk\tkánim,much\told\tthis\tcanoe,This canoe is very old.,,,,narrative -74-186,74,uk-ílihi,uk-ílihi,the-earth,the earth,,,,narrative -75-93,75,Pi ilave trwaa fiy ana kiiayaweew la faam.,Pi\til-ave\ttrwaa\tfiy\tana\tkii-ayaw-eew\tla\tfaam.,and\t3-have\tthree\tgirl\tDEM.ANIM.SG\tPST-have-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEF.ART.F\twoman,"And she had three daughters, this woman.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-94,75,Kiinipaahishin ana ahpo eetikwee.,Kii-nipaah-ishi-n\tana\tahpo\teetikwee.,PST-die-fall-3SG\tDEM.ANIM.SG.PROX\tor\tapparently,"Maybe he fell dead, I don't know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -1-93,1,dem somma na dissi kondre,den\tsoma\tna\tdisi\tkondre,DET.PL\tperson\tLOC\tthis\tcountry,the people in this country,,,,written (dictionary) -2-74,2,a man disi,a\tman\tdisi,the.SG\tman\tDEM,this man,,,,constructed by linguist -2-75,2,a man dati,a\tman\tdati,the.SG\tman\tDEM,that man,,,,constructed by linguist -4-54,4,a pikin ya,a\tpikin\tya,DET.SG\tchild\there,this child,,,,elicited from speaker -4-55,4,a pikin de,a\tpikin\tde,DET.SG\tchild\tthere,that child,,,,elicited from speaker -4-56,4,a pikin anda,a\tpikin\tanda,DET.SG\tchild\tover.there,the child over there,,,,elicited from speaker -5-58,5,dis buk ya,dis\tbuk\tya,this\tbook\there,this book,,,,constructed by linguist -5-59,5,da buk de,da\tbuk\tde,that\tbook\tthere,that book,,,,constructed by linguist -5-60,5,da chrii yanda vs. da chrii ova so,da\tchrii\tyanda\tvs.\tda\tchrii\tova\tso,that\ttree\tyonder\tvs.\tthat\ttree\tover\tso,that tree (over there),,,,constructed by linguist -6-35,6,"dis, dat","dis,\tdat",DEM.PROX\tDEM.DIST,"this, that",,,,constructed by linguist -7-87,7,I ga plenti piiplo ina dis hous ya.,I\tga\tplenti\tpiiplo\tin-a\tdis\thous\tya.,3SG.N\tget\tplenty\tpeople\tin-PCL\tDEM\thouse\there,There are many people in this house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-88,7,Dem pikni de bin a fait wan anuhda.,Dem\tpikni\tde\tbin\ta\tfait\twan\tanuhda.,DEM\tchild\tthere\tPST\tPROG\tfight\tone\tanother,Those children were fighting against each other.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-89,7,dis pat ya,dis\tpat\tya,DEM\tpot\there,this pot,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-90,7,da pat de,da\tpat\tde,DEM\tpot\tthere,that pot,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-91,7,da pat yaanda,da\tpat\tyaanda,DEM\tpot\tyonder,that pot far away,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-53,8,Dis-ya pen naa rait gud.,Dis-ya\tpen\tnaa\trait\tgud.,DEM-PROX\tpen\tNEG.PROG\twrite\tgood,This pen is not writing properly.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-54,8,Dat-de pen naa rait gut.,Dat-de\tpen\tnaa\trait\tgut.,DEM-DIST\tpen\tNEG.PROG\twrite\tgood,That pen is not writing properly.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-65,9,ʃel gya Jimi di kantrak fu to dis baadj. Jimi respansibl fu de to dat kras.,ʃel\tgya\tJimi\tdi\tkantrak\tfu\tto\tdis\tbaadj.\tJimi\trespansibl\tfu\tde\tto\tdat\tkras.,Shell\tgive\tJimi\tthe\tcontract\tto\ttow\tthis\tbarge\tJimi\tresponsible\tfor\tPROG\ttow\tthat\tacross,Shell hired Jimmy to tow this barge. Jimmy was responsible for towing it across.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-66,9,Dat tiŋ we de pan yu nɛk dat a no blak koral?,Dat\ttiŋ\twe\tde\tpan\tyu\tnɛk\tdat\ta\tno\tblak\tkoral?,that\tthing\tREL\tPROG\tupon\tyour\tneck\tthat\tTOP\tNEG\tblack\tcoral,Isn't it black coral that you are wearing on your neck?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-72,10,Dis die him bok op Beda Naansi.,Dis\tdie\thim\tbok\top\tBeda\tNaansi.,DEM\tday\t3SG\tbuck\tup\tBrother\tAnansi,This day he ran into Brother Anansi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-73,10,Disya leta da fi mi.,Dis-ya\tleta\tda\tfi\tmi.,DEM-EMPH\tletter\tFOC\tfor\t1SG,This (very) letter is for me/mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-74,10,dat buot,dat\tbuot,DEM\tboat,that boat,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-75,10,datde hous / dat house deh,dat.de hous / dat house de,DEM.EMPH house   DEM house DEM,that house (over there),,,,elicited from speaker -11-80,11,di ring,di\tring,DEM\tring,this ring,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-81,11,iin dat wie,iin\tdat\twie,in\tDEM\tway,in that way,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-82,11,iina disya jongl,iina\tdis-ya\tjongl,in\tDEM-EMPH\tjungle,in this very jungle,,,,naturalistic written -11-83,11,dis hous; disya hous; dat hous; datde hous; dat hous de,dis\thous;\tdis-ya\thous;\tdat\thous;\tdat-de\thous;\tdat\thous\tde,DEM\thouse\tDEM-EMPH\thouse\tDEM\thous\tDEM-EMPH\thous\tDEM\thouse\tEMPH,this house; this very house; that house; that very house; that very house,,,,elicited from speaker -12-69,12,"You see, they ain't like these young people these days, they don't want work nohow, not these day. You see, they ain't want work nohow. [...] Them days, when I was small, we want work. In these day - them days, these - they - they don't want work.",[...] these days [...] these day [...] Them days [...].,[...] DEM day.PL [...] DEM day [PL] [...] DEM day.PL [...],"[...] young people today, they don’t want to work [...] In those days, when I was small, we wanted to work [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-70,12,"When I been home - I christen in that when I was - in 1916 I born. I christen in that church, and I been back home, and I used to look and I walk in the church ... I say, This the church I christen in. From a baby.",[...]\tin\tthat\t[...]\tin\tthat\tchurch\t[...].\tThis\tthe\tchurch\t[...].,[...]\tin\tDEM\t[...]\tin\tDEM\tchurch\t[...]\tDEM\tART\tchurch\t[...],[...] I was christened in that [church] [...]. This is the church I was christened in [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-60,13,dat ting,dat\tting,DEM.DIST\tthing,that thing,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-61,13,dis right-han side,dis\tright-han\tside,DEM.PROX\tright-hand\tside,this right-hand side,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-62,13,This here child win the prize.,This\there\tchild\twin\tthe\tprize.,DEM\there\tchild\twin\tthe\tprize,This child here won the prize.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -14-43,14,This hat belong to me.,This\that\tbelong\tto\tme.,DEM\that\tbelong\tto\tme,This hat belongs to me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-44,14,That hat belong to him.,That\that\tbelong\tto\thim.,DEM\that\tbelongs\tto\thim,That hat belongs to him.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-53,15,dis man,dis\tman,DEM\tman,this man,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-54,15,da man de,da\tman\tde,DEM\tman\tLOC,that man,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -19-56,19,di hos; di hos ya,di\thos;\tdi\thos\tya,this\thouse\tthis\thouse\there,this house; this house here,,,,constructed by linguist -19-57,19,dan hos; dan hos de; dan hos yàndá,dan\thos;\tdan\thos\tde;\tdan\thos\tyàndá,that\thouse\tthat\thouse\tthere\tthat\thouse\tyonder,that house; that house there; that house over there,,,,constructed by linguist -20-45,20,Takee milkee give that piecee gentleman.,Takee\tmilkee\tgive\tthat\tpiecee\tgentleman.,take\tmilk\tgive\tDEM\tCLF\tgentleman,Pass the milk to that gentleman.,,,,naturalistic written -21-43,21,this person,this\tperson,DEM\tperson,this person,,,,constructed by linguist -21-44,21,that person,that\tperson,DEM\tperson,that person,,,,constructed by linguist -22-60,22,Mi stap long dispela haus.,Mi\tstap\tlong\tdispela\thaus.,1SG\tstay\tPREP\tthis/that\thouse,I stay in this/that house.,,,,constructed by linguist -25-183,25,Yuno wot kain dij G.,Yuno\twot\tkain\tdij\tG.,you_know\twhat\tkind\tPROX\tG.,You know what kind (of person) this G. is. (In the context: He's the kind of person who always gets frightened.),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-184,25,"Im ken tok tharran tu, wen im kamap.","Im\tken\ttok\ttharran\ttu,\twen\tim\tkamap.",3SG\tcan\ttalk\tDIST:ADJ\ttoo\twhen\t3SG\tcome,"He can talk too, that one, when he comes.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-185,25,"Jalgbirriny, thet rait hen said.","Jalgbirriny,\tthet\trait\then\tsaid.",right.side\tDEM\tright\thand\tside,"Jalgbirriny, that [means] right hand side.",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -26-43,26,a gɔn klin ɔf dæd læn,a\tgɔn\tklin\tɔf\tdæd\tlæn,1SG\tFUT\tclean\toff\tDEM\tland,I'll clean off that land.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-36,27,Ekeren fa roto sa mata di dungku da.,Ekeren\tfa\troto\tsa\tmata\tdi\tdungku\tda.,each\tof\trat\tFUT\tkill\tDET\tnight\tthere,Every rat would be killed that night.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-68,28,di N di / dida,di N di / dida,the N this   that,this N / that N,,,,constructed by linguist -29-58,29,hierdie/dié man,hierdie/dié\tman,PROX.DEM\tman,this man,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-59,29,daardie man,daardie\tman,DIST.DEM\tman,that man,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-73,30,"Kel lápis li ê di meu, kel (lápis) la ê di bo.","Kel=lápis\tli\tê\tdi.meu,\tkel\t(lápis)\tla\tê\tdi=bo.",DEM.SG=pencil\there\tbe\t1SG.POSS\tDEM.SG\t(pencil)\tthere\tbe\tof=2SG,"This pencil belongs to me, that (pencil) belongs to you.",,,,constructed by linguist -30-74,30,Es lápis li ê di meu.,Es=lápis\tli\tê\tdi.meu.,DEM=pencil\there\tbe\t1SG.POSS,This pencil belongs to me.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-46,32,Vint y tres d'es mes [...].,Vint\ty\ttres\tde\tes\tmes\t[...].,twenty\tand\tthree\tof\tPROX.SG\tmonth\t[...],On the twenty-third of this month [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-47,32,"Y kel altura asin, bosê tinha fidj?","Y\tkel\taltura\tasin,\tbosê\ttinha\tfidj?",and\tDIST\ttime\tlike\t2SG.POL\thave.PST\tchild,"And at that time, did you have children?",,,,naturalistic spoken -33-67,33,e omi,e\tomi,this\tman,this man,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-68,33,kil omi,kil\tomi,that\tman,that man,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-69,33,kil omi la,kil\tomi\tla,that\tman\tthere,that man (over) there,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-9,34,e kasa-li,e\tkasa-li,DEM\thouse-here,this house,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-192,34,e/ke(l) kasa-la,e/ke(l)\tkasa-la,DEM\thouse-there,that house,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-77,35,floli se ku sa ai,floli\tse\tku\tsa\tai,flower\tDEM\tREL\tbe\there,this flower,,,,naturalistic written -35-78,35,floli se ku sa ala,floli\tse\tku\tsa\tala,flower\tDEM\tREL\tbe\tthere,that flower,,,,naturalistic written -35-79,35,ke sai,ke\tsai,house\there,this house (here),,,,elicited from speaker -35-80,35,ke sala,ke\tsala,house\tthere,that house (there),,,,elicited from speaker -36-44,36,moto ngai dhe,moto\tngai\tdhe,motorbike\tbig\tDEM,this big motorbike,,,,elicited from speaker -36-45,36,moto si ngai / moto si-dhe ngai / moto si ngai dhe,moto si ngai / moto si-dhe ngai / moto si ngai dhe,motorbike DEM big   motorbike DEM-DEM big   motorbike DEM big DEM,that motorbike,,,,elicited from speaker -36-46,36,moto si-dha ngai / moto si ngai dha,moto si-dha ngai / moto si ngai dha,motorbike DEM-DEM big   moto DEM big DEM,that motorbike (far away),,,,elicited from speaker -37-48,37,"Ine ningê sê, ine rupê.","Ine\tningê\tsê,\tine\trupê.",PL\tpeople\tPROX\t3PL\twhite,"These people [here], they are whites.",,,,constructed by linguist -37-49,37,"Ine ningê ixila, ine rupê.","Ine\tningê\tixila,\tine\trupê.",PL\tpeople\tDIST\t3PL\twhite,"Those people [over there], they are whites.",,,,elicited from speaker -38-57,38,lala famozusay,lala\tfamozu-sai,beach\tbeautiful-DEM,this beautiful beach,,,,elicited from speaker -38-58,38,lalasala,lala-sala,beach-DEM,that beach,,,,elicited from speaker -39-70,39,"Aki aki, nə es igrej.","Aki\taki,\tnə\tes\tigrej.",here\there\tLOC\tPROX\tchurch,"Right here, in this church.",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-42,40,ye pɔrt,ye\tpɔrt,this\tdoor,this door,,,,constructed by linguist -40-43,40,əkə pɔrt,əkə\tpɔrt,that\tdoor,that door,,,,constructed by linguist -42-55,42,aké prau pezadu,aké\tprau\tpezadu,that\tboat\theavy,The/That boat is heavy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-56,42,isti prau teng buraku,isti\tprau\tteng\tburaku,this\tboat\thave\thole,The/This boat has a hole in it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-38,43,isti belu,isti\tbelu,this\told,this old man,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-39,43,akel sepultura,akel\tsepultura,DEM\ttomb,that tomb,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-67,44,Ya kebráw ésti máno.,Ya\tkebráw\tésti\tmáno.,PFV\tbroken\tthis\thand,This hand was broken.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-68,44,ése mánga mutʃátʃa,ése\tmánga\tmutʃátʃa,that\tPL\tgirl,those girls,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-69,44,"akél palábra ""embarká""","akél\tpalábra\t""embarká""",that\tword\tembarká,"that word ""embarká""",,,,naturalistic spoken -45-58,45,Esti libro ya prepara para insiña Chavacano para pudi platica y sabi el lenguaje del Caviteño.,Esti\tlibro\tya\tprepara\tpara\tinsiña\tChavacano\tpara\tpudi\tplatica\ty\tsabi\tel\tlenguaje\tdel\tCaviteño.,this\tbook\tPFV\tprepare\tfor\tteach\tChabacano\tfor\tcan\tspeak\tand\tknow\tDEF\tlanguage\tof\tCaviteño,This book was prepared to teach Chabacano for speaking and knowing the language of the Caviteños.,,,,naturalistic written -45-59,45,Aquel gallo que ta mira tu alla ya pirdi mucho pluma na sabong.,Aquel\tgallo\tque\tta\tmira\ttu\talla\tya\tpirdi\tmucho\tpluma\tna\tsabong.,that\tcock\tthat\tIPFV\tsee\t2SG\tthere\tPFV\tloose\tmany\tfeather\tLOC\tcockfight,That cock you see over there lost many feathers in the fight.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-71,46,éste kása,éste\tkása,this\thouse,this house,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-72,46,(a)kél kása,(a)kél\tkása,that\thouse,that house,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-73,46,Ya-enkontrá yo konése dimíyo marído.,Ya-enkontrá\tyo\tkonése\tdimíyo\tmarído.,PFV-meet\t1SG\tOBJ.that\tmy\thusband,I met that my husband.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-63,47,Ela papia tokante e asuntu ei.,El\ta\tpapia\ttokante\te\tasuntu\tei.,3SG\tPFV\tspeak\tconcerning\tDEF\tmatter\tDEM.NPROX,S/he spoke concerning that matter.,,,,published source -48-50,48,Akí kasa suto asé bibí bien.,Akí\tkasa\tsuto\tasé\tbibí\tbien.,here\thouse\twe\tHAB\tlive\twell,In this house we live well.,,,,constructed by linguist -48-51,48,Aí kasa suto asé bibí bien.,Aí\tkasa\tsuto\tasé\tbibí\tbien.,there\thouse\twe\tHAB\tlive\twell,In that house we live well.,,,,constructed by linguist -48-52,48,Ese monasito ta emfemmo.,Ese\tmonasito\tta\temfemmo.,this\tchild\tbe\tsick,This child is sick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-53,48,¿Bo a kuchá aké kusa?,¿Bo\ta\tkuchá\také\tkusa?,you.SG\tPST\thear\tthat\tthing,Have you heard/understood that?,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-54,48,Ese fóforo akí sibirí nu.,Ese\tfóforo\takí\tsibirí\tnu.,this\tmatch\there\tserve\tNEG,This match is no good. OR: This match is of no use.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-94,49,"Mwen vle mango sa a, mwen pa vle fig sa a.","Mwen\tvle\tmango\tsa\ta,\tmwen\tpa\tvle\tfig\tsa\ta.",1SG\twant\tmango\tDEM\tSG\t1SG\tNEG\twant\tbanana\tDEM\tSG,"I want this mango, not this banana.",,,,constructed by linguist -49-95,49,"chat sila a, chat sila yo","chat\tsila\ta,\tchat\tsila\tyo",cat\tDEM\tSG\tcat\tDEM\tPL,"this cat, these cats",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-96,49,ane isit la; peyi isit la; chat isi ya,ane\tisit\tla;\tpeyi\tisit\tla;\tchat\tisi\tya,year\there\tDEF\tcountry\there\tDEF\tcat\there\tDEF,this year; this country; this cat,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-57,50,kaz-lasa,kaz-lasa,house-DEM,this house / that house,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-56,51,kay-tala,kay-tala,house-DEM,this house OR: that house,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-4,52,mo kontan sa liv-la-a,mo\tkontan\tsa\tliv-la-a,I\tlike\tDEM\tbook-DEF-DEF,I like that book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-129,53,Eou twa to tande parle pou dans-sa-la?,Eou\ttwa\tto\ttande\tparle\tpou\tdans\tsala?,where\t2SG\t2SG\thear\tspeak\tfor\tdance\tDET.DEM,Where did you hear about this/that dance?,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-78,54,se boug la,së\tboug\tla,DEM\tman\tDEM,this/that man,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-79,54,sé trwa dat la,se\ttrwa\tdat\tla,DEM.PL\tthree\tdate\tDEM,these/those three dates,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-58,55,sa lakaz la,sa\tlakaz\tla,this/that\thouse\tthe,this house OR: that house,,,,constructed by linguist -58-44,58,Mono ke na mukanda yina.,Mono\tke\tna\tmukanda\tyina.,me\tbe\tCONN\tbook\tthat,I have that book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-122,59,"amelenge ni ka, ala ke na yoro alingbi ape","a-melenge\tni\tka,\tala\tke\tna\tyoro\ta-lingbi\tape",PL-child\tDET\tthere\t3PL\tCOP\tPREP\tcharm\tPM-be.equal\tNEG,"The kids over there, they have an awful lot of charms.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-123,59,fade mo gwe na mbi ka,fade\tmo\tgwe\tna\tmbi\tka,immediately\t2SG\tgo\tPREP\t1SG\tthere,You'll go with me there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-43,60,mobáli óyo,mobáli\tóyo,man\tDEM,this man,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-44,60,mobáli wâná,mobáli\twâná,man\tDEM,that man,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-28,61,"Lò umfan ai enzile lo into, ló umfan yena enzile.","Lo\tumfan\tai\tenz-ile\tlo\tinto,\tlo\tumfan\tyena\tenzi-le.",this(L)\tboy\tNEG\tdo-PST\tDEF.ART\tthing\tthat(H)\tboy\the\tdo-PST,This boy didn't do the thing; that boy did. OR: This boy didn't do it; it's that boy who did.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-27,62,luhigé lukuhló ní yá,luhige\tlu-kuhlo\tní\tyá,door\t11-nice\tis\tthis,The good door is this.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-28,62,lukándo ká ní lwá míndá ghó,lukando\tká\tní\tlú-a\tminda\tghó,wall\tDEM2\tis\t11-POSS\thouse\tmy,This wall is the one of my room.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-59,63,má fí báhar bakán náde,má\tfí\tbáhar\tbakán\tnáde,NEG\tEXIST\tsea\tplace\tDET,There is no sea in that area.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-60,63,kídma fi béle de fí táb,kídma\tfi\tbéle\tde\tfí\ttáb,work\tin\tcountry\tthis\tis\tdifficulty,Working in this country is difficult.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-64,64,anína biágder árif hája de batál wa hája dak kwes,anína\tbi=ágder\tárif\thája\tde\tbatál\twa\thája\tdak\tkwes,1PL\tIRR=can\tknow\tthing\tDEM.PROX\tbad\tand\tthing\tDEM.DIST\tgood,We can know that this is bad and that is good.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-65,64,záman de záman dak,záman\tde\tzáman\tdak,time\tDEM.PROX\ttime\tDEM.DIST,"now, once",,,,constructed by linguist -66-37,66,ini kendera,ini\tkendera,this\tchair,this chair,,,,elicited from speaker -66-38,66,ittu kendera,ittu\tkendera,DEM\tchair,that chair,,,,elicited from speaker -66-39,66,atiyang kendera,atiyang\tkendera,DEM.DIST\tchair,that chair that is out of the speaker’s sight,,,,elicited from speaker -66-40,66,inina sitaarekring aða kendera,ini-na\tsi-taarek-ring\tAðA\tkendera,DEM-DAT\tPST-pull-ABL\tAUX\tchair,"this chair that is out of the speaker’s sight, but closer than another chair that is both out of the speaker’s sight and farther away from the speaker",,,,elicited from speaker -66-41,66,ittuna sitaarekring aða kendera,ittu-na\tsi-taarek-ring\taða\tkendera,DEM-DAT\tPST-pull-ABL\tAUX\tchair,"that chair that is out of the speaker’s sight, but farther from the speaker than another chair that is out of the speaker’s sight",,,,elicited from speaker -67-76,67,Masak? Ini tak masak.,Masak?\tIni\ttak\tmasak.,cook\tDEM\tNEG\tcook,Cooked? This is not cooked.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-77,67,Ah itu nasi ah cina punya nasi la.,Ah\titu\tnasi\tah\tcina\tpunya\tnasi\tla.,ah\tDEM\trice\tah\tChina\tATTR\trice\tEMPH,"Ah, that rice is rice that is cooked in the Chinese way.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-45,68,"Sampe sakarang ini, hidop seng macam yang kaya dolo-dolo lai.","Sampe\tsakarang\tini,\thidop\tseng\tmacam\tyang\tkaya\tdolo~dolo\tlai.",until\tnow\tDEM\tlife\tNEG\tlike\tREL\tlike\tprevious~ADV\tDISC.PCL,"Until now, life is not the way it was previously anymore.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-46,68,Itu tampa tinggal antua itu.,Itu\ttampa\ttinggal\tantua\titu.,DEM\tplace\tlive\t3SG.FORMAL\tDEM,That was her place of residence.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-27,69,kumbut mən,kumbut\tmən,village\tthat,that village,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-36,70,Tab i admi ham se puco [...].,Tab\ti\tadmi\tham\tse\tpuco\t[...].,then\tDEM.PROX\tman\t1SG\tPOSTP\task\t[...],Then this man asked me [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-58,71,Wau aole makemake kuai keia moa.,Wau\taole\tmakemake\tkuai\tkeia\tmoa.,1SG\tNEG\twant\tsell\tthis\tchicken,I don't want to sell this chicken.,,,,naturalistic written -72-59,72,Nyawa boi im jas puntanupkarra pupa.,Nyawa\tboi\tim\tjas\tpuntanup-karra\tpupa.,this\tboy\t3SG\tjust\tgather-CONT\tfirewood,This boy is just gathering firewood.,,,99e89e7131c6b3cc0dbb6ba5b4c33604,elicited from speaker -72-60,72,Nyila karu i bin makin.,Nyila\tkaru\ti\tbin\tmakin.,that\tchild\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tsleep,That kid was sleeping.,,,857821853f3c5238b2eb1545cbb27d1f,elicited from speaker -73-47,73,isi,isi,that,that,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-52,74,úkuk man,úkuk\tman,this\tman,this man OR: that man,,,,constructed by linguist -74-53,74,yakwá,yakwá,here,here,,,,narrative -74-54,74,yawá,yawá,there,there,,,,narrative -75-95,75,uma li liiv,uma\tli\tliiv,this.INAN\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tbook,this book,,,,elicited from speaker -75-96,75,li liiv anima,li\tliiv\tanima,DEF.ART.M.SG\tbook\tDEM.INAN.INTERM.SG,that book,,,,elicited from speaker -75-97,75,li liiv anima neetee,li\tliiv\tanima\tneetee,DEF.ART.M.SG\tbook\tDEM.ANIM.INTERM\tover.there,that book over there,,,,elicited from speaker -75-98,75,Kwaashchipayin neema li shaan.,Kwaashchi-payi-n\tneema\tli\tshaan.,??-MOVE-3\tDEM.INAN.DIST\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tfield,It goes beyond that field.,,,,naturalistic written -75-99,75,Pi lii fiy anikik kiitipeeyimeewak Cinderella.,Pi\tlii\tfiy\tanikik\tkii-tipeeyim-eew-ak\tCinderella.,and\tthe.PL\tgirl\tthose.PL\tPST-order-3-PL\tCinderella,And those daughters were bossing around Cinderella.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-57,4,Tutu kabiten de a wan kondee.,Tutu\tkabiten\tde\ta\twan\tkondee.,two.two\tcaptain\tCOP\tLOC\tone\tvillage,There are two captains in (for/assigned to) each village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-61,5,"wan-wan dotii doz bil dam, tuu-tuu dotii doz bil am faasa","wan-wan\tdotii\tdoz\tbil\tdam,\ttuu-tuu\tdotii\tdoz\tbil\tam\tfaasa",one-one\tdirt\tHAB\tbuild\tdam\ttwo-two\tdirt\tHAB\tbuild\tit\tfaster,"A dam is built one bit of earth at a time, but two bits of earth at a time would build it faster.",,,,constructed by linguist -7-92,7,Evri man tek a suutkeiz (iich/fo iself).,Evri\tman\ttek\ta\tsuutkeiz\t(iich/fo\tiself).,every\tman\ttake\tINDF\tsuitcase\t(each/for\thimself),Each man took one suitcase. OR: The men took a suitcase each.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-55,8,Dem tek wan-wan buod bil i ous.,Dem\ttek\twan-wan\tbuod\tbil\ti\tous.,3PL\ttake\tone-one\tboard\tbuild\tDET\thouse,They built the house one (piece of) board at a time.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-76,10,Dehn kom iin wan wan.,Dehn\tkom\tiin\twan\twan.,3PL\tcome\tin\tone\tone,They came in one by one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-77,10,Mary an Peter keeri trii trii grip.,Mary\tan\tPeter\tkeeri\ttrii\ttrii\tgrip.,Mary\tand\tPeter\tcarry\tthree\tthree\tsuitcase,Mary and Peter carried three suitcases each.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-86,11,chrii chrii mango,chrii\tchrii\tmango,three\tthree\tmango,tree mangoes each,,,,elicited from speaker -11-87,11,Deh staart tu bil wan wan hous.,Deh\tstaart\ttu\tbil\twan\twan\thous.,3PL\tstart\tCOMP\tbuild\tone\tone\thouse,They started building houses one by one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-71,12,"Done sell 'em, eh? How much you sell 'em for? For nothing? 5 dollar piece? That ain't bad. [The dolls for 5 dollars? ...] – No, she sell 'em 5 dollars each.",[...]\tshe\tsell\t'em\t5\tdollar-s\teach.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tsell[HAB]\t3PL.OBJ\tfive\tdollar-PL\teach,"[...] [She sells the dolls for five dollars?] – No, for five dollars each.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-63,13,twelve row each side,twelve\trow\teach\tside,NUM\trow\teach\tside,twelve rows on each side,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-48,16,dè giv às abau wan wan kilo,dè\tgiv\tàs\tabau\twan~wan\tkilo,3PL\tgive\t1PL.OBJ\tabout\tone~one\tkilo,They gave us about one kilo each.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-54,17,Dè̱m ge̱t tre tre pìkín.,Dè̱m\tge̱t\ttre~tre\tpìkín.,3PL.SBJ\thave\tthree~DISTR\tchild,They have three children each.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-45,18,Draiva bin tek dehm foh wan wan hohndred.,Draiva\tbin\ttek\tdem\tfo\twan\twan\thondred.,driver\tPST\ttake\t3PL.OBJ\tfor\tone\tone\thundred,The driver took them for a hundred francs each.,,,,published source -19-58,19,Yù fit kɛr dɛn tu tu.,Yù\tfit\tkɛr\tdɛn\ttu\ttu.,2SG\tbe.able\tcarry\t3PL.EMPH\ttwo\tREP,You can carry them two by two.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-45,21,They all ate 3 biscuits.,They\tall\tate\t3\tbiscuits.,3PL\tall\teat.PST\tthree\tbiscuit.PL,They ate 3 biscuits each.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-46,21,They each ate 3 biscuits.,They\teach\tate\t3\tbiscuits.,3PL\teach\teat.PST\tthree\tbiscuit.PL,They ate 3 biscuits each.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-47,21,They ate 3 biscuits each.,They\tate\t3\tbiscuits\teach.,3PL\teat.PST\tthree\tbiscuit.PL\teach,They ate 3 biscuits each.,,,,elicited from speaker -22-61,22,Tripela taim long wanpela wanpela yia yupela mas makim bikpela de bilong lotu bilong mi.,Tripela\ttaim\tlong\twanpela\twanpela\tyia\tyupela\tmas\tmakim\tbikpela\tde\tbilong\tlotu\tbilong\tmi.,three\ttime\tin\tone\tone\tyear\t2PL\tmust\tmark\tbig\tday\tfor\tworship\tof\t1SG,Three times each year you (pl.) must reserve a feast day for worship.,,,,naturalistic written -23-66,23,Mifala i putum long lanwis blong Mota be wan wan aelan blong Bankis hemi gat difren nem blong ol samting ia long lanwis blong olgeta.,Mifala\ti\tputum\tlong\tlanwis\tblong\tMota\tbe\twan\twan\taelan\tblong\tBankis\themi\tgat\tdifren\tnem\tblong\tol\tsamting\tia\tlong\tlanwis\tblong\tolgeta.,1PL.EXCL\tAGR\tput\tLOC\tlanguage\tPOSS\tMota\tbut\tone\tone\tisland\tPOSS\tBanks\t3SG.AGR\thave\tdifferent\tname\tPOSS\tPL\tsomething\tDEF\tLOC\tlanguage\tPOSS\t3PL,We have given (the names) in Mota but every island in the Banks has different names for these things in their own language.,,,,naturalistic written -30-251,30,Es leba kada un tres maléta. / Es leba tres maléta kada un.,Es leba kada un tres maléta. / Es leba tres maléta kada un.,3PL carry every one three suitcase   3PL carry three suitcase every one,They carried three suitcases each.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-73,31,N kré karnéru ki ta pari dós-dós.,N\tkré\tkarnéru\tki\tta\tpari\tdós-dós.,I\twant\tsheep\tthat\tASP\tdeliver\ttwo-two,I want sheep that deliver lambs by pairs/ two by two.,,,,naturalistic written -33-70,33,Limaria entra na arka dus dus.,Limaria\tentra\tna\tarka\tdus\tdus.,animal\tcome\ton\tark\ttwo\ttwo,The animals came onto the ark two by two.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-229,33,E karga ba dus malas kada kin.,E\tkarga\tba\tdus\tmalas\tkada\tkin.,3PL\tcarry\tANT\ttwo\tsuitcases\teach\twho,They carried two suitcases each.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-81,35,Ê da dôsu ngê tlê-tlêxi fluta.,Ê\tda\tdôsu\tngê\ttlê~tlêxi\tfluta.,3SG\tgive\ttwo\tperson\tRED.three\tbreadfruit,He gave two persons each three breadfruits. OR: He gave two persons three breadfruits.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-82,35,A yê dôsu-dôsu!,A\tyê\tdôsu~dôsu!,IMP\tdivide\tRED.two,Divide in groups of two!,,,,elicited from speaker -36-168,36,"Ia itxiba e, kara ngê ka m'me rô-rôthu.","Ia\titxiba\te,\tkara\tngê\tka\tm'me\trô-rôthu.",PRESENTATIVE\tbanana\tDEM\tevery\tperson\tFUT\teat\ttwo-two,"Here are the bananas, everybody will eat two at a time.",,,,naturalistic spoken -36-169,36,Ka pê taya kôôndja lêtu fia e ki ũa-ũa taminha e.,Ka pê taya kôôndja lêtu fia e ki ũa-ũa taminha e.,PST put coconut inside leaf DEM with one-one bowl DEM,They put slices of coconut in the [banana] leaves with every bowl.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-50,37,N da dôsu ningê tê-têêxi kwa.,N\tda\tdôsu\tningê\ttê-têêxi\tkwa.,1SG\tgive\ttwo\tperson\tthree-three\tthing,I gave two people three things each.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-51,37,dôsu dôsu,dôsu\tdôsu,two\ttwo,two each,,,,elicited from speaker -41-63,41,etuspa sinkvɛɛnta sinkvɛɛnta sadam jadaa,etus-pa\tsinkvɛɛnta\tsinkvɛɛnta\tsadam\tjaa-daa,3PL.HON-DAT\tfifty\tfifty\tcent\tPST-give,[I/He/We etc] gave them fifty cents each.,,,,constructed by linguist -42-57,42,Juang ku Pedru já lantá ńgua pesua três bótel,Juang\tku\tPedru\tjá\tlantá\tńgua\tpesua\ttrês\tbótel,Juang\tCOM\tPedru\tPFV\tcarry\tone\tperson\tthree\tbottle,Juang and Pedru carried three bottles each.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-40,43,Dentër mundu fesang fesang bong djenti bong; tudu dos dos omi muler.,Dentër\tmundu\tfesang\tfesang\tbong\tdjenti\tbong;\ttudu\tdos\tdos\tomi\tmuler.,within\tworld\tsort\tsort\tgood\tpeople\tgood\tall\ttwo\ttwo\tman\twoman,"In the world, there are all sorts of people as well as [animals]; all in pairs of males [and] females.",,,,naturalistic written -44-70,44,Ya yubá tres bag Lóling i Máyra.,Ya\tyubá\ttres\tbag\tLóling\ti\tMáyra.,PFV\tcarry\tthree\tbag\tLoling\tand\tMayra,Loling and Mayra carried three bags.,,,,constructed by linguist -45-60,45,Cada hombre ya lliva tres bag.,Cada\thombre\tya\tlliva\ttres\tbag.,each\tman\tPFV\ttake\tthree\tbag,The men took three bags each.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-64,47,[...] nan lo a hala bai unu-unu.,[...]\tnan\tlo\ta\thala\tbai\tunu~unu,[...]\t3PL\tMOOD\tPFV\tmove\tgo\tone~one,[...] they would leave one at a time.,,,,literary source -47-65,47,"[...] dos hòmber ku a keda kondená na kuminsamentu di yüni pa eksportashon di kada un 6 kilo di kokaina for di Boneiru, [...].","[...]\tdos\thòmber\tku\ta\tkeda\tkondená\tna\tkuminsa-mentu\tdi\tyüni\tpa\teksportashon\tdi\tkada\tun\t6\tkilogram\tdi\tkokaina\tfor\tdi\tBoneiru,\t[...].",[...]\ttwo\tman\tCOMP\tPFV\tremain\tcondemned\tLOC\tbeginn-ing\tof\tJune\tfor\texport\tof\teach\tone\t6\tkilo\tof\tcocaine\tfrom\tof\tBonaire\t[...],"[...] two men who had been sentenced in early June for the export, each, of 6 kg of cocaine from Bonaire, [...].",,,,literary or other written source -49-97,49,Nou chak gen youn pou n pran ladan.,Nou\tchak\tgen\tyoun\tpou\tn\tpran\tladan.,1PL\teach\thave\tone.NUM\tMOD\t1PL\ttake\tinside,Everyone of us must take one of them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-98,49,Li voye liv la ba nou chak.,Li\tvoye\tliv\tla\tba\tnou\tchak.,3SG\tsend\tbook\tDEF\tgive\t1PL\tevery,He sent the book to each one of us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-99,49,Nou chak te pote twa malèt.,Nou\tchak\tte\tpote\ttwa\tmalèt.,1PL\tevery\tANT\tcarry\tthree\tsuitcase,Each one of us carried three suitcases.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-130,53,Chaken vini ek son chyen.,Chaken\tvini\tek\tson\tchyen.,each.one\tcome\twith\t3SG.POSS\tdog,Each one came with his dog.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-131,53,Ti-garson te chaken gen trwa pyas.,Ti-garson\tte\tchaken\tgen\ttrwa\tpyas.,little-boy\tPST\teach\thave\tthree\tdollar,The boys each had three dollars.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-80,54,[...] li donn son syin sakin enn.,[...]\tli\tdonn\tson\tsyen\tsaken\tenn.,[...]\t3SG.FIN\tgive\tPOSS.3SG\tdog\teach\tone,[...] he gives his dogs one each.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-59,55,li don en brok dilo kat kat dimun,li\tdon\ten\tbrok\tdilo\tkat\tkat\tdimun,3SG\tgive\tINDF\tjug\twater\tfour\tfour\tperson,She gives a jug of water to each group of four people.,,,,written (grammar) -55-60,55,mo ti don kat saken,mo\tti\tdon\tkat\tsaken,1S\tPST\tgive\tfour\teach.one,I gave each one four.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-61,55,mo ti don saken kat,mo\tti\tdon\tsaken\tkat,1SG\tPST\tgive\teach.one\tfour,I gave everyone four.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-76,56,Sakenn i pran en kes i anmenn anba.,Sakenn\ti\tpran\ten\tkes\ti\tanmenn\tanba.,everyone\tPM\ttake\ta\tdrum\the\tput\tunder,Everyone took a drum and put it downwards.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-124,59,na ya ti abar oko oko,na\tya\tti\ta-bar\toko\toko,PREP\tbelly\tof\tPL-bar\tone\tone,in each one of the bars (site for drinking),,,,naturalistic spoken -61-29,61,Yena nigile lo gane mabili-mabili switi.,Yena\tnig-ile\tlo\tgane\tmabili-mabili\tswiti.,she\tgive-PST\tDEF.ART\tchild\ttwo-two\tsweet,She gave the children two sweets each.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-42,66,Rihanle Riyasale tiga pottiyang atatu (blangan) ebapi (aða).,Rihan-le\tRiyasa-le\ttiga\tpotti-yang\tatatu\t(blangan)\te-bapi\t(aða).,Rihan-COM\tRiyasa-COM\tthree\tbox-ACC.DEF\teach\t(amount)\tASP-bring\t(AUX),Rihan and Riyasa have carried three suitcases each.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-78,67,Satu bulan satu bulan dia trus satu libu Singapore punya wang sampai semilan lima.,Satu\tbulan\tsatu\tbulan\tdia\ttrus\tsatu\tlibu\tSingapore\tpunya\twang\tsampai\tsemilan\tlima.,one\tmonth\tone\tmonth\t3SG\tsend\tone\tthousand\tSingapore\tATTR\tmoney\tuntil\tnine\tfive,Every month he sent one thousand Singapore dollars until (19)95.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-47,68,dong tiga tiga,dong\ttiga~tiga,3PL\tDIST~three,each of the three of them,,,,elicited from speaker -71-59,71,Wau makana olua alima dala akahi.,Wau\tmakana\tolua\talima\tdala\takahi.,1SG\tgive\t2DU\tfive\tdollars\tone,I'll give the two of you five dollars each.,,,,naturalistic written -74-55,74,kánawi man tk’up makwst stik,kánawi\tman\ttk’up\tmakwst\tstik,all\tman\tcut\ttwo\ttree,The men cut two trees each.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-187,74,mákwsti,mákwsti,twice,twice,,,,narrative -1-94,1,na fossi kakka-kreh; na tu kakka-kreh; na dri kakka-kreh,na\tfosi\tkaka-krei;\tna\ttu\tkaka-krei;\tna\tdri\tkaka-krei,at\tfirst\trooster-cry\tat\ttwo/second\trooster-cry\tat\tthree/third\trooster-cry,at the first rooster crow; at the second rooster crow; at the third rooster crow,,,,written (dictionary) -1-95,1,"Na wan a ben gi feifi Talent, na da tarrawan tu, na di vo dri a gi wan, no morro.","Na\twan\ta\tben\tgi\tfeifi\ttalent,\tna\tda\ttarawan\ttu,\tna\tdi\tfu\tdri\ta\tgi\twan,\tno\tmoro.",to\tone\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tgive\tfive\ttalent\tto\tthe\tother.one\ttwo\tto\tthis\tof\tthree\t3SG.SBJ\tgive\tone\tNEG\tmore,"To one he gave five talents, to the other one two, to the third one he gave one, no more.",,,,written -1-96,1,fossi deh worko; tu deh worko,fosi\tde\twroko;\ttu\tde\twroko,first\tday\twork\ttwo/second\tday\twork,"Monday (lit. first working day), Tuesday (lit. second working day)",,,,written (dictionary) -1-97,1,Da fosiewan; Diesiefoemekie toe; Diesie foe mekie drie; Diesie foe mekie twentie,da\tfosiwan;\tdisi\tfu\tmeki\ttu;\tdisi\tfu\tmeki\ttri;\tdisi\tfu\tmeki\ttwenti,DET.SG\tfirst.one\tDEM\tto\tmake\ttwo\tDEM\tto\tmake\tthree\tDEM\tto\tmake\ttwenty,the first one; the second one; the third one; the twentieth one,,,,written -2-76,2,fosi,fosi,first,first,,,,written (dictionary) -2-77,2,di fu tu,di\tfu\ttu,that\tof\ttwo,second,,,,written (dictionary) -2-78,2,di fu feifi,di\tfu\tfeifi,that\tof\tfive,fifth,,,,written (dictionary) -3-39,3,di fu mbei tu,di\tfu\tmbei\ttu,DEF.SG\tfor\tmake\ttwo,second,,,,naturalistic written -3-40,3,fósu; fósuwan,fósu;\tfósuwan,first\tfirst.one,first; the first,,,,elicited from speaker -4-58,4,Ne en fosi pikin?,Ne\ten\tfosi\tpikin?,FOC\ther\tfirst\tchild,Is it her first child?,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -4-59,4,a du fu tu pikin fu mi,a\tdu\tfu\ttu\tpikin\tfu\tmi,DET.SG\tthat\tfor\ttwo\tchild\tPOSS\tme,my second child,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-62,5,di man bring fos/sekan,di\tman\tbring\tfos/sekan,the\tman\tcome\tfirst/second,The man came in first/second,,,,constructed by linguist -5-63,5,di man bring iilevn,di\tman\tbring\tiilevn,the\tman\tcome\televen,The man came in eleventh.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-64,5,ii a maan nomba faiv fu paas di lain,ii\ta\tmaan\tnomba\tfaiv\tfu\tpaas\tdi\tlain,3SG\tCOP\tman\tnumber\tfive\tCOMP\tpass\tDEF\tline,He is the fifth man to cross the line.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-93,7,fuhs sekan tuhd foot fif siks(t) sevn(t) eit naint tent - wan tu chrii foo faiv siks sevn eit nain ten,fuhs\tsekan\ttuhd\tfoot\tfif\tsiks(t)\tsevn(t)\teit\tnaint\ttent\t-\twan\ttu\tchrii\tfoo\tfaiv\tsiks\tsevn\teit\tnain\tten,first\tsecond\tthird\tfourth\tfifth\tsixth\tseventh\teighth\tninth\ttenth\t-\tone\ttwo\tthree\tfour\tfive\tsix\tseven\teight\tnine\tten,first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth - one two three four five six seven eight nine ten,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-94,7,wan tu chrii foo faiv siks sevn eit nain ten,wan\ttu\tchrii\tfoo\tfaiv\tsiks\tsevn\teit\tnain\tten,one\ttwo\tthree\tfour\tfive\tsix\tseven\teight\tnine\tten,one two three four five six seven eight nine ten,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-56,8,Di bwai-dem tek wan manngo an tuu apl.,Di\tbwai-dem\ttek\twan\tmanngo\tan\ttuu\tapl.,DET\tboy-PL\ttake\tone\tmango\tand\ttwo\tapple,The boys took one mango and two apples.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-57,8,Di fos manggo di bwai-dem tiif pwail.,Di\tfos\tmanggo\tdi\tbwai-dem\ttiif\tpwail.,DET\tfirst\tmango\tDET\tboy-PL\tsteal\tspoil,The first mango the boys stole spoiled.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-68,9,Fos taym me de hia dat now.,Fos\ttaym\tme\tde\thia\tdat\tnow.,first\ttime\tme\tPROG\thear\tthat\tnow,Now that's the first time I heard that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-69,9,"Tu tri nat de kɛʧ mi wan taym, n̩ ay av tu daʤ di fowt wan.","Tu\ttri\tnat\tde\tkɛʧ\tmi\twan\ttaym,\tn̩\tay\tav\ttu\tdaʤ\tdi\tfowt\twan.",two\tthree\tnorth\tthey\tcatch\tme\tone\ttime\tand\t1SG\thave\tto\tdodge\tthe\tfourth\tone,"Two-three storms (coming from the north) caught me once, and I had to dodge the fourth one.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-78,10,Ihn da di tord porson we kom an aks disya kweshon.,Ihn\tda\tdi\ttord\tporson\twe\tkom\tan\taks\tdis-ya\tkweshon.,3SG\tFOC\tART.DEF\tthird\tperson\tREL\tcome\tand\task\tDEM-EMPH\tquestion,He is the third person who comes and asks this very question.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-79,10,di sebn naaty gyal,di\tsebn\tnaaty\tgyal,ART.DEF\tseven\tnaughty\tgirls,the seven naughty girls,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-80,10,iet gried,iet\tgried,eight\tgrade,eighth grade,,,,constructed by linguist -10-81,10,di kyandidiet nomba sebn,di\tkyandidiet\tnomba\tsebn,ART.DEF\tcandidate\tnumber\tseven,the seventh candidate,,,,constructed by linguist -11-88,11,Ai laan iin fors greid.,Ai\tlaan\tiin\tfors\tgreid.,1SG\tlearn\tin\tfirst\tgrade,I learnt it in first grade.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-89,11,Di fors tiicha iin fourt greid hi woz a tiicha we wud taak Inglish an Spanish.,Di\tfors\ttiicha\tiin\tfourt\tgreid\thi\twoz\ta\ttiicha\twe\twud\ttaak\tInglish\tan\tSpanish.,ART.DEF\tfirst\tteacher\tin\tfourth\tgrade\t3SG.M\tCOP.PST\tART.INDF\tteacher\tREL\twould\ttalk\tEnglish\tand\tSpanish,The first teacher in fourth grade was a teacher who talked English and Spanish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-90,11,fif greid,fif\tgreid,fifth\tgrade,fifth grade,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-91,11,sebn,sebn,seven,seven; seventh,,,,elicited from speaker -11-92,11,siks,siks,six,six; sixth,,,,elicited from speaker -12-72,12,"My daughter is thirty-four. – [... She's the oldest?] – No, that's the second.",[...]\tthat's\tthe\tsecond.,[...]\tDEM.3SG.COP\tART\tNUM,[...] that's my second (daughter).,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-73,12,"Yeah, because the Lord - to Ecclesiast - 'clesiastes, the third chapter - which verse - three and four [...].",[...] the third chapter - which verse - three and four [...].,[...] ART NUM chapter   which verse   NUM and NUM [...],[...] the third chapter - which verse - three and four [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-74,12,That's the first time I saw a plane - like that.,That's\tthe\tfirst\ttime\tØ\tI\tsaw\ta\tplane\t[...],that.COP.3SG.PST\tART\tNUM\ttime\tthat\t1SG.SBJ\tsee.PFV\tART\tplane\t[...],That was the first time that I saw a plane [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -13-64,13,firs storm,firs\tstorm,NUM.ORD\tstorm,first storm,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-65,13,secon hoein,secon\thoein,NUM.ORD\thoeing,second hoeing,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-66,13,one crowd,one\tcrowd,one\tcrowd,one crowd,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-67,13,two front feet,two\tfront\tfeet,two\tfront\tfeet,two front feet,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-68,13,"It wuz Friday, May duh thuteent.","It\twuz\tFriday,\tMay\tduh\tthuteen-t.",it\twas\tFriday\tMay\tthe\tthirteen-ORD,"It was Friday, the thirteenth of May.",,,,naturalistic written -14-45,14,She took the first book.,She\ttook\tthe\tfirst\tbook.,she\ttook\tthe\tfirst\tbook,She took the first book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-46,14,He took the second book.,He\ttook\tthe\tsecond\tbook.,he\ttook\tthe\tsecond\tbook,He took the second book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-47,14,"He took the third book, and she took the fourth book.","He\ttook\tthe\tthird\tbook,\tand\tshe\ttook\tthe\tfourth\tbook.",he\ttook\tthe\tthird\tbook\tand\tshe\ttook\tthe\tfourth\tbook,He took the third book and she took the fourth book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-55,15,"fɔs, wan","fɔs,\twan",first\tone,"first, one",,,,naturalistic written -15-56,15,"tɔd, tri","tɔd,\ttri",third\tthree,"third, three",,,,naturalistic written -16-49,16,dɛ ʧik si wã mà frɛn,dɛ\tʧik\tsi\twã\tmà\tfrɛn,ART\tchick\tsee\tone\t1SG.POSS\tfriend,The girl saw one of my friends.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-50,16,ì bì dɛ̀m dɛ fɛs we dè kam fɔ nima,ì\tbì\tdɛ̀m\tdɛ\tfɛs\twe\tdè\tkam\tfɔ\tnima,3SG\tCOP\t3PL\tART\tfirst\tCOMP\t3PL\tcome\tfor\tNima,They were the first who came to Nima.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-51,16,afrika ɔl ì bì namba wan tif,afrika\tɔl\tì\tbì\tnamba\twan\ttif,Africa\tall\t3SG\tCOP\tnumber\tone\tthief,In the whole of Africa they are the greatest thieves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-52,16,"nɔmba wan, nɔmba tu, nɔmba trɛ","nɔmba\twan,\tnɔmba\ttu,\tnɔmba\ttrɛ",number\tone\tnumber\ttwo\tnumber\tthree,"first, second, third",,,,elicited from speaker -17-55,17,"fe̱st, se̱ko̱n, te̱d","fe̱st,\tse̱ko̱n,\tte̱d",first\tsecond\tthird,"first, second, third",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-56,17,"no̱mba wo̱n, no̱mba tu, no̱mba tre","no̱mba\two̱n,\tno̱mba\ttu,\tno̱mba\ttre",number\tone\tnumber\ttwo\tnumber\tthree,"first, second, third",,,,naturalistic spoken -18-46,18,di nomba wan pikin,di\tnomba\twan\tpikin,DEF.ART\tnumber\tone\tchild,the first child,,,,elicited from speaker -18-47,18,fes pikin,fes\tpikin,first\tchild,the first child,,,,elicited from speaker -18-48,18,di nomba tu pikin,di\tnomba\ttu\tpikin,DEF.ART\tnumber\ttwo\tchild,the second child,,,,elicited from speaker -18-49,18,sekend pikin,sekend\tpikin,second\tchild,the second child,,,,elicited from speaker -18-50,18,di nomba tri pikin,di\tnomba\ttri\tpikin,DEF.ART\tnumber\tthree\tchild,the third child,,,,elicited from speaker -19-59,19,wan; fɔs,wan;\tfɔs,one\tfirst,one; first,,,,constructed by linguist -19-60,19,wan; fɔs,wan;\tfɔs,one\tfirst,one; first,,,,constructed by linguist -19-61,19,tu; sɛkɔn,tu;\tsɛkɔn,two\tsecond,two; second,,,,constructed by linguist -19-62,19,tu; nɔmbà-tu,tu;\tnɔmbà-tu,two\tnumber.CPD-two,two; second,,,,constructed by linguist -20-46,20,My number five son last year makee marry.,My\tnumber\tfive\tson\tlast\tyear\tmakee\tmarry.,1SG.POSS\tnumber\tfive\tson\tlast\tyear\tmake\tmarry,My fifth son married last year.,,,,naturalistic written -20-47,20,The tea belong first crop.,The\ttea\tbelong\tfirst\tcrop.,ART\ttea\tCOP\tfirst\tcrop,This is first crop tea.,,,,naturalistic written -20-48,20,He no like number 1.,He\tno\tlike\tnumber\t1.,3SG\tNEG\tlike\tnumber\tone,He didn't like the first one (his first wife).,,,,naturalistic written -20-49,20,Bum bye you kum my housy second teem.,Bum\tbye\tyou\tkum\tmy\thousy\tsecond\tteem.,later\tlater\t2SG\tcome\tmy\thouse\tsecond\ttime,Come to my house again another time.,,,,naturalistic written -20-171,20,number one young Hyson thirty-five taelee,number\tone\tyoung\tHyson\tthirty-five\ttaelee,number\tone\tyoung\tHyson\tthirty-five\ttael,35 taels for No.1 young Hyson,,,,naturalistic written -21-48,21,"one, two, three, four, five, six [...]; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth [...]","one,\ttwo,\tthree,\tfour,\tfive,\tsix\t[...];\tfirst,\tsecond,\tthird,\tfourth,\tfifth,\tsixth\t[...]",one\ttwo\tthree\tfour\tfive\tsix\t[...]\tfirst\tsecond\tthird\tfourth\tfifth\tsixth\t[...],"one, two, three, four, five, six [...]; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth [...]",,,,constructed by linguist -22-62,22,nambawan pikinini,namba-one\tchild,number-one\tchild,first child,,,,constructed by linguist -22-63,22,nambafaiv mun,namba-faiv\tmun,number-five\tmonth,fifth month,,,,constructed by linguist -23-68,23,Olgeta i lus afta long fes raon blong kompetisen nomo.,Olgeta\ti\tlus\tafta\tlong\tfes\traon\tblong\tkompetisen\tnomo.,3PL\tAGR\tlose\tafter\tLOC\tfirst\tround\tPOSS\tcompetition\tonly,They lost after only the first round of the competition.,,,,naturalistic written -23-69,23,"taem we i kasem fes poen nambawan poen i talem se ""oi!""","taem\twe\ti\tkasem\tfes\tpoen\tnambawan\tpoen\ti\ttalem\tse\t""oi!""",time\tREL\tAGR\tcatch\tfirst\tpoint\tnumber.one\tpoint\tAGR\ttell\tCOMP\tEXCLAM,"When he got to the first point he said ""Oi!""",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-70,23,i flae go kasem nambatri poen,i\tflae\tgo\tkasem\tnambatri\tpoen,AGR\tfly\tgo\tcatch\tnumber.three\tpoint,He flew till he reached the third point.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-75,24,"fas, sekan, therd, fifth","fas,\tsekan,\ttherd,\tfifth",first\tsecond\tthird\tfifth,"first, second, third, fifth",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-76,24,forth,forth,fourth,fourth,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-186,25,[...] weya im seken langa im,[...]\tweya\tim\tseken\tlanga\tim,[...]\tSUBORD\t3SG\tsecond\tLOC\t3SG,the one that comes second (context: a horse race),,,,translation in elicitation of other language -26-44,26,da fə˞s taɪm aɪ du ɔm,da\tfə˞s\ttaɪm\taɪ\tdu\tɔm,ART\tfirst\ttime\t1SG\tdo\tit,the first time I did it,,,,constructed by linguist -26-45,26,da sɛkɛn bɹaɾa,da\tsɛkɛn\tbɹaɾa,ART\tsecond\tbrother,the second brother,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-46,26,tu kɹeizi damis,tu\tkɹeizi\tdamis,two\tcrazy\tdummies,two crazy dummies,,,,written (poetic) -26-138,26,faɪ taims vs. da fif taim,faɪ\ttaim-s\tvs.\tda\tfif\ttaim,five\ttimes\tvs.\tthe\tfifth\ttime,five times vs. the fifth time,,,,constructed by linguist -26-139,26,naɪn taims vs. da naɪnt wan,naɪn taim-s vs. da naɪn-t wan,nine time-PL the nine-ORD one,nine times vs. the ninth one,,,,unspecified -27-37,27,Di twēdə ēn am a ha twē hogo.,Di\ttwēdə\tēn\tam\ta\tha\ttwē\thogo.,DET\tsecond\tone\t3SG\tPST\thave\ttwo\teye,The second one had two eyes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-38,27,ēn,ēn,one,one,,,,elicited from speaker -27-39,27,twē,twē,two,two,,,,elicited from speaker -29-60,29,"een - eerste, drie - derde","een\t-\teerste,\tdrie\t-\tderde",one\t-\tfirst\tthree\t-\tthird,"one - first, three - third",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-61,29,"twee - tweede, vier - vierde, vyf - vyfde","twee\t-\ttwee-de,\tvier\t-\tvier-de,\tvyf\t-\tvyf-de",two\t-\tsecond\tfour\t-\tfour-th\tfive\t-\tfif-th,"two - second, four -fourth, five - fifth",,,,naturalistic written -30-76,30,Pedru ê nha purmeru fidju mátxu.,Pedru\tê\tnha=purmeru\tfidju\tmátxu.,Pedru\tbe\tmy=first\tson\tmale,Pedru is my first-born son.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-77,30,Txiga nóvi mes mininu ragátxa nega nase.,Txiga\tnóvi\tmes\tmininu\tragátxa\tnega\tnase.,arrive\tnine\tmonth\tchild\tbe.stubborn\trefuse\tbe.born,"When the ninth month had arrived, the child completely refused to be born.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-78,30,"Es ta fla ma si bu ten sais fidju, ma kel di séti, ma ta da lobuzómi.","Es=ta=fla\tma=si=bu=ten\tsais\tfidju,\tma=kel=di=séti,\tma=ta=da\tlobuzómi.",3PL=IPFV=say\tCOMP=if=2SG=have\tsix\tchild\tCOMP=DEM.SG=of=seven\tCOMP=IPFV=give\twerewolf,"They say that if you have (already) six children, the seventh will be a werewolf.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-74,31,"primeru, segundu, terseru","primeru,\tsegundu,\tterseru",first\tsecond\tthird,"first, second, third",,,,constructed by linguist -31-75,31,Nha primeru fidju more na Purtugal.,Nha\tprimeru\tfidju\tmore\tna\tPurtugal.,my\tfirst\tson\tdie\tin\tPortugal,My first son died in Portugal.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-48,32,"un/primer, dos/sgund, tres/terser","un/primer,\tdos/sgund,\ttres/terser",one/first\ttwo/second\tthree/third,"one/first, two/second, three/third",,,,constructed by linguist -32-49,32,"kuat/kuart, sink/kint, seis/sest","kuat/kuart,\tsink/kint,\tseis/sest",four/fourth\tfive/fifth\tsix/sixth,"four/fourth, five/fifth, six/sixth",,,,constructed by linguist -33-71,33,un/purmedu; dus/sugundu; tris/tirseru; kuatru/kuartu; sinku/kintu etc.,un/purmedu;\tdus/sugundu;\ttris/tirseru;\tkuatru/kuartu;\tsinku/kintu\tetc.,one/first\ttwo/second\tthree/third\tfour/fourth\tfive/fifth\tetc.,one/first; two/second; three/ third; four/fourth; five/fifth etc.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-72,33,"dus, sugundu, di dus","dus,\tsugundu,\tdi\tdus",two\tsecond\tof\ttwo,"two, second, second",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-49,34,"Ña purmedu fiju i fémiya, di dos i macu.","Ña\tpurmedu\tfiju\tø\ti\tfémiya,\tdi\tdos\tø\ti\tmacu.",POSS.1SG\tfirst\tchild\tPFV\tCOP\tfemale\tof\ttwo\tPFV\tCOP\tmale,"My first child is a female, the second one is a male.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-50,34,Ña womi di tres coma-du Pidru.,Ña\twomi\tdi\ttres\tø\tcoma-du\tPidru.,POSS.1SG\thusband\tof\tthree\tPFV\tcall-PASS\tPeter,My third husband's name is Peter.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-83,35,plumê/plumêlu; segundu/sengundu; tlusêlu/tlêsêlu,plumê/plumêlu;\tsegundu/sengundu;\ttlusêlu/tlêsêlu,first\tsecond\tthird,first; second; third,,,,constructed by linguist -35-84,35,"Sun da plumê mina ũa bôbô, sun da sêgundu mina ũa bôbô, sun da tlêsêlu mina ũa bôbô.","Sun\tda\tplumê\tmina\tũa\tbôbô,\tsun\tda\tsêgundu\tmina\tũa\tbôbô,\tsun\tda\ttlêsêlu\tmina\tũa\tbôbô.",man\tgive\tfirst\tchild\tone\tripe.banana\tman\tgive\tsecond\tchild\tone\tripe.banana\tman\tgive\tthird\tchild\tone\tripe.banana,"The man gave the first child a ripe banana, the man gave the second child a ripe banana, the man gave the third child a ripe banana.",,,,naturalistic spoken -35-85,35,kabêsa xi ku ka fe dôzê,kabêsa\txi\tku\tka\tfe\tdôzê,head\tDEM\tREL\tIPFV\tdo\ttwelve,the twelfth head,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-47,36,Pumbêlu kikiê ma ê puri ku ê tha kôvina.,Pumbêlu\tkikiê\tma\tê\tpuri\tku\tê\ttha\tkôvina.,first\tfish\tREL\t3SG\tmeet\twith\t3SG\tCOP\tcorvine,The first fish he met was a corvine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-48,36,"Siga têêsi ria, kuana ria, thô Têtêuga bi [...].","Siga\ttêêsi\tria,\tkuana\tria,\tthô\tTêtêuga\tbi\t[...].",arrive\tthree\tday\tfour\tday\tthen\tTurtle\tcome\t[...],"The third day came, the fourth day, then Turtle arrived [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-52,37,"ũa/pimyô, dôsu/sêgundu, têêxi/têsêw ~ trisêw, xinku/kintu","ũa/pimyô, dôsu/sêgundu, têêxi/têsêw ~ trisêw, xinku/kintu","one/first two/second three/third, five/fifth","one/first, two/second, three/third, five/fifth",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-53,37,kwatu/kwatu,kwatu/kwatu,four/fourth,four/fourth,,,,constructed by linguist -37-54,37,N sa ke ten kaxi sê di têêxi.,N\tsa\tka\twe\tten\tkaxi\tsê\tdi\ttêêxi.,1SG\tPROG\tIPFV\tgo\ttill\thouse\tDEM\tof\tthree,I’m going to the third house.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-59,38,Se sa pimelu dyia [...],Se\tsa\tpimelu\tdyia\t[...],and\tbe\tfirst\tday\t[...],And it was the first day [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -38-60,38,batelu tesyi,batelu\ttesyi,canoe\tthree,three canoes OR: the third canoe,,,,elicited from speaker -38-61,38,úña,úña,one,one,,,,elicited from speaker -39-71,39,pimer,pimer,first,first,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-72,39,sigũd,sigũd,second,second,,,,elicited from speaker -39-73,39,oytm,oyt-m,eight-ORD,eighth,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-74,39,ũ,ũ,one,one,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-75,39,doy,doy,two,two,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-45,40,"primer, pahila, dusra, tisra, etc.","primer,\tpahila,\tdusra,\ttisra,\tetc.",first\tfirst\tsecond\tthird\tetc.,"first, first, second, third, etc.",,,,constructed by linguist -40-46,40,"dusra, tisra","dusra,\ttisra",second\tthird,"second, third",,,,constructed by linguist -41-64,41,"uŋa, prumeer/primeer; doos, dozeer; trees, trezeer; kaatru, katreer; dɛɛs, dezeer","uŋa,\tprum-eer/prim-eer;\tdoos,\tdoz-eer;\ttrees,\ttrez-eer;\tkaatru,\tkatr-eer;\tdɛɛs,\tdez-eer",one\tone-ORD/one-ORD\ttwo\ttwo-ORD\tthree\tthree-ORD\tfour\tfour-ORD\tten\tten-ORD,"one, first; two, second; three, third; four, fourth; ten, tenth",,,,elicited from speaker -41-65,41,isti teem dɛɛzda vees eev etuspa jafalaa,isti\tteem\tdɛɛz-da\tvees\teev\tetus-pa\tjaa-falaa,this\tPRS.be\tten-ADJZ\ttime\t1SG\t3PL.HON-DAT\tPST-say,This is the tenth time I have told them.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-58,42,De Silva sa kaza namba dos,De\tSilva\tsa\tkaza\tnamba\tdos,De\tSilva\tGEN\thouse\tnumber\ttwo,The De Silva's house is the second one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-59,42,Gerry sa kaza namba tres,Gerry\tsa\tkaza\tnamba\ttres,Gerry\tGEN\thouse\tnumber\tthree,Gerry's house is the third.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-71,44,"priméru, segúndo [...] kwártu","priméru,\tsegúndo\t[...]\tkwártu",first\tsecond\t[...]\tfourth,"first, second [...] fourth",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-72,44,"úna, ikadós, ikatrés, ikakwátro [...] ikasyéte","úna,\tikadós,\tikatrés,\tikakwátro\t[...]\tikasyéte",first\tsecond\tthird\tfourth\t[...]\tseventh,"first, second, third, fourth [...] seventh",,,,naturalistic spoken -45-40,45,"uno, una, dos, ika-dos, tres, ika-tres, cuatro, ika-cuatro","uno,\tuna,\tdos,\tika-dos,\ttres,\tika-tres,\tcuatro,\tika-cuatro",one\tfirst\ttwo\tsecond\tthree\tthird\tfour\tfourth,"one, first, two, second, three, third, four, fourth",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-61,45,"uno, una, dos, ika-dos, tres, ika-tres, cuatro, ika-cuatro","uno,\tuna,\tdos,\tika-dos,\ttres,\tika-tres,\tcuatro,\tika-cuatro",one\tfirst\ttwo\tsecond\tthree\tthird\tfour\tfourth,"one, first, two, second, three, third, four, fourth",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-62,45,"uno, primero, dos, segundo, tres, tercero, cuatro, cuarto","uno,\tprimero,\tdos,\tsegundo,\ttres,\ttercero,\tcuatro,\tcuarto",one\tfirst\ttwo\tsecond\tthree\tthird\tfour\tfourth,"one, first, two, second, three, third, four, fourth",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-75,46,priméro,priméro,first,first,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-76,46,ika-dos,ika-dos,ORD-two,second,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-66,47,(di) promé; di dos; di tres; di shen,(di)\tpromé;\tdi\tdos;\tdi\ttres;\tdi\tshen,(of)\tfirst\tof\ttwo\tof\tthree\tof\thundred,first; second; third; one hundredth,,,,published source -48-55,48,Agüé e segundo ría ri ottubre.,Agüé\te\tsegundo\tría\tri\tottubre.,today\tbe\tsecond\tday\tof\tOctober,Today is the second day of October.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-56,48,Lusy ta en el kuarto grao.,Lusy\tta\ten\tel\tkuarto\tgrao.,Lucy\tbe\tin\tthe\tforth\tgrade,Lucy is in the forth grade.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-101,49,Men dezyèm blag la!,Men\tdezyèm\tblag\tla!,this.is\tsecond\tjoke\tDEF,This is the second funny story!,,,,constructed by linguist -50-58,50,yonn/prèmyé,yonn/prèmyé,one/first,one/first,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-59,50,dé/dézyèm,dé/dézyèm,two/second,two/second,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-60,50,twa/twazyèm,twa/twazyèm,three/third,three/third,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-57,51,"yonn, prèmié","yonn,\tprèmié",one\tfirst,"one, first",,,,naturalistic spoken -51-58,51,"dé, déziem","dé,\tdéziem",two\tsecond,"two, second",,,,naturalistic spoken -52-37,52,roun/premyè,roun/premyè,one/first,one/first,,,,constructed by linguist -52-38,52,"dé vs. dézyèm, trw vs. trwazyèm, kat vs. katriyèm","dé\tvs.\tdézyèm,\ttrw\tvs.\ttrwazyèm,\tkat\tvs.\tkatriyèm",two\tvs.\ttwo.NUM\tthree\tvs.\tthree.NUM\tfour\tvs.\tfour.NUM,"two vs. second, three vs. third, four vs. fourth",,,,elicited from speaker -53-132,53,en/enn - premye,en/enn\t-\tpremye,one\t-\tfirst,one - first,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-133,53,de - dezyem,de\t-\tdezyem,two\t-\tsecond,two - second,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-134,53,en/enn - prèmyen; de - dèzyèm; trwa - trwazyèm,en/enn\t-\tprèmyen;\tde\t-\tdèzyèm;\ttrwa\t-\ttrwazyèm,one\t-\tfirst\ttwo\t-\tsecond\tthree\t-\tthird,one - first; two - second; three - third,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-135,53,"la sègon lannen chiko, la trwazyèm lannen chiko","la\tsègon\tlannen\tchiko,\tla\ttrwazyèm\tlannen\tchiko",ART.DEF\tsecond\tyear\tsugar.cane.stubble\tART.DEF\tthird\tyear\tsugar.cane.stubble,"second year sugar cane stubble, third year sugar cane stubble",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-81,54,enn - promye,enn\t-\tpromye,one\t-\tfirst,one - first,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-82,54,de - dezyem,de\t-\tdezyem,two\t-\tsecond,two - second,,,,constructed by linguist -54-83,54,trwa - trwazyem,trwa\t-\ttrwazyem,three\t-\tthird,three - third,,,,constructed by linguist -55-62,55,de vs. dezyem,[de]\tvs.\t[dezyɛm],two\tvs.\tsecond,two vs. second,,,,constructed by linguist -55-63,55,de vs. segoṅ,[de]\tvs.\t[segõ],two\tvs.\tsecond,two vs. second,,,,constructed by linguist -55-64,55,en vs. premye,[ɛn]\tvs.\t[premye],one\tvs.\tfirst,one vs. first,,,,constructed by linguist -56-77,56,enn – premye,enn\t–\tpremye,one\t–\tfirst,one – first,,,,written (dictionary) -56-78,56,de – dezyenm,de\t–\tdezyenm,two\t–\tsecond,two – second,,,,written (dictionary) -58-46,58,mu-ntu ya ntete vs. mu-ntu mosi,mu-ntu\tya\tntete\tvs.\tmu-ntu\tmosi,1-person\tof\tfirst\tvs.\t1-person\tone,first person vs. one person,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-47,58,mu-ntu ya zole vs. ba-ntu zole,mu-ntu\tya\tzole\tvs.\tba-ntu\tzole,1-person\tof\ttwo\tvs.\t2-person\ttwo,second person vs. two persons,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-126,59,"mbi wara azo ose, kozo ni ake koli, ose ni ake wali","mbi\twara\ta-zo\tose,\tkozo\tni\ta-ke\tkoli,\tose\tni\ta-ke\twali",1SG\tfind\tPL-person\ttwo\tfirst\tDET\tPM-COP\tman\ttwo\tDET\tPM-COP\twoman,"I found two persons, the first was a man, the second was a woman.",,,,constructed by linguist -59-127,59,kozo masia ti mbi,kozo\tmasia\tti\tmbi,first\tadolescent.girl\tof\t1SG,my first adolescent daughter,,,,constructed by linguist -59-128,59,zo oko aga ape,zo\toko\ta-ga\tape,person\tone\tPM-come\tNEG,No one has come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-45,60,mobáli mókó,mobáli\tmókó,man\tone,one man,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-46,60,mobáli ya libosó,mobáli\tya\tlibosó,man\tof\tfront,the first man,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-47,60,mibáli mísátu,mibáli\tmísátu,men\tthree,three men,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-48,60,mobáli ya mísátu,mobáli\tya\tmísátu,man\tof\tthree,the third man,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-30,61,Phist lo mabili fan ga mina shatile.,Phist\tlo\tmabili\tfan\tga\tmina\tshat-ile.,first\tDEF.ART\ttwo\tson\tPOSS\tme\tmarry-PST,My first two sons got married. OR: The first (time) my two sons got married.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-31,61,"Hayi buyisa mabili gane, buyisa lo namba-tu.","Hayi\tbuy-is-a\tmabili\tgane,\tbuy-isa\tlo\tnamba-tu.",NEG\tbring-CAUS-V\ttwo\tchild\tbring-CAUS\tDEF.ART\tnumber-two,"Don't bring two children, bring the second (one).",,,,unknown -62-29,62,bosí; kigí cha bosí,bosí;\tkigí\tcha\tbosí,first\t7.thing\t7:of\tfirst,first; the first thing,,,,elicited from speaker -62-30,62,kiboko wé,kiboko\twé,hippo\tone,one hippo,,,,elicited from speaker -62-117,62,`mche ungi wa ka tatu.,`mche\tungi\twa\tka\ttatu.,wife\tdifferent\t1:of\ttime\tthree,the third wife,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-118,62,"vabora veri, `mbwange wa ka tatu.",vabora\tva-iri\t`mbwange\tu-a\tka\ttatu,2:girls\t2-two\t1:boy\t1-of\ttime\tthree,"two girls, the third one a boy",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-61,63,madmúni ta wáy,madmúni\tta\twáy,aim\tGEN\tone,the first aim,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-62,63,nyerekú tá-i ta awalán,nyerekú\ttá-i\tta\tawalán,boy\tGEN-my\tGEN\tfirst,my first son,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-63,63,šar ta itnášer,šar\tta\titnášer,month\tGEN\ttwelve,the twelfth month,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-66,64,áwal wái,áwal\twái,first\tone,the first one,,,,constructed by linguist -64-67,64,yom ta kámsa,yom\tta\tkámsa,day\tPOSS\tfive,the fifth day,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-68,64,síka ta sitta,síka\tta\tsitta,road\tPOSS\tsix,the sixth road,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-69,64,táni hája,táni\thája,second\tthing,the second thing,,,,constructed by linguist -64-70,64,áwal binía de ja umbári,áwal\tbinía\tde\tja\tumbári,first\tgirl\tDEM\tcome\tyesterday,The first girl came yesterday.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-43,66,"Kəsattu kalina blakang, kəðua kali manawaktule adatang.","Kə-sattu\tkali-na\tblakang,\tkə-ðua\tkali\tmana-waktu-le\ta-datang.",ORD-one\ttime-DAT\tafter\tORD-two\ttime\twhere-time-COM\tPRS-come,The second time always follows the first time.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-44,66,Kətiga java aromong orang beso atidatang.,Kə-tiga\tjava\tar-omong\torang\tbeso\tati-datang.,ORD-three\tMalay\tPRS-speak\tperson\ttomorrow\tFUT-come,The third Malay-speaking person will come tomorrow.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-79,67,Tapi kopi namar satu orang bilang tak ada bagus.,Tapi\tkopi\tnamar\tsatu\torang\tbilang\ttak\tada\tbagus.,But\tcoffee\tnumber\tone\tpeople\tcount\tNEG\tbe\tgood,But coffee is the first [thing] that people count as bad.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-80,67,Itu saya punya anak cucu nombor dua.,Itu\tsaya\tpunya\tanak\tcucu\tnombor\tdua.,DEM\t1SG\tPOSS\tchild\tgrandchild\tnumber\ttwo,That is my second grandchild.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-48,68,ka-dua,ka-dua,ORD-two,second,,,,elicited from speaker -68-49,68,partama,partama,first,first,,,,constructed by linguist -71-60,71,"Iaia hele no a ki no aha kani kela pu, kela kani akahi, alua, aole ku, kela kani akolu wau ku no ma ka uha, wau hina ma ke alanui.","Iaia\thele\tno\ta\tki\tno\taha\tkani\tkela\tpu,\tkela\tkani\takahi,\talua,\taole\tku,\tkela\tkani\takolu\twau\tku\tno\tma\tka\tuha,\twau\thina\tma\tke\talanui.",3SG\tgo\tINTENS\tand\tshoot\tINTENS\tfour\tsound\tDET\tgun\tDET\tsound\tone\ttwo\tNEG\tstand\tDET\tsound\tthree\t1SG\tstand\tINTENS\tLOC\tDEF\tleg\t1SG\tfall\tLOC\tDEF\tstreet,He came and shot his gun four times; after the first and second shots I no longer was standing and at the third shot I got up on my knees and fell into the street.,,,,naturalistic written -71-61,71,Alima manawa wau hele kela hale iaia.,Alima\tmanawa\twau\thele\tkela\thale\tiaia.,five\ttime\t1SG\tgo\tDET\thouse\t3SG.POSS,Five times I went over to his house.,,,,naturalistic written -71-62,71,"Kela kani akahi, alua, aole ku.","Kela\tkani\takahi,\talua,\taole\tku.",DET\tbang\tfirst\tsecond\tNEG\tstand,During the first and second shots (of the gun) I wasn't standing up.,,,,naturalistic written -73-48,73,primeru,primeru,first,first,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-49,73,uno,unu,one,one,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-100,75,la pramyee maenzoon,la\tpramyee\tmaenzoon,DEF.ART.F.SG\tfirst\thouse,the first house,,,,elicited from speaker -75-101,75,la deuzhem maenzoon,la\tdeuzhem\tmaenzoon,DEF.ART.F.SG\tsecond\thouse,the second house,,,,elicited from speaker -75-102,75,la trwazhem maenzoon,la\ttrwazhem\tmaenzoon,DEF.ART.F.SG\tthird\thouse,the third house,,,,elicited from speaker -5-65,5,tuu daag de:d,tuu\tdaag\tde:d,two\tdog\tdead,Two dogs are dead.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-95,7,wan man; wan pants,wan\tman;\twan\tpants,INDF\tman\tINDF\tpants,a man; a pair of pants,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-82,10,tuu daag,tuu\tdaag,two\tdog,two dogs,,,,constructed by linguist -11-93,11,tu bwai,tu\tbwai,two\tboy,two boys,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-69,13,seven head of children,seven\thead\tof\tchildren,NUM\thead\tof\tchildren,seven children,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-57,15,tri os,tri\tos,three\thouse,three houses,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -19-63,19,À tek dì tri chia dɛ̀n [...].,À\ttek\tdì\ttri\tchia\tdɛ̀n\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\ttake\tDEF\tthree\tchair\tPL\t[...],I took the three chairs [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-51,20,Thisee chop tea what name?,Thisee\tchop\ttea\twhat\tname?,DEM\tCLF\ttea\twhat\tname,What is the name of this tea? OR: What is the name of this chop?,,,,naturalistic written -22-64,22,Mi gat tripela pikinini.,Mi\tgat\ttri-pela\tpikinini.,1SG\thave\tthree-MOD\tchild,I have three children.,,,,constructed by linguist -27-40,27,Am a fin dri mēnshi.,Am\ta\tfin\tdri\tmēnshi.,3SG\tPST\tfind\tthree\tgirl,He found three girls.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-69,28,o fragitɛ fi di hatbeʃi twɛ foro bwapo,o\tfragi-tɛ\tfi\tdi\thatbeʃi\ttwɛ\tforo\tbwa-apu,3SG\task-PFV\tfor\tDEF\tdeer\ttwo\tfront\tfoot-PL,He requested the deer's two front feet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-62,29,drie potlode vs. drie meisies vs. drie balle,drie\tpotlod-e\tvs.\tdrie\tmeisie-s\tvs.\tdrie\tbal-e,three\tpencil-s\tvs.\tthree\tgirl-s\tvs.\tthree\tball-s,three pencils vs. three girls vs. three balls,,,,naturalistic written -30-79,30,"un mudjer, dos katxor, tres lápis","un\tmudjer,\tdos\tkatxor,\ttres\tlápis",one\twoman\ttwo\tdog\tthree\tpencil,"one woman, two dogs, three pencils",,,,constructed by linguist -32-50,32,"dos amdjer, dos kdjer","dos\tamdjer,\tdos\tkdjer",two\twoman\ttwo\tspoon,"two women, two spoons",,,,constructed by linguist -33-73,33,sinku katchuris,sinku\tkatchur-is,five\tdog-PL,five dogs,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-74,33,sinku livru,sinku\tlivru,five\tbook,five books,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-51,34,kwátur miñjer; siŋku kacor; tres kaneta,kwátur\tmiñjer;\tsiŋku\tkacor;\ttres\tkaneta,four\twoman\tfive\tdog\tthree\tpencil,four women; five dogs; three pencils,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-86,35,tlêxi ja,tlêxi\tja,three\tday,three days,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-55,37,dôsu kasô,dôsu\tkasô,two\tdog,two dogs,,,,constructed by linguist -38-63,38,dyiá sete,dyiá\tsete,day\tseven,seven days,,,,elicited from speaker -39-76,39,Dəpəy atro dez pɛd kavok.,Dəpəy\tatr-o\tdez\tpɛd\tkavok.,then\tthrow-PST\tten\tstone\tcave/hole,Then (he) threw ten stones into the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-47,40,ũ mulɛr; ũ buk,ũ\tmulɛr;\tũ\tbuk,one\twoman\tone\tbook,one woman; one book,,,,constructed by linguist -41-66,41,um miida askruuvapa kaatru rupiya landaa,uŋ\tmiida\taskruuva-pa\tkaatru\trupiya\tlo-andaa,one\tmeasure\trice-DAT\tfour\trupee\tFUT-go,For a measure of rice Rs. 4/- will go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-60,42,eli teng dos prau,eli\tteng\tdos\tprau,3SG\thave\ttwo\tboat,He has two boats.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-61,42,yo sa tres irmang,yo\tsa\ttres\tirmang,1SG\tGEN\tthree\tsibling,my three brothers/sisters/brothers and sisters.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-62,42,eli teng dos kachóru,eli\tteng\tdos\tkachóru,3SG\thave\ttwo\tdog,He has two dogs.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-73,44,dos íha,dos\tíha,two\tchild,two children,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-74,44,dos ányo,dos\tányo,two\tyear,two years,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-75,44,dos péhro,dos\tpéhro,two\tdog,two dogs,,,,constructed by linguist -46-77,46,Tyéne dos hénte na apláya.,Tyéne\tdos\thénte\tna\tapláya.,EXIST\ttwo\tpeople\tLOC\tbeach,There are two people on the beach.,,,,constructed by linguist -47-67,47,sinku kachó; tres hende,sinku\tkachó;\ttres\thende,five\tdog\tfive\tpeople,"five dogs, five people",,,,constructed by linguist -48-57,48,tre pelo,tre\tpelo,three\tdog,three dogs,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-103,49,M achte twa plim.,M\tachte\ttwa\tplim.,1SG\tbuy\tthree\tpen,I bought three pens.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-61,50,senk moun,senk\tmoun,five\tperson,five persons,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-62,50,senk chouval,senk\tchouval,five\thorse,five horses,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-59,51,senk moun,senk\tmoun,five\tperson,five people,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-60,51,senk chouval,senk\tchouval,five\thorse,five horses,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-39,52,"roun fenm, dé wonm, trwa timoun","roun\tfenm,\tdé\twonm,\ttrwa\ttimoun",one\twoman\ttwo\tmen\tthree\tchildren,"one woman, two men, three children",,,,elicited from speaker -53-136,53,kat pat,kat\tpat,four\tleg,four legs,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-84,54,de zanfan - kat koko,de\tzanfan\t-\tkat\tkoko,two\tchild\t-\tfour\tcoconut,two children - four coconuts,,,,constructed by linguist -55-65,55,kat dimun; set sez; dis pye; de peyi,kat\tdimun;\tset\tsez;\tdis\tpye;\tde\tpeyi,four\tperson\tseven\tchair\tten\ttree\ttwo\tcountry,four people; seven chairs; ten trees; two countries,,,,constructed by linguist -56-79,56,trwa lisyen,trwa\tlisyen,three\tdog,three dogs,,,,constructed by linguist -58-48,58,ba-ntu zole,ba-ntu\tzole,2-person\ttwo,two persons,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -60-49,60,bakonzi mísátu,bakonzi\tmísátu,leaders\tthree,three leaders,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-32,61,mathatu inja,mathatu\tinja,three\tdog,three dogs,,,,constructed by linguist -62-31,62,vigí vinú víáta iʔí ní vighó,vigi\tvi-nu\tví-ata\tiʔí\tní\tvi-ghó,things\t8-two\t8-be\there\tis\t8-my,The two things here are mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-64,63,wéle kámsa,wéle\tkámsa,boy\tfive,five boys,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-71,64,rákab de zátu múda to árba kámsa sáa,rákab\tde\tzátu\tmúda\tto\tárba\tkámsa\tsáa,preparation\tDEM.PROX\tTOP\tperiod\tPOSS.3SG\tfour\tfive\thour,"The preparation, it takes four or five hours.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-58,65,[...] sidit dəwa təri den' sontsa piokla.,[...]\tsidit\tdəwa\ttəri\tden'\tsontsa\tpiok-la.,[...]\tsit.SG\ttwo\tthree\tday\tsun\theat-PFV,[...] it (the fish) is lying right in the sun for two or three days.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-59,65,Maja adin sonʧa ju pəradawaj dəwaʧati ʃətuka.,Maja\tadin\tsonʧa\tju\tpəradawaj\tdəwaʧati\tʃətuka.,1SG\tone\tsun\tCOP\tsell\ttwenty\titem,In one day I sold twenty pieces.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-45,66,Go nyari siklaatan dua kuçingpəðə iskulna duppang aðuuðung.,[Go\tnyari\tsi-klaatan]\tdua\tkuçing-pəðə\tiskul-na\tduppang\ta-ðuuðung.,[1SG\ttoday\tPST-see]\ttwo\tcat-PL\tschool-DAT\tbefore\tPST-sit,The two cats I saw today are sitting in front of the school.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-81,67,"Saya ada dua anak, satu jantan, satu perempuan.","Saya\tada\tdua\tanak,\tsatu\tjantan,\tsatu\tperempuan.",1SG\thave\ttwo\tchild\tone\tmale\tone\tfemale,"I have two children, one son [and] one daughter.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-50,68,ikang sapol ekor,ikang\tsapol\tekor,fish\tten\tCLF,ten fish,,,,elicited from speaker -68-143,68,laki~laki dlapang orang,laki~laki\tdlapang\torang,RED.male\teight\tCLF,eight men,,,,elicited from speaker -68-144,68,mangga lima bua,mangga\tlima\tbua,mango\tfive\tCLF,five mangoes,,,,elicited from speaker -69-28,69,aykum kundamwin,aykum\tkundamwin,woman\ttwo,two women,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-37,70,Ham-loŋ tin londa.,Ham-loŋ\ttin\tlonda.,1-PL\tthree\tguy,We were three guys.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-63,71,Wau nana alua pake noho kela rumi kuke.,Wau\tnana\talua\tpake\tnoho\tkela\trumi\tkuke.,1SG\tlook\ttwo\tChinese\tstay\tDET\troom\tcook,I noticed that two Chinese were in the kitchen.,,,,naturalistic written -71-64,71,"Makemake inu, inu no alua kiaha liilii.","Makemake\tinu,\tinu\tno\talua\tkiaha\tliilii.",want\tdrink\tdrink\tINTENS\ttwo\tglass\tlittle,"If you want to drink some wine, you can drink two little glasses (without paying for it).",,,,naturalistic written -72-61,72,Nyila sain dei karrap tu karungku.,Nyila\tsain\tdei\tkarrap\ttu\tkaru-ngku.,that\tsign\t3PL.S\tlook.at\ttwo\tchild-ERG,The two kids look at the sign.,,,35a225cb5425afb3e5c3639bd6a63163,naturalistic spoken -72-62,72,Yarralin dei garram jirri team igin nganta.,Yarralin\tdei\tgarram\tjirri\tteam\tigin\tnganta.,Yarralin\t3PL.S\thave\tthree\tteam\tagain\tDOUBT,I think Yarralin have three teams.,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-58,74,ixt man,ixt\tman,one\tman,one man,,,,constructed by linguist -1-98,1,Dem no lukku tatta va dem.,Den\tno\tluku\ttata\tfu\tden.,3PL\tNEG\tlook.after\tfather\tof\t3PL,They don't take care of their father.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-99,1,Hai va hem de siki.,Ai\tfu\ten\tde\tsiki.,eye\tof\t3SG\tASP/COP\tsick,His eyes are ailing.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-79,2,A uma siki moro en sisa.,A\tuma\tsiki\tmoro\ten\tsisa.,DET\twoman\tsick\tmore\t3SG.POSS\tsister,The woman’s more ill than her sister.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-80,2,Mi futu no de so bigi.,Mi\tfutu\tno\tde\tso\tbigi.,my\tfoot\tNEG\tCOP\tso\tbig,My feet are not so big.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-81,2,O bigi yu futu de?,O\tbigi\tyu\tfutu\tde?,how\tbig\tyour\tfoot\tCOP,How big is your foot?,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-82,2,Dan a no man nanga a ouderwets sani fu en.,Dan\ta\tno\tman\tnanga\ta\touderwets\tsani\tfu\ten.,then\t3SG\tNEG\tcan\twith\tDET\told.fashioned\tthing\tof\ther,Then he can’t put up with her old-fashioned ways.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-83,2,Den tu pikin fu mi lobi fu nyan bami.,Den\ttu\tpikin\tfu\tmi\tlobi\tfu\tnyan\tbami.,the.PL\ttwo\tchild\tof\tme\tlove\tfor\teat\tbami,My two children love to eat bami.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-84,2,den srafu fu den,den\tsrafu\tfu\tden,the.PL\tslave\tof\tthem,their slaves,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-41,3,mi wosu,mi\twosu,1SG\thouse,my house,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-42,3,di buku u mi,di\tbuku\tu\tmi,DEF.SG\tbook\tfor\t1SG,my book,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-60,4,mi baala,mi\tbaala,my\tbrother,my brother,,,,elicited from speaker -4-61,4,den baala fu mi,den\tbaala\tfu\tmi,DET.PL\tbrother\tPOSS\tme,my brothers,,,,elicited from speaker -4-62,4,a baala fu mi,a\tbaala\tfu\tmi,DET.SG\tbrother\tPOSS\tme,my brother,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -5-66,5,"sodaim if ii a mi paadna, ii a wok [...].","sodaim\tif\tii\ta\tmi\tpaadna,\tii\ta\twok\t[...].",sometimes\tif\the\tis\tmy\tpartner\the\tHAB\twork\t[...],"Sometimes, if he is my partner, he would work [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-67,5,fo awii buk ya,fo\tawii\tbuk\tya,POSS\t1PL\tbook\there,Our book is here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-38,6,"mi cyar, shi cyar, allyuh cyar, dey cyar","mi\tcyar,\tshi\tcyar,\tallyuh\tcyar,\tdey\tcyar",1SG.POSS\tcar\t3SG.POSS\tcar\t2PL.POSS\tcar\t3PL.POSS\tcar,"My car, her car, your (pl) car, their car",,,,constructed by linguist -6-39,6,mi book,mi\tbook,1SG.POSS\tbook,my book,,,,constructed by linguist -7-96,7,fomi moni,fo-mi\tmoni,for-1SG\tmoney,my money,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-97,7,mi moni,mi\tmoni,1SG\tmoney,my money,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-98,7,fodem pikni,fo-dem\tpikni,for-3PL\tchild,their child(ren),,,,naturalistic spoken -7-99,7,Hi se mi kuhm an peint uhp fohi vihikl.,Hi\tse\tmi\tkuhm\tan\tpeint\tuhp\tfo-hi\tvihikl.,3SG\tsay\t1SG\tcome\tand\tpaint\tup\tfor-3SG\tvehicle,He said I painted up his vehicle.,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-58,8,Mi pensl an yu buk ina dem ous.,Mi\tpensl\tan\tyu\tbuk\tina\tdem\tous.,1SG\tpencil\tand\t2SG\tbook\tin\t3PL\thouse,My pencil and your book are in their house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-59,8,Fi-dem moni de pan di tiebl.,Fi-dem\tmoni\tde\tpan\tdi\ttiebl.,for-3PL\tmoney\tCOP.LOC\ton\tDET\ttable,Their money is on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-70,9,Onli i hɛd dɛ owta di mod.,Onli\ti\thɛd\tdɛ\towta\tdi\tmod.,only\tits\thead\tCOP.LOC\tout.of\tthe\tmud,Only the (bottle) neck was protruding out of the sand bottom.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-71,9,I hyad ova i hɛd.,I\thyad\tova\ti\thɛd.,3SG.F\thide\tover\t3SG.F\thead,She hides overhead. OR: She hides in the tree tops.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-72,9,Dey gɛt fu dem mone.,Dey\tgɛt\tfu\tdem\tmone.,they\tget\tfor\tthem\tmoney,They get their money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-73,9,fu dem own dakta,fu\tdem\town\tdakta,for\tthem\town\tdoctor,their own doctor,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-83,10,Di pikniny dem tek out dem buk.,Di\tpikniny\tdem\ttek\tout\tdem\tbuk.,ART.DEF\tchild\tPL\ttake\tout\t3PL.POSS\tbook,Every child takes out their own book.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-84,10,Di pikniny dem tek out dehn buk.,Di\tpikniny\tdem\ttek\tout\tdehn\tbuk.,ART.DEF\tchild\tPL\ttake\tout\t3PL.POSS\tbook,The children take out the book which belongs / the books which belong to all of them.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-85,10,ihn buk,ihn\tbuk,3SG\tbook,his/her book,,,,constructed by linguist -10-86,10,Dis da fi wi langwij.,Dis\tda\tfi\twi\tlangwij.,DEM\tFOC\tfor\t1PL.POSS\tlanguage,This is our language.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-87,10,Fi mi buk de pan di tiebl.,Fi\tmi\tbuk\tde\tpan\tdi\ttiebl.,for\t1SG.POSS\tbook\tCOP.LOC\tupon\tART.DEF\ttable,My book is on the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-88,10,fi mi muma,fi\tmi\tmuma,for\t1SG.POSS\tmother,my mother,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-94,11,Mai mama se dat haar grani mama woz fram Jamieka.,Mai\tmama\tse\tdat\thaar\tgrani\tmama\twoz\tfram\tJamieka.,1SG.POSS\tmother\tsay\tCOMP\t3SG.POSS.F\tgranny\tmother\tCOP.PST\tfrom\tJamaica,My mother told me that her grandmother was from Jamaica.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-95,11,Wen unu gat unu piknini [...].,Wen\tunu\tgat\tunu\tpiknini\t[...].,when\t2PL\tget\t2PL.POSS\tchild\t[...],When you have your own children [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-96,11,Ai did telin wi dairekta [...].,Ai\tdid\ttel-in\twi\tdairekta\t[...].,1SG\tPST\ttell-PROG\t1PL.POSS\tdirector\t[...],I was telling our director [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-75,12,"Because one day like - like - uh - my other son hats was on the line, hey, and they gone picking the hat, they try to stop me dry his clothes ...",[...]\tmy\tother\tson\thats\t[...]\this\tclothes\t[...],[...]\t1SG.POSS.DET\tother\tson[POSS]\that.PL\t[...]\t3SG.POSS\tclothes\t[...],[...] my other son’s hats [...] his clothes [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-76,12,Hold your bucket and walk along and pick it.,[...]\tyour\tbucket\t[...],[...]\t2SG.POSS\tbucket\t[...],[...] your bucket [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-77,12,"And then she fall right out, she hit her head so hard.",[...]\tshe\thit\ther\thead\tso\thard.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\thit[PFV]\t3SG.F.POSS\thead\tso\thard,[...] she hit her head so hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-78,12,"Yeah, with we grand - because, see, after this - after we mother dead, hey, after we mother dead - uh - like - like the welfare used to mind 'em, right? And all of the smaller set gone live with we granddaddy.",[...]\twith\twe\tgrand-\t[...]\tafter\twe\tmother\tdead\t[...]\twith\twe\tgranddaddy.,[...]\twith\t1PL\tgrand-\t[...]\tafter\t1PL\tmother\tdead\t[...]\twith\t1PL\tgranddaddy,[...] with our grand- [...] after our mother had died [...] [the smaller children lived] with our grandfather.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-79,12,"Talk - you know like - when you been to Andros long, they talk like dragging they voice and things like that.",[...]\tdragging\tthey\tvoice\t[...],[...]\tdrag.PROG\t3PL\tvoice\t[...],[...] dragging their voice [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -13-70,13,my bacco,my\tbacco,1SG.POSS\ttobacco,my tobacco,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-71,13,Cause dis son yah ob mine been dead.,Cause\tdis\tson\tyah\tob\tmine\tbeen\tdead.,because\tDEM.PROX\tson\there\tof\tmine\tPST/ASP\tdead,Because this here son of mine has been dead. (Lk 15.24),,,,bible translation -15-58,15,wi pikin,wi\tpikin,1PL.POSS\tchild,our child,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-53,16,ì bì so wì dè jus àua lamp fɔ dɛ ɔp,ì\tbì\tso\twì\tdè\tjus\tàua\tlamp\tfɔ\tdɛ\tɔp,3SG\tCOP\tso\t1PL\tHAB\tuse\t1PL.POSS\tlamp\tfor\tART\tup,That is how we use our lamps in the North.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-57,17,mà hand,mà\thand,1SG.POSS\thand,my hand,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-51,18,Yu pi'kin go 'kom tu'moro.,Yu\tpikin\tgo\tkom\ttumoro.,2SG.POSS\tchild\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,Your (sg.) child will come tomorrow.,,,,published source -18-52,18,Wuna pi'kin go 'kom tu'moro.,Wuna\tpikin\tgo\tkom\ttumoro.,2PL.POSS\tchild\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,Your (pl.) child will come tomorrow.,,,,published source -19-64,19,ìn buk; mì màmá; yù hia,ìn\tbuk;\tmì\tmàmá;\tyù\thia,3SG.POSS\tbook\t1SG.POSS\tmother\t2SG\thair,his/her book; my mother; your hair,,,,constructed by linguist -20-52,20,You take care you pidgin.,You\ttake\tcare\tyou\tpidgin.,2SG\ttake\tcare\t2SG.POSS\tpidgin,Mind your own business.,,,,naturalistic written -21-49,21,Your book is nicer.,Your\tbook\tis\tnicer.,2.POSS\tbook\tCOP\tnice.COMP,Your book is nicer.,,,,own knowledge -22-65,22,haus bilong mi,haus\tbilong\tmi,house\tPOSS\t1SG,my house,,,,constructed by linguist -22-66,22,brata blong yu,brata\tblong\tyu,brother\tPOSS\t2SG,your brother,,,,constructed by linguist -23-71,23,oli putum long kakae blong mama blong mi,oli\tputum\tlong\tkakae\tblong\tmama\tblong\tmi,AGR\tput\tPREP\tfood\tPOSS\tmother\tPOSS\t1SG,[They] put [it] into my mother's food.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-77,24,mais fish,mais\tfish,my\tfish,my girlfriend,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-78,24,Thaenks fe ucklan.,Thaenks\tfe\tucklan.,thanks\tPREP\t1.NSG,Our gratitude.,,,,naturalistic written -25-187,25,Ai bin gajim det ki-holda main.,Ai\tbin\tgaj-im\tdet\tki-holda\tmain.,1SG\tPST\tget-TR\tDEM\tkey-holder\t1SG.POSS,I got the key holder [of] mine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-188,25,Thet min bos bla mibala. [...] Thet fo mibala bos. [...] Gunjumarra min bla mibala bos wanim tijing as yuno? [...] Mai big bos [...] Au bos wanim tijing as.,Thet\tmin\tbos\tbla\tmibala.\t[...]\tThet\tfo\tmibala\tbos.\t[...]\tGunjumarra\tmin\tbla\tmibala\tbos\twan=im\ttij-ing\tas\tyuno?\t[...]\tMai\tbig\tbos\t[...]\tAu\tbos\twan=im\ttij-ing\tas.,DEM\tmean\tboss\tDAT/POSS\t1PL.EXCL\t[...]\tDEM\tDAT/POSS\t1PL.EXCL\tboss\t[...]\tboss\tmean\tDAT/POSS\t1PL.EXCL\tboss\tSUBORD=3SG\tteach-PROG2\t1PL.EXCL.OBJ\tyou.know\t[...]\t1SG.POSS\tbig\tboss\t[...]\t1PL.EXCL.POSS\tboss\tSUBORD=3SG\tteach-PROG2\t1PL.EXCL.OBJ,"(That means) our boss/teacher, that's our boss, gunjumarra means our boss who is teaching us you know? [...] My big boss [...] Our boss who is teaching us.",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-189,25,Meit bla im bin singat la im na.,Meit\tbla\tim\tbin\tsingat\tla\tim\tna.,mate\tDAT/POSS\t3SG\tPST\tsing.out\tLOC\t3SG\tnow,His mate called out to him then.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-190,25,Bijilain main tharrei.,Biji-lain\tmain\ttharr-ei.,fishing-line\t1SG:POSS\tDIST-DIR,My fishing line is there. (Said as a warning),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-191,25,Ai bin oldei lisen mai olmen.,Ai\tbin\toldei\tlisen\tmai\tolmen.,1SG\tPST\talways\tlisten\t1SG.POSS\tman,I used to listen to my old man. (i.e. father),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-192,25,Blanga im greni tharran.,Blanga\tim\tgreni\ttharran.,DAT/POSS\t3SG\tgrandmother\tDIST:ADJ,That's her grandmother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-193,25,Im no bin ladim enibodi tatjim dat faiya bla im en imin oldei nesimbat tu dat faiya.,Im\tno\tbin\tlad-im\tenibodi\ttatj-im\tdat\tfaiya\tbla\tim\ten\tim=in\toldei\tnes-im-bat\ttu\tdat\tfaiya.,3SG\tNEG\tPST\tlet-TR\tanybody\ttouch-TR\tDEM\tfire\tDAT/POSS\t3SG\tand\t3SG=PST\talways\tnurse-TR-PROG\ttoo\tDEM\tfire,He wouldn't let anybody touch his fire. He always kept it with him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-194,25,Imin gaman gadim im lambarra.,Im=in\tgaman\tgadim\tim\tlambarra.,3SG=PST\tcome\tCOM/INS\t3SG\tfather.in.law,He came with his father-in-law.,,,,unknown -25-195,25,Imin telim tubala tu graul mijelb la thei pleis!,Im=in\ttel-im\ttubala\ttu\tgraul\tmijelb\tla\tthei\tpleis!,3SG=PST\ttell-TR\t3DU\tCOMP\targue\tREFL\tLOC\t3PL\tplace,He told the two to argue at their (own) place.,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-196,25,Mibala kantri na!,Mibala\tkantri\tna!,1PL\tcountry\tnow,Our country!,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-197,25,"Ngiyawula, thet the kantri main, G. mi kolim.","Ngiyawula,\tthet\tthe\tkantri\tmain,\tG.\tmi\tkol-im.",PROX:DIR\tDEM\tEQ.COP\tcountry\tmine\tG.\t1PL\tcall-TR,"Over here, that’s my country, G. we call it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-198,25,Tharran na Dadi bla yu.,Tharran\tna\tDadi\tbla\tyu.,DIST:ADJ\tnow\tdaddy\tDAT/POSS\t2SG,That one [is] your Daddy! (identifying a referent),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-199,25,Ai bin ardim main fut.,Ai\tbin\tard-im\tmain\tfut.,1SG\tPST\thurt-TR\t1SG.POSS\tfoot,I hurt my foot.,,,,unknown -25-200,25,I bin bak bla im hos.,I\tbin\tbak\tbla\tim\thos.,3SG\tPST\tbuck\tDAT/POSS\t3SG\thorse,His horse bucked.,,,,unknown -26-47,26,aɹ haʊs,aɹ\thaʊs,1PL.POSS\thouse,our house,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-41,27,shi bik,shi\tbik,3SG.POSS\tbelly,her belly,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-42,27,sowē fa sinə,sowē\tfa\tsinə,so.many\tof\t3PL,so many of them,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-43,27,Di got sini mi wārgeit a sē by fa mi han mi grōtā sa dōt.,Di\tgot\tsini\tmi\twārgeit\ta\tsē\tby\tfa\tmi\than\tmi\tgrōtā\tsa\tdōt.,DET\tgod\t3PL\tbe\ttruth\tPST\tsay\tby\tof\t1SG\thand\t1SG\tgrandfather\twill\tdie,The gods were right in saying that my grandfather will die by my hands.,,,,elicited from speaker -28-70,28,ɛkɛ; ju; ori; ʃi; enʃi/iʃi; jɛndɛ; eni/ini wari,ɛkɛ;\tju;\tori;\tʃi;\tenʃi/iʃi;\tjɛndɛ;\teni/ini\twari,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t3SG.POSS\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL\thouse,"my; your; his, her, its; our; your(PL); their house",,,,constructed by linguist -28-71,28,ori mamɛtɛ ʃi papa,ori\tmama\tmɛtɛ\tʃi\tpapa,3SG\tmother\twith\t3SG.POSS\tfather,her mother and her father,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-72,28,"ori ʃi awawap da mosli kurkur, kurkur kɛnap","ori\tʃi\tawawa-apu\tda\tmosli\tkurkuru,\tkurkuru\tkɛnɛ-apu",3SG\t3SG.POSS\tgrandfather-PL\tCOP\tmostly\tblack\tblack\tperson-PL,"Her grandparents were mostly black, black people.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-73,28,ori ʃi bwa naŋnaŋwan ɛkɛ arum bwa kibakiba,ori\tʃi\tbwa\tnangwa-nangwa\tan\tɛkɛ\tarum\tbwa\tkiba-kiba,3SG\t3SG.POSS\tleg\tlong-long\tand\t1SG\tpoor\tleg\tshort-short,His legs are long and my poor legs are short.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-63,29,"my boeke, julle huise","my\tboek-e,\tjulle\thuis-e",1SG.POSS\tbook-s\t2PL\thouse-s,"my books, your houses",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-64,29,"daardie sustertjie van my, 'n boek van haar wat jy sal geniet","daardie\tsuster-tjie\tvan\tmy,\t'n\tboek\tvan\thaar\twat\tjy\tsal\tgeniet",DIST.DEM\tsister-DIM\tof\t1SG.POSS\ta\tbook\tof\t3SG.POSS\twhat\tyou\tshall\tenjoy,"that little sister of mine, a book of hers that you will enjoy",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-65,29,"ons se boeke, julle se boeke, hulle se boeke","ons\tse\tboek-e,\tjulle\tse\tboek-e,\thulle\tse\tboek-e",us\tPOSS\tbook-PL\tyou.PL\tPOSS\tbook-PL\tthey\tPOSS\tbook-PL,"our books, your (PL) books, their books",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-80,30,N ka ta kridita ma nha mudjer ê kapás di faze-m es kusa li.,N=ka=ta=kridita\tma=nha=mudjer\tê\tkapás\tdi=faze=m\tes=kusa\tli.,1SG=NEG=IPFV=believe\tCOMP=my=woman\tbe\tcapable\tof=do=1SG\tDEM=thing\there,I do not believe that my wife is capable of doing such a thing to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-81,30,"Kása di nha ê pikinóti, más ê di nha.","Kása\tdi=nha\tê\tpikinóti,\tmás\tê\tdi=nha.",house\tof=2SG.POL.F\tbe\tsmall\tbut\tbe\tof=2SG.POL.F,"Your house is small, but it's yours.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-76,31,"El me tanbe e konhese bu mai, ku bu pai.","El\tme\ttanbe\te\tkonhese\tbu\tmai,\tku\tbu\tpai.",he\thimself\ttoo\the\tknows\tyour\tmum\twith\tyour\tfather,He himself knows your mother and father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-77,31,Nho Artur e ka era d’idadi di Djon di bo?,Nho\tArtur\te\tka\tera\td’idadi\tdi\tDjon\tdi\tbo?,Mr\tArthur\tis\tNEG\twas\tof.age\tof\tDjon\tof\tyours,Isn't Mr Arthur of the same age as your Djon?,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-51,32,Nha marid senpr éra peskador.,Nha\tmarid\tsenpr\téra\tpeskador.,1SG.POSS\thusband\talways\tCOP.PST\tfisherman,My husband was always a fisherman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-52,32,"Un irmã d'minha, el tinha uns dos kabésa d'bitx.","Un\tirmã\tde\tminha,\tel\ttinha\tuns\tdos\tkabésa\tde\tbitx.",DET\tsister\tof\t1SG.POSS\t3SG\thave.PST\tDET.PL\ttwo\thead\tof\tanimal,"A sister of mine, she had some animals.",,,,naturalistic spoken -33-75,33,nha fidju,nha\tfidju,1SG.POSS\tchild,my children,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-52,34,Ña aldiya sabi.,Ña\taldiya\tø\tsabi.,POSS.1SG\tvillage\tPFV\tpleasant,My village is pleasant.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-53,34,Aldiya di mi sabi.,Aldiya\tdi\tmi\tø\tsabi.,village\tof\tPOSS.1SG\tPFV\tpleasant,My village is pleasant.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-87,35,ke dê; ke dinen,ke\td=ê;\tke\td=inen,house\tof=3SG.POSS\thouse\tof=3PL.POSS,his/her house; their house,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-88,35,mwala mu,mwala\tmu,wife\t1SG.POSS,my wife,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-49,36,kai m/ kai ô/ kai no/ kai thê/ kai ane,kai\tm/\tkai\tô/\tkai\tno/\tkai\tthê/\tkai\tane,house\tmy\thouse\tyour.SG\thouse\tour\thouse\tyour.PL\thouse\ttheir,"my house, your house, our house, your house, their house",,,,elicited from speaker -36-50,36,kai r'ê,kai\tri\tê,house\tof\tshe/he,her/his house,,,,elicited from speaker -37-56,37,kaxi me,kaxi\tme,house\tPOSS.1SG,my house,,,,elicited from speaker -38-64,38,xadyibo,xadyi\tbo,house\t2SG,your house,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-65,38,namendeli,namen\tde\teli,brother\tof\t3SG,his brother,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-77,39,Oj ɛ nɔs exam gujərati ku ĩglix.,Oj\tɛ\tnɔs\texam\tgujərati\tku\tĩglix.,today\tCOP.NPST\t1SG.POSS\texam\tGujarati\tCOM\tEnglish,Today is our Gujarati and English exam.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-78,39,Duse kurəsãw ɔn te?,Də-use\tkurəsãw\tɔn\tte?,of-2\theart\twhere\tbe.NPST,Where is your heart?,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-79,39,Del nom ɛ Flavius.,Də-el\tnom\tɛ\tFlavius.,of-3\tname\tCOP.NPST\tFlavius,His name is Flavius.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-80,39,Dɛl kaz fik mĩ jũt.,Də-ɛl\tkaz\tfik\tmĩ\tjũt.,of-3F\thouse\tstay.NPST\t1SG.OBL\ttogether,Her house is next to me/mine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-81,39,kwɔlkɛ piso də mĩ,kwɔlkɛ\tpiso\tdə\tmĩ,some\tperson\tof\t1SG.OBL,some person of mine (i.e. 'of my relations'),,,,naturalistic spoken -40-48,40,[əkə mulɛr] [...] pari pusha-ni tedze-w nə sus pɔrt.,[əkə\tmulɛr]\t[...]\tpari\tpusha-ni\ttedze-w\tnə\tsus\tpɔrt.,[that\twoman]\t[...]\tme\tpull-COMP\tbring-PST\tLOC\ttheir\tdoor,"[That woman] [...] pulling me, brought me to their door.",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-49,40,"ʋɔ tɛ irmãʋ mi, yo tɛ ʋɔ irmã.","ʋɔ\ttɛ\tirmãʋ\tmi,\tyo\ttɛ\tʋɔ\tirmã.",2SG.INFORMAL\tbe.PRS\tbrother\tmy\t1SG\tbe.PRS\tyour\tsister,"You are my brother, I am your sister",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-50,40,Doy di mãʋ iʧo mi ani trej di nu irgiʋ kam su.,Doy\tdi\tmãʋ\tiʧo\tmi\tani\ttrej\tdi\tnu\tirgiʋ\tkam\tsu.,two\tday\thand\tswell.PST\tmy\tand\tthree\tday\tNEG\tget.up.PST\tbed\tfrom,Two days my hand swelled and for three days I didn't get out of bed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-67,41,osiirsu fiiyapa portugees nukusava,o$siir-$su\tfii$ya-$pa\tpor$tu$gees\tnu$ku-$sa$va,3SG.HON-GEN\tdaughter-DAT\tPortuguese\tNEG-know,His daughter doesn’t know [Sri Lanka] Portuguese.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-68,41,"eev, miɲa; boos, bosa; eli, elisu; ɛla, ɛlasu; osiir, osiirsu; noos, nosa; botus, botussu; elis, elissu; ɛlas, ɛlassu; etus, etussu","eev,\tmiɲa;\tboos,\tbosa;\teli,\teli-su;\tɛla;\tɛla-su;\tosiir,\tosiir-su;\tnoos,\tnosa;\tbotus,\tbotus-su;\telis,\telis-su;\tɛlas,\tɛlas-su;\tetus,\tetus-su",1SG\t1SG.GEN\t2SG\t2SG.GEN\t3SG.M\t3SG.M-GEN\t3SG.F\t3SG.F-GEN\t3SG.HON\t3SG.HON-GEN\t1PL\t1PL.GEN\t2PL/2.HON\t2PL-GEN/2.HON-GEN\t3PL.M\t3PL.M-GEN\t3PL.F\t3PL.F-GEN\t3PL.HON\t3PL.HON-GEN,"I, my; you, your; he, his; she, her; he[honorific]/she[honorific], his[honorific]/her[honorific]; we, our; you[plural]/you[honorific], your[plural]/your[honorific]; they[masculine], their[masculine]; they[feminine], their[feminine]; they[honorific], their[honorific]",,,,elicited from speaker -42-63,42,yo sa kaza,yo\tsa\tkaza,1SG\tGEN\thouse,my house,,,,elicited from speaker -42-64,42,bos sa mai,bos\tsa\tmai,2SG\tGEN\tmother,your mother,,,,elicited from speaker -42-65,42,minya pai,minya\tpai,POSS.1SG\tfather,my father,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-41,43,Eo lo trusi bos garganti.,Eo\tlo\ttrusi\tbos\tgarganti.,I\tFUT\twring\tPOSS.2SG\tneck,I will wring your neck.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-42,43,Eo teng vose sua sirbidor.,Eo\tteng\tvose\tsua\tsirbidor.,1SG\tCOP\t2SG\tPOSS\tservant,I am your servant.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-76,44,su óhus,su\tóhus,3SG.POSS\teyes,his eyes,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-77,44,el mánga íha di éle,el\tmánga\tíha\tdi\téle,DEF\tPL\tdaughter\tof\t3SG,his daughters,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-78,44,"mi gargánta, bus nómbri, su kamísa","mi\tgargánta,\tbus\tnómbri,\tsu\tkamísa",1SG.POSS\tthroat\t2SG.POSS\tname\t3SG.POSS\tdress,"my throat, your name, his/her dress",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-79,44,"di mi, di bo, di éle, di mótru, di tédi, di lótru","di\tmi,\tdi\tbo,\tdi\téle,\tdi\tmótru,\tdi\ttédi,\tdi\tlótru",of\t1SG.POSS\tof\t2SG\tof\t3SG\tof\t1PL\tof\t2PL\tof\t3PL,"my, your, his/her, our, your, their",,,,constructed by linguist -44-80,44,Alégri kel di mótru pamílya.,Alégri\tkel\tdi\tmótru\tpamílya.,happy\tthat\tof\t1PL\tfamily,Our family is happy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-63,45,Guapa mi tia.,Guapa\tmi\ttia.,beautiful\tmy\taunt,My aunt is beautiful.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-64,45,Quiere yo toma agua.,Quiere\tyo\ttoma\tagua.,want\t1SG\tdrink\twater,I want to drink water.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-65,45,Bantay el perro di ele.,Bantay\tel\tperro\tdi\tele.,Bantay\tDEF\tdog\tof\tshe,Her dog is Bantay.,,,,constructed by linguist -46-78,46,(di)mí(yo) kása,(di)mí(yo)\tkása,my\thouse,my house,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-68,47,mi buki(nan); bo buki(nan); su buki(nan); nos buki(nan); boso buki(nan); nan buki(nan),mi\tbuki\t(nan);\tbo\tbuki\t(nan);\tsu\tbuki\t(nan);\tnos\tbuki\t(nan);\tboso\tbuki\t(nan);\tnan\tbuki\t(nan),1SG\tbook\t(PL)\t2SG\tbook\t(PL)\tPOSS\tbook\t(PL)\t1PL\tbook\t(PL)\t2PL\tbook\t(PL)\t3PL\tbook\t(PL),"my book(s); your book(s); her, her book(s); our book(s); your book(s); their book(s)",,,,published source -47-69,47,e mentalidat aki di dje,e\tmentalidat\taki\tdi\te,DEF\tmentality\tDEM.PROX\tof\t3SG,this mentality of his,,,,naturalistic written -47-70,47,"Tende, bo ta korda e amiga di bo?","Tende,\tbo\tta\tkorda\te\tamiga\tdi\tbo?",listen\t2SG\tTNS\tremember\tDEF\tfriend\tof\t2SG,"Listen, you remember that girlfriend of yours?",,,,naturalistic spoken -48-59,48,"¡Moná mi, miní aká!","¡Moná\tmi,\tminí\taká!",son\tmy\tcome\there,"My son, come here!",,,,naturalistic spoken -48-60,48,Muhé sí é maluko.,Muhé\tsí\té\tmaluko.,woman\tyour\tbe\tugly,Your wife is ugly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-61,48,Moná ri ele a yegá ayé.,Moná\tri\tele\ta\tyegá\tayé.,son/daughter\tof\thim/her\tPST\tarrive\tyesterday,His/her son/daughter arrived yesterday.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-104,49,pitit mwen,pitit\tmwen,child\t1SG.POSS,my child,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-105,49,liv mwen yo,liv\tmwen\tyo,book\t1SG\tDEF.PL,my books,,,,constructed by linguist -49-106,49,kay mwen an,kay\tmwen\tan,house\t1SG.POSS\tDEF,my house,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-107,49,chat an mwen,chat\tan\tmwen,cat\tPREP\t1SG.POSS,my cat,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-108,49,jenou an m,jenou\tan\tm,knee\tPREP\t1SG.POSS,my knee,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-63,50,timoun an mwen,timoun\tan\tmwen,little.person\tPREP\t1SG,my child/children,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-61,51,yich-mwen,yich-mwen,child-1SG,my child OR: my children,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-40,52,"mo liv, to kaz, nou timoun","mo\tliv,\tto\tkaz,\tnou\ttimoun",POSS.1SG\tbook\tPOSS.2SG\thouse\tPOSS.1PL\tchildren,"my book, your house, our children",,,,elicited from speaker -52-41,52,"mo liv, to liv, so liv","mo\tliv,\tto\tliv,\tso\tliv",my\tbook\tyour\tbook\this/her\tbook,"my book, your book, his/her book",,,,constructed by linguist -53-137,53,Tou mo famiy parl kreol.,Tou\tmo\tfamiy\tparl\tkreol.,all\t1SG.POSS\tfamily\tspeak\tCreole,My whole family speaks Creole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-138,53,So latchoe chemiz t ape sorti ondeor de so kilot.,So\tlatchoe\tchemiz\tt\tape\tsorti\tondeor\tde\tso\tkilot.,3SG.POSS\ttail\tshirt\tPST\tPROG\tcome.out\toutside\tof\t2SG.POSS\tpant,His shirt tail was coming out of his pants.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-139,53,mo de nonk-ye,mo\tde\tnonk-ye,1SG\ttwo\tuncle-PL,my two uncles,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-85,54,mon fanm - son zanfan,mon\tfanm\t-\tson\tzanfan,POSS.1SG\twoman\t-\tPOSS.3SG\tchild,my wife - her child/children,,,,constructed by linguist -55-66,55,mo lakaz,mo\tlakaz,1SG.POSS\thouse,my house,,,,constructed by linguist -55-67,55,mo lisyeṅ-la li fin mord mwa,mo\tlisyeṅ-la\tli\tfin\tmord\tmwa,1SG.POSS\tdog-DEF\t3SG\tCOMPL\tbite\t1SG.OBJ,My dog has bitten me. OR: That dog of mine has bitten me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-80,56,Mon papa ti reste Ans Bwalo.,Mon\tpapa\tti\treste\tAns\tBwalo.,my\tfather\tpst\tlive\tAnse\tBoileau,My father lived at Anse Boileau.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-81,56,lakaz pour mwan,lakaz\tpour\tmwan,house\tfor\tme,my house,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-82,56,"Be ou papa kote i ti reste li, papa pour ou?","Be\tou\tpapa\tkote\ti\tti\treste\tli,\tpapa\tpour\tou?",but\tPOSS.2SG\tfather\twhere\t3SG\tPST\tlive\t3SG.OBJ\tfather\tfor\t2SG,"But your father, where did he live, your father?",,,,naturalistic spoken -57-139,57,kas pu mwa,kas\tpu\tmwa,house\tPREP\t1SG,my house,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-140,57,[...] nu ko:ta nde wajaʃ pu nu kom twa pi mari pu twa,[...]\tnu\tko:ta\tnde\twajaʃ\tpu\tnu\tkom\ttwa\tpi\tmari\tpu\ttwa,[...]\t1PL\tpleased\tPREP\tjourney\tPREP\t1PL\tlike\t2SG\tand\thusband\tPREP\t2SG,"[...] we are pleased with our journey, like you and your husband.",,,,unspecified -58-49,58,mwana na mono/beto,mwana\tna\tmono/beto,child\tof\tme/us,my/our child,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-50,58,mwana ya Petelo,mwana\tya\tPetelo,child\tof\tPeter,Peter's child,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-51,58,mwana ya Petelo na yandi,mwana\tya\tPetelo\tna\tyandi,child\tof\tPeter\twith\ther,Peter's child with her,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-52,58,mwana na yandi na Petelo,mwana\tna\tyandi\tna\tPetelo,child\tCONN\ther\twith\tPeter,her child with Peter,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-45,59,koli ti mbi ni ake nzoni zo ape,koli\tti\tmbi\tni\ta-ke\tnzoni\tzo\tape,husband\tof\t1SG\tDET\tPM-COP\tgood\tperson\tNEG,My husband is not a good person.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-129,59,tere ti mbi ake so,tere\tti\tmbi\ta-yeke\tso,story\tof\t1SG\tPM-COP\tDEM,Here is my story. OR: This is my story.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-130,59,ala zia yi ti ala kwe,ala\tzia\tyi\tti\tala\tkwe,3PL\tput\tthing\tof\t3PL\tall,They left all their belongings.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-131,59,par jour ti ala aeke nde,par\tjour\tti\tala\ta-eke\tnde,par\tjour\tof\t3PL\tPM-COP\tdifferent,Their daily salary is different.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-132,59,bikm,bik-m,pen-1SG,my pen,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-50,60,mbóngo na yé ekokí té; ya bísó mbóngo ekokí,mbóngo\tna\tyé\te-kok-í\tté;\tya\tbísó\tmbóngo\te-kok-í,money\tof\t3SG\t3SG.INAN-can-PRS.PRF\tNEG\tof\t1PL\tmoney\t3SG.INAN-can-PRS.PRF,"His money is not sufficient, ours is.",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-51,60,mbóngo na bísó,mbóngo\tna\tbísó,money\tof\t1PL,our money,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-33,61,lo umfana ga wena,lo\tumfana\tga\twena,DEF.ART\tson\tPOSS\tyou,your son OR: the son of yours,,,,elicited from speaker -62-32,62,míndá ghó ní iʔí,minda\tghó\tní\tiʔí,house\tmy\tis\there,My room is this.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-65,63,akú tá-i,akú\ttá-i,brother\tGEN-my,my brother,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-66,63,ána abú-i Morú,ána\tabú-i\tMorú,1SG\tfather-my\tMoru,My father is a Moru.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-72,64,ída tái,ída\ttái,hand\tPOSS.1SG,my hand,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-73,64,ísim to tabán,ísim\tto\ttabán,name\tPOSS.3SG\tTabàn,His name is Taban.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-177,64,ána kan bitála hája bitái,ána\tkan\tbi=tála\thája\tbitái,1SG\tANT\tIRR=go_out\tthing\tPOSS.1SG,I was going to get out (lit. I was going out myself).,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-60,65,ixin' dom desia byla,ixin'\tdom\tdesia\tbyla,3PL\thouse\there\tbe.PFV,their house was here,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-61,65,Za maja padumaj kako waʃa zakona xaroʃen'ki.,Za\tmaja\tpadumaj\tkako\twaʃa\tzakona\txaroʃen'ki.,TOP\t1SG\tthink\thow\t2PL\tlaw\tgood,I think how good are your laws.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-62,65,Synka moj adəna zima.,Synka\tmoj\tadəna\tzima.,son\t1SG\tone\twinter,My son is one year old.,,,,citation in fiction -65-63,65,ʧas təvaja,ʧas\ttəvaja,part\t2SG,your part,,,,elicited from speaker -66-46,66,"Loorampe biini pe bapa datangeliyat sin? Təra, go pe bapa jo kitang yang datang e-liyat.",Loorang-pe\tbiini-pe\tbapa\tdatang-e-liyat\tsin?\tTəra\tgo-pe\tbapa-jo\tkitang-yang\tdatang-e-liyat.,2SG.HON-POSS\twife-POSS\tfather\tcome-ASP-see\tQ\tno\t1SG-POSS\tfather-FOC\t1PL-ACC.DEF\tcome-ASP-see,"Has your wife’s father visited us? No, MY father has visited us.",,,,elicited from speaker -67-82,67,"Lu anak banyak besar, lu berapa tahun?","Lu\tanak\tbanyak\tbesar,\tlu\tberapa\ttahun?",2SG\tchild\tmuch\tbig\t2SG\thow.many\tyear,Your children are very big. How old are you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-83,67,"Sama sotong, suami saya suka makan itu.","Sama\tsotong,\tsuami\tsaya\tsuka\tmakan\titu.",OBJ\tcuttlefish\thusband\t1SG\tlike\teat\tDEM,It is the cuttlefish that my husband likes to eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-84,67,Dia punya badan bagus bah.,Dia\tpunya\tbadan\tbagus\tbah.,3SG\tPOSS\tbody\tgood\tPCL,His body is very good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-51,68,Lalu ada sisa antua pung rambu aja.,Lalu\tada\tsisa\tantua\tpung\trambu\taja.,then\thave\tremainder\t3SG.FORMAL\tPOSS\thair\tonly,Then there was only a remnant of her hair left.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-29,69,amanakən tam,ama-nakən\ttam,1SG-POSS\tdog,my dog,,,,elicited from speaker -71-65,71,Wau kela inoa Asing Kumuna.,Wau\tkela\tinoa\tAsing\tKumuna.,1SG.POSS\tDET\tname\tAsing\tKumuna,My name is Asing Kumuna.,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-63,72,Kirringku im teikim lajap karu nyanuny.,Kirri-ngku\tim\tteik-im\tlajap\tkaru\tnyanuny.,woman-ERG\t3SG\ttake-TR\ton.shoulders\tchild\t3SG.DAT,The woman carries her child on her shoulders.,,,80a1e7dbc811ea771e21c3501b6b22f9,naturalistic spoken -74-59,74,máyka haws,máyka\thaws,2SG\thouse,your house OR: your houses,,,,constructed by linguist -74-60,74,tł’únas qáta máyka túmtum,tł’únas\tqáta\tmáyka\ttúmtum,perhaps\twhat\t1SG\theart,I don’t know why I feel this way.,,,,narrative -75-103,75,ta fiy,ta\tfiy,2.POSS\tdaughter,your daughter,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-104,75,ta langinaan,ta\tlang-inaan,2.POSS\tlanguage-1PL,our language (inclusive),,,,naturalistic spoken -75-105,75,not langinaan,not\tlang-inaan,1PL.POSS\tlanguage-1PL,our language (exclusive),,,,elicited from speaker -75-106,75,Kiya eekwa niya sapran chikakweekuneehtamaashuyaahk not laanginaan.,Kiya\teekwa\tniya\tsapran\tchi-kakwee-kuneehtamaa-shu-yaahk\tnot\tlaang-inaan.,2SG\tand\t1SG\tnecessary\tFUT.COMP-try-preserve-REFL-1PL\t1PL.POSS\tlanguage-1PL,"You and I, we have to preserve our language.",,,,elicited from speaker -75-107,75,opaapaawa,o-paapaa-wa,3.POSS-father-OBV,his father,,,,naturalistic spoken -76-40,76,awoña kiñma a'na cabakto,awoña\tkiñma\ta'na\tcabakto,I\tdog\tharness\twork,Put harness on my dog.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-100,1,"No jam da janjam va da boom, a ougri.","No\tnyan\tda\tn'nyan\tfu\tda\tbon,\ta\togri.",NEG\teat\tDET.SG\tfruit\tof\tDET.SG\ttree\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.bad,"Don't eat the fruit of that tree, it's harmful.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-101,1,"A ben komm somma, va a lussu wi na didübri hann.","A\tben\tkom\tsoma,\tfu\ta\tlusu\twi\tna\td'dibri\tanu.",3SG.SBJ\tPST\tcome\tperson\tfor\t3SG.SBJ\tfree\t3PL\tLOC\tdevil\thand,He became human to free us from the devil's hands.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-85,2,A plan fu a Masra e go doro.,A\tplan\tfu\ta\tMasra\te\tgo\tdoro.,DET\tplan\tof\tDET\tMaster\tIPFV\tgo\tthrough,The Lord’s plan continues.,,,,naturalistic written -2-86,2,Ma fa a pikin fu Oom N du dede dan?,Ma\tfa\ta\tpikin\tfu\tOom\tN\tdu\tdede\tdan?,but\thow\tDET\tchild\tof\tUncle\tN\tdo\tdie\tthen,"But how did Uncle N’s child actually die, then?",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-87,2,Den bigi suma taki yu kan kibri yu granmama bere.,Den\tbigi\tsuma\ttaki\tyu\tkan\tkibri\tyu\tgranmama\tbere.,The.PL\tbig\tperson\tsay\t2SG\tcan\tcover\t2SG\tgrandma\tbelly,The older folk say you can hide your grandmother’s belly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-88,2,Ma yu no kan kibri granmama koso.,Ma\tyu\tno\tkan\tkibri\tgranmama\tkoso.,but\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\tcover\tgrandma\tcough,But you can’t hide grandma's coughing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-43,3,Feledi jesi,Feledi\tjesi,Freddy\tear,Freddy's ear,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-44,3,jesi u Feledi,jesi\tu\tFeledi,ear\tPOSS\tFreddy,Freddy's ear,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-63,4,A gaanman uman.,A\tgaanman\tuman.,COP\tparamount.chief\twoman,It's the chief's wife.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-100,7,a man kyaa,a\tman\tkyaa,INDF.ART\tman\tcar,a man’s car(s),,,,naturalistic spoken -7-101,7,Anansi pi in Tukama han.,Anansi\tpi\tin\tTukama\than.,Anansi\tpee\tin\tTukama\thand,Anansi peed in Tukama’s hand.,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-60,8,Sanja buk an Piita bag de pan di grong.,Sanja\tbuk\tan\tPiita\tbag\tde\tpan\tdi\tgrong.,Sandra\tbook\tand\tPeter\tbag\tLOC\ton\tDET\tground,Sandra's book and Peter's bag are on the floor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-74,9,Yu sok di djus owta di ʃrim hɛd.,Yu\tsok\tdi\tdjus\towta\tdi\tʃrim\thɛd.,2SG\tsuck\tthe\tjuice\tout.of\tthe\tshrimp\thead,You suck the juice out of the shrimp's head.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-89,10,Gloria piknini,Gloria\tpiknini,Gloria\tchild,Gloria's child,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-90,10,mi nieba hous,mi\tnieba\thous,1SG.POSS\tneighbour\thouse,my neighbour's house,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-97,11,di Kingz daata,di\tKing-z\tdaata,ART.DEF\tKing-GEN\tdaughter,the King’s daughter,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-98,11,di King daata,di\tKing\tdaata,ART.DEF\tKing\tdaughter,the King's daughter,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-80,12,the boy uncle,the\tboy\tuncle,ART\tboy[POSS]\tuncle,the boy’s uncle,,,,unspecified -12-81,12,"Wally family over there. [...] Uh, my husband family.","Wally\tfamily\tover\tthere.\t[...]\tUh,\tmy\thusband\tfamily.",Wally[POSS]\tfamily\tover\tthere\t[...]\tuh\t1SG.POSS.DET\thusband[POSS]\tfamily,Wally’s family is over there. [...] My husband’s family.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-82,12,"Yeah, this one, that was Philip's girls – they – he used to have a lot of girl. He used to have a lot of girl.",[...]\tthat\twas\tPhilip's\tgirl-s\t[...],[...]\tDEM\t3PL.COP.PST\tPhilip.POSS\tgirl-PL\t[...],[...] those were Philip’s girls [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -13-72,13,Harrison daddy,Harrison\tdaddy,Harrison\tdaddy,Harrison’s daddy,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-73,13,Sister Campbell house,Sister\tCampbell\thouse,Sister\tCampbell\thouse,Sister Campbell’s house,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-48,14,Carl house,Carl\thouse,Carl.POSS\thouse,Carl's house,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-59,15,di man ĩ os,di\tman\tĩ\tos,DET\tman\tPOSS\thouse,the man's house,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-54,16,à hiɛ dɛ fud in tes,à\thiɛ\tdɛ\tfud\tin\ttes,1SG\thear\tART\tfood\t3SG.POSS\ttaste,I smelled the food. OR: I smell the food (lit. I heard the food's taste).,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-58,17,dì wuman mòto,dì\twuman\tmòto,ART.DEF\twoman\tcar,the woman’s car,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-53,18,Na Mary haus.,Na\tMary\thaus.,COP\tMary\thouse,It's Mary's house.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-65,19,Nà de à kan sàbí mì màmá ìn pàpá ìn fambul.,Nà\tde\tà\tkan\tsàbí\tmì\tmàmá\tìn\tpàpá\tìn\tfambul.,FOC\tthere\t1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tknow\t1SG.POSS\tmother\t3SG.POSS\tfather\t3SG.POSS\tfamily,It is there that I got to know my mother’s father’s family.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-66,19,[...] nà wan stayl fɔ̀ Pichi fɔ̀ wan barrio fɔ̀ Camerún.,[...]\tnà\twan\tstayl\tfɔ̀\tPichi\tfɔ̀\twan\tbarrio\tfɔ̀\tCamerún.,[...]\tFOC\tone\tmanner\tASSOC\tPichi\tASSOC\tone\tquarter\tASSOC\tCameroon,[...] that's a style of Pichi of a quarter for/in Cameroon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-67,19,wan glas wàtá,wan\tglas\twàtá,one\tglas\twater,a glass of water,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-50,21,David's house,David-'s\thouse,David-POSS\thouse,David's house (NOT: the house of David),,,,own knowledge -22-67,22,Em haus bilong dispela man.,Em\thaus\tbilong\tdispela\tman.,3SG\thouse\tPOSS\tthis\tman,That's this man's house.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-80,24,niggers hoof,niggers\thoof,Nigger.POSS\tfoot,place name OR: kind of edible tuber,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-82,24,ar pain fe Robinsons,ar\tpain\tfe\tRobinsons,the\tpine.tree\tPREP\tRobinson.GEN,Robinson’s pine tree,,,,unknown -25-201,25,[...] en det filik braja jinja.,[...]\ten\tdet\tfilik\tbraja\tjinja.,[...]\tand\tDEM\tFelik\tbrother\tGinger,"[...] and Felik’s [Felix'?] brother, Ginger.",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-44,27,by di han fa shi grōtkin,by\tdi\than\tfa\tshi\tgrōtkin,by\tDET\thand\tof\t3SG.POSS\tgrandchild,by the hand of his grandchild,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-45,27,di mēnshi shi hā,di\tmēnshi\tshi\thā,DET\tgirl\t3.POSS\thair,the girl's hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-74,28,di jɛrma papa,di\tjɛrma\tpapa,the\twoman\tfather,the girl's father,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-75,28,di potman ʃi toro,di\tpotɛ\tman\tʃi\ttoro,the\told\tman\t3SG.POSS\teye,the old man's eyes,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-66,29,Jan se kombuis,Jan\tse\tkombuis,John\tPOSS\tkitchen,John's kitchen,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-82,30,libru di Maria,libru\tdi=Maria,book\tof=Mary,Mary’s book,,,,constructed by linguist -30-83,30,libru-l Maria,libru=l\tMaria,book=of\tMary,Mary’s book,,,,constructed by linguist -30-84,30,libru Maria,libru\tMaria,book\tMary,Mary's book,,,,constructed by linguist -31-78,31,Nu djobe trabadju pa nu ka mexe mon na nada k'e di djenti.,Nu\tdjobe\ttrabadju\tpa\tnu\tka\tmexe\tmon\tna\tnada\tk'e\tdi\tdjenti.,we\tlook\twork\tfor\twe\tNEG\tput\thand\ton\tnothing\tthat.is\tof\tpeople,We look for work so that we don't steal people's things.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-53,32,Na káza de nha avô [...].,Na\tkáza\tde\tnha\tavô\t[...].,LOC\thouse\tof\t1SG.POSS\tgrandfather\t[...],In my grandfather's house [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-76,33,kasa di Robertu,kasa\tdi\tRobertu,house\tof\tRoberto,Roberto’s house,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-54,34,kasa di Joŋ,kasa\tdi\tJoŋ,house\tof\tJohn,John's house,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-55,34,kampu; kaŋ - Prera,kampu;\tkaŋ\t-\tPrera,homestead\thomestead\t-\tPrera,homestead; Prera's homestead,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-89,35,pe di mosu,pe\tdi\tmosu,father\tof\tboy,the boy's father,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-90,35,pe mina,pe\tmina,father\tgirl,the girl's father,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-91,35,ke d'ome,ke\td'=ome,house\tof=man,the man's house,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-51,36,Am thô tua thapatu Komba ba m'me minhu e.,Am\tthô\ttua\tthapatu\tKomba\tba\tm'me\tminhu\te.,1SG\tFOC\ttake\tshoe\tfriend\tgo\teat\tmaize\tDEM,It is me who took your shoes and went to eat the maize.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-58,37,ufaka sê novu di Mene,ufaka\tsê\tnovu\tdi\tMene,knife\tDEM\tnew\tof\tMene,Mene's new knife,,,,constructed by linguist -38-66,38,namemu patsyi mai,na-mé-mu\tpatsyi\tmai,ART-mother-1SG\tpart\tmother,my grandmother from mother's side,,,,elicited from speaker -38-140,38,Amea meza-sai sa lodonda.,Amea\tmeza-sai\tsa\tlodonda.,mesure\ttable-DEM\tbe\tround,The form of this table is round.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-82,39,"nɔven də nɔsior də mɔrt, nɔven də nɔsior də imakulad","nɔven\tdə\tnɔsior\tdə\tmɔrt,\tnɔven\tdə\tnɔsior\tdə\timakulad",novena\tof\tour.lady\tof\tdeath\tnovena\tof\tour.lady\tof\timmaculate,"the novena of Our Lady of Death, the novena of Our Lady of Immaculate (Conception)",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-51,40,pay su kadz; kadz paysu,pay\tsu\tkadz;\tkadz\tpay-su,father\tGEN\thouse\thouse\tfather-GEN,father's house; father's house,,,,constructed by linguist -41-69,41,"palaavra kavaapa dispoos nɔɔyvasu jeentis nooyvusu jeentispa partaypa lokomindaa ""nɔɔyvasu kaaza viitu andaa"" falaa","palaavra\tkavaa-pa\tdispoos\tnɔɔyva-su\tjeenti-s\tnooyvu-su\tjeentis-pa\tpartay-pa\tlo-komindaa\t""nɔɔyva-su\tkaaza\tvii-tu\tandaa""\tfalaa",betrothal\tend-DAT\tafter\tbride-GEN\tpeople-PL\tgroom-GEN\tpeople-ACC\tparty-DAT\tFUT-invite\tbride-GEN\thouse\tcome-PFV\tgo\tQUOT,"After the betrothal is finished, the bride's party will invite the groom's party to the party, saying ""Come to the bride's house.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-66,42,prau sa tabu,prau\tsa\ttabu,boat\tGEN\tplank,the boat's planking,,,,elicited from speaker -42-67,42,tabu di prau,tabu\tdi\tprau,plank\tof\tboat,the planking of the boat,,,,elicited from speaker -43-43,43,Ile anda nu chang di sua moler su pay.,Ile\tanda\tnu\tchang\tdi\tsua\tmoler\tsu\tpay.,he\tgo\tto\tland\tof\tPOSS.3SG\twife\tPOSS.3SG\tfather,He went to the property of his wife’s father.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-44,43,Ile anda nu chang di sua moler su pay.,Ile\tanda\tnu\tchang\tdi\tsua\tmoler\tsu\tpay.,he\tgo\tto\tland\tof\tPOSS.3SG\twife\tPOSS.3SG\tfather,He went to the property of his wife’s father.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-45,43,Inchi djenti tera kampong Tugu [...].,Inchi\tdjenti\ttera\tkampong\tTugu\t[...].,content\tpeople\tland\tvillage\tTugu\t[...],The amount of the people of the land of the village of Tugu [...].,,,,naturalistic written -43-46,43,Resabe porsi rikedja di mundu.,Resabe\tporsi\trikedja\tdi\tmundu.,get\tportion\trichness\tof\tworld,Get a portion of the richness of the world.,,,,naturalistic written -44-81,44,kása di kel nóbya,kása\tdi\tkel\tnóbya,house\tof\tDEF\tbride,house of the bride,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-66,45,Sucio el cara del pulubi.,Sucio\tel\tcara\tdel\tpulubi.,dirty\tDEF\tface\tof.the\tbeggar,The beggar’s face is dirty.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-79,46,el ermáno de mi táta,el\termáno\tde\tmi\ttáta,ART\tbrother\tof\tmy\tfather,the brother of my father,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-71,47,e kushina di Eric su kas,e\tkushina\tdi\tEric\tsu\tkas,DEF\tkitchen\tof\tEric\tPOSS\thouse,the kitchen of Eric's house,,,,published source -47-72,47,El a bula subi riba lomba di Cha Tiger.,E\ta\tbula\tsubi\triba\tlomba\tdi\tCha\tTiger.,3SG\tPFV\tjump\tgo.up\ton\tback\tof\tBrother\tTiger,He jumped on Brother Tiger's back,,,,literary source -48-63,48,ma etulé ri Palengue,ma\tetulé\tri\tPalengue,PL\tstudent\tof\tPalenque,the students of Palenque,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-64,48,kabesa ngombe,kabesa\tngombe,head\tcow,the cow's head OR: the head of the cow,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-65,48,kala Gutabo,kala\tGutabo,face\tGustavo,Gustavo's face,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-109,49,Mango madanm nan pouri.,Mango\tmadanm\tnan\tpouri.,mango\twoman\tDEF\trotten,The mango of the woman is rotten.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-110,49,liv Robè a,liv\tRobè\ta,book\tRobert\tDEF,Robert's book,,,,constructed by linguist -49-111,49,pitit Bouki,pitit\tBouki,child\tBouki,Bouki's child,,,,constructed by linguist -49-112,49,liv a Robè yo,liv\ta\tRobè\tyo,book\tPREP\tRobert\tPL,Robert's books,,,,constructed by linguist -49-113,49,pitit a moun nan,pitit\ta\tmoun\tnan,child\tPREP\tperson\tDEF.SG,the child of the person OR: the person's child,,,,constructed by linguist -50-64,50,kaz a Pyè,kaz\ta\tPyè,house\tof\tPeter,Peter's house,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-62,51,kay Piè,kay\tPiè,house\tPeter,Peter's house,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-140,53,chapo a nom-la,chapo\ta\tnom-la,hat\tPOSS\tman-ART.DEF,the man's hat,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-141,53,dan tan mon gran-papa a mo papa a mon,dan\ttan\tmon\tgran-papa\ta\tmo\tpapa\ta\tmon,in\ttime\t1SG.POSS\tgrand-father\tPOSS\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tPOSS\t1SG,in my great-grandfather's time,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-142,53,la mezon en blan,la\tmezon\ten\tblan,ART.DEF.SG\thouse\tART.INDF\twhite.person,a white person's house,,,,elicited from speaker -53-143,53,ziés à moin; tchor à li,ziés\tà\tmoin;\ttchor\tà\tli,eye\tPOSS\t1SG\theart\tPOSS\t3SG,my eyes; his heart,,,,naturalistic written -54-86,54,komansman le mwá,komansman\tlë\tmwa,beginning\tDEF\tmonth,at the beginning of the month,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-87,54,ó kómansman du mwá,o\tkomansman\tdu\tmwa,at\tbeginning\tof\tmonth,at the beginning of the month,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-68,55,Sesil so lisyeṅ — Madan pe marye ser mo kuzeṅ so madam,Sesil so lisyeṅ — Madan pe marye ser mo kuzeṅ so madam,Cécile 3SG.POSS dog   Madhun PROG marry sister 1SG.POSS cousin 3SG.POSS woman,Cécile's dog OR: the dog of Cécile — Madhun is marrying my cousin's wife's sister. OR: Madhun is marrying the sister of my cousin's wife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-69,55,lisyeṅ Sesil — Madan pe marye ser mo kuzeṅ so madam,lisyeṅ Sesil — Madan pe marye ser mo kuzeṅ so madam,dog Cécile   Madhun PROG marry sister 1SG.POSS cousin 3SG.POSS woman,Cécile's dog OR: the dog of Cécile — Madhun is marrying my cousin's wife's sister. OR: Madhun is marrying the sister of my cousin's wife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-83,56,sa zonm son lakaz,sa\tzonm\tson\tlakaz,DEM\tman\tPOSS.3SG\thouse,that man's house,,,,constructed by linguist -56-84,56,lakaz sa zonm,lakaz\tsa\tzonm,house\tDEM\tman,that man's house,,,,constructed by linguist -56-85,56,Sungula son vant ti 'n plen.,Sungula\tson\tvant\tti\t'n\tplen.,Sungula\tPOSS.3SG\tbelly\tPST\tPRF\tfull,Sungula's belly was full.,,,,naturalistic written -58-53,58,mw-ana na mono ~ yandi,mw-ana\tna\tmono\t~\tyandi,CL1-child\tof\tme\t~\thim/her,my/his ~ her child,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-54,58,mwana ya Petelo,mwana\tya\tPetelo,child\tof\tPeter,Peter's child,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-133,59,"ti laso, i eke baa","ti\tlaso,\ti\teke\tbaa",of\ttoday\t1PL\tCOP\tsee,"As for today's, we'll see about it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-134,59,lo ka yi na peko ti melenge ti wali so,lo\tka\tyi\tna\tpeko\tti\tmelenge\tti\twali\tso,3SG\tsell\tthing\tPREP\tback\tof\tchild\tof\tfemale\tDEM,He paid the bride-price for this girl.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-135,59,lo oko la ake lango na ya ti da,lo\toko\tlaa\ta-yeke\tlango\tna\tya\tti\tda,3SG\tone\tFOC\tPM-COP\tsleep\tPREP\tbelly\tof\thouse,She alone slept habitually in the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-52,60,mbóngo ya mobáli,mbóngo\tya\tmobáli,money\tof\tman,the money of the man,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-34,61,lo baba ga yena,lo\tbaba\tga\tyena,DEF.ART\tfather\tPOSS\tshe,her father OR: his/its father,,,,elicited from speaker -62-33,62,itabenu lá m-hatú,itabenu\tlí-a\tm-hatu,branch[5]\t5-POSS\t3-tree,branch of a tree,,,,elicited from speaker -63-67,63,kámbi alúru,kámbi\talúru,camp\tAluru,the camp of the Aluru,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-68,63,lébis ta sudan-íya,lébis\tta\tsudan-íya,cloth\tGEN\tSudanese-PL,the clothes of the Sudanese,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-74,64,fi morá ta wáhid ta mundári,fi\tmorá\tta\twáhid\tta\tmundári,in\tenclosure\tPOSS\tone\tPOSS\tMundari,in an enclosure of one of the Mundari tribe OR: in a Mundari's enclosure,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-64,65,Eta bəratə synə iwo gawalila.,Eta\tbəratə\tsynə\tiwo\tgawali-la.,this\tbrother\tson\t3SG\tspeak-PST,The nephew spoke about it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-47,66,Miflalpe kendera,Miflal-pe\tkendera,Miflal-POSS\tchair,Miflal’s chair,,,,constructed by linguist -67-85,67,"Itu periuk punya tutup ah kasi terbang ah, turun bawah.","Itu\tperiuk\tpunya\ttutup\tah\tkasi\tterbang\tah,\tturun\tbawah.",DEM\tpot\tPOSS\tlid\tTOP\tcause\tfly\tTOP\tgo.down\tunder,The lid of the pot flew and dropped down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-86,67,Ini Anita laki.,Ini\tAnita\tlaki.,DEM\tAnita\thusband,This is Anita’s husband.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-87,67,Dia dua-dua nama dua tempat ah.,Dia\tdua~dua\tnama\tdua\ttempat\tah.,3SG\ttwo~two\tname\ttwo\tplace\tEMPH,Both are the names of two places.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-52,68,Antua dengar orang pung susa.,Antua\tdengar\torang\tpung\tsusa.,3SG.FORMAL\thear\tperson\tPOSS\tdifficulty,She listens to the person's problems.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-30,69,mənakən aykum,men-(n)akən\taykum,3SG-POSS\twoman,his wife,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-66,71,Wau hele no ma ka hale o Joe.,Wau\thele\tno\tma\tka\thale\to\tJoe.,1SG\tgo\tINTENS\tLOC\tDEF\thouse\tPOSS\tJoe,I went to Joe's house.,,,,naturalistic written -72-65,72,Kajirringku purlkkarra kengkaru majul.,Kajirri-ngku\tpurlk-karra\tkengkaru\tmajul.,woman-ERG\tpull.out-CONT\tkangaroo\tstomach,The woman is pulling out the kangaroo's guts.,,,f2468f28aad6635303c35e78ab96d6fd,naturalistic spoken -73-51,73,Xwanami Markobu platuda kibrashka,Xwana-mi\tMarko-bu\tplatu-da\tkibra-shka,Juana-AFF\tMarco-GEN\tplate-ACC\tbreak-EVID,Juana has broken Marco's plates.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-61,74,náyka haws,náyka\thaws,1SG\thouse,my house,,,,constructed by linguist -74-62,74,man yáka haws,man\tyáka\thaws,man\t3SG\thouse,the man's house,,,,constructed by linguist -75-108,75,robeer soo narey,robeer\tsoo\tnarey,Robert\tPOSS.3\tear,Robert's ear,,,,elicited from speaker -75-109,75,[...] eeka la Sandriyeuz opaapaawa ekota kaaayaayit.,[...]\teeka\tla\tSandriyeuz\to-paapaa-wa\tekota\tkaa-ayaa-yi-t.,[...]\tNEG\tDEF.ART.F\tCinderella\t3.POSS-father-OBV\tthere\tCOMP-be-OBV-3,[...] when Cinderella's father was not there.,,,,naturalistic spoken +(personal data, Chinese native speaker)",,The pronoun iwo is used for singular and plural.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Tam iwo kitaisa pampusike kushi.",,there 3 Chinese Chinese.bread eat,"The pronoun iwo is used for singular and plural.",own data from Chinese native speaker,Там иво китайса пампушэка куши.,3609, +66-32,66,Sigretpəðə minung(-la)!,Sigret-pəðə\tminung(-la)!,cigarette-PL\tdrink(-IMP),Smoke cigarettes!,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Sigretpəðə minung(-la)!",Sigret-pəðə minung(-la)!,cigarette-PL drink(-IMP),,Own knowledge,,3610, +66-33,66,Derang sigretpəɖə tərəminung.,Derang\tsigret-pəɖə\ttərə-minung.,3PL\tcigarette-PL\tNEG.FIN-drink,They did not smoke cigarettes.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Derang sigretpəɖə tərəminung.",Derang sigret-pəɖə tərə-minung.,3PL cigarette-PL NEG.FIN-drink,,Own knowledge,,3611, +67-57,67,diaorang,dia-orang,3SG-person,they,,,"708[73, 97]",,naturalistic spoken,diaorang,dia-orang,3SG-person,,,,3612, +67-58,67,buku-buku,buku~buku,book~book,books,,,708[97],,naturalistic spoken,buku-buku,buku~buku,book~book,,,,3613, +69-21,69,mən manba,mən\tmanba,3SG\tmany,they,,,,,elicited from speaker,mən manba,,3SG many,,Own field notes 1985,,3614, +69-22,69,aykum manba,aykum\tmanba,woman\tmany,women,,,,,elicited from speaker,aykum manba,,woman many,,Own field notes 1985,,3615, +71-49,71,Mahea lakou hele?,Mahea\tlakou\thele?,where\t3PL\tgo,Where did they go?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Mahea lakou hele?",,where 3PL go,,Own data 1896,,3616, +72-47,72,An rein bin baldan bo dem na.,An\trein\tbin\tbaldan\tbo\tdem\tna.,and\train\tPST\tfall\tDAT\t3PL.OBJ\tFOC,And it rained on them now.,,Here dem is the standard 3PL.OBJ pronoun.,8,80210fad978d4196cea2318e9e52de48,naturalistic spoken,An rein bin baldan bo dem na.,,and rain PST fall DAT 3PL.OBJ FOC,"Here dem is the standard 3PL.OBJ pronoun.",,,3617, +72-48,72,Dei bin kayikayi ngayu dem karu-walijangku nyawarrattu.,Dei\tbin\tkayikayi\tngayu\tdem\tkaru-walija-ngku\tnyawa-rrat-tu.,3PL.SBJ\tPST\tchase\t1SG\tthose\tchild-PAUC-ERG\tthis-PL-ERG,"They chased me, those kids did.",,Dem is used as a plural determiner in this example.,920[405],,naturalistic spoken,"Dei bin kayikayi ngayu dem karu-walijangku nyawarrattu.","Dei bin kayikayi ngayu dem karu-walija-ngku nyawa-rrat-tu.","3PL.SBJ PST chase 1SG those child-PAUC-ERG this-PL-ERG","Dem is used as a plural determiner in this example.",,,3618, +72-49,72,Darrei olda martiya kankula tringka.,Darrei\tolda\tmartiya\tkankula\ttri-ngka.,that.way\tall.of.the\tbush.gum\tup\ttree-LOC,That way all of the bush gum is in the tree.,,,583,4d15db01b2d92ea9fd2a3dbebef64896,elicited from speaker,Darrei olda martiya kankula tringka.,Darrei olda martiya kankula tri-ngka.,that.way all.of.the bush.gum up tree-LOC,,,,3619, +72-50,72,Olda karu dei rarraj hawujjirri.,Olda\tkaru\tdei\trarraj\thawuj-jirri.,all.of.the\tchild\t3PL.S\trun\thouse-ALL,All the children run towards the house.,,,583,0a947502945a406d54c7451a1d8a27f3,naturalistic spoken,Olda karu dei rarraj hawujjirri.,Olda karu dei rarraj hawuj-jirri.,all.of.the child 3PL.S run house-ALL,,,,3620, +74-40,74,kámuks,kámuks,dog,"dog, dogs",,,,,constructed by linguist,kámuks,,dog,,Own knowledge,,3621, +75-78,75,Wiyawaaw lii pleu aan naryeer daa la prosisyoon.,Wiyawaaw\tlii\tpleu\taan\tnaryeer\tdaa\tla\tprosisyoon.,3PL\tART.PL\tSUPERL\tLOC.PREP\tbehind\tLOC.PREP\tDEF.ART.F\tprocession,They were hindmost in the procession.,,,789[133],,naturalistic written,"Wiyawaaw lii pleu aan naryeer daa la prosisyoon.",,3PL ART.PL SUPERL LOC.PREP behind LOC.PREP DEF.ART.F procession,,,,3622, +1-77,1,Da wan sakkasakkasanni.,Da\twan\tsaka~saka-sani.,it.be\tINDF.SG\tADJ~remain-thing,That's a weightless thing.,,Here the verb sakka is reduplicated forming an adjective that attributes a stative result.,1357[148],,written (dictionary),Da wan sakkasakkasanni.,Da wan saka~saka-sani.,it.be INDF.SG ADJ~remain-thing,"Here the verb sakka is reduplicated forming an adjective that attributes a stative result.",,,3623,German: Das ist was leichtes [...]. [op.cit.] +1-78,1,Zibi Zibi,sibisibi,sweep.RED,broom,,The verb sibi 'sweep' is reduplicated to form the instrument noun sibisibi 'broom'.,1527[14],,written,Zibi Zibi,sibisibi,sweep.RED,"The verb sibi 'sweep' is reduplicated to form the instrument noun sibisibi 'broom'.",,,3624,Dutch: beuzem [op.cit.] +1-79,1,"Wan hessi hessi lobbi no bun, a no holi langa.","Wan\thesi~hesi\tlobi\tno\tbun,\ta\tno\thori\tlanga.",INDF.SG\tquick.RED\tlove\tNEG\tbe.good\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\thold\tlong,"Fast love is no good, it will not last long.",,"Ad Feature 26 ""Functions of reduplication"": Reduplication of the adjective hesi expresses intensity. +Ad Feature 74 ""Predicative adjectives"": This example illustrates adjectival predication without copula (here with negation).",1357[66],,written (dictionary),"Wan hessi hessi lobbi no bun, a no holi langa.","Wan hesi~hesi lobi no bun, a no hori langa.",INDF.SG quick.RED love NEG be.good 3SG.SBJ NEG hold long,"Ad Feature 26 ""Functions of reduplication"": Reduplication of the adjective hesi expresses intensity. +Ad Feature 74 ""Predicative adjectives"": This example illustrates adjectival predication without copula (here with negation).",,,3625,"German: Schnelle Liebe taugt nicht, u[nd] hält nicht Stich. [op.cit.]" +1-80,1,Trueh da sandi na hipihipi.,Trowe\tda\tsandi\tna\thipi~hipi.,throw\tDET.SG\tsand\tLOC\theap.RED,Throw up the sand in (separate) heaps.,,The reduplication of nouns to express multitude is rare; it may be typical of the European variety. Slightly more frequent is reduplication expressing a distributive meaning.,1357[66],,written (dictionary),Trueh da sandi na hipihipi.,Trowe da sandi na hipi~hipi.,throw DET.SG sand LOC heap.RED,The reduplication of nouns to express multitude is rare; it may be typical of the European variety. Slightly more frequent is reduplication expressing a distributive meaning.,,,3626,"German: [Werfe den Sand] in einzelnen Haufen, haufenweise. [op.cit.]" +2-58,2,Norfu e férfi férfi.,Norfu\te\tférfi~férfi.,Norval\tASP\tpaint~DIM,Norval is painting a bit.,,This illustrates diminutive reduplication.,11[89],,unknown,Norfu e férfi férfi.,Norfu e férfi~férfi.,Norval ASP paint~DIM,This illustrates diminutive reduplication.,,,3627, +2-59,2,a oso de férfi férfi,a\toso\tde\tférfi~férfi,ART\thouse\tCOP\tpaint~STATE,The house is (in a) painted (state).,,This is an example of word-class changing reduplication (here: V > ADJ).,1426[90],,unknown,a oso de férfi férfi,a oso de férfi~férfi,ART house COP paint~STATE,This is an example of word-class changing reduplication (here: V > ADJ).,,,3628, +2-60,2,a oso férfi ferfi,a\toso\tférfi~ferfi,ART\thouse\tpaint~ITER,The house was/has been painted several times.,,This is an example of iterative verbal reduplication with the main accent on the stem.,11[90],,unknown,a oso férfi ferfi,a oso férfi~ferfi,ART house paint~ITER,This is an example of iterative verbal reduplication with the main accent on the stem.,,,3629, +3-29,3,wɛti-wɛti,wɛti~wɛti,white.RED,whitish,,Reduplication here has an attenuating function.,94[76],,naturalistic spoken,wɛti-wɛti,wɛti~wɛti,white.RED,Reduplication here has an attenuating function.,,,3630, +3-30,3,A ta waka hesi-hesi.,A\tta\twaka\thesi~hesi.,3SG\tASP\twalk\tfast.RED,He walks fast.,,Reduplication here has an iconic function.,94[76],,naturalistic spoken,A ta waka hesi-hesi.,A ta waka hesi~hesi.,3SG ASP walk fast.RED,Reduplication here has an iconic function.,,,3631, +3-31,3,Dí wómi de síki-síki.,Dí\twómi\tde\tsíki~síki.,DEF.SG\tman\tBE\tsick.RED,The man is in a bad/weak health.,,Reduplication here has a category-changing function.,1539[20],,naturalistic spoken,Dí wómi de síki-síki.,Dí wómi de síki~síki.,DEF.SG man BE sick.RED,Reduplication here has a category-changing function.,,,3632, +4-39,4,A dagu ya fatufatu.,A\tdagu\tya\tfatu~fatu.,DET.SG\tdog\there\tfat~fat,The dog is fattish.,,This example represents an attenuating use of reduplication.,568[113],,naturalistic spoken,A dagu ya fatufatu.,A dagu ya fatu~fatu.,DET.SG dog here fat~fat,This example represents an attenuating use of reduplication.,,,3633, +4-40,4,A uwiii fu mi de lusulusu kaba.,A\tuwiii\tfu\tmi\tde\tlusu~lusu\tkaba.,DET.SG\thair\tPOSS\tme\tCOP\tloose~loose\talready,My hair is already in a loosened (unbraided) state.,,Here reduplication changes a verb lusu ‘to loosen’ into an adjective lusulusu ‘in a loosened state’.,568[112],,naturalistic spoken,A uwiii fu mi de lusulusu kaba.,A uwiii fu mi de lusu~lusu kaba.,DET.SG hair POSS me COP loose~loose already,"Here reduplication changes a verb lusu ‘to loosen’ into an adjective lusulusu ‘in a loosened state’.",,,3634, +4-41,4,A sama akisiakisi sani te mi ede kon sipan.,A\tsama\takisi~akisi\tsani\tte\tmi\tede\tkon\tsipan.,DET.SG\tperson\task~ask\tthing\tuntil\tmy\thead\tcome\ttense,They asked a lot of things until my head hurt. OR: They continued to ask...,,Here reduplication denotes intensity.,,,naturalistic spoken,A sama akisiakisi sani te mi ede kon sipan.,A sama akisi~akisi sani te mi ede kon sipan.,DET.SG person ask~ask thing until my head come tense,Here reduplication denotes intensity.,Own observation,,3635, +5-45,5,dem piknii dee fós fós,dem\tpiknii\tdee\tfós~fós,those\tchild\tbe\tfirst~first,The children went in front. OR: Those children were very much in front. (iconic interpretation),,This example illustrates an iconic interpretation.,1281[230 (line 1142)],,naturalistic spoken,dem piknii dee fós fós,dem piknii dee fós~fós,those child be first~first,This example illustrates an iconic interpretation.,,,3636, +5-46,5,mii duu kàin káin wok,mii\tduu\tkàin~káin\twok,I\tdo\tkind~kind\twork,"I do all kinds of work. OR: I do work of this kind, that kind, the other kind.",,This example illustrates attenuating (i.e. distributive) interpretation.,1281[228],,naturalistic spoken,mii duu kàin káin wok,mii duu kàin~káin wok,I do kind~kind work,This example illustrates attenuating (i.e. distributive) interpretation.,,,3637, +5-47,5,bloo bloo,bloo\tbloo,blow.V\tblow.V,a whistle (noun),,"Here reduplication has word-class changing function (in this instance from verb to noun). This function is lexically specific, i.e. not generally productive.",,,constructed by linguist,bloo bloo,bloo bloo,blow.V blow.V,"Here reduplication has word-class changing function (in this instance from verb to noun). This function is lexically specific, i.e. not generally productive.",Own knowledge,,3638, +6-29,6,krai-krai,krai~krai,cry~cry,cry constantly,,,3[456],,constructed by linguist,krai-krai,krai~krai,cry~cry,,,,3639, +6-125,6,she ugly ugly fo so,she\tugly~ugly\tfo\tso,3SG.F\tuglyugly\tINTFR\tINTFR,she's very ugly,,,,,elicited from speaker,she ugly ugly fo so,she ugly~ugly fo so,3SG.F uglyugly INTFR INTFR,,Own data,,3640, +7-71,7,a wikid wikid man,a\twikid~wikid\tman,INDF\twicked~wicked\tman,a very wicked/cruel man,,Adjectives are intensified by juxtaposed repetition.,1244[137],,naturalistic spoken,a wikid wikid man,a wikid~wikid man,INDF wicked~wicked man,Adjectives are intensified by juxtaposed repetition.,,,3641, +7-72,7,Shi baal shi baal.,Shi\tbaal\tshi\tbaal.,3SG\tbawl\t3SG\tbawl,She cried a lot.,,"Verbs can also be intensified by reduplication, but an element is usually interposed before the repetition of the verb: either the morpheme an or the repeated pronoun.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Shi baal shi baal.,,3SG bawl 3SG bawl,"Verbs can also be intensified by reduplication, but an element is usually interposed before the repetition of the verb: either the morpheme an or the repeated pronoun.",Own knowledge,,3642, +7-73,7,deiz an deiz,dei-z\tan\tdei-z,day-PL\tand\tday-PL,many days,,This example illustrates the intensifier or quantifier use of coordinated reduplication.,1244[185],,naturalistic spoken,deiz an deiz,dei-z an dei-z,day-PL and day-PL,This example illustrates the intensifier or quantifier use of coordinated reduplication.,,,3643, +7-74,7,Dem duhz waak bruhk uhp bruhk uhp.,Dem\tduhz\twaak\tbruhk\tuhp\tbruhk\tuhp.,3PL\tHAB\twalk\tbroke\tup\tbroke\tup,They walk very unsteadily.,,Words that have an adverbial function are intensified by juxtaposed repetition.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dem duhz waak bruhk uhp bruhk uhp.,,3PL HAB walk broke up broke up,Words that have an adverbial function are intensified by juxtaposed repetition.,Own knowledge,,3644, +8-40,8,yala-yala,yala~yala,yellow~yellow,"yellowish, yellow-spotted",,,756[107],,naturalistic written,yala-yala,yala~yala,yellow~yellow,,,,3645, +8-41,8,swiit-swiit,swiit~swiit,sweet~sweet,"something that smells sweet, e.g. perfume, disinfectant",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,swiit-swiit,swiit~swiit,sweet~sweet,,Own knowledge,,3646, +9-52,9,Tayga baal i baal i baal i baal n̩ i tek buʃ.,Tayga\tbaal\ti\tbaal\ti\tbaal\ti\tbaal\tn̩\ti\ttek\tbuʃ.,tiger\tbawl\t3SG\tbawl\t3SG\tbawl\t3SG\tbawl\tand\t3SG\ttake\tbush,Tiger cried and cried and finally fled into the forest.,,"Here reduplication indicates intensity, pain.",445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,Tayga baal i baal i baal i baal n̩ i tek buʃ.,,tiger bawl 3SG bawl 3SG bawl 3SG bawl and 3SG take bush,"Here reduplication indicates intensity, pain.",,,3647, +10-53,10,Uova de flaat flat.,Uova\tde\tflaat~flat.,over\tDEM.LOC\tflat~flat,The land is very flat over there.,,,113[40],,naturalistic spoken,Uova de flaat flat.,Uova de flaat~flat.,over DEM.LOC flat~flat,,,,3648, +11-58,11,Di monki mi hapi hapi.,Di\tmonki\tmi\thapi~hapi.,ART.DEF\tmonkey\tPST\thappyhappy,The monkey was very happy.,,,,,naturalistic written,Di monki mi hapi hapi.,Di monki mi hapi~hapi.,ART.DEF monkey PST happyhappy,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,3649, +11-59,11,"“Hel, bwai,” ih seh veks veks veks.","“Hel,\tbwai,”\tih\tseh\tveks~veks~veks.",hell\tboy\t3SG\tsay\tvex~vex~vex,"“Hell, boy,” he said very much annoyed.",,,,,naturalistic written,"“Hel, bwai,” ih seh veks veks veks.","“Hel, bwai,” ih seh veks~veks~veks.",hell boy 3SG say vex~vex~vex,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,3650, +11-60,11,Wi taiad ron ron bout di plees.,Wi\ttaiad\tron~ron\tbout\tdi\tplees.,1PL\ttired\trun~run\tabout\tART.DEF\tplace,We were tired of running around the place/area.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wi taiad ron ron bout di plees.,Wi taiad ron~ron bout di plees.,1PL tired run~run about ART.DEF place,,,,3651, +11-61,11,Wi haf plenti plenti Miskito piipl out dier.,Wi\thaf\tplenti~plenti\tMiskito\tpiipl\tout\tdier.,1PL\thave\tplenty~plenty\tMiskito\tpeople\tout\tthere.,"There are many, many Miskito people out there.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wi haf plenti plenti Miskito piipl out dier.,Wi haf plenti~plenti Miskito piipl out dier.,1PL have plenty~plenty Miskito people out there.,,,,3652, +12-52,12,"[...] the wind throw that board right off. I tell you we couldn'ta see nothing, you know, like when it get dark-dark night, we couldn'ta see nothing. The girl - the other girl, she start hollering, I say, Child, you hollering, and you better let's pray. And I start praying, and right after that, girl, I s- it come clear-clear.",[...]\twhen\tit\tget\tdark~dark\tnight\t[...]\tit\tcome\tclear~clear.,[...]\twhen\tit\tget\tdark.RED\tnight\t[...]\tit\tcome\tclear.RED,"[...] [the wind threw that board right off (the boat).] [...] [we weren’t able to see anything] [...] as when the night turns really dark [...]. [The other girl started shouting] [...] [And I started to pray, and right away,] it became very clear.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] the wind throw that board right off. I tell you we couldn'ta see nothing, you know, like when it get dark-dark night, we couldn'ta see nothing. The girl - the other girl, she start hollering, I say, Child, you hollering, and you better let's pray. And I start praying, and right after that, girl, I s- it come clear-clear.",[...] when it get dark~dark night [...] it come clear~clear.,[...] when it get dark.RED night [...] it come clear.RED,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3653, +12-53,12,"He say he going Freeport. Freeport, yeah, you ever been over there? I never been, I want go visit, and I hear that nice, you know. I hear in Freeport clean-clean!",[...]\tin\tFreeport\tclean~clean!,[...]\tin\tFreeport\tclean.RED,[...] Freeport is supposed to be very clean.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"He say he going Freeport. Freeport, yeah, you ever been over there? I never been, I want go visit, and I hear that nice, you know. I hear in Freeport clean-clean!",[...] in Freeport clean~clean!,[...] in Freeport clean.RED,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3654, +13-45,13,fill fill,fill~fill,fill~INTENS,fill entirely,,,1500[235],,naturalistic spoken,fill fill,fill~fill,fill~INTENS,,,,3655, +13-46,13,true true,true~true,true~INTENS,very true,,,1500[235],,naturalistic spoken,true true,true~true,true~INTENS,,,,3656, +15-43,15,ala ala,ala~ala,shout~shout,to scream very loudly OR: to shout very loudly,,,517[25],,naturalistic written,ala ala,ala~ala,shout~shout,,,,3657, +15-44,15,wàkà wákà,wàkà~wákà,walk~walk,promiscuous OR: living promiscuously,,TThis is word-class changing reduplication. he tone assignment on this type of reduplication is different from the tone assignment on the same sequence of words reduplicated for intensity.,517[25],,naturalistic written,wàkà wákà,wàkà~wákà,walk~walk,TThis is word-class changing reduplication. he tone assignment on this type of reduplication is different from the tone assignment on the same sequence of words reduplicated for intensity.,,,3658, +16-39,16,ì dè vɔmit vɔmit dɛn ʃit ʃit,ì\tdè\tvɔmit~vɔmit\tdɛn\tʃit~ʃit,3SG\tPROG\tvomit~vomit\tand\tshit~shit,He kept on vomiting and shitting.,,"This example shows iconic reduplication expressing iterativity. Other iconic meanings expressed by reduplication are intensification, distribution, iterativity, habituality and dispersion.",657[145],,naturalistic spoken,ì dè vɔmit vɔmit dɛn ʃit ʃit,ì dè vɔmit~vɔmit dɛn ʃit~ʃit,3SG PROG vomit~vomit and shit~shit,"This example shows iconic reduplication expressing iterativity. Other iconic meanings expressed by reduplication are intensification, distribution, iterativity, habituality and dispersion.",,,3659, +16-40,16,ì bì puɔ puɔ dè mek jù dè go bus,ì\tbì\tpuɔ~puɔ\tdè\tmek\tjù\tdè\tgo\tbus,3SG\tCOP\tpoor~poor\tHAB\tCAUS\t2SG\tHAB\tgo\tbooze,It is poverty that makes you go and drink.,,,657[144],,naturalistic spoken,ì bì puɔ puɔ dè mek jù dè go bus,ì bì puɔ~puɔ dè mek jù dè go bus,3SG COP poor~poor HAB CAUS 2SG HAB go booze,,,,3660, +17-39,17,Dì wo̱sh wo̱sh we̱ à wo̱sh no bì smo̱l o.,Dì\two̱sh~wo̱sh\twe̱\tà\two̱sh\tno\tbì\tsmo̱l\to.,the\twash.RED\tREL\t1SG.SBJ\twash\tNEG\tCOP\tbe.small\tREALIS,I did a tremendous amount of washing.,,,462[243],,naturalistic spoken,Dì wo̱sh wo̱sh we̱ à wo̱sh no bì smo̱l o.,Dì wo̱sh~wo̱sh we̱ à wo̱sh no bì smo̱l o.,the wash.RED REL 1SG.SBJ wash NEG COP be.small REALIS,,,,3661, +17-40,17,Pipol ple̱nti ple̱nti nyàfù nyáfú.,Pipol\tple̱nti~ple̱nti\tnyàfù~nyáfú.,people\tbe.plenty~INTENS\tIDEO~ABUNDANCE,There are very many people (there).,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pipol ple̱nti ple̱nti nyàfù nyáfú.,Pipol ple̱nti~ple̱nti nyàfù~nyáfú.,people be.plenty~INTENS IDEO~ABUNDANCE,,Own knowledge,,3662, +17-41,17,Ìm put ye̱lo ye̱lo klo̱t.,Ìm\tput\tye̱lo~ye̱lo\tklo̱t.,3SG.SBJ\tput\tyellow~ATT\tcloth,S/he wore faded clothes.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ìm put ye̱lo ye̱lo klo̱t.,Ìm put ye̱lo~ye̱lo klo̱t.,3SG.SBJ put yellow~ATT cloth,,Own knowledge,,3663, +18-40,18,I bin rohn kwik kwik.,I\tbin\tron\tkwik~kwik.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\trun\tquick~quick,He ran very quickly.,,,1488[22],,published source,I bin rohn kwik kwik.,I bin ron kwik~kwik.,3SG.SBJ PST run quick~quick,,,,3664, +18-41,18,Ren di fol fol.,Ren\tdi\tfol~fol.,rain\tIPFV\tfall~fall,It is raining all the time.,,,63[439],,published source,Ren di fol fol.,Ren di fol~fol.,rain IPFV fall~fall,,,,3665, +19-45,19,Bɔ̀t in sìdɔ́n dɔn dɔn dɔn yàndá.,Bɔ̀t\tin\tsìdɔ́n\tdɔn\tdɔn\tdɔn\tyàndá.,but\t3SG.EMPH\tstay\tdown\tREP\tREP\tyonder,But he lives far down there.,,,1634[325],,naturalistic spoken,"Bɔ̀t in sìdɔ́n dɔn dɔn dɔn yàndá.",,but 3SG.EMPH stay down REP REP yonder,,,,3666, +19-46,19,Sɔ̀ntɛ́n è bìn dè jùmp-jump jùmp-jump pero è stret naw.,Sɔ̀ntɛ́n\tè\tbìn\tdè\tjùmp~jump\tjùmp~jump\tpero\tè\tstret\tnaw.,perhaps\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tIPFV\tRED.CPD.jump\tRED.CPD.jump\tbut\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.straight\tnow,Perhaps she was jumping around aimlessly all the time but she’s upright now.,,"This example involves both reduplication (the words separated by the tilde) and repetition (of the preceding reduplication). +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",1634[148],,naturalistic spoken,"Sɔ̀ntɛ́n è bìn dè jùmp-jump jùmp-jump pero è stret naw.","Sɔ̀ntɛ́n è bìn dè jùmp~jump jùmp~jump pero è stret naw.",perhaps 3SG.SBJ PST IPFV RED.CPD.jump RED.CPD.jump but 3SG.SBJ be.straight now,"This example involves both reduplication (the words separated by the tilde) and repetition (of the preceding reduplication). +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",,,3667, +20-34,20,Get up chop chop.,Get\tup\tchop~chop.,get\tup\tquick~quick,Get up quickly.,,,1489[IV.44],,naturalistic written,Get up chop chop.,Get up chop~chop.,get up quick~quick,,,（口結）鴨執執,3668, +20-35,20,You no give he chow chow.,You\tno\tgive\the\tchow~chow.,2SG\tNEG\tgive\t3SG\tfood~food,You have not fed them. OR: You have not fed them properly.,,The second translation is as given in Tong (1862).,1489[VI.27],,naturalistic written,You no give he chow chow.,You no give he chow~chow.,2SG NEG give 3SG food~food,The second translation is as given in Tong (1862).,,㕭哪刦希罩罩,3669, +21-34,21,sweet-sweet,sweet~sweet,sweet~sweet,very sweet,,,1569[108],,naturalistic spoken,sweet-sweet,sweet~sweet,sweet~sweet,,,,3670, +21-35,21,cough-cough,cough~cough,cough~cough,cough a little,,,1569[110],,naturalistic spoken,cough-cough,cough~cough,cough~cough,,,,3671, +22-52,22,"Tasol mi painim painim, nogat.","Tasol\tmi\tpainim~painim,\tnogat.",but\t1SG\tsearch~search\tnothing,I kept searching but in vain.,,,1548[332],,naturalistic written,"Tasol mi painim painim, nogat.","Tasol mi painim~painim, nogat.",but 1SG search~search nothing,,,,3672, +22-53,22,Ston i tantanim i kam daun.,ston\ti\ttan~tanim\ti\tkam\tdaun,stone\tPM\tITER~turn\tPM\tcome\tdown,The stone rolled down.,,,967[192],,naturalistic written,Ston i tantanim i kam daun.,ston i tan~tanim i kam daun,stone PM ITER~turn PM come down,,,,3673, +22-54,22,Ol i kam tupela tupela.,Ol\ti\tkam\ttu-pela~tu-pela.,3PL\tPM\tcome\ttwo-MOD~two-MOD,They came two by two.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ol i kam tupela tupela.,Ol i kam tu-pela~tu-pela.,3PL PM come two-MOD~two-MOD,,Own knowledge,,3674, +24-58,24,teya teya,teya~teya,tear~tear,"torn in many places, ragged",,,,,naturalistic spoken,teya teya,teya~teya,tear~tear,,Own fieldwork,,3675, +24-59,24,huihui,huihui,filthy,very dirty,,There is no morpheme hui.,,,naturalistic spoken,huihui,,filthy,"There is no morpheme hui.",Own fieldwork,,3676, +25-155,25,Im-in baj-im-ap-baj-im-ap.,Im-in\tbaj-im-ap~baj-im-ap.,3SG-PST\tpass-TR-up-pass-TR-up,He was bringing it.,,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the use of reduplication to indicate temporal extension of an event.,1333[117],,unknown,Im-in baj-im-ap-baj-im-ap.,Im-in baj-im-ap~baj-im-ap.,3SG-PST pass-TR-up-pass-TR-up,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the use of reduplication to indicate temporal extension of an event.,,,3677, +25-156,25,Wan lain deibin gowin-gowin.,Wan\tlain\tdei=bin\tgowin~gowin.,one\tline\t3PL=PST\tRED.go:in,They went in one line. (referring to cockroaches),,Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates the use of reduplication in on a predicate to indicate plurality of agents.,128[6],,naturalistic written,Wan lain deibin gowin-gowin.,Wan lain dei=bin gowin~gowin.,one line 3PL=PST RED.go:in,Variety: Written Roper River. This example illustrates the use of reduplication in on a predicate to indicate plurality of agents.,,,3678, +25-157,25,Dei bin traitrai. Najing.,Dei\tbin\ttrai~trai.\tNajing.,3PL\tPST\tRED.try\tnothing,They tried and tried and tried. But it was useless.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates verbal reduplication.,1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,Dei bin traitrai. Najing.,Dei bin trai~trai. Najing.,3PL PST RED.try nothing,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates verbal reduplication.,,,3679, +25-158,25,Thet difrendifrenwan.,Thet\tdifren~difren-wan.,DEM\tRED.different-ADJ,They are different ones.,,Variety: Spoken Victoria River. This example illustrates reduplication of a predicative adjective to indicate multiplicity of subject referents.,,,naturalistic spoken,Thet difrendifrenwan.,Thet difren~difren-wan.,DEM RED.different-ADJ,Variety: Spoken Victoria River. This example illustrates reduplication of a predicative adjective to indicate multiplicity of subject referents.,Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3680, +28-53,28,di wotap draitɛ sa kalkali fi ɛkɛ,di\twoto-apu\tdrai-tɛ\tso\tkali~kali\tfi\tɛkɛ,the\tword-PL\tturn-PFV\tso\tsmall~small\tfor\t1SG,The words become so tiny for me. (referring to failing eyesight),,This illustrates distributive reduplication of an adjective.,746[260],,naturalistic spoken,di wotap draitɛ sa kalkali fi ɛkɛ,di woto-apu drai-tɛ so kali~kali fi ɛkɛ,the word-PL turn-PFV so small~small for 1SG,This illustrates distributive reduplication of an adjective.,,,3681, +28-54,28,ʃi kɛnap masi korkoritɛ wɛrɛ,ʃi\tkɛnɛ-apu\tmasi\tkori~kori-tɛ\twɛrɛ,3SG.POSS\tperson-PL\tmust\twork~work-PFV\tagain,Her people must have worked and worked again (until they had earned enough money).,,"This illustrates iterative verb reduplication. It should be noted that reduplicated verbs occur with the normal range of TAM markers, including the perfective and imperfective suffixes, as seen here for the perfective suffix.",735[84],,naturalistic spoken,ʃi kɛnap masi korkoritɛ wɛrɛ,ʃi kɛnɛ-apu masi kori~kori-tɛ wɛrɛ,3SG.POSS person-PL must work~work-PFV again,"This illustrates iterative verb reduplication. It should be noted that reduplicated verbs occur with the normal range of TAM markers, including the perfective and imperfective suffixes, as seen here for the perfective suffix.",,,3682, +28-55,28,"en tantanja bat djas ju latɛ, in fal di mingjaŋ","eni\ttan~tan-a\tbat\tdjas\tju\tla-tɛ,\teni\tfalu\tdi\tmingi-anga",3PL\tstand~stand-IPFV\tbut\tjust\t2SG\treach-PFV\t3PL\tfall\tthe\twater-LOC,"They are just standing there, but as soon as you get there, they fall into the water.",,"Verb reduplication often assumes a secondary interpretation of aimlessness, as illustrated here.",735[85],,naturalistic spoken,"en tantanja bat djas ju latɛ, in fal di mingjaŋ","eni tan~tan-a bat djas ju la-tɛ, eni falu di mingi-anga",3PL stand~stand-IPFV but just 2SG reach-PFV 3PL fall the water-LOC,"Verb reduplication often assumes a secondary interpretation of aimlessness, as illustrated here.",,,3683, +29-36,29,Kom ons speel tol-tol.,Kom\tons\tspeel\ttol~tol.,come\t1PL\tplay\ttop~top,Come let's play tops.,,"Many games and toys have a reduplicated name (huis-huis - 'play house'; dokter-dokter - 'doctors and nurses'; woer-woer, which is a toy containing a disc which rotates at high speed on a string when the ends of the string are pulled).",376[276],,naturalistic spoken,Kom ons speel tol-tol.,Kom ons speel tol~tol.,come 1PL play top~top,"Many games and toys have a reduplicated name (huis-huis - 'play house'; dokter-dokter - 'doctors and nurses'; woer-woer, which is a toy containing a disc which rotates at high speed on a string when the ends of the string are pulled).",,,3684, +29-37,29,Die vaas wil-wil omval.,Die\tvaas\twil~wil\tom-val.,DEF.ART\tvase\twant~want\tover-fall,The vase is just about to tip over.,,"Iconic reduplication is relatively common in Afrikaans - cf. also Examples 38, 39, 40 and 41. Strikingly, it very rarely delivers plurals, however. Forms like hordes-hordes ('hordes-hordes, i.e. HORDES of people'), which is a strictly informal usage, are unusual.",376[273],,naturalistic spoken,Die vaas wil-wil omval.,Die vaas wil~wil om-val.,DEF.ART vase want~want over-fall,"Iconic reduplication is relatively common in Afrikaans - cf. also Examples 38, 39, 40 and 41. Strikingly, it very rarely delivers plurals, however. Forms like hordes-hordes ('hordes-hordes, i.e. HORDES of people'), which is a strictly informal usage, are unusual.",,,3685, +29-38,29,Hulle soek-soek so tussen die bossies.,Hulle\tsoek~soek\tso\ttussen\tdie\tbossies.,3PL\tsearch~search\tso\tamong\tthe\tbushes,They are searching among the bushes.,,This structure differs from the more usual Hulle soek-soek so tussen die bossies in that an additional iterative and/or distributive meaning is present in the reduplication case. Soek-soek is also very clearly less intensive than non-reduplicative searching - reduplication thus also signals a sporadic action here.,,,naturalistic spoken,Hulle soek-soek so tussen die bossies.,Hulle soek~soek so tussen die bossies.,3PL search~search so among the bushes,"This structure differs from the more usual Hulle soek-soek so tussen die bossies in that an additional iterative and/or distributive meaning is present in the reduplication case. Soek-soek is also very clearly less intensive than non-reduplicative searching - reduplication thus also signals a sporadic action here.",Own knowledge (Theresa Biberauer),,3686, +29-39,29,Lappe-lappe staan onder water.,Lappe~lappe\tstaan\tonder\twater.,patch.PL~patch.PL\tstand\tunder\twater,Quite a few patches are under water.,,"Another common instance of this distributive usage is plek-plek (standardly used in weather forcecasts) - e.g. Dit ryp vanaand plek-plek ('It frosts tonight place-place, i.e. there will be sporadic frost tonight').",376[274],,naturalistic spoken,Lappe-lappe staan onder water.,Lappe~lappe staan onder water.,patch.PL~patch.PL stand under water,"Another common instance of this distributive usage is plek-plek (standardly used in weather forcecasts) - e.g. Dit ryp vanaand plek-plek ('It frosts tonight place-place, i.e. there will be sporadic frost tonight').",,,3687, +29-40,29,Hulle kom drie-drie by die deur in.,Hulle\tkom\tdrie~drie\tby\tdie\tdeur\tin.,3PL\tcome\tthree~three\tby\tthe\tdoor\tin,They come in through the door three-by-three.,,,376[275],,naturalistic spoken,Hulle kom drie-drie by die deur in.,Hulle kom drie~drie by die deur in.,3PL come three~three by the door in,,,,3688, +29-41,29,Dis sommer 'n kar-kar.,Dis\tsommer\t'n\tkar~kar.,3SG=s\tjust\ta\tcar~car,It's just your basic car (nothing posh).,,"Older Afrikaans also has tjor-tjor, which carries the same meaning (tjor is an onomatopoeic form referencing the sound typically made by older vehicles). Reduplications involving onomatopoeic elements are common in the spoken language and constitute a prominent feature of many ""in-group"" varieties (thus they frequently don't have much longevity; reduplication in this context is, however, very productive).",376[274],,naturalistic spoken,Dis sommer 'n kar-kar.,Dis sommer 'n kar~kar.,3SG=s just a car~car,"Older Afrikaans also has tjor-tjor, which carries the same meaning (tjor is an onomatopoeic form referencing the sound typically made by older vehicles). Reduplications involving onomatopoeic elements are common in the spoken language and constitute a prominent feature of many ""in-group"" varieties (thus they frequently don't have much longevity; reduplication in this context is, however, very productive).",,,3689, +29-42,29,Ek sal dit lag-lag kan koop.,Ek\tsal\tdit\tlag~lag\tkan\tkoop.,1SG\tshall\tit\tlaugh~laugh\tcan\tbuy,I'll be able to buy it easily.,,"Word-class changing reduplication is also common. Reduplicated verbs commonly deliver adverbs, many of which also have an iconic component (cf. skop-skop - 'kick-kick', i.e. an action accompanied by repeated kicking; huiwer-huiwer - 'hesitate-hesitate', i.e. an action accompanied by repeated hesitation).",,,naturalistic spoken,Ek sal dit lag-lag kan koop.,Ek sal dit lag~lag kan koop.,1SG shall it laugh~laugh can buy,"Word-class changing reduplication is also common. Reduplicated verbs commonly deliver adverbs, many of which also have an iconic component (cf. skop-skop - 'kick-kick', i.e. an action accompanied by repeated kicking; huiwer-huiwer - 'hesitate-hesitate', i.e. an action accompanied by repeated hesitation).",Own knowledge (Theresa Biberauer),,3690, +29-43,29,Sy hanna-hanna altyd as sy iets moet doen.,Sy\thanna-hanna\taltyd\tas\tsy\tiets\tmoet\tdoen.,3SG.F\tprocrastinate\talways\tif\t3SG.F\tsomething\tmust\tdo,She always procrastinates when she has to do something.,,Hanna-hanna is a form which only exists as a reduplicated form; hanna has no independent meaning.,,,naturalistic spoken,Sy hanna-hanna altyd as sy iets moet doen.,,3SG.F procrastinate always if 3SG.F something must do,"Hanna-hanna is a form which only exists as a reduplicated form; hanna has no independent meaning.",Own knowledge,,3691, +30-54,30,bófi-bófi; dó-dó; djáki-djáki,bófi~bófi;\tdó~dó;\tdjáki~djáki,lungs\teye.secretion\tyoung.bull~young.bull,lungs; eye secretion; name of a plant (Ricinus communis L.),,There seems to be no clear explanation for these three cases. Bófi and dó don't exist as simple words. Bófi-bófi could perhaps be considered an imitation of the sound of panting. A djáki is a young bull. The relation between the young bull and the plant remains obscure.,784[s.v. bófi-bófi. dó-dó. djáki-djáki],,naturalistic spoken,bófi-bófi; dó-dó; djáki-djáki,bófi~bófi; dó~dó; djáki~djáki,lungs eye.secretion young.bull~young.bull,"There seems to be no clear explanation for these three cases. Bófi and dó don't exist as simple words. Bófi-bófi could perhaps be considered an imitation of the sound of panting. A djáki is a young bull. The relation between the young bull and the plant remains obscure.",,,3692,Portuguese: pulmão; secreção dos olhos; nome de uma planta (Ricinus communis L.) +30-55,30,bága-bága; fon-fon; bufa-bufa/bur-bur,bága~bága;\tfon~fon;\tbufa~bufa/bur~bur,termite\tname.of.an.insect\tdusty,termite; name of an insect; dusty,,There is a baabaa with the same meaning as bága-bága in Mandinga; fon-fon sounds onomatopoetic; bur-bur might be related to Malinké boroboro 'quicksand'.,"784[s.v. bága-bága, fon-fon, bufa-bufa, bur-bur]",,naturalistic spoken,bága-bága; fon-fon; bufa-bufa/bur-bur,bága~bága; fon~fon; bufa~bufa/bur~bur,termite name.of.an.insect dusty,"There is a baabaa with the same meaning as bága-bága in Mandinga; fon-fon sounds onomatopoetic; bur-bur might be related to Malinké boroboro 'quicksand'.",,,3693,Portuguese: formiga branca; nome de um insecto; poeirento +30-56,30,bénka-bénka,bénka~bénka,toward.here~toward.here,name of a children's game derived from the interjection Bénka! '(toward) here!',,,784[s.v. bénka-bénka],,naturalistic spoken,bénka-bénka,bénka~bénka,toward.here~toward.here,,,,3694,Portuguese: nome de um jogo infantil derivado da interj. Bénka! 'Para cá!' +30-57,30,bódji-bódji; fritxi-fritxi; kati-kati; gri-gri; bran-bran; bruku-bruku,bódji~bódji;\tfritxi~fritxi;\tkati~kati;\tgri~gri;\tbran~bran;\tbruku~bruku,beat\ttwinkle\tstruggle\tnoise.produced.by.the.cricket\tdaily.struggle.for.life\tbang,beat; twinkle; struggle; noise produced by the cricket; daily struggle for life; Bang!,,The language has the interjections Ban! and Bruku! that imitate the sound of a beat.,784,,naturalistic spoken,bódji-bódji; fritxi-fritxi; kati-kati; gri-gri; bran-bran; bruku-bruku,bódji~bódji; fritxi~fritxi; kati~kati; gri~gri; bran~bran; bruku~bruku,beat twinkle struggle noise.produced.by.the.cricket daily.struggle.for.life bang,"The language has the interjections Ban! and Bruku! that imitate the sound of a beat.",,,3695,Portuguese: bater forte; tremeluzir; cansar-se; o canto do grilo; lida diaria; Pumba! +30-58,30,(bédju) kóti-kóti,(bédju)\tkóti~kóti,(old)\tvery,very (old),,"Kóti-kóti (noun) also means 'armpit', fase kóti-kóti means 'tickle in the armpit'.",784,,naturalistic spoken,(bédju) kóti-kóti,(bédju) kóti~kóti,(old) very,"Kóti-kóti (noun) also means 'armpit', fase kóti-kóti means 'tickle in the armpit'.",,,3696,Portuguese: muito (velho) +30-59,30,El kume fáxi-fáxi.,El=kume\tfáxi~fáxi.,3SG=eat\tquickly~INTENS,He ate very quickly.,,Fáxi by itself means 'quickly'.,108[105],,elicited from speaker,El kume fáxi-fáxi.,El=kume fáxi~fáxi.,3SG=eat quickly~INTENS,"Fáxi by itself means 'quickly'.",,,3697, +30-60,30,Ê so dentu fuska-fuska.,Ê\tso\tdentu\tfuska~fuska.,be\tonly\tin\tdark~dark,It is only at sundown.,,In Creole the invariable adjective fusku means 'dark' and the substantive fuska-fuska 'sundown'. A metaphor has given rise to the verb fuska 'get drunk'. Semantically it looks as if the verb fuska had been derived from the substantive fuska-fuska.,108[107],,elicited from speaker,Ê so dentu fuska-fuska.,Ê so dentu fuska~fuska.,be only in dark~dark,"In Creole the invariable adjective fusku means 'dark' and the substantive fuska-fuska 'sundown'. A metaphor has given rise to the verb fuska 'get drunk'. Semantically it looks as if the verb fuska had been derived from the substantive fuska-fuska.",,,3698, +30-61,30,N kre karneru ki ta pari dos-dos.,N=kre\tkarneru\tki=ta=pari\tdos~dos.,1SG=want\tsheep\tCOMP=IPFV=deliver\ttwo~two,I want sheep that deliver lambs by pairs.,,dos 'two',108[109],,elicited from speaker,N kre karneru ki ta pari dos-dos.,N=kre karneru ki=ta=pari dos~dos.,1SG=want sheep COMP=IPFV=deliver two~two,"dos 'two'",,,3699, +31-60,31,El saí faxi-faxi.,El\tsaí\tfaxi~faxi.,he\tleave\tquickly~quickly,He left very quickly.,,The reduplication of an adverb or adjective can be used to express emphasis; the reduplication of a verb may express iteration.,107,,constructed by linguist,El saí faxi-faxi.,El saí faxi~faxi.,he leave quickly~quickly,The reduplication of an adverb or adjective can be used to express emphasis; the reduplication of a verb may express iteration.,,,3700, +31-61,31,"Gentis lebadu bárku-bárku, es more mónti-mónti.","Gentis\tlebadu\tbárku~bárku,\tes\tmore\tmónti~mónti.",people\tcarried\tboat~boat\tthey\tdied\theap~heap,"People were carried away boat after boat, they died in numbers.",,The reduplication of nouns may yield a distributive reading.,1543[210],,naturalistic written,"Gentis lebadu bárku-bárku, es more mónti-mónti.","Gentis lebadu bárku~bárku, es more mónti~mónti.",people carried boat~boat they died heap~heap,The reduplication of nouns may yield a distributive reading.,,,3701, +31-62,31,N kre mininus dos dos.,N\tkre\tmininus\tdos~dos.,I\twant\tchildren\ttwo~two,I want children by pairs.,,Reduplication of numerals or measures of time like mes 'month' yields a distributive reading.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N kre mininus dos dos.,N kre mininus dos~dos.,I want children two~two,"Reduplication of numerals or measures of time like mes 'month' yields a distributive reading.",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,3702, +31-63,31,fusku; fusku fusku,fusku;\tfusku~fusku,drunk\tdawn~dawn,drunk; dawn,,It is possible to convert some adjectives into nouns.,103,,unknown,fusku; fusku fusku,fusku; fusku~fusku,drunk dawn~dawn,It is possible to convert some adjectives into nouns.,,,3703, +33-53,33,kinti kinti,kinti~kinti,hot~hot,very quickly,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,kinti kinti,kinti~kinti,hot~hot,,Own knowledge,,3704,Portuguese: depressa +34-38,34,Mininu barí-barí garaŋ di biyanda.,Mininu\tø\tbarí~barí\tgaraŋ\tdi\tbiyanda.,child\tPFV\tsweep~sweep\tgrain\tof\trice,The child carefully swept the grains of rice (which had fallen onto the ground).,,This is an example of verb reduplication.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mininu barí-barí garaŋ di biyanda.","Mininu ø barí~barí garaŋ di biyanda.",child PFV sweep~sweep grain of rice,This is an example of verb reduplication.,Own knowledge,,3705, +34-39,34,Bu kasa limpu na fas-fas.,Bu\tkasa\tø\tlimpu\tna\tfas~fas.,POSS.2.SBJ\thouse\tPFV\tclean\tASS\tvery~very,Your house is absolutely clean.,,This is an example of ideophone reduplication.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bu kasa limpu na fas-fas.","Bu kasa ø limpu na fas~fas.",POSS.2.SBJ house PFV clean ASS very~very,This is an example of ideophone reduplication.,Own knowledge,,3706, +34-40,34,Porta pikininu: bo debé di yentrá dos-dos.,Porta\tø\tpikininu:\tbo\tø\tdebé\tdi\tyentrá\tdos~dos.,door\tPFV\tsmall\t2PL.SBJ\tPFV\thave.to\tof\tget.through\ttwo~two,"This door is small, you can get through it [only] two at the same time.",,This is an instance of distributive reduplication of numerals.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Porta pikininu: bo debé di yentrá dos-dos.","Porta ø pikininu: bo ø debé di yentrá dos~dos.",door PFV small 2PL.SBJ PFV have.to of get.through two~two,This is an instance of distributive reduplication of numerals.,Own knowledge,,3707, +34-41,34,Perá N kalá antu ku ña beju-beju na kordá.,ø\tperá\tN\tkalá\tantu\tku\tña\tbeju~beju\tna\tkordá.,2SG.SBJ\twait.IMP\t1SG.SBJ\tkeep.quiet\tbefore\tREL.OBJ\tPOSS.1SG\told~old\tFUT\twake.up,"Well, let me speak more quietly so that my ""oldie"" (baby/husband) does not wake up.",,The reduplication of some nominal or adjectival bases is used as a humoristic device to refer to well known figures of the family or the community.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Perá N kalá antu ku ña beju-beju na kordá.","ø perá N kalá antu ku ña beju~beju na kordá.",2SG.SBJ wait.IMP 1SG.SBJ keep.quiet before REL.OBJ POSS.1SG old~old FUT wake.up,The reduplication of some nominal or adjectival bases is used as a humoristic device to refer to well known figures of the family or the community.,Own knowledge,,3708, +35-57,35,Kot’e dô-dôsu mon.,Kot’e\tdô~dôsu\tmon.,cut.3SG\ttwo~two\thand,Cut both his hands off.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kot’e dô-dôsu mon.,Kot’e dô~dôsu mon.,cut.3SG two~two hand,,Own data,,3709, +35-58,35,N gá kunga klusu pê xin-xinku.,N\tgá\tkunga\tklusu\tpê\txin~xinku.,1SG\tIRR\tput\tcross\tput\tfive~five,I would have put the cross in all the five [boxes].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,N gá kunga klusu pê xin-xinku.,N gá kunga klusu pê xin~xinku.,1SG IRR put cross put five~five,,Own data,,3710, +35-59,35,Sode d’alê kôndê-kôndê ni matu.,Sode\td’=alê\tkôndê~kôndê\tni\tmatu.,soldier\tof=king\thide~hide\tin\tbushes,The soldiers of the king all hid in the bushes.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sode d’alê kôndê-kôndê ni matu.,Sode d’=alê kôndê~kôndê ni matu.,soldier of=king hide~hide in bushes,,Own data,,3711, +35-60,35,"Tudu-tudu dja, men mu ka manda mu lekadu.","Tudu~tudu\tdja,\tmen\tmu\tka\tmanda\tmu\tlekadu.",all~all\tday\tmother\t1SG.POSS\tIPFV\tsend\tme\tmessage,"Each and every day, my mother sends me a message.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Tudu-tudu dja, men mu ka manda mu lekadu.","Tudu~tudu dja, men mu ka manda mu lekadu.",all~all day mother 1SG.POSS IPFV send me message,,Own data,,3712, +35-61,35,Kê kwa ka bila ome dentxi blanku-blanku me?,Kê\tkwa\tka\tbila\tome\tdentxi\tblanku~blanku\tme?,what\tthing\tIPFV\tturn\tman\ttooth\twhite~white\treally,What really whitens somebody’s teeth?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kê kwa ka bila ome dentxi blanku-blanku me?,Kê kwa ka bila ome dentxi blanku~blanku me?,what thing IPFV turn man tooth white~white really,,Own data,,3713, +35-62,35,Yô ngê dêsê-dêsê.,Yô\tngê\tdêsê~dêsê.,many\tpeople\tdescend~descend,Many people went down.,,"This reduplication expresses that people went down at different moments, not all at the same time (distributive reading).",,,naturalistic spoken,Yô ngê dêsê-dêsê.,Yô ngê dêsê~dêsê.,many people descend~descend,"This reduplication expresses that people went down at different moments, not all at the same time (distributive reading).",Own data,,3714, +36-35,36,"Ia itxiba e, kara ngê ka m'me rô-rôthu.","Ia\titxiba\te,\tkara\tngê\tka\tm'me\trô-rôthu.",PRESV\tbanana\tDEM\tevery\tperson\tFUT\teat\ttwo~two,"Here are the bananas, everyone will eat two each.",,,901[154],,elicited from speaker,"Ia itxiba e, kara ngê ka m'me rô-rôthu.",,PRESV banana DEM every person FUT eat two~two,,,,3715,"French: Voici les bananes, chacun en mangera deux à la fois." +36-36,36,"foga-foga, fo-foga","foga~foga,\tfo~foga",suffocate.RED\tsuffocate.RED,asthma,,deverbal -> adnominal,901[153],,elicited from speaker,"foga-foga, fo-foga","foga~foga, fo~foga",suffocate.RED suffocate.RED,deverbal -> adnominal,,,3716, +36-37,36,"Tia si si-sisima, nê txo têtêmbu.","Tia\tsi\tsi~sisima,\tnê\ttxo\ttêtêmbu.",country\tDEM\tRED.dark\tnot.even\tlittle\tstar,"It is very dark here, there are no stars.",,,901[153],,naturalistic spoken,"Tia si si-sisima, nê txo têtêmbu.","Tia si si~sisima, nê txo têtêmbu.",country DEM RED.dark not.even little star,,,,3717,"French: Il fait très obscur, il n'y a pas d'étoiles." +37-40,37,N fo kopa kwa kwa.,N\tfo\tkopa\tkwa~kwa.,1SG\tcome.from\tbuy\tthing~thing,I have just come back from shopping.,,,905[174],,naturalistic spoken,"N fo kopa kwa kwa.","N fo kopa kwa~kwa.",1SG come.from buy thing~thing,,,,3718, +37-41,37,"Kumin kumin Mene po we, ê ka vê, ê ka panha Mene.","Kumin~kumin\tMene\tpo\twe,\tê\tka\tvê,\tê\tka\tpanha\tMene.",place~place\tMene\tcan\tgo\t3SG\tHAB\tsee\t3SG\tHAB\tcatch\tMene,"Wherever Mene would go, he (i.e. the ogre) would discover and catch Mene.",,"In this example, the reduplicated form functions as the head of the relative clause and expresses indefiniteness.",905[174],,naturalistic spoken,"Kumin kumin Mene po we, ê ka vê, ê ka panha Mene.","Kumin~kumin Mene po we, ê ka vê, ê ka panha Mene.",place~place Mene can go 3SG HAB see 3SG HAB catch Mene,"In this example, the reduplicated form functions as the head of the relative clause and expresses indefiniteness.",,,3719, +38-43,38,ngolongolo,ngolo~ngolo,shell~shell,collection of shells,,Reduplication can have the meaning of a closed group or collection.,1240[94-97],,elicited from speaker,ngolongolo,ngolo~ngolo,shell~shell,Reduplication can have the meaning of a closed group or collection.,,,3720, +38-44,38,ketéketé,keté~keté,young~young,very young,,,1240[95],,elicited from speaker,ketéketé,keté~keté,young~young,,,,3721, +38-45,38,dyogódyogo,dyogó~dyogo,wrinkle~wrinkle,very wrinkled,,,1240[95],,naturalistic spoken,dyogódyogo,dyogó~dyogo,wrinkle~wrinkle,,,,3722, +38-46,38,losoloso,loso~loso,hamlet~hamlet,the group of hamlets (of Annobón),,Reduplication can have the meaning of a closed group or collection.,,,constructed by linguist,losoloso,loso~loso,hamlet~hamlet,Reduplication can have the meaning of a closed group or collection.,Own knowledge,,3723, +39-58,39,Pokpok sɔ sab.,Pok~pok\tsɔ\tsab.,little~little\tonly\tknow.NPST,(I) only know a little bit.,,,221[122],,naturalistic spoken,Pokpok sɔ sab.,Pok~pok sɔ sab.,little~little only know.NPST,,,,3724, +39-59,39,Tud di vay da trĩtrĩt rupi.,Tud\tdi\tvay\tda\ttrĩttrĩt\trupi.,every\tday\tgo.NPST\tgive.INF\tthirty.thirty\trupee,Every day (I) give them thirty rupees each.,,,221[123],,naturalistic spoken,Tud di vay da trĩtrĩt rupi.,Tud di vay da trĩttrĩt rupi.,every day go.NPST give.INF thirty.thirty rupee,,,,3725, +40-36,40,"lɔ͂y lɔ͂y, u͂ u͂; kume bime, buni bini, korp bip","lɔ͂y~lɔ͂y,\tu͂~u͂;\tkume~bime,\tbuni~bini,\tkorp~bip",farfar\tone~one\teat~eat\tgood~good\tbody~body,"really far, one each; eat and so forth, good and all, body, etc.",,"The reduplication of lɔ͂y has an intensifying function, whereas u͂ u͂ shows distributivity. Reduplication with bi- is exceedingly productive and can be used with most lexical classes.",265[138-39],,elicited from speaker,"lɔ͂y lɔ͂y, u͂ u͂; kume bime, buni bini, korp bip","lɔ͂y~lɔ͂y, u͂~u͂; kume~bime, buni~bini, korp~bip",farfar one~one eat~eat good~good body~body,"The reduplication of lɔ͂y has an intensifying function, whereas u͂ u͂ shows distributivity. Reduplication with bi- is exceedingly productive and can be used with most lexical classes.",,,3726, +41-52,41,kaaza mee sɔɔ sɔɔ santaa tapusaa voo?,kaaza\tmee\tsɔɔ~sɔɔ\tsantaa\tta-pusaa\tvoo?,house\tFOC\talone~alone\tsit\tPRS-pull\tINDF,Are they sitting and playing at home by themselves [i.e. each one alone]?,,Thie example illustrates the distributive function of reduplication.,1416[5431],,naturalistic spoken,kaaza mee sɔɔ sɔɔ santaa tapusaa voo?,kaaza mee sɔɔ~sɔɔ santaa ta-pusaa voo?,house FOC alone~alone sit PRS-pull INDF,Thie example illustrates the distributive function of reduplication.,,,3727, +41-53,41,aka meedu meedu meskura saykal. uŋ ispiim jadaay sara ʈyuub taam nukuvala,aka\tmeedu~meedu\tmes-kura\tsaykal.\tuŋ\tispiim\tjaa-daay\tsara\tʈyuub\ttaam\tnuku-vala,that\tfear~fear\tOBLIG-run\tbicycle\tone\tthorn\tPST-strike\tCOND\ttube\talso\tNEG-be.good,"I must ride in great fear. If I hit a thorn, the tube also is no good.",,"This example illustrates the emphatic function of reduplication. +It also illustrates the fact that the obligative marker occurs without tense marking. (However, an alternate form of the obligative marker, mesta (mesta (<Ptg. mister), may be synchronically analyzed as mes-ta [OBL-PRS]) +Saykal is a coda element (low pitch, following the main pitch drop on the V). It is not clear whether it is the object of kura or a syntactically unrelated element.",,,3728, +41-54,41,"tɔɔna viraa rundaay kindaay faya kastigaatu poɖipa, tɔɔna viraa faya taprenda. kii tafaya?","tɔɔna\tviraa\trundaay\tki-ndaay\tfaya\tkastigaa-tu,\tpoɖipa,\ttɔɔna\tviraa\tfaya\tta-prenda.\tkii\tta-faya?",afterwards\tback\tscold\tki-RED\tCAUS\tpester-PFV.PTCP\tchild.ACC\tafterwards\tback\tCAUS\tPRS-study\twhat\tPRS-do,"Afterwards we scolded and so on and pestered him, the boy, afterwards [we] are again getting him to study. What to do? (OR: Consultant's original translation: Afterwards, scolded and advised and troubled him, again we are educating the boy. What to do?)",,"This example illustrates the ""echo compound"", a South Asian areal feature, in which the first part of the reduplicated word is replaced by a stock item. (The size of the replaced segment and the form of the stock item vary from language to language.) The meaning is 'etc.' +The causative in the first clause is likely a speech error. The consultant's translation treats poɖi-pa as part of the second clause.",1416[5214],,naturalistic spoken,"tɔɔna viraa rundaay kindaay faya kastigaatu poɖipa, tɔɔna viraa faya taprenda. kii tafaya?","tɔɔna viraa rundaay ki-ndaay faya kastigaa-tu, poɖipa, tɔɔna viraa faya ta-prenda. kii ta-faya?",afterwards back scold ki-RED CAUS pester-PFV.PTCP child.ACC afterwards back CAUS PRS-study what PRS-do,"This example illustrates the ""echo compound"", a South Asian areal feature, in which the first part of the reduplicated word is replaced by a stock item. (The size of the replaced segment and the form of the stock item vary from language to language.) The meaning is 'etc.' +The causative in the first clause is likely a speech error. The consultant's translation treats poɖi-pa as part of the second clause.",,,3729, +42-42,42,nu múi ku éli finu finu,nu\tmúi\tku\téli\tfinu~finu,1PL\tgrind\tACC\t3SG\tfine~fine,We grind it (= the dried fish) very fine.,,"Certain adjectives of the semantic classes , and may reduplicate. Reduplication expresses intensity or degree.",122[107],,naturalistic spoken,nu múi ku éli finu finu,nu múi ku éli finu~finu,1PL grind ACC 3SG fine~fine,"Certain adjectives of the semantic classes <dimension>, <physical property> and <age> may reduplicate. Reduplication expresses intensity or degree.",,,3730, +42-43,42,sédu sédu eli lo bai mar,sédu~sédu\teli\tlo\tbai\tmar,early~early\t3SG\tFUT\tgo\tsea,He will go fishing very early (lit. He will go to sea very early).,,Adverbs of manner and time may reduplicate to express intensity.,,,elicited from speaker,sédu sédu eli lo bai mar,sédu~sédu eli lo bai mar,early~early 3SG FUT go sea,Adverbs of manner and time may reduplicate to express intensity.,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,3731, +42-44,42,aké krenkrensa ta fazé amoku,aké\tkren~krensa\tta\tfazé\tamoku,that\tchild~child\tPROG\tmake\tnoise,The children are making noise.,,Reduplication with iconic function is quite common in this language.,122[102],,naturalistic spoken,aké krenkrensa ta fazé amoku,aké kren~krensa ta fazé amoku,that child~child PROG make noise,Reduplication with iconic function is quite common in this language.,,,3732, +42-45,42,bong bong,bong~bong,good~good,very,,,120[17-18. 65. 47. 48. 89],,elicited from speaker,bong bong,bong~bong,good~good,,,,3733, +43-33,43,Dretu dretu sua predju kantu?,Dretu~dretu\tsua\tpredju\tkantu?,right~right\tPOSS.3SG\tprice\thow.much,What is your last price?,,,906[111],,pedagogical grammar,"Dretu dretu sua predju kantu?","Dretu~dretu sua predju kantu?",right~right POSS.3SG price how.much,,,,3734, +44-51,44,Ta pená mi kwérpu na kohrikohrí kon el agwaséru bung résyo.,Ta\tpená\tmi\tkwérpu\tna\tkohri~kohrí\tkon\tel\tagwaséru\tbung\trésyo.,IPFV\tsuffer\t1SG.POSS\tbody\tLOC\trun.RED\twith\tDEF\train\tvery\theavy,My body was suffering because of running (around) in the heavy rain.,,,1414[51],,naturalistic spoken,Ta pená mi kwérpu na kohrikohrí kon el agwaséru bung résyo.,Ta pená mi kwérpu na kohri~kohrí kon el agwaséru bung résyo.,IPFV suffer 1SG.POSS body LOC run.RED with DEF rain very heavy,,,,3735, +44-52,44,Ta escribí bo día día ben lárgo lárgo.,Ta\tescribí\tbo\tdía~día\tben\tlárgo~lárgo.,IPFV\twrite\t2SG\tday~day\tvery\tlong~long,Every day you write a lot.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ta escribí bo día día ben lárgo lárgo.,Ta escribí bo día~día ben lárgo~lárgo.,IPFV write 2SG day~day very long~long,,Own data,,3736, +44-53,44,Manga languchi lotru ta sirve si ta se kubu-kubu.,Manga\tlanguchi\tlotru\tta\tsirve\tsi\tta\tse\tkubu~kubu.,PL\tsack\t3PL\tIPFV\tuse\tif\tIPFV\tmake\thut~hut,They used sacks for making playhouses.,,We have past reference from the context. Perhaps the diminution in kubu-kubu 'playhouse' and in tienda-tienda 'little store' (examples from Nigoza 2007: 41) could be interpreted as a kind of attenuation (see Bartens 2004: 247).,1064[41],,naturalistic written,Manga languchi lotru ta sirve si ta se kubu-kubu.,Manga languchi lotru ta sirve si ta se kubu~kubu.,PL sack 3PL IPFV use if IPFV make hut~hut,"We have past reference from the context. Perhaps the diminution in kubu-kubu 'playhouse' and in tienda-tienda 'little store' (examples from Nigoza 2007: 41) could be interpreted as a kind of attenuation (see Bartens 2004: 247).",,,3737, +45-44,45,uno-uno no mas,uno~uno\tno\tmas,one~one\tNEG\tmore,one by one only,,,426[ix],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,uno-uno no mas,uno~uno no mas,one~one NEG more,,,,3738, +45-45,45,Guapangguapa el mga mujer aquí.,Guapa-ng-guapa\tel\tmga\tmujer\taqui.,beautiful-LINK-beautiful\tDEF\tPL\twoman\there,The women here are very beautiful.,,The linker ng (usually na for words ending in consonants) can be used in reduplication.,426[ix],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Guapangguapa el mga mujer aquí.,Guapa-ng-guapa el mga mujer aqui.,beautiful-LINK-beautiful DEF PL woman here,"The linker ng (usually na for words ending in consonants) can be used in reduplication.",,,3739, +46-59,46,Píka-píka éste adóbo.,Píka~píka\téste\tadóbo.,spicy.RED\tthis\tadobo,This adobo is very spicy.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Píka-píka éste adóbo.,Píka~píka éste adóbo.,spicy.RED this adobo,,Own knowledge,,3740, +46-60,46,kaminá-kaminá,kaminá~kaminá,walk.RED,walking around,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kaminá-kaminá,kaminá~kaminá,walk.RED,,Own knowledge,,3741, +46-61,46,díya-díya,díya~díya,day.RED,daily,,,,,naturalistic spoken,díya-díya,díya~díya,day.RED,,Own knowledge,,3742, +47-54,47,fini; fini-fini; pega; pega-pega,fini;\tfini~fini;\tpega;\tpega~pega,fine/small\tfine~fine\tto.stick\tstick~stick,"fine, small; fine cactus hairs; to stick; gecko",,These are examples of lexicalized reduplications.,745[163],,published source,fini; fini-fini; pega; pega-pega,fini; fini~fini; pega; pega~pega,fine/small fine~fine to.stick stick~stick,These are examples of lexicalized reduplications.,,,3743, +47-55,47,blòki-blòki; bala-bala; kabes-kabes; bùmper-bùmper; pia-pia,blòki~blòki;\tbala~bala;\tkabes~kabes;\tbùmper~bùmper;\tpia~pia,square~square\tball~ball\thead~head\tbumper~bumper\tfoot~foot,"in squares; in a design of circles; head to head (for example, of people in a crowd); bumper-to-bumper; very slowly",,,395[93-94],,published source,blòki-blòki; bala-bala; kabes-kabes; bùmper-bùmper; pia-pia,blòki~blòki; bala~bala; kabes~kabes; bùmper~bùmper; pia~pia,square~square ball~ball head~head bumper~bumper foot~foot,,,,3744, +49-65,49,Ann al fè on ti benbeny!,Ann\tal\tfè\ton\tti\tbenbeny!,IMP.1PL\tgo\tdo\tINDF\tlittle\tbath,Let's take a little bath!,,This is child-directed speech. The reduplicated word is monosyllabic here: beny.,,,constructed by linguist,Ann al fè on ti benbeny!,Ann al fè on ti benbeny!,IMP.1PL go do INDF little bath,"This is child-directed speech. The reduplicated word is monosyllabic here: beny.",Own knowledge,,3745,French: Allons prendre un petit bain! +49-66,49,M ap fè travay la pwòp pwòp.,M\tap\tfè\ttravay\tla\tpwòp~pwòp.,1SG\tINACC\tdo\twork\tDEF\tproper~proper,I will do this work very neatly.,,The reduplication of the adverb marks high intensity.,473[930],,naturalistic spoken,M ap fè travay la pwòp pwòp.,M ap fè travay la pwòp~pwòp.,1SG INACC do work DEF proper~proper,The reduplication of the adverb marks high intensity.,,,3746,French: Je vais faire ce travail très proprement. +49-67,49,M t ap koud pantalon an anfòm anfòm.,M\tt\tap\tkoud\tpantalon\tan\tanfòm~anfòm.,1SG\tANT\tINACC\tsow\tpants\tDEF\timpeccable~impeccable,I was [in the process of] sowing these pants impeccably.,,,473[930],,naturalistic spoken,M t ap koud pantalon an anfòm anfòm.,M t ap koud pantalon an anfòm~anfòm.,1SG ANT INACC sow pants DEF impeccable~impeccable,,,,3747,French: J'étais en train de coudre ce pantalon très impeccablement. +49-68,49,Gad jan figi tifi a takte takte.,Gad\tjan\tfigi\ttifi\ta\ttakte~takte.,look\thow\tface\tyoung.girl\tDEF\tspeckled~speckled,Look how speckled the young girl's face is.,,NB: From this reduplicated word it is possible to create another lexical unit by apocope : figi takte > figi takte takte > figi tak tak (hypocoristic).,,,constructed by linguist,Gad jan figi tifi a takte takte.,Gad jan figi tifi a takte~takte.,look how face young.girl DEF speckled~speckled,"NB: From this reduplicated word it is possible to create another lexical unit by apocope : figi takte > figi takte takte > figi tak tak (hypocoristic).",Own knowledge,,3748,French: Regarde comme le visage de la jeune fille est tacheté. +49-69,49,Se ti zoranj piti piti piti piti piti yo.,Se\tti\tzoranj\tpiti~piti~piti~piti~piti\tyo.,HL\tlittle\torange\tlittle~little~little~little~little\t3PL,These are the tiny little oranges.,,,479[123],,naturalistic written,Se ti zoranj piti piti piti piti piti yo.,Se ti zoranj piti~piti~piti~piti~piti yo.,HL little orange little~little~little~little~little 3PL,,,,3749,French: C'est les petites oranges microscopiques. +49-70,49,Sa ou genyen toutou? Pe pe bouch ou!,Sa\tou\tgenyen\ttoutou?\tPe~pe\tbouch\tou!,DEM\t2SG\thave\tdoggie\tpeace~peace\tmouth\t2SG.POSS,What's wrong honey? Calm down!,,This is language directed at a child. Usually one says pe bouch ou (lit. 'peace to your mouth').,"473[vol. 6, p. 57]",,naturalistic spoken,Sa ou genyen toutou? Pe pe bouch ou!,Sa ou genyen toutou? Pe~pe bouch ou!,DEM 2SG have doggie peace~peace mouth 2SG.POSS,"This is language directed at a child. Usually one says pe bouch ou (lit. 'peace to your mouth').",,,3750,French: Qu'y a t-il chéri? Calme-toi! +50-44,50,kòlè kòlè,kòlè~kòlè,angry~angry,very angry,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kòlè kòlè,kòlè~kòlè,angry~angry,,Own fieldwork,,3751, +50-45,50,wouj wouj,wouj~wouj,red~red,very red,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wouj wouj,wouj~wouj,red~red,,Own fieldwork,,3752, +50-46,50,kolé kolé,kolé~kolé,close~close,very close,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kolé kolé,kolé~kolé,close~close,,Own fieldwork,,3753, +51-44,51,kòlè kòlè,kòlè~kòlè,angry~angry,very angry,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kòlè kòlè,kòlè~kòlè,angry~angry,,Own fieldwork,,3754, +51-45,51,wouj wouj,wouj~wouj,red~red,very red,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wouj wouj,wouj~wouj,red~red,,Own fieldwork,,3755, +53-92,53,Li bjen bjen malad.,Li\tbjen~bjen\tmalad.,3SG\tvery~very\till,He is very ill.,,,1048[340],,elicited from speaker,Li bjen bjen malad.,Li bjen~bjen malad.,3SG very~very ill,,,,3756, +53-93,53,La ye te chofe en kouto cho cho cho.,La\tye\tte\tchofe\ten\tkouto\tcho~cho~cho.,ADV\t3PL\tPST\theat\tART.INDF\tknife\thot~hot~hot,Then they would heat a knife until it was very hot.,,,1048[340],,naturalistic spoken,La ye te chofe en kouto cho cho cho.,La ye te chofe en kouto cho~cho~cho.,ADV 3PL PST heat ART.INDF knife hot~hot~hot,,,,3757, +53-94,53,To bras li jiska li vini jon jon jon.,To\tbras\tli\tjiska\tli\tvini\tjon~jon~jon.,2SG\tstir\t3SG\tuntil\t3SG\tbecome\tyellow~yellow~yellow,You stir it until it becomes very yellow.,,,1048[340],,naturalistic spoken,To bras li jiska li vini jon jon jon.,To bras li jiska li vini jon~jon~jon.,2SG stir 3SG until 3SG become yellow~yellow~yellow,,,,3758, +53-95,53,Se te jis kreol kreol.,Se\tte\tjis\tkreol~kreol.,this\tPST\tjust\tCreole~Creole,The only language spoken was Creole (i.e. Creole was always spoken instead of any other language).,,,1048[341],,naturalistic spoken,Se te jis kreol kreol.,Se te jis kreol~kreol.,this PST just Creole~Creole,,,,3759, +54-54,54,en bèlbèl pwason,en\tbel~bel\tpwason,a\tbig~big\tfish,a very big fish,,,236[1048],,naturalistic spoken,en bèlbèl pwason,en bel~bel pwason,a big~big fish,,,,3760,French: un très gros poisson +54-55,54,Mwen lé fayfay.,Mwen\tle\tfay~fay.,1SG\tCOP.PRS\ttired~tired,I am a bit tired.,,"Chaudenson (1974) states that in this example ""la forme redoublée a une valeur d'atténuation"" [the reduplicated form has a value of attenuation].",236[1048],,naturalistic spoken,Mwen lé fayfay.,Mwen le fay~fay.,1SG COP.PRS tired~tired,"Chaudenson (1974) states that in this example ""la forme redoublée a une valeur d'atténuation"" [the reduplicated form has a value of attenuation].",,,3761,French: Je suis un peu fatigué. +54-56,54,kozkoze,koz~koze,speak~ITER,to chatter,,,236[1049],,naturalistic spoken,kozkoze,koz~koze,speak~ITER,,,,3762, +54-57,54,frotfrote,frot~frote,rub~ATT,to rub slightly,,Frotfrote can also mean 'rub repeatedly'.,236[1049],,naturalistic spoken,frotfrote,frot~frote,rub~ATT,"Frotfrote can also mean 'rub repeatedly'.",,,3763, +54-58,54,Mwen té an tren fròtfròt en pé loto.,Mwen\tte\tantren\tfrot~frot\ten\tpe\tloto.,1SG\tPST\tPROG\trub~rub\ta\tbit\tcar,I was polishing the car a little bit.,,"Chaudenson explains that in this case reduplication has a value of ""atténuation et répétition"" (attenuation and iteration).",236[1049],,naturalistic spoken,Mwen té an tren fròtfròt en pé loto.,Mwen te antren frot~frot en pe loto.,1SG PST PROG rub~rub a bit car,"Chaudenson explains that in this case reduplication has a value of ""atténuation et répétition"" (attenuation and iteration).",,,3764,French: J'étais en train d'astiquer un peu l'auto (ma voiture). +55-48,55,zoli zoli; tris tris,zoli~zoli;\ttris~tris,pretty~pretty\tsad~sad,very pretty; a bit sad,,Reduplicated adjectives which precede the noun are iconic while those which follow are attenuative.,86[211-18],,naturalistic spoken,zoli zoli; tris tris,zoli~zoli; tris~tris,pretty~pretty sad~sad,Reduplicated adjectives which precede the noun are iconic while those which follow are attenuative.,,,3765, +55-49,55,marse marse; mars-marse,marse~marse;\tmars~marse,walk~walk\twalk~walk,walk a long way and/or for a long time; stroll about (without any particular destination in mind),,"If the full form of the verb is reduplicated, the interpretation is iconic whereas if the first occurrence of a reduplicated verb has its short form (without the final vowel) it has attenuative reading. Iconic vs. attentuative for both adjectives and verbs is also always signaled by stress placement so that a reduplicated monosyllabic verb such as kud 'sew' is iconic if both occurrences are stressed but attentuative if only the second occurrence is stressed.",84[79],,written (grammar),marse marse; mars-marse,marse~marse; mars~marse,walk~walk walk~walk,"If the full form of the verb is reduplicated, the interpretation is iconic whereas if the first occurrence of a reduplicated verb has its short form (without the final vowel) it has attenuative reading. Iconic vs. attentuative for both adjectives and verbs is also always signaled by stress placement so that a reduplicated monosyllabic verb such as kud 'sew' is iconic if both occurrences are stressed but attentuative if only the second occurrence is stressed.",,,3766, +56-61,56,"Kan'em ou pa lav li prop prop, ou ganny konmsi en tanpon.","Kanmem\tou\tpa\tlav\tli\tprop~prop,\tou\tganny\tkonmsi\ten\ttanpon.",if\t2SG\tNEG\twash\tit\tclean~clean\t2SG\tget\tlike\ta\tbung,"If you don't rinse it very thoroughly, you will get some kind of bung.",,"Here, reduplication expresses intensity. This example is also cited in a slightly different spelling in Bollée (1993: 222). The English translation is taken from Bollée's article.",158[88],,naturalistic spoken,"Kan'em ou pa lav li prop prop, ou ganny konmsi en tanpon.","Kanmem ou pa lav li prop~prop, ou ganny konmsi en tanpon.",if 2SG NEG wash it clean~clean 2SG get like a bung,"Here, reduplication expresses intensity. This example is also cited in a slightly different spelling in Bollée (1993: 222). The English translation is taken from Bollée's article.",,,3767,"French: Si vous ne le lavez pas proprement, vous aurez une espèce de tampon. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 89)" +56-62,56,"Mon ti a kapab marye avek sa fiy, me selman i en pti pe vilenn-vilenn.","Mon\tti\ta\tkapab\tmarye\tavek\tsa\tfiy,\tme\tselman\ti\ten\tpti\tpe\tvilenn~vilenn.",1SG\tPST\tFUT\tcan\tmarry\twith\tDEM\tgirl\tbut\tonly\t3SG\ta\tlittle\tbit\tugly~ugly,"I might marry that girl, only she is just a little bit ugly.",,The English translation is taken from Bollée (2003: 223).,164[223],,naturalistic written,"Mon ti a kapab marye avek sa fiy, me selman i en pti pe vilenn-vilenn.","Mon ti a kapab marye avek sa fiy, me selman i en pti pe vilenn~vilenn.",1SG PST FUT can marry with DEM girl but only 3SG a little bit ugly~ugly,The English translation is taken from Bollée (2003: 223).,,,3768, +56-63,56,mars marse; dans danse; manz manze,mars\tmarse;\tdans\tdanse;\tmanz\tmanze,walk\twalk\tdance\tdance\teat\teat,walk continuously; dance continuously; eat randomly,,,,,elicited from speaker,mars marse; dans danse; manz manze,,walk walk dance dance eat eat,,,,3769, +58-32,58,malembe-malembe,malembe~malembe,slow~slow,very slowly,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,malembe-malembe,malembe~malembe,slow~slow,,Own knowledge,,3770, +58-33,58,mbangu-mbangu,mbangu~mbangu,fast/quickly~fast/quickly,very fast/quickly,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mbangu-mbangu,mbangu~mbangu,fast/quickly~fast/quickly,,Own knowledge,,3771, +58-34,58,polo-polo (LH-LH),polo-polo,indiscrete.RED,indiscrete,,"Literally, the reduplication here suggests repetition, although polo is not found alone as a word. It's somewhat iconic to me.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,polo-polo (LH-LH),polo-polo,indiscrete.RED,"Literally, the reduplication here suggests repetition, although polo is not found alone as a word. It's somewhat iconic to me.",Own knowledge,,3772, +58-35,58,saka-saka,saka-saka,cassava.leaves,cassava leaves (PLURAL meaning only),,The word has no corresponding plural. A few vegetable names involve reduplication. This example is definitely not an iconic reduplication.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,saka-saka,,cassava.leaves,The word has no corresponding plural. A few vegetable names involve reduplication. This example is definitely not an iconic reduplication.,Own knowledge,,3773, +59-90,59,kekete,kekete,very.small,very small,,Kekete comes from kete kete.,,,constructed by linguist,kekete,,very.small,"Kekete comes from kete kete.",Own knowledge,,3774, +59-91,59,giriri,giriri,a.very.long.time.ago,a very long time ago,,,172[116],,naturalistic spoken,giriri,giriri,a.very.long.time.ago,,,,3775, +59-92,59,ala mu na mbi senge senge,ala\tmu\tna\tmbi\tsesenge,3PL\tgive\tPREP\t1SG\tnothing,They gave it to me absolutely for nothing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ala mu na mbi senge senge,ala mu na mbi sesenge,3PL give PREP 1SG nothing,,Own knowledge,,3776, +60-39,60,kolángwa > kolángwalángwa,ko-lángw-a\t>\tko-lángw-a~lángw-a,INF-be.drunk-FV\t>\tINF-be.drunk-FV~be.drunk-FV,to be drunk > to be very drunk,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",1273,,naturalistic spoken,kolángwa > kolángwalángwa,ko-lángw-a > ko-lángw-a~lángw-a,INF-be.drunk-FV > INF-be.drunk-FV~be.drunk-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,3777, +62-23,62,mafundisho makáykáy,mafundisho\tma-káy~káy,teaching\t6-sharp~INTENS,serious teachings,,"The example is valid for both normal and mixed Mbugu. Mixed Mbugu has an instance of lexical derivation by reduplication: /amá'amá/ ‘early morning, sunrise’ derived by reduplication from /amá/ 'night'.",,,elicited from speaker,mafundisho makáykáy,mafundisho ma-káy~káy,teaching 6-sharp~INTENS,"The example is valid for both normal and mixed Mbugu. Mixed Mbugu has an instance of lexical derivation by reduplication: /amá'amá/ ‘early morning, sunrise’ derived by reduplication from /amá/ 'night'.",Own field data 1993,,3778, +63-46,63,yal-á al dugag-ín dugag-ín,yal-á\tal\tdugag-ín\tdugag-ín,child-PL\tREL\tsmall-PL\tsmall-PL,the young children,,,857[326],,naturalistic spoken,yal-á al dugag-ín dugag-ín,yal-á al dugag-ín dugag-ín,child-PL REL small-PL small-PL,,,,3779, +64-49,64,fi wókit ta rabé kúlu zuhúr ge fáta fáta,fi\twókit\tta\trabé\tkúlu\tzuhúr\tge=fáta~fáta,EXIST\ttime\tPOSS\tspring\tall\tflowers\tPROG=open~open,All the flowers blossom in spring time.,,The iconic value is distributivity.,874[147],,naturalistic spoken,fi wókit ta rabé kúlu zuhúr ge fáta fáta,fi wókit ta rabé kúlu zuhúr ge=fáta~fáta,EXIST time POSS spring all flowers PROG=open~open,The iconic value is distributivity.,,,3780, +64-50,64,úmon gum númu númu ma ána,úmon\tgum\tnúmu~númu\tma\tána,3PL\tget_up\tsleep~sleep\twith\t1SG,They began to rape me.,,The iconic value is iteration.,874[148],,naturalistic spoken,úmon gum númu númu ma ána,úmon gum númu~númu ma ána,3PL get_up sleep~sleep with 1SG,The iconic value is iteration.,,,3781, +64-51,64,móyo móyo,móyo~móyo,water~water,liquid,,Here reduplication causes a word class change: noun > adjective.,972[161],,naturalistic spoken,móyo móyo,móyo~móyo,water~water,Here reduplication causes a word class change: noun > adjective.,,,3782, +64-52,64,béle béle,béle~béle,country~country,popular,,Here reduplication causes a word class change: noun > adjective.,972[161],,naturalistic spoken,béle béle,béle~béle,country~country,Here reduplication causes a word class change: noun > adjective.,,,3783, +64-53,64,maál tamán tamán tamán,maál\ttamán~tamán~tamán,place\tgood~good~good,a very good place,,,874[94],,naturalistic spoken,maál tamán tamán tamán,maál tamán~tamán~tamán,place good~good~good,,,,3784, +65-48,65,Siʧasa mala mala labotaj.,Siʧasa\tmala\tmala\tlabotaj.,now\tsmall\tsmall\twork,I have some small work right now.,,This was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,1195[226],,naturalistic spoken,Siʧasa mala mala labotaj.,,now small small work,This was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,,Сичаса мала мала лаботай.,3785, +65-49,65,Waʃa igraj-igraj ni nada.,Váša\tigráj-igráj\tni\tnáda.,2PL\tplay-play\tNEG\tmust,Do not mock [me] / laugh [at me].,,2PL is used as a polite form.,671[168],,elicited from speaker,Waʃa igraj-igraj ni nada.,Váša igráj-igráj ni náda.,2PL play-play NEG must,2PL is used as a polite form.,,,3786, +67-59,67,Dia mahu buang buku-buku dia.,Dia\tmahu\tbuang\tbuku~buku\tdia.,3SG\twant\tthrow\tbook~book\t3SG,She/he wanted to throw away all her/his books.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dia mahu buang buku-buku dia.,Dia mahu buang buku~buku dia.,3SG want throw book~book 3SG,,Own knowledge,,3787, +67-60,67,Dia dua-dua nama dua tempat ah.,Dia\tdua~dua\tnama\tdua\ttempat\tah.,3SG\tboth\tname\ttwo\tplace\tPCL,The two names [refer to] two [different] places.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dia dua-dua nama dua tempat ah.,Dia dua~dua nama dua tempat ah.,3SG both name two place PCL,,Own knowledge,,3788, +67-61,67,"Ah! Lu hari-hari masak, lu tahu la.","Ah!\tLu\thari~hari\tmasak,\tlu\ttahu\tla.",INTERJ\t2SG\teveryday\tcook\t2SG\tknow\tEMPH,"Ah, (if) you cook everyday, you (will) know.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ah! Lu hari-hari masak, lu tahu la.","Ah! Lu hari~hari masak, lu tahu la.",INTERJ 2SG everyday cook 2SG know EMPH,,Own knowledge,,3789, +67-62,67,"Nanti dia habis, ini orang-orang kasi dia duit.","Nanti\tdia\thabis,\tini\torang~orang\tkasi\tdia\tduit.",wait\t3SG\tfinish\tDEM\tperson~person\tgive\t3SG\tmoney,"Later, [when] he finished, these people gave him money.",,,708[401],,naturalistic spoken,"Nanti dia habis, ini orang-orang kasi dia duit.","Nanti dia habis, ini orang~orang kasi dia duit.",wait 3SG finish DEM person~person give 3SG money,,,,3790, +67-63,67,Dia plan-plan jalan turun jalan.,Dia\tplan~plan\tjalan\tturun\tjalan.,3SG\tslow~slow\twalk\tdescend\twalk,She went down very slowly.,,,708[404],,naturalistic spoken,Dia plan-plan jalan turun jalan.,Dia plan~plan jalan turun jalan.,3SG slow~slow walk descend walk,,,,3791, +67-64,67,Makan apa itu sama makan itu ah ah sikit-sikit punya itu biskit ah.,Makan\tapa\titu\tsama\tmakan\titu\tah\tah\tsikit~sikit\tpunya\titu\tbiskit\tah.,eat\twhat\tDEM\twith\teat\tDEM\tEMPH\tEMPH\tlittle~little\tATTR\tDEM\tbiscuit\tPCL,What [we] ate were very few biscuits.,,,708[100],,naturalistic spoken,Makan apa itu sama makan itu ah ah sikit-sikit punya itu biskit ah.,Makan apa itu sama makan itu ah ah sikit~sikit punya itu biskit ah.,eat what DEM with eat DEM EMPH EMPH little~little ATTR DEM biscuit PCL,,,,3792, +67-65,67,Lagi-lagi pergi pasar susah.,Lagi~lagi\tpergi\tpasar\tsusah.,more~more\tgo\tmarket\tdifficult,"More and more, going to the market is difficult.",,,708[101],,naturalistic spoken,Lagi-lagi pergi pasar susah.,Lagi~lagi pergi pasar susah.,more~more go market difficult,,,,3793, +68-40,68,Buaya nai par mo cari rusa rusa.,Buaya\tnai\tpar\tmo\tcari\trusa~rusa.,crocodile\tgo.up\tfor\tFUT\tsearch.for\tPL~deer,The crocodile climbed ashore to search for deer.,,,1528[115],,naturalistic spoken,Buaya nai par mo cari rusa rusa.,Buaya nai par mo cari rusa~rusa.,crocodile go.up for FUT search.for PL~deer,,,,3794, +68-41,68,malang; malang-malang,malang;\tmalang~malang,night\tnight~ADV,night; late at night (adverb),,,1528[118],,naturalistic spoken,malang; malang-malang,malang; malang~malang,night night~ADV,,,,3795, +70-32,70,U bara bara kuta yar.,U\tbara~bara\tkuta\tyar.,3SG\tbig~big\tdog\tfriend,"It was a really big dog, man.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,U bara bara kuta yar.,U bara~bara kuta yar.,3SG big~big dog friend,,Siegel-field recording,,3796, +71-50,71,Nuinui pilikia kela kamalii.,Nuinui\tpilikia\tkela\tkamalii.,plenty.of\ttrouble\tDET\tchildren,The children are in a lot of trouble.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Nuinui pilikia kela kamalii.",,plenty.of trouble DET children,,Own data 1893,,3797, +71-51,71,Nui loa pilikia kela poe.,Nui\tloa\tpilikia\tkela\tpoe.,much\tvery\ttrouble\tDET\tpeople,The people are in a lot of trouble.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Nui loa pilikia kela poe.",,much very trouble DET people,,own data 1890,,3798, +72-51,72,Nyilanginyima dei bin rarrarraj na nganta motikangkirri.,Nyila-nginyi-ma\tdei\tbin\trarrarraj\tna\tnganta\tmotika-ngkirri.,that-ABL-DISC\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\trun.RED\tDISC\tDOUBT\tcar-ALL,"After that, they ran and ran to the car, I think.",,Partial reduplication is used for expressing iterative aspect in a Gurindji-derived word.,583,fd720bea6e66a6c2bf2d31f630c0a173,narrative,Nyilanginyima dei bin rarrarraj na nganta motikangkirri.,Nyila-nginyi-ma dei bin rarrarraj na nganta motika-ngkirri.,that-ABL-DISC 3PL.SBJ PST run.RED DISC DOUBT car-ALL,Partial reduplication is used for expressing iterative aspect in a Gurindji-derived word.,,,3799, +72-52,72,Kajijirrima dei yusta jingimbat darrei yawulyu.,Kajijirri-ma\tdei\tyusta\tjing-im-bat\tdarrei\tyawulyu.,old.woman.RED-TOP\t3PL.SBJ\tused.to\tsing-TR-CONT\tthat.way\tsacred.song,The old women used to sing sacred songs over there.,,Partial reduplication used for expressing plurality in a Gurindji-derived word.,8,40c18821a05178b2d1048a23c724047b,narrative,Kajijirrima dei yusta jingimbat darrei yawulyu.,Kajijirri-ma dei yusta jing-im-bat darrei yawulyu.,old.woman.RED-TOP 3PL.SBJ used.to sing-TR-CONT that.way sacred.song,Partial reduplication used for expressing plurality in a Gurindji-derived word.,,,3800, +73-38,73,yoga bin bin tixiyda pudini,yo-ga\tbin~bin\ttixi-y-da\tpudi-ni,1SG-TOP\twell~well\tweave-INF-ACC\tcan-1SG,I can weave very well.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"yoga bin bin tixiyda pudini",yo-ga bin~bin tixi-y-da pudi-ni,1SG-TOP well~well weave-INF-ACC can-1SG,,Field notes,,3801, +74-41,74,wáwa wáwa wáwa,wáwa\twáwa\twáwa,talk\ttalk\ttalk,talk and talk and talk,,,,,constructed by linguist,wáwa wáwa wáwa,wáwa wáwa wáwa,talk talk talk,,Own knowledge,,3802, +74-185,74,łas mungk k’áu’kau dunusdunús,łas\tmungk\tk’áu’kau\tdunusdunús,3PL\tmake\ttie.RED\tsmall.RED,they tied it up very tightly,,,675[33],,narrative,łas mungk k’áu’kau dunusdunús,,3PL make tie.RED small.RED,,,,3803, +75-79,75,Kiimamishimeewak maana.,Kii-ma~mishim-eew-ak\tmaana.,PST-RED.tell.on.ANIM-3-PL\tusually,They always used to tell on her usually.,,The adverb is after the verb. Aspectual reduplication is preceded by a past marker.,522,,naturalistic spoken,Kiimamishimeewak maana.,Kii-ma~mishim-eew-ak maana.,PST-RED.tell.on.ANIM-3-PL usually,The adverb is after the verb. Aspectual reduplication is preceded by a past marker.,,,3804, +75-80,75,Kahkiyaashkit.,Kah~kiyaashki-t.,HAB~lie-3,She is lying all the time.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Kahkiyaashkit.,Kah~kiyaashki-t.,HAB~lie-3,,,,3805, +75-81,75,Kaahkiihtwaam chiushtaayaahk lii zafeer.,Kaah~kiihtwaam\tchi-ushtaa-yaahk\tlii\tzafeer.,RED.again\tCOMP.FUT-do.INAN-1PL\tART.PL\tthing,We have to do things over and over.,,,789[208],,naturalistic written,Kaahkiihtwaam chiushtaayaahk lii zafeer.,Kaah~kiihtwaam chi-ushtaa-yaahk lii zafeer.,RED.again COMP.FUT-do.INAN-1PL ART.PL thing,,,,3806, +75-82,75,Paahpeeyek aen zhwal ayaaweewak.,Paah~peeyek\taen\tzhwal\tayaawee-wak.,RED.one\tDEF.ART.SG.M\thorse\thave-3PL,They each have a horse. OR: Each one has a horse.,,,789[82],,naturalistic written,Paahpeeyek aen zhwal ayaaweewak.,Paah~peeyek aen zhwal ayaawee-wak.,RED.one DEF.ART.SG.M horse have-3PL,,,,3807, +75-83,75,Paahpawaachikew inaakushiw.,Paah~pawaach-ike-w\tinaaku-shi-w.,HAB~dream-DETRANS-3\tlook.like-be-3,She is dreamy looking.,,,789[79],,naturalistic written,Paahpawaachikew inaakushiw.,Paah~pawaach-ike-w inaaku-shi-w.,HAB~dream-DETRANS-3 look.like-be-3,,,,3808, +75-84,75,Li shyaen mekwaat aen zoo maamaakwahtem.,Li\tshyaen\tmekwaat\taen\tzoo\tmaamaakwaht-em.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tdog\tPROG\tINDF.ART.M.SG\tbone\tchew.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,The dog is chewing on a bone.,,The initial syllable of the verb is diachronically derived from a partial reduplication.,789[48],,naturalistic written,"Li shyaen mekwaat aen zoo maamaakwahtem.",Li shyaen mekwaat aen zoo maamaakwaht-em.,DEF.ART.M.SG dog PROG INDF.ART.M.SG bone chew.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,The initial syllable of the verb is diachronically derived from a partial reduplication.,,,3809, +1-81,1,Battra kotti mi futu.,Batra\tkoti\tmi\tfutu.,bottle\tcut\t1SG\tfoot,The bottle cut my foot.,,,1357[13],,written (dictionary),Battra kotti mi futu.,Batra koti mi futu.,bottle cut 1SG foot,,,,3810,German: Ich habe mir ein Stück Glas von einer gebrochenen Buddel in den Fuss getreten. [op.cit.] +2-61,2,Esde mi drai mi futu.,Esde\tmi\tdrai\tmi\tfutu.,yesterday\tI\tturn\tmy\tfoot,Yesterday I twisted my foot.,,,1587[39],,unknown,Esde mi drai mi futu.,,yesterday I turn my foot,,,,3811, +4-42,4,Na mi futu mi na e fii.,Na\tmi\tfutu\tmi\tna\te\tfii.,COP\tmy\tleg/foot\tI\tNEG\tIPFV\tfeel,It's my foot that I'm not feeling.,,,279,,naturalistic spoken,Na mi futu mi na e fii.,,COP my leg/foot I NEG IPFV feel,,,,3812, +4-43,4,Wan se fufu langa moo a taa wan.,Wan\tse\tfufu\tlanga\tmoo\ta\ttaa\twan.,one\tside\tfoot\tlong\tmore\tDET.SG\tother\tone,One foot is longer than the other one.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Wan se fufu langa moo a taa wan.,,one side foot long more DET.SG other one,,Own observation,,3813, +5-48,5,an di fut na kot a di rait spɔt,an\tdi\tfut\tna\tkot\ta\tdi\trait\tspɔt,and\tthe\tfoot\tNEG\tcut\tin\tthe\tright\tspot,And the foot was not cut at the right spot.,,Fut 'foot' is not marked by an anti-dual.,1281[203 (line 958)],,naturalistic spoken,an di fut na kot a di rait spɔt,,and the foot NEG cut in the right spot,"Fut 'foot' is not marked by an anti-dual.",,,3814, +5-49,5,wan said eez; wan han,wan\tsaid\teez;\twan\than,one\tside\tears\tone\thand,one ear; one hand,,Wan ~ wan said marks anti-dual.,,,unspecified,wan said eez; wan han,,one side ears one hand,"Wan ~ wan said marks anti-dual.",Own knowledge,,3815, +6-30,6,a foot,a\tfoot,DET\tfoot,a foot,,,,,elicited from speaker,"a foot",,DET foot,,Informant,,3816, +7-75,7,a nooz hool,a\tnooz\thool,INDF\tnose\thole,a nostril,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a nooz hool,,INDF nose hole,,Own knowledge,,3817, +8-42,8,Mi fut de hat mi.,Mi\tfut\tde\that\tmi.,1SG\tfoot\tPROG\thurt\t1SG,My leg hurts.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi fut de hat mi.,,1SG foot PROG hurt 1SG,,Own knowledge,,3818, +8-43,8,Di yai kudn shet.,Di\tyai\tkudn\tshet.,DET\teye\tMOD\tshut,The eye could not be closed.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di yai kudn shet.,,DET eye MOD shut,,Own knowledge,,3819, +9-53,9,Di leydi me de waʧ a wid wan sayd a i ayz.,Di\tleydi\tme\tde\twaʧ\ta\twid\twan\tsayd\ta\ti\tayz.,the\tlady\tANT\tPROG\twatch\thim\twith\tone\tside\tof\ther\teyes,The lady was watching him sideways.,,This is an 'instrumental' use of wid.,429,,naturalistic spoken,Di leydi me de waʧ a wid wan sayd a i ayz.,,the lady ANT PROG watch him with one side of her eyes,"This is an 'instrumental' use of wid.",,,3820, +9-54,9,(ʃaak) i bayt wan howl piys ina i fut.,(ʃaak)\ti\tbayt\twan\thowl\tpiys\tina\ti\tfut.,(shark)\t3SG\tbite\ta\twhole\tpiece\tin\this\tleg,"(The shark), it bit a piece of his leg (calf in this case).",,Note that fut means 'leg' (and hand means 'arm').,434,,naturalistic spoken,(ʃaak) i bayt wan howl piys ina i fut.,,(shark) 3SG bite a whole piece in his leg,"Note that fut means 'leg' (and hand means 'arm').",,,3821, +10-54,10,An ihn tek di han an baks aaf ihn hed rait aaf.,An\tihn\ttek\tdi\than\tan\tbaks\taaf\tihn\thed\trait\taaf.,and\t3SG\ttake\tART.DEF\thand\tand\tbox\toff\t3SG.POSS\thead\tright\toff,And he took his hand and boxed her head right off.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An ihn tek di han an baks aaf ihn hed rait aaf.,,and 3SG take ART.DEF hand and box off 3SG.POSS head right off,,Unpublished field recordings,,3822, +10-55,10,"Mama, mama, mi han taiad!","Mama,\tmama,\tmi\than\ttaiad!",mother\tmother\t1SG.POSS\thand\ttired,"Mother, mother, my hands are tired!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mama, mama, mi han taiad!",,mother mother 1SG.POSS hand tired,,Unpublished field recordings,,3823, +10-56,10,wan leg; wan fut; wan han; wan iaz; wan ai; wan nuoshuol,wan\tleg;\twan\tfut;\twan\than;\twan\tiaz;\twan\tai;\twan\tnuoshuol,ART.INDF\tleg\tART.INDF\tfoot\tART.INDF\thand\tART.INDF\tear\tART.INDF\teye\tART.INDF\tnostril,a leg; a foot; a hand; an ear; an eye; a nostril,,"Note that San Andrés Creole English fut is 'foot, leg'.",,,constructed by linguist,wan leg; wan fut; wan han; wan iaz; wan ai; wan nuoshuol,,ART.INDF leg ART.INDF foot ART.INDF hand ART.INDF ear ART.INDF eye ART.INDF nostril,"Note that San Andrés Creole English fut is 'foot, leg'.",Own knowledge,,3824, +10-57,10,Mi gat wan gud han.,Mi\tgat\twan\tgud\than.,1SG\tget\tone\tgood\thand.,I have only one good hand left (because the other one is broken).,,Stress on wan in order to convey the meaning 'only one'.,,,constructed by linguist,Mi gat wan gud han.,,1SG get one good hand.,"Stress on wan in order to convey the meaning 'only one'.",Own knowledge,,3825, +11-62,11,Dei chop aaf den han or dei get ded.,Dei\tchop\taaf\tden\than\tor\tdei\tget\tded.,3PL\tchop\toff\t3PL.POSS\thand\tor\t3PL\tget\tdead,They chop off their hand/hands or they get themselves killed.,,"As indicated in the translation, the structure does not change, whether one or two hands per person are chopped off.",1054,,naturalistic spoken,Dei chop aaf den han or dei get ded.,,3PL chop off 3PL.POSS hand or 3PL get dead,"As indicated in the translation, the structure does not change, whether one or two hands per person are chopped off.",,,3826, +11-63,11,wan fut,wan\tfut,ART.INDF\tfoot,a foot/leg,,,636[Appendix],,naturalistic spoken,wan fut,,ART.INDF foot,,,,3827, +11-64,11,wan han,wan\than,ART.INDF\thand,a hand/arm,,,636[Appendix],,naturalistic spoken,wan han,,ART.INDF hand,,,,3828, +11-65,11,wan yai,wan\tyai,ART.INDF\teye,an eye,,,636[Appendix],,naturalistic spoken,wan yai,,ART.INDF eye,,,,3829, +11-66,11,wan nuoz huol,wan\tnuoz\thuol,ART.INDF\tnose\thole,a nostril,,,636[Appendix],,naturalistic spoken,wan nuoz huol,,ART.INDF nose hole,,,,3830, +12-54,12,"And I get stick, and I didn't pay it no mind. And [...] - [You get stick - with what?] A prickle. [Oh ... what happened?] And I didn't pay it no mind. I see the hole in my leg - toe, you see.",[...] the hole in my leg - toe [...].,[...] the hole in my leg   toe [...],"[And I got stuck] [...] [and I saw] the hole in my leg - [in my] toe, you see.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And I get stick, and I didn't pay it no mind. And [...] - [You get stick - with what?] A prickle. [Oh ... what happened?] And I didn't pay it no mind. I see the hole in my leg - toe, you see.",[...] the hole in my leg - toe [...].,[...] the hole in my leg toe [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3831, +13-47,13,dey broke e leg.,dey\tbroke\te\tleg.,3PL.SBJ\tbroke\t3SG\tleg,They broke his leg. (Jn 19.32),,,357[390],,bible translation,dey broke e leg.,,3PL.SBJ broke 3SG leg,,,,3832, +14-33,14,leg,leg,leg,one leg,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,leg,,leg,,Own knowledge,,3833, +14-34,14,ear,ear,ear,one ear,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ear,,ear,,Own knowledge,,3834, +14-35,14,eye,eye,eye,eye,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,eye,,eye,,Own knowledge,,3835, +15-45,15,"fut, yes, yay","fut,\tyes,\tyay",leg/foot\tear\teye,"leg, ear, eye",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"fut, yes, yay",,leg/foot ear eye,,Own knowledge,,3836, +16-41,16,à tai sɔm smɔ rop fɔ ìn lɛg,à\ttai\tsɔm\tsmɔ\trop\tfɔ\tìn\tlɛg,1SG\ttie\tART\tsmall\trope\tfor\t3SG.POSS\tleg,I tied a small rope to its leg.,,,656[221],,naturalistic spoken,à tai sɔm smɔ rop fɔ ìn lɛg,,1SG tie ART small rope for 3SG.POSS leg,,,,3837, +17-42,17,Ìm tek nayf chuk mì fò̱r ay.,Ìm\ttek\tnayf\tchuk\tmì\tfò̱r\tay.,3SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tpierce\t1SG.OBJ\tPREP\teye,S/he stabbed me in the eye(s) with a knife.,,,"462[75-80, 141-150]",,naturalistic spoken,Ìm tek nayf chuk mì fò̱r ay.,,3SG.SBJ take.INS knife pierce 1SG.OBJ PREP eye,,,,3838, +17-43,17,Ìm tek nayf chuk mì fò̱r wo̱n ay.,Ìm\ttek\tnayf\tchuk\tmì\tfò̱r\two̱n\tay.,3SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tpierce\t1SG.OBJ\tPREP\tone\teye,S/he stabbed me in one/an eye with a knife.,,,,,unknown,Ìm tek nayf chuk mì fò̱r wo̱n ay.,,3SG.SBJ take.INS knife pierce 1SG.OBJ PREP one eye,,,,3839, +18-42,18,"wan ai, wan fingga, wan han, wan fut","wan\tai,\twan\tfingga,\twan\than,\twan\tfut",one\teye\tone\tfinger\tone\thand\tone\tfoot,"eye, finger, hand/arm/sleeve, foot/leg/trouser leg",,,1488[9],,published source,"wan ai, wan fingga, wan han, wan fut",,one eye one finger one hand one foot,,,,3840, +19-47,19,han; fut; yes; yayf,han;\tfut;\tyes;\tyayf,hand/arm\tfoot/leg\tear\teye,hand/arm; foot/leg; ear; eye,,,,,constructed by linguist,han; fut; yes; yayf,,hand/arm foot/leg ear eye,,Own knowledge,,3841, +20-36,20,Mutton leg sellum two macee eight candareen one catty.,Mutton\tleg\tsellum\ttwo\tmacee\teight\tcandareen\tone\tcatty.,mutton\tleg\tsell\ttwo\tmace\teight\tcandareen\tone\tcatty,Mutton leg sells two mace eight candareens a catty.,,,1489[VI.25],,naturalistic written,Mutton leg sellum two macee eight candareen one catty.,,mutton leg sell two mace eight candareen one catty,,,乜頓叻些林都米士(口回)間打連温咖地,3842, +21-36,21,a leg; an ear; an eye,a\tleg;\tan\tear;\tan\teye,DET\tleg\tDET\tear\tDET\teye,a leg; an ear; an eye,,,,,own knowledge,a leg; an ear; an eye,,DET leg DET ear DET eye,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,3843, +22-55,22,Lek bilongen pen.,Lek\tbilong-en\tpen.,leg\tPOSS-3SG\tpain,His leg hurt.,,"Speaker: a boy from Eastern Highland Province, aged about 9",584[Boy aged around 9 from Eastern Highlands],,naturalistic spoken,Lek bilongen pen.,Lek bilong-en pen.,leg POSS-3SG pain,"Speaker: a boy from Eastern Highland Province, aged about 9",,,3844, +23-55,23,mi luk han blong Linda i nogud we,mi\tluk\than\tblong\tLinda\ti\tnogud\twe,1SG\tlook\thand\tPOSS\tLinda\tAGR\tno.good\tCOMP,"I saw Linda's arm, it looks awful.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,mi luk han blong Linda i nogud we,,1SG look hand POSS Linda AGR no.good COMP,,,,3845, +25-159,25,"Hi nomo faindim broken leg, nathing, bon bin kam [...] beta, hilap.","Hi\tnomo\tfaind-im\tbroken\tleg,\tnathing,\tbon\tbin\tkam\t[...]\tbeta,\thil-ap.",3SG\tNEG\tfind-TR\tbroken\tleg\tnothing\tbone\tPST\tcome\t[...]\tbetter\theal-up,"He didn’t find a broken leg any more, the bone had gotten better, it had healed. (Doctor in later consultation of a patient with a broken leg.)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates clausal negation as well as an unmarked body part noun referring to just one of a pair, and the suppletive comparative adjective beta.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Hi nomo faindim broken leg, nathing, bon bin kam [...] beta, hilap.","Hi nomo faind-im broken leg, nathing, bon bin kam [...] beta, hil-ap.",3SG NEG find-TR broken leg nothing bone PST come [...] better heal-up,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates clausal negation as well as an unmarked body part noun referring to just one of a pair, and the suppletive comparative adjective beta.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3846, +25-160,25,"Putim theya la bingga, jurruny.","Put-im\ttheya\tla\tbingga,\tjurruny.",put-TR\tthere\tLOC\tfinger/hand\thand,[They got hot sand and they] put it on my hand [to cure an insect bite].,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the body part term bingga 'finger, hand'; jurruny is the Jaminjung word for 'hand, forearm'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Putim theya la bingga, jurruny.","Put-im theya la bingga, jurruny.",put-TR there LOC finger/hand hand,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the body part term bingga 'finger, hand'; jurruny is the Jaminjung word for 'hand, forearm'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3847, +26-34,26,ju get big hæn,ju\tget\tbig\thæn,2SG\tPOSS\tbig\thand,You've got big hands.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ju get big hæn,,2SG POSS big hand,,Own fieldwork recording,,3848, +26-35,26,wan hæn,wan\thæn,one\thand,one hand,,,,,constructed by linguist,wan hæn,,one hand,,Own knowledge,,3849, +26-36,26,mai ɹaiʔ hæn,mai\tɹaiʔ\thæn,1SG.POSS\tright\thand,my right hand,,,,,constructed by linguist,mai ɹaiʔ hæn,,1SG.POSS right hand,,Own knowledge,,3850, +27-30,27,Di estə ēn ham a ha ēn hogo.,Di\testə\tēn\tham\ta\tha\tēn\thogo.,DET\tfirst\tone\t3SG\tPST\thave\tone\teye,The first one had one eye.,,,355[22],,naturalistic spoken,Di estə ēn ham a ha ēn hogo.,,DET first one 3SG PST have one eye,,,,3851, +28-56,28,ʃi bwa wa bigintɛ riʃi,ʃi\tbwa\twa\tbigin-tɛ\triʃi,3SG.POSS\tleg\tPST\tbegin-PFV\tswell,His leg had begun to swell.,,"Knowledge shared between the speaker and hearer here disambiguates bwa as having singular reference. Out of context, this use of bwa is in fact ambiguous between a singular and plural interpretation.",737[578],,naturalistic spoken,ʃi bwa wa bigintɛ riʃi,ʃi bwa wa bigin-tɛ riʃi,3SG.POSS leg PST begin-PFV swell,"Knowledge shared between the speaker and hearer here disambiguates bwa as having singular reference. Out of context, this use of bwa is in fact ambiguous between a singular and plural interpretation.",,,3852, +28-57,28,di en bara moi ka,di\ten\tbara\tmoi\tka,the\tone\tarm/hand\tgood\tNEG,His one hand is not good.,,"The speaker here decided to be completely explicit about the singular reference of bara. As seen earlier, this is in fact optional.",737[564],,naturalistic spoken,di en bara moi ka,di en bara moi ka,the one arm/hand good NEG,"The speaker here decided to be completely explicit about the singular reference of bara. As seen earlier, this is in fact optional.",,,3853, +29-44,29,"arm, oog, oor","arm,\toog,\toor",arm\teye\tear,"arm, eye, ear",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"arm, oog, oor",,arm eye ear,,Own knowledge,,3854, +30-62,30,Algen ki ten un odju ségu ê kololu.,Algen\tki=ten\tun=odju\tségu\tê\tkololu.,somebody\tCOMP=have\tone=eye\tblind\tbe\tkololu,"Somebody who is blind on one eye is called ""kololu"".",,Compare with E ten odju azul 'He has blue eyes'.,784[s.v. kololu],,naturalistic spoken,Algen ki ten un odju ségu ê kololu.,Algen ki=ten un=odju ségu ê kololu.,somebody COMP=have one=eye blind be kololu,"Compare with E ten odju azul 'He has blue eyes'.",,,3855,"German: Jemanden, der auf einem Auge blind ist, nennt man ""kololu""." +31-64,31,"N ta sufri di rimatismu, na pe ma na mon.","N\tta\tsufri\tdi\trimatismu,\tna\tpe\tma\tna\tmon.",I\tASP\tsuffer\tfrom\trheumatism\ton\tfoot\tand\ton\thand,"I suffer from rheumatism, on my feet and hands.",,,886,,naturalistic spoken,"N ta sufri di rimatismu, na pe ma na mon.",,I ASP suffer from rheumatism on foot and on hand,,,,3856, +32-38,32,"ói/ un ói, uvid/ un uvid","ói/\tun\tói,\tuvid/\tun\tuvid",eyes/\tone\teye\tears/\tone\tear,"eyes/ one eye, ears/ one ear",,,,,constructed by linguist,"ói/ un ói, uvid/ un uvid",,eyes/ one eye ears/ one ear,,Own knowledge,,3857,"Portuguese: os olhos / um olho, os ouvidos / um ouvido" +33-54,33,nha mon,nha\tmon,1SG.POSS\thand,my hand/ my hands,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,nha mon,,1SG.POSS hand,,Own knowledge,,3858,Portuguese: minha mão/ minhas mãos +33-55,33,nha mons,nha\tmon-s,1SG.POSS\thand-PL,my hands,,This is unusual since -s is usually restricted to nouns referring to persons. One could say nha dus mons 'my two hands' but nha mon can be interpreted as either singular or plural.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,nha mons,nha mon-s,1SG.POSS hand-PL,"This is unusual since -s is usually restricted to nouns referring to persons. One could say nha dus mons 'my two hands' but nha mon can be interpreted as either singular or plural.",Own knowledge,,3859,Portuguese: minhas mãos +34-42,34,"moŋ, pe, wuju, woreja","moŋ,\tpe,\twuju,\tworeja",hand/arm\tfoot/leg\teye\tear,"a hand / an arm, a foot/leg, an eye, an ear",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"moŋ, pe, wuju, woreja",,hand/arm foot/leg eye ear,,Own knowledge,,3860, +35-63,35,ũa mon,ũa\tmon,one\thand,one hand OR: a hand,,,,,elicited from speaker,ũa mon,,one hand,,Own data,,3861, +36-38,36,ũa mo,ũa\tmo,one\thand,one hand,,,,,constructed by linguist,ũa mo,,one hand,,Own knowledge,,3862, +37-42,37,uman ũa,uman\tũa,hand\tone,one hand,,,,,constructed by linguist,uman ũa,,hand one,,Own knowledge,,3863, +38-47,38,básu,básu,upper.arm,upper arm,,,,,elicited from speaker,básu,,upper.arm,,Own fieldwork 1993,,3864, +38-48,38,wã básu,wan\tbásu,one\tupper.arm,one upper arm,,,,,elicited from speaker,wã básu,wan básu,one upper.arm,,Own fieldwork 1990,,3865, +39-60,39,Aməro pɛ dikəl lion.,Amər-o\tpɛ\tdə-ikəl\t.,bind-PST\tfoot/leg\tof-DEM\tlion,(X) bound the leg(s) of the lion.,,"In this sentence, the number category of pɛ is ambiguous, as no plural marker or quantifier is used. +Lion is taken from English.",221[155],,naturalistic spoken,Aməro pɛ dikəl lion.,"Amər-o pɛ də-ikəl <lion>.",bind-PST foot/leg of-DEM lion,"In this sentence, the number category of pɛ is ambiguous, as no plural marker or quantifier is used. +Lion is taken from English.",,,3866, +39-61,39,Nɔs tə kume ku mãw.,Nɔs\ttə\tkum-e\tku\tmãw.,1PL\tIPFV.NPST\teat-INF\tINS\thand/arm,We are eating with our hand(s).,,,221[186],,naturalistic spoken,Nɔs tə kume ku mãw.,Nɔs tə kum-e ku mãw.,1PL IPFV.NPST eat-INF INS hand/arm,,,,3867, +39-62,39,Fal nə nə uvid.,Fal\tnə\tnə\tuvid.,speak.NPST\tREQ\tLOC\tear,Speak into (my) ear.,,,221[204],,naturalistic spoken,Fal nə nə uvid.,,speak.NPST REQ LOC ear,,,,3868, +40-37,40,ol; oʋid; pɛ; mãʋ,ol;\toʋid;\tpɛ;\tmãʋ,eye\tear\tfoot/leg\thand/arm,eye(s); ear(s); foot/feet / leg(s); hand(s) / arm(s),,,265[264-66],,elicited from speaker,ol; oʋid; pɛ; mãʋ,,eye ear foot/leg hand/arm,,,,3869, +42-46,42,ńgua perna,ńgua\tperna,one\tleg,a leg,,,,,elicited from speaker,ńgua perna,,one leg,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,3870, +44-54,44,un pies,un\tpies,a\tfoot,a foot,,,,,naturalistic written,un pies,,a foot,,Own data,,3871, +44-55,44,un máno,un\tmáno,a\thand,a hand,,,,,naturalistic written,un máno,,a hand,,Own data,,3872, +45-46,45,Tiene un lunal na orejas de mi papa.,Tiene\tun\tlunal\tna\torejas\tde\tmi\tpapa.,EXIST\tINDF\tmole\tLOC\tear\tof\tmy\tfather,There is a mole in my father's ear.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Tiene un lunal na orejas de mi papa.,,EXIST INDF mole LOC ear of my father,,Own data,,3873, +46-62,46,Kórto el pyérna déste ómbre.,Kórto\tel\tpyérna\tdéste\tómbre.,short\tthe\tleg\tof.this\tman,The leg(s) of this man are short.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Kórto el pyérna déste ómbre.,,short the leg of.this man,,Own knowledge,,3874, +47-56,47,un wowo; un oreya,un\twowo;\tun\toreya,INDF\teye\tINDF\tear,an eye; an ear,,,,,own knowledge,un wowo; un oreya,,INDF eye INDF ear,,Own knowledge,,3875, +48-42,48,oho,oho,eye,eye,,"As all unmarked Palenquero nouns, oho can mean 'eye' as well as plural 'eyes'.",,,naturalistic spoken,oho,,eye,"As all unmarked Palenquero nouns, oho can mean 'eye' as well as plural 'eyes'.",Recorded by author,,3876,Spanish: ojo +48-43,48,pie,pie,foot,foot,,"As all unmarked Palenquero nouns, pie can mean 'foot' as well as plural 'feet'.",,,naturalistic spoken,pie,,foot,"As all unmarked Palenquero nouns, pie can mean 'foot' as well as plural 'feet'.",Recorded by author,,3877,Spanish: pie +49-71,49,Grenn zye w i ye.,Grenn\tzye\tw\ti\tye.,unit\teye\t2SG.POSS\t3SG\tPRO,It's your eye.,,"For glossing the morpheme ye, I adopt the analysis of DeGraff (1995), who considers it a resumptive pro-form for [-V] predicates. This sentence was given in answer to a question about a part of the body.",473[88],,naturalistic spoken,Grenn zye w i ye.,,unit eye 2SG.POSS 3SG PRO,"For glossing the morpheme ye, I adopt the analysis of DeGraff (1995), who considers it a resumptive pro-form for [-V] predicates. This sentence was given in answer to a question about a part of the body.",,,3878,French: C'est ton oeil. +49-72,49,gwo grenn zye,gwo\tgrenn\tzye,big\tunit\teye,big eye,,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map and comment 220).",473[88],,naturalistic spoken,gwo grenn zye,,big unit eye,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map and comment 220).",,,3879,French: gros oeil +49-73,49,de zye ou,de\tzye\tou,two\teye\t2SG,your two eyes,,,473[88],,naturalistic spoken,de zye ou,,two eye 2SG,,,,3880,French: tes deux yeux +49-74,49,nannan zye a,nannan\tzye\ta,pupil\teye\tDEF,the pupil of the eye,,,473[89],,naturalistic spoken,nannan zye a,,pupil eye DEF,,,,3881,French: la pulpe de l'oeil +49-75,49,Janm mwen ap fè m mal.,Janm\tmwen\tap\tfè\tm\tmal.,leg\t1SG.POSS\tINACC\tmake\t3SG\tbad,My leg hurts.,,"Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 3, map 281, notice 10).","473[vol. 3, p. 221]",,naturalistic spoken,Janm mwen ap fè m mal.,,leg 1SG.POSS INACC make 3SG bad,"Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 3, map 281, notice 10).",,,3882,French: Ma jambe me fait mal. +50-47,50,on bra,on\tbra,one\tarm,an/one arm,,,,,naturalistic spoken,on bra,,one arm,,Own fieldwork,,3883, +51-46,51,an bra,an\tbra,INDF\tarm,an/one arm,,,,,naturalistic spoken,an bra,,INDF arm,,Own fieldwork,,3884, +52-32,52,"pyé, bra, zorey","pyé,\tbra,\tzorey",leg\tarm\tear,"leg, arm, ear",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"pyé, bra, zorey",,leg arm ear,,Own knowledge,,3885, +53-96,53,Mom te rache l klou dan to pye.,Mom\tte\trache\tl\tklou\tdan\tto\tpye.,Mom\tPST\tpull.out\tART.DEF\tnail\tfrom\t2SG.POSS\tfoot,Mom would pull the nail out of your foot.,,,1048[388],,naturalistic spoken,Mom te rache l klou dan to pye.,,Mom PST pull.out ART.DEF nail from 2SG.POSS foot,,,,3886, +54-59,54,"Mi pran in koté lo ba, in koté soulié, tout koté lé ba.","Mi\tpran\ten\tkote\tlë\tba,\ten\tkote\tsoulye,\ttout\tkote\tle\tba.",1SG.FIN\ttake\tINDF\tside\tDEF.SG\tsock\tINDF\tside\tshoe\tall\tside\tDEF.PL\tsock,"I take one sock, one shoe, both socks.",,,229[44],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi pran in koté lo ba, in koté soulié, tout koté lé ba.","Mi pran en kote lë ba, en kote soulye, tout kote le ba.",1SG.FIN take INDF side DEF.SG sock INDF side shoe all side DEF.PL sock,,,,3887,"French: Je prends une chaussette, un soulier, les deux chaussettes." +54-60,54,"mon koté d zórèy, mon dé zórèy","mon\tkote\td\tzorey,\tmon\tde\tzorey",POSS.1SG\tside\tof\tear\tPOSS.1SG\ttwo\tear,"my ear, my ears",,,236[359],,naturalistic spoken,"mon koté d zórèy, mon dé zórèy","mon kote d zorey, mon de zorey",POSS.1SG side of ear POSS.1SG two ear,,,,3888,"French: mon oreille, mes oreilles" +54-61,54,"son soulié, in soulié gran talon","son\tsoulye,\ten\tsoulye\tgran\ttalon",POSS.3SG\tshoe\tINDF\tshoe\tbig\theel,"his/her shoe, a shoe with high heel",,,229[182],,naturalistic spoken,"son soulié, in soulié gran talon","son soulye, en soulye gran talon",POSS.3SG shoe INDF shoe big heel,,,,3889,"French: son soulier, un soulier à talon haut" +55-50,55,en kote lizye fer mal,en\tkote\tlizye\tfer\tmal,one\tside\teye\tmake\tbad,One eye is paining.,,This structure is attested from the 19th century and while informants acknowledge its continued existence its actual occurrence is rare today.,,,elicited from speaker,en kote lizye fer mal,,one side eye make bad,This structure is attested from the 19th century and while informants acknowledge its continued existence its actual occurrence is rare today.,Own knowledge,,3890, +55-218,55,li'nn perdi enn so lizye,li'nn\tperdi\tenn\tso\tlizye,3SG.COMPL\tlose\tone\t3SG.POSS\teye,s/he has lost the use of one eye,,,,,constructed by linguist,li'nn perdi enn so lizye,,3SG.COMPL lose one 3SG.POSS eye,,own knowledge,,3891, +56-64,56,en kote lipye,en\tkote\tlipye,a/one\tside\tleg,one leg,,,,,constructed by linguist,en kote lipye,,a/one side leg,,Own knowledge,,3892, +56-65,56,Met en kote lipye devan.,Met\ten\tkote\tlipye\tdevan.,put\tone\tside\tfoot\tforward,Put one foot forward.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Met en kote lipye devan.,,put one side foot forward,,Own knowledge,,3893, +56-66,56,Si ou met lipye lo la ou'n antre dan son kan ou pa a sorti.,Si\tou\tmet\tlipye\tlo\tla\tou'n\tantre\tdan\tson\tkan\tou\tpa\ta\tsorti.,if\t2SG\tput\tfoot\ton\tthere\t2SG=PRF\tenter\tin\t3SG.POSS\tfield\t2SG\tNEG\tFUT\tget.out,"If you step on it [a kind of grain], if you go into the field, you will not get out of it.",,,158[200],,naturalistic spoken,Si ou met lipye lo la ou'n antre dan son kan ou pa a sorti.,,if 2SG put foot on there 2SG=PRF enter in 3SG.POSS field 2SG NEG FUT get.out,,,,3894,"French: Si vous y mettez le pied, si vous entrez dans son champ, vous n'en sortez pas. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 201)" +57-34,57,na a pje selma pu lja,na\ta\tpje\tselma\tpu\tlja,EXIST\tNUM\tfoot\tonly\tPOSS\t3SG,He has only one foot.,,,,,constructed by linguist,na a pje selma pu lja,,EXIST NUM foot only POSS 3SG,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,3895, +58-36,58,"di-kulu, ma-kulu","di-kulu,\tma-kulu",CL5-leg\tCL6-leg,"leg, legs",,Ma-kulu is good for any number other than one.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"di-kulu, ma-kulu",,CL5-leg CL6-leg,"Ma-kulu is good for any number other than one.",Own knowledge,,3896, +58-37,58,"di-kutu, ma-kutu","di-kutu,\tma-kutu",CL5-ear\tCL6-ear,"ear, ears",,Ma-kutu is good for any number other than one.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"di-kutu, ma-kutu",,CL5-ear CL6-ear,"Ma-kutu is good for any number other than one.",Own knowledge,,3897, +59-93,59,lo kpo le ti lo oko,lo\tkpo\tle\tti\tlo\toko,3SG\tpierce\teye\tof\t3SG\tone,He pierced him in one eye. OR: He pierced one of his eyes.,,,,,constructed by linguist,lo kpo le ti lo oko,,3SG pierce eye of 3SG one,,Own knowledge,,3898, +59-94,59,lo mu zembe na maboko ti lo.,lo\tmu\tzembe\tna\tmaboko\tti\tlo.,3SG\ttake\tknife\tPREP\thand\tof\t3SG,He took a knife in his hand.,,A literary translation might be better: 'He grabbed a knife'. This sentence contributes to the vividness of the narrative.,,,naturalistic spoken,lo mu zembe na maboko ti lo.,,3SG take knife PREP hand of 3SG,A literary translation might be better: 'He grabbed a knife'. This sentence contributes to the vividness of the narrative.,Samarin corpus 1994,,3899,French: Il prit le couteau dans sa main. +60-40,60,lokolo; makolo,lo-kolo;\tma-kolo,CLF.SG-leg\tCLF.PL-leg,leg; legs,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,lokolo; makolo,lo-kolo; ma-kolo,CLF.SG-leg CLF.PL-leg,,,,3900, +61-125,61,muye mlenze,muye\tmlenze,one\tleg,one leg,,,,,constructed by linguist,muye mlenze,,one leg,,Own knowledge,,3901, +61-126,61,muye mehlo,muye\tmehlo,one\teye,one eye,,,,,constructed by linguist,muye mehlo,,one eye,,Own knowledge,,3902, +62-24,62,"i-'ilá, ma-'ilá","i-'ilá,\tma-'ilá",5-eye\t6-eye,"eye, eyes",,,,,elicited from speaker,"i-'ilá, ma-'ilá",,5-eye 6-eye,,Own field data 1993,,3903, +63-47,63,íta kut fi ída,íta\tkut\tfi\tída,2SG\tput\tin\thand,You put [the salt] in your hand.,,,856[129],,naturalistic spoken,íta kut fi ída,,2SG put in hand,,,,3904, +63-48,63,úwo dákul ída fi jéba,úwo\tdákul\tída\tfi\tjéba,3SG\tenter\thand\tin\tpocket,He put [his] hand in [his] pocket.,,,856[140],,naturalistic spoken,úwo dákul ída fi jéba,,3SG enter hand in pocket,,,,3905, +64-54,64,ida; idén,ida;\tidén,hand\thands,"hand; two hands, hands",,,1417[113],,naturalistic spoken,ida; idén,,hand hands,,,,3906, +65-50,65,A belyj smatri - kasoj glaza u liudi - eto siorano sabaka.,A belyj smatri - kasoj glaza u liudi - eto siorano sabaka.,and white look   squint eye at person   this all.equal dog,As for a white person [for him] a person with squint eyes is just a dog.,,A person with 'squint eyes' refers to a person of the Mongoloid race.,458[13],,citation in fiction,A belyj smatri - kasoj glaza u liudi - eto siorano sabaka.,,and white look squint eye at person this all.equal dog,A person with 'squint eyes' refers to a person of the Mongoloid race.,,А белый смотри – косой глаза у люди – это все равно собака.,3907, +66-128,66,tangang,tangang,arm,an arm,,,,,elicited from speaker,tangang,,arm,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,3908, +67-66,67,"Anjing, dia gigit sama dia punya tangan ah.","Anjing,\tdia\tgigit\tsama\tdia\tpunya\ttangan\tah.",dog\t3SG\tbite\twith\t3SG\tPOSS\thand\tPCL,The dog bit his hand.,,,708[353],,elicited from speaker,"Anjing, dia gigit sama dia punya tangan ah.",,dog 3SG bite with 3SG POSS hand PCL,,,,3909, +68-42,68,satu (bua) kaki,satu\t(bua)\tkaki,one\t(CLF)\tfoot/leg,one foot/leg,,The classifier bua is used for non-human/non-animal items and is optional.,,,constructed by linguist,satu (bua) kaki,,one (CLF) foot/leg,"The classifier bua is used for non-human/non-animal items and is optional.",Own knowledge,,3910, +70-33,70,Am kali pip karo amara aki uske banduk.,Am\tkali\tpip\tkaro\tamara\taki\tuske\tbanduk.,1SG\tonly\tpeep\tdo\tmy\teye\t3SG.POSS\tgun,I just peeped with my eyes at his gun,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Am kali pip karo amara aki uske banduk.,,1SG only peep do my eye 3SG.POSS gun,,Own field notes,,3911, +70-34,70,Kitna sapa i-loŋ ke hat.,Kitna\tsapa\ti-loŋ\tke\that.,how\tsmooth\t3SG.PROX-PL\tPOSS\thand,How smooth their hands/arms are.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kitna sapa i-loŋ ke hat.,,how smooth 3SG.PROX-PL POSS hand,,Siegel-field recording,,3912, +71-52,71,Henry makana iaia akahi dala paa ma kela lima ka Pake.,Henry\tmakana\tiaia\takahi\tdala\tpaa\tma\tkela\tlima\tka\tPake.,Henry\tgive\t3SG\tone\tdollar\theld\tLOC\tDET\thand\tDEF\tChinese,Henry gave him a dollar held in the hand of a Chinese.,,"The singular of lima 'hand, arm' is in view here, as the reference to a single gold dollar indicates.",,,naturalistic written,"Henry makana iaia akahi dala paa ma kela lima ka Pake.",,Henry give 3SG one dollar held LOC DET hand DEF Chinese,"The singular of lima 'hand, arm' is in view here, as the reference to a single gold dollar indicates.",Own data 1897,,3913, +72-53,72,Dat jinektu im baitim marluka legta.,Dat\tjinek-tu\tim\tbait-im\tmarluka\tleg-ta.,the\tsnake-ERG\t3SG\tbite-TR\told.man\tleg-LOC,"The snake, it bites the old man on the leg.",,This example demonstrates that singular examples of paired body parts are not treated differently from non-paired body parts.,920[211],,elicited from speaker,"Dat jinektu im baitim marluka legta.","Dat jinek-tu im bait-im marluka leg-ta.","the snake-ERG 3SG bite-TR old.man leg-LOC",This example demonstrates that singular examples of paired body parts are not treated differently from non-paired body parts.,,,3914, +73-39,73,mano,mano,hand,"hand, a hand",,,1038[421],,elicited from speaker,mano,,hand,,,,3915, +76-38,76,aipaña kammik navik'ta,aipaña\tkammik\tnavik'ta,second\tboot\tbroken,The other boot is torn.,,"No dual body part terms expressing a single instance were found, and this example is only marginally relevant. Eskimo Pidgin has no nominal number marking. The word kammik is translated by Stefánsson (1909: 225) as plural, but it can also be used in the singular. Note that the Eskimo etymology of this word displays a fossilized dual. + +Stefánsson (1909: 223) translates aipaña as 'the other, the second of two'. Like many pidgin items, it contains fossilized morphology (in this case third person singular possessive) from the lexifier language, where aippaq means 'companion, spouse, the other of two', and aippanga 'his companion'.",1442[228],,reconstructed by documentalist,aipaña kammik navik'ta,,second boot broken,"No dual body part terms expressing a single instance were found, and this example is only marginally relevant. Eskimo Pidgin has no nominal number marking. The word kammik is translated by Stefánsson (1909: 225) as plural, but it can also be used in the singular. Note that the Eskimo etymology of this word displays a fossilized dual. + +Stefánsson (1909: 223) translates aipaña as 'the other, the second of two'. Like many pidgin items, it contains fossilized morphology (in this case third person singular possessive) from the lexifier language, where aippaq means 'companion, spouse, the other of two', and aippanga 'his companion'.",,,3916, +1-82,1,Den drom no klare jetti oenno zabi takki no wan zomma ben pree lange da drom na negi moen tem.,Den\tdron\tno\tklari\tete\tunu\tsabi\ttaki\tno-wan\tsoma\tben\tprei\tnanga\tda\tdron\tna\tneigi\tmun\tten.,DET.PL\tdrum\tNEG\tready\tyet\t2PL\tknow\tsay\tno-one\tperson\tPST\tplay\twith\tDET.SG\tdrum\tLOC\tnine\tmoon\ttime,"The drums are not ready yet, you know that no one has played on the drum in nine months time.",,This example illustrates the use of the complementizer taki with the verb sabi 'know'.,1527[108],,written,Den drom no klare jetti oenno zabi takki no wan zomma ben pree lange da drom na negi moen tem.,Den dron no klari ete unu sabi taki no-wan soma ben prei nanga da dron na neigi mun ten.,DET.PL drum NEG ready yet 2PL know say no-one person PST play with DET.SG drum LOC nine moon time,"This example illustrates the use of the complementizer taki with the verb sabi 'know'.",,,3917,"Dutch: De Trommel is nog niet klaar, daar is in de Tyd van neegen Maanden niet op Gespeeld, dat weet je wel. [op.cit.]" +1-83,1,Mastra wan koffi pranasie a habi vyfi ten tien zomma na fili da gron no mosse morre biki liki wan hondert na vyfi ten tien akkers.,Masra\twan\tkofi\tpranasi\ta\tabi\tfeifi\tten\ttin\tsoma\tna\tfiri\tda\tgron\tno\tmusu\tmoro\tbigi\tleki\twan\thondru\tna\tfeifi\tten\ttin\takkers.,master\tINDF.SG\tcoffee\tplantation\t3SG.SBJ\thave\tfive\ttime\tten\tperson\tLOC\tfield\tDET.SG\tground\tNEG\tmust\tmore\tbig\tlike\tone\thundred\tat\tfive\ttime\tten\tacre,"Master, when a coffee plantation has fifty blacks in the field, the land should not be bigger than 150 acres.",,This example shows the determiner da in associative context: da gron is definite following wan koffi pranasie.,1527[87],,written,Mastra wan koffi pranasie a habi vyfi ten tien zomma na fili da gron no mosse morre biki liki wan hondert na vyfi ten tien akkers.,Masra wan kofi pranasi a abi feifi ten tin soma na firi da gron no musu moro bigi leki wan hondru na feifi ten tin akkers.,master INDF.SG coffee plantation 3SG.SBJ have five time ten person LOC field DET.SG ground NEG must more big like one hundred at five time ten acre,"This example shows the determiner da in associative context: da gron is definite following wan koffi pranasie.",,,3918,"Dutch: Meester, een Koffie-Plantagie, die 50 Neegers in het Veld heeft, dan moet het Land niet grooter zyn als 150 Akkers. [op.cit.]" +2-62,2,Den ten disi a son e faya.,Den\tten\tdisi\ta\tson\te\tfaya.,the.PL\ttime\tDEM\tDET\tsun\tIPFV\thot,These days the sun is hot.,,,1597[721],,naturalistic spoken,Den ten disi a son e faya.,,the.PL time DEM DET sun IPFV hot,,,,3919, +2-63,2,Ma dan fa a sani dati du kon dan eigenlijk dan.,Ma\tdan\tfa\ta\tsani\tdati\tdu\tkon\tdan\teigenlijk\tdan.,but\tthen\thow\tDET\tthing\tDEM\tdo\tbecome\tthen\tproperly\tthen,But how did that actually happen?,,Eigenlijk is taken from Dutch.,,,elicited from speaker,Ma dan fa a sani dati du kon dan eigenlijk dan.,,but then how DET thing DEM do become then properly then,"Eigenlijk is taken from Dutch.","Winford data, Tape 30-a",,3920, +3-33,3,di buku; di buku aki,di\tbuku;\tdi\tbuku\taki,DEF.SG\tbook\tDEF.SG\tbook\there,the book; this book,,,,,naturalistic spoken,di buku; di buku aki,,DEF.SG book DEF.SG book here,,Fieldwork data,,3921, +4-44,4,a osu; a osu ya/de,a\tosu;\ta\tosu\tya/de,DET.SG\thouse\tDET.SG\thouse\there/there,the house; this/that house,,,,,elicited from speaker,a osu; a osu ya/de,,DET.SG house DET.SG house here/there,,Own fieldwork,,3922, +5-50,5,wai dem kyaan go in di bangk an jraa monii?,wai\tdem\tkyaan\tgo\tin\tdi\tbangk\tan\tjraa\tmonii?,why\tthey\tcan't\tgo\tin\tDEF.ART\tbank\tand\tdraw\tmoney,Why can't they go in the bank and withdraw money?,,,1281[147 (line 350)],,naturalistic spoken,"wai dem kyaan go in di bangk an jraa monii?",,why they can't go in DEF.ART bank and draw money,,,,3923, +5-51,5,wel a da! a da wa mii se!,wel\ta\tda!\ta\tda\twa\tmii\tse!,well\tit's\tDEM\tit's\tDEM\twhat\tI\tsay,Well that's it! That's what I say!,,,1281[147 (line 351)],,naturalistic spoken,"wel a da! a da wa mii se!",,well it's DEM it's DEM what I say,,,,3924, +6-31,6,Shi see de man we give shi de book.,Shi\tsee\tde\tman\twe\tgive\tshi\tde\tbook.,she\tsee\tDET\tman\tREL\tgive\tshe\tDET\tbook,She saw the man who had given her the book.,,,1431[84],,constructed by linguist,Shi see de man we give shi de book.,,she see DET man REL give she DET book,,,,3925, +7-76,7,i/di bwai,i/di\tbwai,ART\tboy,the boy,,,1244[142],,naturalistic spoken,i/di bwai,,ART boy,,,,3926, +7-77,7,dis/da bwai,dis/da\tbwai,DEM\tboy,this boy / that boy,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dis/da bwai,,DEM boy,,Own knowledge,,3927, +7-78,7,Di man hu bil da hous de duhn ded.,Di\tman\thu\t∅\tbil\tda\thous\tde\tduhn\tded.,ART\tman\tREL\t∅\tbuild\tDEM\thouse\tthere\tCOMPL\tdead,The man who built that house is dead.,,,1244[194],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di man hu bil da hous de duhn ded.",Di man hu ∅ bil da hous de duhn ded.,ART man REL ∅ build DEM house there COMPL dead,,,,3928, +8-44,8,Dis bwai ago mek mi sin miself.,Dis\tbwai\tago\tmek\tmi\tsin\tmiself.,DEM\tboy\tFUT\tmake\t1SG\tsin\t1SG.REFL,This boy is going to make me lose it (i.e. my cool).,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dis bwai ago mek mi sin miself.,,DEM boy FUT make 1SG sin 1SG.REFL,,Own knowledge,,3929, +8-45,8,Di bwai mek mi staat kos badwod.,Di\tbwai\tmek\tmi\tstaat\tkos\tbadwod.,DET\tboy\tmake\t1SG\tstart\tcurse\tbad.word,The boy caused me to start swearing.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di bwai mek mi staat kos badwod.,,DET boy make 1SG start curse bad.word,,Own knowledge,,3930, +9-55,9,wey bak ina di bush,wey\tbak\tina\tdi\tbush,way\tback\tin\tthe\tbush,way back in the bush,,The definite word here follows the preposition ina.,432[41],,naturalistic spoken,"wey bak ina di bush",,way back in the bush,"The definite word here follows the preposition ina.",,,3931, +9-56,9,di bɛs rowp,di\tbɛs\trowp,the\tbest\trope,the best rope,,,432[34],,naturalistic spoken,"di bɛs rowp",,the best rope,,,,3932, +9-57,9,Hi de se di preya.,Hi\tde\tse\tdi\tpreya.,she\tPROG\tsay\tthe\tprayer,She is saying the prayer.,,Here de is used as progressive marker.,432[50],,naturalistic spoken,"Hi de se di preya.",,she PROG say the prayer,"Here de is used as progressive marker.",,,3933, +9-62,9,Yu wuda sit dawn de an trai taym wɛn da krab wuda kum owt di howl.,Yu\twuda\tsit\tdawn\tde\tan\ttrai\ttaym\twɛn\tda\tkrab\twuda\tkum\towt\tdi\thowl.,2SG\tHAB\tsit\tdown\tthere\tand\ttry\ttime\twhen\tthat\tcrab\twould\tcome\tout\tthe\thole,You sit there and wait until the crab comes out of its hole.,,Da krab means 'the crab (that was just mentioned)'.,438,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu wuda sit dawn de an trai taym wɛn da krab wuda kum owt di howl.",,2SG HAB sit down there and try time when that crab would come out the hole,"Da krab means 'the crab (that was just mentioned)'.",,,3934, +10-58,10,Di man lisn gud.,Di\tman\tlisn\tgud.,ART.DEF\tman\tlisten\tgood,The man listened carefully.,,,113[74],,naturalistic spoken,Di man lisn gud.,,ART.DEF man listen good,,,,3935, +10-59,10,da man,da\tman,DEM\tman,that man,,,113[60],,naturalistic spoken,da man,,DEM man,,,,3936, +10-60,10,Dis uman liv da ihn hous.,Dis\tuman\tliv\tda\tihn\thous.,DEM\twoman\tlive\tat\t3SG.POSS\thouse,This woman lived at his house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dis uman liv da ihn hous.,,DEM woman live at 3SG.POSS house,,Unpublished field recordings,,3937, +10-61,10,Beda Taiga disaid fi go iin de da di daata now bot no nuo how fi sing di song.,Beda\tTaiga\tdisaid\tfi\tgo\tiin\tde\tda\tdi\tdaata\tnow\tbot\tno\tnuo\thow\tfi\tsing\tdi\tsong.,Brother\tTiger\tdecide\tCOMP\tgo\tin\tDEM.LOC\tat\tART.DEF\tdaughter\tnow\tbut\tNEG\tknow\thow\tCOMP\tsing\tART.DEF\tsong,Brother Tiger decided to go into the house where the daughter was but he didn't know how to sing the song.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Beda Taiga disaid fi go iin de da di daata now bot no nuo how fi sing di song.,,Brother Tiger decide COMP go in DEM.LOC at ART.DEF daughter now but NEG know how COMP sing ART.DEF song,,Unpublished field recordings,,3938, +11-67,11,"If dis ting woz wel regyuleeted wid di workshop, wid di diplomado, di tiicha dem wud stop rait de.","If\tdis\tting\twoz\twel\tregyuleet-ed\twid\tdi\tworkshop,\twid\tdi\tdiplomado,\tdi\ttiicha\tdem\twud\tstop\trait\tde.",if\tDEM\tthing\tCOP.PST\twell\tregulate-PTCP\twith\tART.DEF\tworkshop\twith\tART.DEF\tdiplomado\tART.DEF\tteacher\tPL\twould\tstop\tright\tDEM.LOC,"If this thing was well coordinated with the workshop and with the degree, the teachers would stay right there.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"If dis ting woz wel regyuleeted wid di workshop, wid di diplomado, di tiicha dem wud stop rait de.","If dis ting woz wel regyuleet-ed wid di workshop, wid di diplomado, di tiicha dem wud stop rait de.",if DEM thing COP.PST well regulate-PTCP with ART.DEF workshop with ART.DEF diplomado ART.DEF teacher PL would stop right DEM.LOC,,,,3939, +12-55,12,"I from the north. That is - Conch Sound, and there I was born.",I\tfrom\tthe\tnorth\t[...],I\tfrom\tDEF\tnorth\t[...],I’m from the north (of a particular Out Island) [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I from the north. That is - Conch Sound, and there I was born.","I from the north [...]",I from DEF north [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3940, +12-56,12,"First time I gone over - the first time I did gone off - let me tell you 'bout that. See, what happen, first in 1942, I work for the Royal Air Force. 1942 I work to the Royal Air Force Hospital. Yeah. And after 1942, then the Duke of Windsor gone aways to the - in the United State. He was acting government in the Bahamas. And after he see the condition of the people need a job, he gone over - oh, 'scuse me! He gone over and ... President Roosevelt and ax him if he could 'cruit some of the boys from here over there to work for the War Food Administration. And see, and I gone - I gone work for the War Food Administration.",[...]\tthe\tfirst\ttime\t[...].,[...]\tDEF\tfirst\ttime\t[...],[...] the first time [I went away] [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"First time I gone over - the first time I did gone off - let me tell you 'bout that. See, what happen, first in 1942, I work for the Royal Air Force. 1942 I work to the Royal Air Force Hospital. Yeah. And after 1942, then the Duke of Windsor gone aways to the - in the United State. He was acting government in the Bahamas. And after he see the condition of the people need a job, he gone over - oh, 'scuse me! He gone over and ... President Roosevelt and ax him if he could 'cruit some of the boys from here over there to work for the War Food Administration. And see, and I gone - I gone work for the War Food Administration.","[...] the first time [...].",[...] DEF first time [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3941, +12-57,12,"And when he come back, he see this - he didn't believe in this martial law.",[...]\the\tsee\tthis\t[...]\tthis\tmartial\tlaw.,[...]\the\tsee\tDEM\t[...]\tDEM\tmartial\tlaw,[And when he (i.e. the Duke of Windsor) came back and] saw this - he didn't believe in martial law.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And when he come back, he see this - he didn't believe in this martial law.","[...] he see this [...] this martial law.",[...] he see DEM [...] DEM martial law,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,3942, +13-48,13,de crop,de\tcrop,DEF\tcrop,the crop,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,de crop,,DEF crop,,,,3943, +13-49,13,dat hall,dat\thall,DEM.DIST\thall,that hall,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,dat hall,,DEM.DIST hall,,,,3944, +14-36,14,You won't even take the trash out.,You\twon't\teven\ttake\tthe\ttrash\tout.,you\twon't\teven\ttake\tthe\ttrash\tout,You won't even take the trash out.,,,576[97],,naturalistic spoken,"You won't even take the trash out.",,you won't even take the trash out,,,,3945, +14-37,14,That snake done bit me again.,That\tsnake\tdone\tbit\tme\tagain.,that\tsnake\tCOMPL\tbite.PST\tme\tagain,That snake has bitten me again.,,,576[97],,naturalistic spoken,That snake done bit me again.,,that snake COMPL bite.PST me again,,,,3946, +15-46,15,di; dis/dat,di;\tdis/dat,ART\tDEM,the; this/that,,,545[xxx],,naturalistic written,di; dis/dat,,ART DEM,,,,3947, +16-42,16,dɛ tin we ì dè wɔri in dis àua zɔŋgo,dɛ\ttin\twe\tì\tdè\twɔri\tin\tdis\tàua\tzɔŋgo,DEF.ART\tthing\tCOMP\t3SG\tHAB\tworry\tin\tDEM\t1PL.POSS\tzongo,the thing that worries (us) in our immigrant quarter,,The example contains a definite article and a demonstrative.,656[194],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ tin we ì dè wɔri in dis àua zɔŋgo,,DEF.ART thing COMP 3SG HAB worry in DEM 1PL.POSS zongo,The example contains a definite article and a demonstrative.,,,3948, +17-44,17,nyam,nyam,yam,the/a/some yam(s),,,462[172],,naturalistic spoken,nyam,,yam,,,,3949, +17-45,17,dì nyam,dì\tnyam,ART.DEF\tyam,the yam,,,462[172],,naturalistic spoken,dì nyam,,ART.DEF yam,,,,3950, +19-48,19,Udat tif? Tɛl mi dì nem!,Udat\ttif?\tTɛl\tmi\tdì\tnem!,who\tsteal\ttell\t1SG.EMPH\tDEF\tname,Who stole (something)? Tell me the name (of the person)?,,,1634[225],,naturalistic spoken,"Udat tif? Tɛl mi dì nem!",,who steal tell 1SG.EMPH DEF name,,,,3951, +20-37,20,That clock hap stop.,That\tclock\thap\tstop.,DET\tclock\tPFV\tstop,The clock has stopped.,,,1489[IV.51],,naturalistic written,That clock hap stop.,,DET clock PFV stop,,,撻其洛哈士搭,3952, +23-56,23,haos ia longwe i bigwan moa,haos\tia\tlongwe\ti\tbigwan\tmoa,house\tDEF\tthere\tAGR\tbig\tmore,That/The house over there is bigger [than the one I’m talking about].,,"This comment was overheard in a conversation between two teenage boys, one from Malo and one from Vila (the latter produced the utterance).",942,,naturalistic spoken,haos ia longwe i bigwan moa,,house DEF there AGR big more,"This comment was overheard in a conversation between two teenage boys, one from Malo and one from Vila (the latter produced the utterance).",,,3953, +23-57,23,long ples ia oli putum wan samting [...],long\tples\tia\toli\tputum\twan\tsamting\t[...],LOC\tplace\tDEF\tAGR\tput\tINDF\tsomething\t[...],They put something here (in this place) [...].,,This is accompanied by a demonstration of where the place is.,942,,naturalistic spoken,long ples ia oli putum wan samting [...],,LOC place DEF AGR put INDF something [...],This is accompanied by a demonstration of where the place is.,,,3954, +23-58,23,mifala i stap talem wan gel ia hem i bin bon long faea,mifala\ti\tstap\ttalem\twan\tgel\tia\them\ti\tbin\tbon\tlong\tfaea,1PL.EXCL\tAGR\tPROG\ttell\tINDF\tgirl\tDEF\t3SG\tAGR\tANT\tburn\tLOC\tfire,We're talking about this girl who was burnt in a fire.,,Note the way the indefinite and definite/specificity marker combine to give the discourse pragmatics of indefinite this in English.,942,,naturalistic spoken,mifala i stap talem wan gel ia hem i bin bon long faea,,1PL.EXCL AGR PROG tell INDF girl DEF 3SG AGR ANT burn LOC fire,"Note the way the indefinite and definite/specificity marker combine to give the discourse pragmatics of indefinite this in English.",,,3955, +24-60,24,Wataim aa shep (kamen)?,Wataim\taa\tshep\t(kamen)?,what.time\tART.DEF\tship\t(come.CONT),When will the ship arrive?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Wataim aa shep (kamen)?,,what.time ART.DEF ship (come.CONT),,Own fieldwork,,3956, +24-61,24,Hetta/hettieh daa/dar poem.,Hetta/hettieh\tdaa/dar\tpoem.,voila\tART.DEF\tpoem,Here is the poem.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hetta/hettieh daa/dar poem.,,voila ART.DEF poem,,Own fieldwork,,3957, +24-62,24,Daa taeksi kamen suun.,Daa\ttaeksi\tkamen\tsuun.,ART.DEF\ttaxi\tcome.CONT\tsoon,The taxi will be coming soon.,,,,,naturalistic written,Daa taeksi kamen suun.,,ART.DEF taxi come.CONT soon,,Own fieldwork,,3958, +24-63,24,em/dem letel salan,em/dem\tletel\tsalan,DET.DEF.PL\tlittle\tpeople,the little children,,,,,naturalistic spoken,em/dem letel salan,,DET.DEF.PL little people,,Own fieldwork,,3959, +25-161,25,"Im lib la keib, det larrpburniny.","M\tlib\tla\tkeib,\tdet\tlarrpburniny.",3SG\tlive\tLOC\tcave\tDEM\twallaby,"It lives in caves, the wallaby.",,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the generic interpretation of definite noun phrases. Larrpburniny is a Ngalakgan word. The original source of the example are Brett Baker's fieldnotes (1997).,1055[7],,naturalistic spoken,"Im lib la keib, det larrpburniny.","M lib la keib, det larrpburniny.",3SG live LOC cave DEM wallaby,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the generic interpretation of definite noun phrases. Larrpburniny is a Ngalakgan word. The original source of the example are Brett Baker's fieldnotes (1997).",,,3960, +25-162,25,Im smelim thet bif.,Im\tsmel-im\tthet\tbif.,3SG\tsmell-TR\tDEM\tmeat/beef,He smells the meat.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the transitive 'smell' verb.",,,naturalistic spoken,Im smelim thet bif.,Im smel-im thet bif.,3SG smell-TR DEM meat/beef,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the transitive 'smell' verb.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3961, +25-163,25,"Dijan iya im mukarra tri. Thad lif pat bla mukarra, im gudwan bla so.","Dijan\tiya\tim\tmukarra\ttri.\tThad\tlif\tpat\tbla\tmukarra,\tim\tgud-wan\tbla\tso.",PROX:ADJ\there\t3SG\triver.pandanus\ttree\tDEM\tleaf\tpart\tDAT/POSS\triver.pandanus\t3SG\tgood-ADJ\tDAT/POSS\tsore,This here is a river pandanus. The leaf of the river pandanus is good for sores.,,"Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates a possessive construction with inanimate possessor (with part-whole interpretation), and both adjectival and nominal predicates in a verbless clause.",347,,elicited from speaker,"Dijan iya im mukarra tri. Thad lif pat bla mukarra, im gudwan bla so.","Dijan iya im mukarra tri. Thad lif pat bla mukarra, im gud-wan bla so.",PROX:ADJ here 3SG river.pandanus tree DEM leaf part DAT/POSS river.pandanus 3SG good-ADJ DAT/POSS sore,"Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates a possessive construction with inanimate possessor (with part-whole interpretation), and both adjectival and nominal predicates in a verbless clause.",,,3962, +25-164,25,Wal jad lilboi imin reken frog bin likimbat feis en pulumbat heya.,Wal\tjad\tlilboi\tim=in\treken\tfrog\tbin\tlik-im-bat\tfeis\ten\tpul-um-bat\theya.,well\tDEM\tlittle.boy\t3SG=PST\tthink/say\tfrog\tPST\tlick-TR-PROG\tface\tand\tpull-TR-PROG\thair,Well that little boy said/thought that the frog licked his face and pulled his hair.,,Variety: Written Roper River. The example illustrates the verb of speech/thought reken with a clausal complement. It also illustrates the term for 'hair' and the absence of a definite article in a definite context (the frog had been previously mentioned in the story).,546,,naturalistic written,Wal jad lilboi imin reken frog bin likimbat feis en pulumbat heya.,Wal jad lilboi im=in reken frog bin lik-im-bat feis en pul-um-bat heya.,well DEM little.boy 3SG=PST think/say frog PST lick-TR-PROG face and pull-TR-PROG hair,"Variety: Written Roper River. The example illustrates the verb of speech/thought reken with a clausal complement. It also illustrates the term for 'hair' and the absence of a definite article in a definite context (the frog had been previously mentioned in the story).",,,3963, +25-165,25,Thet min imin goap mo haya.,Thet\tmin\tim=in\tgoap\tmo\thaya.,DEM\tmean\t3SG=PST\tgo.up\tmore\thigher,That means he climbed up higher.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a comparative construction with the comparative marker mo combined with a comparative form of the adjective, and the text-deictic use of the demonstrative pronoun thet~jet~det.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Thet min imin goap mo haya.,Thet min im=in goap mo haya.,DEM mean 3SG=PST go.up more higher,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a comparative construction with the comparative marker mo combined with a comparative form of the adjective, and the text-deictic use of the demonstrative pronoun thet~jet~det.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3964, +25-166,25,"Imin oldei telim mi “givit bek langa im thet taka blanga im, yu bin takat naf, givit bek la thet beibi"".","Im=in\toldei\ttel-im\tmi\t“giv-it\tbek\tlanga\tim\tthet\ttaka\tblanga\tim,\tyu\tbin\ttakat\tnaf,\tgiv-it\tbek\tla\tthet\tbeibi"".",3SG=PST\talways\ttell-TR\t1SG\tgive-TR\tback\tLOC\t3SG\tDEM\ttucker\tDAT/POSS\t3SG\t2SG\tPST\teat\tenough\tgive-TR\tback\tLOC\tDEM\tbaby,"She used to say to me ""give it back to her, that food of hers, you have eaten enough, give it back to the baby"".",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a locative-marked recipient with the ditransitive verb 'give', as well as a an adpositional marking of a pronominal possessor.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Imin oldei telim mi “givit bek langa im thet taka blanga im, yu bin takat naf, givit bek la thet beibi"".","Im=in oldei tel-im mi “giv-it bek langa im thet taka blanga im, yu bin takat naf, giv-it bek la thet beibi"".",3SG=PST always tell-TR 1SG give-TR back LOC 3SG DEM tucker DAT/POSS 3SG 2SG PST eat enough give-TR back LOC DEM baby,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a locative-marked recipient with the ditransitive verb 'give', as well as a an adpositional marking of a pronominal possessor.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,3965, +25-167,25,Imin givit thet K. langa mai bratha.,Im=in\tgiv-it\tthet\tK.\tlanga\tmai\tbratha.,3SG=PST\tgive-TR\tDEM\tK.\tLOC\t1SG.POSS\tbrother,He gave K. to my brother (in marriage).,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a locative-marked recipient with the ditransitive verb 'give'.",511,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Imin givit thet K. langa mai bratha.",Im=in giv-it thet K. langa mai bratha.,3SG=PST give-TR DEM K. LOC 1SG.POSS brother,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a locative-marked recipient with the ditransitive verb 'give'.",,,3966, +25-168,25,Dijan longtaim la fam en wi bin abum ol fam dea langa lolebul. Dijan la Katharrain en mai fatha yusta wek dea blanga dat men. Imin - dat men imin neim ol Jim.,Dijan longtaim la fam en wi bin ab-um ol fam dea langa lolebul. Dijan la Katharrain en mai fatha yusta wek dea blanga dat men. Im=in - dat men im=in neim ol Jim.,PROX:ADJ long.ago LOC farm and 1SG PST have-TR old farm there LOC Low.Level PROX:ADJ LOC Katherine and 1SG.POSS father HAB work there DAT/POSS DEM man 3SG=PST   DEM man 3SG=PST name old Jim,"This was long ago on a farm and we had an old farm there at Low Level (Crossing). This was in Katherine, and my father used to work there for that man. He- that man, his name was Old Jim. OR: This happened a long time ago on a farm. There was this old farm at the Low Level at Katherine and my father used to work there for a man named Jim. (Orig. Transl.)",,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the determiner det, the habitual marker yustu and a pronominal possessive construction. This is the opening of a story, thus dat men corresponds to the first and the second mention of the referent.",1332[65],,naturalistic spoken,Dijan longtaim la fam en wi bin abum ol fam dea langa lolebul. Dijan la Katharrain en mai fatha yusta wek dea blanga dat men. Imin - dat men imin neim ol Jim.,Dijan longtaim la fam en wi bin ab-um ol fam dea langa lolebul. Dijan la Katharrain en mai fatha yusta wek dea blanga dat men. Im=in - dat men im=in neim ol Jim.,PROX:ADJ long.ago LOC farm and 1SG PST have-TR old farm there LOC Low.Level PROX:ADJ LOC Katherine and 1SG.POSS father HAB work there DAT/POSS DEM man 3SG=PST DEM man 3SG=PST name old Jim,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the determiner det, the habitual marker yustu and a pronominal possessive construction. This is the opening of a story, thus dat men corresponds to the first and the second mention of the referent.",,,3967, +25-169,25,Mi thad fes pesin bin gaji fish ba alabat.,Mi\tthad\tfes\tpesin\tbin\tgaji\tfish\tba\talabat.,1SG\tEQ.COP\tfirst\tperson\tPST\tget:TR\tfish\tDAT/POSS\t3PL,I was the first person who caught a fish for everyone.,,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the ordinal numeral fes 'first' and a subject relative clause with no relativizer. The spelling thad is taking from the source, but it is likely that the form here was that of the equational copula tha.",41,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi thad fes pesin bin gaji fish ba alabat.",,1SG EQ.COP first person PST get:TR fish DAT/POSS 3PL,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the ordinal numeral fes 'first' and a subject relative clause with no relativizer. The spelling thad is taking from the source, but it is likely that the form here was that of the equational copula tha.",,,3968, +27-31,27,Di difman sini a kuri stā sin hus mi sin jit. Di noli a hōpō di dō.,Di\tdifman\tsini\ta\tkuri\tstā\tsin\thus\tmi\tsin\tjit.\tDi\tnoli\ta\thōpō\tdi\tdō.,DET\tthief\t3PL\tPST\trun\tleave\t3PL\thouse\twith\t3PL\tfood\tDET\tdonkey\tPST\topen\tDET\tdoor,The thieves ran away from their house and their food. The donkey opened the door.,,,355[16],,naturalistic spoken,"Di difman sini a kuri stā sin hus mi sin jit. Di noli a hōpō di dō.",,"DET thief 3PL PST run leave 3PL house with 3PL food DET donkey PST open DET door",,,,3969, +28-58,28,di tau bititɛ ʃi fingri an o dototɛ,di\ttau\tbiti-tɛ\tʃi\tfingri\tan\to\tdoto-tɛ,the\tsnake\tbite-PFV\t3SG.POSS\tfinger\tand\t3SG\tdie-PFV,The snake bit his finger and he died.,,,749[442],,naturalistic spoken,"di tau bititɛ ʃi fingri an o dototɛ",di tau biti-tɛ ʃi fingri an o doto-tɛ,the snake bite-PFV 3SG.POSS finger and 3SG die-PFV,,,,3970, +29-45,29,die vs. hierdie; daardie vs. dié,die\tvs.\thierdie;\tdaardie\tvs.\tdié,DEF.ART\tvs.\tPROX.DEM\tDIST.DEM\tvs.\tPROX.DEM,the vs. this/these; that/those vs. this/these,,Note that dié can also have distal reference ([DIST.DEM] 'that' or 'those'),,,naturalistic spoken,die vs. hierdie; daardie vs. dié,,DEF.ART vs. PROX.DEM DIST.DEM vs. PROX.DEM,"Note that dié can also have distal reference ([DIST.DEM] 'that' or 'those')",Own knowledge,,3971, +30-63,30,"Nha-Tiu, grexa nobu ta nagurádu oxi.","Nha-Tiu,\tgrexa\tnobu\tta=nagurá-du\toxi.",My-Uncle\tchurch\tnew\tIPFV=inaugurate-PASS\ttoday,"My Uncle, the new church will be inaugurated today.",,,1407[328],,naturalistic spoken,"Nha-Tiu, grexa nobu ta nagurádu oxi.","Nha-Tiu, grexa nobu ta=nagurá-du oxi.",My-Uncle church new IPFV=inaugurate-PASS today,,,,3972, +30-64,30,"Tenba un ómi propetári riku ki ta morába la na rubera di Njenhu. Kel ómi li si nómi éra Zé Manel, el éra [...].","Ten-ba\tun=ómi\tpropetári\triku\tki=ta=morá-ba\tla\tna=rubera\tdi=Njenhu.\tKel=ómi\tli\tsi=nómi\téra\tZé\tManel,\tel=éra\t[...].",have-ANT\ta=man\towner\trich\tCOMP=IPFV=live-ANT\tthere\tin=valley\tof=Njenhu\tDEM.SG=man\there\t3SG.POSS=name\tbe.ANT\tZé\tManel\t3SG=be.ANT\t[...],"There was a rich owner, who lived in Njenhu valley. This man was called Zé Manel, he was [...].",,,1407[56],,naturalistic spoken,"Tenba un ómi propetári riku ki ta morába la na rubera di Njenhu. Kel ómi li si nómi éra Zé Manel, el éra [...].","Ten-ba un=ómi propetári riku ki=ta=morá-ba la na=rubera di=Njenhu. Kel=ómi li si=nómi éra Zé Manel, el=éra [...].",have-ANT a=man owner rich COMP=IPFV=live-ANT there in=valley of=Njenhu DEM.SG=man here 3SG.POSS=name be.ANT Zé Manel 3SG=be.ANT [...],,,,3973,"German: Es war einmal ein reicher Eigentümer, der im Njenhu-Tal wohnte. Der Name dieses Mannes war Zé Manel, er war [...]." +31-65,31,"N ta po ke simenti na txon, prontu.","N\tta\tpo\tke\tsimenti\tna\ttxon,\tprontu.",I\tASP\tput\tthe\tseed\tin\tground\tready,"I put the seeds in the ground, that's it.",,Kel/ke can be used as a definite determiner and is homophonous with the demonstrative.,106[28],,naturalistic spoken,"N ta po ke simenti na txon, prontu.",,I ASP put the seed in ground ready,"Kel/ke can be used as a definite determiner and is homophonous with the demonstrative.",,,3974, +32-39,32,"O amdjer, N ta k fóm, dá-m kel almós!","O\tamdjer,\tN\tta\tk\tfóm,\tdá-m\tkel\talmós!",VOC\twoman\t1SG\tCOP\tCOM\thunger\tgive-1SG\tART.DEF/DEM\tlunch,"O wife! I'm hungry, give me the lunch!",,Kel may fulfill the function of both the definite article and demonstrative.,1456,,naturalistic written,"O amdjer, N ta k fóm, dá-m kel almós!",,VOC woman 1SG COP COM hunger give-1SG ART.DEF/DEM lunch,"Kel may fulfill the function of both the definite article and demonstrative.",,,3975,"Portuguese: Ó mulher! Estou com fome, dá-m o almoço!" +33-56,33,Un omi tciga. E omi tcomadu Djon.,Un\tomi\ttciga.\tE\tomi\ttcomadu\tDjon.,a\tman\tarrive\tDEF\tman\tcalled\tDjon,A man arrived. The man is called Djon.,,,668[109],,naturalistic written,Un omi tciga. E omi tcomadu Djon.,,a man arrive DEF man called Djon,,,,3976,Portuguese: o homem +33-57,33,e omi,e\tomi,DEM\tman,this man,,,668[109],,naturalistic written,e omi,,DEM man,,,,3977,Portuguese: este homem +34-43,34,N kumprá karu nobu. Si spiju klaru boŋ.,N\tø\tkumprá\tkaru\tnobu.\tSi\tspiju\tø\tklaru\tboŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tbuy\tcar\tnew\tPOSS.3SG\tmirror\tPFV\tclear\twell,I have bought a new car. The mirrors are perfectly clean.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N kumprá karu nobu. Si spiju klaru boŋ.,N ø kumprá karu nobu. Si spiju ø klaru boŋ.,1SG.SBJ PFV buy car new POSS.3SG mirror PFV clear well,,Own knowledge,,3978, +35-64,35,Nen mosu se b'êlê.,Nen\tmosu\tse\tb'=êlê.,3PL.DEF\tboy\tDEM\tsee=3SG,The boys in question saw him.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Nen mosu se b'êlê.,Nen mosu se b'=êlê.,3PL.DEF boy DEM see=3SG,,Own data,,3979, +36-39,36,N tambu kanua [...].,N\ttambu\tkanua\t[...].,1SG\ttake\tcanoe\t[...],I took the canoe [...].,,"In this example, kanua 'canoe', which is bare, refers to an entity already mentioned in discourse. Kanua is thus identifiable by the hearer.",901[49],,naturalistic spoken,"N tambu kanua [...].",,1SG take canoe [...],"In this example, kanua 'canoe', which is bare, refers to an entity already mentioned in discourse. Kanua is thus identifiable by the hearer.",,,3980,French: J'ai pris la pirogue [...]. +38-49,38,galafa kitsyi vedyisai,galafa\tkitsyi\tvedyi-sai,bottle\tsmall\tgreen-DEM,the/this small green bottle,,,,,elicited from speaker,galafa kitsyi vedyisai,galafa kitsyi vedyi-sai,bottle small green-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1995,,3981, +41-55,41,"poɖiyaas sudu akantu mee yanasa, aka kaazantu","poɖiyaas\ttudu\taka-ntu\tmee\tjaa-nasa,\taka\tkaaza-ntu",children\tall\tthat-LOC\tFOC\tPST-be.born\tthat\thouse-LOC,"The children were all born there, in that house.",,This item illustrates the deictic/anaphoric use of aka. Poɖiyaas illustrates the lack of marking of S (like A).,1416[5105],,naturalistic spoken,"poɖiyaas sudu akantu mee yanasa, aka kaazantu","poɖiyaas tudu aka-ntu mee jaa-nasa, aka kaaza-ntu",children all that-LOC FOC PST-be.born that house-LOC,"This item illustrates the deictic/anaphoric use of aka. Poɖiyaas illustrates the lack of marking of S (like A).",,,3982, +41-56,41,alaa menaa bibeerley tiɲa. japaraa sudu akii mee. isti poɖiyaas yanasa sudu akii mee,alaa\tmenaa\tbibeer=ley\ttiɲa.\tjaa-paraa\ttudu\takii\tmee.\tisti\tpoɖiyaas\tjaa-nasa\ttudu\takii\tmee,there\tof.course\tlivelihood=like\tPST.be\tPST-live\tall\there\tFOC\tthis\tchildren\tPST-be.born\tall\there\tFOC,"We had work there, of course, [but] where we were all living was right here. Where the(se) children were all born was right here.",,"This item illustrates the nonanaphoric, non-deictic (or very weakly deictic) use of isti. The cleft interpretation comes from the presence of the focus particle mee, right-dislocation of the focused constituent and the location of the main intonation drop on the focus particle. Such cleft sentences often have a nominalized verb, but not this one.",1416[5111],,naturalistic spoken,alaa menaa bibeerley tiɲa. japaraa sudu akii mee. isti poɖiyaas yanasa sudu akii mee,alaa menaa bibeer=ley tiɲa. jaa-paraa tudu akii mee. isti poɖiyaas jaa-nasa tudu akii mee,there of.course livelihood=like PST.be PST-live all here FOC this children PST-be.born all here FOC,"This item illustrates the nonanaphoric, non-deictic (or very weakly deictic) use of isti. The cleft interpretation comes from the presence of the focus particle mee, right-dislocation of the focused constituent and the location of the main intonation drop on the focus particle. Such cleft sentences often have a nominalized verb, but not this one.",,,3983, +41-57,41,"isti hɔlɛndars tavii ɔɔrasuntu taam, uŋ gɔɔta portugees jeentispa uŋ gɔɔta travaay jadaa","isti\thɔlɛndar-s\tta-vii\tɔɔras-untu\ttaam,\tuŋ\tgɔɔta\tportugees\tjeentis-pa\tuŋ\tgɔɔta\ttravaay\tjaa-daa",this\tHollander-PL\tPRS-come\twhen-LOC\talso\tone\tlittle\tPortuguese\tpeople-DAT\tone\tlittle\tdifficulty\tPST-give,"When the Hollanders came also, they gave a bit of trouble to the Portuguese.",,,1416[3215],,naturalistic spoken,"isti hɔlɛndars tavii ɔɔrasuntu taam, uŋ gɔɔta portugees jeentispa uŋ gɔɔta travaay jadaa","isti hɔlɛndar-s ta-vii ɔɔras-untu taam, uŋ gɔɔta portugees jeentis-pa uŋ gɔɔta travaay jaa-daa",this Hollander-PL PRS-come when-LOC also one little Portuguese people-DAT one little difficulty PST-give,,,,3984, +42-47,42,aké prau pezadu,aké\tprau\tpezadu,that\tboat\theavy,The boat is heavy.,,,122[87],,naturalistic spoken,aké prau pezadu,,that boat heavy,,,,3985, +42-48,42,isti prau tem buraku,isti\tprau\ttem\tburaku,this\tboat\thave\thole,This boat has a hole in it.,,,122[88],,naturalistic spoken,isti prau tem buraku,,this boat have hole,,,,3986, +42-49,42,fémi já kazá ku kristang,fémi\tjá\tkazá\tku\tkristang,girl\tPRF\tmarry\tACC\tKristang,The girl (= the speaker’s daughter) married a Kristang.,,,122[90],,naturalistic spoken,fémi já kazá ku kristang,,girl PRF marry ACC Kristang,,,,3987, +44-56,44,Kel péhro a-murdé kung kel muhér.,Kel\tpéhro\ta-murdé\tkung\tkel\tmuhér.,DET\tdog\tPFV-bite\tOBJ\tDET\twoman,The dog bit the woman.,,,1446[371],,written (grammar),Kel péhro a-murdé kung kel muhér.,,DET dog PFV-bite OBJ DET woman,,,,3988,Spanish: El perro mordió a la mujer. +44-57,44,"Mútʃo péhru, kel el kompanyéru de mi na kasa.","Mútʃo\tpéhru,\tkel\tel\tkompanyéru\tde\tmi\tna\tkasa.",many\tdog\tDEM\tDEF\tcompanion\tof\t1SG.POSS\tLOC\thouse,"Many dogs, they are my companions at home.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mútʃo péhru, kel el kompanyéru de mi na kasa.",,many dog DEM DEF companion of 1SG.POSS LOC house,,Own data,,3989, +44-58,44,A mirá rin mánang Lóling kon kel ómbri.,A\tmirá\trin\tmánang\tLóling\tkon\tkel\tómbri.,PFV\tsee\talso\tsister\tLoling\tOBJ\tDEF\tman,Loling too saw that man.,,Consider also A mirá yo un ómbri ayá na iglésya 'I saw a man in the church'. This suggests that indefinite human patients can be left unmarked.,,,naturalistic spoken,"A mirá rin mánang Lóling kon kel ómbri.",,PFV see also sister Loling OBJ DEF man,"Consider also A mirá yo un ómbri ayá na iglésya 'I saw a man in the church'. This suggests that indefinite human patients can be left unmarked.",Own data,,3990, +45-47,45,Dale tu con migo ese libro.,Dale\ttu\tconmigo\tese\tlibro.,give\t2SG\tOBJ.1SG\tthat\tbook.,Give me that book.,,,426[49],,naturalistic written,Dale tu con migo ese libro.,Dale tu conmigo ese libro.,give 2SG OBJ.1SG that book.,,,,3991, +45-48,45,Di anda niso na aplaya este semana.,Di\tanda\tniso\tna\taplaya\teste\tsemana.,CTPL\tgo\t1PL\tLOC\tbeach\tthis\tweek,We are going to the beach this week.,,,426[50],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di anda niso na aplaya este semana.,,CTPL go 1PL LOC beach this week,,,,3992, +45-49,45,El doctor el hombre.,El\tdoctor\tel\thombre.,DEF\tdoctor\tDEF\tman,The man is the doctor.,,,835[67],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,El doctor el hombre.,,DEF doctor DEF man,,,,3993, +46-63,46,el ómbre,el\tómbre,the\tman,the man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,el ómbre,,the man,,Own knowledge,,3994, +49-76,49,W ap di nouvel la fè m sézi.,W\tap\tdi\tnouvel\tla\tfè\tm\tsézi.,2SG\tINACC\tsay\tnews\tDEF\tmake\t1SG\tshocked,You will say: The news shocked me.,,"Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map and comments 1971–1976. This is in answer to a question of the investigator about the manner of saying something.","473[vol. 6, carte 1971, notice 10]",,naturalistic spoken,W ap di nouvel la fè m sézi.,,2SG INACC say news DEF make 1SG shocked,"Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map and comments 1971–1976. This is in answer to a question of the investigator about the manner of saying something.",,,3995,French: Tu vas dire: la nouvelle m'a choqué. +49-77,49,kreyon wouj la,kreyon\twouj\tla,pencil\tred\tDEF,the red pencil,,,"473[vol. 6, carte 1971, point 6]",,naturalistic spoken,kreyon wouj la,,pencil red DEF,,,,3996,French: le crayon rouge +49-78,49,Kazal la,Kazal\tla,Cazale\tDEF,(the city of) Cazale,,The determiner can be used with a proper noun.,473[837],,naturalistic spoken,Kazal la,,Cazale DEF,The determiner can be used with a proper noun.,,,3997,French: (la ville de) Cazale +49-79,49,gran manchèt plat la yo,gran\tmanchèt\tplat\tla\tyo,big\tmachete\tstraight\tDEF\tPL,the big straight machetes,,This combination DEF + PL is not attested everywhere in Haiti. It is a trace of an older state of the language.,473[838],,naturalistic spoken,gran manchèt plat la yo,,big machete straight DEF PL,This combination DEF + PL is not attested everywhere in Haiti. It is a trace of an older state of the language.,,,3998,French: les grandes machettes plates +50-48,50,Kaz-la gran.,Kaz-la\tgran.,house-DEF\tbig,The house is big.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kaz-la gran.,,house-DEF big,,Own fieldwork,,3999, +50-49,50,Kaz-lasa gran.,Kaz-lasa\tgran.,house-DEM\tbig,This/that house is big.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kaz-lasa gran.,,house-DEM big,,Own fieldwork,,4000, +51-47,51,Kay-la gran.,Kay-la\tgran.,house-DEF\tbig,The house is big.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kay-la gran.,,house-DEF big,,Own fieldwork,,4001, +51-48,51,Kay-tala gran.,Kay-tala\tgran.,house-DEM\tbig,This house is big.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kay-tala gran.,,house-DEM big,,Own fieldwork,,4002, +52-33,52,liv Cyril a,liv\tCyril\ta,book\tCyril\tDEF,Cyril's book,,,,,elicited from speaker,liv Cyril a,,book Cyril DEF,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,4003, +53-97,53,Li monde pou ki l kouto.,Li\tmonde\tpou\tki\tl\tkouto.,3SG\task\tfor\twhom\tART.DEF.SG\tknife,He asked whose knife it was.,,,1048[109],,elicited from speaker,Li monde pou ki l kouto.,,3SG ask for whom ART.DEF.SG knife,,,,4004, +53-98,53,Ti négresse là pa grouyé.,Ti\tnégresse-là\tpa\tgrouyé.,little\tblack.girl-ART.DEF.SG\tNEG\tmove,The little black girl didn't move.,,,1049[29],,naturalistic written,Ti négresse là pa grouyé.,Ti négresse-là pa grouyé.,little black.girl-ART.DEF.SG NEG move,,,,4005,French: La petite négresse ne bougea pas. +53-99,53,La fiy vini reste avek mwa isi.,La\tfiy\tvini\treste\tavek\tmwa\tisi.,ART.DEF.SG\tgirl\tcome\tstay\twith\t1SG\there,The girl came to stay here with me.,,,1048[110],,naturalistic spoken,La fiy vini reste avek mwa isi.,,ART.DEF.SG girl come stay with 1SG here,,,,4006, +53-100,53,Mo mai ape diminwi. Sa-k ape manje mai-la?,Mo\tmai\tape\tdiminwi.\tSa-k\tape\tmanje\tmai-la?,1SG.POSS\tcorn\tPROG\tdiminish\twho\tPROG\teat\tcorn-ART.DEF.SG,My corn is disappearing. Who's eating the corn?,,,1048[132],,naturalistic spoken,Mo mai ape diminwi. Sa-k ape manje mai-la?,,1SG.POSS corn PROG diminish who PROG eat corn-ART.DEF.SG,,,,4007, +53-101,53,Laba kote l stor-la ina en gas station.,Laba\tkote\tl\tstor-la\tina\ten\t.,over.there\tnext.to\tART.DEF.SG\tstore-ART.DEF.SG\tthere.is\tART.INDF\tgas\tstation,Over there next to the store there is a gas station.,,,1048[133],,naturalistic spoken,Laba kote l stor-la ina en gas station.,Laba kote l stor-la ina en <gas station>.,over.there next.to ART.DEF.SG store-ART.DEF.SG there.is ART.INDF gas station,,,,4008, +54-62,54,"Aster le boug i di ali, i di: [...].","Aster\tlë\tboug\ti\tdi\tali,\ti\tdi:\t[...].",now\tDEF\tman\tFIN\tsay\tOBL.3SG\tFIN\tsay\t[...],"Now the man says to him, he says: [...].",,"Aster 'now' is derived from French à cette heure, a regional expression also current in Canadian French.",110[61],,naturalistic spoken,"Aster le boug i di ali, i di: [...].","Aster lë boug i di ali, i di: [...].",now DEF man FIN say OBL.3SG FIN say [...],"Aster 'now' is derived from French à cette heure, a regional expression also current in Canadian French.",,,4009,"French: Maintenant le type lui dit, il dit: [...]." +54-63,54,boug la,boug\tla,man\tDEM,this/that man,,,236[359],,naturalistic spoken,boug la,,man DEM,,,,4010,French: ce type(-là) +54-64,54,sa syen la,sa\tsyen\tla,DEM\tdog\tDEM,this/that dog,,,236[359],,naturalistic spoken,sa syen la,,DEM dog DEM,,,,4011,French: ce chien-là +54-65,54,se boug la,së\tboug\tla,DEM\tman\tDEM,this/that man,,,230[58],,naturalistic spoken,se boug la,së boug la,DEM man DEM,,,,4012,French: ce type(-là) +55-51,55,Silvi fek aste en rob nef; mo truv kuler la byeṅ zoli,Silvi\tfek\taste\ten\trob\tnef;\tmo\ttruv\tkuler\tla\tbyeṅ\tzoli,Silvie\tjust\tbuy\tINDF.ART\tdress\tnew\t1SG\tfind\tcolour\tDEF\tvery\tnice,Silvie has just bought a new dress. I think the colour is very attractive.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Silvi fek aste en rob nef; mo truv kuler la byeṅ zoli",,Silvie just buy INDF.ART dress new 1SG find colour DEF very nice,,Own knowledge,,4013, +56-67,56,Mon apel sa madanm.,Mon\tapel\tsa\tmadanm.,1SG\tcall\tDEM\twoman,I call this woman. OR: I call the woman.,,,955[184],,naturalistic spoken,"Mon apel sa madanm.",,1SG call DEM woman,,,,4014, +56-68,56,Mõ pu don sa rob Mari-Frãs.,Mon\tpou\tdonn\tsa\trob\tMari-Frans.,1SG\tFUT\tgive\tDEM\tdress\tMari-Frans,I will give this dress to Mari-Frans.,,,159[63],,written (grammar),Mõ pu don sa rob Mari-Frãs.,Mon pou donn sa rob Mari-Frans.,1SG FUT give DEM dress Mari-Frans,,,,4015,French: Je donnerai cette robe à Marie-France. +57-35,57,ma wa a loto,ma\twa\ta\tloto,1SG\tsee\tINDF\tcar,I see a car.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ma wa a loto,,1SG see INDF car,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,4016, +58-38,58,"muntu yayi, ba-ntu yayi","muntu\tyayi,\tba-ntu\tyayi",person\tthis\tpersons\tthis,this/the person these/the persons,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"muntu yayi, ba-ntu yayi",,person this persons this,,Own knowledge,,4017, +58-39,58,"mu-nti yina, ba-ntu yina","mu-nti\tyina,\tba-ntu\tyina",person\tthat\tpersons\tthat,"that/the person, those/the persons",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mu-nti yina, ba-ntu yina",,person that persons that,,Own knowledge,,4018, +59-95,59,"tongana angarage ni abaa nyama na ti ti azo so, na ala tene, mu na mbi nyama ni","tongana\ta-ngarage\tni\ta-baa\tnyama\tna\tti\tti\ta-zo\tso,\tna\tala\ttene,\tmu\tna\tmbi\tnyama\tni",when\tPL-ngarage\tDEF\tPM-see\tanimal\tin\thand\tof\tPL-person\tthis\tand\t3PL\tsay\tgive\tto\t1SG\tanimal\tthe,"When the Ngarage see an animal in someone's hands, they say, ""Give the animal to me.""",,"The Ngarage are young men in a Dry Season society that serves the ""lord"" of the bush. They take a portion of everything killed for the lord. Some of the meat would presumably go to them also. -- The use of the conjunction na 'and' is not felicitous. Nothing justifies its use here. Notice the use of 1SG pronoun after the Ngarage are identified in the plural. This is not evidence of a grammatical function.",1320[63],,naturalistic spoken,"tongana angarage ni abaa nyama na ti ti azo so, na ala tene, mu na mbi nyama ni","tongana a-ngarage ni a-baa nyama na ti ti a-zo so, na ala tene, mu na mbi nyama ni",when PL-ngarage DEF PM-see animal in hand of PL-person this and 3PL say give to 1SG animal the,"The Ngarage are young men in a Dry Season society that serves the ""lord"" of the bush. They take a portion of everything killed for the lord. Some of the meat would presumably go to them also. -- The use of the conjunction na 'and' is not felicitous. Nothing justifies its use here. Notice the use of 1SG pronoun after the Ngarage are identified in the plural. This is not evidence of a grammatical function.",,,4019, +59-96,59,"mbeni melenge ti wali ni, akoli ago na peko ti lo, lo ken’","mbeni\tmelenge\tti\twali\tni,\ta-koli\ta-gwe\tna\tpeko\tti\tlo,\tlo\tken’",certain\tchild\tof\tfemale\tDET\tPL-male\tPM-go\tPREP\tback\tof\t3SG\t3SG\treject,"This girl, men courted her, but she rejected them.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"mbeni melenge ti wali ni, akoli ago na peko ti lo, lo ken’","mbeni melenge ti wali ni, a-koli a-gwe na peko ti lo, lo ken’",certain child of female DET PL-male PM-go PREP back of 3SG 3SG reject,,Samarin corpus 1994,,4020,"French: La femme, les hommes la courtisaient, mais elle refusait tous ." +59-97,59,"lo mu melenge ti wali ni, ala kiri","lo\tmu\tmelenge\tti\twali\tni,\tala\tkiri",3SG\ttake\tchild\tof\tfemale\tDET\t3PL\treturn,He married the girl and they returned home.,,This is a good example of the anaphoric use of the determinant.,,,naturalistic spoken,"lo mu melenge ti wali ni, ala kiri",,3SG take child of female DET 3PL return,This is a good example of the anaphoric use of the determinant.,Samarin corpus 1994,,4021,"French: Il prit la fille, ils rentrent ensemble." +59-98,59,"wango so, la ni mo mu so, anzere mingi","wa-ngo\tso,\tla\tni\tmo\tmu\tso,\ta-nzere\tmingi",warn-NMLZ\tthis\tday\tDEF\t2SG\tgive\tthus\tPM-taste.good\tmuch,The advice you gave me on that day pleased me a great deal.,,,1320[64],,naturalistic spoken,"wango so, la ni mo mu so, anzere mingi","wa-ngo so, la ni mo mu so, a-nzere mingi",warn-NMLZ this day DEF 2SG give thus PM-taste.good much,,,,4022, +59-99,59,la ni so mbi gwe na kotoro [...],la\tni\tso\tmbi\tgwe\tna\tkotoro\t[...],day\tDEF\tDEM\t1SG\tgo\tto\tvillage\t[...],That day when I went home [...]. OR: When I went home [...].,,,1463[100],,naturalistic spoken,"la ni so mbi gwe na kotoro [...]",,day DEF DEM 1SG go to village [...],,,,4023, +61-21,61,Mina thengile muye bayiskili. Lo wil ga yena phukile.,Mina\ttheng-ile\tmuye\tbayiskili.\tLo\twil\tga\tyena\tphuk-ile.,I\tbuy-PST\tART\tbicycle\tDEF.ART\twheel\tPOSS\tit\tbreak-PST,I bought a bicycle. Its wheel is broken.,,,,,unknown,Mina thengile muye bayiskili. Lo wil ga yena phukile.,Mina theng-ile muye bayiskili. Lo wil ga yena phuk-ile.,I buy-PST ART bicycle DEF.ART wheel POSS it break-PST,,,,4024, +63-49,63,bakán de ge-nadí Masindi,bakán\tde\tge-nadí\tMasindi,place\tDEM\tTAM-call\tMasindi,This palace is called Masindi.,,,856[18],,naturalistic spoken,bakán de ge-nadí Masindi,,place DEM TAM-call Masindi,,,,4025, +63-50,63,azól de já ma galamóyo,azól\tde\tjá\tma\tgalamóyo,man\tDEM\tcome\twith\tgoat,The man came with a goat.,,,856[139],,naturalistic spoken,azól de já ma galamóyo,,man DEM come with goat,,,,4026, +64-55,64,béled ísim to terkéka de,béled\tísim\tto\tterkéka\tde,country\tname\tPOSS.3SG\tTerkeka\tDEM.PROX,the village called Terkeka,,,874[202],,naturalistic spoken,béled ísim to terkéka de,,country name POSS.3SG Terkeka DEM.PROX,,,,4027, +64-56,64,zol abú ja naárde de,zol\tabú\tja\tnaárde\tde,individual\tREL\tcome\ttoday\tDEM.PROX,the man who came today,,,874[202],,naturalistic spoken,zol abú ja naárde de,,individual REL come today DEM.PROX,,,,4028, +64-57,64,rábbana de kwes,rábbana\tde\tkwes,god\tDEM.PROX\tgood,God is good.,,,874[204],,naturalistic spoken,rábbana de kwes,,god DEM.PROX good,,,,4029, +65-51,65,"Ziml'a rabotaj, patom arenda plati netu.","Ziml'a\trabotaj,\tpatom\tarenda\tplati\tnetu.",land\twork\tthen\trent\tpay\tNEG,I used to work on land and then I did not pay the rent.,,,458[267],,citation in fiction,"Ziml'a rabotaj, patom arenda plati netu.",,land work then rent pay NEG,,,"Земля работай, потом аренда плати нету.",4030, +67-67,67,Itu selalu tinggal sini punya orang pakai ini pasar ah.,Itu\tselalu\ttinggal\tsini\tpunya\torang\tpakai\tini\tpasar\tah.,DEM\talways\tlive\there\tREL\tperson\tuse\tDEM\tmarket\tPCL,The people living here use this market.,,,708[341],,naturalistic spoken,Itu selalu tinggal sini punya orang pakai ini pasar ah.,,DEM always live here REL person use DEM market PCL,,,,4031, +67-68,67,Dia ingat tengok itu lua olang tengok sama dia.,Dia\tingat\ttengok\titu\tlua\tolang\ttengok\tsama\tdia.,3SG\tthink\tlook.at\tDEM\ttwo\tperson\tlook.at\twith\t3SG,He thought that these two people were looking at him.,,,708[352],,naturalistic spoken,Dia ingat tengok itu lua olang tengok sama dia.,,3SG think look.at DEM two person look.at with 3SG,,,,4032, +69-23,69,yəm mən murimbi tanan kakan,yəm\tmən\tmuri-mbi\tta-nan\tkakan,water\tthat/the?\trun-DEP\tProg-NONFUT\tNEG,That/the water hasn't drained yet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yəm mən murimbi tanan kakan,yəm mən muri-mbi ta-nan kakan,water that/the? run-DEP Prog-NONFUT NEG,,Own field notes 1985,,4033, +72-54,72,Dat karu an dat warlakungku dei bin luk olda yapakayiwan ngakparnwalija.,Dat\tkaru\tan\tdat\twarlaku-ngku\tdei\tbin\tluk\tolda\tyapakayi-wan\tngakparn-walija.,the\tchild\tand\tthe\tdog-ERG\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tlook\tthe\tsmall-NMLZ\tfrog-PAUC,The child and the dog saw all of the small frogs.,,,583,988c773e0934a4cc5383c8d646b72e58,narrative,Dat karu an dat warlakungku dei bin luk olda yapakayiwan ngakparnwalija.,Dat karu an dat warlaku-ngku dei bin luk olda yapakayi-wan ngakparn-walija.,the child and the dog-ERG 3PL.SBJ PST look the small-NMLZ frog-PAUC,,,,4034, +73-40,73,uno faborta pidingabu binixuni,uno\tfabor-ta\tpidi-nga-bu\tbini-xu-ni,one\tfavor-ACC\task-NMLZ-BEN\tcome-PROG-1,I come to ask a favor.,,,,,elicited from speaker,uno faborta pidingabu binixuni,uno fabor-ta pidi-nga-bu bini-xu-ni,one favor-ACC ask-NMLZ-BEN come-PROG-1,,Field notes,,4035, +74-42,74,uk-man,uk-man,the-man,the man,,"The definite article derives fom ukuk 'this, that'.",,,constructed by linguist,uk-man,,the-man,"The definite article derives fom ukuk 'this, that'.",Own knowledge,,4036, +74-43,74,uk ya-čêč,uk\tya-čêč,that\t3SG-grandchild,the grandchild,,,675[35],,narrative,uk ya-čêč,,that 3SG-grandchild,,,,4037, +75-85,75,niya ooma la liivr,niya(C)\tooma(C)\tli(F)\tlivr(F),1SG\tDEM.INAN.SG\tDEF.M\tbook,This book is mine.,,F = from French; C = from Cree,,,constructed by linguist,niya ooma la liivr,niya(C) ooma(C) li(F) livr(F),1SG DEM.INAN.SG DEF.M book,F = from French; C = from Cree,Own knowledge,,4038, +1-12,1,na abrasei va mi hosso [od.] na mi hosso abra,na\tabrasei\tfu\tmi\toso\t[oder]\tna\tmi\toso\tabra,LOC\tover.side\tof\t1SG\thouse\t[or.GERMAN]\tLOC\t1SG\thouse\tover,across from my house,,"The first part contains the simple prepositions na, here with a general locative meaning, and va/fu, here expressing 'of'. In the second part, the specifying locative element abra 'over' follows the noun phrase which is at the same time preceded by the general preposition na.",1357[3],,written (dictionary),na abrasei va mi hosso [od.] na mi hosso abra,na abrasei fu mi oso [oder] na mi oso abra,LOC over.side of 1SG house [or.GERMAN] LOC 1SG house over,"The first part contains the simple prepositions na, here with a general locative meaning, and va/fu, here expressing 'of'. In the second part, the specifying locative element abra 'over' follows the noun phrase which is at the same time preceded by the general preposition na.",,,4039,German: gegen meinem Hause über [op.cit.] +1-84,1,"Kaba a si wan figaboom varreweh na seipasi, nanga wirriwirri.","Kaba\ta\tsi\twan\tfigabon\tfarawe\tna\tseipasi,\tnanga\twiwiri.",and\t3SG.SBJ\tsee\tINDF.SG\tfig.tree\tfar.away\tLOC\tside.road\twith\tleaf,"And he saw a fig tree further down at the roadside, with leaves.",,,1355[216],,written,"Kaba a si wan figaboom varreweh na seipasi, nanga wirriwirri.","Kaba a si wan figabon farawe na seipasi, nanga wiwiri.",and 3SG.SBJ see INDF.SG fig.tree far.away LOC side.road with leaf,,,,4040, +1-85,1,Da wan bon zomma.,Da\twan\tbun\tsoma.,it.be\tINDF.SG\tgood\tperson,He(/she/it) is a good person.,,"Ad Feature 62 ""Expression of pronominal subjects"": This example shows the clause-introducing copula da, which includes pronominal as well as copular functions. They can be explained by its pronominal origin (< English that).",1527[31],,written,"Da wan bon zomma.",Da wan bun soma.,it.be INDF.SG good person,"Ad Feature 62 ""Expression of pronominal subjects"": This example shows the clause-introducing copula da, which includes pronominal as well as copular functions. They can be explained by its pronominal origin (< English that).",,,4041,Dutch: Hy is een goed Man. [op.cit.] +2-64,2,Wan ben tron datra srefi.,Wan\tben\ttron\tdatra\tsrefi.,one\tPST\tbecome\tdoctor\teven,One even became a doctor.,,,1062[24],,naturalistic spoken,Wan ben tron datra srefi.,,one PST become doctor even,,,,4042, +2-65,2,No wan sma ben bai den nyanyan.,No\twan\tsma\tben\tbai\tden\tnyanyan.,NEG\tone\tperson\tPST\tbuy\tthe.PL\tfood,Not one person bought them.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,No wan sma ben bai den nyanyan.,,NEG one person PST buy the.PL food,,"Winford data, Tape 30-a",,4043, +2-66,2,"Dus no wan, no wan fu unu ben man bai a unusrefi.","Dus\tno\twan,\tno\twan\tfu\tunu\tben\tman\tbai\ta\tunusrefi.",thus\tNEG\tone\tNEG\tone\tof\tus\tANT\tcan\tbuy\tfrom\tourselves,So none of us could buy from each other.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dus no wan, no wan fu unu ben man bai a unusrefi.",,thus NEG one NEG one of us ANT can buy from ourselves,,"Winford data, Tape 30-a",,4044, +2-67,2,Nanga den sma disi wi o abi wan taki-makandra.,Nanga\tden\tsma\tdisi\twi\to\tabi\twan\ttaki-makandra.,with\tthe.PL\tperson\tDEM\twe\tFUT\thave\tART\ttalk_about,We will have a conversation with these people.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Nanga den sma disi wi o abi wan taki-makandra.,,with the.PL person DEM we FUT have ART talk_about,,"Winford data, Tape 30-a",,4045, +3-34,3,wan buku,wan\tbuku,D/NUM\tbook,a book / one book,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wan buku,,D/NUM book,,Fieldwork data,,4046, +4-45,4,"wan pikin; wan, tu, dii","wan\tpikin;\twan,\ttu,\tdii",one\tchild\tone\ttwo\tthree,"a child; one, two, three",,,568[65],,elicited from speaker,"wan pikin; wan, tu, dii",,one child one two three,,,,4047, +5-52,5,hii ga wàn shaap reezaa,hii\tga\twàn\tshaap\treezaa,he\thave\tINDF.ART\tsharp\trazor,He had a sharp razor.,,The suprasegmental mark on /wan/ not transcribed in the Rickford (1987) text but added by us (Hubert Devonish).,"1281[130, line 217]",,naturalistic spoken,hii ga wàn shaap reezaa,,he have INDF.ART sharp razor,The suprasegmental mark on /wan/ not transcribed in the Rickford (1987) text but added by us (Hubert Devonish).,,,4048, +5-78,5,wel wan dee mi bin a lai dong pan dis boot,wel\twan\tdee\tmi\tbin\ta\tlai\tdong\tpan\tdis\tboot,well\tone\tday\t1SG\tPST\tASP\tlie\tdown\ton\tthis\tboat,"Well, one day I was lying down on this boat.",,,"1281[149, lines 365-366]",,naturalistic spoken,wel wan dee mi bin a lai dong pan dis boot,,well one day 1SG PST ASP lie down on this boat,,,,4049, +6-32,6,Yuh want wan or two roti?,Yuh\twant\twan\tor\ttwo\troti?,2SG\twant\tone\tor\ttwo\troti,Do you want one or two roti?,,,,,elicited from speaker,Yuh want wan or two roti?,,2SG want one or two roti,,Informant,,4050, +7-79,7,Len mi wan bok.,Len\tmi\twan\tbok.,lend\t1SG\tINDF\tbook,Lend me a book.,,If wan is stressed it may be read as the numeral.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Len mi wan bok.,,lend 1SG INDF book,"If wan is stressed it may be read as the numeral.",Own knowledge,,4051, +7-80,7,Hi kuhm ya wid wan spiid.,Hi\tkuhm\tya\twid\twan\tspiid.,3SG\tcome\there\twith\tone\tspeed,He came here in great hurry.,,Wan may also be used as an intensifier.,1244[149],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi kuhm ya wid wan spiid.,,3SG come here with one speed,"Wan may also be used as an intensifier.",,,4052, +8-46,8,Wahn uman gi Piita di loki lato nomba fi plie.,Wahn\tuman\tgi\tPiita\tdi\tloki\tlato\tnomba\tfi\tplie.,INDF\twoman\tgive\tPeter\tDET\tlucky\tlottery\tnumber\tINF\tplay,A woman gave Peter the lucky lottery number to play.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Wahn uman gi Piita di loki lato nomba fi plie.,,INDF woman give Peter DET lucky lottery number INF play,,Own knowledge,,4053, +8-47,8,Piita pik wan apl an Mieri pik tuu.,Piita\tpik\twan\tapl\tan\tMieri\tpik\ttuu.,Peter\tpick\tone\tapple\tand\tMary\tpick\ttwo,Peter picked one apple and Mary picked two.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Piita pik wan apl an Mieri pik tuu.,,Peter pick one apple and Mary pick two,,Own knowledge,,4054, +9-58,9,T. gat wan speʃl maak we i yuz.,T.\tgat\twan\tspeʃl\tmaak\twe\ti\tyuz.,T\tgot\tone\tspecial\tmark\tREL\the\tuse,T. has a special mark that he uses.,,,432[33],,naturalistic spoken,T. gat wan speʃl maak we i yuz.,,T got one special mark REL he use,,,,4055, +9-88,9,Dis badl a me wan a di bigɛs badl.,Dis\tbadl\ta\tme\twan\ta\tdi\tbigɛs\tbadl.,this\tbottle\tTOP\tANT\tone\tof\tthe\tbiggest\tbottle,This bottle was one of the biggest (we ever found).,,The anterior marker precedes the lexical item.,439[235],,naturalistic spoken,Dis badl a me wan a di bigɛs badl.,,this bottle TOP ANT one of the biggest bottle,The anterior marker precedes the lexical item.,,,4056, +10-62,10,Di gyal had wan guol ring we ihn pupa gi im an wan guol niigl.,Di\tgyal\thad\twan\tguol\tring\twe\tihn\tpupa\tgi\tim\tan\twan\tguol\tniigl.,ART.DEF\tgirl\thave.PST\tART.INDF\tgold\tring\tREL\t3SG.POSS\tfather\tgive\t3SG\tand\tART.INDF\tgold\tneedle,The girl had a golden ring which her father had given to her and a golden needle.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di gyal had wan guol ring we ihn pupa gi im an wan guol niigl.,,ART.DEF girl have.PST ART.INDF gold ring REL 3SG.POSS father give 3SG and ART.INDF gold needle,,Unpublished field recordings,,4057, +10-63,10,wan; tuu; trii,wan;\ttuu;\ttrii,one\ttwo\tthree,one; two; three,,Note that the San Andrés Spelling Committee recommends using the English orthography for numerals. I find this misleading as it does not render the pronunciation in such cases as trii ‘three’ and iet ‘eight’.,,,constructed by linguist,wan; tuu; trii,,one two three,"Note that the San Andrés Spelling Committee recommends using the English orthography for numerals. I find this misleading as it does not render the pronunciation in such cases as trii ‘three’ and iet ‘eight’.",Own knowledge,,4058, +11-68,11,"Aktuali, Tasba hav a kompliit praimari skuul.","Aktuali,\tTasba\thav\ta\tkompliit\tpraimari\tskuul.",actually\tTasbapauni\thave\tART.INDF\tcomplete\tprimary\tschool,"At present, there is a complete primary school in Tasbapauni.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Aktuali, Tasba hav a kompliit praimari skuul.",,actually Tasbapauni have ART.INDF complete primary school,,,,4059, +11-69,11,Deh put op wan lang puol.,Deh\tput\top\twan\tlang\tpuol.,3PL\tput\tup\tART.INDF\tlong\tpole,They put up a tall pole.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Deh put op wan lang puol.",,3PL put up ART.INDF long pole,,,,4060, +11-70,11,Wi hav wan turno onli in di maaning.,Wi\thav\twan\tturno\tonli\tin\tdi\tmaaning.,1PL\thave\tone\tturn\tonly\tin\tART.DEF\tmorning,We have just one shift in the morning.,,Turno is a borrowing from Spanish.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wi hav wan turno onli in di maaning.,,1PL have one turn only in ART.DEF morning,"Turno is a borrowing from Spanish.",,,4061, +12-58,12,"And two people get kill. The police kill one, and one other fellow kill the other one.",[...]\tand\tone\tother\tfellow\tkill\tthe\tother\tone.,[...]\tand\tINDF\tother\tfellow\tkill[PFV]\tDEF\tother\tone,[...] and another guy killed the other one.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And two people get kill. The police kill one, and one other fellow kill the other one.","[...] and one other fellow kill the other one.",[...] and INDF other fellow kill[PFV] DEF other one,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4062, +12-59,12,"Yeah, I know - one time I been - we been in Conch Sound. One yacht come in - come in there - bring some people, and they come 'shore. And - and it catch fire, and they did had this jum- jumping dance, you know?",One\tyacht\tcome\tin\t[...].,INDF\tyacht\tcome[PFV]\tin\t[...],A yacht came in [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, I know - one time I been - we been in Conch Sound. One yacht come in - come in there - bring some people, and they come 'shore. And - and it catch fire, and they did had this jum- jumping dance, you know?","One yacht come in [...].",INDF yacht come[PFV] in [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4063, +12-60,12,"[...] if I is on a hill, and you live below me, in the most cases, you still living on a hill.","[...]\tif\tI\tis\ton\ta\thill,\tand\tyou\tlive\tbelow\tme\t[...]\tyou\tstill\tliv-ing\ton\ta\thill.",[...]\tif\tI\t1SG.COP\ton\tINDF\thill\tand\tyou\tlive\tbelow\tme\t[...]\tyou\tstill\tlive-PROG\ton\tINDF\thill,[...] if I live on a hill [...] you [might] still live on a hill.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] if I is on a hill, and you live below me, in the most cases, you still living on a hill.","[...] if I is on a hill, and you live below me [...] you still liv-ing on a hill.",[...] if I 1SG.COP on INDF hill and you live below me [...] you still live-PROG on INDF hill,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4064, +13-50,13,one cent,one\tcent,NUM\tcent,one cent,,,1500[260],,naturalistic spoken,one cent,,NUM cent,,,,4065, +13-51,13,a bag,a\tbag,INDF\tbag,a bag,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,a bag,,INDF bag,,,,4066, +14-38,14,a/one hat,a/one\that,a\that,a hat,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a/one hat,,a hat,,Own knowledge,,4067, +15-47,15,wan man,wan\tman,INDF.ART\tman,a certain man,,,545[xxx],,naturalistic written,wan man,,INDF.ART man,,,,4068, +15-48,15,wan man,wan\tman,one\tman,(only) one (a single) man,,,545[xxx],,naturalistic written,wan man,,one man,,,,4069, +16-65,16,if jù dè sik jùɔ bakjad jù si ɛ klinik,if\tjù\tdè\tsik\tjùɔ\tbakjad\tjù\tsi\tɛ\tklinik,if\t2SG\tPROG\tsick\t2SG.POSS\tbackyard\t2SG\tsee\tART\tclinic,"If you are ill (nowadays), you see a clinic in your backyard (i.e. nearby, to which you can go).",,This example shows a current state expressed by dè.,,,naturalistic spoken,if jù dè sik jùɔ bakjad jù si ɛ klinik,,if 2SG PROG sick 2SG.POSS backyard 2SG see ART clinic,"This example shows a current state expressed by dè.",Own fieldwork,,4070, +17-46,17,nyam,nyam,yam,the/a/some yam(s),,,462[172],,naturalistic spoken,nyam,,yam,,,,4071, +17-47,17,wo̱n nyam,wo̱n\tnyam,ART.INDF\tyam,a yam OR: one yam,,,462[173],,naturalistic spoken,wo̱n nyam,,ART.INDF yam,,,,4072, +18-43,18,"wan banana, tu banana, tri banana","wan\tbanana,\ttu\tbanana,\ttri\tbanana",one\tbanana\ttwo\tbanana\tthree\tbanana,"one banana, two bananas, three bananas",,,1488[16],,published source,"wan banana, tu banana, tri banana",,one banana two banana three banana,,,,4073, +19-49,19,À wɔnt mek yù du mi sɔ̀n febɔ [...].,À\twɔnt\tmek\tyù\tdu\tmi\tsɔ̀n\tfebɔ\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\twant\tSBJV\t2SG\tdo\t1SG.EMPH\tsome\tfavour\t[...],I want you to do me a favour [...].,,"When the quantifier sɔ̀n functions as an indefinite article, it signals a lower degree of specificity than wan 'one; a'.",1634[577],,naturalistic spoken,"À wɔnt mek yù du mi sɔ̀n febɔ [...].",,1SG.SBJ want SBJV 2SG do 1SG.EMPH some favour [...],"When the quantifier sɔ̀n functions as an indefinite article, it signals a lower degree of specificity than wan 'one; a'.",,,4074, +19-50,19,Mek à pul wan smɔl tòrí.,Mek\tà\tpul\twan\tsmɔl\ttòrí.,SBJV\t1SG.SBJ\tremove\tone\tsmall\tstory,Let me tell a small story.,,The numeral wan 'one' signals a higher degree of specificity when employed as an indefinite article.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mek à pul wan smɔl tòrí.",,SBJV 1SG.SBJ remove one small story,"The numeral wan 'one' signals a higher degree of specificity when employed as an indefinite article.",Field data,,4075, +19-51,19,wan; tu; tre,wan;\ttu;\ttre,one\ttwo\tthree,one; two; three,,,,,constructed by linguist,wan; tu; tre,,one two three,,Own knowledge,,4076, +20-38,20,Makee roastee one piecee capon.,Makee\troastee\tone\tpiecee\tcapon.,make\troast\tART.INDF\tCLF\tcapon,Roast a capon.,,,1489[VI.42],,naturalistic written,"Makee roastee one piecee capon.",,make roast ART.INDF CLF capon,,,米其勞士温卑時雞品,4077, +20-39,20,Bring one piecee chair come.,Bring\tone\tpiecee\tchair\tcome.,bring\tART.INDF\tCLF\tchair\tcome,Bring a chair here.,,,1489[VI.39],,naturalistic written,Bring one piecee chair come.,,bring ART.INDF CLF chair come,,,布凌温卑時車甘,4078, +20-76,20,My give you one sample.,My\tgive\tyou\tone\tsample.,1SG\tgive\t2SG\tART.INDF\tsample,I will give you one sample.,,,1489[VI.11],,naturalistic written,My give you one sample.,,1SG give 2SG ART.INDF sample,,,米刦㕭温三布,4079, +21-38,21,a cat; one cat,a\tcat;\tone\tcat,DET\tcat\tQUANT\tcat,a cat; one cat,,,,,constructed by linguist,a cat; one cat,,DET cat QUANT cat,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,4080, +22-56,22,Long dispela tais saksak i gat wanpela traipela rot tasol em olgeta manmeri i save go kam longen.,Long\tdispela\ttais\tsaksak\ti\tgat\twan-pela\ttraipela\trot\ttasol\tem\tolgeta\tmanmeri\ti\tsave\tgo\tkam\tlong-en.,PREP\tDEM\tswamp\tsago\tPM\tgot\tone-MOD\tbig.MOD\troad\tonly\t3SG\tall\tpeople\tPM\tHAB\tgo\tcome\tPREP-3SG,In this sago swamp there was only one big road that all the people used to go and come.,,,584[Aiths20\Tosaiye\ws\m20\momas\wsp],,naturalistic spoken,Long dispela tais saksak i gat wanpela traipela rot tasol em olgeta manmeri i save go kam longen.,Long dispela tais saksak i gat wan-pela traipela rot tasol em olgeta manmeri i save go kam long-en.,PREP DEM swamp sago PM got one-MOD big.MOD road only 3SG all people PM HAB go come PREP-3SG,,,,4081, +23-120,23,Wan kaen grup blong ol sapota we hem i givim plante hedek long ol polis olsem long Mexico World Cup mo World Cup long Italy hem i olgeta blong England.,Wan\tkaen\tgrup\tblong\tol\tsapota\twe\them\ti\tgivim\tplante\thedek\tlong\tol\tpolis\tolsem\tlong\tMexico\tWorld\tCup\tmo\tWorld\tCup\tlong\tItaly\them\ti\tolgeta\tblong\tEngland.,one\tkind\tgroup\tof\tPL\tsupporter\tCOMP\t3SG\tAGR\tgive\tplenty\theadache\tto\tPL\tpolice\tlike\tin\tMexico\tWorld\tCup\tand\tWorld\tCup\tin\tItaly\t3SG\tAGR\t3PL\tof\tEngland,One type of group of supporters that gave the police plenty of headaches at the Mexico World Cup and the World Cup in Italy was those from England.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wan kaen grup blong ol sapota we hem i givim plante hedek long ol polis olsem long Mexico World Cup mo World Cup long Italy hem i olgeta blong England.",,one kind group of PL supporter COMP 3SG AGR give plenty headache to PL police like in Mexico World Cup and World Cup in Italy 3SG AGR 3PL of England,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 20 June 1998",,4082, +24-64,24,a' gud koknat pai,a'\tgud\tkoknat\tpai,DET.INDF\tgood\tcoconut\tpie,a good coconut pie,,,,,naturalistic written,a' gud koknat pai,,DET.INDF good coconut pie,,Own fieldwork,,4083, +24-65,24,Ai si wan mien.,Ai\tsi\twan\tmien.,1SG\tsee\tDET.INDF.SG\tman,I see /saw a man.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai si wan mien.,,1SG see DET.INDF.SG man,,Own fieldwork,,4084, +25-170,25,I got wan mo geit tharrei.,I\tgot\twan\tmo\tgeit\ttharr-ei.,3SG\thave\tone\tmore\tgate\tDIST-DIR,There is one more gate over there.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the existential construction.",,,naturalistic spoken,"I got wan mo geit tharrei.","I got wan mo geit tharr-ei.",3SG have one more gate DIST-DIR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the existential construction.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,4085, +26-37,26,wɛn ju luk a ɹak,wɛn\tju\tluk\ta\tɹak,when\t2SG\tsee\tART\trock,when you see a rock,,,1545[187],,naturalistic spoken,"wɛn ju luk a ɹak",,when 2SG see ART rock,,,,4086, +27-32,27,ēn tid da ha ēn noli.,ēn\ttid\tda\tha\tēn\tnoli.,INDF\ttime\tthere\thave\tINDF\tdonkey,Once upon a time there was a donkey.,,,355[16],,naturalistic spoken,ēn tid da ha ēn noli.,,INDF time there have INDF donkey,,,,4087, +27-33,27,ēn fa shi hō,ēn\tfa\tshi\thō,one\tof\t3SG.POSS\tear,one of his ears,,,355[17],,naturalistic spoken,ēn fa shi hō,,one of 3SG.POSS ear,,,,4088, +28-59,28,iʃi koptɛ en kui mɛto,iʃi\tkopu-tɛ\ten\tkui\tmɛtɛ\to,2PL\tbuy-PFV\ta/one\tcow\twith\t3SG,We bought a cow with it (i.e. the money).,,,749[440],,naturalistic spoken,iʃi koptɛ en kui mɛto,iʃi kopu-tɛ en kui mɛtɛ o,2PL buy-PFV a/one cow with 3SG,,,,4089, +28-60,28,iʃi alma kumu-tɛ en stima,iʃi\talma\tkumu-tɛ\ten\tstima,1PL\tall\tcome-PFV\tone\tsteamer,We all came with the same steamerboat.,,,737[590],,naturalistic spoken,iʃi alma kumu-tɛ en stima,iʃi alma kumu-tɛ en stima,1PL all come-PFV one steamer,,,,4090, +29-46,29,Ek het 'n kat gesien. vs. Ek het een kat gesien (maar nie meer nie).,Ek\thet\t'n\tkat\tge-sien.\tvs.\tEk\thet\teen\tkat\tge-sien\t(maar\tnie\tmeer\tnie).,1SG\tPST\ta\tcat\tPTCP-seen\tvs.\tI\tPST\tone\tcat\tPTCP-seen\t(but\tNEG\tmore\tNEG),I saw a cat. vs. I saw one cat (but not more).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek het 'n kat gesien. vs. Ek het een kat gesien (maar nie meer nie).,Ek het 'n kat ge-sien. vs. Ek het een kat ge-sien (maar nie meer nie).,1SG PST a cat PTCP-seen vs. I PST one cat PTCP-seen (but NEG more NEG),,Own knowledge,,4091, +30-65,30,Más N ten ki buska un pesoa ta koba.,Más\tN=ten\tki=buska\tun=pesoa\tta=koba.,but\tI=have\tthat=search\ta=person\tIPFV=dig,But I need to look for someone to dig (for me).,,,106[25],,naturalistic spoken,"Más N ten ki buska un pesoa ta koba.",Más N=ten ki=buska un=pesoa ta=koba.,but I=have that=search a=person IPFV=dig,,,,4092, +30-66,30,"Góra, nhu ta kume uns banána, pa nhu ndoxa bóka.","Góra,\tnhu=ta=kume\tuns=banána,\tpa=nhu=ndoxa\tbóka.",now\t2SG.POL.M=IPFV=eat\tART.INDF.PL=banana\tfor=2SG.POL.M=sweeten\tmouth,"Now eat some bananas, so that you get a sweet mouth.",,,1407[55],,naturalistic spoken,"Góra, nhu ta kume uns banána, pa nhu ndoxa bóka.","Góra, nhu=ta=kume uns=banána, pa=nhu=ndoxa bóka.",now 2SG.POL.M=IPFV=eat ART.INDF.PL=banana for=2SG.POL.M=sweeten mouth,,,,4093, +31-66,31,El atxa un rapas di Brava.,El\tatxa\tun\trapas\tdi\tBrava.,he\tfind\tNUM/INDF\tyoung.man\tfrom\tBrava,He met one/a young man from Brava.,,The numeral 'one' is homophonous with the indefinite article.,61[25],,naturalistic spoken,"El atxa un rapas di Brava.",,he find NUM/INDF young.man from Brava,The numeral 'one' is homophonous with the indefinite article.,,,4094, +31-67,31,Ma N fra N ta tira un foto pamo senpri e lenbransa.,Ma\tN\tfra\tN\tta\ttira\tun\tfoto\tpamo\tsenpri\te\tlenbransa.,But\tI\tsay\tI\tFUT\ttake\ta\tpicture\tbecause\talways\tis\tmemory,But I said that I will take a picture because it will always be a memory.,,,61,,naturalistic spoken,"Ma N fra N ta tira un foto pamo senpri e lenbransa.",,But I say I FUT take a picture because always is memory,,,,4095, +32-40,32,N ten un pork so.,N\tten\tun\tpork\tso.,1SG\thave\tone\tpig\tonly,I have only one pig.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"N ten un pork so.",,1SG have one pig only,,,,4096,Portuguese: Tenho um porco só. +32-41,32,Es fazê un tank li.,Es\tfazê\tun\ttank\tli.,3PL\tmake\tART.INDF\twater.deposit\there,They built a water deposit here.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Es fazê un tank li.",,3PL make ART.INDF water.deposit here,,,,4097,Portuguese: Construiram um tanque aqui. +33-58,33,un omi musulmanu,un\tomi\tmusulmanu,INDF\tman\tMuslim,a Muslim man,,,715[137],,naturalistic written,un omi musulmanu,,INDF man Muslim,,,,4098,Portuguese: um homem muçulmano +33-59,33,utru omi musulmanu,utru\tomi\tmusulmanu,a\tman\tMuslim,a Muslim man,,"The plural indefinite article in Portuguese is uns, translated into English as 'some'. This corresponds to Kriyol utru (cf. Portuguese outros 'others', but also substrate Balanta olo 'other, some') (Intumbo 2006).",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,utru omi musulmanu,,a man Muslim,"The plural indefinite article in Portuguese is uns, translated into English as 'some'. This corresponds to Kriyol utru (cf. Portuguese outros 'others', but also substrate Balanta olo 'other, some') (Intumbo 2006).",Own knowledge,,4099,Portuguese: um homem muçulmano +34-44,34,N wojá un karnedu na kambá kamiñu.,N\tø\twojá\tun\tkarnedu\tna\tkambá\tkamiñu.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsee\tINDF\tsheep\tPROG\tcross\tway,I saw a sheep crossing the street.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N wojá un karnedu na kambá kamiñu.","N ø wojá un karnedu na kambá kamiñu.",1SG.SBJ PFV see INDF sheep PROG cross way,,Own knowledge,,4100, +34-45,34,un karnedu; un-soŋ karnedu,un\tkarnedu;\tun-soŋ\tkarnedu,INDF\tsheep\ta-only\tsheep,a sheep; one sheep,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"un karnedu; un-soŋ karnedu",,INDF sheep a-only sheep,,Own knowledge,,4101, +35-65,35,Ũa migu mu bi ai.,Ũa\tmigu\tmu\tbi\tai.,a\tfriend\t1SG.POSS\tcome\there,A friend of mine came here.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ũa migu mu bi ai.,,a friend 1SG.POSS come here,,Own data,,4102, +35-66,35,Ũa pema tan ô!,Ũa\tpema\ttan\tô!,one\tpalm.tree\tonly\tPCL,Just one palm tree!,,PCL = discourse particle,,,naturalistic spoken,Ũa pema tan ô!,,one palm.tree only PCL,PCL = discourse particle,Own data,,4103, +36-40,36,M mêthê ũa litu vi.,M\tmêthê\tũa\tlitu\tvi.,1SG\twant\tone\tliter\twine,I want one liter of palm wine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"M mêthê ũa litu vi.",,1SG want one liter wine,,Own knowledge,,4104, +37-43,37,Dya ũa a kumbina di w’uvôdô n’ose.,Dya\tũa\ta\tkumbina\tdi\twe\tuvôdô\tna\tose.,day\tone\tINDF\tagree\tof\tgo\tparty\tLOC\tsky,"One day, they agreed to go to a party in heaven.",,Here ũa is an indefinite article.,905,,naturalistic spoken,"Dya ũa a kumbina di w’uvôdô n’ose.",Dya ũa a kumbina di we uvôdô na ose.,day one INDF agree of go party LOC sky,"Here ũa is an indefinite article.",,,4105, +37-44,37,"N tê dôsu kasô fa, n tê kasô ũa.","N\ttê\tdôsu\tkasô\tfa,\tn\ttê\tkasô\tũa.",1SG\thave\ttwo\tdog\tNEG\t1SG\thave\tdog\tone,"I don't have two dogs, I have [only] one dog.",,Here ũa is the numeral 'one'.,,,constructed by linguist,"N tê dôsu kasô fa, n tê kasô ũa.",,1SG have two dog NEG 1SG have dog one,"Here ũa is the numeral 'one'.",Own knowledge,,4106, +38-50,38,wan moso,wan\tmoso,ART.SG\twoman,a woman,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wan moso,,ART.SG woman,,Own fieldwork 1993,,4107, +38-51,38,úña,úña,one,one,,,,,naturalistic spoken,úña,,one,,Own fieldwork 1993,,4108, +39-63,39,"Jacob ɛ ũ kɔb, el tə faze vɔs.","Jacob\tɛ\tũ\tkɔb,\tel\ttə\tfaz-e\tvɔs.",Jacob\tCOP.NPST\tone\tsnake\t3\tIPFV.NPST\tmake-INF\tvoice,"Jacob is a snake, he's imitating its voice.",,,218,,naturalistic spoken,"Jacob ɛ ũ kɔb, el tə faze vɔs.","Jacob ɛ ũ kɔb, el tə faz-e vɔs.",Jacob COP.NPST one snake 3 IPFV.NPST make-INF voice,,,,4109, +39-64,39,ũ irmã te i trey irmãw te.,ũ\tirmã\tte\ti\ttrey\tirmãw\tte.,one\tsister\thave.NPST\tand\tthree\tbrother\thave.NPST,(I) have got one sister and three brothers.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,ũ irmã te i trey irmãw te.,,one sister have.NPST and three brother have.NPST,,,,4110, +40-38,40,Ti u͂ mat [...].,Ti\tu͂\tmat\t[...].,was\tone\tforest/woods\t[...],There was a forest [...].,,This is taken from a story told by Angelin Rosario.,,,naturalistic spoken,Ti u͂ mat [...].,,was one forest/woods [...],This is taken from a story told by Angelin Rosario.,Unpublished story,,4111, +41-58,41,korsaampa uŋ gɔɔta alagriiya padaaley kum tambomley mee noos lopapiyaa,korsaam-pa\tuŋ\tgɔɔta\talagriiya\tpa-daa=ley\tkum\ttambom=ley\tmee\tnoos\tlo-papiyaa,heart-DAT\tone\tlittle\thappiness\tINF-give=like\tCONJ\texcellent=like\tFOC\t1PL\tFUT-speak,We just speak for the pleasure of it. OR: Consultant's translation: Without giving any trouble to the heart we shall just speak well.,,The speaker was contrasting the informal language used in face-to-face interactions with the formal (diglossic high) language used for public speaking (which only one or two people in the community can perform).,1416[2375],,naturalistic spoken,korsaampa uŋ gɔɔta alagriiya padaaley kum tambomley mee noos lopapiyaa,korsaam-pa uŋ gɔɔta alagriiya pa-daa=ley kum tambom=ley mee noos lo-papiyaa,heart-DAT one little happiness INF-give=like CONJ excellent=like FOC 1PL FUT-speak,The speaker was contrasting the informal language used in face-to-face interactions with the formal (diglossic high) language used for public speaking (which only one or two people in the community can perform).,,,4112, +42-50,42,"eli ja olá ńgua mulé brangku mbés, se [...]","eli\tja\tolá\tńgua\tmulé\tbrangku\tmbés,\tse\t[...]",3SG\tPFV\tsee\tone\twoman\twhite\tvery\tknow\t[...],"He saw a woman who was very white, you know [...].",,,122[87],,naturalistic spoken,"eli ja olá ńgua mulé brangku mbés, se [...]",,3SG PFV see one woman white very know [...],,,,4113, +42-51,42,"eli teng justu ńgua prau, ńgka dos prau","eli\tteng\tjustu\tńgua\tprau,\tńgka\tdos\tprau",3SG\thave\tjust\tone\tboat\tNEG\ttwo\tboat,"He has only one boat, not two boats.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"eli teng justu ńgua prau, ńgka dos prau",,3SG have just one boat NEG two boat,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,4114, +43-34,43,[...] dja chega nu unga sepultura.,[...]\tdja\tchega\tnu\tunga\tsepultura.,[...]\tPFV\tarrive\tLOC\tINDF.ART\ttomb,[...] [he] arrived at a tomb.,,,906[25],,pedagogical grammar,"[...] dja chega nu unga sepultura.",,[...] PFV arrive LOC INDF.ART tomb,,,,4115, +44-59,44,"Tyéni yo tres kobéta, úna na arríba, úna na báho [...].","Tyéni\tyo\ttres\tkobéta,\túna\tna\tarríba,\túna\tna\tbáho\t[...].",have\t1SG\tthree\tpail\tone\tLOC\tup\tone\tLOC\tdown\t[...],"I have three toilets, one upstairs, one downstairs [...].",,The use of un as the indefinite article is more common. Una is commonly used as a numeral.,1414[45],,naturalistic spoken,"Tyéni yo tres kobéta, úna na arríba, úna na báho [...].",,have 1SG three pail one LOC up one LOC down [...],"The use of un as the indefinite article is more common. Una is commonly used as a numeral.",,,4116, +44-60,44,dos íha i un íhu,dos\tíha\ti\tun\tíhu,two\tgirl\tand\tone\tboy,two girls and one boy,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dos íha i un íhu,,two girl and one boy,,Own data,,4117, +45-50,45,Ya escribi yo un carta con mi amigo.,Ya\tescribi\tyo\tun\tcarta\tcon\tmi\tamigo.,PFV\twrite\t1SG\tINDF\tletter\tOBJ\tmy\tfriend,I wrote a letter to my friend.,,,426[23],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ya escribi yo un carta con mi amigo.",,PFV write 1SG INDF letter OBJ my friend,,,,4118, +45-51,45,Caro ahora un litro de gasolina.,Caro\tahora\tun\tlitro\tde\tgasolina.,expensive\tnow\tINDF\tliter\tof\tgasoline,A/One liter of gasoline is expensive nowadays.,,,426[87],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Caro ahora un litro de gasolina.,,expensive now INDF liter of gasoline,,,,4119, +45-91,45,Con un gente no mas ta sospecha el mga pulis.,Con\tun\tgente\tno\tmas\tta\tsospecha\tel\tmga\tpulis.,OBJ\tone\tperson\tNEG\tmore\tIPFV\tsuspect\tDEF\tPL\tpolice,The policemen suspect only one person.,,,426[171],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Con un gente no mas ta sospecha el mga pulis.,,OBJ one person NEG more IPFV suspect DEF PL police,,,,4120, +46-64,46,Ya-lyegá un ómbre na dimiyo kása.,Ya-lyegá\tun\tómbre\tna\tdimiyo\tkása.,PFV-arrive\ta\tman\tLOC\tmy\thouse,A man came to my house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ya-lyegá un ómbre na dimiyo kása.,,PFV-arrive a man LOC my house,,Own knowledge,,4121, +46-65,46,"Tyéne yo kwatro anák, uno ómbre, tres muhér.","Tyéne\tyo\tkwatro\tanák,\tuno\tómbre,\ttres\tmuhér.",have\tI\tfour\tchildren\tone\tman\tthree\twoman,"I have four children, one son, three daughters.",,,242,,naturalistic spoken,"Tyéne yo kwatro anák, uno ómbre, tres muhér.",,have I four children one man three woman,,,,4122, +46-66,46,"Ya-mirá tu un muhér, kwátro ómbre.","Ya-mirá\ttu\tun\tmuhér,\tkwátro\tómbre.",PFV-see\tyou\tone\twoman\tfour\tmen,You saw one woman (and) four men.,,,242,,naturalistic spoken,"Ya-mirá tu un muhér, kwátro ómbre.",,PFV-see you one woman four men,,,,4123, +47-57,47,[...] i durante algun minüt a reina un silensio.,[...]\ti\tdurante\talgun\tminüt\ta\treina\tun\tsilensio.,[...]\tand\tduring\tsome\tminute\tPFV\treign\tINDF\tsilence,"[...] and for several minutes, there was silence.",,The translation is mine.,869[15],,published source,"[...] i durante algun minüt a reina un silensio.",,[...] and during some minute PFV reign INDF silence,The translation is mine.,,,4124, +47-58,47,"un, dos, tres, kwater, sinku, seis, shete, ocho, nwebe, dies","un,\tdos,\ttres,\tkwater,\tsinku,\tseis,\tshete,\tocho,\tnwebe,\tdies",one\ttwo\tthree\tfour\tfive\tsix\tseven\teight\tnine\tten,"one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten",,,,,own knowledge,"un, dos, tres, kwater, sinku, seis, shete, ocho, nwebe, dies",,one two three four five six seven eight nine ten,,Own knowledge,,4125, +49-80,49,M gen yon zanmi ki malad.,M\tgen\tyon\tzanmi\tki\tmalad.,1SG\thave\tINDF\tfriend\tREL\tsick,I have a friend who is sick.,,"There are numerous allomorphs for the indefinite article: on, yon, en, enn… +Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map and comment 1977.","473[vol. 2,p. 842]",,naturalistic spoken,"M gen yon zanmi ki malad.",,1SG have INDF friend REL sick,"There are numerous allomorphs for the indefinite article: on, yon, en, enn… +Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map and comment 1977.",,,4126,French: J'ai un ami qui est malade. +49-81,49,M pran youn ladan yo.,M\tpran\tyoun\tladan\tyo.,1SG\ttake\tone\tin\tDEF.3PL,I took one of them.,,"Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 1978.","473[vol. 2, p. 843]",,naturalistic spoken,"M pran youn ladan yo.",,1SG take one in DEF.3PL,"Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 1978.",,,4127,French: J’ai pris un dedans eux. OR: J'ai pris l'un d'eux. +49-100,49,en/in/on/yon - premye,en/in/on/yon\t-\tpremye,one\t-\tfirst,one - first,,Several contextual variants of the cardinal number can be found: (y)on ane 'one year'; enn an 'one year'; in è 'one hour'.,473[842],,naturalistic spoken,en/in/on/yon - premye,,one - first,"Several contextual variants of the cardinal number can be found: (y)on ane 'one year'; enn an 'one year'; in è 'one hour'.",,,4128,French: un - premier +49-102,49,"yon moun, de chen","yon\tmoun,\tde\tchen",one\tperson\ttwo\tdogs,"one person, two dogs",,,,,constructed by linguist,"yon moun, de chen",,one person two dogs,,Own knowledge,,4129,"French: une personne, deux chiens" +50-50,50,on chyen,on\tchyen,one\tdog,a dog,,,,,naturalistic spoken,on chyen,,one dog,,Own fieldwork,,4130, +50-51,50,An ni on chyen. vs. An ni yonn.,An\tni\ton\tchyen.\tvs.\tAn\tni\tyonn.,1SG\thave\tINDF\tdog\tvs.\t1SG\thave\tone,I have a/one dog. vs. I have one.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An ni on chyen. vs. An ni yonn.,,1SG have INDF dog vs. 1SG have one,,Own fieldwork,,4131, +51-49,51,an chien,an\tchien,one\tdog,a dog,,,,,naturalistic spoken,an chien,,one dog,,Own fieldwork,,4132, +51-50,51,Man ni an chien. vs. Man ni yonn.,Man\tni\tan\tchien.\tvs.\tMan\tni\tyonn.,1SG\thave\tINDF\tdog\tvs.\t1SG\thave\tNUM,I have a dog. vs. I have one.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man ni an chien. vs. Man ni yonn.,,1SG have INDF dog vs. 1SG have NUM,,Own fieldwork,,4133, +51-51,51,Konmen sa? An éwo.,Konmen\tsa?\tAn\téwo.,how.much\tthis\tone\teuro,How much does it cost? One euro.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Konmen sa? An éwo.,,how.much this one euro,,Own fieldwork,,4134, +52-34,52,roun lougarou pasé,roun\tlougarou\tpasé,INDF\twerewolf\tpassed.by,A werewolf passed by.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,roun lougarou pasé,,INDF werewolf passed.by,,Own knowledge,,4135, +52-35,52,ayer mo wè oun tifiy,ayer\tmo\twè\toun\ttifiy,yesterday\tI\tsee\tART\tgirl,I saw a girl yesterday.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ayer mo wè oun tifiy,,yesterday I see ART girl,,Own knowledge,,4136, +53-102,53,en pov neg,en\tpov\tneg,ART.INDF\tpoor\tblack.man,a poor black man,,,1048[107],,naturalistic spoken,en pov neg,,ART.INDF poor black.man,,,,4137, +53-103,53,Ye monte onho en dan log-ye.,Ye\tmonte\tonho\ten\tdan\t-ye.,3PL\tclimb\tonto\tART.INDF\tamong\tlog-ART.DEF.PL,They climbed onto one of the logs.,,,1048[180],,naturalistic spoken,Ye monte onho en dan log-ye.,Ye monte onho en dan <log>-ye.,3PL climb onto ART.INDF among log-ART.DEF.PL,,,,4138, +54-66,54,"In bo zour lavé in vyé boug, [...].","En\tbo\tzour\tlave\ten\tvye\tboug,\t[...].",INDF\tgood\tday\thave.PST\tINDF\told\tman\t[...],"Once upon a time, there was an old man, [...].",,,110[63],,naturalistic spoken,"In bo zour lavé in vyé boug, [...].","En bo zour lave en vye boug, [...].",INDF good day have.PST INDF old man [...],,,,4139,"French: Un beau jour, il y avait un vieil homme, [...]." +54-67,54,"[...] li manz enn, li donn son syin sakin enn.","[...]\tli\tmanz\tenn,\tli\tdonn\tson\tsyen\tsaken\tenn.",[...]\t3SG.FIN\teat\tone\t3SG.FIN\tgive\tPOSS.3SG\tdog\teach\tone,"[...] he eats one, he gives his dogs one each.",,Context: The hunter has caught and grilled four tang (Ericaneus setosus).,110[63],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] li manz enn, li donn son syin sakin enn.","[...] li manz enn, li donn son syen saken enn.",[...] 3SG.FIN eat one 3SG.FIN give POSS.3SG dog each one,"Context: The hunter has caught and grilled four tang (Ericaneus setosus).",,,4140,"French: [...] il en mange un, il en donne un à chacun de ses chiens." +54-222,54,Pandan in moi [...] zot i trap pa ryin.,Pandan\ten\tmwa\t[...]\tzot\ti\ttrap\tpa\tryen.,during\tINDF\tmonth\t[...]\t3PL\tFIN\tcatch\tNEG\tnothing,During one month [...] they catch nothing.,,,110[59],,naturalistic spoken,"Pandan in moi [...] zot i trap pa ryin.",Pandan en mwa [...] zot i trap pa ryen.,during INDF month [...] 3PL FIN catch NEG nothing,,,,4141,French: Pendant un mois [...] ils n'attrapent rien. +55-52,55,en sát vs. én sát,en\tsát\tvs.\tén\tsát,a\tcat\tvs.\tone\tcat,a cat vs. one cat,,The acute is used to mark stress in the examples. Indefinite en is always without stress but the numeral is always stressed.,,,naturalistic spoken,en sát vs. én sát,,a cat vs. one cat,"The acute is used to mark stress in the examples. Indefinite en is always without stress but the numeral is always stressed.",Own knowledge,,4142, +56-69,56,en sat,en\tsat,a/one\tcat,a cat,,,,,constructed by linguist,en sat,,a/one cat,,Own knowledge,,4143, +56-70,56,Mon annan enn. vs. Mon annan en sat.,Mon\tannan\tenn.\tvs.\tMon\tannan\ten\tsat.,1SG\thave\tone\tvs.\t1SG\thave\tone\tcat,I have got one. vs. I have got one cat.,,"As soon as the numeral is used in attributive function, it is en, the same form as the indefinite article.",,,constructed by linguist,Mon annan enn. vs. Mon annan en sat.,,1SG have one vs. 1SG have one cat,"As soon as the numeral is used in attributive function, it is en, the same form as the indefinite article.",Own knowledge,,4144, +57-36,57,na a loto pu mwa (selma),na\ta\tloto\tpu\tmwa\t(selma),EXIST\tone\tcar\tfor\tme\t(only),I have one car.,,,,,constructed by linguist,na a loto pu mwa (selma),,EXIST one car for me (only),,own knowledge Ehrhart,,4145, +58-40,58,mu-ntu mosi,mu-ntu\tmosi,CL1-person\tone,a person,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mu-ntu mosi,,CL1-person one,,Own knowledge,,4146, +58-41,58,ba-ntu mosi,ba-ntu\tmosi,PL-person\tone,persons/people,,"The interpretation in this context is specifically indefinite, as in existential constructions, which are rare.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ba-ntu mosi,,PL-person one,"The interpretation in this context is specifically indefinite, as in existential constructions, which are rare.",Own knowledge,,4147, +59-100,59,ala mu mbeni melenge (ti) wali oko,ala\tmu\tmbeni\tmelenge\t(ti)\twali\toko,3PL\ttake\ta\tchild\t(of)\tfemale\tone,They take a girl.,,,1320[61],,naturalistic spoken,ala mu mbeni melenge (ti) wali oko,,3PL take a child (of) female one,,,,4148, +59-101,59,i faa mbeni kota yaka,i\tfaa\tmbeni\tkota\tyaka,1PL\tcut\ta\tlarge\tgarden,We made a large garden.,,,1320[61],,naturalistic spoken,"i faa mbeni kota yaka",,1PL cut a large garden,,,,4149, +59-102,59,ala mu na i nginza mbeni pepe,ala\tmu\tna\ti\tnginza\tmbeni\tpepe,3PL\tgive\tPREP\t1PL\tmoney\tagain\tNEG,They don't give us money any more.,,,1320[61],,naturalistic spoken,ala mu na i nginza mbeni pepe,,3PL give PREP 1PL money again NEG,,,,4150, +59-103,59,ambeni avo karako,ambeni\tavo\tkarako,PL.some\tSM.buy\tpeanuts,Some buy peanuts.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ambeni avo karako,,PL.some SM.buy peanuts,,Own knowledge,,4151, +59-104,59,mbeni mbakoro wali aeke,mbeni\tmbakoro\twali\taeke,certain\told\twoman\tSM.COP,There was (once) a certain old woman.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"mbeni mbakoro wali aeke",,certain old woman SM.COP,,Own knowledge,,4152, +61-22,61,Buyisa muye spigil.,Buy-isa\tmuye\tspigil.,bring-CAUS\tone\tnail,Bring a nail.,,Depending on context this can mean 'Bring one nail' or 'Bring a nail'.,,,elicited from speaker,Buyisa muye spigil.,Buy-isa muye spigil.,bring-CAUS one nail,Depending on context this can mean 'Bring one nail' or 'Bring a nail'.,Field notes Mesthrie,,4153, +61-23,61,muye kati,muye\tkati,one\tcat,a cat / one cat,,,,,constructed by linguist,muye kati,,one cat,,Own knowledge,,4154, +63-51,63,fi nyerekú wáy kamán rúo ma bába t-o,fi\tnyerekú\twáy\tkamán\trúo\tma\tbába\tt-o,EXIST\tchild\tone\ttoo\tgo\twith\tfather\tGEN-his,There was also a child who went with his father.,,,857[330],,naturalistic spoken,fi nyerekú wáy kamán rúo ma bába t-o,,EXIST child one too go with father GEN-his,,,,4155, +63-52,63,azól de já ma galamóyo,azól\tde\tjá\tma\tgalamóyo,man\tDEM\tcome\twith\tgoat,The man came with a goat.,,This example shows that the indefinite article is not obligatory.,856[139],,naturalistic spoken,azól de já ma galamóyo,,man DEM come with goat,This example shows that the indefinite article is not obligatory.,,,4156, +63-166,63,Núbi dé kabíla wáy bináfsu,Núbi\tdé\tkabíla\twáy\tbináfsu,Nubi\tDEM\ttribe\tone\titself,The Nubi themselves form one tribe.,,,857[179],,naturalistic spoken,"Núbi dé kabíla wáy bináfsu",,Nubi DEM tribe one itself,,,,4157, +64-58,64,kan fi zol al gefétisu abúna tánna,kan\tfi\tzol\tal\tge=fétisu\tabúna\ttánna,ANT\tEXIST\tindividual\tREL\tPROG=looking.for\tpriest\tPOSS.1PL,There was a man looking for our priest.,,,874[166],,naturalistic spoken,kan fi zol al gefétisu abúna tánna,kan fi zol al ge=fétisu abúna tánna,ANT EXIST individual REL PROG=looking.for priest POSS.1PL,,,,4158, +64-59,64,kan fi taríga,kan\tfi\ttaríga,if\tEXIST\tway,if there is a solution,,,874[243],,naturalistic spoken,kan fi taríga,,if EXIST way,,,,4159, +66-34,66,Pompanganak deppe ummana kumbang attu ekasi (aða). Attusi duasi?,Pompang-anak\tde-pe\tumma-na\tkumbang\tattu\te-kasi\t(aða).\tAttu-si\tdua-si?,female-child\t3SG-POSS\tmother-DAT\tflower\tINDF\tASP-give\t(AUX)\tone-or\ttwo-or,The girl has given her mother a rose. One or two?,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pompanganak deppe ummana kumbang attu ekasi (aða). Attusi duasi?,Pompang-anak de-pe umma-na kumbang attu e-kasi (aða). Attu-si dua-si?,female-child 3SG-POSS mother-DAT flower INDF ASP-give (AUX) one-or two-or,,Own knowledge,,4160, +67-69,67,Ada satu orang tua.,Ada\tsatu\torang\ttua.,exist\tone\tperson\told,There was an old man.,,,708[351],,elicited from speaker,"Ada satu orang tua.",,exist one person old,,,,4161, +67-70,67,Cinmai oh myintin dekat ada satu tampat.,Cinmai\toh\tmyintin\tdekat\tada\tsatu\ttampat.,Chiang.Mai\tPCL\tMyanmar\tnear\thave\tone\tplace,Chiang Mai is a place near Myanmar.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Cinmai oh myintin dekat ada satu tampat.",,Chiang.Mai PCL Myanmar near have one place,,Own knowledge,,4162, +71-53,71,"Ahi kuai iaia $2.50 akahi omole, alua omole $5.00.","Ahi\tkuai\tiaia\t$2.50\takahi\tomole,\talua\tomole\t$5.00.",Ahi\tsell\t3SG\t$2.50\tone\tbottle\ttwo\tbottle\t$5.00,Ahi sold one bottle to him for $2.50 and two bottles for $5.00.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Ahi kuai iaia $2.50 akahi omole, alua omole $5.00.",,Ahi sell 3SG $2.50 one bottle two bottle $5.00,,Own data 1883,,4163, +72-55,72,An wan warlaku atsaid shopta im makin.,An\twan\twarlaku\tatsaid\tshop-ta\tim\tmakin.,and\ta\tdog\toutside\tshop-LOC\t3SG\tsleep,And a dog is outside the shop sleeping.,,,583,c6b41b35819e9c93f49c88cb0eac0bcb,peer elicitation,An wan warlaku atsaid shopta im makin.,An wan warlaku atsaid shop-ta im makin.,and a dog outside shop-LOC 3SG sleep,,,,4164, +73-41,73,uno musika,uno\tmusika,one\tmusic,a tune,,,,,naturalistic spoken,uno musika,,one music,,Field notes,,4165, +73-42,73,p'ítida ispirangi,p'íti-da\tispira-ngi,bit-ACC\twait-2SG,Wait a bit.,,,1033[65],,naturalistic spoken,p'ítida ispirangi,p'íti-da ispira-ngi,bit-ACC wait-2SG,,,,4166, +74-44,74,latáb,latáb,table,"table, a table, the table, tables, the tables",,,,,constructed by linguist,latáb,,table,,Own knowledge,,4167, +75-86,75,Peeyek piko aen naraanzh dayaawaaw.,Peeyek\tpiko\taen\tnaraanzh\tdayaaw-aaw.,one\tonly\tINDF.ART\torange\t1.have-3.ANIM.OBJ,I have just one orange.,,The indefinite article cannot be left out. The meaning 'one' is contained in the numeral peeyek.,789[152],,naturalistic written,Peeyek piko aen naraanzh dayaawaaw.,Peeyek piko aen naraanzh dayaaw-aaw.,one only INDF.ART orange 1.have-3.ANIM.OBJ,"The indefinite article cannot be left out. The meaning 'one' is contained in the numeral peeyek.",,,4168, +75-87,75,Maaka henn kiiwanihtaaw kaatapashiit.,Maaka\thenn\tkii-waniht-aaw\tkaa-tapashii-t.,but\tone\tPST-lost.INAN-3SG\tCOMP-flee-3SG,But she lost one when she fled.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Maaka henn kiiwanihtaaw kaatapashiit.,Maaka henn kii-waniht-aaw kaa-tapashii-t.,but one PST-lost.INAN-3SG COMP-flee-3SG,,,,4169, +75-88,75,Aen zhwal ndaaweeyimaaw.,Aen\tzhwal\tn-daaweeyim-aaw.,INDF.ART.M\thorse\t1-need.ANIM-3.ANIM.OBJ,I need a horse.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Aen zhwal ndaaweeyimaaw.,Aen zhwal n-daaweeyim-aaw.,INDF.ART.M horse 1-need.ANIM-3.ANIM.OBJ,,,,4170, +1-86,1,Sarki swali somma; a hali somma go na inni watra.,Sarki\tswari\tsoma;\ta\thari\tsoma\tgo\tna\tini\twatra.,shark\tswallow\tperson\t3SG.SBJ\tpull\tperson\tgo\tLOC\tin(side)\twater,(A) shark(s) swallow(s) people; it pulls people into the water.,,"Although the meaning conveyed here is 'pull into' rather than 'push into' c.q. 'pull out of', this example shows the possibility of a serial verb construction involving transitive 'pull' and 'go', plus preposition. Here na ini, which is neutral with regard to 'motion' vs. 'at-rest', marks the goal. For Feature 82 ""Transitive Motion Verbs 'Push'"", cf. Example 208; for Feature 83 ""Transitive motion verbs 'pull'"", cf. Examples 204 and 207.",1357[83],,written (dictionary),Sarki swali somma; a hali somma go na inni watra.,Sarki swari soma; a hari soma go na ini watra.,shark swallow person 3SG.SBJ pull person go LOC in(side) water,"Although the meaning conveyed here is 'pull into' rather than 'push into' c.q. 'pull out of', this example shows the possibility of a serial verb construction involving transitive 'pull' and 'go', plus preposition. Here na ini, which is neutral with regard to 'motion' vs. 'at-rest', marks the goal. For Feature 82 ""Transitive Motion Verbs 'Push'"", cf. Example 208; for Feature 83 ""Transitive motion verbs 'pull'"", cf. Examples 204 and 207.",,,4171, +1-87,1,"Sikiman no musse jam, ma a musse dringi pappa.","Sikiman\tno\tmusu\tnyan,\tma\ta\tmusu\tdringi\tpapa.",sick.NMLZ\tNEG\tmust\teat\tbut\t3SG.SBJ\tmust\tdrink\tporridge,"A sick person should not eat, but s/he should drink porridge.",,While the bare noun sikiman is neutral with regard to number by itself: In this case there is an anaphoric singular pronoun a in the following clause.,1357[130],,written (dictionary),"Sikiman no musse jam, ma a musse dringi pappa.","Sikiman no musu nyan, ma a musu dringi papa.",sick.NMLZ NEG must eat but 3SG.SBJ must drink porridge,"While the bare noun sikiman is neutral with regard to number by itself: In this case there is an anaphoric singular pronoun a in the following clause.",,,4172, +1-88,1,"Paramakka no fütti Bakkra belle, a tranga tumussi: Ningre kann jam hem.","Paramaka\tno\tfiti\tbakra\tberi,\ta\ttranga\ttumusi:\tNengre\tkan\tnyan\ten.",paramaka\tNEG\tbe.fitting\twhite\tstomach\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.strong\texcessively\tblack\tcan\teat\t3SG,"Paramaka (fruit) is not good for European stomachs, it is too strong. Blacks can eat it.",,,1357[130],,written (dictionary),"Paramakka no fütti Bakkra belle, a tranga tumussi: Ningre kann jam hem.","Paramaka no fiti bakra beri, a tranga tumusi: Nengre kan nyan en.",paramaka NEG be.fitting white stomach 3SG.SBJ be.strong excessively black can eat 3SG,,,,4173, +1-89,1,Dem retiwan no du ougrisanni.,Den\tretiwan\tno\tdu\togrisani.,DET.PL\tright.one\tNEG\tdo\tevil.thing,The righteous don't do harm.,,,1357[195],,written (dictionary),"Dem retiwan no du ougrisanni.",Den retiwan no du ogrisani.,DET.PL right.one NEG do evil.thing,,,,4174,German: Die rechtschaffenen thun nicht böses. [op.cit.] +2-68,2,"Fowru e singi, dagu e bari.","Fowru\te\tsingi,\tdagu\te\tbari.",bird\tIPFV\tsing\tdog\tIPFV\tbark,"Birds sing, dogs bark.",,ALL EXAMPLES FROM WINFORD (2000a) ARE FROM NATURAL CONVERSATIONS RECORDED IN 1994.,1605[425],,naturalistic spoken,"Fowru e singi, dagu e bari.",,bird IPFV sing dog IPFV bark,ALL EXAMPLES FROM WINFORD (2000a) ARE FROM NATURAL CONVERSATIONS RECORDED IN 1994.,,,4175, +3-35,3,Dagu ta giita.,Dagu\tta\tgiita.,dog\tASP\tgrowl,Dogs growl.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dagu ta giita.",,dog ASP growl,,Fieldwork data,,4176, +4-46,4,Nyamasu na wan fufuuman.,Nyamasu\tna\twan\tfufuuman.,vulture\tCOP\tone\tthief,The vulture is a thief.,,,661[455],,elicited from speaker,"Nyamasu na wan fufuuman.",,vulture COP one thief,,,,4177, +4-47,4,"A nyamasu, ne en na a basi fu sumee tingi sani.","A\tnyamasu,\tne\ten\tna\ta\tbasi\tfu\tsumee\ttingi\tsani.",DET.SG\tvulture\tFOC\tit\tCOP\tDET.SG\tboss\tfor\tsmell\tstink\tthing,The vulture is the leader in smelling stinking things.,,,661[455],,elicited from speaker,"A nyamasu, ne en na a basi fu sumee tingi sani.",,DET.SG vulture FOC it COP DET.SG boss for smell stink thing,,,,4178, +4-50,4,Alata e poli nyanyan.,Alata\te\tpoli\tnyanyan.,rat\tIPFV\tspoil\tfood,Rats spoil food.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Alata e poli nyanyan.",,rat IPFV spoil food,,Own observation,,4179, +5-53,5,"kombain kot am, win am an ful am in bag","kombain\tkot\tam,\twin\tam\tan\tful\tam\tin\tbag",combined.harvester\tcut\t3SG.ACC\twinnow\t3SG.ACC\tand\tfull\t3SG.ACC\tin\tbag,"Combined harvesters cut it, winnow it and bag it. OR: Using combined harvesters, (we) cut, winnow and bag it (the rice).",,,1197[16],,naturalistic spoken,"kombain kot am, win am an ful am in bag",,combined.harvester cut 3SG.ACC winnow 3SG.ACC and full 3SG.ACC in bag,,,,4180, +6-33,6,Marriage have teet.,Marriage\thave\tteet.,marriage\thave.3SG\tteeth,Marriage can bite / is a serious matter.,,The example sentence has proverbial character.,,,elicited from speaker,"Marriage have teet.",,marriage have.3SG teeth,The example sentence has proverbial character.,Informant,,4181, +7-81,7,wen kou ha kyaaf,wen\tkou\tha\tkyaaf,when\tcow\thave\tcalf,when a cow has a calf,,,1244[268],,naturalistic spoken,"wen kou ha kyaaf",,when cow have calf,,,,4182, +7-82,7,ants duhz bait,ants\tduhz\tbait,ants\tHAB\tbite,ants bite,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"ants duhz bait",ants duhz bait,ants HAB bite,,Own knowledge,,4183, +7-170,7,Daag an kyat naa liv god wid wan anoda.,Daag\tan\tkyat\tna-a\tliv\tgod\twid\twan\tanoda.,dog\tand\tcat\tNEG-PROG\tlive\tgood\twith\tone\tanother,Dogs and cats do not live well together.,,,1244[92],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Daag an kyat naa liv god wid wan anoda.,Daag an kyat na-a liv god wid wan anoda.,dog and cat NEG-PROG live good with one another,,,,4184, +8-48,8,Mangguus nyam foul.,Mangguus\tnyam\tfoul.,mongoose\teat\tchicken,Mongooses eat chickens.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mangguus nyam foul.",,mongoose eat chicken,,Own knowledge,,4185, +9-60,9,Krab waak onda wata [...] krab dey kud kros riyf.,Krab\twaak\tonda\twata\t[...]\tkrab\tdey\tkud\tkros\triyf.,crab\twalk\tunder\twater\t[...]\tcrab\t3PL\tcan\tcross\treef,"Crabs walk under the water [...] crabs, they can cross the reef.",,,438,,naturalistic spoken,"Krab waak onda wata [...] krab dey kud kros riyf.",,crab walk under water [...] crab 3PL can cross reef,,,,4186, +10-64,10,Di dag dem baak.,Di\tdag\tdem\tbaak.,ART.DEF\tdog\tPL\tbark,Dogs bark.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Di dag dem baak.",,ART.DEF dog PL bark,,Field notes 2008,,4187, +11-71,11,Aligieta gou ap tu footiin fiit.,Aligieta\tgou\tap\ttu\tfoo-tiin\tfiit.,alligator\tgo\tup\tto\tfour-teen\tfeet,Alligators measure up to fourteen feet.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Aligieta gou ap tu footiin fiit.",Aligieta gou ap tu foo-tiin fiit.,alligator go up to four-teen feet,,,,4188, +11-72,11,Mananti iz a nais fish.,Mananti\tiz\ta\tnais\tfish.,manatee\tCOP.PRS\tART.INDF\tnice\tfish,Manatees are nice fish.,,,636[277],,naturalistic spoken,"Mananti iz a nais fish.",,manatee COP.PRS ART.INDF nice fish,,,,4189, +11-73,11,Ai woz mainding beebi an wash de napi.,Ai\twoz\tmaind-ing\tbeebi\tan\twash\tde\tnapi.,1SG\tCOP.PST\tmind-PROG\tbaby\tand\twash\t3PL.POSS\tnappy,I was minding babies and washing their nappies.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai woz mainding beebi an wash de napi.,Ai woz maind-ing beebi an wash de napi.,1SG COP.PST mind-PROG baby and wash 3PL.POSS nappy,,,,4190, +12-61,12,"When cockroach give dance, he don’t ask fowl.","When\tcockroach\tgive\tdance,\the\tdon’t\task\tfowl.",when\tcockroach[GENER]\tgive\tdance\t3SG.M.SBJ\tNEG\task\tfowl[GENER],"When cockroaches have a dance, they don't ask the fowl [to attend].",,"""Since chickens love to each cockroaches, this proverb suggests that you don't entertain circumstances or people who are harmful to you or your ventures."" (Glinton-Meicholas 1995: 112)",554[112],,unspecified,"When cockroach give dance, he don’t ask fowl.",,when cockroach[GENER] give dance 3SG.M.SBJ NEG ask fowl[GENER],"""Since chickens love to each cockroaches, this proverb suggests that you don't entertain circumstances or people who are harmful to you or your ventures."" (Glinton-Meicholas 1995: 112)",,,4191, +12-62,12,Fish’man never call his own fish stink.,Fish’man\tnever\tcall\this\town\tfish\tstink.,fisherman[GENER]\tNEG\tcall\t3SG.M.POSS.DET\town\tfish\tstink,A fisherman will never call his own fish smelly. OR: No one ever sees faults in anything connected with himself.,,The second translation is taken from Glinton-Meicholas (1995: 115).,554[115],,unspecified,"Fish’man never call his own fish stink.",,fisherman[GENER] NEG call 3SG.M.POSS.DET own fish stink,The second translation is taken from Glinton-Meicholas (1995: 115).,,,4192, +13-52,13,Deh root doctuh kin hep yuh too. [...] Dey is powful smaht.,Deh\troot\tdoctuh\tkin\thep\tyuh\ttoo.\t[...]\tDey\tis\tpowful\tsmaht.,the\troot\tdoctor\tcan\thelp\tyou\ttoo\t[...]\tthey\tis\tpowerful\tsmart,"Root doctors can help you, too. They are powerful and smart.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Deh root doctuh kin hep yuh too. [...] Dey is powful smaht.",,the root doctor can help you too [...] they is powerful smart,,Georgia Writers' Project 1940,,4193, +13-53,13,Palmettuh cabbages is good eatin.,Palmettuh\tcabbages\tis\tgood\teatin.,palmetto\tcabbage.PL\tis\tgood\teating,Palmetto cabbage tastes good.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Palmettuh cabbages is good eatin.",,palmetto cabbage.PL is good eating,,Georgia Writers' Project 1940,,4194, +13-54,13,Dog eat scrap.,Dog\teat\tscrap.,dog\teat\tscrap,Dogs eat scrap.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dog eat scrap.",,dog eat scrap,,Own fieldwork 2008-2009,,4195, +13-55,13,Rabbit eat grass.,Rabbit\teat\tgrass.,rabbit\teat\tgrass,Rabbits eat grass.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Rabbit eat grass.,,rabbit eat grass,,Own fieldwork 2008-2009,,4196, +13-56,13,Snake eat frogs.,Snake\teat\tfrogs.,snake\teat\tfrogs,Snakes eat frogs.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Snake eat frogs.,,snake eat frogs,,Own fieldwork 2008-2009,,4197, +14-39,14,Mice small.,Mice\tsmall.,mice\tsmall,Mice are small.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mice small.,"Mice small.",mice small,,Own knowledge,,4198, +15-49,15,we pus nɔ de arata tek ʧaʤ,we\tpus\tnɔ\tde\tarata\ttek\tʧaʤ,when\tcat\tNEG\taround\tmouse\ttake\tcharge,When the cat is away the mice will play (lit: When the cat is away the mouse takes charge).,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"we pus nɔ de arata tek ʧaʤ",,when cat NEG around mouse take charge,,Own knowledge,,4199, +16-44,16,man gò wɔk,man\tgò\twɔk,man\tFUT\twork,Men/people will work.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"man gò wɔk",,man FUT work,,Own fieldwork,,4200, +17-48,17,Pìkín gud.,Pìkín\tgud.,child\tbe.good,Children are good.,,,462[174],,naturalistic spoken,"Pìkín gud.",,child be.good,,,,4201, +17-49,17,Pìkín dèm gud.,Pìkín\tdèm\tgud.,child\tPL\tbe.good,Children are good.,,,462[174],,naturalistic spoken,"Pìkín dèm gud.",,child PL be.good,,,,4202, +19-52,19,Dɔg kìn bɛt.,Dɔg\tkìn\tbɛt.,dog\tHAB\tbite,Dogs bite.,,,1634[448],,naturalistic spoken,"Dɔg kìn bɛt.",,dog HAB bite,,,,4203, +20-40,20,Court expensee too muchee.,Court\texpensee\ttoo\tmuchee.,court\texpense\ttoo\tmuch,The court fees are very heavy.,,,1489[IV.32],,naturalistic written,"Court expensee too muchee.",,court expense too much,,,葛益士邊士都乜治,4204, +20-41,20,Sheep head sellum how muchee?,Sheep\thead\tsellum\thow\tmuchee?,sheep\thead\tsell\thow\tmuch,How much for a sheep head?,,,1489[VI.25],,naturalistic written,"Sheep head sellum how muchee?",,sheep head sell how much,,,涉乞些林口乜治,4205, +21-39,21,Saturday and Sunday afternoons are not crap [...].,Saturday\tand\tSunday\tafternoons\tare\tnot\tcrap\t[...].,Saturday\tand\tSunday\tafternoon.PL\tare\tNEG\tcrap\t[...],Saturday and Sunday afternoons are not lousy [...].,,,529[82],,naturalistic spoken,"Saturday and Sunday afternoons are not crap [...].",,Saturday and Sunday afternoon.PL are NEG crap [...],,,,4206, +21-40,21,Private is much cheaper than all this centre centre thing.,Private\tis\tmuch\tcheap-er\tthan\tall\tthis\tcentre\tcentre\tthing.,private.(tuition)\tbe.SG\tmuch\tcheap-COMPAR\tthan\tall\tDEM\tcentre\tcentre\tthing,Private tuition is much cheaper than all these tuition centres.,,,1568[62],,naturalistic spoken,Private is much cheaper than all this centre centre thing.,Private is much cheap-er than all this centre centre thing.,private.(tuition) be.SG much cheap-COMPAR than all DEM centre centre thing,,,,4207, +21-41,21,The roots cannot be taken.,The\troot-s\tcan-not\tbe\ttaken.,DET\troot-PL\tcan-NEG\tbe\ttaken,The roots cannot be taken.,,,529[86],,naturalistic spoken,"The roots cannot be taken.",The root-s can-not be taken.,DET root-PL can-NEG be taken,,,,4208, +21-42,21,once the weed is grown in,once\tthe\tweed\tis\tgrown\tin,once\tDET\tweed\tbe.SG\tgrown\tin,once weeds have grown,,,529[86],,naturalistic spoken,"once the weed is grown in",,once DET weed be.SG grown in,,,,4209, +22-57,22,Ol sikau i sae slip antap long diwai.,Ol\tsikau\ti\tsae\tslip\tantap\tlong\tdiwai.,PL\ttree.kangaroo\tPM\tHAB\tsleep\ton.top\tPREP\ttree,Tree kangaroos sleep in trees.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ol sikau i sae slip antap long diwai.",,PL tree.kangaroo PM HAB sleep on.top PREP tree,,Own knowledge,,4210, +23-59,23,Dengue moskito i putum ek blong hem long ol containers olsem ia [...].,Dengue\tmoskito\ti\tputum\tek\tblong\them\tlong\tol\tcontainers\tolsem\tia\t[...].,dengue\tmosquito\tAGR\tput\tegg\tPOSS\t3SG\tLOC\tPL\tcontainers\tlike\tDEF\t[...],Dengue mosquitoes lay their eggs in containers such as the following [...].,,,,,naturalistic written,"Dengue moskito i putum ek blong hem long ol containers olsem ia [...].",,dengue mosquito AGR put egg POSS 3SG LOC PL containers like DEF [...],,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 13 June 1998",,4211, +23-60,23,"Pikinini emi mas learn taem emi smol nomo rispect blong brata, sista, papa, mama, uncle anti.","Pikinini\temi\tmas\tlearn\ttaem\temi\tsmol\tnomo\trispect\tblong\tbrata,\tsista,\tpapa,\tmama,\tuncle\tanti.",child\t3SG.AGR\tmust\tlearn\ttime\t3SG.AGR\tsmall\tonly\trespect\tof\tbrother\tsister\tfather\tmother\tuncle\taunty,"Children (A child) must learn respect for brothers, sisters, father, mother, uncle, aunty, when they are very little.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Pikinini emi mas learn taem emi smol nomo rispect blong brata, sista, papa, mama, uncle anti.",,child 3SG.AGR must learn time 3SG.AGR small only respect of brother sister father mother uncle aunty,,"Trading Post, 10 June 1998",,4212, +23-61,23,Ol boe tu oli kat sem raet.,Ol\tboe\ttu\toli\tkat\tsem\traet.,PL\tboy\ttoo\tAGR\thave\tsame\tright,"Boys, too, have the same rights.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Ol boe tu oli kat sem raet.",,PL boy too AGR have same right,,"Trading Post, 10 June 1998",,4213, +25-171,25,Blekbala jabi.,Blekbala\tjabi.,Aboriginal.person\tknow,Aboriginal people understand.,,Variety: Roper River.,1333[177],,unknown,Blekbala jabi.,,Aboriginal.person know,Variety: Roper River.,,,4214, +25-172,25,Jikiwan thet garndi.,Jiki-wan\tthet\tgarndi.,cheeky-ADJ\tDEM\ttree,It is 'cheeky' (bitter or dangerous) that (type of) tree.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a clause-initial predicative adjective in a nonverbal clause, and a generic reading of a definite noun phrase. Garndi 'tree' is a Ngarinyman word.",,,naturalistic spoken,Jikiwan thet garndi.,Jiki-wan thet garndi.,cheeky-ADJ DEM tree,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a clause-initial predicative adjective in a nonverbal clause, and a generic reading of a definite noun phrase. Garndi 'tree' is a Ngarinyman word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,4215, +25-173,25,Yuno gulmarri im gotim thet nidel.,Yuno\tgulmarri\tim\tgot-im\tthet\tnidel.,you.know\tpandanus\t3SG\thave-TR\tDEM\tthorn/needle,"You know, the pandanus (leaves) have thorns.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a generic reading of an unmarked noun in subject position. Gulmarri 'pandanus' is a Ngaliwurru word.",,,naturalistic spoken,Yuno gulmarri im gotim thet nidel.,Yuno gulmarri im got-im thet nidel.,you.know pandanus 3SG have-TR DEM thorn/needle,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a generic reading of an unmarked noun in subject position. Gulmarri 'pandanus' is a Ngaliwurru word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,4216, +25-174,25,Det gowena i mit.,Det\tgowena\ti\tmit.,DEM\tgoanna\t3SG\tmeat,Goannas are edible animals. OR: The goanna is meat. (Orig. Trans.),,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This is an example of a generic noun phrase in subject position. Goannas are large lizards.,659[82],,unknown,"Det gowena i mit.",,DEM goanna 3SG meat,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This is an example of a generic noun phrase in subject position. Goannas are large lizards.,,,4217, +26-38,26,da mɛnehunis kam aʊt naɪtaɪm,da\tmɛnehuni-s\tkam\taʊt\tnaɪtaɪm,DEF\tmenehune-PL\tcome\tout\tat.night,Menehunes ('little people') come out at night.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"da mɛnehunis kam aʊt naɪtaɪm",da mɛnehuni-s kam aʊt naɪtaɪm,DEF menehune-PL come out at.night,,Own fieldwork recording,,4218, +26-39,26,æs wad dɛ hawaɪɛn dan,æs\twad\tdɛ\thawaɪɛn\tdan,that.is\twhat\tART\tHawaiian\tdo.PST,That's what the Hawaiians did.,,,1545[188],,naturalistic spoken,"æs wad dɛ hawaɪɛn dan",,that.is what ART Hawaiian do.PST,,,,4219, +28-62,28,di jɛrma doko gaugau,di\tjɛrma\tdoko\tgau-gau,the\twoman\tpaddle\tquick-quick,"Women paddle with short, quick strokes.",,,749[445],,naturalistic spoken,"di jɛrma doko gaugau",di jɛrma doko gau-gau,the woman paddle quick-quick,,,,4220, +28-63,28,di bokapu bin bangi di doto kɛnɛ,di\tboko-apu\tbin\tbangi\tdi\tdoto\tkɛnɛ,the\tAmerindian.person-PL\tPST\tafraid\tthe\tdead\tperson,Amerindians used to be scared of the dead.,,,749[445],,naturalistic spoken,di bokapu bin bangi di doto kɛnɛ,di boko-apu bin bangi di doto kɛnɛ,the Amerindian.person-PL PST afraid the dead person,,,,4221, +29-47,29,Die koerant is 'n massamedium.,Die\tkoerant\tis\t'n\tmassa-medium.,DEF.ART\tnewspaper\tis\tINDF.ART\tmass-medium,Newspapers are a mass medium.,,,1226[124],,naturalistic written,"Die koerant is 'n massamedium.",Die koerant is 'n massa-medium.,DEF.ART newspaper is INDF.ART mass-medium,,,,4222, +29-48,29,'n Koerant moet objektief wees.,'n\tKoerant\tmoet\tobjektief\twees.,INDF.ART\tnewspaper\tmust\tobjective\tbe.INF,A newspaper has to be objective.,,,1226[124],,naturalistic spoken,'n Koerant moet objektief wees.,,INDF.ART newspaper must objective be.INF,,,,4223, +29-50,29,Nuwe metodes word altyd langsaam aanvaar.,Nuwe\tmetode-s\tword\taltyd\tlangsaam\taanvaar.,new\tmethod-PL\tbecome\talways\tslowly\taccepted,New methods are always accepted slowly.,,,1226[473],,naturalistic spoken,"Nuwe metodes word altyd langsaam aanvaar.",Nuwe metode-s word altyd langsaam aanvaar.,new method-PL become always slowly accepted,,,,4224, +29-51,29,Jou Volkswagen is 'n goeie kar.,Jou\tVolkswagen\tis\t'n\tgoei-e\tkar.,2SG.POSS\tVolkswagen\tis\ta\tgood-INFL\tcar,Volkswagen is a good car. / Volkswagens are good cars.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jou Volkswagen is 'n goeie kar.,Jou Volkswagen is 'n goei-e kar.,2SG.POSS Volkswagen is a good-INFL car,,Own knowledge (Theresa Biberauer),,4225, +30-67,30,Milágri [...] ka ten o si e ten nos tudu nu pode fase-l.,Milágri\t[...]\tka=ten\to\tsi=e=ten\tnos=tudu\tnu=pode\tfase=l.,miracle\t[...]\tnot=have\tor\tif=3SG=have\t1PL.INDP=all\t1PL.DEP=can\tdo=3SG,"No such things as miracles [...] exist, or, if they do exist, then we all are able to perform them.",,,1543[69],,naturalistic written,"Milágri [...] ka ten o si e ten nos tudu nu pode fase-l.",Milágri [...] ka=ten o si=e=ten nos=tudu nu=pode fase=l.,miracle [...] not=have or if=3SG=have 1PL.INDP=all 1PL.DEP=can do=3SG,,,,4226,"German: Es gibt keine Wunder, oder, wenn es sie gibt, dann können wir alle sie vollbringen. (lit. Wunder (Sg.) nicht geben oder wenn er (Sg.) geben wir alle können tun ihn (Sg.).)" +30-68,30,Ómi ten pé di katxor.,Ómi\tten\tpé\tdi=katxor.,man\thave\tfoot\tof=dog,Men are always out.,,,106[38],,naturalistic spoken,"Ómi ten pé di katxor.",Ómi ten pé di=katxor.,man have foot of=dog,,,,4227, +30-69,30,"Makáku tioxi ka tonba, purki es ê kustumádu ku rótxa.","Makáku\ttioxi\tka=tonba,\tpurki\tes\tê\tkustumádu\tku=rótxa.",ape\tnever\tNEG=fall\tbecause\t3PL\tbe\tfamiliar\twith=rock,Monkeys never fall down because they are used to rocks.,,,784[s.v. tonba],,naturalistic spoken,"Makáku tioxi ka tonba, purki es ê kustumádu ku rótxa.","Makáku tioxi ka=tonba, purki es ê kustumádu ku=rótxa.",ape never NEG=fall because 3PL be familiar with=rock,,,,4228,"German: Affen stürzen nie ab, denn sie sind an Felsen gewöhnt." +31-68,31,"Piskador ka ta mexe mon na nada di djenti, pamo piskador e konfortadu.","Piskador\tka\tta\tmexe\tmon\tna\tnada\tdi\tdjenti,\tpamo\tpiskador\te\tkonfortadu.",fisherman\tNEG\tASP\ttouch\thand\ton\tnothing\tof\tpeople\tbecause\tfisherman\tis\tcontent,Fishermen do not steal anything from people because fishermen are content.,,Generics are generally expressed via singular noun.,57,,naturalistic spoken,"Piskador ka ta mexe mon na nada di djenti, pamo piskador e konfortadu.",,fisherman NEG ASP touch hand on nothing of people because fisherman is content,Generics are generally expressed via singular noun.,,,4229, +32-42,32,Galinha ta kmê midj.,Galinha\tta\tkmê\tmidj.,hen\tPRS\teat\tcorn,Hens eat corn.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Galinha ta kmê midj.",,hen PRS eat corn,,,,4230,Portuguese: As galinhas comem milho. +32-43,32,Un om ka ta txorá.,Un\tom\tka\tta\ttxorá.,DET\tman\tNEG\tPRS\tcry,Men don't cry.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,Un om ka ta txorá.,,DET man NEG PRS cry,,,,4231,Portuguese: Um homem não chora. +33-61,33,Lions ta montya gazelas.,Lion-s\tta\tmontya\tgazela-s.,lion-PL\tHAB\thunt\tgazelle-PL,Lions hunt gazelles.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Lions ta montya gazelas.,Lion-s ta montya gazela-s.,lion-PL HAB hunt gazelle-PL,,Own knowledge,,4232,Portuguese: Os leões caçam gazelas. +34-46,34,Liyoŋ ta montiyá kasela.,Liyoŋ\tta\tmontiyá\tkasela.,lion\tHAB\thunt\tgazelle,Lions hunt gazelles.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Liyoŋ ta montiyá kasela.",,lion HAB hunt gazelle,,Own knowledge,,4233, +35-67,35,Ngê ka futa nganha ten.,Ngê\tka\tfuta\tnganha\tten.,person\tIPFV\tsteal\tchicken\talso,People steal chicken as well.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ngê ka futa nganha ten.",,person IPFV steal chicken also,,Own data,,4234, +35-68,35,Nganha ka kume min.,Nganha\tka\tkume\tmin.,chicken\tIPFV\teat\tmaize,Chicken eat maize.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Nganha ka kume min.",,chicken IPFV eat maize,,Own data,,4235, +36-41,36,[...] minhu febentaru ka nathê.,[...]\tminhu\tfebentaru\tka\tnathê.,[...]\tmaize\tboiled\tGENER\tbe.born,[...] boiled maize sprouts.,,,901[49],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] minhu febentaru ka nathê.",,[...] maize boiled GENER be.born,,,,4236,French: [...] le maïs bouilli germe. +37-45,37,Inhemi fêbêntadu ka gomon.,Inhemi\tfêbêntadu\tka\tgomon.,yam\tboil.PST.PTCP\tHAB\tsprout,Boiled yam sprouts.,,,905[45],,naturalistic spoken,"Inhemi fêbêntadu ka gomon.",,yam boil.PST.PTCP HAB sprout,,,,4237, +38-52,38,Namay na fo tasyi fa za.,Na-may\tna\tfo\tta-syi\tfa\tza.,ART-woman\tNEG\tcan\tstay-DEM\tNEG\talready,A woman can’t stay like that.,,This construction with the article na seems to occur only in combination with humans.,,,naturalistic spoken,Namay na fo tasyi fa za.,Na-may na fo ta-syi fa za.,ART-woman NEG can stay-DEM NEG already,"This construction with the article na seems to occur only in combination with humans.",Own fieldwork 1993,,4238, +39-65,39,"Kriãs dig: ""es kumid ɛ bunit"" may nɔs dig: ""es kumid ɛ muyt gustoz"".","Kriãs\tdig:\t""es\tkumid\tɛ\tbunit""\tmay\tnɔs\tdig:\t""es\tkumid\tɛ\tmuyt\tgustoz"".",child\tsay.NPST\tDEM\tfood\tCOP.NPST\tbeautiful/good\tbut\t1PL\tsay.NPST\tDEM\tfood\tCOP.NPST\tvery\ttasty,"Children say: ""es kumid ɛ bunit"", but we say: ""es kumid ɛ muyt gustoz"".",,,221[229-30],,naturalistic spoken,"Kriãs dig: ""es kumid ɛ bunit"" may nɔs dig: ""es kumid ɛ muyt gustoz"".",,child say.NPST DEM food COP.NPST beautiful/good but 1PL say.NPST DEM food COP.NPST very tasty,,,,4239, +39-66,39,ɛlifãt ɛ may fɔrt ki də nɔs.,ɛlifãt\tɛ\tmay\tfɔrt\tki\tdə\tnɔs.,elephant\tCOP.NPST\tmore\tstrong\tCOMPAR\tfrom\t1PL,Elephants are stronger than us.,,,221[245],,elicited from speaker,ɛlifãt ɛ may fɔrt ki də nɔs.,,elephant COP.NPST more strong COMPAR from 1PL,,,,4240, +40-157,40,ki kãw tɛ kwat pɛ.,ki\tkãw\ttɛ\tkwat\tpɛ.,OBJ\tdog\tCOP.PRS\tfour\tfoot/leg,Dogs have four legs.,,,,,elicited from speaker,ki kãw tɛ kwat pɛ.,,OBJ dog COP.PRS four foot/leg,,own data,,4241, +40-158,40,kãw tɛ kwat pɛ.,kãw\ttɛ\tkwat\tpɛ.,dog\thave\tfour\tfoot/leg,Dogs have four legs.,,,,,elicited from speaker,kãw tɛ kwat pɛ.,,dog have four foot/leg,,own knowledge,,4242, +41-59,41,lagaartisu kuruva cooru,lagaarti-su\tkruuva\tcooru,crocodile-GEN\tfresh\ttears,The crocodile’s tears are fresh. (i.e. They always tear.),,,1416[5629],,written (poetic),lagaartisu kuruva cooru,lagaarti-su kruuva cooru,crocodile-GEN fresh tears,,,,4243, +41-60,41,aka parim boom prendudoor uŋa jafalaa: jeentis falaa daatu aka kriyaansas kitaprenda see aka muytu viraadu,aka\tparim\tboom\tprendudoor\tuŋa\tjaa-falaa:\t[jeentis\tfalaa-daa-tu\taka\tkriyaansa-s\tki-ta-prenda\tsee\taka\tmuytu\tviraadu],that\t1SG.DAT\tgood\tlearned.person\tone\tPST-say\t[people\tsay-give-PFV.PTCP\tthat\tchild-PL\tNMLZ-PRS-study\tCOND\tthat\tvery\twrong],"With respect to that, a very learned person told me that [the model of education whereby] people teach and children study is wrong. OR: Consultant's translation: That, one very learned person told me: people teaching [children] and that children learning is wrong.",,"Both jeentis and kriyaansas are plural generic subjects. +Jeentis illustrates the lack of marking of A (like S). +The scope of the conditional marker has the whole nominalized clause. If it were a regular verbal conditional marker, the verb would be in the past tense (and not nominalized). +Strictly, a quotative particle falaa or falaatu is expected at the end of the sentence. Its omission here is attributable to the length of the citation. +The numeral/article uŋa is in nominal form - i.e. the form in which it appears as an independent NP. It is treated as an independent NP rather than as a postnominal determiner. See comment to Feature 10 ""Position of indefinite article in the noun phrase"" for an additional argument.",1416[5188],,naturalistic spoken,aka parim boom prendudoor uŋa jafalaa: jeentis falaa daatu aka kriyaansas kitaprenda see aka muytu viraadu,aka parim boom prendudoor uŋa jaa-falaa: [jeentis falaa-daa-tu aka kriyaansa-s ki-ta-prenda see aka muytu viraadu],that 1SG.DAT good learned.person one PST-say [people say-give-PFV.PTCP that child-PL NMLZ-PRS-study COND that very wrong],"Both jeentis and kriyaansas are plural generic subjects. +Jeentis illustrates the lack of marking of A (like S). +The scope of the conditional marker has the whole nominalized clause. If it were a regular verbal conditional marker, the verb would be in the past tense (and not nominalized). +Strictly, a quotative particle falaa or falaatu is expected at the end of the sentence. Its omission here is attributable to the length of the citation. +The numeral/article uŋa is in nominal form - i.e. the form in which it appears as an independent NP. It is treated as an independent NP rather than as a postnominal determiner. See comment to Feature 10 ""Position of indefinite article in the noun phrase"" for an additional argument.",,,4244, +42-52,42,kobra pesonya,kobra\tpesonya,snake\tpoison,Snakes are poisonous.,,,122[88],,naturalistic spoken,"kobra pesonya",,snake poison,,,,4245, +43-35,43,Bobra brangku brata [...].,Bobra\tbrangku\tbrata\t[...].,sqash\twhite\tcheap\t[...],The white sqash is cheap [...].,,,906[40],,naturalistic written,"Bobra brangku brata [...].",,sqash white cheap [...],,,,4246, +43-141,43,bistidu di ung omi slam,bistidu\tdi\tung\tomi\tslam,clothes\tof\tART\tman\tnative,clothes of native men,,,906[25],,naturalistic written,"bistidu di ung omi slam",,clothes of ART man native,,,,4247, +44-61,44,Ta komé késo kel mánga ratóng.,Ta\tkomé\tkéso\tkel\tmánga\tratóng.,IPFV\teat\tcheese\tDEF\tPL\trat,Rats eat cheese.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ta komé késo kel mánga ratóng.,,IPFV eat cheese DEF PL rat,,Own knowledge,,4248, +44-62,44,Ta ladrá ba el gátu?,Ta\tladrá\tba\tel\tgátu?,IPFV\tbark\tQ\tDEF\tcat,Do cats bark?,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta ladrá ba el gátu?",,IPFV bark Q DEF cat,,Own data,,4249, +45-52,45,Tiene cuatro alas el baraha.,Tiene\tcuatro\talas\tel\tbaraha.,have\tfour\tace\tDEF\tcard,Decks of cards have four aces.,,,426[5],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Tiene cuatro alas el baraha.",,have four ace DEF card,,,,4250, +45-53,45,Ta haci habol el mga perro con el mga gato.,Ta\thaci\thabol\tel\tmga\tperro\tcon\tel\tmga\tgato.,IPFV\tmake\tcatch\tDEF\tPL\tdog\tOBJ\tDEF\tPL\tcat,Dogs chase cats.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta haci habol el mga perro con el mga gato.",,IPFV make catch DEF PL dog OBJ DEF PL cat,,Own data,,4251, +46-67,46,Ta-komé el gáto ratón.,Ta-komé\tel\tgáto\tratón.,IPFV-eat\tthe\tcat\trat,Cats eat rats.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta-komé el gáto ratón.,,IPFV-eat the cat rat,,Own knowledge,,4252, +46-68,46,El ómbre kyére muhér.,El\tómbre\tkyére\tmuhér.,the\tman\tlike\twoman,Men like women.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"El ómbre kyére muhér.",,the man like woman,,Own knowledge,,4253, +47-59,47,Kabritu ta mashá komun na Kòrsou.,Kabritu\tta\tmashá\tkomun\tna\tKòrsou.,goat\tCOP\tvery\tcommon\tin\tCuraçao,Goats are very common in Curaçao.,,,705[111],,published source,"Kabritu ta mashá komun na Kòrsou.",,goat COP very common in Curaçao,,,,4254, +47-60,47,(*E) bayena ta un mamífero.,(*E)\tbayena\tta\tun\tmamífero.,(DEF)\twhale\tCOP\tINDF\tmammal,The whale is a mammal.,,,705[119],,published source,"(*E) bayena ta un mamífero.",,(DEF) whale COP INDF mammal,,,,4255, +48-44,48,Radio a yegá a Palengue ante ri telebisión.,Radio\ta\tyegá\ta\tPalengue\tante\tri\ttelebisión.,radio\tPST\tarrive\tto\tPalenque\tbefore\tof\ttelevision,The radio arrived in Palenque before TV.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Radio a yegá a Palengue ante ri telebisión.",,radio PST arrive to Palenque before of television,,Own knowledge,,4256,Spanish: La radio llegó a Palenque antes de la televisión. +48-45,48,Hende ri Palengue asé asé eso nu.,Hende\tri\tPalengue\tasé\tasé\teso\tnu.,people\tof\tPalenque\tHAB\tdo\tthis\tNEG,Palenqueros don't (normally/generally) do this.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Hende ri Palengue asé asé eso nu.",,people of Palenque HAB do this NEG,,Own knowledge,,4257, +49-82,49,Piti piti zwazo fè nich li.,Piti\tpiti\tzwazo\tfè\tnich\tli.,little\tlittle\tbird\tmake\tnest\t3SG.POSS,"Little by little, the bird builds its nest.",,This is a proverb.,473[69],,naturalistic spoken,"Piti piti zwazo fè nich li.",,little little bird make nest 3SG.POSS,This is a proverb.,,,4258,French: Petit à petit l'oiseau fait son nid. +49-83,49,"Ameriken bwè koka-kola, franse bwè diven, alman bwè byè, ayisyen bwè dlo.","Ameriken\tbwè\tkoka-kola,\tfranse\tbwè\tdiven,\talman\tbwè\tbyè,\tayisyen\tbwè\tdlo.",American\tdrink\tcoca-cola\tFrench\tdrink\twine\tGerman\tdrink\tbeer\tHaitian\tdrink\twater,"Americans drink coke, Frenchmen drink wine, Gemans drink beer, Haitians drink water.",,,371[36],,naturalistic spoken,"Ameriken bwè koka-kola, franse bwè diven, alman bwè byè, ayisyen bwè dlo.",,American drink coca-cola French drink wine German drink beer Haitian drink water,,,,4259,"French: Les Américains boivent du coca-cola, les Français du vin, les Allemands de la bière, les Haïtiens de l'eau." +49-84,49,Nou konnen yon vè aleksandren toujou gen douz silab.,Nou\tkonnen\tyon\tvè\taleksandren\ttoujou\tgen\tdouz\tsilab.,1PL/2PL\tknow\tINDF\ttoward\talexandrine\talways\thave\ttwelve\tsyllable,We know / You (pl) know that an alexandrine always has twelve syllables.,,I wrote the example in the official orthography of Haitian Creole (Desmarattes uses a slightly different orthography).,381[xix],,naturalistic written,Nou konnen yon vè aleksandren toujou gen douz silab.,,1PL/2PL know INDF toward alexandrine always have twelve syllable,I wrote the example in the official orthography of Haitian Creole (Desmarattes uses a slightly different orthography).,,,4260,French: Nous savons / Vous savez qu'un alexandrin a toujours douze syllabes. +49-85,49,Fanm ayisyèn nan chèlbè.,Fanm\tayisyèn\tnan\tchèlbè.,woman\tHaitian\tDEF\tpretty,Haitian women are pretty.,,"Joseph (1988: 164) writes that ""the process that consists of particularizing a generic utterance with the help of la seems very general"".",691[164],,naturalistic spoken,"Fanm ayisyèn nan chèlbè.",,woman Haitian DEF pretty,"Joseph (1988: 164) writes that ""the process that consists of particularizing a generic utterance with the help of la seems very general"".",,,4261,French: La femme haïtienne est coquette. +49-86,49,Chat manje sourit.,Chat\tmanje\tsourit.,cat\teat\tmouse,Cats eat mice.,,,371[8],,naturalistic spoken,Chat manje sourit.,,cat eat mouse,,,,4262,French: Les chats mangent les souris. +49-87,49,"Rat manje kann, e zandolit mouri inosan.","Rat\tmanje\tkann,\te\tzandolit\tmouri\tinosan.",rat\teat\tcane\tand\tlizard\tdie\tinnocent,The rat ate sugar cane and the innocent lizard died from it.,,,629[35],,naturalistic spoken,"Rat manje kann, e zandolit mouri inosan.",,rat eat cane and lizard die innocent,,,,4263,French: Le rat a mangé de la canne à sucre et c'est le lézard innocent qui en meurt. +49-88,49,Chen anraje mòde menm mèt li.,Chen\tanraje\tmòde\tmenm\tmèt\tli.,dog\trabid\tbite\teven\tmaster\t3SG.POSS,The rabid dog bites even its owner.,,,629[35],,naturalistic spoken,Chen anraje mòde menm mèt li.,,dog rabid bite even master 3SG.POSS,,,,4264,French: Le chien enragé mord même son maître. +49-89,49,Dlo manyòk pa lèt.,Dlo\tmanyòk\tpa\tlèt.,water\tmanioc\tNEG\tmilk,Manioc milk is not milk.,,,629[35],,naturalistic spoken,Dlo manyòk pa lèt.,,water manioc NEG milk,,,,4265,French: Le lait de manioc n'est pas du lait. +50-52,50,Chyen pa ka fè chat.,Chyen\tpa\tka\tfè\tchat.,dog\tNEG\tHAB\tdo\tcat,"Like father, like son (lit. Dogs do not give birth to cats).",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Chyen pa ka fè chat.",,dog NEG HAB do cat,,Own fieldwork,,4266, +51-52,51,Chien pa ka fè chat.,Chien\tpa\tka\tfè\tchat.,dog\tNEG\tHAB\tdo\tcat,"Dogs do not give birth to cats. OR: Like father, like son.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Chien pa ka fè chat.",,dog NEG HAB do cat,,Own fieldwork,,4267, +53-104,53,Dison va dè son fwa par è andan vo kidni.,Dison\tva\tdè\tson\tfwa\tpar\tè\tandan\tvo\tkidni.,blood\tgo\ttwo\thundred\ttime\tper\thour\tin\t2SG.POSS\tkidney,Blood passes through your kidneys two hundred times an hour.,,,722[177],,naturalistic spoken,"Dison va dè son fwa par è andan vo kidni.",,blood go two hundred time per hour in 2SG.POSS kidney,,,,4268, +53-105,53,Diri bon pou to lasante.,Diri\tbon\tpou\tto\tlasante.,rice\tgood\tfor\t2SG.POSS\thealth,Rice is good for you.,,,722[177],,elicited from speaker,"Diri bon pou to lasante.",,rice good for 2SG.POSS health,,,,4269, +53-106,53,"En chawe, se pròch konm en radbwa men li ho konm sa.","En\tchawe,\tse\tpròch\tkonm\ten\tradbwa\tmen\tli\tho\tkonm\tsa.",INDF.ART\traccoon\tCOP\talmost\tlike\tART.INDF\toppossum\tbut\t3SG\thigh\tlike\tDEM,"A raccoon is almost like an oppossum, but it's this high.",,,722[177],,naturalistic spoken,"En chawe, se pròch konm en radbwa men li ho konm sa.",,INDF.ART raccoon COP almost like ART.INDF oppossum but 3SG high like DEM,,,,4270, +53-107,53,Le machin pran tou nouvraj-la.,Le\tmachin\tpran\ttou\tnouvraj-la.,ART.PL\tmachine\ttake\tall\twork-ART.DEF.SG,Machines have taken all the jobs.,,,722[175],,naturalistic spoken,"Le machin pran tou nouvraj-la.",,ART.PL machine take all work-ART.DEF.SG,,,,4271, +53-108,53,Chatte brilé pair difé.,Chatte\tbrilé\tpair\tdifé.,cat\tburn\tfear\tfire,A burnt cat is afraid of fire.,,,409,,naturalistic written,"Chatte brilé pair difé.",,cat burn fear fire,,,,4272, +53-109,53,Capon vive longtemps.,Capon\tvive\tlongtemps.,coward\tlive\tlong.time,The coward lives a long time.,,,409,,naturalistic written,"Capon vive longtemps.",,coward live long.time,,,,4273, +53-110,53,Voila pouquoi carencros choves.,Voila\tpouquoi\tcarencros\tchoves.,that.is\twhy\tvulture\tbald,That's why vultures are bald.,,,533[22],,naturalistic written,Voila pouquoi carencros choves.,,that.is why vulture bald,,,,4274, +53-111,53,"La pli tombé, ouaouaron chanté.","Lapli\ttombé,\touaouaron\tchanté.",rain\tfall\tbullfrog\tsing,"When the rain is coming, the bullfrogs sing.",,,409,,naturalistic written,"La pli tombé, ouaouaron chanté.","Lapli tombé, ouaouaron chanté.",rain fall bullfrog sing,,,,4275, +54-68,54,Papang i manz tèktèk,Papang\ti\tmanz\ttektek.,papang\tFIN\teat\ttektek,Big birds eat small birds.,,"The example is a proverb. The papang (Circus maillardi) is a big bird of prey, the tektek (Saxicola borbonensis) is a small bird.",236[312],,naturalistic spoken,"Papang i manz tèktèk",Papang i manz tektek.,papang FIN eat tektek,"The example is a proverb. The papang (Circus maillardi) is a big bird of prey, the tektek (Saxicola borbonensis) is a small bird.",,,4276,French: La papangue mange le tectec (le gros a toujours raison du petit). +54-69,54,Lantiy i èm pà lë solèy tró fòr.,Lantiy\ti\tem\tpa\tlë\tsoley\ttro\tfor.,lentil\tFIN\tlike\tNEG\tDEF\tsun\ttoo\tstrong,Lentils do not like too much sunshine.,,,214[643N],,naturalistic spoken,Lantiy i èm pà lë solèy tró fòr.,Lantiy i em pa lë soley tro for.,lentil FIN like NEG DEF sun too strong,,,,4277,French: Les lentilles n'aiment pas le soleil trop fort. +55-53,55,zako maṅz fri,zako\tmaṅz\tfri,monkey\teat\tfruit,Monkeys eat fruit.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"zako maṅz fri",,monkey eat fruit,,Own knowledge,,4278, +59-105,59,zo kwe ake zo,zo\tkwe\ta-ke\tzo,person\tall\tPM-COP\tperson,Everyone is a human being.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"zo kwe ake zo",zo kwe a-ke zo,person all PM-COP person,,Own knowledge,,4279, +59-106,59,bamara ake nyama ti ngangu,bamara\ta-ke\tnyama\tti\tngangu,lion\tPM-COP\tanimal\tof\tstrength,The lion is a powerful animal.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"bamara ake nyama ti ngangu",bamara a-ke nyama ti ngangu,lion PM-COP animal of strength,,Own knowledge,,4280, +59-109,59,"angunza, agozo, nyen'?","angunza,\tagozo,\tnyen'?",PL.manioc.leaves\tPL.manioc\twhat,"Manioc greens, manioc, whatever...",,All of this is garden produce.,,,naturalistic spoken,"angunza, agozo, nyen'?",,PL.manioc.leaves PL.manioc what,All of this is garden produce.,Own knowledge,,4281, +59-112,59,yi ti giriri,yi\tti\tgiriri,thing\tof\tlong.ago,ancient (or former) things,,This is in reference to traditional life before colonization.,1320[115],,naturalistic spoken,yi ti giriri,,thing of long.ago,This is in reference to traditional life before colonization.,,,4282, +59-113,59,anyama ake da mingi,a-nyama\ta-ke\tda\tmingi,PL-animal\tPM-COP\tthere\tmany,There are a lot of animals there.,,,,,constructed by linguist,anyama ake da mingi,a-nyama a-ke da mingi,PL-animal PM-COP there many,,Own knowledge,,4283, +61-24,61,Lo pikanin yena hayi thanda lo pelepele.,Lo\tpikanin\tyena\thayi\tthand-a\tlo\tpelepele.,DEF.ART\tchild\tit\tNEG\tlike-V\tDEF.ART\tpepper,Children don't like pepper. OR: The child doesn't like the pepper.,,Context makes clear whether this is definite or generic.,,,elicited from speaker,"Lo pikanin yena hayi thanda lo pelepele.",Lo pikanin yena hayi thand-a lo pelepele.,DEF.ART child it NEG like-V DEF.ART pepper,Context makes clear whether this is definite or generic.,Field notes Mesthrie,,4284, +61-25,61,Lo bongolo yena baleka kakhulu.,Lo\tbongolo\tyena\tbalek-a\tkakhulu.,DEF.ART\tdonkey\tit\trun-PRS\tgreatly,Donkeys run greatly. OR: The donkey runs greatly. OR: A donkey runs greatly.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Lo bongolo yena baleka kakhulu.",Lo bongolo yena balek-a kakhulu.,DEF.ART donkey it run-PRS greatly,,Field notes Mesthrie,,4285, +63-53,63,núbi ta zamán kan kwés,núbi\tta\tzamán\tkan\tkwés,nubi\tGEN\tformerly\tIMPF\tgood,"Formerly, Nubi were good persons.",,,857[355],,naturalistic spoken,"núbi ta zamán kan kwés",,nubi GEN formerly IMPF good,,,,4286, +63-54,63,mútu ketír fára,mútu\tketír\tfára,die\tmany\tjoy,It’s nice not to die alone (proverb).,,,856[71],,naturalistic spoken,"mútu ketír fára",,die many joy,,,,4287, +63-55,63,Japán ásker kwés,Japán\tásker\tkwés,Japanese\tsoldier\tgood,The Japanese are good soldiers.,,,856[45],,naturalistic spoken,Japán ásker kwés,,Japanese soldier good,,,,4288, +64-60,64,nas fi júba úmon nas mutalimín wa muhtaramín,nas\tfi\tjúba\túmon\tnas\tmutalim-ín\twa\tmuhtaram-ín,people\tin\tJuba\t3PL\tpeople\teducated-PL\tand\trespectful-PL,Juba people are educated and respectful.,,,874[186],,naturalistic spoken,nas fi júba úmon nas mutalimín wa muhtaramín,nas fi júba úmon nas mutalim-ín wa muhtaram-ín,people in Juba 3PL people educated-PL and respectful-PL,,,,4289, +64-61,64,mundukúru fi ʃimál anína fi jenúb,mundukúru\tfi\tʃimál\tanína\tfi\tjenúb,Arabs\tin\tnorth\t1PL\tin\tsouth,"The Arabs are in the north, we are in the south.",,,874[187],,naturalistic spoken,mundukúru fi ʃimál anína fi jenúb,,Arabs in north 1PL in south,,,,4290, +66-35,66,Anak pəðə dempe tangan pəðə yang dempəðə jo çuçi ambε.,Anak-pəðə\tderang-pe\ttangan-pəðə-yang\tderang-pəðə-jo\tçuçi-ambε.,child-PL\t3PL-POSS\thand-PL-ACC.DEF\t3PL-PL-FOC\twash-take,(The) children are washing each other.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Anak pəðə dempe tangan pəðə yang dempəðə jo çuçi ambε.,Anak-pəðə derang-pe tangan-pəðə-yang derang-pəðə-jo çuçi-ambε.,child-PL 3PL-POSS hand-PL-ACC.DEF 3PL-PL-FOC wash-take,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,4291, +67-71,67,Hokku Hainan sama juga.,Hokku\tHainan\tsama\tjuga.,Foozhou\tHainan\tsame\talso,Foozhou and Hainanese are the same.,,,708[360],,naturalistic spoken,"Hokku Hainan sama juga.",,Foozhou Hainan same also,,,,4292, +71-54,71,Pake nui akamai pauloa.,Pake\tnui\takamai\tpauloa.,Chinese\tvery\tsmart\tall,Chinese are all very smart.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Pake nui akamai pauloa.",,Chinese very smart all,,Own data 1894,,4293, +71-55,71,Kela kuoho no nuinui kela keiki.,Kela\tkuoho\tno\tnuinui\tkela\tkeiki.,DET\tkuoho\tINTENS\tmany\tDET\tshoot,Kuoho plants (a variety of taro) have lots of shoots.,,,1503,,elicited from speaker,"Kela kuoho no nuinui kela keiki.",,DET kuoho INTENS many DET shoot,,,,4294, +72-173,72,kirrawangku dei laikim pirlpirlji,kirrawa-ngku\tdei\tlaik-im\tpirlpirlji,goanna-ERG\t3PL.S\tlike-TR\tgrasshopper,Goannas like (to eat) grasshoppers.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"kirrawangku dei laikim pirlpirlji","kirrawa-ngku dei laik-im pirlpirlji",goanna-ERG 3PL.S like-TR grasshopper,,Own knowledge,,4295, +73-43,73,papa frita/frishka gushtumi,papa\tfrita/fri-shka\tgushtu-mi,potato\tfried/fry-NMLZ\tgood-AFF,Fried potatoes are good.,,,1033[65],,naturalistic adapted,"papa frita/frishka gushtumi",papa frita/fri-shka gushtu-mi,potato fried/fry-NMLZ good-AFF,,,,4296, +75-89,75,Lii manidzhoosh ruuzh lii taesh ayaawak daa leu doo.,Lii\tmanidzhuush\truuzh\tlii\ttaesh\tayaawak\tdaa\tleu\tdoo.,ART.PL\tinsect\tred\tART.PL\tspot\thave.3PL\tPREP.LOC\t3PL.POSS\tback,Ladybugs have spotted backs.,,The word manidzuush is a loan from Cree or Ojibwe.,789[159],,naturalistic written,"Lii manidzhoosh ruuzh lii taesh ayaawak daa leu doo.",Lii manidzhuush ruuzh lii taesh ayaawak daa leu doo.,ART.PL insect red ART.PL spot have.3PL PREP.LOC 3PL.POSS back,"The word manidzuush is a loan from Cree or Ojibwe.",,,4297, +75-90,75,Aen lyoon sitaen animal li mood eemowaat.,Aen\tlyoon\tsitaen\tanimal\tli\tmood\tee-mow-aat.,INDF.ART.M.SG\tlion\tis.a\tanimal\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tpeople\tCOMP-eat.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,A lion is a man-eater.,,,789[170],,naturalistic written,"Aen lyoon sitaen animal li mood eemowaat.",Aen lyoon sitaen animal li mood ee-mow-aat.,INDF.ART.M.SG lion is.a animal DEF.ART.M.SG people COMP-eat.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,,,,4298, +1-90,1,de negere fo disi pranasie,den\tnengre\tfu\tdisi\tpranasi,DET.PL\tblack\tof\tthis\tplantation,the blacks of this plantation,,"When adnominal disi 'this, these' precedes the noun, there is no article.",1527[79],,written,de negere fo disi pranasie,den nengre fu disi pranasi,DET.PL black of this plantation,"When adnominal disi 'this, these' precedes the noun, there is no article.",,,4299,Dutch: de Neegers van deeze Plantagie [op.cit.] +1-91,1,da Ningre dissi,da\tNengre\tdisi,DET.SG\tnegro\tthis,this negro,,"When disi 'this, these' follows the noun, it always coocurs with a definite article before the noun, in this case singular da.",1357[32],,written (dictionary),da Ningre dissi,da Nengre disi,DET.SG negro this,"When disi 'this, these' follows the noun, it always coocurs with a definite article before the noun, in this case singular da.",,,4300,German: dieser Neger [op.cit.] +2-69,2,A man dati kon dri leisi dya.,A\tman\tdati\tkon\tdri\tleisi\tdya.,DET\tman\tDEM\tcome\tthree\ttime\there,That man came here three times.,,,,,elicited from speaker,A man dati kon dri leisi dya.,,DET man DEM come three time here,,"Winford data, Tape 30-b",,4301, +2-70,2,A man disi sabi a tori.,A\tman\tdisi\tsabi\ta\ttori.,DET\tman\tDEM\tknow\tART\tstory,This guy knows the story.,,,,,elicited from speaker,A man disi sabi a tori.,,DET man DEM know ART story,,"Winford data, Tape 30-b",,4302, +4-51,4,a pikin ya,a\tpikin\tya,DET.SG\tchild\there,this child,,,568[67],,elicited from speaker,a pikin ya,,DET.SG child here,,,,4303, +5-54,5,"wel, dis big mongkii, hii tek sompn ou dis jrom, an dash om in di riva.","wel,\tdis\tbig\tmongkii,\thii\ttek\tsompn\tou\tdis\tjrom,\tan\tdash\tom\tin\tdi\triva.",well\tPROX.DEM\tbig\tmonkey\the\ttake\tsomething\tout\tPROX.DEM\tdrum\tand\tthrow\tit\tin\tthe\triver,"Well, this big monkey, he took something out of this drum, and threw it into the river.",,,"1281[131, lines 252-253]",,naturalistic spoken,"wel, dis big mongkii, hii tek sompn ou dis jrom, an dash om in di riva.",,well PROX.DEM big monkey he take something out PROX.DEM drum and throw it in the river,,,,4304, +5-55,5,"sins wen mii na bin baarn yeet, mamii in bai da mashiin","sins\twen\tmii\tna\tbin\tbaarn\tyeet,\tmamii\tin\tbai\tda\tmashiin",since\twhen\tI\tnot\tPST\tborn\tyet\tmommy\tPST\tbuy\tDIST.DEM\tmachine,Even before I was born Mummy bought that machine.,,,"1281[132, line 266]",,naturalistic spoken,"sins wen mii na bin baarn yeet, mamii in bai da mashiin",,since when I not PST born yet mommy PST buy DIST.DEM machine,,,,4305, +7-83,7,A mi ruhn dis hous ya.,A\tmi\truhn\tdis\thous\tya.,FOC\t1SG\trun\tDEM\thouse\there,I am the one running this house. OR: I am running this house.,,,1244[264],,naturalistic spoken,A mi ruhn dis hous ya.,,FOC 1SG run DEM house here,,,,4306, +7-84,7,*A mi ruhn dis di hous ya.,*A\tmi\truhn\tdis\tdi\thous\tya.,FOC\t1SG\trun\tDEM\tART\thouse\there,NOT: I am the one running this house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,*A mi ruhn dis di hous ya.,,FOC 1SG run DEM ART house here,,Own knowledge,,4307, +8-49,8,Dis-ya buk swiit no hel.,Dis-ya\tbuk\tswiit\tno\thel.,DEM-PROX\tbook\tsweet\tNEG\thell,This book is extremely enjoyable.,,Dis-ya literally stands for [this-here].,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dis-ya buk swiit no hel.,,DEM-PROX book sweet NEG hell,"Dis-ya literally stands for [this-here].",Own knowledge,,4308, +9-61,9,Horiken dɛstray dat ki.,Horiken\tdɛstray\tdat\tki.,hurricane\tdestroy\tthat\tcaye,The hurricane destroyed that caye.,,,429,,naturalistic spoken,Horiken dɛstray dat ki.,,hurricane destroy that caye,,,,4309, +10-65,10,So dis die now di uman gaan out egen.,So\tdis\tdie\tnow\tdi\tuman\tgaan\tout\tegen.,so\tDEM\tday\tnow\tART.DEF\twoman\tgo.ANT\tout\tagain,So on this day the woman had gone out again.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,So dis die now di uman gaan out egen.,,so DEM day now ART.DEF woman go.ANT out again,,Unpublished field recordings,,4310, +10-66,10,disya buk,dis-ya\tbuk,DEM-EMPH\tbook,this very book,,,113[53],,naturalistic spoken,disya buk,dis-ya buk,DEM-EMPH book,,,,4311, +10-67,10,dat mountin,dat\tmountin,DEM\tmountain,that mountain,,,,,constructed by linguist,dat mountin,,DEM mountain,,Own knowledge,,4312, +10-68,10,Get dat piis a klat!,Get\tdat\tpiis\ta\tklat!,get\tDEM\tpiece\tof\tcloth,Get that piece of cloth!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Get dat piis a klat!,,get DEM piece of cloth,,Unpublished field recordings,,4313, +11-74,11,Diiz likl gyal no nou wat iz a beebi.,Diiz\tlikl\tgyal\tno\tnou\twat\tiz\ta\tbeebi.,DEM.PL\tlittle\tgirl\tNEG\tknow\twhat\tCOP.PRS\tART.INDF\tbaby,These little girls don’t know what a baby is.,,Note the acrolectal demonastrative diiz. Holm (1978: 279 and Appendix) lists only dem(-ya/-de) for the plural.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Diiz likl gyal no nou wat iz a beebi.,,DEM.PL little girl NEG know what COP.PRS ART.INDF baby,"Note the acrolectal demonastrative diiz. Holm (1978: 279 and Appendix) lists only dem(-ya/-de) for the plural.",,,4314, +11-75,11,dis buk,dis\tbuk,DEM\tbook,this book,,,,,constructed by linguist,dis buk,,DEM book,,Own knowledge,,4315, +12-63,12,"Them days, when I was small, we want work. In these day - them days, these - they - they don't want work.","Them\tdays\t[...]\twe\twant\twork.\tIn\tthese\tday,\tthem\tdays,\tthese,\tthey,\tthey\tdon't\twant\twork.",DEM\tday.PL\t[...]\t1PL.SBJ\twant\twork\tin\tDEM\tday[PL]\tDEM\tday.PL\tDEM\t3PL.SBJ\t3PL.SBJ\tNEG\twant\twork,"In those days, [when I was small,] we wanted to work. These days, today [...] no one wants to work.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Them days, when I was small, we want work. In these day - them days, these - they - they don't want work.","Them days [...] we want work. In these day, them days, these, they, they don't want work.",DEM day.PL [...] 1PL.SBJ want work in DEM day[PL] DEM day.PL DEM 3PL.SBJ 3PL.SBJ NEG want work,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4316, +12-64,12,"Sir 'Arry Oakes ax tell the government of - they the days the UBP govern, You work half of the people, let me work the other half. He say, You ain't got nothing to tell me what to do with them black business - over there. That's right. And every one of them work for him, work for Sir Harry Oakes. He buy seven thousand acre of land to build low-cost house for the poor people this country - they kill him.",Sir\t'Arry\tOakes\tax\ttell\tthe\tgovernment\t[...]\tYou\tain't\tgot\tnothing\tto\ttell\tme\twhat\tto\tdo\twith\tthem\tblack\tbusiness\t[...].,Sir\tHarry\tOakes\task\ttell\tART\tgovernment[SG]\t[...]\t2PL.SBJ\tNEG\tgot\tINDF\tto\ttell\tme\twhat\tto\tdo\twith\tDEM\tblack\tbusiness[PL]\t[...],Sir Harry Oakes told the government [...] You’re not going to tell me what to do with those black businesses over there [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sir 'Arry Oakes ax tell the government of - they the days the UBP govern, You work half of the people, let me work the other half. He say, You ain't got nothing to tell me what to do with them black business - over there. That's right. And every one of them work for him, work for Sir Harry Oakes. He buy seven thousand acre of land to build low-cost house for the poor people this country - they kill him.",Sir 'Arry Oakes ax tell the government [...] You ain't got nothing to tell me what to do with them black business [...].,Sir Harry Oakes ask tell ART government[SG] [...] 2PL.SBJ NEG got INDF to tell me what to do with DEM black business[PL] [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4317, +13-57,13,dat cotton,dat\tcotton,DEM.DIST\tcotton,that cotton,,,1500[263],,naturalistic spoken,dat cotton,,DEM.DIST cotton,,,,4318, +14-40,14,I found this/dis book.,I\tfound\tthis/dis\tbook.,I\tfound\tDEM\tbook,I found this book.,,The plural pronoun them is used as the plural demonstrative: I saw them books. Them books got lost.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I found this/dis book.,,I found DEM book,"The plural pronoun them is used as the plural demonstrative: I saw them books. Them books got lost.",Own knowledge,,4319, +15-50,15,di buk; dis buk; *dis di buk,di\tbuk;\tdis\tbuk;\t*dis\tdi\tbuk,ART\tbook\tDEM\tbook\tDEM\tART\tbook,the book; this book; NOT: *this the book,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di buk; dis buk; *dis di buk,,ART book DEM book DEM ART book,,Own knowledge,,4320, +17-50,17,dis pìkín vs. dat pìkín,dis\tpìkín\tvs.\tdat\tpìkín,DEM.PROX\tchild\tvs.\tDEM.DIST\tchild,this/these child(ren) vs. that/those child(ren),,,462[70],,naturalistic spoken,dis pìkín vs. dat pìkín,,DEM.PROX child vs. DEM.DIST child,,,,4321, +17-51,17,Dis dì pìkín we̱ go skul do̱n taya.,Dis\tdì\tpìkín\twe̱\tgo\tskul\tdo̱n\ttaya.,DEM.PROX\tART.DEF\tchild\tREL\tgo\tschool\tCOMPL\ttire,These children who went to school are tired.,,,462[72],,naturalistic spoken,Dis dì pìkín we̱ go skul do̱n taya.,,DEM.PROX ART.DEF child REL go school COMPL tire,,,,4322, +19-53,19,di buk; dan bolí,di\tbuk;\tdan\tbolí,this\tbook\tthat\tpen,this book; that pen,,,,,constructed by linguist,"di buk; dan bolí",,this book that pen,,Own knowledge,,4323, +20-42,20,Makee change thisee napkin.,Makee\tchange\tthisee\tnapkin.,make\tchange\tDEM\tnapkin,Change this napkin.,,,1489[VI.40],,naturalistic written,Makee change thisee napkin.,,make change DEM napkin,,,米其千治利士(口衲)堅,4324, +23-62,23,ol smolsmol tortel ia oli kamaot long eg,ol\tsmol~smol\ttortel\tia\toli\tkamaot\tlong\teg,PL\tsmall~small\tturtle\tDEF\tAGR\tcome.out\tfrom\tegg,The little turtles come out of the(ir) egg.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,ol smolsmol tortel ia oli kamaot long eg,ol smol~smol tortel ia oli kamaot long eg,PL small~small turtle DEF AGR come.out from egg,,,,4325, +23-63,23,mi luk olsem bubu ia i kakae fulap tumas,mi\tluk\tolsem\tbubu\tia\ti\tkakae\tfulap\ttumas,1SG\tlook\tCOMP\tgrandparent\tDEF\tAGR\teat\tfull.up\tvery,It seems to me that/like this grandmother eats too much.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,mi luk olsem bubu ia i kakae fulap tumas,,1SG look COMP grandparent DEF AGR eat full.up very,,,,4326, +24-67,24,Ieh keht moelten.,Ieh\tkeht\tmoelten.,this\tcat\tshed.CONT,This cat is shedding.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ieh keht moelten.,,this cat shed.CONT,,Own fieldwork,,4327, +24-68,24,Daa keht moelten.,Daa\tkeht\tmoelten.,that\tcat\tshed.CONT,The/That cat is shedding.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Daa keht moelten.,,that cat shed.CONT,,Own fieldwork,,4328, +25-175,25,Thet pab hiya.,Thet\tpab\thiya.,DEM\tpub\there,That pub here.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the co-occurrence of a recognitional demonstrative and spatial demonstrative.",,,naturalistic spoken,Thet pab hiya.,,DEM pub here,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the co-occurrence of a recognitional demonstrative and spatial demonstrative.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,4329, +25-176,25,"Det wanim jeya, la bastap.","Det\twanim\tjeya,\tla\tbastap.",DEM\twhatsitcalled\tthere\tLOC\tbus.stop,"That what's it called there, at the bus stop.",,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the co-occurrence of a recognitional demonstrative and a spatial demonstrative.,1056[94],,naturalistic spoken,"Det wanim jeya, la bastap.",,DEM whatsitcalled there LOC bus.stop,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the co-occurrence of a recognitional demonstrative and a spatial demonstrative.,,,4330, +27-34,27,di damsél da,di\tdamsél\tda,DET\tgirl\tthere,that girl,,,355[60],,naturalistic spoken,di damsél da,,DET girl there,,,,4331, +28-64,28,di wari di / di wari dida,di wari di / di wari dida,the house DEM   the house DEM,this house / that house,,,737[157],,naturalistic spoken,di wari di / di wari dida,di wari di / di wari dida,the house DEM the house DEM,,,,4332, +28-65,28,ju kiki di gutwap di ka,ju\tkiki\tdi\tgutu-apu\tdi\tka,2SG\tsee\tthe\tthing-PL\tDEM\tNEG,You don't see these things.,,,737[156],,naturalistic spoken,ju kiki di gutwap di ka,ju kiki di gutu-apu di ka,2SG see the thing-PL DEM NEG,,,,4333, +29-52,29,"*hierdie die boek, *daardie die huis","*hierdie\tdie\tboek,\t*daardie\tdie\thuis",PROX.DEM\tDEF.ART\tbook\tDIST.DEM\tDEF.ART\thouse,"NOT: *this the book, *that the house",,,,,constructed by linguist,"*hierdie die boek, *daardie die huis",,PROX.DEM DEF.ART book DIST.DEM DEF.ART house,,Own knowledge,,4334, +29-53,29,die week vs. dié week (*dié die week),die\tweek\tvs.\tdié\tweek\t(*dié\tdie\tweek),DEF.ART\tweek\tvs.\tPROX.DEM\tweek\t(PROX.DEM\tDEF.ART\tweek),the week vs. this week (NOT: *this the week),,"The demonstrative is necessarily stressed, whereas the definite article generally isn't.",,,naturalistic spoken,die week vs. dié week (*dié die week),,DEF.ART week vs. PROX.DEM week (PROX.DEM DEF.ART week),"The demonstrative is necessarily stressed, whereas the definite article generally isn't.",Own knowledge,,4335, +30-70,30,Nha bende-m kes pinton la!,Nha=bende=m\tkes=pinton\tla!,2SG.POL.F.=sell=1SG\tDEM.PL=chick\tthere,Sell me those chicks there!,,,1407[107],,naturalistic spoken,"Nha bende-m kes pinton la!",Nha=bende=m kes=pinton la!,2SG.POL.F.=sell=1SG DEM.PL=chick there,,,,4336,German: Verkaufen Sie mir diese Küken dort! +31-69,31,"Kel rapas la e ladron, e malandru.","Kel\trapas\tla\te\tladron,\te\tmalandru.",the\tman\tthere\tis\tthief\tis\tdishonest,"That man is a thief, he is dishonest.",,"Kel/kes on its own is a demonstrative and the use of the particles li, la expresses proximity and distance respectively. +Kel/kes are homophonous with the definite article.",57,,naturalistic spoken,"Kel rapas la e ladron, e malandru.",,the man there is thief is dishonest,"Kel/kes on its own is a demonstrative and the use of the particles li, la expresses proximity and distance respectively. +Kel/kes are homophonous with the definite article.",,,4337, +31-70,31,E kel mizeria.,E\tkel\tmizeria.,is\tthat\tpoverty,It is that poverty.,,"One cannot say *e kel kel mizeria [it.is the that poverty], as there is a ban on adjaceny of the definite and the demonstrative.",61,,naturalistic spoken,E kel mizeria.,,is that poverty,"One cannot say *e kel kel mizeria [it.is the that poverty], as there is a ban on adjaceny of the definite and the demonstrative.",,,4338, +33-62,33,e livru,e\tlivru,DEF\tbook,the book / this book,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,e livru,,DEF book,,Own knowledge,,4339,Portuguese: o livro / este livro +35-69,35,inen mina-mina kwa se,inen\tmina-mina\tkwa\tse,PL.DEF\tlittle-little\tthing\tDEM,these tiny little things,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"inen mina-mina kwa se",,PL.DEF little-little thing DEM,,Own data,,4340, +35-70,35,Tudu inen bisu se non tê nai.,Tudu\tinen\tbisu\tse\tnon\ttê\tnai.,all\tPL.DEF\tanimal\tDEM\t1PL\thave\there,All these animals we have here.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Tudu inen bisu se non tê nai.",,all PL.DEF animal DEM 1PL have here,,Own data,,4341, +38-53,38,Mindyi pa naxoxosay sa napay.,Mindyi\tpa\tna-xoxo-sai\tsa\tna-pay.,but\tfor\tART-offspring-DEM\tbe\tART-male,But this offspring (child) should be a male.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mindyi pa naxoxosay sa napay.,Mindyi pa na-xoxo-sai sa na-pay.,but for ART-offspring-DEM be ART-male,,Own fieldwork 1993,,4342, +38-54,38,xadyisay,xadyi-sai,house-DEM,this house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,xadyisay,xadyi-sai,house-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1993,,4343, +43-36,43,Pertu di akel sepultura teng ung albër bringin.,Pertu\tdi\takel\tsepultura\tteng\tung\talbër\tbringin.,near\tof\tDEM\ttomb\tCOP\tone\ttree\tfig,Near that tomb there was a fig tree.,,,906[26],,pedagogical grammar,"Pertu di akel sepultura teng ung albër bringin.",,near of DEM tomb COP one tree fig,,,,4344, +44-63,44,"Kel el grítu di kel muhér, byéha kel.","Kel\tel\tgrítu\tdi\tkel\tmuhér,\tbyéha\tkel.",DEM\tDEF\tcry\tof\tDET\twoman\told.F\tDEM,"That was the cry of the woman, that old woman.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kel el grítu di kel muhér, byéha kel.",,DEM DEF cry of DET woman old.F DEM,,Own data,,4345, +45-54,45,Ese primer dos libro el nuevo.,Ese\tprimer\tdos\tlibro\tel\tnuevo.,DEM\tfirst\ttwo\tbook\tDEF\tnew,The new ones are those first two books.,,,835[69],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ese primer dos libro el nuevo.,,DEM first two book DEF new,,,,4346, +45-55,45,Huerfano aquel kaescuela mio.,Huerfano\taquel\tkaescuela\tmio.,orphan\tDEM\tclassmate\tmy,That classmate of mine is an orphan.,,,426[66],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Huerfano aquel kaescuela mio.,,orphan DEM classmate my,,,,4347, +46-69,46,el éste póno,el\téste\tpóno,ART\tthis\ttree,specifically this tree OR: this very tree,,,,,elicited from speaker,el éste póno,,ART this tree,,Own knowledge,,4348, +49-90,49,chat sa a,chat\tsa\ta,cat\tDEM\tDEF,this cat,,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 1980. +It is often pronounced [sa:] (with a long [a]).",473[844],,naturalistic spoken,chat sa a,,cat DEM DEF,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 1980. +It is often pronounced [sa:] (with a long [a]).",,,4349,French: ce chat +49-91,49,chat sa yo,chat\tsa\tyo,cat\tDEM\tPL,these cats,,Diatopic variation: There are varieties of Haitian Creole in which the variant pitit la yo [child DEF PL] 'the children' is used instead of the variant pitit yo [child PL] 'the children'. It is noticeable that the form of the demonstrative (pitit sa yo) is strictly parallel.,473[844],,naturalistic spoken,chat sa yo,,cat DEM PL,"Diatopic variation: There are varieties of Haitian Creole in which the variant pitit la yo [child DEF PL] 'the children' is used instead of the variant pitit yo [child PL] 'the children'. It is noticeable that the form of the demonstrative (pitit sa yo) is strictly parallel.",,,4350,French: ces chats +50-53,50,Kaz-la bèl. vs. Kaz-la-sa bèl.,Kaz-la\tbèl.\tvs.\tKaz-la-sa\tbèl.,house-DEF\tbeautiful\tvs.\thouse-DEF-DEM\tbeautiful,The house is beautiful. vs. This house is beautiful.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kaz-la bèl. vs. Kaz-la-sa bèl.,,house-DEF beautiful vs. house-DEF-DEM beautiful,,Own fieldwork,,4351, +51-53,51,Kay-la bel. vs. Kay-tala bel.,Kay-la\tbel.\tvs.\tKay-tala\tbel.,house-DEF\tbeautiful\tvs.\thouse-DEM.DEF\tbeautiful,The house is beautiful. vs. This/that house is beautiful.,,,132,,naturalistic spoken,Kay-la bel. vs. Kay-tala bel.,,house-DEF beautiful vs. house-DEM.DEF beautiful,,,,4352, +53-112,53,Komon to lenm gonbo-sa-la?,Komon\tto\tlenm\tgonbo\tsala?,how\t2SG\tlike\tgumbo\tDET.DEM,How do you like this gumbo?,,,1048[135],,naturalistic spoken,Komon to lenm gonbo-sa-la?,Komon to lenm gonbo sala?,how 2SG like gumbo DET.DEM,,,,4353, +53-113,53,To ouâ pié ci là.,To\touâ\tpié\tcilà.,2SG\tsee\ttree\tDET.DEM,You see this tree.,,,1049[11],,naturalistic written,To ouâ pié ci là.,To ouâ pié cilà.,2SG see tree DET.DEM,,,,4354,French: Tu vois cet arbre. +53-114,53,Eou twa to tandé parle pou dons-sa-la?,Eou\ttwa\tto\ttandé\tparle\tpou\tdons\tsala?,where\t2SG\t2SG\thear\tspeak\tfor\tdance\tDET.DEM,Where did you hear about the dance?,,,1048[135],,naturalistic spoken,Eou twa to tandé parle pou dons-sa-la?,Eou twa to tandé parle pou dons sala?,where 2SG 2SG hear speak for dance DET.DEM,,,,4355, +53-115,53,le moun-sa-la,le\tmoun\tsala,ART.DEF.PL\tperson\tDET.DEM,these people,,,1048[136],,naturalistic spoken,le moun-sa-la,le moun sala,ART.DEF.PL person DET.DEM,,,,4356, +53-116,53,M a seye fer la kours-sa-la avek twa kamem.,M\ta\tseye\tfer\tla\tkours\tsala\tavek\ttwa\tkamem.,1SG\tFUT\ttry\tdo\tART.DEF\trace\tDET.DEM\twith\t2SG\tall.the.same,I'll try to run the race with you anyway.,,,1048[135],,naturalistic spoken,M a seye fer la kours-sa-la avek twa kamem.,M a seye fer la kours sala avek twa kamem.,1SG FUT try do ART.DEF race DET.DEM with 2SG all.the.same,,,,4357,French: J'essayerai quand même de courir avec toi. +53-117,53,nonm-sa-la; fwa-sa-la; lonmson-sa-a; zafè-sa-ye; depech-sa-ye; boug-sa-ye,nonm\tsala;\tfwa\tsala;\tlonmson\tsaa;\tzafè\tsaye;\tdepech\tsaye;\tboug\tsaye,man\tDET.DEM.SG\ttime\tDET.DEM.SG\thook\tDET.DEM.SG\tthing\tDET.DEM.PL\tpeach\tDET.DEM.PL\tguy\tDET.DEM.PL,that man; this time; that hook; those things; those peaches; those guys,,,722[182-183],,naturalistic spoken,nonm-sa-la; fwa-sa-la; lonmson-sa-a; zafè-sa-ye; depech-sa-ye; boug-sa-ye,nonm sala; fwa sala; lonmson saa; zafè saye; depech saye; boug saye,man DET.DEM.SG time DET.DEM.SG hook DET.DEM.SG thing DET.DEM.PL peach DET.DEM.PL guy DET.DEM.PL,,,,4358, +53-118,53,le mounn-sa-ye,le\tmoun\tsaye,ART.DEF.PL\tperson\tDET.DEM.PL,those people,,,722[182],,naturalistic spoken,le mounn-sa-ye,le moun saye,ART.DEF.PL person DET.DEM.PL,,,,4359, +53-119,53,chenmen-sa; dan ton-sa,chemen\tsa;\tdan\tton\tsa,road\tDET.DEM.SG\tin\ttime\tDET.DEM.SG,that road; in those days / at that time,,"Sa is here analyzed as a variant of the DET.DEM sala, saa.",722[182],,naturalistic spoken,chenmen-sa; dan ton-sa,chemen sa; dan ton sa,road DET.DEM.SG in time DET.DEM.SG,"Sa is here analyzed as a variant of the DET.DEM sala, saa.",,,4360, +54-70,54,Le boug la i di: [...].,Lë\tboug\tla\ti\tdi:\t[...].,DEF\tman\tDEM\tFIN\tsay\t[...],This man says: [...].,,"Staudacher (2004: 59) describes this construction as ""déictique"" and translates lë zwazo-la 'l’oiseau en question’.",110[59],,naturalistic spoken,Le boug la i di: [...].,Lë boug la i di: [...].,DEF man DEM FIN say [...],"Staudacher (2004: 59) describes this construction as ""déictique"" and translates lë zwazo-la 'l’oiseau en question’.",,,4361, +54-71,54,boug la,boug\tla,man\tDEM,this/that man,,,236[359],,naturalistic spoken,boug la,,man DEM,,,,4362,French: ce type(-là) +54-72,54,Lë madam-là té i ri ek ou.,Lë\tmadam\tla\tte-i\tri\tek\tou.,DEF\twoman\tDEM\tPST-FIN\tlaugh\twith\tyou,The woman smiled at you.,,,1440[63],,constructed by linguist,Lë madam-là té i ri ek ou.,Lë madam la te-i ri ek ou.,DEF woman DEM PST-FIN laugh with you,,,,4363,French: La femme en question te souriait. +55-54,55,sa zom la,sa\tzom\tla,this/that\tman\tDEF,that man,,"Not entirely satisfactory because historically sa [...] la was DEM but there was no separate DEF. In the early 19th century, postposed la emerged as indeterminate between DEM and DEF while sa [...] la continued as unambiguously DEM. Also in the 19th century plain nouns could be DEF (especially in Baissac's (1888) folktales). The latter use is now rare and, in modern usage, noun + postposed la corresponds closely to preposed the + noun in English. While DEM sa + noun is most often followed by la, examples without la do occur.",,,naturalistic spoken,sa zom la,,this/that man DEF,"Not entirely satisfactory because historically sa [...] la was DEM but there was no separate DEF. In the early 19th century, postposed la emerged as indeterminate between DEM and DEF while sa [...] la continued as unambiguously DEM. Also in the 19th century plain nouns could be DEF (especially in Baissac's (1888) folktales). The latter use is now rare and, in modern usage, noun + postposed la corresponds closely to preposed the + noun in English. While DEM sa + noun is most often followed by la, examples without la do occur.",Own knowledge,,4364, +55-55,55,zom la,zom\tla,man\tDEF,the man OR: this/that man,,,,,constructed by linguist,zom la,,man DEF,,Own knowledge,,4365, +59-114,59,mo wara pendere bongo ni so na ndo wa?,mo\twara\tpendere\tbongo\tni\tso\tna\tndo\twa?,2SG\tget\tpretty\tdress\tDET\tDEM\tPREP\tplace\twhere,Where did you get this pretty dress?,,,1320[65],,naturalistic spoken,mo wara pendere bongo ni so na ndo wa?,,2SG get pretty dress DET DEM PREP place where,,,,4366, +59-115,59,ala ke tene tene ni so gi na yanga senge senge,ala\tke\ttene\ttene\tni\tso\tgi\tna\tyanga\tsenge\tsenge,3PL\tCOP\tsay\tword\tDET\tDEM\tonly\tPREP\tmouth\tnothing\tnothing,They're just saying this frivolously.,,Senge is one of the words that can be reduplicated as sesenge.,1320[65],,naturalistic spoken,ala ke tene tene ni so gi na yanga senge senge,,3PL COP say word DET DEM only PREP mouth nothing nothing,"Senge is one of the words that can be reduplicated as sesenge.",,,4367, +59-116,59,melenge ti wali so akumase ti toto,melenge\tti\twali\tso\ta-kumase\tti\ttoto,child\tof\tfemale\tDEM\tPM-begin\tof\tcry,The girl began to cry.,,I would have expected DET; there is no other girl in this story. Kumase is borrowed from French commencer.,,,naturalistic spoken,melenge ti wali so akumase ti toto,melenge ti wali so a-kumase ti toto,child of female DEM PM-begin of cry,"I would have expected DET; there is no other girl in this story. Kumase is borrowed from French commencer.",Samarin corpus 1994,,4368,French: Cette fille commença à pleurer. +59-117,59,"koli ti fango zo so, lo hunda poro ti tere ti anyama oko oko oko, lo yu na tere ti lo","koli\tti\tfango\tzo\tso,\tlo\thunda\tporo\tti\ttere\tti\ta-nyama\toko\toko\toko,\tlo\tyu\tna\ttere\tti\tlo",man\tof\tkill.NOM\tperson\tDEM\t3SG\task\tskin\tof\tbody\tof\tPL-animal\tone\tone\tone\t3SG\twear\ton\tbody\tof\t3SG,"This murderer, he asked (people) for skins of each kind of animal and put them on.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"koli ti fango zo so, lo hunda poro ti tere ti anyama oko oko oko, lo yu na tere ti lo","koli ti fango zo so, lo hunda poro ti tere ti a-nyama oko oko oko, lo yu na tere ti lo",man of kill.NOM person DEM 3SG ask skin of body of PL-animal one one one 3SG wear on body of 3SG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,4369, +63-56,63,fi béle de,fi\tbéle\tde,in\tcountry\tDEM,in this country,,,857[184],,naturalistic spoken,fi béle de,,in country DEM,,,,4370, +67-72,67,"Itu hari saya buka saya punya laci, apa-apa pun tak ada.","Itu\thari\tsaya\tbuka\tsaya\tpunya\tlaci,\tapa~apa\tpun\ttak\tada.",DEM\tday\t1SG\topen\t1SG\tPOSS\tdrawer\twhat~what\teven\tNEG\thave,"That day, I opened my drawer and there was nothing.",,,708[77],,naturalistic spoken,"Itu hari saya buka saya punya laci, apa-apa pun tak ada.","Itu hari saya buka saya punya laci, apa~apa pun tak ada.",DEM day 1SG open 1SG POSS drawer what~what even NEG have,,,,4371, +67-73,67,itu orang bangsa punya cakap,itu\torang\tbangsa\tpunya\tcakap,this\tperson\tnation\tATTR\tspeak,the national language,,,708[112],,naturalistic spoken,itu orang bangsa punya cakap,,this person nation ATTR speak,,,,4372, +69-24,69,andi nak,andi\tnak,land\tthis,this land,,,,,naturalistic spoken,andi nak,,land this,,Own field notes 1985,,4373, +71-56,71,Oe kolohe kela wahine.,Oe\tkolohe\tkela\twahine.,2SG\tmistreat\tthat\twoman,You've done injury to that woman.,,The translation is original to the source.,,,naturalistic written,"Oe kolohe kela wahine.",,2SG mistreat that woman,The translation is original to the source.,Own data 1892,,4374, +72-56,72,Nyawa ngumpittu im katimbat kengkaru.,Nyawa\tngumpit-tu\tim\tkat-im-bat\tkengkaru.,this\tman-ERG\t3SG\tcut-TR-CONT\tkangaroo,This man is cutting up the kangaroo.,,The demonstrative modifies the nominal ngumpit without a definite article.,583,2cd5c13b61fd2957e8787dc9b30c3a0a,peer elicitation,Nyawa ngumpittu im katimbat kengkaru.,Nyawa ngumpit-tu im kat-im-bat kengkaru.,this man-ERG 3SG cut-TR-CONT kangaroo,"The demonstrative modifies the nominal ngumpit without a definite article.",,,4375, +74-48,74,úkuk latáb,úkuk\tlatáb,this\ttable,"this table, that table",,Úkuk latáb does not mean 'the table' in this lect of Chinuk Wawa.,,,constructed by linguist,úkuk latáb,,this table,"Úkuk latáb does not mean 'the table' in this lect of Chinuk Wawa.",Own knowledge,,4376, +74-49,74,haws,haws,house,"house, the house, a house",,,,,constructed by linguist,haws,,house,,Own knowledge,,4377, +75-91,75,Ekwana servan kiimiyohoow miina lii boo bitaen kiikishkam.,Ekwana\tservan\tkii-miyohoo-w\tmiina\tlii\tboo\tbitaen\tkii-kishk-am.,DEM.INTERM.ANIM.SG\tservant\tPST-well.dressed-3\tand/also\tART.PL\tbeautiful.M\tclothing\tPST-wear.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,This servant was well dressed and he (also) had beautiful clothes.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Ekwana servan kiimiyohoow miina lii boo bitaen kiikishkam.,Ekwana servan kii-miyohoo-w miina lii boo bitaen kii-kishk-am.,DEM.INTERM.ANIM.SG servant PST-well.dressed-3 and/also ART.PL beautiful.M clothing PST-wear.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,,,,4378, +75-92,75,Maenwi kasheeweew ana la larloozh.,Maenwi\tka-sheewee-w\tana\tla\tlarloozh.,midnight\tFUT-ring-3\tDEM.ANIM.SG.DIST\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tclock,At midnight that clock will ring.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Maenwi kasheeweew ana la larloozh.,Maenwi ka-sheewee-w ana la larloozh.,midnight FUT-ring-3 DEM.ANIM.SG.DIST DEF.ART.F.SG clock,,,,4379, +1-92,1,Disi morre hey.,Disi\tmoro\thei.,this\tmore\thigh,This one is higher.,,This example illustrates the use of pronominal disi.,1527[27],,written,Disi morre hey.,Disi moro hei.,this more high,"This example illustrates the use of pronominal disi.",,,4380,Dutch: Deeze is hooger. [op.cit.] +2-71,2,Disi a fu un bori.,Disi\ta\tfu\tun\tbori.,this\tis\tfor\twe\tcook,This is for us to cook.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Disi a fu un bori.",,this is for we cook,,"Winford data, Tape 30-a",,4381, +2-72,2,Dati meki mi no ben kisi brede a skoro.,Dati\tmeki\tmi\tno\tben\tkisi\tbrede\ta\tskoro.,that\tmake\t1SG\tNEG\tPST\tget\tbread\tat\tschool,That’s why I didn’t get bread in school.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dati meki mi no ben kisi brede a skoro.",,that make 1SG NEG PST get bread at school,,"Winford data, Tape 30-a",,4382, +2-73,2,"Mi begi, yu no kan fergiti dati tog.","Mi\tbegi,\tyu\tno\tkan\tfergiti\tdati\ttog.",1SG\tpray\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\tforget\tthat\tTAG,"I prayed, you can’t forget that, right.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mi begi, yu no kan fergiti dati tog.",,1SG pray 2SG NEG can forget that TAG,,"Winford data, Tape 30-a",,4383, +3-37,3,di bɛ buku aki,di\tbɛ\tbuku\taki,DEF.SG\tred\tbook\there,this red book,,,,,naturalistic spoken,di bɛ buku aki,,DEF.SG red book here,,Fieldwork data,,4384, +3-38,3,di bɛ wan aki,di\tbɛ\twan\taki,DEF.SG\tred\tone\there,this red one,,,,,naturalistic spoken,di bɛ wan aki,,DEF.SG red one here,,Fieldwork data,,4385, +4-52,4,A dagu ya nyan mi meti.,A\tdagu\tya\tnyan\tmi\tmeti.,DET.SG\tdog\there\teat\tmy\tmeat,This dog ate my meat.,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,A dagu ya nyan mi meti.,,DET.SG dog here eat my meat,,Own knowledge,,4386, +4-53,4,Disi nyan mi meti.,Disi\tnyan\tmi\tmeti.,this\teat\tmy\tmeat,This one ate my meat.,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,Disi nyan mi meti.,,this eat my meat,,Own knowledge,,4387, +5-56,5,da kyaahn wok,da\tkyaahn\twok,that\tcannot\twork,That is not suitable.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"da kyaahn wok",,that cannot work,,Own knowledge,,4388, +5-57,5,da stoorii kyaahn wok,da\tstoorii\tkyaahn\twok,that\tstory\tcannot\twork,That story is not believable.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"da stoorii kyaahn wok",,that story cannot work,,Own knowledge,,4389, +6-34,6,"dis man, dis wan, dat wan","dis\tman,\tdis\twan,\tdat\twan",DEM.PROX\tman\tDEM.PROX\tone\tDEM.DIST\tone,"this man, this one, that one",,,,,constructed by linguist,"dis man, dis wan, dat wan",,DEM.PROX man DEM.PROX one DEM.DIST one,,Own knowledge,,4390, +7-85,7,Dis ya miit haad fo boil.,Dis\tya\tmiit\thaad\tfo\tboil.,DEM\there\tmeat\thard\tfor\tboil,This meat is hard to boil. OR: Life’s hard.,,From a popular Vincentian Creole song. Dis miit ya haad fo boil is also possible with exactly the same reading.,1085,,written (poetic),Dis ya miit haad fo boil.,,DEM here meat hard for boil,"From a popular Vincentian Creole song. Dis miit ya haad fo boil is also possible with exactly the same reading.",,,4391, +7-86,7,Dis ya a fomi oon.,Dis\tya\ta\tfo-mi\toon.,DEM\there\tCOP\tfor-1SG\town,This is mine. OR: This one is mine.,,,1244[90],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dis ya a fomi oon.,Dis ya a fo-mi oon.,DEM here COP for-1SG own,,,,4392, +8-50,8,Dat-de buk laas.,Dat-de\tbuk\tlaas.,DEM-DIST\tbook\tlose,He lost that book.,,Dat-de literally stands for [that-there].,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dat-de buk laas.,,DEM-DIST book lose,"Dat-de literally stands for [that-there].",Own knowledge,,4393, +8-51,8,Im laas dat-de.,Im\tlaas\tdat-de.,3SG\tlose\tDEM-DIST,He lost that one.,,Dat-de literally stands for [that-there].,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Im laas dat-de.,,3SG lose DEM-DIST,"Dat-de literally stands for [that-there].",Own knowledge,,4394, +8-52,8,Im laas dat-de wan.,Im\tlaas\tdat-de\twan.,3SG\tlose\tDEM-DIST\tone,He lost that one.,,Dat-de literally stands for [that-there].,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Im laas dat-de wan.,,3SG lose DEM-DIST one,"Dat-de literally stands for [that-there].",Own knowledge,,4395, +9-63,9,"Yu hia dat naw, yu haf tu ʧɛk awt da sawn.","Yu\thia\tdat\tnaw,\tyu\thaf\ttu\tʧɛk\tawt\tda\tsawn.",2SG\thear\tthat\tnow\tyou\thave\tto\tcheck\tout\tthat\tsound,"When you hear that, you must check out the origin of that sound.",,Da/dat are phonetic variants.,432[34],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu hia dat naw, yu haf tu ʧɛk awt da sawn.",,2SG hear that now you have to check out that sound,"Da/dat are phonetic variants.",,,4396, +9-64,9,Ker da pants fu fiks.,Ker\tda\tpants\tfu\tfiks.,carry\tthat\tpants\tto\tfix,Bring those pants so they can be repaired.,,,434,,naturalistic spoken,Ker da pants fu fiks.,,carry that pants to fix,,,,4397, +10-69,10,So dis die Beda Taiga gaan sii how ihn muma de.,So\tdis\tdie\tBeda\tTaiga\tgaan\tsii\thow\tihn\tmuma\tde.,so\tDEM\tday\tBrother\tTiger\tgo.ANT\tsee\thow\t3SG.POSS\tmother\tCOP.LOC,So on this day Brother Tiger went to see how his mother was doing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"So dis die Beda Taiga gaan sii how ihn muma de.",,so DEM day Brother Tiger go.ANT see how 3SG.POSS mother COP.LOC,,Unpublished field recordings,,4398, +10-70,10,Yu mosi du dat!,Yu\tmosi\tdu\tdat!,2SG\tmust\tdo\tDEM,You must do that!,,,113[92],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu mosi du dat!",,2SG must do DEM,,,,4399, +10-71,10,Mi sii dis buk. Mi sii dis wan.,Mi\tsii\tdis\tbuk.\tMi\tsii\tdis\twan.,1SG\tsee\tDEM\tbook\t1SG\tsee\tDEM\tone,I see this book. I see this one.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mi sii dis buk. Mi sii dis wan.,,1SG see DEM book 1SG see DEM one,,Own knowledge,,4400, +11-76,11,dis seilin ship,dis\tseilin\tship,DEM\tsailing\tship,this sailing ship,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"dis seilin ship",,DEM sailing ship,,,,4401, +11-77,11,Wi wil fiks dis.,Wi\twil\tfiks\tdis.,1PL\tFUT\tfix\tDEM,We will fix this.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wi wil fiks dis.",,1PL FUT fix DEM,,,,4402, +11-78,11,G. no eksersaiz dat pawa.,G.\tno\teksersaiz\tdat\tpawa.,G.\tNEG\texcercise\tDEM\tpower,G. doesn’t excercise that/her power.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,G. no eksersaiz dat pawa.,,G. NEG excercise DEM power,,,,4403, +11-79,11,Horikien mash dat dong.,Horikien\tmash\tdat\tdong.,hurricane\tmash\tDEM\tdown,The hurricane mashed that down/destroyed it.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Horikien mash dat dong.,,hurricane mash DEM down,,,,4404, +12-65,12,"A dea- a deacon is - something - be n- next to the - be to the pastor. You counsel people. You tell people 'bout Jesus Christ. Anything what you see wrong, you tell 'em, Don't do that, that is wrong! Do the thing what is right!","[...]\tDon't\tdo\tthat,\tthat\tis\twrong!",[...]\tNEG.IMP\tdo\tDEM\tDEM\t3SG.COP\twrong,"[...] Don’t do that, that is wrong!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"A dea- a deacon is - something - be n- next to the - be to the pastor. You counsel people. You tell people 'bout Jesus Christ. Anything what you see wrong, you tell 'em, Don't do that, that is wrong! Do the thing what is right!","[...] Don't do that, that is wrong!",[...] NEG.IMP do DEM DEM 3SG.COP wrong,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4405, +12-66,12,"After three months time we get home, and we come to Nassau and bring that sponge.",[...]\tand\tbring\tthat\tsponge.,[...]\tand\tbring[HAB.PST]\tDEM\tsponge,[...] and we brought home that sponge.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"After three months time we get home, and we come to Nassau and bring that sponge.",[...] and bring that sponge.,[...] and bring[HAB.PST] DEM sponge,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4406, +12-68,12,"They had a Coronation Day, them days used to had Coronation Day, you know?",[...]\tthem\tday-s\tused\tto\t[...],[...]\tDEM\tday-PL\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\t[...],[...] in those days they used to [have Coronation Day...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"They had a Coronation Day, them days used to had Coronation Day, you know?",[...] them day-s used to [...],[...] DEM day-PL HAB.PST HAB.PST [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4407, +13-58,13,We shut up that hole.,We\tshut\tup\tthat\thole.,1PL.SBJ\tshut\tup\tDEM\thole,We close that hole.,,,1500[268],,naturalistic spoken,"We shut up that hole.",,1PL.SBJ shut up DEM hole,,,,4408, +13-59,13,I well know that.,I\twell\tknow\tthat.,1SG.SBJ\twell\tknow\tDEM,I certainly know it.,,,1500[274],,naturalistic spoken,"I well know that.",,1SG.SBJ well know DEM,,,,4409, +14-41,14,They want this/dis book.,They\twant\tthis/dis\tbook.,they\twant\tDEM\tbook,They want this book.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,They want this/dis book.,,they want DEM book,,Own knowledge,,4410, +14-42,14,Dis book was on the table.,Dis\tbook\twas\ton\tthe\ttable.,DEM\tbook\twas\ton\tthe\ttable,This book was on the table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dis book was on the table.,,DEM book was on the table,,Own knowledge,,4411, +15-51,15,a sabi dis man,a\tsabi\tdis\tman,1SG\tknow\tDEM\tman,I know this man.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a sabi dis man,,1SG know DEM man,,Own knowledge,,4412, +15-52,15,a lɛk dis wan,a\tlɛk\tdis\twan,1SG\tlike\tDEM\tone,I like this (one).,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a lɛk dis wan,,1SG like DEM one,,Own knowledge,,4413, +16-45,16,"busu busu ì bì dis smɔl lamp, afrikã lamp","busu~busu\tì\tbì\tdis\tsmɔl\tlamp,\tafrikã\tlamp",busu~busu\t3SG\tCOP\tDEM.PROX\tsmall\tlamp\tAfrican\tlamp,Busu-Busu is this small African lamp.,,This shows a proximal demonstrative in adnominal position.,656[232],,naturalistic spoken,"busu busu ì bì dis smɔl lamp, afrikã lamp","busu~busu ì bì dis smɔl lamp, afrikã lamp",busu~busu 3SG COP DEM.PROX small lamp African lamp,This shows a proximal demonstrative in adnominal position.,,,4414, +16-46,16,bikɔs gɔnʤa en dagɔmba bì laik dis,bikɔs\tgɔnʤa\ten\tdagɔmba\tbì\tlaik\tdis,because\tGonja\tand\tDagomba\tCOP\tlike\tDEM.PROX,because Gonjas and Dagombas are like this (i.e. close friends),,This example shows a proximal demonstrative in pronominal position without prop-word/ dummy element.,,,naturalistic spoken,bikɔs gɔnʤa en dagɔmba bì laik dis,,because Gonja and Dagomba COP like DEM.PROX,This example shows a proximal demonstrative in pronominal position without prop-word/ dummy element.,Own fieldwork,,4415, +16-47,16,"mà frɛn, jù gò pe fɔ dis wan o","mà\tfrɛn,\tjù\tgò\tpe\tfɔ\tdis\twan\to",1SG.POSS\tfriend\t2SG\tFUT\tpay\tfor\tDEM.PROX\tone\tEMPH,"My friend, you will pay for this one.",,This example shows a proximal demonstrative in pronominal position with prop-word/dummy element wan.,656[180],,naturalistic spoken,"mà frɛn, jù gò pe fɔ dis wan o",,1SG.POSS friend 2SG FUT pay for DEM.PROX one EMPH,"This example shows a proximal demonstrative in pronominal position with prop-word/dummy element wan.",,,4416, +17-52,17,Mà pìkín bì dat.,Mà\tpìkín\tbì\tdat.,my\tchild\tCOP\tDEM.DIST,That is my child. OR: My child is that one.,,,462[97],,naturalistic spoken,Mà pìkín bì dat.,,my child COP DEM.DIST,,,,4417, +17-53,17,Mà pìkín bì datwo̱n.,Mà\tpìkín\tbì\tdatwo̱n.,my\tchild\tCOP\tDEM.DIST.NMLZ,That is my child. OR: My child is that one.,,,462[97],,naturalistic spoken,Mà pìkín bì datwo̱n.,,my child COP DEM.DIST.NMLZ,,,,4418, +18-44,18,A bin si dat wan.,A\tbin\tsi\tdat\twan.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tsee\tDEM\tone,I have seen that (one).,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"A bin si dat wan.",,1SG.SBJ PST see DEM one,,,,4419, +19-54,19,"À bɛg, luk dis pìkín, di pìkín no de gud.","À\tbɛg,\tluk\tdis\tpìkín,\tdi\tpìkín\tno\tde\tgud.",1SG.SBJ\tbeg\tlook\tthis\tchild\tthis\tchild\tNEG\tCOP\tgood,"Please, look at this child, this child is not well.",,This example features the two variants of the proximal demonstrative di and dis.,,,naturalistic spoken,"À bɛg, luk dis pìkín, di pìkín no de gud.",,1SG.SBJ beg look this child this child NEG COP good,"This example features the two variants of the proximal demonstrative di and dis.",Field data,,4420, +19-55,19,Di wan du fɔ̀ mi.,Di\twan\tdu\tfɔ̀\tmi.,this\tone\tdo\tASSOC\t1SG.EMPH,This is enough for me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Di wan du fɔ̀ mi.",,this one do ASSOC 1SG.EMPH,,Field data,,4421, +20-43,20,Smellee thisee flower.,Smellee\tthisee\tflower.,smell\tDEM\tflower,Smell this flower.,,,1489[IV. 51],,naturalistic written,"Smellee thisee flower.",,smell DEM flower,,,士咩厘地士乎簍亞,4422, +20-44,20,Thisee belong you?,Thisee\tbelong\tyou?,DEM\tbelong\t2SG,Is this yours?,,,1489[IV.53],,naturalistic written,Thisee belong you?,,DEM belong 2SG,,,地士鼻郎㕭,4423, +22-58,22,Na displa samting em kamap pinis. [...] Na displa em kamap pinis.,Na\tdispla\tsamting\tem\tkamap\tpinis.\t[...]\tNa\tdispla\tem\tkamap\tpinis.,and\tthis\tthing\tit\thappen\tCOMPL\t[...]\tand\tthis\tit\thappen\tCOMPL,And this thing happened. [...] And this happened.,,,584[Aiths17\Melki\ws\m17\momas\wsp],,naturalistic spoken,Na displa samting em kamap pinis. [...] Na displa em kamap pinis.,,and this thing it happen COMPL [...] and this it happen COMPL,,,,4424, +22-59,22,Mi laikim disla.,Mi\tlaik-im\tdisla.,1SG\tlike-TR\tthis,I like this (one).,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mi laikim disla.,Mi laik-im disla.,1SG like-TR this,,Own knowledge,,4425, +23-64,23,Hemi mas kam long Port Vila blong salem ol faol ia.,Hemi\tmas\tkam\tlong\tPort\tVila\tblong\tsalem\tol\tfaol\tia.,3SG.AGR\tmust\tcome\tALL\tPort\tVila\tPURP\tsell\tPL\tchicken\tDEF,She has to come to Port Vila to sell these chickens.,,,,,naturalistic written,Hemi mas kam long Port Vila blong salem ol faol ia.,,3SG.AGR must come ALL Port Vila PURP sell PL chicken DEF,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 20 June 1998",,4426, +24-69,24,Ai nor laik daa.,Ai\tnor\tlaik\tdaa.,I\tNEG\tlike\tthat,I don't like that.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai nor laik daa.,,I NEG like that,,Own fieldwork,,4427, +24-70,24,daa kaa,daa\tkaa,that\tcar,that car,,,,,naturalistic spoken,daa kaa,,that car,,Own fieldwork,,4428, +24-71,24,Ieh caet moelten.,Ieh\tcaet\tmoelten.,this\tcat\tshed.CONT,This cat is shedding hair.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ieh caet moelten.,,this cat shed.CONT,,Own fieldwork,,4429, +24-72,24,Wats dieh?,Wats\tdieh?,what.is\tthis,What is this?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Wats dieh?,,what.is this,,Own fieldwork,,4430, +24-73,24,Ieh/dieh es yoen.,Ieh/dieh\tes\tyoen.,this\tCOP\tyours,This is yours.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ieh/dieh es yoen.,,this COP yours,,Own fieldwork,,4431, +25-177,25,Imin stilimbat brom dat awus.,Im=in\tstil-im-bat\tbrom\tdat\tawus.,3SG=PST\tsteal-TR-PROG\tfrom\tDEM\thouse,He stole (them) from the house.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the adnominal use of the demonstrative / definite article.,1332[65],,naturalistic spoken,Imin stilimbat brom dat awus.,Im=in stil-im-bat brom dat awus.,3SG=PST steal-TR-PROG from DEM house,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the adnominal use of the demonstrative / definite article.,,,4432, +25-178,25,Wi noim bla thet kantri.,Wi\tno-im\tbla\tthet\tkantri.,1PL.EXCL\tknow-TR\tDAT/POSS\tDEM\tcountry,We know about that country.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the verb of knowing noim followed by a prepositional complement.",,,naturalistic spoken,Wi noim bla thet kantri.,Wi no-im bla thet kantri.,1PL.EXCL know-TR DAT/POSS DEM country,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the verb of knowing noim followed by a prepositional complement.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,4433, +25-179,25,"Im frait, dijan.","Im\tfrait,\tdijan.",3SG\tget.frightened\tPROX:ADJ,"He gets frightened, this one.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an expression of fear and the proximal demonstrative dijan in pronominal function.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Im frait, dijan.",,3SG get.frightened PROX:ADJ,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an expression of fear and the proximal demonstrative dijan in pronominal function.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,4434, +25-180,25,Wot dijan mangarra?,Wot\tdijan\tmangarra?,what\tPROX:ADJ\tplant.food,What’s this food?,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the adnominal use of the ""long"" (pronominal) form of the demonstrative. Mangarra is a Jaminjung word.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wot dijan mangarra?",,what PROX:ADJ plant.food,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the adnominal use of the ""long"" (pronominal) form of the demonstrative. Mangarra is a Jaminjung word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,4435, +25-181,25,I meka hani tharran.,I\tmeka\thani\ttharran.,3SG\tmake\thoney\tDIST:ADJ,"It makes honey, that one. (Referring to bees in picture book.)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. The example illustrates the pronominal distal demonstrative tharran.",,,naturalistic spoken,I meka hani tharran.,,3SG make honey DIST:ADJ,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. The example illustrates the pronominal distal demonstrative tharran.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,4436, +25-182,25,Hu dijan hiya?,Hu\tdijan\thiya?,who\tPROX:ADJ\there,Who is this?,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the pronominal use of the proximal demonstrative.,1057,,naturalistic spoken,"Hu dijan hiya?",,who PROX:ADJ here,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the pronominal use of the proximal demonstrative.,,,4437, +26-40,26,aɪ stɛ tiŋkiŋ ɔv dæt wan,aɪ\tstɛ\ttiŋk-iŋ\tɔv\tdæt\twan,1SG\tIPFV\tthink-PROG\tof\tDEM\tone,I'll be thinking of that one. OR: I'm thinking of that one.,,,1545[23],,naturalistic spoken,aɪ stɛ tiŋkiŋ ɔv dæt wan,aɪ stɛ tiŋk-iŋ ɔv dæt wan,1SG IPFV think-PROG of DEM one,,,,4438, +26-41,26,aɪ stio stɛ tiŋkiŋ ɔv dæd kwɛʃʧɛn,aɪ\tstio\tstɛ\ttiŋk-iŋ\tɔv\tdæd\tkwɛʃʧɛn,1SG\tstill\tIPFV\tthink-PROG\tof\tDEM\tquestion,I'm still thinking of that question.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,aɪ stio stɛ tiŋkiŋ ɔv dæd kwɛʃʧɛn,aɪ stio stɛ tiŋk-iŋ ɔv dæd kwɛʃʧɛn,1SG still IPFV think-PROG of DEM question,,Own fieldwork recording,,4439, +26-42,26,ma aŋko waz ɹaɪd ɔntɔp hiʒ bæk swimin wid diʃ ʃak,ma\taŋko\twaz\traɪd\tɔntɔp\thiʒ\tbæk\tswim-in\twid\tdiʃ\tʃak,1SG.POSS\tuncle\twas\tright\ton.top\t3SG.POSS\tback\tswim-PROG\twith\tDEM\tshark,"My uncle was right on top of its back, swimming with this shark.",,,1545[166],,naturalistic spoken,ma aŋko waz ɹaɪd ɔntɔp hiʒ bæk swimin wid diʃ ʃak,ma aŋko waz raɪd ɔntɔp hiʒ bæk swim-in wid diʃ ʃak,1SG.POSS uncle was right on.top 3SG.POSS back swim-PROG with DEM shark,,,,4440, +27-35,27,Di da mi frāi.,Di\tda\tmi\tfrāi.,DET\tthere\tCOP\tgood,That one is good.,,,355[56],,naturalistic spoken,"Di da mi frāi.",,DET there COP good,,,,4441, +28-66,28,alma di,alma\tdi,all\tDEM,all of this,,,737[188],,naturalistic spoken,"alma di",,all DEM,,,,4442, +28-67,28,o mɛrɛ gu dɛn djap,o\tmɛrɛ\tgu\tdɛn\tdi-apu,3SG\tmore\tbig\tthan\tDEM-PL,She is bigger than these.,,,737[188],,naturalistic spoken,"o mɛrɛ gu dɛn djap","o mɛrɛ gu dɛn di-apu",3SG more big than DEM-PL,,,,4443, +29-54,29,Hierdie/daardie is baie mooi.,Hierdie/daardie\tis\tbaie\tmooi.,PROX.DEM/DIST.DEM\tis\tvery\tbeautiful,These/those are very pretty.,,"Used pronominally, Afrikaans demonstratives tend to receive a plural interpretation.",402[142],,naturalistic spoken,Hierdie/daardie is baie mooi.,,PROX.DEM/DIST.DEM is very beautiful,"Used pronominally, Afrikaans demonstratives tend to receive a plural interpretation.",,,4444, +29-55,29,"Hierdie boek is baie goed, maar daardie een is nog beter.","Hierdie\tboek\tis\tbaie\tgoed,\tmaar\tdaardie\teen\tis\tnog\tbeter.",PROX.DEM\tbook\tis\tvery\tgood\tbut\tDIST.DEM\tone\tis\teven\tbetter,"This book is very good, but that one is even better.",,,402[144],,naturalistic spoken,"Hierdie boek is baie goed, maar daardie een is nog beter.",,PROX.DEM book is very good but DIST.DEM one is even better,,,,4445, +29-56,29,"(Wil jy hierdie posseël vir jou versameling hê?) Nee, dié het ek al.","(Wil\tjy\thierdie\tposseël\tvir\tjou\tversameling\thê?)\tNee,\tdié\thet\tek\tal.",(want\t2SG\tPROX.DEM\tstamp\tfor\t2SG.POSS\tcollection\thave?)\tno\tDIST.DEM\thave\t1SG\talready,"(Would you like this stamp for your collection?) No, that one I've got already.",,,402[145],,naturalistic spoken,"(Wil jy hierdie posseël vir jou versameling hê?) Nee, dié het ek al.",,(want 2SG PROX.DEM stamp for 2SG.POSS collection have?) no DIST.DEM have 1SG already,,,,4446, +29-57,29,Ek sien hierdie boeke. vs. Ek sien hierdie. vs. Ek sien hierdie boek. vs. Ek sien hierdie een/ene.,Ek\tsien\thierdie\tboek-e.\tvs.\tEk\tsien\thierdie.\tvs.\tEk\tsien\thierdie\tboek.\tvs.\tEk\tsien\thierdie\teen/ene.,1SG.NOM\tsee\tthese\tbook-s\tvs.\t1SG.NOM\tsee\tthese\tvs.\t1SG.NOM\tsee\tthis\tbook\tvs.\t1SG.NOM\tsee\tthis\tone,I see these books. vs. I see these. vs. I see this book. vs. I see this one.,,"Hierdie, like daardie, can be used pronominally, but the preference is to interpret these elements as plural when they occur in object position, as above; where the intended referent is singular, een/ene is generally employed.",,,naturalistic spoken,Ek sien hierdie boeke. vs. Ek sien hierdie. vs. Ek sien hierdie boek. vs. Ek sien hierdie een/ene.,Ek sien hierdie boek-e. vs. Ek sien hierdie. vs. Ek sien hierdie boek. vs. Ek sien hierdie een/ene.,1SG.NOM see these book-s vs. 1SG.NOM see these vs. 1SG.NOM see this book vs. 1SG.NOM see this one,"Hierdie, like daardie, can be used pronominally, but the preference is to interpret these elements as plural when they occur in object position, as above; where the intended referent is singular, een/ene is generally employed.",Own knowledge,,4447, +30-71,30,Kel (lápis) li/ Es (lápis) (li) ê di meu. Kel (lápis) la ê di bo.,Kel=(lápis)\tli.\tEs=(lápis)\t(li)\tê\tdi.meu.\tKel=(lápis)\tla\tê\tdi=bo.,DEM.SG=(pencil)\there\tDEM.SG=(pencil)\t(here)\tbe\t1SG.POSS\tDEM.SG=(pencil)\tthere\tbe\tof=2SG,This pencil (this one) / This (pencil) belongs to me. That (pencil) belongs to you.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Kel (lápis) li/ Es (lápis) (li) ê di meu. Kel (lápis) la ê di bo.,Kel=(lápis) li. Es=(lápis) (li) ê di.meu. Kel=(lápis) la ê di=bo.,DEM.SG=(pencil) here DEM.SG=(pencil) (here) be 1SG.POSS DEM.SG=(pencil) there be of=2SG,,,,4448,German: Dieser (Bleistift) hier / Dieser (Bleistift) (hier) gehört mir. Jener (Bleistift) (dort) gehört dir. +30-72,30,Kel ki N kre. Kel katxor ki N kre.,Kel\tki=N=kre.\tKel=katxor\tki=N=kre.,DEM.SG\tCOMP=1SG=want\tDEM.SG=dog\tCOMP=1SG=want,The one I want. The dog I want.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Kel ki N kre. Kel katxor ki N kre.,Kel ki=N=kre. Kel=katxor ki=N=kre.,DEM.SG COMP=1SG=want DEM.SG=dog COMP=1SG=want,,,,4449, +31-71,31,N gosta di kel-li.,N\tgosta\tdi\tkel-li.,I\tlike\tof\tDEM-DEM,I like this one.,,,,,constructed by linguist,N gosta di kel-li.,,I like of DEM-DEM,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,4450, +31-72,31,Dja kel vida li e un bokadu duru.,Dja\tkel\tvida\tli\te\tun\tbokadu\tduru.,COMPL\tthe\tlife\there\tis\ta\tlittle\tdifficult,This life is a little difficult.,,,689,,naturalistic spoken,Dja kel vida li e un bokadu duru.,,COMPL the life here is a little difficult,,,,4451, +32-44,32,Kel fema e intelijent.,Kel\tfema\te\tintelijent.,DEM\tfemale\tCOP\tintelligent,That girl is intelligent.,,Here kel is the adnominal demonstrative.,1456,,constructed by native speaker,"Kel fema e intelijent.",,DEM female COP intelligent,"Here kel is the adnominal demonstrative.",,,4452,Portuguese: Essa rapariga é inteligente. +32-45,32,Kel e nha fema.,Kel\te\tnha\tfema.,DEM\tCOP\tPOSS.1SG\tfemale,That (one) is my girlfriend.,,Here kel is the pronominal demonstrative.,1456,,elicited from speaker,"Kel e nha fema.",,DEM COP POSS.1SG female,"Here kel is the pronominal demonstrative.",,,4453,Portuguese: Aquela é a minha namorada. +33-63,33,e livro,e\tlivro,DEM\tbook,this book,,Es and e are adnominal but only the es form can be used pronominally.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,e livro,,DEM book,"Es and e are adnominal but only the es form can be used pronominally.",Own knowledge,,4454,Portuguese: este livro +33-64,33,Kila kume.,Kila\tkume.,DEM\teat.PST,That [man] ate.,,Kila is used pronominally.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kila kume.,,DEM eat.PST,"Kila is used pronominally.",Own knowledge,,4455,Portuguese: Aquele comeu. +33-65,33,Kal livru ki bo kumpra? Es.,Kal\tlivru\tki\tbo\tkumpra?\tEs.,what\tbook\tthat\t1PL\tbuy.PST\tDEM,Which book did you buy? This one.,,"Both es and e are adnominal, but only the es form can be used pronominally.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kal livru ki bo kumpra? Es.,,what book that 1PL buy.PST DEM,"Both es and e are adnominal, but only the es form can be used pronominally.",Own knowledge,,4456,Portuguese: Que livro compraste? Este. +33-66,33,es livru,es\tlivru,DEM\tbook,this book,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,es livru,,DEM book,,Own knowledge,,4457,Portuguese: este livro +34-47,34,ke(l) kasa-la bonitu - kil-la/kel-la bonitu,ke(l)\tkasa-la\tø\tbonitu\t-\tkil-la/kel-la\tø\tbonitu,DEM\thouse-there\tPFV\tnice\t-\tDEM-there/DEM-there\tPFV\tnice,that house is nice - that one is nice,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"ke(l) kasa-la bonitu - kil-la/kel-la bonitu","ke(l) kasa-la ø bonitu - kil-la/kel-la ø bonitu",DEM house-there PFV nice - DEM-there/DEM-there PFV nice,,Own knowledge,,4458, +34-48,34,E kasa(-li) bonitu. — Es-li bonitu. ~ Kel-li bonitu.,E kasa(-li) ø bonitu. — Es-li ø bonitu. ~ Kel-li ø bonitu.,DEM house(-here) PFV nice   DEM-here PFV nice   DEM-here PFV nice,This house is nice. — This one is nice.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"E kasa(-li) bonitu. — Es-li bonitu. ~ Kel-li bonitu.","E kasa(-li) ø bonitu. — Es-li ø bonitu. ~ Kel-li ø bonitu.",DEM house(-here) PFV nice DEM-here PFV nice DEM-here PFV nice,,Own knowledge,,4459, +35-71,35,Ise sa doxi.,Ise\tsa\tdoxi.,this\tCOP\tsweet,This/that one is sweet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ise sa doxi.,,this COP sweet,,Own data,,4460, +35-72,35,Ê ka vumba mon pê isala.,Ê\tka\tvumba\tmon\tpê\tisala.,3SG\tIPFV\tput\thand\tput\tthat,He puts his hand in that one.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ê ka vumba mon pê isala.,,3SG IPFV put hand put that,,Own data,,4461, +35-73,35,So isaki so s’ai sa ska be.,So\tisaki\tso\ts’=ai\tsa\tska\tbe.,then\tthis.one.here\tFOC\tbe=here\tbe\tPROG\tgo,Then it is this one here that is going.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,So isaki so s’ai sa ska be.,So isaki so s’=ai sa ska be.,then this.one.here FOC be=here be PROG go,,Own data,,4462, +35-74,35,Isala ô ise?,Isala\tô\tise?,that.one\tor\tthis.one,That one or this one?,,,498[74],,naturalistic written,Isala ô ise?,,that.one or this.one,,,,4463, +35-75,35,vin se,vin\tse,wine\tDEM,the wine in question,,,,,constructed by linguist,vin se,,wine DEM,,Own knowledge,,4464, +35-76,35,tudu kwa sala,tudu\tkwa\tsala,all\tthing\tDEM,all those things,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tudu kwa sala,,all thing DEM,,Own data,,4465, +36-42,36,e/dhe vs. isi-e/isi-dhe,e/dhe\tvs.\tisi-e/isi-dhe,DEM.PROX\tvs.\tDEM-DEM.PROX,this (adnominal) vs. this one (pronominal),,,"901[41, 63]",,elicited from speaker,e/dhe vs. isi-e/isi-dhe,,DEM.PROX vs. DEM-DEM.PROX,,,,4466, +36-43,36,dha/si-dha vs. isi-dha,dha/si-dha\tvs.\tisi-dha,DEM.DIST/DEM-DEM.DIST\tvs.\tDEM-DEM.DIST,that vs. that one,,,"901[41, 63]",,elicited from speaker,dha/si-dha vs. isi-dha,,DEM.DIST/DEM-DEM.DIST vs. DEM-DEM.DIST,,,,4467, +37-46,37,ningê sê,ningê\tsê,person\tthis,this person,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ningê sê",,person this,,Own knowledge,,4468, +37-47,37,Isê gaaavi mutu.,Isê\tgaaavi\tmutu.,DEM\tbeautiful\tvery,This one is very beautiful.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Isê gaaavi mutu.",,DEM beautiful very,,Own knowledge,,4469, +38-55,38,Isay sa soya ku mémuse da mu.,I-sai\tsa\tsoya\tku\tmé-mu-sai\tda\tmu.,PRO-DEM\tbe\tstory\tCONJ\tmother-1.POSS-DEM\tgive\t1SG,This is the story that my mother told me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Isay sa soya ku mémuse da mu.,I-sai sa soya ku mé-mu-sai da mu.,PRO-DEM be story CONJ mother-1.POSS-DEM give 1SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,4470, +38-56,38,pepesai,pepe-sai,grandfather-DEM,that grandfather OR: old man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,pepesai,pepe-sai,grandfather-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1993,,4471, +39-67,39,Ikəl ɛ mĩ kaz.,Ikəl\tɛ\tmĩ\tkaz.,DEM\tCOP.NPST\t1SG.POSS\thouse,That is my house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ikəl ɛ mĩ kaz.,,DEM COP.NPST 1SG.POSS house,,Own knowledge,,4472, +39-68,39,Ikəl blue colour kaz nã tə apərse?,Ikəl\t\tkaz\tnã\ttə\tapərs-e?,DIST\tblue\tcolour\thouse\tNEG\tIPFV.NPST\tshow-INF,Do you see that blue house over there (lit. Isn't that blue colour house showing)?,,Blue colour is taken from English.,218,,naturalistic spoken,"Ikəl blue colour kaz nã tə apərse?","Ikəl <blue colour> kaz nã tə apərs-e?",DIST blue colour house NEG IPFV.NPST show-INF,"Blue colour is taken from English.",,,4473, +39-69,39,"Es tira fɔr, nə?","Es\ttir-a\tfɔr,\tnə?",DEM\ttake-INF\tout\tREQ,"(I'll) remove this, you see?",,"The requestative (REQ) particle nə is highly macrofunctional, participating in the formation of polar questions, imperatives, and to demand general acknowledgment of the clarity of an utterance - as in this sentence - or constituent.",218,,naturalistic spoken,"Es tira fɔr, nə?","Es tir-a fɔr, nə?",DEM take-INF out REQ,"The requestative (REQ) particle nə is highly macrofunctional, participating in the formation of polar questions, imperatives, and to demand general acknowledgment of the clarity of an utterance - as in this sentence - or constituent.",,,4474, +40-40,40,Agɔr ye kas un lə piʧa?,Agɔr\tye\tkas\tun\tlə\tpiʧa?,now\tthis\trind\twhere\tFUT\tthrow,"Now, where should I throw this (watermelon) rind?",,This is taken from a story told by Angelin Rosario,,,naturalistic spoken,"Agɔr ye kas un lə piʧa?",,now this rind where FUT throw,This is taken from a story told by Angelin Rosario,Unpublished story,,4475, +40-41,40,"Gran irmão te puntan pel ye, ""wɔ asta paisa dun tedzer?""","Gran\tirmão\tte\tpuntan\tpel\tye,\t""wɔ\tasta\tpaisa\tdun\ttedzer?""",big\tbrother\tPRS\task.PROG\tOBJ\tthis\t2SG\tso.much\tmoney\tfrom-where\tbring,"The big brother is asking this: ""Where did you get so much money from?""",,This is taken from a story told by Francis Martis. Note: this sentence has some features that are reproductions of the priest variety spoken by the Portuguese-speaking priests assigned to the Korlai parish in the pre-Vatican II era. The traits: dun instead of unsu and tedzer instead of tedzew.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Gran irmão te puntan pel ye, ""wɔ asta paisa dun tedzer?""",,big brother PRS ask.PROG OBJ this 2SG so.much money from-where bring,"This is taken from a story told by Francis Martis. Note: this sentence has some features that are reproductions of the priest variety spoken by the Portuguese-speaking priests assigned to the Korlai parish in the pre-Vatican II era. The traits: dun instead of unsu and tedzer instead of tedzew.",Unpublished story,,4476, +41-62,41,istis ɛkavnntu tatiraa naa,isti-s\tɛkavn-ntu\tta-tiraa\tnaa,this-PL\taccount-LOC\tPRS-take\tTAG,"These guys are buying on account, eh.",,,1416[5162],,naturalistic spoken,"istis ɛkavnntu tatiraa naa",isti-s ɛkavn-ntu ta-tiraa naa,this-PL account-LOC PRS-take TAG,,,,4477, +42-53,42,yo ta olá isti buku / yo ta olá isti,yo ta olá isti buku / yo ta olá isti,1SG PROG look DEM book   1SG PROG look DEM,I am looking at this book. / I am looking at this (one).,,,,,elicited from speaker,"yo ta olá isti buku / yo ta olá isti",,1SG PROG look DEM book 1SG PROG look DEM,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,4478, +42-54,42,yo ta olá akeli buku/ yo ta olá akeli,yo\tta\tolá\takeli\tbuku/\tyo\tta\tolá\takeli,1SG\tPROG\tlook\tDEM\tbook\t1SG\tPROG\tlook\tDEM,I am looking at that book. / I am looking at that (one).,,,,,elicited from speaker,"yo ta olá akeli buku/ yo ta olá akeli",,1SG PROG look DEM book 1SG PROG look DEM,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,4479, +43-37,43,Eo apusta ki akel teng mintrodju.,Eo\tapusta\tki\takel\tteng\tmintrodju.,I\tbet\tCOMP\tDEM\tCOP\tlie,I bet that that is a lie.,,,906[27],,pedagogical grammar,"Eo apusta ki akel teng mintrodju.",,I bet COMP DEM COP lie,,,,4480, +44-65,44,Éste a kedá báryo di Maragondón.,Éste\ta\tkedá\tbáryo\tdi\tMaragondón.,this\tPFV\tbecome\tpart\tof\tMaragondon,This became a district (part) of Maragondon.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Éste a kedá báryo di Maragondón.,,this PFV become part of Maragondon,,Own data,,4481, +44-66,44,kabándo éste karakól,kabándo\téste\tkarakól,finished\tthis\tcaracol,after this caracol-dance,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kabándo éste karakól,,finished this caracol,,Own data,,4482, +45-56,45,Ya cumpra ele ese na Hapon.,Ya\tcumpra\tele\tese\tna\tHapon.,PFV\tbuy\t3SG\tthat\tLOC\tJapan,He bought that in Japan.,,,835[77],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ya cumpra ele ese na Hapon.,,PFV buy 3SG that LOC Japan,,,,4483, +45-57,45,Ya cumpra ele ese muñeca na Hapon.,Ya\tcumpra\tele\tese\tmuñeca\tna\tHapon.,PFV\tbuy\t3SG\tthat\tdoll\tLOC\tJapan,He bought that doll in Japan.,,,835[77],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ya cumpra ele ese muñeca na Hapon.,,PFV buy 3SG that doll LOC Japan,,,,4484, +46-70,46,Éste mi ermáno.,Éste\tmi\termáno.,this\tmy\tbrother,This (one) is my brother.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Éste mi ermáno.,,this my brother,,Own knowledge,,4485, +47-61,47,Esei kièr men ku ta dura dos siman promé ku mi haya bo karta.,Es(un)-ei\tkièr\tmen\tku\tta\tdura\tdos\tsiman\tpromé\tku\tmi\thaya\tbo\tkarta.,one-DEM.NPROX\twant\tmean\tCOMP\tTNS\tlast\ttwo\tweek\tbefore\tCOMP\t1SG\treceive\t2SG\tletter,That means that it takes two weeks before I get your letter.,,,755,,naturalistic written,"Esei kièr men ku ta dura dos siman promé ku mi haya bo karta.",Es(un)-ei kièr men ku ta dura dos siman promé ku mi haya bo karta.,one-DEM.NPROX want mean COMP TNS last two week before COMP 1SG receive 2SG letter,,,,4486, +47-62,47,[...] esnan ku ta siña spañó,[...]\tes(un)\tnan\tku\tta\tsiña\tspañó,[...]\tone\tPL\tCOMP\tTNS\tlearn\tSpanish,[...] those who are learning Spanish.,,The translation is mine.,869[17],,published source,"[...] esnan ku ta siña spañó",[...] es(un) nan ku ta siña spañó,[...] one PL COMP TNS learn Spanish,The translation is mine.,,,4487, +48-47,48,¿Ese moná ri kiene fue? – ri ese.,¿Ese\tmoná\tri\tkiene\tfue?\t–\tri\tese.,this\tchild\tof\twho\tbe\t–\tof\tthis.one,Whose child is it? – Of that one.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"¿Ese moná ri kiene fue? – ri ese.",,this child of who be – of this.one,,Recorded by author,,4488,Spanish: ¿Ese niño de quién es? – De ese. +48-48,48,¡Ese ma benta [...] ese ta-ba bueno nu!,¡Ese\tma\tbenta\t[...]\tese\tta-ba\tbueno\tnu!,that\tPL\tsale\t[...]\tthat\tbe-PST\tgood\tNEG,Those sales [...] those were not good!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"¡Ese ma benta [...] ese ta-ba bueno nu!",,that PL sale [...] that be-PST good NEG,,Recorded by author,,4489,Spanish: ¡Esas ventas [...] esas no eran buenas! +48-49,48,Ese i ta akí no vale náa.,Ese\ti\tta\takí\t.,that\twhich\tbe\there\tNEG\tworth\tnothing,That one (that is) here is worth nothing.,,"The literal meaning of ese i ta akí is 'that one that is here'. However, ese i ta akí is a common fixed expression essentially meaning simply 'this one (here)'.",,,naturalistic spoken,Ese i ta akí no vale náa.,Ese i ta akí <no vale náa>.,that which be here NEG worth nothing,"The literal meaning of ese i ta akí is 'that one that is here'. However, ese i ta akí is a common fixed expression essentially meaning simply 'this one (here)'.",Recorded by author,,4490,Spanish: Ese que está aquí no vale nada. +49-92,49,"M wè sa a, m pa wè lòt la.","M\twè\tsa\ta,\tm\tpa\twè\tlòt\tla.",1SG\tsee\tDEM\tSG\t1SG\tNEG\tsee\tother\tDEF,"I see that one there, I don't see the other one.",,"This was said about two pencils of which one is lost. +The demonstrative can always be substituted with the 3SG personal pronoun li. It is often pronounced [sa:] (with a long [a]) and has the same form as in the adnominal construction.",372[92],,naturalistic spoken,"M wè sa a, m pa wè lòt la.",,1SG see DEM SG 1SG NEG see other DEF,"This was said about two pencils of which one is lost. +The demonstrative can always be substituted with the 3SG personal pronoun li. It is often pronounced [sa:] (with a long [a]) and has the same form as in the adnominal construction.",,,4491,"French: Je vois celui-là, je ne vois pas l'autre." +49-93,49,M pa vle sa (menm)!,M\tpa\tvle\tsa\t(menm)!,1SG\tNEG\twant\tDEM\t(even),I don't want any of this!,,"An adult would severely says this sentence to two quarreling children. +There is no identical adnominal form.",372[93],,naturalistic spoken,M pa vle sa (menm)!,,1SG NEG want DEM (even),"An adult would severely says this sentence to two quarreling children. +There is no identical adnominal form.",,,4492,French: Je ne veux pas de ça! +50-54,50,Mwen enmé sila.,Mwen\tenmé\tsila.,1SG\tlike\tDEM,I like this one.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mwen enmé sila.,,1SG like DEM,,Own fieldwork,,4493, +50-55,50,Mwen enmé tala/sala.,Mwen\tenmé\ttala/sala.,1SG\tlike\tDEM,I like that one.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mwen enmé tala/sala.,,1SG like DEM,,Own fieldwork,,4494, +50-56,50,Mwen enmé madanm-lasa.,Mwen\tenmé\tmadanm-lasa.,1SG\tlove\twoman-DEM,I love this/that woman.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mwen enmé madanm-lasa.,,1SG love woman-DEM,,Own fieldwork,,4495, +51-54,51,Liv-tala entérésan.,Liv-tala\tentérésan.,book-DEM\tinteresting,This book is interesting.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Liv-tala entérésan.",,book-DEM interesting,,Own fieldwork,,4496, +51-55,51,Tala entérésan.,Tala\tentérésan.,DEM\tinteresting,This one is interesting.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Tala entérésan.",,DEM interesting,,Own fieldwork,,4497, +52-36,52,sa-a movè,sa-a\tmovè,DEM-DEF.ART\tbad,This one is bad.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"sa-a movè",,DEM-DEF.ART bad,,,,4498, +53-120,53,"dans-sa-la, le kokodri-sa-la","dans\tsala,\tle\tkokodri\tsala",dance\tDET.DEM\tART.DEF.PL\talligator\tDET.DEM,"this dance, these crocodiles",,,1048[135],,naturalistic spoken,"dans-sa-la, le kokodri-sa-la","dans sala, le kokodri sala",dance DET.DEM ART.DEF.PL alligator DET.DEM,,,,4499,"French: cette danse, ces crocodiles" +53-121,53,To ouâ pié ci là.,To\touâ\tpié\tcilà.,2PL\tsee\ttree\tDET.DEM.SG,You see this tree.,,,1049[11],,naturalistic written,To ouâ pié ci là.,To ouâ pié cilà.,2PL see tree DET.DEM.SG,,,,4500, +53-122,53,Komon ye pèl sila?,Komon\tye\tpèl\tsila?,how\t3PL\tcall\tDEM,How do they call this one?,,,1048[174],,naturalistic spoken,Komon ye pèl sila?,,how 3PL call DEM,,,,4501,French: Comment s'appelle celui-là? +53-123,53,Fô to soizi cilà to oulé.,Fô\tto\tsoizi\tcilà\tto\toulé.,have.to\t2SG\tchoose\tDEM\t2SG\twant,You have to choose the one you want.,,,1049[13],,naturalistic written,Fô to soizi cilà to oulé.,,have.to 2SG choose DEM 2SG want,,,,4502, +53-124,53,Tu sezla ki katolik monj pa l vjon dan karem.,Tu\tsezla\tki\tkatolik\tmonj\tpa\tl\tvjon\tdan\tkarem.,all\tDEM.PL\tREL\tcatholic\teat\tNEG\tART.DEF.SG\tmeat\tin\tLent,All those that are catholic don't eat meat during Lent.,,,1048[174],,naturalistic spoken,Tu sezla ki katolik monj pa l vjon dan karem.,,all DEM.PL REL catholic eat NEG ART.DEF.SG meat in Lent,,,,4503, +53-125,53,Mo gen en zye. Mo pa gen pase en. [...] Mo gen jis sa-la.,Mo\tgen\ten\tzye.\tMo\tpa\tgen\tpase\ten.\t[...]\tMo\tgen\tjis\tsala.,1SG\thave\tINDF.ART\teye\t1SG\tNEG\thave\tmore.than\tone\t[...]\t1SG\thave\tonly\tDEM,I have one eye. I don't have more than one. [...] I just have this one.,,,722[217],,naturalistic spoken,Mo gen en zye. Mo pa gen pase en. [...] Mo gen jis sa-la.,Mo gen en zye. Mo pa gen pase en. [...] Mo gen jis sala.,1SG have INDF.ART eye 1SG NEG have more.than one [...] 1SG have only DEM,,,,4504, +53-126,53,"Li gen en, en ti-fiy. E sa-la pa gen ditou li.","Li\tgen\ten,\ten\tti-fiy.\tE\tsala\tpa\tgen\tditou\tli.",3SG\thave\tART.INDF\tART.INDF\tlittle-girl\tand\tDEM\tNEG\thave\tat.all\t3SG,She has a daughter. And that one doesn't have (any children) at all.,,,722[217],,naturalistic spoken,"Li gen en, en ti-fiy. E sa-la pa gen ditou li.","Li gen en, en ti-fiy. E sala pa gen ditou li.",3SG have ART.INDF ART.INDF little-girl and DEM NEG have at.all 3SG,,,,4505, +53-127,53,Ye pa gen traka e sa-ye non plu.,Ye\tpa\tgen\ttraka\te\tsaye\tnon\tplu.,3PL\tNEG\thave\ttrouble\twith\tDEM.PL\tnot\tmore,"They don't have trouble with those (children), either.",,,722[217],,naturalistic spoken,Ye pa gen traka e sa-ye non plu.,Ye pa gen traka e saye non plu.,3PL NEG have trouble with DEM.PL not more,,,,4506, +53-128,53,Sa-ye ka read et ye ka ekri.,Saye\tka\t\tet\tye\tka\tekri.,DEM.PL\tcan\tread\tand\t3PL\tcan\twrite,Those (people) can read and write.,,,722[217],,naturalistic spoken,Sa-ye ka read et ye ka ekri.,Saye ka <read> et ye ka ekri.,DEM.PL can read and 3PL can write,,,,4507, +54-73,54,Sà i fé pá màl.,Sa\ti\tfe\tpa\tmal.,DEM\tFIN\tmake\tNEG\tbad,That does not hurt.,,This represents a pronominal use of sa.,214[109],,naturalistic spoken,Sà i fé pá màl.,Sa i fe pa mal.,DEM FIN make NEG bad,"This represents a pronominal use of sa.",,,4508,French: Ça ne fait pas mal. +54-74,54,se fanm la,së\tfanm\tla,DEM\twoman\tDEM,this/that woman,,,230[58],,naturalistic spoken,se fanm la,së fanm la,DEM woman DEM,,,,4509,French: cette femme(-là) +54-75,54,sa syen la,sa\tsyen\tla,DEM\tdog\tDEM,this/that dog,,This example represents an adnominal use of sa.,236[359],,naturalistic spoken,sa syen la,,DEM dog DEM,"This example represents an adnominal use of sa.",,,4510,French: ce chien +54-76,54,Sad la mi koné pa moi.,Sad\tla\tmi\tkone\tpa\tmwa.,DEM\tDEM\t1SG.FIN\tknow\tNEG\t1SG,This/that one I don't know.,,Sad la functions as a pronominal demonstrative.,229[164],,naturalistic spoken,Sad la mi koné pa moi.,Sad la mi kone pa mwa.,DEM DEM 1SG.FIN know NEG 1SG,"Sad la functions as a pronominal demonstrative.",,,4511,French: Celui-là je ne connais pas. +54-77,54,Sak la pa parti lékol; i koné pa lir.,Sak\tla\tpa\tparti\tlekol;\ti\tkone\tpa\tlir.,DEM\tDEM\tNEG\tgo\tschool\tFIN\tknow\tNEG\tread,This/that one does not go to school; he / she cannot read.,,Sak la functions as a pronominal demonstrative.,229[167],,naturalistic spoken,Sak la pa parti lékol; i koné pa lir.,Sak la pa parti lekol; i kone pa lir.,DEM DEM NEG go school FIN know NEG read,"Sak la functions as a pronominal demonstrative.",,,4512,French: Celui/Celle-ci/-là ne va pas à l'école; il/elle ne sait pas lire. +55-56,55,mo pli koṅtaṅ sa liv la,mo\tpli\tkoṅtaṅ\tsa\tliv\tla,1SG\tmore\tlike\tDEM\tbook\tDEF,I prefer that book.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo pli koṅtaṅ sa liv la",,1SG more like DEM book DEF,,Own knowledge,,4513, +55-57,55,mo pli koṅtaṅ sa — mo pli koṅtaṅ senla,mo pli koṅtaṅ sa — mo pli koṅtaṅ senla,1SG more like that   1SG more like that.one,I prefer that. — I prefer that one.,,senla ~ sanla derives historically from Fr. celle-là but there has always been a certain amount of l ~ n variation in the language which has led this to become senla (sanla) and to be reanalyzed as deriving from sa + en 'one' + la (locative) 'that one there' but its meaning today is simply 'this/that one'.,,,constructed by linguist,"mo pli koṅtaṅ sa — mo pli koṅtaṅ senla",,1SG more like that 1SG more like that.one,"senla ~ sanla derives historically from Fr. celle-là but there has always been a certain amount of l ~ n variation in the language which has led this to become senla (sanla) and to be reanalyzed as deriving from sa + en 'one' + la (locative) 'that one there' but its meaning today is simply 'this/that one'.",Own knowledge,,4514, +56-71,56,Me si bato i sanze sa i red.,Me\tsi\tbato\ti\tsanze\tsa\ti\tred.,but\tif\tboat\tPM\tchange\tDEM\tPM\trigid,"But if the boat changed side, that one was rigid.",,,158[174],,naturalistic spoken,"Me si bato i sanze sa i red.",,but if boat PM change DEM PM rigid,,,,4515,"French: Mais si le bateau changeait de côté, ce tuyau était raide. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 175)" +56-72,56,Sa enn pye anba la ti bon groser koko,Sa enn pye anba la ti bon groser koko,DEM one tree down there PST good coconut,This coconut tree over there had very thick coconuts.,,,158[92],,naturalistic spoken,"Sa enn pye anba la ti bon groser koko",,DEM one tree down there PST good coconut,,,,4516,French: Ce cocotier là-bas avait des noix d'une bonne grosseur. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 93) +56-73,56,(...) i pran sa enn ki anba son lebra.,(...)\ti\tpran\tsa\tenn\tki\tanba\tson\tlebra.,(...)\t3SG\ttake\tDEM\tone\tREL\tunder\t3SG.POSS\tarm,(...) he takes that one which is under his arm.,,,158[42],,naturalistic spoken,"(...) i pran sa enn ki anba son lebra.",,(...) 3SG take DEM one REL under 3SG.POSS arm,,,,4517,French: (...) il prend l'autre qui est sous son bras. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 43) +56-74,56,sa enn laba i mon frer,sa\tenn\tlaba\ti\tmon\tfrer,DEM\tone\tthere\tPM\t1SG.POSS\tbrother,This one over there is my brother.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"sa enn laba i mon frer",,DEM one there PM 1SG.POSS brother,,Own knowledge,,4518, +56-75,56,sennla laba i mon frer,sennla\tlaba\ti\tmon\tfrer,this.one\tthere\tPM\t1SG.POSS\tbrother,This one over there is my brother.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"sennla laba i mon frer",,this.one there PM 1SG.POSS brother,,Own knowledge,,4519, +57-37,57,ma ule mwaʃe sa-la,ma\tule\tmwaʃe\tsa-la,1SG\twant\teat\tthat-DEM/DEF,I want to eat this one.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ma ule mwaʃe sa-la,,1SG want eat that-DEM/DEF,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,4520, +58-42,58,Yandi yayi mene kwenda.,Yandi\tyayi\tmene\tkwenda.,he/she\there\tfinish\tleave,He/she has (just) left.,,"The two sentences differ in the way the referent is situated relative to the speaker, who also insists on the recency of the event.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi yayi mene kwenda.",,he/she here finish leave,"The two sentences differ in the way the referent is situated relative to the speaker, who also insists on the recency of the event.",Own knowledge,,4521, +58-43,58,Yandi yina mene kwenda.,Yandi\tyina\tmene\tkwenda.,he/she\tthere\tfinish\tleave,He/she has (just) left.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi yina mene kwenda.",,he/she there finish leave,,Own knowledge,,4522, +59-118,59,so amu vundu na mbi mingi,so\ta-mu\tvundu\tna\tmbi\tmingi,DEM\tPM-give\tgrief\tPREP\t1SG\tmuch,That grieves me a lot.,,,1320[71],,naturalistic spoken,so amu vundu na mbi mingi,so a-mu vundu na mbi mingi,DEM PM-give grief PREP 1SG much,,,,4523, +59-119,59,ake so?,a-ke\tso?,PM-COP\tDEM,Is it this?,,,1320[72],,naturalistic spoken,ake so?,a-ke so?,PM-COP DEM,,,,4524, +59-120,59,mbi ye so pepe,mbi\tye\tso\tpepe,1SG\tlike\tDEM\tNEG,I don't like that.,,,1320[72],,naturalistic spoken,mbi ye so pepe,,1SG like DEM NEG,,,,4525, +59-121,59,mbi sara yi so ngbangati so mbi ke zo voko,mbi\tsara\tyi\tso\tngbangati\tso\tmbi\tke\tzo\tvoko,1SG\tdo\tthing\tDEM\tbecause\tDEM\t1SG\tCOP\tperson\tblack,I do this because I'm an African.,,,1320[72],,naturalistic spoken,mbi sara yi so ngbangati so mbi ke zo voko,,1SG do thing DEM because DEM 1SG COP person black,,,,4526, +60-41,60,mobáli óyo; mobáli wâná,mobáli\tóyo;\tmobáli\twâná,man\tDEM\tman\tDEM,this man; that man,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mobáli óyo; mobáli wâná,,man DEM man DEM,,Own knowledge,,4527, +60-42,60,"baóyo bakwéyakí, baóyo wâná té́","ba-óyo\tba-kwéy-akí,\tba-óyo\twâná\tté́",PL-DEM\t3PL-fall-PST\tPL-DEM\tDEM\tNEG,"these ones fell, those ones not",,,1273,,elicited from speaker,"baóyo bakwéyakí, baóyo wâná té́","ba-óyo ba-kwéy-akí, ba-óyo wâná té́",PL-DEM 3PL-fall-PST PL-DEM DEM NEG,,,,4528, +61-26,61,Mina funa ló.,Mina\tfun-a\tló.,I\twant-V\tthat,I want that (one).,,Note the acute accent on lo signifying high tone.,,,elicited from speaker,"Mina funa ló.","Mina fun-a ló .",I want-V that,"Note the acute accent on lo signifying high tone.",Field notes Mesthrie,,4529, +61-27,61,Mina funa lo book.,Mina\tfun-a\tlo\tbook.,I\twant-V\tDEM\tbook,I want that book.,,There is high tone on lo.,,,elicited from speaker,"Mina funa lo book.",Mina fun-a lo book.,I want-V DEM book,"There is high tone on lo.",Field notes Mesthrie,,4530, +62-25,62,lukándo lukusá ní hú,lukando\tlu-kusa\tní\thú,wall\t11-bad\tis\tthat,The bad wall is that one.,,,,,elicited from speaker,lukándo lukusá ní hú,"lukando lu-kusa ní hú",wall 11-bad is that,,Own field data 1993,,4531, +62-26,62,mbuvá hú ní kíni,mbuva\thú\tní\tkíni,field\tthat\tis\ttheir,That field is theirs.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"mbuvá hú ní kíni",mbuva hú ní kíni,field that is their,,Own field data 1993,,4532, +63-57,63,wedé ya sókol al ána gi-kumbúka,wedé\tya\tsókol\tal\tána\tgi-kumbúka,DEM\tCOP\tthing\tREL\t1SG\tTAM-remember,That is what I remember.,,,857[352],,naturalistic spoken,"wedé ya sókol al ána gi-kumbúka",,DEM COP thing REL 1SG TAM-remember,,,,4533, +63-58,63,lakáta wedé,lakáta\twedé,tree\tDEM,this tree,,,622[32],,naturalistic spoken,"lakáta wedé",,tree DEM,,,,4534, +64-62,64,júa de kebír,júa\tde\tkebír,house\tDEM.PROX\tbig,This house is big.,,,874[177],,naturalistic spoken,"júa de kebír",,house DEM.PROX big,,,,4535, +64-63,64,de gísa basít,de\tgísa\tbasít,DEM.PROX\tstory\tsimple,This is a simple story.,,,874[103],,naturalistic spoken,"de gísa basít",,DEM.PROX story simple,,,,4536, +65-52,65,"I sioty kərasnə, eta iwo sam rasti.","I\tsioty\tkərasnə,\teta\tiwo\tsam\trasti.",and\tflower\tred\tDEM\t3SG\tself\tgrow,"And flowers are red, this one grows by itself.",,"This was said about different kinds of ginseng. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[267],,naturalistic spoken,"I sioty kərasnə, eta iwo sam rasti.",,and flower red DEM 3SG self grow,"This was said about different kinds of ginseng. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,"И сёты карасны, эта иво сам расти.",4537, +65-53,65,"Wot eta - topalia kara, wot eta - jolka kara.","Wot eta - topalia kara, wot eta - jolka kara.",here DEM   poplar bark here DEM   fir.tree bark,"This one is the bark of a poplar, that one is the bark of a fir tree.",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,1195[241],,naturalistic spoken,"Wot eta - topalia kara, wot eta - jolka kara.",,here DEM poplar bark here DEM fir.tree bark,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,,"Уот эта, тополя кора. Уот эта, ёлка кора.",4538, +65-54,65,eta liba pamikaj netu.,eta\tliba\tpamikaj\tnetu.,this\tfish\tdie\tNEG,The fish was alive.,,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,1195[221],,naturalistic spoken,eta liba pamikaj netu.,,this fish die NEG,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,,эта либа помилай нету.,4539, +66-36,66,Ini sapape bukpəðə? Go pe.,Ini\tsapa-pe\tbuk-pəðə?\tGo-pe.,DEM\twho-POSS\tbook-PL\t1SG-POSS,Whose books are these? Mine.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ini sapape bukpəðə? Go pe.,Ini sapa-pe buk-pəðə? Go-pe.,DEM who-POSS book-PL 1SG-POSS,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,4540, +67-74,67,itu selalu tinggla sini punya orang,itu\tselalu\ttinggla\tsini\tpunya\torang,this\talways\tlive\there\tREL\tperson,the people who always live here,,,708[112],,naturalistic spoken,itu selalu tinggla sini punya orang,,this always live here REL person,,,,4541, +67-75,67,Itu pon bole.,Itu\tpon\tbole.,DEM\talso\tcan,That can also do (lit. That also can).,,,708[346],,naturalistic spoken,Itu pon bole.,,DEM also can,,,,4542, +68-43,68,Dia seng percaya par dia pung mama pi di tampa itu.,Dia\tseng\tpercaya\tpar\tdia\tpung\tmama\tpi\tdi\ttampa\titu.,3SG\tNEG\tbelieve\tfor\t3SG\tPOSS\tmother\tgo\tLOC\tplace\tDEM,He didn't believe his mother would go to that place.,,,1178[633],,naturalistic spoken,"Dia seng percaya par dia pung mama pi di tampa itu.",,3SG NEG believe for 3SG POSS mother go LOC place DEM,,,,4543, +68-44,68,Itu seperti saja deng katong bilang pahlawan Maluku.,Itu\tseperti\tsaja\tdeng\tkatong\tbilang\tpahlawan\tMaluku.,DEM\tlike\tonly\twith\t1PL\tsay\thero\tMoluccas,It was like what we call a hero of the Moluccas.,,,1178[625],,naturalistic spoken,"Itu seperti saja deng katong bilang pahlawan Maluku.",,DEM like only with 1PL say hero Moluccas,,,,4544, +69-25,69,mən naŋga,mən\tnaŋga,3SG\twhere,Where is that?,,,,,elicited from speaker,"mən naŋga",,3SG where,,Own field notes 1985,,4545, +69-26,69,yəm mən murimbi tanan kakan,yəm\tmən\tmuri-mbi\tta-nan\tkakan,water\tthat/the?\trun-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT\tNEG,The/that water hasn't drained yet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"yəm mən murimbi tanan kakan",yəm mən muri-mbi ta-nan kakan,water that/the? run-DEP PROG-NONFUT NEG,,Own field notes 1985,,4546, +70-35,70,U hamar gar baito.,U\thamar\tgar\tbaito.,that\t1SG.POSS\thouse\tCOP,That's my house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,U hamar gar baito.,,that 1SG.POSS house COP,,Own knowledge,,4547, +71-57,71,"Oe hele, aole hana like pu kela.","Oe\thele,\taole\thana\tlikepu\tkela.",2SG\tgo\tNEG\tdo\tjust.like\tthat,"You had better leave, and don't do that. OR: You had better get off from here, and don't do that.",,The first translation is adapted from the source. The second is the translation given in the source material.,,,naturalistic written,"Oe hele, aole hana like pu kela.","Oe hele, aole hana likepu kela.",2SG go NEG do just.like that,The first translation is adapted from the source. The second is the translation given in the source material.,Own data 1888,,4548, +72-57,72,Nyila warlaku im gon kankula karntingka nyila biwalijayu.,Nyila\twarlaku\tim\tgon\tkankula\tkarnti-ngka\tnyila\tbi-walija-yu.,that\tdog\t3SG\tgo\tup\ttree-LOC\tthat\tbee-PAUC-DAT,That dog goes up the tree after the bees.,,These are two instances of adnominal demonstratives. Note that they are not case-marked though the nominal is case-marked.,583,89780314b7c3985e9f699283de9667f0,narrative,Nyila warlaku im gon kankula karntingka nyila biwalijayu.,Nyila warlaku im gon kankula karnti-ngka nyila bi-walija-yu.,that dog 3SG go up tree-LOC that bee-PAUC-DAT,These are two instances of adnominal demonstratives. Note that they are not case-marked though the nominal is case-marked.,,,4549, +72-58,72,Im gedim im na nyilangku.,Im\tged-im\tim\tna\tnyila-ngku.,3SG\tget-TR\t3SG\tFOC\tthat-ERG,That one gets it.,,Here the demonstrative is used as a pronominal demonstrative and receives case-marking.,8,,naturalistic spoken,Im gedim im na nyilangku.,Im ged-im im na nyila-ngku.,3SG get-TR 3SG FOC that-ERG,Here the demonstrative is used as a pronominal demonstrative and receives case-marking.,,,4550, +73-44,73,isiti pweblobiga pwirkuguna abinmi,isiti\tpweblo-bi-ga\tpwirku-guna\tabi-n-mi,this\ttown-LOC-TOP\tpig-PL\tEXIST-3-AFF,"In this town, there are pigs.",,This demonstrative marks an object near the speaker.,1033[63],,elicited from speaker,isiti pweblobiga pwirkuguna abinmi,isiti pweblo-bi-ga pwirku-guna abi-n-mi,this town-LOC-TOP pig-PL EXIST-3-AFF,This demonstrative marks an object near the speaker.,,,4551, +73-45,73,isi-da,isi-da,that-ACC,that one,,This demonstrative marks an object away from the speaker.,1036[207],,naturalistic spoken,isi-da,,that-ACC,This demonstrative marks an object away from the speaker.,,,4552, +74-50,74,úkuk man,úkuk\tman,this\tman,this man,,,,,constructed by linguist,úkuk man,,this man,,Own knowledge,,4553, +74-51,74,úkuk wam,úkuk\twam,this\twarm,This is warm.,,,,,constructed by linguist,úkuk wam,,this warm,,Own knowledge,,4554, +74-66,74,hayás úlman úkuk kánim,hayás\túlman\túkuk\tkánim,much\told\tthis\tcanoe,This canoe is very old.,,,595[12],,narrative,hayás úlman úkuk kánim,,much old this canoe,,,,4555, +74-186,74,uk-ílihi,uk-ílihi,the-earth,the earth,,,675[40],,narrative,uk-ílihi,,the-earth,,,,4556, +75-93,75,Pi ilave trwaa fiy ana kiiayaweew la faam.,Pi\til-ave\ttrwaa\tfiy\tana\tkii-ayaw-eew\tla\tfaam.,and\t3-have\tthree\tgirl\tDEM.ANIM.SG\tPST-have-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEF.ART.F\twoman,"And she had three daughters, this woman.",,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Pi ilave trwaa fiy ana kiiayaweew la faam.,Pi il-ave trwaa fiy ana kii-ayaw-eew la faam.,and 3-have three girl DEM.ANIM.SG PST-have-3.SBJ.3.OBJ DEF.ART.F woman,,,,4557, +75-94,75,Kiinipaahishin ana ahpo eetikwee.,Kii-nipaah-ishi-n\tana\tahpo\teetikwee.,PST-die-fall-3SG\tDEM.ANIM.SG.PROX\tor\tapparently,"Maybe he fell dead, I don't know.",,Ahpeetikwee is an idiom for 'I don't know'. Ana is a demonstrative often used as a personal pronoun.,522,,naturalistic spoken,Kiinipaahishin ana ahpo eetikwee.,Kii-nipaah-ishi-n ana ahpo eetikwee.,PST-die-fall-3SG DEM.ANIM.SG.PROX or apparently,"Ahpeetikwee is an idiom for 'I don't know'. Ana is a demonstrative often used as a personal pronoun.",,,4558, +1-93,1,dem somma na dissi kondre,den\tsoma\tna\tdisi\tkondre,DET.PL\tperson\tLOC\tthis\tcountry,the people in this country,,,1357[119],,written (dictionary),dem somma na dissi kondre,den soma na disi kondre,DET.PL person LOC this country,,,,4559,German: die Leute in diesem Land [op.cit.] +2-74,2,a man disi,a\tman\tdisi,the.SG\tman\tDEM,this man,,,,,constructed by linguist,"a man disi",,the.SG man DEM,,Winford transcripts,,4560, +2-75,2,a man dati,a\tman\tdati,the.SG\tman\tDEM,that man,,,,,constructed by linguist,"a man dati",,the.SG man DEM,,Winford transcripts,,4561, +4-54,4,a pikin ya,a\tpikin\tya,DET.SG\tchild\there,this child,,,568[67],,elicited from speaker,a pikin ya,,DET.SG child here,,,,4562, +4-55,4,a pikin de,a\tpikin\tde,DET.SG\tchild\tthere,that child,,,568[67],,elicited from speaker,a pikin de,,DET.SG child there,,,,4563, +4-56,4,a pikin anda,a\tpikin\tanda,DET.SG\tchild\tover.there,the child over there,,,568[67],,elicited from speaker,a pikin anda,,DET.SG child over.there,,,,4564, +5-58,5,dis buk ya,dis\tbuk\tya,this\tbook\there,this book,,,,,constructed by linguist,"dis buk ya",,this book here,,Own knowledge,,4565, +5-59,5,da buk de,da\tbuk\tde,that\tbook\tthere,that book,,,,,constructed by linguist,"da buk de",,that book there,,Own knowledge,,4566, +5-60,5,da chrii yanda vs. da chrii ova so,da\tchrii\tyanda\tvs.\tda\tchrii\tova\tso,that\ttree\tyonder\tvs.\tthat\ttree\tover\tso,that tree (over there),,,,,constructed by linguist,"da chrii yanda vs. da chrii ova so",,that tree yonder vs. that tree over so,,Own knowledge,,4567, +6-35,6,"dis, dat","dis,\tdat",DEM.PROX\tDEM.DIST,"this, that",,,,,constructed by linguist,"dis, dat",,DEM.PROX DEM.DIST,,Own knowledge,,4568, +7-87,7,I ga plenti piiplo ina dis hous ya.,I\tga\tplenti\tpiiplo\tin-a\tdis\thous\tya.,3SG.N\tget\tplenty\tpeople\tin-PCL\tDEM\thouse\there,There are many people in this house.,,3SG.N refers to the third person singular neutral subject pronoun. PCL refers to particle.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I ga plenti piiplo ina dis hous ya.,I ga plenti piiplo in-a dis hous ya.,3SG.N get plenty people in-PCL DEM house here,3SG.N refers to the third person singular neutral subject pronoun. PCL refers to particle.,Own knowledge,,4569, +7-88,7,Dem pikni de bin a fait wan anuhda.,Dem\tpikni\tde\tbin\ta\tfait\twan\tanuhda.,DEM\tchild\tthere\tPST\tPROG\tfight\tone\tanother,Those children were fighting against each other.,,,1244[92],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Dem pikni de bin a fait wan anuhda.",,DEM child there PST PROG fight one another,,,,4570, +7-89,7,dis pat ya,dis\tpat\tya,DEM\tpot\there,this pot,,The pot is within the speaker’s reach.,1244[150],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dis pat ya,,DEM pot here,The pot is within the speaker’s reach.,,,4571, +7-90,7,da pat de,da\tpat\tde,DEM\tpot\tthere,that pot,,The pot is within the hearer’s reach.,1244[150],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,da pat de,,DEM pot there,The pot is within the hearer’s reach.,,,4572, +7-91,7,da pat yaanda,da\tpat\tyaanda,DEM\tpot\tyonder,that pot far away,,The pot is far from both speaker and hearer.,1244[150],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,da pat yaanda,,DEM pot yonder,The pot is far from both speaker and hearer.,,,4573, +8-53,8,Dis-ya pen naa rait gud.,Dis-ya\tpen\tnaa\trait\tgud.,DEM-PROX\tpen\tNEG.PROG\twrite\tgood,This pen is not writing properly.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dis-ya pen naa rait gud.,,DEM-PROX pen NEG.PROG write good,,Own knowledge,,4574, +8-54,8,Dat-de pen naa rait gut.,Dat-de\tpen\tnaa\trait\tgut.,DEM-DIST\tpen\tNEG.PROG\twrite\tgood,That pen is not writing properly.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dat-de pen naa rait gut.,,DEM-DIST pen NEG.PROG write good,,Own knowledge,,4575, +9-65,9,ʃel gya Jimi di kantrak fu to dis baadj. Jimi respansibl fu de to dat kras.,ʃel\tgya\tJimi\tdi\tkantrak\tfu\tto\tdis\tbaadj.\tJimi\trespansibl\tfu\tde\tto\tdat\tkras.,Shell\tgive\tJimi\tthe\tcontract\tto\ttow\tthis\tbarge\tJimi\tresponsible\tfor\tPROG\ttow\tthat\tacross,Shell hired Jimmy to tow this barge. Jimmy was responsible for towing it across.,,"No distance contrast: dis baadj is not present, and is referred to as dat in the next proposition (to dat kras). The context is an event that occurred in the past (involving a barge).",438,,naturalistic spoken,ʃel gya Jimi di kantrak fu to dis baadj. Jimi respansibl fu de to dat kras.,,Shell give Jimi the contract to tow this barge Jimi responsible for PROG tow that across,"No distance contrast: dis baadj is not present, and is referred to as dat in the next proposition (to dat kras). The context is an event that occurred in the past (involving a barge).",,,4576, +9-66,9,Dat tiŋ we de pan yu nɛk dat a no blak koral?,Dat\ttiŋ\twe\tde\tpan\tyu\tnɛk\tdat\ta\tno\tblak\tkoral?,that\tthing\tREL\tPROG\tupon\tyour\tneck\tthat\tTOP\tNEG\tblack\tcoral,Isn't it black coral that you are wearing on your neck?,,Dat clearly has proximal value.,434,,naturalistic spoken,Dat tiŋ we de pan yu nɛk dat a no blak koral?,,that thing REL PROG upon your neck that TOP NEG black coral,"Dat clearly has proximal value.",,,4577, +10-72,10,Dis die him bok op Beda Naansi.,Dis\tdie\thim\tbok\top\tBeda\tNaansi.,DEM\tday\t3SG\tbuck\tup\tBrother\tAnansi,This day he ran into Brother Anansi.,,,113[60],,naturalistic spoken,"Dis die him bok op Beda Naansi.",,DEM day 3SG buck up Brother Anansi,,,,4578, +10-73,10,Disya leta da fi mi.,Dis-ya\tleta\tda\tfi\tmi.,DEM-EMPH\tletter\tFOC\tfor\t1SG,This (very) letter is for me/mine.,,,113[48],,elicited from speaker,"Disya leta da fi mi.",Dis-ya leta da fi mi.,DEM-EMPH letter FOC for 1SG,,,,4579, +10-74,10,dat buot,dat\tbuot,DEM\tboat,that boat,,,113[60],,naturalistic spoken,"dat buot",,DEM boat,,,,4580, +10-75,10,datde hous / dat house deh,dat.de hous / dat house de,DEM.EMPH house   DEM house DEM,that house (over there),,,,,elicited from speaker,"datde hous / dat house deh",dat.de hous / dat house de,DEM.EMPH house DEM house DEM,,Field notes 2008,,4581, +11-80,11,di ring,di\tring,DEM\tring,this ring,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,di ring,,DEM ring,,,,4582, +11-81,11,iin dat wie,iin\tdat\twie,in\tDEM\tway,in that way,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"iin dat wie",,in DEM way,,,,4583, +11-82,11,iina disya jongl,iina\tdis-ya\tjongl,in\tDEM-EMPH\tjungle,in this very jungle,,,,,naturalistic written,"iina disya jongl","iina dis-ya jongl",in DEM-EMPH jungle,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,4584, +11-83,11,dis hous; disya hous; dat hous; datde hous; dat hous de,dis\thous;\tdis-ya\thous;\tdat\thous;\tdat-de\thous;\tdat\thous\tde,DEM\thouse\tDEM-EMPH\thouse\tDEM\thous\tDEM-EMPH\thous\tDEM\thouse\tEMPH,this house; this very house; that house; that very house; that very house,,"Unfortunately, the construction dis hous ya was not elicited. According to Holm (1978: 279) it exists. In San Andrés Creole English it wouldn't be acceptable and it seems difficult to pronounce naturally.",,,elicited from speaker,"dis hous; disya hous; dat hous; datde hous; dat hous de",dis hous; dis-ya hous; dat hous; dat-de hous; dat hous de,DEM house DEM-EMPH house DEM hous DEM-EMPH hous DEM house EMPH,"Unfortunately, the construction dis hous ya was not elicited. According to Holm (1978: 279) it exists. In San Andrés Creole English it wouldn't be acceptable and it seems difficult to pronounce naturally.",Nicaragua project questionnaire,,4585, +12-69,12,"You see, they ain't like these young people these days, they don't want work nohow, not these day. You see, they ain't want work nohow. [...] Them days, when I was small, we want work. In these day - them days, these - they - they don't want work.",[...] these days [...] these day [...] Them days [...].,[...] DEM day.PL [...] DEM day [PL] [...] DEM day.PL [...],"[...] young people today, they don’t want to work [...] In those days, when I was small, we wanted to work [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"You see, they ain't like these young people these days, they don't want work nohow, not these day. You see, they ain't want work nohow. [...] Them days, when I was small, we want work. In these day - them days, these - they - they don't want work.","[...] these days [...] these day [...] Them days [...].",[...] DEM day.PL [...] DEM day [PL] [...] DEM day.PL [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4586, +12-70,12,"When I been home - I christen in that when I was - in 1916 I born. I christen in that church, and I been back home, and I used to look and I walk in the church ... I say, This the church I christen in. From a baby.",[...]\tin\tthat\t[...]\tin\tthat\tchurch\t[...].\tThis\tthe\tchurch\t[...].,[...]\tin\tDEM\t[...]\tin\tDEM\tchurch\t[...]\tDEM\tART\tchurch\t[...],[...] I was christened in that [church] [...]. This is the church I was christened in [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"When I been home - I christen in that when I was - in 1916 I born. I christen in that church, and I been back home, and I used to look and I walk in the church ... I say, This the church I christen in. From a baby.","[...] in that [...] in that church [...]. This the church [...].",[...] in DEM [...] in DEM church [...] DEM ART church [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4587, +13-60,13,dat ting,dat\tting,DEM.DIST\tthing,that thing,,,1500[264],,naturalistic spoken,dat ting,,DEM.DIST thing,,,,4588, +13-61,13,dis right-han side,dis\tright-han\tside,DEM.PROX\tright-hand\tside,this right-hand side,,,1500[272],,naturalistic spoken,"dis right-han side",,DEM.PROX right-hand side,,,,4589, +13-62,13,This here child win the prize.,This\there\tchild\twin\tthe\tprize.,DEM\there\tchild\twin\tthe\tprize,This child here won the prize.,,,330[25],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,This here child win the prize.,,DEM here child win the prize,,,,4590, +14-43,14,This hat belong to me.,This\that\tbelong\tto\tme.,DEM\that\tbelong\tto\tme,This hat belongs to me.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,This hat belong to me.,,DEM hat belong to me,,Own knowledge,,4591, +14-44,14,That hat belong to him.,That\that\tbelong\tto\thim.,DEM\that\tbelongs\tto\thim,That hat belongs to him.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,That hat belong to him.,,DEM hat belongs to him,,Own knowledge,,4592, +15-53,15,dis man,dis\tman,DEM\tman,this man,,"Alternatively, one could say /dis man ya/ to mean the same thing.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dis man,,DEM man,"Alternatively, one could say /dis man ya/ to mean the same thing.",Own knowledge,,4593, +15-54,15,da man de,da\tman\tde,DEM\tman\tLOC,that man,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,da man de,,DEM man LOC,,Own knowledge,,4594, +19-56,19,di hos; di hos ya,di\thos;\tdi\thos\tya,this\thouse\tthis\thouse\there,this house; this house here,,,,,constructed by linguist,"di hos; di hos ya",,this house this house here,,Own knowledge,,4595, +19-57,19,dan hos; dan hos de; dan hos yàndá,dan\thos;\tdan\thos\tde;\tdan\thos\tyàndá,that\thouse\tthat\thouse\tthere\tthat\thouse\tyonder,that house; that house there; that house over there,,,,,constructed by linguist,"dan hos; dan hos de; dan hos yàndá",,that house that house there that house yonder,,Own knowledge,,4596, +20-45,20,Takee milkee give that piecee gentleman.,Takee\tmilkee\tgive\tthat\tpiecee\tgentleman.,take\tmilk\tgive\tDEM\tCLF\tgentleman,Pass the milk to that gentleman.,,,1489[VI.41],,naturalistic written,Takee milkee give that piecee gentleman.,,take milk give DEM CLF gentleman,,,忒其未厘其刦咧卑士毡地文,4597, +21-43,21,this person,this\tperson,DEM\tperson,this person,,,,,constructed by linguist,this person,,DEM person,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,4598, +21-44,21,that person,that\tperson,DEM\tperson,that person,,,,,constructed by linguist,that person,,DEM person,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,4599, +22-60,22,Mi stap long dispela haus.,Mi\tstap\tlong\tdispela\thaus.,1SG\tstay\tPREP\tthis/that\thouse,I stay in this/that house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mi stap long dispela haus.,,1SG stay PREP this/that house,,Own knowledge,,4600, +25-183,25,Yuno wot kain dij G.,Yuno\twot\tkain\tdij\tG.,you_know\twhat\tkind\tPROX\tG.,You know what kind (of person) this G. is. (In the context: He's the kind of person who always gets frightened.),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the proximal demonstrative dij in adnominal function.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Yuno wot kain dij G.",,you_know what kind PROX G.,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the proximal demonstrative dij in adnominal function.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,4601, +25-184,25,"Im ken tok tharran tu, wen im kamap.","Im\tken\ttok\ttharran\ttu,\twen\tim\tkamap.",3SG\tcan\ttalk\tDIST:ADJ\ttoo\twhen\t3SG\tcome,"He can talk too, that one, when he comes.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the distal demonstrative tharran 'that' in pronominal function, and the use of the focus particle tu 'too'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Im ken tok tharran tu, wen im kamap.",,3SG can talk DIST:ADJ too when 3SG come,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the distal demonstrative tharran 'that' in pronominal function, and the use of the focus particle tu 'too'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,4602, +25-185,25,"Jalgbirriny, thet rait hen said.","Jalgbirriny,\tthet\trait\then\tsaid.",right.side\tDEM\tright\thand\tside,"Jalgbirriny, that [means] right hand side.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the text deictic use of the recognitional demonstrative thet/jed. Jalgbirriny is a Jaminjung word.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Jalgbirriny, thet rait hen said.",,right.side DEM right hand side,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the text deictic use of the recognitional demonstrative thet/jed. Jalgbirriny is a Jaminjung word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,4603, +26-43,26,a gɔn klin ɔf dæd læn,a\tgɔn\tklin\tɔf\tdæd\tlæn,1SG\tFUT\tclean\toff\tDEM\tland,I'll clean off that land.,,,1545[64],,naturalistic spoken,a gɔn klin ɔf dæd læn,,1SG FUT clean off DEM land,,,,4604, +27-36,27,Ekeren fa roto sa mata di dungku da.,Ekeren\tfa\troto\tsa\tmata\tdi\tdungku\tda.,each\tof\trat\tFUT\tkill\tDET\tnight\tthere,Every rat would be killed that night.,,,355[30],,naturalistic spoken,Ekeren fa roto sa mata di dungku da.,,each of rat FUT kill DET night there,,,,4605, +28-68,28,di N di / dida,di N di / dida,the N this   that,this N / that N,,,737[155],,constructed by linguist,di N di / dida,di N di / dida,the N this that,,,,4606, +29-58,29,hierdie/dié man,hierdie/dié\tman,PROX.DEM\tman,this man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,hierdie/dié man,,PROX.DEM man,,Own knowledge,,4607, +29-59,29,daardie man,daardie\tman,DIST.DEM\tman,that man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,daardie man,,DIST.DEM man,,Own knowledge,,4608, +30-73,30,"Kel lápis li ê di meu, kel (lápis) la ê di bo.","Kel=lápis\tli\tê\tdi.meu,\tkel\t(lápis)\tla\tê\tdi=bo.",DEM.SG=pencil\there\tbe\t1SG.POSS\tDEM.SG\t(pencil)\tthere\tbe\tof=2SG,"This pencil belongs to me, that (pencil) belongs to you.",,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Kel lápis li ê di meu, kel (lápis) la ê di bo.","Kel=lápis li ê di.meu, kel (lápis) la ê di=bo.",DEM.SG=pencil here be 1SG.POSS DEM.SG (pencil) there be of=2SG,,,,4609,"German: Dieser Bleistift hier gehört mir, jener (Bleistift) dort gehört dir." +30-74,30,Es lápis li ê di meu.,Es=lápis\tli\tê\tdi.meu.,DEM=pencil\there\tbe\t1SG.POSS,This pencil belongs to me.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Es lápis li ê di meu.,Es=lápis li ê di.meu.,DEM=pencil here be 1SG.POSS,,,,4610, +32-46,32,Vint y tres d'es mes [...].,Vint\ty\ttres\tde\tes\tmes\t[...].,twenty\tand\tthree\tof\tPROX.SG\tmonth\t[...],On the twenty-third of this month [...].,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Vint y tres d'es mes [...].",Vint y tres de es mes [...].,twenty and three of PROX.SG month [...],,,,4611,Portuguese: No dia vinte e três deste mês [...]. +32-47,32,"Y kel altura asin, bosê tinha fidj?","Y\tkel\taltura\tasin,\tbosê\ttinha\tfidj?",and\tDIST\ttime\tlike\t2SG.POL\thave.PST\tchild,"And at that time, did you have children?",,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Y kel altura asin, bosê tinha fidj?",,and DIST time like 2SG.POL have.PST child,,,,4612,"Portuguese: E naquela altura, o senhor tinha filhos?" +33-67,33,e omi,e\tomi,this\tman,this man,,,715[137],,naturalistic spoken,e omi,,this man,,,,4613,Portuguese: este homem +33-68,33,kil omi,kil\tomi,that\tman,that man,,Kil omi la 'that man there' is farther away than kil omi.,715[137],,naturalistic spoken,kil omi,,that man,"Kil omi la 'that man there' is farther away than kil omi.",,,4614,Portuguese: esse homem +33-69,33,kil omi la,kil\tomi\tla,that\tman\tthere,that man (over) there,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,kil omi la,,that man there,,Own knowledge,,4615,Portuguese: aquele homem +34-9,34,e kasa-li,e\tkasa-li,DEM\thouse-here,this house,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"e kasa-li",,DEM house-here,,Own knowledge,,4616, +34-192,34,e/ke(l) kasa-la,e/ke(l)\tkasa-la,DEM\thouse-there,that house,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"e/ke(l) kasa-la",,DEM house-there,,Own knowledge,,4617, +35-77,35,floli se ku sa ai,floli\tse\tku\tsa\tai,flower\tDEM\tREL\tbe\there,this flower,,,498[74],,naturalistic written,floli se ku sa ai,,flower DEM REL be here,,,,4618, +35-78,35,floli se ku sa ala,floli\tse\tku\tsa\tala,flower\tDEM\tREL\tbe\tthere,that flower,,,498[74],,naturalistic written,floli se ku sa ala,,flower DEM REL be there,,,,4619, +35-79,35,ke sai,ke\tsai,house\there,this house (here),,"According to Ferraz (1979: 74), ke sai is derived from the relative structure ke se ku sa ai [house DEM REL is here]. An alternative approach would be to claim that it is derived from ke se ai [house DEM here].",,,elicited from speaker,ke sai,,house here,"According to Ferraz (1979: 74), ke sai is derived from the relative structure ke se ku sa ai [house DEM REL is here]. An alternative approach would be to claim that it is derived from ke se ai [house DEM here].",Own data,,4620, +35-80,35,ke sala,ke\tsala,house\tthere,that house (there),,"According to Ferraz (1979: 74), this form is derived from the relative structure ke se ku sa ala [house DEM REL is there]. An alternative approach would be to claim that it is derived from ke se ala [house DEM there].",,,elicited from speaker,ke sala,,house there,"According to Ferraz (1979: 74), this form is derived from the relative structure ke se ku sa ala [house DEM REL is there]. An alternative approach would be to claim that it is derived from ke se ala [house DEM there].",Own data,,4621, +36-44,36,moto ngai dhe,moto\tngai\tdhe,motorbike\tbig\tDEM,this big motorbike,,,901[43],,elicited from speaker,"moto ngai dhe",,motorbike big DEM,,,,4622, +36-45,36,moto si ngai / moto si-dhe ngai / moto si ngai dhe,moto si ngai / moto si-dhe ngai / moto si ngai dhe,motorbike DEM big   motorbike DEM-DEM big   motorbike DEM big DEM,that motorbike,,"The demonstrative si may refer alone or together with the proximal demonstrative dhe to an intermediate distance; if the noun is modified by an adjective, si-dhe may be adjacent to the noun or split up; si must always follow the noun.",901[43],,elicited from speaker,"moto si ngai / moto si-dhe ngai / moto si ngai dhe",,motorbike DEM big motorbike DEM-DEM big motorbike DEM big DEM,"The demonstrative si may refer alone or together with the proximal demonstrative dhe to an intermediate distance; if the noun is modified by an adjective, si-dhe may be adjacent to the noun or split up; si must always follow the noun.",,,4623, +36-46,36,moto si-dha ngai / moto si ngai dha,moto si-dha ngai / moto si ngai dha,motorbike DEM-DEM big   moto DEM big DEM,that motorbike (far away),,See Example 45.,901[43],,elicited from speaker,"moto si-dha ngai / moto si ngai dha",,motorbike DEM-DEM big moto DEM big DEM,See Example 45.,,,4624, +37-48,37,"Ine ningê sê, ine rupê.","Ine\tningê\tsê,\tine\trupê.",PL\tpeople\tPROX\t3PL\twhite,"These people [here], they are whites.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ine ningê sê, ine rupê.",,PL people PROX 3PL white,,Own knowledge,,4625, +37-49,37,"Ine ningê ixila, ine rupê.","Ine\tningê\tixila,\tine\trupê.",PL\tpeople\tDIST\t3PL\twhite,"Those people [over there], they are whites.",,"The distal adnominal demonstrative has two forms, xila or ixila, which are free variants. As a pronoun, only the form ixila is used.",905[35],,elicited from speaker,"Ine ningê ixila, ine rupê.",,PL people DIST 3PL white,"The distal adnominal demonstrative has two forms, xila or ixila, which are free variants. As a pronoun, only the form ixila is used.",,,4626, +38-57,38,lala famozusay,lala\tfamozu-sai,beach\tbeautiful-DEM,this beautiful beach,,,,,elicited from speaker,lala famozusay,lala famozu-sai,beach beautiful-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1990,,4627, +38-58,38,lalasala,lala-sala,beach-DEM,that beach,,,,,elicited from speaker,lalasala,lala-sala,beach-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1990,,4628, +39-70,39,"Aki aki, nə es igrej.","Aki\taki,\tnə\tes\tigrej.",here\there\tLOC\tPROX\tchurch,"Right here, in this church.",,,221[126],,naturalistic spoken,"Aki aki, nə es igrej.",,here here LOC PROX church,,,,4629, +40-42,40,ye pɔrt,ye\tpɔrt,this\tdoor,this door,,,265[101],,constructed by linguist,"ye pɔrt",,this door,,,,4630, +40-43,40,əkə pɔrt,əkə\tpɔrt,that\tdoor,that door,,,265[101],,constructed by linguist,"əkə pɔrt",,that door,,,,4631, +42-55,42,aké prau pezadu,aké\tprau\tpezadu,that\tboat\theavy,The/That boat is heavy.,,,122[87],,naturalistic spoken,"aké prau pezadu",,that boat heavy,,,,4632, +42-56,42,isti prau teng buraku,isti\tprau\tteng\tburaku,this\tboat\thave\thole,The/This boat has a hole in it.,,,122[87],,naturalistic spoken,"isti prau teng buraku",,this boat have hole,,,,4633, +43-38,43,isti belu,isti\tbelu,this\told,this old man,,,906[25],,pedagogical grammar,"isti belu",,this old,,,,4634, +43-39,43,akel sepultura,akel\tsepultura,DEM\ttomb,that tomb,,,906[26],,pedagogical grammar,"akel sepultura",,DEM tomb,,,,4635, +44-67,44,Ya kebráw ésti máno.,Ya\tkebráw\tésti\tmáno.,PFV\tbroken\tthis\thand,This hand was broken.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ya kebráw ésti máno.,,PFV broken this hand,,Own data,,4636, +44-68,44,ése mánga mutʃátʃa,ése\tmánga\tmutʃátʃa,that\tPL\tgirl,those girls,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ése mánga mutʃátʃa,,that PL girl,,Own data,,4637,Spanish: esas muchachas +44-69,44,"akél palábra ""embarká""","akél\tpalábra\t""embarká""",that\tword\tembarká,"that word ""embarká""",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"akél palábra ""embarká""",,that word embarká,,Own data,,4638, +45-58,45,Esti libro ya prepara para insiña Chavacano para pudi platica y sabi el lenguaje del Caviteño.,Esti\tlibro\tya\tprepara\tpara\tinsiña\tChavacano\tpara\tpudi\tplatica\ty\tsabi\tel\tlenguaje\tdel\tCaviteño.,this\tbook\tPFV\tprepare\tfor\tteach\tChabacano\tfor\tcan\tspeak\tand\tknow\tDEF\tlanguage\tof\tCaviteño,This book was prepared to teach Chabacano for speaking and knowing the language of the Caviteños.,,,137[1],,naturalistic written,Esti libro ya prepara para insiña Chavacano para pudi platica y sabi el lenguaje del Caviteño.,,this book PFV prepare for teach Chabacano for can speak and know DEF language of Caviteño,,,,4639, +45-59,45,Aquel gallo que ta mira tu alla ya pirdi mucho pluma na sabong.,Aquel\tgallo\tque\tta\tmira\ttu\talla\tya\tpirdi\tmucho\tpluma\tna\tsabong.,that\tcock\tthat\tIPFV\tsee\t2SG\tthere\tPFV\tloose\tmany\tfeather\tLOC\tcockfight,That cock you see over there lost many feathers in the fight.,,Pluma also exists in Tagalog (see English 1986: 1059).,,,elicited from speaker,Aquel gallo que ta mira tu alla ya pirdi mucho pluma na sabong.,,that cock that IPFV see 2SG there PFV loose many feather LOC cockfight,"Pluma also exists in Tagalog (see English 1986: 1059).","Librada Llamado, p.c.",,4640, +46-71,46,éste kása,éste\tkása,this\thouse,this house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,éste kása,,this house,,Own knowledge,,4641, +46-72,46,(a)kél kása,(a)kél\tkása,that\thouse,that house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,(a)kél kása,,that house,,Own knowledge,,4642, +46-73,46,Ya-enkontrá yo konése dimíyo marído.,Ya-enkontrá\tyo\tkonése\tdimíyo\tmarído.,PFV-meet\t1SG\tOBJ.that\tmy\thusband,I met that my husband.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ya-enkontrá yo konése dimíyo marído.",,PFV-meet 1SG OBJ.that my husband,,Own knowledge,,4643, +47-63,47,Ela papia tokante e asuntu ei.,El\ta\tpapia\ttokante\te\tasuntu\tei.,3SG\tPFV\tspeak\tconcerning\tDEF\tmatter\tDEM.NPROX,S/he spoke concerning that matter.,,The translation is mine.,869[25],,published source,Ela papia tokante e asuntu ei.,El a papia tokante e asuntu ei.,3SG PFV speak concerning DEF matter DEM.NPROX,The translation is mine.,,,4644, +48-50,48,Akí kasa suto asé bibí bien.,Akí\tkasa\tsuto\tasé\tbibí\tbien.,here\thouse\twe\tHAB\tlive\twell,In this house we live well.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Akí kasa suto asé bibí bien.",,here house we HAB live well,,Own knowledge,,4645,Spanish: En esta casa vivimos bien. +48-51,48,Aí kasa suto asé bibí bien.,Aí\tkasa\tsuto\tasé\tbibí\tbien.,there\thouse\twe\tHAB\tlive\twell,In that house we live well.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Aí kasa suto asé bibí bien.,,there house we HAB live well,,Own knowledge,,4646,Spanish: En esa/aquella casa vivimos bien. +48-52,48,Ese monasito ta emfemmo.,Ese\tmonasito\tta\temfemmo.,this\tchild\tbe\tsick,This child is sick.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ese monasito ta emfemmo.,,this child be sick,,Recorded by author,,4647,Spanish: Es(t)e niño está enfermo. +48-53,48,¿Bo a kuchá aké kusa?,¿Bo\ta\tkuchá\také\tkusa?,you.SG\tPST\thear\tthat\tthing,Have you heard/understood that?,,"The use of aké is far less common than that of ese 'that', a high frequency item in the creole.",,,naturalistic spoken,¿Bo a kuchá aké kusa?,,you.SG PST hear that thing,"The use of aké is far less common than that of ese 'that', a high frequency item in the creole.",Recorded by author,,4648,Spanish: ¿Vos (usted) oyó/entendió aquella cosa (= eso)? +48-54,48,Ese fóforo akí sibirí nu.,Ese\tfóforo\takí\tsibirí\tnu.,this\tmatch\there\tserve\tNEG,This match is no good. OR: This match is of no use.,,Note that the demonstrative is here expressed by two elements: ese lit. 'that' and akí lit. 'here'.,,,naturalistic spoken,Ese fóforo akí sibirí nu.,,this match here serve NEG,"Note that the demonstrative is here expressed by two elements: ese lit. 'that' and akí lit. 'here'.",Recorded by author,,4649,Spanish: Ese fósforo no sirve. +49-94,49,"Mwen vle mango sa a, mwen pa vle fig sa a.","Mwen\tvle\tmango\tsa\ta,\tmwen\tpa\tvle\tfig\tsa\ta.",1SG\twant\tmango\tDEM\tSG\t1SG\tNEG\twant\tbanana\tDEM\tSG,"I want this mango, not this banana.",,This was said in front of a merchant stall.,,,constructed by linguist,"Mwen vle mango sa a, mwen pa vle fig sa a.",,1SG want mango DEM SG 1SG NEG want banana DEM SG,This was said in front of a merchant stall.,Own knowledge,,4650,"French: Je veux cette mangue, pas cette banane." +49-95,49,"chat sila a, chat sila yo","chat\tsila\ta,\tchat\tsila\tyo",cat\tDEM\tSG\tcat\tDEM\tPL,"this cat, these cats",,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map and comment 1981).","473[vol. 2, p. 845]",,naturalistic spoken,"chat sila a, chat sila yo",,cat DEM SG cat DEM PL,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map and comment 1981).",,,4651,"French: ce chat, ces chats" +49-96,49,ane isit la; peyi isit la; chat isi ya,ane\tisit\tla;\tpeyi\tisit\tla;\tchat\tisi\tya,year\there\tDEF\tcountry\there\tDEF\tcat\there\tDEF,this year; this country; this cat,,,477[42-45],,naturalistic spoken,ane isit la; peyi isit la; chat isi ya,,year here DEF country here DEF cat here DEF,,,,4652,French: cette année; ce pays; ce chat +50-57,50,kaz-lasa,kaz-lasa,house-DEM,this house / that house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kaz-lasa,,house-DEM,,Own fieldwork,,4653, +51-56,51,kay-tala,kay-tala,house-DEM,this house OR: that house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"kay-tala",,house-DEM,,Own fieldwork,,4654, +52-4,52,mo kontan sa liv-la-a,mo\tkontan\tsa\tliv-la-a,I\tlike\tDEM\tbook-DEF-DEF,I like that book.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mo kontan sa liv-la-a,,I like DEM book-DEF-DEF,,Own knowledge,,4655, +53-129,53,Eou twa to tande parle pou dans-sa-la?,Eou\ttwa\tto\ttande\tparle\tpou\tdans\tsala?,where\t2SG\t2SG\thear\tspeak\tfor\tdance\tDET.DEM,Where did you hear about this/that dance?,,,1048[135],,naturalistic spoken,Eou twa to tande parle pou dans-sa-la?,Eou twa to tande parle pou dans sala?,where 2SG 2SG hear speak for dance DET.DEM,,,,4656,French: Où as-tu entendu parler de cette danse? +54-78,54,se boug la,së\tboug\tla,DEM\tman\tDEM,this/that man,,,230[58],,naturalistic spoken,se boug la,së boug la,DEM man DEM,,,,4657,French: ce type(-là) +54-79,54,sé trwa dat la,se\ttrwa\tdat\tla,DEM.PL\tthree\tdate\tDEM,these/those three dates,,,230[58],,naturalistic spoken,sé trwa dat la,se trwa dat la,DEM.PL three date DEM,,,,4658,French: ces trois dates(-là) +55-58,55,sa lakaz la,sa\tlakaz\tla,this/that\thouse\tthe,this house OR: that house,,"See general comments on Feature 33 ""Distance contrasts in demonstratives"".",,,constructed by linguist,"sa lakaz la",,this/that house the,"See general comments on Feature 33 ""Distance contrasts in demonstratives"".",Own knowledge,,4659, +58-44,58,Mono ke na mukanda yina.,Mono\tke\tna\tmukanda\tyina.,me\tbe\tCONN\tbook\tthat,I have that book.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono ke na mukanda yina.,,me be CONN book that,,Own knowledge,,4660, +59-122,59,"amelenge ni ka, ala ke na yoro alingbi ape","a-melenge\tni\tka,\tala\tke\tna\tyoro\ta-lingbi\tape",PL-child\tDET\tthere\t3PL\tCOP\tPREP\tcharm\tPM-be.equal\tNEG,"The kids over there, they have an awful lot of charms.",,,1320[80],,naturalistic spoken,"amelenge ni ka, ala ke na yoro alingbi ape","a-melenge ni ka, ala ke na yoro a-lingbi ape",PL-child DET there 3PL COP PREP charm PM-be.equal NEG,,,,4661, +59-123,59,fade mo gwe na mbi ka,fade\tmo\tgwe\tna\tmbi\tka,immediately\t2SG\tgo\tPREP\t1SG\tthere,You'll go with me there.,,This illustrates the adverbial function of ka.,1320[241],,naturalistic spoken,fade mo gwe na mbi ka,,immediately 2SG go PREP 1SG there,"This illustrates the adverbial function of ka.",,,4662, +60-43,60,mobáli óyo,mobáli\tóyo,man\tDEM,this man,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mobáli óyo,,man DEM,,Own knowledge,,4663, +60-44,60,mobáli wâná,mobáli\twâná,man\tDEM,that man,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mobáli wâná,,man DEM,,Own knowledge,,4664, +61-28,61,"Lò umfan ai enzile lo into, ló umfan yena enzile.","Lo\tumfan\tai\tenz-ile\tlo\tinto,\tlo\tumfan\tyena\tenzi-le.",this(L)\tboy\tNEG\tdo-PST\tDEF.ART\tthing\tthat(H)\tboy\the\tdo-PST,This boy didn't do the thing; that boy did. OR: This boy didn't do it; it's that boy who did.,,There are three occcurrences of lo here. The first is with low tone for proximal demonstrative; the second is neutral for defintie article; the third is high tone for distal demonstrative.,,,elicited from speaker,"Lò umfan ai enzile lo into, ló umfan yena enzile.","Lo umfan ai enz-ile lo into, lo umfan yena enzi-le.",this(L) boy NEG do-PST DEF.ART thing that(H) boy he do-PST,"There are three occcurrences of lo here. The first is with low tone for proximal demonstrative; the second is neutral for defintie article; the third is high tone for distal demonstrative.",Field notes Mesthrie,,4665, +62-27,62,luhigé lukuhló ní yá,luhige\tlu-kuhlo\tní\tyá,door\t11-nice\tis\tthis,The good door is this.,,,,,elicited from speaker,luhigé lukuhló ní yá,luhige lu-kuhlo ní yá,door 11-nice is this,,Own field data 1993,,4666, +62-28,62,lukándo ká ní lwá míndá ghó,lukando\tká\tní\tlú-a\tminda\tghó,wall\tDEM2\tis\t11-POSS\thouse\tmy,This wall is the one of my room.,,,,,elicited from speaker,lukándo ká ní lwá míndá ghó,lukando ká ní lú-a minda ghó,wall DEM2 is 11-POSS house my,,Own field data 1993,,4667, +63-59,63,má fí báhar bakán náde,má\tfí\tbáhar\tbakán\tnáde,NEG\tEXIST\tsea\tplace\tDET,There is no sea in that area.,,,857[186],,naturalistic spoken,"má fí báhar bakán náde",,NEG EXIST sea place DET,,,,4668, +63-60,63,kídma fi béle de fí táb,kídma\tfi\tbéle\tde\tfí\ttáb,work\tin\tcountry\tthis\tis\tdifficulty,Working in this country is difficult.,,,857[184],,naturalistic spoken,"kídma fi béle de fí táb",,work in country this is difficulty,,,,4669, +64-64,64,anína biágder árif hája de batál wa hája dak kwes,anína\tbi=ágder\tárif\thája\tde\tbatál\twa\thája\tdak\tkwes,1PL\tIRR=can\tknow\tthing\tDEM.PROX\tbad\tand\tthing\tDEM.DIST\tgood,We can know that this is bad and that is good.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"anína biágder árif hája de batál wa hája dak kwes","anína bi=ágder árif hája de batál wa hája dak kwes",1PL IRR=can know thing DEM.PROX bad and thing DEM.DIST good,,Own knowledge,,4670, +64-65,64,záman de záman dak,záman\tde\tzáman\tdak,time\tDEM.PROX\ttime\tDEM.DIST,"now, once",,,,,constructed by linguist,záman de záman dak,,time DEM.PROX time DEM.DIST,,Own knowledge,,4671, +66-37,66,ini kendera,ini\tkendera,this\tchair,this chair,,,,,elicited from speaker,ini kendera,,this chair,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,4672, +66-38,66,ittu kendera,ittu\tkendera,DEM\tchair,that chair,,,,,elicited from speaker,ittu kendera,,DEM chair,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,4673, +66-39,66,atiyang kendera,atiyang\tkendera,DEM.DIST\tchair,that chair that is out of the speaker’s sight,,,,,elicited from speaker,atiyang kendera,,DEM.DIST chair,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,4674, +66-40,66,inina sitaarekring aða kendera,ini-na\tsi-taarek-ring\tAðA\tkendera,DEM-DAT\tPST-pull-ABL\tAUX\tchair,"this chair that is out of the speaker’s sight, but closer than another chair that is both out of the speaker’s sight and farther away from the speaker",,,,,elicited from speaker,"inina sitaarekring aða kendera",ini-na si-taarek-ring AðA kendera,DEM-DAT PST-pull-ABL AUX chair,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,4675, +66-41,66,ittuna sitaarekring aða kendera,ittu-na\tsi-taarek-ring\taða\tkendera,DEM-DAT\tPST-pull-ABL\tAUX\tchair,"that chair that is out of the speaker’s sight, but farther from the speaker than another chair that is out of the speaker’s sight",,,,,elicited from speaker,"ittuna sitaarekring aða kendera",ittu-na si-taarek-ring aða kendera,DEM-DAT PST-pull-ABL AUX chair,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,4676, +67-76,67,Masak? Ini tak masak.,Masak?\tIni\ttak\tmasak.,cook\tDEM\tNEG\tcook,Cooked? This is not cooked.,,,708[382],,naturalistic spoken,Masak? Ini tak masak.,,cook DEM NEG cook,,,,4677, +67-77,67,Ah itu nasi ah cina punya nasi la.,Ah\titu\tnasi\tah\tcina\tpunya\tnasi\tla.,ah\tDEM\trice\tah\tChina\tATTR\trice\tEMPH,"Ah, that rice is rice that is cooked in the Chinese way.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ah itu nasi ah cina punya nasi la.,,ah DEM rice ah China ATTR rice EMPH,,Own knowledge,,4678, +68-45,68,"Sampe sakarang ini, hidop seng macam yang kaya dolo-dolo lai.","Sampe\tsakarang\tini,\thidop\tseng\tmacam\tyang\tkaya\tdolo~dolo\tlai.",until\tnow\tDEM\tlife\tNEG\tlike\tREL\tlike\tprevious~ADV\tDISC.PCL,"Until now, life is not the way it was previously anymore.",,,1178[410],,naturalistic spoken,"Sampe sakarang ini, hidop seng macam yang kaya dolo-dolo lai.","Sampe sakarang ini, hidop seng macam yang kaya dolo~dolo lai.",until now DEM life NEG like REL like previous~ADV DISC.PCL,,,,4679, +68-46,68,Itu tampa tinggal antua itu.,Itu\ttampa\ttinggal\tantua\titu.,DEM\tplace\tlive\t3SG.FORMAL\tDEM,That was her place of residence.,,,1178[409],,naturalistic spoken,"Itu tampa tinggal antua itu.",,DEM place live 3SG.FORMAL DEM,,,,4680, +69-27,69,kumbut mən,kumbut\tmən,village\tthat,that village,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kumbut mən,,village that,,Own field notes 1985,,4681, +70-36,70,Tab i admi ham se puco [...].,Tab\ti\tadmi\tham\tse\tpuco\t[...].,then\tDEM.PROX\tman\t1SG\tPOSTP\task\t[...],Then this man asked me [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tab i admi ham se puco [...].,,then DEM.PROX man 1SG POSTP ask [...],,Siegel-field recording,,4682, +71-58,71,Wau aole makemake kuai keia moa.,Wau\taole\tmakemake\tkuai\tkeia\tmoa.,1SG\tNEG\twant\tsell\tthis\tchicken,I don't want to sell this chicken.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau aole makemake kuai keia moa.",,1SG NEG want sell this chicken,,Own data 1909,,4683, +72-59,72,Nyawa boi im jas puntanupkarra pupa.,Nyawa\tboi\tim\tjas\tpuntanup-karra\tpupa.,this\tboy\t3SG\tjust\tgather-CONT\tfirewood,This boy is just gathering firewood.,,An example of the use of a proximal demonstrative nyawa.,583,99e89e7131c6b3cc0dbb6ba5b4c33604,elicited from speaker,Nyawa boi im jas puntanupkarra pupa.,Nyawa boi im jas puntanup-karra pupa.,this boy 3SG just gather-CONT firewood,"An example of the use of a proximal demonstrative nyawa.",,,4684, +72-60,72,Nyila karu i bin makin.,Nyila\tkaru\ti\tbin\tmakin.,that\tchild\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tsleep,That kid was sleeping.,,An example of the use of a distal demonstrative nyila.,583,857821853f3c5238b2eb1545cbb27d1f,elicited from speaker,Nyila karu i bin makin.,,that child 3SG.SBJ PST sleep,"An example of the use of a distal demonstrative nyila.",,,4685, +73-47,73,isi,isi,that,that,,,,,naturalistic spoken,isi,,that,,Field notes,,4686, +74-52,74,úkuk man,úkuk\tman,this\tman,this man OR: that man,,,,,constructed by linguist,úkuk man,,this man,,Own knowledge,,4687, +74-53,74,yakwá,yakwá,here,here,,,1641[61-62],,narrative,yakwá,,here,,,,4688, +74-54,74,yawá,yawá,there,there,,,1641[61-62],,narrative,yawá,,there,,,,4689, +75-95,75,uma li liiv,uma\tli\tliiv,this.INAN\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tbook,this book,,,522,,elicited from speaker,uma li liiv,,this.INAN DEF.ART.M.SG book,,,,4690, +75-96,75,li liiv anima,li\tliiv\tanima,DEF.ART.M.SG\tbook\tDEM.INAN.INTERM.SG,that book,,,522,,elicited from speaker,li liiv anima,,DEF.ART.M.SG book DEM.INAN.INTERM.SG,,,,4691, +75-97,75,li liiv anima neetee,li\tliiv\tanima\tneetee,DEF.ART.M.SG\tbook\tDEM.ANIM.INTERM\tover.there,that book over there,,,522,,elicited from speaker,li liiv anima neetee,,DEF.ART.M.SG book DEM.ANIM.INTERM over.there,,,,4692, +75-98,75,Kwaashchipayin neema li shaan.,Kwaashchi-payi-n\tneema\tli\tshaan.,??-MOVE-3\tDEM.INAN.DIST\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tfield,It goes beyond that field.,,,789[41],,naturalistic written,Kwaashchipayin neema li shaan.,Kwaashchi-payi-n neema li shaan.,??-MOVE-3 DEM.INAN.DIST DEF.ART.M.SG field,,,,4693, +75-99,75,Pi lii fiy anikik kiitipeeyimeewak Cinderella.,Pi\tlii\tfiy\tanikik\tkii-tipeeyim-eew-ak\tCinderella.,and\tthe.PL\tgirl\tthose.PL\tPST-order-3-PL\tCinderella,And those daughters were bossing around Cinderella.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Pi lii fiy anikik kiitipeeyimeewak Cinderella.,Pi lii fiy anikik kii-tipeeyim-eew-ak Cinderella.,and the.PL girl those.PL PST-order-3-PL Cinderella,,,,4694, +4-57,4,Tutu kabiten de a wan kondee.,Tutu\tkabiten\tde\ta\twan\tkondee.,two.two\tcaptain\tCOP\tLOC\tone\tvillage,There are two captains in (for/assigned to) each village.,,,662[397],,naturalistic spoken,Tutu kabiten de a wan kondee.,,two.two captain COP LOC one village,,,,4695, +5-61,5,"wan-wan dotii doz bil dam, tuu-tuu dotii doz bil am faasa","wan-wan\tdotii\tdoz\tbil\tdam,\ttuu-tuu\tdotii\tdoz\tbil\tam\tfaasa",one-one\tdirt\tHAB\tbuild\tdam\ttwo-two\tdirt\tHAB\tbuild\tit\tfaster,"A dam is built one bit of earth at a time, but two bits of earth at a time would build it faster.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"wan-wan dotii doz bil dam, tuu-tuu dotii doz bil am faasa",,one-one dirt HAB build dam two-two dirt HAB build it faster,,Own knowledge,,4696, +7-92,7,Evri man tek a suutkeiz (iich/fo iself).,Evri\tman\ttek\ta\tsuutkeiz\t(iich/fo\tiself).,every\tman\ttake\tINDF\tsuitcase\t(each/for\thimself),Each man took one suitcase. OR: The men took a suitcase each.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Evri man tek a suutkeiz (iich/fo iself).,,every man take INDF suitcase (each/for himself),,Own knowledge,,4697, +8-55,8,Dem tek wan-wan buod bil i ous.,Dem\ttek\twan-wan\tbuod\tbil\ti\tous.,3PL\ttake\tone-one\tboard\tbuild\tDET\thouse,They built the house one (piece of) board at a time.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dem tek wan-wan buod bil i ous.,,3PL take one-one board build DET house,,Own knowledge,,4698, +10-76,10,Dehn kom iin wan wan.,Dehn\tkom\tiin\twan\twan.,3PL\tcome\tin\tone\tone,They came in one by one.,,,113[65],,naturalistic spoken,"Dehn kom iin wan wan.",,3PL come in one one,,,,4699, +10-77,10,Mary an Peter keeri trii trii grip.,Mary\tan\tPeter\tkeeri\ttrii\ttrii\tgrip.,Mary\tand\tPeter\tcarry\tthree\tthree\tsuitcase,Mary and Peter carried three suitcases each.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mary an Peter keeri trii trii grip.,,Mary and Peter carry three three suitcase,,Field notes 2008,,4700, +11-86,11,chrii chrii mango,chrii\tchrii\tmango,three\tthree\tmango,tree mangoes each,,Some informants add iich at the end as a result of pressure from English.,,,elicited from speaker,"chrii chrii mango",,three three mango,"Some informants add iich at the end as a result of pressure from English.",Nicaragua project questionnaire,,4701, +11-87,11,Deh staart tu bil wan wan hous.,Deh\tstaart\ttu\tbil\twan\twan\thous.,3PL\tstart\tCOMP\tbuild\tone\tone\thouse,They started building houses one by one.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Deh staart tu bil wan wan hous.",,3PL start COMP build one one house,,,,4702, +12-71,12,"Done sell 'em, eh? How much you sell 'em for? For nothing? 5 dollar piece? That ain't bad. [The dolls for 5 dollars? ...] – No, she sell 'em 5 dollars each.",[...]\tshe\tsell\t'em\t5\tdollar-s\teach.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tsell[HAB]\t3PL.OBJ\tfive\tdollar-PL\teach,"[...] [She sells the dolls for five dollars?] – No, for five dollars each.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Done sell 'em, eh? How much you sell 'em for? For nothing? 5 dollar piece? That ain't bad. [The dolls for 5 dollars? ...] – No, she sell 'em 5 dollars each.",[...] she sell 'em 5 dollar-s each.,[...] 3SG.SBJ sell[HAB] 3PL.OBJ five dollar-PL each,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4703, +13-63,13,twelve row each side,twelve\trow\teach\tside,NUM\trow\teach\tside,twelve rows on each side,,,1500[282],,naturalistic spoken,twelve row each side,,NUM row each side,,,,4704, +16-48,16,dè giv às abau wan wan kilo,dè\tgiv\tàs\tabau\twan~wan\tkilo,3PL\tgive\t1PL.OBJ\tabout\tone~one\tkilo,They gave us about one kilo each.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dè giv às abau wan wan kilo,dè giv às abau wan~wan kilo,3PL give 1PL.OBJ about one~one kilo,,Own fieldwork,,4705, +17-54,17,Dè̱m ge̱t tre tre pìkín.,Dè̱m\tge̱t\ttre~tre\tpìkín.,3PL.SBJ\thave\tthree~DISTR\tchild,They have three children each.,,,462[236],,naturalistic spoken,Dè̱m ge̱t tre tre pìkín.,Dè̱m ge̱t tre~tre pìkín.,3PL.SBJ have three~DISTR child,,,,4706, +18-45,18,Draiva bin tek dehm foh wan wan hohndred.,Draiva\tbin\ttek\tdem\tfo\twan\twan\thondred.,driver\tPST\ttake\t3PL.OBJ\tfor\tone\tone\thundred,The driver took them for a hundred francs each.,,,1488[20],,published source,"Draiva bin tek dehm foh wan wan hohndred.",Draiva bin tek dem fo wan wan hondred.,driver PST take 3PL.OBJ for one one hundred,,,,4707, +19-58,19,Yù fit kɛr dɛn tu tu.,Yù\tfit\tkɛr\tdɛn\ttu\ttu.,2SG\tbe.able\tcarry\t3PL.EMPH\ttwo\tREP,You can carry them two by two.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yù fit kɛr dɛn tu tu.,,2SG be.able carry 3PL.EMPH two REP,,Field data,,4708, +21-45,21,They all ate 3 biscuits.,They\tall\tate\t3\tbiscuits.,3PL\tall\teat.PST\tthree\tbiscuit.PL,They ate 3 biscuits each.,,,,,constructed by linguist,They all ate 3 biscuits.,,3PL all eat.PST three biscuit.PL,,Own knowledge,,4709, +21-46,21,They each ate 3 biscuits.,They\teach\tate\t3\tbiscuits.,3PL\teach\teat.PST\tthree\tbiscuit.PL,They ate 3 biscuits each.,,,,,constructed by linguist,They each ate 3 biscuits.,,3PL each eat.PST three biscuit.PL,,Own knowledge,,4710, +21-47,21,They ate 3 biscuits each.,They\tate\t3\tbiscuits\teach.,3PL\teat.PST\tthree\tbiscuit.PL\teach,They ate 3 biscuits each.,,,,,elicited from speaker,They ate 3 biscuits each.,,3PL eat.PST three biscuit.PL each,,,,4711, +22-61,22,Tripela taim long wanpela wanpela yia yupela mas makim bikpela de bilong lotu bilong mi.,Tripela\ttaim\tlong\twanpela\twanpela\tyia\tyupela\tmas\tmakim\tbikpela\tde\tbilong\tlotu\tbilong\tmi.,three\ttime\tin\tone\tone\tyear\t2PL\tmust\tmark\tbig\tday\tfor\tworship\tof\t1SG,Three times each year you (pl.) must reserve a feast day for worship.,,,1548[410],,naturalistic written,Tripela taim long wanpela wanpela yia yupela mas makim bikpela de bilong lotu bilong mi.,,three time in one one year 2PL must mark big day for worship of 1SG,,,,4712, +23-66,23,Mifala i putum long lanwis blong Mota be wan wan aelan blong Bankis hemi gat difren nem blong ol samting ia long lanwis blong olgeta.,Mifala\ti\tputum\tlong\tlanwis\tblong\tMota\tbe\twan\twan\taelan\tblong\tBankis\themi\tgat\tdifren\tnem\tblong\tol\tsamting\tia\tlong\tlanwis\tblong\tolgeta.,1PL.EXCL\tAGR\tput\tLOC\tlanguage\tPOSS\tMota\tbut\tone\tone\tisland\tPOSS\tBanks\t3SG.AGR\thave\tdifferent\tname\tPOSS\tPL\tsomething\tDEF\tLOC\tlanguage\tPOSS\t3PL,We have given (the names) in Mota but every island in the Banks has different names for these things in their own language.,,,1532,,naturalistic written,Mifala i putum long lanwis blong Mota be wan wan aelan blong Bankis hemi gat difren nem blong ol samting ia long lanwis blong olgeta.,,1PL.EXCL AGR put LOC language POSS Mota but one one island POSS Banks 3SG.AGR have different name POSS PL something DEF LOC language POSS 3PL,,,,4713, +30-251,30,Es leba kada un tres maléta. / Es leba tres maléta kada un.,Es leba kada un tres maléta. / Es leba tres maléta kada un.,3PL carry every one three suitcase   3PL carry three suitcase every one,They carried three suitcases each.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Es leba kada un tres maléta. / Es leba tres maléta kada un.,,3PL carry every one three suitcase 3PL carry three suitcase every one,,Own knowledge,,4714, +31-73,31,N kré karnéru ki ta pari dós-dós.,N\tkré\tkarnéru\tki\tta\tpari\tdós-dós.,I\twant\tsheep\tthat\tASP\tdeliver\ttwo-two,I want sheep that deliver lambs by pairs/ two by two.,,The reduplication of numerals typically yields a distributive reading.,5[73],,naturalistic written,N kré karnéru ki ta pari dós-dós.,,I want sheep that ASP deliver two-two,The reduplication of numerals typically yields a distributive reading.,,,4715, +33-70,33,Limaria entra na arka dus dus.,Limaria\tentra\tna\tarka\tdus\tdus.,animal\tcome\ton\tark\ttwo\ttwo,The animals came onto the ark two by two.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Limaria entra na arka dus dus.,,animal come on ark two two,,Own knowledge,,4716,Portuguese: Os animais entraram na arca dois a dois. +33-229,33,E karga ba dus malas kada kin.,E\tkarga\tba\tdus\tmalas\tkada\tkin.,3PL\tcarry\tANT\ttwo\tsuitcases\teach\twho,They carried two suitcases each.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,E karga ba dus malas kada kin.,,3PL carry ANT two suitcases each who,,Own knowledge,,4717, +35-81,35,Ê da dôsu ngê tlê-tlêxi fluta.,Ê\tda\tdôsu\tngê\ttlê~tlêxi\tfluta.,3SG\tgive\ttwo\tperson\tRED.three\tbreadfruit,He gave two persons each three breadfruits. OR: He gave two persons three breadfruits.,,"For some speakers, this sentence lacks a distributive reading (see second translation).",,,elicited from speaker,Ê da dôsu ngê tlê-tlêxi fluta.,Ê da dôsu ngê tlê~tlêxi fluta.,3SG give two person RED.three breadfruit,"For some speakers, this sentence lacks a distributive reading (see second translation).",Own data,,4718, +35-82,35,A yê dôsu-dôsu!,A\tyê\tdôsu~dôsu!,IMP\tdivide\tRED.two,Divide in groups of two!,,,,,elicited from speaker,A yê dôsu-dôsu!,A yê dôsu~dôsu!,IMP divide RED.two,,Own data,,4719, +36-168,36,"Ia itxiba e, kara ngê ka m'me rô-rôthu.","Ia\titxiba\te,\tkara\tngê\tka\tm'me\trô-rôthu.",PRESENTATIVE\tbanana\tDEM\tevery\tperson\tFUT\teat\ttwo-two,"Here are the bananas, everybody will eat two at a time.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ia itxiba e, kara ngê ka m'me rô-rôthu.",,PRESENTATIVE banana DEM every person FUT eat two-two,,Maurer 1995,,4720,"Voici les bananes, chacun en mangera deux à la fois." +36-169,36,Ka pê taya kôôndja lêtu fia e ki ũa-ũa taminha e.,Ka pê taya kôôndja lêtu fia e ki ũa-ũa taminha e.,PST put coconut inside leaf DEM with one-one bowl DEM,They put slices of coconut in the [banana] leaves with every bowl.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ka pê taya kôôndja lêtu fia e ki ũa-ũa taminha e.,,PST put coconut inside leaf DEM with one-one bowl DEM,,Maurer 1995,,4721,Ils mirent des tranches de noix de coco dans les feuilles avec chacun des bols. +37-50,37,N da dôsu ningê tê-têêxi kwa.,N\tda\tdôsu\tningê\ttê-têêxi\tkwa.,1SG\tgive\ttwo\tperson\tthree-three\tthing,I gave two people three things each.,,,905[44],,elicited from speaker,"N da dôsu ningê tê-têêxi kwa.",,1SG give two person three-three thing,,,,4722, +37-51,37,dôsu dôsu,dôsu\tdôsu,two\ttwo,two each,,,580[64],,elicited from speaker,dôsu dôsu,,two two,,,,4723, +41-63,41,etuspa sinkvɛɛnta sinkvɛɛnta sadam jadaa,etus-pa\tsinkvɛɛnta\tsinkvɛɛnta\tsadam\tjaa-daa,3PL.HON-DAT\tfifty\tfifty\tcent\tPST-give,[I/He/We etc] gave them fifty cents each.,,"The example hasn't been run by a native speaker, but I'm reasonably confident it is OK.",1435,,constructed by linguist,etuspa sinkvɛɛnta sinkvɛɛnta sadam jadaa,etus-pa sinkvɛɛnta sinkvɛɛnta sadam jaa-daa,3PL.HON-DAT fifty fifty cent PST-give,"The example hasn't been run by a native speaker, but I'm reasonably confident it is OK.",,,4724, +42-57,42,Juang ku Pedru já lantá ńgua pesua três bótel,Juang\tku\tPedru\tjá\tlantá\tńgua\tpesua\ttrês\tbótel,Juang\tCOM\tPedru\tPFV\tcarry\tone\tperson\tthree\tbottle,Juang and Pedru carried three bottles each.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Juang ku Pedru já lantá ńgua pesua três bótel,,Juang COM Pedru PFV carry one person three bottle,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,4725, +43-40,43,Dentër mundu fesang fesang bong djenti bong; tudu dos dos omi muler.,Dentër\tmundu\tfesang\tfesang\tbong\tdjenti\tbong;\ttudu\tdos\tdos\tomi\tmuler.,within\tworld\tsort\tsort\tgood\tpeople\tgood\tall\ttwo\ttwo\tman\twoman,"In the world, there are all sorts of people as well as [animals]; all in pairs of males [and] females.",,"The word for 'animal' is missing in the Tugu example; in its Malay translation, the word binatang 'animal' is present.",906[36],,naturalistic written,"Dentër mundu fesang fesang bong djenti bong; tudu dos dos omi muler.",,within world sort sort good people good all two two man woman,"The word for 'animal' is missing in the Tugu example; in its Malay translation, the word binatang 'animal' is present.",,,4726, +44-70,44,Ya yubá tres bag Lóling i Máyra.,Ya\tyubá\ttres\tbag\tLóling\ti\tMáyra.,PFV\tcarry\tthree\tbag\tLoling\tand\tMayra,Loling and Mayra carried three bags.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ya yubá tres bag Lóling i Máyra.,,PFV carry three bag Loling and Mayra,,Own knowledge,,4727, +45-60,45,Cada hombre ya lliva tres bag.,Cada\thombre\tya\tlliva\ttres\tbag.,each\tman\tPFV\ttake\tthree\tbag,The men took three bags each.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Cada hombre ya lliva tres bag.,,each man PFV take three bag,,Own data,,4728, +47-64,47,[...] nan lo a hala bai unu-unu.,[...]\tnan\tlo\ta\thala\tbai\tunu~unu,[...]\t3PL\tMOOD\tPFV\tmove\tgo\tone~one,[...] they would leave one at a time.,,,745[163],,literary source,"[...] nan lo a hala bai unu-unu.",[...] nan lo a hala bai unu~unu,[...] 3PL MOOD PFV move go one~one,,,,4729, +47-65,47,"[...] dos hòmber ku a keda kondená na kuminsamentu di yüni pa eksportashon di kada un 6 kilo di kokaina for di Boneiru, [...].","[...]\tdos\thòmber\tku\ta\tkeda\tkondená\tna\tkuminsa-mentu\tdi\tyüni\tpa\teksportashon\tdi\tkada\tun\t6\tkilogram\tdi\tkokaina\tfor\tdi\tBoneiru,\t[...].",[...]\ttwo\tman\tCOMP\tPFV\tremain\tcondemned\tLOC\tbeginn-ing\tof\tJune\tfor\texport\tof\teach\tone\t6\tkilo\tof\tcocaine\tfrom\tof\tBonaire\t[...],"[...] two men who had been sentenced in early June for the export, each, of 6 kg of cocaine from Bonaire, [...].",,The translation is mine.,"453[7 July 2004, p.2]",,literary or other written source,"[...] dos hòmber ku a keda kondená na kuminsamentu di yüni pa eksportashon di kada un 6 kilo di kokaina for di Boneiru, [...].","[...] dos hòmber ku a keda kondená na kuminsa-mentu di yüni pa eksportashon di kada un 6 kilogram di kokaina for di Boneiru, [...].",[...] two man COMP PFV remain condemned LOC beginn-ing of June for export of each one 6 kilo of cocaine from of Bonaire [...],The translation is mine.,,,4730, +49-97,49,Nou chak gen youn pou n pran ladan.,Nou\tchak\tgen\tyoun\tpou\tn\tpran\tladan.,1PL\teach\thave\tone.NUM\tMOD\t1PL\ttake\tinside,Everyone of us must take one of them.,,,471[226],,naturalistic spoken,Nou chak gen youn pou n pran ladan.,,1PL each have one.NUM MOD 1PL take inside,,,,4731,French: Chacun de nous doit en prendre un dedans. +49-98,49,Li voye liv la ba nou chak.,Li\tvoye\tliv\tla\tba\tnou\tchak.,3SG\tsend\tbook\tDEF\tgive\t1PL\tevery,He sent the book to each one of us.,,,471[219],,naturalistic spoken,Li voye liv la ba nou chak.,,3SG send book DEF give 1PL every,,,,4732,French: Il a envoyé le livre à chacun d'entre nous. +49-99,49,Nou chak te pote twa malèt.,Nou\tchak\tte\tpote\ttwa\tmalèt.,1PL\tevery\tANT\tcarry\tthree\tsuitcase,Each one of us carried three suitcases.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Nou chak te pote twa malèt.,,1PL every ANT carry three suitcase,,Own knowledge,,4733,French: Chacun d'entre nous a porté trois valises. +53-130,53,Chaken vini ek son chyen.,Chaken\tvini\tek\tson\tchyen.,each.one\tcome\twith\t3SG.POSS\tdog,Each one came with his dog.,,,1048[182],,elicited from speaker,Chaken vini ek son chyen.,,each.one come with 3SG.POSS dog,,,,4734,French: Chacun est venu avec son chien. +53-131,53,Ti-garson te chaken gen trwa pyas.,Ti-garson\tte\tchaken\tgen\ttrwa\tpyas.,little-boy\tPST\teach\thave\tthree\tdollar,The boys each had three dollars.,,,722[222],,elicited from speaker,Ti-garson te chaken gen trwa pyas.,,little-boy PST each have three dollar,,,,4735, +54-80,54,[...] li donn son syin sakin enn.,[...]\tli\tdonn\tson\tsyen\tsaken\tenn.,[...]\t3SG.FIN\tgive\tPOSS.3SG\tdog\teach\tone,[...] he gives his dogs one each.,,,110[63],,naturalistic spoken,[...] li donn son syin sakin enn.,[...] li donn son syen saken enn.,[...] 3SG.FIN give POSS.3SG dog each one,,,,4736,French: [...] il en donne un à chacun de ses chiens. +55-59,55,li don en brok dilo kat kat dimun,li\tdon\ten\tbrok\tdilo\tkat\tkat\tdimun,3SG\tgive\tINDF\tjug\twater\tfour\tfour\tperson,She gives a jug of water to each group of four people.,,,307[173],,written (grammar),"li don en brok dilo kat kat dimun",,3SG give INDF jug water four four person,,,,4737, +55-60,55,mo ti don kat saken,mo\tti\tdon\tkat\tsaken,1S\tPST\tgive\tfour\teach.one,I gave each one four.,,This order is rarer than Value 6 which conforms to the normal indirect object before direct object with the verb meaning 'give'. The reversal of this order would draw attention to the precise number given.,,,constructed by linguist,mo ti don kat saken,,1S PST give four each.one,This order is rarer than Value 6 which conforms to the normal indirect object before direct object with the verb meaning 'give'. The reversal of this order would draw attention to the precise number given.,Own knowledge,,4738, +55-61,55,mo ti don saken kat,mo\tti\tdon\tsaken\tkat,1SG\tPST\tgive\teach.one\tfour,I gave everyone four.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo ti don saken kat,,1SG PST give each.one four,,Own knowledge,,4739, +56-76,56,Sakenn i pran en kes i anmenn anba.,Sakenn\ti\tpran\ten\tkes\ti\tanmenn\tanba.,everyone\tPM\ttake\ta\tdrum\the\tput\tunder,Everyone took a drum and put it downwards.,,,158[text 6],,naturalistic spoken,Sakenn i pran en kes i anmenn anba.,,everyone PM take a drum he put under,,,,4740, +59-124,59,na ya ti abar oko oko,na\tya\tti\ta-bar\toko\toko,PREP\tbelly\tof\tPL-bar\tone\tone,in each one of the bars (site for drinking),,,1320,,naturalistic spoken,na ya ti abar oko oko,na ya ti a-bar oko oko,PREP belly of PL-bar one one,,,,4741, +61-29,61,Yena nigile lo gane mabili-mabili switi.,Yena\tnig-ile\tlo\tgane\tmabili-mabili\tswiti.,she\tgive-PST\tDEF.ART\tchild\ttwo-two\tsweet,She gave the children two sweets each.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Yena nigile lo gane mabili-mabili switi.",Yena nig-ile lo gane mabili-mabili switi.,she give-PST DEF.ART child two-two sweet,,Field notes Mesthrie,,4742, +66-42,66,Rihanle Riyasale tiga pottiyang atatu (blangan) ebapi (aða).,Rihan-le\tRiyasa-le\ttiga\tpotti-yang\tatatu\t(blangan)\te-bapi\t(aða).,Rihan-COM\tRiyasa-COM\tthree\tbox-ACC.DEF\teach\t(amount)\tASP-bring\t(AUX),Rihan and Riyasa have carried three suitcases each.,,"Atatu blangan has the sense of 'one by one' here (as opposed to 'three suitcases at a time'), although that can be left non-explicit, which is why blangan is optional in the sentence. Atatu is the reduplication of atu (or attu) meaning 'one' or 'an'.",,,elicited from speaker,"Rihanle Riyasale tiga pottiyang atatu (blangan) ebapi (aða).",Rihan-le Riyasa-le tiga potti-yang atatu (blangan) e-bapi (aða).,Rihan-COM Riyasa-COM three box-ACC.DEF each (amount) ASP-bring (AUX),"Atatu blangan has the sense of 'one by one' here (as opposed to 'three suitcases at a time'), although that can be left non-explicit, which is why blangan is optional in the sentence. Atatu is the reduplication of atu (or attu) meaning 'one' or 'an'.","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,4743, +67-78,67,Satu bulan satu bulan dia trus satu libu Singapore punya wang sampai semilan lima.,Satu\tbulan\tsatu\tbulan\tdia\ttrus\tsatu\tlibu\tSingapore\tpunya\twang\tsampai\tsemilan\tlima.,one\tmonth\tone\tmonth\t3SG\tsend\tone\tthousand\tSingapore\tATTR\tmoney\tuntil\tnine\tfive,Every month he sent one thousand Singapore dollars until (19)95.,,,708[373],,naturalistic spoken,Satu bulan satu bulan dia trus satu libu Singapore punya wang sampai semilan lima.,,one month one month 3SG send one thousand Singapore ATTR money until nine five,,,,4744, +68-47,68,dong tiga tiga,dong\ttiga~tiga,3PL\tDIST~three,each of the three of them,,,1528[168],,elicited from speaker,dong tiga tiga,dong tiga~tiga,3PL DIST~three,,,,4745, +71-59,71,Wau makana olua alima dala akahi.,Wau\tmakana\tolua\talima\tdala\takahi.,1SG\tgive\t2DU\tfive\tdollars\tone,I'll give the two of you five dollars each.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau makana olua alima dala akahi.",,1SG give 2DU five dollars one,,Own data 1893,,4746, +74-55,74,kánawi man tk’up makwst stik,kánawi\tman\ttk’up\tmakwst\tstik,all\tman\tcut\ttwo\ttree,The men cut two trees each.,,,,,constructed by linguist,kánawi man tk’up makwst stik,,all man cut two tree,,Own knowledge,,4747, +74-187,74,mákwsti,mákwsti,twice,twice,,,675[41],,narrative,mákwsti,,twice,,,,4748, +1-94,1,na fossi kakka-kreh; na tu kakka-kreh; na dri kakka-kreh,na\tfosi\tkaka-krei;\tna\ttu\tkaka-krei;\tna\tdri\tkaka-krei,at\tfirst\trooster-cry\tat\ttwo/second\trooster-cry\tat\tthree/third\trooster-cry,at the first rooster crow; at the second rooster crow; at the third rooster crow,,"Ordinal fosi 'first' is unrelated to cardinal wan 'one'. All other cardinal numerals may function as ordinals when adnominal, like tu and dri in this example.",1357[77-78],,written (dictionary),"na fossi kakka-kreh; na tu kakka-kreh; na dri kakka-kreh",na fosi kaka-krei; na tu kaka-krei; na dri kaka-krei,at first rooster-cry at two/second rooster-cry at three/third rooster-cry,"Ordinal fosi 'first' is unrelated to cardinal wan 'one'. All other cardinal numerals may function as ordinals when adnominal, like tu and dri in this example.",,,4749,"German: beym ersten, zweiten, dritten Hanengeschrey [op.cit.]" +1-95,1,"Na wan a ben gi feifi Talent, na da tarrawan tu, na di vo dri a gi wan, no morro.","Na\twan\ta\tben\tgi\tfeifi\ttalent,\tna\tda\ttarawan\ttu,\tna\tdi\tfu\tdri\ta\tgi\twan,\tno\tmoro.",to\tone\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tgive\tfive\ttalent\tto\tthe\tother.one\ttwo\tto\tthis\tof\tthree\t3SG.SBJ\tgive\tone\tNEG\tmore,"To one he gave five talents, to the other one two, to the third one he gave one, no more.",,"With pronominal ordinal numerals other than fosiwan 'first', one option is di fu.",1355[239],,written,"Na wan a ben gi feifi Talent, na da tarrawan tu, na di vo dri a gi wan, no morro.","Na wan a ben gi feifi talent, na da tarawan tu, na di fu dri a gi wan, no moro.",to one 3SG.SBJ PST give five talent to the other.one two to this of three 3SG.SBJ give one NEG more,"With pronominal ordinal numerals other than fosiwan 'first', one option is di fu.",,,4750, +1-96,1,fossi deh worko; tu deh worko,fosi\tde\twroko;\ttu\tde\twroko,first\tday\twork\ttwo/second\tday\twork,"Monday (lit. first working day), Tuesday (lit. second working day)",,"Ordinal fosi 'first' is unrelated to cardinal wan 'one'. All other cardinal numerals may function as ordinals when adnominal, like tu in this example.",1357[28],,written (dictionary),"fossi deh worko; tu deh worko",fosi de wroko; tu de wroko,first day work two/second day work,"Ordinal fosi 'first' is unrelated to cardinal wan 'one'. All other cardinal numerals may function as ordinals when adnominal, like tu in this example.",,,4751,"German: Montag, Dienstag [op.cit.]" +1-97,1,Da fosiewan; Diesiefoemekie toe; Diesie foe mekie drie; Diesie foe mekie twentie,da\tfosiwan;\tdisi\tfu\tmeki\ttu;\tdisi\tfu\tmeki\ttri;\tdisi\tfu\tmeki\ttwenti,DET.SG\tfirst.one\tDEM\tto\tmake\ttwo\tDEM\tto\tmake\tthree\tDEM\tto\tmake\ttwenty,the first one; the second one; the third one; the twentieth one,,"With pronominal ordinal numerals other than fosiwan 'first one', one option is disi fu meki.",1576[10],,written,Da fosiewan; Diesiefoemekie toe; Diesie foe mekie drie; Diesie foe mekie twentie,da fosiwan; disi fu meki tu; disi fu meki tri; disi fu meki twenti,DET.SG first.one DEM to make two DEM to make three DEM to make twenty,"With pronominal ordinal numerals other than fosiwan 'first one', one option is disi fu meki.",,,4752,Dutch: de eerste; de tweede; de derde; de twintigste [op.cit.] +2-76,2,fosi,fosi,first,first,,,1587[108],,written (dictionary),"fosi",,first,,,,4753, +2-77,2,di fu tu,di\tfu\ttu,that\tof\ttwo,second,,,1587[108],,written (dictionary),"di fu tu",,that of two,,,,4754, +2-78,2,di fu feifi,di\tfu\tfeifi,that\tof\tfive,fifth,,Cardinal numbers from 'two' upwards are derived by di fu + numeral.,1587[108],,written (dictionary),di fu feifi,,that of five,"Cardinal numbers from 'two' upwards are derived by di fu + numeral.",,,4755, +3-39,3,di fu mbei tu,di\tfu\tmbei\ttu,DEF.SG\tfor\tmake\ttwo,second,,,354[305],,naturalistic written,di fu mbei tu,,DEF.SG for make two,,,,4756, +3-40,3,fósu; fósuwan,fósu;\tfósuwan,first\tfirst.one,first; the first,,,,,elicited from speaker,fósu; fósuwan,,first first.one,,Fieldwork data,,4757, +4-58,4,Ne en fosi pikin?,Ne\ten\tfosi\tpikin?,FOC\ther\tfirst\tchild,Is it her first child?,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,Ne en fosi pikin?,,FOC her first child,,Own knowledge,,4758, +4-59,4,a du fu tu pikin fu mi,a\tdu\tfu\ttu\tpikin\tfu\tmi,DET.SG\tthat\tfor\ttwo\tchild\tPOSS\tme,my second child,,,661[534],,naturalistic spoken,a du fu tu pikin fu mi,,DET.SG that for two child POSS me,,,,4759, +5-62,5,di man bring fos/sekan,di\tman\tbring\tfos/sekan,the\tman\tcome\tfirst/second,The man came in first/second,,,,,constructed by linguist,di man bring fos/sekan,,the man come first/second,,Own knowledge,,4760, +5-63,5,di man bring iilevn,di\tman\tbring\tiilevn,the\tman\tcome\televen,The man came in eleventh.,,,,,constructed by linguist,di man bring iilevn,,the man come eleven,,Own knowledge,,4761, +5-64,5,ii a maan nomba faiv fu paas di lain,ii\ta\tmaan\tnomba\tfaiv\tfu\tpaas\tdi\tlain,3SG\tCOP\tman\tnumber\tfive\tCOMP\tpass\tDEF\tline,He is the fifth man to cross the line.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ii a maan nomba faiv fu paas di lain,,3SG COP man number five COMP pass DEF line,,Own knowledge,,4762, +7-93,7,fuhs sekan tuhd foot fif siks(t) sevn(t) eit naint tent - wan tu chrii foo faiv siks sevn eit nain ten,fuhs\tsekan\ttuhd\tfoot\tfif\tsiks(t)\tsevn(t)\teit\tnaint\ttent\t-\twan\ttu\tchrii\tfoo\tfaiv\tsiks\tsevn\teit\tnain\tten,first\tsecond\tthird\tfourth\tfifth\tsixth\tseventh\teighth\tninth\ttenth\t-\tone\ttwo\tthree\tfour\tfive\tsix\tseven\teight\tnine\tten,first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth - one two three four five six seven eight nine ten,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,fuhs sekan tuhd foot fif siks(t) sevn(t) eit naint tent - wan tu chrii foo faiv siks sevn eit nain ten,,first second third fourth fifth sixth seventh eighth ninth tenth - one two three four five six seven eight nine ten,,Own knowledge,,4763, +7-94,7,wan tu chrii foo faiv siks sevn eit nain ten,wan\ttu\tchrii\tfoo\tfaiv\tsiks\tsevn\teit\tnain\tten,one\ttwo\tthree\tfour\tfive\tsix\tseven\teight\tnine\tten,one two three four five six seven eight nine ten,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,wan tu chrii foo faiv siks sevn eit nain ten,,one two three four five six seven eight nine ten,,Own knowledge,,4764, +8-56,8,Di bwai-dem tek wan manngo an tuu apl.,Di\tbwai-dem\ttek\twan\tmanngo\tan\ttuu\tapl.,DET\tboy-PL\ttake\tone\tmango\tand\ttwo\tapple,The boys took one mango and two apples.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di bwai-dem tek wan manngo an tuu apl.,,DET boy-PL take one mango and two apple,,Own knowledge,,4765, +8-57,8,Di fos manggo di bwai-dem tiif pwail.,Di\tfos\tmanggo\tdi\tbwai-dem\ttiif\tpwail.,DET\tfirst\tmango\tDET\tboy-PL\tsteal\tspoil,The first mango the boys stole spoiled.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di fos manggo di bwai-dem tiif pwail.,,DET first mango DET boy-PL steal spoil,,Own knowledge,,4766, +9-68,9,Fos taym me de hia dat now.,Fos\ttaym\tme\tde\thia\tdat\tnow.,first\ttime\tme\tPROG\thear\tthat\tnow,Now that's the first time I heard that.,,,429,,naturalistic spoken,Fos taym me de hia dat now.,,first time me PROG hear that now,,,,4767, +9-69,9,"Tu tri nat de kɛʧ mi wan taym, n̩ ay av tu daʤ di fowt wan.","Tu\ttri\tnat\tde\tkɛʧ\tmi\twan\ttaym,\tn̩\tay\tav\ttu\tdaʤ\tdi\tfowt\twan.",two\tthree\tnorth\tthey\tcatch\tme\tone\ttime\tand\t1SG\thave\tto\tdodge\tthe\tfourth\tone,"Two-three storms (coming from the north) caught me once, and I had to dodge the fourth one.",,,434,,naturalistic spoken,"Tu tri nat de kɛʧ mi wan taym, n̩ ay av tu daʤ di fowt wan.",,two three north they catch me one time and 1SG have to dodge the fourth one,,,,4768, +10-78,10,Ihn da di tord porson we kom an aks disya kweshon.,Ihn\tda\tdi\ttord\tporson\twe\tkom\tan\taks\tdis-ya\tkweshon.,3SG\tFOC\tART.DEF\tthird\tperson\tREL\tcome\tand\task\tDEM-EMPH\tquestion,He is the third person who comes and asks this very question.,,The translation as indicated in Bartens (2003: 64) does not include the word very.,113[64],,naturalistic spoken,"Ihn da di tord porson we kom an aks disya kweshon.",Ihn da di tord porson we kom an aks dis-ya kweshon.,3SG FOC ART.DEF third person REL come and ask DEM-EMPH question,"The translation as indicated in Bartens (2003: 64) does not include the word very.",,,4769, +10-79,10,di sebn naaty gyal,di\tsebn\tnaaty\tgyal,ART.DEF\tseven\tnaughty\tgirls,the seven naughty girls,,The corresponding ordinal number is also sebn.,,,naturalistic spoken,"di sebn naaty gyal",,ART.DEF seven naughty girls,"The corresponding ordinal number is also sebn.",Unpublished field recordings,,4770, +10-80,10,iet gried,iet\tgried,eight\tgrade,eighth grade,,Note that the form iet is also due to phonological reduction.,,,constructed by linguist,iet gried,,eight grade,"Note that the form iet is also due to phonological reduction.",Own knowledge,,4771, +10-81,10,di kyandidiet nomba sebn,di\tkyandidiet\tnomba\tsebn,ART.DEF\tcandidate\tnumber\tseven,the seventh candidate,,,,,constructed by linguist,di kyandidiet nomba sebn,,ART.DEF candidate number seven,,Own knowledge,,4772, +11-88,11,Ai laan iin fors greid.,Ai\tlaan\tiin\tfors\tgreid.,1SG\tlearn\tin\tfirst\tgrade,I learnt it in first grade.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai laan iin fors greid.",,1SG learn in first grade,,,,4773, +11-89,11,Di fors tiicha iin fourt greid hi woz a tiicha we wud taak Inglish an Spanish.,Di\tfors\ttiicha\tiin\tfourt\tgreid\thi\twoz\ta\ttiicha\twe\twud\ttaak\tInglish\tan\tSpanish.,ART.DEF\tfirst\tteacher\tin\tfourth\tgrade\t3SG.M\tCOP.PST\tART.INDF\tteacher\tREL\twould\ttalk\tEnglish\tand\tSpanish,The first teacher in fourth grade was a teacher who talked English and Spanish.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Di fors tiicha iin fourt greid hi woz a tiicha we wud taak Inglish an Spanish.",,ART.DEF first teacher in fourth grade 3SG.M COP.PST ART.INDF teacher REL would talk English and Spanish,,,,4774, +11-90,11,fif greid,fif\tgreid,fifth\tgrade,fifth grade,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"fif greid",,fifth grade,,,,4775, +11-91,11,sebn,sebn,seven,seven; seventh,,,,,elicited from speaker,sebn,,seven,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,4776, +11-92,11,siks,siks,six,six; sixth,,,,,elicited from speaker,siks,,six,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,4777, +12-72,12,"My daughter is thirty-four. – [... She's the oldest?] – No, that's the second.",[...]\tthat's\tthe\tsecond.,[...]\tDEM.3SG.COP\tART\tNUM,[...] that's my second (daughter).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"My daughter is thirty-four. – [... She's the oldest?] – No, that's the second.",[...] that's the second.,[...] DEM.3SG.COP ART NUM,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4778, +12-73,12,"Yeah, because the Lord - to Ecclesiast - 'clesiastes, the third chapter - which verse - three and four [...].",[...] the third chapter - which verse - three and four [...].,[...] ART NUM chapter   which verse   NUM and NUM [...],[...] the third chapter - which verse - three and four [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, because the Lord - to Ecclesiast - 'clesiastes, the third chapter - which verse - three and four [...].",[...] the third chapter - which verse - three and four [...].,[...] ART NUM chapter which verse NUM and NUM [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4779, +12-74,12,That's the first time I saw a plane - like that.,That's\tthe\tfirst\ttime\tØ\tI\tsaw\ta\tplane\t[...],that.COP.3SG.PST\tART\tNUM\ttime\tthat\t1SG.SBJ\tsee.PFV\tART\tplane\t[...],That was the first time that I saw a plane [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,That's the first time I saw a plane - like that.,That's the first time Ø I saw a plane [...],that.COP.3SG.PST ART NUM time that 1SG.SBJ see.PFV ART plane [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,4780, +13-64,13,firs storm,firs\tstorm,NUM.ORD\tstorm,first storm,,,1500[264],,naturalistic spoken,firs storm,,NUM.ORD storm,,,,4781, +13-65,13,secon hoein,secon\thoein,NUM.ORD\thoeing,second hoeing,,,1500[282],,naturalistic spoken,secon hoein,,NUM.ORD hoeing,,,,4782, +13-66,13,one crowd,one\tcrowd,one\tcrowd,one crowd,,,1500[286],,naturalistic spoken,one crowd,,one crowd,,,,4783, +13-67,13,two front feet,two\tfront\tfeet,two\tfront\tfeet,two front feet,,,1500[286],,naturalistic spoken,two front feet,,two front feet,,,,4784, +13-68,13,"It wuz Friday, May duh thuteent.","It\twuz\tFriday,\tMay\tduh\tthuteen-t.",it\twas\tFriday\tMay\tthe\tthirteen-ORD,"It was Friday, the thirteenth of May.",,,,,naturalistic written,"It wuz Friday, May duh thuteent.","It wuz Friday, May duh thuteen-t.",it was Friday May the thirteen-ORD,,Georgia Writers' Project 1940,,4785, +14-45,14,She took the first book.,She\ttook\tthe\tfirst\tbook.,she\ttook\tthe\tfirst\tbook,She took the first book.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She took the first book.,,she took the first book,,Own knowledge,,4786, +14-46,14,He took the second book.,He\ttook\tthe\tsecond\tbook.,he\ttook\tthe\tsecond\tbook,He took the second book.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He took the second book.,,he took the second book,,Own knowledge,,4787, +14-47,14,"He took the third book, and she took the fourth book.","He\ttook\tthe\tthird\tbook,\tand\tshe\ttook\tthe\tfourth\tbook.",he\ttook\tthe\tthird\tbook\tand\tshe\ttook\tthe\tfourth\tbook,He took the third book and she took the fourth book.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"He took the third book, and she took the fourth book.",,he took the third book and she took the fourth book,,Own knowledge,,4788, +15-55,15,"fɔs, wan","fɔs,\twan",first\tone,"first, one",,,545[xxxi],,naturalistic written,"fɔs, wan",,first one,,,,4789, +15-56,15,"tɔd, tri","tɔd,\ttri",third\tthree,"third, three",,,545[xxxi],,naturalistic written,"tɔd, tri",,third three,,,,4790, +16-49,16,dɛ ʧik si wã mà frɛn,dɛ\tʧik\tsi\twã\tmà\tfrɛn,ART\tchick\tsee\tone\t1SG.POSS\tfriend,The girl saw one of my friends.,,This is the cardinal number 'one'.,656[195],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ ʧik si wã mà frɛn,,ART chick see one 1SG.POSS friend,This is the cardinal number 'one'.,,,4791, +16-50,16,ì bì dɛ̀m dɛ fɛs we dè kam fɔ nima,ì\tbì\tdɛ̀m\tdɛ\tfɛs\twe\tdè\tkam\tfɔ\tnima,3SG\tCOP\t3PL\tART\tfirst\tCOMP\t3PL\tcome\tfor\tNima,They were the first who came to Nima.,,This is the suppletive ordinal numeral 'first'.,,,naturalistic spoken,ì bì dɛ̀m dɛ fɛs we dè kam fɔ nima,,3SG COP 3PL ART first COMP 3PL come for Nima,This is the suppletive ordinal numeral 'first'.,Own fieldwork,,4792, +16-51,16,afrika ɔl ì bì namba wan tif,afrika\tɔl\tì\tbì\tnamba\twan\ttif,Africa\tall\t3SG\tCOP\tnumber\tone\tthief,In the whole of Africa they are the greatest thieves.,,This example shows the ordinal number 'first' derived from the cardinal number.,,,naturalistic spoken,afrika ɔl ì bì namba wan tif,,Africa all 3SG COP number one thief,This example shows the ordinal number 'first' derived from the cardinal number.,Own fieldwork,,4793, +16-52,16,"nɔmba wan, nɔmba tu, nɔmba trɛ","nɔmba\twan,\tnɔmba\ttu,\tnɔmba\ttrɛ",number\tone\tnumber\ttwo\tnumber\tthree,"first, second, third",,,,,elicited from speaker,"nɔmba wan, nɔmba tu, nɔmba trɛ",,number one number two number three,,Own fieldwork,,4794, +17-55,17,"fe̱st, se̱ko̱n, te̱d","fe̱st,\tse̱ko̱n,\tte̱d",first\tsecond\tthird,"first, second, third",,,462[232],,naturalistic spoken,"fe̱st, se̱ko̱n, te̱d",,first second third,,,,4795, +17-56,17,"no̱mba wo̱n, no̱mba tu, no̱mba tre","no̱mba\two̱n,\tno̱mba\ttu,\tno̱mba\ttre",number\tone\tnumber\ttwo\tnumber\tthree,"first, second, third",,,462[232],,naturalistic spoken,"no̱mba wo̱n, no̱mba tu, no̱mba tre",,number one number two number three,,,,4796, +18-46,18,di nomba wan pikin,di\tnomba\twan\tpikin,DEF.ART\tnumber\tone\tchild,the first child,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"di nomba wan pikin",,DEF.ART number one child,,,,4797, +18-47,18,fes pikin,fes\tpikin,first\tchild,the first child,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"fes pikin",,first child,,,,4798, +18-48,18,di nomba tu pikin,di\tnomba\ttu\tpikin,DEF.ART\tnumber\ttwo\tchild,the second child,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"di nomba tu pikin",,DEF.ART number two child,,,,4799, +18-49,18,sekend pikin,sekend\tpikin,second\tchild,the second child,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"sekend pikin",,second child,,,,4800, +18-50,18,di nomba tri pikin,di\tnomba\ttri\tpikin,DEF.ART\tnumber\tthree\tchild,the third child,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"di nomba tri pikin",,DEF.ART number three child,,,,4801, +19-59,19,wan; fɔs,wan;\tfɔs,one\tfirst,one; first,,,,,constructed by linguist,wan; fɔs,,one first,,Own knowledge,,4802, +19-60,19,wan; fɔs,wan;\tfɔs,one\tfirst,one; first,,,,,constructed by linguist,wan; fɔs,,one first,,Own knowledge,,4803, +19-61,19,tu; sɛkɔn,tu;\tsɛkɔn,two\tsecond,two; second,,Ordinal numerals higher than 'two' are formed by means of compounding.,,,constructed by linguist,tu; sɛkɔn,,two second,Ordinal numerals higher than 'two' are formed by means of compounding.,Own knowledge,,4804, +19-62,19,tu; nɔmbà-tu,tu;\tnɔmbà-tu,two\tnumber.CPD-two,two; second,,"Ordinal numerals higher than 'one' are formed by means of compounding, although there is also a suppletive form for 'second'. +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",,,constructed by linguist,tu; nɔmbà-tu,,two number.CPD-two,"Ordinal numerals higher than 'one' are formed by means of compounding, although there is also a suppletive form for 'second'. +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",Own knowledge,,4805, +20-46,20,My number five son last year makee marry.,My\tnumber\tfive\tson\tlast\tyear\tmakee\tmarry.,1SG.POSS\tnumber\tfive\tson\tlast\tyear\tmake\tmarry,My fifth son married last year.,,,1489[VI.82],,naturalistic written,"My number five son last year makee marry.",,1SG.POSS number five son last year make marry,,,買稔巴輝申鏬士爺米記咩厘,4806, +20-47,20,The tea belong first crop.,The\ttea\tbelong\tfirst\tcrop.,ART\ttea\tCOP\tfirst\tcrop,This is first crop tea.,,,1489[VI.14],,naturalistic written,The tea belong first crop.,,ART tea COP first crop,,,列地鼻郎花士其笠,4807, +20-48,20,He no like number 1.,He\tno\tlike\tnumber\t1.,3SG\tNEG\tlike\tnumber\tone,He didn't like the first one (his first wife).,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). It is indicated in the corpus that number 1 refers to 'his first wife'. Number one can also mean 'top quality'.,838[121],,naturalistic written,He no like number 1.,,3SG NEG like number one,"This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). It is indicated in the corpus that number 1 refers to 'his first wife'. Number one can also mean 'top quality'.",,,4808, +20-49,20,Bum bye you kum my housy second teem.,Bum\tbye\tyou\tkum\tmy\thousy\tsecond\tteem.,later\tlater\t2SG\tcome\tmy\thouse\tsecond\ttime,Come to my house again another time.,,"This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). It shows the word second in use. However, the meaning is 'another time' as in Cantonese daih yih chi.",99[118],,naturalistic written,Bum bye you kum my housy second teem.,,later later 2SG come my house second time,"This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). It shows the word second in use. However, the meaning is 'another time' as in Cantonese daih yih chi.",,,4809, +20-171,20,number one young Hyson thirty-five taelee,number\tone\tyoung\tHyson\tthirty-five\ttaelee,number\tone\tyoung\tHyson\tthirty-five\ttael,35 taels for No.1 young Hyson,,,1489[VI.18],,naturalistic written,number one young Hyson thirty-five taelee,,number one young Hyson thirty-five tael,,,,4810, +21-48,21,"one, two, three, four, five, six [...]; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth [...]","one,\ttwo,\tthree,\tfour,\tfive,\tsix\t[...];\tfirst,\tsecond,\tthird,\tfourth,\tfifth,\tsixth\t[...]",one\ttwo\tthree\tfour\tfive\tsix\t[...]\tfirst\tsecond\tthird\tfourth\tfifth\tsixth\t[...],"one, two, three, four, five, six [...]; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth [...]",,,,,constructed by linguist,"one, two, three, four, five, six [...]; first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth [...]",,one two three four five six [...] first second third fourth fifth sixth [...],,Own knowledge,,4811, +22-62,22,nambawan pikinini,namba-one\tchild,number-one\tchild,first child,,,,,constructed by linguist,nambawan pikinini,namba-one child,number-one child,,Own knowledge,,4812, +22-63,22,nambafaiv mun,namba-faiv\tmun,number-five\tmonth,fifth month,,,,,constructed by linguist,nambafaiv mun,namba-faiv mun,number-five month,,Own knowledge,,4813, +23-68,23,Olgeta i lus afta long fes raon blong kompetisen nomo.,Olgeta\ti\tlus\tafta\tlong\tfes\traon\tblong\tkompetisen\tnomo.,3PL\tAGR\tlose\tafter\tLOC\tfirst\tround\tPOSS\tcompetition\tonly,They lost after only the first round of the competition.,,,,,naturalistic written,Olgeta i lus afta long fes raon blong kompetisen nomo.,,3PL AGR lose after LOC first round POSS competition only,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 27 June 1998",,4814, +23-69,23,"taem we i kasem fes poen nambawan poen i talem se ""oi!""","taem\twe\ti\tkasem\tfes\tpoen\tnambawan\tpoen\ti\ttalem\tse\t""oi!""",time\tREL\tAGR\tcatch\tfirst\tpoint\tnumber.one\tpoint\tAGR\ttell\tCOMP\tEXCLAM,"When he got to the first point he said ""Oi!""",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"taem we i kasem fes poen nambawan poen i talem se ""oi!""",,time REL AGR catch first point number.one point AGR tell COMP EXCLAM,,,,4815, +23-70,23,i flae go kasem nambatri poen,i\tflae\tgo\tkasem\tnambatri\tpoen,AGR\tfly\tgo\tcatch\tnumber.three\tpoint,He flew till he reached the third point.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,i flae go kasem nambatri poen,,AGR fly go catch number.three point,,,,4816, +24-75,24,"fas, sekan, therd, fifth","fas,\tsekan,\ttherd,\tfifth",first\tsecond\tthird\tfifth,"first, second, third, fifth",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"fas, sekan, therd, fifth",,first second third fifth,,Own fieldwork,,4817, +24-76,24,forth,forth,fourth,fourth,,,,,naturalistic spoken,forth,,fourth,,Own fieldwork,,4818, +25-186,25,[...] weya im seken langa im,[...]\tweya\tim\tseken\tlanga\tim,[...]\tSUBORD\t3SG\tsecond\tLOC\t3SG,the one that comes second (context: a horse race),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This is a rare example of an ordinal other than fes 'first'.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"[...] weya im seken langa im",,[...] SUBORD 3SG second LOC 3SG,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This is a rare example of an ordinal other than fes 'first'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,4819, +26-44,26,da fə˞s taɪm aɪ du ɔm,da\tfə˞s\ttaɪm\taɪ\tdu\tɔm,ART\tfirst\ttime\t1SG\tdo\tit,the first time I did it,,,,,constructed by linguist,da fə˞s taɪm aɪ du ɔm,,ART first time 1SG do it,,Own knowledge,,4820, +26-45,26,da sɛkɛn bɹaɾa,da\tsɛkɛn\tbɹaɾa,ART\tsecond\tbrother,the second brother,,,1545[101],,naturalistic spoken,da sɛkɛn bɹaɾa,,ART second brother,,,,4821, +26-46,26,tu kɹeizi damis,tu\tkɹeizi\tdamis,two\tcrazy\tdummies,two crazy dummies,,native speaker poetry,96,,written (poetic),tu kɹeizi damis,,two crazy dummies,native speaker poetry,,,4822, +26-138,26,faɪ taims vs. da fif taim,faɪ\ttaim-s\tvs.\tda\tfif\ttaim,five\ttimes\tvs.\tthe\tfifth\ttime,five times vs. the fifth time,,,,,constructed by linguist,faɪ taims vs. da fif taim,faɪ taim-s vs. da fif taim,five times vs. the fifth time,,Own knowledge,,4823, +26-139,26,naɪn taims vs. da naɪnt wan,naɪn taim-s vs. da naɪn-t wan,nine time-PL the nine-ORD one,nine times vs. the ninth one,,,,,unspecified,naɪn taims vs. da naɪnt wan,naɪn taim-s vs. da naɪn-t wan,nine time-PL the nine-ORD one,,,,4824, +27-37,27,Di twēdə ēn am a ha twē hogo.,Di\ttwēdə\tēn\tam\ta\tha\ttwē\thogo.,DET\tsecond\tone\t3SG\tPST\thave\ttwo\teye,The second one had two eyes.,,,355[22],,naturalistic spoken,"Di twēdə ēn am a ha twē hogo.",,DET second one 3SG PST have two eye,,,,4825, +27-38,27,ēn,ēn,one,one,,,355[22],,elicited from speaker,ēn,,one,,,,4826, +27-39,27,twē,twē,two,two,,,355[22],,elicited from speaker,twē,,two,,,,4827, +29-60,29,"een - eerste, drie - derde","een\t-\teerste,\tdrie\t-\tderde",one\t-\tfirst\tthree\t-\tthird,"one - first, three - third",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"een - eerste, drie - derde",,one - first three - third,,Own knowledge,,4828, +29-61,29,"twee - tweede, vier - vierde, vyf - vyfde","twee\t-\ttwee-de,\tvier\t-\tvier-de,\tvyf\t-\tvyf-de",two\t-\tsecond\tfour\t-\tfour-th\tfive\t-\tfif-th,"two - second, four -fourth, five - fifth",,,,,naturalistic written,"twee - tweede, vier - vierde, vyf - vyfde","twee - twee-de, vier - vier-de, vyf - vyf-de",two - second four - four-th five - fif-th,,Own knowledge,,4829, +30-76,30,Pedru ê nha purmeru fidju mátxu.,Pedru\tê\tnha=purmeru\tfidju\tmátxu.,Pedru\tbe\tmy=first\tson\tmale,Pedru is my first-born son.,,,784[s.v. primeru],,naturalistic spoken,"Pedru ê nha purmeru fidju mátxu.",Pedru ê nha=purmeru fidju mátxu.,Pedru be my=first son male,,,,4830, +30-77,30,Txiga nóvi mes mininu ragátxa nega nase.,Txiga\tnóvi\tmes\tmininu\tragátxa\tnega\tnase.,arrive\tnine\tmonth\tchild\tbe.stubborn\trefuse\tbe.born,"When the ninth month had arrived, the child completely refused to be born.",,,784[s.v. ragátxa],,naturalistic spoken,"Txiga nóvi mes mininu ragátxa nega nase.",,arrive nine month child be.stubborn refuse be.born,,,,4831,"German: Als der neunte Monat kam, weigerte sich das Kind rundweg, auf die Welt zu kommen." +30-78,30,"Es ta fla ma si bu ten sais fidju, ma kel di séti, ma ta da lobuzómi.","Es=ta=fla\tma=si=bu=ten\tsais\tfidju,\tma=kel=di=séti,\tma=ta=da\tlobuzómi.",3PL=IPFV=say\tCOMP=if=2SG=have\tsix\tchild\tCOMP=DEM.SG=of=seven\tCOMP=IPFV=give\twerewolf,"They say that if you have (already) six children, the seventh will be a werewolf.",,,784[s.v. lobuzómi],,naturalistic spoken,"Es ta fla ma si bu ten sais fidju, ma kel di séti, ma ta da lobuzómi.","Es=ta=fla ma=si=bu=ten sais fidju, ma=kel=di=séti, ma=ta=da lobuzómi.",3PL=IPFV=say COMP=if=2SG=have six child COMP=DEM.SG=of=seven COMP=IPFV=give werewolf,,,,4832,"German: Man sagt, dass, wenn man schon sechs Kinder hat, das siebte ein Werwolf wird." +31-74,31,"primeru, segundu, terseru","primeru,\tsegundu,\tterseru",first\tsecond\tthird,"first, second, third",,,,,constructed by linguist,"primeru, segundu, terseru",,first second third,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,4833, +31-75,31,Nha primeru fidju more na Purtugal.,Nha\tprimeru\tfidju\tmore\tna\tPurtugal.,my\tfirst\tson\tdie\tin\tPortugal,My first son died in Portugal.,,,690,,naturalistic spoken,Nha primeru fidju more na Purtugal.,,my first son die in Portugal,,,,4834, +32-48,32,"un/primer, dos/sgund, tres/terser","un/primer,\tdos/sgund,\ttres/terser",one/first\ttwo/second\tthree/third,"one/first, two/second, three/third",,,,,constructed by linguist,"un/primer, dos/sgund, tres/terser",,one/first two/second three/third,,Own knowledge,,4835,"Portuguese: um/primeiro, dois/segundo, três/terceiro" +32-49,32,"kuat/kuart, sink/kint, seis/sest","kuat/kuart,\tsink/kint,\tseis/sest",four/fourth\tfive/fifth\tsix/sixth,"four/fourth, five/fifth, six/sixth",,,,,constructed by linguist,"kuat/kuart, sink/kint, seis/sest",,four/fourth five/fifth six/sixth,,Own knowledge,,4836,"Portuguese: quatro/quarto, cinco/quinto, seis/sexto" +33-71,33,un/purmedu; dus/sugundu; tris/tirseru; kuatru/kuartu; sinku/kintu etc.,un/purmedu;\tdus/sugundu;\ttris/tirseru;\tkuatru/kuartu;\tsinku/kintu\tetc.,one/first\ttwo/second\tthree/third\tfour/fourth\tfive/fifth\tetc.,one/first; two/second; three/ third; four/fourth; five/fifth etc.,,Creole ordinals come directly from Portuguese ordinals and Creole cardinals come directly from Portuguese cardinals.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,un/purmedu; dus/sugundu; tris/tirseru; kuatru/kuartu; sinku/kintu etc.,,one/first two/second three/third four/fourth five/fifth etc.,Creole ordinals come directly from Portuguese ordinals and Creole cardinals come directly from Portuguese cardinals.,Own knowledge,,4837,Portuguese: un/primeiro; dois/segundo; três/terceiro; quatro/quarto; cinco/quinto etc. +33-72,33,"dus, sugundu, di dus","dus,\tsugundu,\tdi\tdus",two\tsecond\tof\ttwo,"two, second, second",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"dus, sugundu, di dus",,two second of two,,Own knowledge,,4838,"Portuguese: dois, segundo, segundo" +34-49,34,"Ña purmedu fiju i fémiya, di dos i macu.","Ña\tpurmedu\tfiju\tø\ti\tfémiya,\tdi\tdos\tø\ti\tmacu.",POSS.1SG\tfirst\tchild\tPFV\tCOP\tfemale\tof\ttwo\tPFV\tCOP\tmale,"My first child is a female, the second one is a male.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ña purmedu fiju i fémiya, di dos i macu.","Ña purmedu fiju ø i fémiya, di dos ø i macu.",POSS.1SG first child PFV COP female of two PFV COP male,,Own knowledge,,4839, +34-50,34,Ña womi di tres coma-du Pidru.,Ña\twomi\tdi\ttres\tø\tcoma-du\tPidru.,POSS.1SG\thusband\tof\tthree\tPFV\tcall-PASS\tPeter,My third husband's name is Peter.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ña womi di tres coma-du Pidru.","Ña womi di tres ø coma-du Pidru.",POSS.1SG husband of three PFV call-PASS Peter,,Own knowledge,,4840, +35-83,35,plumê/plumêlu; segundu/sengundu; tlusêlu/tlêsêlu,plumê/plumêlu;\tsegundu/sengundu;\ttlusêlu/tlêsêlu,first\tsecond\tthird,first; second; third,,"After these ordinals, the other strategy illustrated in Example 85 can be used. In a sequence, vê tlaxi [time behind] 'next' can be used, without specifying the number in question.",,,constructed by linguist,plumê/plumêlu; segundu/sengundu; tlusêlu/tlêsêlu,,first second third,"After these ordinals, the other strategy illustrated in Example 85 can be used. In a sequence, vê tlaxi [time behind] 'next' can be used, without specifying the number in question.",Own data,,4841, +35-84,35,"Sun da plumê mina ũa bôbô, sun da sêgundu mina ũa bôbô, sun da tlêsêlu mina ũa bôbô.","Sun\tda\tplumê\tmina\tũa\tbôbô,\tsun\tda\tsêgundu\tmina\tũa\tbôbô,\tsun\tda\ttlêsêlu\tmina\tũa\tbôbô.",man\tgive\tfirst\tchild\tone\tripe.banana\tman\tgive\tsecond\tchild\tone\tripe.banana\tman\tgive\tthird\tchild\tone\tripe.banana,"The man gave the first child a ripe banana, the man gave the second child a ripe banana, the man gave the third child a ripe banana.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sun da plumê mina ũa bôbô, sun da sêgundu mina ũa bôbô, sun da tlêsêlu mina ũa bôbô.",,man give first child one ripe.banana man give second child one ripe.banana man give third child one ripe.banana,,Own data,,4842, +35-85,35,kabêsa xi ku ka fe dôzê,kabêsa\txi\tku\tka\tfe\tdôzê,head\tDEM\tREL\tIPFV\tdo\ttwelve,the twelfth head,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kabêsa xi ku ka fe dôzê,,head DEM REL IPFV do twelve,,Own data,,4843, +36-47,36,Pumbêlu kikiê ma ê puri ku ê tha kôvina.,Pumbêlu\tkikiê\tma\tê\tpuri\tku\tê\ttha\tkôvina.,first\tfish\tREL\t3SG\tmeet\twith\t3SG\tCOP\tcorvine,The first fish he met was a corvine.,,,901[48],,naturalistic spoken,"Pumbêlu kikiê ma ê puri ku ê tha kôvina.",,first fish REL 3SG meet with 3SG COP corvine,,,,4844,"French: Le premier poisson qu'il rencontra, c'était un corb." +36-48,36,"Siga têêsi ria, kuana ria, thô Têtêuga bi [...].","Siga\ttêêsi\tria,\tkuana\tria,\tthô\tTêtêuga\tbi\t[...].",arrive\tthree\tday\tfour\tday\tthen\tTurtle\tcome\t[...],"The third day came, the fourth day, then Turtle arrived [...].",,,901[48],,naturalistic spoken,"Siga têêsi ria, kuana ria, thô Têtêuga bi [...].",,arrive three day four day then Turtle come [...],,,,4845,"French: Le troisième jour arriva, le quatrième, puis Tortue vint [...]." +37-52,37,"ũa/pimyô, dôsu/sêgundu, têêxi/têsêw ~ trisêw, xinku/kintu","ũa/pimyô, dôsu/sêgundu, têêxi/têsêw ~ trisêw, xinku/kintu","one/first two/second three/third, five/fifth","one/first, two/second, three/third, five/fifth",,,905,,naturalistic spoken,"ũa/pimyô, dôsu/sêgundu, têêxi/têsêw ~ trisêw, xinku/kintu",,"one/first two/second three/third, five/fifth",,,,4846, +37-53,37,kwatu/kwatu,kwatu/kwatu,four/fourth,four/fourth,,Kwatu is the only ordinal numeral which has the same form as the correspondent cardinal numeral.,,,constructed by linguist,kwatu/kwatu,,four/fourth,"Kwatu is the only ordinal numeral which has the same form as the correspondent cardinal numeral.",Own knowledge,,4847, +37-54,37,N sa ke ten kaxi sê di têêxi.,N\tsa\tka\twe\tten\tkaxi\tsê\tdi\ttêêxi.,1SG\tPROG\tIPFV\tgo\ttill\thouse\tDEM\tof\tthree,I’m going to the third house.,,,905[43],,elicited from speaker,"N sa ke ten kaxi sê di têêxi.",N sa ka we ten kaxi sê di têêxi.,1SG PROG IPFV go till house DEM of three,,,,4848, +38-59,38,Se sa pimelu dyia [...],Se\tsa\tpimelu\tdyia\t[...],and\tbe\tfirst\tday\t[...],And it was the first day [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,Se sa pimelu dyia [...],,and be first day [...],,Own fieldwork 1993,,4849, +38-60,38,batelu tesyi,batelu\ttesyi,canoe\tthree,three canoes OR: the third canoe,,,,,elicited from speaker,batelu tesyi,,canoe three,,Own fieldwork 1993,,4850, +38-61,38,úña,úña,one,one,,,,,elicited from speaker,úña,,one,,Own fieldwork 1993,,4851, +39-71,39,pimer,pimer,first,first,,,221[259],,naturalistic spoken,pimer,,first,,,,4852, +39-72,39,sigũd,sigũd,second,second,,,221[259],,elicited from speaker,sigũd,,second,,,,4853, +39-73,39,oytm,oyt-m,eight-ORD,eighth,,"The suffix -m attaches to cardinal numerals above six in order to obtain ordinals; however, this strategy is part of the derivational repertoire of a limited number of speakers, and often applied hesitantly.",221[260],,naturalistic spoken,oytm,oyt-m,eight-ORD,"The suffix -m attaches to cardinal numerals above six in order to obtain ordinals; however, this strategy is part of the derivational repertoire of a limited number of speakers, and often applied hesitantly.",,,4854, +39-74,39,ũ,ũ,one,one,,,221[258],,naturalistic spoken,ũ,,one,,,,4855, +39-75,39,doy,doy,two,two,,,221[258],,naturalistic spoken,doy,,two,,,,4856, +40-45,40,"primer, pahila, dusra, tisra, etc.","primer,\tpahila,\tdusra,\ttisra,\tetc.",first\tfirst\tsecond\tthird\tetc.,"first, first, second, third, etc.",,"For 'first', both Portuguese- and Marathi-derived terms are used. Otherwise, the Marathi-derived terms are used.",,,constructed by linguist,"primer, pahila, dusra, tisra, etc.",,first first second third etc.,"For 'first', both Portuguese- and Marathi-derived terms are used. Otherwise, the Marathi-derived terms are used.",Own knowledge,,4857, +40-46,40,"dusra, tisra","dusra,\ttisra",second\tthird,"second, third",,These lexical items are from Marathi.,,,constructed by linguist,"dusra, tisra",,second third,These lexical items are from Marathi.,Own knowledge,,4858, +41-64,41,"uŋa, prumeer/primeer; doos, dozeer; trees, trezeer; kaatru, katreer; dɛɛs, dezeer","uŋa,\tprum-eer/prim-eer;\tdoos,\tdoz-eer;\ttrees,\ttrez-eer;\tkaatru,\tkatr-eer;\tdɛɛs,\tdez-eer",one\tone-ORD/one-ORD\ttwo\ttwo-ORD\tthree\tthree-ORD\tfour\tfour-ORD\tten\tten-ORD,"one, first; two, second; three, third; four, fourth; ten, tenth",,,1416[passim],,elicited from speaker,"uŋa, prumeer/primeer; doos, dozeer; trees, trezeer; kaatru, katreer; dɛɛs, dezeer","uŋa, prum-eer/prim-eer; doos, doz-eer; trees, trez-eer; kaatru, katr-eer; dɛɛs, dez-eer",one one-ORD/one-ORD two two-ORD three three-ORD four four-ORD ten ten-ORD,,,,4859, +41-65,41,isti teem dɛɛzda vees eev etuspa jafalaa,isti\tteem\tdɛɛz-da\tvees\teev\tetus-pa\tjaa-falaa,this\tPRS.be\tten-ADJZ\ttime\t1SG\t3PL.HON-DAT\tPST-say,This is the tenth time I have told them.,,,1416[4044],,elicited from speaker,isti teem dɛɛzda vees eev etuspa jafalaa,isti teem dɛɛz-da vees eev etus-pa jaa-falaa,this PRS.be ten-ADJZ time 1SG 3PL.HON-DAT PST-say,,,,4860, +42-58,42,De Silva sa kaza namba dos,De\tSilva\tsa\tkaza\tnamba\tdos,De\tSilva\tGEN\thouse\tnumber\ttwo,The De Silva's house is the second one.,,,122[108],,naturalistic spoken,"De Silva sa kaza namba dos",,De Silva GEN house number two,,,,4861, +42-59,42,Gerry sa kaza namba tres,Gerry\tsa\tkaza\tnamba\ttres,Gerry\tGEN\thouse\tnumber\tthree,Gerry's house is the third.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Gerry sa kaza namba tres",,Gerry GEN house number three,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,4862, +44-71,44,"priméru, segúndo [...] kwártu","priméru,\tsegúndo\t[...]\tkwártu",first\tsecond\t[...]\tfourth,"first, second [...] fourth",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"priméru, segúndo [...] kwártu",,first second [...] fourth,,Own data,,4863, +44-72,44,"úna, ikadós, ikatrés, ikakwátro [...] ikasyéte","úna,\tikadós,\tikatrés,\tikakwátro\t[...]\tikasyéte",first\tsecond\tthird\tfourth\t[...]\tseventh,"first, second, third, fourth [...] seventh",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"úna, ikadós, ikatrés, ikakwátro [...] ikasyéte",,first second third fourth [...] seventh,,Own data,,4864, +45-40,45,"uno, una, dos, ika-dos, tres, ika-tres, cuatro, ika-cuatro","uno,\tuna,\tdos,\tika-dos,\ttres,\tika-tres,\tcuatro,\tika-cuatro",one\tfirst\ttwo\tsecond\tthree\tthird\tfour\tfourth,"one, first, two, second, three, third, four, fourth",,"Also pang-dos, pang-tres etc. can be used for the ordinal series.",426[222],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"uno, una, dos, ika-dos, tres, ika-tres, cuatro, ika-cuatro",,one first two second three third four fourth,"Also pang-dos, pang-tres etc. can be used for the ordinal series.",,,4865, +45-61,45,"uno, una, dos, ika-dos, tres, ika-tres, cuatro, ika-cuatro","uno,\tuna,\tdos,\tika-dos,\ttres,\tika-tres,\tcuatro,\tika-cuatro",one\tfirst\ttwo\tsecond\tthree\tthird\tfour\tfourth,"one, first, two, second, three, third, four, fourth",,,426[222],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"uno, una, dos, ika-dos, tres, ika-tres, cuatro, ika-cuatro",,one first two second three third four fourth,,,,4866, +45-62,45,"uno, primero, dos, segundo, tres, tercero, cuatro, cuarto","uno,\tprimero,\tdos,\tsegundo,\ttres,\ttercero,\tcuatro,\tcuarto",one\tfirst\ttwo\tsecond\tthree\tthird\tfour\tfourth,"one, first, two, second, three, third, four, fourth",,,426[222],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"uno, primero, dos, segundo, tres, tercero, cuatro, cuarto",,one first two second three third four fourth,,,,4867, +46-75,46,priméro,priméro,first,first,,,,,naturalistic spoken,priméro,,first,,Own knowledge,,4868, +46-76,46,ika-dos,ika-dos,ORD-two,second,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ika-dos,,ORD-two,,Own knowledge,,4869, +47-66,47,(di) promé; di dos; di tres; di shen,(di)\tpromé;\tdi\tdos;\tdi\ttres;\tdi\tshen,(of)\tfirst\tof\ttwo\tof\tthree\tof\thundred,first; second; third; one hundredth,,,556[40],,published source,(di) promé; di dos; di tres; di shen,,(of) first of two of three of hundred,,,,4870, +48-55,48,Agüé e segundo ría ri ottubre.,Agüé\te\tsegundo\tría\tri\tottubre.,today\tbe\tsecond\tday\tof\tOctober,Today is the second day of October.,,"Agüé is an old dialectal (Leonese) form of Spanish, no longer used today elsewhere in Latin American Spanish. Palenqueros do not use Spanish hoy in their creole.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Agüé e segundo ría ri ottubre.",,today be second day of October,"Agüé is an old dialectal (Leonese) form of Spanish, no longer used today elsewhere in Latin American Spanish. Palenqueros do not use Spanish hoy in their creole.",Recorded by author,,4871,Spanish: Hoy es el segundo día de octubre. +48-56,48,Lusy ta en el kuarto grao.,Lusy\tta\ten\tel\tkuarto\tgrao.,Lucy\tbe\tin\tthe\tforth\tgrade,Lucy is in the forth grade.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Lusy ta en el kuarto grao.",,Lucy be in the forth grade,,Recorded by author,,4872,Spanish: Lucy está en el cuarto grado. +49-101,49,Men dezyèm blag la!,Men\tdezyèm\tblag\tla!,this.is\tsecond\tjoke\tDEF,This is the second funny story!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Men dezyèm blag la!,,this.is second joke DEF,,Own knowledge,,4873,French: Voilà la deuxième histoire drôle! +50-58,50,yonn/prèmyé,yonn/prèmyé,one/first,one/first,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yonn/prèmyé,,one/first,,Own fieldwork,,4874, +50-59,50,dé/dézyèm,dé/dézyèm,two/second,two/second,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dé/dézyèm,,two/second,,Own fieldwork,,4875, +50-60,50,twa/twazyèm,twa/twazyèm,three/third,three/third,,,,,naturalistic spoken,twa/twazyèm,,three/third,,Own fieldwork,,4876, +51-57,51,"yonn, prèmié","yonn,\tprèmié",one\tfirst,"one, first",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"yonn, prèmié",,one first,,Own fieldwork,,4877, +51-58,51,"dé, déziem","dé,\tdéziem",two\tsecond,"two, second",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"dé, déziem",,two second,,Own fieldwork,,4878, +52-37,52,roun/premyè,roun/premyè,one/first,one/first,,,,,constructed by linguist,roun/premyè,,one/first,,Own knowledge,,4879, +52-38,52,"dé vs. dézyèm, trw vs. trwazyèm, kat vs. katriyèm","dé\tvs.\tdézyèm,\ttrw\tvs.\ttrwazyèm,\tkat\tvs.\tkatriyèm",two\tvs.\ttwo.NUM\tthree\tvs.\tthree.NUM\tfour\tvs.\tfour.NUM,"two vs. second, three vs. third, four vs. fourth",,,,,elicited from speaker,"dé vs. dézyèm, trw vs. trwazyèm, kat vs. katriyèm",,two vs. two.NUM three vs. three.NUM four vs. four.NUM,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,4880, +53-132,53,en/enn - premye,en/enn\t-\tpremye,one\t-\tfirst,one - first,,,"1048[451,472]",,naturalistic spoken,en/enn - premye,,one - first,,,,4881, +53-133,53,de - dezyem,de\t-\tdezyem,two\t-\tsecond,two - second,,,"1048[446, 448]",,naturalistic spoken,de - dezyem,,two - second,,,,4882, +53-134,53,en/enn - prèmyen; de - dèzyèm; trwa - trwazyèm,en/enn\t-\tprèmyen;\tde\t-\tdèzyèm;\ttrwa\t-\ttrwazyèm,one\t-\tfirst\ttwo\t-\tsecond\tthree\t-\tthird,one - first; two - second; three - third,,,722[205],,naturalistic spoken,en/enn - prèmyen; de - dèzyèm; trwa - trwazyèm,,one - first two - second three - third,,,,4883, +53-135,53,"la sègon lannen chiko, la trwazyèm lannen chiko","la\tsègon\tlannen\tchiko,\tla\ttrwazyèm\tlannen\tchiko",ART.DEF\tsecond\tyear\tsugar.cane.stubble\tART.DEF\tthird\tyear\tsugar.cane.stubble,"second year sugar cane stubble, third year sugar cane stubble",,,722[205],,naturalistic spoken,"la sègon lannen chiko, la trwazyèm lannen chiko",,ART.DEF second year sugar.cane.stubble ART.DEF third year sugar.cane.stubble,,,,4884, +54-81,54,enn - promye,enn\t-\tpromye,one\t-\tfirst,one - first,,There are also phonetic variants premye and prömye.,214[61N],,naturalistic spoken,enn - promye,,one - first,"There are also phonetic variants premye and prömye.",,,4885,French: un - premier +54-82,54,de - dezyem,de\t-\tdezyem,two\t-\tsecond,two - second,,,,,constructed by linguist,de - dezyem,,two - second,,Own knowledge,,4886,French: deux - deuxième +54-83,54,trwa - trwazyem,trwa\t-\ttrwazyem,three\t-\tthird,three - third,,,,,constructed by linguist,trwa - trwazyem,,three - third,,Own knowledge,,4887,French: trois - troisième +55-62,55,de vs. dezyem,[de]\tvs.\t[dezyɛm],two\tvs.\tsecond,two vs. second,,,,,constructed by linguist,de vs. dezyem,[de] vs. [dezyɛm],two vs. second,,Own knowledge,,4888, +55-63,55,de vs. segoṅ,[de]\tvs.\t[segõ],two\tvs.\tsecond,two vs. second,,,,,constructed by linguist,de vs. segoṅ,[de] vs. [segõ],two vs. second,,Own knowledge,,4889, +55-64,55,en vs. premye,[ɛn]\tvs.\t[premye],one\tvs.\tfirst,one vs. first,,,,,constructed by linguist,en vs. premye,[ɛn] vs. [premye],one vs. first,,Own knowledge,,4890, +56-77,56,enn – premye,enn\t–\tpremye,one\t–\tfirst,one – first,,,"1439[83, 241]",,written (dictionary),enn – premye,,one – first,,,,4891, +56-78,56,de – dezyenm,de\t–\tdezyenm,two\t–\tsecond,two – second,,,"1439[56, 68]",,written (dictionary),de – dezyenm,,two – second,,,,4892, +58-46,58,mu-ntu ya ntete vs. mu-ntu mosi,mu-ntu\tya\tntete\tvs.\tmu-ntu\tmosi,1-person\tof\tfirst\tvs.\t1-person\tone,first person vs. one person,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mu-ntu ya ntete vs. mu-ntu mosi",,1-person of first vs. 1-person one,,Own knowledge,,4893, +58-47,58,mu-ntu ya zole vs. ba-ntu zole,mu-ntu\tya\tzole\tvs.\tba-ntu\tzole,1-person\tof\ttwo\tvs.\t2-person\ttwo,second person vs. two persons,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mu-ntu ya zole vs. ba-ntu zole",,1-person of two vs. 2-person two,,Own knowledge,,4894, +59-126,59,"mbi wara azo ose, kozo ni ake koli, ose ni ake wali","mbi\twara\ta-zo\tose,\tkozo\tni\ta-ke\tkoli,\tose\tni\ta-ke\twali",1SG\tfind\tPL-person\ttwo\tfirst\tDET\tPM-COP\tman\ttwo\tDET\tPM-COP\twoman,"I found two persons, the first was a man, the second was a woman.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"mbi wara azo ose, kozo ni ake koli, ose ni ake wali","mbi wara a-zo ose, kozo ni a-ke koli, ose ni a-ke wali",1SG find PL-person two first DET PM-COP man two DET PM-COP woman,,Own knowledge,,4895, +59-127,59,kozo masia ti mbi,kozo\tmasia\tti\tmbi,first\tadolescent.girl\tof\t1SG,my first adolescent daughter,,Notice that as an adjective /kozo/ does not occur with DET. Kozo ni 'the first' can be used adverbially or nominally.,1463,,constructed by linguist,kozo masia ti mbi,,first adolescent.girl of 1SG,"Notice that as an adjective /kozo/ does not occur with DET. Kozo ni 'the first' can be used adverbially or nominally.",,,4896, +59-128,59,zo oko aga ape,zo\toko\ta-ga\tape,person\tone\tPM-come\tNEG,No one has come.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,zo oko aga ape,zo oko a-ga ape,person one PM-come NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,4897, +60-45,60,mobáli mókó,mobáli\tmókó,man\tone,one man,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mobáli mókó,,man one,,Own knowledge,,4898, +60-46,60,mobáli ya libosó,mobáli\tya\tlibosó,man\tof\tfront,the first man,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mobáli ya libosó,,man of front,,Own knowledge,,4899, +60-47,60,mibáli mísátu,mibáli\tmísátu,men\tthree,three men,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mibáli mísátu,,men three,,Own knowledge,,4900, +60-48,60,mobáli ya mísátu,mobáli\tya\tmísátu,man\tof\tthree,the third man,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mobáli ya mísátu,,man of three,,Own knowledge,,4901, +61-30,61,Phist lo mabili fan ga mina shatile.,Phist\tlo\tmabili\tfan\tga\tmina\tshat-ile.,first\tDEF.ART\ttwo\tson\tPOSS\tme\tmarry-PST,My first two sons got married. OR: The first (time) my two sons got married.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Phist lo mabili fan ga mina shatile.",Phist lo mabili fan ga mina shat-ile.,first DEF.ART two son POSS me marry-PST,,,,4902, +61-31,61,"Hayi buyisa mabili gane, buyisa lo namba-tu.","Hayi\tbuy-is-a\tmabili\tgane,\tbuy-isa\tlo\tnamba-tu.",NEG\tbring-CAUS-V\ttwo\tchild\tbring-CAUS\tDEF.ART\tnumber-two,"Don't bring two children, bring the second (one).",,,,,unknown,"Hayi buyisa mabili gane, buyisa lo namba-tu.","Hayi buy-is-a mabili gane, buy-isa lo namba-tu.",NEG bring-CAUS-V two child bring-CAUS DEF.ART number-two,,,,4903, +62-29,62,bosí; kigí cha bosí,bosí;\tkigí\tcha\tbosí,first\t7.thing\t7:of\tfirst,first; the first thing,,"For cardinals, the noun is followed by the number, whereas for ordinals, the noun is followed by the genitive and the number.",,,elicited from speaker,bosí; kigí cha bosí,,first 7.thing 7:of first,"For cardinals, the noun is followed by the number, whereas for ordinals, the noun is followed by the genitive and the number.",Own field data 1993,,4904, +62-30,62,kiboko wé,kiboko\twé,hippo\tone,one hippo,,,,,elicited from speaker,kiboko wé,,hippo one,,Own field data 1993,,4905, +62-117,62,`mche ungi wa ka tatu.,`mche\tungi\twa\tka\ttatu.,wife\tdifferent\t1:of\ttime\tthree,the third wife,,,,,naturalistic spoken,`mche ungi wa ka tatu.,,wife different 1:of time three,,Own data,,4906, +62-118,62,"vabora veri, `mbwange wa ka tatu.",vabora\tva-iri\t`mbwange\tu-a\tka\ttatu,2:girls\t2-two\t1:boy\t1-of\ttime\tthree,"two girls, the third one a boy",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"vabora veri, `mbwange wa ka tatu.",vabora va-iri `mbwange u-a ka tatu,2:girls 2-two 1:boy 1-of time three,,Own data,,4907, +63-61,63,madmúni ta wáy,madmúni\tta\twáy,aim\tGEN\tone,the first aim,,,857[167],,naturalistic spoken,"madmúni ta wáy",,aim GEN one,,,,4908, +63-62,63,nyerekú tá-i ta awalán,nyerekú\ttá-i\tta\tawalán,boy\tGEN-my\tGEN\tfirst,my first son,,,857[167],,naturalistic spoken,nyerekú tá-i ta awalán,,boy GEN-my GEN first,,,,4909, +63-63,63,šar ta itnášer,šar\tta\titnášer,month\tGEN\ttwelve,the twelfth month,,,857[167],,naturalistic spoken,"šar ta itnášer",,month GEN twelve,,,,4910, +64-66,64,áwal wái,áwal\twái,first\tone,the first one,,,,,constructed by linguist,"áwal wái",,first one,,Own knowledge,,4911, +64-67,64,yom ta kámsa,yom\tta\tkámsa,day\tPOSS\tfive,the fifth day,,,874[100],,naturalistic spoken,"yom ta kámsa",,day POSS five,,,,4912, +64-68,64,síka ta sitta,síka\tta\tsitta,road\tPOSS\tsix,the sixth road,,,874[100],,naturalistic spoken,"síka ta sitta",,road POSS six,,,,4913, +64-69,64,táni hája,táni\thája,second\tthing,the second thing,,,,,constructed by linguist,táni hája,,second thing,,Own knowledge,,4914, +64-70,64,áwal binía de ja umbári,áwal\tbinía\tde\tja\tumbári,first\tgirl\tDEM\tcome\tyesterday,The first girl came yesterday.,,,,,constructed by linguist,áwal binía de ja umbári,,first girl DEM come yesterday,,Own knowledge,,4915, +66-43,66,"Kəsattu kalina blakang, kəðua kali manawaktule adatang.","Kə-sattu\tkali-na\tblakang,\tkə-ðua\tkali\tmana-waktu-le\ta-datang.",ORD-one\ttime-DAT\tafter\tORD-two\ttime\twhere-time-COM\tPRS-come,The second time always follows the first time.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Kəsattu kalina blakang, kəðua kali manawaktule adatang.","Kə-sattu kali-na blakang, kə-ðua kali mana-waktu-le a-datang.",ORD-one time-DAT after ORD-two time where-time-COM PRS-come,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,4916, +66-44,66,Kətiga java aromong orang beso atidatang.,Kə-tiga\tjava\tar-omong\torang\tbeso\tati-datang.,ORD-three\tMalay\tPRS-speak\tperson\ttomorrow\tFUT-come,The third Malay-speaking person will come tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Kətiga java aromong orang beso atidatang.,Kə-tiga java ar-omong orang beso ati-datang.,ORD-three Malay PRS-speak person tomorrow FUT-come,,Own knowledge,,4917, +67-79,67,Tapi kopi namar satu orang bilang tak ada bagus.,Tapi\tkopi\tnamar\tsatu\torang\tbilang\ttak\tada\tbagus.,But\tcoffee\tnumber\tone\tpeople\tcount\tNEG\tbe\tgood,But coffee is the first [thing] that people count as bad.,,,708[81],,naturalistic spoken,Tapi kopi namar satu orang bilang tak ada bagus.,,But coffee number one people count NEG be good,,,,4918, +67-80,67,Itu saya punya anak cucu nombor dua.,Itu\tsaya\tpunya\tanak\tcucu\tnombor\tdua.,DEM\t1SG\tPOSS\tchild\tgrandchild\tnumber\ttwo,That is my second grandchild.,,Anak means ‘child’ and cucu means ‘grandchild’. But what the informant meant was ‘grandchild’.,,,naturalistic spoken,Itu saya punya anak cucu nombor dua.,,DEM 1SG POSS child grandchild number two,"Anak means ‘child’ and cucu means ‘grandchild’. But what the informant meant was ‘grandchild’.",Own knowledge,,4919, +68-48,68,ka-dua,ka-dua,ORD-two,second,,,1528[106],,elicited from speaker,ka-dua,,ORD-two,,,,4920, +68-49,68,partama,partama,first,first,,,,,constructed by linguist,partama,,first,,Own knowledge,,4921, +71-60,71,"Iaia hele no a ki no aha kani kela pu, kela kani akahi, alua, aole ku, kela kani akolu wau ku no ma ka uha, wau hina ma ke alanui.","Iaia\thele\tno\ta\tki\tno\taha\tkani\tkela\tpu,\tkela\tkani\takahi,\talua,\taole\tku,\tkela\tkani\takolu\twau\tku\tno\tma\tka\tuha,\twau\thina\tma\tke\talanui.",3SG\tgo\tINTENS\tand\tshoot\tINTENS\tfour\tsound\tDET\tgun\tDET\tsound\tone\ttwo\tNEG\tstand\tDET\tsound\tthree\t1SG\tstand\tINTENS\tLOC\tDEF\tleg\t1SG\tfall\tLOC\tDEF\tstreet,He came and shot his gun four times; after the first and second shots I no longer was standing and at the third shot I got up on my knees and fell into the street.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Iaia hele no a ki no aha kani kela pu, kela kani akahi, alua, aole ku, kela kani akolu wau ku no ma ka uha, wau hina ma ke alanui.",,3SG go INTENS and shoot INTENS four sound DET gun DET sound one two NEG stand DET sound three 1SG stand INTENS LOC DEF leg 1SG fall LOC DEF street,,Own data 1885,,4922, +71-61,71,Alima manawa wau hele kela hale iaia.,Alima\tmanawa\twau\thele\tkela\thale\tiaia.,five\ttime\t1SG\tgo\tDET\thouse\t3SG.POSS,Five times I went over to his house.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Alima manawa wau hele kela hale iaia.",,five time 1SG go DET house 3SG.POSS,,own data 1899,,4923, +71-62,71,"Kela kani akahi, alua, aole ku.","Kela\tkani\takahi,\talua,\taole\tku.",DET\tbang\tfirst\tsecond\tNEG\tstand,During the first and second shots (of the gun) I wasn't standing up.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Kela kani akahi, alua, aole ku.",,DET bang first second NEG stand,,Own data 1885,,4924, +73-48,73,primeru,primeru,first,first,,Data are lacking for ordinals beyond 'first'.,,,naturalistic spoken,primeru,,first,Data are lacking for ordinals beyond 'first'.,Field notes,,4925, +73-49,73,uno,unu,one,one,,,,,naturalistic spoken,uno,unu,one,,Field notes,,4926, +75-100,75,la pramyee maenzoon,la\tpramyee\tmaenzoon,DEF.ART.F.SG\tfirst\thouse,the first house,,,522,,elicited from speaker,la pramyee maenzoon,,DEF.ART.F.SG first house,,,,4927, +75-101,75,la deuzhem maenzoon,la\tdeuzhem\tmaenzoon,DEF.ART.F.SG\tsecond\thouse,the second house,,,522,,elicited from speaker,la deuzhem maenzoon,,DEF.ART.F.SG second house,,,,4928, +75-102,75,la trwazhem maenzoon,la\ttrwazhem\tmaenzoon,DEF.ART.F.SG\tthird\thouse,the third house,,,522,,elicited from speaker,la trwazhem maenzoon,,DEF.ART.F.SG third house,,,,4929, +5-65,5,tuu daag de:d,tuu\tdaag\tde:d,two\tdog\tdead,Two dogs are dead.,,,,,constructed by linguist,tuu daag de:d,,two dog dead,,Own knowledge,,4930, +7-95,7,wan man; wan pants,wan\tman;\twan\tpants,INDF\tman\tINDF\tpants,a man; a pair of pants,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"wan man; wan pants",,INDF man INDF pants,,Own knowledge,,4931, +10-82,10,tuu daag,tuu\tdaag,two\tdog,two dogs,,,,,constructed by linguist,"tuu daag",,two dog,,Own knowledge,,4932, +11-93,11,tu bwai,tu\tbwai,two\tboy,two boys,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"tu bwai",,two boy,,,,4933, +13-69,13,seven head of children,seven\thead\tof\tchildren,NUM\thead\tof\tchildren,seven children,,,1500[264],,naturalistic spoken,"seven head of children",,NUM head of children,,,,4934, +15-57,15,tri os,tri\tos,three\thouse,three houses,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"tri os",,three house,,Own knowledge,,4935, +19-63,19,À tek dì tri chia dɛ̀n [...].,À\ttek\tdì\ttri\tchia\tdɛ̀n\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\ttake\tDEF\tthree\tchair\tPL\t[...],I took the three chairs [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"À tek dì tri chia dɛ̀n [...].",,1SG.SBJ take DEF three chair PL [...],,Field data,,4936, +20-51,20,Thisee chop tea what name?,Thisee\tchop\ttea\twhat\tname?,DEM\tCLF\ttea\twhat\tname,What is the name of this tea? OR: What is the name of this chop?,,The second translation is as given in Tong (1862).,1489[VI.15],,naturalistic written,"Thisee chop tea what name?",,DEM CLF tea what name,The second translation is as given in Tong (1862).,,地士揷地喝念,4937, +22-64,22,Mi gat tripela pikinini.,Mi\tgat\ttri-pela\tpikinini.,1SG\thave\tthree-MOD\tchild,I have three children.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mi gat tripela pikinini.",Mi gat tri-pela pikinini.,1SG have three-MOD child,,Own knowledge,,4938, +27-40,27,Am a fin dri mēnshi.,Am\ta\tfin\tdri\tmēnshi.,3SG\tPST\tfind\tthree\tgirl,He found three girls.,,,355[17],,naturalistic spoken,"Am a fin dri mēnshi.",,3SG PST find three girl,,,,4939, +28-69,28,o fragitɛ fi di hatbeʃi twɛ foro bwapo,o\tfragi-tɛ\tfi\tdi\thatbeʃi\ttwɛ\tforo\tbwa-apu,3SG\task-PFV\tfor\tDEF\tdeer\ttwo\tfront\tfoot-PL,He requested the deer's two front feet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"o fragitɛ fi di hatbeʃi twɛ foro bwapo",o fragi-tɛ fi di hatbeʃi twɛ foro bwa-apu,3SG ask-PFV for DEF deer two front foot-PL,,Own knowledge,,4940, +29-62,29,drie potlode vs. drie meisies vs. drie balle,drie\tpotlod-e\tvs.\tdrie\tmeisie-s\tvs.\tdrie\tbal-e,three\tpencil-s\tvs.\tthree\tgirl-s\tvs.\tthree\tball-s,three pencils vs. three girls vs. three balls,,,,,naturalistic written,drie potlode vs. drie meisies vs. drie balle,drie potlod-e vs. drie meisie-s vs. drie bal-e,three pencil-s vs. three girl-s vs. three ball-s,,Own knowledge,,4941, +30-79,30,"un mudjer, dos katxor, tres lápis","un\tmudjer,\tdos\tkatxor,\ttres\tlápis",one\twoman\ttwo\tdog\tthree\tpencil,"one woman, two dogs, three pencils",,,786,,constructed by linguist,"un mudjer, dos katxor, tres lápis",,one woman two dog three pencil,,,,4942, +32-50,32,"dos amdjer, dos kdjer","dos\tamdjer,\tdos\tkdjer",two\twoman\ttwo\tspoon,"two women, two spoons",,,,,constructed by linguist,"dos amdjer, dos kdjer",,two woman two spoon,,Own knowledge,,4943,"Portuguese: duas mulheres, duas colheres" +33-73,33,sinku katchuris,sinku\tkatchur-is,five\tdog-PL,five dogs,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"sinku katchuris",sinku katchur-is,five dog-PL,,Own knowledge,,4944,Portuguese: cinco cães +33-74,33,sinku livru,sinku\tlivru,five\tbook,five books,,"When the noun follows a numeral, plural marking on the noun is optional.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"sinku livru",,five book,"When the noun follows a numeral, plural marking on the noun is optional.",Own knowledge,,4945,Portuguese: cinco livros +34-51,34,kwátur miñjer; siŋku kacor; tres kaneta,kwátur\tmiñjer;\tsiŋku\tkacor;\ttres\tkaneta,four\twoman\tfive\tdog\tthree\tpencil,four women; five dogs; three pencils,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,kwátur miñjer; siŋku kacor; tres kaneta,,four woman five dog three pencil,,Own knowledge,,4946, +35-86,35,tlêxi ja,tlêxi\tja,three\tday,three days,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"tlêxi ja",,three day,,Own data,,4947, +37-55,37,dôsu kasô,dôsu\tkasô,two\tdog,two dogs,,,,,constructed by linguist,"dôsu kasô",,two dog,,Own knowledge,,4948, +38-63,38,dyiá sete,dyiá\tsete,day\tseven,seven days,,,,,elicited from speaker,"dyiá sete",,day seven,,Own fieldwork 1993,,4949, +39-76,39,Dəpəy atro dez pɛd kavok.,Dəpəy\tatr-o\tdez\tpɛd\tkavok.,then\tthrow-PST\tten\tstone\tcave/hole,Then (he) threw ten stones into the hole.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, past forms of lexical verbs (i.e. inflected forms, which do not co-occur with preverbal Tense-Aspect-Mood markers), such as atro in this sentence, express Perfective Aspect by default.",221[329],,naturalistic spoken,"Dəpəy atro dez pɛd kavok.",Dəpəy atr-o dez pɛd kavok.,then throw-PST ten stone cave/hole,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, past forms of lexical verbs (i.e. inflected forms, which do not co-occur with preverbal Tense-Aspect-Mood markers), such as atro in this sentence, express Perfective Aspect by default.",,,4950, +40-47,40,ũ mulɛr; ũ buk,ũ\tmulɛr;\tũ\tbuk,one\twoman\tone\tbook,one woman; one book,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ũ mulɛr; ũ buk",,one woman one book,,Own knowledge,,4951, +41-66,41,um miida askruuvapa kaatru rupiya landaa,uŋ\tmiida\taskruuva-pa\tkaatru\trupiya\tlo-andaa,one\tmeasure\trice-DAT\tfour\trupee\tFUT-go,For a measure of rice Rs. 4/- will go.,,,1416[5162],,naturalistic spoken,"um miida askruuvapa kaatru rupiya landaa",uŋ miida askruuva-pa kaatru rupiya lo-andaa,one measure rice-DAT four rupee FUT-go,,,,4952, +42-60,42,eli teng dos prau,eli\tteng\tdos\tprau,3SG\thave\ttwo\tboat,He has two boats.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"eli teng dos prau",,3SG have two boat,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,4953, +42-61,42,yo sa tres irmang,yo\tsa\ttres\tirmang,1SG\tGEN\tthree\tsibling,my three brothers/sisters/brothers and sisters.,,,122[86],,elicited from speaker,"yo sa tres irmang",,1SG GEN three sibling,,,,4954, +42-62,42,eli teng dos kachóru,eli\tteng\tdos\tkachóru,3SG\thave\ttwo\tdog,He has two dogs.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"eli teng dos kachóru",,3SG have two dog,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,4955, +44-73,44,dos íha,dos\tíha,two\tchild,two children,,Note that the female form íha is used in this example even if one of the children is a boy. There is variation in the use of these Spanish feminine forms.,,,naturalistic spoken,"dos íha",,two child,"Note that the female form íha is used in this example even if one of the children is a boy. There is variation in the use of these Spanish feminine forms.",Own data,,4956, +44-74,44,dos ányo,dos\tányo,two\tyear,two years,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"dos ányo",,two year,,Own data,,4957,Spanish: dos años +44-75,44,dos péhro,dos\tpéhro,two\tdog,two dogs,,,,,constructed by linguist,"dos péhro",,two dog,,Own knowledge,,4958, +46-77,46,Tyéne dos hénte na apláya.,Tyéne\tdos\thénte\tna\tapláya.,EXIST\ttwo\tpeople\tLOC\tbeach,There are two people on the beach.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Tyéne dos hénte na apláya.",,EXIST two people LOC beach,,Own knowledge,,4959, +47-67,47,sinku kachó; tres hende,sinku\tkachó;\ttres\thende,five\tdog\tfive\tpeople,"five dogs, five people",,,,,constructed by linguist,"sinku kachó; tres hende",,five dog five people,,Own knowledge,,4960, +48-57,48,tre pelo,tre\tpelo,three\tdog,three dogs,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"tre pelo",,three dog,,Recorded by author,,4961,Spanish: tres perros +49-103,49,M achte twa plim.,M\tachte\ttwa\tplim.,1SG\tbuy\tthree\tpen,I bought three pens.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"M achte twa plim.",,1SG buy three pen,,Own knowledge,,4962,French: J'ai acheté trois stylos. +50-61,50,senk moun,senk\tmoun,five\tperson,five persons,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"senk moun",,five person,,Own fieldwork,,4963, +50-62,50,senk chouval,senk\tchouval,five\thorse,five horses,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"senk chouval",,five horse,,Own fieldwork,,4964, +51-59,51,senk moun,senk\tmoun,five\tperson,five people,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"senk moun",,five person,,Own fieldwork,,4965, +51-60,51,senk chouval,senk\tchouval,five\thorse,five horses,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"senk chouval",,five horse,,Own fieldwork,,4966, +52-39,52,"roun fenm, dé wonm, trwa timoun","roun\tfenm,\tdé\twonm,\ttrwa\ttimoun",one\twoman\ttwo\tmen\tthree\tchildren,"one woman, two men, three children",,,,,elicited from speaker,"roun fenm, dé wonm, trwa timoun",,one woman two men three children,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,4967, +53-136,53,kat pat,kat\tpat,four\tleg,four legs,,,1048[418],,naturalistic spoken,"kat pat",,four leg,,,,4968,French: quatre pattes +54-84,54,de zanfan - kat koko,de\tzanfan\t-\tkat\tkoko,two\tchild\t-\tfour\tcoconut,two children - four coconuts,,,,,constructed by linguist,"de zanfan - kat koko",,two child - four coconut,,Own knowledge,,4969,French: deux enfants - quatre noix de coco +55-65,55,kat dimun; set sez; dis pye; de peyi,kat\tdimun;\tset\tsez;\tdis\tpye;\tde\tpeyi,four\tperson\tseven\tchair\tten\ttree\ttwo\tcountry,four people; seven chairs; ten trees; two countries,,,,,constructed by linguist,"kat dimun; set sez; dis pye; de peyi",,four person seven chair ten tree two country,,Own knowledge,,4970, +56-79,56,trwa lisyen,trwa\tlisyen,three\tdog,three dogs,,,,,constructed by linguist,"trwa lisyen",,three dog,,Own knowledge,,4971, +58-48,58,ba-ntu zole,ba-ntu\tzole,2-person\ttwo,two persons,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"ba-ntu zole",,2-person two,,Own knowledge,,4972, +60-49,60,bakonzi mísátu,bakonzi\tmísátu,leaders\tthree,three leaders,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"bakonzi mísátu",,leaders three,,Own knowledge,,4973, +61-32,61,mathatu inja,mathatu\tinja,three\tdog,three dogs,,There is no classifier.,,,constructed by linguist,mathatu inja,,three dog,There is no classifier.,Own knowledge,,4974, +62-31,62,vigí vinú víáta iʔí ní vighó,vigi\tvi-nu\tví-ata\tiʔí\tní\tvi-ghó,things\t8-two\t8-be\there\tis\t8-my,The two things here are mine.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"vigí vinú víáta iʔí ní vighó",vigi vi-nu ví-ata iʔí ní vi-ghó,things 8-two 8-be here is 8-my,,Own field data 1993,,4975, +63-64,63,wéle kámsa,wéle\tkámsa,boy\tfive,five boys,,,857[158],,naturalistic spoken,"wéle kámsa",,boy five,,,,4976, +64-71,64,rákab de zátu múda to árba kámsa sáa,rákab\tde\tzátu\tmúda\tto\tárba\tkámsa\tsáa,preparation\tDEM.PROX\tTOP\tperiod\tPOSS.3SG\tfour\tfive\thour,"The preparation, it takes four or five hours.",,,874[200],,naturalistic spoken,"rákab de zátu múda to árba kámsa sáa",,preparation DEM.PROX TOP period POSS.3SG four five hour,,,,4977, +65-58,65,[...] sidit dəwa təri den' sontsa piokla.,[...]\tsidit\tdəwa\ttəri\tden'\tsontsa\tpiok-la.,[...]\tsit.SG\ttwo\tthree\tday\tsun\theat-PFV,[...] it (the fish) is lying right in the sun for two or three days.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,1195[251],,naturalistic spoken,[...] sidit dəwa təri den' sontsa piokla.,[...] sidit dəwa təri den' sontsa piok-la.,[...] sit.SG two three day sun heat-PFV,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,,"[...] сидит дэва-тэри день, сонца пёкла.",4978, +65-59,65,Maja adin sonʧa ju pəradawaj dəwaʧati ʃətuka.,Maja\tadin\tsonʧa\tju\tpəradawaj\tdəwaʧati\tʃətuka.,1SG\tone\tsun\tCOP\tsell\ttwenty\titem,In one day I sold twenty pieces.,,The example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,1195[226],,naturalistic spoken,"Maja adin sonʧa ju pəradawaj dəwaʧati ʃətuka.",,1SG one sun COP sell twenty item,The example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,,Мая адин сонца ю прадавай двадцати штука.,4979, +66-45,66,Go nyari siklaatan dua kuçingpəðə iskulna duppang aðuuðung.,[Go\tnyari\tsi-klaatan]\tdua\tkuçing-pəðə\tiskul-na\tduppang\ta-ðuuðung.,[1SG\ttoday\tPST-see]\ttwo\tcat-PL\tschool-DAT\tbefore\tPST-sit,The two cats I saw today are sitting in front of the school.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Go nyari siklaatan dua kuçingpəðə iskulna duppang aðuuðung.,[Go nyari si-klaatan] dua kuçing-pəðə iskul-na duppang a-ðuuðung.,[1SG today PST-see] two cat-PL school-DAT before PST-sit,,Own knowledge,,4980, +67-81,67,"Saya ada dua anak, satu jantan, satu perempuan.","Saya\tada\tdua\tanak,\tsatu\tjantan,\tsatu\tperempuan.",1SG\thave\ttwo\tchild\tone\tmale\tone\tfemale,"I have two children, one son [and] one daughter.",,,708[109],,naturalistic spoken,"Saya ada dua anak, satu jantan, satu perempuan.",,1SG have two child one male one female,,,,4981,"Standard Malay: Saya ada dua orang anak, satu orang jantan, satu orang perempuam." +68-50,68,ikang sapol ekor,ikang\tsapol\tekor,fish\tten\tCLF,ten fish,,,1528[152],,elicited from speaker,"ikang sapol ekor",,fish ten CLF,,,,4982, +68-143,68,laki~laki dlapang orang,laki~laki\tdlapang\torang,RED.male\teight\tCLF,eight men,,,1528[152],,elicited from speaker,"laki~laki dlapang orang",,RED.male eight CLF,,,,4983, +68-144,68,mangga lima bua,mangga\tlima\tbua,mango\tfive\tCLF,five mangoes,,,1528[152],,elicited from speaker,"mangga lima bua",,mango five CLF,,,,4984, +69-28,69,aykum kundamwin,aykum\tkundamwin,woman\ttwo,two women,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"aykum kundamwin",,woman two,,Own field notes 1985,,4985, +70-37,70,Ham-loŋ tin londa.,Ham-loŋ\ttin\tlonda.,1-PL\tthree\tguy,We were three guys.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ham-loŋ tin londa.",,1-PL three guy,,Siegel-field recording,,4986, +71-63,71,Wau nana alua pake noho kela rumi kuke.,Wau\tnana\talua\tpake\tnoho\tkela\trumi\tkuke.,1SG\tlook\ttwo\tChinese\tstay\tDET\troom\tcook,I noticed that two Chinese were in the kitchen.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau nana alua pake noho kela rumi kuke.",,1SG look two Chinese stay DET room cook,,Own data 1897,,4987, +71-64,71,"Makemake inu, inu no alua kiaha liilii.","Makemake\tinu,\tinu\tno\talua\tkiaha\tliilii.",want\tdrink\tdrink\tINTENS\ttwo\tglass\tlittle,"If you want to drink some wine, you can drink two little glasses (without paying for it).",,,,,naturalistic written,"Makemake inu, inu no alua kiaha liilii.",,want drink drink INTENS two glass little,,Own data 1892,,4988, +72-61,72,Nyila sain dei karrap tu karungku.,Nyila\tsain\tdei\tkarrap\ttu\tkaru-ngku.,that\tsign\t3PL.S\tlook.at\ttwo\tchild-ERG,The two kids look at the sign.,,,400,35a225cb5425afb3e5c3639bd6a63163,naturalistic spoken,Nyila sain dei karrap tu karungku.,Nyila sain dei karrap tu karu-ngku.,that sign 3PL.S look.at two child-ERG,,,,4989, +72-62,72,Yarralin dei garram jirri team igin nganta.,Yarralin\tdei\tgarram\tjirri\tteam\tigin\tnganta.,Yarralin\t3PL.S\thave\tthree\tteam\tagain\tDOUBT,I think Yarralin have three teams.,,,8,,naturalistic spoken,Yarralin dei garram jirri team igin nganta.,,Yarralin 3PL.S have three team again DOUBT,,,,4990, +74-58,74,ixt man,ixt\tman,one\tman,one man,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ixt man",,one man,,Own knowledge,,4991, +1-98,1,Dem no lukku tatta va dem.,Den\tno\tluku\ttata\tfu\tden.,3PL\tNEG\tlook.after\tfather\tof\t3PL,They don't take care of their father.,,,1357[29],,written (dictionary),Dem no lukku tatta va dem.,Den no luku tata fu den.,3PL NEG look.after father of 3PL,,,,4992,German: [Die 2 Gebrüder] bekümmern sich nicht um ihren Vater. +1-99,1,Hai va hem de siki.,Ai\tfu\ten\tde\tsiki.,eye\tof\t3SG\tASP/COP\tsick,His eyes are ailing.,,,1357[55],,written (dictionary),Hai va hem de siki.,Ai fu en de siki.,eye of 3SG ASP/COP sick,,,,4993,German: Er hat böse Augen. [op.cit.] +2-79,2,A uma siki moro en sisa.,A\tuma\tsiki\tmoro\ten\tsisa.,DET\twoman\tsick\tmore\t3SG.POSS\tsister,The woman’s more ill than her sister.,,,1604[267],,naturalistic spoken,"A uma siki moro en sisa.",,DET woman sick more 3SG.POSS sister,,,,4994, +2-80,2,Mi futu no de so bigi.,Mi\tfutu\tno\tde\tso\tbigi.,my\tfoot\tNEG\tCOP\tso\tbig,My feet are not so big.,,,1604[275],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi futu no de so bigi.",,my foot NEG COP so big,,,,4995, +2-81,2,O bigi yu futu de?,O\tbigi\tyu\tfutu\tde?,how\tbig\tyour\tfoot\tCOP,How big is your foot?,,,1604,,naturalistic spoken,"O bigi yu futu de?",,how big your foot COP,,,,4996, +2-82,2,Dan a no man nanga a ouderwets sani fu en.,Dan\ta\tno\tman\tnanga\ta\touderwets\tsani\tfu\ten.,then\t3SG\tNEG\tcan\twith\tDET\told.fashioned\tthing\tof\ther,Then he can’t put up with her old-fashioned ways.,,,1606[78],,naturalistic spoken,"Dan a no man nanga a ouderwets sani fu en.",,then 3SG NEG can with DET old.fashioned thing of her,,,,4997, +2-83,2,Den tu pikin fu mi lobi fu nyan bami.,Den\ttu\tpikin\tfu\tmi\tlobi\tfu\tnyan\tbami.,the.PL\ttwo\tchild\tof\tme\tlove\tfor\teat\tbami,My two children love to eat bami.,,,1585[19],,naturalistic spoken,"Den tu pikin fu mi lobi fu nyan bami.",,the.PL two child of me love for eat bami,,,,4998, +2-84,2,den srafu fu den,den\tsrafu\tfu\tden,the.PL\tslave\tof\tthem,their slaves,,,1062[37],,naturalistic spoken,"den srafu fu den",,the.PL slave of them,,,,4999, +3-41,3,mi wosu,mi\twosu,1SG\thouse,my house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mi wosu,,1SG house,,Fieldwork data,,5000, +3-42,3,di buku u mi,di\tbuku\tu\tmi,DEF.SG\tbook\tfor\t1SG,my book,,,,,naturalistic spoken,di buku u mi,,DEF.SG book for 1SG,,Fieldwork data,,5001, +4-60,4,mi baala,mi\tbaala,my\tbrother,my brother,,,568[69],,elicited from speaker,mi baala,,my brother,,,,5002, +4-61,4,den baala fu mi,den\tbaala\tfu\tmi,DET.PL\tbrother\tPOSS\tme,my brothers,,,568[69],,elicited from speaker,den baala fu mi,,DET.PL brother POSS me,,,,5003, +4-62,4,a baala fu mi,a\tbaala\tfu\tmi,DET.SG\tbrother\tPOSS\tme,my brother,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,a baala fu mi,,DET.SG brother POSS me,,Own knowledge,,5004, +5-66,5,"sodaim if ii a mi paadna, ii a wok [...].","sodaim\tif\tii\ta\tmi\tpaadna,\tii\ta\twok\t[...].",sometimes\tif\the\tis\tmy\tpartner\the\tHAB\twork\t[...],"Sometimes, if he is my partner, he would work [...].",,,"1281[153, line 411]",,naturalistic spoken,"sodaim if ii a mi paadna, ii a wok [...].",,sometimes if he is my partner he HAB work [...],,,,5005, +5-67,5,fo awii buk ya,fo\tawii\tbuk\tya,POSS\t1PL\tbook\there,Our book is here.,,,327[223],,naturalistic spoken,fo awii buk ya,,POSS 1PL book here,,,,5006, +6-38,6,"mi cyar, shi cyar, allyuh cyar, dey cyar","mi\tcyar,\tshi\tcyar,\tallyuh\tcyar,\tdey\tcyar",1SG.POSS\tcar\t3SG.POSS\tcar\t2PL.POSS\tcar\t3PL.POSS\tcar,"My car, her car, your (pl) car, their car",,,,,constructed by linguist,"mi cyar, shi cyar, allyuh cyar, dey cyar",,1SG.POSS car 3SG.POSS car 2PL.POSS car 3PL.POSS car,,Own knowledge,,5007, +6-39,6,mi book,mi\tbook,1SG.POSS\tbook,my book,,"Note that there are also disjunctive possessive pronouns in Trinidad English Creole, e.g. my-own ('mine'), your-own ('yours'), etc.",1431[50],,constructed by linguist,mi book,,1SG.POSS book,"Note that there are also disjunctive possessive pronouns in Trinidad English Creole, e.g. my-own ('mine'), your-own ('yours'), etc.",,,5008, +7-96,7,fomi moni,fo-mi\tmoni,for-1SG\tmoney,my money,,,1244[87],,naturalistic spoken,fomi moni,fo-mi moni,for-1SG money,,,,5009, +7-97,7,mi moni,mi\tmoni,1SG\tmoney,my money,,,1244[87],,naturalistic spoken,mi moni,,1SG money,,,,5010, +7-98,7,fodem pikni,fo-dem\tpikni,for-3PL\tchild,their child(ren),,The benefactive marker precedes the personal possessive pronoun and tends to be represented as one phonological word with it.,1244[158],,naturalistic spoken,fodem pikni,fo-dem pikni,for-3PL child,The benefactive marker precedes the personal possessive pronoun and tends to be represented as one phonological word with it.,,,5011, +7-99,7,Hi se mi kuhm an peint uhp fohi vihikl.,Hi\tse\tmi\tkuhm\tan\tpeint\tuhp\tfo-hi\tvihikl.,3SG\tsay\t1SG\tcome\tand\tpaint\tup\tfor-3SG\tvehicle,He said I painted up his vehicle.,,,1244[A16],,naturalistic spoken,Hi se mi kuhm an peint uhp fohi vihikl.,Hi se mi kuhm an peint uhp fo-hi vihikl.,3SG say 1SG come and paint up for-3SG vehicle,,,,5012, +8-58,8,Mi pensl an yu buk ina dem ous.,Mi\tpensl\tan\tyu\tbuk\tina\tdem\tous.,1SG\tpencil\tand\t2SG\tbook\tin\t3PL\thouse,My pencil and your book are in their house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi pensl an yu buk ina dem ous.,,1SG pencil and 2SG book in 3PL house,,Own knowledge,,5013, +8-59,8,Fi-dem moni de pan di tiebl.,Fi-dem\tmoni\tde\tpan\tdi\ttiebl.,for-3PL\tmoney\tCOP.LOC\ton\tDET\ttable,Their money is on the table.,,In this sentence fi-dem is contrastive. The sentence means something like: 'Their money is on the table (while the money belonging to an unnamed entity is elsewhere)'.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Fi-dem moni de pan di tiebl.,,for-3PL money COP.LOC on DET table,"In this sentence fi-dem is contrastive. The sentence means something like: 'Their money is on the table (while the money belonging to an unnamed entity is elsewhere)'.",Own knowledge,,5014, +9-70,9,Onli i hɛd dɛ owta di mod.,Onli\ti\thɛd\tdɛ\towta\tdi\tmod.,only\tits\thead\tCOP.LOC\tout.of\tthe\tmud,Only the (bottle) neck was protruding out of the sand bottom.,,,432[37],,naturalistic spoken,"Onli i hɛd dɛ owta di mod.",,only its head COP.LOC out.of the mud,,,,5015, +9-71,9,I hyad ova i hɛd.,I\thyad\tova\ti\thɛd.,3SG.F\thide\tover\t3SG.F\thead,She hides overhead. OR: She hides in the tree tops.,,over her head 'overhead',432[43],,naturalistic spoken,"I hyad ova i hɛd.",,3SG.F hide over 3SG.F head,"over her head 'overhead'",,,5016, +9-72,9,Dey gɛt fu dem mone.,Dey\tgɛt\tfu\tdem\tmone.,they\tget\tfor\tthem\tmoney,They get their money.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,"Dey gɛt fu dem mone.",,they get for them money,,,,5017, +9-73,9,fu dem own dakta,fu\tdem\town\tdakta,for\tthem\town\tdoctor,their own doctor,,The prepositional phrase fu/fi + pronoun precedes the N.,438,,naturalistic spoken,"fu dem own dakta",,for them own doctor,"The prepositional phrase fu/fi + pronoun precedes the N.",,,5018, +10-83,10,Di pikniny dem tek out dem buk.,Di\tpikniny\tdem\ttek\tout\tdem\tbuk.,ART.DEF\tchild\tPL\ttake\tout\t3PL.POSS\tbook,Every child takes out their own book.,,,113[52],,elicited from speaker,Di pikniny dem tek out dem buk.,,ART.DEF child PL take out 3PL.POSS book,,,,5019, +10-84,10,Di pikniny dem tek out dehn buk.,Di\tpikniny\tdem\ttek\tout\tdehn\tbuk.,ART.DEF\tchild\tPL\ttake\tout\t3PL.POSS\tbook,The children take out the book which belongs / the books which belong to all of them.,,,113[52],,elicited from speaker,Di pikniny dem tek out dehn buk.,,ART.DEF child PL take out 3PL.POSS book,,,,5020, +10-85,10,ihn buk,ihn\tbuk,3SG\tbook,his/her book,,,,,constructed by linguist,ihn buk,,3SG book,,Own knowledge,,5021, +10-86,10,Dis da fi wi langwij.,Dis\tda\tfi\twi\tlangwij.,DEM\tFOC\tfor\t1PL.POSS\tlanguage,This is our language.,,,113[51],,naturalistic spoken,Dis da fi wi langwij.,,DEM FOC for 1PL.POSS language,,,,5022, +10-87,10,Fi mi buk de pan di tiebl.,Fi\tmi\tbuk\tde\tpan\tdi\ttiebl.,for\t1SG.POSS\tbook\tCOP.LOC\tupon\tART.DEF\ttable,My book is on the table.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Fi mi buk de pan di tiebl.,,for 1SG.POSS book COP.LOC upon ART.DEF table,,Field notes 2008,,5023, +10-88,10,fi mi muma,fi\tmi\tmuma,for\t1SG.POSS\tmother,my mother,,,,,naturalistic spoken,fi mi muma,,for 1SG.POSS mother,,Field notes 2008,,5024, +11-94,11,Mai mama se dat haar grani mama woz fram Jamieka.,Mai\tmama\tse\tdat\thaar\tgrani\tmama\twoz\tfram\tJamieka.,1SG.POSS\tmother\tsay\tCOMP\t3SG.POSS.F\tgranny\tmother\tCOP.PST\tfrom\tJamaica,My mother told me that her grandmother was from Jamaica.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Mai mama se dat haar grani mama woz fram Jamieka.",,1SG.POSS mother say COMP 3SG.POSS.F granny mother COP.PST from Jamaica,,,,5025, +11-95,11,Wen unu gat unu piknini [...].,Wen\tunu\tgat\tunu\tpiknini\t[...].,when\t2PL\tget\t2PL.POSS\tchild\t[...],When you have your own children [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wen unu gat unu piknini [...].",,when 2PL get 2PL.POSS child [...],,,,5026, +11-96,11,Ai did telin wi dairekta [...].,Ai\tdid\ttel-in\twi\tdairekta\t[...].,1SG\tPST\ttell-PROG\t1PL.POSS\tdirector\t[...],I was telling our director [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai did telin wi dairekta [...].,Ai did tel-in wi dairekta [...].,1SG PST tell-PROG 1PL.POSS director [...],,,,5027, +12-75,12,"Because one day like - like - uh - my other son hats was on the line, hey, and they gone picking the hat, they try to stop me dry his clothes ...",[...]\tmy\tother\tson\thats\t[...]\this\tclothes\t[...],[...]\t1SG.POSS.DET\tother\tson[POSS]\that.PL\t[...]\t3SG.POSS\tclothes\t[...],[...] my other son’s hats [...] his clothes [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Because one day like - like - uh - my other son hats was on the line, hey, and they gone picking the hat, they try to stop me dry his clothes ...",[...] my other son hats [...] his clothes [...],[...] 1SG.POSS.DET other son[POSS] hat.PL [...] 3SG.POSS clothes [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5028, +12-76,12,Hold your bucket and walk along and pick it.,[...]\tyour\tbucket\t[...],[...]\t2SG.POSS\tbucket\t[...],[...] your bucket [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Hold your bucket and walk along and pick it.",[...] your bucket [...],[...] 2SG.POSS bucket [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5029, +12-77,12,"And then she fall right out, she hit her head so hard.",[...]\tshe\thit\ther\thead\tso\thard.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\thit[PFV]\t3SG.F.POSS\thead\tso\thard,[...] she hit her head so hard.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And then she fall right out, she hit her head so hard.",[...] she hit her head so hard.,[...] 3SG.SBJ hit[PFV] 3SG.F.POSS head so hard,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5030, +12-78,12,"Yeah, with we grand - because, see, after this - after we mother dead, hey, after we mother dead - uh - like - like the welfare used to mind 'em, right? And all of the smaller set gone live with we granddaddy.",[...]\twith\twe\tgrand-\t[...]\tafter\twe\tmother\tdead\t[...]\twith\twe\tgranddaddy.,[...]\twith\t1PL\tgrand-\t[...]\tafter\t1PL\tmother\tdead\t[...]\twith\t1PL\tgranddaddy,[...] with our grand- [...] after our mother had died [...] [the smaller children lived] with our grandfather.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, with we grand - because, see, after this - after we mother dead, hey, after we mother dead - uh - like - like the welfare used to mind 'em, right? And all of the smaller set gone live with we granddaddy.",[...] with we grand- [...] after we mother dead [...] with we granddaddy.,[...] with 1PL grand- [...] after 1PL mother dead [...] with 1PL granddaddy,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5031, +12-79,12,"Talk - you know like - when you been to Andros long, they talk like dragging they voice and things like that.",[...]\tdragging\tthey\tvoice\t[...],[...]\tdrag.PROG\t3PL\tvoice\t[...],[...] dragging their voice [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Talk - you know like - when you been to Andros long, they talk like dragging they voice and things like that.",[...] dragging they voice [...],[...] drag.PROG 3PL voice [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5032, +13-70,13,my bacco,my\tbacco,1SG.POSS\ttobacco,my tobacco,,,1500[265],,naturalistic spoken,"my bacco",,1SG.POSS tobacco,,,,5033, +13-71,13,Cause dis son yah ob mine been dead.,Cause\tdis\tson\tyah\tob\tmine\tbeen\tdead.,because\tDEM.PROX\tson\there\tof\tmine\tPST/ASP\tdead,Because this here son of mine has been dead. (Lk 15.24),,,357[269],,bible translation,"Cause dis son yah ob mine been dead.",,because DEM.PROX son here of mine PST/ASP dead,,,,5034, +15-58,15,wi pikin,wi\tpikin,1PL.POSS\tchild,our child,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,wi pikin,,1PL.POSS child,,Own knowledge,,5035, +16-53,16,ì bì so wì dè jus àua lamp fɔ dɛ ɔp,ì\tbì\tso\twì\tdè\tjus\tàua\tlamp\tfɔ\tdɛ\tɔp,3SG\tCOP\tso\t1PL\tHAB\tuse\t1PL.POSS\tlamp\tfor\tART\tup,That is how we use our lamps in the North.,,,656[186],,naturalistic spoken,ì bì so wì dè jus àua lamp fɔ dɛ ɔp,,3SG COP so 1PL HAB use 1PL.POSS lamp for ART up,,,,5036, +17-57,17,mà hand,mà\thand,1SG.POSS\thand,my hand,,,462[114],,naturalistic spoken,mà hand,,1SG.POSS hand,,,,5037, +18-51,18,Yu pi'kin go 'kom tu'moro.,Yu\tpikin\tgo\tkom\ttumoro.,2SG.POSS\tchild\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,Your (sg.) child will come tomorrow.,,,352[100],,published source,"Yu pi'kin go 'kom tu'moro.",Yu pikin go kom tumoro.,2SG.POSS child FUT come tomorrow,,,,5038, +18-52,18,Wuna pi'kin go 'kom tu'moro.,Wuna\tpikin\tgo\tkom\ttumoro.,2PL.POSS\tchild\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,Your (pl.) child will come tomorrow.,,,352[100],,published source,"Wuna pi'kin go 'kom tu'moro.",Wuna pikin go kom tumoro.,2PL.POSS child FUT come tomorrow,,,,5039, +19-64,19,ìn buk; mì màmá; yù hia,ìn\tbuk;\tmì\tmàmá;\tyù\thia,3SG.POSS\tbook\t1SG.POSS\tmother\t2SG\thair,his/her book; my mother; your hair,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ìn buk; mì màmá; yù hia",,3SG.POSS book 1SG.POSS mother 2SG hair,,Own knowledge,,5040, +20-52,20,You take care you pidgin.,You\ttake\tcare\tyou\tpidgin.,2SG\ttake\tcare\t2SG.POSS\tpidgin,Mind your own business.,,,1489[IV.47],,naturalistic written,You take care you pidgin.,,2SG take care 2SG.POSS pidgin,,,㕭忒騎亞㕭卑剪,5041, +21-49,21,Your book is nicer.,Your\tbook\tis\tnicer.,2.POSS\tbook\tCOP\tnice.COMP,Your book is nicer.,,,1568[70],,own knowledge,Your book is nicer.,,2.POSS book COP nice.COMP,,,,5042, +22-65,22,haus bilong mi,haus\tbilong\tmi,house\tPOSS\t1SG,my house,,,,,constructed by linguist,haus bilong mi,,house POSS 1SG,,Own knowledge,,5043, +22-66,22,brata blong yu,brata\tblong\tyu,brother\tPOSS\t2SG,your brother,,,,,constructed by linguist,brata blong yu,,brother POSS 2SG,,Own knowledge,,5044, +23-71,23,oli putum long kakae blong mama blong mi,oli\tputum\tlong\tkakae\tblong\tmama\tblong\tmi,AGR\tput\tPREP\tfood\tPOSS\tmother\tPOSS\t1SG,[They] put [it] into my mother's food.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,oli putum long kakae blong mama blong mi,,AGR put PREP food POSS mother POSS 1SG,,,,5045, +24-77,24,mais fish,mais\tfish,my\tfish,my girlfriend,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mais fish,,my fish,,Own fieldwork,,5046, +24-78,24,Thaenks fe ucklan.,Thaenks\tfe\tucklan.,thanks\tPREP\t1.NSG,Our gratitude.,,Ucklan refers to people of islander descent.,,,naturalistic written,Thaenks fe ucklan.,,thanks PREP 1.NSG,"Ucklan refers to people of islander descent.",Own fieldwork,,5047, +25-187,25,Ai bin gajim det ki-holda main.,Ai\tbin\tgaj-im\tdet\tki-holda\tmain.,1SG\tPST\tget-TR\tDEM\tkey-holder\t1SG.POSS,I got the key holder [of] mine.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the definite article and the word order N-POSS with pronominal possessors.,1055[2],,naturalistic spoken,Ai bin gajim det ki-holda main.,Ai bin gaj-im det ki-holda main.,1SG PST get-TR DEM key-holder 1SG.POSS,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the definite article and the word order N-POSS with pronominal possessors.,,,5048, +25-188,25,Thet min bos bla mibala. [...] Thet fo mibala bos. [...] Gunjumarra min bla mibala bos wanim tijing as yuno? [...] Mai big bos [...] Au bos wanim tijing as.,Thet\tmin\tbos\tbla\tmibala.\t[...]\tThet\tfo\tmibala\tbos.\t[...]\tGunjumarra\tmin\tbla\tmibala\tbos\twan=im\ttij-ing\tas\tyuno?\t[...]\tMai\tbig\tbos\t[...]\tAu\tbos\twan=im\ttij-ing\tas.,DEM\tmean\tboss\tDAT/POSS\t1PL.EXCL\t[...]\tDEM\tDAT/POSS\t1PL.EXCL\tboss\t[...]\tboss\tmean\tDAT/POSS\t1PL.EXCL\tboss\tSUBORD=3SG\tteach-PROG2\t1PL.EXCL.OBJ\tyou.know\t[...]\t1SG.POSS\tbig\tboss\t[...]\t1PL.EXCL.POSS\tboss\tSUBORD=3SG\tteach-PROG2\t1PL.EXCL.OBJ,"(That means) our boss/teacher, that's our boss, gunjumarra means our boss who is teaching us you know? [...] My big boss [...] Our boss who is teaching us.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. This example illustrates variation in word order in a possessive noun phrase, variation between the use of an adpositional phrase with a pronominal NP and a possessive pronoun (the latter an acrolectal feature), and the variation in dative/possessive marker (fo/bo vs. bla(nga)). The example was prompted by the question ""what does gunjumarra (a Jaminjung word) mean?""",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Thet min bos bla mibala. [...] Thet fo mibala bos. [...] Gunjumarra min bla mibala bos wanim tijing as yuno? [...] Mai big bos [...] Au bos wanim tijing as.,Thet min bos bla mibala. [...] Thet fo mibala bos. [...] Gunjumarra min bla mibala bos wan=im tij-ing as yuno? [...] Mai big bos [...] Au bos wan=im tij-ing as.,DEM mean boss DAT/POSS 1PL.EXCL [...] DEM DAT/POSS 1PL.EXCL boss [...] boss mean DAT/POSS 1PL.EXCL boss SUBORD=3SG teach-PROG2 1PL.EXCL.OBJ you.know [...] 1SG.POSS big boss [...] 1PL.EXCL.POSS boss SUBORD=3SG teach-PROG2 1PL.EXCL.OBJ,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. This example illustrates variation in word order in a possessive noun phrase, variation between the use of an adpositional phrase with a pronominal NP and a possessive pronoun (the latter an acrolectal feature), and the variation in dative/possessive marker (fo/bo vs. bla(nga)). The example was prompted by the question ""what does gunjumarra (a Jaminjung word) mean?""",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5049, +25-189,25,Meit bla im bin singat la im na.,Meit\tbla\tim\tbin\tsingat\tla\tim\tna.,mate\tDAT/POSS\t3SG\tPST\tsing.out\tLOC\t3SG\tnow,His mate called out to him then.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the use of an adpositional phrase with a pronominal NP as possessor.",,,naturalistic spoken,Meit bla im bin singat la im na.,,mate DAT/POSS 3SG PST sing.out LOC 3SG now,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the use of an adpositional phrase with a pronominal NP as possessor.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5050, +25-190,25,Bijilain main tharrei.,Biji-lain\tmain\ttharr-ei.,fishing-line\t1SG:POSS\tDIST-DIR,My fishing line is there. (Said as a warning),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the use of a possessive pronoun following the possessed noun.",,,naturalistic spoken,Bijilain main tharrei.,Biji-lain main tharr-ei.,fishing-line 1SG:POSS DIST-DIR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the use of a possessive pronoun following the possessed noun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5051, +25-191,25,Ai bin oldei lisen mai olmen.,Ai\tbin\toldei\tlisen\tmai\tolmen.,1SG\tPST\talways\tlisten\t1SG.POSS\tman,I used to listen to my old man. (i.e. father),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a transitive verb of hearing and the 1st person singular possessive pronoun.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai bin oldei lisen mai olmen.",,1SG PST always listen 1SG.POSS man,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a transitive verb of hearing and the 1st person singular possessive pronoun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5052, +25-192,25,Blanga im greni tharran.,Blanga\tim\tgreni\ttharran.,DAT/POSS\t3SG\tgrandmother\tDIST:ADJ,That's her grandmother.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a pronominal possessor with adpositional marking.",,,naturalistic spoken,Blanga im greni tharran.,,DAT/POSS 3SG grandmother DIST:ADJ,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a pronominal possessor with adpositional marking.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5053, +25-193,25,Im no bin ladim enibodi tatjim dat faiya bla im en imin oldei nesimbat tu dat faiya.,Im\tno\tbin\tlad-im\tenibodi\ttatj-im\tdat\tfaiya\tbla\tim\ten\tim=in\toldei\tnes-im-bat\ttu\tdat\tfaiya.,3SG\tNEG\tPST\tlet-TR\tanybody\ttouch-TR\tDEM\tfire\tDAT/POSS\t3SG\tand\t3SG=PST\talways\tnurse-TR-PROG\ttoo\tDEM\tfire,He wouldn't let anybody touch his fire. He always kept it with him.,,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a negative construction with an indefinite pronoun, and also a pronominal possessor with adpositional marking.",1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,"Im no bin ladim enibodi tatjim dat faiya bla im en imin oldei nesimbat tu dat faiya.",Im no bin lad-im enibodi tatj-im dat faiya bla im en im=in oldei nes-im-bat tu dat faiya.,3SG NEG PST let-TR anybody touch-TR DEM fire DAT/POSS 3SG and 3SG=PST always nurse-TR-PROG too DEM fire,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a negative construction with an indefinite pronoun, and also a pronominal possessor with adpositional marking.",,,5054, +25-194,25,Imin gaman gadim im lambarra.,Im=in\tgaman\tgadim\tim\tlambarra.,3SG=PST\tcome\tCOM/INS\t3SG\tfather.in.law,He came with his father-in-law.,,Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates a comitative expression and an unmarked pronoun in possessive function. Lambarra is a wide-spread word for father-in-law throughout the region.,1333[158],,unknown,"Imin gaman gadim im lambarra.",Im=in gaman gadim im lambarra.,3SG=PST come COM/INS 3SG father.in.law,"Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates a comitative expression and an unmarked pronoun in possessive function. Lambarra is a wide-spread word for father-in-law throughout the region.",,,5055, +25-195,25,Imin telim tubala tu graul mijelb la thei pleis!,Im=in\ttel-im\ttubala\ttu\tgraul\tmijelb\tla\tthei\tpleis!,3SG=PST\ttell-TR\t3DU\tCOMP\targue\tREFL\tLOC\t3PL\tplace,He told the two to argue at their (own) place.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the use of an unmarked 3rd person plural pronoun as possessor. It also illustrates the 3rd person dual pronoun tubala and a reciprocal construction. The occurrence of tu as a complementizer is possibly an acrolectal feature.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Imin telim tubala tu graul mijelb la thei pleis!",Im=in tel-im tubala tu graul mijelb la thei pleis!,3SG=PST tell-TR 3DU COMP argue REFL LOC 3PL place,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the use of an unmarked 3rd person plural pronoun as possessor. It also illustrates the 3rd person dual pronoun tubala and a reciprocal construction. The occurrence of tu as a complementizer is possibly an acrolectal feature.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5056, +25-196,25,Mibala kantri na!,Mibala\tkantri\tna!,1PL\tcountry\tnow,Our country!,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of the unmarked 1st person plural pronoun in possessive function.",,,naturalistic spoken,Mibala kantri na!,,1PL country now,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of the unmarked 1st person plural pronoun in possessive function.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5057, +25-197,25,"Ngiyawula, thet the kantri main, G. mi kolim.","Ngiyawula,\tthet\tthe\tkantri\tmain,\tG.\tmi\tkol-im.",PROX:DIR\tDEM\tEQ.COP\tcountry\tmine\tG.\t1PL\tcall-TR,"Over here, that’s my country, G. we call it.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates pronominal possessor following the head noun. The form the does not function as a definite article in Kriol but only occurs in equational clauses. Ngiyawula is a Jaminjung word.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Ngiyawula, thet the kantri main, G. mi kolim.","Ngiyawula, thet the kantri main, G. mi kol-im.",PROX:DIR DEM EQ.COP country mine G. 1PL call-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates pronominal possessor following the head noun. The form the does not function as a definite article in Kriol but only occurs in equational clauses. Ngiyawula is a Jaminjung word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5058, +25-198,25,Tharran na Dadi bla yu.,Tharran\tna\tDadi\tbla\tyu.,DIST:ADJ\tnow\tdaddy\tDAT/POSS\t2SG,That one [is] your Daddy! (identifying a referent),,Variety: Spoken Victoria River. This example illustrates adpositional marking of a pronominal possessor.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Tharran na Dadi bla yu.",,DIST:ADJ now daddy DAT/POSS 2SG,Variety: Spoken Victoria River. This example illustrates adpositional marking of a pronominal possessor.,Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5059, +25-199,25,Ai bin ardim main fut.,Ai\tbin\tard-im\tmain\tfut.,1SG\tPST\thurt-TR\t1SG.POSS\tfoot,I hurt my foot.,,Variety: Roper River.,1332[35],,unknown,Ai bin ardim main fut.,Ai bin ard-im main fut.,1SG PST hurt-TR 1SG.POSS foot,Variety: Roper River.,,,5060, +25-200,25,I bin bak bla im hos.,I\tbin\tbak\tbla\tim\thos.,3SG\tPST\tbuck\tDAT/POSS\t3SG\thorse,His horse bucked.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a pronominal possessor preceding the possessum.,659[71],,unknown,I bin bak bla im hos.,,3SG PST buck DAT/POSS 3SG horse,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a pronominal possessor preceding the possessum.,,,5061, +26-47,26,aɹ haʊs,aɹ\thaʊs,1PL.POSS\thouse,our house,,,1545[72],,naturalistic spoken,aɹ haʊs,,1PL.POSS house,,,,5062, +27-41,27,shi bik,shi\tbik,3SG.POSS\tbelly,her belly,,,355[16],,naturalistic spoken,shi bik,,3SG.POSS belly,,,,5063, +27-42,27,sowē fa sinə,sowē\tfa\tsinə,so.many\tof\t3PL,so many of them,,,355[17],,naturalistic spoken,sowē fa sinə,,so.many of 3PL,,,,5064, +27-43,27,Di got sini mi wārgeit a sē by fa mi han mi grōtā sa dōt.,Di\tgot\tsini\tmi\twārgeit\ta\tsē\tby\tfa\tmi\than\tmi\tgrōtā\tsa\tdōt.,DET\tgod\t3PL\tbe\ttruth\tPST\tsay\tby\tof\t1SG\thand\t1SG\tgrandfather\twill\tdie,The gods were right in saying that my grandfather will die by my hands.,,,355[14],,elicited from speaker,Di got sini mi wārgeit a sē by fa mi han mi grōtā sa dōt.,,DET god 3PL be truth PST say by of 1SG hand 1SG grandfather will die,,,,5065, +28-70,28,ɛkɛ; ju; ori; ʃi; enʃi/iʃi; jɛndɛ; eni/ini wari,ɛkɛ;\tju;\tori;\tʃi;\tenʃi/iʃi;\tjɛndɛ;\teni/ini\twari,1SG\t2SG\t3SG\t3SG.POSS\t1PL\t2PL\t3PL\thouse,"my; your; his, her, its; our; your(PL); their house",,"A special possessive form of the pronoun exists only for the 3rd person singular (ʃi), and varies freely with the independent form (ori).",737[169],,constructed by linguist,ɛkɛ; ju; ori; ʃi; enʃi/iʃi; jɛndɛ; eni/ini wari,,1SG 2SG 3SG 3SG.POSS 1PL 2PL 3PL house,"A special possessive form of the pronoun exists only for the 3rd person singular (ʃi), and varies freely with the independent form (ori).",,,5066, +28-71,28,ori mamɛtɛ ʃi papa,ori\tmama\tmɛtɛ\tʃi\tpapa,3SG\tmother\twith\t3SG.POSS\tfather,her mother and her father,,This example illustrates that the 3SG independent pronoun ori alternates quite freely with the special possessive form ʃi.,737[160],,naturalistic spoken,ori mamɛtɛ ʃi papa,ori mama mɛtɛ ʃi papa,3SG mother with 3SG.POSS father,"This example illustrates that the 3SG independent pronoun ori alternates quite freely with the special possessive form ʃi.",,,5067, +28-72,28,"ori ʃi awawap da mosli kurkur, kurkur kɛnap","ori\tʃi\tawawa-apu\tda\tmosli\tkurkuru,\tkurkuru\tkɛnɛ-apu",3SG\t3SG.POSS\tgrandfather-PL\tCOP\tmostly\tblack\tblack\tperson-PL,"Her grandparents were mostly black, black people.",,,736[160],,naturalistic spoken,"ori ʃi awawap da mosli kurkur, kurkur kɛnap","ori ʃi awawa-apu da mosli kurkuru, kurkuru kɛnɛ-apu",3SG 3SG.POSS grandfather-PL COP mostly black black person-PL,,,,5068, +28-73,28,ori ʃi bwa naŋnaŋwan ɛkɛ arum bwa kibakiba,ori\tʃi\tbwa\tnangwa-nangwa\tan\tɛkɛ\tarum\tbwa\tkiba-kiba,3SG\t3SG.POSS\tleg\tlong-long\tand\t1SG\tpoor\tleg\tshort-short,His legs are long and my poor legs are short.,,,737[161],,naturalistic spoken,ori ʃi bwa naŋnaŋwan ɛkɛ arum bwa kibakiba,ori ʃi bwa nangwa-nangwa an ɛkɛ arum bwa kiba-kiba,3SG 3SG.POSS leg long-long and 1SG poor leg short-short,,,,5069, +29-63,29,"my boeke, julle huise","my\tboek-e,\tjulle\thuis-e",1SG.POSS\tbook-s\t2PL\thouse-s,"my books, your houses",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"my boeke, julle huise","my boek-e, julle huis-e",1SG.POSS book-s 2PL house-s,,Own knowledge,,5070, +29-64,29,"daardie sustertjie van my, 'n boek van haar wat jy sal geniet","daardie\tsuster-tjie\tvan\tmy,\t'n\tboek\tvan\thaar\twat\tjy\tsal\tgeniet",DIST.DEM\tsister-DIM\tof\t1SG.POSS\ta\tbook\tof\t3SG.POSS\twhat\tyou\tshall\tenjoy,"that little sister of mine, a book of hers that you will enjoy",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"daardie sustertjie van my, 'n boek van haar wat jy sal geniet","daardie suster-tjie van my, 'n boek van haar wat jy sal geniet",DIST.DEM sister-DIM of 1SG.POSS a book of 3SG.POSS what you shall enjoy,,Own knowledge,,5071, +29-65,29,"ons se boeke, julle se boeke, hulle se boeke","ons\tse\tboek-e,\tjulle\tse\tboek-e,\thulle\tse\tboek-e",us\tPOSS\tbook-PL\tyou.PL\tPOSS\tbook-PL\tthey\tPOSS\tbook-PL,"our books, your (PL) books, their books",,"These are dialectal forms, particularly common in Western (i.e. Cape) varieties of Afrikaans (cf. Ponelis 1993: 230). As Ponelis (ibid.) notes, the plural forms are much more productive than the singular ones. Dit se is also possible in these varieties (dit se wiel is af - [3SG.N.POSS wheel is off] 'Its wheel is off' - own knowledge).",1227[230],,naturalistic spoken,"ons se boeke, julle se boeke, hulle se boeke","ons se boek-e, julle se boek-e, hulle se boek-e",us POSS book-PL you.PL POSS book-PL they POSS book-PL,"These are dialectal forms, particularly common in Western (i.e. Cape) varieties of Afrikaans (cf. Ponelis 1993: 230). As Ponelis (ibid.) notes, the plural forms are much more productive than the singular ones. Dit se is also possible in these varieties (dit se wiel is af - [3SG.N.POSS wheel is off] 'Its wheel is off' - own knowledge).",,,5072, +30-80,30,N ka ta kridita ma nha mudjer ê kapás di faze-m es kusa li.,N=ka=ta=kridita\tma=nha=mudjer\tê\tkapás\tdi=faze=m\tes=kusa\tli.,1SG=NEG=IPFV=believe\tCOMP=my=woman\tbe\tcapable\tof=do=1SG\tDEM=thing\there,I do not believe that my wife is capable of doing such a thing to me.,,,1407[35],,naturalistic spoken,"N ka ta kridita ma nha mudjer ê kapás di faze-m es kusa li.",N=ka=ta=kridita ma=nha=mudjer ê kapás di=faze=m es=kusa li.,1SG=NEG=IPFV=believe COMP=my=woman be capable of=do=1SG DEM=thing here,,,,5073,"German: Ich glaube nicht, dass meine Frau fähig ist, mir so etwas anzutun." +30-81,30,"Kása di nha ê pikinóti, más ê di nha.","Kása\tdi=nha\tê\tpikinóti,\tmás\tê\tdi=nha.",house\tof=2SG.POL.F\tbe\tsmall\tbut\tbe\tof=2SG.POL.F,"Your house is small, but it's yours.",,,784[s.v. nha pron.poss.tónico],,naturalistic spoken,"Kása di nha ê pikinóti, más ê di nha.","Kása di=nha ê pikinóti, más ê di=nha.",house of=2SG.POL.F be small but be of=2SG.POL.F,,,,5074, +31-76,31,"El me tanbe e konhese bu mai, ku bu pai.","El\tme\ttanbe\te\tkonhese\tbu\tmai,\tku\tbu\tpai.",he\thimself\ttoo\the\tknows\tyour\tmum\twith\tyour\tfather,He himself knows your mother and father.,,"Note that for the 2nd person formal possessive, the word order changes: kaza di nha [house of you] 'your house'.",692,,naturalistic spoken,"El me tanbe e konhese bu mai, ku bu pai.",,he himself too he knows your mum with your father,"Note that for the 2nd person formal possessive, the word order changes: kaza di nha [house of you] 'your house'.",,,5075, +31-77,31,Nho Artur e ka era d’idadi di Djon di bo?,Nho\tArtur\te\tka\tera\td’idadi\tdi\tDjon\tdi\tbo?,Mr\tArthur\tis\tNEG\twas\tof.age\tof\tDjon\tof\tyours,Isn't Mr Arthur of the same age as your Djon?,,,880,,naturalistic spoken,"Nho Artur e ka era d’idadi di Djon di bo?",,Mr Arthur is NEG was of.age of Djon of yours,,,,5076, +32-51,32,Nha marid senpr éra peskador.,Nha\tmarid\tsenpr\téra\tpeskador.,1SG.POSS\thusband\talways\tCOP.PST\tfisherman,My husband was always a fisherman.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Nha marid senpr éra peskador.",,1SG.POSS husband always COP.PST fisherman,,,,5077,Portuguese: O meu marido sempre foi pescador. +32-52,32,"Un irmã d'minha, el tinha uns dos kabésa d'bitx.","Un\tirmã\tde\tminha,\tel\ttinha\tuns\tdos\tkabésa\tde\tbitx.",DET\tsister\tof\t1SG.POSS\t3SG\thave.PST\tDET.PL\ttwo\thead\tof\tanimal,"A sister of mine, she had some animals.",,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Un irmã d'minha, el tinha uns dos kabésa d'bitx.","Un irmã de minha, el tinha uns dos kabésa de bitx.",DET sister of 1SG.POSS 3SG have.PST DET.PL two head of animal,,,,5078,Portuguese: A minha irmã tinha alguns animais. +33-75,33,nha fidju,nha\tfidju,1SG.POSS\tchild,my children,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,nha fidju,,1SG.POSS child,,Own knowledge,,5079,Portuguese: os meus filhos +34-52,34,Ña aldiya sabi.,Ña\taldiya\tø\tsabi.,POSS.1SG\tvillage\tPFV\tpleasant,My village is pleasant.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ña aldiya sabi.","Ña aldiya ø sabi.",POSS.1SG village PFV pleasant,,Own knowledge,,5080, +34-53,34,Aldiya di mi sabi.,Aldiya\tdi\tmi\tø\tsabi.,village\tof\tPOSS.1SG\tPFV\tpleasant,My village is pleasant.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Aldiya di mi sabi.","Aldiya di mi ø sabi.",village of POSS.1SG PFV pleasant,,Own knowledge,,5081, +35-87,35,ke dê; ke dinen,ke\td=ê;\tke\td=inen,house\tof=3SG.POSS\thouse\tof=3PL.POSS,his/her house; their house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ke dê; ke dinen,ke d=ê; ke d=inen,house of=3SG.POSS house of=3PL.POSS,,Own data,,5082, +35-88,35,mwala mu,mwala\tmu,wife\t1SG.POSS,my wife,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mwala mu,,wife 1SG.POSS,,Own data,,5083, +36-49,36,kai m/ kai ô/ kai no/ kai thê/ kai ane,kai\tm/\tkai\tô/\tkai\tno/\tkai\tthê/\tkai\tane,house\tmy\thouse\tyour.SG\thouse\tour\thouse\tyour.PL\thouse\ttheir,"my house, your house, our house, your house, their house",,,901[44],,elicited from speaker,kai m/ kai ô/ kai no/ kai thê/ kai ane,,house my house your.SG house our house your.PL house their,,,,5084, +36-50,36,kai r'ê,kai\tri\tê,house\tof\tshe/he,her/his house,,,901[44],,elicited from speaker,kai r'ê,kai ri ê,house of she/he,,,,5085, +37-56,37,kaxi me,kaxi\tme,house\tPOSS.1SG,my house,,,905[37],,elicited from speaker,kaxi me,,house POSS.1SG,,,,5086, +38-64,38,xadyibo,xadyi\tbo,house\t2SG,your house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,xadyibo,xadyi bo,house 2SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,5087, +38-65,38,namendeli,namen\tde\teli,brother\tof\t3SG,his brother,,,,,naturalistic spoken,namendeli,namen de eli,brother of 3SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,5088, +39-77,39,Oj ɛ nɔs exam gujərati ku ĩglix.,Oj\tɛ\tnɔs\texam\tgujərati\tku\tĩglix.,today\tCOP.NPST\t1SG.POSS\texam\tGujarati\tCOM\tEnglish,Today is our Gujarati and English exam.,,,221[223],,naturalistic spoken,Oj ɛ nɔs exam gujərati ku ĩglix.,,today COP.NPST 1SG.POSS exam Gujarati COM English,,,,5089, +39-78,39,Duse kurəsãw ɔn te?,Də-use\tkurəsãw\tɔn\tte?,of-2\theart\twhere\tbe.NPST,Where is your heart?,,,221[232],,naturalistic spoken,Duse kurəsãw ɔn te?,Də-use kurəsãw ɔn te?,of-2 heart where be.NPST,,,,5090, +39-79,39,Del nom ɛ Flavius.,Də-el\tnom\tɛ\tFlavius.,of-3\tname\tCOP.NPST\tFlavius,His name is Flavius.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Del nom ɛ Flavius.,Də-el nom ɛ Flavius.,of-3 name COP.NPST Flavius,,,,5091, +39-80,39,Dɛl kaz fik mĩ jũt.,Də-ɛl\tkaz\tfik\tmĩ\tjũt.,of-3F\thouse\tstay.NPST\t1SG.OBL\ttogether,Her house is next to me/mine.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Dɛl kaz fik mĩ jũt.,Də-ɛl kaz fik mĩ jũt.,of-3F house stay.NPST 1SG.OBL together,,,,5092, +39-81,39,kwɔlkɛ piso də mĩ,kwɔlkɛ\tpiso\tdə\tmĩ,some\tperson\tof\t1SG.OBL,some person of mine (i.e. 'of my relations'),,,218,,naturalistic spoken,kwɔlkɛ piso də mĩ,,some person of 1SG.OBL,,,,5093, +40-48,40,[əkə mulɛr] [...] pari pusha-ni tedze-w nə sus pɔrt.,[əkə\tmulɛr]\t[...]\tpari\tpusha-ni\ttedze-w\tnə\tsus\tpɔrt.,[that\twoman]\t[...]\tme\tpull-COMP\tbring-PST\tLOC\ttheir\tdoor,"[That woman] [...] pulling me, brought me to their door.",,"This sentence was taken from a narrative spoken by Selestin Pey. For more on the phenomenon of -ni as a subordinator and other particles like -ni in Korlai, see Clements (1996: 188–191).",,,naturalistic spoken,[əkə mulɛr] [...] pari pusha-ni tedze-w nə sus pɔrt.,,[that woman] [...] me pull-COMP bring-PST LOC their door,"This sentence was taken from a narrative spoken by Selestin Pey. For more on the phenomenon of -ni as a subordinator and other particles like -ni in Korlai, see Clements (1996: 188–191).",Unpublished story,,5094, +40-49,40,"ʋɔ tɛ irmãʋ mi, yo tɛ ʋɔ irmã.","ʋɔ\ttɛ\tirmãʋ\tmi,\tyo\ttɛ\tʋɔ\tirmã.",2SG.INFORMAL\tbe.PRS\tbrother\tmy\t1SG\tbe.PRS\tyour\tsister,"You are my brother, I am your sister",,This is taken from a narrative spoken by Selestin Pey.,,,naturalistic spoken,"ʋɔ tɛ irmãʋ mi, yo tɛ ʋɔ irmã.",,2SG.INFORMAL be.PRS brother my 1SG be.PRS your sister,This is taken from a narrative spoken by Selestin Pey.,Unpublished story,,5095, +40-50,40,Doy di mãʋ iʧo mi ani trej di nu irgiʋ kam su.,Doy\tdi\tmãʋ\tiʧo\tmi\tani\ttrej\tdi\tnu\tirgiʋ\tkam\tsu.,two\tday\thand\tswell.PST\tmy\tand\tthree\tday\tNEG\tget.up.PST\tbed\tfrom,Two days my hand swelled and for three days I didn't get out of bed.,,This sentence is taken from a narrative spoken by Selestin Pey.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Doy di mãʋ iʧo mi ani trej di nu irgiʋ kam su.",,two day hand swell.PST my and three day NEG get.up.PST bed from,This sentence is taken from a narrative spoken by Selestin Pey.,Unpublished story,,5096, +41-67,41,osiirsu fiiyapa portugees nukusava,o$siir-$su\tfii$ya-$pa\tpor$tu$gees\tnu$ku-$sa$va,3SG.HON-GEN\tdaughter-DAT\tPortuguese\tNEG-know,His daughter doesn’t know [Sri Lanka] Portuguese.,,"Note: $ marks a syllable boundary (Features 118 ""Syllable onsets"" and 119 ""Syllable codas"").",1419[146],,naturalistic spoken,osiirsu fiiyapa portugees nukusava,o$siir-$su fii$ya-$pa por$tu$gees nu$ku-$sa$va,3SG.HON-GEN daughter-DAT Portuguese NEG-know,"Note: $ marks a syllable boundary (Features 118 ""Syllable onsets"" and 119 ""Syllable codas"").",,,5097, +41-68,41,"eev, miɲa; boos, bosa; eli, elisu; ɛla, ɛlasu; osiir, osiirsu; noos, nosa; botus, botussu; elis, elissu; ɛlas, ɛlassu; etus, etussu","eev,\tmiɲa;\tboos,\tbosa;\teli,\teli-su;\tɛla;\tɛla-su;\tosiir,\tosiir-su;\tnoos,\tnosa;\tbotus,\tbotus-su;\telis,\telis-su;\tɛlas,\tɛlas-su;\tetus,\tetus-su",1SG\t1SG.GEN\t2SG\t2SG.GEN\t3SG.M\t3SG.M-GEN\t3SG.F\t3SG.F-GEN\t3SG.HON\t3SG.HON-GEN\t1PL\t1PL.GEN\t2PL/2.HON\t2PL-GEN/2.HON-GEN\t3PL.M\t3PL.M-GEN\t3PL.F\t3PL.F-GEN\t3PL.HON\t3PL.HON-GEN,"I, my; you, your; he, his; she, her; he[honorific]/she[honorific], his[honorific]/her[honorific]; we, our; you[plural]/you[honorific], your[plural]/your[honorific]; they[masculine], their[masculine]; they[feminine], their[feminine]; they[honorific], their[honorific]",,This is the pronominal nominative/genitive paradigm. Glosses show only the person/number/gender/honorificity of each pair.,1416[passim],,elicited from speaker,"eev, miɲa; boos, bosa; eli, elisu; ɛla, ɛlasu; osiir, osiirsu; noos, nosa; botus, botussu; elis, elissu; ɛlas, ɛlassu; etus, etussu","eev, miɲa; boos, bosa; eli, eli-su; ɛla; ɛla-su; osiir, osiir-su; noos, nosa; botus, botus-su; elis, elis-su; ɛlas, ɛlas-su; etus, etus-su",1SG 1SG.GEN 2SG 2SG.GEN 3SG.M 3SG.M-GEN 3SG.F 3SG.F-GEN 3SG.HON 3SG.HON-GEN 1PL 1PL.GEN 2PL/2.HON 2PL-GEN/2.HON-GEN 3PL.M 3PL.M-GEN 3PL.F 3PL.F-GEN 3PL.HON 3PL.HON-GEN,This is the pronominal nominative/genitive paradigm. Glosses show only the person/number/gender/honorificity of each pair.,,,5098, +42-63,42,yo sa kaza,yo\tsa\tkaza,1SG\tGEN\thouse,my house,,,122[91],,elicited from speaker,yo sa kaza,,1SG GEN house,,,,5099, +42-64,42,bos sa mai,bos\tsa\tmai,2SG\tGEN\tmother,your mother,,,122[93],,elicited from speaker,bos sa mai,,2SG GEN mother,,,,5100, +42-65,42,minya pai,minya\tpai,POSS.1SG\tfather,my father,,This first person singular possessive 'pronoun' is restricted to immediate kin terms and is quite infrequent in the Kristang language today.,122[116],,naturalistic spoken,minya pai,,POSS.1SG father,This first person singular possessive 'pronoun' is restricted to immediate kin terms and is quite infrequent in the Kristang language today.,,,5101, +43-41,43,Eo lo trusi bos garganti.,Eo\tlo\ttrusi\tbos\tgarganti.,I\tFUT\twring\tPOSS.2SG\tneck,I will wring your neck.,,,906[30],,pedagogical grammar,"Eo lo trusi bos garganti.",,I FUT wring POSS.2SG neck,,,,5102, +43-42,43,Eo teng vose sua sirbidor.,Eo\tteng\tvose\tsua\tsirbidor.,1SG\tCOP\t2SG\tPOSS\tservant,I am your servant.,,,906[30],,pedagogical grammar,"Eo teng vose sua sirbidor.",,1SG COP 2SG POSS servant,,,,5103, +44-76,44,su óhus,su\tóhus,3SG.POSS\teyes,his eyes,,,,,naturalistic spoken,su óhus,,3SG.POSS eyes,,Own data,,5104, +44-77,44,el mánga íha di éle,el\tmánga\tíha\tdi\téle,DEF\tPL\tdaughter\tof\t3SG,his daughters,,,,,naturalistic spoken,el mánga íha di éle,,DEF PL daughter of 3SG,,Own data,,5105, +44-78,44,"mi gargánta, bus nómbri, su kamísa","mi\tgargánta,\tbus\tnómbri,\tsu\tkamísa",1SG.POSS\tthroat\t2SG.POSS\tname\t3SG.POSS\tdress,"my throat, your name, his/her dress",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"mi gargánta, bus nómbri, su kamísa",,1SG.POSS throat 2SG.POSS name 3SG.POSS dress,,Own data,,5106, +44-79,44,"di mi, di bo, di éle, di mótru, di tédi, di lótru","di\tmi,\tdi\tbo,\tdi\téle,\tdi\tmótru,\tdi\ttédi,\tdi\tlótru",of\t1SG.POSS\tof\t2SG\tof\t3SG\tof\t1PL\tof\t2PL\tof\t3PL,"my, your, his/her, our, your, their",,,,,constructed by linguist,"di mi, di bo, di éle, di mótru, di tédi, di lótru",,of 1SG.POSS of 2SG of 3SG of 1PL of 2PL of 3PL,,Own knowledge,,5107, +44-80,44,Alégri kel di mótru pamílya.,Alégri\tkel\tdi\tmótru\tpamílya.,happy\tthat\tof\t1PL\tfamily,Our family is happy.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Alégri kel di mótru pamílya.",,happy that of 1PL family,,Own data,,5108, +45-63,45,Guapa mi tia.,Guapa\tmi\ttia.,beautiful\tmy\taunt,My aunt is beautiful.,,,426[177],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Guapa mi tia.,,beautiful my aunt,,,,5109,Spanish: Mi tía es guapa. +45-64,45,Quiere yo toma agua.,Quiere\tyo\ttoma\tagua.,want\t1SG\tdrink\twater,I want to drink water.,,,426[4],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Quiere yo toma agua.,,want 1SG drink water,,,,5110, +45-65,45,Bantay el perro di ele.,Bantay\tel\tperro\tdi\tele.,Bantay\tDEF\tdog\tof\tshe,Her dog is Bantay.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Bantay el perro di ele.",,Bantay DEF dog of she,,Own knowledge,,5111, +46-78,46,(di)mí(yo) kása,(di)mí(yo)\tkása,my\thouse,my house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,(di)mí(yo) kása,,my house,,Own knowledge,,5112, +47-68,47,mi buki(nan); bo buki(nan); su buki(nan); nos buki(nan); boso buki(nan); nan buki(nan),mi\tbuki\t(nan);\tbo\tbuki\t(nan);\tsu\tbuki\t(nan);\tnos\tbuki\t(nan);\tboso\tbuki\t(nan);\tnan\tbuki\t(nan),1SG\tbook\t(PL)\t2SG\tbook\t(PL)\tPOSS\tbook\t(PL)\t1PL\tbook\t(PL)\t2PL\tbook\t(PL)\t3PL\tbook\t(PL),"my book(s); your book(s); her, her book(s); our book(s); your book(s); their book(s)",,,556[18],,published source,mi buki(nan); bo buki(nan); su buki(nan); nos buki(nan); boso buki(nan); nan buki(nan),mi buki (nan); bo buki (nan); su buki (nan); nos buki (nan); boso buki (nan); nan buki (nan),1SG book (PL) 2SG book (PL) POSS book (PL) 1PL book (PL) 2PL book (PL) 3PL book (PL),,,,5113, +47-69,47,e mentalidat aki di dje,e\tmentalidat\taki\tdi\te,DEF\tmentality\tDEM.PROX\tof\t3SG,this mentality of his,,,755,,naturalistic written,e mentalidat aki di dje,e mentalidat aki di e,DEF mentality DEM.PROX of 3SG,,,,5114, +47-70,47,"Tende, bo ta korda e amiga di bo?","Tende,\tbo\tta\tkorda\te\tamiga\tdi\tbo?",listen\t2SG\tTNS\tremember\tDEF\tfriend\tof\t2SG,"Listen, you remember that girlfriend of yours?",,,755,,naturalistic spoken,"Tende, bo ta korda e amiga di bo?",,listen 2SG TNS remember DEF friend of 2SG,,,,5115, +48-59,48,"¡Moná mi, miní aká!","¡Moná\tmi,\tminí\taká!",son\tmy\tcome\there,"My son, come here!",,"Note that this mí is not derived from Spanish mío, but from Kikongo áami 'my, mine', whose position is similarly postnominal. See Schwegler (2002b) for further detail.",,,naturalistic spoken,"¡Moná mi, miní aká!",,son my come here,"Note that this mí is not derived from Spanish mío, but from Kikongo áami 'my, mine', whose position is similarly postnominal. See Schwegler (2002b) for further detail.",Recorded by author,,5116,"Spanish: ¡Mi hijo (m'hijo), ven aquí!" +48-60,48,Muhé sí é maluko.,Muhé\tsí\té\tmaluko.,woman\tyour\tbe\tugly,Your wife is ugly.,,The origin of si has never been found. Spanish seems an impossible source.,,,naturalistic spoken,Muhé sí é maluko.,,woman your be ugly,"The origin of si has never been found. Spanish seems an impossible source.",Recorded by author,,5117,Spanish: Tu mujer es maluca/fea. +48-61,48,Moná ri ele a yegá ayé.,Moná\tri\tele\ta\tyegá\tayé.,son/daughter\tof\thim/her\tPST\tarrive\tyesterday,His/her son/daughter arrived yesterday.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Moná ri ele a yegá ayé.,,son/daughter of him/her PST arrive yesterday,,Recorded by author,,5118,Spanish: El hijo / la hija de él/ella llegó ayer. +49-104,49,pitit mwen,pitit\tmwen,child\t1SG.POSS,my child,,,"473[tome 2, p. 847]",,naturalistic spoken,pitit mwen,,child 1SG.POSS,,,,5119,French: mon enfant +49-105,49,liv mwen yo,liv\tmwen\tyo,book\t1SG\tDEF.PL,my books,,,,,constructed by linguist,liv mwen yo,,book 1SG DEF.PL,,Own knowledge,,5120,French: mes livres +49-106,49,kay mwen an,kay\tmwen\tan,house\t1SG.POSS\tDEF,my house,,,473[846],,naturalistic spoken,kay mwen an,,house 1SG.POSS DEF,,,,5121,French: ma maison +49-107,49,chat an mwen,chat\tan\tmwen,cat\tPREP\t1SG.POSS,my cat,,"This represents a Northern variant with a role marker. I analyze an above as a preposition. The morpheme undergoes a regressive assimilation of nasalization in this context. In other contexts, it appears as a.",473[846],,naturalistic spoken,chat an mwen,,cat PREP 1SG.POSS,"This represents a Northern variant with a role marker. I analyze an above as a preposition. The morpheme undergoes a regressive assimilation of nasalization in this context. In other contexts, it appears as a.",,,5122,French: mon chat +49-108,49,jenou an m,jenou\tan\tm,knee\tPREP\t1SG.POSS,my knee,,This represents a construction used in northern Haiti.,473[846],,naturalistic spoken,jenou an m,,knee PREP 1SG.POSS,This represents a construction used in northern Haiti.,,,5123,French: mon genou +50-63,50,timoun an mwen,timoun\tan\tmwen,little.person\tPREP\t1SG,my child/children,,,,,naturalistic spoken,timoun an mwen,,little.person PREP 1SG,,Own fieldwork,,5124, +51-61,51,yich-mwen,yich-mwen,child-1SG,my child OR: my children,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yich-mwen,,child-1SG,,Own fieldwork,,5125, +52-40,52,"mo liv, to kaz, nou timoun","mo\tliv,\tto\tkaz,\tnou\ttimoun",POSS.1SG\tbook\tPOSS.2SG\thouse\tPOSS.1PL\tchildren,"my book, your house, our children",,,,,elicited from speaker,"mo liv, to kaz, nou timoun",,POSS.1SG book POSS.2SG house POSS.1PL children,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,5126, +52-41,52,"mo liv, to liv, so liv","mo\tliv,\tto\tliv,\tso\tliv",my\tbook\tyour\tbook\this/her\tbook,"my book, your book, his/her book",,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo liv, to liv, so liv",,my book your book his/her book,,Own knowledge,,5127, +53-137,53,Tou mo famiy parl kreol.,Tou\tmo\tfamiy\tparl\tkreol.,all\t1SG.POSS\tfamily\tspeak\tCreole,My whole family speaks Creole.,,,1048[127],,naturalistic spoken,Tou mo famiy parl kreol.,,all 1SG.POSS family speak Creole,,,,5128,French: Toute ma famille parle créole. +53-138,53,So latchoe chemiz t ape sorti ondeor de so kilot.,So\tlatchoe\tchemiz\tt\tape\tsorti\tondeor\tde\tso\tkilot.,3SG.POSS\ttail\tshirt\tPST\tPROG\tcome.out\toutside\tof\t2SG.POSS\tpant,His shirt tail was coming out of his pants.,,,1048[127],,naturalistic spoken,So latchoe chemiz t ape sorti ondeor de so kilot.,,3SG.POSS tail shirt PST PROG come.out outside of 2SG.POSS pant,,,,5129,French: Le pan de sa chemise sortait de son pantalon. +53-139,53,mo de nonk-ye,mo\tde\tnonk-ye,1SG\ttwo\tuncle-PL,my two uncles,,,1048[127],,naturalistic spoken,mo de nonk-ye,,1SG two uncle-PL,,,,5130, +54-85,54,mon fanm - son zanfan,mon\tfanm\t-\tson\tzanfan,POSS.1SG\twoman\t-\tPOSS.3SG\tchild,my wife - her child/children,,,,,constructed by linguist,mon fanm - son zanfan,,POSS.1SG woman - POSS.3SG child,,Own knowledge,,5131,French: ma femme - son enfant / ses enfants +55-66,55,mo lakaz,mo\tlakaz,1SG.POSS\thouse,my house,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo lakaz,,1SG.POSS house,,Own knowledge,,5132, +55-67,55,mo lisyeṅ-la li fin mord mwa,mo\tlisyeṅ-la\tli\tfin\tmord\tmwa,1SG.POSS\tdog-DEF\t3SG\tCOMPL\tbite\t1SG.OBJ,My dog has bitten me. OR: That dog of mine has bitten me.,,,760,,naturalistic spoken,mo lisyeṅ-la li fin mord mwa,,1SG.POSS dog-DEF 3SG COMPL bite 1SG.OBJ,,,,5133,"French: Mon chien, il m'a mordu." +56-80,56,Mon papa ti reste Ans Bwalo.,Mon\tpapa\tti\treste\tAns\tBwalo.,my\tfather\tpst\tlive\tAnse\tBoileau,My father lived at Anse Boileau.,,,158[168],,naturalistic spoken,"Mon papa ti reste Ans Bwalo.",,my father pst live Anse Boileau,,,,5134, +56-81,56,lakaz pour mwan,lakaz\tpour\tmwan,house\tfor\tme,my house,,,,,constructed by native speaker,lakaz pour mwan,,house for me,,Own knowledge,,5135, +56-82,56,"Be ou papa kote i ti reste li, papa pour ou?","Be\tou\tpapa\tkote\ti\tti\treste\tli,\tpapa\tpour\tou?",but\tPOSS.2SG\tfather\twhere\t3SG\tPST\tlive\t3SG.OBJ\tfather\tfor\t2SG,"But your father, where did he live, your father?",,,158[168],,naturalistic spoken,"Be ou papa kote i ti reste li, papa pour ou?",,but POSS.2SG father where 3SG PST live 3SG.OBJ father for 2SG,,,,5136,"French: Mais votre père, où habitait-il? Votre père. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 169)" +57-139,57,kas pu mwa,kas\tpu\tmwa,house\tPREP\t1SG,my house,,,423[140],,naturalistic spoken,kas pu mwa,,house PREP 1SG,,,,5137, +57-140,57,[...] nu ko:ta nde wajaʃ pu nu kom twa pi mari pu twa,[...]\tnu\tko:ta\tnde\twajaʃ\tpu\tnu\tkom\ttwa\tpi\tmari\tpu\ttwa,[...]\t1PL\tpleased\tPREP\tjourney\tPREP\t1PL\tlike\t2SG\tand\thusband\tPREP\t2SG,"[...] we are pleased with our journey, like you and your husband.",,,,,unspecified,"[...] nu ko:ta nde wajaʃ pu nu kom twa pi mari pu twa",,[...] 1PL pleased PREP journey PREP 1PL like 2SG and husband PREP 2SG,,,,5138, +58-49,58,mwana na mono/beto,mwana\tna\tmono/beto,child\tof\tme/us,my/our child,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mwana na mono/beto",,child of me/us,,Own knowledge,,5139, +58-50,58,mwana ya Petelo,mwana\tya\tPetelo,child\tof\tPeter,Peter's child,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mwana ya Petelo",,child of Peter,,Own knowledge,,5140, +58-51,58,mwana ya Petelo na yandi,mwana\tya\tPetelo\tna\tyandi,child\tof\tPeter\twith\ther,Peter's child with her,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mwana ya Petelo na yandi",,child of Peter with her,,Own knowledge,,5141, +58-52,58,mwana na yandi na Petelo,mwana\tna\tyandi\tna\tPetelo,child\tCONN\ther\twith\tPeter,her child with Peter,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mwana na yandi na Petelo",,child CONN her with Peter,,Own knowledge,,5142, +59-45,59,koli ti mbi ni ake nzoni zo ape,koli\tti\tmbi\tni\ta-ke\tnzoni\tzo\tape,husband\tof\t1SG\tDET\tPM-COP\tgood\tperson\tNEG,My husband is not a good person.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,koli ti mbi ni ake nzoni zo ape,koli ti mbi ni a-ke nzoni zo ape,husband of 1SG DET PM-COP good person NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,5143, +59-129,59,tere ti mbi ake so,tere\tti\tmbi\ta-yeke\tso,story\tof\t1SG\tPM-COP\tDEM,Here is my story. OR: This is my story.,,"But so might be a homophonous word meaning 'thus, like this'.",1324[110],,naturalistic spoken,tere ti mbi ake so,tere ti mbi a-yeke so,story of 1SG PM-COP DEM,"But so might be a homophonous word meaning 'thus, like this'.",,,5144, +59-130,59,ala zia yi ti ala kwe,ala\tzia\tyi\tti\tala\tkwe,3PL\tput\tthing\tof\t3PL\tall,They left all their belongings.,,,1320[110],,naturalistic spoken,ala zia yi ti ala kwe,,3PL put thing of 3PL all,,,,5145, +59-131,59,par jour ti ala aeke nde,par\tjour\tti\tala\ta-eke\tnde,par\tjour\tof\t3PL\tPM-COP\tdifferent,Their daily salary is different.,,,1320[110],,naturalistic spoken,par jour ti ala aeke nde,par jour ti ala a-eke nde,par jour of 3PL PM-COP different,,,,5146, +59-132,59,bikm,bik-m,pen-1SG,my pen,,"This is a precious example of what may be emerging in the language: possessive suffixes. It occurred in the speech of a child. Bik is borrowed from French bic, and m is borrowed from the pronoun mbi. Bik is pronounced with a high tone and -m with mid tone.",,,naturalistic spoken,bikm,bik-m,pen-1SG,"This is a precious example of what may be emerging in the language: possessive suffixes. It occurred in the speech of a child. Bik is borrowed from French bic, and m is borrowed from the pronoun mbi. Bik is pronounced with a high tone and -m with mid tone.",Samarin corpus 1994,,5147, +60-50,60,mbóngo na yé ekokí té; ya bísó mbóngo ekokí,mbóngo\tna\tyé\te-kok-í\tté;\tya\tbísó\tmbóngo\te-kok-í,money\tof\t3SG\t3SG.INAN-can-PRS.PRF\tNEG\tof\t1PL\tmoney\t3SG.INAN-can-PRS.PRF,"His money is not sufficient, ours is.",,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,mbóngo na yé ekokí té; ya bísó mbóngo ekokí,mbóngo na yé e-kok-í té; ya bísó mbóngo e-kok-í,money of 3SG 3SG.INAN-can-PRS.PRF NEG of 1PL money 3SG.INAN-can-PRS.PRF,,,,5148, +60-51,60,mbóngo na bísó,mbóngo\tna\tbísó,money\tof\t1PL,our money,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,mbóngo na bísó,,money of 1PL,,,,5149, +61-33,61,lo umfana ga wena,lo\tumfana\tga\twena,DEF.ART\tson\tPOSS\tyou,your son OR: the son of yours,,,,,elicited from speaker,lo umfana ga wena,,DEF.ART son POSS you,,Field notes Mesthrie,,5150, +62-32,62,míndá ghó ní iʔí,minda\tghó\tní\tiʔí,house\tmy\tis\there,My room is this.,,,,,elicited from speaker,míndá ghó ní iʔí,minda ghó ní iʔí,house my is here,,Own field data 1993,,5151, +63-65,63,akú tá-i,akú\ttá-i,brother\tGEN-my,my brother,,,857[336],,naturalistic spoken,akú tá-i,,brother GEN-my,,,,5152, +63-66,63,ána abú-i Morú,ána\tabú-i\tMorú,1SG\tfather-my\tMoru,My father is a Moru.,,,856[157],,naturalistic spoken,ána abú-i Morú,,1SG father-my Moru,,,,5153, +64-72,64,ída tái,ída\ttái,hand\tPOSS.1SG,my hand,,,874[102],,naturalistic spoken,ída tái,,hand POSS.1SG,,,,5154, +64-73,64,ísim to tabán,ísim\tto\ttabán,name\tPOSS.3SG\tTabàn,His name is Taban.,,,874[102],,naturalistic spoken,ísim to tabán,,name POSS.3SG Tabàn,,,,5155, +64-177,64,ána kan bitála hája bitái,ána\tkan\tbi=tála\thája\tbitái,1SG\tANT\tIRR=go_out\tthing\tPOSS.1SG,I was going to get out (lit. I was going out myself).,,,972[165],,naturalistic spoken,ána kan bitála hája bitái,ána kan bi=tála hája bitái,1SG ANT IRR=go_out thing POSS.1SG,,,,5156,French: J’allais m’en sortir. (Miller’s translation) +65-60,65,ixin' dom desia byla,ixin'\tdom\tdesia\tbyla,3PL\thouse\there\tbe.PFV,their house was here,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,1195[236],,naturalistic spoken,ixin' dom desia byla,,3PL house here be.PFV,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,,ихинь дом здеся была,5157, +65-61,65,Za maja padumaj kako waʃa zakona xaroʃen'ki.,Za\tmaja\tpadumaj\tkako\twaʃa\tzakona\txaroʃen'ki.,TOP\t1SG\tthink\thow\t2PL\tlaw\tgood,I think how good are your laws.,,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 374).,1045[246],,constructed by linguist,Za maja padumaj kako waʃa zakona xaroʃen'ki.,,TOP 1SG think how 2PL law good,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 374).,,За моя подумай како ваша закона хорошеньки.,5158, +65-62,65,Synka moj adəna zima.,Synka\tmoj\tadəna\tzima.,son\t1SG\tone\twinter,My son is one year old.,,,458[11],,citation in fiction,Synka moj adəna zima.,,son 1SG one winter,,,сынка мой – одна зима.,5159, +65-63,65,ʧas təvaja,ʧas\ttəvaja,part\t2SG,your part,,,22[162],,elicited from speaker,ʧas təvaja,,part 2SG,,,часть твоя,5160, +66-46,66,"Loorampe biini pe bapa datangeliyat sin? Təra, go pe bapa jo kitang yang datang e-liyat.",Loorang-pe\tbiini-pe\tbapa\tdatang-e-liyat\tsin?\tTəra\tgo-pe\tbapa-jo\tkitang-yang\tdatang-e-liyat.,2SG.HON-POSS\twife-POSS\tfather\tcome-ASP-see\tQ\tno\t1SG-POSS\tfather-FOC\t1PL-ACC.DEF\tcome-ASP-see,"Has your wife’s father visited us? No, MY father has visited us.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Loorampe biini pe bapa datangeliyat sin? Təra, go pe bapa jo kitang yang datang e-liyat.",Loorang-pe biini-pe bapa datang-e-liyat sin? Təra go-pe bapa-jo kitang-yang datang-e-liyat.,2SG.HON-POSS wife-POSS father come-ASP-see Q no 1SG-POSS father-FOC 1PL-ACC.DEF come-ASP-see,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,5161, +67-82,67,"Lu anak banyak besar, lu berapa tahun?","Lu\tanak\tbanyak\tbesar,\tlu\tberapa\ttahun?",2SG\tchild\tmuch\tbig\t2SG\thow.many\tyear,Your children are very big. How old are you?,,,708[107],,naturalistic spoken,"Lu anak banyak besar, lu berapa tahun?",,2SG child much big 2SG how.many year,,,,5162, +67-83,67,"Sama sotong, suami saya suka makan itu.","Sama\tsotong,\tsuami\tsaya\tsuka\tmakan\titu.",OBJ\tcuttlefish\thusband\t1SG\tlike\teat\tDEM,It is the cuttlefish that my husband likes to eat.,,,708[108],,naturalistic spoken,"Sama sotong, suami saya suka makan itu.",,OBJ cuttlefish husband 1SG like eat DEM,,,,5163, +67-84,67,Dia punya badan bagus bah.,Dia\tpunya\tbadan\tbagus\tbah.,3SG\tPOSS\tbody\tgood\tPCL,His body is very good.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dia punya badan bagus bah.",,3SG POSS body good PCL,,Own knowledge,,5164, +68-51,68,Lalu ada sisa antua pung rambu aja.,Lalu\tada\tsisa\tantua\tpung\trambu\taja.,then\thave\tremainder\t3SG.FORMAL\tPOSS\thair\tonly,Then there was only a remnant of her hair left.,,,1178[408],,naturalistic spoken,"Lalu ada sisa antua pung rambu aja.",,then have remainder 3SG.FORMAL POSS hair only,,,,5165, +69-29,69,amanakən tam,ama-nakən\ttam,1SG-POSS\tdog,my dog,,,,,elicited from speaker,amanakən tam,ama-nakən tam,1SG-POSS dog,,Own field notes 1985,,5166, +71-65,71,Wau kela inoa Asing Kumuna.,Wau\tkela\tinoa\tAsing\tKumuna.,1SG.POSS\tDET\tname\tAsing\tKumuna,My name is Asing Kumuna.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Wau kela inoa Asing Kumuna.",,1SG.POSS DET name Asing Kumuna,,Own data 1909,,5167, +72-63,72,Kirringku im teikim lajap karu nyanuny.,Kirri-ngku\tim\tteik-im\tlajap\tkaru\tnyanuny.,woman-ERG\t3SG\ttake-TR\ton.shoulders\tchild\t3SG.DAT,The woman carries her child on her shoulders.,,,583,80a1e7dbc811ea771e21c3501b6b22f9,naturalistic spoken,Kirringku im teikim lajap karu nyanuny.,Kirri-ngku im teik-im lajap karu nyanuny.,woman-ERG 3SG take-TR on.shoulders child 3SG.DAT,,,,5168, +74-59,74,máyka haws,máyka\thaws,2SG\thouse,your house OR: your houses,,,,,constructed by linguist,"máyka haws",,2SG house,,Own knowledge,,5169, +74-60,74,tł’únas qáta máyka túmtum,tł’únas\tqáta\tmáyka\ttúmtum,perhaps\twhat\t1SG\theart,I don’t know why I feel this way.,,,154[211],,narrative,"tł’únas qáta máyka túmtum",,perhaps what 1SG heart,,,,5170, +75-103,75,ta fiy,ta\tfiy,2.POSS\tdaughter,your daughter,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,ta fiy,,2.POSS daughter,,,,5171, +75-104,75,ta langinaan,ta\tlang-inaan,2.POSS\tlanguage-1PL,our language (inclusive),,,,,naturalistic spoken,ta langinaan,ta lang-inaan,2.POSS language-1PL,,Fieldwork data,,5172, +75-105,75,not langinaan,not\tlang-inaan,1PL.POSS\tlanguage-1PL,our language (exclusive),,,522,,elicited from speaker,not langinaan,not lang-inaan,1PL.POSS language-1PL,,,,5173, +75-106,75,Kiya eekwa niya sapran chikakweekuneehtamaashuyaahk not laanginaan.,Kiya\teekwa\tniya\tsapran\tchi-kakwee-kuneehtamaa-shu-yaahk\tnot\tlaang-inaan.,2SG\tand\t1SG\tnecessary\tFUT.COMP-try-preserve-REFL-1PL\t1PL.POSS\tlanguage-1PL,"You and I, we have to preserve our language.",,,523,,elicited from speaker,Kiya eekwa niya sapran chikakweekuneehtamaashuyaahk not laanginaan.,Kiya eekwa niya sapran chi-kakwee-kuneehtamaa-shu-yaahk not laang-inaan.,2SG and 1SG necessary FUT.COMP-try-preserve-REFL-1PL 1PL.POSS language-1PL,,,,5174, +75-107,75,opaapaawa,o-paapaa-wa,3.POSS-father-OBV,his father,,"With third possessive prefixes, an obviative suffix is added to the noun.",522,,naturalistic spoken,opaapaawa,o-paapaa-wa,3.POSS-father-OBV,"With third possessive prefixes, an obviative suffix is added to the noun.",,,5175, +76-40,76,awoña kiñma a'na cabakto,awoña\tkiñma\ta'na\tcabakto,I\tdog\tharness\twork,Put harness on my dog.,,,1442[223],,reconstructed by documentalist,awoña kiñma a'na cabakto,,I dog harness work,,,,5176, +1-100,1,"No jam da janjam va da boom, a ougri.","No\tnyan\tda\tn'nyan\tfu\tda\tbon,\ta\togri.",NEG\teat\tDET.SG\tfruit\tof\tDET.SG\ttree\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.bad,"Don't eat the fruit of that tree, it's harmful.",,"Possessum-fu-possessor, with preposition fu () as possessive marker.",1357[128],,written (dictionary),"No jam da janjam va da boom, a ougri.","No nyan da n'nyan fu da bon, a ogri.",NEG eat DET.SG fruit of DET.SG tree 3SG.SBJ be.bad,"Possessum-fu-possessor, with preposition fu (<va>) as possessive marker.",,,5177,"German: Iss nicht die Frucht dieses Baums, sie ist schädlich. [op.cit.]" +1-101,1,"A ben komm somma, va a lussu wi na didübri hann.","A\tben\tkom\tsoma,\tfu\ta\tlusu\twi\tna\td'dibri\tanu.",3SG.SBJ\tPST\tcome\tperson\tfor\t3SG.SBJ\tfree\t3PL\tLOC\tdevil\thand,He became human to free us from the devil's hands.,,"Possessor-possessum, in mere juxtaposition; this order appears to be restricted to cases with a 'human' possessor.",1357[191],,written (dictionary),"A ben komm somma, va a lussu wi na didübri hann.","A ben kom soma, fu a lusu wi na d'dibri anu.",3SG.SBJ PST come person for 3SG.SBJ free 3PL LOC devil hand,"Possessor-possessum, in mere juxtaposition; this order appears to be restricted to cases with a 'human' possessor.",,,5178,"German: Er ist Mensch worden, um uns aus des Teufels Hand zu erretten. [op.cit.]" +2-85,2,A plan fu a Masra e go doro.,A\tplan\tfu\ta\tMasra\te\tgo\tdoro.,DET\tplan\tof\tDET\tMaster\tIPFV\tgo\tthrough,The Lord’s plan continues.,,,1606[118],,naturalistic written,A plan fu a Masra e go doro.,,DET plan of DET Master IPFV go through,,,,5179, +2-86,2,Ma fa a pikin fu Oom N du dede dan?,Ma\tfa\ta\tpikin\tfu\tOom\tN\tdu\tdede\tdan?,but\thow\tDET\tchild\tof\tUncle\tN\tdo\tdie\tthen,"But how did Uncle N’s child actually die, then?",,,1605[402],,naturalistic spoken,Ma fa a pikin fu Oom N du dede dan?,,but how DET child of Uncle N do die then,,,,5180, +2-87,2,Den bigi suma taki yu kan kibri yu granmama bere.,Den\tbigi\tsuma\ttaki\tyu\tkan\tkibri\tyu\tgranmama\tbere.,The.PL\tbig\tperson\tsay\t2SG\tcan\tcover\t2SG\tgrandma\tbelly,The older folk say you can hide your grandmother’s belly.,,,1606[80],,naturalistic spoken,Den bigi suma taki yu kan kibri yu granmama bere.,,The.PL big person say 2SG can cover 2SG grandma belly,,,,5181, +2-88,2,Ma yu no kan kibri granmama koso.,Ma\tyu\tno\tkan\tkibri\tgranmama\tkoso.,but\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\tcover\tgrandma\tcough,But you can’t hide grandma's coughing.,,,1606[80],,naturalistic spoken,Ma yu no kan kibri granmama koso.,,but 2SG NEG can cover grandma cough,,,,5182, +3-43,3,Feledi jesi,Feledi\tjesi,Freddy\tear,Freddy's ear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Feledi jesi,,Freddy ear,,Fieldwork data,,5183, +3-44,3,jesi u Feledi,jesi\tu\tFeledi,ear\tPOSS\tFreddy,Freddy's ear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,jesi u Feledi,,ear POSS Freddy,,Fieldwork data,,5184, +4-63,4,A gaanman uman.,A\tgaanman\tuman.,COP\tparamount.chief\twoman,It's the chief's wife.,,,,,elicited from speaker,A gaanman uman.,,COP paramount.chief woman,,Own observation,,5185, +7-100,7,a man kyaa,a\tman\tkyaa,INDF.ART\tman\tcar,a man’s car(s),,"Here, there is simple juxtaposition of possessor and possessum.",1244[157],,naturalistic spoken,a man kyaa,,INDF.ART man car,"Here, there is simple juxtaposition of possessor and possessum.",,,5186, +7-101,7,Anansi pi in Tukama han.,Anansi\tpi\tin\tTukama\than.,Anansi\tpee\tin\tTukama\thand,Anansi peed in Tukama’s hand.,,,1244[A31],,naturalistic spoken,Anansi pi in Tukama han.,,Anansi pee in Tukama hand,,,,5187, +8-60,8,Sanja buk an Piita bag de pan di grong.,Sanja\tbuk\tan\tPiita\tbag\tde\tpan\tdi\tgrong.,Sandra\tbook\tand\tPeter\tbag\tLOC\ton\tDET\tground,Sandra's book and Peter's bag are on the floor.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Sanja buk an Piita bag de pan di grong.,,Sandra book and Peter bag LOC on DET ground,,Own knowledge,,5188, +9-74,9,Yu sok di djus owta di ʃrim hɛd.,Yu\tsok\tdi\tdjus\towta\tdi\tʃrim\thɛd.,2SG\tsuck\tthe\tjuice\tout.of\tthe\tshrimp\thead,You suck the juice out of the shrimp's head.,,,429,,naturalistic spoken,Yu sok di djus owta di ʃrim hɛd.,,2SG suck the juice out.of the shrimp head,,,,5189, +10-89,10,Gloria piknini,Gloria\tpiknini,Gloria\tchild,Gloria's child,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Gloria piknini,,Gloria child,,Field notes 2008,,5190, +10-90,10,mi nieba hous,mi\tnieba\thous,1SG.POSS\tneighbour\thouse,my neighbour's house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mi nieba hous,,1SG.POSS neighbour house,,Field notes 2008,,5191, +11-97,11,di Kingz daata,di\tKing-z\tdaata,ART.DEF\tKing-GEN\tdaughter,the King’s daughter,,"This as well as the example without genitive -s (Example 98) are from the same story, told by the same informant.",1054,,naturalistic spoken,di Kingz daata,di King-z daata,ART.DEF King-GEN daughter,"This as well as the example without genitive -s (Example 98) are from the same story, told by the same informant.",,,5192, +11-98,11,di King daata,di\tKing\tdaata,ART.DEF\tKing\tdaughter,the King's daughter,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,di King daata,,ART.DEF King daughter,,,,5193, +12-80,12,the boy uncle,the\tboy\tuncle,ART\tboy[POSS]\tuncle,the boy’s uncle,,,634[X],,unspecified,the boy uncle,,ART boy[POSS] uncle,,,,5194, +12-81,12,"Wally family over there. [...] Uh, my husband family.","Wally\tfamily\tover\tthere.\t[...]\tUh,\tmy\thusband\tfamily.",Wally[POSS]\tfamily\tover\tthere\t[...]\tuh\t1SG.POSS.DET\thusband[POSS]\tfamily,Wally’s family is over there. [...] My husband’s family.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Wally family over there. [...] Uh, my husband family.",,Wally[POSS] family over there [...] uh 1SG.POSS.DET husband[POSS] family,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5195, +12-82,12,"Yeah, this one, that was Philip's girls – they – he used to have a lot of girl. He used to have a lot of girl.",[...]\tthat\twas\tPhilip's\tgirl-s\t[...],[...]\tDEM\t3PL.COP.PST\tPhilip.POSS\tgirl-PL\t[...],[...] those were Philip’s girls [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, this one, that was Philip's girls – they – he used to have a lot of girl. He used to have a lot of girl.",[...] that was Philip's girl-s [...],[...] DEM 3PL.COP.PST Philip.POSS girl-PL [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5196, +13-72,13,Harrison daddy,Harrison\tdaddy,Harrison\tdaddy,Harrison’s daddy,,,1500[260],,naturalistic spoken,Harrison daddy,,Harrison daddy,,,,5197, +13-73,13,Sister Campbell house,Sister\tCampbell\thouse,Sister\tCampbell\thouse,Sister Campbell’s house,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,Sister Campbell house,,Sister Campbell house,,,,5198, +14-48,14,Carl house,Carl\thouse,Carl.POSS\thouse,Carl's house,,This is a variable feature such that possession may be marked by 's in a limited number of cases.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Carl house,,Carl.POSS house,"This is a variable feature such that possession may be marked by 's in a limited number of cases.",Own knowledge,,5199, +15-59,15,di man ĩ os,di\tman\tĩ\tos,DET\tman\tPOSS\thouse,the man's house,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di man ĩ os,,DET man POSS house,,Own knowledge,,5200, +16-54,16,à hiɛ dɛ fud in tes,à\thiɛ\tdɛ\tfud\tin\ttes,1SG\thear\tART\tfood\t3SG.POSS\ttaste,I smelled the food. OR: I smell the food (lit. I heard the food's taste).,,,656[211],,naturalistic spoken,à hiɛ dɛ fud in tes,,1SG hear ART food 3SG.POSS taste,,,,5201, +17-58,17,dì wuman mòto,dì\twuman\tmòto,ART.DEF\twoman\tcar,the woman’s car,,,462[44],,naturalistic spoken,dì wuman mòto,,ART.DEF woman car,,,,5202, +18-53,18,Na Mary haus.,Na\tMary\thaus.,COP\tMary\thouse,It's Mary's house.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Na Mary haus.,,COP Mary house,,,,5203, +19-65,19,Nà de à kan sàbí mì màmá ìn pàpá ìn fambul.,Nà\tde\tà\tkan\tsàbí\tmì\tmàmá\tìn\tpàpá\tìn\tfambul.,FOC\tthere\t1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tknow\t1SG.POSS\tmother\t3SG.POSS\tfather\t3SG.POSS\tfamily,It is there that I got to know my mother’s father’s family.,,This construction is specialized to the expression of ownership by an animate owner and the expression of kinship relations.,1634[235],,naturalistic spoken,"Nà de à kan sàbí mì màmá ìn pàpá ìn fambul.",,FOC there 1SG.SBJ IPFV know 1SG.POSS mother 3SG.POSS father 3SG.POSS family,This construction is specialized to the expression of ownership by an animate owner and the expression of kinship relations.,,,5204, +19-66,19,[...] nà wan stayl fɔ̀ Pichi fɔ̀ wan barrio fɔ̀ Camerún.,[...]\tnà\twan\tstayl\tfɔ̀\tPichi\tfɔ̀\twan\tbarrio\tfɔ̀\tCamerún.,[...]\tFOC\tone\tmanner\tASSOC\tPichi\tASSOC\tone\tquarter\tASSOC\tCameroon,[...] that's a style of Pichi of a quarter for/in Cameroon.,,This construction is specialized to the expression of general part-whole relations.,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] nà wan stayl fɔ̀ Pichi fɔ̀ wan barrio fɔ̀ Camerún.",,[...] FOC one manner ASSOC Pichi ASSOC one quarter ASSOC Cameroon,This construction is specialized to the expression of general part-whole relations.,Field data,,5205, +19-67,19,wan glas wàtá,wan\tglas\twàtá,one\tglas\twater,a glass of water,,The associative construction is specialized to the expression of part-whole relations that are conventionalized or lexicalized as well as a few specific semantic relations like measurement (cf. this example).,1634[622],,naturalistic spoken,"wan glas wàtá",,one glas water,The associative construction is specialized to the expression of part-whole relations that are conventionalized or lexicalized as well as a few specific semantic relations like measurement (cf. this example).,,,5206, +21-50,21,David's house,David-'s\thouse,David-POSS\thouse,David's house (NOT: the house of David),,,,,own knowledge,David's house,David-'s house,David-POSS house,,Own knowledge,,5207, +22-67,22,Em haus bilong dispela man.,Em\thaus\tbilong\tdispela\tman.,3SG\thouse\tPOSS\tthis\tman,That's this man's house.,,,411[38],,constructed by linguist,Em haus bilong dispela man.,,3SG house POSS this man,,,,5208, +24-80,24,niggers hoof,niggers\thoof,Nigger.POSS\tfoot,place name OR: kind of edible tuber,,,,,naturalistic spoken,niggers hoof,,Nigger.POSS foot,,Own fieldwork,,5209, +24-82,24,ar pain fe Robinsons,ar\tpain\tfe\tRobinsons,the\tpine.tree\tPREP\tRobinson.GEN,Robinson’s pine tree,,Robinson is a place name.,,,unknown,ar pain fe Robinsons,,the pine.tree PREP Robinson.GEN,"Robinson is a place name.",Own fieldwork,,5210, +25-201,25,[...] en det filik braja jinja.,[...]\ten\tdet\tfilik\tbraja\tjinja.,[...]\tand\tDEM\tFelik\tbrother\tGinger,"[...] and Felik’s [Felix'?] brother, Ginger.",,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates a proper noun as possessor juxtaposed to the possessum.,1026[182],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] en det filik braja jinja.",,[...] and DEM Felik brother Ginger,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates a proper noun as possessor juxtaposed to the possessum.,,,5211, +27-44,27,by di han fa shi grōtkin,by\tdi\than\tfa\tshi\tgrōtkin,by\tDET\thand\tof\t3SG.POSS\tgrandchild,by the hand of his grandchild,,,355[12],,naturalistic spoken,"by di han fa shi grōtkin",,by DET hand of 3SG.POSS grandchild,,,,5212, +27-45,27,di mēnshi shi hā,di\tmēnshi\tshi\thā,DET\tgirl\t3.POSS\thair,the girl's hair,,,355[49],,naturalistic spoken,di mēnshi shi hā,,DET girl 3.POSS hair,,,,5213, +28-74,28,di jɛrma papa,di\tjɛrma\tpapa,the\twoman\tfather,the girl's father,,,737[159],,naturalistic spoken,di jɛrma papa,di jɛrma papa,the woman father,,,,5214, +28-75,28,di potman ʃi toro,di\tpotɛ\tman\tʃi\ttoro,the\told\tman\t3SG.POSS\teye,the old man's eyes,,,737[160],,naturalistic spoken,di potman ʃi toro,di potɛ man ʃi toro,the old man 3SG.POSS eye,,,,5215, +29-66,29,Jan se kombuis,Jan\tse\tkombuis,John\tPOSS\tkitchen,John's kitchen,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jan se kombuis,,John POSS kitchen,,Own knowledge,,5216, +30-82,30,libru di Maria,libru\tdi=Maria,book\tof=Mary,Mary’s book,,,786,,constructed by linguist,libru di Maria,libru di=Maria,book of=Mary,,,,5217,German: Marias Buch +30-83,30,libru-l Maria,libru=l\tMaria,book=of\tMary,Mary’s book,,,786,,constructed by linguist,libru-l Maria,libru=l Maria,book=of Mary,,,,5218,German: Marias Buch +30-84,30,libru Maria,libru\tMaria,book\tMary,Mary's book,,,786,,constructed by linguist,libru Maria,,book Mary,,,,5219,German: Marias Buch +31-78,31,Nu djobe trabadju pa nu ka mexe mon na nada k'e di djenti.,Nu\tdjobe\ttrabadju\tpa\tnu\tka\tmexe\tmon\tna\tnada\tk'e\tdi\tdjenti.,we\tlook\twork\tfor\twe\tNEG\tput\thand\ton\tnothing\tthat.is\tof\tpeople,We look for work so that we don't steal people's things.,,There is adpositional marking on the possessor with di.,57,,naturalistic spoken,"Nu djobe trabadju pa nu ka mexe mon na nada k'e di djenti.",,we look work for we NEG put hand on nothing that.is of people,"There is adpositional marking on the possessor with di.",,,5220, +32-53,32,Na káza de nha avô [...].,Na\tkáza\tde\tnha\tavô\t[...].,LOC\thouse\tof\t1SG.POSS\tgrandfather\t[...],In my grandfather's house [...].,,The possessor is marked by an adposition.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,Na káza de nha avô [...].,,LOC house of 1SG.POSS grandfather [...],The possessor is marked by an adposition.,,,5221,Portuguese: Na casa do meu avô [...]. +33-76,33,kasa di Robertu,kasa\tdi\tRobertu,house\tof\tRoberto,Roberto’s house,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,kasa di Robertu,,house of Roberto,,Own knowledge,,5222,Portuguese: a casa do Roberto +34-54,34,kasa di Joŋ,kasa\tdi\tJoŋ,house\tof\tJohn,John's house,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"kasa di Joŋ",,house of John,,Own knowledge,,5223, +34-55,34,kampu; kaŋ - Prera,kampu;\tkaŋ\t-\tPrera,homestead\thomestead\t-\tPrera,homestead; Prera's homestead,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,kampu; kaŋ - Prera,,homestead homestead - Prera,,Own knowledge,,5224, +35-89,35,pe di mosu,pe\tdi\tmosu,father\tof\tboy,the boy's father,,,,,naturalistic spoken,pe di mosu,,father of boy,,Own data,,5225, +35-90,35,pe mina,pe\tmina,father\tgirl,the girl's father,,,,,naturalistic spoken,pe mina,,father girl,,Own data,,5226, +35-91,35,ke d'ome,ke\td'=ome,house\tof=man,the man's house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ke d'ome,ke d'=ome,house of=man,,Own data,,5227, +36-51,36,Am thô tua thapatu Komba ba m'me minhu e.,Am\tthô\ttua\tthapatu\tKomba\tba\tm'me\tminhu\te.,1SG\tFOC\ttake\tshoe\tfriend\tgo\teat\tmaize\tDEM,It is me who took your shoes and went to eat the maize.,,Komba 'friend' is a noun used honorifically.,901[166],,elicited from speaker,Am thô tua thapatu Komba ba m'me minhu e.,,1SG FOC take shoe friend go eat maize DEM,"Komba 'friend' is a noun used honorifically.",,,5228,French: C'est moi qui ai pris vos souliers et qui suis allé manger le maïs. +37-58,37,ufaka sê novu di Mene,ufaka\tsê\tnovu\tdi\tMene,knife\tDEM\tnew\tof\tMene,Mene's new knife,,,,,constructed by linguist,ufaka sê novu di Mene,,knife DEM new of Mene,,Own knowledge,,5229, +38-66,38,namemu patsyi mai,na-mé-mu\tpatsyi\tmai,ART-mother-1SG\tpart\tmother,my grandmother from mother's side,,,,,elicited from speaker,namemu patsyi mai,na-mé-mu patsyi mai,ART-mother-1SG part mother,,Own fieldwork 1993,,5230, +38-140,38,Amea meza-sai sa lodonda.,Amea\tmeza-sai\tsa\tlodonda.,mesure\ttable-DEM\tbe\tround,The form of this table is round.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Amea meza-sai sa lodonda.,,mesure table-DEM be round,,Own fieldwork 1990,,5231, +39-82,39,"nɔven də nɔsior də mɔrt, nɔven də nɔsior də imakulad","nɔven\tdə\tnɔsior\tdə\tmɔrt,\tnɔven\tdə\tnɔsior\tdə\timakulad",novena\tof\tour.lady\tof\tdeath\tnovena\tof\tour.lady\tof\timmaculate,"the novena of Our Lady of Death, the novena of Our Lady of Immaculate (Conception)",,,221[242],,naturalistic spoken,"nɔven də nɔsior də mɔrt, nɔven də nɔsior də imakulad",,novena of our.lady of death novena of our.lady of immaculate,,,,5232, +40-51,40,pay su kadz; kadz paysu,pay\tsu\tkadz;\tkadz\tpay-su,father\tGEN\thouse\thouse\tfather-GEN,father's house; father's house,,,265[139-40],,constructed by linguist,pay su kadz; kadz paysu,pay su kadz; kadz pay-su,father GEN house house father-GEN,,,,5233, +41-69,41,"palaavra kavaapa dispoos nɔɔyvasu jeentis nooyvusu jeentispa partaypa lokomindaa ""nɔɔyvasu kaaza viitu andaa"" falaa","palaavra\tkavaa-pa\tdispoos\tnɔɔyva-su\tjeenti-s\tnooyvu-su\tjeentis-pa\tpartay-pa\tlo-komindaa\t""nɔɔyva-su\tkaaza\tvii-tu\tandaa""\tfalaa",betrothal\tend-DAT\tafter\tbride-GEN\tpeople-PL\tgroom-GEN\tpeople-ACC\tparty-DAT\tFUT-invite\tbride-GEN\thouse\tcome-PFV\tgo\tQUOT,"After the betrothal is finished, the bride's party will invite the groom's party to the party, saying ""Come to the bride's house.""",,,1423[34],,naturalistic spoken,"palaavra kavaapa dispoos nɔɔyvasu jeentis nooyvusu jeentispa partaypa lokomindaa ""nɔɔyvasu kaaza viitu andaa"" falaa","palaavra kavaa-pa dispoos nɔɔyva-su jeenti-s nooyvu-su jeentis-pa partay-pa lo-komindaa ""nɔɔyva-su kaaza vii-tu andaa"" falaa",betrothal end-DAT after bride-GEN people-PL groom-GEN people-ACC party-DAT FUT-invite bride-GEN house come-PFV go QUOT,,,,5234, +42-66,42,prau sa tabu,prau\tsa\ttabu,boat\tGEN\tplank,the boat's planking,,The sa genitive is the most frequent form of possessive structure in this case.,122[91-99],,elicited from speaker,prau sa tabu,,boat GEN plank,"The sa genitive is the most frequent form of possessive structure in this case.",,,5235, +42-67,42,tabu di prau,tabu\tdi\tprau,plank\tof\tboat,the planking of the boat,,The di construction is less frequent than the sa construction.,122[93-99],,elicited from speaker,tabu di prau,,plank of boat,"The di construction is less frequent than the sa construction.",,,5236, +43-43,43,Ile anda nu chang di sua moler su pay.,Ile\tanda\tnu\tchang\tdi\tsua\tmoler\tsu\tpay.,he\tgo\tto\tland\tof\tPOSS.3SG\twife\tPOSS.3SG\tfather,He went to the property of his wife’s father.,,,906[30],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile anda nu chang di sua moler su pay.",,he go to land of POSS.3SG wife POSS.3SG father,,,,5237, +43-44,43,Ile anda nu chang di sua moler su pay.,Ile\tanda\tnu\tchang\tdi\tsua\tmoler\tsu\tpay.,he\tgo\tto\tland\tof\tPOSS.3SG\twife\tPOSS.3SG\tfather,He went to the property of his wife’s father.,,,906[30],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile anda nu chang di sua moler su pay.",,he go to land of POSS.3SG wife POSS.3SG father,,,,5238, +43-45,43,Inchi djenti tera kampong Tugu [...].,Inchi\tdjenti\ttera\tkampong\tTugu\t[...].,content\tpeople\tland\tvillage\tTugu\t[...],The amount of the people of the land of the village of Tugu [...].,,,906[43],,naturalistic written,Inchi djenti tera kampong Tugu [...].,,content people land village Tugu [...],,,,5239, +43-46,43,Resabe porsi rikedja di mundu.,Resabe\tporsi\trikedja\tdi\tmundu.,get\tportion\trichness\tof\tworld,Get a portion of the richness of the world.,,"This example does not only illustrate Value 2, but also Value 4 (porsi rikedja).",906[43],,naturalistic written,"Resabe porsi rikedja di mundu.",,get portion richness of world,"This example does not only illustrate Value 2, but also Value 4 (porsi rikedja).",,,5240, +44-81,44,kása di kel nóbya,kása\tdi\tkel\tnóbya,house\tof\tDEF\tbride,house of the bride,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kása di kel nóbya,,house of DEF bride,,Own data,,5241, +45-66,45,Sucio el cara del pulubi.,Sucio\tel\tcara\tdel\tpulubi.,dirty\tDEF\tface\tof.the\tbeggar,The beggar’s face is dirty.,,,426[22],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Sucio el cara del pulubi.,,dirty DEF face of.the beggar,,,,5242, +46-79,46,el ermáno de mi táta,el\termáno\tde\tmi\ttáta,ART\tbrother\tof\tmy\tfather,the brother of my father,,,,,naturalistic spoken,el ermáno de mi táta,,ART brother of my father,,Own knowledge,,5243, +47-71,47,e kushina di Eric su kas,e\tkushina\tdi\tEric\tsu\tkas,DEF\tkitchen\tof\tEric\tPOSS\thouse,the kitchen of Eric's house,,,731[50],,published source,e kushina di Eric su kas,,DEF kitchen of Eric POSS house,,,,5244, +47-72,47,El a bula subi riba lomba di Cha Tiger.,E\ta\tbula\tsubi\triba\tlomba\tdi\tCha\tTiger.,3SG\tPFV\tjump\tgo.up\ton\tback\tof\tBrother\tTiger,He jumped on Brother Tiger's back,,Cha and Shi are the male and female forms of address used for particular characters in folk tales. The translation is mine.,1214[18],,literary source,El a bula subi riba lomba di Cha Tiger.,E a bula subi riba lomba di Cha Tiger.,3SG PFV jump go.up on back of Brother Tiger,"Cha and Shi are the male and female forms of address used for particular characters in folk tales. The translation is mine.",,,5245, +48-63,48,ma etulé ri Palengue,ma\tetulé\tri\tPalengue,PL\tstudent\tof\tPalenque,the students of Palenque,,"Note that ri 'of' is derived from Spanish or Portuguese de 'of', and its phonetic form alternates between ri, di, i, re, de, li, le, etc.",,,naturalistic spoken,ma etulé ri Palengue,,PL student of Palenque,"Note that ri 'of' is derived from Spanish or Portuguese de 'of', and its phonetic form alternates between ri, di, i, re, de, li, le, etc.",Recorded by author,,5246,Spanish: los estudiantes de Palenque +48-64,48,kabesa ngombe,kabesa\tngombe,head\tcow,the cow's head OR: the head of the cow,,"Note that the ""indirect"" construction kabesa ri ngombe 'head of cow' also exists, but it does not have the same meaning. For details and references, see Schwegler (2007: 296).",,,naturalistic spoken,kabesa ngombe,,head cow,"Note that the ""indirect"" construction kabesa ri ngombe 'head of cow' also exists, but it does not have the same meaning. For details and references, see Schwegler (2007: 296).",Recorded by author,,5247,Spanish: la cabeza de la vaca +48-65,48,kala Gutabo,kala\tGutabo,face\tGustavo,Gustavo's face,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kala Gutabo,,face Gustavo,,Recorded by author,,5248,Spanish: la cara de Gustavo +49-109,49,Mango madanm nan pouri.,Mango\tmadanm\tnan\tpouri.,mango\twoman\tDEF\trotten,The mango of the woman is rotten.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mango madanm nan pouri.,,mango woman DEF rotten,,Own knowledge,,5249,French: La mangue de la femme est pourrie. +49-110,49,liv Robè a,liv\tRobè\ta,book\tRobert\tDEF,Robert's book,,,,,constructed by linguist,liv Robè a,,book Robert DEF,,Own knowledge,,5250,French: le livre de Robert +49-111,49,pitit Bouki,pitit\tBouki,child\tBouki,Bouki's child,,,,,constructed by linguist,pitit Bouki,,child Bouki,,Own knowledge,,5251,French: enfant de Bouki +49-112,49,liv a Robè yo,liv\ta\tRobè\tyo,book\tPREP\tRobert\tPL,Robert's books,,,,,constructed by linguist,liv a Robè yo,,book PREP Robert PL,,Own knowledge,,5252,French: les livres de Robert +49-113,49,pitit a moun nan,pitit\ta\tmoun\tnan,child\tPREP\tperson\tDEF.SG,the child of the person OR: the person's child,,,,,constructed by linguist,pitit a moun nan,,child PREP person DEF.SG,,Own knowledge,,5253,French: l'enfant de la personne +50-64,50,kaz a Pyè,kaz\ta\tPyè,house\tof\tPeter,Peter's house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kaz a Pyè,,house of Peter,,Own fieldwork,,5254, +51-62,51,kay Piè,kay\tPiè,house\tPeter,Peter's house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kay Piè,,house Peter,,Own fieldwork,,5255, +53-140,53,chapo a nom-la,chapo\ta\tnom-la,hat\tPOSS\tman-ART.DEF,the man's hat,,,1048[160],,naturalistic spoken,chapo a nom-la,,hat POSS man-ART.DEF,,,,5256,French: le chapeau de l'homme +53-141,53,dan tan mon gran-papa a mo papa a mon,dan\ttan\tmon\tgran-papa\ta\tmo\tpapa\ta\tmon,in\ttime\t1SG.POSS\tgrand-father\tPOSS\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tPOSS\t1SG,in my great-grandfather's time,,"This example also contains an example of Value 4 for this feature (Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"") (tan mon gran-papa).",1048[131],,naturalistic spoken,dan tan mon gran-papa a mo papa a mon,,in time 1SG.POSS grand-father POSS 1SG.POSS father POSS 1SG,"This example also contains an example of Value 4 for this feature (Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"") (tan mon gran-papa).",,,5257, +53-142,53,la mezon en blan,la\tmezon\ten\tblan,ART.DEF.SG\thouse\tART.INDF\twhite.person,a white person's house,,,1048[160],,elicited from speaker,la mezon en blan,,ART.DEF.SG house ART.INDF white.person,,,,5258,French: la maison d'un Blanc +53-143,53,ziés à moin; tchor à li,ziés\tà\tmoin;\ttchor\tà\tli,eye\tPOSS\t1SG\theart\tPOSS\t3SG,my eyes; his heart,,"According to Mercier (1880:381), this possessive construction with à was brought to Louisiana by the refugees from St. Domingue.",1049[148],,naturalistic written,ziés à moin; tchor à li,,eye POSS 1SG heart POSS 3SG,"According to Mercier (1880:381), this possessive construction with à was brought to Louisiana by the refugees from St. Domingue.",,,5259, +54-86,54,komansman le mwá,komansman\tlë\tmwa,beginning\tDEF\tmonth,at the beginning of the month,,According to the distribution on map 61 of the linguistic atlas (Carayol et al. 1984–1995: 61) this is the more basilectal form.,214[61],,naturalistic spoken,komansman le mwá,komansman lë mwa,beginning DEF month,According to the distribution on map 61 of the linguistic atlas (Carayol et al. 1984–1995: 61) this is the more basilectal form.,,,5260,French: au commencement du mois +54-87,54,ó kómansman du mwá,o\tkomansman\tdu\tmwa,at\tbeginning\tof\tmonth,at the beginning of the month,,According to the distribution on map 61 of the linguistic atlas (Carayol et al. 1984–1995) this is the more acrolectal form.,214,,naturalistic spoken,ó kómansman du mwá,o komansman du mwa,at beginning of month,According to the distribution on map 61 of the linguistic atlas (Carayol et al. 1984–1995) this is the more acrolectal form.,,,5261,French: au commencement du mois +55-68,55,Sesil so lisyeṅ — Madan pe marye ser mo kuzeṅ so madam,Sesil so lisyeṅ — Madan pe marye ser mo kuzeṅ so madam,Cécile 3SG.POSS dog   Madhun PROG marry sister 1SG.POSS cousin 3SG.POSS woman,Cécile's dog OR: the dog of Cécile — Madhun is marrying my cousin's wife's sister. OR: Madhun is marrying the sister of my cousin's wife.,,,76[83-84],,naturalistic spoken,Sesil so lisyeṅ — Madan pe marye ser mo kuzeṅ so madam,,Cécile 3SG.POSS dog Madhun PROG marry sister 1SG.POSS cousin 3SG.POSS woman,,,,5262, +55-69,55,lisyeṅ Sesil — Madan pe marye ser mo kuzeṅ so madam,lisyeṅ Sesil — Madan pe marye ser mo kuzeṅ so madam,dog Cécile   Madhun PROG marry sister 1SG.POSS cousin 3SG.POSS woman,Cécile's dog OR: the dog of Cécile — Madhun is marrying my cousin's wife's sister. OR: Madhun is marrying the sister of my cousin's wife.,,,76[83-84],,naturalistic spoken,lisyeṅ Sesil — Madan pe marye ser mo kuzeṅ so madam,,dog Cécile Madhun PROG marry sister 1SG.POSS cousin 3SG.POSS woman,,,,5263, +56-83,56,sa zonm son lakaz,sa\tzonm\tson\tlakaz,DEM\tman\tPOSS.3SG\thouse,that man's house,,,,,constructed by linguist,sa zonm son lakaz,,DEM man POSS.3SG house,,Own knowledge,,5264, +56-84,56,lakaz sa zonm,lakaz\tsa\tzonm,house\tDEM\tman,that man's house,,,,,constructed by linguist,lakaz sa zonm,,house DEM man,,Own knowledge,,5265, +56-85,56,Sungula son vant ti 'n plen.,Sungula\tson\tvant\tti\t'n\tplen.,Sungula\tPOSS.3SG\tbelly\tPST\tPRF\tfull,Sungula's belly was full.,,,159[42],,naturalistic written,Sungula son vant ti 'n plen.,,Sungula POSS.3SG belly PST PRF full,,,,5266,French: Le ventre de Sungula était plein. (Bollée 1977: 42) +58-53,58,mw-ana na mono ~ yandi,mw-ana\tna\tmono\t~\tyandi,CL1-child\tof\tme\t~\thim/her,my/his ~ her child,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mw-ana na mono ~ yandi",,CL1-child of me ~ him/her,,Own knowledge,,5267, +58-54,58,mwana ya Petelo,mwana\tya\tPetelo,child\tof\tPeter,Peter's child,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mwana ya Petelo",,child of Peter,,Own knowledge,,5268, +59-133,59,"ti laso, i eke baa","ti\tlaso,\ti\teke\tbaa",of\ttoday\t1PL\tCOP\tsee,"As for today's, we'll see about it.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"ti laso, i eke baa",,of today 1PL COP see,,Own knowledge,,5269, +59-134,59,lo ka yi na peko ti melenge ti wali so,lo\tka\tyi\tna\tpeko\tti\tmelenge\tti\twali\tso,3SG\tsell\tthing\tPREP\tback\tof\tchild\tof\tfemale\tDEM,He paid the bride-price for this girl.,,,1324,,naturalistic spoken,lo ka yi na peko ti melenge ti wali so,,3SG sell thing PREP back of child of female DEM,,,,5270,French: Il paya la dôte pour la fille. +59-135,59,lo oko la ake lango na ya ti da,lo\toko\tlaa\ta-yeke\tlango\tna\tya\tti\tda,3SG\tone\tFOC\tPM-COP\tsleep\tPREP\tbelly\tof\thouse,She alone slept habitually in the house.,,,1324,,naturalistic spoken,lo oko la ake lango na ya ti da,lo oko laa a-yeke lango na ya ti da,3SG one FOC PM-COP sleep PREP belly of house,,,,5271, +60-52,60,mbóngo ya mobáli,mbóngo\tya\tmobáli,money\tof\tman,the money of the man,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mbóngo ya mobáli,,money of man,,Own knowledge,,5272, +61-34,61,lo baba ga yena,lo\tbaba\tga\tyena,DEF.ART\tfather\tPOSS\tshe,her father OR: his/its father,,,,,elicited from speaker,lo baba ga yena,,DEF.ART father POSS she,,Field notes Mesthrie,,5273, +62-33,62,itabenu lá m-hatú,itabenu\tlí-a\tm-hatu,branch[5]\t5-POSS\t3-tree,branch of a tree,,,,,elicited from speaker,itabenu lá m-hatú,itabenu lí-a m-hatu,branch[5] 5-POSS 3-tree,,Own field data 1993,,5274, +63-67,63,kámbi alúru,kámbi\talúru,camp\tAluru,the camp of the Aluru,,,857[99],,naturalistic spoken,kámbi alúru,,camp Aluru,,,,5275, +63-68,63,lébis ta sudan-íya,lébis\tta\tsudan-íya,cloth\tGEN\tSudanese-PL,the clothes of the Sudanese,,,857[336],,naturalistic spoken,lébis ta sudan-íya,,cloth GEN Sudanese-PL,,,,5276, +64-74,64,fi morá ta wáhid ta mundári,fi\tmorá\tta\twáhid\tta\tmundári,in\tenclosure\tPOSS\tone\tPOSS\tMundari,in an enclosure of one of the Mundari tribe OR: in a Mundari's enclosure,,,874[125],,naturalistic spoken,fi morá ta wáhid ta mundári,,in enclosure POSS one POSS Mundari,,,,5277, +65-64,65,Eta bəratə synə iwo gawalila.,Eta\tbəratə\tsynə\tiwo\tgawali-la.,this\tbrother\tson\t3SG\tspeak-PST,The nephew spoke about it.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[268],,naturalistic spoken,Eta bəratə synə iwo gawalila.,Eta bəratə synə iwo gawali-la.,this brother son 3SG speak-PST,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,Эта брата сына иво гавалила.,5278, +66-47,66,Miflalpe kendera,Miflal-pe\tkendera,Miflal-POSS\tchair,Miflal’s chair,,,,,constructed by linguist,Miflalpe kendera,Miflal-pe kendera,Miflal-POSS chair,,Own knowledge,,5279, +67-85,67,"Itu periuk punya tutup ah kasi terbang ah, turun bawah.","Itu\tperiuk\tpunya\ttutup\tah\tkasi\tterbang\tah,\tturun\tbawah.",DEM\tpot\tPOSS\tlid\tTOP\tcause\tfly\tTOP\tgo.down\tunder,The lid of the pot flew and dropped down.,,,"708[113, 114]",,naturalistic spoken,"Itu periuk punya tutup ah kasi terbang ah, turun bawah.",,DEM pot POSS lid TOP cause fly TOP go.down under,,,,5280, +67-86,67,Ini Anita laki.,Ini\tAnita\tlaki.,DEM\tAnita\thusband,This is Anita’s husband.,,,708[107],,naturalistic spoken,Ini Anita laki.,,DEM Anita husband,,,,5281, +67-87,67,Dia dua-dua nama dua tempat ah.,Dia\tdua~dua\tnama\tdua\ttempat\tah.,3SG\ttwo~two\tname\ttwo\tplace\tEMPH,Both are the names of two places.,,,708[103],,naturalistic spoken,Dia dua-dua nama dua tempat ah.,Dia dua~dua nama dua tempat ah.,3SG two~two name two place EMPH,,,,5282, +68-52,68,Antua dengar orang pung susa.,Antua\tdengar\torang\tpung\tsusa.,3SG.FORMAL\thear\tperson\tPOSS\tdifficulty,She listens to the person's problems.,,,1178[408],,naturalistic spoken,"Antua dengar orang pung susa.",,3SG.FORMAL hear person POSS difficulty,,,,5283, +69-30,69,mənakən aykum,men-(n)akən\taykum,3SG-POSS\twoman,his wife,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mənakən aykum,men-(n)akən aykum,3SG-POSS woman,,Own field notes 1985,,5284, +71-66,71,Wau hele no ma ka hale o Joe.,Wau\thele\tno\tma\tka\thale\to\tJoe.,1SG\tgo\tINTENS\tLOC\tDEF\thouse\tPOSS\tJoe,I went to Joe's house.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau hele no ma ka hale o Joe.",,1SG go INTENS LOC DEF house POSS Joe,,Own data 1892,,5285, +72-65,72,Kajirringku purlkkarra kengkaru majul.,Kajirri-ngku\tpurlk-karra\tkengkaru\tmajul.,woman-ERG\tpull.out-CONT\tkangaroo\tstomach,The woman is pulling out the kangaroo's guts.,,,920[224],f2468f28aad6635303c35e78ab96d6fd,naturalistic spoken,"Kajirringku purlkkarra kengkaru majul.","Kajirri-ngku purlk-karra kengkaru majul.","woman-ERG pull.out-CONT kangaroo stomach",,,,5286, +73-51,73,Xwanami Markobu platuda kibrashka,Xwana-mi\tMarko-bu\tplatu-da\tkibra-shka,Juana-AFF\tMarco-GEN\tplate-ACC\tbreak-EVID,Juana has broken Marco's plates.,,The affirmative on the first constituent does not necessarily imply focus.,,,elicited from speaker,Xwanami Markobu platuda kibrashka,Xwana-mi Marko-bu platu-da kibra-shka,Juana-AFF Marco-GEN plate-ACC break-EVID,The affirmative on the first constituent does not necessarily imply focus.,Field notes,,5287, +74-61,74,náyka haws,náyka\thaws,1SG\thouse,my house,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka haws,,1SG house,,Own knowledge,,5288, +74-62,74,man yáka haws,man\tyáka\thaws,man\t3SG\thouse,the man's house,,,,,constructed by linguist,man yáka haws,,man 3SG house,,Own knowledge,,5289, +75-108,75,robeer soo narey,robeer\tsoo\tnarey,Robert\tPOSS.3\tear,Robert's ear,,,522,,elicited from speaker,robeer soo narey,,Robert POSS.3 ear,,,,5290, +75-109,75,[...] eeka la Sandriyeuz opaapaawa ekota kaaayaayit.,[...]\teeka\tla\tSandriyeuz\to-paapaa-wa\tekota\tkaa-ayaa-yi-t.,[...]\tNEG\tDEF.ART.F\tCinderella\t3.POSS-father-OBV\tthere\tCOMP-be-OBV-3,[...] when Cinderella's father was not there.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,[...] eeka la Sandriyeuz opaapaawa ekota kaaayaayit.,[...] eeka la Sandriyeuz o-paapaa-wa ekota kaa-ayaa-yi-t.,[...] NEG DEF.ART.F Cinderella 3.POSS-father-OBV there COMP-be-OBV-3,,,,5291, 75-110,75,Diseu enn beut di frimii giitahkushkaan.,Diseu\tenn\tbeut\tdi\tfrimii\tgii-tahkushk-aan.,on\tINDF.ART.F.SG\thill\tCONN\tant\t1.PST-step-1,"I stepped on an ant hill. -Diseu en beut di frimee geetahkoushkawn.",,,,naturalistic written -1-102,1,Da foe oe soema pletie diesja. Da foe mie.,Da\tfu\to\tsoma\tpreti\tdisi-dya.\tDa\tfu\tmi.,it.be\tof\tQ\tperson\tplate\tthis-here\tit.be\tof\t1SG,Whose plate is this? It is mine.,,,,written -2-89,2,A buku disi na fu mi.,A\tbuku\tdisi\tna\tfu\tmi.,DET\tbook\tDEM\tCOP\tof\t1SG,This book is mine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-90,2,A oto na fu en.,A\toto\tna\tfu\ten.,DET\tcar\tCOP\tof\t3SG,The car is his.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-45,3,Di buku aki na di u mi.,Di\tbuku\taki\tna\tdi\tu\tmi.,DEF.SG\tbook\there\tNEG\tDEF.SG\tfor\t1SG,This book is not mine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-64,4,Speaker_A: Sama abi a wagi ya? – Speaker_B: Na a du fu mi.,Speaker_A:\tSama\tabi\ta\twagi\tya?\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tNa\ta\tdu\tfu\tmi.,Speaker_A:\twho\thave\tDET\tcar\tDEM\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tFOC\tDET\tone\tPOSS\tmy,Speaker A: Whose book is this? – Speaker B: It's mine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-65,4,Speaker_A: Sama abi a wagi ya? – Speaker_B: A fu mi.,Speaker_A:\tSama\tabi\ta\twagi\tya?\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tA\tfu\tmi.,Speaker_A:\twho\thave\tDET.SG\tcar\tDEM\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tFOC\tPOSS\tme,Speaker A: Whose car is this? – Speaker B: It's mine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-69,5,(fo) yuu oon,(fo)\tyuu\toon,(POSS)\tyou\town,yours,,,,constructed by linguist -5-70,5,mi wan,mi\twan,1SG.POSS\tone,mine,,,,constructed by linguist -6-41,6,"my-own, your-own, he/she-own, we-own, allyuh-own, them-own","my-own,\tyour-own,\the/she-own,\twe-own,\tallyuh-own,\tthem-own",mine\tyours\this/hers\tours\tyours.PL\ttheirs,"mine, yours, his/hers, ours, yours (pl), theirs",,,,constructed by linguist -7-102,7,"fomi oon, foyu oon","fo-mi\toon,\tfo-yu\toon",for-1SG\town\tfor-2SG\town,"mine, yours",,,,naturalistic spoken -7-103,7,"mainz, yuhz, hiz, huhz, owaz, deiz","mainz,\tyuhz,\thiz,\thuhz,\towaz,\tdeiz",1SG.POSS\t2.POSS\t3SG.POSS.M\t3SG.POSS.F\t1PL.POSS\t3PL.POSS,"mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs",,,,naturalistic spoken -7-104,7,"mainz oon, yuhz oon","mainz\toon,\tyuhz\toon",1SG.POSS\town\t2SG.POSS\town,"mine, yours",,,,naturalistic spoken -7-105,7,"yuhz, foyu","yuh-z,\tfo-yu",2-POSS\tfor-2,"yours, your",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-61,8,Di fuud ina di pat a fi-mi.,Di\tfuud\tina\tdi\tpat\ta\tfi-mi.,DET\tfood\tin\tDET\tpot\tCOP\tfor-1SG,The food in the pot is mine.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-62,8,Mi fuud ina di pat.,Mi\tfuud\tina\tdi\tpat.,1SG\tfood\tin\tDET\tpot,My food is in the pot.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-75,9,Bod ina fu i bonk de sliyp.,Bod\tina\tfu\ti\tbonk\tde\tsliyp.,Bod\tin\tfor\t3SG\tbunk\tPROG\tsleep,Bod was in his bunk sleeping.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-76,9,"Mi en Luis ʤom ina mya, may big dori, en bruda ina wan li wan.","Mi\ten\tLuis\tʤom\tina\tmya,\tmay\tbig\tdori,\ten\tbruda\tina\twan\tli\twan.",me\tand\tLewis\tjump\tin\tmine\tmy\tbig\tdorey\tand\tbrother\tin\tone\tlittle\tone,"Me and Lewis jumped into mine, my big canoe, and my brother in a small one.",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-77,9,A owt mi layt no.,A\towt\tmi\tlayt\tno.,I\tout\tmy\tlight\tnow,I'll switch off my light now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-78,9,Da aysbaks fu i.,Da\taysbaks\tfu\ti.,this\ticebox\tfor\thim,This ice box is his.,,,,constructed by linguist -10-91,10,Disya buk da fi mi.,Dis-ya\tbuk\tda\tfi\tmi.,DEM-EMPH\tbook\tFOC\tfor\t1SG,This book is mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-92,10,Mi nieba hous biga an fi mi.,Mi\tnieba\thous\tbig-a\tan\tfi\tmi.,1SG.POSS\tneighbour\thouse\tbig-COMPAR\tthan\tfor\t1SG.POSS,My neighbour's house is bigger than mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-99,11,Dis biebi kyaan bi fa yu.,Dis\tbiebi\tkyaan\tbi\tfa\tyu.,DEM\tbaby\tcan.NEG\tCOP.INF\tfor\t2SG,This baby can’t be yours.,,,,naturalistic written -11-100,11,"Wi haf piknini an wi waan a fyuucha fa aal, not onli fa owarz.","Wi\thaf\tpiknini\tan\twi\twaan\ta\tfyuucha\tfa\taal,\tnot\tonli\tfa\towarz.",1PL\thave\tchild\tand\t1PL\twant\tART.INDF\tfuture\tfor\tall\tnot\tonly\tfor\t1PL.POSS,"We have children and we want a future for all [of them], not only ours.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-101,11,Dis buk fa mi.,Dis\tbuk\tfa\tmi.,DEM\tbook\tfor\t1SG,This book is mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-102,11,Dis buk da mais.,Dis\tbuk\tda\tmais.,DEM\tbook\tFOC\t1SG.POSS,This book is mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-83,12,"Hey man, i’s like this: this is mines an’ you ain’t get none, so hands off.",[...]\tthis\tis\tmines\tan’\tyou\tain’t\tget\tnone\t[...].,[...]\tDEM\t3SG.COP\tINDP.POSS\tand\t2SG.SBJ\tNEG\tget[EXIST]\tnone\t[...],[...] this is mine and you haven't got any [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-84,12,"So the Shine say, Let's give him money. He say, OK, I gon' give him half of mine, and you give him half of yours. So Shine say, Yeah, you gi' him half of yours. So the white hobo put half his own in the coffin, but the Shine went in his back pocket and take out a old check book and write a check for a million, take the hobo money, put in his pocket, he say, He'll cash the check when he get where he's going!",[...]\thalf\tof\tmine\t[...]\thalf\tof\tyours.,[...]\thalf\tof\tINDP.POSS\t[...]\thalf\tof\tINDP.POSS,"[...] [I’ll give him] half of mine, [and you’ll give him] half of yours.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-85,12,If I was you I woulda take that and more cause i’s all yourns.,[...]\tall\tyourns.,[...]\tall\tINDP.PRO.POSS,[...] [I would have taken that] [...] [because it’s] all yours,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-86,12,He back - your back on one side - he own was all over.,[...]\the\town\twas\tall\tover.,[...]\t3SG.M\town\t3SG.COP.PST\tall\tover,"His back [[got bitten by mosquitoes] - your back on one side,] his was [covered with bites] all over.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-74,13,"The other children could keep them own on, and I couldn't keep mine on.","The\tother\tchildren\tcould\tkeep\tthem\town\ton,\tand\tI\tcouldn't\tkeep\tmine\ton.",the\tother\tchildren\tcould\tkeep\t3PL\town\ton\tand\tI\tcouldn't\tkeep\t1SG.POSS\ton,"The other children could keep theirs on, but I couldn't keep mine on.",,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -13-75,13,Wear hənə own.,Wear\thənə\town.,wear\t2PL\town,Wear yours.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -14-49,14,"mine/mines, yours, his, hers, theirs","mine/mines,\tyours,\this,\thers,\ttheirs",mine\tyours\this\thers\ttheirs,"mine, yours, his, hers, theirs",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-60,15,mi yon,mi\tyon,1SG.POSS\town,mine,,,,naturalistic written -15-61,15,yu yon,yu\tyon,2SG.POSS\town,yours (SG),,,,naturalistic written -16-55,16,ba ɛnibɔdi we ì no sɛl dɛà on ì de dɛ,ba\tɛnibɔdi\twe\tì\tno\tsɛl\tdɛà\ton\tì\tde\tdɛ,but\tanybody\tREL\t3SG\tNEG\tsell\t3PL.POSS\town\t3SG\tCOP\tthere,But anybody who doesn't sell their own (produce) is there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-56,16,dɛ̀a on sɔplai pas àua on,dɛ̀a\ton\tsɔplai\tpas\tàua\ton,3PL.POSS\town\tsupply\tpass\t1PL.POSS\town,Their own supply surpasses ours.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-59,17,ìm on,ìm\ton,3SG.POSS\tPOSS.PRO,his/her own,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-54,18,Dis pusi na ma on.,Dis\tpusi\tna\tma\ton.,DEM\tcat\tCOP\t1SG.POSS\town,This cat is mine.,,,,published source -19-68,19,À dɔn si yù yon.,À\tdɔn\tsi\tyù\tyon.,1SG.SBJ\tPRF\tsee\t2SG\town,I have seen yours.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-69,19,yù hos,yù\thos,2SG\thouse,your house,,,,constructed by linguist -20-53,20,This b'long my.,This\tb'long\tmy.,DEM\tCOP\t1SG.POSS,This is mine.,,,,naturalistic written -21-51,21,That book is his one.,That\tbook\tis\this\tone.,DEM\tbook\tCOP\t3P.POSS\tPOSS,That book is his.,,,,own knowledge -21-52,21,That book is mine.,That\tbook\tis\tmine.,DEM\tbook\tCOP\t1SG.POSS,That book is mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-53,21,Whose book is this? My one.,Whose\tbook\tis\tthis?\tMy\tone.,whose\tbook\tCOP\tDEM\t1SG.POSS\tPOSS,Whose book is this? Mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-68,22,Em buk bilong husat? Bilong mi.,Em\tbuk\tbilong\thusat?\tBilong\tmi.,3SG\tbook\tPOSS\twho\tPOSS\t1SG,Whose book is this? Mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-69,22,Em i buk bilong yu.,Em\ti\tbuk\tbilong\tyu.,3SG\tPM\tbook\tPOSS\t2SG,It is your book.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-72,23,ol loli ia blong mi o blong yu?,ol\tloli\tia\tblong\tmi\to\tblong\tyu?,PL\tlolly\tDEF\tPOSS\t1SG\tor\tPOSS\t2SG,Are those sweets mine or yours?,,,,constructed by linguist -23-73,23,"mi harem wan woman i stap krae long haos blong yu, ating woman blong yu","mi\tharem\twan\twoman\ti\tstap\tkrae\tlong\thaos\tblong\tyu,\tating\twoman\tblong\tyu",1SG\thear\tINDF\twoman\tAGR\tstay\tcry\tLOC\thouse\tPOSS\t2SG\tprobably\twoman\tPOSS\t2SG,"I heard a woman crying out in your house, I think it was your wife.",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-83,24,main,main,mine.PRED,mine,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-84,24,yoen,yoen,yours.PRED,yours (predicative),,,,naturalistic spoken -24-85,24,Em thing es yoen.,Em\tthing\tes\tyoen.,this\tthing\tCOP\tyours,This thing is yours.,,,,elicited from speaker -24-86,24,Daa prophati bin es yorlyis bifor?,Daa\tprophati\tbin\tes\tyorlyis\tbifor?,this\tproperty\tPST\tCOP\t2PL.POSS\tbefore,Was this property yours (plural) before?,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-202,25,Blanga im dijan!,Blanga\tim\tdijan!,POSS\t3SG\tPROX:ADJ,This is hers!,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-203,25,Ai gotim main.,Ai\tgot-im\tmain.,1SG\thave-TR\t1SG.POSS,I have mine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-48,26,wad dis? maɪn,wad\tdis?\tmaɪn,what\tDEM\tPRO.POSS,What's this? It's mine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-49,26,ju kæn hæv dæd wan; iz jɔz dæd wan,ju\tkæn\thæv\tdæd\twan;\tiz\tjɔz\tdæd\twan,2SG\tcan\thave\tDEM\tone\tCOP\tPRO.POSS\tDEM\tone,You can have that one. That one is yours.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-46,27,"Sini ha ki a ēn mui mēnshi. Den Pusbergí a sē: ""Diso a fa mi.""","Sini\tha\tki\ta\tēn\tmui\tmēnshi.\tDen\tPus-bergí\ta\tsē:\t""Diso\ta\tfa\tmi.""",3PL\tPST\tlook\tLOC\ta\tpretty\tgirl\tthen\tPush-mountain\tPST\tsay\tthis.one\tCOP\tof\t1SG,"They looked at a pretty girl. Then Pushmountain said: ""This one is mine.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-76,28,"ɛkɛjɛ, jujɛ, orijɛ/ʃijɛ, enʃijɛ/iʃijɛ, jɛndɛjɛ, enijɛ/inijɛ","ɛkɛ-jɛ,\tju-jɛ,\tori-jɛ,\tʃi-jɛ,\tenʃi-jɛ/iʃi-jɛ,\tjɛndɛ-jɛ,\teni-jɛ/ini-jɛ",1SG-NMLZ\t2SG-NMLZ\t3SG-NMLZ\t3SG.POSS-NMLZ\t1PL-NMLZ\t2PL-NMLZ\t3PL-NMLZ,"mine, yours, his/hers/its, ours, yours, theirs",,,,constructed by linguist -28-77,28,ɛkɛjə mja dida ka,ɛkɛ-jɛ\tmja\tdida\tka,1SG-NMLZ\tdo\tthat\tNEG,Mine doesn't do that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-68,29,Wie se boek is dit? Dis myne/joune/syne/hare.,Wie\tse\tboek\tis\tdit?\tDi=s\tmy-ne/jou-ne/sy-ne/ha-re.,who\tPOSS\tbook\tis\tit\t3SG=s\t1SG.POSS/2SG.POSS/3SG.M.POSS/3SG.F.POSS,"Whose book is this? It's mine, yours, his, hers vs. ours, yours, theirs, yours (polite).",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-69,29,"Wie se boek is dit? Dis ons s'n, julle s'n, hulle s'n, u s'n.","Wie\tse\tboek\tis\tdit?\tDis\tons\ts'n,\tjulle\ts'n,\thulle\ts'n,\tu\ts'n.",who\tPOSS\tbook\tis\tit\t3SG=s\t1PL\tPOSS\t2PL\tPOSS\t3PL\tPOSS\t2.POL\tPOSS,"Whose book is it? It's ours, yours, theirs, yours (polite).",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-70,29,Wie se boek is dit? Oom/Tannie/Professor s'n.,Wie\tse\tboek\tis\tdit?\tOom/Tannie/Professor\ts'n.,who\tPOSS\tbook\tis\tit?\tuncle/aunt/professor\tPOSS,Whose book is it? Uncle/Aunt/Professor's.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-85,30,Kel libru ê di kenha? – (Ê) di meu.,Kel=libru\tê\tdi=kenha?\t–\t(Ê)\tdi.meu.,this.SG=book\tbe\tof=who\t–\t(be)\t1SG.POSS,Whose book is this? – (It’s) mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-86,30,Kel la ê di kenha? – Ê di nho.,Kel=la\tê\tdi=kenha?\t–\tÊ\tdi=nho.,DEM.SG=there\tbe\tof=who\t–\tbe\tof=2SG.POL.M,"Whose [food] is that? – It is yours, sir.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-79,31,Nu ta ben kaza di nha.,Nu\tta\tben\tkaza\tdi\tnha.,we\tASP\tgo\thouse\tof\tyours,We go to to your house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-80,31,"N po-l mon na di sel, el bensua-m.","N\tpo-l\tmon\tna\tdi\tsel,\tel\tbensua-m.",I\tput-to.her\thand\ton\tof\this\the\tbless-me,"I put my hand in his, he blessed me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-54,32,bzot káza,bzot\tkáza,2PL.POSS\thouse,your house,,,,constructed by linguist -32-55,32,Kel káza e d'bzot.,Kel\tkáza\te\tde\tbzot.,DEM\thouse\tCOP\tof\t2PL.POSS,This house is yours.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-56,32,nha káza vs. minha,nha\tkáza\tvs.\tminha,1SG.POSS\thouse\tvs.\t1SG.POSS,my house vs. mine,,,,constructed by linguist -32-57,32,nha káza vs. meu,nha\tkáza\tvs.\tmeu,1SG.POSS\thouse\tvs.\t1SG.POSS,my house vs. mine,,,,constructed by linguist -32-58,32,se káza vs. d'seu,se\tkáza\tvs.\tde\tseu,3SG.POSS\thouse\tvs.\tof\t3SG.POSS,his/her house vs. hers/his,,,,constructed by linguist -33-77,33,E livru i di kin? I di mi.,E\tlivru\ti\tdi\tkin?\tI\tdi\tmi.,DEM\tbook\tCOP\tof\twho\tCOP\tof\t1SG.OBJ,Whose book is this? It is mine.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-56,34,Bu libru ma di sol gros.,Bu\tlibru\tø\tma\tdi\tsol\tgros.,POSS.2SG\tbook\tPFV\tmore\tof\tPOSS.3SG\tthick,Your book is thicker than his/hers.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-57,34,E libru di keŋ? – Di mi.,E\tlibru\tdi\tkeŋ?\t–\tDi\tmi.,DEM\tbook\tof\twho\t–\tof\tPOSS.1SG,Whose book is this? – [It is] mine.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-92,35,Ke se sa ke di kê ngê? Ji mu.,Ke\tse\tsa\tke\tdi\tkê\tngê?\tJi\tmu.,house\tDEM\tCOP\thouse\tof\twhat\tperson\tof\t1SG.POSS,Whose house is that? Mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-93,35,ke mu,ke\tmu,house\t1SG.POSS,my house,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-52,36,"[...] ũa kompa m, Têtêuga, bi nge [...].","[...]\tũa\tkompa\tm,\tTêtêuga,\tbi\tnge\t[...].",[...]\tone\tfriend\tmy\tTurtle\tcome\there\t[...],"[...] one of my friends, Turtle, came here [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -36-53,36,"Olo ma a ka tanga lêlu e thô, a ka livitxi e ra kara ngê ri r'ê.","Olo\tma\ta\tka\ttanga\tlêlu\te\tthô,\ta\tka\tlivitxi\te\tra\tkara\tngê\tri\tr'ê.",hour\tREL\tINDF\tFUT\tcount\tmoney\tDEM\tonly\tINDF\tFUT\tshare\t3SG\tgive\tevery\tperson\tof\tPOSS.3SG,"When the money will be counted, it will be shared and everybody will be given their share.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-59,37,Kaxi sê ki tê.,Kaxi\tsê\tki\ttê.,house\tDEM\tPOSS\tPOSS.2SG,This house is yours.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-67,38,Lavuse xabo.,Lavul-sai\txa-bo.,book-DEM\tthing-2SG,This book is yours.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-83,39,Es ɛ də mĩ mem ɛ.,Es\tɛ\tdə\tmĩ\tmem\tɛ.,DEM\tCOP.NPST\tof\t1SG.OBL\tEMPH\tCOP.NPST,This is MINE.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-84,39,Es kaz ɛ də nɔs.,Es\tkaz\tɛ\tdə\tnɔs.,DEM\thouse\tCOP.NPST\tof\t1PL,This house is ours.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-85,39,Mĩ te kaz.,Mĩ\tte\tkaz.,1SG.POSS\tLOC.NPST\thouse,Mine is at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-86,39,Use nã tros duse?,Use\tnã\ttros\tdə-use?,2\tNEG\tbring.PST\tof-2,Didn't you bring yours?,,,,constructed by linguist -39-87,39,Mĩ saykəl te kaz.,Mĩ\tsaykəl\tte\tkaz.,1SG.POSS\tbicycle\tbe.NPST\thouse,My bicycle is at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-52,40,Ye kadz nɔ (mɛm) tɛ.,Ye\tkadz\tnɔ\t(mɛm)\ttɛ.,this\thouse\tour\t(EMPH)\tCOP.PRS,This is OUR house.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-53,40,əkə buk mi tɛ.,əkə\tbuk\tmi\ttɛ.,that\tbook\tmy/mine\tCOP.PRS,That book is mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-70,41,seem isti javiitu miɲa maaysu,seem\tisti\tjaviitu\tmiɲa\tmaay-su,yes\tthis\tTOP\t1SG.GEN\tmother-GEN,"Yes, this one is my mother’s.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-71,41,"aka nikarakuza falaatu, eli triiya jagardaatu, miɲa tirataam jafoy","aka\tnikara-kuza\tfalaatu,\teli\ttriiya\tjaa-gardaa-tu,\tmiɲa\ttiraa-taam\tjaa-foy",that\tHAB.NEG-sew\tQUOT\t3SG\tbring\tPST-keep-PFV\t1SG.GEN\ttake-PROG\tPST-go,"Saying that that one doesn’t sew, he brought it and left it [with me], and took mine and went [off with it].",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-68,42,keng sa buku? yo sa,keng\tsa\tbuku?\tyo\tsa,who\tGEN\tbook\t1SG\tGEN,Whose book is this? Mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-69,42,keng sa prau? eli sa,keng\tsa\tprau?\teli\tsa,who\tGEN\tboat\t3SG\tGEN,Whose boat is it? It is his.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-47,43,Akel teng minya sua.,Akel\tteng\tminya\tsua.,that\tbe\tPOSS.1SG\tPOSTP,That one is mine.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-48,43,Minya travalu temi misti paga.,Minya\ttravalu\ttemi\tmisti\tpaga.,POSS.1SG\teffort\talso\tmust\tpay,My effort must also be paid.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-49,43,Akel teng sua.,Akel\tteng\tsua.,DEM\tCOP\tPOSS.3SG,That one is his/hers.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-50,43,Akel sua predju kantu?,Akel\tsua\tpredju\tkantu?,DEM\tPOSS.3SG\tprice\thow.much,How much is that one's price?,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-82,44,"Di kyen ésti líbru? Di mi, di mi késti líbru.","Di\tkyen\tésti\tlíbru?\tDi\tmi,\tdi\tmi\tkésti\tlíbru.",of\twho\tDEM\tbook\tof\t1SG.POSS\tof\t1SG.POSS\tthis\tbook,Whose book is this? Mine. This book is mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -44-83,44,Kel el bída di mi.,Kel\tel\tbída\tdi\tmi.,DEM\tDEF\tlife\tof\t1SG.POSS,That is my life.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-67,45,Mio esi bicicleta na enfrente de niso casa.,Mio\tesi\tbicicleta\tna\tenfrente\tde\tniso\tcasa.,mine\tthat\tbicycle\tLOC\tfront\tof\t1PL.POSS\thouse,The bicycle in front of our house is mine.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-68,45,Di mi este libro.,Di\tmi\teste\tlibro.,of\t1SG.POSS\tthis\tbook,This book is mine.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-69,45,Di ele ese camisa.,Di\tele\tese\tcamisa.,of\t3SG\tthat\tdress,That dress is hers.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-70,45,Ya murmura mi hermana con su criada.,Ya\tmurmura\tmi\thermana\tcon\tsu\tcriada.,PFV\tscold\t1SG.POSS\tsister\tOBJ\t3SG.POSS\tservant,My sister scolded her servant.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-80,46,Di kyen éste líbro? – Dimíyo.,Di\tkyen\téste\tlíbro?\t–\tDimíyo.,of\twho\tthis\tbook\t–\tmine,Whose book is this? – Mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-81,46,dimíyo kása,dimíyo\tkása,my\thouse,my house,,,,constructed by linguist -47-73,47,Su bariga ta gordo meskos ku dimi.,Su\tbariga\tta\tgordo\tmes\tkos\tku\tdi\tmi.,POSS\tbelly\tCOP\tfat\tsame\tthing\tthan\tof\t1SG,His belly is just as fat as mine.,,,,naturalistic written -47-74,47,Unda di mi nan ta?,Unda\tdi\tmi\tnan\tta?,where\tof\t1SG\tPL\tCOP,Where are mine?,,,,published source -47-75,47,esun di mi; esunan di mi,esun\tdi\tmi;\tesun\tnan\tdi\tmi,one\tof\t1SG\tone\tPL\tof\t1SG,mine (singular object); mine (plural object),,,,published source -48-66,48,"¿Libro ese, ri kiene fue? – É ri mí.","¿Libro\tese,\tri\tkiene\tfue?\t–\tÉ\tri\tmí.",book\tthis\tof\twho\tbe\t–\tbe\tof\tme,Whose book is it? – It is mine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-67,48,"¿Libro ese, ri kiene fue? – É ri bo.","¿Libro\tese,\tri\tkiene\tfue?\t–\tÉ\tri\tbo.",book\tthis\tof\twho\tbe\t–\tbe\tof\tyou.SG,Whose book is it? – It is yours.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-68,48,"¿Libro ese, ri kiene fue? – É ri ele.","¿Libro\tese,\tri\tkiene\tfue?\t–\tÉ\tri\tele.",book\tthis\tof\twho\tbe\t–\tbe\tof\thim/her,Whose book is it? – It is his/hers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-114,49,"Liv ou a la, kote pa m nan?","Liv\tou\ta\tla,\tkote\tpa\tm\tnan?",book\t2SG.POSS\tDEF\tbe.there\twhere\tpart\t1SG.POSS\tDEF,Your book is there; where is mine?,,,,constructed by linguist -49-115,49,Pa m nan pi bèl.,Pa\tm\tnan\tpi\tbèl.,part\t1SG.POSS\tDEF\tmore\tbeautiful,Mine is more beautiful.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-65,50,ta yo,ta\tyo,PREP\tthey,their,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-66,50,Sé tan mwen.,Sé\ttan\tmwen.,be\tPREP\t1SG,It's mine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-67,50,Liv an mwen pli gwo ki ta'y.,Liv\tan\tmwen\tpli\tgwo\tki\tta'y.,book\tof\t1SG\tmore\tbig\tthan\tPREP.3SG,My book is bigger than his/hers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-63,51,ta mwen,ta\tmwen,PREP\tme,mine,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-64,51,Sé ta yo.,Sé\tta\tyo.,be\tPREP\t3PL,It's theirs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-42,52,"mopa, topa, sopa","mopa,\ttopa,\tsopa",mine\this\thers,"mine, his, hers",,,,elicited from speaker -53-144,53,[...] e la mo sezon motchèn.,[...]\te\tla\tmo\tsezon\tmo-tchèn.,[...]\tand\tthen\t1SG\tseason\t1SG.POSS-POSS,[...] and then I season mine (i.e. my chicken).,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-145,53,Dan so popa piti com so kenne.,Dan\tso\tpopa\tpiti\tcom\tso-kenne.,tooth\t3SG.POSS\tfather\tsmall\tlike\t2SG.POSS-POSS,His father's teeth are as small as his.,,,,naturalistic written -53-146,53,"Metchèn, to kone, kan ye va che mom [...].","Me-tchèn,\tto\tkone,\tkan\tye\tva\tche\tmom\t[...].",1SG.POSS.PL-POSS\t2SG\tknow\twhen\t3PL\tgo\tto\tMom\t[...],"Mine (i.e. my children]) you know, when they go to Mom's [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-147,53,Mokenn kouri laba pour èt ave sokenn.,Mo-kenn\tkouri\tlaba\tpour\tèt\tave\tso-kenn.,1SG.POSS-POSS\tgo\tthere\tfor\tCOP\twith\t3SG.POSS-POSS,Mine (i.e. my mother) went there to be with hers (i.e. her mother).,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-148,53,"Vou konnen Chicago Cubs-ye? Sa se mokenn-ye sa, mo bet an ye.","Vou\tkonnen\t-ye?\tSa\tse\tmo-kenn-ye\tsa,\tmo\t\tan\tye.",2SG\tknow\tChicago\tCubs-ART.DEF.PL\tDEM\tCOP\t1SG.POSS-POSS-PL\tDEM\t1SG\tbet\ton\t3PL,"You know the Chicago Cubs? That's my (team), I bet on them (lit. Those are mine, I bet on them).",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-149,53,Sa se totchenn.,Sa\tse\tto-tchenn.,that\tCOP\t2SG.POSS-POSS,That's yours.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-150,53,"Si mo di ""vou"" sa se vo kou m e parle pou voken e si mo di ""Sa se mo kou"" m e parle pou moken.","Si\tmo\tdi\t""vou""\tsa\tse\tvo\tkou\tm\te\tparle\tpou\tvo-ken\te\tsi\tmo\tdi\t""Sa\tse\tmo\tkou""\tm\te\tparle\tpou\tmo-ken.",if\t1SG\tsay\t2SG\tthat\tCOP\t2SG.POSS\tneck\t1SG\tPROG\tspeak\tfor\t2SG.POSS-POSS\tand\tif\t1SG\tsay\tthat\tCOP\t1SG.POSS\tneck\t1SG\tPROG\tspeak\tfor\t1SG.POSS-POSS,"If I say ""you"", that's your neck, I'm talking about yours, and if I say ""That's my neck"", I'm talking about mine.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-151,53,Sokenn mile te pa ka ale. [...] Sokenn te ka ale.,So-kenn\tmile\tte\tpa\tka\tale.\t[...]\tSo-kenn\tte\tka\tale.,3SG.POSS-POSS\tmule\tPST\tNEG\table\tpull\t[...]\t3SG.POSS-POSS\tPST\table\tpull,His mule couldn't pull (the wagon). [...] His could pull (it).,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-88,54,sa d mwen - sa d zòt,sa\td\tmwen\t-\tsa\td\tzot,DEM\tof\tI\t-\tDEM\tof\tthey,mine - theirs,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-89,54,Moin lé myenn lé kourt.,Mwen\tle\tmyenn\tle\tkourt.,1SG\tDEF.PL\tmine\tCOP.PRS\tshort,Mine is short.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-70,55,pu mwa,pu\tmwa,for\t1SG.OBJ,mine,,,,constructed by linguist -55-71,55,mon liv,mon\tliv,POSS\tbook,my book,,,,constructed by linguist -56-86,56,pour mwan vs. mon liv,pour\tmwan\tvs.\tmon\tliv,for\tme\tvs.\tmy\tbook,mine vs. my book,,,,constructed by linguist -57-38,57,liv-la le pu ki? – le pu mwa,liv-la le pu ki? – le pu mwa,book-DEM/DEF SI for who   SI for me,Whose book is it? – It is mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-39,57,liv pu mwa le tro mbo,liv\tpu\tmwa\tle\ttro\tmbo,book\tfor\tme\tSI\tINTENS\tnice,My book is really nice.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-136,59,so (ake) ti mbi,so\t(a-ke)\tti\tmbi,this\t(PM-COP)\tof\t1SG,This is mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-137,59,ti mbi ake ka,ti\tmbi\ta-ke\tka,of\t1SG\tSM-COP\tthere,Mine is over there.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-138,59,ti lo ake nzoni ahon' ti mbi,ti\tlo\take\tnzoni\tahon'\tti\tmbi,of\t3SG\tSM.COP\tgood\tSM.pass\tof\t1SG,His is better than mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-53,60,búku óyo ya náni? ya bísó,búku\tóyo\tya\tnáni?\tya\tbísó,book\tDEM\tof\twho\tof\t1PL,Whose book is this? (It is) ours.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-54,60,búku óyo ya náni? ya ngáí,búku\tóyo\tya\tnáni?\tya\tngáí,book\tthis\tof\twho\tof\t1SG,Whose book is this? (It is) mine.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-35,61,Ga mina,Ga\tmina,POSS\tI,mine OR: of me,,,,elicited from speaker -62-34,62,vaʔinyí véáta iʔí ní vaghó,vaʔinyi\tvé-ata\tiʔí\tní\tva-ghó,children\t2-be\there\tis\t2-my,The children here are mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-69,63,de kitáb ta múnu?,de\tkitáb\tta\tmúnu?,DET\tbook\tGEN\twho,Whose book is this?,,,,constructed by linguist -63-70,63,de tá-i,de\ttá-i,DET\tGEN-my,It is mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-75,64,kitáb de ta munú? de bitai,kitáb\tde\tta\tmunú?\tde\tbitai,book\tDEM.PROX\tPOSS\twho\tDEM.PROX\tPOSS.1SG,Whose book is this? This is mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-48,66,Lompe ruma bissar. Kitampe kiçil.,Lorang-pe\truma\tbissar.\tKitang-pe\tkiçil.,2SG-POL\thouse\tbig\t1PL-POSS\tsmall,Your house is big. Ours is small.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-88,67,Saya punya dia tak mahu dia buang.,Saya\tpunya\tdia\ttak\tmahu\tdia\tbuang.,1SG\tPOSS\t3SG\tNEG\twant\t3SG\tthrow.away,"[If] she does not want mine, she will throw (it) away.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-89,67,Ini barang konsi punya.,Ini\tbarang\tkonsi\tpunya.,DEM\tthing\tassociation\tPOSS,These things are those owned by the association.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-90,67,Itu saya punya.,Itu\tsaya\tpunya.,DEM\t1SG\tPOSS,That is mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -69-31,69,amanakən anak,ama-nakən\tanak,1SG-POSS\tCOP,That's mine!,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-38,70,hamar kuta,hamar\tkuta,1SG.POSS\tdog,my dog,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-39,70,I kuta hamar.,I\tkuta\thamar.,DEM.PROX\tdog\t1SG.POSS,This dog is mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-67,71,Wau ponoi kela eleele.,Wau\tponoi\tkela\teleele.,1SG\town\tDET\tblack,That black one is mine.,,,,naturalistic written -71-68,71,Question: Pehea kela opiuma nawai? — Answer: Oe no. — Question: Nawai kela ipupaka ame ka ipukukui? — Answer: Wau no.,Question: Pehea kela opiuma nawai? — Answer: Oe no. — Question: Nawai kela ipupaka ame ka ipukukui? — Answer: Wau no.,Question: how DET opium for.whom   Answer: 2SG INTENS   Question: for.whom DET pipe and DEF lamp   Answer: 1SG INTENS,"Question: How about it, whose opium was it? — Answer: Yours. — Question: Whose pipe and lamp? — Answer: Mine. OR: Question: How about it, the opium belongs to whom? — Answer: You. — Question: The pipe and lamp belong to whom? — Answer: Me.",,,,naturalistic written -71-69,71,Wau kela wahi.,Wau\tkela\twahi.,1SG\tthat\tplace,That place is mine. OR: That place belongs to me.,,,,naturalistic written -71-70,71,Question: Pehea oe hopu kela puaa? — Answer: Owau ponoi kela puaa.,Question: Pehea oe hopu kela puaa? — Answer: Owau ponoi kela puaa.,Question: why 2SG seize that pig   Answer: 1SG own that pig,Question: Why did you take that pig? Answer: That pig is mine.,,,,naturalistic written -72-66,72,Ngayiny gita yu bin jawarra.,Ngayiny\tgita\tyu\tbin\tjawarra.,1SG.DAT\tguitar\t2SG\tPST\tsteal,You stole my guitar.,,,0b38ba6cb60ff0cb1f22593e5b4e13e5,narrative -72-67,72,An wijantu warlaku nyawa? Ngayiny!,An\twijan-tu\twarlaku\tnyawa?\tNgayiny!,and\twho-DAT\tdog\tthis\t1SG.DAT,And whose dog is this? Mine!,,,4dd7a3a337b716dda2954ca9476cc4ea,naturalistic spoken -73-52,73,kinbudi isti kaszawa?,kin-bu-di\tisti\tkaza-wa?,who-GEN-EMPH\tthis\thouse-DIM,Whose is this little house?,,,,elicited from speaker -74-63,74,kápa tláksta úkuk buk? náyka buk,kápa\ttláksta\túkuk\tbuk?\tnáyka\tbuk,PREP\twho\tthis\tbook\t1SG\tbook,Whose book is this? It’s mine.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-111,75,niya,niya,1SG,(it’s) mine,,,,elicited from speaker -75-112,75,Awaana soo liiv ooma? – Niya.,Awaana soo liiv ooma? – Niya.,who 3.POSS.M book DEM.INAN.PROX   1SG,Whose book is this? – Mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-113,75,Kiyaanaw etikee enima.,Kiyaanaw\tetikee\tenima.,2PL.PRO\tapparently\tthat,That must be yours.,,,,naturalistic written -1-103,1,wan ouwere Man,wan\towru\tman,INDF.SG\told\tman,an old man,,,,written -1-104,1,wan ouwere Homan,wan\towru\tuma,INDF.SG\told\twoman,an old woman,,,,written -1-105,1,wan oure klossi,wan\towru\tkrosi,INDF.SG\told\tcloth,an old garment,,,,written -4-66,4,Na wan moi meise anga wan moi boy.,Na\twan\tmoi\tmeise\tanga\twan\tmoi\tboy.,COP\tINDF.DET\tnice\tgirl\twith\tINDF.DET\tnice\tboy,It's a nice girl and a nice boy.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -6-42,6,di fast gal; di fast boy,di\tfast\tgal;\tdi\tfast\tboy,DET\tfast.ADJ\tgirl.F\tART\tADJ\tboy.M,the nosy girl; the nosy boy,,,,constructed by linguist -7-106,7,wan nais woman,wan\tnais\twoman,INDF\tnice\twoman,a nice woman,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-107,7,a ool man,a\tool\tman,INDF\told\tman,an old man,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-108,7,wan nais man; a ool woman,wan\tnais\tman;\ta\tool\twoman,INDF\tnice\tman\tINDF\told\twoman,a nice man; an old woman,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-63,8,Di lang bwai lov di lang gyal wid di taal ier.,Di\tlang\tbwai\tlov\tdi\tlang\tgyal\twid\tdi\ttaal\tier.,DET\tlong\tboy\tlove\tDET\tlong\tgirl\twith\tDET\ttall\thair,The tall boy loves the tall girl with the long hair.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-79,9,Bad tiŋ hapn̩.,Bad\ttiŋ\thapn̩.,bad\tthing\thappen,Bad things happen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-80,9,Anansi awiz bi wan smart man.,Anansi\tawiz\tbi\twan\tsmart\tman.,Anansi\talways\tbe\ta\tsmart\tman,Anansi is a smart man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-93,10,"Di sebn naaty gyal, di sebn naaty bwai, nat a man kud stand bifoo di sebn hed jiant.","Di\tsebn\tnaaty\tgyal,\tdi\tsebn\tnaaty\tbwai,\tnat\ta\tman\tkud\tstand\tbifoo\tdi\tsebn\thed\tjiant.",ART.DEF\tseven\tnaughty\tgirl\tART.DEF\tseven\tnaughty\tboy\tnot\tART.INDF\tman\tcould\tstand\tbefore\tART.DEF\tseven\thead\tgiant,"The seven naughty girls, the seven naughty boys, not a man could stand before the seven headed giant.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-94,10,red flowaz; uol uman; gud naif; big hous,red\tflowaz;\tuol\tuman;\tgud\tnaif;\tbig\thous,red\tflower\told\twoman\tgood\tknife\tbig\thouse,red flower; old woman; good knife; big house,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-103,11,red flawaz; gud naif,red\tflawaz;\tgud\tnaif,red\tflower\tgood\tknife,red flower; good knife,,,,constructed by linguist -11-104,11,ool leedi,ool\tleedi,old\tlady,old lady/woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-105,11,a big big hous,a\tbig\tbig\thous,ART.INDF\tbig\tbig\thouse,"a big, big house",,,,naturalistic written -12-87,12,"They used to play the truant and - now they grow up and become good boys - work in hotels, yeah.",[...]\tthey\tgrow\tup\tand\tbecome\tgood\tboys\t[...],[...]\t3PL.SBJ\tgrow[PFV]\tup\tand\tbecome[PFV]\tADJ\tboy.PL\t[...],"[They used to play the truant, and then] they grew up and became good boys [and now] [work in hotels, yeah].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-88,12,I was a good girl.,I\twas\ta\tgood\tgirl.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP.PST\tART\tADJ\tgirl,I was a good girl.,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-62,15,ol pa,ol\tpa,old\tman,old man,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-63,15,ol mami,ol\tmami,old\tmother,old woman/lady,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-57,16,ì bì gud mã,ì\tbì\tgud\tmã,he\tCOP\tgood\tman,He is a good man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-58,16,gud uman,gud\tuman,good\twoman,good woman,,,,constructed by linguist -17-60,17,smo̱l man,smo̱l\tman,be.small.NMLZ\tman,small man,,,,constructed by linguist -17-61,17,smo̱l wuman,smo̱l\twuman,be.small.NMLZ\twoman,small woman,,,,constructed by linguist -18-55,18,ol man,ol\tman,old\tman,(an) old man,,,,constructed by linguist -18-56,18,ol wuman,ol\twuman,old\twoman,(an) old woman,,,,constructed by linguist -19-70,19,Nà wan fayn human.,Nà\twan\tfayn\thuman.,FOC\tone\tfine\twoman,That's a beautiful woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-71,19,Nà wan fayn man.,Nà\twan\tfayn\tman.,FOC\tone\tfine\tman,That's a handsome man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-54,21,a big boy; a big girl,a\tbig\tboy;\ta\tbig\tgirl,DET\tbig\tboy\tDET\tbig\tgirl,a big boy; a big girl,,,,own knowledge -22-70,22,lapun papa wantaim lapun mama na ol lida long ples,lapun\tpapa\twantaim\tlapun\tmama\tna\tol\tlida\tlong\tples,old\tfather\twith\told\tmother\tand\tPL\tleader\tPREP\tvillage,old parents and the village leaders,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-74,23,smol boe ia i karem bigfala grin baket ia,smol\tboe\tia\ti\tkarem\tbigfala\tgrin\tbaket\tia,small\tboy\tDEF\tAGR\tcarry\tbig\tgreen\tbucket\tDEF,That small boy was carrying the big green bucket.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-48,27,ēn klēn mēnshi,ēn\tklēn\tmēnshi,a\tsmall\tgirl,a little girl,,,,elicited from speaker -27-49,27,ēn klēn jung,ēn\tklēn\tjung,a\tsmall\tboy,a little boy,,,,elicited from speaker -30-87,30,"un minina bunita, uns minina bunita","un=minina\tbunita,\tuns=minina\tbunita",ART.INDF.SG=girl\tbeautiful\tART.INDF.PL=girl\tbeautiful,"a beautiful girl, some beautiful girls",,,,elicited from speaker -30-88,30,Ta ben un pádri di kápa bránka.,Ta=ben\tun=pádri\tdi=kápa\tbránka.,IPFV=come\tART.INDF.SG=priest\tof=robe\twhite,A priest with a white robe will come.,,,,elicited from speaker -30-89,30,"[...], brisi N odja un kása bunitu, xeiu di luzérna.","[...],\tbrisi\tN=odja\tun=kása\tbunitu\txeiu\tdi=luzérna.",[...]\tsuddenly\tI=see\tART.INDF=house\tnice\tfull\tof=light,"[...], suddenly I saw a beautiful house full of light.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-90,30,"E nho! E, fórti bádju sábi! Mósas so bunita!","E\tnho!\tE,\tfórti\tbádju\tsábi!\tMósa-s\tso\tbunita!",oh\t2SG.POL.M\toh\tstrong\tball\tdelicious\tgirl-PL\tonly\tpretty,"Oh man! Oh, what a great dance event! There were only beautiful girls!",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-91,30,Minina ku bexóna ê ka bunitu pa europeu.,minina\tku=bexóna\tê\tka\tbunitu\tpa=europeu,girl\twith=thick.lip\tbe\tNEG\tpretty\tfor=European.,Europeans are not fond of thick-lipped girls.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-81,31,un mininu bunitu,un\tmininu\tbunitu,a\thandsome\tboy,a handsome boy,,,,naturalistic written -31-82,31,un minina bunita,un\tminina\tbunita,a\tgirl\tbeautiful,a beautiful girl,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-59,32,un musin skur,un\tmusin\tskur,DET\tboy.little\tdark.M,a little dark boy,,,,constructed by linguist -32-60,32,Prova esterna o prova nasional?,Prova\testerna\to\tprova\tnasional?,exam\texternal.F\tor\texam\tnational,An external or a national exam?,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-78,33,badjuda bonita,badjuda\tbonita,girl\tpretty,pretty girl,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-79,33,rapas bonitu,rapas\tbonit-u,boy\tbeautiful-M,handsome boy,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-80,33,rapas nobu,rapas\tnobu,boy\tyoung,young man,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-81,33,badjuda nobu,badjuda\tnobu,girl\tyoung,young woman,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-58,34,"rapás dud-u, bajuda dud-a","rapás\tdud-u,\tbajuda\tdud-a",boy\tmad-M\tgirl\tmad-F,"a mad boy, a mad girl",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-94,35,ome/mwala/kabalu/ke blanku,ome/mwala/kabalu/ke\tblanku,man/woman/horse/house\twhite,a white man/woman/horse/house,,,,constructed by linguist -37-60,37,mye fina ~ mye finu,mye fina ~ mye finu,woman fine.F   woman fine,a nice woman,,,,elicited from speaker -38-68,38,namay banku,na-may\tbanku,ART-woman\twhite,the white woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-69,38,napay banku,na-pay\tbanku,ART-man\twhite,the white man,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-88,39,bunit rapas,bunit\trapas,beautiful\tboy,beautiful boy,,,,elicited from speaker -39-89,39,bunit muyɛr,bunit\tmuyɛr,beautiful\twoman,beautiful woman,,,,elicited from speaker -42-70,42,ńgwa femi bemfeta,ńgwa\tfemi\tbemfeta,one\tgirl\thandsome.F,a pretty young lady,,,,elicited from speaker -44-84,44,boníta muhér - boníto ómbri,boníta\tmuhér\t-\tboníto\tómbri,beautiful\twoman\t-\thandsome\tman,beautiful woman - handsome man,,,,constructed by linguist -44-85,44,ung guapa mujer,ung\tguapa\tmujer,INDF\tbeautiful\twoman,a beautiful woman,,,,naturalistic written -45-71,45,guapa muher,guapa\tmuher,beautiful.F\twoman,beautiful woman,,,,elicited from speaker -46-82,46,Éste muhér byen lóka.,Éste\tmuhér\tbyen\tlóka.,this\twoman\tquite\tcrazy.F,This woman is quite crazy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-83,46,Prenyáda éste muhér.,Prenyáda\téste\tmuhér.,pregnant(F)\tthis\twoman,This woman is pregnant.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-84,46,Lóko ya si Jeffrey.,Lóko\tya\tsi\tJeffrey.,crazy\talready\tAG\tJeffrey,"Jeffrey is crazy, already.",,,,naturalistic spoken -47-76,47,"Elsio, Julio i e kantante femenino di Chispa Band","Elsio,\tJulio\ti\te\tkantante\tfemenino\tdi\tChispa\tBand",Elsio\tJulio\tand\tDEF\tsinger\tfemale\tof\tChispa\tBand,"Elsio, Julio and the female singer of Chispa Band",,,,literary source -47-77,47,un galiña pretu; un gai pretu,un\tgaliña\tpretu;\tun\tgai\tpretu,INDF\then\tblack\tINDF\trooster\tblack,a black hen; a black rooster,,,,published source -47-78,47,Esaki ta mas importante ku kualké otro inisiativa.,es(un)-aki\tta\tmas\timportante\tku\tkualké\totro\tinisiativa,one-DEM.PROX\tCOP\tmore\timportant\tthan\twhichever\tother\tinitiative,This one is more important than any other initiative.,,,,published source -48-69,48,Ese nata é susio.,Ese\tnata\té\tsusio.,this\tcream\tbe\tdirty,This cream is dirty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-70,48,Eso é kusa bueno.,Eso\té\tkusa\tbueno.,this\tbe\tthing\tgood,This is a good thing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-71,48,Lengua afrikano ané kola má nu.,Lengua\tafrikano\tané\tkola\tmá\tnu.,language\tAfrican\tthey\tremember\tany.more\tNEG,They don't remember an African language any more. OR: They don't remember African languages any more.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-72,48,¡Ese muhé é guapa rimá!,¡Ese\tmuhé\té\tguapa\trimá!,this\twoman\tbe\tpretty.F\tvery,This woman is very pretty!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-117,49,group fi ayisyen patriyòt,group\tfi\tayisyen\tpatriyòt,group\tgirl\tHaitian\tpatriotic,group of female Haitian patriots,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-68,50,on bèl gason,on\tbèl\tgason,INDF\tbeautiful\tboy,a beautiful boy,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-65,51,an bel boug,an\tbel\tboug,INDF\tbeautiful\tman,a handsome man,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-66,51,an bel madanm,an\tbel\tmadanm,INDF\tbeautiful\twoman,a beautiful woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-152,53,en gro neg,en\tgro\tneg,ART.INDF\tbig.M\tblack.man,a big black man,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-153,53,ein gro ta branchaille sec,ein\tgro\tta\tbranchaille\tsec,ART.INDF\tbig\tpile\tbranch\tdry,a big pile of dry branches,,,,naturalistic written -53-154,53,en gros fom,en\tgros\tfom,ART.INDF\tbig.F\twoman,a big woman,,,,elicited from speaker -53-155,53,en gro latet,en\tgro\tlatet,ART.INDF\tbig\thead,a big head,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-156,53,en tit fanm,en\ttit\tfanm,ART.INDF\tlittle.F\twoman,a little woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-157,53,en ti chval,en\tti\tchval,ART.INDF\tlittle.M\thorse,a little horse,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-158,53,en vyè fam; en vyè nòm,en\tvyè\tfam;\ten\tvyè\tnòm,ART.INDF\told\twoman\tART.INDF\told\tman,an old woman; an old man,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-159,53,"Li dwat èt vyey, en?","Li\tdwat\tèt\tvyey,\ten?",3SG\tmust\tCOP\told.F\teh,"She must be old, eh?",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-160,53,en nouvo lamezon; enn nouvèl mezon,en\tnouvo\tlamezon;\tenn\tnouvèl\tmezon,ART.INDF\tnew.M\thouse\tART.INDF.F\tnew.F\thouse,a new house,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-161,53,ein vié famme riche,ein\tvié\tfamme\triche,ART.INDF\told\twoman\trich,a rich old woman,,,,naturalistic written -53-162,53,ti négresse là,ti\tnégresse-là,little\tblack.girl-ART.DEF.SG,the little black girl,,,,naturalistic written -54-90,54,in vyé boug,en\tvye\tboug,INDF\told\tman,an old man,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-91,54,Ou voi band vyé fam la.,Ou\tvwa\tbann\tvye\tfanm\tla.,2SG\tsee\tPL\told\twoman\tDEM,You see these/those old women.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-92,54,zot vyey maman,zot\tvyey\tmaman,POSS.3PL\told\tmother,their old mother,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-93,54,lë vyey fanm,lë\tvyey\tfanm,ART.DEF\told\twoman,the old woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-87,56,ere; erez,ere;\terez,happy.M\thappy.F,happy,,,,elicited from speaker -56-88,56,"en vye tonton, en vye tantin","en\tvye\ttonton,\ten\tvye\ttantin",a\told\tman\ta\told\twoman,"an old man, an old woman",,,,elicited from speaker -59-139,59,lo ga pendere koli,lo\tga\tpendere\tkoli,3SG\tbecome\tyoung\tman,He became a young man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-140,59,use wali ni aga,use\twali\tni\ta-ga,two\twoman\tDEF\tPM-come,The second wife (the co-wife) came.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-141,59,baa pendere wali so ka,baa\tpendere\twali\tso\tka,see\tyoung/pretty\twoman\tDEM\tthere,Look at the pretty girl over there.,,,,constructed by linguist -62-35,62,kuwáha mála ní kukuhló,ku-waha\tmala\tní\tku-kuhlo,15-drink\tbeer\tis\t15-nice,Drinking beer is good.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-71,63,mária núbi,mária\tnúbi,woman\tNubi,a Nubi woman,,,,constructed by linguist -63-72,63,rági núbi,rági\tnúbi,man\tNubi,a Nubi man,,,,constructed by linguist -64-76,64,hayá melía,hayá\tmelí-a,life.F\tfull-F,a full life,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-65,65,Xulaoʃi duwal edaj.,Xulaoʃi\tduwal\tedaj.,good\tmerchandise\tsell,Sell me goods of high quality.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-66,65,Kakoj xaloʃi liudi!,Kakoj\txaloʃi\tliudi!,which\tgood\tperson,What a good person!,,,,citation in fiction -67-91,67,"Lu pegan baru petir, lu mesti tahu berapa berat, tahu.","Lu\tpegan\tbaru\tpetir,\tlu\tmesti\ttahu\tberapa\tberat,\ttahu.",2SG\thold\tnew\tbox\t2SG\tmust\tknow\thow.much\theavy\tknow,"If you hold the new box, you certainly know how heavy it is, you know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-92,67,Ini budak kecil kena pukul.,Ini\tbudak\tkecil\tkena\tpukul.,DEM\tchild\tsmall\tPASS\tbeat,This little child was beaten.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-32,69,trəŋ yuwan,trəŋ\tyuwan,spear\tgood,a good spear,,,,elicited from speaker -74-64,74,cxi put,cxi\tput,new\tboat,new boat,,,,constructed by linguist -75-114,75,la pchit fiy,la\tpchi-t\tfiy,DEF.ART.F.SG\tlittle-F\tgirl,the little girl,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-115,75,aen pchi bwa aan noor,aen\tpchi\tbwa\taan\tnoor,a\tlittle.M\twood\tof\tgold,a little golden stick,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-116,75,Si kum bleu sii zhveu blaan eeyishnaakwaniyik.,Si\tkum\tbleu\tsii\tzhveu\tblaan\tee-yish-naakwan-iyi-k.,be.3\tlike\tblue\t3PL.POSS\thair\twhite\tCOMP-thus-look.INAN-OBV-PL,Her white hair looks bluish.,,,,naturalistic written -75-117,75,IIa la laang blaan wiiyaahkushiw.,IIa\tla\tlaang\tblaan\twiiy-aahkushi-w,3.have\tDEF.ART.F.SG\ttongue\twhite\tFUT-be.ill-3,"There's a white coating on his tongue, he will be ill.",,,,naturalistic written -75-118,75,enn ptsit plot blaan,enn\tptsi-t\tplot\tblaan,DEF.ART.F\tlittle-F\tball\twhite,a small white ball,,,,elicited from speaker -75-119,75,Mishikitiw nawat enn medalyun ki enn midael.,Mishikiti-w\tnawat\tenn\tmedalyun\tki\tenn\tmidael.,be.big.ANIM-3\tmore\ta\tmedallion\tthan\ta\tmedal,A medallion is bigger than a medal.,,,,naturalistic written -75-120,75,La bwet mishaaw.,La\tbwet\tmish-aaw.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tbox\tbe.big-3.INAN,The box is big.,,,,naturalistic written -1-106,1,Ju langa morro mi. / Ju langa morro na mi. / Ju de morro langa leki mi.,Yu langa moro mi. / Yu langa moro na mi. / Yu de moro langa leki mi.,2SG long exceed 1SG   2SG long exceed than 1SG   2SG ASP/COP more long like 1SG,You are taller than me.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-107,1,A grandi va mi.,A\tgrandi\tfu\tmi.,3SG.SBJ\told\tfor\t1SG,He is older than me.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-91,2,John de moro bigi leki/dan Peter.,John\tde\tmoro\tbigi\tleki/dan\tPeter.,John\tCOP\tmore\tbig\tthan\tPeter,John is taller than Peter.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-92,2,John bigi moro Peter.,John\tbigi\tmoro\tPeter.,John\tbig\texceed\tPeter,John’s bigger than Peter.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-46,3,A kɔni mɔɔ mi.,A\tkɔni\tmɔɔ\tmi.,3SG\tsmart\tmore\t1SG,She is smarter than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-47,3,A mɔɔ kɔni mɔɔ mi.,A\tmɔɔ\tkɔni\tmɔɔ\tmi.,3SG\tmore\tsmart\tmore\t1SG,She is smarter than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-49,3,A kɔni mɔɔ kuma mi.,A\tkɔni\tmɔɔ\tkuma\tmi.,3SG\tsmart\tmore\tas.if\t1SG,She is smarter than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-50,3,A bígi pasá mi.,A\tbígi\tpasá\tmi.,3SG\tbig\tpass\t1SG,He is bigger than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-67,4,A fatu moo mi.,A\tfatu\tmoo\tmi.,he\tfat\tmore\tme,He is fatter than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-68,4,Sa Yunku osu bigi moo a osu fu Sa Linda.,Sa\tYunku\tosu\tbigi\tmoo\ta\tosu\tfu\tSa\tLinda.,courtesy.title\tYunku\thouse\tbig\tmore\tDET.SG\thouse\tPOSS\tcourtesy.title\tLinda,Ms Yunku's house is bigger than Ms Linda's house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-69,4,A án moo bigi.,A\tán\tmoo\tbigi.,it\tNEG\tmore\tbig,It isn't bigger.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-70,4,A moo lebi moo disi de.,A\tmoo\tlebi\tmoo\tdisi\tde.,it\tmore\tred\tmore\tthis\tthere,It is more red than this one there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-71,4,A boto ya langa pasa a du fi i.,A\tboto\tya\tlanga\tpasa\ta\tdu\tfi\ti.,DET\tboat\tDEM\tlong\tsurpass\tDET\tone\tPOSS\tyou,This boat is longer than yours.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-71,5,hii moo shaat,hii\tmoo\tshaat,he\tCOMPAR\tshort,He is shorter.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-43,6,Hi more bigger dan mi.,Hi\tmore\tbigger\tdan\tmi.,3SG\tmore\tbig.COMPAR\tthan\t1SG,He is bigger than me.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-109,7,Hi mo taala moo dan shi.,Hi\tmo\ttaal-a\tmoo\tdan\tshi.,3SG\tmore\ttall-er\tmore\tthan\t3SG,He is taller than her.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-110,7,Mi mo taala moo dan shi.,Mi\tmo\ttaal-a\tmoo\tdan\tshi.,1SG\tmore\ttall-er\tmore\tthan\t3SG,I am taller than her.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-64,8,Mieri richa dahn Piita.,Mieri\trich-a\tdahn\tPiita.,Mary\trich-COMPAR\tthan\tPeter,Mary is richer than Peter.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-81,9,No a wan mata a we i ʧipa.,No\ta\twan\tmata\ta\twe\ti\tʧipa.,NEG\tTOP\ta\tmatter\tTOP\tREL\tit\tcheaper,It's not a matter of whether it's cheaper. OR: It's not an issue of price.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-82,9,Wan naysa wan de ya.,Wan\tnaysa\twan\tde\tya.,a\tnicer\tone\tLOC\there,There is a nicer one here (mame fruit).,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-95,10,Di pleis moa deinjeros nou an bifo.,Di\tpleis\tmoa\tdeinjeros\tnou\tan\tbifo.,ART.DEF\tplace\tmore\tdangerous\tnow\tthan\tbefore,The place is more dangerous now than before.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-96,10,Ih moa beta bikaa ih kom fram di haat.,Ih\tmoa\tbeta\tbikaa\tih\tkom\tfram\tdi\thaat.,3SG.N\tmore\tbetter\tbecause\t3SG.N\tcome\tfrom\tART.DEF\theart,It's better because it comes from the heart.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-106,11,Dem meek worsar trobl.,Dem\tmeek\tworsar\ttrobl.,3PL\tmake\tworse\ttrouble,They make (even) worse trouble.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-107,11,[...] an di mama oola [...].,[...]\tan\tdi\tmama\tool-a\t[...].,[...]\tand\tART.DEF\tmother\told-er\t[...],[...] and the mother was getting older [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-108,11,Dem woz beta hous dan wat wi livin iin nou.,Dem\twoz\tbeta\thous\tdan\twat\twi\tliv-in\tiin\tnou.,DEM\tCOP.PST\tbetter\thouse\tthan\tREL\t1PL\tlive-PROG\tin\tnow,Those were better houses than the one we are living in now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-109,11,John taala (d)an Mary.,John\ttaal-a\t(d)an\tMary.,John\ttall-er\tthan\tMary,John is taller than Mary.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-110,11,A kom out muo faasa.,A\tkom\tout\tmuo\tfaasa.,1SG\tcome\tout\tmore\tfaster,I finished [school] more quickly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-89,12,"Yeah, but people say the more bigger you get, the more you grow that out.",[...]\tthe\tmore\tbigg-er\tyou\tget\t[...],[...]\tthe\tCOMPAR\tbig-COMPAR\tyou\tget\t[...],"[...] the older you get, [the more likely you are to outgrow that (illness)].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-90,12,"See, I used to be more harder than him, you know. I never used to let people mess 'round me.",[...]\tmore\thard-er\tthan\thim\t[...],[...]\tCOMPAR\thard-COMPAR\tthan\thim\t[...],[...] [I used to be] tougher than him [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-91,12,"More better, yeah. [...] more better.",[...]\tmore\tbetter.,[...]\tCOMPAR\tADJ\SUPPL,[Doing a job on one’s own is] better.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-92,12,"You are more reflectible, yeah.",[...]\tmore\treflectible\t[...],[...]\tCOMPAR\tADJ\t[...],[You (i.e. women) are] more thoughtful [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-93,12,"Yeah, she's bright - she little brighter than me.",[...] she's bright - she little brighter than me.,  3SG.F.SBJ.COP bright   3SG.F.SBJ little bright.COMPAR than 1SG.OBJ,"[Yeah,] she's fair-skinned - she's a bit fairer than me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-76,13,E tall pas me.,E\ttall\tpas\tme.,3SG.SBJ\ttall\tpass\t1SG.OBJ,He is taller than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-221,13,bigga,bigga,big.COMPAR,bigger,,,,constructed by linguist -14-50,14,He taller than Bruce.,He\ttall-er\tthan\tBruce.,he\ttall-COMPAR\tthan\tBruce,He is taller than Bruce.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-51,14,He more taller than Bruce.,He\tmore\ttall-er\tthan\tBruce.,he\tCOMPAR\ttall-COMPAR\tthan\tBruce,He is taller than Bruce.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-52,14,Bruce is more taller than Charles.,Bruce\tis\tmore\ttall-er\tthan\tCharles.,Bruce\tis\tCOMPAR\ttall-COMPAR\tthan\tCharles.,Bruce is taller than Charles.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-64,15,ʤɔn big pas meri,ʤɔn\tbig\tpas\tmeri,John\told\tsurpass\tMary,John is older than Mary.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-59,16,wì plɛnti pas dɛ̀m,wì\tplɛnti\tpas\tdɛ̀m,1PL\tbe.plentiful\tpass\t3PL,We are more numerous than they are.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-60,16,dè strɔŋ pas wi,dè\tstrɔŋ\tpas\twi,3PL\tstrong\tpass\t1PL,They are stronger than us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-62,17,À big pas yù.,À\tbig\tpas\tyù.,1SG.SBJ\tbe.big\tsurpass\t2SG.OBJ,I am bigger than you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-57,18,Douala big pas Yaoundé.,Douala\tbig\tpas\tYaoundé.,Douala\tbe.big\tsurpass\tYaoundé,Douala is bigger than Yaoundé.,,,,unspecified -19-72,19,[...] ya mɔ dia pas de.,[...]\tya\tmɔ\tdia\tpas\tde.,[...]\there\tmore\tbe.expensive\tpass\tthere,[...] here is more expensive than there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-73,19,[...] wan say we è big pas di wan.,[...]\twan\tsay\twe\tè\tbig\tpas\tdi\twan.,[...]\tone\tside\tSUBORD\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.big\tpass\tthis\tone,[...] a place that is bigger than this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-54,20,Can you chargee more lessee?,Can\tyou\tchargee\tmore\tlessee?,can\t2SG\tcharge\tmore\tless,Can you reduce the price a little?,,,,naturalistic written -20-55,20,You no got more better thisee?,You\tno\tgot\tmore\tbetter\tthisee?,2SG\tNEG\tgot\tmore\tbetter\tthis,Have you not got any better than this?,,,,naturalistic written -22-71,22,Em i bikplela moa long dispela.,Em\ti\tbikplela\tmoa\tlong\tdispela.,3SG\tPM\tbig\tmore\tPREP\tthis,It is bigger than this one.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-72,22,Haus bilong em i bikpela winim haus bilong yu.,Haus\tbilong\tem\ti\tbikpela\twinim\thaus\tbilong\tyu.,house\tPOSS\t3SG\tPM\tbig\twin\thouse\tPOSS\t2SG,His house is bigger than your house.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-75,23,si ok i stap daon longwe i bigwan i bitim olgeta long ples ia,si\tok\ti\tstap\tdaon\tlongwe\ti\tbigwan\ti\tbitim\tolgeta\tlong\tples\tia,sea\toak\tAGR\tstay\tdown\tthere\tAGR\tbig\tAGR\tbeat\t3PL\tLOC\tplace\tDEF,The sea oak down there is bigger than the ones up here.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-87,24,meyameyara,meyameya-r-a,twisted-LINK-COMPAR,more twisted,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-88,24,oela,oel-a,old-COMPAR,older,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-89,24,morgara,morgara,thin.COMPAR,thinner,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-204,25,Mo isiwan.,Mo\tisi-wan.,more\teasy-ADJ,[This is] easier. (Referring to a Jaminjung expression during an elicitation session),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-205,25,Beta den asgimbat kantrimen.,Beta\tden\tasg-im-bat\tkantrimen.,better\tthan\task-TR-PROG\tcountrymen,[It's] better than asking countrymen (i.e. family). (Context: saving money to buy a car),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-206,25,"Dijan lilbit bigwan, dijan lilwan lilbit.","Dijan\tlilbit\tbig-wan,\tdijan\tlil-wan\tlilbit.",PROX:ADJ\tsomewhat\tbig-ADJ\tPROX:ADJ\tsmall-ADJ\tsomewhat,"This is somewhat big, this is somewhat small.",,,,constructed by linguist -26-50,26,deɪ ivɛn luk beɾa dæn ju,deɪ\tivɛn\tluk\tbeɾa\tdæn\tju,3PL\teven\tlook\tbetter\tthan\t2SG,They even look better than you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-51,26,da gaiz mo big,da\tgaiz\tmo\tbig,ART\tguys\tmore\tbig,The guys are bigger.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-52,26,da shak bigə˞ dæn dis,da\tshak\tbigə˞\tdæn\tdis,ART\tshark\tbig.COMPAR\tthan\tthis,The shark was bigger than this.,,,,constructed by linguist -26-53,26,a gɛɾin klosɛ æn klosɛ,a\tgɛɾ-in\tklos-ɛ\tæn\tklos-ɛ,1SG\tget-PROG\tclose-COMPAR\tand\tclose-COMPAR,I'm getting closer and closer.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-50,27,So am a me manman a Bru Lion.,So\tam\ta\tme\tmanman\ta\tBru\tLion.,so\t3SG\tCOP\tmore\tmanly\tthan\tBrother\tLion,So he is braver than Brother Lion.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-78,28,o tarki mɛr aʃ di tibiʃiri,o\ttarki\tmɛrɛ\taʃi\tdi\ttibiʃiri,3SG\tstrong\tmore\tthan\tthe\tpalmstraw,It is stronger than palmstraw.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-79,28,dida mɛr stifu an mɛr tarki dɛn katun,dida\tmɛrɛ\tstifu\tan\tmɛrɛ\ttarki\tdɛn\tkatun,that\tmore\tstiff\tand\tmore\tstrong\tthan\tcotton,That is stiffer and stronger than cotton.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-71,29,Hy is sterker as Piet.,Hy\tis\tsterk-er\tas\tPiet.,3SG.M\tis\tstrong-COMPAR\tthan\tPete,He is stronger than Pete.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-72,29,Sy is meer tevrede (as Piet). vs. Sy is deesdae meer tevrede.,Sy\tis\tmeer\ttevrede\t(as\tPiet).\tvs.\tSy\tis\tdees-dae\tmeer\ttevrede.,3SG.F.NOM\tis\tmore\tcontent\t(than\tPete)\tvs.\t3SG.F.NOM\tis\tthese-days\tmore\tcontent,She is more content (than Pete). vs. She is happier with life these days.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-92,30,Es kása li ê más áltu (di) ki kel la.,Es=kása\tli\tê\tmás\táltu\t(di)=ki=kel\tla.,DEM=house\there\tbe\tmore\thigh\t(of)=COMP=DEM.SG\tthere,This house is higher than that one.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-83,31,E mutu mas bedju di ki mi.,E\tmutu\tmas\tbedju\tdi\tki\tmi.,is\tmuch\tmore\told\tof\tthan\tme,He is much older than I am.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-61,32,Kavala e mas/ma barót diki/k/duki atun.,Kavala\te\tmas/ma\tbarót\tdiki/k/duki\tatun.,mackerel\tCOP\tmore\tcheap\tthan\ttuna,Mackerel is cheaper than tuna.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-82,33,Djon mas Maria kumpridu.,Djon\tmas\tMaria\tkumpridu.,John\tmore\tMaria\ttall,John is taller than Mary.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-83,33,Djon i mas altu di ki Maria.,Djon\ti\tmas\taltu\tdi\tki\tMaria.,John\tCOP\tmore\ttall\tthan\tthat\tMaria,John is taller than Mary.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-231,33,Djon mas kumpridu.,Djon\tmas\tkumpridu.,John\tmore\ttall,John is taller.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-59,34,Joŋ ma(s) Pidru riku.,Joŋ\tø\tma(s)\tPidru\triku.,John\tPFV\tmore\tPeter\trich,John is richer than Peter.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-60,34,Joŋ ma(s) riku.,Joŋ\tø\tma(s)\triku.,John\tPFV\tmore\trich,John is richer.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-63,34,Joŋ ma(s) riku di ki Pidru.,Joŋ\tø\tma(s)\triku\tdi\tki\tPidru.,John\tPFV\tmore\trich\tof\tREL.SBJ\tPeter,John is richer than Peter.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-95,35,Sun sa maxi tamen dôkê pe mu.,Sun\tsa\tmaxi\ttamen\tdôkê\tpe\tmu.,you\tbe\tmore\ttall\tthan\tfather\t1SG.POSS,You are taller than my father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-96,35,Ê sa maxi bluku dôkê ami.,Ê\tsa\tmaxi\tbluku\tdôkê\tami.,3SG\tbe\tmore\tmean\tthan\t1SG,He is meaner than I.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-97,35,Ê sa lôngô pasa mu.,Ê\tsa\tlôngô\tpasa\tmu.,3SG\tbe\ttall\tsurpass\tme,He is taller than I.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-54,36,Maya masi txo Dho.,Maya\tmasi\ttxo\tDho.,Mary\tmore\tsmall\tJohn,Mary is smaller than John.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-56,36,Ũa tha masi dhangaru patha ôtô.,Ũa\ttha\tmasi\tdhangaru\tpatha\tôtô.,one\tbe\tmore\thigh\tsurpass\tother,One is higher than the other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-61,37,Txi maxi gôdô dêkê/dôkê mi.,Txi\tmaxi\tgôdô\tdêkê/dôkê\tmi.,2SG\tmore\tfat\tthan\t1SG,You are fatter than I am.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-62,37,Txi (maxi) gôdô pasa mi.,Txi\t(maxi)\tgôdô\tpasa\tmi.,2SG\t(more)\tfat\tpass\t1SG,You are fatter than I am.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-70,38,Xadyi bo ngandyi masy ku dyi no.,Xadyi\tbo\tngandyi\tmasy\tku\tdyi\tno.,house\t2SG\tbig\tmore\tCONJ\tthe.one\t1PL,Your house is bigger than ours.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-71,38,Mezeza sa ngandyi pasa isyki.,Meza-i-sai\tsa\tngandyi\tpasa\ti-syki.,table-3SG-DEM\tbe\tbig\tsurpass\t3SG-DEM,This table is bigger than that one.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-54,40,Lʋidz mayz ki Pedru piken tɛ.,Lʋidz\tmayz\tki\tPedru\tpiken\ttɛ.,Lwidz\tmore\tthan\tPedru\tsmall\tCOP.PRS,Lwidz is smaller than Pedru.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-72,41,noospa dika graandi jeentis fɔɔra naanda say,noos-pa\tdika\tgraandi\tjeentis\tfɔɔra\tnaanda\tsay,1PL-ACC\tthan\tbig\tpeople\toutside\tNEG.FUT\tgo.out,People older than us won't get out.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-73,41,kalmunay dika trinkumaal lɔɔnji,kalmunay\tdika\ttrinkumaal\tlɔɔnji,Kalmunai\tthan\tTrincomalee\tfar,Trincomalee is further than Kalmunai.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-71,42,eli mas altu di Pio,eli\tmas\taltu\tdi\tPio,3SG\tmore\ttall\tof\tPio,He is taller than Pio.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-51,43,"[...] eo teng otër sorti, mar mas altu predju.","[...]\teo\tteng\totër\tsorti,\tmar\tmas\taltu\tpredju.",[...]\t1SG\thave\tother\tsort\tbut\tmore\thigh\tprice,"[...] I have another sort, but its price is higher.",,,,pedagogical grammar -44-86,44,Gwápa Imélda kon Kóri.,Gwápa\tImélda\tkon\tKóri.,beautiful\tImelda\tOBJ\tCory,Imelda is more beautiful than Cory.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-87,44,Mas byého tédi (kóntra) kumígu.,Mas\tbyého\ttédi\t(kóntra)\tkumígu.,more\told\tyou\t(against)\t1SG.OBJ,You are older than me.,,,,written (grammar) -44-88,44,Mas káru ta kedá akí el mánga tyénda na Báhra.,Mas\tkáru\tta\tkedá\takí\tel\tmánga\ttyénda\tna\tBáhra.,more\texpensive\tIPFV\tbecome\there\tDEF\tPL\tshop\tLOC\tTernate,The shops here in Ternate are getting more expensive.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-72,45,Mas barato el plata que el oro.,Mas\tbarato\tel\tplata\tque\tel\toro.,more\tcheap\tDEF\tsilver\tthan\tDEF\tgold,Silver is cheaper than gold.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-73,45,Mas sabroso el maiz cuando nuevo rancao.,Mas\tsabroso\tel\tmaiz\tcuando\tnuevo\trancao.,more\ttasty\tDEF\tcorn\twhen\tnew\tharvested,Corn tastes better when newly harvested.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-85,46,Mas gránde dimíyo ermáno kóntra kon éle.,Mas\tgránde\tdimíyo\termáno\tkóntra\tkon\téle.,more\tbig\tmy\tbrother\tagainst\tOBJ\ts/he,My brother is bigger than him/her.,,,,constructed by linguist -48-73,48,Mailo mi é má bieho.,Mailo\tmi\té\tmá\tbieho.,husband\tmy\tbe\tmore\told,My husband is older.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-74,48,¿A-ten má puegko?,¿A-ten\tmá\tpuegko?,?-have\tmore\tpig,Are there more pigs?,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-75,48,A-ten má bitamina.,A-ten\tmá\tbitamina.,?-have\tmore\tvitamin,It has (contains) more vitamins.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-76,48,Ele tené má tiela ke too suto hundo.,Ele\ttené\tmá\ttiela\tke\ttoo\tsuto\thundo.,he/she\thave\tmore\tland\tthan\tall\tus\ttogether,He/she has more land than all of us together.,,,,constructed by linguist -48-77,48,¡Palengue è má ngande ke Malagana!,¡Palengue\tè\tmá\tngande\tke\tMalagana!,Palenque\tbe\tmore\tbig\tthan\tMalagana,Palenque is bigger than Malagana (nearby town).,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-79,48,"Ese toro, ele era má fuette ke rie kabayo.","Ese\ttoro,\tele\tera\tmá\tfuette\tke\trie\tkabayo.",this\tbull\tit\tbe.PST\tmore\tstrong\tthan\tten\thorse,"This bull, it was stronger than ten horses.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-118,49,Li (pi) bèl pase Mari.,Li\t(pi)\tbèl\tpase\tMari.,3SG\t(more)\tbeautiful\tsurpass\tMarie,He/She is more beautiful than Marie.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-119,49,Li wo men gen pli wo pase l.,Li\two\tmen\tgen\tpli\two\tpase\tl.,3SG\tbig\tbut\tthere.is\tmore\tbig\tsurpass\t3SG,"He/She is tall, but there are taller people than him/her.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-120,49,Li pi rich pase m.,Li\tpi\trich\tpase\tm.,3SG\tmore\trich\tsurpass\t1SG,He/She is richer than me.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-121,49,Lisyèn pi gran pase m lontan.,Lisyèn\tpi\tgran\tpase\tm\tlontan.,Lucienne\tmore\tbig\tsurpass\t1SG\tlong.time,Lucienne is by far taller than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-122,49,Li move pase ou.,Li\tmove\tpase\tou.,3SG\tnasty\tsurpass\t2SG,He/She is more nasty than you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-69,50,I pli bèl ki lòt-la,I\tpli\tbèl\tki\tlòt-la,3SG\tmore\tbeautiful\tthan\tother-DEF,He/she/it is more beautiful (than the other one).,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-70,50,I bèl pasé Wozali.,I\tbèl\tpasé\tWozali.,3SG\tbeautiful\tpass\tRosalie,She is more beautiful than Rosalie.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-71,50,I pli bèl pasé Wozali.,I\tpli\tbèl\tpasé\tWozali.,3SG\tmore\tbeautiful\tpassed\tRosalie,She is more beautiful than Rosalie.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-67,51,I pli bel ki Wozali.,I\tpli\tbel\tki\tWozali.,3SG\tmore\tbeautiful\tthan\tRosalie,He/she is more beautiful than Rosalie.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-68,51,I bel pasé Wozali.,I\tbel\tpasé\tWozali.,3SG\tbeautiful\tpass\tRosalie,She is more beautiful than Rosalie.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-43,52,misyé pli rich,misyé\tpli\trich,he\tmore\trich,He is richer.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-44,52,Georges (pli) bel pasé Stéphane,Georges\t(pli)\tbel\tpasé\tStéphane,George\t(more)\thandsome\tCOMPAR\tSteven,George is more handsome than Steven.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-163,53,Li plu vyeu pase mon.,Li\tplu\tvyeu\tpase\tmon.,3SG\tmore\told\tpass\t1SG,He's older than me.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-164,53,Mo gran pase mo sè.,Mo\tgran\tpase\tmo\tsè.,1SG\ttall\tpass\t1SG.POSS\tsister,I'm taller than my sister.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-165,53,Li pli gro michié passé toi.,Li\tpli\tgro\tmichié\tpassé\ttoi.,3SG\tmore\tbig\tgentleman\tpass\t2SG,He is a bigger gentleman than you.,,,,naturalistic written -53-166,53,To malin pasé mouen.,To\tmalin\tpasé\tmouen.,2SG\tclever\tpass\t1SG,You're more clever than I am.,,,,naturalistic written -53-167,53,Char-sa-la pli vit ke tou lez-ot char.,Char\tsala\tpli\tvit\tke\ttou\tlez-ot\tchar.,car\tDET.DEM\tmore\tfast\tthan\tall\tART.DEF.PL-other\tcar,That car is faster than all the other cars.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-168,53,Li pa plu rich ke John.,Li\tpa\tplu\trich\tke\tJohn.,3SG\tNEG\tmore\trich\tthan\tJohn,He's not richer than John.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-94,54,Sa pwason la lé pli gró.,Sa\tpwason\tla\tle\tpli\tgro.,DEM\tfish\tDEM\tCOP.PRS\tmore\tbig,This/that fish is bigger.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-95,54,Sa pwason la lé mwen gró.,Sa\tpwason\tla\tle\tmwen\tgro.,DEM\tfish\tDEM\tCOP.PRS\tless\tbig,This/that fish is smaller.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-72,55,zot lakaz pli graṅ ki mo lakaz,zot\tlakaz\tpli\tgraṅ\tki\tmo\tlakaz,3PL\thouse\tmore\tbig\tthan\t1SG.POSS\thouse,Their house is bigger than my house.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-73,55,mo tur lavi lontan inpé pli bon ki astér,mo\ttur\tlavi\tlontan\tinpé\tpli\tbon\tki\tastér,1SG\tfind\tlife\tbefore\tbit\tmore\tgood\tthan\ttoday,I find that life in former times was a bit better than today.,,,,written (grammar) -56-89,56,Sa kanbar blan sanmenm pli meyer sa ki zot dir kanbar maron li.,Sa\tkanbar\tblan\tsanmenm\tpli\tmeyer\tsa\tki\tzot\tdir\tkanbar\tmaron\tli.,DEF\tyam\twhite\tsame\tmore\tgood/better\tDEF\tREL\t3PL\tcall\tyam\twild\t3SG.OBJ,The white yam is better than the one which they call wild yam.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-90,56,Teresa i pli gran ki Gabriel.,Teresa\ti\tpli\tgran\tki\tGabriel.,Teresa\tPM\tmore\ttall\tPCL\tGabriel,Teresa is taller than Gabriel.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-40,57,nunu le ŋgra; roŋge le pli ŋgra ke lja,nunu\tle\tŋgra;\troŋge\tle\tpli\tŋgra\tke\tlja,grandfather\tSI\ttall\tRoger\tSI\tmore\ttall\tthan\t3SG,Grandfather is tall. Roger is taller than grandfather.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-41,57,Pierre le ŋgra; Fabien le peti,Pierre\tle\tŋgra;\tFabien\tle\tpeti,Pierre\tSI\ttall\tFabien\tSI\tsmall,Pierre is tall. Fabien is small. OR: Pierre is taller than Fabien.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-42,57,ta pli peti ke mwa a taj,ta\tpli\tpeti\tke\tmwa\ta\ttaj,2SG\tCOMPAR\tsmall\tthan\t1SG\tin\tsize,You are smaller than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-55,58,Yandi ke ngolo luta mono.,Yandi\tke\tngolo\tluta\tmono.,he\tbe\tstrong\tsurpass\tme,He is stronger than me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-142,59,melenge ti mo akono ahon' melenge ti mbi,melenge\tti\tmo\ta-kono\ta-hon'\tmelenge\tti\tmbi,child\tof\t2SG\tPM-be.large\tPM-pass\tchild\tof\t1SG,Your child is bigger than my child.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-143,59,aga sioni aho ti giriri,a-ga\tsioni\ta-ho\tti\tgiriri,PM-become\tbad\tPM-surpass\tof\tlong.ago,It has become worse than (it was) long ago.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-55,60,Pierre azalí molaí koleka Jean,Pierre\ta-zal-í\tmolaí\tko-lek-a\tJean,Pierre\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tbig\tINF-surpass-FV\tJean,Pierre is taller than Jean.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-36,61,Lo Themba yena makhulu ga lo sistela ga yena.,Lo\tThemba\tyena\tmakhulu\tga\tlo\tsistela\tga\tyena.,DEF.ART\tThemba\the\tbig\tthan\tDEF.ART\tsister\tPOSS\the,Themba is bigger than his sister.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-36,62,kái ní mgitutú kuzídi ú,kái\tní\tm-gitutu\tku-zidi\tú,if\tis\t1-small\t15-surpass\ts/he,If I am smaller than him.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-73,63,úwo tegíl záidi min láger,úwo\ttegíl\tzáidi\tmin\tláger,3SG\theavy\tmore\tthan\tstone,He is heavier than a stone.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-74,63,harámi al miskín fut íta,harámi\tal\tmiskín\tfut\títa,thief\tREL\tpoor\tsurpass\t2SG,A thief who‘s poorer than you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-77,64,híni áhsan,híni\táhsan,here\tbetter,Here (it) is better.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-78,64,íta akbar,íta\takbar,2SG\tbigger,You are the biggest.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-79,64,ána ajúz min íta,ána\tajúz\tmin\títa,1SG\told\tfrom\t2SG,I am older than you.,,,,elicited from speaker -64-80,64,zaráf towíl min fil,zaráf\ttowíl\tmin\tfil,giraffe\tlong\tfrom\telephant,The giraffe is taller than the elephant.,,,,elicited from speaker -64-81,64,úo kebír fútu íta,úo\tkebír\tfútu\títa,3SG\tbig\tpass\t2SG,He is bigger than you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-67,65,Lan nimnoʃka malady.,Lan\tnimnoʃka\tmalady.,Lan\ta.little\tyoung,Lan is younger [than me].,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-49,66,Itu pompang poðiyenna libbi bissar.,Itu\tpompang\tpoðiyen-na\tlibbi\tbissar.,that\twoman\tboy-DAT\tmore\tbig,That woman is bigger than the boy.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-50,66,Ini kap ati yang piiring na libbi bissar.,Ini\tkap\tatiyang\tpiiring-na\tlibbi\tbissar.,DEM\tcup\tlater.REL\tdish-DAT\tmore\tbig,This cup is bigger than that other (out of sight) dish.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-93,67,John lebih tinggi dari Jimmy.,John\tlebih\ttinggi\tdari\tJimmy.,John\tmore\thigh\tfrom\tJimmy,John is taller than Jimmy.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-94,67,Ahmad lebih bagus sama/dari dia punya adik.,Ahmad\tlebih\tbagus\tsama/dari\tdia\tpunya\tadik.,Ahmad\tmore\tgood\twith/from\t3SG\tPOSS\tyounger.sibling,Ahmad is better than his younger brother/sister.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-96,67,John tinggi. Jimmy pendek.,John\ttinggi.\tJimmy\tpendek.,John\ttall\tJimmy\tshort,John is tall [and] Jimmy is short.,,,,elicited from speaker -68-54,68,Beta pung ruma lebe basar dari dorang pung ruma.,Beta\tpung\truma\tlebe\tbasar\tdari\tdorang\tpung\truma.,1SG\tPOSS\thouse\tmore\tbig\tfrom\t3PL\tPOSS\thouse,My house is bigger than their house.,,,,constructed by linguist -70-40,70,Ham u larika se bara.,Ham\tu\tlarika\tse\tbara.,1SG\tDEM\tboy\tfrom\tbig,I am bigger than that boy.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-71,71,"Lanai maikai, Lahaina aole maikai.","Lanai\tmaikai,\tLahaina\taole\tmaikai.",Lanai\tgood\tLahaina\tNEG\tgood,"Lanai is better than Lahaina (as a place to dock). OR: Lanai is good, Lahaina is not good.",,,,naturalistic written -72-68,72,Yuna kombek dijan mor levelgraundjirri partajkuma.,Yu-na\tkombek\tdijan\tmor\tlevelground-jirri\tpartaj-ku-ma.,2SG.SBJ-want\tcome.back\tthis.one\tmore\tlevel.ground-ALL\tclimb-DAT-TOP,Do you want to come back where the ground is more level to climb out.,,,0f6a7ac5d354ee28d610813dd0de0866,naturalistic spoken -72-69,72,"Nyila-ma im yapakayi, nyununy genga, nyuntuma yu jangkarni.","Nyila-ma\tim\tyapakayi,\tnyununy\tgenga,\tnyuntu-ma\tyu\tjangkarni.",that-DISC\t3SG\tsmall\t2SG.DAT\tfriend\t2SG-DISC\t2SG\tbig,That small one should be your friend - you're bigger (than him).,,,8590141a6c943ad0528737c49cb8e8a0,naturalistic spoken -73-53,73,Takungami riko gan Salsedoda ganan,Takunga-mi\triko\tga-n\tSalsedo-da\tgana-n,Latacunga-AFF\trich\tbe-3SG\tSalcedo-ACC\twin-3SG,Latacunga is richer than Salcedo.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-65,74,náyka haws hayú wam,náyka\thaws\thayú\twam,1SG\thouse\tmuch\twarm,My house is very warm. OR: My house is warmer.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-121,75,Aen toon nawat mishikitiw ashpiihchi aen mush.,Aen\ttoon\tnawut\tmishikiti-w\tashpeehchi\taen\tmoush.,INDF.ART.M\thorsefly\tmore\tbig-3\tthan\tINDF.ART.M\tfly,A horsefly is bigger than a regular fly.,,,,naturalistic written -1-108,1,A biggi morro mi.,A\tbigi\tmoro\tmi.,3SG.SBJ\tbig\texceed\t1SG,He is fatter than me.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-109,1,Ju langa morro na mi.,Yu\tlanga\tmoro\tna\tmi.,2SG\tlong\texceed\tLOC\t1SG,You are taller than me.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-110,1,Ju de morro langa leki mi.,Yu\tde\tmoro\tlanga\tleki\tmi.,2SG\tASP/COP\tmore\tlong\tlike\t1SG,You are taller than me.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-93,2,Amba tranga pasa Kofi.,Amba\ttranga\tpasa\tKofi.,Amba\tstrong\tpass\tKofi,Amba is stronger than Kofi.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-94,2,John moro bigi moro Peter.,John\tmoro\tbigi\tmoro\tPeter.,John\tmore\tbig\texceed\tPeter,John is taller than Peter.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-95,2,A oloisi disi moro diri moro a dati.,A\toloisi\tdisi\tmoro\tdiri\tmoro\ta\tdati.,DET\twatch\tDEM\tmore\tdear\texceed\tDET\tDEM,This watch is more expensive than that one.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-96,2,Kofi bigi moro leki Kwaku.,Kofi\tbigi\tmoro\tleki\tKwaku.,Kofi\tbig\tmore\tthan\tKwaku,Kofi is bigger than Kwaku.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-48,3,A mɔɔ mi a kɔni.,A\tmɔɔ\tmi\ta\tkɔni.,3SG\tmore\t1SG\tPREP\tsmartness,She is smarter than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-51,3,A ábi jáa pasá fòténi.,A\tábi\tjáa\tpasá\tfòténi.,3SG\thave\tyear\tpass\tforty,He is more than forty years old.,,,,naturalistic written -5-72,5,hii moo taal dan ii broda,hii\tmoo\ttaal\tdan\tii\tbroda,he\tCOMPAR\ttall\tthan\this\tbrother,He is taller than his brother.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-44,6,Dana more stronger dan mi.,Dana\tØ\tmore\tstronger\tdan\tmi.,Dana\tCOP\tmore\tstrong.COMP\tthan\t1SG,Dana is stronger than me.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-111,7,Mi taala dan shi.,Mi\ttaal-a\tdan\tshi.,1SG\ttall-er\tthan\t3SG,I am taller than her.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-112,7,Mi taala moo dan shi.,Mi\ttaal-a\tmoo\tdan\tshi.,1SG\ttall-er\tmore\tthan\t3SG,I am taller than her.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-113,7,Mi mo taala dan shi.,Mi\tmo\ttaal-a\tdan\tshi.,1SG\tmore\ttall-er\tthan\t3SG,I am taller than her.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-65,8,Jan biga dan im sista Mieri.,Jan\tbig-a\tdan\tim\tsister\tMieri.,John\tbig-COMPAR\tthan\t3SG\tsister\tMary,John is older than his sister Mary.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-83,9,Bra tayga ste dawn dawn bilo no n̩ bra anasi opstez.,Bra\ttayga\tste\tdawn\tdawn\tbilo\tno\tn̩\tbra\tanasi\topstez.,Brother\tTiger\tstay\tdown\tdown\tbelow\tnow\tand\tBrother\tAnansi\tupstairs,Tiger was lower than Anansi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-84,9,"I ʧipa a if yu impaat it fa owtsayd, rayt?","I\tʧipa\ta\tif\tyu\timpaat\tit\tfa\towtsayd,\trayt?",3SG\tcheaper\tthan\tif\t2SG\timport\tit\tfrom\toutside\tright,"It's cheaper than if you import it from outside, right?",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-85,9,I da no li bway i olda dan yu.,I\tda\tno\tli\tbway\ti\tolda\tdan\tyu.,3SG\tTOP\tNEG\tlittle\tboy\t3SG\tolder\tthan\t2SG,"He is not a little boy, he is older than you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-97,10,Mary frok luk beta an fi mi.,Mary\tfrok\tluk\tbeta\tan\tfi\tmi.,Mary\tfrock\tlook\tbetter\tthan\tfor\t1SG,Mary 's dress is nicer than mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-111,11,Dem iz oolde an nan a wi.,Dem\tiz\toold-e\tan\tnan\ta\twi.,3PL\tCOP.PRS\told-er\tthan\tnone\tof\t1PL,They are older than any one of us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-112,11,An deer di tingz chiipa dan hiar.,An\tdeer\tdi\tting-z\tchiip-a\tdan\thiar.,and\tDEM.LOC\tART.DEF\tthing-PL\tcheap-er\tthan\tDEM.LOC,And there all things are cheaper than here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-113,11,John taala (d)an Mary.,John\ttaal-a\t(d)an\tMary.,John\ttall-er\tthan\tMary,John is taller than Mary.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-94,12,"[But you remember going to school in Andros and everything?] But I believe I come older than that, you know, because I used to work over there to the to the farm.","[...]\tcome\told-er\tthan\tthat,\tyou\tknow\t[...].",[...]\tcome\told-COMPAR\tthan\tthat\tyou\tknow\t[...],"[...] [I think I] came [to Nassau] when I was older than that (i.e. eight or nine), [...] [because I used to do farmwork over there (on Andros)].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-95,12,"The nurse say - uh-huh - the nurse say, Boy, John, you growing big now. She say John getting bigger than her - he tall, you know? He tall.",[...]\tJohn\tgetting\tbigger\tthan\ther\t[...].,[...]\tJohn\tget.PROG\tbig.COMPAR\tthan\ther\t[...],[...] John is getting bigger than her [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-77,13,E big pas all-a oona.,E\tbig\tpas\tall-a\toona.,3SG.SBJ\tbig\tpass\tall-of\t2PL.OBJ,He is bigger than all of you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-78,13,E big mo na oona.,E\tbig\tmo\tna\toona.,3SG.SBJ\tbig\tmore\tthan\t2PL.OBJ,He is bigger than you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-53,14,Bruce taller than Charles.,Bruce\ttall-er\tthan\tCharles.,Bruce\ttall-COMPAR\tthan\tCharles,Bruce is taller than Charles.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-65,15,a trɔŋg pas yu,a\ttrɔŋg\tpas\tyu,1SG\tstrong\tsurpass\t2SG,I'm stronger than you.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -17-63,17,À big pas yù.,À\tbig\tpas\tyù.,1SG.SBJ\tbe.big\tsurpass\t2SG.OBJ,I am bigger than you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-74,19,Lage dè tɔk Bùbɛ̀ pas yu.,Lage\tdè\ttɔk\tBùbɛ̀\tpas\tyu.,Lage\tIPFV\ttalk\tBubi\tpass\t2SG.EMPH,Lage talks (the) Bubi (language) better than you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-75,19,È no pas mi fɔ̀ fayn.,È\tno\tpas\tmi\tfɔ̀\tfayn.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tarrive\t1SG.EMPH\tASSOC\tbe.fine,He's not more handsome than me.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-56,20,"Mi sanpan more bettah, captin!","Mi\tsanpan\tmore\tbettah,\tcaptin!",1SG.POSS\tsampan\tmore\tbetter\tcaptain,"Captain, my sampan is better (than the others)!",,,,naturalistic written -22-73,22,Em olsem draipela dok winim haus.,Em\tolsem\tdraipela\tdok\twinim\thaus.,3SG\tlike\tbig\tdog\twin\thouse,"It was a huge dog, bigger than a house.",,,,naturalistic spoken -22-74,22,Mi bin lukim olsem Rabaul i gutpla mo long Kevieng.,Mi\tbin\tluk-im\tolsem\tRabaul\ti\tgut-pla\tmo\tlong\tKevieng.,1SG\tPST\tlook-TR\tCOMP\tRabaul\tPM\tgood-MOD\tmore\tPREP\tKavieng,I saw that Rabaul was better than Kavieng.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-90,24,Shi morgara dan mii.,Shi\tmorgara\tdan\tmii.,she\tslim.COMPAR\tthan\tme,She is thinner than I.,,,,naturalistic written -24-91,24,Hi oelar'n yuu.,Hi\toelar\t'n\tyuu.,3SG.SBJ\told.COMPAR\tthan\t2NSBJ/EMPH,He is older than you.,,,,naturalistic written -25-207,25,[...] I bin lilbit dip det wota. [...] o::: lilbit shelawan.,[...]\tI\tbin\tlilbit\tdip\tdet\twota.\t[...]\to\tlilbit\tshela-wan.,[...]\t3SG\tPST\tsomewhat\tdeep\tDEM\twater\t[...]\toh\tsomewhat\tshallow-ADJ,"[We started to cross the creek, but] it was (too) deep. [So I went to a different place and tried there]. Oh, (it was) shallow(er) there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-73,29,Jan is ouer as sy neef.,Jan\tis\tou-er\tas\tsy\tneef,John\tis\told-er\tthan\t3SG.M.POSS\tcousin,John is older than his cousin.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-93,30,Nhos sabe ma ten txeu animal ki ê más spértu ki algen?,Nhos=sabe\tma=ten\ttxeu\tanimal\tki\tê\tmás\tspértu\tki=algen?,2PL=know\tCOMP=have\tmany\tanimal\tCOMP\tbe\tmore\tintelligent\tthan=person,Do you know that there are a lot of animals that are more intelligent than humans?,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-94,30,Kel rapás ê inda más dansador di ki mi!,Kel=rapás\tê\tinda\tmás\tdansador\tdi=ki=mi!,DEM.SG=boy\tbe\teven\tmore\tdancer\tof=than=I,This young man is an even greater dancer than I.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-84,31,Joao e mas spertu ki bo.,Joao\te\tmas\tspertu\tki\tbo.,Joao\tis\tmore\tintelligent\tthan\tyou,Joao is more intelligent than you.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-85,31,Artur e mas bedju ki Djon.,Artur\te\tmas\tbedju\tki\tDjon.,Arthur\tis\tmore\told\tthan\tJohn,Arthur is older than John.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-62,32,Djon e mas/ma grand diki Davidson.,Djon\te\tmas/ma\tgrand\tdiki\tDavidson.,Djon\tCOP\tmore\ttall\tthan\tDavidson,Djon is taller than Davidson.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-84,33,Djon i mas altu di ki Maria.,Djon\ti\tmas\taltu\tdi\tki\tMaria.,John\tCOP\tmore\ttall\tof\tthan\tMaria,John is taller than Mary.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-85,33,Djon mas Maria kumpridu.,Djon\tmas\tMaria\tkumpridu.,John\tsurpass\tMary\ttall,John is taller than Mary.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-61,34,Joŋ ma(s) Pidru riku.,Joŋ\tø\tma(s)\tPidru\triku.,John\tPFV\tmore\tPeter\trich,John is richer than Peter.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-62,34,Joŋ ma(s) di ki Pidru riku.,Joŋ\tø\tma(s)\tdi\tki\tPidru\triku.,John\tPFV\tmore\tof\tREL.SBJ\tPeter\trich,John is richer than Peter.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-98,35,Sun sa (maxi) tamen dôkê pe mu.,Sun\tsa\t(maxi)\ttamen\tdôkê\tpe\tmu.,you\tbe\t(more)\ttall\tthan\tfather\t1SG.POSS,You are taller than my father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-55,36,Kai ô masi dhangaru rôke ri m.,Kai\tô\tmasi\tdhangaru\trôke\tri\tm.,house\tyour\tmore\thigh\tthan\tof\tmy,Your house is higher than mine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-63,37,Txi gôdô pasa mi.,Txi\tgôdô\tpasa\tmi.,2SG\tfat\tpass\t1SG,You are fatter than I am.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-64,37,Txi maxi gôdô pasa mi.,Txi\tmaxi\tgôdô\tpasa\tmi.,2SG\tmore\tfat\tpass\t1SG,You are fatter than I am.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-65,37,Txi maxi gôdô dêkê/dôkê mi.,Txi\tmaxi\tgôdô\tdêkê/dôkê\tmi.,2SG\tmore\tfat\tthan\t1SG,You are fatter than I am.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-72,38,Mezeza sa ngandyi masy ku isyki.,Meza-i-sai\tsa\tngandyi\tmasy\tku\ti-syki.,table-3SG-DEM\tbe\tbig\tmore\tCONJ\t3SG-DEM,This table is bigger than that one.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-73,38,Nanamembo saku lansya ngandyi masyi ku dyi no.,Na-namen-bo\tsa-ku\tlansya\tngandyi\tmasyi\tku\tdyi\tno.,ART.PL-family.members-2SG\tbe-with\tboat\tbig\tmore\tCONJ\tof\t1PL,Your family has a bigger boat than our one.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-55,40,"Mi kadz tɛ gran, use kadz mayz gran.","Mi\tkadz\ttɛ\tgran,\tuse\tkadz\tmayz\tgran.",my\thouse\tCOP.PRS\tbig\tyour.FORMAL\thouse\tmore\tbig,Your house is bigger than my house.,,,,constructed by linguist -42-72,42,eli mas altu di Pio,eli\tmas\taltu\tdi\tPio,3SG\tmore\ttall\tof\tPio,He is taller than Pio.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-52,43,Nosotër kompra na mestër karni baka; aka mas sabrodju dari karni bufra.,Nosotër\tkompra\tna\tmestër\tkarni\tbaka;\taka\tmas\tsabrodju\tdari\tkarni\tbufra.,we\tbuy\tat\tbutcher\tmeat\tcow\tthat\tmore\ttasty\tthan\tmeat\tbuffalo,We buy beef at the butcher; this is tastier than buffalo meat.,,,,naturalistic written -45-74,45,Mayor mi hermano con migo.,Mayor\tmi\thermano\tconmigo.,older\t1SG.POSS\tbrother\tOBJ.1SG,My brother is older than me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-75,45,Mas claro el luz del sol que del luna.,Mas\tclaro\tel\tluz\tdel\tsol\tque\tdel\tluna.,more\tclear\tDEF\tlight\tof\tsun\tthan\tof\tmoon,The light of the sun is brighter than that of the moon.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -47-79,47,[...] riba nivel mas haltu ku lo por bira alkansabel pa nos tambe na Antia.,[...]\triba\tnivel\tmas\thaltu\tku\tlo\tpor\tbira\talkansabel\tpa\tnos\ttambe\tna\tAntia.,[...]\ton\tlevel\tmore\thigh\tthan\tMOOD\tcan\tbecome\treachable\tfor\t1PL\talso\tLOC\tAntilles,[...] to the highest level which can be reached for us too in the Antilles (lit. on a level higher than (what) could be reached for us also in the Antilles).,,,,literary or other written source -47-80,47,no asina intelihente manera Alfredo,no\tasina\tintelihente\tmanera\tAlfredo,not\tso\tintelligent\tlike\tAlfredo,not as intelligent as Alfredo,,,,published source -48-78,48,¡Antonse eso asé bendé mehó ke ma pekkao!,¡Antonse\teso\tasé\tbendé\tmehó\tke\tma\tpekkao!,so\tthis\tHAB\tsell\tbetter\tthan\tPL\tfish,"So, this sells better than fish!",,,,elicited from speaker -49-123,49,Li pi rich pase mwen.,Li\tpi\trich\tpase\tmwen.,3SG\tmore\trich\tsurpass\t1SG,He/She is richer than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-124,49,Li rich pase mwen.,Li\trich\tpase\tmwen.,3SG\trich\tsurpass\t1SG,He/She is richer than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-125,49,Li pi di ke akasan.,Li\tpi\tdi\tke\takasan.,3SG\tmore\thard\tthan\tacassan,He/She is tougher than acassan.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-126,49,Syèl la pi wo ke nway yo.,Syèl\tla\tpi\two\tke\tnway\tyo.,sky\tDEF.3PL\tmore\thigh\tthan\tcloud\tDEF.3PL,The sky is higher than the clouds.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-72,50,I gran pasé mwen.,I\tgran\tpasé\tmwen.,3SG\ttall\tpass\t1SG,He/she is taller than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-73,50,I pli gran ki mwen.,I\tpli\tgran\tki\tmwen.,3SG\tmore\ttall\tthan\t1SG,He/she is taller than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-69,51,I gran pasé mwen.,I\tgran\tpasé\tmwen.,3SG\ttall\tpass\t1SG,He is taller than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-70,51,I pli gran ki mwen.,I\tpli\tgran\tki\tmwen.,3SG\tmore\ttall\tthan\t1SG,He is taller than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-45,52,Georges pli bel ki Stéphane,Georges\tpli\tbel\tki\tStéphane,George\tmore\thandsome\tthan\tSteven,George is more handsome than Steven.,,,,constructed by linguist -52-46,52,to sòt pasé mo,to\tsòt\tpasé\tmo,you\tsilly\tpass\tme,You are less smart than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-169,53,Mo gran pase mo sè.,Mo\tgran\tpase\tmo\tsè.,1SG\ttall\tpass\t1SG.POSS\tsister,I'm taller than my sister.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-170,53,Li plu vyeu pase mon.,Li\tplu\tvyeu\tpase\tmon.,3SG\tmore\told\tpass\t1SG,He's older than I am.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-171,53,Mo gen en mèyè nide ke twa.,Mo\tgen\ten\tmèyè\tnide\tke\ttwa.,1SG\thave\tART.INDF\tbetter\tidea\tthan\t2SG,I have a better idea than you.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-96,54,Mon bra lé plu gran sat in gran pèrsone.,Mon\tbra\tle\tplu\tgran\tsat\ten\tgran\tpersonn.,POSS.1SG\tarm\tCOP.PRS\tmore\tbig\tthat\tINDF\tbig\tperson,My arm is bigger than that of an adult.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-97,54,"Lontan lavé kalité de fiy pli zoli ke band fiy koméla la, in!","Lontan\tlave\tkalite\tdë\tfiy\tpli\tzoli\tkë\tbann\tfiy\tkomela\tla,\ten!",formerly\thave.PST\tkind\tof\tgirl\tmore\tpretty\tthan\tPL\tgirl\tnow\tDEM\tINTERJ,"Formerly, there was a kind of girls prettier than the girls of today, [don't you think so]!",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-98,54,"Vi voi, la fam lété pli intélizan ke li!","Vi\tvwa,\tla\tfanm\tlete\tpli\tentelizan\tkë\tli!",2SG.FIN\tsee\tDEF\twoman\tCOP.PST\tmore\tintelligent\tthan\t3SG,"You see, the woman was more intelligent than him!",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-74,55,legliz(-la) pli ot ki moske,legliz(-la)\tpli\tot\tki\tmoske,church(-DEF.ART)\tmore\thigh\tthan\tmosque,the church is higher than the mosque,,,,constructed by linguist -56-91,56,Mari i depas tou bann fiy lo grander.,Mari\ti\tdepas\ttou\tbann\tfiy\tlo\tgrander.,Mari\tPM\tsurpass\tall\tPL\tgirl\ton\ttallness,Mari is taller than all the girls (lit. Mari surpasses all girls in tallness).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-145,59,fade mbi ke wara bongo ka na yayu ahon' mo ape?,fade\tmbi\tke\twara\tbongo\tka\tna\tyayu\tahon'\tmo\tape?,immediately\t1SG\tCOP\tget\tcloth\tthere\tPREP\theaven\tSM.pass\t2SG\tNEG,Won't I get more clothes than you in heaven over there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-56,60,Pierre azalí molaí koleka Jean,Pierre\ta-zal-í\tmolaí\tko-lek-a\tJean,Pierre\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tbig\tINF-surpass-FV\tJean,Pierre is taller than Jean.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-57,60,Pierre alekí Jean na molaí,Pierre\ta-lek-í\tJean\tna\tmolaí,Pierre\t3SG-surpass-PRS.PRF\tJean\tin\ttallness,Pierre is taller than Jean.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-37,61,Lo Themba yena makhulu ga lo sistela ga yena.,Lo\tThemba\tyena\tmakhulu\tga\tlo\tsistela\tga\tyena.,DEF.ART\tThemba\the\tbig\tthan\tDEF.ART\tsister\tof\the,Themba is bigger than his sister.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-37,62,nhtembo itáho mboghó kwa ugirú kú?u,nhtembo\ti-taho\tmbogho\tkwa\tugiru\tkú?u,elephant\t9-pass\tbuffalo\twith\tbigness\this,The elephant is bigger than the buffalo.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-75,63,harámi al miskín fútu íta,harámi\tal\tmiskín\tfútu\títa,thief\tREL\tpoor\tsurpass\t2SG,A thief who is poorer than you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-76,63,úwo tegíl záidi min láger,úwo\ttegíl\tzáidi\tmin\tláger,3SG\theavy\tmore\tfrom\tstone,It’s heavier than a stone.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-77,63,úwo kebír min ána,úwo\tkebír\tmin\tána,3SG\tbig\tfrom\t1SG,He is bigger than me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-95,67,John lebih tinggi dari Jimmy.,John\tlebih\ttinggi\tdari\tJimmy.,John\tmore\thigh\tfrom\tJimmy,John is taller than Jimmy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-67,74,pilpil ptl'ix kapa tʃak,pilpil\tptl'ix\tkapa\ttʃak,blood\tthick\tfrom\twater,Blood is thicker than water.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-122,75,IIi pleu ptsee ki lii zoot.,IIi\tpleu\tptsee\tki\tlii\tzoot.,be.3\tmore\tlittle\tthan\tART.PL\tother,He's smaller than others.,,,,naturalistic written -1-111,1,Mie no ben dee briebie sohesie.,Mi\tno\tben\tde\tbribi\tso-hesi.,1SG\tNEG\tTNS\tASP\tbelieve\tso-quick,I did not believe (it) so easily.,,,,written -2-97,2,"Efu mi ben gudu, mi ben sa bai wan oto.","Efu\tmi\tben\tgudu,\tmi\tben\tsa\tbai\twan\toto.",If\tI\tPST\trich\tI\tPST\tMOD\tbuy\tone\tcar,"If I were rich, I would buy a car.",,,,elicited from speaker -3-52,3,A bì ɔ sa ta wɔɔkɔ.,A\tbì\tɔ\tsa\tta\twɔɔkɔ.,3SG\tTNS\tMOOD\tcan\tASP\twork,He could have worked. OR: He could have been able to work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-73,4,Mi o tan ya wan hii mun.,Mi\to\ttan\tya\twan\thii\tmun.,I\tFUT\tstay\there\tINDF.DET\twhole\tmonth,I will stay here a whole month.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-46,6,Hi done eat already.,Hi\tdone\teat\talready.,3SG.M\tCOMPL\teat\talready,He has already eaten.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-123,7,Mi bin aalweiz se so.,Mi\tbin\taalweiz\tse\tso.,1SG\tPST\talways\tsay\tso,I had always said that.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-124,7,Hi a juhs sel sprat.,Hi\ta\tjuhs\tsel\tsprat.,3SG\tPROG\tjust\tsell\tsprat,He is only selling sprat.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-66,8,Jan wehn de nyam di kiek.,Jan\twehn\tde\tnyam\tdi\tkiek.,John\tANT\tPROG\teat\tDET\tcake,John was eating the cake.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-69,8,Dis-ya pikni wehn aalwiez ogli.,Dis-ya\tpikni\twehn\taalwiez\togli.,this-here\tchild\tANT\talways\tugly,This child was always ugly.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-86,9,(Suzi) i me de kaal mi.,(Suzi)\ti\tme\tde\tkaal\tmi.,(Suzi)\t3SG\tANT\tPROG\tcall\tme,"(Suzi,) she was calling me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-98,10,A wehn gwain kom bai yu hous lieta.,A\twehn\tgwain\tkom\tbai\tyu\thous\tliet-a.,1SG\tANT\tFUT\tcome\tby\t2SG.POSS\thouse\tlate-r,I was going to stop by your house later.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-114,11,Aaftaword evriting waa get beta.,Aaftaword\tevri-ting\twaa\tget\tbeta.,afterwards\tevery-thing\tFUT\tget\tbetter,Afterwards everything will get better.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-115,11,Wi yuuztu go op pik guava.,Wi\tyuuztu\tgo\top\tpik\tguava.,1PL\tHAB.PST\tgo\tup\tpick\tguava,We would climb up in order to pick guavas.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-116,11,Wen di stuudyent de go sekonderi [...].,Wen\tdi\tstuudyent\tde\tgo\tsekonderi\t[...].,when\tART.DEF\tstudent\tPROG\tgo\tsecondary\t[...],While the students are in secondary school [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-117,11,As tiicha Darlinda did sein [...].,As\ttiicha\tDarlinda\tdid\tse-in\t[...].,as\tteacher\tDarlinda\tPST\tsay-PROG\t[...],As teacher Darlinda was saying [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-118,11,yu did aks him,yu\tdid\taks\thim,2SG\tPST\task\t3SG.M,you asked him,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-96,12,I did done gone to sleep.,I\tdid\tdone\tgone\tto\tsleep.,I\tPST\tCOMPL\tgo\tto\tsleep,I had gone to bed (before my brother came home).,,,,elicited from speaker -12-97,12,So she - he pleaded and he pleaded - woman let him in.,So she - he pleaded and he pleaded [...].,So she   he plead.PST and he plead.PST [...],So he kept pleading [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-98,12,"He - he work - uh-uh, he work out town - he work - uh - he say they building one church somewhere out town.",[...]\tthey\tbuild-ing\tone\tchurch\t[...].,[...]\tthey\tbuild-PROG\ta\tchurch\t[...],[...] they’re building a church [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-104,12,"This is about - this is about three, four years ago, and I been to hospital, was taking drip, 'cause my head did partly - swell, you know, and the doctor - the doctor - uh - I don't know what they did - there just - was that bleeding form my nose and mouth, and the doctor just - I don't know what they - put me sleep, and they do th- something to my head, I ain't know, yeah [...].",[...] 'cause my head did partly - swell [...].,[...] because my head PST partly   swell [...],[...] because my head was partly swollen [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-79,13,Dem dere da complain.,Dem\tdere\tda\tcomplain.,them\tthere\tASP\tcomplain,Those there are complaining.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-81,13,Den de ciple dem been eben mo stonish.,Den\tde\tciple\tdem\tbeen\teben\tmo\tstonish.,then\tDET\tdisciple\tthem\tPST/ASP\teven\tCOMPAR\tastonish,Then the disciples were even more astonished. (Mk 10.26),,,,bible translation -14-54,14,He doesn't even allow women to wear pants at women's retreats and he doesn't even be there.,He\tdoesn't\teven\tallow\twomen\tto\twear\tpants\tat\twomen's\tretreats\tand\the\tdoesn't\teven\tbe\tthere.,he\tdo.NEG\teven\tallow\twomen\tto\twear\tpants\tat\twomen's\tretreats\tand\the\tdoesn't\teven\tHAB\tthere,He does not allow women to wear pants at women's retreats although he is not even usually there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-55,14,Yeah when it come on there we be done read it in the newspaper.,Yeah\twhen\tit\tcome\ton\tthere\twe\tbe\tdone\tread\tit\tin\tthe\tnewspaper.,yes\twhen\tit\tcome\ton\tthere\twe\tHAB\tCOMPL\tread\tit\tin\tthe\tnewspaper,"Yes, when it comes on there we have usually already read it in the newspaper. OR: Yes, by the time the news comes on the television news show, we have usually already read it in the newspaper.",,,,naturalistic spoken -15-66,15,"yɛstade, a bin de wok","yɛstade,\ta\tbin\tde\twok",yesterday\t1SG\tPST\tPROG\twork,"Yesterday, I was working.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-68,15,a bin jɔs di slip,a\tbin\tjɔs\tdi\tslip,1SG\tPST\tADV\tPROG\tsleep,I was just sleeping.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-61,16,dɛn dɛ̀m gò dè ʃek ju,dɛn\tdɛ̀m\tgò\tdè\tʃek\tju,then\t3PL\tFUT\tPROG\tshake\t2SG.OBJ,Then they will be shaking you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-64,17,À gò do̱n ko̱m cho̱p dì nyam finish.,À\tgò\tdo̱n\tko̱m\tcho̱p\tdì\tnyam\tfinish.,1SG.SBJ\tIRR\tCOMPL\tREALIS\teat\tART.DEF\tyam\tCOMPL,I will have actually already completely eaten the yams.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-66,17,À bin jo̱st dè go.,À\tbin\tjo̱st\tdè\tgo.,1SG.SBJ\tANT\tjust\tNCOMPL\tgo,I had just been going.,,,,unknown -18-58,18,Wuna go kam.,Wuna\tgo\tkam.,2PL.SBJ\tFUT\tcome,You (pl.) will come.,,,,published source -18-59,18,I dohn kam.,I\tdon\tkam.,3SG.SBJ\tPRF\tcome,He/She/It has come.,,,,published source -19-76,19,Yù dè kres.,Yù\tdè\tkres.,2SG\tIPFV\tbe.crazy,You're crazy.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-78,19,Dì pànkek bìn tu tik.,Dì\tpàn-kek\tbìn\ttu\ttik.,DEF\tpan.CPD-cake\tPST\ttoo\tbe.thick,The pancake was too thick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-79,19,Naw dɛ̀n dè jis dè kan.,Naw\tdɛ̀n\tdè\tjis\tdè\tkan.,now\t3PL\tIPFV\tjust\tIPFV\tcome,Now they're just coming.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-58,20,"My hab so talkee, must wantchee catchee more cheap.","My\thab\tso\ttalkee,\tmust\twantchee\tcatchee\tmore\tcheap.",1SG\tPFV\tso\ttalk\tmust\twant\tcatch\tmore\tcheap,I said that I absolutely must get it more cheaply.,,,,naturalistic written -22-75,22,Yutupela i bin lokim ka?,Yutupela\ti\tbin\tlokim\tka?,2DU\tPM\tPST\tlock\tcar,Did you (two) lock the car?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-78,22,Bai mitupela i ringim taksi.,Bai\tmitupela\ti\tring-im\ttaksi.,FUT\t1DU.EXCL\tPM\tring-TR\ttaxi,We'll ring a taxi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-79,22,Dispela man bai i go long taun.,Dispela\tman\tbai\ti\tgo\tlong\ttaun.,this\tman\tFUT\tPM\tgo\tPREP\ttown,This man will go to town.,,,,naturalistic written -22-80,22,Bai mi pulim bikpela snek long susu bilong yu.,Bai\tmi\tpulim\tbik-pela\tsnek\tlong\tsusu\tbilong\tyu.,FUT\t1SG\tpull\tbig-MOD\tsnake\tPREP\tbreast\tPOSS\t2SG,I will pull a big snake from your breast.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-81,22,Ol lapun meri i mumuim kaikai istap.,Ol\tlapun\tmeri\ti\tmumu-im\tkaikai\tistap.,PL\told\twoman\tPM\tearth.oven-TR\tfood\tPROG,The old women are cooking food in an earth oven.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-94,24,Shi se fatu.,Shi\tse\tfatu.,she\tCOMPL\ttired,She is exhausted.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-95,24,Hi gwen kam.,Hi\tgwen\tkam.,he\tFUT\tcome,He will come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-208,25,Imin oldei nesimbat tu jet faiya.,Im=in\toldei\tnes-im-bat\ttu\tjet\tfaiya.,3SG=PST\talways/HAB\tnurse-TR-PROG\ttoo\tDEM\tfire,It used to look after the fire too. (crocodile in myth),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-209,25,Aim heting fut.,Aim\thet-ing\tfut.,1SG:PROG\thurt-PROG2\tfoot,My foot hurts.,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-210,25,Nomo gota meit=gun im jidanabat [...] olgaman G.,Nomo\tgota\tmeit=gun\tim\tjidan-abat\t[...]\tolgaman\tG.,NEG\tCOM\tmate=CONTR\t3SG\tsit-PROG\t[...]\told.woman\tG.,"Without any companion she's sitting there, old lady G.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-212,25,Ai gada gedim kokiroj sprei en kilim olabat.,Ai\tgada\tged-im\tkokiroj\tsprei\ten\tkil-im\tolabat.,1SG\tFUT/OBLIG\tget-TR\tcockroach\tspray\tand\tkill-TR\t3PL,I will/should get cockroach spray and kill them. OR: I'm going to get cockroach spray and kill them. (Orig. Transl.),,,,naturalistic written -25-213,25,Dijlot kid dei raning insaid la haus wen im reining.,Dij-lot\tkid\tdei\tran-ing\tinsaid\tla\thaus\twen\tim\trein-ing.,PROX-PL\tchild\t3PL\trun-PROG2\tinside\tLOC\thouse\tSUBORD\t3SG\train-PROG2,These kids are running inside the house when it is raining.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-214,25,I maitbi garra go la Debi.,I\tmaitbi\tgarra\tgo\tla\tDebi.,3SG\tmaybe\tFUT/OBLIG\tgo\tLOC\tDerby,He might have to go to Derby.,,,,unknown -25-215,25,"Orla gel en boi bin nakam-bat jelp garra kura, garra burluman kura.","Orla\tgel\ten\tboi\tbin\tnak-am-bat\tjelp\tgarra\tkura,\tgarra\tburluman\tkura.",PL\tgirl\tand\tboy\tPST\thit-TR-PROG\tREFL\tCOM/INS\tdung\tCOM/INS\tcattle\tdung,"The girls and boys were hitting each other with dung, with cattle dung.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-216,25,Yu shudbi wajambat jelp.,Yu\tshudbi\twaj-am-bat\tjelp.,2SG\tshould\twash-TR-PROG\tREFL,You should wash yourself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-51,27,Am a drāi back a shi tā.,Am\ta\tdrāi\tback\ta\tshi\ttā.,3SG\tPST\tturn\tback\tLOC\t3SG.POSS\tfather,He returned to his father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-80,28,titɛk wa kalin wa das ku di bokap an bain an jefjə,titi\tɛkɛ\twa\tkali\tini\twa\tdas\tku\tdi\tboko-apu\tan\tba\tini\tan\tjefi\tini,time\t1SG\tPST\tsmall\t3PL\tPST\tHAB\tcatch\tthe\tAmerindian-PL\tand\tkill\t3PL\tand\teat\t3PL,When I was small they would catch the Indians and kill them and eat them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-81,28,ɛk ma pam ju en bɛrɛ,ɛkɛ\tma\tpama\tju\ten\tbɛrɛ,1SG\tIRR\ttell\t2SG\ta\tstory,I will tell you a story.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-82,28,lombo plɛkɛm wangeni bwa drungwa stɛdi,lombo\tplɛkɛ\twanga\teni\tbu-a\tdrungu-a\tstɛdi,bad\tplace\twhere\t3PL\tdrink-IPFV\tget.drunk-IPFV\tsteady,"A bad place, where they drink and get drunk all the time.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-83,28,"bɛri moi ababaka, potɛtɛ nau",bɛri\tmoi\tababa\tka\tpotɛ-tɛ\tnau,Berry\tgood\tanymore\tNEG\told-PFV\tnow,"Berry is not good anymore, (he) has gotten old.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-84,28,"di jɛrtok bi aʃu pruf di gu di, ju ma alwe suko",di\tjɛrma\ttoko\tbi\taʃi\tju\tpruf\tdi\tgutu\tdi\tju\tma\talwes\tsuku\to,the\twoman\tchild\tsay\tif\t2SG\ttaste\tthe\tthing\tDEM\t2SG\tIRR\talways\twant\t3SG,"The girl said if you taste this stuff, you will always want it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-85,28,iʃ wa noiti kop tei fan di ʃapap ka,iʃi\twa\tnoiti\tkopu\ttei\tfan\tdi\tʃap-apu\tka,1PL\tPST\tnever\tbuy\ttea\tfrom\tthe\tshop-PL\tNEG,We never bought tea from the shops.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-74,29,Anders sou hy kon geval het.,Anders\tsou\thy\tkon\tge-val\thet.,Otherwise\tshould\t3SG.M.NOM\tcould\tPTCP-fallen\tPST,Otherwise he might have fallen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-75,29,omdat hy gister geval het vs. hy het gister geval,omdat\thy\tgister\tgeval\thet\tvs.\thy\thet\tgister\tgeval,because\t3SG.M\tyesterday\tfallen\tPST\tvs.\t3SG.M\tPST\tyesterday\tfallen,because he fell yesterday vs. he fell yesterday,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-76,29,[...] dat sy gister gevind is,[...]\tdat\tsy\tgister\tge-vind\tis,[...]\tthat\t3SG.F.NOM\tyesterday\tPTCP-find\tPASS.PST,[...] that she was found yesterday,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-77,29,[...] dat baie boeke so verkoop kan word,[...]\tdat\tbaie\tboeke\tso\tverkoop\tkan\tword,[...]\tthat\tmany\tbooks\tso\tsold\tcan\tbecome,[...] that many books can be sold in that way,,,,unknown -29-78,29,Sy word herhaaldelik deur die lawaai wakker gemaak.,Sy\tword\therhaaldelik\tdeur\tdie\tlawaai\twakker\tge-maak.,3SG.F.NOM\tbecomes\trepeatedly\tby\tthe\tnoise\tawake\tPTCP-make,She is repeatedly awakened by the noise.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-95,30,E átxa bapor ta sai pa Fránsa.,E=átxa\tbapor\tta=sai\tpa=Fránsa.,3SG=find\tsteamship\tIPFV=go.out\tto=France,He found the steamer that was just outgoing to France.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-96,30,N sta prokupádu ku bu duénsa ki ka sa ta pása.,N=sta\tprokupá-du\tku=bu=duénsa\tki=ka=sa=ta=pása.,1SG=be\tworry-PASS\tabout=2SG.POSS=illness\tCOMP=NEG=PROG=IPFV=come.to.an.end,I am worried because of your disease that (just) won't go away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-97,30,"[...], e lenbra di kusa ki=sáibu flába-el, e pazigua.","[...],\te=lenbra\tdi=kusa\tki=sáibu\tflá-ba=el\te=pazigua.",[...]\t3SG=remember\tof=thing\tCOMP=wise.man\tsay-ANT=3SG\t3SG=calm.down,[...] she remembered what the witch doctor had told her and calmed down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-98,30,Dios ál dá-u sórti!,Dios\tál\tdá=u\tsórti!,God\tOPT\tgive=2SG\tluck,May God grant you luck!,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-99,30,"Kel rapás ku rapariga es ta badjába, dja, sima k'es faseda pa kunpanheru.","Kel=rapás\tku=rapariga\tes=ta=badjá-ba,\tdja,\tsima\tk=es=fase-da\tpa=kunpanheru.",DEM.SG=young.man\twith=girl\t3PL=IPFV=dance-ANT\talready\tso.as\tCOMP=3PL=make-ANT.PASS\tfor=companion,The young man and the girl danced with one another as if they had been made for each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-86,31,Mi’N ta viveba un vida tristi.,Mi’=N\tta\tvive-ba\tun\tvida\ttristi.,I=I\tHAB\tlive-ANT\ta\tlife\tsad,I used to live a sad life.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-87,31,E ka ta daba mi pa’N trabadja.,E\tka\tta\tda-ba\tmi\tpa\tN\ttrabadja,it\tNEG\tASP\tgive-ANT\tme\tfor\tI\twork,It was not sufficient for me to work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-90,31,Maria sta senpri ta pensa na se mininu.,Maria\tsta\tsenpri\tta\tpensa\tna\tse\tmininu.,Maria\tPROG\talways\tASP\tthink\tof\ther\tchild,Maria is always thinking of her child.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-63,32,Kel ves no tá kuzinhá k’lenha.,Kel\tves\tno\ttá\tkuzinhá\tk\tlenha.,that\ttime\t2PL\tPST.IPFV\tcook\tINS\twood,In those days we used to cook with firewood.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-64,32,"Na Olánda, Ailton táva só trubaiá.","Na\tOlánda,\tAilton\ttáva\tsó\ttrubaiá.",in\tHoland\tAilton\tPST.IPFV\tonly\twork,"While in Holland, Ailton only worked.",,,,constructed by native speaker -33-86,33,N na tciga amanha.,N\tna\ttciga\tamanha.,1SG\tFUT\tarrive\ttomorrow,I will arrive tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-87,33,N ta ley tcyu.,N\tta\tley\ttcyu.,1SG\tHAB\tread\ta.lot,I read a lot.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-88,33,M’bay ba skola.,M-bay\tba\tskola.,1SG-go\tPST\tschool,I went to school.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-89,33,N tciga ba ja.,N\ttciga\tba\tja.,1SG\tarrive\tPST\tPRF,I had arrived.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-90,33,N tciga ba aonti.,N\ttciga\tba\taonti.,1SG\tarrive\tPST\tyesterday,I arrived yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-91,33,Jon tciga-nta-l-ba ja.,Jon\ttciga-nta-l-ba\tja.,John\tarrive-CAUS-OBJ.3SG-PST\tANT,John had already put it aside.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-96,33,Maria mora na kasa di Djon ba.,Maria\tmora\tna\tkasa\tdi\tDjon\tba.,Mary\tlive\tin\thouse\tof\tJohn\tPST,Mary lived in John's house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-64,34,I kantá sabi. - I na kantá sabi. - I ta kantá sabi.,I\tø\tkantá\tsabi.\t-\tI\tna\tkantá\tsabi.\t-\tI\tta\tkantá\tsabi.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsing\tnice\t-\t3SG.SBJ\tPROG/FUT\tsing\tnice\t-\t3SG.SBJ\tHAB\tsing\tnice,He sang nicely. - He is singing nicely / he will sing nicely. - He sings nicely.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-65,34,I wojá-l baŋ na Sindoŋ.,I\twojá-l\tbaŋ\tna\tSindoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tsee-3SG.OBJ\tPST\tat\tSindone,He/she had seen him/her at Sindone.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-66,34,"Antu k-i na febursé, i ta korenté karu baŋ.","Antu\tk-i\tna\tfebursé,\ti\tta\tkorenté\tkaru\tbaŋ.",before\tREL.OBJ-3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tfall.ill\t3SG.SBJ\tHAB\tdrive\tcar\tPST,"Before he fell ill, he used to drive cars.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-101,35,Zon tava kwaji kume pixi.,Zon\ttava\tkwaji\tkume\tpixi.,Zon\tPST\talmost\teat\tfish,Zon had almost eaten fish. OR: Zon was almost eating fish.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-104,35,Ê tava kwaji ka fla.,Ê\ttava\tkwaji\tka\tfla.,3SG\tPST\talmost\tIPFV\tspeak,He was about to speak.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-57,36,"Mora ma ê ka kôntê m, am tambe ka kônt'ê.","Mora\tma\tê\tka\tkôntê\tm,\tam\ttambe\tka\tkôntê=ê.",way\tREL\the\tIPFV\thate\tme\tI\talso\tIPFV\thate=him,I hate him the same way he hates me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-59,36,Mene thêka kwaji vitxa.,Mene\tthêka\tkwaji\tvitxa.,Mene\tPROG\talmost\tarrive,Mene is almost arriving.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-66,37,N ka podi.,N\tka\tpodi.,1SG\tIPFV\tcan,I can do it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-68,37,Wêt'ora unôtxi ê tava maxi kalsa fa.,Wêtu\tora\tunôtxi\tê\ttava\tmaxi\tkalsa\tfa.,eight\thour\tnight\t3SG\tPST\tyet\tput.shoes\tNEG,"At eight o’clock in the evening, he hadn’t put his shoes on yet.",,,,elicited from speaker -37-69,37,Mene xintxi ya jingantxi sa kwaji xiga.,Mene\txintxi\tya\tjingantxi\tsa\tkwaji\txiga.,Mene\tfeel\tCOMP\togre\tPROG\talmost\tarrive,Mene felt that the ogre was almost arriving.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-74,38,Zwan sxa kumu ampan.,Zwan\tPROG\tkumu\tampan.,John\tPROG\teat\tbread,John is eating bread.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-90,39,"Foy i pasyo pray, kõpro grãw i vey kaz.","Foy\ti\tpasy-o\tpray,\tkõpr-o\tgrãw\ti\tvey\tkaz.",go.PST\tand\ttake.walk-PST\tbeach\tbuy-PST\tgram\tand\tcome.PST\thome,"[We] went and took a walk around the beach, bought some gram and came home.",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-56,40,"Teru kata-n. — Ku Lwidz difludz hika-d. — (Pay) hal-o tud, dəpəy nigri abri-w pɔrt.","Teru kata-n. — Ku Lwidz difludz hika-d. — (Pay) hal-o tud, dəpəy nigri abri-w pɔrt.",Teru sing-PROG   OBJ Lwidz cold become-PFV   (father) say-PST all then girl open-PST door,Teru is singing. — Lwidz has gotten a cold (he still has it). — (The father) gave the girl all the information and then she opened the door.,,,,naturalistic written -40-57,40,Teru tə kata; Teru ti kata; Teru lə kata; Teru tɛd kata; Teru tid kata; Teru ater/ay kata; Teru (ya) kato,Teru\ttə\tkata;\tTeru\tti\tkata;\tTeru\tlə\tkata;\tTeru\ttɛd\tkata;\tTeru\ttid\tkata;\tTeru\tater/ay\tkata;\tTeru\t(ya)\tkato,Teru\tPRS\tsing\tTeru\tPST\tsing\tTeru\tFUT\tsing\tTeru\tPROX.FUT\tsing\tTeru\tPST.PROX.FUT\tsing\tTeru\tCOND\tsing\tTeru\t(PST)\tsang,Teru sings; Teru used to sing; Teru will sing; Teru is going to sing; Teru was going to sing; Teru would sing/would have sung; Teru sang,,,,constructed by linguist -41-74,41,ɔɔmi falaa lodaa; dreetu viraadu lomustraa,ɔɔmi\tfalaa\tlo-daa;\tdreetu\tviraadu\tlo-mustraa,man\tsay\tFUT-give\tright\twrong\tFUT-show,That man will teach [them]; [he will] show [them] right and wrong.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-75,41,"avara etus induŋa jatomaa teem, noov graandi uŋa","avara\tetus\tinda\tuŋa\tjaa-tomaa\tteem,\tnoov\tgraandi\tuŋa",now\t3PL.HON\tanother\tone\tPST-buy\tPRF\tnew\tbig\tone,"Now they have bought another one, a new big one.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-73,42,eli ta les buku,eli\tta\tles\tbuku,3SG\tPROG\tread\tbook,He is reading a book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-74,42,eli ja bai mar (onti anoti),eli\tja\tbai\tmar\t(onti\tanoti),3SG\tPFV\tgo\tsea\t(yesterday\tnight),He went fishing (last night).,,,,elicited from speaker -42-75,42,sertu lo kai chúa,sertu\tlo\tkai\tchúa,certain\tFUT\tfall\train,Surely it will rain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-53,43,Ki merkesia Sinyor dja tridji djuntadu?,Ki\tmerkesia\tSinyor\tdja\ttridji\tdjuntadu?,what\tmerchandise\tSir\tPFV\tbring\ttogether,What sorts of merchandise have you brought with you?,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-89,44,Ya ganá yo na eleksyón.,Ya\tganá\tyo\tna\teleksyón.,PFV\twin\t1SG\tLOC\telection,I won the elections.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-76,45,Di lliga el alcalde.,Di\tlliga\tel\talcalde.,CTPL\tarrive\tDEF\tmayor,The mayor will arrive.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-86,46,Ya-bené'le ayér.,Ya-bené'le ayér.,PFV-come s/he yesterday,S/he came yesterday.,,,,constructed by linguist -47-81,47,"Mi no ta drumi pafó mas, pasobra awa tawata muhami ora ku awa yobe.","Mi\tno\tta\tdrumi\tpa\tafó\tmas,\tpasobra\tawa\ttawata\tmuha\tmi\tora\tku\tawa\tyobe.",1SG\tNEG\tTNS\tsleep\tfor\toutside\tmore\tbecause\twater\tPST\twet\t1SG\thour\tCOMP\twater\train,"I don't sleep outside anymore, because I was getting wet when it rained.",,,,naturalistic written -47-82,47,Lástima ta pa trabou mi t'aki sinó lo mi a bin Hamaika maske ta pa sinku dia.,lástima\tta\tpa\ttrabou\tmi\tta\taki\tsinó\tlo\tmi\ta\tbini\tHamaika\tmaske\tta\tpa\tsinku\tdia,alas\tCOP\tfor\twork\t1SG\tCOP\there\tif.not\tMOOD\t1SG\tPFV\tcome\tJamaica\tif.only\tCOP\tfor\tfive\tday,"Too bad I am here for work, if not I would have come to Jamaica if only for five days.",,,,naturalistic written -47-83,47,"Ma bobo ku e ta, ela konta su kompader, ku lo e gaña morto.","Ma\tbobo\tku\te\tta,\tel\ta\tkonta\tsu\tkompader,\tku\tlo\te\tgaña\tmorto.",but\tstupid\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP\t3SG\tPFV\ttell\tPOSS\tfriend\tCOMP\tMOOD\t2SG\tpretend\tdead,"But stupid that he is, he told his friend that he intends to play dead.",,,,literary or other written source -47-84,47,Lo mi kanta; Lo bo kanta; Lo e kanta.,Lo\tmi\tkanta;\tLo\tbo\tkanta;\tLo\te\tkanta.,MOOD\t1SG\tsing\tMOOD\t2SG\tsing\tMOOD\t3SG\tsing,I will sing; You will sing; S/he will sing.,,,,published source -47-85,47,Lo nos kanta/ Nos lo kanta; Lo boso kanta/ Boso lo kanta; Lo nan kanta/ Nan lo kanta.,Lo\tnos\tkanta/\tNos\tlo\tkanta;\tLo\tboso\tkanta/\tBoso\tlo\tkanta;\tLo\tnan\tkanta/\tNan\tlo\tkanta.,MOOD\t1PL\tsing\t1PL\tMOOD\tsing\tMOOD\t2PL\tsing\t2PL\tMOOD\tsing\tMOOD\t3PL\tsing\t3PL\tMOOD\tsing,We will sing; You (pl) will sing; They will sing.,,,,published source -47-89,47,Wenchi tabata blo pensa riba Chalito.,Wenchi\ttabata\tblo\tpensa\triba\tChalito.,Wenchi\tPST\tjust\tthink\ton\tChalito,Wenchi thought only of Chalito.,,,,literary or other written source -48-80,48,Nina ta besá-ndo é.,Nina\tta\tbesá-ndo\té.,Nina\tPROG\tkiss-PROG\the/she,Nina is kissing him/her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-81,48,I ta kandá-ndo ele.,I\tta\tkandá-ndo\tele.,I\tPROG\tsing-PROG\the/she,I am singing (lamenting) her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-82,48,Ané ta ablá-ndo ku yo.,Ané\tta\tablá-ndo\tku\tyo.,ellos\tPROG\ttalk-PROG\twith\tI,They are talking with me. OR: They are speaking to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-83,48,¿Utere asé-ba kandá-lo-ba por kuanto ría?,¿Utere\tasé-ba\tkandá-lo-ba\tpor\tkuanto\tría?,you.PL\tHAB-PROG\tsing-it-PST.PROG\tfor\thow.many\tday,You were usually singing to (lamenting) him for how many days?,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-128,49,M ap manje lè m fini m va ale.,M\tap\tmanje\tlè\tm\tfini\tm\tva\tale.,1SG\tINACC\teat\twhen\t1SG\tfinish\t1SG\tFUT\tgo,"I'm eating; when I will have finished, I will leave.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-132,49,"Si moun nan te konn paran w, li pa t ap janm di w betiz.","Si\tmoun\tnan\tte\tkonn\tparan\tw,\tli\tpa\tt\tap\tjanm\tdi\tw\tbetiz.",if\tperson\tDEF\tANT\tknow\tparents\t2SG\t3SG\tNEG\tANT\tINACC\tnever\tsay\t2SG\tnonsense,"If the person knew your parents, he/she would have never told you nonsense.",,,,naturalistic spoken -50-77,50,I té toujou ka maché Bastè.,I\tté\ttoujou\tka\tmaché\tBastè.,3SG\tPST\talways\tPROG\twander.about\tBasse-Terre,He/she was always wandering about in Basse-Terre.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-78,50,I pa ka jan pléré.,I\tpa\tka\tjan\tpléré.,3SG\tNEG\tHAB\tnever\tcry,He/she never cries.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-89,50,I ké travay rèd.,I\tké\ttravay\trèd.,3SG\tFUT\twork\thard,He will work hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-74,51,I té toujou ka maché Baspwent.,I\tté\ttoujou\tka\tmaché\tBaspwent.,3SG\tPST\talways\tPROG\twalk\tBasse-Pointe,He/she was always walking around in Basse-Pointe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-75,51,I pa ka jan pléré.,I\tpa\tka\tjan\tpléré.,3SG\tNEG\tHAB\tnever\tcry,He/she never cries.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-50,52,misyé té souvan ka vini isi-a,misyé\tté\tsouvan\tka\tvini\tisi-a,he\tPST\toften\tIPFV\tcome\there-DEF,He often came to our place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-51,52,mo ka jis krè zombi-a ka egzisté,mo\tka\tjis\tkrè\tzombi-a\tka\tegzisté,I\tIPFV\tjust\tbelieve\tzombi-DEF.ART\tIPFV\texist,I am about to believe (that) the zombi exists.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-172,53,Nave en nom ki te reste la Grand Point.,Nave\ten\tnom\tki\tte\treste\tla\tGrand\tPoint.,there.was\tART.INDF\tman\tREL\tPST\tlive\tART.DEF.SG\tGrand\tPoint,There was a man who lived at Grand Point.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-173,53,To konpran bjen sa m ape di twa?,To\tkonpran\tbjen\tsa\tm\tape\tdi\ttwa?,2SG\tunderstand\twell\tREL\t1SG\tPROG\ttell\t2SG,Do you understand what I'm telling you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-174,53,"Nou va fe la rekol, mwen e twa.","Nou\tva\tfe\tla\trekol,\tmwen\te\ttwa.",1PL\tFUT\tmake\tART.DEF.SG\tharvest\t1SG\tand\t2SG,"We will bring in the harvest, me and you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-175,53,Mo te pa fe aryen.,Mo te pa fe aryen.,1SG PST NEG PROG do anything,I wasn't doing anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-176,53,"Si mo te konnen li te la, mo se pa vini.","Si\tmo\tte\tkonnen\tli\tte\tla,\tmo\tse\tpa\tvini.",if\t1SG\tPST\tknow\t3SG\tPST\tthere\t1SG\tCOND\tNEG\tcome,"If I'd known he was there, I wouldn't have come.",,,,elicited from speaker -54-99,54,Sólèy fini lévé.,Soley\tfini\tleve.,sun\tPRF\trise,The sun has risen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-100,54,Lë zour là fini kléré.,Lë\tzour\tla.fini\tklere.,DEF\tday\tPRF\tshine,The sun has risen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-105,54,"Li lé apré bien kozé, komsa li tonb [...].","Li\tle\tapre\tbyen\tkoze,\tkomsa\tli\ttonm\t[...].",3SG\tCOP.PRS\tPROG\twell\ttalking\tlike.that\t3SG\tfall\t[...],"He keeps on talking, and like this he falls down [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-106,54,Li lé apré toujour anmèrdé.,Li\tle\tapre\ttoujour\tanmerde.,3SG\tCOP.PRS\tPROG\talways\tannoy,He is always annoying [us].,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-75,55,mo ti n travay pu li avaṅ,mo\tti\tn\ttravay\tpu\tli\tavaṅ,1SG\tPST\tPRF\twork\tfor\t3SG\tbefore,I had previously worked for him.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-78,55,Ganes ti pe aṅkor travay,Ganes\tti\tpe\taṅkor\ttravay,Ganesh\tPST\tPROG\tstill\twork,Ganesh was still working (= had not yet finished the day's work).,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-79,55,Ganes pe tuzur travay Fyuel,Ganes\tpe\ttuzur\ttravay\tFyuel,Ganesh\tPROG\tstill\twork\tFUEL,Ganesh is still working for FUEL (Flacq United Estates Ltd) (i.e. he continues to be employed there and hasn't yet retired).,,,,constructed by linguist -56-92,56,Zot ti pu bjẽ servi sa larzã.,Zot\tti\tpou\tbyen\tservi\tsa\tlarzan.,3PL\tPST\tFUT\twell\tuse\tDEM\tmoney,They would use this money well.,,,,naturalistic written -56-93,56,Lapeti pa ti zame kras lo larak.,Lapeti\tpa\tti\tzame\tkras\tlo\tlarak.,Lapeti\tNEG\tPST\tnever\tspit\ton\tarrack,Lapeti never spit on the arrack.,,,,naturalistic written -56-94,56,Mon pe touzour dormi.,Mon\tpe\ttouzour\tdormi.,1SG\tPROG\talways\tsleep,I am always sleeping.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-95,56,Pol pe sertenman dormi sa ler.,Pol\tpe\tsertenman\tdormi\tsa\tler.,Paul\tPROG\tsurely\tsleep\tthis\ttime,Paul must be sleeping at this time.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -56-96,56,Bird Island mon'n deza ale.,Bird\tIsland\tmon'n\tdeza\tale.,Bird\tIsland\t1SG.PRF\talready\tgo,I've already been to Bird Island.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-141,57,ta atra nde fe kwa?,ta\tatra\tnde\tfe\tkwa?,2SG\tPROG\tPROG\tdo\twhat,What are you doing at the moment?,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-142,57,Linda ke ambrase lja,Linda\tke\tambrase\tlja,Linda\toften\tkiss\t3SG.OBJ,Linda often kisses him.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-143,57,ma fini reste numea,ma\tfini\treste\tnumea,1SG\tCOMPL\tlive\tNoumea,I lived in Noumea (but now I am living elsewhere).,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-170,57,ma va pa ale,ma\tva\tpa\tale,1SG\tFUT\tNEG\tgo,I won’t be going.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-56,58,Yandi me(ne) kwenda.,Yandi\tme(ne)\tkwenda.,he/she\tPRF\tgo,He/She has gone/let.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-57,58,Yandi ke(le) kwenda.,Yandi\tke(le)\tkwenda.,he/she\tPROG\tgo,He/She is going/leaving.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-58,58,Yandi ata kwenda.,Yandi\tata\tkwenda.,he/she\tFUT\tgo,He/She will go.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-59,58,Yandi kwend-aka.,Yandi\tkwend-aka.,he/she\tgo-PST,He/She went/left.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-146,59,mo yeke te nyama ti nyen'?,mo\tyeke\tte\tnyama\tti\tnyen'?,2SG\tCOP\teat\tmeat\tof\twhat,What kind of meat do you (habitually) eat?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-147,59,lo tene mama ti lo ake kiri lawa,lo\ttene\tmama\tti\tlo\ta-ke\tkiri\tlawa,3SG\tsay\tmother\tof\t3SG\tPM-COP\treturn\twhen,He asked when her mother was returning.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-58,60,atángákí,a-táng-ákí,3SG-study-PST,He studied.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-59,60,akotánga,a-ko-táng-a,3SG-FUT-study-FV,He will study.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-38,61,Yena hambile khaya.,Yena\thamb-ile\tkhaya.,he\tgo-PST\thome.,He went home. OR: She/it went home.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-39,61,Yena zo ai hamba khaya.,Yena\tzo\tai\thamb-a\tkhaya.,he\tFUT\tNEG\tgo-V\thome,He will not go home. OR: She/it won't go home.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-38,62,uʔilíye héló vasitá ní vúgha na mlálo?,u-ila-íye\thé-lo\tvasita\tní\tvugha\tna\tmlalo?,2SG-know-PRF\t16-have\tShambaa\tis\tVuga\twith\tMlalo,Do you know there are Shambaa people at Vuga and Mlalo?,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-121,62,é-háhóye hódi tó ní ha-kuhló,é-háhóye\thódi\ttó\tní\tha-kuhló,1-16.see.PRF\tplace\tthere\tCOP\t16-good,He saw the place was good.,,,,unspecified -63-78,63,íta gu rúo búkra,íta\tgu\trúo\tbúkra,2SG\tTAM\tgo\ttomorrow,You will leave tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-79,63,úwo bi-áwn íta má,úwo\tbi-áwn\títa\tmá,3SG\tTAM-help\t2SG\tNEG,He will not help you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-80,63,harím sudan-íya kan híbu dúgu kasma ma híbra,harím\tsudan-íya\tkan\thíbu\tdúgu\tkasma\tma\thíbra,women.PL\tSudanese-PL\tANT\tlove\thit\tmouth\twith\tink,The Sudanese women liked to put ink on their lips.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-82,64,úmon birája búkra,úmon\tbi=rája\tbúkra,3PL\tIRR=come.back\ttomorrow,They will come back tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-83,64,ána geágra inglízi,ána\tge=ágra\tinglízi,1SG\tPROG=study\tEnglish,I’m studying English.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-84,64,kan úo ma tála bára úmon kan ma biligó úo,kan\túo\tma\ttála\tbára\túmon\tkan\tma\tbi=ligó\túo,COND\t3SG\tNEG\tgo.out\toutside\t3PL\tANT\tNEG\tIRR=find\t3SG,"If he hadn’t come out into the open, they wouldn’t have found him.",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-85,64,wókit ána kan ma geisténna íta íta wósulu,wókit\tána\tkan\tma\tge=isténna\títa\títa\twósulu,time\t1SG\tANT\tNEG\tPROG=wait\t2SG\t2SG\tarrive,"When I was no longer waiting for you, you arrived.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-68,65,Za maja fal'ʃiwijla nitu.,Za\tmaja\tfal'ʃiwij-la\tnitu.,TOP\t1SG\tbe.false-PFV\tNEG,I was not hypocritical.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-69,65,Siwodəni maja səpi ni budu.,Siwodəni\tmaja\tsəpi\tni\tbudu.,today\t1SG\tsleep\tNEG\tFUT,I will not sleep today.,,,,citation in fiction -65-70,65,Iwo lamajla ju?,Iwo\tlamaj-la\tju?,3SG\tbreak-PFV\tCOP,Did he fall ill?,,,,elicited from speaker -66-51,66,Rikas nasiyang sumakanabbis.,Rikas\tnasi-yang\tsu-makan-abbis.,Rikas\trice-ACC\tPST-eat-ASP,Rikas has finished eating the rice.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-97,67,Sekarang suda tukar.,Sekarang\tsuda\ttukar.,now\tPFV\tchange,Now it’s already changed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-53,68,Der tadi de so sem bisa k atas lei.,Der\ttadi\tde\tso\tsem\tbisa\tk\tatas\tlei.,from\tjust.now\t3SG\tPFV\tNEG\tcan\tto\ttop\talso,"Since just now, she hasn't been able to climb [the tree].",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-55,68,Dong su mau tanggalang [...].,Dong\tsu\tmau\ttanggalang\t[...].,3PL\tPFV\tFUT\tdrown\t[...],They were about to drown [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-145,68,"Des, ini ruma katong pung ruma suda.","Des,\tini\truma\tkatong\tpung\truma\tsuda.",so\tDEM\thouse\t1PL\tPOSS\thouse\tEMPH,"So, this house is ours, and that’s final.",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-33,69,ama andənan,ama\tandə-nan,1SG\thear-NONFUT,I heard,,,,elicited from speaker -71-77,71,Olelo hou ana.,Olelo\thou\tana.,speak\tagain\tIPFV,[He] was speaking again.,,,,naturalistic written -72-71,72,Dat boingku i bin maindimbatkarra nyanuny kapuku.,Dat\tboi-ngku\ti\tbin\tmaind-im-bat-karra\tnyanuny\tkapuku.,the\tboy-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tmind-TR-CONT-CONT\t3DAT\tsister,The boy was looking after his sister.,,,cd2f8e3fb3735d7c9b63a8780639bbb1,narrative -72-73,72,I bin til faindim nyanuny Mummy na dat yapakayingku.,I\tbin\ttil\tfaind-im\tnyanuny\tMummy\tna\tdat\tyapakayi-ngku.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tstill\tfind-TR\t3SG.DAT\tmother\tFOC\tthe\tsmall-ERG,"It still found its mother, the little one did.",,,d74b8437476a636cd4eb4e196a886201,peer elicitation -73-54,73,kurixungi,kuri-xu-ngi,run-PROG-2SG,You are running.,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-68,74,ánqati náyka mákmak,ánqati\tnáyka\tmákmak,previously\t1SG\teat,I ate. OR: I was eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-69,74,álta náyka mákmak,álta\tnáyka\tmákmak,now\t1SG\teat,I’m eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-70,74,álta pus łáska mákmak,álta\tpus\tłáska\tmákmak,now\twhen\t3PL\teat,and then they ate,,,,narrative -75-123,75,Ralph Ledoux giinagamuhpan.,Ralph\tLedoux\tgii-nagamu-hpan.,Ralph\tLedoux\tPST-sing-PRET,Ralph Ledoux used to be a singer.,,,,elicited from speaker -76-41,76,ū'blȗ kaili pȗgmȗmmi,ū'blȗ\tkaili\tpȗgmȗmmi,day\tcome\tnow,It is just dawning.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-42,76,nanako opinera malo tereva awoña - kaili suli picuktu,nanako opinera malo tereva awoña - kaili suli picuktu,afterward summer two enough I   come more want,After two summers are finished I want to come again.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-43,76,oblumi kaili picunittcu,oblumi\tkaili\tpicunittcu,day\tcome\tneedless,He does not need to come today.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-112,1,"Effi a ben jeri, a ben sa komm.","Efi\ta\tben\tyere,\ta\tben\tsa\tkon.",if\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\thear\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tFUT\tcome,"If he had heard, he would have come.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-113,1,Wie ben dee fom em brara.,Wi\tben\tde\tfon\ten\tbrara.,1PL\tPST\tASP\tpunish\t3SG\tbrother,We were punishing his brother.,,,,written -1-114,1,Joe ben sa dee leesie?,Yu\tben\tsa\tde\tlesi?,2SG\tPST\tFUT\tIPFV(/COP)\tbe.lazy,Would you be lazy?,,,,written -1-115,1,Diesie sa dé wroko da tem dan heelie tranga foe troe.,Disi\tsa\tde\twroko\tdaten\tdan\theli\ttranga\tfu\ttru.,REL\tFUT\tIPFV\twork\tthat.time\tthen\tvery\thard\tfor\ttrue,Who then will be working really hard by that time.,,,,written -2-99,2,"Wel, dan granpa ben sa e gi den (owru tori) ma dati mi no miti.","Wel,\tdan\tgranpa\tben\tsa\te\tgi\tden\t(owru\ttori)\tma\tdati\tmi\tno\tmiti.",Well\tthen\tgranddad\tPST\tMOOD\tIPFV\tgive\tthem\t(old\tstory)\tbut\tthat\t1SG\tNEG\tmeet,"Well, then granddad would have (habitually) told them, but I never experienced that.",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-100,2,"Efu John ben de dya, a ben sa e sribi now.","Efu\tJohn\tben\tde\tdya,\ta\tben\tsa\te\tsribi\tnow.",if\tJohn\tPST\tCOP\there\t3SG\tPST\tMOOD\tIPFV\tsleep\tnow,"If John were here, he would be sleeping now.",,,,elicited from speaker -2-101,2,A ben musu e taki nanga en m’ma.,A\tben\tmusu\te\ttaki\tnanga\ten\tm’ma.,3SG\tPST\tmust\tIPFV\ttalk\twith\t3SG.POSS\tmother,She must have been talking to her mother.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-102,2,Nownow de Tanti M. sa ben e ferteri stori efu a ben de na libi ete.,Nownow\tde\tTanti\tM.\tsa\tben\te\tferteri\tstori\tefu\ta\tben\tde\tna\tlibi\tete.,now\tthere\tAunt\tM\tMOOD\tPST\tIPFV\ttell\tstory\tif\tSG\tPST\tCOP\tLOC\tlife\tyet,Aunt M would have been telling stories right now if she were still alive.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-74,4,"Fa i si u be de ya, da na so u be mu e de.","Fa\ti\tsi\tu\tbe\tde\tya,\tda\tna\tso\tu\tbe\tmu\te\tde.",how\tyou.SG\tsee\tyou/we\tPST\tCOP\there\tthen\tCOP\tso\tyou/we\tPST\tOBLIG\tIPFV\tCOP,"Just the way that you were now, it is thus you should have been.",,,,naturalistic spoken -4-198,4,"Efu J. be de ya, a be sa e siibi nownow.","Efu\tJ.\tbe\tde\tya,\ta\tbe\tsa\te\tsiibi\tnownow.",if\tJ.\tPST\tCOP\there\t3SG\tPST\tMOOD\tPROG\tsleep\tnow,"If J. was here, he might be sleeping now.",,,,constructed by linguist -5-73,5,dem bin a go raab mi,dem\tbin\ta\tgo\traab\tmi,3PL\tANT\tASP\tMOOD\trob\t1SG,They would have robbed me.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-116,7,If mi bin a sliip i wodn a ste.,If\tmi\tbin\ta\tsliip\ti\twodn\ta\tste.,if\t1SG\tPST\tPROG\tsleep\t3SG\tMOD.NEG\tPCL\tstay,"If I had been sleeping, he would not have stayed.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-117,7,Mi bin a go sliip.,Mi\tbin\ta\tgo\tsliip.,1SG\tPST\tPROG\tgo\tsleep,I was going to sleep.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-99,10,So wan man wehn de paas [...].,So\twan\tman\twehn\tde\tpaas\t[...].,so\tART.INDF\tman\tANT\tPROG\tpass\t[...],So a man was passing by [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-100,10,him wehn gwain staat,him\twehn\tgwain\tstaat,3SG\tANT\tFUT\tstart,he was going to/would start,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-119,11,Iin a tach hous di sik uman di don instaal [...].,Iin\ta\ttach\thous\tdi\tsik\tuman\tdi\tdon\tinstaal\t[...].,in\tART.INDF\tthatched\thouse\tART.DEF\tsick\twoman\tPST\tCOMPL\tinstall\t[...],The sick woman had already been installed in a house with a palm-thatched roof [...].,,,,naturalistic written -11-120,11,"Di dakta seh ih di tu liet, di rat di gwain ded.","Di\tdakta\tseh\tih\tdi\ttu\tliet,\tdi\trat\tdi\tgwain\tded.",ART.DEF\tdoctor\tsay\t3SG.N\tPST\ttoo\tlate\tART.DEF\trat\tPST\tFUT\tdie,"The doctor said it was too late, the rat was going to die.",,,,naturalistic written -11-121,11,Ih mi di iit di graas.,Ih\tmi\tdi\tiit\tdi\tgraas.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\teat\tART.DEF\tgrass,He ate the grass.,,,,naturalistic written -11-122,11,yu mi dringkin,yu\tmi\tdringk-in,2SG\tANT\tdrink-PROG,You were drinking/have been drinking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-123,11,"If dis ting woz wel regyulietid, di tiicha dem wud stap rait hier.","If\tdis\tting\twoz\twel\tregyulietid,\tdi\ttiicha\tdem\twud\tstap\trait\thier.",if\tDEM\tthing\tCOP.PST\twell\tregulated\tART.DEF\tteacher\tPL\twould\tstop\tright\there,"If this thing was well regulated, the teachers would stop it right here.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-124,11,If enibadi di waa kil sombadi deh hiet aar fa enitin els.,If\tenibadi\tdi\twaa\tkil\tsombadi\tdeh\thiet\taar\tfa\tenitin\tels.,if\tanybody\tPST\tFUT\tkill\tsomebody\t3PL\theat\t3SG.F.OBJ\tfor\tanything\telse,If anyone wanted to kill someone they made her angry for any reason whatsoever.,,,,naturalistic written -11-125,11,"Iin a kwayet vois shi aks ar ded piipl if shi don du inof, if shi du it gud an if deh niid enitin els fa shi kud stie wid dem weh livin.","Iin\ta\tkwayet\tvois\tshi\taks\tar\tded\tpiipl\tif\tshi\tdon\tdu\tinof,\tif\tshi\tdu\tit\tgud\tan\tif\tdeh\tniid\tenitin\tels\tfa\tshi\tkud\tstie\twid\tdem\tweh\tliv-in.",in\tART.INDF\tquiet\tvoice\t3SG.SBJ.F\task\t3SG.POSS.F\tdead\tpeople\tif\t3SG.SBJ.F\tCOMPL\tdo\tenough\tif\t3SG.SBJ.F\tdo\t3SG.OBJ.N\tgood\tand\tif\t3PL.SBJ\tneed\tanything\telse\tfor\t3SG.SBJ.F\tcould\tstay\twith\t3PL.OBJ\tREL\tlive-PROG,"Quietly she asked her dead family members if she had done enough for them, whether she had done it well and whether they needed anything else so that she could stay with those who were living.",,,,naturalistic written -11-126,11,Ai di stodin hier iin Bluufiilz.,Ai\tdi\tstod-in\thier\tiin\tBluufiilz.,1SG\tPST\tstudy-PROG\there\tin\tBluefields,I was studying here in Bluefields.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-99,12,I was working. I did done start working.,I\tdid\tdone\tstart\twork-ing.,I\tPST\tCOMPL\tstart\twork-PROG,I was working. I had already started to work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-100,12,"I gotta learn how to drive, cause with my age, people should - people - w- shoulda done learn how to drive long time.",[...]\tpeople\t[...]\tshoulda\tdone\tlearn\t[...].,[...]\tpeople\t[...]\tMOD.AUX\tCOMPL\tlearn\t[...],"[I’ll have to learn how to drive, because at my age,] one should have already learned [how to drive a long time ago].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-101,12,"When you get back, I gon’ done be finish this letter.",[...]\tI\tgon’\tdone\tbe\tfinish\t[...],[...]\tI\tFUT\tCOMPL\tHAB\tfinish\t[...],"[By the time you return,] I will have finished this letter.",,,,elicited from speaker -12-102,12,I did 'pose to 'pear in court.,I did 'pose to 'pear in court.,1SG.SBJ do.PST MOD.AUX appear in court,I was supposed to appear in court.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-80,13,She might been done cook.,She\tmight\tbeen\tdone\tcook.,3SG\tmight\tPST\tPFV\tcook,She might have cooked [already].,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -14-56,14,They had done left.,They\thad\tdone\tleft.,they\thave.PST\tCOMPL\tleft,They had already left.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-67,15,"If ren nɔ bin de kam, wi bin fɔ de ple bɔl.","If\tren\tnɔ\tbin\tde\tkam,\twi\tbin\tfɔ\tde\tple\tbɔl.",if\train\tNEG\tPST\tPROG\tcome\twe\tPST\tMOOD\tPROG\tplay\tball,"If it hadn’t been raining, we would have been playing ball (i.e. soccer).",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -17-65,17,À fò̱ (bin) do̱n (ko̱m) dè wàka finish.,À\tfò̱\t(bin)\tdo̱n\t(ko̱m)\tdè\twàka\tfinish.,1SG.SBJ\tIRR\t(ANT)\tCOMPL1\t(REALIS)\tNCOMPL\twalk\tCOMPL2,I should have (had) been (actually) walking already.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-73,17,À fò̱ no bin dè go.,À\tfò̱\tno\tbin\tdè\tgo.,1SG.SBJ\tIRR\tNEG\tANT\tNCOMPL\tgo,I should not have been going.,,,,constructed by linguist -19-77,19,ɛ̀f yù bìn kan bìgín las semana yù bìn fɔ̀ dɔn finis tìdé.,ɛ̀f\tyù\tbìn\tkan\tbìgín\tlas\tsemana\tyù\tbìn\tfɔ̀\tdɔn\tfinis\ttìdé.,if\t2SG\tANT\tPFV\tbegin\tlast\tweek\t2SG\tANT\tASSOC\tPRF\tfinish\ttoday,"If you had begun last week, you would have already finished (by) today.",,,,elicited from speaker -21-62,21,Lastime she would always do that.,Lastime\tshe\twould\talways\tdo\tthat.,PST\t3SG\tIRR\tHAB\tdo\tthat,In the past she used to do that.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-76,23,bae mi mi go swim finis,bae\tmi\tmi\tgo\tswim\tfinis,IRR\t1SG\t1SG\tgo\tswim\tCOMPL,"Me, I'll go have my bath.",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-77,23,Sistem we gavman i bin stap wok long hem bifo kam kasem tede.,Sistem\twe\tgavman\ti\tbin\tstap\twok\tlong\them\tbifo\tkam\tkasem\ttede.,system\tREL\tgovernment\tAGR\tANT\tPROG\twork\tat\t3SG\tbefore\tcome\tuntil\ttoday,the system that the government had been using until today,,,,naturalistic written -25-218,25,"En dijan griba tu, wi bin wana jakim la wada.","En\tdijan\tgriba\ttu,\twi\tbin\twana\tjak-im\tla\twada.",and\tPROX:ADJ\tcreeper\ttoo\t1PL\tPST\tPOT\tthrow-TR\tLOC\twater,"And this creeper (plant), we would have thrown it into the water (using it as fish poison).",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-219,25,"Wi shud binala gidim du, ei?","Wi\tshud\tbin=ala\tgid-im\tdu,\tei?",1PL\tshould\tPST=always/HAB\tget-TR\ttoo\tTAG,"We should have been getting them too, ey? (Context: flood relief goods). OR: We should have been able to get them too, ey? (Orig. Transl.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-54,26,hi waz gɔn bi wæɹin da seɪm sɔɹi ɛkspɹɛʃin,hi\twaz\tgɔn\tbi\twæɹ-in\tda\tseɪm\tsɔɹi\tɛkspɹɛʃin,3SG\twas\tFUT\tbe\twear-PROG\tART\tsame\tsorry\texpression,He was going to be wearing the same sorry expression.,,,,written (poetic) -28-86,28,ɛk wa sa kutɛ en ar twe fan eni an tem eni,ɛkɛ\twa\tsa\tku-tɛ\ten\tar\ttwe\tfan\teni\tan\ttem\teni,1SG\tPST\tIRR\tcatch-PFV\tone\tor\ttwo\tfrom\t3PL\tand\ttame\t3PL,I would have caught one or two of them and tamed them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-100,30,Nhu ál sa ta majikába algun kusa!,Nhu\tál\tsa=ta=majiká-ba\talgun\tkusa!,2SG.M.POL\tMOD\tPROG=IPFV=ponder-ANT\tsome\tthing,You were definitely musing over something!,,,,constructed by linguist -31-88,31,[...] pamo tinha avian ki sa ta koreba na kel tenpu.,[...]\tpamo\ttinha\tavian\tki\tsa\tta\tkore-ba\tna\tkel\ttenpu.,[...]\tbecause\twas\tplane\tthat\tPROG\tMOOD\tsleep-ANT\tat\tthat\ttime,[...] because there were planes that used to fly at that time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-89,31,Es fra un minina go ki staba ta bende pexi [...].,Es\tfra\tun\tminina\tgo\tki\tsta-ba\tta\tbende\tpexi\t[...].,they\tsay\ta\tgirl\tnow\tthat\tPROG-ANT\tMOOD\tsell\tfish\t[...],They said that a girl who was then selling fish [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-92,33,N’ na ta bay ba skola ma N’ sta ba dwenti.,N’\tna\tta\tbay\tba\tskola\tma\tN’\tsta\tba\tdwenti.,1SG\tPROG\tMOOD\tgo\tPST\tschool\tbut\t1SG\tbe\tPST\tsick,"I would have gone to school, but I was sick.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-93,33,N tciga ba ja.,N\ttciga\tba\tja.,1SG\tarrive\tPST\tANT,I had already arrived.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-100,35,"Xi ê ká ta ka kume, ami tudaxi ka kume.","Xi\tê\tká\tta\tka\tkume,\tami\ttudaxi\tka\tkume.",if\t3SG\tIRR\tPST\tIPFV\teat\t1SG\talso\tIPFV\teat,"If he had been eating, I also would have been eating.",,,b9142df1e3cb912d383029c2a36338c9,elicited from speaker -37-67,37,"Xi non ka tava sa xivi wosê, non ka tava tê dyô.","Xi\tnon\tka\ttava\tsa\txivi\twosê,\tnon\tka\ttava\ttê\tdyô.",if\t1PL\tMOOD\tPST\tPROG\twork\tnow\t1PL\tMOOD\tPST\thave\tmoney,"If we were working now, we would have money.",,,,elicited from speaker -38-75,38,pa no xa sxa sefa notu da,pa\tno\txa\tsxa\tsé-fa\tno-tudu\tda,for\t1PL\tEVID\tPROG\tknow-say\t1PL-all\tbe.part.of,so that we know that we are all here,,,,elicited from speaker -41-76,41,(ja)fayataanteem/tiɲa/loteem vs. jafaya teem/tiɲa/loteem,jaa-faya-taam\tteem/tiɲa/lo-teem\tvs.\tjaa-faya\tteem/tiɲa/lo-teem,PST-do-PROG\tbe.PRS/be.PST/FUT-be\tvs.\tPST-do\tbe.PRS/be.PST/FUT-be,is/was/will be doing vs. has/had/will have done,,,,constructed by linguist -41-77,41,asii tɛɛndutaam noos botaa um mɔɔstar daaytaan teem,asii\ttɛɛndutaam\tnoos\tbotaa\tum\tmɔɔstar\tdaay-taam\tteem,thus\teven.so\t1PL\tput\tone\tway\tput.up.with-PROG\tPRS.be,"Even so, we are trying and somehow putting up with him.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-78,41,osiir mee maay; paay yakamura,osiir\tmee\tmaay;\tpaay\tjaa-kaa-mura,3SG.HON\tFOC\tmother\tfather\tPST-PFV-die,SHE (indicating woman present) is my mother; my father has died.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-79,41,noos naa poy maraa guvɛɛrnupa. diɲeeru pamaraa naa poy.,noos\tnaa\tpooy\tmaraa\tguvɛɛrnu-pa.\tdiɲeeru\tpa-maraa\tnaa\tpooy.,1PL\tNEG.FUT\tHABIL\tpay\tgovernment-DAT\tmoney\tINF-pay\tNEG.FUT\tHABIL,We can't pay the government. We can't pay the money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-86,47,Lo mi tabata por a kome.,Lo\tmi\ttabata\tpor\ta\tkome.,MOOD\t1SG\tPST\tbe.able\tPFV\teat,I shall have been able to eat.,,,,published source -47-87,47,Lo e por ta kome.,Lo\te\tpor\tta\tkome.,MOOD\t3SG\tbe.able\tTNS\teat,He may be eating.,,,,published source -48-46,48,Ese ma hende ri Katahena asé-ba miní akí Palengue nu.,Ese\tma\thende\tri\tKatahena\tasé-ba\tminí\takí\tPalengue\tnu.,this\tPL\tpeople\tof\tCartagena\tHAB-PST\tcome\there\tPalenque\tNEG,These people from Cartagena generally did not come to (here) Palenque.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-84,48,[...] y-aké taba asé musá.,[...]\ty-aké\ttaba\tasé\tmusá.,[...]\tI-IRR\tPROG\tmake\tmusá,"[...] I would be making ""musá"" (a local dish).",,,,naturalistic spoken -48-85,48,É ta-ba nesesitá mí aí.,É\tta-ba\tnesesitá\tmí\taí.,he/she\tPROG-PST\tneed\tme\tthere,He/she needed me there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-86,48,¡Ay! ma hende tan pegá mí.,¡Ay!\tma\thende\ttan\tpegá\tmí.,ay\tPL\tpeople\tFUT\thit\tme,Ay! People are going to hit me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-129,49,Eske ou kwè li t av ap danse pandan manman l ap chache l toupatou?,Eske\tou\tkwè\tli\tt\tav\tap\tdanse\tpandan\tmanman\tl\tap\tchache\tl\ttoupatou?,Q\t2SG\tbelieve\t3SG\tANT\tIRR\tPROG\tdanse\twhile\tmother\t3SG.POSS\tPROG\tlook.for\t3SG\teverywhere,Do you think s/he would be dancing while his/her mother is looking all over for him/her?,,,,constructed by linguist -50-75,50,"Si zanndoli té bon vyann, i pa té ké ka tréné anlè tout bayè.","Si\tzanndoli\tté\tbon\tvyann,\ti\tpa\tté\tké\tka\ttréné\tanlè\ttout\tbayè.",if\tlizard\tPST.be\tgood\tmeat\t3SG\tNEG\tPST\tMOOD\tPROG\thang.around\ton\tall\tfences,"If lizard were good meat, it would not hang around on all fences.",,,,naturalistic spoken -51-72,51,"Si zanndoli té bon viann, ou pa té ké ka wè'y ka trennen asou tout bayè.","Si\tzanndoli\tté\tbon\tviann,\tou\tpa\tté\tké\tka\twè'y\tka\ttrennen\tasou\ttout\tbayè.",if\tlizard\tPST\tgood\tmeat\t2SG\tNEG\tPST\tFUT\tPROG\tsee.3SG\tPROG\thang.about\ton\tall\tfences,"If lizard were good meat, you would not see him hanging about on all fences.",,,,naturalistic spoken -52-49,52,mo té ké ka ba to li si mo té ké gen asé pou mo timoun,mo\tté\tké\tka\tba\tto\tli\tsi\tmo\tté\tké\tgen\tasé\tpou\tmo\ttimoun,I\tPST\tFUT\tIPFV\tgive\tyou\tit\tif\tI\tPST\tFUT\thave\tenough\tfor\tmy\tchild,I would have given it to you if (only) I had had enough for my children.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-177,53,To t ap travaje pou le Kadjen.,To\tt\tap\ttravaje\tpou\tle\tKadjen.,2SG\tPST\tPROG\twork\tfor\tART.DEF.PL\tCajun,You were working for the Cajuns.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-178,53,"Li s ape peche asteur, si la plwi se pa tonbe.","Li\ts\tape\tpeche\tasteur,\tsi\tla\tplwi\tse\tpa\ttonbe.",3SG\tCOND\tPROG\tfish\tnow\tif\tART.DEF.SG\train\tCOND\tNEG\tfall,He would be fishing now if it weren't raining.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-101,54,Zòt lóré té fini tyé azòt si zòt té i rest ansanm.,Zot\tlore\tte\tfini\ttye\tazot\tsi\tzot\tte-i\trest\tansanm.,3PL\tCOND\tPST\tPRF\tkill\tOBL.3PL\tif\t3PL\tPST-FIN\tstay\ttogether,They would have killed each other if they had stayed together.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-102,54,loré té pou manzhé,lore\tte\tpou\tmanje,COND\tPST\tPROG\teat,would be eating,,,,constructed by linguist -55-77,55,Li ti ava pe aprann si li ti anvi pas so lexame.,Li\tti\tava\tpe\taprann\tsi\tli\tti\tanvi\tpas\tso\tlexame.,3SG\tPST\tMOOD\tASP\tlearn\tif\t3SG\tPST\twant\tpass\tPOSS\texam,"She would have been studying, if she had wanted to pass her exams.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -56-97,56,"Si nou ti Sesel, nou ti ava pe fini travay sa ler.","Si\tnou\tti\tSesel,\tnou\tti\tava\tpe\tfini\ttravay\tsa\tler.",if\t1PL\tPST\tSeychelles\t1PL\tPST\tFUT\tPROG\tfinish\twork\tDEF\thour,"If we were in the Seychelles, we would have been about to finish / in the process of finishing at this time (of the day).",,,,constructed by native speaker -58-60,58,Yandi vand-a(k)a sakana.,Yandi\tvand-a(k)a\tsakana.,he\tsit-PST\tplay,He was playing.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -61-40,61,[...] yena zo gate hambile.,[...]\tyena\tzo\tgate\thamb-ile.,[...]\the\tFUT\tANT\tgo-PST,[...] he will have gone. OR: [...] he will be gone.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-41,61,Mina zo hamba.,Mina\tzo\thamb-a.,I\twill\tgo-PRS,I'll go.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-42,61,Mina hambile,Mina\thamb-ile,I\tgo-PFV,I went. OR: I have gone.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-43,61,Mina kade hamba.,Mina\tkade\thamb-a.,I\tANT\tgo-PRS,I was going. OR: I used to go.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-44,61,Mina kade hambile.,Mina\tkade\thamb-ile.,I\tANT\tgo-PRF,I had gone. OR: I already went.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-45,61,Mina zo hambile.,Mina\tzo\thamb-ile.,I\tFUT\tgo-PRF,I will have gone. OR: I'll be gone.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-46,61,Mina zo kade idlile.,Mina\tzo\tkade\tidl-ile.,I\tFUT\tANT\teat-PRF,I will have had eaten. OR: I'll already have eaten.,,,,constructed by linguist -63-226,63,kan bi gi ruwa,kan\tbi\tgi\truwa,PST\tFUT\tPROG\tgo,would have been going,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -64-86,64,kan anína bikun gestakal anina ma bikun gegana,kan\tanína\tbi=kun\tge=stakal\tanina\tma\tbi=kun\tge=gana,if\t1PL\tIRR=be\tPROG=work\t1PL\tNEG\tIRR=be\tPROG=sing,"If we were working now, we wouldn't be singing.",,,,constructed by linguist -65-71,65,Posli adavaj nada budu.,Posli\tadavaj\tnada\tbudu.,later\tgive.back\tmust\tFUT,I will have to give it [money] back later.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-98,67,Saya nanti boleh kasi perut besar ah.,Saya\tnanti\tboleh\tkasi\tperut\tbesar\tah.,1SG\tlater\tcan\tgive\tstomach\tbig\tPCL,"Later, I will be able to make [my] stomach big.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-99,67,Dulu ada niaka.,Dulu\tada\tniaka.,PST\thave\tbusiness,"Before, [I] had business.",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-34,69,ama təpambi tanan,ama\ttəpa-mbi\tta-nan,1SG\tbathe-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT,I'm washing,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-72,72,An nyawarni kankulak mibala yusta gon.,An\tnyawa-rni\tkankula-k\tmibala\tyusta\tgon.,CONJ\tthis-only\tdown-ALL\t1PL.INC.SBJ.PST\tHAB\tgo,And we used to go down right here.,,,b63438be2e35434c5769c3acac9234b0,naturalistic spoken -75-124,75,Kiikakweepoonipiistwaw.,Kii-kakwee-pooni-piistwa-w.,PST-try-quit-smoke-3,She attempted to quit smoking.,,,,naturalistic written -75-125,75,Kiikishkeehtamaan gakiiayaan uta.,Kii-kishkeehtam-aan\tga-kii-ayaa-n\tuta.,PST-know.INAN-1SG\t1POT-PST-be-1SG\there,Had I known I would have stayed.,,,,naturalistic written -2-103,2,"Te prani aleisi ten, mi ben e gwe go prani aleisi.","Te\tprani\taleisi\tten,\tmi\tben\te\tgwe\tgo\tprani\taleisi.",when\tplant\trice\ttime\tI\tPST\tIPFV\tgo\tgo\tplant\trice,"When it was time to plant rice, I went to plant rice.",,,,elicited from speaker -4-75,4,Den be sa man kweki en?,Den\tbe\tsa\tman\tkweki\ten?,they\tPST\tPOT\table\traise\thim,Would they have been able to raise him?,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-74,5,dem bin don noo wa fu du,dem\tbin\tdon\tnoo\twa\tfu\tdu,3PL\tPST\tCOMPL\tknow\twhat\tto\tdo,They had already known what to do.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-48,6,Shi done eat already. — Hi did eat.,Shi\tdone\teat\talready.\t—\tHi\tdid\teat.,3SG\tCOMPL\teat\talready\t—\t3SG\tANT\teat,She already ate. — He ate.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-121,7,Mi bin go muuv dem.,Mi\tbin\tgo\tmuuv\tdem.,1SG\tPST\tIRR\tmove\t3PL,I intended to move them. OR: I tried to move them.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-122,7,Mi bin fo muuv dem.,Mi\tbin\tfo\tmuuv\tdem.,1SG\tPST\tOBLIG\tmove\t3PL,I was supposed to move them.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-70,8,Di pikni wehn de kil di flowaz.,Di\tpikni\twehn\tde\tkil\tdi\tflowaz.,DET\tchild\tANT\tPROG\tkill\tDET\tflowers,The child was killing the flowers.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-87,9,Wi me de wok fu ʃɛl.,Wi\tme\tde\twok\tfu\tʃɛl.,1PL\tANT\tPROG\twork\tfor\tShell,We were working for Shell. OR: We had been working for Shell (when the event occurred).,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-101,10,Yu wehn pramis mi se yu neva gwain bait mi.,Yu\twehn\tpramis\tmi\tse\tyu\tneva\tgwain\tbait\tmi.,2SG\tANT\tpromise\t1SG\tCOMP\t2SG\tNEG.PST\tFUT\tbite\t1SG,You promised me you would not bite me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-102,10,Ihn wehn gwain draundid.,Ihn\twehn\tgwain\tdraundid.,3SG\tANT\tFUT\tdrown,He was about to drown. OR: He almost drowned.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-127,11,Di monki mi hapi hapi bikaaz ih no mi hav fu wark fa lang.,Di\tmonki\tmi\thapi\thapi\tbikaaz\tih\tno\tmi\thav\tfu\twark\tfa\tlang.,ART.DEF\tmonkey\tPST\thappy\thappy\tbecause\t3SG\tNEG\tPST\thave\tfor\twork\tfor\tlong,The monkey was very happy because he didn’t have to work for a long time.,,,,naturalistic written -11-128,11,Joan harikien did bos opm di biich.,Joan\tharikien\tdid\tbos\topm\tdi\tbiich.,Joan\thurricane\tPST\tbust\topen\tART.DEF\tbeach,Hurricane Joan destroyed the entire beach.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-129,11,Wi did laarn fram owa pierens.,Wi\tdid\tlaarn\tfram\towa\tpieren-s.,1PL\tPST\tlearn\tfrom\t1PL.POSS\tparent-PL,We learnt it from our parents.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-103,12,"Well, the people-them 'round the neighborhood call the ambulance for me. They call the ambulance. And when they did call the police, the fellows-them fled, they gone.",And\twhen\tthey\tdid\tcall\tthe\tpolice\t[...],and\twhen\tthey\tPST\tcall\tthe\tpolice\t[...],And when they had called the police [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-105,12,"They cut off the light, they cut off the light and they was throwing ball, you see, it's a team was playing, and this other team didn't like how they lost, and they start throwing ball like - I was walking, coming up - on the hill, coming out. And he hit me - I had the place - some place I went with - I - had they clothes coming, and when they hit me, and I fall right back on my back. [But you weren't even involved in the game? You were just watching - standing by, right, walking by?] No, uh-huh. One pregnant woman did get hit, too, before me. [And what happened to her?] She did gotty gone to hospital. That's why you see now they build gyms to go play in.","One\tpregnant\twoman\tdid\tget\thit,\ttoo\t[...]\tShe\tdid\tgotty\tgone\tto\thospital.",a\tpregnant\twoman\tPST\tget\thit\ttoo\t[...]\tshe\tPST\tMOD.AUX\tgo\tto\thospital,"A pregnant woman got hit, too, [before me] [...] She had to be taken to the hospital.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-82,13,De ooman dem been all shake op an scaid.,De\tooman\tdem\tbeen\tall\tshake\top\tan\tscaid.,DET\twoman\tPL\tPST/ASP\tall\tshake\tup\tand\tscared,The women were all shaken up and scared. (Mk 16.8),,,,bible translation -14-57,14,He cross/crossed the street yesterday.,He\tcross/crossed\tthe\tstreet\tyesterday.,he\tcross.PST\tthe\tstreet\tyesterday,He crossed the street yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -18-60,18,I bin don komot.,I\tbin\tdon\tkomot.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tPFV\tcome.out,He/She had (already) left.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-61,18,"Wehn ma broda bi di rait di leta, a bi di wait fo gaden.","Wen\tma\tbroda\tbin\tdi\trait\tdi\tleta,\ta\tbin\tdi\tweit\tfo\tgaden.",while\tmy\tbrother\tPST\tIPFV\twrite\tDEF.ART\tletter\t1SG.SBJ\tPST\tIPFV\twait\tfor\tgarden,"While my brother was writing the letter, I was waiting in the garden.",,,,elicited from speaker -20-169,20,She hab belly content for make see you.,She\thab\tbelly\tcontent\tfor\tmake\tsee\tyou.,3SG\tPFV\tvery\thappy\tfor\tmake\tsee\t2SG,She was very happy to see you.,,,,naturalistic written -21-63,21,Then they quarrelled.,Then\tthey\tquarrell-ed.,then\t3PL\tquarrel-PST,Then they quarrelled.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-97,24,Ai bin yuusa draiw.,Ai\tbin\tyuusa\tdraiw.,1SG\tPST\tHAB\tdrive,I used to drive.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-220,25,Yubala bin wana pulum.,Yubala\tbin\twana\tpul-um.,2PL\tPST\tPOT\tpull-TR,You should have pulled him (out).,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-221,25,Ai bin ranbek garra biliken en ai bin bilimap olda eig.,Ai\tbin\tran-bek\tgarra\tbiliken\ten\tai\tbin\tbil-im-ap\tolda\teig.,1SG\tPST\trun-back\tCOM/INS\tbillycan\tand\t1SG\tPST\tfill-TR-up\tPL\tegg,I ran back with the billycan and I filled it up with the eggs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-222,25,Yu bin givit thetmob.,Yu\tbin\tgiv-it\tthet-mob.,2SG\tPST\tgive-TR\tDEM-COLL,You gave it to those [people].,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-223,25,Mela bin ran fas tharrei la Janjuwa.,Mela\tbin\tran\tfas\ttharr-ei\tla\tJanjuwa.,1PL.EXCL\tPST\trun\tfast\tDIST-DIR\tLOC\tJanjuwa,We ran fast there to Junjuwa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-224,25,"Mela bin stil swim, guwap, la keib, kabidwan.","Mela\tbin\tstil\tswim,\tguw-ap,\tla\tkeib,\tkabid-wan.",1PL.EXCL\tPST\tstill\tswim\tgo-up\tLOC\tcave\tcovered-ADJ,We still swam and went up into a cave [so we were] covered.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-55,26,wi justu pau katiŋ gɹæs bifɔ naɪtaɪm,wi\tjustu\tpau\tkati-ŋ\tgɹæs\tbifɔ\tnaɪtaɪm,1PL\tPST.HAB\tCOMPL\tcut-PROG\tgrass\tbefore\tnight.time,We used to / would finish cutting grass before dark / night time.,,,,constructed by linguist -27-52,27,En-andə nashi a kā kō fo figití mi sinə.,En-andə\tnashi\ta\tkā\tkō\tfo\tfigití\tmi\tsinə.,a-other\tnation\tPST\tCOMPL\tcome\tfor\tfight\twith\t3PL,Another people had come to fight with them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-87,28,kɛko wa ma mja andri gut sondro kap di mabalen,kɛkɛ\to\twa\tma\tmja\tandri\tgutu\tsondro\tkapu\tdi\tmaba\talen,like\t3SG\tPST\tIRR\tdo\tother\tthing\twithout\tcut\tthe\thoney\talone,It seems as if he was going to do something else besides just cut the honeycomb.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-81,29,omdat hy dit laat val het,omdat\thy\tdit\tlaat\tval\thet,because\t3SG.M.NOM\t3SG.N\tlet\tfall\tPST,because he dropped it,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-82,29,Hy kon dit gesien het.,Hy\tkon\tdit\tge-sien\thet.,3SG.M\tcould\tit\tPTCP-seen\tPST,He could have seen it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-83,29,Hy het dit gister vir sy broer gewys.,Hy\thet\tdit\tgister\tvir\tsy\tbroer\tge-wys.,3SG.M.NOM\tPST\tit\tyesterday\tto\t3SG.M.POSS\tbrother\tPTCP-show,He showed it to his brother yesterday.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-84,29,[...] dat sy graag sal die boek wil lees. / [...] dat sy graag die boek sal wil lees.,[...] dat sy graag sal die boek wil lees. / [...] dat sy graag die boek sal wil lees.,[...] that 3SG.F.NOM eagerly shall the book want read.INF   [...] that 3SG.F.NOM eagerly the book shall want read.INF,[...] that she would very much like to read the book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-65,32,"Kond es tá ta txgá pert d'moráda, musin Ø voltá pa el.","Kond\tes\ttá\tta\ttxgá\tpert\tde\tmoráda,\tmusin\tØ\tvoltá\tpa\tel.",when\t3PL\tPST.IPFV\tPROG\tarrive\tnear\tof\tcity\tboy\tPFV\tturn\tto\t3SG,When they were arriving near the city the boy turned to him.,,,,naturalistic written -33-94,33,N kume-l ba.,N\tkume-l\tba.,1SG\teat-3SG.OBJ\tPST,I ate it.,,,,naturalistic written -33-95,33,I kasa di Djon ba.,I\tkasa\tdi\tDjon\tba.,3SG\thouse\tof\tJohn\tPST,It was John's house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-67,34,I wojá-l baŋ na Sindoŋ.,I\twojá-l\tbaŋ\tna\tSindoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tsee-3SG.OBJ\tPST\tat\tSindone,He/she had seen him/her at Sindone.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-102,35,Ê tava ka vivê ni Libôkê.,Ê\ttava\tka\tvivê\tni\tLibôkê.,3SG\tPST\tIPFV\tlive\tin\tLiboke,He was living in Libôkê. OR: He used to live in Libôkê.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-103,35,N ta mu ka tason.,N\tta\tmu\tka\ttason.,1SG\tPST\tREFL\tIPFV\tsit.down,I was sitting down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-58,36,Ê ta ka kata.,Ê\tta\tka\tkata.,he\tPST\tPROG\tsing,He was singing.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-77,38,Dyiabeza poxodul bi ska laba apotose.,Dyia-beza\tpoxodulu\tbi\tsxa\tlaba\tawa-poto-sai.,day-already\tpeople\tANT\tPROG\twash\twater-lake-DEM,Formerly people used to wash themselves in this lake. OR: Formerly people used to wash in this lake.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-58,40,Teru ti kata-n.,Teru\tti\tkata-n.,Teru\tPST\tsing-IPFV,Teru was singing.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-59,40,Teru ti kata.,Teru\tti\tkata.,Teru\tPST\tsing,Teru used to sing.,,,,constructed by linguist -44-90,44,Ayér ta yobé tódol día.,Ayér\tta\tyobé\ttódol\tdía.,yesterday\tIPFV\train\tall\tday,It was raining the whole day yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-88,47,E tabata sa bini seka nos tur día.,E\ttabata\tsa\tbini\tseka\tnos\ttur\tdía.,3SG\tPST\table\tcome\tat\t1PL\tevery\tday,He came by us every day.,,,,published source -48-87,48,Ayá loyu ende asé be-ba yená agua.,Ayá\tloyu\tende\tasé\tbe-ba\tyená\tagua.,there\tcreek\tpeople\tHAB\tgo-PST.HAB\tfill\twater,"At the creek, we used to go and get water.",,,,naturalistic spoken -48-88,48,Ele ta-ba aí nu.,Ele\tta-ba\taí\tnu.,he/she\tbe-PST\tthere\tNEG,He/she wasn't there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-130,49,Mwen te konn vann liv bò lekòl la.,Mwen\tte\tkonn\tvann\tliv\tbò\tlekòl\tla.,1SG\tANT\tHAB\tsell\tbook\tclose\tschool\tDEF,I used to sell books close to the school.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-131,49,M t ap boukannen manyòk.,M\tt\tap\tboukannen\tmanyòk.,1SG\tANT\tINACC\tcook.over.woodfire\tmanioc,I was [in the process of] cooking manioc over a wood fire.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-76,50,I té ka travay.,I\tté\tka\ttravay.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\twork,He/she was working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-73,51,I té ka travay.,I\tté\tka\ttravay.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\twork,He was working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-179,53,Mo te pa kone parle langle ditou.,Mo\tte\tpa\tkone\tparle\tlangle\tditou.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\tknow\tspeak\tEnglish\tat.all,I didn't know at all how to speak English.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-180,53,Compair Lapin avé compair Bouki te tou lé dé oùlé mayé.,Compair\tLapin\tavé\tcompair\tBouki\tte\ttou\tlé\tdé\toùlé\tmayé.,Brother\tRabbit\twith\tbrother\tBouki\tPST\tall\tDEF.ART\ttwo\twant\tmarry,Brother Rabbit and Brother Bouki both wanted to get married.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-181,53,Mé roi là té pa olé.,Mé\troi-là\tté\tpa\tolé.,but\tking-ART.DEF.SG\tPST\tNEG\twant,But the king didn't want to.,,,,naturalistic written -53-182,53,Ye te preske kapab trete nenporteke maladi.,Ye\tte\tpreske\tkapab\ttrete\tnenporteke\tmaladi.,3PL\tPST\talmost\table\ttreat\tany\tillness,They could treat almost any kind of illness.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-104,54,Lontan té i fé èk sak trésé an vakoi.,Lontan\tte-i\tfe\tek\tsak\ttrese\tan\tvakwa.,long.ago\tPST-FIN\tdo\twith\tbag\twoven\twith\tscrew.pine,Long ago it was done with a bag made of screw pine (pandanus utilis).,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-98,56,Mon ti ankor pe manze.,Mon\tti\tankor\tpe\tmanze.,1SG\tPST\tstill\tPROG\teat,I was still eating.,,,,constructed by native speaker -59-148,59,mama ti mbi aga fade ge,mama\tti\tmbi\ta-ga\tfade\tge,mother\tof\t1SG\tPM-come\tjust.now\there,My mother just came here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-149,59,ala gwe zuska na yanga ti da,ala\tgwe\tzuska\tna\tyanga\tti\tda,3PL\tgo\tall.the.way\tPREP\tmouth\tof\thouse,They went all the way home.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-60,60,napésákí,na-pés-ákí,1SG-give-PST,I gave.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-47,61,Yena hambile.,Yena\thamb-ile.,he\tgo-PST,He went. OR: He/She/It has gone.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-83,63,úwo kan g-wónusi morú,úwo\tkan\tg-wónusi\tmorú,3SG\tIMPF\tIPFV-speak\tMoru,He was speaking Moru.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-87,64,úmon kan geákulu,úmon\tkan\tge=ákulu,3PL\tANT\tPROG=eat,They were eating.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-100,67,Dulu ada niaga.,Dulu\tada\tniaga.,PST\thave\tbusiness,"Before, [I] had business. OR: Before, [I] used to have business.",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-35,69,mən wanan,mən\twa-nan,3SG\tgo-NONFUT,he went,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-74,71,"Oe mamua aie akahi dala, aole hoihoi mai, wau aole makana akahi dala iaoe.","Oe\tmamua\taie\takahi\tdala,\taole\thoihoi\tmai,\twau\taole\tmakana\takahi\tdala\tiaoe.",2SG\tbefore\tborrow\tone\tdollar\tNEG\treturn\tDIR\t1SG\tNEG\tgive\tone\tdollar\tOBJ.2SG,"You previously borrowed a dollar that you never returned to me, so I'm not going to give you a dollar.",,,,naturalistic written -71-75,71,Wau hoi no mamua ma kela hale iaia.,Wau\thoi\tno\tmamua\tma\tkela\thale\tiaia.,1SG\treturn\tINTENS\tbefore\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t3SG.POSS,I indeed went back previously to his house.,,,,naturalistic written -73-55,73,kidazindo chaikumurkangi?,ki-da\tazi-ndo\tchaiku-mu-rka-ngi,what-ACC\tdo-SUBORD\ttire-CIS-PST-2SG,What did you do to get so tired?,,,,elicited from speaker -74-71,74,ánqati náyka mákmak,ánqati\tnáyka\tmákmak,formerly\t1SG\teat,I ate; I used to eat; I was eating,,,,constructed by linguist -1-116,1,Hangri de killi mi.,Angri\tde\tkiri\tmi.,hunger\tPROG\tkill\t1SG,I am hungry (lit. Hunger is killing me).,,,,written (dictionary) -2-104,2,Dus suma pikin e musu meki muyti.,Dus\tsuma\tpikin\te\tmusu\tmeki\tmuyti.,so\tperson\tsmall\tIPFV\tmust\tmake\teffort,So the children must do their best.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-105,2,Ma yu no e man onthou ala den tori so moro.,Ma\tyu\tno\te\tman\tonthou\tala\tden\ttori\tso\tmoro.,but\tyou\tNEG\tIPFV\tcan\tremember\tall\tthe.PL\tstory\tso\tmore,But you can't remember all the stories anymore.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-53,3,A tá woóko.,A\ttá\twoóko.,3SG\tASP\twork,He is working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-76,4,*Da yu e EN iti go a ini a masini.,*Da\tyu\te\tEN\titi\tgo\ta\tini\ta\tmasini.,then\tyou\tIPFV\tit\tthrow\tgo\tLOC\tin\tDET.SG\tmachine,NOT: Then you put it in(to) the machine.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-77,4,*Da yu e ESIESI iti en go a ini a misini.,*Da\tyu\te\tESIESI\titi\ten\tgo\ta\tini\ta\tmisini.,then\tyou\tIPFV\tfast.fast\tthrow\tit\tgo\tLOC\tin\tDET\tmachine,NOT: Then you quickly put it into the machine.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-120,7,Wen aawi a go si yo?,Wen\taawi\ta\tgo\tsi\tyo?,when\t1PL\tPROG\tIRR\tsee\t2.OBJ,When will we be seeing you? OR: When will we see you?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-71,8,"Jan de kuk, Mieri de riid an Piita a chap ud.","Jan\tde\tkuk,\tMieri\tde\triid\tan\tPiita\ta\tchap\tud.",John\tPROG\tcook\tMary\tPROG\tread\tand\tPeter\tPROG\tchop\twood,"John is cooking, Mary is reading, and Peter is chopping wood.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-103,10,Dehn de du evriting fi get Turkl souba.,Dehn\tde\tdu\tevri-ting\tfi\tget\tTurkl\tsouba.,3PL\tPROG\tdo\tevery-thing\tCOMP\tget\tTurtle\tsober,They were doing their best to get Turtle sober.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-130,11,Di man no lukin an har egen.,Di\tman\tno\tluk-in\tan\thar\tegen.,ART.DEF\tman\tNEG\tlook-PROG\ton\t3SG.F\tagain,The man wasn’t looking at her again (i.e. wasn’t interested in her anymore).,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-131,11,Puor Mansi stil mi deh wiet fa hier di swiit swiit myuuzik.,Puor\tMansi\tstil\tmi\tdeh\twiet\tfa\thier\tdi\tswiit\tswiit\tmyuuzik.,poor\tMansi\tstill\tPST\tPROG\twait\tfor\thear\tART.DEF\tsweet\tsweet\tmusic,"Poor Mansi was still there waiting in order to hear the sweet, sweet music.",,,,naturalistic written -12-106,12,"And then you know all the people 'rou - and see it's best to know people, because - if you know people ain't nobody could bother with you when you walking [...], you know, yeah.",[...]\twhen\tyou\twalking\t[...].,[...]\twhen\tyou\twalk.PROG\t[...],"[...] if you know people, nobody’s going to bother you] when you go for walks [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-107,12,"[So when did you start working at the school - that was then, too? Two years ago? When you moved here?] Uh-uh. I start - uh-uh. I was work-ing there - let me see - from 91. I's - this year make my six years.",I\twas\twork-ing\tthere\t[...]\tfrom\t91.,I\tPST\twork-PROG\tthere\t[...]\tfrom\t1991,I’ve been working here since 1991.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-108,12,"[So you like the job?] Yeah, I like the job, but now I getting tired, you know.",[...]\tbut\tnow\tI\tgett-ing\ttired\t[...].,[...]\tbut\tnow\tI\tget-PROG\ttired\t[...],[...] but I’m getting tired [of it] [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-83,13,Hi da pen de nau.,Hi\tda\tpen\tde\tnau.,he\tPROG\tpaint\tthere\tnow,He is painting there now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-58,14,They running.,They\trunning.,they\trun.PROG,They are running.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-69,15,a de siŋg,a\tde\tsiŋg,1SG\tPROG\tsing,I am singing.,,,,naturalistic written -16-62,16,sɔm pipu sɛf [...] dè no dè fit pe go fɔ dɛ̀a taũ,sɔm\tpipu\tsɛf\t[...]\tdè\tno\tdè\tfit\tpe\tgo\tfɔ\tdɛ̀a\ttaũ,some\tpeople\tEMPH\t[...]\t3PL\tNEG\tHAB\tABIL\tpay\tgo\tfor\t3PL.POSS\ttown,Some people cannot even pay the money to go to their (home) town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-63,16,nau dɛ tin dè kam sprɛd,nau\tdɛ\ttin\tdè\tkam\tsprɛd,now\tART.DEF\tthing\tPROG\tSEQ\tspread,[And] now the thing (clashes) was starting to spread.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-67,17,À bin do̱n ko̱m dè go.,À\tbin\tdo̱n\tko̱m\tdè\tgo.,1SG.SBJ\tANT\tCOMPL\tREALIS\tNCOMPL\tgo,I had actually been going.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-62,18,Pipol dem no go di kam fo ma haus fosika se a no get moni.,Pipul-dem\tno\tgo\tdi\tkam\tfo\tma\thaus\tfosika\tse\ta\tno\tget\tmoni.,people-PL\tNEG\tFUT\tIPFV\tcome\tfor\tmy\thause\tbecause\tCOMP\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tget\tmoney,People will not be coming to my house because I don't have any money.,,,,published source -19-80,19,Dɛ̀n dè jis kan.,Dɛ̀n\tdè\tjis\tkan.,3PL\tIPFV\tjust\tcome,They're just coming.,,,,elicited from speaker -21-64,21,"Hey, I think the driver trying to be funny, you know.","Hey,\tI\tthink\tthe\tdriver\ttrying\tto\tbe\tfunny,\tyou\tknow.",hey\t1SG\tthink\tDET\tdriver\ttrying\tto\tbe\tfunny\t2SG\tknow,"Hey, I think the driver is trying to be funny, you know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -22-82,22,Ol man meri wok long singsing na kaikai na mekim kain kain samting stap.,Ol\tman\tmeri\twok\tlong\tsingsing\tna\tkaikai\tna\tmek-im\tkain\tkain\tsamting\tstap.,PL\tman\twoman\tPROG\tPROG\tsing\tand\teat\tand\tdo-TR\tkind\tkind\tthing\tPROG,Everyone was singing and feasting and doing all kinds of things.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-83,22,Na narapla i wok long bagarapim stret narapla man ia.,Na\tnara-pla\ti\twok\tlong\tbagarap-im\tstret\tnara-pla\tman\tia.,and\tother-MOD\tPM\tPROG\tPROG\tspoil-TR\tcompletely\tother-MOD\tman\tFOC,And they were completely bashing each other up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-78,23,wai nao i stap mekem hem i save kilim evri man?,wai\tnao\ti\tstap\tmekem\them\ti\tsave\tkilim\tevri\tman?,why\tnow\tAGR\tPROG\tmake\t3SG\tAGR\tknow\tkill\tevery\tman,So why do they always make him (have to) kill everybody?,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-80,23,Plante taim ol turis i stap kam askem ol kain information about ol aota aelan blong yumi.,Plante\ttaim\tol\tturis\ti\tstap\tkam\taskem\tol\tkain\tinformation\tabout\tol\taota\taelan\tblong\tyumi.,plenty\ttime\tPL\ttourist\tAGR\tHAB\tcome\task\tPL\tkind\tinformation\tabout\tPL\touter\tisland\tof\t1PL.INCL,Tourists often come asking for all kinds of information about our outer islands.,,,,naturalistic written -24-98,24,Muun mieken.,Ø\tmuun\tmiek-en.,Ø\tmoon\tmake-CONT,The moon is waxing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-225,25,Olabat bin grajing yem.,Olabat\tbin\tgraj-ing\tyem.,3PL\tPST\tscratch-PROG2\tyam,They were digging yam.,,,,unknown -25-226,25,Aim goin na got mai motika.,Aim\tgo-in\tna\tgot\tmai\tmotika.,1SG.be\tgo-PROG\tnow\tCOM/INS\t1SG.POSS\tcar,I’m going now with my car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-227,25,"Yubala jeldan na, don faitimbat.","Yubala\tjeldan\tna,\tdon\tfait-im-bat.",2PL\tsettle.down\tnow\tNEG.IMP\tfight-TR-PROG,"Settle down, you lot! Don't fight!",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-228,25,Dat gel im gibitbat dat man jumok.,Dat\tgel\tim\tgib-it-bat\tdat\tman\tjumok.,DEM\tgirl\t3SG\tgive-TR-PROG\tDEM\tman\tsmoke/tobacco,That girl is giving the man tobacco.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-56,26,ðɛ pipo kɹain dæ deɪ laɪg deɪ neɪʃɛn bæg,ðɛ\tpipo\tkɹa-in\tdæ\tdeɪ\tlaɪg\tdeɪ\tneɪʃɛn\tbæg,ART\tpeople\tcry-PROG\tthat\t3PL\tDESID\t3PL.POSS\tnation\tback,People are shouting that they want their nation back.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-53,27,Sinu a lo wandu.,Sinu\ta\tlo\twandu.,3PL\tPST\tPROG\twalk,They were walking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-88,28,o wa riʃa,o\twa\triʃi-a,3SG\tPST\tswell-IPFV,He was swelling.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-85,29,omdat hy jou boek aan die lees is,omdat\thy\tjou\tboek\taan\tdie\tlees\tis,because\t3SG.M.NOM\t2SG.POSS\tbook\ton\tDEF.ART\tread\tis,because he is reading your book,,,,naturalistic written -29-86,29,Hy sou jou boek aan die lees kon wees.,Hy\tsou\tjou\tboek\taan\tdie\tlees\tkon\twees.,3SG.M.NOM\twould\t2SG.POSS\tbook\ton\tthe\tread\tcould\tbe,He might be reading your book.,,,,naturalistic written -29-87,29,Hy is jou boek aan die lees.,Hy\tis\tjou\tboek\taan\tdie\tlees.,3SG.M.NOM\tis\t2SG.POSS\tbook\ton\tDEF.ART\tread,He is reading your book.,,,,naturalistic written -29-88,29,Hy is besig om te werk.,Hy\tis\tbesig\tom\tte\twerk.,3SG.M.NOM\tis\tbusy\tINF.CONJ\tto\twork.INF,He is busy working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-89,29,[...] omdat hy besig is om te werk,[...]\tomdat\thy\tbesig\tis\tom\tte\twerk,[...]\tbecause\t3SG.M.NOM\tbusy\tis\tINF.CONJ\tto\twork.INF,[...] because he is busy working / [...] because he is (in the process of) working,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-90,29,Hy hou aan dieselfde foute maak. — Sy hou aan hard werk.,Hy\thou\taan\tdieselfde\tfoute\tmaak.\tSy\thou\taan\thard\twerk.,3SG.M.NOM\tkeeps\ton\tthe.same\tmistakes\tmake.INF\t3SG.F.NOM\tcarries\ton\thard\twork.INF,He keeps making the same mistakes. — She carries on working hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-101,30,"Kelotu dia, kántu maridu sa ta benba di trabádju y k ’e sa ta pasába na un txáda, e átxa un kabésa riba-l pédra.","Kel-otu\tdia\tkántu\tmaridu\tsa=ta=ben-ba\tdi=trabádju\ty\tk=e=sa=ta=pasá-ba\tna=un=txáda,\te=átxa\tun=kabésa\triba=l\tpédra.",DEM.SG-other\tday\twhen\thusband\tPROG=IPFV=come-ANT\tfrom=work\tand\tCOMP=3SG=PROG=IPFV=cross-ANT\tin=a=plain\t3SG=find\ta=head\ton.top=of\tstone,"The other day, when the husband was walking home from work and crossing a plain, he found a head lying on a stone.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-66,32,"Ma y grinhasin, uk bo ti ta fazê?","Ma\ty\tgrinhasin,\tuk\tbo\tti\tta\tfazê?",but\tand\tnow\twhat\t2SG\tPRS\tPROG\tdo,What are you doing now?,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-97,33,N’ na ba ta studa.,N’\tna\tba\tta\tstuda.,1SG\tPROG\tAUX\tHAB\tstudy,I will study frequently.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-98,33,N na ta bay skola.,N\tna\tta\tbay\tskola.,1SG\tPROG\tIRR\tgo\tschool,I will be going to school.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-68,34,Gósiŋ i ka podé kudí-bu parbiya i na tarbajá.,Gósiŋ\ti\tka\tø\tpodé\tkudí-bu\tparbiya\ti\tna\ttarbajá\tØ.,now\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\tcan\tanswer-2SG.OBJ\tbecause\t3SG.SBJ\tPROG\twork\tPRS,He/she cannot answer you now because he/she is working.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-105,35,San ska be.,San\tska\tbe.,she\tPROG\tgo,She is going.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-78,38,Iney ska fi wan xadyi namay.,Ineni\tsxa\tfe\twan\txadyi\tnamai.,3PL\tPROG\tmake\tART\thouse\tfamily,They are building a house for the family.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-60,40,Chu kai-n.,Chu\tkai-n.,rain\tfall-PROG,It's raining (lit. Rain is falling).,,,,constructed by linguist -40-61,40,Teru sirwis hedze-n.,Teru\tsirwis\thedze-n.,Teru\twork\tdo-PROG,Teru is working (lit. Teru is doing work).,,,,constructed by linguist -42-76,42,eli ta les buku agora,eli\tta\tles\tbuku\tagora,3SG\tPROG\tread\tbook\tnow,He is reading a book now.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-91,44,Agóra akí mótro ta kedá na Ternáte.,Agóra\takí\tmótro\tta\tkedá\tna\tTernáte.,now\there\t1PL\tIPFV\tlive\tLOC\tTernate,Now we are living here in Ternate.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-77,45,Ta junta ilo cen para planta un casa.,Ta\tjunta\tilo\tcen\tpara\tplanta\tun\tcasa.,IPFV\tgather\t3PL\tmoney\tfor\tbuild\ta\thouse,They are saving money to build a house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-88,46,Ta-kantá kamó.,Ta-kantá\tkamó.,IPFV-sing\t2PL,You are singing.,,,,constructed by linguist -47-90,47,"Nos ta bira protestant pa nos skapa di tur e molèster di pastornan, ku ta blo keda papia i menasá [...].","Nos\tta\tbira\tprotestant\tpa\tnos\tskapa\tdi\ttur\te\tmolèster\tdi\tpastor\tnan,\tku\tta\tblo\tkeda\tpapia\ti\tmenasá\t[...].",1PL\tTNS\tbecome\tprotestant\tfor\t1PL\tescape\tof\tall\tDEF\tannoyance\tof\tpriest\tPL\tCOMP\tTNS\tjust\tkeep\ttalk\tand\tthreaten\t[...],We are becoming protestant in order to escape from the annoyance of priests who just keep on talking and threatening [...].,,,,published source -48-89,48,Suto ta-ba kombesá ku besino si.,Suto\tta-ba\tkombesá\tku\tbesino\tsi.,we\tPROG-PST\tconverse\twith\tneighbour\tyour,We were talking to your neighbour.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-184,53,Li p ape manje.,Li\tp\tape\tmanje.,3SG\tNEG\tPROG\teat,He's not eating.,,,,elicited from speaker -56-99,56,Tony ti (a)pe erezman ale.,Tony\tti\t(a)pe\terezman\tale.,Tony\tPST\tPROG\tfortunately\tleave,"Fortunately, Tony was leaving.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -57-43,57,ta atra nde fe kwa se mata?,ta\tatra\tnde\tfe\tkwa\tse\tmata?,2SG\tPROG\tPROG\tdo\twhat\tthis\tmorning,What are you doing this morning?,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-145,57,jer swar ma atra nde lir,jer\tswar\tma\tatra\tnde\tlir,yesterday\tevening\t1SG\tPROG\tPROG\tread,Last night I was reading.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-146,57,se kwa sola atra nde fe?,se\tkwa\tsola\tatra\tnde\tfe?,PRESV\twhat\t3PL\tPROG\tPROG\tdo,What are they doing at the moment?,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-61,58,Yandi kele (ku)dia.,Yandi\tkele\t(ku)dia.,he/she\tbe\t(INF).eat,He/she is eating.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -60-61,60,nazalí kolámba,na-zal-í\tko-lámb-a,1SG-be-PRS.PRF\tINF-cook-FV,I am cooking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-62,60,nazalí pé kolámba,na-zal-í\tpé\tko-lámb-a,1SG-be-PRS.PRF\talso\tINF-cook-FV,I am also cooking.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-64,60,nazalí kosála,na-zal-í\tko-sál-a,1SG-be-PRS.PRF\tINF-work-FV,I am working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-85,63,generation ta ásede gi-ábidu ágara,generation\tta\tásede\tgi-ábidu\tágara,generation\tGEN\tnow\tTAM-start\tstudy,This generation starts to study.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-88,64,úo ge=ágra,[‘uo\t‘gaagra],3SG\tPROG=study,He is studying.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-89,64,ána ge=sílu úo fi bet,[‘ana\t‘gi\tsil‘uo\t‘fi\t‘be],1SG\tPROG=bring\t3SG\tin\thouse,I am bringing him home.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-90,64,ána lísa ge=istákal,[‘ana\t‘lisa\tgi‘stakal].,1SG\tstill\tPROG=work,I’m still working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-101,67,"Jumari ah, dia banyak sibuk. Dia sedang sapu.","Jumari\tah,\tdia\tbanyak\tsibuk.\tDia\tsedang\tsapu.",Jumari\tTOP\t3SG\tmuch\tbusy\t3SG\tPROG\tsweep,"[As for] Jumari, he is very busy. He is [in the process of] sweeping.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-56,68,"Lyo, beta ada mo pi.","Lyo,\tbeta\tada\tmo\tpi.",yes\t1SG\tPROG\tFUT\tgo,"Yes, I'm about to go.",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-36,69,ama təpambi tanan,ama\ttəpa-mbi\tta-nan,1SG\tbathe-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT,I'm washing,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-76,71,"Aole wau manao make ana wau, aka, wau nui loa eha keia manawa.","Aole\twau\tmanao\tmake\tana\twau,\taka,\twau\tnui\tloa\teha\tkeia\tmanawa.",NEG\t1SG\tthink\tdie\tIPFV\t1SG\tbut\t1SG\tmuch\tvery\thurt\tthis\ttime,I didn't think I was dying but I was in a lot of pain at the time.,,,,naturalistic written -72-74,72,Dat warlakungkuma im kilimbatkarra dat biyu hawuj.,Dat\twarlaku-ngku-ma\tim\tkil-im-bat-karra\tdat\tbi-yu\thawuj.,the\tdog-ERG-TOP\t3SG\thit-TR-CONT-CONT\tthe\tbee-DAT\thome,"The dog, he is hitting the bee's home.",,,,peer elicitation -73-56,73,ixuni kazamu,i-xu-ni\tkaza-mu,go-PROG-1SG\thouse-ALL,I am going home.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-73,74,man hai-tl'kup lup,man\thai-tl'kup\tlup,man\tCONT-cut\trope,A man keeps cutting the rope. OR: The man is cutting the rope.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-126,75,Aahkushiw meekwaat.,Aahkushi-w\tmeekwaat.,be.ill-3\tright.now,She is ailing right now.,,,,naturalistic written -1-9,1,Da vool de slibi ([od.] siddom) na eksi tappo.,Da\tfowru\tde\tsribi\t([oder]\tsidon)\tna\teksi\ttapu.,DET.SG\tchicken\tPROG\tsleep\t([or]\tsit)\tLOC\tegg\ttop,The chicken is sitting on the eggs.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-117,1,"Gado de sabi alla membre va wi, bevo wi pulu muffe na tongo.","Gado\tde\tsabi\tala\tmemre\tfu\twi,\tbifo\twi\tpuru\tmofo\tna\ttongo.",god\tHAB\tknow\tall\tthought\tof\t1PL\tbefore\t1PL\tremove\tword\tLOC\ttongue,"God learns all our thoughts, before we utter them.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-118,1,Da siri de gi heddi.,Da\tsiri\tde\tgi\thede.,DET.SG\tseed\tINGR\tgive\thead,The seed is germinating.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-119,1,Mi hatti de lobbi ju.,Mi\thati\tde\tlobi\tyu.,1SG\theart\tIPFV\tlove\t2SG,I love you.,,,,written -2-106,2,"Mi e sidon dya, mi e denki fu beroof wan bangi now de.","Mi\te\tsidon\tdya,\tmi\te\tdenki\tfu\tberoof\twan\tbangi\tnow\tde.",I\tIPFV\tsit\there\tI\tIPFV\tthink\tto\trob\tone\tbank\tnow\tthere,I’m sitting here thinking to rob a bank right now.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-107,2,"Den man e pina, yungu.","Den\tman\te\tpina,\tyungu.",the.PL\tman\tIPFV\tsuffer\tman,"Those people are suffering, man.",,,,elicited from speaker -2-108,2,Yu no e sabi a wet so bun.,Yu\tno\te\tsabi\ta\twet\tso\tbun.,2SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tknow\tDET\tlaw\tso\tgood,You don’t really know the law so well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-109,2,"Den e afrontu den tongo, tog.","Den\te\tafrontu\tden\ttongo,\ttog.",they\tIPFV\tturn.against\ttheir\tlanguage\tTAG,"They turn their backs on their language, right.",,,,elicited from speaker -2-110,2,Den no e wani taki Sranan Tongo moro.,Den\tno\te\twani\ttaki\tSranan\tTongo\tmoro.,they\tNEG\tIPFV\twant\ttalk\tSuriname\ttongue\tmore,They don't want to speak Sranan Tongo anymore.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-111,2,"Efu pikinso wan druppel nomo kisi yu skin, yu skin e bron.","Efu\tpikin-so\twan\tdruppel\tnomo\tkisi\tyu\tskin,\tyu\tskin\te\tbron.",if\tlittle-so\tone\tdrop\tonly\tcatch\tyour\tskin\tyour\tskin\tIPFV\tburn,"If even so much as a drop touches your skin, it burns.",,,,elicited from speaker -3-54,3,Mi ta wɔɔkɔ a di BOG.,Mi\tta\twɔɔkɔ\ta\tdi\tBOG.,1SG\tASP\twork\tPREP\tDEF.SG\tBOG,I work at the hospital.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-55,3,Me ta biibi a Gaan-Gadu.,Me\tta\tbiibi\ta\tGaan-Gadu.,1SG.NEG\tASP\tbelieve\tPREP\tgod,I don't believe in God.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-56,3,Aki so ta konda i.,Aki\tso\tta\tkonda\ti.,here\tso\tASP\ttell\t2SG,Now you will hear.,,,,naturalistic written -3-57,3,Mi nango ala.,Mi\tnango\tala.,1SG\tASP.go\tthere,I will be going there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-78,4,Nownow mi e wasi beenki.,Nownow\tmi\te\twasi\tbeenki.,now.now\tI\tIPFV\twash\tdishes,I'm washing dishes now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-79,4,A wooko di den uman sama e du na paandi goon.,A\twooko\tdi\tden\tuman\tsama\te\tdu\tna\tpaandi\tgoon.,DET.SG\twork\tREL\tDET.PL\twoman\tperson\tIPFV\tdo\tCOP\tplant\tfield,The women's work is planting fields.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-80,4,Mi e biibi san e sikiifi a ini a beibel.,Mi\te\tbiibi\tsan\te\tsikiifi\ta\tini\ta\tbeibel.,I\tIPFV\tbelieve\twhat\tIPFV\twrite\tLOC\tin\tDET.SG\tBible,I believe/trust in what is written in the Bible.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -4-81,4,Tamaa mi e gwe.,Tamaa\tmi\te\tgwe.,tomorrow\tI\tIPFV\tleave,I'll leave tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-75,5,aal o dem a jomp forom,aal\to\tdem\ta\tjomp\tforom,all\tof\tthem\tPROG\tjump\tfor.it,All of them were jumping in to get it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-76,5,mi a go skuul tumara,mi\ta\tgo\tskuul\ttumara,1SG\tINCEP\tgo\tschool\ttomorrow,I will go to school tomorrow. OR: Tomorrow I will go to school.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-50,6,I does be eating.,I\tdoes\tbe\teating.,I\tHAB\tPROG\teat.PROG,I am eating.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-125,7,Dem a bil aaroroot faktori nou.,Dem\ta\tbil\taaroroot\tfaktori\tnou.,3PL\tPROG\tbuild\tarrowroot\tfactory\tnow,They are building an arrowroot factory now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-126,7,Hi a kuhm ya evride.,Hi\ta\tkuhm\tya\tevride.,3SG\tHAB\tcome\there\tevery.day,He comes here every day.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-127,7,Hi a kuhm tomaaro.,Hi\ta\tkuhm\ttomaaro.,3SG\tIMPFV\tcome\ttomorrow,He is coming tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-72,8,Mi de nyam di fuud.,Mi\tde\tnyam\tdi\tfuud.,1SG\tPROG\teat\tDET\tfood,I am eating the food.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-73,8,Mi de go a Tong (tumaro).,Mi\tde\tgo\ta\tTong\t(tumaro).,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tto\tTown\t(tomorrow),I am / will be going to Town (tomorrow).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-74,8,wan plies we dem a plie haki mach,wan\tplies\twe\tdem\ta\tplie\thaki\tmach,INDF\tplace\twhere\t3PL\tHAB\tplay\thockey\tmatch,a place where they play hockey matches,,,,elicited from speaker -9-89,9,Wen a de wok lang di ki ya hia wan li 'kilin-kilin'.,Wen\ta\tde\twok\tlang\tdi\tki\tya\thia\twan\tli\t'kilin-kilin'.,when\t1SG\tHAB\twork\talong\tthe\tcaye\tyou\thear\ta\tlittle\t'kilin-kilin',"When I work along the caye, you hear a noise like 'kilin-kilin'.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-104,10,Di sebn hed jiant de kom fi wiek im op.,Di\tsebn\thed\tjiant\tde\tkom\tfi\twiek\tim\top.,ART.DEF\tseven\thead\tgiant\tPROG\tcome\tCOMP\twake\t3SG\tup,The seven-headed giant was coming to wake him up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-132,11,"Iivn in di Inglish klaas, dei taakin Kriol.","Iivn\tin\tdi\tInglish\tklaas,\tdei\ttaak-in\tKriol.",even\tin\tART.DEF\tEnglish\tclass\t3PL\ttalk-PROG\tCreole,"Even in the English class, they are talking Creole.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-133,11,Dat chail duon kier we di maada de guo.,Dat\tchail\tduon\tkier\twe\tdi\tmaada\tde\tguo.,DEM\tchild\tNEG\tcare\tREL\tART.DEF\tmother\tPROG\tgo,That child doesn’t care where his mother is going.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-134,11,Mi sista mi de jomp op.,Mi\tsista\tmi\tde\tjomp\top.,1SG.POSS\tsister\tPST\tPROG\tjump\tup,My sister was jumping up and down.,,,,naturalistic written -11-135,11,Wat langwij dem taak?,Wat\tlangwij\tdem\ttaak?,what\tlanguage\t3PL\ttalk,What language do they talk?,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-109,12,"I hear someone say - uh - someone say - there was a person who run out the jail, right, and they was looking for the per- for the person now, and he shoot the pers- he shoot the man, you know, he didn't mean to shoot him. And he mus'e bother he head and come off the Force.",[...]\tthey\twas\tlooking\t[...]\tfor\tthe\tperson\t[...],[...]\t3PL.SBJ\t3SG.COP.PST\tlook.PROG\t[...]\tfor\tthe\tperson\t[...],[...] they were looking for the person [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-110,12,"[... Actually, I'm supposed to go to Andros in two weeks for Homecoming. You ever been for Homecoming?] Oh, you going, right? I never been.",[...]\tyou\tgo-ing\t[...],[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tgo.PROG\t[...],"[...] you're going, right? [...]",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-111,12,"Uh-huh, that's my friend. She always talking joke [...].",She\talways\ttalk-ing\tjoke\t[...].,3SG.SBJ\talways\ttalk-PROG\tjoke\t[...],She always tells jokes [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-112,12,"See the boy what park up going up the road? That's - uh - the boy what [...] He going up? Sit with the bag on he shoulder? You ain't see him? Oh, yeah, Rose was liking him. Yeah, uh-huh, yeah, Rose was liking him. Rose was liking him.",[...]\tRose\twas\tliking\thim.,[...]\tRose\t3SG.COP.PST\tlike.PROG\t3SG.OBJ,[...] Rose liked him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-84,13,I da go.,I\tda\tgo.,I\tPROG\tgo,I am going.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-86,13,Den yu da brag.,Den\tyu\tda\tbrag.,then\t2SG\tFUT\tbrag,Then you will brag.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-87,13,Dis taim a year we da hoe [...] wi da pik piiz.,Dis\ttaim\ta\tyear\twe\tda\thoe\t[...]\twi\tda\tpik\tpiiz.,this\ttime\tof\tyear\twe\tHAB\thoe\t[...]\twe\tHAB\tpick\tpeas,"[During] this time of the year, we used to hoe [...] we used to pick peas.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-88,13,"[N]ow A one wid Jedus Christ, da bleebe pon um an da lob um.","[N]ow\tA\tone\twid\tJedus\tChrist,\tda\tbleebe\tpon\tum\tan\tda\tlob\tum.",now\tI\tone\twith\tJesus\tChrist\tIPFV\tbelieve\tupon\t3.OBJ\tand\tIPFV\tlove\t3.OBJ,"Now I am one with Jesus Christ, believe in him and love him. (1 Tm 1.14)",,,,bible translation -14-59,14,She running.,She\trunning.,she\trun.PROG,She's running.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-60,14,She being good now.,She\tbeing\tgood\tnow.,she\tbe.PROG\tgood\tnow,She is being good now.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-64,16,wiʧmã dè tɔk?,wiʧmã\tdè\ttɔk?,who\tPROG\ttalk,Who is talking?,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-66,16,dɛ ples hausa pipu dè pre,dɛ\tples\thausa\tpipu\tdè\tpre,ART\tplace\tHausa\tpeople\tHAB\tpray,the place that Hausa people pray in,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-67,16,wɛn dè kam tu nima sɛf dè dè laik àm,wɛn\tdè\tkam\ttu\tnima\tsɛf\tdè\tdè\tlaik\tàm,when\t3PL\tcome\tto\tNima\tFOC\t3PL\tPROG\tlike\t3SG.OBJ,"Now, when they come to Nima, they like it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-68,17,À dè sik.,À\tdè\tsik.,1SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\tbe.ill,I am (becoming) sick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-69,17,Dì pìkín we̱ ìm dè sìdó̱n fò̱r dyar dè rid.,Dì\tpìkín\twe̱\tìm\tdè\tsìdó̱n\tfò̱r\tdyar\tdè\trid.,ART.DEF\tchild\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\tsit\tLOC\tthere\tNCOMPL\tread,The child who is sitting / usually sits there is reading / usually reads.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-70,17,À dè wo̱sh plet.,À\tdè\two̱sh\tplet.,1SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\twash\tplate,I am washing dishes. OR: While I am washing dishes... OR: I wash dishes (every day).,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-64,18,I di rait leta dem.,I\tdi\trait\tleta-dem.,3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\twrite\tletter-PL,He is wrtiting letters right now.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-65,18,I di rait leta dem.,I\tdi\trait\tleta\tdem.,3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\twrite\tletter\tPL,He usually writes letters.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-81,19,À dè smɛl dì sɛnt fɔ̀ lɛ̀k haw è dè kuk plàntí.,À\tdè\tsmɛl\tdì\tsɛnt\tfɔ̀\tlɛ̀k\thaw\tè\tdè\tkuk\tplàntí.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tsmell\tDEF\tscent\tASSOC\tlike\thow\t3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tcook\tplantain,I smell the scent of him cooking plantain.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-82,19,Nà dis tin dè want kil yu.,Nà\tdis\ttin\tdè\twant\tkil\tyu.,FOC\tthis\tthing\tIPFV\twant\tkill\t2SG.EMPH,It's this thing [that] was about to kill you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-83,19,À dè giàn smɔl tin ɔl tɛn.,À\tdè\tgi=àn\tsmɔl\ttin\tɔl\ttɛn.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgive=3SG.OBJ\tsmall\tthing\tall\ttime,I give her little things all the time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-84,19,Tumɔro senwe à dè go mit ìn man.,Tumɔro\tsenwe\tà\tdè\tgo\tmit\tìn\tman.,tomorrow\tEMPH\t1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo\tmeet\t3SG.POSS\tman,Tomorrow (emphasis) I'm going to go meet her husband.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-233,19,À dè lɛf nà Luba soté dì nɛks wik.,À dè lɛf nà Luba soté dì nɛks wik.,1SG PROG LOC Luba until DEF.ART next week.,I will be staying in Luba until next week.,,,,unspecified -20-59,20,He long one gentleman talkee.,He\tlong\tone\tgentleman\ttalkee.,3SG\tCOM\tART.INDF\tgentleman\ttalk,He is talking with a gentleman.,,,,naturalistic written -21-65,21,He still working in that company.,He\tstill\twork-ing\tin\tthat\tcompany.,3SG\tstill\twork-HAB\tin\tDEM\tcompany,He is working in that company.,,,,own knowledge -22-84,22,Sak i kam biainim tupla nau wok lo laikim pis.,Sak\ti\tkam\tbiain-im\ttupla\tnau\twok\tlo\tlaik-im\tpis.,shark\tPM\tcome\tfollow-TR\t2DU\tnow\tPROG\tPROG\tlike-TR\tfish,The shark wanted fish and chased the two.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-81,23,[...] from i stap kakae hem tumas,[...]\tfrom\ti\tstap\tkakae\them\ttumas,[...]\tbecause\tAGR\tPROG\teat\t3SG\tvery,[...] because it itches her terribly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-82,23,hem i stap kasem fits,hem\ti\tstap\tkasem\tfits,3SG\tAGR\tHAB\tcatch\tfits,She gets (epileptic) fits.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-83,23,mi stap hetem hem bifo finis,mi\tstap\thetem\them\tbifo\tfinis,1SG\tPROG/HAB\thate\t3SG\tbefore\tCOMPL,I hated her already from before.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-99,24,Shi klaaien.,Shi\tklaaien.,3SG.F\tcry.PROG,She's crying.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-229,25,Halideitaim yuno wi bin oldei wok dijey la Ivanhoe.,Halidei-taim\tyuno\twi\tbin\toldei\twok\tdij-ey\tla\tIvanhoe.,holiday-time\tyou.know\twe\tPST\talways/HAB\twalk\tPROX-DIR\tLOC\tIvanhoe.,In the holidays we used to walk over here to Ivanhoe station.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-230,25,"Thed kainoba song na, wi neba bin askimbat alabat, dem olpipul.","Thed\tkainoba\tsong\tna,\twi\tneba\tbin\task-im-bat\talabat,\tdem\tolpipul.",DEM\tkind.of.a\tsong\tnow/FOC\t1PL\tNEG2\tPST\task-TR-PROG\t3PL\tDEM.PL\told.people,"That kind of song, we never asked the old people about. OR: It [was] that kind of song [that] we never asked them [for], those old people, (Orig. Transl.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-54,27,Morək mi lō lō.,Morək\tmi\tlō\tlō.,tomorrow\t1SG\tFUT\tgo,Tomorrow I will go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-55,27,Mi lō lō a mi grani.,Mi\tlō\tlō\ta\tmi\tgrani.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tLOC\t1SG\tgrandma,I am going to my grandma.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-56,27,"Mi ha fo lo werán a Ameriki, wapi sinu lo mā di flut sinu.","Mi\tha\tfo\tlo\twerán\ta\tAmeriki,\twapi\tsinu\tlo\tmā\tdi\tflut\tsinu.",1SG\thave\tfor\tgo\tagain\tto\tAmerica\twhere\t3PL\tHAB\tmake\tDET\tflute\t3PL,"I have to go to America again, where they make those flutes.",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-57,27,Nu di hou man a ho di klēn jung lō blās də flute.,Nu\tdi\thou\tman\ta\tho\tdi\tklēn\tjung\tlō\tblās\tdə\tflute.,now\tDET\told\tman\tPST\thear\tDET\tsmall\tboy\tPROG\tblow\tART.DEF\tflute,Now the old man heard a little boy play the flute.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-89,28,o sukwa mu,o\tsuku-a\tmu,3SG\twant-IPFV\tgo,She wants to go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-91,29,Ek is aan die werk. / Ek is besig om te werk.,Ek is aan die werk. / Ek is besig om te werk.,1SG.NOM am on the work   1SG.NOM am busy INF.CONJ to work,I am working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-102,30,"Kelotu dia, kántu maridu sa ta benba di trabádju y k ’e sa ta pasába na un txáda, e átxa un kabésa riba-l pédra.","Kel-otu\tdia,\tkántu\tmaridu\tsa=ta=ben-ba\tdi=trabádju\ty\tk=e=sa=ta=pasá-ba\tna=un=txáda,\te=átxa\tun=kabésa\triba=l\tpédra.",DEM.SG-other\tday\twhen\thusband\tPROG=IPFV=come-ANT\tfrom=work\tand\tCOMP=3SG=PROG=IPFV=cross-ANT\tin=a=plain\t3SG=find\ta=head\ton=of\tstone,"The other day, when the husband was walking home from work and crossing a plain, he found a head lying on a stone.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-252,30,"Es kálsa li abri dipos ki nha armun bisti-l, gósi e sa ta fika m lárgu.","Es\tkálsa\tli\tabri\tdipos\tki\tnha\tarmun\tbisti-l,\tgósi\te\tsa\tta\tfika\tm\tlárgu.",DEM\ttrousers\there\topen\tafter\tthat\tPOSS.1SG\tbrother\twear-3SG\tnow\t3SG\tPROG\tIPFV\tremain\t1SG\tbroad,These trousers have become larger after my brother had worn them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-91,31,Es sta more.,Es\tsta\tmore.,they\tPROG\tdying,They are dying.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-92,31,"En fin, ago uji go nu sta dretu, nu ka sta pasa fomi.","En\tfin,\tago\tuji\tgo\tnu\tsta\tdretu,\tnu\tka\tsta\tpasa\tfomi.",at\tleast\tnow\ttoday\tnow\twe\tare\twell\twe\tNEG\tPROG\tendure\thunger,"At least nowadays, we are well, we are not enduring hunger.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-68,32,Iza ti ta fumá.,Iza\tti\tta\tfumá.,Iza\tPRS\tPROG\tsmoke,Iza smokes.,,,,constructed by native speaker -32-69,32,N ti ta gostá d'let.,N\tti\tta\tgostá\tde\tlet.,1SG\tPRS\tPROG\tlike\tof\tmilk,I like milk.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-99,33,N na bibi binyu.,N\tna\tbibi\tbinyu.,1SG\tPROG\tdrink\twine,I am drinking wine. OR: I will drink wine.,,,,naturalistic written -33-100,33,N na bibi binyu.,N\tna\tbibi\tbinyu.,1SG\tPROG\tdrink\twine,I will drink wine.,,,,naturalistic written -34-70,34,I ka na beŋ amañaŋ.,I\tka\tna\tbeŋ\tamañaŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,He will not come tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-106,35,Anzu ska sola; awa-wê ska xê ni wê.,Anzu\tska\tsola;\tawa-wê\tska\txê\tni\twê.,baby\tPROG\tcry\twater-eye\tPROG\tleave\tfrom\teye,The baby is crying; tears are falling from his eyes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-60,36,[...] n ta kwa ma Alê thêka pentha dha.,[...]\tn\tta\tkwa\tma\tAlê\tthêka\tpentha\tdha.,[...]\tI\tknow\tthing\tREL\tking\tPROG\tthink\talready,[...] I already know what you are thinking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-70,37,Maa sa kanta na kuxyan.,Maa\tsa\tkanta\tna\tkuxyan.,Maa\tPROG\tsing\tin\tkitchen,Maa is singing in the kitchen.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-79,38,Iney ska fi wan xadyi namay.,Ineni\tsxa\tfe\twan\txadyi\tnamai.,3PL\tPROG\tmake\tART\thouse\tfamily,They are building a house for the family.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-80,38,Sém sxa ma mavida ku mému.,Se-amu\tsxa\tma\tmavida\tku\tmé-mu.,and-1SG\tPROG\ttake\tsuffering\twith\tmother-1SG,And I suffered with my mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-81,38,Bo sxata ba ngetud.,Bo\tsxa-tsyilá\tba\tnge-tudu.,2SG\tHAB-throw\tgo\tperson-all,You give to everybody.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-91,39,"El tə bebe sɔ leyt, nə.","El\ttə\tbeb-e\tsɔ\tleyt,\tnə.",3\tIPFV.NPST\tdrink-INF\tonly\tmilk\tREQ,"He drinks nothing but milk, you see.",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-92,39,Nɔs tə fika nə Diw.,Nɔs\ttə\tfik-a\tnə\tDiw.,1PL\tIPFV.NPST\tstay-INF\tLOC\tDiu,We live in Diu.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-77,42,eli ta les buku agora,eli\tta\tles\tbuku\tagora,3SG\tPROG\tread\tbook\tnow,He is reading a book now.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-55,43,Kilay sorti Sinyor ste buska?,Kilay\tsorti\tSinyor\tste\tbuska?,what.kind\tsort\tSir\tPROG\tlook.for,What kind are you looking for?,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-56,43,Pertu riba di bar ste nasi e krisi: [...],Pertu\triba\tdi\tbar\tste\tnasi\te\tkrisi:\t[...],near\tover\tof\tground\tGENER\tbe.born\tand\tgrow\t[...],Near over the ground sprout and grow: […],,,,pedagogical grammar -43-57,43,Undi ste mora?,Undi\tste\tmora?,where\tIPFV\tlive,"Where do you live, Sir?",,,,pedagogical grammar -44-92,44,Ta kré lótru na kel milágru sánto nínyo.,Ta\tkré\tlótru\tna\tkel\tmilágru\tsánto\tnínyo.,IPFV\tbelieve\t3PL\tLOC\tDEF\tmiracle\tholy\tchild,They believe in the miracles of the holy child.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-93,44,"Ta trabahá éle na Las Pínyas [...]. [...] ta bolbé éli sábadu lanótʃi, kabándo ta andá lúnis tempráno.","Ta\ttrabahá\téle\tna\tLas\tPínyas\t[...].\t[...]\tta\tbolbé\téli\tsábadu\tlanótʃi,\tkabándo\tta\tandá\tlúnis\ttempráno.",IPFV\twork\t3SG\tLOC\tLas\tPiñas\t[...]\t[...]\tIPFV\treturn\t3SG\tSaturday\tnight\tthen\tIPFV\tgo\tMonday\tearly,He works in Las Piñas [...]. [...] He comes home Saturday night and goes back early on Monday.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-78,45,Ta cree yo con Dios.,Ta\tcree\tyo\tcon\tDios.,IPFV\tbelieve\t1SG\tOBJ\tGod,I believe in God.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-79,45,Ta toma leche el muchacho todo el dia.,Ta\ttoma\tleche\tel\tmuchacho\ttodo\tel\tdia.,IPFV\tdrink\tmilk\tthe\tboy\tall\tthe\tday,The boy drinks milk every day.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-89,46,[...] kwándo akél bíbo pa si X éle mísmo ta-dále kumígo candy.,[...]\tkwándo\takél\tbíbo\tpa\tsi\tX\téle\tmísmo\tta-dále\tkumígo\tcandy.,[...]\twhen\tthat\talive\tstill\tAG\tX\t3SG\tself\tIPFV-give\tOBJ.1SG\tcandy,"[...] when s/he was still alive, X himself/herself used to give me candies.",,,,naturalistic spoken -46-90,46,Kósa tu ta-asé?,Kósa\ttu\tta-asé?,what\tyou\tPROG-do,What are you doing?,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-91,46,Ta-amá múcho na dios.,Ta-amá\tmúcho\tna\tdios.,IPFV-love\tmany\tLOC\tgod,Many (people) love God.,,,,naturalistic written -46-93,46,Ta-besá 'le kunel muhér.,Ta-besá\t'le\tkunel\tmuhér.,IPFV-kiss\ts/he\tOBJ.ART\twoman,S/he is kissing the woman.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-92,47,Mi ta gusta esei un mundo.,mi\tta\tgusta\tes(un)-ei\tun\tmundu,1SG\tTNS\tlike\tone-DEM.NPROX\tINDF\tworld,I like that a lot.,,,,naturalistic written -47-93,47,Mi ta drechando un auto kual mi lo bende despues.,Mi\tta\tdrechá-ndo\tun\tauto\tkual\tmi\tlo\tbende\tdespues.,1SG\tTNS\trepair-GER\tINDF\tcar\twhich\t1SG\tMOOD\tsell\tafter,I am repairing a car which I will sell afterwards.,,,,published source -47-94,47,Hende grandinan di ántes tabata traha hopi kos di boka dushi ku a disparsé òf ta disparsiendo.,Hende\tgrandi\tnan\tdi\tántes\ttabata\ttraha\thopi\tkos\tdi\tboka\tdushi\tku\ta\tdisparsé\tòf\tta\tdisparsé-ndo.,person\told\tPL\tof\tbefore\tPST\twork\tmuch\tthing\tof\tmouth\tsweet\tCOMP\tPFV\tdisappear\tor\tTNS\tdisappear-GER,The old people of earlier times used to prepare many sweets that have disappeared or that are disappearing.,,,,literary or other written source -47-95,47,E kos ta bayendo hopi leu.,E\tkos\tta\tbai-ndo\thopi\tleu.,DEF\tthing\tTNS\tgo-GER\tvery\tfar,The problem is becoming insurmountable.,,,,published source -47-96,47,E papel ku mi ta uza aworaki ta papel di saka kopia.,E\tpapel\tku\tmi\tta\tuza\tawor\taki\tta\tpapel\tdi\tsaka\tkopia.,DEF\tpaper\tCOMP\t1SG\tTNS\tuse\tnow\tDEM.PROX\tCOP\tpaper\tof\tproduce\tcopy,The paper that I now use is photocopy paper.,,,,naturalistic written -47-97,47,"E ta ranka paña fo’i waya, koba buraku den kurá, kibra mata, [...] i hopi kos mas.","E\tta\tranka\tpaña\tfor\tdi\twaya,\tkoba\tburaku\tden\tkurá,\tkibra\tmata,\t[...]\ti\thopi\tkos\tmas.",3SG\tTNS\tpull\tclothes\tfrom\tof\tclothesline\tdig\thole\tin\tyard\tbreak\tplant\t[...]\tand\tmany\tthing\tmore,"It will pull clothes off the line, dig holes in the yard, break plants [...] and do many more things.",,,,literary or other written source -48-90,48,I polé ku eso nu.,I\tpolé\tku\teso\tnu.,I\tcan\twith\tthis\tNEG,I cannot (go along) with this. = This is not for me. OR: This is not my kind of thing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-91,48,I polé yebá kuenta nu.,I\tpolé\tyebá\tkuenta\tnu.,I\tcan\tfigure\taccount\tNEG,I cannot calculate (this).,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-133,49,M ap manje.,M\tap\tmanje.,1SG\tINACC\teat,I am eating.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-134,49,Entèl t ap vin; se paske i malad i pa vini.,Entèl\tt\tap\tvin;\tse\tpaske\ti\tmalad\ti\tpa\tvini.,so.and.so\tANT\tINACC\tcome\tSE\tbecause\t3SG\tsick\t3SG\tNEG\tcome,He/She would be welcome; it is because he/she is sick that he/she hasn't come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-135,49,L ap malad.,L\tap\tmalad.,3SG\tINACC\tsick,He/She will be sick. OR: He/she is getting sick (inchoative).,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-136,49,M ap vin wè ou demen.,M\tap\tvin\twè\tou\tdemen.,1SG\tINACC\tcome\tsee\t2SG\ttomorrow,I'll visit you tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-79,50,I ka dòmi.,I\tka\tdòmi.,3SG\tPROG\tsleep,He/she is sleeping.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-80,50,An ka sipozé i la.,An\tka\tsipozé\ti\tla.,1SG\tIPFV\tsuppose\t3SG\tthere,I suppose he's there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-81,50,I ka jwé foutbòl.,I\tka\tjwé\tfoutbòl.,3SG\tHAB\tplay\tball,He plays football. / He is a football player.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-82,50,I ka vini dèmen.,I\tka\tvini\tdèmen.,3SG\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,He/she is coming tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-83,50,I ka enmé kontré-mwen anvil.,I\tka\tenmé\tkontré-mwen\tanvil.,3SG\tHAB\tlike\tmeet-1SG.OBJ\tin.town,He likes to meet me in town.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -51-76,51,I ka dòmi.,I\tka\tdòmi.,3SG\tPROG\tsleep,He/she is sleeping.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-77,51,Man ka sipozé i la.,Man\tka\tsipozé\ti\tla.,1SG\tIPFV\tsuppose\t3SG\tthere,I suppose he is there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-78,51,I ka jwé foutbol.,I\tka\tjwé\tfoutbol.,3SG\tHAB\tplay\tfootball,He is a football player.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-79,51,I ka vini dimen.,I\tka\tvini\tdimen.,3SG\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,He is coming tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-52,52,i ka brè,i\tka\tbrè,he\tPROG\tdrink,He is drinking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-53,52,mo ka krè an Bondyé,mo\tka\tkrè\tan\tBondyé,I\tIPFV\tbelieve\tin\tGod,I believe in God.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-54,52,chak jou nou ka alé lachas,chak\tjou\tnou\tka\talé\tlachas,every\tday\twe\tIPFV\tgo\thunt,We go hunting every day.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-185,53,M ap vini bek byen vit.,M\tap\tvini\tbek\tbyen\tvit.,1SG\tFUT\tcome\tback\tvery\tquickly,I'm coming right back.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-186,53,Le jen moun se jis softball y ape jwe.,Le\tjen\tmoun\tse\tjis\t\ty\tape\tjwe.,ART.DEF.PL\tyoung\tperson\tit.is\tjust\tsoftball\t3PL\tHAB\tplay,Young people just play softball.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-187,53,To konpron byen sa m ape di twa?,To\tkonpron\tbyen\tsa\tm\tape\tdi\ttwa?,2SG\tunderstand\twell\tDEM\t1SG\tPROG\ttell\t2SG,Do you understand (well) what I'm telling you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-188,53,L ape espere pou keken.,L\tape\tespere\tpou\tkeken.,3SG\tPROG\twait\tfor\tsomeone,He's waiting for someone.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-189,53,Li t ap jwe kon mo vini.,Li\tt\tap\tjwe\tkon\tmo\tvini.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\tplay\twhen\t1SG\tcome,He was playing when I came.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-107,54,Li lé apré pléré li.,Li\tle\tapre\tplere\tli.,3SG\tCOP.PRS\tPROG\tcry\t3SG,She is crying.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-108,54,Kósà ou lé apré fèr? Kósà ou lé antrenn fèr? Kósà ou lé pou fèr?,Kosa\tou\tle\tapre\tfer?\tKosa\tou\tle\tantren.d\tfer?\tKosa\tou\tle\tpou\tfer?,what\t2SG\tCOP.PRS\tPROG\tdo\twhat\t2SG\tCOP.PRS\tPROG\tdo\twhat\t2SG\tCOP.PRS\tPROG\tdo,What are you doing?,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-80,55,mo pe travay ziska witer,mo\tpe\ttravay\tziska\twiter,1SG\tPROG\twork\tuntil\teight.o'clock,I am working until 8 o'clock (=I am working at this moment and will continue working until 8 o'clock).,,,,constructed by linguist -56-100,56,"Dimoun pa trou ou laba kot ou pe sanze, la prezan nou sorti dan sa lakaz.","Dimoun\tpa\ttrou\tou\tlaba\tkot\tou\tpe\tsanze,\tla\tprezan\tnou\tsorti\tdan\tsa\tlakaz.",people\tNEG\tsee\t2SG\tthere\twhere\t2SG\tPROG\tdress.up\tthere\tthen\t1PL\tcome.out\tin\tDEM\thouse,"One doesn't see you there where you are dressing up, and then we leave the house.",,,,naturalistic spoken -58-62,58,yandi vand-aa dia/ vand-aka ku-dia,yandi\tvand-aa\tdia/\tvand-aka\tku-dia,he/she\tsit-PST\teat\tsit-PST\tINF-eat,he/she used to eat,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-63,58,Yandi vand-aka ku-dia.,Yandi\tvand-aka\tku-dia.,he/she\tsit-PST\tINF-eat,He/she was eating.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-150,59,mbi ke leke tere ti mbi ti kiri,mbi\tke\tleke\ttere\tti\tmbi\tti\tkiri,1SG\tCOP\tfix\tbody\tof\t1SG\tto\treturn,I'll prepare myself to return.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-151,59,"tere agwe (a)duti na yanga ti yaka ti kobe so [...], ake te","tere\tagwe\t(a)duti\tna\tyanga\tti\tyaka\tti\tkobe\tso\t[...],\take\tte",Spider\tSM.go\t(SM-)sit\tPREP\tmouth\tof\tgarden\tof\tfood\tDEM\t[...]\tSM.COP\teat,Spider went to the edge of this produce garden and began to eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-63,60,mikolo óyo Francine azalí kosála na restaurant,mikolo\tóyo\tFrancine\ta-zal-í\tko-sál-a\tna\trestaurant,days\tDEM\tFrancine\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tINF-work-FV\tin\trestaurant,These days Francine works in a restaurant.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-120,62,Na ku-hlamí-w-e tw-éeku-ta-butú-w-e makeréno.,Na\tku-hlamí-w-e\ttw-éeku-ta-butú-w-e\tmakeréno.,with\t15-anoint-PASS-PRF\t1PL-PST.IPFV-EVID-put.in-PASS-PRF\tearrings,"And, anointed, we were put on earrings.",,,,elicited from speaker -63-86,63,ána gi-kumbúka wázi,ána\tgi-kumbúka\twázi,1SG\tTAM-remember\twell,I remember well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-87,63,mára tá-i gi-kélem núbi,mára\ttá\ti\tgi\tkélem\tnúbi,wife\tGEN\tmy\tTAM\tspeak\tKinubi,My wife speaks Kinubi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-88,63,íta gu-rúo búkra,íta\tgu-rúo\tbúkra,2SG\tTAM-go\ttomorrow,You will leave tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-89,63,generation ta ásede gi-ábidu ágara,generation\tta\tásede\tgi-ábidu\tágara,generation\tGEN\tnow\tTAM-start\tstudy,This generation starts to study.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-90,63,kigiriáma ána g-ásma,kigiriáma\tána\tg-ásma,Giryama\t1SG\tTAM-understand,I understand the Giryama language.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-126,63,mátar-á gi-wága,mátar-á\tgi-wága,rain-PL\tTAM-fall,It is raining.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-91,64,ána geágra árabi,ána\tge=ágra\tárabi,1SG\tPROG=study\tArabic,I study Arabic. OR: I am studying Arabic.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-92,64,ána lísa geistákal,ána\tlísa\tge=istákal,1SG\tstill\tPROG=work,I am still working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-93,64,fi sudán nas bes gegéni sákit,fi\tsudán\tnas\tbes\tge=géni\tsákit,in\tSudan\tpeople\tonly\tPROG=stay\tsilent,In Sudan people can only remain silent.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-94,64,záman ána kan fi sudán ána gehúmu,záman\tána\tkan\tfi\tsudán\tána\tge=húmu,time\t1SG\tANT\tin\tSudan\t1SG\tPROG=swim,When I was in Sudan I used to swim.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-95,64,madáris ta bor suda:n gebáda ∫ar tísa,madáris\tta\tbor\tsuda:n\tge=báda\t∫ar\ttísa,school.PL\tPOSS\tPort\tSudan\tPROG=start\tmonth\tnine,Schools usually start in September in Port Sudan.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-52,66,"Rihan ini ari pəðə ka baru ruma attu e-kinja ambε ar-ðuðu’ng, itu çara’ ati yang kilamε’ baru ruma attu a-kinja.","Rihan\tini\tari-pada\tka\tbaru\truma\tattu\te-kinja\tambε\tar-ðuðung,\titu\tcara\tatiyang\tkilamε\tbaru\truma\tattu\ta-kinja.",Rihan\tDEM\tday-PL\tin\tnew\thouse\tINDF\tASP-do\twhile\tPRS-PROG\tDEM\tway\tnext\tweek\tnew\thouse\tINDF\tPRS-do,"Rihan is building a new house these days, and is building a new one next week.",,,,elicited from speaker -67-102,67,Lagi saya mamatua ada tinggal.,Lagi\tsaya\tmamatua\tada\ttinggal.,besides\t1SG\tmother-in-law\tbe\tlive,"Besides, my mother-in-law was living (with us).",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-103,67,Saya ada pergi pasar.,Saya\tada\tpergi\tpasar.,1SG\tbe\tgo\tmarket,I am going to the market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-104,67,Makan ah wa masih ada mi lagi.,Makan\tah\twa\tmasih\tada\tmi\tlagi.,eat\tEMPH\t1SG\tstill\thave\tnoodle\tmore,[Please] eat. I still have more noodles.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-57,68,"Katong ada dudu tado-tado, dong datang bahonge sa.","Katong\tada\tdudu\ttado~tado,\tdong\tdatang\tba-honge\tsa.",1PL\tPROG\tsit\tquiet~quiet\t3PL\tcome\tBA-make.noise\tonly,"We were sitting very quietly, and they came just to disturb us.",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-37,69,mən kundamwin tandaumbi tanan,mən\tkundamwin\ttandau-mbi\tta-nan,3SG\ttwo\tsit/stay.DEP\tPROG-NONFUT,The two of them were staying.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-38,69,ama təpwi ambi tanan,ama\ttəpwi\tam-(m)bi\tta-nan,1SG\tsago\teat-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT,I'm eating sago.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-72,71,Pehea ia Wainui makemake ana?,Pehea\tia\tWainui\tmakemake\tana?,what\t?\tWainui\twant\tIPFV,What does Wainui want?,,,,naturalistic written -71-79,71,"Ma Nawiliwili au noho nana ka halekuai, ma Hulaia kekahi manawa nana kela mahi laiki.","Ma\tNawiliwili\tau\tnoho\tnana\tka\thalekuai,\tma\tHulaia\tkekahi\tmanawa\tnana\tkela\tmahi\tlaiki.",LOC\tNawiliwili\t1SG\tstay\tlook\tDEF\tstore\tLOC\tHulaia\tsome\ttime\tlook\tDET\tplantation\trice,"At Nawiliwili I usually watch the store, at Hulaia I sometimes watch over the rice plantation.",,,,naturalistic written -71-80,71,Wau noho hana kamana ma ka mahiko o Makaweli ma nehinei.,Wau\tnoho\thana\tkamana\tma\tka\tmahiko\to\tMakaweli\tma\tnehinei.,1SG\tstay\twork\twood.working\tLOC\tDEF\tsugar.plantation\tPOSS\tMakaweli\tLOC\tyesterday,I was working in carpentry at Makaweli sugar plantation yesterday.,,,,naturalistic written -72-75,72,An warlaku bin top kutij nyantuwarinyj.,An\twarlaku\tbin\ttop\tkutij\tnyantu-warinyj.,and\tdog\tPST\tCONT\tstand\t3SG-alone,And the dog was standing alone.,,,d048c2983a4cb421c9046412f0eb7381,naturalistic spoken -73-57,73,wawa llorana kirixun,wawa\tllora-na\tkiri-xu-n,child\tcry-NMLZ\twant-PROG-1SG,The child wants to cry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-58,73,Media Lenguaga así Ingichumunda Castellanuda ablana kirixusha,Media\tLengua-ga\tasí\tIngichu-munda\tCastellanu-da\tabla-na\tkiri-xu-sha,Media\tLengua-TOP\tthus\tQuechua-ABL\tSpanish-ACC\tspeak-NMLZ\twant-PROG-SUBORD.SS,"Media Lengua thus from Quechua Spanish wanting to speak, [...]",,,,naturalistic spoken -1-120,1,"Da somma de prodo, da wan prodoman, a lobbi prodo.","Da\tsoma\tde\tprodo,\tda\twan\tprodoman,\ta\tlobi\tprodo.",DET.SG\tperson\tASP\tboast\tbe\tINDF.SG\tboaster\t3SG.SBJ\tlike\tboast,"That person boasts, he is a real boaster, he likes to boast.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-121,1,"Mi lobbi brara, mi de lobbi ju nanga reti lobbi.","Mi\tlobi\tbrara,\tmi\tde\tlobi\tyu\tnanga\treti\tlobi.",1SG\tlove\tbrother\t1SG\tIPFV\tlove\t2SG\twith\tright\tlove,"My beloved brother, I love you with true love.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-122,1,Wi de jam nanga makandra vo kroboi.,Wi\tde\tnyan\tnanga\tmakandra\tfu\tkroboi.,1PL\tIPFV\teat\twith\teach.other\tfor\tgoodbye,We eat with each other the farewell diner.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-112,2,Den ben lafu unu taki unu no ben gwenti si trein.,Den\tben\tlafu\tunu\ttaki\tunu\tno\tben\tgwenti\tsi\ttrein.,they\tPST\tlaugh\tus\tsay\twe\tNEG\tPST\taccustomed\tsee\ttrain,They laughed at us saying that we weren’t used to seeing trains.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-116,2,A pikin e krin en kamra.,A\tpikin\te\tkrin\ten\tkamra.,the.SG\tchild\tIPFV\tclean\t3SG\troom,The child is cleaning her room.,,,,constructed by linguist -2-117,2,A man wani taki den kaw musu go pupe.,A\tman\twani\ttaki\tden\tkaw\tmusu\tgo\tpupe.,the\tman\twant\tthat\tthe.PL\tcow\tmust\tgo\trelieve.themselves,The man wanted the cows to relieve themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-118,2,"Efu yu no wroko, dan you no o nyan, tog.","Efu\tyu\tno\twroko,\tdan\tyou\tno\to\tnyan,\ttog.",if\tyou\tNEG\twork\tthen\tyou\tNEG\tFUT\teat\tTAG,"If you don’t work, then you won’t eat, right?",,,,elicited from speaker -2-119,2,Ma yu no musu du den sani dati.,Ma\tyu\tno\tmusu\tdu\tden\tsani\tdati.,but\t2SG\tNEG\tmust\tdo\tthe.PL\tthing\tDEM,But you mustn’t do those things.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-58,3,A bi lo u ta fɛɛɛ dagu.,A\tbi\tlo\tu\tta\tfɛɛɛ\tdagu.,3SG\tTNS\tlove\tfor\tASP\tfear\tdog,S/he had been fearing dogs regularly.,,,,elicited from speaker -5-77,5,dem das plaant dem faam an ting an dem das yuus-tu stan de,dem\tdas\tplaant\tdem\tfaam\tan\tting\tan\tdem\tdas\tyuus-tu\tstan\tde,3PL\tHAB\tplant\tPOSS.3PL\tfarm\tand\tthing\tand\t3PL\tHAB\tPST.HAB\tremain\tthere,"They used to cultivate their farm and so on, and they used to stay there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -6-51,6,doz,doz,HAB,'habitual marker',,,,constructed by linguist -7-128,7,Tiicha duhz ge liks fo so.,Tiicha\tduhz\tge\tliks\tfo\tso.,teacher\tHAB\tgive\tlicks\tfor\tso,The teacher usually administers a lot of licks.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-129,7,Hi a wuhk ya evriday.,Hi\ta\twuhk\tya\tevriday.,3SG\tHAB\twork\there\tevery.day,He works here every day.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-90,9,Dodo de tro di krefiʃ in de i musa de tink dat.,Dodo\tde\ttro\tdi\tkrefiʃ\tin\tde\ti\tmusa\tde\ttink\tdat.,dodo\tHAB\tthrow\tthe\tcrayfish\tin\tthere\the\tmust\tHAB\tthink\tthat,"When Dodo throws the lobster in it (ice-box), he must think that. OR: When Dodo (fisherman) throws the lobster into his ice-box, that's what he must think (he calls his ice-box ""Bugs' Graveyard"").",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-91,9,A mek dat wen sizan de an en de wok krefiʃ.,A\tmek\tdat\twen\tsizan\tde\tan\ten\tde\twok\tkrefiʃ.,1SG\tmake\tthat\twhen\tseason\tHAB\ton\tand\tHAB\twork\tcrayfish,I make that when the season is on and I work lobster. OR: I earn (as much money) when during the lobster season.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-93,9,Wi no de stodi dat.,Wi\tno\tde\tstodi\tdat.,we\tNEG\tPROG\tstudy\tthat,We are not paying attention to that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-105,10,Ihn stody du dat evry die!,Ihn\tstody\tdu\tdat\tevry\tdie!,3SG\tHAB.PRS\tdo\tDEM\tevery\tday,He does that every day!,,,,written -10-106,10,"Ai yuuztu go chorch beefut, widout shuuz.","Ai\tyuuztu\tgo\tchorch\tbeefut,\twidout\tshuuz.",1SG\tHAB.ANT\tgo\tchurch\tbarefoot\twithout\tshoe,"I used to / would go to church barefooted, without shoes.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-136,11,"An di biich, a lat a baril yuuztu apier.","An\tdi\tbiich,\ta\tlat\ta\tbaril\tyuuztu\tapier.",on\tART.DEF\tbeach\tART.INDF\tlot\tof\tbarrel\tHAB.PST\tappear,"On the beach, a lot of barrels would appear.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-137,11,Di oubia wuman no stodi meek era.,Di\toubia\twuman\tno\tstodi\tmeek\tera.,ART.DEF\tobeah\twoman\tNEG\tHAB\tmake\terror,The obeah woman wasn’t in the habit of making mistakes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-138,11,Plenti piipl doz kom.,Plenti\tpiipl\tdoz\tkom.,plenty\tpeople\tHAB.PRS\tcome,Plenty people are in the habit of coming.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-113,12,"They does steal away, when they get in the job, they steal away, especially - if they - have - a big position, and they handling the money, they take so much - out, they go for big, big, big, big money.",They\tdoes\tsteal\taway\t[...]\tand\tthey\thandling\tthe\tmoney\t[...],3PL.SBJ\tHAB\tsteal\taway\t[...]\tand\t3PL.SBJ\thandle.PROG\tART\tmoney\t[...],"They just leave [...] [especially when they are in a big position which involves] handling the money, [they take some of it and go for even bigger money].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-114,12,"And you know in that settlement, used to be ten years, five years before somebody dies. Yeah, 'cause we - we - we eating - we ain't know - know nothing about no high blood and no - no - uh - diabetes and - and cancer and things like that, 'cause we were eating straight from the farm, you know. So those people was strong, they used to live 80, 90, a hundred years. Old people, on the Island. And now - every week, so much of young. Yeah, when I [...] open the papers on Thursday, I see the o- I say, You live good. Live a ripe old age. 27, 26, people dying from AIDS and this and that.","[...]\tin\tthat\tsettlement,\tused\tto\tbe\tten\tyears\t[...]\tbefore\tsomebody\tdies\t[...]\t'cause\twe\t[...]\teating\t[...]\tbecause\twe\twere\teating\tstraight\tfrom\tthe\tfarm\teating\t[...]\tpeople\twas\tstrong,\tthey\tused\tto\tlive\t80\t[...]\tyears\t[...].",[...]\tin\tthat\tsettlement\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\tCOP\tten\tyears\t[...]\tbefore\tINDF\tdie.HAB\t[...]\tbecause\t1PL.SBJ\t[...]\teat.PROG\t[...]\tbecause\t1PL.SBJ\t1PL.COP.PST\teat.PROG\tstraight\tfrom\tthe\tfarm\teat.PROG\t[...]\tpeople\t3PL.COP.PST\tstrong\t3PL.SBJ\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\tlive\teighty\t[...]\tyears\t[...],"[...] in that settlement, it used to take ten years, [five years,] before somebody would die [again] [...] because we were eating [...] we were eating straight from the farm [...] So those people were strong, they used to live 80, [90, a hundred] years [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-89,13,He be try to sing.,He\tbe\ttry\tto\tsing.,3SG\tHAB\ttry\tto\tsing,He [often] tries to sing.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -13-90,13,How you duhz cook hog maw?,How\tyou\tduhz\tcook\thog\tmaw?,how\tyou\tHAB\tcook\thog\tmaw,How do you / did you cook hog maw?,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-61,14,She be telling people she eight.,She\tbe\ttelling\tpeople\tshe\teight.,she\tHAB\ttelling\tpeople\tshe\teight,She is always telling people she is eight. OR: She generally tells people that she is eight years old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-62,14,Some of them be big and some of them be small.,Some\tof\tthem\tbe\tbig\tand\tsome\tof\tthem\tbe\tsmall.,some\tof\tthem\tbe.HAB\tbig\tand\tsome\tof\tthem\tbe.HAB\tsmall,"Generally, some of them are big and some of them are small. OR: It is usually the case that some of them are big and some of them are small.",,,,naturalistic spoken -15-70,15,wi kin it rɛs,wi\tkin\tit\trɛs,1PL\tHAB\teat\trice,We usually eat rice.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -17-71,17,À dè wo̱sh plet.,À\tdè\two̱sh\tplet.,1SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\twash\tplate,I wash dishes (every day). OR: While I am washing dishes... OR: I am washing dishes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-66,18,Yu de drink ti evride.,Yu\tdi\tdrink\tti\tevri\tde.,2SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tdrink\ttea\tevery\tday,You drink tea every day.,,,,unspecified -19-85,19,Ustin kìn de insay de?,Us=tin\tkìn\tde\tinsay\tde?,Q=thing\tHAB\tCOP\tinside\tthere,What is usually in there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-86,19,[...] wi kìn mitɔp insay wan mòtó.,[...]\twi\tkìn\tmitɔp\tinsay\twan\tmòtó.,[...]\t1PL\tHAB\tmeet\tinside\tone\tcar.,[...] we usually meet/met in a car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-87,19,"We à kìn mek so, à no dè fil hɔt.","We\tà\tkìn\tmek\tso,\tà\tno\tdè\tfil\thɔt.",SUBORD\t1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tmake\tso\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tIPFV\tfeel\theat,"When I would repeatedly do like this, I wouldn't feel [the] heat.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-88,19,"Ɛni de dɛ̀n dè chɔp rɛs, ɛni de.","Ɛni\tde\tdɛ̀n\tdè\tchɔp\trɛs,\tɛni\tde.",every\tday\t3PL\tIPFV\teat\trice\tevery\tday,"Every day they eat rice, every day.",,,,naturalistic spoken -22-2,22,Yu save raitim nem bilong yu?,Yu\tsave\trait-im\tnem\tbilong\tyu?,2SG\tknow.how.to\twrite-TR\tname\tPOSS\t2SG,Do you know how to write your name?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-85,22,Lo tok ples ol sa kolim em Ipopadje.,Lo\ttok\tples\tol\tsa\tkolim\tem\tIpopadje.,in\ttalk\tvillage\t3PL\tHAB\tcall\t3SG\tIpopadje,In the local language they call him Ipopadje.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-86,22,Mipela ol Papua Niugini i save kaikai kaukau long nait.,Mipela\tol\tPapua\tNiugini\ti\tsave\tkaikai\tkaukau\tlong\tnait.,1PL.EXCL\tPL\tPapua\tNew.Guinea\tPM\tHAB\teat\tsweet.potato\tPREP\tnight,We Papua New Guineans usually eat sweet potato at night.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-84,23,olgeta oli stap yusum fasin blong bifo yet,olgeta\toli\tstap\tyusum\tfasin\tblong\tbifo\tyet,3PL\tAGR\tPROG/HAB\tuse\tfashion\tPOSS\tbefore\tyet,They still do things the old-fashioned way.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-85,23,ol SDA oli no save kakae mit,ol\tSDA\toli\tno\tsave\tkakae\tmit,PL\tSDA\tAGR\tNEG\tHAB\teat\tmeat,Seventh Day Adventists don't eat meat.,,,,constructed by linguist -25-231,25,Olabat oldei andi gaman.,Olabat\toldei\tandi\tgaman.,3PL\talways/HAB\twant.to\tcome,They always want to come.,,,,unknown -25-232,25,"Wi yusdu habim kid la bush, ani wi neva habim [...] melk, wi yusdu go bek bo olden taim.","Wi\tyusdu\thab-im\tkid\tla\tbush,\tani\twi\tneva\thab-im\t[...]\tmelk,\twi\tyusdu\tgo\tbek\tbo\tolden\ttaim.",1PL\tHAB\thave-TR\tchild\tLOC\tbush\tbut\t1PL\tNEG2\thave-TR\t[...]\tmilk\t1PL\tHAB\tgo\tback\tPURP\told\ttime,"We used to have children in the bush, but [sometimes] we didn't have milk, we used to go back to the old timer [treatment].",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -26-57,26,ʃi justu laɪk tu ʤɹiŋk,ʃi\tjustu\tlaɪk\ttu\tʤɹiŋk,3SG\tPST.HAB\tlike\tto\tdrink,She used to like to drink.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-58,27,Di difi sini am a kan goi mais mi ris gi sini.,Di\tdifi\tsini\tam\ta\tkan\tgoi\tmais\tmi\tris\tgi\tsini.,DET\tdove\t3PL\t3SG\tPST\tHAB\tthrow\tcorn\twith\trice\tgive\t3PL,"To the doves, he used to throw corn and rice to them.",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-59,27,[...] wa ju lō du?,[...]\twa\tju\tlō\tdu?,[...]\twhat\t2SG\tPROG\tdo,[...] what are you doing?,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-103,30,"Na kel ténpu, buru ta karága kárga.","Na=kel=ténpu,\tburu\tta=karága\tkárga.",in=this.SG=time\tdonkey\tIPFV=carry\tburden,"In those days, loads used to be carried by donkeys.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-104,30,"Ami, N ka ta kredita na bruxariâ, N ta kre so na kusa ki ten un splikason lójiku.","A-mi,\tN=ka=ta=kredita\tna=bruxariâ,\tN=ta=kre\tso\tna=kusa\tki=ten\tun=splikason\tlójiku.",TOP-1SG.INDP\t1SG.DEP=NEG=IPFV=believe\tin=witchcraft\t1SG=IPFV=believe\tonly\tin=thing\tCOMP=have\tART.INDF=explanation\tlogic,"As far as I am concerned, I don't believe in witchcraft; I only believe things that can be explained logically.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-105,30,N ta ser grándi un dia.,N=ta=ser\tgrándi\tun=dia.,1SG=IPFV=be\tgrown.up\tART.INDF=day,One day I will have grown up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-93,31,"Nu ta fika ku bontadi di panha otu, ma ka ten.","Nu\tta\tfika\tku\tbontadi\tdi\tpanha\totu,\tma\tka\tten.",we\twould\tstay\twith\tlonging\tof\ttake\tother\tbut\tNEG\thave,We would long for more but there was not anymore.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-94,31,"N ta lenbra kuma nu tinha, tinha falta.","N\tta\tlenbra\tkuma\tnu\ttinha,\ttinha\tfalta.",I\tASP\tremember\tthat\twe\thad\thad\tneed,I remember that we were in need.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-95,31,"N fra-z, kuazi N ta bai Praia.","N\tfra-z,\tkuazi\tN\tta\tbai\tPraia.",I\ttold-them\tmaybe\tI\twill\tgo\tPraia,I told them that maybe I will go to Praia.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-70,32,Bosê ta kreditá n'es kóza?,Bosê\tta\tkreditá\tna\tes\tkóza?,2SG.POL\tPRS\tbelieve\tin\tDEM\tthing,Do you believe in this?,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-71,32,N ka ta kontá mas.,N\tka\tta\tkontá\tmas.,1SG\tNEG\tFUT\ttell\tmore,I will not tell any more (stories).,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-72,32,Entre kunpanher no ta falá kriol.,Entre\tkunpanher\tno\tta\tfalá\tkriol.,between\tcolleague\t2SG\tPRS.HAB\tspeak\tcreole,Between colleagues we speak Creole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-73,32,Tati ta skrevê un kárta.,Tati\tta\tskrevê\tun\tkárta.,Tati\tPRS.PROG\twrite\tDET\tletter,Tati is writing a letter.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-101,33,Minjeris di li ta bambu se mininus.,Minjeri-s\tdi\tli\tta\tbambu\tsi\tmininu-s.,woman-PL\tof\there\tHAB\tcarry\tPOSS\tchild-PL,Women here carry their children on the back.,,,,naturalistic written -33-102,33,Bu ta bin nha kasa amanha.,Bu\tta\tbin\tnha\tkasa\tamanha.,2SG\tFUT\tcome\tmy\thouse\ttomorrow,Come to my house tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-69,34,"Tudu diya, N ta kumé na fugoŋ.","Tudu\tdiya,\tN\tta\tkumé\tna\tfugoŋ.",all\tday\t1SG.SBJ\tHAB\teat\tin\tkitchen,I eat in the kitchen every day.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-107,35,Pema na ka môlê fô.,Pema\tna\tka\tmôlê\tf=ô.,palm.tree\tNEG\tIPFV\tdie\tNEG=PCL,The palm tree will not die.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-108,35,Ôtlô ten ka tlaba viantêlu.,Ôtlô\tten\tka\ttlaba\tviantêlu.,other\talso\tIPFV\twork\tpalm.wine.extractor,"Others, on their turn, work as palm wine extractors.",,,,naturalistic spoken -35-109,35,Bô ka gôgô ku vinpema.,Bô\tka\tgôgô\tku\tvinpema.,2SG\tIPFV\tlike\twith\tpalm.wine,You like/enjoy palm wine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-110,35,N tava ka vivê nala.,N\ttava\tka\tvivê\tnala.,1SG\tPST\tIPFV\tlive\tthere,I was living there. OR: I used to live there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-111,35,Sun ka bê ngê ka vala.,Sun\tka\tbê\tngê\tka\tvala.,he\tIPFV\tsee\tperson\tIPFV\tpass.by,He sees people passing by.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-61,36,"Olo ma a ka tê m'me, a ka n'dja laba mo.","Olo\tma\ta\tka\ttê\tm'me,\ta\tka\tn'dja\tlaba\tmo.",hour\tREL\tINDF\tHAB\thave.to\teat\tINDF\tHAB\tfirst\twash\thand,"When one is going to eat, one has to wash one's hands.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-71,37,Zwan ka kanta na gêêza.,Zwan\tka\tkanta\tna\tgêêza.,Zwan\tHAB\tsing\tin\tchurch,Zwan sings in the church.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-72,37,Laanza ka mene.,Laanza\tka\tmene.,orange\tIPFV\tbe.sweet,Oranges are sweet.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-73,37,Amanhan n ka romosa ki Zwan.,Amanhan\tn\tka\tromosa\tki\tZwan.,tomorrow\t1SG\tFUT\tlunch\twith\tZwan,Tomorrow I'll have lunch with Zwan.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-83,38,Pepemu xafaxom fikuz.,Pepe-mu\txa-fa-ku-amu\tfi-kuzu.,grandfather-1SG\tHAB-speak-with-1SG\tlittle-thing,My grandfather speaks little to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-84,38,Tempu seku no xa té fo medyi maiu.,Tempu\tseku\tno\txa\tté\tfo\tmedyi\tmaiu.,season\tdry\t1PL\tHAB\thave\tfrom\tmonth\tMay,The dry season starts in the month of May (lit. The dry season we have it from the month of May).,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-62,40,"Muda-ni dəpəy doy, kindz di su dɛt tə li͂pa.","Muda-ni\tdəpəy\tdoy,\tkindz\tdi\tsu\tdɛt\ttə\tli͂pa.",replant-when\tthen\ttwo\tfifteen\tday\tGEN\tin\tPRS\tclean,"After replanting (the sprouted rice shoots), (the fields) are cleaned from two to fifteen days afterwards.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-80,41,"senaa, noospa janasa poɖiyaaspa nosa lingvaay seensaba kiteem","senaa,\t[noos-pa\tjaa-nasa]\tpoɖiyaas-pa\tnosa\tlingvaay\tseem-saba\tki-teem",otherwise\t[1PL-ACC\tPST-be.born]\tchild.PL-DAT\t1PL.GEN\tlanguage\tNEG.PTCP-know\tHAB-be,"Otherwise, the children born to us don't know our language.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-78,42,el lo falá ku sa mai pai ke da seng,el\tlo\tfalá\tku\tsa\tmai\tpai\tke\tda\tseng,3SG\tHAB\tspeak\tACC\tGEN\tmother\tfather\twant\tgive\tyes,He (the potential groom) would tell his parents that he wanted to become engaged.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-4,47,Riba e isla aki ta biba un mion hende.,Riba\te\tisla\taki\tta\tbiba\tun\tmion\thende.,on\tDEF\tisland\tDEM.PROX\tTNS\tlive\tone\tmillion\tperson,On this island live a million people.,,,,both elicited and naturalistic spoken -47-98,47,E sa uzé ora ku e kièr tene su kabei ariba den otro.,E\tsa\tuza\te\tora\tku\te\tkièr\ttene\tsu\tkabei\tariba\tden\totro.,3SG\tknow\tuse\t3SG\thour\tCOMP\t3SG\twant\tkeep\tPOSS\thair\tup\tin\tRECP,She uses it (habitually) when she wants to keep her hair tied up.,,,,naturalistic written -48-93,48,Suto asé asé sopa asina.,Suto\tasé\tasé\tsopa\tasina.,we\tHAB\tmake\tsoup\tthis.way,We make the soup this way.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-137,49,Kòlbè konn vann liv bò isi a.,Kòlbè\tkonn\tvann\tliv\tbò\tisi\ta.,Kòlbè\tHAB\tsell\tbook\taround\there\tDEF,Kolbe usually sells books around here.,,,,elicited from speaker -49-138,49,Malè konn rive.,Malè\tkonn\trive.,misfortune\tHAB\tarrive,Sometimes a misfortune can happen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-84,50,I ka dòmi.,I\tka\tdòmi.,3SG\tPROG\tsleep,He/She is sleeping.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-85,50,An ka sipozé i la.,An\tka\tsipozé\ti\tla.,1SG\tIPFV\tsuppose\t3SG\tthere,I suppose he is there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-109,54,"Alor, in zour, lavé in boug, li avé in kamarad ali [...]. Lé dé i fé parti la sas avek, tou le tan.","Alor,\ten\tzour,\tlave\ten\tboug,\tli\tave\ten\tkamarad\tali\t[...].\tLe\tde\ti\tfe\tparti\tlasas\tavek,\ttou\tlë\ttan.",at.that.time\tINDF\tday\thave.PST\tINDF\tman\t3SG\thave.PST\tINDF\tcompanion\tOBL.3SG\t[...]\tDEF.PL\ttwo\tFIN\tmake\tparty\thunt\twith\tall\tDEF\ttime,"Once upon a time there was a man, he had a companion [...] The two of them used to go hunting together, all the time.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-101,56,"Me malerezman mon pa fime, mon frer, mon sik taba.","Me\tmalerezman\tmon\tpa\tfime,\tmon\tfrer,\tmon\tsik\ttaba.",but\tunfortunately\t1SG\tNEG\tsmoke\tmy\tbrother\t1SG\tchew\ttobacco,"But unfortunately, I don't smoke, my brother, I chew tobacco.",,,,naturalistic written -58-64,58,Yandi kele dia-aka.,Yandi\tkele\tdia-aka.,he/she\tbe\teat-HAB,He/she (usually) eats.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-152,59,"tongana lo mu samba na ala, ala ken', ala tene, baa ala nyon'ka samba pepe","tongana\tlo\tmu\tsamba\tna\tala,\tala\tken',\tala\ttene,\tbaa\tala\tnyon'-ka\tsamba\tpepe",when\t3SG\tgive\tbeer\tPREP\t2PL\t2PL\trefuse\t2PL\tsay\tsee\t2PL\tdrink-HAB\tbeer\tNEG,"When he offers you beer, refuse, say, ""Look, I don't drink beer.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-153,59,"[...], mo teen', baa, mo nyon' samba ape o","[...],\tmo\ttene,\tbaa,\tmo\tnyon'\tsamba\tape\to",[...]\t2SG\tsay\tsee\t2SG\tdrink\tbeer\tNEG\tDEF,"(When he offers you beer), say, ""Look, I don't drink beer, thank you.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-65,60,nasálaka na Kinshása,na-sál-aka\tna\tKinshása,1SG-work-HAB\tin\tKinshása,I work in Kinshasa (habitually).,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-66,60,nabángaka Nzámbe,na-báng-aka\tNzámbe,1SG-fear-HAB\tGod,I fear God.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-91,63,ína bi-mútu íni,ína\tbi-mútu\tíni,1PL\tTAM-die\there,We will die here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-92,63,kíla bakán ta bi-rúo logó núbi,kíla\tbakán\tta\tbi-rúo\tlogó\tnúbi,every\tplace\t2SG\tTAM-go\tfind\tNubi,You find Nubi everywhere.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-113,63,úmun gi-ákul ákil ta Núbi,úmun\tgi-ákul\tákil\tta\tNúbi,3PL\tTAM-eat\tfood\tGEN\tNubi,They eat the Nubian food.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-96,64,ána bifékir obóma de ma kwes,ána\tbi=fékir\tobóma\tde\tma\tkwes,1SG\tIRR=think\toboma\tDEM.PROX\tNEG\tgood,I guess that oboma is not good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-97,64,yúmkin íta birákabu ákil bi lel íta bikútu fi talája,yúmkin\títa\tbi=rákabu\tákil\tbi\tlel\títa\tbi=kútu\tfi\ttalája,possible\t2SG\tIRR=cook\tfood\tat\tnight\t2SG\tIRR=put\tin\trefrigerator,You could cook the food at night so as to put it in the refrigerator.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-98,64,sána jái de úo bikun abúna,sána\tjái\tde\túo\tbi=kun\tabúna,year\tcoming\tDEM.PROX\t3SG\tIRR=be\tpriest,Next year he will be a priest.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-99,64,henák fi sudán nas binum bédri,henák\tfi\tsudán\tnas\tbi=num\tbédri,over.there\tin\tSudan\tpeople\tIRR=sleep\tearly,In Sudan people usually go to sleep early.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-100,64,kan úo ma der mótoro rája le nas mótoro ma binénzil,kan\túo\tma\tder\tmótoro\trája\tle\tnas\tmótoro\tma\tbi=nénzil,COND\t3SG\tNEG\twant\train\tcome.back\tto\tpeople\train\tNEG\tIRR=go.down,"If he doesn’t want the rain to come back to the people, the rain won’t fall down.",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-101,64,ana bihébu ita ʃedíd,ana\tbi=hébu\tita\tʃedíd,1SG\tIRR=love\t2SG\tstrong,I love you so much.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-105,67,Sekolah selalu campoh-campoh cakap.,Sekolah\tselalu\tcampoh~campoh\tcakap.,school\talways\tmix~mix\tspeak,"In schools, the language that (people) use is always mixed.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-106,67,Kadang-kadang Hokkien cakap Hokkien sikit-sikit.,Kadang-kadang\tHokkien\tcakap\tHokkien\tsikit~sikit.,sometimes\tHokkien\tspeak\tHokkien\tlittle~little,"Sometimes, we spoke very little Hokkien.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-107,67,[...] dulu Hainan punya orang ah tak pandai la.,[...]\tdulu\tHainan\tpunya\torang\tah\ttak\tpandai\tla.,[...]\tbefore\tHainan\tATTR\tperson\tTOP\tNEG\tskillful\tEMPH,"[...] before, the Hainanese were not skillful.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-108,67,Dia cakap banyak plan.,Dia\tcakap\tbanyak\tplan.,3SG\tspeak\tmuch\tslow,She speaks slowly.,,,,elicited from speaker -71-81,71,Pehea pauloa manawa makemake ike Edita?,Pehea\tpauloa\tmanawa\tmakemake\tike\tEdita?,why\tall\ttime\twant\tsee\tEdith,Why do you usually want to see Edith?,,,,naturalistic written -71-82,71,Aole hiki wau malama kela ohana wau pauloa manawa.,Aole\thiki\twau\tmalama\tkela\tohana\twau\tpauloa\tmanawa.,NEG\table\t1SG\ttake.care\tDET\tfamily\t1SG.POSS\tall\ttime,I usually was unable to care for my family.,,,,naturalistic written -72-76,72,An karuwalija yusta gon jeya jawurrapkarra tomato deya nganta.,An\tkaru-walija\tyusta\tgon\tjeya\tjawurrap-karra\ttomato\tdeya\tnganta.,and\tchild-PAUC\tHAB\tgo\tthere\tsteal-CONT\ttomato\tthere\tDOUBT,"And the kids used to go there stealing the tomatoes, I think.",,,3fd2aee1f02ddc56ef207b710b516a58,naturalistic spoken -74-75,74,haws ya-xwim,haws\tya-xwim,house\t3SG-fall,The house is falling down. OR: The house keeps falling down.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-127,75,Ekushpi li moond maana kiipimbahteewak.,Ekushpi\tli\tmoond\tmaana\tkii-pim-baht-eew-ak.,then\tDEF.ART\tworld/people\tusually\tPST-around-run-3-PL,"At that time, people would run around.",,,,naturalistic spoken -76-44,76,kimmik innuk kaukau picūktū,kimmik\tinnuk\tkaukau\tpicūktū,dog\tman\teat\twant,The dog bites (is inclined to bite) people.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-123,1,Wie ben dee aksie na wan Nefie.,Wi\tben\tde\taksi\tna\twan\tnefi.,1PL\tPST\tIPFV\task\tfor\tINDF.SG\tknife,We were asking for a knife.,,,,written -1-124,1,"A de drungu, a no kann go reti, a de kanti.","A\tde\tdrungu,\ta\tno\tkan\tgo\treti,\ta\tde\tkanti.",3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tbe.drunk\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tcan\tgo\tright\t3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\ttilt,"He is drunk, he cannot go straight, he is tilting.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-129,1,Dem pulu hem na .,Den\tØ\tpuru\ten\tna\t.,3PL\tPFV\tremove\t3SG\tLOC\tcongregation,They expelled him from the congregation.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-113,2,Esde di mi Ø kon na oso a ben e skrifi wan brifi.,Esde\tdi\tmi\tØ\tkon\tna\toso\ta\tben\te\tskrifi\twan\tbrifi.,yesterday\twhen\t1SG\tPFV\tcome\tLOC\thouse\t3SG\tPST\tIPFV\twrite\tART\tletter,"Yesterday when I came to the house, he was writing a letter.",,,,elicited from speaker -2-114,2,Di mi kon na oso esde a ben skrifi tu brifi kaba.,Di\tmi\tkon\tna\toso\tesde\ta\tben\tskrifi\ttu\tbrifi\tkaba.,when\t1SG\tcome\tLOC\thouse\tyesterday\t3SG\tPST\twrite\ttwo\tletter\tCOMPL,"When I came to the house yesterday, he had already written two letters.",,,,elicited from speaker -2-115,2,A e skrifi wan brifi.,A\te\tskrifi\twan\tbrifi.,3SG\tIPFV\twrite\tDET\tletter,She’s writing a letter.,,,,constructed by linguist -3-59,3,Mi wáka.,Mi\twáka.,1SG\twalk,I walked.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-131,3,"Di mi bì tá kó te tjiká a pási, nóo a bì kái mi táa u mi tooná kó n'én.","Di\tmi\tbì\ttá\tkó\tte\ttjiká\ta\tpási,\tnóo\ta\tbì\tkái\tmi\ttáa\tu\tmi\ttooná\tkó\tn'=én.",then\t1SG\tTNS\tASP\tcome\ttill\tenough\tLOC\tway\tthen\t3SG\tTNS\tcall\t1SG\tsay\tfor\t1SG\tturn\tcome\tLOC=3SG,"When I was already on my way, he called me to come back to him.",,,,naturalistic spoken -4-82,4,Na Alibina a be e tan tuu?,Na\tAlibina\ta\tbe\te\ttan\ttuu?,FOC\tAlbina\tshe\tPST\tIPFV\tstay\ttrue,Was she really/truly living in Albina (lit. It's in Albina she was living for true)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-83,4,Mi e hangi fi en teee ye!,Mi\te\thangi\tfi\ten\tteee\tye!,I\tIPFV\thunger\tfor\t3SG\tvery\tINSIST,I miss her a lot!,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-79,5,an luk hou hai hai dee taim yu a fraikn mi?,an\tluk\thou\thai\thai\tdee\ttaim\tyu\ta\tfraikn\tmi?,and\tlook\thow\thigh\thigh\tday\ttime\t2SG\tASP\tscare\t1SG,And (yet) look how in the broad daylight you're scaring me?,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-52,6,did/wuz/had; go/wud; does-ing; done,did/wuz/had;\tgo/wud;\tdoes-ing;\tdone,ANT\tFUT\tN-PFV\tCOMPL,'anterior'; 'future'; 'non-perfective'; 'completive',,,,constructed by linguist -7-130,7,Hi a wuhk. Hi bin a wuhk.,Hi\ta\twuhk.\tHi\tbin\ta\twuhk.,3SG\tPROG\twork\t3SG\tPST\tPROG\twork,He is working. He was working.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-75,8,Di piipl-dem wehn de kos di govament.,Di\tpiipl-dem\twehn\tde\tkos\tdi\tgovament.,DET\tpeople-PL\tANT\tPROG\tcurse\tDET\tgovernment,The people were cursing the government.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-76,8,Di piipl-dem de kos di govament.,Di\tpiipl-dem\tde\tkos\tdi\tgovament.,DET\tpeople-PL\tPROG\tcurse\tDET\tgovernment,The people are cursing the government.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-92,9,I me de get di kantrak en i jos haya di badj.,I\tme\tde\tget\tdi\tkantrak\ten\ti\tjos\thaya\tdi\tbadj.,3SG\tANT\tPROG\tget\tthe\tcontract\tand\t3SG\tjust\thire\tthe\tbarge,"He had been getting the contract, and he just rented the barge.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-107,10,Afta ihn don marid tu di neks uman [...].,Afta\tihn\tdon\tmarid\ttu\tdi\tneks\tuman\t[...].,after\t3SG\tCOMPL\tmarry\tto\tART.DEF\tnext\twoman\t[...],After he had married his second wife [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-108,10,Wen Ai wehn baan [...].,Wen\tAi\twehn\tbaan\t[...].,when\t1SG\tANT\tgive.birth\t[...],When I was born [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-109,10,"An him gaan bak, gaan lie dong bikaa ihn don iit aal di ting an drink aal di lemonied.","An\thim\tgaan\tbak,\tgaan\tlie\tdong\tbikaa\tihn\tdon\tiit\taal\tdi\tting\tan\tdrink\taal\tdi\tlemonied.",and\t3SG\tgo.PST\tback\tgo.PST\tlie\tdown\tbecause\t3SG\tCOMPL\teat\tall\tART.DEF\tthing\tand\tdrink\tall\tART.DEF\tlemonade,And he went back and lied down because he had eaten all the food and drunk all the lemonade.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-110,10,Ihn de wook.,Ihn\tde\twook.,3SG\tPROG\twork,She/he is working.,,,,constructed by linguist -10-111,10,Ihn wehn de wook.,Ihn\twehn\tde\twook.,3SG\tANT\tPROG\twork,He/She was working.,,,,constructed by linguist -11-139,11,Di ada die wa monki mi di liv iina wa chrii.,Di\tada\tdie\twa\tmonki\tmi\tdi\tliv\tiina\twa\tchrii.,ART.DEF\tother\tday\tART.INDF\tmonkey\tPST\tPROG\tlive\tin\tART.INDF\ttree,"The other day (=once upon a time), a monkey was living on a tree.",,,,naturalistic written -11-140,11,Ai don sii som piipl we gat moni hi doz get piipl fa work.,Ai\tdon\tsii\tsom\tpiipl\twe\tgat\tmoni\thi\tdoz\tget\tpiipl\tfa\twork.,1SG\tCOMPL\tsee\tsome\tpeople\tREL\tget\tmoney\t3SG.M\tHAB\tget\tpeople\tfor\twork,I have seen some people who have money getting people to work for them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-141,11,Deh neva did get di guol.,Deh\tneva\tdid\tget\tdi\tguol.,3PL\tNEG.PST\tPST\tget\tART.DEF\tgold,They didn't get the gold.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-142,11,Ah mi lukin fa yu.,Ah\tmi\tluk-in\tfa\tyu.,1SG\tPST\tlook-PROG\tfor\t2SG,I was looking for you.,,,,naturalistic written -11-143,11,Di yonga wan jos kom an inheritin di bles.,Di\tyonga\twan\tjos\tkom\tan\tinherit-in\tdi\tbles.,ART.DEF\tyounger\tone\tjust\tcome\tand\tinherit-PROG\tART.DEF\tblessing,The younger ones just come and they are inheriting the blessing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-115,12,"And when my mummy go in the field in the morningtime, she used to bake bread - and ... when I go fishining, I used to leave fish inside the - house for her, you see - and [...] when I - uh - done do that, I go - in the bush, and I - used to live - yeah - live in the bush.",[...]\tshe\tused\tto\tbake\tbread\t[...]\twhen\tI\t[...]\tdone\tdo\tthat\t[...].,[...]\tshe\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\tbake\tbread\t[...]\twhen\tI\t[...]\tCOMPL\tdo\tthat\t[...],"[...] she used to bake bread [...]. And when I had done that, [I would go in the bush, and I used to live, yeah, live in the bush.]",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-91,13,I gwine go.,I\tgwine\tgo.,I\tFUT\tgo,I will go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-92,13,I been mad.,I\tbeen\tmad.,I\tPST\tmad,I was angry.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -13-93,13,I beena cook my dinner.,I\tbeen-a\tcook\tmy\tdinner.,I\tPST-PROG\tcook\tmy\tdinner,I was cooking my dinner.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-63,14,Bruce had done left.,Bruce\thad\tdone\tleft.,Bruce\tPST\tPRF/COMPL\tleft,Bruce had already left.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-71,15,a bin de wok,a\tbin\tde\twok,I\tPST\tPROG\twork,I was working.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-92,16,wì dè dig àm wit pikaks wit ɛvritin wit ʃɔful,wì\tdè\tdig\tàm\twit\tpikaks\twit\tɛvritin\twit\tʃɔful,1PL\tPROG\tdig\t3SG.OBJ\twith\tpickaxe\twith\teverything\twith\tshovel,"We were digging it (out) with pickaxes, with anything, with shovels.",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-215,17,A bìn dè wósh plét.,A\tbìn\tdè\twósh\tplét.,1SG\tPST\tNCOMPL\twash\tplate,I was washing dishes.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-67,18,I bi di waka fo fores.,I\tbin\tdi\twaka\tfor\tfores.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tIPFV\twalk\tfor\tforest,She/He was walking in the forest.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-68,18,I di waka fo fores.,I\tdi\twaka\tfo\tfores.,3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\twalk\tfor\tforest,She/He is walking in the forest.,,,,constructed by linguist -19-89,19,"Wan de, wan pikin bìn dè sik.","Wan\tde,\twan\tpikin\tbìn\tdè\tsik.",one\tday\tone\tchild\tPST\tIPFV\tbe.sick,"One day, a child was sick.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-90,19,Yɛ́stàdé nayt we à dè kɔl yu [...].,Yɛ́stàdé\tnayt\twe\tà\tdè\tkɔl\tyu\t[...].,yesterday\tnight\tSUBORD\t1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tcall\t2SG.EMPH\t[...],"Yesterday night, when I was calling you [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -21-55,21,Lastime it came out in the newspaper again.,Lastime\tit\tcame\tout\tin\tthe\tnewspaper\tagain.,PST\t3SG\tcome.PST\tout\tin\tDET\tnewspaper\tagain,It appeared in the newspaper again in the past.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-87,22,Em i singsing istap.,Em\ti\tsingsing\tistap.,3SG\tPM\tsing\tPROG,He is singing.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-88,22,Em i bin singsing istap.,Em\ti\tbin\tsingsing\tistap.,3SG\tPM\tPST\tsing\tPROG,He was singing.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-89,22,Em i bin go long taun.,Em\ti\tbin\tgo\tlong\ttaun.,3SG\tPM\tPST\tgo\tPREP\ttown,He went to town.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-86,23,Gordon Moir i bin mekem 15 profesional faet finis.,Gordon\tMoir\ti\tbin\tmekem\t15\tprofesional\tfaet\tfinis.,Gordon\tMoir\tAGR\tANT\tmake\t15\tprofessional\tfight\tCOMPL,Gordon Moir has already competed in 15 professional fights.,,,,naturalistic written -24-101,24,wan hymn bin yusa sing,wan\thymn\tbin\tyusa\tsing,DET.INDF\thymn\tPST\tHAB\tsing,a hymn used to be sung,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-115,24,Wan cow bin chasen me.,Wan\tcow\tbin\tchasen\tme.,DET.INDF\tcow\tPST\tchase.CONT\tme,A cow chased me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-233,25,Mindubala bin oldei kilimbat goana.,Mindubala\tbin\toldei\tkil-im-bat\tgoana.,1DU.EXCL\tPST\talways\tkill-TR-PROG\tgoanna,The two of us used to kill goannas.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-234,25,Mibala wandim bla gugumbat taga.,Mibala\twand-im\tbla\tgug-um-bat\ttaga.,1PL\twant-TR\tDAT/POSS\tcook-TR-PROG\ttucker,We want it (fire) for cooking food.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-235,25,Ai dono hau thei gada gajimbat [...] ola ebarrijing.,Ai\tdono\thau\tthei\tgada\tgaj-im-bat\t[...]\tola\tebarrijing.,1SG\tdon't.know\thow\t3PL\tFUT/OBLIG\tget-TR-PROG\t[...]\tPL\tthing,I don't know how they're going to get [their] things.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-58,26,a kud fɛo sambadi waz aɹaʊn; wɛn jɛo ma neɪm,a\tkud\tfɛo\tsambadi\twaz\taɹaʊn;\twɛn\tjɛo\tma\tneɪm,1SG\tcould\tfeel\tINDF\tCOP.PST\taround\tPST.PFV\tyell\t1SG.POSS\tname,I could feel somebody was around. It yelled my name.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-59,26,wɛn aɪ fə˞s staɾɛd tu wə˞k,wɛn\taɪ\tfə˞s\tstaɾ-ɛd\ttu\twə˞k,when\t1SG\tfirst\tstart-PST\tto\twork,when I first started to work,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-60,27,Di dibel a kurí./ Astu am kā bou di hus [...].,Di\tdibel\ta\tkurí./\tAstu\tam\tkā\tbou\tdi\thus\t[...].,lDET\tdevil\tPST\trun\tafter\t3SG\tCOMPL\tbuild\tDET\thouse\t[...],The devil ran away. / After he had built the house [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-78,27,Wa ju lō du? Am a se: Mi lō mulā́ stēn.,Wa\tju\tlō\tdu?\tAm\ta\tse:\tMi\tlō\tmulā́\tstēn.,what\t2SG\tPROG\tdo\t3SG\tPST\tsay\t1SG\tPROG\tgrind\tstone,"""What are you doing?"" He said: ""I am grinding stones.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-150,27,"Weni am a lo pasḗ di hus, di hou man a ki di klēn juṅ lo pasḗ.","Weni\tam\ta\tlo\tpasḗ\tdi\thus,\tdi\thou\tman\ta\tki\tdi\tklēn\tjuṅ\tlo\tpasḗ.",when\t3SG\tPST\tPROG\tpass.by\tDET\thouse\tDET\told\tman\tPST\tsee/look\tDET\tsmall\tboy\tPROG\tpass.by,"""When he was walking past the house, the old man saw the boy passing by.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-90,28,"endi wa plantɛ bom, bat di kujap seito","eni\tdi\twa\tplandi-tɛ\tbom,\tbat\tdi\tkui-apu\tsei-tɛ\to",3PL\tDEM\tPST\tplant-PFV\ttree\tbut\tthe\tcow-PL\tdamage-PFV\t3SG,"They had planted trees, but the cows destroyed it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-92,29,Hy weier dit.,Hy\tweier\tdit.,3SG.M.NOM\trefuse\t3SG.N,He refuses it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-93,29,Hy het dit geweier.,Hy\thet\tdit\tge-weier.,3SG.M.NOM\tPST\t3SG.N\tPTCP-refuse,He refused it. OR: He has refused it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-94,29,Hy sal dit weier.,Hy\tsal\tdit\tweier.,3SG.M\tFUT\tit\trefuse,He will refuse it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-95,29,Hy het dit klaar gelees. vs. Hy het dit gelees (maar nie klaar nie).,Hy\thet\tdit\tklaar\tgelees.\tvs.\tHy\thet\tdit\tgelees\t(maar\tnie\tklaar\tnie).,3SG.M\tAUX\t3SG.N\tfinished\tPTCP.read\tvs.\t3SG.M\tAUX\t3SG.N\tPTCP.read\t(but\tnot\tfinished\tNEG),He has finished reading it. / He finished reading it vs. He has read it. / He read it (but not completely).,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-96,29,Sy skop heeltyd teen die stoel. vs. Sy het heeltyd teen die stoel geskop.,Sy\tskop\theeltyd\tteen\tdie\tstoel.\tvs.\tSy\thet\theeltyd\tteen\tdie\tstoel\tgeskop.,3SG.F.NOM\tkicks\twhole.time\tagainst\tDEF.ART\tchair\tvs.\t3SG.F.NOM\tAUX\twhole.time\tagainst\tthe\tchair\tPTCP.kicked,She keeps kicking against the chair. vs. She was continually kicking against the chair.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-106,30,Si mudjer [...] ta faseba poku kumida.,Si=mudjer\t[...]\tta=fase-ba\tpoku\tkumida.,3SG.POSS=woman\t[...]\tIPFV=make-ANT\tlittle\tfood,His wife made little food.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-107,30,"Inkuántu N sa ta kumeba, txuba sa ta txobeba manenti.","Inkuántu\tN=sa=ta=kume-ba,\ttxuba\tsa=ta=txobe-ba\tmanenti.",while\t1SG=PROG=IPFV=eat-ANT\train\tPROG=IPFV=rain-ANT\tconstantly,"While I was eating, it was constantly raining.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-96,31,"Es fra un minina go ki sta ta bende pexi, panha pankada. vs. Es fra un minina go ki staba ta bende pexi, panha pankada.","Es\tfra\tun\tminina\tgo\tki\tsta\tta\tbende\tpexi,\tpanha\tpankada.\tvs.\tEs\tfra\tun\tminina\tgo\tki\tstaba\tta\tbende\tpexi,\tpanha\tpankada.",they\tsay\ta\tgirl\tnow\twho\tASP\tMOOD\tsell\tfish\tgot\thurt\tvs.\tthey\tsay\ta\tgirl\tnow\twho\tASP.ANT\tMOOD\tsell\tfish\tgot\thurt,They said that a girl who is selling fish got hurt vs. They said that a girl who was selling fish got hurt.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-102,31,N sai di kaza i N staba ta anda un katxor go morde-m na kanela.,N\tØ\tsai\tdi\tkaza\ti\tN\tstaba\tta\tanda\tun\tkatxor\tgo\tmorde=m\tna\tkanela.,I\tPFV\tleave\tof\thouse\tand\tI\tbe.ANT\tPROG\twalk\ta\tdog\tthen\tbit=me\ton\tleg,I went out of the house and I was walking when a dog bit my leg.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-74,32,Txeu jent ta dzê k es tá bá bská pex na Baía [...].,Txeu\tjent\tta\tdzê\tk\tes\ttá\tbá\tbská\tpex\tna\tBaía\t[...].,many\tpeople\tPRS.HAB\tsay\tCOMP\t3PL\tPST.HAB\tgo\tfetch\tfish\tin\tBaía\t[...],Many people say they used to go to Baía to get fish [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-103,33,N’ na bay skola amanha.,N’\tna\tbay\tskola\tamanha.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tschool\ttomorrow,I will go to school tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-104,33,N' na bay ba skola aonti.,N'\tna\tbay\tba\tskola\taonti.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tPST\tschool\tyesterday,I was going to school yesterday. OR: I would have gone to school yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-107,33,Djugude Ø ciga cif.,Djugude\tØ\tciga\tcif.,vulture\tPFV\tland\tsmoothly,The vulture landed smoothly.,,,,naturalistic written -34-71,34,"Kontra N sá baŋ mininu, tudu diya N ta bay baŋ sikola.","Kontra\tN\tø\tsá\tbaŋ\tmininu,\ttudu\tdiya\tN\tta\tbay\tbaŋ\tsikola.",when\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tCOP\tPST\tchild\tall\tday\t1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tgo\tPST\tschool,"When I was a child, I would go to school every day.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-197,34,i sá baŋ na kumé / i na kumé baŋ na,i\tsá\tbaŋ\tna\tkumé\t/\ti\tna\tkumé\tbaŋ\tna,3SG\tCOP\tPST\tPROG\teat\t/\t3SG\tPROG\teat\tPST\tASS,He was eating.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-112,35,Inen tava ka kume.,Inen\ttava\tka\tkume.,3PL\tPST\tIPFV\teat,They were eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -35-113,35,Inen ska kume.,Inen\tska\tkume.,3PL\tPROG\teat,They are eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -36-62,36,Ê thêka kata.,Ê\tthêka\tkata.,he\tPROG\tsing,He is singing.,,,,constructed by linguist -36-167,36,Ê kata.,Ê\tkata.,3SG\tsing,S/he sang.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-74,37,Ine sa kume.,Ine\tsa\tkume.,3PL\tPROG\teat,They are eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-75,37,Ine tava sa kume.,Ine\ttava\tsa\tkume.,3PL\tPST\tPROG\teat,They were eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-76,37,Ine kume.,Ine\tØ\tkume.,3PL\tPFV\teat,They ate.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-85,38,I bi sa feu.,Eli\tbi\tsa\tfeu.,3SG\tANT\tbe\till,He was ill.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-86,38,Bo bi sa namina.,Bo\tbi\tsa\tna-mina.,2SG\tANT\tbe\tART-child,You were a child.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-87,38,Ineni bi sxa tabaya.,Ineni\tbi\tsxa\ttabaya.,3PL\tANT\tPROG\twork,They had been working.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-88,38,Ineni bi ske tabaya.,Ineni\tbi\tske\ttabaya.,3PL\tANT\tIRR\twork,They would have gone to work.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-93,39,Yo tə faze burak.,Yo\ttə\tfaz-e\tburak.,1SG\tIPFV.NPST\tmake-INF\thole,I'm making a hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-94,39,Elz nã faz bẽ kima.,Elz\tnã\tfaz\tbẽ\tkim-a.,3PL\tNEG\tmake.NPST\twell\tburn-INF,They don't roast it well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-95,39,Maŋa lɛũto foy trabay.,Maŋa\tlɛũt-o\tfoy\ttrabay.,morning\tget.up-PST\tgo.PST\twork,In the morning [I] got up and went to work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-96,39,Nə saykəl uncle tiŋ vay.,Nə\tsaykəl\t\tt-iŋ\tvay.,LOC\tbicycle\tuncle\tIPFV-PST\tgo.INF,Uncle was going by bicycle.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-63,40,Teru (tɛ) kata-n katig.,Teru\t(tɛ)\tkata-n\tkatig.,Teru\t(PRS)\tsing-PROG\tsong,Teru is singing a song/songs.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-64,40,Teru ti kata-n katig.,Teru\tti\tkata-n\tkatig.,Teru\tPST\tsing-PROG\tsong,Teru was singing a song/songs.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-81,41,"etus gɛɛra jaabuskaa. mataa, kortaa taam tiña tudus.","etus\tgèèra\tjaa-buskaa.\tmataa,\tkortaa\ttaam\ttiña\ttudus.",3PL\twar\tPST-seek\tkill\tcut\tPROG\tPST.be\teveryone,They made war. They were all killing and cutting [each other].,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-82,41,eli lokatriiya; amiyaam lokatriiya,eli\tlo-kaa-triiya;\tamiyaam\tlo-kaa-triiya,3SG.M\tFUT-PFV-bring\ttomorrow\tFUT-PFV-bring,He will bring [it]. Tomorrow he will bring [it].,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-79,42,eli ja bai mar onti anoti,eli\tja\tbai\tmar\tonti\tanoti,3SG\tPFV\tgo\tsea\tyesterday\tnight,He went fishing last night.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-80,42,eli ta papiá ku John,eli\tta\tpapiá\tku\tJohn,3SG\tPROG\tspeak\tCOM\tJohn,He is/was talking with John.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-81,42,"kiora yo ta conta stori ku Pedru, John ja chegá","kiora\tyo\tta\tconta\tstori\tku\tPedru,\tJohn\tja\tchegá",when\t1SG\tPROG\ttell\tstory\tCOM\tPedru\tJohn\tPFV\tarrive,"When I was conversing with Pedru, John arrived.",,,,elicited from speaker -43-58,43,Asi mesmu nu akel momentu ile ste trimi [...].,Asi\tmesmu\tnu\takel\tmomentu\tile\tste\ttrimi\t[...].,so\tself\tLOC\tDEM\tmoment\t3SG\tPROG\ttremble\t[...],So at that moment he was trembling […].,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-59,43,Undi dja anda?,Undi\tdja\tanda?,where\tPFV\tgo,Where did he go?,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-94,44,"Ta esperá yo kon bo ayer, péro no bo ya yegá. Di salí yo manyána.","Ta\tesperá\tyo\tkon\tbo\tayer,\tpéro\tno\tbo\tya\tyegá.\tDi\tsalí\tyo\tmanyána.",IPFV\twait\t1SG\tOBJ\t2SG\tyesterday\tbut\tNEG\tyou\tPFV\tarrive\tCTPL\tleave\t1SG\ttomorrow,"I was waiting for you yesterday, but you did not arrive. I will leave tomorrow.",,,,elicited from speaker -45-80,45,Ta jugá ele cuando yo ya llegá.,Ta\tjugá\tele\tcuando\tyo\tya\tllegá.,IPFV\tplay\t3SG\twhen\t1SG\tPFV\tarrive,He was playing when I arrived.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-81,45,"Ta escribi ele mga carta. Mientras ta escribi mi hermano el carta, ya espera yo na jardin.","Ta\tescribi\tele\tmga\tcarta.\tMientras\tta\tescribi\tmi\thermano\tel\tcarta,\tya\tespera\tyo\tna\tjardin.",IPFV\twrite\t3SG\tPL\tletter\twhile\tIPFV\twrite\t1SG.POSS\tbrother\tDEF\tletter\tPFV\twait\t1SG\tLOC\tgarden,"He writes letters. While my brother was writing the letter, I waited in the garden.",,,,elicited from speaker -46-94,46,Éste el ómbre kon kyen tu ta-konversá.,Éste\tel\tómbre\tkon\tkyen\ttu\tta-konversá.,this\tthe\tman\twith\twho\t2SG\tIPFV-talking,This is the man you are/were talking to.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-99,47,Karchi pa e konsierto tabata kosta 45 dòlar.,Karchi\tpa\te\tkonsierto\ttabata\tkosta\t45\tdòlar.,ticket\tfor\tthe\tconcert\tPST\tcost\t45\tdollar,Concert tickets costed 45 dollars.,,,,published source -47-100,47,E mucha a yena e barí ku awa./ E mucha tabata yena e barí ku awa.,E\tmucha\ta\tyena\te\tbarí\tku\tawa./\tE\tmucha\ttabata\tyena\te\tbarí\tku\tawa.,DEF\tchild\tASP\tfill\tDEF\tbarrel\twith\twater\tDEF\tchild\tPST\tfill\tDEF\tbarrel\twith\twater,The child (has) filled the barrel with water./ The child was filling the barrel with water.,,,,published source -48-208,48,i ta-ba kandá,i\tta-ba\tkandá,1SG\tPROG-PST\tsing,I was singing.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-139,49,Li t ap boukannen on mayi.,Li\tt\tap\tboukannen\ton\tmayi.,3SG\tANT\tINACC\tcook.over.woodfire\ta\tmaize,He/She was cooking maize over the wood fire.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-140,49,Epòk n ap viv kounyea pa pi mal.,Epòk\tn\tap\tviv\tkounyea\tpa\tpi\tmal.,time\t1SG\tINACC\tlive\tnow\tNEG\tmore\tbad,The time that we currently live in is not bad.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-86,50,I travay rèd.,I\tØ\ttravay\trèd.,3SG\tØ\twork\thard,He worked hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-87,50,I ka travay rèd.,I\tka\ttravay\trèd.,3SG\tPROG\twork\thard,He is working hard. / He works hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-88,50,I té ka travay rèd.,I\tté\tka\ttravay\trèd.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\twork\thard,He was working hard. / He had been working hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-80,51,I travay red.,I\ttravay\tred.,3SG\twork\thard,He worked hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-81,51,I ka travay red.,I\tka\ttravay\tred.,3SG\tPROG\twork\thard,He is working hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-82,51,I té ka travay red.,I\tté\tka\ttravay\tred.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\twork\thard,He was working hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-83,51,I ké travay red,I\tké\ttravay\tred,3SG\tFUT\twork\thard,He will work hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-108,52,a chanté yé té ka chanté,a\tchanté\tyé\tté\tka\tchanté,HL\tsing\tthey\tPST\tPROG\tsing,They were singing out loud (lit. It is singing they were singing).,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-190,53,"Mo te gen ont kan Donald trape mon, gro dimanch ap ramase koton.","Mo\tte\tgen\tont\tkan\tDonald\ttrape\tmon,\tgro\tdimanch\tap\tramase\tkoton.",1SG\tPST\thave\tshame\twhen\tDonald\tcatch\t1SG\tbig\tSunday\tPROG\tpick\tcotton,I was ashamed when Donald surprised me picking cotton one Sunday.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-191,53,Li t ap jwe kan mo vini.,Li\tt\tap\tjwe\tkan\tmo\tvini.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\tplay\twhen\t1SG\tcome,He was playing when I came.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-110,54,"Aster, lété apré ral la pyos, apré santé, tout an mem tan.","Aster,\tlete\tapre\tral\tla\tpyos,\tapre\tsante,\ttout\tan\tmem\ttan.",now\tCOP.PST\tPROG\tpull\tDEF\thoe\tPROG\tsing\tall\tat\tsame\ttime,"Now, they were hoeing, singing, all at the same time.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-81,55,Lizet ti pe al Rozil; Lisette ti'n al Rozil,Lizet\tti\tpe\tal\tRozil;\tLisette\tti'n\tal\tRozil,Lisette\tPST\tPROG\tgo\tRose.Hill\tLisette\tPST=PRF\tgo\tRose.Hill,Lisette was going to Rose Hill. - Lisette had gone to Rose Hill.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-82,55,Zorz ti pe maṅz sosis sinwa,Zorz\tti\tpe\tmaṅz\tsosis\tsinwa,Georges\tPST\tPROG\teat\tsausage\tChinese,Georges was eating Chinese sausages.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-102,56,Mon ankor pe manze.,Mon\tankor\tpe\tmanze.,1SG\tstill\tPROG\teat,I am still eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-44,57,ma krwa,ma\tkrwa,1SG\tbelieve,I believe. / I believed.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-45,57,ma atra nde fe kwisin,ma\tatra\tnde\tfe\tkwisin,1SG\tPROG\tPROG\tmake\tcooking,I am cooking. / I was cooking.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-154,59,lege ake kanga na peko ti ala biani biani,lege\ta-ke\tkanga\tna\tpeko\tti\tala\tbiani\tbiani,path\tPM-COP\tclose\tPREP\tback\tof\t3PL\ttruly\ttruly,The path kept being completely covered up behind them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-155,59,ifo ni yeke faa mama ni,ifo\tni\tyeke\tfaa\tmama\tni,necessity\t1SG.LOG\tCOP\tkill\tmother\tDET,He said that he had to kill the mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-67,60,napésí,na-pés-í,1SG-give-PRS.PRF,I have given.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-68,60,nazalí kopésa,na-zal-í\tko-pés-a,1SG-be-PRS.PRF\tINF-give-FV,I am giving.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-69,60,nazalákí kopésa,na-zal-ákí\tko-pés-a,1SG-be-PST\tINF-give-FV,I was giving.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-48,61,Yena gate hambile.,Yena\tgate\thamb-ile.,he\tANT\tgo-PST,He had gone. OR: He previously went.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-129,61,Yena idla.,Yena\tidla.,3SG\teat.PRS,He eats. OR: He is eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-130,61,Yena idlile.,Yena\tidl-ile,3SG\teat-PST,He ate.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-131,61,Yena gate idla.,Yena\tgate\tidla.,3SG\tANT\teat.PRS,He was eating.,,,,unspecified -63-93,63,Núbi wósul Mombása bédir,Núbi\twósul\tMombása\tbédir,Nubi\tarrive\tMombasa\tearly,The Nubi arrived early in Mombasa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-94,63,kubar-ín kélem núbi,kubar-ín\tkélem\tnúbi,old-PL\tspeak\tKinubi,The elders speak Kinubi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-95,63,ána gi-kumbúka wázi,ána\tgi-kumbúka\twázi,1SG\tTAM-remember\tclear,I remember very well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-96,63,íta gu-rúo búkra,íta\tgu-rúo\tbúkra,2SG\tTAM-go\ttomorrow,You will leave tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-102,64,úo kan ja,úo\tkan\tja,3SG\tANT\tcome,He had come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-103,64,ána kan geiʃtágal fi juba,ána\tkan\tge=iʃtágal\tfi\tjuba,1SG\tANT\tPROG=work\tin\tJuba,I was working in Juba. OR: I used to work in Juba.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-104,64,úkum tómon batále kan geátanu tánu baka,úkum\ttómon\tbatále\tkan\tge=átanu~tánu\tbaka,government\tPOSS.3PL\tbad\tANT\tPROG=kill~kill\tbaka,"Their government was bad, it used to kill all the Baka people.",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-105,64,lo ána kan ligó ládo fi suk ána kan biworí le íta,lo\tána\tkan\tligó\tládo\tfi\tsuk\tána\tkan\tbi=worí\tle\títa,COND\t1SG\tANT\tfind\tlado\tin\tmarket\t1SG\tANT\tIRR=tell\tto\t2SG,If I had seen Lado at the market I’d have told you.,,,,elicited from speaker -64-106,64,ána gum tála min júba ána rówa fi kóɲo-kóɲo min kóɲo-kóɲo henák ána gum árkab árabiya,ána\tgum\ttála\tmin\tjúba\tána\trówa\tfi\tkóɲo-kóɲo\tmin\tkóɲo-kóɲo\thenák\tána\tgum\tárkab\tárabiya,1SG\tget.up\tgo.out\tfrom\tJuba\t1SG\tgo\tin\tKonyo-konyo\tfrom\tKonyo-konyo\tthere\t1SG\tget.up\tget.into\tcar,"I went out from Juba and I went to Konyo-konyo, from there I got into a car.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-73,65,"Rib'atiʃka katoryj karova pasi iwo, zimija takoj sopka liʒi.","Rib'atiʃka\tkatoryj\tkarova\tpasi\tiwo,\tzimija\ttakoj\tsopka\tliʒi.",child\twhich\tcow\tpasture\t3SG.SBJ\tsnake\tso\tmountain\tlie,"There was a child who was pasturing a cow, and a snake was lying under the mountain.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-74,65,"Siʧas adənakə pechəki sidi, lapəti suʃi.","Siʧas\tadənakə\tpechəki\tsidi,\tlapəti\tsuʃi.",now\thowever\tstove\tsit\tfootwear\tdry,"At present, however, I am sitting near the stove and dry my footwear.",,,,citation in fiction -65-75,65,"Papa toʒa, malen' byla ja, papa pomirala.","Papa\ttoʒa,\tmalen'\tbyla\tja,\tpapa\tpomira-la.",father\talso\tsmall\tCOP.PFV\t1SG\tfather\tdie-PFV,"And the father also, he died when I was small.",,,,naturalistic spoken -66-53,66,"Farida nyari nyanyi biilang ambe aða, kummarenjo biilang ambe siaða.","Farida\tnyari\tnyanyi\tbiilang\tambe\taða,\tkummaren-jo\tbiilang\tambe\tsi-aða.",Farida\ttoday\tsong\tsay\twhile\tAUX\tyesterday-FOC\tsay\twhile\tPST-AUX,"Farida is singing a song today, yesterday she was singing too.",,,,constructed by linguist -67-109,67,Lagi saya mamatua ada tinggal.,Lagi\tsaya\tmamatua\tada\ttinggal.,besides\t1SG\tmother-in-law\tbe\tlive,"Besides, my mother-in-law was living (with us).",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-110,67,Saya ada pergi pasar.,Saya\tada\tpergi\tpasar.,1SG\tbe\tgo\tmarket,I am going to the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -68-58,68,Dong su makang deng balong galap lai.,Dong\tsu\tmakang\tdeng\tbalong\tgalap\tlai.,3PL\tPFV\teat\tand\tnot.yet\tdark\talso,They have eaten and it is not dark yet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-59,68,Dong ada makang.,Dong\tada\tmakang.,3PL\tPROG\teat,They are eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -69-39,69,mən manba ambi məndəkənan,mən\tmanba\tam-(m)bi\tməndəkə-nan,3SG\tPL\teat-DEP\tfinish-NONFUT,They have already eaten.,,,,elicited from speaker -69-40,69,mən manba ambi tanan,mən\tmanba\tam-(m)bi\tta-nan,3SG\tPL\teat-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT,They are eating.,,,,elicited from speaker -71-83,71,Wau kamailio pololei ka mea pau oe kamailio.,Wau\tkamailio\tpololei\tka\tmea\tpau\toe\tkamailio.,1SG\ttalk\tcorrect\tDEF\tthing\tfinish\t2SG\ttalk,I'll tell [him] accurately what you've told me.,,,,naturalistic written -72-77,72,Dat boingku i bin maindimbatkarra nyanuny kapuku.,Dat\tboi-ngku\ti\tbin\tmaind-im-bat-karra\tnyanuny\tkapuku.,the\tboy-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tmind-TR-CONT-CONT\t3SG.DAT\tsister,The boy was looking after his sister.,,,cd2f8e3fb3735d7c9b63a8780639bbb1,narrative -73-59,73,kazamu ixurkani,kaza-mu\ti-xu-rka-ni,house-ALL\tgo-PROG-PST-1SG,I was walking home.,,,,naturalistic adapted -73-60,73,aunke duru llubixukpish saligixunimi,aunke\tduru\tllubi-xu-kpi-sh\tsali-gi-xu-ni-mi,though\theavy\train-PROG-SUBORD.DS-IND\tgo.out-INC-PROG-1SG-AFF,Although it is raining heavily I am going to go out.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-76,74,álta náyka mámak,álta\tnáyka\tmámak,now\t1SG\teat,I’m eating. I eat NOT: I was eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-77,74,álta náyka mákmak,álta\tnáyka\tmákmak,now\t1SG\teat,I am eating. OR: Now I'm eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-78,74,ánqati náyka mákmak,ánqati\tnáyka\tmákmak,formerly\t1SG\teat,I used to eat. OR: I ate.,,,,constructed by linguist -1-125,1,Mie no ben dee aksie na wan stoeloe.,Mi\tno\tben\tde\taksi\tna\twan\tsturu.,1SG\tNEG\tPST\tIPFV\task\tLOC\tINDF.SG\tchair,I didn't ask for a chair.,,,,written -1-126,1,Mie ben dee aksie na wan Nefie.,Mi\tben\tde\taksi\tna\twan\tnefi.,1SG\tPST\tIPFV\task\tfor\tINDF.SG\tknife,I asked for a knife.,,,,written -2-120,2,A musu de taki na den pikin nyan a kuku.,A\tmusu\tde\ttaki\tna\tden\tpikin\tnyan\ta\tkuku.,it\tmust\tbe\tCOMP\tFOC\tthe.PL\tchild\teat\tDET\tcake,It must be the case that it was the children who ate the cake.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-60,3,á bì ó sá tá woóko.,á\tbì\tó\tsá\ttá\twoóko.,3SG.NEG\tTNS\tMOOD\tcan\tASP\twork,He could not have worked.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-85,4,"Tamaa, mi o go a wowoyo.","Tamaa,\tmi\to\tgo\ta\twowoyo.",tomorrow\tI\tFUT\tgo\tLOC\tmarket,Tomorrow I'll go to the market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-80,5,notn na de de,notn\tna\tde\tde,nothing\tNEG\tis\tthere,Nothing is there. OR: There is nothing there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-81,5,mi no bin don gyaaf wid dem,mi\tno\tbin\tdon\tgyaaf\twid\tdem,1SG\tNEG\tPST\tCOMPL\ttalk\twith\tthem,I had not finished talking with them.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-53,6,Shi bongtu eat. vs. Hi eh bongtu eat.,Shi\tbongtu\teat.\tvs.\tHi\teh\tbongtu\teat.,3SG\tMOD\teat\tvs.\t3SG\tNEG\tMOD\teat,She has to eat. vs. He doesn't have to eat.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-131,7,Mitch wodn hafo duhn go.,Mitch\twod-n\tha-fo\tduhn\tgo.,Mitch\twould-NEG\thave-for\tCOMPL\tgo,Mitch wouldn’t have had to have gone.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-132,7,Mitch woda hafo duhn go.,Mitch\twod-a\tha-fo\tduhn\tgo.,Mitch\twould-have\thave-for\tCOMPL\tgo,Mitch would have had to have gone.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-133,7,Shi a iit. Shi na a iit.,Shi\ta\tiit.\tShi\tna\ta\tiit.,3SG\tPROG\teat\t3SG\tNEG\tPROG\teat,She is eating. She isn't eating.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-77,8,Jan wehn de bil di ous.,Jan\twehn\tde\tbil\tdi\tous.,John\tANT\tPROG\tbuild\tDET\thouse,John was building the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-78,8,Jan nehn de bil di ous.,Jan\tnehn\tde\tbil\tdi\tous.,John\tNEG.ANT\tPROG\tbuild\tDET\thouse,John was not building the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-94,9,Wi no weyt fu im tɛl wi.,Wi\tno\tweyt\tfu\tim\ttɛl\twi.,1PL\tNEG\twait\tfor\t3SG\ttell\t1PL,We didn't wait for her to tell us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-95,9,A me pas di ting an neva even siy it.,A\tme\tpas\tdi\tting\tan\tneva\teven\tsiy\tit.,1SG\tANT\tpass\tthe\tthing\tand\tNEG.ANT\teven\tsee\tit,I passed by the thing and didn't even see it. OR: I had passed by that thing and had not even noticed it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-96,9,Dat da we dey me de du ripɛ pan we dey neva du gud.,Dat\tda\twe\tdey\tme\tde\tdu\tripɛ\tpan\twe\tdey\tneva\tdu\tgud.,that\tTOP\tREL\t3PL\tANT\tPROG\tdo\trepair\ton\tREL\t3PL\tANT.NEG\tdo\tgood,"That's what they were repairing, which they did not do well. OR: That's what they had been repairing, and they hadn't done it well.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-112,10,Di gyal neva wiek Jack.,Di\tgyal\tneva\twiek\tJack.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tNEG.PST\twake\tJack,The girl did not wake Jack up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-113,10,Yu no bring ih ataal?,Yu\tno\tbring\tih\tataal?,2SG\tNEG\tbring\t3SG.N\tat.all,Didn't you bring it at all?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-114,10,Da wan tel im se him no de kuom ihn hee.,Da\twan\ttel\tim\tse\thim\tno\tde\tkuom\tihn\thee.,DEM\tone\ttell\t3SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPROG\tcomb\t3SG.POSS\thair,That one told her she wasn't going to comb her hair.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-144,11,Bot deh si wan a deh fren no mi seh notn [...].,Bot\tdeh\tsi\twan\ta\tdeh\tfren\tno\tmi\tseh\tnotn\t[...].,but\t3PL\tsee\tone\tof\t3PL.POSS\tfriend\tNEG\tPST\tsay\tnothing\t[...],But they saw one of their friends wasn’t saying anything [...].,,,,naturalistic written -11-145,11,Shi neva did pee di oubia wuman.,Shi\tneva\tdid\tpee\tdi\toubia\twuman.,3SG.F\tNEG.PST\tPST\tpay\tART.DEF\tobeah\twoman,She didn’t pay the obeah woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-146,11,Deh no lisn tu deh pierens.,Deh\tno\tlisn\ttu\tdeh\tpieren-s.,3PL\tNEG\tlisten\tto\t3PL.POSS\tparent-PL,They don't listen to their parents.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-147,11,Katalina did laik drink plenti rom.,Katalina\tdid\tlaik\tdrink\tplenti\trom.,Catalina\tPST\tlike\tdrink\tplenty\trum,Catalina liked drinking lots of rum.,,,,naturalistic written -12-116,12,"I didn't grow up like that [...] I wasn't grow up like that, my parents never grow us up like that, ain't none of us in gang violent.","I\tdidn't\tgrow\tup\tlike\tthat\t[...]\tI\twasn't\tgrow\tup\tlike\tthat,\tmy\tparents\tnever\tgrow\tus\tup\tlike\tthat\t[...].",1SG.SBJ\tNEG.PST\tgrow\tup\tlike\tthat\t[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG.PST\tgrow\tup\tlike\tthat\tmy\tparents\tNEG\tgrow\tus\tup\tlike\tthat\t[...],I didn't grow up like that [...] my parents didn't bring us up like that [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-117,12,"And - uh - after he die, I say, I ain't allow no man to do to me because my - my daddy ain't been in this world to beat me, so I ain't allow nobody to beat me. And when the teacher used to go - say the - I do wrong things, you know, when I do wrong things - I - uh - the teacher used to come and beat me.",[...]\tmy\tdaddy\tain't\tbeen\tin\tthis\tworld\t[...]\tso\tI\tain't\tallow\tnobody\tto\tbeat\tme\t[...],[...]\tmy\tdaddy\tNEG\tCOP.PST\tin\tthis\tworld\t[...]\tso\tI\tNEG\tallow\tINDF\tto\tbeat\tme\t[...],"[...] my father wasn’t in this world (anymore) to beat me, so I didn’t allow anyone else to beat me (either) [...]",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-118,12,[Talking about her three children.] I never did want them. I try kill all of them. [...] Now I love them. Yeah.,I\tnever\tdid\twant\tthem.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPST\twant\t3PL.OBJ,I never wanted them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-228,12,I never had the chance - there ain't no shark around - that want bite.,[...] there ain't no shark around - that want bite.,[...] there NEG NEG shark[PL] around   REL want bite,[...] there weren't any sharks around that would have wanted to bite.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-94,13,A ain da taak ta oona.,A\tain\tda\ttaak\tta\toona.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG.AUX\tPROG\ttalk\tto\t2PL.OBJ,I am not talking to you. (Mt 16.11),,,,bible translation -13-95,13,Oona da taak ta one noda.,Oona\tda\ttaak\tta\tone\tnoda.,2PL.SBJ\tPROG\ttalk\tto\tone\tanother,You are talking to one another. (Mt 16.8),,,,bible translation -13-96,13,E ain been wahn fa see Mary.,E\tain\tbeen\twahn\tfa\tsee\tMary.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG.AUX\tPST/ASP\twant\tfor\tsee\tMary,He didn’t want to see Mary. (Mt 1.19),,,,bible translation -13-97,13,Plenty people been wahn fa see dem ting.,Plenty\tpeople\tbeen\twahn\tfa\tsee\tdem\tting.,plenty\tpeople\tPST/ASP\twant\tfor\tsee\tthose\tthing,A lot of people wanted to see those things. (Mt 13.17),,,,bible translation -13-98,13,Jedus ain beena bactize people.,Jedus\tain\tbeen-a\tbactize\tpeople.,Jesus\tNEG.AUX\tPST-PROG\tbaptize\tpeople,Jesus was not baptizing people. (Jn 4.2),,,,bible translation -14-64,14,She hadn't done left.,She\thad-n't\tdone\tleft.,She\thave.PST-NEG\tPRF/COMPL\tleave.PST,She had not already left. OR: She had not already left by some subsequent time.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-72,15,a nɔ bin fɔ du am,a\tnɔ\tbin\tfɔ\tdu\tam,1SG\tNEG\tPST\tMOOD\tdo\tit,I would not have done it. OR: I shouldn't have done it.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-73,15,a bin fɔ du am,a\tbin\tfɔ\tdu\tam,1SG\tPST\tMOOD\tdo\tit,I would have done it.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-68,16,à tɛl àm se à nɛva kam sɔm bifɔ,à\ttɛl\tàm\tse\tà\tnɛva\tkam\tsɔm\tbifɔ,1SG\ttell\t3SG\tCOMP\t1SG\tNEG.COMPL\tcome\tsome\tbefore,I told him that I had not gone to sea before.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-72,17,Dì pìkín we̱ do̱n taya ne̱va slip.,Dì\tpìkín\twe̱\tdo̱n\ttaya\tne̱va\tslip.,ART.DEF\tchild\tREL\tCOMPL\tbe.tired\tNEG.COMPL\tsleep,The child who is / has become tired has not slept.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-74,17,Dì pìkín we̱ do̱n taya (do̱n) slip.,Dì\tpìkín\twe̱\tdo̱n\ttaya\t(do̱n)\tslip.,ART.DEF\tchild\tREL\tCOMPL\tbe.tired\t(COMPL)\tsleep,The child who is / has become tired (has) slept.,,,,unknown -18-69,18,I dohn tekam.,I\tdon\ttek-am.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttake-3SG.OBL,She/He has just taken it.,,,,published source -18-70,18,I nehva tekam.,I\tneba\ttek-am.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG.PFV\ttake-3SG.OBL,She/He hasn't taken it yet.,,,,published source -19-91,19,Eduardo dɔn chɔp.,Eduardo\tdɔn\tchɔp.,Eduardo\tPRF\teat,Eduardo has (already) eaten.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-92,19,"Pàpá, mi nɛa chɔp mi senwe.","Pàpá,\tmi\tnɛa\tchɔp\tmi\tsenwe.",father\t1SG.EMPH\tNEG.PRF\teat\t1SG.EMPH\tEMPH,"Please, I myself haven't eaten (yet).",,,,naturalistic spoken -20-60,20,I no talkee so.,I\tno\ttalkee\tso.,1SG\tNEG\ttalk\tso,I did not say so.,,,,naturalistic written -20-61,20,My one piecee man no can do.,My\tone\tpiecee\tman\tno\tcan\tdo.,1SG\tone\tCLF\tman\tNEG\tcan\tdo,I can't do it myself.,,,,naturalistic written -20-62,20,Before time my no have come this shop.,Before\ttime\tmy\tno\thave\tcome\tthis\tshop.,before\ttime\t1SG\tNEG\tPFV\tcome\tthis\tshop,I didn't come to this shop before.,,,,naturalistic written -20-118,20,Have hear any news come from that Melica si?,Have\thear\tany\tnews\tcome\tfrom\tthat\tMelica\tsi?,PFV\thear\tany\tnews\tcome\tfrom\tDEM\tAmerica\tside,Have you heard any news from America?,,,,naturalistic written -20-167,20,"Because you no have give money, pay sampan.","Because\tyou\tno\thave\tgive\tmoney,\tpay\tsampan.",because\t2SG\tNEG\tPFV\tgive\tmoney\tpay\tsampan,Because you did not pay for the sampan,,,,naturalistic written -21-67,21,Now I am eating mango; Now I am not eating mango.,Now\tI\tam\teating\tmango;\tNow\tI\tam\tnot\teat-ing\tmango.,now\t1SG\tam\teat-DUR\tmango\tnow\t1SG\tam\tNEG\teat-DUR\tmango,I am eating a mango now. I am not eating a mango now.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-68,21,Lastime I eat mango; Lastime I don't eat mango.,Lastime\tI\teat\tmango;\tLastime\tI\tdon't\teat\tmango.,PST\t1SG\teat\tmango\tPST\t1SG\tdo.NEG\teat\tmango,In the past I ate mango. In the past I didn't eat mango.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-90,22,Maunten i no bin kamap yet.,Maunten\ti\tno\tbin\tkamap\tyet.,mountain\tPM\tNEG\tPST\tarrive\tyet,The mountain had not yet been formed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-91,22,Ol no sa lukim.,Ol\tno\tsa\tlukim.,3PL\tNEG\tHAB\tlook,They did not see it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-87,23,yumi bae i no save stopem maot blong yu,yumi\tbae\ti\tno\tsave\tstopem\tmaot\tblong\tyu,1PL.INCL\tIRR\tAGR\tNEG\tABIL\tblock\tmouth\tPOSS\t2SG,We can't close your mouth completely.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-88,23,France 98 bambae i no save ronwei long tradisen blong olgeta previous World Cup rounds.,France\t98\tbambae\ti\tno\tsave\tronwei\tlong\ttradisen\tblong\tolgeta\tprevious\tWorld\tCup\trounds.,France\t98\tIRR\tAGR\tNEG\tcan\trun.away\tin\ttradition\tof\t3PL\tprevious\tWorld\tCup\trounds,The French team in 98 won't be able to run away (in their pool) like they have in previous World Cup rounds.,,,,naturalistic written -25-236,25,Nekstaim yu nomo wani go stilimbat.,Nekstaim\tyu\tnomo\twani\tgo\tstil-im-bat.,next.time\t2SG\tNEG\tPOT\tgo\tsteal-TR-PROG,Don't go stealing again. OR: Next time you shouldn't be stealing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-237,25,Nomo yumob gada bulurrum mi hanting!,Nomo\tyumob\tgada\tbulurr-um\tmi\thanting!,NEG\t2PL\tFUT/OBLIG\tfollow-TR\t1SG\thunting,Never again will you lot follow me hunting! OR: You won't ever come hunting with me!,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-60,26,aɪ dono waɪ dɛ nɛva puɾ ɔm in a miɾol,aɪ\tdono\twaɪ\tdɛ\tnɛva\tpuɾ\tɔm\tin\ta\tmiɾol,1SG\tNEG.know\twhy\t3PL\tNEG.PST\tput\t3SG\tin\tDEF\tmiddle,I don't know why they didn't put it in the middle.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-61,26,ðat no saʊn ɹaɪt tu mi,ðat\tno\tsaʊn\tɹaɪt\ttu\tmi,DEM\tNEG\tsound\tright\tto\t1SG.OBL,That doesn't sound right to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-62,26,a no wə˞k a ʤɛs sə˞f,a\tno\twə˞k\ta\tʤɛs\tsə˞f,1SG\tNEG\twork\t1SG\tjust\tsurf,"I don't work, I just surf.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-63,26,a ænt goin in a waɾa,a\tænt\tgo-in\tin\ta\twaɾa,1SG\tbe.NEG\tgo-PROG\tin\tART\twater,I'm not going in the water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-64,26,a tiŋ B. no gon bi gud,a\ttiŋ\tB.\tno\tgon\tbi\tgud,1SG\tthink\tB.\tNEG\tFUT\tbe\tgood,I think that B. isn't going to be (any) good. OR: I don't think that B. is going to be (any) good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-61,27,"Mi na ding, di watu da sa wēs frāi.","Mi\tna\tding,\tdi\twatu\tda\tsa\twēs\tfrāi.",1SG\tNEG\tthink\tDET\twater\tthere\twill\tbe\tgood,I don't think that the water there will be good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-62,27,Tumés sini na sa stop kurí fo twē jā.,Tumés\tsini\tna\tsa\tstop\tkurí\tfo\ttwē\tjā.,maybe\t3PL\tNEG\twill\tstop\trun\tfor\ttwo\tyear,Maybe they will not stop running for two years.,,,,elicited from speaker -28-91,28,ɛkɛ ni hos eni nimtɛ dida ka,ɛkɛ\tnimi\thoso\teni\tnimi-tɛ\tdida\tka,1SG\tknow\thow\t3PL\tknow-PFV\tthat\tNEG,I don't know how they know that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-92,28,o pantɛk bi o kom ababaga,o\tpama-tɛ\tɛkɛ\tbi\to\tkumu\tababa\tka,3SG\ttell-PFV\t1SG\tsay\t3SG\tcome\tanymore\tNEG,He told me that he isn't coming back anymore.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-200,28,tit ju nuno gau ka o das frot di mingi ben,titi\tju\tnunu\to\tgau\tka\to\tdas\tfroto\tdi\tmingi\tben,time\t2SG\tpull\t3SG\tquick\tNEG\t3SG\tHAB\trot\tDEF\twater\tinside,"If you don't pull it out quickly, it gets rotten in the water.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-97,29,Hy kon nie aan die werk gewees het nie.,Hy\tkon\tnie\taan\tdie\twerk\tge-wees\thet\tnie.,3SG.M.NOM\tcould\tNEG\ton\tthe\twork\tPTCP-be\tPST\tNEG,He couldn't have been working.,,,,naturalistic written -29-98,29,Hy kon aan die werk gewees het.,Hy\tkon\taan\tdie\twerk\tge-wees\thet.,3SG.M.NOM\tcould\ton\tDEF.ART\twork\tPTCP-be\thave,He could have been working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-108,30,E sa ta lenbra di nos. E ka sa ta lenbra di nos.,E=sa=ta=lenbra\tdi=nos.\tE=ka=sa=ta=lenbra\tdi=nos.,3SG=PROG=IPFV=remember\tof=1PL\t3SG=NEG=PROG=IPFV=remember\tof=1PL,He remembers us. He doesn’t remember us.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-109,30,Bu k'ál sa ta ngana-m! Bu krer k'ál ser finjidu!,Bu=k=ál\tsa=ta=ngana=m!\tBu=krer\tk=ál\tser\tfinji-du!,2SG=NEG=MOD\tPROG=IPFV=deceive=1SG\t2SG.POSS=love\tNEG=MOD\tbe\tfeign-PASS,You shouldn't cheat on me! Your love shouldn't be fake.,,,,naturalistic written -30-110,30,"Nhu ta bai sen djánta? – Náu, sen djánta N ka ta bai.",Nhu=ta=bai\tsen=djánta?\t–\tNáu\tsen=djánta\tN=ka=ta=bai.,2SG.POL.M=IPFV=go\twithout=dinner\t–\tno\twithout=dinner\t1SG=NEG=IPFV=go,"Will you leave without having had dinner? – No, I will not leave without dinner.",,,,constructed by linguist -31-97,31,Djon ka ta parse. vs. Djon ta parse.,Djon\tka\tta\tparse.\tvs.\tDjon\tta\tparse.,Djon\tNEG\tFUT\tshow.up\tvs.\tDjon\tFUT\tshow.up,Djon will not show up. vs. Djon will show up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-98,31,Nha ka sta pensa na kel renda di kaza.,Nha\tka\tsta\tpensa\tna\tkel\trenda\tdi\tkaza.,you\tNEG\tPROG\tthink\tof\tthe\trent\tof\thouse,You are not thinking about the house rent.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-75,32,Kes tropa táva te korrê.,Kes\ttropa\ttáva\tte\tkorrê.,DET\ttroop\tPST.IPFV\tPROG\trun,The troops were running.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-76,32,Kes tropa ka táva te korrê.,Kes\ttropa\tka\ttáva\tte\tkorrê.,DET\ttroop\tNEG\tPST.IPFV\tPROG\trun,The troops were not running.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-105,33,N’ ka na ta bay ba skola si N’ sta ba dwenti.,N’\tka\tna\tta\tbay\tba\tskola\tsi\tN’\tsta\tba\tdwenti.,1SG\tNEG\tPROG\tHAB\tgo\tPST\tschool\tif\t1SG\tbe\tPST\tsick,I would not have gone to school if I had been sick.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-106,33,N’ na ta bay ba skola si N’ sta ba dwenti.,N’\tna\tta\tbay\tba\tskola\tsi\tN’\tsta\tba\tdwenti.,1SG\tPROG\tHAB\tgo\tPST\tschool\tif\t1SG\tbe\tPST\tsick,I would have gone to school if I had been sick.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-72,34,Amañaŋ N na bay Sicor. — Amañaŋ N ka na bay Sicor.,Amañaŋ N na bay Sicor. — Amañaŋ N ka na bay Sicor.,tomorrow 1SG.SBJ FUT go Ziguinchor   tomorrow 1SG.SBJ NEG FUT go Ziguinchor,Tomorrow I will go to Ziguinchor. — Tomorrow I will not go to Ziguinchor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-73,34,N ta kumé pis tudu diya. — N ka ta kumé pis tudu diya.,N ta kumé pis tudu diya. — N ka ta kumé pis tudu diya.,1SG.SBJ HAB eat fish all day   1SG.SBJ NEG HAB eat fish all day,I eat fish every day. — I do not eat fish every day.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-114,35,Zon tava ka kume.,Zon\ttava\tka\tkume.,Zon\tPST\tIPFV\teat,Zon was eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -35-115,35,Zon na tava ka kume fa.,Zon\tna\ttava\tka\tkume\tfa.,Zon\tNEG\tPST\tIPFV\teat\tNEG,Zon wasn't eating.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-63,36,Mazi ane na thêka keta ki ôtô fô [...].,Mazi\tane\tna\tthêka\tketa\tki\tôtô\tfô\t[...].,but\t3PL\tNEG\tPROG\tget.angry\twith\tother\tNEG\t[...],But they don't get angry at the others [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-77,37,Amanhan n ka kume ki Zwan.,Amanhan\tn\tka\tkume\tki\tZwan.,tomorrow\t1SG\tFUT\teat\twith\tZwan,Tomorrow I will eat with Zwan.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-78,37,Amanhan n sa kume ki Zwan fa.,Amanhan\tn\tsa\tkume\tki\tZwan\tfa.,tomorrow\t1SG\tFUT\teat\twith\tZwan\tNEG,Tomorrow I won't eat with Zwan.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-89,38,Mindyi zwange na sxa tende-li-f.,Mindyi\tzuguan-nge\tna\tsxa\ttende-eli-f.,but\tsome-person\tNEG\tPROG\tlisten-3SG-NEG,But nobody was listening to him.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-90,38,Eli na ske da bo-f.,Eli\tna\tske\tda\tbo-f.,3SG\tNEG\tIRR\tgive\t2SG-NEG,He will not give it to you.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-91,38,"Xosolse na sa petuf, xa banku.",Xosolo-sai\tna\tsa\tpetu-f\txa\tbanku.,dog-DEM\tNEG\tbe\tblack-NEG\tEVID\twhite,"This dog is not black, it is white.",,,,elicited from speaker -38-92,38,E sé ku navín bapska.,E\tsé\tku\tnavín\tba-piska.,3SG\tleave\twith\tboat\tgo-fish,He leaves by boat to fish.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-93,38,E na sé ku navín bapska-f.,E\tna\tsé\tku\tnavín\tba-piska-f.,3SG\tNEG\tleave\twith\tboat\tgo-fish-NEG,He does not leave by boat to fish.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-97,39,Oj nã tros paper napkin.,Oj\tnã\ttros\tpaper\tnapkin.,today\tNEG\tbring.PST\tpaper\tnapkin,Today [we] did not bring paper napkins.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-98,39,Yo nã tiŋ fika med.,Yo\tnã\tt-iŋ\tfik-a\tmed.,1SG\tNEG\tIPFV-PST\tbecome-INF\tfear,I was not scared.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-99,39,Kristãw nẽ ũ rupi nadə da.,Kristãw\tnẽ\tũ\trupi\tnə-adə\td-a.,Christian\tnot.even\tone\trupee\tNEG-IRR.NPST\tgive-INF,Christians won't even give one rupee.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-100,39,"El nə ad pude gia, el a kai vay.","El\tnə\tad\tpud-e\tgi-a,\tel\ta\tka-i\tvay.",3SG\tNEG\tIRR.NPST\tcan-INF\tride-INF\t3SG\tIRR.NPST\tfall-INF\tgo.INF,"He wouldn't be able to ride [it], he would fall down.",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-65,40,Teru lə kata.,Teru\tlə\tkata.,Teru\tFUT\tsing,Teru will sing.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-66,40,Teru nu pa kata.,Teru\tnu\tpa\tkata.,Teru\tNEG\tFUT\tsing,Teru will not sing.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-83,41,pamp dreetu nukufaya?,pamp\tdreetu\tnuku-faya?,pump\tright\tNEG-make,Didn’t he repair the pump?,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-82,42,eli ńgka bai mar,eli\tńgka\tbai\tmar,3SG\tNEG\tgo\tsea,He isn’t/wasn’t going fishing. / He doesn’t go fishing. / He didn’t go fishing (= HAB or PFV readings).,,,,elicited from speaker -42-83,42,eli ńgka les buku agora,eli\tńgka\tles\tbuku\tagora,3SG\tNEG\tread\tbook\tnow,He/she isn't reading a book now (at this moment).,,,,elicited from speaker -42-84,42,Taté nadi bai mar ozi anoti,Taté\tnadi\tbai\tmar\tozi\tanoti,Taté\tNEG.FUT\tgo\tsea\ttoday\tnight,Taté won't go fishing tonight.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-60,43,Eo lo trusi bos garganti.,Eo\tlo\ttrusi\tbos\tgarganti.,I\tFUT\twring\tPOSS.2SG\tneck,I will wring your neck.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-61,43,Eo nada larga kung ela.,Eo\tnada\tlarga\tkung\tela.,1SG\tFUT.NEG\tleave\tOBJ\t3SG.F,I won’t leave her.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-95,44,No mótru di trabahá manyána.,No\tmótru\tdi\ttrabahá\tmanyána.,NEG\t1PL\tCTPL\twork\ttomorrow,We will not work tomorrow.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-96,44,Di trabahá yo ala dos di ihápun hanggáng alas séis di tempráno manyána.,Di\ttrabahá\tyo\tala\tdos\tdi\tihápun\thanggáng\talas\tséis\tdi\ttempráno\tmanyána.,CTPL\twork\t1SG\tat\ttwo\tof\tafternoon\ttill\tat\tsix\tof\tearly\ttomorrow,I will work from two in the afternoon till six tomorrow morning.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-82,45,No eli ta come.,No\teli\tta\tcome.,NEG\t3SG\tIPFV\teat,He does not eat.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-83,45,No yo ya mira con ele.,No\tyo\tya\tmira\tcon\tele.,NEG\t1SG\tPFV\tsee\tOBJ\t3SG,I did not see him.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-84,45,No niso di trabaja mañana.,No\tniso\tdi\ttrabaja\tmañana.,NEG\t1PL\tCTPL\twork\ttomorrow,We will not work tomorrow.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-95,46,Nuay 'le ya-komprá este líbro.,Nuay\t'le\tya-komprá\teste\tlíbro.,NEG.exist\ts/he\tPFV-buy\tthis\tbook,He didn't buy this book.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-96,46,Hendéq 'le ta-komé.,Hendéq\t'le\tta-komé.,NEG\t3SG\tIPFV-eat,S/he is not eating.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-97,46,Nuáy si John ya-tyéne motor.,Nuáy\tsi\tJohn\tya-tyéne\tmotor.,NEG.EXIST\tAG\tJohn\tPRF-have\tmotor,John didn't possess a motorbike.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-98,46,Nuay ustédes ya-perdé.,Nuay\tustédes\tya-perdé.,NEG.EXIST\tyou.PL\tPFV-loose,You didn't loose.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-99,46,Ya-tyéne si John motor.,Ya-tyéne\tsi\tJohn\tmotor.,PFV-have\tAG\tJohn\tmotorcycle,John had a motorcycle.,,,,constructed by linguist -46-100,46,Ya-komprá yo mángga.,Ya-komprá\tyo\tmángga.,PFV-buy\tI\tmango,I bought mangoes/ a mango.,,,,constructed by linguist -47-101,47,Mi no ta korda si mi a skirbi bo adrès bon ariba dje.,Mi\tno\tta\tkorda\tsi\tmi\ta\tskirbi\tbo\tadrès\tbon\tariba\tdje.,1SG\tNEG\tTNS\tremember\tif\t1SG\tPFV\twrite\t2SG\taddress\tgood\ton\t3SG,I don't remember whether I wrote your address correctly on it.,,,,naturalistic written -49-141,49,Iv pa kouri di m sa.,Iv\tpa\tkouri\tdi\tm\tsa.,Yves\tNEG\trun\tsay\t1SG\tthat,Yves didn't hurry to tell me about it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-142,49,Iv kouri di m sa.,Iv\tkouri\tdi\tm\tsa.,Yves\trun\tsay\t1SG\tthat,Yves hurried to tell me about it.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-143,49,Iv pa kab di m sa.,Iv\tpa\tkab\tdi\tm\tsa.,Yves\tNEG\tcan\tsay\t1SG\tthat,Yves cannot tell me about it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-144,49,Iv pa te kab di m sa.,Iv\tpa\tte\tkab\tdi\tm\tsa.,Yves\tNEG\tANT\tcan\tsay\t1SG\tthat,Yves could not tell me about it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-90,50,I pa té ka travay.,I\tpa\tté\tka\ttravay.,3SG\tNEG\tPST\tPROG\twork,He/she was not working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-91,50,I pa ka travay.,I\tpa\tka\ttravay.,3SG\tNEG\tPROG\twork,He/she is not working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-84,51,I pa té ka travay.,I\tpa\tté\tka\ttravay.,3SG\tNEG\tPST\tPROG\twork,He was not working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-85,51,I pa ka travay.,I\tpa\tka\ttravay.,3SG\tNEG\tPROG\twork,He is not working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-55,52,atò yé (pa) ka manjé,atò\tyé\t(pa)\tka\tmanjé,now\tthey\t(NEG)\tPROG\teat,They are (not) eating now.,,,,constructed by linguist -52-56,52,timoun-yan (pa) ka alé lékol touléjou,timoun-yan\t(pa)\tka\talé\tlékol\ttouléjou,children-ART\t(NEG)\tPROG\tgo\tschool\tevery.day,The children do (not) go to school every day.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-192,53,Mon te pa kòne parle langlè ditou.,Mon\tte\tpa\tkòne\tparle\tlanglè\tditou.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\tknow.how\tspeak\tEnglish\tat.all,I didn't know how to speak English at all.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-193,53,To di Bouki te p ale jwe.,To\tdi\tBouki\tte\tp\tale\tjwe.,2SG\tsay\tBouki\tPST\tNEG\tFUT\tplay,You said that Bouki wasn't going to play.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-103,54,Moin la fine ariv la kaz.,Mwen\tla.fin\tariv\tla\tkaz.,1SG\tPRF\tarrive\tthe\thouse,I have arrived at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-111,54,Li la pa rantré.,Li\tla\tpa\trantre.,3SG\tPRF\tNEG\tcome.back,He has not come back home. OR: He is not yet at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-112,54,"Moin (la pa fine) travay, mi asiz pa.","Mwen\tla\tpa\tfin\ttravay,\tmi\tasiz\tpa.",1SG\tPRF\tNEG\tPRF\twork\t1SG.FIN\tsit\tNEG,"I have not done my work, I will not sit down.",,,,constructed by linguist -55-83,55,mo pa pu kasyet sa,mo\tpa\tpu\tkasyet\tsa,1SG\tNEG\tFUT\thide\t3SG,I will not hide it.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-84,55,*mo pa va kasyet,*mo\tpa\tva\tkasyet,I\tNEG\tINDF.FUT\thide,NOT: I may not hide [that].,,,,constructed by linguist -56-103,56,Mon pa ti vwar personn/naryen.,Mon\tpa\tti\tvwar\tpersonn/naryen.,1SG\tNEG\tPST\tsee\tnobody/nothing,I did not see anybody/anything.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-104,56,Ou pa pou trouv li ankor zanmen. I pou al dan en lot kan.,Ou pa pou trouv li ankor zanmen. I pou al dan en lot kan.,2SG NEG FUT see 3SG never 3PL FUT go in a other aerie,You will never see them [in the same place]. They will go to another aerie.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-105,56,I pa a gannyen.,I\tpa\ta\tgannyen.,3SG\tNEG\tFUT\tget,He won't get (it).,,,,constructed by native speaker -58-65,58,Yandi ke dia.,Yandi\tke\tdia.,3SG\tCOP\teat,He/She is eating.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-66,58,Yandi ke dia ve.,Yandi\tke\tdia\tve.,3SG\tCOP\teat\tNEG,He/She is not eating.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-156,59,lo ke faa mo na mbi ape?!,lo\tke\tfaa\tmo\tna\tmbi\tape?!,3SG\tCOP\tkill\t2SG\tPREP\t1SG\tNEG,Won't he kill you and me?!,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-157,59,ni teka nyama ape,ni\tte-ka\tnyama\tape,1SG.LOG\teat-HAB\tmeat\tNEG,(She said that) she made it a practice not to eat meat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-158,59,"[...] lango ake fatige mo, lo ga ti faa mo na ni o","[...]\tlango\ta-yeke\tfatige\tmo,\tlo\tga\tti\tfaa\tmo\tna\tni\to",[...]\tsleep\tPM-COP\tovercome\t2SG\t3SG\tcome\tto\tkill\t2SG\tand\t1SG.LOG\tPCL,"[she said], and sleep will overcome you and he'll kill you and me, I'm sorry to say.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-159,59,"kogara, mo e te nyama ti nyen’?","kogara,\tmo\tyeke\tte\tnyama\tti\tnyen’?",in.law\t2SG\tCOP\teat\tmeat\tof\twhat,"Mother-in-law, what kind of meat do you habitually eat?",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-70,60,napésákí / napésákí té,na-pés-ákí / na-pés-ákí té,1SG-give-PST   1SG-give-PST NEG,I gave. / I did not give.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-71,60,nakopésa / nakopésa té,na-ko-pés-a / na-ko-pés-a té,1SG-FUT-give-FV   1SG-FUT-give-FV NEG,I will give. / I will not give.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-49,61,Yena zo hamba.,Yena\tzo\thamba.,he\tFUT\tgo,He will go.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-50,61,Yena zo ai hamba.,Yena\tzo\tai\thamba.,he\tFUT\tNEG\tgo,He will not go. OR: He won't go.,,,,constructed by linguist -63-97,63,ómun má gi-kélem,ómun\tmá\tgi-kélem,3PL\tNEG\tTAM-speak,They don’t speak.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-98,63,mára tá-i gi-kélem núbi,mára\ttá-i\tgi-kélem\tnúbi,wife\tGEN-my\tTAM-speak\tKinubi,My wife speaks Kinubi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-107,64,bolís ma biásalo,bolís\tma\tbi=ásalo,police\tNEG\tIRR=ask,The police doesn’t ask.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-108,64,úo bíga ma gekélim kalám,úo\tbíga\tma\tge=kélim\tkalám,3SG\tbecome\tNEG\tPROG=speak\tword,He didn’t say a word any longer (but before he did).,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-76,65,Balʃoj liudi bəliskə xodi netu.,Balʃoj\tliudi\tbəliskə\txodi\tnetu.,big\tperson\tclose\tgo\tNEG,The biggest wild pig has not come near enough.,,,,citation in fiction -65-77,65,"Tagəda siwoni, sontsa kanchaj, nasha Iman najdi est’.","Tagəda\tsiwoni,\tsontsa\tkanchaj,\tnasha\tIman\tnajdi\test’.",then\ttoday\tsun\tfinish\t1PL\tIman\tfind\tPFV,Then today at sunset we will have reached the Iman-river.,,,,citation in fiction -66-54,66,Apana pintuyang tərətutup?,Apa-na\tpintu-yang\ttərə-tutup?,what-DAT\tdoor-ACC.DEF\tNEG.FIN-close,Why (=for what) didn’t she close the door?,,,,own knowledge -66-55,66,Go attule takelaatan.,Go\tattu=le\tta-kelaatan.,1SG\tone=QUANT\tNEG.FIN-see,I didn’t see anything.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-111,67,"Lu mao cakap ini eih apa dia punya pasal pekala, tak mao galo la.","Lu\tmao\tcakap\tini\teih\tapa\tdia\tpunya\tpasal\tpekala,\ttak\tmao\tgalo\tla.",2SG\twant\tspeak\tDEM\tINTERJ/FILL\twhat\t3SG\tPOSS\tmatter\tmatter\tNEG\twant\tquarrel\tEMPH,"[If] you want to talk about his matter, you will not quarrel.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-112,67,Dia tak ada kerja sekrang.,Dia\ttak\tada\tkerja\tsekrang.,3SG\tNEG\tPROG\twork\tnow,He is not working now.,,,,constructed by linguist -68-60,68,De ada makang.,De\tada\tmakang.,3SG\tPROG\teat,He is eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -68-61,68,De seng makang.,De\tseng\tmakang.,3SG\tNEG\teat,He doesn't eat OR: He isn't eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -69-41,69,yəm mən murəmbi tanan kakan,yəm\tmən\tmurə-mbi\tta-nan\tkakan,water\t3SG\trun.away-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT\tNEG,The water hadn't drained away yet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-78,72,I neba bin paraj nyila wartiya kanyjurrak najing.,I\tneba\tbin\tparaj\tnyila\twartiya\tkanyjurra-k\tnajing.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPST\tfind\tthat\ttree\tdown-ALL\tnothing,He didn't find the tree on the ground at all.,,,67d42e8969313ffa25f0074f28909ecf,narrative -72-79,72,Nyilanginyima dei bin al paraj nyarruluny ojij.,Nyila-nginyi-ma\tdei\tbin\tal\tparaj\tnyarruluny\tojij.,that-ABL-TOP\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tall\tfind\t3PL.DAT\thorse,Then they all found their horse.,,,b10ff573c2191ef52c6f8dcaa61ad88f,naturalistic spoken -73-61,73,no xugaychu,no\txuga-y-chu,NEG\tplay-IMP-NEG,Don't play!,,,,elicited from speaker -73-62,73,boskunaga no xwirti tomashkangichu,bos-kuna-ga\tno\txwirti\ttoma-shka-ngichi,2SG-PL-TOP\tNEG\tstrong\tdrink-EVID-2PL,You did not drink very much.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-79,74,wik ánqati náyka kámtaks,wik\tánqati\tnáyka\tkámtaks,NEG\tformerly\t1SG\tknow,I didn’t know. OR: I hadn’t known.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-128,75,Namoya lii bitaen eekwa kiimiyeewak.,Namoya\tlii\tbitaen\teekwa\tkii-miy-eew-ak.,NEG\tART.PL\tclothing\talso\tPST-give-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-PL,They did not give her clothes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-129,75,Namo kakiiituhtew wiya.,Namo\tkakii-ituhte-w\twiya.,NEG\table-go-3\t3SG,She was not able to go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -1-127,1,Mi lobbi va jam fissi nanga pepre pattu.,Mi\tlobi\tfu\tnyan\tfisi\tnanga\tpeprepatu.,1SG\tlove\tto\teat\tfish\twith\tpeprepatu,I like to eat fish with peprepatu (soup with cassave and peppers).,,,,written (dictionary) -1-128,1,Joe wakke hessi te moesi.,Yu\twaka\thesi\ttumusi.,2SG\twalk\tquick\ttoo.much,You are walking too fast.,,,,written -1-130,1,Zenzi a de na pranasi a habi morre likki drie ten tien homan kaba zo menni nuw winti na tappe.,Sensi\ta\tde\tna\tpranasi\ta\thabi\tmoro\tleki\tdritentin\tuma\tkaba\tsomeni\tnyun\twentje\tna\ttapu.,since\t3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tLOC\tplantation\t3SG.SBJ\thave\tmore\tlike\tthirty\twoman\talready\tmany\tnew\tgirl\tLOC\ttop,"Since he has been on the plantation, he has had more than thirty woman and many girls.",,,,written -2-121,2,A pikin wani go sribi.,A\tpikin\twani\tgo\tsribi.,the\tchild\twant\tgo\tsleep,The child wants to go and sleep.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-122,2,A kamra kowru bikaa me opo a fensre.,A\tkamra\tkowru\tbikaa\tme\topo\ta\tfensre.,the\troom\tcold\tbecause\tI\topen\tthe\twindow,The room is cold because I opened the window.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-61,3,Dí mujée hánse.,Dí\tmujée\thánse.,DEF.SG\twoman\tbeautiful,The woman is beautiful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-62,3,Mi wáka.,Mi\twáka.,1SG\twalk,I walked.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-86,4,A boy lobi a meise.,A\tboy\tlobi\ta\tmeise.,DET.SG\tboy\tlove\tDET.SG\tgirl,The boy loves the girl.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-87,4,A wata(a) ya koo.,A\twata(a)\tya\tkoo.,DET.SG\twater\there\tcold,This water is cold.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -4-88,4,A seeka en kamba.,A\tseeka\ten\tkamba.,she\tclean\ther\troom,She cleaned her room.,,,,elicited from speaker -5-82,5,mi na no wai dem a du dis ting,mi\tna\tno\twai\tdem\ta\tdu\tdis\tting,1SG\tNEG\tknow\twhy\t3PL\tPROG\tdo\tthis\tthing,I don't know why they are doing this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-83,5,ii miit wit wan leedi a mek ail,ii\tmiit\twit\twan\tleedi\ta\tmek\tail,3SG\tmeet\twith\tINDF.ART\tlady\tPROG\tmake\toil,He met a lady who was making oil.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-134,7,Hi ha tu shiip.,Hi\tha\ttu\tshiip.,3SG\thave\ttwo\tsheep,He has two sheep. OR: He had two sheep.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-135,7,Hi bin ha tu shiip.,Hi\tbin\tha\ttu\tshiip.,3SG\tPST\thave\ttwo\tsheep,He had two sheep.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-136,7,I posh evriting duhng.,I\tposh\tevri-ting\tduhng.,3SG\tpush\tevery-thing\tdown,He pushed everything down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-79,8,Jan sik an im daata nuo.,Jan\tsik\tan\tim\tdaata\tnuo.,John\tsick\tand\t3SG\tdaughter\tknow,John is sick and his daughter knows.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-80,8,Mieri kuk di fuud.,Mieri\tkuk\tdi\tfuud.,Mary\tcook\tDET\tfood,Mary cooked the food.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-98,9,I hapn dat i hia bawt wan ledi.,I\thapn\tdat\ti\thia\tbawt\twan\tledi.,it\thappen\tthat\the\thear\tabout\ta\tlady,It so happened that he heard about a lady.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-99,9,Wok di yoŋ wuman dey no wan du it.,Wok\tdi\tyoŋ\twuman\tdey\tno\twan\tdu\tit.,work\tthe\tyoung\twomen\t3PL\tNEG\twant\tdo\tit,The young women don't want to work.,,,,elicited from speaker -9-100,9,A fayn di bɛs rowp.,A\tfayn\tdi\tbɛs\trowp.,1SG\tfind\tthe\tbest\trope,I found the best rope.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-101,9,Yu now wat a taak.,Yu\tnow\twat\ta\ttaak.,you\tknow\twhat\tI\ttalk,You know what I'm saying.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-102,9,wan nɛks wan we a rimemba,wan\tnɛks\twan\twe\ta\trimemba,a\tnext\tone\tREL\tI\tremember,another that I remember,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-103,9,Owaz kom now dat dem mos go ʃo taym fu go sho.,Owaz\tkom\tnow\tdat\tdem\tmos\tgo\tʃo\ttaym\tfu\tgo\tsho.,hours\tcome\tnow\tthat\t3PL\tmust\tgo\tshore\ttime\tfor\tgo\tshore,"Hours go by so that they must go ashore, it's time to go ashore.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-115,10,So di King disaid fi marid him tu di daata.,So\tdi\tKing\tdisaid\tfi\tmarid\thim\ttu\tdi\tdaata.,so\tART.DEF\tKing\tdecide\tCOMP\tmarry\t3SG\tto\tART.DEF\tdaughter,So the King decided to marry him to his daughter.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-116,10,Ai liv bai Linbal.,Ai\tliv\tbai\tLinbal.,1SG\tlive\tnear\tLinval,I live close to Linval.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-117,10,A fiks ih op tumara.,A\tfiks\tih\top\ttumara.,1SG\tfix\t3SG.N\tup\ttomorrow,I will fix it up tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-148,11,Wen dei chek di ship ih woz a ship lood av pomkin.,Wen\tdei\tchek\tdi\tship\tih\twoz\ta\tship\tlood\tav\tpomkin.,when\t3PL\tcheck\tART.DEF\tship\t3SG\tCOP.PST\tART.INDF\tship\tload\tof\tpumpkin,"When they checked the ship, it was/carried a ship load of pumpkins.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-149,11,Shi ded wen shi did hav 35 yierz.,Shi\tded\twen\tshi\tdid\thav\t35\tyier-z.,3SG.F\tdie\twhen\t3SG.F\tPST\thave\t35\tyear-PL,She died when she was 35 years old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-150,11,Den ai ritorn bak huom.,Den\tai\tritorn\tbak\thuom.,then\t1SG\treturn\tback\thome,Then I returned home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-151,11,Ai laik suga.,Ai\tlaik\tsuga.,1SG\tlike\tsugar,I like sugar.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-152,11,Hi went out.,Hi\twent\tout.,3SG.M\tgo.PST\tout,He went out.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-153,11,Ai du aal kainda work.,Ai\tdu\taal\tkaind-a\twork.,1SG\tdo\tall\tkind-of\twork,I do all kinds of work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-154,11,Wan taim wa rat mi fain wa big piis a kiek.,Wan\ttaim\twa\trat\tmi\tfain\twa\tbig\tpiis\ta\tkiek.,one\ttime\tART.INDF\trat\tPST\tfind\tART.INDF\tbig\tpiece\tof\tcake,Once a rat found a big piece of cake.,,,,naturalistic written -11-155,11,Shi tink se iz shi.,Shi\ttink\tse\tiz\tshi.,3SG.F\tthink\tCOMP\tCOP.PRS\t3SG.F,She thought it was her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-119,12,"I - I been in a - a - in - in a - in a - plane crash before. [No way!] Yeah, that's fifteen years ago when my daddy die. I was in Miami, and I had to leave - out of Miami about - 7:30 that night. And catch a private plane out for Crooked Island, Sunday morning for the funeral. And when we got - when we got in Crooked Island, before we - just before we land, the pilot said - tell us to be prepare, 'cause the gear stuck, the landing gear stuck. But, you see, Crooked Island is a place like this, where the e- where - where the runway is - both side is sandy ground, and the plane - when it hit - when it hit the runway, it run off the - the runway. And she hit and she run until she bog in the sand - just about - just about the top of the plane was in the sand. But other places wouldn'ta had that opportunity, 'cause 'e ain't much places in the Bahamas where the runway is sandy. And that what save us.",[...]\twhen\tmy\tdaddy\tdie\t[...]\tjust\tbefore\twe\tland\t[...]\tit\trun\toff\t[...]\tthe\trunway\t[...]\tAnd\tthat\twhat\tsave\tus.,[...]\twhen\tmy\tdaddy\tdie[PFV]\t[...]\tjust\tbefore\twe\tland[PFV]\t[...]\tit\trun[PFV]\toff\t[...]\tthe\trunway\t[...]\tand\tthat\twhat\tsave[PFV]\tus,"[...] fifteen years ago, when my daddy died [...] just before we landed [...] it ran off the runway [...] and that's what saved us.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-120,12,Jesus love me.,Jesus\tlove\tme.,Jesus\tlove[STAT.PRS]\t1SG.OBJ,Jesus loves me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-121,12,"And then afterwards - uh - the policeman had to put handcuff on his hand and on his two feet, 'cause he want try fight them.",[...]\t'cause\the\twant\ttry\tfight\tthem.,[...]\tbecause\t3SG.SBJ\twant[STAT.PST]\ttry\tfight\t3PL.OBJ,[...] because he wanted to try to fight them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-122,12,"The bird white - chickcharney, yeah. And, you know, they get face - sometime you look after 'im, he face look like owl. Sometime - you look again - he face look like dog. Sometime when you look again - he face look like cat. Yeah! They ain't no ordinary bird. You know, they's bird what - uh - uh - I believe it in myself - they does - they be work witch or something like that.",[...]\tthey\tget\tface\t[...]\the\tface\tlook\t[...],[...]\tthey\tget[STAT.GENER]\tface\t[...]\t3SG.POSS\tface\tlook[STAT.GENER]\t[...],"[The bird is white - the chickcharney (mythical creature), yeah. And, you know,] they have a face - [sometimes] [...], its face looks [like that of an owl. Sometimes, when you look again, its face looks like that of a dog].",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-99,13,Ya know John wa Bactize.,Ya\tknow\tJohn\twa\tBactize.,you\tknow\tJohn\twho\tbaptizes,You know John the Baptist. (see Mt 14.8),,,,bible translation -13-100,13,Den e git eenta de boat an go ta de Magadan sho.,Den\te\tgit\teenta\tde\tboat\tan\tgo\tta\tde\tMagadan\tsho.,then\t3SG\tget\tinto\tthe\tboat\tand\tgo\tto\tthe\tMagadan\tshore,Then he got into the boat and went to the coast of Magdala. OR: [A]nd [he] took ship and came into the coasts of Magdala. (Mt 15.39),,,,bible translation -14-65,14,He know Swahili.,He\tknow\tSwahili.,he\tknow\tSwahili,He knows Swahili.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-74,15,wi gɛt fo pikin,wi\tgɛt\tfo\tpikin,1PL\thave\tfour\tchild,We have four children.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-75,15,wi win di gem,wi\twin\tdi\tgem,1PL\twin\tART\tgame,We won the game/match.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-69,16,dɛ dairɛkta laik mà mata,dɛ\tdairɛkta\tlaik\tmà\tmata,ART\tdirector\tlike\t1SG.POSS\tmatter,The director likes me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-75,17,À kari nyam.,À\tkari\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tcarry\tyam,"I carried [+past, +completive] yams.",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-76,17,À layk nyam.,À\tlayk\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tyam,"I like [-past, -completive] yams.",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-77,17,À layk nyam bìfó̱.,À\tlayk\tnyam\tbìfó̱.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tyam\tbefore,"I liked [+past, +completive] yams previously.",,,,naturalistic spoken -18-71,18,A 'sabi.,A\tsabi.,1SG.SBJ\tknow,I know.,,,,published source -18-72,18,A 'layk ma 'wok.,A\tlaik\tma\twok.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\t1SG.POSS\twork,I like my work.,,,,published source -18-73,18,A tshop.,A\ttchop.,1SG.SBJ\teat,I ate.,,,,published source -19-93,19,Dɛ̀n chak dì wàchman.,Dɛ̀n\tchak\tdì\twàch-man.,3PL\tget.drunk\tDEF\twatch.CPD-man,They got the guard drunk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-94,19,Dì wàchman chak.,Dì\twàch-man\tchak.,DEF\twatch.CPD-man\tbe.drunk,The guard is drunk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-57,20,My hap go court one time.,My\thap\tgo\tcourt\tone\ttime.,1SG\tPFV\tgo\tcourt\tone\ttime,I have been to court once.,,,,naturalistic written -20-63,20,My hap sick.,My\thap\tsick.,1SG\tCOP\tsick,I am sick.,,,,naturalistic written -21-69,21,I have three children.,I\thave\tthree\tchildren.,1SG\thave\tthree\tchild.PL,I have three children.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-93,22,Em i save long Tok Pisin.,Em\ti\tsave\tlong\tTok\tPisin.,3SG\tPM\tknow\tPREP\tTok\tPisin,He knows Tok Pisin.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-89,23,be hem i karem bigfala spes tumas,be\them\ti\tkarem\tbigfala\tspes\ttumas,but\t3SG\tAGR\ttake\tbig\tspace\tvery,But he's taken too much space.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-90,23,wok blong yu i gud blong wokbaot,wok\tblong\tyu\ti\tgud\tblong\twokbaot,work\tPOSS\t2SG\tAGR\tgood\tPURP\twalk.about,Your work is good for exploring.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-91,23,"i se i go longwe, Janette i soem nao","i\tse\ti\tgo\tlongwe,\tJanette\ti\tsoem\tnao",AGR\tsay\tAGR\tgo\tthere\tJanette\tAGR\tshow\tnow,She said she went up there and Janette showed her some.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-142,23,"evri man oli save yu, yu yu save mi, mi mi save yu","evri\tman\toli\tsave\tyu,\tyu\tyu\tsave\tmi,\tmi\tmi\tsave\tyu",every\tman\tAGR\tknow\t2SG\t2SG\t2SG\tknow\t1SG\t1SG\t1SG\tknow\t2SG,"Everyone knows you, you know me and I know you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-3,25,Fish yu bin getim.,Fish\tyu\tbin\tget-im.,fish\t2SG\tPST\tget-TR,Fish you got.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-242,25,Thei katim hiya igen.,Thei\tkat-im\thiya\tigen.,3PL\tcut-TR\there\ttoo,They cut them here too (trees to make didgeridoos from).,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-334,25,Im sabi thet taka.,Im\tsabi\tthet\ttaka.,3SG\tknow\tDEM\ttucker,She knows that (plant) food.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-123,27,Am mangkḗ fo gi am twaləfhondərt patakón [...].,Am\tmangkḗ\tfo\tgi\tam\ttwaləf-hondərt\tpatakón\t[...].,3SG\twant\tfor\tgive\t3SG\ttwelve-hundred\tpatacons\t[...],He wants to give him twelve hundred patacons [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-93,28,di mama suku M. fi ʃima fan di wari ka,di\tmama\tsuku\tM.\tfi\tʃima\tfan\tdi\twari\tka,the\tmother\twant\tM.\tfor\tmove\tfrom\tthe\thouse\tNEG,His mother doesn't want M. to move out.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-94,28,en dro kokonotan bako an dɛn [...],eni\tdroko\tkokonoto\tan\tbaku\to\tan\tdɛn\t[...].,3PL\tdry\tcoconut\tand\tbeat\t3SG\tand\tthen\t[...],"They dry coconuts, beat it (i.e. the coconut fibre), and then [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-95,28,ju kik hori habwo sa bam ka,ju\tkiki\thoso\tori\thabu\to\tsa\tbam\tka,2SG\tsee\thow\t3SG\thave\t3SG\tso\tnice\tNEG,You see how he doesn't keep it very nice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-99,29,Ek besit 'n huis. — Ek bak koekies.,Ek besit 'n huis. — Ek bak koek-ie-s.,1SG own a house   I bake cake-DIM-PL,I own a house. — I bake cookies.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-100,29,Ek het 'n huis besit. — Ek het koekies gebak.,Ek het 'n huis besit. — Ek het koek-ie-s ge-bak.,1SG.NOM PST INDF.ART house owned   1SG.NOM PST cake-DIM-PL PTCP-bake,I (have) owned a house. — I (have) baked cookies.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-111,30,"Un bes, un ómi di lonji bá kása di un mudjer, si konxedu di ténpu bedju.","Un=bes,\tun=ómi\tdi=lonji\tbá\tkása\tdi=un=mudjer,\tsi=konxedu\tdi=ténpu\tbedju.",ART.INDF=time\tART.INDF=man\tfrom=far.away\tgo\thouse\tof=ART.INDF=woman\t3SG.POSS=acquaintance\tof=time\told,A man from far-away once went to the house of a woman that he knew from the past.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-112,30,Kel ómi la ten dinheru!,Kel=ómi\tla\tten\tdinheru!,DEM.SG=man\tthere\thave\tmoney,That man has a lot of money!,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-99,31,Mi’N sta li mi so ku kel dos.,Mi’N\tsta\tli\tmi\tso\tku\tkel\tdos.,I\tam\there\tme\tonly\twith\tthese\ttwo,I am here alone with only these two.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-100,31,N ben kaza. vs. N bai nha kaza.,N\tben\tkaza.\tvs.\tN\tbai\tnha\tkaza.,I\tcome\thome\tvs.\tI\tgo\tmy\thouse,I came home. vs. I went home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-77,32,El toká y el kantá.,El\ttoká\ty\tel\tkantá.,3SG\tplay\tand\t3SG\tsing,He played and sang.,,,,naturalistic written -32-78,32,N krê sink sebóla.,N\tkrê\tsink\tsebóla.,1SG\twant\tfive\tonion,I want five onions.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-108,33,N obi kriol di Kabo Verdi.,N\tobi\tkriol\tdi\tKabo\tVerdi.,1SG\thear/understand\tCreole\tof\tCape\tVerde,I understand Capeverdian Creole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-74,34,N teŋ tres fiju.,N\tø\tteŋ\ttres\tfiju.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\thave\tthree\tchild,I have three children.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-75,34,I ŋgaña.,I\tø\tŋgaña.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\twin,I won.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-116,35,Ê kume pixi.,Ê\tkume\tpixi.,3SG\teat\tfish,He ate fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-117,35,Ise sa kwa ku non sêbê.,Ise\tsa\tkwa\tku\tnon\tsêbê.,this\tCOP\tthing\tREL\t1PL\tknow,This is something we know.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-64,36,Têtêuga tua taba pega.,Têtêuga\ttua\ttaba\tpega.,Turtle\ttake\tplank\tnail,Turtle took the planks and nailed them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-65,36,Kwa ê mêthê?,Kwa\tê\tmêthê?,thing\the\twant,What does he want?,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-79,37,Txi sêbê kwisê.,Txi\tØ\tsêbê\tkwisê.,2SG\tPRS\tknow\tthis,You know this.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-80,37,Txi kume kwisê.,Txi\tØ\tkume\tkwisê.,2SG\tPFV\teat\tthis,You ate this.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-95,38,I fa no na bi té zuanxaf.,Eli\tfa\tno\tna\tbi\tté\tzuanxa-f.,3SG\tspeak\t1PL\tNEG\tANT\thave\tsomething-NEG,He told us he had nothing. OR: He/she told us he/she had not had anything.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-96,38,I fa no na té zuanxaf.,Eli\tfa\tno\tna\tté\tzuanxa-f.,3SG\tspeak\t1PL\tNEG\thave\tsomething-NEG,He/she told us he had nothing. OR: He/she told/tells us he had/has nothing.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-167,39,"Yo nã kɛ fala mem, nã pɔd fala.","Yo\tnã\tkɛ\tfal-a\tmem,\tnã\tpɔd\tfal-a.",1SG\tNEG\twant.NPST\tspeak-INF\tEMPH\tNEG\tcan.NPST\tspeak-INF,"I really don't want to speak, [I] cannot speak.",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-67,40,Engineer parmi punto ki wɔ ki sab? Yo halo ki yo sab electric welding ani gas welding.,Engineer\tparmi\tpunto\tki\twɔ\tki\tsab?\tYo\thalo\tki\tyo\tsab\telectric\twelding\tani\tgas\twelding.,engineer\tme\task.PST\tCOMP\tyou.FAM\twhat\tknow\tI\tsay.PST\tCOMP\tI\tknow\telectric\twelding\tand\tgas\twelding,"The engineer asked me ""What do you know?"" I said, ""I know how to do electric welding and gas welding.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-68,40,Ku Mari kere ki su rhapa kadz ʋi.,Ku\tMari\tkere\tki\tsu\trhapa\tkadz\tʋi.,OBJ\tMari\twant\tCOMP\ther\tboy\thouse\tcome,Mari wants her boy to come home.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-89,41,innaa aka fiiyusu fiiyu uŋa isti vees SSC cooduna yatiraa: doos paaɖam,innaa\taka\tfiiyu-su\tfiiyu\tuŋa\tisti\tvees\tSSC\tcooduna\tjaa-tiraa:\tdoos\tpaaɖam,here.is\tthat\tson-GEN\tson\tone\tthis\ttime\tSSC\texam\tPST-take\ttwo\tpass,"Here, one of that son's sons, this time he took the SSC examination: two passes.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-154,41,vaarzim see kii falaatu saba siɲoorpa?,vaarzim\tsee\tkii\tfalaa-tu\tsaba\tsiɲoor-pa?,vaarzim\tCOND\twhat\tQUOT-PFV\tknow\tmister-DAT,"Do you know what ""vaarzim"" means?",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-181,41,maaket dɛɛntru macaa andaa see amiis poy ceraa,maaket\tdɛɛntru\tmacaa\tandaa\tsee\tamiis\tpooy\tceraa,market\tinside\twalk\tgo\tCOND\tfishy.smell\tHABIL\tsmell,"As you walk through the market, you can smell a fishy smell.",,,,elicited from speaker -42-85,42,yo sa pai fai sibrisu na munisipal,yo\tsa\tpai\tfai\tsibrisu\tna\tmunisipal,1SG\tGEN\tfather\tdo\twork\tLOC\tmunicipal,My father works / used to work in the Municipal (Government).,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-86,42,"ja kaba gera, eli bai tona kontiná aké sibrisu lá","ja\tkaba\tgera,\teli\tbai\ttona\tkontiná\také\tsibrisu\tlá",PFV\tfinish\twar\t3SG\tgo\tagain\tcontinue\tthat\twork\tEMPH,"After the war, he went back, continued with that job.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-87,42,éli sabé bos ta beng,éli\tsabé\tbos\tta\tbeng,3SG\tknow\t2SG\tPROG\tcome,He knows/knew you are/were coming.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-88,42,yo sa pai fai sibrisu na municipal,yo\tsa\tpai\tfai\tsibrisu\tna\tmunicipal,1SG\tGEN\tfather\tdo\twork\tLOC\tmunicipal,My father works / used to work in the Municipal service.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-89,42,eli sabé bos ta beng,eli\tsabé\tbos\tta\tbeng,3SG\tknow\t2SG\tPROG\tcome,He/she knows/knew that you are/were coming.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-62,43,Ile teng ung kabalu.,Ile\tteng\tung\tkabalu.,he\thave\ta\thorse,He had a horse.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-63,43,Ile buska ung moler. [...] Ile kadja.,Ile\tbuska\tung\tmoler.\t[...]\tIle\tkadja.,3SG\tlook.for\ta\twife\t[...]\t3SG\tget.married,He looked for a wife. [...] He got married.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-97,44,Tyéni yo úna íha.,Tyéni\tyo\túna\tíha.,have\t1SG\tone\tdaughter,I have one daughter.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-101,46,Konése hénte pwéde éle komé.,Kon-ése\thénte\tpwéde\téle\tkomé.,with.OBJ-that\tpeople/person\tcan\ts/he\teat,He can eat with these people. OR: He can eat with that person.,,,,naturalistic written -47-91,47,Nos (ta) falta sinkuenta sèn.,Nos\t(ta)\tfalta\tsinkuenta\tsèn.,1PL\t(TNS)\tlack\tfifty\tcent,We are fifty cents short.,,,,published source -47-103,47,Awor mi tin un lista basta largo.,Awor\tmi\ttin\tun\tlista\tbasta\tlargo.,now\t1SG\thave\tINDF\tlist\tsufficiently\tlong,Now I have quite a long list.,,,,naturalistic written -48-97,48,I polé yebá kuenta nu.,I\t__\tpolé\tyebá\tkuenta\tnu.,I\t__\tcan\tfigure\taccount\tnot,I can't figure (this) out. OR: I can't calculate (this).,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-98,48,Suto a-polé ta arí-ndo no.,Suto\ta-polé\tta\tarí-ndo\tno.,we\t?-can\tPROG\tlaugh-PROG\tnot,We can't be laughing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-211,48,Ané engañá suto.,Ané\tengañá\tsuto.,3PL\tcheat\t1PL,They cheated us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-145,49,Bouki renmen chat la.,Bouki\trenmen\tchat\tla.,Bouki\tlove\tcat\tDEF,Bouki loves the cat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-146,49,Bouki vann chat la.,Bouki\tvann\tchat\tla.,Bouki\tsell\tcat\tDEF,Bouki sold the cat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-147,49,Bouki vann chat.,Bouki\tvann\tchat.,Bouki\tsell\tcat,Bouki sells cats.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-92,50,I enmé.,I\tenmé.,3SG\tlove,He loves. / He likes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-93,50,I pati.,I\tpati.,3SG\tleave,He left.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-86,51,I enmen.,I\tenmen.,3SG\tlove,He/she loves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-87,51,I pati.,I\tpati.,3SG\tleave,He/she left.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-57,52,i pédi so chimen,i\tØ\tpédi\tso\tchimen,he\tPFV\tloose\this\tway,He got lost.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-194,53,Jordi ena en ta le piti ki pa kone byen parle.,Jordi\tena\ten\tta\tle\tpiti\tki\tpa\tkone\tbyen\tparle.,today\tthere.are\tART.INDF\tpile\tART.DEF.PL\tchild\tREL\tNEG\tknow\twell\tspeak,Today there are many children who don't know how to speak well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-195,53,Nou kouri mene le fleur o simityer le Tousen.,Nou\tkouri\tmene\tle\tfleur\to\tsimityer\tle\tTousen.,1PL\tgo\tbring\tART.PL\tflower\tto\tcemetery\tART.DEF.PL\tAll.Saints.Day,We brought flowers to the cemetery on All Saints Day.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-196,53,"Ein jou bon matin, Compère Lapin lévé.","Ein\tjou\tbon\tmatin,\tCompère\tLapin\tlévé.",ART.INDF\tday\tearly\tmorning\tBrother\tRabbit\tget.up,Early one morning Brother Rabbit got up.,,,,naturalistic written -53-197,53,Mo lémé mié mayé avé Compair Bouki.,Mo\tlémé\tmié\tmayé\tavé\tCompair\tBouki.,1SG\tlike\tbetter\tmarry\twith\tBrother\tBouki,I prefer to marry Brother Bouki.,,,,naturalistic written -54-113,54,Mi rès / mi àbit dan lé o.,Mi res / mi abit dan le-o.,1SG.FIN stay   1SG.FIN dwell in highland,I live in the mountains.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-155,54,Ma lanp la etin é la ralumé [...].,Ma\tlanp\tla\teten\te\tla\tralume\t[...].,POSS.1SG\tlamp\tPRF\tgo.out\tand\tPRF\tlight.up\t[...],My lamp went out and lighted up again [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-208,54,La fam i koné li la per.,La\tfanm\ti\tkone\tØ\tli\tla\tper.,DEF\twoman\tFIN\tknow\tØ\t3SG.FIN\thave\tfear,The woman knows that he is afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-177,55,mo kóne ki li en kúyoṅ — Róber kóne ki Mári malád,mo kóne ki li Ø en kúyoṅ — Róber kóne ki Mári Ø malád,1SG know COMP 3SG COP INDF fool   Robert know COMP Mary COP ill,I know he is a fool. — Robert knows that Mary is ill.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-106,56,Mon konn gete.,Mon\tkonn\tgete.,1SG\tknow\twatch,I know (how) to watch.,,,,naturalistic written -56-107,56,Apre ou 'n al Sent Ann.,Apre\tou\t'n\tal\tSent\tAnn.,then\t2SG\tPRF\tgo\tSaint\tAnne,Then you went to Saint Anne.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-67,58,Yandi kwenda na bwala.,Yandi\tØ\tkwenda\tna\tbwala.,he/she\tPFV\tgo\tLOC\tvillage,He/She went to the village.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-68,58,Mono banza yandi mene kwisa.,Mono\tØ\tbanza\tyandi\tmene\tkwisa.,I\tPRS\tthink\the/she\tPRF\tcome,I think he/she has come.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-162,59,kol ni amu mama ni afaa lo,koli\tni\ta-mu\tmama\tni\ta-faa\tlo,man\tDET\tPM-take\tmother\tDET\tPM-kill\t3SG,The man (husband) took the (wife's) mother and killed her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-327,59,ambeni ahinga ape,a-mbeni\ta-hinga\tape,PL-some\tPM-know\tNEG,Some (people) don't know (about it).,,,,constructed by linguist -60-72,60,napésí,na-pés-í,1SG-give-PRS.PRF,I have given.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-73,60,nazalí,na-zal-í,1SG-be-PRS.PRF,I am.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-51,61,Mina buka yena: yena khona lapha.,Mina\tbuk-a\tyena:\tyena\tkhon-a\tlapha.,I\tsee-PRS\the\the\tbe-PRS\tthere,I see him: he is there.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-52,61,Mina bukile yena: yena gate khona lapha.,Mina\tbuk-ile\tyena:\tyena\tgate\tkhon-a\tlapha.,I\tsee-PST\the\the\tANT\tbe-PRS\tthere,I saw him: he was there.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-40,62,náakwáha,ni-áa-kwaha,1SG-PST-tired,I am tired.,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-41,62,áabíbí itorú,é-áa-bibi\titoru,3SG-PST-throw\tspear,He threw a spear.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-99,63,Núbi wósul Mombása bédir.,Núbi\twósul\tMombása\tbédir.,Nubi\tarrive\tMombasa\tsoon,The Nubi arrived in Mombasa soon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-100,63,ána fáham,ána\tfáham,1SG\tunderstand,I understand.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-101,63,kubar-ín kélem núbi,kubar-ín\tkélem\tnúbi,old-PL\tspeak\tKinubi,The elders speak Kinubi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-109,64,ána kásuru bab,ána\tkásuru\tbab,1SG\tbreak\tdoor,I smashed in the door.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-110,64,ána ázu míle,ána\tázu\tmíle,1SG\twant\tsalt,I want some salt.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-111,64,fi záman henák máfi zol bihaf min akwanín to,fi\tzáman\thenák\tmáfi\tzol\tbi=haf\tmin\takwan-ín\tto,in\tpast\tthere\tEXIST.NEG\tindividual\tIRR=be.afraid\tfrom\tbrothers-PL\tPOSS.3SG,At that time no one was afraid of his friends.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-56,66,Kumarin go nasi si-makan. / Kumarin go nasi *makan.,Kumarin\tgo\tnasi\tsi-makan.,yesterday\t1SG\trice\tPST-eat,Yesterday I ate rice.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-195,67,So saya tahu already ada orang yang sudah minum.,So\tsaya\ttahu\talready\tada\torang\tyang\tsudah\tminum.,so\t1SG\tknow\talready\texist\tperson\tREL\tPFV\tdrink,"So, I knew there was someone who drank [it].",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-213,67,Hey Aleng itu punya ah lu pinya tak suka pinya olang sula mati ah di America ah.,Hey\tAleng\titu\tpunya\tah\tlu\tpinya\ttak\tsuka\tpinya\tolang\tsula\tmati\tah\tdi\tAmerica\tah.,VOC\tAleng\tDEM\tATTR\tPCL\t2SG\tPOSS\tNEG\tlike\tREL\tperson\tPFV\tdie\tPCL\tin\tAmerica\tPCL,"Hey, Aleng, your [father], [the person] you do not like, already died in America.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-62,68,De makang.,De\tmakang.,3SG\teat,"S/he eats/ate/has eaten/had eaten, etc.",,,,elicited from speaker -68-63,68,De basar.,De\tbasar.,3SG\tbig,S/he is big.,,,,constructed by linguist -68-119,68,De mau de pung ana pulang.,De\tmau\tde\tpung\tana\tpulang.,3SG\twant\t3SG\tPOSS\tchild\tgo.home,She wants her son to go home.,,,,constructed by linguist -72-149,72,Im want to kurru yu nyawangku nangaringku.,Im\twant\tto\tkurru\tyu\tnyawa-ngku\tnangari-ngku.,3SG\twant\tto\tlisten\t2SG\tthis-ERG\tNangari-ERG,This Nangari wants to listen to you.,,,f8fc173846a466b5f5a3080ff1679d91,naturalistic spoken -72-171,72,Krtuma parl im putim i kaan spredimat kuyarra.,Kyle-tu-ma\tparl\tim\tput-im\tparl\ti\tkaan\tspred-im-at\tkuya-rra.,KR-ERG-TOP\tpile\t3SG\tput-TR\ttoo.much\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tspread-TR-OUT\tthus-PL,Kyle put them in a pile. He didn't spread out that lot like that.,,,3531f2780afee8d6a553e391514278fe,naturalistic spoken -73-2,73,manchanida killanan amida,manchani-da\tkilla-na-n\tami-da,terrible-ACC\tlazy-DESID-3SG\t1.PRO-ACC,I feel terribly lazy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-80,74,pápa yáka tlátwa,pápa\tyáka\ttlátwa,father\t3SG\tgo,Father goes.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-296,75,Kimaaton eewiituhteeyin la dans.,ki-maato-n\tee-wi-ituhtee-yin\tla\tdans,2SG-cry-2S\tCOMPL-VOL-go-2SG\tDEF.SG\tdance,You are crying because you want to go to the dance.,,,,constructed by linguist -76-45,76,kwak kaukau,kwak\tkaukau,frozen\teat,He eats frozen food.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-46,76,awoña iglupȗk ĕlĕkta,awoña\tiglupȗk\tĕlĕkta,I\tbarracks\tgo,I am going (I went) to Fort McPherson.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -2-123,2,Safrisafri mi e sabi den pasi kba.,Safrisafri\tmi\te\tsabi\tden\tpasi\tkba.,slowly\t1SG\tIPFV\tknow\tthe.PL\troad\talready,I’m slowly getting to know the roads.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-124,2,A manya e lepi.,A\tmanya\te\tlepi.,DET\tmango\tIPFV\tripe,The mango is getting ripe.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-125,2,A pikin e kon breiti.,A\tpikin\te\tkon\tbreiti.,DET\tchild\tIPFV\tcome\thappy,The child is becoming happy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-63,3,Dí mujée tá hánse.,Dí\tmujée\ttá\thánse.,DEF.SG\twoman\tASP\tbeautiful,The woman is becoming beautiful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-89,4,Den koosi e nati.,Den\tkoosi\te\tnati.,DET.PL\tclothes\tIPFV\twet,The clothes are getting wet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-199,4,Den koosi kaba nati.,Den\tkoosi\tkaba\tnati.,DET.PL\tclothes\tfinish\twet,The clothes have become wet. (lit: The clothes have finished getting wet.),,,,constructed by linguist -4-200,4,Den manyan kaba lepi.,Den\tmanyan\tkaba\tlepi.,DET.PL\tmango\tfinish\tripe,The mangos have become ripe.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-84,5,di manggo dem a raip pon di chrii rait nou,di\tmanggo\tdem\ta\traip\tpon\tdi\tchrii\trait\tnou,DET\tmango\tPL\tPROG\tripe\ton\tDET\ttree\tright\tnow,The mangoes are ripening on the tree right now.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-85,5,awii manggo don raip laang taim,awii\tmanggo\tdon\traip\tlaang\ttaim,POSS\tmango\tCOMPL\tripe\tlong\ttime,Our mangoes have ripened some long time ago. OR: Our mangoes have been ripe for some time now.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-56,6,Wi go done dead before we reach back to di cyar.,Wi\tgo\tdone\tdead\tbefore\twe\treach\tback\tto\tdi\tcyar.,1PL\tFUT\tCOMPL\tdead\tbefore\t1PL\treach\tback\tto\tDET\tcar,We will have died before we go back to the car.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-57,6,Hi does sick.,Hi\tdoes\tsick.,3SG\tHAB\tsick,He is getting sick.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-137,7,Dem tuhn dootish.,Dem\ttuhn\tdootish.,3PL\tturn\tstupid,They have become stupid.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-138,7,Rein a kuhm an i maango an dem a reip kwik.,Rein\ta\tkuhm\tan\ti\tmaango\tan\tdem\ta\treip\tkwik.,rain\tPROG\tcome\tand\tART\tmango\tand\tPL\tPROG\tripe\tquick,It is raining and the mangoes are ripening quickly.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-139,7,A duhn sik.,A\tduhn\tsik.,1SG\tCOMPL\tsick,I have become sick.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-81,8,Im de taiyad.,Im\tde\ttaiyad.,3SG\tPROG\ttired,He is becoming tired.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-104,9,A de dɛd.,A\tde\tdɛd.,1SG\tPROG\tdead,I am dying.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-118,10,"Wen di man get dronk nou, ihn gaan houm.","Wen\tdi\tman\tget\tdronk\tnou,\tihn\tgaan\thoum.",when\tART.DEF\tman\tget\tdrunk\tnow\t3SG\tgo.PST\thome,"When the man got drunk, he went home.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-119,10,Mango Trii staat raip.,Mango\tTrii\tstaat\traip.,Mango\tTree\tstart\tripe,Mango Tree’s fruits began to ripen.,,,,written -10-120,10,Di uol leedi get sik an blain.,Di\tuol\tleedi\tget\tsik\tan\tblain.,ART.DEF\told\tlady\tget\tsick\tand\tblind,The old lady got sick and blind.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-121,10,Im ton blain.,Im\tton\tblain.,3SG\tturn\tblind,He/she went blind (gradually).,,,,elicited from speaker -10-122,10,Im de get fried.,Im\tde\tget\tfried.,3SG\tPROG\tget\tafraid,He/she is getting frightened.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-123,10,Mi get fried.,Mi\tget\tfried.,1SG\tget\tafraid,I got frightened.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-156,11,Shi get kreezi.,Shi\tget\tkreezi.,3SG.F\tget\tcrazy,She got crazy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-157,11,Wi staat tu taak.,Wi\tstaat\ttu\ttaak.,1PL\tstart\tto\ttalk,We started to talk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-158,11,Som a dem get sad an staat tu baal.,Som\ta\tdem\tget\tsad\tan\tstaat\ttu\tbaal.,some\tof\t3PL\tget\tsad\tand\tstart\tto\tcry,Some of dem get sad and start to cry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-159,11,So den di puur Miskito dem staat fiil laik nobadi.,So\tden\tdi\tpuur\tMiskito\tdem\tstaat\tfiil\tlaik\tnobadi.,so\tthen\tART.DEF\tpoor\tMiskito\tPL\tstart\tfeel\tlike\tnobody,So then the poor Miskito started feeling like nobody.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-160,11,Shi nuo mai papa an faal in lov an get pregnant an haf mi rait deh.,Shi\tnuo\tmai\tpapa\tan\tfaal\tin\tlov\tan\tget\tpregnant\tan\thaf\tmi\trait\tdeh.,3SG.F\tknow\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tand\tfall\tin\tlove\tand\tget\tpregnant\tand\thave\t1SG\tright\tDEM.LOC,She got to know my father and fell in love and got pregnant and had me right there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-161,11,Deh get veks.,Deh\tget\tveks.,3PL\tget\tvex,They get annoyed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-162,11,Dem deh wach di bwai dem giem.,Dem\tdeh\twach\tdi\tbwai\tdem\tgiem.,3PL\tPROG\twach\tART.DEF\tboy\tPL\tgame,They were watching the game of the boys.,,,,naturalistic written -11-163,11,Wen yu don pik dat out nou yu put it tu boil.,Wen\tyu\tdon\tpik\tdat\tout\tnou\tyu\tput\tit\ttu\tboil.,when\t2SG\tCOMPL\tpick\tDEM\tout\tnow\t2SG\tput\t3SG.N\tto\tboil,"When you've finished picking that out now, you put it to boil.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-164,11,di mango get/staat/ton raip,di\tmango\tget/staat/ton\traip,ART.DEF\tmango\tget/start/turn\tripe,the mangoes become ripe,,,,elicited from speaker -11-165,11,Di mango don raip.,Di\tmango\tdon\traip.,ART.DEF\tmango\tCOMPL\tripe,The mango turned ripe.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-123,12,"When I quit, I may do - I may do something else, you know, like - like sometime like when you - mop and you's get tired. I can't - and only two of we there.",[...] when you - mop and you's get tired [...],[...] when 2SG.SBJ   mop and 2SG.SBJ get[INC] ADJ [...],"[When I quit [my job as a cleaning lady], I may do something else] [...] [sometimes,] when you mop, and you get tired [...] [there’s only two of us (cleaning ladies) there].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-124,12,"And when children is playing around, you know they get hungry fast. So - a lot of those coconut trees used to is catch plenty trouble, you know?",[...]\tthey\tget\thungry\tfast.,[...]\t3PL.SBJ\tget[INC]\tADJ\tfast,"[When children play,] they get hungry fast.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-125,12,"Then she come back, then afterwards, my grammy - she take sick, 'cause she couldn'ta do nothing for herself, and - we move to the - we move in Nassau.",[...] she take sick [...].,  3SG.SBJ take[INC] sick  ,[...] she fell ill [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-66,14,*The fruit being ripe.,*The\tfruit\tbeing\tripe.,the\tfruit\tbe.PROG\tripe,NOT: The fruit becomes ripe. NOT: The fruit is being ripe.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-76,15,di maŋgro di rɛp,di\tmaŋgro\tdi\trɛp,ART\tmango\tPROG\tripe,The mango is getting ripe.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-70,16,ɛn dɛ famili planiŋ dè no andastan; ì bì nau we pipu dè andastan,ɛn\tdɛ\tfamili\tplaniŋ\tdè\tno\tandastan;\tì\tbì\tnau\twe\tpipu\tdè\tandastan,and\tART\tfamily\tplanning\t3PL\tNEG\tunderstand\t3SG\tCOP\tnow\tCOMP\tpeople\tPROG\tunderstand,They did not understand the family planning. It is now that people begin to understand.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-71,16,à dè taia,à\tdè\ttaia,1SG\tPROG\tbe.tired,I am getting tired.,,,,elicited from speaker -17-78,17,À do̱n/ko̱m sik.,À\tdo̱n/ko̱m\tsik.,1SG.SBJ\tCOMPL/REALIS\tbe.ill,I am / have become sick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-63,18,A di smol.,A\tdi\tsmol.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tsmall,I am losing weight.,,,,published source -18-74,18,Hoa yu bin 'don 'no 'yi?,Hau\tyu\tbin\tdon\tno\ti?,how\t2SG.SBJ\tPST\tPFV\tknow\t3SG.OBL,How did you get to know him?,,,,published source -19-95,19,Dì plàntí dè rɛp.,Dì\tplàntí\tdè\trɛp.,DEF\tplantain\tIPFV\tripe,The plantain is ripening.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-96,19,Dì plàntí dɔn rɛp.,Dì\tplàntí\tdɔn\trɛp.,DEF\tplantain\tPRF\tripe,The plaintain is (already) ripe/ has (already) become ripe.,,,,elicited from speaker -21-71,21,The patient eat food already.,The\tpatient\teat\tfood\talready.,DET\tpatient\teat\tfood\tPRF,The patient has started to eat food.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-169,21,The tongue red already.,The\ttongue\tred\talready.,the\ttongue\tred\talready,The tongue {has turned/turned} red. (NOT: The tongue was red.),,,,unspecified -22-94,22,As blo diwai kamap bikpla tru.,As\tblo\tdiwai\tkamap\tbikpla\ttru.,bottom\tPOSS\ttree\tbecome\tbig\treally,The tree stump became really big.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-92,23,mi sik finis,mi\tsik\tfinis,1SG\tsick\tCOMPL,I've got/become sick.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-102,24,morga–r-en,morga–r-en,thin-LINK-INC,to get thin,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-96,28,titi ju gwarɛ [...],titi\tju\tgu-arɛ\t[...],time\t2SG\tbig-IPFV\t[...],When you are growing up [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -28-97,28,"potɛtɛ nau, timi kori ababaka","potɛ-tɛ\tnau,\ttimi\tkori\tababa\tka",old-PFV\tnow\tbe.able\twork\tanymore\tNEG,"(He) has gotten old, cannot work anymore.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-101,29,Die aarbeie word/raak ryp.,Die\taarbei-e\tword/raak\tryp.,DEF.ART\tstrawberrie-s\tbecome/touch\tripe,The strawberries are becoming ripe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-113,30,"N sta sértu ma sin k’el obi, e ta bira prontu.","N=sta\tsértu\tma=sin\tk=el=obi,\te=ta=bira\tprontu.",1SG=be\tsure\tCOMP=so\tCOMP=3SG=hear\t3SG=IPFV=become\thealthy,I am sure that he will recover as soon as he hears this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-101,31,"Nton N nese la, mas dipos ki'N dja sta rapas go [...].","Nton\tN\tnese\tla,\tmas\tdipos\tki'N\tdja\tsta\trapas\tgo\t[...].",so\tI\tborn\tthere\tbut\tafterwards\tthat.I\tCOMPL\tbe\tyoung.man\tthen\t[...],So I was born there but after I became a young man [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-109,33,Mangu na maduru.,Mangu\tna\tmaduru.,Mango\tPROG\tripe,The mango is ripening.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-76,34,Mangu-s na burmeju.,Mangu-s\tna\tburmeju.,mango-PL\tPROG\tred/ripe,The mangos are ripening.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-77,34,Mangu-s kabá burmeju.,Mangu-s\tø\tkabá\tburmeju.,mango-PL\tPFV\tCOMPL\tred,The mangoes have become ripe.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-118,35,Bana ska bôbô.,Bana\tska\tbôbô.,banana\tPROG\tripen,The banana is ripening. OR: The bananas are ripening.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-66,36,Pôkô e thêka rema txo-txo-txo.,Pôkô\te\tthêka\trema\ttxo-txo-txo.,pig\tthis\tPROG\tbe.heavy\tlittle-little-little,This pig is fattening more and more.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-67,36,Ê thêka nhuka bê r'ê.,Ê\tthêka\tnhuka\tbê\tri=ê.,she\tPROG\tbeautiful\tgo\tof=3SG,She is getting very beautiful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-81,37,Bana sê sa wô.,Bana\tsê\tsa\twô.,banana\tDEM\tPROG\tripen,This plantain is ripening (on the tree).,,,,elicited from speaker -37-82,37,Bana wô.,Bana\tØ\twô.,plantain\tPFV\tripen,The plantain is ripe. OR: The plantain has ripened.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-97,38,Dyividyibo itansxa gos me.,Dyividyil-bo\teli-tan-sxa\tgosu\tme.,neighbour-2SG\t3SG-ITER-PROG\tfat\tagain,Your neighbour is growing fat again.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-69,40,Teru sabew ki ʌnkəl tɛ aki.,Teru\tsabew\tki\tʌnkəl\ttɛ\taki.,Teru\tknow.PST\tCOMP\tuncle\tCOP.PRS\there,Teru found out that uncle is here.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-91,41,isti maanga jakafikaa maduuru,isti\tmaanga\tjaa-kaa-fikaa\tmaduuru,this\tmango\tPST-PFV-become\tripe,This mango has become ripe.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-90,42,eli ta fika godru,eli\tta\tfika\tgodru,3SG\tPROG\tbecome\tfat,He is getting fat.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-91,42,isti krensa ja altu,isti\tkrensa\tja\taltu,this\tchild\tPFV\ttall,This child is (getting)/ already tall.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-98,44,Ta kedá kansáw ya yo.,Ta\tkedá\tkansáw\tya\tyo.,IPFV\tbecome\ttired\talready\t1SG,I become tired.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-99,44,Ta (kedá) bolók ya el prútas.,Ta\t(kedá)\tbolók\tya\tel\tprútas.,IPFV\t(become)\trotten\talready\tDEF\tfruit,The fruit becomes rotten already.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-85,45,Ta queda duro el gulaman pag ta tarda.,Ta\tqueda\tduro\tel\tgulaman\tpag\tta\ttarda.,IPFV\tbecome\thard\tDEF\tgelatin\twhen\tIPFV\ttake.a.long.time,The gelatin becomes hard later on.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-102,46,Ta-kansá ya yo.,Ta-kansá\tya\tyo.,IPFV-tire\talready\tI,I am already getting tired.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-103,46,Ta-madurá ya el mangga.,Ta-madurá\tya\tel\tmangga.,IPFV-ripen\talready\tthe\tmango,The mango is ripening.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-104,46,Ta-madurá ya el papáya.,Ta-madurá\tya\tel\tpapáya.,IPFV-ripe\tCOMPL\tthe\tpapaya,The papaya is already ripe.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-104,47,"Nan ta bira mas habrí pa diskutí, trese proposishon i ripará ku nan ideanan tambe ta balioso.","Nan\tta\tbira\tmas\thabrí\tpa\tdiskutí,\ttrese\tproposishon\ti\tripará\tku\tnan\tidea\tnan\ttambe\tta\tbalioso.",3PL\tTNS\tbecome\tmore\topened\tfor\tdiscuss\tbring\tproposal\tand\tnote\tCOMP\t3PL\tidea\tPL\talso\tCOP\tvalid,"They become / are becoming opener to discussions, bringing proposals, and (they) notice that their ideas too have merit.",,,,literary or other written source -47-105,47,Último tempu aki por nota ku aktonan di pirateria riba yatenan di plaser ku ta nabegando den Caribe a bira hopi serio.,Último\ttempu\taki\tpor\tnota\tku\takto\tnan\tdi\tpirateria\triba\tyate\tnan\tdi\tplaser\tku\tta\tnabega-ndo\tden\tCaribe\ta\tbira\thopi\tserio.,last\ttime\tDEM.PROX\tcan\tnotice\tCOMP\tact\tPL\tof\tpiracy\ton\tyacht\tPL\tof\tpleasure\tCOMP\tTNS\tnavigate-GER\tin\tCaribbean\tPFV\tbecome\tvery\tserious,"Recently, (one) can notice that acts of piracy targeting pleasure yachts cruising the Caribbean have become quite serious.",,,,literary or other written source -47-106,47,Mas bien nos por bisa ku e situashon ta birando pió.,Mas\tbien\tnos\tpor\tbisa\tku\te\tsituashon\tta\tbira-ndo\tpió.,more\tgood\t1PL\tcan\tsay\tCOMP\tDEF\tsituation\tTNS\tbecome-GER\tworse,"In fact, we could say that the situation is getting worse.",,,,literary or other written source -48-99,48,Fluta ta madulu.,Fluta\tta\tmadulu.,fruit\tbe\tripe,The fruit is ripe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-100,48,Fluta ta ngobbé madulu.,Fluta\tta\tngobbé\tmadulu.,fruit\tPROG\tturn\tripe,The fruit is becoming ripe.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-148,49,L ap malad.,L\tap\tmalad.,3SG\tINACC\tsick,He/She is getting sick (inchoative).,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-58,52,ki sa ou ka kolè?,ki\tsa\tou\tka\tkolè?,what\tfor\tyou\tPROG\tanger,Why are you getting angry now?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-198,53,M ape choke.,M\tape\tchoke.,1SG\tPROG\tangry,I'm starting to get angry.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-199,53,M ape fatige ek te zistwar.,M\tape\tfatige\tek\tte\tzistwar.,1SG\tPROG\ttire\twith\t2SG.POSS.PL\tstory,I'm getting tired of hearing your stories.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-200,53,Li det las.,Li\tdet\tlas.,3SG\tbe\ttired,He gets tired.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-201,53,Bouki vini fen.,Bouki\tvini\tfen.,Bouki\tbecome\thungry,Bouki got hungry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-202,53,Tan la t ape vini relmon fre-fre.,Tan\tla\tt\tape\tvini\trelmon\tfre-fre.,weather\tART.DEF.SG\tPST\tPROG\tbecome\treally\tcold-cold,The weather was getting really cold.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-115,54,Li la vni for.,Li\tla\tvni\tfor.,3SG\tPRF\tbecome\tbig,He has become big.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-87,55,mo pe feṁ,mo\tpe\tfeṁ,1SG\tPROG\thungry,I'm getting (very) hungry. OR: I'm feeling (very) hungry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-108,56,[...] tu pu mwa i 'n mir.,[...]\ttou\tpour\tmwan\ti\t'n\tmir,[...]\tall\tfor\tme\tPM\tPRF\tripe,[...] all of mine have become ripe (and are now ripe).,,,,naturalistic written -56-109,56,Mon pe ankoler.,Mon\tpe\tankoler.,1SG\tPROG\tangry,I get angry.,,,,elicited from speaker -57-171,57,la atra nde malan,la\tatra\tnde\tmalan,3SG\tPROG\tPROG\tsick,She’s sick at the moment.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-69,58,Yo me banda kuyuma.,Yo\tme\tbanda\tkuyuma.,it\tPRF\tstart\tdry,It has started to dry.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-70,58,mbisi ya ku-yuma,mbisi\tya\tku-yuma,fish\tCONN\tINF-dry,dry fish,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-165,59,fondo abe na yaka,fondo\ta-be\tna\tyaka,banana\tPM-be.ripe\tPREP\tgarden,Bananas are ripening in the garden.,,,,unknown -59-166,59,bondo ni abe awe,bondo\tni\ta-be\tawe,sorghum\tDET\tPM-be.ripe\talready,The sorghum has ripened.,,,,unknown -59-167,59,mbi ke fatige,mbi\tke\tfatige,1SG\tCOP\tbe/become.tired,I'm becoming tired.,,,,constructed by linguist -62-42,62,chulú ilasúye,chulu\ti-lasu-ye,bull\t9-old?-PRF,The bull has become old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-102,63,badén bi-já ayán,badén\tbi-já\tayán,then\tTAM-come\tsick,Then he becomes sick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-103,63,lisán gi-ázrag,lisán\tgi-ázrag,tongue\tTAM-blue,The tongue becomes blue.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-112,64,úo geáhmar,úo\tge=áhmar,3SG\tPROG=red,He is blushing. OR: He is becoming red.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-57,66,"seksasaraa jaaði (ambε a-datang), matam ambε a-datang","seksasaraa\tjaaði\t(ambε\ta-datang),\tmatam\tambε\ta-datang",tired\tbecome\t(while\tPRS-come)\tripe\twhile\tPRS-come,"beginning to get tired, beginning to ripen",,,,elicited from speaker -66-58,66,Itu poʈʈi akosong.,Itu\tpoʈʈi\ta-kosong.,DET\tbox\tPRS-empty,That box is becoming empty.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-116,67,Anak saya sudah jalan.,Anak\tsaya\tsudah\tjalan.,child\t1SG\tPFV\twalk,My son already walks.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-88,71,Pehea oe molowa wikiwiki?,Pehea\toe\tmolowa\twikiwiki?,why\t2SG\ttired\tquickly,Why have you suddenly become tired?,,,,naturalistic written -72-82,72,Wulngarntu im meltimat ais ngawapijik.,Wulngarn-tu\tim\tmelt-im-at\tais\tngawa-pijik.,sun-ERG\t3SG\tmelt-TR-out\tice\twater-INC,"The sun, it melts the ice, and turns it into water.",,,,peer elicitation -72-83,72,Karntingku turrp im futta lungkarrak.,Karnti-ngku\tturrp\tim\tfut-ta\tlungkarra-k.,stick-ERG\tpoke\t3SG\tfoot-LOC\tcry-INC,"He trod on a stick, which made him cry. (lit: The stick pokes him in the foot and makes him cry.)",,,,elicited from speaker -74-81,74,lipúm yaka píl,lipúm\tyaka\tpíl,apple\t3SG\tred,The apple is red.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-82,74,álta čáku íXpuy-yáXka,álta\tčáku\tíXpuy-yáXka,now\tcome\thide-3SG,Now she was completely covered.,,,,narrative -75-131,75,Maachikishkishiw opaapaawa.,Maachi-kishkishi-w\to-paapaa-wa.,start-remember-3\t3.POSS-father-POSS,She started to think about her father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-132,75,La taanpet kiiatipunipayin.,La\ttaanpet\tkii-ati-puni-payi-n.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tstorm\tPST-START-quit-MOVE-3.INAN,The storm abated.,,,,naturalistic written -75-133,75,Keekaach lii grenn atihteewah.,Keekaach\tlii\tgrenn\tatiht-eew-ah.,almost\tART.PL\tberry\tbe.ripe-3-PL.INAN,The berries become ripe soon.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-126,2,A e waka na foto e seri krosi.,A\te\twaka\tna\tfoto\te\tseri\tkrosi.,3SG\tIPFV\twalk\tLOC\ttown\tIPFV\tsell\tclothes,He walks around in town selling clothes.,,,,constructed by linguist -3-64,3,A fáa páu tá túe.,A\tfáa\tpáu\ttá\ttúe.,3SG\tchop\ttree\tASP\tthrow,He is felling the tree (i.e. at this very moment the tree is falling).,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-90,4,"Di mi komoto de e waka langalanga a sitaati, wan gaan bigi dagu kon balibali a mi yeesi.","Di\tmi\tØ\tkomoto\tde\te\twaka\tlangalanga\ta\tsitaati,\twan\tgaan\tbigi\tdagu\tkon\tbalibali\ta\tmi\tyeesi.",when\tI\tØ\tcome.out\tthere\tIPFV\twalk\talong.along\tDEF.ART.SG\tstreet\tINDF.ART\tvery\tbig\tdog\tcome\tshout.shout\tLOC\tmy\tear,"When I left there and walked along the street, a very big dog came and barked at me.",,,,elicited from speaker -5-86,5,mi lef mi hous a waak dong di rood an daag kom baak bihain mi,mi\tØ\tlef\tmi\thous\ta\twaak\tdong\tdi\trood\tan\tdaag\tkom\tbaak\tbihain\tmi,1SG\tPFV\tleave\tmy\thouse\tPROG\twalk\tdown\tthe\troad\tand\tdog\tcome\tbark\tbehind\tme,"I left my house and was walking down the road, when dogs (or a dog) came behind me barking.",,,,constructed by linguist -7-115,7,Mi liiv go hoom an wen mi bin de a waak duhng i rood i woman daag baak til mi riich a yaad.,Mi\tliiv\tgo\thoom\tan\twen\tmi\tbin\tde\ta\twaak\tduhng\ti\trood\ti\twoman\tdaag\tbaak\ttil\tmi\triich\ta\tyaad.,1SG\tleave\tgo\thome\tand\twhen\t1SG\tPST\tIMPFV\tPROG\twalk\tdown\tART\troad\tART\twoman\tdog\tbark\ttill\t1SG\treach\tPCL\tyard,"I left and went home and while I was walking down the road, the woman's dog barked until I got home.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-82,8,"Mi lef di hous ina mi nais-nais kluoz, an wen mi kech a di skuul sohn pikni doti it op.","Mi\tlef\tdi\thous\tina\tmi\tnais-nais\tkluoz,\tan\twen\tmi\tkech\ta\tdi\tskuul\tsohn\tpikni\tdoti\tit\top.",1SG\tleave\tDET\thouse\tin\t1SG\tnice-nice\tclothes\tand\twhen\t1SG\tarrive\tat\tDET\tschool\tsome\tchild\tdirty\t3SG\tup,"I left the house in my very slick clothes, and when I arrived at the school some children soiled it.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-105,9,wi hia di triy de krak op,wi\thia\tdi\ttriy\tde\tkrak\top,1PL\thear\tthe\ttree\tPROG\tcrack\tup,we heard some cracking noise in the tree,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-106,9,"Yu eva si di wan layk dis layk di wan we kum dawn dan de kum dawn de bil jos layk di adinari ol kwaat de, rayt?","Yu\teva\tsi\tdi\twan\tlayk\tdis\tlayk\tdi\twan\twe\tkum\tdawn\tdan\tde\tkum\tdawn\tde\tbil\tjos\tlayk\tdi\tadinari\tol\tkwaat\tde,\trayt?",2SG\tever\tsee\tthe\tone\tlike\tthis\tlike\tthe\tone\tREL\tcome\tdown\tCOMPL\tPROG\tcome\tdown\tPROG\tbuild.PASS\tjust\tlike\tthe\tordinary\told\tquart\tthere\tright,"Did you ever see one like this, like those that come down, and (after they have finished) coming down, they (get) built in like the regular old bottles, right? OR: Did you ever see one of those old quart bottles (from Spanish galleons shipwrecks) that sink, and when they have completely sunk to the bottom, they get buried (in the sand floor)?",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-124,10,Mi lef an wail A wehn de waak lang de ruod di daag baak aafta mi.,Mi\tlef\tan\twail\tA\twehn\tde\twaak\tlang\tde\truod\tdi\tdaag\tbaak\taafta\tmi.,1SG\tleave\tand\twhile\t1SG\tANT\tPROG\twalk\talong\tART.DEF\troad\tART.DEF\tdog\tbark\tafter\tme,I left and while I was walking on the road a dog barked at me.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-166,11,Wen evritin kuk gud gud yu tek it aaf di faya.,Wen\tevri-tin\tkuk\tgud\tgud\tyu\ttek\tit\taaf\tdi\tfaya.,when\tevery-thing\tcook\tgood\tgood\t2SG\ttake\t3SG.N\toff\tART.DEF\tfire,"When everything is thouroughly cooked, you take it off the fire.",,,,written -11-167,11,"Wail di man getin aaf wat ih woz afta, ih hier a duori komin kluos, rait gens di bank weh ih woz, so ih stie iizi, iizi tu ihself.","Wail\tdi\tman\tget-in\taaf\twat\tih\twoz\tafta,\tih\thier\ta\tduori\tkom-in\tkluos,\trait\tgens\tdi\tbank\tweh\tih\twoz,\tso\tih\tstie\tiizi,\tiizi\ttu\tih-self.",while\tART.DEF\tman\tget-PROG\toff\twhat\t3SG\tCOP.PST\tafter\t3SG\thear\tART.INDF\tcanoe\tcome-PROG\tclose\tright\tagainst\tART.DEF\tbank\tREL\t3SG\tCOP.PST\tso\t3SG\tstay\teasy\teasy\tto\t3SG-REFL,"While the man was getting off with what he had been looking for, he heard a canoe coming close, right towards the bank where he was so he kept calm all by himself.",,,,naturalistic written -17-79,17,Im do̱n go tawn dè bay nyam.,Im\tdo̱n\tgo\ttawn\tdè\tbay\tnyam.,3SG.SBJ\tCOMPL\tgo\ttown\tNCOMPL\tbuy\tyam,S/he has gone to town to be buying yam.,,,,unknown -28-98,28,en dektɛ di plɛk di korja savana,eni\tdeki-tɛ\tdi\tplɛkɛ\tdi\tkori-a\tsavana,3PL\ttake-PFV\tthe\tplace\tDEM\twork-IPFV\tsavannah,They have taken over the place (and) are working in the savannah.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-114,30,"Bon, N Ø po nha balai di kárni na kabésa, N Ø sai ta bende.","Bon,\tN=po\tnha=balai\tdi=kárni\tna=kabésa\tN=sai\tta=bende.",well\t1SG=put\t1SG.POSS=basket\tof=meet\ton=head\t1SG=go.out\tIPFV=sell,"OK, I put my meat basket on my head, I left [and began] to sell [the meat].",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-211,32,"No táva te andá, un d'es Ø vrá te xutá-nos.","No\ttáva\tte\tandá,\tun\td'es\tØ\tvrá\tte\txutá-nos.",1PL\tPST\tIPFV\twalk\tone\tof=DEM\tPFV\tturn\tPROG\tkick-1PL,"We were walking, one of them turned [and began] to kick us.",,,,naturalistic spoken -33-110,33,N sai na yanda ba na strada katcur ladran toki N tciga kasa.,N\tØ\tsai\tna\tyanda\tba\tna\tstrada\tkatcur\tladra-n\ttoki\tN\ttciga\tkasa.,1SG\tPFV\tleave\tPROG\twalk\tPST\tin\troad\tdog\tbark-1SG\tuntil\t1SG\tarrive\thome,"I left [and while I] was walking on the road, a dog was barking at me till I got home.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-195,34,"N say baŋ N na yendá na kamiñu, kacor ladrá-m tok N cigá kasa.","N\tø\tsay\tbaŋ\tN\tna\tyendá\tna\tkamiñu,\tkacor\tø\tladrá-m\ttok\tN\tø\tcigá\tkasa.",1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tget.out\tPST\t1SG.SBJ\tPROG\twalk\ton\troad\tdog\tPFV\tbark-1SG.OBJ\tuntil\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tarrive\thouse,"I got out and, and as I was walking on the road, a dog barked after me until I got home. OR: When I got out, a dog barked at me all my way back home.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-119,35,So mosu xê ka konta ope ka ba mata tafon.,So\tmosu\txê\tka\tkonta\tope\tka\tba\tmata\ttafon.,then\tboy\tleave\tIPFV\twatch\tfoot\tIPFV\tgo\tkill\tfly,Then the boy left silently to go and kill the fly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-68,36,Ê siê thuvithu ka bê r'ê kai. Thô ũa kwa patha mondja.,Ê\tØ\tsiê\tthuvithu\tka\tbê\tr'ê\tkai.\tThô\tũa\tkwa\tpatha\tmondja.,3SG\tPFV\tleave\twork\tPROG\tgo\tREFL\thouse\tthen\tone\tthing\thappen\tway,"He left work; when he was on his way home, all of a sudden something happened on his way.",,,,elicited from speaker -37-83,37,"N xyê sa ke n'ifi-kumin, kasô kupa mi ten txyô.","N\tØ\txyê\tsa\tka\twe\tna\tifi-kumin,\tkasô\tØ\tkupa\tmi\tten\ttxyô.",1SG\tPFV\tleave\tPROG\tIPFV\tgo\tLOC\troad\tdog\tPFV\tbark\t1SG\ttill\tfarm,"I left [and while I] was walking on the road, a dog barked at me till I got home.",,,,naturalistic spoken -47-107,47,E muchanan ta kana ta grita riba kaya.,E\tmucha\tnan\tta\tkana\tta\tgrita\triba\tkaya.,DEF\tchild\tPL\tTNS\twalk\tGER\tscream\ton\tstreet,The children are yelling in the street while walking.,,,,published source -47-108,47,Awaseru a sigui ta kai.,Awaseru\ta\tsigui\tta\tkai.,rain\tPFV\tcontinue\tGER\tfall,It continued raining.,,,,published source -47-109,47,"Ora Lucia tabata pasa ta bai misa, [...].","Ora\tLucia\ttabata\tpasa\tta\tbai\tmisa,\t[...].",hour\tLucia\tPST\tpass\tGER\tgo\tchurch\t[...],"When Lucy passed there on her way to church, [...].",,,,published source -47-110,47,"Ela bira su kabu di chapi ta bai dal e kachó, [...].","El\ta\tbira\tsu\tkabu\tdi\tchapi\tta\tbai\tdal\te\tkachó,\t[...].",3SG\tPFV\tturn\tPOSS\thandle\tof\thoe\tGER\tgo\thit\tDEF\tdog\t[...],"He turned the handle of his hoe, ready to hit the dog, [...] (lit. He turned the handle of his hoe, going to hit the dog, [...]).",,,,published source -50-94,50,"An pati ka maché tou byen, mwen enki vwè on chyen douvan mwen.","An\tpati\tka\tmaché\ttou\tbyen,\tmwen\tenki\tvwè\ton\tchyen\tdouvan\tmwen.",1SG\tleave\tPROG\twalk\tall\tgood\t1SG\tsuddenly\tsee\tINDF\tdog\tin.front.of\t1SG,"I left and as I was walking idly, I suddenly saw a dog in front of me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -51-88,51,"Man pati ka maché tou bien, mwen enki wè an chien douvan mwen.","Man\tpati\tka\tmaché\ttou\tbien,\tmwen\tenki\twè\tan\tchien\tdouvan\tmwen.",1SG\tPFV\tleave\tPROG\twalk\tall.good\t1SG\tsuddenly\tsee\tINDF\tdog\tin.front.of\t1SG,"I left and as I was walking idly, I suddenly saw a dog in front of me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -52-59,52,"nou pati nou ka maché nou ka maché nou ka maché kabouré-a ka fè klow wonm-an [...] di: ""sa ki divan bay lè""","nou\tpati\tnou\tka\tmaché\tnou\tka\tmaché\tnou\tka\tmaché\tkabouré-a\tka\tfè\tklow\twonm-an\t[...]\tdi:\t""sa\tki\tdivan\tbay\tlè""",we\tleave\twe\tPROG\twalk\twe\tPROG\twalk\twe\tPROG\twalk\tchariot-ART\tPROG\tmake\tnoise\tman-ART\t[...]\tsay\tthat\twhich\tin.front.of.me\tgive\tair,"We left (our house) we were walking (3x), the chariot starts making noises, the man [...] said: ""The thing that is in my way, let (me) pass.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-88,55,"mo ti'n sorti pe praṅ sime kupe daṅ nwar pu al labutik, en nam paret divaṅ mwa","mo\tti'n\tsorti\tpe\tpraṅ\tsime\tkupe\tdaṅ\tnwar\tpu\tal\tlabutik,\ten\tnam\tparet\tdivaṅ\tmwa",I\tPST=PFV\tgo.out\tPROG\ttake\tpath\tcut\tin\tdark\tfor\tgo\tshop\ta\tghost\tappear\tbefore\tme,"I'd gone out [of the house and I] was taking the short cut to the shop in the dark [when] a ghost appeared in front of me (lit. I had gone out, am taking the short cut to the shop in the darkness, a ghost appears in front of me).",,,,constructed by linguist -59-168,59,"angba ago asi, lo war mama ti lo ni","a-ngba\ta-gwe\ta-si,\tlo\twara\tmama\tti\tlo\tni",PM-remain\tPM-go\tPM-arrive\t3SG\tfind\tmother\tof\t3SG\tDET,The co-wife went and found her (the girl's biological) mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-169,59,ado tanga na azaa,a-do\ttanga\tni\ta-zia,PM-stamp\tremainder\tDET\tPM-refuse,She rejected the remainder.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-78,65,"Ty riʃoka takə delaj iwo, patomə parə uʃola i wotə gatowə.","Ty\triʃoka\ttakə\tdelaj\tiwo,\tpatomə\tparə\tuʃola\ti\twotə\tgatowə.",2SG\tgrid\tso\tdo\t3SG\tthen\tsteam\tgo.away.PFV\tand\tthere\tready,"Put it (dough) on the grid, and steam will go through it and it (bread) is ready.",,,,naturalistic spoken -66-59,66,"Skul na epi, mulbər eblajar, Farida nyanyiattu tulisambε aduduk.","Skul\tna\te-pi,\tmulbər\te-blajar,\tFarida\tnyanyi-attu\ttulis-ambε\ta-duduk.",school\tP\tASP-go\tTamil\tASP-learn\tFarida\tsong-INDF\twrite-PROG\tPRS-AUX,"Having gone to school and learned Tamil, Farida is writing a song (in it).",,,,constructed by linguist -3-65,3,"Me ta ko, mi nango.","Me\tta\tko,\tmi\tnango.",1SG.NEG\tASP\tcome\t1SG\tASP.go,"I am not coming, I am leaving.",,,,naturalistic spoken -3-97,3,Mi go a di wosu.,Mi\tgo\ta\tdi\twosu.,1SG\tgo\tLOC\tDEF.SG\thouse,I went to the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-87,5,no bada go de if yu no bin de aredii,no\tbada\tgo\tde\tif\tyu\tno\tØ\tbin\tde\taredii,NEG\tplan\tgo\tthere\tif\tyou\tNEG\tCOMPL\tCOP\there\talready,Don't plan to go there if you haven't been there already.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-88,5,huu no gaan yet beta gu nou,huu\tno\tgaan\tyet\tbeta\tgu\tnou,who\tNEG\tgone\tyet\tshould\tgo\tnow,Those who haven't gone yet should go now.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-129,6,is vs. was / have vs. had,is vs. was / have vs. had,is vs. was   has vs. had,"is vs. was, has vs. had",,,,constructed by linguist -9-107,9,Dat woz di en a tayga.,Dat\twoz\tdi\ten\ta\ttayga.,that\twas\tthe\tend\tof\tTiger,Tiger lost.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-108,9,A had tu lef dat wan.,A\thad\ttu\tlef\tdat\twan.,1SG\thad\tto\tleave\tthat\tone,I had to leave that one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-125,10,Beda Naansi an Beda Taiga gaan out iina boot.,Beda\tNaansi\tan\tBeda\tTaiga\tgaan\tout\tiina\tboot.,Brother\tAnansi\tand\tBrother\tTiger\tgo.PFV\tout\tin\tboat,Brother Anansi and Brother Tiger went out in a boat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-168,11,So aftaword shi sed [...].,So\taftaword\tshi\tsed\t[...].,so\tafterwards\t3SG.F\tsay.PST\t[...],So afterwards she said [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-169,11,Ai livd tu sii hou wi woz obiidient.,Ai\tliv-d\ttu\tsii\thou\twi\twoz\tobiidient.,1SG\tlive-PST\tCOMP\tsee\thow\t1PL\tCOP.PST\tobedient,I lived at the time and recall how obedient we were.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-170,11,Iz Sheldiin di jrondid!,Iz\tSheldiin\tdi\tjrondid!,COP.PRS\tSheldiin\tPST\tdrown,It’s Sheldiin who nearly drowned!,,,,naturalistic written -11-171,11,Wi gaan de twelv oklak.,Wi\tgaan\tde\ttwelv\to-klak.,1PL\tgo.PST\tDEM.LOC\ttwelve\to'-clock,We went there at twelve o'clock.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-126,12,"When I - when I - when I s- first saw a pers- first white person, I come from Andros, I know I used to - I know it was white person, because, you know, God make white and black, right? So that wasn't nothing for him to holler for, hey, because he know everybody ain't black, right?",[...]\tit\twas\twhite\tperson\t[...]\tthat\twasn't\tnothing\tfor\thim\tto\tholler\tfor\t[...].,[...]\tit\t3SG.COP.PST\twhite\tperson\t[...]\tthat\t3SG.COP.PST.NEG\tnothing\tfor\t3SG.M.OBJ\tto\tholler\tfor\t[...],[...] I knew there were white people [...] So that wasn’t anything for him to cry out about [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-127,12,"They mus'e is be way to bottom of the sea, hey, the jellyfish.",They\tmus'e\tis\tbe\tway\tto\tbottom\tof\tthe\tsea\t[...].,3PL.SBJ\tADV\tHAB\tCOP.INF\tway\tto\tbottom\tof\tthe\tsea\t[...],They must live way down there at the bottom of the sea [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-128,12,"They went in the man shop or man - uh - place to rob the man, the man shot them with a shotgun, the man blow one of them head off - shot - yeah, the man shot couple of them, yeah, they get shot. They went to people home to try to rob, yeah, and they get shoot - two - two of them.",They\twent\tin\tthe\tman\tshop\t[...].,3PL.SBJ\tgo.PST\tin\tthe\tman[POSS]\tshop\t[...],They went into the man’s shop [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-129,12,"Well, I tell you what they do - they - some of them - some of them is go 'round the school try to make trouble with people children, and then police is be 'round the school, or security.",[...]\tsome\tof\tthem\tis\tgo\t'round\tthe\tschool\t[...].,[...]\tsome\tof\tthem\tHAB\tgo\taround\tthe\tschool[PL]\t[...],[...] some of them go to the schools [and try to trouble the children] [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-101,13,I da go.,I\tda\tgo.,I\tPROG\tgo,I go. OR: I went. OR: I am going. OR: I was going. OR: I shall go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-67,14,She IS here.,She\tIS\there.,she\tCOP\there,She is here.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-68,14,She was here.,She\twas\there.,she\tCOP.PST\there,She was here.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -19-97,19,Mi nà mecanico.,Mi\tnà\tmecanico.,1SG.EMPH\tCOP\tmechanic,I'm a mechanic.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-98,19,À gò bi mecanico.,À\tgò\tbi\tmecanico.,1SG.SBJ\tPOT\tCOP\tmechanic,I'll be a mechanic.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-99,19,È kan bi una desgracia.,È\tkan\tbi\tuna\tdesgracia.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tCOP\ta\tdisgrace,It came to be a disgrace.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-72,21,We eat durian.,We\teat\tdurian.,1PL\teat\tdurian,We eat durian.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-103,24,haew,haew,have,to have,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-104,24,haed,haed,had,"had, there existed",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-65,27,"[...] mushi fan sinu a wēs me am. — Jack, ju skun mi skon.","[...] mushi fan sinu a wēs me am. — Jack, ju skun mi skon.",[...] many of 3PL PST be with 3SG   Jack 2SG shoe be clean,"[...] many of them were with him. — Jack, your shoes are clean.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-102,29,"is - was - gewees - synde, het - had - gehad, BUT: word - geword","is\t-\twas\t-\tgewees\t-\tsynde,\thet\t-\thad\t-\tgehad,\tBUT:\tword\t-\tgeword",PRS.be\t-\tPST.be\t-\tPTCP.be\t-\tbeing\t-\tPRS.have\t-\tPST.have\t-\tPTCP.have\tPRS.become\t-\tPTCP.become,"is/are/am/being - was/were - been - being, have - had - had, become - became",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-115,30,Ê si ábitu. / Éra si ábitu. / Ta ser si ábitu. / Ta sérba si ábitu.,Ê si=ábitu. / Éra si=ábitu. / Ta=ser si=ábitu. / Ta=sér-ba si=ábitu.,be 3SG.POSS=habit   be.ANT 3SG.POSS=habit   IPFV=be 3SG.POSS=habit   IPFV=be-ANT 3SG.POSS=habit,It is his habit. / It was his habit. / It will be his habit. / It would be his habit.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-116,30,"Si ê pa kume, bu ta ben fereré! / Si éra pa kume bu ta binha fereré! =Si éra pa kume bu ta benba fereré!","Si\tê\tpa=kume,\tbu=ta=ben\tfereré!/\tSi=éra\tpa=kume\tbu=ta=binha\tfereré!\t=\tSi=éra\tpa=kume\tbu=ta=ben-ba\tfereré!",if\tbe\tfor=eat\t2SG=IPFV=come\tquickly\tif=be.ANT\tfor=eat\t2SG=IPFV=come.ANT\tquickly\t=\tif=be.ANT\tfor=eat\t2SG=IPFV=come-ANT\tquickly,"If it's about food, you come fast!/ If it was about food, you would come fast!",,,,constructed by linguist -31-103,31,Es tinha ses kazinha ma es ben bende.,Es\ttinha\tses\tkazinha\tma\tes\tben\tbende.,they\thad\ttheir\thome\tbut\tthey\tcome\tsell,They had their house but they came to sell it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-104,31,"Dja’N fra-bu, tenpu era run.","Dja’N\tfra-bu,\ttenpu\tera\trun.",COMP.I\ttell-you\ttimes\twere\tbad,"I told you, the times were bad.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-80,32,N ka sabê./ N ka sabia./ N sub.,N\tka\tsabê./\tN\tka\tsabia./\tN\tsub.,1SG\tNEG\tknow\t1SG\tNEG\tknow.PST.IPFV\t1SG\tknow.PST.PFV,I don't know./I didn't know./I got to know.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-81,32,Última foi/éra/e nha tia.,Última\tfoi/éra/e\tnha\ttia.,last.one\tCOP.PST.PFV/COP.PST.IPFV/COP.PRS\t1SG.POSS\taunt,The last one was/is my aunt.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-111,33,Djon i pursor. — Djon yera pursor. — Djon sedu ba pursor.,Djon i pursor. — Djon yera pursor. — Djon sedu ba pursor.,John COP.PRS professor   John COP.PST professor   John COP PST professor,John is a professor. — John was a professor. — John was a professor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-78,34,Bu fiju i boŋ algeŋ.,Bu\tfiju\tø\ti\tboŋ\talgeŋ.,POSS.2SG\tchild\tPFV\tCOP\tnice\thuman.being,Your child is a nice kid.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-79,34,"Bu fiju na sedi boŋ algeŋ. — Bu fiju sedi baŋ boŋ algeŋ. — Si bu fiju satá baŋ wobí konsiju-s di si dona, i na sedi baŋ boŋ algeŋ.","Bu\tfiju\tna\tsedi\tboŋ\talgeŋ.\tBu\tfiju\tø\tsedi\tbaŋ\tboŋ\talgeŋ.\tSi\tbu\tfiju\tø\tsatá\tbaŋ\twobí\tkonsiju-s\tdi\tsi\tdona,\ti\tna\tsedi\tbaŋ\tboŋ\talgeŋ.","POSS.2SG\tchild\tFUT\tCOP\tnice\thuman.being\tPOSS.2SG\tchild\tPFV\tCOP\tPST\tnice\thuman.being\tif\tPOSS.2SG\tchild\tPFV\taccept\tPST\tlisten.to\tadvice-PL\tof\tPOSS.3SG\tgrandfather/grandmother,\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tCOP\tPST\tnice\thuman.being","Your child will be a nice person. — Your child was a nice kid. — If your child listened to his grandfather's/grandmother's advice, he would be(come) a nice person.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-80,34,Bu fiju yera baŋ boŋ algeŋ.,Bu\tfiju\tø\tyera\tbaŋ\tboŋ\talgeŋ.,POSS.2SG\tchild\tPFV\tCOP\tPST\tnice\thuman.being,Your child was a nice kid.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-120,35,tê; tinha,tê;\ttinha,have.PRS\thave.PST,has; had,,,,constructed by linguist -35-121,35,sa; tava,sa;\ttava,be\twas/were,is; was,,,,constructed by linguist -36-69,36,tha vs. ta,tha\tvs.\tta,is\tvs.\twas,is vs. was,,,,elicited from speaker -37-85,37,tê vs. txinha,tê\tvs.\ttxinha,have.PRS\tvs.\thave.PST,[s/he] has vs. [s/he] had,,,,elicited from speaker -37-86,37,sa vs. tava/era,sa\tvs.\ttava/era,is\tvs.\twas,[s/he] is vs. [s/he] was,,,,elicited from speaker -37-87,37,[...] owo ki têvê pôdê di kume kani me [...].,[...]\towo\tki\ttêvê\tpôdê\tdi\tkume\tkani\tme\t[...].,[...]\t2PL\tREL\thave.PST.PFV\tpower\tof\teat\tmeat\tPOSS.1SG\t[...],[...] you who got the opportunity to eat the meat I offered you [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-103,39,ir,ir,go.INF,to go,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-104,39,vay,vay,go.NPST,go(es),,,,naturalistic spoken -39-105,39,foy,foy,go.PST,went,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-70,40,yo tana(n); yo ti andan; yo ti anda,yo\ttana;\tyo\ttanan;\tyo\tti\tandan;\tyo\tti\tanda,I\tgo\tI\tam.going\tI\tPST\tgo.PROG\tI\tPST\tgo.HAB,I go/I'm going; I was going; I used to go,,,,constructed by linguist -40-71,40,yo yafoy/yahoy/yaho,yo\tyafoy/yahoy/yaho,I\twent,I went,,,,constructed by linguist -41-92,41,teem/tiɲa; tandaa/jafoy,teem/tiɲa;\tta-andaa/jaa-foy,PRS.be/PST.be\tPRS-go/PST-go,is/was; goes/went,,,,constructed by linguist -44-100,44,Kwándo kel no sábe yo asé kosíw.,Kwándo\tkel\tno\tsábe\tyo\tasé\tkosíw.,when\tthat\tNEG\tknow\t1SG\tmake\tstew,Before I didn’t know how to prepare food.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-101,44,"No di sentí, no di sabé.","No\tdi\tsentí,\tno\tdi\tsabé.",NEG\tCTPL\tfeel\tNEG\tCTPL\tknow,"They will not notice, they will not know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-102,44,"Mirá tédi, ya sabé ya tédi?","Mirá\ttédi,\tya\tsabé\tya\ttédi?",look\t2SG.POL\tPFV\tknow\talready\t2SG.POL,"Look, do you already know?",,,,naturalistic spoken -45-86,45,Pensaba mi hermano frio el agua.,Pensaba\tmi\thermano\tfrio\tel\tagua.,PFV.think\tmy\tbrother\tcold\tthe\twater,My brother thought that the water was cold.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-87,45,Ta pinsa mi hermano que frio daw el agua.,Ta\tpinsa\tmi\thermano\tque\tfrio\tdaw\tel\tagua.,IPFV\tthink\t1SG.POSS\tbrother\tthat\tcold\tQUOT\tDEF\twater,My brother thinks that the water is cold.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-105,46,Estába 'le na mayor.,Estába\t'le\tna\tmayor.,was\ts/he\tLOC\tmayor,He was at the mayor's.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-106,46,Pensába yo (kay) tempráno pa.,Pensába\tyo\t(kay)\ttempráno\tpa.,thought\t1SG\t(that)\tearly\tstill,I assumed that it is still early.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-111,47,Ni Antonio ni Maria no ta na kas.,Ni\tAntonio\tni\tMaria\tno\tta\tna\tkas.,neither\tAntonio\tnor\tMaria\tNEG\tCOP\tLOC\thouse,Neither Antonio nor Maria are home.,,,,published source -47-112,47,Mi tanta tawata na Aruba pa dos siman.,Mi\ttanta\ttawata\tna\tAruba\tpa\tdos\tsiman.,1SG\taunt\tPST.COP\tLOC\tAruba\tfor\ttwo\tweek,My aunt was in Aruba for two weeks.,,,,naturalistic written -48-101,48,¿I ese kumina kumu fué-ba?,¿I\tese\tkumina\tkumu\tfué-ba?,and\tthis\tfood\thow\tis/was-PST,"And this meal, how was it?",,,,naturalistic spoken -48-102,48,¡Eso ta-ba gueno!,¡Eso\tta-ba\tgueno!,that\tbe-HAB\tgood,That used to be good!,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-103,48,Ese kusa e gueno.,Ese\tkusa\te\tgueno.,this\tthing\tbe\tgood,This (thing) is good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-203,53,Komon to ye?,Komon\tto\tye?,how\t2SG\tCOP,How are you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-204,53,"M ole to det là jou-la, dimonch.","M\tole\tto\tdet\tlà\tjou-la,\tdimonch.",1SG\twill\t2SG\tCOP\tthere\tday-ART.DEF\tsunday,"I want you to be there that day, Sunday.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-205,53,Petet to sa pa satisfe.,Petet\tto\tsa\tpa\tsatisfe.,maybe\t2SG\tFUT\tNEG\tsatisfy,Maybe you won't be satisfied.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-206,53,Petet to va pa et satisfe.,Petet\tto\tva\tpa\tet\tsatisfe.,maybe\t2SG\tFUT\tNEG\tCOP\tsatisfy,Maybe you won't be satisfied.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-207,53,Dolo se jolimon bon pou met twa.,Dolo\tse\tjolimon\tbon\tpou\tmet\ttwa.,water\tCOP\tvery\tgood\tfor\tput\t2SG,Water is very good for throwing you in.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-208,53,Mo te fen.,Mo\tte\tfen.,1SG\tPST\thunger,I was hungry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-116,54,Mwen lé byen kontan. — Mwen lété byen kontan. — Mi sra byen kontan.,Mwen\tle\tbyen\tkontan.\t—\tMwen\tlete\tbyen\tkontan.\t—\tMi\tsra\tbyen\tkontan.,1SG\tCOP.PRS\twell\tpleased\t—\t1SG\tCOP.PST\twell\tpleased\t—\t1SG\tCOP.FUT\twell\tpleased,I am very pleased. — I was very pleased. — I'll be very pleased.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-117,54,éna/nana — navé/lavé,ena/nana\t—\tnave/lave,there.is\t—\tthere.was,there is — there was,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-118,54,Sa k i vé alé la kantin i sava.,Sa\tk\ti\tve\tale\tla\tkantin\ti\tsava.,DEM\tREL\tFIN\twant\tgo\tDEF\tpub\tFIN\tgo,Whoever wants to go to the pub [can] go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-104,63,úmun kan ásker,úmun\tkan\tásker,3PL\tIMPF\tsoldier,They were soldiers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-105,63,ána kun well organised,ána\tkun\twell\torganised,1SG\tbe\twell\torganised,I am well organised.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-79,65,xodi - paʃola,xodi\t-\tpaʃola,go\t-\tgo.PFV,go - has gone,,,,constructed by linguist -67-118,67,"Kalau lu apa-apa sal ada mau cakap, lu kasi la tahu ah sekarang.","Kalau\tlu\tapa~apa\tsal\tada\tmau\tcakap,\tlu\tkasi\tla\ttahu\tah\tsekarang.",if\t2SG\twhat-what\tmatter\thave\twant\tspeak\t2SG\tgive\tEMPH\tknow\tPCL\tnow,"If you have anything you would like to say, let me know now.",,,,naturalistic spoken -74-83,74,tlátwa,tlátwa,go,"go, went",,,,constructed by linguist -1-131,1,"Mi no ha tiffi moro, mi no kann kau.","Mi\tno\thabi\ttifi\tmoro,\tmi\tno\tkan\tkaw.",1SG\tNEG\thave\tteeth\tmore\t1SG\tNEG\tcan\tchew,"I don't have teeth anymore, I cannot chew.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-132,1,Da somma no sabi va swem.,Da\tsoma\tno\tsabi\tfu\tswen.,DET.SG\tperson\tNEG\tknow\tto\tswim,That person cannot swim (doesn't know how to swim).,,,,written (dictionary) -1-133,1,Ju sa mann va tjarri datti?,Yu\tsa\tman\tfu\ttyari\tdati?,2SG\tFUT\tbe.able\tto\tcarry\tthat,Are you able to carry that?,,,,written (dictionary) -1-134,1,Da mastra a za wandi fo slibi lange mi na netti kaba a za fom mi alle de.,Da\tmasra\ta\tsa\twani\tfo\tsribi\tnanga\tmi\tna\tneti\tkaba\ta\tsa\tfon\tmi\tala\tde.,DET.SG\tmaster\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\twant\tto\tsleep\twith\tme\tat\tnight\tand\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\thit\t1SG\tall\tday,"The master, he will want to sleep with me in the night, and he'll beat me up every day.",,,,written -2-127,2,Den kan e wakti unu na oso.,Den\tkan\te\twakti\tunu\tna\toso.,3PL\tcan\tIPFV\twait\t1PL\tLOC\thouse,They may be awaiting us at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-128,2,A kan de taki Jan ben sribi kaba.,A\tkan\tde\ttaki\tJan\tben\tsribi\tkaba.,3SG\tcan\tCOP\tCOMP\tJohn\tPST\tsleep\talready,It’s possible that John was already asleep.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-129,2,Mi kan go na+a dansi bika(si) mi abi moni.,Mi kan go na+a dansi bika(si) mi abi moni.,1SG can go LOC the.SG dance because 1SG have money,I can go to the dance because I have money.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-66,3,A taánga téee. A sa hópo wán hóndo kiló.,A\ttaánga\ttéee.\tA\tsa\thópo\twán\thóndo\tkiló.,3SG\tstrong\tIDEO\t3SG\tMOD\tlift.up\tDET\thundred\tkilo,"S/he is strong, s/he can lift a hundred kilos.",,,,naturalistic spoken -3-67,3,A sa gó a húku.,A\tsa\tgó\ta\thúku.,3SG\tMOD\tgo\tLOC\thook,She might have gone fishing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-91,4,"A taanga, a sa diki wan ondoo kilo.","A\ttaanga,\ta\tsa\tdiki\twan\tondoo\tkilo.",he\tstrong\the\tABIL\tlift\tone\thundred\tkilo,"He is strong, he can lift one hundred kilos.",,,,elicited from speaker -4-197,4,A sa e wooko nownouw.,A sa e wooko nownouw.,3SG can IPFV now,He might be working now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-89,5,dem mosii bin a tel lai pan mi,dem\tmosii\tbin\ta\ttel\tlai\tpan\tmi,3PL\tMOD\tANT\tASP\ttell\tlie\ton\t1SG,They probably were telling lies on me.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-90,5,uu gat fut kyan ron,uu\tgat\tfut\tkyan\tron,who\thave\tfoot\tcan\trun,They who have feet can run.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-58,6,Ah kud do it.,Ah\tkud\tdo\tit.,1SG\tMOD\tdo\t3SG.DO,I can do it. OR: I'm likely to do it.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-140,7,I kod bi laas.,I\tkod\tbi\tlaas.,1SG\tMOD\tbe\tlost/last,It/He/She could be lost/last. OR: It/He/She is possibly lost/last.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-141,7,Yo kod go nou.,Yo\tkod\tgo\tnou.,2.SBJ\tMOD\tgo\tnow,You may go now.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-142,7,Di seim ting we i lokin fa outsaid i kod get it insaid.,Di\tseim\tting\twe\ti\tlok-in\tfa\tout-said\ti\tkod\tget\tit\tin-said.,ART\tsame\tthing\tREL\t3SG\tlook-PROG\tfor\tout-side\t3SG\tMOD\tget\t3SG.N\tin-side,Whatever he is looking for outside can be obtained inside.,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-83,8,Maas Jan se im kyahn kom tumaro.,Maas\tJan\tse\tim\tkyahn\tkom\ttumaro.,Mr.\tJohn\tsay\t3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow,Mr. John said he is able to come tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-84,8,Maas Jan se im kyahn kom tumaro.,Maas\tJan\tse\tim\tkyahn\tkom\ttumaro.,Mr.\tJohn\tsay\t3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow,Mr. John said it is possible for him to come tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-109,9,I kuda me gɛt wan job da big krik.,I\tkuda\tme\tgɛt\twan\tjob\tda\tbig\tkrik.,3SG\tcould.have\tANT\tget\ta\tjob\tat\tBig\tCreek,He could have got a job at Big Creek.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-110,9,I hia bowt wan ledi we ku kyu eni kaynda siknes.,I\thia\tbowt\twan\tledi\twe\tku\tkyu\teni\tkaynda\tsiknes.,3SG\thear\tabout\ta\tlady\tREL\tcan\tcure\tany\tkind.of\tsickness,He heard about a lady who could cure any kind of illness.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-213,9,i ku kum tomoro,i\tku\tkum\ttomoro,3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow,He might come tomorrow.,,,,constructed by linguist -10-126,10,Kyan yu fain hed widout tong?,Kyan\tyu\tfain\thed\twid-out\ttong?,can\t2SG\tfind\thead\twith-out\ttongue,Is it possible to find a head without a tongue?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-127,10,Mi kyan du ih.,Mi\tkyan\tdu\tih.,1SG\tcan\tdo\t3SG.N,I can do it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-172,11,Dei kaan rait nat wan ting.,Dei\tkaan\trait\tnat\twan\tting.,3PL\tcan.NEG\twrite\tNEG\tone\tthing,They can’t write a thing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-173,11,[...] bot yu kyaan taak.,[...]\tbot\tyu\tkyaan\ttaak.,[...]\tbut\t2SG\tcan.NEG\ttalk,[...] but you mustn’t talk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-174,11,Yu kan aalso mek your rondon wid miit.,Yu\tkan\taalso\tmek\tyour\trondon\twid\tmiit.,2SG\tcan\talso\tmake\t2SG.POSS\trundown\tINS\tmeat,You can also make your rundown with meat.,,,,written -12-130,12,"Haitian? But I like 'em, because - I say all is God people, and some of them have good ways. You know, have good ways, yeah. Some of them nice, but you could find some ain't nice, but some of them nice.",[...]\tyou\tcould\tfind\tsome\tain't\tnice\t[...],[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tMOD.AUX\tfind\tsome\tNEG\tnice\t[...],"[...] you can find some (Haitians) that aren’t nice, [but some of them are nice].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-131,12,"Yeah, [...] learn a different speech, eh. Now you could speak - how much - how much you coulda speak? Two?",[...]\tyou\tcould\tspeak\t[...]\thow\tmuch\tyou\tcoulda\tspeak?,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tMOD.AUX\tspeak\t[...]\thow\tmuch\tyou\tMOD.AUX\tspeak,[...] So you can speak [...] - how many different [languages] can you speak?,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-132,12,"[So you think that's the reason?] I 'most believe, could be, yeah.","I\t'most\tbelieve,\tcould\tbe\t[...].",1SG.SBJ\tADV\tbelieve\tMOD.AUX\tCOP.INF\t[...],"I almost believe [that], [that] could be [the reason], [yeah].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-133,12,"And - like when you catch the crab ... - don't hold it by the biter, 'cause you could get bite.",[...]\tyou\tcould\tget\tbite.,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tMOD.AUX\tget\tbite,"[...] [if you catch the crab, don't hold it by the biter, because] you might get bitten.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-102,13,He might be can do that.,He\tmight\tbe\tcan\tdo\tthat.,3SG\tmight\tHAB\tcan\tdo\tthat,He probably can do that.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -13-103,13,ɒɪ cɪn sɪt dɒʊŋ.,ɒɪ\tcɪn\tsɪt\tdɒʊŋ.,I\tcan\tsit\tdown,I can [am able to] sit down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-69,14,He can take the bus.,He\tcan\ttake\tthe\tbus.,he\tcan\ttake\tthe\tbus,He can take the bus.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-77,15,wi go ebul du am tumara,wi\tgo\tebul\tdu\tam\ttumara,1PL\tFUT\tbe.able\tdo\tit\ttomorrow,We can do it tomorrow. OR: We will be able to do it tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-78,15,sɔntɛm wi go si am tumara,sɔntɛm\twi\tgo\tsi\tam\ttumara,maybe\t1PL\tFUT\tsee\thim\ttomorrow,We may see him tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-72,16,wataim à gò fìt gɛt mɔni?,wataim\tà\tgò\tfìt\tgɛt\tmɔni?,when\t1SG\tFUT/IRR\tABIL\tget\tmoney,When will I be able to get money? OR: When will I possibly get the money?,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-80,17,Mà pìkín fit rid.,Mà\tpìkín\tfit\trid.,my\tchild\tbe.able\tread,My child can/may read.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-81,17,Mà pìkín fit dè rid.,Mà\tpìkín\tfit\tdè\trid.,my\tchild\tbe.able\tNCOMPL\tread,My child may be reading.,,,,unknown -18-76,18,'Dem 'fit 'giv 'yu 'som 'smol 'ting.,Dem\tfit\tgif\tyu\tsom\tsmol\ttin.,3PL.SBJ\tbe.able\tgive\t2SG.OBL\tsome\tsmall\tthing,They can give you a small something.,,,,published source -19-100,19,À fit totàn.,À\tfit\ttot=àn.,1SG.SBJ\tbe.able\tcarry=3SG.OBJ,I can carry it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-101,19,È fit kan tumara.,È\tfit\tkan\ttumara.,3SG.SBJ\tbe.able\tcome\ttomorrow,He might come tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-64,20,My no can hear.,My\tno\tcan\thear.,1SG\tNEG\tcan\thear,I am deaf.,,,,naturalistic written -20-65,20,How can makee mistake?,How\tcan\tmakee\tmistake?,how\tcan\tmake\tmistake,How can it be a mistake?,,,,naturalistic written -21-73,21,You can hear the engine.,You\tcan\thear\tthe\tengine.,2SG\tcan\thear\tDET\tengine,You can hear the engine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-74,21,You can perhaps/possibly hear the engine.,You\tcan\tperhaps/possibly\thear\tthe\tengine.,2SG\tcan\tperhaps/possibly\thear\tDET\tengine,You can perhaps/possibly hear the engine.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-95,22,Kapul i bai i no inap lukim em.,Kapul\ti\tbai\ti\tno\tinap\tlukim\tem.,possum\tPM\tFUT\tPM\tNEG\tABIL\tsee\t3SG,The possum won't be able to see it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-96,22,Orait yu ken go lo ples.,Orait\tyu\tken\tgo\tlo\tples.,all.right\t2SG\tPERM\tgo\tPREP\tvillage,"OK, you can go home.",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-93,23,mebi woman blong hem i holem faev tausen,mebi\twoman\tblong\them\ti\tholem\tfaev\ttausen,perhaps\twoman\tPOSS\t3SG\tAGR\thold\tfive\tthousand,His girlfriend took something like five thousand (vatu = money).,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-105,24,Plun ell spail inna sun.,Plun\tell\tspail\tinna\tsun.,banana\tcan\tspoil\tin.the\tsun,Bananas can get spoiled in the sun.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-65,26,Speaker_A: ʃi was gudlukin – Speaker_B: jɛ æn ʃi kæn siŋ,Speaker_A:\tʃi\twas\tgudlukin\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tjɛ\tæn\tʃi\tkæn\tsiŋ,Speaker_A:\t3SG\twas\tgood.looking\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tyeah\tand\t3SG\tABIL\tsing,"Speaker A: She was good-looking. – Speaker B: Yeah, and she could sing.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-66,26,don swɛɹ in dɛɹ [...] bikaz samtin maɪd hæpɛn,don\tswɛɹ\tin\tdɛɹ\t[...]\tbikaz\tsamtin\tmaɪd\thæpɛn,don't\tswear\tin\tthere\t[...]\tbecause\tINDF\tJUDG\thappen,Don't swear there [...] because something might happen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-67,26,ju don waʃ jo hɛa kaz id maid fal af,ju\tdon\twaʃ\tjo\thɛa\tkaz\tid\tmaid\tfal\taf,2SG\tdon't\twash\t2SG.POSS\thair\tcause\t3SG\tSPECUL.JUDG\tfall\toff,You don't wash your hair because it might fall off.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-148,27,Ham na kan ris dǝ stēn.,Ham\tna\tkan\tris\tdǝ\tstēn.,3SG\tNEG\tcan\tlift\tthe\tstone,He cannot lift the stone.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-149,27,"Am ha sē, Adinja na kan sē am ēntēn lik: di fo ha sómgut am maṅkḗ am fo du.","Am\tha\tsē,\tAdinja\tna\tkan\tsē\tam\tēntēn\tlik:\tdi\tfo\tha\tsómgut\tam\tmaṅkḗ\tam\tfo\tdu.",3SG\tPST\tsay\tAdinja\tNEG\tcan\tsay\t3SG\tno\tlie\tDET\tmust\thave\tsomething\t3SG\twant\t3SG\tto\tdo,"He said, Adinja cannot have told him any lie: there must be something he wants him to do.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-99,28,ju kan fɛndɛ gurma ken kaɲa stɛdi,ju\tkan\tfɛndɛ\tgurma\tka\teni\tkain-a\tstɛdi,2SG\tcan\tfind\tochroe\tNEG\t3PL\tpick-IPFV\tsteady,"You cannot find / You won't find any ochroes, they are picking (them) all the time.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-100,28,ɛkanel ɛni gut fa hisa tut pata ben,ɛkɛ\tkan\tnel\tɛni\tgutu\tfan\thiri\tso\ttutu\tpata\tben,1SG\tcan\tnail\tany\tthing\tfrom\there\tso\tuntil\troad\tinside,I could nail anything from here until in the path (refering to his former ability with bow and arrow).,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-101,28,en ka alwes jɛ di mingi ben ka,eni\tkan\talwes\tjɛn\tdi\tmingi\tben\tka,3PL\tcan\talways\tbe\tthe\twater\tinside\tNEG,They cannot be in the water forever.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-199,28,"o bi, bidaka kan kum bek gau","o\tbi,\tbidaka\tkan\tkumu\tbeki\tgau",3SG\tsay\tdaylight\tcan\tcome\tlittle\tquick,"She said, if only daylight could come soon.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-103,29,Hy kan môre kom.,Hy\tkan\tmôre\tkom.,3SG.M.NOM\tis.able/is.possible\ttomorrow\tcome,He is able to come tomorrow / He may come tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-117,30,N sabe kusia dretu.,N=sabe\tkusia\tdretu.,1SG=know\tcook\twell,I can cook well.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-118,30,Algen pode bai Portugal di bárku o di avion.,Algen\tpode\tbai\tPortugal\tdi=bárku\to\tdi=avion.,one\tcan\tgo\tPortugal\tof=ship\tor\tof=plane,One can travel to Portugal by ship or by plane.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-119,30,Bu pode bai.,Bu=pode\tbai.,2SG=may\tleave,You may leave.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-105,31,N pode leba un anu o dos anu konformi N tene dinheru.,N\tpode\tleba\tun\tanu\to\tdos\tanu\tkonformi\tN\ttene\tdinheru.,I\tcan\ttake\tone\tyear\tor\ttwo\tyear\tdepending\tI\thave\tmoney,I can take one year or two depending on whether I have money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-106,31,"Pode ser ma Pedro sta duenti, el ka txiga inda.","Pode\tser\tma\tPedro\tsta\tduenti,\tel\tka\ttxiga\tinda.",can\tbe\tthat\tPedro\tis\tsick\the\tNEG\tarrive\tyet,"It is possible that Pedro is sick, he has not arrived yet.",,,,constructed by linguist -31-201,31,"Uji, el ka ben ma el pode ben manhan.","Uji,\tel\tka\tben\tma\tel\tpode\tben\tmanhan.",today\t3SG\tNEG\tcome\tbut\t3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow,"He did not come today, but he is likely to come tomorrow.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -32-82,32,N podê dó-b un izenpl.,N\tpodê\tdó-b\tun\tizenpl.,1SG\tcan\tgive-2SG\tDET\texample,I can give you an example.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-83,32,"Aoj el ka ben, ma el podê ben manhã.","Aoj\tel\tka\tben,\tma\tel\tpodê\tben\tmanhã.",today\t3SG\tNEG\tcome\tbut\t3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow.,He didn't come today but perhaps he will come tomorrow.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-112,33,I pudi bin amanha.,I\tpudi\tbin\tamanha.,3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow,He can come tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-113,33,I pudi bin amanha.,I\tpudi\tbin\tamanha.,3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow,Maybe he will come tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-81,34,I podé kargá kutágal di arus na kabisa yel soŋ.,I\tø\tpodé\tkargá\tkutágal\tdi\tarus\tna\tkabisa\tyel\tsoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tcan\tcarry\tbasket\tof\trice\ton\thead\t3SG.INDP\talone,He/she is able to carry a (full) basket of rice over his/her head.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-82,34,I podé beŋ amañaŋ ma N ka tené sertesa.,I\tø\tpodé\tbeŋ\tamañaŋ\tma\tN\tka\tø\ttené\tsertesa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow\tbut\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\thave\tconfidence,He/she may/might come tomorrow but I am not sure of that.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-123,35,N na ka pô mata bô fa.,N\tna\tka\tpô\tmata\tbô\tfa.,1SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tcan\tkill\t2SG\tNEG,I can’t kill you. OR: I'm unable to kill you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-124,35,Ê ka pô bila bi nganha.,Ê\tka\tpô\tbila\tbi\tnganha.,3SG\tIPFV\tcan\tturn\tcome\twin,It is possible that he wins (the elections) again. OR: He could win again.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-70,36,Aie ê ka pô thêka foga.,Aie\tê\tka\tpô\tthêka\tfoga.,now\the\tIPFV\tcan\tPROG\tdance,He may be dancing now.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-71,36,N na ka pô ngana Alê fô.,N\tna\tka\tpô\tngana\tAlê\tfô.,I\tNEG\tIPFV\tcan\tcheat\tking\tNEG,I cannot cheat you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-88,37,Txi ka po fêzê kwisê.,Txi\tka\tpo\tfêzê\tkwisê.,2SG\tIPFV\tcan\tdo\tthis,You can do this. OR: You are able to do this.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-89,37,Zwan sêbê landa.,Zwan\tsêbê\tlanda.,Zwan\tknow\tswim,Zwan can swim (= he was taught how to swim).,,,,elicited from speaker -37-90,37,"Ee, txi po gita [...].","Ee,\ttxi\tØ\tpo\tgita\t[...].",yes\t2SG\tIPFV\tcan\tshout\t[...],"Well, you can shout [...]. OR: Yes, you may shout [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-91,37,Ê ka po sa ya ê sa lala.,Ê\tka\tpo\tsa\tya\tê\tsa\tlala.,EXPL\tIPFV\tcan\tCOP\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP\tthere,It is possible that he is there.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-100,38,Mentan fo lantaf.,Amu-na-tan\tfo\tlanta-f.,1SG-NEG-ITER\tcan\tget.up-NEG,I can’t get up anymore.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-101,38,Osesyi saku wanna navin pa xa fo be pa tan xa bi.,Osesyi\tsa-ku\twan-na\tnavin\tpa\txa\tfo\tba-iai\tpa\ttan\txa\tbi.,nowadays\tbe-with\tART-ART\tship\tfor\tEVID\tcan\tgo-there\tfor\tITER\tEVID\tcome,Nowadays there is a ship so that one can go there and come back.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-106,39,"Sɔ nɔs pɔd kume, jẽt də kaz.","Sɔ\tnɔs\tpɔd\tkum-e,\tjẽt\tdə\tkaz.",only\t1PL\tcan.NPST\teat-INF\tpeople\tof\thouse,"Only we can eat, the people of the house.",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-107,39,Pədser yo vay Una amiŋã.,Pədser\tyo\tvay\tUna\tamiŋã.,maybe\t1SG\tgo.NPST\tUna\ttomorrow,Maybe I will go to Una tomorrow.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-72,40,Ricksha pegani pən pɔd anda.,Ricksha\tpegani\tpən\tpɔd\tanda.,ricksha\tget.when\talso\tcan\tgo,Catching a ricksha you can also go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-93,41,tɔɔna aka midisaam inda uŋapa araa naa poyski,tɔɔna\taka\tmidisaam\tinda\tuŋa-pa\taraa\tnaa\tpoy=ski,afterwards\tthat\tmeasurement\tyet\tone-DAT\tgo.wrong\tNEG.FUT\tHABIL=REPORT,"Subsequently, it won't be possible for the measurement to be misinterpreted by someone else, apparently.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-92,42,eli sabé nadá ati ila grandi,eli\tsabé\tnadá\tati\tila\tgrandi,3SG\tknow\tswim\tuntil\tisland\tbig,He is able to swim to Big Island.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-93,42,bos podi santá bas bai taun,bos\tpodi\tsantá\tbas\tbai\ttaun,2SG\tcan\tsit\tbus\tgo\ttown,You can go to town centre by bus.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-94,42,bos podi bai agora,bos\tpodi\tbai\tagora,2SG\tcan\tgo\tnow,You may go now.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-64,43,Albër albër di kel sua fruta podi sprimi adjiti [...].,Albër\talbër\tdi\tkel\tsua\tfruta\tpodi\tsprimi\tadjiti\t[...].,tree\ttree\tfrom\twhich\tPOSS.3SG\tfruit\tcan\tpress\toil\t[...],Trees whose fruits may be pressed for oil […].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-103,44,"Di pwédi yo yubá kel ágwa, akí na dréntu, nomá bo yudá konmígo.","Di\tpwédi\tyo\tyubá\tkel\tágwa,\takí\tna\tdréntu,\tnomá\tbo\tyudá\tkonmígo.",CPLT\tcan\t1SG\ttake\tDEF\twater\there\tLOC\tinside\tno.more\t2SG\thelp\t1SG.OBJ,"I can take the water inside, do not help me anymore.",,,,elicited from speaker -44-104,44,Sigúro dikél komígu yasé parí di mi nána.,Sigúro\tdikél\tkomígu\tyasé\tparí\tdi\tmi\tnána.,maybe\tlike.that\t1SG.OBJ\tPFV.make\tgive.birth\tof\t1SG.POSS\tmother,It is possible that I was born like this. OR: It is possible that my mother gave birth to me like this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-105,44,"Sigúro di yegá el día, ésti di maári hasí, i mas di kedá bwénu el situasyón di késti pwéblu.","Sigúro\tdi\tyegá\tel\tdía,\tésti\tdi\tmaári\thasí,\ti\tmas\tdi\tkedá\tbwénu\tel\tsituasyón\tdi\tkésti\tpwéblu.",perhaps\tCTPL\tcome\tDEF\tday\tthis\tCTPL\tcan\tmake\tand\tmore\tCTPL\tbecome\tgood\tDEF\tsituation\tof\tthis\ttown,Perhaps there will be a day when this can be done and the situation of this town will become better.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-165,45,Puede llega el carta mañana.,Puede\tllega\tel\tcarta\tmañana.,can\tarrive\tthe\tletter\ttomorrow,The letter may arrive tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-166,45,Di pode llega el carta mañana.,Di\tpode\tllega\tel\tcarta\tmañana.,FUT\tcan\tarrive\tthe\tletter\ttomorrow.,The letter may arrive tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-107,46,Pwéde yo nadá.,Pwéde\tyo\tnadá.,can\t1SG\tswim,I can swim.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-108,46,Pwéde ya tu salé ára.,Pwéde\tya\ttu\tsalé\tára.,can\talready\tyou\tleave\tnow,You may leave now.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-109,46,Ya-pagá gaháq 'se.,Ya-pagá\tgaháq\t'se.,PRF-pay\tmaybe\tthat,They may have paid for it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-113,47,Lo e tabata por ta traha den kurá ora b’a bèl.,Lo\te\ttabata\tpor\tta\ttraha\tden\tkurá\tora\tbo\ta\tbèl.,MOOD\t3SG\tPST\tcan\tTNS\twork\tin\tyard\thour\t2SG\tPFV\tcall,He was possibly working in the yard when you called (on the phone).,,,,published source -47-114,47,E ora nan lo mester por papia Ingles ku e turista nan.,E\tora\tnan\tlo\tmester\tpor\tpapia\tIngles\tku\te\tturista\tnan.,DEF\thour\t3PL\tMOOD\tmust\tcan\tspeak\tEnglish\twith\tDEF\ttourist\tPL,In that case they have to be able to speak English with the tourists.,,,,published source -48-104,48,Ele polé ta muetto.,Ele\tpolé\tta\tmuetto.,it\tcan\tbe\tdead,It is perhaps dead.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-105,48,Mahana polé yegá maana.,Mahana\tpolé\tyegá\tmaana.,kids\tcan\tarrive\ttomorrow,The kids may arrive tomorrow. OR: Maybe the kids will arrive tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-106,48,Eso polé se asina nu.,Eso\tpolé\tse\tasina\tnu.,this\tcan\tbe\tthus\tNEG,This cannot be so. OR: This is probably not so.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-149,49,"Manman, ki lè m a kapab leve on gwo sak san liv sik?","Manman,\tki\tlè\tm\ta\tkapab\tleve\ton\tgwo\tsak\tsan\tliv\tsik?",mum\twhat\ttime\t1SG\tFUT\tcan\tlift.up\tDEF\tbig\tsack\thundred\tpound\tsugar,"Mum, when will I be able to lift a big sack of one hundred pounds of sugar?",,,,constructed by linguist -49-150,49,Ti Pòl mande manman l si l kapab met sik nan lèt li.,Ti\tPòl\tmande\tmanman\tl\tsi\tl\tkapab\tmet\tsik\tnan\tlèt\tli.,Little\tPaul\task\tmother\t3SG\tif\t3SG\tcan\tput\tsugar\tin\tmilk\t3SG,Little Paul asks his mother whether he has the permission to put sugar in his milk.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-151,49,Iv kab pa di m sa.,Iv\tkab\tpa\tdi\tm\tsa.,Yves\tcan\tNEG\tsay\t1SG\tDEM,It is possible that Yves has not told me this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-152,49,Iv pa kab di m sa.,Iv\tpa\tkab\tdi\tm\tsa.,Yves\tNEG\tcan\tsay\t1SG\tDEM,Yves cannot tell me about it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-95,50,An pé fè sa ba'w.,An\tpé\tfè\tsa\tba'w.,1SG\tcan\tdo\tit\tfor.2SG,I can do it for you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-96,50,"An pé rivé a fè sa ba'w dèmen, mé sa pa sèten.","An\tpé\trivé\ta\tfè\tsa\tba'w\tdèmen,\tmé\tsa\tpa\tsèten.",1SG\tcan\tarrive\tPREP\tdo\tit\tfor.2SG\ttomorrow\tbut\tit\tNEG\tbe.certain,"I will possibly do it for you tomorrow, but it is not certain.",,,,naturalistic spoken -50-97,50,"I pé vini dèmen, kon i pé pa vini osi.","I\tpé\tvini\tdèmen,\tkon\ti\tpé\tpa\tvini\tosi.",3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow\tas\t3SG\tcan\tNEG\tcome\talso,"He may come tomorrow, as well as he may not come.",,,,naturalistic spoken -50-98,50,I pé ka manjé.,I\tpé\tka\tmanjé.,3SG\tcan\tPROG\teat,He may be eating.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-99,50,Sa pé.,Sa\tpé.,this\tmay.be,This may be.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-89,51,Man pé fè sa ba'w.,Man\tpé\tfè\tsa\tba='w.,1SG\tcan\tdo\tit\tgive=2SG,I can do it for you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-90,51,"Man pé pati adan an mwa, kon man pé pati adan an simenn.","Man\tpé\tpati\tadan\tan\tmwa,\tkon\tman\tpé\tpati\tadan\tan\tsimenn.",1SG\tcan\tleave\tin\tone\tmonth\tas\t1SG\tcan\tleave\tin\tone\tweek,"I may leave in one month, as well as I may leave in one week.",,,,naturalistic spoken -51-91,51,I pé ka manjé.,I\tpé\tka\tmanjé.,3SG\tcan\tPROG\teat,He may be eating.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-60,52,es to pouvé chanté lamenm?,es\tto\tpouvé\tchanté\tlamenm?,Q\tyou\tcan\tsing\tnow,Are you able to sing (right) now?,,,,constructed by linguist -53-209,53,Se jis twa kapab ede nouzot.,Se\tjis\ttwa\tkapab\tede\tnouzot.,it.is\tonly\t2SG\tcan\thelp\t1PL,Only you can help us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-210,53,To pe fe sa si t ole.,To\tpe\tfe\tsa\tsi\tt\tole.,2SG\tcan\tdo\tDEM\tif\t2SG\twant,You can do this if you want.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-211,53,"""To kone danse?"" Li di: ""We mo kone"".","""To\tkone\tdanse?""\tLi\tdi:\t""We\tmo\tkone"".",2SG\tknow\tdance\t3SG\tsay\tyes\t1SG\tknow,"""You know how to dance?"" He said: ""Yes, I know"".",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-212,53,Li se pe manje sa.,Li\tse\tpe\tmanje\tsa.,3SG\tCOND\tcan\teat\tDEM,He might have eaten that.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-213,53,"Se pa bon rète li tou-sel konm sa, malad kapab pran dan la nwit, ou dan la journen.","Se\tpa\tbon\trète\tli\ttou-sel\tkonm\tsa,\tmalad\tkapab\tpran\tdan\tla\tnwit,\tou\tdan\tla\tjournen.",it.is\tNEG\tgood\tlive\t3SG\tall-alone\tlike\tthat\tillness\tcan\ttake\tin\tART.DEF.SG\tnight\tor\tin\tART.DEF.SG\tday,"It's not good for him to live alone like that, he might get sick in the night, or in the day.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-214,53,To pe pa galope avek mwen.,To\tpe\tpa\tgalope\tavek\tmwen.,2SG\tcan\tNEG\trun\twith\t1SG,You can't run with me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-215,53,"Nou te senk sè e sèt frè, e se juch mon ke ka parle sa.","Nou\tte\tsenk\tsè\te\tsèt\tfrè,\te\tse\tjuch\tmon\tke\tka\tparle\tsa.",1PL\tPST\tfive\tsister\tand\tseven\tbrother\tand\tit.is\tonly\t1SG\tREL\tcan\tspeak\tDEM,"We were five sisters and seven brothers, and I'm the only one who can speak it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-417,53,"Li peu èt malad, me mo pa kòne.","Li\tpeu\tèt\tmalad,\tme\tmo\tpa\tkòne.",3SG\tcan\tbe\till\tbut\t1SG\tNEG\tknow,"He could be ill, but I don't know.",,,,naturalistic written -54-119,54,Pétet fo alé de lot koté.,Petet\tfo\tale\tdë-lot\tkote.,perhaps\tmust\tgo\tother\tside,Perhaps you have to go to the other side (in the other direction).,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-120,54,Ou lé pa kapab donn amoin.,Ou\tle\tpa\tkapab\tdonn\tamwen.,2SG\tCOP.PRS\tNEG\table\tgive\tme,You cannot give me (water).,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-89,55,li kapav vin lakaz zordi,li\tkapav\tvin\tlakaz\tzordi,3SG\tcan\tcome\thouse\ttoday,He may come home today (I was hoping he would come yesterday but he didn't turn up). OR: He can come home today (the bus strike which prevented him travelling yesterday is now over).,,,,constructed by linguist -55-90,55,[...] kitfwa li kapav tur boṅ,[...]\tkitfwa\tli\tkapav\ttur\tboṅ,[...]\tperhaps\t3SG\tMOD\tfind\tgood,[...] sometimes that may have been good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-110,56,Mon ti kapab annan 'pepre dan trez an par la.,Mon\tti\tkapab\tannan\t'pepre\tdan\ttrez\tan\tpar\tla.,1SG\tPST\tcan\thave\tabout\tin\tthirteen\tyear\tthrough\tthere,I was probably about thirteen years old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-111,56,Be en zwazo konmyen dizef i kapab ponn?,Be\ten\tzwazo\tkonmyen\tdizef\ti\tkapab\tponn?,but\ta\tbird\thow.many\tegg\t3SG\tcan\tlay,"But a bird, how many eggs can it lay?",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-112,56,Pyer i kapab arive.,Pyer\ti\tkapab\tarive.,Pyer\tPM\table\tarrive,Peter may arrive. OR: Peter can arrive.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-51,57,Me japa mwaja mete nde lao.,Me\tjapa\tmwaja\tmete\tnde\tlao.,but\tEXIST.NEG\tABIL\tput\tfrom\tup.there,But there is no possibility to put it upwards down (the direction of the construction of the thatched roof of a hut).,,,,naturalistic written -57-52,57,"Le mbo ka nu travaje ave maʃin, nu pa mwaja ndʃu travaj a la ma.","Le\tmbo\tka\tnu\ttravaje\tave\tmaʃin,\tnu\tpa\tmwaja\tndʃu\ttravaj\ta\tla\tma.",SI\tgood\twhen\twe\twork\twith\tmachine\t1PL\tnot\tABIL\talways\twork\twith\tthe\thand,"It is good for us to work with the machine, we cannot always work manually.",,,,naturalistic written -58-71,58,Yandi lenda kwenda.,Yandi\tlenda\tkwenda.,he/she\tcan\tgo,He can/may go.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-72,58,Mono banza yandi me(ne) kwenda.,Mono\tbanza\tyandi\tme(ne)\tkwenda.,I\tthink\the/she\tPRF\tgo,He/She must have gone.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-170,59,gi Nzapa oko alingbi ti sara so,gi\tNzapa\toko\ta-lingbi\tti\tsara\tso,only\tGod\tone\tPM-be.able\tof\tdo\tDET,Only God can do that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-171,59,ala lingbi ti si kekereke ape,ala\tlingbi\tti\tsi\tkekereke\tape,3PL\tcan\tof\tarrive\ttomorrow\tNEG,They might not arrive tomorrow.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-172,59,mbi lingbi ti bata mo ge si lo kiri ti faa mo ape,mbi\tlingbi\tti\tbata\tmo\tge\tsi\tlo\tkiri\tti\tfaa\tmo\tape,1SG\tcan\tof\tkeep\t2SG\there\tCONN\t3SG\treturn\tof\tkill\t2SG\tNEG,I can't keep you here for fear that he might return to kill you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-173,59,ngu (ti Nzapa) alingbi ti pika laso,ngu\t(ti\tNzapa)\ta-lingbi\tti\tpika\tlaso,water\t(of\tGod)\tPM-can\tCONN\tstrike\ttoday,It might rain today.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-74,60,mwána akokí kofungola yangó té,mwána\ta-kok-í\tko-fungol-a\tyangó\tté,child\t3SG-can-PRS.PRF\tINF-open-FV\t3SG.INAN\tNEG,The child is not able to open it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-75,60,akokí kozala na Kinshása,a-kok-í\tko-zal-a\tna\tKinshása,3SG-can-PRS.PRF\tINF-be-FV\tin\tKinshasa,It is possible that she is in Kinshasa.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-53,61,Yena yazi ga bala.,Yena\tyaz\tga\tbala.,he\tknow\tINF\twrite,He can write. OR: He knows (how) to write.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-54,61,Kusasa mina ai yazi khona khaya.,Kusasa\tmina\tai\tyazi\tkhona\tkhaya.,tomorrow\tI\tNEG\tbe.able\tbe.LOC\thouse,I won't be home tomorrow. OR: I can't be at home tomorrow. OR: I am unable to be at home tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-43,62,hahali mikó ishirini i-lit-íye ki-múru ku-lá,hahali\tmikó\tishirini\ti-lit-íye\tki-múru\tku-lá,16-other\tyears\ttwenty\t4-come-PRF\t7-can\t15-get.lost,"Otherwise, in twenty years the language may get lost.",,,,naturalistic spoken -62-44,62,símúru ku?onhi na gomaé,si-muru\tku-?onhi\tna\tgomae,1SG.NEG-can\t15-wash\twith\tclothes,I can't swim with clothes.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-106,63,ána wéza nyákame íta,ána\twéza\tnyákame\títa,1SG\tcan\trob\t2SG,I can rob you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-107,63,ána ma ágder gén ma italians,ána\tma\tágder\tgén\tma\titalians,1SG\tNEG\tcan\tstay\twith\tItalians,I can’t live with Italians.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-108,63,lábda shetán gi-já fi júwa,lábda\tshetán\tgi-já\tfi\tjúwa,maybe\tdevil\tTAM-come\tin\thouse,Maybe the devil will enter the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-109,63,fi yóm wáy múmkin ta ma wéza wónus ma Núbi má,fi\tyóm\twáy\tmúmkin\tta\tma\twéza\twónus\tma\tNúbi\tmá,in\tday\tone\tmaybe\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\tspeak\twith\tNubi\tNEG,It may happen that during a whole day you can't find a Nubi with whom you could speak Kinubi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-113,64,ay ma biágder integrét,ay\tma\tbi=ágder\tintegrét,each\tNEG\tIRR=can\tintegrated,Nobody can be integrated.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-114,64,kan rábbana géru íta íta biágder árif hája al kwes wa al batál,kan\trábbana\tgéru\títa\títa\tbi=ágder\tárif\thája\tal\tkwes\twa\tal\tbatál,COND\tgod\tchange\t2SG\t2SG\tIRR=can\tknow\tthing\tREL\tgood\tand\tREL\tbad,"If God changed you, you could know what is right and what is wrong.",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-115,64,gal kan múmkin úo biakír,gal\tkan\tmúmkin\túo\tbi=akír,say\tANT\tpossible\t3SG\tIRR=late,He said that he could have been late.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-116,64,yúmkin úo birája min kulía bi lel,yúmkin\túo\tbi=rája\tmin\tkulía\tbi\tlel,possible\t3SG\tIRR=come.back\tfrom\tfaculty\tat\tnight,He may come back from the faculty at night.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-80,65,"Sama ni magu, kuʃaj wari ni umej iwo.","Sama\tni\tmagu,\tkuʃaj\twari\tni\tumej\tiwo.",self\tNEG\tcan\teat\tcook\tNEG\tknow.how\t3SG,"She cannot live by herself, she cannot cook.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-81,65,Zaftəra moʒe tam bal'niʧa xadi poumilajla.,Zaftəra\tmoʒe\ttam\tbal'niʧa\txadi\tpoumilaj-la.,tomorrow\tmaybe\tthere\thospital\tgo\tdie-PFV,It may happen that tomorrow one may fall ill and die.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-60,66,Itu gulputina Java bəromong sin?,Itu\tgulputi-na\tJava\tbər-omong\tsin?,DEM\twhiteman-DAT\tMalay\tMOD-talk\tQ,Can that white person speak Malay? OR: Might that white person speak Malay?,,,,constructed by linguist -66-61,66,Anakpəðə na koolangyang məsubrang na məbərənang na boolε.,Anak-pəðə\tna\tkoolang-yang\tmə-subrang\tna\tmə-bərənang\tna\tboolε.,child-PL\tDAT\tlake-ACC/DEF\tINF-cross\tDAT\tINF-swim\tDAT\tMOD,The children can swim across the lake. OR: The children might swim across the lake.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-119,67,Boleh nampak?,Boleh\tnampak?,can\tsee,Can [you] see [it]?,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-120,67,"Kita cerita pekara sedikit, boleh.","Kita\tcerita\tpekara\tsedikit,\tboleh.",1PL\ttalk\tmatter\tlittle\tcan,"If we talk [about] minor matters, [it is] possible [to use Bazaar Malay].",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-64,68,Ana ana bisa dapa uang sadiki sadiki.,Ana~ana\tbisa\tdapa\tuang\tsadiki~sadiki.,PL~child\tcan\tget\tmoney\tADV~little,The children are able to get a little money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-65,68,Ana ana barangkali dapa uang sadiki sadiki.,Ana~ana\tbarangkali\tdapa\tuang\tsadiki~sadiki.,PL~child\tperhaps\tget\tmoney\tADV~little,The children might get a little money.,,,,constructed by linguist -70-41,70,Bigo kali u-loŋ sako kao.,Bigo\tkali\tu-loŋ\tsako\tkao.,throw\tonly\t3-PL\tcan\teat,Just throw it and they can eat it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-73,71,"Makawela hanapaa kela puu, wau aole hiki hele mawaho, wau kahea holina.","Makawela\thanapaa\tkela\tpuu,\twau\taole\thiki\thele\tmawaho,\twau\tkahea\tholina.",Makawela\thold\tDET\tthroat\t1SG\tNEG\tABIL\tgo\toutside\t1SG\tcall\thaul.in,"Makawela grabbed my throat, I couldn't go outside, I called for help.",,,,naturalistic written -71-89,71,Oe paha panipani kela wahine au!,Oe\tpaha\tpanipani\tkela\twahine\tau!,2SG\tperhaps\thave.sex\tDET\twife\t1SG.POSS,Maybe you slept with my wife!,,,,naturalistic written -71-90,71,"Iaia lawe paha aole paha, aole wau ike.","Iaia\tlawe\tpaha\taole\tpaha,\taole\twau\tike.",3SG\ttake\tperhaps\tNEG\tperhaps\tNEG\t1SG\tknow,"Maybe he took it, maybe not, I don't know.",,,,naturalistic written -72-84,72,Lamawurtku wi kan teikim jem.,Lamawurt-ku\twi\tkan\tteik-im\tjem.,witchetty.grub-DAT\t1PL.SBJ\tcan\ttake-TR\t3PL.OBJ,We will take them to get witchetty grubs.,,,f26e74c7f919160d4ef22029d0518b38,naturalistic spoken -72-85,72,LD nyuntu deya yuna teikimat fut tarukapku.,LD\tnyuntu\tdeya\tyu-na\tteik-im-at\tfut\ttarukap-ku.,LD\t2SG\tthere\t2SG-want.to\ttake-TR-off\tfoot\tbathe-DAT,LD you can take off your shoes (yourself) to go swimming.,,,488b45af2b8ce6da302686d5f6b84fb4,naturalistic spoken -73-63,73,istida yoga aziy no pudinichu,isti-da\tyo-ga\tazi-y\tno\tpudi-ni-chu,this-ACC\t1SG-TOP\tdo-INF\tnot\tcan-1SG-NEG,This I cannot do.,,,,naturalistic adapted -74-84,74,tl’únas mtsáyka músum,tl’únas\tmtsáyka\tmúsum,maybe\t2PL\tsleep,You may sleep. OR: You can sleep.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-134,75,Kaskihtaachi gaawiichihik.,Kaskihtaa-ch-i\tgaa-wiichih-ik.,able-3-COND\t1.FUT-help-3.SBJ,"If she can, she will help me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-135,75,"No, namo kashkihtaan chikishkaman anima.","No,\tnamo\tki-kashkihtaa-n\tchi-kishkam-an\tanima.",no\tNEG\t2-be.able-2\tCOMP.FUT-fit.INAN-2\tthat,"No, you are not able to fit that one.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-136,75,Eekwanima kiiwaapahtam li suyii eetikwee.,Eekwanima\tkii-waapaht-am\tli\tsuyii\teetikwee.,that.mentioned.INAN\tPST-see.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tthe\tshoe\tapparently,He apparently saw the shoe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -1-135,1,Ju no musse itschè so tranga.,Yu\tno\tmusu\titsye\tso\ttranga.,2SG\tNEG\tmust\tsneeze\tso\tstrong,Don't sneeze so loud! OR: You must not sneeze so loud!,,,,written (dictionary) -1-136,1,Mingo joù no man.,Mingo\tyu\tno\tman.,Mingo\t2SG\tNEG\tman,"Mingo, you don't have the nerve.",,,,written -1-137,1,Ope windels!,Opo\twindels!,open\twindow,Open the windows!,,,,written -2-130,2,No naki en!,No\tnaki\ten!,NEG\thit\t3SG,Don’t hit it!,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-131,2,Unu no naki en!,Unu\tno\tnaki\ten!,2PL\tNEG\thit\t3SG,Don’t you guys hit it!,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-132,2,A no e naki en.,A\tno\te\tnaki\ten.,3SG\tNEG\tIPFV\thit\t3SG,He doesn’t hit it.,,,,constructed by linguist -2-133,2,Naki en!,Naki\ten!,hit\t3SG,Hit it!,,,,constructed by linguist -3-68,3,Naa go!,Naa\tgo!,NEG\tgo,Don't go!,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-103,3,Ko hopo mi tja go a liba!,Ko\thopo\tmi\ttja\tgo\ta\tliba!,come\tpull\t1SG\tcarry\tgo\tLOC\ttop,Pull me up!,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-144,3,Déé soldáti náá féti.,Déé\tsoldáti\tnáá\tféti.,DEF.PL\tsoldier\tNEG\tfight,The soldiers did NOT fight.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-93,4,Tapu mofu!,Tapu\tmofu!,close\tmouth,Silence!,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-94,4,Na bali.,Na\tbali.,NEG\tcry,Don't cry!,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-95,4,A na o bali no?,A\tna\to\tbali\tno?,he\tNEG\tFUT\tshout\tright,"He won't cry, right?",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-91,5,kom ya!,kom\tya!,come\there,Come here!,,,,constructed by linguist -5-92,5,an di fut na kot a di rait spɔt,an\tdi\tfut\tna\tkot\ta\tdi\trait\tspɔt,and\tthe\tfoot\tNEG\tcut\tin\tthe\tright\tspot,And the foot was not cut at the right spot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-93,5,na sing,na\tsing,PROH\tsing,Don't sing!,,,,constructed by linguist -6-59,6,Go! Doh go!,Go!\tDoh\tgo!,go.IMP\tNEG\tgo,Go! Don't go!,,,,constructed by linguist -6-66,6,Shi nuo dat ah doh laik she.,Shi\tnuo\tdat\tah\tdoh\tlaik\tshe.,she\tknow\tthat\tI\tdon't\tlike\ther,She knows that I don't like her.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-143,7,Na se so.,Na\tse\tso.,NEG\tsay\tso,Do not say that.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-144,7,Yo na se so.,Yo\tna\tse\tso.,2\tNEG\tsay\tso,You did not say that.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-145,7,Se so.,Se\tso.,say\tso,Say that.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-85,8,Muuv yu han!,Muuv\tyu\than!,move\t2SG\thand,Move your hand!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-86,8,No kaal mi niem ina no miksop.,No\tkaal\tmi\tniem\tina\tno\tmiksop.,NEG\tcall\t1SG\tname\tin\tNEG\tmix.up,Don't mention my name in any scandals.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-87,8,No tel mi fi tap i naiz!,No\ttel\tmi\tfi\ttap\ti\tnaiz!,NEG\ttell\t1SG\tINF\tstop\tDET\tnoise,Don't tell me to hush up!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-111,9,Gu!,Gu!,Go,Go!,,,,constructed by linguist -9-112,9,Yu no paas dat ting ataal.,Yu\tno\tpaas\tdat\tting\tataal.,2SG\tNEG\tpass\tthat\tthing\tat.all,Don't overlook it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-113,9,No gu luk.,No\tgu\tluk.,NEG\tgo\tlook,Don't even look!,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-114,9,Dey no kil op di fiʃ de.,Dey\tno\tkil\top\tdi\tfiʃ\tde.,they\tNEG\tkill\tup\tthe\tfish\tthere,They didn't kill the fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-128,10,No plie so rof!,No\tplie\tso\trof!,NEG\tplay\tso\trough,Don’t play so rough! (to one addressee),,,,naturalistic spoken -10-129,10,Kom ya!,Kom\tya!,come\there,Come here!,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-130,10,Nonbady no waahn daans wid Taiga.,Non-bady\tno\twaahn\tdaans\twid\tTaiga.,no-body\tNEG\twant\tdance\tCOM\tTiger,Nobody wanted to dance with Tiger.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-175,11,"Jak, stie biluo!","Jak,\tstie\tbiluo!",Jack\tstay\tbelow,"Jack, stay down there!",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-176,11,Jak no hier im.,Jak\tno\thier\tim.,Jack\tNEG\thear\t3SG.M,Jack didn't hear him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-177,11,No kom hiar!,No\tkom\thiar!,NEG\tcome\there,Don't come here!,,,,constructed by linguist -12-134,12,"I start eating, so - I tell her, Don't eat none, you know. Yeah. She was pregnant.","[...]\tI\ttell\ther,\tDon't\teat\tnone\t[...].",[...]\t1SG.SBJ\ttell\t3SG.OBJ\tNEG\teat[IMP]\tnone\t[...],"[I started to eat (the fish), so] I told her, Don’t eat any of it [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-135,12,"Gulfrey, come open the window!","Gulfrey,\tcome\topen\tthe\twindow!",Gulfrey\tcome[IMP]\topen[IMP]\tART\twindow,"Gulfrey, [come here and] open the window!",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-136,12,"I say, This may be poison, I don't know.",[...]\tI\tdon't\tknow.,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tknow,"[...] [This may be poisoned,] I don't know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-104,13,I don tink.,I\tdon\ttink.,I\tNEG\tthink,I don’t think.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-105,13,Don run!,Don\trun!,NEG\trun,Don’t run!,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-106,13,Keep still!,Keep\tstill!,keep\tstill,Be quiet!,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -14-70,14,Run!,Run!,run.IMP,Run!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-71,14,Don't run!,Don't\trun!,PROH\trun,Don't run!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-79,15,tɔk!,tɔk!,talk,Speak!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-80,15,yu nɔ tɔk!,yu\tnɔ\ttɔk!,2SG\tNEG\ttalk,You should not speak! OR: You should not say anything!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-81,15,nɔ tɔk!,nɔ\ttɔk!,NEG\ttalk,Don't speak!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-73,16,jù no dè giv àm ʧɔp mɔni,jù\tno\tdè\tgiv\tàm\tʧɔp\tmɔni,2SG\tNEG\tHAB\tgive\t3SG.OBJ\tfood\tmoney,You do not pay him food allowance.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-74,16,(mek jù) hiɛ!,(mek\tjù)\thiɛ!,(CAUS/IMP\t2SG)\thear,Listen!,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-75,16,mek jù no wɔri!,mek\tjù\tno\twɔri!,CAUS/IMP\t2SG\tNEG\tworry,Don't worry!,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-82,17,No go tawn.,No\tgo\ttawn.,NEG.IMP\tgo\ttown,Don’t go to town. OR: You shouldn’t/mustn’t go to town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-83,17,Mek yù go tawn.,Mek\tyù\tgo\ttawn.,SBJV\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\ttown,Go to town. OR: You should/must go to town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-84,17,Mek yù no go tawn.,Mek\tyù\tno\tgo\ttawn.,SBJV\t2SG.SBJ\tNEG\tgo\ttown,Don’t go to town. OR: You shouldn’t/mustn’t go to town.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-85,17,Go tawn.,Go\ttawn.,go.IMP\ttown,Go to town!,,,,constructed by linguist -17-86,17,Ìm no dè go tawn.,Ìm\tno\tdè\tgo\ttawn.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tNCOMPL\tgo\ttown,S/he is not going to town.,,,,unknown -18-77,18,Sidoŋ!,Sidong!,sit.down,Sit down!,,,,unspecified -18-78,18,No sidoŋ!,No\tsidon!,NEG\tsit.down,Don't sit down!,,,,unspecified -18-79,18,Yu no sidon.,Yu\tno\tsidon.,2SG.SBJ\tNEG\tsit.down,You didn't sit down.,,,,constructed by linguist -19-102,19,Laf!,Laf!,laugh,Laugh!,,,,constructed by linguist -19-103,19,No laf!,No\tlaf!,NEG\tlaugh,Don't laugh!,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-104,19,Mek yù no laf!,Mek\tyù\tno\tlaf!,SBJV\t2SG\tNEG\tlaugh,Don't laugh!,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-105,19,À no laf.,À\tno\tlaf.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tlaugh,I didn't laugh.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-66,20,No makee spillee.,No\tmakee\tspillee.,NEG\tmake\tspill,Don't spill it.,,,,naturalistic written -20-67,20,No talkee nonsense.,No\ttalkee\tnonsense.,NEG\ttalk\tnonsense,Don't speak such nonsense.,,,,naturalistic written -21-75,21,Eat!,Eat!,eat,Eat!,,,,constructed by linguist -21-76,21,You don't eat crab.,You\tdon't\teat\tcrab.,2SG\tdo.NEG\teat\tcrab,You don't eat crab.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-77,21,Don't eat crab!,Don't\teat\tcrab!,do.NEG\teat\tcrab,Don't eat crab!,,,,constructed by linguist -22-97,22,Yu no wokabaut.,Yu\tno\twokabaut.,2SG\tNEG\twalk,Don't walk.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-98,22,Maski paitim bal long han [...].,Maski\tpait-im\tbal\tlong\than\t[...].,PROH\thit-TR\tball\twith\thand\t[...],Don't hit the ball with your hand [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-99,22,Maski givim long Margaret.,Maski\tgivim\tlong\tMargaret.,NEG.IMP\tgive\tPREP\tMargaret,Don't give it to Margaret.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-100,22,Em i no wokabaut.,Em\ti\tno\twokabaut.,3SG\tPM\tNEG\twalk,He is not walking.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-101,22,Maski kam insait.,Maski\tkam\tinsait.,NEG.IMP\tcome\tinside,Do not enter.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-102,22,"Yu no ken mauswara, poro.","Yu\tno\tken\tmauswara,\tporo.",2SG\tNEG\tPERM\ttalk.nonsense\tmate,"Don't talk nonsense, mate.",,,,naturalistic spoken -22-103,22,Yu kam long fran na mipela go lo baksait.,Yu\tkam\tlong\tfran\tna\tmipela\tgo\tlo\tbaksait.,2SG\tcome\tPREP\tfront\tand\t1PL.EXCL\tgo\tPREP\tback,Come to the front and we'll go to the back.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-94,23,mi mi no luk long hem,mi\tmi\tno\tluk\tlong\them,1SG\t1SG\tNEG\tlook\tLOC\t3SG,I didn't look at her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-95,23,givim nandao blong mifala i kakae,givim\tnandao\tblong\tmifala\ti\tkakae,give\tnandao\tPURP\t1PL.EXCL\tAGR\teat,Give us some nandao to eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-96,23,"e, yu yu go swim","e,\tyu\tyu\tgo\tswim",hey\t2SG\t2SG\tgo\tbathe,"Hey, go wash yourself!",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-97,23,yu no mekem rabis fasin,yu\tno\tmekem\trabis\tfasin,2SG\tNEG\tmake\trubbish\tfashion,Don't have me on. OR: Don't behave badly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-106,24,Dana miek miek!,Dana\tmiek\tmiek!,AUX.NEG\tmake\tmake,Stop fiddling!,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-107,24,Dunt yorlye fait!,Dunt\tyorlye\tfait!,STRONG.NEG.AUX\t2PL\tfight,Don't you (plural) fight!,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-108,24,Du tuhi!,Du\ttuhi!,AUX.NEG\tswear,Don't use bad language!,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-116,24,Giw wan lohle gen aa letl salan!,Giw\twan\tlohle\tgen\taa\tletl\tsalan!,give\tDET.INDF\tlolly\tPREP\tDET.DEF.SG\tlittle\tpeople,Give that child one lolly!,,,,constructed by linguist -24-170,24,Wi noe yuus eni e em fancy rods yuu sii dem yuusin orn de mainlan.,Wi\tnoe\tyuus\teni\te\tem\tfancy\trods\tyuu\tsii\tdem\tyuusin\torn\tde\tmainlan.,we\tNEG\tuse\tany\tof\tDET.DEF.PL\tfancy\trod\t[you\tsee\tthey\tuse.CONT\ton\tthe\tmainland],We do not use any of the fancy rods that one can see used in Australia.,,,,unknown -25-243,25,"""Holum taid!"" im reken jad lilboi la im drim","""Hol-um\ttaid!""\tim\treken\tjad\tlilboi\tla\tim\tdrim",hold-TR\ttight\t3SG\tthink/say\tDEM\tlittle.boy\tLOC\t3SG\tdream,"""Hold it tight"" he said/thought, the little boy in his dream",,,,naturalistic written -25-244,25,"Nomo yu kolimbat tru, olmen!","Nomo\tyu\tkol-im-bat\ttru,\tolmen!",NEG\t2SG\tcall-TR-PROG\ttrue\tolder.man,"Don't you claim this is true, old man!",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-245,25,"Libim! [...] nomo yu jeisim, yu libim, wot fo yu jeisim.","Lib-im!\t[...]\tnomo\tyu\tjeis-im,\tyu\tlib-im,\twot\tfo\tyu\tjeis-im.",leave-TR\t[...]\tNEG\t2SG\tchase-TR\t2SG\tleave-TR\twhat\tfor\t2SG\tchase-TR,"Leave it alone! Don't chase it! Leave it, why do you chase it?",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-246,25,Nomo beltimbat! Yu jas tekim thatsol!,Nomo\tbelt-im-bat!\tYu\tjas\ttek-im\tthatsol!,NEG\tbelt-TR-PROG\t2SG\tjust\ttake-TR\tthat's.all,Don't hit him! Just take him (away)!,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-247,25,Don idim na!,Don\tid-im\tna!,NEG.IMP\teat-TR\tnow,Don't eat it!,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-248,25,Don go gota but!,Don\tgo\tgota\tbut!,NEG.IMP\tgo\tCOM\tboot,Don't go with boots (on)!,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-249,25,"Ei, olmen, yu weit na! Yu gada gibit la melabat du sambala shuga. Melabat wandi shuga du.","Ei,\tolmen,\tyu\tweit\tna!\tYu\tgada\tgib-it\tla\tmelabat\tdu\tsam-bala\tshuga.\tMelabat\twandi\tshuga\tdu.",ey\told.man\t2SG\twait\tnow\t2SG\tFUT/OBLIG\tgive-TR\tLOC\t1PL.EXCL\ttoo\tsome-ADJ2\tsugar\t1PL.EXCL\twant\tsugar\ttoo,"Hey, old man, wait now! You've got to give us some sugar too. We want sugar too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-68,26,gɹams azɹ ɔm tɛl um a no stɛ,gɹams\tazɹ\tɔm\ttɛl\tum\ta\tno\tstɛ,grandmother\tanswer\t3SG\ttell\t3PL\t1SG\tNEG\tLOC,"Grandma, answer it, tell them I'm not here!",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-69,26,no ansɹ ɔm,no\tansɹ\tɔm,NEG\tanswer\t3SG,Don't answer it!,,,,constructed by linguist -27-67,27,Nē də sabəl.,Nē\tdə\tsabəl.,take\tART.DEF\tsword,Take the sword!,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-68,27,Mi nə ha kin.,Mi\tnə\tha\tkin.,1SG\tNEG\thave\tchild,I don't have a child.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-69,27,Nə mata am.,Nə\tmata\tam.,NEG\tkill\t3SG,Don't kill him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-102,28,bu sofɛlɛ ka,bu\tso-fɛlɛ\tka,drink\tso-much\tNEG,Don't drink so much!,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-103,28,lu jujɛ nau,luru\tju-jɛ\tnau,look\t2SG-NMLZ\tnow,Now look at yours!,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-104,29,"Praat Xhosa, asseblief!","Praat\tXhosa,\tasseblief!",speak\tXhosa\tplease,Speak Xhosa please!,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-105,29,Moenie Duits praat nie!,Moenie\tDuits\tpraat\tnie!,PROH\tGerman\tspeak\tNEG,Don't speak German!,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-106,29,Ek praat nie Engels nie.,Ek\tpraat\tnie\tEngels\tnie.,1SG\tspeak\tNEG\tEnglish\tNEG,I don't speak English.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-120,30,"Si nhu ka kre nxina-m ramédi, ka nhu nxina [...].","Si=nhu=ka=kre\tnxina=m\tramédi,\tka\tnhu=nxina\t[...].",if=2SG.M.POL=NEG=want\tshow=1SG\tremedy\tNEG\t2SG.M.POL=show\t[...],"If you don’t want to show me a remedy, well, simply don’t show me [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-121,30,Bu ben. / Bu ka ben.,Bu=ben. / Bu=ka=ben.,2SG=come   2SG=NEG=come,You came. / You didn't come.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-122,30,"Ka bu bati kel kamisa la djuntu ku otu ropa, pamô e ta lárga.","Ka=bu=bati\tkel=kamisa\tla\tdjuntu\tku=otu\tropa,\tpamô\te=ta=lárga.",NEG=2SG=wash\tDEM.SG=shirt\tthere\ttogether\twith=other\tcloth\tbecause\t3SG=IPFV=run.out,Don't wash that shirt together with the other clothes because the dye comes off.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-123,30,Ben!/ Ka bu ben!,Ben!/\tKa\tbu=ben!,come\tNEG\tyou=come,Come!/ Don't come!,,,,constructed by linguist -31-107,31,Mi'N ka kria ku nha mai.,Mi'N\tka\tkria\tku\tnha\tmai.,I\tNEG\traise\twith\tmy\tmother,I didn't grow up with my mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-108,31,Kria karneru pa bira riku.,Kria\tkarneru\tpa\tbira\triku.,raise\tgoat\tto\tbecome\trich,Raise goats to become rich.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-109,31,Ka bu kria karneru.,Ka\tbu\tkria\tkarneru.,NEG\tyou\traise\tgoat,Don't raise goats.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-84,32,Mordê-l!,Mordê-l!,bite-3SG,Bite him!,,,,constructed by linguist -32-85,32,N ka mordê-l.,N\tka\tmordê-l.,1SG\tNEG\tbite-3SG,I didn't bite him.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-86,32,Ka bo mordê-l!,Ka\tbo\tmordê-l!,NEG\t2SG\tbite-3SG,Don't bite him!,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-114,33,Ka bu kume.,Ka\tbu\tkume.,NEG\t2SG\teat,Do not eat!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-115,33,Kume!,Kume!,IMP,eat,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-116,33,N ka kume.,N\tka\tkume.,1SG\tNEG\teat,I did not eat.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-83,34,Kantá!,ø\tkantá!,2SG.SBJ\tsing.IMP,Sing!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-85,34,Ka bu kantá!,Ka\tbu\tkantá!,NEG\t2SG.SBJ\tsing,Do not sing!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-125,35,Na kêsê non fa ê!,Na\tkêsê\tnon\tfa\tê!,NEG\tforget\t1PL\tNEG\tPCL,Don’t forget us!,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-126,35,Kêsê non!,Kêsê\tnon!,forget\t1PL,Forget us!,,,,constructed by linguist -35-127,35,Ê na kêsê non fa.,Ê\tna\tkêsê\tnon\tfa.,3SG\tNEG\tforget\t1PL\tNEG,He didn't forget us.,,,,constructed by linguist -36-72,36,Thêndê kwa bisi e pê tholo!,Thêndê\tkwa\tbisi\te\tpê\ttholo!,spread.out\tthing\tdress\tthis\tput\tsun,Spread out these clothes in the sun!,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-73,36,Bô na thêndê kwa bisi e pê tholo wa.,Bô\tna\tthêndê\tkwa\tbisi\te\tpê\ttholo\twa.,you\tNEG\tspread.out\tthing\tdress\tthis\tput\tsun\tNEG,You didn't spread out these clothes in the sun.,,,,constructed by linguist -36-74,36,Na thêndê kwa bisi e pê tholo wa!,Na\tthêndê\tkwa\tbisi\te\tpê\ttholo\twa!,NEG\tspread.out\tthing\tdress\tDEM\tput\tsun\tNEG,Don't spread out these clothes in the sun!,,,,constructed by linguist -37-92,37,Subi pwema sê f'ô!,Subi\tpwema\tsê\tfa\tô!,climb\tpalm.tree\tDEM\tNEG\tVAL,Don't climb on this palm tree!,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-93,37,Txi subi pwema sê f'ô.,Txi\tsubi\tpwema\tsê\tfa\tô.,2SG\tgo.up\tpalm.tree\tDEM\tNEG\tVAL,You didn't climb on this palm tree.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-94,37,Subi pwema sê!,Subi\tpwema\tsê!,go.up\tpalm.tree\tDEM,Climb on this palm tree!,,,,constructed by linguist -38-102,38,Na lif!,Na\tli-f.,NEG\tlaugh-NEG,Don’t laugh!,,,,elicited from speaker -38-103,38,li!,li!,laugh,laugh!,,,,elicited from speaker -38-104,38,Bo na lif.,Bo\tna\tli-f.,2SG\tNEG\tlaugh-NEG,You don't laugh.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-108,39,ãt də mata buf nã vẽd pɛl.,ãt\tdə\tmat-a\tbuf\tnã\tvẽd\tpɛl.,before\tof\tkill-INF\tbuffalo\tNEG\tsell.NPST\tskin,Do not sell the skin before killing the buffalo.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-109,39,Use vẽd kar may nã vẽd pɛl.,Use\tvẽd\tkar\tmay\tnã\tvẽd\tpɛl.,2\tsell.NPST\tmeat\tbut\tNEG\tsell.NPST\tskin,You sell the meat but you don't sell the skin.,,,,constructed by linguist -39-110,39,Vẽd pɛl!,Vẽd\tpɛl!,sell.NPST\tskin,Sell the skin!,,,,constructed by linguist -40-73,40,Use kata!,Use\tkata!,2SG.FORMAL\tsing,Sing!,,,,constructed by linguist -40-74,40,Use nu tɛ kata.,Use\tnu\ttɛ\tkata.,you.SG.FORMAL\tNEG\tPRS\tsing,You don't sing.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-75,40,Use nu kata!,Use\tnu\tkata!,2SG.FORMAL\tNEG\tsing,Don't sing!,,,,constructed by linguist -41-94,41,eev mee jafalaa nikara tandaa falaa,eev\tmee\tjaa-falaa\t[nikara\tta-andaa\tfalaa],1SG\tFOC\tPST-say\t[NEG.IMP\tPRS-go\tQUOT],"I myself said, “Don’t go.”",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-95,41,aka viida aka numis laraa avarapa,aka\tviida\taka\tnumis\tlaraa\tavara-pa,that\tbecause\tthat\tNEG.OBLIG\tleave\tnow-DAT,"Therefore, don't leave it for the time being.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-95,42,(bos) nang bebé sura!,(bos)\tnang\tbebé\tsura!,(2SG)\tNEG.IMP\tdrink\ttoddy,Don’t drink toddy!,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-96,42,eli ngka bai mar ozi atardi,eli\tngka\tbai\tmar\tozi\tatardi,3SG\tNEG\tgo\tsea\ttoday\tafternoon,He didn't go fishing this afternoon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-97,42,(bos) bai kaza!,(bos)\tbai\tkaza!,(2SG)\tgo\thome,Go home!,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-65,43,"Djenti djenti, pasa pio.","Djenti\tdjenti,\tpasa\tpio.",person\tperson\tpass\tfoot,"People, go by foot.",,,,naturalistic written -43-66,43,[...] nos numpodi bakia sigredu.,[...]\tnos\tnumpodi\tbakia\tsigredu.,[...]\t1PL\tNEG.can\tkeep\tsecret,[...] we cannot hide secrets.,,,,naturalistic written -43-67,43,Numiste ri [...].,Numiste\tri\t[...].,PROH\tlaugh\t[...],Don't laugh [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-106,44,No hablá bos!,No\thablá\tbos!,NEG\tspeak\t2SG,Do not speak!,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-107,44,Platiká ʧabakáno!,Platiká\tʧabakáno!,speak\tchabacano,Speak chabacano!,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-108,44,Mi mánga ího no ta entendé tʃabakáno.,Mi\tmánga\tího\tno\tta\tentendé\ttʃabakáno.,1SG.POSS\tPL\tchild\tNEG\tIPFV\tunderstand\tChabacano,My children do not understand Chabacano.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-89,45,Para ya tu!,Para\tya\ttu!,stop\talready\t2SG,Stop!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-90,45,No tu cumi el mamon.,No\ttu\tcumi\tel\tmamon.,NEG\t2SG\teat\tDEF\tcake,Do not eat the cake!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-110,46,Hendéq 'le amerikáno.,Hendéq\t'le\tamerikáno.,NEG\ts/he\tamerican,S/he is not an American.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-111,46,Nuáy ya-kumprá peskáw.,Nuáy\tya-kumprá\tpeskáw.,NEG.exist\tPRF-buy\tfish,(Somebody) didn't buy fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-112,46,Komé!,Komé!,to.eat,Eat!,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-113,46,Nomá(s) kantá!,Nomá(s)\tkantá!,don't\tsing,Don't sing!,,,,unspecified -46-114,46,No bos andá!,No\tbos\tandá!,NEG\tyou\tgo,Don't go!,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-115,47,No papia.,No\tpapia.,NEG\tspeak,Do not speak.,,,,published source -47-116,47,Sea asina bon di no hasi esei.,Sea\tasina\tbon\tdi\tno\thasi\tesei.,be\tas\tgood\tof\tNEG\tdo\tthat,(Please) be good enough not to do that.,,,,published source -47-117,47,Bo no ta papia.,Bo\tno\tta\tpapia.,2SG\tNEG\tTNS\tspeak,You don't speak.,,,,constructed by linguist -47-118,47,Papia!,Papia!,speak,Speak!,,,,constructed by linguist -48-107,48,¡Nu dejá mi te nu!,¡Nu\tdejá\tmi\tte\tnu!,NEG\tleave\tme\tyou.SG\tNEG,Don't leave me (here)!,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-108,48,¡Nu toká eso nu!,¡Nu\ttoká\teso\tnu!,NEG\ttouch\tthis\tNEG,Don't touch this!,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-109,48,¡Nu dejhá mi te nu!,¡Nu\tdejhá\tmi\tte\tnu!,NEG\tleave\tme\tyou\tNEG,Don't leave me!,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-110,48,Ayá Katahena ma palenkero asé ablá lengua nu.,Ayá\tKatahena\tma\tpalenkero\tasé\tablá\tlengua\tnu.,there\tCartagena\tPL\tPalenquero\tHAB\tspeak\tPalenquero\tNEG,"In Cartagena, the Palenqueros tend not to speak Palenquero.",,,,naturalistic spoken -48-207,48,¡Miní aká!,¡Miní\taká!,come\there,Come here!,,,,constructed by linguist -49-153,49,Pinga ou joure granmoun!,Pinga\tou\tjoure\tgranmoun!,PROH\t2SG\tinsult\tadult,Don't insult adults!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-154,49,Pa janm fè sa ankò!,Pa\tjanm\tfè\tsa\tankò!,NEG\tnever\tdo\tthat\tagain,Don't ever do that again!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-155,49,Joure moun nan!,Joure\tmoun\tnan!,insult\tperson\tDEF,Insult this person!,,,,constructed by linguist -49-156,49,Pa fè sa ankò!,Pa\tfè\tsa\tankò!,PROH\tdo\tthat\tagain,Don't do this again!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-157,49,É! Pa manyen sa!,É!\tPa\tmanyen\tsa!,eh\tPROH\ttouch\tthat,Hey! Don't touch this!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-158,49,Pinga manyen sa!,Pinga\tmanyen\tsa!,PROH\ttouch\tDEM,Don't touch that!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-159,49,Pinga ou janm fè sa ankò!,Pinga\tou\tjanm\tfè\tsa\tankò!,PROH\t2SG\tnever\tdo\tDEM\tagain,Don't ever do that again!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-160,49,Pinga fè tel bagay!,Pinga\tfè\ttel\tbagay!,PROH\tdo\tsuch\tthing,Be careful not to do such things!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-161,49,Pa joure granmoun!,Pa\tjoure\tgranmoun!,NEG\tinsult\tadult,Don't insult adults!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-162,49,Piga ou joure granmoun.,Piga\tou\tjoure\tgranmoun.,PROH\t2SG\tinsult\told.people,Don't insult older people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-163,49,Li pa joure gramoun yo.,Li\tpa\tjoure\tgramoun\tyo.,3SG\tNEG\tinsult\tadult\tDEF.PL,He didn't insult the adults.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-164,49,Pinga anyen touche yo!,Pinga\tanyen\ttouche\tyo!,PROH\tnothing\ttouch\t3PL,Watch out that nothing touches them!,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-100,50,Chanté!,Chanté!,sing,Sing!,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-101,50,Pa chanté!,Pa\tchanté!,NEG\tsing,Don't sing!,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-102,50,Ou pa ka chanté!,Ou\tpa\tka\tchanté!,2SG\tNEG\tPROG\tsing,You don't sing!,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-92,51,Chanté!,Chanté!,sing,Sing!,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-93,51,Pa chanté!,Pa\tchanté!,NEG\tsing,Don't sing!,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-94,51,Ou pa ka chanté!,Ou\tpa\tka\tchanté!,2SG\tNEG\tPROG\tsing,You don't sing!,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-61,52,"gadé, arété, stop","gadé,\tarété,\tstop",look\tend\tstop,"look, end it, stop it",,,,naturalistic spoken -52-62,52,pa gadé déyè,pa\tgadé\tdéyè,NEG\tlook\tback,Do not look back!,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-63,52,to pa divèt di l sa,to\tpa\tdivèt\tdi\tl\tsa,you\tNEG\tshould\tsay\ther\tthat,You should not tell her that!,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-216,53,Koup pa li!,Koup\tpa\tli!,cut\tNEG\t3SG,Don't cut it!,,,,elicited from speaker -53-217,53,Pa jité mouen dan zéronce.,Pa\tjité\tmouen\tdan\tzéronce.,NEG\tthrow\t2SG.OBJ\tin\tblackberry.bush,Don't throw me into the blackberry bush.,,,,naturalistic written -53-218,53,"Aret twa parle kreol, parl meriken!","Aret\ttwa\tparle\tkreol,\tparl\tmeriken!",stop\t2SG.REFL\tspeak\tCreole\tspeak\tEnglish,"Stop speaking Creole, speak English!",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-219,53,Mo manj pa diri.,Mo\tmanj\tpa\tdiri.,1SG\teat\tNEG\trice,I don't eat rice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-220,53,Oté feille la yé.,Oté\tfeille-la-yé.,remove\tleaf-DEF.ART-PL,Remove the leaves.,,,,naturalistic written -53-221,53,Ti négresse là pa grouyé.,Ti\tnégresse-là\tpa\tgrouyé.,little\tnegro.girl-ART.DEF\tNEG\tmove,The little negro girl didn't move.,,,,naturalistic written -53-222,53,Pa touche mwen!,Pa\ttouche\tmwen!,NEG\ttouch\t1SG,Don't touch me!,,,,elicited from speaker -53-223,53,Pa brule vou zonyon astè!,Pa\tbrule\tvou\tzonyon\tastè!,NEG\tburn\t2SG.POSS\tonion\tnow,"Don't burn your onions, now!",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-224,53,"Tanpri, pa jure mon.","Tanpri,\tpa\tjure\tmon.",please\tNEG\tcurse\t1SG,"Please, don't curse me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-225,53,Pa et ta astè!,Pa\tet\tta\tastè!,NEG\tCOP\tlate\tnow,"Don't be late, now!",,,,elicited from speaker -53-226,53,Pa di aryen.,Pa\tdi\taryen.,NEG\tsay\tanything,Don't say anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-227,53,Vyen pa dekouraje boug-sa-ye.,Vyen\tpa\tdekouraje\tboug\tsaye.,come\tNEG\tdiscourage\tguy\tDET.DEM.PL,Don't come and discourage these guys.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-228,53,Kòl pa apre mon!,Kòl\tpa\tapre\tmon!,cling\tNEG\tafter\t1SG,Don't cling to me!,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-229,53,Si to gen ènmi dan la Vil Orleyon va pa la!,Si\tto\tgen\tènmi\tdan\tla\tVil\tOrleyon\tva\tpa\tla!,if\t2SG\thave\tenemy\tin\tART.DEF.SG\tcity\tOrleans\tgo\tNEG\tthere,"If you have enemies in New Orleans, don't go there!",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-230,53,Pranga pa fe sa!,Pranga\tpa\tfe\tsa!,watch.out\tNEG\tdo\tthat,Don't do that!,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-231,53,Rès la!,Rès\tla!,stay.IMP\there,Stay here!,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-232,53,Mo m pe pa kouri ave ye.,Mo\tm\tpe\tpa\tkouri\tave\tye.,1SG\t1SG\tcan\tNEG\tgo\twith\t3PL,I can't associate with them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-121,54,Vi vir pa la tet deyer.,Vi\tvir\tpa\tla\ttet\tdeyer.,2SG.FIN\tturn\tNEG\tDEF\thead\tback.,You don’t turn your head.,,,,constructed by linguist -54-122,54,Vir la tet deyer!,Vir\tla\ttet\tdeyer!,2SG.IMP.turn\tDEF\thead\tback,Turn your head!,,,,constructed by linguist -54-123,54,Vir pa la tet déyer!,Vir\tpa\tla\ttet\tdeyer!,2SG.IMP\tNEG\tDEF\thead\tback,Don't turn your head back!,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-91,55,to pa koze,to\tpa\tkoze,you\tNEG\tkoze,You don't speak. OR: You don't say anything.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-92,55,Koze!,Koze!,speak,Speak! OR: Talk!,,,,constructed by linguist -55-93,55,Pa koze!,Pa\tkoze!,NEG\tspeak,Don't speak! OR: Don't say anything!,,,,constructed by linguist -56-113,56,Pa sante!,Pa\tsante!,NEG\tsing,Don't sing!,,,,constructed by linguist -56-114,56,Sante!,Sante!,sing,Sing!,,,,constructed by linguist -56-115,56,Ou pa pe sante.,Ou\tpa\tpe\tsante.,2SG\tNEG\tPROG\tsing,You are not singing.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-46,57,"no, napa kuvri kom sa meso-la","no,\tnapa\tkuvri\tkom\tsa\tmeso-la",no\tNEG\tcover\tlike\tthat\thouse-DEM/DEF,"No, [we] don't cover the houses like this. OR: It is not like this that we cover the houses.",,,,naturalistic spoken -57-53,57,"pa tuʃe, twa!","pa\ttuʃe,\ttwa!",NEG\ttouch\t2SG,Don't touch!,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-54,57,"Fo pa ke ta per paske per-la, le ʃa:ti.","Fo\tpa\tke\tta\tper\tpaske\tper-la,\tle\tʃa:ti.",OBLIG\tNEG\tthat\tyou\tfear\tbecause\tfather-DEM\tSI\tnice,You do not need to be afraid because this Father is nice.,,,,naturalistic written -57-55,57,ta pa ʃate,ta\tpa\tʃate,2SG\tNEG\tsing,You don't sing.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-56,57,ʃate!,ʃate!,sing,Sing!,,,,constructed by linguist -58-73,58,Kwenda ve!,Kwenda\tve!,go\tNEG,Don't go!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-74,58,Yandi kwenda ve.,Yandi\tkwenda\tve.,3SG\tgo\tNEG,May he/she not go. or: He/She should not/must not go.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-75,58,Yandi ke kwenda ve.,Yandi\tke\tkwenda\tve.,3SG\tPROG\tgo\tNEG,He/She is not going.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-76,58,Kwenda!,Kwenda!,go,Go!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-174,59,"meem lo mu na ala nyama, ala zaa ti te ye ni ape","meem\tlo\tmu\tna\tala\tnyama,\tala\tzia\tti\tte\tye\tni\tape",even.if\t3SG\tgive\tPREP\t2PL\tmeat\t2PL\tleave\tof\teat\tthing\tDET\tNEG,"Even if he gives you (singular) meat, don't eat it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-175,59,"to lo mu a mo nyama, mo te ape","tongana\tlo\tmu\tna\tmo\tnyama,\tmo\tte\tape",if\t3SG\tgive\tPREP\t2SG\tmeat\t2SG\teat\tNEG,"If he gives you meat, don't eat it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-176,59,mo te kasa ni mingi ape,mo\tte\tkasa\tni\tmingi\tape,2SG\teat\tstew\tDET\tmuch\tNEG,Don't eat much of the stew.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-177,59,ma za ti te kasa na ape,mo\tzia\tti\tte\tkasa\tni\tape,2SG\tleave\tto\teat\tstew\tDEF\tNEG,Don't eat the stew.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-178,59,lango agbu le ti kogara na ape,lango\ta-gbu\tle\tti\tkogara\tni\tape,sleep\tPM-seize\teye\tof\tin-law\tDEF\tNEG,The mother-in-law didn't become sleepy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-76,60,sálá!,sál-á!,work-IMP,Work!,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-77,60,osálákí té,o-sál-ákí\tté,2SG-work-PST\tNEG,You didn't work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-78,60,kosála té!,ko-sál-a\tté!,INF-work-FV\tNEG,Don't work!,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-55,61,Ai hamba.,Ai\thamb-a.,NEG\tgo-IMP,Don't go.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-56,61,Hamba!,Hamba!,go.IMP,Go! OR: Be gone!,,,,constructed by linguist -61-57,61,Yena ai hamba.,Yena\tai\thamba.,he\tNEG\tgo,He does not go.,,,,constructed by linguist -62-45,62,tetúílíye ité héló vahé védíye iʔí.,te-tú-ila-íye\tité\thé-lo\tvahe\tvé-di-ye\tiʔí,NEG-1PL-know-PRF\tin.order.to\t16-have\tpeople\t2-stay-OPT\there,We didn't know that there were people staying here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-46,62,líta í?i,lita\ti?í,come\there,Come here!,,,,elicited from speaker -62-47,62,usihláti luhíge,u-si-hlati\tluhige,2SG-NEG-close\tdoor,Don't close the door.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-110,63,íta ma gi-rúa,íta\tma\tgi-rúa,2SG\tNEG\tTAM-go,You don't go.,,,,constructed by linguist -63-111,63,rúa,rúa,go,Go!,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-112,63,ma ta rúa,ma\tta\trúa,NEG\t2SG\tgo,Don't go!,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-117,64,máta bíga zalán,máta\tbíga\tzalán,PROH.SG\tbecome\tangry,Don’t be angry!,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-118,64,rúwa,rúwa,go,Go!,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-82,65,Liʃika nə bulosi.,Liʃika\tnə\tbulosi.,surplus\tNEG\task,Do not ask for a surplus.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-83,65,"Balysənia, ni lugaj.","Balysənia,\tni\tlugaj.",miss\tNEG\tscold,"Do not scold me, Miss.",,,,elicited from speaker -65-84,65,"Nada tixa sidi, ʧiwo-ʧiwo lamaj ninada.","Nada\ttixa\tsidi,\tʧiwo-ʧiwo\tlamaj\tninada.",Must\tquiet\tsit\tsome-some\tbreak\tNEG.must,"Sit still, do not [make any noise by] cracking something.",,,,citation in fiction -65-85,65,Tibe sam pasəmatri!,Tibe\tsam\tpasəmatri!,2SG\tself\tlook,Look yourself!,,,,citation in fiction -65-86,65,Xadi synka moj pasəmatri!,Xadi\tsynka\tmoj\tpasəmatri!,go\tson\t1SG\tlook,Come to see my son.,,,,citation in fiction -65-87,65,"Maja lanse xaraʃo səətərəliaj, nikada pulia mima xadi netu.","Maja\tlanse\txaraʃo\tsəətərəliaj,\tnikada\tpulia\tmima\txadi\tnetu.",1SG\tbefore\twell\tshoot\tnever\tbullet\tby\tgo\tNEG,"I used to shoot well, my bullet never missed the aim.",,,,citation in fiction -66-62,66,Sigretpəðə təRəminung.,Sigret-pəðə\ttuma-minung.,cigarette-PL\tNEG.FIN-drink,You don't (won't) smoke cigarettes.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-63,66,Ts! Si! Ittu jo kinja tussa!,Ts!\tSi!\tIttu\tjo\tkinja\ttussa!,AFF\tPROH.INTERJ\tDET\tFOC\tdo\tPROH,Don't! Don't do that!,,,,constructed by linguist -67-121,67,Jangan lupa jumpa saya.,Jangan\tlupa\tjumpa\tsaya.,PROH\tforget\tmeet\t1SG,Don’t forget to visit me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-122,67,Jangan la marah sama saya.,Jangan\tla\tmarah\tsama\tsaya.,PROH\tEMPH\tangry\twith\t1SG,Please don’t be angry with me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-123,67,Ah jangan balek.,Ah\tjangan\tbalek.,PCL\tPROH\treturn,Don’t go back.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-124,67,Kita balik.,Kita\tbalik.,1PL\tgo.back,We go back. OR: We went back.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-66,68,De seng karja batul.,De\tseng\tkarja\tbatul.,3SG\tNEG\twork\tright,S/he didn't/does not work well.,,,,constructed by linguist -68-67,68,Mas tidor. Capat!,Mas\ttidor.\tCapat!,enter\tsleep\tfast,Go inside to sleep. Quickly!,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-68,68,Jang pi di tana Cina.,Jang\tpi\tdi\ttana\tCina.,PROH\tgo\tLOC\tland\tChina,Don't go to China.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-42,69,asa-nawari pasək,asa-nawari\tpasək,give-???\tNEG.IMP,don’t give/send it,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-50,69,ama namban tupwi asanak,ama\tnamban\ttupwi\tasa-nak,1SG\tDAT\tsago\tgive-IMP,Give me betelnut!,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-42,70,Ham-log nai kao pio tin roj kalas.,Ham-log\tnai\tkao\tpio\ttin\troj\tkalas.,1-PL\tNEG\teat\tdrink\tthree\tday\tfinish,We didn't eat or drink for three days.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-43,70,Tum kali kojo ek larika.,Tum\tkali\tkojo\tek\tlarika.,2SG\tonly\tlook.for\tone\tboy,Just look for a boy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-44,70,Tum fin nai ao.,Tum\tfin\tnai\tao.,2SG\tagain\tNEG\tcome,Don't come again.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-91,71,"Aole oe hopu, makou piliwaiwai.","Aole\toe\thopu,\tmakou\tpiliwaiwai.",NEG\tyou\tarrest\t1PL\tgamble,"Don't arrest [us], we [would like to] gamble. OR: Don’t you make any arrest. You let us gamble. (official court translation)",,,,naturalistic written -71-92,71,Wau aole nana kela mau poho kiwi.,Wau\taole\tnana\tkela\tmau\tpoho\tkiwi.,1SG\tNEG\tlook\tDET\tPL\tcontainer\thorn,I didn't look at the bullhorn containers.,,,,naturalistic written -71-93,71,"Ku malie oe, oe malama, oe ku!","Ku\tmalie\toe,\toe\tmalama,\toe\tku!",stand\tstill\t2SG\t2SG\ttake.care\t2SG\tstand,"Stand still, watch out, stop!",,,,naturalistic written -71-94,71,Mai walaau oe!,Mai\twalaau\toe!,PROH\ttalk\t2SG,Don't talk!,,,,naturalistic written -71-95,71,Aole wau pepehi kela kepani.,Aole\twau\tpepehi\tkela\tkepani.,NEG\t1SG\tbeat\tDET\tJapanese,I didn't beat up that Japanese.,,,,naturalistic written -72-86,72,An dij karungku i neba luk dat kaya kominap.,An\tdij\tkaru-ngku\ti\tneba\tluk\tdet\tkaya\tkom-in-ap.,and\tthis\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tlook\tthe\tmonster\tcome-CONT-up,And this kid didn't see the monster coming towards them.,,,3b26285dcd76f9e9a98d3868cf33afa3,peer elicitation -72-87,72,Don pirrkkarra laim.,Don\tpirrk-karra\tla=im.,NEG\tsnatch-CONT\tOBL-3SG,Don't snatch it from him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-88,72,Ma yu pirrkap na!,Ma\tyu\tpirrkap\tna!,OK\t2SG\tmake\tSEQ,OK you make it then!,,,26eabbba7ea23c222e2705cce2753ea1,naturalistic spoken -73-15,73,isti trastigunada akimu trayiy,isti\ttrasti-guna-da\taki-mu\ttrayi-y,this\tdish-PL-ACC\tthis-ALL\tbring-IMP,bring these dishes here,,,,elicited from speaker -73-64,73,llubixukpi mañana no ishachu,llubi-xu-kpi\tmañana\tno\ti-sha-chu,rain-PROG-SUBORD\ttomorrow\tNEG\tgo-1SG.FUT-NEG,If it rains tomorrow I won't go.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-65,73,amimu bindiylla,ami-mu\tbindi-y-lla,1SG.OBJ-ALL\tsell-IMP-DELIM,Just sell it to me.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-85,74,wik máyka mákmak kámuks,wik\tmáyka\tmákmak\tkámuks,not\t2SG\teat\tdog,Don’t eat the dog!,,,,constructed by linguist -74-87,74,Hílu máyka kwas,Hílu\tmáyka\tkwas,not\t2SG\tfear,Don’t be afraid.,,,,narrative -74-88,74,wik náyka mákmak kámuks,wik\tnáyka\tmákmak\tkámuks,NEG\t1SG\teat\tdog,I don't eat dogs. OR: I don’t eat the dog.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-193,74,Pahtlatch chuck.,páłač\tčá’ak,give\twater,Bring water!,,,,narrative -75-17,75,Peeasheekiiwee!,Pee-ashee-kiiwee!,TOWARDS.SPEAKER-BACK-go.home,Come back home!,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-137,75,Kaya sheekishi.,Kaya\tsheekishi.,NEG.IMP\tbe.afraid,Don't be afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-138,75,Kaaya kum enn bet itahkamishi.,Kaaya\tkum\tenn\tbet\titahkam-ishi.,NEG.IMP\tlike\tINDF.ART.F.SG\tbeast\tthus.act.thus-ANIM.IMPRS,Don't act like a beast.,,,,naturalistic written -75-139,75,Namoya kiikishkeehtamwak.,Namoya\tkii-kishkeeht-am-wak.,NEG\tPST-know.INAN-3.SBJ.3INAN.OBJ-PL,They did not know it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -76-47,76,ababa pī'tcȗk,ababa\tpī'tcȗk,say\tnot,Shut up!,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-48,76,ĕlĕkta!,ĕlĕkta!,go,Go!,,,,constructed by linguist -2-134,2,So den losi pom nanga kuku nanga ala den sortu sani.,So\tden\tlosi\tpom\tnanga\tkuku\tnanga\tala\tden\tsortu\tsani.,so\tthey\tbake\tpom\tand\tcake\tand\tall\tthe.PL\tkind\tthing,That’s how they baked pom and cake and all that stuff.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-135,2,Den nyan ala den gansi! Den nyan unu sturu bij.,Den\tnyan\tala\tden\tgansi!\tDen\tnyan\tunu\tsturu\tbij.,3PL\teat\tall\tthe.PL\tgeese\t3PL\teat\tour\tchair\tas.well,They ate all the geese. They even ate our chairs.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-96,4,A uman naki a dagu.,A\tuman\tnaki\ta\tdagu.,DET.SG\twoman\thit\tDET.SG\tdog,The woman hit the dog.,,,,elicited from speaker -5-94,5,"lang taim gat am dangkii kyaat, nou yu gat am mootoo kyaar","lang\ttaim\tgat\tam\tdangkii\tkyaat,\tnou\tyu\tgat\tam\tmootoo\tkyaar",long\ttime\thave\tPATIENT\tdonkey\tcart\tnow\tyou\thave\tPATIENT\tmotor\tcar,Long ago you had a donkey cart and now you have a motor car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-95,5,wel ii a piil kookno(t),wel\tii\ta\tpiil\tkookno(t),well\t3SG\tPROG\tpeel\tcoconut,Well he was peeling coconuts.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-60,6,De moda cook de food.,De\tmoda\tcook\tde\tfood.,DET\tmother\tcook\tDET\tfood,The mother cooked the food.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-146,7,Meiri iit di keik.,Meiri\tiit\tdi\tkeik.,Mary\teat\tART\tcake,Mary ate the cake.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-88,8,Di kyaar lik di chrii.,Di\tkyaar\tlik\tdi\tchrii.,DET\tcar\thit\tDET\ttree,The car hit the tree.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-115,9,I neva now di spat.,I\tneva\tnow\tdi\tspat.,3SG\tANT.NEG\tknow\tthe\tspot,He did not know the place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-131,10,Jack tel di King se da him kil di man.,Jack\ttel\tdi\tKing\tse\tda\thim\tkil\tdi\tman.,Jack\ttell\tART.DEF\tKing\tCOMP\tFOC\t3SG\tkill\tART.DEF\tman,Jack told the King that it was him who had killed the man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-132,10,Di dakta kyuur di pieshan.,Di\tdakta\tkyuur\tdi\tpieshan.,ART.DEF\tdoctor\tcure\tART.DEF\tpatient,The doctor cured the patient.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-133,10,Di bwai kot di bred.,Di\tbwai\tkot\tdi\tbred.,ART.DEF\tboy\tcut\tART.DEF\tbread,The boy cut the bread.,,,,constructed by linguist -11-178,11,Jak gaan an pakop ih kluoz.,Jak\tgaan\tan\tpak-op\tih\tkluoz.,Jack\tgo.PST\tand\tpack-up\t3SG.POSS\tclothes,Jack went and packed his clothes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-179,11,Di dakta mi kyor di sik.,Di\tdakta\tmi\tkyor\tdi\tsik.,ART.DEF\tdoctor\tPST\tcure\tART.DEF\tsick,The doctor cured the patient.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-137,12,"Sometime like if a girl get pregnant, they ain't married, some is boil - like I hear people say they's boil like bush, like cerassee and different bush if they don't want them, that just kill the baby like that.",[...]\tthey-'s\tboil\tlike\tbush\t[...]\tthat\tjust\tkill\tthe\tbaby\tlike\tthat.,[...]\t3PL.SBJ-HAB\tboil\tlike\tbush\t[...]\tthat\tjust\tkill\tDEF\tbaby\tlike\tthat,[...] they boil bush (medicine) [...] that kills the baby [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-138,12,"I know 'bout s- three girls and something like that - like when they had they children, I hear them say they find one in the toil- one in the toilet, they find one in the front of somebody door, yeah. They find a baby mus'e just born to the front of somebody door, and they say one time again they find one like through the bush in the garbage.",[...]\twhen\tthey\thad\tthey\tchildren\t[...]\tThey\tfind\ta\tbaby\t[...],[...]\twhen\t3PL.SBJ\thad\t3PL.POSS\tchild.PL\t[...]\t3PL.SBJ\tfound\ta\tbaby\t[...],[...] when they had their children [...] they found a baby [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -13-107,13,Unna pick a basket.,Unna\tpick\ta\tbasket.,2PL\tpick\ta\tbasket,You pick a basket.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-72,14,Bruce ate the cheese.,Bruce\tate\tthe\tcheese.,Bruce\teat\PST\tthe\tcheese,Bruce ate the cheese.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-82,15,di bɔbɔ kik di bɔl,di\tbɔbɔ\tkik\tdi\tbɔl,ART\tboy\tkick\tART\tball,The boy kicked the ball.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-76,16,à tek pɛn ɛn pepa,à\ttek\tpɛn\tɛn\tpepa,1SG\ttake\tpen\tand\tpaper,I take pen and paper.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-87,17,Dè̱m ko̱m kawnt mò̱ni.,Dè̱m\tko̱m\tkawnt\tmò̱ni.,3PL.SBJ\tREALIS\tcount\tmoney,They counted the money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-106,19,Dan human è brok dì plet.,Dan\thuman\tè\tbrok\tdì\tplet.,that\twoman\t3SG.SBJ\tbreak\tDEF\tplate,That woman broke the plate.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-68,20,My thisee morning killum sheep.,My\tthisee\tmorning\tkillum\tsheep.,1SG\tDEM\tmorning\tkill\tsheep,I only killed the sheep this morning.,,,,naturalistic written -22-92,22,Em i ronim pik.,Em\ti\tronim\tpik.,3SG\tPM\tchase\tpig,He is chasing the pig.,,,,constructed by linguist -27-70,27,Prisjas ha grāf shi grōtā.,Prisjas\tha\tgrāf\tshi\tgrōtā.,Prisjas\tPST\tbury\t3SG.POSS\tgrandfather,Prisjas buried his grandfather.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-107,29,Ons het nie vir Piet gesien nie.,Ons\thet\tnie\tvir\tPiet\tge-sien\tnie.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\tfor\tPete\tPTCP-seen\tNEG,We didn't see Pete. / We hadn't seen Pete.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-108,29,Ek het vir die kar petrol ingegooi.,Ek\thet\tvir\tdie\tkar\tpetrol\tin-ge-gooi.,1SG.NOM\tPST\tfor\tthe\tcar\tpetrol\tin-PTCP-thrown,I put petrol into the car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-124,30,Doktor kura duenti.,Doktor\tkura\tduenti.,doctor\tcure\tsick.person,The doctor cured the sick person.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-125,30,Mos korta kórda.,Mos\tkorta\tkórda.,boy\tcut\trope,The boy cut the rope.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-110,31,Dotor kura omi duenti.,Dotor\tkura\tomi\tduenti.,doctor\tcure\tman\tsick,The doctor cured the sick man.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-87,32,Nha marid fazê es káza.,Nha\tmarid\tfazê\tes\tkáza.,1SG.POSS\thusband\tmake\tDEM.SG\thouse,My husband built this house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-117,33,N odja Djon aonti.,N\todja\tDjon\taonti.,I\tsee\tJohn\tyesterday,I saw John yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-118,33,I sta ba bon.,I\tsta\tba\tbon.,he\tbe\tPST\tgood,He was okay.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-86,34,No wojá dos miñjer.,No\tø\twojá\tdos\tmiñjer.,1PL.SBJ\tPFV\tsee\ttwo\twoman,We saw two women.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-128,35,Ê mata nganha ku plôkô.,Ê\tmata\tnganha\tku\tplôkô.,3SG\tkill\tchicken\twith\tpig,He killed the chicken and the pig.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-129,35,Netu Jana so kebla mu kopu se.,Netu\tJana\tso\tkebla\tmu\tkopu\tse.,grandson\tJana\tFOC\tbreak\tme\tglass\tDEM,Jana’s grandson broke my glass.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-75,36,Têtêuga tua taba pega.,Têtêuga\ttua\ttaba\tpega.,turtle\ttake\tplank\tnail,Turtle took the planks and nailed them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-95,37,N tega san sê minu sê.,N\ttega\tsan\tsê\tminu\tsê.,1SG\thand.over\tlady\tDEM\tchild\tDEM,I handed this child over to this lady.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-105,38,Mmata layasyi.,Amu-mata\tlaya-syi.,1SG-kill\tspider-DEM,I have killed the spider.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-111,39,Vay ve pə leyt.,Vay\tve\tpə\tleyt.,go.NPST\tsee.INF\tACC\tmilk,(You) go check on the milk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-112,39,Leopard foy murde pə lion.,\tfoy\tmurd-e\tpə\t.,leopard\tgo.PST\tbite-INF\tDAT\tlion,The leopard went and bit the lion.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-76,40,Yo ulyo padgar su kadz.,Yo\tulyo\tpadgar\tsu\tkadz.,I\tsee.PST\tpriest\tGEN\thouse,I saw the priest's house.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-84,41,fuula takuza osiir avara,fuula\tta-kuza\tosiir\tavara,flower\tPRS-sew\t3SG.HON\tnow,She is doing decorative stitching now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-98,42,yo ja olá ku Maria sa pai,yo\tja\tolá\tku\tMaria\tsa\tpai,1SG\tPFV\tsee\tACC\tMaria\tGEN\tfather,I saw Maria's father.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-99,42,eli ta olá aké buku,eli\tta\tolá\také\tbuku,3SG\tPROG\tlook\tthat\tbook,He is looking at that book.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-100,42,eli já kaza ńgua malayu,eli\tjá\tkaza\tńgua\tmalayu,3SG\tPFV\tmarry\tone\tMalay,She married a Malay.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-101,42,nus ja olá aké pesi,nus\tja\tolá\také\tpesi,1PL\tPFV\tsee\tthat\tfish,We saw that fish.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-68,43,Choma kung kusir.,Choma\tkung\tkusir.,call\tOBJ\tcoachman,Call the coachman.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-69,43,"Ile choma su kongsedu, [...].","Ile\tchoma\tsu\tkongsedu,\t[...].",3SG\tcall\tPOSS.3SG\tacquaintance\t[...],"He invited his acquaintances, […].",,,,pedagogical grammar -44-109,44,Ya matá ya ba lótru el pwérku?,Ya\tmatá\tya\tba\tlótru\tel\tpwérku?,PFV\tkill\talready\tQ\t3PL\tDEF\tpig,Did they kill the pig?,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-110,44,Ta kortá lótro kel mánga grándi pónu.,Ta\tkortá\tlótro\tkel\tmánga\tgrándi\tpónu.,IPFV\tcut\t3PL\tDEF\tPL\tbig\ttree,They cut the big trees.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-92,45,Ya mira el muchachito con un perro grande.,Ya\tmira\tel\tmuchachito\tcon\tun\tperro\tgrande.,PFV\tsee\tDEF\tboy\tOBJ\tINDF\tdog\tbig,The boy saw a big dog.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-93,45,Ya cumpra el mujer el mansanas.,Ya\tcumpra\tel\tmujer\tel\tmansanas.,PFV\tbuy\tDEF\twoman\tDEF\tapple,The lady bought the apple.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -47-119,47,Tambe mi a hiba e pòtrèt nan di bo ultimo ròl di film pa bo mama. E pòtrèt nan a sali bon.,Tambe\tmi\ta\thiba\te\tpòtrèt\tnan\tdi\tbo\tultimo\tròl\tdi\tfilm\tpa\tbo\tmama.\tE\tpòtrèt\tnan\ta\tsali\tbon.,also\t1SG\tPFV\tcarry\tDEF\tphoto\tPL\tof\t2SG\tlast\troll\tof\tfilm\tfor\t2SG\tmother\tDEF\tphoto\tPL\tPFV\tcome.out\tgood,I also carried the photos of your last roll of film to your mother. The pictures came out nice.,,,,naturalistic written -48-111,48,Pelu ta miná Malía aí memo.,Pelu\tta\tminá\tMalía\taí\tmemo.,Pedro\tPROG\tsee\tMaría\tthere\tright,Pedro sees María right there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-112,48,Aguela mi a mandá Isidora ayá Katahena.,Aguela\tmi\ta\tmandá\tIsidora\tayá\tKatahena.,grandma\tmy\tPST\tsend\tIsidora\tthere\tCartagena,My grandma has sent Isidora to Cartagena.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-165,49,Larivyè a kraze pon an lè dlo a te monte.,Larivyè\ta\tkraze\tpon\tan\tlè\tdlo\ta\tte\tmonte.,river\tDEF\tdemolish\tbridge\tDEF\twhen\twater\tDEF\tANT\trise,The river demolished the bridge when the water rose.,,,,elicited from speaker -49-166,49,Ou pa kab manje mayi a.,Ou\tpa\tkab\tmanje\tmayi\ta.,2SG\tNEG\tcan\teat\tmaize\tDEF,You cannot eat the maize.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-103,50,Chat ka manjé sourit.,Chat\tka\tmanjé\tsourit.,cat\tPROG\teat\tmice,Cats eat mice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-95,51,Chat ka manjé sourit.,Chat\tka\tmanjé\tsourit.,cat\tHAB\teat\tmouse,Cats eat mice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-233,53,Bouki trap Lapen.,Bouki\ttrap\tLapen.,Bouki\tcatch\tRabbit,Bouki catches Rabbit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-234,53,Li sakre ti nom koltar-la en kou.,Li\tsakre\tti\tnom\tkoltar-la\ten\tkou.,3SG\tdeal\tlittle\tman\ttar-ART.DEF.SG\tART.INDF\tblow,He dealt the little tar man a blow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-124,54,"Anfin Gran Dyab i arpran semin [...] i trouv le madam, i di: [...].","Anfen\tGran\tDyab\ti\tarpran\tsëmen\t[...]\ti\ttrouv\tlë\tmadanm,\ti\tdi:\t[...].",finally\tBig\tDevil\tFIN\ttake.again\troad\t[...]\tFIN\tfind\tDEF\tlady\tFIN\tsay\t[...],"Finally, Big Devil comes back [...] he sees the lady, he says: [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-94,55,Pyer ti bat so frer,Pyer\tti\tbat\tso\tfrer,Peter\tPST\thit\t3SG.POSS\tbrother,Peter hit his brother.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-179,59,"ala mu teme, ala bi na mbi","ala\tmu\tteme,\tala\tbi\tna\tmbi",3PL\ttake\tstone\t3PL\tthrow\tPREP\t1SG,They grabbed stones and threw them at me. OR: They threw stones at me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-180,59,amu mbi apika mbi alingbi ape,a-mu\tmbi\ta-pika\tmbi\ta-lingbi\tape,SM-take\t1SG\tSM-hit\t1SG\tSM-be.equal\tNEG,He/she grabbed me and beat me terribly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-79,60,namóní mobáli,na-món-ákí\tmobáli,1SG-see-PST\tman,I saw the man.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-58,61,Lo umfan shayile lo inja.,Lo\tumfan\tshay-ile\tlo\tinja.,DEF.ART\tboy\tbeat-PST\tDEF.ART\tdog,The boy beat the dog.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-48,62,é-háhóye hódi tó ní ha-kuhló,é-háhóye\thódi\ttó\tní\tha-kuhló,1-16.see.PRF\tplace\tthere\tCOP\t16-good,He saw the place was good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-49,62,ijí tutavunganyanya vitabu,ijí\ttu-ta-vunganyanya\tvitabu,now\t1PL-PRS-collect\tbooks,Now we collect books.,,,,elicited from speaker -64-119,64,úmon hágigu hágigu binía de,úmon\thágigu~hágigu\tbinía\tde,3PL\ttell.the.truth~tell.the.truth\tgirl\tDEM.PROX,They interrogated the girl.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-88,65,"Rusəkə xəleba kuʃi, aha. Kitajsa pouʒə, eta pampuʃəkə kuʃi.","Rusəkə\txəleba\tkuʃi,\taha.\tKitajsa\tpouʒə,\teta\tpampuʃəkə\tkuʃi.",Russian\tbread\teat\tINTERJ\tChinese\tpouze\tthis\tsteamed.bread\teat,"Russians used to eat bread, yes. Chinese ate pouze and steamed bread.",,,,elicited from speaker -66-64,66,Doktər sakit oorangyang esiggarking (aɖa).,Doktər\tsakit\toorang-yang\te-siggar=king\t(aɖa).,doctor\tsick\tperson-ACC.DEF\tASP-healthy=CAUS\t(AUX),The doctor has cured the patient.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-65,66,Faridana Arabi məblajarna kəmauan.,Farida-na\tPRO\tArabi\tmə-blajar-na\tkəmauan.,Farida-DAT\t[PRO\tArabic\tINF-learn-DAT]\tnecessity,Farida wants to learn Arabic.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-125,67,Itu selalu tinggal sini punya orang pakai ini pasar.,Itu\tselalu\ttinggal\tsini\tpunya\torang\tpakai\tini\tpasar.,DEM\talways\tlive\there\tREL\tpeople\tuse/wear\tDEM\tmarket,The people living here use this market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-69,68,Dia buka mulu ka mari.,Dia\tbuka\tmulu\tka\tmari.,3SG\topen\tmouth\tto\there,It opened (its) mouth to here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-43,69,ama mən namban tunan,ama\tmən\tnamban\ttu-nan,1SG\t3SG\tDAT\tkill-NONFUT,I killed him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-44,69,ama tupwi tumbukun anak,ama\ttupwi\ttumbuk-un\tanak,1SG\tsago\twash-FUT\tAUX,I'll wash sago.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-96,71,Pehea oe aihue i ka dala?,Pehea\toe\taihue\ti\tka\tdala?,why\t2SG\tsteal\tOBJ\tDEF\tdollar,Why did you steal the dollar?,,,,naturalistic written -71-97,71,"Oe aihue kela hua wau, oe ule pilau!","Oe\taihue\tkela\thua\twau,\toe\tule\tpilau!",2SG\tsteal\tDET\tfruit\t1SG.POSS\t2SG\tpenis\tfilthy,"You stole my fruit, you scumbag!",,,,naturalistic written -71-98,71,Akahi keiki pukiki lawe akahi dala ulaula.,Akahi\tkeiki\tpukiki\tlawe\takahi\tdala\tulaula.,INDF\tchild\tPortuguese\ttake\tINDF\tdollar\tgold,A Portuguese kid took a gold dollar.,,,,naturalistic written -72-80,72,An dat warlaku makin fensta.,An\tdat\twarlaku\tmakin\tfens-ta.,and\tthe\tdog\tsleep\tfence-LOC,The dog sleeps by the fence.,,,24ed190995ce17c468a14c6744036ca3,peer elicitation -72-89,72,Karungku im pangkily im marluka.,karu-ngku\tim\tpangkily\tim\tmarluka.,child-ERG\t3SG\thit.on.head\t3SG\told.man,The kid hit the old man on the head. / It is the kid who hit the old man on the head.,,,a4a59eea0c3210f13363fbb03cdcd0ba,naturalistic spoken -73-1,73,chichawada regalay,chicha-wa-da\tregala-y,chicha-DIM-ACC\toffer-IMP,Offer me a bit of chicha.,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-16,73,San Andrespi chaupi lengua ablanakun,San\tAndres-pi\tchaupi\tlengua\tabla-naku-n,San\tAndres-LOC\thalf\tlanguage\tspeak-RECP-3,In San Andres they speak Media Lengua.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-66,73,amidaga ambrinaxun,ami-da-ga\tambri-na-xu-n,1SG.OBJ-ACC-TOP\thunger-DESID-PROG-3,I am hungry.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-67,73,"bwenu uyarixukpiga grabagangabu, diskuda","bwenu\tuya-ri-xu-kpi-ga\tgraba-nga-bu,\tdisku-da",good\thear-REFL-PROG-SUBORD.DS-TOP\trecord-NMLZ-BEN\trecord-ACC,"When it sounds well, to record a record.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-140,75,Li shyaen kiinawashwaateew li shawa.,Li\tshyaen\tkii-nawashwaat-eew\tli\tsha-wa.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tdog\tPST-chase-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tcat-OBV,The dog chased the cat.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-141,75,Eekwanima kiiwaapahtam li suyii eetikwee.,Eekwanima\tkii-waapaht-am\tli\tsuyii\teetikwee.,that.aforementioned.INAN\tPST-see.INAN-3INAN\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tshoe\tapparently,He apparently saw the shoe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-142,75,Maamaa kiiaapachiheew lii rosh eeshikwatahahk lii takwahiminaana.,Maamaa\tkii-aapachih-eew\tlii\trosh\tee-shikwatah-ahk\tlii\ttakwahiminaan-a.,mother\tPST-use.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tPL\trock\tCOMP-crush-3SG.SBJ.3INAN.OBJ\tPL\tchokecherry-PL.INAN,My mother used stones to make beaten choke-cherries.,,,,naturalistic written -76-49,76,nekke kukkem picuktu,nekke\tkukkem\tpicuktu,meat\tcook\twant,I want to cook meat. OR: I want cooked meat.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-138,1,Da homan no kan wakke.,Da\tuma\tno\tkan\twaka.,DET.SG\twoman\tNEG\tcan\twalk,That woman cannot walk.,,,,written -1-139,1,Den zomma wan zi da didde homan a moes kom hessi.,Den\tsoma\twani\tsi\tda\tdede\tuma\ta\tmusu\tkom\thesi.,DET.PL\tperson\twant\tsee\tDET.SG\tdead\twoman\t3SG.SBJ\tmust\tcome\tquick,"Those who want to see the dead woman, they (lit. he) must come quickly.",,,,written -1-140,1,Hoe fa den homan no potti melki na koffi.,O=fa\tden\tuma\tno\tpoti\tmerki\tna\tkofi.,Q=manner\tDET.PL\twoman\tNEG\tput\tmilk\tLOC\tcoffee,Why didn't the maids bring some milk with the coffee?,,,,written -2-136,2,Den agu nyan den beest?,Den\tagu\tnyan\tden\tbeest?,the.PL\tpigs\teat\tthe.PL\tanimal,The pigs ate the geese?,,,,elicited from speaker -2-137,2,Ma dan den meti no lon gwe?,Ma\tdan\tden\tmeti\tno\tlon\tgwe?,but\tthen\tthe.PL\tanimal\tNEG\trun\tgo.away,But didn’t the geese run away?,,,,elicited from speaker -3-70,3,Di womi waka.,Di\twomi\twaka.,DEF.SG\tman\twalk,The man walked.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-97,4,Den kiyo doo feifi udu.,Den\tkiyo\tdoo\tfeifi\tudu.,DET.PL\tyoung.man\tcut\tfive\twood,The young men cut the tree.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-98,4,Da dati waka langalanga go a wan fu den uman.,Da\tdati\twaka\tlangalanga\tgo\ta\twan\tfu\tden\tuman.,then\tthat\twalk\tlong.long\tgo\tLOC\tone\tfor\tDET.PL\twoman,Then that one walked directly to one of the women.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-61,6,Shi gone Chaguanas.,Shi\tgone\tChaguanas.,3SG\tgo.PST\tChaguanas,She went to Chaguanas.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-147,7,Hari si Meiri.,Hari\tsi\tMeiri.,Harry\tsee\tMary,Harry saw Mary.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-89,8,Jan kot di pitieta.,Jan\tkot\tdi\tpitieta.,John\tcut\tDET\tpotato,John cut the potato.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-90,8,Jan fuul.,Jan\tfuul.,John\tfoolish,John is foolish.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-116,9,Krab waak onda wata i luk layk musa fu howaz.,Krab\twaak\tonda\twata\ti\tluk\tlayk\tmusa\tfu\thowaz.,crab\twalk\tunder\twater\tit\tlook\tlike\tmust\tfor\thours,"Crabs walk under water, it seems they do it (stay submerged) for hours.",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-117,9,ʃɛl haya di bowt fra djimi.,ʃɛl\thaya\tdi\tbowt\tfra\tdjimi.,Shell\thire\tthe\tboat\tfrom\tJimmy,Shell rented the boat from Jimmy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-134,10,So Beda Naansi gaan an skriep di fish.,So\tBeda\tNaansi\tgaan\tan\tskriep\tdi\tfish.,so\tBrother\tAnansi\tgo.ANT\tand\tscrape\tART.DEF\tfish,So Brother Anansi went and scraped the fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-135,10,Beda Taiga gaan an ihn get dong pan ihn nii.,Beda\tTaiga\tgaan\tan\tihn\tget\tdong\tpan\tihn\tnii.,Brother\tTiger\tgo.ANT\tand\t3SG\tget\tdown\tun\t3SG.POSS\tknee,Brother Tiger went and he got down on his knees.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-180,11,Di trobl iz dat di mama dem sei dei kaant pei di skuul fiiz.,Di\ttrobl\tiz\tdat\tdi\tmama\tdem\tsei\tdei\tkaant\tpei\tdi\tskuul\tfii-z.,ART.DEF\ttrouble\tCOP.PRS\tCOMP\tART.DEF\tmother\tPL\tsay\t3PL\tcan.NEG\tpay\tART.DEF\tschool\tfee-PL,The trouble is that the mothers say they can’t pay the school fees.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-181,11,Den deer chilren kom an laan deer chilren.,Den\tdeer\tchilren\tkom\tan\tlaan\tdeer\tchilren.,then\t3PL.POSS\tchild.PL\tcome\tand\tlearn\t3PL.POSS\tchild.PL,Then their children come and teach their own children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-182,11,Mista Jak neva luus iin notn.,Mista\tJak\tneva\tluus\tiin\tnotn.,Mister\tJack\tNEG.PST\tlose\tin\tnothing,Mister Jack never lost in anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-139,12,[...] my husband used to go fishining [...].,[...]\tmy\thusband\tused\tto\tgo\tfishining\t[...].,[...]\t1SG.POSS\thusband\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\tgo\tfishing\t[...],[...] my husband used to go fishing [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-140,12,[...] the wind throw that board right off [...].,[...]\tthe\twind\tthrow\tthat\tboard\tright\toff\t[...].,[...]\tDEF\twind\tthrow\tDEM\tboard\tright\toff\t[...],[...] the wind threw that board right off (the boat) [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-141,12,"They say the train is go slow, though.",[...]\tthe\ttrain\tis\tgo\tslow\t[...],[...]\tDEF.ART\ttrain\tHAB\tgo\tslow\t[...],"[They say] the train is slow, [though].",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-108,13,De house crack.,De\thouse\tcrack.,the\thouse\tcrack,The house cracked.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-109,13,It never set de house fire.,It\tnever\tset\tde\thouse\tfire.,it\tnever\tset\tthe\thouse\tafire,It never set the house on fire.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-110,13,Buckra give de people corn.,Buckra\tgive\tde\tpeople\tcorn.,white.man\tgive\tDET\tpeople\tcorn,The white men gave corn to the people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-73,14,The boy read the book.,The\tboy\tread\tthe\tbook.,he\tboy\tread\PST\tthe\tbook,The boy read the book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-74,14,The boy read yesterday.,The\tboy\tread\tyesterday.,the\tboy\tread\PST\tyesterday,The boy read yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-83,15,bi bɔbɔ di krai,bi\tbɔbɔ\tdi\tkrai,ART\tboy\tPROG\tcry,The boy is crying.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-77,16,dɛ̀a bɛlɛ mek big big,dɛ̀a\tbɛlɛ\tmek\tbig~big,3PL.POSS\tbelly\tmake\tbig~big,Their bellies were all swollen up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-88,17,Chidi si Audu.,Chidi\tsi\tAudu.,Chidi\tsee\tAudu,Chidi saw Audu.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-89,17,Audu si Chidi.,Audu\tsi\tChidi.,Audu\tsee\tChidi,Audu saw Chidi.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-90,17,Chidi drink.,Chidi\tdrink.,Chidi\tdrink,Chidi drank.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-80,18,Di hantaman bin folo de monki.,Di\thantaman\tbin\tfolo\tde\tmonki.,DEF.ART\thunter\tPST\tfollow\tDEF.ART\tmonkey,The hunter chased the monkey.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-81,18,Di monki bin run.,Di\tmonki\tbin\trun.,DEF.ART\tmonkey\tPST\trun,The monkey fled.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-107,19,È brok dì plet.,È\tbrok\tdì\tplet.,3SG.SBJ\tbreak\tDEF\tplate,She broke the plate.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-108,19,Dì glas brok.,Dì\tglas\tbrok.,DEF\tglas\tbreak,The glas broke/ is broken.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-70,20,Coolie hap come back.,Coolie\thap\tcome\tback.,coolie\tPFV\tcome\tback,The coolie has come back.,,,,naturalistic written -21-78,21,The boy buys a book; The boy runs.,The\tboy\tbuy-s\ta\tbook;\tThe\tboy\trun-s.,DET\tboy\tbuy-3SG\tDET\tbook\tDET\tboy\trun-3SG,The boy buys a book. The boy runs.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-104,22,Dispela man i paitim dok.,Dispela\tman\ti\tpait-im\tdok.,this\tman\tPM\thit-TR\tdog,This man hit the dog.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-105,22,Tupela meri i sindaun.,Tu-pela\tmeri\ti\tsindaun.,two-MOD\twoman\tPM\tsit.down,Two women are sitting down.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-98,23,nakatoa i tok flas lelebet,nakatoa\ti\ttok\tflas\tlelebet,hermit.crab\tAGR\ttalk\tflash\tlittle.bit,The hermit crab talks himself up a bit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-110,24,One cow chase dem letel salan.,One\tcow\tchase\tdem\tletel\tsalan.,DET.INDF\tcow\tchase\tDET.DEF.PL\tlittle\tpeople,A cow chased the children.,,,,naturalistic written -24-111,24,Dem letel salan chase one cow.,Dem\tletel\tsalan\tchase\tone\tcow.,DET.DEF.PL\tlittle\tpeople\tchase\tDET.INDF.SG\tcow,The children chased the cow.,,,,naturalistic written -24-112,24,Dem letel salan se fatu.,Dem\tletel\tsalan\tse\tfatu.,DET.DEF.PL\tlittle\tpeople\tCOMPL\texhausted,The little children are exhausted.,,,,constructed by linguist -25-250,25,That pesen i kaming bihain gota beg.,That\tpesen\ti\tkam-ing\tbihain\tgota\tbeg.,DEM\tperson\t3SG\tcome-PROG2\tbehind\tCOM/INS\tbag,That person is coming behind with a bag.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-71,27,Weni di bull ko,Weni\tdi\tbull\tko,when\tDET\tbull\tcome,When the bull comes [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -27-72,27,Də bull a ha ēn gout kalbás.,Də\tbull\ta\tha\tēn\tgout\tkalbás.,ART.DEF\tbull\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\tgold\tgourd,The bull had a golden gourd.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-109,29,Die man vat sy mes. Die mes val.,Die\tman\tvat\tsy\tmes.\tDie\tmes\tval.,DEF.ART\tman\tfetches\t3SG.M.POSS\tknife\tDEF.ART\tknife\tfalls,The man fetches the knife. The knife falls.,,,,naturalistic written -29-110,29,Piet sien (vir) die mes. — Piet sien (vir) Karel.,Piet sien (vir) die mes. — Piet sien (vir) Karel.,Pete sees (for) the knife   Pete sees (for) Charles,Pete sees the knife. — Pete sees Charles.,,,,naturalistic written -30-126,30,Ómi brása mudjer.,Ómi\tbrása\tmudjer.,man\tembrace\twoman,The man embraced the woman.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-127,30,Mudjer kánta.,Mudjer\tkánta.,woman\tsing,The woman sang.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-111,31,Piskador mata tibaron.,Piskador\tmata\ttibaron.,fisherman\tkill\tshark,The fisherman killed the shark.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-112,31,Ladron toma dinheru.,Ladron\ttoma\tdinheru.,thief\ttake\tmoney,The thief took the money.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-88,32,Toi fazê almos.,Toi\tfazê\talmos.,Toi\tmake\tlunch,Toi prepared lunch.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-89,32,Toi morrê.,Toi\tmorrê.,Toi\tdie,Toi died.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-119,33,Mininu kumpra bola.,Mininu\tkumpra\tbola.,boy\tbuy.PST\tball,The boy bought a ball.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-120,33,Mininu kai.,Mininu\tkai.,boy\tfall,The boy fell.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-87,34,Pidru na bay Sicor.,Pidru\tna\tbay\tSicor.,Peter\tFUT\tgo\tZiguinchor,Peter is going to (will go to) Ziguinchor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-88,34,Pidru na wojá Mariya na grísiya. — Mariya na wojá Pidru na grísiya.,Pidru na wojá Mariya na grísiya. — Mariya na wojá Pidru na grísiya.,Peter FUT see Mary in church   Mary FUT see Peter in church,Peter will see Mary in church. — Mary will see Peter in church.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-130,35,Ngê ka futa nganha ten.,Ngê\tka\tfuta\tnganha\tten.,people\tIPFV\tsteal\tchicken\talso,People steal chicken too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-131,35,Nganha kume min.,Nganha\tkume\tmin.,chicken\teat\tmaize,The chicken ate maize.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-132,35,Mina ska kôlê.,Mina\tska\tkôlê.,child\tPROG\trun,The child is running.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-76,36,Mengai ka foga [...].,Mengai\tka\tfoga\t[...].,woman\tHAB\tdance\t[...],The women would dance [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-96,37,Mene sa dimi.,Mene\tsa\tdimi.,Mene\tPROG\tsleep,Mene is sleeping.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-97,37,Mene sa bêb'awa.,Mene\tsa\tbêbê\tawa.,Mene\tPROG\tdrink\twater,Mene is drinking water.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-106,38,Mému ska fi kumu.,Mé-mu\tsxa\tfe\tkumu.,mother-1SG\tPROG\tmake\teat,My mother is preparing dinner.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-107,38,Pay da mina dyielu.,Pai\tda\tmina\tdyielu.,father\tgive\tchild\tmoney,The father gives the money to the child.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-108,38,Malá da pédel tabaku.,Malá\tda\tpé-de-eli\ttabaku.,Maria\tgive\tfather-of-1SG\ttabacco,Mary gives the tabacco to her father.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-109,38,Syiol xanta.,Syiolo\txanta.,gentleman\tsing,The gentleman sings. OR: The gentleman sang.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-113,39,Cher tə vi.,Cher\ttə\tvi.,smell\tIPFV.NPST\tcome.INF,It smells (lit. Smell comes).,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-114,39,Officer nə ad gosta.,\tnə\tad\tgost-a.,officer\tNEG\tIRR.NPST\tlike-INF,The officer won't like (it).,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-77,40,[Aster] largo ku su muler.,[Aster]\tlargo\tku\tsu\tmuler.,[Jew]\tlet.go\tOBJ\tPOSS.SG\twife,[The Jew] let his wife go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-78,40,Mulɛr yaho kadz.,Mulɛr\tyaho\tkadz.,woman/wife\twent\thouse,The woman went home.,,,,constructed by linguist -42-102,42,yo ja olá ku Maria sa irmang machu,yo\tja\tolá\tku\tMaria\tsa\tirmang\tmachu,1SG\tPFV\tsee\tACC\tMaria\tGEN\tsibling\tmale,I saw Maria's brother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-103,42,Maria ja kantá,Maria\tja\tkantá,Maria\tPFV\tsing,Maria sang.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-70,43,Akel karni ste fede.,Akel\tkarni\tste\tfede.,DEM\tmeat\tPROG\tsmell,This meat smells.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-71,43,Sinyor teng sorti.,Sinyor\tteng\tsorti.,Sir\thave\tluck,"You are lucky, Sir!",,,,pedagogical grammar -44-111,44,Ya kebrá el mánga pláto.,Ya\tkebrá\tel\tmánga\tpláto.,PFV\tbreak\tDEF\tPL\tplate,The plates broke.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-94,45,Ya quebra el baso cuando ya cae na mesa.,Ya\tquebra\tel\tbaso\tcuando\tya\tcae\tna\tmesa.,PFV\tbreak\tDEF\tglass\twhen\tPFV\tfall\tLOC\ttable,The glass broke when it fell from the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-95,45,Ya cumpra ele ese na Hapon.,Ya\tcumpra\tele\tese\tna\tHapon.,PFV\tbuy\t3SG\tthat\tin\tJapan,He bought that in Japan.,,,,naturalistic written -46-115,46,Ta-uyí yo konel kansyón.,Ta-uyí\tyo\tkonel\tkansyón.,IPFV-hear\t1SG\tOBJ.DET\tsong,I am listening to the song.,,,,elicited from speaker -48-113,48,Primo mí ta ndrumí aí lendro kasa.,Primo\tmí\tta\tndrumí\taí\tlendro\tkasa.,cousin\tmy\tPROG\tsleep\tthere\tinside\thouse,My cousin is sleeping inside the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-167,49,M te gen on zanmi m ki malad.,M\tte\tgen\ton\tzanmi\tm\tki\tmalad.,1SG\tANT\thave\tINDF\tfriend\t1SG.POSS\tREL\tsick,I had a friend who was sick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-168,49,Ou pa bezwen fache ak mwen.,Ou\tpa\tbezwen\tfache\tak\tmwen.,2SG\tNEG\tneed\tget.angry\twith\t1SG,You don't need to be angry with me.,,,,elicited from speaker -50-104,50,I ka bwè kafé.,I\tka\tbwè\tkafé.,3SG\tPROG\tboire\tcafé,He/she is drinking coffee.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-105,50,I ka bwè.,I\tka\tbwè.,3SG\tPROG\tdrink,He/she is drinking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-96,51,I ka bwè kafé.,I\tka\tbwè\tkafé.,3SG\tPROG\tdrink\tcoffee,He is drinking coffee.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-97,51,I ka bwè.,I\tka\tbwè.,3SG\tPROG\tdrink,He is drinking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-235,53,Lapen manje tou lafer.,Lapen\tmanje\ttou\tlafer.,Rabbit\teat\tall\tthing,Rabbit ate everything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-236,53,Lapen te pa vini.,Lapen\tte\tpa\tvini.,Rabbit\tPST\tNEG\tcome,Rabbit didn't come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-125,54,Ni pran sakenn in morso.,Ni\tpran\tsakenn\ten\tmorso.,1PL.FIN\ttake\teach\tINDF\tpiece,We take a piece each.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-126,54,"Bin, la fam la parti.","Ben,\tla\tfanm\tla\tparti.",well\tDEF\twoman\tPRF\tleave,"Well, the woman has left.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-95,55,sa zom la ti tuy so bofrer,sa\tzom\tla\tti\ttuy\tso\tbofrer,that\tman\tthe\tPST\tkill\this\tbrother-in-law,That man killed his brother-in-law.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-96,55,mo papa roṅfle,mo\tpapa\troṅfle,my\tfather\tsnore,My father snores.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-116,56,Lea ti donn Gabriel en mang.,Lea\tti\tdonn\tGabriel\ten\tmang.,Lea\tPST\tgive\tGabriel\ta\tmangue,Lea gave Gabriel a mango.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-58,57,njo le atra nde ndormir,njo\tle\tatra\tnde\tndormir,woman\tSI\tPROG\tPROG\tsleep,The woman is/was sleeping.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-77,58,Yandi baka mwana nata yandi na nzo.,Yandi\tbaka-Ø\tmwana\tnata-Ø\tyandi\tna\tnzo.,he\ttake-NARR\tchild\ttake-NARR\thim\tCONN\thouse,He took the child and carried him home. OR: He took the child home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-126,58,Muntu mosi ve kwis-aka.,Muntu\tmosi\tve\tkwis-aka.,person\tone\tnot\tcome-PST,Nobody came. OR: Not a single person came.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-181,59,amelenge aga mingi ahe bia,a-melenge\ta-ga\tmingi\ta-he\tbia,PL-child\tPM-come\tmany\tPM-sing\tsong,Many children came and sang songs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-182,59,akoli ago na peko ti lo,a-koli\ta-gwe\tna\tpeko\tti\tlo,PM-man\tPM-go\tPREP\tback\tof\t3SG,Men courted her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-80,60,mobáli abóngísákí kíti,mobáli\ta-bóng-ís-ákí\tkíti,man\t3SG-be.fit-CAUS-PST\tchair,The man repaired the chair.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-81,60,kíti ekwéyákí,kíti\te-kwéy-ákí,chair\t3SG-fall-PST,The chair fell.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-59,61,Lo inja yena khala.,Lo\tinja\tyena\tkhal-a.,DEF.ART\tdog\tit\tcry-V,The dog is crying. OR: The dog cries/howls/yelps.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-60,61,Lo muntu yena shayile lo inja.,Lo\tmuntu\tyena\tshay-ile\tlo\tinja.,DEF.ART\tman\the\tbeat-PST\tDEF.ART\tdog,The man beat the dog.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-50,62,vamasáy vétoroká vékuhlahlá?a ngóma kíni,vamasay\tvé-toroka\tvé-ku-hlahla?a\tngoma\tkíni,Masai\t2-jump\t2-COND-dance\tdrum\ttheir,The Masai jump when they dance their dance.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-51,62,lagé áahúti kisha?ú na na?á,lage\té-áa-hu-ti\tkisha?u\tna\tna?a,mother\t3SG-PST-full-CAUS\tcalabash\twith\thoney,The woman filled the calabash with honey.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-114,63,al dugagín dólde g-wónus kiswahíli,al\tdugagín\tdólde\tg-wónus\tkiswahíli,REL\tsmall.PL\tDET\tTAM-speak\tSwahili,The ones who are younger speak Swahili.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-115,63,úwo wedí la jídi t-éna láabi ta galamóyo,úwo\twedí\tla\tjídi\tt-éna\tláabi\tta\tgalamóyo,3SG\tgive\tto\tgrandfather\tGEN-my\trope\tGEN\tgoat,He gave my grandfather the goat's rope.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-120,64,iyál dol rabaó ma sistarát,iyál\tdol\trabaó\tma\tsistar-át,children\tDEM.PROX.PL\teducate\PASS\twith\tnun-PL,These children have been educated by nuns.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-121,64,tiyára de agílibu agílibu náfsa to ya badá wága téhet,tiyára\tde\tagílibu~agílibu\tnáfsa\tto\tya\tbadá\twága\ttéhet,airplane\tDEM.PROX\twheel~wheel\tself\tPOSS.3SG\tand\tafter\tfall\tdown,The airplane repeatedly wheeled on itself and then fell down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-122,64,ísim de wodí le ana,ísim\tde\twodí\tle\tana,name\tDEM.PROX\tgive\tto\t1SG,I was given this name.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-89,65,Adin liudi delaj kuʃi ni magu.,Adin\tliudi\tdelaj\tkuʃi\tni\tmagu.,one\tperson\tmake\teat\tNEG\tcan,One person can not feed [the family].,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-66,66,Skulser pintuyang tərətutup.,Skul-ser\tpintu-yang\ttərə-tutup.,school-sir\tdoor-ACC.DEF\tNEG.FIN-close,The teacher did not close the door.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-67,66,Go lebbepe suarayang adingar.,Go\tlebbe-pe\tsuara-yang\ta-dingar.,1SG\tpriest-POSS\tvoice-ACC\tPRS-hear,I hear the voice of the priest.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-126,67,Diaorang tengok ini gambar.,Diaorang\ttengok\tini\tgambar.,3PL\tlook.at\tDEM\tpicture,They looked at the picture.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-127,67,Masak mi makan.,Masak\tmi\tmakan.,cook\tnoodle\teat,[I] cook noodles to eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-220,67,Orang macam ah cik Taha ah support saya.,Orang\tmacam\tah\tcik\tTaha\tah\tsupport\tsaya.,person\tlike\tTOP\tuncle\tTaha\tTOP\tsupport\t1SG,People like Uncle Taha support me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-70,68,Nene Luhu punya kuda itu mati.,Nene\tLuhu\tpunya\tkuda\titu\tmati.,Nene\tLuhu\tPOSS\thorse\tDEM\tdie,Nene Luhu’s horse died.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-46,69,aykum wanan,aykum\twa-nan,woman\tgo-PST,the woman went,,,,elicited from speaker -70-45,70,Suar bag jao.,Suar\tbag\tjao.,pig\trun.away\tgo,The pig ran away.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-99,71,"Poakahi ahiahi kela, aole maopopo ka hora ia‘u.","Poakahi\tahiahi\tkela,\taole\tmaopopo\tka\thora\tia‘u.",Monday\tevening\tthat\tNEG\tknow\tDEF\thour\tOBJ.1SG,"That was on Monday evening, I don't recall the hour.",,,,naturalistic written -71-100,71,Elua lumi liilii umi Iapana moemoe maloko.,Elua\tlumi\tliilii\tumi\tIapana\tmoemoe\tmaloko.,two\troom\tlittle\tten\tJapanese\tsleep\tinside,Ten Japanese were sleeping inside two little rooms.,,,,naturalistic written -72-90,72,Karu teikim Jetlmenjirri keik.,Karu\tteik-im\tJetlmen-jirri\tkeik.,child\ttake-TR\tSettlement-ALL\tcake,The child takes the cake to Settlement (Kalkaringi).,,,,peer elicitation -73-68,73,yoga lixusmunda binini,yo-ga\tlixus-munda\tbini-ni,I-TOP\tfar-ABL\tcome-1SG,I come from afar.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-69,73,profesoraga no binisha zinchu,profesora-ga\tno\tbini-sha\tzi-n-chu,teacher.F-TOP\tNEG\tcome-1SG.FUT\tsay-3-NEG,The teacher does not want to come.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-89,74,man yá́ka hal stik,man\tyá́ka\thal\tstik,man\t3SG\tpull\ttree,The man tows the timber.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-90,74,stik yáka xwim,stik\tyáka\txwim,tree\t3SG\tfall,The tree falls.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-143,75,"La Sandrieuz maatoow, nawachiko sheekishiiw.","La\tSandrieuz\tmaatoo-w,\tnawachiko\tsheekishii-w.",DEF.ART.F.SG\tCinderella\tcry-3SG\tsomewhat\tbe.scared-3SG,"Cinderella was crying, she was a little scared.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-144,75,Dan li tru Lea kiiaahkweepineew Mari-wa.,Dan\tli\ttru\tLea\tkii-aahkweepin-eew\tMari-wa.,LOC\tART.M.SG\thole\tLea\tPST-push.by.hand-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tMary-OBV,Lea pushed Mary into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -76-50,76,innuk kaili,innuk\tkaili,man\tcome,There is a man coming.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-141,1,A bossi hem.,A\tbosi\ten.,3SG.SBJ\tkiss\t3SG,S/he kissed him/her. In context: He [Judas] kissed him [Jesus].,,,,written -1-142,1,Ju tikri mi.,Yu\ttigri\tmi.,2SG\ttickle\t1SG,You're tickling me.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-138,2,A kon mangri.,A\tkon\tmangri.,3SG\tcome\tskinny,He’s gotten skinny.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-139,2,Mi e teki en poti ini a pan.,Mi\te\tteki\ten\tpoti\tini\ta\tpan.,1SG\tIPFV\ttake\t3SG\tput\tin\tDET\tpan,I take it and put it in the pan.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-140,2,En na mi mati.,En\tna\tmi\tmati.,3SG\tCOP\t1SG\tfriend,He’s my friend.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-141,2,En nanga trawan kon dya nanga wan bigi sipi.,En\tnanga\ttrawan\tkon\tdya\tnanga\twan\tbigi\tsipi.,3SG\twith\tother.one\tcome\there\twith\tDET\tbig\tship,He and others came here on a big ship.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-142,2,Kande en srefi e kon na foto bori na agu gi mi.,Kande\ten\tsrefi\te\tkon\tna\tfoto\tbori\tna\tagu\tgi\tmi.,perhaps\t3SG\tself\tIPFV\tcome\tLOC\tcity\tcook\tDET\tpig\tfor\tme,Perhaps he himself comes to the city to cook the pig for me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-71,3,A náki èn/*a.,A\tnáki\tèn/*a.,3SG\thit\t3SG.PRO/3SG.CLIT,He hit him/her.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-99,4,Mi o naki i.,Mi\to\tnaki\ti.,I\twill\thit\tyou,I'll hit you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-100,4,i ná o go!,i\tná\to\tgo!,you\tNEG\tFUT\tgo,You won't go!,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-101,4,A pay den sani gi mi.,A\tpay\tden\tsani\tgi\tmi.,he\tpay\tDET.PL\tthing\tgive\tme,He bought the things for me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-102,4,Mi soli en a buku a osu.,Mi\tsoli\ten\ta\tbuku\ta\tosu.,I\tshow\thim\tDET.SG\tbook\tLOC\thouse,I showed him the book at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -6-62,6,Shi giv hi de book.,Shi\tgiv\thi\tde\tbook.,3SG\tgive\t3SG.DO\tDET\tbook,She gave him the book.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-148,7,I/Hi/Shi tel mi so.,I/Hi/Shi\ttel\tmi\tso.,3N/3M/3F\ttell\t1SG\tso,He/She told me that.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-149,7,Mi tel uhm/hi/shi so.,Mi\ttel\tuhm/hi/shi\tso.,1SG\ttell\t3.OBJ/3M/3F\tso,I told him/her that.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-91,8,Im kot di pitieta.,Im\tkot\tdi\tpitieta.,3SG\tcut\tDET\tpotato,He cut the potato.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-92,8,Im ded.,Im\tded.,3SG\tdead,He is dead.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-93,8,Di daag bait mi.,Di\tdaag\tbait\tmi.,DET\tdog\tbite\t1SG,The dog bit me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-118,9,I gaan Belize.,I\tgaan\tBelize.,3SG\tgone\tBelize,He/she went to Belize.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-119,9,Wɛ im wok dɛ naw?,Wɛ\tim\twok\tdɛ\tnaw?,where\t3SG\twork\tLOC\tnow,Where does he work now?,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-120,9,If da wan big wan i iva ina di bow wid im dɛ.,If\tda\twan\tbig\twan\ti\tiva\tina\tdi\tbow\twid\tim\tdɛ.,if\tTOP\ta\tbig\tone\the\theave\tin\tthe\tbow\twith\thim\tthere,"If it is a big one (i.e. a fish), he pulled it into the bow with him.",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-121,9,If dey kloz op layk dat dey hav tu smɛl rɛŋk.,If\tdey\tkloz\top\tlayk\tdat\tdey\thav\ttu\tsmɛl\trɛŋk.,if\tthey\tclose\tup\tlike\tthat\tthey\thave\tto\tsmell\trank,"If they stay closed, they must smell bad.",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-122,9,Tɛl ʃi dat.,Tɛl\tʃi\tdat.,tell\tshe\tthat,Tell her that .,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-136,10,So ihn beg im.,So\tihn\tbeg\tim.,so\t3SG.SBJ\tbeg\t3SG.OBJ,So he begged him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-137,10,So ihn stan op de fi a lang taim.,So\tihn\tstan\top\tde\tfi\ta\tlang\ttaim.,so\t3SG.SBJ\tstand\tup\tDEM\tfor\tART.INDF\tlong\ttime,So he stood there for a long time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-183,11,Yu gwain giv mi a Nansi stuori.,Yu\tgwain\tgiv\tmi\ta\tNansi\tstuori.,2SG\tFUT\tgive\t1SG\tART.INDF\tAnansi\tstory,You'll tell me an Anansi story.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-184,11,Ai stie die roun fuo an a haaf yierz.,Ai\tstie\tdie\troun\tfuo\tan\ta\thaaf\tyier-z.,1SG\tstay\tDEM.LOC\taround\tfour\tand\ta\thalf\tyear-PL,I stayed there for about four and a half years.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-185,11,Ih no moles wi.,Ih\tno\tmoles\twi.,3SG.N\tNEG\tmolest\t1PL,It doesn't bother us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-186,11,Wi suun don.,Wi\tsuun\tdon.,1PL\tsoon\tdone,We're soon done.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-142,12,"Oh, the asue? OK, like - we in the asue with the teachers, right.",[...]\twe\tin\tthe\tasue\t[...],[...]\tS\tin\tthe\tasue\t[...],"[...] we’re in the asue (informal savings club of African origin) with the teachers, right.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-143,12,Anybody coulda - scold we and beat we for doing wrong.,Anybody coulda - scold we and beat we [...].,anybody MOD.AUX   scold 1PL and beat 1PL [...],Anybody could have scolded and beat us [for doing something wrong].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-144,12,So - uh - my mum - my grammy - she raise us to the Out Island.,[...]\tshe\traise\tus\tto\tthe\tOut\tIsland.,[...]\t3SG\traise\t1PL\tto\tthe\tOut\tIsland,[...] she brought us up on an Out Island.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-111,13,Ee beat me.,Ee\tbeat\tme.,3SG.SBJ\tbeat\t1SG.OBJ,He beat me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-112,13,I get home.,I\tget\thome.,1SG\tget\thome,I get home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-113,13,I cook um and eat um.,I\tcook\tum\tand\teat\tum.,1SG.SBJ\tcook\t3.OBJ\tCONJ\teat\t3.OBJ,I cook it and eat it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-114,13,It is starvation dere.,It\tis\tstarvation\tdere.,3SG.SBJ\tis\tstarvation\tthere,There is starvation there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-75,14,He/She/They went to the store.,He/She/They\twent\tto\tthe\tstore.,3SG.M/3SG.F/3PL\tgo\PST\tto\tthe\tstore,He/She/They went to the store.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-76,14,She saw him/her/them.,She\tsaw\thim/her/them.,she\tsee\PST\t3SG.OBJ.M/3SG.OBJ.F/3PL.OBJ,She saw him/her/them.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-84,15,a si am,a\tsi\tam,1SG\tsee\t3SG,I saw him/her/it.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-85,15,i di krai,i\tdi\tkrai,3SG\tPROG\tcry,He/She/It is crying.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-78,16,dè hɛlp ɛ̀s,dè\thɛlp\tɛ̀s,3PL\thelp\t1PL.OBJ,They helped us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-91,17,À slip.,À\tslip.,1SG.SBJ\tsleep,I slept.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-92,17,À si-am.,À\tsi-am.,1SG.SBJ\tsee-3SG.OBJ,I saw him/her.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-93,17,Ìm si mì.,Ìm\tsi\tmì.,3SG.SBJ\tsee\t1SG.OBJ,S/he saw me.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-82,18,A slip.,A\tslip.,1SG.SBJ\tsleep,I slept.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-83,18,I bin go fo Bamenda.,I\tbin\tgo\tfo\tBamenda.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo\tfor\tBamenda,He/She went to Bamenda.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-109,19,Dɛ̀n brokàn.,Dɛ̀n\tbrok=àn.,3PL\tbreak=3SG.OBJ,They broke it.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-110,19,È brok.,È\tbrok.,3SG.SBJ\tbreak,It broke. / It's broken.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-72,20,He long he makee partner.,He\tlong\the\tmakee\tpartner.,3SG\tCOM\t3SG\tmake\tpartner,He joins him in partnership.,,,,naturalistic written -20-73,20,My hap promisee he.,My\thap\tpromisee\the.,1SG\tPFV\tpromise\t3SG,I have promised him.,,,,naturalistic written -20-74,20,I thinkee he no got.,I\tthinkee\the\tno\tgot.,1SG\tthink\t3SG\tNEG\texist,I think he is not there.,,,,naturalistic written -21-79,21,He buys him a book; He runs.,He\tbuy-s\thim\ta\tbook;\tHe\trun-s.,3SG\tbuy-3SG\t3SG.P\tDET\tbook\t3SG\trun-3SG,He buys him a book. He runs.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-106,22,Em paitim em nogut tru.,Em\tpait-im\tem\tnogut\ttru.,3SG.SBJ\thit-TR\t3SG.OBJ\tINTENS\tINTENS,He hit him very hard.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-107,22,Em i kam lo Kainantu.,Em\ti\tkam\tlo\tKainantu.,3SG\tPM\tcome\tPREP\tKainantu,He came to Kainantu.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-99,23,mifala i no putum yet,mifala\ti\tno\tputum\tyet,1PL.EXCL\tAGR\tNEG\tput\tyet,We haven't put [it up] yet. [in reference to a Christmas tree.],,,,naturalistic spoken -23-100,23,bae oli tokabaot mifala from ia,bae\toli\ttokabaot\tmifala\tfrom\tia,IRR\tAGR\ttalk.about\t1PL.EXCL\tbecause\tDEF,They would say bad things about us because of it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-113,24,Ai (se) fatu.,Ai\t(se)\tfatu.,1SG.SBJ\t(COMPL)\texhausted,I am exhausted.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-114,24,I chasen one cow.,I\tchasen\tone\tcow.,1SG.SBJ\tchase.CONT\tDET.INDF.SG\tcow,I am chasing / was chasing a cow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-251,25,Then from theya ai bin go la wot this pleis.,Then\tfrom\ttheya\tai\tbin\tgo\tla\twot\tthis\tpleis.,then\tfrom\tthere\t1SG\tPST\tgo\tLOC\twhat\tPROX\tplace,Then from there I went to what’s this place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-252,25,"Mi olgaman na, yu nomo helb mi.","Mi\tolgaman\tna,\tyu\tnomo\thelb\tmi.",1SG\told.woman\tnow\t2SG\tNEG\thelp\t1SG,"I'm an old woman now, [and still] you don't help me.",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-253,25,Ai bin telim yu thei bin fraiten.,Ai\tbin\ttel-im\tyu\tthei\tbin\tfraiten.,1SG\tPST\ttell-TR\t2SG\t3PL\tPST\tfrightened,"I (just) told you, they were frightened.",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-254,25,Yu teikim mindubala.,Yu\tteik-im\tmindubala.,2SG\ttake-TR\t1DU.EXCL,You take the two of us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-255,25,"Mindubala bin laitim, kilim.","Mindubala\tbin\tlait-im,\tkil-im.",1DU.EXCL\tPST\tlight-TR\tkill-TR,We two burned it (and thereby) killed it. (Referring to a centipede),,,,naturalistic spoken -26-70,26,hi ʤɛs wɛn dig aʊt,hi\tʤɛs\twɛn\tdig\taʊt,3SG\tjust\tPST.PFV\trun\tout,He just ran away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-71,26,a kan a min aplif him,a\tkan\ta\tmin\taplif\thim,1SG\tkind\tof\tmean\tuplift\t3SG.OBL,I kind of meant to uplift him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-73,27,Am a maro.,Am\ta\tmaro.,3SG\tPST\tflee,He fled.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-74,27,Am lō lō mata am.,Am\tlō\tlō\tmata\tam.,3SG\tFUT\tgo\tkill\t3SG,He was going to kill him. OR: He wanted to kill him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-104,28,pabadi self kan mjo arum ababaka,pabadi\tselfu\tkan\tmja\to\tarum\tababa\tka,God\tself\tcan\tmake\t3SG\tpoor\tanymore\tNEG,Even God himself cannot make him poor anymore.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-112,29,Piet het (vir) hom gesien. — Piet het (?vir) hom nie gesien nie. — Piet het nie vir hom gesien nie.,Piet het (vir) hom gesien. — Piet het (?vir) hom nie gesien nie. — Piet het nie vir hom gesien nie.,Pete PST (for) 3SG.M.OBL seen   Pete PST (for) 3SG.M.OBL not seen NEG   Pete PST not for 3SG.M.OBL seen NEG,Pete saw him. — Pete did not see him. — Pete did not see him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-113,29,Piet het (vir) ons gesien. — Piet het (?vir) ons nie gesien nie. — Piet het nie vir ons gesien nie.,Piet\thet\t(vir)\tons\tgesien.\t—\tPiet\thet\t(?vir)\tons\tnie\tgesien\tnie.\t—\tPiet\thet\tnie\tvir\tons\tgesien\tnie.,Peter\tPST\t(for/to)\tus\tseen\t—\tPeter\tPST\t(?for/?to)\tus\tnot\tseen\tnot\t—\tPeter\tPST\tnot\tfor/to\tus\tseen\tnot,Peter saw us. — Peter did not see us. — Peter did not see us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-128,30,Es konxe-m. / N konxe-s. / Es ben. / N ben.,Es=konxe=m./\tN=konxe=s./\tEs=ben./\tN=ben.,3PL=know=1SG\t1SG=know=3PL\t3PL=come\t1SG=come,They know me./ I know them./ They came./ I came.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-129,30,[...] N ta prifiri ántis pa el móre. / E labánta mo p'el da María bafatáda. / [...] gosi algen ta odja-l sénpri ku un gafáfa di bibida báxu-l brásu.,[...] N=ta=prifiri ántis pa=el=móre. / E=labánta mo p=el=da María bafatáda. / [...] gosi algen ta=odja=l sénpri ku=un=gafáfa di=bibida báxu=l brásu.,[...] 1SG=IPFV=prefer rather for=3SG=die   3SG=raise hand for=3SG=give Mary slap   [...] now somebody IPFV=see=3SG always with=ART.INDF=bottle of=drink under=of arm,[...] I prefer for him to die./ He raised the hand to slap Mary./ [...] now he is always seen with a bottle of alcohol under his arm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-113,31,Nha dona toma-m di dizaseti anu. vs. N toma Pedru di dizaseti anu.,Nha\tdona\ttoma-m\tdi\tdizaseti\tanu.\tvs.\tN\ttoma\tPedru\tdi\tdizaseti\tanu.,my\tgrandmother\ttook-me\tof\tseventeen\tyear\tvs.\tI\ttake\tPedru\tof\tseventeen\tyear,My grandmother raised me from the age of seventeen on. vs. I raised Pedru from the age of seventeen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-114,31,N panha-l d’idadi dja. vs. El panha katxor.,N\tpanha-l\td’idadi\tdja.\tvs.\tEl\tpanha\tkatxor.,I\ttake-her\tof.age\talready\tvs.\the\ttook\tdog,I took her when she was already old. vs. He took the dog.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-90,32,N oió-b.,N\toió-b.,1SG\tsee-2SG,I saw you.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-91,32,Bo kansá.,Bo\tkansá.,2SG\tget.tired,You got tired.,,,,constructed by native speaker -33-121,33,E odja elis.,E\todja\telis.,3PL\tsee\t3PL,They saw them.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-122,33,I bofetyadu.,I\tbofetya-du.,3SG\tslap-PASS,She was slapped.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-89,34,I perdé na matu.,I\tø\tperdé\tna\tmatu.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tget.lost\tin\tforest,He got lost in the forest.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-90,34,I kumé-l fep.,I\tø\tkumé-l\tfep.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\teat-3SG.OBJ\tcompletely,He ate it all.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-133,35,Nansê kume pixi.,Nansê\tkume\tpixi.,2PL\teat\tfish,You ate fish.,,,,constructed by linguist -35-134,35,Lyon ka kume nansê.,Lyon\tka\tkume\tnansê.,lion\tIPFV\teat\t2PL,The lion will eat you.,,,,constructed by linguist -35-135,35,Nansê kyê.,Nansê\tkyê.,2PL\tfall,You fell.,,,,constructed by linguist -36-78,36,No tambu le [...].,No\ttambu\tle\t[...].,we\ttake\tit\t[...],We took it [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-98,37,N vê li.,N\tvê\tli.,1SG\tsee\t3SG,I saw her.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-99,37,Ê kume.,Ê\tkume.,3SG\teat,He ate.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-110,38,Am sxanda.,Amu\tsxa\tnda.,1SG\tPROG\twalk,I am walking. OR: I walk.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-111,38,Am fa bo xosai.,Amu\tfa\tbo\txo-sai.,1SG\tspeak\t2SG\tthing-DEM,I tell you this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-112,38,Namse xa da mu.,Namisedyi\txa\tda\t(a)mu.,2PL\tEVID\tgive\t1SG,You give it to me.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-115,39,Yo nã sab.,Yo\tnã\tsab.,1SG\tNEG\tknow.NPST,I don't know.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-116,39,El mem atəro a el.,El\tmem\tatər-o\ta\tel.,3SG\tEMPH\tpush-PST\tACC\t3SG,HE pushed him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-79,40,el tɛ papyan [...],el\ttɛ\tpapyan\t[...],3SG\tPRS\tscold.PROG\t[...],S/he is scolding [...].,,,,constructed by linguist -40-80,40,El pel mar loṭu.,El\tpel\tmar\tloṭu.,3SG\tOBJ.3SG\tsea\tpush,S/he pushed him/her into the sea.,,,,constructed by linguist -42-105,42,yo ja kantá,yo\tja\tkantá,1SG\tPFV\tsing,I sang.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-72,43,[...] ki lo tara kung eo na esta lugar kantu eo dja more.,[...]\tki\tlo\ttara\tkung\teo\tna\testa\tlugar\tkantu\teo\tdja\tmore.,[...]\tthat\tFUT\tbury\tOBJ\t1SG\tin\tthis\tplace\twhen\tI\tPFV\tdie,[…] that you will bury me in this place when I die.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-73,43,[...] eo lo dali per bose.,[...]\teo\tlo\tdali\tper\tbose.,[...]\tI\tFUT\tbeat\tOBJ\t2SG,[...] I will beat you.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-112,44,Ya bolbé éli.,Ya\tbolbé\téli.,PFV\treturn\t3SG,(S)he came back.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-113,44,Ya riganyá mótru kon éli.,Ya\triganyá\tmótru\tkon\téli.,PFV\tscold\t1SG\tOBJ\t3SG,We scolded her.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-96,45,Ya examina con ele el doctor.,Ya\texamina\tcon\tele\tel\tdoctor.,PFV\texamine\tOBJ\t3SG\tDEF\tdoctor,The doctor examined her/him.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-97,45,Ya muri ele.,Ya\tmuri\tele.,PFV\tdie\t3SG,He died.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-116,46,Ya-mirá yo kunéle.,Ya-mirá\tyo\tkunéle.,PRF-see\t1SG\tOBJ.s/he,I saw him/her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-120,47,Mi kièr pa bo dunami bèk mi buki.,Mi\tkièr\tpa\tbo\tduna\tmi\tbèk\tmi\tbuki.,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tgive\t1SG\tback\t1SG\tbook,I want you to give me back my book.,,,,published source -47-121,47,Mi ta dunabu pan.,Mi\tta\tduna\tbu\tpan.,1SG\tTNS\tgive\t2SG\tbread,I give you bread.,,,,published source -48-114,48,I kelé toká-lo.,I\tkelé\ttoká-lo.,I\twant\ttouch-it,I want to touch it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-115,48,Hende asé-o punta [...].,Hende\tasé-o\tpunta\t[...].,people\tmake-it\tpoint\t[...],One makes (it) a point [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-116,48,¿Bo a komblá ele?,¿Bo\ta\tkomblá\tele?,you\tPST\tbuy\tit,Did you buy it?,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-117,48,Ele kelé ablá-mi too e día.,Ele\tkelé\tablá-mi\ttoo\te\tdía.,he/she\twant\ttalk-me\tall\tDET\tday,He/she wants to talk to me all day long.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-169,49,Li pèmèt li antre.,Li\tpèmèt\tli\tantre.,3SG\tallow\t3SG\treturn,He/She gives him/her the permission to return.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-170,49,Li vini.,Li\tvini.,3SG\tcome,He/She has come.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-171,49,Li bat mwen.,Li\tbat\tmwen.,3SG\thit\t1SG,He/She hit me.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-106,50,I ka bwè'y.,I\tka\tbwè'y.,3SG\tPROG\tboire.3SG,He/she is drinking it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-107,50,I ka bwè.,I\tka\tbwè.,3SG\tPROG\tboire,He/she is drinking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-98,51,I ka bwè'y.,I\tka\tbwè'y.,3SG\tPROG\tdrink.3SG,He is drinking it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-99,51,I ka bwè.,I\tka\tbwè.,3SG\tPROG\tdrink,He is drinking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-64,52,i té ba li timoso vyann,i\tté\tba\tli\ttimoso\tvyann,he\tPST\tgive\thim\tsome\tmeat,He had given him some meat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-65,52,i las,i\tlas,he\ttired,He is tired.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-237,53,Mo te parle meriken.,Mo\tte\tparle\tmeriken.,1SG\tPST\tspeak\tEnglish,I spoke English.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-127,54,Si ou vé kri ali [...].,Si\tou\tve\tkri\tali\t[...].,if\t2SG\twant\tcall\tOBL.3SG\t[...],If you want to call her/him [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-128,54,Li ariv laba.,Li\tariv\tlaba.,3SG.FIN\tarrive\tdown.there,He/she arrives there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-97,55,mo bat twa — to bat mwa,mo bat twa — to bat mwa,1SG hit 2SG.FAM   2SG.FAM hit 1SG,I hit you (familiar) — you (familiar) hit me,,,,constructed by linguist -55-98,55,li bure,li\tbure,3SG\trun.away,He/she ran away.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-117,56,I ti donn li senk roupi.,I\tti\tdonn\tli\tsenk\troupi.,3SG\tPST\tgive\t3SG.OBJ\tfive\troupi,He gave him/her five roupis.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-118,56,I 'n fatige.,I\t'n\tfatige.,3SG\tPRF\ttired,He has become tired.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-59,57,mwa vwar lja,mwa\tvwar\tlja,1SG\tsee\t3SG,I see him.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-60,57,lja le vwa mwa,lja\tle\tvwa\tmwa,3SG\tSI\tsee\t1SG,He sees me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-104,58,Yandi benda mwana tula yandi na ntwala.,Yandi\tbenda\tmwana\ttula\tyandi\tna\tntwala.,he\tpull.NARR\tchild\tput\thim/her\tCONN\tfront,He pulled the child to the front/He pulled the child and put him in front.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-183,59,mbi za mo ge,mbi\tzia\tmo\tge,1SG\tleave\t2SG\there,I leave you here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-184,59,tere ti lo aso lo ngbii,tere\tti\tlo\ta-so\tlo\tngbii,body\tof\t3SG\tPM-hurt\t3SG\tlong.time,He/she was sick a long time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-82,60,yé abóngísákí kíti,yé\ta-bóng-ís-ákí\tkíti,3SG.ANIM\t3SG-be.fit-CAUS-PST\tchair,He repaired the chair.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-83,60,yangó ekwéyákí,yangó\te-kwéy-ákí,3SG.INAN\t3SG.INAN-fall-PST,It fell.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-62,61,Yena shonile.,Yena\tshon-ile.,he\tdie-PST,He died. OR: She/it died.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-52,62,ékuhéye aré,é-ku-he-ye\taré,3SG-OBJ.2SG-arrive-APPL:PRF\tthere,S/he met you (sg) there.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-53,62,úmhéye aré,u-m-he-ye\taré,2SG-OBJ.3SG-arrive-APPL\tthere,You met him/her there.,,,,constructed by linguist -63-116,63,ána wéza shítim íta,ána\twéza\tshítim\títa,1SG\tcan\tinsult\t2SG,I can insult you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-117,63,íta kan gi-kélem l-ómun mun gi-bísha kiswahíli,íta\tkan\tgi-kélem\tl-ómun\tmun\tgi-bísha\tkiswahíli,2SG\tif\tTAM-speak\tto-3PL\t3PL\tTAM-answer\tkiswahili,"If you tell them something, they will answer in Swahili.",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-123,64,úmon dúgu úo,úmon\tdúgu\túo,3PL\tbeat\t3SG,They have beaten him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-124,64,úo dugú ma úmon,úo\tdugú\tma\túmon,1SG\tbeat\PASS\tby\t3PL,He was beaten by them.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-125,64,úo wása,úo\twása,3SG\tdisappear,He disappeared.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-90,65,Jiwo dumaj maja jiwo cena dawaj.,Jiwo\tdumaj\tmaja\tjiwo\tcena\tdawaj.,3SG\tthink\t1SG\t3SG\tprice\tgive,He thinks that I will give him some money.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-68,66,Lorang sitiidur.,Lorang\tsi-tiidur.,2SG.POL\tPST-sleep,You slept.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-128,67,"Saya punya dia tak mahu, dia buang.","Saya\tpunya\tdia\ttak\tmahu,\tdia\tbuang.",1SG\tPOSS\t3SG\tNEG\twant\t3SG\tthrow.away,She would throw away those of mine that she does not want.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-129,67,"Dia, saya tak boleh tahan dia.","Dia,\tsaya\ttak\tboleh\ttahan\tdia.",3SG\t1SG\tNEG\tcan\tbear\t3SG,"[As for] her, I cannot stand her.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-71,68,Be lia dia.,Be\tlia\tdia.,1SG\tsee\t3SG,I see/saw him/her.,,,,constructed by linguist -68-72,68,De lia beta.,De\tlia\tbeta.,3SG\tsee\t1SG,He/she sees/saw me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-47,69,ama mən namban tunan,ama\tmən\tnamban\ttu-nan,1SG\t3SG\tDAT\tkill-NONFUT,I killed him.,,,,elicited from speaker -69-48,69,ama wanan,ama\twa-nan,1SG\tgo-NONFUT,I went,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-46,70,Tum ao ham-loŋ ke le jao.,Tum\tao\tham-loŋ\tke\tle\tjao.,2SG\tcome\t1-PL\tACC\ttake\tgo,Come and take us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-102,71,Wau hina ma ke alanui.,Wau\thina\tma\tke\talanui.,1SG\tfall\tLOC\tDEF\tstreet,I fell into the street.,,,,naturalistic written -71-103,71,Iaia hana hina ia'u malolo,Iaia\thana\thina\tia'u\tmalolo,3SG\tmake\tthrown\tOBJ.1SG\tbelow,He threw me down.,,,,naturalistic written -71-104,71,Wau pimai no ma Sana Miguela.,Wau\tpimai\tno\tma\tSana\tMiguela.,1SG\tcome\tINTENS\tLOC\tSão\tMiguel,I come from São Miguel.,,,,naturalistic written -72-91,72,Ngakparnma im komat na garra gon libim dem ranawei.,Ngakparn-ma\tim\tkom-at\tna\tgarra\tgon\tlib-im\tdem\tran-awei.,frog-TOP\t3SG\tcome-out\tSEQ\tPOT\tgo\tleave-TR\t3PL.OBJ\trun-away,The frog got out of the bottle and then it's going to leave them and run away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-91,74,yáka tk’up yáka itlwil,yáka\ttk’up\tyáka\titlwil,3SG\tcut\t3SG\tmeat,He cuts himself.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-145,75,Dan la bal nda li praens awa kahkiyaw anihi wichimushtaweew.,Dan\tla\tbal\tnda\tli\tpraens\tawa\tkahkiyaw\tanihi\twichi-mushtaw-eew.,PREP.LOC\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tball\tLOC\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tprince\tDEM.PROX.ANIM\tall\tDEM.INTERM.OBV\twith-dance?-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,"There at the ball, the prince was dancing with all of them.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-146,75,Shakiheew onhi sheemak.,Shakih-eew\tonhi\tsheemak.,love-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEM.PROX.ANIM\timmediately,He loved her right away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -76-51,76,kaktuña awoña,kaktuña\tawoña,hungry\tI,I am hungry.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-143,1,Mastra mi gi da homan honder wipi alreddi.,Masra\tmi\tgi\tda\tuma\thondru\twipi\taredi.,master\t1SG\tgive\tDET.SG\twoman\thundred\twhip\talready,"Master, I already gave the woman a hundred lashes.",,,,written -1-144,1,"Bikasi husomma va une sa gi na hem pikin wan pisi stoon, teh a begi hem tatta wan pisi bredi?","Bikasi\to=soma\tfu\tunu\tsa\tgi\tna\ten\tpikin\twan\tpisi\tston,\tte\ta\tbegi\ten\ttata\twan\tpisi\tbrede?",because\tQ=person\tof\t2PL\tFUT\tgive\tto\t3SG\tchild\tINDF.SG\tpiece\tstone\twhen\t3SG.SBJ\task\t3SG\tfather\tpiece\tINDF.SG\tbread,"Because which of you would give to his child a lump of stone, when s/he asks his/her father for a piece of bread?",,,,written -1-145,1,"Husomma va une sa gi hem pikin wan stoon, teh a begi hem tatta wan pisi bredi?","O=soma\tfu\tunu\tsa\tgi\ten\tpikin\twan\tpisi\tston,\tte\ta\tbegi\ten\ttata\twan\tpisi\tbrede?",Q=person\tof\t2PL\tFUT\tgive\t3SG\tchild\tINDF.SG\tpiece\tstone\twhen\t3SG.SBJ\task\t3SG\tfather\tINDF.SG\tpiece\tbread,"Because which of you would give his child a lump of stone, when s/he asks his/her father for a piece of bread?",,,,written -1-146,1,[...] va gi da moni na potiman.,[...] fu gi da moni na pôtiman.,[...] for give DET.SG na poor-NMLZ,[...] to give the money to the poor.,,,,written -2-143,2,Mi gi a san disi wan nen.,Mi\tgi\ta\tsan\tdisi\twan\tnen.,1SG\tgive\tDET\tthing\tDEM\ta\tname,I gave this thing a name.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-144,2,Granmama gi den pikin tori fa a ben de fosten.,Granmama\tgi\tden\tpikin\ttori\tfa\ta\tben\tde\tfosten.,grandma\tgive\tthe.PL\tchild\tstory\thow\tit\tPST\tCOP\tlong.ago,Grandmother told the children stories about how it was in the old days.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-145,2,Dus dan a mati o gi den suma fu en a tori.,Dus\tdan\ta\tmati\to\tgi\tden\tsuma\tfu\ten\ta\ttori.,thus\tthen\tthe\tfriend\tFUT\tgive\tthe.PL\tpeople\tof\thim\tthe\tstory,So then the friend will tell his relatives the story.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-72,3,Di womi da di mujee wan buku.,Di\twomi\tda\tdi\tmujee\twan\tbuku.,DEF.SG\tman\tgive\tDEF.SG\twoman\tone\tbook,The man gave the woman one book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-73,3,A da wan buku da mi.,A\tda\twan\tbuku\tda\tmi.,3SG\tgive\tone\tbook\tgive\t1SG,He gave one book to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-103,4,Na Apatou gi en a pampila kon a data.,Na\tApatou\tgi\ten\ta\tpampila\tkon\ta\tdata.,FOC\tApatou\tgive\ther\tDET\tpaper\tcome\tLOC\tdoctor,It's (the doctor of) Apatou that gave her the papers to come to the (specialist) doctor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-96,5,dem gi di maan di buk,dem\tgi\tdi\tmaan\tdi\tbuk,3PL\tgive\tthe\tman\tthe\tbook,They gave the man the book. OR: They gave the book to the man.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-97,5,mi tek di baal gi Jaan,mi\ttek\tdi\tbaal\tgi\tJaan,1SG\ttake\tthe\tball\tgive\tJohn,I gave the ball to John deliberately. (i.e. I didn't give it to him by accident.),,,,constructed by linguist -5-98,5,baad fuud doz gi piipl belii wok,baad\tfuud\tdoz\tgi\tpiipl\tbelii\twok,bad\tfood\tHAB\tgive\tpeople\tbelly\twork,Bad food gives people diarrhoea.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-99,5,tek dis bokit gi yu moda,tek\tdis\tbokit\tgi\tyu\tmoda,take\tthis\tbucket\tgive\t2SG.POSS\tmother,Give this bucket to your mother.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-63,6,De wuman giv shi de money.,De\twuman\tgiv\tshi\tde\tmoney.,DET\twoman\tgive\ther\tDET\tmoney,The woman gave her the money.,,,,elicited from speaker -6-64,6,Hi give it to shi moda.,Hi\tgive\tit\tto\tshi\tmoda.,3SG\tgive\t3SG.DO\tto\t3SG.POSS\tmother,He gave it to her mother.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-150,7,Hari ge i sista di maango.,Hari\tge\ti\tsista\tdi\tmaango.,Harry\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tsister\tDEF\tmango,Harry gave his sister the mango. OR: Harry gave the mango to his sister.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-151,7,Hi gi mi di bok.,Hi\tgi\tmi\tdi\tbok.,3SG\tgive\t1SG\tART\tbook,He gave me the book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-94,8,Di uman gi di bwai di fuud.,Di\tuman\tgi\tdi\tbwai\tdi\tfuud.,DET\twoman\tgive\tDET\tboy\tDET\tfood.,The woman gave the boy the food.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-59,9,(Di dog dem) gi dem di wom pilz dem.,(Di\tdog\tdem)\tgi\tdem\tdi\twom\tpilz\tdem.,(the\tdog\tthem)\tgive\tthem\tthe\tworm\tpills\tthem,Give them (the dogs) their worm pills.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-123,9,I wan tek ova fu di nɛks tu owaz dɛn i wan gye bod di waʧ wayl dɛ layt.,I\twan\ttek\tova\tfu\tdi\tnɛks\ttu\towaz\tdɛn\ti\twan\tgye\tbod\tdi\twaʧ\twayl\tdɛ\tlayt.,3SG\twant\ttake\tover\tfor\tthe\tnext\ttwo\thours\tthen\t3SG\twant\tgive\tBod\tthe\twatch\twhile\tPROG\tlight,"He wanted to take over for the next two hours, then he wanted to give Bod the watch while it was still light.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-138,10,Beda Taiga tek aal di big fish an gi Beda Naansi aal di likl wan dem.,Beda\tTaiga\ttek\taal\tdi\tbig\tfish\tan\tgi\tBeda\tNaansi\taal\tdi\tlikl\twan\tdem.,Brother\tTiger\ttake\tall\tART.DEF\tbig\tfish\tand\tgive\tBrother\tAnansi\tall\tART.DEF\tlittle\tone\tPL,Brother Tiger took all the big fish and gave Brother Anansi all the little ones.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-139,10,Di uman gi di bwai ihn fuud.,Di\tuman\tgi\tdi\tbwai\tihn\tfuud.,ART.DEF\twoman\tgive\tART.DEF\tboy\t3SG.POSS\tfood,The woman gave the boy his food (=gave the food to the boy).,,,,elicited from speaker -10-140,10,Di uman gi im ihn fuud.,Di\tuman\tgi\tim\tihn\tfuud.,ART.DEF\twoman\tgive\t3SG\t3SG.POSS\tfood,The woman gave him his food.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-187,11,Dem giv chyaanz tu piipl fram out.,Dem\tgiv\tchyaanz\ttu\tpiipl\tfram\tout.,3PL\tgive\tchance\tto\tpeople\tfrom\tout,They give opportunities to people who are not originally from the community.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-188,11,Deh no giv Inglish.,Deh\tno\tgiv\tInglish.,3PL\tNEG\tgive\tEnglish,They don't teach English.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-189,11,Ih wiet aan di die tu gi di devl di suol neh.,Ih\twiet\taan\tdi\tdie\ttu\tgi\tdi\tdevl\tdi\tsuol\tneh.,3SG\twait\ton\tART.DEF\tday\tCOMP\tgive\tART.DEF\tdevil\tART.DEF\tsoul\tPL,He waited until daylight in order to give the Devil the souls.,,,,naturalistic written -11-190,11,Shi staat afa di oubia wuman moo moni.,Shi\tstaat\tafa\tdi\toubia\twuman\tmoo\tmoni.,3SG.F\tstart\toffer\tART.DEF\tobeah\twoman\tmore\tmoney,She started to offer the obeah woman more money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-191,11,Di gyal giv wan ros tu ar mada.,Di\tgyal\tgiv\twan\tros\ttu\tar\tmada.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tgive\tART.INDF\trose\tto\t3SG.POSS.F\tmother,The girl gave a rose to her mother.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-192,11,Di gyal giv ar mamá a flowaz.,Di\tgyal\tgiv\tar\tmamá\ta\tflowaz.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tgive\t3SG.POSS.F\tmother\tART.INDF\tflower,The girl gave her mother a flower.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-145,12,"They married, she give this fellow all her husband clothes, you know?",[...]\tshe\tgive\tthis\tfellow\tall\ther\thusband\tclothes\t[...].,[...]\t3SG.F\tgive\tDEM\tperson\tall\t3SG.F.POSS\thusband\tclothes\t[...],"[They got married, and] she gave this person all her husband’s clothes [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-146,12,[...] the PLP begin to give scholarship to the poor to go abroad.,[...]\tthe\tPLP\tbegin\tto\tgive\tscholarship\tto\tthe\tpoor\tto\tgo\tabroad.,[...]\tDEF.ART\tPLP\tbegin\tto\tgive\tscholarship\tto\tDEF.ART\tpoor\tto\tgo\tabroad,[...] the Progressive Liberal Party began to give scholarships to the poor to go abroad.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-115,13,Buckra give de people corn.,Buckra\tgive\tde\tpeople\tcorn.,buckra\tgive\tDET\tpeople\tcorn,The white man gives the people corn.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-116,13,Yu ɟi ɛwɪ man in yo krɒʊd tɛn sɛnt.,Yu\tɟi\tɛwɪ\tman\tin\tyo\tkrɒʊd\ttɛn\tsɛnt.,you\tgive\tevery\tman\tin\tyour\tcrowd\tten\tcent,You give every man in your crowd ten cent.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-77,14,Bruce gave the bat to the boy.,Bruce\tgave\tthe\tbat\tto\tthe\tboy.,Bruce\tgive\PST\tthe\tbat\tto\tthe\tboy,Bruce gave the bat to the boy.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-78,14,Bruce gave the boy the bat.,Bruce\tgave\tthe\tboy\tthe\tbat.,Bruce\tgive\PST\tthe\tboy\tthe\tbat,Bruce gave the boy the bat.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-86,15,di uman gi di titi sɔm mɔni,di\tuman\tgi\tdi\ttiti\tsɔm\tmɔni,ART\twoman\tgive\tART\tgirl\tsome\tmoney,The woman gave the girl some money.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-79,16,à gò faind sɔm mɔni giv mà mɔda,à\tgò\tfaind\tsɔm\tmɔni\tgiv\tmà\tmɔda,1SG\tFUT\tfind\tINDF\tmoney\tgive\t1SG.POSS\tmother,I will (find and) give some money to my mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-80,16,gɔvamɛnt se ì gò giv dɛ family ɔf dos pipu sɔm mɔni,gɔvamɛnt\tse\tì\tgò\tgiv\tdɛ\tfamily\tɔf\tdos\tpipu\tsɔm\tmɔni,government\tsay\t3SG\tFUT\tgive\tART\tfamily\tof\tDEM\tpeople\tINDF\tmoney,The government said it would give the families of those people money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-81,16,"dè no kam giv ɛitin, dè no tɔk ɛitin ɛgɛn","dè\tno\tkam\tgiv\tɛitin,\tdè\tno\ttɔk\tɛitin\tɛgɛn",3PL\tNEG\tcome\tgive\tanything\t3PL\tNEG\ttalk\tanything\tagain,"They didn't give anyhing, they did not say anything again.",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-94,17,À giv dì man nyam.,À\tgiv\tdì\tman\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tgive\tART.DEF\tman\tyam,I gave the man yams.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-84,18,A 'don 'giv 'buk fo 'yi.,A\tdon\tgiv\tbuk\tfo\ti.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgive\tbook\tfor\t3SG.OBL,I have given her/him a book.,,,,published source -18-85,18,A 'don 'giv 'yi 'buk.,A\tdon\tgif\ti\tbuk.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgive\t3SG.OBJ\tbook,I have given her/him a book.,,,,published source -19-111,19,Dì gal gi dì bɔl.,Dì\tgal\tgi\tdì\tbɔl.,DEF\tgirl\tgive\tDEF\tball,The girl gave the ball.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-112,19,Dì gal gi dì bɔy dì bɔl.,Dì\tgal\tgi\tdì\tbɔy\tdì\tbɔl.,DEF\tgirl\tgive\tDEF\tboy\tDEF\tball,The girl gave the boy the ball.,,,,elicited from speaker -21-80,21,The guy gave a bouquet of flowers to the girl.,The\tguy\tgave\ta\tbouquet\tof\tflowers\tto\tthe\tgirl.,the\tguy\tgive.PST\tDET\tbouquet\tof\tflower.PL\tto\tDET\tgirl,The guy gave a bouquet of flowers to the girl.,,,,own knowledge -21-81,21,The guy gave the girl a bouquet of flowers.,The\tguy\tgave\tthe\tgirl\ta\tbouquet\tof\tflower-s.,DET\tguy\tgive.PST\tDET\tgirl\tDET\tbouquet\tof\tflower-PL,The guy gave the girl a bouquet of flowers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-108,22,Givim mani long papa bilong yu.,Givim\tmani\tlong\tpapa\tbilong\tyu.,give\tmoney\tPREP\tfather\tPOSS\t2SG,Give your father the money.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-101,23,bambae Aron i givim mane long mi,bambae\tAron\ti\tgivim\tmane\tlong\tmi,IRR\tAaron\tAGR\tgive\tmoney\tALL\t1SG,Aaron will give money to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-102,23,hem i givim mi ol ting olsem mane wetem wan pis kaliko,hem\ti\tgivim\tmi\tol\tting\tolsem\tmane\twetem\twan\tpis\tkaliko,3SG\tAGR\tgive\t1SG\tPL\tthing\tlike\tmoney\twith\tINDF\tpiece\tcloth,"He gave me things, like money and a piece of cloth.",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-103,23,i givim kosin fi long mi,i\tgivim\tkosin\tfi\tlong\tmi,AGR\tgive\tcaution\tfee\tALL\t1SG,She gave me my security deposit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-104,23,bae yu givim hem sam mo mane?,bae\tyu\tgivim\them\tsam\tmo\tmane?,IRR\t2SG\tgive\t3SG\tsome\tmore\tmoney,Would you have given him some more money?,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-117,24,Giw aa letl salan wan lohle.,Giw\taa\tletl\tsalan\twan\tlohle.,give\tDET.DEF.SG\tlittle\tpeople\tDET.INDF.SG\tlolly,Give that child one lolly.,,,,constructed by linguist -25-256,25,Giv mi thet garndi langa im!,Giv\tmi\tthet\tgarndi\tlanga\tim!,give\t1SG\tDEM\tstick\tLOC\t3SG,Give me that stick for her! (i.e. to hit her),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-257,25,"Wot im skin, wi gata givit im skin na thet men na.","Wot\tim\tskin,\twi\tgata\tgiv-it\tim\tskin\tna\tthet\tmen\tna.",what\t3SG\tsubsection\t1PL\tFUT/OBLIG\tgive-TR\t3SG\tsubsection\tnow\tDEM\tman\tnow,"What's his skin name, we should give that man a skin name.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-72,26,hi wan tu tiʧ a staf tu ju foks,hi\twan\ttu\ttiʧ\ta\tstaf\ttu\tju\tfoks,3SG\twant\tto\tteach\tART\tstuff\tto\t2PL\tfolk,He wants to teach the stuff to you folks.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-73,26,hi laik tiʧ ju foks a staf,hi\tlaik\ttiʧ\tju\tfoks\ta\tstaf,3SG\tDESID\tteach\t2PL\tfolks\tART\tstuff,He wants to teach you folks the stuff.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-74,26,a wɛn giv ænti da glu,a\twɛn\tgiv\tænti\tda\tglu,1SG\tPST.PFV\tgive\tauntie\tART\tglue,I gave Auntie the glue.,,,,constructed by linguist -26-75,26,a wɛn giv bæk da glu tu ænti,a\twɛn\tgiv\tbæk\tda\tglu\ttu\tænti,1SG\tPST.PFV\tgive\tback\tART\tglue\tto\tauntie,I gave the glue back to Auntie.,,,,constructed by linguist -27-75,27,[...] fo gi shi kabái watər.,[...]\tfo\tgi\tshi\tkabái\twatər.,[...]\tfor\tgive\t3.POSS\thorse\twater,[...] to give his horse(s) water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-76,27,Ham a gi də ple a fadə Jusiəs.,Ham\ta\tgi\tdə\tple\ta\tfadə\tJusiəs.,3SG\tPST\tgive\tART.DEF\tplace\tLOC\tfather\tJusias,He gave the place to father Jusias.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-105,28,o bi daten dekto an pit di man jɛrma,o\tbi\tdati\teni\tdeki-tɛ\to\tan\tpi-tɛ\tdi\tman\tjɛrma,3SG\tsay\tthat\t3PL\ttake-PFV\t3SG\tand\tgive-PFV\tthe\tman\twoman,It is said that they abducted him and gave the man a woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-114,29,Hy het die kos vir/aan die kind gegee.,Hy\thet\tdie\tkos\tvir/aan\tdie\tkind\tge-gee.,3SG.M.NOM\tPST\tDEF.ART\tfood\tto\tDEF.ART\tchild\tPTCP-given,He gave the food to the child.,,,,naturalistic written -29-115,29,Piet het (vir) die kind die kos gegee.,Piet\thet\t(vir)\tdie\tkind\tdie\tkos\tge-gee.,Pete\tPST\t(for)\tDEF.ART\tchild\tDEF.ART\tfood\tPTCP-given,Pete gave the child the food.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-130,30,Mudjer da mininu kumida.,Mudjer\tda\tmininu\tkumida.,woman\tgive\tchild\tfood,The woman gave the child (the) food.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-131,30,N da mininu un libru.,N=da\tmininu\tun=libru.,1SG=give\tchild\tART.INDF=book,I gave the child a book.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-115,31,Es ka ta da-m trabadju.,Es\tka\tta\tda-m\ttrabadju.,they\tNEG\tASP\tgive-me\twork,They don't give me work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-116,31,Pedru da se vizinhu un libru.,Pedru\tda\tse\tvizinhu\tun\tlibru.,Pedru\tgive\this\tneighbour\ta\tbook,Pedru gave his neighbour a book.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-92,32,Purtugês tá guverná Kab Verd.,Purtugês\ttá\tguverná\tKab\tVerd.,Portuguese\tPST.IPFV\tgovern\tCape\tVerde,The Portuguese ruled Cape Verde.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-93,32,Maria ta ben dá un flor pa se prufesor.,Maria\tta\tben\tdá\tun\tflor\tpa\tse\tprufesor.,Maria\tPRS\tcome\tgive\tDET\tflower\tPREP\t3SG.POSS\tteacher,Maria is going to give a flower to her teacher.,,,,elicited from speaker -32-94,32,Tina dá se prufesor un flor.,Tina\tdá\tse\tprufesor\tun\tflor.,Tina\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tteacher\tDET\tflower,Tina gave her teacher a flower.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-123,33,No da Djon un prenda.,No\tda\tDjon\tun\tprenda.,1PL\tgive.PST\tJohn\tINDF\tgift,We gave John a gift.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-91,34,N da Joŋ libru. ~ N da libru Joŋ.,N ø da Joŋ libru. ~ N ø da libru Joŋ.,1SG.SBJ PFV give John book   1SG.SBJ PFV give book John,I gave John the/a book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-92,34,Mariya langá mininu kalsa. ~ Mariya langá kalsa mininu.,Mariya ø langá mininu kalsa. ~ Mariya ø langá kalsa mininu.,Mary PFV hand.over child trousers   Mary PFV hand.over trousers child,Mary handed over the trousers to the child.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-93,34,N da libru pa Joŋ.,N\tø\tda\tlibru\tpa\tJoŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgive\tbook\tfor\tJohn,I gave the/a book to John.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-94,34,Mariya langá kalsa pa mininu.,Mariya\tø\tlangá\tkalsa\tpa\tmininu.,Mary\tPFV\thand.over\ttrousers\tfor\tchild,Mary handed over the trousers to the child.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-136,35,Non ten ka da ôtlô ngê pikina ê.,Non\tten\tka\tda\tôtlô\tngê\tpikina\tê.,1PL\talso\tIPFV\tgive\tother\tperson\tlittle.bit\tPCL,We also give other people a little bit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-137,35,Da mu êlê!,Da\tmu\têlê!,give\tme\tit,Give it to me!,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-80,36,N sikêvê Peru ũa kata.,N\tsikêvê\tPeru\tũa\tkata.,I\twrite\tPeter\tone\tletter,I wrote Peter a letter.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-100,37,Maa da Pedu livu ũa.,Maa\tda\tPedu\tlivu\tũa.,Maa\tgive\tPedu\tbook\tone,Maa gave Pedu a book.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-101,37,N kopa livu sê.,N\tkopa\tlivu\tsê.,1SG\tbuy\tbook\tDEM,I bought this book.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-114,38,Malá da pédel tabaku.,Malá\tda\tpé-de-eli\ttabaku.,Maria\tgive\tfather-of-3SG\ttabacco,Mary gives the tobacco to her father.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-115,38,Amu fa bo xosai.,Amu\tfa\tbo\txo-sai.,1SG\tspeak\t2SG\tthing-DEM,I tell you this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-116,38,Amu da wan kuzu da bo.,Amu\tda\twan\tkuzu\tda\tbo.,1SG\tgive\tART\tthing\tgive\t2SG,I gave you something.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-81,40,El pudz-o kas pəkə boj.,El\tpudz-o\tkas\tpəkə\tboj.,3SG\tplace-PST\trind\tOBJ.that\tox,He gave the rind to that ox.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-82,40,Mari uly-o pəkə rhapa.,Mari\tuly-o\tpəkə\trhapa.,Mari\tsee-PST\tOBJ.that\tboy,Mari saw that boy.,,,,constructed by linguist -42-106,42,eli sa tiu ja bendé aké prau ku yo,eli\tsa\ttiu\tja\tbendé\také\tprau\tku\tyo,3SG\tGEN\tuncle\tPFV\tsell\tthat\tboat\tDAT\t1SG,His uncle sold the boat to me.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-107,42,krensa krensa olotu ja da ku eli ku úngua mulé china,krensa\tkrensa\tolotu\tja\tda\tku\teli\tku\túngua\tmulé\tchina,child\tchild\t3PL\tPFV\tgive\tACC\t3SG\tDAT\tone\twoman\tChinese,"When he was quite young, they gave him to a Chinese woman.",,,,naturalistic spoken -43-74,43,[...] kantu kere da akel ondra kung eo [...].,[...]\tkantu\tkere\tda\takel\tondra\tkung\teo\t[...].,[...]\tif\twant\tgive\tthat\thonour\tOBJ\t1SG\t[...],[...] whether he wants to give me the honour [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-114,44,Ya dáli Lóling sen kon Lólet.,Ya\tdáli\tLóling\tsen\tkon\tLólet.,PFV\tgive\tLoling\tmoney\tOBJ\tLolet,Loling gave money to Lolet.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-98,45,Di dale Rosa el flores con el maestra.,Di\tdale\tRosa\tel\tflores\tcon\tel\tmaestra.,CTPL\tgive\tRosa\tDEF\tflower\tOBJ\tDEF\tteacher,Rosa will give the flower to the teacher.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-99,45,Ya cumpra ele el vestido na plaza.,Ya\tcumpra\tele\tel\tvestido\tna\tplaza.,PFV\tbuy\t3SG\tDEF\tdress\tLOC\tmarket,She bought the dress in the market.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-117,46,Ya-dále yo regálo konéste muhér.,Ya-dále\tyo\tregálo\tkonéste\tmuhér.,PRF-give\t1SG\tpresent\tOBJ.this\twoman,I gave a book to this woman.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-122,47,Maria a duna Wanchu un buki.,Maria\ta\tduna\tWanchu\tun\tbuki.,Maria\tPFV\tgive\tWanchu\tINDF\tbook,Maria gave Wanchu a book.,,,,published source -47-123,47,Duna mi ruman hòmber e yabi.,Duna\tmi\truman\thòmber\te\tyabi.,give\t1SG\tsibling\tman\tDEF\tkey,Give my brother the key.,,,,published source -47-124,47,Ela duné na nos.,El\ta\tduna\té\tna\tnos.,3SG\tPFV\tgive\t3SG\tLOC\t1PL,He/she gave it to us.,,,,published source -47-125,47,Chaleko a fia Karlos su baiskel.,Chaleko\ta\tfia\tKarlos\tsu\tbaiskel.,Chaleko\tPFV\tlend\tKarlos\tPOSS\tbicycle,Chaleko lent Karlos his bicycle.,,,,published source -47-126,47,Bo por pasa mi e skalchi?/ Bo por pasa e skalchi pa mi?,Bo\tpor\tpasa\tmi\te\tskalchi?/\tBo\tpor\tpasa\te\tskalchi\tpa\tmi?,2SG\tcan\tpass\t1SG\tDEF\tdish\t2SG\tcan\tpass\tDEF\tdish\tfor\t1SG,Can you pass me the dish?,,,,published source -48-118,48,Tigre ta-ba robando koneho ma yuka.,Tigre\tta-ba\trobando\tkoneho\tma\tyuka.,tiger\tbe-PST.PROG\tsteal\trabbit\tPL\tcassava,The tiger was stealing the cassava from the rabbit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-119,48,Ele tan nda ele un regalo muy epesial.,Ele\ttan\tnda\tele\tun\tregalo\tmuy\tepesial.,he/she\tFUT\tgive\thim/her\ta\tgift\tvery\tspecial,He/she is going to give him/her a very special gift.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-120,48,Ma jende á baratá mujé kasa a jueds' e piedra.,Ma\tjende\tá\tbaratá\tmujé\tkasa\ta\tjueds'\te\tpiedra.,PL\tpeople\tPST\tdestroy\twoman\thouse\twith\tforce\tof\trock,People destroyed the house to/of the woman by throwing rocks at it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-172,49,Mari ba timoun yo yon jwèt.,Mari\tba\ttimoun\tyo\tyon\tjwèt.,Marie\tgive\tchild\tDEF.PL\tINDF\ttoy,Marie gave a toy to the children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-173,49,Pòl bay Anita yon mango.,Pòl\tbay\tAnita\tyon\tmango.,Paul\tgive\tAnita\tINDF\tmango,Paul gave Anita a mango.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-174,49,M a pote liv la ba wou.,M\ta\tpote\tliv\tla\tba\twou.,1SG\tFUT\tbring\tbook\tDEF\tto\t2SG,I will bring you the book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-175,49,Pote liv la ba papa ou.,Pote\tliv\tla\tba\tpapa\tou.,bring\tbook\tDEF\tPREP\tfather\t2SG,Take the book to your father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-176,49,Fè travay la ban mwen!,Fè\ttravay\tla\tban\tmwen!,do\twork\tDEF\tPREP\t1SG,Do the work for me!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-177,49,Sa ou pote pou mwen jodi a?,Sa\tou\tpote\tpou\tmwen\tjodi\ta?,DEM\t2SG\tbring\tPREP\t1SG\ttoday\tDEF,What are you bringing me today?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-108,50,An ba madanm-la liv-la.,An\tba\tmadanm-la\tliv-la.,1SG\tgive\twoman-DEF\tbook-DEF,I gave the woman the book.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-109,50,An pran liv-la.,An\tpran\tliv-la.,1SG\ttake\tbook-DEF,I took the book.,,,,constructed by linguist -51-100,51,Man ba madanm-lan liv-la.,Man\tba\tmadanm-lan\tliv-la.,1SG\tgive\twoman-DEF\tbook-DEF,I gave the book to the woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-101,51,Man pran liv-la.,Man\tpran\tliv-la.,1SG\ttake\tbook-DEF,I took the book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-238,53,Mo don ma maman ponye-la.,Mo\tdon\tma\tmaman\tponye-la.,1SG\tgive\t1SG.POSS\tmother\tbasket-ART.DEF.SG,I give my mother the basket.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-239,53,Mo don ponye-la a ma moman.,Mo\tdon\tponye-la\ta\tma\tmoman.,1SG\tgive\tbasket-ART.DEF.SG\tto\t1SG.POSS\tmother,I give the basket to my mother.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-240,53,So popa e dòn so fiy kote nonm-la.,So\tpopa\te\tdòn\tso\tfiy\tkote\tnonm-la.,3SG.POSS\tfather\tPROG\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tdaughter\tto\tman-ART.DEF.SG,Her father is giving his daughter to the man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-390,53,Mo done pikayon piti gasson mo fie ki kouri lékol.,Mo\tdone\tpikayon\tpiti\tgasson\tmo\tfie\tki\tkouri\tlékol.,1SG\tgive\tnickel\tlittle\tboy\t1SG\tdaughter\tREL\tgo\tschool,I gave a nickel to my daughter's son who goes to school.,,,,naturalistic written -54-129,54,"Somanké, i fodra donn boug la in bout.","Somanke,\ti\tfodra\tdonn\tboug\tla\ten\tbout.",certainly\tFIN\tmust.FUT\tgive\tman\tDEM\tINDF\tpiece,"Certainly, you will have to give the man a piece.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-99,55,ar/ek/avek ki sanla to'n don larzaṅ la?,ar/ek/avek\tki\tsanla\tto'n\tdon\tlarzaṅ\tla?,with\twho\tthat.one\t2SG.PFV\tgive\tmoney\tDEF,To whom have you given the money?,,,,constructed by linguist -55-101,55,fam la ti don so garsoṅ larzaṅ la,fam\tla\tti\tdon\tso\tgarsoṅ\tlarzaṅ\tla,woman\tDEF\tPST\tgive\ther\tboy\tmoney\tDEF,The woman gave her son the money.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-102,55,fam la ti perdi larzaṅ la,fam\tla\tti\tperdi\tlarzaṅ\tla,woman\tDEF\tPST\tloose\tmoney\tDEF,The woman lost the money.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-103,55,mo'n don semiz Klod,mo'n\tdon\tsemiz\tKlod,1SG.COMPL\tgive\tshirt\tClaude,I gave the shirt to Claude.,,,,written (grammar) -56-119,56,Mon 'n donn Marcel en mang.,Mon\t'n\tdonn\tMarcel\ten\tmang.,1SG\tPRF\tgive\tMarcel\ta\tmango,I gave Marcel a mango.,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-61,57,"Sola reste ave tule Tuo-la, e pi apre, ka la ni ŋgra pi apre sola ndone fam pu lja.","Sola\treste\tave\ttule\tTuo-la,\te\tpi\tapre,\tka\tla\tni\tŋgra\tpi\tapre\tsola\tndone\tfam\tpu\tlja.",3PL\tstay\twith\tPL\tTouho-DET/DEF\tand\tthen\tlater\twhen\the\tCOMPL\tgrow\tthen\tlater\tthey\tgive\twife\tfor\t3SG,"They stayed with the people from Touho tribe, and when he had grown up, he was given a wife.",,,,naturalistic written -57-62,57,ma ndone lama a lot la par ter,ma\tndone\tlama\ta\tlot\tla\tpar\tter,1SG\tgive\thand\tto\tother\tDEM/DEF\ton\tground,I give a helping hand to the other person lying on the ground.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-118,57,sola ndone fam pu lja,sola\tndone\tfam\tpu\tlja,3PL\tgive\twife\tPREP\t3SG,They gave him a wife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-79,58,Yandi pes-aka mono mukanda ve.,Yandi\tpes-aka\tmono\tmukanda\tve.,he\tgive-PST\tme\tbook\tnot,He did not give me the book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-80,58,Yandi pesa mono mbongo.,Yandi\tpesa\tmono\tmbongo.,3SG\tgive\tme\tmoney,He/She gave me money.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-81,58,Yandi tinda mono mukanda.,Yandi\ttinda\tmono\tmukanda.,3SG\tsend\tme\tletter,He/She sent me a letter.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-185,59,"tongana lo mu samba na ala, ala ken'","tongana\tlo\tmu\tsamba\tna\tala,\tala\tken'",when\t3SG\tgive\tbeer\tPREP\t2SG.DEF\t2SG.DEF\trefuse,"Should he offer you beer, refuse it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-186,59,"lo mu na ala samba titn ala nyon', ala ken'","lo\tmu\tna\tala\tsamba\tti.tene\tala\tnyon',\tala\tken'",3SG\tgive\tPREP\t2SG.DEF\tso\tthat\t2SG.DEF\tdrink\t2SG.DEF\trefuse,"(She said), ""Should he offer you beer to drink, refuse it.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-187,59,"lo mu samba, lo mu na lo, lo ken'","lo\tmu\tsamba,\tlo\tmu\tna\tlo,\tlo\tken'",3SG\ttake\tbeer\t3SG\tgive\tPREP\t3SG\t3SG\trefuse,"He offered her beer, but she refused.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-188,59,"mu zembe ka, ga na ni na mbi, mbi doroko na nyama ni","mu\tzembe\tka,\tga\tna\tni\tna\tmbi,\tmbi\tdoroko\tna\tnyama\tni",seize\tknife\tthere\tcome\tPREP\tDET\tPREP\t1SG\t1SG\tbutcher\tPREP\tanimal\tDET,Bring me the knife over there for me to butcher the animal with it.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-84,60,mamá apésákí mwána búku,mamá\ta-pés-ákí\tmwána\tbúku,mother\t3SG-give-PST\tchild\tbook,The mother gave the child a book.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-85,60,mamá apésákí búku na mwána,mamá\ta-pés-ákí\tbúku\tna\tmwána,mother\t3SG-give-PST\tbook\tto\tchild,The mother gave a book to the child.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-86,60,mwána apésákí kíti na mamá,mwána\ta-pés-ákí\tkíti\tna\tmamá,child\t3SG-give-PST\tchair\tto\tmother,The child gave the chair to the mother.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-87,60,mwána apésákí mamá kíti,mwána\ta-pés-ákí\tmamá\tkíti,child\t3SG-give-PST\tmother\tchair,The child gave the mother a chair.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-63,61,Mina nikile lo tomzan lo sinkwa.,Mina\tnik-ile\tlo\ttomzan\tlo\tsinkwa.,I\tgive-PST\tDEF.ART\tgirl\tDEF.ART\tbread,I gave the girl bread. OR: I gave bread to the girl. OR: I gave the bread to the girl.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-64,61,Mina nikile lo sinkwa duze ga lo tombazan.,Mina\tnik-ile\tlo\tsinkwa\tduze\tga\tlo\ttombazan.,I\tgive-PST\tDEF.ART\tbread\tnear\tPOSS\tDEF.ART\tgirl,I gave the bread to the girl. OR: I gave the bread via the girl.,,,,unknown -62-54,62,vé-ka-há-ní-'ó,vé-ka-há-ní-'ó,2-CSEC-OBJ.16-1SG-give,They gave me the place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-55,62,ém̩?ó m?aléta kú?u kikohle,é-m-?o\tm-?aleta\tkú?u\tkikohle,3SG-OBJ.3SG.1-give\t1.girl\this\t7.bracelet,He gives his girlfriend a bracelet.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-56,62,ijí tutam̩babáha mugahló,ijí\ttu-ta-m-babaha\tm-gahlo,now\t1PL-PRS-OBJ.3SG.1-escort\t1-visitor,We accompany the visitor.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-118,63,úmun wedí na turá fi Mazéras,úmun\twedí\tna\tturá\tfi\tMazéras,3PL\tgive\tus\tplot\tin\tMazeras,They gave us a plot in Mazeras.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-119,63,úwo wedí la jídi t-éna láabi ta galamóyo,úwo\twedí\tla\tjídi\tt-éna\tláabi\tta\tgalamóyo,3SG\tgive\tto\tgrandfather\tGEN-our\trope\tGEN\tgoat,He gave our grandfather the goat's rope.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-120,63,bakán úmun já wedí na ómun bakán fi Mazéras,bakán\túmun\tjá\twedí\tna\tómun\tbakán\tfi\tMazéras,when\t3PL\tcome\tgive\tto\t3PL\tplace\tin\tMazeras,"When they came, they gave them a place to live in Mazeras.",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-126,64,úo wedí le ána gurúʃ,úo\twedí\tle\tána\tgurúʃ,3SG\tgive\tto\t1SG\tmoney,He gave me money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-127,64,ána biworí le ítakum mowdú de,ána\tbi=worí\tle\títakum\tmowdú\tde,1SG\tIRR=show\tto\t2PL\tquestion\tDEM.PROX,I will explain this question to you.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-187,64,kitáb al ána wedí le íta,kitáb\tal\tána\twedí\tle\títa,book\tREL\t1SG\tgive\tto\t2SG,the book which I gave you,,,,constructed by linguist -65-91,65,Laboʧij ni dawaj iwo.,Laboʧij\tni\tdawaj\tiwo.,worker\tNEG\tgive\t3SG,It (ginseng) was not given to workers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-92,65,Kitaisa dawali menia ixin'.,Kitaisa\tdawa-li\tmenia\tixin'.,Chinese\tgive-PFV\t1SG\t3PL,They gave me to a Chinese.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-70,66,Rikas Rimzanape kakana baru attu buk atigasi.,Rikas\tRimzana-pe\tkaka-na\tbaru\tattu\tbuk\tati-kasi.,Rikas\tRimzana-POSS\tbrother-DAT\tnew\tINDF\tbook\tFUT-give,Rikas will give Rimzana's (older) brother a new book.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-130,67,Jangan kasi wang sama ini macam punya orang.,Jangan\tkasi\twang\tsama\tini\tmacam\tpunya\torang.,don’t\tgive\tmoney\twith\tDEM\tlike\tATTR\tperson,Don’t give money to people like this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-131,67,"Belakang, dia pon baik-baik kasi itu kaca jeremin sama saya.","Belakang,\tdia\tpon\tbaik~baik\tkasi\titu\tkaca\tjeremin\tsama\tsaya.",back\t3SG\talso\tgood~good\tgive\tDEM\tspec-\ttacles\twith\t1SG,"After this, he carefully gave me my spectacles.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-132,67,Wa kasi lu empat ratus.,Wa\tkasi\tlu\tempat\tratus.,1SG\tgive\t2SG\tfour\thundred,I gave you four hundreds.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-133,67,[...] ini orang-orang kasi dia duit.,[...]\tini\torang~orang\tkasi\tdia\tduit.,[...]\tDEM\tperson~person\tgive\t3SG\tmoney,[...] these people gave him money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-73,68,[...] la de kasi beta sa-bua lei.,[...]\tla\tde\tkasi\tbeta\tsa-bua\tlei.,[...]\tthen\t3SG\tgive\t1SG\tone-CLF\talso,[...] and then she gave me one as well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-74,68,Pombo kasi tongka for Kes.,Pombo\tkasi\ttongka\tfor\tKes.,dove\tgive\tstick\tto\tmonkey,Dove gave the stick to Monkey.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-75,68,Dia rela untu kasi uang.,Dia\trela\tuntu\tkasi\tuang.,3SG\twilling\tto\tgive\tmoney,She was willing to give money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-49,69,men yaki Yimas mən namban asanan,men\tyaki\tYimas\tmən\tnamban\tasa-nan,3SG\ttobacco\tYimas\t3SG\tDAT\tgive-NONFUT,He gave the Yimas tobacco.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-47,70,U bato sub uske larika.,U\tbato\tsub\tuske\tlarika.,3SG\tgive.out\tall\t3SG.POSS\tboy,She gave all of it to her children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-48,70,U deo kana ham-log ke.,U\tdeo\tkana\tham-log\tke.,3SG\tgive\tfood\t1-PL\tACC,She gives food to us.,,,,constructed by linguist -70-49,70,Pani deo jamin.,Pani\tdeo\tjamin.,water\tgive\tland,Give water to the land.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-50,70,Tum deo i cen lariki ke.,Tum\tdeo\ti\tcen\tlariki\tke.,2SG\tgive\tDEM.PROX\tchain\tgirl\tACC,Give this chain to a girl.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-105,71,Wau makana keia upena kela haole.,Wau\tmakana\tkeia\tupena\tkela\thaole.,1SG\tgive\tthis\tnet\tDET\twhite.foreigner,I gave this net to the white foreigner.,,,,naturalistic written -71-106,71,Iaia lawe mai haawi ia Henry alua omole.,Iaia\tlawe\tmai\thaawi\tia\tHenry\talua\tomole.,3SG\ttake\tDIR\tgive\tOBJ\tHenry\ttwo\tbottle,He brought and gave two bottles to Henry.,,,,naturalistic written -71-107,71,Mahope wau makana kela haku kela dala.,Mahope\twau\tmakana\tkela\thaku\tkela\tdala.,later\t1SG\tgive\tDET\tboss\tDET\tmoney,Then I gave the boss the money.,,,,naturalistic written -72-92,72,Dat malyju gibit det man jumok.,Dat\tmalyju\tgib-it\tdet\tman\tjumok.,the\tboy\tgive-TR\tthe\tman\tcigarette,The boy gave the man a cigarette.,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-93,72,Dat kirri im gibit jumok ngumpitku.,Dat\tkirri\tim\tgib-it\tjumok\tngumpit-ku.,the\twoman\t3SG\tgive-TR\tsmoke\tman-DAT,The woman gives a cigarette to the man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-94,72,Bat i bin gibit wanbala bo nyanuny husban.,Bat\ti\tbin\tgib-it\twanbala\tbo\tnyanuny\thusban.,but\t3SG.S\tPST\tgive-TR\tone\tDAT\t3SG.DAT\thusband,But she gave one to her husband.,,,3607fea4ba0aa7957bd4ca243368e362,naturalistic spoken -73-70,73,bosmu todo platami dasha,bos-mu\ttodo\tplata-mi\tda-sha,2SG-ALL\tall\tsilver-AFF\tgive-1SG.FUT,I will give all the money to you.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-92,74,máyka pátlač kámuks kápa tánas,máyka\tpátlač\tkámuks\tkápa\ttánas,2SG\tgive\tdog\tPREP\tsmall,You’re giving a dog to the child.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-93,74,náyka páłač šus,náyka\tpáłač\tšus,1SG\tgive\tshoes,I will give you the shoes.,,,,narrative -75-147,75,Ma soer enn floer giimiyaaw.,Ma\tsoer\tenn\tfloer\tgii-miy-aaw.,2SG.POSS.F\tsister\tINDF.ART.F.SG\tflower\t1.PST-give-3.OBJ,I gave my sister a flower.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-148,75,Namoya lii bitaen eekwa kiimiyeewak.,Namoya\tlii\tbitaen\teekwa\tkii-miy-eew-ak.,NEG\tPL\tcloth\tnow\tPST-give-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-PL,They did not give her any clothes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-149,75,Sii fiy kaakweemeekit oonhin.,Sii\tfiy\tkaakwee-meeki-t\toonhin.,3PL.POSS\tdaughter\ttry-give-3\tthose,She tries to give her daughters (to someone).,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-150,75,Li guvarnimaan kiimiyiku enn pataant.,Li\tguvarnimaan\tkii-miy-iku\tenn\tpataant.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tgovernment\tPST-give-INV.3.3\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tpatent,The government gave him a patent.,,,,naturalistic written -2-146,2,"A trawan gi a boi, gi a tra boi feifi, a vijfhonderd.","A\ttrawan\tgi\ta\tboi,\tgi\ta\ttra\tboi\tfeifi,\ta\tvijfhonderd.",the\tother\tgive\tthe\tboy\tgive\tthe\tother\tboy\tfive\tthe\tfive_hundred,"The other one gave the boy, gave the boy five, the five hundred.",,,,elicited from speaker -2-147,2,Unu no kan gi den man a disi.,Unu\tno\tkan\tgi\tden\tman\ta\tdisi.,2PL\tno\tcan\tgive\tthe.PL\tman\tDET\tDEM,You can’t give them these.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-148,2,Dus den musu gi mi furu watra fu mi dringi.,Dus\tden\tmusu\tgi\tmi\tfuru\twatra\tfu\tmi\tdringi.,thus\tthey\tshould\tgive\t1SG\tmuch\twater\tfor\t1SG\tdrink,So they need to give me a lot of water to drink.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-74,3,Di womi da tu buku da di mujɛɛ.,Di\twomi\tda\ttu\tbuku\tda\tdi\tmujɛɛ.,DEF.SG\tman\tgive\ttwo\tbook\tgive\tDEF.SG\twoman,The man gave two books to the woman.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-104,4,Da u gi en gaantangi baa.,Da\tu\tgi\ten\tgaantangi\tbaa.,then\twe\tgive\thim\tthanks\tPOL,Then we thank him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-100,5,mi gi di maan di baal,mi\tgi\tdi\tmaan\tdi\tbaal,1SG\tgive\tthe\tman\tthe\tball,I gave the man the ball. OR: I have given the ball to the man.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-65,6,He giv shi a buk.,He\tgiv\tshi\ta\tbuk.,he\tgave\ther\tDET\tbook,He gave her a book.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-152,7,Di gyel ge shi moma wan flowaz.,Di\tgyel\tge\tshi\tmoma\twan\tflowa-z.,DEF\tgirl\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tmother\tINDF\tflower-PL,The girl gave her mother a flower. OR: The girl gave a flower to her mother.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-95,8,Mi gi di uman di flowaz.,Mi\tgi\tdi\tuman\tdi\tflowaz.,1SG\tgive\tDET\twoman\tDET\tflower,I gave the woman the flower(s).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-124,9,Giv Bod di waʧ.,Giv\tBod\tdi\twaʧ.,give\tBod\tthe\twatch,Give Bod the watch.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-141,10,Di gyal gi ihn muma wan flowaz.,Di\tgyal\tgi\tihn\tmuma\twan\tflowaz.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tmother\tART.INDF\tflower,The girl gave her mother a flower. OR: The girl gave a flower to her mother.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-193,11,Ih giv muo taim tu ih church.,Ih\tgiv\tmuo\ttaim\ttu\tih\tchurch.,3SG\tgive\tmore\ttime\tto\t3SG.POSS\tchurch,He dedicates more time to his church.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-194,11,Ih neva gi di kyapm ih kompliit niem.,Ih\tneva\tgi\tdi\tkyapm\tih\tkompliit\tniem.,3SG\tNEG.PST\tgive\tART.DEF\tcaptain\t3SG.POSS\tcomplete\tname,He didn't tell the captain his complete name.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-195,11,Di gyal giv wan ros tu ar mada.,Di\tgyal\tgiv\twan\tros\ttu\tar\tmada.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tgive\tART.INDF\trose\tto\t3SG.POSS.F\tmother,The girl gave a rose to her mother.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-196,11,Di gyal giv ar mamá a flowaz.,Di\tgyal\tgiv\tar\tmamá\ta\tflowaz.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tgive\t3SG.POSS.F\tmother\tART.INDF\tflower.,The girl gave her mother a flower.,,,,elicited from speaker -17-95,17,À giv dì man nyam.,À\tgiv\tdì\tman\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tgive\tART.DEF\tman\tyam,I gave the man yams.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-86,18,A bin gif di wuman chop.,A\tbin\tgif\tdi\twuman\tchop.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tgive\tART.DEF\twoman\tfood,I gave the woman food.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-87,18,A bin giv chop fo di wuman.,A\tbin\tgiv\tchop\tfo\tdi\twuman.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tgive\tfood\tfor\tDEF.ART\twoman,I gave the woman some food.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-77,20,You give my one piecee receipt.,You\tgive\tmy\tone\tpiecee\treceipt.,2SG\tgive\t1SG\tART.INDF\tCLF\treceipt,You give me a receipt.,,,,naturalistic written -20-78,20,Give me.,Give\tme.,give\t1SG,Give it to me.,,,,naturalistic written -20-79,20,Give my compliment.,Give\tmy\tcompliment.,give\t1SG.POSS\tcompliment,Give him my compliment.,,,,naturalistic written -20-80,20,Give captain thisee order.,Give\tcaptain\tthisee\torder.,give\tcaptain\tDEM\torder,Give this order to the captain.,,,,naturalistic written -20-81,20,Give thisee check compradore.,Give\tthisee\tcheck\tcompradore.,give\tDEM\tcheck\tcompradore,Give this check to the compradore.,,,,naturalistic written -22-109,22,Meri i givim kaikai long pikinini.,Meri\ti\tgivim\tkaikai\tlong\tpikinini.,woman\tPM\tgive.TR\tfood\tPREP\tchild,The woman gave food to the child.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-118,24,Giw some ai ieg!,Giw\tsome\tai\tieg!,give\tsome\t1SG.BEN\tegg,Give me some eggs!,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-119,24,Hi giw aa wielbierds ieg gen her.,Hi\tgiw\taa\twielbierds\tieg\tgen\ther.,he\tgive\tDET\twhalebird\tegg\tPREP\ther,He gave her those whalebird eggs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-77,27,[...] gi di hou man də servet.,[...]\tgi\tdi\thou\tman\tdə\tservet.,[...]\tgive\tDET\told\tman\tART.DEF\tnapkin,[...] give the old man the napkin.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-116,29,Ek gee die vrou 'n roos.,Ek\tgee\tdie\tvrou\t'n\troos.,1SG.NOM\tgive\tDEF.ART\twoman\tINDF.ART\trose,I give the woman a rose.,,,,naturalistic written -29-117,29,Ek gee 'n roos vir/aan die man.,Ek\tgee\t'n\troos\tvir/aan\tdie\tman.,1SG.NOM\tgive\tINDF.ART\trose\tto\tDEF.ART\tman,I give a rose to the man.,,,,naturalistic written -29-118,29,omdat ek die roos vir/aan die man gegee het,omdat\tek\tdie\troos\tvir/aan\tdie\tman\tge-gee\thet,because\tI\tDEF.ART\trose\tto\tDEF.ART\tman\tPTCP-given\tPST,because I gave the rose to the man,,,,naturalistic written -29-119,29,omdat ek (vir) die man 'n roos gegee het,omdat\tek\t(vir)\tdie\tman\t'n\troos\tge-gee\thet,because\t1SG.NOM\t(for)\tDEF.ART\tman\tINDF.ART\trose\tPTCP-given\tPST,because I gave the man a rose,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-120,29,Daarom gee ons (vir) die man 'n roos.,Daarom\tgee\tons\t(vir)\tdie\tman\t'n\troos.,therefore\tgive\t1PL\t(for)\tDEF.ART\tman\tINDF.ART\trose,Therefore we give the man a rose.,,,,naturalistic written -29-121,29,Daarom gee ons die roos vir/aan die man.,Daarom\tgee\tons\tdie\troos\tvir/aan\tdie\tman.,therefore\tgive\t1PL\tDEF.ART\trose\tto\tDEF.ART\tman,Therefore we will give the rose to the man.,,,,naturalistic written -29-122,29,omdat ons 'n roos gee vir/aan Karel,omdat\tons\t'n\troos\tgee\tvir/aan\tKarel,because\twe\tINDF.ART\trose\tgive\tfor/to\tCharles,because we give a rose to Charles,,,,naturalistic written -30-132,30,Mudjer da ómi kumida.,Mudjer\tda\tómi\tkumida.,woman\tgive\tman\tfood,The woman gave the man (the) food.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-117,31,Ken ki ten ka sa da ningen yel.,Ken\tki\tten\tka\tsa\tda\tningen\tyel.,who\tCOMP\thas\tNEG\tPROG\tgive\tnobody\tit,Who has some is not giving anyone anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-95,32,Maria dá se filha un drops.,Maria\tdá\tse\tfilha\tun\tdrops.,Maria\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tdaughter\tDET\tcandy,Maria gave her daughter a candy.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-124,33,No da Djon un prenda.,No\tda\tDjon\tun\tprenda.,1PL\tgive.PST\tJohn\tINDF\tgift,We gave John a gift.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-95,34,N da Joŋ libru.,N\tø\tda\tJoŋ\tlibru.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgive\tJohn\tbook,I gave John the/a book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-96,34,N da libru Joŋ. ~ N da libru pa Joŋ.,N ø da libru Joŋ. ~ N ø da libru pa Joŋ.,1SG.SBJ PFV give book John   1SG.SBJ PFV give book for John,I gave John the/a book.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -36-81,36,Ê ra Têtêuga ũa kiba palaxu [...].,Ê\tra\tTêtêuga\tũa\tkiba\tpalaxu\t[...].,he\tgive\tturtle\tone\tpart\tpalace\t[...],He gave Turtle a part of his palace [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-117,38,Am fa bo xosai.,Amu\tfa\tbo\txo-sai.,1SG\tspeak\t2SG\tthing-DEM,I tell you this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-118,38,Am da wankuz da bo.,Amu\tda\twan-kuzu\tda\tbo.,1SG\tgive\tART-thing\tgive\t2SG,I gave you something.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-117,39,Yo mãdo ũ prɛsẽt a mĩ irmã.,Yo\tmãd-o\tũ\tprɛsẽt\ta\tmĩ\tirmã.,1SG\tsend-PST\tone\tpresent\tDAT\t1SG.POSS\tsister,I sent a present to my sister.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-83,40,El yade 150 rhupi ku Dondya.,El\tyade\t150\trhupi\tku\tDondya.,3SG\tgave\t150\trupees\tREP\tDondya,S/he gave Dondya 150 rupees.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-84,40,El yade ku Dondya 150 rhupi.,El\tyade\tku\tDondya\t150\trhupi.,3SG\tgave\tDAT\tDondya\t150\trupee,S/he gave Dondya 150 rupees.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-85,40,El 150 rhupi ku Dondya yade.,El\t150\trhupi\tku\tDondya\tyade.,3SG\t150\trupee\tDAT\tDondya\tgave,S/he gave Dondya 150 rupees.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-86,40,El ku Dondya 150 rhupi jade.,El\tku\tDondya\t150\trhupi\tjade.,3SG\tDAT\tDondya\t150\trupee\tgave,S/he gave Dondya 150 rupees.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-96,41,trees poɖiyaaspa ʈyuviʃan tadaa,trees\tpoɖiyaas-pa\tʈyuviʃan\tta-daa,three\tchild.PL-DAT\ttuition\tPRS-give,[They] are giving tuition to three children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-97,41,sirvidoor kacoorpa danaadu kaarni jadaa,sirvidoor\tkacoor-pa\tdanaa-du\tkaarni\tjaa-daa,servant\tdog-DAT\tspoil-ADJZ\tmeat\tPST-give,The servant fed the dog the spoiled meat.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-108,42,eli ja da ku eli sa pai aké pesi,eli\tja\tda\tku\teli\tsa\tpai\také\tpesi,3SG\tPFV\tgive\tDAT\t3SG\tGEN\tfather\tthat\tfish,He gave his father the fish.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-109,42,eli ja da aké doi ku jenti idadi,eli\tja\tda\také\tdoi\tku\tjenti\tidadi,3SG\tPFV\tgive\tthat\tmoney\tDAT\tpeople\tage,He gave the money to the old people.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-75,43,[...] kantu kere da akel ondra kung eo [...].,[...]\tkantu\tkere\tda\takel\tondra\tkung\teo\t[...].,[...]\tif\twant\tgive\tthat\thonour\tOBJ\t1SG\t[...],[…] whether he wants to give me the honour […].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-115,44,Ya dalí ahrós kuN kel palimósnera kel muhéra.,Ya\tdalí\tahrós\tkuN\tkel\tpalimósnera\tkel\tmuhéra.,PFV\tgive\trice\tOBJ\tDEF\tbeggar\tDEF\twoman,The woman gave rice to the beggar.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-116,44,Ya dáli kéndiq kel tindéra kun kel mangá kretúra.,Ya\tdáli\tkéndiq\tkel\ttindéra\tkun\tkel\tmangá\tkretúra.,PFV\tgive\tcandy\tDEF\tshopkeeper\tOBJ\tDEF\tPL\tchild,The shopkeeper gave candy to the children. OR: The candy was given to the children by the vendor.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-100,45,Rosa di dale el flores con el maestra.,Rosa\tdi\tdale\tel\tflores\tcon\tel\tmaestra.,Rosa\tCTPL\tgive\tDEF\tflower\tOBJ\tDEF\tteacher,It is Rosa who will give the flower to the teacher.,,,,constructed by linguist -46-118,46,Ya-dále yo líbro koneste ómbre.,Ya-dále\tyo\tlíbro\tkoneste\tómbre.,PRF-give\t1SG\tbook\tOBJ.this\tman,I gave this man a book / books.,,,,elicited from speaker -49-178,49,Pòl ba Anita yon mango.,Pòl\tba\tAnita\tyon\tmango.,Paul\tgive\tAnita\tINDF\tmango,Paul gave Anita a mango.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-179,49,"Li te gen twa zoranj, li ban m youn.","Li\tte\tgen\ttwa\tzoranj,\tli\tban\tm\tyoun.",3SG\tANT\thave\tthree\torange\t3SG\tgive\t1SG\tNUM,"He had three oranges, he gave me one of them.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-180,49,Li vle pase moun lòd kòm si li te mèt kay.,Li\tvle\tpase\tmoun\tlòd\tkòm\tsi\tli\tte\tmèt\tkay.,3SG\twant\tgive\tperson\torder\tas\tif\t3SG\tANT\tmaster\thouse,He wants to order people around as if he were the master of the house.,,,,naturalistic written -50-110,50,An ba Wojé on poul.,An\tba\tWojé\ton\tpoul.,1SG\tgive\tRoger\tINDF\tchicken,I gave Roger a chicken.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-111,50,Pyè ba Eliza on bo.,Pyè\tba\tEliza\ton\tbo.,Peter\tgive\tElisa\tINDF\tkiss,Peter gave Elisa a kiss. OR: Peter kissed Elisa.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-112,50,An ka pòté fig ba papa.,An\tka\tpòté\tfig\tba\tpapa.,1SG\tPROG\tbring\tbanana\tPREP\tfather,I am bringing some bananas to/for my father.,,,,elicited from speaker -51-102,51,Man ba Wojé an poul.,Man\tba\tWojé\tan\tpoul.,1SG\tgive\tRoger\tINDF\tchicken,I gave Roger a chicken.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-103,51,Piè ba Eliza an bo.,Piè\tba\tEliza\tan\tbo.,Peter\tgive\tElisa\tINDF\tkiss,Peter gave Elisa a kiss. OR: Peter kissed Elisa.,,,,constructed by linguist -51-197,51,Piè vréyé an let ba Eliza.,Piè\tvréyé\tan\tlet\tba\tEliza.,Peter\tsend\tINDF\tletter\tfor\tElisa,Peter sent a letter to Elisa.,,,,unspecified -54-130,54,Li donn son syin sakin enn.,Li\tdonn\tson\tsyen\tsaken\tenn.,3SG.FIN\tgive\tPOSS.3SG\tdog\teach\tone,He gives his dogs one each (i.e. one tenrec).,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-131,54,I fo ou donn pa manzé marmay la!,I\tfo\tou\tdonn\tpa\tmanze\tmarmay\tla!,FIN\tmust\t2SG\tgive\tNEG\tfood\tchild\tDEM,You certainly do not give these children food!,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-104,55,mo ti don Pyer liv la,mo\tti\tdon\tPyer\tliv\tla,1SG\tPST\tgive\tPierre\tbook\tDEF,I gave Peter the book.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-105,55,mo ti don liv la ar Pyer,mo\tti\tdon\tliv\tla\tar\tPyer,1SG\tPST\tgive\tbook\tDEF\twith\tPierre,I gave the book to Peter.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-106,55,mo'n don Klod semiz,mo'n\tdon\tKlod\tsemiz,1SG.COMPL\tgive\tClaude\tshirt,I give the shirt to Claude.,,,,written (grammar) -59-189,59,lo ke mu na mo nginza ti bata na lo,lo\tke\tmu\tna\tmo\tnginza\tti\tbata\tna\tlo,3SG\tCOP\tgive\tPREP\t2SG\tmoney\tof\tkeep\tPREP\t3SG,He'll give you money to keep for him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-190,59,mbi yi ti mu wango so na aita,mbi\tyi\tti\tmu\twa-ngo\tso\tna\ta-ita,1SG\twant\tof\tgive\twarn-NMLZ\tDEM\tPREP\tPL-sibling,I want to give this advice to (our) friends.,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-57,62,éku?óíye ahoní,é-ku-?o-íye\tahoni,3SG-OBJ.2SG-give-PRF\twhat,What did he give you?,,,,elicited from speaker -62-58,62,ém̩?ó m̩?aléta kú?u kikohle,é-m-?o\tm̩?aleta\tkú?u\tkikohle,3SG-OBJ.3SG-give\tgirl\this\tbracelet,He gives his girl friend a bracelet.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-121,63,kabáka já wedí baksís na nas babá t-éna,kabáka\tjá\twedí\tbaksís\tna\tnas\tbabá\tt-éna,Kabaka\tcome\tgive\treward\tto\tPL\tfather\tGEN-our,The Kabaka (king) gave a reward to our ancestors.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-122,63,úwo wedí l-ó míle,úwo\twedí\tl-ó\tmíle,3SG\tgive\tto-him\tsalt,He gives him salt.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-128,64,áhal ta wéled bidáfa mal le áhal ta biníya,áhal\tta\twéled\tbi=dáfa\tmal\tle\táhal\tta\tbiníya,family\tPOSS\tguy\tIRR=pay\tdowry\tto\tfamily\tPOSS\tgirl,The bridegroom’s family pays the dowry to the bride’s family.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-129,64,úo wedí le ána gurúʃ,úo\twedí\tle\tána\tgurúʃ,3SG\tgive\tto\t1SG\tmoney,He gave me money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-93,65,Janseli tibe katami namixta dawaj.,Janseli\ttibe\tkatami\tnamixta\tdawaj.,Janseli\t2SG\tchow\tdried.fish\tgive,Janseli will give you a dish made of dried salmon.,,,,citation in fiction -65-94,65,"Ja tuda xodi, iʃːo gumaga padajutə, toʒə daj gumaga.","Ja\ttuda\txodi,\tiʃːo\tgumaga\tpadajutə,\ttoʒə\tdaj\tgumaga.",1SG\tthere\tgo\tall\tpaper\tgive.3PL\talso\tgive\tpaper,"I went there, everybody was given some paper, I was also given some paper.",,,,naturalistic spoken -66-72,66,Pompanganak kumbang attu deppe ummana ekasi (aða).,Pompang-anak\tkumbang\tattu\tde-pe\tumma-na\te-kasi\t(aða).,female-child\tflower\tINDF\t3SG-POSS\tmother-DAT\tASP-give\t(AUX),The girl gave a flower to her mother.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-134,67,Saya mahu kasi diaorang balik dia punya sendiripunya cake.,Saya\tmahu\tkasi\tdiaorang\tbalik\tdia\tpunya\tsendiri-punya\tcake.,1SG\twant\tgive\t3PL\treturn\t3SG\tPOSS\tself-possess\tcake,I wanted to return their own cake to them.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-135,67,Dia kasi kita ini.,Dia\tkasi\tkita\tini.,3SG\tgive\t1PL\tDEM,He gave us this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-136,67,"Ah, lain kali, jangan kasi wang sama ini macam punya olang.","Ah,\tlain\tkali,\tjangan\tkasi\twang\tsama\tini\tmacam\tpunya\tolang.",INTERJ\tother\ttime\tdon’t\tgive\tmoney\twith\tDEM\tlike\tMODIF\tperson,"Next time, don’t give money to people like him.",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-108,71,Kela wahine kela Amala haawi no ka rama.,Kela\twahine\tkela\tAmala\thaawi\tno\tka\trama.,DET\twoman\tDET\tAmala\tgive\tINTENS\tDEF\tliquor,That woman gave Amala the liquor. OR: That woman Amala gave the liquor (to X).,,,,naturalistic written -74-94,74,máyka pátlač kámuks kápa tánas,máyka\tpátlač\tkámuks\tkápa\ttánas,2SG\tgive\tdog\tPREP\tsmall,You’re giving the child a dog.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-151,75,Wiya lii zaanfaan kiimiyikoow li zheuzha.,Wiya\tlii\tzaanfaan\tkii-miy-ikoo-w\tli\tzheuzh-a.,3SG\tART.PL\tchild\tPST-give-INV-3\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tjudge-OBV,She was given custody of the children by the judge. OR: It was her whom the judge gave the children.,,,,naturalistic written -75-152,75,Enn forshii d fwaen lii vaesh kiimiyeew.,Enn\tforshii\td\tfwaen\tlii\tvaesh\tkii-miy-eew.,INDF.ART.F.SG\tforkful\tof\thay\tPL\tcow\tPST-give-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,He gave a forkful of hay to the cows.,,,,naturalistic written -1-147,1,"Mi sabi bun, une de pikin va Abraham.","Mi\tsabi\tbun,\tunu\tde\tpikin\tfu\tAbraham.",1SG\tknow\twell\t2PL\tCOP\tchild\tof\tAbraham,I know well that you are children of Abraham.,,,,written -1-148,1,"Wan libisomma membre, takki, hem kann helpi hem srefi, a kori hem srefi.","Wan\tlibisma\tmemre,\ttaki,\ten\tkan\thèlpi\ten\tsrefi,\ta\tkori\ten\tsrefi.",INDF.SG\tliving.person\tthink\tsay/that\t3SG\tcan\thelp\t3SG\tself\t3SG.SBJ\tfool\t3SG\tself,"Anybody who thinks that he can help himself, (he) is fooling himself.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-149,1,Em da wan boen kompee foe mie.,En\tda\twan\tbun\tkompe\tfu\tmi.,3SG\tCOP\tINDF.SG\tgood\tfriend\tof\t1SG,He is a good friend of mine.,,,,written -2-149,2,Mi no wani taki nanga yu.,Mi\tno\twani\ttaki\tnanga\tyu.,1SG\tNEG\twant\ttalk\twith\t2SG,I don’t want to talk to you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-150,2,"Yu sii, unu de bezig bouw a stal drape moro bun.","Yu\tsii,\tunu\tde\tbezig\tbouw\ta\tstal\tdrape\tmoro\tbun.",2SG\tsee\t1PL\tCOP\tbusy\tbuild\tDET\tstall\tthere\tmore\tgood,"You see, we’re busy making the stall there better.",,,,naturalistic spoken -3-75,3,A téi fáka faa kóti dí beée.,A\ttéi\tfáka\tfaa\tkóti\tdí\tbeée.,3SG\ttake\tknife\tfor.3SG\tcut\tDEF.SG\tbread,He took the knife in order to cut the bread.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-105,4,Yu kweli paanga fu tapu osu.,Yu\tkweli\tpaanga\tfu\ttapu\tosu.,you\ttrim\tboard\tfor\tstop\thouse,You trim boards for closing off the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-101,5,mi biliiv in am,mi\tbiliiv\tin\tam,1SG\tbelieve\tin\t3SG.ACC,I believe in it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-153,7,Mi na no we shi de.,Mi\tna\tno\twe\tshi\tde.,1SG\tNEG\tknow\twhere\t3SG\tEXIST,I don’t know where she is.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-96,8,Mi tingk se yu nuo se im kom uom.,Mi\ttingk\tse\tyu\tnuo\tse\tim\tkom\tuom.,1SG\tthink\tCOMP\t2SG\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG\tcome\thome,I think that you know that he came home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-142,10,Wi gwain go pruuv di kies!,Wi\tgwain\tgo\tpruuv\tdi\tkies!,1PL\tFUT\tgo\tprove\tART.DEF\tcase,We are going to prove the case!,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-143,10,Gat four big siel.,Gat\tfour\tbig\tsiel.,get\tfour\tbig\tsail,It had four big sails.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-197,11,Ai tink iin di Baibl sei him gat wan apatyuniti fa tu cheinj.,Ai\ttink\tiin\tdi\tBaibl\tsei\thim\tgat\twan\tapatyuniti\tfa\ttu\tcheinj.,1SG\tthink\tin\tART.DEF\tBible\tsay\t3SG\tget\tone\topportunity\tfor\tto\tchange,I think it says in the Bible that he/everyone has one opportunity to change.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-198,11,Ih diskorij dem.,Ih\tdiskorij\tdem.,3SG.N\tdiscourage\t3PL,It discourages them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-199,11,Iz piipl fram Bluufiilz.,Iz\tpiipl\tfram\tBluufiilz.,COP.PRS\tpeople\tfrom\tBluefields,It is/They are people from Bluefields.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-147,12,"You understand? He does go in the - in the graveyard and wake up the dead people. Yeah, he's wake up the dead people, and - and when he - done wake the dead people up, he set his luck - with the dead people - the people set - the dead people set his luck.","You understand? He does go in the [...] graveyard [...] he's wake up the dead people, and [...] he - done wake the dead people up he set his luck - with the dead people [...]",PRO understand PRO HAB go in the [...] graveyard [...] PRO.HAB wake up the dead people and [...] PRO   COMPL wake the dead people up PRO set[HAB] his luck   with the dead people [...],"[...] He goes to the graveyard and wakes up the dead [...] and when he's woken them up, he sets his luck with them [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-117,13,I cook um fresh.,I\tcook\tum\tfresh.,1SG.SBJ\tcook\t3.OBJ\tfresh,I cook them fresh.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-79,14,She left.,She\tleft.,she\tleave\PST,She left.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-87,15,i go na do,i\tgo\tna\tdo,3SG\tgo\tLOC\toutside,He/She/It went outside.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-82,16,(mi) à riʧ fiftin jiɛs [...] (mi) à no driŋk koka kola,(mi)\tà\triʧ\tfiftin\tjiɛs\t[...]\t(mi)\tà\tno\tdriŋk\tkoka\tkola,(1SG.INDP)\t1SG.DEP\treach\tfifteen\tyears\t[...]\t(1SG.INDP)\t1SG.DEP\tNEG\tdrink\tCoca\tCola,I have not had a Coke in fifteen years.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-88,18,A laik fo wok.,A\tlaik\tfo\twok.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tfor\twork,I like to work.,,,,published source -19-113,19,È go nà makit o.,È\tgo\tnà\tmakit\to.,3SG.SBJ\tgo\tLOC\tmarket\tSENT.PCL,She has gone / went to the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-82,20,Last week hap sellum only four thousand piecee.,Last\tweek\thap\tsellum\tonly\tfour\tthousand\tpiecee.,last\tweek\tPFV\tsell\tonly\tfour\tthousand\tpiece,"The deliveries last week were 4,000 pieces.",,,,naturalistic written -20-83,20,Can catchee shrimp?,Can\tcatchee\tshrimp?,can\tcatch\tshrimp,Can you get any shrimps?,,,,naturalistic written -20-84,20,Velly curiousee.,Velly\tcuriousee.,very\tcurious,It is very strange.,,,,naturalistic written -21-82,21,What for? Don't want to get involved already la21.,What\tfor?\tDon't\twant\tto\tget\tinvolv-ed\talready\tla21.,what\tfor\tdo.NEG\twant\tto\tget\tinvolve-PST\tPRF\tPCL,What's the point? I don't want to get myself involved.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-105,23,oli karem wan trak blong olgeta finis,oli\tkarem\twan\ttrak\tblong\tolgeta\tfinis,AGR\ttake\tINDF\ttruck\tPOSS\t3PL\tCOMPL,They've already got a truck for themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-120,24,Shi gwen kam raun aa mountain.,Shi\tgwen\tkam\traun\taa\tmountain.,she\tFUT\tcome\tPREP\tDET.DEF\tmountain,She'll be coming round the mountain.,,,,naturalistic written -25-258,25,Im getin la hol en i jatimap mijelb.,Im\tgetin\tla\thol\ten\ti\tjat-im-ap\tmijelb.,3SG\tget.in\tLOC\thole\tand\t3SG\tshut-TR-up\tREFL,"It gets into the hole and buries itself. (Referring to a goanna, a large reptile highly sought after for meat).",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-259,25,"En ai maitbi digimba::t, aim fraiten yuno en ai kan pulem la leg en kilem.","En\tai\tmaitbi\tdig-im-bat,\taim\tfraiten\tyuno\ten\tai\tkan\tpul-em\tla\tleg\ten\tkil-em.",and\t1SG\tmaybe\tdig-TR-PROG\t1SG:be.PRS\tfrightened\tyou.know\tand\t1SG\tcan.NEG\tpull-TR\tLOC\tleg\tand\tkill-TR,"And I may be digging, I’m frightened and can’t pull it by the leg and kill it (a goanna).",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-260,25,Imin kamap en imin lagijat en imin askim mi na [...].,Im=in\tkamap\ten\tim=in\tlagijat\ten\tim=in\task-im\tmi\tna\t[...].,3SG=PST\tcome\tand\t3SG=PST\tlike.that\tand\t3SG=PST\task-TR\t1SG\tnow\t[...],He came and went like that and asked me [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-106,28,da fi bital,da\tfi\tbital,COP\tfor\tpay,(It) is to pay.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-123,29,*(Hy) praat nie Afrikaans ni.,*(Hy)\tpraat\tnie\tAfrikaans\tni.,(3SG.M.NOM)\tspeaks\tNEG\tAfrikaans\tNEG,NOT: He does not speak Afrikaans.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-133,30,E kánta.,E=kánta.,3SG=sing,He sang.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-118,31,"Mi propi, N dizanima, N fra-z, kuazi N ta bai Praia.","Mi\tpropi,\tN\tdizanima,\tN\tfra-z,\tkuazi\tN\tta\tbai\tPraia.",me\tmyself\tI\tdiscourage\tI\ttell-them\tmaybe\tI\tFUT\tgo\tPraia,"I myself, I got discouraged, I told them that maybe I will go to Praia.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-96,32,El ta trubaiá na káza d'jent.,El\tta\ttrubaiá\tna\tkáza\tde\tjent.,3SG\tPRS\twork\tin\thouse\tof\tpeople,She works as a house maid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-97,32,N nassê na Salamansa.,N\tnassê\tna\tSalamansa.,1SG\tborn\tin\tSalamansa,I was born in Salamansa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-125,33,No bay prasa.,No\tbay\tprasa.,1PL\tgo.PST\ttown,We went to town.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-97,34,N kudá baŋ kumá bu sebé kumá i beŋ kasa.,N\tø\tkudá\tbaŋ\tkumá\tbu\tø\tsebé\tkumá\ti\tø\tbeŋ\tkasa.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tthink\tPST\tCOMP\t2SG.SBJ\tPFV\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tcome\thouse,I thought that you knew that he had come home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-138,35,Ê tê ome ku sêbê kuji kume bwa so.,Ê\ttê\tome\tku\tsêbê\tkuji\tkume\tbwa\tso.,3SG\texist\tman\tREL\tknow\tcook\tfood\tgood\tvery,There are men that know how to cook very well. OR: She has a husband that knows how to cook very well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-139,35,Ê sôbê.,Ê\tsôbê.,3SG\train,It rains.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-140,35,Bô na sêbê kuma bô so kota mu mon fa?,Bô\tna\tsêbê\tkuma\tbô\tso\tkota\tmu\tmon\tfa?,2SG\tNEG\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG\tFOC\tcut\t1SG.OBJ\thand\tNEG,Don’t you know that it was you who cut my hand off?,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-102,37,"Fa mi, n ka zuda owo xi owo tê dyô.","Fa\tmi,\tn\tka\tzuda\towo\txi\towo\ttê\tdyô.",tell\t2SG\t1SG\tFUT\thelp\t2PL\tif\t2PL\thave\tmoney,"Tell me, and I will help you if you have money.",,,,naturalistic spoken -38-119,38,Am fa bo xosai.,Amu\tfa\tbo\txo-sai.,1SG\tspeak\t2SG\tthing-DEM,I tell you this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-87,40,Su mulɛr ti də kadz kudznyan bidznian. El tud julyo əkə dɛt janel su. Sus janel su dɛt su ulyo.,Su\tmulɛr\tti\tdə\tkadz\tkudznyan\tbidznian.\tEl\ttud\tjulyo\təkə\tdɛt\tjanel\tsu.\tSus\tjanel\tsu\tdɛt\tsu\tulyo.,his\twife\tCOP.PST\tLOC\thouse\tcooking\tetc.\t3SG\tall\tPST.see.PST\tthat\tin\twindow\tfrom\ttheir\twindow\tGEN\tin\tfrom\tsee.PST,His wife was at home cooking and all. She saw everything through that window. [She] saw everything from their window.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-110,42,"eli ja santá naké úngua basu di albi, ja sombrá","eli\tja\tsantá\tnaké-úngua\tbasu\tdi\talbi,\tØ\tja\tsombrá",3SG\tPFV\tsit\tLOC-that\tbeneath\tof\ttree\t3SG\tPFV\tshelter,"She sat down beneath a tree, (and she) sheltered.",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-117,44,"Múʧo péhro, kel el kompanyéro de mi na kása, kabándu, ta le, ta sintáw ya numá [...].","Múʧo\tpéhro,\tkel\tel\tkompanyéro\tde\tmi\tna\tkása,\tkabándu,\tta\tle,\tta\tsintáw\tya\tnumá\t[...].",many\tdog\tthat\tDEF\tcompanion\tof\t1SG.POSS\tLOC\thouse\tthen\tIPFV\tread\tIPFV\tseated\talready\tjust\t[...],"Many dogs, they are my companions in the house. Then, I read, I just sit [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-118,44,"A busca ung lugar para queda lotru. Ya camina y camina, ta pasa nah monti.","A\tbusca\tung\tlugar\tpara\tqueda\tlotru.\tYa\tcamina\ty\tcamina,\tta\tpasa\tnah\tmonti.",PFV\tlook.for\ta\tplace\tfor\tstay\t3PL\tPFV\twalk\tand\twalk\tIPFV\tpass\tLOC\tmountain,"They looked for a place to stay. [They] walked and walked, passing the mountain.",,,,written -45-101,45,El nana di Gregoria de anda na plaza. Tiene eli un largo lista para cumpra.,El\tnana\tdi\tGregoria\tde\tanda\tna\tplaza.\tTiene\teli\tun\tlargo\tlista\tpara\tcumpra.,DEF\tmother\tof\tGregoria\tCTPL\tgo\tLOC\tmarket\thave\t3SG\tINDF\tlong\tlist\tfor\tbuy,The mother of Gregoria will go to the market. She has a long list to buy.,,,,naturalistic written -46-119,46,Ya-bené ya.,Ya-bené\tya.,IPFV-come\talready,S/he has already come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-181,49,Mwen vini.,Mwen\tvini.,1SG\tcome,I have come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-182,49,M achte liv la.,M\tachte\tliv\tla.,1SG\tbuy\tbook\tDEF,I have bought the book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-113,50,Nou manjé pen-bwa.,Nou\tmanjé\tpen-bwa.,1SG\teat\tbreadfruit,We ate breadfruit.,,,,constructed by linguist -51-104,51,Nou manjé pen-bwa.,Nou\tmanjé\tpen-bwa.,1PL\teat\tbread-wood,We ate breadfruit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-66,52,i pati Kayèn,i\tpati\tKayèn,he\tleave\tCayenne,He went to Cayenne.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-241,53,Li te pov li-mem!,Li\tte\tpov\tli-mem!,3SG\tPST\tpoor\t3SG-self,He was poor himself!,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-132,54,"Anfin Gran Dyab i arpran semin, li mont; i ariv laba, i trouv le madam, i di: [...].","Anfin\tGran\tDyab\ti\tarpran\tsëmen,\tli\tmont;\ti\tariv\tlaba,\ti\ttrouv\tlë\tmadanm,\ti\tdi:\t[...].",finally\tBig\tDevil\tFIN\ttake.again\troad\t3SG.FIN\tgo.up\tFIN\tarrive\tover.there\tFIN\tsee\tDEF\tlady\tFIN\tsay\t[...],"Finally Big Devil comes back, he goes up; he arrives over there, he sees the lady, he says: [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-107,55,li ti al lakaz,li\tti\tal\tlakaz,3SG\tPST\tgo\thouse,S/he went home.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-108,55,Speaker_A: mo'n bizeṅ praṅ bis – Speaker_B: ti al par bis? – Speaker_A: in al par bis,Speaker_A:\tmo'n\tbizeṅ\tpraṅ\tbis\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tØ\tti\tal\tpar\tbis?\t–\tSpeaker_A:\tØ\tin\tal\tpar\tbis,Speaker_A:\t1SG.COMPL\tMOD\ttake\tbus\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tØ\tPST\tgo\tby\tbus\t–\tSpeaker_A:\tØ\tCOMPL\tgo\tby\tbus,Speaker A: I had to take the bus. – Speaker B: Did you take the bus? – Speaker A: I have taken the bus.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-109,55,Si met mwa daṅ lot klima [...].,Si\tØ\tmet\tmwa\tdaṅ\tlot\tklima\t[...].,if\tØ\tput\t1SG\tLOC\tother\tclimate\t[...],If one puts me in a different climate [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-120,56,Nou anmennen nou al plant laba. Fouy trou ek pyos.,Nou\tanmennen\tnou\tal\tplant\tlaba.\tØ\tfouy\ttrou\tek\tpyos.,1PL\tcarry\t1PL\tgo\tplant\tthere\tØ\tdig\thole\twith\taxe,We carry (them) and we go and plant (them) there. You dig holes with an axe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-63,57,sa ndʃu mbat,sa\tndʃu\tmbat,3PL\talways\tfight,They were always fighting.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-147,57,la fe mo:te tule lakrwa partu,la\tfe\tmo:te\ttule\tlakrwa\tpartu,3SG\tCAUS\tput.up\tPL\tcross\teverywhere,He had crosses put up everywhere (Lit. He caused crosses to be put up everywhere).,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-148,57,ma porte sa pu fe kwa?,ma\tporte\tsa\tpu\tfe\tkwa?,1SG\tcarry\tthis\tfor\tdo\twhat,Why should I carry this?,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-82,58,Yandi sonik-aka na biki yayi.,Yandi\tsonik-aka\tna\tbiki\tyayi.,he/she\twrite-PST\tCONN\tpen\tthis,He/She wrote with this pen.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-191,59,ala gwe na Bangui lakwe,ala\tgwe\tna\tBangui\tlakwe,3PL\tgo\tPREP\tBangui\talways,They frequently go to Bangui.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-192,59,"wali ni, lo oko la ake lango na ya ti da","wali\tni,\tlo\toko\tlaa\ta-yeke\tlango\tna\tya\tti\tda",woman\tDEF\t3SG\tone\tTOP\tPM-COP\tsleep\tin\tinterior\tof\thouse,The wife alone (only) slept in the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-193,59,"lo mu na wali ti lo, ato na mama ni","lo\tmu\tna\twali\tti\tlo,\ta-to\tna\tmama\tni",3SG\tgive\tto\twife\tof\t3SG\tPM-cook\tfor\tmother\tDEF,He gave (the meat) to his wife to cook for the (wife's) mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-194,59,"lo ga amu lege, lo kiri fadeso","lo\tga\ta-mu\tlege,\tlo\tkiri\tfadeso",3SG\tcome\tPM-take\tpath\t3SG\treturn\tnow,She then took off and returned.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-88,60,namóní mobáli,na-món-ákí\tmobáli,1SG-see-PST\tman,I saw the man.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-65,61,"Mina bizile yena, koto yena ai buyile.","Mina\tbiz-ile\tyena,\tkoto\tyena\tai\tfik-ile.",I\tcall-PST\the\tbut\the\tNEG\tarrive-PST,"I called him, but he didn't come. OR: I called him, but he never came.",,,,elicited from speaker -62-39,62,vadáhásha vékahláwe ní kasú,vé-áa-daha-sha\tvé-ka-hlawe\tní\tkasu,2-PST-walk-CAUS\t2-CONSEC-fall.ill\tby\tthirst,They walked a lot and they were taken by thirst.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-123,63,úwo bi já,úwo\tbi\tjá,3SG\tTAM\tcome,He will come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-95,65,"Isio kada kasa sətali, kaban taskaj, panty pili ʧiwo.","Isio\tkada\tkasa\tsəta-li,\tkaban\ttaskaj,\tpanty\tpili\tʧiwo.",still\twhen\tsand.bar\tstop-PFV.PL\twild.pig\tcarry\tantlers\tsaw\twhat,"We used to stop at a sand bar, and we had to carry [killed] wild pigs [to the shore] and saw antlers of young Siberian stags.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-96,65,"Lan'ʃə paraxoudə netu, xadəka tuda pasolə.","Lan'ʃə\tparaxoudə\tnetu,\txadəka\ttuda\tpasolə.",before\tsteamer\tNEG\ton.foot\tthere\tgo.PFV,"There were no steamers at that time, and they had walked there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -66-73,66,Baru ruma attu mərikat na kəmauan.,Baru\truma-attu\tmə-rikat\tna\tkəmauan.,new\thouse-INDF\tINF-build\tDAT\tnecessity,(He) wants to build a new house.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-137,67,Sekarang tua ah tak kerjar.,Sekarang\ttua\tah\ttak\tkerjar.,now\told\tTOP\tNEG\twork,"Now [that I am] old, [I do] not work.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-76,68,"Bukang seng bisa, sen dapa dangsa deng nona~nona.","Bukang\tseng\tbisa,\tsen\tdapa\tdangsa\tdeng\tnona~nona.",NEG\tNEG\tcan\tNEG\tget\tdance\twith\tPL~young.lady,"Not that [he] couldn't [dance], [he] didn't get a young lady [for a partner].",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-51,69,andi kandək tumukumbi,andi\tkandək\ttumuku-mbi,ground\tOBL\tfall-DEP,(It) fell to the ground.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-109,71,"Mahope wau makemake kamailio Koolau, mahope hele makai, wau makemake nana, pehea la?","Mahope\twau\tmakemake\tkamailio\tKoolau,\tmahope\tØ\thele\tmakai,\twau\tmakemake\tnana\tØ,\tpehea\tla?",later\t1SG\twant\ttalk\tKoolau\tlater\tØ\tgo\tseaward\t1SG\twant\tlook\tØ\thow\tMOD,"I want to talk to Koolau soon, so [when he gets back] he can then come down seaward [to where I will be]. I want to see him, is that okay?",,,,naturalistic written -74-95,74,máyka kámtaks,máyka\tkámtaks,2SG\tknow,you know,,,,constructed by linguist -75-154,75,I ma uufeer l eed.,I\tma\tuufeer\tl\teed.,3\t1.OBJ.AUX\toffer(ed)\tDEF.ART.SG\taid,He offered his help.,,,,naturalistic written -1-150,1,A tann leki a wanni komm.,A\ttan\tleki\ta\twani\tkon.,3SG.SBJ\tstay\tlike\t3SG.SBJ\twant\tcome,It looks as if he would like to come.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-151,1,A tan léki [...].,A\ttan\tleki\t[...].,3SG.SBJ\tstay\tlike\t[...],It seems that [...]. OR: It looks like [...].,,,,written (dictionary) -2-151,2,Ma a gersi taki den kuli wani teki a kondre now op yungu.,Ma\ta\tgersi\ttaki\tden\tkuli\twani\tteki\ta\tkondre\tnow\top\tyungu.,but\tit\tlook.like\tCOMP\tthe.PL\tIndians\twant\ttake\tthe\tcountry\tnow\tup\tman,"But it seems that the Hindustanis want to take over the country now, man.",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-152,2,Mi taki dan a gersi leki mi dede kba.,Mi\ttaki\tdan\ta\tgersi\tleki\tmi\tdede\tkba.,1SG\tsay\tthen\tit\tlook.like\tlike\t1SG\tdead\talready,"I said, “Then it looks like I’m already dead.”",,,,elicited from speaker -3-76,3,A soi taa di womi siki.,A\tsoi\ttaa\tdi\twomi\tsiki.,3SG\tseem\tthat\tDEF.SG\tman\tsick,It seems that the man is sick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-102,5,laik ii kyaan stomik di blod,laik\tii\tkyaan\tstomik\tdi\tblod,like\t3SG\tcannot\tstomach\tthe\tblood,(It seems) like she couldn't stomach the blood.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-67,6,It luk laik rain comin.,It\tluk\tlaik\train\tcomin.,it\tlook\tlike\train\tcome.PROG,It seems as if it's going to rain.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-154,7,I lok laik wi ste lang inuhf.,I\tlok\tlaik\twi\tste\tlang\tinuhf.,3SG.N\tlook\tlike\t1PL\tstay\tlong\tenough,It seems that we have stayed long enough.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-155,7,Lok laik wi ste lang inuhf.,Lok\tlaik\twi\tste\tlang\tinuhf.,look\tlike\t1PL\tstay\tlong\tenough,It seems that we have stayed long enough.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-156,7,Jan (lok) laik i a go win.,Jan\t(lok)\tlaik\ti\ta\tgo\twin.,John\t(look)\tlike\t3SG\tPROG\tIRR\twin,It seems that John will win.,,,,elicited from speaker -8-97,8,It luk laka se im ago kil im wid lik.,It\tluk\tlaka\tse\tim\tago\tkil\tim\twid\tlik.,3SG\tlook\tlike\tCOMP\t3SG\tFUT\tkill\t3SG\twith\tblow,It appears that he is going to beat him to death.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-144,10,Ih luk laik truut.,Ih\tluk\tlaik\ttruut.,3SG.N\tlook\tlike\ttruth,It seems like the truth.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-145,10,Ih luk laik wi stan lang nof.,Ih\tluk\tlaik\twi\tstan\tlang\tnof.,3SG.N\tlook\tlike\t1PL\tstand\tlong\tenough,It seems that we have stayed long enough.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-200,11,Ih fiil laik wi stie lang nof.,Ih\tfiil\tlaik\twi\tstie\tlang\tnof.,3SG.N\tfeel\tlike\t1PL\tstay\tlong\tenough,It seems (that) we have stayed long enough.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-148,12,"It might seems like - Hey, grammy went through that?",It\tmight\tseems\tlike\t[...],EXPL\tMOD.AUX\tseem\tlike\t[...],It might seem like [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -13-118,13,It look like it been gol all around.,It\tlook\tlike\tit\tbeen\tgol\tall\taround.,EXPL.SBJ\tlook\tlike\tEXPL.SBJ\tbeen\tgold\tall\taround,It looked like there was gold all around.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-119,13,It look like it been a great high hill.,It\tlook\tlike\tit\tbeen\ta\tgreat\thigh\thill.,EXPL.SBJ\tlook\tlike\tEXPL.SBJ\tPST/ASP\ta\tgreat\thigh\thill,It looked like there was a great high hill.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-80,14,It seem like everybody leaving.,It\tseem\tlike\teverybody\tleaving.,it\tseem\tlike\teverybody\tleave.PROG,It seems that everybody is leaving.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-88,15,i tan lɛk se,i\ttan\tlɛk\tse,3SG\tlook\tlike\tthat,it seems that,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-83,16,ì bì laik se jù gɛt tu waifs,ì\tbì\tlaik\tse\tjù\tgɛt\ttu\twaif-s,3SG\tCOP\tlike\tCOMP\t2SG\tget\ttwo\twife-PL,It seems that you have two wives.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-97,17,Ì bí làyk se wì do̱n taya.,Ì\tbí\tlàyk\tse\twì\tdo̱n\ttaya.,3SG.SBJ.EXPL\tbe\tlike\tCOMP\t1PL.SBJ\tCOMPL\tbe.tired,It seems that we have become tired.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-89,18,I bi layk se wi don ste tu long.,I\tbi\tlayk\tse\twi\tdon\tste\ttu\tlong.,3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tlike\tCOMP\t1PL.SBJ\tPFV\tstay\ttoo\tlong,It seems that we have stayed long enough.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-114,19,È fiba dɛbul.,È\tfiba\tdɛbul.,3SG.SBJ\tresemble\tdevil,He resembles a devil.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-115,19,È fiba se Bòyé gɛt mɔ̀ní.,È\tfiba\tse\tBòyé\tgɛt\tmɔ̀ní.,3SG.SBJ\tQUOT\tresemble\tBoye\thave\tmoney,It seems that Boye has money.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-116,19,Bòyé fiba se è gɛt mɔ̀ní.,Bòyé\tfiba\tse\tè\tgɛt\tmɔ̀ní.,Boye\tresemble\tQUOT\t3SG.SBJ\thave\tmoney,Boye seems to have money.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-117,19,*Bòyé fiba gɛt mɔ̀ní.,*Bòyé\tfiba\tgɛt\tmɔ̀ní.,Boye\tresemble\thave\tmoney,NOT: Boye seems to have money.,,,,elicited from speaker -21-83,21,It seems like going to rain.,It\tseem-s\tlike\tgoing\tto\train.,it\tseem-3SG\tlike\tgoing\tto\train,It seems like it's going to rain.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-84,21,Look like going to rain.,Look\tlike\tgoing\tto\train.,look\tlike\tgoing\tto\train,It looks/seems like it's going to rain.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-110,22,I luk olsem bai yumi olgeta yumi mas go bek long wan wan ples bilong yumi.,I\tluk\tolsem\tbai\tyumi\tolgeta\tyumi\tmas\tgo\tbek\tlong\twan\twan\tples\tbilong\tyumi.,PM\tlook\tCOMP\tFUT\t1PL.INCL\tall\t1PL.INCL\tmust\tgo\tback\tPREP\tone\tone\tvillage\tPOSS\t1PL.INCL,It looks as though we will have to go back to our villages.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-111,22,I luk olsem bai yumi mas go bek long Manus.,I\tluk\tolsem\tbai\tyumi\tmas\tgo\tbek\tlong\tManus.,PM\tlook\tlike\tFUT\t1PL.INCL\tmust\tgo\tback\tPREP\tManus,It looks as though we must go back to Manus.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-106,23,I kat loa i stap be i luk olsem man ino wantem folem.,I\tkat\tloa\ti\tstap\tbe\ti\tluk\tolsem\tman\tino\twantem\tfolem.,AGR\thave\tlaw\tAGR\tstay\tbut\tAGR\tlook\tlike\tman\tAGR.NEG\twant\tfollow,There is a law but it seems like no-one wants to follow it.,,,,naturalistic written -24-121,24,Semesthing Norfuk s'bukaut f'neks Faundieshan dieh.,Semesthing\tNorfuk\ts'bukaut\tf'neks\tFaundieshan\tdieh.,seemingly\tNorfolk\tCOMPL.book.out\tPREP.next\tFoundation\tDay,It appears that Norfolk Island is booked out for the coming Foundation Day.,,,,internet chatroom -26-76,26,luk laɪk ju gɛt inʤɛn,luk\tlaɪk\tju\tgɛt\tinʤɛn,look\tlike\t2SG\thave\tIndian,It looks like you've got Indian (blood in you).,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-77,26,luk laik fiʃiŋ gɔn bi gud ova hɛa,luk\tlaik\tfiʃ-iŋ\tgɔn\tbi\tgud\tova\thɛa,look\tlike\tfish-GER\tFUT\tbe\tgood\tover\there,It looks like fishing will be good here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-107,28,so dida masi di boʃ gutap,so\tdida\tmasi\tdi\tboʃi\tgutu-apu,so\tthat\tmust\tthe\tbush\tthing-PL,So that must be the bush things.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-124,29,Dit skyn dat hy die antwoord ken. — Dit skyn die waarheid te wees.,Dit skyn dat hy die antwoord ken. — Dit skyn die waarheid te wees.,3SG.N seems that 3SG.M.NOM DEF.ART answer knows   3SG.N seems DEF.ART truth to be,It seems that he knows the answer. — It seems to be the truth.,,,,naturalistic written -30-134,30,[...] parse-m ma N sabe kusia dretu.,[...]\tparse=m\tma=N=sabe\tkusia\tdretu.,[...]\tseem=1SG\tCOMP=1SG=know\tcook\twell,[...] it seems to me that I know how to cook well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-119,31,"El fuji n'un barku pa, parse-m pa Angola.","El\tfuji\tn'un\tbarku\tpa,\tparse-m\tpa\tAngola.",he\tescape\tin.a\tboat\tto\tseem-me\tto\tAngola,"He escaped in a boat to, it seems to me, to Angola.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-98,32,Parsê-m éra kel dia.,Parsê-m\téra\tkel\tdia.,seem-1SG\tCOP.PST\tDEM\tday,It seems to me that it was on that day.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-126,33,Parsin kuma i kay.,Parsi-n\tkuma\ti\tkay.,seem-1SG\tthat\t3SG\tfall,It seems to me that it fell.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-98,34,I parsí-m kumá i na cobé awosi.,I\tø\tparsí-m\tkumá\ti\tna\tcobé\tawosi.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tseem-1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\train\ttoday,It seems to me that it will rain today.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-141,35,Palêsê êlê ku mosu dê ka bi n’ũa vapô.,Palêsê\têlê\tku\tmosu\tdê\tka\tbi\tn’ũa\tvapô.,apparently\t3SG\twith\tboy\t3SG.POSS\tIPFV\tcome\tin.one\tboat,Apparently s/he and the boy arrive in a boat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-103,37,Ê parêsê y’usuva a keka.,Ê\tparêsê\tya\tusuva\tsa\tka\tvika.,EXPL\tseem\tCOMP\train\tPROG\tIPFV\tcome,It seems that rain is coming.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-104,37,Parêsê y’usuva a keka.,Parêsê\tya\tusuva\tsa\tkavika.,seem\tCOMP\train\tPROG\tIPFV:come,It seems that rain is coming.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-120,38,Tankexa pése sé xanta gav.,Tankexa\tpai-sai\tsé\txanta\tgavu.,apparently\tman-DEM\tknow\tsing\tgood,This man seems to be a good singer.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-118,39,Parɛs use tiŋ nə Una õt.,Parɛs\tuse\tt-iŋ\tnə\tUna\tõt.,apparently\t2SG\tEXIST-PST\tLOC\tUna\tyesterday,It seems you were in Una yesterday.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-88,40,"Amya ʧu lə kaí, parsen.","Amya\tʧu\tlə\tkaí,\tparsen.",tomorrow\train\tFUT\tfall\tseem.PROG,It seems that it will rain tomorrow.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-98,41,kaar taam jakavendaley,kaar\ttaam\tjaa-kaa-venda=ley,car\talso\tPST-PFV-sell=like,It seems [they] have sold the car too. OR: And it seems they have sold the car. OR: It seems they have even sold the car. OR: It looks like they have sold their car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-111,42,(yo) parsé lo kai chua,(yo)\tparsé\tlo\tkai\tchua,(3SG)\tseem\tFUT\tfall\train,It seems (to me) it will rain.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-112,42,(yo) ta parsé ta beng chua,(yo)\tta\tparsé\tta\tbeng\tchua,(3SG)\tPROG\tseem\tFUT\tcome\train,It seems (to me) rain is coming. OR: It seems (to me) it is going to rain.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-113,42,(yo) ngka parsé lo kai chua,(yo)\tngka\tparsé\tlo\tkai\tchua,(3SG)\tNEG\tseem\tFUT\tfall\train,It doesn't seem (to me) that it will rain.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-102,45,Ta pareci que dela niso paga con ele el debe mañana.,Ta\tpareci\tque\tdela\tniso\tpaga\tcon\tele\tel\tdebe\tmañana.,IPFV\tseem\tthat\tmust\t1PL\tpay\tOBJ\t3SG\tDEF\tdebt\ttomorrow,It seems that we must pay him the debt tomorrow.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-120,46,Daw nuáy si Peter akí.,Daw\tnuáy\tsi\tPeter\takí.,apparently\tNEG.EXIST\tAG\tPeter\there,It seems that Peter is not here.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-127,47,[...] nos por nota ku último tempu aki parse ku violensia a oumentá hopi.,[...]\tnos\tpor\tnota\tku\túltimo\ttempu\taki\tparse\tku\tviolensia\ta\toumentá\thopi.,[...]\t1PL\tcan\tnote\tCOMP\tlast\ttime\tDEM.PROX\tseems\tCOMP\tviolence\tPFV\tincrease\tmuch,"[...] we can see that, recently, [it] seems that violence has increased a lot.",,,,literary or other written source -47-128,47,Ta pusibel.,Ta\tpusibel.,COP\tpossible,It is possible.,,,,published source -47-129,47,No ta importá.,No\tta\timportá.,NEG\tTNS\tbe.important,It does not matter.,,,,published source -48-121,48,A palesé ke ané a morí.,A\tpalesé\tke\tané\ta\tmorí.,PST\tseem\tthat\tthey\tPST\tdie,It looks/seems like they (had) died.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-183,49,Li sanble l gen yon pwoblem.,Li\tsanble\tl\tgen\tyon\tpwoblem.,3SG\tseem\t3SG\thave\tDEF\tproblem,He seems to have a problem.,,,,elicited from speaker -49-184,49,Genlè ou malad?,Genlè\tou\tmalad?,seem\t2SG\tsick,It seems you're sick?,,,,elicited from speaker -49-185,49,Sanble l malad wi!,Sanble\tl\tmalad\twi!,seem\t3SG\tsick\tyes,Apparently he/she is really sick !,,,,elicited from speaker -49-186,49,Li sanble l p ap vini ankò.,Li\tsanble\tl\tp\tap\tvini\tankò.,3SG\tseem\t3SG\tNEG\tINACC\tcome\tagain,It seems he isn't coming anymore.,,,,elicited from speaker -50-114,50,"Asiparé, i malad.","Asiparé,\ti\tmalad.",apparently\t3SG\till,It seems that he is ill.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-105,51,"Asiparé, i malad.","Asiparé,\ti\tmalad.",apparently\t3SG\till,It seems that he is ill.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-242,53,Sa sòm kòm si l ale fe lapli.,Sa\tsòm\tkòm\tsi\tl\tale\tfe\tlapli.,3SG\tseem\tas\tif\t3SG\tFUT\tmake\train,It looks like it is going to rain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-243,53,"Sanm kòm si, dan le jen jan-le, kichòw e kouri pli mal kè janmen.","Sanm\tkòm\tsi,\tdan\tle\tjen\tjan-le,\tkichòw\te\tkouri\tpli\tmal\tkè\tjanmen.",seem\tas\tif\tamong\tART.DEF.PL\tyoung\tperson-ART.DEF.PL\tsomething\tPROG\tgo\tmore\tbad\tthan\tever,"It seems as though among young folks, something is going worse than ever.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-133,54,i pare,i\tpare,FIN\tseem,it seems,,,,constructed by linguist -54-134,54,I resanb zot lé plin de pou dan la tet.,I\tresanm\tzot\tle\tplen\tdë\tpou\tdan\tla\ttet.,FIN\tseem\t3PL\tCOP.PRS\tfull\tof\tlouse\tin\tDEF\thead,It seems that their heads are full of lice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-110,55,li paret ki nu 'n fer erer,li\tparet\tki\tnu\t'n\tfer\terer,3SG\tseem\tthat\t1PL\tPRF\tmake\tmistake,It seems that we've made a mistake.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-111,55,paret ki lapli pu toṁbe daṅ en ti mama,paret\tki\tlapli\tpu\ttoṁbe\tdaṅ\ten\tti\tmama,seem\tthat\train\tFUT\tfall\tin\tINDF\tlittle\tmoment,It seems that it will start raining in a moment. OR: It seems that it will start raining in a little while.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-112,55,li paret ki fin ena en kudeta,li\tparet\tki\tfin\tena\ten\tkudeta,3SG\tseem\tthat\tCOMPL\thave\tINDF\tcoup.d'état,It seems that there has been a coup d'état.,,,,naturalistic written -56-121,56,I paret mwan ki laplipar ou letan ou 'n fer lo zil.,I\tparet\tmwan\tki\tlaplipar\tou\tletan\tou\t'n\tfer\tlo\tzil.,3SG\tseem\t1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\tmost\tPOSS.2SG\ttime\t2SG\tPRF\tmake\ton\tisland,It seems to me that you spent most of your time on the islands.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-122,56,I pa paret ki Tom i la.,I\tpa\tparet\tki\tTom\ti\tla.,EXPL\tNEG\tseem\tthat\tTom\tPM\tthere.,It doesn't seem that Tom is there.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -56-123,56,Pa paret ki Tom i la.,Pa\tparet\tki\tTom\ti\tla.,NEG\tseem\tthat\tTom\tPM\tthere.,It doesn't seem that Tom is there.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-124,56,Ti paret ki Tom i la.,Ti\tparet\tki\tTom\ti\tla.,PST\tseem\tthat\tTom\tPM\tthere.,It Seemed that Tom was there.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -56-125,56,I pa ti paret ki Tom i la.,I\tpa\tti\tparet\tki\tTom\ti\tla.,EXPL\tNEG\tPST\tseem\tthat\tTom\tPM\tthere.,It did not seem that Tom was there.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-157,58,Yandi kée mon-ána bónso yándi kée na maládi,Yandi\tkée\tmon-ána\tbónso\tyándi\tkée\tna\tmaládi,he/she\tbe\tsee-PASS\tlike\the/she\tbe\tCONN\tsickness,He/She seems to be sick.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-158,58,Yandi kée mon-íka bónso yándi kée na maládi,Yandi\tkée\tmon-íka\tbónso\tyándi\tkée\tna\tmaládi,he/she\tbe\tsee-?\tlike\the/she\tbe\tCONN\tsickness,He/She appears to be sick.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-195,59,"mbi baa mbi tene, i duti na ala aninga mingi","mbi\tbaa\tmbi\ttene,\ti\tduti\tna\tala\ta-ninga\tmingi",1SG\tsee\t1SG\tsay\t1PL\tsit\tPREP\t2PL\tPM-be.long.time\tmuch,I think that we've been with you a long time.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-196,59,mbi panze mbi tene lo ga biri,mbi\tpanze\tmbi\ttene\tlo\tga\tbiri,1SG\tthink\t1SG\tsay\t3SG\tcome\tyesterday,I think he came yesterday.,,,,constructed by linguist -63-124,63,ya gi-bén rután de gu-ró wóduru,ya\tgi-bén\trután\tde\tgu-ró\twóduru,TOP\tTAM-seem\tlanguage\tDET\tTAM-go\tdisappear,It seems that this language will disappear.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-130,64,gebéynu kan ánna géni ketír kalás,ge=béynu\tkan\tánna\tgéni\tketír\tkalás,PROG=seem\tif\t1PL\tstay\tmuch\tfinished,It seems like we have stayed long enough.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-97,65,"Maja dumaj palawina sonʧa kanʧaj, dəlugoj betir najdi esi.","Maja\tdumaj\tpalawina\tsonʧa\tkanʧaj,\tdəlugoj\tbetir\tnajdi-esi.",1SG\tthink\thalf\tsun\tfinish\tother\twind\tfind-PFV,I think that in the afternoon the wind will change the direction.,,,,citation in fiction -66-74,66,Malang nasi (e)kinja aða yang klaatan.,[Malang\tnasi\t(e-)kinja\taðA]-yang\tklaatan.,[night\trice\t(ASP-)make\tAUX]-ACC/FOC\tseem,It seems that dinner is ready.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-75,66,Miflal iskul-na epi yang eklaatan.,[Miflal\tiskul-na\te-pi]-yang\te-klaatan.,[Miflal\tschool-to\tASP-go]-ACC/FOC\tASP-seem,It seemed that Miflal went to school.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-138,67,Ini macam sula tau paham saya pinya celita.,Ini\tmacam\tsula\ttau\tpaham\tsaya\tpinya\tcelita.,DEM\tseem\tPFV\tknow\tunderstand\t1SG\tPOSS\tstory,It seems [as if you] have already known [and] understood my language.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-77,68,Beta kira de so bangu.,Beta\tkira\tde\tso\tbangu.,1SG\tthink\t3SG\tPFV\tget.up,I think he has got up.,,,,elicited from speaker -71-110,71,Wau manao akahi pihi nui iaia paani kela wai.,Wau\tmanao\takahi\tpihi\tnui\tiaia\tpaani\tkela\twai.,1SG\tthink\tINDF\tfish\tbig\t3SG\tplay\tDET\twater,I thought that a huge fish was playing in the water. (describing the characteristics of a loud sound made during a landslide) OR: It seemed as if a huge fish were playing in the water. OR: It sounded like what a huge fish playing in the water would sound like.,,,,naturalistic written -74-96,74,kákapus ntsáyka wáwa kánawi san,kákapus\tntsáyka\twáwa\tkánawi\tsan,as.if\t1PL\ttalk\tall\tsun,It seems as though we have been talking all day.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-97,74,líli kákwa pus yáka tílxam,líli\tkákwa\tpus\tyáka\ttílxam,time\tas\tthen\t3SG\tperson,It was a long time since he had seemed like a person.,,,,narrative -75-155,75,Nawachiku pakwaachikaashoow avek sii zamii.,Nawachiku\tpakwaach-ikaashoo-w\tavek\tsii\tzamii.,seemingly\thate-PASS-3\twith\tPOSS.3PL\tfriend,She seems to be in disfavor with her friends. OR: Seemingly she is hated by her friends.,,,,naturalistic written -75-156,75,Zhipaans aasey ooshaam kinweesh oota kitayaanaan.,Zhi-paans\taasey\tooshaam\tkinweesh\toota\tkit-ayaa-naan.,I-think\talready\ttoo.much\tlong\there\t2-be-1PL,It seems (that) we have stayed long enough.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-157,75,Taapishkuuch osham kinwees utee kiiayaayaahk.,Taapishkuuch\tosham\tkinwees\tutee\tkii-ayaa-yaahk.,like\ttoo.much\tlong\there\tPST-be-12,It seems (that) we have stayed long enough.,,,,elicited from speaker -76-52,76,atcu oblakun sila nagorok,atcu\toblakun\tsila\tnagorok,perhaps\ttomorrow\tweather\tgood,Perhaps it will be good weather tomorrow.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-152,1,Gongosaman de jette na une middri.,Gongosaman\tde\tete\tna\tunu\tmindri.,hypocrite\tCOP\tstill\tLOC\t2PL\tmiddle,There are still hypocrites amongst you.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-153,1,No wan hai watra dea.,No\twan\tai\twatra\tdya.,NEG\tone\teye\twater\there,There is no drop of water here.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-154,1,Mastra wini no de na battra.,Masra\twini\tno\tde\tna\tbatra.,master\twine\tNEG\tCOP\tLOC\tbottle,"Master, there is no wine in the bottle.",,,,written -1-155,1,Helpi no de.,Yepi\tno\tde.,help\tNEG\tbe.there,There is no help. OR: There is nothing to be done.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-156,1,"Kaba alwassi so menni fissi ben de, tog netti no brokko.","Kaba\tawansi\tsomeni\tfisi\tben\tde,\ttogu\tneti\tno\tbroko.",but\talthough\tmany\tfish\tPST\tbe.there\tstill\tnet\tNEG\tbreak,"But although there were a lot of fish, still the net did not tear.",,,,written -2-153,2,Den abi wan singi e singi taki lespeki no de moro.,Den\tabi\twan\tsingi\te\tsingi\ttaki\tlespeki\tno\tde\tmoro.,3PL\thave\ta\tsong\tIPFV\tsing\tCOMP\trespect\tNEG\tCOP\tanymore,There’s a song that says that there’s no respect anymore.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-154,2,Merki no de srefisrefi a foto.,Merki\tno\tde\tsrefisrefi\ta\tfoto.,milk\tNEG\tCOP\tat.all\tLOC\tcity,There isn’t any milk at all in town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-77,3,Hía ló bi de.,Hía\tló\tbi\tde.,many\ttribes\tTNS\tbe,There were many tribes.,,,,naturalistic written -4-107,4,Nyanyan de.,Nyanyan\tde.,food\texist,There is food.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-103,5,do taim laik di din gat iiryiiyeetid jringk su moch lek nou,do\ttaim\tlaik\tdi\tdin\tgat\tiiryiiyeetid\tjringk\tsu\tmoch\tlek\tnou,that\ttime\tlike\t3PL\tdidn't\thave\taerated\tdrink\tso\tmuch\tlike\tnow,At that time aerated [carbonated] drinks weren't as plentiful as they are now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-104,5,luk dong so gat o chrii,luk\tdong\tso\tgat\to\tchrii,look\tdown\tso\thas\ta\ttree,"Look, there is a tree down so.",,,,naturalistic spoken -6-68,6,It have rum in de house.,It\thave\trum\tin\tde\thouse.,it\tEXIST\trum\tPREP\tDET\thouse,There is rum in the house.,,,,elicited from speaker -6-69,6,In de yard have tri cow.,In\tde\tyard\thave\ttri\tcow.,in\tDET\tyard\tEXIST\tthree\tcow,There are three cows in the yard.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-157,7,Pikni fo so de a beisaid.,Pikni\tfo\tso\tde\ta\tbei-said.,child\tfor\tso\tEXIST\tLOC\tbay-side,There are lots of children at the bayside. OR: A lot of children are at the bayside.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-98,8,Yu gat som piipl we groj yu fi evriting yu gat.,Yu\tgat\tsom\tpiipl\twe\tgroj\tyu\tfi\tevriting\tyu\tgat.,2SG\tget/have\tsome\tpeople\tREL\tgrudge\t2SG\tfor\teverything\t2SG\thave,There are some people who covet everything you have.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-125,9,I gat mora wan tiŋ we a de tiŋk bowt.,I\tgat\tmora\twan\ttiŋ\t[we\ta\tde\ttiŋk\tbowt\t_].,it\tgot\tmore.of\tone\tthing\t[REL\t1SG\tPROG\tthink\tabout\t_],There is more than one thing that I'm thinking about.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-126,9,Ga li aystaz we grow pan dem.,Ga\tli\taystaz\twe\tgrow\tpan\tdem.,got\tlittle\toysters\tREL\tgrow\tupon\tthem,There are little oysters that grow on them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-127,9,Yu had di djadj yu had dis seym gavmɛn laya.,Yu\thad\tdi\tdjadj\tyu\thad\tdis\tseym\tgavmɛn\tlaya.,2SG\thad\tthe\tjudge\t2SG\thad\tthis\tsame\tgovernment\tlawyer,"There was the judge, and there was that government lawyer.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-146,10,Tu moch hous iina Nort End.,Tu\tmoch\thous\tiina\tNort\tEnd.,too\tmuch\thouse\tin\tNorth\tEnd,There are too many houses in North End.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-147,10,San Andrés gat plenty biich.,San\tAndrés\tgat\tplenty\tbiich.,San\tAndrés\tget\tplenty\tbeach,There are many beaches on San Andrés.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-148,10,Wi gat moa an wan pasability.,Wi\tgat\tmoa\tan\twan\tpasability.,1PL\tget\tmore\tthan\tone\tpossibility,There is more than one possibility.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-149,10,Plenti piipl iina disya hous.,Plenti\tpiipl\tiina\tdisya\thous.,plenty\tpeople\tin\tDEM\thouse,There are (too) many people in this house.,,,,constructed by linguist -11-201,11,Ih hav iz a stori wid trii chalinj.,Ih\thav\tiz\ta\tstori\twid\ttrii\tchalinj.,3SG.N\thave\tCOP.PRS\tART.INDF\tstory\twith\tthree\tchallenge,It is a story with three challenges.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-202,11,Ai tink Bluufiilz gat mor piipl spiikin Kriol.,Ai\ttink\tBluufiilz\tgat\tmor\tpiipl\tspiik-in\tKriol.,1SG\tthink\tBluefields\tget\tmore\tpeople\tspeak-PROG\tCreole,I think there are more people who speak Creole in Bluefields.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-203,11,Wi yuuztu hav piipl huu hont.,Wi\tyuuztu\thav\tpiipl\thuu\thont.,1PL\tHAB.PST\thave\tpeople\tREL\thunt,There were people who hunted in our community.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-204,11,"Aktuali, Tasba hav a praimari skuul.","Aktuali,\tTasba\thav\ta\tpraimari\tskuul.",actually\tTasbapauni\thave\tART.INDF\tprimary\tschool,"At present, there is a primary school in Tasbapauni.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-205,11,Dier wil aalwiez aalwiez bii dat somting mait hapn tu yu.,Dier\twil\taalwiez\taalwiez\tbii\tdat\tsom-ting\tmait\thapn\ttu\tyu.,there\tFUT\talways\talways\tCOP.INF\tCOMP\tsome-thing\tmight\thappen\tto\t2SG,"There will always, always be the possibility that something might happen to you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-206,11,Plenti piipl iin disya hous.,Plenti\tpiipl\tiin\tdisya\thous.,plenty\tpeople\tin\tDEM.EMPH\thouse,There are plenty people in this (specific) house.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-149,12,It's - it's all kind of stories about the Shine [...].,it-'s\tall\tkind\tof\tstories\t[...].,EXPL-COP[EXIST]\tall\tkind\tof\tstories\t[...],There are all kinds of stories [about the Shine] [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-150,12,"Or then if you want know more further, you could go 'round the House of 'Sembly [...] - not down the House of 'Sembly, but up Court, and - you see, they get plenty CID there, you could ax 'em - if they - just ax 'em.",[...]\tthey\tget\tplenty\tCID\tthere\t[...].,[...]\tEXPL\tget[EXIST]\tplenty\tCID\tthere\t[...],"[Or then, if you wanted to know more, you could pass by the House of Assembly] [...], [at the Court,] there are many CIDs there, [you could ask them] [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-151,12,"The people was nice, and everything. You going 'round, they used to treat you good. Had nice people - I get nice girlfriends and thing.",Had nice people - I get nice girlfriends [...],have.PST.EXIST nice people   1SG.SBJ get.PST.POSS nice girlfriend.PL [...],[The people were nice and everything. You went around - they used to treat you well.] There were nice people there - I had nice girlfriends [and [every]thing.],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-152,12,"[Turtle, is there much turtle now?] No, don’t have turtle round.",[...]\tdon’t\thave\tturtle\tround.,[...]\tNEG\thave\tturtle\taround,"[Are there many turtles here now?] No, there aren’t any turtles here.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-153,12,"Only be three live here, my husband and just that little grand.",Only\tbe\tthree\tlive\there\t[...],only\tCOP.INF\tthree\tlive\there\t[...],"There are only three (people) living here, [my husband (and me) and that little grandchild].",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-120,13,It is starvation dere.,It\tis\tstarvation\tdere.,EXPL.SBJ\tCOP\tstarvation\tthere,There is starvation there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-81,14,It/Dey got a lot of books on the table.,It/Dey\tgot\ta\tlot\tof\tbooks\ton\tthe\ttable.,EXPL\tgot\ta\tlot\tof\tbooks\ton\tthe\ttable,There are a lot of books on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-82,14,Got a lot of books on the table.,Ø\tgot\ta\tlot\tof\tbooks\ton\tthe\ttable.,EXPL\tgot\ta\tlot\tof\tbooks\ton\tthe\ttable,There are a lot of books on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-89,15,dɛn gɛt bɔku pipul dɛm de,dɛn\tgɛt\tbɔku\tpipul\tdɛm\tde,3PL\thave\ta.lot.of\tpeople\tPL\tLOC,There were a lot of people there. OR: A lot of people were there.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-90,15,it de na di tebul,it\tde\tna\tdi\ttebul,food\tis.there\tLOC\tART\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-84,16,wì gɛt difrɛn fɔrɛnɛs we dè dè kam,wì\tgɛt\tdifrɛn\tfɔrɛnɛs\twe\tdè\tdè\tkam,1PL\tget\tdifferent\tforeigners\tCOMP\t3PL\tHAB\tcome,There are different foreigners who come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-98,17,Ì ge̱t wo̱n nyam.,Ì\tge̱t\two̱n\tnyam.,3SG.SBJ.EXPL\thave\tone\tyam,There is one yam.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-90,18,Wan yam i dey fo tabul.,Wan\tyam\ti\tdey\tfo\ttabul.,one\tyam\t3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tfor\ttable,There is one yam on the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-91,18,Plenti pipul dem dey fo haus.,Plenti\tpipul\tdem\tdey\tfo\thaus.,plenty\tpeople\tPL\tCOP\tfor\thouse,There are many people in the house.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-118,19,[...] è no gɛt tɔk nà Pichi.,[...]\tè\tno\tgɛt\ttɔk\tnà\tPichi.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\thave\ttalk\tLOC\tPichi,[...] there's no word (for that) in Pichi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-119,19,Say no de fɔ̀ was han?,Say\tno\tde\tfɔ̀\twas\than?,side\tNEG\tCOP\tASSOC\twash\thand,Is there no place to wash (one’s) hands?,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-85,20,Market hap got oyster sellum?,Market\thap\tgot\toyster\tsellum?,market\thas\tgot\toyster\tsell,Are there any oysters in the market?,,,,naturalistic written -21-85,21,There is food on the table.,There\tis\tfood\ton\tthe\ttable.,there\tbe.3SG\tfood\ton\tDET\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-86,21,Table got food.,Table\tgot\tfood.,table\thave\tfood,There is food on the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -22-112,22,Long Wara Sipik tu em i gat kain kain ol masalai nabaut i stap.,Long\tWara\tSipik\ttu\tem\ti\tgat\tkain\tkain\tol\tmasalai\tnabaut\ti\tstap.,PREP\triver\tSepik\talso\tEXPL.SBJ\tPM\tgot\tkind\tkind\tPL\tspirit\tabout\tPM\tbe,In the Sepik River area there are also all kinds of spirits.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-113,22,Bipo bipo tru i gat wanpla man.,Bipo\tbipo\ttru\ti\tgat\twanpla\tman.,Before\tbefore\tINTENS\tPM\tgot\tone\tman,A long long time ago there was a man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-107,23,long ples ia i no gat fulap si ok,long\tples\tia\ti\tno\tgat\tfulap\tsi\tok,PREP\tplace\tDEF\tAGR\tNEG\thave\tfull.up\tsea\toak,"Around here, there aren't very many sea oaks.",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-122,24,Gat orlem fish daun iin' soltworta.,Gat\torlem\tfish\tdaun\tiin'\tsoltworta.,exist\tDISTR.3PL\tfish\tPREP\tPREP\tsalt.water,There are fish (distributive plural) in the sea.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-123,24,Haed wan oel lady.,Haed\twan\toel\tlady.,EXIST.PST\tDET.INDF\told\tlady,There was an old lady.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-261,25,"I gotim big gata maitbi theya, thetsaid.","I\tgot-im\tbig\tgata\tmaitbi\ttheya,\tthet-said.",3SG\thave-TR\tbig\tgutter\tmaybe\tthere\tDEM-side,"Maybe there is a big gutter, on that side.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-262,25,"Hiya, samwe raun hiya, i gata keib theya.","Hiya,\tsam-we\traun\thiya,\ti\tgata\tkeib\ttheya.",here\tsome-where\taround\there\t3SG\tgot\tcave\tthere,"Here, somewhere around here, there is a cave.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-263,25,"Thei reken i gota ngalanymuwa, bifo thei bin oldei getim.","Thei\treken\ti\tgota\tngalanymuwa,\tbifo\tthei\tbin\toldei\tget-im.",3PL\tthink/say\t3SG\thave\techidna\tpreviously\t3PL\tPST\talways/HAB\tget-TR,"[At that place] they think there are echidnas, in the old days they used to catch them.",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -26-78,26,gɛʔ big kaɪn ʃaks,gɛʔ\tbig\tkaɪn\tʃak-s,EXIST\tbig\tkind\tshark-PL,There are big sharks (here).,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-79,27,Ha gout apl bō di.,Ha\tgout\tapl\tbō\tdi.,have\tgold\tapple\ton\tDET,There are golden apples on it. / It has golden apples.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-80,27,Ēen tid di a ha ēn frou.,Ēen\ttid\tdi\ta\tha\tēn\tfrou.,ART.INDF\ttime\tDET\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\twoman,Once upon a time there was a woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-108,28,lom kɛn jɛndə idri plɛkɛ,lombo\tkɛnɛ\tjɛn-da\tidri\tplɛkɛ,bad\tperson\tbe-there\tevery\tplace,Bad people are everywhere. OR: There are bad people everywhere.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-109,28,helpu forda ka,helpu\tfuri-da\tka,help\tnot.be-there\tNEG,There was no help.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-110,28,o hab en taumama danga,o\thabu\ten\ttau-mama\tdanga,3SG\thave\tone\tsnake-mother\tthere,There is a 'snakemother' there (i.e. a snake spirit).,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-111,28,ha en kɛnau ka,habu\ten\tkɛnɛ\tnau\tka,have\tone\tperson\tnow\tNEG,There is nobody now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-112,28,di banabu ondro ha fluru,di\tbanabu\tondro\thabu\tfluru,the\tshelter\tunder\thave\tfloor,There was a floor under the shelter.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-125,29,Daar is 'n probleem.,Daar\tis\t'n\tprobleem.,there\tis\tINDF.ART\tproblem,There is a problem.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-135,30,"Dentu kel lagúa, ten un pédra-mármi, [...].","Dentu\tkel=lagúa\tten\tun=pédra-mármi,\t[...].",in\tDEM.SG=lake\thave\ta=stone-marble\t[...],"In this lake, there lies a stone of marble, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-120,31,"Si ka ten nada di kume, nu ta ferbe-l o nu ta kuzinha-l.","Si\tka\tten\tnada\tdi\tkume,\tnu\tta\tferbe-l\to\tnu\tta\tkuzinha-l.",if\tNEG\thave\tnothing\tof\teat\twe\tHAB\tboil-it\tor\twe\tHAB\tcook-it,"If there is nothing to eat, we boil it or we cook it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-99,32,Ten txeu amdjer e k ta bá peská.,Ten\ttxeu\tamdjer\te\tk\tta\tbá\tpeská.,have.PRS\tmany\twoman\tFOC\tREL\tPRS\tgo\tfish,There are many women who go fishing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-127,33,Byanda ten.,Byanda\tten.,food\texist,There is food.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-128,33,I ten un igreja na e prasa.,I\tten\tun\tigreja\tna\te\tprasa.,3SG\thave\ta\tchurch\tin\tthis\ttown,There is a church in this town.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-129,33,*Kasa ten vs. I ten un kasa.,*Kasa\tten\tvs.\tI\tten\tun\tkasa.,house\tEXIST\tvs.\t3SG\tEXIST\tINDF\thouse,NOT: *Exists a house vs. There is a house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-99,34,I teŋ arus ciw na Sindoŋ.,I\tø\tteŋ\tarus\tciw\tna\tSindoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\thave\trice\ta.lot\tin\tSindone,There is plenty of rice in Sindone.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-100,34,Ka teŋ nada.,Ka\tø\tteŋ\tnada.,NEG\tPFV\thave\tnothing,There is no problem. OR: Everything is okay.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-142,35,Ê tê ome ku sêbê kuji kume bwa so.,Ê\ttê\tome\tku\tsêbê\tkuji\tkume\tbwa\tso.,3SG\thave\tman\tREL\tknow\tcook\tfood\tgood\tvery,There are men that know how to cook very well. (OR: She has a husband who knows how to cook very well.),,,,naturalistic spoken -35-143,35,Ê tê dja ku n na ka kume fa.,Ê\ttê\tdja\tku\tn\tna\tka\tkume\tfa.,3SG\thave\tday\tREL\t1SG\tNEG\tIPFV\teat\tNEG,There are days on which I don't eat.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-82,36,Tepu nakulu kwanda tia ta tê ũa ome.,Tepu\tnakulu\tkwanda\ttia\tta\ttê\tũa\tome.,time\told\thigh\tland\tPST\thave\tone\tman,"In the olden days, in the highlands, there was a man.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-105,37,Ê tê ningê nhon di pasa lala fa.,Ê\ttê\tningê\tnhon\tdi\tpasa\tlala\tfa.,EXPL\thave\tperson\tno\tof\tpass\tthere\tNEG,There is nobody who passes by over there.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-106,37,Tê ningê nhon di pasa lala fa.,Tê\tningê\tnhon\tdi\tpasa\tlala\tfa.,have\tperson\tno\tof\tpass\tthere\tNEG,There is nobody who passes by over there.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-82,38,"ixasa ana, ana abada [...]",e-sa-xa\twan-na\twan-na\tabada\t[...],3SG-be-EVID\tART-ART\tART-ART\tfruit\t[...],"(if) there was a, a fruit [...]",,,,naturalistic spoken -38-121,38,"Xa suku xa vida ba dentsy, [...].","Xa\tsa-ku\txa\tvida\tba\tdensyi,\t[...].",EVID\tbe-with\tEVID\tlife\tgo\tforward\t[...],"So there was some life in the future, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-119,39,Nə te nad.,Nə\tte\tnad.,NEG\tEXIST.NPST\tnothing,No problem (lit. There is nothing).,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-89,40,N-əkə kadz mwit mɔt jɛ̃t tɛ.,N-əkə\tkadz\tmwit\tmɔt\tjɛ̃t\ttɛ.,LOC-that\thouse\tvery\tmuch\tpeople\tCOP,There are very many people in that house.,,,,constructed by linguist -42-114,42,teng tantu pesua na isti kaza,teng\ttantu\tpesua\tna\tisti\tkaza,be\tmany\tperson\tLOC\tthis\thouse,There are many people in this house.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-76,43,Nu meo di matu teng ung pos grandi.,Nu\tmeo\tdi\tmatu\tteng\tung\tpos\tgrandi.,in\tmiddle\tof\tforest\tthere.be\ta\twell\tbig,"In the middle of the forest, there was a big well.",,,,pedagogical grammar -44-119,44,Tiene nah rio ung grande bangka motor [...].,Tiene\tnah\trio\tung\tgrande\tbangka\tmotor\t[...].,EXIST\tLOC\triver\tINDF\tbig\tboat\tmotor\t[...],There is a big motor boat on the river [...].,,,,naturalistic written -45-103,45,Tiene pa mucho patatas na frigider.,Tiene\tpa\tmucho\tpatatas\tna\tfrigider.,EXIST\tstill\tmany\tpotatoes\tLOC\trefrigerator,There are still plenty of potatoes in the refrigerator.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-121,46,Tyéne hénte ta-komé múcho.,Tyéne\thénte\tta-komé\tmúcho.,there.is\tperson\tIPFV-eat\ta.lot,There are people who eat a lot.,,,,constructed by linguist -46-122,46,Múcho hénte na pyésta.,Múcho\thénte\tna\tpyésta.,there.is.a_lot\tperson\tLOC\tparty,There are many people at the party.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-130,47,[...] tin un gai Portuges aden.,[...]\ttin\tun\tgai\tPortuges\taden.,[...]\thave\tINDF\tguy\tPortuguese\tinside,[...] there's a Portuguese guy in the group.,,,,naturalistic written -48-122,48,A-ten mucho aí.,A-ten\tmucho\taí.,?-have\tmany\tthere,There are many there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-187,49,Te gen anpil moun nan kay la.,Te\tgen\tanpil\tmoun\tnan\tkay\tla.,ANT\tthere.are\tmany\tpeople\tin\thouse\tDEF,There were many people in the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-188,49,Gen twa chanm nan kay la.,Gen\ttwa\tchanm\tnan\tkay\tla.,there.are\tthree\troom\tin\thouse\tDEF,There are three rooms in the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-115,50,I ni onlo moun.,I\tni\tonlo\tmoun.,3SG\thave\tmuch\tpeople,There are a lot of people.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-116,50,Ni onlo moun.,Ni\tonlo\tmoun.,have\tmuch\tpeople,There are a lot of people.,,,,constructed by linguist -51-106,51,I ni anlo moun.,I\tni\tanlo\tmoun.,3SG\thave\tmuch\tpeople,There are a lot of people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-107,51,Ni anlo moun.,Ni\tanlo\tmoun.,have\tmuch\tpeople,There are a lot of people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-67,52,gen timoun yé pa pouvé ké yé kò,gen\ttimoun\tyé\tpa\tpouvé\tké\tyé\tkò,have\tchildren\tthey\tNEG\tbe.able\twith\ttheir\tbody,There are children who are physically very weak.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-244,53,Ena en ta le piti.,Ena\ten\tta\tle\tpiti.,there.are\tART.INDF\tpile\tART.DEF.PL\tchild,There are many children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-245,53,Na pa arien pou manzé dan cabanne.,Na\tpa\tarien\tpou\tmanzé\tdan\tcabanne.,there.is\tNEG\tnothing\tfor\teat\tin\tcabin,There is nothing to eat in the cabin.,,,,naturalistic written -53-246,53,Na le Blan itou.,Na\tle\tBlan\titou.,there.are\tART.DEF.PL\twhite\talso,There are also whites.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-247,53,Yavé eune foi eune madam.,Yavé\teune\tfoi\teune\tmadam.,there.was\tART.INDF\ttime\tART.INDF\tlady,Once upon a time there was a lady.,,,,naturalistic written -53-248,53,Yan pis la pioche.,Yan\tpis\tla\tpioche.,there.is\tno.more\tART.DEF\thoe,There is no hoe any more.,,,,naturalistic written -53-249,53,Ala ain bourrique.,Ala\tain\tbourrique.,there.is\tART.INDF\tdonkey,There is a donkey.,,,,naturalistic written -53-250,53,Ye gen de kalite demi.,Ye\tgen\tde\tkalite\tdemi.,3PL\thave\ttwo\tkind\tberry,There are two kinds of berries.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-251,53,Ye gen en plas ye pèl Scotland.,Ye\tgen\ten\tplas\tye\tpèl\t.,3PL\thave\tART.INDF\tplace\t3PL\tcall\tScotland,There's a place they call Scotland.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-252,53,Ye te janmen gen pir blan dan la Louzyaen ye tou mele.,Ye\tte\tjanmen\tgen\tpir\tblan\tdan\tla\tLouzyaen\tye\ttou\tmele.,3PL\tPST\tnever\thave\tpure\twhite\tin\tART.DEF.SG\tLouisiana\t3PL\tall\tmixed,"There have never been pure whites in Louisiana, they're all mixed.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-253,53,Te konnen gen ti ti betay-ye on le fey koton-ye.,Te\tkonnen\tgen\tti\tti\tbetay-ye\ton\tle\tfey\tkoton-ye.,PST\tIPFV\thave\tlittle\tlittle\tbug-PL\ton\tART.DEF.PL\tleaf\tcotton-PL,There used to be tiny little bugs on the cotton leaves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-254,53,Ena le moun nwa la?,Ena\tle\tmoun\tnwa\tla?,there.are\tART.PL\tperson\tblack\tthere,Are there black people there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-135,54,Nana bokou travay.,Nana\tbokou\ttravay.,PRS.EXIST\tmuch\twork,There is a lot of work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-136,54,"Lavé troi frer, troi garson [...].","Lave\ttrwa\tfrer,\ttrwa\tgarson\t[...].",PST.EXIST\tthree\tbrother\tthree\tboy\t[...],"There were three brothers, three boys [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-137,54,Nora poin personn pour konetr [...].,Nora\tpwen\tpersonn\tpour\tkonet\t[...].,FUT.EXIST\tNEG\tperson\tfor\tknow\t[...],There is nobody who will know [that you killed him].,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-113,55,ena diber lor latab,ena\tdiber\tlor\tlatab,have\tbutter\ton\ttable,There is butter on the table.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-126,56,Ti annan koson osi laba?,Ti\tannan\tkoson\tosi\tlaba?,PST\tEXIST\tpig\talso\tthere,Were there also pigs?,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-64,57,na pa ʃilda?,na\tpa\tʃilda?,EXIST\tNEG\tGildas,Isn't Gildas there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-65,57,na a ŋgra laport ʃe mwa,na\ta\tŋgra\tlaport\tʃe\tmwa,EXIST\tART.INDF\tbig\tdoor\tPREP\tmy.place,There is a big door at my place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-85,58,Madia ke na mesa.,Madia\tke\tna\tmesa.,food\tis\tCONN\ttable,There is food on the table. OR: The food is on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-199,59,akete kete amicrobe ti bilharzie ni ake na ya ti ngu so,a-kete\tkete\ta-\tti\t\tni\ta-yeke\tna\tya\tti\tngu\tso,PL-small\tsmall\tPL-microbe\tof\tbilharzia\tDEF\tPM-COP\tin\tinterior\tof\twater\tDEM,Very small liver-fluke microbes are in this river.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-217,59,"wen' ake na ya ni, na wen' ni ake si gigi","wen'\ta-ke\tna\tya\tni,\tna\twen'\tni\ta-ke\tsi\tgigi",iron\tPM-COP\tPREP\tbelly\tDET\tand\tiron\tDET\tPM-COP\tarrive\toutside,"There's iron in it (the ore), and iron appears (when the ore is melted).",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-89,60,bato bazalákí ebelé,bato\tba-zal-ákí\tebelé,persons\t3PL-be-PST\tmany,There were many people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-59,62,héló isonhká ikumúre,hé-lo\tisonhka\ti-kumure,16-have\tdust\t5-many,There is a lot of dust.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-125,63,fí fíl,fí\tfíl,EXIST\telephant,There are elephants.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-131,64,fi béled geríb ma júba,fi\tbéled\tgeríb\tma\tjúba,EXIST\tcountry\tnear\twith\tJuba,There is a village near Juba.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-132,64,fi maál genadí nádi,fi\tmaál\tge=nadí\tnádi,EXIST\tplace\tPROG=call\tNadi,There is a place called Nadi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-133,64,fi gabát ketír kális,fi\tgab-át\tketír\tkális,EXIST\tforest-PL\tmuch\tvery,There are a lot of forests.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-98,65,Desi tama naʃa nagaroda.,Desi\ttama\tnaʃa\tnagaroda.,here\tthere\t1PL\tvegetable.garden,There were our vegetable gardens in all places.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-99,65,Woteta kipitalistə noga byla lan'ʃə.,Woteta\tkipitalistə\tnoga\tbyla\tlan'ʃə.,like.that\tcapitalist\tmany\tCOP.PFV\tbefore,There were many capitalists of this kind in the old times.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-76,66,Kirinde ka banyak pohong pəðə aða.,Kirinde\tka\tbanyak\tpohong-pəðə\taða.,Kirinda\tin\tmany\ttree-PL\tEXIST,There are many trees in Kirinda.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-139,67,Sini ada satu lembu sama katak.,Sini\tada\tsatu\tlembu\tsama\tkatak.,here\tbe\tone\tox\twith\tfrog,"Here, there were an ox and a frog.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-78,68,Ada gula.,Ada\tgula.,exist\tsugar,There's sugar.,,,,elicited from speaker -70-51,70,Baut suar baito.,many\tpig\tCOP,many\tpig\tCOP,There are a lot of pigs.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-111,71,Alima moa loaa kela hale iaia.,Alima\tmoa\tloaa\tkela\thale\tiaia.,five\tchicken\tget\tDET\thouse\t3SG.POSS,There were five chickens at his house. OR: Five chickens were found at his house.,,,,naturalistic written -71-112,71,"Ma kahi o ka pake, loaa kela wahine pake ma ka lanai.","Ma\tkahi\to\tka\tpake,\tloaa\tkela\twahine\tpake\tma\tka\tlanai.",LOC\tDEF.place\tPOSS\tDEF\tChinese\tEXIST\tDET\twoman\tChinese\tLOC\tDEF\tverandah,"At the Chinese place, there was a Chinese woman on the verandah.",,,,naturalistic written -72-95,72,Ah pirlpirlji jarrwa ebriweya.,Ah\tpirlpirlji\tjarrwa\tebriweya.,ah\tgrasshopper\tlots\teverywhere,"Ah, there's lots of grasshoppers everywhere!",,,2ced8c932b8bd320e2d7cec91c3a2903,naturalistic spoken -74-98,74,mitlayt mákmak kápa latáb,mitlayt\tmákmak\tkápa\tlatáb,sit\tfood\tPREP\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-158,75,Li maanzhii diseu la tab ashteew.,Li\tmaanzhii\tdiseu\tla\ttab\tashtee-w.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tfood\ton\tDEF.ART.F.SG\ttable\tbe-3,There is food on the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-159,75,Apipree trwaa saan kiiayaaw daa la saanblii.,Apipree\ttrwaa\tsaan\tkii-ayaa-w\tdaa\tla\tsaanblii.,approximately\tthree\thundred\tPST-be-3\tPREP.LOC\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tassembly,There were approximately three hundred people at the meeting.,,,,naturalistic written -75-160,75,Iyave aen rwe pi la renn.,Iyave\taen\trwe\tpi\tla\trenn.,there.was\tINDF.ART.M.SG\tKing\tand\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tQueen,There was a King and a Queen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-161,75,Mituni maamashkayistaakwan ki la pat grenn istanee.,Mituni\tmaamashkayist-aakwan\tki\tla\tpat\tgrenn\tistanee.,very\tstrange-3\tthat\tthere.is\tNEG\tberry\tthis.year,It' very peculiar there are no berries this year.,,,,naturalistic written -76-53,76,iglu silatani,iglu\tsilatani,house\toutside,(It is) outside the house.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-54,76,ekalluk hŏmōlȗktū,ekalluk\thŏmōlȗktū,fish\tmany,plenty fish,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-157,1,Areen fadomm.,Aren\tfadon.,rain\tfall,It is raining.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-155,2,En sontron te unu kmopo a skoro alen e kon.,En\tsontron\tte\tunu\tkmopo\ta\tskoro\talen\te\tkon.,and\tsometimes\twhen\twe\tcome.out\tthe\tschool\train\tIPFV\tcome,And sometimes when we came from school it rained.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-156,2,"Dan mi taki ai, a no pikinso alen fadon.","Dan\tmi\ttaki\tai,\ta\tno\tpikinso\talen\tfadon.",then\t1SG\tsay\tyes\tit\tNEG\ta.little\train\tfall,"Then I said, ‘well, it rained a lot.' (Lit. 'it wasn't just a little rain that fell')",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-157,2,A alen wai pikinso.,A\talen\twai\tpikinso.,DET\train\tblow.away\ta.little,The rain has blown away a little (i.e.: It’s not raining so hard anymore.),,,,naturalistic spoken -3-78,3,Dí tjúba tá kái mbéi hen uwíi munjá tooná kó bè.,Dí\ttjúba\ttá\tkái\tmbéi\then\tuwíi\tmunjá\ttooná\tkó\tbè.,DEF.SG\train\tASP\tfall\tmake\t3SG\thair\twet\tturn\tcome\tred,It is raining so that her hair becomes wet and turns red.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-108,4,Mi án be waka go na a se anda di a alen be kai a kai.,Mi\tán\tbe\twaka\tgo\tna\ta\tse\tanda\tdi\ta\talen\tbe\tkai\ta\tkai.,I\tNEG\tPST\twalk\tgo\tLOC\tDET.SG\tside\tover.there\tREL\tDET.SG\train\tPST\tfall\tDET.SG\tfall,I did not go over there when the rain was falling heavily there (lit. I did not go the side over there when the rain was falling heavily there).,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-105,5,so di reen doz faal,so\tdi\treen\tdoz\tfaal,so\tthe\train\tHAB\tfall,So the rain usually falls.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-70,6,Rain falling.,Rain\tØ\tfalling.,Rain\tCOP\tfall.PROG,It is raining.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-158,7,Rein a kuhm.,Rein\ta\tkuhm.,rain\tPROG\tcome,It is raining.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-159,7,Rein mek uhp.,Rein\tmek\tuhp.,rain\tmake\tup,It is going to rain.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-99,8,Rien de faal.,Rien\tde\tfaal.,rain\tPROG\tfall,It is raining.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-128,9,Reyn kum fos.,Reyn\tkum\tfos.,rain\tcome\tfirst,First it rains (hurricane).,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-129,9,Sodn̩ it staat tu reyn.,Sodn̩\tit\tstaat\ttu\treyn.,sudden\tit\tstart\tto\train,All of a sudden it starts to rain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-150,10,Ih de rien.,Ih\tde\trien.,3SG\tPROG\train,It is raining.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-207,11,Wen ih rein an ih blou iin truu di windou [...].,Wen\tih\trein\tan\tih\tblou\tiin\ttruu\tdi\twindou\t[...].,when\t3SG.N\train\tand\t3SG.N\tblow\tin\tthrough\tART.DEF\twindow\t[...],When it rains and it blows in through the windows [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-154,12,"[...] my two daughters been in it, they say if it raining and you marching, you can't stop, you know. You have to march in the rain.","[...]\tif\tit\training\tand\tyou\tmarching,\tyou\tcan't\tstop\t[...].",[...]\tif\tEXPL\train.PROG\tand\t2SG.SBJ\tmarch.PROG\t2SG.SBJ\tcan.NEG\tstop\t[...],"[...] if it rains and you march [in a parade], you can’t stop [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-155,12,So that mean when it rain it rain snow?,[...] it rain [...],  EXPL rain[HAB]  ,[So that means that when] it rains [(in the winter in Europe) it rains snow]?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-121,13,De rain come.,De\train\tcome.,the\train\tcome,The rain came. (Mt 7.27),,,,bible translation -13-122,13,E ain rain fa shree yeaah an six mont.,E\tain\train\tfa\tshree\tyeaah\tan\tsix\tmont.,3SG.SBJ.EXPL\tNEG.AUX\train\tfor\tthree\tyears\tand\tsix\tmonths,It had not rained for three years and six months. (Lk 4.25),,,,bible translation -14-83,14,It's snowing.,It's\tsnowing.,it's\tsnowing,It's snowing.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-91,15,ren di kam,ren\tdi\tkam,rain\tPROG\tcome,It's raining.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-85,16,wɛn ì ren hɛvi jù no gò fit wɔka kam hiɛ,wɛn\tì\tren\thɛvi\tjù\tno\tgò\tfit\twɔka\tkam\thiɛ,when\t3SG\train\theavy\t2SG\tNEG\tFUT\tABIL\twalk\tcome\there,When it rains heavily you won't be able to walk over here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-86,16,dat de wɛn dɛ ren fɔl [...] ì kari so mɛni animals go,dat\tde\twɛn\tdɛ\tren\tfɔl\t[...]\tì\tkari\tso\tmɛni\tanimals\tgo,DEM\tday\twhen\tART\train\tfall\t[...]\t3SG\tcarry\tso\tmany\tanimals\tgo,That day when it was raining [...] it (the rain) carried so many animals away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-99,17,Ren dè fò̱dó̱n.,Ren\tdè\tfò̱dó̱n.,rain\tNCOMPL\tfall,It is raining.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-92,18,Rein don fol.,Rein\tdon\tfol.,rain\tPFV\tfall,It has rained.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-120,19,Ren dè fɔl.,Ren\tdè\tfɔl.,rain\tIPFV\train,It is raining.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-121,19,È dè fɔl.,È\tdè\tfɔl.,3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\train,It is raining.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-86,20,Long lain [...].,Long\tlain\t[...].,long\train\t[...],It has been raining for a long time [...].,,,,naturalistic written -20-87,20,My too muchee fear makee rain.,My\ttoo\tmuchee\tfear\tmakee\train.,1SG\ttoo\tmuch\tfear\tmake\train,I'm afraid it is going to rain.,,,,naturalistic written -21-87,21,It's raining.,It-'s\train-ing.,it-be.3SG\train-DUR,It's raining.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-88,21,Rain already.,Rain\talready.,rain\tPRF,It's raining. OR: It has started raining. OR: It has rained.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-114,22,"Traipela win, ren i kam.","Traipela\twin,\tren\ti\tkam.",big.MOD\twind\train\tPM\tcome,A big wind and rain came.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-115,22,Ren i kam long mipela nau.,Ren\ti\tkam\tlong\tmipela\tnau.,Rain\tPM\tcome\tPREP\t1PL.EXCL\tnow,It rained on us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-108,23,yestedei i ren we i ren,yestedei\ti\tren\twe\ti\tren,yesterday\tAGR\train\tCOMPL\tAGR\train,It rained a lot yesterday.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-109,23,ren i bigwan tumas,ren\ti\tbigwan\ttumas,rain\tAGR\tbig\tvery,It's really raining.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-124,24,Rienen haad.,Rienen\thaad.,rain.CONT\thard,It is raining hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-264,25,I garra rein langa wi.,I\tgarra\trein\tlanga\twi.,3SG\tFUT/OBLIG\train\tLOC\t1PL,It's likely to rain on us.,,,,unknown -25-265,25,"Naidaim, ooo, rein bina boldan, maidi tu, thri dei [...] binish.","Naid-daim,\tooo,\trein\tbin-a\tbol-dan,\tmaidi\ttu,\tthri\tdei\t[...]\tbinish.",night-time\tINTERJ\train\tPST-POT\tfall-down\tmaybe\ttwo\tthree\tday\t[...]\tfinish,"[During the] night, oh, the rain might have fallen, [for] maybe two [or] three days, [then it] finished.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-79,26,its gɔna ɹeɪn,its\tgɔna\tɹeɪn,3SG.is\tFUT\train,It's going to rain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-81,27,leiki weni regn lo fal,leiki\tweni\tregn\tlo\tfal,like\twhen\train\tHAB\tfall,like when it is raining,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-113,28,ɛnɛ ma koro di tafn di,ɛnɛ\tma\tkoro\tdi\ttafn\tdi,rain\tIRR\tgo.down\tthe\tafternoon\tDEM,It will rain this afternoon. OR: Rain will fall this afternoon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-126,29,Dit reën.,Dit\treën.,3SG.N\trains,It is raining.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-136,30,Sa ta txobe.,Sa=ta=txobe.,PROG=IPFV=rain,It’s raining.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-137,30,Zóna di téra ki más ta txobe ê pértu di ekuador.,Zóna\tdi=téra\tki=más\tta=txobe\tê\tpértu\tdi=ekuador.,region\tof=earth\tCOMP=most\tIPFV=rain\tbe\tnear\tof=equator,The region of the earth where it rains most is near the equator.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-121,31,"Si ka txobe, N ka ta simia.","Si\tka\ttxobe,\tN\tka\tta\tsimia.",if\tNEG\train\tI\tNEG\tHAB\tplant.seed,"If it does not rain, I don't plant seeds.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-122,31,Txuba ta ben txobe.,Txuba\tta\tben\ttxobe.,rain\tFUT\tcome\train,The rain is going to fall.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-100,32,"Grinhasin, txuva á ka ta dá na Kap Verd.","Grinhasin,\ttxuva\tá\tka\tta\tdá\tna\tKap\tVerd.",now\train\talready\tNEG\tPRS\tgive\tin\tCape\tVerde,"Nowadays, it doesn't rain any more in Cape Verde.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-101,32,"Aont, dá txuva.","Aont,\tdá\ttxuva.",yesterday\tgive\train,It rained yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -32-102,32,"Aont, táva te xuvê.","Aont,\ttáva\tte\txuvê.",yesterday\tPST.IPFV\tPROG\train,It was raining yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-130,33,Tcuba na tcubi.,Tcuba\tna\ttcubi.,rain\tPROG\train,It is raining.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-131,33,I na tcubi.,I\tna\ttcubi.,3SG\tPROG\train,It's raining,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-101,34,Coba na cobé.,Coba\tna\tcobé.,rain[NOUN]\tPROG\train[V],It is raining (lit. The rain is raining).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-102,34,(A-li) i na cobé.,(A-li)\ti\tna\tcobé.,(here)\t3SG.SBJ\tPROG\train,(Just now) it is raining.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-144,35,Ola ku suba ka sôbê [...].,Ola\tku\tsuba\tka\tsôbê\t[...].,hour\tREL\train\tIPFV\train\t[...],When it rains [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-145,35,Ê ka sôbê muntu fan.,Ê\tka\tsôbê\tmuntu\tfan.,3SG\tIPFV\train\ta.lot\tPCL,It rains a lot!,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-146,35,Kwa sôbê.,Kwa\tsôbê.,thing\train,It rained.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-147,35,Uã dja tadji suba ska stlena.,Uã\tdja\ttadji\tsuba\tska\tstlena.,one\tday\tafternoon\train\tPROG\tdrizzle,A certain afternoon it was drizzling.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-83,36,Thuba thêka thôbê.,Thuba\tthêka\tthôbê.,rain\tPROG\train,It is raining.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-84,36,Thuba thêka kai.,Thuba\tthêka\tkai.,rain\tPROG\tfall,It is raining.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-107,37,Usuva s’uga.,Usuva\tsa\tuga.,rain\tCOP\toutside,It is raining.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-108,37,Ontxi usuva sôvê ki pasa.,Ontxi\tusuva\tsôvê\tki\tpasa.,yesterday\train\tto.rain\twith\tsurpass,"Yesterday, it rained heavily.",,,,elicited from speaker -38-122,38,Awa da.,Awa\tda.,water\tgive,It rains.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-123,38,Awa sebé.,Awa\tsebe.,water\tknow,It rains (as expected).,,,,elicited from speaker -38-124,38,Awa sotá.,Awa\tsotá.,water\tdischarge,It starts to rain suddenly.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-120,39,Tə chuve.,Tə\tchuve.,IPFV.NPST\train.INF,It's raining.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-121,39,Chuv tə kai.,Chuv\ttə\tka-i.,rain\tIPFV.NPST\tfall-INF,It's raining (lit. Rain is falling).,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-122,39,Chuv tə vi.,Chuv\ttə\tvi.,rain\tIPFV.NPST\tcome.INF,It's raining (lit. Rain is coming).,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-99,41,oy cuuva takay,oy\tcuuva\tta-kay,today\train\tPRS-fall,Today it is raining.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-115,42,yo lembrá logu kai chua,yo\tlembrá\tlogu\tkai\tchua,1SG\tthink\tFUT\tfall\train,I think it will rain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-120,44,Ta yobé.,Ta\tyobé.,IPFV\train,It rains. OR: It is raining.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-104,45,Ta llove recio aqui pag tiempo de aguacero.,Ta\tllove\trecio\taqui\tpag\ttiempo\tde\taguacero.,IPFV\train\thard\there\twhen\ttime\tof\train,It rains hard here during the rainy season.,,,,naturalistic written -46-92,46,"Si man-ulan, ta moha.","Si\tman-ulán,\tta-muhá.",if\tVBLZ-rain\tIPFV-wet,If it rains he will get wet.,,,,unknown -46-123,46,Ay-man-ulán manyána.,Ay-man-ulán\tmanyána.,IRR-VBLZ-rain\ttomorrow,It will rain tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-131,47,Awa tawata jobe.,Awa\ttawata\tjobe.,water\tPST\train,It was raining.,,,,both elicited and naturalistic spoken -47-132,47,Tabata jobe.,Tabata\tjobe.,PST\train,It was raining.,,,,own knowledge -47-133,47,Ta hasi kalor.,Ta\thasi\tkalor.,TNS\tmake\theat,It is hot.,,,,published source -48-123,48,A yobé mucho ete año.,A\tyobé\tmucho\tete\taño.,PST\train\tmuch\tthis\tyear,It (has) rained much this year.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-189,49,Petèt i ka fè lapli.,Petèt\ti\tka\tfè\tlapli.,maybe\tit\tcan\tmake\train,It is possible that it will rain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-190,49,Lapli a pral tonbe talè.,Lapli\ta\tpral\ttonbe\ttalè.,rain\tDEF\tFUT.go\tfall\tsoon,It will rain very soon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-192,49,M si i ka ba on lapli jodi a.,M\tsi\ti\tka\tba\ton\tlapli\tjodi\ta.,1SG\tsure\t3SG\tcan\tgive\tINDF\train\ttoday\tDEF,I am sure it can rain today.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-193,49,Lapli deklare.,Lapli\tdeklare.,rain\tstart,It has started to rain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-194,49,Genlè i pral fè lapli.,Genlè\ti\tpral\tfè\tlapli.,seem\t3SG\tPROG.go\tmake\train,It looks like it is going to rain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-195,49,A monchè jodi a lapli a ap tonbe menm!,A\tmonchè\tjodi\ta\tlapli\ta\tap\ttonbe\tmenm!,oh\tfriend\ttoday\tDEF\train\tDEF\tINACC\tfall\teven,"My friend, it will surely rain today.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-196,49,Lapli a pare.,Lapli\ta\tpare.,rain\tDEF\tget.ready,The rain is getting ready to fall.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-117,50,Lapli ka tonbé.,Lapli\tka\ttonbé.,rain\tPROG\tfall,It is raining.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-108,51,Lapli ka tonbé.,Lapli\tka\ttonbé.,rain\tPROG\tfall,It is raining.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-68,52,lapli ka tombé,lapli\tka\ttombé,rain\tPROG\tfall,It is raining. OR: Rain is falling.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-255,53,Lapli ap tonbé.,Lapli\tap\ttonbé.,rain\tPROG\tfall,It's raining (lit. Rain is falling).,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-138,54,La pli i tonb.,La\tpli\ti\ttonm.,DEF\train\tFIN\tfall,It is raining.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-139,54,Là pli i fwèt.,La\tpli\ti\tfwet.,DEF\train\tFIN\tlash,The rain is lashing down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-114,55,lapli toṁbe; lapli pe toṁbe; lapli pu toṁbe,lapli\ttoṁbe;\tlapli\tpe\ttoṁbe;\tlapli\tpu\ttoṁbe,rain\tfall\train\tPROG\tfall\train\tFUT\tfall,it rains; it is raining; it will rain,,,,constructed by linguist -55-115,55,buku lapli pe toṁbe,buku\tlapli\tpe\ttoṁbe,much\train\tPROG\tfall,It is raining a lot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-127,56,Lapli pe tombe.,Lapli\tpe\ttombe.,rain\tPROG\tfall,Rain is falling.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-128,56,Ler lapli i tonbe i vini i met tol lola.,Ler\tlapli\ti\ttonbe\ti\tvini\ti\tmet\ttol\tlola.,when\train\tPM\tfall\t3SG\tcome\t3SG\tput\tmetal.plate\ton.it,"When it rained, he came and put a metal plate on it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -57-66,57,na lapli,na\tlapli,EXIST\train,It is raining.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-67,57,lapli le to:mbe,lapli\tle\tto:mbe,rain\tSI\tfall,Rain is falling.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-86,58,Mvula ke noka.,Mvula\tke\tnoka.,rain\tbe/PROG\tdrip.down,It's raining.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-87,58,Ntangu ke makasi.,Ntangu\tke\tmakasi.,sun\tis\tstrong,It's hot.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-88,58,Mono ke wa madidi.,Mono\tke\twa\tmadidi.,me\tbe/PROG\tfeel\tcold,I feel cold. OR: It's cold,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-200,59,biri ngu (ti) Nzapa apika mingi,biri\tngu\t(ti)\tNzapa\ta-pika\tmingi,yesterday\twater\t(of)\tGod\tPM-strike\tmuch,Yesterday it rained a lot.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-90,60,mbúla ezalákí kobéta,mbúla\te-zal-ákí\tko-bét-a,rain\t3SG.INAN-be-PST\tINF-hit-FV,It was raining.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-67,61,Lo vula yena buya.,Lo\tvula\tyena\tbuya.,DEF.ART\train\tit\tcome.V,The rain is coming. OR: It's raining. OR: Rain is coming.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-60,62,máre ísí,mare\tí-si,rain\t9-rain,it rained.,,,,elicited from speaker -64-134,64,mótoro genénzil,mótoro\tge=nénzil,rain\tPROG=fall,It is raining.,,,,elicited from speaker -64-135,64,mótoro bija nénzil,mótoro\tbi=ja\tnénzil,rain\tIRR=come\tfall,It will rain.,,,,elicited from speaker -65-100,65,"Sólenca nietula, dózika ju, soledátka liésa pasóla.","Solənʧa\tnietu-la,\tdoʒika\tju,\tsoledatka\tliesa\tpasola.",sun\tCOP.NEG-PFV\train\tbe\tsoldier\tforest\twent.PFV,"The sun had disappeared, it was raining [but] soldiers went to the forest.",,,,elicited from speaker -65-101,65,"Liudi xadi kanʧaj, doʃ hadi.","Liudi\txadi\tkanʧaj,\tdoʃ\thadi.",person\tgo\tfinish\train\tgo,People had passed [here] before the rain.,,,,citation in fiction -66-77,66,Ujang ambε aða.,Ujang\tambε\taða.,rain\tPROG\tEXIST,It is raining.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-140,67,Sekarang suda hujan.,Sekarang\tsuda\thujan.,now\tPFV\train,"Now, it has already started to rain.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-141,67,Mase hujan lagi.,Mase\thujan\tlagi.,still\train\tmore,It will continue raining.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-142,67,Malam ini tentu hujan hebat.,Malam\tini\ttentu\thujan\thebat.,night\tDEM\tsure\train\ttense,"Tonight, it will rain heavily.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-79,68,Mo ujang.,Mo\tujang.,FUT\train,It's going to rain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-80,68,Ujang turung.,Ujang\tturung.,rain\tcome.down,The rain is falling.,,,,constructed by linguist -70-52,70,U taim baut pani baito.,U\ttaim\tbaut\tpani\tbaito.,DEM\ttime\ta.lot.of\twater/rain\tCOP,That time there was a lot of rain.,,,,constructed by linguist -70-53,70,Jaise konciz pani giro ekdam kapara bij gaya.,Jaise\tkonciz\tpani\tgiro\tekdam\tkapara\tbij\tgaya.,like\twhat\twater\tfall\tEMPH\tclothes\twet\tgo.PST,"Like when, uh, it rained, [my] clothes got really wet.",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-113,71,Nui loa ka ua a me ka wai.,Nui\tloa\tka\tua\ta\tme\tka\twai.,abundant\tvery\tDET\train\tand\twith\tDEF\twater,There is a lot of rain and water. OR: It's raining heavily (and the river is flooding).,,,,naturalistic written -71-114,71,Kela ua pimai.,Kela\tua\tpimai.,DET\train\tcome,It is raining.,,,,constructed by linguist -72-96,72,Gedap yurra gon im reining.,Ged-ap\tyu-rra\tgon\tim\treining.,get-up\t2SG.SBJ-MOD\tgo\t3SG\training,Get up. We should go because its raining.,,,55bec730159f59a35c2e56d109eee733,naturalistic spoken -74-99,74,snas čáku,snas\tčáku,rain\tcome,It is raining.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-162,75,kimiwan,kimiwa-n,rain.INAN-3,It is raining.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-163,75,Si la pwii tultaan.,Si\tla\tpwii\ttultaan.,be.3\tDEF.ART.F.SG\train\tall.the.time,It is raining all the time. OR: There is rain all the time.,,,,naturalistic written -75-164,75,Tut li muund daweestamwak shikimuwahk.,Tut\tli\tmuund\tdaweest-am-wak\tshi-kimuwa-hk.,all\tART.M.SG\tpeople\twant.it-3.OBJ-3PL.SBJ\tCOMP.FUT-rain-3,All the people want that it will rain. OR: All the people want rain.,,,,naturalistic written -1-158,1,Mi heddi de jam mi. [od.] Mi heddi de hati mi.,Mi\thede\tde\tnyan\tmi.\t[oder]\tMi\thede\tde\thati\tmi.,1SG\thead\tASP\teat\t1SG\t[or]\t1SG\thead\tASP\thurt\t1SG,My head is hurting.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-159,1,A de kísi dà hedehátti toe.,A\tde\tkisi\tda\thedehati\ttu.,3SG.SBJ\tASP\tget\tDET.SG\theadache\ttoo,S/he gets a headache too.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-158,2,Ede-hati e kiri mi.,Ede-hati\te\tkiri\tmi.,head-hurt\tIPFV\tkill\tme,A headache is killing me.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-159,2,Mi ede span span wan sortu fasi. Mi weri.,Mi\tede\tspan\tspan\twan\tsortu\tfasi.\tMi\tweri.,my\thead\ttense\ttense\tone\tsort\tway\tI\ttired,I have some sort of a headache. I’m tired.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-79,3,Edi ta njan a mi.,Edi\tta\tnjan\ta\tmi.,head\tASP\teat\tPREP\t1SG,I have a headache.,,,,naturalistic written -4-109,4,Mi ede e nyan mi.,Mi\tede\te\tnyan\tmi.,my\thead\tIPFV\teat\tme,My head is hurting me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-106,5,hedeek a teer mi teel,hedeek\ta\tteer\tmi\tteel,headache\tPROG\ttear\tmy\tteel,I have a splitting headache.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-107,5,mi hed a hot mi,mi\thed\ta\thot\tmi,my\thead\tPROG\thurt\tme,I have a headache. OR: My head is aching. OR: My head is hurting me. OR: My head hurts.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-108,5,mi a sofa from hedeek,mi\ta\tsofa\tfrom\thedeek,1SG\tPROG\tsuffer\tfrom\theadache,I have a headache. OR: I am suffering from a headache.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-71,6,Me belly hurtin.,Me\tbelly\thurtin.,1SG\tbelly\thurt.PROG,I have a bellyache.,,,,elicited from speaker -6-72,6,Ah gettin a headache.,Ah\tgettin\ta\theadache.,1SG\tget.PROG\tDET\theadache,I'm getting a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-160,7,Mi hed a huht mi.,Mi\thed\ta\thuht\tmi.,1SG\thead\tPROG\thurt\t1SG,I have a headache. OR: My head is aching.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-100,8,Mi ed de hat mi.,Mi\ted\tde\that\tmi.,1SG\thead\tPROG\thurt\t1SG,My head is hurting.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-151,10,Mi hed de hot mi.,Mi\thed\tde\thot\tmi.,1SG.POSS\thead\tPROG\thurt\t1SG,My head is hurting me (= I have a headache).,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-208,11,Ih get a hediek.,Ih\tget\ta\thed.iek.,3SG\tget\tART.INDF\thead.ache,He got a headache.,,,,naturalistic written -11-209,11,A gat hediek.,A\tgat\thed.iek.,1SG\tget\thead.ache,I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-210,11,Mi hed de hot mi.,Mi\thed\tde\thot\tmi.,1SG\thead\tPROG\thurt\t1SG,My head is aching.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-156,12,"I can't - like - he'p myself on de plane - sometime my head swing, an' I like to be 'long with somebody who I know.",[...] sometime my head swing [...],  sometimes 1SG.POSS head swing[HAB]  ,[...] sometimes I get dizzy [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-157,12,"[...] I wanted to prove to all of them that I wanted him, and I could have gotten him. I did, and I got the headaches that came along with it.",[...]\tI\tgot\tthe\theadache-s\t[...].,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tget.PST\tthe\theadache-PL\t[...],[...] I got the headaches [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-158,12,My head hurting.,My\thead\thurting.,1SG.POSS\thead\thurt.PROG,My head is aching.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-159,12,She got a headache.,She\tgot\ta\theadache.,3SG.F.SBJ\tgot\tART\theadache,She has a headache (today).,,,,elicited from speaker -12-160,12,She does plague with headache all the time.,She\tdoes\tplague\twith\theadache\tall\tthe\ttime.,3SG.F.SBJ\tHAB\tplague\twith\theadache\tall\tthe\ttime,She gets headaches frequently.,,,,elicited from speaker -13-123,13,A da feel pain.,A\tda\tfeel\tpain.,I\tPROG\tfeel\tpain,I am feeling pain. (Gal 4.19),,,,bible translation -14-84,14,She got a headache.,She\tgot\ta\theadache.,she\thas\ta\theadache,She has a headache.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-85,14,Her head hurting (her).,Her\thead\thurting\t(her).,her\thead\thurt.PROG\t(her),Her head is hurting.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-92,15,ĩ ed di at,ĩ\ted\tdi\tat,POSS\thead\tPROG\thurt,He/She has a headache.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-87,16,mà hɛd dè pen/nak mi,mà\thɛd\tdè\tpen/nak\tmi,1SG.POSS\thead\tPROG\tpain/knock\t1SG.OBJ,My head hurts. OR: I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -17-100,17,He̱dpen dè du mì.,He̱dpen\tdè\tdu\tmì.,headache\tNCOMPL\tdo\t1SG.SBJ,I’ve got a headache.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-101,17,(Mà) he̱d dè pen mì.,(Mà)\the̱d\tdè\tpen\tmì.,(1SG.POSS)\thead\tNCOMPL\tpain\t1SG.OBJ,I’ve got a headache.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-93,18,Ma hed di hot (mi).,Ma\thed\tdi\thot\t(mi).,1SG.POSS\thead\tIPFV\thurt\t(1SG.OBJ),I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-122,19,Mì bɛ̀lɛ́ dè pen mi.,Mì\tbɛ̀lɛ́\tdè\tpen\tmi.,1SG.POSS\tbelly\tIPFV\tpain\t1SG.EMPH,My stomach is hurting me.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-123,19,Mì bɛ̀lɛ́ dè hat mi.,Mì\tbɛ̀lɛ́\tdè\that\tmi.,1SG.POSS\tbelly\tIPFV\thurt\t1SG.EMPH,My stomach is hurting me.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-88,20,My foot hap got pain.,My\tfoot\thap\tgot\tpain.,1SG.POSS\tfoot\thas\tgot\tpain,I have a pain in my foot.,,,,naturalistic written -20-89,20,head too muchie sore,head\ttoo\tmuchie\tsore,head\ttoo\tmuch\tsore,to have a headache,,,,naturalistic written -21-89,21,(I) got headache.,(I)\tgot\theadache.,(1SG)\thave\theadache,I have a headache.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-116,22,Em pilim pen.,Em\tpilim\tpen.,3SG\tfeel\tpain,He felt pain.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-117,22,Bai yupela i pilim pen.,Bai\tyupela\ti\tpilim\tpen.,FUT\t2PL\tPM\tfeel\tpain,You will feel pain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-118,22,Bel bilong em pen.,Bel\tbilong\tem\tpen.,belly\tPOSS\t3SG\tpain,He had a stomach ache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-110,23,bel blong mi i ron,bel\tblong\tmi\ti\tron,stomach\tPOSS\t1SG\tAGR\trun,I have diarrhoea.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-111,23,"sapos i ova long taem blong kakae, hed i mas soa","sapos\ti\tova\tlong\ttaem\tblong\tkakae,\thed\ti\tmas\tsoa",if\tAGR\tover\tLOC\ttime\tPOSS\teat\thead\tAGR\tmust\tsore,"If it's past lunch time, he'll get a headache.",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-125,24,Ai gat aa sor haed/hiyed.,Ai\tgat\taa\tsor\thaed/hiyed.,I\tgot\tDET.INDF\tsore\thead,I have a sore head.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-126,24,Myse hied se sore.,Myse\thied\tse\tsore.,my\thead\tCOMPL\tache,I have a headache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-266,25,"Maitbi im hedeik, [...] im holdim mijelb la hed na.","Maitbi\tim\thedeik,\t[...]\tim\thold-im\tmijelb\tla\thed\tna.",maybe\t3SG\theadache\t[...]\t3SG\thold-TR\tREFL\tLOC\thead\tnow,"Maybe he has got a headache, he is holding his head now.",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -26-80,26,wɛn hi hæd stamakeɪk,wɛn\thi\thæd\tstamakeɪk,when\t3SG\thad\tstomach.ache,when he had a stomach ache,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-82,27,As ju ha sterək pinakop.,As\tju\tha\tsterək\tpin-a-kop.,when\t2SG\thave\tstrong\tache-LOC-head,When you have a strong headache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-114,28,"fan tit ɛkɛ tibi kɛko sɛrɛsɛra, ɛ das furgɛtɛ lombo","fan\ttiti\tɛkɛ\ttibi\tkɛkɛ\to\tsɛrɛ-sɛrɛ-a,\tɛkɛ\tdas\tfurgɛtɛ\tlombo",from\ttime\t1SG\thead\tas.if\t3SG\thurt-hurt-IPFV\t1SG\tHAB\tforget\tINTENS,"From the time I have been getting recurrent headaches, I have become forgetful.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-115,28,"ɛk hafo sɛtɛ mɛto, bifibifi mɛto, frifrifu ʃi lefu, nununu di lefu wango sɛra","ɛkɛ\thafo\tsɛtɛ\tmɛtɛ\to,\tbifi-bifi\tmɛtɛ\to,\tfrifu-frifu\tʃi\tlefu,\tnunu-nunu\tdi\tlefu\twanga\to\tsɛrɛ-a",1SG\thave.to\tsit\twith\t3SG\ttalk-talk\twith\t3SG\trub-rub\t3SG.POSS\tskin\tpull-pull\tthe\tskin\twhere\t3SG\thurt-IPFV,"I had to sit up with him, keep talking to him, keep rubbing his skin, keep pulling the skin where it hurt.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-127,29,Hy het hoofpyn.,Hy\thet\thoof-pyn.,3SG.M.NOM\thas\thead-ache,He's got a headache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-128,29,Haar kop pyn.,Haar\tkop\tpyn.,3SG.POSS\thead\tpain,Her head hurts.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-129,29,Sy been pla hom.,Sy\tbeen\tpla\thom.,3SG.M.POSS\tleg\tbother\t3SG.M.OBL,His leg is bothering him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-130,29,Haar ore kry seer.,Haar\tor-e\tkry\tseer.,3SG.F.POSS\tear-s\tget\tsore,Her ears are sore/hurting.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-138,30,Mudjer rusponde m’el tene dór di kabésa ku fébri.,Mudjer\trusponde\tm=el=tene\tdór\tdi=kabésa\tku=fébri.,woman\tanswer\tCOMP=3SG=have\tpain\tof=head\twith=fever,The woman replied that she had a headache and fever.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-139,30,E sta ku dór di odju.,E=sta\tku=dór\tdi=odju.,3SG=be\twith=pain\tof=eye,His eye hurts.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-140,30,"Maridu, bariga due-m dja, [...].","Maridu,\tbariga\tdue=m\tdja,\t[...].",husband\tstomach\thurt=1SG\talready\t[...],"Husband, my stomach hurts, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-141,30,"[...], N tene korpu ta due-m!","[...],\tN=tene\tkorpu\tta=due=m!",[...]\t1SG=have\tbody\tIPFV=hurt=1SG,"[...], my body hurts!",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-123,31,"El ten dor na petu, el ten dor na kosta, el ten dor riba di kadera.","El\tten\tdor\tna\tpetu,\tel\tten\tdor\tna\tkosta,\tel\tten\tdor\triba\tdi\tkadera.",she\thas\tpain\ton\tchest\tshe\thas\tpain\ton\tback\tshe\thas\tpain\ttop\tof\tbottom,"She has chest pain, she has back pain, she has pain on her lower back.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-103,32,Kabésa ta doe-m senpr.,Kabésa\tta\tdoe-m\tsenpr.,head\tPRS\thurt-1SG\talways,I always have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -32-104,32,Nha pai ten dor d'kabésa.,Nha\tpai\tten\tdor\tde\tkabésa.,1SG.POSS\tfather\thave\tpain\tof\thead,My father has a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -32-105,32,Mi e xei d'dor de kabésa.,Mi\te\txei\tde\tdor\tde\tkabésa.,1SG\tCOP\tfull\tof\tpain\tof\thead,I have a headache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-106,32,"Mi, N ta k dor d'kabésa.","Mi,\tN\tta\tk\tdor\tde\tkabésa.",1SG\t1SG\tCOP\tCOM\tpain\tof\thead,I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-132,33,N’ tene dur di kabesa.,N’\ttene\tdur\tdi\tkabesa.,1SG\thave\tache\tof\thead,I have a headache.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-133,33,Kabesa na den.,Kabesa\tna\tde-n.,head\tPROG\tache-1SG,My head is hurting me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-103,34,I tené dor di kabisa.,I\tø\ttené\tdor\tdi\tkabisa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\thave\tpain/ache\tof\thead,She/he has a headache.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-104,34,Kabisa na dé-l.,Kabisa\tna\tdé-l.,head\tPROG\thurt-3SG.OBJ,She/he has a headache.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-148,35,Kabesa ska dwê mu.,Kabesa\tska\tdwê\tmu.,head\tPROG\thurt\tme,My head is aching.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-85,36,N’tê thêka rue m.,N’tê\tthêka\true\tm.,head\tPROG\thurt\tme,I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-86,36,N’tê m tha ruê.,N’tê\tm\ttha\truê.,head\tmy\tPROG\tache,I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-109,37,Kabese sa dwa mi.,Kabese\tsa\tdwa\tmi.,head\tPROG\thurt\t1SG,My head is hurting me.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-125,38,Xas sxa dua mu.,Xasa\tsxa\tdua\tmu.,head\tPROG\tache\t1SG,I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-126,38,Sxa dua m xas.,PROG\tdua\tmu\txasa.,PROG\tache\t1SG.OBJ\thead,I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-123,39,A mĩ tə sĩti dor də kabes.,A\tmĩ\ttə\tsĩt-i\tdor\tdə\tkabes.,DAT\t1SG.OBL\tIPFV.NPST\tfeel-INF\tpain\tof\thead,I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-124,39,Kabes tə dwe.,Kabes\ttə\tdw-e.,head\tIPFV.NPST\thurt-INF,[My] head is hurting.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-90,40,Kabes duwen mi.,Kabes\tduwen\tmi.,head\thurt.PROG\tme,I have a headache.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-100,41,parim maam taduva,parim\tmaam\tta-duva,1SG.DAT\thand/arm\tPRS-hurt,My hand/arm hurts.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-101,41,miɲa maam taduva,miɲa\tmaam\tta-duva,1SG.GEN\thand/arm\tPRS-hurt,My hand/arm hurts.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-102,41,parim isti cuuvasu diiyaspa isti pee maam tudu paduva,parim\tisti\tcuuva-su\tdiiya-s-pa\tisti\tpee\tmaam\ttudu\tpa-duva,1SG.DAT\tthis\train-GEN\tday-PL-DAT\tthis\tfoot\thand\tall\tINF-hurt,"During the rainy season my legs and arms ache. OR: Speaker's translation: For me, in this rainy season, my legs and arms are all paining.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-116,42,yo teng due kabesa,yo\tteng\tdue\tkabesa,1SG\thave\thurt\thead,I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-121,44,Ta dolé mi kabésa.,Ta\tdolé\tmi\tkabésa.,IPFV\thurt\t1SG.POSS\thead,I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-105,45,Duele mi cabeza.,Duele\tmi\tcabeza.,hurt\t1SG.POSS\thead,I have a headache.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-124,46,Dwéle (di)mi(yo) kabésa.,Dwéle\t(di)mi(yo)\tkabésa.,hurt\tmy\thead,I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-134,47,"Mi ta kere ku mi a forsa mi pia, pasobra ela lanta mashá doló mes awe.","Mi\tta\tkere\tku\tmi\ta\tforsa\tmi\tpia,\tpasobra\tel\ta\tlanta\tmashá\tdoló\tmes\tawe.",1SG\tTNS\tbelieve\tCOMP\t1SG\tPFV\tforce\t1SG\tleg\tbecause\t3SG\tPFV\tget.up\tmuch\tpainful\tEMPH\ttoday,"I believe I forced my leg, because it was very painful this morning on getting up.",,,,naturalistic written -47-135,47,Mi pia ku mi a molestiá di mas ku hungamento di ping-pong no ta hasi doló mas.,Mi\tpia\tku\tmi\ta\tmolestiá\tdi\tmas\tku\thunga-mento\tdi\tping-pong\tno\tta\thasi\tdoló\tmas.,1SG\tleg\tCOMP\t1SG\tPFV\tbother\tof\tmore\twith\tplay-ing\tof\tping-pong\tNEG\tTNS\tdo\tpain\tmore,"My leg, which I stressed while playing pingpong, is not hurting anymore.",,,,naturalistic written -47-136,47,[...] i P. a haña mashá pero mashá dolor di kabes ku ela disidí di no sali mas.,[...]\ti\tP.\ta\thaña\tmashá\tpero\tmashá\tdolor\tdi\tkabes\tku\tel\ta\tdisidí\tdi\tno\tsali\tmas.,[...]\tand\tP.\tPFV\tget\tmuch\tbut\tmuch\tpain\tof\thead\tCOMP\t2SG\tPFV\tdecide\tof\tNEG\tgo.out\tmore,[...] and P. got such a bad headache that she decided not to go out anymore.,,,,naturalistic written -48-124,48,Ana ten un doló ri kabesa muy ngande.,Ana\tten\tun\tdoló\tri\tkabesa\tmuy\tngande.,Ana\thave\ta\tache\tof\thead\tvery\tbig,Ana has a very strong headache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-197,49,Tèt mwen ap fè m mal.,Tèt\tmwen\tap\tfè\tm\tmal.,head\t3SG.POSS\tINACC\tmake\t3SG\tbad,I have a headache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-198,49,"Tèt ou fè w mal, se Saridon pou bwè!","Tèt\tou\tfè\tw\tmal,\tse\tSaridon\tpou\tbwè!",head\t2SG\tmake\t2SG\tbad\tSE\tSaridon\tfor\tdrink,You have a headache; it's Saridon that you should take!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-199,49,M gen yon tètfèmal.,M\tgen\tyon\ttètfèmal.,1SG\thave\tDEF\thead.do.bad,I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -49-200,49,"Si e pa danfèmal li genyen, e kèk maladi.","Si\te\tpa\tdanfèmal\tli\tgenyen,\te\tkèk\tmaladi.",if\tHL\tNEG\ttoothache\t3SG\thave\tit's\tsome\tsickness,"If it's not a toothache he has, it is some sickness.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-201,49,M a lalin mwen.,M\ta\tlalin\tmwen.,1SG\twith\tmoon\t1SG.POSS,I have my period.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-202,49,Y a kolik yo.,Y\ta\tkolik\tyo.,3PL\twith\tperiod\t3PL.POSS,They have their period.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-203,49,Ou gen maltèt.,Ou\tgen\tmaltèt.,2SG\thave\theadache,You have a headache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-204,49,Tèlman yon tètfèmal te mete l nan chagren.,Tèlman\tyon\ttètfèmal\tte\tmete\tl\tnan\tchagren.,so.much\ta\theadache\tANT\tput\t3SG\tin\tdistress,His/Her migraine has brought him so much distress.,,,,naturalistic written -50-118,50,I ni mal tèt.,I\tni\tmal\ttèt.,3SG\thave\tpain\thead,He/she's got a headache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-119,50,Tèt a'y ka fè'y mal.,Tèt\ta'y\tka\tfè'y\tmal.,head\tof.3SG\tPROG\tdo.3SG\thurt,He/she's got a headache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-109,51,I ni mal tet.,I\tni\tmal\ttet.,3SG\thave\tpain\thead,He's got a headache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-110,51,Tet-li ka fè'y mal,Tet-li\tka\tfè'y\tmal,head-3SG\tPROG\tdo.3SG\thurt,He's got a headache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-69,52,mo tèt ka fè mo mal,mo\ttèt\tka\tfè\tmo\tmal,my\thead\tPROG\tmake\tme\tharm,My head is aching.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-256,53,Mo te gen mal o dan.,Mo\tte\tgen\tmal\to\tdan.,1SG\tPST\thave\tache\tat\ttooth,I had a toothache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-140,54,Mon tèt i fé màl.,Mon\ttet\ti\tfe\tmal.,POSS.1SG\thead\tFIN\tmake\tbad,I have a headache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-116,55,mo latet pe fer dimal,mo\tlatet\tpe\tfer\tdimal,3SG.POSS\thead\tPROG\tmake\thurt,My head is aching. OR: I have a headache.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-129,56,Mon latet i fer mal.,Mon\tlatet\ti\tfer\tmal.,POSS.1SG\thead\tPM\tmake\tpain,I have a headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -57-68,57,le malad tet pu lja,le\tmalad\ttet\tpu\tlja,SI\tsick\thead\tfor\t3SG,He/She has a headache.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-89,58,Mono mona nsoni.,Mono\tmona\tnsoni.,1SG\tsee.NARR\tshame,I was ashamed.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-90,58,Kivumu ke tatika mono.,Kivumu\tke\ttatika\tmono.,stomach\tbe.PROG\tache\tme,My stomach is aching. OR: I have stomach ache.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-201,59,li ti mbi aso (mbi) mingi,li\tti\tmbi\ta-so\t(mbi)\tmingi,head\tof\t1SG\tPM-hurt\t(1SG)\tmuch,My head hurts (me) a lot.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-202,59,mbi so mbi du mlenge ni aso mbi so mbi te ye ti melenge ti mbi ape,mbi\tso\tmbi\tdu\tmelenge\tni\ta-so\tmbi\tso\tmbi\tte\tye\tti\tmelenge\tti\tmbi\tape,1SG\tREL\t1SG\tbear\tchild\tDET\tSM-hurt\t1SG\tREL\t1SG\teat\tthing\tof\tchild\tof\t1SG\tNEG,"I who gave birth to this child in pain, I haven't enjoyed her hospitality.",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-91,60,ayókákí motó pási,a-yók-ákí\tmotó\tpási,3SG-feel-PST\thead\tpain,He had a headache.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-92,60,motó ezalákí kosála yé pási,motó\te-zal-ákí\tko-sál-a\tyé\tpási,head\t3SG.INAN-be-PST\tINF-do-FV\t3SG\tpain,The head was hurting him.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-93,60,ayókákí pási na motó,a-yók-ákí\tpási\tna\tmotó,3SG-feel-PST\tpain\tin\thead,He has a headache.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-68,61,Lo kanda ga yena buhlungu.,Lo\tkanda\tga\tyena\tbuhlungu.,DEF.ART\thead\tPOSS\tshe\tpainful,She has a headache. OR: Her head is sore.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-61,62,é-hláwe ni mzunguré,é-hláwe\tni\tmzunguré,1-fall:ill:PASS:PRF\tby\tback,His back aches.,,,,elicited from speaker -64-136,64,ána índu wója ras,ána\tíndu\twója\tras,1SG\thave\tpain\thead,I have a headache.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-102,65,Səpina bolinə.,Səpina\tbolinə.,back\tpainful,I feel pain in my back.,,,,citation in fiction -66-78,66,Goðang kupala apinning apeegang.,Go-ðang\tkupala\ta-pinning\ta-peegang.,1SG-DAT\thead\tPRS-pain\tPRS-pound,I have a splitting headache.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-143,67,Balu tao balan semua sakit sampai tak bole tahan.,Balu\ttao\tbalan\tsemua\tsakit\tsampai\ttak\tbole\ttahan.,recently\tknow\tbody\tall\tsick\tuntil\tNEG\tcan\tbear,He just noticed his whole body was aching so much that he could not stand.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-81,68,De saki kapala.,De\tsaki\tkapala.,3SG\tsick\thead,She has a headache.,,,,constructed by linguist -69-52,69,ama kukwas kandəkən anak,ama\tkukwas\tkandəkən\tanak,1SG\tsick\twith\tCOP,I'm sick.,,,,elicited from speaker -70-54,70,Pet pirao.,Pet\tpirao.,stomach\thurt,[My] stomach hurts.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-115,71,Kela poo eha no.,Kela\tpoo\teha\tno.,DET\thead\thurt\tINTENS,[My] head is in pain.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-116,71,Mauka ga pilikia.,Mauka\tga\tpilikia.,above\tTOP\ttrouble,I have a headache.,,,,naturalistic written -71-117,71,Eha opu.,Eha\topu.,hurt\tbelly,I have a bellyache.,,,,naturalistic written -72-97,72,Aim ardimbat ngarlaka.,Ai-m\tard-im-bat\tngarlaka.,1SG.SBJ-PRS\thurt-TR-CONT\thead,I've got a headache.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-100,74,náyka ískam sik kápa latét,náyka\tískam\tsik\tkápa\tlatét,1SG\tget\tsick\tPREP\thead,I have a headache.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-165,75,Deeushtikwaanaan.,Dee-ushtikwaan-aa-n.,1.hurt-head-INCORP-1,I have a headache.,,,,naturalistic written -75-166,75,Mituni teewaaw ma tet.,Mituni\tteewaa-w\tma\ttet.,much\thurt-3S\tPOSS.3.F\thead,I have a headache. OR: My head hurts very much.,,,,naturalistic written -75-167,75,Niwiishakeeyistaen ma tet.,Ni-wiishakeeyist-aenn\tma\ttet.,1SG-hurt.INAN-3INAN.OBJ\tPOSS.1SG.F\thead,I have a headache. OR: I feel pain from my head.,,,,naturalistic written -1-160,1,"Ju wanni jam boli banna? No, mi no lobbi boliwan.","Yu\twani\tnyan\tbori\tbana?\tNo,\tmi\tno\tlobi\tbori-wan.",2SG\twant\teat\tboil(ed)\tplantain\tNEG\t1SG\tNEG\tlove\tboil(ed)-one,"Do you want to eat boiled plantain? No, I don't like boiled ones.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-161,1,Da keeskees de bun na mi.,Da\tkeskesi\tde\tbun\tna\tmi.,DET.SG\tmonkey\tASP\tgood\tto\t1SG,That monkey pleases me.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-160,2,So ma dan mi bigin lobi a sani kba.,So\tma\tdan\tmi\tbigin\tlobi\ta\tsani\tkba.,so\tbut\tthen\t1SG\tbegin\tlike\tthe\tthing\talready,"So, but then I began to like the thing.",,,,elicited from speaker -2-161,2,Mi lobi pley bal.,Mi\tlobi\tpley\tbal.,1SG\tlike\tplay\tball,I like to play football (soccer).,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-162,2,A frow lobi go a Holland.,A\tfrow\tlobi\tgo\ta\tHolland.,3SG\twife\tlike\tgo\tto\tHolland,His wife likes to go to the Netherlands.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-80,3,A lobi avokati.,A\tlobi\tavokati.,3SG\tlike/love\tavocado,He likes avocado.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-110,4,A nyanyan switi gi mi tee.,A\tnyanyan\tswiti\tgi\tmi\ttee.,DET\tfood\tsweet\tgive\tme\tvery.much,I like the food very much. OR: The food pleases me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-111,4,Den pikin lobi (nyan) switi sii.,Den\tpikin\tlobi\t(nyan)\tswiti\tsii.,DET.PL\tchild\tlove\t(eat)\tsweet\tseeds,The children love (eating) sweets.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-109,5,mi laik fuud,mi\tlaik\tfuud,1SG\tlike\tfood,I like food.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-110,5,di jook swiit mi,di\tjook\tswiit\tmi,the\tjoke\tsweet\tme,I enjoyed the joke.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-73,6,Ah laik callaloo soup.,Ah\tlaik\tcallaloo\tsoup.,1SG\tlike\tcallaloo\tsoup,I like callaloo soup.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-161,7,I maango swiit uhm.,I\tmaango\tswiit\tuhm.,ART\tmango\tsweet\t3SG.OBJ,The mango pleased him. OR: He enjoyed the mango.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-101,8,Mi laik manggo.,Mi\tlaik\tmanggo.,1SG\tlike\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-196,8,Mi no riili laik manggo bot dis-ya manggo swiit mi,Mi\tno\triili\tlaik\tmanggo\tbot\tdis-ya\tmanggo\tswiit\tmi,1SG\tNEG\treally\tlike\tmango\tbut\tDEM-PROX\tmango\tsweet\tme,I don't really like mangoes but I find this one delicious/to be pleasing.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-130,9,Dey layk di blad?,Dey\tlayk\tdi\tblad?,they\tlike\tthe\tblood,They (leeches) like the blood (of certain fish they attach to)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-152,10,A laik yelo chiiz.,A\tlaik\tyelo\tchiiz.,1SG\tlike\tyellow\tcheese,I like yellow cheese.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-211,11,Dei get fa laik it.,Dei\tget\tfa\tlaik\tit.,3PL\tget\tCOMP\tlike\t3SG.N,They get to like it. OR: They will take a liking to it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-212,11,Ih neva laik notn.,Ih\tneva\tlaik\tnotn.,3SG\tNEG.PST\tlike\tnothing,He didn’t like anything.,,,,naturalistic written -11-213,11,Ai laik suga.,Ai\tlaik\tsuga.,1SG\tlike\tsugar,I like sugar.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-161,12,"Man, she don't - she don't like cook. Every time she want me cook.",[...]\tshe\tdon't\tlike\tcook.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tlike\tcook,[...] she doesn’t like to cook.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-162,12,"I like pork. Uh-huh. You like pork, too?",I\tlike\tpork.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tpork,I like pork.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-163,12,It sweet me so much.,It\tsweet\tme\tso\tmuch.,3SG.SBJ\tsweet\t1SG.OBJ\tso\tmuch,It pleased me so much.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-124,13,Jedus look pon de man an e like um.,Jedus\tlook\tpon\tde\tman\tan\te\tlike\tum.,Jesus\tlook\tupon\tthe\tman\tand\t3SG.SBJ\tlike\t3SG.OBJ,Jesus looked upon the man and he liked him. (Mk 10.21),,,,bible translation -14-86,14,I like tea.,I\tlike\ttea.,I\tlike\ttea,I like tea.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-93,15,a lɛk mangro,a\tlɛk\tmangro,1SG\tlike\tmango,I like mango.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-88,16,jù laik jù no laik bai ɔ mins jù gò klin nima,jù\tlaik\tjù\tno\tlaik\tbai\tɔ\tmins\tjù\tgò\tklin\tnima,2SG\tlike\t2SG\tNEG\tlike\tby\tall\tmeans\t2SG\tFUT\tclean\tNima,"Whether you liked it or not, you would clean Nima.",,,,naturalistic spoken -16-89,16,dɛ tin we ì dè swit às ì bì se hau ì briŋ pipu,dɛ\ttin\twe\tì\tdè\tswit\tàs\tì\tbì\tse\thau\tì\tbriŋ\tpipu,ART\tthing\tREL\t3SG\tHAB\tsweet\t1PL.OBJ\t3SG\tCOP\tCOMP\thow\t3SG\tbring\tpeople,The thing that pleases us is how he brings (in) people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-102,17,À layk màngo.,À\tlayk\tmàngo.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-103,17,Màngo dè swit mì.,Màngo\tdè\tswit\tmì.,mango\tNCOMPL\tbe.tasty\t1SG.OBJ,I like mangoes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-94,18,A laik mango.,A\tlaik\tmango.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tmango,I like mangos.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-95,18,Mango di swit mi.,Mango\tdi\tswit\tmi.,mango\tIPFV\tbe.sweet\t1SG.OBJ,I like mangoes./These mangoes are delicious.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-124,19,À lɛk fùfú.,À\tlɛk\tfùfú.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tfufu,I like fufu.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-125,19,Dan tòrí bìn dè swit mi wan swit.,Dan\ttòrí\tbìn\tdè\tswit\tmi\twan\tswit.,that\tstory\tPST\tIPFV\tbe.tasty\t1SG.EMPH\tone\tbe.tasty,I really enjoyed that story.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-126,19,Dan gal dè fayn mi.,Dan\tgal\tdè\tfayn\tmi.,that\tgirl\tIPFV\tbe.fine\t1SG.EMPH,I find that girl to be beautiful. (lit. That girl fines me.),,,,elicited from speaker -20-90,20,You likee one piecee capon?,You\tlikee\tone\tpiecee\tcapon?,2SG\tlike\tART.INDF\tCLF\tcapon,Do you like a capon?,,,,naturalistic written -20-91,20,You likee makee boilum?,You\tlikee\tmakee\tboilum?,2SG\tlike\tmake\tboil,Do you want it cooked?,,,,naturalistic written -21-90,21,I like mango.,I\tlike\tmango.,1SG\tlike\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-119,22,Mi laikim dispela hap.,Mi\tlaikim\tdispela\thap.,1SG\tlike\tthis\tplace,I like this place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-112,23,"sapos hem i laekem pikinini ia, karem blong hem","sapos\them\ti\tlaekem\tpikinini\tia,\tkarem\tblong\them",if\t3SG\tAGR\tlike\tchild\tDEF\ttake\tPOSS\t3SG,"If she liked the child, she should take it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-127,24,Yu laik mais shert?,Yu\tlaik\tmais\tshert?,2SG\tlike\tmy\tshirt,Do you like my shirt?,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-267,25,Mi laikim gun!,Mi\tlaik-im\tgun!,1SG\tlike-TR\tCONTR,I like it!! (discussing bush food),,,,naturalistic spoken -25-268,25,Jad sineik din rili laikim jad lilboi.,Jad\tsineik\tdin\trili\tlaik-im\tjad\tlilboi.,DEM\tsnake\tPST.NEG\treally\tlike-TR\tDEM\tlittle.boy,The snake didn't really like the little boy (but rather wanted to eat him).,,,,naturalistic written -27-83,27,Di ēn wa ha ēn hogo mi di ēn wa ha dri hogo sini na wel di ēn wa ha twē hogo.,Di\tēn\twa\tha\tēn\thogo\tmi\tdi\tēn\twa\tha\tdri\thogo\tsini\tna\twel\tdi\tēn\twa\tha\ttwē\thogo.,DET\tone\tREL\thave\tone\teye\twith\tDET\tone\tREL\thave\tthree\teye\t3PL\tNEG\tlike\tDET\tone\tREL\thave\ttwo\teye,The one who has one eye and the one who has three eyes don't like the one who has two eyes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-116,28,o wa poktɛkɛ an o dektɛkɛ,o\twa\tpoko-tɛ\tɛkɛ\tan\to\tdeki-tɛ\tɛkɛ,3SG\tPST\tlike-PFV\t1SG\tand\t3SG\ttake-PFV\t1SG,He liked me and took me (to be his wife).,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-131,29,Hy hou van kaas.,Hy\thou\tvan\tkaas.,3SG.M.NOM\thold\tof\tcheese,He likes cheese.,,,,naturalistic written -30-142,30,Sima nha fidju gosta di kóngu ku kárni ku mandióka li?!,Sima\tnha=fidju\tgosta\tdi=kóngu\tku=kárni\tku=mandióka\tli?!,as\tmy=son\tlike\tof=congo.bean\twith=meat\twith=cassava\there,If it’s exactly congo beans with meat and cassava that my son likes so much?!,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-124,31,Es gostaba di rapazinhu.,Es\tgostaba\tdi\trapazinhu.,they\tlike.ANT\tof\tlittle.boy,They liked the little boy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-107,32,N gostá d'Spanha.,N\tgostá\tde\tSpanha.,1SG\tlike\tof\tSpain,I liked Spain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-108,32,Ketxupa ta keí-m ben.,Ketxupa\tta\tkeí-m\tben.,ketxupa\tPRS\tlike-1SG\twell,Ketxupa pleases me well.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-134,33,N’ gosta di mangu.,N’\tgosta\tdi\tmangu.,1SG\tlike\tof\tmango,I like mango.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-105,34,N ŋgostá di maŋgu.,N\tø\tŋgostá\tdi\tmaŋgu.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tlike\tof\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-106,34,Maŋgu sabi-mi.,Maŋgu\tø\tsabi-mi.,mango\tPFV\tnice-1SG.INDP,I like mangoes (lit. Mangoes are nice (to) me. OR: Mangoes please me).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-149,35,Mosu se ka ngosta d’uswa muntu ô!,Mosu\tse\tka\tngosta\td’=uswa\tmuntu\tô!,boy\tDEM\tIPFV\tlike\tof=sour.palm.wine\ta.lot\tPCL,The boy in question likes fresh palm wine a lot!,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-87,36,N ga goxta fuuta.,N\tga\tgoxta\tfuuta.,1SG\tGENER\tlike\tbreadfruit,I like breadfruits.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-110,37,"Kani me, n goxta di Padin.","Kani\tme,\tn\tgoxta\tdi\tPadin.",flesh\tPOSS.1SG\t1SG\tlike\tof\tgodfather,"As for myself, I like you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -38-127,38,M’ngo ku pisy.,Amu-ngo\tku\tpisyi.,1SG-want\twith\tfish,I like fish.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-125,39,Yo gɔs mãg.,Yo\tgɔs\tmãg.,1SG\tlike.NPST\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-126,39,Yo gɔs panir.,Yo\tgɔs\tpanir.,1SG\tlike.NPST\tpaneer,I like paneer.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-91,40,Yo ye buk tə gosta.,Yo\tye\tbuk\ttə\tgosta.,I\tthis\tbook\tPRS\tlike,I like this book.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-92,40,Mari ye buk tə awru.,Mari\tye\tbuk\ttə\tawru.,me\tthis\tbook\tPRS\tlike,I like this book.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-90,41,dɔɔsi miɲa korsaam tadiziyaa,dɔɔsi\tmiɲa\tkorsaam\tta-diziyaa,sweet\t1SG.GEN\thear\tPRS-desire,"Sweet one, my heart desires [thee]?",,,,written (poetic) -41-103,41,permi teem dizeey isti siriviis,parmi\tteem\tdizeey\tisti\tsiriviis,1SG.DAT\tPRS.be\tliking\tthis\twork,I like this work. OR: I am pleased with this work.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-104,41,nooyvupa aka nɔɔyvantu dizeey kamfalaa [...],nooyvu-pa\taka\tnɔɔyva-ntu\tdizeey\tkam-falaa\t[...],groom-DAT\tthat\tbride-LOC\tliking\tCOND-QUOT\t[...],If the groom likes the bride [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-105,41,avara eli mesfikaa dizeey naa?,avara\teli\tmes-fikaa\tdizeey\tnaa?,now\t3SG.M\tOBLIG-become\tdesire\tTAG,"Now, he [prospective groom] must like her [prospective bride], eh?",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-117,42,yo gostá mangga,yo\tgostá\tmangga,1SG\tlike\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-122,44,Kyéri yo mánga.,Kyéri\tyo\tmánga.,like\t1SG\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-106,45,No yo ta quere cosa eli ya hace.,No\tyo\tta\tquere\tcosa\teli\tya\thace.,NEG\t1SG\tIPFV\tlike\twhat\t3SG\tPFV\tdo,I do not like what he did.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-107,45,Quieri yo carne.,Quieri\tyo\tcarne.,like\t1SG\tmeat,I like meat.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-125,46,Kyére yo mángga.,Kyére\tyo\tmángga.,want\t1SG\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-125,48,Yo i asé ngutá ri kafé mucho.,Yo\ti\tasé\tngutá\tri\tkafé\tmucho.,I\tDEP.PRO.1SG\tHAB\tlike\tof\tcoffee\tmuch,I like coffee a lot. OR: I love coffee.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-205,49,"Jan renmen manje, Mari renmen benyen.","Jan\trenmen\tmanje,\tMari\trenmen\tbenyen.",Jean\tlove\teat\tMari\tlove\tbathe,"Jean loves eating, Marie loves bathing.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-206,49,Li renmen mango.,Li\trenmen\tmango.,3SG\tlove\tmango,He/She loves mangoes.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-120,50,Yo enmé gouyav.,Yo\tenmé\tgouyav.,3PL\tlike\tguavas,They like guavas.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-111,51,Yo enmen griyav.,Yo\tenmen\tgriyav.,3PL\tlike\tguavas,They like guavas.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-70,52,i kontan sa tifiy-a ka pasé a,i\tkontan\tsa\ttifiy-a\tka\tpasé\ta,he\tlike\tDEM\tgirl-DEM\tPROG\tpass\tDEM,He likes that girl that walks over there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-257,53,Mo lenm mo piti-ye.,Mo\tlenm\tmo\tpiti-ye.,1SG\tlove\t1SG.POSS\tchild-PL,I love my children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-258,53,Lapen lenm le chou.,Lapen\tlenm\tle\tchou.,Rabbit\tlike\tART.DEF.PL\tcabbage,Rabbit likes cabbage.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-141,54,Mi em promne ek mon syen.,Mi\tem\tpromne\tek\tmon\tsyen.,1SG.FIN\tlike\twalk\twith\tPOSS.1SG\tdog,I like going for a walk with my dog.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-117,55,mo koṅtaṅ sosis sinwa,mo\tkoṅtaṅ\tsosis\tsinwa,1SG\tlike\tsausage\tChinese,I like Chinese sausages.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-130,56,Manrmay i kontan sa.,Manrmay\ti\tkontan\tsa.,children\tPM\tlike/love\tthat,The children loved it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-69,57,le mbon mbanane (pu mwa),le\tmbon\tmbanane\t(pu\tmwa),SI\tgood\tbanana\t(for\t1SG),The banana has good taste (for me).,,,,constructed by linguist -59-203,59,mango anzere na mbi mingi,mango\ta-nzere\tna\tmbi\tmingi,mango\tPM-taste.good\tPREP\t1SG\tmuch,I like mangoes a lot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-94,60,nalingí sósó,na-ling-í\tsósó,1SG-like-PRS.PRF\tchicken,I like chicken.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-95,60,sósó esepelisaka ngáí,sósó\te-sepel-is-aka\tngáí,chicken\t3SG-be.happy-CAUS-HAB\t1SG,I like chicken.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-69,61,Mina thanda lo mangwe.,Mina\tthand-a\tlo\tmangwe.,I\tlike-V\tDEF.ART\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-62,62,udúmu kuʔá kalanga?,u-dumu\tku-ʔa\tkalanga?,2SG-want\t15-eat\tnuts,Do you like eating nuts?,,,,elicited from speaker -62-63,62,mhé ó?ós édúmu héra,mhe\to?os\té-dumu\thera,man\tany\t3SG-want\tmoney,Anyone wants money.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-127,63,harím sudan-íya kan híbu dúgu kášma,harím\tsudan-íya\tkan\thíbu\tdúgu\tkášma,woman.PL\tSudanese-PL\tPST\tlike\tcolour\tmouth,The Sudanese women liked to colour their lips.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-128,63,úwo gi-híbu béle t-ómun,úwo\tgi-híbu\tbéle\tt-ómun,3PL\tTAM-like\tcountry\tGEN-their,They like their country.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-137,64,ána kan bihébu istiglál ʃedíd,ána\tkan\tbi=hébu\tistiglál\tʃedíd,1SG\tANT\tIRR=love\tindependence\tstrong,I liked independence a lot.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-103,65,"Moj sidet' ni liubit, tajgam gulial.","Moj\tsidet'\tni\tliubit,\ttajgam\tgulial.",1SG\tsit\tNEG\tlike\tforest\twalk,"I do not like being in the same place, I walked through all the forest.",,,,citation in fiction -66-79,66,Manggapəðə goðang suuka.,Mangga-pəðə\tgo-ðang\tsuuka.,mango-PL\t1SG-DAT\tlike,I like mangoes.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-144,67,Dia tak suka saya ah.,Dia\ttak\tsuka\tsaya\tah.,3SG\tNEG\tlike\t1SG\tPCL,He did not like me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-82,68,De suka dangsa.,De\tsuka\tdangsa.,3SG\tlike\tdance,He likes dancing.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-118,71,Ia makainana pau loa ia aole makemake ia Wainui Kuhina.,Ia\tmakainana\tpau\tloa\tia\taole\tmakemake\tia\tWainui\tKuhina.,OBL\tcommoners\tall\tall\tOBL\tNEG\tlike\tOBL\tprime\tminister,The commoners don't like the prime minister (or minister of finance).,,,,naturalistic written -72-98,72,Ai laikim jem yapayapa manyanyi.,Ai\tlaik-im\tjem\tyapayapa\tmanyanyi.,1SG.SBJ\tlike-TR\t3PL.OBJ\tyoung\tplant.species,I like the young leaves on the manyanyi plant.,,,62c66d296450f549b4feead12fd2a840,naturalistic spoken -73-71,73,amidaga papa fritadami kuminayan,ami-da-ga\tpapa\tfrita-da-mi\tkumi-naya-n,1SG.OBJ-ACC-TOP\tpotato\tfried-ACC-AFF\teat-DESID-3,I like eating fried potatoes.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-168,75,lii pom niwiikishpwaawak / nimyeuwimaawak.,Lii\tpom\tni-wiikish-pw-aaw-ak/\tni-miyo-eeyim-aaw-ak.,ART.PL\tapple\t1-like-taste-3-PL\t1-good-think.ANIM-3-PL,I like apples.,,,,elicited from speaker -1-162,1,Fredde kissi mi.,Frede\tkisi\tmi.,fear\tget\t1SG,I became afraid.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-163,1,Mi hatti goweh.,Mi\thati\tgwe.,1SG\theart\tgo.away,I am frightened.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-164,1,Oen no abie fredee?,Unu\tno\thabi\tfrede?,2PL\tNEG\thave\tfear,Aren't you afraid?,,,,written -1-165,1,Dem fredde.,Den\tfrede.,3PL\tbe(come).afraid,They were afraid.,,,,written -2-163,2,A man e frede (a kaaiman).,A\tman\te\tfrede\t(a\tkaaiman).,the\tman\tIPFV\tfear\t(the\tcrocodile),He’s afraid (of the crocodile).,,,,elicited from speaker -2-164,2,"Wan leysi mi si wan weri ede sani ma mi no e frede, yere.","Wan\tleysi\tmi\tsi\twan\tweri\tede\tsani\tma\tmi\tno\te\tfrede,\tyere.",one\ttime\t1SG\tsee\tART\tweary\thead\tthing\tbut\t1SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tfear\tokay,"Once I saw something horrible, but I was not scared.",,,,elicited from speaker -2-165,2,"Mi frede, yu go tapu en.","Mi\tfrede,\tyu\tgo\ttapu\ten.",1SG\tafraid\tyou\tgo\tclose\tit,"I’m scared, you go and close it.",,,,elicited from speaker -3-81,3,Me ta fɛɛɛ.,M'=e\tta\tfɛɛɛ.,1SG=NEG\tASP\tfear,I am not afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-112,4,Mi e feele dagu.,Mi\te\tfeele\tdagu.,I\tIPFV\tafraid\tdog,I'm afraid of dogs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-113,4,Mi ati saka.,Mi\tati\tsaka.,my\theart\tdrop,My heart dropped. / I was afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-111,5,mi fraikn,mi\tfraikn,1SG\tbe.in.frightened.state,I am afraid. OR: I am a coward.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-112,5,mi haat a biit,mi\thaat\ta\tbiit,my\theart\tPROG\tbeat,My heart is beating. OR: My heart is racing. OR: My heart is pounding.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-74,6,Ah gettin frighten.,Ah\tgettin\tfrighten.,1SG\tget.PROG\tfrightened,I'm getting frightened.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-162,7,Mi na freid lak uhp.,Mi\tna\tfreid\tlak\tuhp.,1SG\tNEG\tafraid\tlock\tup,I am not afraid of being arrested. OR: I am not afraid of arrestation.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-163,7,A piis a frait hool mi.,A\tpiis\ta\tfrait\thool\tmi.,INDF\tpiece\tof\tfright\thold\t1SG,Fear overcame me. OR: I was overcome by fear.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-102,8,Wi fried a siniek.,Wi\tfried\ta\tsiniek.,1PL\tafraid\tof\tsnake,We are afraid of snakes.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-103,8,"Wen fried tek man, pikni shot fit im.","Wen\tfried\ttek\tman,\tpikni\tshot\tfit\tim.",when\tfear\ttake\tman\tchild\tshirt\tfit\t3SG,"One will do the impossible when one is frightened. (lit. When fear takes a man, a child's shirt fits him.)",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-131,9,Wi fryed fa an.,Wi\tfryed\tfa\tan.,1PL\tafraid\tof\ther,We are afraid of her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-153,10,Ihn neva fried.,Ihn\tneva\tfried.,3SG\tNEG.PST\tafraid,He was not afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-154,10,Naansi wehn fried main Taiga iit im op.,Naansi\twehn\tfried\tmain\tTaiga\tiit\tim\top.,Anansi\tANT\tafraid\tmind\tTiger\teat\t3SG\tup,Anansi was afraid lest Tiger would eat him up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-214,11,Wan taim L. neva freed.,Wan\ttaim\tL.\tneva\tfreed.,one\ttime\tL.\tNEG.PST\tafraid,"Previously, L. wasn’t afraid.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-215,11,Mi fried.,Mi\tfried.,1SG\tafraid,I am afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-164,12,"I s- s- so scared, and you know, I start trembling [...].",I\tso\tscared\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\tso\tscared\t[...],I was so scared [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-165,12,"And see, Ba- Bahamian people scared of they children and - you know - water what can't - what they can't stand in. But now - they getting more - you know - educated to know that one of these time they children gon' need to swim.",[...]\tBahamian\tpeople\tscared\tof\tthey\tchildren\t[...].,[...]\tBahamian\tpeople\tscared\tof\t3PL.POSS\tchildren\t[...],[...] Bahamians are afraid for their children [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-125,13,I don fraid.,I\tdon\tfraid.,I\tNEG\tfear,I don't fear. OR: I am not afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-126,13,I don scare.,I\tdon\tscare.,I\tdon't\tfear,I don't fear. OR: I'm not afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -14-87,14,I'm tired.,I\tam\ttired.,I\tCOP.1SG\ttired,I am tired.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-94,15,di pikin di fred,di\tpikin\tdi\tfred,ART\tchild\tPROG\tfear,The child is afraid.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-90,16,fɛs wì dè fiɛ,fɛs\twì\tdè\tfiɛ,first\t1PL\tPROG\tfear,At first we were afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-104,17,À dè yar.,À\tdè\tyar.,1SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\tfear,I am afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-105,17,Fyar dè du mì.,Fyar\tdè\tdu\tmì.,fear\tNCOMPL\tdo\t1SG.SBJ,I am afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-96,18,Di pikin di fia.,Di\tpikin\tdi\tfia.,DEF.ART\tchild\tIPFV\tfear,The child is afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-127,19,Dɛ̀n dè fia.,Dɛ̀n\tdè\tfia.,3PL\tIPFV\tbe.afraid,They're afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-128,19,Dɛ̀n dè skia.,Dɛ̀n\tdè\tskia.,3PL\tIPFV\tbe.scared,They're scared.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-129,19,Mì hat dè kɔt.,Mì\that\tdè\tkɔt.,1SG.POSS\theart\tIPFV\tcut,I'm afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-92,20,What thing you fear?,What\tthing\tyou\tfear?,what\tthing\t2SG\tfear,What have you to fear?,,,,naturalistic written -21-91,21,(I am) scared.,(I\tam)\tscared.,(I\tam)\tafraid,I am afraid.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-120,22,Mi pret na mi lusim.,Mi\tpret\tna\tmi\tlusim.,1SG\tafraid\tand\t1SG\tleave,I was afraid and I left.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-113,23,"tufala i fraet, tufala i krae","tufala\ti\tfraet,\ttufala\ti\tkrae",3DU\tAGR\tafraid\t3DU\tAGR\tcry,They were scared and they cried.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-128,24,I se fried.,I\tse\tfried.,1SG.SBJ\tCOMPL\tfear,I am afraid.,,,,constructed by linguist -25-269,25,Hi fraiten tu getin.,Hi\tfraiten\ttu\tgetin.,3SG\tbe.frightened\tto\tget.in,He/she is frightened to get in. (i.e. He/she is frightened to put his/her hand into a hole to look for goanna out of fear of snakes.),,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-270,25,"Imin ranawei mijelb na, maitbi fraiten.","Im=in\tran-awei\tmijelb\tna,\tmaitbi\tfraiten.",3SG=PST\trun-away\tself\tnow\tmaybe\tfrightened,"She ran away by herself, maybe (she ran away because) she was frightened.",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-271,25,Bat naja dubala bin du fraitn du gowin.,Bat\tnaja\tdubala\tbin\tdu\tfraitn\tdu\tgow-in.,but\tother\t3DU\tPST\ttoo\tfrightened\tto\tgo-in,But the other two were too frightened to go in.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-272,25,"O wi bin geda shok, wi braitin-braitin tu, maidi wi mijinatbat.","O\twi\tbin\tgeda\tshok,\twi\tbraitin~braitin\ttu,\tmaidi\twi\tmijin-at-bat.",oh\t1PL\tPST\tget\tshock\t1PL\tRED.frightened\ttoo\tmaybe\t1PL\tmissing-out-PROG,"Oh we got a shock, we [were] frightened too, maybe we are missing out. (Context: flu vaccination)",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-81,26,hi skɛd,hi\tskɛd,3SG\tscared,He's scared.,,,,constructed by linguist -26-82,26,hi wɛn gɛt so skɛd,hi\twɛn\tgɛt\tso\tskɛd,3SG\tPST.PFV\tget\tso\tscared,He got so scared.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-84,27,Bru Lion bang am oka.,Bru\tLion\tbang\tam\toka.,Brother\tLion\tfear\t3SG\ttoo,Brother Lion is afraid of him too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-117,28,ju bangi fi weŋ di plɛkɛ daŋka?,ju\tbangi\tfi\twengi\tdi\tplɛkɛ\tdanga\tka?,2SG\tafraid\tfor\twalk\tthe\tplace\tthere\tNEG,Aren't you afraid to travel over there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-133,29,Ek is bang.,Ek\tis\tbang.,1SG.NOM\tbe\tafraid,I am afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-134,29,Vrees pak my (beet).,Vrees\tpak\tmy\t(beet).,fear\tgrab\t1SG.OBL\t(hold),Fear grabs hold of me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-135,29,Vrees oorval my. — Die woede oorstroom my.,Vrees oor-val my. — Die woede oor-stroom my.,fear over-fall 1SG.OBL   DEF.ART rage over-stream 1SG.OBL,Fear overcomes me. — Rage floods over me.,,,,naturalistic written -29-136,29,My hart sidder.,My\thart\tsidder.,1SG.POSS\theart\tshudder,My heart shudders.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-137,29,Ek beskyt my (van vrees).,Ek\tbe-skyt\tmy\t(van\tvrees).,1SG.NOM\tbe-shit\t1SG.OBL\t(of\tfear),I shit myself (with fear).,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-138,29,Hulle raak hoendervleis.,Hulle\traak\thoender-vleis.,3PL.NOM\ttouch\tchicken-meat,They get goosebumps.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-139,29,Ek kry hartseer.,Ek\tkry\thart-seer.,1SG.NOM\tget\theart-sore,I am sad.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-140,29,Hy het vreeslik spyt daaroor.,Hy\thet\tvreeslik\tspyt\tdaar-oor.,3SG.M.NOM\thave\tterribly\tregret\tthere-over,He is terribly sorry about it/that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-141,29,Ek het groot geskrik.,Ek\thet\tgroot\tgeskrik.,1SG.NOM\tPST\tbig\tPTCP.frightened,I had a big fright.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-143,30,"Kábra Gazéla fase m' el sta ku médu. Nhu Lobu fla-l: ""Nha ka ten ki ten médu!""","Kábra\tGazéla\tfase\tm=el=sta\tku=médu.\tNhu=Lobu\tfla=l:\t""Nha=ka=ten\tki=ten\tmédu!""",goat\tGazéla\tmake\tCOMP=3SG=be\twith=fear\tmister=Lobu\ttell=3SG\t2SG.POL.F=NEG=have\tto=have\tfear,"Goat Gazéla pretended to be frightened. Mister Lobu said to her: ""You don't have to be afraid!""",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-144,30,"[...], rapás da médu, [...].","[...],\trapás\tda\tmédu,\t[...].",[...]\tboy\tgive\tfear\t[...],"[...], the boy became scared, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-145,30,"[...] si bu ka ta xinti médu, N ta lebá-u.","[...]\tsi=bu=ka=ta=xinti\tmédu,\tN=ta=lebá=u.",[...]\tif=2SG=NEG=IPFV=feel\tfear\t1SG=IPFV=take.with=2SG,"[...] if you aren’t afraid, I’ll take you with me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-146,30,Tenba un ómi madur ki ka ta medeba.,Ten-ba\tun=ómi\tmadur\tki=ka=ta=mede-ba.,have-ANT\tART.INDF=man\tmature\tCOMP=NEG=IPFV=fear-ANT,There was a mature man who was not afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-147,30,"[...], médu labanta-m na korpu!","[...],\tmédu\tlabanta=m\tna=korpu!",[...]\tfear\trose=me\tin=body,"[...], fear rose in my soul.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-125,31,"Omi ka ta ten medu di omi, omi ta ten medu di dios.","Omi\tka\tta\tten\tmedu\tdi\tomi,\tomi\tta\tten\tmedu\tdi\tdios.",man\tNEG\tHAB\thave\tfear\tof\tman\tman\tHAB\thave\tfear\tof\tGod,"Men do not fear men, men fear God.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-109,32,Es sintí med.,Es\tsintí\tmed.,3PL\tfeel\tfear,They were afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-110,32,No ta k'med.,No\tta\tk\tmed.,1PL\tCOP\tCOM\tfear,We are afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -32-111,32,Med dá na es.,Med\tdá\tna\tes.,fear\tgive\ton\t3PL,They became overcome by fear.,,,,constructed by native speaker -33-135,33,N’ medi sukuru.,N’\tmedi\tsukuru.,1SG\tfear\tdark,I’m afraid of the dark.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-107,34,Mininu medi.,Mininu\tø\tmedi.,child\tPFV\tfear,The child is afraid.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-108,34,Mininu teŋ medi. - Mininu tené medi. - Mininu sa ku medi.,Mininu ø teŋ medi. - Mininu ø tené medi. - Mininu ø sa ku medi.,child PFV have fear   child PFV have fear   child PFV COP with fear,The child is afraid.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-150,35,N ga mendu lion.,N\tga\tmendu\tlion.,1SG\tIPFV\tbe.afraid\tlion,I’m afraid of lions. OR: I'm afraid of the lion.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-151,35,N sa ku mendu lion.,N\tsa\tku\tmendu\tlion.,1SG\tbe\twith\tfear\tlion,I'm afraid of lions. OR: I'm afraid of the lion.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-88,36,N thêka mendu.,N\tthêka\tmendu.,I\tPROG\tbe.afraid,I am afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-111,37,N sa ki mendu.,N\tsa\tki\tmendu.,1SG\tCOP\twith\tfear,I am afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-127,39,A el te med.,A\tel\tte\tmed.,DAT\t3SG\tEXIST.NPST\tfear,He is scared (lit. To him is fear).,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-128,39,Conchita kuməso fika med.,Conchita\tkuməs-o\tfik-a\tmed.,Conchita\tbegin-PST\tbecome-INF\tfear,Conchita started getting frightened.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-129,39,El fiko med.,El\tfik-o\tmed.,3SG\tbecome-PST\tfear,He was scared.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-93,40,Pay tə hika med.,Pay\ttə\thika\tmed.,father\tPRS\tbecome\tfear,The father is afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-94,40,Pari sitin med.,Pari\tsitin\tmed.,me.DAT\tfeel.PROG\tfear,I am feeling afraid. OR: I am afraid.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-106,41,ʈaaya teem mee. padaa meeduley teem naa. tɔɔna taam viraa istiley kamvii,ʈaaya\tteem\tmee.\tpa-daa\tmeedu=ley\tteem\tnaa.\ttɔɔna\ttaam\tviraa\tisti=ley\tkam-vii,tire\tPRS.be\tFOC\tINF-give\tfear=like\tPRS.be\tTAG\tagain\talso\tturn\tthis=like\tCOND-come,"I HAVE tires, but [I'm] a little frightened to give [one to you], eh? If [it] gets like this [i.e. ruined] again.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-107,41,miɲa kambraadu kacoorspa meedu teem/tefikaa,miɲa\tkambraadu\tkacoor-s-pa\tmeedu\tteem/te-fikaa,1SG.GEN\tfriend\tdog-PL-DAT\tfear\tPRS.be/PRS-become,My friend is afraid of dogs.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-118,42,yo midu,yo\tmidu,1SG\tfear,I am afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-77,43,[...] ile fika medu [...].,[...]\tile\tfika\tmedu\t[...].,[...]\t3SG\tbeome\tfear\t[...],[...] he became afraid [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-123,44,Ta myédu mótro.,Ta\tmyédu\tmótro.,IPFV\tfear\t1PL,We were afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-124,44,Tyéni myédo yo.,Tyéni\tmyédo\tyo.,have\tfear\t1SG,I am afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-108,45,Tiene miedo ilo con el maestra cuando regañao eli.,Tiene\tmiedo\tilo\tcon\tel\tmaestra\tcuando\tregañao\teli.,have\tfear\t3PL\tOBJ\tDEF\tteacher\twhen\tangry\t3SG,They are afraid of their teacher when she is angry.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-126,46,Ta-tyéne yo myédo.,Ta-tyéne\tyo\tmyédo.,IPFV-have\t1SG\tfear,I am afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-128,46,Ta-myédo kitá.,Ta-myédo\tkitá.,IPFV-fear\t1SG.INCL,We are afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-137,47,"[...] pasobra e si, [...], no tin miedu di hiba nan dilanti wes pa motibu di difamashon.","[...]\tpasobra\te\tsi,\t[...],\tno\ttin\tmiedu\tdi\thiba\tnan\tdilanti\twes\tpa\tmotibu\tdi\tdifamashon.",[...]\tbecause\t3SG\tEMPH\t[...]\tNEG\thave\tfear\tof\tcarry\t3PL\tbefore\tjudge\tfor\treason\tof\tdefamation,[...] because he is not at all afraid to carry them before a judge on charges of defamation.,,,,literary or other written source -48-126,48,¡I tené miero nu!,¡I\ttené\tmiero\tnu!,I\thave\tfear\tnot,I am not afraid!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-207,49,"Madigra m pa pè w, se moun ou ye!","Madigra\tm\tpa\tpè\tw,\tse\tmoun\tou\tye!",Mardi.Gras\t1SG\tNEG\tfear\t2SG\tSE\tperson\t2SG\tPRO,"Mardi-Gras, I'm not afraid of you, you are a person!",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-208,49,Li pè mache pou kont li.,Li\tpè\tmache\tpou\tkont\tli.,3SG\tfear\twalk\talone\talone\t3SG.POSS,He/She is afraid of walking alone.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-209,49,Li pè kou chat lè l tande tire a.,Li\tpè\tkou\tchat\tlè\tl\ttande\ttire\ta.,3SG\tfear\tlike\tcat\twhen\t3SG\thear\tshot\tDEF,She/He was frightened to death when she/he heard the shot.,,,,elicited from speaker -49-210,49,Misye gen laperèz.,Misye\tgen\tlaperèz.,3SG\thave\tfear,He is afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-121,50,Lapè pran mwen.,Lapè\tpran\tmwen.,fear\ttake\t1SG,Fear overcame me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-122,50,An pè.,An\tpè.,1SG\tafraid,I am afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-112,51,Man pè.,Man\tpè.,1SG\tafraid,I am afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-113,51,Lapè pran mwen.,Lapè\tpran\tmwen.,fear\ttake\t1SG,Fear overcame me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-71,52,mo pè pasé pè fèt,mo\tpè\tpasé\tpè\tfèt,I\tfear\tCOMPAR\tfear\tmade,I was very frigthened (lit. I had more fear than (all) the fear (that has been) made).,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-259,53,Mo gran-popa e mo gran-moman ye te pè blan.,Mo\tgran-popa\te\tmo\tgran-moman\tye\tte\tpè\tblan.,1SG\tgrand-father\tand\t1SG.POSS\tgrand-mother\t3PL\tPST\tfear\twhite,My grandfather and my grandmother were afraid of whites.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-260,53,Le Kadjen te gen poer.,Le\tKadjen\tte\tgen\tpoer.,ART.DEF.PL\tCajun\tPST\thave\tfear,The Cajuns were afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-142,54,Li la per.,Li\tla\tper.,3SG.FIN\thave\tfear,He/she is afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-143,54,Ou la per amoin?,Ou\tla\tper\tamwen?,2SG\thave\tfear\tOBL.1SG,Are you afraid of me?,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-144,54,Moin lété per pour rantré.,Mwen\tlete\tper\tpour\trantre.,1SG\tCOP.PST\tfear\tfor\tgo.in,I was afraid of entering (the house).,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-145,54,"Non, i di, moin la pa per [...].","Non,\ti\tdi,\tmwen\tla\tpa\tper\t[...].",no\tFIN\tsay\t1SG.SBJ\thave\tNEG\tfear\t[...],"No, he says, I am not afraid [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-118,55,mo per li,mo\tper\tli,1SG\tfear\t3SG,I fear him/her/it. OR: I am afraid of him/her/it.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-119,55,mo byeṅ per,mo\tbyeṅ\tper,1SG\tvery\tafraid,I am very afraid.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-120,55,en lakoler praṅ mwa,en\tlakoler\tpraṅ\tmwa,INDF\tanger\ttake\tme,I am overcome with anger. OR: I become very angry. OR: Anger takes hold of me.,,,,written (poetic) -56-131,56,Mon per.,Mon\tper.,1SG\tfear,I am afraid.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-132,56,(...) perdri (...) i ganny per.,(...) perdri (...) i ganny per.,  guinea fowl PM get fear,(...) the guinea fowls are afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-70,57,ma per,ma\tper,1SG\tfear,I am afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-71,57,paske tule vja ava sola tro per ke Bo:ndje va pini sola ka sola pa ule ekute sa tule per le ndi,paske\ttule\tvje\tava\tsola\ttro\tper\tke\t[...],because\tPL\told\tbefore\tthey\ttoo.much\tfear\tthat\t[...],Because all the old people before were very much afraid that [God might come to punish them when they did not listen to what the Fathers said].,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-91,58,Mono ke banga.,Mono\tke\tbanga.,me\tbe/PROG\tfear,I fear.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-204,59,mbito asara ala,mbito\ta-sara\tala,fear\tPM-do\t3PL,They're afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-205,59,mbi kwi na mbito,mbi\tkwi\tna\tmbito,1SG\tdie\tPREP\tfear,I was scared to death.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-206,59,be ti mbi ado,be\tti\tmbi\ta-do,heart\tof\t1SG\tPM-beat,My heart trembled.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-96,60,tobángí,to-báng-í,1PL-fear-PRS.PRF,We are afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-70,61,Mina saba nje.,Mina\tsab-a\tnje.,I\tfear-V\ta.bit,I'm a bit afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-64,62,kigáto chikulíta tuɓugénu,ki-ga-to\tchi-ku-lita\ttu-bugenu,7-die-NMLZ\t7-COND-come\t1PL-startled,If death arrives we are afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-129,63,ána gi-káfu íta,ána\tgi-káfu\títa,1SG\tTAM-fear\t2SG,I am afraid of you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-138,64,nas gekáfu gába,nas\tge=káfu\tgába,people\tPROG=be.afraid\tforest,People are afraid of the forest.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-139,64,máfi zol bikáfu min akwán to,máfi\tzol\tbi=káfu\tmin\takwán\tto,NEG.EXIST\tindividual\tIRR=be.afraid\tof\tbrother\PL\tPOSS.3SG,Nobody is afraid of his friends.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-104,65,Naʃa xuɳxuʒə ni baisa.,Naʃa\txuɳxuʒə\tni\tbaisa.,1PL\tforest.bandit\tNEG\tfear,We are not afraid of forest bandits.,,,,citation in fiction -65-105,65,"Baisia ja, kaneʃəna baisia, adin sidi noʧu.","Baisia\tja,\tkaneʃəna\tbaisia,\tadin\tsidi\tnoʧu.",be.afraid\t1SG\tof.course\tbe.afraid\tone\tsit\tat.night,"I was afraid, surely one would be afraid of being alone during the night.",,,,naturalistic spoken -66-80,66,Go (a)-taakut.,Go\t(a)-taakut.,1SG\t(PRS)-afraid,I am afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-145,67,Ah saya sula takut sekali.,Ah\tsaya\tsula\ttakut\tsekali.,PCL\t1SG\tPFV\tbe.scared\tvery,"Ah, I was so scared.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-83,68,Beta tako.,Beta\ttako.,1SG\tafraid,I am afraid.,,,,constructed by linguist -70-55,70,Hamar baini darao.,Hamar\tbaini\tdarao.,1SG.POSS\tsister\tbe.afraid,My sister was afraid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-56,70,U-loŋ ekdam darao.,U-loŋ\tekdam\tdarao.,3-PL\tEMPH\tbe.afraid,They were really scared.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-119,71,Wau nui makau.,Wau\tnui\tmakau.,1SG\tvery\tafraid,I'm very afraid.,,,,naturalistic written -72-99,72,Ngayiny bebi gon i not wukarra ngawawu.,Ngayiny\tbebi\tgon\ti\tnot\twukarra\tngawa-wu.,1SG.DAT\tbaby\tgo\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tscared\twater-DAT,My baby went (into the water). He's not scared of water.,,,03a7376dd2d7113759de5e4390fb7076,naturalistic spoken -74-103,74,kwas kápa náyka,kwas\tkápa\tnáyka,fear\tat\t1SG,I’m scared.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-169,75,Gushtin.,Gushti-n.,1.fear-1,I am afraid.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-170,75,zheekishin,zheekishi-n,1.fear-1SG,I fear,,,,elicited from speaker -1-166,1,[...] mi zote joe na hede lange da gon.,[...]\tmi\tsutu\tyu\tna\thede\tnanga\tda\tgon.,[...]\t1SG\tshoot\t2SG\tLOC\thead\twith\tDET.SG\tgun,[...] I'd shoot you in the head with the gun.,,,,written -2-166,2,So wan leisi a naki mi nanga wan batra.,So\twan\tleisi\ta\tnaki\tmi\tnanga\twan\tbatra.,so\tone\ttime\t3SG\thit\t1SG\twith\ta\tbottle,So one time she hit me with a bottle.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-167,2,Yu kan tapu en nanga wan planga.,Yu\tkan\ttapu\ten\tnanga\twan\tplanga.,2SG\tcan\tclose\t3SG\twith\ta\tplank,You can close it with a plank.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-168,2,Dus dan so unu ben kon a foto nanga a bigi boto.,Dus\tdan\tso\tunu\tben\tkon\ta\tfoto\tnanga\ta\tbigi\tboto.,thus\tthen\tso\t1PL\tPST\tcome\tLOC\ttown\twith\tDET\tbig\tboat,So that’s how we came to Paramaribo on the big ship.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-169,2,Kofi teki a nefi koti a brede.,Kofi\tteki\ta\tnefi\tkoti\ta\tbrede.,Kofi\ttake\tDET\tknife\tcut\tDET\tbread,Kofi cut the bread with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-170,2,"Boi, teki a tin sensi dya go bai tabaka gi mi.","Boi,\tteki\ta\ttin\tsensi\tdya\tgo\tbai\ttabaka\tgi\tmi.",boy\ttake\tDET\tten\tcent\there\tgo\tbuy\ttobacco\tfor\tme,"Boy, take this dime and go and get me some tobacco.",,,,elicited from speaker -2-171,2,"Kande a taigi yu meki yu furu a heri bari nanga watra, dan yu abi fu go teki watra drape a mofo gotro, lai a bari.","Kande\ta\ttaigi\tyu\tmeki\tyu\tfuru\ta\theri\tbari\tnanga\twatra,\tdan\tyu\tabi\tfu\tgo\tteki\twatra\tdrape\ta\tmofo\tgotro,\tlai\ta\tbari.",maybe\t3SG\ttell\t2SG\tmake\t2SG\tfill\tthe\twhole\tbarrel\twith\twater\tthen\t2SG\thave\tto\tgo\ttake\twater\tthere\tLOC\tfront\tdrainage.ditch\tfill.up\tthe\tbarrel,"Maybe she will tell you to fill the whole barrel with water, then you have to go take water from in front of the ditch and fill the barrel.",,,,elicited from speaker -3-82,3,A koti hɛn ku di faka.,A\tkoti\thɛn\tku\tdi\tfaka.,3SG\tcut\t3SG\twith\tDEF.SG\tknife,He cut it with the knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-83,3,Mi tei di faka koti di bɛɛɛ.,Mi\ttei\tdi\tfaka\tkoti\tdi\tbɛɛɛ.,1SG\ttake\tDEF.SG\tknife\tcut\tDEF.SG\tbread,I cut the bread with the knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-114,4,A ondoo en goon anga how.,A\tondoo\ten\tgoon\tanga\thow.,she\tcut\ther\tfield\twith\tmachete,She cut the weeds in her field with a machete.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-115,4,A teke a akisi piiti ala den udu gi a mma.,A\tteke\ta\takisi\tpiiti\tala\tden\tudu\tgi\ta\tmma.,he\ttake\tthe\taxe\tsplit\tall\tDET.PL\twood\tgive\tDET.SG\twoman,He split all the logs with the axe for the women.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-116,4,A pikin teki a fatu lobi ne en hii sikin.,A\tpikin\tteki\ta\tfatu\tlobi\tne\ten\thii\tsikin.,DET\tchild\ttake\tDET\toil\tsmear\tLOC\ther\twhole\tbody,The child smeared/covered her whole body with oil.,,,,elicited from speaker -5-113,5,ii kot di bre:d wid di naif,ii\tkot\tdi\tbre:d\twid\tdi\tnaif,he\tcut\tthe\tbread\twith\tthe\tknife,He cut the bread with a knife. OR: He used the knife to cut the bread.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-114,5,hii tek di naif kot di bre:d,hii\ttek\tdi\tnaif\tkot\tdi\tbre:d,he\ttake\tthe\tknife\tcut\tthe\tbread,He cut the bread with a knife. OR: He used the knife to cut the bread.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-75,6,He cut de grass wid he cutlass.,He\tcut\tde\tgrass\twid\the\tcutlass.,3SG\tcut\tDET\tgrass\twith\t3SG.POSS\tcutlass,He cut the grass with his cutlass.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-164,7,Kova dem wid cheini bosh.,Kova\tdem\twid\tcheini\tbosh.,cover\t3PL\twith\tyam\tbush,Cover them with yam leaves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-165,7,Shi tek naif kuht uhm.,Shi\ttek\tnaif\tkuht\tuhm.,3SG\ttake\tknife\tcut\t3SG.OBJ,She cut it/him/her with a knife. OR: She took a knife and cut it/him/her.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-104,8,Mieri tek di naif kot di bred.,Mieri\ttek\tdi\tnaif\tkot\tdi\tbred.,Mary\ttake\tDET\tknife\tcut\tDET\tbread,Mary cut the bread with the knife.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-132,9,Yu strayk em wid a haapun.,Yu\tstrayk\tem\twid\ta\thaapun.,you\tstrike\tthem\twih\ta\tharpoon,You strike them with a harpoon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-133,9,Wi kɛ maʃɛt gu ʧap wud.,Wi\tkɛ\tmaʃɛt\tgu\tʧap\twud.,1PL\tcarry\tmachete\tgo\tchop\twood,We chop wood with a machete.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-155,10,Ihn kot di miit wid di naif.,Ihn\tkot\tdi\tmiit\twid\tdi\tnaif.,3SG\tcut\tART.DEF\tmeat\tINS\tART.DEF\tknife,She cut the meat with the knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-156,10,Huol wid yo fut!,Huol\twid\tyo\tfut!,hold\tINS\t2SG.POSS\tfoot,Hold on to it with your feet!,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-216,11,Deh fishin wid net.,Deh\tfishin\twid\tnet.,3PL\tfish\tINS\tnet,They fish with nets.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-217,11,Bai migl day dem put a lang tiebl iin di hous an kova it wid a tiebl klaat.,Bai\tmigl\tday\tdem\tput\ta\tlang\ttiebl\tiin\tdi\thous\tan\tkova\tit\twid\ta\ttiebl\tklaat.,by\tmiddle\tday\t3PL\tput\tART.INDF\tlong\ttable\tin\tART.DEF\thouse\tand\tcover\t3SG\tINS\tART.INDF\ttable\tcloth,"At noon, they put up a long table in the house and covered it with a table cloth.",,,,naturalistic written -11-218,11,Shi kot di miit wid wa naif.,Shi\tkot\tdi\tmiit\twid\twa\tnaif.,3SG.F\tcut\tART.DEF\tmeat\tINS\tART.INDF\tknife,She cut the meat with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-166,12,"They say when you done wash with the salt water, they say get some clean water and rinse him, rinse him [...].",[...]\twhen\tyou\tdone\twash\twith\tthe\tsalt\twater\t[...].,[...]\twhen\t2SG.SBJ\tCOMPL\twash\twith\tthe\tsalt\twater\t[...],[...] when you’ve washed [the conch] with salt water [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-167,12,"Get the ho- every morning, we's have to wash we foot down with hot water.",[...]\twe's\thave\tto\twash\twe\tfoot\tdown\twith\thot\twater.,[...]\t1PL.SBJ.HAB\thave\tto\twash\t1PL.POSS\tfoot\tdown\twith\thot\twater,[...] we would have to wash our feet with hot water every morning.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-127,13,Ee take stick kill um.,Ee\ttake\tstick\tkill\tum.,3SG.SBJ\ttake\tstick\tkill\t3.OBJ,He killed them with a stick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-128,13,E gii de sodja dem orda fa tie Paul op wid two chain.,E\tgii\tde\tsodja\tdem\torda\tfa\ttie\tPaul\top\twid\ttwo\tchain.,he\tgive\tthe\tsoldier\tPL\torder\tfor\ttie\tPaul\tup\tINS\ttwo\tchain,He gave the soldiers orders to tie Paul up with two chains. (Acts 21.33),,,,bible translation -13-129,13,A da bactize oona wid wata.,A\tda\tbactize\toona\twid\twata.,I\tam\tbaptizing\tyou\tINS\twater,I am baptizing you with water. (Mt 3.11),,,,bible translation -14-88,14,Bruce cut the paper with the scissors.,Bruce\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith\tthe\tscissors.,Bruce\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith\tthe\tscissors,Bruce cut the paper with the scissors.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-95,15,i kɔt di bred wit nɛf,i\tkɔt\tdi\tbred\twit\tnɛf,3SG\tcut\tART\tbread\tINS\tknife,He/She cut the bread with a knife.,,,,naturalistic written -15-96,15,a tek nɛf kɔt di bred,a\ttek\tnɛf\tkɔt\tdi\tbred,3SG\ttake\tknife\tcut\tART\tbread,He/She cut the bread with a knife.,,,,naturalistic written -16-91,16,dè tek kalabaʃ fɛʧ àm,dè\ttek\tkalabaʃ\tfɛʧ\tàm,3PL\ttake\tcalabash\tfetch\t3SG.OBJ,They fetch it with calabashes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-106,17,À tek nayf ko̱t nyam.,À\ttek\tnayf\tko̱t\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tcut\tyam,I cut the yams with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-107,17,À ko̱t nyam wìt nayf.,À\tko̱t\tnyam\twìt\tnayf.,1SG.SBJ\tcut\tyam\tINS\tknife,I cut the yams with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-108,17,Ìm chuk mì nayf.,Ìm\tchuk\tmì\tnayf.,3SG.SBJ\tpierce\t1SG.OBJ\tknife,S/he stabbed me with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-97,18,I tek naif kot yam.,I\ttek\tnaif\tkot\tyam.,3SG.SBJ\ttake\tknife\tcut\tyam,She/He cut the yam with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-98,18,I tchuk mi wit naif.,I\ttchuk\tmi\twit\tnaif.,3SG.SBJ\tstab\t1SG.OBJ\twith\tknife,She/He stabbed me with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-130,19,Dɛ̀n tek nɛf chukàn.,Dɛ̀n\ttek\tnɛf\tchuk=àn.,3PL\ttake\tknife\tpierce=3SG.OBJ,They stabbed him with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-131,19,Dɛ̀n chukàn wèt nɛf.,Dɛ̀n\tchuk=àn\twèt\tnɛf.,3PL\tpierce=3SG.OBJ\twith\tknife.,They stabbed him with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-132,19,Dɛ̀n chukàn nɛf.,Dɛ̀n\tchuk=àn\tnɛf.,3PL\tpierce=3SG.OBJ\tknife,They stabbed him with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -21-92,21,He cut the charsiu with a parang.,He\tcut\tthe\tcharsiu\twith\ta\tparang.,3SG\tcut\tDET\troasted.meat\twith\tDET\ttype.of.knife,He cut the roasted meat with a knife.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-121,22,Ol sa katim long tamiok.,Ol\tsa\tkatim\tlong\ttamiok.,3PL\tHAB\tcut\tPREP\taxe,They cut it with an ax.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-114,23,i had blong yu spoelem wetem finga blong yu,i\thad\tblong\tyu\tspoelem\twetem\tfinga\tblong\tyu,AGR\thard\tPURP\t2SG\tspoil\twith\tfinger\tPOSS\t2SG,It's hard to ruin it with your fingers [alone].,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-115,23,"i gat pauda ia OK? [...] yu karem long wan smol samting, olsem bun kokonas ating i bigwan tumas","i\tgat\tpauda\tia\tOK?\t[...]\tyu\tkarem\tlong\twan\tsmol\tsamting,\tolsem\tbun\tkokonas\tating\ti\tbigwan\ttumas",AGR\thave\tpowder\tDEF\tOK\t[...]\t2SG\tbring\tINS\tINDF\tsmall\tsomething\tlike\tbone\tcoconut\tprobably\tAGR\tbig\tvery,"There's this powder [=pollen], OK? [...] you bring it [to the flower] with something small, like a coconut leaf spine is too big.",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-129,24,Ar teacher yuusa behng dem letl salan lorng fe ar book.,Ar\tteacher\tyuusa\tbehng\tdem\tletl\tsalan\tlorng\tfe\tar\tbook.,DET.DEF\tteacher\tHAB\thit\tDET.DEF.PL\tlittle\tpeople\tPREP\tPREP\tDET.INDF\tbook,The teacher used to hit the children with a book.,,,,naturalistic written -25-211,25,Dat krokadail bin hitim im garrim teil. Imin andimwei im.,Dat\tkrokadail\tbin\thit-im\tim\tgarrim\tteil.\tIm=in\tand-im-wei\tim.,DEM\tcrocodile\tPST\thit-TR\t3SG\tINS\ttail\t3SG=PST\thunt-TR-away\t3SG,The crocodile hit him with his tail and chased him away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-273,25,[...] kilimbat gota stik,[...]\tkil-im-bat\tgota\tstik,[...]\thit-TR-PROG\tINS\tstick,[...] hitting him with a stick,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-84,26,a laɪk ʧɹaɪ wid da glugan,a\tlaɪk\tʧɹaɪ\twid\tda\tglugan,1SG\tDESID\ttry\twith\tART\tglue.gun,I want to try with the glue gun.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-85,26,wi fiʃ wid da ʧɹɔnɛʔ,wi\tfiʃ\twid\tda\tʧɹɔnɛʔ,1PL\tfish\twith\tART\tthrow.net,We fish with the (round) throwing net.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-85,27,Widi shini en stet mi ēn kambusmes?,Widi\tshini\ten\tstet\tmi\tēn\tkambus-mes?,who\tcut\tART.INDF\ttail\twith\tART.INDF\tkitchen-knife,Who cut a tail with a kitchenknife?,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-118,28,da boki o mja mɛ di gutu,da\tboki\to\tmja\tmɛtɛ\tdi\tgutu,COP\tmoney\t2SG\tmake\twith\tthe\tthing,(It) is money he makes with it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-143,29,Hy het die brood met 'n mes gesny.,Hy\thet\tdie\tbrood\tmet\t'n\tmes\tge-sny.,3SG.M.NOM\tPST\tthe\tloaf\twith\ta\tknife\tPTCP-cut,He cut the loaf with a knife.,,,,naturalistic written -30-148,30,"Si mudjer skaldia-l ku águ kenti, purki e stába fártu di si maltrátu.","Si=mudjer\tskaldia=l\tku=águ\tkenti,\tpurki\te=stá-ba\tfártu\tdi=si=maltrátu.",POSS.3SG=woman\tscald=3SG\twith=water\thot\tbecause\t3SG=be-ANT\tfed.up\tof=POSS.3SG=ill.treatment,She scalded her husband with hot water because she was sick of his abusive treatment.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-149,30,E da ku pó na tamboru.,E=da\tku=pó\tna=tamboru.,3SG=give\twith=stick\tin=drum,He hit the drums with the stick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-150,30,E toma nabádja e da kunpanheru na odju.,E=toma\tnabádja\te=da\tkunpanheru\tna=odju.,3SG=take\tknife\t3SG=give\tcomrade\tin=eye,He stabbed the other one's eye with the knife. OR: He took the knife and stabbed the other one's eye.,,,,elicited from speaker -31-126,31,El korta karni ku faka.,El\tkorta\tkarni\tku\tfaka.,she\tcut\tmeat\twith\tknife,She cut the meat with the knife.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-127,31,El toma faka korta karni.,El\ttoma\tfaka\tkorta\tkarni.,she\ttake\tknife\tcut\tmeat,She cut the meat with the knife.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-112,32,N kebrá es janéla k pédra.,N\tkebrá\tes\tjanéla\tk\tpédra.,1SG\tbreak\tDEM.SG\twindow\tINS\tstone,I broke this window with a stone.,,,,constructed by native speaker -33-136,33,I korta karni ku faka.,I\tkorta\tkarni\tku\tfaka.,3SG\tcut.PST\tmeat\twith\tknife,He cut the meat with a knife.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-109,34,I kortá karna ku faka.,I\tø\tkortá\tkarna\tku\tfaka.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tcut\tmeat\twith\tknife,She/he cut the meat with a knife.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-193,34,I pañá faka i kortá karna.,I\tpañá\tfaka\ti\tkortá\tkarna.,3SG\ttake\tknife\t3SG\tcut\tmeat.,He cut the meat with a knife. OR: He took a knife and cut the meat.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-152,35,Zon toma faka va mpon.,Zon\ttoma\tfaka\tva\tmpon.,Zon\ttake\tknife\tslice\tbread,Zon sliced the bread with a knife OR: Zon took the knife and sliced the bread.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-153,35,Zon va mpon ku faka.,Zon\tva\tmpon\tku\tfaka.,Zon\tslice\tbread\twith\tknife,Zon sliced the bread with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-89,36,N kota situ ki faka.,N\tkota\tsitu\tki\tfaka.,1SG\tcut\tmeat\twith\tknife,I cut the meat with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-90,36,N tambu faka kota situ ku ê.,N\ttambu\tfaka\tkota\tsitu\tku\tê.,1SG\ttake\tknife\tcut\tmeat\twith\tit,I cut the meat with a knife. OR: I took a knife and cut the bread.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-112,37,Ê kota inha ki masadu.,Ê\tkota\tinha\tki\tmasadu.,3SG\tcut\tfirewood\twith\taxe,He cut the firewood with an axe.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-113,37,Ê tan masadu va inha.,Ê\ttan\tmasadu\tva\tinha.,3SG\ttake\taxe\tcut\tfirewood,She cut the firewood with an axe. OR: She took an axe and cut the firewood.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-128,38,Zee xa pota pisyi ku wan faxa xotá.,Zee\txa\tpota\tpisyi\tku\twan\tfaxa\txotá.,Joseph\tHAB\tcut\tfish\twith\tART\tknive\tsharp,Joseph fillets the fish with a sharp knive.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-129,38,Mala xoze wa bluz ku guya.,Mala\txoze\twan\tbluza\tku\tguya.,Mary\tsow\tART\tshirt\twith\tneedle,Mary sows a shirt with a needle.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-95,40,Pɛ dal!,Pɛ\tdal!,foot\thit,Kick it with your foot!,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-96,40,Mi rhos bhuro ku lam.,Mi\trhos\tbhuro\tku\tlam.,my\tface\tget.dirty.PST\twith\tmud,I got mud on my face.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-108,41,isti luumis vɔɔnda fuulas vɔɔnda [...] tambom faya lotem,isti\tluumi-s\tvɔɔnda\tfuula-s\tvɔɔnda\t[...]\ttambom\tfaya\tlo-tem,this\tlight-PL\tby\tflower-PL\tby\t[...]\twell\tdo\tFUT-PRF,[They] will have made this [the bridal seat] nice with lights and flowers. OR: It will be made nice with lights and flowers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-109,41,anjɔɔla vɔɔnda taam peesi ki(ta)pegaa,anjɔɔla\tvɔɔnda\ttaam\tpeesi\tki-(ta-)pegaa,fishhook\tby\talso\tfish\tNMLZ-(PRS)-catch,Fish are caught also with fishhooks.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-110,41,eli martel vɔɔnda prɛɛv jadaay,eli\tmartel\tvɔɔnda\tprɛɛv\tjaa-daay,3SG.M\thammer\tINS\tnail\tPST-hit,He hit the nail with a hammer.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-111,41,miɲa paay uzaansa pensel vɔɔnda kiiskruuva,miɲa\tpaay\tuzaansa\tpensel\tvɔɔnda\tki-iskruuva,1SG.POSS\tfather\tcustom\tpencil\tby\tHAB-write,My father usually writes with a pencil.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-119,42,eli ja kotrá aké kandri ku faka,eli\tja\tkotrá\také\tkandri\tku\tfaka,3SG\tPFV\tcut\tthat\tmeat\twith\tknife,He/she cut the meat with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-120,42,eli ja tomá faka kotra kandri,eli\tja\ttomá\tfaka\tkotra\tkandri,3SG\tPFV\ttake\tknife\tcut\tmeat,He/she cut the meat with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-78,43,Ile bringka kung katana [...].,Ile\tbringka\tkung\tkatana\t[...].,he\tplay\twith\tshort.sabre\t[...],He played with a short sabre [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-79,43,[...] tapi aka korda bambu miste rusa djantong figu.,[...]\ttapi\taka\tkorda\tbambu\tmiste\trusa\tdjantong\tfigu.,[...]\tbut\tDEM\tstring\tbamboo\tmust\trub\tblossom\tbanana,[…] but the strings must be rubbed [with] banana blossoms.,,,,naturalistic written -43-80,43,"Iste tudu susdi ku gasta gobernemen, […].","Iste tudu susdi ku gasta gobernemen, [...].",DEM all happen with cost gevernment  ,"This all happens at the expenses of the government, […].",,,,naturalistic written -44-125,44,Ya kortá éle kel pan kun kuʧilyo.,Ya\tkortá\téle\tkel\tpan\tkun\tkuʧilyo.,PFV\tcut\t3SG\tDEF\tbread\twith\tknife,(S)he cut the bread with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-109,45,Ta cumi el mujer con tenedor.,Ta\tcumi\tel\tmujer\tcon\ttenedor.,IPFV\teat\tDEF\twoman\twith\tfork,The woman eats with a fork.,,,,naturalistic written -47-138,47,Ela tapa su boka ku su man.,El\ta\ttapa\tsu\tboka\tku\tsu\tman.,3SG\tPFV\tcover\tPOSS\tmouth\twith\tPOSS\thand,He covered his mouth with his hand.,,,,literary or other written source -48-127,48,Raúl a kottá kanne ri puekko ku machete ri un solo ngoppe.,Raúl\ta\tkottá\tkanne\tri\tpuekko\tku\tmachete\tri\tun\tsolo\tngoppe.,Raúl\tPST\tcut\tmeat\tof\tpork\twith\tmachete\tof\tone\tsole\tblow,Raul cut the pork (meat) with a single blow of the machete.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-211,49,M koupe vyann nan ak on kouto ki pa file.,M\tkoupe\tvyann\tnan\tak\ton\tkouto\tki\tpa\tfile.,1SG\tcut\tmeat\tDEF\twith\tINDF\tknife\tREL\tNEG\tsharpen,I cut the meat with an unsharpened knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-123,50,An koupé pen-la épi on kouto.,An\tkoupé\tpen-la\tépi\ton\tkouto.,1SG\tcut\tbread-DEF\tINS\tINDF\tknife,I cut the bread with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-124,50,I pwan hach a-y koupé bwa.,I\tpwan\thach\ta-y\tkoupé\tbwa.,3SG\ttake\taxe\t3SG.POSS\tcut\twood,He cut the wood with the axe.,,,,elicited from speaker -51-114,51,Man koupé pen-an épi an kouto.,Man\tkoupé\tpen-an\tépi\tan\tkouto.,1SG\tcut\tbread-DEF\tINS\tINDF\tknife,I cut the bread with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-72,52,yé té ka koupé vyann ké 'n tibwa,yé\tté\tka\tkoupé\tvyann\tké\t'n\ttibwa,they\tPST\tHAB\tcut\tmeat\twith\ta\tsmall.wood,They used to cut meat with a wooden stick.,,,,constructed by linguist -52-73,52,yé té ka pran tibwa koupé vyann,yé\tté\tka\tpran\ttibwa\tkoupé\tvyann,they\tPST\tHAB\ttake\tstick\tcut\tmeat,They used to cut meat with a stick. OR: They used to take a stick and cut meat with it.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-261,53,Li limen lakòl ave enn limet.,Li\tlimen\tlakòl\tave\tenn\tlimet.,3SG\tlight\talcohol\twith\tART.INDF\tmatch,He lit the alcohol with a match.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-262,53,Kekenn koupe l ave en kouto.,Kekenn\tkoupe\tl\tave\ten\tkouto.,someone\tcut\t3SG\twith\tINDF.ART\tknife,Someone cut him with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-146,54,[...] pou rékòlté i fouy àvèk là gràt.,[...]\tpour\trekolte\ti\tfouy\tavek\tla\tgrat.,[...]\tfor\tharvest\tFIN\tdig\twith\tDEF\thoe,[...] to harvest (the sweet potatoes) you dig with a hoe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-121,55,li kup dipeṅ avek/ek en kuto,li\tkup\tdipeṅ\tavek/ek\ten\tkuto,3SG\tcut\tbread\twith\tINDF.ART\tknife,S/he cuts the bread with a knife.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-122,55,e ki fer avek bagas?,e\tki\tfer\tavek\tbagas?,and\twhat\tdo\twith\tbagasse,And what is done with the remains of sugar-cane?,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-133,56,Ou kas li ek ti laas.,Ou\tkas\tli\tek\tti\tlaas.,2SG\tchop\tit\tINS\tlittle\taxe,You chop it with a little axe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-134,56,Apre ou pran goni ou toufe.,Apre\tou\tpran\tgoni\tou\ttoufe.,then\t2SG\ttake\tjute.bag\t2SG\tchoke,Then you choke [the fish] with the jute bag. OR: Then you take the jute bag and choke [the fish].,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-72,57,la kupe ndipa ave kuto,la\tkupe\tndipa\tave\tkuto,3SG\tcut\tbread\tINS\tknife,She cuts the bread with a knife.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-207,59,ala ke (yeke) faa susu na gbanda,ala\tke\t(yeke)\tfaa\tsusu\tna\tgbanda,3PL\tCOP\t(HAB)\tkill\tfish\tINS\tnet,They (habitually) fish with nets.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-208,59,mo kpaka tere ti mbi na ni,mo\tkpaka\ttere\tti\tmbi\tna\tni,2SG\tscratch\tbody\tof\t1SG\tINS\t3SG,Scratch my back with it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-97,60,nakátákí lípa na mbelí,na-kát-ákí\tlípa\tna\tmbelí,1SG-cut-PST\tbread\twith\tknife,I cut the bread with a knife.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-71,61,Yena sigile lo nyama ga lo mes.,Yena\tsig-ile\tlo\tnyama\tga\tlo\tmes.,he\tcut-PST\tDEF.ART\tmeat\tINS\tDEF.ART\tknife,He cut the meat with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-65,62,mwagirú Mzimé édáha na masáme makái,mwagiru\tm-zime\té-daha\tna\tmasame\tma-kai,elder\t1-old\t3SG-walk\twith\tlegs\t6-three,The old man walks with three legs.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-130,63,úwo gi-gáta mukáti ma sekín,úwo\tgi-gáta\tmukáti\tma\tsekín,3SG\tPROG-cut\tbread\twith\tknife,He is cutting the bread with a knife.,,,,constructed by linguist -63-131,63,ána dúgu nyerekú ma lasáya,ána\tdúgu\tnyerekú\tma\tlasáya,1SG\thit\tchild\twith\tstick,I hit the child with a stick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-140,64,ána dugú be kásaba,ána\tdugú\tbe\tkásaba,1SG\tbeat.PASS\tby\twood,I was beaten with a stick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-141,64,aswí de bijurú ma páip,aswí\tde\tbi=jurú\tma\tpáip,aswí\tDEM.PROX\tIRR=pull\tby\tpipe,Aswí is smoked with a pipe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-142,64,ána wósulu be tayára,ána\twósulu\tbe\ttayára,1SG\tarrive\tby\tairplane,I arrived by plane.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-106,65,"Nada kuʃaj malen'li riumka, nimnoʃka nalej.","Nada\tkuʃaj\tmalen'li\triumka,\tnimnoʃka\tnalej.",must\teat\tsmall\tglass\ta.little\tpour,"One should take it with a small glass of wine, just a little bit.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-107,65,Nada lipaxoza katera ʧo vazila.,Nada\tlipaxoza\tkatera\tʧo\tvazi-la.,must\tlogging.enterprise\tboat\tsomething\tcarry-PFV,I had to carry something to the logging enterprise by cutter boat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-108,65,Parka-m zakrywaj.,Parka-m\tzakrywaj.,stick-INS\tclose,[I] close it (the door) with a stick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-81,66,Dia dagingyang pisoatturing epotong.,Dia\tdaging-yang\tpiso-attu-ring\te-potong.,3SG\tmeat-ACC\tknife-INDF-INS\tPST-cut,She cut the meat with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-146,67,Sekarang banyak orang cerita sama Orang Puteh.,Sekarang\tbanyak\torang\tcerita\tsama\tOrang\tPuteh.,now\tmany\tpeople\tspeak\tINS\tpeople\twhite,"Now, many people talk [to each other] in English.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-147,67,Ini orang tua ah dia pakai ayer sabon pergi cuci ini tangga.,Ini\torang\ttua\tah\tdia\tpakai\tayer\tsabon\tpergi\tcuci\tini\ttangga.,DEM\tpeople\told\tTOP\t3SG\tuse\twater\tsoap\tgo\tclean\tDEM\tstaircase,"This old man, he cleaned the staircaise with soap water. OR: This old man, he used soap water to clean the staircase.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-84,68,Dia mo tando beta deng dia pung naniri.,Dia\tmo\ttando\tbeta\tdeng\tdia\tpung\tnaniri.,3SG\tFUT\tgore\t1SG\twith\t3SG\tPOSS\ttusk,It (a wild boar) wants to gore me with its tusk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-57,70,Ek gor se dabao.,Ek\tgor\tse\tdabao.,one\tfoot\tINS\thold.down,[He] holds it down with one foot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-120,71,Akahi hamale wau inaha pauloa puniu.,Akahi\thamale\twau\tinaha\tpauloa\tpuniu.,INDF\thammer\t1SG\tbreak\tall\tskull,With a hammer I smash every skull. OR: My hammer smashes every skull.,,,,naturalistic written -71-121,71,"Kipau hana eha wau, me ka pu hana eha iaia wau.","Kipau\thana\teha\twau,\tme\tka\tpu\thana\teha\tiaia\twau.",Kipau\tmake\thurt\t1SG\tINS\tDEF\tgun\tmake\thurt\t3SG\t1SG,"Kipau injured me, with his gun he injured me.",,,,naturalistic written -71-122,71,Aole laau wau hahau iaia.,Aole\tlaau\twau\thahau\tiaia.,NEG\tstick\t1SG\tstrike\t3SG,I didn't strike him with a stick. OR: It wasn't a stick with which I struck him.,,,,naturalistic written -72-100,72,Marlukama dei bin kilim pangkily kurrupartuyawung.,Marluka-ma\tdei\tbin\tkil-im\tpangkily\tkurrupartu-yawung.,old.man-DISC\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\thit-TR\thit.head\tboomerang-PROP,"The old man, they hit on the head with a boomerang.",,,,peer elicitation -72-101,72,Deim kilim wan marluka gat kurrupartu.,Dei-m\tkil-im\twan\tmarluka\tgat\tkurrupartu.,3PL.SBJ-PRS\thit-TR\tone\told.man\tPROP\tboomerang,They hit one old man with a boomerang.,,,,peer elicitation -73-72,73,inki kuchillundi kortakangi panda?,inki\tkuchillu-n-di\tkorta-ka-ngi\tpan-da,what\tknife-INS-EMPH\tcut-PST-2SG\tbread-ACC,With what knife did you cut the bread?,,,,elicited from speaker -74-105,74,náyka mámuk sáplil kápa uláli,náyka\tmámuk\tsáplil\tkápa\tuláli,1SG\tmake\tbread\tPREP\tberries,I make bread using berries.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-171,75,La vyaan kiimanisham avek li kwato.,La\tvyaan\tkii-manish-am\tavek\tli\tkwato.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tmeat\tPST-cut.INAN-3.OBJ.INAN\twith\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tknife,She cut the meat with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-172,75,Aen kuto kiiapahchitaaw chikishkishak la vyaand.,Aen\tkuto\tkii-apahchit-aaw\tchi-kishkish-ak\tla\tvyaand.,INDF.ART.M.SG\tknife\tPST-use.INAN-3.OBJ\tFUT.COMP-cut-1SG\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tmeat,I used a knife to cut the meat. OR: I cut the meat with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-173,75,Maamaa kiiaapachiheew lii rosh eeshikwatahahk lii takwahiminaana.,Maamaa\tkii-aapachih-eew\tlii\trosh\tee-shikwatah-ahk\tlii\ttakwahiminaan-a.,mother\tPST-use.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tART.PL\tstone\tCOMP-crush.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tART.PL\tchokecherry-PL,My mother used stones to make beaten choke-cherries. OR: My mother crushed choke-cherries with stones.,,,,naturalistic written -75-174,75,Kiiaashtaweham li feu avek dilo.,Kii-aashtaweh-am\tli\tfeu\tavek\tdilo.,PST-extinguish.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tfire\twith\twater,She extinguished the fire with water.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-175,75,Shakishkaham la port kii uhchi.,Shakishk-ah-am\tla\tport\tkii\tuhchi.,close-WITH.INS-3.SBJ.3INAN.OBJ\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tdoor\tkey\tfrom,He closed the door with a key.,,,,elicited from speaker -76-55,76,ak'lūña mē'kfast kiñma,ak'lūña\tmē'kfast\tkiñma,rope\ttie\tdog,Tie the dog with a rope.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-56,76,nuna sinani kamotik elekta awoña,nuna\tsinani\tkamotik\telekta\tawoña,land\talongside\tsled\tgo\tI,I travelled by sled along the coast.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-167,1,Kon nanga mie.,Kon\tnanga\tmi.,come\twith\t1SG,Come with me.,,,,written -1-168,1,Kaba a kommoppo na bergi nanga dem.,Kaba\ta\tkomopo\tna\tbergi\tnanga\tden.,and\t3SG.SBJ\tcome.from\tLOC\tmountain\twith\t3PL,And he came down from the mountain with them.,,,,written -2-172,2,Dan fakansi ten dan wi e go nanga wan heri groep.,Dan\tfakansi\tten\tdan\twi\te\tgo\tnanga\twan\theri\tgroep.,then\tvacation\ttime\tthen\twe\tIPFV\tgo\twith\ta\twhole\tgroup,During the vacation we went with the entire group.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-173,2,Mi go nanga mi brada na foto.,Mi\tgo\tnanga\tmi\tbrada\tna\tfoto.,1SG\tgo\twith\t1SG\tbrother\tLOC\ttown,I went to town with my brother.,,,,unknown -2-174,2,"Te mi ppa e wroko dan, den e gwe nanga en.","Te\tmi\tppa\te\twroko\tdan,\tden\te\tgwe\tnanga\ten.",when\t1SG\tfather\tIPFV\twork\tthen\t3PL\tIPFV\tgo\twith\t3SG,When my father went to work then they would go with him.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-175,2,"A e teki den tyari gwe go, go drai miri.","A\te\tteki\tden\ttyari\tgwe\tgo,\tgo\tdrai\tmiri.",3SG\tIPFV\ttake\t3PL\tcarry\taway\tgo\tgo\tturn\tmill,He would take them along to go turn the mill.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-176,2,Yu kan tapu en nanga wan planga.,Yu\tkan\ttapu\ten\tnanga\twan\tplanga.,2SG\tcan\tclose\t3SG\twith\ta\tplank,You can close it with a plank.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-84,3,A wɔɔkɔ ku mi.,A\twɔɔkɔ\tku\tmi.,3SG\twork\twith\t1SG,He worked with me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-117,4,We efi i wani da mi o kon anga i ya.,We\tefi\ti\twani\tda\tmi\to\tkon\tanga\ti\tya.,well\tif\tyou\twant\tthen\tI\tFUT\tcome\twith\tyou\there,"Well, if you want me to, then I will come with you now.",,,,naturalistic spoken -4-118,4,Da a be o kii en eigi man pikin anga goni.,Da\ta\tbe\to\tkii\ten\teigi\tman\tpikin\tanga\tgoni.,then\the\tPST\tFUT\tkill\this\town\tman\tchild\twith\tgun,Then he would have killed his own son with a gun.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-115,5,wo dem go du wid twenti dala monii?,wo\tdem\tgo\tdu\twid\ttwenti\tdala\tmonii?,what\t3PL\tFUT\tdo\twith\ttwenty\tdollars\tmoney,What would they do with twenty dollars?,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-116,5,mi fado bin a sliip wid ii in di haspital,mi\tfado\tbin\ta\tsliip\twid\tii\tin\tdi\thaspital,POSS.1SG\tfather\tANT\tPROG\tsleep\twith\t3SG\tin\tthe\thospital,My father was sleeping with him in the hospital.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-166,7,Dem naint duhng wid oil laas wiik de.,Dem\tnaint\tduhng\twid\toil\tlaas\twiik\tde.,3PL\tanoint\tdown\twith\toil\tlast\tweek\tthere,They anointed themselves with oil last week.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-168,7,di man wid di chriga fot,di\tman\twid\tdi\tchriga\tfot,ART\tman\twith\tART\tchigoe\tfoot/feet,the man with the infested foot/feet,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-105,8,Bab sing wid Piita.,Bab\tsing\twid\tPiita.,Bob\tsing\twith\tPeter,Bob sang with Peter.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-106,8,Piita kot di bred wid di naif.,Piita\tkot\tdi\tbred\twid\tdi\tnaif.,Peter\tcut\tDET\tbread\twith\tDET\tknife,Peter cut the bread with the knife.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-134,9,A yuzta lajk wok wid im.,A\tyuzta\tlajk\twok\twid\tim.,1SG\tused.to\tlike\twork\twith\thim,I liked to work with him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-157,10,Ai miit op wid wan liedi de.,Ai\tmiit\top\twid\twan\tliedi\tde.,1SG\tmeet\tup\tCOM\tone\tlady\tDEM.LOC,I met one lady there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-158,10,Huol wid yo tiit!,Huol\twid\tyo\ttiit!,hold\tINS\t2SG.POSS\ttooth,Hold with your teeth!,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-219,11,Yu go an yu stee wid dem an yu plei kaad [...].,Yu\tgo\tan\tyu\tstee\twid\tdem\tan\tyu\tplei\tkaad\t[...].,2SG\tgo\tand\t2SG\tstay\tCOM\t3PL\tand\t2SG\tplay\tcard\t[...],You go and you stay with them and you play cards [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-220,11,"Som piipl laik faitin wid machet an naif, tu.","Som\tpiipl\tlaik\tfait-in\twid\tmachet\tan\tnaif,\ttu.",some\tpeople\tlike\tfight-PROG\tINS\tmachete\tand\tknife\ttoo,"Some people like fighting with machetes and knives, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-168,12,"I ain't grow up with no mother, because you know - my mother dead, we just girls, I mus'e was 'bout 14 or 13 or something like that - my mother dead. So I say - you know, I - I hardly grow up with him, and them other rest was smaller.",I\tain't\tgrow\tup\twith\tno\tmother\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tgrow\tup\tCOM\tNEG\tmother\t[...],I didn't grow up with a mother [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-169,12,"[...] rub it - rub it with your hand, yeah. Yeah. Put some alcohol.",[...]\trub\tit\twith\tyour\thand\t[...].,[...]\trub\t3SG.N.OBJ\tINS\t2SG.POSS\thand\t[...],[...] rub it (a mosquito bite) with your hand [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-130,13,Dey been dey een dey boat wid dey fada Zebedee.,Dey\tbeen\tdey\teen\tdey\tboat\twid\tdey\tfada\tZebedee.,they\twere\tthere\tin\ttheir\tboat\twith\ttheir\tfather\tZebedee,They were there in their boat with their father Zebedee. (Mt 4.21),,,,bible translation -14-89,14,He went to the gym with this friend.,He\twent\tto\tthe\tgym\twith\tthis\tfriend.,he\twent\tto\tthe\tgym\twith\this\tfriend,He went to the gym with his friend.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-97,15,i go na di pati wit ĩ padi,i\tgo\tna\tdi\tpati\twit\tĩ\tpadi,3SG\tgo\tLOC\tART\tparty\tPREP\tPOSS\tfriend,He/She went to the party with his/her friend. OR: He/She took his/her friend to the party.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-93,16,jù gò si sɔmbɔdi wit ĩ waif,jù\tgò\tsi\tsɔmbɔdi\twit\tĩ\twaif,2SG\tFUT\tsee\tsomebody\twith\t3SG.POSS\twife,You will see somebody with his wife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-94,16,mek à sɛʧ dɛ padi wit dɛm,mek\tà\tsɛʧ\tdɛ\tpadi\twit\tdɛm,CAUS/IMP\t1SG\tsearch\tART\tbuddy\twith\t3PL.OBL,Let me search the guy with them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-95,16,ʧali ì gò hit sɔm wumans kra wit dɛ moto,ʧali\tì\tgò\thit\tsɔm\twuman-s\tkra\twit\tdɛ\tmoto,Charley\t3SG\tFUT\thit\tINDF\twoman-PL\tFOC\twith\tART\tcar,"Boy, he was going to hit some women with the car.",,,,naturalistic spoken -16-96,16,dè dè come plas dɛ hɛdmaster,dè\tdè\tcome\tplas\tdɛ\thɛdmaster,3PL\tPROG\tcome\tplus\tART\theadmaster,They were coming with the headmaster (in tow).,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-109,17,À bay nyam wìt yù.,À\tbay\tnyam\twìt\tyù.,1SG.SBJ\tbuy\tyam\tCOM\t2SG.OBJ,I bought yams with you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-111,17,À ko̱t nyam wìt nayf.,À\tko̱t\tnyam\twìt\tnayf.,1SG.SBJ\tcut\tyam\tINS\tknife,I cut the yams with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-112,17,À tek nayf ko̱t nyam.,À\ttek\tnayf\tko̱t\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tcut\tyam,I cut the yams with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-99,18,Peter bin go fo taun wit Mary.,Peter\tbin\tgo\tfo\ttaun\twit\tMary.,Peter\tPST\tgo\tfor\ttown\twith\tMary,Peter went to town with Mary.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-133,19,Machyta lɛf wèt ìn fambul.,Machyta\tlɛf\twèt\tìn\tfambul.,Machyta\tremain\twith\t3SG.POSS\tfamily,Machyta remained with his family.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-96,20,"Yes, sir. You have got make some pigeon with me?","Yes,\tsir.\tYou\thave\tgot\tmake\tsome\tpigeon\twith\tme?",yes\tsir\t2SG\thave\tgot\tmake\tsome\tpigeon\tCOM\tme,"Yes, sir. Have you got any business to do with me?",,,,naturalistic written -21-93,21,I go to market with Mama.,I\tgo\tto\tmarket\twith\tMama.,1SG\tgo\tto\tmarket\twith\tgrandmother,I go to the market with grandmother.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-122,22,paitim long stik,paitim\tlong\tstik,hit\tPREP\tstick,to hit with a stick,,,,naturalistic written -22-123,22,Ol i sutim disla pig ia wantaim disla ol spia blong ol.,Ol\ti\tsutim\tdisla\tpig\tia\twantaim\tdisla\tol\tspia\tblong\tol.,3SG\tPM\tshoot\tthis\tpig\tEMPH\twith\tthis\tPL\tspear\tPOSS\t3PL,They shot this pig with these spears of theirs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-124,22,Yu mas go wantaim sista bilong mi.,Yu\tmas\tgo\twantaim\tsista\tbilong\tmi.,2SG\tmust\tgo\twith\tsister\tPOSS\t1SG,You must go with my sister.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-130,24,lorng / lorng a' / lorng f',lorng / lorng a' / lorng f',along.PREP,with / together with,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-131,24,Dem kamen lorng f' mii.,Dem\tkamen\tlorng\tf'\tmii.,3PL\tcome.CONT\talong\tCOM\t1SG.NSBJ,They came with me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-132,24,Aanti en ai kamen. / Aanti en mi kamen.,Aanti\ten\tai\tkamen.\t/\tAanti\ten\tmi\tkamen.,Aunty\tand\tI\tcome.CONT\t/\tAunty\tand\tI\tcome.CONT,Auntie and I arrived.,,,,constructed by linguist -25-274,25,Yu tok gata Ngarinyman!,Yu\ttok\tgata\tNgarinyman!,2SG\ttalk\tCOM\tNgarinyman,You talk in Ngarinyman!,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-275,25,"Bat ai go bek gota plein igen, ai kan teik that motika.","Bat\tai\tgo\tbek\tgota\tplein\tigen,\tai\tkan\tteik\tthat\tmotika.",but\t1SG\tgo\tback\tCOM\tplane\tagain\t1SG\tcan.NEG\ttake\tDEM\tcar,"But I go back on a plane again, I can’t take the car.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-276,25,Boilimap gata ashes.,Boil-im-ap\tgata\tashes.,boil-TR-up\tINS/COM\tashes,Boil it with ashes. (preparation of a certain yam species),,,,naturalistic spoken -26-4,26,da wahinɛ no go wid him,da\twahinɛ\tno\tgo\twid\thim,ART\twoman\tNEG\tgo\twith\t3SG,The woman didn't/doesn't go with him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-86,27,Am a wun mi ēn hou mulā́.,Am\ta\twun\tmi\tēn\thou\tmulā́.,3SG\tPST\tlive\twith\tART.INDF\told\tmiller,He lived with an old miller.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-119,28,firi jɛrma mɛtɛ firi man kumtə mɛto,firi\tjɛrma\tmɛtɛ\tfiri\tman\tkumu-tɛ\tmɛtɛ\to,four\twoman\twith\tfour\tman\tcome-PFV\twith\t3SG,Four women and four men came with him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-144,29,Hy het dit met 'n mes gesny.,Hy\thet\tdit\tmet\t'n\tmes\tge-sny.,3SG.M.NOM\tPST\tit\twith\ta\tknife\tPTCP-cut,He (has) cut it with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-145,29,Hy het met sy suster Durban toe gegaan.,Hy\thet\tmet\tsy\tsuster\tDurban\ttoe\tge-gaan.,3SG.M.NOM\tPST\twith\this\tsister\tDurban\tto\tPTCP-go,He went to Durban with his sister.,,,,naturalistic written -30-151,30,E bá Práia ku si pai.,E=bá\tPráia\tku=si=pai.,3SG=go\tPraia\twith=3SG.POSS=father,He went to Praia with his father.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-152,30,"Ku bon tratamentu, médiku alkansa-l txeu ténpu di bida.","Ku=bon\ttratamentu,\tmédiku\talkansa=l\ttxeu\tténpu\tdi=bida.",with=good\ttreatment\tdoctor\treach=3SG\tmuch\ttime\tof=life,With some good treatment the doctor helped him to have a long life.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-153,30,E korta pon ku fáka.,E=korta\tpon\tku=fáka.,3SG=cut\tbread\twith=knife,He cut the bread with the/a knife.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-129,31,Pedru korta karni ku faka.,Pedru\tkorta\tkarni\tku\tfaka.,Pedru\tcut\tmeat\twith\tknife,Pedru cut the meat with a knife.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-130,31,Benjamin kria ku Bahia.,Benjamin\tkria\tku\tBahia.,Benjamin\traise\twith\tBahia,Benjamin was raised with Bahia.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-113,32,Es seí k arma na mon.,Es\tseí\tk\tarma\tna\tmon.,3PL\tgo.out\tCOM\tarm\tin\thand,They went out armed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-114,32,El bai pa Praia má se irmon.,El\tbai\tpa\tPraia\tmá\tse\tirmon.,3SG\tgo\tto\tPraia\tCOM\t3SG.POSS\tbrother,He went to Praia with his brother.,,,,constructed by native speaker -32-115,32,El kortá pon k fáka.,El\tkortá\tpon\tk\tfáka.,3SG\tcut\tbread\tINS\tknife,He cut bread with a knife.,,,,constructed by native speaker -33-137,33,N’bay praia ku Maria.,N-bay\tpraia\tku\tMaria.,1SG-go.PST\tbeach\tCOM\tMaria,I went to the beach with Maria.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-138,33,N’korta pon ku faka.,N-korta\tpon\tku\tfaka.,1SG-cut.PST\tbread\tINS\tknife,I cut the bread with the knife.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-139,33,M’bay praia djuntu ku Maria.,M-bay\tpraia\tdjuntu\tku\tMaria.,1SG-go.PST\tbeach\tCOM\tCOM\tMaria,I went to the beach with Maria.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-110,34,N bay Sicor ku ña yermoŋ. — N kortá karna ku faka.,N ø bay Sicor ku ña yermoŋ. — N ø kortá karna ku faka.,1SG.SBJ PFV go Ziguinchor with POSS.1SG sibling   1SG.SBJ PFV cut meat with knife,I went to Ziguinchor with my brother/sister. — I cut the meat with a knife.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-111,34,N bay Sicor juntu ku ña yermoŋ.,N\tø\tbay\tSicor\tjuntu\tku\tña\tyermoŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tZiguinchor\ttogether\twith\tPOSS.1SG\tsibling,I went to Ziguinchor with my brother/sister.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-154,35,Bô ka be ku ê.,Bô\tka\tbe\tku\tê.,2SG\tFUT\tgo\twith\t3SG,You will go with him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-91,36,Ê pega taba ki piongo.,Ê\tpega\ttaba\tki\tpiongo.,he\tnail\tplank\twith\tnail,He nailed the plank with a nail.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-114,37,Ê tan ine minu sê we ki ine.,Ê\ttan\tine\tminu\tsê\twe\tki\tine.,3SG\ttake\tPL\tgirl\tDEM\tgo\twith\t3PL,He left with these children.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-115,37,Ê tan lima da kompwe kôli n'uwê.,Ê\ttan\tlima\tda\tkompwe\tki\têli\tna\tuwê.,3SG\ttake\tfile\tgive\tfriend\twith\t3SG\tLOC\teye,He took the file and blew his friend with it in the eyes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-130,38,Sém sxama mavida ku memu.,Se-amu\tsxa-ma\tmavida\tku\tmai-mu.,RES-1SG\tTMA-take\tsuffering\twith\tmother-1SG,And I was suffering with my mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-131,38,Bo xasúbili ku xaxamba.,Bo\txa-súbili\tku\txaxamba.,2SG\tTMA-go.up\twith\thoop,You climbed up (the tree) with a hoop.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-130,39,"Ne mĩ bar te nə ũ rapaz te, el tə brĩka ku mĩ.","Ne\tmĩ\tbar\tte\tnə\tũ\trapaz\tte,\tel\ttə\tbrĩk-a\tku\tmĩ.",LOC\t1SG.POSS\tneighbourhood\tEXIST.NPST\tREQ\tone\tboy\tEXIST.NPST\t3\tIPFV.NPST\tplay-INF\twith\t1SG.OBL,"There is a boy in my neighbourhood, you know, he plays with me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-131,39,Yo gɔs kõta istɔr jũt də Conchita.,Yo\tgɔs\tkõt-a\tistɔr\tjũt\tdə\tConchita.,1SG\tlike.NPST\ttell-INF\tstory\ttogether\tof\tConchita,I like to chat with Conchita.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-132,39,Rapaz də Gilbert tiŋ brĩka jũt də mĩ kriãs.,Rapaz\tdə\tGilbert\tt-iŋ\tbrĩk-a\tjũt\tdə\tmĩ\tkriãs.,boy\tof\tGilbert\tIPFV-PST\tplay-INF\ttogether\tof\t1SG.POSS\tchild,Gilbert's son used to play with my children.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-97,40,Pedru ʌnkəl su kosid Goa ti andad.,Pedru\tʌnkəl\tsu\tkosid\tGoa\tti\tandad.,Pedru\tuncle\tGEN\twith\tGoa\tPST\tgo.PTCP,Pedru had gone with uncle to Goa.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-98,40,Elo ku koyt lɛ̃y korto.,Elo\tku\tkoyt\tlɛ̃y\tkorto.,they\twith\tmachete\twood\tcut.PST,They cut wood with a machete.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-112,41,"andaa see, paay juuntu mee","andaa\tsee,\tpaay\tjuuntu\tmee",go\tCOND\tfather\tCOM\tFOC,"If [she] goes, it’s only with her father.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-121,42,éli ja kotrá aké kandri ku faka,éli\tja\tkotrá\také\tkandri\tku\tfaka,3SG\tPFV\tcut\tthat\tmeat\tINS\tknife,(S)he cut the meat with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-122,42,Albert ta balá ku Lucy.,Albert\tta\tbalá\tku\tLucy.,Albert\tPROG\tdance\tCOM\tLucy,Albert is dancing with Lucy.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-81,43,Ile fika kung ela.,Ile\tfika\tkung\tela.,3SG.M\tstay\twith\t3SG.F,He lived with her.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-126,44,Ya andá húnto yo kon éle.,Ya\tandá\thúnto\tyo\tkon\téle.,PFV\tgo\ttogether\t1SG\twith\ther/him,I went together with her/him.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-127,44,Ta kedá kon su pamílya.,Ta\tkedá\tkon\tsu\tpamílya.,IPFV\tstay\twith\t3SG.POSS\tfamily,(She) lives with her family.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-110,45,Ya llega eli junto con su hermana.,Ya\tllega\teli\tjunto\tcon\tsu\thermana.,PFV\tarrive\t3SG\ttogether\twith\t3SG.POSS\tsister,He arrived together with his sister.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-111,45,Ya baila ele con el doctora.,Ya\tbaila\tele\tcon\tel\tdoctora.,PFV\tdance\t3SG\twith\tDEF\tdoctor,He danced with the doctor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-129,46,húnto kon su tátay,húnto\tkon\tsu\ttátay,together\twith\t3SG.POSS\tfather,with his/her father,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-139,47,Mi a bende e outo ku M.,Mi\ta\tbende\te\touto\tku\tM.,1SG\tPFV\tsell\tDEF\tcar\twith\tM,I sold the car to M.,,,,naturalistic written -47-140,47,Omo J a keda mashá kontento mes ku e pòtrèt nan.,Omo\tJ\ta\tkeda\tmashá\tkontento\tmes\tku\te\tpòtrèt\tnan.,uncle\tJ\tPFV\tremain\tmuch\thappy\tEMPH\twith\tDEF\tphoto\tPL,Uncle J. is very happy indeed with the pictures.,,,,naturalistic written -47-141,47,Na yegada di e patruya a resultá ku ambulans a bai ku e víktima kaba.,Na\tyegada\tdi\te\tpatruya\ta\tresultá\tku\tambulans\ta\tbai\tku\te\tvíktima\tkaba.,LOC\tarrival\tof\tDEF\tpatrol\tPFV\tresult\tCOMP\tambulance\tPFV\tgo\twith\tDEF\tvictim\talready,"On the arrival of the police patrol car, it turned out that the ambulance had already carried off the victim.",,,,published source -48-128,48,Suto tan bae aí Katahena ku numano ele.,Suto\ttan\tbae\taí\tKatahena\tku\tnumano\tele.,we\tFUT\tgo\tthere\tCartagena\twith\tbrother\this/her,We are going to Cartagena with his/her brother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-129,48,¿Bo kelé biahá ku yo?,¿Bo\tkelé\tbiahá\tku\tyo?,you\twant\ttravel\twith\tme,Do you want to travel with me?,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-130,48,Ana a kusiná-lo ku pekkao.,Ana\ta\tkusiná-lo\tku\tpekkao.,Ana\tPST\tcook-it\twith\tfish,Ana cooked it (the soup) with fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-214,49,M pral ansanm avèk ou.,M\tpral\tansanm\tavèk\tou.,1SG\tFUT.go\ttogether\tCOM\t2SG,I will leave with you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-215,49,W ap fè yon wout avè m aswè a.,W\tap\tfè\tyon\twout\tavè\tm\taswè\ta.,2SG\tINACC\tmake\ta\ttour\tCOM\t1SG\tevening\tDEF,Tonight you will accompany me a bit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-217,49,Ak ki moun ou pral nan fèt la?,Ak\tki\tmoun\tou\tpral\tnan\tfèt\tla?,COM\twhich\tperson\t2SG\tFUT.go\tin\tparty\tDEF,With whom are you going to the party?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-125,50,I ay Trinidad épi madanm a'y.,I\tay\tTrinidad\tépi\tmadanm\ta'y.,3SG\tgo\tTrinidad\twith\twife\tPREP.3SG,He went to Trinidad with his wife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-126,50,I pran sa épi men a'y.,I\tpran\tsa\tépi\tmen\ta'y.,3SG\ttake\tit\tINS\thand\tPREP.3SG,He took it with his hands.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-195,51,I ay Trinidad épi madanm-li.,I\tay\tTrinidad\tépi\tmadanm-li.,3SG\tgo\tTrinidad\twith\twife-3SG,He went to Trinidad with his wife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-196,51,I pran sa épi lanmen'y.,I\tpran\tsa\tépi\tlanmen'y.,3SG\ttake\tINS\thand\t3SG,He took it with his hands.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-74,52,Marie soti pati ké Georges,Marie\tsoti\tpati\tké\tGeorges,Mary\tgo.out\tleave\twith\tGeorge,Mary went out and left together with George.,,,,constructed by linguist -52-75,52,Georges ké Marie kouri alé,Georges\tké\tMarie\tkouri\talé,Georges\twith\tMary\trun\tgo,Georges and Mary quickly went away.,,,,elicited from speaker -52-76,52,ké syo mo té ka chayé dlo,ké\tsyo\tmo\tté\tka\tchayé\tdlo,with\tpot\tI\tPST\tHAB\tcarry\twater,I used to carry the water in a big pot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-263,53,Ye te fe le kataplas avek le zonyon.,Ye\tte\tfe\tle\tkataplas\tavek\tle\tzonyon.,3PL\tPST\tmake\tART.DEF.PL\tpoultice\twith\tART.DEF.PL\tonion,They made cataplasms with onions.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-264,53,Li vini avek en padna.,Li\tvini\tavek\ten\tpadna.,3PL\tcome\twith\tART.INDF\tfriend,He came with a friend.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-147,54,Li travay ek son tonton.,Li\ttravay\tek\tson\ttonton.,3SG.FIN\twork\twith\tPOSS.3SG\tuncle,He works with his uncle.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-148,54,Alon partir la butik ansanm li.,Alon\tpartir\tla\tboutik\tansanm\tli.,IMP.1PL\tleave\tDEF\tshop\twith\t3SG,Let’s go to the shop with him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-149,54,Lontan té i fé èk sak trésé an vakoi.,Lontan\tte-i\tfe\tek\tsak\ttrese\tan\tvakwa.,in.the.past\tPST-FIN\tdo\twith\tbag\twoven\tof\tvacoa,"In the past it was done with a bag made of vacoa (screw pine, Pandanus utilis).",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-123,55,li ti ekrir sa ar so plim,li\tti\tekrir\tsa\tar\tso\tplim,3SG\tPST\twrite\tthis\twith\tPOSS\tpen,He wrote this with his pen.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-124,55,ki senla ki abit isi ek u?,ki\tsenla\tki\tabit\tisi\tek\tu?,who\tthat.one\twho\tlive\there\twith\tyou,Who is living here with you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-135,56,Mon 'n travay [...] avek Sye Raim.,Mon\t'n\ttravay\t[...]\tavek\tSye\tRaim.,1SG\tPRF\twork\t[...]\twith\tMr\tRahim,I have worked [...] with Mr Rahim.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-73,57,sola reste ave tule Tuo-la,sola\treste\tave\ttule\tTuo-la,3PL\tstay\tCOM\tPL\tTouho-DEM/DEF,They settled with the people from Touho.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-74,57,ma kupe ave kuto,ma\tkupe\tave\tkuto,1SG\tcut\tINS\tknife,I cut with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-92,58,Yandi kwend-aka na Petelo.,Yandi\tkwend-aka\tna\tPetelo.,he/she\tgo-PST\tCONN\tPeter,He/She went with Peter.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-93,58,Yandi kwend-aka na velo.,Yandi\tkwend-aka\tna\tvelo.,3SG\tgo-PST\tCONN\tbicyle,He/She went on a bicycle.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-209,59,amanke zo so mo ga a ni na bi so,a-manke\tzo\tso\tmo\tga\tna\tni\tna\tbi\tso,PM-lack\tperson\tREL\t2SG\tcome\tCOM\tDET\tPREP\tnight\tDEM,It's most likely the person you brought during the night.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-210,59,lo kiri na na a yanga (ti) da,lo\tkiri\tna\tni\tna\tyanga\t(ti)\tda,3SG\treturn\tCOM\tDET\tPREP\tmouth\t(of)\thouse,He returned with her to the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-98,60,akendákí na Marie,a-kend-ákí\tna\tMarie,3SG-go-PST\twith\tMarie,He went with Marie.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-72,61,Lo John na lo Jane yena hambile lapha Thegwin.,Lo\tJohn\tna\tlo\tJane\tyena\thamb-ile\tlapha\tThegwin.,DEF.ART\tJohn\tCOM\tDEF.ART\tJane\tthey\tgo-PST\tDAT\tDurban,John and Jane went to Durban. OR: John went with Jane to Durban. OR: John went to Durban with Jane.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-128,61,Mina hlalile na yena,mina\thlal-ile\tna\tyena,1SG\tlive-PST\twith\t3SG,I lived with her.,,,,constructed by linguist -62-66,62,ni?á vuáho na Mdala,ni-?a\tvuaho\tna\tMdala,1SG-eat\tporridge\twith\tsauce,I eat porridge with sauce.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-132,63,úmun já ma British,úmun\tjá\tma\tBritish,3PL\tcome\twith\tBritish,They came with the British.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-143,64,ána dugú be kásaba,ána\tdugú\tbe\tkásaba,1SG\tbeat.PASS\tby\tstick,I was beaten with a stick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-144,64,binía al be úo gerówa józu de,binía\tal\tbe\túo\tge=rówa\tjózu\tde,girl\tREL\twith\t3SG\tPROG=go\tmarry\tDEM.PROX,the girl (my brother) is going to marry,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-145,64,ána rówa ma úo laádi fi bet,ána\trówa\tma\túo\tlaádi\tfi\tbet,1SG\tgo\twith\t3SG\tup.to\tin\thouse,I went up to the house with him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-46,65,Naʃa iwo gaɲbandi laobodaj.,Naʃa\tiwo\tgaɲbandi\tlaobodaj.,1PL\t3SG\tcompany\twork,We work together with him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-109,65,Sorok diviata iwo kampani tam ʒiwi.,Sorok\tdiviata\tiwo\tkampani\ttam\tʒiwi.,forty\tninth\t3SG\tcompany\tthere\tlive,I lived with her since 1949.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-82,66,Go go pe nama pennaring etuulis (aða).,Go\tgo-pe\tnama\tpenna-ring\te-tuulis\t(aða).,1SG\t1SG-POSS\tname\tpen-INS\tASP-write\tAUX,I have written my name with a pen.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-148,67,Sama juga lu bole lapat olang tua punya balang punya wang.,Sama\tjuga\tlu\tbole\tlapat\tolang\ttua\tpunya\tbalang\tpunya\twang.,COM\talso\t2SG\tcan\tget\tperson\told\tPOSS\tthing\tPOSS\tmoney,"Together with [it], you can also get the old man’s things [and] money.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-149,67,Jadi ini luwa olang ah diaolang ada bawa ah satu anjing sama itu tali chain.,Jadi\tini\tluwa\tolang\tah\tdiaolang\tada\tbawa\tah\tsatu\tanjing\tsama\titu\ttali\tchain.,so\tDEM\ttwo\tperson\tTOP\t3PL\thave\tcarry\tFILL\tone\tdog\twith\tDEM\trope\tchain,"So, these two people, they did bring a dog tied to a chain.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-85,68,Katong tinggal deng sapa?,Katong\ttinggal\tdeng\tsapa?,1PL\tlive\twith\twho,With whom should we stay?,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-58,70,Kaise ek taim Simi tum-log senge jao.,Kaise\tek\ttaim\tSimi\ttum-log\tsenge\tjao.,how\tone\ttime\tSimi\t2-PL\ttogether\tgo,How was the time Simi and you all went together?,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-59,70,Wai u-lon ke sate baito.,Wai\tu-lon\tke\tsate\tbaito.,3SG.EMPH\t3-PL\tACC\tCOM\tCOP,It was that one who was with them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-123,71,Wau ike kela Moaka hele mai me ka pahi.,Wau\tike\tkela\tMoaka\thele\tmai\tme\tka\tpahi.,1SG\tsee\tDET\tMoaka\tgo\tDIR\tCOM\tDEF\tknife,I saw Moaka coming with his knife.,,,,naturalistic written -72-102,72,I bin hiya na nyanuny Mamiyawung.,I\tbin\thiya\tna\tnyanuny\tMami-yawung.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\there\tFOC\t3SG.DAT\tmother-COM,She's here with her mother.,,,fee431716523074a9cba83d6f7e7ebc1,naturalistic spoken -72-103,72,An kengkaru i bin kilim kurrupartuyawung dat karungku.,An\tkengkaru\ti\tbin\tki-lim\tkurrupartu-yawung\tdet\tkaru-ngku.,and\tkangaroo\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\thit-TR\tboomerang-INS\tDET\tchild-ERG,And the child hit the kangaroo with a boomerang.,,,9300c524b216fad53a9fc320b776304f,peer elicitation -72-104,72,Dei bin luk det ngakparn gat nyanuny femli.,Dei\tbin\tluk\tdet\tngakparn\tgat\tnyanuny\tfemli.,3PL.SBJ\tPST\tsee\tthe\tfrog\tCOM\t3SG.DAT\tfamily,They saw the frog with his family.,,,1e6eee5c25410c4670545db73c6e8bdb,narrative -72-105,72,Dat karungku i bin jayijayi im dat kengkaru gat spiya.,Dat\tkaru-ngku\ti\tbin\tjayijayi\tim\tdat\tkengkaru\tgat\tspiya.,the\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tchase\t3SG.OBJ\tthe\tkangaroo\twith\tspear,The kid chased the kangaroo with a spear.,,,21f5200b840b1998d5cb76caac460e29,peer elicitation -73-73,73,Fernando taytanlla parisixun,Fernando\ttayta-n-lla\tparisi-xu-n,Fernando\tfather-INS-DELIM\tresemble-PROG-3,Fernando looks like his father.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-106,74,Sáli yáka mámuk kánim kápa skin.,Sáli\tyáka\tmámuk\tkánim\tkápa\tskin.,Sally\t3SG\tmake\tcanoe\twith\tskin,Sally made a canoe with/out of skins.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-107,74,Sáli yáka tans kánamakwst Ben.,Sáli\tyáka\ttans\tkánamakwst\tBen.,Sally\t3SG\tdance\ttogether\tBen,Sally dances with Ben.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-176,75,Zhaan kiipeetuhteew avek omaamaa(wa) / omaamaawa.,Zhaan kii-pee-tuhtee-w avek o-maamaa / o-maamaa-wa.,John PST-TOWARDS.SPEAKER-go-3SG with 3.POSS-mother   3.POSS-mother-OBV,John came with his mother.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-177,75,Zhan dan lii muuvii kiituhteew pi peeshaaweew Maari.,Zhan\tdan\tlii\tmuuvii\tkii-tuhtee-w\tpi\tpeeshaaw-eew\tMaari.,John\tPREP.LOC\tART.PL\tmovie\tPST-go-3\tand\tbring.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tMary,John went to the movies with Mary. OR: John went to the movies and he brought Mary.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-178,75,Wiichimaentaweemaenw.,Wiichi-meetawee-m-eew.,together.with-play-TR-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,He plays (together) with him.,,,,naturalistic written -1-169,1,Dem sa moessoe gie dem na granman nanga couroutoe abara.,Den\tsa\tmusu\tgi\tden\tna\tgranman\tnanga\tkrutu\tabra.,3PL\tFUT\tmust\tgive\t3PL\tto\tgovernor\twith/and\tcourt\tover,They should hand them over to the governor and the court.,,,,written -1-170,1,Em tata nanga em mama dedee.,En\ttata\tnanga\ten\tmama\tdede.,3SG\tfather\twith/and\t3SG\tmother\tbe(come).dead,His father and his mother are dead.,,,,written -1-171,1,"Teh hem tatta en mamma si hem, dem tronnfuru.","Te\ten\ttata\tèn\tmama\tsi\ten,\tden\ttronfuru.",when\t3SG\tfather\tand\tmother\tsee\t3SG\t3PL\tbe.astonished,"When his father and mother saw him, they were astonished.",,,,written -1-172,1,Kaba som Phariseman nanga bukuman va Jerusalem komm na Jesus.,Kaba\tsom\tFariseman\tnanga\tbukuman\tfu\tYerusalem\tkon\tna\tYesus.,and\tsome\tPharisee\twith/and\tscribe\tfrom\tJerusalem\tcome\tLOC\tJesus,And some Pharisees and scribes from Jerusalem came to Jesus.,,,,written -2-177,2,So den losi pom nanga kuku nanga ala den sortu sani.,So\tden\tlosi\tpom\tnanga\tkuku\tnanga\tala\tden\tsortu\tsani.,so\t3PL\tbake\tpom\tand\tcake\tand\tall\tthe.PL\tkind\tthing,That’s how they baked pom and cake and all that stuff.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-178,2,Anansi ben prei wan triki nanga Kakalaka nanga Kafowru.,Anansi\tben\tprei\twan\ttriki\tnanga\tKakalaka\tnanga\tKafowru.,Anansi\tPST\tplay\ta\ttrick\twith\tcockroach\tand\tchicken,Anansi played a trick on Cockroach and Chicken.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-179,2,Tyari a karaaf nanga wan kan gi mi.,Tyari\ta\tkaraaf\tnanga\twan\tkan\tgi\tmi.,carry\tDET\tpitcher\tand\tART\tcan\tgive\tme,Fetch the pitcher and a can for me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-85,3,Hén ku Jan náki dí dágu.,Hén\tku\tJan\tnáki\tdí\tdágu.,3SG\tand\tJohn\thit\tDEF.SG\tdog,He and John hit the dog.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-119,4,U o nyan a fisi ya anga den guluntu fi i.,U\to\tnyan\ta\tfisi\tya\tanga\tden\tguluntu\tfi\ti.,We\tFUT\teat\tDET.SG\tfish\there\twith\tDET.PL\tvegetables\tPOSS\tyou,We'll eat this fish with your vegetables.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-120,4,"Eside, Sa M. anga Ba G. dongo te a Soolan.","Eside,\tSa\tM.\tanga\tBa\tG.\tdongo\tte\ta\tSoolan.",yesterday\tMs\tM.\twith\tMr\tB.\tgo.down.river\tuntil\tLOC\tSt.Laurent,Yesterday Ms M and Mr B. went down river to St Laurent du Maroni.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-121,4,We efi i wani da mi o kon anga i ya.,We\tefi\ti\twani\tda\tmi\to\tkon\tanga\ti\tya.,well\tif\tyou\twant\tthen\tI\tFUT\tcome\twith\tyou\there,"Well, if you want me to, then I will come with you now.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-117,5,Meeri an Jaan gu choch.,Meeri\tan\tJaan\tØ\tgu\tchoch.,Mary\tand\tJohn\tCOMPL\tgo\tchurch,Mary and John went to church. OR: John and Mary have gone to church.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-118,5,Jaan go choch wid Meeri,Jaan\tØ\tgo\tchoch\twid\tMeeri,John\tCOMPL\tgo\tchurch\twith\tMary,John went to church with Mary. OR: John has gone to church with Mary.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-171,7,* daag wid kyat naa liv god,* daag wid kyat na-a liv god,  dog with cat NEG-PROG live good,NOT: Dogs and cats do not live well together.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-172,7,Daag naa liv god wid kyat.,Daag\tna-a\tliv\tgod\twid\tkyat.,dog\tNEG-HAB\tlive\tgood\twith\tcat,Dogs do not live well with cats.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-107,8,Mieri an Jan go a paati laas nait.,Mieri\tan\tJan\tgo\ta\tpaati\tlaas\tnait.,Mary\tand\tJohn\tgo\tto\tparty\tlast\tnight,Mary and John went to a party last night.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-108,8,Kom wid mi.,Kom\twid\tmi.,come\twith\t1SG,Come with me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-136,9,I weyt pan laya n̩ djadj.,I\tweyt\tpan\tlaya\tn̩\tdjadj.,3SG\twait\tupon\tlawyer\tand\tjudge,He waited for the lawyer and the judge.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-159,10,"Nou dis yong man had tu pikniny wid ihn waif, wan gyal an wan bwai.","Nou\tdis\tyong\tman\thad\ttu\tpikniny\twid\tihn\twaif,\twan\tgyal\tan\twan\tbwai.",now\tDEM\tyoung\tman\thave.PST\ttwo\tchild\tCOM\t3SG.POSS\twife\tone\tgirl\tand\tone\tboy,"Now this young man had two children with his wife, one girl and one boy.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-160,10,Beda Naansi an Beda Taiga gaan out iina buot.,Beda\tNaansi\tan\tBeda\tTaiga\tgaan\tout\tiina\tbuot.,Brother\tAnansi\tand\tBrother\tTiger\tgo.PFV\tout\tin\tboat,Brother Anansi and Brother Tiger had gone out in a boat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-221,11,Wans opan a taim woz Breda Taiga an Sista Nansi.,Wans\topan\ta\ttaim\twoz\tBreda\tTaiga\tan\tSista\tNansi.,once\tupon\tART.INDF\ttime\tCOP.PST\tBrother\tTiger\tand\tSister\tAnansi,Once upon a time there were Brother Tiger and Sister Anansi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-222,11,A big ship kiem in [...] an di kaptin wi evibadi waz der.,A\tbig\tship\tkiem\tin\t[...]\tan\tdi\tkaptin\twi\tevi-badi\twaz\tder.,ART.INDF\tbig\tship\tcome.PST\tin\t[...]\tand\tART.DEF\tcaptain\twith\tevery-body\tCOP.PST\tDEM.LOC,A big ship came in [...] and the captain and everybody was there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-223,11,"Dis iz a likl intorvyu wid Miss G., in haar niebahud.","Dis\tiz\ta\tlikl\tintorvyu\twid\tMiss\tG.,\tin\thaar\tnieba-hud.",DEM\tCOP.PRS\tART.INDF\tlittle\tinterview\tCOM\tMiss\tG.\tin\t3SG.POSS.F\tneighbour-hood,"This is a small interview with Miss G., in her own neighbourhood.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-224,11,Ai kud sit doun wid di uol piipl an taak wid dem.,Ai\tkud\tsit\tdoun\twid\tdi\tuol\tpiipl\tan\ttaak\twid\tdem.,1SG\tcould\tsit\tdown\tCOM\tART.DEF\told\tpeople\tand\ttalk\tCOM\t3PL,I could sit down with the old people and talk with them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-170,12,"Uh-huh, and after he dead, then I come to Nassau with my other - with my - two of my sister.",[...]\tI\tcome\tto\tNassau\twith\t[...]\ttwo\tof\tmy\tsister.,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tcome[PST]\tto\tNassau\tCOM\t[...]\ttwo\tof\t1SG.POSS\tsister[PL],"[...] [After my father had died,] I came to Nassau with [...] two of my sisters.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-171,12,"Me, my - uh - older sister and my brother, we born in Andros.","Me,\tmy\t[...]\tolder\tsister\tand\tmy\tbrother,\twe\tborn\tin\tAndros.",1SG.SBJ\t1SG.POSS\t[...]\tolder\tsister\tCONJ\t1SG.POSS\tbrother\t1PL.SBJ\tborn\tin\tAndros,"I, my older sister, and my brother were all born in Andros.",,,,naturalistic spoken -14-90,14,Bruce and his friend went to the gym.,Bruce\tand\this\tfriend\twent\tto\tthe\tgym.,Bruce\tand\this\tfriend\twent\tto\tthe\tgym,Bruce and his friend went to the gym.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-98,15,di uman ɛn ĩ pikin dɔn go na os,di\tuman\tɛn\tĩ\tpikin\tdɔn\tgo\tna\tos,ART\twoman\tand\tPOSS\tchild\tPFV\tgo\tLOC\thouse,The woman and her child have gone home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-99,15,di uman dɔn go na os wit ĩ pikin,di\tuman\tdɔn\tgo\tna\tos\twit\tĩ\tpikin,ART\twoman\tPFV\tgo\tLOC\thouse\twith\tPOSS\tchild,The woman went home with her child.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-97,16,wì gò go bai bĩs dɛn gari,wì\tgò\tgo\tbai\tbĩs\tdɛn\tgari,1PL\tFUT\tgo\tbuy\tbeans\tand\tgari,We were going to buy beans and gari.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-113,17,Ìm ànd/wìt dè̱m gò dans.,Ìm\tànd/wìt\tdè̱m\tgò\tdans.,3SG.SBJ\tand/COM\t3PL.SBJ\tIRR\tdance,S/he and they will dance.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-114,17,Ìm gò dans wìt dè̱m.,Ìm\tgò\tdans\twìt\tdè̱m.,3SG.SBJ\tIRR\tdance\tCOM\t3PL.SBJ,S/he will dance with them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-115,17,Ìm gò folo dè̱m dans.,Ìm\tgò\tfolo\tdè̱m\tdans.,3SG.SBJ\tIRR\tfollow.COM\t3PL.SBJ\tdance,S/he will dance with them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-100,18,'Mi an 'yi 'don 'go fo Wum.,Mi\tan\ti\tdon\tgo\tfo\tWum.,1SG\tand/COM\t3SG\tPFV\tgo\tfor\tWum,Me and him have gone to Wum.,,,,published source -18-101,18,Ma pa'pa witi ma ma'mi di 'kom.,Ma\tpapa\twiti\tma\tmama\tdi\tkom.,1SG.POSS\tfather\twith\t1SG.POSS\tmother\tIPFV\tcome,My father and my mother are coming.,,,,published source -18-102,18,I go dans witi dem.,I\tgo\tdans\twiti\tdem.,3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tdance\twith\t3PL.OBL,She/He will dance with them.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-103,18,"'Djesno, a 'de fo 'hos witi 'yi.",Djesno\ta\tde\tfo\thaus\twiti\ti.,now\t1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tfor\thouse\twith\t3SG.OBL,Now I am at home with him.,,,,published source -19-134,19,"Lydia wèt Junior, nà dɛn à sàbí.","Lydia\twèt\tJunior,\tnà\tdɛn\tà\tsàbí.",Lydia\twith\tJunior\tFOC\t3PL.EMPH\t1SG.SBJ\tknow,"Lydia and Junior, it's them that I know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-135,19,Ɔl dì tin we yu àn dan man bìn gɛt [...].,Ɔl\tdì\ttin\twe\tyu\tàn\tdan\tman\tbìn\tgɛt\t[...].,all\tDEF\tthing\tSUBORD\t2SG.EMPH\tand\tthat\tman\tANT\thave\t[...],All the things that you and that man had [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-136,19,È viaja wètàn.,È\tviaja\twèt=àn.,3SG.SBJ\ttravel\twith=3SG.OBJ,She travelled with him.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-98,20,"He hap five piece chiloh, - three piece bull chiloh, and two piece cow chiloh.","He hap five piece chiloh, - three piece bull chiloh, and two piece cow chiloh.",3SG has five CLF child   three CLF bull child and two CLF cow child,He has five children: three boys and two girls.,,,,naturalistic written -22-125,22,Papa wantaim narapla tupla ankol i swim i go lo ailan.,Papa\twantaim\tnara-pla\ttu-pla\tankol\ti\tswim\ti\tgo\tlo\tailan.,father\twith\tother-MOD\ttwo-MOD\tuncle\tPM\tswim\tPM\tgo\tPREP\tisland,Father and two other uncles swam to the island.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-126,22,"Wanpla taim mi, papa na sampla ol ankol, mipla - mipla bin go aut lo si [...].","Wanpla taim mi, papa na sampla ol ankol, mipla - mipla bin go aut lo si [...].",one time 1SG father and some PL uncle 1PL.EXCL   1PL.EXCL PST go out to sea [...],"One time me, father and some uncles we went out to sea [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-116,23,bae yu kam stap wetem yumi mifala nomo,bae\tyu\tkam\tstap\twetem\tyumi\tmifala\tnomo,IRR\t2SG\tcome\tstay\twith\t1PL.INCL\t1PL.EXCL\tonly,You'll just come and stand with us (not them).,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-277,25,Wan wi bin kid mi en he.,Wan\twi\tbin\tkid\tmi\ten\the.,TEMP\t1PL\tPST\tchild\t1SG\tand\t3SG.F,"When we were children, me and her.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-86,26,mi kapo o ɾa bɹaɾaz wi go ap baɪ ɾa waɾə˞ tæŋ,mi\tkapo\to\tɾa\tbɹaɾaz\twi\tgo\tap\tbaɪ\tɾa\twaɾə˞\ttæŋ,1SG.OBL\tcouple\tof\tART\tbrothers\t1PL\tgo\tup\tby\tART\twater\ttank,"Me and a couple of the guys, we go up to the water tank.",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-87,27,Ananshi en/mi Tekoma sinu a lo it.,Ananshi\ten/mi\tTekoma\tsinu\ta\tlo\tit.,Ananshi\tand/with\tTekoma\t3PL\tPST\tgo\tout,Ananshi and Tekoma went outside.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-146,29,Jan en Piet het dit nie gesien nie.,Jan\ten\tPiet\thet\tdit\tnie\tge-sien\tnie.,John\tand\tPete\tPST\t3SG.N\tNEG\tPTCP-see\tNEG,John and Pete did not see it.,,,,naturalistic written -29-147,29,Jan het met Marie gaan kyk.,Jan\thet\tmet\tMarie\tgaan\tkyk.,John\tPST\twith\tMary\tgo\tlook.INF,John went with Mary to have a look.,,,,naturalistic written -30-154,30,"Obi li, mi ku Djonsinhu li nu tene un grándi prubléma.","Obi\tli,\tmi\tku=Djonsinhu\tli\tnu=tene\tun=grándi\tprubléma.",hear\there\t1SG\twith=little.John\there\t1PL=have\ta=big\tproblem,"Listen, I and Little John, we have a big problem.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-155,30,Éra un bes un ómi ku si mudjer.,Era\tun=bes\tun=ómi\tku=si=mudjer.,be.ANT\tART.INDF=time\tART.INDF=man\twith=3SG.POSS=woman,Once upon a time there were a man and his wife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-128,31,Nu ten nos mai ku nos pai.,Nu\tten\tnos\tmai\tku\tnos\tpai.,we\thave\tour\tmother\twith\tour\tfather,We have our mother and father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-116,32,Mi má Adrianu trubaiá djunt n'un bárk.,Mi\tma\tAdrianu\ttrubaiá\tdjunt\tna\tun\tbark.,1SG\tand/with\tAdrianu\twork\ttogether\ton\tDET\tship,Adrianu and I worked together on a ship.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-117,32,Relasãu entre mi y nha mãi senpr foi mut bon.,Relasãu\tentre\tmi\ty\tnha\tmãi\tsenpr\tfoi\tmut\tbon.,relationship\tbetween\t1SG\tand\tPOSS.1SG\tmother\talways\tCOP.PST\tvery\tgood,The relationship between my mother and me was always very good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-140,33,N’bay praya ku Maria.,N-bay\tpraia\tku\tMaria.,1SG-go.PST\tbeach\tCOM\tMaria,I went to the beach with Maria.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-141,33,Ami ku Maria no bay praya.,Ami\tku\tMaria\tno\tbay\tpraya.,1SG.EMPH\twith\tMaria\t1PL\tgo\tbeach,Maria and I went to the beach.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-143,33,"N’tene des limaria: un gatu, dus baka, tris katcur ku kuatru kobra.","N-tene\tdes\tlimaria:\tun\tgatu,\tdus\tbaka,\ttris\tkatcur\tku\tkuatru\tkobra.",1SG-have.PRS\tten\tanimal\tone\tcat\ttwo\tcow\tthree\tdog\tand\tfour\tsnake,"I have ten animals: one cat, two cows, three dogs, and four snakes.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-112,34,Mariya bay Sicor ku Joŋ. ~ Mariya bay ku Joŋ Sicor.,Mariya ø bay Sicor ku Joŋ. ~ Mariya ø bay ku Joŋ Sicor.,Mary PFV go Ziguinchor with John   Mary PFV go with John Ziguinchor,Mary went to Ziuguinchor with John.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-113,34,Mariya bay Sicor juntu ku Joŋ. ~ Mariya bay juntu ku Joŋ Sicor.,Mariya ø bay Sicor juntu ku Joŋ. ~ Mariya ø bay juntu ku Joŋ Sicor.,Mary PFV go Ziguinchor together with John   Mary PFV go together with John Ziguinchor,Mary went to Ziuguinchor with John.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-196,34,Mariya ku Joŋ bay Sicor.,Mariya\tku\tJoŋ\tø\tbay\tSicor.,Mariya\twith\tJoŋ\tPFV\tgo\tZiguinchor,Mary and John went to Ziguinchor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-156,35,Zon ba ple ku Zwana.,Zon\tba\tple\tku\tZwana.,Zon\tgo\tbeach\twith\tZwana,Zon went to the beach with Zwana.,,,,constructed by linguist -35-157,35,Mosu ku mina xiga palaxu.,Mosu\tku\tmina\txiga\tpalaxu.,boy\twith\tgirl\tarrive\tpalace,The boy and the girl arrived at the palace.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-92,36,Peru ki Dho ba potho.,Peru\tki\tDho\tba\tpotho.,Peter\twith\tJohn\tgo\ttown,Peter and John went to town.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-116,37,Ufôgô ki gazolina nimigu.,Ufôgô\tki\tgazolina\tnimigu.,fire\twith\tpetrol\tenemy,Fire and petrol are enemies.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-132,38,Sém sxama mavida ku memu.,Se-amu\tsxa-ma\tmavida\tku\tmai-mu.,RES-1SG\tTMA-take\tsuffering\twith\tmother-1SG,And I suffered together with my mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-133,38,mému ku pému,mai-mu\tku\tpai-mu,mother-1SG\twith\tfather-1SG,my mother and father,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-133,39,Nə Go yo te bastãt cousin i auntie.,Nə\tGo\tyo\tte\tbastãt\t\ti\t.,LOC\tGoa\t1SG\thave.NPST\tmany\tcousin\tand\tauntie,I have many cousins and aunties in Goa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-99,40,Marid ani muler əkə pel tumo nə kabes.,Marid\tani\tmuler\təkə\tpel\ttumo\tnə\tkabes.,husband\tand\twife\tthat\tskin\ttake.PST\tLOC\thead,The married couple put that (animal) skin on their head.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-100,40,Selestin nɛ̃t su kosid Boməy yaho.,Selestin\tnɛ̃t\tsu\tkosid\tBoməy\tyaho.,Selestin\tgrandchild\tGEN\twith\tMumbai\twent,Selestin went to Mumbai with her grandchild.,,,,constructed by linguist -42-123,42,Juáng ja bái káza ku María,Juáng\tja\tbái\tkáza\tku\tMaría,Juáng\tPFV\tgo\thouse\tCOM\tMaría,Juáng went home with María.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-124,42,yo sa papa ku yo sa kanyong ta bai mar,yo\tsa\tpapa\tku\tyo\tsa\tkanyong\tta\tbai\tmar,1SG\tGEN\tfather\tCOM\t1SG\tGEN\telder.brother\tPROG\tgo\tsea,My father and my brother are going fishing.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-125,42,yo sa papa ta bai mar ku yo sa kanyong,yo\tsa\tpapa\tta\tbai\tmar\tku\tyo\tsa\tkanyong,1SG\tGEN\tfather\tPROG\tgo\tsea\tCOM\t1SG\tGEN\telder.brother,My father is going fishing with my elder brother.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-82,43,"Tridji koler, faka kung garfu.","Tridji\tkoler,\tfaka\tkung\tgarfu.",bring\tspoon\tknife\twith\tfork,"Bring a spoon, a knife, and a fork.",,,,pedagogical grammar -44-128,44,Ya indá na merkádo Dzing Dzing i Lébi.,Ya\tindá\tna\tmerkádo\tDzing\tDzing\ti\tLébi.,PFV\tgo\tLOC\tmarket\tJing\tJing\tand\tLevi,Jing Jing and Levi went to the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-129,44,Ya andá húnto yo kon éle.,Ya\tandá\thúnto\tyo\tkon\téle.,PFV\tgo\ttogether\t1SG\twith\t3SG,I went together with her.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-130,46,Kyére-kyére yo komé prútas pati gúlay.,Kyére-kyére\tyo\tkomé\tprútas\tpati\tgúlay.,want-want\t1SG\teat\tfruit\tand\tvegetable,I like eating fruits and vegetables.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-142,47,Ela kumpra pan i keshi.,El\ta\tkumpra\tpan\ti\tkeshi.,3SG\tPFV\tbuy\tbread\tand\tcheese,He bought bread and cheese.,,,,published source -47-143,47,Ela kumpra pan ku keshi.,El\ta\tkumpra\tpan\tku\tkeshi.,3SG\tPFV\tbuy\tbread\twith\tcheese,He bought a cheese sandwich. OR: He bought bread and cheese,,,,published source -48-131,48,¿Bo a polé bae ku ele?,¿Bo\ta\tpolé\tbae\tku\tele?,you.SG\tPST\tcan\tgo\twith\thim/her,Could you go with him/her? OR: Were you able to go with him/her?,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-132,48,Ele ku yo tan pa loyo.,Ele\tku\tyo\ttan\tpa\tloyo.,he/she\twith\tI\tgo\tfor\tcreek,He/she and I go to the creek.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-218,49,Ou di m w al ak Yv.,Ou\tdi\tm\tw\tal\tak\tYv.,2SG\tsay\t3SG\t2SG\tgo\tCOM\tYves,You tell me you went with Yves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-219,49,Jan ak Mari ap pase devan on magazen soulye.,Jan\tak\tMari\tap\tpase\tdevan\ton\tmagazen\tsoulye.,Jean\tCONJ\tMarie\tINACC\tgo.past\tbefore\tINDF\tshop\tshoe,Jean and Marie are going past a shoe shop.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-221,49,Li pèdi manman n a papa l.,Li\tpèdi\tmanman\tn\ta\tpapa\tl.,3SG\thas.lost\tmother\t3SG\tand\tfather\t3SG,He/She lost his/her mother and his/her father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-222,49,Li rive ansanm avèk mwen.,Li\trive\tansanm\tavèk\tmwen.,3SG\tarrive\ttogether\twith\t1SG,He/She arrived at the same time as I.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-223,49,Li prale ansanm avèk mwen.,Li\tprale\tansanm\tavèk\tmwen.,3SG\tPROG.go\ttogether\twith\t1SG,He/She is leaving with me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-127,50,Jòj épi Jéra ay péché.,Jòj\tépi\tJéra\tay\tpéché.,George\twith\tGérard\tgo\tfish,George and Gérard went fishing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-128,50,Jòj ay péché épi Jéra.,Jòj\tay\tpéché\tépi\tJéra.,George\tgo\tfish\twith\tGérard,George went fishing with Gérard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-129,50,Jòj é Jéra ay péché.,Jòj\té\tJéra\tay\tpéché.,George\tand\tGérard\tgo\tfish,George and Gerad went fishing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-130,50,Jòj ay péché é Jéra.,Jòj\tay\tpéché\té\tJéra.,George\tgo\tfish\twith\tGérard,George went fishing with Gerard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-131,50,Jòj èvè Jéra ay péché.,Jòj\tèvè\tJéra\tay\tpéché.,George\twith\tGérard\tgo\tfish,George and Gerard went fishing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-132,50,Jòj ay péché èvè Jéra.,Jòj\tay\tpéché\tèvè\tJéra.,George\tgo\tfish\twith\tGérard,George went fishing with Gerard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-115,51,Joj épi Jéra ay péché.,Joj\tépi\tJéra\tay\tpéché.,Joj\twith\tJéra\tgo\tfish,Joj and Jéra went fishing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-116,51,Joj ay péché épi Jéra.,Joj\tay\tpéché\tépi\tJéra.,Joj\tgo\tfish\twith\tJéra,Joj went fishing with Jéra.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-117,51,Joj ek Jéra ay péché.,Joj\tek\tJéra\tay\tpéché.,George\twith\tGérard\tgo\tfish,Geoge and Gérard went fishing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-118,51,Joj ay péché ek Jéra.,Joj\tay\tpéché\tek\tJéra.,George\tgo\tfish\twith\tGérard,Geoge went fishing with Gérard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-119,51,Joj é Jéra ay péché.,Joj\té\tJéra\tay\tpéché.,George\twith\tGérard\tgo\tfish,George and Gérard went fishing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-120,51,Joj ay péché é Jéra.,Joj\tay\tpéché\té\tJéra.,George\tgo\tfish\twith\tGérard,Geoge went fishing with Gérard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-265,53,Bouki e Lapen je te travaje onsom.,Bouki\te\tLapen\tje\tte\ttravaje\tonsom.,Bouki\tand\tRabbit\t3PL\tPST\twork\ttogether,Bouki and Rabbit worked together.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-266,53,Te gen en mile ave en chval.,Te\tgen\ten\tmile\tave\ten\tchval.,PST\thave\tINDF.ART\tmule\twith\tINDF.ART\thorse,(I) had a mule and a horse.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-267,53,Mo gen en fiy ave en gason dan Kalifourni.,Mo\tgen\ten\tfiy\tave\ten\tgason\tdan\tKalifourni.,1SG\thave\tART.INDF\tdaughter\twith\tART.INDF\tson\tin\tCalifornia,I have a daughter and a son in California.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-268,53,Mo vini la rèste e ye.,Mo\tvini\tla\trèste\te\tye.,1SG\tcome\tthere\tlive\twith\t3PL,I came here to live with them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-269,53,trwa lafunet e en lapòt,trwa\tlafunet\te\ten\tlapòt,three\twindow\tand\tART.INDF\tdoor,three windows and a door,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-270,53,Compair Lapin vini avé so baqué.,Compair\tLapin\tvini\tavé\tso\tbaqué.,Brother\tRabbit\tcome\twith\t3SG.POSS\tbucket,Brother Rabbit came with his bucket.,,,,naturalistic written -53-271,53,Li te vini pase en dimonch avet nouzòt.,Li\tte\tvini\tpase\ten\tdimonch\tavet\tnouzòt.,3SG\tPST\tcome\tspend\tART.INDF\tSunday\twith\t1PL,She came to spend a Sunday with us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-150,54,Le papa ek le maman lé trakasé.,Lë\tpapa\tek\tlë\tmaman\tle\ttrakase.,DEF\tfather\twith\tDEF\tmother\tCOP.PRS\tworried,The father and the mother are worried.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-151,54,In dalon sé sak i koup la kane èk moin.,En\tdalon\tse\tsa\tk\ti\tkoup\tla\tkann\tek\tmwen.,INDF\tcompanion\tCOP\tDEM\tREL\tFIN\tcut\tDEF\tcane\twith\tme,"A ""dalon"" is the person who cuts sugar cane with me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-152,54,Lavé zis patat ansanm dé trwa pyé kann.,Lave\tzis\tpatat\tansanm\tdetrwa\tpye\tkann.,PST.EXIST\tonly\tsweet.potatoes\twith\tsome\tplant\tsugar.cane.,There were only sweet potatoes and some sugar cane plants.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-153,54,[...] ma amenn sanb moin.,[...]\tma\tamenn\tsanm\tmwen.,[...]\t1SG.FUT\ttake\twith\tme,[...] I will take it with me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-154,54,Zan Pyer é Zan René,Zan-Pyer\te\tZan-Rene,Jean-Pierre\tand\tJean-René,Jean-Pierre and Jean-René,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-125,55,papi ek mami pre pu ale zot usi,papi\tek\tmami\tpre\tpu\tale\tzot\tusi,dad\twith\tmum\tready\tfor\tgo\t3PL\ttoo,"Daddy and Mum are ready to go, them too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-136,56,Mari ek Pyer,Mari\tek\tPyer,Mari\twith/and\tPyer,Mari and Pyer,,,,constructed by linguist -57-75,57,frer-ta epi ser-ta le vja?,frer-ta\tepi\tser-ta\tle\tvja?,brother-POSS.2SG\tCONJ\tsister-POSS.2SG\tSI\tcome,Are your brother and sister coming?,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-76,57,ma fe vwajaʃ ave(k) Marie pu visite Tahiti,ma\tfe\tvwajaʃ\tave(k)\tMarie\tpu\tvisite\tTahiti,1SG\tmake\ttrip\tCOM\tMarie\tPURP\tvisit\tTahiti,I made a trip with Marie in order to visit Tahiti.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-94,58,Petelo ná Maria me bal-ana.,Petelo\tná\tMaria\tme\tbal-ana.,Peter\tand\tMary\tPRF\tmarry-RECP,Peter and Mary have got married.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-211,59,"laso mbi na mo, i ke gwe biani","laso\tmbi\tna\tmo,\ti\tyeke\tgwe\tbiani",today\t1SG\tPREP\t2SG\t1PL\tCOP\tgo\ttruly,Today we're going for sure.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-212,59,mbi lango na ita ti mbi,mbi\tlango\tna\tita\tti\tmbi,1SG\tsleep\tPREP\tsibling\tof\t1SG,I lived with my sibling.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-213,59,mama ti mbi asara na mbi na melenge,mama\tti\tmbi\ta-sara\tna\tmbi\tna\tmelenge,mother\tof\t1SG\tPM-do\tPREP\t1SG\tPREP\tchild,My mother did it to (for) me when I was a child.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-99,60,Pierre akendákí na mwána,Pierre\ta-kend-ákí\tna\tmwána,Pierre\t3SG-go-PST\twith\tchild,Pierre went with the child.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-100,60,Pierre na mwána bakendákí,Pierre\tna\tmwána\tba-kend-ákí,Pierre\tand\tchild\t3PL-go-PST,Pierre and the child went away.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-73,61,Lo John na lo Jane yena hambile lapha Thegwin.,Lo\tJohn\tna\tlo\tJane\tyena\thamb-ile\tlapha\tThegwin.,DEF.ART\tJohn\tCOM\tDEF.ART\tJane\tthey\tgo-PST\tDAT\tDurban,John and Jane went to Durban. OR: John went with Jane to Durban OR: John went to Durban with Jane.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-67,62,ikádo na wé,ikado\tna\twe,ten\twith\tone,eleven,,,,elicited from speaker -62-68,62,sikayó na ári,si-ka-yo\tna\tárí,1SG.NEG-NEG.FUT-speak\twith\tyou,I won't talk to you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-133,63,núbi ta Kíbra ma Mombása ma ‘endisi tofaúti,núbi\tta\tKíbra\tma\tMombása\tma\t‘endisi\ttofaúti,Nubi\tGEN\tKibera\twith\tMombasa\tNEG\thave\tdifference,The Nubi of Kibera and the ones of Mombasa are not different.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-134,63,úmun já ma British,úmun\tjá\tma\tBritish,3PL\tcome\twith\tBritish,They came with the British.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-135,63,síta u arbaín,síta\tu\tarbaín,six\tand\tforty,forty six,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-137,63,kan bes anás ta Mijikénda u anás ta Rabái,kan\tbes\tanás\tta\tMijikénda\tu\tanás\tta\tRabái,ANT\tonly\tpeople\tGEN\tMijikenda\tand\tpeople\tGEN\tRabai,There was just the Mijikenda and the Rabai.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-146,64,ána wa úo anína gum rúwa fi salakána,ána\twa\túo\tanína\tgum\trúwa\tfi\tsalakána,1SG\tand\t3SG\t1PL\tget.up\tgo\tin\tSalakana,"Me and him, we made our way toward Salakana.",,,,constructed by linguist -64-147,64,banát bigum ma awlád,ban-át\tbi=gum\tma\tawlád,girl-PL\tIRR=get.up\twith\tboy.PL,The girls get up with the boys.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-110,65,"Xeʧzu kapusa kupila, salata, muka ise kupila.","Xeʧzu\tkapusa\tkupi-la,\tsalata,\tmuka\tise\tkupi-la.",Xeczu\tcabbage\tbuy-PFV\tlettuce\tflour\tmore\tbuy-PFV,"Xeczu bought cabbage, lettuce and flour.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-111,65,"Nada trista dewuʃəka, trista mal'ʧika.","Nada\ttrista\tdewuʃəka,\ttrista\tmal'ʧika.",need\tthree.hundred\tgirl\tthree.hundred\tboy,Three hundred boys and three hundred girls were needed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-83,66,Kitampəðə lorika ka buttulkəmauan buk-pəðə yangle tua kenderapəðəyangle e-sumpang (aðA).,Kitang-pəðə\tlori\tka\tbuttulkəmauan\tbuk-pəðə-yang-le\ttua\tkendera-pəðə-yang-le\te-sumpang\t(aðA).,1PL-PL\tlorry\tin\tinteresting\tbook-PL-ACC.DEF-COM\told\tchair-PL-ACC.DEF-COM\tASP-put\t(AUX),We have put interesting books and old chairs in the truck.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-85,66,Gope sudaara dia-pe kudaali-pəðə sama luarna epi (aða).,Go-pe\tsudaara\tdia-pe\tkudaali-pəðə\tsama\tluar-na\te-pi\t(aða).,1SG-POSS\tsibling\t3SG-POSS\tfriend-PL\twith\toutside-DAT\tASP-go\t(AUX),My brother went away last weekend with his friends.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-150,67,"Saya suka pergi market pun, beli barang, beli ikan sama udang.","Saya\tsuka\tpergi\tmarket\tpun,\tbeli\tbarang,\tbeli\tikan\tsama\tudang.",1SG\tlike\tgo\tmarket\talso\tbuy\tthing\tbuy\tfish\tand\tprawn,"I also love to go to the market, buying things, buying fish and prawns.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-151,67,Saya minum kope dan loti ah sarapan pagi.,Saya\tminum\tkope\tdan\tloti\tah\tsarapan\tpagi.,1SG\tdrink\tcoffee\tand\tbread\tTOP\tbreakfast\tmorning,I drink coffee and bread for breakfast.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-152,67,Saya tinggal sama tak Melayu.,Saya\ttinggal\tsama\ttak\tMelayu.,1SG\tlive\tsame\tNEG\tMalay,I lived with non-Malays.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-153,67,Sekarang banyak orang cerita sama orang Puteh.,Sekarang\tbanyak\torang\tcerita\tsama\torang\tPuteh.,now\tmany\tperson\tspeak\twith\tperson\twhite,Now many people speak English.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-154,67,Tony ada dua anak jantan dan dua anak perempuan.,Tony\tada\tdua\tanak\tjantan\tdan\tdua\tanak\tperempuan.,Tony\thave\ttwo\tchild\tmale\tand\ttwo\tchild\tfemale,Tony had two sons and two daughters.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-86,68,"Des, papa deng mama seng mara-mara lai, su bai.","Des,\tpapa\tdeng\tmama\tseng\tmara~mara\tlai,\tsu\tbai.",so\tfather\tand\tmother\tNEG\tangry~angry\tagain\talready\tgood,"So, father and mother were not angry anymore, everything was okay.",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-54,69,Kayan kandək Paput kandək mambi mariakənan,Kayan\tkandək\tPaput\tkandək\tmambi\tmariakə-nan,Kayan\tOBL\tPaput\tOBL\tagain\ttalk-NONFUT,Kayan and Paput spoke.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-124,71,"Wau me Ah Tini So, Aho, noho ma ka lumi paina.","Wau\tme\tAh\tTini\tSo,\tAho,\tnoho\tma\tka\tlumi\tpaina.",1SG\twith\tAh\tTini\tSo\tAho\tstay\tLOC\tDEF\troom\tmeal,"Ah Tini So, Aho, and I were in the dining room.",,,,naturalistic written -71-125,71,George Bell Jr. a me Kawai hele malalo.,George\tBell\tJr.\ta\tme\tKawai\thele\tmalalo.,George\tBell\tJr.\tand\twith\tKawai\tgo\tdown,George Bell Jr. and Kawai went down.,,,,naturalistic written -71-126,71,Maua halawai me Naukana.,Maua\thalawai\tme\tNaukana.,1DU\tmeet\twith\tNaukana,The two of us met with Naukana.,,,,naturalistic written -71-127,71,Henry huipu wau inu akahi omole.,Henry\thuipu\twau\tinu\takahi\tomole.,Henry\ttogether.with\t1SG\tdrink\tone\tbottle,Henry and I drank one bottle (of beer).,,,,naturalistic written -72-106,72,Ngapujuyawung i bin gubek.,Ngapuju-yawung\ti\tbin\tgu-bek.,grandmother-COM\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo-back,She went back with her grandmother.,,,79af8efad47e4710272f38daca059e59,naturalistic spoken -72-107,72,Dat karu an dat warlakungku dei bin luk olda yapakayiwan ngakparnwalija.,Dat\tkaru\tan\tdat\twarlaku-ngku\tdei\tbin\tluk\tolda\tyapakayi-wan\tngakparn-walija.,the\tchild\tand\tthe\tdog-ERG\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tlook\tall\tsmall-NMLZ\tfrog-PAUC,The child and the dog looked at all of the small frogs.,,,988c773e0934a4cc5383c8d646b72e58,narrative -72-108,72,Dei bin luk det ngakparn gat nyanuny femli.,Dei\tbin\tluk\tdet\tngakparn\tgat\tnyanuny\tfemli.,3PL.SBJ\tPST\tsee\tthe\tfrog\tCOM\t3SG.DAT\tfamily,They saw the frog with his family.,,,1e6eee5c25410c4670545db73c6e8bdb,narrative -73-75,73,mariyaun pedrun,mariya-un\tpedru-n,Mary-INS\tPeter-INS,Mary and Peter,,,,naturalistic adapted -74-108,74,náyka mákmak sáplil pi uláli,náyka\tmákmak\tsáplil\tpi\tuláli,1SG\teat\tbread\tand\tberries,I eat bread and berries.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-109,74,náyka mámuk xwim stik kánamakwst Ben,náyka\tmámuk\txwim\tstik\tkánamakwst\tBen,1SG\tmake\tfall\tstick\ttogether\tBen,I fell trees in Ben’s company.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-110,74,hayás tlaxáwya kánamakwst náyka úlman,hayás\ttlaxáwya\tkánamakwst\tnáyka\túlman,much\tmiserable\ttogether\t1SG\told,I was very miserable with my wife.,,,,narrative -74-189,74,łas mílayt ixt lamyái pi kwí’im,łas\tmílayt\tixt\tlamyái\tpi\tkwí’im,3PL\tsit\tone\told.woman\tand\tgrandchild,An old woman and her grandchild lived there.,,,,narrative -75-179,75,Taapwee awena chipamihaat eekwa ohi la kariol pi lii zhvoo.,Taapwee\tawena\tchi-pamih-aat\teekwa\tohi\tla\tkariol\tpi\tlii\tzhvoo.,really\twho\tCOMP.FUT-drive.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tnow\tDEM.PROX.OBV\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tcarriage\tand\tART.PL\thorse.PL,"Really, who was now going to drive this carriage and the horses?",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-180,75,li praens pi sii servan,li\tpraens\tpi\tsii\tservan,DEF.ART.M.SG\tprince\tand\tPOSS.3PL\tservant,the prince and his servants,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-181,75,lii zhvooo [...] avek lii boo harnwe miina lii boo zartelaazh,lii\tzhvooo\t[...]\tavek\tlii\tboo\tharnwe\tmiina\tlii\tboo\tzartelaazh,ART.PL\thorse.PL\t[...]\twith\tART.PL\tbeautiful.M\tharness\talso\tART.PL\tbeautiful.M\tbridle,horses [...] with good harnesses as well as good bridles,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-182,75,Pi li rwe eekwa la renn iteewak.,Pi\tli\trwe\teekwa\tla\trenn\tit-eew-ak.,then/and\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tking\tand\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tqueen\tsay.TR-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-PL,And the King and the Queen said to him:,,,,naturalistic spoken -1-173,1,Joe buy gi wini en takki homan potti taffele.,Yu\tboi\tgi\twini\tèn\ttaki\tuma\tpoti\ttafra.,2SG\tboy\tgive\twine\tand\tsay\twoman\tput\ttable,"You boy, serve some wine and tell the women to set the table.",,,,written -1-174,1,"Mi tatta de worko teh tideh, kaba mi de worko tu.","Mi\ttata\tde\twroko\tte\ttide,\tkaba\tmi\tde\twroko\ttu.",1SG\tfather\tASP\twork\tuntil\ttoday\tand\t1SG\tASP\twork\ttoo,My father is working until today and I keep working too.,,,,written -2-180,2,Yu e go na a mma dan yu o taki.,Yu\te\tgo\tna\ta\tmma\tdan\tyu\to\ttaki.,2SG\tIPFV\tgo\tLOC\tDET\tmother\tthen\t2SG\tFUT\ttalk,You’d go to the mother and you’d speak.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-181,2,Boiki papa ben prani gruntu èn a ben kewki fowru nanga wan kaw.,Boiki\tpapa\tben\tprani\tgruntu\tèn\ta\tben\tkewki\tfowru\tnanga\twan\tkaw.,Boiki\tfather\tPST\tplant\tvegetable\tand\t3SG\tPST\traise\tchicken\twith\tART\tcow,"Boiki’s father grew vegetables, and he raised chickens and a cow.",,,,naturalistic spoken -3-86,3,A náki en hén a kíi en.,A\tnáki\ten\thén\ta\tkíi\ten.,3SG\thit\t3SG\tand.then\t3SG\tkill\t3SG,He hit it and he killed it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-87,3,wan mbéti fátu súti-wan,wan\tmbéti\tfátu\tsúti-wan,a\tanimal\tfat\tsweet-one,a fat and sweet piece of meat,,,,elicited from speaker -3-88,3,mi ku én,mi\tku\tén,1SG\tand\t3SG,me and him,,,,elicited from speaker -4-122,4,Baa B. be e sikiifi biifi da Baa D. be e leisi buku.,Baa\tB.\tbe\te\tsikiifi\tbiifi\tda\tBaa\tD.\tbe\te\tleisi\tbuku.,Mr\tB.\tPST\tIPFV\twrite\tletter\tthen/and\tMr\tD.\tPST\tIPFV\tread\tbook,Mr B. was writing letters and Mr D. was reading.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -4-123,4,Baa Dagu anga Baa Koo be go piki manyan.,Baa\tDagu\tanga\tBaa\tKoo\tbe\tgo\tpiki\tmanyan.,Mr\tDog\twith\tMr\tTurtle\tPST\tgo\tpick\tmango,Mr Dog and Mr Turtle had gone mango picking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-119,5,an di - leedii ton bak an sok i,an di - leedii ton bak an sok i,and the   lady turn back and suck him,"And the lady in retaliation, sucked his blood. OR: The lady turned back and sucked him (his blood).",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-120,5,mii an Sita gu skuul tugeda,mii\tan\tSita\tgu\tskuul\ttugeda,1SG\tand\tSita\tgo\tschool\ttogether,Sita and I were in school together.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-76,6,Lal an Deena goin Barbados.,Lal\tan\tDeena\tgoin\tBarbados.,Lal\tCONJ\tDeena\tgo.PROG\tBarbados.,Lal and Deena are going to Barbados.,,,,elicited from speaker -6-126,6,Teena wokin an savin shi money.,Teena\twokin\tan\tsavin\tshi\tmoney.,Teena\twork.PROG\tCONJ\tsave.PROG\t3SG.POSS\tmoney,Teena is working and saving her money.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-173,7,Mi an shi de.,Mi\tan\tshi\tde.,1SG\tand\t3SG.F\tCOP.LOC,She and I are together. OR: She and I are in an intimate relationship.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-174,7,Dem laaf an taak tugyeda.,Dem\tlaaf\tan\ttaak\ttugyeda.,3PL\tlaugh\tand\ttalk\ttogether,They laughed and talked to each other.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-109,8,Jan an Mieri kuk an nyam di bikl.,Jan\tan\tMieri\tkuk\tan\tnyam\tdi\tbikl.,John\tand\tMary\tcook\tand\teat\tDET\tvictual,John and Mary cooked and ate the food.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-110,8,Di man an di uman wash di kluoz an kliin di ous.,Di\tman\tan\tdi\tuman\twash\tdi\tkluoz\tan\tkliin\tdi\tous.,DET\tman\tCONJ\tDET\twoman\twash\tDET\tclothes\tCONJ\tclean\tDET\thouse,The man and the woman washed the clothes and cleaned the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-137,9,I kum op n̩ i kom owta di bowt.,I\tkum\top\tn̩\ti\tkom\towta\tdi\tbowt.,3SG\tcome\tup\tand\t3SG\tcome\tout.of\tthe\tboat,He came up and got out of the boat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-161,10,An dehn uopn di doa an ihn gaan iin.,An\tdehn\tuopn\tdi\tdoa\tan\tihn\tgaan\tiin.,and\t3PL\topen\tART.DEF\tdoor\tand\t3SG\tgo.ANT\tin,And they opened the door and he went inside.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-162,10,Beda Naansi an Beda Taiga,Beda\tNaansi\tan\tBeda\tTaiga,Brother\tAnansi\tand\tBrother\tTiger,Brother Anansi and Brother Tiger,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-225,11,flauwa an saalt,flauwa\tan\tsaalt,flour\tand\tsalt,flour and salt,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-226,11,Yu gwan on di biich an yu kech fish.,Yu\tgwan\ton\tdi\tbiich\tan\tyu\tkech\tfish.,2SG\tgo.on\ton\tART.DEF\tbeach\tand\t2SG\tkech\tfish,You go onto the beach and you catch some fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-172,12,"Uh - me and my best friend was on Montague Beach, swimming, and at that time, uh - ain't no one was on the beach, and that was late in the night.",[...]\tme\tand\tmy\tbest\tfriend\twas\ton\tMontague\tBeach\t[...],[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tCONJ\t1SG.POSS\tbest\tfriend\t1PL.COP.PST\ton\tMontague\tBeach\t[...],"[...] me and my best friend were on Montague Beach [and at that time no one was on the beach, and it was late at night].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-173,12,"She have two younger sister, and she jealous.","She\thave\ttwo\tyounger\tsister,\tand\tshe\tjealous.",3SG.SBJ\thave\ttwo\tyounger\tsister[PL]\tCONJ\t3SG.SBJ\tjealous,"She has two younger sisters, and she's jealous.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-131,13,"We will plant potato, and dig potato, and bank əm.","We\twill\tplant\tpotato,\tand\tdig\tpotato,\tand\tbank\təm.",we\twill\tplant\tpotato\tand\tdig\tpotato\tand\tbank\tthem,We would plant potatoes and dig potatoes and bank them.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -14-91,14,Bruce and his friend laughed and danced with each other.,Bruce\tand\this\tfriend\tlaughed\tand\tdanced\twith\teach\tother.,Bruce\tand\this\tfriend\tlaughed\tand\tdanced\twith\teach\tother,Bruce and his friend laughed and danced with each other.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-100,15,di titi di rid ɛn di bɔbɔ di slip,di\ttiti\tdi\trid\tɛn\tdi\tbɔbɔ\tdi\tslip,ART\tgirl\tPROG\tread\tand\tART\tboy\tPROG\tsleep,The girl is reading and the boy is sleeping.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-98,16,dɛ waif ɛn dɛ mɔda dè de insaid rum ɛn dɛ smɔ smɔ pikin dè de,dɛ\twaif\tɛn\tdɛ\tmɔda\tdè\tde\tinsaid\trum\tɛn\tdɛ\tsmɔ~smɔ\tpikin\tdè\tde,ART\twife\tand\tART\tmother\t3PL\tCOP\tinside\troom\tand\tART\tsmall~small\tchild\t3PL\tCOP,The wife and the mother stay in the room and the small children stay (in the room).,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-99,16,so kɔnfjuʃɛn kam bitwin dɛ dagɔmba ɛen dɛn dɛ kɔŋkɔmba pipu,so\tkɔnfjuʃɛn\tkam\tbitwin\tdɛ\tdagɔmba\tɛen\tdɛn\tdɛ\tkɔŋkɔmba\tpipu,so\tconfusion\tcome\tbetween\tART\tDagomba\tand\tthen\tART\tKonkomba\tpeople,So discord arose between the Dagombas and the Konkombas.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-100,16,ì tɛl às mek wì mek wan maf ɛn dɛn klin nima,ì\ttɛl\tàs\tØ\tmek\twì\tmek\twan\tmaf\tɛn\tdɛn\tklin\tnima,3SG\ttell\t1PL.OBL\tØ\tCAUS/IMP\t1PL\tmake\tone\tmouth\tand\tthen\tclean\tNima,He told us to act in unison and clean Nima.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-116,17,Ìm folo yù go tawn bay nyam.,Ìm\tfolo\tyù\tgo\ttawn\tbay\tnyam.,3SG.SBJ\tfollow.COM\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\ttown\tbuy\tyam,S/he and you went to town and bought yams.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-117,17,Ìm ànd yù go tawn (ànd) bay nyam.,Ìm\tànd\tyù\tgo\ttawn\t(ànd)\tbay\tnyam.,3SG.SBJ\tand.COM\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\ttown\t(and)\tbuy\tyam,She and you went to town and bought yams.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-104,18,Mary di rid buk an john di kuk.,Mary\tdi\trid\tbuk\tan\tjohn\tdi\tkuk.,Mary\tIPFV\tread\tbook\tand\tJohn\tIPFV\tcook,Mary is reading a book and John is cooking.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-137,19,[...] è kan syek dì plet àn dì plet kan brok.,[...]\tè\tkan\tsyek\tdì\tplet\tàn\tdì\tplet\tkan\tbrok.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tshake\tDEF\tplate\tand\tDEF\tplate\tPFV\tbreak,[...] he shook the plate and the plate broke.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-138,19,"Pero we à kan mit dis man, we wì bìgín bɔn ìn yon pìkín dɛ̀n.","Pero\twe\tà\tkan\tmit\tdis\tman,\twe\twì\tbìgín\tbɔn\tìn\tyon\tpìkín\tdɛ̀n.",but\tSUBORD\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tmeet\tthis\tman\tSUBORD\t1PL\tbegin\tgive.birth\t3SG.POSS\town\tchild\tPL,"But then/when I met this man, and then we began to have his own children.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-139,19,À gò rɔn à kɛràn go à go hospital.,À\tgò\trɔn\tà\tkɛr=àn\tgo\tà\tgo\thospital.,1SG.SBJ\tPOT\trun\t1SG.SBJ\tcarry=3SG.OBJ\tgo\t1SG.SBJ\tgo\thospital,I would run and take her and go to [the] hospital.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-140,19,Concha fala Princess go viaje.,Concha\tfala\tPrincess\tgo\tviaje.,Concha\tfollow\tPrincess\tgo\tvoyage,Concha and Princess went on a voyage together.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-99,20,Young mandulin man hab see she and want for make buy she.,Young\tmandulin\tman\thab\tsee\tshe\tand\twant\tfor\tmake\tbuy\tshe.,young\tmandarin\tman\tPFV\tsee\t3SG\tand\twant\tfor\tmake\tbuy\t3SG,The young mandarin saw her and wanted to buy her.,,,,naturalistic written -20-100,20,My wantchee some preservoo some pickle.,My\twantchee\tsome\tpreservoo\tsome\tpickle.,1SG\twant\tsome\tpreserve\tsome\tpickle,I want some preserves and some pickles.,,,,naturalistic written -20-101,20,"Becauso my wantchee leavoo out room putee firewood, water, chow chow.","Becauso\tmy\twantchee\tleavoo\tout\troom\tputee\tfirewood,\twater,\tchow\tchow.",because\t1SG\twant\tleave\tout\troom\tput\tfirewood\twater\tfood\tfood,"For I have to leave room to put firewood, water and provisions.",,,,naturalistic written -20-102,20,Makee stand makee wait alla day.,Makee\tstand\tmakee\twait\talla\tday.,make\tstand\tmake\twait\tall\tday,You have to stand and wait there the whole day.,,,,naturalistic written -21-94,21,He and his girlfriend quarrelled.,He\tand\this\tgirlfriend\tquarrell-ed.,3SG\tand\t3SG.POSS\tgirlfriend\tquarrel-PST,He and his girlfriend quarrelled.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-95,21,He cooked and she cleaned.,He\tcook-ed\tand\tshe\tclean-ed.,3SG\tcook-PST\tand\t3SG\tclean-PST,He cooked and she cleaned.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-127,22,Tupela boi na tripela boi mekim faivpela.,Tupela\tboi\tna\ttripela\tboi\tmekim\tfaivpela.,two\tboy\tand\tthree\tboy\tmake\tfive,Two boys and three boys are five boys.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-128,22,Skul i pinis na mi go long ples.,Skul\ti\tpinis\tna\tmi\tgo\tlong\tples.,school\tPM\tfinish\tand\t1SG\tgo\tPREP\tvillage,"School was over, and so I went home.",,,,naturalistic written -23-117,23,mi wetem haosgel blong mifala mitufala i traem blong lukaot,mi\twetem\thaosgel\tblong\tmifala\tmitufala\ti\ttraem\tblong\tlukaot,1SG\twith\thouse.girl\tPOSS\t1PL.EXCL\t1DU\tAGR\ttry\tPURP\tlook.for,Our housegirl and I tried to find him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-118,23,"be man ia i karem masket i stap raed long hos, gel ia i sidaon bihaen","be\tman\tia\ti\tkarem\tmasket\ti\tstap\traed\tlong\thos,\tgel\tia\ti\tsidaon\tbihaen",but\tman\tDEF\tAGR\tcarry\tgun\tAGR\tPROG\tride\tLOC\thorse\tgirl\tDEF\tAGR\tsit.down\tbehind,"But the man took a gun, he was riding on a horse and the girl sat behind him.",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-119,23,[...] from mama blong hem i no wantem mo ol nes oli bisi tumas,[...]\tfrom\tmama\tblong\them\ti\tno\twantem\tmo\tol\tnes\toli\tbisi\ttumas,[...]\tbecause\tmother\tPOSS\t3SG\tAGR\tNEG\twant\tand\tPL\tnurse\tAGR\tbusy\tvery,[...] because her mother didn't want her and the nurses were very busy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-133,24,Se lors all myse screwdriver en se blunted up myse saw.,Ø\tse\tlors\tall\tmyse\tscrewdriver\ten\tse\tblunted\tup\tmyse\tsaw.,Ø\tCOMPL\tloose\tall\tmy\tscrewdriver\tand\tCOMPL\tblunt\tup\tmy\tsaw,You lost all my screwdrivers and blunted my saw.,,,,naturalistic written -24-134,24,Dem gwena giw aklan sam ohren en plan.,Dem\tgwena\tgiw\taklan\tsam\tohren\ten\tplan.,3PL\tFUT\tgive\twe\tsome\torange\tand\tbanana,They are going to give us some oranges and bananas.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-278,25,Wi yusim guyiya bla aidrop en bla dayariya.,Wi\tyus-im\tguyiya\tbla\taidrop\ten\tbla\tdayariya.,1PL\tuse-TR\twild.currant.bush\tDAT/POSS\teyedrop\tand\tDAT/POSS\tdiarrhoea,We use the guyiya plant as eyedrops and [to treat] diarrhoea.,,,,naturalistic written -26-87,26,mi æn papa siŋ æn dans (tugeɾa),mi\tæn\tpapa\tsiŋ\tæn\tdans\t(tugeɾa),1SG.OBL\tand\tPapa\tsing\tand\tdance\t(together),Me and Papa sing and dance together.,,,,constructed by linguist -26-88,26,ju puɾ id in jɔ ka teɪg id hom,ju\tpuɾ\tid\tin\tjɔ\tka\tteɪg\tid\thom,2SG\tput\t3SG\tin\t2SG.POSS\tcar\ttake\t3SG\thome,You put it in your car and take it home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-88,27,Di jungman sal gi ju sābəl en sal gi ju də sapatā́.,Di\tjung-man\tsal\tgi\tju\tsābəl\ten\tsal\tgi\tju\tdə\tsapatā́.,DET\tyoung-man\tFUT\tgive\t2SG\tsword\tand\tFUT\tgive\t2SG\tART.DEF\tshoe,The young man will give you a sword and he will give you a shoe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-89,27,Ananshi en Tekoma sinu a lo it.,Ananshi\ten\tTekoma\tsinu\ta\tlo\tit.,Ananshi\tand\tTekoma\t3PL\tPST\tgo\tout,Ananshi and Tekoma went outside.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-90,27,Am a nē shi jet gōi a gron fo di klēn jung fo jet.,Am\ta\tnē\tshi\tjet\tgōi\ta\tgron\tfo\tdi\tklēn\tjung\tfo\tjet.,3SG\tPST\ttake\t3SG.POSS\tfood\tthrow\tLOC\tground\tfor\tDET\tsmall\tboy\tto\teat,She took his food [and] threw [it] on the ground for the little boy to eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-61,28,"bakofu mɛtɛ kukrit, ju kan jefi eni ka",bakofu\tmɛtɛ\tkukriti\tju\tkan\tjefi\teni\tka,banana\twith\tmaripa.nut\t2SG\tcan\teat\t3PL\tNEG,"Bananas and maripa palmnuts, you cannot eat them (under certain circumstances).",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-148,29,Jan en Marie sing en dans.,Jan\ten\tMarie\tsing\ten\tdans.,John\tand\tMary\tsing\tand\tdance,John and Mary are singing and dancing.,,,,naturalistic written -30-156,30,Ténpu éra di grándi nisisidádi y trabádju ka tenba na bera.,Ténpu\téra\tdi=grándi\tnisisidádi\ty\ttrabádju\tka=ten-ba\tna=bera.,time\tbe.ANT\tof=great\tneed\tand\temployment\tnot=have-ANT\tin=region,It was a time of great need(iness) and there was a lack of employment in the region.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-157,30,"Obi li, mi ku Djonsinhu li nu tene un grándi prubléma.",Obi\tli\tmi\tku=Djonsinhu\tli\tnu=tene\tun=grándi\tprubléma.,hear\there\t1SG\twith=Little.John\there\t1PL=have\ta=big\tproblem,"Listen, I and Little John, we have a big problem.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-131,31,"Familia bai, ka ben, y es te bendeba kes kxon.","Familia\tbai,\tka\tben,\ty\tes\tte\tbendeba\tkes\tkxon.",family\twent\tNEG\tcome\tand\tthey\teven\tsell.ANT\tthe\tterrain,"The family went, did not come back and they even sold the terrains.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-118,32,"un rei y un rainha, el toká y el kantá","un\trei\ty\tun\trainha,\tel\ttoká\ty\tel\tkantá",DET\tking\tand\tDET\tqueen\t3SG\tplay\tand\t3SG\tsing,"a king and a queen, he played and sang",,,,naturalistic written -32-119,32,un rei má un rainha,un\trei\tmá\tun\trainha,DET\tking\tand/with\tDET\tqueen,a king and/with a queen,,,,naturalistic written -33-144,33,Djon ku Ana kume.,Djon\tku\tAna\tkume.,John\tand\tAna\teat.PST,John and Ana ate.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-145,33,E kume i e bibi.,E\tkume\ti\te\tbibi.,3PL\teat.PST\tand\t3PL\tdrink.PST,They ate and drank.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-146,33,E kume e bibi.,E\tkume\te\tbibi.,3PL\teat.PST\t3PL\tdrink,They ate and drank.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-114,34,Mariya ku Joŋ bay Sicor.,Mariya\tku\tJoŋ\tø\tbay\tSicor.,Mary\twith\tJohn\tPFV\tgo\tZiguinchor,Mary and John went to Ziguinchor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-115,34,"Womi-s na labrá, miñjer-us na perentá.","Womi-s\tna\tlabrá,\tmiñjer-us\tna\tperentá.",man-PL\tPROG\tplough\twoman-PL\tPROG\tsow,The men are ploughing and the women are sowing.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-158,35,Ê tava ka lonka n koda.,Ê\ttava\tka\tlonka\tn\tkoda.,3SG\tPST\tIPFV\tsnore\t1SG\twake.up,He was snoring and I woke up.,,,,naturalistic written -35-159,35,Ê panh’e ê bila bi ku ê.,Ê\tpanh’=e\tê\tbila\tbi\tku\tê.,3SG\tpick.up=3SG\t3SG\tturn\tcome\twith\t3SG,He picked it up and brought it back.,,,,naturalistic written -35-160,35,Bô ka xê y ami ten ka ligi bô ba ku ê.,Bô\tka\txê\ty\tami\tten\tka\tligi\tbô\tba\tku\tê.,2SG\tIPFV\tleave\tand\t1SG\talso\tIPFV\tlift.up\t2SG\tgo\twith\t3SG,You leave and I also take you with me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-161,35,Êlê ku mina kaza.,Êlê\tku\tmina\tkaza.,3SG\tand\tgirl\tmarry,He and the girl married.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-93,36,"I a mindji turu thapatu loke, i popi thapatu m thô ki patha ba batê ki nda-ope thapatu ki tha nha.","I\ta\tmindji\tturu\tthapatu\tloke,\ti\tpopi\tthapatu\tm\tthô\tki\tpatha\tba\tbatê\tki\tnda-ope\tthapatu\tki\ttha\tnha.",and\tINDF\tmeasure\tall\tshoe\tcompletely\tand\tprecisely\tshoe\tmy\tFOC\tREL\tpass\tgo\thit\twith\tfoot-print\tshoe\tREL\tCOP\tthere,"And they measured all the shoes, and it was precisely my shoes that corresponded to the footprint which were there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-117,37,Sun arê ki san ranha na udêntu palaxyu.,Sun\tarê\tki\tsan\tranha\tna\tudêntu\tpalaxyu.,mister\tking\twith\tlady\tqueen\tLOC\tinterior\tpalace,The king and the queen were in the palace.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-118,37,Mene sa lê i Maa sa kuxi.,Mene\tsa\tlê\ti\tMaa\tsa\tkuxi.,Mene\tPROG\tread\tand\tMaa\tPROG\tcook,Mene is reading and Mary is cooking.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-134,38,mému ku pému,mai-mu\tku\tpai-mu,mother-1SG\tand\tfather-1SG,my mother and father,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-135,38,Men sa mnaf se men sa gañiaf.,Amu-na\tsa\tmina-f\tse\tamu-na\tsa\tgañia-f.,1SG-NEG\thave\tchild-NEG\tand\t1SG-NEG\thave\tchicken-NEG,I don’t have children and I don’t have chickens.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-134,39,ĩglix i gujərati exam kabo.,ĩglix\ti\tgujərati\t\tkab-o.,English\tand\tGujarati\texam\tfinish-PST,The Gujarati and English exam is over.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-101,40,El tum-o əkə rhupi ani yahoy kadz.,El\ttum-o\təkə\trhupi\tani\tyahoy\tkadz.,3SG\ttake-PST\tthat\trupee\tand\twent\thouse,He took the money and went home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-113,41,"seem, nooyvu kum nɔɔyva andaa, nosa paadrintaa, ""eev ten dizeey taal pesaampa pakazaa falaatu lofalaa","seem,\tnooyvu\tkum\tnɔɔyva\tandaa,\tnosa\tpaadri-ntaa,\t""eev\tteem\tdizeey\ttaal\tpesaam-pa\tpa-kazaa\tfalaatu\tlo-falaa",yes\tgroom\tand\tbride\tgo\t1PL.GEN\tpriest-LOC\t1SG\tPRS.be\tdesire\tsuch\tperson-DAT\tINF-marry\tQUOT\tFUT-say,"Yes, the groom and bride go to our priest and [the groom] says I am willing to marry such-and-such a person.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-126,42,eli ta bebé sura ku ta kumí seba,eli\tta\tbebé\tsura\tku\tta\tkumí\tseba,3SG\tPROG\tdrink\ttoddy\tCOM\tPROG\teat\tpork.ear,He is drinking toddy and eating pork ear.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-127,42,"eli ta bebé sura, ta kumí seba","eli\tta\tbebé\tsura,\tta\tkumí\tseba",3SG\tPROG\tdrink\ttoddy\tPROG\teat\tpig.ear,He is drinking palm wine and eating pig's ear.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-83,43,[...] ile ste trimi e ile fika medu [...].,[...]\tile\tste\ttrimi\te\tile\tfika\tmedu\t[...].,[...]\t3SG\tIPFV\ttremble\tand\t3SG\tbecome\tfear\t[...],[...] he was trembling and became afraid [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-130,44,Lóling y Máyra ta syembrá.,Lóling\ty\tMáyra\tta\tsyembrá.,Loling\tand\tMayra\tIPFV\tplant,Loling and Mayra are gardening.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-131,44,Ta kortá Lóling (i) Máyra ta dáli kel syémbra.,Ta\tkortá\tLóling\t(i)\tMáyra\tta\tdáli\tkel\tsyémbra.,IPFV\tcut\tLoling\t(and)\tMayra\tIPFV\tgive\tDEF\tplant,Loling cuts and Mayra gives the plant.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-112,45,Ta lava Rosa el mga plato y ta limpia Juan el mesa.,Ta\tlava\tRosa\tel\tmga\tplato\ty\tta\tlimpia\tJuan\tel\tmesa.,IPFV\twash\tRosa\tDEF\tPL\tplates\tand\tIPFV\tclean\tJuan\tDEF\ttable,Rosa is washing the plates and Juan is cleaning the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-131,46,Ta-le 'le líbro pati éle ta-kusiná adóbo.,Ta-le\t'le\tlíbro\tpati\téle\tta-kusiná\tadóbo.,IPFV-read\t3SG\tbook\tand\ts/he\tIPFV-cook\tadobo,He is reading a book and s/he is cooking adobo.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-144,47,Nos ta kanta i balia.,Nos\tta\tkanta\ti\tbalia.,1PL\tTNS\tsing\tand\tdance,[Sometimes] we sing and [sometimes] we dance.,,,,both elicited and naturalistic spoken -47-145,47,Nos ta kanta ku balia.,Nos\tta\tkanta\tku\tbalia.,1PL\tTNS\tsing\twith\tdance,We sing and dance [simultaneously].,,,,both elicited and naturalistic spoken -47-146,47,"Mi ta atmirá e strea nan i mi ta bai den manera un soño, ku mi wowo nan habrí.","Mi\tta\tatmirá\te\tstrea\tnan\ti\tmi\tta\tbai\tden\tmanera\tun\tsoño,\tku\tmi\twowo\tnan\thabrí.",1SG\tTNS\tadmire\tDEF\tstar\tPL\tand\t1SG\tTNS\tgo\tin\tlike\tINDF\tdream\twith\t1SG\teye\tPL\topened,I admire the stars and (it is) as if I enter a dream with my eyes open.,,,,published source -48-133,48,Malia ku Ana ta etulé aí kasa Bitto.,Malia\tku\tAna\tta\tetulé\taí\tkasa\tBitto.,Maria\twith\tAna\tPROG\tstudy\tthere\thouse\tVictor,Maria and Ana are studying at the house of Victor.,,,,constructed by linguist -48-134,48,Juan ta kumé i muhé si toabía ta aí kusina trabahando.,Juan\tta\tkumé\ti\tmuhé\tsi\ttoabía\tta\taí\tkusina\ttrabahando.,Juan\tPROG\teat\tand\twife\this\tstill\tbe\tthere\tkitchen\tworking,Juan is (already) eating and his wife is still in the kitchen working.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-224,49,M ta renmen manje mango e m ta renmen bwè dlo kokoye.,M\tta\trenmen\tmanje\tmango\te\tm\tta\trenmen\tbwè\tdlo\tkokoye.,1SG\tCOND\tlove\teat\tmango\tand\t1SG\tCOND\tlove\tdrink\twater\tcoconut,I would love to eat mangoes and drink coconut water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-225,49,Di youn rantre epi di lòt la soti.,Di\tyoun\trantre\tepi\tdi\tlòt\tla\tsoti.,say\tone\tcome.back\tand\tsay\tother\tDEF\tgo.out,Tell one to come back and the other one to go out.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-226,49,Pòl ak Anita,Pòl\tak\tAnita,Paul\twith\tAnita,Paul and Anita,,,,constructed by linguist -49-227,49,frè ak sè m yo,frè\tak\tsè\tm\tyo,brother\twith\tsister\t1SG.POSS\tPL,my brothers and sisters,,,,constructed by linguist -50-133,50,Mari épi Jan,Mari\tépi\tJan,Mary\twith\tJohn,Mary and John,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-134,50,Jan ka kongné tanbou épi Mari ka dansé.,Jan\tka\tkongné\ttanbou\tépi\tMari\tka\tdansé.,John\tPROG\tplay\tdrum\tand\tMary\tPROG\tdance,John is playing drum and Marie is dancing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-135,50,Jan ka kongné tanbou é Mari ka dansé.,Jan\tka\tkongné\ttanbou\té\tMari\tka\tdansé.,John\tPROG\tplay\tdrum\tand\tMary\tPROG\tdance,John is playing drum and Marie is dancing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-136,50,Jan ka kongné tanbou èvè Mari ka dansé.,Jan\tka\tkongné\ttanbou\tèvè\tMari\tka\tdansé.,John\tPROG\tplay\tdrum\tand\tMary\tPROG\tdance,John is playing drum and Marie is dancing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-121,51,Mari épi Jan,Mari\tépi\tJan,Mary\twith\tJohn,Mary and John,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-122,51,Jan ka kwenyen tanbou épi Mari ka dansé.,Jan\tka\tkwenyen\ttanbou\tépi\tMari\tka\tdansé.,John\tPROG\tplay\tdrum\tand\tMary\tPROG\tdance,John is playing drum and Mary is dancing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-77,52,Georges ka fè manjé-a é Marie ka dronmi,Georges\tka\tfè\tmanjé-a\té\tMarie\tka\tdronmi,George\tPROG\tmake\tmeal-ART\tand\tMary\tPROG\tsleep,George is preparing the meal and Mary is sleeping.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-272,53,Bouki e Lapen,Bouki\te\tLapen,Bouki\tand\tRabbit,Bouki and Rabbit,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-273,53,Ye te parle kreol epi meriken.,Ye\tte\tparle\tkreol\tepi\tmeriken.,3PL\tPST\tspeak\tCreole\tand\tEnglish,They spoke Creole and English.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-274,53,Mom parl sa epi mo popa parl sa itou.,Mom\tparl\tsa\tepi\tmo\tpopa\tparl\tsa\titou.,Mom\tspeak\t3SG\tand\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tspeak\tDEM\ttoo,"Mom speaks it and my father speaks it, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-275,53,No parl kreol epi le piti repon kreol.,No\tparl\tkreol\tepi\tle\tpiti\trepon\tkreol.,1PL\tspeak\tCreole\tand\tART.DEF.PL\tchild\tanswer\tCreole,We speak Creole and the children answer in Creole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-276,53,Li vini rive e mo te stil dan klo.,Li\tvini\trive\te\tmo\tte\tstil\tdan\tklo.,3SG\tcome\tarrive\tand\t1SG\tPST\tstill\tin\tfield,He arrived and I was still in the field.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-156,54,"La fam i ariv, pran lalé, kas son banann.","La\tfam\ti\tariv,\tpran\tlale,\tkas\tson\tbanann.",DEF\twoman\tFIN\tarrive\ttake\tpathway\tpick\tPOSS.3SG\tbanana,"The wife arrives, takes the pathway and picks her bananas.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-126,55,Pyer ek Mari fin kit Floreal,Pyer\tek\tMari\tfin\tkit\tFloreal,Peter\tand\tMaria\tPRF\tleave\tFloréal,Peter and Maria have moved from Floréal.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-127,55,Pyer pe bwar e Mari pe okip so zaṅfaṅ,Pyer\tpe\tbwar\te\tMari\tpe\tokip\tso\tzaṅfaṅ,Peter\tPROG\tdrink\tand\tMaria\tPROG\tlook.after\t3SG.POSS\tchild,Peter is drinking and Maria is looking after her child(ren).,,,,constructed by linguist -56-137,56,Ou pran moulon ou vini ou kraze ou met dilo so.,Ou\tpran\tmoulon\tou\tvini\tou\tkraze\tou\tmet\tdilo\tso.,2SG\ttake\tmelon\t2SG\tcome\t2SG\tsqueeze\t2SG\tput\twater\thot,"You take the melon, you come and you squeeze it and you put hot water in it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-138,56,Marcel in manz banan e i 'n lir zournal.,Marcel\tin\tmanz\tbanan\te\ti\t'n\tlir\tzournal.,Marcel\tPRF\teat\tbanana\tand\t3SG\tPRF\tread\tnewspaper,Marcel ate a banana/bananas and read the newspaper.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -57-77,57,"[...] sola pa returne o rivaʃ; pi tule kokotje-la ke nu war la-mba, se tule Tuo le plate","[...]\tsola\tpa\treturne\to\trivaʃ;\tpi\ttule\tkokotje-la\tke\tnu\twar\tla-mba,\tse\ttule\tTuo\tle\tplate",[...]\t3PL\tNEG\treturn\tDIR\tseaside\tCONJ\tART.DEF.PL\tcoconut.palms-DEM/DEF\tREL\twe\tsee\tover-there\tPRESV\tPL\tTouho.people\tSI\tplant,"[...] they went back to the seaside. And the coconut palms we see over there, they were planted by the Touho people.",,,,naturalistic spoken -57-149,57,[...] la arete ʃval mbla pi la ndesa:ndi,[...]\tla\tarete\tʃval\tmbla\tpi\tla\tndesa:ndi,[...]\t3SG\tstop\thorse\twhite\tCONJ\t3SG\tdismount,[...] he stopped the white horse and dismounted.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-150,57,[...] mwa pi tule vjej,[...]\tmwa\tpi\ttule\tvjej,[...]\t1SG\tCONJ\tPL\told.people,[...] I and the old people,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-95,58,Petelo me(ne) dia ye yandi me(ne) lala.,Petelo\tme(ne)\tdia\tye\tyandi\tme(ne)\tlala.,Peter\tPRF\teat\tand\the\tPRF\tsleep,Peter has eaten and has [fallen] asleep (lit. Peter has eaten and has slept).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-216,59,"mo na lo, ala duti ti koze","mo\tna\tlo,\tala\tduti\tti\tkoze",2SG\tPREP\t3SG\t2PL\tsit\tto\tconverse,You and he/she had a conversation.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-101,60,Francine na Marie bazalákí kotánga,Francine\tna\tMarie\tba-zal-ákí\tko-táng-a,Francine\tand\tMarie\t3PL-be-PST\tINF-study-FV,Francine and Marie were studying.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-102,60,"Francine azalí kotánga, Marie azalí kosála","Francine\ta-zal-ákí\tko-táng-a,\tMarie\ta-zal-ákí\tko-sál-a",Francine\t3SG-be-PST\tINF-study-FV\tMarie\t3SG-be-PST\tINF-work-FV,Francine was studying (and) Marie was working.,,,,elicited from speaker -60-103,60,natúnákí yé: “owútí wapi pé olingí kokenda wápi?”,na-tún-ákí\tyé:\t“o-wút-í\twápi\tpé\to-ling-í\tko-kend-a\twápi?”,1SG-ask-PST\t3SG\t2SG-come.from-PRS.PRF\twhere\talso\t2SG-want-PRS.PRF\tINF-go-FV\twhere,"I asked him: ""Where do you come from and where do you want to go to?""",,,,elicited from speaker -61-75,61,Mina na lo Jane thina hambile lapha stolo.,Mina\tna\tlo\tJane\tthina\thamb-ile\tlapha\tstolo.,I\tand\tDEF.ART\tJane\twe\tgo-PST\tLOC\tshop,Jane and I went to the shop.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-76,61,Mina thengile lo skaf; lo Jane yena lindile phandle.,Mina\ttheng-ile\tlo\tskaf;\tlo\tJane\tyena\tlind-ile\tphandle.,I\tbuy-PST\tDEF.ART\tfood\tDEF.ART\tJane\tshe\twait-PST\toutside,"I bought bread, and Jane waited outside. OR: I bought bread, while Jane waited outside.",,,,elicited from speaker -62-69,62,vikíre na mahutáo áavitésha,vikire\tna\tmahutao\té-áa-vi-tesha,chairs\twith\thoes\t3SG-PST-OBJ.8-lose,He lost the chairs and the hoes.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-136,63,fí bágara u kaman fí ngamía,fí\tbágara\tu\tkaman\tfí\tngamía,EXIST\tcow\tand\ttoo\tEXIST\tcamel,"There are cows and camels, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-138,63,u,u,CONJ,and,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-139,63,ána wéza nyákame íta; dug na ásurub,ána\twéza\tnyákame\títa;\tdug\tna\tásurub,1SG\tcan\tsteal\t2SG\tfight\tand\tdrink,I can steal you. I can fight and drink.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-140,63,Núbi ta Mombása ma Kíbra ma éndisi tafaúti,Núbi\tta\tMombása\tma\tKíbra\tma\téndisi\ttafaúti,Nubi\tGEN\tMombasa\tand\tKibera\tNEG\thave\tdifference,There's no difference between Nubi in Mombasa and Kibera.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-148,64,ána wa jon,ána\twa\tjon,1SG\tand\tJohn,me and John,,,,constructed by linguist -64-149,64,ána gerówa le suk wa násir gejíbu wáraga de le úma to,ána\tge=rówa\tle\tsuk\twa\tnásir\tge=jíbu\twáraga\tde\tle\túma\tto,1SG\tPROG=go\tto\tmarket\tand\tNasir\tPROG=bring\tletter\tDEM.PROX\tto\tmother\tPOSS.3SG,I am going to the market and Nasir is bringing this letter to his mother.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-112,65,Patomə parə uʃolə i wot gatovə.,Patomə\tparə\tuʃo-lə\ti\twot\tgatovə.,then\tsteam\tgo-PFV\tand\tthere\tready,"When the steam is gone, it [Chinese bread] is ready.",,,,naturalistic spoken -66-86,66,Goðang duitle nantokle kəmauan.,Go-ðang\tduit-le\tnantok-le\tkəmauan.,1SG-DAT\tmoney-COM\tsleep-COM\tnecessity,I need money and sleep.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-87,66,Miflal derang banyak amakangle aminungle.,Miflal\tderang\tbanyak\ta-makang-le\ta-minung-le.,Miflal\tASSOC\tmuch\tPRS-eat-CONJ\tPRS-drink-CONJ,Miflal and his friends eat and drink a lot.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-155,67,Dia dili sindili tengok dan jato.,Dia\tdili\tsindili\ttengok\tdan\tjato.,3SG\tREFL\tREFL\tlook.at\tand\tfall.down,He looked at himself and fell down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-87,68,kukis kukis deng makanang par basudara deng tamang tamang,kukis~kukis\tdeng\tmakanang\tpar\tbasudara\tdeng\ttamang~tamang,PL~cookie\twith\tfood\tfor\trelative\twith\tPL~friend,cookies and food for relatives and friends,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-56,69,mən awlmbi wambakəmbi [...] tumukunan,mən\tawl-mbi\twambakə-mbi\t[...]\ttumuku-nan,3SG\tget-DEP\tthrow-DEP\t[...]\tfall-NONFUT,He took (it) and threw (it) [...] and (it) fell down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-60,70,U-loŋ ekdam cup ekdam kape.,U-loŋ\tekdam\tcup\tekdam\tkape.,3-PL\tEMPH\tquiet\tEMPH\tfearful,They were really quiet and absolutely shaking (with fear).,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-128,71,Wau mamua pii maluna a nana lakou puhi no.,Wau\tmamua\tpii\tmaluna\ta\tnana\tlakou\tpuhi\tno.,1SG\tbefore\tclimb\tup\tand\tlook\t3PL\tsmoke\tINTENS,I previously climbed up and watched them smoke.,,,,naturalistic written -72-109,72,Dat bulugingku i bin teikim dat karu an dat warlakungku im traina hantim im dat bulugi.,Dat\tbulugi-ngku\ti\tbin\tteik-im\tdet\tkaru\tan\tdat\twarlaku-ngku\tim\ttraina\thant-im\tim\tdat\tbulugi.,the\tcow-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\ttake-TR\tthe\tchild\tand\tthe\tdog-ERG\t3SG\ttry\tchase-TR\t3SG.OBJ\tthe\tcow,The cow took the child and the dog tried to chase down the bull.,,,f49799e265a94971118dedd7935ce61d,narrative -72-110,72,Dat karu an dat warlakungku dei bin luk olda yapakayiwan ngakparnwalija.,Dat\tkaru\tan\tdat\twarlaku-ngku\tdei\tbin\tluk\tolda\tyapakayi-wan\tngakparn-walija.,the\tchild\tand\tthe\tdog-ERG\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tlook\tall\tsmall-NMLZ\tfrog-PAUC,The child and dog looked at all of the small frogs.,,,988c773e0934a4cc5383c8d646b72e58,narrative -73-76,73,lloranbish riyinbish,llora-n-bish\triyi-n-bish,cry-3-ADD\tlaugh-3-ADD,He laughs and he cries.,,,,naturalistic adapted -74-111,74,wik náyka wáwa pi mákmak,wik\tnáyka\twáwa\tpi\tmákmak,not\t1SG\ttalk\tand\teat,I don’t talk and eat (sc. at the same time).,,,,constructed by linguist -74-112,74,máma pi pápa tlaska mákmak sáplil,máma\tpi\tpápa\ttlaska\tmákmak\tsáplil,father\tand\tmother\t3PL\teat\tbread,The father and mother are eating bread.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-183,75,Sa pramyer faam kiiwaniheew eekwa kiihtwam kiiwiiweew.,Sa\tpramyer\tfaam\tkii-wanih-eew\teekwa\tkiihtwam\tkii-wiiw-eew.,POSS.3SG.F\tfirst\twoman/wife\tPST-lost.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tand\tagain\tPST-marry-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,He had lost his first wife and now he had remarried.,,,,naturalistic spoken -1-175,1,"Da dago wan hondiman, a sabi va hondi.","Da\tdago\twan\tontiman,\ta\tsabi\tfu\tonti.",DET.SG\tdog\tINDF.SG\thunter\t3SG.SBJ\tknow\tto\thunt,"That dog is a hunter, it knows how to hunt.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-176,1,Bekassi da direkture a za kili mi lange gon liki mi da ron negere.,Bikasi\tda\tdriktoro\ta\tsa\tkiri\tmi\tnanga\tgon\tleki\tmi\tda\tron-nengre.,because\tDET.SG\tmanager\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tkill\t1SG\twith\tgun\tlike\t1SG\tCOP\trun-negro,Because the manager would kill me with his gun as if I were a runaway slave.,,,,written -1-177,1,"Effi hem no wan ougri somma, wi no ben sa gi hem abra na ju.","Efi\ten\tno\twan\togri\tsoma,\twi\tno\tben\tsa\tgi\ten\tabra\tna\tyu.",if\t3SG\tNEG\tINDF.SG\tevil\tperson\t1PL\tNEG\tPST\tFUT\tgive\t3SG\tover\tto\t2SG,"If he weren't an evil person, we wouldn't have handed him over to you.",,,,written -1-178,1,Mi da bossiman.,Mi\tda\tbusiman.,1SG\tCOP\tbush.NMLZ,I am a marron.,,,,written -1-179,1,"Mi de wan muffina, mi no ha bakka, mi no ha fesi.","Mi\tde\twan\tmofina,\tmi\tno\tha\tbaka,\tmi\tno\tha\tfesi.",1SG\tCOP\tINDF.SG\tmiserable\t1SG\tNEG\thave\tback\t1SG\tNEG\thave\tface,"I'm a miserable person, I don't know which way to turn.",,,,written (dictionary) -1-180,1,Ma une no bribi: bikasi une no de skaap va mi.,Ma\tunu\tno\tbribi:\tbikasi\tunu\tno\tde\tskapu\tfu\tmi.,but\t2PL\tNEG\tbelieve\tbecause\t2PL\tNEG\tCOP\tsheep\tof\t1SG,"But you do not believe, because you are not my sheep / do not belong to my sheep.",,,,written -2-182,2,Den tu sma disi na Sranansma.,Den\ttu\tsma\tdisi\tna\tSranansma.,the.PL\ttwo\tperson\tDEM\tCOP\tSurinamese,These two people are Surinamese.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-183,2,Den tu man na skowtu.,Den\ttu\tman\tna\tskowtu.,the.PL\ttwo\tman\tCOP\tpolice,The two men are policemen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-89,3,Hén dá malénge-ma.,Hén\tdá\tmalénge-ma.,3SG\tBE\tlazy-MA,He is a lazy-bones.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-124,4,Den mma na wan sama fu Apatu.,Den\tmma\tna\twan\tsama\tfu\tApatu.,their\tmother\tCOP\tone\tperson\tPOSS\tApatu,Their mother is a person from Apatou. OR: Their mother is from Apatou.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-121,5,az dem se ool aig a livn piipl,az\tdem\tse\tool\taig\ta\tlivn\tpiipl,as\t3PL\tsay\told\thigues\tCOP\tliving\tpeople,since they say Old Higues are living people,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-122,5,dis taim na laang taim,dis\ttaim\tna\tlaang\ttaim,this\ttime\tNEG\tlong\ttime,This time is not the olden days.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-77,6,John is a police.,John\tis\ta\tpolice.,John\tCOP\tDET\tpoliceman,John is a policeman.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-175,7,Hi a paasta.,Hi\ta\tpaasta.,3SG\tCOP\tpastor,He is a pastor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-176,7,Hi na (no) paasta.,Hi\tna\t(no)\tpaasta.,3SG\tNEG\t(INDF)\tpastor,He is not a pastor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-111,8,Jan a obya-man.,Jan\ta\tobya-man.,John\tCOP\twitchcraft-man,John is a ritual specialist.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-138,9,Ay wudn if da me mi.,Ay\twudn\tif\tda\tme\tmi.,I\twouldn’t\tif\tTOP\tANT\tme,I wouldn’t if it was me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-139,9,Di djadj n̩ di dakta da gud fren.,Di\tdjadj\tn̩\tdi\tdakta\tda\tgud\tfren.,the\tjudge\tand\tthe\tdoctor\tCOP.NOM\tgood\tfriend,The judge and the doctor were good friends.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-140,9,A preti li ting dat.,A\tpreti\tli\tting\tdat.,TOP\tpretty\tlittle\tthing\tthat,That's a pretty little thing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-141,9,Dat a stayrafowm.,Dat\ta\tstayrafowm.,that\tis\tstyrofoam,That's styrofoam.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-163,10,Beda Taiga da mi faada bes raidin haas.,Beda\tTaiga\tda\tmi\tfaada\tbes\traidin\thaas.,Brother\tTiger\tFOC\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tbest\triding\thorse,Brother Tiger is my father’s best riding horse.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-227,11,So di fors wan woz a seilin ship.,So\tdi\tfors\twan\twoz\ta\tseilin\tship.,so\tART.DEF\tfirst\tone\tCOP.PST\tART.INDF\tsailing\tship,So the first one was a sailing ship.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-228,11,Ai iz a tiicha we [...].,Ai\tiz\ta\ttiicha\twe\t[...].,1SG\tCOP.PRS\tART.INDF\tteacher\tREL\t[...],I am a teacher who [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-174,12,"I don't bother with him, not because he's a Christian [...].",[...]\tnot\tbecause\the's\ta\tChristian\t[...].,[...]\tNEG\tbecause\t3SG.COP\ta\tChristian\t[...],"[I don’t bother with him,] not because he’s a [born-again] Christian [but for other reasons].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-175,12,"Da- no, he's a Trinidadian. Yeah, he's a teacher. He's a tea- uh-huh. And he still teaches at the College of the Bahamas [...].",[...]\the's\ta\tTrinidadian\t[...]\the's\ta\tteacher.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ.3SG.COP\tART\tTrinidadian\t[...]\t3SG.SBJ.3SG.COP\tART\tteacher,[Daddy] is a Trinidadian [...] he’s a teacher.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-176,12,I's a Baptist.,I's\ta\tBaptist.,1SG.SBJ.COP\tART\tBaptist,I'm a Baptist.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-177,12,I a old woman.,I\ta\told\twoman.,1SG.SBJ\tART\told\twoman,I am an old woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-132,13,I was a stevedore dere.,I\twas\ta\tstevedore\tdere.,I\tCOP.PST\tINDF.ART\tstevedore\tthere,I was a stevedore there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-133,13,God de onliest lawgiba an jedge.,God\tde\tonliest\tlawgiba\tan\tjedge.,God\tDEF.ART\tonly\tlawgiver\tand\tjudge,God is the only lawgiver and judge. (Jas 4.12),,,,bible translation -13-134,13,You red devil! You’s a red devil!,You\tred\tdevil!\tYou’s\ta\tred\tdevil!,2SG.SBJ\tred\tdevil\t2SG.SBJ.COP\ta\tred\tdevil,You are a red devil! You are a red devil!,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-92,14,She a teacher.,She\ta\tteacher.,she\ta\tteacher,She is a teacher.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-93,14,She is a teacher.,She\tis\ta\tteacher.,she\tCOP\ta\tteacher,She is a teacher.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-94,14,She not a teacher.,She\t∅\tnot\ta\tteacher.,she\t∅\tNEG\ta\tteacher,She is not a teacher.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-95,14,I'm happy.,I'm\thappy.,1SG.COP\thappy,I am happy.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-96,14,It's a dog.,It's\ta\tdog.,3SG.N.COP\ta\tdog,It is a dog.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-101,15,ʤɔn na man,ʤɔn\tna\tman,John\tCOP\tman,John is a man.,,,,naturalistic written -16-101,16,mà brɔda bì soʤmã,mà\tbrɔda\tbì\tsoʤmã,1SG.POSS\tbrother\tCOP\tsoldierman,My brother is a soldier.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-118,17,Ìm bì ticha.,Ìm\tbì\tticha.,3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tteacher,S/he is a teacher.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-119,17,Ìm nà ticha.,Ìm\tnà\tticha.,3SG.SBJ\tHL\tteacher,S/he is a teacher.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-105,18,Ma papa na ticha.,Ma\tpapa\tna\tticha.,1SG.POSS\tfather\tCOP\tteacher,My father is a teacher.,,,,published source -18-106,18,A bi titsha.,A\tbi\ttitcha.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tteacher,I am a teacher.,,,,published source -19-141,19,In nà krèshuman.,In\tnà\tkrès-human.,3SG.EMPH\tFOC\tbe.crazy.CPD-woman,She's a mad woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-103,20,He honest man.,He\thonest\tman.,3SG\thonest\tman,He is an honest man.,,,,naturalistic written -20-104,20,Who man you?,Who\tman\tyou?,who\tman\t2SG,Who are you?,,,,naturalistic written -20-105,20,Belong single sealee.,Belong\tsingle\tsealee.,COP\tsingle\tseal,They are only single seal.,,,,naturalistic written -21-96,21,He quite poor thing also lɔ33.,He\tquite\tpoor\tthing\talso\tlɔ33.,3SG\tquite\tpoor\tthing\talso\tPCL,"He is quite a poor thing as well [obviousness, resignedly].",,,,naturalistic spoken -21-97,21,My dad is a doctor.,My\tdad\tis\ta\tdoctor.,1SG.POSS\tfather\tCOP\tDET\tdoctor,My father is a doctor.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-129,22,Dedi bilong mi em ticha.,Dedi\tbilong\tmi\tem\tticha.,father\tPOSS\t1SG\t3SG\tteacher,My father was a teacher.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-130,22,Em i wanpla ticha.,Em\ti\twan-pla\tticha.,3SG\tPM\tone-MOD\tteacher,He was a teacher.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-121,23,Kuestian nao se wataem bae ol lida ia oli save karem panismen.,Kuestian\tnao\tse\twataem\tbae\tol\tlida\tia\toli\tsave\tkarem\tpanismen.,question\tnow\tCOP\twhat.time\tIRR\tPL\tleader\tDEF\tAGR\tABIL\ttake\tpunishment,The question now is when will the leaders be punished.,,,,naturalistic written -23-122,23,Maj! o yu longfala yet!,Maj!\to\tyu\tlongfala\tyet!,march\tEXCL\t2SG\tlong\tyet,March! Oh you're here for a long time yet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-185,23,Hem i wan atlet long saed blong javelin.,Hem\ti\twan\tatlet\tlong\tsaed\tblong\tjavelin.,3SG\tAGR\tINDF\tathlete\ton\tside\tof\tjavelin,She is a javelin thrower.,,,,naturalistic written -24-135,24,Tarzan es bas draiwa.,Tarzan\tes\tbas\tdraiwa.,Tarzan\tCOP\tbus\tdriver,Tarzan is a bus driver.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-136,24,Desdieh es mandi.,Desdieh\tes\tmandi.,this.day\tCOP\tMonday,Today is Monday.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-279,25,Olabat bin bigbala yem.,Olabat\tbin\tbig-bala\tyem.,3PL\tPST\tbig-ADJ2\tyam,They were big yams.,,,,unknown -25-280,25,Olabat andi bi bigbala yem.,Olabat\tandi\tbi\tbig-bala\tyem.,3PL\tPOT\tbe\tbig-ADJ2\tyam,They will be big yams.,,,,unknown -25-281,25,Nomeda wijan enimul darrei dei bin ol blekbala.,Nomeda\twijan\tenimul\tdarr-ei\tdei\tbin\tol\tblekbala.,no.matter\twhich\tanimal\tDIST-DIR\t3PL\tPST\tall\tAboriginal.person,"No matter which of the animals there, they were all (Aboriginal) people (in the Dreamtime). OR: All of the animals were there, but they were really people. (Original Translation)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-282,25,Wal dijan naja stori bla krokadail.,Wal\tdijan\tnaja\tstori\tbla\tkrokadail.,well\tPROX:ADJ\tanother\tstory\tDAT/POSS\tcrocodile,"Well, this is another story about the crocodile. OR: This other story is about the crocodile. (Orig. translation)",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-89,26,hi a dakta,hi\ta\tdakta,3SG\tART\tdoctor,He's a doctor.,,,,constructed by linguist -27-91,27,mi na hunggǝsḗ,mi\tna\thunggǝsḗ,1SG\tnot\tdog-face,I am not a dog-face.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-92,27,Ju a ēn wis man.,Ju\ta\tēn\twis\tman.,2SG\tCOP\ta\twise\tman,You are a wise man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-151,27,diso ēn frāi maní fo hou hus.,diso\tēn\tfrāi\tmaní\tfo\thou\thus.,DEM\ta\tgood\tway\tINF\tkeep\thouse,This is a good way of keeping house.,,,,unspecified -28-120,28,ɛkɛ da boko jɛrma,ɛkɛ\tda\tboko\tjɛrma,1SG\tCOP\tAmerindian\twoman,I am an Amerindian woman. OR: I am Amerindian (i.c. Arawak).,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-149,29,Sy pa is leraar.,Sy\tpa\tis\tleraar.,3SG.M.POSS\tfather\tis\tminister,His father is a (protestant) minister.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-158,30,Maria ê kantadera.,Maria\tê\tkanta-dera.,Mary\tbe\tsing-er.F,Mary is a singer.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-159,30,[...] tudu kel ténpu si almusu éra mandióka kru [...].,[...]\ttudu\tkel=ténpu\tsi=almusu\téra\tmandióka\tkru\t[...].,[...]\tall\tDEM.SG=time\t3SG.POSS=lunch\tbe.ANT\tmanioc\traw\t[...],[...] the whole time his lunch consisted of raw manioc [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-132,31,Jematu e piskador.,Jematu\te\tpiskador.,Jematu\tCOP\tfisherman,Jematu is a fisherman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-120,32,Mi e viuva.,Mi\te\tviuva.,1SG\tCOP\twidow,I'm a widow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-147,33,Djon i kantadur.,Djon\ti\tkantadur.,John\tCOP\tsinger,John is a singer.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-148,33,ami i kantadur; abo i kantadur; el i kantadur [...],ami\ti\tkantadur;\tabo\ti\tkantadur;\tel\ti\tkantadur\t[...],1SG\tCOP\tsinger\t2SG\tCOP\tsinger\t3SG\tCOP\tsinger\t[...],"I am a singer, you are a singer, he is a singer [...]",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-116,34,Joŋ i piskador.,Joŋ\tø\ti\tpiskador.,John\tPFV\tCOP\tfisherman,John is a fisherman.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-120,34,Joŋ i piskador. — Joŋ sá piskador.,Joŋ ø i piskador. — Joŋ ø sá piskador.,John PFV COP fisherman   John PFV COP fisherman,John is a fisherman. — John is now (has turned into) a fisherman.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-162,35,Ê sa dôtôlô.,Ê\tsa\tdôtôlô.,3SG\tCOP\tdoctor,He is a doctor.,,,,constructed by linguist -36-94,36,Ê pisikarô.,Ê\tpisikarô.,he\tfisherman,He is a fisherman.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-95,36,Anton alê tha futarô.,Anton\talê\ttha\tfutarô.,then\tking\tCOP\tthieve,Then it is the king who is the thief.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-119,37,Ê ladran mutu.,Ê\tladran\tmutu.,3SG\tthief\tvery,He is a big thief.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-120,37,M mêsê pa txi sa dôtô.,M\tmêsê\tpa\ttxi\tsa\tdôtô.,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tCOP\tdoctor,I want you to be a doctor.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-121,37,"Omi xila, ki sa dôtô, ê vika fa.","Omi\txila,\tki\tsa\tdôtô,\tê\tvika\tfa.",man\tDEM\tREL\tCOP\tdoctor\t3SG\tcome\tNEG,"That man, who is a doctor, didn't come.",,,,elicited from speaker -38-136,38,"Untu, Palea se sa tela-no-syi ngandyi.","Untu,\tPalea\tse\tsa\ttela-no-syi\tngandyi.",between\tPalea\tDEM\tbe\tvillage-1PL-DEM\tbig,Among them Palea is our biggest village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-137,38,Bibi sa wan patu dambu.,Bibi\tsa\twan\tpatu\tde-Ambô.,Bibi\tbe\tone\tbird\tof-Annobon,Bibi is an Annobonese bird.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-138,38,Bibi patusyi na xa lega pa ten lif.,Bibi\tpatu-syi\tna\txa\tlega\tpa\tten\tli-f.,Bibi\tbird-DEM\tNEG\tEVID\tlet\tfor\thave\t3SG-NEG,Bibi is a bird that does not let itself be caught.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-135,39,Jacob ɛ ũ kɔb.,Jacob\tɛ\tũ\tkɔb.,Jacob\tCOP.NPST\tone\tsnake,Jacob is a snake.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-136,39,Mĩ pay ɛ pulis.,Mĩ\tpay\tɛ\tpulis.,1SG.POSS\tfather\tCOP.NPST\tpolice,My father is a policeman.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-102,40,Akə warʤ su ʋalor tɛ doj mil rhupi.,Akə\twarʤ\tsu\tʋalor\ttɛ\tdoj\tmil\trhupi.,that\tfield\tGEN\tvalue\tCOP\ttwo\tthousand\trupee,The value of that field is two thousand rupees.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-114,41,"braanku kiontaa, aka mee dreetu palaavra","braanku\tki-ontaa,\taka\tmee\tdreetu\tpalaavra",whitewash\tNMLZ-paint\tthat\tFOC\tright\tword,Whitewash is “ontaa”ed. THAT’s the correct word.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-115,41,"doonu keem? [linguist: doonu?] [speaker, deliberately:] keen teen doonu aka kaazapa?",doonu\tkeem?\t[linguist:\tdoonu?]\tkeen\tteem\tdoonu\taka\tkaaza-pa?,owner\twho\t[linguist:\towner?]\twho\tPRS.be\towner\tthat\thouse-DAT,"Who is the owner? [linguist: Owner?]. [speaker, deliberately:] Who is the owner of that house?",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-128,42,eli padri,eli\tpadri,3SG\tpriest,He is a priest.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-84,43,Akel teng pes mortu.,Akel\tteng\tpes\tmortu.,that\tCOP\tfish\tdead,That is a dead fish.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-85,43,Esta su predju.,Esta\tsu\tpredju.,DEM\tPOSS\tprice,This is its price.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-86,43,[...] iste duminggu teng dia grandi Pengstër.,[...]\tiste\tduminggu\tteng\tdia\tgrandi\tPengstër.,[...]\tDEM\tSunday\tCOP\tday\tbig\tPentecost,"[...] next Sunday is a holiday, Pentecost.",,,,naturalistic written -43-87,43,[...] nos djenti sera.,[...]\tnos\tdjenti\tsera.,[...]\t1PL\tpeople\tcountryside,[...] we are people from the countryside.,,,,naturalistic written -44-132,44,Méstra Lóling.,Méstra\tLóling.,teacher\tLoling,Loling was a teacher.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-113,45,Maestra el mujer.,Maestra\tel\tmujer.,teacher\tDEF\twoman,The lady is a teacher.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-132,46,Estába soldáw.,Estába\tsoldáw.,was\tsoldier,He was a soldier.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-133,46,Un estudyánte estába si Teresa.,Un\testudyánte\testába\tsi\tTeresa.,a\tstudent\twas\tAG\tTeresa,Teresa was once a student.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-134,46,Ántes el Zamboanga un dyútay syudád.,Ántes\tel\tZamboanga\tun\tdyútay\tsyudád.,before\tART\tZamboanga\ta\tsmall\tcity,Zamboanga used to be a small city.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-135,46,Un estudyánte si Teresa dos ányo ya-pasá.,Un\testudyánte\tsi\tTeresa\tdos\tányo\tya-pasá.,a\tstudent\tAG\tTeresa\ttwo\tyears\tPRF-pass,"Two years ago, Teresa was a student.",,,,elicited from speaker -46-136,46,Este amo el maga palabra del Hijo de Dios.,éste\tamó\tel\tmga\tpalábra\tdel\tího\tde\tDyos.,this\tCOP\tART\tPL\tword\tof.the\tson\tof\tGod,These are the words of the Son of God.,,,,naturalistic written -47-147,47,E ta un mohé chikito.,E\tta\tun\tmuhé\tchikitu.,3SG\tCOP\tINDF\twoman\tsmall,She is a small woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-148,47,Mi omo ta polis.,Mi\tomo\tta\tpolis.,1SG\tuncle\tCOP\tpolice,My uncle is a police officer.,,,,published source -48-135,48,Ele e músiko.,Ele\te\tmúsiko.,He/she\tbe\tmusician,He/she is a musician.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-136,48,I tan sendá dotó.,I\ttan\tsendá\tdotó.,I\tFUT\tbe\tdoctor,I will be a doctor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-228,49,Entèl se move moun.,Entèl\tse\tmove\tmoun.,so.and.so\tSE\tbad\tperson,So-and-so is somebody mean.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-229,49,Mari se te on mis nan on dipansè an pwovens.,Mari\tse\tte\ton\tmis\tnan\ton\tdipansè\tan\tpwovens.,Marie\tSE\tANT\tINDF\tnurse\tin\tINDF\tclinic\tin\tprovince,Marie was a nurse in a provincial clinic.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-230,49,Malis se yon doktè.,Malis\tse\tyon\tdoktè.,Malice\tSE\tINDF\tdoctor,Malice is a doctor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-231,49,Malis te yon doktè.,Malis\tte\tyon\tdoktè.,Malice\tANT\tDEF\tdoctor,Malice was a doctor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-137,50,Jak dòktè.,Jak\tdòktè.,Jack\tdoctor,Jack is a doctor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-138,50,"Mari pa dòktè, Mari enfirmyèz.","Mari\tpa\tdòktè,\tMari\tenfirmyèz.",Mary\tNEG\tdoctor\tMary\tnurse,"Mary is not a doctor, she is a nurse.",,,,naturalistic spoken -51-123,51,Jak doktè.,Jak\tdoktè.,Jack\tdoctor,Jack is a doctor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-124,51,"Mari pa doktè, Mari enfirmiez.","Mari\tpa\tdoktè,\tMari\tenfirmiez.",Mary\tNEG\tdoctor\tMary\tnurse,"Mary is not a doctor, she is a nurse.",,,,naturalistic spoken -52-79,52,i sa gran-grèk,i\tsa\tgran-grèk,she\tCOP\tprofessor/researcher,She is a professor at university.,,,,constructed by linguist -52-80,52,misyè té doktèr avan,misyè\tté\tdoktèr\tavan,he\tPST\tdoctor\tbefore,He was a doctor before.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-277,53,Mo frer se en louvriye.,Mo\tfrer\tse\ten\tlouvriye.,1SG.POSS\tbrother\tCOP\tART.INDF\tworker,My brother is a worker.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-278,53,Toi (cé) eune bon fille.,Toi\t(cé)\teune\tbon\tfille.,2SG\t(COP)\tART.INDF\tgood\tgirl,You are a good girl.,,,,naturalistic written -53-279,53,Li pa en dokter.,Li\tpa\ten\tdokter.,3SG\tNEG\tART.INDF\tdoctor,He is not a doctor.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-280,53,Mé corne là yé cé pa batême katin.,Mé\tcorne-là-yé\tcé\tpa\tbatême\tkatin.,but\thorn-ART.DEF-PL\tCOP\tNEG\tbaptism\tdoll,But the horns are not child's play.,,,,naturalistic written -53-281,53,Mo se en doktè.,Mo\tse\ten\tdoktè.,1SG\tCOP\tART.INDF\tdoctor,I'm a doctor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-282,53,Mo en doktè.,Mo\ten\tdoktè.,1SG\tART.INDF\tdoctor,I am a doctor.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-283,53,To en gro chyen.,To\ten\tgro\tchyen.,2SG\tART.INDF\tbig\tdog,You're a bigwig.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-284,53,Li pa en bouke.,Li\tpa\ten\tbouke.,3SG\tNEG\tART.INDF\tflower,It's not a flower.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-285,53,Mo se pa en rekoltè.,Mo\tse\tpa\ten\trekoltè.,1SG\tCOP\tNEG\tART.INDF\tfarmer,I am not a farmer.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-157,54,Son papa lé tayër.,Son\tpapa\tle\ttayer.,POSS.3SG\tfather\tCOP.PRS\ttailor,His father is a tailor.,,,,naturalistic written -54-158,54,[...] son fam lété in koson.,[...]\tson\tfanm\tlete\ten\tkoson.,[...]\tPOSS.3SG\twife\tCOP.PST\tINDF\tpig,[...] his wife was a pig.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-159,54,"Sa sé in segré, sa.","Sa\tse\ten\tsegre,\tsa.",that\tCOP.PRS\tINDF\tsecret\tthat,This is a secret.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-160,54,Fangòk sé en janr pyòch.,Fangok\tse\ten\tjanr\tpyoch.,fangok\tCOP.PRS\tINDF\tkind\tmattock,"A ""fangok"" is a kind of mattock.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-128,55,so madam en mis,so\tmadam\ten\tmis,3SG.POSS\twife\tINDF.ART\tschoolmistress,His wife is a schoolmistress.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-139,56,[...] letan ki ou papa ti reziser.,[...]\tletan\tki\tou\tpapa\tti\treziser.,[...]\ttime\tthat\tPOSS.2SG\tfather\tPST\tmanager.of.an.estate,[...] the time when your father was a manager of an estate.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-140,56,Sa garson mon ti vwar dan bazar i neve mon madanm.,Sa\tgarson\t[Ø\tmon\tti\tvwar\tdan\tbazar]\ti\tneve\tmon\tmadanm.,the\tboy\t[Ø\t1SG\tPST\tsee\tin\tmarket]\t3SG\tnephew\t1SG.POSS\twife,The boy whom I saw in the market is the nephew of my wife.,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-78,57,Narsis le kostrikter nde kas,Narsis\tle\tkostrikter\tnde\tkas,Narcisse\tSI\tbuilder\tof\thouse(s)/hut(s),Narcisse is a hut-builder.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-96,58,Mono ke longi.,Mono\tke\tlongi.,me\tbe\tteacher,I am a teacher.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-218,59,kol ti lo ae zo ti fango zo,koli\tti\tlo\ta-ke\tzo\tti\tfa-ngo\tzo,husband\tof\t3SG\tPM-COP\tperson\tof\tkill-NMLZ\tperson,Her husband was a person who killed people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-219,59,ni ke deku tito lo mu ni lo hunzi ni na ya ti tuku?!,ni\tke\tdeku\ttitene\tlo\tmu\tni\tlo\thunzi\tni\tna\tya\tti\ttuku?!,1SG.LOG\tCOP\tmouse\tso.that\t3SG\ttake\t1SG.LOG\t3SG\thide\t1SG.LOG\tPREP\tinside\tof\tsteel.drum,"(She said), Am I a mouse that you should take and hide me in a barrel? (Translated as direct speech.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-220,59,"So taa tene, wala vene?","So\ttaa\ttene,\twala\tvene?",DEM\ttrue\tword\tor\tlie,Is that the truth or a lie?,,,,naturalistic written -59-221,59,koli so ka (ake) baba ti mbi,koli\tso\tka\t(a-ke)\tbaba\tti\tmbi,man\tDEM\tover.there\t(PM-COP)\tfather\tof\t1SG,That man over there is my father.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-104,60,Pierre azalákí moyémbi,Pierre\ta-zal-ákí\tmoyémbi,Pierre\t3SG-be-PST\tsinger,Pierre was a singer.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-77,61,Yena lo ticha.,Yena\tlo\tticha.,he\tDEF.ART\tteacher,He is a teacher.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-70,62,kilúgwi ni kinyongôlé,kilúgwi\tni\tkinyongôlé,chameleon\tCOP\tinsect:Q,Is the chameleon an insect?,,,,elicited from speaker -63-141,63,úmun de Núbi,úmun\tde\tNúbi,3PL\tCOP\tNubi,They are Nubi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-142,63,úmun Núbi,úmun\tNúbi,3PL\tNubi,They are Nubi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-150,64,ána kátib,ána\tkátib,1SG\tsalesclerk,I’m a salesclerk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-151,64,bet de kebír,bet\tde\tkebír,house\tDEM.PROX\tbig,This house is big.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-113,65,Pouʤə - kitajsa pampuʃəkə.,Pouʤə - kitajsa pampuʃəkə.,pouze   Chinese steamed.bread,Pouze is Chinese steamed bread.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-114,65,Zimlia toʒɛ liudi.,Zimlia\ttoʒɛ\tliudi.,earth\talso\tperson,The Earth is also a human being.,,,,citation in fiction -65-115,65,Maja liudi!,Maja\tliudi!,1SG\tperson,I am a human!,,,,citation in fiction -67-156,67,Diaorang murid.,Diaorang\tmurid.,3PL\tpupil,They are pupils.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-157,67,Dia bukan cikgu.,Dia\tbukan\tcikgu.,3SG\tNEG\tteacher,He/she is not a teacher.,,,,elicited from speaker -68-88,68,Ontua be pung laki.,Ontua\tbe\tpung\tlaki.,3SG\t1SG\tPOSS\tman,He is my husband.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-57,69,andi anak,andi\tanak,ground\tCOP,That's land.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-61,70,U nas baito.,U\tnas\tbaito.,3SG\tnurse\tCOP,She's a nurse.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-129,71,Oe malihini.,Oe\tmalihini.,2SG\tnewcomer,You're a tourist (not a resident).,,,,naturalistic written -72-111,72,Ankaj dat karu im yapakayiwan.,Ankaj\tdat\tkaru\tim\tyapakayi-wan.,poor.thing\tthe\tchild\t3SG\tsmall-NMLZ,"Poor kid, he's only little.",,,,naturalistic spoken -72-112,72,Likarta yapakayi-wan LD,Likarta\tyapakayi-wan\tLD,lizard\tsmall-NMLZ\tLD,"(You look) Leyton, that lizard is a small one.",,,4c31dc8a2bcd1e339627caf351a5f2d2,naturalistic spoken -73-77,73,miyu warmimi,miyu\twarmi-mi,1SG.POSS\twife-AFF,She is my wife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-78,73,yoga Kristobalmi gani,yo-ga\tKristobal-mi\tga-ni,1SG.PRO-TOP\tChristobal-AFF\tbe-1SG,I am Christobal.,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-113,74,náyka pápa yáka dáktin,náyka\tpápa\tyáka\tdáktin,1SG\tfather\t3SG\tdoctor,My dad's a doctor.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-114,74,hayás úlman máyka haws,hayás\túlman\tmáyka\thaws,much\told\t2SG\thouse,your house is very old,,,,narrative -75-184,75,"lom awa, kaakiilomiwit","Lom\tawa,\tkaa-kii-lom-iwi-t",man\tthis\tREL-PST-man-COP-3SG,"this man, who had turned into a man again",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-186,75,Si tenn ptsit parsonn Irene.,Sitenn\tptsi-t\tparsonn\tIrene.,be.3\tlittle-F\tperson\tIrene,Irene is a small person.,,,,naturalistic written -75-187,75,Aen fezoer di fwaen moon niveu.,Aen\tfezoer\tdi\tfwaen\tmoon\tniveu.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tmaker\tof\thay\t1.POSS.M\tnephew,My nephew is a hay maker.,,,,naturalistic written -75-188,75,"Tut dishirii, la rob anima.","Tut\tdishirii,\tla\trob\tanima.",completely\ttorn\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tdress\tthat.INAN,That dress was completely torn.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-190,75,Opaapaawa sitaet aen vaav.,O-paapaa-wa\tsitaet\taen\tvaav.,3.POSS-father-OBV\tCOP.3\tINDF.ART.M.SG\twidower,Her father was a widower.,,,,naturalistic spoken -1-181,1,A no lepi jette.,A\tno\tlepi\tete.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tbe(come).ripe\tyet,It is not ripe yet.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-182,1,Ma nou a de dotti.,Ma\tnow\ta\tde\tdoti.,but\tnow\t3SG.SBJ\tASP\tbe(come).dirty,But now it is being/getting dirty.,,,,written -1-183,1,Mie dee piekienso swakkie jetee.,Mi\tde\tpikinso\tswaki\tete.,1SG\tCOP\tlittle\tweak\tstill,I'm still a bit weak.,,,,written -1-184,1,Alla Ningre de blakka.,Ala\tnengre\tde\tblaka.,all\tnegro\tASP/COP\tblack,All negroes are black. (i.e. The pot is calling the kettle black),,,,written (dictionary) -1-185,1,Alla Ningre blakka.,Ala\tnengre\tblaka.,all\tnegro\tbe.black,All negroes are black. (i.e. The pot is calling the kettle black.),,,,written (dictionary) -2-184,2,A liba bradi.,A\tliba\tbradi.,DET\triver\tbroad,The river is wide.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-185,2,A pikin siki.,A\tpikin\tsiki.,DET\tchild\tsick,The child is ill.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-186,2,A bun.,A\tbun.,DET\tgood,It's good/okay.,,,,constructed by linguist -2-187,2,A ma dati srefi de vol.,A\tma\tdati\tsrefi\tde\tvol.,DET\tmother\tDEM\tself\tCOP\tpregnant,That mother (cow) herself is pregnant.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-188,2,A agu dati de moi kaba.,A\tagu\tdati\tde\tmoi\tkaba.,DET\thog\tDEM\tCOP\tnice\talready,That pig is already nice and fat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-90,3,A suti.,A\tsuti.,3SG\tsweet,It's sweet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-125,4,A nefi saapu.,A\tnefi\tsaapu.,DET.SG\tknife\tsharp,The knife is sharp.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-123,5,wel di maan glaad,wel\tdi\tmaan\tglaad,well\tthe\tman\tglad,"Well, the man was glad.",,,,naturalistic spoken -6-78,6,John sick.,John\tsick.,John\tsick,John is sick.,,,,constructed by linguist -8-112,8,Di rich man miin.,Di\trich\tman\tmiin.,DET\trich\tman\tstingy,The rich man is stingy.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-142,9,Omar i brayt i iz veri brait.,Omar\ti\tbrayt\ti\tiz\tveri\tbrait.,Omar\t3SG\tbright\t3SG\tis\tvery\tbright,"Omar, he is bright, he is very bright.",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-143,9,Di howl ful wid wata.,Di\thowl\tful\twid\twata.,the\thole\tfull\twith\twater,The hole was full of water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-164,10,Mi fut taiad!,Mi\tfut\ttaiad!,1SG.POSS\tfoot\ttired,My feet are tired!,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-165,10,Neks taim Beda Taiga muma sik.,Neks\ttaim\tBeda\tTaiga\tmuma\tsik.,next\ttime\tBrother\tTiger\tmother\tsick,Another time Brother Tiger’s mother was sick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-229,11,Shi get kreezi [...] so shi kreezi nou.,Shi\tget\tkreezi\t[...]\tso\tshi\tkreezi\tnou.,3SG.F\tget\tcrazy\t[...]\tso\t3SG.F\tcrazy\tnow,She went mad [...] so she is insane now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-230,11,Shi woz veri gud.,Shi\twoz\tveri\tgud.,3SG\tCOP.PST\tvery\tgood,She was very good at it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-231,11,Tasba histri iz priti.,Tasba\thistri\tiz\tpriti.,Tasba\thistory\tCOP.PRS\tpretty,The history of Tasbapauni is pretty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-178,12,"Some people black, some clear.","Some\tpeople\tblack,\tsome\tclear.",DET\tpeople\tblack\tDET\tclear,"Some people are black, some are light-skinned.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-179,12,This battery - this battery dead.,[...]\tthis\tbattery\tdead,[...]\tDEM\tbattery\tdead,This battery has gone dead.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-180,12,"I gotty tell you the truth, I is broke-broke. I even can't get battery [...].",[...]\tI\tis\tbroke~broke\t[...].,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tbroke.RED\t[...],"[...] I’m totally broke, [I can’t even get batteries] [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-135,13,"Man, the weather’s bad.","Man,\tthe\tweather’s\tbad.",man\tthe\tweather.COP\tbad,"Man, the weather is bad.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-136,13,"Man, the weather bad.","Man,\tthe\tweather\tbad.",man\tthe\tweather\tbad,"Man, the weather is bad.",,,,naturalistic spoken -14-97,14,She happy.,She\thappy.,she\thappy,She is happy.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-98,14,She IS happy.,She\tIS\thappy.,she\tCOP\thappy,She is happy.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-99,14,It's happy.,It's\thappy.,3SG.N.COP\thappy,It is happy.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-102,15,dis pikin fain,dis\tpikin\tfain,DEM\tchild\tbeautiful,The child is beautiful.,,,,naturalistic written -16-102,16,dɛ hol siti ful,dɛ\thol\tsiti\tful,ART\twhole\tcity\tfull,The whole city is full.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-103,16,pɛsin we ì de sik,pɛsin\twe\tì\tde\tsik,person\tREL\t3SG\tCOP\tsick,a person who is sick,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-120,17,Mà pot smo̱l.,Mà\tpot\tsmo̱l.,1SG.POSS\tpot\tbe.small,My pot is small.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-121,17,Mà pot de smo̱l.,Mà\tpot\tde\tsmo̱l.,1SG.POSS\tpot\tCOP.LOC\tbe.small.NMLZ,My pot is small (lit. My pot is located in a state of being small).,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-107,18,I 'de 'smol.,I\tde\tsmol.,3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tsmall,She/He is small.,,,,published source -18-108,18,I gud.,I\tgud.,3SG.SBJ\tbe.good,She/He is good.,,,,published source -19-142,19,Tìdé dì human de fayn.,Tìdé\tdì\thuman\tde\tfayn.,today\tDEF\twoman\tCOP\tfine,Today the woman is (feeling) fine. (NOT: Today the woman is beautiful.),,,,elicited from speaker -19-143,19,Dì human fayn.,Dì\thuman\tfayn.,DEF\twoman\tbe.fine,The woman is beautiful. (NOT: The woman is (feeling) fine.),,,,naturalistic spoken -19-144,19,[...] è big.,[...]\tè\tbig.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.big,[...] it's big.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-106,20,You houso alla man velly well?,You\thouso\talla\tman\tvelly\twell?,2SG.POSS\thouse\tall\tman\tvery\twell,Is your family all well?,,,,naturalistic written -21-98,21,"Cos I lazy, I don’t want to draw the curtain.","Cos\tI\tlazy,\tI\tdon’t\twant\tto\tdraw\tthe\tcurtain.",because\t1SG\tlazy\t1SG\tdo.NEG\twant\tto\tdraw\tDET\tcurtain,"Because I am lazy, I don’t want to draw the curtain.",,,,naturalistic spoken -21-99,21,"Careful, laksa very hot.","Careful,\tlaksa\tvery\thot.",careful\tlaksa\tvery\thot,"Be careful, the laksa is very hot.",,,,constructed by linguist -22-131,22,Em i bin bikpela na i strong long palai nau.,Em\ti\tbin\tbik-pela\tna\ti\tstrong\tlong\tpalai\tnau.,3SG\tPM\tPST\tbig-MOD\tand\tPM\tstrong\tPREP\tfly\tnow,He was big and strong enough to fly now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-132,22,Em naispla aus stret.,Em\tnais-pla\taus\tstret.,3SG\tnice-MOD\thouse\tvery,It was a very nice house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-162,22,Dispela meri mi lukim asde em i naispela tru.,Dispela\tmeri\tmi\tluk-im\tasde\tem\ti\tnais-pela\ttru.,this\twoman\t1SG\tsee-TR\tyesterday\t3SG\tPM\tnice-MOD\treally,This woman I saw yesterday is really beautiful.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-123,23,pijin blong solwota i kros nao,pijin\tblong\tsolwota\ti\tkros\tnao,bird\tPOSS\tsalt.water\tAGR\tcross\tnow,Now the seagull is angry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-137,24,Ai goed.,Ai\tgoed.,I\tgood,I am well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-138,24,Dem es swiit wan.,Dem\tes\tswiit\twan.,they\tCOP\tsweet\tone,They are sweet ones.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-283,25,[...] wen ai bin yangwan.,[...]\twen\tai\tbin\tyang-wan.,[...]\tSUBORD\t1SG\tPST\tyoung-ADJ,[...] when I was young.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-284,25,"Binji pat rait, im klinwan, ani i gotim mardba langa bekbon said.","Binji\tpat\trait,\tim\tklin-wan,\tani\ti\tgot-im\tmardba\tlanga\tbekbon\tsaid.",belly\tpart\tright\t3SG\tclean-ADJ\tonly/but\t3SG\thave-TR\tspike\tLOC\tback\tside,"The belly is all right, it's clean, but it has spikes on the back.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-285,25,Mibala bin reken dis matha bin sikwan.,Mibala\tbin\treken\tdis\tmatha\tbin\tsik-wan.,1PL\tPST\tthink/say\tPROX\tmother\tPST\tsick-ADJ,We figured this mother (bird) was sick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-286,25,Det wotamelin garra bi bigwan.,Det\twotamelin\tgarra\tbi\tbig-wan.,DEM\twatermelon\tFUT/OBLIG\tCOP\tbig-ADJ,The watermelon will be big (when it grows).,,,,unknown -25-287,25,[...] wandi bi keful.,[...]\twandi\tbi\tkeful.,[...]\tPOT\tCOP\tcareful,[we] should/will be careful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-288,25,[...] en i bin bi lilbit swit.,[...]\ten\ti\tbin\tbi\tlilbit\tswit.,[...]\tand\t3SG\tPST\tCOP\tsomewhat\tsweet/tasty,[...] and it was quite tasty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-83,26,da shak haŋɹi,da\tshak\thaŋɹi,ART\tshark\thungry,The shark is hungry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-93,27,Am mi so klēntshí.,Am\tmi\tso\tklēntshí.,3SG\tCOP\tso\tsmall,He is so small.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-94,27,"Mi no wēt, wa ju gut fo.","Mi\tno\twēt,\twa\tju\tgut\tfo.",1SG\tNEG\tknow\twhat\t2SG\tgood\tfor,I don't know what you are good for.,,,,elicited from speaker -29-150,29,Ek is siek.,Ek\tis\tsiek.,1SG\tam\till,I am ill.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-160,30,Bitirába ê burmedju y dóxi sima batáta dósi.,Bitirába\tê\tburmedju\ty\tdóxi\tsima\tbatáta\tdósi.,beetroot\tbe\tred\tand\tsweet\tlike\tpotatoe\tsweet,The beetroot is red and sweet like the sweet potatoe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-161,30,Pamodi ki bu sta tristi?,Pamodi\tki=bu=sta\ttristi?,why\tCOMP=2SG=be\tsad,Why are you sad?,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-133,31,Nos tera e mariadu.,Nos\ttera\te\tmariadu.,our\tcountry\tis\tproblematic,Our country is full of problems.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-121,32,Floribela e bnita.,Floribela\te\tbnita.,Floribela\tCOP\tpretty,Floribela is pretty.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-149,33,Paredi branku.,Paredi\tbranku.,wall\twhite,The wall is white.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-150,33,Paredi i branku.,Paredi\ti\tbranku.,wall\tCOP\twhite,The wall is white.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-117,34,Ña tiya beju.,Ña\ttiya\tbeju.,POSS.1SG\taunt\told,My aunt is old.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-118,34,Ña tiya i beju.,Ña\ttiya\tø\ti\tbeju.,POSS.1SG\taunt\tPFV\tCOP\told,My aunt is old.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-163,35,Mama sa ve za.,Mama\tsa\tve\tza.,mama\tCOP\told\talready,Mama is already old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-164,35,"Kani makaku, ê doxi muntu.","Kani\tmakaku,\tê\tdoxi\tmuntu.",meat\tmonkey\t3SG\tsweet\tvery,"Monkey meat, it's very tasty.",,,,naturalistic spoken -36-96,36,N'thuala ki lôthô tha rosi n'tu.,N'thuala\tki\tlôthô\ttha\trosi\tn'tu.,oyster\twith\trice\tCOP\tgood\tvery,Oysters with rice are delicious.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-97,36,N'thuala ki lôthô rosi n'tu.,N'thuala\tki\tlôthô\trosi\tn'tu.,oyster\twith\trice\tnice\tvery,Oysters with rice are very good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-122,37,"[...] Têtuuga, txi rwin mutu.","[...]\tTêtuuga,\ttxi\trwin\tmutu.",[...]\tTurtle\t2SG\twicked\tvery,"[…] Turtle, you are too wicked.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-123,37,Pa ine minu sê sa bôn.,Pa\tine\tminu\tsê\tsa\tbôn.,COMP\tPL\tchild\tDEM\tCOP\tgood,(I hope) that these children are good.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-124,37,Ine ladran sê po sa bôn fa.,Ine\tladran\tsê\tpo\tsa\tbôn\tfa.,PL\tthief\tDEM\tcan\tCOP\tgood\tNEG,These thieves cannot be good.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-139,38,Xosolo banku.,Xosolo\tbanku.,dog\twhite,The dog is white.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-137,39,Elz ɛ bẽy vɛy.,Elz\tɛ\tbẽy\tvɛy.,3PL\tCOP.NPST\tvery\told,They are very old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-138,39,Yo te bõ.,Yo\tte\tbõ.,1SG\tCOP.NPST\tgood,I am fine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-103,40,Elo tɛ mwit buni.,Elo\ttɛ\tmwit\tbuni.,they\tCOP.PRS\tvery\tgood,They are very good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-116,41,isti ɛɛru; isti juustu,isti\tɛɛru;\tisti\tjuustu,this\twrong\tthis\tright,This is wrong; this is right.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-117,41,aka fooʈontu tambom teem botus!,aka\tfooʈo-ntu\ttambom\tteem\tbotus!,that\tphoto-LOC\texcellent\tPRS.be\t2.HON,In that photo you are [i.e look] good!,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-129,42,eli duénti,eli\tduénti,3SG\till,He is ill.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-130,42,Maria bela,Maria\tbela,Maria\told,Maria is old.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-131,42,eli infadu,eli\tinfadu,3SG\tsad,He/she is sad.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-88,43,Akel teng mutu karu.,Akel\tteng\tmutu\tkaru.,that\tCOP\tvery\texpensive,That one is very expensive.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-89,43,Sebab eli teng asley bong ka nos.,Sebab\teli\tteng\tasley\tbong\tka\tnos.,because\t3SG\tCOP\tso\tgood\tOBJ\t1PL,Because he is so good to us.,,,,naturalistic written -43-90,43,Terong kalapa sua fruta grandi [...].,Terong\tkalapa\tsua\tfruta\tgrandi\t[...].,eggplant\tcoconut\tPOSS\tfruit\tbig\t[...],The coconut eggplant's fruit is big [...].,,,,naturalistic written -44-133,44,Grándi éle.,Grándi\téle.,big\t3SG,He is big.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-134,44,Bérde el kúlay de mansánas.,Bérde\tel\tkúlay\tde\tmansánas.,green\tDEF\tcolor\tof\tapple,The color of the apple is green.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-8,46,Ta-komé éle pwérko.,Ta-komé\téle\tpwérko.,IPFV-eat\t3SG\tpork,He eats pork.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-138,46,Koloráw éste kása ántes.,Koloráw\téste\tkása\tántes.,red\tthis\thouse\tbefore,This house was red before.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-139,46,Malakára yo áwra.,Malakára\tyo\táwra.,ugly\tI\tnow,Now I am ugly.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-149,47,E ta mashá bunita mes.,E\tta\tmashá\tbunita\tmes.,3SG\tCOP\tmuch\tpretty\tEMPH,It is really very pretty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-150,47,Nos dos kachónan ta brabu.,Nos\tdos\tkachó\tnan\tta\tbrabu.,1PL\ttwo\tdog\tPL\tCOP\tbad,Our two dogs are bad (dogs).,,,,published source -48-137,48,¡Eso ta gueno!,¡Eso\tta\tgueno!,this\tbe\tgood,This is good!,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-138,48,Yo é prieto sí.,Yo\té\tprieto\tsí.,I\tbe\tblack\tyes,I am (definitely) black.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-139,48,Agüé sí borrachera mi tan sendá ngande.,Agüé\tsí\tborrachera\tmi\ttan\tsendá\tngande.,today\tyes\tdrunkenness\tmy\tFUT\tbe\tgreat,Today I am going to get really drunk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-142,48,Ele fue loko.,Ele\tfue\tloko.,he/she\tbe\tcrazy,He/she is crazy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-143,48,To ané a-ta gueno.,To\tané\ta-ta\tgueno.,all\tthey\t?-be\tgood,All of them are good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-232,49,Elifèt malad.,Elifèt\tmalad.,Elifèt\tsick,Elifèt is sick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-233,49,Tout je l wouj paske li an kolè.,Tout\tje\tl\twouj\tpaske\tli\tan\tkolè.,every\teye\t3SG.POSS\tred\tbecause\t3SG\tin\tanger,Her/His eyes are bloodshot because she/he is furious.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-139,50,Diana bèl.,Diana\tbèl.,Diana\tbeautiful,Diana is beautiful.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -51-125,51,Diana bel.,Diana\tbel.,Diana\tbeautiful,Diana is beautiful.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -53-286,53,Lapen smat!,Lapen\tsmat!,Rabbit\tsmart,Rabbit is smart!,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-287,53,So la tché tro coute.,So\tlatché\ttro\tcoute.,3SG.POSS\ttail\ttoo\tshort,His tail is too short.,,,,naturalistic written -53-288,53,Bit-sa-a se fon.,Bit\tsaa\tse\tfon.,hill\tDET.DEM.SG\tCOP\tsteep,That hill is steep.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-289,53,"Jòrdi, tou-moun se parey.","Jòrdi,\ttou-moun\tse\tparey.",today\tall-person\tCOP\tsame,"Today, everyone is equal.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-161,54,Mwen lé fayfay.,Mwen\tle\tfayfay.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP.PRS\ttired.,I am tired.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-162,54,Pti bef té byin malad ek la gal.,Pti\tbef\t(le)te\tbyen\tmalad\tek\tla\tgal.,little\tox\tCOP.PST\tvery\till\twith\tDEF\tscab,The calf was very ill with scab.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-163,54,Sa i sré gayar.,Sa\ti\tsre\tgayar.,DEM\tFIN\tCOP.COND\tnice,That would be nice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-129,55,mo malad — tifi la byeṅ long,mo malad — tifi la byeṅ long,1SG ill   girl DEF.ART very long,I am ill. — The girl is very tall.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-130,55,u fatige?,u\tfatige?,2SG\ttired,Are you tired?,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-141,56,Mal i lour.,Mal\ti\tlour.,male\tPM\theavy,The male one is heavy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-151,57,ta ʃa:ti pu mwa!,ta\tʃa:ti\tpu\tmwa!,2SG\tnice\tPREP\t1SG,You are nice to me!,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-152,57,fo saʃ!,fo\tsaʃ!,OBLIG\twise,You have to be wise!,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-97,58,Yandi kele ngolo.,Yandi\tkele\tngolo.,he\tbe\tstrong,He/She is strong.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-222,59,so (ake) nzoni,so\t(a-ke)\tnzoni,DEM\t(PM-COP)\tgood,That's good.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-223,59,ndo ni ake nzoni ape,ndo\tni\take\tnzoni\tape,place\tDET\tSM.COP\tgood\tNEG,The place is not good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-224,59,mara ti ala (ake) Gbaya,mara\tti\tala\t(a-ke)\tGbaya,ethnicity\tof\t3PL\t(PM-COP)\tGbaya,They are Gbaya by ethnic origin. (Lit. The ethnicity of them is Gbaya.),,,,constructed by linguist -60-105,60,Marie azalí molaí,Marie\ta-zal-í\tmolaí,Marie\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tlong,Marie is tall.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-78,61,Yena madala.,Yena\tmadala.,3SG\told,He/she is old.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-71,62,vi-aghú vyó ni'á ní vi-kuhló,vi-aghú\tvyó\tni'á\tní\tvi-kuhló,8-food\t8:that\t1SG:eat\tis\t8-nice,The food that I eat is nice.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-143,63,úmun hár,úmun\thár,3PL\tcourageous,They were courageous.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-144,63,ána kun well organised,ána\tkun\twell\torganised,1SG\tbe\twell\torganized,I am well organized.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-152,64,kanísa de jedíd,kanísa\tde\tjedíd,church\tDEM.PROX\tnew,This church is new.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-153,64,marísa tamám,marísa\ttamám,Merisa\tgood,Merisa is good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-154,64,úo mundári,úo\tmundári,3SG\tMundari,He is a Mundari.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-116,65,ʧega fanza ʃypka ʃaŋgo.,Čéga\tfánza\tšýpka\tšangó.,this\thouse\tvery\tgood,This house is very good.,,,,elicited from speaker -65-117,65,"Tibe sasemu xuda, sybika bu xao.","Tibe\tsasemu\txuda,\tsybika\tbu\txao.",2SG\ttotally\tbad\tvery\tNEG\tgood,"You are good-for-nothing, completely worthless.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-158,67,Dia banyak malas.,Dia\tbanyak\tmalas.,3SG\tmuch\tlazy,She is very lazy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-159,67,Dia tak gemuk.,Dia\ttak\tgemuk.,3SG\tNEG\tfat,She is not fat.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-160,67,Kita datang ah keluar bukan susah ah.,Kita\tdatang\tah\tkeluar\tbukan\tsusah\tah.,1PL\tcome\tPCL\tgo.out\tNEG\tdifficult\tPCL,It was not difficult for us to come out. (Lit. For us to come out was not difficult.),,,,naturalistic spoken -68-89,68,Ruma ni basar.,Ruma\tni\tbasar.,house\tDEM\tbig,This house is big.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-58,69,mən panmas anak,mən\tpanmas\tanak,3SG\tgood\tCOP,It's good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-62,70,U baut smat.,U\tbaut\tsmat.,3SG\tvery\tsmart,He was very clever.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-130,71,Kela poo liilii ano poepoe.,Kela\tpoo\tliilii\tano\tpoepoe.,DET\thead\tlittle\tsomewhat\tround,The [mare's] head is somewhat small and round.,,,,naturalistic written -72-113,72,Nyantu yapakayipiya yet.,Nyantu\tyapakayi-piya\tyet.,3SG\tsmall-bit\tyet,He was only little then.,,,061199cd0630bb893a8269348cce0072,naturalistic spoken -72-114,72,"KR libim im, im yapakayi.","KR\tlib-im\tim,\tim\tyapakayi.",NAME\tleave-TR\t3SG.OBJ\t3SG\tsmall,"KR leave him alone, he's only little.",,,0500256bd722938c200f08e9bfaa3945,naturalistic spoken -72-115,72,I bin top yapakayi nyanawu.,I\tbin\ttop\tyapakayi\tnyanawu.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tbe\tsmall\tRECOG.DEM,"She was young then, you know who I mean.",,,b782ce6ffa1c6865a619930cd80c40de,naturalistic spoken -73-79,73,tu kalsonga moxashka gaxun,tu\tkalson-ga\tmoxa-shka\tga-xu-n,2SG.POSS\tpants-TOP\twet-NMLZ\tbe-PROG-3,Your pants are wet.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-80,73,allibi andaxuk runaga malumi,alli-bi\tanda-xu-k\truna-ga\tmalu-mi,there-LOC\twalk-PROG-AG\tman-TOP\tbad-AFF,The man who walks over there is bad.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-115,74,náyka haws yáka wam,náyka\thaws\tyáka\twam,1SG\thouse\t3SG\thot,My house is hot/warm.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-185,75,Ilite pleu vyeu ki sa awa.,Ilite\tpleu\tvyeu\tki\tsa\tawa.,3.COP.PST\tmore\told\tthan\tthat\tDEM.3.ANIM,He was older than that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-189,75,Kayaash niishta kaaapishiishishiyaan kiiachimostaakowiyaan nuhkum.,Kayaash\tniishta\tkaa-apishiish-ishi-yaan\tkii-achimo-staa-kow-iyaan\tn-uhkum.,long.time.ago\t1SG.too\tREL-little-COP-1SG\tPST-tell.story-BEN-INV-1SG\t1-grandmother,"When I too, long ago, was small, it was told to me by my grandmother.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-191,75,Sitenn bel fiy.,Sitenn\tbel\tfiy.,be.F\tpretty.F\tgirl,She is a pretty girl.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-192,75,Kihchiwiinaniyiw sa rob.,Kihchi-wiinan-iyi-w\tsa\trob.,great-dirty-POSS-3\t3.POSS.F\tdress,Her dress is very dirty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-193,75,Eewku la rob ili kwarik pur itee kaaweeitustayt.,Eewku\tla\trob\tili\tkwarik\tpur\titee\tkaa-wee-itustay-t.,that\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tCOP\tdress\tappropriate\tfor\twhere\tREL-FUT-go-3,That dress is appropriate for where she's going.,,,,naturalistic written -75-194,75,Wiipach lii grenn kalimeuriwanwa.,Wiipach\tlii\tgrenn\tka-li-meur-iw-an-wa.,soon\tthe.PL\tberries\tFUT-the-ripe-be-INAN-PL,The berries will soon be ripe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-199,75,Li zaabr mishkitiw.,Li\tzaabr\tmishkiti-w.,DEF.ART.M.SG\ttree\tbe.big.ANIM-3,The tree is big.,,,,naturalistic written -76-57,76,kimmik nagorok pitcȗk [...],kimmik\tnagorok\tpitcȗk\t[...],dog\tgood\tnot\t[...],"When I have poor dogs [, I....].",,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-15,1,Heddi va dissi riba de na dem heh bergi bakka.,Hede\tfu\tdisi\triba\tde\tna\tden\thei\tbergi\tbaka.,head\tof\tthis\triver\tCOP\tLOC\tDET.PL\thigh\tmountain\tback,The source of this river is behind those high mountains.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-186,1,Hoe ply den boote man de?,O-pe\tden\tbotoman\tde?,Q-place\tDET.PL\tboatman\tCOP,Where are the oarsmen?,,,,written -1-187,1,Adea na tappoe.,A\tdya\tna\ttapu.,3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tLOC\ttop,It/(s)he is on top/upstairs.,,,,written -1-188,1,Na hupeh ju tatta?,Na\to=pe\tyu\ttata?,LOC\tQ=place\t2SG\tfather,Where is your father?,,,,written -2-189,2,Den pikin ben de na skoro.,Den\tpikin\tben\tde\tna\tskoro.,the.PL\tchild\tPST\tCOP\tLOC\tschool,The children were at school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-190,2,A owru de baka a doro.,A\towru\tde\tbaka\ta\tdoro.,DET\tmachete\tCOP\tback\tDET\tdoor,The machete is behind the door.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-191,2,A boi fu dya bakasey no drape moro?,A\tboi\tfu\tdya\tbakasey\tno\tdrape\tmoro?,the\tboy\tfrom\there\tbehind\tno\tthere\tmore,The guy in the back is not there anymore?,,,,elicited from speaker -3-91,3,A ta de a di wósu dendu.,A\tta\tde\ta\tdi\twósu\tdendu.,3SG\tASP\tBE\tLOC\tDEF.SG\thouse\tinside,He is in the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-126,4,A supun de na a tafa tapu.,A\tsupun\tde\tna\ta\ttafa\ttapu.,DET.SG\tspoon\tCOP\tLOC\tDET.SG\ttable\ttop,The spoon is on the table.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-124,5,Jaan in de,Jaan\tin\tde,John\tin\tthere,John is in there.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-125,5,Jaan de in de,Jaan\tde\tin\tde,John\tis\tin\tthere,John is/can be found in there.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-79,6,John in de yard.,John\tin\tde\tyard.,John\tPREP\tDET\tyard,John is in the yard.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-177,7,Shi de in di hous.,Shi\tde\tin\tdi\thous.,3SG\tLOC.COP\tin\tART\thouse,She’s in the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-178,7,Shi in di hous.,Shi\tin\tdi\thous.,3SG\tin\tART\thous,She’s in the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-113,8,Di shot we yu waahn ina ous.,Di\tshot\twe\tyu\twaahn\tina\tous.,DET\tshirt\tREL\t2SG\twant\tin\thouse,The shirt which you want is inside the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-114,8,Di shot we yu waahn de ina ous.,Di\tshot\twe\tyu\twaahn\tde\tina\tous.,DET\tshirt\tREL\t2SG\twant\tCOP.LOC\tin\thouse,The shirt which you want is inside the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-144,9,Bra fayaflay dɛ da staan bra anansi dɛ da bo.,Bra\tfayaflay\tdɛ\tda\tstaan\tbra\tanansi\tdɛ\tda\tbo.,Brother\tFirefly\tCOP.LOC\tat\tstern\tBrother\tAnansi\tCOP.LOC\tat\tbow,"Brother Firefly was at the stern, and Brother Anansi was at the bow.",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-145,9,Krab wey in.,Krab\twey\tin.,crab\tway\tin,Crabs are way in. OR: Crabs bury themselves deep (in the sand).,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-166,10,Beda Taiga de iin de ded.,Beda\tTaiga\tde\tiin\tde\tded.,Brother\tTiger\tCOP.LOC\tin\tDEM.LOC\tdead,Brother Tiger was in there dead.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-167,10,Gud bifoo yu an bad bihain yu.,Gud\tbifoo\tyu\tan\tbad\tbihain\tyu.,good\tbefore\t2SG\tand\tbad\tbehind\t2SG,Good is in front of you and bad is behind you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-168,10,Di daag de anda di tiebl.,Di\tdaag\tde\tanda\tdi\ttiebl.,ART.DEF\tdog\tCOP.LOC\tunder\tART.DEF\ttable,The dog is under the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-169,10,Nelcy de huom.,Nelcy\tde\thuom.,Nelcy\tCOP.LOC\thome,Nelcy is at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-232,11,"So wan kyapm deh, ih se [...].","So\twan\tkyapm\tdeh,\tih\tse\t[...].",so\tone\tcaptain\tCOP.LOC\t3SG\tsay\t[...],So one captain was there and he said [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-233,11,"So wen di giiz wen pupu, dier woz di ring!","So\twen\tdi\tgiiz\twen\tpupu,\tdier\twoz\tdi\tring!",So\twhen\tART.DEF\tgoose\tgo.PST\tdefecate\tDEM.LOC\tCOP.PST\tART.DEF\tring,"So when the geese defecated, the ring was there!",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-234,11,Aktuali di Heman dem iin di seem spat we dei begin so moch iaz ago.,Aktuali\tdi\tHeman\tdem\tiin\tdi\tseem\tspat\twe\tdei\tbegin\tso\tmoch\tia-z\tago.,actually\tART.DEF\tHeman\tPL\tin\tART.DEF\tsame\tspot\tREL\t3PL\tbegin\tso\tmuch\tyear-PL\tago,"At present, the Hemans are on the same spot where they started so many years ago.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-235,11,[...] di meed huu woz deer [...].,[...]\tdi\tmeed\thuu\twoz\tdeer\t[...].,[...]\tART.DEF\tmaid\tREL\tCOP.PST\tDEM.LOC\t[...],[...] the maid who was there [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-236,11,Mi iina toun.,Mi\tiina\ttoun.,1SG\tin\ttown,I am in town.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-237,11,Kriol piipl iz hier bikaa dem kom as sliev.,Kriol\tpiipl\tiz\thier\tbikaa\tdem\tkom\tas\tsliev.,Creole\tpeople\tCOP.PRS\there\tbecause\t3PL\tcome\tas\tslave,The Creole people live here because they were brought in as slaves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-238,11,Wan taim a Nikaragwan faarma mi deh weh riid iina di nyuuzpiepa bout [...].,Wan\ttaim\ta\tNikaragwan\tfaarma\tmi\tdeh\tweh\triid\tiina\tdi\tnyuuzpiepa\tbout\t[...].,one\ttime\tART.INDF\tNicaraguan\tfarmer\tPST\tCOP.LOC\tREL\tread\tin\tART.DEF\tnewspaper\tabout\t[...],Once there was a Nicaraguan farmer who read in the newspaper about [...].,,,,naturalistic written -12-181,12,I de here every night.,I\tde\there\tevery\tnight.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tLOC\tevery\tnight,I’m here every night.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-182,12,[...] his wife is a pastor. I forget what they church name. They church in Freeport. She's a pastor in Freeport.,They\tchurch\tin\tFreeport.,3PL.POSS\tchurch\tin\tFreeport,[I can’t remember the name of their church.] Their church is in Freeport.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-183,12,I think he over in the other garden.,[...]\the\tover\tin\tthe\tother\tgarden.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tLOC\tPREP\tDET\tother\tgarden,[I think] he’s in the other garden.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-184,12,I only have four home now [...] Only two does be home.,Only\ttwo\tdoes\tbe\thome.,only\ttwo\tHAB\tCOP\tLOC,[I only have four [children] at home now [...]]. Only two are at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-137,13,Harrison plant dere.,Harrison\tplant\tdere.,Harrison\tplant\tthere,Harrison’s plant is there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-138,13,Mary deh church.,Mary\tdeh\tchurch.,Mary\tCOP\tchurch,Mary is at church.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -14-100,14,He in the kitchen.,He\tin\tthe\tkitchen.,he\tin\tthe\tkitchen,He is in the kitchen.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-101,14,He IS in the kitchen.,He\tIS\tin\tthe\tkitchen.,he\tCOP\tin\tthe\tkitchen,He is in the kitchen.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-103,15,i de fritɔŋ,i\tde\tfritɔŋ,3SG\tCOP\tFreetown,He is in Freetown.,,,,naturalistic written -16-104,16,rod no de dɛ bifɔ; bat nau rod de,rod\tno\tde\tdɛ\tbifɔ;\tbat\tnau\trod\tde,road\tNEG\tCOP\tDEM\tbefore\tbut\tnow\troad\tCOP,There was no road there before. But now there is a road.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-115,16,waia gɔs we ì de (fɔ) dɛ wɔta,waia\tgɔs\twe\tì\tde\t(fɔ)\tdɛ\twɔta,wire\tgaze\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP\t(for)\tART\twater,a wire gaze that is in the water,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-122,17,À de Bènín.,À\tde\tBènín.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP.LOC\tBènín,I am in Benin.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-123,17,À de fò̱r Bènín.,À\tde\tfò̱r\tBènín.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP.LOC\tPREP\tBènín,I am in Benin.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-109,18,Grace 'bi fo 'hos.,Grace\tbi\tfo\thaus.,Grace\tCOP\tfor\thouse,Grace is at home.,,,,published source -18-110,18,Grace 'de (fo) 'hos.,Grace\tde\t(fo)\thaus.,Grace\tCOP\t(for)\thouse,Grace is at home.,,,,published source -19-145,19,Bɔtul vino de nà kichin.,Bɔtul\tvino\tde\tnà\tkichin.,bottle\twine\tCOP\tLOC\tkitchen,A bottle of wine is in the kitchen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-107,20,[...] supposo captain no got ship.,[...]\tsupposo\tcaptain\tno\tgot\tship.,[...]\tsuppose\tcaptain\tNEG\tgot\tship,[...] if the Captain is not on board.,,,,naturalistic written -20-108,20,Missyter X no got houso.,Missyter\tX\tno\tgot\thouso.,mister\tX\tNEG\tgot\thouse,Mr X is not at home.,,,,naturalistic written -20-109,20,Mississy have got?,Mississy\thave\tgot?,Miss\thave\tgot,Is Mrs X at home?,,,,naturalistic written -20-110,20,He often stop here.,He\toften\tstop\there.,3SG\toften\tCOP\there,He is often here.,,,,naturalistic written -21-100,21,Mama (is) at (the) market.,Mama\t(is)\tat\t(the)\tmarket.,grandmother\t(COP)\tat\t(DET)\tmarket,Grandmother is at the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-133,22,San i stap long midol stret nau.,San\ti\tstap\tlong\tmidol\tstret\tnau.,sun\tPM\tstay\tPREP\tmiddle\texact\tnow,The sun was right in the middle (on the sky).,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-134,22,Tupela i stap long bus nau.,Tupela\ti\tstap\tlong\tbus\tnau.,3DU\tPM\tstay\tPREP\tbush\tnow,They were in the bush.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-124,23,"taem ia hem i stap long Nyugini, mi wan mi stap","taem\tia\them\ti\tstap\tlong\tNyugini,\tmi\twan\tmi\tstap",time\tDEF\t3SG\tAGR\tstay\tLOC\tNew.Guinea\t1SG\tone\t1SG\tstay,"He was in New Guinea then, I was at home on my own.",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-139,24,Assembly se daun ar taun.,Assembly\tse\tdaun\tar\ttaun.,assembly\tCOP/LOC\tDEIC\tDET.DEF\ttown,The assembly is in Kingston.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-140,24,Plenti or haus orn Shortridge nau.,Plenti\tor\thaus\torn\tShortridge\tnau.,plenty\tDISTR.PL\thouse\tPREP\tShortridge\tnow,There are plenty of houses scattered on Shortridge these days.,,,,naturalistic written -25-289,25,Thei langa yad.,Thei\tlanga\tyad.,3PL\tLOC\tyard,They [are] in the yard. (referring to chickens),,,,naturalistic spoken -26-90,26,ða lædi stɛ ova ðɛa,ða\tlædi\tstɛ\tova\tðɛa,ART\tlady\tLOC\tover\tthere,The lady is over there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-95,27,weni am no bi da,weni\tam\tno\tbi\tda,when\t3SG\tNEG\tbe\tthere,when he is not there,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-96,27,"Frā sini, api si dri hō!","Frā\tsini,\tapi\tsi\tdri\thō!",ask\t3PL\twhere\t3SG.POSS\tthree\tear,"Ask them, where their three ears are!",,,,elicited from speaker -28-121,28,n jɛndə mingi ben eni for alandi ka,eni\tjɛn-da\tmingi\tben\teni\tfuri\talandi\tka,3PL\tbe-there\twater\tinside\t3PL\tnot.be\ton.land\tNEG,"They live in the water, they are not on land.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-151,29,Jan is by die huis.,Jan\tis\tby\tdie\thuis.,John\tis\tby\tDEF.ART\thouse,John is at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-162,30,Djánta dja sta na mésa.,Djánta\tdja\tsta\tna=mésa.,dinner\talready\tbe\tin=table,Dinner is already on the table.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-163,30,Si álma debe sta na séu!,Si=álma\tdebe\tsta\tna=séu!,3SG.POSS=soul\tmust\tbe\tin=heaven,His soul must be in heaven!,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-134,31,Miginha sta na Merka gosi ma Artur sta li.,Miginha\tsta\tna\tMerka\tgosi\tma\tArtur\tsta\tli.,Miginha\tCOP\tin\tAmerica\tnow\tbut\tArtur\tis\there,Miginha is in America now but Artur is here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-122,32,Grinhasin el ta na moráda.,Grinhasin\tel\tta\tna\tmoráda.,now\t3SG\tCOP\tin\ttown,She is in the town now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-151,33,Djon sta na prasa.,Djon\tsta\tna\tprasa.,Djon\tCOP\tin\ttown,John is in town.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-119,34,Gósiŋ Mariya sá na Sicor.,Gósiŋ\tMariya\tø\tsá\tna\tSicor.,Now\tMary\tPFV\tCOP\tin\tZiguinchor,"Now, Mary is in Ziguinchor.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-165,35,Mina mwala sa ni Sant'Antoni ka vivê.,Mina\tmwala\tsa\tni\tSant'Antoni\tka\tvivê.,child\twoman\tCOP\tin\tSant’Antoni\tIPFV\tlive,My daughter lives in Sant’Antoni.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-166,35,[...] punda Dedinha sa ke ka dwêntxi.,[...]\tpunda\tDedinha\tsa\tke\tka\tdwêntxi.,[...]\tbecause\tDedinha\tCOP\thouse\tIPFV\tbe.ill,[...] because Dedinha is ill at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-98,36,Ê tha kai.,Ê\ttha\tkai.,he\tCOP\thouse,He is at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-125,37,[...] ranha taa ufu-kumi.,[...]\tranha\ttaa\tufu-kumi.,[...]\tqueen\tCOP.PST\troad,[…] the queen was on the road.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-126,37,Sun arê ki san ranha n'udêntu palaxu.,Sun\tarê\tki\tsan\tranha\tna\tudêntu\tpalaxu.,mister\tking\twith\tlady\tqueen\tLOC\tinterior\tpalace,The king and the queen were in the palace.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-212,37,Wosê ami eli ki a nixi na tabwe [...].,Wosê ami eli ki a nixi na tabwe [...].,now 1SG FOC REL COP.PRS here LOC trouble  ,Now I am the one who is here in trouble ...,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-141,38,Mosyi ngandyi sa tela-no.,Mosyi\tngandyi\tsa\ttela-no.,woman\told\tCOP\tland-1PL,The eldest woman is in our homeland.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-142,38,Opá ngandyi sa densyi opá kitsyi.,Opá\tngandyi\tsa\tdensyi\topá\tkitsyi.,tree\tbig\tbe\tin.front.of\ttree\tsmall,The big tree stands in front of the small one.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-139,39,Mĩ irmãw te Go.,Mĩ\tirmãw\tte\tGo.,1SG.POSS\tbrother\tCOP.NPST\tGoa,My brother is in Goa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-140,39,Mĩ kurəsãw te mĩ kaz.,Mĩ\tkurəsãw\tte\tmĩ\tkaz.,1SG.POSS\theart\tCOP.NPST\t1SG.POSS\thouse,My heart is in my house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-104,40,Marwari [...] kat ki ti na su kadz tiro ani yadew pəkə rhapaz.,Marwari\t[...]\tkat\tki\tti\tna\tsu\tkadz\ttiro\tani\tyadew\tpəkə\trhapaz.,Marwari\t[...]\thow.much\tREL\tCOP.PST\tLOC\t3SG.POSS\thouse\ttake.out.PST\tand\tgave\tOBJ.that\tboy,"The Marwari [...] whatever he had in his house, he took out and gave it to that boy.",,,,constructed by linguist -40-105,40,Həd nɔ kadz ters kadi tə hika.,Həd\tnɔ\tkadz\tters\tkadi\ttə\thika.,LOC\tour\thouse\trosary\tdaily\tPRS\tbe/become,We have the rosary everyday in our house.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-118,41,paaysu tudu rɔnal ankalsu pɛɛrtu teem,paay-su\ttudu\trɔnal\tankal-su\tpɛɛrtu\tteem,father-GEN\tall\tRonald\tuncle-GEN\tnear\tPRS.be,Father's [house] and all is near Uncle Ronald's.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-119,41,avara botuspa saba jaavanantu tiɲa duvɛɛnsa: kɔleraa. avara kulumbuntu teem,avara\tbotus-pa\tsaba\t[jaavana-ntu\ttiɲa]\tduvɛɛnsa:\tkɔleraa.\tavara\tkulumbu-ntu\tteem,now\t2.HON-DAT\tknow\t[Jaffna-LOC\tPST.be]\tillness\tcholera\tnow\tColombo-LOC\tPRS.be,"Now you know, in Jaffna there was a sickness: cholera. Now it is in Colombo. OR: Now you know, the sickness that was in Jaffna, cholera. Now it is in Colombo.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-132,42,eli teng na bangsal,eli\tteng\tna\tbangsal,3SG\thave\tLOC\thut,He is in the fishermen’s hut. / He is at the fishermen’s hut.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-91,43,Anda ola kantu akel sinyor teng kadju.,Anda\tola\tkantu\takel\tsinyor\tteng\tkadju.,go\tsee\tif\tthat\tman\tCOP\thouse,Go and see whether that man is at home.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-92,43,Kampong Tugu ake ting pertu bordu mar.,Kampong\tTugu\take\tting\tpertu\tbordu\tmar.,village\tTugu\tDEM\tCOP\tnear\tside\tsea,The village of Tugu is near the seaside.,,,,naturalistic written -43-93,43,Nos sua neli ki na kadju [...].,Nos\tsua\tneli\tki\tna\tkadju\t[...].,1PL\tPOSS\trice\tREL\tLOC\thouse\t[...],"Our rice, which is at home [...].",,,,naturalistic written -44-135,44,Takí na kása Lóling.,Ta-akí\tna\tkása\tLoling.,COP.LOC-here\tLOC\thouse\tLoling,Loling is at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-114,45,Ta alla eli na cuarto.,Ta\talla\teli\tna\tcuarto.,COP.LOC\tthere\t3SG\tLOC\troom,He is in the room.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-141,46,Na kása 'le.,Na\tkása\t'le.,LOC\thouse\ts/he,S/he is at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-142,46,Estába 'le na kása.,Estába\t'le\tna\tkása.,was\ts/he\tLOC\thouse,S/he was at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-143,46,Está 'le na kása.,Está\t'le\tna\tkása.,stay\ts/he\tLOC\thouse,S/he is at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-151,47,"Ora mi ta na lamá mi ta siña landa, pero te ainda mi no por konsiderá mi mes komo landadó.","Ora\tmi\tta\tna\tlamá\tmi\tta\tsiña\tlanda,\tpero\tte\tainda\tmi\tno\tpor\tkonsiderá\tmi\tmes\tkomo\tlandadó.",hour\t1SG\tCOP\tLOC\tsea\t1SG\tTNS\tlearn\tswim\tbut\tuntil\tyet\t1SG\tNEG\tcan\tconsider\t1SG\tREFL\tas\tswimmer,"When I am on the beach I learn to swim, but I cannot yet consider myself a swimmer.",,,,naturalistic written -48-140,48,Mahaná a-ta aí loyo.,Mahaná\ta-ta\taí\tloyo.,kids\t?-be\tthere\tcreek,The kids are by/in/at the creek.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-141,48,Rosalío ta lendro monte.,Rosalío\tta\tlendro\tmonte.,Rosalío\tbe\tin\tfield,Rosalío is in the field (working).,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-234,49,Elifèt nan jaden an.,Elifèt\tnan\tjaden\tan.,Elifèt\tin\tgarden\tDEF,Elifèt is in the garden.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-140,50,Boul-la anba tab-la.,Boul-la\tanba\ttab-la.,ball-DEF\tunder\ttable-DEF,The ball is under the table.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-126,51,Boul-la anba tab-la.,Boul-la\tanba\ttab-la.,ball-DEF\tunder\ttable-DEF,The ball is under the table.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-81,52,i fika Kayenn,i\tfika\tKayenn,he\tis\tCayenne,He is (living in) Cayenne.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-290,53,No piti-ye a lekol.,No\tpiti-ye\ta\tlekol.,1PL.POSS\tchild-PL\tat\tschool,Our children are at school.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-291,53,Djiabe dan cabanne.,Djiabe\tdan\tcabanne.,devil\tin\thouse,The devil is in the hut.,,,,naturalistic written -53-292,53,Ma mezon se a la Grand Pwent.,Ma\tmezon\tse\ta\tla\tGrand\tPwent.,1SG.F.POSS\thouse\tCOP\tin\tART.DEF.SG\tGrand\tPointe,My house is in Grand Pointe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-164,54,Mé li lé dan son kaz mem [...].,Me\tli\tle\tdan\tson\tkaz\tmenm\t[...].,but\t3SG\tCOP.PRS\tin\tPOSS.3SG\thouse\tself\t[...],But he is in his own house [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-165,54,"[...] mé la mézon le roi lété a koté, kom an vil.","[...]\tme\tla\tmezon\tlë\trwa\tlete\takote,\tkonm\tan\tvil.",[...]\tbut\tDEF\thouse\tDEF\tking\tCOP.PST\tat.side\tlike\tin\ttown,"[...] but the king’s house was next door, like in town.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-131,55,li lakaz — mo Por Lwi,li lakaz — mo Por Lwi,3SG house   1SG Port Louis,S/he is at home/in the house. — I am in/at Port Louis.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-132,55,Devika Maybur,Devika\tMaybur,Devika\tMahébourg,Devika is at Mahébourg.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-142,56,Mon Ladig.,Mon\tLadig.,1SG\tLa.Digue,I am on La Digue (an island of the Seychelles).,,,,constructed by linguist -56-143,56,Gabriel i dan bwa.,Gabriel\ti\tdan\tbwa.,Gabriel\tPM\tin\tforest,Gabriel is in the forest.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-79,57,Maris le reste Saint-Louis,Maris\tle\treste\tSaint-Louis,Maryse\tSI\tstay\tSaint-Louis,Maryse stays at Saint-Louis.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-80,57,Lidi le parti Nouméa,Lidi\tle\tparti\tNouméa,Lydie\tSI\tleave\tNouméa,Lydie is at Nouméa.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-99,58,Beto ke na nzo.,Beto\tke\tna\tnzo.,we\tbe\tCONN\thouse,We are at home/in the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-225,59,baba ti mo (ake) na ndo wa?,baba\tti\tmo\t(a-ke)\tna\tndo\twa?,father\tof\t2SG\t(PM-COP)\tPREP\tplace\twhat,Where's your father?,,,,constructed by linguist -59-226,59,mbeni ngbo ake na ya ti du so,mbeni\tngbo\take\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tso,certain\tsnake\tPM.COP\tPREP\tinside\tof\thole\tDEM,There's a snake in this hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-227,59,ala (ke) na ya ti da?,ala\t(ke)\tna\tya\tti\tda?,3PL\t(COP)\tPREP\tinside\tof\thouse,Are they in the house?,,,,constructed by linguist -60-106,60,Sendi azalí na mbóka,Sendi\ta-zal-í\tna\tmbóka,Sendi\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tin\tvillage,Sendi is in the village.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-79,61,Buka upi mina khona.,Buk-a\tupi\tmina\tkhona.,see-IMP\twhere\tI\tLOC.COP,See where I am.,,,,constructed by linguist -62-72,62,é-re-áta i'í,é-re-áta\ti'í,1-BGND-be\there,He was here.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-145,63,úwo fi Nayvásha,úwo\tfi\tNayvásha,3SG\tLOC\tNaivasha,He is in Naivasha.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-146,63,wéde záidi gi-kún fi bakán hár,wéde\tzáidi\tgi-kún\tfi\tbakán\thár,DEM\tmost\tTAM-be\tin\tplace\thot,They are mostly in hot spots.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-155,64,jon bikun fi,jon\tbi=kun\tfi,John\tIRR=be\tEXIST,There will be John.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-156,64,akú tái fi fi júba,akú\ttái\tfi\tfi\tjúba,brother\tPOSS.1SG\tEXIST\tin\tJuba,My brother is in Juba.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-157,64,fi múʃkila ben ʃimál wa jenúb,fi\tmúʃkila\tben\tʃimál\twa\tjenúb,EXIST\tproblem\tbetween\tnorth\tand\tsouth,There's a problem between south and north.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-118,65,"Galava iwo tam, a nogi tuda.","Galava\tiwo\ttam,\ta\tnogi\ttuda.",head\t3SG\tthere.LOC\tbut\tfoot\tthere.DIR,"Its (the Earth's) head is there (to the North-Est), and its feet are there (to the South-West).",,,,citation in fiction -65-119,65,Olga tada isio belyj sidi.,Olga\ttada\tisio\tbelyj\tsidi.,Olga\tthen\tstill\twhite\tsit,The white forces were still in Olga.,,,,citation in fiction -66-88,66,Go kampong ka aðuuðung.,Go\tkampong\tka\ta-ðuuðung.,1SG\ttown\tin\tPRS-LOCV,I am in town.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-161,67,Rumah dekat Serangoon.,Rumah\tdekat\tSerangoon.,house\tnear\tSerangoon,[My] house is near Serangoon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-90,68,De masi di Halong.,De\tmasi\tdi\tHalong.,3SG\tstill\tLOC\tHalong,She is still in Halong (village).,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-63,70,U koro baito.,U\tkoro\tbaito.,3SG\tvillage\tCOP,He's in the village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-131,71,Akahi Japani noho ma kela hale pake!,Akahi\tJapani\tnoho\tma\tkela\thale\tpake!,INDF\tJapanese\tCOP\tLOC\tDET\thouse\tChinese,A Japanese is at the Chinese house!,,,,naturalistic written -71-132,71,Pehea la kanaka ma kela hale wau?,Pehea\tla\tkanaka\tma\tkela\thale\twau?,why\tMOD\tperson\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t1SG.POSS,Why is that person at my house?,,,,naturalistic written -72-116,72,Nyila bebi im top teblta kanyjupal.,Nyila\tbebi\tim\ttop\ttebl-ta\tkanyjupal.,that\tbaby\t3SG\tbe\ttable-LOC\tunderneath,The baby is under the table.,,,93d7f0b12391e39f8548b4e3c4e5e3bd,peer elicitation -72-117,72,An dat warlaku tebulta kanyjurra.,An\tdat\twarlaku\ttebul-ta\tkanyjurra.,and\tthe\tdog\ttable-LOC\tdown,And the dog is down under the table.,,,,peer elicitation -73-81,73,ahora tardega no kazabichu gasha,ahora\ttarde-ga\tno\tkaza-bi-chu\tga-sha,now\tafternoon-TOP\tNEG\thouse-LOC-NEG\tbe-1SG.FUT,I won't be home this afternoon.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-82,73,elga riobambabimi,el-ga\triobamba-bi-mi,3SG-TOP\tRiobamba-LOC-AFF,(S)he is in Riobamba.,,,,naturalistic adapted -74-116,74,náyka haws mitlayt kápa stik,náyka\thaws\tmitlayt\tkápa\tstik,1SG\thouse\tsit\tat\tstick,My house is in the forest.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-195,75,Li paeny didaan li chiirwa ashteew.,Li\tpaeny\tdidaan\tli\tchiirwa\tashtee-w.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tcomb\tin\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tdrawer\tplaced-3,The comb is in the drawer.,,,,naturalistic written -75-196,75,Daa la priizuun ayaw muun galaan.,Daa\tla\tpriizuun\taya-w\tmuun\tgalaan.,in\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tprison\tbe-3\t1.POSS.M.SG\tboyfriend,My boyfriend is in prison.,,,,naturalistic written -75-197,75,La Iwet moon u foon la yeul apiw.,La\tIwet\tmoon\tu\tfoon\tla\tyeul\tapi-w.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tpalate\tsoft\tLOC\tback\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tmouth\tsit-3,The soft palate is in the back of the mouth.,,,,naturalistic written -2-192,2,Mi prakseri a bai disi nanga a man dati musu de brada.,Mi\tprakseri\ta\tbai\tdisi\tnanga\ta\tman\tdati\tmusu\tde\tbrada.,1SG\tthink\tDET\tboy\tDEM\twith\tDET\tman\tDEM\tmust\tCOP\tbrother,I think this boy and that man must be brothers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-193,2,Yu sabi Dark Shadow ben de wan frede film.,Yu\tsabi\tDark\tShadow\tben\tde\twan\tfrede\tfilm.,2SG\tknow\tDark\tShadow\tPST\tCOP\tART\tscary\tfilm,You know Dark Shadow was a scary movie.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-194,2,Ma Sjo srefi ben de datisey.,Ma\tSjo\tsrefi\tben\tde\tdatisey.,but\tSjo\tself\tPST\tbe\tthat.side,But Sjo himself was from that area.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-92,3,En de malenge-ma.,En\tde\tmalenge-ma.,3SG\tBE\tlazy-MA,He is a lazy bones.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-127,4,En na wan metres.,En\tna\twan\tmetres.,she\tCOP\tone\tteacher,She is a teacher.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-128,4,"Mamanten, den pikin de a sikoo.","Mamanten,\tden\tpikin\tde\ta\tsikoo.",morning\tDET.PL\tchild\tCOP\tLOC\tschool,In the morning the children are at school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-80,6,John in town.,John\tin\ttown.,John\tPREP\ttown,John is in town.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-179,7,Pikni fo so de a beisaid.,Pikni\tfo\tso\tde\ta\tbei-said.,child\tfor\tso\tCOP.LOC\tat\tbay-side,There are a lot of children at the bayside. OR: A lot of children are at the bayside.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-115,8,Mi a sia-man.,Mi\ta\tsia-man.,1SG\tCOP\tseer-man,I am a (male) seer.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-116,8,Juoziv de (ina) Mie Pen.,Juoziv\tde\t(ina)\tMie\tPen.,Joseph\tCOP.LOC\t(in)\tMay\tPen,Joseph is in May Pen.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-170,10,Dehn sei Turkl da wan disgosting animal.,Dehn\tsei\tTurkl\tda\twan\tdisgosting\tanimal.,3PL\tsay\tTurtle\tFOC\tART.INDF\tdigusting\tanimal,They said Turtle was a disgusting animal.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-171,10,wail dehn de de,wail\tdehn\tde\tde,while\t3PL\tCOP.LOC\tDEM.LOC,while they were there,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-172,10,Da we yu de?,Da\twe\tyu\tde?,FOC\twhere\t2SG\tCOP.LOC,Where exactly are you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-239,11,Blof iz wan niebahud fram Bluufiilz.,Blof\tiz\twan\tnieba-hud\tfram\tBluufiilz.,Bluff\tCOP.PRS\tART.INDF\tneighbour-hood\tfrom\tBluefields,The Bluff is a neighbourhood of Bluefields.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-240,11,Shi iin di Steets nou.,Shi\tiin\tdi\tSteets\tnou.,3SG.F\tin\tART.DEF\tStates\tnow,She is in the States now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-241,11,An den wan hat man weer deer iin di komyuniti [...].,An\tden\twan\that\tman\tweer\tdeer\tiin\tdi\tkomyuniti\t[...].,and\tthen\tART.INDF\thot\tman\tCOP.PST\tDEM.LOC\tin\tART.DEF\tcommunity\t[...],And then there was a hot young man in the community [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-242,11,Di ada wan deh mi grani pet.,Di\tada\twan\tde\tmi\tgrani\tpet.,ART.DEF\tother\tone\tCOP.LOC\t1SG.POSS\tgranny\tpet,The other one [in the yard] was my granny's pet.,,,,naturalistic written -11-243,11,Mary da wan tiicha.,Mary\tda\twan\ttiicha.,Mary\tFOC\tART.INDF\tteacher,Mary is a teacher.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-187,12,[...] his wife is a pastor. I forget what they church name. They church in Freeport. She's a pastor in Freeport.,[...] his wife is a pastor. I forget what they church name. They church in Freeport. She's a pastor in Freeport.,[...] 3SG.M.POSS wife COP ART pastor 3PL.POSS church in Freeport 3SG.F.COP ART pastor in Freeport,[...] his wife is a pastor. [I can’t remember the name of their church.] Their church is in Freeport. She’s a pastor in Freeport.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-188,12,[...] then I is the second oldest one [...].,[...] then I is the second oldest one [...].,  [...]1SG.SBJ COP DEF.ART ORD oldest one [...]  ,[...] I am the second child [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-189,12,"[...] he in Freeport now, he's a Christian now.","[...]\the\tin\tFreeport\tnow,\the's\ta\tChristian\tnow.",[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tLOC\tFreeport\tnow\t3SG.SBJ.COP\tART\tChristian\tnow,"[...] he’s in Freeport now, he’s a [born-again] Christian now.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-139,13,She name is Bertha.,She\tname\tis\tBertha.,3SG.POSS\tname\tCOP\tBertha,Her name is Bertha.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -17-124,17,À bì ticha.,À\tbì\tticha.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tteacher,I am a teacher.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-125,17,À de Bènín.,À\tde\tBènín.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP.LOC\tBènín,I am in Benin.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-101,21,Mama is a good cook.,Mama\tis\ta\tgood\tcook.,grandmother\tCOP.SG\tDET\tgood\tcook,Grandmother is a good cook.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-135,22,Manggi ia em enjinia bilong Glomaris ia.,Manggi\tia\tem\tenjinia\tbilong\tGlomaris\tia.,youth\tFOC\t3SG\tengineer\tPOSS\tGlomaris\tFOC,That boy is an engineer on the (ship) Glomaris.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-136,22,Nau mi stap long Manus.,Nau\tmi\tstap\tlong\tManus.,Now\t1SG\tstay\tPREP\tManus,Now I am / I live in Manus.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-141,24,Shi ess dans.,Shi\tess\tdans.,3SG.SBJ.F\tCOP\tdunce,She is the dunce.,,,,naturalistic written -24-143,24,Shi se dans.,Shi\tse\tdans.,she\tCOP\tdunce,She is the dunce.,,,,naturalistic written -27-97,27,Am a wēs di guardian fo di lion sinu.,Am\ta\twēs\tdi\tguardian\tfo\tdi\tlion\tsinu.,3SG\tPST\tbe\tDET\tguardian\tfor\tDET\tlion\t3PL,He was the guardian for the lions.,,,,elicited from speaker -27-98,27,Mi ha wēs da.,Mi\tha\twēs\tda.,1SG\tPST\tbe\tthere,I was there.,,,,elicited from speaker -28-122,28,ʃi papa wa da riki man,ʃi\tpapa\twa\tda\triki\tman,3SG.POSS\tfather\tPST\tCOP\trich\tman,His father was a rich man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-152,29,Hy is leraar.,Hy\tis\tleraar.,3SG.M.NOM\tis\tminister,He is a (protestant) minister.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-153,29,Hy is by die huis.,Hy\tis\tby\tdie\thuis.,3SG.M.NOM\tis\tby\tDEF.ART\thouse,He is at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-164,30,Mi ê invistigador.,Mi\tê\tinvistigador.,1SG\tbe\tscientist,I am a scientist.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-165,30,Djánta dja sta na mésa [...].,Djánta\tdja\tsta\tna=mésa\t[...].,dinner\talready\tbe\tin=table\t[...],Dinner is already on the table [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-166,30,"Na kel ánu ki N raprova, éra el ki stába nos prufesor.","Nna=kel=ánu\tki=N=raprova,\téra\tel\tki=stá-ba\tnos=prufesor.",in=DEM.SG=year\tCOMP=1SG=fail\tbe.ANT\t3SG.INDP\tCOMP=be-ANT\tPOSS.1PL=teacher,He was our teacher the year I failed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-123,32,Grinhasin el ta na moráda.,Grinhasin\tel\tta\tna\tmoráda.,now\t3SG\tLOC.PRS\tin\ttown,She is in the town now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-124,32,Mi e viuva.,Mi\te\tviuva.,1SG\tCOP.PRS\twidow,I'm a widow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-152,33,Djon i kantadur.,Djon\ti\tkantadur.,John\tCOP\tsinger,John is a singer.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-153,33,Djon sta na prasa.,Djon\tsta\tna\tprasa.,Djon\tCOP\tin\ttown,John is in town.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-121,34,Gósiŋ Joŋ sá na Sicor.,Gósiŋ\tJoŋ\tø\tsá\tna\tSicor.,now\tJohn\tPFV\tCOP\tin\tZiguinchor,"Now, John is in Ziguinchor.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-167,35,Ê sa dôtôlô.,Ê\tsa\tdôtôlô.,3SG\tCOP\tdoctor,He is a doctor.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-168,35,Mina mwala sa ni Sant'Antoni ka vivê.,Mina\tmwala\tsa\tni\tSant'Antoni\tka\tvivê.,child\twoman\tCOP\tin\tSant’Antoni\tIPFV\tlive,My daughter lives in Sant’Antoni.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-143,38,Pepe-sai sa pé-d’eli.,Pepe-sai\tsa\tpé-de-eli.,old.man-DEM\tCOP\tfather-of-3SG,The old man was her father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-144,38,Mosyi ngandyi sa tela-no.,Mosyi\tngandyi\tsa\ttela-no.,woman\told\tCOP\tland-1PL,The eldest woman (his sister) is in our homeland.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-141,39,mĩ kaz ɛ pɛrt də igrej.,mĩ\tkaz\tɛ\tpɛrt\tdə\tigrej.,1SG.POSS\thouse\tCOP\tnear\tof\tchurch,My house is near the church.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-133,42,yo mestri di skola,yo\tmestri\tdi\tskola,1SG\tmaster\tof\tschool,I am a teacher.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-134,42,yo teng na bairu,yo\tteng\tna\tbairu,1SG\tBE\tLOC\tvillage,I am in the village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-235,49,Pyè doktè Okanada.,Pyè\tdoktè\tOkanada.,Pierre\tdoctor\tin.Canada,Pierre is a doctor in Canada.,,,,elicited from speaker -49-236,49,Elifèt nan jaden an.,Elifèt\tnan\tjaden\tan.,Elifèt\tin\tgarden\tDEF,Elifèt is in the garden.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-237,49,Timoun yo nan lakou a.,Timoun\tyo\tnan\tlakou\ta.,child\tDEF.PL\tin\tcourtyard\tDEF,The children are in the courtyard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-238,49,Li bò kay la.,Li\tbò\tkay\tla.,he\tis.next.to\thouse\tDEF,He is next to the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-239,49,Pyè se doktè.,Pyè\tse\tdoktè.,Pierre\tSE\tdoctor,Pierre is a doctor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-141,50,I dòktè.,I\tdòktè.,3SG\tdoctor,He/she is a doctor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-142,50,I anlè pon-la.,I\tanlè\tpon-la.,3SG\ton\tbridge-DEF,He/she is on the bridge.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-127,51,I doktè.,I\tdoktè.,3SG\tdoctor,He is a doctor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-128,51,I asou pon-an.,I\tasou\tpon-an.,3SG\ton\tbridge-DEF,He is on the bridge.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-293,53,Li deor.,Li\tdeor.,3SG\toutside,He's outside.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-294,53,Li pa en dokter.,Li\tpa\ten\tdokter.,3SG\tNEG\tART.INDF\tdoctor,He's not a doctor.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-166,54,Son papa lé tayër.,Son\tpapa\tle\ttayer.,POSS.3SG\tfather\tCOP.PRS\ttailor,His/her father is a tailor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-167,54,Son papa le dan son kaz.,Son\tpapa\tle\tdan\tson\tkaz.,POSS.3SG\tfather\tCOP.PRS\tin\tPOSS.3SG\thouse,His/her father is in his/her house.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-133,55,Pyer en profeser,Pyer\ten\tprofeser,Pyer\tINDF\tschoolteacher,Pierre is a schoolteacher.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-134,55,Pyer lekol,Pyer\tlekol,Pyer\tschool,Pierre is in/at (the) school.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-135,55,so frer ti en profeser,so\tfrer\tti\ten\tprofeser,POSS\tbrother\tPST\tINDF\tteacher,His brother was a teacher.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-228,59,lo (ke) wali ti mbi,lo\t(ke)\twali\tti\tmbi,3SG\t(COP)\twife\tof\t1SG,She's my wife.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-229,59,kwa ti mbi aeke na ndo so,kwa\tti\tmbi\taeke\tna\tndo\tso,work\tof\t1SG\tSM.COP\tPREP\tplace\tDEM,My work is here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-230,59,wen' aeke na ya ni,wen'\taeke\tna\tya\tni,iron\tSM.COP\tPREP\tinside\tDET,Iron is inside it (the ore).,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-107,60,nazalákí na ndáko,na-zal-ákí\tna\tndáko,1SG-be-PST\tin\thouse,I was in the house.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-108,60,nazalákí moyémbi,na-zal-ákí\tmoyémbi,1SG-be-PST\tsinger,I was a singer.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-119,60,Francine azalí na libúlú,Francine\ta-zal-í\tna\tlibúlú,Francine\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tin\thole.in.ground,Francine is in a hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-147,63,úwo fi Nayvásha,úwo\tfi\tNayvásha,3SG\tLOC\tNaivasha,He is in Naivasha.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-148,63,ómun Núbi,ómun\tNúbi,3PL\tNubi,They are Nubi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-158,64,ána maálim,ána\tmaálim,1SG\tteacher,I am a teacher.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-159,64,hása úo fi kartúm,hása\túo\tfi\tkartúm,now\t3SG\tEXIST\tKhartoum,At the moment he is in Khartoum.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-120,65,ʃ'asa ʃandun iwo.,ʃ'asa\tʃandun\tiwo.,now\tShandong\t3SG,He is now in the province of Shandong.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-89,66,Go attu winyani.,Go\tattu\twinyani.,1SG\tINDF\tscientist,I am a scientist.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-162,67,Saya Lim.,Saya\tLim.,1SG\tLim,I am Lim.,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-81,72,Nyawa ngakparn im top andanith flawawalijangka.,Nyawa\tngakparn\tim\ttop\tandanith\tflawa-walija-ngka.,this\tfrog\t3SG\tbe\tunderneath\tflower-PAUC-LOC,This frog is underneath the flowers.,,,c945d1676b3380c222f49a357ba670cc,naturalistic spoken -72-118,72,Nyila bebi im top teblta kanyjupal.,Nyila\tbebi\tim\ttop\ttebl-ta\tkanyjupal.,that\tbaby\t3SG\tbe\ttable-LOC\tunderneath,The baby is under the table.,,,93d7f0b12391e39f8548b4e3c4e5e3bd,peer elicitation -72-119,72,An dat warlaku tebulta kanyjurra.,An\tdat\twarlaku\ttebul-ta\tkanyjurra.,and\tthe\tdog\ttable-LOC\tdown,And the dog is down under the table.,,,,peer elicitation -74-118,74,náyka dáktin,náyka\tdáktin,1SG\tdoctor,I am a doctor.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-119,74,náyka mitlayt kápa tawn,náyka\tmitlayt\tkápa\ttawn,1SG\tsit\tat\ttown,I’m in town.,,,,constructed by linguist -1-189,1,Mi habi man.,Mi\thabi\tman.,1SG\thave\tman,I have a husband.,,,,written -1-190,1,Mi habi hekki. / Mi kissi hekki. / Hekki kissi mi.,Mi habi heki. / Mi kisi heki. / Heki kisi mi.,1SG have hiccup   1SG get hiccup   hiccup get 1SG,I've got the hiccups.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-191,1,Koorze de na joe.,Korsu\tde\tna\tyu.,fever\tCOP\tLOC\t2SG,You've got fever.,,,,written -1-192,1,"Da uman habi hem mune, a de na mune.","Da\tuma\thabi\ten\tmun,\ta\tde\tna\tmun.",DET.SG\twoman\thave\t3SG\tmonth\t3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tLOC\tmonth,The woman is having her period.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-193,1,Mi dee nanga wan tranga koorsoe.,Mi\tde\tnanga\twan\ttranga\tkorsu.,1SG\tCOP\twith\tINDF.SG\tstrong\tfever,I'm having a strong fever.,,,,written -2-195,2,"Yungu, yu no abi ai fu sii?","Yungu,\tyu\tno\tabi\tai\tfu\tsii?",boy\t2SG\tNEG\thave\teye\tfor\tsee,"Boy, don’t you have eyes?",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-196,2,"Efu yu no abi flashlait efu munkendi, yu no e sii.","Efu\tyu\tno\tabi\tflashlait\tefu\tmunkendi,\tyu\tno\te\tsii.",if\t2SG\tNEG\thave\tflashlight\tor\tmoonlight\t2SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tsee,"If you didn’t have a flashlight or moonlight, you couldn’t see.",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-197,2,"Te wan mama abi pikin kba, a pikin musu nyan.","Te\twan\tmama\tabi\tpikin\tkba,\ta\tpikin\tmusu\tnyan.",when\tART\tmother\thave\tchild\talready\tDET\tchild\tmust\teat,"When a mother has a child, the child must eat.",,,,naturalistic spoken -3-93,3,Mi ábi woóko.,Mi\tábi\twoóko.,1SG\thave\twork,I have work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-129,4,A abi wan duupu foo eke den pikin foo den di bakaa e abi.,A\tabi\twan\tduupu\tfoo\teke\tden\tpikin\tfoo\tden\tdi\tbakaa\te\tabi.,he\thave\ta\tgroup\tbird\tlike\tDET.PL\tsmall\tbird\tthey\tREL\toutsider\tIPFV\thave,"He had a bunch of birds like the little birds, the ones that white people have.",,,,naturalistic spoken -4-130,4,"A man de, a de anga (en) goni.","A\tman\tde,\ta\tde\tanga\t(en)\tgoni.",DET.SG\tman\tthere\the\tCOP\twith\t(his)\tgun,"That man, he has a gun.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-126,5,mii granfaada bin gat plees a filisiti bilid,mii\tgranfaada\tbin\tgat\tplees\ta\tfilisiti\tbilid,1SG.POSS\tgrandfather\tANT\thave\tplace\tat\tFelicity\tVillage,My grandfather had a place at Felicity Village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-81,6,John hav a boat.,John\thav\ta\tboat.,John\thave\tDET\tboat,John has a boat.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-180,7,I ha nyu kyaa.,I\tha\tnyu\tkyaa.,3SG\thave\tnew\tcar,He/she has a new car.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-117,8,Jan gat wahn haas.,Jan\tgat\twahn\thaas.,John\thave\ta\thorse,John has a horse.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-146,9,Anansi neva had no layt.,Anansi\tneva\thad\tno\tlayt.,Anansi\tANT.NEG\thad\tno\tlight,Anansi did not have any light.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-147,9,Bra fayaflay im gat layt bra anansi no gat no layt.,Bra\tfayaflay\tim\tgat\tlayt\tbra\tanansi\tno\tgat\tno\tlayt.,Brother\tFirefly\t3SG\tgot\tlight\tBrother\tAnansi\tNEG\tgot\tNEG\tlight,"Brother Firefly had a light, but Brother Anansi didn't have any light.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-173,10,Di King gat wan daata.,Di\tKing\tgat\twan\tdaata.,ART.DEF\tKing\tget\tART.INDF\tdaughter,The King had a daughter.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-244,11,Ai hav chrii piknini.,Ai\thav\tchrii\tpiknini.,1SG\thave\tthree\tchild,I have three children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-245,11,So wen unu gat unu piknini unu sit doun an [...].,So\twen\tunu\tgat\tunu\tpiknini\tunu\tsit\tdoun\tan\t[...].,so\twhen\t2PL\tget\t2PL.POSS\tchild\t2PL\tsit\tdown\tand\t[...],"So when you have your own children, you sit down and [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-190,12,"Good water, sometime, in like - when we go in the farm, my grandparents, they ha- we got some hole they call cistern.",[...]\tthey\tha-\twe\tgot\tsome\thole\t[...],[...]\t3PL.SBJ\thave\t1PL.SBJ\tget.PST\tDET\thole\t[...],[...] they had - we had a hole [called cistern].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-191,12,"The bus just go - there to pick up the people what live out South Beach. And ... go out there, you'll see some of the - people live out there, 'cause it quiet, and they have - uh - lovely homes, the same way - uh - Carmichael Rd.",[...]\tthey\thave\t[...]\tlovely\thomes\t[...].,[...]\t3PL.SBJ\thave\t[...]\tlovely\thomes\t[...],[...] they have lovely homes [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-140,13,I had seven head of children in my house.,I\thad\tseven\thead\tof\tchildren\tin\tmy\thouse.,I\thad\tseven\thead\tof\tchildren\tin\tmy\thouse,I had seven children in my house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-102,14,Bruce have a car.,Bruce\thave\ta\tcar.,Bruce\thave\ta\tcar,Bruce has a car.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-103,14,Bruce got a car.,Bruce\tgot\ta\tcar.,Bruce\thave\ta\tcar,Bruce has a car.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-105,16,mi à no gɛt mɔni fɔ transpɔt o,mi\tà\tno\tgɛt\tmɔni\tfɔ\ttranspɔt\to,1SG\t1SG\tNEG\tget\tmoney\tfor\ttransport\tEMPH,I don't have money for transportation.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-126,17,À ge̱t mòto.,À\tge̱t\tmòto.,1SG.SBJ\thave\tcar,I have a car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-127,17,Mà mòto de.,Mà\tmòto\tde.,1SG.POSS\tcar\tCOP,I have a car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-111,18,Yu get moto?,Yu\tget\tmoto?,2SG.SBJ\thave\tcar,Do you have/own a car?,,,,unspecified -18-112,18,A get moni.,A\tget\tmoni.,1SG.SBJ\thave\tmoney,I am rich.,,,,unspecified -19-146,19,À gɛt mòtó.,À\tgɛt\tmòtó.,1SG.SBJ\thave\tcar,I have a car.,,,,constructed by linguist -19-147,19,À hol mòtó.,À\thol\tmòtó.,1SG.SBJ\thold\tcar,I have/keep a car (at the moment).,,,,constructed by linguist -19-148,19,Mòtó de fɔ̀ràn.,Mòtó\tde\tfɔ̀r=àn.,car\tCOP\tASSOC=3SG.OBJ,He has a car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-149,19,[...] mì móvil no de nà mì han.,[...]\tmì\tmóvil\tno\tde\tnà\tmì\than.,[...]\t1SG.POSS\tmobile.phone\tNEG\tCOP\tLOC\t1SG\thand,[...] I don't have my mobile phone with me.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-111,20,You hap got pidgin makee?,You\thap\tgot\tpidgin\tmakee?,2SG\thave\tgot\tpidgin\tmake,Have you any business to do?,,,,naturalistic written -20-112,20,You got how muchee piecee order?,You\tgot\thow\tmuchee\tpiecee\torder?,2SG\tgot\thow\tmuch\tCLF\torder,How many orders have you got?,,,,naturalistic written -20-113,20,My no got (A)merican flour.,My\tno\tgot\t(A)merican\tflour.,1SG\tNEG\tgot\tAmerican\tflour,I have no American flour.,,,,naturalistic written -21-102,21,I have a gold ring.,I\thave\ta\tgold\tring.,1SG\thave\tDET\tgold\tring,I have a gold ring.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-103,21,I got gold ring.,I got gold ring.,1SG have DET gold ring,I have a gold ring.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-137,22,Mipla gat haus long Lei.,Mipla\tgat\thaus\tlong\tLei.,1PL\thave\thouse\tPREP\tLae,We have a house in Lae.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-125,23,mi gat smol meresin blong smol boe blong mi,mi\tgat\tsmol\tmeresin\tblong\tsmol\tboe\tblong\tmi,1SG\thave\tsmall\tmedicine\tPOSS\tsmall\tboy\tPOSS\t1SG,I had a little medicine of my younger son's.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-145,24,Yorlye gat ohren?,Yorlye\tgat\tohren?,apron.2PL\tgot\torange,Have you got oranges?,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-239,25,"Wal dudei wi laki, yu no. Wi garrim faiya.","Wal\tdudei\twi\tlaki,\tyu\tno.\tWi\tgarr-im\tfaiya.",well\ttoday\t1PL\tlucky\t2SG\tknow\t1PL\thave-TR\tfire,"Well today we're lucky, you know. We have fire.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-290,25,Septibin yu gotim?,Septibin\tyu\tgot-im?,safety.pin\t2SG\thave-TR,Do you have a safety pin?,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-291,25,"""Yu got no bilij"", imin tok lagijat.","""Yu\tgot\tno\tbilij"",\tim=in\ttok\tlagijat.",2SG\thave\tno\tashes\t3SG=PST\tspeak\tlike.that,"""You've got no ashes"", she said.",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-292,25,"Ei imiyu, yu gadim eni mejik?","Ei\timiyu,\tyu\tgad-im\teni\tmejik?",hey\tEmu\t2SG\thave-TR\tany\tmagic,"Hey Emu, do you have any magic?",,,,naturalistic written -27-99,27,Di kining a ha ēn suku-stik.,Di\tkining\ta\tha\tēn\tsuku-stik.,DET\tking\tPST\thave\ta\tsugar-cane,The king had a sugarcane.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-123,28,"arumaruman, o habu en gutu ka","arum-arum\tman,\to\thabu\ten\tgutu\tka",poor-poor\tman\t3SG\thave\tone\tthing\tNEG,"A very poor man, he has nothing.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-154,29,Hy het 'n perd.,Hy\thet\t'n\tperd.,3SG.M.NOM\thas\tINDF.ART\thorse,He has a horse.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-167,30,Kel ómi la ten dinheru!,Kel=ómi\tla\tten\tdinheru!,DEM.SG=man\tthere\thave\tmoney,That man is rich (lit. That man has money)!,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-168,30,Kel ómi la tene dinheru!,Kel=ómi\tla\ttene\tdinheru!,DEM.SG=man\tthere\thave\tmoney,That man has money (with him)!,,,,constructed by linguist -31-135,31,Mi'N ten des fidju.,Mi'N\tten\tdes\tfidju.,me.I\thave\tten\tchild,I have ten children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-136,31,Tementi nu sta ku vida.,Tementi\tnu\tsta\tku\tvida.,while\twe\tare\twith\tlife,As long as we are alive.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-137,31,"Si'N ka tene dinheru, N ta trabadja uji.","Si'N\tka\ttene\tdinheru,\tN\tta\ttrabadja\tuji.",if.I\tNEG\thave\tmoney\tI\tASP\twork\ttoday,"If I don't have money, I work today.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-125,32,N ten un redin.,N\tten\tun\tredin.,1SG\thave\tDET\tradio.little,I have a little radio.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-126,32,N ta k'un problema.,N\tta\tk\tun\tproblema.,1SG\tCOP\twith\tDET\tproblem,I have a problem.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-154,33,Djon tene un bisikleta.,Djon\ttene\tun\tbisikleta.,John\thave\tone\tbike,John has a bike.,,,,naturalistic written -34-122,34,Mariya teŋ kóbur. — Mariya tené kóbur.,Mariya ø teŋ kóbur. — Mariya ø tené kóbur.,Mary PFV have.permanently money   Mary PFV have.temporarily money.,Mary has [a lot of] money (she is rich). — Mary has money (in her pocket).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-123,34,Kóbur sá ku Mariya.,Kóbur\tø\tsá\tku\tMariya.,money\tPFV\tCOP\twith\tMary,"Mary has money (at her disposal, in her pocket).",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-124,34,Mariya sá ku kóbur.,Mariya\tø\tsá\tku\tkóbur.,Mary\tPFV\tCOP\twith\tmoney,"Mary has money (at her disposal, in her pocket).",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-169,35,Vêndê tê sapê ũa data.,Vêndê\ttê\tsapê\tũa\tdata.,store\thave\that\ta\tlot,The store has a lot of hats.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-170,35,Sela n sa ku jêlu ni mon.,Sela\tn\tsa\tku\tjêlu\tni\tmon.,MOOD\t1SG\tbe\twith\tmoney\tin\thand,I must have money on me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-171,35,Sa tudu sêbê se ku n sa ku ê.,Sa\ttudu\tsêbê\tse\tku\tn\tsa\tku\tê.,be\tall\tknowledge\tDEM\tREL\t1SG\tbe\twith\t3SG,That's all the knowledge I have.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-172,35,ôkô ku tê ukwe ku ka kume ngê,ôkô\tku\ttê\tukwe\tku\tka\tkume\tngê,calabash\tREL\thave\tgiant\tREL\tIPFV\teat\tpeople,the calabash that contains a giant who eats people,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-99,36,[...] alê na tê nê ũa kapitêlu wa [...].,[...]\talê\tna\ttê\tnê\tũa\tkapitêlu\twa\t[...].,[...]\tking\tNEG\thave\tnot\tone\tcarpenter\tNEG\t[...],[...] the king had no carpenter [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-100,36,"Alê, bô tha ki piongo a?","Alê,\tbô\ttha\tki\tpiongo\ta?",king\tyou\tCOP\twith\tnail\tEMPH,"King, do you have nails?",,,,naturalistic spoken -36-101,36,Nakulu kai no na tha ku ê aparêyu wa.,Nakulu\tkai\tno\tna\ttha\tku\tê\taparêyu\twa.,formerly\thouse\tour\tNEG\tbe\twith\tit\tappliance\tNEG,"Formerly, our houses were not equipped with domestic appliances.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-127,37,N tê dôsu kaxi.,N\ttê\tdôsu\tkaxi.,1SG\thave\ttwo\thouse,I have two houses.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-128,37,N tê fomi.,N\ttê\tfomi.,1SG\thave\thunger,I am hungry.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-130,37,N sa ki fomi.,N\tsa\tki\tfomi.,1SG\tbe\twith\thunger,I'm hungry.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-145,38,E saku puluma.,Eli\tsa-ku\tpuluma.,3SG\tbe-with\tpen,He has a pen.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-146,38,I sxa lapisi.,Eli\tsxa\tlapisi.,3SG\tPROG\tpencil,He has a pencil.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-147,38,I té wan lapizi.,Eli\tté\twan\tlapizi.,3SG\thave\tART\tpencil,He has a pencil.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-142,39,Ku el nə tiŋ.,Ku\tel\tnə\tt-iŋ.,with\t3SG\tNEG\thave-PST,He did not have (it).,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-143,39,Mĩ jũt nã te muyt diŋer nã te.,Mĩ\tjũt\tnã\tte\tmuyt\tdiŋer\tnã\tte.,1SG.OBL\tnear\tNEG\thave.NPST\tmuch\tmoney\tNEG\thave.NPST,I don't have much money (lit. With me I have not much money).,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-144,39,Te bigɔd pə el.,Te\tbigɔd\tpə\tel.,have.NPST\tmoustache\tDAT\t3SG,He has a moustache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-145,39,Yo nã te niŋũ amig.,Yo\tnã\tte\tniŋũ\tamig.,1SG\tNEG\thave.NPST\tno\tfriend,I don't have any friends.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-106,40,Lʋidz su pɛrt mɔt paisa tɛ.,Lʋidz\tsu\tpɛrt\tmɔt\tpaisa\ttɛ.,Lwidz\tGEN\tnear\tmuch\tmoney\tCOP.PRS,Lwidz has a lot of money.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-120,41,elipa taam kaatru poɖiyaas,eli-pa\ttaam\tkaatru\tpoɖiyaas,3SG.M-DAT\talso\tfour\tchild,He has four children too!,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-121,41,mil mɛnijarsu inda uŋ kaaza teenski?,mil\tmɛnijar-su\tinda\tuŋ\tkaaza\tteen=ski?,mill\tmanager-GEN\tyet\tone\thouse\tbe=REPORT,Does the mill manager say he has another house?,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-122,41,neepal apaarti ree teem,neepal\tapaarti\tree\tteem,Nepal\tseparate\tking\tPRS.be,Nepal has a separate king.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-123,41,aka doos kaambra mee,aka\tdoos\tkaambra\tmee,that\ttwo\troom\tFOC,That has only two rooms.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-124,41,"ootru, ɛlasu kambraadus teem, naa?","ootru,\tɛla-su\tkambraadu-s\tteem,\tnaa?",other\t3SG.F-GEN\tfriend-PL\tPRS.be\tTAG,"Aside from that, she has friends, eh?",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-125,41,avara ɔɔmipa kaziyaam teem ɔɔrasuntu [...],avara\tɔɔmi-pa\tkaziyaam\tteem\tɔɔras-untu\t[...],now\tman-DAT\tchance\tPRS.be\twhen-LOC\t[...],"Now, when the man has a chance [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-126,41,"[istis] ravkiin kaazantu gardaatu kamandaa taam, ɔɔmintu teem naa doos alaa","[isti-s]\travkiin\tkaaza-ntu\tgardaa-tu\tkam-andaa\ttaam,\tɔɔmi-ntu\tteem\tnaa\tdoos\talaa",[this-PL]\tviolin\thouse-LOC\tkeep-PFV.PTCP\tCOND-go\tCONC\tman-LOC\tPRS.be\tTAG\ttwo\tthere,"Even if [these guys] leave [their] violin at home and go, that man has two there, no?",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-127,41,elintu askruva teem,eli-ntu\taskruva\tteem,3SG.M-LOC\trice\tPRS.be,He has rice.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-128,41,eli askruuva jaagardaa teem,eli\taskruuva\tjaa-gardaa\tteem,3SG.M\trice\tPST-keep\tPRF,He has rice.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-129,41,elipa maal korsaam,eli-pa\tmaal\tkorsaam,3SG.M-DAT\tevil\theart,He has an evil heart.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-130,41,elipa trees fɛɛmiya irumaans (teem),eli-pa\ttrees\tfɛɛmiya\tirumaam-s\t(teem),3SG.M-DAT\tthree\tfemale\tsibling-PL\t(PRS.be),He has three sisters.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-131,41,elipa/elintaa trees kaazas (teem),eli-pa/eli-ntaa\ttrees\tkaaza-s\t(teem),3SG.M-DAT/3SG.M-LOC\tthree\thouse-PL\t(PRS.be),He has three houses.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-135,42,eli teng ńgua kareta,eli\tteng\tńgua\tkareta,3SG\thave\tone\tcar,He has a car.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-94,43,Ile teng ung kabalu.,Ile\tteng\tung\tkabalu.,3SG\thave\ta\thorse,He has a horse. OR: He had a horse.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-136,44,Tyéni tyénda mihótro.,Tyéni\ttyénda\tmihótro.,have\tshop\twe,We had a shop.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-115,45,Tiene un gato grande mi vecino.,Tiene\tun\tgato\tgrande\tmi\tvecino.,have\tINDF\tcat\tbig\t1SG.POSS\tneighbour,My neighbour has a big cat.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-145,46,Tyéne tricycle si Juan.,Tyéne\ttricycle\tsi\tJuan.,have\ttricycle\tAG\tJuan,Juan has a tricycle.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-146,46,Nuáy tricycle si Juan.,Nuáy\ttricycle\tsi\tJuan.,NEG.EXIST\ttricycle\tAG\tJuan,Juan doesn't have a tricycle.,,,,elicited from speaker -48-144,48,Katalina a-tené ndo bulo ke ta ku hambre.,Katalina\ta-tené\tndo\tbulo\tke\tta\tku\thambre.,Catalina\t?-have\ttwo\tdonkey\tthat\tbe\twith\thunger,Catalina has two donkeys that are hungry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-240,49,Mari gen yon pitit.,Mari\tgen\tyon\tpitit.,Marie\thave\tINDF\tchild,Marie has a child.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-241,49,Li gen yon zanmi.,Li\tgen\tyon\tzanmi.,3SG\thave\tINDF\tfriend,He/She has a friend.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-143,50,Mari ni on chat.,Mari\tni\ton\tchat.,Mary\thave\tone\tcat,Mary has a cat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-129,51,Mari ni an chat.,Mari\tni\tan\tchat.,Mary\thave\tINDF\tcat,Mary has a cat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-82,52,mo té ganyen trwa timoun,mo\tté\tganyen\ttrwa\ttimoun,I\tPST\thave\tthree\tchildren,I had three children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-295,53,Enave en Jwif ki te gen en stor.,Enave\ten\tJwif\tki\tte\tgen\ten\tstor.,there.was\tART.INDF\tjew\tREL\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\tstore,There was a Jew who had a store.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-296,53,Compair Lapin té pa gagné ein goute do lo pou boi.,Compair\tLapin\tté\tpa\tgagné\tein\tgoute\tdolo\tpou\tboi.,Brother\tRabbit\tPST\tNEG\thave\tART.INDF\tdrop\twater\tfor\tdrink,Brother Rabbit didn't have a drop of water to drink.,,,,naturalistic written -54-168,54,Mwen nana en pti makatya.,Mwen\tnana\ten\tpti\tmakatya.,1SG\thave.PRS\tINDF\tsmall\tsweet.bun,I have a small sweet bun.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-169,54,Son tonton lavé in gran ferm.,Son\ttonton\tlave\ten\tgran\tferm.,POSS.3SG\tuncle\thave.PST\tINDF\tbig\tfarm,His uncle had a big farm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-170,54,Ma gay en makatya avèk mon momon.,Ma\tgany\ten\tmakatya\tavek\tmon\tmomon.,1SG\tget.FUT\tINDF\tsweet.bun\tfrom\tPOSS.1SG\tmother,I’ll get a sweet bun from my mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-171,54,Usa u la gay sa?,Ousa\tou\tla\tgany\tsa?,where\t2SG\tPRF\tget\tthat,Where did you get that?,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-136,55,Arlet ena en lakaz,Arlet\tena\ten\tlakaz,Arlette\thave\ta\thouse,Arlette has a house.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-137,55,Zot pa ti ena linz pou mete.,Zot\tpa\tti\tena\tlinz\tpou\tmete.,3PL\tNEG\tPST\thave\tclothes\tfor\tput,They did not have clothes to wear.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-144,56,sa zoli lakaz ki ou annan la,sa\tzoli\tlakaz\tki\tou\tannan\tla,DEM\tnice\thouse\tREL\t2SG\thave\tthere,this nice house which you have,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-81,57,napa mari pu lja,napa\tmari\tpu\tlja,EXIST.NEG\thusband\tPOSS\t3SG,She hasn't got a husband. / She is not married.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-153,57,janapa larʃa pu mwa ke twa,janapa\tlarʃa\tpu\tmwa\tke\ttwa,EXIST.NEG\tmoney\tPREP\t1SG\tCOMPAR\t2SG,I have less money than you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-154,57,na a ŋgra lafamij pu lja,na\ta\tŋgra\tlafamij\tpu\tlja,EXIST\tINDF.ART\tbig\tfamily\tPREP\t3SG,He has a big family.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-231,59,ngombe ti mbi ake ape,ngombe\tti\tmbi\ta-ke\tape,gun\tof\t1SG\tSM-COP\tNEG,I don't have a gun.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-232,59,ngombe ake na mbi ape,ngombe\ta-ke\tna\tmbi\tape,gun\tPM-COP\tPREP\t1SG\tNEG,I don't have a gun.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-234,59,mo eke na melenge ti koli?,mo\teke\tna\tmelenge\tti\tkoli?,2SG\tCOP\tPREP\tchild\tof\tmale,Do you have a son?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-235,59,yoro ake na ala mingi,yoro\ta-ke\tna\tala\tmingi,medicine\tPM-COP\tPREP\t3PL\tmuch,They had a lot of charms.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-236,59,"ti lo, nginza ake oko ape","ti\tlo,\tnginza\ta-ke\toko\tape",of\t3SG\tmoney\tPM-COP\tone\tNEG,"As for him/her, he/she doesn't have any money at all.",,,,constructed by linguist -59-237,59,yoro ti mbi aeke,yoro\tti\tmbi\ta-eke,medicine\tof\t1SG\tPM-COP,I have medicine.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-109,60,azalákí na mwána,a-zal-ákí\tna\tmwána,3SG-be-PST\twith\tchild,He had a child.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-80,61,Yena khona muye lo hashi.,Yena\tkhona\tmuye\tlo\thashi.,he\thave\tone\tDEF.ART\thorse,He has a horse. OR (if muye is stressed): He has one horse.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-73,62,tw-ée-ló na mahlóma,tw-ée-ló\tna\tmahlóma,1PL-PST-have\twith\tfat,We had fat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-74,62,éló ina ikuhló,é-lo\tina\ti-kuhlo,3SG-have\tface\t5-nice,She has a nice face.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-149,63,ána éndisi bé,ána\téndisi\tbé,1SG\thave\thouse,I have a house.,,,,constructed by linguist -63-150,63,Morú fí rután t-ómun,Morú\tfí\trután\tt-ómun,Moru\tEXIST\tlanguage\tof-them,The Moru have their own language.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-151,63,al ahliya bi-kún ma julús,al\tahliya\tbi-kún\tma\tjulús,al\tahliya\tTAM-be\twith\tmeeting,Al Ahliyya [Club] will have a meeting.,,,,naturalistic written -64-160,64,ána éndu bit,ána\téndu\tbit,1SG\thave\tdaughter,I have a daughter.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-161,64,ma hája fi anína,ma\thája\tfi\tanína,NEG\tthing\tin\t1PL,We don’t have anything (lit. No thing in us).,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-162,64,fi zol al ma bagarát,fi\tzol\tal\tma\tbagar-át,EXIST\tindividual\tREL\twith\tcow-PL,There is a man who has some cows.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-163,64,máfi le íta muftá?,máfi\tle\títa\tmuftá?,NEG.EXIST\tto\t2SG\tkey,Don’t you have the key (lit. There is to you no key)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-121,65,Tibe madamu esi.,Tibe\tmadamu\tesi.,2SG\tmadam\tCOP,You have a wife.,,,,elicited from speaker -65-122,65,"Maja ju iga kunja, lianga synka.","Maja\tju\tiga\tkunja,\tlianga\tsynka.",1SG\tCOP\tone\tgirl\ttwo\tson,I have one daughter and two sons.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-90,66,Goðang mera attu kumbang aða.,Go-ðang\tmera\tattu\tkumbang\taða.,1SG-DAT\tred\tINDF\tflower\tAUX,I have a red flower.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-164,67,"Sebelum ini, saya ada satu Indonesia minya gaji.","Sebelum\tini,\tsaya\tada\tsatu\tIndonesia\tminya\tgaji.",before\tDEM\t1SG\thave\tone\tIndonesia\tATTR\tworker,"Before this, I had an Indonesian maid.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-91,68,Beta ada pung karja banya.,Beta\tada\tpung\tkarja\tbanya.,1SG\tPROG\thave\twork\tmuch,I have lots of work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-60,69,amanakən tam anak,ama-nakən\ttam\tanak,1SG-POSS\tdog\tCOP,I have a dog.,,,,elicited from speaker -70-64,70,Tumar pas moto nai?,Tumar\tpas\tmoto\tnai?,2SG.POSS\tnear\tspear\tNEG,You don't have a spear?,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-65,70,Uske baut masin baito.,Uske\tbaut\tmasin\tbaito.,3SG.POSS\tmany\tmachine\tCOP,He has many machines.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-66,70,Uske ek motar baito.,Uske\tek\tmotar\tbaito.,3SG.POSS\tone\tcar\tCOP,He has a car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-133,71,Oe loaa pihi no?,Oe\tloaa\tpihi\tno?,2SG\thave\tfish\tINTENS,Do you have any fish? (as inquired by a prospective customer),,,,naturalistic written -71-134,71,"Kela Moaka akahi pahi, kela Kipau akahi pu.","Kela\tMoaka\takahi\tpahi,\tkela\tKipau\takahi\tpu.",DET\tMoaka\tINDF\tknife\tDET\tKipau\tINDF\tgun,"Moaka had a knife, Kipau had a gun.",,,,naturalistic written -72-120,72,Nyawama tu karu baisikuljawung.,Nyawa-ma\ttu\tkaru\tbaisikul-jawung.,this-DISC\ttwo\tchild\tbicycle-COM,Here two kids have bicycles.,,,be9572a9a389fb4d699d645da6616412,naturalistic spoken -72-121,72,I garram warlaku.,I\tgarram\twarlaku.,3SG.SBJ\thave\tdog,He has a dog.,,,5e76d0d4d9084d6e169cb49a9b6c4c34,elicited from speaker -73-83,73,tres gatosta kazabi tinini,tres\tgato-s-ta\tkaza-bi\ttini-ni,three\tcat-PL-ACC\thouse-LOC\thave-1SG,I have three cats in the house.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-120,74,Sáli yáka t’úwən haws,Sáli\tyáka\tt’úwən\thaws,Sally\t3SG\thave\thouse,Sally’s got a house.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-121,74,mitlayt haws,mitlayt\thaws,sit.down/exist\thouse,There is a house. OR: I have a house.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-200,75,Enn bwet di saabl li beebii ayaw.,Enn\tbwet\tdi\tsaabl\tli\tbeebii\taya-w.,INDF.ART.F.SG\tbox\tof\tsand\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tbaby\thave.INAN-3,The baby has a sand box.,,,,naturalistic written -75-201,75,Kitipeehteenaan anmas li terraen.,Ki-tipeeht-eenaan\tanmas\tli\tterraen.,2-own-1PL\tmuch\tthe\tland,We own a lot of land.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-198,2,Mi no abi a bribi dati.,Mi\tno\tabi\ta\tbribi\tdati.,1SG\tNEG\thave\tDET\tbelief\tDEM,I don’t believe so.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-199,2,"Pe wan pikin nengre de, zegen nanga blesi de ini a oso dati.","Pe\twan\tpikin\tnengre\tde,\tzegen\tnanga\tblesi\tde\tini\ta\toso\tdati.",where\tART\tsmall\tchild\tCOP\tblessings\tand\tblessings\tCOP\tin\tDET\thouse\tDEM,"Where there’s a child, there are blessings in that house.",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-200,2,Mi no abi televisi na oso.,Mi\tno\tabi\ttelevisi\tna\toso.,1SG\tNEG\thave\ttelevision\tLOC\thouse,I don’t have TV at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-201,2,Yu abi furu Sumter di mi no sabi.,Yu\tabi\tfuru\tSumter\tdi\tmi\tno\tsabi.,2SG\thave\tmany\tSumter\tthat\t1SG\tNEG\tknow,There are many people by the name of Sumter that I don’t know.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-202,2,Den abi wan singi e singi taki lespeki no de moro.,Den\tabi\twan\tsingi\te\tsingi\ttaki\tlespeki\tno\tde\tmoro.,3PL\thave\ta\tsong\tIPFV\tsing\tCOMP\trespect\tNEG\tCOP\tanymore,There’s a song that says that there’s no respect anymore.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-95,3,Buku dɛ.,Buku\tdɛ.,book\tbe,There is a book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-96,3,Mi abi wan buku.,Mi\tabi\twan\tbuku.,1SG\thave\tINDF\tbook,I have a book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-131,4,I abi twenti kolu.,I\tabi\ttwenti\tkolu.,you\thave\ttwenty\tguilder,You have twenty guilders.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-132,4,(Wan) wagi de a u fesi.,(Wan)\twagi\tde\ta\tu\tfesi.,(a)\tcar\tCOP\tLOC\tour\tface,There is a car in front of us.,,,,elicited from speaker -5-127,5,jos de ii bin ga wan kookno chrii,jos\tde\tii\tbin\tga\twan\tkookno\tchrii,just\tthere\t3SG\tANT\thave\ta\tcoconut\ttree,"Just there, there was a coconut tree.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-128,5,luk dong so gat o chrii,luk\tdong\tso\tgat\to\tchrii,look\tdown\tso\thave\ta\ttree,"Look, there's a tree down so. OR: Look, there is a tree over there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-129,5,wan manggoo chrii bin de rait a hed a di biling,wan\tmanggoo\tchrii\tbin\tde\trait\ta\thed\ta\tdi\tbiling,one\tmango\ttree\tANT\tEXIST\tright\tat\thead\tof\tthe\tbuilding,A big mango tree (that) was right in front of the building.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-82,6,(1) John have a cyar. (2) It hav food on di table.,(1)\tJohn\thave\ta\tcyar.\t(2)\tIt\thav\tfood\ton\tdi\ttable.,(1)\tJohn\thave\tDET\tcar\t(2)\tit\tEXIST\tfood\tPREP\tDET\ttable,(1) John has a car. (2) There is food on the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-181,7,I ha plenti tiifin goin aan.,I\tha\tplenti\ttiif-in\tgo-in\taan.,3SG.N\thave\tplenty\tthief-ing\tgo-PROG\ton,There is a lot of theft going on.,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-118,8,Yu gat som pikni we brok bad.,Yu\tgat\tsom\tpikni\twe\tbrok\tbad.,2SG\thave\tsome\tchild\tREL\tbreak\tbad,There are some children who are spoilt.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-119,8,Yu gat wahn man a Klarindan we kyahn tel yu a huu obya yu.,Yu\tgat\twahn\tman\ta\tKlarindan\twe\tkyahn\ttel\tyu\ta\thuu\tobya\tyu.,2SG\thave\tINDF\tman\tLOC\tClarendon\tREL\tcan\ttell\t2SG\tFOC\twho\twitchcraft\tyou,There is a man in Clarendon who can tell you who used witchcraft against you.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-148,9,Ga li aystaz we grow pan dem.,Ga\tli\taystaz\twe\tgrow\tpan\tdem.,got\tlittle\toysters\tREL\tgrow\tupon\tthem,There are small oysters that grow on them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-174,10,Yu nuo se di baaskit gat huol.,Yu\tnuo\tse\tdi\tbaaskit\tgat\thuol.,2SG\tknow\tCOMP\tART.DEF\tbasket\tget\thole,You know there is a hole in the basket.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-175,10,Das wai turkl bak gat so moch hool.,Das\twai\tturkl\tbak\tgat\tso\tmoch\thool.,FOC.COP\twhy\tturtle\tback\tget\tso\tmuch\thole,That's why there are so many holes in the shell of the turtle.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-176,10,Wan uol liedi gat wan son.,Wan\tuol\tliedi\tgat\twan\tson.,ART.INDF\told\tlady\tget\tART.INDF\tson,An elderly lady had a son.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-246,11,"Aktuali, Tasba hav a praimari skuul.","Aktuali,\tTasba\thav\ta\tpraimari\tskuul.",actually\tTasba\thave\tART.INDF\tprimary\tschool,"At present, there is a primary school in Tasbapauni.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-247,11,Deh hav plenti kou.,Deh\thav\tplenti\tkou.,3PL\thave\tplenty\tcow,There are plenty cows in this neighbourhood.,,,,naturalistic written -11-248,11,Ih no gat no benefit.,Ih\tno\tgat\tno\tbenefit.,3SG.N\tNEG\tget\tNEG\tbenefit,There's no benefit to it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-192,12,"[Turtle, is there much turtle now?] – No, don’t have turtle round.",[...]\tdon’t\thave\tturtle\tround.,[...]\tNEG\thave.EXIST\tturtle\taround,"[Are there many turtles here now?] – No, there aren’t any turtles here.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-193,12,"Andros people - some is talk bad, and they have a part in Andros name Lowe Sound, boy, they could talk bad.",[...]\tthey\thave\ta\tpart\tin\tAndros\t[...],[...]\t3PL.SBJ\thave.EXIST\tART\tpart\tin\tAndros\t[...],[...] there is a place in Andros [called Lowe Sound] [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-194,12,I ain't have no money.,I\tain't\thave\tno\tmoney.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\thave.POSS\tNEG\tmoney,I don't have any money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-141,13,Dere is de eartquake now.,Dere\tis\tde\teartquake\tnow.,there\tCOP\tDET\tearthquake\tnow,There is the earthquake now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-104,14,Dey got a fly messing with me.,Dey\tgot\ta\tfly\tmessing\twith\tme.,EXPL\tgot.EXIST\ta\tfly\tmessing\twith\tme,There is a fly bothering me (lit. There is a fly messing with me).,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-105,14,"It had some breaded chicken sticks. Dey had some good French fries, too.","It\thad\tsome\tbreaded\tchicken\tsticks.\tDey\thad\tsome\tgood\tFrench\tfries,\ttoo.",EXPL\thave.PST.EXIST\tsome\tbreaded\tchicken\tsticks\tEXPL\thave.PST.EXIST\tsome\tgood\tFrench\tfries\ttoo,"There were some breaded chicken sticks. There were some good French fries, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -14-106,14,I have a table.,I\thave\ta\ttable.,I\thave\ta\ttable,I have a table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-107,14,I got a table.,I\tgot\ta\ttable.,I\tgot.TR\ta\ttable,I have a table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -17-128,17,À ge̱t wo̱n nyam.,À\tge̱t\two̱n\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\thave\tone\tyam,I have one yam.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-129,17,Ì ge̱t wo̱n nyam.,Ì\tge̱t\two̱n\tnyam.,3SG.SBJ.EXPL\thave\tone\tyam,There is one yam.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-113,18,John get moto.,John\tget\tmoto.,John\tget\tcar,John has a car.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-114,18,Moto dey fo bifo haus.,Moto\tdey\tfo\tbifo\thaus.,car\tCOP\tfor\tbefore\thouse,There is a car in front of the house.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-150,19,"[...] è gɛt Fanta, è gɛt limón [...].","[...]\tè\tgɛt\tFanta,\tè\tgɛt\tlimón\t[...].",[...]\t3SG.SBJ\thave\tFanta\t3SG.SBJ\thave\tlemon\t[...],"[...] there is Fanta, there is lemon (drink) [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -20-114,20,Hap got one peachee tart.,Hap\tgot\tone\tpeachee\ttart.,have\tgot\tART.INDF\tpeach\ttart,There is a peach tart.,,,,naturalistic written -20-115,20,Got ten dollar differencee.,Got\tten\tdollar\tdifferencee.,got\tten\tdollar\tdifference,There is ten dollars difference.,,,,naturalistic written -21-104,21,We have/got food.,We\thave/got\tfood.,1PL\thave\tfood,We have food.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-105,21,There is food on the table. ~ Table got food.,There is food on the table. ~ Table got food.,there be.SG food on DET table   table have food,There is food on the table.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-138,22,"Lo bipo bipo tru, i gat wanpla ples ol kolim Timbunke.","Lo\tbipo\tbipo\ttru,\ti\tgat\twan-pla\tples\tol\tkolim\tTimbunke.",PREP\tbefore\tbefore\treally\tPM\tgot\tone-MOD\tvillage\t3PL\tcall.TR\tTimbunke,"A long long time ago, there was a village called Timbunke.",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-126,23,afta i gat wan smol tri i gru go antap smol nomo,afta\ti\tgat\twan\tsmol\ttri\ti\tgru\tgo\tantap\tsmol\tnomo,after\tAGR\thave\tINDF\tsmall\ttree\tAGR\tgrow\tgo\ton.top\tsmall\tonly,And there's a small tree that grew up just a little way.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-127,23,"mama, i gat haf meresin blong mi i stap","mama,\ti\tgat\thaf\tmeresin\tblong\tmi\ti\tstap",mother\tAGR\thave\thalf\tmedicine\tPOSS\t1SG\tAGR\tstay,"Mama, there's still some of my medicine.",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-128,23,oli gat bigfala graon,oli\tgat\tbigfala\tgraon,AGR\thave\tbig\tground,They have a lot of land.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-146,24,Wi gat defren kain aa tieti.,Wi\tgat\tdefren\tkain\taa\ttieti.,1PL\tgot\tdifferent\tkind\tPREP\tpotatoes,We have different kinds of potatoes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-147,24,Down gen em drain gut e tarler bud.,Down\tgen\tem\tdrain\tgut\te\ttarler\tbud.,down\tPREP\tDET.DEF\tcreek\tEXIST\tLINK\ttaro\tbird,Down in the water courses there are taro birds.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-100,27,Di ha ēn frou.,Di\tha\tēn\tfrou.,DET\thave\ta\twoman,There is a woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-101,27,Am a ha ēn mēnshikin.,Am\ta\tha\tēn\tmēnshi-kin.,3SG\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\tgirl-child,He had a daughter.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-124,28,di wa da en man ha ʃi jɛrma,di\twa\tda\ten\tman\tha\tʃi\tjɛrma,this\tPST\tCOP\tone\tman\thave\t3SG.POSS\twoman,This was a man (who) had his wife (i.e. who was married).,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-125,28,"ha gati, en so en so","habu\tgati,\ten\tso\ten\tso",have\thole\tone\tthere\tone\tthere,"There are holes, one here, one there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-155,29,Hy het probleme.,Hy\thet\tproblem-e.,3SG.M.NOM\thas\tproblem-PL,He's got problems.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-156,29,Daar is probleme.,There\tis\tproblem-e.,there\tis\tproblem-PL,There are problems.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-169,30,Kel ómi la ten dinheru!,Kel=ómi\tla\tten\tdinheru.,DEM.SG=man\tthere\thave\tmoney,That man is rich (lit. That man has money)!,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-170,30,Li ka ten lumi.,Li\tka=ten\tlumi.,here\tNEG=have\tfire,There is no fire around here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-138,31,Ten djenti ki ta faze.,Ten\tdjenti\tki\tta\tfaze.,have\tpeople\twho\tHAB\tdo,There are people who do it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-127,32,N ten un radin.,N\tten\tun\tradin.,1SG\thave\tDET\tradio.little,I have a little radio.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-128,32,Ten un radin na menza.,Ten\tun\tradin\tna\tmenza.,EXIST\tDET\tradio.little\ton\ttable,There is a little radio on the table.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-155,33,I ten un minjer ki tene um fiju-femea.,I\tten\tun\tminjer\tki\ttene\tum\tfiju-femea.,3SG\texist\tone\twoman\twho\thave\tone\tchild-female,There’s a woman who has a daughter.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-125,34,Joŋ teŋ kabalu.,Joŋ\tø\tteŋ\tkabalu.,John\tPFV\thave\thorse,John has a horse.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-126,34,I teŋ poŋ na mesa.,I\tø\tteŋ\tpoŋ\tna\tmesa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\thave\tbread\ton\ttable,There is bread on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-173,35,Ngê sen ni Putuga ku ka dumu uva ku ope.,Ngê\tsen\tni\tPutuga\tku\tka\tdumu\tuva\tku\tope.,people\texist\tin\tPortugal\tREL\tIPFV\tpound\tgrape\twith\tfoot,There are people in Portugal that smash grapes with their feet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-174,35,"Ngandu, ê tê ngê ku na ka kum’ê fa.","Ngandu,\tê\ttê\tngê\tku\tna\tka\tkum’=ê\tfa.",shark\t3SG\thave\tperson\tREL\tNEG\tIPFV\teat=3SG\tNEG,"Shark, there are people that don’t eat it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -35-175,35,Meza sa ku kume.,Meza\tsa\tku\tkume.,table\tbe\twith\tfood,There is food on the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-176,35,Meza tê kume.,Meza\ttê\tkume.,table\thave\tfood,There is food on the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-102,36,Aie tha ku ê kikiê.,Aie\ttha\tku\tê\tkikiê.,now\tbe\twith\tit\tfish,Now there is fish.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-103,36,Aie kikiê the.,Aie\tkikiê\tthe.,now\tfish\tthere.is,Now there is fish.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-104,36,Thô letu kanua e tambe tha ki tano baburu [...].,Thô\tletu\tkanua\te\ttambe\ttha\tki\ttano\tbaburu\t[...].,then\tinside\tcanoe\tDEM\talso\tbe\twith\tfive\tbaburu\t[...],So in the canoe there were also five baburu [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-131,37,Tê tôvada.,Tê\ttôvada.,there.be\tstorm,It’s stormy.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-132,37,Ê tê tôvada.,Ê\ttê\ttôvada.,EXPL\tthere.be\tstorm,It’s stormy.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-133,37,N tê dôsu kaxi.,N\ttê\tdôsu\tkaxi.,1SG\thave\ttwo\thouse,I have two houses.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-148,38,Ola xadyi sa patu ku wan aza kabadu.,Oluya\txadyi\tsa\tpatu\tku\twan\taza\tkabadu.,outside\thouse\tbe\tbird\twith\tART\twing\tbroken,There is a bird in the yard with a broken wing.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-149,38,Mete patio té wan bityil ku wan aza kabadu.,Mete\tpatio\tté\twan\tbityili\tku\twan\taza\tkabadu.,inside\tyard\thave\tART\tbird\twith\tART\twing\tbroken,There is a bird in the yard with a broken wing.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-146,39,Yo tiŋ doy võtad.,Yo\tt-iŋ\tdoy\tvõtad.,1SG\thave-PST\ttwo\twish,I was of two minds (lit. I had two wishes).,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-107,40,(1) Mi pɛrt doy sajkəl tɛ. (2) ũ ɔm ti.,(1)\tMi\tpɛrt\tdoy\tsajkəl\ttɛ.\t(2)\tũ\tɔm\tti.,(1)\tmy\tnear\ttwo\tbicycle\tCOP.PRS\t(2)\ta\tman\tCOP.PST,(1) I have two bicycles. (2) There was a man.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-132,41,"akapa uŋ kaavs teem, ɛnti","aka-pa\tuŋ\tkaavs\tteem,\tɛnti",that-DAT\tone\tprinciple\tPRS.be\tauntie,"There is a principle for that, Auntie.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-136,42,teng kumeria na mesa,teng\tkumeria\tna\tmesa,have\tfood\tLOC\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-137,42,Maria teng ńgua baisikal,Maria\tteng\tńgua\tbaisikal,Maria\thave\tone\tbicycle,Maria has a bicycle.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-95,43,Nu meo di matu teng ung pos grandi.,Nu\tmeo\tdi\tmatu\tteng\tung\tpos\tgrandi.,in\tmiddle\tof\tforest\tthere.be\ta\twell\tbig,In the middle of the forest there was a big well.,,,,pedagogical grammar -45-116,45,Tiene mucho hielo na frigider.,Tiene\tmucho\thielo\tna\tfrigider.,EXIST\tplenty\tice\tLOC\trefrigerator,There is plenty of ice in the refrigerator.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-117,45,Tieni yo casa.,Tieni\tyo\tcasa.,have\t1SG\thouse,I have a house.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-147,46,Tyéne komída na mesa.,Tyéne\tkomída\tna\tmesa.,EXIST\tfood\tLOC\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,constructed by linguist -46-148,46,Tyéne le tres ermáno.,Tyéne\tle\ttres\termáno.,have\ts/he\tthree\tbrother,S/he has three brothers.,,,,constructed by linguist -47-152,47,"Kaminda tin huma, tin kandela.","Kaminda\ttin\thuma,\ttin\tkandela.",place\thave\tsmoke\thave\tfire,"Where there is smoke, there is fire.",,,,published source -47-153,47,A disidí kiko tin ku hasi?,A\tdisidí\tkiko\ttin\tku\thasi?,PFV\tdecide\twhat\thave\tCOMP\tdo,Has it been decided what needs to be done?,,,,published source -47-154,47,E tin mei ora ta lesa.,E\ttin\tmei\tora\tta\tlesa.,3SG\thave\thalf\thour\tTNS\tread,He has been reading for half an hour.,,,,published source -47-155,47,Kada bes ku e tin chèns e ta bula bini su Boneiru stimá.,Kada\tbes\tku\te\ttin\tchèns\te\tta\tbula\tbini\tsu\tBoneiru\tstimá.,every\ttime\tCOMP\t3SG\thave\topportunity\t3SG\tTNS\tfly\tcome\tPOSS\tBonaire\tbeloved,"Every time he has an opportunity, he flies to his beloved Bonaire.",,,,literary or other written source -48-145,48,Gutabo a-ten ese kusa aí memo.,Gutabo\ta-ten\tese\tkusa\taí\tmemo.,Gustavo\t?-have\tthat\tthing\tright\tthere,Gustavo has this thing right (over) there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-146,48,A-ten mucho hende aí plasa.,A-ten\tmucho\thende\taí\tplasa.,?-be\tmuch\tpeople\tthere\tplaza,There are lots of people in/at the plaza.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-242,49,Gen manje sou tab la.,Gen\tmanje\tsou\ttab\tla.,have\tfood\ton\ttable\tDEF,There is food on the table.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-243,49,Mari gen kouraj.,Mari\tgen\tkouraj.,Mary\thave\tcourage,Mary has courage.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-244,49,Ki sa ou genyen?,Ki\tsa\tou\tgenyen?,which\tthat\t2SG\thave,What do you have?,,,,constructed by linguist -50-144,50,Ni manjè anlè tab-la.,Ni\tmanjè\tanlè\ttab-la.,be\tfood\ton\ttable-DEF,There is food on the table.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-145,50,Mari ni on kabrit.,Mari\tni\ton\tkabrit.,Mary\thave\tone\tgoat,Mary has a goat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-130,51,Ni manjé asou tab-la.,Ni\tmanjé\tasou\ttab-la.,be\tfood\ton\ttable-DEF,There is food on the table.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-131,51,Mari ni on kabrit.,Mari\tni\ton\tkabrit.,Mary\thave\tINDF\tgoat,Mary has a goat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-83,52,gen manjé asou tab-a,gen\tmanjé\tasou\ttab-a,there.is\tfood\ton\ttable-ART,There is (some) food on the table.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-297,53,"Ena en ta le piti ki pa kòne byen parle, pa langlè, French.","Ena\ten\tta\tle\tpiti\tki\tpa\tkòne\tbyen\tparle,\tpa\tlanglè,\t.",there.are\tART.INDF\tlot.of\tART.INDF.PL\tchild\tREL\tNEG\tknow.how\twell\tspeak\tNEG\tEnglish\tFrench,"There are a lot of children who don't know how to speak well, not English, but French.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-298,53,En mile gen kat pat.,En\tmile\tgen\tkat\tpat.,ART.INDF\tmule\thave\tfour\tleg,A mule has four legs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-299,53,Enan le moun nwa la?,Enan\tle\tmoun\tnwa\tla?,there.are\tART.INDF.PL\tperson\tblack\tADV,Are there black people there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-300,53,"Ena deu kalite biskwi. Ena enn ki epe, enna enn ki mens.","Ena\tdeu\tkalite\tbiskwi.\tEna\tenn\tki\tepe,\tenna\tenn\tki\tmens.",there.are\ttwo\tkind\tbiscuit\tthere.is\tone\tREL\tthick\tthere.is\tone\tREL\tthin,"There are two kinds of biscuit. There's one that is thick, there's one that is thin.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-301,53,Mo pa gen piti.,Mo\tpa\tgen\tpiti.,1SG\tNEG\thave\tchild,I don't have children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-172,54,"Nana enn armoir dan la kuizinn, na in pti bifé [...].","Nana\tenn\tarmwar\tdan\tla\tkuizin,\tna\ten\tpti\tbife\t[...].",EXIST\tINDF\tcupboard\tin\tDEF\tkitchen\tEXIST\tINDF\tsmall\tsideboard\t[...],"There is a cupboard in the kitchen, there is a small sideboard [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-173,54,Son papa nana in gran moustas.,Son\tpapa\tnana\ten\tgran\tmoustas.,POSS.3SG\tfather\thave.PRS\tINDF\tbig\tmoustache,His father has a big moustache.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-174,54,"Pask si la poin de sel, lé plat.","Pask\tsi\tla\tpwen\tdë\tsel,\tle\tplat.",because\tif\tEXIST\tNEG\tPARTITIVE\tsalt\tCOP.PRS\ttasteless,"Because if there is no salt, it is tasteless.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-175,54,[...] ou la poin ryin pour porté ou [...].,[...]\tou\tla\tpwen\tryen\tpour\tporte\tou\t[...].,[...]\t2SG\thave\tNEG\tnothing\tfor\tcarry\t2SG\t[...],[...] you have nothing to carry [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-138,55,ena maṅze lor latab,ena\tmaṅze\tlor\tlatab,have\tfood\ton\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-139,55,mo ena saṅ rupi,mo\tena\tsaṅ\trupi,1SG\thave\thundred\trupee,I have 100 rupees.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-145,56,Be ler i annan koudvan zot pa reste lo sa [...] zil?,Be\tler\ti\tannan\tkoudvan\tzot\tpa\treste\tlo\tsa\t[...]\tzil?,but\twhen\tPM\tEXIST\thurrican\t3PL\tNEG\tstay\ton\tDEM\t[...]\tisland,"But when there is a hurricane, they don't stay on the [...] island?",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-146,56,Mon ganny lafyev.,Mon\tganny\tlafyev.,1SG\thave\tfever,I have fever.,,,,written (dictionary) -59-238,59,ala ke na nginza mingi,ala\tke\tna\tnginza\tmingi,3PL\tCOP\tPREP\tmoney\tmuch,They have a lot of money.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-81,61,Khona lo skaf lapha tafula.,Khon-a\tlo\tskaf\tlapha\ttafula.,LOC.COP-V\tDEF.ART\tfood\tLOC.PREP\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-82,61,Yena khona lo moto.,Yena\tkhon-a\tlo\tmoto.,she\tPOSS-V\tDEF.ART\tcar,She has a car.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-96,62,tehéló kigí,tehéló\tkigí,NEG.16.have\tthing,There is nothing.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-152,63,fí fíl,fí\tfíl,EXIST\telephant,There are elephants.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-154,63,ya shída de éndis fi Mombása,ya\tshída\tde\téndis\tfi\tMombása,TOP\tproblem\tDEM\thave\tin\tMombasa,That's the problem in Mombasa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-155,63,ma ukúma kamán éndis tab,ma\tukúma\tkamán\téndis\ttab,with\tgovernment\ttoo\thave\tproblem,There is a problem with the government too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-164,64,fi nas bifékir ínu ma kwes kéda,fi\tnas\tbi=fékir\tínu\tma\tkwes\tkéda,EXIST\tpeople\tIRR=think\tCOMP\tNEG\tgood\tlike.this,There are people who think that it is not good this way.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-165,64,tijára abáo le zol al ma éndu róksa,tijára\tabáo\tle\tzol\tal\tma\téndu\tróksa,business\tforbid\PASS\tto\tindividual\tREL\tNEG\thave\tpermission,Business is forbidden to the one who doesn’t have a permission.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-165,67,So saya mesti mahu tengok apa ada dalam.,So\tsaya\tmesti\tmahu\ttengok\tapa\tada\tdalam.,so\t1SG\tmust\twant\tlook.at\twhat\thave\tinside,So I would have to see what was inside.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-217,67,Thailand pun ada.,Thailand\tpun\tada.,Thailand\talso\texist,There are also Thais.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-92,68,Ada gula.,Ada\tgula.,EXIST\tsugar,There's sugar.,,,,elicited from speaker -71-136,71,"Loaa nuinui lole maikai loa ma Hale Keokeo, helu 31, alanui Nuuanu.","Loaa\tnuinui\tlole\tmaikai\tloa\tma\tHale\tKeokeo,\thelu\t31,\talanui\tNuuanu.",EXIST\tmany\tclothes\tgood\tvery\tLOC\tHouse\tWhite\tnumber\t31\tstreet\tNuuanu,"There are lots of very nice clothes at the White House, 31 Nuuanu St.",,,,naturalistic written -73-84,73,elkunaga no tienen kuminada,el-kuna-ga\tno\ttienen\tkumi-na-da,3-PL-TOP\tNEG\thave.3PL\teat-NMLZ-ACC,They do not have anything to eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-85,73,isti ollabi manchani plata sintaxun,isti\tolla-bi\tmanchani\tplata\tsinta-xu-n,this\tpot-LOC\tterribly\tsilver\tsit-PROG-3,There is a lot of money in this pot.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-122,74,mákmak mitlayt kápa latáb,mákmak\tmitlayt\tkápa\tlatáb,food\tsit\tPREP\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-123,74,náyka t'úwən kyútan,náyka\tt'úwən\tkyútan,1SG\thave\thorse,I have a horse.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-124,74,úkuk úlman yáka t’ú’wan yúlkat labárb,úkuk\túlman\tyáka\tt’ú’wan\tyúlkat\tlabárb,that\told\t3SG\thave\tlong\tbeard,That old man has a long beard.,,,,narrative -75-202,75,Iyave aen rwe pi la renn.,Iyave\taen\trwe\tpi\tla\trenn.,there.was\tINDF.ART.M.SG\tking\tand\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tqueen,There was a King and a Queen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-203,75,Lii fiy led aniki ekuta ayaawaawak.,lii\tfiy\tled\taniki\tekuta\tayaawaa-wak.,ART.PL\tgirl\tugly\tDEM.INTERM.PL\tthere\tbe.ANIM-3PL,Those ugly girls are there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-204,75,Lii Kenayaen daan la Fraans pi li Kenadaa ayaawak.,Lii\tKenayaen\tdaan\tla\tFraans\tpi\tli\tKenadaa\tayaa-wak.,ART.PL\tFrench\tin\tDEF.ART.F\tFrance\tand\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tCanada\tbe-3PL,There are French people in France and Canada (lit. There are Canadians in France and Canada).,,,,naturalistic written -1-197,1,Mekie wie go na Combee.,Meki\twi\tgo\tna\tKombe.,make\t1PL\tgo\tLOC\tKombe,Let us go to Kombe.,,,,written -2-206,2,Yu ben go nanga trein na Republiek.,Yu\tben\tgo\tnanga\ttrein\tna\tRepubliek.,2SG\tPST\tgo\twith\ttrain\tLOC\tRepubliek,You went by train to Republiek.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-207,2,A blaka man kari a ingi taki kon unu go na Kwatta pasi.,A\tblaka\tman\tkari\ta\tingi\ttaki\tkon\tunu\tgo\tna\tKwatta\tpasi.,DET\tblack\tman\tcall\tDET\tIndian\tsay\tcome\t1PL\tgo\tLOC\tKwatta\tstreet,The black guy called the Indian saying let’s go to Kwatta street.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-208,2,En a man taki te a man go a Holland dan a man o seni wan sani gi mi.,En\ta\tman\ttaki\tte\ta\tman\tgo\ta\tHolland\tdan\ta\tman\to\tseni\twan\tsani\tgi\tmi.,and\tDET\tman\tsay\twhen\tDET\tman\tgo\tLOC\tHolland\tthen\tDET\tman\tFUT\tsend\tART\tthing\tgive\tme,And the man said that when he went to Holland he would send something for me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-209,2,Dan mi post dri go na Holland.,Dan\tmi\tpost\tdri\tgo\tna\tHolland.,then\tI\tmail\tthree\tgo\tto\tHolland,Then I mailed three to Holland.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-99,3,Mi go a Foto.,Mi\tgo\ta\tFoto.,1SG\tgo\tLOC\tParamaribo,I went to Paramaribo.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-100,3,Mi waka go a Foto.,Mi\twaka\tgo\ta\tFoto.,1SG\twalk\tgo\tLOC\tParamaribo,I walked to Paramaribo.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-136,4,Den lei go a Soolan.,Den\tlei\tgo\ta\tSoolan.,they\tdrive\tgo\tLOC\tSt.Laurent,They drove to St. Laurent.,,,,elicited from speaker -5-132,5,ii gaan a Jaajtong,ii\tgaan\ta\tJaajtong,he\tgone\tto\tGeorgetown,He has gone to Georgetown.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-133,5,ii gaan Jaajtong,ii\tgaan\tJaajtong,she\tgone\tGeorgetown,She has gone to Georgetown.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-134,5,ii jraiv go a Jaajtong,ii\tjraiv\tgo\ta\tJaajtong,He\tdrive\tgo\tto\tGeorgetown,He drove to Georgetown.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-135,5,ii jraiv go Borbiis,ii\tjraiv\tgo\tBorbiis,3SG\tdrive\tgo\tBerbice,He drove to Berbice.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-185,7,Shi gaan hedmaasta.,Shi\tgaan\thed-maasta.,3SG\tgone\thead-master,She’s gone to the headmaster's.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-186,7,Fomi pikni a dem a go a skuul.,Fo-mi\tpikni\ta\tdem\ta\tgo\ta\tskuul.,for-1SG\tchild\tand\tPL\tPROG\tgo\tLOC\tschool,My children go to school.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-187,7,Shi gaan (a) Gomea.,Shi\tgaan\t(a)\tGomea.,3SG\tgone\t(LOC)\tGomea,She has gone to Gomea.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-188,7,Dis man gaan muhngtin.,Dis\tman\tgaan\tmuhngtin.,DEM\tman\tgone\tmountain,This man has gone to the mountain.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-122,8,Maikal go Bie yeside.,Maikal\tgo\tBie\tyeside.,Michael\tgo\tBay\tyesterday,Michael went to (Montego) Bay yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-123,8,Maikal go a Bie yeside.,Maikal\tgo\ta\tBie\tyeside.,Michael\tgo\tto\tBay\tyesterday,Michael went to (Montego) Bay yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-124,8,Jak waak go a Bie ina di rien.,Jak\twaak\tgo\ta\tBie\tina\tdi\trien.,Jack\twalk\tgo\tPREP\tBay\tin\tDET\train,Jack walked to (Montego) Bay in the rain.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-154,9,Dey ker dem da big krik.,Dey\tker\tdem\tda\tbig\tkrik.,3PL\ttake\tthem\tto\tBig\tCreek,They took them to Big Creek.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-180,10,A gwain Pravidens tumara.,A\tgwain\tPravidens\ttumara.,1SG\tFUT\tProvidence\ttomorrow,I am going to Providence tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-252,11,From deer yu go rait Managua.,From\tdeer\tyu\tgo\trait\tManagua.,from\tDEM.LOC\t2SG\tgo\tright\tManagua,From there you can go straight to Managua.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-197,12,"And one my other boy, he gone Freeport to work.",[...]\the\tgone\tFreeport\tto\twork.,[...]\the\tgo.PFV\tFreeport\tto\twork,[...] he has gone to Freeport to work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-198,12,"Uh-huh, and after he dead, then I come to Nassau with my other - with my - two of my sister.","[...]\tafter\the\tdead,\tthen\tI\tcome\tto\tNassau\t[...].",[...]\tafter\t3SG.SBJ\tdead\tthen\t1SG.SBJ\tcome[PFV]\tPREP\tNassau\t[...],"[...] after he died, I came to Nassau [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-144,13,"De nex day we git ta Rhodes, an fom dey we gone ta Patara.","De\tnex\tday\twe\tgit\tta\tRhodes,\tan\tfom\tdey\twe\tgone\tta\tPatara.",the\tnext\tday\twe\tget\tto\tRhodes\tand\tfrom\tthere\twe\tgo.PST\tto\tPatara,The next day we got to Rhodes and from there we went to Patara. (Acts 21.1),,,,bible translation -13-145,13,ɪf ɒɪ fa ɡo ɒf tʊ wɪlyəmz.,ɪf\tɒɪ\tfa\tɡo\tɒf\ttʊ\twɪlyəmz.,if\tI\tfor\tgo\toff\tto\tWilliams',If I should go off to Williams' [place].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-146,13,I rɒɪd də ɟaksnbʌrə.,I\trɒɪd\tdə\tɟaksnbʌrə.,3SG\tride\tPREP\tJacksonboro,He rides to Jacksonboro.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-110,14,He went to the store.,He\twent\tto\tthe\tstore.,he\twent\tto\tthe\tstore,He went to the store.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-106,15,a go salon,a\tgo\tsalon,1SG\tgo\tSierra.Leone,I went to Sierra Leone.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-107,15,a go na salon,a\tgo\tna\tsalon,1SG\tgo\tPREP\tSierra.Leone,I went to Sierra Leone.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-109,16,ì no bì dat wuman we ì travɛl go ʤɛmani kam?,ì\tno\tbì\tdat\twuman\twe\tì\ttravɛl\tgo\tʤɛmani\tkam?,3SG\tNEG\tCOP\tDEM\twoman\tCOMP\t3SG\ttravel\tgo\tGermany\tcome,Isn't it that woman who travelled to Germany and came back?,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-110,16,"à go fɔ mankɛsim, à gò slip dɛ; dɛn debrek à go fɔ kumasi","à\tgo\tfɔ\tmankɛsim,\tà\tgò\tslip\tdɛ;\tdɛn\tdebrek\tà\tgo\tfɔ\tkumasi",1SG\tgo\tfor\tMankessim\t1SG\tFUT\tsleep\tthere\tthen\tdaybreak\t1SG\tgo\tfor\tKumasi,I (will) go to Mankessim and will sleep there. The next day I (will) go to Kumasi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-111,16,à wan go ɳaŋki,à\twan\tgo\tɳaŋki,1SG\twant\tgo\tYankee,I want to go to the U.S.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-134,17,À go rich Òyó.,À\tgo\trich\tÒyó.,1SG.SBJ\tgo\treach.LOC\tÒyó.,I went to Òyó.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-135,17,À wàka go (fò̱r) Òyó.,À\twàka\tgo\t(fò̱r)\tÒyó.,1SG.SBJ\twalk\tgo.LOC\t(PREP)\tÒyó.,I went to Òyó.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-136,17,À go (fò̱r) Òyó.,À\tgo\t(fò̱r)\tÒyó.,1SG.SBJ\tgo\t(PREP)\tÒyó.,I went to Òyó.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-117,18,A go rich Bamenda.,A\tgo\trich\tBamenda.,1SG.SBJ\tgo\treach\tBamenda,I went to Bamenda.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-118,18,A go rich fo Bamenda.,A\tgo\trich\tfo\tBamenda.,1SG.SBJ\tgo\treach\tfor\tBamenda,I went to Bamenda.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-155,19,[...] è go Pànyá.,[...]\tè\tgo\tPànyá.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tgo\tSpain,[...] she went to Spain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-156,19,[...] è kan go nà Bàta è bɔn.,[...]\tè\tkan\tgo\tnà\tBàta\tè\tbɔn.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tLOC\tBata\t3SG.SBJ\tgive.birth,[...] [then] she went to Bata and gave birth.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-157,19,Dɛ̀n dɔn kɛràn go Nigeria.,Dɛ̀n\tdɔn\tkɛr=àn\tgo\tNigeria.,3PL\tPRF\ttake=3SG.OBJ\tgo\tNigeria,They've taken her to Nigeria.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-158,19,À want flay go insay Ela Nguema naw so.,À\twant\tflay\tgo\tinsay\tEla\tNguema\tnaw\tso.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tfly\tgo\tinside\tEla\tNguema\tnow\tso,I want to rush to Ela Nguema right now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-120,20,He hap go Canton.,He\thap\tgo\tCanton.,3SG\tPFV\tgo\tCanton,He has gone to Canton.,,,,naturalistic written -21-108,21,Las year they go China.,Las\tyear\tthey\tgo\tChina.,last\tyear\t3PL\tgo\tChina,Last year they went to China.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-109,21,Last year they went to China.,Last\tyear\tthey\twent\tto\tChina.,last\tyear\t3PL\tgo.PST\tto\tChina,Last year they went to China.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-141,22,Em kam kamap long Yuwo.,Em\tkam\tkamap\tlong\tYuwo.,3SG\tcome\tarrive\tPREP\tYuwo,He arrived at Yuwo.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-142,22,Em i go long Mosbi.,Em\ti\tgo\tlong\tMosbi.,3SG\tPM\tgo\tPREP\tMoresby,He went to Port Moresby.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-131,23,mi kam daon long Walaha,mi\tkam\tdaon\tlong\tWalaha,1SG\tcome\tdown\tto\tWalaha,I came down to Walaha.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-150,24,Dem goe aut Duncombe.,Dem\tgoe\taut\tDuncombe.,3PL\tgo\tDEIC\tDuncombe,They are going to Duncombe Bay.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-151,24,Dem goe Up Cooks.,Dem\tgoe\tUp\tCooks.,3PL\tgo\tDEIC\tCook.POSS,They are going to Cooks' Monument.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-294,25,"Im kambek Sandei, im go Kananarra.","Im\tkam-bek\tSandei,\tim\tgo\tKananarra.",3SG\tcome-back\tSunday\t3SG\tgo\tKununurra,She'll come back on Sunday and will go to Kununurra.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-295,25,Yu bin go Leichhardt.,Yu\tbin\tgo\tLeichhardt.,2SG\tPST\tgo\tLeichhardt,You went to Leichhardt.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-296,25,Al bin go Debi.,Al\tbin\tgo\tDebi.,1SG\tPST\tgo\tDerby,I went to Derby.,,,,unknown -25-297,25,"Na, ai nomo wanda gu la Top Kemp.","Na,\tai\tnomo\twanda\tgu\tla\tTop\tKemp.",no\t1SG\tNEG\twant\tgo\tLOC\tTop\tCamp,"No, I don't want to go to the Top Camp.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-93,26,wn ji kam hana ji gaɾa wə˞k,wn\tji\tkam\thana\tji\tgaɾa\twə˞k,when\t2SG\tcome\tHana\t2SG\tASSOBL\twork,When you come to Hana you've got to work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-94,26,a wɛn go tu haleakala,a\twɛn\tgo\ttu\thaleakala,1SG\tPST.PFV\tgo\tto\tHaleakala,I went to Haleakala.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-128,28,o mutɛ wiruni,o\tmu-tɛ\twiruni,3SG\tgo-PFV\tWiruni,He went to Wiruni.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-129,28,ju oiti mutɛ birbistati?,ju\toiti\tmu-tɛ\tbirbiʃi\tstati?,2SG\tever\tgo-PFV\tBerbice\ttown,Have you ever gone to New Amsterdam?,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-130,28,ʃi tokap dektɛ mutɛ kukwani,ʃi\ttoko-apu\tdeki-tɛ\tmu-tɛ\tkukwani,3SG.POSS\tchild-PL\ttake-PFV\tgo-PFV\tKwakwani,His children took (him) to Kwakwani.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-131,28,titeni mangitɛ mut dɛn di gut loʃtori,titi\teni\tmangi-tɛ\tmu-tɛ\tdɛn\tdi\tgutu\tloʃi-tɛ\tori,time\t3PL\trun-PFV\tgo-PFV\tthen\tDEF\tthing\tlose-PFV\t3SG,"When they ran (there), then the thing let go of him.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-159,29,Sy het Bloemfontein toe gegaan.,Sy\thet\tBloemfontein\ttoe\tge-gaan.,3SG.F.NOM\tPST\tBloemfontein\tto\tPTCP-gone,She went to Bloemfontein.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-160,29,Na Bloemfontein (toe) is dit 800km.,Na\tBloemfontein\t(toe)\tis\tdit\t800km.,to\tBloemfontein\t(to)\tis\tit\t800km,To Bloemfontein it's 800km.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-161,29,Hulle verhuis na Kaapstad (toe).,Hulle\tverhuis\tna\tKaapstad\t(toe).,3SG.PL.NOM\tmove\tto\tCape.Town\t(to),They're moving to Cape Town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-175,30,Papá bá otu bes Purtugal ónti.,Papá\tbá\totu\tbes\tPurtugal\tónti.,dad\tgo\tother\ttime\tPortugal\tyesterday,"Yesterday, dad went to Portugal once more.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-176,30,N ta bá pa Káuberdi entri Ánu Nóbu ku Páskua.,N=ta=bá\tpa=Káuberdi\tentri\tÁnu\tNóbu\tku=Páskua.,1SG=IPFV=go\tto=Cape.Verde\tbetween\tYear\tNew\twith=Easter,I will go the Cape Verde between New Year and Easter.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-141,31,N ta bai Praia pamodi N ta ba atxa nhas minizu.,N\tta\tbai\tPraia\tpamodi\tN\tta\tba\tatxa\tnhas\tminizu.,I\tHAB\tgo\tPraia\tbecause\tI\tHAB\tgo\tfind\tmy\tchild,I go to Praia because I go to meet my children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-142,31,Pedru ta bai pa Praia.,Pedru\tta\tbai\tpa\tPraia.,Pedru\tFUT\tgo\tto\tPraia,Pedro will go to Praia.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-131,32,El bá Salamansa.,El\tbá\tSalamansa.,3SG\tgo\tSalamansa,He went to Salamansa.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-132,32,No bá pa Praia.,No\tbá\tpa\tPraia.,2PL\tgo\tto\tPraia,We went to Praia.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-159,33,N’ na bay Gine.,N’\tna\tbay\tGine.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tGuinea,I’m going to Guinea.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-160,33,N’ na bay pa Gine.,N’\tna\tbay\tpa\tGine.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tto\tGuinea,I’m going to Guinea.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-129,34,Ña mamɛ́ bay Sicor.,Ña\tmamɛ́\tø\tbay\tSicor.,POSS.1SG\tmother\tPFV\tgo\tZiguinchor,My mother went to Ziguinchor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-130,34,Ña mamɛ́ bay pa Sicor.,Ña\tmamɛ́\tø\tbay\tpa\tSicor.,POSS.1SG\tmother\tPFV\tgo\tto\tZiguinchor,My mother went to Ziguinchor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-179,35,N ga ba Tlaxa?,N\tga\tba\tTlaxa?,1SG\tIPFV\tgo\tTlaxa,Will I go to Tlaxa?,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-180,35,Tudaxi non ba Plinxipi.,Tudaxi\tnon\tba\tPlinxipi.,all\t1PL\tgo\tPríncipe,All of us went to the island of Príncipe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-136,37,No we Putuga.,No\twe\tPutuga.,1PL\tgo\tPortugal,We went to Portugal.,,,,constructed by linguist -39-149,39,"Yo ku də mĩ amig, nɔs foy Una.","Yo\tku\tdə\tmĩ\tamig,\tnɔs\tfoy\tUna.",1SG\tCOM\tof\t1SG.OBL\tfriend\t1PL\tgo.PST\tUna,I went to Una with my friends.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-150,39,El foy pə Go.,El\tfoy\tpə\tGo.,3SG\tgo.PST\tto\tGoa,He went to Goa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-110,40,Teru nə/də Boməy yaho.,Teru\tnə/də\tBoməy\tyaho.,Teru\tLOC\tMumbai\twent,Teru went to Mumbai.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-111,40,Teru Boməy yaho.,Teru\tBoməy\tyaho.,Teru\tMumbai\twent,Teru went to Mumbai.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-135,41,aartar silvasu fiiyasu fiiya uŋa jafoy tem tavnsvilpa ɔstreeliyapa,aartar\tsilva-su\tfiiya-su\tfiiya\tuŋa\tjaa-foy\tteem\ttavnsvil-pa\tɔstreeliya-pa,Arthur\tSilva-GEN\tdaughter-GEN\tdaughter\tone\tPST-go\tPRS.PRF\tTownsville-DAT\tAustralia-DAT,"One of Arthur Silva's daughter's daughters went to Townsville, to Australia.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-136,41,ɛlasu fiija jafoytu tavnsvil ɔstreeliya,ɛla-su\tfiija\tjaa-foy-tu\ttavnsvil\tɔstreeliya,3SG.F-GEN\tdaughter\tPST-go-PFV.PTCP\tTownsville\tAustralia,"Her daughter having gone to Townsville, Australia. OR: Consultant's translation: Her daughter has gone to Townsville, Australia.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-142,42,yo sa pai ja bai Singapura,yo\tsa\tpai\tja\tbai\tSingapura,1SG\tGEN\tfather\tPFV\tgo\tSingapore,My father went to Singapore.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-215,42,eli já kuré bai kaza,eli\tjá\tkuré\tbai\tkaza,3SG\tPFV\trun\tgo\thouse,He ran home.,,,,constructed by linguist -43-98,43,Nos kere anda gredja [...].,Nos\tkere\tanda\tgredja\t[...].,1PL\twant\tgo\tchurch\t[...],We want to go to church [...].,,,,naturalistic written -43-99,43,Agora io kere anda na badjar [...].,Agora\tio\tkere\tanda\tna\tbadjar\t[...].,now\t1SG\twant\tgo\tLOC\tmarket\t[...],Now I want to go to the market [...].,,,,naturalistic written -44-139,44,Kyéri yo indá na Maníla manyána.,Kyéri\tyo\tindá\tna\tManíla\tmanyána.,want\t1SG\tgo\tLOC\tManila\ttomorrow,I want to go to Manila tomorrow.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-152,46,Ya-andá 'le na Maníla.,Ya-andá\t'le\tna\tManíla.,PFV-go\ts/he\tLOC\tManila,S/he went to Manila.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-158,47,Dia 11 di desember mi lo bai Aruba.,Dia\t11\tdi\tdesember\tmi\tlo\tbai\tAruba.,day\t11\tof\tDecember\t1SG\tMOOD\tgo\tAruba,The 11th of December I will be going to Aruba.,,,,naturalistic written -47-159,47,Dialuna ku a pasa nan a bai Hulanda bèk.,Dialuna\tku\ta\tpasa\tnan\ta\tbai\tHulanda\tbèk.,Monday\tCOMP\tPFV\tpass\t3PL\tPFV\tgo\tHolland\tback,Last Monday they returned to Holland.,,,,naturalistic written -50-148,50,An k'ay Bastè.,An\tk'ay\tBastè.,1SG\tPROG.go\tBasse-Terre,I am going to Basse-Terre.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-134,51,Man ka alé Fodfrans.,Man\tka\talé\tFodfrans.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tFort-de-France,I am going to Fort-de-France.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-86,52,nou vin désann Kayèn,nou\tvin\tdésann\tKayèn,we\tcome\tgo.down\tCayenne,We went to Cayenne.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-308,53,Rose couri dans poulailler.,Rose\tcouri\tdans\tpoulailler.,Rose\tgo\tto\tchickenhouse,Rose went to the chickenhouse.,,,,naturalistic written -53-310,53,Li couri côté Compair Lapin.,Li\tcouri\tcôté\tCompair\tLapin.,3SG\tgo\tto\tBrother\tRabbit,He went to see Brother Rabbit.,,,,naturalistic written -53-311,53,"O, ye kouri la Vil, ye kouri Kalifourni.","O,\tye\tkouri\tlaVil,\tye\tkouri\tKalifourni.",oh\t3PL\tgo\tNew.Orleans\t3PL\tgo\tCalifornia,"Oh, they went to New Orleans, they went to California.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-312,53,Mo gen kouri a Livonnya.,Mo\tgen\tkouri\ta\tLivonnya.,1SG\thave.to\tgo\tto\tLivonia,I have to go to Livonia.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-313,53,"Li kouri kote Tulane, New Orleans.","Li\tkouri\tkote\t.",3SG\tgo\tto\tTulane\tNew\tOrleans,"He went to Tulane (University), in New Orleans.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-144,55,mo mama ti al Beler,mo\tmama\tti\tal\tBeler,1SG\tmother\tPST\tgo\tBel.Air,My mother went to Bel Air.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-145,55,mo pe al Vakwa,mo\tpe\tal\tVakwa,1SG\tASP\tgo\tVacoas,I am going to Vacoas.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -57-84,57,nunde ale Mont-nDore,nunde\tale\tMont-nDore,1DU.INCL\tgo\tMont-Dore,The two of us go to the Mont Dore (mountain and region close to Saint-Louis).,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-242,59,mbi ga a kodro,mbi\tga\tna\tkodro,1SG\tcome\tto\tvillage,I came home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-114,60,akendákí Kinshása,a-kend-ákí\tKinshása,3SG-go-PST\tKinshasa,She went to Kinshasa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-115,60,akendákí na Kinshása,a-kend-ákí\tna\tKinshása,3SG-go-PST\tto\tKinshasa,She went to Kinshasa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-85,61,Yena hambile lapa Thegwin.,Yena\thambile\tlapa\tThegwin.,he\tgo.PST\tLOC.PREP\tDurban,He went to Durban.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-86,61,Yena hambile Belair.,Yena\thamb-ile\tBelair.,he\tgo-PST\tBelair,He went to Belair.,,,,constructed by linguist -63-159,63,grup tán rúo fi Ankóle,grup\ttán\trúo\tfi\tAnkóle,group\tother\tgo\tin\tAnkole,Another group went to Ankole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-170,64,yom ána ja fi máser ána rówa iskendería,yom\tána\tja\tfi\tmáser\tána\trówa\tiskendería,day\t1SG\tcome\tin\tEgypt\t1SG\tgo\tAlexandria,"When I arrived in Egypt, I went to Alexandria.",,,,constructed by linguist -66-93,66,Rikas Klumbu na(ng) a(rə)pi.,Rikas\tKlumbu-na(ng)\ta(rə)-pi.,Rikas\tColombo-to\tPRS-go,Rikas is going to Colombo.,,,,elicited from speaker -68-96,68,De pi ka Ambon.,De\tpi\tka\tAmbon.,3SG\tgo\tto\tAmbon,S/he goes to Ambon OR: S/he went to Ambon.,,,,constructed by linguist -69-63,69,Pəpənəŋ kandək mənda wanan,Pəpənəŋ\tkandək\tmənda\twa-nan,Pəpənəŋ\tOBL\tthen\tgo-NFUT,Then (they) went to Pəpənəŋ (name of a lake).,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-69,70,Ham-log mango jao Wangandamu.,Ham-log\tmango\tjao\tWangandamu.,1-PL\twant\tgo\tWangandamu,We want to go to Wangandamu.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-140,71,Kanaka pauloa hele Kauai.,Kanaka\tpauloa\thele\tKauai.,person\tall\tgo\tKauai,Everyone went to Kauai.,,,,naturalistic written -71-141,71,Wau makemake hele ma Hanalei.,Wau\tmakemake\thele\tma\tHanalei.,1SG\twant\tgo\tLOC\tHanalei,I want to go to Hanalei.,,,,naturalistic written -73-88,73,Otabalomu igixuni,Otabalo-mu\ti-gi-xu-ni,Otavalo-ALL\tgo-INC-PROG-1SG,I am going to go to Otavalo.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-127,74,náyka tlatwa Siyátl,náyka\ttlatwa\tSiyátl,1SG\tgo\tSeattle,I go to Seattle.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-210,75,Edmonton kiitohteew.,Edmonton\tkii-t-ohtee-w.,Edmonton\tPST-DIR-MOVE-3SG,She went to Edmonton.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-211,75,A Muuntriyal giiitustanaan la smenn paasii.,A\tMoontriyal\tgii-itust-anaan\tla\tsmenn\tpaasii.,LOC\tMontreal\t1.PST-go-1PL\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tweek\tpassed,We went to Montreal last week.,,,,naturalistic written -1-198,1,Jesus komm bakka va riba Jordan.,Yesus\tkon\tbaka\tfu\triba\tYordan.,Jesus\tcome\tback\tfrom\triver\tJordan,Jesus came back from the river Jordan.,,,,written -1-199,1,sinsi dem ben kommotto bakka na Babel [...],sensi\tden\tben\tkomoto\tbaka\tna\tBabel\t[...],since\t3PL\tPST\tcome.out\tback\tLOC\tBabel\t[...],since they came back from Babel [...].,,,,written -1-200,1,Hoe zan den ben takki da tem joe kommote na fransi konderi.,O=san\tden\tben\ttaki\tda\tten\tyu\tkomoto\tna\tFrans\tkondre.,Q=thing\t3PL\tPST\tsay\tDET.PL\ttime\t2SG\tcome.out\tLOC\tFrench\tcountry,What did they say when you left France?,,,,written -2-210,2,A granman fu den Dyuka kmopo fu Dritabiki.,A\tgranman\tfu\tden\tDyuka\tkmopo\tfu\tDritabiki.,DET\tchief\tof\tthe.PL\tAukaners\tcome.up\tfrom\tDrietabbetje,The chief of the Aukeners comes from Drietabbetje.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-211,2,"Yu yere dati Turku e suku yu, a betre yu wijk uit komoto na Holland.","Yu yere dati Turku e suku yu, a betre yu wijk uit komoto na Holland.",you hear that Turks IPFV look.for you be better you emigrate come.out of Holland,"You hear that the Turks are looking for you, you better get out of Holland.",,,,naturalistic spoken -3-101,3,A kumutu a Damsko.,A\tkumutu\ta\tDamsko.,3SG\tcome.out\tLOC\tAmsterdam,He came from Amsterdam.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-136,5,mi moda kom Gaiyana laang taim,mi\tmoda\tkom\tGaiyana\tlaang\ttaim,1SG.POSS\tmother\tcome\tGuyana\tlong\ttime,My mother came to Guyana a long time ago.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-137,5,mi moda kom a Gaiyana laang taim,mi\tmoda\tkom\ta\tGaiyana\tlaang\ttaim,1SG.POSS\tmother\tcome\tPREP\tGuyana\tlong\ttime,My mother came to Guyana a long time ago.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-85,6,She comin Toco.,She\tcomin\tToco.,3SG.F\tcome.PROG\tToco,She has come back from Toco.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-189,7,Shi kuhm bak fram Gomea yestade.,Shi\tkuhm\tbak\tfram\tGomea\tyestade.,3SG\tcome\tback\tfrom\tGomea\tyesterday,She came back from Gomea yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-125,8,Di bwai de kom wie fram Tong.,Di\tbwai\tde\tkom\twie\tfram\tTong.,DET\tboy\tPROG\tcome\tway\tfrom\tTown,The boy is coming all the way from Town.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-126,8,Mi mada kom frahn farin yeside.,Mi\tmada\tkom\tfrahn\tfarin\tyeside.,1SG\tmother\tcome\tfrom\tforeign\tyesterday,My mother returned/came from overseas yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-181,10,Ihn kom bak faan Bogotá.,Ihn\tkom\tbak\tfaan\tBogotá.,3SG\tcome\tback\tfrom\tBogotá,She came back from Bogotá.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-182,10,Im bring strims fi mi fram Nikaraagwa.,Im\tbring\tstrims\tfi\tmi\tfram\tNikaraagwa.,3SG\tbring\tshrimp.PL\tfor\t1SG\tfrom\tNicaragua,He/she brings/brought me shrimps from Nicaragua.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-253,11,"Som kom from Bluufiilz, from Kukra [...].","Som\tkom\tfrom\tBluufiilz,\tfrom\tKukra\t[...].",some\tcome\tfrom\tBluefields\tfrom\tKukra\t[...],"Some come from Bluefields, some from Kukra Hill [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-199,12,"Tony - you 'member when he came from Cuba, and then he start.",[...]\twhen\the\tcame\tfrom\tCuba\t[...].,[...]\twhen\t3SG.SBJ\tcome.PST\tfrom\tCuba\t[...],[...] when he came from Cuba [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-147,13,A whole heap-a people come fa yeh um fom Jerusalem.,A\twhole\theap-a\tpeople\tcome\tfa\tyeh\tum\tfom\tJerusalem.,a\twhole\theap-of\tpeople\tcome\tfor\thear\t3.OBJ\tfrom\tJerusalem,A lot of people came from Jerusalem to hear him. (Mt 3.5),,,,bible translation -14-111,14,She came back from New York.,She\tcame\tback\tfrom\tNew\tYork.,she\tcame\tback\tfrom\tNew\tYork,She came back from New York.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-108,15,a kam bak frɔm salon yɛstade,a\tkam\tbak\tfrɔm\tsalon\tyɛstade,1SG\tcome\tback\tfrom\tSierra.Leone\tyesterday,I got back from Sierra Leone yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-109,15,a lɛf salon yɛstade,a\tlɛf\tsalon\tyɛstade,1SG\tleave\tSierra.Leone\tyesterday,I left Sierra Leone yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-112,16,kado pipu dɛm kam frɔm mali,kado\tpipu\tdɛm\tkam\tfrɔm\tmali,Kaado\tpeople\t3PL\tcome\tfrom\tMali,The Kaados come from Mali.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-137,17,Ìm (frò̱m) Òyó rìtó̱n ko̱m.,Ìm\t(frò̱m)\tÒyó\trìtó̱n\tko̱m.,3SG.SBJ\t(LOC)\tÒyó\treturn\tcome.LOC,S/he returned from Òyó.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-138,17,Ìm rìtó̱n frò̱m Òyó ko̱m.,Ìm\trìtó̱n\tfrò̱m\tÒyó\tko̱m.,3SG.SBJ\treturn\tLOC\tÒyó\tcome.LOC,S/he came from Òyó.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-139,17,Ìm (frò̱m) Òyó ko̱m.,Ìm\t(frò̱m)\tÒyó\tko̱m.,3SG.SBJ\t(LOC)\tÒyó\tcome,S/he came from Òyó.,,,,elicited from speaker -17-140,17,Ìm ko̱m (frò̱m) Òyó.,Ìm\tko̱m\t(frò̱m)\tÒyó.,3SG.SBJ\tcome\t(LOC)\tÒyó,S/he came from Òyó.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-119,18,I don kom bak fo Bamenda.,I\tdon\tkom\tbak\tfo\tBamenda.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tcome\tback\tfor\tBamenda,She/He came from Bamenda.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-159,19,̀Dɛ̀n kɔ̀mɔ́t Bàta.,̀Dɛ̀n\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tBàta.,3PL\tcome.from\tBata,They come from Bata.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-160,19,Jɔs è kɔ̀mɔ́t nà Baney [...].,Jɔs\tè\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tnà\tBaney\t[...].,just\t3SG.SBJ\tgo.out\tLOC\tBaney\t[...],She had just left Baney [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-161,19,Dì bɔy rɔn kɔ̀mɔ́t nà Basakato.,Dì\tbɔy\trɔn\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tnà\tBasakato.,DEF\tboy\trun\tgo.out\tLOC\tBasakato,The boy runs away from Basakato.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-110,21,She came from Hainan.,She\tcame\tfrom\tHainan.,3SG\tcome.PST\tfrom\tHainan,She came from Hainan.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-143,22,Em i kam long Mosbi.,Em\ti\tkam\tlong\tMosbi.,3SG\tPM\tcome\tPREP\tMoresby,He came from Port Moresby.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-132,23,hem i kambak long Hog Haba finis?,hem\ti\tkambak\tlong\tHog\tHaba\tfinis?,3SG\tAGR\tcome.back\tfrom\tHog\tHarbour\tCOMPL,Has she come back from Hog Harbour already?,,,,constructed by linguist -24-152,24,She kamen frum Sydney.,She\tkamen\tfrum\tSydney.,she\tcome.CONT\tPREP\tSydney,She is arriving from Sydney.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-298,25,Wan hi kambek from skul.,Wan\thi\tkam-bek\tfrom\tskul.,TEMP\t3SG\tcome-back\tfrom\tschool,When he comes back from school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-299,25,Yu kam brom Risos Senta.,Yu\tkam\tbrom\tRisos\tSenta.,2SG\tcome\tfrom\tResource\tCentre,You come from the Resource Centre.,,,,elicited from speaker -25-300,25,Mela bin kamap from Junjuwa.,Mela\tbin\tkamap\tfrom\tJunjuwa.,1PL.EXCL\tPST\tcome\tfrom\tJunjuwa,We came from Junjuwa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-95,26,a wɛn kam bæk fɔm hilo ɔɹɛdi,a\twɛn\tkam\tbæk\tfɔm\thilo\tɔɹɛdi,1SG\tPST.PFV\tcome\tback\tfrom\tHilo\talready,I've come back from Hilo already.,,,,constructed by linguist -26-96,26,hi keɪm fɹɔm hana,hi\tkeɪm\tfɹɔm\thana,3SG\tcame\tfrom\tHana,He came from Hana.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-105,27,Nu di fulək sini fa Meriki kā kō kōp di plek.,Nu\tdi\tfulək\tsini\tfa\tMeriki\tkā\tkō\tkōp\tdi\tplek.,now\tDET\tpeople\t3PL\tfrom\tAmerica\tCOMPL\tcome\tbuy\tDET\tplace,Now the people from America have come and bought the place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-162,29,My ma het van/uit Kaapstad terug gekom/gekeer.,My\tma\thet\tvan/uit\tKaapstad\tterug\tge-kom/ge-keer.,1SG.POSS\tmother\tPST\tfrom/out\tCape.Town\tback\tPTCP-come/PTCP-returned,My mother came back from Cape Town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-163,29,My ma het van Kaapstad (af) terug gekom.,My\tma\thet\tvan\tKaapstad\t(af)\tterug\tge-kom.,1SG.POSS\tmother\tPST\tfrom\tCape.Town\t(off)\tback\tPTCP-come,My mother has returned from Cape Town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-177,30,N ta volta di Práia noti.,N=ta=volta\tdi=Práia\tnoti.,1SG=IPFV=return\tfrom=Praia\tnight,I will come back from Praia at night.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-143,31,Dj'el ben di Merka.,Dj'el\tben\tdi\tMerka.,COMP.he\tcome\tfrom\tAmerica,He has come back from America.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-133,32,N ben d'Merka.,N\tben\tde\tMerka.,1SG\tcome\tfrom\tAmerica,I came from the United States.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-161,33,N’ na riba di Gine.,N’\tna\triba\tdi\tGine.,1SG\tPROG\treturn\tfrom\tGuinea,I’m returning from Guinea.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-131,34,Mariya beŋ di Sicor.,Mariya\tø\tbeŋ\tdi\tSicor.,Mary\tPFV\tcome\tfrom\tZiguinchor,Mary came back from Ziguinchor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-181,35,[...] punda n bi fô Koya.,[...]\tpunda\tn\tbi\tfô\tKoya.,[...]\tbecause\t1SG\tcome\tcome.from\tKoya,[...] because I came from Koya.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-137,37,No vika fo Santome ontxi.,No\tvika\tfo\tSantome\tontxi.,1PL\tcome\tcome.from\tSão.Tomé\tyesterday.,We came from São Tomé yesterday.,,,,constructed by linguist -39-151,39,Elz vey də gɔgla.,Elz\tvey\tdə\tgɔgla.,3PL\tcome.PST\tfrom\tGoghla,They came from Goghla.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-137,41,eli kulumbu(ntu) impa javii tem,eli\tkulumbu(-ntu)\timpa\tjaa-vii\tteem,3SG.M\tColombo(-LOC)\tfrom\tPST-come\tPRS.PRF,He has come from Colombo.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-143,42,eli ja chegá di Kuala Lumpur,eli\tja\tchegá\tdi\tKuala\tLumpur,3SG\tPFV\tcome\tfrom\tKuala\tLumpur,He arrived from Kuala Lumpur.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-140,44,Ya biní yo na Náik.,Ya\tbiní\tyo\tna\tNáik.,PFV\tcome\t1SG\tLOC\tNaic,I came from Naic.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-153,46,Ya-birá 'le na Zamboanga.,Ya-birá\t'le\tna\tZamboanga.,PRF-turn\ts/he\tLOC\tZamboanga,S/he returned from Zamboanga. OR: S/he has returned from Zamboanga.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-154,46,estába na Manila para na Macau,estába\tna\tManila\tpara\tna\tMacau,was\tLOC\tManila\tto\tLOC\tMacau,from Manila to Macau,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-160,47,Awor S. a bin for di Hulanda.,Awor\tS.\ta\tbini\tfor\tdi\tHulanda.,now\tS.\tPFV\tcome\tfrom\tof\tHolland,Now S. has come from Holland.,,,,naturalistic written -48-151,48,Lusi a ngobbé ri ekuela.,Lusi\ta\tngobbé\tri\tekuela.,Lucy\tPST\treturn\tfrom\tschool,Lucy has returned from school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-149,50,An sòti Lapwent.,An\tsòti\tLapwent.,1SG\tcome.back\tPointe.à.Pitre,I am coming back from Ponte-à-Pitre.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-135,51,Man sòti Baspwent.,Man\tsòti\tBaspwent.,1SG\tcome.back\tBasse-Pointe,I am coming back from Basse-Pointe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-88,52,tifiy a soti Kayèn,tifiy-a\tsoti\tKayèn,girl-ART\tleave\tCayenne,The girl left Cayenne.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-181,54,Sé pa le maï ki sort Madagascar.,Se\tpa\tlë\tmai\tki\tsort\tMadagaskar.,this.is\tNEG\tDEF\tmaize\tREL\tcome.from\tMadagascar.,This is not maize from Madagascar.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-146,55,li return depi Maybur yer,li\treturn\tdepi\tMaybur\tyer,3SG\treturn\tfrom\tMahébourg\tyesterday,She came back from Mahébourg yesterday.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-147,55,mo sort Vakwa,mo\tsort\tVakwa,1SG\tcome.from\tVacoas,I'm coming from Vacoas.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -55-148,55,"mo papa sort depi Sesel, li'nn vini pu travay dan Moris","mo\tpapa\tsort\tdepi\tSesel,\tli'nn\tvini\tpu\ttravay\tdan\tMoris",POSS\tfather\tcome\tfrom\tSeychelles\t3SG.COMPL\tcome\tto\twork\tin\tMauritius,"My father comes from the Seychelles, he came to work in Mauritius.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-147,56,Bann materyo ti sorti isi Mae sa?,Bann\tmateryo\tti\tsorti\tisi\tMae\tsa?,PL\tmaterial\tPST\tcome.from\there\tMahé\tDEM,Did the materials come from Mahé?,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-85,57,ma vja nde Saint-Louis,ma\tvja\tnde\tSaint-Louis,1SG\tcome\tDIR\tSaint-Louis,I came from Saint-Louis.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-160,58,Móno méne katúka na bwála,Móno\tméne\tkatúka\tna\tbwála,1SG\tfinish\toriginate\tPREP\tvillage,I have come from the village,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-243,59,ala londo na Paris asi laso,ala\tlondo\tna\tParis\ta-si\tlaso,3PL\tarise\tPREP\tParis\tPM-arrive\ttoday,They returned (arrived) from Paris today.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-116,60,awútákí Kinshása,a-wút-ákí́\tKinshása,3SG-come.from-PST\tKinshasa,He came from Kinshasa.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-117,60,awútákí na Kinshása,a-wút-ákí́\tna\tKinshasa,3SG-come.from-PST\tfrom\tKinshasa,He came from Kinshasa.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -62-79,62,élí kihoja,é-li\tkihoja,3SG-come:from\tmarket,He comes from the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-160,63,grandfathers t-éna já min Sudán,grandfathers\tt-éna\tjá\tmin\tSudán,grandfathers\tGEN-our\tcome\tfrom\tSudan,Our ancestors came from Sudan.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-171,64,ána ja min júba,ána\tja\tmin\tjúba,1SG\tcome\tfrom\tJuba,I came from Juba.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-128,65,"Varmija priʃol kada, kakoj gadu, simidisiatyj?","Varmija\tpriʃol\tkada,\tkakoj\tgadu,\tsimidisiatyj?",army\tcome.PFV.SG\twhen\twhich\tyear\tseventyth,"When have I returned from the army, was it in 1970?",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-129,65,On ide? Sintəralny sy ka parətii.,On\tide?\tSintəralny\tsy\tka\tparətii.,3SG\twhere\tcentral\tC\tK\tparty,He is from where? From the Central CK (Central Committee) of the Party.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-94,66,Klumbu ɖuuɖung kubalile e-datang (aɖa).,Klumbu\tɖuuɖung\tkubali-le\te-datang\t(aɖa).,Colombo\tfrom\tback-COM\tASP-come\t(AUX),(He) has come back from Colombo.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-95,66,Klumbu ɖuuɖung e-baalek (aɖa).,Klumbu\tɖuuɖung\te-baalek\t(aɖa).,Colombo\tfrom\tASP-return\t(AUX),(He) has returned from Colombo.,,,,elicited from speaker -70-70,70,Ham Suva se ao.,Ham\tSuva\tse\tao.,1SG\tSuva\tfrom\tcome,I came from Suva.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-142,71,Loaa mai no palapala mai Kina mai iaia aole hele ma Kina.,Loaa\tmai\tno\tpalapala\tmai\tKina\tmai\tiaia\taole\thele\tma\tKina.,received\tDIR\tINTENS\tletter\tfrom\tChina\tfrom\t3SG\tNEG\tgo\tLOC\tChina,I received a letter from China [to the effect that] he didn't go to China.,,,,naturalistic written -74-128,74,náyka čáku kapa Siyátl,náyka\tčáku\tkapa\tSiyátl,1SG\tcome\tat\tSeattle,I come from Seattle.,,,,constructed by linguist -1-194,1,Mi de go na plantasi.,Mi\tde\tgo\tna\tpranasi.,1SG\tASP\tgo\tLOC\tplantation,I'm going to the plantation.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-195,1,Joe komopo dan na Planasie.,Yu\tkomopo\tdan\tna\tpranasi.,2SG\tcome.from\tthen\tLOC\tplantation,You're coming from the plantation then.,,,,written -1-196,1,Kaba dem Phariseman nanga dem bukuman ben [-komm va] <+kommoppo na> alla kondri rombotto.,Kaba\tden\tFariseman\tnanga\tden\tbukuman\tben\t[-kon\tfu]\t<+komopo\tna>\tala\tkondre\tromboto.,and\tDET.PL\tPharisee\twith/and\tDET.PL\tscribe\tPST\t[-come\tfrom]\t<+come.out\tLOC>\tall\tvillage\taround,And the Pharisees and the scribes came from various villages in the area.,,,,written -2-203,2,Den pikin e go na skoro.,Den\tpikin\te\tgo\tna\tskoro.,the.PL\tchild\tIPFV\tgo\tLOC\tschool,The children go to school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-204,2,A no e denki fu kon baka na oso.,A\tno\te\tdenki\tfu\tkon\tbaka\tna\toso.,3SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tthink\tfor\tcome\tback\tLOC\thouse,It hasn’t crossed her mind to come back home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-205,2,Te den pranasi sma ben kmopo fu tapusei kon nanga boto [...].,Te\tden\tpranasi\tsma\tben\tkmopo\tfu\ttapusei\tkon\tnanga\tboto\t[...].,when\tthe.PL\tplantation\tperson\tPST\tcome.from\tfrom\ttop.side\tcome\twith\tboat\t[...],When the people of the plantation came from upriver by boat […].,,,,elicited from speaker -3-98,3,Mi kumutu a di wosu.,Mi\tkumutu\ta\tdi\twosu.,1SG\tcome.out\tLOC\tDEF.SG\thouse,I left the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-133,4,Den pkin waka go a sikoo.,Den\tpkin\twaka\tgo\ta\tsikoo.,DET.PL\tchild\twalk\tgo\tLOC\tschool,The children walked to school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-134,4,Gaanbaa lobi waka kon na a pisi de.,Gaanbaa\tlobi\twaka\tkon\tna\ta\tpisi\tde.,big.brother\tlike\twalk\tcome\tLOC\tDET.SG\tpiece\tthere,Jaguar loves to come to that area.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-135,4,Den wagi e rei komoto na Albina (kon).,Den\twagi\te\trei\tkomoto\tna\tAlbina\t(kon).,DET.PL\tcar\tIPFV\tdrive\tcome.from\tLOC\tAlbina\t(come),The cars are coming (back) from Albina.,,,,elicited from speaker -5-130,5,mi gu (a) maakit,mi\tgu\t(a)\tmaakit,1SG\tgo\t(to)\tmarket,I have gone to the market (lit. I went to market).,,,,constructed by linguist -5-131,5,mi kom from maakit,mi\tkom\tfrom\tmaakit,1SG\tcome\tfrom\tmarket,I have come from the market (lit. I came from market).,,,,constructed by linguist -6-83,6,(1) Shi goin Penal. (2) Shi comin Penal.,(1)\tShi\tgoin\tPenal.\t(2)\tShi\tcomin\tPenal.,(1)\t3SG.F\tgo.PROG\tPenal\t(2)\t3SG.F\tcome.PROG\tPenal,(1) She is going to Penal. (2) She is coming from Penal.,,,,elicited from speaker -6-84,6,Shi come back from Toronto yesterday.,Shi\tcome\tback\tfrom\tToronto\tyesterday.,3SG.F\tcome\tback\tfrom\tToronto\tyesterday,She came back from Toronto yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-182,7,Mi gaan a maakit.,Mi\tgaan\ta\tmaakit.,1SG\tgone\tLOC\tmarket,I’m off to the market.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-183,7,Mi bin a kuhm fram maakit.,Mi\tbin\ta\tkuhm\tfram\tmaakit.,1SG\tPST\tPROG\tcome\tfrom\tmarket,I was coming from the market.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-184,7,Mi gaan maakit.,Mi\tgaan\tmaakit.,1SG\tgone\tmarket,I’m off to the market.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-120,8,Mieri go maakit yeside.,Mieri\tgo\tmaakit\tyeside.,Mary\tgo\tmarket\tyesterday,Mary went to [the] market yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-121,8,Mieri kom frahn maakit yeside.,Mieri\tkom\tfrahn\tmaakit\tyeside.,Mary\tcome\tfrom\tmarket\tyesterday,Mary came from the market yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-149,9,Wi gu wey ina di buʃ pan len.,Wi\tgu\twey\tina\tdi\tbuʃ\tpan\tlen.,1PL\tgo\tway\tto\tthe\tbush\tupon\tLent,We go way to the bush around Lent.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-150,9,Wi kum fa mango krik.,Wi\tkum\tfa\tmango\tkrik.,1PL\tcome\tfrom\tMango\tCreek,We came from Mango Creek.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-151,9,A unu me briɲ dat fa kras?,A\tunu\tme\tbriɲ\tdat\tfa\tkras?,TOP\t2PL\tANT\tbring\tthat\tfrom\tacross,Is it you that brought it from the other side?,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-152,9,Dey impaat krud ayl fa kras de.,Dey\timpaat\tkrud\tayl\tfa\tkras\tde.,they\timport\tcrude\toil\tfrom\tacross\tthere,They import crude oil from the other side over there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-153,9,Wen wi kum fa mango krik wen wi kum a Mango Krik a siy da.,Wen\twi\tkum\tfa\tmango\tkrik\twen\twi\tkum\ta\tMango\tKrik\ta\tsiy\tda.,when\t1PL\tcome\tfrom\tMango\tCreek\twhen\t1PL\tcome\tto\tMango\tCreek\t1SG\tsee\tthat,"When we came from Mango Creek, when we were at Mango Creek I see that.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-177,10,Ihn gaan da di dentis.,Ihn\tgaan\tda\tdi\tdentis.,3SG\tgo.PFV\tat\tART.DEF\tdentist,She went to the dentist.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-178,10,Ihn kom huom faan skuul.,Ihn\tkom\thuom\tfaan\tskuul.,3SG\tcome\thome\tfrom\tschool,He came home from school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-179,10,Wen ihn pupa kom fram work an si di bwai hala [...].,Wen\tihn\tpupa\tkom\tfram\twork\tan\tsi\tdi\tbwai\thala\t[...].,when\t3SG.POSS\tfather\tcome\tfrom\twork\tand\tsee\tART.DEF\tboy\tholler\t[...],When his father came from work and saw the boy crying [...].,,,,written -11-249,11,wen yu gwain tu di maakit,wen\tyu\tgwain\ttu\tdi\tmaakit,when\t2SG\tgo.PROG\tto\tART.DEF\tmarket,when you go to the market,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-250,11,fram di maakit,fram\tdi\tmaakit,from\tART.DEF\tmarket,from the market,,,,constructed by linguist -11-251,11,Wen deh kom fram groun deh tek out an shier.,Wen\tdeh\tkom\tfram\tgroun\tdeh\ttek\tout\tan\tshier.,when\t3PL\tcome\tfrom\tground\t3PL\ttake\tout\tand\tshare,When they came back from the field they shared (the harvested vegetables).,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-195,12,"He kept - he was - he was very, very, very persistent. And he been a police officer, and me having to come to work to the market on Saturday - this Saturday, I'm talking to my cousin.",[...]\tcome\tto\twork\tto\tthe\tmarket\t[...].,[...]\tcome\tto\twork\tto\tthe\tmarket\t[...],[...] [and me having to] come to work to the market [on Saturday] [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-196,12,"Yeah, they left from other islands and came over, find other woman and they - uh - ma- get marry and stay.",[...]\tthey\tleft\tfrom\tother\tislands\t[...],[...]\t3PL.SBJ\tleave.PST\tfrom\tother\tisland.PL\t[...],[...] they left from other islands [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -13-142,13,dem what get way from de tide,dem\twhat\tget\tway\tfrom\tde\ttide,them\twhat\tget\taway\tfrom\tthe\ttide,those who get away from the tide,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-143,13,[D]en go back to de meetin!,[D]en\tgo\tback\tto\tde\tmeetin!,then\tgo\tback\tto\tthe\tmeeting,Then go back to the meeting!,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-108,14,Sue went to the store.,Sue\twent\tto\tthe\tstore.,Sue\twent\tto\tthe\tstore,Sue went to the store.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-109,14,Sue came back from the store.,Sue\tcame\tback\tfrom\tthe\tstore.,Sue\tcame\tback\tfrom\tthe\tstore,Sue came back from the store.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-104,15,a di go na di makit,a\tdi\tgo\tna\tdi\tmakit,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tLOC\tART\tmarket,I am going to the market.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-105,15,a jɛs kɔmɔt na di makit,a\tjɛs\tkɔmɔt\tna\tdi\tmakit,1SG\tjust\tcome\tLOC\tART\tmarket,I just came back from the market.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-106,16,jù go hɔspital,jù\tgo\thɔspital,2SG\tgo\thospital,You go to the hospital.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-107,16,dè kam frɔm difrɛn difrɛn difrɛn difrɛn kantri,dè\tkam\tfrɔm\tdifrɛn~difrɛn~difrɛn~difrɛn\tkantri,3PL\tcome\tfrom\tdifferent~different~different~different\tcountry,They come from different countries.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-108,16,à waka go makɛt,à\twaka\tgo\tmakɛt,1SG\twalk\tgo\tmarket,I walked to the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-130,17,À go fò̱r fam.,À\tgo\tfò̱r\tfam.,1SG.SBJ\tgo\tPREP\tfarm,I went to the farm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-131,17,À ko̱m fò̱r fam.,À\tko̱m\tfò̱r\tfam.,1SG.SBJ\tcome\tPREP\tfarm,I came from the farm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-132,17,À ko̱m frò̱m fam.,À\tko̱m\tfrò̱m\tfam.,1SG.SBJ\tcome\tLOC\tfarm,I came from the farm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-133,17,À frò̱m fam ko̱m.,À\tfrò̱m\tfam\tko̱m.,1SG.SBJ\tLOC\tfarm\tcome,I came from the farm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-115,18,A di go makeht.,A\tdi\tgo\tmaket.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo\tmarket,I am going to the market.,,,,published source -18-116,18,Robert komot fo Detroit.,Robert\tkomot\tfo\tDetroit.,Robert\tcome.out\tfor\tDetroit,Robert is from Detroit.,,,,unspecified -19-151,19,È kɔ̀mɔ́t nà rum nekɛd.,È\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tnà\trum\tnekɛd.,3SG.SBJ\tgo.out\tLOC\troom\tbe.naked,He went/came out of the room naked.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-152,19,Dì snek kɔ̀mɔ́t frɔ̀n bɔ̀tɔ́n dì hos.,Dì\tsnek\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tfrɔ̀n\tbɔ̀tɔ́n\tdì\thos.,DEF\tsnake\tcome.from\tfrom\tbottom\tDEF\thouse.,The snake come out from beneath the house.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-153,19,"Bueno, à dè go makit naw.","Bueno,\tà\tdè\tgo\tmakit\tnaw.",good\t1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo\tmarket\tnow,"Alright, I'm going to the market now.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-154,19,So we yù kɔ̀mɔ́t colegio [...].,So\twe\tyù\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tcolegio\t[...].,so\tSUBORD\t2SG\tgo.out\tcollege\t[...],So when you've left college [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-117,20,Hoppo truly too much angry English come him house.,Hoppo\ttruly\ttoo\tmuch\tangry\tEnglish\tcome\thim\thouse.,Hoppo\ttruly\ttoo\tmuch\tangry\tEnglish\tcome\t3SG.POSS\thouse,Hoppo was very angry about the English coming to his house.,,,,naturalistic written -20-119,20,She now no can go to Whampoa as before time.,She\tnow\tno\tcan\tgo\tto\tWhampoa\tas\tbefore\ttime.,3SG\tnow\tNEG\tcan\tgo\tto\tWhampoa\tas\tbefore\ttime,Now she cannot go to Whampoa as before.,,,,naturalistic written -21-106,21,I go (to) market.,I\tgo\t(to)\tmarket.,1SG\tgo\t(to)\tmarket,I go to the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-107,21,I come from market.,I\tcome\tfrom\tmarket.,1SG\tcome\tfrom\tmarket,I come from the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-139,22,Em go long ples bilong em.,Em\tgo\tlong\tples\tbilong\tem.,3SG\tgo\tPREP\tvillage\tPOSS\t3SG,He went to his village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-140,22,Brada bilong em i kam bek long bus.,Brada\tbilong\tem\ti\tkam\tbek\tlong\tbus.,brother\tPOSS\t3SG\tPM\tcome\tback\tPREP\tbush,Her brother came back from the bush.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-129,23,hem i tekem wud i go long bus,hem\ti\ttekem\twud\ti\tgo\tlong\tbus,3SG\tAGR\ttake\twood\tAGR\tgo\tto\tbush,She took the stick and carried it into the bush.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-130,23,mi mi bin kambak long wok,mi\tmi\tbin\tkambak\tlong\twok,1SG\t1SG\tANT\tcome.back\tfrom\twork,"As for me, I had come back from work.",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-148,24,Daa salan goe daun ar taun.,Daa\tsalan\tgoe\tdaun\tar\ttaun.,that.SG\tpeople\tgo\tDEIC\tDET.DEF\tKingston,Those people are going to Kingston.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-149,24,Daa salan kamen fram taun.,Daa\tsalan\tkamen\tfram\ttaun.,that.SG\tpeople\tcome.CONT\tPREP\tKingston,Those people are coming from Kingston.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-293,25,"Brom jea mibalan kipgon, raidap - kaman raidap langa taun na.","Brom jea mibala=n kipgon, raidap - kaman raidap langa taun na.",From there 1PL=PST keep.going right.up   come right.up LOC town now,"From there we kept going, [and] came straight to the town then.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-91,26,hi wɛn go tu da maket,hi\twɛn\tgo\ttu\tda\tmaket,3SG\tPST.PFV\tgo\tto\tART\tmarket,He went to the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -26-92,26,hi wɛn kam fɔm da maket,hi\twɛn\tkam\tfɔm\tda\tmaket,3SG\tPST.PFV\tcome\tfrom\tART\tmarket,He came from the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -27-102,27,Am a sti sinu a market fo lo frukó.,Am\ta\tsti\tsinu\ta\tmarket\tfo\tlo\tfrukó.,3SG\tPST\tsend\t3PL\tto\tmarket\tfor\tgo\tsell,He sent them to the market to go and sell [potatoes].,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-103,27,En man a kō fan di andə lan.,En\tman\ta\tkō\tfan\tdi\tandə\tlan.,ART.INDF\tman\tPST\tcome\tfrom\tDET\tother\tcountry,A man came from the other country.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-104,27,Kō lō mi mi a Briment.,Kō\tlō\tmi\tmi\ta\tBriment.,come\tgo\twith\t1SG\tLOC\tBremen,Come go with me to Bremen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-126,28,o wa mutɛ maikoni ʃi tokap anga,o\twa\tmu-tɛ\tmaikoni\tʃi\ttoko-apu\tanga,3SG\tPST\tgo-PFV\tMaicony\t3SG.POSS\tchild-PL\tLOC,"He had gone to Maicony, to his children.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-127,28,ju das haftu kon də mingjanga,ju\tdas\thaftu\tkumu\tdi\tmingi\tanga,2SG\tHAB\thave.to\tcome\tthe\twater\tLOC,You have to come into the water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-132,28,ori ʃi papa kumtɛ fan di plɛk nam kanʤi krik,ori\tʃi\tpapa\tkumu-tɛ\tfan\tdi\tplɛkɛ\tnam\tkanʤi\tkrik,3SG\t3SG.POSS\tfather\tcome-PFV\tfrom\tthe\tplace\tname\tCanje\tCreek,Her father came from the place called Canje Creek.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-149,28,en juŋman wato mutɛ fan diskandi wɛr,en\tjungu-man\twati\to\tmu-tɛ\tfan\tdiʃi-kandi\twɛrɛ,one\tyoung-man\tREL\t3SG\tgo-PFV\tfrom\tthis-side\tagain,a young man who came from overhere too,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-157,29,Marie het na die winkel toe gegaan. vs. Marie kom van die winkel (af) terug.,Marie\thet\tna\tdie\twinkel\ttoe\tge-gaan.\tvs.\tMarie\tkom\tvan\tdie\twinkel\t(af)\tterug.,Mary\thas\tto\tDEF.ART\tshop\tto\tPTCP-gone\tvs.\tMary\tcomes\tfrom\tDEF.ART\tshop\t(off)\tback,Mary went to the shop. vs. Mary is coming back from the shop.,,,,naturalistic written -29-158,29,Marie het winkel toe gegaan.,Marie\thet\twinkel\ttoe\tge-gaan.,Mary\tPST\tshop\tto\tPTCP-gone,Mary went to the shop.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-171,30,"Nton, ómi dispidi, bá si órta.","Nton,\tómi\tdispidi,\tbá\tsi=órta.",then\tman\ttake.leave\tgo\tPOSS.3SG=field,Then the man took leave and went to his field.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-172,30,[...] padrinhu ku madrinha bá pa sakristiâ.,[...]\tpadrinhu\tku=madrinha\tbá\tpa=sakristiâ.,[...]\tgodfather\twith=godmother\tgo\tto=sacristy,[...] the godfather and the godmother went to the sacristy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-173,30,"E bá na un aldeia, [...].","E=bá\tna=un=aldeia,\t[...].",3SG=go\tin=a=village\t[...],"He went to a village, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-174,30,N ben d'Alemánha na bárku.,N=ben\td=Alemánha\tna=bárku.,1SG=come\tfrom=Germany\tin=ship,I came from Germany by ship.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-139,31,N bai nha kaza.,N\tbai\tnha\tkaza.,I\tgo\tmy\thouse,I went home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-140,31,Kumida ki sa ta ben di stranjeiru era poku.,Kumida\tki\tsa\tta\tben\tdi\tstranjeiru\tera\tpoku.,food\tthat\tPROG\tMOOD\tcome\tfrom\tabroad\twas\tlittle,The food that came from abroad was little.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-129,32,Maria bá pa plurin.,Maria\tbá\tpa\tplurin.,Maria\tgo\tto\tmarket,Maria went to the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-130,32,Maria ben d'plurin.,Maria\tben\tde\tplurin.,Maria\tcome\tfrom\tmarket,Maria came from the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-156,33,N’ na bay fera.,N’\tna\tbay\tfera.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tmarket,I’m going to the market.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-157,33,N’ na riba di skola.,N’\tna\triba\tdi\tskola.,1SG\tPROG\treturn\tfrom\tschool,I’m returning from school.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-158,33,N’na bay pa skola.,N-na\tbay\tpa\tskola.,1SG-PROG\tgo\tto\tschool,I am going to school.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-127,34,Mariya bay fera.,Mariya\tø\tbay\tfera.,Mary\tPFV\tgo\tmarket,Mary went to the market.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-128,34,Mariya beŋ di fera.,Mariya\tø\tbeŋ\tdi\tfera.,Mary\tPFV\tcome\tfrom\tmarket,Mary came back from the market.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-177,35,Ê ba fêla.,Ê\tba\tfêla.,3SG\tgo\tmarket,He went to the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -35-178,35,Ê bi fô fêla.,Ê\tbi\tfô\tfêla.,3SG\tcome\tcome.from\tmarket,He came from the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-105,36,[...] ene ba Txindadji [...].,[...]\tene\tba\tTxindadji\t[...].,[...]\tthey\tgo\tTrindade\t[...],[...] they went to Trindade [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-106,36,[...] lêmu tô vomoka fô mo r'ê.,[...]\tlêmu\ttô\tvomoka\tfô\tmo\tr'ê.,[...]\tpaddle\tREP\tslip\tcome.from\thand\this,[...] the paddle also slipped out of his hands.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-107,36,Ê vutuka fô Angene.,Ê\tvutuka\tfô\tAngene.,3SG\treturn\tcome.from\tAngene,She returned from São João dos Angolares.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-134,37,N we fya.,N\twe\tfya.,1SG\tgo\tmarket,I went to the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-135,37,N vika fo fya.,N\tvika\tfo\tfya.,1SG\tcome\tcome.from\tmarket,I came from the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-150,38,I ba xa loso.,I\tba\txa\tloso.,3SG\tgo\tEVID\thamlet,She goes to the hamlet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-151,38,M bi liba d'ala telano Fendya Poai.,Amu\tbi\tliba\tde-alea\ttela-no\tFendya\tPo-iai.,1SG\tcome\ton\tof-sand\tland-1PL\tFernando\tPoo-LOC,I came to the sand of our country over here in Malabo.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-152,38,"[...] se wan navĩn-balea tamba Palea, [...].","[...]\tse\twan\tnavin-balea\ttan-ba\tPalea,\t[...].",[...]\tand\tone\tship-whale\tITER-go\tPale\t[...],"[...] and another whale ship came to Pale, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -38-153,38,Am fo Pale bi.,Amu\tfo\tPale\tbi.,1SG\tleave\tPale\tcome,I come from Pale.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-147,39,ɛl ain nã vey də bazar.,ɛl\tain\tnã\tvey\tdə\tbazar.,3SG.F\tyet\tNEG\tcome.PST\tfrom\tmarket,She hasn't come from the market yet.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-148,39,Tudi nɔs vay bazar.,Tudi\tnɔs\tvay\tbazar.,everyday\t1PL\tgo.NPST\tmarket,We go to the market everyday.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-108,40,ɔ̃t nɔ ti andad (nə) badzar.,ɔ̃t\tnɔ\tti\tandad\t(nə)\tbadzar.,yesterday\twe\tPST\tdo.PTCP\t(LOC)\tmarket,Yesterday we went to the market (and returned).,,,,constructed by linguist -40-109,40,Teru ɔ̃t Vasai su yaʋe.,Teru\tɔ̃t\tVasai\tsu\tyaʋe.,Teru\tyesterday\tVasai\tfrom\tcame,Teru came from Vasai yesterday.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-133,41,eev jaandaa maaket,eev\tjaa-andaa\tmaaket,1SG\tPST-go\tmarket,I went to the market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-134,41,eli kaaza impa javii tem,eli\tkaaza\timpa\tjaa-vii\tteem,3SG.M\thouse\tfrom\tPST-come\tPRS.PRF,He has come from home.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-138,42,yo ja bai Maria sa kaza,yo\tja\tbai\tMaria\tsa\tkaza,1SG\tPFV\tgo\tMaria\tGEN\thouse,I went to Maria’s house.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-139,42,Maria ja bai bazar,Maria\tja\tbai\tbazar,Maria\tPFV\tgo\tbazaar,Maria went to the bazaar.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-140,42,olotu ja bai ku Uncle Min,olotu\tja\tbai\tku\tUncle\tMin,3PL\tPFV\tgo\tACC\tUncle\tMin,They went to Uncle Min (a faith healer).,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-141,42,eli ja beng di bazar,eli\tja\tbeng\tdi\tbazar,3SG\tPFV\tcome\tfrom\tmarket,He came from the market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-96,43,Ile anda nu chang [...].,Ile anda nu chang [...].,he go to land  ,He went to the property [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-97,43,Di undi sta bi? — Di otër tera.,Di\tundi\tsta\tbi?\t—\tDi\totër\ttera.,from\twhere\tIPFV\tcome\t–\tfrom\tother\tcountry,Where do you come from? — From abroad.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-137,44,Mótro ta andá ayá na merkádo.,Mótro\tta\tandá\tayá\tna\tmerkádo.,1PL\tIPFV\tgo\tthere\tLOC\tmarket,We go to the market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-138,44,A vine lotru nah Isla di Muluccas [...].,A\tvine\tlotru\tnah\tIsla\tdi\tMuluccas\t[...].,PFV\tcome\t3PL\tLOC\tisland\tof\tMoluccas\t[...],They came from the Moluccan Islands [...].,,,,naturalistic written -45-118,45,Di anda el hombre na Manila.,Di\tanda\tel\thombre\tna\tManila.,CTPL\tgo\tDEF\tman\tLOC\tManila,The man will go to Manila.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-119,45,Ya bini yo di Manila.,Ya\tbini\tyo\tdi\tManila.,PFV\tcome\t1SG\tLOC\tManila,I came from Manila.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-149,46,Kyére'le salé na ágwa.,Kyére'le salé na ágwa.,want s/he quit/get.out LOC water,S/he wants to get out of the water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-150,46,Kýere yo andá na chángge.,Kýere\tyo\tandá\tna\tchángge.,want\tI\tgo\tLOC\tmarket,I want to go to the market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-151,46,Manyána yo ay-andá pára na Maníla.,Manyána\tyo\tay-andá\tpára\tna\tManíla.,tomorrow\tI\tIRR-go\tto\tLOC\tManila,Tomorrow I will go to Manila.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-102,47,E adultonan aki ta bin di e paísnan rònd aki banda,e\tadulto\tnan\taki\tta\tbini\tdi\te\tpaís\tnan\trònd\taki\tbanda,DEF\tadult\tPL\tDEM\tTNS\tcome\tfrom\tDEF\tcountry\tPL\taround\there\tnear,These adults (i.e. adult students) come from the surrounding countries.,,,,naturalistic written -47-156,47,Awe mainta mi a bai na skol kaminda mi lo bai duna lès.,Awe\tmainta\tmi\ta\tbai\tna\tskol\tkaminda\tmi\tlo\tbai\tduna\tlès.,today\tmorning\t1SG\tPFV\tgo\tLOC\tschool\tplace\t1SG\tMOOD\tgo\tgive\tlesson,This morning I went to the school where I will be teaching.,,,,naturalistic written -47-157,47,Awor X a bin for di Hulanda.,Awor\tX\ta\tbini\tfor\tdi\tHulanda.,now\tX\tPFV\tcome\tfrom\tof\tHolland,Now X has come (here) from Holland.,,,,naturalistic written -48-147,48,Malía a bae aí Malagana a bendé.,Malía\ta\tbae\taí\tMalagana\ta\tbendé.,Maria\tPST\tgo\tthere\tMalagana\tto\tsell,Maria has gone to Malagana to sell (merchandise).,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-148,48,Suto a miní ri Katahena eta tadde.,Suto\ta\tminí\tri\tKatahena\teta\ttadde.,we\tPST\tcome\tfrom\tCartagena\tthis\tafternoon,We came from Cartagena this afternoon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-149,48,I tan labá aí loyo.,I\ttan\tlabá\taí\tloyo.,I\tgo\twash\tthere\tcreek,I am going to wash (clothes) at the creek.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-150,48,I ta miní ri loyo.,I\tta\tminí\tri\tloyo.,I\tPROG\tcome\tfrom\tcreek,I am coming from the creek.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-245,49,Eske papa w deja sot nan mache?,Eske\tpapa\tw\tdeja\tsot\tnan\tmache?,Q\tfather\t2SG.POSS\talready\tcome.from\tin\tmarket,Has your father come back from the market yet?,,,,constructed by linguist -49-246,49,Bouki fèk sot nan mache.,Bouki\tfèk\tsot\tnan\tmache.,Bouki\tonly\tgo.out.from\tin\tmarket,Bouki has just come back from the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-247,49,Ebyen mwen kwè l ta bon pou m sòti nan kay la.,Ebyen\tmwen\tkwè\tl\tta\tbon\tpou\tm\tsòti\tnan\tkay\tla.,Oh.well\t1SG\tbelieve\t3SG\tCOND\tgood\tfor\t1SG\tcome.out\tin\thouse\tDEF,"Oh well, I think it would be good for me to leave the house.",,,,naturalistic written -49-248,49,M rive Nouyòk.,M\trive\tNouyòk.,1SG\tarrive\tNew.York,I have arrived in New York.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-249,49,"Gen on abitan ki sot andeyò, li vin sere Pòtoprens.","Gen\ton\tabitan\tki\tsot\tandeyò,\tli\tvin\tsere\tPòtoprens.",there.is\tINDF\tfarmer\tREL\tcome.from\toutside\t3SG\tcome\thide\tPort.au.Prince,There is a farmer who has come from the village to hide in Port-au-Prince.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-250,49,"M sot Petyonvil, m rive lavil.","M\tsot\tPetyonvil,\tm\trive\tlavil.",1SG\tleave\tPetionville\t1SG\tarrive\tcity,"Having left Petionville, I arrived in the city.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-256,49,Li voye timoun yo al lekòl.,Li\tvoye\ttimoun\tyo\tal\tlekòl.,3SG\tsend\tchild\tDEF.PL\tgo\tschool,He/She sent the children to school.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-297,49,M vle tounen lakay.,M\tvle\ttounen\tlakay.,1SG\twant\tcome.back\thouse,I want to go back home.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-146,50,An k'ay anba marché.,An\tk'ay\tanba\tmarché.,1SG\tPROG.go\tunder\tmarket,I am going to the market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-147,50,An sòti anba marché.,An\tsòti\tanba\tmarché.,1SG\tcome.back\tunder\tmarket,I am coming back from the market/ I came back from the market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-132,51,Man ka alé anba marché.,Man\tka\talé\tanba\tmarché.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tunder\tmarket,I am going to the market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-133,51,Man sòti anba marché.,Man\tsòti\tanba\tmarché.,1SG\tcome.back\tunder\tmarket,I am coming back from the market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-84,52,mo frè fin soti laplaj; i di lanmè-a bon,mo\tfrè\tfin\tsoti\tlaplaj;\ti\tdi\tlanmè-a\tbon,my\tbrother\tPFV\tleave\tbeach\the\tsay\tsea-ART\tgood,My brother just left the beach (lit. My brother is coming home from the beach). He says the water is fine.,,,,elicited from speaker -52-87,52,nou alé Kayène,nou\talé\tKayène,we\tgo\tCayenne,We went to Cayenne.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-302,53,Vje fam sote dan mon kou.,Vje\tfam\tsote\tdan\tmon\tkou.,old\twoman\tjump\tin\t1SG.POSS\tneck,The old lady threw her arms around me. (Lit. The old lady jumped into my neck.),,,,naturalistic spoken -53-303,53,Li soti dan cha-la.,Li\tsoti\tdan\tcha-la.,3SG\tget.out\tin\tcar-ART.DEF.SG,He got out of the car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-304,53,Ye marche on trèk-la jiska ye sorti dan bwa.,Ye\tmarche\ton\ttrèk-la\tjiska\tye\tsorti\tdan\tbwa.,3PL\twalk\ton\ttrail-ART.DEF.SG\tuntil\t3PL\tcome.out\tin\twoods,They followed the trail until they came out of the woods.,,,,naturalistic written -53-306,53,Nou soti an bus-la.,Nou\tsoti\tan\t-la.,1PL\tget.off\tfrom\tbus-ART.DEF,We got off the bus.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-307,53,Mo gap kuri o post office.,Mo\tgap\tkuri\to\t.,1SG\thave.to\tgo\tto\tpost\toffice,I had to go to the post office.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-309,53,Kuri a Youngsville!,Kuri\ta\tYoungsville!,go.IMP\tto\tYoungsville,Go to Youngsville!,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-314,53,Li devyen la Frans.,Li\tdevyen\tla\tFrans.,3SG\tcome.from\tART.DEF.SG\tFrance,He comes from France.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-315,53,Ye te sorti a la Frans.,Ye\tte\tsorti\ta\tla\tFrans.,3PL\tPST\tcome.from\tfrom\tART.DEF.SG\tFrance,They came from France.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-176,54,"I rantr dan in pti boukan, i rantr, i dor.","I\trant\tdan\ten\tpti\tboukan,\ti\trant,\ti\tdor.",FIN\tenter\tin\tINDF\tsmall\thut\tFIN\tenter\tFIN\tsleep,"He goes into a little hut, he goes in, he sleeps.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-177,54,Li la sòrt dan là kàz si l tàr.,Li\tla\tsort\tdan\tla\tkaz\tsi-l-tar.,3SG\tPRF\tleave\tin\tDEF\thouse\tlate.,He left the house late.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-178,54,Pti Zan sort sir le li [...].,Pti\tZan\tsort\tsir\tle\tli\t[...].,Little\tJohn\tget.out\ton\tDEF\tbed\t[...],Little John gets out of bed [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-179,54,Mi rant sen pol si zer.,Mi\trant\tsen-pol\tsiz-er.,1SG.FIN\tcome.back\tSaint-Paul\tsix-o'clock.,I come back to Saint Paul at six o’clock,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-180,54,Mi sort sent sizann.,Mi\tsort\tSent-Sizann.,1SG.FIN\tcome.from\tSainte-Suzanne,I come from Sainte-Suzanne.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-140,55,mo ti al (daṅ) lafore,mo\tti\tal\t(daṅ)\tlafore,1SG\tPST\tgo\t(LOC)\tforest,I went into the forest.,,,,elicited from speaker -55-141,55,mo ti sort (daṅ) lafore,mo\tti\tsort\t(daṅ)\tlafore,1SG\tPST\tleave\t(LOC)\tforest,I came from the forest.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-142,55,mo sorti depi daṅ lafore,mo\tsorti\tdepi\tdaṅ\tlafore,1SG\tcome.from\tABL\tLOC\tforest,I am coming out of the forest.,,,,elicited from speaker -55-143,55,mo pe al Vakwa,mo\tpe\tal\tVakwa,1SG\tASP\tgo\tVacoas,I am going to Vacoas.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-148,56,Mon al dan bwa.,Mon\tal\tdan\tbwa.,1SG\tgo\tin\tforest,I go into the forest.,,,,elicited from speaker -56-149,56,Mon sorti dan bwa.,Mon\tsorti\tdan\tbwa.,1SG\tcome.from\tin\tforest,I come out of the forest.,,,,elicited from speaker -57-82,57,ma vja nde Paita,ma\tvja\tnde\tPaita,1SG\tcome\tfrom\tPaita,I come from Paita.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-83,57,ma ale Nouméa,ma\tale\tNouméa,1SG\tgo\tNouméa,I go to Nouméa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-155,57,nu ale lamisjo,nu\tale\tlamisjo,1PL\tgo\tMission,We are going to the Mission.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-156,57,[...] nu vja nde partu-la,[...]\tnu\tvja\tnde\tpartu-la,[...]\t1PL\tcome\tPREP\teverywhere-DEM/DEF,[...] we come from everywhere.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-101,58,Yandi kota (na) nzo.,Yandi\tkota\t(na)\tnzo.,he/she\tenter.NARR\t(CONN)\thouse,He entered/went into the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-102,58,Yandi basika (na) nzo.,Yandi\tbasika\t(na)\tnzo.,he/she\texit\t(CONN)\thouse,He/She got out of the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-239,59,lo gwe na gala awe,lo\tgwe\tna\tgala\tawe,3SG\tgo\tPREP\tmarket\talready,She's already gone to the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-240,59,lo londo na gala aga awe,lo\tlondo\tna\tgala\ta-ga\tawe,3SG\tarise\tPREP\tmarket\tPM-come\talready,She's already come back from the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-241,59,"mama ti mbi aga fade, ge, na ndo ti mo ge","mama\tti\tmbi\ta-ga\tfade,\tge,\tna\tndo\tti\tmo\tge",mother\tof\t1SG\tPM-come\tjust.now\there\tPREP\tplace\tof\t2SG\there,My mother just came here to your place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-110,60,akendákí (na) zándo,a-kend-ákí\t(na)\tzándo,3SG-go-PST\tto\tmarket,He went to the market.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-111,60,akendákí zándo,a-kend-ákí\tzándo,3SG-go-PST\tmarket,He went to the market.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-112,60,awútákí (na) zándo,a-wút-ákí́\t(na)\tzándo,3SG-come.from-PST\tfrom\tmarket,He came from the market.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-113,60,awútákí zándo,a-wút-ákí́\tzándo,3SG-come.from-PST\tmarket,He came from the market.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-83,61,Yena zo hamba (lapha) Thekwin.,Yena\tzo\thamb-a\t(lapha)\tThekwin.,he\twill\tgo-V\t(LOC.PREP)\tDurban,He will go to Durban.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-84,61,Lo mama buyile Thegwin.,Lo\tmama\tbuy-ile\tThegwin.,DEF.ART\tmother\treturn-PST\tDurban,Mother returned from Durban.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-76,62,"vélí vanhóngá, vésó nhóngá","vé-li\tvanhonga,\tvé-so\tnhonga",2-come:from\tKonga\t2-go\tKonga,They left for Konga. They went to Konga.,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-77,62,élí kihoja,é-li\tkihoja,3SG-come:from\tmarket,He comes from the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-78,62,tusó mombó,tu-so\tmombo,1PL-go\tMombo,We go to Mombo.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-156,63,anás el já min Kismáyo,anás\tel\tjá\tmin\tKismáyo,people\tREL\tcome\tfrom\tKismayo,the people who come from Kismayo,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-157,63,fi zayíre ána rúo,fi\tzayíre\tána\trúo,in\tZaire\t1SG\tgo,I went to Zaire.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-158,63,úwo gi-tála fi school,úwo\tgi-tála\tfi\tschool,3SG\tTAM-go.out\tin/from\tschool,He comes out of the school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-166,64,kalám al tála min júwa gélib to,kalám\tal\ttála\tmin\tjúwa\tgélib\tto,word\tREL\tgo_out\tfrom\tinside\theart\tPOSS.3SG,the word which comes out from his heart,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-167,64,ána rówa fi terkéka,ána\trówa\tfi\tterkéka,1SG\tgo\tin\tTerkeka,I went to Terkeka.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-168,64,úo ja le úmon tawáli,úo\tja\tle\túmon\ttawáli,3SG\tarrive\tto\t3PL\tdirectly,He arrived directly at their place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-169,64,mára tai rówa suk,mára\ttai\trówa\tsuk,woman\tPOSS.1SG\tgo\tmarket,My wife went to the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-123,65,Xabasəka iwo atuda wazilə.,Xabasəka\tiwo\tatuda\twazi-lə.,Xabarovsk\t3SG\tthere.ABL\tcarry-PFV,I have carried it from Xabarovsk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-124,65,Tʃo-ʧo kaxoza iwo suda xadi.,Tʃo-ʧo\tkaxoza\tiwo\tsuda\txadi.,what-what\tcollective.farm\t3SG\there\tcome,I used to bring some things to the collective farm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-125,65,"Kada tibe za kitajsa tuda Birabiʤan priʃol tuta kak kuʃaj byl, xaraʃo, ploxə?","Kada\ttibe\tza\tkitajsa\ttuda\tBirabiʤan\tpriʃo-l\ttuta\tkak\tkuʃaj\tbyl,\txaraʃo,\tploxə?",when\t2SG\tPREP\tChina\tthere.ALL\tBirabidzhan\tcome-PFV\there.LOC\thow\teat\twas\tgood\tbad,"When you came from China to Birabidzhan what type of food did you have, was it good or bad?",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-126,65,Za maja Peʧinesiki paxadi budu.,Za\tmaja\tPeʧinesiki\tpaxadi\tbudu.,TOP\t1SG\tBeijing\tgo\tFUT,I will go to Beijing.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-127,65,Ja v Shimyn' xadi.,Ja\tv\tShimyn'\txadi.,1SG\tto\tShimyng\tgo,I went to Shimyng.,,,,citation in fiction -66-91,66,Rihan pasar na epi (aða).,Rihan\tpasar-na\te-pi\t(aða).,Rihan\tmarket-to\tASP-go\t(AUX),Rihan went to the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-92,66,Rihan pasarring e-baalek (aða).,Rihan\tpasar-ring\te-baalek\t(aða).,Rihan\tmarket-from\tASP-return\t(AUX),Rihan returned from the market.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-166,67,Besok saya mahu pergi Malaysia.,Besok\tsaya\tmahu\tpergi\tMalaysia.,tomorrow\t1SG\tFUT\tgo\tMalaysia,"Tomorrow, I will go [to] Malaysia.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-167,67,Olang Singapore tapi datang Chinese.,Olang\tSingapore\ttapi\tdatang\tChinese.,people\tSingapore\tbut\tcome\tChina,[I am] Singaporean but come from China.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-168,67,"Dia tak tahu negeri dia makan minum pun tak ada, datang sini dia ingat dia dari negeri yang millionaire, itu macam.","Dia\ttak\ttahu\tnegeri\tdia\tmakan\tminum\tpun\ttak\tada,\tdatang\tsini\tdia\tingat\tdia\tdari\tnegeri\tyang\tmillionaire,\titu\tmacam.",3SG\tNEG\tknow\tcountry\t3SG\teat\tdrink\talso\tNEG\thave\tcome\there\t3SG\tthink\t3SG\tfrom\tcountry\tREL\tmillionaire\tDEM\tlike,"She does not know her country, does not have anything to eat or drink and, coming here, she thinks that she is from the millionaire country, like that.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-169,67,Saya tak pena pergi Burma.,Saya\ttak\tpena\tpergi\tBurma.,1SG\tNEG\tnever\tgo\tBurma,I have never gone to Myanmar.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-93,68,Angin bawa akang jato ka dalam aer masing.,Angin\tbawa\takang\tjato\tka\tdalam\taer\tmasing.,wind\tbring\t3SG.N\tfall\tto\tin\twater\tsalty,The wind blew it (off her head) so it fell into the salt water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-94,68,Nene Luhu ini asalnya dari negeri Soya.,Nene\tLuhu\tini\tasalnya\tdari\tnegeri\tSoya.,Nene\tLuhu\tDEM\torigin\tfrom\tcity\tSoya,Nene Luhu was originally from the city of Soya.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-95,68,De pi Ambon.,De\tpi\tAmbon.,3SG\tgo\tAmbon,S/he goes to Ambon OR: S/he went to Ambon.,,,,constructed by linguist -69-61,69,kumbut kandək wanak,kumbut\tkandək\twa-nak,village\tOBL\tgo-IMP,Go to the village!,,,,elicited from speaker -69-62,69,yaŋi kandək awtɲan,yaŋi\tkandək\tawt-ɲan,pot\tOBL\ttake-NFUT,They took (it) from the pot.,,,,constructed by linguist -70-67,70,Ham-log nai mango jao polis stesin.,Ham-log\tnai\tmango\tjao\tpolis\tstesin.,1-PL\tNEG\twant\tgo\tpolice\tstation,We don't want to go to the police station.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-68,70,Ek mota huwa se ao.,Ek\tmota\thuwa\tse\tao.,one\tcar\tthere\tfrom\tcome,A car came from there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-137,71,Wau hele ma kela hale wau.,Wau\thele\tma\tkela\thale\twau.,1SG\tgo\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t1SG.POSS,I went to my house.,,,,elicited from speaker -71-138,71,Wau pimai no ma Sana Miguela.,Wau\tpimai\tno\tma\tSana\tMiguela.,1SG\tcome\tINTENS\tLOC\tSaõ\tMiguel,I come from Saõ Miguel.,,,,naturalistic written -71-139,71,Kokoke 10 minute hiki mai Laumana mai ka halekuke mai.,Kokoke\t10\tminute\thiki\tmai\tLaumana\tmai\tka\thalekuke\tmai.,almost\t10\tminute\treturn\tDIR\tLaumana\tfrom\tDEF\tkitchen\tfrom,About ten minutes later Laumana returned from the kitchen.,,,,naturalistic written -72-122,72,Humbug bin gon ribangkirri nganta.,Humbug\tbin\tgon\triba-ngkirri\tnganta.,Humbug\tPST\tgo\triver-ALL\tDOUBT,"Humbug went to the river, I think.",,,,narrative -72-123,72,Jintaku boi im jamp wumaranginyi ngawangka.,Jintaku\tboi\tim\tjamp\twumara-nginyi\tngawa-ngka.,one\tboy\t3SG.SBJ\tjump\trock-ABL\twater-LOC,One boy is jumping off the rock into the water.,,,,peer elicitation -72-124,72,Wi-rra gon na motika-ngka Jetlmen.,Wi-rra\tgon\tna\tmotika-ngka\tJetlmen.,1PL.SBJ-POT\tgo\tSEQ\tcar-LOC\tKalkaringi,We're about to go by car to Kalkaringi.,,,,peer elicitation -72-125,72,I garra gu langa Roper.,I\tgarra\tgu\tlanga\tRoper.,3SG.SBJ\tPOT\tgo\tLOC\tRoper,He will go to Roper.,,,293f5a1d2336c471dc36dae1c868a55d,naturalistic spoken -72-126,72,Karu teikim Jetlmenjirri keik.,Karu\tteik-im\tJetlmen-jirri\tkeik.,child\ttake-TR\tSettlement-ALL\tcake,The kid took the cake to Settlement (Kalkaringi).,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-127,72,I bin kombek Katherinenginyi.,I\tbin\tkombek\tKatherine-nginyi.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tcome.back\tKatherine-ABL,He came back from Katherine.,,,,constructed by linguist -72-128,72,I bin kombek brom Katherine.,I\tbin\tkombek\tbrom\tKatherine.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tcome.back\tABL\tKatherine,He came back from Katherine.,,,,constructed by linguist -73-86,73,úndimu ixungi?,úndi-mu\ti-xu-ngi?,where-ALL\tgo-PROG-2SG,Where are you going?,,,,elicited from speaker -73-87,73,undimunda binixungi?,undi-munda\tbini-xu-ngi?,where-ABL\tcome-PROG-2SG,Where are you coming from?,,,,elicited from speaker -74-125,74,náyka tlátwa tawn,náyka\ttlátwa\ttawn,1SG\tgo\ttown,I’m going to town.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-126,74,náyka čáku tawn,náyka\tčáku\ttawn,1SG\tcome\ttown,I’m coming from town.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-153,75,Edmonton kiitohteew.,Edmonton\tkii-tohtee-w.,(pacename)\tPST-go-3,She went to Edmonton.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-205,75,Lii kor kimutiwak li simicheer uschi.,Lii\tkor\tkimuti-wak\tli\tsimicheer\tuschi.,PL\tbody\tsteal-3PL\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tcemetery\tfrom,They snatch bodies from the cemetery.,,,,naturalistic written -75-206,75,Nimaanmaan kiipeeashekiiweew Edmonton uhchi iyeer.,Ni-maanmaan\tkii-pee-ashe-kiiwee-w\tEdmonton\tuhchi\tiyeer.,1-mother\tPST-hither-back-come.home-3\tEdmonton\tfrom\tyesterday,My mother came back (home) from Edmonton yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-207,75,Asheekiiweepahtaw aan baa aendookitotaat onhin.,Ashee-kiiwee-pahta-w\taan\tbaa\taen-doo-kitot-aat\tonhin.,back-go.home-run-3\tLOC\tbelow\tCOMP-go-talk-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEM,"She ran back downstairs, to go and talk to them.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-208,75,Kiishipweepayiwak laasphinaen dan la bal oma eeituhteechik da li gran palae.,Kii-shipwee-payi-w-ak aasphinaen dan la bal oma ee-ituhteechik da li gran palae.,PST-leave-MOVE-3-PL away LOC DEF.ART.F.SG that COMP-go-3PL LOC DEF.ART.M.SG big palace,"And they took off, away to the ball. They went to the big palace.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-209,75,La swis peewayawiiw daan so tru uschi.,La\tswis\tpee-wayawii-w\tdaan\tso\ttru\tuschi.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tgopher\tcome-go.outside-3\tLOC\t3.POSS.M\thole\tfrom,The gopher came out of his hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -1-201,1,Myki a diki wan holle troy da dubeli na in.,Meki\ta\tdiki\twan\tolo\ttrowe\tda\td'dibri\tna\tini.,make\t3SG.SBJ\tdig\tINDF.SG\thole\tthrow\tDET.SG\tdevil\tLOC\tinside,"Let them dig a hole, (and) throw the devil inside.",,,,written -1-202,1,"alla somma, dissi de na inni hosso","ala\tsoma,\tdisi\tde\tna\tini\toso",all\tperson\tREL\tCOP\tLOC\tin(side)\thouse,all the people who were in the house,,,,written -1-203,1,Lea pusu Maria go na (ini) horo.,Lea\tpusu\tMaria\tgo\tna\t(ini)\thoro.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tgo\tLOC\t(in(side))\thole,Lea pushed Maria into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -2-212,2,"Di a bromfiets lon drei, mi ben abi fu pusu en go na oso.","Di\ta\tbromfiets\tlon\tdrei,\tmi\tben\tabi\tfu\tpusu\ten\tgo\tna\toso.",when\tthe.SG\tmotorbike\trun\tdry\t1SG\tPST\thave\tto\tpush\t3SG\tgo\tLOC\thouse,"When the motorbike ran out of gas, I had to push it home.",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-213,2,Skoifi a kasi go ini a uku.,Skoifi\ta\tkasi\tgo\tini\ta\tuku.,push\tthe.SG\tcabinet\tgo\tin\tthe.SG\tcorner,Push the cabinet into the corner.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-102,3,A tuusi di tatai go a di aguja baaku.,A\ttuusi\tdi\ttatai\tgo\ta\tdi\taguja\tbaaku.,3SG\tpush\tDEF.SG\tthread\tgo\tLOC\tDEF.SG\tneedle\thole,She pushed the thread through the needle's eye.,,,,naturalistic written -4-138,4,Mi o kisi wata poti na a kan.,Mi\to\tkisi\twata\tpoti\tna\ta\tkan.,I\tFUT\tget\twater\tput\tLOC\tDET.SG\tmug,I'll put water in the mug.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-139,4,Linda toto a bata go a ini a olo.,Linda\ttoto\ta\tbata\tgo\ta\tini\ta\tolo.,Linda\tpush\tDET\tbottle\tgo\tLOC\tin\tDET\thole,Linda pushed the bottle into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -5-138,5,Jaan push di gyal schreet insaid di hool,Jaan\tpush\tdi\tgyal\tschreet\tinsaid\tdi\thool,John\tpush\tDEF.ART\tgirl\tstraight\tinside\tDEF.ART\thole,John pushed the girl straight into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-139,5,Jaan de insaid di hool,Jaan\tde\tinsaid\tdi\thool,John\tLOC.COP\tPREP\tDEF.ART\thole,John is inside the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-140,5,Jaan push di kyaart go schreet insaid di riva,Jaan\tpush\tdi\tkyaart\tgo\tschreet\tinsaid\tdi\triva,John\tpush\tDEF.ART\tcart\tgo\tstraight\tPREP\tDEF.ART\triver,John pushed the cart straight into the river.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-86,6,(1) Meri in de cyar. (2) Leroy push Meri insaid de cyar.,(1)\tMeri\tin\tde\tcyar.\t(2)\tLeroy\tpush\tMeri\tinsaid\tde\tcyar.,(1)\tMary\tPREP\tDET\tcar\t(2)\tLeroy\tpush\tMary\tPREP\tDET\tcar,(1) Mary is in the car. (2) Leroy pushed Mary into the car.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-190,7,Hi posh shi ina di hool.,Hi\tposh\tshi\tin-a\tdi\thool.,3SG\tpush\t3SG\tin-PCL\tART\thole,Hi pushed her in the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-191,7,I pook i hed in a jakspanya nes.,I\tpook\ti\thed\tin\ta\tjak-spanya\tnes.,3SG\tpoke\t3SG.POSS\thead\tin\tINDF\tjack-spaniard\tnest,It poked its head in a jack-spaniard nest.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-192,7,Mi de in di puul.,Mi\tde\tin\tdi\tpuul.,1SG\tLOC\tin\tART\tpool,I am in the pool.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-127,8,Di pikni dem push di daag ina di huol.,Di\tpikni\tdem\tpush\tdi\tdaag\tina\tdi\thuol.,DET\tchild\tPL\tpush\tDET\tdog\tin\tthe\thole,The children pushed the dog into the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-128,8,Di daag ina di huol.,Di\tdaag\tina\tdi\thuol.,DET\tdog\tin\tDET\thole,The dog is in the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-129,8,Im push im go iina di ous.,Im\tpush\tim\tgo\tiina\tdi\tous.,3SG\tpush\t3SG\tgo\tin\tDET\thouse,He pushed him into the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-155,9,[Bra Fayaflay] lɛf Bra Anansi ina daknəs widowt wan fiʃ sɛf.,[Bra\tFayaflay]\tlɛf\tBra\tAnansi\tina\tdaknəs\twidowt\twan\tfiʃ\tsɛf.,[Brother\tFirefly]\tleft\tBrother\tAnansi\tin\tdarkness\twithout\tone\tfish\tself,[Brother Firefly] left Brother Anansi in the dark without a single fish [for] himself (Anansi).,,,,naturalistic written -9-156,9,I daʃ an rayt ina tayga mawt.,I\tdaʃ\tan\trayt\tina\ttayga\tmawt.,3SG\tdash\tit\tright\tinto\ttiger\tmouth,He threw it right into Tiger's mouth.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-183,10,Beda Ginihen tek wan rod an shob ih dong iina ihn truot.,Beda\tGinihen\ttek\twan\trod\tan\tshob\tih\tdong\tiina\tihn\ttruot.,Brother\tGuineahen\ttake\tART.INDF\trod\tand\tshove\t3SG.N\tdown\tin\t3SG.POSS\tthroat,Brother Guineahen took a rod and shoved it down his throat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-184,10,Aal ihn kuda du da shub di man iina di waadroub.,Aal\tihn\tkuda\tdu\tda\tshub\tdi\tman\tiina\tdi\twaadroub.,all\t3SG\tcould\tdo\tFOC\tshove\tART.DEF\tman\tin\tART.DEF\twardrobe,All she could do was to shove the man into her wardrobe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-185,10,Jack memba se ihn get sebn okro iina ihn pakit.,Jack\tmemba\tse\tihn\tget\tsebn\tokro\tiina\tihn\tpakit.,Jack\tremember\tCOMP\t3SG\tget\tseven\toccra\tin\t3SG.POSS\tpocket,Jack remembered he had seven ladyfingers in his pocket.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-186,10,Shi liv him wan iina wan likl bood hous.,Shi\tliv\thim\twan\tiina\twan\tlikl\tbood\thous.,3SG.SBJ.F\tlive\t3SG\tone\tin\tART.INDF\tlittle\tboard\thouse,She lived all by herself in a little wooden house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-254,11,Shub it iin yor shuuz!,Shub\tit\tiin\tyor\tshuuz!,shove\t3SG.N\tin\t2SG.POSS\tshoe,Shove it into your shoes!,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-255,11,Yu luk wan papaya trii an push it iin di papaya trii ruut.,Yu\tluk\twan\tpapaya\ttrii\tan\tpush\tit\tiin\tdi\tpapaya\ttrii\truut.,2SG\tlook\tART.INDF\tpapaya\ttree\tand\tpush\t3SG.N\tin\tART.DEF\tpapaya\ttree\troot,Find a papaya tree and push it into the papaya tree’s root.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-256,11,Somting mek a muuvment de iin di waata.,Som-ting\tmek\ta\tmuuvment\tde\tiin\tdi\twaata.,some-thing\tmake\tART.INDF\tmovement\tDEM.LOC\tin\tART.DEF\twater,Something [just] made a movement in the water over there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-257,11,Lea shub Maria iin di huol.,Lea\tshub\tMaria\tiin\tdi\thuol.,Lea\tshove\tMaria\tin\tART.DEF\thole,Lea pushed Maria into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-258,11,Lea shub Maria iina di houl.,Lea\tshub\tMaria\tiina\tdi\thoul.,Lea\tshove\tMaria\tin.to\tART.DEF\thole,Lea pushed Maria into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-259,11,Deh neva yuustu hav haijaka iin di toun.,Deh\tneva\tyuustu\thav\thaijaka\tiin\tdi\ttoun.,3PL\tNEG.PST\tHAB.PST\thave\thijacker\tin\tART.DEF\ttown,They did not have any hijackers in this town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-200,12,You take - uh - you take the bag and put in the machine and push the chicken in.,[...]\tyou\ttake\tthe\tbag\tand\tput\tin\tthe\tmachine\tand\tpush\tthe\tchicken\tin.,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\ttake[HAB]\tART\tbag\tand\tput\tPREP\tART\tmachine\tand\tpush\tART\tchicken[PL]\tPREP,[...] you take the bag and put [it] in the machine and push the chickens in.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-201,12,"I ain't like Eleuthera, because when I was small, Eleuthera, them children, one of them push me in one hole.",[...]\tone\tof\tthem\tpush\tme\tin\tone\thole.,[...]\tone\tof\tthem\tpush\t1SG.OBJ\tPREP\tDET\thole,[...] one of them pushed me into a hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-202,12,They was in the church.,They\twas\tin\tthe\tchurch.,3PL.SBJ\tCOP.PST\tPREP\tART\tchurch,They were in the church.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-148,13,One on each side help me till I get in the car.,One\ton\teach\tside\thelp\tme\ttill\tI\tget\tin\tthe\tcar.,one\ton\teach\tside\thelp\tme\ttill\tI\tget\tin\tthe\tcar,A person on each side held me until I got into the car.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -13-149,13,Some people been in the bed.,Some\tpeople\tbeen\tin\tthe\tbed.,some\tpeople\tPST\tin\tthe\tbed,Some people were in the bed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-112,14,Bruce push(ed) Marie in the hole.,Bruce\tpush(ed)\tMarie\tin\tthe\thole.,Bruce\tpushed\tMarie\tin\tthe\thole,Bruce pushed Marie into the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-113,14,Bruce push(ed) his friend into the back seat. / Bruce push(ed) his friend in the back seat.,Bruce push(ed) his friend into the back seat. / Bruce push(ed) his friend in the back seat.,Bruce pushed his friend into the back seat   Bruce pushed his friend in the back seat,Bruce pushed his friend into the back seat.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-110,15,dɛn puʃ di pikin go na grɔn,dɛn\tpuʃ\tdi\tpikin\tgo\tna\tgrɔn,3PL\tpush\tART\tchild\tgo\tLOC\tground,They pushed the child onto the ground/floor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-113,16,kɔfi puʃ dɛ pikin fɔ gɔta,kɔfi\tpuʃ\tdɛ\tpikin\tfɔ\tgɔta,Kofi\tpush\tART\tchild\tfor\tgutter,Kofi pushed the child into the gutter.,,,,elicited from speaker -16-114,16,kɔfi puʃ dɛ pikin ɛnta gɔta,kɔfi\tpuʃ\tdɛ\tpikin\tɛnta\tgɔta,Kofi\tpush\tART\tchild\tenter\tgutter,Kofi pushed the child into the gutter.,,,,elicited from speaker -17-141,17,Ìm ko̱m push Uche e̱nta hol.,Ìm\tko̱m\tpush\tUche\te̱nta\thol.,3SG.SBJ\tREALIS\tpush\tUche\tenter\thole,S/he pushed Uche into the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-142,17,Ìm ko̱m push Uche e̱nta fò̱r insayd hol.,Ìm\tko̱m\tpush\tUche\te̱nta\tfò̱r\tinsayd\thol.,3SG.SBJ\tREALIS\tpush\tUche\tenter\tPREP\tinside\thole,S/he pushed Uche into the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-120,18,Lea push Maria fo insayd hol.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tfo\tinsayd\thol.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tfor\tinside\thole,Lea pushed Maria into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-121,18,Lea push Maria enta fo insayg hol.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tenta\tfo\tinsayg\thol.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tenter\tfor\tinside\thole,Lea pushes/pushed Maria into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-122,18,Lea push Maria fo hol.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tfo\thol.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tfor\thole,Lea pushed Maria into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-123,18,I bin go waka fo insayd fores.,I\tbin\tgo\twaka\tfo\tinsayd\tfores.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo\twalk\tfor\tinside\tforest,He was walking in the forest.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-162,19,Dì mòtó de nà garaje.,Dì\tmòtó\tde\tnà\tgaraje.,DEF\tcar\tCOP\tLOC\tgarage,The car is in the garage.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-163,19,Dɛ̀n pus dì mòtó nà garaje.,Dɛ̀n\tpus\tdì\tmòtó\tnà\tgaraje.,3PL\tpush\tDEF\tcar\tLOC\tgarage,They pushed the car into the garage.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-93,20,You put too muchee paddy inside thisee capon.,You\tput\ttoo\tmuchee\tpaddy\tinside\tthisee\tcapon.,2SG\tput\ttoo\tmuch\tpaddy\tinside\tDEM\tcapon,You have stuck this capon full with paddy.,,,,naturalistic written -20-121,20,Putee curry top side table.,Putee\tcurry\ttop\tside\ttable.,put\tcurry\ttop\tside\ttable,Put the curry on the table.,,,,naturalistic written -20-125,20,"He too much sorry inside, and have killum he-self.","He\ttoo\tmuch\tsorry\tinside,\tand\thave\tkillum\the-self.",3SG\ttoo\tmuch\tsorry\tinside\tand\tPFV\tkill\t3SG-REFL,He felt very sorry and killed himself.,,,,naturalistic written -21-111,21,Emma pushed Kate into the pool.,Emma\tpush-ed\tKate\tinto\tthe\tpool.,Emma\tpush-PST\tKate\tinto\tDET\tpool,Emma pushed Kate into the pool.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-112,21,Emma pushed Kate in the pool.,Emma\tpush-ed\tKate\tin\tthe\tpool.,Emma\tpush-PST\tKate\tin\tDET\tpool,Emma pushed Kate in the pool.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-113,21,Emma is in the pool.,Emma\tis\tin\tthe\tpool.,Emma\tbe\tin\tDET\tpool,Emma is in the pool.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-144,22,Em pusim han i go insait long bilum.,Em\tpusim\than\ti\tgo\tinsait\tlong\tbilum.,3SG\tpush\thand\tPM\tgo\tinside\tPREP\tstring.bag,She pushed her hand into the bilum.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-145,22,Ol mas pusim em kam klostu long paia.,Ol\tmas\tpusim\tem\tkam\tklostu\tlong\tpaia.,3PL\tmust\tpush\t3SG\tcome\tclose\tPREP\tfire,They had to push him close to the fire.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-133,23,olgeta oli pusum Vira i go long solwota,olgeta\toli\tpusum\tVira\ti\tgo\tlong\tsolwota,3PL\tAGR\tpush\tVira\tAGR\tgo\tto\tsalt.water,They pushed Vira into the ocean.,,,,constructed by linguist -25-301,25,Yu kan getim langa thet lili rut.,Yu\tkan\tget-im\tlanga\tthet\tlili\trut.,2SG\tcan.NEG\tget-TR\tLOC\tDEM\tlily\troot,You can't get [fish when fishing] amidst the lily roots.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-302,25,Ai tjakam langa det sneik.,Ai\ttjak-am\tlanga\tdet\tsneik.,1SG\tthrow-TR\tLOC\tDEM\tsnake,I throw it at the snake (a stone).,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-97,26,hi pud dis gai in hat waɾa naʊ,hi\tpud\tdis\tgai\tin\that\twaɾa\tnaʊ,3SG\tput\tDEM\tguy\tin\thot\twater\tnow,He put this guy in hot water now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-98,26,hi stɛ in hat waɾa naʊ,hi\tstɛ\tin\that\twaɾa\tnaʊ,3SG\tLOC\tin\thot\twater\tnow,He's in hot water now.,,,,constructed by linguist -27-106,27,Dzhanwus a bli bini di gat.,Dzhanwus\ta\tbli\tbini\tdi\tgat.,Dzhanwus\tPST\tstay\tinside\tDET\thole,Dzhanwus stayed inside the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-107,27,Ham a pus di klēn hon bini shi sak.,Ham\ta\tpus\tdi\tklēn\thon\tbini\tshi\tsak.,3SG\tPST\tpush\tDET\tsmall\tdog\tinside\t3SG.POSS\tpocket,He pushed the small dog inside his pocket.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-133,28,o kutɛ di feʃ an goi di feʃi kujara ben,o\tku-tɛ\tdi\tfeʃi\tan\tgui\tdi\tfeʃi\tkujara\tben,3SG\tcatch-PFV\tthe\tfish\tand\tthrow\tthe\tfish\tcanoe\tinside,He caught the fish and threw (it) in(to) his canoe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-164,29,Leah stoot Marie in die gat.,Leah\tstoot\tMarie\tin\tdie\tgat.,Leah\tpushes\tMary\tinto\tthe\thole,Leah pushes Mary into the hole.,,,,naturalistic written -29-165,29,Leah stoot Marie in die gat in.,Leah\tstoot\tMarie\tin\tdie\tgat\tin.,Leah\tpushes\tMary\tin\tthe\thole\tin,Leah pushes Mary into the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-166,29,Leah stoot Marie by die gat in.,Leah\tstoot\tMarie\tby\tdie\tgat\tin.,Leah\tpushes\tMary\tby\tthe\thole\tin,Leah pushes Mary into the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-178,30,"E pega kabésa, e bota-l dentu lumi.",E=pega\tkabésa\te=bota=l\tdentu\tlumi.,3SG=take\thead\t3SG=throw=3SG\tin\tfire,She took the head and threw it into the fire.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-179,30,"Dipos di sbafatia-l, si pai fálta so ku bota-l na rua.","Dipos\tdi=sbafatia=l,\tsi=pai\tfálta\tso\tku=bota=l\tna=rua.",after\tof=slap=3SG\t3SG.POSS=father\tmiss\tonly\twith=throw=3SG\tin=street,After he had slapped her in the face the only thing missing was for her dad to throw her out of the house.,,,,naturalistic written -30-180,30,E rapára ma dentu lumi un kóbra sa ta kemába.,E=rapára\tma=dentu\tlumi\tun=kóbra\tsa=ta=kemá-ba.,3SG=notice\tCOMP=in\tfire\tART.INDF=snake\tPROG=IPFV=burn-ANT,He noticed that a snake was burning in the fire.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-144,31,Joao puxa Maria dentu di braku.,Joao\tpuxa\tMaria\tdentu\tdi\tbraku.,Joao\tpush\tMaria\tinside\tof\thole,Joao pushed Maria into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-145,31,Es fitxa na braku.,Es\tfitxa\tna\tbraku.,they\tshut\tin\thole,They shut themselves into the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-134,32,Maria pintxá Djon pa dent d'un brok.,Maria\tpintxa\tDjon\tpa\tdent\tde\tun\tbrok.,Maria\tpush\tDjon\tfor\tin\tof\tDET\thole,Maria pushed Djon into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-135,32,Dani ta dent d'un brok.,Dani\tta\tdent\tde\tun\tbrok.,Dani\tCOP\tin\tof\tDET\thole,Dani is in the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-136,32,Maria pintxá Dani na brok.,Maria\tpintxá\tDani\tna\tbrok.,Maria\tpush\tDani\tin\thole,Maria pushed Dani into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-137,32,Dani ta na brok.,Dani\tta\tna\tbrok.,Dani\tCOP\tin\thole,Dani is in the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-162,33,Lea pintca Maria pa dentru di kasa.,Lea\tpintca\tMaria\tpa\tdentru\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tto\tinside\tof\thouse,Lea pushed Maria into the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-163,33,Lea pintca Maria na kasa.,Lea\tpintca\tMaria\tna\tkasa.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tin\thouse,Lea pushed Maria inside the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-164,33,Lea pintca Maria i pul dentru di kasa.,Lea\tpintca\tMaria\ti\tpu-l\tdentru\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpush.PST\tMaria\t3SG\tput-OBJ.3SG\tinside\tof\thouse,Lea pushed Maria and put her in the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-132,34,Leya piñcá Mariya na koba. ~ Leya piñcá Mariya déntur di koba.,Leya ø piñcá Mariya na koba. ~ Leya ø piñcá Mariya déntur di koba.,Lea PFV push Mary in hole   Lea PFV push Mary inside of hole,Lea pushed Mary into the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-133,34,Mariya sá na koba. ~ Mariya sá déntur di koba.,Mariya ø sá na koba. ~ Mariya ø sá déntur di koba.,Mary PFV COP in hole   Mary PFV COP inside of hole,Mary is in the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-182,35,Maya pinsa kwa pê blaku.,Maya\tpinsa\tkwa\tpê\tblaku.,Mary\tpush\tthing\tput\thole,Mary pushed the thing into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-108,36,Maya sikya Tonha pê vuvu.,Maya\tsikya\tTonha\tpê\tvuvu.,Maria\tpush\tTonha\tput\thole,Maria pushed Tonha into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-138,37,Mene pinsa Maa pwê ubaaku.,Mene\tpinsa\tMaa\tpwê\tubaaku.,Mene\tpush\tMaa\tput\thole,Mene pushed Maa into a hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-152,39,Tud atəra nə mar.,Tud\tatər-a\tnə\tmar.,all\tthrow-INF\tLOC\tsea,Throw everything into the sea.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-153,39,Nɔs tiŋ nada nə mar.,Nɔs\tt-iŋ\tnad-a\tnə\tmar.,1PL\tIPFV-PST\tswim-INF\tLOC\tsea,We were swimming in the sea.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-112,40,"Akə kadz su dɛt ki tə hika ɔ̃m, su kãʋ su nɔm tɛ King.","Akə\tkadz\tsu\tdɛt\tki\ttə\thika\tɔ̃m,\tsu\tkãʋ\tsu\tnɔm\ttɛ\tKing.",that\thouse\tGEN\tin\tREL\tPRS\tbe/become\tman\tPOSS.DET\tdog\tGEN\tname\tCOP.PRS\tKing,The dog of the man who lives in that house is named King.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-113,40,El uly-o uly-o ani pich-o salt dɛt əkə pos.,El\tuly-o\tuly-o\tani\tpich-o\tsalt\tdɛt\təkə\tpos.,3SG\tlook-PST\tlook-PST\tand\tthrow-PST\tjump\tin\tthat\twell,He looked around a while and then jumped into that well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-142,44,Ya tulá yo kon Énʤo ayá na pósu.,Ya\ttulá\tyo\tkon\tÉnʤo\tayá\tna\tpósu.,PFV\tpush\t1SG\tOBJ\tEnjo\tthere\tLOC\thole,I pushed Enjo to the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-143,44,Talyá na iglésya tyang Lóling.,Talyá\tna\tiglésya\ttyang\tLóling.,be.there\tLOC\tchurch\taunt\tLoling,Aunt Loling is in the church.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-120,45,Ya rempuja Rosa con Maria na (dentro del) poso.,Ya\trempuja\tRosa\tcon\tMaria\tna\t(dentro\tdel)\tposo.,PFV\tpush\tRosa\tOBJ\tMaria\tLOC\t(inside\tof.the)\twell,Rosa pushed Maria into the well.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-155,46,Ya-rimpuhá si Maríya kon Peter para na agwéro.,Ya-rimpuhá\tsi\tMaríya\tkon\tPeter\tpara\tna\tagwéro.,PRF-push\tAG\tMaríya\tOBJ\tPeter\tto\tLOC\thole,Mary pushed Peter into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-156,46,Amó si Lea ya-rimpuhá kun Maríya na aguhéro.,Amó\tsi\tLea\tya-rimpuhá\tkun\tMaríya\tna\taguhéro.,FOC\tAG\tLea\tPRF-push\tOBJ\tMary\tLOC\thole,It was Lea who pushed Mary into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-157,46,Na kása ya el mga hénte.,Na\tkása\tya\tel\tmga\thénte.,LOC\thouse\talready\tDET\tPL\tperson,The people are already in the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -47-161,47,Despues di un investigashon un patruya a mira e dos hóbennan ta pusha e bròmfits riba Kaya L.D. Gerharts.,Despues\tdi\tun\tinvestigashon\tun\tpatruya\ta\tmira\te\tdos\thóben\tnan\tta\tpusha\te\tbròmfits\triba\tKaya\tL.D.\tGerharts.,after\tof\tINDF\tinvestigation\tINDF\tpatrol\tPFV\tsee\tDEF\ttwo\tyouth\tPL\tGER\tpush\tDEF\tmoped\ton\tStreet\tL.D.\tGerharts,"After an investigation, a police patrol saw the two youths pushing the moped on L.D. Gerharts Street. OR: After an investigation, a police patrol saw the two youths pushing the moped unto L.D. Gerharts Street.",,,,literary or other written source -48-152,48,¿Utere a empuhá ele lendro hoyo?,¿Utere\ta\tempuhá\tele\tlendro\thoyo?,you.PL\tPST\tpush\thim/her\tinside\thole,Did you push him/her into the hole?,,,,constructed by linguist -48-209,48,Ele ta lendro hoyo.,Ele\tta\tlendro\thoyo.,3SG\tbe\tinside\thole,She/he is in the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-251,49,Yo pouse machin nan nan twou a.,Yo\tpouse\tmachin\tnan\tnan\ttwou\ta.,3PL\tpush\tcar\tDEF\tin\thole\tDEF,They pushed the car into a hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-252,49,Èske ou ka ede m pouse machin nan desann mòn nan?,Èske\tou\tka\tede\tm\tpouse\tmachin\tnan\tdesann\tmòn\tnan?,Q\t2SG\tcan\thelp\t1SG\tpush\tcar\tDEF\tgo.down\tmountain\tDEF,Could you help me push the car down the hill?,,,,elicited from speaker -49-253,49,Li nan ravin nan.,Li\tnan\travin\tnan.,3SG\tin\tgully\tDEF,He/She is in the gully.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-150,50,I bouré Pòl adan tou-la.,I\tbouré\tPòl\tadan\ttou-la.,3SG\tpush\tPaul\tin\thole-DEF,He pushed Paul into the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-151,50,Pòl adan tou-la.,Pòl\tadan\ttou-la.,Paul\tin\thole-DEF,Paul is in the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-152,50,I bouré Pòl alé adan tou-la.,I\tbouré\tPòl\talé\tadan\ttou-la.,3SG\tpush\tPaul\tgo\tin\thole-DEF,He pushed Paul into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -51-136,51,I bouré Pol adan tou-a.,I\tbouré\tPol\tadan\ttou-a.,3SG\tpush\tPaul\tin\thole-DEF,He pushed Paul into the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-137,51,Pol adan tou-a.,Pol\tadan\ttou-a.,Paul\tin\thole-DEF,Paul is in the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-138,51,I bouré Pol alé adan tou-a.,I\tbouré\tPol\talé\tadan\ttou-a.,3SG\tpush\tPaul\tgo\tin\thole-DEF,He pushed Paul into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -52-89,52,i fika annan oun trou,i\tfika\tannan\toun\ttrou,he\tis\tin\ta\thole,He is in a hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -54-182,54,I met trwa gren dan en trou.,I\tmet\ttrwa\tgren\tdan\ten\ttrou.,FIN\tput\tthree\tgrain\tin\tINDF\thole,You put three grains into a hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-183,54,Lé gren lé dan en boursàk.,Le\tgren\tle\tdan\ten\tboursak.,DEF.PL\tgrain\tCOP.PRS\tin\tINDF\tsmall.bag,The grains are in a small bag.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-149,55,Pyer ti pus Misel daṅ tru,Pyer\tti\tpus\tMisel\tdaṅ\ttru,Peter\tPST\tpush\tMichel\tin\thole,Peter pushed Michel into a hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-150,55,Misel daṅ tru,Misel\tdaṅ\ttru,Michel\tin\thole,Michel is in a hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-150,56,Marcel ti pous Peter dan trou.,Marcel\tti\tpous\tPeter\tdan\ttrou.,Marcel\tPST\tpush\tPeter\tin\thole,Marcel pushed Peter into the hole.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-151,56,Marcel ti dan trou.,Marcel\tti\tdan\ttrou.,Marcel\tPST\tin\thole,Marcel was in the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-152,56,La ou al met li dan en bwat.,La\tou\tal\tmet\tli\tdan\ten\tbwat.,then\t2SG\tgo\tput\t3SG\tin\tone\tbox,Then you put it (the rubber) into a box.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-86,57,ma puse twa nda loto,ma\tpuse\ttwa\tnda\tloto,1SG\tpush\tyou\tinto\tcar,I push you into the car.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-87,57,Maris le puse petit nda tru-la,Maris\tle\tpuse\tpetit\tnda\ttru-la,Maryse\tSI\tpush\tlittle.one\tin\thole-DEM/DEF,Maryse pushed the child into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-88,57,Maris le reste nda loto,Maris\tle\treste\tnda\tloto,Maryse\tSI\tstay\tin\tcar,Maryse is in the car.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-244,59,ala pusu koli ni na ya ti du ni,ala\tpusu\tkoli\tni\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tni,3PL\tpush\tman\tDET\tPREP\tinside\tof\thole\tDET,They pushed the man into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-245,59,"ala pusu koli ni, ati na ya ti du ni","ala\tpusu\tkoli\tni,\ta-ti\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tni",3PL\tpush\tman\tDET\tPM-fall\tPREP\tinside\tof\thole\tDET,They pushed the man into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-247,59,"ala gbu lo, abi lo na ya ti du ni","ala\tgbu\tlo,\ta-bi\tlo\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tni",3PL\tseize\t3SG\tPM-cast\t3SG\tPREP\tinside\tof\thole\tDET,They seized him and threw him into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-118,60,Marie atíndíkákí Francine na libúlú,Marie\ta-tíndík-ákí\tFrancine\tna\tlibúlú,Marie\t3SG-push-PST\tFrancine\tin\thole.in.ground,Marie pushed Francine into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-87,61,Yena shovile yena phakati ga lo fulen.,Yena\tshov-ile\tyena\tphakati\tga\tlo\tfulen.,she\tpush-PST\thim\tinto\tPOSS\tDEF.ART\triver,She pushed him into the river.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-88,61,Yena khona phakati ga lo fulen.,Yena\tkhona\tphakati\tga\tlo\tfulen.,he\tLOC.COP\tinside\tPOSS\tDEF.ART\triver,He is in the river.,,,,elicited from speaker -64-172,64,íta gáta kam sána fi júba?,íta\tgáta\tkam\tsána\tfi\tjúba?,2SG\tcut\thow.much\tyear\tin\tJuba,How many years have you passed in Juba?,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-173,64,jon lízu gódi fi hófra,jon\tlízu\tgódi\tfi\thófra,John\tpush\tGodfrey\tin\thole,John pushed Godfrey into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-130,65,"Kuriʧa jajʧy kupila, butyka apuskajla.","Kuriʧa\tjajʧy\tkupi-la,\tbutyka\tapuskaj-la.",chicken\tegg\tbuy-PFV\tbottle\tput.into-PFV,He bought chicken eggs and put them into a bottle.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-96,66,Pompang kutti poðiyen yang loobang ka etolak lupa aða. Karang jo kutti sinika aduuduk.,Pompang-kutti\tpoðiyen-yang\tloobang-ka\te-tolak-lupa\taða.\tKarang\tjo\tkutti\tsini-ka\ta-duuduk.,female-girl\tboy-ACC.DEF\thole-in\tASP-push-leave\tAUX\tnow\tFOC\tgirl\tthere-in\tPRS-stay,The girl pushed the boy into the hole. Now she is (in) there.,,,,elicited from speaker -68-97,68,Mama dorong Joni ka dalang ruma.,Mama\tdorong\tJoni\tka\tdalang\truma.,mother\tpush\tJoni\tto\tin\thouse,Mother pushed Joni into the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -68-98,68,Mama dorong Joni maso ruma.,Mama\tdorong\tJoni\tmaso\truma.,mother\tpush\tJoni\tenter\thouse,Mother pushed Joni into the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -68-99,68,Joni di dalang ruma.,Joni\tdi\tdalang\truma.,Joni\tLOC\tin\thouse,Joni is in the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-143,71,Wau no moe malalo.,Wau\tno\tmoe\tmalalo.,1SG\tINTENS\trest\tbelow,I rested (on the bed) below.,,,,naturalistic written -71-144,71,"Makawela hanapaa hou kela puu wau, kulai ma ke kuauna.","Makawela\thanapaa\thou\tkela\tpuu\twau,\tkulai\tma\tke\tkuauna.",Makawela\tgrab\tagain\tDET\tthroat\t1SG.POSS\tshove\tLOC\tDEF\triver.bank,Makawela grabbed my throat again and shoved [me] into the river bank.,,,,naturalistic written -71-145,71,Akahi kepani kulai ia‘u hina malalo o ka lepo.,Akahi\tkepani\tkulai\tia‘u\thina\tmalalo\to\tka\tlepo.,INDF\tJapanese\tshove\tOBJ.1SG\tfall\tdown\tPOSS\tDEF\tground,A Japanese pushed me down into the ground.,,,,naturalistic written -71-146,71,Kela ekolu kepani hanapaa kela pake hina malalo.,Kela\tekolu\tkepani\thanapaa\tkela\tpake\thina\tmalalo.,DET\tthree\tJapanese\thold\tDET\tChinese\tfall\tdown,Three Japanese held the Chinese down.,,,,naturalistic written -71-147,71,Lalau kela poo au kulai malalo.,Lalau\tkela\tpoo\tau\tkulai\tmalalo.,seize\tDET\thead\t1SG.POSS\tshove\tdown,[He] grabbed my head and pushed it down.,,,,naturalistic written -72-129,72,Dat jangkarni ngakparntuma i bin pujim im na ngawangkirri.,Dat\tjangkarni\tngakparn-tu-ma\ti\tbin\tpuj-im\tim\tna\tngawa-ngkirri.,the\tbig\tfrog-ERG-TOP\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tpush-TR\t3SG.OBJ\tSEQ\twater-ALL,The big frog pushed him into the water then.,,,f6620754df7890fef7016c54cc468cb8,naturalistic spoken -74-129,74,Lea yáka mámuk puš Maria kápa tlxwap,Lea\tyáka\tmámuk\tpuš\tMaria\tkápa\ttlxwap,Lea\t3SG\tmake\tpush\tMaria\tat\thole,Lea pushed Maria into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -1-204,1,Lea hari Maria komoto na (ini) horo.,Lea\thari\tMaria\tkomoto\tna\t(ini)\thoro.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\tcome.out\tLOC\t(in(side))\thole,Lea pulled Maria out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -1-205,1,Pulu hem na watra.,Puru\ten\tna\twatra.,remove\t3SG\tLOC\twater,Pull him(/her/it) out of the water.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-206,1,Pulu da dotti na inni hosso.,Puru\tda\tdoti\tna\tini\toso.,remove\tDET.SG\tdirt\tLOC\tin(side)\thouse,Get the dirt out of the house.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-207,1,Myki den krien da gottere bon poele loete kommotte.,Meki\tden\tkrin\tda\tgotro\tbun\tpuru\tlutu\tkomoto.,make\t3PL\tclean\tDET.SG\tditch\twell\tremove\troot\tcome.out,Let them clean the ditch and pull out the roots [from the soil].,,,,written -1-208,1,Da Masra P. tjarie em komopo na Engliesiekondree gie joe mie briebie.,Da\tMasra\tP.\ttyari\ten\tkomopo\tna\tIngriskondre\tgi\tyu\tmi\tbribi.,it.be\tmaster\tP\tcarry\t3SG\tcome.out\tLOC\tEngland\tgive\t2SG\t1SG\tbelieve,"It was Mister P. who brought it from England for you, I believe.",,,,written -2-214,2,Kofi hari a ston puru na ini a olo.,Kofi\thari\ta\tston\tpuru\tna\tini\ta\tolo.,Kofi\tpull\tDET\tstone\tremove\tLOC\tin\tDET\thole,Kofi pulled the stone out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-215,2,Kofi hari a pikin komoto na ini a olo.,Kofi\thari\ta\tpikin\tkomoto\tna\tini\ta\tolo.,Kofi\tpull\tDET\tchild\tcome.out\tLOC\tin\tDET\thole,Kofi pulled the child out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-104,3,De bi hai hɛn puu a di baaku.,De\tbi\thai\thɛn\tpuu\ta\tdi\tbaaku.,3PL\tTNS\tpull\t3SG\tremove\tLOC\tDEF.SG\thole,They pulled him up out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-137,4,Den bata de a ini a saka (ini).,Den\tbata\tde\ta\tini\ta\tsaka\t(ini).,DET.PL\tbottle\tCOP\tLOC\tin\tDET\tbag\t(in),The bottles are in the bag.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-140,4,A hali den tiki komoto a ini en saka.,A\thali\tden\ttiki\tkomoto\ta\tini\ten\tsaka.,She\tpull\tDET.PL\tstick\tcome.out\tLOC\tin\ther\tbag.,She pulled the sticks out of her bag.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-141,4,"Di a wasi en osu, a puu ala sani komoto na en.","Di\ta\twasi\ten\tosu,\ta\tpuu\tala\tsani\tkomoto\tna\ten.",when\tshe\twash\ther\thouse\tshe\tpull\tall\tthing\tcome.out\tLOC\tit,"When she washed her house, she pulled everthing out of it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-141,5,di maan pul di kou out di hool,di\tmaan\tpul\tdi\tkou\tout\tdi\thool,DEF.ART\tman\tpul\tDEF.ART\tcow\tout\tDEF.ART\thole,The man pulled the cow out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-142,5,"suun suun maanin, dem doz haal yu out yu bed","suun\tsuun\tmaanin,\tdem\tdoz\thaal\tyu\tout\tyu\tbed",soon\tsoon\tmorning\t3SG\tdoes\tpull\t2SG\tout\t3SG.POSS\tbed,"Very early in the mornings, they pull you out of your bed.",,,,constructed by linguist -5-143,5,suun suun maanin yu stil de a yu bed,suun\tsuun\tmaanin\tyu\tstil\tde\ta\tyu\tbed,soon\tsoon\tmorning\t2SG\tstill\tLOC.PRED\tLOC.PREP\t2SG\tbed,Early in the morning you are still in your bed.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-87,6,(1) Meri in di cyar. (2) Leroy dreg Meri outa di cyar.,(1)\tMeri\tin\tdi\tcyar.\t(2)\tLeroy\tdreg\tMeri\touta\tdi\tcyar.,(1)\tMary\tPREP\tDET\tcar\t(2)\tLeroy\tpull\tMary\tPREP\tDET\tcar,(1) Mary is in the car. (2) Leroy pulled Mary out of the car.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-193,7,Hi pol shi fram i hool.,Hi\tpol\tshi\tfram\ti\thool.,3SG\tpull\t3SG\tfrom\tART\thole,He pulled her out of the hole. OR: He pulled her from the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-194,7,Hi pol shi out fram i hool.,Hi\tpol\tshi\tout\tfram\ti\thool.,3SG\tpull\t3SG\tout\tfrom\tART\thole,He pulled her out of the hole. OR: He pulled her from the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-195,7,Hi pol shi outa i hool.,Hi\tpol\tshi\tout-a\ti\thool.,3SG\tpull\t3SG\tout-PCL\tART\thole,He pulled her out of the hole. OR: He pulled her from the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-196,7,Hi pol shi out i hool.,Hi\tpol\tshi\tout\ti\thool.,3SG\tpull\t3SG\tout\tART\thole,He pulled her from the hole. OR: He pulled her out of the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-130,8,Mieri pul di daag outa di huol.,Mieri\tpul\tdi\tdaag\touta\tdi\thuol.,Mary\tpull\tDET\tdog\tout.of\tDET\thole,Mary pulled the dog out of the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-157,9,Di onli wey fu dem muv Haabat owta djeyl da fu me im do we i du.,Di\tonli\twey\tfu\tdem\tmuv\tHaabat\towta\tdjeyl\tda\tfu\tme\tim\tdo\twe\ti\tdu.,the\tonly\tway\tfor\t3PL\tmove\tHerbert\tout.of\tjail\tTOP\tfor\tANT\t3SG\tdo\twhat\t3SG\tdo,The only way they could move Herbert out of prison was exactly what he did. OR: He did what was needed to get Herbert out of prison.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-187,10,Lea haal María auta di huol.,Lea\thaal\tMaría\taut-a\tdi\thuol.,Lea\thaul\tMaría\tout-of\tART.DEF\thole,Lea hauled María out of the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-188,10,Hia yu sii a byuuty we baan iina stiebl!,Hia\tyu\tsii\ta\tbyuuty\twe\tbaan\tiina\tstiebl!,here\t2SG\tsee\tART.INDF\tbeauty\tREL\tgive.birth\tin\tstable,Here you see a beauty who was born in a stable!,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-189,10,An ihn had di popy iina ihn lap.,An\tihn\thad\tdi\tpopy\tiina\tihn\tlap.,and\t3SG\thave.PST\tART.DEF\tpuppy\tin\t3SG.POSS\tlap,And he had the puppy on his lap.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-260,11,Ah gwain pul yu out di huol.,Ah\tgwain\tpul\tyu\tout\tdi\thuol.,1SG\tFUT\tpull\t2SG\tout\tART.DEF\thole,I’m going to pull you out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic written -11-261,11,"Yu nuo, iin di kuos di langwij dem wat dem manij muor iz Spanish and Inglish.","Yu\tnuo,\tiin\tdi\tkuos\tdi\tlangwij\tdem\twat\tdem\tmanij\tmuor\tiz\tSpanish\tand\tInglish.",2SG\tknow\tin\tART.DEF\tcoast\tART.DEF\tlanguage\tPL\tREL\t3PL\tmanage\tmore\tCOP.PRS\tSpanish\tand\tEnglish,"You know, [here] on the Coast the languages that the people are most competent in are Spanish and English.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-262,11,Lea haal Maria auta di huol.,Lea\thaal\tMaria\tauta\tdi\thuol.,Lea\thaul\tMaria\tout.of\tART.DEF\thole,Lea pulled Maria out of the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-203,12,"[...] when they come 'round by them, they put they hand in and pull out the guts.",[...]\tthey\tput\tthey\thand\tin\tand\tpull\tout\tthe\tguts.,[...]\t3PL.SBJ\tput[HAB]\t3PL.POSS\thand[PL]\tPREP\tand\tpull\tPREP\tART\tguts,"[...] [when they (i.e. the chickens) pass them [on the conveyor belt],] they put their hands in and pull out the guts.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-204,12,"He throw it out, and he catch - it take 'bout twelve man to pull out one shark out the water.",[...]\tto\tpull\tout\tone\tshark\tout\tthe\twater.,[...]\tto\tpull\tPREP\tDET\tshark\tPREP\tART\twater,[...] to pull a single shark out of the water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-205,12,"No, they was - in her car, she was driving.",[...] they was - in her car [...],[...] 3PL.SBJ COP.PST   PREP 3SG.F.POSS car [...],"[No,] they were in her car, [she was driving].",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-150,13,I take that blanket there out the paper.,I\ttake\tthat\tblanket\tthere\tout\tthe\tpaper.,I\ttake\tthat\tblanket\tthere\tout\tthe\tpaper,I took that blanket there out of the bag.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-114,14,Bruce pull Marie out of the hole.,Bruce\tpull\tMarie\tout\tof\tthe\thole.,Bruce\tpull\tMarie\tout\tof\tthe\thole,Bruce pulled Marie out of the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-115,14,Bruce pull(ed) Marie out the hole.,Bruce\tpull(ed)\tMarie\tout\tthe\thole.,Bruce\tpull(PST)\tMarie\tout\tthe\thole,Bruce pulled Marie out of the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-111,15,di pikin de na di ol,di\tpikin\tde\tna\tdi\tol,ART\tchild\tthere\tLOC\tART\thole,The child is in the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-112,15,dɛn pul di pikin kɔmɔt na di ol,dɛn\tpul\tdi\tpikin\tkɔmɔt\tna\tdi\tol,3PL\tpull\tART\tchild\tcome.out\tLOC\tART\thole,They pulled the child out of the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-113,15,dɛn pul di pikin na di ol,dɛn\tpul\tdi\tpikin\tna\tdi\tol,3PL\tpull\tART\tchild\tLOC\tART\thole,They pulled the child out of the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-116,16,kɔfi kɔmɔt/pul dɛ pikin frɔm/fɔr dɛ gɔta,kɔfi\tkɔmɔt/pul\tdɛ\tpikin\tfrɔm/fɔr\tdɛ\tgɔta,Kofi\tcome.out/pull\tART\tchild\tfrom/for\tART\tgutter,Kofi pulled the child out of the gutter.,,,,elicited from speaker -17-143,17,Ìm ko̱m pul Uche kò̱mót frò̱m hol.,Ìm\tko̱m\tpul\tUche\tkò̱mót\tfrò̱m\thol.,3SG.SBJ\tREALIS\tpull\tUche\tleave\tLOC\thole,S/he pulled Uche from out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-144,17,Ìm ko̱m pul Uche frò̱m hol kò̱mót.,Ìm\tko̱m\tpul\tUche\tfrò̱m\thol\tkò̱mót.,3SG.SBJ\tREALIS\tpull\tUche\tLOC\thole\tleave,S/he pulled Uche out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-124,18,Lea pul Maria komot fo di hol.,Lea\tpul\tMaria\tkomot\tfo\tdi\thol.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\tcome.out\tfor\tDEF.ART\thole,Lea pulled Maria out of the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-165,19,Dɛ̀n pul dì mòtó nà garaje [...].,Dɛ̀n\tpul\tdì\tmòtó\tnà\tgaraje\t[...].,3PL\tremove\tDEF\tcar\tLOC\tgarage\t[...],They removed the car from the garage [...].,,,,elicited from speaker -19-166,19,Dì mòtó de nà garaje.,Dì\tmòtó\tde\tnà\tgaraje.,DEF\tcar\tCOP\tLOC\tgarage,The car is in the garage.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-114,21,Gerard pulled Kate out of the pool.,Gerard\tpull-ed\tKate\tout\tof\tthe\tpool.,Gerard\tpull-PST\tKate\tout\tof\tDET\tpool,Gerard pulled Kate out of the pool.,,,,own knowledge -22-146,22,Em pulim dispela ol samting kam autsait.,Em\tpulim\tdispela\tol\tsamting\tkam\tautsait.,3SG\tpull\tthis\tPL\tthing\tcome\toutside,He pulled these things out.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-147,22,Em pulim brata bilong em kam antap.,Em\tpulim\tbrata\tbilong\tem\tkam\tantap.,3SG\tpull\tbrother\tPOSS\t3SG\tcome\tabove,He pulled his brother out (of the hole).,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-134,23,ol pikinini oli pulum rop i kamaot long stamba,ol\tpikinini\toli\tpulum\trop\ti\tkamaot\tlong\tstamba,PL\tchild\tAGR\tpull\tvine\tAGR\tcome.out\tfrom\ttrunk,The chidren pulled a vine out of the tree trunk.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-153,24,Hi pull Mary aut lorng fe aa hoel.,Hi\tpull\tMary\taut\tlorng\tfe\taa\thoel.,He\tpull\tMary\tout\tPREP\tPREP\tDET\thole,He pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-303,25,Pulemat from wota na!,Pul-em-at\tfrom\twota\tna!,pull-TR-out\tfrom\twater\tnow,Pull it out of the water now!,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -26-99,26,ma aŋko wɛn hɛmu da fiʃ fɹɔm da shak,ma\taŋko\twɛn\thɛmu\tda\tfiʃ\tfɹɔm\tda\tshak,1SG.POSS\tuncle\tPST.PFV\tpull.out\tART\tfish\tfrom\tART\tshark,My uncle pulled the fish out of the shark.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-108,27,Sini a trē am fa di tono.,Sini\ta\ttrē\tam\tfa\tdi\ttono.,3PL\tPST\tpull\t3SG\tof\tDET\tbarrel,They pulled her out of the barrel.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-134,28,"o wa sukwa fi kum, paka di tok fan di warianga",o\twa\tsuku-a\tfi\tkumu\tpaka\tdi\ttoko\tfan\tdi\twari\tanga,3SG\tPST\twant-IPFV\tfor\tcome\tcome.out\tthe\tchild\tfrom\tthe\thouse\tLOC,He wanted to come [and] turn the boy out of the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-135,28,nuntɛ ʃi sel fan di man,nunu-tɛ\tʃi\tselfu\tfan\tdi\tman,pull-PFV\t3SG.POSS\tself\tfrom\tthe\tman,[She] pulled herself away from the man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-136,28,en kanti lefu sautu mingi anga ka,eni\tkanti\tlefu\tsautu\tmingi\tanga\tka,3PL\tcannot\tlive\tsalt\twater\tLOC\tNEG,They cannot live in salt water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-167,29,Leah het Marie uit die gat getrek.,Leah\thet\tMarie\tuit\tdie\tgat\tge-trek.,Leah\tPST\tMary\tout\tDEF.ART\thole\tPTCP-pulled,Leah pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic written -29-168,29,Leah het Marie uit die gat uit getrek.,Leah\thet\tMarie\tuit\tdie\tgat\tuit\tgetrek.,Leah\tPST\tMary\tout\tDEF.ART\thole\tout\tpulled,Leah pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -29-169,29,Leah het Marie by die gat uit getrek.,Leah\thet\tMarie\tby\tdie\tgat\tuit\tge-trek.,Leah\tPST\tMary\tby\tthe\thole\tout\tPTCP-pulled,Leah pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-181,30,"El tra un rolu di kórda di si muxila, [...].","El=tra\tun=rolu\tdi=kórda\tdi=si=muxila,\t[...].",3SG=pull\ta=roll\tof=rope\tof=3SG.POSS=backpack\t[...],"He took a roll of rope out of his backpack, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-182,30,"Kántu mininu xinti algen, e bira ta mexe dentu sáku.","Kántu\tmininu\txinti\talgen,\te=bira\tta=mexe\tdentu\tsáku.",when\tchild\tnotice\tsomebody\t3SG=begin\tIPFV=stir\twithin\tsack,"When the child noticed somebody, it began to move within the sack.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-146,31,"Nho Djiku ki ba kexa d'es, ba tira mininu di braku.","Nho\tDjiku\tki\tba\tkexa\td'es,\tba\ttira\tmininu\tdi\tbraku.",Mr\tDjiko\tthat\twent\tcomplain\tof.them\twent\tpull\tchild\tout.of\thole,"It was Mr Djiko who went to complain about them, who went to pull the children out of the hole.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-138,32,Maria pxá se fidj pa fora d'un brok.,Maria\tpxá\tse\tfidj\tpa\tfora\tde\tun\tbrok.,Maria\tpulled.out\t1SG.POSS\tchild\tto\tout\tof\tDET\thole,Maria pulled her son out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-139,32,Se fidj ta fora d'brok.,Se\tfidj\tta\tfora\tde\tbrok.,POSS.3SG\tchild\tCOP\tout\tof\thole,Her son is out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-140,32,Maria pxá se fidj fora d'un brok.,Maria\tpxá\tse\tfidj\tfora\tde\tun\tbrok.,Maria\tpulled\t3SG.POSS\tchild\tout\tof\tDET\thole,Maria pulled her son out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-166,33,Lea djunda Maria pa fora di kasa.,Lea\tdjunda\tMaria\tpa\tfora\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\tto\toutside\tof\thouse,Lea pulled Maria out of the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-167,33,Lea djunda Maria fora di kasa.,Lea\tdjunda\tMaria\tfora\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\toutside\tof\thouse,Lea pulled Maria outside the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-168,33,Lea djunda Maria fora di kasa.,Lea\tdjunda\tMaria\tfora\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\tout\tof\thouse,Lea pulled Maria out of the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-169,33,Lea djunda Maria fora di kasa.,Lea\tdjunda\tMaria\tfora\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\tout\tof\thouse,Lea pulled Maria (when they where) outside of the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-170,33,Lea djunda Maria té fora di kasa.,Lea\tdjunda\tMaria\tté\tfora\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\tuntil\toutside\tof\thouse,Lea pulled Maria until (she was) outside of the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-134,34,Leya tirá Mariya di koba. ~ Leya tirá Mariya fora di koba.,Leya ø tirá Mariya di koba. ~ Leya ø tirá Mariya fora di koba.,Lea PFV pull Mary from hole   Lea PFV pull Mary out from hole,Lea pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-183,35,Zon txila Maya ni blaku.,Zon\ttxila\tMaya\tni\tblaku.,Zon\tpull\tMaya\tfrom\thole,Zon pulled Maya out of the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-184,35,Maya sa ni blaku.,Maya\tsa\tni\tblaku.,Maya\tCOP\tin\thole,Maya is in the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-185,35,Zon txila Maya fô blaku.,Zon\ttxila\tMaya\tfô\tblaku.,Zon\tpull\tMaya\tcome.from\thole,Zon pulled Maya out of the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-109,36,Maya thaa Tonha fô vuvu.,Maya\tthaa\tTonha\tfô\tvuvu.,Maria\tpull\tTonha\tcome.from\thole,Maria pulled Tonha out of the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-139,37,Mene saa Maa pwê toka.,Mene\tsaa\tMaa\tpwê\ttoka.,Mene\tpull\tMaa\tput\thole,Mene pulled Maa down into the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-140,37,Jingantxi txya paage fo gayola [...].,Jingantxi\ttxya\tpaage\tfo\tgayola\t[...].,ogre\textract\tparrot\tcome.from\tcage\t[...],The ogre took the parrot out of the cage [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-155,38,M’ske fe bo pa tyila bo foiai?,Amu-ske\tfe\tbo\tpa\ttyila\tbo\tfo-iai?,1SG-IRR\tmake\t2SG\tfor\tpull\t2SG\tleave-there,What can I do to pull you out (of) there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-114,40,Mari ku Teru pos su fɔr puʃo.,Mari\tku\tTeru\tpos\tsu\tfɔr\tpuʃo.,Mari\tOBJ\tTeru\twell\tGEN\toutside\tpull.PST,Mari pulled Teru out of the well.,,,,constructed by linguist -42-144,42,Maria ja pusá ku Pedru sai di buyang,Maria\tja\tpusá\tku\tPedru\tsai\tdi\tbuyang,Maria\tPFV\tpull\tACC\tPedru\texit\tof\tceramic.barrel,Maria pulled Pedru out of the ceramic barrel.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-144,44,Ya helá yo kon Lóling ayá na póso.,Ya\thelá\tyo\tkon\tLóling\tayá\tna\tpóso.,PFV\tpull\t1SG\tOBJ\tLoling\tthere\tLOC\thole,I pulled Loling from the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-121,45,Ya hila Rosa con Maria para afuera del poso.,Ya\thila\tRosa\tcon\tMaria\tpara\tafuera\tdel\tposo.,PFV\tpull\tRosa\tOBJ\tMaria\tfor\toutside\tof.the\twell,Rosa pulled Maria out of the well.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-158,46,Ya-hilá si Peter kun Mary na aguhéro.,Ya-hilá\tsi\tPeter\tkun\tMary\tna\taguhéro.,PRF-pull\tAG\tPeter\tOBJ\tMary\tLOC\thole,Peter pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-162,47,PDB [...] a ranka sali ku un kampaña di informashon.,PDB\t[...]\ta\tranka\tsali\tku\tun\tkampaña\tdi\tinformashon.,PDB\t[...]\tPFV\tpull\tcome.out\twith\tINDF\tcampaign\tof\tinformation,PDB [...] quickly came out with an information campaign.,,,,literary or other written source -47-163,47,"E akusado, siendo sintá den outo, a ranka tas for di un turista ku tabata riba skuter","E\takusado,\tsiendo\tsintá\tden\touto,\ta\tranka\ttas\tfor\tdi\tun\tturista\tku\ttabata\triba\tskuter",DEF\taccused\tbeing\tseated\tin\tcar\tPFV\tpull\tbag\tfrom\tof\tINDF\ttourist\tCOMP\tPST\ton\tmoped,"The accused, while seated inside a car, had pulled a bag from a tourist on a moped.",,,,literary or other written source -48-153,48,Dámaso a tilá ele ri hoyo.,Dámaso\ta\ttilá\tele\tri\thoyo.,Damaso\tPST\tpull\thim/her\tfrom\thole,Damaso pulled him/her from the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -48-154,48,Dámaso ta lendro hoyo.,Dámaso\tta\tlendro\thoyo.,Damaso\tbe\tinside\thole,Damaso is in the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-254,49,Li nan twou a.,Li\tnan\ttwou\ta.,3SG\tin\thole\tDEF,He/She is in the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-255,49,"Plant sa a solid, ou gen fòs, rale l nan tè a pou mwen.","Plant\tsa\ta\tsolid,\tou\tgen\tfòs,\trale\tl\tnan\ttè\ta\tpou\tmwen.",plant\tDEM\tSG\tsolid\t2SG\thave\tstrength\ttake.out\t3SG\tin\tground\tDEF\tfor\t1SG,"This plant is solid, you're strong; pull it out of the ground for me.",,,,elicited from speaker -50-153,50,I tiré Mari adan tou-la.,I\ttiré\tMari\tadan\ttou-la.,3SG\tpull\tMary\tin\thole-DEF,He pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-154,50,Mari pa adan tou-la.,Mari\tpa\tadan\ttou-la.,Mary\tNEG\tin\thole-DEF,Marie is out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-155,50,Mari adan tou-la.,Mari\tadan\ttou-la.,Mary\tin\thole-DEF,Mary is in the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-156,50,I halé Mari vini andèwò a tou-la.,I\thalé\tMari\tvini\tandèwò\ta\ttou-la.,3SG\tpull\tMary\tcome\toutside\tPREP\thole-DEF,He pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -51-141,51,I tiré Mari adan tou-a.,I\ttiré\tMari\tadan\ttou-a.,3SG\tpull\tMary\tin\thole-DEF,He pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-142,51,Mari pa adan tou-a.,Mari\tpa\tadan\ttou-a.,Mary\tNEG\tin\thole-DEF,Mary is not in the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-143,51,I halé Mari vini andéwò tou-a.,I\thalé\tMari\tvini\tandéwò\ttou-a.,3SG\tpull\tMary\tcome\tout\thole-DEF,He pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-90,52,i ka tiré li annan trou-a,i\tka\ttiré\tli\tannan\ttrou-a,she\tPROG\tpull\ther\tin\thole-ART,She pulls her out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-316,53,Se te hale le jerm dan le klu.,Se\tte\thale\tle\tjerm\tdan\tle\tklu.,DEM\tPST\tpull\tART.DEF.PL\tgerm\tin\tART.DEF.PL\tboil,That pulled the germs out of the boils.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-317,53,La to plarin-ye pare pou et wete ondan to chodyer.,La\tto\tplarin-ye\tpare\tpou\tet\twete\tondan\tto\tchodyer.,then\t2SG.POSS\tpraline-PL\tready\tfor\tCOP\ttake.out\tin\t2SG.POSS\tpot,Then your pralines are ready to be taken out of the pot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-184,54,tir lé gale / lé ròs dan la tèr,tir le gale / le ros dan la ter,pull DEF.PL stone   DEF.PL stone in DEF soil,to pull the stones out of the ground,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-185,54,Nana tro d gale/ros dan la ter.,Nana\ttro\td\tgale/ros\tdan\tla\tter.,EXIST\ttoo.many\tof\tstone\tin\tDEF\tsoil,There are too many stones in the ground.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-151,55,Rafik ti tir Misel daṅ tru,Rafik\tti\ttir\tMisel\tdaṅ\ttru,Rafick\tPST\tpull\tMichel\tin\thole,Rafick pulled Michel out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-152,55,Misel ti daṅ tru,Misel\tti\tdaṅ\ttru,Michel\tPST\tin\thole,Michel was in a hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-153,55,mo'nn tir mo lakle depi dan mo sak,mo 'nn tir mo lakle depi dan mo sak,1SG.COMPL take.out POSS.1SG key ABL LOC POSS.1SG bag,I took the key out of my bag.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -55-154,55,li tir so linet depi daṅ so pos,li\ttir\tso\tlinet\tdepi\tdaṅ\tso\tpos,3SG\ttake.out\tPOSS\tglasses\tABL\tLOC\tPOSS\tpocket,He took his glasses out of his pocket.,,,,written (literary) -56-153,56,Marcel ti redi Peter dan trou.,Marcel\tti\tredi\tPeter\tdan\ttrou.,Marcel\tPST\tpull.out\tPeter\tin\thole,Marcel pulled Peter out of the hole.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-154,56,(...) ou pou tir ou kalou dan ou pye koko,(...)\tou\tpou\ttir\tou\tkalou\tdan\tou\tpye\tkoko,(...)\t2SG\tFUT\textract\t2SG.POSS\tpalm.wine\tin\t2SG.POSS\ttree\tcoconut,(...) you will extract palm wine from your coconut tree.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-89,57,male tire twa nda tru,ma\tale\ttire\ttwa\tnda\ttru,1SG\tgo\tdraw\t2SG\tin\thole,I draw you out of the hole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-90,57,ma reste nda tru,ma\treste\tnda\ttru,1SG\tstay\tin\thole,I stay inside the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-248,59,ala gboto lo na ya ti du ni,ala\tgboto\tlo\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tni,3PL\tpull\t3SG\tPREP\tinside\tof\thole\tDET,They pulled him/her from the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-249,59,"gboto lo na ya ti du ni, asi gigi","gboto\tlo\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tni,\ta-si\tgigi",pull\t3SG\tPREP\tbelly\tof\thole\tDET\tPM-arrive\toutside,Pull him/her out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-250,59,gboto kwa ni ga na ni ge,gboto\tkwa\tni\tga\tna\tni\tge,pull\tcorpse\tDET\tcome\tPREP\tDET\there,Drag the corpse here.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-251,59,alango na ya ti teme,a-lango\tna\tya\tti\tteme,PM-sleep\tPREP\tinside\tof\tstone,It sleeps among the stones.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-252,59,mbi za na ya ti tawan',mbi\tzia\tna\tya\tti\ttawan',1SG\tput\tPREP\tinside\tof\tpot,I put it in the pot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-120,60,Marie abimísákí Francine na libúlú,Marie\ta-bimís-ákí\tFrancine\tna\tlibúlú,Marie\t3SG-remove-PST\tFrancine\tfrom\thole.in.ground,Marie helped Francine come out of the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-89,61,Yena keep-ile lo gane duze ga lo godi.,Yena\tkeep-ile\tlo\tgane\tduze\tga\tlo\tgodi.,he\tpull-PST\tDEF.ART\tchild\tnear\tof\tDEF.ART\thole,He pulled the child out of the hole. OR: He pulled the child from out of the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-90,61,Yena khona phakati ga lo godi.,Yena\tkhona\tphakati\tga\tlo\tgodi.,he\tCOP.LOC\tinside\tof\tDEF.ART\thole,He is inside the hole. OR: He is in the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-91,61,Yena khona duze ga lo mgodi.,Yena\tkhona\tduze\tga\tlo\tmgodi.,he\tCOP.LOC\tnear\tof\tART\thole,He is near the hollow.,,,,unknown -62-80,62,yájutirira nayó tó sónda,i-áa-jutirira\tna-i-ó\ttó\tsonda,9-PST-pull\twith-9-REL\tthere\tvalley,He pulled and pulled with him to the valley.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-161,63,ána júru íta min lúfra de,ána\tjúru\títa\tmin\tlúfra\tde,1SG\tpull\t2SG\tfrom\thole\tDEM,I pulled you out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -63-162,63,úwo fi lúfura,úwo\tfi\tlúfura,3SG\tin\thole,He is in the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-174,64,jon júru gódi min hófra,jon\tjúru\tgódi\tmin\thófra,John\tpull\tGodfrey\tfrom\thole,John pulled Godfrey out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-97,66,Pompang kutti poðiyen yang lobangring tarek ambε.,Pompang-kutti\tpoðiyen-yang\tlobang-ring\ttarek\tambε.,female-girl\tboy-ACC.DEF\thole-ABL\tpull\ttake,The girl is pulling the boy out of the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-172,67,[...] dia tarik ini macam besi punya dia tarik ini angin kelua.,[...]\tdia\ttarik\tini\tmacam\tbesi\tpunya\tdia\ttarik\tini\tangin\tkelua.,[...]\t3SG\tdraw\tDEM\tlike\tiron\tATTR\t3SG\tdraw\tDEM\twind\tgo.out,[...] he took the air out of the iron-like thing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-100,68,De hela beta dari dalang kolang.,De\thela\tbeta\tdari\tdalang\tkolang.,3SG\tpull\t1SG\tfrom\tin\thole,He pulled me out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -68-101,68,De hela beta kaluar kolang.,De\thela\tbeta\tkaluar\tkolang.,3SG\tpull\t1SG\texit\thole,He pulled me out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -68-102,68,Beta di dalang kolang.,Beta\tdi\tdalang\tkolang.,1SG\tLOC\tin\thole,I am in the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -71-148,71,Kawai paa kela Lauman ala maluna.,Kawai\tpaa\tkela\tLauman\tala\tmaluna.,Kawai\tgrab\tDET\tLauman\trise\tup,Kawai pulled Lauman up (from his bed). OR: Kawai grabbed Lauman and [he] rose up (from his bed).,,,,naturalistic written -71-149,71,Hele kokua kela pake ala maluna.,Hele\tkokua\tkela\tpake\tala\tmaluna.,go\thelp\tDET\tChinese\trise\tup,I went to help the Chinese get up.,,,,naturalistic written -71-150,71,Oukou hapai wau huipu Kakina maluna kela kua.,Oukou\thapai\twau\thuipu\tKakina\tmaluna\tkela\tkua.,2PL\tlift\t1SG\ttogether.with\tKakina\tup\tDET\tback,You pull Kakina and I up from our backs.,,,,naturalistic written -71-151,71,Oe aole pono kau maluna o kela lio.,Oe\taole\tpono\tkau\tmaluna\to\tkela\tlio.,2SG\tNEG\tshould\tmount\tupon\tPOSS\tDET\thorse,You shouldn't mount my horse.,,,,naturalistic written -71-152,71,Oe ike kela dala kela pukiki poina maluna kela pahu?,Oe\tike\tkela\tdala\tkela\tpukiki\tpoina\tmaluna\tkela\tpahu?,2SG\tsee\tDET\tmoney\t[DET\tPortuguese\tforget\tupon\tDET\tbox],Did you see the money that the Portuguese left on the box?,,,,naturalistic written -72-130,72,Karu im top la im kankula diya-ngka.,Karu\tim\ttop\tla\tim\tkankula\tdiya-ngka.,child\t3SG\tbe\ton\tit\tup\tdeer-LOC,The child is sitting on top of the deer.,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-131,72,I bin pulim brom hol.,I\tbin\tpulim\tbrom\thol.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tpull.TR\tfrom\thole,He pulled it out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -72-132,72,I bin pulim holnginyi.,I\tbin\tpulim\thol-nginyi.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tpull.TR\thole-ABL,He pulled it out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-130,74,Lea yáka mámuk hal Maria kápa tlxwap,Lea\tyáka\tmámuk\thal\tMaria\tkápa\ttlxwap,Lea\t3SG\tmake\thaul\tMaria\tat\thole,Lea pulled Maria out of the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-212,75,Noo kinwaensh amanipitaayaahk li shaar daa la boo uschi.,Noo\tkinwaensh\ta-mani-pitaa-yaahk\tli\tshaar\tdaa\tla\tboo\tuschi.,NEG\tlong\tCOMP-loose-pull-1PL.EXCL\tART.M.SG\tcar\tLOC\tART.F.SG\tmud\tfrom,We pulled the car out of the mud in short order. OR: It did not take long to pull the car out of the mud for us.,,,,naturalistic written -75-213,75,Teehkee kiya uchipita la taeb.,Teehkee\tkiya\tuchi-pit-a\tla\ttaeb.,toward\tyou\tin-pull-IMP\tART.F.SG\ttable,Pull the table toward you.,,,,naturalistic written -1-209,1,Mi za ron go na fotte.,Mi\tsa\tron\tgo\tna\tfoto.,1SG\tFUT\trun\tgo\tLOC\tfort,I'll run to the Fort (i.e. Paramaribo).,,,,written -1-210,1,Gado ben sendi hem pikin komm na wi.,Gado\tben\tseni\ten\tpikin\tkon\tna\twi.,God\tPST\tsend\t3SG\tchild\tcome\tLOC\t1PL,God sent his child to us.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-211,1,"Onoe sa moesoe goo foe kiesie dem, en tiarrie dem kom nà fotto.","Unu\tsa\tmusu\tgo\tfu\tkisi\tden,\ten\ttyari\tden\tkon\tna\tfoto.",2PL\tFUT\tmust\tgo\tfor\tcatch\t3PL\tand\tbring\t3PL\tcome\tLOC\tfort,"You should go capture them, and bring them to the Fort (i.e. Paramaribo).",,,,written -2-216,2,Yu kan tyari wan suma go a wan tehuis.,Yu\tkan\ttyari\twan\tsuma\tgo\ta\twan\ttehuis.,2SG\tcan\tcarry\tART\tperson\tgo\tLOC\tART\tnursing.home,You can take someone to a nursing home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-217,2,"A ben rij kon na post na mi tog, tra dei tog, tra esde.","A\tben\trij\tkon\tna\tpost\tna\tmi\ttog,\ttra\tdei\ttog,\ttra\tesde.",3SG\tPST\tride\tcome\tLOC\tpost\tLOC\tme\tTAG\tother\tday\tTAG\tother\tyesterday.,"He had come to me at the station the other day, the day before yesterday.",,,,elicited from speaker -3-105,3,Mi manda hɛn go a di wosu.,Mi\tmanda\thɛn\tgo\ta\tdi\twosu.,1SG\tsend\t3SG\tgo\tLOC\tDEF.SG\thouse,I sent him to the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-106,3,A bi tjá njanjá kó d'én.,A\tbi\ttjá\tnjanjá\tkó\td'-én.,3SG\tTNS\tcarry\tfood\tcome\tgive-3SG,He brought him food.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-143,4,A subi go anda.,A\tsubi\tgo\tanda.,he\tclimb\tgo\tover.there,He climbed over there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-144,5,mi git op an mi ron go a di sailin,mi\tgit\top\tan\tmi\tron\tgo\ta\tdi\tsailin,1SG\tget\tup\tand\t1SG\trun\tgo\tto\tthe\tsideline,I got up and ran to the sideline canal.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-88,6,Come go theatre.,Come\tgo\ttheatre.,come\tgo\ttheatre,Let's go to the theatre.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-198,7,Shi sen i pikni go a shap.,Shi\tsen\ti\tpikni\tgo\ta\tshap.,3SG\tsend\tART/3SG\tchild\tgo\tLOC\tshop,She sent the/her child to the shop.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-133,8,Maikal waak go a skuul.,Maikal\twaak\tgo\ta\tskuul.,Michael\twalk\tgo\tto\tschool,Michael walked to school.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-192,10,Beda Taiga swim gaan shuo.,Beda\tTaiga\tswim\tgaan\tshuo.,Brother\tTiger\tswim\tgo.PFV\tshore,Brother Tiger swam to the shore.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-194,10,Dionis jos lef gaan.,Dionis\tjos\tlef\tgaan.,Dionis\tjust\tleave\tgo.PFV,Dionis just left.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-196,10,Naansi jomp op an ron gaan lef Beda Taiga de egen.,Naansi\tjomp\top\tan\tron\tgaan\tlef\tBeda\tTaiga\tde\tegen.,Anancy\tjump\tup\tand\trun\tgo.PFV\tleave\tBrother\tTiger\tDEM.LOC\tagain,"Anacy jumped up and run away, leaving Brother Tiger there again.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-264,11,So shi hori gaan an get di oubia wuman meek di “help mi”.,So\tshi\thori\tgaan\tan\tget\tdi\toubia\twuman\tmeek\tdi\t“help\tmi”.,so\t3SG.F\thurry\tgo.PST\tand\tget\tART.DEF\tobeah\twoman\tmake\tART.DEF\thelp\t1SG,So she hurried to the obeah woman and got her to make the “help mi”.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-151,13,"He run come back in here say, ""Oh! oh!""","He\trun\tcome\tback\tin\there\tsay,\t""Oh!\toh!""",he\trun\tcome\tback\tin\there\tsay\toh\toh,"He ran back in here saying ""Oh! oh!""",,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -15-114,15,i dɔn drɛb dɛm go na do,i\tdɔn\tdrɛb\tdɛm\tgo\tna\tdo,3SG\tPFV\tdrive\tthem\tgo\tLOC\toutside,He has driven them out (of the house).,,,,naturalistic written -16-117,16,wɔta kari àm go,wɔta\tkari\tàm\tgo,water\tcarry\t3SG.OBJ\tgo,The water carried it away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-118,16,dɛ viliʤ viliʤ pikin ɔ rɔn kɔm hiɛ,dɛ\tviliʤ~viliʤ\tpikin\tɔ\trɔn\tkɔm\thiɛ,ART\tvillage~village\tchild\tall\trun\tcome\there,The children from the villages are all running to this place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-145,17,Ìm kari nayf ko̱m.,Ìm\tkari\tnayf\tko̱m.,3SG.SBJ\tcarry\tknife\tcome.LOC,S/he brought the knife.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-125,18,Im kari naif go.,Im\tkari\tnaif\tgo.,3SG\tcarry\tknife\tgo,She/He took the knife away.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-126,18,Pikin dem di run kom hya.,Pikin\tdem\tdi\trun\tkom\thya.,child\tPL\tIPFV\trun\tcome\there,The children are running to this place.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-127,18,I bin tek di naif komot.,I\tbin\ttek\tdi\tnaif\tkomot.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\ttake\tDEF.ART\tknife\tcome.out,He/She took the knife away.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-167,19,À kɛràn go nà comedor.,À\tkɛr=àn\tgo\tnà\tcomedor.,1SG.SBJ\tcarry=3SG.OBJ\tgo\tLOC\tdining.room,I carried him to the dining room.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-168,19,Kɛr dì mòtó yù bring kan fɔ̀ ya!,Kɛr\tdì\tmòtó\tyù\tbring\tkan\tfɔ̀\tya!,take\tDEF\tcar\t2SG\tbring\tcome\tASSOC\there,Take the car and bring it here!,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-123,20,You sendee three dozen go my houso.,You\tsendee\tthree\tdozen\tgo\tmy\thouso.,2SG\tsend\tthree\tdozen\tgo\t1SG.POSS\thouse,Send three dozens to my house.,,,,naturalistic written -21-116,21,Kong Kong send them go school.,Kong Kong send them go school.,grandfather send 3PL go school,Grandfather sends/sent them to school.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-117,21,Take the book bring come.,Take\tthe\tbook\tbring\tcome.,take\tDET\tbook\tbring\tcome,Bring the book here/ to me.,,,,own knowledge -22-148,22,Baga ia torome kam autsaid ia.,Baga\tia\ttorome\tkam\tautsaid\tia.,bugger\tFOC\tthrow.away\tcome\toutside\tFOC,The bugger threw it outside.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-149,22,Meri ia [...] kisim dispela kanu pusim kam long wara.,Meri\tia\t[...]\tkisim\tdispela\tkanu\tpusim\tkam\tlong\twara.,woman\tFOC\t[...]\ttake\tthis\tcanoe\tpush\tcome\tPREP\twater,The woman [...] pushed the canoe into the water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-150,22,Ol dokta salim em i go bek.,Ol\tdokta\tsalim\tem\ti\tgo\tbek.,PL\tdoctor\tsend\t3SG\tPM\tgo\tback,The doctors sent him back.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-151,22,Mi kisim sampla banana kam.,Mi\tkisim\tsampla\tbanana\tkam.,1SG\ttake\tsome\tbanana\tcome,I brought some bananas.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-135,23,"Lili i putum top blong rop long han blong hem, hem i pusum i go","Lili\ti\tputum\ttop\tblong\trop\tlong\than\tblong\them,\them\ti\tpusum\ti\tgo",Lili\tAGR\tput\ttop\tPOSS\tvine\tin\thand\tPOSS\t3SG\t3SG\tAGR\tpush\tAGR\tgo,Lili put the top of the vine in her hand and pushed it forward.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-136,23,afta oli sakem mi i go long solwota,afta\toli\tsakem\tmi\ti\tgo\tlong\tsolwota,after\tAGR\tchuck\t1SG\tAGR\tgo\tin\tsalt.water,Then they chucked me in the ocean.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-137,23,Gavman i mas putum iko long palimen.,Gavman\ti\tmas\tputum\tiko\tlong\tpalimen.,government\tAGR\tmust\tput\tAGR.go\tto\tparliament,The government must put (the law) to parliament.,,,,naturalistic written -27-109,27,Bring di difman ko.,Bring\tdi\tdifman\tko.,bring\tDET\tthief\tcome,Bring the thief here!,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-137,28,alma kɛnɛ ʃimatɛ fan danga mutɛ oflar,alma\tkɛnɛ\tʃima-tɛ\tfan\tdanga\tmu-tɛ\toflaru,all\tperson\tmove-PFV\tfrom\tthere\tgo-PFV\teverywhere,Everybody moved away from there to all sorts of places.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-138,28,afti skiftɛ kumtɛ diskandi [...],afta\tiʃi\tskifu-tɛ\tkumu-tɛ\tdiʃi-kandi\t[...],after\t1PL\tmove-PRF\tcome-PRF\tthis-side\t[...],After we moved to this place [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -33-230,33,I nada i bin li.,I\tnada\ti\tbin\tli.,3SG\tswim\t3SG\tcome\there,He came swimming.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-135,34,Joŋ koré (i) bay Sicor. — Joŋ jantí (i) bay Sicor.,Joŋ ø koré (i) bay Sicor. - Joŋ ø jantí (i) bay Sicor.,John PFV run (3SG.SBJ) go Ziguinchor   John PFV hurry (3SG.SBJ) go Ziguinchor,John went at once to Ziguinchor. — John hurried to go to Ziguinchor.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-186,35,Nansê ka subli ba ôbô ê!,Nansê\tka\tsubli\tba\tôbô\tê!,2PL\tIPFV\tgo.up\tgo\tforest\tPCL,You go up to the forest!,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-187,35,Ê tom'e bi ku ê.,Ê\ttom'=e\tbi\tku\tê.,3SG\ttake=3SG\tcome\twith\t3SG,He brought it. OR: He took it and brought it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-110,36,Ê landa ba paa.,Ê\tlanda\tba\tpaa.,3SG\tswim\tgo\tbeach,He swam to the beach.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-141,37,Ê kwê we kaxi sê.,Ê\tkwê\twe\tkaxi\tsê.,3SG\trun\tgo\thouse\tPOSS.3SG,She ran home.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-142,37,Ê landa vika.,Ê\tlanda\tvika.,3SG\tswim\tcome,She arrived swimming.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-143,37,Ê kwê subi ôkê sê.,Ê\tkwê\tsubi\tôkê\tsê.,3SG\trun\tgo.up\thill\tDEM,She ran up the hill.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-156,38,Ngisyi sa vatu masy ske va ba libadeli.,Nge-isyi\tsa\tvatu\tmasy\tske\tva\tba\tliba-de\teli.,person-DEM\tbe\tcourageous\tmost\tIRR\tjump\tgo\ton.top-of\t3SG,The most courageous person will jump on top of it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-145,42,eli ja andá bai kaza,eli\tja\tandá\tbai\tkaza,3SG\tPFV\twalk\tgo\thouse,He walked home.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-146,42,eli ja andá beng kaza,eli\tja\tandá\tbeng\tkaza,3SG\tPFV\twalk\tcome\thouse,He walked home.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-164,47,E bebi a gatia bai den kushina.,E\tbebi\ta\tgatia\tbai\tden\tkushina.,DEF\tbaby\tPFV\tcreep\tgo\tin\tkitchen,The baby crept into the kitchen.,,,,published source -49-257,49,Li voye bòn nan ale.,Li\tvoye\tbòn\tnan\tale.,3SG\tsend\tmaid\tDEF\tgo,He/She dismissed the maid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-157,50,An voyé'y alé Lapwent.,An\tvoyé'y\talé\tLapwent.,1SG\tsend.3SG\tgo\tPointe-à-Pitre,I sent it to Pointe-à-Pitre.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-158,50,"Timoun-la té ka pléré, manman-y menné-y alé.","Timoun-la\tté\tka\tpléré,\tmanman-y\tmenné-y\talé.",child-DEF\tPST\tPROG\tcry\tmother-POSS\ttake-it\tgo,"The child cried, his mother took him along (away from the speaker).",,,,naturalistic spoken -51-144,51,Man vréyé'y alé Baspwent.,Man\tvréyé'y\talé\tBaspwent.,1SG\tsend.3SG\tgo\tBasse-Pointe,I sent it to Basse-Pointe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-91,52,manman ka voyé timoun alé lékol,manman\tka\tvoyé\ttimoun\talé\tlékol,mother\tPROG\tsend\tchild\tgo\tschool,Mom is sending her child to school.,,,,elicited from speaker -55-156,55,"li pe plore, praṅ li ale","li\tpe\tplore,\tpraṅ\tli\tale",3SG\tPROG\tcry\ttake.IMP\t3SG\tgo,"It cries, take it and go away.",,,,elicited from speaker -56-155,56,La nou kouri nou ale.,La\tnou\tkouri\tnou\tale.,then\t1PL\trun\t1PL\tgo,Then we ran/went away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-175,67,Hari-hari jalan-jalan sini datang Geylang Balu Kampong.,Hari~hari\tjalan~jalan\tsini\tdatang\tGeylang\tBalu\tKampong.,day~day\twalk~walk\there\tcome\tGeylang\tBahru\tvillage,"Everyday, [I] walk here to Geylang Bahru.",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-64,69,mən pambaysambi wambi taŋgay kandək,mən\tpambaysa-mbi\twa-mbi\ttaŋgay\tkandək,3SG\tcarry-DEP\tgo-DEP\tbeach\tOBL,(They) carried it to the beach.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-153,71,Moaka lawe kela wahine ia Kipau hele ma Koloa.,Moaka\tlawe\tkela\twahine\tia\tKipau\thele\tma\tKoloa.,Moaka\ttake\tDET\twife\tOBJ\tKipau\tgo\tLOC\tKoloa,Moaka took Kipau's wife away to Koloa.,,,,naturalistic written -71-154,71,Mahope kela Kepani kii mai hopu iaia hele.,Mahope\tkela\tKepani\tkii\tmai\thopu\tiaia\thele.,later\tDET\tJapanese\tfetch\tDIR\tseize\t3SG\tgo,Then the Japanese took him away.,,,,naturalistic written -71-155,71,Pehea oe loihi hele pimai?,Pehea\toe\tloihi\thele\tpimai?,why\t2SG\tlong\tgo\tcome,Why did it take so long for you to come?,,,,naturalistic written -2-218,2,A man teki swarfu dosu fringi naki.,A\tman\tteki\tswarfu\tdosu\tfringi\tnaki.,the\tman\ttake\tmatch\tbox\tthrow\thit,The man takes the matchbox and throws it and hits.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-219,2,Kande a man teki omeni poti ini en saka kba.,Kande\ta\tman\tteki\tomeni\tpoti\tini\ten\tsaka\tkba.,maybe\tthe\tman\ttake\thow.much\tput\tinto\t3SG\tpocket\talready,Maybe the man took a lot for his own pocket already.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-220,2,Mi papa e teki moro furu aandacht gi a man.,Mi\tpapa\te\tteki\tmoro\tfuru\taandacht\tgi\ta\tman.,my\tfather\tIPFV\ttake\tmore\tfull\tattention\tgive\tthe\tman,My father pays more attention to the man.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-221,2,"Hey, den man, den man e teki a sani e meki grap.","Hey,\tden\tman,\tden\tman\te\tteki\ta\tsani\te\tmeki\tgrap.",hey\tthe.PL\tman\tthe.PL\tman\tIPFV\ttake\tDET\tthing\tIPFV\tmake\tjoke,"Hey, they are making the joke of the matter.",,,,naturalistic spoken -3-107,3,A tei hɛn buta ala.,A\ttei\thɛn\tbuta\tala.,3SG\ttake\t3SG\tput\tover.there,She put it over there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-144,4,"Awansi fa wan kau bun, ná teke patata tetei tei en.","Awansi\tfa\twan\tkau\tbun,\tná\tteke\tpatata\ttetei\ttei\ten.",although\thow\ta\tcow\tgood\tNEG\ttake\tpotato\tstring\ttie\tit,"No matter how good a cow is, don't use potato vine to tie her up.",,,,naturalistic spoken -4-145,4,Meki mi teki wan span bangi gi i no.,Meki\tmi\tteki\twan\tspan\tbangi\tgi\ti\tno.,make\tme\ttake\ta\tsolid\tseat\tgive\tyou\tokay,"Let me give you a seat, okay.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-145,5,dem tek mi baag put am pon di grong,dem\ttek\tmi\tbaag\tput\tam\tpon\tdi\tgrong,3PL\ttake\tPOSS.1SG\tbag\tput\tit\ton\tthe\tground,They put my bag on the ground. OR: They took my bag and put it on the ground.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-146,5,ii tek ii teel put bitwiin ii fut an waak wee,ii\ttek\tii\tteel\tput\tbitwiin\tii\tfut\tan\twaak\twee,3SG\ttake\tPOSS.3SG\ttail\tput\tbetween\tPOSS.3SG\tfoot\tand\twalk\taway,He put his tail between his legs and walked away.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-147,5,ii tek wan klaat waip di teebl,ii\ttek\twan\tklaat\twaip\tdi\tteebl,3SG\ttake\tINDF.ART\tcloth\twipe\tDEF.ART\ttable,He wiped the table with a cloth.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-200,7,I tek shi keri shi a koot.,I\ttek\tshi\tkeri\tshi\ta\tkoot.,3SG\ttake\t3SG\tcarry\t3SG\tLOC\tcourt,He/She took her to court.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-201,7,A wish a koda juhs teik shi an keri shi rait we a get shi.,A\twish\ta\tkod-a\tjuhs\tteik\tshi\tan\tkeri\tshi\trait\twe\ta\tget\tshi.,1SG\twish\t1SG\tcould-PCL\tjust\ttake\t3SG\tand\tcarry\t3SG\tright\twhere\t1SG\tget\t3SG,I wish I could just take her back to where I found her.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-202,7,Mi tek di bat ge shi wan kraas shi bak.,Mi\ttek\tdi\tbat\tge\tshi\twan\tkraas\tshi\tbak.,1SG\ttake\tART\tbat\tgive\t3SG\tone\tacross\t3SG\tback,I took the bat and gave her a blow across her back. OR: I gave her a blow across her back with the bat.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-203,7,I tek wod pot uhm pan gruhng.,I\ttek\twod\tpot\tuhm\tpan\tgruhng.,3SG\ttake\twood\tput\t3.OBJ\ton\tground,He took the wood and put it on the ground.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-134,8,Siera tek bokit kech waata a di paip.,Siera\ttek\tbokit\tkech\twaata\ta\tdi\tpaip.,Sarah\ttake\tbucket\tcatch\twater\tat\tDET\tpipe,Sara caught water at the pipe with a bucket.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-197,10,Beda Taiga gaan an tek ihn mama an ker im da Beda Naansi fi ihn tend tu him.,Beda\tTaiga\tgaan\tan\ttek\tihn\tmama\tan\tker\tim\tda\tBeda\tNaansi\tfi\tihn\ttend\ttu\thim.,Brother\tTiger\tgo.ANT\tand\ttake\t3SG.POSS\tmother\tand\tcarry\t3SG\tto\tBrother\tAnansi\tCOMP\t3SG\ttend\tto\t3SG,Brother Tiger took his mother to Brother Anansi for him to tend to her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-198,10,Ihn kot di miit wid di naif.,Ihn\tkot\tdi\tmiit\twid\tdi\tnaif.,3SG\tcut\tART.DEF\tmeat\tINS\tART.DEF\tknife,She cut the meat with the knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-199,10,Ihn put di bag pan di tiebl.,Ihn\tput\tdi\tbag\tpan\tdi\ttiebl.,3SG\tput\tART.DEF\tbag\tupon\tART.DEF\ttable,She put the bag on the table.,,,,constructed by linguist -11-265,11,Shi kot di miit wid di naif.,Shi\tkot\tdi\tmiit\twid\tdi\tnaif.,3SG.F\tcut\tART.DEF\tmeat\tINS\tART.DEF\tknife,She cut the meat with the knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-266,11,Ih tek di ruop an put it roun ih nek kwik.,Ih\ttek\tdi\truop\tan\tput\tit\troun\tih\tnek\tkwik.,3SG\ttake\tART.DEF\trope\tand\tput\t3SG\tround\t3SG.POSS\tneck\tquick,He took the rope and quickly put it around his neck.,,,,naturalistic written -11-267,11,Yu wa tek yu duori an yu gwain Pearl Lagoon.,Yu\twa\ttek\tyu\tduori\tan\tyu\tgwain\tPearl\tLagoon.,2SG\tFUT\ttake\t2SG.POSS\tcanoe\tand\t2SG\tgo.FUT\tPearl\tLagoon,You will take your canoe and go to Pearl Lagoon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-210,12,"My son, take this two - and go buy two dollars worth of oil.",[...]\ttake\tthis\ttwo\t[...]\tdollars\t[...],[...]\ttake[IMP]\tDEM\ttwo\t[...]\tdollar.PL\t[...],[...] take these two dollars and buy [...].,,,,written (literary) -13-152,13,E take stick kill um.,E\ttake\tstick\tkill\tum.,3SG.SBJ\ttake\tstick\tkill\t3SG.OBJ,He killed it with a stick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-153,13,Then you take the gravy put əm in a dish.,Then\tyou\ttake\tthe\tgravy\tput\təm\tin\ta\tdish.,then\tyou\ttake\tthe\tgravy\tput\t3SG\tin\ta\tdish,Then you put the gravy in a dish.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -15-115,15,a tek nɛf kɔt di bred,a\ttek\tnɛf\tkɔt\tdi\tbred,1SG\ttake\tknife\tcut\tART\tbread,I cut the bread with a knife. OR: I used a knife to cut the bread.,,,,naturalistic written -15-116,15,a bin tek di klos kam sɛl am na makit,a\tbin\ttek\tdi\tklos\tkam\tsɛl\tam\tna\tmakit,1SG\tPST\ttake\tART\tclothes\tcome\tsell\tit\tLOC\tmarket,I brought the clothes to sell at the market.,,,,naturalistic written -16-119,16,wì tek dɛ rag put ɔn dɛ ʃea bata,wì\ttek\tdɛ\trag\tput\tɔn\tdɛ\tʃea\tbata,1PL\ttake\tART\trag\tput\ton\tART\tshea\tbutter,We put the rag on the shea butter.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-120,16,dis pipu tu dè tek dɛa mɔf put insai,dis\tpipu\ttu\tdè\ttek\tdɛa\tmɔf\tput\tinsai,DEM\tpeople\tFOC\t3PL\ttake\t3PL.POSS\tmouth\tput\tinside,These people meddled/interfered.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-146,17,À tek nayf giv yù.,À\ttek\tnayf\tgiv\tyù.,1SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tgive\t2SG.OBJ,I gave you the knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-147,17,À gò tek midnayt du-am.,À\tgò\ttek\tmidnayt\tdu-am.,1SG.SBJ\tIRR\ttake\tmidnight\tdo-3SG.OBJ,I will do it at midnight.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-148,17,Ìm tek nayf chuk mì fò̱r ay wìt-am.,Ìm\ttek\tnayf\tchuk\tmì\tfò̱r\tay\twìt-am.,3SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tpierce\t1SG.OBJ\tPREP\teye\tPREP.INS-3SG.OBJ,S/he stabbed me in the eye with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-130,18,A tek naif giv yu.,A\ttek\tnaif\tgiv\tyu.,1SG.SBJ\ttake\tknife\tgive\t2SG.OBJ,I gave you the knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-131,18,I tek naif chuk mi fo ay.,I\ttek\tnaif\tchuk\tmi\tfo\tay.,3SG.SBJ\ttake\tknife\tstab\t1SG.OBJ\tfor\teye,She/He stabbed me in the eye(s) with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-132,18,I tek naif chuk me fo ay wit-am.,I\ttek\tnaif\tchuk\tme\tfo\tay\twit-am.,3SG.SBJ\ttake\tknife\tpierce\t1SG.OBJ\tfor\teye\twith-3SG.OBJ,He/She stabbed me in the eye(s) with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-169,19,À tekàn putàn pàntáp mì bɛ̀lɛ́.,À\ttek=àn\tput=àn\tpàntáp\tmì\tbɛ̀lɛ́.,1SG.SBJ\ttake=3SG.OBJ\tput=3SG.OBJ\ton\t1SG.POSS\tbelly,I (took him and) put him onto my stomach.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-170,19,Mì man tek ìn yay è putàn bɔ̀tɔ́n grɔn so.,Mì\tman\ttek\tìn\tyay\tè\tput=àn\tbɔ̀tɔ́n\tgrɔn\tso.,1SG.POSS\tman\ttake\t3SG.POSS\teye\t3SG.SBJ\tput=3SG.OBJ\tbottom\tground\tso,My husband diverted his gaze to the ground.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-171,19,Dɛ̀n tek wan blak làpá dɛ̀n kɔba yu.,Dɛ̀n\ttek\twan\tblak\tlàpá\tdɛ̀n\tkɔba\tyu.,3PL\ttake\tone\tblack\tcloth\t3PL\tcover\t2SG.EMPH,They took a black cloth [and] they covered you. OR: They covered you with a black cloth.,,,,elicited from speaker -24-155,24,Wi tek em veges push et raun ar plet.,Wi\ttek\tem\tveges\tpush\tet\traun\tar\tplet.,we\ttake\tPL\tvegetable\tpush\tunmarked.ANAPH.OBJ.PRO\taround\tDET.INDF.SG\tplate,We took the vegetables and pushed them around the plate.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-139,28,deki ɛkɛ kujara bentɛ mɛtenjɛ,deki\tɛkɛ\tkujara\tbendi-tɛ\tmɛtɛ\teni-jɛ,take\t1SG\tcanoe\ttie-PFV\twith\t3PL-NMLZ,(They) tied my canoe up with theirs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-140,28,di wɛtɛ kɛnap justu dek di kurkur kɛnap mɛ slev,di\twɛtɛ\tkɛnɛ-apu\tjustu\tdeki\tdi\tkurkuru\tkɛnɛ-apu\tmjɛ\tslev,the\twhite\tperson-PL\tPST.HAB\ttake\tthe\tblack\tperson-PL\tmake\tslave,The white people used to make slaves out of the black people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-141,28,o dekja di papa ma briŋ,o\tdeki-a\tdi\tpapa\tmu-a\tbringi,3SG\ttake-IPFV\tthe\tfather\tgo-IPFV\tbring,He was taking his father home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-183,30,E pega lenha e po na txon.,E=pega\tlenha\te=po\tna=txon.,3SG=take\twood\t3SG=put\tin=ground,He took the firewood and put it on the floor.,,,,elicited from speaker -30-184,30,Katxor toma pónta di si rábo e po dibáxu di si bariga.,Katxor\ttoma\tpónta\tdi=si=rábo\te=po\tdibáxu\tdi=si=bariga.,dog\ttake\ttip\tof=his=tail\t3SG=put\tunder\tof=his=belly,The dog put the end of his tail under his belly.,,,,elicited from speaker -30-185,30,E toma nabádja e da kunpanheru na odju ku el.,E=toma\tnabádja\te=da\tkunpanheru\tna=odju\tku=el.,3SG=take\tknife\t3SG=give\tcomrade\tin=eye\twith=it,He took the knife and jabbed the other person in the eye with it.,,,,elicited from speaker -31-149,31,El toma faka korta karni.,El\ttoma\tfaka\tkorta\tkarni.,he\ttake\tknife\tcut\tmeat,He took the knife and cut the meat.,,,,constructed by linguist -34-136,34,I pañá gutágal i pi na coŋ.,I\tø\tpañá\tgutágal\ti\tø\tpi\tna\tcoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttake\tbasket\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tput\ton\tground,He/she put the basket on the ground.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-137,34,I pañá torsadi i dá si kamarada ku yel na moŋ.,I\tø\tpañá\ttorsadi\ti\tø\tdá\tsi\tkamarada\tku\tyel\tna\tmoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttake\tmachete\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgive\tPOSS.3SG\tfriend\twith\t3SG.INDP\tin\thand,He took the machete and hit his friend in the hand with it.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-138,34,I pañá torsadi i dá si kamarada na moŋ.,I\tø\tpañá\ttorsadi\ti\tø\tdá\tsi\tkamarada\tna\tmoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttake\tmachete\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgive\tPOSS.3SG\tfriend\tin\thand,He took the machete and hit his friend in the hand with it.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-188,35,Ê toma faka va mpon.,Ê\ttoma\tfaka\tva\tmpon.,3SG\ttake\tknife\tslice\tbread,He sliced the bread with a knife. OR: He took the knife and sliced the bread.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-189,35,Ê toma Fela Pontu fe ji dê.,Ê\ttoma\tFela\tPontu\tfe\tji\td=ê.,3SG\ttake\tFela\tPontu\tmake\tof\tof=3SG,He made the Fela Pontu (central market) his own.,,,,naturalistic written -35-190,35,Tlabadô toma inen mantxin se kota po ku ê.,Tlabadô\ttoma\tinen\tmantxin\tse\tkota\tpo\tku\tê.,worker\ttake\t3PL.DEF\taxe\tDEM\tcut\ttree\twith\t3SG,The workers cut the tree(s) with those/these axes.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-191,35,Toma ope bi lêlê mu.,Toma\tope\tbi\tlêlê\tmu.,take\tfoot\tcome\taccompany\tme,Come to me on your feet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-192,35,Tlêxi ome toma inen faka se kota mpon ku ê.,Tlêxi\tome\ttoma\tinen\tfaka\tse\tkota\tmpon\tku\tê.,three\tman\ttake\tPL.DEF\tknife\tDEM\tcut\tbread\twith\t3SG,Three men cut the bread with the knifes in question. OR: Three men took the knifes in question and cut the bread.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-193,35,So san toma platu se pê son.,So\tsan\ttoma\tplatu\tse\tpê\tson.,then\tshe\ttake\tplate\tDEM\tput\tground,Then she put the plate on the ground. OR: The she took the plate and put it on the ground.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-111,36,Kathô tambu n’kila rê pê kosi bega.,Kathô\ttambu\tn’kila\trê\tpê\tkosi\tbega.,dog\ttake\ttail\this\tput\tunder\tbelly,The dog put his tail under his belly.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-112,36,N tambu faka kota situ.,N\ttambu\tfaka\tkota\tsitu.,1SG\ttake\tknife\tcut\tmeat,I cut the meat with a knife. OR: I took a knife and cut a piece of meat.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-113,36,Ê tambu ninha pê thon.,Ê\ttambu\tninha\tpê\tthon.,3SG\ttake\twood\tput\tground,He put the firewood on the ground. OR: He took the firewood and put it on the ground.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-144,37,N tan pêxi daka kaxi.,N\ttan\tpêxi\tdaka\tkaxi.,1SG\ttake\tfish\tbring\thouse,I brought the fish home. OR: I took the fish and brought it home.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-145,37,"Ê gan poxta, uwkatu palasu. Sun arê tan teg'e.","Ê\tgan\tpoxta,\tuwkatu\tpalasu.\tSun\tarê\ttan\tteg'e.",3SG\twin\tbet\tpart\tpalace\tmister\tking\ttake\thand.over:3SG,"Turtle won the bet, a part of the palace. The king handed it over to him.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-146,37,Ê tan lima da kompwe sê kôli n'uwê.,Ê\ttan\tlima\tda\tkompwe\tsê\tki\têli\tna\tuwê.,3SG\ttake\tfile\tgive\tfellow\tPOSS.3SG\twith\tit\tLOC\teye,He blew his friend in the eyes with a file. OR: He took the file and blew his friend in the eyes with it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-147,37,Ê tan lima da kompwe sê n'uwê.,Ê\ttan\tlima\tda\tkompwe\tsê\tn'uwê.,3SG\tfile\tgive\tfellow\tPOSS.3SG\tLOC\teye,He blew his friend in the eyes with a file. OR: He took the file and blew his friend in the eyes with it.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-148,37,[...] kasô pega pont'uraba mêtê pw'ubasu bwega.,[...]\tkasô\tpega\tponta\turabu\tmêtê\tpwê\tubasu\tbwega.,[...]\tdog\ttake\tpoint\ttail\tput.into\tput\tunder\tbelly,[...] the dog put its tail under his belly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-157,38,E ma xodyi bi da’m beza.,Eli\tma\txodyi\tbi\tda-mu\tbeza.,3SG\ttake\tjacket\tcome\tgive-1SG\talready,He has brought me the jacket already.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-158,38,naminensyi ku ma mu biai,Na-mina-nensyi\tku\tma\tamu\tbi-iai.,ART-child-DEM:PL\tthat\ttake\t1SG\tcome-here,the boys who brought me here,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-159,38,E ma fax da bo.,Eli\tma\tfaxa\tda\tbo.,3SG\ttake\tknive\tgive\t2SG,He gives/brings you the knive.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-117,40,El kãw tumad yaho pasya.,El\tkãw\ttumad\tyaho\tpasya.,3SG\tdog\ttake.PTCP\twent\twalk.about,S/he took the dog for a walk.,,,,constructed by linguist -42-147,42,eli ja tomá faka kotrá kandri,eli\tja\ttomá\tfaka\tkotrá\tkandri,3SG\tPFV\ttake\tknife\tcut\tmeat,She cut the meat with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-148,42,eli ja kotrá aké kandri ku faka,eli\tja\tkotrá\také\tkandri\tku\tfaka,3SG\tPFV\tcut\tthat\tmeat\tINS\tknife,She cut the meat with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-100,43,Lanta komer tridji na medja.,Lanta\tkomer\ttridji\tna\tmedja.,raise\tfood\tbring\tto\ttable,Bring the food to the table. OR: Take the food and bring it to the table.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-147,44,Ta quita lotru bangca nah playa ta icha esti nah calle.,Ta\tquita\tlotru\tbangca\tnah\tplaya\tta\ticha\testi\tnah\tcalle.,IPFV\ttake\t3PL\tboat\tLOC\tshore\tIPFV\tput\tthis\tLOC\tstreet,They take a boat from the shore and put it on the street.,,,,naturalistic written -44-148,44,"Quel manga vecino de Lelung Islaw, lojotro, Editha, Neneng y Coring, a icha quel camisa sucio nah infrente di trangca.","Quel\tmanga\tvecino\tde\tLelung\tIslaw,\tlojotro,\tEditha,\tNeneng\ty\tCoring,\ta\ticha\tquel\tcamisa\tsucio\tnah\tinfrente\tdi\ttrangca.",DET\tPL\tneighbour\tof\tLelung\tIslaw\t3PL\tEditha\tNeneng\ty\tCoring\tPFV\tput\tDET\tdress\tdirty\tLOC\tfront\tof\tgate,"The neighbours of old Islaw, Editha, Neneng and Coring, put the dirty dresses in front of the gate.",,,,naturalistic written -46-159,46,[Éle] kyére mandá andá saká kun su táta.,[Éle]\tkyére\tmandá\tandá\tsaká\tkun\tsu\ttáta.,3SG\twant\torder\tgo\ttake\tOBJ\this\tfather,He orders to bring water to his father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-258,49,Li pran kouto a epi l koupe vyann nan.,Li\tpran\tkouto\ta\tepi\tl\tkoupe\tvyann\tnan.,3SG\ttake\tknife\tDEF\tet\t3SG\tcut\tmeat\tDEF,He/She took the knife and cut the meat.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-159,50,I pran lenj a-y pann-li.,I\tpran\tlenj\ta-y\tpann-li.,3SG\ttake\tcloth\t3SG.POSS\thang-3SG.OBJ,She hung up her cloth.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -50-160,50,I pwan vwati touché Lapwent.,I\tpwan\tvwati\ttouché\tLapwent.,3SG\ttake\tcar\tarrive\tLa.Pointe,S/he went to La Pointe by car.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -54-186,54,"[...] mi pran in peu bonux, mi mèt dedan, mi mèt tranpé.","[...]\tmi\tpran\ten\tpe\tbonux,\tmi\tmet\tdëdan,\tmi\tmet\ttranpe.",[...]\t1SG.FIN\ttake\tINDF\tlittle\tbonux\t1SG.FIN\tput\tinto\t1SG.FIN\tput\tsoak,"[...] I take a bit of bonux, I put it in (the washing), I let it soak.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-187,54,"[...] ou pran in pti koton sitronèl, ou mèt par ann-dan ou amar par isi.","[...] ou pran en pti koton sitronel, ou met par ann-dan, ou amar par isi.",[...] 2SG take INDF little stalk citronelle 2SG put inside 2SG fasten here,"[...] you take a little stalk of sitronel (Cymbopogon citratus), you put it inside, you fasten it here.",,,,naturalistic spoken -58-106,58,Yandi baka mbongo pesa mono.,Yandi\tbaka\tmbongo\tpesa\tmono.,he\ttake\tmoney\tgive\tme,He gave me (the) money. OR: He took (the) money and gave it to me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-107,58,Yandi pesa mono mbongo.,Yandi\tpesa\tmono\tmbongo.,he\tgive\tme\tmoney,He gave me (the) money.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-258,59,mu ta ni zia na sese,mu\tta\tni\tzia\tna\tsese,take\tpot\tDET\tput\tPREP\tground,Put the pot on the ground.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-259,59,mu ngombe ti mbi ni ga na ni na mbi,mu\tngombe\tti\tmbi\tni\tga\tna\tni\tna\tmbi,take\tgun\tof\t1SG\tDET\tcome\tPREP\tDET\tPREP\t1SG,Bring me my gun.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-261,59,lo mu lo ga a ni,lo\tmu\tlo\tga\tna\tni,3SG\ttake\t3SG\tcome\tPREP\tDET,He brought her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-98,66,Pompang kutti poðiyen yang loobangring tarekambε.,Pompang-kutti\tpoðiyen-yang\tloobang-ring\ttarek-ambε.,woman-girl\tboy-ACC.DEF\thole-ABL\tpull-take,The girl pulled the boy from the hole.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-177,67,[...] Singapore punya balang ambil masuk Indonesia.,[...]\tSingapore\tpunya\tbalang\tambil\tmasuk\tIndonesia.,[...]\tSingapore\tATTR\tgoods\ttake\tenter\tIndonesia,[...] [and] to import Singapore goods to Indonesia.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-178,67,Sula belakang dia ambil payong pukul sama dia.,Sula\tbelakang\tdia\tambil\tpayong\tpukul\tsama\tdia.,PFV\tback\t3SG\ttake\tumbrella\tbeat\twith/OBJ\t3SG,"After this, she hit him with an umbrella.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-179,67,Ah itu kwat ambil itu punya lompa ambil taru asam ah.,Ah\titu\tkwat\tambil\titu\tpunya\tlompa\tambil\ttaru\tasam\tah.,PCL\tDEM\tstrong\ttake\tDEM\tATTR\tspice\ttake\tput\ttamarind\tPCL,"To make [the curry] stronger, add [some] spices and tamarind [into the curry].",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-65,69,mən mambi awlmbi yəm kandək wambakəmbi,mən\tmambi\tawl-mbi\tyəm\tkandək\twambakə-mbi,3SG\tagain\ttake-DEP\twater\tOBL\tthrow-DEP,(They) took it again and threw (it) into the water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-135,72,Kirringku im teikim lajap karu nyanuny.,Kirri-ngku\tim\tteik-im\tlajap\tkaru\tnyanuny.,woman-ERG\t3SG\ttake-TR\ton.shoulders\tchild\t3SG.DAT,The woman carries his kid on her shoulders.,,,80a1e7dbc811ea771e21c3501b6b22f9,naturalistic spoken -74-132,74,náyka iskam máskit mámuk tlxwap,náyka\tiskam\tmáskit\tmámuk\ttlxwap,1SG\ttake\tgun\tmake\thole,I make a hole with the gun.,,,,constructed by linguist -1-212,1,Mi no ben du krukkutu gi hem.,Mi\tno\tben\tdu\tkrukutu\tgi\ten.,1SG\tNEG\tPST\tdo\twrong\tgive\t3SG,I didn't do him wrong.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-213,1,Dem sa hoppo dorro gi hem.,Den\tsa\thondru\tdoro\tgi\ten.,3PL\tFUT\topen\tdoor\tgive\t3SG,They will open the door for him.,,,,written -1-214,1,"Kaba dem tu sissa senni muffe gi Jesus, dem takki: [...].","Kaba\tden\ttu\tsisa\tseni\tmofo\tgi\tJesus,\tden\ttaki:\t[...].",and\t3PL\ttwo\tsister\tsend\tword\tgive\tJesus\t3PL\tsay\t[...],"And the two sisters sent a message to Jesus, saying [...].",,,,written -2-222,2,Bori pikin supu gi ma Akuba nanga pikin Anansi.,Bori\tpikin\tsupu\tgi\tma\tAkuba\tnanga\tpikin\tAnansi.,cook\tlittle\tsoup\tgive\tmother\tAkuba\tand\tlittle\tspider,Cook a little soup for mother Akuba and little spider.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-223,2,Mi seri a oso gi en.,Mi\tseri\ta\toso\tgi\ten.,1SG\tsell\tDET\thouse\tgive\t3SG,I sold the house to him/her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-224,2,"No, a kil musu du wan sani gi mi ini a gare.","No,\ta\tkil\tmusu\tdu\twan\tsani\tgi\tmi\tini\ta\tgare.",no\tthe\tguy\tmust\tdo\tone\tthing\tgive\tme\tin\tthe\thouse,"No, the man has to do something for me in the house.",,,,elicited from speaker -3-108,3,Dí fáka maá pói dá mi.,Dí\tfáka\tmaá\tpói\tdá\tmi.,DEF.SG\tmachete\tsharp\tspoil\tgive\t1SG,The machete is too sharp for me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-109,3,A búnu dá mi.,A\tbúnu\tdá\tmi.,3SG\tbe.good\tgive\t1SG,She is good to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-110,3,Dí báta kaí dá hen.,Dí\tbáta\tkaí\tdá\then.,DEF.SG\tbottle\tfall\tgive\t3SG,The bottle fell on his responsibility.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-111,3,Mi ó púu gaán fási dá i.,Mi\tó\tpúu\tgaán\tfási\tdá\ti.,1SG\tMOOD\tremove\tbig\tmanner\tgive\t2SG,I will teach you to be cheeky to me.,,,,naturalistic written -3-112,3,Hén we bì fufúu dí biífi dí mi mujée bì mandá dá mi.,Hén\twe\tbì\tfufúu\tdí\tbiífi\tdí\tmi\tmujée\tbì\tmandá\tdá\tmi.,3SG\tFOC\tTNS\tsteal\tDEF.SG\tletter\tthat\t1SG\twoman\tTNS\tsend\tgive\t1SG,HE had stolen the letter that my wife had sent to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-113,3,Dí báta kaí dá hen.,Dí\tbáta\tkaí\tdá\then.,DEF.SG\tbottle\tfall\tgive\t3SG,The bottle fell on his responsibility.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-114,3,M'e tá pantá dá hen.,M'=e\ttá\tpantá\tdá\then.,1SG=NEG\tASP\tfear\tgive\t3SG,I am not afraid of her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-146,4,A wenkiman soy a buku gi mi.,A\twenkiman\tsoy\ta\tbuku\tgi\tmi.,the\tshop.assistant\tshow\tDET.SG\tbook\tgive\tme,The shop assistant showed me the book.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-147,4,Den pikin wasi ala den beenki gi mi.,Den\tpikin\twasi\tala\tden\tbeenki\tgi\tmi.,DET.PL\tchild\twash\tall\tDET.PL\tdishes\tgive\tme,The children washed all the dishes for me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-148,5,mi sen yu fu kyarii mesij gi dem?,mi\tsen\tyu\tfu\tkyarii\tmesij\tgi\tdem?,1SG\tsend\t3SG\tCOMPL\tcarry\tmessage\tgive\tthem,Did I send you to give them a message?,,,,constructed by linguist -5-149,5,ii bai lan gi ii son,ii\tbai\tlan\tgi\tii\tson,3SG\tbuy\tland\tgive\tPOSS.3SG\tson,He bought land for his son.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-90,6,Carry it give George.,Carry\tit\tgive\tGeorge.,carry\tit\tgive\tGeorge,Bring it to George.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-204,7,Liiv dem de ge mi.,Liiv\tdem\tde\tge\tmi.,leave\t3PL\tthere\tgive\t1SG,Leave them there for me. OR: Leave those for me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-205,7,Bai da de ge mi.,Bai\tda\tde\tge\tmi.,buy\tDEM\tthere\tgive\t1SG,Buy that for me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-206,7,Ge him a mesag gemi pliiz.,Ge\thim\ta\tmesag\tge-mi\tpliiz.,give\t3.OBJ\tINDF\tmessage\tgive-1SG\tplease,Give him a message for me please.,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-135,8,Siera bai shuuz gi Taam.,Siera\tbai\tshuuz\tgi\tTaam.,Sarah\tbuy\tshoes\tgive\tTom,Sarah bought shoes for Tom.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-200,10,Yu waahn bring ih fi mi?,Yu\twaahn\tbring\tih\tfi\tmi?,2SG\tFUT\tbring\t3SG.N\tfor\t1SG,Will you bring it to me?,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-268,11,Ai waa send som fa yu.,Ai\twaa\tsend\tsom\tfa\tyu.,1SG\tFUT\tsend\tsome\tfor\t2SG,I will send you some.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-211,12,"They fry fowl egg, many cake give him.","They\tfry\tfowl\tegg,\tmany\tcake\tgive\thim.",3PL.SBJ\tfry\tfowl\tegg[PL]\tmany\tcake[PL]\tgive\t3SG.M.OBJ,They fried fowl eggs [and] many cakes for him.,,,,naturalistic written -13-154,13,Dem ca um gii de young people.,Dem\tca\tum\tgii\tde\tyoung\tpeople.,3PL\tcarry\t3.OBJ\tgive\tthe\tyoung\tpeople,They bring it for the young people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-117,15,i bai klos gi ĩ pikin,i\tbai\tklos\tgi\tĩ\tpikin,3SG\tbuy\tclothes\tgive\tPOSS\tchild,He/She bought some clothes which he gave to his/her child.,,,,naturalistic written -15-118,15,luk di klos we yu mama dai lɛf gi yu,luk\tdi\tklos\twe\tyu\tmama\tdai\tlɛf\tgi\tyu,look\tART\tclothes\tREL\tPOSS\tmother\tdie\tleave\tgive\tyou,Here are the clothes that your mother left for you when she died.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-121,16,à go boro mɔni giv àm,à\tgo\tboro\tmɔni\tgiv\tàm,1SG.SBJ\tgo\tborrow\tmoney\tgive\t3SG.OBJ,I go and borrow money for her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-122,16,wì rait rait dis tin tek giv dɛ gɔvmɛnt,wì\trait~rait\tdis\ttin\ttek\tgiv\tdɛ\tgɔvmɛnt,1PL\twrite~write\tDEM\tthing\ttake\tgive\tART.DEF\tgovernment,We wrote this thing (letter) to the government.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-149,17,À tek nayf giv yù.,À\ttek\tnayf\tgiv\tyù.,1SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tgive\t2SG.OBJ,I gave you the knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-150,17,À kuk nyam giv yù.,À\tkuk\tnyam\tgiv\tyù.,1SG.SBJ\tcook\tyam\tgive\t2SG.OBJ,I cooked yam for you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-133,18,A don bai yu som buk dem.,A\tdon\tbai\tyu\tsom\tbuk\tdem.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tbuy\t2SG.OBJ\tsome\tbook\tPL,I bought you some books.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-196,18,I bai flaua for im.,I\tbai\tflaua\tfor\tim.,1SG\tbuy\tflower\tfor\t3SG,I bought flowers for her.,,,,elicited from speaker -21-118,21,I buy chok give you.,I\tbuy\tchok\tgive\tyou.,1SG\tbuy\tcongee\tgive\t2P,I buy/bought rice congee for you.,,,,constructed by linguist -25-305,25,Dei bin dali mi thadmob gel ba gajimbat klos ba alabat biginini na.,Dei\tbin\tdali\tmi\tthad-mob\tgel\tba\tgaj-im-bat\tklos\tba\talabat\tbiginini\tna.,3PL\tPST\ttell:TR\t1SG\tDEM-COLL\tgirl\tDAT\tget-TR-PROG\tclothes\tDAT\t3PL\tchild\tnow,"They told me, those girls did, to get clothes for their children.",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-111,27,Ju ha fo fin di gi mi.,Ju\tha\tfo\tfin\tdi\tgi\tmi.,2SG\thave\tfor\tfind\tDET\tgive\t1SG,You have to find it for me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-142,28,o ma tiri en pi ɛkɛ,o\tma\ttiri\ten\tpi\tɛkɛ,3SG\tIRR\tsend\tone\tgive\t3SG,He will send me one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-194,35,Sela pa n toma zawa pa n ba pya da bô.,Sela\tpa\tn\ttoma\tzawa\tpa\tn\tba\tpya\tda\tbô.,MOOD\tfor\t1SG\ttake\turine\tfor\t1SG\tgo\tsee\tgive\t2SG,I must take your urine in order to check it for you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-195,35,fatu se ku men bô môlê fika da bô,fatu\tse\tku\tmen\tbô\tmôlê\tfika\tda\tbô,costume\tDEM\tREL\tmother\t2SG.POSS\tdie\tleave\tgive\t2SG,the costume that your mother left for you when she died,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-196,35,Fogon ka sa kêntxi da non.,Fogon\tka\tsa\tkêntxi\tda\tnon.,kitchen\tIPFV\tbe\thot\tgive\t1PL,The kitchen gets hot for us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-114,36,[...] no ka tega kikiê ra pato.,[...]\tno\tka\ttega\tkikiê\tra\tpato.,[...]\twe\tHAB\thand.over\tfish\tgive\tboss,[...] we used to hand over fish to the boss. OR: [...] we used to hand over fish (to somebody else) for the boss.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-170,36,Ngêi ka pega kwa e ra m?,Ngêi\tka\tpega\tkwa\te\tra\tm?,who\tFUT\tnail\tthing\tDEM\tgive\t1sg,Who is going to fix this for me?,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-149,37,Kêdê mêzê ê ka xikêvê kata ũa da mi.,Kêdê\tmêzê\tê\tka\txikêvê\tkata\tũa\tda\tmi.,every\tmonth\t3SG\tHAB\twrite\tletter\tone\tgive\tme,"Every month, he writes me a letter. OR: Every month, he writes a letter for me (e.g. because I cannot write).",,,,elicited from speaker -37-150,37,Kêdê mêzê Maa ka xikevê mi kata ũa.,Kêdê\tmêzê\tMaa\tka\txikevê\tmi\tkata\tũa.,every\tmonth\tMaa\tHAB\twrite\t1SG\tletter\tone,Every month Maa writes me a letter.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-151,37,"Mama wada, n ka lava Mama ine fiida sê.","Mama\twada,\tn\tka\tlava\tMama\tine\tfiida\tsê.",Mama\twait\t1SG\tFUT\twash\tMama\tPL\twound\tDEM,"Mama, wait, I’ll wash these wounds for you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -38-161,38,A ska fe wan xadyi da na-namay.,A\tsxa\tfe\twan\txadyi\tda\tna-namay.,3GEN\tPROG\tmake\tART\thouse\tgive\tART-family,They were building a house for the family.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-138,41,"noos kampooy, aka meʃiintu capaa lodaa","noos\tkam-pooy,\taka\tmeʃiin-ntu\tcapaa\tlo-daa",1PL\tCOND-HABIL\tthat\tmachine-LOC\tweld\tFUT-give,"If we are able, we will vulcanise it in the machine for you. OR: Consultant's translation: If we are able, we will vulcanise it in the machine and give.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-139,41,tavii jeentispa daa daatu falaa poy laraa,[ta-vii]\tjeentis-pa\tdaa\tdaa-tu\tfalaa\tpoy\tlaraa,[PRS-come]\tpeople-DAT\tgive\tgive-PFV.PTCP\ttell\tHABIL\tleave,"Having given [the allowance] to the people who come [to collect it], you can tell [the others to come] and leave [it at that].",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-140,41,aka tudu etus faya lodaa,aka\ttudu\tetus\tfaya\tlo-daa,that\tall\t3PL.M\tdo\tFUT-give,All that they will do for you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-149,42,e ja da mpustá ku yo aké langgiáng,e\tja\tda\tmpustá\tku\tyo\také\tlanggiáng,3SG\tPFV\tgive\tborrow\tOBJ\t1SG\tthat\tpush-net,He loaned me that push-net.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-101,43,Isti belu da sabe kung ile ki esta teng lugar [...].,Isti\tbelu\tda\tsabe\tkung\tile\tki\testa\tteng\tlugar\t[...].,this\told.man\tgive\tknow\tOBJ\t3SG\tCOMP\tDEM\tCOP\tplace\t[...],The old man told him that this was the place [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-102,43,Akel belu da intindi ki [...].,Akel\tbelu\tda\tintindi\tki\t[...].,DEM\told\tgive\tunderstand\tCOMP\t[...],The old man explained [to him] that […].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-149,44,[...] ta dali pruba cung manga jente quel miel [...].,[...]\tta\tdali\tpruba\tcung\tmanga\tjente\tquel\tmiel\t[...].,[...]\tIPFV\tgive\ttaste\tOBJ\tPL\tpeople\tDEF\thoney\t[...],[He] lets the people taste the honey [...].,,,,naturalistic written -44-150,44,A dáli konyesé mínggu mi mánanag kel de mi muhér.,A\tdáli\tkonyesé\tmínggu\tmi\tmánanag\tkel\tde\tmi\tmuhér.,PFV\tgive\tmeet\t1SG.OBJ\t1SG.POSS\tsister\tDEF\tof\t1SG.POSS\twoman,My sister introduced my wife to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-151,44,A dali baña lojotro con quel Santo Niño.,A\tdali\tbaña\tlojotro\tcon\tquel\tSanto\tNiño.,PFV\tgive\tbath\t3PL\tOBJ\tDEM\tholy\tchild,They bathed the holy child.,,,,naturalistic written -45-122,45,Ya dale mira ele el retrato conmigo.,Ya\tdale\tmira\tele\tel\tretrato\tconmigo.,PFV\tgive\tlook\t3SG\tDEF\tpicture\t1SG.OBJ,She showed me the picture.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-160,46,Pírmi yo ta-dále prestá konéle mi motor.,Pírmi\tyo\tta-dále\tprestá\tkonéle\tmi\tmotor.,often\t1SG\tIPFV-give\tborrow\tOBJ.3SG\tmy\tmotorcycle,I lend her/him frequently my motorcycle.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-161,46,Ay-dalé yo mirá kontígo el mga retráto.,Ay-dalé\tyo\tmirá\tkontígo\tel\tmga\tretráto.,IRR-give\t1SG\tsee\tOBJ.2SG\tART\tPL\tpicture,I will show you the pictures.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-259,49,Ou voye l ban mwen.,Ou\tvoye\tl\tban\tmwen.,2SG\tsend\t3SG\tgive\t1SG,You have sent him/her/it to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-260,49,Fo m mennen machin nan tounen ba li.,Fo\tm\tmennen\tmachin\tnan\ttounen\tba\tli.,must\t1SG\ttake\tcar\tDEF\treturn\tgive\t3SG,I have to return the car to him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-261,49,Fè travay la ban mwen!,Fè\ttravay\tla\tban\tmwen!,do\twork\tDEF\tfor\t1SG,Do the work for me!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-262,49,Mwen ouvri kè m ba ou.,Mwen\touvri\tkè\tm\tba\tou.,1SG\topen\theart\t3SG.POSS\tgive\t2SG,I have opened you my heart.,,,,naturalistic written -50-161,50,I maké on lèt ba Jòj.,I\tmaké\ton\tlèt\tba\tJòj.,3SG\twrite\tINDF\tletter\tgive\tGeorge,He/She wrote a letter to George.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-162,50,Ijénie ka pòté mango ba Ijenn.,Ijénie\tka\tpòté\tmango\tba\tIjenn.,Eugénie\tPROG\tbring\tmango\tto\tEugène,Eugénie is bringing the mangos to Eugène.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -51-145,51,I matjé an let ba Joj.,I\tmatjé\tan\tlet\tba\tJoj.,3SG\twrite\tINDF\tletter\tgive\tGeorge,He/She wrote a letter to George.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-92,52,mo ké véyé timoun ba to,mo\tké\tvéyé\ttimoun\tba\tto,I\tMOOD\tlook_after\tchild\tgive\tyou,I shall look after the child for you.,,,,elicited from speaker -55-157,55,Li praṅ lakaz (e) (li) don torti,Li\tpraṅ\tlakaz\t(e)\t(li)\tdon\ttorti,he\ttake\thouse\t(and)\t(he)\tgive\tturtle,He took the house (and he) gave [it to] Turtle.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-92,61,Thengela mina lo buk.,Theng-el-a\tmina\tlo\tbuk.,buy-BEN-IMP\tI\tDEF.ART\tbook,Buy me a book. OR: Buy a book for me.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-180,67,Ada pergi tengok orang tua la masak kasi olang tua makan.,Ada\tpergi\ttengok\torang\ttua\tla\tmasak\tkasi\tolang\ttua\tmakan.,have\tgo\tlook.at\tperson\told\tPCL\tcook\tgive\tperson\told\teat,I go to old people and cook for them to eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-181,67,Jangan kasi wang sama ini macam punya orang.,Jangan\tkasi\twang\tsama\tini\tmacam\tpunya\torang.,don’t\tgive\tmoney\twith\tDEM\tlike\tATTR\tperson,Don’t give money to people like this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-191,67,Mak beli barang-barang kasi dia anak.,Mak\tbeli\tbarang~barang\tkasi\tdia\tanak.,mother\tbuy\tthing~thing\tgive\t3SG\tchild,The mother bought things for her child.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-236,67,Dia beli itu buku kasi dia punya anak ah.,Dia\tbeli\titu\tbuku\tkasi\tdia\tpunya\tanak\tah.,3SG\tbuy\tDEM\tbook\tgive\t3SG\tPOSS\tchild\tPCL,She bought the book for her child.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-237,67,Datuk cakap ah story kasi budak-budak dengar.,Datuk\tcakap\tah\tstory\tkasi\tbudak-budak\tdengar.,grandfather\tspeak\tPCL\tstory\tgive\tchild-child\thear,The grandfather told a story to the children to hear.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-104,68,Lalu antua kasi pulang kembali itu anak.,Lalu\tantua\tkasi\tpulang\tkembali\titu\tanak.,then\t3SG.FORMAL\tgive\tgo.home\treturn\tDEM\tchild,Then she returned the children to their homes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-156,71,Iaia kii kela beer haawi Henry Moore.,Iaia\tkii\tkela\tbeer\thaawi\tHenry\tMoore.,2SG\tfetch\tDET\tbeer\tgive\tHenry\tMoore,He fetched some beer for Henry Moore. OR: He fetched some beer to give to Henry Moore.,,,,naturalistic written -71-157,71,Iaia lawe mai haawi ia Henry alua omole.,Iaia\tlawe\tmai\thaawi\tia\tHenry\talua\tomole.,3SG\ttake\tDIR\tgive\tOBJ\tHenry\ttwo\tbottle,He brought two bottles for Henry. OR: He brought and gave Henry two bottles.,,,,naturalistic written -74-133,74,náyka patlač máskit kápa dáčman,náyka\tpatlač\tmáskit\tkápa\tdáčman,1SG\tgive\tgun\tPREP\tGerman,I give the German the gun.,,,,constructed by linguist -1-215,1,Wi no lobbi va tori wi srefi.,Wi\tno\tlobi\tfu\ttori\twi\tsrefi.,1PL\tNEG\tlove\tto\tbetray\t1PL\tself,We don't like to betray ourselves.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-216,1,"Ma hem go kibri hem na Bussikondri, va begi.","Ma\ten\tgo\tkibri\ten\tna\tbusikondre,\tfu\tbegi.",but\t3SG\tgo\thid\t3SG\tLOC\tforest\tfor\tpray,"But he went to hide (himself) in the forest, to pray.",,,,written -1-217,1,Mi wassi mi.,Mi\twasi\tmi.,1SG\twash\t1SG,I wash myself.,,,,written -1-218,1,A bron hem.,A\tbron\ten.,3SG.SBJ\tburn\t3SG,He burned himself.,,,,written -1-219,1,Wassi ju skin na bilo tu.,Wasi\tyu\tskin\tna\tbilo\ttu.,wash\t2SG\tbody\tLOC\tbelow\ttoo,Wash yourself at the lower part too.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-220,1,A no kan sheki hem skin.,A\tno\tkan\tseki\ten\tskin.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tcan\tshake\t3SG\tbody,He can't move.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-221,1,Datie joe kan memree na joe srevie.,Dati\tyu\tkan\tmemre\tna\tyu\tsrefi.,DET\t2SG\tcan\tthink\tat\t2SG\tself,You (yourself) can understand.,,,,written -1-222,1,Dem sa moessoe hollie dem serefie allekie dem frieman diesie wie mekie na wie miendrie.,Den\tsa\tmusu\thori\tden\tsrefi\taleki\tden\tfriman\tdisi\twi\tmeki\tna\twi\tmindri.,3PL\tFUT\tmust\thold\t3PL\tself\tlike\tDET.PL\tfreeman\tREL\t1PL\tmake\tLOC\t1PL\tmidst,They will have to behave themselves like the freemen in our midst whom we set free.,,,,written -2-225,2,A koti ensrefi nanga wan nefi.,A\tkoti\tensrefi\tnanga\twan\tnefi.,3SG\tcut\thimself\twith\ta\tknife,He cut himself with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-226,2,A ten di a kisi en srefi taki a ben musu gwe nanga a kromanti.,A\tten\tdi\ta\tkisi\ten\tsrefi\ttaki\ta\tben\tmusu\tgwe\tnanga\ta\tkromanti.,the\ttime\twhen\t3SG\tcatch\thim\tself\tCOMP\t3SG\tPST\tmust\tgo.away\twith\tthe\tspirit.,"When he realized that, he had to go away with the spirit.",,,,elicited from speaker -3-115,3,Dí mujéei lóbi hén-seéi.,Dí\tmujéei\tlóbi\thén-seéi.,DEF.SG\twoman\tlove\t3SG-self,The woman loves herself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-116,3,A kaábu hén sinkíi.,A\tkaábu\thén\tsinkíi.,3SG\tscratch\t3SG\tbody,She scratched herself/him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-148,4,"We a akisi mi taki, san meke wan sama kii en seefi.","We\ta\takisi\tmi\ttaki,\tsan\tmeke\twan\tsama\tkii\ten\tseefi.",well\the\task\tme\tsay\twhat\tmake\ta\tperson\tkill\thim\tself,"Well, he asked me what makes a person commit suicide.",,,,naturalistic spoken -4-149,4,Linda luku en sikin na a sipiki.,Linda\tluku\ten\tsikin\tna\ta\tsipiki.,Linda\tlook\ther\tbody\tLOC\tDET.SG\tmirror,Linda looked at herself in the mirror.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-150,5,yu kliin yu skin yet?,yu\tkliin\tyu\tskin\tyet?,2SG\tclean\t2SG.POSS\tskin\tyet,Have you cleaned/wiped the dirt off your body as yet?,,,,constructed by linguist -5-151,5,ii wach ii self in di mira,ii\twach\tii\tself\tin\tdi\tmira,3SG\tlook.at\t3.POSS\tREFL\tin\tthe\tmirror,He looked at himself in the mirror.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-91,6,"meself, youself, he-/she-/itself, weself, allyuhself, themself","meself,\tyouself,\the-/she-/itself,\tweself,\tallyuhself,\tthemself",1SG.self\t2SG.self\t3SG.self\t1PL.self\t2PL.self\t3PL.self,"myself, yourself, himself/herself/itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves",,,,constructed by linguist -7-207,7,Hi de a sheiv.,Hi\tde\ta\tsheiv.,3SG\tIMPFV\tPROG\tshave,He is shaving himself.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-208,7,Mi naa bada mi brein.,Mi\tna-a\tbada\tmi\tbrein.,1SG\tNEG-PROG\tbother\t1SG\tbrain,I am not worrying.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-209,7,Di gyel juhs a fuul shiself.,Di\tgyel\tjuhs\ta\tfuul\tshi-self.,ART\tgirl\tjust\tPROG\tfool\t3SG-self,The girl is just fooling herself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-136,8,A chuu bikaazn se unu hiet unuself.,A\tchuu\tbikaazn\tse\tunu\thiet\tunuself.,FOC\tthrough\tbecause\tCOMP\t2PL\thate\t2PL.REFL,It's because you all hate yourselves.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-160,9,Di rowp wan tay op ina i own sɛf.,Di\trowp\twan\ttay\top\tina\ti\town\tsɛf.,the\trope\tFUT\ttie\tup\tin\tits\town\tself,The rope will be wrapped up on itself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-201,10,Mary sii ihnself iina di glas.,Mary\tsii\tihn-self\tiina\tdi\tglas.,Mary\tsee\t3SG-REFL\tin\tART.DEF\tmirror,Mary saw herself in the mirror.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-202,10,Wi hafy difend wiself.,Wi\thaf-y\tdifend\twi-self.,1PL\thave-to\tdefend\t1PL-REFL,We have to defend ourselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-203,10,Ihn bied wid kuol waata.,Ihn\tbied\twid\tkuol\twaata.,3SG\tbathe\tINS\tcold\twater,He washed himself with cold water.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-269,11,wóri yu hed,wóri\tyu\thed,worry\t2SG.POSS\thead,to worry oneself,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-270,11,wash yu skin,wash\tyu\tskin,wash\t2SG.POSS\tskin,to wash oneself,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-271,11,Di big piipl dem disgais demself.,Di\tbig\tpiipl\tdem\tdisgais\tdem-self.,ART.DEF\tbig\tpeople\tPL\tdisguise\t3PL-REFL,[Even] the adults disguise themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-272,11,Meri sii arself iin di lukin glaas.,Meri\tsii\tar-self\tiin\tdi\tlukin\tglaas.,Mary\tsee\t3SG.F-REFL\tin\tART.DEF\tlooking\tglass,Mary saw herself in the mirror.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-212,12,"I gon' tell you the truth, that ain't no true, 'cause a fisherman - if you see a person call theyself a fisherman, and he can't swim, ain't go in no boat!",[...]\tif\tyou\tsee\ta\tperson\tcall\ttheyself\ta\tfisherman\t[...],[...]\tif\t2SG.SBJ\tsee\tART\tperson\tcall\tREFL\tART\tfisherman\t[...],[...] if someone calls himself a fisherman and he can’t swim [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-213,12,Why should we worry our heads about tourism?,Why\tshould\twe\tworry\tour\thead-s\tabout\ttourism?,why\tMOD.AUX\t1PL.SBJ\tworry\t1PL.POSS\thead-PL\tPREP\ttourism,Why should we worry about tourism?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-155,13,We joys weselves in de summer time.,We\tjoys\tweselves\tin\tde\tsummer\ttime.,1PL.SBJ\tenjoy\t1PL.OBJ.REFL\tin\tthe\tsummer\ttime,We enjoy ourselves in the summer time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-156,13,Le me die for myself.,Le\tme\tdie\tfor\tmyself.,let\t1SG.OBJ\tdie\tfor\t1SG.OBJ.REFL,Let me die for myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-118,14,She accidently hit herself.,She\taccidently\thit\therself.,she\taccidentally\thit\ther.REFL,She accidentally hit herself.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-119,14,He accidentally hit hisself.,He\taccidentally\thit\thisself.,he\taccidentally\thit\this.REFL,He accidentally hit himself.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-119,15,di man kil ĩsɛf,di\tman\tkil\tĩsɛf,ART\tman\tkill\tREFL,The man killed himself.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-123,16,wai wì gò fait auasɛf?,wai\twì\tgò\tfait\tauasɛf?,why\t1PL\tFUT\tfight\t1PL.REFL,Why will we fight ourselves (i.e. among ourselves)? OR: Why will we fight each other?,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-124,16,ʃek jɔ̀ bɔdi smɔ,ʃek\tjɔ̀\tbɔdi\tsmɔ,shake\t2SG.POSS\tbody\tsmall,Shake yourself a little. OR: Shake your body a little.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-125,16,ì disgres ĩ skin,ì\tdisgres\tĩ\tskin,3SG\tdisgrace\t3SG.POSS\tskin,He disgraced himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-126,16,jù dè disgres jɔ̀sɛf,jù\tdè\tdisgres\tjɔ̀sɛf,2SG\tPROG\tdisgrace\t2SG.REFL,You are disgracing yourself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-151,17,Ìm si ìm-sé̱f fò̱r glas.,Ìm\tsi\tìm-sé̱f\tfò̱r\tglas.,3SG.SBJ\tsee\t3SG.POSS-REFL\tLOC\tglass,S/he saw herself/himself in the mirror.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-152,17,Ìm si (ìm) bò̱di fò̱r glas.,Ìm\tsi\t(ìm)\tbò̱di\tfò̱r\tglas.,3SG.SBJ\tsee\t(3SG.POSS)\tbody.REFL\tLOC\tglass,S/he saw him/herself in the mirror.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-134,18,Mary si im bodi fo lookin-glas.,Mary\tsi\tim\tbodi\tfo\tlookin-glas.,Mary\tsee\t3SG.POSS\tbody\tfor\tmirror,Mary saw herself in the mirror.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-135,18,Mary bin si im-sef fo glas.,Mary\tbin\tsi\tim-sef\tfo\tglas.,Mary\tPST\tsee\t3SG.OBJ-REFL\tfor\tmirror,Mary saw herself in the mirror.,,,,constructed by linguist -19-172,19,À dè si mì skin nà lukìnglás.,À\tdè\tsi\tmì\tskin\tnà\tlukìnglás.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tsee\t1SG.POSS\tbody\tLOC\tmirror,I’m seeing myself/ my body in the mirror.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-173,19,Dɛ̀n dè taya dɛ̀n sɛf fɔ̀ rɔn.,Dɛ̀n\tdè\ttaya\tdɛ̀n\tsɛf\tfɔ̀\trɔn.,3PL\tIPFV\ttire.out\t3PL\tself\tASSOC\trun,They're tiring themselves out by running.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-174,19,È dɔn chak ìn hed.,È\tdɔn\tchak\tìn\thed.,3SG.SBJ\tPRF\tget.drunk\t3SG.POSS\thead,She has got herself drunk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-119,21,She look at herself in the mirror.,She\tlook\tat\ther-self\tin\tthe\tmirror.,3SG\tlook\tat\t3SG-REFL\tin\tDET\tmirror,She looked at herself in the mirror.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-152,22,Em go na em kilim em yet.,Em\tgo\tna\tem\tkilim\tem\tyet.,3SG\tgo\tand\t3SG\tkill\t3SG\tREFL,He went and killed himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-138,23,hem i lavem hem,hem\ti\tlavem\them,3SG\tAGR\tlove\t3SG,He loves himself.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-156,24,Yu se hat (yusael/yusaelf)?,Yu\tse\that\t(yusael/yusaelf)?,you\tCOMPL\thurt\t(you.self),Did you hurt yourself?,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-157,24,Miienhem gwen worsh aklan.,Miienhem\tgwen\tworsh\taklan.,me.and.him\tFUT\twash\t1.NSG.OBJ,He and I are going to wash ourselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-158,24,Aa biebi s' wet etsaelf / wet et.,Aa biebi s' wet etsaelf / wet et.,DET.DEF baby COMPL wet ANAPH.OBJ.PRO.self   wet ANAPH.OBJ.PRO,The baby has wet itself.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-159,24,Ai si mii iin aa puul.,Ai\tsi\tmii\tiin\taa\tpuul.,1SG.SBJ\tsee\t1SG.NSBJ\tPREP\tDET.DEF\tpool,I saw myself in the pool.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-160,24,side ai cut fer ar axe,side\tai\tcut\tfer\tar\taxe,place\tI\tcut\tPREP\tDET.INDF.SG\taxe,where I cut myself with an axe,,,,naturalistic written -24-161,24,I hut mi worn.,I\thut\tmi\tworn.,1SG\thurt\tme\tEMPH,I hurt myself.,,,,constructed by linguist -25-238,25,Im skrejim mijelb.,Im\tskrej-im\tmijelb.,3SG\tscratch-TR\tREFL,He scratches himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-306,25,Buji yu rabim mijelb yu hatim.,Buji\tyu\trab-im\tmijelb\tyu\that-im.,COND\t2SG\trub-TR\tREFL\t2SG\thurt-TR,"If you rub yourself (with it), you will be in pain. (Context: discussing a poisonous plant).",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-307,25,Yu lafda wajim mijelp.,Yu\tlafda\twaj-im\tmijelp.,2SG\tOBLIG\twash-TR\tREFL,You have to wash yourself.,,,,unknown -26-100,26,ʃi luk hə˞seof in da miɹa,ʃi\tluk\thə˞seof\tin\tda\tmiɹa,3SG\tlook\t3SG.REFL\tin\tART\tmirror,She looked/looks at herself in the mirror.,,,,constructed by linguist -27-112,27,"Am a lo, klēt amsél [...].","Am\ta\tlo,\tklēt\tam-sél\t[...].",3SG\tPST\tgo\tdress\t3SG-self\t[...],He went and dressed himself [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-113,27,[...] as am nu overcharge am.,[...]\tas\tam\tnu\tovercharge\tam.,[...]\tif\t3SG\tnow\tovercharge\t3SG,[...] if he overcharged himself now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-143,28,o goi-tɛ ʃi sel mingi ben tobːoːː,o\tgui-tɛ\tʃi\tselfu\tmingi\tben\ttobːoːː,3SG\tthrow-PFV\t3SG.POSS\tself\twater\tinside\tsplash,"It threw itself ""splash!"" into the water.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-174,29,Jan het hom misgis.,Jan\thet\thom\tmisgis.,John\tPST\t3SG.M.OBL\tmistook,John made a mistake (lit. John mistook him(self)).,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-175,29,Jan haat homself.,Jan1\thaat\thom-self1.,John\thates\t3SG.M.OBL-self,John hates himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-176,29,Ek herinner my daaraan.,Ek\therinner\tmy\tdaar-aan.,1SG.NOM\trecall\t1SG.OBL\tthere-on,I remember that (lit. I remind myself of that).,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-177,29,Sy bemoei haar daarmee.,Sy\tbemoei\thaar\tdaar-mee.,3SG.F.NOM\tconcern\t3SG.F.OBL\tthere-with,She concerns herself with that.,,,,naturalistic written -30-186,30,"[...], ka bu jobe so pa bu kabésa.",[...]\tka\tbu=jobe\tso\tpa=bu=kabésa.,[...]\tNEG\t2SG=look\tonly\tat=2SG.POSS=head,"[...], don’t only think of yourself .",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-187,30,Algen so pode ser indipendenti óki e komesa gánha p'e sustenta si kabésa.,Algen\tso\tpode\tser\tindipendenti\tóki\te=komesa\tgánha\tp=e=sustenta\tsi=kabésa.,somebody\tonly\tcan\tbe\tindependent\twhen\t3SG=begin\tearn.money\tfor=3SG=provide.for\t3SG.POSS=head,Somebody can only be independent when they begin to earn money to provide for themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-150,31,Ta manda pa nu ba mata kabesa.,Ta\tmanda\tpa\tnu\tba\tmata\tkabesa.,ASP\tsend\tfor\twe\tgo\tkill\thead,They lead us to kill ourselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-143,32,El matá (se) kabésa.,El\tmatá\t(se)\tkabésa.,3SG\tkill\t(POSS.3SG)\thead,He killed himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-144,32,El matá el mes.,El\tmatá\tel\tmes.,3SG\tkill\t3SG\tself,He killed himself.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-173,33,I mata si kabesa.,I\tmata\tsi\tkabesa.,3SG\tkill\t3SG\thead,He killed himself.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-174,33,I gosta di si kabesa.,I\tgosta\tdi\tsi\tkabesa.,3SG\tlike\tof\this\thead,He likes himself.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-139,34,I matá (si) kabisa.,I\tø\tmatá\t(si)\tkabisa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tkill\t(POSS.3SG)\thead,He/she killed himself/herself. OR: He/she committed suicide (lit. He/she killed his/her head).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-140,34,I labá (si) kurpu.,I\tø\tlabá\t(si)\tkurpu.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\twash\t(POSS.3SG)\tbody,He/she washed himself.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-197,35,N ga da ubwê mu ku faka.,N\tga\tda\tubwê\tmu\tku\tfaka.,1SG\tIPFV\tgive\tbody\t1SG.POSS\twith\tknife,I will stab myself with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-198,35,N ga ba kenta.,N\tga\tba\tkenta.,1SG\tIPFV\tgo\twarm,I am going to warm myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-199,35,N plêdê.,N\tplêdê.,1SG\tloose,I got lost. OR: I lost.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-115,36,Ê mata ôngê rê.,Ê\tmata\tôngê\trê.,he\tkill\tbody\this,He committed suicide.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-116,36,Ê kôntê ôngê rê me.,Ê\tkôntê\tôngê\trê\tme.,3SG\thate\tbody\this\tself,He hates himself.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-117,36,Ê kôntê n’tê rê me.,Ê\tkôntê\tn’tê\trê\tme.,3SG\thate\thead\this\tself,He hates himself.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-118,36,Ê pya ôngê rê me pê thupê.,Ê\tpya\tôngê\trê\tme\tpê\tthupê.,3SG\tlook\tbody\this\tself\tput\tmirror,He looked at himself in the mirror.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-152,37,M mendu ami mesu.,M\tmendu\tami\tmesu.,1SG\tfear\t1SG\tself,I am afraid of myself.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-153,37,M mendu igbê me mesu.,M\tmendu\tigbê\tme\tmesu.,1SG\tfear\tbody\tPOSS.1SG\tself,I am afraid of myself.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-154,37,N tê mendu kabese me mesu.,N\ttê\tmendu\tkabese\tme\tmesu.,1SG\thave\tfear\thead\tPOSS.1SG\tself,I am afraid of myself.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-163,38,Yabeza poxodul bi ska laba ogé poto-se.,Ya_beza\tpoxodulu\tbi\tsxa\tlaba\togé\tpoto-sai.,before\tpeople\tANT\tPROG\twash\tbody\tlake-DEM,Formerly people washed themselves in this lake.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-164,38,S'em ga mete pé ogé.,Se\tamu\txa\tmete\tpé\togé.,and\t1SG\tEVID\tput\tput\tbody,And I dressed (myself).,,,,elicited from speaker -40-118,40,Lwidz ki sota mat-o.,Lwidz\tki\tsota\tmat-o.,Lwidz\tOBJ\tself\tkill-PST,Lwidz killed himself.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-119,40,Lʋidz su ded sota kort-o.,Lʋidz\tsu\tded\tsota\tkort-o.,Lwidz\tGEN\tfinger\tself\tcut-PST,Lwidz cut (off) his own finger.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-141,41,eli jacucaataam faaka vɔɔnda,eli\tjaa-cucaa-taam\tfaaka\tvɔɔnda,3SG.M\tPST-stab-REFL\tknife\tby,He stabbed himself with a knife.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-142,41,pasa aanu eev permi jakuziɲaa,pasa\taanu\teev\tpermi\tjaa-kuziɲaa,past\tyear\t1SG\t1SG.DAT\tPST-cook,Last year I cooked for myself.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-150,42,eli ja matá korpu,eli\tja\tmatá\tkorpu,3SG\tPFV\tkill\tbody,He killed himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-151,42,eli ja matá onsong sa korpu,eli\tja\tmatá\tonsong\tsa\tkorpu,3SG\tPFV\tkill\talone\tGEN\tbody,He killed himself.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-152,42,eli ja pinchá korpu,eli\tja\tpinchá\tkorpu,3SG\tPFV\tthrow.away\tbody,He/She suicided.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-153,42,Maria ja olá onsong sa rosto na spelu,Maria\tja\tolá\tonsong\tsa\trosto\tna\tspelu,Maria\tPFV\tsee\talone\tGEN\tface\tLOC\tmirror,Maria saw herself in the mirror (lit. Maria saw self's face in the mirror).,,,,elicited from speaker -43-103,43,engena sua mesmu,engena\tsua\tmesmu,betray\tPOSS\tself,betray oneself,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-104,43,lava korpu,lava\tkorpu,wash\tbody,to wash (oneself),,,,pedagogical grammar -43-105,43,pasa bira bira korpu,pasa\tbira\tbira\tkorpu,go\tturn\tturn\tbody,to stroll about,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-152,44,Ya mirá yo mi saríli na espého.,Ya\tmirá\tyo\tmi\tsaríli\tna\tespého.,PFV\tlook\t1SG\t1SG.POSS\tself\tLOC\tmirror,I saw myself in the mirror.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-123,45,Ya mira yo con migo na espejo.,Ya\tmira\tyo\tconmigo\tna\tespejo.,PFV\tsee\t1SG\t1SG.OBJ\tLOC\tmirror,I saw myself in the mirror.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-124,45,Ya mata el rey con su mismo cuerpo.,Ya\tmata\tel\trey\tcon\tsu\tmismo\tcuerpo.,PFV\tkill\tDEF\tking\tOBJ\t3SG\tsame\tbody,The king killed himself.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-125,45,Con migo mismo yo ya mira na espejo.,Conmigo\tmismo\tyo\tya\tmira\tna\tespejo.,1SG.OBJ\tself\t1SG\tPFV\tsee\tLOC\tmirror,It was me myself that I saw in the mirror.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-162,46,Ta-rabyá 'le su kwérpo.,Ta-rabyá\t'le\tsu\tkwérpo.,IPFV-hate\ts/he\this/her\tbody,S/he hates herself.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-163,46,Keré yo introdusí mi kwérpo.,Keré\tyo\tintrodusí\tmi\tkwérpo.,want\t1SG\tintroduce\tmy\tbody,I want to introduce myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-165,47,Bo ta sintibo manera ta na bo lugar bo ta?,Bo ta sintibo manera ta na bo lugar bo ta?,2SG TNS feel 2SG as.if COP LOC POSS.2SG place 2SG COP,Do you feel at home (lit. Do you feel yourself as if it is in your place (that) you are)?,,,,naturalistic written -47-166,47,Mi tei prepará mi mes pa e korant nan na Korsou publiká algu di mi.,Mi\tta\tbai\tprepará\tmi\tmes\tpa\te\tkorant\tnan\tna\tKorsou\tpubliká\talgu\tdi\tmi.,1SG\tTNS\tgo\tprepare\t1SG\tREFL\tfor\tDEF\tnewspaper\tPL\tLOC\tCuracao\tpublish\tsomething\tof\t1SG,I’m going to prepare myself for the Curaçao newspapers to publish something about me.,,,,naturalistic written -47-167,47,Nos a dibirtí nos.,Nos\ta\tdibirtí\tnos.,1PL\tPFV\tenjoy\t1PL,We (have) had a good time.,,,,published source -47-168,47,Ela kansa su kurpa.,El\ta\tkansa\tsu\tkurpa.,3SG\tPFV\ttire\tPOSS\tbody,He has worn himself out.,,,,published source -47-169,47,Mi por defendé mi mes.,Mi\tpor\tdefendé\tmi\tmes.,1SG\tcan\tdefend\t1SG\tREFL,I can defend myself.,,,,published source -47-170,47,Bai sosega bo kurpa poko.,Bai\tsosega\tbo\tkurpa\tpoko.,go\trest\t2SG\tbody\tlittle,Go take a rest.,,,,published source -48-155,48,Ané asé labá ayá loyu.,Ané\tasé\tlabá\tayá\tloyu.,they\tHAB\twash\tthere\tcreek,They usually wash (clothes) at the creek. OR: They usually wash themselves at the creek. OR: They (usually) wash each other at the creek.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-156,48,Ele ta miná ele-memo.,Ele\tta\tminá\tele-memo.,he/she\tPROG\tlook\the-self,He/she is looking at himself/herself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-157,48,Ané a matá.,Ané\ta\tmatá.,they\tPST\tkill,They killed. OR: They killed themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-263,49,Li tiye tèt li.,Li\ttiye\ttèt\tli.,3SG\tkill\thead\t3SG.POSS,He/She committed suicide.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-264,49,M te gade kò m nan glas.,M\tte\tgade\tkò\tm\tnan\tglas.,1SG\tANT\tlook\tbody\t1SG.POSS\tin\tmirror,I had looked at myself in the mirror.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-265,49,Yo maske yo dèyè on pyebwa pou yo kapab suiv sa w ap fè.,Yo\tmaske\tyo\tdèyè\ton\tpyebwa\tpou\tyo\tkapab\tsuiv\tsa\tw\tap\tfè.,3PL\thide\t3PL\tbehind\tDEF\ttree\tfor\t3PL\tcan\tfollow\tDEM\t2SG\tINACC\tdo,They hid behind a tree to be able to see what you are doing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-266,49,Li pann ni.,Li\tpann\tni.,3SG\thang\t3SG,He hung himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-267,49,Yo maske yo dèyè on pyebwa.,Yo\tmaske\tyo\tdèyè\ton\tpyebwa.,3PL\thide\t3PL\tbehind\tINDF\ttree,They have hidden behind a tree.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-163,50,I ka débouyé'y.,I\tka\tdébouyé'y.,3SG\tPROG\tmanage.3SG,He does well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-164,50,I ka débouyé kò a'y.,I\tka\tdébouyé\tkò\ta'y.,3SG\tPROG\tmanage\tbody\tPREP.3SG,He does well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-165,50,I dépann kò a'y.,I\tdépann\tkò\ta'y.,3SG\tkill\tbody\tPREP.3SG,He killed himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-166,50,I ka gadé li-menm adan glas-la.,I\tka\tgadé\tli-menm\tadan\tglas-la.,3SG\tPROG\tlook\t3SG-EMPH\tin\tmirror-DEF,She is looking at herself in the mirror.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-146,51,I ka débouyé kò'y.,I\tka\tdébouyé\tkò'y.,3SG\tPROG\tmanage\tbody.3SG,He does well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-147,51,I ka gadé li-menm adan glas-la.,I\tka\tgadé\tli-menm\tadan\tglas-la.,3SG\tPROG\tlook\t3SG-EMPH\tin\tmirror-DEF,She is looking at herself in the mirror.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-93,52,yé gadé yé; mo ka tchoué mo,yé\tgadé\tyé;\tmo\tka\ttchoué\tmo,they\twatch\tthem\tI\tPROG\tkill\tme,They watched themselves. I am killing myself.,,,,constructed by linguist -52-94,52,mouché lévé so kò; mo véyé mo kò,mouché\tlévé\tso\tkò;\tmo\tvéyé\tmo\tkò,mister\tlift\this\tbody\tI\tlook.after\tmy\tbody,He stood up. I take care of myself.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-318,53,Compair Dahomey habillé li ben avé so la po mouton.,Compair\tDahomey\thabillé\tli\tben\tavé\tso\tlapo\tmouton.,brother\tDahomey\tdress\t3SG\twell\twith\t3SG.POSS\tskin\tsheep,Brother Dahomey dressed himself well with his sheep's skin.,,,,naturalistic written -53-319,53,Torti benye li-mem byen.,Torti\tbenye\tli-mem\tbyen.,Turtle\ttake.bath\t3SG-self\twell,Turtle took a good bath.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-320,53,"Dèk to te koupe twa move, se t ape senye en ta, to te trape le fil nannye epi met sa onho-la.","Dèk\tto\tte\tkoupe\ttwa\tmove,\tse\tt\tape\tsenye\ten\tta,\tto\tte\ttrape\tle\tfil\tnannye\tepi\tmet\tsa\tonho-la.",when\t2SG\tPST\tcut\t2SG.REFL\tbad\tit\tPST\tPROG\tbleed\tART.INDF\tpile\t2SG\tPST\tget\tART.PL\tweb\tspider\tand\tput\tDEM\ton-there,"Once you had cut yourself badly, and it was bleeding a lot, you took some spider's webs and put it on there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-321,53,Fo mo grouyé mo cor.,Fo\tmo\tgrouyé\tmo\tcor.,it.is.necessary\t1SG\tmove\t1SG.POSS\tbody,I have to hurry.,,,,naturalistic written -54-188,54,Degaz aou!,Degaz\taou!,hurry.IMP\tOBL.2SG,Hurry up!,,,,constructed by linguist -54-189,54,Li prepar ali.,Li\tprepar\tali.,3SG.FIN\tprepare\tOBL.3SG,He prepares himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-190,54,Mwen la larg mon kor.,Mwen\tla\tlarg\tmon\tkor.,1SG\tPRF\tlet.go\tPOSS.1SG\tbody,I let myself go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-191,54,Li la rann son kor.,Li\tla\trann\tson\tkor.,3SG\tPRF\tgive.up\tPOSS.3SG\tbody,He surrendered (to the police).,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-158,55,Jamamuv ti tuy so lekor,Jamamuv\tti\ttuy\tso\tlekor,Jamamuv\tPST\tkill\t3SG.POSS\tbody,Jamamuv committed suicide.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-159,55,li swany li-mem,li\tswany\tli-mem,3SG\tlook.after\t3SG-EMPH,He takes care of himself. OR: He looks after himself.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-160,55,li fin paṅdi so lekor,li\tfin\tpaṅdi\tso\tlekor,3SG\tCOMPL\thang\tPOSS\tbody,He hung himself.,,,,written (grammar) -55-161,55,li fin paṅdi li,li\tfin\tpaṅdi\tli,3SG\tCOMPL\thang\t3SG,He hung him(self).,,,,written (grammar) -55-162,55,li fin paṅdi li-mem,li\tfin\tpaṅdi\tli-mem,3SG\tCOMPL\thang\t3SG-EMPH,He hung himself.,,,,written (grammar) -56-156,56,I deteste son lekor.,I\tdeteste\tson\tlekor.,3SG\thate\tPOSS.3SG\tbody,He hates himself.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-157,56,I degout son prop kor.,I\tdegout\tson\tprop\tkor.,3SG\thate\tPOSS.3SG\town\tbody,He hates himself.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-158,56,I war li-menm dan laglas.,I\twar\tli-menm\tdan\tlaglas.,3SG\tsee\thim-self\tin\tmirror,He sees himself in the mirror.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-159,56,I get li dan laglas.,I\tget\tli\tdan\tlaglas.,3SG\tlook\t3SG.OBJ\tin\tmirror,He looks at himself in the mirror.,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-91,57,ma ndefan mwa paske la ule tape ave a mbwa,ma\tndefan\tmwa\tpaske\tla\tule\ttape\tave\ta\tmbwa,1SG\tdefend\t1SG\tbecause\t3SG\twant\thit\twith\ta\tstick,I defend myself because he/she wanted to hit me with a stick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-108,58,Yandi bula yandi monsi.,Yandi\tbula\tyandi\tmonsi.,he\thit.NARR\thim\tone,He hit himself.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-267,59,"zia, mbi sukula tere si","zia,\tmbi\tsukula\ttere\tsi",let\t1SG\twash\tbody\tthen,Let me wash up first.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-268,59,mbi laa mbi faa maboko ti mbi na zeme so,mbi\tlaa\tmbi\tfaa\tmaboko\tti\tmbi\tna\tzeme\tso,1SG\tFOC\t1SG\tcut\thand\tof\t1SG\tPREP\tknife\tDEM,I cut myself in the hand with this knife.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-269,59,lo honde tere (ti) lo na ya ti da,lo\thonde\ttere\t(ti)\tlo\tna\tya\tti\tda,3SG\thide\tbody\t(of)\t3SG\tPREP\tinside\tof\thouse,He/she hid in the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-121,60,amímónákí,a-mí-món-ákí,3SG-REFL-see-PST,He saw himself.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -62-82,62,é-tá-kú-hlómi mahlóma,é-tá-kú-hlómi\tmahlóma,1-EVID-REFL-anoint\toil,She anoints herself.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-165,63,úmun dús úmun,úmun\tdús\túmun,3PL\thide\t3PL,They hide themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-175,64,úo kátulu náfsa to,úo\tkátulu\tnáfsa\tto,3SG\tkill\tsoul\tPOSS.3SG,He killed himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-176,64,kan íta dúsu náfsa táki íta ma bikun éndu ádel,kan\títa\tdúsu\tnáfsa\ttáki\títa\tma\tbi=kun\téndu\tádel,if\t2SG\thide\tsoul\tPOSS.2SG\t2SG\tNEG\tIRR=be\thave\tjustice,"If you hide yourself, you won’t receive justice.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-131,65,"Ni byla kipitalisətə udegejskij ran'se, sami usio zarabotali.","Ni\tbyla\tkipitalisətə\tudegejskij\tran'se,\tsami\tusio\tzarabota-li.",NEG\tCOP.PFV\tcapitalist\tUdihe\tbefore\tself\tPL\twork-PFV.PL,"There were no Udihe capitalists before, all people worked for themselves.",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-132,65,Sama padumaj moʒəno.,Sama\tpadumaj\tmoʒəno.,self\tthink\tmay,You may think of yourself.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-99,66,Diana dia jo vertu akinja.,Dia-na\tdia-jo\tvertu\ta-kinja.,3SG-DAT\t3SG-FOC\thate\tPRS-do,He hates himself.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-182,67,Pagi hari ini dia potongkan diri-nya.,Pagi\thari\tini\tdia\tpotongkan\tdiri-nya.,morning\tday\tDEM\t3SG\tcut\tself-3SG/3PL,"This morning, he cut himself.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-183,67,"Dia gigit, taruh dia sendiri tengok dia suda mabok, dia lankar pigi ini ceremin kasi ini orang tua.","Dia\tgigit,\ttaruh\tdia\tsendiri\ttengok\tdia\tsuda\tmabok,\tdia\tlankar\tpigi\tini\tceremin\tkasi\tini\torang\ttua.",3SG\tbite\tput\t3SG\town\tlook.at\t3SG\tPFV\tintoxicate\t3SG\tbump\tgo\tDEM\tglass\tgive\tDEM\tperson\told,"He bit [him], he looked [through the spectacles] at himself and [when he] became dizzy, he returned them to the old man.",,,,elicited from speaker -68-105,68,kaca; ba-kaca; goso; ba-goso,kaca;\tba-kaca;\tgoso;\tba-goso,look.in.mirror\tREFL-look.in.mirror\trub\tREFL-rub,to look in a mirror; to look at oneself in a mirror; to rub; to rub oneself,,,,elicited from speaker -71-158,71,Wau olelo akahi kao malama iaia kino.,Wau\tolelo\takahi\tkao\tmalama\tiaia\tkino.,1SG\tspeak\tINDF\tgoat\ttake.care\t3SG\tbody,I told a lazy fellow to take care of himself.,,,,naturalistic written -71-159,71,"Oe makana wau $1 akahi la, a wau kaukau mi.","Oe\tmakana\twau\t$1\takahi\tla,\ta\twau\tkaukau\tmi.",2SG\tgive\t1SG\tone.dollar\teach\tday\tand\t1SG\tfeed\tmyself,Pay me a dollar per day and I will feed myself.,,,,naturalistic written -71-160,71,iaia iho,iaia\tiho,3SG.OBJ\t-self,himself/herself,,,,constructed by linguist -72-136,72,Dat karu bin karan mijelp.,Dat\tkaru\tbin\tkaran\tmijelp.,the\tchild\tPST\tscratch\tREFL,The child scratched himself.,,,56015816eeccfc178ff158655be10fd8,elicited from speaker -73-89,73,yolladi bixuni amilladadi,yo-lla-di\tbi-xu-ni\tami-lla-da-di,1SG-DELIM-EMPH\tsee-DUR-1SG\t1SG.OBJ-DELIM-ACC-EMPH,I see myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-90,73,Huzi asilladimi mataka,Huzi\tasi-lla-di-mi\tmata-ka,José\tthus-DELIM-EMPH-AFF\tkill-PST,José killed himself.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-134,74,máyka pákpak máyka,máyka\tpákpak\tmáyka,2SG\tthump\t2SG,You’re beating yourself up.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-135,74,náyka tk’up náyka,náyka\ttk’up\tnáyka,1SG\tcut\t1SG,I cut myself.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-216,75,Maarii kiiwaapamishow dan li mirwee.,Maarii\tkii-waapam-isho-w\tdan\tli\tmirwee.,Mary\tPST-see.ANIM-REFL-3\tLOC\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tmirror,Mary saw herself in the mirror.,,,,elicited from speaker -1-223,1,Ju srefi no musse lukku.,Yu\tsrefi\tno\tmusu\tluku.,2SG\tself\tNEG\tmust\tlook,You yourself mustn't look.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-227,2,Mi srefi dya abi famiri mi no sabi.,Mi\tsrefi\tdya\tabi\tfamiri\tmi\tno\tsabi.,1SG\tself\there\thave\trelative\t1SG\tNEG\tknow,I myself have relatives that I don’t know.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-228,2,Kande en srefi e kon na foto bori na agu gi mi.,Kande\ten\tsrefi\te\tkon\tna\tfoto\tbori\tna\tagu\tgi\tmi.,maybe\t3SG\tself\tIPFV\tcome\tLOC\ttown\tcook\tDET\tpig\tgive\t1SG,Maybe he himself comes to the city to cook the pig for me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-229,2,Skowtu srefi no sabi suma fufuru a wagi.,Skowtu\tsrefi\tno\tsabi\tsuma\tfufuru\ta\twagi.,police\tself\tNEG\tknow\twho\tsteal\tDET\tcar,Even the police don’t know who stole the car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-117,3,Hén a náki hén seéi tu.,Hén\ta\tnáki\thén\tseéi\ttu.,and.then\t3SG\thit\t3SG\tself\talso,And then he hit even him too. OR: And then he hit himself too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-118,3,Hén seei bì dú hén.,Hén\tseei\tbì\tdú\thén.,3SG\tself\tTNS\tdo\t3SG,He himself did it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-150,4,"Kande a dei seefi, Masaa Sopo anga wan dataa kon de.","Kande\ta\tdei\tseefi,\tMasaa\tSopo\tanga\twan\tdataa\tkon\tde.",maybe\tDET\tday\tself\tMr\tSopo\twith\ta\tdoctor\tcome\tthere,Maybe that very day Mr Sopo and a doctor came there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-151,4,A lobi en seefi tumisi.,A\tlobi\ten\tseefi\ttumisi.,she\tlove\ther\tself\ttoo.much,She loves herself too much.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-152,5,Jaan wach iiself in di mira,Jaan\twach\tiiself\tin\tdi\tmira,John\tlook.at\t3.POSS.self\tin\tthe\tmirror,John looked at himself in the mirror.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-153,5,Jaan self oopm di door,Jaan\tself\toopm\tdi\tdoor,John\tINTENS\topen\tthe\tdoor,John himself opened the door.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-210,7,I bwai self tel yo so.,I\tbwai\tself\ttel\tyo\tso.,ART\tboy\tself\ttell\t2.OBJ\tso,The boy himself told you that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-211,7,Pikni neiga rispek yoself.,Pikni\tneiga\trispek\tyo-self.,child\tperson\trespect\t2.OBJ-self,Child respect yourself. OR: Children respect yourselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-212,7,Mi tel yo so miself.,Mi\ttel\tyo\tso\tmi-self.,1SG\ttell\t2.OBJ\tso\t1SG-self,I told you so myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-213,7,Mi wan go du uhm.,Mi\twan\tgo\tdu\tuhm.,1SG\tINTENS\tFUT\tdo\t1.OBJ,I will do it myself. OR: I will do it alone.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-137,8,Jien mek di frak arself.,Jien\tmek\tdi\tfrak\tarself.,Jane\tmake\tDET\tfrock\t3SG.REFL.F,Jane made the frock herself.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-161,9,Di rowp wan tay op ina i own sɛf.,Di\trowp\twan\ttay\top\tina\ti\town\tsɛf.,the\trope\twill\ttie\tup\tin\tits\town\tself,The rope will be all tied up (in a mess).,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-162,9,I lɛf bra anansi rayt dɛ ina daaknɛs widowt wan fiʃ sɛf.,I\tlɛf\tbra\tanansi\trayt\tdɛ\tina\tdaaknɛs\twidowt\twan\tfiʃ\tsɛf.,3SG\tleave\tBrother\tAnansi\tright\tthere\tin\tdarkness\twithout\tone\tfish\tself,He left Brother Anansi right there without a single fish for him (Anansi). OR: Brother Anansi was left right there without even one fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-204,10,Di Devl self mos veks!,Di\tDevl\tself\tmos\tveks!,ART.DEF\tDevil\tREFL\tmust\tvex,The Devil himself must get angry!,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-205,10,Di uol liedi get ool an liv him wan iina wan likl bord hous.,Di\tuol\tliedi\tget\tool\tan\tliv\thim\twan\tiina\twan\tlikl\tbord\thous.,ART.DEF\told\tlady\tget\told\tand\tlive\t3SG\tone\tin\tART.INDF\tlittle\tboard\thouse,The old lady got old and lived all by herself in a little board house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-206,10,We yu tink a yuself?,We\tyu\ttink\ta\tyuself?,what\t2SG\tthink\tof\t2SG.REFL,What are you thinking about yourself?,,,,written -11-273,11,"Ih stie iizi, iizi tu ihself.","Ih\tstie\tiizi,\tiizi\ttu\tih-self.",3SG\tstay\teasy\teasy\tto\t3SG-REFL,So he kept very quiet by himself.,,,,naturalistic written -11-274,11,nat di riil biébi self,nat\tdi\triil\tbiébi\tself,NEG\tART.DEF\treal\tbaby\tINTFR,not the little baby (but rather the little boy),,,,naturalistic spoken -11-275,11,I liiv i braada him wan.,I\tliiv\ti\tbraada\thim\twan.,3SG\tleave\t3SG.POSS\tbrother\t3SG\tINTFR,She left her brother by himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-276,11,Ai going go luk wan “help mi” fa kiip dis hat man fa mi wan.,Ai\tgo-ing\tgo\tluk\twan\t“help\tmi”\tfa\tkiip\tdis\that\tman\tfa\tmi\twan.,1SG\tgo-PROG\tgo\tlook\tART.INDF\thelp\tme\tCOMP\tkeep\tDEM\thot\tman\tfor\t1SG\tINTFR,I am going to get myself a “help me” (magical protection) in order to keep this hot man all to myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-277,11,Di dairektor ihnself uopn di doa.,Di\tdairektor\tihn-self\tuopn\tdi\tdoa.,ART.DEF\tdirector\t3SG-INTFR\topen\tART.DEF\tdoor,The director himself opened the door.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-214,12,"A gentleman actually kill this woman son, and know what she did? She put a egg in one hand and a fork in the next. In his coffin - you now in those days you had the people in the home. ... And you know, she sat in that woman - she talk to that dead. And she tell that dead, say, Now - ..., in six months time everybody will know. And let me tell you something, in six months time, for no apparent reason at all - the gentleman who kill him - the jury found him not guilty - self-defend. Say he was killed in a act of self-defend, because him and his wife - this man and his wife - say they were coming against this guy. And he was found not guilty. And do you know something? That same man what kill him went out and drown himself?",That\tsame\tman\twhat\tkill\thim\twent\tout\tand\tdrown\thimself?,DEM\tsame\tman\tCOMP\tkill[PST]\t3SG.M.OBJ\tgo.PFV\tout\tand\tdrown[PFV]\tREFL,The man (who had killed the woman’s son) drowned himself?,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-215,12,"But if - if you - if you get in any accident, you - you got to pay that yourself with your pocket.",[...]\tyou\tgot\tto\tpay\tthat\tyourself\twith\tyour\tpocket.,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tgot\tto\tpay\tthat\tINTENS\twith\t2SG.POSS\tpocket,[...] you have to pay that yourself [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-216,12,Now he leave the man self to the roof.,Now\the\tleave\tthe\tman\tself\tto\tthe\troof.,now\t3SG.M.SBJ\tleave[PFV]\tART\tman\tREFL\tPREP\tART\troof,Now he left the man on the roof by himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-157,13,Le mi die for mesef.,Le\tmi\tdie\tfor\tmesef.,let\t1SG.OBJ\tdie\tfor\t1SG.OBJ.REFL,Let me die for myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-158,13,A mesef a man onda tority ob offisa wa oba me.,A\tmesef\ta\tman\tonda\ttority\tob\toffisa\twa\toba\tme.,1SG.SBJ\tINTENS\ta\tman\tunder\tauthority\tof\tofficers\twhat\tover\tme,I myself am a man under the authority of officers who are over me. (Mt 8.9),,,,bible translation -14-120,14,Bruce saw hisownself in the mirror.,Bruce\tsaw\thisownself\tin\tthe\tmirror.,Bruce\tsaw\this.own.REFL\tin\tthe\tmirror,Bruce saw himself in the mirror.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-121,14,I don't need any help. I can do it myownself.,I\tdon't\tneed\tany\thelp.\tI\tcan\tdo\tit\tmyownself.,I\tdon't\tneed\tany\thelp\tI\tcan\tdo\tit\t1SG.own.REFL,I don't need any help. I can do it myself.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-120,15,ʤen si ĩsɛf na di mirɔ,ʤen\tsi\tĩsɛf\tna\tdi\tmirɔ,Jane\tsee\tREFL\tLOC\tART\tmirror,Jane saw herself in the mirror.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-121,15,na ʤen ĩsɛf opin di do,na\tʤen\tĩsɛf\topin\tdi\tdo,FOC\tJane\tREFL\topen\tART\tdoor,It was Jane herself that opened the door. OR: Jane herself opened the door.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-127,16,"wɛn dè go, mi màsɛf dɛ foloin de dɛn à go dɛ","wɛn\tdè\tgo,\tmi\tmàsɛf\tdɛ\tfoloin\tde\tdɛn\tà\tgo\tdɛ",when\t3PL\tgo\t1SG\t1SG.REFL\tART\tfollowing\tday\tthen\t1SG\tgo\tthere,"After they had gone, I went there myself the following day.",,,,naturalistic spoken -16-128,16,à fɔs màsɛf,à\tfɔs\tmà-sɛf,1SG\tforce\t1SG-REFL,I forced myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-129,16,dɛ sel lida sɛf kam laik mì,dɛ\tsel\tlida\tsɛf\tkam\tlaik\tmì,ART\tcell\tleader\tINTENS/FOC\tINC\tlike\t1SG.OBJ,The (prison) cell leader himself began to like me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-153,17,"Mi se̱f, à ko̱m si mà-sef fò̱r glas.","Mi\tse̱f,\tà\tko̱m\tsi\tmà-sef\tfò̱r\tglas.",1SG.SBJ.INDP\tself\t1SG.SBJ.DEP\tREALIS\tsee\t1SG.POSS-REFL\tLOC\tmirror,"Me myself, I saw myself in the mirror.",,,,naturalistic spoken -18-136,18,Darekto yi sef-sef tek we go pati.,Darekto\tyi\tsef-sef\ttek\twe\tgo\tpati.,director\t3SG.SBJ\tself-self\ttake\t1PL.SBJ\tgo\tparty,The director himself took us to the party.,,,,published source -18-137,18,A bin go dey masef.,A\tbin\tgo\tdey\tmasef.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo\tthere\t1SG.REFL,I went there myself.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-175,19,Mi sɛf dɔn rich Cotonou.,Mi\tsɛf\tdɔn\trich\tCotonou.,1SG.EMPH\tEMPH\tPRF\tarrive\tCotonou,I myself/too have been to Cotonou.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-126,20,Myself wonshi looksee!,Myself\twonshi\tlooksee!,1SG.REFL\twant\tlook.see,I want to see it for myself!,,,,naturalistic written -20-127,20,You makee weigh youselfoo.,You\tmakee\tweigh\tyouselfoo.,2SG\tmake\tweigh\t2SG.REFL,You can weigh it yourself.,,,,naturalistic written -20-128,20,You must takee go youselfoo.,You\tmust\ttakee\tgo\tyouselfoo.,2SG\tmust\ttake\tgo\t2SG.REFL,You must go with it yourself.,,,,naturalistic written -21-120,21,Kate sees herself in the window.,Kate\tsee-s\therself\tin\tthe\twindow.,Kate\tsee-3SG\t3SG.REFL\tin\tDET\twindow,Kate sees herself in the window.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-153,22,"Na Sindarela em yet ia, em tok, “a, a.”","Na\tSindarela\tem\tyet\tia,\tem\ttok,\t“a,\ta.”",and\tCinderella\t3SG\tFOC\tEMPH\t3SG\ttalk\ta\ta,"And Cinderella herself said ""a, a"".",,,,naturalistic spoken -22-154,22,Boi ia wonem ia kukim kindam na em yet kaikai.,Boi\tia\twonem\tia\tkuk-im\tkindam\tna\tem\tyet\tkaikai.,boy\tEMPH\twhat\tEMPH\tcook-TR\tprawn\tand\t3SG\tFOC\tate,"The boy, uh, cooked the prawns and ate them himself.",,,,naturalistic spoken -22-155,22,Em yet em go hant.,Em\tyet\tem\tgo\thant.,3SG\tFOC\t3SG\tgo\thunt,He himself went hunting.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-139,23,hem i se hem wan i kakae,hem\ti\tse\them\twan\ti\tkakae,3SG\tAGR\tsay\t3SG\tone\tAGR\teat,He said that he (alone) would use it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-140,23,Selena i lukum hem long mira,Selena\ti\tlukum\them\tlong\tmira,Selena\tAGR\tlook\t3SG\tin\tmirror,Selena saw herself in the mirror.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-141,23,mifala nao we mifala i gat pikinini i stap,mifala\tnao\twe\tmifala\ti\tgat\tpikinini\ti\tstap,1PL.EXCL\tnow\tCOMP\t1PL.EXCL\tAGR\thave\tchild\tAGR\tstay,"Those of us with children, we have to stay.",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-162,24,Ess me in ar fence.,Ess\tme\tin\tar\tfence.,COP\t1SG.NSBJ\tin\tDET.INDF.SG\tgarden,I am in the garden.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-163,24,I se hut myse sael.,I\tse\thut\tmyse\tsael.,I\tCOMPL\thurt\t1SG.POSS\tself,I hurt myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-101,26,ʃi wɛn du ɔm hə˞seof,ʃi\twɛn\tdu\tɔm\thə˞seof,3SG\tPST.PFV\tdo\t3SG\t3SG.REFL,She did it herself.,,,,constructed by linguist -27-114,27,Am sa ha fo lō amself.,Am\tsa\tha\tfo\tlō\tam-self.,3SG\twill\thave\tfor\tgo\t3SG-self,He will have to go himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-144,28,ɛk sel hardli das mu,ɛkɛ\tselfu\thardli\tdas\tmu,1SG\tself\thardly\tHAB\tgo,I myself hardly go (anywhere).,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-178,29,Jan het hom(self) gewas.,Jan\thet\thom-self\tge-was.,John\tPST\t3SG.M.OBL-REFL\tPTCP-wash,John washed himself.,,,,naturalistic written -29-179,29,Jan het dit self vir my gesê.,Jan\thet\tdit\tself\tvir\tmy\tge-sê.,John\tPST\t3SG.N\tREFL\tfor\t1SG.OBL\tPTCP-said,John said it to me himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-188,30,"Kusa kusa éra un ómi ki tenba fáma di mintrozu y el própi, e ta pensába di si kabésa m'el éra más mintrozu algen ki tenba.","Kusa\tkusa\téra\tun=ómi\tki=ten-ba\tfáma\tdi=mintrozu\ty\tel\tprópi,\te=ta=pensá-ba\tdi=si=kabésa\tm=el\téra\tmás\tmintrozu\talgen\tki=ten-ba.",thing\tthing\tbe.ANT\tART.INDF=man\tCOMP=have-ANT\treputation\tof=lying\tand\t3SG\thimself\t3SG=IPFV=think-ANT\tof=3SG.POSS=head\tCOMP=3SG\tbe.ANT\tmost\tlying\tperson\tCOMP=have-ANT,"There was once a man who was reputed to be a liar, and he himself regarded himself as the greatest liar that existed.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-189,30,"Raínha razolve bai el própi, disfarsádu na un bédja.","Raínha\trazolve\tbai\tel\tprópi,\tdisfarsádu\tna=un=bédja.",queen\tdecide\tgo\t3SG.INDP\therself\tdressed.up\tin=ART.INDF=old.woman,"The queen decided to go herself, dressed up as an old woman",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-151,31,"Franki di Britu, el me tanbe e konhese bu mai ku bu pai.","Franki\tdi\tBritu,\tel\tme\ttanbe\te\tkonhese\tbu\tmai\tku\tbu\tpai.",Frank\tof\tBrito\thimself\tas\twell\the\tknow\tyour\tmother\tand\tyour\tfather,"Frank of Brito, he himself knows your mother and father as well.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-145,32,Ma kulpód é nos mesmu.,Ma\tkulpód\té\tnos\tmesmu.,but\tguilty\tCOP.PST\t1PL\tself,But we ourselves were guilty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-146,32,Kel k sabê e prop Djon Maria.,Kel\tk\tsabê\te\tprop\tDjon\tMaria.,DET\tREL\tknow\tCOP\tINTENS\tDjon\tMaria,The one who knows is Djon Maria himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-147,32,El matá (se) kabésa.,El\tmatá\t(se)\tkabésa.,3SG\tkill\t(POSS.3SG)\thead,He killed himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-148,32,El oiá el mes na spei. El mes brí pórta.,El\toiá\tel\tmes\tna\tspei.\tEl\tmes\tbrí\tpórta.,3SG\tsee\t3SG\tself\tin\tmirror\t3SG\tINTENS\topened\tdoor,He saw himself in the mirror. He himself opened the door.,,,,constructed by native speaker -33-175,33,Djon propi korta pon.,Djon\tpropi\tkorta\tpon.,John\tself\tcut\tbread,John himself cut the bread.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-176,33,I lanha si kabesa. ~ I lanha.,I\tlanha\tsi\tkabesa.\t~\tI\tlanha.,3SG\tcut\t3SG\thead\t~\t3SG\tcut,He cut himself.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-141,34,I matá (si) kabisa.,I\tø\tmatá\t(si)\tkabisa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tkill\t(POSS.3SG)\thead,He/she killed himself/herself. OR: He/she committed suicide.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-142,34,I fasí-l yel-propi. ~ I fasí-l yel-mé.,I ø fasí-l yel-propi. ~ I ø fasí-l yel-mé.,3SG.SBJ PFV do-3SG.OBJ 3SG.INDP-self   3SG.SBJ PFV do-3SG.OBJ 3SG.INDP-self,He/she did it himself/herself.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-200,35,Bô me ka fe kume bô.,Bô\tme\tka\tfe\tkume\tbô.,2SG\tEMPH\tIPFV\tmake\tfood\t2SG.POSS,You make your food yourself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-201,35,Ê ska ngana ubwê dê.,Ê\tska\tngana\tubwê\tdê.,3SG\tPROG\tcheat\tbody\t3SG.POSS,He cheated himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-202,35,So êlê me so ka fe ubwê dê mindjan ê.,So\têlê\tme\tso\tka\tfe\tubwê\tdê\tmindjan\tê.,then\t3SG\tself\tFOC\tIPFV\tmake\tbody\t3SG.POSS\tremedy\tPCL,Then it is he himself who makes himself a remedy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-203,35,Ami plopi ku ka tlaba ku ê ka mendu êlê.,Ami\tplopi\tku\tka\ttlaba\tku\tê\tka\tmendu\têlê.,1SG\tself\tREL\tIPFV\twork\twith\t3SG\tIPFV\tfear\t3SG,Even I myself who works with him am afraid of him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-119,36,Dho me ba mionga.,Dho\tme\tba\tmionga.,John\tself\tgo\tsea,John himself went to the sea.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-155,37,"[...] atxi mesu ki sa gita, Têtuuga!","[...]\tatxi\tmesu\tki\tsa\tgita,\tTêtuuga!",[...]\t2SG\tself\tREL\tPROG\tscream\tTurtle,"[...] Mr Turtle, it is you who is shouting!",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-156,37,N vê ami mesu na supê.,N\tvê\tami\tmesu\tna\tsupê.,1SG\tsee\t1SG\tself\tLOC\tmirror,I saw myself in the mirror.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-165,38,Poxodul ta laba tudya potosai.,Poxodulu\tta\tlaba\ttudyia\tpoto-sai.,person\tITER\twash\tformerly\tlake-DEM,Formerly people washed themselves in this lake.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-166,38,Amu-se fe dosu.,Amu-se\tfe\tdosu.,1SG-DEM\tmake\ttwo,I was number two.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-167,38,Inen-syi sa namay-napay.,Inen-syi\tsa\tnamay-napay.,3PL-DEM\tbe\tmother-father,THEY are full sisters.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-120,40,Ye kadz nɔ mɛm tɛ.,Ye\tkadz\tnɔ\tmɛm\ttɛ.,this\thouse\t1PL\tEMPH\tCOP.PRS,This is our own house.,,,,constructed by linguist -42-154,42,María onsong ja abrí porta,María\tonsong\tja\tabrí\tporta,Maria\talone\tPFV\topen\tdoor,Maria herself opened the door.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-153,44,Ya abrí yo numá kel kárta.,Ya\tabrí\tyo\tnumá\tkel\tkárta.,PFV\topen\t1SG\tonly\tDEF\tletter,I myself opened the letter. OR: It was just I who opened the letter.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-126,45,Yo mismo el mujer di Bob.,Yo\tmismo\tel\tmujer\tdi\tBob.,I\tmyself\tDEF\twoman\tof\tBob.,I myself am Bob's wife.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-164,46,Ya-matá yo (di)mí(yo) kwérpo.,Ya-matá\tyo\t(di)mí(yo)\tkwérpo.,PRF-kill\t1SG\tmy\tbody,I killed myself.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-165,46,Éle mísmo ya-plantá disúyo kása.,Éle\tmísmo\tya-plantá\tdisúyo\tkása.,3SG\tself\tPRF-construct\t3SG.POSS\thouse,S/he him-/herself constructed his/her house.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-166,46,El director mísmo el ya-abrÍ konel kárta.,El\tdirector\tmísmo\tel\tya-abrÍ\tkonel\tkárta.,ART\tdirector\tself\tART\tPRF-open\tOBJ.ART\tletter,The director himself opened the letter.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-171,47,"Nan mes no tawatin trabou pa mi, pero [...].","Nan\tmes\tno\ttawa-tin\ttrabou\tpa\tmi,\tpero\t[...].",3PL\tREFL\tNEG\tPST-have\twork\tfor\t1SG\tbut\t[...],"They themselves had no work for me, but [...].",,,,naturalistic written -47-172,47,Pues nos mes ta pasa serka e personanan aki pa wak si nan ke partisipá den nos kampaña.,Pues\tnos\tmes\tta\tpasa\tserka\te\tpersona\tnan\taki\tpa\twak\tsi\tnan\tke\tpartisipá\tden\tnos\tkampaña.,then\t1PL\tREFL\tTNS\tpass\tnear\tDEF\tperson\tPL\tDEM.PROX\tfor\tsee\tif\t3PL\twant\tparticipate\tin\t1PL\tcampaign,Then we ourselves will visit these people to see whether they want to participate in our campaign.,,,,literary or other written source -48-158,48,¡Ele memo ta-ba aí!,¡Ele\tmemo\tta-ba\taí!,he/she\tself\tbe-PROG\tthere,He/she himself/herself was there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-268,49,M ap gade kò mwen.,M\tap\tgade\tkò\tmwen.,1SG\tINACC\tlook\tbody\t1SG.POSS,I look at myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-269,49,Li kapab fè sa li menm.,Li\tkapab\tfè\tsa\tli\tmenm.,3SG\tcan\tdo\tDEM\the\thimself,He/She can do that himself/herself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-270,49,"Se msye Chal menm, mèt travay la, ki vin wè kouman bagay la ap mache.","Se\tmsye\tChal\tmenm,\tmèt\ttravay\tla,\tki\tvin\twè\tkouman\tbagay\tla\tap\tmache.",HL\tmister\tCharles\tself\tmaster\twork\tDEF\tREL\tcome\tsee\thow\tthing\tDEF\tINACC\twork,"It's Mr. Charles himself, the one in charge of the work, who has come to see how the thing works.",,,,naturalistic spoken -50-167,50,I ka gadé kò a'y adan glas-la. / I ka gadé'y adan glas-la.,I\tka\tgadé\tkò\ta'y\tadan\tglas-la.\t/\tI\tka\tgadé'y\tadan\tglas-la.,3SG\tPROG\tlook\tbody\t3SG\tin\tmirror-DEF\t/\t3SG\tPROG\tlook.3SG\tin\tmirror-DEF,She is looking at herself in the mirror.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-168,50,Sé Danyèl li-menm ki di mwen sa.,Sé\tDanyèl\tli-menm\tki\tdi\tmwen\tsa.,be\tDaniel\tINTENS\tREL\ttell\t1SG\tit,Daniel himself told me about it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-148,51,I ka gadé kò'y an glas-la.,I\tka\tgadé\tkò'y\tan\tglas-la.,3SG\tPROG\tlook\tbody.3SG\tin\tmirror-DEF,She is looking at herself in the mirror.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-149,51,Sé Daniel li-menm ki di mwen sa,Sé\tDaniel\tli-menm\tki\tdi\tmwen\tsa,be\tDaniel\the-INTENS\tREL\ttell\t1SG\tit,Daniel himself told me about it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-322,53,Aret twa fe la fol!,Aret\ttwa\tfe\tla\tfol!,stop\t2SG.REFL\tmake\tART.DEF.SG\tfool,Stop making a fool out of yourself!,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-323,53,Mo peye mo bag e tou kek-choz mo-mem.,Mo\tpeye\tmo\tbag\te\ttou\tkek-choz\tmo-mem.,1SG\tpay\t1SG.POSS\tring\tand\tevery\tsome-thing\t1SG-self,I paid for the ring and everything myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-324,53,Mo te sir enjoy mo-mem avek li.,Mo\tte\tsir\t\tmo-mem\tavek\tli.,1SG\tPST\tsure\tenjoy\t1SG-self\twith\t3SG,I sure enjoyed myself with her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-325,53,Li te pov li-mem!,Li\tte\tpov\tli-mem!,3SG\tPST\tpoor\t3SG-self,He was poor himself!,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-326,53,Si ouzote mem té ouâ so cornes [...].,Si\touzote-mem\tté\touâ\tso\tcornes\t[...].,if\t2PL-self\tPST\tsee\t3SG.POSS\thorn\t[...],If you yourselves had seen his horns [...].,,,,naturalistic written -53-327,53,li zonglé li mem,li\tzonglé\tli-mem,3SG\tthink\t3SG-self,he thought to himself,,,,naturalistic written -54-192,54,[...] bin ou mem alé rodé alor!,[...]\tben\tou-menm\tale\trode\talor!,[...]\twell\tyour-self\tgo\tlook\tthen,"[...] well, go and look (for it) yourself then!",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-193,54,"E! lev aou, lev aou!","E!\tlev\taou,\tlev\taou!",hey\tget.up\tOBL.2SG\tget.up\tOBL.2SG,"Hey! Get up, get up!",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-194,54,Li la twé ali menm.,Li\tla\ttwe\tali-menm.,3SG\tPRF\tkill\tOBL.3SG-self,He committed suicide.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-163,55,Deyzi ti truv li-mem daṅ laglas,Deyzi\tti\ttruv\tli-mem\tdaṅ\tlaglas,Daisy\tANT\tlook\t3SG-EMPH\tin\tmirror,Daisy saw herself in the mirror.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-164,55,Deyzi-mem ti uver laport,Deyzi-mem\tti\tuver\tlaport,Daisy-EMPH\tANT\topen\tdoor,Daisy herself opened the door. OR: It was Daisy herself who opened the door.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-160,56,Sa Ma Estel limenm ki dir li dan tan margoz avek ziz.,Sa\tMa\tEstel\tlimenm\tki\tdir\tli\tdan\ttan\tmargoz\tavek\tziz.,DEM\tMa\tEstel\tINTENS\tREL\tsay\thim\tin\ttime\tslavery\twith\tjudge,It was this Ma Estelle (herself) who said to the judge that she was from the temps margose (the period of slavery).,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-110,58,bo mosi,bo\tmosi,they\tone,themselves,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-111,58,Yandi mene kwenda yandi mosi.,Yandi\tmene\tkwenda\tyandi\tmosi.,he/she\tPRF\tgo\the/she\tone,He/She left alone. OR: He/She himself/herself left.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -60-122,60,amímónákí,a-mí-món-ákí,3SG-REFL-see-PST,He saw himself.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-93,61,Yena akhile lo khaya self ga yena.,Yena\takh-ile\tlo\tkhaya\tself\tga\tyena.,he\tbuild-PST\tDEF.ART\thouse\tself\tof\the,He built the house by himself. OR: He built the house himself.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-167,63,úmun dús úmun,úmun\tdús\túmun,3PL\thide\t3PL,They hide themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-178,64,íta zátu,íta\tzátu,2SG\tTOP,you yourself,,,,constructed by linguist -65-133,65,Maja sama delaj ne magu.,Maja\tsama\tdelaj\tne\tmagu.,1SG\tself\tdo\tNEG\tcan,I cannot do it myself (alone).,,,,elicited from speaker -65-134,65,"Xelibə netu, iwo samə delaj.","Xelibə\tnetu,\tiwo\tsamə\tdelaj.",bread\tCOP.NEG\t3SG\tself\tmake,"There was no bread, and she made it herself.",,,,naturalistic spoken -66-100,66,Poðiyen diayang dia jo kaca ka eliyat (aða).,Poðiyen\tdia-yang-dia-jo\tkaca\tka\te-liyat\t(aða).,boy\t3SG-ACC.DEF-3SG-FOC\tmirror\tin\tASP-see\t(AUX),The boy saw himself in the mirror.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-101,66,Suuratyang lebberingjo ebuuka (aða).,Suurat-yang\tlebbe-ring-jo\te-buuka\t(aða).,letter-ACC.DEF\tpriest-ABL-FOC\tASP-open\t(AUX),The priest himself opened the letter.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-184,67,Dia bodoh ah dia mau pukul dia sendiri.,Dia\tbodoh\tah\tdia\tmau\tpukul\tdia\tsendiri.,3SG\tstupid\tEMPH\t3SG\twant\thit\t3SG\tREFL,He is stupid; he wanted to hit himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-185,67,Dia punya diri potong dia punya sendiri punya tangan.,Dia\tpunya\tdiri\tpotong\tdia\tpunya\tsendiri\tpunya\ttangan.,he\tPOSS\town\tcut\t3SG\tPOSS\town\tATTR\tfinger,He himself cut his own fingers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-161,71,"Wau no ike keia pake, Ta Mon inoa iaia.","Wau\tno\tike\tkeia\tpake,\tTa\tMon\tinoa\tiaia.",1SG\tINTENS\tsee\tthis\tChinese\tTa\tMon\tname\t3SG.POSS,"I (indeed) saw this Chinese, Ta Mon is his name.",,,,naturalistic written -71-162,71,Wau hele no ma kela wahi Kapule.,Wau\thele\tno\tma\tkela\twahi\tKapule.,1SG\tgo\tINTENS\tLOC\tDET\tplace\tKapule,I went (indeed) to Kapule's place.,,,,naturalistic written -72-137,72,Ib yu karankarra mijelp hardwantu yul meikim mijelp kungulu.,Ib\tyu\tkaran-karra\tmijelp\thard-wan-tu\tyu-l\tmeik-im\tmijelp\tkungulu.,if\t2SG\tscratch-CONT\tREFL\thard-NMLZ-ERG\t2SG-FUT\tmake-TR\tREFL\tbleed,"If you scratch yourself hard, you'll make yourself bleed.",,,92d51982d3e7683345f98cd406f1b756,elicited from speaker -72-138,72,Nyantungku i garra faindim Mishai.,Nyantu-ngku\ti\tgarra\tfaind-im\tMishai.,3SG-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPOT\tfind-TR\tMishai,He's got to find Mishai himself.,,,1ebe622b2f3fb05cb3141fd237da2353,naturalistic spoken -72-139,72,LD warrkap na warrkap.,LD\twarrkap\tna\twarrkap.,LD\tdance\tFOC\tdance,LD is dancing himself.,,,8397fc7f2a30a7d6f83b3c757ccaf5e5,naturalistic spoken -75-217,75,Waapamishoow daa li miirwee.,Waapam-ishoo-w\tdaa\tli\tmiirwee.,see.ANIM-REFL-3\tLOC\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tmirror,He saw himself in the mirror. OR: He saw the reflection in the mirror. (translation in Laverdure & Allard),,,,naturalistic written -75-218,75,Niya iku giikiishishwaaw la galet.,Niya\tiku\tgii-kiishishw-aaw\tla\tgalet.,1SG\tINTENS\t1.PST-bake.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tART.F.SG\tbannock,I baked the bannock myself.,,,,naturalistic written -1-224,1,Mikki wi takki makanderen.,Meki\twi\ttaki\tmakandra.,make\t1PL\ttalk\ttogether,Let us talk with each other.,,,,written -1-225,1,"Liebi boen, tee wie sie wiesrefi baka.","Libi\tbun,\tte\twi\tsi\twisrefi\tbaka.",live\tgood\tuntil\t1PL\tsee\t1PL.self\tagain,"Stay well, until we see each other again.",,,,written -2-230,2,Den srudati feti nanga densrefi.,Den\tsrudati\tfeti\tnanga\tdensrefi.,the.PL\tsoldier\tfight\twith\tthemselves,The soldiers fought with each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-231,2,Den lobi densrefi tumsi.,Den\tlobi\tdensrefi\ttumsi.,3PL\tlove\tthemselves\ttoo.much,They love themselves too much.,,,,constructed by linguist -2-232,2,Den brasa makandra.,Den\tbrasa\tmakandra.,3PL\tembrace\teach.other,They hugged each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-119,3,De lobi de seei.,De\tlobi\tde\tseei.,3PL\tlove\t3PL\tself,They love themselves. OR: They love each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-120,3,De lobi makanda.,De\tlobi\tmakanda.,3PL\tlove\tRECP,They love each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-152,4,Den yeepi den seefi koti goon.,Den\tyeepi\tden\tseefi\tkoti\tgoon.,they\thelp\tthey\tself\tcut\tground,They help each other cut their fields.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-154,5,dem hog op matii vs. dem hog op wan anada,dem\thog\top\tmatii\tvs.\tdem\thog\top\twan\tanada,3PL\thug\tup\tothers.like.themselves\tvs.\t3PL\thug\tup\tone\tanother,They hugged up each other.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-155,5,dem doz luk aafta dem oon self,dem\tdoz\tluk\taafta\tdem\toon\tself,3PL\tHAB\tlook\tafter\t3PL.POSS\town\tself,They look after themselves. OR: They are selfish.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-92,6,to compare the soca culture to dat nasty Jamaican passa passa where dey roll in mud and juk one anoda,to\tcompare\tthe\tsoca\tculture\tto\tdat\tnasty\tJamaican\tpassa\tpassa\twhere\tdey\troll\tin\tmud\tand\tjuk\tone\tanoda,to\tcompare\tDET\tsoca\tculture\tto\tDEM\tnasty\tJamaican\tpassa\tpassa\twhere\t3PL\troll\tPREP\tmud\tCONJ\tpush\tone\tanother,to compare the soca culture to that nasty Jamaican festival where they roll in mud and push each other around,,,,naturalistic written -7-214,7,Na pot meivis an hari fo se duhng neks tugyeda.,Na\tpot\tmeivis\tan\thari\tfo\tse\tduhng\tneks\ttugyeda.,NEG\tput\tMavis\tand\tHarry\tfor\tsit\tdown\tnext\ttogether,Do not put Mavis and Harry to sit next to each other.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-138,8,Di faama-dem de fait (dem) wan aneda.,Di\tfaama-dem\tde\tfait\t(dem)\twan\taneda.,DET\tfarmer-PL\tPROG\tfight\t(3PL)\tone\tanother,The farmers are fighting each other / one another.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-163,9,"Da syem ting we yu do fa an, da syem ting im do dat fa yu.","Da\tsyem\tting\twe\tyu\tdo\tfa\tan,\tda\tsyem\tting\tim\tdo\tdat\tfa\tyu.",that\tsame\tthing\tREL\t2SG\tdo\tfor\t3SG\tthat\tsame\tthing\t3SG\tdo\tthat\tfor\t2SG,You help one another.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-207,10,Dehn laik wananada plenty.,Dehn\tlaik\twan-anada\tplenty.,3PL\tlike\tone-RECP\ta.lot,They like each other a lot.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-208,10,Ihn kot ihnself.,Ihn\tkot\tihn-self.,3SG\tcut\t3SG-REFL,She cut herself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-278,11,Nobadi respek wananada.,No-badi\trespek\twan-anada.,no-body\trespect\tRECP-RECP,Nobody respects one another.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-279,11,Som piipl laik [...] kilin op wananada den.,Som\tpiipl\tlaik\t[...]\tkil-in\top\twan-anada\tden.,some\tpeople\tlike\t[...]\tkill-PROG\tup\tRECP-RECP\tthen,"Then again, some people like [...] killing each other.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-280,11,Ai kansida maiself Kriol.,Ai\tkansida\tmai-self\tKriol.,1SG\tconsider\t1SG-REFL\tCreole,I consider myself a Creole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-217,12,"I ain't been to no dance, 'cause I couldn't go. My daddy wouldn't allow us to go to ... dance, you know - he say, That what spoil the children. Your daddy keep you from them thing. [So how could you see him - like if you traveled by boat ... or what were the special occasions?] No, we have special occasion - [Like what?] - to meet each other. Like, the parents will appoint a time for you to go visit this next settlement, and - you know?",[...]\twe\thave\tspecial\toccasion\t[...]\tto\tmeet\teach\tother.,[...]\t1PL.SBJ\thave[HAB.PST]\tspecial\toccasion.PL\t[...]\tto\tmeet\teach\tother,[...] (young people searching for a mate) had special events to meet each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-218,12,"My - my granddaddy was a Forbes, and my grandmother was a Forbes, so I don't know if they were family. But one from Exuma, and one from Cat Island. My - my grandmother - Forbes, they from Cat Island, and my - granddaddy - o- my granddaddy - was a Knowles. That mean that's when the old people met each other.",[...]\twhen\tthe\told\tpeople\tmet\teach\tother.,[...]\twhen\tART\told\tpeople\tmeet[PFV]\teach\tother,[That’s when] the old people met each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-159,13,Dey aks one noda.,Dey\taks\tone\tnoda.,they\task\tone\tanother,They ask one another. (Mt 8.27),,,,bible translation -13-160,13,Now Pilate an Herod dem done beena fight each oda.,Now\tPilate\tan\tHerod\tdem\tdone\tbeena\tfight\teach\toda.,now\tPilate\tand\tHerod\tthem\tCOMPL\tPST/ASP\tfight\tRECP\tRECP,Now Pilate and Herod were done fighting each other. (Lk 23.12),,,,bible translation -13-161,13,"Leh all people do wa good fa oda people, steada wa good fa dey own sef.","Leh\tall\tpeople\tdo\twa\tgood\tfa\toda\tpeople,\tsteada\twa\tgood\tfa\tdey\town\tsef.",let\tall\tpeople\tdo\twhat\tgood\tfor\tother\tpeople\tinstead\twhat\tgood\tfor\tREFL\tREFL\tREFL,Let all people do what is good for other people instead of what is good for themselves. (1 Cor 10.24),,,,bible translation -14-122,14,They speak to each other.,They\tspeak\tto\teach\tother.,they\tspeak\tto\tRECP\tRECP,They speak to each other.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-122,15,dɛ̃ lɛk dɛ̃sɛf,dɛ̃\tlɛk\tdɛ̃sɛf,3PL\tlike\tREFL,They like each other. OR: They each like themselves.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-123,15,dɛ̃ kil dɛ̃sɛf,dɛ̃\tkil\tdɛ̃sɛf,3PL\tkill\tREFL,They killed themselves. OR: They killed each other.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-130,16,wì no dè hiɛ iʧ ɔda,wì\tno\tdè\thiɛ\tiʧ\tɔda,1PL\tNEG\tHAB\thear\teach\tother,We don't understand each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-154,17,Dè̱m layk ìchó̱da/wò̱nànó̱da.,Dè̱m\tlayk\tìchó̱da/wò̱nànó̱da.,3PL.SBJ\tlike\tRECP/RECP,They like each other / one another.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-155,17,Dè̱m layk dè̱m-sé̱f.,Dè̱m\tlayk\tdè̱m-sé̱f.,3PL.SBJ\tlike\t3PL.POSS-REFL,They like each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-156,17,Dè̱m si ìchó̱da/wò̱nànó̱da.,Dè̱m\tsi\tìchó̱da/wò̱nànó̱da.,3PL.SBJ\tsee\tRECP/RECP,They see each other / one another.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-138,18,Dem laik dem-sef.,Dem\tlaik\tdem-sef.,3PL.SBJ\tlike\t3PL-REFL,They like each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-176,19,Dɛ̀n dè slap dɛ̀n sɛf.,Dɛ̀n\tdè\tslap\tdɛ̀n\tsɛf.,3PL\tIPFV\t3PL\t3PL\tself,They are slapping each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-177,19,dɛ̀nɔ̀ltu dɛ̀n dè sàlút dɛ̀n sɛf.,dɛ̀n-ɔ̀l-tu\tdɛ̀n\tdè\tsàlút\tdɛ̀n\tsɛf.,3PL.EMPH.CPD-all.CPD-two\t3PL\tIPFV\tgreet\t3PL\tself,The two of them are greeting each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -21-121,21,We massaged each other.,We\tmassag-ed\teach\tother.,1PL\tmassage-PST\tRECP\tRECP,We massaged each other.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-122,21,We massaged ourselves.,We\tmassag-ed\tour-selves.,1PL\tmassage-PST\t1PL-REFL,We massaged ourselves.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-156,22,Em toktok long em yet [...].,Em\ttoktok\tlong\tem\tyet\t[...].,3SG\tsay\tPREP\t3SG\tREFL\t[...],She said to herself [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-157,22,"Pikinini bikpla na ol maretim ol yet, na ol i stap.","Pikinini\tbik-pla\tna\tol\tmaret-im\tol\tyet,\tna\tol\ti\tstap.",child\tbig-MOD\tand\t3PL\tmarry-TR\t3PL\tFOC\tand\t3PL\tPM\tstay,The children grew big and married each other and stayed there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-164,24,Dem gwen a' si wan naeda.,Dem\tgwen\ta'\tsi\twan\tnaeda.,they\tFUT\tFUT\tsee\tone\tother,They will see each other.,,,,naturalistic written -25-308,25,Tubala givit mijelb bekbon ij.,Tubala\tgiv-it\tmijelb\tbekbon\tij.,3DU\tgive-TR\tREFL\tback\teach,The two are turning the back to each other. (In space elicitation),,,,elicited from speaker -25-309,25,Maiti tubala bin graulim mijelb.,Maiti\ttubala\tbin\tgraul-im\tmijelb.,maybe\t3DU\tPST\tgrowl-TR\tREFL,Maybe the two growled at each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -25-310,25,Mela bin gulagula gija olawei.,Mela\tbin\tgula~gula\tgija\tolawei.,1PL.EXCL\tPST\tRED.argue\tRECP\tall.the.way,We were telling off each other all the way.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-102,26,deɪ wɛn tɛo iʧaɾa,deɪ\twɛn\ttɛo\tiʧaɾa,3PL\tPST.PFV\tsay\tRECP,they said to each other,,,,constructed by linguist -28-145,28,en bɛtɛ mati fu mja mati skriki,eni\tbɛt-tɛ\tmati\tfu\tmja\tmati\tskriki,3PL\tbet-PFV\tRECP\tfor\tmake\tRECP\tfrighten,They made a bet with each other to frighten each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-180,29,Jan en Piet haat hulleself.,Jan\ten\tPiet\thaat\thulle-self.,John\tand\tPete\thate\tthem-REFL,John and Pete hate themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-181,29,Jan en Piet haat (vir) mekaar.,Jan\ten\tPiet\thaat\t(vir)\tmekaar.,John\tand\tPete\thate\t(for)\tRECP,John and Pete hate each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-190,30,"Pai ku mai rabida, djobe kunpanheru, [...].","Pai\tku=mai\trabida,\tdjobe\tkunpanheru,\t[...].",father\twith=mother\tturn.around\tlook.at\tcomrade\t[...],"The father and the mother turned around and looked at each other, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-152,31,"Nu ta sai, ta spia kunpanheru, pa kaminhu.","Nu\tta\tsai,\tta\tspia\tkunpanheru,\tpa\tkaminhu.",we\tHAB\tgo.out\tHAB\tlook\teach.other\ton\tway,"We would go out, looking at each other on the way.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-149,32,Es ben partá d'kunpanher.,Es\tben\tpartá\tde\tkunpanher.,3PL\tcome\tseparate\tfrom\teach.other,They separated from each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-150,32,No mestê protejê-l d'se kabésa.,No\tmestê\tprotejê-l\tde\tse\tkabésa.,1PL\tneed\tprotect-3SG\tfrom\tPOSS.3SG\thead,We need to protect him from himself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-177,33,Nha fidjus laba un utru.,Nha\tfidju-s\tlaba\tun\tutru.,1SG\tchild-PL\twash\tone\tother,My children washed one another.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-143,34,Joŋ ku Mariya keré ŋútur.,Joŋ\tku\tMariya\tø\tkeré\tŋútur.,John\twith\tMary\tPFV\tlove\teach.other,John and Mary love each other.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-204,35,Ũa ska mat'ôtlô.,Ũa\tska\tmat'=ôtlô.,one\tPROG\tkill=other,They are killing each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -35-205,35,Ê mat'ubwê dê.,Ê\tmat'=ubwê\tdê.,3SG\tkill=body\t3SG.POSS,He committed suicide.,,,,constructed by linguist -36-120,36,No Ngola na ka theketha ôtô mo wa.,No\tNgola\tna\tka\ttheketha\tôtô\tmo\twa.,we\tAngolar\tNEG\tHAB\tshake\tother\thand\tNEG,We Angolars do not shake hands (to greet each other).,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-157,37,Ôtô sa mêê mata ôtô.,Ôtô\tsa\tmêê\tmata\tôtô.,other\tPROG\twant\tkill\tother,They wanted to kill each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-168,38,"Fo desyi se na namé-mu ku pé-mu ange té ange, [...].","Fo\tde-syi\tse\tna\tna-mé-mu\tku\tpé-mu\ta-nge\tté\ta-nge,\t[...].",since\tday-DEM\tRES\tART\tDEF-mom-my\tand\tdad-my\tDEF-person\thave\tDEF-person\t[...],"Since my parents got married, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -38-169,38,Tudya povu xa laba a lugusai.,Tudyia\tpovu\txa\tlaba\tawa\tlugu-sai.,formerly\tpoor.people\tEVID\twash\twater\tlake-DEM,Formerly the people washed themselves in this lake.,,,,elicited from speaker -40-121,40,Mari ani Pedru kupot amor tə hedze.,Mari\tani\tPedru\tkupot\tamor\ttə\thedze.,Mari\tand\tPedru\teach.other\tlove\tPRS\tdo,Mari and Pedru love each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-143,41,aka kriyaansas briiya tabuskaa uŋapa uŋa/uŋa juuntu uŋa,aka\tkriyaansa-s\tbriiya\tta-buskaa\tuŋa-pa\tuŋa/uŋa\tjuuntu\tuŋa,that\tchild-PL\tfight\tPRS-search\tone-DAT\tone/one\twith\tone,Those children are fighting with each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-144,41,etus uŋapa uŋa/uŋa juuntu uŋa tadaaytaam,etus\tuŋa-pa\tuŋa/uŋa\tjuuntu\tuŋa\tta-daay-taam,3PL.HON\tone-DAT\tone/one\twith\tone\tPRS-strike-REFL,They are hitting each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-155,42,Pedru ku Maria dos dos busidu,Pedru\tku\tMaria\tdos~dos\tbusidu,Pedru\tCOM\tMaria\ttwo~two\thate,Pedru and Maria hate each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-156,42,nalí teng tres femi ki ta papiá onsong,nalí\tteng\ttres\tfemi\tki\tta\tpapiá\tonsong,there\tBE\tthree\tgirl\tREL\tPROG\tspeak\talone,There are three girls there who are talking to themselves.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-106,43,Unga abursa kung otru e chura.,Unga\tabursa\tkung\totru\te\tchura.,one\thug\tOBJ\tother\tand\tcry,They hugged each other and cried.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-154,44,Ta hugá keré lótro dos.,Ta\thugá\tkeré\tlótro\tdos.,IPFV\tplay.RECP\tlove\t3PL\ttwo,The two of them love each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-127,45,Ta manggolpeahan el mga muchacho.,Ta\tmang-golpea-han\tel\tmga\tmuchacho.,IPFV\tRECP-hit-RECP\tDEF\tPL\tboy,They boys are hitting each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-167,46,Tam-kwentó-han silá mga istórya.,Tam-kwentó-han\tsilá\tmga\tistórya.,IPFV.VBLZ-story-RECP\t3PL\tPL\tstory,They are telling each other stories.,,,,constructed by linguist -46-168,46,Yanmatáhan.,Ya-man-matá-han.,PRF-RECP-kill-RECP,They killed each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-169,46,Ta-amá silá úno a ótro.,Ta-amá\tsilá\túno\ta\tótro.,IPFV-love\t3PL\tone\tto\tother,They love each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-173,47,Mi ta kontento ku nos a konosé otro hopi aña atras.,Mi\tta\tkontento\tku\tnos\ta\tkonosé\totro\thopi\taña\tatras.,1SG\tCOP\thappy\tCOMP\t1PL\tPFV\tknow\tRECP\tmany\tyear\tbefore,I am happy that we got to know each other so many years ago.,,,,naturalistic written -47-174,47,Tur e politikonan ta bringa otro.,Tur\te\tpolitiko\tnan\tta\tbringa\totro.,all\tDEF\tpolitician\tPL\tTNS\tfight\tRECP,All the politicians fight each other.,,,,published source -48-159,48,Ané a mata.,Ané\ta\tmata.,they\tPST\tkill,They killed. OR: They killed each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-160,48,Ané ndo a besá.,Ané\tndo\ta\tbesá.,they\ttwo\tPST\tkiss,The two of them kissed. OR: The two of them kissed each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-271,49,Moun sa yo remen kò yo.,Moun\tsa\tyo\tremen\tkò\tyo.,people\tDEM\tDEF.PL\tlove\tbody\t3PL.POSS,These people love themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-272,49,Youn ba lòt kado.,Youn\tba\tlòt\tkado.,one\tgive\tother\tpresent,They gave each other presents.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-273,49,Yo renmen alafoli.,Yo\trenmen\talafoli.,3PL\tlove\tmadly,They love each other to death.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-169,50,Yo ka gadé yo-menm.,Yo\tka\tgadé\tyo-menm.,3PL\tPROG\tlook\t3PL-EMPH,They are looking at themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-170,50,Yonn ka gadé lòt.,Yonn\tka\tgadé\tlòt.,one\tPROG\tlook\tother,They are looking at each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-171,50,Yo bo.,Yo\tbo.,3PL\tkiss,They kissed (each other).,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -51-150,51,Yo ka gadé yo-menm.,Yo\tka\tgadé\tyo-menm.,3PL\tPROG\tlook\t3PL-EMPH,They are looking at themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-151,51,Yonn ka gadé lot.,Yonn\tka\tgadé\tlot.,one\tPROG\tlook\tother,They are looking at each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-95,52,yé konnèt yé kompannyen,yé\tkonnèt\tyé\tkompannyen,they\tknow\tthem\tfriends,They know each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-328,53,doe moun ki lem enn-a-lot,doe\tmoun\tki\tlem\tenn-a-lot,two\tperson\twho\tlove\tone-to-other,two people who love each other,,,,elicited from speaker -53-329,53,Ye te prèt zafè èn-a-lòt.,Ye\tte\tprèt\tzafè\tèn-a-lòt.,3PL\tPST\tloan\tthing\tone-to-other,They loaned things to each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-195,54,Lé dé i démanti pa enn é lot.,Le\tde\ti\tdemanti\tpa\tenn-e-lot.,DEF.PL\ttwo\tFIN\tbetray\tNEG\tone-and-other,They do not betray each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-196,54,Bann kok i bek azot.,Bann\tkok\ti\tbek\tazot.,PL\tcock\tFIN\tpick\tOBL.3PL,The cocks pick each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-197,54,Zot prepar azot.,Zot\tprepar\tazot.,3PL\tprepare\tOBL.3PL,They prepare themselves.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-165,55,zot koṅtaṅ zot-mem,zot\tkoṅtaṅ\tzot-mem,3PL\tlove\t3PL-self,They love themselves. OR: They love each other.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-166,55,saken koṅtaṅ so kamarad,saken\tkoṅtaṅ\tso\tkamarad,each.one\tlove\t3SG\tfriend,They love each other.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-161,56,Nou pa zwenn kanmarad.,Nou\tpa\tzwenn\tkanmarad.,1PL\tNEG\tmeet\teach.other,We don't meet each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-168,57,muʃe twa!,muʃe\ttwa!,blow.nose\t2SG,Blow your nose!,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-169,57,sola ndi atr sola […],sola\tndi\tatr\tsola\t[...],3PL\tsay\tRECP\t3PL\t[...],They say/said to each other […],,,,naturalistic spoken -58-112,58,Bo me bal-an-a/mon-an-a.,Bo\tme\tbal-an-a/mon-an-a.,they\tPRF\tmarry-RECP-NARR/see-RECP-NARR,They married each other. OR: They got married. / They saw each other. OR: They met.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-270,59,"ala londo, akumase ti pika tere sioni","ala\tlondo,\ta-kumase\tti\tpika\ttere\tsioni",3PL\tarise\tPM-begin\tto\thit\tbody\tbadly,They arose and began to hit each other terribly.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-271,59,pikango tere ake nzoni ape,pika-ngo\ttere\ta-ke\tnzoni\tape,hit-NMLZ\tbody\tPM-COP\tgood\tNEG,Fighting is not good.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-124,60,bamónánákí,ba-món-án-ákí,3PL-see-RECP-PST,They saw each other.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-125,60,bamímónákí,ba-mí-món-ákí,3PL-REFL-see-PST,They saw themselves.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -62-83,62,v-áa-té-án-a kwa mhpambá,v-áa-té-án-a\tkwa\tmhpambá,2-PST-beat-RECP-FV\twith\tmachete,They fought each other with the machete.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-168,63,úmun árif bádum,úmun\tárif\tbádum,3PL\tknow\tRECP,They know each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-169,63,úmun dús úmun,úmun\tdús\túmun,3PL\thide\t3PL,They hide themselves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-179,64,lísa anína kátulu badúm,lísa\tanína\tkátulu\tbadúm,still\t1PL\tkill\tRECP,We are still killing each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-135,65,Adin liudi dərugoj liudi kuʃaj.,Adin\tliudi\tdərugoj\tliudi\tkuʃaj.,one\tperson\tanother\tperson\teat,Living creatures eat one another.,,,,citation in fiction -65-136,65,"Pr'am drug drug budet streliat', konʧit.","Pr'am\tdrug\tdrug\tbudet\tstreliat',\tkonʧit.",really\tother\tother\tCOP.FUT.3SG\tshoot.INF\tfinish.FUT.3SG,It really will end up in that people shoot at each other.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-102,66,Anak diape tanganyang dia jo çuçi ambε.,Anak\tdia-pe\ttangan-yang-dia-jo\tçuçi-ambε.,child\t3SG-POSS\thand-ACC.DEF-3SG-FOC\twash-PROG,The child is washing himself.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-186,67,Budak-budak pukul satu satu.,Budak~budak\tpukul\tsatu\tsatu.,child~child\tbeat\tone\tone,The children are beating one another.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-187,67,Dia orang suka satu satu.,Dia\torang\tsuka\tsatu\tsatu.,3SG\tpeople\tlike\tone\tone,They like one another.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-106,68,"Dolo dong baku-musu, skarang dong su baku-bae.","Dolo\tdong\tbaku-musu,\tskarang\tdong\tsu\tbaku-bae.",earlier\t3PL\tRECP-hostile\tnow\t3PL\tPFV\tRECP-good,"They used to be enemies, now they are on good terms with each other.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-107,68,goso; ba-goso,goso;\tba-goso,rub\tREFL-rub,to rub; to rub oneself,,,,elicited from speaker -71-163,71,"Kalo huhu wau, wau huhu iaia.","Kalo\thuhu\twau,\twau\thuhu\tiaia.",Kalo\tbecome.angry\t1SG\t1SG\tbecome.angry\t3SG,Kalo and I became angry with each other.,,,,naturalistic written -71-164,71,Laua huki ka lauoho laua.,Laua\thuki\tka\tlauoho\tlaua.,3DU\tpull\tDEF\thair\t3DU.POSS,The two of them pulled each other's hair.,,,,naturalistic written -72-140,72,"""Watja watja"" jei bin tok mijelp nganta.","""Watja\twatja""\tjei\tbin\ttok\tmijelp\tnganta.",hurry\thurry\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\ttalk\tRECP\tDOUBT,"""Hurry hurry"", I reckon they were saying to each other.",,,,elicited from speaker -72-141,72,Ib yu karankarra mijelp hardwantu yul meikim mijelp kungulu.,Ib\tyu\tkaran-karra\tmijelp\thard-wan-tu\tyu-l\tmeik-im\tmijelp\tkungulu.,if\t2SG\tscratch-CONT\tREFL\thard-NMLZ-ERG\t2SG-FUT\tmake-TR\tREFL\tbleed,"If you keep scratching yourself hard, you will make yourself bleed.",,,,elicited from speaker -73-91,73,elkunaga muchanakuxun,el-kuna-ga\tmucha-naku-xu-n,3SG-PL-TOP\tkiss-RECP-PROG-3,They kiss each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-92,73,elkunapura komunikanakuxun,el-kuna-pura\tkomunika-naku-xu-n,3SG-PL-among\tcommunicate-RECP-PROG-3,They communicate among each other.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-219,75,Wiichihiitowak eekwa.,Wiichihii-to-w-ak\teekwa.,help-RECP-3-PL\tthen,They helped each other at that time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -1-226,1,Dasanni no selli jetti?,Da-sani\tno\tseri\tete?,DET.SG-thing\tNEG\tsell\tyet,Isn't that sold yet?,,,,written (dictionary) -2-233,2,Kande den suma disi ben kweki tra fasi.,Kande\tden\tsuma\tdisi\tben\tkweki\ttra\tfasi.,maybe\tthe.PL\tperson\tDEM\tPST\traise\tanother\tway,Maybe these people were raised differently.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-234,2,A liba bradi kba.,A\tliba\tbradi\tkba.,DET\triver\twide\talready,The river has already been widened.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-235,2,A krosi e krin.,A\tkrosi\te\tkrin.,DET\tclothes\tIPFV\tclean,The clothes are being cleaned.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-121,3,"Dí dí gánia kíi, dí onkoóku kó kái.","Dí\tdí\tgánia\tkíi,\tdí\tonkoóku\tkó\tkái.",then\tDEF.SG\tchicken\tkill\tDEF.SG\tmisfortune\tcome\tfall,"At the same time the chicken was killed, misfortune started to happen.",,,,naturalistic spoken -4-153,4,A gaan foo kii kaba. Mi á sabi sama kii en.,A\tgaan\tfoo\tkii\tkaba.\tMi\tá\tsabi\tsama\tkii\ten.,DET.SG\tgreat\tbird\tkill\talready.\tI\tNEG\tknow\twho\tkilled\tit,The large chicken is already killed. I don't know who killed it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-154,4,Beele sa nyan a ini a osu ya.,Beele\tsa\tnyan\ta\tini\ta\tosu\tya.,bread\tMOD\teat\tLOC\tin\tDET.SG\thouse\there,It's possible to eat bread in this house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-155,4,U/den ná e booko a domi so!,U/den\tná\te\tbooko\ta\tdomi\tso!,we/they\tNEG\tIPFV\tbreak\tDET\tcassava\tlike.this,We/they don't prepare the cassava like this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-156,5,di maan get kot in ii fut,di\tmaan\tget\tkot\tin\tii\tfut,the\tman\tPASS\tcut\tin\t3SG.POSS\tfoot,The man has been cut in his foot.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-157,5,di maan fut kot,di\tmaan\tfut\tkot,the\tman\tfoot\tcut,The man's foot is cut. OR: The man has been cut on his foot.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-93,6,Hi get ketch.,Hi\tget\tketch.,3SG\tget\tcatch,He was caught.,,,,elicited from speaker -6-94,6,De fish ketch.,De\tfish\tketch.,DET\tfish\tcatch,The fish was caught.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-215,7,Hi get sting.,Hi\tget\tsting.,3SG\tget\tsting,He was stung.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-216,7,Di hous get buhn duhng.,Di\thous\tget\tbuhn\tduhng.,ART\thouse\tget\tburn\tdown,The house was burnt.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-217,7,*hi sting,*hi\tsting,3SG\tsting,NOT: He was stung.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-218,7,di keik beik,di\tkeik\tbeik,ART\tcake\tbake,the cake is/was baked,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-139,8,Op tu nou dem no nuo ou di fuud get kuk.,Op\ttu\tnou\tdem\tno\tnuo\tou\tdi\tfuud\tget\tkuk.,up\tto\tnow\t3PL\tNEG\tknow\thow\tDET\tfood\tget\tcook,Even now they still don't know how the food was cooked.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-140,8,Di chrii kot an wi no nuo a huu kot i.,Di\tchrii\tkot\tan\twi\tno\tnuo\ta\thuu\tkot\ti.,DET\ttree\tcut\tand\t1PL\tNEG\tknow\tFOC\twho\tcut\t3SG,The tree was cut but we don't know by whom.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-164,9,Dat waz di onli man hu poniʃ.,Dat\twaz\tdi\tonli\tman\t[hu\tponiʃ\t_].,that\twas\tthe\tonly\tman\t[REL\tpunish\t_],That was the only man who was punished.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-165,9,A yuztu tiyʧ bay nɔn.,A\tyuztu\ttiyʧ\tbay\tnɔn.,1SG\tused.to\tteach\tby\tnun,I used to attend a school where the teachers were nuns.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-166,9,Da moni wan split ina tri.,Da\tmoni\twan\tsplit\tina\ttri.,that\tmoney\tFUT\tsplit\tin\tthree,That money will be split into three. OR: That money will be divided into three parts.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-167,9,A disgos si dem.,A\tdisgos\tsi\tdem.,1SG\tdisgust\tsee\t3PL,I am disgusted when I see them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-168,9,Yu get ʧap kwik.,Yu\tget\tʧap\tkwik.,2SG\tget\tchop\tquick,You get chopped quickly. OR: You may soon get cut/hurt.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-209,10,Ihn get biit op.,Ihn\tget\tbiit\top.,3SG\tget\tbeat\tup,He got beaten up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-210,10,Da hous peint ogly.,Da\thous\tpeint\togly.,DEM\thouse\tpeint\tugly,That house is painted in an ugly colour.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-281,11,"Iin awa deez, rom nou liigalaiz.","Iin\tawa\tdee-z,\trom\tnou\tliigalaiz.",In\t1PL.POSS\tday-PL\trom\tNEG\tlegalize,"In our days, consuming rum was not well seen.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-282,11,Di papaya trii troo iin di basura.,Di\tpapaya\ttrii\ttroo\tiin\tdi\tbasura.,ART.DEF\tpapaya\ttree\tthrow\tin\tART.DEF\tgarbage,The papaya tree was thrown into the garbage.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-283,11,If dis ting woz wel regyuleeted [...].,If\tdis\tting\twoz\twel\tregyuleet-ed\t[...].,if\tDEM\tthing\tCOP.PST\twell\tregulate-PTCP\t[...],If this thing was well regulated [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-284,11,Taiga get fraitn.,Taiga\tget\tfraitn.,Tiger\tget\tfrighten,Tiger was frightened.,,,,naturalistic written -12-219,12,"I been to court for a person - witness for a person, because he couldn't come to the hospital, because he did get jook. Ne- close here - more to he heart, and that - and that thing stop about that much from he heart.",[...]\the\tdid\tget\tjook.,[...]\t3SG.M.SBJ\tPST\tget\tstab,[...] he had gotten stabbed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-220,12,"Anyhow, they done christen - I glad that over.",[...]\tthey\tdone\tchristen\t[...].,[...]\t3PL.SBJ\tCOMPL\tchristen\t[...],"[Anyhow,] they’ve been christened now [- I’m glad that that’s over].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-221,12,"When I been home - I christen in that when I was - in 1916 I born. I christen in that church, and I been back home, and I used to look and I walk in the church [...] I say, This the church I christen in. From a baby.",[...]\tI\tchristen\tin\tthat\t[...]\tI\tchristen\tin\tthat\tchurch\t[...]\tThis\tthe\tchurch\tI\tchristen\tin.,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tchristen\tin\tDEM\t[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tchristen\tPREP\tDEM\tchurch\t[...]\tDEM\tART\tchurch\t1SG.SBJ\tchristen\tPREP,[...] I was christened in that [...] I was christened in that church [...] This is the church I was christened in.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-222,12,"So - they - OK, so - uh - lot of people got arrested, people went to prison and what not, you know, after - after they had this riot, you know.",[...]\tlot\tof\tpeople\tgot\tarrested\t[...].,[...]\tlot\tof\tpeople\tget[PFV]\tarrest.PTCP\t[...],[...] (a) lot of people got arrested [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-223,12,"I was never confirm – in the Anglican, so I got confirm.","I was never confirm – in the Anglican, so I got confirm.",1SG.SBJ COP.PST never confirm   PREP ART Anglican so 1SG.SBJ get.PST confirm,"I had not been confirmed in the Anglican [Church], so I was confirmed [in the Catholic Church].",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-162,13,"Ham meat throw away here, and pork chop throw away here.","Ham\tmeat\tthrow\taway\there,\tand\tpork\tchop\tthrow\taway\there.",ham\tmeat\tthrow\taway\there\tand\tpork\tchop\tthrow\taway\there,"Ham is thrown away here, and pork chops are thrown away here.",,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -13-163,13,Both can use.,Both\tcan\tuse.,both\tcan\tuse,Both can be used.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -14-123,14,They was all fired.,They\twas\tall\tfired.,they\tbe.PASS\tall\tfired,They were all fired.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -18-139,18,Dem don kill king.,Dem\tdon\tkill\tking.,3PL.SBJ\tPFV\tkill\tking,They killed the king. OR: The king was killed.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-178,19,Dɛ̀n tif mi mì sus.,Dɛ̀n\ttif\tmi\tmì\tsus.,3PL\tsteal\t1SG.EMPH\t1SG.POSS\tshoe,My shoes got stolen.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-179,19,Pɔsin gò entiende bɔ̀t è no de bien.,Pɔsin\tgò\tentiende\tbɔ̀t\tè\tno\tde\tbien.,person\tPOT\tunderstand\tbut\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tCOP\tgood,One would understand but it’s not correct.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-129,20,Wantchee makee fire.,Wantchee\tmakee\tfire.,want\tmake\tfire,It wants firing.,,,,naturalistic written -20-130,20,Thisee piecee house hap got mortgagee.,Thisee\tpiecee\thouse\thap\tgot\tmortgagee.,DEM\tCLF\thouse\thas\tgot\tmortgage,This house has been mortgaged.,,,,naturalistic written -21-123,21,John was scolded by his boss.,John\twas\tscold-ed\tby\this\tboss.,John\tbe.PST\tscold-PST\tby\t3SG.POSS\tboss,John was scolded by his boss.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-124,21,He got chased away a number of times.,He\tgot\tchas-ed\taway\ta\tnumber\tof\ttime-s.,3SG\tget.PST\tchase-PST\taway\tDET\tnumber\tof\ttime-PL,He was chased away a number of times.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-125,21,"She made a police report, the fella kena charge.","She\tmade\ta\tpolice\treport,\tthe\tfella\tkena\tcharge.",3SG\tmake.PST\tDET\tpolice\treport\tDET\tfellow\tsuffer\tcharge,"She made a police report, the fellow was charged.",,,,naturalistic spoken -21-126,21,John give his boss scold.,John\tgive\this\tboss\tscold.,John\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tboss\tscold,John was scolded by his boss.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-165,24,Se meket orn Norf'k ailan.,Se\tmek-et\torn\tNorf'k\tailan.,COMPL\tmake-NSBJ.DEIC=PASS\tPREP\tNorfolk\tIsland,It is made on Norfolk Island.,,,,naturalistic written -24-166,24,Em hymns bin usa sing.,Em\thymns\tbin\tusa\tsing.,DET.DEF\thymn.PL\tPST\tHAB\tsing,The hymns were sung.,,,,naturalistic written -25-311,25,Thet min yu bin get ben.,Thet\tmin\tyu\tbin\tget\tben.,DEM\tmean\t2SG\tPST\tPASS\tburned,That means you got burned.,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-312,25,"""Aa, pobala dis tawun. Imin git draund."" im lathad.","""Aa,\tpobala\tdis\ttawun.\tIm=in\tgit\tdraund.""\tim\tlathad.",ah\tpoor.thing\tPROX\ttown\t3SG=PST\tget\tdrowned\t3SG\tlike.that,"""Ah, this poor town. It got drowned"", he said.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-313,25,Detlat kulus bin git berndap.,Det-lat\tkulus\tbin\tgit\tbernd-ap.,DEM-PL\tclothes\tPST\tget\tburned-up,Those clothes were burned (and consumed).,,,,unknown -26-103,26,da stɔn gon bi ʧip ɹaɪd hɛa,da\tstɔn\tgon\tbi\tʧip\tɹaɪd\thɛa,ART\tstone\tFUT\tbe\tchip\tright\there,The stone is going to be chipped right here.,,,,constructed by linguist -28-146,28,eni wari ben so boki mja,eni\twari\tben\tso\tboki\tmja,3PL\thouse\tinside\tFOCUS\tmoney\tmake,"In their house, money was made.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-147,28,o bɛritɛ mɛtalma ʃi gutuwap,o\tbɛri-tɛ\tmɛtɛ\talma\tʃi\tgutu-apu,3SG\tbury-PFV\twith\tall\t3SG.POSS\tthing-PL,She was buried with all her possessions.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-182,29,Die seun word deur 'n by gesteek.,Die\tseun\tword\tdeur\t'n\tby\tge-steek.,DEF.ART\tboy\tbecome\tby\ta\tbee\tPTCP-stung,The boy is being stung by a bee.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-183,29,Die seun is deur 'n by gesteek.,Die\tseun\tis\tdeur\t'n\tby\tge-steek.,DEF.ART\tboy\tis\tby\ta\tbee\tPTCP-stung,The boy was stung by a bee.,,,,naturalistic written -29-184,29,Daar word met mening gedans/gesing.,Daar\tword\tmet\tmening\tge-dans/ge-sing.,there\tbecome\twith\tintention/energy\tPTCP-danced/PTCP-sung,There is energetic dancing/singing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-191,30,"Sugundu ta kontádu, ""Gomisiánu"" ê nómi di dos ómi ki djuntádu: [...].","Sugundu\tta=kontá-du,\t""Gomisiánu""\tê\tnómi\tdi=dos\tómi\tki=djuntá-du:\t[...].",according.to\tIPFV=tell-PASS\tGomisiánu\tbe\tname\tof=two\tman\tCOMP=put.together-PASS\t[...],"According to what is told, (the word) ""Gomisiánu"" consists of the names of two men, that were put together: [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-192,30,"Kuántu más kumida e dádu p'el kura, más e ta kume.","Kuántu\tmás\tkumida\te=dá-du\tp=el=kura,\tmás\te=ta=kume.",how.much\tmore\tfood\t3SG=give-PASS\tfor=3SG=recover\tmore\t3SG=IPFV=eat,"The more food was given to him to recover, the more he ate.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-153,31,Kel k’e dinheru ki podu na kaxa.,Kel\tk’e\tdinheru\tki\tpodu\tna\tkaxa.,this\tCOMP.is\tmoney\tCOMP\tput\tin\taccount,That was the money that was put in the bank account.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-154,31,Na setenti sinku ki dadu independensia.,Na\tsetenti\tsinku\tki\tdadu\tindependensia.,in\tseventy\tfive\tthat\tgiven\tindependence,It was in seventy five that we were given our independence.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-151,32,Karvón fui btód dent d'kintal.,Karvón\tfui\tbtód\tdent\tde\tkintal.,coal\tCOP.PST\tthrow.PTCP\tinside\tof\tcorral,The coal was thrown inside the corral.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-152,32,Es fazenda ta lizá fásil.,Es\tfazenda\tta\tlizá\tfásil.,DEM.SG\tcloth\tPRS\tiron\teasily,This cloth irons easily.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-178,33,E livru skribidu pa Djon.,E\tlivru\tskribi-du\tpa\tDjon.,DEM\tbook\twrite-PASS\tby\tDjon,This book was written by Djon.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-179,33,E livru skribidu na Tuga.,E\tlivru\tskribi-du\tna\tTuga.,DEM\tbook\twrite-PASS\tin\tPortugal,This book was written in Portugal.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-144,34,Mariya sutá mininu. — Mininu suta-du.,Mariya\tø\tsutá\tmininu.\tMininu\tø\tsuta-du.,Mary\tPFV\tbeat\tchild\tchild\tPFV\tbeat-PASS,Mary beat the child. — The child was beaten.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -36-121,36,Umbatu m laba.,Umbatu\tm\tlaba.,clothes\tmy\twash,My clothes were washed (lit My clothes washed).,,,,elicited from speaker -36-122,36,Ka bixi m na si laba wa.,Ka\tbixi\tm\tna\tsi\tlaba\twa.,thing\tdress\tmy\tNEG\tyet\twash\tNEG,My clothes aren't washed yet (lit My clothes haven't washed yet).,,,,elicited from speaker -37-158,37,Upanu me lava.,Upanu\tme\tlava.,clothes\tPOSS.1SG\twash,My clothes got washed.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-159,37,Upanu me sa lava na abya.,Upanu\tme\tsa\tlava\tna\tabya.,clothes\tPOSS.1SG\tPROG\twash\tLOC\triver,My clothes are being washed in the river.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-170,38,A xa baya ba-tela na-name tesyi.,A\txa\tbaya\tba-tela\tna-namai\ttesyi.,3GEN\tEVID\tdance\tdance-land\tART-sister\tthree,The traditional dances are danced by three friends.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-171,38,Totsyi a xa té li ta a xa fala li tasy.,Totsyiga\ta\txa\tté\tli\tta\ta\txa\tfala\tli\ttasy.,turtle\t3.GENER\tEVID\thave\t3SG\twhen\t3.GENER\tEVID\tgrasp\t3SG\tbehind,Turtles are caught by grasping them (lit. it) from behind.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-122,40,Animal ʤhiko savad.,Animal\tʤhiko\tsavad.,animal\tbecame\tsaved,The animals were saved.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-145,41,isti kaaza jafikaa maraadu miɲa paay vɔɔnda,isti\tkaaza\tjaa-fikaa\tmaraa-du\tmiɲa\tpaay\tvɔɔnda,this\thouse\tPST-become\tbuild-ADJZ\t1SG.GEN\tfather\tby,This house was built by my father.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-146,41,pooy faya tɛɛmpu taam nukufikaa fayeedu,pooy\tfaya\ttɛɛmpu\ttaam\tnuku-fikaa\tfayee-du,HABIL\tdo\ttime\talso\tNEG-become\tdo-ADJZ,"The time that we COULD do it [build a house], it was not done.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-147,41,etus jakafikaa trukaadu avara. kɔtɔɔlikus jakafikaa,etus\tjaa-kaa-fikaa\ttrukaa-du\tavara.\tkɔtɔɔliku-s\tjaa-kaa-fikaa,3PL.HON\tPST-PFV-become\tchange-ADJZ\tnow\tcatholic-PL\tPST-PFV-become,They have been converted now. They have all become Catholics.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-157,42,eli ja toka pegá di churikati,eli\tja\ttoka\tpegá\tdi\tchurikati,3SG\tPFV\ttouch\tcatch\tof\tgoblin,He was caught by a goblin.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-158,42,aké kaza já kumí fogu,aké\tkaza\tjá\tkumí\tfogu,that\thouse\tPFV\teat\tfire,The house got burnt down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-159,42,aké albi ja sunyá,aké\talbi\tja\tsunyá,that\ttree\tPFV\tplant,The tree was planted.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-160,42,eli ja toka kemá,eli\tja\ttoka\tkemá,3SG\tPFV\ttouch\tburn,He/She got burnt.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-107,43,Noyba lava nu kama.,Noyba\tlava\tnu\tkama.,bride\tbring\tLOC\tbed,The bride was brought to bed.,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-108,43,[...] mas pincha ku ele na riba bar lama ki dja fai dibira bar di garu.,[...]\tmas\tpincha\tku\tele\tna\triba\tbar\tlama\tki\tdja\tfai\tdi-bira\tbar\tdi\tgaru.,[...]\tand\tspread\tOBJ\t3SG\tLOC\tupon\tearth\tmud\tREL\tPFV\tmake\tPASS-get\tearth\tof\tharrow,[…] and spread it on the muddy ground which has been turned into soil by the harrow.,,,,naturalistic written -43-109,43,[...] tumpuk torna aka neli ki dja rangka.,[...]\ttumpuk\ttorna\taka\tneli\tki\tdja\trangka.,[...]\tpile\tREP\tDET\trice\tREL\tPFV\ttear.out,[…] pile up again the rice which has been cleaned.,,,,naturalistic written -43-110,43,"Ake albër neli, ele tara ku tudu djenti [...].","Ake\talbër\tneli,\tele\ttara\tku\ttudu\tdjenti\t[...].",DEM\tplant\trice\t3SG\tplant\twith\tall\tpeople\t[...],This rice plant is planted by all [...].,,,,naturalistic written -44-155,44,Kayá lang a matá kon éle.,Kayá\tlang\ta\tmatá\tkon\téle.,therefore\tjust\tPFV\tkill\tOBJ\thim,That’s why he was killed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-128,45,Ya mata con el rey.,Ya\tmata\tcon\tel\trey.,PFV\tkill\tOBJ\tDEF\tking,The king was killed.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-175,47,Nos a ser risibí dor di nos amigunan.,Nos\ta\tser\trisibí\tdor\tdi\tnos\tamigu\tnan.,1PL\tPFV\tPASS\treceived\tby\tof\t1PL\tfriend\tPL,We were received by our friends.,,,,published source -47-176,47,Ta publiká e buki aki na okashon di [...].,Ta\tpubliká\te\tbuki\taki\tna\tokashon\tdi\t[...].,TNS\tpublish\tDEF\tbook\there\tLOC\toccasion\tof\t[...],This book is published on the occasion of [...].,,,,literary or other written source -47-177,47,[...] fwentenan historiko skirbí na Hulandes i Spañó a keda mantení den nan idioma original [...].,[...]\tfwente\tnan\thistoriko\tskirbí\tna\tHulandes\ti\tSpañó\ta\tkeda\tmantení\tden\tnan\tidioma\toriginal\t[...].,[...]\tsource\tPL\thistorical\twritten\tLOC\tDutch\tand\tSpanish\tPFV\tremain\tmaintained\tin\t3PL\tlanguage\toriginal\t[...],[...] historical sources written in Dutch and Spanish have been included [lit. maintained] in their original language [...] (lit. [...] historical sources written in Dutch and Spanish have been maintained in their original language [...]).,,,,literary or other written source -47-178,47,Dia ora i lugá di entiero ta wordu anunsiá despues.,dia\tora\ti\tlugá\tdi\tentiero\tta\twordu\tanunsiá\tdespues,day\thour\tand\tplace\tof\tenterment\tTNS\tPASS\tannounced\tlater,"Date, time and place of the enterment will be announced later.",,,,literary or other written source -47-179,47,"Nan a hòrta entre otro dos laptop Asus i Acer, un kámara Sony, un Ipod i un oloshi di man Diesel.","Nan\ta\thòrta\tentre\totro\tdos\tlaptop\tAsus\ti\tAcer,\tun\tkámara\tSony,\tun\tIpod\ti\tun\toloshi\tdi\tman\tDiesel.",3PL\tPFV\tsteal\tamong\tother\ttwo\tlaptop\tAsus\tand\tAcer\tINDF\tcamara\tSony\tINDF\tIpod\tand\tINDF\tclock\tof\thand\tDiesel,"Among others, two Asus and Acer laptops, a Sony camera, an I-pod, and a Diesel watch were stolen.",,,,published source -49-274,49,Mwen fè kabann lan rapid-rapid maten an.,Mwen\tfè\tkabann\tlan\trapid-rapid\tmaten\tan.,1SG\tmake\tbed\tDEF\tquick-quick\tmorning\tDEF,I made my bed very quickly this morning.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-275,49,Kabann lan fèt rapid-rapid maten an.,Kabann\tlan\tfèt\trapid-rapid\tmaten\tan.,bed\tDEF\tmade\tquick-quick\tmorning\tDEF,The bed was made very quickly this morning.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-276,49,Yo kraze machin lan.,Yo\tkraze\tmachin\tlan.,3SG\tdemolish\tcar\tDEF,They have demolished the car.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-277,49,Machin lan kraze.,Machin\tlan\tkraze.,car\tDEF\tdemolished,The car is demolished.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-278,49,Lakou a bale deja.,Lakou\ta\tbale\tdeja.,courtyard\tDEF\tsweep\talready,The court has already been swept.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-172,50,Chanm-la ja baléyé.,Chanm-la\tja\tbaléyé.,room-DEF\talready\tswept.up,The room has already been swept up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-152,51,Chanm-lan za baléyé.,Chanm-lan\tza\tbaléyé.,room-DEF\talready\tswept.up,The room has already been swept up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-330,53,Li te peye regulye.,Li\tte\tpeye\tregulye.,3SG\tPST\tpay\tregular,He was regularly paid.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-331,53,Mo ite angaje par B.A. la smèn pase.,Mo\tite\tangaje\tpar\tB.A.\tla\tsmèn\tpase.,1SG\tCOP.PST\thire\tby\tB.A.\tART.DEF.SG\tweek\tlast,I was hired by B.A. last week.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-332,53,Li peye tou le smèn.,Li\tpeye\ttou\tle\tsmèn.,3SG\tpay\tall\tART.DEF.PL\tweek,He is paid every week.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-333,53,Li det peye tou le smèn.,Li\tdet\tpeye\ttou\tle\tsmèn.,3SG\tCOP\tpay\tall\tART.DEF.PL\tweek,He is paid every week.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-334,53,Piti-sa-la trouve taye par so popa.,Piti\tsala\ttrouve\ttaye\tpar\tso\tpopa.,child\tDET.DEM\tfind\tbeat\tby\t3SG.POSS\tfather,The child was beaten by his father.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-335,53,Li trouve tchouwe.,Li\ttrouve\ttchouwe.,3SG\tfind\tkill,He was killed (in an accident).,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-167,55,Zorz ti gany bate ar so frer,Zorz\tti\tgany\tbate\tar\tso\tfrer,George\tPST\tget\tbeat\twith\this\tbrother,George got beaten up by his brother (=was attacked physically). OR: George was beaten by his brother (=was defeated in a race or in a game such as e.g. tennis).,,,,constructed by linguist -55-168,55,en lisyeṅ in gany bate,en\tlisyeṅ\tin\tgany\tbate,INDF\tdog\tCOMPL\tPASS\tbeat,A dog has been beaten.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-169,55,Si mo invité én lanivérser [...].,Si\tmo\tØ\tinvité\tén\tlanivérser\t[...].,if\t1SG\tØ\tinvite\tINDF\tbirthday\t[...],If I am invited to a birthday [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-162,56,Anviron karant dimoun in ganny touye.,Anviron\tkarant\tdimoun\tin\tganny\ttouye.,about\tforty\tperson\tPRF\tPASS.AUX\tkill,Nearly forty people have been killed.,,,,naturalistic written -56-163,56,Nou nou ganny atake zis lotrozour mersener.,Nou\tnou\tganny\tatake\tzis\tlotrozour\tmersener.,1PL\t1PL\tAUX\tattack\tonly\tsome.days.ago\tmercenaries,We got/were attacked by mercenaries only some days ago.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-164,56,[...] be dizef ti a vann en sou enn.,[...]\tbe\tdizef\tti\ta\tvann\ten\tsou\tenn.,[...]\twell\tegg\tPST\tFUT\tsell\tone\tsou\teach,"[...] well, the eggs would sell one sou each / would be sold for one sou each.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-165,56,La nou ganny dir i pou rezourd dan prosen 3 an.,La\tnou\tganny\tdir\ti\tpou\trezourd\tdan\tprosen\t3\tan.,there\t1PL\tAUX\ttell\t3SG\tFUT\tresolve\tin\tnext\tthree\tyear,"There, we are told that he will resolve (the problem) within the next three years.",,,,naturalistic written -56-166,56,Be sa laz ki ou ti ete ou ti pe ganny anploye ek zil ou?,Be\tsa\tlaz\tki\tou\tti\tete\tou\tti\tpe\tganny\tanploye\tek\tzil\tou?,but\tART\tage\tREL\t2SG\tPST\tCOP\t2SG\tPST\tPROG\tAUX.PASS\temploy\twith\tisland\t2SG,"But given the age which you had, were you (still) employed on the island?",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-167,56,Prezantasyon sertifika ti fer kot Teat Nasyonal [...].,Prezantasyon\tsertifika\tti\tfer\tkot\tTeat\tNasyonal\t[...].,presentation\tcertificate\tPST\tmake\tat\ttheatre\tnational\t[...],The presentation of the certificates was held at the National Theatre [...].,,,,naturalistic written -59-272,59,lo sara ni na ngangu so a mu na lo,lo\tsara\tni\tna\tngangu\tso\ta\tmu\tna\tlo,3SG\tdo\tDET\tPREP\tstrength\tREL\tPM\tgive\tPREP\t3SG,She did it with the power that was given to her.,,,,written (literary) -59-273,59,"aturugu ni amu nginza ni, si ala sara ye ni alingbi na tene so a fa ni na ala so","a-turugu\tni\ta-mu\tnginza\tni,\tsi\tala\tsara\tye\tni\ta-lingbi\tna\ttene\tso\ta\tfa\tni\tna\tala\tso",PL-soldier\tDEF\tPM-take\tmoney\tDEF\tthen\t3PL\tdo\tthing\tDEF\tPM-equal.to\tPREP\tword\tREL\tPM.PASS\tshow\tDEF\tPREP\t3PL\tthus,The soldiers took the money and did what they were told to do.,,,,written (literary) -60-126,60,bandeko bakundákí papá > papá akundámákí́ na bandeko,bandeko\tba-kund-ákí\tpapá\t>\tpapá\ta-kund-ám-ákí́\tna\tbandeko,family.members\t3PL-bury-PST\tfather\t>\tfather\t3SG-bury-PASS-PST\tby\tfamily.members,The family members buried the father. > The father was buried by the family members.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-94,61,Lo skafu yena phekiwe (ga lo Jane).,Lo\tskafu\tyena\tphek-iwe\t(ga\tlo\tJane).,DEF.ART\tfood\tit\tcook-PASS\t(AG\tDEF.ART\tJane),The food was cooked (by Jane).,,,,elicited from speaker -62-84,62,j-áa-má-w-e,j-áa-má-w-e,10-PST-beat-PASS-PRF,They (the cows) are beaten.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-170,63,fí yal-á al ákulú ma nas-tomsá,fí\tyal-á\tal\tákulú\tma\tnas-tomsá,EXIST\tchild-PL\tREL\teat\twith\tPL-crocodile,There were children who have been eaten by crocodiles.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-171,63,seafish úmun má g-ákulu,seafish\túmun\tmá\tg-ákulu,seafish\t3PL\tNEG\tTAM-eat,They don’t eat seafish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-180,64,ána kutú géni fi síjin ma jes,ána\tkutú\tgéni\tfi\tsíjin\tma\tjes,1SG\tput\PASS\tstay\tin\tprison\twith\tarmy,I was imprisoned by the army.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-181,64,bidabaó gánam bad dabaó gánam kalás,bi=dabaó\tgánam\tbad\tdabaó\tgánam\tkalás,IRR=slaughter\PASS\tgoat\tafter\tslaughter\PASS\tgoat\tfinished,"A goat is (habitually) slaughtered, after it has been slaughtered, all is over.",,,,constructed by linguist -64-182,64,bágara worí le ana,bágara\tworí\tle\tana,cow\tshow\tto\t1SG,A cow was shown to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-183,64,fi maál genadí nádi,fi\tmaál\tge=nadí\tnádi,EXIST\tplace\tPROG=call\tnadi,There’s a place called Nadi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-103,66,Baru ruma pəðə yang sini ka arikatkInna (kitampe oorangpəðəring) kapan kəmauan.,Baru\truma-pəðə-yang\tsini-ka\ta-rikat-kInna\t(kitang-pe\toorang-pəðə-ring)\tkapan\tkəmauan.,new\thouse-PL-ACC.DEF\there-in\tPRS-build-PASS\t(1PL-POSS\tperson-PL-ABL)\twhen\tnecessity,The new houses will be built here (by our people) when it is necessary.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-188,67,Ini budak kena pukul.,Ini\tbudak\tkena\tpukul.,DEM\tchild\tsuffer\tbeat,The child was beaten.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-189,67,Budak itu dapat pukul sama cikgu.,Budak\titu\tdapat\tpukul\tsama\tcikgu.,child\tDEM\tget\tbeat\twith\tteacher,The child was beaten by the teacher.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-190,67,Dua telur [...] ah kasi buat full boil.,Dua\ttelur\t[...]\tah\tkasi\tbuat\tfull\tboil.,two\tegg\t[...]\tTOP\tgive\tmake\tfull\tboil,Two eggs [...] were made full-boiled.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-165,71,Aole kela ka lole aihue ia.,Aole\tkela\tka\tlole\taihue\tia.,NEG\tthat\tDEF\tclothes\tsteal\tPASS,Those are not the clothes which were stolen.,,,,naturalistic written -71-166,71,"Kela ten dollars makana au, oe kipu au?","Kela\tten\tdollars\tmakana\tau,\toe\tkipu\tau?",DET\tten\tdollars\tgive\t1SG\t2SG\tbribe\t1SG,"Those ten dollars that were given to me, (was that so) you could bribe me? OR: Did you give me that $10 as bribe money? (official court translation)",,,,naturalistic written -71-167,71,Iaia aihue ke dala haawi iaia makana kela makua wau.,Iaia\taihue\tke\tdala\t[Ø\t__\thaawi\tiaia\tmakana\tkela\tmakua\twau].,3SG\tsteal\tDEF\tmoney\t[Ø\t__\tgive\t3SG\tgive\tDET\tfather\t1SG.POSS],He stole the money that was given to him to give to my father.,,,,naturalistic written -72-142,72,Man i bin ged bait warlakunginyi wartanta.,Man\ti\tbin\tged\tbait\twarlaku-nginyi\twartan-ta.,man\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tget\tbite\tdog-ABL\thand-LOC,The man got bitten by a dog on the hand.,,,,peer elicitation -72-143,72,Wan marluka im ged bait brom wan warlaku futtarni.,Wan\tmarluka\tim\tged\tbait\tbrom\twan\twarlaku\tfut-ta-rni.,one\told.man\t3SG\tget\tbite\tfrom\tone\tdog\tfoot-LOC-only,One old man got bitten by a dog right on the foot.,,,,peer elicitation -73-93,73,olla labana mishka,olla\tlaba-na\tmi-shka,jar\twash-NMLZ\tAFF-EVID,The jar is to be washed.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-94,73,pwirta abriraxun,pwirta\tabri-ra-xu-n,door\topen-PERMANENT-PROG-3,The door is open/has been opened (lit. The door is being permanently [to open (active/passive)]).,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-136,74,kámuks mákmak sáplil,kámuks\tmákmak\tsáplil,dog\teat\tbread,The dog ate the bread. OR: The bread was eaten by the dog.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-137,74,man ča-mimlust,man\tča-mimlust,man\tPASS-die,The man was killed.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-220,75,Namo wihkomikaashow.,Namo\twihkom-ikaasho-w.,NEG\tinvite-PASS-3,She had not been invited. OR: She is not invited.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-221,75,anima la maenzon eeoshikaateek kayaash dan langleteer,anima la maenzon ee-oshikaateek kayaash dan langleteer,that.INAN DEF.ART.F.SG COMP-build.INAN-PASS.INAN long.time.ago LOC England,a big stone house that was built a long time ago in England,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-222,75,Tahkinee niminaaniwan.,Tahkinee\tnimi-naaniwan.,always\tdance-PASS,There is always dancing going on.,,,,naturalistic written -75-223,75,Kiiatimikaashoow par lii polis.,Kii-atim-ikaashoo-w\tpar\tlii\tpolis.,PST-overtake-PASS-3\tby\tthe.PL\tpolice,He was overtaken by the police.,,,,naturalistic written -75-224,75,Kiiatimikow lii polis.,Kii-atim-iko-w\tlii\tpolis.,PST-overtake-INV-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tthe.PL\tpolice,The police overtook him. OR: He was overtaken by the police.,,,,naturalistic written -75-225,75,Iteehtam chikakiyaashkimikut.,Iteeht-am\tchi-kakiyaashkim-iku-t.,think.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tCOMP-deceive.with.speech-INV-3,She thought she had been lied to by the other. OR: She thought she had been lying to her. OR: She thought that the other had lied to her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-156,4,A fufuuman lon gi a sikoutu.,A\tfufuuman\tlon\tgi\ta\tsikoutu.,DET.SG\tthief\trun\tgive\tDET.SG\tpolice,The thief ran away from the policeman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-211,10,Rait wan leta fi mi.,Rait\twan\tleta\tfi\tmi.,write\tART.INDF\tletter\tfor\t1SG,Write a letter for me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-212,10,Yu waahn bring ih fi mi?,Yu\twaahn\tbring\tih\tfi\tmi?,2SG\tFUT\tbring\t3SG.N\tfor\tme,Will you bring it for me?,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-285,11,Dis buot neva hav kanviinians fa di pasinja dem.,Dis\tbuot\tneva\thav\tkanviinians\tfa\tdi\tpasinja\tdem.,DEM\tboat\tNEG.PST\thave\tconvenience\tfor\tART.DEF\tpassenger\tPL,This boat had no toilets for the passengers.,,,,naturalistic written -11-286,11,Aal dis plies woz fa Mískito at di biginin.,Aal\tdis\tplies\twoz\tfa\tMískito\tat\tdi\tbiginin.,all\tDEM\tplace\tCOP.PST\tfor\tMiskito\tat\tART.DEF\tbeginning,"At the beginning, the whole area belonged to the Miskitos.",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-156,44,Ta kolektá yo sen pára na iglésya.,Ta\tkolektá\tyo\tsen\tpára\tna\tiglésya.,IPFV\tcollect\t1SG\tmoney\tfor\tLOC\tchurch,I collect money for the church.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-129,45,Plancha tu el ropa para Pat.,Plancha\ttu\tel\tropa\tpara\tPat.,iron\t2SG\tDEF\tclothes\tfor\tPat,Iron the clothes for Pat.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-180,47,Boni a traha hopi aña pa Gobièrnu di Boneiru.,Boni\ta\ttraha\thopi\taña\tpa\tGobièrnu\tdi\tBoneiru.,Boni\tPFV\twork\tmuch\tyear\tfor\tgovernment\tof\tBonaire,Boni has worked many years for the Bonaire government.,,,,literary or other written source -58-113,58,Sumb-il-a mono mukanda yayi!,Sumb-il-a\tmono\tmukanda\tyayi!,buy-APPL-IMP\tme\tbook\tthis,Buy me this book!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -60-127,60,aponákí elambá > aponélákí ngáí elambá,a-pon-ákí\telambá\t>\ta-pon-él-ákí\tngáí\telambá,3SG-choose-PST\tcloth\t>\t3SG-choose-APPL-PST\t1SG\tcloth,He chose a cloth. > He chose a cloth for me.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-128,60,afá́ndákí > afándélákí kíti,a-fá́nd-ákí\t>\ta-fánd-él-ákí\tkíti,3SG-sit-PST\t>\t3SG-sit-APPL-PST\tchair,He sat down. > He sat down on a chair.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-95,61,Thengela mina lo sinkwa.,Theng-el-a\tmina\tlo\tsinkwa.,buy-APPL-IMP\tI\tDEF.ART\tbread,Buy me bread. OR: Buy bread for me.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-85,62,nnekusagáya m̩?ó ghó,ni-ne-ku-saga-ya\tm̩?o\tghó,1SG-FUT-OBJ.2SG-send-APPL\tvoice\tmy,I'll send you my news.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-86,62,venegugúlúya héhospitari,vé-ne-gugulu-ya\thé-hospitari,2-FUT-run-APPL\t16-hospital,They'll run to the hospital.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-192,67,Jangan kasi wang sama ini macam punya orang.,Jangan\tkasi\twang\tsama\tini\tmacam\tpunya\torang.,don’t\tgive\tmoney\twith\tDEM\tlike\tATTR\tperson,Don’t give money to people like this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-193,67,Mak beli itu masak kasi anak dia.,Mak\tbeli\titu\tmasak\tkasi\tanak\tdia.,mother\tbuy\tDEM\tcook\tgive\tchild\t3SG,The mother bought the food for her son.,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-95,73,yoga florta kompragini miu noviamu,yo-ga\tflor-ta\tkompra-gi-ni\tmiu\tnovia-mu,1SG-TOP\tflower-ACC\tbuy-INC-1\t1SG.POSS\tgirlfriend-ALL,I am going to buy flowers for my girlfriend.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-226,75,George ushipeehamuweew.,George\tushipeeh-amuw-eew.,George\twrite-BEN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,George writes for him.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-227,75,Kakwee awiyek kaaushtamuwat saan fwee kitipahamaakawin.,Kakwee\tawiyek\tkaa-usht-amuw-at\tsaan\tfwee\tki-tipaham-aakawi-n.,something\tsomeone\tREL-do-BEN-2SG.SBJ.3.OBJ\thundred\ttime\t2-pay-PASS-2,For what you do for others you are paid a hundredfold.,,,,naturalistic written -76-58,76,ĭglupȗk elekta ilipsi iglupȗk kammik ketcem; awoña picuktu,ĭglupȗk\telekta\tilipsi\tiglupȗk\tkammik\tketcem;\tawoña\tpicuktu,barracks\tgo\tyou\tbarracks\tboot\tget\tI\twant,When you go to Fort McPherson get some McPherson shoes (i. e. Indian moccasins); I want them.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-227,1,No wan fassie dem sa kan teekie foe hollie wan nengre foe bakara diessie dem sa kissie effie diesie sa ronnowe com na dem.,Nowan\tfasi\tden\tsa\tkan\tteki\tfu\thori\twan\tnengre\tfu\tbakra\tdisi\tden\tsa\tkisi\tefi\tdisi\tsa\tlonwe\tkon\tna\tden.,no\tmanner\t3PL\tFUT\tcan\ttake\tto\thold\tone/ART.INDF.SG\tblack\tof\twhite\tREL\t3PL\tFUT\tcatch\tor\tREL\tFUT\trun.away\tcome\tLOC\t3PL,"In no way shall they be permitted to keep a Black belonging to the Whites, whom they shall capture or who shall run away to them.",,,,written -1-228,1,Hoe fa da mastra fom wan zomma diesi doore hem merki befon donkere.,O=fa\tda\tmasra\tfon\twan\tsoma\tdisi\tdoro\ten\tmerki\tbifo\tdungru.,Q=fashion\tDET.SG\tmaster\tbeat\tINDF.SG\tperson\tREL\tfinish\t3SG\tmark\tbefore\tdark,Why would the manager beat someone who finishes his work before dark?,,,,written -2-236,2,Dan den suma san e libi dyaso o abi fu teki ala a wroko.,Dan\tden\tsuma\tsan\te\tlibi\tdyaso\to\tabi\tfu\tteki\tala\ta\twroko.,then\tthe.PL\tperson\tREL\tIPFV\tlive\there\tFUT\thave\tto\ttake\tall\tDET\twork,Then the people that live here will have to do all the work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-237,2,Den man san e meki na kondre kon sani.,Den\tman\tsan\te\tmeki\tna\tkondre\tkon\tsani.,the.PL\tman\tREL\tIPFV\tmake\tDET\tcountry\tcome\tthing,The men that are causing the country to become the way it is.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-238,2,A libi di ben de a fosi nanga di fu now papa a no wan.,A\tlibi\tdi\tben\tde\ta\tfosi\tnanga\tdi\tfu\tnow\tpapa\ta\tno\twan.,DET\tlife\tREL\tPST\tCOP\tat\tfirst\tand\tthat\tof\tnow\tfather\tCOP\tNEG\tone,Life today is different from that of the days gone by.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-239,2,A sani di de nownow unu no man tyari.,A\tsani\tdi\tde\tnownow\tunu\tno\tman\ttyari.,the\tthing\tREL\tCOP\tnow\t1PL\tNEG\tcan\tbear,What we now have is tough to bear.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-240,2,Yu sabi wan boi ben de na skowtu den e kari en Oscar?,Yu\tsabi\twan\tboi\tben\tde\tna\tskowtu\tden\te\tkari\ten\tOscar?,2SG\tknow\ta\tboy\tANT\tCOP\tLOC\tpolice\tthey\tCONT\tcall\t3SG\tOscar,Do you know a guy named Oscar who was a police officer?,,,,elicited from speaker -3-122,3,di ómi di tá líbi de,di\tómi\tdi\ttá\tlíbi\tde,DEF.SG\tman\tREL\tASP\tlive\tthere,the man who lives there,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-157,4,A pikin di booko a bataa kisi toobi anga en mma.,A\tpikin\tdi\tbooko\ta\tbataa\tkisi\ttoobi\tanga\ten\tmma.,DET.SG\tchild\tREL\tbreak\tDET\tbottle\tget\tproblem\twith\this\tmother,The child who broke the bottle got in trouble with his mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-158,4,A wan soutu sani e fee.,A\twan\tsoutu\tsani\t__\te\tfee.,FOC\tone\tsort\tthing\t__\tIPFV\tfly,It's a kind of thing that flies.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-159,4,A aitin ana meti abi wan soutu inki a e towe gi sani.,A\taitin\tana\tmeti\tabi\twan\tsoutu\tinki\t__\ta\te\ttowe\tgi\tsani.,DET\teight\thand/arm\tanimal\thave\tone\tsort\tink\t__\the\tIPFV\tthrow\tgive\tthing,The octopus has a sort of ink that he throws out at things.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-158,5,di baai sidong oova de a mi fren,di\tbaai\tØ\tsidong\toova\tde\ta\tmi\tfren,the\tboy\tØ\tsit.down\tover\tthere\tEQ.COP\t1SG.POSS\tfriend,The boy (who is) seated over there is my friend.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-159,5,di baai wa sidong oova de a mi fren,di\tbaai\twa\tsidong\toova\tde\ta\tmi\tfren,the\tboy\tREL\tsit.down\tover\tthere\tEQ.COP\t1SG.POSS\tfriend,The boy who has sat down over there is my friend.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-95,6,De gal weh reach Trinidad yesterday.,De\tgal\tweh\treach\tTrinidad\tyesterday.,DET\tgirl\tREL\treach\tTrinidad\tyesterday,The girl that came to Trinidad yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -6-96,6,de gal she reach yesterday,de\tgal\tshe\treach\tyesterday,DET\tgirl\t3SG.F\treach\tyesterday,the girl that came yesterday,,,,elicited from speaker -7-219,7,Di man we/da bil da hous de i duhn ded.,Di\tman\twe/da\tbil\tda\thous\tde\ti\tduhn\tded.,ART\tman\tREL\tbuild\tDEM\thouse\tthere\t3SG\tCOMPL\tdead,The man who built that house is dead.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-220,7,I gyel we/da riich de ha tu pikni.,I\tgyel\twe/da\triich\tde\t∅\tha\ttu\tpikni.,ART\tgirl\tREL\treach\tthere\t∅\thave\ttwo\tchild,The girl who has arrived has two children.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-221,7,Iz di man se so.,Iz\tdi\tman\t∅\tse\tso.,FOC\tART\tman\t∅\tsay\tso,It was the man who said that. OR: The man is the one who said that.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-141,8,Di man huu mek di hat-dem gaan a Merica.,Di\tman\thuu\tmek\tdi\that-dem\tgaan\ta\tMerica.,DET\tman\twho\tmake\tDET\that-PL\tgone\tto\tAmerica,The man who makes the hats has gone to America.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-169,9,Da me no aksidɛn fu mek di baadj gon down.,Da\tme\tno\taksidɛn\tfu\tmek\tdi\tbaadj\tgon\tdown.,TOP\tANT\tNEG\taccident\tfor\tmake\tthe\tbarge\tgo\tdown,It was not an accident that caused the barge to sink.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-170,9,Wan ledi we ku kyu eni kaynda siknəs.,Wan\tledi\t[we\t__\tku\tkyu\teni\tkaynda\tsiknəs].,a\tlady\t[REL\t__\tcan\tcure\tany\tkind.of\tsickness],A lady who can cure any illness.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-171,9,wan li bway bak a kriyk i me de ba wan pleys,wan\tli\tbway\tbak\ta\tkriyk\t[Ø\ti\tme\tde\tba\twan\tpleys],a\tlittle\tboy\tback\tat\tCreek\t[Ø\t3SG\tANT\tLOC\tby\ta\tplace],a little boy from Creek who was somewhere,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-172,9,Da sambadi plan di tri de rayt? Da me hu me plan di tri de?,Da\tsambadi\t[Ø\t__\tplan\tdi\ttri\tde]\trayt?\tDa\tme\thu\t[Ø\t__\tme\tplan\tdi\ttri\tde]?,TOP\tsomebody\t[Ø\t__\tplant\tthe\ttree\tthere]\tright\tTOP\tANT\twho\t[Ø\t__\tANT\tplant\tthe\ttree\tthere],"It's somebody who planted the trees there, right? Who is it who planted the trees there?",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-213,10,Yu sii dis man we kom iin rait now?,Yu\tsii\tdis\tman\twe\tkom\tiin\trait\tnow?,2SG\tsee\tDEM\tman\tREL\tcome\tin\tright\tnow,Do you see this man who came in right now?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-214,10,Wan bwai we intelijent wok de di siem jos laik Betty.,Wan\tbwai\twe\tintelijent\twok\tde\tdi\tsiem\tjos\tlaik\tBetty.,ART.INDF\tboy\tREL\tintelligent\twork\tDEM.LOC\tART.DEF\tsame\tjust\tlike\tBetty,A boy who was intelligent worked there just like Betty did.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-287,11,Di onli wan huu sen likl ting rait nou [...].,Di\tonli\twan\thuu\tsen\tlikl\tting\trait\tnou\t[...].,ART.DEF\tonly\tone\tREL\tsend\tlittle\tthing\tright\tnow\t[...],The only one who sends a few things right now [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-288,11,Hi woz a tiicha we wud taak Inglish an Spanish.,Hi\twoz\ta\ttiicha\twe\twud\ttaak\tInglish\tan\tSpanish.,3SG.M\tCOP.PST\tART.INDF\tteacher\tREL\twould\ttalk\tEnglish\tand\tSpanish,He was a teacher who would talk English and Spanish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-289,11,Di uman we giv mi di buk iz mi frien.,Di\tuman\twe\tgiv\tmi\tdi\tbuk\tiz\tmi\tfrien.,ART.DEF\twoman\tREL\tgive\t1SG\tART.DEF\tbook\tCOP.PRS\t1SG.POSS\tfriend,The woman who gave me the book is my friend.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-224,12,It’s a woman come here.,It’s\ta\twoman\tcome\there.,EXPL.COP\tART\twoman\tcome[PFV]\there,There’s a woman who has come here/comes here/came here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-225,12,"See, see - when - when you - when you go, uh - back in Andros - if - the people-them who you - go to live with - you know - if you - you did tell them to carry you to see if you would find - to see if you would find - uh - where you would see - these bird what call chickcharney, you know, or in other word tell them carry you in Red Bay - that is North Andros -",[...] the people-them who you - go to live with [...] these bird what call chickcharney [...],[...] ART people-PL REL 2SG.SBJ   go to live with [...] DEM bird[PL] REL[SBJ] call chickcharney [...],"[...] [back in Andros, if -] the people with whom you go to stay [...] the birds that are called chickcharney [...]",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-226,12,"See, the only reason what cause that snake come 'round - 'cause he smell fish.",[...]\tthe\tonly\treason\twhat\tcause\tthat\tsnake\tcome\t'round\t[...].,[...]\tART\tonly\treason\tREL[SBJ]\tcause[PFV]\tDEM\tsnake\tcome\tround\t[...],[...] the only reason that caused that snake to come around [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-227,12,And the boys-them what been there - had to gone and hold him - take him up out the water.,[...]\tthe\tboys-them\twhat\tbeen\tthere\t[...],[...]\tART\tboy.PL-PL\tREL[SBJ]\tCOP.PST\tthere\t[...],[And] the boys who were there [had to go and hold him [and] take him out of the water].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-164,13,The big man what is the head in the medical college turn the people out.,The\tbig\tman\t[what\t__\tis\tthe\thead\tin\tthe\tmedical\tcollege]\tturn\tthe\tpeople\tout.,the\tbig\tman.SBJ\t[REL.PCL.SBJ\t__\tis\tthe\thead\tin\tthe\tmedical\tcollege]\tturn\tthe\tpeople\tout,The big man who is the head of the medical college turned the people out.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -13-165,13,I have a friend went away.,I\thave\ta\tfriend\t[Ø\t__\twent\taway].,I\thave\ta\tfriend\t[Ø\t__\twent\taway],I have a friend who went away.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -14-124,14,There are many mothers don't know where their children are.,There\tare\tmany\tmothers\tdon't\tknow\twhere\ttheir\tchildren\tare.,there\tare\tmany\tmothers\tdon't\tknow\twhere\ttheir\tchildren\tare,There are many mothers who don't know where their children are.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-125,14,Aunt M. had a daughter lived off.,Aunt\tM.\thad\ta\tdaughter\tØ\t__\tlived\toff.,aunt\tM.\thad\ta\tdaughter\tØ\t__\tlived\toff,Aunt M. had a daughter who lived far away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-126,14,That's the man that fixed the biycle.,That's\tthe\tman\tthat\tfixed\tthe\tbiycle.,that's\tthe\tman\tthat\tfixed\tthe\tbicycle,That's the man that fixed the biycle.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-124,15,di man we kam yɛstade na mi padi,di\tman\twe\tkam\tyɛstade\tna\tmi\tpadi,ART\tman\tCOMP\tcome\tyesterday\tCOP\tPOSS\tfriend,The man that came yesterday is my friend.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-131,16,dat tɔl masalaʤi we de dɛ,dat\ttɔl\tmasalaʤi\t[we\tØ\tde\tdɛ],DEM\ttall\tmosque\t[REL\tØ\tCOP\tthere],that tall mosque which is over there,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-132,16,dɛ bɔla we ì de fɔ dat ples,dɛ\tbɔla\t[we\tì\tde\tfɔ\tdat\tples],ART\trefuse\t[REL\t3SG\tCOP\tfor\tDEM\tplace],the refuse that was over there,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-133,16,jù gò si pipu dè dè slip fɔ graũ,jù\tgò\tsi\tpipu\t[Ø\tdè\tdè\tslip\tfɔ\tgraũ],2SG\tfut\tsee\tpeople\t[Ø\t3PL\tHAB\tsleep\tfor\tground],You will see people who sleep on the ground.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-157,17,dì pìkín we̱ ì dè sìdó̱n fò̱r dyar,dì\tpìkín\twe̱\tì\tdè\tsìdó̱n\tfò̱r\tdyar,ART.DEF\tchild\tREL\t3SG.SBJ.EXPL\tNCOMPL\tsit\tLOC\tthere,the child who sits over there,,,,constructed by linguist -17-158,17,dì pìkín we̱ dè sìdó̱n fò̱r dyar,dì\tpìkín\twe̱\tdè\tsìdó̱n\tfò̱r\tdyar,ART.DEF\tchild\tREL\tNCOMPL\tsit\tLOC\tthere,the child who sits over there,,,,constructed by linguist -18-140,18,'man 'we i di 'pas fo 'rot,man\twe\ti\tdi\tpas\tfo\trod,man\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tpass\tfor\troad,the man who crosses/is crossing the road,,,,published source -18-141,18,'man 'we dem di 'pas fo rot,man\twe\tdem\tdi\tpas\tfo\trod,man\tREL\t3PL.SBJ\tIPFV\tpass\tfor\troad,the men who cross/are crossing the road,,,,published source -18-142,18,man wei bohn i biabia,man\twe\tbon\ti\tbiabia,man\tREL\tburn\t3SG.POSS\tbeard,a man who burnt his beard,,,,published source -19-180,19,"ɛ̀f yù chɔp ɔl dis chɔp we è no dɔn, tumɔro yù gò sik.","ɛ̀f\tyù\tchɔp\tɔl\tdis\tchɔp\t[we\tè\tno\tdɔn],\ttumɔro\tyù\tgò\tsik.",if\t2SG\teat\tall\tthis\tfood\t[SUBORD\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tdone]\ttomorrow\t2SG\tPOT\tbe.sick,"If you eat all this food that is not well-done, tomorrow you will be sick.",,,,elicited from speaker -19-181,19,Go tek mi dan telefono we de pàn dì tebul.,Go\ttek\tmi\tdan\ttelefono\twe\tde\tpàn\tdì\ttebul.,go\ttake\t1SG.EMPH\tthat\ttelephone\tSUBORD\tCOP\ton\tDEF\ttable,Go fetch me that telephone that is on the table.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-127,21,the boy who sits over there,the\tboy\twho\tsits\tover\tthere,DET\tboy\tPRO\tsit.SG\tover\tthere,the boy who sits over there,,,,constructed by linguist -21-128,21,the boy that pinched my sister,the\tboy\tthat\tpinch-ed\tmy\tsister,DET\tboy\tCOMP\tpinch-PST\t1SG.POSS\tsister,the boy that pinched my sister,,,,constructed by linguist -22-158,22,Dispela pik em sa kaikai ol man em sa raun.,Dispela\tpik\tem\tsa\tkaikai\tol\tman\tem\tsa\traun.,this\tpig\t3SG\tHAB\teat\tPL\tman\t3SG\tHAB\tgo.round,This pig who eats people was going around.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-159,22,Em stori blo wanpla sneik we i bin stap lo Bali [...].,Em\tstori\tblo\twan-pla\tsneik\twe\ti\tbin\tstap\tlo\tBali\t[...].,3SG\tstory\tof\tone-ADJ\tsnake\tREL\tPM\tPST\tstay\tPREP\tBali\t[...],It's the story of a snake that lived in Bali [...].,,,,naturalistic written -22-160,22,Mi save long wanpela meri i gat twenti pikinini.,Mi\tsave\tlong\twan-pela\tmeri\ti\tgat\ttwenti\tpikinini.,1SG\tknow\tPREP\tone-MOD\twoman\tPM\thave\ttwenty\tchildren,I know a woman who has twenty children.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-143,23,i talem wan ia we i strong tumas,i\ttalem\twan\tia\twe\ti\tstrong\ttumas,AGR\ttell\tINDF\tDEF\tCOMP\tAGR\tstrong\tvery,He said one (=a fine) that was too heavy.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-144,23,"yu, we yu sapotem gavman, yu save kasem wok","yu,\twe\tyu\tsapotem\tgavman,\tyu\tsave\tkasem\twok",2SG\tCOMP\t2SG\tsupport\tgovernment\t2SG\tcan\tget\twork,"You who support the government, you'll get work.",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-145,23,Eni wan we i pas long kot bae oli putum hem long kalabus.,Eni\twan\twe\ti\tpas\tlong\tkot\tbae\toli\tputum\them\tlong\tkalabus.,any\tone\tCOMP\tAGR\tpass\tin\tcourt\tIRR\tAGR\tput\t3SG\tin\tjail,Anyone who appears in court will be put into jail.,,,,naturalistic written -24-167,24,d' bass fulla who bin roen myse teeth,d'\tbass\tfulla\twho\tbin\troen\tmyse\tteeth,DET.DEF\tbest\tfellow\twho\tPST\tspoil\tmy\ttooth/teeth,the best guy who treated my teeth,,,,naturalistic written -24-168,24,"Any ahmerulla sullen thought gwenner clim dem tree, hawe to be jus’ so.","Any\tahmerulla\tsullen\tthought\tgwenner\tclim\tdem\ttree,\thawe\tto\tbe\tjus’\tso.",any\tclumsy\tperson\tthink\tFUT\tclimb\tthat\ttree\thave\tto\tbe\tjust\tso,Any clumsy person who thinks they are going to climb that tree would have to do it just right.,,,,naturalistic written -24-169,24,I see wan haus noe gat dor.,I\tsee\twan\thaus\tnoe\tgat\tdor.,I\tsee\tDET.INDF.SG\thouse\tNEG\thave\tdoor,I saw a house without a door (lit. I saw a house that didn't have a door).,,,,naturalistic written -25-314,25,Wot thet lijad we im jidan?,Wot\tthet\tlijad\twe\tim\tjidan?,what\tDEM\tlizard\tSUBORD\t3SG\tsit,What's the lizard that stays?,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-315,25,Yu luk dijan iya klaud im meigimbat mijal.,Yu\tluk\tdijan\tiya\tklaud\tim\tmeig-im-bat\tmijal.,2SG\tlook\tPROX:ADJ\there\tcloud\t3SG\tmake-TR-PROG\tREFL,You look at these clouds here forming (themselves).,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-115,27,Di ēn wa ha ēn hogo [...].,Di\tēn\twa\tha\tēn\thogo\t[...].,DET\tone\tREL\thave\tone\teye\t[...],The one who has one eye [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-116,27,[...] a mi ken da ka gibo [...].,[...]\ta\tmi\tken\tda\tka\tgibo\t[...].,[...]\tCOP\t1SG\tchild\tthere\tCOMPL\tborn\t[...],[...] it is my child there that has been born [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-148,28,"di jɛrmatoko wat jɛnda birbiʃi, ori da də laʃtijɛ","di\tjɛrma-toko\twati\tjɛn-da\tbirbiʃi,\tori\tda\tdi\tlaʃti-jɛ",the\twoman-child\tREL\tbe-there\tBerbice\t3SG\tCOP\tthe\tlast-NMLZ,"The daughter who lives on the Berbice River, she is the last one.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-185,29,die man wat gister gekom het,die\tman\twat\t__\tgister\tge-kom\thet,DEF.ART\tman\tREL\t__\tyesterday\tPTCP-come\tPST,the man who came yesterday,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-193,30,Rapás ki sta xintádu la [...].,Rapás\tki\tsta\txintá-du\tla\t[...].,boy\tCOMP\tbe\tseat-PASS\tthere\t[...],The boy who sits over there [...].,,,,constructed by linguist -30-194,30,"Kántu si mudjer korda, ki e átxa káma linpu, e txoma Iáni ki ka kudi.","Kántu\tsi=mudjer\tkorda,\tki=e=átxa\tkáma\tlinpu,\te=txoma\tIáni\tki=ka=kudi.",when\t3SG.POSS=woman\twake.up\tCOMP=3SG=find\tbed\tempty\t3SG=call\tIáni\tCOMP=NEG=answer,"When his wife woke up and noticed that the bed was empty, she called for Iáni, who didn't answer.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-155,31,Ses pai ki ta sotaba yes [...].,Ses\tpai\tki\tta\tsotaba\tyes\t[...].,their\tfather\twho\tHAB\tbeat.ANT\tthem\t[...],Their father who used to beat them [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-153,32,kel óm k ben,kel\tóm\tk\t__\tben,DEM\tman\tREL\t__\tcome,that man who came,,,,constructed by linguist -33-180,33,Mindjer ki dan e livru i nha kolega.,Mindjer\tki\tda-n\te\tlivru\ti\tnha\tkolega.,woman\tREL\tgive-1SG\tART\tbook\tCOP\tmy\tcolleague,The woman who gave me the book is my colleague.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-181,33,Ki studantis ku tene bon notas pasa.,Ki\tstudantis\tku\ttene\tbon\tnotas\tpasa.,those\tstudents\tREL\thave\tgood\tgrades\tpass,Those students who have good grades pass.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-182,33,N dau livru ku N' kumpra.,N\tda-u\tlivru\tku\tN\tkumpra.,1SG\tgive.PST-2SG\tbook\tREL\t1SG\tbuy.PST,I gave you a book that I bought.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-145,34,Miñjer ki paŋgá bo kasa beŋ na.,Miñjer\tki\tø\tpaŋgá\tbo\tkasa\tø\tbeŋ\tna.,woman\tREL.SBJ\tPFV\tbuild\tPOSS.2PL\thouse\tPFV\tcome\tASS,The woman who built your house has come.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-206,35,N sa ome ku ka kume fluta muntu.,N\tsa\tome\tku\tka\tkume\tfluta\tmuntu.,1SG\tCOP\tman\tREL\tIPFV\teat\tbread.fruit\tmuch,I'm a man who eats a lot of bread-fruit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-123,36,ome si ki ba tamba,ome\tsi\tki\tba\ttamba,man\tDEM\tREL.SBJ\tgo\tfish,the man who went fishing,,,,elicited from speaker -36-124,36,alê ki taba rê kebia bê rê,alê\tki\ttaba\trê\tkebia\tbê\trê,king\tREL.SBJ\tplank\tPOSS\tbreak\tgo\tREFL,the king whose plank broke completely,,,,elicited from speaker -37-160,37,ningê ki vika ontxi,ningê\tki\t__\tvika\tontxi,person\tREL\t__\tcome\tyesterday,the person who arrived yesterday,,,,constructed by linguist -38-172,38,"Mosyi ngandyi ise sa ngandyi me, [...].","Mosa-syi\tngandyi\ti-se\tsa\tngandyi\tme,\t[...].",woman-DEM\tbig\t3SG-DEM\tbe\tbig\tCOMPAR\t[...],"The eldest sister that is older (than me), [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-154,39,Ikəl raprig ki vẽdew jɔrnal a mĩ ɛr bẽy piken.,Ikəl\traprig\tki\tvẽde-w\tjɔrnal\ta\tmĩ\tɛr\tbẽy\tpiken.,DEM\tgirl\tREL\tsell-PST\tnewspaper\tDAT\t1SG.OBL\tCOP.PST\tvery\tsmall,The girl who sold me the newspaper was very small.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-155,39,Ikəl raprig kẽ vẽdew jɔrnal a mĩ ɛr bẽy piken.,Ikəl\traprig\tkẽ\tvẽde-w\tjɔrnal\ta\tmĩ\tɛr\tbẽy\tpiken.,DEM\tgirl\twho\tsell-PST\tnewspaper\tDAT\t1SG.OBL\tCOP.PST\tvery\tsmall,The girl who sold me the newspaper was very small.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-156,39,Ikəl pad ki tiŋ aki.,Ikəl\tpad\tki\tt-iŋ\taki.,DEM\tpriest\tREL\tEXIST-PST\there,The priest who was here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-157,39,Ikəl ɔm kwɔl kaiw.,Ikəl\tɔm\tkwɔl\tkai-w.,DEM\tman\tREL\tfall-PST,The man who fell down.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-161,42,"aké omi keng ja beng panyá aké factory, eli bong la","aké\tomi\tkeng\tja\tbeng\tpanyá\také\tfactory,\teli\tbong\tla",that\tman\twho\tPFV\tcome\ttake\tthat\tfactory\t3SG\tgood\tEMPH,"The man who came to take over the factory, he was really good.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-162,42,jenti prenya eli parí muré fiká pontianak,jenti\tprenya\teli\tparí\tmuré\tfiká\tpontianak,person\tpregnant\t3SG\tbear\tdie\tbecome\tvampire,A pregnant woman who dies in childbirth becomes a vampire.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-163,42,"aké machu ki ta santá nalí, eli yo sa kambradu","aké\tmachu\tki\tta\tsantá\tnalí,\teli\tyo\tsa\tkambradu",that\tboy\tthat\tPROG\tsit\tthere\t3SG\t1SG\tGEN\tfriend,The boy that is sitting there is my friend.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-164,42,tantu yo sa kambra kambradu ki ja bai skola pun,tantu\tyo\tsa\tkambra\tkambradu\tki\tja\tbai\tskola\tpun,many\t1SG\tGEN\tfriend\tfriend\tREL\tPFV\tgo\tschool\ttoo,"many of my friends who went to school, too",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-165,42,jenti kontá stori rainya omi,jenti\tkontá\tstori\trainya\tomi,people\ttell\tstory\ttraditional\tman,People who tell traditional stories are men.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-111,43,mati mati ki dja fika pedra,mati\tmati\tki\tdja\tfika\tpedra,shell\tshell\tREL\tPFV\tbecome\tstone,shells that have become stone OR: petrified shells,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-157,44,"Kel muhér tasé tyénda ayá na kályi, tasé tyéna éli mánga prútas.","Kel\tmuhér\ttasé\ttyénda\tayá\tna\tkályi,\ttasé\ttyéna\téli\tmánga\tprútas.",DEF\twoman\tIPFV.make\tshop\tthere\tLOC\tstreet\tIPFV.make\tshop\t3SG\tPL\tfruit,"The woman that sells there in the street, she sells fruit.",,,,elicited from speaker -44-158,44,Kel muhér ya biní ki andinánti ta trabahá ayá na iglésya.,Kel\tmuhér\tya\tbiní\tki\tandinánti\tta\ttrabahá\tayá\tna\tiglésya.,DEF\twoman\tPFV\tcome\there\tearlier\tIPFV\twork\tthere\tLOC\tchurch,The woman who came here earlier works at the church.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-159,44,Késti kel mutʃátʃo yandá kon mótru kombidá asé pyésta.,Késti\tkel\tmutʃátʃo\tyandá\tkon\tmótru\tkombidá\tasé\tpyésta.,This\tDEF\tboy\tPFV.go\tOBJ\t1PL\tinvite\tmake\tparty,This is the boy who came to invite us to the party.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-160,44,el mánga amerikánu ki ya yegá,el\tmánga\tamerikánu\tki\tya\tyegá,DEF\tPL\tAmerican\tREL\tPFV\tcome,the Americans that came,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-130,45,Ya salva el hombre con el criatura que ta ma lunod.,Ya\tsalva\tel\thombre\tcon\tel\tcriatura\tque\tta\tma\tlunod.,PFV\tsave\tDEF\tman\tOBJ\tDEF\tchild\tthat\tIPFV\tV.PREFIX\tdrowned,The man saved the child who was drowning.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-170,46,Akél el ómbre ya-bené ayér.,Akél\tel\tómbre\tya-bené\tayér.,that\tthe\tman\tPRF-come\tyesterday,That is the man who came yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-171,46,Akél el ómbre kel ya-bené ayér.,Akél\tel\tómbre\tkel\tya-bené\tayér.,that\tthe\tman\tthat\tPRF-come\tyesterday,That is the man that came yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-172,46,Akél el ómbre kyen ya-bené ayér.,Akél\tel\tómbre\tkyen\tya-bené\tayér.,that\tthe\tman\twho\tPRF-come\tyesterday,That is the man who came yesterday.,,,,constructed by linguist -47-181,47,E hòmber ku ta papia ei ta mi amigu.,E\thòmber\tku\tta\tpapia\tei\tta\tmi\tamigu.,DEF\tman\tCOMP\tTNS\tspeak\tthere\tCOP\t1SG\tfriend,The man who is speaking there is my friend.,,,,published source -47-182,47,Ta solamente esnan ku no tin plaka kèsh ta kumpra outo.,Ta\tsolamente\tesun\tnan\tku\tno\ttin\tplaka\tkèsh\tta\tkumpra\touto.,COP\tonly\tone\tPL\tCOMP\tNEG\thave\tmoney\tcash\tTNS\tbuy\tcar,It is only those who don't have cash that buy cars (from the local dealers).,,,,naturalistic written -47-183,47,E hòmber a presentá nèt na tempu pa chèk e tipo ladron nan kende nan a kore bai,E\thòmber\ta\tpresentá\tnèt\tna\ttempu\tpa\tchèk\te\ttipo\tladron\tnan\tkende\tnan\ta\tkore\tbai,DEF\tman\tPFV\tappear\tjust\tLOC\ttime\tfor\tcheck\tDEF\ttype\tthief\tPL\twho\tPL\tPFV\trun\tgo,The man appeared just in time to see the thieves who ran off.,,,,published source -47-184,47,[...] pa e elekshon kual ta tuma lugá djabièrnè awor.,[...]\tpa\te\telekshon\tkual\tta\ttuma\tlugá\tdjabièrnè\tawor.,[...]\tfor\tDEF\telection\twhich\tTNS\ttake\tplace\tFriday\tnow,[...] for the election which takes place this Friday.,,,,published source -47-185,47,Pa esaki tin 4 kandidato kua nan ta [...].,Pa\tes(un)\taki\ttin\t4\tkandidato\tkua\tnan\tta\t[...].,for\tone\tDEM\thave\t4\tcandidate\twhich\tPL\tCOP\t[...],"For this there are 4 candidates, who are [...].",,,,published source -48-161,48,Plata lo ke ele tené sendá mucho nu.,Plata\tlo\tke\tele\ttené\tsendá\tmucho\tnu.,money\tit\tthat\the/she\thave\tbe\tmuch\tNEG,The money that he/she has is not much.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-162,48,Ma hende ke tan bae lendro monte tan mohá.,Ma\thende\tke\ttan\tbae\tlendro\tmonte\ttan\tmohá.,PL\tpeople\tthat\tFUT\tgo\tinside\tfield\tFUT\tget.wet,Those (lit. people) that go to (work in) the field are going to get wet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-163,48,Too ese muhé i ta aí [...].,Too\tese\tmuhé\ti\tta\taí\t[...].,all\tthis\twoman\tthat\tbe\tthere\t[...],All the women that are there [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-279,49,Moun ki pa travay p ap touche.,Moun\tki\tpa\ttravay\tp\tap\ttouche.,people\tREL\tNEG\twork\tNEG\tINACC\tget.paid,Those who don't work won't get paid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-280,49,Se Siltana ki toujou bale chanm nan.,Se\tSiltana\tki\ttoujou\tbale\tchanm\tnan.,HL\tSiltana\tREL\talways\tsweep\troom\tDEF,It is always Sultana who sweeps the room.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-173,50,Mwen konnèt on ti boutik ki ka vann bèbèl kréyòl.,Mwen\tkonnèt\ton\tti\tboutik\tki\tka\tvann\tbèbèl\tkréyòl.,1SG\tknow\tINDF\tlittle\tshop\tREL\tPROG\tsell\tfancy.jewels\tcreole,I know a little shop which sells creole fancy jewels.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-174,50,Sé madanm-la ka maré paké kann-la ka chanté.,Sé\tmadanm-la\tka\tmaré\tpaké\tkann-la\tka\tchanté.,DEF.PL\twoman-DEF\tPROG\ttie\tpackage\tsugar.cane-DEF\tPROG\tsing,The women who are tying the sugar cane packages are singing.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -50-175,50,Sé madanm-la i ka maré paké kann-la ka chanté.,Sé\tmadanm-la\ti\tka\tmaré\tpaké\tkann-la\tka\tchanté.,DEF.PL\twoman-DEF\tRES\tPROG\ttie\tpackage\tsurgar.cane-DEF\tPROG\tsing,The women who are tying the sugar cane packages are singing.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -51-153,51,Mwen konnet an ti boutik ki ka vann bèbel kréyol.,Mwen\tkonnet\tan\tti\tboutik\tki\tka\tvann\tbèbel\tkréyol.,1SG\tknow\tINDF\tlittle\tshop\tREL\tPROG\tsell\tfancy.jewels\tcreole,I know a little shop which sells Creole fancy jewels.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-129,52,mèr-a ki té la a té roun natif Saül,mèr-a\tki\tté\tla\ta\tté\troun\tnatif\tSaül,mayor-DEF\tREL\tPST\tthere\tDEF\tPST\tINDF\tborn\tSaül,The mayor who was there had been born in the small town of Saül.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-336,53,Inave en vje nom ki te gen en vje neg.,Inave\ten\tvje\tnom\tki\tte\tgen\ten\tvje\tneg.,EXIST.PST\tART.INDF\told\tman\tREL\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\told\tblack.man,There was an old man who had an old black man.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-337,53,Sè te mounn koulè te gen sa.,Sè\tte\tmounn\tkoulè\t__\tte\tgen\tsa.,it\tPST\tperson\tcoloured\t__\tPST\thave\tDEM,It was black people who had that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-338,53,Mo drese poto ò te kròch.,Mo\tdrese\tpoto\tò\t__\tte\tkròch.,1SG\tstraighten\tpole\tART.DEF.SG\t__\tPST\tbent,I straightened the pole that was bent.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-339,53,"Gen èn an dè mounn ki fe tou, k e laboure tou la tè-la.","Gen\tèn\tan\tdè\tmounn\tki\tfe\ttou,\tk\te\tlaboure\ttou\tla\ttè-la.",have\tone\tor\ttwo\tperson\tREL\tdo\teverything\tREL\tPROG\tplow\tall\tART.DEF.SG\tland-ART.DEF.SG,"There are a few people who do everything, who cultivate all of the land.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-340,53,Se mo popa k te konne di sa.,Se\tmo\tpopa\tk\tte\tkonne\tdi\tsa.,it.is\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tREL\tPST\tIPFV\tsay\t3SG.INDF,It was my father who used to say that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-341,53,Na de milat va fe sèrmon se de Blan.,Na\tde\tmilat\t__\tva\tfe\tsèrmon\tse\tde\tBlan.,there\tART.INDF.PL\tmulatto\t__\tgo\tmake\toath\tCOP\tART.INDF.PL\twhite,There are mulattoes who swear that they are white.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-342,53,Sa se la fiy ke li va marye.,Sa\tse\tla\tfiy\tke\tli\tva\tmarye.,DEM\tit.is\tART.DEF.SG\tgirl\tREL.OBJ\t3SG\tFUT\tmarry,This is the girl whom he is going to marry.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-343,53,Ye petet di mo de paròl an kreyòl ki mo pa konpròn.,Ye\tpetet\tdi\tmo\tde\tparòl\tan\tkreyòl\tki\tmo\tpa\tkonpròn.,3PL\tmaybe\tsay\t1SG\tART.INDF.PL\tword\tin\tCreole\tREL\t1SG\tNEG\tunderstand,They might tell me some words in Creole that I don't understand.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-344,53,"Compair Bouki, ki té tou cagou, dressé so zoreil.","Compair\tBouki,\tki\tté\ttou\tcagou,\tdressé\tso\tzoreil.",Brother\tBouki\tREL\tPST\tall\tsad\tprick.up\t3SG.POSS\tear,"Brother Bouki, who was all sad, pricked up his ears.",,,,naturalistic written -53-345,53,Fô to soizi cilà to oulé.,Fô\tto\tsoizi\tcilà\t__\tto\toulé.,must\t2SG\tchoose\tthe.one\t__\t2SG\twant,You have to choose the one you want.,,,,naturalistic written -54-198,54,[...] pou konsol la pèrsone ke la pèrdu soi son mari soi son anfan [...].,[...]\tpour\tkonsol\tla\tpersonn\tkë\tla\tperdu\tswa\tson\tmari\tswa\tson\tanfan\t[...].,[...]\tfor\tconsole\tDEF\tperson\tREL\tPRF\tlost\teither\tPOSS.3SG\thusband\tor\tPOSS.3SG\tchild\t[...],[...] to console the person who has lost either her husband or her child [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-199,54,Sak létablisman na in klos i fé lèv azot.,Sak\tletablisman\tna\ten\tklos\tØ\ti\tfe\tlev\tazot.,each\tsugar.estate\thas\tINDF\tbell\tØ\tFIN\tmake\twake\tOBL.3PL,Each sugar estate has a bell which wakes them up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-170,55,tifi ki pe asiz laba la,tifi\tki\tpe\tasiz\tlaba\tla,girl\twho\tPROG\tsit\tover.there\tthere,the girl who is sitting over there OR: the girl that is sitting over there,,,,constructed by linguist -55-171,55,tifi ki to truve laba la,tifi\tki\tto\ttruve\tlaba\tla,girl\twhom\tyou\tsee\tover.there\tthere,the girl whom you see over there OR: the girl that you see over there,,,,constructed by linguist -56-168,56,Be dimoun lontan [...] ti kwar pourdir i annan en bonnfanm ki apel Bonnfanm San Tet ti reste ladan.,Be\tdimoun\tlontan\t[...]\tti\tkwar\tpourdir\ti\tannan\ten\tbonnfanm\tki\tapel\tBonnfanm\tSan\tTet\tØ\tti\treste\tladan.,but\tpeople\tearlier\t[...]\tPST\tbelieve\tCOMP\tPM\thave\ta\twoman\tREL\tbe.called\tBonnefemme\tSans\tTête\tØ\tPST\tstay\tthere,But in former times the people believed that there was a woman called Bonnefemme Sans Tête who stayed there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-169,56,"Be sa bann dimoun ki ti Lil Terez, zot ti reste laba menm osi?","Be\tsa\tbann\tdimoun\tki\tti\tLil\tTerez,\tzot\tti\treste\tlaba\tmenm\tosi?",but\tDEM\tPL\tpeople\tREL\tPST\tLil\tTerez\t3PL\tPST\tstay\tthere\tFOC\ttoo,"But the people who stayed at Lil Terez (the island of Therese), they also lived there?",,,,naturalistic spoken -57-93,57,fem sa le vja,fem\tsa\tle\tvja,women\tREL\tSI\tcome,the woman who comes/came,,,,constructed by linguist -57-121,57,tule koko sa le pla:te la,tule\tkoko\tsa\tle\tpla:te\tla,PL\tcoconut.palm\tREL\tSI\tplant\tDEM/DEF,all the coconut palms that they planted there,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-115,58,muntu ya kwis-aka,muntu\tya\tkwis-aka,person\tREL\tcome-PST,the person that/who came,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-274,59,mokunzi so aga (na) ndo so [...],mokunzi\tso\ta-ga\t(na)\tndo\tso\t[...],chief\tREL\tPM-come\t(PREP)\tplace\tDET\t[...],The chief who came here [...].,,,,constructed by linguist -59-275,59,Ala so aga retar [...].,ala\tso\ta-ga\tretar\t[...],3PL\tREL\tPM-come\tlate\t[...],Those who came late [...].,,,,naturalistic written -59-276,59,"wali so aduti na sese ka so, lo ke mama ti mbi","wali\tso\ta-duti\tna\tsese\tka\tso,\tlo\tke\tmama\tti\tmbi",woman\tDEM\tPM-sit\tPREP\tground\tover.there\tthus\t3SG\tCOP\tmother\tof\t1SG,The woman who's sitting on the ground over there is my mother.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-279,59,melenge so anyon' me nzoni ape lo ke kwi (na) nzala,melenge\tso\ta-nyon'\tme\tnzoni\tape\tlo\tyeke\tkwi\t(na)\tnzala,child\tREL\tPM-drink\tbreast\twell\tNEG\t3SG\tCOP\tdie\t(from)\thunger,A child that doesn't feed well dies of hunger.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-129,60,mobáli óyo amónákí ngáí akendákí na ndáko,mobáli\tóyo\ta-món-ákí\tngáí\ta-kend-ákí\tna\tndáko,man\tREL\t3SG-see-PST\t1SG\t3SG-go-PST\tto\thouse,The man who saw me went home.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-130,60,mobáli amónákí ngáí akendákí na ndáko,mobáli\ta-món-ákí\tngáí\ta-kend-ákí\tna\tndáko,man\t3SG-see-PST\t1SG\t3SG-go-PST\tto\thouse,The man who saw me went home.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-96,61,"Lo muntu lo yena funa mali ga wena, yena fikile izolo.","Lo\tmuntu\tlo\tyena\tfun-a\tmali\tga\twena,\tyena\tfik-ile\tizolo.",ART\tman\tREL\the\twant-V\tmoney\tPOSS\tyou\the\tcame-PST\tyesterday,The man who wants your money came yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-97,61,Mina bona lo muntu yena gula.,Mina\tbon-a\tlo\tmuntu\tyena\tgul-a.,I\tsee-V\tDEF.ART\tman\the\tbe.sick-V,I see the man who is sick.,,,,constructed by linguist -62-87,62,mborá éti?íye ma?í áafufú,mbora\té-ti?i-íye\tma?i\té-áa-fufu,girl\t3SG-carry-PRF\twater\t3SG-PST-rest,The girl who carried water rests now.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-172,63,fí sudaníya al tála min sudán,fi\tsudan\tiya\tal\ttala\tmin\tsudan,EXIST\tSudanese\tPL\tREL\tcome\tfrom\tSudanese,There are Sudanese who came from Sudan.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-173,63,u ásma anás milán mun ge nadí debíba,u\tásma\tanás\tmilán\túmun\tge\tnadí\tdebíba,and\thear\tpeople\tmany\t3PL\tTAM\tcall\tsnake,He heard many people who were calling the snake.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-174,63,Núbi al fi íni,Núbi\tal\tfi\tíni,Nubi\tREL\tEXIST\there,The Nubi who live here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-175,63,ána ma akú tá-i fí fi Belgium,ána\tma\takú\ttá-i\tfí\tfi\tBelgium,1SG\twith\tbrother\tGEN-my\tEXIST\tin\tBelgium,I have a brother who lives in Belgium.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-184,64,zol al kan éndu gurúʃ de,zol\tal\tkan\téndu\tgurúʃ\tde,individual\tREL\tANT\thave\tmoney\tDEM.PROX,the man who had money,,,,constructed by linguist -64-185,64,sídi úo gáni biwedí gurúʃ,sídi\túo\tgáni\tbi=wedí\tgurúʃ,owner\t3SG\trich\tIRR=give\tmoney,The (shop) owner who is rich pays well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-186,64,íta biligó nas ma biháfiz súra kwes,íta\tbi=ligó\tnas\tma\tbi=háfiz\tsúra\tkwes,2SG\tIRR=find\tpeople\tNEG\tIRR=save\timage\tgood,You come across people who do not give a good impression.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-104,66,Jalan spanjang elari (aða) ayang baisikal attu ring tabuntur kinna emaati (aða).,[Jalan\tspanjang\te-lari\t(aða)]\tayang\tbaisikal-attu-ring\ttabuntur-kinna\te-maati\t(aða).,[road\talong\tASP-run\t(AUX)]\tchicken\tbicycle-INDF-INS\thit-PASS\tASP-die\t(AUX),The chicken which ran along the road was hit by a bicycle and died.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-105,66,Jalanka nyalari ayang baisikal atu ka terbuntur su matimati.,[Jalanka\tnya-lari]\tayang\tbaisikal-atu\tka\tterbuntur\tsu-matimati.,[road.in\tREL-run]\tchicken\tbicycle-INDF\tby\thit\tPST-die,The chicken which ran along the road was hit by a bicycle and died.,,,,published source -66-106,66,Java aromong gulputi Kirindena atibalek.,[Java\tar-omong]\tgulputi\tKirinde-na\tati-balek.,[Malay\tPRS-speak]\twhite.person\tKirinda-DAT\tFUT-return,The white person that speaks Malay will return to Kirinda.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-194,67,Di sini tinggal punya orang pun boleh jauh pergi beli.,Di\tsini\ttinggal\tpunya\torang\tpun\tboleh\tjauh\tpergi\tbeli.,in\there\tlive\tREL\tpeople\talso\tcan\tfar\tgo\tbuy,People who live here can also go far to buy [it].,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-108,68,Orang yang tinggal di Ambon pung ruma kacil.,Orang\tyang\ttinggal\tdi\tAmbon\tpung\truma\tkacil.,person\tREL\tlive\tLOC\tAmbon\tPOSS\thouse\tsmall,People who live in Ambon have small houses.,,,,constructed by linguist -68-109,68,Orang dudu di pinggir jalang tu mabu.,Orang\tdudu\tdi\tpinggir\tjalang\ttu\tmabu.,man\tsit\tLOC\tside\troad\tDEM\tdrunk,That man sitting at the side of the road is drunk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-66,69,man payum aka aykum tari-kən mambi ya-nan,man\tpayum\taka\taykum\ttari-kən\tmambi\tya-nan,other\tman\tNEG\twoman\thold-NMLZ\tthen\tcome-NONFUT,Then another man who didn’t have a wife came.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-168,71,"Mahope akahi pake holo mai, kela Makawela hanapaa wau kui wau ma ka umauma wau, mahope kela pake holo mai hemo kela puka wau holo mawaho.","Mahope\takahi\tpake\tholo\tmai,\tkela\tMakawela\thanapaa\twau\tkui\twau\tma\tka\tumauma\twau,\tmahope\tkela\tpake\tholo\tmai\themo\tkela\tpuka\twau\tholo\tmawaho.",later\tINDF\tChinese\trun\tDIR\tDET\tMakawela\thold\t1SG\thit\t1SG\tLOC\tDEF\tchest\t1SG.POSS\tlater\tDET\tChinese\trun\tDIR\topen\tDET\tdoor\t1SG\trun\toutside,"Then a Chinese (outside the house) ran to me, as Makawela held me punching my chest; then the Chinese who was running to me opened the door, and I ran outside.",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-169,71,Keia ka pake panipani ia'u.,Keia\tka\tpake\tpanipani\tia'u.,this\tDEF\tChinese\thave.sex\tOBJ.1SG,This is the Chinese who raped me.,,,,naturalistic written -72-144,72,dat karu wen i bin jayijayi jamut spiyayawung,dat\tkaru\twen\ti\tbin\tjayijayi\tjamut\tspiya-yawung,the\tkid\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tchase\tturkey\tspear-COM,the kid who chased the turkey with a spear,,,315cdcbfa1d9e951ba0ea6e838db34ab,elicited from speaker -74-138,74,man yaka mitlayt yakwa yaka makuk lam,man\tyaka\tmitlayt\tyakwa\tyaka\tmakuk\tlam,man\t3SG\tlive\there\t3SG\ttrade\trum,The man living here sells rum.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-228,75,"Namoya, niya mun peer kaapeekiyokeet.","Namoya, niya mun peer kaa-pee-kiyokee-t.",no (C) 1SG (C) 1SG.POSS (F) father (F) COMP-come-visit.TA-3 (C),"No, MY father came to visit. OR: It was my father who came for a visit.",,,,constructed by linguist -75-229,75,Gishkeeyimaaw enn fiiy ki li paraliizii.,Gishkee-yim-aaw\tenn\tfiiy\tki\tli\tparaliizii.,1SG.know-ANIM-3.OBJ\tINDF.ART.F.SG\tgirl\tREL\t3.BE\tparalyzed,I know a girl who has infantile paralysis. OR: I know a girl who is paralyzed.,,,,naturalistic written -75-230,75,Diluu ki li buun aayimen chiayaahk.,Diluu\tki\tli\tbuun\taayime-n\tchi-ayaa-hk.,water\tthat\tis\tgood\tdifficult-3\tCOMP.FUT-have-INDF.ACTOR,Fresh water is hard to get.,,,,naturalistic written -75-231,75,Li taan ki vyaen kiyaapit kaishpayin.,Li\ttaan\tki\tvyaen\tkiyaapit\tka-ishpayi-n.,ART.M.SG\ttime\tthat\tcome\tstill\tFUT-happen-3,The future is yet to be. OR: The time that comes will still happen.,,,,naturalistic written -75-232,75,"La faam awa kaaohpikihaat Cinderella, kiiwiihkomikaashow.",La\tfaam\tawa\tkaa-ohpiki-h-aat\tCinderella\tkii-wiihkom-ikaasho-w.,ART.F.SG\twoman\tthis\tREL-grow-CAUS-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tCinderella\tPST-invite-PASS.ANIM-3,The woman who raised Cinderella was invited for the feast.,,,,naturalistic spoken -1-229,1,Mino kan blibi alle da takki den negere ben doe na mi.,Mi=no\tkan\tbribi\tala\tda\ttaki\tden\tnengre\tben\tdu\tna\tmi.,1SG=NEG\tcan\tbelieve\tall\tDET.SG\tstory\tDET.PL\tnegro\tPST\tdo\tto\t1SG,I can’t believe all the stories (which) the slaves have been telling me.,,,,written -1-230,1,Da jam jam mastra zendi lange boote na tra moen mi blibi pikien morre a kaba.,Da\tn'nyan\tmasra\tseni\tnanga\tboto\tna\ttra\tmun\tmi\tbribi\tpikin\tmoro\ta\tkaba.,DET.SG\tfood\tmaster\tsend\twith\tboat\tat\tother\tmonth\t1SG\tbelieve\tlittle\tmore\t3SG.SBJ\tfinish,"The food (which) master sent by boat the other month, I believe it is almost finished.",,,,written -1-231,1,Oe plee da klosie diesie joe go tekie?,O=pe\tda\tkrosi\tdisi\tyu\tgo\tteki?,Q=place\tDET.SG\tcloth\tREL\t2SG\tgo\ttake,Where is the cloth that you were going to get?,,,,written -2-241,2,Dus dan a man kon ferstan taki na frow san a wasi.,Dus dan a man kon ferstan taki na frow san a wasi.,thus then the man come understand COMP be the woman that he wash,So then the man understood that it was the woman whom he had washed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-242,2,Mi e wani go libi nanga a man di mi o sori yu.,Mi\te\twani\tgo\tlibi\tnanga\ta\tman\tdi\tmi\to\tsori\tyu.,1SG\tIPFV\twant\tgo\tlive\twith\tDET\tman\tREL\t1SG\tFUT\tshow\t2SG,I want to go and live with the person that I’ll show you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-243,2,Wan bigi man ben dape di den e kari papa Mani.,Wan\tbigi\tman\tben\tdape\tdi\tden\te\tkari\tpapa\tMani.,a\tbig\tman\tPST\tthere\tREL\tthey\tIPFV\tcall\tfather\tMani,An elderly man worked there whom they called papa Mani.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-244,2,Yu abi furu Sumter di mi no sabi.,Yu\tabi\tfuru\tSumter\tdi\tmi\tno\tsabi.,2SG\thave\tmany\tSumter\tthat\t1SG\tNEG\tknow,There are many people by the name of Sumter that I don’t know.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-245,2,Mi srefi dya abi famiri mi no sabi.,Mi\tsrefi\tdya\tabi\tfamiri\tmi\tno\tsabi.,1SG\tself\there\thave\trelative\t1SG\tNEG\tknow,I myself have relatives that I don’t know.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-246,2,Yu sabi wan boi ben de na skowtu den e kari en Oscar?,Yu\tsabi\twan\tboi\tben\tde\tna\tskowtu\tden\te\tkari\ten\tOscar?,2SG\tknow\ta\tboy\tANT\tCOP\tLOC\tpolice\tthey\tCONT\tcall\t3SG\tOscar,Do you know a guy named Oscar who was a police officer?,,,,elicited from speaker -3-123,3,di muje di mi lobi,di\tmuje\tdi\tmi\tlobi,DEF.SG\twoman\tREL\t1SG\tlove,the woman whom I love,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-124,3,Di mujɛɛ mi lobi hanse.,Di\tmujɛɛ\tmi\tlobi\thanse.,DEF.SG\twoman\t1SG\tlove\tpretty,The woman I love is pretty.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-160,4,Yu sabi wan kiiki de na Kotika Liba di den saafu sama be diki en.,Yu\tsabi\twan\tkiiki\tde\tna\tKotika\tLiba\tdi\tden\tsaafu\tsama\tbe\tdiki\ten.,You.SG\tknow\ta\tcreek\tthere\tLOC\tCottica\tRiver\tREL\tDET.PL\tslave\tperson\tPST\tdig\tit,You know a creek there by the Cottica River that the slaves had dug.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-161,4,A keti di a hali koti be moy.,A\tketi\tdi\ta\thali\t__\tkoti\tbe\tmoy.,DET.SG\tchain\tREL\the\tpull\t__\tcut\tPST\tnice,The chain that he broke by ripping was nice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-160,5,"di gyal piknii wa yu si oova de, a mi daata","di\tgyal\tpiknii\twa\tyu\tsi\toova\tde,\ta\tmi\tdaata",the\tgirl\tchild\tREL\t2SG\tsee\tover\tthere\tEQ.COP\t1SG.POSS\tdaughter,The girl (whom) you see over there is my daughter.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-161,5,"di gyal piknii yu si oova de, a mi daata","di\tgyal\tpiknii\tØ\tyu\tsi\toova\tde,\ta\tmi\tdaata",the\tgirl\tchild\tØ\t2SG\tsee\tover\tthere\tEQ.COP\t1SG.POSS\tdaughter,"The girl (whom) you saw over there, is my daughter.",,,,constructed by linguist -6-97,6,de man I see in de yard,de\tman\tI\tsee\tin\tde\tyard,DET\tman\t1SG\tsee\tPREP\tDET\tgarden,the man I saw in the garden,,,,constructed by linguist -6-98,6,De man weh I see in de yard.,De\tman\tweh\tI\tsee\tin\tde\tyard.,DET\tman\tREL\t1SG\tsee\tPREP\tDET\tgarden,The man whom I saw in the garden.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-222,7,Di chruhklood a graas we hi chro pan di pleiyin fiil draiyin uhp.,Di\tchruhk-lood\ta\tgraas\twe\thi\tchro\t∅\tpan\tdi\tpleiy-in\tfiil\tdraiy-in\tuhp.,ART\ttruck-load\tof\tgrass\tREL\t3SG\tthrow\t∅\ton\tART\tplay-ing\tfield\tdry-ing\tup,The truckful of grass that he threw on the playing field is drying up.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-223,7,I gyel hu taalboi laik ha tu pikni.,I\tgyel\thu\ttaalboi\tlaik\tha\ttu\tpikni.,ART\tgirl\tREL\tTallboy\tlike\thave\ttwo\tchild,The girl whom Tallboy likes has two children.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-224,7,Di chruhklood a graas we hi chro ∅ pan di pleiyin fiil it draiyin uhp.,Di\tchruhk-lood\ta\tgraas\twe\thi\tchro\t∅\tpan\tdi\tpleiy-in\tfiil\tit\tdraiy-in\tuhp.,ART\ttruck-load\tof\tgrass\tREL\t3SG\tthrow\t∅\ton\tART\tplay-ing\tfield\t3N\tdry-ing\tup,The truckful of grass that he threw on the playing field is drying up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-225,7,I gyel taalboi laik ha tu pikni.,I\tgyel\t∅\ttaalboi\tlaik\tha\ttu\tpikni.,ART\tgirl\t∅\ttallboy\tlike\thave\ttwo\tchild,The girl whom Tallboy likes has two children.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-142,8,Di gyal huu mi bok-op yeside laik mi.,Di\tgyal\thuu\tmi\tbok-op\tyeside\tlaik\tmi.,DET\tgirl\twho\t1SG\tbutt-up\tyesterday\tlike\t1SG,The girl who I met yesterday likes me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-173,9,Dis da wan nɛks wan we a rimemba.,Dis\tda\twan\tnɛks\twan\t[we\ta\trimemba\t_].,this\tTOP\ta\tnext\tone\t[REL\t1SG\tremember\t_],Here is another one that I remember.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-174,9,di stiŋgrey i briŋ owt,di\tstiŋgrey\t[Ø\ti\tbriŋ\towt\t_],the\tstingray\t[Ø\t3SG\tbring\tout\t_],the stingray that he brought out,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-215,10,Ihn di bes sekretary we yu waahn fain.,Ihn\tdi\tbes\tsekretary\twe\tyu\twaahn\tfain.,3SG\tART.DEF\tbest\tsecretary\tREL\t2SG\tFUT\tfind,She is the best secretary you can find.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-216,10,Dat da di gyal we mi nuo.,Dat\tda\tdi\tgyal\twe\tmi\tnuo.,DEM\tFOC\tART.DEF\tgirl\tREL\t1SG\tknow,That is the girl whom I know.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-290,11,Wi kaal di langwij dat wi spiik Kriol.,Wi\tkaal\tdi\tlangwij\tdat\twi\tspiik\tKriol.,1PL\tcall\tART.DEF\tlanguage\tREL\t1PL\tspeak\tKriol,We call the language that we speak “Kriol”.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-291,11,di bwai we yu sii yaanda,di\tbwai\twe\tyu\tsii\tyaanda,ART.DEF\tboy\tREL\t2SG\tsee\tyonder,the boy who you see over there,,,,elicited from speaker -12-229,12,De boy met whole lot o’ people vwat de worrum did swallow.,De\tboy\tmet\twhole\tlot\to’\tpeople\tvwat\tde\tworrum\tdid\tswallow.,ART\tboy\tmeet.PFV\twhole\tlot\tof\tpeople\tREL[OBJ]\tART\tworm\tPST\tswallow,The boy met many people whom the worm had swallowed.,,,,naturalistic written -12-230,12,"You know what is a cord - the veil a- around your face. Now the children what born with the skin over their face, it's a veil, right? It's a piece of flesh they have over their face!",It's\ta\tpiece\tof\tflesh\tthey\thave\tover\ttheir\tface!,3SG.N.SBJ.COP\tART\tpiece\tof\tflesh[REL.OBJ]\t3PL.SBJ\thave[HAB]\tover\t3PL.POSS\tface,It’s a piece of flesh that they have over their face!,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-166,13,The cabbage what they plant - they go cut that next month.,The cabbage [what they plant _] - they go cut that next month,the cabbage [REL.PCL.OBJ they plant _]   they go cut that next month,The cabbage that they planted - they are going to cut that next month.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -13-167,13,The woman love the girl she boy marry.,The\twoman\tlove\tthe\tgirl\t[Ø\tshe\tboy\tmarry\t_].,the\twoman\tlove\tthe\tgirl\t[Ø\tshe\tboy\tmarry\t_],The woman loves the girl her boy married.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -14-127,14,The girl that I saw left the room.,The\tgirl\tthat\tI\tsaw\tleft\tthe\troom.,the\tgirl\tthat\tI\tsaw\tleft\tthe\troom,The girl that I saw left the room.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-128,14,The girl I saw left the room.,The\tgirl\tI\tsaw\tleft\tthe\troom.,the\tgirl\tI\tsaw\tleft\tthe\troom,The girl I saw left the room.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-125,15,di man we wi si yɛstade na mi padi,di\tman\twe\twi\tsi\tyɛstade\tna\tmi\tpadi,ART\tman\tREL\t1PL\tsee\tyesterday\tCOP\tPOSS\tfriend,The man that/whom we saw yesterday is my friend.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-134,16,dis jam we wì dè ʧɔp ʧɔp,dis\tjam\t[we\twì\tdè\tʧɔp~ʧɔp\tØ],DEM\tyam\t[REL\t1PL\tHAB\teat~eat\tØ],these yams that we eat,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-135,16,dɛ pipu we ì invait dɛm,dɛ\tpipu\t[we\tì\tinvait\tdɛm],ART\tpeople\t[REL\t3SG\tinvite\t3PL.OBJ],the people that he invited,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-136,16,auà ʧikĩ no bì laik dɛ wã wait mã dè du,auà\tʧikĩ\tno\tbì\tlaik\tdɛ\twã\t[Ø\twait\tmã\tdè\tdu\tØ],1SG.POSS\tchicken\tNEG\tCOP\tlike\tART\tone\t[Ø\twhite\tman\tHAB\tdo\tØ],Our chickens are not like the ones white people raise.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-137,16,dɛ mã à dè draiv àm nau,dɛ\tmã\t[Ø\tà\tdè\tdraiv\tàm\tnau],ART\tman\t[Ø\t1SG\tHAB\tdrive\t3SG.OBJ\tnow],the man that I am driving now,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-159,17,Dì buk we̱ yù si-am fò̱r dyar do̱n old.,Dì\tbuk\twe̱\tyù\tsi-am\tfò̱r\tdyar\tdo̱n\told.,ART.DEF\tbook\tREL\t2SG.SBJ\tsee-3SG.OBJ\tLOC\tthere\tCOMPL\tbe.old,The book that you see over there is old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-160,17,Dì buk we̱ yù si fò̱r dyar do̱n old.,Dì\tbuk\twe̱\tyù\tsi\tfò̱r\tdyar\tdo̱n\told.,ART.DEF\tbook\tREL\t2SG.SBJ\tsee\tLOC\tthere\tCOMPL\tbe.old,The book that you see over there is old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-161,17,Dì buk (we̱) à rid(-am) de dyar.,Dì\tbuk\t(we̱)\tà\trid(-am)\tde\tdyar.,ART.DEF\tbook\t(REL)\t1SG.SBJ\tread(-3SG.OBJ)\tCOP\tthere,The book that I read is there.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-143,18,di buk wei a bin bai,di\tbuk\twe\ta\tbin\tbai,DEF.ART\tbook\tREL\t1SG.SBJ\tPST\tbuy,the book which i bought/had bought,,,,published source -18-144,18,di wuman wei wi bin lukam,di\twuman\twe\twi\tbin\tluk-am,DEF.ART\twoman\tREL\t1PL.SBJ\tPST\tlook-3SG.OBL,the woman whom we saw,,,,published source -18-145,18,Yu bin 'no 'dat 'gal dem bin 'kol 'se 'Pauline'?,Yu\tbin\tno\tdat\tgal\tdem\tbin\tkol\tPauline?,2SG.SBJ\tPST\tknow\tDEM\tgirl\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tcall\tPauline,Did you know the girl they (had) called Pauline?,,,,published source -19-182,19,Naw à dɔn si dì tin we yù nid.,Naw\tà\tdɔn\tsi\tdì\ttin\t[we\tyù\tnid].,now\t1SG.SBJ\tPRF\tsee\tDEF\tthing\t[SUBORD\t2SG\tneed],Now I have seen what you need.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-183,19,[...] mì màmá gò gɛt sɔ̀n fàya-wud we dɛ̀n brokàn nà fam [...].,[...]\tmì\tmàmá\tgò\tgɛt\tsɔ̀n\tfàya-wud\t[we\tdɛ̀n\tbrok=àn\tnà\tfam]\t[...].,[...]\t1SG.POSS\tmother\tPOT\tget\tsome\tfire.CPD-wood\t[SUBORD\t3PL\tbreak=3SG.OBJ\tLOC\tfarm]\t[...],[...] my mother would get some fire-wood that had been broken up at the farm [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-184,19,[...] mek è du yu dì du è want.,[...]\tmek\tè\tdu\tyu\tdì\tdu\t[è\twant].,[...]\tSBJV\t3SG.SBJ\tdo\t2SG\tDEF\tdo\t[3SG.SBJ\twant],[...] let him do to you what he wants (lit: let him do you the doing he wants).,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-129,21,That's the guy I was telling you about.,That's\tthe\tguy\tI\twas\ttell-ing\tyou\tabout.,DEM.be.3SG\tDET\tguy\t1SG\tbe.SG.PST\ttell-DUR\t2SG\tabout,That's the guy whom I was telling you about.,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-130,21,the girl that the boy pinched,the\tgirl\tthat\tthe\tboy\tpinch-ed,DET\tgirl\tCOMP\tDET\tboy\tpinch-PST,the girl that the boy pinched,,,,constructed by linguist -22-161,22,Em dispela man yutupela mumuim em.,Em\tdispela\tman\tyutupela\tmumu-im\tem.,3SG\tthis\tman\t2DU\tearth.oven-TR\t3SG,This is the man whom you cooked.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-163,22,Mi go lukim wonem piksa we ol ba lukim.,Mi\tgo\tluk-im\twonem\tpiksa\twe\tol\tba\tluk-im.,1SG\tgo\tsee-TR\twhat\tfilm\tREL\t3PL\tFUT\tsee-TR,I went to see what film (it was) that they would watch.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-146,23,oli sanem toktok we mi no wantem,oli\tsanem\ttok~tok\twe\tmi\tno\twantem,AGR\tsend\ttalk~talk\tCOMP\t1SG\tNEG\twant,They sent word that I was unhappy about. (lit: They sent word that I did not want [to hear].),,,,naturalistic spoken -23-147,23,i gat ol pleple we ol waetman oli lanem,i\tgat\tol\tpleple\twe\tol\twaetman\toli\tlanem,AGR\thave\tPL\tgame\tCOMP\tPL\twhite.man\tAGR\tlearn,There are games that white people taught [us].,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-148,23,Hemia nao wan eksampol long ol komplen we ambudjman i no save lukluk long hem.,hemia\tnao\twan\teksampol\tlong\tol\tkomplen\twe\tambudjman\ti\tno\tsave\tluk~luk\tlong\them,3SG.DEF\tnow\tone\texample\tof\tPL\tcomplaint\tCOMP\tombudsman\tAGR\tNEG\tcan\tlook~look\tat\t3SG,This is one example of the [kind of] complaints that the Ombudsman can't investigate.,,,,naturalistic written -25-316,25,"Yunmi bin putim rais, we imin sidim?","Yunmi\tbin\tput-im\trais,\twe\tim=in\tsid-im?",1DU.INCL\tPST\tput-TR\trice\tSUBORD\t3SG=PST\tseed/sow-TR,Did you and I two put (= record the story about) the rice that they sowed?,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-141,26,ai neva si da buk ∅ Lisa wen bai _,ai\tneva\tsi\tda\tbuk\t∅\tLisa\twen\tbai\t_,I\tNEG.PST\tsee\tDEF\tbook\tREL\tLisa\tPST\tbuy\t_,I didn’t see the book Lisa bought.,,,,unspecified -27-117,27,Di man wa ju kā bring.,Di\tman\twa\tju\tkā\tbring.,DET\tman\tREL\t2SG\tCOMPL\tbring,The man that you have brought with you.,,,,elicited from speaker -28-150,28,di besti bita dat o kan draki o krikitɛ nau,di\tbeʃti\tbita\tdati\to\tkan\tdraki\to\tkriki-tɛ\tnau,the\tbest\tclothes\tthat\t3SG\tcan\twear\t3SG\tget-PFV\tnow,The very best clothes that he could wear he got.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-151,28,o drak difrɛn draki wat ju kan jefjo ka,o\tdraki\tdifrɛn\tdraki\twati\tju\tkan\tjefi\to\tka,3SG\tbear\tdifferent\tbear\tREL\t2SG\tcan\teat\t3SG\tNEG,It bears another fruit which you cannot eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-152,28,mu mɛr bof eni hab en plɛk en rup bunjabanab,mu\tmɛrɛ\tbofu\teni\thabu\ten\tplɛkɛ\teni\trupu\tbunjabanab,go\tmore\tup\t3PL\thave\tone\tplace\t3PL\tcall\tBunya.Benab,Further upriver they have a place (which) they call Bunja Benab. OR: Further upriver there is a place (which) is called Bunja Benab.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-153,28,o wontɛ musu plɛkap wat o dektɛ fan di kɛnap,o\twon-tɛ\tmusu\tplɛkɛ-apu\twati\to\tdeki-tɛ\tfan\tdi\tkɛnɛ-apu,3SG\twin-PFV\tmany\tplace-PL\tREL\t3SG\ttake-PFV\tfrom\tDEF\tperson-PL,He conquered many places which he took from the people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-186,29,die man wat jy daar sien,die\tman\twat\tjy\t__\tdaar\tsien,DEF.ART\tman\tREL\t2SG.NOM\t__\tthere\tsee,the man that you see over there,,,,naturalistic written -30-195,30,Rapás ki bu ta odja la [...].,Rapás\tki=bu=ta=odja\tla\t[...].,boy\tCOMP=2SG=IPFV=see\tthere\t[...],The boy that you see over there [...].,,,,constructed by linguist -30-196,30,Pastoris ta andába kalsádu ku ses albérka di koru ki es ta faseba es mé.,Pastor-is\tta=andá-ba\tkalsádu\tku=ses=albérka\tdi=koru\tki=es=ta=fase-ba\tes\tmé.,shepherd-PL\tIPFV=go-ANT\tequipped.with.shoe\twith=3PL.POSS=sandal\tof=leather\tCOMP=3PL=IPFV=make-ANT\t3PL.INDP\tself,"The shepherds used to wear their leather sandals, which they made themselves.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-197,30,"Gomis labánta, e buska si jéru k'el ka átxa.","Gomis\tlabánta,\te=buska\tsi=jéru\tk=el=ka=átxa.",Gómis\tget.up\t3SG=search\t3SG.POSS=son.in.law\tCOMP=3SG=NEG=find,"Gómis got up and looked for his son-in-law, whom he couldn't find.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-198,30,Kárta ki N skebe-l el perde.,Kárta\tk=N=skebe=l\tel\tperde.,letter\t[COMP=1SG=write=3SG\t3SG.INDP]\tgo.astray,The letter that I wrote to him got lost.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-156,31,"Tanbe, es rakonhese tudu kel kuza ki-N faze.","Tanbe,\tes\trakonhese\ttudu\tkel\tkuza\tki-N\tfaze.",too\tthey\trecognize\tall\tthe\tthing\tCOMP-I\tdo,They recognized as well all the things that I did.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-154,32,kes dansa k no tá dansá,kes\tdansa\tk\tno\ttá\tdansá,DEM\tdance\tREL\t1PL\tPST.IPFV\tdance,those dances that we used to dance,,,,constructed by linguist -32-155,32,Ma kel bilhet bosê tinha?,Ma\tkel\tbilhet\tbosê\ttinha\t_?,but\tDEM\tidentity.card\t2SG\thave.PST\t_,But (what about) that identity card you had?,,,,constructed by linguist -33-183,33,Mininu ki bu na odja la i nha ermon.,Mininu\tki\tbu\tna\todja\tla\ti\tnha\termon.,boy\tREL\t2SG\tPROG\tsee\tthere\tCOP\tmy\tbrother,The boy you see there is my brother.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-184,33,Omi ku bu odja i kumpridu.,Omi\tku\tbu\todja\ti\tkumpridu.,man\tREL\t2SG\tsee\t3SG\ttall,The man whom you saw is tall.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-146,34,Miñjer ku Pidru wojá bonitu.,Miñjer\tku\tPidru\tø\twojá\tø\tbonitu.,woman\tREL.OBJ\tPeter\tPFV\tsee\tPFV\tpretty,The woman whom Peter has seen is pretty.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-207,35,"Losa se ku a patxi, ka sama Vivi.","Losa\tse\tku\ta\tpatxi,\tka\tsama\tVivi.",plantation\tDEM\tREL\tIMPRS\tsplit.up\tIPFV\tcall\tVivi,The plantation they split up is called Vivi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-125,36,ome si ma m bê,ome\tsi\tma\tm\tbê,man\tDET\tREL.N-SBJ\t1SG\tsee,the man I have seen,,,,elicited from speaker -36-126,36,ome ma n letxa kai rê,ome\tma\tn\tletxa\tkai\trê,man\tREL.NSBJ\t1SG\tenter\thouse\this,the man whose house I entered,,,,elicited from speaker -37-161,37,ningê sê ki n vê ontxi,ningê\tsê\tki\tn\tvê\t__\tontxi,person\tDEM\tREL\t1SG\tsee\t__\tyesterday,the person I saw yesterday,,,,constructed by linguist -38-173,38,Ngatusyi namsedyi bé iai sa xa na dyividyil.,Ngatu-syi\tnamsedyi\tbé\tiai\tsa\txa\tna\tdyividyil.,cat-DEM\t2PL\tsee\tthere\tCOP\tthing\tART\tneighbour,The cat you have seen belongs to the neighbours.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-174,38,Ngatuse ku namse beyay xana dyividyil.,Ngatu-sai\tku\tnamisedyi\tbe-iai\txa-na\tdyividyil.,cat-DEM\tREL\t2PL\tsee-there\tEVID-ART\tneighbours,The cat you have seen belongs to the neighbours.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-158,39,Ikəl ɔm ki use atəro a el.,Ikəl\tɔm\tki\tuse\tatər-o\ta\tel.,DEM\tman\tREL\t2s\tpush-PST\tACC\t3SG,That man whom you pushed.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-159,39,Frãgiŋ yo ki kõpro ɛ bõ.,Frãgiŋ\tyo\tki\tkõpr-o\tɛ\tbõ.,chick\t1SG\tREL\tbuy-PST\tCOP.NPST\tgood,The chicks that I bought are good.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-160,39,Ikəl ɔm kwɔl yo ẽkətro.,Ikəl\tɔm\tkwɔl\tyo\tẽkətr-o.,DEM\tman\twhich\t1SG\tmeet-PST,The man that I met.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-161,39,ikəl ɔm a kẽ use atəro,ikəl\tɔm\ta\tkẽ\tuse\tatər-o,DEM\tman\tACC\twho\t2SG\tpush-PST,the man whom you pushed,,,,elicited from speaker -42-166,42,akeli pau ki nus ta dali,akeli\tpau\tki\tnus\tta\tdali,that\tstick\tREL\t1PL\tPROG\thit,the stick we were hitting,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-167,42,"akeli omi keng bos já olá, eli yo sa pai","akeli\tomi\tkeng\tbos\tjá\tolá,\teli\tyo\tsa\tpai",that\tman\tREL\t2SG\tPFV\tsee\t3SG\t1SG\tGEN\tfather,The man you saw is my father.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-168,42,prau bo fai ńgua sumana ńgka balé,prau\tbo\tfai\tńgua\tsumana\tńgka\tbalé,boat\t2SG\tmake\tone\tweek\tNEG\tvalue,A boat that you make in a week is useless.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-112,43,Pasandu su kaminyu inkonta fula di dudaim ki ile dja leva su djuntu.,Pasa-ndu\tsu\tkaminyu\tinkonta\tfula\tdi\tdudaim\tki\tile\tdja\tleva\tsu\tdjuntu.,pass-GER\tPOSS.3SG\troad\tfind\tflower\tof\tpandanus.palm\tREL\t3SG\tPFV\ttake\tPOSS.3SG\ttogether,"On his way, he encountered pandanus-palm flowers, which he took with him.",,,,pedagogical grammar -44-161,44,"Kel ómbri ya mirá bo na kályi, su nómbri Ówen.","Kel\tómbri\tya\tmirá\tbo\tna\tkályi,\tsu\tnómbri\tÓwen.",DEF\tman\tPFV\tsee\t2SG\tLOC\tstreet\t3SG.POSS\tname\tOwen,"The man you saw on the street, his name is Owen.",,,,elicited from speaker -44-162,44,Dóndi ta kel kuʃílju ya sirbí yo na syémbra?,Dóndi\tta\tkel\tkuʃílju\tya\tsirbí\tyo\tna\tsyémbra?,where\tLOC\tDEF\tknife\tPFV\tuse\t1SG\tLOC\tplant,Where is the knife that I used in gardening?,,,,elicited from speaker -44-163,44,A-komé bo késte prútas kel a-kumprá yo késti tempránu.,A-komé\tbo\tkéste\tprútas\tkel\ta-kumprá\tyo\tkésti\ttempránu.,PFV-eat\t2SG\tthis\tfruit\tREL\tPFV-buy\t1SG\tthis\tmorning,You ate this fruit which I bought this morning.,,,,written (grammar) -45-131,45,Del Ciudad de Cavite el muchacho con quien tu ya mira na television anoche.,Del\tCiudad\tde\tCavite\tel\tmuchacho\tcon\tquien\ttu\tya\tmira\tna\ttelevision\tanoche.,from\tcity\tof\tCavite\tDEF\tboy\t[OBJ\twho\t2SG\tPFV\tsee\tLOC\ttelevision\tlast.night],The boy you saw on tv last night is form Cavite city.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-132,45,Sabroso el jalea de piña que ya hace tu mama.,Sabroso\tel\tjalea\tde\tpiña\tque\tya\thace\ttu\tmama.,delicious\tDEF\tjelly\tof\tpineapple\tREL\tPFV\tmake\t2SG.POSS\tmother,The pineapple jelly that your mother made is delicious.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-173,46,Akél el ómbre ya-mirá yo ayér.,Akél\tel\tómbre\tya-mirá\tyo\tayér.,that\tthe\tman\tPRF-see\tI\tyesterday,That is the man I saw yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-174,46,Akél el ómbre (kun) kyen ya-mirá yo ayér.,Akél\tel\tómbre\t(kun)\tkyen\tya-mirá\tyo\tayér.,that\tthe\tman\t(OBJ)\twho\tPRF-see\t1SG\tyesterday,That is the man I saw yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-186,47,Mi omo J. tawatin un outo ku e mester a drecha promé ku Pasko.,Mi\tomo\tJ.\ttawa-tin\tun\touto\tku\te\tmester\ta\tdrecha\tpromé\tku\tPasko.,1SG\tuncle\tJ.\tPST-have\tINDF\tcar\tCOMP\t3SG\tmust\tPFV\trepair\tbefore\tthan\tChristmas,My uncle J. had a car that he was to have repaired before Christmas.,,,,naturalistic written -48-164,48,Chito maí lo k' i tené-ba [...].,Chito maí lo k' i tené-ba [...].,little.bit corn that I have-PROG.PST [...]  ,The little bit of corn that I had [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-165,48,I a kohé kafé tinto i Lole a asé.,I\ta\tkohé\tkafé\ttinto\ti\tLole\ta\tasé.,I\tPST\ttake\tcoffee\tblack\tthat\tLole\tPST\tmade,I took the black coffee that Lole made.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-281,49,Li peye m kòb li te dwe m lan.,Li\tpeye\tm\tkòb\tli\tte\tdwe\tm\tlan.,3SG\tpay\t1SG\tmoney\t3SG\tANT\towe\t1SG\tDEF,He/She gave me the money that he/she owed me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-282,49,Annou vote pou kandida nou vle a.,Annou\tvote\tpou\tkandida\tnou\tvle\ta.,let.1PL\tvote\tfor\tcandidate\t1PL\twant\tDEF,Let's vote for the candidate we want.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-283,49,Ayiti se yon peyi ke mwen remen anpil.,Ayiti\tse\tyon\tpeyi\tke\tmwen\tremen\tanpil.,Haiti\tSE\tINDF\tcountry\tREL\t1SG\tlove\tmuch,Haiti is a country that I like a lot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-176,50,Mi on bouké flè manman mwen ka voyé ba'w.,Mi\ton\tbouké\tflè\tmanman\tmwen\tka\tvoyé\tba'w.,here\tINDF\tbunch.of\tflowers\tmother\t1SG.POSS\tPROG\tsend\tfor.2SG,Here is a bunch of flowers which my mother sent to you.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-177,50,Ektò vann flè ki Jènvyèv platné lanné pasé.,Ektò\tvann\tflè\tki\tJènvyèv\tplatné\tlanné\tpasé.,Hector\tsell\tflower\tREL\tGeneviève\tplant\tyear\tlast,Hector sold the flowers that Geneviève planted last year.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -51-154,51,Mi an boutjé flè manman-mwen ka vréyé ba'w.,Mi\tan\tboutjé\tflè\tmanman-mwen\tka\tvréyé\tba'w.,here\tINDF\tbunch.of\tflowers\tmother-1SG\tPROG\tsend\tfor.2SG,Here is a bunch of flowers which my mother sent to you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-96,52,sa tifiy-a mo wè ayè,sa\ttifiy-a\tmo\twè\tayè,DEM\tgirl-DEF\tI\tsee\tyesterday,the girl I saw yesterday,,,,constructed by linguist -53-346,53,Li tou-tan reponn le kestchyon ki li mannde li.,Li\ttou-tan\treponn\tle\tkestchyon\tki\tli\tmannde\tli.,3SG\tall-time\tanswer\tART.DEF.PL\tquestion\tREL\t3SG\task\t3SG,He always answers the questions that he asks him.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-347,53,Ye petet di mo de paròl an kreyòl ki mo pa konpròn.,Ye\tpetet\tdi\tmo\tde\tparòl\tan\tkreyòl\tki\tmo\tpa\tkonpròn.,3PL\tmaybe\ttell\t1SG\tART.INDF.PL\tword\tin\tCreole\tREL\t1SG\tNEG\tunderstand,They might tell me some words in Creole that I don't understand.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-348,53,"Mo te gen en bwat siga, boug-ye te donn mon.","Mo\tte\tgen\ten\tbwat\tsiga,\t__\tboug-ye\tte\tdonn\tmon.",1SG\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\tbox\tcigar\t__\tguy-ART.DEF.PL\tPST\tgive\t1SG,I had a cigar box (that) those guys gave me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-349,53,Tou piti-ye mo gen a se pou li.,Tou\tpiti-ye\t__\tmo\tgen\ta\tse\tpou\tli.,all\tchild-ART.DEF.PL\t__\t1SG\thave\tART.DEF\tCOP\tfor\t3SG,All of the children I have are his.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-350,53,La tit fiy ke t ape vwa la se ma fiy.,La\ttit\tfiy\tke\tt\tape\tvwa\tla\tse\tma\tfiy.,ART.DEF.SG\tlittle\tgirl\tREL\t2SG\tPROG\tsee\tADV\tCOP\t1SG.POSS.F\tdaughter,The little girl you see over there is my daughter.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-351,53,tu la mizèr ye fe li,tu\tla\tmizèr\t__\tye\tfe\tli,all\tART.DEF.SG\tmisery\t__\t3PL\tmake\t3SG.OBJ,all the misery they caused him,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-352,53,Mo gen le piti ki parl kreyòl.,Mo\tgen\tle\tpiti\tki\tparl\tkreyòl.,1SG\thave\tART.PL\tchild\tREL\tspeak\tCreole,I have children who speak Creole.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-200,54,"Le soir [...] i rakont zistoir, zisteman zistoir k ou zamé antand.","Lë\tswar\t[...]\ti\trakont\tzistwar,\tzisteman\tzistwar\tk\tou\tzame\tantann.",DEF\tevening\t[...]\tFIN\ttell\tstory\texactly\tstory\tREL\t2SG\tnever\thear,"In the evening [...] they tell stories, just the stories you never hear.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-201,54,Sa mon myel ou la fini manzé la.,Sa\tmon\tmyel\tØ\tou\tla.fini\tmanze\tla.,that\tPOSS.1SG\thoney\tØ\t2SG\tPRF\teat\tthere.,This is my honey you have eaten.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-172,55,léléktora BELLE-ROSE QUATRE-BORNES fine done mwa so sutjin pu tu travaj ki mo fine kapav fér pu L’ILE MAURICE,léléktora\tBELLE-ROSE\tQUATRE-BORNES\tfine\tdone\tmwa\tso\tsutjin\tpu\ttu\ttravaj\tki\tmo\tfine\tkapav\tfér\tpu\tL’ILE\tMAURICE,electorate\tBelle-Rose\tQuatre-Bornes\tCOMPL\tgive\t1SG.OBJ\tPOSS\tsupport\tfor\tall\twork\tthat\t1SG\tCOMPL\tMOD\tdo\tfor\tisland\tMauritius,The electorate of Belle Rose (Quatre Bornes) has given me its support for all the work that I have been able to do for Mauritius.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-170,56,sa gro delwil nwanr ki korvet i servi sa,sa\tgro\tdelwil\tnwanr\tki\tkorvet\ti\tservi\tsa,DEM\tbig\toil\tblack\tREL\tcorvette\tPM\tserve\tthis,his heavy black oil which the corvette uses,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-171,56,Tou kalorifer ou fer ek laso fodre i annan later rouz.,Tou\tkalorifer\tØ\tou\tfer\tek\tlaso\tfodre\ti\tannan\tlater\trouz.,all\theating\tØ\t2SG\tmake\twith\tlime\tmust\tthere\tis\tsoil\tred,"All the heatings which you make with lime, you must put red soil into them.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-172,56,Sa garson ki mon ti vwar dan bazar i neve mon madanm.,Sa\tgarson\tki\tmon\tti\tvwar\tdan\tbazar\ti\tneve\tmon\tmadanm.,DET\tboy\tREL\t1SG\tPST\tsee\tin\tmarket\t3SG\tnephew\t1SG.POSS\twife,The boy whom I saw in the market is the nephew of my wife.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-94,57,"mwa, ma ndema:nde ave twa mena si ta ko:ta nde wajaʃ sa nu fe lamba Tene","mwa,\tma\tndema:nde\tave\ttwa\tmena\tsi\tta\tko:ta\tnde\twajaʃ\tsa\tnu\tfe\tlamba\tTene",1SG\t1SG\task\twith\t2SG\tnow\tif\t2SG\thappy\tof\tjourney\tREL\t1PL\tmake\ttowards.down\tTene,I ask you now whether you are happy with the journey we made to Tene.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-157,57,[...] se tule no sa nu ndʃu ndi-la,[...]\tse\ttule\tno\tsa\tnu\tndʃu\tndi-la,[...]\tPRESV\tPL\tname\tREL\t1PL\talways\tsay-DEM/DEF,[...] they are the names that we always say.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-116,58,muntu ya mono mon-aka,muntu\tya\tmono\tmon-aka,person\tREL\tme\tsee-PST,the person I saw,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-277,59,"koli ti mbi so mbi yi ti mu lo so la, lo ga awe so","koli\tti\tmbi\tso\tmbi\tyi\tti\tmu\tlo\tso\tla,\tlo\tga\tawe\tso",man\tof\t1SG\tREL\t1SG\twant\tCONN\ttake\t3SG\tthus\tTOP\t3SG\tcome\talready\tthus,"The man I want to marry, here he is.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-280,59,"koli ti mbi so mbi yi ti mu lo so la, lo ga awe so","koli\tti\tmbi\tso\tmbi\tyi\tti\tmu\tlo\tso\tlaa,\tlo\tga\tawe\tso",man\tof\t1SG\t[REL\t1SG\twant\tof\ttake]\t3SG\tREL\tFOC\t3SG\tcome\talready\tthus,The man I want to marry has already come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-281,59,kusara ti lo so lo ere mbi ngbangani ti sara,kusara\tti\tlo\tso\tlo\tere\tmbi\tngbangani\tti\tsara,work\tof\t3SG\t[REL\t3SG\tcall\t1SG\tfor.that\tCONN\tdo],the work that he called me to do,,,,naturalistic written -59-282,59,mo ing ta nda ti yi so mo sara,mo\thinga\tta\tnda\tti\tyi\tso\tmo\tsara,2SG\tknow\ttrue\treason\tof\tthing\tREL\t2SG\tdo,You understand the real reason for what you did.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-283,59,zo so mo ga mu lo a?,zo\tso\tmo\tga\tmu\tlo\ta?,person\tREL\t2SG\tcome\ttake\t3SG\teh,"The person whom you married, right?",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-284,59,ba mbeni pendre nyama so ni fa,baa\tmbeni\tpendre\tnyama\tso\tni\tfa,see\tsome\tnice\tanimal\t[REL\t1SG.LOG\tkill],"(He said), ""Look at a nice animal that I killed.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-286,59,lo anda ala na bio so lo ro,lo\thanda\tala\tna\tbio\tso\tlo\tro,3SG\tdistract\t3PL\tPREP\tbone\tREL\t3SG\tgather,He distracted the dogs (that were chasing him) with bones that he had gathered.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-131,60,kíti óyo nasómbákí ezalákí mabé,kíti\tóyo\tna-sómb-ákí\te-zal-ákí\tmabé,chair\tREL\t1SG-buy-PST\t3SG.INAN-be-PST\tbad,The chair that I bought was bad.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-132,60,kíti nasómbákí ezalákí mabé,kíti\tna-sómb-ákí\te-zal-ákí\tmabé,chair\t1SG-buy-PST\t3SG.INAN-be-PST\tbad,The chair that I bought was bad.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-99,61,Mina thanda lo skafu lo wena phekile.,Mina\tthanda\tlo\tskafu\tlo\twena\tphek-ile.,I\tlike\tDEF.ART\tfood\tREL\tyou\tcook-PST,I like the food that you cooked.,,,,elicited from speaker -61-100,61,Lo indhlu mina tengile [...].,Lo\tindhlu\tmina\ttengile\t[...].,DEF.ART\thouse\tI\tbuy.PST\t[...],The house I bought [...]. OR: The house which I bought [...].,,,,constructed by linguist -61-101,61,Ipi lo makhulu mashin mina bukile yena izolo?,Ipi\tlo\tmakhulu\tmashin\tmina\tbuk-ile\tyena\tizolo?,where\tDEF.ART\tbig\tmachine\tI\tsee-PST\tit\tyesterday,Where is the big machine that I saw yesterday? OR: Where is the big machine I saw yesterday?,,,,constructed by linguist -62-88,62,vi-aghú vyó ni'á ní vi-kuhló,vi-aghú\tvyó\tni'á\tní\tvi-kuhló,8-food\t8:that\t1SG:eat\tis\t8-nice,The food that I eat is nice.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-176,63,tartíb al akú tá y de kélem,tartíb\tal\takú\ttá\ty\tde\tkélem,custom\tREL\tbrother\tGEN\tmy\tDET\tspeak,the custom that my brother mentioned,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-177,63,sána al úmun já fógo,sána\tal\túmun\tjá\tfógo,year\tREL\t3PL\tcome\ton,the year that they arrived,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-107,66,poðiyen sibilli teegiyang,[poðiyen\tsi-billi]\tteegi-yang,[boy\tPST-buy]\tgift-ACC.DEF,the gift that the boy just bought,,,,elicited from speaker -67-196,67,Pasal ini tempat lu ada pun punya lu boleh pergi punya.,Pasal\tini\ttempat\tlu\tada\tpun\tpunya\tlu\tboleh\tpergi\tpunya.,matter\tDEM\tplace\t2SG\thave\talso\tREL\t2SG\tcan\tgo\tREL,"The matter [of] this place is what you possess, where you can go.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-197,67,Di sini tinggal punya orang pun bole jauh pergi beli.,Di\tsini\ttinggal\tpunya\torang\tpun\tbole\tjauh\tpergi\tbeli.,in\there\tlive\tREL\tperson\teven\tcan\tfar\tgo\tbuy,Even people who live here can go far to buy [it].,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-110,68,parangpuan yang beta lia,parangpuan\tyang\tbeta\tlia,woman\tREL\t1SG\tsee,the woman whom I saw,,,,constructed by linguist -68-111,68,"Dia pung kepeng simpang-simpang di beta, dia tarima samua di beta pung kamar.","Dia\tpung\tkepeng\tsimpang~simpang\tdi\tbeta,\tdia\ttarima\tsamua\tdi\tbeta\tpung\tkamar.",3SG\tPOSS\tmoney\tDUR~save\tLOC\t1SG\t3SG\treceive\tall\tLOC\t1SG\tPOSS\troom,"Her money, which she saved with me bit by bit, she received all at once in my room.",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-67,69,mambi yangwara kra-kŋ mən tay-ɲan,mambi\tyangwara\tkra-kŋ\tmən\ttay-ɲan,then\ttree\tcut-NMLZ\tthat\tsee-NONFUT,Then he looked at the tree he had cut.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-71,70,Aur jonjon u-lon sika jon bat u-lon sain u-lon deo kuta.,Aur\tjonjon\tu-lon\tsika\tjon\tbat\tu-lon\tsain\tu-lon\tdeo\tkuta.,and\t[REL\t3-PL\tlearn\t[REL\tlanguage\t3-PL\tsign]]\t3-PL\tgive\tdog,"And those who learn the language that they sign (i.e. the signals), they are given the dog.",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-170,71,"Iaia pi mai, wau kamailio pololei ka mea pau oe kamailio.","Iaia\tpimai,\twau\tkamailio\tpololei\tka\tmea\tpau\toe\tkamailio.",3SG\tcome\t1SG\ttalk\tcorrectly\tDEF\tthing\tfinish\t2SG\ttalk,"When he comes, I'll tell him exactly what you said.",,,,naturalistic written -72-145,72,weya dat marluka wen warlaku bin katurl im legta,weya\tdat\tmarluka\twen\twarlaku\tbin\tkaturl\tim\tleg-ta,REL\tthe\told.man\twho\tdog\tPST\tbite\t3SG\tleg-LOC,the old man whom the dog bit on the leg,,,7e6d3ea7227b35823d4bc54e9fd535cd,naturalistic spoken -73-96,73,yoga no dashkanichu kopia azishkada,yo-ga\tno\tda-shka-ni-chu\tkopia\tazi-shka-da,1SG-TOP\tnot\tgive-EVID-1SG-NEG\tcopy\tmake-NMLZ-ACC,I did not give the copy that I made.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-233,75,Dan li boor ashiweepineew oonhin kaaniimiyit avek ana la fiy ana.,Dan li boor ashi-weepin-eew oonhin kaa-niim-iyi-t avek ana la fiy ana.,LOC ART.M.SG side away-throw-3.SBJ.3.OBJ DEM.ANIM REL-dance-OBV-3 with DEM.ANIM that ART.F.SG girl DEM.ANIM,"He threw the girl aside that he was dancing with. OR: He threw her aside, the one he was dancing with, that girl.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-237,75,keekway avek enn machine kaaushtaahk,keekway\tavek\tenn\tmachine\tkaa-ushtaa-hk,something\twith\tINDF.ART.F.SG\tmachine\tREL-make-INDF.ACTOR,something that is made with a machine,,,,naturalistic written -1-232,1,"Da somma, na dissi dem ougri jeje ben kommotto, begi hem, va [...].","Da\tsoma,\tna\tdisi\tden\togri\tyeye\tben\tkomoto,\tbegi\ten,\tfu\t[...].",DET.SG\tperson\tLOC\tREL\tDET.PL\tevil\tspirit\tPST\tcome.out\task\t3SG\tfor\t[...],The man from whom the evil spirits had retreated asked him to [...].,,,,written -1-233,1,"Dem no sa lussu hem na Sabba vo da tetei, nanga dissi Satan ben tai hem tin na aiti jari?","Den\tno\tsa\tlusu\ten\tna\tSabat\tfu\tda\tt'tei,\tnanga\tdisi\tSatan\tben\ttai\ten\ttin\tna\taiti\tyari?",3PL\tNEG\tFUT\tset.free\t3SG\tat\tSabbath\tfrom\tDET.SG\trope\twith\tREL\tSatan\tPST\ttie\t3SG\tten\tat\teight\tyear,Shouldn't she be set free at the Sabbath from the rope with which Satan has been tying her up for eighteen years?,,,,written -2-247,2,a nefi nanga san a koti a bred,a\tnefi\tnanga\tsan\ta\tkoti\ta\tbred,the.SG\tknife\twith\twhich\t3SG\tcut\tthe.SG\tbread,the knife with which he cut the bread,,,,constructed by linguist -2-248,2,Nanga san yu koti a brede?,Nanga\tsan\tyu\tkoti\ta\tbrede?,with\twhat\t2SG\tcut\tthe.SG\tbread,What did you cut the bread with?,,,,constructed by linguist -2-319,2,dan a man di mi nanga en e taki […],dan\ta\tman\tdi\tmi\tnanga\ten\te\ttaki\t[...],then\tDET\tman\tREL\t1SG\tand\t3SG\tPST\tIPFV\ttalk,‘then the man who I was talking to […]’,,,,unspecified -3-125,3,Di faka di mi bi koti di bɛɛɛ ku en.,Di\tfaka\tdi\tmi\tbi\tkoti\tdi\tbɛɛɛ\tku\ten.,DEF.SG\tknife\tthat\t1SG\tTNS\tcut\tDEF.SG\tbread\twith\t3SG,The knife with which I cut the bread.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-126,3,di faka ku di mi bi koti di bɛɛɛ,di\tfaka\tku\tdi\tmi\tbi\tkoti\tdi\tbɛɛɛ,DEF.SG\tknife\twith\tthat\t1SG\tTNS\tcut\tDEF.SG\tbread,the knife with which I cut the bread,,,,elicited from speaker -3-127,3,Di faka di mi koti di bɛɛɛ saapu.,Di\tfaka\tdi\tmi\tkoti\tdi\tbɛɛɛ\tsaapu.,DEF.SG\tknife\tthat\t1SG\tcut\tDEF.SG\tbread\tbe.sharp,The knife that I cut the bread with is sharp.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-162,4,a pan di i e baka kasaba (*anga (en)),a\tpan\tdi\ti\te\tbaka\tkasaba\t(*anga\t(en)),DET.SG\tpan\tREL\tyou\tIPFV\tbake\tcassava\t(with\t(it)),the pan on/with which you roast cassava,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-162,5,da a di sizaz ii kot di peepa wid,da\ta\tdi\tsizaz\tØ\tii\tkot\tdi\tpeepa\twid,that\tEQ.COP\tthe\tscissors\tØ\tshe\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,Those are the scissors with which she cut the paper.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-163,5,da a di sizaz ii tek (an) kot di peepa wid,da\ta\tdi\tsizaz\tØ\tii\ttek\t(an)\tkot\tdi\tpeepa\twid,that\tEQ.COP\tthe\tscissors\tØ\the\ttake\t(and)\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,Those are the scissors with which she cut the paper.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-164,5,da a di sizaz wa ii kot di peepa wid,da\ta\tdi\tsizaz\twa\tii\tkot\tdi\tpeepa\twid,that\tEQ.COP\tthe\tscissors\tREL\tshe\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,Those are the scissors with which she cut the paper.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-165,5,da a di sizaz wa ii tek (an) kot peepa (wid),da\ta\tdi\tsizaz\twa\tii\ttek\t(an)\tkot\tpeepa\t(wid),that\tEQ.COP\tthe\tscissors\tREL\t3SG\ttake\t(and)\tcut\tthe.paper\t(with),Those are the scissors with which he cut the paper.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-99,6,de cotlass dat she kot it wid,de\tcotlass\tdat\tshe\tkot\tit\twid,DET\tcutlass\tthat\t3SG.F\tcut\t3SG\twith,the cutlass that she cut it with,,,,elicited from speaker -6-100,6,de cotlass shi kot it wid,de\tcotlass\tshi\tkot\tit\twid,DET\tcutlass\t3SG.F\tcut\t3SG\twith,the cutlass she cut it with,,,,elicited from speaker -7-226,7,Dat a i hevi mashiin we/da i posh evriting duhng wid.,Dat\ta\ti\thevi\tmashiin\twe/da\ti\tposh\tevriting\tduhng\twid\t∅.,DEM\tCOP\tART\theavy\tmachine\tREL\t3SG\tpush\teverything\tdown\twith\t∅,That’s the heavy machinery/equipment with which he pushed everything down.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-227,7,Sho mi di sezez yo kuht uhm wid.,Sho\tmi\tdi\tsezez\t∅\tyo\tkuht\tuhm\twid.,show\t1SG\tART\tscissors\t∅\t2.SBJ\tcut\t3.OBJ\twith,Show me the scissors with which you cut it/him/her.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-143,8,di sizas we mi kkot di piepa wid,di\tsizas\twe\tmi\tkkot\tdi\tpiepa\twid,DET\tscissors\tREL\t1SG\tcut\tDET\tpaper\twith,the scissors with which I cut the paper,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-175,9,Yu had dis laya we dey de taak bowt.,Yu\thad\tdis\tlaya\t[we\tdey\tde\ttaak\tbowt\t_].,you.GENER\thad\tthis\tlawyer\t[REL\t3PL\tPROG\ttalk\tabout\t_],There was this lawyer that they were talking about.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-176,9,di hukstik i de wid,di\thukstik\t[Ø\ti\tde\twid\t_],the\thookstick\t[Ø\t3SG\tLOC\twith\t_],the harpoon he was with,,,,constructed by linguist -9-177,9,Iz wan a di tiŋ wi don bada bowt dat in beliz.,Iz\twan\ta\tdi\ttiŋ\twi\tdon\tbada\tbowt\tdat\tin\tbeliz.,is\tone\tof\tthe\tthings\twe\tdon't\tbother\tabout\tthat\tin\tBelize,This is one of the things we don't bother about in Belize.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-178,9,Nordis kiy we pan a fain wan,Nordis\tkiy\t[we\tpan\t__\ta\tfain\twan],Northeast\tCaye\t[REL\tupon\t__\t1SG\tfind\tone],Northeast Caye on which I found one,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-217,10,di naif we ihn kot di miit wid,di\tnaif\twe\tihn\tkot\tdi\tmiit\twid,ART.DEF\tknife\tREL\t3SG\tcut\tART.DEF\tmeat\twith,the knife she cut the meat with,,,,elicited from speaker -10-218,10,di sizaz dem we ihn kot di piepa wid,di\tsizaz\tdem\twe\tihn\tkot\tdi\tpiepa\twid,ART.DEF\tscissor\tPL\tREL\t3SG\tcut\tART.DEF\tpaper\twith,the scissors with which she cut the paper,,,,constructed by linguist -11-292,11,di nief we Ai kot di miit wid,di\tnief\twe\tAi\tkot\tdi\tmiit\twid,ART.DEF\tknife\tREL\t1SG\tcut\tART.DEF\tmeat\tINS,the knife I cut the meat with,,,,elicited from speaker -12-231,12,"In them days people used to had bad sores, right? And you know what my granddaddy used to cure them sores with?",[...]\tyou\tknow\twhat\tmy\tgranddaddy\tused\tto\tcure\tthem\tsores\twith?,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tknow\tPRO[OBJ]\t1SG.POSS\tgranddaddy\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\tcure\tPL\tsore.PL\twith,[...] And do you know what my grandfather used to cure sores with?,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-232,12,the scissors I does cut the paper with,the\tscissors\tI\tdoes\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,ART\tscissor.PL\t1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tcut\tART\tpaper\twith,the scissors with which I cut the paper,,,,elicited from speaker -12-233,12,the scissors that I does cut the paper with,the\tscissors\tthat\tI\tdoes\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,ART\tscissor.PL\tPRO[OBJ]\t1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tcut\tART\tpaper\twith,the scissors with which I cut the paper,,,,elicited from speaker -13-168,13,"E beena hole one sode een e mout, wa e gwine tek fa fight dem nation wid[.]","E\tbeen-a\thole\tone\tsode\teen\te\tmout,\twa\te\tgwine\ttek\tfa\tfight\tdem\tnation\twid[.]",3SG\tPST-PROG\thold\tone\tsword\tin\t3SG\tmouth\twhat\t3SG\tgoing\ttake\tfor\tfight\tthem\tnation\twith,He was holding a sword in his mouth which he was going to take to fight the nations with. (Rv 19.15),,,,bible translation -14-129,14,I found the scissors she cut the paper with.,I\tfound\tthe\tscissors\tshe\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith.,I\tfound\tthe\tscissors\tshe\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,I found the scissors she cut the paper with.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-130,14,I found the scissors that she cut the paper with.,I\tfound\tthe\tscissors\tthat\tshe\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith.,I\tfound\tthe\tscissors\tthat\tshe\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,I found the scissors that she cut the paper with.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-126,15,di nɛf we i kɔt di bred wit dɔn lɔs,di\tnɛf\twe\ti\tkɔt\tdi\tbred\twit\tdɔn\tlɔs,ART\tknife\tREL\t3SG\tcut\tART\tbread\twith\tPFV\tlost,The knife that he cut the bread with is missing.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-138,16,naif we à kɔt brɛd wit àm,naif\t[we\tà\tkɔt\tbrɛd\twit\tàm],knife\t[REL\t1SG\tcut\tbread\twith\t3SG.OBL],the knife that I cut the bread with,,,,constructed by linguist -16-139,16,naif à kɔt brɛd wit àm,naif\t[Ø\tà\tkɔt\tbrɛd\twit\tàm],knife\t[Ø\t1SG\tcut\tbread\twith\t3SG.OBL],the knife that I cut the bread with,,,,constructed by linguist -17-162,17,Dì nayf we̱ ìm tek ko̱t dì nyam (wìt-am) ko̱m brok.,Dì\tnayf\twe̱\tìm\ttek\tko̱t\tdì\tnyam\t(wìt-am)\tko̱m\tbrok.,ART.DEF\tknife\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tcut\tART.DEF\tyam\t(with.INS-3SG.OBJ)\tREALIS\tbreak,The knife that he cut the yam with broke.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-163,17,Dì nayf we̱ ìm tek-am ko̱t dì nyam (wìt-am) ko̱m brok.,Dì\tnayf\twe̱\tìm\ttek-am\tko̱t\tdì\tnyam\t(wìt-am)\tko̱m\tbrok.,ART.DEF\tknife\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\ttake.INS-3SG.OBJ\tcut\tART.DEF\tyam\t(with.INS-3SG.OBJ)\tREALIS\tbreak,The knife that he cut the yam with broke.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-164,17,Dì nayf ìm tek-am ko̱t dì nyam (wìt-am) ko̱m brok.,Dì\tnayf\tìm\ttek-am\tko̱t\tdì\tnyam\t(wìt-am)\tko̱m\tbrok.,ART.DEF\tknife\t3SG.SBJ\ttake.INS-3SG.OBJ\tcut\tART.DEF\tyam\t(with.INS-3SG.OBJ)\tREALIS\tbreak,The knife that he cut the yam with broke.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-146,18,naif we a kot bred wit-am,naif\twe\ta\tkot\tbred\twit-am,knife\tREL\t1SG.SBJ\tcut\tbread\twith-3SG.OBJ,the knife I cut the bread with,,,,elicited from speaker -18-147,18,naif we a tek kot di bred wit-am,naif\twe\ta\ttek\tkot\tdi\tbred\twit-am,knife\tREL\t1SG.SBJ\ttake\tcut\tDEF.ART\tbread\twith-3SG.OBJ,the knife I cut the bread with,,,,elicited from speaker -19-185,19,Dì sisɔs we è kɔt dì pepa wètàn.,Dì\tsisɔs\t[we\tè\tkɔt\tdì\tpepa\twèt=àn].,DEF\tscissors\t[SUBORD\t3SG.SBJ\tcut\tDEF\tpaper\twith=3SG.OBJ],The scissors that she cut the paper with.,,,,constructed by linguist -19-186,19,Dɛ̀n dè go wèt dan gɔn we dɛ̀n dè kil bif ɔ̀ pistola.,Dɛ̀n\tdè\tgo\twèt\tdan\tgɔn\t[we\tdɛ̀n\tdè\tkil\tbif]\tɔ̀\tpistola.,3PL\tIPFV\tgo\twith\tthat\tgun\t[SUBORD\t3PL\tIPFV\tkill\twild.animal]\tor\tpistol,"They go with that gun, (with) which they kill wild animals, or a pistol.",,,,naturalistic spoken -21-131,21,The scissors that I cut the paper with.,The\tscissors\tthat\tI\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith.,DET\tscissors\tCOMP\t1SG\tcut\tDET\tpaper\twith,The scissors that I cut the paper with.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-149,23,Aneas i gat wan bigfala naef we hem i katem mit long hem,Aneas\ti\tgat\twan\tbigfala\tnaef\twe\them\ti\tkatem\tmit\tlong\them,Aneas\tAGR\thave\tINDF\tbig\tknife\tCOMP\t3SG\tAGR\tcut\tmeat\twith\t3SG,Aneas has a big knife that she cut the meat with.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-171,24,sisas shi kat ar paper lorng fer et,sisas\tshi\tkat\tar\tpaper\tlorng\tfer\tet,scissors\tshe\tcut\tDET.INDF.SG\tpaper\tPREP\tPREP\tPRO.NSBJ,the scissors she cuts the paper with,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-105,26,da lauhala a wɛn wiv wið,da\tlauhala\ta\twɛn\twiv\twið,ART\tlauhala\t1SG\tPST.PFV\tweave\twith,the lauhala I wove with,,,,constructed by linguist -26-106,26,da poiston dæd a wɛn paun wið,da\tpoiston\tdæd\ta\twɛn\tpaun\twið,ART\tpoi.stone\tREL\t1SG\tPST.PFV\tpound\twith,the poi stone that I pounded with,,,,constructed by linguist -26-107,26,da poiston a wɛn paun wið,da\tpoiston\ta\twɛn\tpaun\twið,ART\tpoi.stone\t1SG\tPST.PFV\tpound\twith,the poi stone I pounded with,,,,constructed by linguist -28-154,28,[...] an dɛn kriki wat en mja bedi mɛt,[...]\tan\tdɛn\tkriki\twati\teni\tmja\tbedi\tmɛtɛ,[...]\tand\tthen\tget\tREL\t3PL\tmake\tbed\twith,[...] and then (they) get what they make beds with.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-155,28,[...] fi kap di sem itriti wat ju kiki ɛ das kori mɛto,[...]\tfi\tkap\tdi\tsem\titriti\twati\tju\tkiki\tɛkɛ\tdas\tkori\tmɛtɛ\to,[...]\tfor\tcut\tthe\tsame\titriti\tREL\t2SG\tsee\t1SG\tHAB\twork\twith\t3SG,[...] to cut the same 'itriti' that you see me working with.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-187,29,die mes waarmee hy die brood gesny het,die\tmes\twaar-mee\thy\tdie\tbrood\tge-sny\thet,DEF.ART\tknife\twhere-with\t3SG.M.NOM\tDEF.ART\tbread\tPTCP-cut\tPST,the knife with which he cut the bread,,,,naturalistic written -29-188,29,die mes wat hy die brood mee gesny het,die\tmes\twat\thy\tdie\tbrood\t__\tmee\tgesny\thet,DEF.ART\tknife\tREL\t3SG.M\tthe\tbread\t__\twith\tcut\tPST,the knife he cut the bread with,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-199,30,Tisora ki e korta papel ku el [...].,Tisora\tki=e=korta\tpapel\tku=el\t[...].,scissors\tCOMP=3SG=cut\tpaper\twith=3SG\t[...],The scissors that he cut the paper with [...].,,,,constructed by linguist -30-200,30,"Prufesor, óra ki óla ta kába, e ta kustuma fika ku kálsa bránka di jis, ki e ta skrebe ku el na kuádru.","Prufesor,\tóra\tki=óla\tta=kába,\te=ta=kustuma\tfika\tku=kálsa\tbránka\tdi=jis,\tki=e=ta=skrebe\tku=el\tna=kuádru.",teacher\thour\tCOMP=period\tIPFV=end\t3SG=IPFV=use\tremain\twith=trousers\twhite\tof=chalk\tCOMP=3SG=IPFV=write\twith=3SG.INDP\ton=blackboard,"When the lesson is over, the teacher's trousers are usually white from the chalk with which he writes on the blackboard.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-157,31,tizor ki bu korta papel ku el,tizor\tki\tbu\tkorta\tpapel\tku\tel,scissors\tCOMP\tyou\tcut\tpaper\twith\tit,the scissors that you cut the paper with,,,,constructed by linguist -32-157,32,kel pedra k N kebrá janéla k el,kel\tpedra\tk\tN\tkebrá\tjanéla\tk\tel,DEM\tstone\tREL.PCL\t1SG\tbreak\twindow\twith\t3SG,the stone with which I broke the window (lit. the stone that I broke the window with it),,,,constructed by native speaker -32-158,32,kel pedra N kebrá janéla k el,kel\tpedra\tØ\tN\tkebrá\tjanéla\tk\tel,DEM\tstone\tØ\t1SG\tbreak\twindow\twith\t3SG,the stone with which I broke the window (lit. the stone I broke the window with it),,,,constructed by native speaker -33-185,33,Faka ki bu na korta pon ku el i di mi.,Faka\tki\tbu\tna\tkorta\tpon\tku\tel\ti\tdi\tmi.,knife\tREL\t2SG\tPROG\tcut\tbread\twith\tit\tCOP\tof\tme,The knife with which you cut the bread is mine.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-147,34,Tisora ku Pidru kortá fasenda ku yel sabi.,Tisora\tku\tPidru\tø\tkortá\tfasenda\tku\tyel\tø\tsabi.,scissors\tREL.OBJ\tPeter\tPFV\tcut\tfabric\twith\t3SG.INDP\tPFV\tsharp,The scissors with which Peter cut the fabric are sharp.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-148,34,Tisora ku Pidru kortá fasenda sabi.,Tisora\tku\tPidru\tø\tkortá\tfasenda\tø\tsabi.,scissors\tREL.OBJ\tPeter\tPFV\tcut\tfabric\tPFV\tsharp,The scissors with which Peter cut the fabric are sharp.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-208,35,Inen kwa se ku a ka da ngê sôtxi ku ê.,Inen\tkwa\tse\tku\ta\tka\tda\tngê\tsôtxi\tku\tê.,PL.DEF\tthing\tDEM\tREL\tIMPRS\tIPFV\tgive\tpeople\tflogging\twith\t3SG,The things in question they use to flog people with.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-127,36,piongo ma n pega taba ku ê,piongo\tma\tn\tpega\ttaba\tku\tê,nail\tREL.NSBJ\t1SG\tnail\tplank\twith\tit,the nail with which I nailed the planks,,,,constructed by linguist -37-162,37,Kumin ki ine têêxi ufaka sê ki n txya ivin kôli sa n' êli?,Kumin\tki\tine\ttêêxi\tufaka\tsê\tki\tn\ttxya\tivin\tki\têli\tsa\tna\têli?,place\tREL\tPL\tthree\tknife\tDEM\tREL\t1SG\textract\twine\twith\t3SG\tbe\tin\t3SG,Where are the three knives I extracted palm wine with?,,,,elicited from speaker -37-163,37,Kumin ki ine têêxi ufaka sê ki n txya ivin sa n'êli?,Kumin\tki\tine\ttêêxi\tufaka\tsê\tki\tn\ttxya\tivin\tsa\tna\têli?,place\tREL\tPL\tthree\tknife\tDEM\tREL\t1SG\textract\twine\tbe\tin\t3SG,Where are the three knives I extracted palm wine with?,,,,elicited from speaker -40-124,40,Fak ki tum-o kharm ki korta drɛt nu tɛ.,Fak\tki\ttum-o\tkharm\tki\tkorta\tdrɛt\tnu\ttɛ.,knife\tREL\ttake-PST\tmeat\tCOMP\tcut\tgood\tNEG\tCOP.PRS,The knife she took to cut the meat is not good.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-169,42,aké faka ki eli ja sibrí pa kotrá aké papel,aké\tfaka\tki\teli\tja\tsibrí\tpa\tkotrá\také\tpapel,that\tknife\tREL\t3SG\tPFV\tuse\tfor\tcut\tthat\tpaper,The knife he/she used to cut the paper.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-164,44,Kel kutʃílyu ya sirbí yo na syémbra.,Kel\tkutʃílyu\tya\tsirbí\tyo\tna\tsyémbra.,DEM\tknife\tPFV\tuse\t1SG\tLOC\tplant,That knife I used in gardening.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-133,45,Ya ruba el cuchillo que ya usa yo para culta el carne.,Ya\truba\tel\tcuchillo\tque\tya\tusa\tyo\tpara\tculta\tel\tcarne.,PFV\tsteal\tDEF\tknife\tthat\tPFV\tuse\t1SG\tfor\tcut\tDEF\tmeat,The knife I cut the meat with was stolen. OR: The knife that I used in cutting the meat was stolen.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-175,46,Takí el kuchílyo kon kósa ya-kortá yo konel kárne.,Takí\tel\tkuchílyo\tkon\tkósa\tya-kortá\tyo\tkonel\tkárne.,here.is\tthe\tknife\twith\twhat\tPRF-cut\t1SG\tOBJ.the\tmeat,Here is the knife with which I cut the meat.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-176,46,Éste el kuchílyo ya-kurtá yo konel kárne.,Éste\tel\tkuchílyo\tya-kurtá\tyo\tkonel\tkárne.,this\tthe\tknife\tPRF-cut\t1SG\tOBJ.the\tmeat,This is the knife with which I cut the meat.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-187,47,e pèn ku m'a skirbi kuné,e\tpèn\tku\tmi\ta\tskirbi\tku\te,DEF\tpen\tCOMP\t1SG\tPFV\twrite\twith\t3SG,the pen that I wrote with,,,,published source -47-188,47,Ela bai su kas pa regresá despues ku un machete ku kua el a zuai den direkshon di Djo.,El\ta\tbai\tsu\tkas\tpa\tregresá\tdespues\tku\tun\tmachete\tku\tkua\tel\ta\tzuai\tden\tdirekshon\tdi\tDjo.,3SG\tPFV\tgo\tPOSS\thouse\tfor\treturn\tlater\twith\tINDF\tcutlass\twith\twhich\t3SG\tPFV\tswing\tin\tdirection\tof\tDjo,He went home to return later with a cutlass with which he swung in Djo's direction.,,,,literary or other written source -47-189,47,e ènvelop ku bo a manda bo karta aden,e\tènvelop\tku\tbo\ta\tmanda\tbo\tkarta\taden,DEF\tenvelope\tCOMP\t2SG\tPFV\tsend\t2SG\tletter\tinside,the envelope that you sent your letter in,,,,naturalistic written -47-190,47,[...] tin regla ku ta obligá kontratistanan lokal pa sòru pa tin WC di kua nan trahadónan por hasi uso durante konstrukshon.,[...]\ttin\tregla\tku\tta\tobligá\tkontratista\tnan\tlokal\tpa\tsòru\tpa\ttin\tWC\tdi\tkua\tnan\ttrahadó\tnan\tpor\thasi\tuso\tdurante\tkonstrukshon,[...]\thave\tregulation\tCOMP\tTNS\toblige\tcontractor\tPL\tlocal\tCOMP\tensure\tCOMP\thave\tWC\tof\twhich\t3PL\tworker\tPL\tcan\tmake\tuse\tduring\tconstruction,[...] there are regulations which require local contractors to make sure to have toilet facilities of which their workers can make use during construction work.,,,,published source -47-191,47,"Pa no kita e sous ku kua e saserdote a terminá e kapítulo aki, ata e vershon original na hulandes: [...].","Pa\tno\tkita\te\tsous\tku\tkua\te\tsaserdote\ta\tterminá\te\tkapítulo\taki,\tata\te\tvershon\toriginal\tna\thulandes:\t[...].",for\tNEG\tremove\tDEF\tsauce\twith\twhich\tDEF\tpriest\tASP\tend\tDEF\tchapter\tDEM.PROX\tPRESV\tDEF\tversion\toriginal\tLOC\tDutch\t[...],"Not to do injustice to the juice with which the priest ended this chapter, here is the original Dutch version: [...].",,,,published source -47-192,47,Un di e aktividatnan ku BOVOBO ta trahando ariba ta un “beach volleyball” ku [...].,un di e aktividat nan ku BOVOBO ta traha-ndo ariba ta un “beach volleyball” ku [...].,one of DEF activity-PL COMP BOVOBO TNS work-GER on COP INDF beach volleyball COMP [...]  ,One of the activities which BOVOBO is working on is beach volleyball which [...].,,,,published source -48-166,48,Ma tihera ku lo k' i tan kottá papé a-ta aí.,Ma\ttihera\tku\tlo\tk'\ti\ttan\tkottá\tpapé\ta-ta\taí.,PL\tscissors\twith\tthat\twhich\tI\tFUT\tcut\tpaper\t?-be\tthere,The scissors with which I am going to cut the paper are (over) there.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-284,49,Dyak m dyake machin nan pa bon.,Dyak\tm\tdyake\tmachin\tnan\tpa\tbon.,jack\t1SG\tlift\tcar\tDEF\tNEG\tgood,The jack with which I lifted the car is not good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-285,49,Dyak m dyake machin nan ak li a pa bon.,Dyak\tm\tdyake\tmachin\tnan\tak\tli\ta\tpa\tbon.,jack\t1SG\tlift\tcar\tDEF\twith\t3SG\tDEF\tNEG\tgood,The jack with which I lifted the car is not good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-286,49,Kouto m koupe vyann nan pa file.,Kouto\tm\tkoupe\tvyann\tnan\tpa\tfile.,knife\t1SG\tcut\tmeat\tDEF\tNEG\tsharpen,The knife with which I cut up the meat is not sharp.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-287,49,Kouto m koupe vyann nan ak li a pa file.,Kouto\tm\tkoupe\tvyann\tnan\tak\tli\ta\tpa\tfile.,knife\t1SG\tcut\tmeat\tDEF\twith\t3SG\tDEF\tNEG\tsharpen,The knife with which I cut up the meat is not sharp.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-178,50,kouto-la ou ka sèvi épi'y la,kouto-la\tou\tka\tsèvi\tépi'y\tla,knife-DEF\t2SG\tuse\tcut\twith.3SG\tDET,the knife you use (the knife with which you cut),,,,naturalistic spoken -51-155,51,kouto-a ou ka koupé pen épi'y la,kouto-a ou ka koupé pen épi'y la,knife-DEF 2SG cut bread with 3SG,the knife with which you cut bread,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-97,52,sa kouto-a i ka koupé ké li,sa\tkouto-a\ti\tka\tkoupé\tké\tli,that\tknife-ART\the\tPROG\tcuts\twith\tit,the knife he cuts with,,,,constructed by linguist -53-353,53,En longon se li to t fròt avek.,En\tlongon\tse\tli\t__\tto\tt\tfròt\tavek.,ART.INDF\tointment\tCOP\t3SG\t__\t2SG\tPST\trub\twith,"An ointment, that's what you rubbed yourself with.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-202,54,[...] lé zerb ki fé médikaman avèk.,[...]\tle\tzerb\tk\ti\tfe\tmedikaman\tavek.,[...]\tDEF.PL\therb\tREL\tFIN\tmake\tmedicine\twith,[...] the herbs with which you prepare medicine.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-203,54,"Zafèr i koup kane avèk la, koman i apèl?","Zafer\tØ\ti\tkoup\tkann\tavek\tla,\tkoman\ti\tapel?",thing\tØ\tFIN\tcut\tsugar.cane\twith\tthere\thow\tFIN\tcall,"The tool with which you cut sugar cane, what do you call it?",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-173,55,sizo avek ki li ti kup en ledwa la,sizo\tavek\tki\tli\tti\tkup\ten\tledwa\tla,scissors\twith\twhich\ts/he\tPST\tcut\tINDF\tfinger\tDET,the scissors with which s/he cut a finger,,,,constructed by linguist -55-174,55,sa kouto (ki) Zak ti koup pwason la,sa\tkouto\t(ki)\tZak\tti\tkoup\tpwason\tla,DEM\tknife\t(that)\tJack\tPST\tcut\tfish\tDEM,This is the knife with which Jacques cut the fish.,,,,elicited from speaker -56-173,56,sa (i) sizo ki i ti koup papye avek,sa\t(i)\tsizo\tki\ti\tti\tkoup\tpapye\tavek,DEM\t(3SG)\tscissor\tREL\t3SG\tPST\tcut\tpaper\twith,the scissors that he cut the paper with,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-174,56,Sa i kouto ek ki Zak ti koup pwason.,Sa\ti\tkouto\tek\tki\tZak\tti\tkoup\tpwason.,this\tPM\tknife\twith\tREL.PCL\tJacques\tPST\tcut\tfish,This is the knife with which Jacques cut the fish.,,,,constructed by native speaker -58-117,58,biki ya mono sonik-aka mukanda na yo,biki\tya\tmono\tsonik-aka\tmukanda\tna\tyo,pen\tREL\tme\twrite-PST\tletter\twith\tit,the pen I wrote the letter with,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-118,58,mbele ya mono zeng-aka niama na yo,mbele\tya\tmono\tzeng-aka\tniama\tna\tyo,knife\tCONN\t1SG\tcut-PST\tmeat\tCONN\t3SG.INAN,the knife I cut the meat with,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-285,59,zeme so mbi doroko na nyami ni aza nzoni ape,zeme\tso\tmbi\tdoroko\tna\tnyami\tni\ta-za\tnzoni\tape,knife\tREL\t1SG\tchop\tPREP\tmeat\tDET\tPM-be.sharp\twell\tNEG,The knife with which I chop the meat is not very sharp.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-287,59,zeme so mbi doroka na nyama ni aza ape,zeme\tso\tmbi\tdoroka\tna\tnyama\tni\ta-za\tape,knife\tREL\t1SG\tbutcher\twith\tanimal\tDEF\tPM-be.sharp\tNEG,The knife with which I butchered the animal is not sharp.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-288,59,mo baa keke so lo pika na mbi,mo\tbaa\tkeke\tso\tlo\tpika\tna\tmbi,2SG\tsee\tstick\tREL\t3SG\thit\twith\t1SG,Look at this stick with which he hit me.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-133,60,"mbelí óyo akátákí sósó na yangó, ezalákí makási","mbelí\tóyo\ta-kát-ákí\tsósó\tna\tyangó,\te-zal-ákí\tmakási",knife\tREL\t3SG-cut-PST\tchicken\twith\t3SG\t3SG-be-PST\thard,The knife with which he cut the chicken was hard.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-134,60,"mbelí akátákí sósó na yangó, ezalákí makási","mbelí\ta-kát-ákí\tsósó\tna\tyangó,\te-zal-ákí\tmakási",knife\t3SG-cut-PST\tchicken\twith\t3SG\t3SG-be-PST\thard,The knife with which he cut the chicken was hard.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-102,61,Lo kuba yena lo into tina lima ka yena [...].,Lo\tkuba\tyena\tlo\tinto\ttina\tlim-a\tka\tyena\t[...],ART\thoe\tit\tART\tthing\twe\tplough-V\tINS\tit\t[...],A hoe is a thing we plough with [...]. OR: A hoe is something that we plough with [...].,,,,constructed by linguist -64-188,64,fi molódo al bikúruju be úo,fi\tmolódo\tal\tbi=kúruju\tbe\túo,EXIST\thoe\tREL\tIRR=cultivate\twith\t3SG,There is a hoe with which (people) cultivate.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-189,64,ay wáhid éndu adát al úmon birája be úo wára,ay\twáhid\téndu\tad-át\tal\túmon\tbi=rája\tbe\túo\twára,each\tone\thave\tinstrument-PL\tREL\t3PL\tIRR=come.back\tINS\t3SG\tbehind,Everyone has the means to go back.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-108,66,dia peepəryang sipotong gunting,[dia\tpeepər-yang\tsi-potong]\tgunting,[3SG\tpaper-ACC.DEF\tPST-cut]\tscissors,the scissors with which she just cut the paper,,,,elicited from speaker -66-109,66,dia peepəryang epotong gunting,[dia\tpeepər-yang\te-potong]\tgunting,[3SG\tpaper-ACC.DEF\tASP-cut]\tscissors,the scissors with which she cut the paper,,,,elicited from speaker -67-198,67,Orang suda jalan ah dia punya itu bohong punya itu bola dia kasi pancit.,Orang\tsuda\tjalan\tah\tdia\tpunya\titu\tbohong\tpunya\titu\tbola\tdia\tkasi\tpancit.,person\tPFV\twalk\tPCL\t[3SG\tPOSS\tDEM\tcheat\tREL]\tDEM\tball\t3SG\tgive\tpuncture,"Once the people had left, he punctured the ball he had cheated [them] with.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-112,68,Itu gunting beta mo potong kertas itu akang.,Itu\tgunting\tbeta\tmo\tpotong\tkertas\titu\takang.,DEM\tscissors\t1SG\tFUT\tcut\tpaper\tDEM\t3SG.N,Those are the scissors I will cut the paper with. OR: Those scissors I will cut that paper [with] them.,,,,elicited from speaker -71-171,71,Keia pu no ka pu a Kipau i ki ai iau.,Keia\tpu\tno\tka\tpu\ta\tKipau\ti\tki\tai\tiau.,this\tgun\tINTENS\tDEF\tgun\tPOSS\tKipau\tREL\tshoot\tREL\tOBJ.1SG,This is the gun with which Kipau shot me.,,,,naturalistic written -71-172,71,Keia ka pu Kipau mamua ki wau.,Keia\tka\tpu\tKipau\tmamua\tki\twau.,this\tDEF\tgun\tKipau\tbefore\tshoot\t1SG,This is the gun with which Kipau shot me.,,,,constructed by linguist -73-97,73,no tinini kuchilluda inkiun kurtasha panda,no\ttini-ni\tkuchillu-da\tinki-un\tkurta-sha\tpan-da,NEG\thave-1SG\tknife-ACC\twhat-INS\tcut-1SG.FUT\tbread-ACC,I do not have a knife with which to cut the bread.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-234,75,Uunhiin lii siizoo eekiiaapachihtaat chikishkishahk aen papyii.,Uunhiin\tlii\tsiizoo\tee-kii-aapachihtaa-t\tchi-kishkish-ahk\taen\tpapyii.,these\tART.PL\tscissors\tCOMP-PST-use.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tCOMP.FUT-cut-3.SBJ.ANIM.3.OBJ.INAN\tINDF.ART.M.SG\tpaper,Here (These) are the scissors with which she cut the paper.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-235,75,Li but di kutoo kaaapachihtaahk chimenishikaakeehk.,Li\tbut\tdi\tkutoo\tkaa-apachihtaa-hk\tchi-menish-ikaa-kee-hk.,ART.M.SG\tend\tof\tknife\tREL-use.INAN-INDF.ACTOR\tCOMP.FUT-cut-PASS-INDF.OBJ-INDF.ACTOR,It is the blade of a knife that is used if one cuts things. OR: The blade of the knife is used to cut with.,,,,naturalistic written -75-236,75,Uma li kuto kaakiiapachtayaan la vyan chimanishamaan.,Uma\tli\tkuto\tkaa-kii-apachtaa-yaan\tla\tvyan\tchi-manish-amaan.,this.INAN\tART.M.SG\tknife\tREL-PST-use-1SG\tART.M.SG\tmeat\tCOMP.FUT-cut-1SG.SBJ.3.OBJ.INAN,This is the knife I cut the meat with. OR: This is the knife I used to cut the meat with.,,,,elicited from speaker -1-234,1,"Onnoe sa moessoe swerrie toe takie dem pikin dissie onnoe pottie na wie han, dem na reijtie piekien foe heddeman.","Unu\tsa\tmusu\tsweri\ttu\ttaki\tden\tpiki\tdisi\tunu\tpoti\tna\twi\tanu,\tden\tda\treti\tpikin\tfu\thedeman.",2PL\tFUT\tmust\tswear\talso\tthat\tDET.PL\tchild\tREL\t2PL\tput\tLOC\t1PL\thand\t3PL\tbe\tright\tchild\tof\tcaptain,You should also swear that the children you will hand over to us are really the children of captains.,,,,written -1-235,1,Joe ben takie gie em datie mie dee na hoso.,Yu\tben\ttaki\tgi\ten\tdati\tme\tde\tna\toso.,2SG\tPST\tsay\tto\t3SG\tthat\t1SG\tCOP\tLOC\thouse,Did you tell him that I'm at home?,,,,written -2-249,2,"Da' Anansi taki, eng go proberi efi eng kan sabi fa a nemn.","Da'\tAnansi\ttaki,\teng\tgo\tproberi\tefi\teng\tkan\tsabi\tfa\ta\tnemn.",then\tAnansi\tsay\t3SG\tgo\ttry\tif\t3SG\tcan\tknow\thow\t3SG\tname,Then Anansi said he would try if he could learn his name.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-250,2,A bonuman taigi a frow taki a musu weri wan bereketi fu kan kon betre.,A\tbonuman\ttaigi\ta\tfrow\ttaki\ta\tmusu\tweri\twan\tbereketi\tfu\tkan\tkon\tbetre.,ART\tmedicine.man\ttell\tART\twoman\tthat\t3SG\tmust\twear\tART\tbelly.chain\tfor\tcan\tcome\tbetter,The medicine man told the woman that she had to wear a chain around her waist in order to get better.,,,,unknown -2-251,2,Den boi taki dati den o kon tamara baka.,Den\tboi\ttaki\tdati\tden\to\tkon\ttamara\tbaka.,ART.PL\tboy\tsay\tthat\tthey\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow\tback,The boys said that they would come back tomorrow.,,,,unknown -3-128,3,A taki á bunu.,A\ttaki\tá\tbunu.,3SG\tsay\t3SG.NEG\tgood,He said it was not good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-129,3,Mi taki taa a bunu.,Mi\ttaki\ttaa\ta\tbunu.,1SG\tsay\tCOMP\t3SG\tgood,I said that it is good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-133,3,A bì táki f'én kulé.,A\tbì\ttáki\tf'=én\tkulé.,3SG\tTNS\ttalk\tfor=3SG\trun,He told him to run. (warning),,,,naturalistic spoken -4-163,4,A tya kaagi gi Gaaman taki den ná e libi bun anga en.,A\ttya\tkaagi\tgi\tGaaman\ttaki\tden\tná\te\tlibi\tbun\tanga\ten.,she\tcarry\tcomplaint\tgive\tparamount.chief\tsay\tthey\tNEG\tIPFV\tlive\twell\twith\ther,She complained to the paramount chief that they did not treat her well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-166,5,shi tel am se ii go sok am,shi\ttel\tam\tse\tii\tgo\tsok\tam,3SG\ttalk\t3SG.OBJ\tsay\t3SG\twill\tsuck\t3SG.OBJ,She told him that she would suck his blood.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-167,5,ii tel mi dat hou ii foget,ii\ttel\tmi\tdat\thou\tii\tfoget,3SG\ttell\t1SG\tthat\thow\t3SG\tforget,He told me that he had forgotten.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-101,6,Me been tink say da da Jackass way been da call he picninni.,Me been tink say da da Jackass way been da call he picninni.,1SG ANT think COMP Jackass REL ANT call 3SG.OBJ child,I thought that was the Jackass which was calling its child.,,,,naturalistic written -6-102,6,None a allyuh cyah say dat de risk eh dere.,None\ta\tallyuh\tcyah\tsay\tdat\tde\trisk\teh\tdere.,none\tof\t2PL\tcan.NEG\tsay\tthat\tDET\trisk\tNEG\tLOC,None of you can't say that the risk is not there.,,,,naturalistic written -7-228,7,I shout se i gaan.,I\tshout\tse\ti\tgaan.,3SG\tshout\tsay\t3SG\tgone,He shouted that he was leaving.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-229,7,Wan a dem se hou...,Wan\ta\tdem\tse\thou...,one\tof\t3PL\tsay\thow,One of them said that...,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-230,7,Aayo na kuhm an kuhm tel mi nou hou [...].,Aayo\tna\tkuhm\tan\tkuhm\ttel\tmi\tnou\thou\t[...].,2PL\tNEG\tcome\tand\tcome\ttell\t1SG\tnow\thow\t[...],Do not tell me now that [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-144,8,Im se im nehn tel no lai.,Im\tse\tim\tnehn\ttel\tno\tlai.,3SG\tsay\t3SG\tNEG.ANT\ttell\tNEG\tlie,She said he didn't tell any lies.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-145,8,Dem taak se a mi a kyar nyuuz.,Dem\ttaak\tse\ta\tmi\ta\tkyar\tnyuuz.,3PL\ttalk\tCOMP\tFOC\t1SG\tPROG\tcarry\tnews,They are saying that I am the one spreading gossip.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-179,9,A tiŋk i se i wuda me wan kos ina akawntin.,A\ttiŋk\ti\tse\ti\twuda\tme\twan\tkos\tina\takawntin.,1SG\tthink\t3SG\tsay\t3SG\twould\tANT\twant\tcourse\tin\taccounting,I think that he says that he would have wanted to take an accounting course.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-180,9,A tɛl dem pipl da nobadi ɛls wan dɛ da kamp.,A\ttɛl\tdem\tpipl\tda\tnobadi\tɛls\twan\tdɛ\tda\tkamp.,1SG\ttell\tthem\tpeople\tthat\tnobody\telse\tFUT\tLOC\tat\tcamp,I told those people that nobody else will stay at the camp.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-219,10,So Beda Taiga gaan an tel di King se Beda Naansi da fi him faada bes raiding haas.,So\tBeda\tTaiga\tgaan\tan\ttel\tdi\tKing\tse\tBeda\tNaansi\tda\tfi\thim\tfaada\tbes\traiding\thaas.,so\tBrother\tTiger\tgo.ANT\tand\ttell\tART.DEF\tKing\tCOMP\tBrother\tAnansi\tFOC\tfor\t3SG\tfather\tbest\triding\thorse,So Brother Tiger went and told the KIng that Brother Anansi was his father’s best riding horse.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-220,10,Dem gyal se dem waahn sii yu.,Dem\tgyal\tse\tdem\twaahn\tsii\tyu.,DEM.PL\tgirl\tsay\t3PL\twant\tsee\t2SG,These girls say they want to see you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-221,10,Taiga se se him neva de kech no fish.,Taiga\tse\tse\thim\tneva\tde\tkech\tno\tfish.,Tiger\tsay\tCOMP\t3SG\tNEG.PST\tPROG\tcatch\tNEG\tfish,Tiger said he wasn't catching any fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-222,10,Naansi se yu da ihn faada bes raiding haas.,Naansi\tse\tyu\tda\tihn\tfaada\tbes\traiding\thaas.,Anancy\tsay\t2SG\tFOC\t3SG.POSS\tfather\tbest\triding\thorse,Anancy says that you are his father's best riding horse.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-223,10,Ai tel im se A gwain kom bak dis maaning.,Ai\ttel\tim\tse\tA\tgwain\tkom\tbak\tdis\tmaaning.,1SG\ttell\t3SG\tCOMP\t1SG\tFUT\tcome\tback\tDEM\tmorning,I told him I would come back this morning.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-293,11,Ai haftu taak se Ai stiil dis ring.,Ai\thaf.tu\ttaak\tse\tAi\tstiil\tdis\tring.,1SG\thave.to\ttalk\tCOMP\t1SG\tsteal\tDEM\tring,I have to tell [you] that I stole this ring.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-294,11,Ai haftu se dat Gaad toch im.,Ai\thaf-tu\tse\tdat\tGaad\ttoch\tim.,1SG\thave-to\tsay\tCOMP\tGod\ttouch\t3SG,I must add that God touched him (= he has become a Christian).,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-295,11,Deh se dem iz uol taim ting.,Deh\tse\tdem\tiz\tuol\ttaim\tting.,3PL\tsay\t3PL\tCOP.PRS\told\ttime\tthing,They say those are things of the past.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-235,12,"Till I was 'most ready to have the baby, and he say he gon’ be there when the baby born.",[...]\the\tsay\the\tgon’\tbe\tthere\twhen\tthe\tbaby\tborn.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tsay\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tCOP\tthere\twhen\tART\tbaby\tborn,[...] he [had] said that he was going to be there when the baby was born.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-236,12,"If I dead, tell them you don't kill me, tell them I eat poison barracuda.","[...]\ttell\tthem\tyou\tdon't\tkill\tme,\ttell\tthem\tI\teat\tpoison\tbarracuda.",[...]\ttell[IMP]\t3PL.OBJ\t2SG.SBJ\tNEG\tkill\tme\ttell[IMP]\t3PL.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\teat[PFV]\tpoison\tbarracuda,"[If I die,] tell them you didn't kill me, tell them I ate poisoned barracuda.",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-237,12,"My grandmother say, If you like her, tell my mother - grandmother that he want marry me - bla bla bla, and all of this.",[...] tell my mother - grandmother that he want marry me [...].,[...] tell[IMP] 1SG.POSS mother   grandmother COMP 3SG.M.SBJ want marry 1SG.OBJ [...],[...] tell my mother - my grandmother that he wants to marry me [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-238,12,He tell me say he been in - uh - what you call when you go Miami - uh - what you call that?,He\ttell\tme\tsay\the\tbeen\tin\t[...]\twhat\tyou\tcall\twhen\tyou\tgo\tMiami\t[...]?,3SG.M.SBJ\ttell[PFV]\t1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3SG.M.SBJ\tCOP.PST\tPREP\t[...]\twhat\t2SG.SBJ\tcall\twhen\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\tMiami\t[...]?,He told me he had been in - uh - what do you call when people used to go to Miami - uh - what do you call that [...]?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-169,13,"So den, I tell oona say, ya ain gwine go ta heaben.","So\tden,\tI\ttell\toona\tsay,\tya\tain\tgwine\tgo\tta\theaben.",so\tthen\tI\ttell\tyou\tsay\tyou\tNEG.AUX\tgoing\tgo\tto\theaven,So then I tell you that you aren’t going to go to heaven. (Mt 5.20),,,,bible translation -13-170,13,Tell me after say dey catch birds.,Tell\tme\tafter\tsay\tdey\tcatch\tbirds.,tell\tme\tafter\tthat\tthey\tcatch\tbirds,[They] told me afterwards that they caught birds.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-171,13,"Jedus see all de crowd roun um, an e gii orda ta e ciple dem, say mus git ready fa cross oba ta de oda side ob de lake.","Jedus\tsee\tall\tde\tcrowd\troun\tum,\tan\te\tgii\torda\tta\te\tciple\tdem,\tsay\tmus\tgit\tready\tfa\tcross\toba\tta\tde\toda\tside\tob\tde\tlake.",Jesus\tsees\tall\tthe\tcrowd\taround\thim\tand\the\tgives\torders\tto\this\tdisciples\tthem\tthat\tmust\tget\tready\tfor\tcross\tover\tto\tthe\tother\tside\tof\tthe\tlake,Jesus sees the crowd around Him and He gives orders to his disciples that they must get ready to cross over to the other side of the lake. (Mt 8.18),,,,bible translation -13-172,13,"Now, A da tell oona, King Solomon been too rich an hab fine cloes.","Now,\tA\tda\ttell\toona\t__,\tKing\tSolomon\tbeen\ttoo\trich\tan\thab\tfine\tcloes.",now\tI\tPROG\ttell\tyou\t__\tKing\tSolomon\tbeen\ttoo\trich\tand\thave\tfine\tclothes,"Now, I am telling you King Solomon was too rich and had fine clothes. OR: And yet I say unto you that even Solomon in all his glory [was not arrayed like one of these]. (Mt 6.29)",,,,bible translation -14-131,14,She told me say she wasn't going to church.,She\ttold\tme\tsay\tshe\twasn't\tgoing\tto\tchurch.,she\ttold\tme\tsay\tshe\twasn't\tgoing\tto\tchurch,She told me that she wasn't going to church.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-132,14,I said she was right.,I\tsaid\tshe\twas\tright.,I\tsaid\tshe\twas\tright,I said she was right.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-127,15,di titi tɛl mi se i lɛk mi,di\ttiti\ttɛl\tmi\tse\ti\tlɛk\tmi,ART\tgirl\ttell\tme\tCOMP\t3SG\tlike\tme,The girl told me that she liked me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-140,16,dè tɛl mì se dè gò put mì fɔ bɛd tɔp,dè\ttɛl\tmì\tse\tdè\tgò\tput\tmì\tfɔ\tbɛd\ttɔp,3PL\ttell\t1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3PL\tFUT\tput\t1SG.OBJ\tfor\tbed\ttop,They told me that they would put me in a bed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-141,16,mi à tɛl dɛm mi à no gɛt mɔni,mi\tà\ttɛl\tdɛm\tØ\tmi\tà\tno\tgɛt\tmɔni,1SG\t1SG\ttell\t3PL.OBJ\tØ\t1SG\t1SG\tNEG\tget\tmoney,I told them that I don't have money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-165,17,Dè̱m te̱l mì se dè̱m layk mì.,Dè̱m\tte̱l\tmì\tse\tdè̱m\tlayk\tmì.,3PL.SBJ\ttell\t1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3PL.SBJ\tlike\t1SG.OBJ,They told me that they like me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-166,17,Dè̱m te̱l mì dè̱m layk mì.,Dè̱m\tte̱l\tmì\tdè̱m\tlayk\tmì.,3PL.SBJ\ttell\t1SG.OBJ\t3PL.SBJ\tlike\t1SG.OBJ,They told me they like me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-148,18,Ma papa tok se i de veks.,Ma\tpapa\ttok\tse\ti\tde\tveks.,1SG.POSS\tfather\ttalk\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tvex,My father says/said that he is angry.,,,,unspecified -18-149,18,Dem tel mi se dem laik mi.,Dem\ttel\tmi\tse\tdem\tlaik\tmi.,3PL.SBJ\ttell\t1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3PL.SBJ\tlike\t1SG.OBJ,They told me that they like me.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-150,18,A tok se i bin sik.,A\ttok\tse\ti\tbin\tsik.,1SG.SBJ\ttalk\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tbe.sick,I said that she was ill.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-187,19,Mì grànmá tɛl mi se è wɔnt go sìdɔ́n nà pueblo.,Mì grànmá tɛl mi se è wɔnt go sìdɔ́n nà pueblo.,1SG.POSS grandmother tell QUOT 3SG.SBJ want go sit LOC village,My grandmother told me that she wants to go live in the village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-188,19,[...] à tɛlàn à want si lɛ̀k haw dɛ̀n kìn mek.,[...]\tà\ttɛl=àn\tà\twant\tsi\tlɛ̀k\thaw\tdɛ̀n\tkìn\tmek.,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\ttell=3SG.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\twant\tsee\tlike\thow\t3PL\tHAB\tmake,[...] I told her I want to see how they do [it].,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-131,20,He talkee he got too muchee pidgin.,He\ttalkee\the\tgot\ttoo\tmuchee\tpidgin.,3SG\ttalk\t3SG\tgot\ttoo\tmuch\tpidgin,He says he is very busy.,,,,naturalistic written -20-132,20,[...] but he say no wanchy see master.,[...]\tbut\the\tsay\tno\twanchy\tsee\tmaster.,[...]\tbut\t3SG\tsay\tNEG\twant\tsee\tmaster,[...] but he said he didn't want to see the master.,,,,naturalistic written -21-132,21,to say he was sorry,to\tsay\the\twas\tsorry,to\tsay\t3SG\tbe.PST\tsorry,to say he was sorry,,,,constructed by linguist -21-133,21,to say that he was sorry,to\tsay\tthat\the\twas\tsorry,to\tsay\tCOMP\t3SG\tbe.PST\tsorry,to say that he was sorry,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-164,22,Em tok olsem mi mas skul na kisim gutpela save.,Em\ttok\tolsem\tmi\tmas\tskul\tna\tkisim\tgut-pela\tsave.,3SG\ttalk\tlike\t1SG\tmust\tschool\tand\tget\tgood-MOD\tknowledge,He said I must go to school and acquire good knowledge.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-165,22,"Na ol kirap tok, bai ol wokim pati blo mitupla.",Na\tol\tkirap\ttok\tbai\tol\twok-im\tpati\tblo\tmitupla.,and\t3PL\tstart\ttalk\tFUT\t3PL\twork-TR\tparty\tfor\t1DU.EXCL,And they said they would make a party for the two of us.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-150,23,Misis Kalo i talem se hem i reisim wan poultry farm long aelan.,Misis\tKalo\ti\ttalem\tse\them\ti\treisim\twan\tpoultry\tfarm\tlong\taelan.,Mrs\tKalo\tAGR\ttell\tsay\t3SG\tAGR\traise\tINDF\tpoultry\tfarm\ton\tisland,Mrs Kalo said that she has (started) a poultry farm on her home island.,,,,naturalistic written -23-151,23,Armstrong i talem i glad,Armstrong\ti\ttalem\ti\tglad,Armstrong\tAGR\ttell\tAGR\thappy,Armstrong said he was happy.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-172,24,He tell ar pig se orf.,He\ttell\tar\tpig\tse\torf.,he\tsay\tDET.DEF\tpig\tCOMPL\taway,He said that the pig had disappeared.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-240,25,"Gemen jad frog imin tok, ""Digimat mi! Digimat mi! Mi stak la rok"", gemen jad frog imin sei lagijad.","Gemen\tjad\tfrog\tim=in\ttok,\t""Dig-im-at\tmi!\tDig-im-at\tmi!\tMi\tstak\tla\trok"",\tgemen\tjad\tfrog\tim=in\tsei\tlagijad.",supposedly\tDEM\tfrog\t3SG=PST\ttalk\ttake-TR-out\t1SG\ttake-TR-out\t1SG\t1SG\tstuck\tLOC\trock\tsupposedly\tDEM\tfrog\t3SG=PST\tsay\tlike.that,"The frog said ""get me out! get me out! I'm stuck in the rock!"", the frog spoke like that, in the dream.",,,,naturalistic written -25-317,25,"""A: sori"" im reken.","""A:\tsori""\tim\treken.",INTERJ\tsorry\t3SG\tthink/say,"""Ah sorry"" he says.",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-108,26,mama sæ a nokæn waʃ ma hɛa,mama\tsæ\ta\tnokæn\twaʃ\tma\thɛa,mama\tsaid\t1SG\tPROH\twash\t1SG.POSS\thair,Mama said that I wasn't allowed to wash my hair.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-109,26,ma gɹænmaɾa tɔl as dæt wɛn da leɪdi wɛn ʃi keɪm bæk ʃi kɹaɪkɹakɹa kɔs ʃi tɔl ma gɹænmaɾa wɛn ʃi wɛn tu ɾa biʧ ʃi wɛn hɛmoɹɛʤ,ma\tgɹænmaɾa\ttɔl\tas\tdæt\twɛn\tda\tleɪdi\twɛn\tʃi\tkeɪm\tbæk\tʃi\tkɹaɪ-kɹa-kɹa\tkɔs\tʃi\ttɔl\tma\tgɹænmaɾa\twɛn\tʃi\twɛn\ttu\tɾa\tbiʧ\tʃi\twɛn\thɛmoɹɛʤ,1SG.POSS\tgrandmother\ttold\t1PL\tCOMP\twhen\tART\tlady\twhen\t3SG\tcame\tback\t3SG\tcry-INTENS-INTENS\tbecause\t3SG\ttol\t1SG.POSS\tgrandmother\twhen\t3SG\twent\tto\tART\tbeach\t3SG\tPST.PFV\thaemorrhage,"My grandmother told us that when the lady, when she came back she cried so much, because she told my grandmother that when she went to the beach she haemorrhaged.",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-118,27,"Sini a sē, si nom kā dōt.","Sini\ta\tsē,\tsi\tnom\tkā\tdōt.",3PL\tPST\tsay\t3SG.POSS\tuncle\tCOMPL\tdie,They said his uncle is dead.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-119,27,"Di pushi sē, dat di roto a du di, na am.","Di\tpushi\tsē,\tdat\tdi\troto\ta\tdu\tdi,\tna\tam.",DET\tcat\tsay\tthat\tDET\trat\tPST\tdo\tDET\tNEG\t3SG,"The cat said that the rat did it, not he.",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-120,27,Am nōit sa prāt sē a Tekoma a mata di kui.,Am\tnōit\tsa\tprāt\tsē\ta\tTekoma\ta\tmata\tdi\tkui.,3SG\tnever\tFUT\ttalk\tsay\tCOP\tTekoma\tPST\tkill\tDET\tcow,He will never tell that it was Tekoma who killed the cow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-156,28,o bi di blur pam bi da iʃ drai,o\tbi\tdi\tbluru\tpama\tbi\tdat\tiʃi\tdrai,3SG\tsay\tthe\tbrother\ttell\tsay\tlet\t2PL\tturn,He said his brother told (him): let us turn back.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-157,28,di man biftɛ bi da orsa furkoputor,di\tman\tbifi-tɛ\tbi\tda\tori\tso\tfurkopu-tɛ\tori,the\tman\tsay-PFV\tsay\tCOP\t3SG\tFOC\tsell-PFV\t3SG,The man said that it was he who had sold him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-158,28,eni pamatɛkɛ bihi dat ɛkɛ ma mu danga ka,eni\tpama-tɛ\tɛkɛ\tbifi\tdati\tɛkɛ\tma\tmu\tdanga\tka,3PL\ttell-PFV\t1SG\tsay\tCOMP\t1SG\tIRR\tgo\tthere\tNEG,They told me that I should not go there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-159,28,o bi dat ani wɛtɛ kɛna bin kumtɛ fan ɛk ni waŋʃi ka,o\tbi\tdati\tandri\twɛtɛ\tkɛnɛ-apu\tbin\tkumu-tɛ\tfan\tɛkɛ\tnimi\twanga-ʃi\tka,3SG\tsay\tCOMP\tother\twhite\tperon-PL\tTNS\tcome-PRF\tfrom\t1SG\tknow\twhere-side\tNEG,He said that some white people had come from I don't know where.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-189,29,Sy sê dat Jan siek is.,Sy\tsê\tdat\tJan\tsiek\tis.,3SG.F.NOM\tsay\tthat\tJohn\till\tis,She says that John is ill.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-190,29,Sy sê Jan is siek.,Sy\tsê\tJan\tis\tsiek.,3SG.F.NOM\tsay\tJohn\tis\till,She says John is ill.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-201,30,"Nhu sabe ma tudu algen ta fla ma mi ku nho nu ta parse txeu, o Nastási!","Nhu=sabe\tma=tudu\talgen\tta=fla\tma=mi\tku=nho\tnu=ta=parse\ttxeu,\to\tNastási!",2SG.POL.M=know\tCOMP=all\tsomeone\tIPFV=say\tCOMP=1SG.INDP\twith=2SG.POL.M.INDP\t1PL=IPFV=resemble\tmuch\toh\tNastási,"Nastási, you know that everybody says that we resemble each other much.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-202,30,"Fládu tudu algen ki ben li, nhu ta máta [...].","Flá-du\ttudu\talgen\tki=ben\tli,\tnhu=ta=máta\t[...].",say-PASS\tall\tsomebody\tCOMP=come\there\t2SG.POL.M=IPFV=kill\t[...],It is said that you kill everyone who comes here [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-158,31,E fra kumodi es faze kuma un reunian.,E\tfra\tkumodi\tes\tfaze\tkuma\tun\treunian.,He\tsay\tthat\tthey\tmake\tlike\ta\treunion,He said that they made like a reunion.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-159,31,El fra-l kuma el e di Brava tanbe.,El\tfra-l\tkuma\tel\te\tdi\tBrava\ttanbe.,he\tsay-him\tthat\the\tis\tfrom\tBrava\ttoo,"He said that he's from Brava, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-160,31,Ma N fra N ta tira un foto.,Ma\tN\tfra\tN\tta\ttira\tun\tfoto.,but\tI\tsay\tI\tFUT\ttake\ta\tpicture,But I said that I will take a picture.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-161,31,"Ta fla-l ki ubi pasa, komu mi, N ta fla ki'N ubi pasa.","Ta\tfla-l\tki\tubi\tpasa,\tkomu\tmi,\tN\tta\tfla\tki'N\tubi\tpasa.",HAB\tsay-him\tCOMP\thear\ttake.place\tlike\tme\tI\tHAB\tsay\tCOMP.I\thear\ttake.place,"We hear that it took place, like me, I say that I heard it took place.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-159,32,Es ta dzê kma pédra tanben ta seí kór.,Es\tta\tdzê\tkma\tpédra\ttanben\tta\tseí\tkór.,they\tPRS\tsay\tCOMP\tstone\talso\tPRS\tcome.out\texpensive,They say that stones also come out expensive.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-160,32,El dzê el tá bá peská.,El\tdzê\tØ\tel\ttá\tbá\tpeská.,3SG\tsay\tØ\t3SG\tPST.IPFV\tgo\tfish,She said she used to go fishing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-186,33,N fala u kuma n tciga.,N\tfala\tu\tkuma\tn\ttciga.,1SG\tsay.PST\t2SG\tCOMP\t1SG\tarrive.PST,I told you that I arrived.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-149,34,N falá Pidru kumá Mariya na beŋ.,N\tø\tfalá\tPidru\tkumá\tMariya\tna\tbeŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttell\tPeter\tCOMP\tMary\tFUT\tcome,I told Peter that Mary would come.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-150,34,N falá Pidru Mariya na beŋ.,N\tø\tfalá\tPidru\tø\tMariya\tna\tbeŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttell\tPeter\tCOMP\tMary\tFUT\tcome,I told Peter that Mary would come.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-209,35,Tudu pôvô ska glita kuma a ka ntela motxi ku vivu.,Tudu\tpôvô\tska\tglita\tkuma\ta\tka\tntela\tmotxi\tku\tvivu.,all\tpeople\tPROG\tscream\tCOMP\tIMPRS\tIPFV\tbury\tdead\twith\tliving,Everybody was screaming that they buried the dead and the living.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-210,35,San fla kuma inen kwa se sa xinja bodo kinte.,San\tfla\tkuma\tinen\tkwa\tse\tsa\txinja\tbodo\tkinte.,she\tsay\tCOMP\t3PL.DEF\tthing\tDEM\tCOP\tash\tside\tgarden,She said that those things were ashes from the side of the garden.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-211,35,Sun kunda ê môlê.,Sun\tkunda\tê\tmôlê.,3SG\tthink\the\tdie,He thought he had died.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-128,36,Thô n fa n na mêthê fiziru fô.,Thô\tn\tfa\tn\tna\tmêthê\tfiziru\tfô.,then\t1SG\tday\t1SG\tNEG\twant\tfried\tNEG,Then I said I didn't want fried [fish].,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-129,36,Ê patha fa ya m ovo ki m'me [...].,Ê\tpatha\tfa\tya\tm\tovo\tki\tm'me\t[...].,3SG\tpass\tsay\tCOMP\t1SG\tself\tREL\teat\t[...],He passed by and said that I had eaten it myself [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-130,36,Kompa ka fa ngwara fala am fala [...].,Kompa\tka\tfa\tngwara\tfala\tam\tfala\t[...].,friend\tFUT\ttell\tguard\tsay\t1SG\tsay\t[...],You will tell the guard that I have said [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-131,36,Ê fa m fala ma karu e ka n'dja Potave.,Ê\tfa\tm\tfala\tma\tkaru\te\tka\tn'dja\tPotave.,3SG\ttell\t1SG\tsay\tCOMP\tcar\tthis\tHAB\tstop\tPonte.Tavares,He told me that this car used to stop at Ponte Tavares.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-164,37,Têtuuga we fa sun arê ya inhemi dipôji di febentadu vya ka gomon.,Têtuuga\twe\tfa\tsun\tarê\tya\tinhemi\tdipôji\tdi\tfebentadu\tvya\tka\tgomon.,Turtle\tgo\tsay\tMr\tking\tCOMP\tyam\tafter\tof\tboil.PP\tREP\tHAB\tsprout,Turtle went to see the king and told him that boiled yam sprouts again.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-165,37,Têtuuga fa ê kôli a ke fa […].,Têtuuga\tfa\tê\tki\têli\tsa\tka\twe\tfa\t[...].,Turtle\tsay\t3SG\twith\t3SG\tPROG\tIPFV\tgo\tNEG\t[...],Turtle said he wouldn’t go with him […].,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-175,38,Bo xontá fá navin sxa Ambô amaña.,Bo\txontá\tfa\tnavin\tsxa\tAmbô\tamaña.,2SG\ttell\tspeak\tship\tPROG\tAnnobón\ttomorrow,You say that the ship goes to Annobón tomorrow.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-176,38,E xanta fá pa nõ tudu ba Palea.,Eli\txanta\tfa\tpa\tno\ttudu\tba\tPalea.,3SG\tsing\tspeak\tfor\t1PL\tall\tgo\tPalea,He sings that we all should go to Palea.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-162,39,Rabbit falo ki bam nɔs doy a faze race.,\tfal-o\tki\tbam\tnɔs\tdoy\ta\tfaz-e\t.,rabbit\tspeak-PST\tCOMP\tHORT\t1PL\ttwo\tIRR.NPST\tmake-INF\trace,"The rabbit said: ""Come, the two of us will make a race.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-125,40,El hal-o el lə ʋi puris.,El\thal-o\tel\tlə\tʋi\tpuris.,3SG\tsay-PST\t3SG\tFUT\tcome\tCOMP,He said that he would come.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-126,40,Lʋidz hal-o el lə ʋi amya.,Lʋidz\thal-o\tel\tlə\tʋi\tamya.,Lwidz\tsay-PST\t3SG\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,Lwidz said he would come tomorrow.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-127,40,"yo hal-o ki ""irmãʋ, mi kɔs su tɛ.""","yo\thal-o\tki\t""irmãʋ,\tmi\tkɔs\tsu\ttɛ.""",1SG\tsay-PST\tCOMP\tbrother\tmy\tback\tGEN\tCOP.PRS,"I said ""brother you are younger than me"" (lit. I said ""brother you are in back of me"").",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-148,41,"tɔɔna eev ɔɔntotardiiya jaapuntaa, boos jaafalaavoo ricedntaa falaatu","tɔɔna\teev\tɔɔnta-otru-diiya\tjaa-puntaa,\t[boos\tjaa-falaa\tvoo\tricad-ntaa\tfalaa-tu]",then\t1SG\tyesterday-other-day\tPST-ask\t[2SG\tPST-tell\tINDF\tRichard-LOC\tQUOT-PFV],"Then the day before yesterday I asked [him], “Did you tell Richard?”",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-149,41,"avara osiyoor taam [nɔɔyvantaa] lopuntaa, ""boospa teen dizeey voo, elipa pakazaa?"" falaatu","avara\tosiyoor\ttaam\t[nɔɔyva-ntaa]\tlo-puntaa,\t""boos-pa\tteem\tdizeey\tvoo,\teli-pa\tpa-kazaa?""\tfalaa-tu",now\t3SG.HON\talso\t[bride-LOC]\tFUT-ask\t2SG-DAT\tPRS.be\tdesire\tINDF\t3SG.M-ACC\tINF-marry\tQUOT-PFV,"Now he [the priest] will also ask [the bride], ""are you willing to marry him?""",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-150,41,nikara falaa jafalaatu noos mee rebekaantu jalaraa tem,nikara\tfalaa\tjaa-falaa-tu\tnoos\tmee\trebekaa-ntu\tjaa-laraa\ttem,NEG.IMP\tQUOT\tPST-say-PFV\t1PL\tFOC\tRebecca-LOC\tPST-leave\tPRS.be,"Saying ""Don't [go to the convent]"" it was we who took left [her] at Rebecca's.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-151,41,"keem, keensu fiiya, keem falaatu mesfalaa","keem,\tkeem-su\tfiiya,\tkeem\tfalaa-tu\tmes-falaa",who\twho-GEN\tdaughter\twho\tQUOT-PFV\tOBLIG-say,"[They] must say who [you are], and whose daughter [you are], who [you are]. (i.e. They must know who you are and whose daughter you are.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-170,42,yo ja falá eli ta bai,yo\tja\tfalá\teli\tta\tbai,1SG\tPFV\tsay\t3SG\tPROG\tgo,I said he is/was leaving.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-171,42,"eli falá ki isi, tudo angkoza, ta subí presu","eli\tfalá\tki\tisi,\ttudo\tangkoza,\tta\tsubí\tpresu",3SG\tsay\tCOMP\tthis\tall\tthing\tPROG\trise\tprice,"He/she used to say that this, everything, is rising in price.",,,,naturalistic spoken -43-113,43,[...] fala kung ile ki eo dja teng aki [...].,[...]\tfala\tkung\tile\tki\teo\tdja\tteng\taki\t[...].,[...]\ttell\tOBJ\t3SG\tCOMP\t1SG\tPFV\tbe\there\t[...],[...] tell him that I have been here [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-114,43,Fala eo manda minya rekadu [...].,Fala\teo\tmanda\tminya\trekadu\t[...].,tell\t1SG\tsend\tmy\tgreeting\t[...],Tell [him] I send [him] my greetings [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-165,44,[...] pára hablá ki lótro ta na álta sosyedád.,[...]\tpára\thablá\tki\tlótro\tta\tna\tálta\tsosyedád.,[...]\tfor\tsay\tthat\t3PL\tbe.LOC\tLOC\thigh\tsociety,[...] to say that they are in the high society.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-166,44,Ya hablá Tʃéri no éle di pwéde trabahá.,Ya\thablá\tTʃéri\tno\téle\tdi\tpwéde\ttrabahá.,PFV\tsay\tCherry\tNEG\t3SG\tCTPL\tcan\twork,Cherry said she cannot work.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-134,45,Ta habla mi hermano que frio daw el agua.,Ta\thabla\tmi\thermano\tque\tfrio\tdaw\tel\tagua.,IPFV\tsay\t1SG.POSS\tbrother\tthat\tcold\tQUOT\tDEF\twater,My brother says that the water is cold.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-177,46,Ay-ablá yo kunéle (kay) nuáy yo sen.,Ay-ablá\tyo\tkunéle\t(kay)\tnuáy\tyo\tsen.,IRR-say\t2SG\tOBJ.3SG\t(COMP)\tNEG.EXIST\t1SG\tmoney,I will tell him/her that I don't have money.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-193,47,No ta asina ku bo por bisa ku mi tin un kolekshon di sombré.,No\tta\tasina\tku\tbo\tpor\tbisa\tku\tmi\ttin\tun\tkolekshon\tdi\tsombré.,NEG\tCOP\tthus\tCOMP\t2SG\tcan\tsay\tCOMP\t1SG\thave\tINDF\tcollection\tof\that,You can't really say that I have a hat collection.,,,,literary or other written source -47-194,47,Hendenan ku ta biba a lo largu di Kaya Korona ta puntra nan mes ku si no tin polis mas riba kaya ku ta mira e kosnan aki sosodé.,Hende\tnan\tku\tta\tbiba\ta-lo-largu\tdi\tKaya\tKorona\tta\tpuntra\tnan\tmes\tku\tsi\tno\ttin\tpolis\tmas\triba\tkaya\tku\tta\tmira\te\tkos\tnan\taki\tsosodé.,person\tPL\tCOMP\tTNS\tlive\taround\tof\tKaya\tKorona\tTNS\task\t3PL\tREFL\tCOMP\tif\tNEG\thave\tpolice\tmore\ton\tstreet\tCOMP\tTNS\tsee\tDEF\tthing\tPL\tDEM.PROX\thappen,People who live around Kaya Korona are asking themselves whether there aren't any police officers on the streets anymore who see these things happen.,,,,literary or other written source -47-195,47,Asta tabatin fanátiko ku tabata grita ku mester but e organisashon di rèfrinan pa esaki.,Asta\ttaba-tin\tfanátiko\tku\ttabata\tgrita\tku\tmester\tbut\te\torganisashon\tdi\trèfri\tnan\tpa\tes(un)-aki.,even\tPST-have\tfanatic\tCOMP\tPST\tshout\tCOMP\tmust\tfine\tDEF\torganisation\tof\treferee\tPL\tfor\tone-DEM.PROX,There were even some fanatics who were shouting that the organisation of referees should be fined for this.,,,,literary or other written source -47-196,47,E ta bisa e suegu e ta bai pos bai laba paña.,E\tta\tbisa\te\tsuegu\te\tta\tbai\tpos\tbai\tlaba\tpaña.,3SG\tTNS\tsay\tDEF\tfather-in-law\t3SG\tTNS\tgo\twell\tgo\twash\tclothes,She says to her father-in-law she is going to the well to wash the clothes.,,,,literary or other written source -48-169,48,Ele a kondá-mi ke ané asé ta bibí en Benesuela aola.,Ele\ta\tkondá-mi\tke\tané\tasé\tta\tbibí\ten\tBenesuela\taola.,he/she\tPST\ttell-me\tthat\tthey\tHAB\tPROG\tlive\tin\tVenezuela\tnow,He/she told me that they are now living in Venezuela.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-170,48,Ané a mensioná ke ese chimme sibirí nu.,Ané\ta\tmensioná\tke\tese\tchimme\tsibirí\tnu.,they\tPST\tmention\tthat\tthis\tgadget\twork\tNEG,They mentioned that this gadget doesn't work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-288,49,Ou di m w al ak Yv.,Ou\tdi\tm\tw\tal\tak\tYv.,2SG\tsay\t1SG\t2SG\tgo\twith\tYves,You tell me you went with Yves.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-289,49,Manman m di m konsa m a kapab leve on sak san liv lè m a gen kenz an.,Manman\tm\tdi\tm\tkonsa\tm\ta\tkapab\tleve\ton\tsak\tsan\tliv\tlè\tm\ta\tgen\tkenz\tan.,mother\t1SG\tsay\t1SG\tlike\tthat\t1SG\tFUT\table\tlift\ta\tsack\thundred\tpound\twhen\t1SG\tFUT\tfifteen\tyear,My mother told me like this that I would be able to lift a sack of one hundred pounds when I would be fifteen years old.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-290,49,Anplwaye yo di kareman yo p ap travay pou chikèt monnen sa a.,Anplwaye\tyo\tdi\tkareman\tyo\tp\tap\ttravay\tpou\tchikèt\tmonnen\tsa\ta.,employee\tDEF.PL\tsay\tcategorically\t3PL\tNEG\tINACC\twork\tfor\tslim\tmoney\tDEM\tSG,The employees declared categorically that they wouldn't work for this paltry sum of money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-291,49,Yo di ke y ap tiye l kanmenm.,Yo\tdi\tke\ty\tap\ttiye\tl\tkanmenm.,3PL\tsay\tCOMP\t3PL\tINACC\tkill\t3SG\tstill,They said that they'd kill him anyway.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-179,50,I di i ké vini.,I\tdi\ti\tké\tvini.,3SG\tsay\t3SG\tFUT\tcome,He said he will come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-180,50,ou ka di yo pa'a ni tan travay,ou\tka\tdi\tyo\tpa'a\tni\ttan\ttravay,2SG\tIPFV\tsay\t3PL\tNEG.IPFV\thave\ttime\twork,You say that they don't have time to work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-181,50,Yo di-y konha nou kay bengné nou.,Yo\tdi-y\tkonha\tnou\tkay\tbengné\tnou.,3PL\tsay-3SG\tlike.that\t1PL\tgo\tbath\t1PL,They said to him we would take a bath.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-182,50,I di-mwen konmkwa i pé ké la jòd-la.,I\tdi-mwen\tkonmkwa\ti\tpé\tké\tla\tjòd-la.,3SG\ttell-1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3SG\tNEG.FUT\tFUT\tthere\tday-DET,He told me that he would not be there today.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-183,50,Jan di-mwen ki i ka pati.,Jan\tdi-mwen\tki\ti\tka\tpati.,Jan\ttell-1SG.OBJ\tSUBORD\t3SG\tPROG\tleave.,Jan told me that he left.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -51-156,51,I di i ké vini.,I\tdi\ti\tké\tvini.,3SG\tsay\t3SG\tFUT\tcome,He said he will come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-98,52,i di i ké vini,i\tdi\ti\tké\tvini,she\tsay\tshe\tMOOD\tcome,She said she would come.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-354,53,Mo di li s te en ti job mo te fè apré lekòl.,Mo\tdi\tli\ts\tte\ten\tti\t\tmo\tte\tfè\tapré\tlekòl.,1SG\ttell\t3SG\tthis\tPST\tART.INDF\tlittle\tjob\t1SG\tPST\tdo\tafter\tschool,I told him this was a little job I did after school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-355,53,"Me Lapen, to di Bouki te p ale jwe.","Me\tLapen,\tto\tdi\tBouki\tte\tp\tale\tjwe.",but\tRabbit\t2SG\tsay\tBouki\tPST\tNEG\tFUT\tplay,"But Rabbit, you said that Bouki was not going to play.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-356,53,Y a di twa le fil nanye se pwazon.,Y\ta\tdi\ttwa\tle\tfil\tnanye\tse\tpwazon.,3PL\tFUT\ttell\t2SG\tART.DEF.PL\tweb\tspider\tCOP\tpoison,They'll tell you that a spider's web is poison.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-357,53,"Mo pa sèlman touche li, la l ole manti kote la lwa di ki mo konyen li, mo mo ensilte li.","Mo\tpa\tsèlman\ttouche\tli,\tla\tl\tole\tmanti\tkote\tla\tlwa\tdi\tki\tmo\tkonyen\tli,\tmo\tmo\tensilte\tli.",1SG\tNEG\teven\ttouch\t3SG\tnow\t3SG\twant\tlie\tto\tART.DEF.SG\tpolice\tsay\tCOMP\t1SG\thit\t3SG\t1SG\t1SG\tinsult\t3SG,"I didn't even touch him, and now he wants to lie to the police and say that I hit him, that I insulted him.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-358,53,"Ye di piti-ye se sòti dan dechou, ye te tronpe nouzòt.","Ye\tdi\t__\tpiti-ye\tse\tsòti\tdan\tdechou,\tye\tte\ttronpe\tnouzòt.",3PL\tsay\t__\tchild-ART.DEF.PL\tIPFV\tcome.out\tfrom\tcabbage\t3PL\tPST\ttrick\t1PL,"They said children came from cabbages, they tricked us.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-204,54,Mé la di azot ki falé pa manzé sitrouy la.,Me\tla\tdi\tazot\tk\ti\tfale\tpa\tmanze\tsitrouy\tla.,but\tPRF\tsay\tOBL.3SG\tCOMP\tFIN\tmust.PST\tNEG\teat\tpumpkin\tDEM,But she told them that they should not eat that pumpkin.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-205,54,"[...] mi di i falé trap le ra, falé manzé.","[...]\tmi\tdi\tØ\ti\tfale\ttrap\tlë\tra,\tfale\tmanze.",[...]\t1SG.FIN\tsay\tØ\tFIN\tmust.PST\tcatch\tDEF\trat\tmust.PST\teat,"[...] I say you should have caught the rat, you should have eaten it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-175,55,mo ti dir ki li ena rezoṅ,mo\tti\tdir\tki\tli\tena\trezoṅ,1SG\tPST\tsay\tthat\t3SG\thave\tright,I said that she was right.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-176,55,mo ti dir li ena rezoṅ,mo\tti\tdir\tli\tena\trezoṅ,1SG\tPST\tsay\t3SG\thave\tright,I said she was right.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-175,56,Be nou bann kanmarad lontan in dir ek nou pourdir dan tan lesklavaz Madanm Marsan ti touy touy dimoun [...].,Be\tnou\tbann\tkanmarad\tlontan\tin\tdir\tek\tnou\tpourdir\tdan\ttan\tlesklavaz\tMadanm\tMarsan\tti\ttouy\ttouy\tdimoun\t[...].,but\tPOSS.1PL\tPL\tfriend\tearlier\tPRF\ttell\twith\t1PL\tCOMP\tin\ttime\tslavery\tMadam\tMarsan\tPST\tkill\tkill\tpeople\t[...],"But for a long time, our friends have told us that during slavery Mrs. Marsan killed people [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-176,56,Ou a dir ou al Dyego.,Ou\ta\tdir\tou\tal\tDyego.,2SG\tFUT\tsay\t2SG\tgo\tDiego,You will say that you go to Diego (Garcia).,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-177,56,"Seselwa, les mwan dir zot ki sitiasyon i bokou pli konplike ki sa.","Seselwa,\tles\tmwan\tdir\tzot\tki\tsitiasyon\ti\tbokou\tpli\tkonplike\tki\tsa.",Seychelles.people\tlet\tme\tsay\tyou\tCOMP\tsituation\tPM\tmuch\tmore\tcomplicated\tthan\tthis,"Seychelles people, let me tell you that the situation is much more complicated than this.",,,,naturalistic written -56-178,56,Eski zot komans konpran letan mon dir i mank en eleman prensipal dan son bidze?,Eski\tzot\tkomans\tkonpran\tletan\tmon\tdir\ti\tmank\ten\teleman\tprensipal\tdan\tson\tbidze?,Q\t2PL\tstart\tunderstand\twhen\t1SG\tsay\t3SG\tlack\tan\telement\timportant\tin\tPOSS.3SG\tbudget,Do you start to understand when I say that an important element is lacking in his budget?,,,,naturalistic written -56-179,56,Mon dir li pourdir nou pou al Bamberg demen.,Mon\tdir\tli\tpourdir\tnou\tpou\tal\tBamberg\tdemen.,1SG\ttell\t3SG\tCOMPL\t1PL\tFUT\tgo\tBamberg\ttomorrow,I tell her that we will go to Bamberg tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-180,56,Mon dir li ki fodre i retournen dizer.,Mon\tdir\tli\tki\tfodre\ti\tretournen\tdizer.,1SG\ttell\t3SG\tCOMPL\tmust\t3SG\treturn\t10.pm,I tell her/him that she/he has to return by 10 pm.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-181,56,Papa in dir i bezwen retournen.,Papa\tin\tdir\ti\tbezwen\tretournen.,daddy\tPRF\tsay\t3SG\tmust\treturn,Daddy said that he (himself or another person) has to return.,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-95,57,la ndi kom sa ke la vja,la\tndi\tkom\tsa\tke\tla\tvja,3SG\tsay\tlike\tthis\tCOMP\t3SG\tcome,(S)he says that (s)he will come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-158,57,"sa ndi ke la ʃa:ti, fam-la","sa\tndi\tke\tla\tʃa:ti,\tfam-la",3PL\tsay\tCOMP\t3SG\tnice\twoman-DEM/DEF,"They say that the woman is nice (Lit. They say that she is nice, that woman).",,,,naturalistic spoken -58-119,58,Yandi tuba nde: beto ata kutana mbasi.,Yandi\ttuba\tnde:\tbeto\tata\tkutana\tmbasi.,3SG\tsay\tCOMP\t1PL\tFUT\tmeet\ttomorrow,He/She said: We will meet tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-289,59,"ndamba aga atene, tere na aunji awe","ndamba\ta-ga\ta-tene,\ttere\tni\ta-hunzi\tawe",Rabbit\tPM-come\tPM-say\tSpider\tDET\tPM-hide\talready,"Rabbit said, ""Spider has hidden himself."" OR: Rabbit said that Spider had hidden himself.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-290,59,"tona mo si ka, si lo hunda mo, atene, mo o, mo nyon' nyen'","tongana\tmo\tsi\tka,\tsi\tlo\thunda\tmo,\ta-tene,\tmo\to,\tmo\tnyon'\tnyen'",when\t2SG\tarrive\tthere\tCONN\t3SG\task\t2SG\tPM-say\t2SG\tPCL.DEF\t2SG\tdrink\twhat,"When you arrive there and he asks you what you would like to drink, [...] OR: When you arrive there and he asks ""What do you want to drink?""",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-291,59,"mo tene ka na mama ka, mo tene, aa ba ndo ni ake nzoni ape","mo\ttene\tka\tna\tmama\tka,\tmo\ttene,\tala\tba\tndo\tni\take\tnzoni\tape",2SG\tsay\tthere\tPREP\tmother\tthere\t2SG\tsay\t2SG.DEF\tsee\tplace\tDET\tSM.COP\tgood\tNEG,Tell your mother over there that the place is not good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-292,59,"lo hunda lo, lo tene, kogara, ala ga?!","lo\thunda\tlo,\tlo\ttene,\tkogara,\tala\tga?!",1SG\task\t3SG\t3SG\tsay\tin-law\t2SG.DEF\tcome,"He asked her, ""Mother-in-law, so you've come?!""",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-293,59,"kogara ni aga awe so, ahunda lo, atene, kogara, mo ke nyon' ye?!","kogara\tni\ta-ga\tawe\tso,\ta-hunda\tlo,\ta-tene,\tkogara,\tmo\tke\tnyon'\tye?!",in-law\tDET\tPM-come\talready\tthus\tPM-ask\t3SG\tPM-say\tin-law\t2SG\tCOP\tdrink\tthing,"When his mother-in-law had come, he asked her, ""Mother-in-law would you like something to drink?!""",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-294,59,zo wa la atene mo ga zo wa?,zo\twa\tla\ta-tene\tmo\tga\tzo\twa,person\twho\tTOP\tPM-say\t2SG\tcome\tperson\twho,Who was it who told you to come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-295,59,ago tene na Susu ni atene [...],a-gwe\ta-tene\tna\tSusu\tni\ta-tene\t[...],PM-go\tPM-say\tPREP\tFish\tDET\tPM-say\t[...],He then said to the Fish [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-300,59,i tene lakwe que kobela ti bilharzie so ake wara ni gi na lege ti ngu,i\ttene\tlakwe\tque\tkobela\tti\tbilharzie\tso\ta-ke\twara\tni\tgi\tna\tlege\tti\tngu,1PL\tsay\talways\tthat\tsickness\tof\tbilharzia\tDEM\tPM-COP\tfind\t1PL.LOG\tjust\twith\tway\tof\twater,We always say that this liver-fluke disease gets us through water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-135,60,alobákí te mbúla ekobéta,a-lob-ákí\tte\tmbúla\te-ko-bét-a,3SG-say-PST\tCOMP\train\t3SG-FUT-hit-FV,She said that it was going to rain.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-136,60,alobákí mbúla ekobéta,a-lob-ákí\tmbúla\te-ko-bét-a,3SG-say-PST\train\t3SG-FUT-hit-FV,She said it was going to rain.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-103,61,Yena chenile lo fana yena gula.,Yena\tchenile\tlo\tfana\tyena\tgul-a.,she\tsay.PST\tDEF.ART\tboy\the\tbe.ill-V,She said that the boy was ill. OR: She said the boy is ill.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-89,62,vébá há túmú?ó kázi nne,vé-ba\thaa\ttu-H-mu-?o\tkazi\tnne,2-say\thaa\t1PL-SBJ-OBJ.2PL-give\twork\twe,"They say: ""Haa, we should give you work, we!""",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-178,63,íta gi-kélem gáli saharó,íta\tgi-kélem\tgáli\tsaharó,2SG\tTAM-say\tsay\tbewitch.PASS,You say that he has been bewitched.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-179,63,nas Kakwá kúlu gal úmun Núbi,nas\tKakwá\tkúlu\tgal\túmun\tNúbi,PL\tKakwa\tall\tsay\t3PL\tNubi,All the Kakwa claim they are Nubi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-190,64,úo kélem gále úo bija,úo\tkélem\tgále\túo\tbi=ja,3SG\tspeak\tsay\t3SG\tIRR=come,He said that he would come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-191,64,ána biásalu mara tai kelí rákabu samága de,ána\tbi=ásalu\tmara\ttai\tkelí\trákabu\tsamága\tde,1SG\tIRR=ask\twomen\tPOSS.1SG\tlet\tcook\tfish\tDEM.PROX,I ask my wife to cook the fish.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-192,64,yesúa kélim le úo gale ya zakéo,yesúa\tkélim\tle\túo\tgale\tya\tzakéo,Jesus\tspeak\tto\t3SG\tCOMP\tVOC\tZaccheus,Jesus told him: Oh Zaccheus!,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-238,64,úo gále úo kan ázu bakʃíʃ to,úo\tgále\túo\tkan\tázu\tbakʃíʃ\tto,3SG\tsay\t3SG\tANT\twant\ttip\tPOSS.3SG,He said that he wanted his tip.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-137,65,"Ja gavari, zimlia rabotaj nada, iwo ne panimaj.","Ja\tgavari,\tzimlia\trabotaj\tnada,\tiwo\tne\tpanimaj.",1SG\tsay\tland\twork\tmust\t3SG\tNEG\tunderstand,"I tell him that we ought to work the land, but he does not understand it.",,,,citation in fiction -65-138,65,"Zawtəra, adnaka, sio liudi fanza xadi, tibe səkaʒi: Liudi, ʒimlia rabotaj nada.","Zawtəra,\tadnaka,\tsio\tliudi\tfanza\txadi,\ttibe\tsəkaʒi:\tLiudi,\tʒimlia\trabotaj\tnada.",tomorrow\tINTENS\tPL\tpeople\thouse\tgo\t2SG\tsay\tpeople\tland\twork\tnecessary,"Tomorrow you definitely have to visit people's houses and say: People, you have to cultivate the land! OR : Tomorrow you have to come to each house and urge people to start farming.",,,,citation in fiction -66-110,66,Go abiilang dia Americaring edatang kəta.,Go\ta-biilang\tdia\tAmerica-ring\te-datang\tkəta.,1SG\tPRS-say\t3SG\tAmerica-ABL\tASP-come\tCOMP,I know that he has come from America.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-199,67,Ah dua olang dia cakap mao lawan siapa busat ah siapa busat.,Ah\tdua\tolang\tdia\tcakap\tmao\tlawan\tsiapa\tbusat\tah\tsiapa\tbusat.,PCL\ttwo\tperson\t3SG\tspeak\twant\tfight\twho\tbig\tQ\twho\tbig,"These two, they said they wanted to fight (compete) [to find out] who was bigger.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-113,68,"Bilang kang par dia, kata tado-tado sadiki.","Bilang\tkang\tpar\tdia,\tkata\ttado~tado\tsadiki.",tell\t3SG.N\tto\t3SG\tCOMP\tquiet~quiet\tlittle,"Tell it to him, that [he should be] quiet a bit.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-114,68,De carita dong mau baku-pukol deng Kes.,De\tcarita\tdong\tmau\tbaku-pukol\tdeng\tKes.,3SG\ttell\t3PL\tFUT\tRECP-hit\twith\tMonkey,He said they would fight Monkey.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-115,68,Dia parlente kata de su bayar.,Dia\tparlente\tkata\tde\tsu\tbayar.,3SG\tlie\tCOMP\t3SG\tPFV\tpay,He lied that he had already paid.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-68,69,mən ama namban mariakənan patn awrikən mariak,mən\tama\tnamban\tmariakə-nan\tpatn\tawri-kən\tmaria-k,3SG\t1SG\tDAT\tsay-NFUT\tbetelnut\tget-POSS?\tsay-IRR,He told me to get betelnut.,,,,elicited from speaker -71-173,71,Oe olelo wau like pu baby.,Oe\tolelo\twau\tlikepu\tbaby.,2SG\tspeak\t1SG\tjust.like\tbaby,You said that I'm like a baby.,,,,naturalistic written -71-174,71,Pehea oe kamailio oe hele moemoe?,Pehea\toe\tkamailio\toe\thele\tmoemoe?,why\t2SG\ttalk\t2SG\tgo\tsleep,Why did you say that you were going to sleep?,,,,naturalistic written -72-146,72,X bin tok im til yapakayi.,X\tbin\ttok\tim\ttil\tyapakayi.,NAME\tPST\ttalk\t3SG\tstill\tsmall,X said that he is still small.,,,d933f9f530fb253f860a4a713e577a22,naturalistic spoken -73-99,73,yoga biningi zikani,yo-ga\tbini-ngi\tzi-ka-ni,1SG-TOP\tcome-2SG\tsay-PST-1SG,I said that you should come.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-100,73,pegashka dizin dizindu ke boskunaga ke boskunallacha komingichi,pega-shka\tdizi-n\tdizi-ndu\tke\tbos-kuna-ga\tke\tbos-kuna-lla-cha\tkomi-ngichi,hit-NMLZ.PST\tsay-3\tsay-SUBORD\tthat\t2SG-PL-TOP\tthat\t2SG-PL-DELIM-DUB\teat-IMP.2PL,"They say he hit them saying that you, that you just eat.",,,,naturalistic spoken -74-139,74,yáka wáwa kámuks háyas,yáka\twáwa\tkámuks\tháyas,3SG\tsay\tdog\tbig,He said that the dog was big.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-238,75,"""Kamiyoayaaw avek niyanaan,"" itweew.","""Ka-miyo-ayaa-w\tavek\tniyanaan,""\titweew.",FUT-well-be-3\twith\tus\tsay.3,"""She will be well with us"", she said.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-239,75,Kiiitweew eewiishipweehteet.,Kii-itwee-w\tee-wii-shipweehtee-t.,PST-say-3\tCOMP-INTENTIONAL.FUT-leave-3,She said that she was leaving.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-240,75,Wiihtem eekiitutahk.,Wiiht-em\tee-kii-tut-ahk.,tell-3.SBJ.3.OBJ.INAN\tCOMP-PST-do-3.SBJ.3.OBJ.INAN,He admitted that he did it.,,,,naturalistic written -75-241,75,Shuushkwachiku giiwiistamawaaw noo eewiiawihak larzhawn.,Shuushkwachiku\tgii-wiistamaw-aaw\tnoo\tee-wii-awih-ak\tlarzhawn.,directly\t1.PST-tell-3SG.OBJ\tNEG\tCOMP-DESID-lend-1SG.SBJ.3.OBJ\tmoney,I told him directly I wouldn't lend him money.,,,,naturalistic written -76-59,76,ababa ätcū',ababa\tätcū',say\tperhaps,He says he does not know.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-236,1,"A hatie mie, mie no ben sabie datie joe no ben dé boen.","A\thati\tmi,\tmi\tno\tben\tsabi\tdati\tyu\tno\tben\tde\tbun.",3SG.SBJ\thurt\t1SG\t1SG\tNEG\tPST\tknow\tthat\t2SG\tNEG\tPST\tCOP\tgood,I'm sorry that I didn't know that you were not well.,,,,written -2-252,2,A no ben sab' taki na wan bigi Anansi.,A\tno\tben\tsab'\ttaki\tna\twan\tbigi\tAnansi.,He\tNEG\tTNS\tknow\tthat\tCOP\tART\tbig\tAnansi,He did not know that this was a grown-up Anansi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-253,2,"Di mi si dati a susu no e fiti mi, mi tyari en go kenki.","Di\tmi\tsi\tdati\ta\tsusu\tno\te\tfiti\tmi,\tmi\ttyari\ten\tgo\tkenki.",when\tI\tsee\tthat\tART\tshoes\tNEG\tASP\tfit\tme\tI\tcarry\tand\tgo\texchange,"When I realized that the shoes didn't fit me, I went and exchanged them.",,,,unknown -2-254,2,"Mi bribi a man gwe na Holland volgens mi, yere.","Mi\tbribi\ta\tman\tgwe\tna\tHolland\tvolgens\tmi,\tyere.",1SG\tbelieve\tthe.SG\tman\tgo.away\tLOC\tHolland\taccording.to\tme\tokay,I believe he’s gone to Holland.,,,,unknown -3-134,3,Mi sábi táa á búnu.,Mi\tsábi\ttáa\tá\tbúnu.,1SG\tknow\tsay\t3SG.NEG\tgood,I know that it is not good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-135,3,Mi sábi á búnu.,Mi\tsábi\tá\tbúnu.,1SG\tknow\t3SG.NEG\tgood,I know it is not good.,,,,elicited from speaker -4-164,4,Mi sabi kaba taki a libi fu den taanga.,Mi\tsabi\tkaba\ttaki\ta\tlibi\tfu\tden\ttaanga.,I\tknow\talready\tsay\tDET.SG\tlife\tPOSS\tthem\tdifficult,I already know that their life is difficult.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-168,5,mi biliiv si di piknii ded,mi\tbiliiv\tsi\tdi\tpiknii\tded,1SG\tbelieve\tsay\tthe\tchild\tdead,I believed that the child had died.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-169,5,yu naa noo eniibadii kyan kom kom nak yu dong de?,yu\tnaa\tnoo\teniibadii\tkyan\tkom\tkom\tnak\tyu\tdong\tde?,2SG\tNEG\tknow\tanybody\tMOD\tcome\tcome\tknock\t2SG\tdown\tthere,Don't you know that anybody can come and knock you down there?,,,,constructed by linguist -7-231,7,Hi no da hou shi sik.,Hi\tno\tda\thou\tshi\tsik.,3SG\tknow\tthat\thow\t3SG\tsick,He knows that she is ill.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-232,7,Hi no da shi sik.,Hi\tno\tda\tshi\tsik.,3SG\tknow\tthat\t3SG\tsick,He knows that she is ill.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-233,7,Hi no hou shi sik.,Hi\tno\thou\tshi\tsik.,3SG\tknow\thow\t3SG\tsick,He knows that she is ill.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-234,7,Hi no shi sik.,Hi\tno\tshi\tsik.,3SG\tknow\t3SG\tsick,He knows that she is ill.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-147,8,Mi nuo se yu tek mi wan degedege fish.,Mi\tnuo\tse\tyu\ttek\tmi\twan\tdegedege\tfish.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG\ttake\t1SG\tone\tsole\tfish,I know that you took my only fish.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-197,8,Mi nuo Ø yu neva tek op di sitn.,Mi\tnuo\tØ\tyu\tneva\ttek\top\tdi\tsitn.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG\tNEG.PST\ttake\tup\tDET\tsomething,I know (that) you didn't take up the thing.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-181,9,A wan mek im now dat wɛn a gaan dat dey kant du dat.,A\twan\tmek\tim\tnow\tdat\twɛn\ta\tgaan\tdat\tdey\tkant\tdu\tdat.,1SG\tFUT\tlet\t3SG\tknow\tthat\twhen\t1SG\tgone\tthat\t3SG\tcan't\tdo\tthat,I'll let him know that they can't do that when I'm gone.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-182,9,I me now i hafu paas wan plantedj we wan pu man liv.,I\tme\tnow\ti\thafu\tpaas\twan\tplantedj\twe\twan\tpu\tman\tliv.,3SG\tANT\tknow\t3SG\thave.to\tpass\ta\tplantation\twhere\ta\tpoor\tman\tlive,He knew that he had to pass by a small farm where a poor man lived.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-224,10,Unu nuo se dehn kaal mi?,Unu\tnuo\tse\tdehn\tkaal\tmi?,2PL\tknow\tCOMP\t3PL\tcall\t1SG,Did you know they called for me?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-225,10,An di daata nuo se da neva ihn muma.,An\tdi\tdaata\tnuo\tse\tda\tneva\tihn\tmuma.,and\tART.DEF\tdaughter\tknow\tCOMP\tFOC\tNEG.PST\t3SG.POSS\tmother,And the daughter knew that it wasn’t her mother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-296,11,Ai doun waa dem nou se Ai tiif di ring.,Ai\tdoun\twaa\tdem\tnou\tse\tAi\ttiif\tdi\tring.,1SG\tNEG\twant\t3PL\tknow\tCOMP\t1SG\tsteal\tART.DEF\tring,I don’t want them to know I stole the ring.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-297,11,Yu nuo A had tortiin.,Yu\tnuo\tA\thad\ttortiin.,2SG\tknow\t1SG\thave.PST\tthirteen,You know I had thirteen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-298,11,Yu wud nuo dat Kriol iz laik dis.,Yu\twud\tnuo\tdat\tKriol\tiz\tlaik\tdis.,2SG\twould\tknow\tCOMP\tCreole\tCOP.PRS\tlike\tDEM,You would know that Creole is like this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-239,12,I think that one his arm is broken.,I\tthink\tthat\tone\this\tarm\tis\tbroken.,1SG.SBJ\tthink\tCOMP\tone\t3SG.M.POSS\tarm[PL]\tCOP\tbreak.PTCP,I think that one of his arms is broken.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-240,12,These children today can’t believe say you could be twelve years old and be a monitress.,[...]\tchildren\ttoday\tcan’t\tbelieve\tsay\tyou\tcould\tbe\ttwelve\tyear-s\told\t[...].,[...]\tchildren\ttoday\tNEG\tbelieve\tCOMP\t2SG.SBJ\tcould\tCOP\ttwelve\tyear-PL\told\t[...],Children today can’t believe that one could be only twelve years old [but already work as an assistant teacher].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-241,12,I remember say I done left light on.,I\tremember\tsay\tI\tdone\tleft\tlight\ton.,1SG.SBJ\tremember\tCOMP\t1SG.SBJ\tCOMPL\tleave.PFV\tlight\ton,I remember I left the light on.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-242,12,I know say the bill only $4.00.,I\tknow\tsay\tthe\tbill\tonly\t$4.00.,1SG.SBJ\tknow\tCOMP\tART\tbill\tonly\t$4.00,I know the bill is/was only four dollars.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-243,12,I know da's something.,I\tknow\tda's\tsomething.,1SG.SBJ\tknow\tDEM.COP\tINDF,I know that's something.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-244,12,I believe they going to Canada or United States.,I\tbelieve\tthey\tgoing\tto\tCanada\tor\tUnited\tStates.,1SG.SBJ\tbelieve\t3PL.SBJ\tgo.PROG\tto\tCanada\tor\tUnited\tStates,I think they're going to Canada or to the United States.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-173,13,Den dey gwine know say wa dey beena do ain right.,Then\tthey\tgoing\tknow\tsay\twhat\tthey\tbeen-a\tdo\tain't\tright.,then\tthey\tgoing\tknow\tCOMP\twhat\tthey\tPST-PROG\tdo\tNEG.AUX\tright,Then they are going to know that what they have been doing is not right. (2 Tm 2.26),,,,bible translation -13-174,13,I know they is the relation.,I\tknow\t__\tthey\tis\tthe\trelation.,I\tknow\t__\tthey\tis\tthe\trelation,I know they are the relatives.,,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -14-133,14,I knew she was right.,I\tknew\tshe\twas\tright.,I\tknew\tshe\twas\tright,I knew she was right.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-128,15,a no se di titi lɛk mi,a\tno\tse\tdi\ttiti\tlɛk\tmi,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\tART\tgirl\tlike\tme,I know that the girl likes me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-142,16,demɔkrasi wì tiŋk se ì bi bad tin; nɔt no ì bi gud,demɔkrasi\twì\ttiŋk\tse\tì\tbi\tbad\ttin;\tnɔt\tno\tØ\tì\tbi\tgud,democracy\t1PL\tthink\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP\tbad\tthing\tNEG\tknow\tØ\t3SG\tCOP\tgood,We thought that democracy was a bad thing. (We did) not know that it was good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-143,16,jù no se nɔmali wì dè bai ʃip [...] kil àm,jù\tno\tse\tnɔmali\twì\tdè\tbai\tʃip\t[...]\tkil\tàm,2SG\tknow\tCOMP\tnormaly\t1PL\tHAB\tbuy\tsheep\t[...]\tkill\t3SG.OBJ,You know that usually we buy a sheep and kill it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-167,17,À sàbi (se) dè̱m go tawn.,À\tsàbi\t(se)\tdè̱m\tgo\ttawn.,1SG.SBJ\tknow\t(COMP)\t3SG.SBJ\tgo\ttown,I know that they went to town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-151,18,Robert sabi se Mary bin sik.,Robert\tsabi\tse\tMary\tbin\tsik.,Robert\tknow\tCOMP\tMary\tPST\tsick,Robert knows that Mary was ill.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-189,19,À no se è dè kil dì fɔl.,À\tno\tse\tè\tdè\tkil\tdì\tfɔl.,1SG.SBJ\tknow\tQUOT\t3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tkill\tDEF\tfowl,I know that he's killing the fowl.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-133,20,You savvy pricee hap go down?,You\tsavvy\tpricee\thap\tgo\tdown?,2SG\tknow\tprice\tPFV\tgo\tdown,Do you know that the price has come down?,,,,naturalistic written -21-134,21,Do you know that Sri Devi went back to India?,Do\tyou\tknow\tthat\tSri\tDevi\twent\tback\tto\tIndia?,do\t2SG\tknow\tCOMP\tSri\tDevi\tgo.PST\tback\tto\tIndia,Do/Did you know that Sri Devi went back to India?,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-135,21,I didn't know he had two wives.,I\tdidn't\tknow\the\thad\ttwo\twives.,1SG\tdo.PST.NEG\tknow\t3SG\thave.PST\ttwo\twife.PL,I didn't know he had two wives.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-167,22,Ol i save se papa bilong ol i no bilong ples bilong mi.,Ol\ti\tsave\tse\tpapa\tbilong\tol\ti\tno\tbilong\tples\tbilong\tmi.,3PL\tPM\tknow\tCOMP\tfather\tPOSS\t3PL\tPM\tNEG\tPOSS\tvillage\tPOSS\t1SG,They knew that their father was not from my village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-168,22,Klostu taim em bai dai tasol ol man no bin save ol bai mekim wonem.,Klostu\ttaim\tem\tbai\tdai\ttasol\tol\tman\tno\tbin\tsave\tol\tbai\tmekim\twonem.,close\ttime\t3SG\tFUT\tdie\tbut\tPL\tman\tNEG\tPST\tknow\t3PL\tFUT\tdo\twhat,"It was close to the time he would die, but the people didn't know what they would do.",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-152,23,Oli save se wanem we gavman hemi mekem ino stret.,Oli\tsave\tse\twanem\twe\tgavman\themi\tmekem\tino\tstret.,AGR\tknow\tCOMP\twhat\tCOMP\tgovernment\t3SG.AGR\tmake\tAGR.NEG\tstraight,They know that what the government is doing is wrong.,,,,naturalistic written -23-153,23,mi harem olsem mi sore long pikinini ia,mi\tharem\tolsem\tmi\tsore\tlong\tpikinini\tia,1SG\tfeel\tCOMP\t1SG\tsorry\tfor\tchild\tDEF,I felt like I was sorry for the child.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-154,23,mi save man ia i nogud nating,mi\tsave\tman\tia\ti\tnogud\tnating,1SG\tknow\tman\tDEF\tAGR\tno.good\tnothing,I know that man's completely awful.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-170,23,"all black man savey, no kidnapping now","all\tblack\tman\tsavey,\tno\tkidnapping\tnow",all\tblack\tman\tknow\tNEG\tkidnapping\tnow,Melanesians know that there's no kidnapping now.,,,,historical representation of speech -24-173,24,I moosa ell shame fer think I vote some o' yorlye een.,I\tmoosa\tell\tshame\tfer\tthink\tI\tvote\tsome\to'\tyorlye\teen.,I\talmost\tcan\tbe.ashamed\tCOMPL\tthink\tI\tvote\tsome\tPREP\t2PL\tVPCL,I am almost ashamed to think I voted some of you guys in.,,,,internet chatroom -25-318,25,Im sabi fait bek dijan.,Im\tsabi\tfait\tbek\tdijan.,3SG\tknow\tfight\tback\tPROX:ADJ,He knows how to fight back.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-121,27,"[...] fodima ju wēt, mi ha fo jet oka.","[...]\tfodima\tju\twēt,\tmi\tha\tfo\tjet\toka.",[...]\tbecause\t2SG\tknow\t1SG\thave\tfor\teat\ttoo,[...] because you know that I have too eat too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-122,27,Am no wēt se fo kōk jamus fo gurí.,Am\tno\twēt\tse\tfo\tkōk\tjamus\tfo\tgurí.,3SG\tNEG\tknow\tsay\tfor\tcook\tyamus\tfor\tgrow,He did not know that he had to cook yamus in order to grow.,,,,elicited from speaker -28-161,28,ɛk ni bi dato jɛ daŋ kanɛ bi mja di laʃɛkaŋ,ɛkɛ\tnimi\tbi\tdati\to\tjɛn\tdanga\tkanɛ\tbi\tmja\tdi\tlaʃi\tɛkɛ\tanga,1SG\tknow\tsay\tCOMP\t3SG\tbe\tthere\tNEG\tsay\tmake\tthe\tlash\t1SG\tLOC,"I didn't know that it was there, that (it) was lashing out at me.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-162,28,eni nimtɛ datɛk ma kumonanga,eni\tnimi-tɛ\tdati\tɛkɛ\tma\tkumu\tmona\tanga,3PL\tknow-PRF\tCOMP\t1SG\tIRR\tcome\tMona\tLOC,They knew that I would come to Mona's.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-163,28,ɛk ni waŋ di man korja ka,ɛkɛ\tnimi\twanga\tdi\tman\tkori-a\tka,1SG\tknow\twhere\tthe\tman\twork-IPFV\tNEG,I don't know where the man was working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-191,29,Sy weet dat Jan siek is.,Sy\tweet\tdat\tJan\tsiek\tis.,3SG.F.NOM\tknows\tthat\tJohn\till\tis,She knows that John is ill.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-192,29,Sy weet hy is siek.,Sy\tweet\thy\tis\tsiek.,2SG.F.NOM\tknows\t3SG.M.NOM\tis\till,She knows that he is ill.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-203,30,Djon sabe ma Maria sta duenti.,Djon\tsabe\tma=Maria\tsta\tduenti.,John\tknow\tCOMP=Mary\tbe\till,John knows that Mary is ill.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-204,30,Nhos sabe ma ten txeu animal ki ê más spértu ki algen?,Nhos=sabe\tma=ten\ttxeu\tanimal\tki\tê\tmás\tspértu\tki=algen?,2PL=know\tCOMP=have\tmany\tanimal\tCOMP\tbe\tmore\tintelligent\tthan=person,Do you know that there are a lot of animals who are more intelligent than people?,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-162,31,"Es sabe ma na kel tenpu, es tinha ses kazinha.","Es\tsabe\tma\tna\tkel\ttenpu,\tes\ttinha\tses\tkazinha.",they\tknow\tCOMP\tin\tthat\ttime\tthey\thad\ttheir\thome,"They know that during that time, they had their house.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-163,31,Bu sabe e se fidjadu.,Bu\tsabe\tØ\te\tse\tfidjadu.,you\tknow\tØ\the.is\this\tgodson,You know it is his godson.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-161,32,El sabê kma vida e difisil.,El\tsabê\tkma\tvida\te\tdifisil.,3SG\tknow\tCOMP\tlife\tCOP\tdifficult,She knows that life is difficult.,,,,elicited from speaker -32-162,32,El sabê vida e difisil.,El\tsabê\tØ\tvida\te\tdifisil.,3SG\tknow\tØ\tlife\tCOP\tdifficult,She knows life is difficult.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-188,33,N sibi kuma bu sta li.,N\tsibi\tkuma\tbu\tsta\tli.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG\tbe\there,I know that you are here.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-151,34,N sebé kumá i na beŋ.,N\tø\tsebé\tkumá\ti\tna\tbeŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tcome,I know that he will come.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-152,34,N sebé i na beŋ.,N\tø\tsebé\tø\ti\tna\tbeŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tcome,I know that he will come.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-212,35,Ê na ta sêbê kuma kwa sa pe dê fa.,Ê\tna\tta\tsêbê\tkuma\tkwa\tsa\tpe\tdê\tfa.,3SG\tNEG\tPST\tknow\tCOMP\tthing\tbe\tfather\t3SG.POSS\tNEG,He didn’t know that it was his father.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-213,35,A na ta sêbê ku ê sa mwala.,A\tna\tta\tsêbê\tku\tê\tsa\tmwala.,IMPRS\tNEG\tPST\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP\twoman,They didn’t know that it was a woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-214,35,[...] punda bô sêbê non ska deya-deya kwa se.,[...]\tpunda\tbô\tsêbê\tnon\tska\tdeya-deya\tkwa\tse.,[...]\tbecause\t2SG\tknow\t1PL\tPROG\tdesire\tthing\tDEM,[...] because you know we desire it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-133,36,[...] n vatxê ma ê bê r'ê.,[...]\tn\tvatxê\tma\tê\tbê\tr'ê.,[...]\t1SG\tbelieve\tCOMP\t3SG\tgo\tof=3SG,[...] I thought he had left.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-156,36,[...] alê [...] na ta ma ê tha Têtêuga me ki tha bisiru pena situ e thêka êndê turu kwa si ma ê thêka fa.,[...]\talê\t[...]\tna\tta\tma\tê\ttha\tTêtêuga\tme\tki\ttha\tbisiru\tpena\tsitu\te\tthêka\têndê\tturu\tkwa\tsi\tma\tê\tthêka\tfa.,[...]\tking\t[...]\tNEG\tknow\tCOMP\tEXPL\tbe\tturtle\tself\tREL\tbe\tdressed\tfeather\tanimal\tDEM\tPROG\thear\tall\tthing\tDEM\tREL\the\tPROG\tsay,"[...] the king [...] didn't know that it was Turtle himself who was covered with these feathers, hearing all what he was saying.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-166,37,[...] jingantxi n'umatu sêbê ya Mene bii poto.,[...]\tjingantxi\tna\tumatu\tsêbê\tya\tMene\tbii\tpoto.,[...]\tgiant\tLOC\tbushes\tknow\tCOMP\tMene\topen\tdoor,[...] the giant in the bushes knew that Mene had opened the door.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-167,37,[...] pa ê podi sêbê a sa ke foka li.,[...]\tpa\tê\tpodi\tsêbê\ta\tsa\tke\tfoka\tli.,[...]\tPURP\t3SG\tcan\tknow\tINDF\tPROG\tIPFV.go\thang\t3SG,[…] for him to know that they were going to hang him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-177,38,Fo desyise nge tudu sé fa bibi na sa patu d'ogó-f.,Fo\tdesyi-sai\tnge\ttudu\tsé\tfa\tbibi\tna\tsa\tpatu\tde-ogó-f.,since\tday-DEM\tperson\tall\tknow\tsay\tbibi\tNEG\tbe\tbird\tof-jungle-NEG,Since then everybody knows that bibi is not a jungle bird.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-178,38,M’ kele fa i ske bi odyiai.,Amu\tkele\tfa\teli\tske\tbi\todyia-ai.,1SG\tthink\tspeak\t3SG\tIRR\tcome\ttoday-ADV,I think that he will come today.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-163,39,Yo sabiŋ ki el tə fala Liza mem.,Yo\tsab-iŋ\tki\tel\ttə\tfal-a\tLiza\tmem.,1SG\tknow-PST\tCOMP\t3SG\tIPFV.NPST\tspeak-INF\tLiza\tEMPH,I knew that he would say LIZA.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-128,40,Elo sab yo lə ʋi.,Elo\tsab\tyo\tlə\tʋi.,they\tknow\t1SG\tFUT\tcome,They know I will come.,,,,constructed by linguist -40-129,40,Yo sab ki ʋɔ parmi lə mustra puris.,Yo\tsab\tki\tʋɔ\tparmi\tlə\tmustra\tpuris.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG.INFORMAL\t1SG.OBJ\tFUT\tshow\tCOMP,I know that you will show me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-130,40,Elo sab ki yo lə ʋi.,Elo\tsab\tki\tyo\tlə\tʋi.,They\tknow\tCOMP\t1SG\tFUT\tcome,They know that I will come.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-152,41,oondi tasirvii flaa nukusava,oondi\tta-sirvii\tfalaa\tnuku-sava,where\tPRS-work\tQUOT\tNEG-know,I don't know where he is working.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-153,41,eev nukusaba oondi taparaa falaatu,eev\tnuku-saba\toondi\tta-paraa\tfalaa-tu,1SG\tNEG-know\twhere\tPRS-live\tQUOT-PFV,I don't know where [you] live.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-155,41,kii jafaya falaa saba eli?,kii\tjaa-faya\tfalaa\tsaba\teli?,what\tPST-do\tQUOT\tknow\t3SG.M,Does he know what he did?,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-157,41,noos nukusaba eli batikalontu tiɲa falaatu,noos\tnuku-saba\teli\tbatikalo-ntu\ttiɲa\tfalaa-tu,1PL\tNEG-know\t3SG.M.NHON\tBatticaloa-LOC\tPST.be\tQUOT-PFV,We did not know he was in Batticaloa.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-158,41,sahadeevaraaja tiña nukusaba,sahadeevaraaja\ttiña\tnuku-saba,Sahadevaraja\tPST.be\tNEG-know,Don't [you] know Sahadevaraja was there?,,,,elicited from speaker -41-159,41,ravindran teem falaatu nukusaba,ravindran\tteem\tfalaa-tu\tnuku-saba,Ravindran\tPRS.be\tQUOT-PFV\tNEG-know,Don't you know Ravindran is there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-172,42,yo sabé eli teng akí,yo\tsabé\teli\tteng\takí,1SG\tknow\t3SG\thave\there,I know that he is here.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-115,43,Isti belu da sabe kung ile ki esta teng lugar [...].,Isti\tbelu\tda\tsabe\tkung\tile\tki\testa\tteng\tlugar\t[...].,this\told.man\tgive\tknow\tOBJ\t3SG\tCOMP\tDEM\tCOP\tplace\t[...],The old man told him that this was the place [...].,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-167,44,Mánga protestánti sábi ke ta bíbu Hesús.,Mánga\tprotestánti\tsábi\tke\tta\tbíbu\tHesús.,PL\tProtestant\tknow\tthat\tIPFV\talive\tJesus,Protestants know that Jesus is alive.,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-168,44,Sábi mótro ta bíbu Hesús.,Sábi\tmótro\tta\tbíbu\tHesús.,know\t1PL\tIPFV\talive\tJesus,We know (that) Jesus is alive.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-135,45,Sabe mi hermano que frio el agua.,Sabe\tmi\thermano\tque\tfrio\tel\tagua.,know\t1SG.POSS\tbrother\tthat\tcold\tDEF\twater,My brother knows that the water is cold.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-178,46,Sábe silá kay ay-bené le légu.,Sábe\tsilá\tkay\tay-bené\tle\tlégu.,know\tthey\tCOMP\tIRR-come\t3SG\tlater,They know that she will come later.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-179,46,Sábe silá ay-bené le légu.,Sábe\tsilá\tay-bené\tle\tlégu.,know\tthey\tIRR-come\t3\tsoon,They know that (s)he will come soon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-197,47,Mi sa kuantu esfuerso i sodó tin tras di un sombré outéntiko di Panamá.,Mi\tsa\tkuantu\tesfuerso\ti\tsodó\ttin\ttras\tdi\tun\tsombré\touténtiko\tdi\tPanamá.,1SG\tknow\thow.much\teffort\tand\tsweat\thave\tbehind\tof\tINDF\that\tauthentic\tof\tPanama,I know how much effort and sweat goes into an authentic Panama hat.,,,,literary or other written source -47-198,47,Mi sa ku e ta keda insistí te ora ku mi bisa ‘si’.,Mi\tsa\tku\te\tta\tkeda\tinsistí\tte\tora\tku\tmi\tbisa\t‘si’.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG\tTNS\tremain\tinsist\tuntil\thour\tCOMP\t1SG\tsay\tyes,I know that she will insist until I say 'yes'.,,,,literary or other written source -47-199,47,I no lubidá ku ‘junkfood’ ta mas barata tambe ku alimento salú.,I\tno\tlubidá\tku\t‘junkfood’\tta\tmas\tbarata\ttambe\tku\talimento\tsalú.,and\tNEG\tforget\tCOMP\tjunkfood\tCOP\tmore\tcheap\talso\tthan\tfood.item\thealthy,And don't forget that junkfood is also cheaper than healthy food.,,,,literary or other written source -48-171,48,¿Bo sabé-ba nu ke ele ta-ba enfemmo?,¿Bo\tsabé-ba\tnu\tke\tele\tta-ba\tenfemmo?,you\tknow-PST.PROG\tnot\tthat\the/she\tbe-PST.PROG\tsick,Did you not know that he/she was ill?,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-292,49,Nou konnen ou nan konplo. Pito w pale!,Nou\tkonnen\tou\tnan\tkonplo.\tPito\tw\tpale!,1PL\tknow\t2SG\tin\tconspiracy\trather\t2SG\tspeak,We know that you participate in a conspiracy. You had better confess!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-293,49,Nou konnen ke ou nan konplo.,Nou\tkonnen\tke\tou\tnan\tkonplo.,1PL\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG\tin\tconspiracy,We know that you are participating in a conspiracy.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-294,49,Dayè ou pa menm konnen ki nèg ke nèg la ye.,Dayè\tou\tpa\tmenm\tkonnen\tki\tnèg\tke\tnèg\tla\tye.,moreover\t2SG\tNEG\teven\tknow\tREL\tman\tCOMP\tman\tDEF\tPRO,Moreover you don't even know who that man is.,,,,naturalistic written -50-184,50,An sav i ni rézon.,An\tsav\ti\tni\trézon.,1SG\tknow\t3SG\tbe\tright,I know she is right.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-185,50,fò savé kè sa ki ni sé kè la lari té baré,fò\tsavé\tkè\tsa\tki\tni\tsé\tkè\tla\tlari\tté\tbaré,have.to\tknow\tthat\twhat\tthat\thave\tbe\tthat\tthere\tstreet\tPST\tblock,You should know that what happened was that the street was blocked there.,,,,unknown -51-157,51,Man sav i ni rézon.,Man\tsav\ti\tni\trézon.,1SG\tknow\t3SG\thave\tright,I know he is right.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-99,52,mo savé i ké vini,mo\tsavé\ti\tké\tvini,I\tknow\the\tMOOD\tcome,I know he will come.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-360,53,Mo cré to té di mouen to boi la rosé on zerbe.,Mo\tcré\tto\tté\tdi\tmouen\tto\tboi\tla\trosé\ton\tzerbe.,1SG\tthink\t2SG\tPST\ttell\t1SG\t2SG\tdrink\tART.DEF.SG\tdew\ton\tgrass,I thought you told me that you drank the dew on the grass.,,,,naturalistic written -53-361,53,Nou konne ena enn.,Nou\tkonne\tena\tenn.,1PL\tknow\tthere.is\tone,We know there is one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-362,53,Mo konne ye te gen chovaz ki res isi.,Mo\tkonne\t__\tye\tte\tgen\tchovaz\tki\tres\tisi.,1SG\tknow\t__\t3PL\tPST\thave\tIndian\tREL\tlive\there,I know there were Indians who lived here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-367,53,Mo krwa se myeu.,Mo\tkrwa\tse\tmyeu.,1SG\tbelieve\tit.is\tbetter,I think it's better.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-206,54,Mi kone k li la per.,Mi\tkone\tk\tli\tla\tper.,1SG.FIN\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG.FIN\thave\tfear,I know that he/she is afraid.,,,,constructed by linguist -54-207,54,Marmay lé kontan [...] i koné pa sa i manz de mounn sa.,Marmay\tle\tkontan\t[...]\ti\tkone\tpa\tØ\tsa\ti\tmanz\tdëmoun\tsa.,child\tCOP.PRS\thappy\t[...]\tFIN\tknow\tNEG\tØ\tthat.person\tFIN\teat\tpeople\tthat.person,The children are happy [...] they do not know that he eats people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-178,55,mo kóne li en kúyoṅ — *?Róber kóne Mári malád,mo\tkóne\tØ\tli\tØ\ten\tkúyoṅ\tRóber\tkóne\tØ\tMári\tØ\tmalád,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP\tINDF\tfool\tRobert\tknow\tCOMP\tMary\tCOP\till,I know he's a fool. — NOT: Robert knows Mary is ill.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-179,55,zot kone li en pe eṅsinifyaṅ li koṅtaṅ kriye,zot\tkone\tØ\tli\ten\tpe\teṅsinifyaṅ\tli\tkoṅtaṅ\tkriye,3PL\tknow\tØ\t3SG\ta\tbit\tannoying\t3SG\tlike\tcry,"They know that he is quite an annoying person, he likes to cry.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-182,56,"I mal, i konnen pourdir sa dizef pa pour son fanm, si femel i konnen sa dizef pa pour li!","I\tmal,\ti\tkonnen\tpourdir\tsa\tdizef\tpa\tpour\tson\tfanm,\tsi\tfemel\ti\tkonnen\tØ\tsa\tdizef\tpa\tpour\tli!",3SG\tmale\t3SG\tknow\tCOMP\tDEM\tegg\tNEG\tfor\tPOSS.3SG\twife\tif\tfemale\t3SG\tknow\tØ\tDEM\tegg\tNEG\tfor\ther,"The male, he knows that these eggs are not those of his mate, if it is the female, she knows (that) these eggs are not hers.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-183,56,Si femel i konnen sa dizef pa pour li!,Si\tfemel\ti\tkonnen\tØ\tsa\tdizef\tpa\tpour\tli!,if\tfemale\t3SG\tknow\tØ\tDEM\tegg\tNEG\tfor\ther,If it is the female she knows (that) these eggs are not hers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-184,56,"Pa konnen pourdir i pe mor, i 'n mor.","Pa\tkonnen\tpourdir\ti\tpe\tmor,\ti\t'n\tmor.",NEG\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG\tPROG\tdead/die\t3SG\tPRF\tdead/die,"One didn't know whether he was going to die, (but) he died.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-185,56,Mon konnen ki zot pe donn zot maksimonm.,Mon\tkonnen\tki\tzot\tpe\tdonn\tzot\tmaksimonm.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t2PL\tPROG\tgive\tPOSS.2PL\tmaximum,I know that you give your maximum.,,,,naturalistic written -56-186,56,Mon konnen ki papa i kot lakour.,Mon\tkonnen\tki\tpapa\ti\tkot\tlakour.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\tdaddy\tPM\tat\thome,I know that Daddy is at home.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-187,56,(...) i konnen pourdir sa dizef pa pour son fanm,(...)\ti\tkonnen\tpourdir\tsa\tdizef\tpa\tpour\tson\tfanm,(...)\t3SG\tknow\tCOMP\tDEM\tegg\tNEG\tfor\t3SG.POSS\tfemale,(...) He knows that these eggs are his mate's.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-188,56,"Ler ou konnen in ganny set zour, la ou ankese.","Ler\tou\tkonnen\tin\tganny\tset\tzour,\tla\tou\tankese.",when\t2SG\tknow\tPRF\thave\tseven\tday\tthen\t2SG\tput.into.boxes,"When you know that seven days are over, then you put [the eggs] into boxes.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-189,56,(...) dan tou sa ki nou fer mon konnen Seselwa i annan sa kapasite pour fer li byen (...),(...)\tdan\ttou\tsa\tki\tnou\tfer\tmon\tkonnen\tSeselwa\ti\tannan\tsa\tkapasite\tpour\tfer\tli\tbyen\t(...),(...)\tin\tall\tDEM\tREL\t1PL\tmake\t1SG\tknow\tSeychellois\tPM\thave\tDEM\tcapacity\tfor\tmake\tit\tgood\t(...),"(...) in everything that we do, I know that the Seychelles people have this capacity to make it good (...)",,,,naturalistic written -57-96,57,ma kone ke ta vja nde la-mba,ma\tkone\tke\tta\tvja\tnde\tla-mba,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG\tcome\tfrom\tthere,I know that you come from over there.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-159,57,ta pa kone ke se mater pu peti-la?,ta\tpa\tkone\tke\tse\tmater\tpu\tpeti-la?,2SG\tNEG\tknow\tCOMP\tPRESV\tmother\tPREP\tsmall-DEM/DEF,Don't you know that she is the mother of the small child?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-296,59,lo hinga atene ni eke wali,lo\thinga\ta-tene\tni\teke\twali,3SG\tknow\tPM-say\t3SG.LOG\tCOP\twoman,She knows that she's a woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-297,59,mbi ma atene mo mu koli ka,mbi\tma\ta-tene\tmo\tmu\tkoli\tka,1SG\thear\tPM-say\t2SG\ttake\tman\tthere,I hear that you got married over there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-298,59,i hinga ake yi ti mbito mingi,i\thinga\ta-yeke\tyi\tti\tmbito\tmingi,1PL\tknow\tPM-COP\tthing\tof\tfear\tmuch,We know that it is a terrible thing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-299,59,mbi ma tongana mo mu koli ape?,mbi\tma\ttongana\tmo\tmu\tkoli\tape?,1SG\thear\tlike\t2SG\ttake\tman\tNEG,Haven't I heard that you got married?,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-137,60,nayébí te ozalákí na ndáko,na-yéb-í\tte\to-zal-ákí\tna\tndáko,1SG-know-PRS.PRF\tCOMP\t2SG-be-PST\tin\thouse,I know that you were at home.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-138,60,nayébí ozalákí na ndáko,na-yéb-í\to-zal-ákí\tna\tndáko,1SG-know-PRS.PRF\t2SG-be-PST\tin\thouse,I know you were at home.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-104,61,Mina azi yena lo spukuspuk.,Mina\tazi\tyena\tlo\tspukuspuk.,I\tknow\the\tART\tfool,I know that he is a fool. OR: I know he's foolish.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-180,63,ómun áruf gal fí difan-á al gi-já,ómun\táruf\tgal\tfí\tdifan-á\tal\tgi-já,3PL\tknow\tsay\tEXIST\tguest-PL\tREL\tTAM-come,They know that there are guests who are coming.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-181,63,úmun árifu ágara Kurán,úmun\tárifu\tágara\tKurán,3PL\tknow\tread\tQuran,They know how to read the Quran.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-193,64,fi nas bifékir ínu ma kwes rája be ída áʃara,fi\tnas\tbi=fékir\tínu\tma\tkwes\trája\tbe\tída\táʃara,EXIST\tpeople\tIRR=think\tCOMP\tNEG\tgood\tcome.back\twith\thand\tten,There are people who think that it’s not good to come back empty-handed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-194,64,biníya de ma biárufu gále jamá de gekabasu úo,biníya\tde\tma\tbi=árufu\tgále\tjamá\tde\tge=kabasu\túo,girl\tDEM.PROX\tNEG\tIRR=know\tsay\tgroup\tDEM.PROX\tPROG=betray\t3SG,The girl doesn’t know that they betray her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-195,64,úo árifu fi móya fi mahál al gowanyát gekóre,úo\tárifu\tfi\tmóya\tfi\tmahál\tal\tgowany-át\tge=kóre,3SG\tknow\tEXIST\twater\tin\tplace\tREL\tfrog-PL\tPROG=cry,He knew that there was water at the place where the frogs were croaking.,,,,unknown -64-196,64,anína biágder árif hája de batál wa hája dak kwes,anína\tbi=ágder\tárif\thája\tde\tbatál\twa\thája\tdak\tkwes,1PL\tIRR=can\tknow\tthing\tDEM.PROX\tbad\tand\tthing\tDEM.DIST\tgood,We can know that this is bad and that is good.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-139,65,Tibe znaj udege nikada ni plati.,Tibe\tznaj\tudege\tnikada\tni\tplati.,2SG\tknow\tUdihe\tnever\tNEG\tpay,You know that Udihe never pay.,,,,citation in fiction -65-140,65,"Za naʃa znaʃa, tako budi.","Za\tnaʃa\tznaʃa,\ttako\tbudi.",TOP\t1PL\tknow\tso\tCOP.FUT,We knew that it would be so.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-111,66,Go biçaya dia Americaring edatang kəta.,Go\tbiçaya\tdia\tAmerica-ring\te-datang\tkəta.,1SG\tbelieve\t3SG\tAmerica-from\tPST-come\tCOMP,I think that he came from America.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-200,67,Ini orang tahu dia gemuk dia pigi beli satu buku.,Ini\torang\ttahu\tdia\tgemuk\tdia\tpigi\tbeli\tsatu\tbuku.,DEM\tperson\tknow\t3SG\tfat\t3SG\tgo\tbuy\tone\tbook,"This man, knowing he is fat, he went to buy a book.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-116,68,De tau beta batul.,De\ttau\tbeta\tbatul.,3SG\tknow\t1SG\tright,He knew I was right.,,,,constructed by linguist -70-72,70,Ham jano u nai sako.,Ham\tjano\tu\tnai\tsako.,1SG\tknow\t3SG\tNEG\tbe.able,I know he can't (do it).,,,,constructed by linguist -70-73,70,Ham nai jano u-loŋ skul paro ki nai.,Ham\tnai\tjano\tu-loŋ\tskul\tparo\tki\tnai.,1SG\tNEG\tknow\t3-PL\tschool\tstudy\tor\tNEG,I didn't know if they'd been to school or not.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-175,71,Wau manao oe kolohe kela lio wau.,Wau\tmanao\toe\tkolohe\tkela\tlio\twau.,1SG\tthink\t2SG\tinjure\tDET\thorse\t1SG.POSS,I think you injured my horse.,,,,naturalistic written -71-176,71,Wau ike iaia noho ma Hulaia.,Wau\tike\tiaia\tnoho\tma\tHulaia.,1SG\tknow\t3SG\tlive\tLOC\tHulaia,I know that he lives in Hulaia.,,,,naturalistic written -72-148,72,Yu nou wen yu warrkap nyanawu Dagaragungka.,Yu\tnou\twen\tyu\twarrkap\tnyanawu\tDagaragu-ngka.,2SG\tknow\tREL\t2SG\tdance\tDEM\tplace-LOC,You know when you danced at Daguragu that time.,,,ec7ef9c59ba5ff8e654f97fa70b89ce3,naturalistic spoken -73-101,73,kwanduchari Xwanga bininga no sabinichu,kwandu-chari\tXwan-ga\tbini-nga\tno\tsabi-ni-chu,when-IGN\tJohn-TOP\tcome-3SG.FUT\tnot\tknow-1-NEG,I do not know when John will come.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-102,73,no sabinichu Xwan binishkada,no\tsabi-ni-chu\tXwan\tbini-shka-da,NEG\tknow-1SG-NEG\tJuan\tcome-NMLZ-ACC,I don't know that John has come.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-140,74,náyka kámtaks máyka skúkum,náyka\tkámtaks\tmáyka\tskúkum,1SG\tknow\t2SG\tstrong,I know you’re strong.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-141,74,náyka kámtaks wihaláyt mákmak man,náyka\tkámtaks\twihaláyt\tmákmak\tman,1SG\tknow\tmonster\teat\tman,I know the monster is a cannibal.,,,,narrative -75-242,75,Robert kishkeehtam Mari eeyaahkoshiyit.,Robert\tkishkeeht-am\tMari\tee-aahkoshi-yi-t.,Robert\tknow.it-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tMary\tCOMP-be.ill-OBV-3,Robert knows that Mary is ill.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-244,75,Kaawaapahtamen enn grus nwaenzh kikishkeehtaen li tonoer chimishipahtaakushit.,Kaa-waapaht-am-en\tenn\tgrus\tnwaenzh\tki-kishkeeht-aen\tli\ttonoer\tchi-mishi-pahtaakushi-t.,COMP-see.it-3.OBJ-2.SBJ\tINDF.ART.F.SG\tbig\tcould\t2-know-3\tART.M.SG\tthunder\tCOMP.FUT-BIG-appear-3,"When you see a big cloud, you know that thunder will appear. OR: When you see a thunderhead you know we're in for a thunderstorm.",,,,naturalistic written -76-60,76,innuk ababa tusara awoña,innuk\tababa\ttusara\tawoña,man\tsay\tunderstand\tI,I know that a man is talking.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-237,1,Hem srefi no wanni go.,Ensrefi\tno\twani\tgo.,3SG.INTENS\tNEG\twant\tgo,He himself doesn't want to go.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-238,1,Da mastra a za wandi fo slibi nanga mi na netti.,Da\tmasra\ta\tsa\twani\tfo\tsribi\tnanga\tmi\tna\tneti.,DET.SG\tmaster\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\twant\tto\tsleep\twith\t1SG\tat\tnight,"The master, he will want to sleep with me in the night.",,,,written -2-255,2,Jan wani fu kisi moni.,Jan\twani\tfu\tkisi\tmoni.,Jan\twant\tINF\tget\tmoney,Jan wants to make money.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-138,3,Mi ké u nángo a Gaán-Gádo-kónde.,Mi\tké\tu\tnángo\ta\tGaán-Gádo-kónde.,1SG\thope\tfor\tASP.go\tLOC\theaven,I hope to go to heaven.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-139,3,A ké faa go.,A\tké\tfaa\tgo.,3SG\twant\tfor.3SG\tgo,He wants to go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-147,3,"I ké woóko, no?","I\tké\twoóko,\tno?",2SG\twant\twork\tQ.TAG,Do you want to work?,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-165,4,A e wani libi a bakaa.,A\te\twani\tlibi\ta\tbakaa.,he\tIPFV\twant\tlive\tLOC\tEurope,He wants to live in Europe / in an urban setting.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-170,5,mi waahn gu,mi\twaahn\tgu,1SG\twant\tgo,I want to go.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-103,6,Ah nuo allyuh wanna hear about de midget.,Ah\tnuo\tallyuh\twanna\thear\tabout\tde\tmidget.,1SG\tknow\t2PL\twant.to\thear\tabout\tDET\tmidget,I know that you want to hear about the midget.,,,,naturalistic written -7-235,7,Dem waan (fo) go.,Dem\twaan\t(fo)\tgo.,3PL\twant\t(for)\tgo,They want to go.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-148,8,Jan waahn fi gaa skuul.,Jan\twaahn\tfi\tgo-a\tskuul.,John\twant\tINF\tgo-to\tschool,John wants to go to school.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-183,9,Dey wan tek fu dem own dakta.,Dey\twan\ttek\tfu\tdem\town\tdakta.,3PL\twant\ttake\tfor\tthem\town\tdoctor,They want to take their own doctor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-226,10,An den dehn waahn kil Beda Naansi.,An\tden\tdehn\twaahn\tkil\tBeda\tNaansi.,and\tthen\t3PL\twant\tkill\tBrother\tAnansi,And then they wanted to kill Brother Anansi.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-299,11,Ai waa help mai famali.,Ai\twaa\thelp\tmai\tfamali.,1SG\twant\thelp\t1SG.POSS\tfamily,I want to help my family.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-175,13,Bot John ain wahn fa gree fa bactize Jedus.,Bot\tJohn\tain\twahn\tfa\tgree\tfa\tbactize\tJedus.,but\tJohn\tNEG.AUX\twant\tfor\tagree\tfor\tbaptize\tJesus,But John didn't want to agree to baptize Jesus. (Mt 3.14),,,,bible translation -14-134,14,They want to leave.,They\twant\tto\tleave.,they\twant\tto\tleave,They want to leave.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-129,15,wi wan wi pikin fɔ kam na os,wi\twan\twi\tpikin\tfɔ\tkam\tna\tos,1PL\twant\tour\tchild\tCOMP\tcome\tLOC\thouse,We want our child to come home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-144,16,à wan kɔmɔt nɔ frɔm dɛ [...] slipin ples,à\twan\tkɔmɔt\tnɔ\tfrɔm\tdɛ\t[...]\tslipin\tples,1SG\twant\tcome.out\tFOC\tfrom\tART\t[...]\tsleeping\tplace,I wanted to leave the sleeping place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-168,17,À want go tawn.,À\twant\tgo\ttawn.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tgo\ttown,I want to go to town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-169,17,À want se mek à go tawn.,À\twant\tse\tmek\tà\tgo\ttawn.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tCOMP\tSBJV\t1SG.SBJ\tgo\ttown,I want to go to town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-152,18,Pasto wan preya fo yu.,Pasto\twan\tpreya\tfo\tyu.,pastor\twant\tpray\tfor\tyou,The pastor would like to pray for you.,,,,published source -18-153,18,A wan se mek a go fo maket.,A\twan\tse\tmek\ta\tgo\tfo\tmaket.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tCOMP\tmake\t1SG.SBJ\tgo\tfor\tmarket,I want to go to the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-154,18,Dan wan bi president fo America.,Dan\twan\tbi\tpresident\tfo\tAmerica.,Dan\twant\tCOP\tpresident\tfor\tAmerica,Dan wants/would like to be the President of the United States.,,,,unspecified -18-155,18,A wan go fo maket.,A\twan\tgo\tfo\tmaket.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tgo\tfor\tmarket,I want to go to the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-190,19,"ɛ̀f yù want baba, yù want go nà peluqueria go kɔt yù hia.","ɛ̀f\tyù\twant\tbaba,\tyù\twant\tgo\tnà\tpeluqueria\tgo\tkɔt\tyù\thia.",if\t2SG\twant\tcut.hair\t2SG\twant\tgo\tLOC\thairdresser\tgo\tcut\t2SG\thair,"If you want to 'baba', you want to go to the hairdresser’s in order to cut your hair.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-191,19,À want mek à go de tumara.,À\twant\tmek\tà\tgo\tde\ttumara.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tSBJV\t1SG.SBJ\tgo\tthere\ttomorrow,I want to go there tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-134,20,My wantchee cut he wagee.,My\twantchee\tcut\the\twagee.,1SG\twant\tcut\t3SG.POSS\twage,I wanted to cut his wages.,,,,naturalistic written -21-136,21,I also want to go.,I\talso\twant\tto\tgo.,1SG\talso\twant\tto\tgo,I also want to go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-169,22,Mi laik go kamap olsem heavy diesel fitter.,Mi\tlaik\tgo\tkamap\tolsem\theavy\tdiesel\tfitter.,1SG\tlike\tgo\tarrive\tthus\theavy\tdiesel\tfitter,I would like to be a heavy diesel fitter.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-155,23,tingting blong mi mi wantem wok tumas,ting~ting\tblong\tmi\tmi\twantem\twok\ttumas,think~think\tPOSS\t1SG\t1SG\twant\twork\tvery,My thinking was I wanted to work really badly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-174,24,Nor gut any government nor wunt fe hawe one complete database.,Nor\tgut\tany\tgovernment\tnor\twunt\tfe\thawe\tone\tcomplete\tdatabase.,NEG\texist\tany\tgovernment\tNEG\twant\tCOMP\thave\tDET.INDF\tcomplete\tdatabase,There is no government that wouldn't like to have a complete database.,,,,internet chatroom -25-319,25,"Yu telim olabat hau yu wana seiv thet taka, fo yuself.","Yu\ttel-im\tolabat\thau\tyu\twana\tseiv\tthet\ttaka,\tfo\tyuself.",2SG\ttell-TR\t3PL\thow\t2SG\twant.to\tsave\tDEM\ttucker\tfor\tyourself,You tell them how you want to save that food for yourself.,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-320,25,"Lukat, hi wana teikim dijey.","Lukat,\thi\twana\tteik-im\tdij-ey.",look.out\t3SG\twant\ttake-TR\tPROX-way,"Look out, he wants to take it this way!",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-321,25,Ai wana go tharrei pleibat kad.,Ai\twana\tgo\ttharr-ei\tplei-bat\tkad.,1SG\twant\tgo\tDIST-DIR\tplay-PROG\tcard,I want to go over there to play cards.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-110,26,da gaɪ laɪg meɪg hambag,da\tgaɪ\tlaɪg\tmeɪg\thambag,ART\tguy\tDESID\tmake\ttrouble,The guy wanted to make trouble.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-164,28,o wa sukwa bif mɛt bɛri beki,o\twa\tsuku-a\tbifi\tmɛtɛ\tbɛri\tbeki,3SG\tPST\twant-IPFV\ttalk\twith\tBerry\tlittle,She wanted to talk with Berry a little.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-165,28,gavna ma suka fi nimi hosa ju kriktɛkɛ,gavna\tma\tsuku-a\tfi\tnimi\thoso\tso\tju\tkriki-tɛ\tɛkɛ,Governor\tIRR\twant-IPFV\tfor\tknow\thow\tFOC\t2SG\tget-PFV\t1SG,Governor will want to know how you got me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-193,29,Jan wil jou roman lees.,Jan\twil\tjou\troman\tlees.,John\twants\t2SG.POSS\tnovel\tread.INF,John wants to read your novel.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-205,30,Manhan N kre bai ti sidádi di Práia pa N bá bende un kabritu.,Manhan\tN=kre\tbai\tti=sidádi\tdi=Práia\tpa=N=bá\tbende\tun=kabritu.,tomorrow\t1SG=want\tgo\tup.to=town\tof=Praia\tfor=1SG=go\tsell\ta=kid,"Tomorrow, I want to go to the town of Praia (in order) to sell a kid.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-164,31,"Ma dja nhos kre brinka-l, mas el sta di mas pa nhos.","Ma\tdja\tnhos\tkre\tbrinka-l,\tmas\tel\tsta\tdi\tmas\tpa\tnhos.",but\tCOMPL\tyou\twant\tplay-it\tbut\tit\tis\tof\tmuch\tfor\tyou,"But you want to play with it; however, it is too much for you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-163,32,El krê bai.,El\tkrê\tbai.,3SG\twant\tgo,He wants to go.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-189,33,N’misti bay.,N’misti\tbay.,1SG.want\tgo,I want to go.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-190,33,N’misti pa n’bay.,N’misti\tpa\tn’bay.,1SG.want\tthat\t1SG.go,I wish I could go.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-153,34,I mesté bay kasa.,I\tø\tmesté\tbay\tkasa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\twant\tgo\thouse,He/she wants to go home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-215,35,Sun na mêsê pa sun be ku mosu se fô?,Sun\tna\tmêsê\tpa\tsun\tbe\tku\tmosu\tse\tf=ô?,2SG\tNEG\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tgo\twith\tboy\tDEM\tNEG=PCL,Don’t you want to go with the boy?,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-216,35,N mêsê pa n fada nanse ũa kwa.,N\tmêsê\tpa\tn\tfada\tnanse\tũa\tkwa.,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t1SG\ttell\t2PL\ta\tthing,I want to tell you something.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-217,35,Bô mêsê laba mon?,Bô\tmêsê\tlaba\tmon?,2SG\twant\twash\thand,Do you want to wash your hands?,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-134,36,Ê mêthê m’me ũa kwa rosi.,Ê\tmêthê\tm’me\tũa\tkwa\trosi.,3SG\twant\teat\tone\tthing\tsweet,He wants to eat something sweet.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-135,36,Ê1 mêthê p’ê1 m’me ũa kwa rosi.,Ê\tmêthê\tpa\tê\tm'me\tũa\tkwa\trosi.,3SG\twant\tthat\t3SG\teat\tone\tthing\tsweet,He wants to eat something sweet.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-168,37,[…] ê1 mêsê p'êi kaba meze pimyô.,[...]\tê\tmêsê\tpa\tê\tkaba\tmeze\tpimyô.,[...]\t3SG\twant\tCOMP\t3SG\tfinish\ttable\tfirst,[…] he wanted to finish the table first.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-169,37,"Kompwe, m mêsê we ki me za.","Kompwe,\tm\tmêsê\twe\tki\tme\tza.",fellow\t1SG\twant\tgo\tPOSS\tPOSS.1SG\talready,"My friend, I want to leave now.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-170,37,"Kompwe, m mêsê we ki me za.","Kompwe,\tm\tmêsê\twe\tki\tme\tza.",friend\t1SG\twant\tgo\tPOSS\tPOSS.1SG\talready,"My friend, I want to leave now.",,,,naturalistic spoken -38-179,38,M’ en ngo fe-f.,Amu\tna\tngo\tfé-f.,1SG\tNEG\twant\tmake-NEG,I do not want to do it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-164,39,El kɛr tuma interview.,El\tkɛr\ttum-a\t.,3SG\twant.NPST\ttake-INF\tinterview,He wants to make an interview.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-131,40,Pelo kadz pərət anda kere.,Pelo\tkadz\tpərət\tanda\tkere.,OBJ.3PL\thouse\tback\tgo\twant/need,They want/need to go back home.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-160,41,noospa avara gitaarpa um pesaam kera,noos-pa\tavara\tgitaar-pa\tuŋ\tpesaam\tkera,1PL-DAT\tnow\tguitar-DAT\tone\tperson\twant.,Now we need a person for the guitar.,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-161,41,tɔɔna pintuura kera pegaa?,tɔɔna\tpintuura\tkera\tpegaa?,afterwards\tpicture\twant/VOL\ttake,"So, do you want to take a picture? / So, are you going to take a picture?",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-162,41,"etuspa kapstaayley noos kera mustraa kamfalaa, noos mesprenda","[etus-pa\tkapstaay=ley\tnoos\tkera\tmustraa\tkam-falaa],\tnoos\tmes-prenda",[3PL.HON-DAT\tcleverness=like\t1PL\twant/VOL\tshow\tCOND-say]\t1PL\tOBLIG-study,"If we want to/are going to demonstrate cleverness to them (i.e. the government), we must study.",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-173,42,yo keré bai kaza,yo\tkeré\tbai\tkaza,1SG\twant\tgo\thouse,I want to go home.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-116,43,[...] kantu kere da akel ondra kung eo por chega minya djuntu.,[...]\tkantu\tkere\tda\takel\tondra\tkung\teo\tpor\tchega\tminya\tdjuntu.,[...]\tif\twant\tgive\tthat\thonour\tOBJ\t1SG\tPURP\tarrive\tPOSS.1SG\ttogether,[...] [ask] whether he wants to give me the honour of visiting me.,,,,pedagogical grammar -45-136,45,Quiere yo toma agua.,Quiere\tyo\ttoma\tagua.,want\t1SG\tdrink\twater,I want to drink water.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-180,46,Kyére tu komé?,Kyére\ttu\tkomé?,want\tyou\teat,Do you want to eat?,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-181,46,Kyére 'le komé.,Kyére\t'le\tkomé.,want\ts/he\teat,S/he wants to eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-200,47,Hulanda no ke paga sierto debenan di gobièrnu.,Hulanda\tno\tke\tpaga\tsierto\tdebe\tnan\tdi\tgobièrnu.,Holland\tNEG\twant\tpay\tcertain\tdebt\tPL\tof\tgovernment,Holland does not want to pay certain government debts.,,,,literary or other written source -48-172,48,I kelé bae.,I\tkelé\tbae.,I\twant\tgo,I want to go.,,,,constructed by linguist -48-173,48,¡Ma uto kelé bae nu!,¡Ma\tuto\tkelé\tbae\tnu!,PL\tother\twant\tgo\tnot,The others don't want to go/leave!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-295,49,Mwen vle pou m marye ak ou.,Mwen\tvle\tpou\tm\tmarye\tak\tou.,1SG\twant\tfor\t1SG\tmarry\twith\t2SG,I want to get married to you.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-296,49,M vle diri pou m manje.,M\tvle\tdiri\tpou\tm\tmanje.,1SG\twant\trice\tfor\t1SG\teat,It is rice I want to eat. OR: I want to eat rice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-298,49,Li vle manje.,Li\tvle\tmanje.,3SG\twant\teat,He/She wants to eat.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-186,50,An vlé pati.,An\tvlé\tpati.,1SG\twant\tleave,I want to leave.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-158,51,Man lé pati.,Man\tlé\tpati.,1SG\twant\tleave,I want to leave.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-100,52,Marie vlé pati,Marie\tvlé\tpati,Mary\twant\tleave,Mary wants to go.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-363,53,Huey P. Long t ole ède le moun koulèr.,Huey\tP.\tLong\tt\tole\tède\tle\tmoun\tkoulèr.,Huey\tP.\tLong\tPST\twant\thelp\tART.DEF.PL\tperson\tcolour,Huey P. Long wanted to help the coloured people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-364,53,Si to olé vini padna no va fouyé ein pi.,Si\tto\tolé\tvini\tpadna\tno\tva\tfouyé\tein\tpi.,if\t2SG\twant\tbecome\tfriend\t1PL\tFUT\tdig\tART.INDF\twell,"If you want to be my friend, we will dig a well.",,,,naturalistic written -54-209,54,Li vé rantr son kaz bonn er.,Li\tve\trant\tson\tkaz\tbonner.,3SG.FIN\twant\tgo.back\tPOSS.3SG\thouse\tearly,He wants to get back to his house early.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-180,55,mo 'le ale — mo aṅvi ale,mo 'le ale — mo aṅvi ale,1SG want go   1SG want go,I want to go. — I want to go.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-190,56,Mon anvi ale.,Mon\tanvi\tale.,1SG\twant\tgo,I want to go.,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-97,57,la ule vja,la\tule\tvja,3SG\twant\tcome,He wants to come.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-160,57,ma ule mbwar ndite,ma\tule\tmbwar\tndite,1SG\twant\tdrink\ttea,I want to drink tea.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-120,58,Tata zola nge tinda yandi mbongo.,Tata\tzola\tnge\ttinda\tyandi\tmbongo.,father\twant\t2SG\tsend\t3SG\tmoney,Father wants you to send him money.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-301,59,tona mo yi ti te [...],tongana\tmo\tyi\tti\tte\t[...],if\t2SG\twant\tof\teat\t[...],If you want to eat [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-302,59,mbi yi mbi gwe,mbi\tyi\tmbi\tgwe,1SG\twant\t1SG\tgo,I want to go.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-303,59,ai (ti) tene,a-yi\t(ti)\ttene,PM-want\t(to)\tsay,he/she wants to say,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-304,59,(mo) i (yi) ti baa so [...],(mo)\tyi\tti\tbaa\tso\t[...],(2SG)\twant\tto\tsee\tthus\t[...],and then [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -59-305,59,lo (yi) ti pika lo [...],lo\t(yi)\tti\tpika\tlo\t[...],3SG\t(want)\tto\thit\t3SG\t[...],He wanted to hit him [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-306,59,mbi ka ngasa titene futa lapoo,mbi\tka\tngasa\ttitene\tfuta\tlapoo,1SG\tsell\tgoat\tin.order.to\tpay\ttax,I sold a goat to pay the tax.,,,,elicited from speaker -60-139,60,alingí kokenda,a-ling-í\tko-kend-a,3SG-want-PRS.PRF\tINF-go-FV,He wants to go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-140,60,alingí ákenda,a-ling-í\tá-kend-a,3SG-want-PRS.PRF\t3SG.SBJV-go-FV,He wants to go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-105,61,Yena funa lo dodan ga yena ga buya khaya.,Yena\tfuna\tlo\tdodan\tga\tyena\tga\tbuya\tkhaya.,she\twants\tART\tson\tPOSS\tshe\tINF\tcome\thome,She wants her son to come home.,,,,constructed by linguist -62-90,62,sidúmu kuká,si-dumu\tku-ka,1SG:NEG-want\t15-leave,I don't want to leave.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-182,63,ána ázu revive dolúka,ána\tázu\trevive\tdolúka,1SG\twant\trevive\tdoluka,I want to revive the doluka (dance).,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-197,64,ána kan déru áynu akú tái,ána\tkan\tdéru\táynu\takú\ttái,1SG\tANT\twant\tsee\tbrother\tPOSS.1SG,I wanted to see my brother.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-198,64,ána déru rája le béled,ána\tdéru\trája\tle\tbéled,1SG\twant\tcome.back\tto\tcountry,I want to come back to my country.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-199,64,ána áju rúa istákal fi urúbba,ána\táju\trúa\tistákal\tfi\turúbba,1SG\twant\tgo\twork\tin\tEurope,I want to go to work in Europe.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-200,64,ínna der árufu ʃunú fi fi sénter,ínna\tder\tárufu\tʃunú\tfi\tfi\tsénter,1PL\twant\tknow\twhat\tEXIST\tin\tcentre,We want to know what is happening in the town centre.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-141,65,Iwo ne xoʧu fanza ʒiwi.,Iwo\tne\txoʧu\tfanza\tʒiwi.,3SG\tNEG\twant\thouse\tlive,He does not want to live in a house.,,,,citation in fiction -65-142,65,Moja ʃibəkə xoʧu kuʃaj.,Moja\tʃibəkə\txoʧu\tkuʃaj.,1SG\tvery.much\twant\teat,I am very hungry.,,,,citation in fiction -67-201,67,Kita mao hormat dia la.,Kita\tmao\thormat\tdia\tla.,1PL\twant\trespect\t3SG\tPCL,We want to respect him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-117,68,"Kalo ana ana dong pung rambu mau panjang itu, potong rambu itu.","Kalo\tana~ana\tdong\tpung\trambu\tmau\tpanjang\titu,\tpotong\trambu\titu.",if\tPL~child\t3PL\tPOSS\thair\twant\tlong\tDEM\tcut\thair\tDEM,"If children want to have long hair, cut off their hair.",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-69,69,ama nan kandək ira namban wan anak,ama\tnan\tkandək\tira\tnamban\twa-n\tanak,1SG\tthere\tOBL\tdance\tDAT\tgo-FUT\tCOP,I want to go dance over there.,,,,elicited from speaker -71-177,71,Wau aole makemake kuai keia moa.,Wau\taole\tmakemake\tkuai\tkeia\tmoa.,1SG\tNEG\twant\tsell\tthis\tchicken,I do not want to sell this chicken.,,,,naturalistic written -73-103,73,manchanidami killanan amida,manchani-da-mi\tkilla-na-n\tami-da,terribly-ACC-AFF\tlazy-DESID-3\t1SG.OBJ-ACC,I feel like being terribly lazy.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-142,74,yáka tq’iχ yáka mákmak uláli,yáka\ttq’iχ\tyáka\tmákmak\tuláli,3SG\twant\t3SG\teat\tberry,He wants to eat berries.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-143,74,yáka tq’iX tl’ap lêmuto,yáka\ttq’iX\ttl’ap\tlêmuto,3SG\twant\tfind\tsheep,he wished to find sheep,,,,narrative -75-245,75,Kimaaton eewiituhteeyin la dans.,Ki-maato-n\tee-wii-ituhtee-yin\tla\tdans.,2-cry-2\tCOMP-want-go-2\tART.F.SG\tdance,You are crying because you want to go to the dance.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-246,75,Kiiwiikiiweew.,Kii-wii-kiiwee-w.,PST-want-go.home-3,He wanted to go home.,,,,naturalistic written -75-247,75,Nuuhteepuuyuuw sa job uhchi.,Nuuhtee-puuyuu-w\tsa\tjob\tuhchi.,want-quit-3\t3.POSS.F\tjob\tfrom,She wants to resign from her job.,,,,naturalistic written -76-61,76,innitin picuktu,innitin\tpicuktu,sit\twant,I want to sit down. OR: He wants to sit down.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-62,76,kilamik navikta pĭcuktu,kilamik\tnavikta\tpĭcuktu,quickly\tbreak\twant,It wants to break quickly. OR: It is brittle.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-63,76,nuna elekta awoña picuktu,nuna\telekta\tawoña\tpicuktu,land\tgo\tI\twant,I want to go ashore.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-239,1,"A membre, hem de wan biggisanni.","A\tmemre,\ten\tde\twan\tbigisani.",3SG.SBJ\tthink\t3SG\tCOP\tINDF.SG\tbig.thing,He thinks he is a big shot.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-240,1,Mi wandi joe za trom hosse homan na plessi Aurora.,Mi\twani\tyu\tsa\ttron\toso-uma\tna\tpresi\tAurora.,1SG\twant\t2SG\tFUT\tbecome\thouse-maid\tLOC\tplace\tAurora,"I want you to become housemaid, instead of Aurora (lit. I want that you become housemaid, instead of Aurora).",,,,written -2-256,2,Yu denki taki na ala sma o gi bun sani.,Yu\tdenki\ttaki\tna\tala\tsma\to\tgi\tbun\tsani.,you\tthink\tthat\tCOP\tevery\tperson\twill\tgive\tgood\tthing,You think that everyone will give good (spirits).,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-257,2,Dati ede den no wani mi taki.,Dati\tede\tden\tno\twani\tmi\ttaki.,that\thead\tthey\tNEG\twant\tI\ttalk,Therefore they don't want me to talk.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-258,2,Mi denki yu kaba nanga en.,Mi\tdenki\tyu\tkaba\tnanga\ten.,I\tthink\tyou\tfinish\twith\tit,I thought you were done with it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-140,3,A ke faa kisi di ogifou a matu.,A\tke\tfaa\tkisi\tdi\togifou\ta\tmatu.,3SG\twant\tfor.3SG\tcatch\tDEF.SG\towl\tLOC\tjungle,He wants him to catch the owl in the jungle.,,,,elicited from speaker -3-141,3,M'é tá méni táa a ó kó amanjá.,M'=é\ttá\tméni\ttáa\ta\tó\tkó\tamanjá.,1SG=NEG\tASP\tthink\tsay\t3SG\tMOOD\tcome\ttomorrow,I don't think he will come tomorrow.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-166,4,A be wani (fu) leli a koni fu a bakaa.,A\tbe\twani\t(fu)\tleli\ta\tkoni\tfu\ta\tbakaa.,he\tPST\twant\t(for)\tlearn\tDET.SG\tclever\tPOSS\tDET.SG\toutsider,He wanted to learn the wisdom of the white people.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-167,4,"En den e denki taki pe u de ya, u abi sama.","En\tden\te\tdenki\ttaki\tpe\tu\tde\tya,\tu\tabi\tsama.",and\tthey\tIPFV\tthink\tsay\twhere\twe\tCOP\there\twe\thave\tpeople,"And they think that where we are, we have [lots of] people.",,,,naturalistic spoken -4-168,4,A wani (fu) en boy kon tan anga en.,A\twani\t(fu)\ten\tboy\tkon\ttan\tanga\ten.,she\twant\t(for)\ther\tboy\tcome\tstay\twith\ther,She wants her son to come and stay with her.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -5-171,5,ii tingk se ii piknin de hoom,ii\ttingk\tse\tii\tpiknin\tde\thoom,3SG\tthink\tCOMP\ther\tson\tLOC.PRED\thome,She thinks that her son is at home.,,,,constructed by linguist -5-172,5,ii waahn ii pikniin fo de hoom,ii\twaahn\tii\tpikniin\tfo\tde\thoom,3SG\twant\t3SG.POSS\tchild\tto\tLOC.PRED\thome,She wants her child to be at home.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-104,6,Ah know some of allyuh tink is only TNT ah talking about.,Ah\tknow\tsome\tof\tallyuh\ttink\tis\tonly\tTNT\tah\ttalking\tabout.,1SG\tknow\tsome\tof\t2PL\tthink\tis\tonly\tTNT\t1SG\ttalk.PROG\tabout,I know that some of you think that I am only talking about TNT (Trinidad and Tobago).,,,,naturalistic written -6-132,6,Ah want allyuh to tell me.,Ah\twant\tallyuh\tto\ttell\tme.,I\twant\tyou\tto\ttell\tme,I want you to tell me.,,,, -7-70,7,Dem waan mi (fo) go jeil.,Dem\twaan\tmi\t(fo)\tgo\tjeil.,3PL\twant\t1SG\t(for)\tgo\tjail,They want me to go to jail.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-236,7,If yo tingk (dat) a lai fain.,If\tyo\ttingk\t(dat)\ta\tlai\tfain.,if\t2SG\tthink\t(that)\t1SG\tlie\tfine,"If you think I am lying, fine.",,,,naturalistic spoken -7-237,7,Hu yo tingk se so?,Hu\tyo\ttingk\tse\tso?,who\tSBJ\tthink\tsay\tso,Who do you think said that?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-149,8,Mi tingk se yu de tel mi lai.,Mi\ttingk\tse\tyu\tde\ttel\tmi\tlai.,1SG\tthink\tCOMP\t2SG\tPROG\ttell\t1SG\tlie,I think you are lying to me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-150,8,Mi waahn yu fi tek a gud luk.,Mi\twaahn\tyu\tfi\ttek\ta\tgud\tluk.,1SG\twant\t2SG\tINF\ttake\tINDF\tgood\tlook,I want you to take a good look.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-184,9,Yu no wan a pul wan fu yu?,Yu\tno\twan\ta\tpul\twan\tfu\tyu?,2SG\tNEG\twant\t1SG\tpull\tone\tfor\tyou,Don't you want me to get one for you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-227,10,Mi tink se da wan gud ting.,Mi\ttink\tse\tda\twan\tgud\tting.,1SG\tthink\tCOMP\tDEM\tART.INDF\tgood\tthing,I think that's a good thing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-228,10,Ihn waahn evribady fi get hapi.,Ihn\twaahn\tevri-bady\tfi\tget\thapi.,3SG\twant\tevery-body\tCOMP\tget\thappy,He wants everybody to become happy.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-229,10,Ihn waahn ihn vais fi kom fain.,Ihn\twaahn\tihn\tvais\tfi\tkom\tfain.,3SG\twant\t3SG.POSS\tvoice\tCOMP\tcome\tfine,He wanted his voice to sound nice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-230,10,Ihn tink se ihn son de huom.,Ihn\ttink\tse\tihn\tson\tde\thuom.,3SG\tthink\tCOMP\t3SG.POSS\tson\tCOP.LOC\thome,She thinks that her son is at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-231,10,Ihn waahn ihn son fi stan huom.,Ihn\twaahn\tihn\tson\tfi\tstan\thuom.,3SG\twant\t3SG.POSS\tson\tCOMP\tstand\thome,She wants her son to stay at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-300,11,Shi tink se iz shi.,Shi\ttink\tse\tiz\tshi.,3SG.F\tthink\tCOMP\tCOP.PRS\t3SG.F,She thought it was her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-301,11,Shi mi tink ih son mi huom.,Shi\tmi\ttink\tih\tson\tmi\thuom.,3SG.F\tPST\tthink\t3SG.POSS\tson\tPST\thome,She thought her son was at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-302,11,Dem waa di dakta an ih waif fa daans.,Dem\twaa\tdi\tdakta\tan\tih\twaif\tfa\tdaans.,3PL\twant\tART.DEF\tdoctor\tand\t3SG.POSS\twife\tCOMP\tdance,They wanted the doctor and his wife to dance.,,,,naturalistic written -11-303,11,Shi mi waa fu ih son go huom.,Shi\tmi\twaa\tfu\tih\tson\tgo\thuom.,3SG.F\tPST\twant\tCOMP\t3SG.POSS\tson\tgo\thome,She wanted her son to go home.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-304,11,Dei waahn di mama main di beebi.,Dei\twaahn\tdi\tmama\tmain\tdi\tbeebi.,3PL\twant\tART.DEF\tmother\tmind\tART.DEF\tbaby,They want their mothers to mind their babies.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-245,12,One of these time - you want me go with you one of these time?,[...]\tyou\twant\tme\tgo\t[...]?,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\twant\t1SG.OBJ\tgo\t[...],[...] you want me to go [with you] [...]?,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-246,12,I think he ride for someone.,I\tthink\the\tride\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\tthink\t3SG.M.SBJ\tride\t[...],I think he rides [[horse races] for someone].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-247,12,I think he 'bout old as me.,I\tthink\the\t'bout\told\tas\tme.,1SG.SBJ\tthink\t3SG.M.SBJ\tabout\told\tas\tme,I think he’s about my age.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-248,12,"So - when he came back off the boat, right, no - his wife - his wife - his wife didn't want no one pick the fig - the - the fig off the tree.",[...]\this\twife\tdidn't\twant\tno\tone\tpick\tthe\tfig\t[...].,[...]\t3SG.POSS\twife\tNEG.PST\twant\tno\tone\tpick\tART\tfig[PL]\t[...],[...] his wife didn’t want anyone to pick the figs [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-176,13,Ya mus dohn tink say dat A come fa git rid ob de Law wa God gii Moses.,Ya\tmus\tdohn\ttink\tsay\tdat\tA\tcome\tfa\tgit\trid\tob\tde\tLaw\twa\tGod\tgii\tMoses.,you\tmust\tdon't\tthink\tCOMP\tCOMP\tI\tcome\tfor\tget\trid\tof\tthe\tlaw\twhat\tGod\tgive\tMoses,You must not think that I came to get rid of the law that God gave Moses. (Mt 5.17),,,,bible translation -13-177,13,E ain wahn nobody fa know e dey.,E\tain\twahn\tnobody\tfa\tknow\te\tdey.,3SG\tNEG.AUX\twant\tnobody\tto\tknow\t3SG\tthere,He doesn't want anybody to know he is there. (Mk 7.24),,,,bible translation -14-135,14,Bruce thinks that his book is on the table.,Bruce\tthinks\tthat\this\tbook\tis\ton\tthe\ttable.,Bruce\tthinks\tthat\this\tbook\tis\ton\tthe\ttable,Bruce thinks that his book is on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-136,14,Bruce wants his book to be on the table.,Bruce\twants\this\tbook\tto\tbe\ton\tthe\ttable.,Bruce\twants\this\tbook\tto\tbe\ton\tthe\ttable,Bruce wants his book to be on the table.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-130,15,a mɛmba se dɛm bin win loto,a\tmɛmba\tse\tdɛm\tbin\twin\tloto,1SG\tthink\tCOMP\t3PL\tPST\twin\tlottery,I thought that they won the lottery.,,,,naturalistic written -16-145,16,à tiŋk se jɔ noz sɛf ì dè hiɛ sɔmtiŋ,à\ttiŋk\tse\tjɔ\tnoz\tsɛf\tì\tdè\thiɛ\tsɔmtiŋ,1SG.SBJ\tthink\tCOMP\t2SG.POSS\tnose\tFOC\t3SG.SBJ\tPROG\tsmell\tsomething,I think that even your nose is smelling something.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-146,16,à wɔn se dè gò kam fiks àm,à\twɔn\tse\tdè\tgò\tkam\tfiks\tàm,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t3PL\tFUT\tcome\tfix\t3SG.OBJ,I want them to come and fix it.,,,,elicited from speaker -17-170,17,À tink se dè̱m go tawn.,À\ttink\tse\tdè̱m\tgo\ttawn.,1SG.SBJ\tthink\tCOMP\t3PL.SBJ\tgo\ttown,I think that they went to town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-171,17,À want se mek dè̱m go tawn.,À\twant\tse\tmek\tdè̱m\tgo\ttawn.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tCOMP\tSBJV\t3PL.SBJ\tgo\ttown,I want them to go to town.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-156,18,A tin se dem go fo maket.,A\ttin\tse\tdem\tgo\tfo\tmaket.,1SG.SBJ\tthink\tCOMP\t3PL.SBJ\tgo\tfor\tmarket,I think they went to the market.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-157,18,Yu tin se yu papa go kom fo Douala?,Yu\ttin\tse\tyu\tpapa\tgo\tkom\tfo\tDouala?,2SG.SBJ\tthink\tCOMP\t2SG.POSS\tfather\tgo\tcome\tfor\tDouala,Do you think that your father will come to Douala?,,,,elicited from speaker -18-158,18,Yu wan se mek yu papa kom fo Douala?,Yu\twan\tse\tmek\tyu\tpapa\tkom\tfo\tDouala?,2SG.SBJ\twant\tCOMP\tmake\t2SG.POSS\tfather\tcome\tfor\tDouala,Do you want your father to come to Douala?,,,,elicited from speaker -19-192,19,À bìn chɛk se ren gò fɔl.,À\tbìn\tchɛk\tse\tren\tgò\tfɔl.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tthink\tQUOT\train\tPOT\train.,I thought it might rain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-193,19,À want mek yù du mi sɔ̀n febɔ.,À\twant\tmek\tyù\tdu\tmi\tsɔ̀n\tfebɔ.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tSBJV\t2SG\tdo\t1SG.EMPH\tsome\tfavour,I want you to do me a favour.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-135,20,I thinkee he wantchee some man makee help he.,I\tthinkee\the\twantchee\tsome\tman\tmakee\thelp\the.,1SG\tthink\t3SG\twant\tsome\tman\tmake\thelp\t3SG,I believe he is short of hands.,,,,naturalistic written -20-136,20,My wantchee you give me some bargain money.,My\twantchee\tyou\tgive\tme\tsome\tbargain\tmoney.,1SG\twant\t2SG\tgive\t1SG\tsome\tbargain\tmoney,I want you to give me some bargain money.,,,,naturalistic written -20-137,20,He tinkee so my go singsong girlee night-time.,He\ttinkee\tso\tmy\tgo\tsingsong\tgirlee\tnight-time.,3SG\tthink\tCOMP\t1SG\tgo\tsingsong\tgirl\tnight-time,She thinks that I go to visit singsong girls at night.,,,,naturalistic written -21-137,21,I think (that) my son at home.,I\tthink\t(that)\tmy\tson\tat\thome.,1SG\tthink\t(COMP)\t1SG.POSS\tson\tat\thome,I think that my son is at home.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-138,21,I want my son (to) come home.,I\twant\tmy\tson\t(to)\tcome\thome.,1SG\twant\t1SG.POSS\tson\t(to)\tcome\thome,I want my son to come home.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-170,22,Mama blongen i laik bai em go bek.,Mama\tblong-en\ti\tlaik\tbai\tem\tgo\tbek.,mother\tPOSS-3SG\tPM\tlike\tFUT\t3SG\tgo\tback,Her mother wanted her to go back.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-171,22,Mipla ting olsem em bai givim mipla hat fanishment nau.,Mipla\tting\tolsem\tem\tbai\tgivim\tmipla\that\tfanishment\tnau.,1PL.EXCL\tthink\tCOMP\t3SG\tFUT\tgive.TR\t1PL.EXCL\thard\tpunishment\tnow,We thought that he would give us hard punishment now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-156,23,mi mi ting se tufala i giaman long mi nomo,mi\tmi\tting\tse\ttufala\ti\tgiaman\tlong\tmi\tnomo,1SG\t1SG\tthink\tCOMP\t3.DUAL\tAGR\tlie\tPREP\t1SG\tonly,I (emphatic) thought that they were just lying to me,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-157,23,plante taem hem i wantem se man i mas folem tingting blong hem,plante\ttaem\them\ti\twantem\tse\tman\ti\tmas\tfolem\tting~ting\tblong\them,plenty\ttime\t3SG\tAGR\twant\tCOMP\tman\tAGR\tmust\tfollow\tthink~think\tPOSS\t3SG,There are lots of times when she wants everyone to do what she thinks.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-175,24,Ai thort ai musa dan.,Ai\tthort\tai\tmusa\tdan.,1SG.SBJ\tthink\t1SG.SBJ\talmost\tdone,I thought I was nearly finished.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-176,24,Nor gut any government nor wunt fe hawe one complete database.,Nor\tgut\tany\tgovernment\tnor\twunt\tfe\thawe\tone\tcomplete\tdatabase.,NEG\texist\tany\tgovernment\tNEG\twant\tCOMP\thave\tDET.INDF.SG\tcomplete\tdatabase,There isn't any government that doesn't want to have a complete database.,,,,internet chatroom -25-322,25,"Hi don wantim olabat habem, pirdi deinjes.","Hi\tdon\twant-im\tolabat\thab-em,\tpirdi\tdeinjes.",3SG\tNEG\twant-TR\t3PL\thave-TR\tpretty\tdangerous,"He doesn't want them (the children) to have them, [they are] pretty dangerous. (Talking about sling shots.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-111,26,'cause us neva like you in the picture,'cause\tus\tneva\tlike\tyou\tin\tthe\tpicture,because\t1PL\tNEG.PST\tDESID\t2SG\tin\tART\tpicture,because we didn't want you (being) in the picture,,,,naturalistic written -26-112,26,deɪ no laɪk ju waʃ jo hɛa,deɪ\tno\tlaɪk\tju\twaʃ\tjo\thɛa,3PL\tNEG\tDESID\t2SG\twash\t2SG.POSS\thair,They don't want you to wash your hair.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-124,27,As ju mangkḗ mi fo gi ju jet [...].,As\tju\tmangkḗ\tmi\tfo\tgi\tju\tjet\t[...].,if\t2SG\twant\t1SG\tfor\tgive\t2SG\tfood\t[...],If you want me to give you food [...].,,,,elicited from speaker -28-166,28,di mama suka M fi ʃima fan di wari ka,di\tmama\tsuku-a\tM\tfi\tʃima\tfan\tdi\twari\tka,the\tmother\twant-IPFV\tM\tfor\tmove\tfrom\tthe\thouse\tNEG,The mother doesn't want M. to move out of the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-167,28,tito suka ju kikjeni [...],titi\to\tsuku-a\tju\tkiki\teni\t[...],time\t3SG\twant-IPFV\t2SG\tsee\t3PL\t[...],When it wants you to see them [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -28-168,28,tito bion di poto bjatɛ nau [...],titi\to\tbionto\tdi\tpoto\tbia-tɛ\tnau\t[...],time\t3SG\tbelieve\tthe\tpot\tcook-PRF\tnow\t[...],When he thought his pot had cooked (i.e. the food had cooked) [...],,,,naturalistic spoken -28-169,28,soso glof datiti o dototɛ o ma bu musu,soso\to\tglofu\tdati\ttiti\to\tdoto-tɛ\to\tma\tbu\tmusu,thus\t3SG\tbelieve\tthat\ttime\t3SG\tdie-PRF\t3SG\tIRR\tdrink\tmuch,"This is what he believes, that when he is dead, he will drink a lot.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-170,28,o glof bi di tau kán bitjo,o\tglofu\tbi\tdi\ttau\tkán\tbiti\to,3SG\tbelieve\tsay\tthe\tsnake\tcannot\tbite\t3SG,He believed that the snake couldn't bite him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-194,29,Sy glo dat haar seun by die huis is.,Sy\tglo\tdat\thaar\tseun\tby\tdie\thuis\tis.,3SG.F.NOM\tthinks\tthat\t3SG.F.POSS\tson\tby\tDEF.ART\thouse\tis,She thinks that her son is at home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-195,29,Anna wil dat haar seun huis toe gaan.,Anna\twil\tdat\thaar\tseun\thuis\ttoe\tgaan.,Anna\twants\tthat\t3SG.F.POSS\tson\thouse\tto\tgo,Anne wants her son to go home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-206,30,"N ka txomá-u, pamodi N pensa ma bu stába kansádu!","N=ka=txomá=u,\tpamodi\tN=pensa\tma=bu=stá-ba\tkansádu!",1SG=NEG=call=2SG\tbecause\t1SG=think\tCOMP=2SG=be-ANT\ttired,I didn't call you because I thought you were tired!,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-207,30,"Ago, N kre pa nhos po-m na skóla!","Ago,\tN=kre\tpa=nhos=po=m\tna=skóla!",now\t1SG=want\tfor=2PL=put=1SG\tinto=school,Now I want you to put me in school!,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-165,31,"E mi speransa, N t’atxa kuma e more dja sigo.","E\tmi\tsperansa,\tN\tt’atxa\tkuma\te\tmore\tdja\tsigo.",it.is\tmy\thope\tI\tHAB.find\tCOMP\the\tdie\tlike\tthis,"It is my hope, I think that he died just like that.",,,,naturalistic written -31-166,31,N t'atxa ki keli e mutu bon.,N\tt'atxa\tki\tkeli\te\tmutu\tbon.,I\tHAB.find\tCOMP\tthis\tis\tvery\tgood,I find that this is very good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-167,31,Pedro kre pa nu bai.,Pedro\tkre\tpa\tnu\tbai.,Pedro\twant\tfor\twe\tgo,Pedro wants us to go.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-164,32,El pensâ kma se fidj táva na káza.,El\tpensâ\tkma\tse\tfidj\ttáva\tna\tkáza.,3SG\tthink\tCOMP\tPOSS.3SG\tson\tCOP.PST\tLOC\thouse,She thought that her son was at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -32-165,32,El krê pa se fidj ben pa káza.,El\tkrê\tpa\tse\tfidj\tben\tpa\tkáza.,3SG\twant\tCOMP\tPOSS.SG\tson\tcome\tto\thome,She wants her son to come home.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-191,33,I pensa kuma si fidju sta na kasa.,I\tpensa\tkuma\tsi\tfidju\tsta\tna\tkasa.,3SG\tthink\tCOMP\tPOSS\tson\tCOP\tat\thome,She thinks that her son is at home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-192,33,I misti pa si fidju bay kasa.,I\tmisti\tpa\tsi\tfidju\tbay\tkasa.,3SG\twant\tCOMP\tPOSS\tson\tgo\thome,She wants her son to go home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-154,34,I kudá kumá si fiju sá na kasa.,I\tø\tkudá\tkumá\tsi\tfiju\tø\tsá\tna\tkasa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tthink\tCOMP\tPOSS.3SG\tchild\tPFV\tCOP\tat\thouse,He/she thinks that his/her child is at home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-155,34,I mesté pa si fiju ribá kasa. ~ I mesté nti si fiju ribá kasa.,I ø mesté pa si fiju ø ribá kasa. ~ I ø mesté nti si fiju ø ribá kasa.,3SG.SBJ PFV want COMP POSS.3SG child PFV come.back house   3SG.SBJ PFV want COMP POSS.3SG child PFV come.back house,He/she wants his/her child to come home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-218,35,Manse kunda kuma mina môlê.,Manse\tkunda\tkuma\tmina\tmôlê.,foreigner\tthink\tCOMP\tgirl\tdie,The foreigner thought that the girl had died.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-219,35,N mêsê pa men jê mina awa se da anzu se.,N\tmêsê\tpa\tmen\tjê\tmina\tawa\tse\tda\tanzu\tse.,1SG\twant\tCOMP\tmother\tfetch\tlittle\twater\tDEM\tgive\tbaby\tDEM,I want the mother to fetch a little bit of water for the baby.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-132,36,[...] n vatxê ê bê r'ê.,[...]\tn\tvatxê\tê\tbê\tr'ê.,[...]\t1SG\tbelieve\t3SG\tgo\tof=3SG,[...] I thought he had left.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-136,36,N thêka pentha ma pisikarô na ba mionga wa.,N\tthêka\tpentha\tma\tpisikarô\tna\tba\tmionga\twa.,1SG\tPROG\tthink\tCOMP\tfisherman\tNEG\tgo\tsea\tNEG,I think that the fishermen didn't go to the sea.,,,,elicited from speaker -36-137,36,Peru mêthê pa Maa kopa fanha.,Peru\tmêthê\tpa\tMaa\tkopa\tfanha.,Peru\twant\tCOMP\tMaa\tbuy\tflour,Peru wants Maa to buy flour.,,,,constructed by linguist -37-171,37,kuda ya,kuda\tya,think\tCOMP,think that,,,,constructed by linguist -37-172,37,mêsê pa,mêsê\tpa,want\tCOMP,want that,,,,constructed by linguist -38-180,38,M’ ngo pa bo sefa.,Amu\tngo\tpa\tbo\tse-fa.,1SG\twant\tfor\t2SG\tknow-speak,I want you to know it.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-165,39,El kɛr ki nɔs kõt istɔr.,El\tkɛr\tki\tnɔs\tkõt\tistɔr.,3SG\twant.NPST\tCOMP\t1PL\ttell.NPST\tstory,He wants us to chat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-166,39,Use kẽ pẽs ki a gaŋa?,Use\tkẽ\tpẽs\tki\ta\tgaŋ-a?,2SG\twho\tthink.NPST\tCOMP\tIRR.NPST\twin-INF,Who do you think will win?,,,,elicited from speaker -40-132,40,(1) Mari pesan ki su rhapa də kadz tɛ. (2) Mari pesan su rhapa də kadz tɛ puris.,(1)\tMari\tpesan\tki\tsu\trhapa\tdə\tkadz\ttɛ.\t(2)\tMari\tpesan\tsu\trhapa\tdə\tkadz\ttɛ\tpuris.,(1)\tMari\tthink.PROG\tCOMP\ther\tboy\tLOC\thouse\tCOP.PRS\t(2)\tMari\tthink.PROG\ther\tboy\tLOC\thouse\tCOP.PRS\tCOMP,Mari thinks that her boy is at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -41-87,41,asii falaakadii! eev jalembraa isti mee prumeer vees boos javii teem falaatu,asii\tfalaa-kadii!\teev\tjaa-lembraa\t[isti\tmee\tprumeer\tvees\tboos\tjaa-vii\tteem\tfalaatu],so\tsay-IMP\t1SG\tPST-think\t[this\tFOC\tfirst\ttime\t2SG\tPST-come\tPRS.PRF\tQUOT],No kidding! I thought this was the first time you had come [to Sri Lanka].,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-88,41,eev talembraa aka tɛɛrantu aka nuntem,eev\tta-lembraa\t[aka\ttɛɛra-ntu\taka\tnun-teem],1SG\tPRS-think\t[that\tcountry-LOC\tthat\tNEG-be],I think they don't have it [okra] in that country [Portugal].,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-163,41,eev keriiya/kera boos taam kitavii/pervii; boos nukuvii,eev\tkeriiya/kera\t[boos\ttaam\tki-ta-vii/per-vii];\tboos\tnuku-vii,1SG\tPST.want/want\t[2SG\talso\tNMLZ-PRS-come/INF-come]\t2SG\tNEG-come,"I wanted you to come too, [but] you didn't come.",,,,elicited from speaker -41-164,41,eev kera elipa un sumaanantu trees vees pavii,eev\tkera\t[eli-pa\tuŋ\tsumaana-ntu\ttrees\tvees\tpa-vii],1SG\twant\t[3SG-DAT\tone\tweek-LOC\tthree\ttime\tINF-come],I want him to come 3 times a week.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-174,42,eli lembrá bos já bai kaza,eli\tlembrá\tbos\tjá\tbai\tkaza,3SG\tthink\t2SG\tPFV\tgo\thome,He thinks you have gone home.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-175,42,eli kere bos bai kaza,eli\tkere\tbos\tbai\tkaza,3SG\twant\t2SG\tgo\thome,He wants you to go home.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-176,42,Maria lembrá eli sa filu teng na kaza,Maria\tlembrá\teli\tsa\tfilu\tteng\tna\tkaza,Maria\tthink\t3SG\tGEN\tson\tbe\tLOC\thouse,She thinks (that) her son is at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-177,42,Maria keré eli sa filu beng kaza,Maria\tkeré\teli\tsa\tfilu\tbeng\tkaza,Maria\twant\t3SG\tGEN\tson\tcome\thouse,Maria wants her son to come home.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-169,44,Ta pensá yo di trabahá mótro póko póko.,Ta\tpensá\tyo\tdi\ttrabahá\tmótro\tpóko\tpóko.,IPFV\tthink\t1SG\tCTPL\twork\t1PL\tlittle\tlittle,I was thinking that we would work slowly.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-170,44,Kyéri éle bolbé ya kel su íha ayá na kása.,Kyéri\téle\tbolbé\tya\tkel\tsu\tíha\tayá\tna\tkása.,want\t3SG\treturn\talready\tDEF\t3SG.POSS\tdaughter\tthere\tLOC\thouse,She wants her daughter to go home.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-137,45,Quiere el maestra que canta el mga criatura.,Quiere\tel\tmaestra\tque\tcanta\tel\tmga\tcriatura.,want\tDEF\tteacher\tthat\tsing\tDEF\tPL\tchild,The teacher wants the children to sing.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-182,46,Kyére 'le (kay) (kon) disúyu anák bolbé na kása.,Kyére\t'le\t(kay)\t(kon)\tdisúyu\tanák\tbolbé\tna\tkása.,want\ts/he\t(COMP)\t(OBJ)\ther/his\tchild\tturn\tLOC\thouse,S/he wants her/his son to come home.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-183,46,Ta-pensá 'le (kay) na kása disúyu anák.,Ta-pensá\t'le\t(kay)\tna\tkása\tdisúyu\tanák.,IPFV-think\ts/he\t(COMP)\tLOC\thouse\ther/his\tchild,S/he thinks that her/his son is at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-201,47,Hose ke pa Ramon a bai (kaba).,Hose\tke\tpa\tRamon\ta\tbai\t(kaba).,Jose\twant\tCOMP\tRamon\tPFV\tgo\t(already),Jose wishes that Ramon were gone.,,,,published source -47-202,47,*Mi ke pa bo lo bai.,*Mi\tke\tpa\tbo\tlo\tbai.,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tMOOD\tgo,NOT: lit. I want that you will go.,,,,published source -47-203,47,[...] pero nos ta kere si ku mester tin un espasio den lei pa den un tipo di kaso asina [...].,[...]\tpero\tnos\tta\tkere\tsi\tku\tmester\ttin\tun\tespasio\tden\tlei\tpa\tden\tun\ttipo\tdi\tkaso\tasina\t[...].,[...]\tbut\t1PL\tTNS\tbelieve\tAFF\tCOMP\tmust\thave\tINDF\tspace\tin\tlaw\tCOMP\tin\tINDF\ttype\tof\tcase\tthus\t[...],[...] but we do believe/think that there must be room in the law so that in this type of case [...].,,,,published source -47-204,47,Por lo pronto polis no ta pensa ku ta trata di un krímen,por-lo-pronto\tpolis\tno\tta\tpensa\tku\tta\ttrata\tdi\tun\tkrímen,for.now\tpolice\tNEG\tTNS\tthink\tCOMP\tTNS\tpertain\tof\tINDF\tcrime,"For now, the police does not think that crime is involved.",,,,published source -48-174,48,"i Aora, ¿kumu utere tan kreé ke utere tan kitá-lo?","i\tAora,\t¿kumu\tutere\ttan\tkreé\tke\tutere\ttan\tkitá-lo?",and\tnow\thow\tyou.PL\tFUT\tbelieve\tthat\tyou.PL\tFUT\tleave-him/her,"And now, how are you going to believe that you will abandon it (the child) [in such a manner]?",,,,naturalistic spoken -48-175,48,I kelé pa ele miní aká.,I\tkelé\tpa\tele\tminí\taká.,I\twant\tfor\the/she\tcome\there,I want him/her to come here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-299,49,M pa vle ou fè sa.,M\tpa\tvle\tou\tfè\tsa.,1SG\tNEG\twant\t2SG\tdo\tthat,I don't want you to do that.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-300,49,M ta vle ou fè sa pou mwen anvan midi.,M\tta\tvle\tou\tfè\tsa\tpou\tmwen\tanvan\tmidi.,1SG\tCOND\twant\t2SG\tdo\tthat\tfor\t1SG\tbefore\tnoon,I would like you to do this for me before noon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-301,49,"Ou mèt dwe sonje Mari sove lavi w, ou pa kapab lage madanm ou ak twa pitit [...]","Ou\tmèt\tdwe\tsonje\tMari\tsove\tlavi\tw,\tou\tpa\tkapab\tlage\tmadanm\tou\tak\ttwa\tpitit\t[...]",2SG\tcan\tmust\tthink\tMarie\tsave\tlife\t2SG\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\tabandon\twife\t2SG.POSS\twith\tthree\tchild\t[...],"Even if you have to remember that Marie saved your life, you cannot leave your wife and your three children [...]",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-302,49,Li pa vle mari l pale ak moun tank li jalou.,Li\tpa\tvle\tmari\tl\tpale\tak\tmoun\ttank\tli\tjalou.,3SG\tNEG\twant\thusband\t3SG.POSS\tspeak\twith\tperson\tso\t3SG\tjealous,She is so jealous that she doesn't want her husband to speak to anybody.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-303,49,Li panse tifi a pa t wè l ditou.,Li\tpanse\ttifi\ta\tpa\tt\twè\tl\tditou.,3SG\tthink\tgirl\tDEF\tNEG\tANT\tsee\t3SG\tat.all,He thought the girl didn't see him at all.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-187,50,An ka kwè i pwòpté chanm a'y.,An\tka\tkwè\tø\ti\tpwòpté\tchanm\ta'y.,1SG\tPROG\tbelieve\tCOMP\t3SG\tclean\troom\tPREP.3SG,I think he has cleaned his room.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-188,50,An vlé i pwòpté chanm a'y.,An\tvlé\tø\ti\tpwòpté\tchanm\ta'y.,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t3SG\tclean\troom\tPREP.3SG,I want him to clean his room.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-159,51,Man kwè i pwopté chanm-li.,Man\tkwè\ti\tpwopté\tchanm-li.,1SG\tbelieve\t3SG\tclean\troom-3SG,I think he has cleaned his room.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-160,51,Man lé i pwopté chanm-li.,Man\tlé\ti\tpwopté\tchanm-li.,1SG\twant\t3SG\tclean\troom-3SG,I want him to clean his room.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-101,52,Marie krè so frè pati,Marie\tkrè\tso\tfrè\tpati,Mary\tbelieve\ther\tbrother\tleave,Mary believes (that) her brother has left.,,,,constructed by linguist -52-102,52,i lé so fis vini lakaz,i\tlé\tso\tfis\tvini\tlakaz,she\twants\ther\tson\tcome\thome,She wants her son to come home.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-365,53,Mo te p ole li kone mo te fe housework aprè lekòl.,Mo\tte\tp\tole\tli\tkone\tmo\tte\tfe\t\taprè\tlekòl.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\twant\t3SG\tknow\t1SG\tPST\tdo\thousework\tafter\tschool,I didn't want him to know that I did housework after school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-366,53,To te vepa li kone.,To\tte\tvepa\tli\tkone.,2SG\tPST\tnot.want\t3SG\tknow,You didn't want him to know.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-368,53,Mo te p ole ke ye te kone mo te parle.,Mo\tte\tp\tole\tke\tye\tte\tkone\tmo\tte\tparle.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\twant\tCOMP\t3PL\tPST\tknow\t1SG\tPST\tspeak,I didn't want them to know that I spoke (Creole).,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-210,54,Mi krwa k li lé fu.,Mi\tkrwa\tk\tli\tle\tfou.,1SG.FIN\tthink\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP.PRS\tmad,I think that he is mad.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-211,54,Mi vé ke ou sa rod amoin in pé de lo la poin grenouy.,Mi\tve\tkë\tou\tsa\trod\tamwen\tenpe\tdë\tlo\tØ\tla\tpwen\tgrënouy.,1SG.FIN\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tgo\tsearch\tOBL.1SG\tsome\tPARTITIVE\twater\tØ\thas\tNEG\tfrog,I want you to go and get me some water without frogs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-212,54,[...] li kroi son garson fini ariv laba.,[...]\tli\tkrwa\tson\tgarson\tfini\tariv\tlaba.,[...]\t3SG\tthink\tPOSS.3SG\tson\tPRF\tarrive\tover.there,[...] he thinks that his son has arrived over there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-213,54,"[...] mi vé pa ou i dékouvr marmit kan moin la pa la, in!","[...]\tmi\tve\tpa\tou\ti\tdekouv\tmarmit\tkan\tmwen\tla\tpa\tla,\ten!",[...]\t1SG.FIN\twant\tNEG\t2SG\tFIN\tuncover\tpot\twhen\t1SG\tCOP\tNEG\tthere\tINTERJ,"[...] I do not want you to open the pot when I'm not there, eh!",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-181,55,Floriz krwar (ki) so garsoṅ lakaz,Floriz\tkrwar\t(ki)\tso\tgarsoṅ\tØ\tlakaz,Florise\tthink/believe\t(that)\t3SG.POSS\tson\tCOP\thouse,Florise thinks (that) her son is at home.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-182,55,Floriz aṅvi so garsoṅ vin lakaz,Floriz\taṅvi\tso\tgarsoṅ\tvin\tlakaz,Florise\twant\t3SG.POSS\tson\tcome\thouse,Florise wants her son to come home.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-191,56,Mon kroir ou en pé fatige.,Mon\tkrwar\tou\ten\tpe\tfatige.,1SG\tthink\t2SG\ta\tlittle.bit\ttired,I think you are a little bit tired.,,,,naturalistic written -56-192,56,Mari ti a oule son garson al kot lakour.,Mari\tti\ta\toule\tson\tgarson\tal\tkot\tlakour.,Mari\tPST\tFUT\twant\tPOSS.3SG\tson\tgo\tat\thouse,Mari would like her son to go home.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-193,56,[...] me li i kwar ki in annan tro bokou promes ki pa ’n pran an konsiderasyon realite ozordi [...].,[...]\tme\tli\ti\tkwar\tki\tin\tannan\ttro\tbokou\tpromes\tki\tpa\t’n\tpran\tan\tkonsiderasyon\trealite\tozordi\t[...].,[...]\tbut\t3SG.INDP\tPM\tbelieve\tCOMP\tPRF\thave\ttoo\tmany\tpromise\tREL\tNEG\tPRF\ttake\tinto\tconsideration\treality\ttoday\t[...],[...] but he believes that there have been too many promises which have not taken today's reality into consideration [...].,,,,naturalistic written -56-194,56,Nou osi oule ki sak lenstitisyon ek endividi [...] i annan konfyans dan kapasite sa lafors [...].,Nou\tosi\toule\tki\tsak\tlenstitisyon\tek\tendividi\t[...]\ti\tannan\tkonfyans\tdan\tkapasite\tsa\tlafors\t[...].,1PL\talso\twant\tCOMP\tevery\tinstitution\tand\tindividual\t[...]\tPM\thave\tconfidence\tin\tcapacity\tDEM\tpower\t[...],We also want every institution and individual to have confidence in the capacity of this power.,,,,naturalistic written -56-195,56,Pa bezwen kwar pourdir en zwazo i ponn toulezour.,Pa\tbezwen\tkwar\tpourdir\ten\tzwazo\ti\tponn\ttoulezour.,NEG\tneed\tbelieve\tCOMP\tINDF\tbird\tPM\tlay\tevery.day,(You) shouldn't believe that a bird lays (an egg) every day.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-98,57,ma ule ke ta vja,ma\tule\tke\tta\tvja,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tcome,I want you to come.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-99,57,ma pa:se ke ta vja,ma\tpa:se\tke\tta\tvja,1SG\tthink\tCOMP\t2SG\tcome,I thought that you would come.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-121,58,Mono banza (nde) yandi kele mbote ve.,Mono\tbanza\t(nde)\tyandi\tkele\tmbote\tve.,me\tthink\t(that)\the\tbe\tgood\tnot,I think that he is not good/not (feeling) well.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-122,58,Mono zola yandi kwisa mbasi.,Mono\tzola\tyandi\tkwisa\tmbasi.,me\twant\the\tcome.SBJV\ttomorrow,I want him to come tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-307,59,mbi yi titene ala ngba na ndo so,mbi\tyi\ttitene\tala\tngba\tna\tndo\tso,1SG\twant\tthat\t3PL\tremain\tPREP\tplace\tDEM,I want them to remain here.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-308,59,mbi yi ala ngba na ndo so pepe,mbi\tyi\tala\tngba\tna\tndo\tso\tpepe,1SG\twant\t3PL\tremain\tPREP\tplace\tDEM\tNEG,I don't want them to remain here.,,,,elicited from speaker -59-309,59,mbi hunda na ala kwe titene ala sara mbeti ti ala,mbi\thunda\tna\tala\tkwe\ttitene\tala\tsara\tmbeti\tti\tala,1SG\task\tPREP\t2PL\tall\tthat\t2PL\tdo\tpaper\tof\t2PL,I ask you all to write (your letters).,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-310,59,mbi baa mbi tene ala ke ga kekereke,mbi\tbaa\tmbi\ttene\tala\tke\tga\tkekereke,1SG\tsee\t1SG\tsay\t3PL\tCOP\tcome\ttomorrow,I think that they'll come tomorrow.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-311,59,mo yi atene ni sara na lo yi so biri ni sara na kozo ti lo?,mo\tyi\tatene\tni\tsara\tna\tlo\tyi\tso\tbiri\tni\tsara\tna\tkozo\tti\tlo?,2SG\twant\tSM.say\t1SG.LOG\tdo\tPREP\t3SG\tthing\tREL\tyesterday\t1SG.LOG\tdo\tPREP\tfirst\tof\t3SG,Do you want that I do to him what I did yesterday to his elder?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-312,59,mbi hunda na ala kwe titene ala sara mbeti ti ala,mbi\thunda\tna\tala\tkwe\ttitene\tala\tsara\tmbeti\tti\tala,1SG\task\tPREP\t2PL\tall\tthat\t2PL\tmake\tpaper\tof\t2PL,I ask you all to write letters.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-141,60,akanísí te mwána na yé azalákí na ndáko,a-kanís-í\tte\tmwána\tna\tyé\ta-zal-ákí\tna\tndáko,3SG-think-PRS.PRF\tCOMP\tchild\tof\t3SG\t3SG-be-PST\tin\thouse,She thinks that her child was in the house.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-142,60,akanísí mwána na yé azalákí na ndáko,a-kanís-í\tmwána\tna\tyé\ta-zal-ákí\tna\tndáko,3SG-think-PRS.PRF\tchild\tof\t3SG\t3SG-be-PST\tin\thouse,She thinks her child was in the house.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-143,60,alingí te mwána na yé áyâ na ndáko,a-ling-í\tte\tmwána\tna\tyé\tá-yá-a\tna\tndáko,3SG-want-PRS.PRF\tCOMP\tchild\tof\t3SG\t3SG.SBJV-come-FV\tto\thouse,She wants her child to come home.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-144,60,alingí mwána na yé áyâ na ndáko,a-ling-í\tmwána\tna\tyé\tá-yá-a\tna\tndáko,3SG-want-PRS.PRF\tchild\tof\t3SG\t3SG.SBJV-come-FV\tto\thouse,She wants her child to come home.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-106,61,Mina kabanga yena khona lapha khaya.,Mina\tkabanga\tyena\tkhon-a\tlapha\tkhaya.,I\tthink\the\tbe-V\tLOC.PREP\thouse,I think he's at home. OR: I think that he is at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-91,62,áatotí kuhé mjini,é-áa-toti\tku-he\tmjini,3SG-PST-think\t15-arrive\tin:town,He thinks of going to town.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-92,62,nitotó une?á hú i?alú,ni-toto\tu-ne-?a\tú\ti?alu,1SG-think\t2SG-FUT-eat\tthis\tsheep,I think you'll eat a sheep.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-93,62,badáaye kupata mateso véedumúye níháka i'í,badáaye\tku-pata\tmateso\tv-ée-dumú-ye\tní-há-ka\ti'í,after\t15-get\t6:problems\t2-PST-want-PRF\t1SG:SBJ-OBJ.16-leave\there,"After getting problems, they wanted me to leave here.",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-183,63,ána féker lúga de bi-já wóduru,ána\tféker\tlúga\tde\tbi-já\twóduru,1SG\tthink\tlanguage\tDET\tTAM-come\tdisappear,I think that this language will disappear.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-184,63,ána ázu íta rúo,ána\tázu\títa\trúo,1SG\twant\t2SG\tgo,I want you to go.,,,,constructed by linguist -63-185,63,ána féker túrba de wóduru fi móyo íni,ána\tféker\ttúrba\tde\twóduru\tfi\tmóyo\tíni,1SG\tthink\ttomb\tDEF\tdisappear\tin\twater\there,I think that the tomb has disappeared in the water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-186,63,ána ázu nyákam íta,ána\tázu\tnyákam\títa,1SG\twant\trob\t2SG,I want to rob you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-201,64,ána fíkir ombári obóma ma rúa fi suk,ána\tfíkir\tombári\tobóma\tma\trúa\tfi\tsuk,1SG\tthink\tyesterday\tOboma\tNEG\tgo\tin\tmarket,I think that yesterday Oboma didn’t go to the market.,,,,unknown -64-202,64,"kan íta áwuju áset de kelí géni sábi táki, [...]","kan\títa\táwuju\táset\tde\tkelí\tgéni\tsábi\ttáki,\t[...]",if\t2SG\twant\tlion\tDEM.PROX\tlet\tstay\tfriend\tPOSS.2SG\t[...],"If you want the lion to become your friend, [...]",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-203,64,rábuna ma ázu nas biséregu,rábuna\tma\tázu\tnas\tbi=séregu,God\tNEG\twant\tpeople\tIRR=steal,God does not want people to steal.,,,,unknown -64-204,64,fi nas bifékir hája de kwes,fi\tnas\tbi=fékir\thája\tde\tkwes,EXIST\tpeople\tIRR=think\tthing\tDEM.PROX\tgood,There are people who think that it is good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-205,64,ána fékir galé úo rúwa fi bet,ána\tfékir\tgalé\túo\trúwa\tfi\tbet,1SG\tthink\tsay\t3SG\tgo\tin\thouse,I think that he went home.,,,,elicited from speaker -65-143,65,"Moja dumaj, iwo abmani xoʧu.","Moja\tdumaj,\tiwo\tabmani\txoʧu.",1SG\tthink\t3SG\tdeceive\twant,I think he wants to deceive us.,,,,citation in fiction -65-144,65,Moja ne xoʧu rubashka gori.,Moja\tne\txoʧu\trubashka\tgori.,1SG\tNEG\twant\tshirt\tburn,I do not want my shirt to burn down.,,,,citation in fiction -66-112,66,Farida dεppe mawen ruma ka aðuuðung kəta abicaya.,Farida\tdε-pe\tmawen\truma\tka\ta-ðuuðung\tkəta\ta-bicaya.,Farida\t3SG-POSS\tson\thouse\tin\tPRS-LOC\tCOMP\tPRS-believe,Farida thinks that her son is at home.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-113,66,Farida dεppe mawen rumana məpina kəmauan.,Farida\tdε-pe\tmawen\truma-na\tmə-pi-na\tkəmauan.,Farida\t3SG-POSS\tson\thouse-DAT\tINF-go-DAT\tnecessity,Farida wants her son to go home.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-114,66,Goðang dia Klumbu na mədatang na kəmauan.,Go-ðang\tdia\tKlumbu\tna\tmə-datang\tna\tkəmauan.,1SG-DAT\t3SG\tColombo\tto\tINF-come\tto\twant,I want him to come to Colombo.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-202,67,Hey mau sapu bese-bese.,Hey\tmau\tsapu\tbese~bese.,VOC\twant\tsweep\tclean~clean,"Hey, I want [you] to sweep [it] very cleanly.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-118,68,De piker kata mo ka Natsepa par peknek kalo seng ujang.,De\tpiker\tkata\tmo\tka\tNatsepa\tpar\tpeknek\tkalo\tseng\tujang.,3SG\tthink\tCOMP\tFUT\tto\tNatsepa\tfor\tpicnic\tif\tNEG\train,He thought he would go to Natsepa if it didn't rain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-74,70,U soco ham bos baito.,U\tsoco\tham\tbos\tbaito.,3SG\tthink\t1SG\tboss\tCOP,He thought I was the boss.,,,,constructed by linguist -70-75,70,U nai mango kabi iwala dori tut jao.,U\tnai\tmango\tkabi\tiwala\tdori\ttut\tjao.,3SG\tNEG\twant\tever\tthis\tcord\tbreak\tgo.,She didn't want this cord ever to break.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-178,71,Kela aliikoa makemake wau kiola mawaho kela ipuka-pa.,Kela\taliikoa\tmakemake\twau\tkiola\tmawaho\tkela\tipuka-pa.,DET\tofficer\twant\t1SG\ttoss\toutside\tDET\tgate-wall,The military officer wanted me to toss it outside the gate.,,,,naturalistic written -72-150,72,I want CH to gu gedim im.,I\twant\tCH\tto\tgu\tged-im\tim.,3SG.SBJ\twant\tNAME\tto\tgo\tget-TR\t3SG.OBJ,She wants CH to go and get it.,,,5c7c3fbcdb2342b8e917460ce033c3b3,naturalistic spoken -73-104,73,yoga no eltaga binichun kirinichu,yo-ga\tno\tel-ta-ga\tbini-chun\tkiri-ni-chu,1SG-TOP\tNEG\the-ACC-TOP\tcome-SUBORD\twant-1SG-NEG,I do not want him to come.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-105,73,xwan binishkada sabini,xwan\tbini-shka-da\tsabi-ni,John\tcome-NMLZ-ACC\tknow-1SG,I know that John has come.,,,,elicited from speaker -73-106,73,no ichun kirinichu,no\ti-chun\tkiri-ni-chu,NEG\tgo-SUBORD\twant-1SG-NEG,I do not want you to go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-144,74,yáka tamtam yáka haws háyas,yáka\ttamtam\tyáka\thaws\tháyas,3SG\tthink\t3SG\thouse\tbig,She thinks her house is big.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-145,74,yáka tq’iX yáka haws háyas,yáka\ttq’iX\tyáka\thaws\tháyas,3SG\twant\t3SG\thouse\tbig,She wants her house to be big.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-243,75,No iteeyihtamiyiw sa faem enn bloond ayaawaat.,No\titeeyiht-am-iyi-w\tsa\tfaem\tenn\tbloond\tayaaw-aat.,NEG\tthink.it-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-OBV-3SBJ\t3.F.POSS\twife\tINDF.ART.\tgirlfriend\thave-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,His wife does not think that he has a girlfriend.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-248,75,Bachees ataameemeewak eekimutiyit larzhawn.,Bachees\tataameem-eew-ak\tee-kimuti-yi-t\tlarzhawn.,John\tsuspect-3.SBJ.3OBJ-PL\tCOMP-steal-OBV-3\tmoney,They suspect that John steals money. OR: They suspect John of stealing money.,,,,naturalistic written -75-249,75,Fulee baen eekimutit eekiisheekihist.,Fulee\tbaen\tee-kimuti-t\tee-kii-sheeki-h-ist.,DEONT\twell\tCOMP-steal-3\tCOMP-PST-be.afraid-CAUS-INDF.ACTOR.3.OBJ,He had to steal as someone scared him. OR: He was intimidated into stealing.,,,,naturalistic written -75-250,75,Nu kiiyaam iteemeewak chituhteet.,Nu\tkiiyaam\titeem-eew-ak\tchi-tuhtee-t.,NEG\tallright\tthink.ANIM-3.SBJ.OBJ-PL\tCOMP.FUT-go-3,They think it is not alright for her to go. OR: They won't allow her to go.,,,,naturalistic written -76-64,76,awoña tai'manna illipsi cabakto picuktu,awoña\ttai'manna\tillipsi\tcabakto\tpicuktu,I\tthis.way\tyou\twork\twant,I want you to do it this way.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-65,76,ōmīakpȗk alak'tok pĭcū'ktok awoña,ōmīakpȗk\talak'tok\tpĭcū'ktok\tawoña,ship\tgo\twant\tI,I want to go on shipboard.,,,,published source -2-259,2,Fa un doro un bigin wroko.,Fa\tun\tdoro\tun\tbigin\twroko.,as.soon.as\t1PL\tarrive\t1PL\tbegin\twork,"As soon as we arrived, we began to work.",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-260,2,"Di mi doro na oso esde, mi brada gi mi moni.","Di\tmi\tdoro\tna\toso\tesde,\tmi\tbrada\tgi\tmi\tmoni.",when\t1SG\tarrive\tLOC\thouse\tyesterday\tmy\tbrother\tgive\t1SG\tmoney,"When I got home yesterday, my brother gave me money.",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-261,2,"En te den man dati e kon tapu a dan, dan den e law.","En\tte\tden\tman\tdati\te\tkon\ttapu\ta\tdan,\tdan\tden\te\tlaw.",and\twhen\tthe.PL\tman\tDEM\tIPFV\tcome\ttop\tDET\tstreet\tthen\t3PL\tIMP\tcrazy,"And when those guys come out on the street, they go crazy.",,,,naturalistic spoken -3-142,3,"Di júu tén de bì dóu a di kónde, nóo, déé sɛmbɛ bì dé tá bajá.","Di\tjúu\ttén\tde\tbì\tdóu\ta\tdi\tkónde,\tnóo,\tdéé\tsɛmbɛ\tbì\tdé\ttá\tbajá.",then\thour\ttime\t3PL\tTNS\tarrive\tLOC\tDEF.SG\tland\tthen\tDEF.PL\tpeople\tTNS\tBE\tASP\tdance,"As they arrived in the village, the people were dancing.",,,,naturalistic written -4-169,4,Di Linda kon doo neen Aseengi gwe.,Di\tLinda\tkon\tdoo\tneen\tAseengi\tgwe.,when\tLinda\tcome\tarrive\tthen\tAseengi\tleave,"When Linda arrived, Aseengi left.",,,,elicited from speaker -10-232,10,Wentaim A finish A wi tiich iina di bailingual program.,Wen-taim\tA\tfinish\tA\twi\ttiich\tiina\tdi\tbailingual\tprogram.,when-time\t1SG\tfinish\t1SG\tFUT\tteach\tin\tART.DEF\tbilingual\tprogram,"When I finish, I will teach in the bilingual program.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-233,10,"Wen ihn grab di plog, Gaalin didi op.","Wen\tihn\tgrab\tdi\tplog,\tGaalin\tdidi\top.",when\t3SG\tgrab\tART.DEF\tplug\tGawlin\tshit\tup,"When he grabbed the plug, Gawlin shat his pants.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-234,10,Wentaim yu kom wi gwain du dat.,Wen-taim\tyu\tkom\twi\tgwain\tdu\tdat.,when-time\t2SG\tcome\t1PL\tFUT\tdo\tDEM,"When you come, we will do that.",,,,elicited from speaker -11-305,11,di kom yu kom,di\tkom\tyu\tkom,PST\tcome\t2SG\tcome,as soon as you come,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-171,28,"di drai wat ju draitɛ, o kutɛ ju","di\tdrai\twati\tju\tdrai-tɛ,\to\tku-tɛ\tju",the\tturn\tREL\t2SG\tturn-PFV\t3SG\tcatch-PFV\t2SG,"As soon as you turn around, it catches you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-172,28,"di pakɛkɛ paka fan di rum ben, ɛkɛ kiki di kɛna latoparo bringi","di\tpaka\tɛkɛ\tpaka\tfan\tdi\trum\tben,\tɛkɛ\tkiki\tdi\tkɛnɛ-apu\tlatopo-arɛ\to\tbringi",the\temerge\t1SG\temerge\tfrom\tthe\troom\tinside\t1SG\tsee\tthe\tperson-PL\tlift-IPFV\t3SG\tbring,"As I came out of the room, I saw them carrying him here.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-208,30,"Na kume k'es ta kume, e nguli spinhu, e ka xinti.","Na=kume\tk=es=ta=kume,\te=nguli\tspinhu,\te=ka=xinti.",in=eat\tREL=3PL=IPFV=eat\t3SG=swallow\tfishbone\t3SG=NEG=feel,"While they were having lunch, he swallowed a fishbone and didn't even notice.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-165,41,kebraalav eli jaoyaa aka nikara kuza,kebraa=lav\teli\tjaa-oyaa\taka\tnikara\tkuza,break=as.soon.as\t3SG\tPST-see\tthat\tHAB.NEG\tsew,"As soon as [the sewing machine] broke, he saw it won't sew.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-304,49,"Wè l pa wè pitit la, li tonbe endispozisyon.","Wè\tl\tpa\twè\tpitit\tla,\tli\ttonbe\tendispozisyon.",see\t3SG\tNEG\tsee\tchild\tDEF\t3SG\tlose\tconsciousness,"Since she doesn't see her son, she loses consciousness.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-305,49,"Parèt pwofesè ki mabyal la parèt, tout elèv pè.","Parèt\tpwofesè\tki\tmabyal\tla\tparèt,\ttout\telèv\tpè.",appear\tprofessor\tREL\tstrict\tDEF\tappear\tall\tstudent\tbe.afraid,"As soon as the strict professor appears, all students are afraid.",,,,naturalistic spoken -50-189,50,"Fini i fini, i chapé.","Fini\ti\tfini,\ti\tchapé.",finish\t3SG\tfinish\t3SG\tescape,"As soon as he finished, he left.",,,,naturalistic spoken -51-161,51,"Fini i fini, i chapé.","Fini\ti\tfini,\ti\tchapé.",finish\t3SG\tfinish\t3SG\tescape,"As soon as he finished, he left.",,,,naturalistic spoken -52-103,52,a travay pou to travay,a\ttravay\tpou\tto\ttravay,it.is\twork\tfor\tyou\twork,You have to work really hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-313,59,"ko na agwe awe, melenge na ati na toto ngbii","koli\tni\tagwe\tawe,\tmelenge\tni\tati\tna\ttoto\tngbii",husband\tDET\tSM.go\talready\tchild\tDET\tSM.fall\tPREP\tcry\tlong.time,"After the husband had gone, the child (his wife) began crying a long time.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-314,59,"Gango so mo ga ndo so so, mbi sara mbeni sioni yi na mo si mo gwe mo ken' ti to na mbi mbeti so?","Gango\tso\tmo\tga\tndo\tso\tso,\tmbi\tsara\tmbeni\tsioni\tyi\tna\tmo\tsi\tmo\tgwe\tmo\tken'\tti\tto\tna\tmbi\tmbeti\tso?",come.NMLZ\tREL\t2SG\tcome\tplace\tDEM\tthus\t1SG\tdo\tsome\tbad\tthing\tPREP\t2SG\tthen\t2SG\tgo\t2SG\trefuse\tof\tsend\tPREP\t2SG\tpaper\tthus,"When you came here, did I do something bad to you that you went and refuse/refused to send me a letter?",,,,naturalistic written -59-315,59,"gongo so ala goo so, ala goo ngbii, ala si na da ti koli ni","gongo\tso\tala\tgwe\tso,\tala\tgwe\tngbii,\tala\tsi\tna\tda\tti\tkoli\tni",going\tREL\t3PL\tgo\tREL\t3PL\tgo\tlong.time\t3PL\tarrive\tPREP\thouse\tof\thusband\tDET,After having gone a long time they arrived at the husband's house. OR: They went a long time and then arrived at the husband's house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-115,66,Omongomong Musba ruma na api.,Omong-omong\tMusba\truma\tna\ta-pi.,talk-talk\tMusba\thouse\tPOSTP\tPRS-go,"While talking, Musba goes (i.e. drives) home.",,,,elicited from speaker -67-203,67,"Semalam saya pigi kawan punya luma, saya punya kawan masak nasi.","Semalam\tsaya\tpigi\tkawan\tpunya\tluma,\tsaya\tpunya\tkawan\tmasak\tnasi.",yesterday\t1SG\tgo\tfriend\tPOSS\thouse\t1SG\tPOSS\tfriend\tcook\trice,"Yesterday, [when] I went to my friend’s house, she was cooking.",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-70,69,"mambi awkuranan; awkurambi, mambi manan kandək təmbi tanan",mambi\tawkura-nan\tAwkura-mbi\tmambi\tmanan\tkandək\ttə-mbi\tta-nan,again\tgather-NONFUT\tgather-DEP\tagain\tmens'.house\tOBL\tput-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT,"(They both) gathered (it) again. Gathering (it), (they both) were putting it inside the mens' house.",,,,naturalistic spoken -74-146,74,Sáli yáka q’u pi Ben yáka tlátwa,Sáli\tyáka\tq’u\tpi\tBen\tyáka\ttlátwa,Sally\t3SG\tarrive\tand\tBen\t3SG\tgo,Sally arrived and Ben went.,,,,constructed by linguist -1-241,1,Je wantje sliepe lange mie? [...] No mie no wantje.,"Yu\twani\tsribi\tnanga\tmi?\t[...]\tNo,\tmi\tno\twani.",2SG\twant\tsleep\twith\t1SG\t[...]\tNEG\t1SG\tNEG\twant,"Do you want to sleep with me? No, I do not want to.",,,,written -2-262,2,Mi no si en esde.,Mi\tno\tsi\ten\tesde.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\t3SG\tyesterday,I didn’t see him yesterday.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-263,2,"A diri k’farlek, yu no man bai en.","A\tdiri\tk’farlek,\tyu\tno\tman\tbai\ten.",3SG\texpensive\tterrible\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\tbuy\t3SG,"It’s terribly expensive, you can’t buy it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -3-137,3,U-á sá-andí da di fan dé.,U-á\tsá-andí\tda\tdi\tfan\tdé.,1PL-NEG\tknow-what\tCOP\tDEF.SG\ttalk\tDEM,We don't understand what that means.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-143,3,M' é gó.,M'=é\tgó.,1SG=NEG\tgo,I didn't go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-170,4,Mi án sabi baa.,Mi\tán\tsabi\tbaa.,I\tNEG\tknow\tPOL,I don't know.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-105,6,Leah doh eat de food. Leah eh eat de food.,Leah\tdoh\teat\tde\tfood.\tLeah\teh\teat\tde\tfood.,Leah\tNEG\teat\tDET\tfood\tLeah\tNEG\teat\tDET\tfood,Leah does not eat the food. Leah didn't eat the food.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-106,6,Not to eat dat!,Not\tto\teat\tdat!,NEG\tto\teat\tthat,Do not eat that!,,,,constructed by linguist -7-238,7,Mitch na a kaal.,Mitch\tna\ta\tkaal.,Mitch\tNEG\tPROG\tcall,Mitch is not calling.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-239,7,Mitch a kaal.,Mitch\ta\tkaal.,Mitch\tPROG\tcall,Mitch is calling.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-240,7,Mitch wodn no.,Mitch\twod-n\tno.,Mitch\twould-NEG\tknow,Mitch wouldn’t know. OR: Mitch won’t know.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-151,8,Laiza naa nyam di bred.,Laiza\tno-a\tiit\tdi\tbred,Liza\tNEG-PROG\teat\tDET\tbread,Liza is not eating the bread.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-185,9,Yu no waak da ridj de.,Yu\tno\twaak\tda\tridj\tde.,2SG\tNEG\twalk\tthat\tridge\tthere,You don't walk along that ridge.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-186,9,Yu neva ivn̩ memba dat if a neva kum ya kum tɛl yu.,Yu\tneva\tivn̩\tmemba\tdat\tif\ta\tneva\tkum\tya\tkum\ttɛl\tyu.,2SG\tANT.NEG\teven\tremember\tthat\tif\t1SG\tANT.NEG\tcome\there\tcome\ttell\t2SG,You would not even have remembered if I had not come to tell you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-235,10,Yu no bring ih ataal?,Yu\tno\tbring\tih\tataal?,2SG\tNEG\tbring\t3SG.N\tat.all,Didn’t you bring it at all?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-236,10,Di gyal neva wiek Jack.,Di\tgyal\tneva\twiek\tJack.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tNEG.PST\twake\tJack,The girl didn’t wake Jack up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-306,11,"Iin di nait, nou kyier wat taim dei ded [...].","Iin\tdi\tnait,\tnou\tkyier\twat\ttaim\tdei\tded\t[...].",in\tART.DEF\tnight\tNEG\tcare\twhat\ttime\t3PL\tdie\t[...],"In the night, it doesn’t matter at what time they die [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-307,11,Wi neva tek a kapi af da wan dat wi gi yu.,Wi\tneva\ttek\ta\tkapi\taf\tda\twan\tdat\twi\tgi\tyu.,1PL\tNEG.PST\ttake\tART.INDF\tcopy\tof\tDEM\tone\tREL\t1PL\tgive\t2SG,We did not take a copy of the one we gave you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-308,11,"So di ting iz nat gud, nat gud ataal.","So\tdi\tting\tiz\tnat\tgud,\tnat\tgud\tat-aal.",so\tART.DEF\tthing\tCOP.PRS\tNEG\tgood\tNEG\tgood\tat-all,"So the thing isn’t good, not good at all.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-309,11,"Wen Ai woz boi, Ai neva drink rom.","Wen\tAi\twoz\tboi,\tAi\tneva\tdrink\trom.",when\t1SG\tCOP.PST\tboy\t1SG\tNEG.PST\tdrink\trum,"When I was a boy, I never drank rum.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-310,11,Ai doun waahn dem tu nou.,Ai\tdoun\twaahn\tdem\ttu\tnou.,1SG\tNEG\twant\t3PL\tto\tknow,I don’t want them to know.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-249,12,Stone at sea bottom no know sun hot.,Stone\tat\tsea\tbottom\tno\tknow\tsun\thot.,stone[PL]\tat\tsea\tbottom\tNEG\tknow\tsun\thot,The rocks at the bottom of the sea don’t know that the sun is hot.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-250,12,"I ain't - I ain't exactly know what kind of work he used to do, but I think he used to work over there. But he retire.",I ain't - I ain't exactly know [...].,1SG.SBJ NEG   1SG.SBJ NEG exactly know [...],I don’t exactly know [what kind of work he used to do] [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-251,12,"The next one - like governor. That's a governor, too, hey, but they say - uh - like a slow-lear- learning school, hey, but you have to pay for that, so I didn't had no money to pay, so I let him gone right there.",[...]\tI\tdidn't\thad\tno\tmoney\t[...].,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\thave.PFV\tNEG\tmoney\t[...],"[The next school is a government-run school, too,] [...] [but you have to pay for it, so, since] I didn’t have any money, [I let him [i.e. the speaker’s son] go to the other school].",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-178,13,Aint you know say comin back rebel time?,Aint\tyou\tknow\tsay\tcomin\tback\trebel\ttime?,NEG.AUX\t2SG.SBJ\tknow\tCOMP\tcoming\tback\tslavery\ttime,Don’t you know that slavery is coming back?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-179,13,Me na gwine fa no flour.,Me\tna\tgwine\tfa\tno\tflour.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tgoing\tfor\tno\tflour,I am not going to get any flour.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-180,13,Me na gwine gone.,Me\tna\tgwine\tgone.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tgoing\tgo.PST,I am not going to go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-181,13,I ain gine worry a soul.,I\tain\tgine\tworry\ta\tsoul.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG.AUX\tgoing\tworry\ta\tsoul,I am not going to worry a soul.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-182,13,I ain min bout de body.,I\tain\tmin\tbout\tde\tbody.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG.AUX\tmind\tabout\tthe\tbody,I do not mind about the body.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-137,14,They ain't leaving tomorrow.,They\tain't\tleaving\ttomorrow.,they\tbe.AUX.NEG\tleaving\ttomorrow,They are not leaving tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-138,14,They not leaving tomorrow.,They\tnot\tleaving\ttomorrow.,they\tnot\tleaving\ttomorrow,They are not leaving tomorrow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-131,15,A nɔ si da wan de.,A\tnɔ\tsi\tda\twan\tde.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tDEM\tone\tday,I've never seen such a thing.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -17-172,17,À no bay nyam.,À\tno\tbay\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tbuy\tyam,I didn’t buy yams.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-173,17,À ne̱va bay nyam.,À\tne̱va\tbay\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG.COMPL\tbuy\tyam,I didn’t buy / haven’t bought yams.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-159,18,A 'no 'sabi.,A\tno\tsabi.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tknow,I don't know.,,,,published source -19-194,19,"Layf no de naw, wɔl no de.","Layf\tno\tde\tnaw,\twɔl\tno\tde.",life\tNEG\tCOP\tnow\tworld\tNEG\tCOP,"Nowadays there is no life, there is no (proper) world.",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-195,19,Dɛ̀n no gò flay nà Bàta mɔ.,Dɛ̀n\tno\tgò\tflay\tnà\tBàta\tmɔ.,3PL\tNEG\tPOT\tfly\tLOC\tBata\tmore,They're not going to fly to Bata any more.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-138,20,My no believe.,My\tno\tbelieve.,1SG\tNEG\tbelieve,I don't believe.,,,,naturalistic written -21-139,21,They are not visiting his place.,They\tare\tnot\tvisit-ing\this\tplace.,3PL\tbe.PL\tNEG\tvisit-PROG\t3SG.POSS\tplace,They are not visiting his place.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-172,22,Ol i no givim ol gutpela prais.,Ol\ti\tno\tgivim\tol\tgut-pela\tprais.,3PL\tPM\tNEG\tgive\t3PL\tgood-MOD\tprice,They did not give them a good price.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-177,24,Kaa fut wi kaa win a lotri.,Kaa\tfut\twi\tkaa\twin\ta\tlotri.,I.do.not.know\twhy\t1.NSG\tcannot\twin\tDET.DEF\tlottery,Don't know why we can't win the lottery.,,,,naturalistic written -24-178,24,Ai nor(t) noe.,Ai\tnor(t)\tnoe.,1SG\tNEG\tknow,I do not know.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-179,24,Ent none a ucklan nor bin orf Norfolk en nort knoew dem's weahs.,Ent\tnone\ta\tucklan\tnor\tbin\torf\tNorfolk\ten\tnort\tknoew\tdem's\tweahs.,NEG.EXIST\tnone\tPREP\t1PL\tNEG\tPST\tPREP\tNorfolk\tand\tNEG\tknow\t3PL.POSS\tway.PL,They are none of us who have not been away from Norfolk and know their ways (i.e. mainlanders' ways).,,,,internet chatroom -25-323,25,I kan ranawei.,I\tkan\tran-awei.,3SG\tcan.NEG\trun-away,"It cannot run away. (Referring to a goanna, a large reptile hunted as food.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-324,25,Nobodi neva putimbat mai haus.,Nobodi\tneva\tput-im-bat\tmai\thaus.,nobody\tNEG2\tput-TR-PROG\t1SG.POSS\thouse,Nobody ever builds my house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-325,25,"Yu nomo gotim ninarlnguj, thet the Nangarla gotim, C.","Yu\tnomo\tgot-im\tninarlnguj,\tthet\tthe\tNangarla\tgot-im,\tC.",2SG\tNEG\thave-TR\tlower.leg\tDEM\tEQ.COP\tNangarla\thave-TR\tC.,"You don't have (the word) ninarlnguj (written down), it's Nangarla who has it, C. (referring to another linguist)",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -27-125,27,Də bull no wel werək.,Də\tbull\tno\twel\twerək.,ART.DEF\tbull\tNEG\twant\twork,The bull does not want to work.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-173,28,o poko di man ka,o\tpoko\tdi\tman\tka,3SG\tlike\tthe\tman\tNEG,She doesn't like the male (referring to a pair of parrots).,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-174,28,o suku nati ʃi bwa kanɛ,o\tsuku\tnati\tʃi\tbwa\tkanɛ,3SG\twant\twet\t3SG.POSS\tfoot\tNEG,He doesn't want his feet to get wet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-196,29,Jan kom nie.,Jan\tkom\tnie.,John\tcomes\tNEG,John is not coming.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-197,29,Jan sal nie kom nie.,Jan\tsal\tnie\tkom\tnie.,John\tFUT\tNEG\tcome\tNEG,John will not come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-198,29,Moenie so baie eet nie!,Moenie\tso\tbaie\teet\tnie!,must.NEG\tso\tmuch\teat\tNEG,Don't eat so much!,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-199,29,Hy kannie ophou nie.,Hy\tkan-nie\top-hou\tnie.,3SG.M.NOM\tcan-NEG\tup-hold\tNEG,He can't stop.,,,,naturalistic written -30-209,30,"Odja, mi N ka kre pa bu toka di noti.","Odja,\tmi\tN=ka=kre\tpa=bu=toka\tdi=noti.",look\t1SG.INDP\t1SG.DEP=NEG=want\tfor=2SG=play\tof=night,"Listen, I don’t like you to play at night.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-168,31,Nu ka ta kume-l.,Nu\tka\tta\tkume-l.,we\tNEG\tHAB\teat-it,We don't eat it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-166,32,N ka ten marid.,N\tka\tten\tmarid.,1SG\tNEG\thave\thusband,I don't have a husband.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-193,33,Ze ka riba aonti.,Ze\tka\triba\taonti.,Zé\tNEG\treturn\tyesterday,Zé did not return yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-194,33,Ze riba aonti.,Ze\triba\taonti.,Ze\treturn\tyesterday,Ze returned yesterday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-156,34,Mariya ka ta kumé pis.,Mariya\tka\tta\tkumé\tpis.,Mary\tNEG\tHAB\teat\tfish,Mary does not eat fish.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-220,35,Ê na ka bila konsê xitu ku kwa sa nê fa.,Ê\tna\tka\tbila\tkonsê\txitu\tku\tkwa\tsa\tn=ê\tfa.,3SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tturn\tknow\tplace\tREL\tthing\tbe\tin=3SG\tNEG,He doesn’t recognize the place where the thing is.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-221,35,Men dê na tava sêbê fa?,Men\tdê\tna\ttava\tsêbê\tfa?,Mother\t3SG.POSS\tNEG\tPST\tknow\tNEG,Didn’t his mother know?,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-138,36,A na ta ngê ki m'me minhu wa.,A\tna\tta\tngê\tki\tm'me\tminhu\twa.,INDF\tNEG\tknow\tperson\tREL\teat\tmaize\tNEG,One doesn't know who ate the maize.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-173,37,Ê vê Pedu fa.,Ê\tvê\tPedu\tfa.,3SG\tsee\tPedu\tNEG,He didn’t see Pedu.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-182,38,Amu na po fe-f.,Amu\tna\tpo\tfe-f.,1SG\tNEG\tcan\tmake-NEG,I am not able to do it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-183,38,M’ embe membo makete odyef.,Amu\tna\tbe\tme-bo\tmakete\todyia-f.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tmother-2SG\tmarket\ttoday-NEG,I did not see your mother at the market today.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-168,39,"Də Go nã mãdo Purtəgal, ot lad mem dixo.","Də\tGo\tnã\tmãd-o\tPurtəgal,\tot\tlad\tmem\tdix-o.",of\tGoa\tNEG\tsend-PST\tPortugal\tother\tside\tEMPH\tleave-PST,"[They] didn't send [it] from Goa to Portugal, [they] left it some other place.",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-169,39,"Nãw, yo nə tə fika.","Nãw,\tyo\tnə\ttə\tfik-a.",NEG\t1SG\tNEG\tIPFV.NPST\tbecome-INF,"No, I'm not [scared of cockroaches].",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-133,40,(1) Teru nu tɛ kata(n). (2) Teru nu kato. (3) Nu kata!,(1)\tTeru\tnu\ttɛ\tkata(n).\t(2)\tTeru\tnu\tkato.\t(3)\tNu\tkata!,(1)\tTeru\tNEG\tPRS\tsing(PROG)\t(2)\tTeru\tNEG\tsing.PST\t(3)\tNEG\tsing,(1) Teru does not sing; (2) Teru did not sing. (3) Don't sing!,,,,elicited from speaker -41-166,41,aka juustu naa vii,aka\tjuustu\tnaa\tvii,that\tright\tNEG.FUT\tcome,That won’t come right. OR: That can’t be fixed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-178,42,Maria ńgka kumí mangga,Maria\tńgka\tkumí\tmangga,Maria\tNEG\teat\tmangoe,Maria doesn’t eat / is not eating mangoes.,,,,elicited from speaker -43-117,43,Akel eo nungku sabe.,Akel\teo\tnungku\tsabe.,that\t1SG\tNEG\tknow,That I don’t know.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-171,44,"Nwáy masyáo krímen, médyu tahímik el pwéblu.","Nwáy\tmasyáo\tkrímen,\tmédyu\ttahímik\tel\tpwéblu.",NEG.EXIST\tINTENS\tcrime\thalf\tquiet\tDEF\ttown,"There is not much crime, the town is rather quiet.",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-172,44,Nwáy pa yo íhu.,Nwáy\tpa\tyo\tíhu.,NEG.EXIST\tyet\t1SG\tchild,I do not have children yet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-184,46,Nosábe yo.,Nosábe\tyo.,NEG.know\t1SG,I don't know.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-205,47,Mi no a bishitá e kapital di Perú nunka.,Mi\tno\ta\tbishitá\te\tkapital\tdi\tPerú\tnunka.,1SG\tNEG\tPFV\tvisit\tDEF\tcapital\tof\tPeru\tnever,I have never visited the capital of Peru.,,,,published source -47-206,47,Ningun di nan no a laga nada lòs tokante nan plan.,Ningun\tdi\tnan\tno\ta\tlaga\tnada\tlòs\ttokante\tnan\tplan.,no.one\tof\t3PL\tNEG\tPFV\tlet\tnothing\tloose\tabout\t3PL\tplan,Not one of them has revealed anything about their plan.,,,,published source -48-176,48,¿I pa ké uté nu kumblá?,¿I\tpa\tké\tuté\tnu\tkumblá?,and\tfor\twhat\tyou.SG\tNEG\tbuy,And why did you not buy (it)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-177,48,I nu ten náa nu.,I\tnu\tten\tnáa\tnu.,I\tNEG\thave\tnothing\tNEG,I don't have anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-178,48,I nu sabé eso nu.,I\tnu\tsabé\teso\tnu.,I\tNEG\tknow\tthis\tNEG,I don't know this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-179,48,Suto sabé eso nu.,Suto\tsabé\teso\tnu.,we\tknow\tthis\tNEG,We don't know this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-306,49,Chat madanm nan pa kouri.,Chat\tmadanm\tnan\tpa\tkouri.,cat\tlady\tDEF\tNEG\trun,The lady's cat didn't run.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-307,49,"Non, ou pa kap manje krèm kounye a.","Non,\tou\tpa\tkap\tmanje\tkrèm\tkounye\ta.",no\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\teat\tice.cream\tnow\tDEF,"No, you cannot eat ice cream now.",,,,naturalistic spoken -50-190,50,I pa manjé.,I\tpa\tmanjé.,3SG\tNEG\teat,He/she did not eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-162,51,I pa manjé.,I\tpa\tmanjé.,3SG\tNEG\teat,He did not eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-104,52,to pa té lé krè wonm,to\tpa\tté\tlé\tkrè\twonm,you\tNEG\tPST\twant\tbelieve\tman,"You did not want to believe (me), man!",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-369,53,Mo manj pa diri.,Mo\tmanj\tpa\tdiri.,1SG\teat\tNEG\trice,I don't eat rice.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-214,54,Mi kone pa.,Mi\tkone\tpa.,1SG.FIN\tknow\tNEG,I don’t know.,,,,constructed by linguist -54-215,54,"An se tan la, lékol lavé poin tro.","An\tsë\ttan\tla,\tlekol\tlave\tpwen\ttro.",in\tDEM\ttime\tDEM\tschool\thave.PST\tNEG\ttoo.many,"In those days, there were not too many schools.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-216,54,"[...] kan i sava devan, i regard pi déyer.","[...]\tkan\ti\tsava\tdëvan,\ti\trëgard\tpi\tdeyer.",[...]\twhen\tFIN\tgo\tforward\tFIN\tlook\tno.longer\tback,"[...] when you go forward, you no longer look back.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-183,55,Faruk pa maṅz pork,Faruk\tpa\tmaṅz\tpork,Farook\tnot\teat\tpork,Farook doesn't eat pork.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-184,55,"Non, mo pa konn ou.","Non,\tmo\tpa\tkonn\tou.",no\t1SG\tNEG\tknow\t2SG,"No, I don't know you.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-196,56,Zak pa ti manze.,Zak\tpa\tti\tmanze.,Jacques\tPST\tNEG\teat,Jacques did not eat.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-100,57,fo pa met vaʃ pi toro nda ʃam,fo\tpa\tmet\tvaʃ\tpi\ttoro\tnda\tʃam,OBLIG\tNEG\tput\tcow\tand\tbull\tin\tfield,You should not put cows and bulls in one field.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-101,57,Marie la pa ʃate,Marie\tla\tpa\tʃate,Mary\tSI\tNEG\tsing,Mary doesn't sing.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-123,58,Kwenda ve!,Kwenda\tve!,go.IMP\tnot,Don't go!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-124,58,Mono kwend-aka ve.,Mono\tkwend-aka\tve.,me\tgo-PST\tnot,I did not go.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-316,59,"mama ni so adu ape so, [...]","mama\tni\tso\ta-du\tape\tso,\t[...]",mother\tDET\tREL\tPM-bear\tNEG\tREL\t[...],The mother (co-wife of the biological mother) who had not given birth to a child [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-317,59,lo ye ti te mbeni ye nde ape,lo\tye\tti\tte\tmbeni\tye\tnde\tape,3SG\twant\tof\teat\tsome\tthing\tdifferent\tNEG,He did not want to eat anything different (than human flesh).,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-318,59,lo ke faa mo na mbi ape?!,lo\tke\tfaa\tmo\tna\tmbi\tape?!,3SG\tCOP\tkill\t2SG\tCONJ\t1SG\tNEG,Won't he kill you and me?!,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-319,59,mbi hinga ape wala ala e si keereke,mbi\thinga\tape\twala\tala\tke\tsi\tkekereke,1SG\tknow\tNEG\tor\t3PL\tCOP\tarrive\ttomorrow,I don't know if they'll arrive tomorrow.,,,,elicited from speaker -59-320,59,"wala ala ke si kekereke, wala ala ke si ape, mbi hinga ape","wala\tala\tke\tsi\tkekereke,\twala\tala\tke\tsi\tape,\tmbi\thinga\tape",or\t3PL\tCOP\tarrive\ttomorrow\tor\t3PL\tCOP\tarrive\tNEG\t1SG\tknow\tNEG,I don't know if they will arrive tomorrow.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-145,60,akendákí na ndáko,a-kend-ákí\tna\tndáko,3SG-go-PST\tto\thouse,She went home.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-146,60,akendákí na ndáko té,a-kend-ákí\tna\tndáko\tté,3SG-go-PST\tto\thouse\tNEG,She did not go home.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-107,61,Yena ayi idla lo sinkwa.,Yena\tayi\tidla\tlo\tsinkwa.,he\tNEG\teat\tDEF.ART\tbread,He isn't eating (the) bread. OR: He doesn't eat bread.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-94,62,túsitú mahóra,tu-H-si-tu\tmahora,1PL-SBJ-NEG-dig\tpits,Let us not dig pits.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-187,63,úmun ma éndisi íšma,úmun\tma\téndisi\tíšma,3PL\tNEG\thave\thonor,They don’t have honor.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-188,63,ána árifu ma,ána\tárifu\tma,1SG\tknow\tNEG,I don't know.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-206,64,ána ma der rúwa beíd,ána\tma\tder\trúwa\tbeíd,1SG\tNEG\twant\tgo\tfar,I don’t want to go far.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-207,64,ána ma biágder ásma kalám to,ána\tma\tbi=ágder\tásma\tkalám\tto,1SG\tNEG\tIRR=can\thear\tdiscourse\tPOSS.3SG,I cannot hear what he is saying.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-145,65,"Maja pastajana axota xadi, dərugoj rabota netu, ryba lowi ponimaj toʒə netu.","Maja\tpastajana\taxota\txadi,\tdərugoj\trabota\tnetu,\tryba\tlowi\tponimaj\ttoʒə\tnetu.",1SG\tpermanently\thunt\tgo\tother\twork\tCOP.NEG\tfish\tcatch\tunderstand\talso\tNEG,"I am permanently hunting, there is no other work [for me], I am not skillful in fishing either.",,,,citation in fiction -66-116,66,Itu orang pintunya astutup təra.,Itu\torang\tpintu-nya\ta(bbi)s-tutup\ttəra.,DEM\tperson\tdoor-ACC.DEF\tASP-close\tNEG.AUX,That person has not closed the door.,,,,own knowledge -66-117,66,Farida nasi asmakan təraða.,Farida\tnasi\tas-makan\ttər-aða.,Farida\trice\tASP-eat\tNEG.FIN-AUX,Farida has not eaten rice.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-204,67,Itu bukan saya punya problem.,Itu\tbukan\tsaya\tpunya\tproblem.,DEM\tNEG\t1SG\tPOSS\tproblem,That is not my problem.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-205,67,Harga pun tak sama.,Harga\tpun\ttak\tsama.,value\talso\tNEG\tsame,Also [it is] not the same price.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-206,67,Dia baling bawa tak bole mangun.,Dia\tbaling\tbawa\ttak\tbole\tmangun.,3SG\tlie\tdown\tNEG\tcan\tget.up,She lay down [and] could not get up.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-120,68,"Nene Luhu itu seng mati, antua hilang.","Nene\tLuhu\titu\tseng\tmati,\tantua\thilang.",Nene\tLuhu\tDEM\tNEG\tdie\t3SG.FORMAL\tlost,"Nene Luhu did not die, she disappeared.",,,,naturalistic spoken -70-76,70,Fea nai deo.,Fea\tnai\tdeo.,fare\tNEG\tgive,Don't give the (bus)fare.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-179,71,Wau aole panipani kela Napumala.,Wau\taole\tpanipani\tkela\tNapumala.,1SG\tNEG\thave.sex\tDET\tNapumala,I didn't rape Napumala.,,,,naturalistic written -72-151,72,Yu putim nyawa kuya so yu kaan nurt laiyangku nganta.,Yu\tput-im\tnyawa\tkuya\tso\tyu\tkaan\tnurt\tlaiya-ngku\tnganta.,2SG\tput-TR\tthis\tthus\tso\t2SG\tNEG\tpress\tliar-ERG\tDOUBT,"You put this one like that so you won't tread on it, you little liar.",,,,naturalistic spoken -72-152,72,An dij karungku i neba luk dat kaya kominap.,An\tdij\tkaru-ngku\ti\tneba\tluk\tdat\tkaya\tkom-in-ap.,and\tthis\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tlook\tthe\tmonster\tcome-CONT-up,And this kid didn't see the monster coming towards them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-147,74,wik náyka kámtaks,wik\tnáyka\tkámtaks,NEG\t1SG\tknow,I don’t know.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-148,74,hlíu náyka kámtaks,hlíu\tnáyka\tkámtaks,NEG\t1SG\tknow,I don’t know.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-251,75,Maka noo wiiwiihtamaweew taanishi chiishipayihk.,Maka\tnoo\twii-wiihtamaw-eew\ttaanishi\tchi-ishipayi-hk.,but\tNEG\tDESID-tell-3.SBJ.3OBJ\thow\tCOMP.FUT-happen-INDF.ACTOR,But she would not say what was going to happen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-252,75,Nuu kinashkaanawaawak tii vyeu muud.,Nuu\tki-nashkaanaw-aaw-ak\ttii\tvyeu\tmuud.,NEG\t2-backtalk-3-PL\t2PL.POSS\told\tpeople,You don't talk back to the elders.,,,,naturalistic written -75-253,75,Eekaa eemiitshuhk denn narlizhyuun pur la pinitaans.,Eekaa\tee-miitshu-hk\tdenn\tnarlizhyuun\tpur\tla\tpinitaans.,NEG\tCOMP-eat-INDF.ACTOR\tin.INDF.F.SG\treligion\tfor\tART.F.SG\tpenance,There will be no eating in a religion for penance. OR: Fasting is not eating as a penance in religion.,,,,naturalistic written -75-254,75,Diluu ili pa kleer.,Diluu\tili\tpa\tkleer.,water\tCOP\tNEG\tclear,The water is not clear. OR: The water is filmy.,,,,naturalistic written -75-255,75,Zhi pa sartaen Joo shiwiichihikuyahk.,Zhi\tpa\tsartaen\tJoo\tshi-wiichih-iku-yahk.,1SG\tNEG\tcertain\tJoe\tCOMP.FUT-help-INV-1PL,I am not sure Joe will help us.,,,,naturalistic written -76-66,76,kaukau pītcūk owoxña,kaukau\tpītcūk\towoxña,eat/food\tnot\tI,I have no food. OR: I have not eaten.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -2-264,2,"Mi no feni en, mi no feni a fopper.","Mi\tno\tfeni\ten,\tmi\tno\tfeni\ta\tfopper.",1SG\tNEG\tfind\t3SG\t1SG\tNEG\tfind\tDET\tpacifier,"I haven’t found it, I haven’t found the pacifier.",,,,naturalistic spoken -4-171,4,U á paati den kuku ete?,U\tá\tpaati\tden\tkuku\tete?,you.PL\tNEG\tdistribute\tDET.PL\tcookies\tyet,You have not yet distributed the cookies?,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-107,6,Ah eh give hi none.,Ah\teh\tgive\thi\tnone.,1SG\tNEG\tgive\t3SG.OBJ\tnone,I didn't give him any.,,,,constructed by linguist -7-241,7,Mitch maitn no.,Mitch\tmait-n\tno.,Mitch\tmight-NEG\tknow,Mitch mightn't know.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-242,7,Mitch na hafo no.,Mitch\tna\tha-fo\tno.,Mitch\tNEG\thave-for\tknow,Mitch doesn’t have to know.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-152,8,Dem tel mi se dem no yer di pikni a baal an dem no si im niida.,Dem\ttel\tmi\tse\tdem\tno\tyer\tdi\tpikni\ta\tbaal\tan\tdem\tno\tsi\tim\tniida.,3PL\ttell\t1SG\tCOMP\t3PL\tNEG\thear\tDET\tchild\tPROG\tbawl\tand\t3PL\tNEG\tsee\t3SG\tneither,They told me that they neither heard the child crying nor saw it.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-187,9,Yu no waak da ridj de.,Yu\tno\twaak\tda\tridj\tde.,2SG\tNEG\twalk\tthat\tridge\tthere,You don't walk along that ridge.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-237,10,Di King no waahn mek im go iin de.,Di\tKing\tno\twaahn\tmek\tim\tgo\tiin\tde.,ART.DEF\tKing\tNEG\twant\tmake\t3SG\tgo\tin\tDEM.LOC,The King didn’t want to let him go in there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-311,11,Wi no get di nyuuz.,Wi\tno\tget\tdi\tnyuuz.,1PL\tNEG\tget\tART.DEF\tnews,We don’t get the news.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-183,13,Me na gwine gone.,Me\tna\tgwine\tgone.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tgoing\tgo,I am not going to go.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-184,13,I ain gine worry a soul.,I\tain\tgine\tworry\ta\tsoul.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG.AUX\tgoing\tworry\ta\tsoul,I am not going to worry a soul.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-139,14,They don't live in Louisiana.,They\tdon't\tlive\tin\tLouisiana.,they\tdo.NEG\tlive\tin\tLouisiana,They don't live in Louisiana.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-147,16,ì no dè ʧɔp ɛnitin,ì\tno\tdè\tʧɔp\tɛnitin,3SG\tNEG\tHAB\teat\tanything,It does not eat anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-174,17,À no bay nyam.,À\tno\tbay\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tbuy\tyam,I didn’t buy yams.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-196,19,Dɛ̀n no dè gi no natin.,Dɛ̀n\tno\tdè\tgi\tno\tnatin.,3PL\tNEG\tIPFV\tgive\tNEG\tnothing,They don’t give anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-139,20,You no talkee true.,You\tno\ttalkee\ttrue.,2SG\tNEG\ttalk\ttrue,You don't speak the truth.,,,,naturalistic written -22-173,22,Em no harim toktok bilong bubu bilong em.,Em\tno\tharim\ttoktok\tbilong\tbubu\tbilong\tem.,3SG\tNEG\thear\ttalk\tPOSS\tgrandparent\tPOSS\t3SG,She did not listen to her grandfather.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-174,22,Tupela no slip gut long nait.,Tupela\tno\tslip\tgut\tlong\tnait.,3DU\tNEG\tsleep\tgood\tPREP\tnight,They did not sleep well at night.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-180,24,Ai nort noe.,Ai\tnort\tnoe.,I\tNEG\tknow,I do not know.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-126,27,Am ne kan fin it [...].,Am\tne\tkan\tfin\tit\t[...].,3SG\tNEG\tcan\tfind\tout\t[...],He cannot find out [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-175,28,"aʃu pamen kɛnau, dɛn ju kan krik di boka","aʃi\tju\tpama\ten\tkɛnɛ\tnau,\tdɛn\tju\tkan\tkriki\tdi\tboki\tka",if\t2SG\ttell\tone\tperson\tnow\tthen\t2SG\tcan\tget\tthe\tmoney\tNEG,"If you tell anybody, then you can't get the money.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-176,28,ɛkɛ suku mu titi ori jɛnda ka,ɛkɛ\tsuku\tmu\ttiti\tori\tjɛn-da\tka,1SG\twant\tgo\ttime\t3SG\tbe-there\tNEG,I don't want to go when he is not there. OR: I want to go when he is not there; I don't want to go when he is there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-177,28,"ɛk wa noiti nika, solok bɛr kɛk di sa hapn","ɛkɛ\twa\tnoiti\tnimi\tka,\tsoloko\tbɛrɛ\tkɛkɛ\tdi\tsa\thapn",1SG\tPST\tnever\tknow\tNEG\tsuch\tstory\tlike\tthis\tIRR\thappen,I never knew such things could happen.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-200,29,omdat hy nie huistoe gaan nie,omdat\thy\tnie\thuis-toe\tgaan\tnie,because\t3SG.M.NOM\tNEG1\thouse-to\tgoes\tNEG2,because he is not going home,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-241,29,Hy gaan nie huistoe nie.,Hy\tgaan\tnie\thuis-toe\tnie.,3SG.M.NOM\tgoes\tNEG1\thouse-to\tNEG2,He is not going home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-210,30,"Odja, mi N ka kre pa bu toka di noti.","Odja,\tmi\tN=ka=kre\tpa=bu=toka\tdi=noti.",look\t1SG.INDP\t1SG.DEP=NEG=want\tfor=2SG=play\tof=night,"Listen, I don’t like you to play at night.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-211,30,"Rui ê ka nos amigu so aparenti, el ê nos amigu dimedivéra.","Rui\tê\tka\tnos=amigu\tso\taparenti,\tel\tê\tnos=amigu\tdimedivéra.",Rui\tbe\tNEG\tour=friend\tonly\tseemingly\t3SG\tbe\tour=friend\treally,"Rui not only seems to be our friend, he really is our friend.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-212,30,Kusa bunitu sima kel inda N ka odja na mundu!,Kusa\tbunitu\tsima\tkel\tinda\tN=ka=odja\tna=mundu!,thing\tnice\tas\tDEM.SG\tup.to.now\t1SG=NEG=see\tin=world,I've never seen such a nice thing in the world!,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-169,31,"Ano nu ka ten noti, nu ka ten dia.","Ano\tnu\tka\tten\tnoti,\tnu\tka\tten\tdia.",us\twe\tNEG\thave\tnight\twe\tNEG\thave\tday,"We don't know night, we don't know day.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-167,32,N ka krê.,N\tka\tkrê.,1SG\tNEG\twant,I don't want.,,,,naturalistic spoken -34-157,34,Joŋ ka kumé biyanda.,Joŋ\tka\tø\tkumé\tbiyanda.,John\tNEG\tPFV\teat\tcooked.rice,John did not eat rice.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-222,35,Maji n na sêbê xi n ga nganha ala fa.,Maji\tn\tna\tsêbê\txi\tn\tga\tnganha\tala\tfa.,but\t1SG\tNEG\tknow\tif\t1SG\tIPFV\tarrive\tthere\tNEG,But I don’t know if I will get there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-223,35,Sun na mêsê pa sun ba nala ku mosu sun se fô.,Sun\tna\tmêsê\tpa\tsun\tba\tnala\tku\tmosu\tsun\tse\tf=ô.,3SG\tNEG\twant\tfor\t3SG\tgo\tthere\twith\tboy\t3SG.POSS\tDEM\tNEG=PCL,He doesn’t want to go there with his son.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-174,37,Amanhan n sa kume pêxi fa.,Amanhan\tn\tsa\tkume\tpêxi\tfa.,tomorrow\t1SG\tFUT\teat\tfish\tNEG,Tomorrow I won't eat fish.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-184,38,Odye m'en be membo xamakumf.,Odyia\tamu-na\tbe\tmai-bo\txama_kumu-f.,today\t1SG-NEG\tsee\tmother-2SG\tmarket-NEG,I did not see your mother at the market today.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-170,39,"Yo nã kɛr kõta, dig a el.","Yo\tnã\tkɛr\tkõt-a,\tdig\ta\tel.",1SG\tNEG\twant.NPST\ttell-INF\tsay.NPST\tDAT\t3SG,"I don't want to tell, ask him.",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-134,40,(1) Teru nu tɛ kata; (2) Nu kata! (3) Teru nu kato.,(1)\tTeru\tnu\ttɛ\tkata;\t(2)\tNu\tkata!\t(3)\tTeru\tnu\tkato.,(1)\tTeru\tNEG\tPRS\tsing\t(2)\tNEG\tsing\t(3)\tTeru\tNEG\tsing.PST,(1) Teru doesn't sing. (2) Don't sing! (3) Teru didn't sing.,,,,constructed by linguist -42-179,42,Maria ńgka kumí,Maria\tńgka\tkumí,Maria\tNEG\teat,Maria did not eat.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-173,44,No éli ta risibí págo.,No\téli\tta\trisibí\tpágo.,NEG\t3SG\tIPFV\treceive\tpayment,He does not receive a payment.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-207,47,"[...] a bin resultá ku nan no tabatin nèt nada di aber ku e kaso kruel aki, [...].",[...]\ta\tbini\tresultá\tku\tnan\tno\ttaba-tin\tnèt\tnada\tdi\taber\tku\te\tkaso\tkruel\taki\t[...].,[...]\tPFV\tcome\tresult\tCOMP\t3PL\tNEG\tPST-have\tjust\tnothing\tof\tto.do\twith\tDEF\tcase\tcruel\tDEM.PROX\t[...],[...] it was found that they had nothing to do with this cruel case [...].,,,,published source -47-208,47,E kambio di gobièrnu lo no trese kambio den esaki.,E\tkambio\tdi\tgobièrnu\tlo\tno\ttrese\tkambio\tden\tes(un)\taki.,DEF\tchange\tof\tgovernment\tMOOD\tNEG\tbring\tchange\tin\tone\tDEM.PROX,The change of government will not bring any change in this regard.,,,,published source -47-209,47,esnan ku no ta nèchi ètòl,es(un)\tnan\tku\tno\tta\tnèchi\tètòl,one\tPL\tCOMP\tNEG\tCOP\tnice\tat.all,those that are not at all nice,,,,published source -48-180,48,¡Nu dejá-mi te nu!,¡Nu\tdejá-mi\tte\tnu!,NEG\tleave-me\tyou.SG\tNEG,Don't leave me (alone)!,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-181,48,E sé kelé p’ í tené-o nu.,E\tsé\tkelé\tp’\tí\ttené-o\tnu.,he/she\tHAB\twant\tfor\tI\thave-it\tNEG,He/she doesn’t want me to have it (lit. He/she does not want that I have it).,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-308,49,M pa renmen sa a.,M\tpa\trenmen\tsa\ta.,1SG\tNEG\tlove\tDEM\tSG,I don't like her/him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-309,49,M pa vle ou fè sa.,M\tpa\tvle\tou\tfè\tsa.,1SG\tNEG\twant\t2SG\tdo\tDEM,I don't want you to do that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-191,50,Pyè pa vini.,Pyè\tpa\tvini.,Peter\tNEG\tcome,Peter did not come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-163,51,Piè pa vini.,Piè\tpa\tvini.,Peter\tNEG\tcome,Peter did not come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-370,53,Ye pa kone parle kreol.,Ye\tpa\tkone\tparle\tkreol.,3PL\tNEG\tknow.how\tspeak\tCreole,They don't know how to speak Creole.,,,,elicited from speaker -53-371,53,Mo pa gagné do lo.,Mo\tpa\tgagné\tdolo.,1SG\tNEG\thave\twater,I haven't got water.,,,,naturalistic written -53-372,53,Na lontan mo pa wa li.,Na\tlontan\tmo\tpa\twa\tli.,it.is\tlong.time\t1SG\tNEG\tsee\t3SG,I haven't seen him for a long time.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-373,53,Bondjoe koz pa.,Bondjoe\tkoz\tpa.,God\tspeak\tNEG,God doesn't speak.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-374,53,Yé tandé: bon courore vini pa.,Yé\ttandé:\tbon\tcourore\tvini\tpa.,3PL\twait\tgood\trunner\tcome\tNEG,They waited: the good runner didn't come.,,,,naturalistic written -54-217,54,Mi touch pa aou.,Mi\ttouch\tpa\taou.,1SG.PRS\ttouch\tNEG\tOBL.2SG,I do not touch you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-218,54,[...] si lé pa bon mi manz pa.,[...]\tsi\tle\tpa\tbon\tmi\tmanz\tpa.,[...]\tif\tCOP.PRS\tNEG\tgood\t1SG.PRS\teat\tNEG,[...] if it is not good I won’t eat it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-219,54,"Tank zot la pa fini, i sava pa.","Tank\tzot\tla\tpa\tfini,\ti\tsava\tpa.",as.long.as\t3PL\tPRF\tNEG\tfinish\tFIN\tgo\tNEG,"As long as they have not finished, they will not go away.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-220,54,Le mun i va pa vòl en ti zafer kòm sa.,Lë\tmoun\ti\tva\tpa\tvol\ten\tti\tzafer\tkom\tsa.,DEF\tperson\tFIN\tFUT\tNEG\tsteal\tINDF\tsmall\tthing\tlike\tthat,Nobody will steal a small item like that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-185,55,mo pa ale; mo pa ti ale; mo pa pe ale; mo pa pu ale,mo\tpa\tale;\tmo\tpa\tti\tale;\tmo\tpa\tpe\tale;\tmo\tpa\tpu\tale,1SG\tNEG\tgo\t1SG\tNEG\tPST\tgo\t1SG\tNEG\tPROG\tgo\t1SG\tNEG\tFUT\tgo,I don't go; I didn't go; I am not going; I will not go,,,,constructed by linguist -57-161,57,ma pa ule,ma\tpa\tule,1SG\tNEG\twant,I don't want.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-125,58,Muntu mosi kwisaka ve.,Muntu\tmosi\tkwisaka\tve.,person\tone\tcame\tNEG,One person did not come.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-321,59,mbi de mbi mu koli ape,mbi\tde\tmbi\tmu\tkoli\tape,1SG\tremain\t1SG\ttake\thusband\tNEG,I haven't yet taken a husband. OR: I'm not married yet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-322,59,Mbi de mbi baa nyama ti sese agbo kamba (na) nduzu pepe.,mbi\tde\tmbi\tbaa\tnyama\tti\tsese\ta-gbo\tkamba\t(na)\tnduzu\tpepe,1SG\tremain\t1SG\tsee\tanimal\tof\tearth\tPM-grab\trope\t(PREP)\tupwards\tNEG,I haven't yet seen a terrestrial animal seize a rope from above.,,,,naturalistic written -59-323,59,"i ke na moyen' titene i faa dole ni ti gwe na ni, ake ape","i\tyeke\tna\t\ttitene\ti\tfaa\tdole\tni\tti\tgwe\tna\tni,\ta-ke\tape",1PL\tCOP\twith\tmeans\tso.that\t1PL\tkill\telephant\tDEF\tto\tgo\twith\tDEF\tPM-COP\tNEG,We didn't have any way of killing an elephant and taking it away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-324,59,"ala hinga ape, atene, mbeni yi laa asara lo a lege","ala\thinga\tape,\ta-tene,\tmbeni\tyi\tlaa\ta-sara\tlo\tna\tlege",2PL\tknow\tNEG\tPM-say\tsome\tthing\tTOP\tPM-do\t3SG\tPREP\tway,"You didn't know (that she had been killed), thinking that something had happened to her on the way (home).",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-325,59,"wala lo gwe mu azo ni ti gwe te, wala lo e mu saa na ala gi tonenyen', e hinga ape","wala\tlo\tgwe\tmu\ta-zo\tni\tti\tgwe\tte,\twala\tlo\tyeke\tmu\tsara\tna\tala\tgi\ttongana\tnyen',\te\thinga\tape",whether\t3SG\tgo\ttake\tPL-person\tDEF\tto\tgo\teat\twhether\t3SG\tCOP\ttake\tdo\tPREP\t3PL\tonly\tlike\twhat\t1PL\tknow\tNEG,We don't know if he took the people to eat them or if he was going to do whatever with them.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-326,59,mbi hinga ape mo ga biri,mbi\thinga\tape\tmo\tga\tbiri,1SG\tknow\tNEG\t2SG\tcome\tyesterday,I didn't know that you came yesterday.,,,,constructed by linguist -62-95,62,síkúru mbuvá ghó kángi,si-kuru\tmbuva\tghó\tka-ingi,1SG.NEG-cultivate\tfield\tmy\ttime-many,I don't cultivate my farm often.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-189,63,ómun má gi-kélem,ómun\tmá\tgi-kélem,3PL\tNEG\tTAM-speak,They don’t speak.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-190,63,íta éndi pésa ma,íta\téndi\tpésa\tma,2SG\thave\tmoney\tNEG,You don't have money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-208,64,ma batál,ma\tbatál,NEG\tbad,It is not bad.,,,,constructed by linguist -64-209,64,ána ma árif hásal ʃunú,ána\tma\tárif\thásal\tʃunú,1SG\tNEG\tknow\thappen\twhat,I don’t know what happened.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-146,65,"Za ʒenuʃeka mesiaza pasidi netu, adali ʧuʒoj.","Za\tʒenuʃeka\tmesiaza\tpasidi\tnetu,\tadali\tʧuʒoj.",TOP\twife\tplace\tsit\tNEG\tlike\tstranger,They never sit near their wives as if they were strangers.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-147,65,"Tərawa gari netu, lies gari!","Tərawa\tgari\tnetu,\tlies\tgari!",grass\tburn\tNEG\tforest\tburn,"It is not just the grass that is burning, it it the whole forest that burns!",,,,citation in fiction -65-148,65,Za maja tako ne xyʧi.,Za\tmaja\ttako\tne\txyʧi.,TOP\t1SG\tso\tNEG\twant,I do not want it to be so.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-149,65,"Niʧiwo ni delaj iwo, tol'ko rabotaj kantore.","Niʧiwo\tni\tdelaj\tiwo,\ttol'ko\trabotaj\tkantore.",nothing\tNEG\tdo\t3SG\tonly\twork\toffice,"She does not do anything, she only works in the office.",,,,naturalistic spoken -66-118,66,Rikas tərəmakang.,Rikas\ttərə-makang.,Rikas\tNEG.FIN-eat,Rikas did not eat.,,,,constructed by linguist -67-163,67,"Toto mana-mana pun ada, bukan di satu tempat.","Toto\tmana~mana\tpun\tada,\tbukan\tdi\tsatu\ttempat.",toto.lottery\twhere~where\talso\texist\tNEG\tin\tone\tplace,A Toto (outlet) is everywhere. It is not only in one place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-207,67,Saya tak nampak ah ini kereta langga orang ah.,Saya\ttak\tnampak\tah\tini\tkereta\tlangga\torang\tah.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tTOP\tDEM\tcar\tbump\tperson\tTOP,I did not see this car hit the person (accident).,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-149,74,wik náyka kámtaks,wik\tnáyka\tkámtaks,NEG\t1SG\tknow,I don’t know.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-256,75,Iyonve pat telefoon ekoshpi.,Iyonve\tpat\ttelefoon\tekoshpi.,3PL.have.PST\tNEG\ttelephone\tthen,At that time they did not have telephones.,,,,naturalistic spoken -76-67,76,ababa tusa'ra pī'tcȗk,ababa\ttusa'ra\tpī'tcȗk,say\thear\tnot,I heard no talking.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-242,1,Kaba tog no wan somma bribi hem muffe.,Kaba\ttogu\tnowan-soma\tbribi\ten\tmofo.,but\tyet\tno-person\tbelieve\t2SG\tword,But yet no one believes him (lit. But yet no one believes his words).,,,,written -1-243,1,Dem no sa doe joe wan santie.,Den\tno\tsa\tdu\tyu\twan\tsani.,3PL\tNEG\tFUT\tdu\t2SG\tINDF.SG\tthing,They will not harm you (lit. They will not do you a thing/something).,,,,written -1-244,1,Mi no findi notti.,Mi\tno\tfeni\tnoti.,1SG\tNEG\tfind\tnothing,I found nothing / I didn't find anything.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-265,2,No wan suma no man verklaar yu wan oorlog tori.,No\twan\tsuma\tno\tman\tverklaar\tyu\twan\toorlog\ttori.,NEG\tone\tperson\tNEG\tcan\texplain\t2SG\tART\twar\tstory,No one can tell you war stories.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-266,2,Yu no abi fu abi noti.,Yu\tno\tabi\tfu\tabi\tnoti.,2SG\tNEG\thave\tto\thave\tnothing,You don’t have to have any.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-267,2,Noti no pasa nanga mi.,Noti\tno\tpasa\tnanga\tmi.,nothing\tNEG\thappen\twith\tme,Nothing happened to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-145,3,Dí sɛmbɛ hén-seéi àn tá si taa báka f'én boóko.,Dí\tsɛmbɛ\thén-seéi\tàn\ttá\tsi\ttaa\tbáka\tf'=én\tboóko.,DEF.SG\tsomeone\t3SG-self\tNEG\tASP\tsee\tsay\tback\tfor=3SG\tbreak,Nobody sees his own hunchback.,,,,naturalistic written -3-146,3,M'e sí sɛmbɛ.,M'=e\tsí\tsɛmbɛ.,1SG=NEG\tsee\tsomeone,I saw nobody.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-172,4,Ná wan meti mi kii.,Ná\twan\tmeti\tmi\tkii.,NEG\tone\tmeat\tI\tkill,Not a single animal I killed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-173,4,A ná abi toobi anga ná wan sani seefi.,A\tná\tabi\ttoobi\tanga\tná\twan\tsani\tseefi.,he\tNEG\thave\ttrouble\twith\tNEG\tone\tthing\tself,He was not concerned about even a single thing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-108,6,He eh want notin.,He\teh\twant\tnotin.,3SG\tNEG\twant\tnothing,He doesn't want anything.,,,,elicited from speaker -7-243,7,Nobadi (na) si mi.,No-badi\t(na)\tsi\tmi.,NEG-body\t(NEG)\tsee\t1SG,Nobody saw me.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-244,7,Mi na si nobadi.,Mi\tna\tsi\tno-badi.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tNEG-body,I didn’t see anybody.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-245,7,*Mi si nobadi.,*Mi\tsi\tno-badi.,1SG\tsee\tNEG-bodi,NOT: I didn’t see anybody.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-246,7,Nobadi na si nobadi.,No-badi\tna\tsi\tno-badi.,NEG-body\tNEG\tsee\tNEG-body,Nobody saw anybody.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-247,7,*Nobadi si nobadi.,*No-badi\tsi\tno-badi.,NEG-body\tsee\tNEG-body,NOT: Nobody saw anybody.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-153,8,Mi no yer notn bout dat-de.,Mi\tno\tyer\tnotn\tbout\tdat-de.,1SG\tNEG\thear\tnothing\tabout\tthat-there,I didn't hear anything about that.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-188,9,Bra Fayaflay no de se notn̩.,Bra\tFayaflay\tno\tde\tse\tnotn̩.,Brother\tFirefly\tNEG\tPROG\tsay\tnothing,Brother Firefly didn't say anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-238,10,Nonbady no waahn daans wid Taiga.,Non-bady\tno\twaahn\tdaans\twid\tTaiga.,no-body\tNEG\twant\tdance\tCOM\tTiger,Nobody wanted to dance with Tiger.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-239,10,Mi neva sii nonbady kom.,Mi\tneva\tsii\tnon-bady\tkom.,1SG\tNEG.PST\tsee\tno-body\tcome,I didn't see anybody come.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-312,11,Nobadi neva yuuztu hav tivi.,No-badi\tneva\tyuuztu\thav\ttivi.,no-body\tNEG.PST\tHAB.PST\thave\tTV,Nobody would have a TV.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-313,11,Wi no hav nobadi.,Wi\tno\thav\tno-badi.,1PL\tNEG\thave\tno-body,We don't have anybody (to represent us).,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-314,11,Bot nou yu kyaan du notn.,Bot\tnou\tyu\tkyaan\tdu\tnotn.,but\tnow\t2SG\tcan.NEG\tdo\tnothing,But now you can’t do anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-315,11,Dei pei nobadi no main.,Dei\tpei\tno-badi\tno\tmain.,3PL\tpay\tno-body\tNEG\tmind,They didn’t listen to anyone.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-252,12,"People robbing people, you know, just like all kind of things. Ain't no - ain't nothing so special. Pettiness, you know.",[...]\tain't\tnothing\tso\tspecial.,[...]\tNEG\tINDF\tso\tspecial,[..] That’s nothing special.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-253,12,"See, the government over the Bahamas then didn't know nothing, you know?",[...]\tthe\tgovernment\tover\tthe\tBahamas\tthen\tdidn't\tknow\tnothing\t[...].,[...]\tthe\tgovernment\tover\tthe\tBahamas\tthen\tNEG\tknow\tINDF\t[...],"[...] the Bahamian government (back) then, they didn’t know anything [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-254,12,Say ain't nobody who'll call theyself is fisherman can't swim.,[...]\tain't\tnobody\twho'll\tcall\ttheyself\tis\tfisherman\tcan't\tswim.,[...]\tNEG\tINDF\twho.FUT\tcall\tREFL\tCOP\tfisherman\tMOD.AUX.NEG\tswim,There isn’t anyone who would call himself a fisherman and be unable to swim.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-255,12,"Well, see, after - the hurricane and - uh - it wasn't no vessel for us to move on, and it wasn't anything to do 'round home, you know?",[...]\tit\twasn't\tanything\tto\tdo\t'round\thome\t[...].,[...]\t3SG.N.SBJ\tCOP.PST.NEG\tINDF\tto\tdo\taround\thome\t[...],"[...] [after the hurricane, there wasn’t any vessel for us to move on,] and there wasn’t anything to do at home [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-256,12,"Yeah, ain't nobody is bother me. Because they done know me, and I is be in the house all the time",[...]\tain't\tnobody\tis\tbother\tme.,[...]\tNEG\tINDF\tHAB\tbother\tme,"[...] there isn’t anyone who bothers me (around here). [Because they know me, and I’m always in the house.]",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-185,13,I ain going go pick none dere.,I\tain\tgoing\tgo\tpick\tnone\tdere.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG.AUX\tgoing\tgo\tpick\tNEG.INDF.PRO\tthere,I am not going to pick any there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-186,13,Dey ain gii we none.,Dey\tain\tgii\twe\tnone.,they\tNEG.AUX\tgive\tus\tNEG.INDF.PRO,They did not give us any.,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-140,14,They didn't see nothing.,They\tdidn't\tsee\tnothing.,they\tdid.NEG\tsee\tnothing,They didn't see anything.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-132,15,a nɔ si nɔmbɔdi,a\tnɔ\tsi\tnɔmbɔdi,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tnobody,I didn't see anyone.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-148,16,jù no gò tek natin nak àm,jù\tno\tgò\ttek\tnatin\tnak\tàm,2SG\tNEG\tFUT\ttake\tnothing\tknock\t3SG.OBJ,You would not hit it with anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-149,16,nobɔdi gò ask jù paspɔt,nobɔdi\tgò\task\tjù\tpaspɔt,nobody\tFUT\task\t2SG.OBJ\tpassport,Nobody will ask you for your passport.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-175,17,À no si e̱nibo̱di.,À\tno\tsi\te̱nibo̱di.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tsee\tanybody,I didn’t see anybody.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-176,17,Nobo̱di si mì.,Nobo̱di\tsi\tmì.,nobody\tsee\t1SG.OBJ,Nobody saw me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-177,17,No e̱nibo̱di si mì.,No\te̱nibo̱di\tsi\tmì.,NEG\tanybody\tsee\t1SG.OBJ,Nobody saw me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-160,18,A 'no 'get 'som'ting.,A\t'no\t'get\t'som'ting.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tget\tsomething,I have nothing.,,,,published source -18-161,18,A 'no 'get 'nating.,A\t'no\t'get\t'nating.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tget\tnothing,I have nothing.,,,,published source -18-162,18,A no si enibodi.,A\tno\tsi\tenibodi.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tsee\tanybody,I saw nobody.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-163,18,No peson bin kom.,No\tpeson\tbin\tkom.,NEG\tperson\tPST\tcome,Nobody came.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-164,18,A no sabi enitin.,A\tno\tsabi\tenitin.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tknow\tanything,I know nothing about it.,,,,elicited from speaker -20-140,20,He no care for any man.,He\tno\tcare\tfor\tany\tman.,3SG\tNEG\tcare\tfor\tany\tman,He cares for nobody.,,,,naturalistic written -20-141,20,He no can do nothing.,He\tno\tcan\tdo\tnothing.,3SG\tNEG\tcan\tdo\tnothing,He is fit for nothing.,,,,naturalistic written -21-140,21,I didn't see anyone.,I\tdidn't\tsee\tanyone.,1SG\tdo.PST.NEG\tsee\tanyone,I didn't see anyone.,,,,constructed by linguist -21-141,21,I understand nothing.,I\tunderstand\tnothing.,1SG\tunderstand\tnothing,I understand nothing.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-175,22,Mipla no save long wanpela samting.,Mipla\tno\tsave\tlong\twanpela\tsamting.,1PL.EXCL\tNEG\tknow\tPREP\tone\tthing,We don't know anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-158,23,"sikret blong yumi nao, yu no save talem long sam narafala man","sikret\tblong\tyumi\tnao,\tyu\tno\tsave\ttalem\tlong\tsam\tnarafala\tman",secret\tPOSS\t1PL.INCL\tnow\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\ttell\tto\tsome\tother\tman,"This is our secret, you can't tell it to any other people.",,,,constructed by linguist -23-159,23,"twenti tausen flat gud, no winim eni vatu","twenti\ttausen\tflat\tgud,\tno\twinim\teni\tvatu",twenty\tthousand\tflat\tgood\tNEG\twin\tany\tvatu,"Twenty thousand gone completely, he didn't win a single penny.",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-181,24,Ai sii noebohdi.,Ai\tsii\tnoebohdi.,1SG.SBJ\tsee\tnobody,I saw nobody.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-182,24,I nor see nobohdi.,I\tnor\tsee\tnobohdi.,I\tNEG\tsee\tnodody,I did not see anybody.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-326,25,"Yu kan fiksim mi, enibodi kan fiksim mi.","Yu\tkan\tfiks-im\tmi,\tenibodi\tkan\tfiks-im\tmi.",2SG\tcan.NEG\tfix-TR\t1SG\tanybody\tcan.NEG\tfix-TR\t1SG,"You can't cure me, nobody can cure me. (patient to doctor)",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-113,26,hi no gon du natin,hi\tno\tgon\tdu\tnatin,3SG\tNEG\tFUT\tdo\tINDF,He's not going to do anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-127,27,bot am no ha ēntēngut mē fo gi am,bot\tam\tno\tha\tēntēn-gut\tmē\tfo\tgi\tam,but\t3SG\tNEG\thave\tno-thing\tmore\tfor\tgive\t3SG,but he has nothing more to give him,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-178,28,tut ju drai wɛrɛ ju drai mɛten gutu ka,tutu\tju\tdrai\twɛrɛ\tju\tdrai\tmɛtɛ\ten\tgutu\tka,until\t2SG\tturn\tagain\t2SG\tturn\twith\tone\tthing\tNEG,"When you return, you return with nothing.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-179,28,en kɛnɛ kan kapo ka,en\tkɛnɛ\tkan\tkapu\to\tka,one\tperson\tcan\tcut\t3SG\tNEG,Nobody can cut it down. (referring to a certain tree),,,,naturalistic spoken -29-201,29,Ek het nie enige iemand gesien nie.,Ek\thet\tnie\tenige\tiemand\tge-sien\tnie.,1SG.NOM\tPST\tNEG\tany\tsomeone\tPTCP-seen\tNEG,I haven't seen anyone. / I didn't see anyone.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-202,29,Ek het niemand gesien nie.,Ek\thet\tniemand\tge-sien\tnie.,1SG.NOM\tPST\tnobody\tPTCP-seen\tNEG,I saw nobody. / I've seen nobody.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-213,30,Náda ka ta leba-m dexa nhas fidju.,Náda\tka=ta=leba=m\tdexa\tnha-s=fidju.,nothing\tNEG=IPFV=carry=1SG\tabandon\tmy-PL=child,Nothing will make me abandon my children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-214,30,"Algen mal lobádu, ningen ka ta kre da-l náda, [...].","Algen\tmal\tlobá-du,\tningen\tka=ta=kre\tda=l\tnáda,\t[...].",someone\tbadly\tthank-PASS\tnobody\tNEG=IPFV=want\tgive=3SG\tnothing\t[...],"To an ungrateful person, nobody wants to give anything, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-215,30,Ka ta fase náda!,Ka=ta=fase\tnáda!,NEG=IPFV=make\tnothing,It doesn't matter!,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-170,31,Ken ki ten ka sa da ningen yel.,Ken\tki\tten\tka\tsa\tda\tningen\tyel.,who\tthat\thave\tNEG\tASP\tgive\tnobody\tit,Who has some is not giving it to anyone.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-168,32,Es ka panhá nada.,Es\tka\tpanhá\tnada.,3PL\tNEG\tcatch\tnothing,They didn't catch anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-169,32,N ka ten ningen má mi.,N\tka\tten\tningen\tmá\tmi.,1SG\tNEG\thave\tnobody\tCOM\t1SG,I have nobody with me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-195,33,N ka odja nada.,N\tka\todja\tnada.,1SG\tNEG\tsee.PST\tanything,I didn’t see anything.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-196,33,Ningin ka sta na kasa.,Ningin\tka\tsta\tna\tkasa.,nobody\tNEG\tbe.PRS\tin\thome,Nobody is at home.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-158,34,Ningeŋ ka beŋ.,Ningeŋ\tka\tø\tbeŋ.,nobody\tNEG\tPFV\tcome,Nobody came.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-159,34,N ka wojá ningeŋ.,N\tka\tø\twojá\tningeŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\tsee\tnobody,I did not see anybody.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-224,35,Nê ũa ngê na têndê glita fa.,Nê\tũa\tngê\tna\ttêndê\tglita\tfa.,not\tone\tperson\tNEG\thear\tscream\tNEG,Nobody heard the screaming.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-225,35,N na mêsê pa a f’inen nadaxi fa.,N\tna\tmêsê\tpa\ta\tf’=inen\tnadaxi\tfa.,1SG\tNEG\twant\tCOMP\tIMPRS\tdo=3PL\tnothing\tNEG,I don’t want them to do any harm to them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-139,36,[...] n na tô tê kwa fa me va.,[...]\tn\tna\ttô\ttê\tkwa\tfa\tme\tva.,[...]\tI\tNEG\tREP\thave\tthing\tsay\tself\tNEG,[...] I didn't have anything to say anymore.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-175,37,Ami n têndê ningê nhon na nixi ki gita fa ô.,Ami\tn\ttêndê\tningê\tnhon\tna\tnixi\tki\tgita\tfa\tô.,1SG\t1SG\thear\tperson\tno\tLOC\there\tREL\tshout\tNEG\tVAL,I didn’t hear anybody shouting myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-176,37,Ni n sêbê ningê fa.,Ni\tn\tsêbê\tningê\tfa.,nor\t1SG\tknow\tperson\tNEG,I don’t even know who it could be.,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-177,37,N vê ko nhon fa.,N\tvê\tko\tnhon\tfa.,1SG\tsee\tthing\tno\tNEG,I didn't see anything.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-185,38,Mindyi zwange na sxa tende-li-f.,Mindyi\tzuguan-nge\tna\tsxa\ttende-eli-f.,but\tsome-person\tNEG\tPROG\tlisten-3SG-NEG,But nobody was listening to him.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-171,39,Tɛ agɔr niŋu rɛpos nã dew.,Tɛ\tagɔr\tniŋu\trɛpos\tnã\tde-w.,until\tnow\tnone\tanswer\tNEG\tgive-PST,"So far, [they] have not given any answer.",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-135,40,(1) yo nu tɛ ulyad ku ningɛ̃; (2) nad nu tɛ hedzid el; (3) ningɛ̃ nu yawe.,(1)\tyo\tnu\ttɛ\tulyad\tku\tningɛ̃;\t(2)\tnad\tnu\ttɛ\thedzid\tel;\t(3)\tningɛ̃\tnu\tyawe.,(1)\t1SG\tNEG\tPRS\tsee.PFV\tOBJ\tnobody\t(2)\tnothing\tNEG\tPRS\tdo.PTCP\t3SG\t(3)\tnobody\tNEG\tcame,(1) I didn't see anyone; (2) S/he didn't do anything; (3) Nobody came.,,,,constructed by linguist -41-167,41,avara prendatu naada naa poy faya,avara\tprenda-tu\tnaada\tnaa\tpoy\tfaya,now\tstudy-PFV.PTCP\tnothing\tNEG.FUT\tHABIL\tdo,"Now, having studied, [he] won't be able to do anything [i.e. find work].",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-168,41,niinga nukunistaa falaa daa,niinga\tnuku-nistaa\tfalaa-daa,nobody\tNEG-need\tsay-give,Nobody needs to teach [them].,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-180,42,nté nada na riba di meza,nté\tnada\tna\triba\tdi\tmeza,NEG.have\tnothing\tLOC\ttop\tof\ttable,There is nothing on the table.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-181,42,nggéng ńgka olá nada,nggéng\tńgka\tolá\tnada,nobody\tNEG\tsee\tnothing,Nobody saw anything.,,,,elicited from speaker -42-182,42,eli ngka olá ki ki (pun),eli\tngka\tolá\tki\tki\t(pun),3SG\tNEG\tsee\twhat\twhat\t(at.all),He didn’t see anything (at all).,,,,elicited from speaker -42-183,42,eli ngka olá keng keng (pun),eli\tngka\tolá\tkeng\tkeng\t(pun),3SG\tNEG\tsee\twho\twho\t(EMPH),He didn’t see anyone at all.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-174,44,Nwáy kyén di minyá kon bo.,Nwáy\tkyén\tdi\tminyá\tkon\tbo.,NEG.EXIST\twho\tCTPL\tbother\tOBJ\t2SG,There is no one to bother you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-138,45,No hay que ta aqui ayer.,No\thay\tque\tta\taqui\tayer.,NEG\tEXIST\tREL\tCOP.LOC\there\tyesterday,Nobody was here yesterday.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-139,45,No hay nada mas que puede tu hace.,No\thay\tnada\tmas\tque\tpuede\ttu\thace.,NEG\tEXIST\tnothing\tmore\tthat\tcan\t2SG\tdo,There is nothing more you can do.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-185,46,Nuáy yo kósa ta-pwéde mirá.,Nuáy\tyo\tkósa\tta-pwéde\tmirá.,NEG.EXIST\t1SG\tthing\tIPFV-can\tsee,I can't see anything.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-186,46,Nuáy kyen ya-andá na dimiyo kása.,Nuáy\tkyen\tya-andá\tna\tdimiyo\tkása.,NEG.EXIST\twho\tPRF-go\tLOC\tmy\thouse,Nobody came to my house.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-210,47,Ningun komershante no ta gusta bende barata.,Ningun\tkomershante\tno\tta\tgusta\tbende\tbarata.,no.one\tsalesperson\tNEG\tTNS\tlike\tsell\tcheap,No salesperson likes to sell cheaply.,,,,published source -48-182,48,¿Bo a konosé babbú tampoko?,¿Bo\ta\tkonosé\tbabbú\ttampoko?,you.SG\tPST\tknow\tbarbul\tneither,"You don't know the ""barbul"" (a type of fish) either?",,,,naturalistic spoken -48-183,48,Nunka suto poné brabo nu.,Nunka\tsuto\tponé\tbrabo\tnu.,never\twe\tget\tangry\tNEG,We never got / used to get angry.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-310,49,Pèsonn pa vini.,Pèsonn\tpa\tvini.,nobody\tNEG\tcome,Nobody came.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-311,49,Pèsonn pa vini.,Pèsonn\tpa\tvini.,nobody\tNEG\tcome,Nobody came.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-312,49,Sa pa anyen.,Sa\tpa\tanyen.,DEM\tNEG\tnothing,Never mind (lit. It's nothing).,,,,constructed by linguist -49-313,49,Sa pa anyen.,Sa\tpa\tanyen.,DEM\tNEG\tnothing,Never mind (lit. It's nothing).,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-314,49,Mwen pa wè pèsonn.,Mwen\tpa\twè\tpèsonn.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tnobody,I haven't seen anybody.,,,,constructed by linguist -50-192,50,An pa vwè pon moun.,An\tpa\tvwè\tpon\tmoun.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tno\tperson,I didn't see anybody.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-164,51,Man pa wè pies moun.,Man\tpa\twè\tpies\tmoun.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tno\tperson,I did not see anybody.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-105,52,mo pa vwè pesòn,mo\tpa\tvwè\tpesòn,I\tNEG\tsee\tnobody,I did not see anybody.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-375,53,Lapen te pa di arjen.,Lapen\tte\tpa\tdi\tarjen.,Rabbit\tPST\tNEG\tsay\tnothing,Rabbit didn't say anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-376,53,Mo te pa wa persòn.,Mo\tte\tpa\twa\tpersòn.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\tsee\tnobody,I didn't see anybody.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-221,54,"La, pèrsone i avans pa la.","La,\tpersonn\ti\tavans\tpa\tla.",there\tnobody\tFIN\tadvance\tNEG\tthere,"There, nobody advances there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-186,55,mo pa ti truv naryeṅ — mo pa ti truv person,mo pa ti truv naryeṅ — mo pa ti truv person,1SG NEG PST see anything/nothing   1SG NEG PST see anyone/no.one,I didn't see anything. — I didn't see anyone.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-187,55,daṅ mo kote pena person,daṅ\tmo\tkote\tpena\tperson,LOC\tPOSS\tside\tNEG.AUX\tanybody,"On my side, there was nobody.",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-197,56,Personn pa ti vini.,Personn\tpa\tti\tvini.,nobody\tNEG\tPST\tcome,Nobody came.,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-102,57,napa kelka,napa\tkelka,EXIST.NEG\tsomebody,There is nobody there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-127,58,Muntu ve kwisaka.,Muntu\tve\tkwisaka.,person\tNEG\tcame,Nobody came.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-328,59,I hinga mbeni yi oko ti sara ngbangani pepe.,I\thinga\tmbeni\tyi\toko\tti\tsara\tngbangani\tpepe.,1PL\tknow\tsome\tthing\tone\tof\tdo\tthe.matter\tNEG,We don't know a thing to do about it.,,,,naturalistic written -60-147,60,namónákí elóko mókó té,na-món-ákí\telóko\tmókó\tté,1SG-see-PST\tthing\tone\tNEG,I didn't see anything. OR: I saw nothing.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-108,61,Mina ayi bukile lutho.,Mina\tayi\tbuk-ile\tlutho.,I\tNEG\tsee-PST\tnothing,I didn't see anything.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-97,62,wébó?i kigí chochós,wébó?i\tkigí\tchochós,s/he.make\tthing\t7.any,He makes anything.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-191,63,kíla sókol íta gi-káf máfi,kíla\tsókol\títa\tgi-káf\tmáfi,every\tthing\t2SG\tTAM-fear\tNEG,You don’t fear anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-210,64,béled de máfi nas biágder ábinu úo íle ítakum dol,béled\tde\tmáfi\tnas\tbi=ágder\tábinu\túo\tíle\títakum\tdol,country\tDEM.PROX\tNEG.EXIST\tpeople\tIRR=can\tbuild\t3SG\texcept\t2PL\tDEM.PROX.PL,Nobody can build this country except you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-150,65,Nikto ne znae iwo.,Nikto\tne\tznae\tiwo.,nobody\tNEG\tknow\t3SG,Nobody knew that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-119,66,Attu orle gope rumana tadatang.,Attu=or=le\tgo-pe\truma-na\tta-datang.,INDF=person=QUANT\t1SG-POSS\thouse-to\tNEG.FIN-come,Nobody came to my house.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-208,67,Saya itu pun tak tau. Siapa-siapa pon tak tau.,Saya\titu\tpun\ttak\ttau.\tSiapa~siapa\tpon\ttak\ttau.,1SG\tDEM\talso\tNEG\tknow\twho~who\talso\tNEG\tknow,"I don’t know that, either. No one knows [about it].",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-121,68,Di Ambong ini bolong ada oto bolong ada apa apa.,Di\tAmbong\tini\tbolong\tada\toto\tbolong\tada\tapa~apa.,LOC\tAmbon\tDEM\tnot.yet\thave\tcar\tnot.yet\thave\tINDF~what,"There were no cars yet in Ambon, not yet anything.",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-180,71,"Aole kanaka nana, ma ka puka aniani.","Aole\tkanaka\tnana,\tma\tka\tpuka\taniani.",NEG\tperson\tlook\tLOC\tDEF\tdoor\tglass,Nobody saw [this] at the window.,,,,naturalistic written -71-181,71,"Aole hana keia la, la nui Moi, aole hana kanaka.","Aole\thana\tkeia\tla,\tla\tnui\tMoi,\taole\thana\tkanaka.",NEG\twork\tthis\tday\tday\tbig\tking\tNEG\twork\tperson,"There is no work today, it's a royal holiday, nobody works.",,,,naturalistic written -72-153,72,Dei neba faindim eniting.,Dei\tneba\tfaind-im\teniting.,3PL.SBJ\tNEG\tfind-TR\tanything,They didn't find anything.,,,bd3f27b94731a6e990fc140cd54a6c3b,naturalistic spoken -73-107,73,kazabi nadis nuwaymi,kaza-bi\tnadis\tnuway-mi,house-LOC\tnobody\tNEG.EXIST-AFF,There is no one in the house.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-150,74,wik náyka mákmak ikta,wik\tnáyka\tmákmak\tikta,NEG\t1SG\teat\twhat/thing,I didn’t eat anything.,,,,constructed by linguist -75-257,75,Namo wiihkach li pica mooweew.,Namo\twiihkach\tli\tpica\tmoow-eew.,NEG\tever\tART.M.SG\tpizza\teat.ANIM-3.SBJ.3OBJ,She never eats pizza.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-258,75,Namakeekway giiushistaen anush.,Nama-keekway\tgii-ushist-aen\tanush.,NEG-something\t1.PST-do-3\ttoday,I did nothing today.,,,,naturalistic written -75-259,75,Zhamaen nimuwaaw la bish.,Zhamaen\tni-muw-aaw\tla\tbish.,never\t1-eat-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tART.F.SG\telk,I never ate elk.,,,,naturalistic written -75-260,75,Noo naandaw nimishkawaaw la shayeer.,Noo\tnaandaw\tni-mishkaw-aaw\tla\tshayeer.,NEG\tsomewhere\t1-find.ANIM-3.OBJ\tART.F.SG\tpail,I can't find the pail anywhere.,,,,naturalistic written -1-245,1,Mi go du datti. [...] Mi go du datti?,Mi\tgo\tdu\tdati.\t[...]\tMi\tgo\tdu\tdati?,1SG\tgo\tdo\tthat\t[...]\t1SG\tgo\tdo\tthat,I will do that. [...] Should I do that?,,,,written (dictionary) -2-268,2,"Oh, ma dan a ben kan kon taki now, tog?","Oh,\tma\tdan\ta\tben\tkan\tkon\ttaki\tnow,\ttog?",oh\tbut\tthen\t3SG\tPST\tcan\tcome\ttalk\tnow\tTAG,"Oh, but then he could come and chat now, right?",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-269,2,"A film ben span, no?","A\tfilm\tben\tspan,\tno?",DET\tmovie\tPST\texciting\tno,"The movie was exciting, wasn’t it?",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-270,2,Yu no musu sabi wan fosi ten tori?,Yu\tno\tmusu\tsabi\twan\tfosi\tten\ttori?,2SG\tNEG\tmust\tknow\tART\tfirst\ttime\tstory,Surely you know an old time story?,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-271,2,Nownow yu e teki en kba nownow?,Nownow\tyu\te\tteki\ten\tkba\tnownow?,now\t2SG\tIPFV\ttake\t3SG\talready\tnow,Are you already recording it right now?,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-174,4,"So, Mineli, i kaba anga mi fu mi gwe?","So,\tMineli,\ti\tkaba\tanga\tmi\tfu\tmi\tgwe?",so\tSir\tyou\tfinish\twith\tme\tfor\tI\tleave,"So, Sir, are you through with me so I can leave?",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-173,5,yu plee pon di greev self?,yu\tplee\tpon\tdi\tgreev\tself?,2SG\tplay\ton\tDEF.ART\tgrave\titself,You actually played on the grave?,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-109,6,He have children?,He\thave\tchildren?,he\thave\tchildren,Does he have children?,,,,constructed by linguist -7-248,7,Yo miin haiti taiti.,Yo\tmiin\thaiti\ttaiti.,2SG\tmean\thoity\ttoity,Do you mean hoity-toity?,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-154,8,A yu kyar di baaskit go gi im?,A\tyu\tkyar\tdi\tbaaskit\tgo\tgi\tim?,Q\t2SG\tcarry\tDET\tbasket\tgo\tgive\t3SG,Are you the one who carried the basket to him?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-155,8,Im av kyaar?,Im\tav\tkyaar?,3SG\thave\tcar,Does he have a car?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-189,9,Onli fo a unu da?,Onli\tfo\ta\tunu\tda?,only\tfour\tof\t2PL\tTOP,Was there only four of you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-190,9,Da ʤimi me in ʧaʤ a di hol tiŋ?,Da\tʤimi\tme\tin\tʧaʤ\ta\tdi\thol\ttiŋ?,TOP\tJimi\tANT\tin\tcharge\tof\tthe\twhole\tthing,Was Jimmy in charge of the whole enterprise?,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-191,9,So i me gɛt di kantrak n̩ i jos haya di baʤ?,So\ti\tme\tgɛt\tdi\tkantrak\tn̩\ti\tjos\thaya\tdi\tbaʤ?,so\t3SG\tANT\tget\tthe\tcontract\tand\t3SG\tjust\thire\tthe\tbarge,So he had got the contract and he just hired the barge?,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-240,10,Yu nou wai turkl bak brok op?,Yu\tnou\twai\tturkl\tbak\tbrok\top?,2SG\tknow\twhy\tturtle\tback\tbreak\tup,Do you know why the turtle's shell is broken?,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-316,11,So dis wat wi taak iz Kriol?,So\tdis\twat\twi\ttaak\tiz\tKriol?,so\tDEM\tREL\t1PL\ttalk\tCOP.PRS\tCreole,So is this language that we talk Creole?,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-257,12,See this screen - this screen here? They could easy come in - you see how that is? They could easy come in.,See this screen - this screen here? [...] you see how that is?,see DEM screen   DEM screen here [...] 2SG.SBJ see how that COP,[You] see this screen here? [They (i.e. the mosquitoes) could come in easily -] you see how that is?,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-258,12,But you ain't feel when you get bite? [Yeah. You don't see them before.] You feel when you get bite.,[...]\tyou\tain't\tfeel\twhen\tyou\tget\tbite?,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tNEG\tfeel\twhen\tyou\tget\tbite,[But] you didn’t feel it when you got stung (by the jellyfish)? [...] [You (usually) feel it when you get stung.],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-259,12,You know somebody live down the corner?,You\tknow\tsomebody\tlive\tdown\tthe\tcorner?,2SG.SBJ\tknow\tINDF\tlive\tdown\tART\tcorner,You know someone who lives on the corner?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-187,13,You know about eartquake?,You\tknow\tabout\teartquake?,2SG.SBJ\tknow\tabout\tearthquake,Do you know about the earthquake?,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-188,13,You live with Miss Brown — ainty?,You live with Miss Brown — ainty?,you live with Miss Brown   Q.PCL,"You live with Miss Brown, don't you?",,,,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker -14-141,14,The mailman done passed?,The\tmailman\tdone\tpassed?,the\tmailman\talready\tpassed,Has the mailman already delivered the mail (lit. Has the mailman already passed)?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-142,14,Do you be there at eight in the morning?,Do\tyou\tbe\tthere\tat\teight\tin\tthe\tmorning?,do\tyou\tbe.HAB\tthere\tat\teight\tin\tthe\tmorning,"In general, are you there at eight in the morning?",,,,naturalistic spoken -14-143,14,You be there at eight in the morning?,You\tbe\tthere\tat\teight\tin\tthe\tmorning?,you\tbe.HAB\tthere\tat\teight\tin\tthe\tmorning,Are you generally there at eight in the morning?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-133,15,yu gɛt pikin dɛm?,yu\tgɛt\tpikin\tdɛm?,2SG\thave\tchild\tPL,Do you have children?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-150,16,jù sabi dɛ tin dè dè kɔl àm koko?,jù\tsabi\tdɛ\ttin\tdè\tdè\tkɔl\tàm\tkoko?,2SG\tknow\tART\tthing\t3PL\tHAB\tcall\t3SG.OBJ\tcoco,Do you know the thing that is called coco?,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-178,17,Yù go make̱t?,Yù\tgo\tmake̱t?,2SG.SBJ\tgo\tmarket,Did you go to the market?,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-179,17,Àbì yù go make̱t?,Àbì\tyù\tgo\tmake̱t?,Q\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\tmarket,Did you go to the market?,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-165,18,Yu bin go fo maket?,Yu\tbin\tgo\tfo\tmaket?,2SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo\tfor\tmarket,Did you go to the market?,,,,elicited from speaker -18-166,18,Yu bin go maket?,Yu\tbin\tgo\tmaket?,2SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo\tmarket,Did you go to the market?,,,,elicited from speaker -19-197,19,Yù gò lan mi Pichi?,Yù\tgò\tlan\tmi\tPichi?,2SG\tPOT\tteach\t1SG.EMPH\tPichi,Would you teach me Pichi?,,,,elicited from speaker -20-142,20,Can no can?,Can\tno\tcan?,can\tNEG\tcan,Can you do so?,,,,naturalistic written -21-142,21,My parents very old fashion a21?,My\tparents\tvery\told\tfashion\ta21?,1SG.POSS\tparent.PL\tvery\told\tfashioned\tPCL,Are my parents very old-fashioned?,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-143,21,Shall we go Marina?,Shall\twe\tgo\tMarina?,shall\t1PL\tgo\tMarina,Shall we go to Marina (a shopping/entertainment complex in Singapore)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-144,21,So he came back and married again?,So\the\tcame\tback\tand\tmarri-ed\tagain?,so\t3SG\tcome.PST\tback\tand\tmarry-PST\tagain,So did he come back and get married again?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-176,22,"Mi kilim nau, a?","Mi\tkilim\tnau,\ta?",1SG\tkill\tnow\tQ,Shall I kill him now?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-177,22,Em klostu nau a?,Em\tklostu\tnau\ta?,3SG\tclose\tnow\tQ,Is it close now?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-178,22,Bai yu orait long mi o?,Bai\tyu\torait\tlong\tmi\to?,FUT\t2SG\tsuitable\tPREP\t1SG\tQ,Are you all right for me?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-179,22,Sista bilong mi stap o nogat?,Sista\tbilong\tmi\tstap\to\tnogat?,sister\tPOSS\t1SG\tstay\tor\tno,Is my sister there or not?,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-180,22,Bai yu go long taun?,Bai\tyu\tgo\tlong\ttaun?,FUT\t2SG\tgo\tPREP\ttown,Are you going to town?,,,,constructed by linguist -23-160,23,yu save ronron bitim mi?,yu\tsave\tronron\tbitim\tmi?,2SG\tcan\trun\tbeat\t1SG,Can you run faster than me?,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-183,24,Yu es Peter?,Yu\tes\tPeter?,2SG\tCOP\tPeter,Are you Peter?,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-184,24,Dem tuu kamen anieh?,Dem\ttuu\tkamen\tanieh?,they\ttwo\tcome.CONT\tQ.TAG,"Those two are coming, aren't they?",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-185,24,Yu laik wan biya nort?,Yu\tlaik\twan\tbiya\tnort?,2SG\tlike\tone\tbeer\tQ.TAG,"You would like a beer, wouldn't you?",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-114,26,ju laɪk stap wizin?,ju\tlaɪk\tstap\twiz-in,2SG\tDESID\tstop\twheeze-PROG,Do you want to stop wheezing?,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-128,27,Ju wel di kabái?,Ju\twel\tdi\tkabái?,2SG\tlike\tDET\thorse,Do you like the horse?,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-180,28,jɛn ha en andi sosro?,jɛndɛ\thabu\ten\tandri\tsosro?,2PL\thave\tone\tother\tsister,Do you (pl) have another sister?,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-203,29,Het jy dit gesien?,Het\tjy\tdit\tge-sien?,PST\t2SG.NOM\t3SG.N\tPTCP-seen,Did you see it?,,,,naturalistic written -29-204,29,Ken jy (vir) hom?,Ken\tjy\t(vir)\thom?,know\t2SG.NOM\t(for)\t3SG.M.OBL,Do you know him?,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-216,30,Nhu átxa ma kel li sta dretu?,Nhu=átxa\tma=kel\tli\tsta\tdretu?,2SG.POL.M=find\tCOMP=DEM.SG\there\tbe\tright,Do you think that this is right?,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-217,30,(1) Ta da pa nu sai oxi noti./ (2) Ta da pa nu sai oxi noti?,(1)\tTa=da\tpa=nu=sai\toxi\tnoti.\t(2)\tTa=da\tpa=nu=sai\toxi\tnoti.,(1)\tIPFV=give\tfor=1PL=go.out\ttoday\tnight\t(2)\tIPFV=give\tfor=1PL=go.out\ttoday\tnight,(1) We can go out tonight. / (2) Can we go out tonight?,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-171,31,Bu kre N ba mostra-bu?,Bu\tkre\tN\tba\tmostra-bu?,you\twant\tI\tgo\tshow-you,Do you want me to go and show you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-170,32,Bosê á táva kazód?,Bosê\tá\ttáva\tkazód?,2SG.POL\talready\tCOP.PST\tmarry.PTCP,Were you already married?,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-197,33,Bo kume dja?,Bo\tkume\tdja?,2PL\teat\talready,Have you eaten yet?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-198,33,Friu ten me?,Friu\tten\tme?,cold\texist\tQ,"It's cold, isn't it?",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-199,33,Ke friu ten?,Ke\tfriu\tten?,Q\tcold\texist,"It's cold, isn't it?",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-200,33,Ke friu ten me?,Ke\tfriu\tten\tme?,Q\tcold\texist\tQ,"It's cold, isn't it?",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-160,34,Nos bu bay na kel kabu ku N falá-bu baŋ?,Nos\tbu\tø\tbay\tna\tkel\tkabu\tku\tN\tø\tfalá-bu\tbaŋ?,Q\t2SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tASS\tDEM\tplace\tREL.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttell-2SG.OBJ\tPST,Did you go to the place which I had told you (to go)?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-161,34,Bu bay na kel kabu ku N falá-bu baŋ?,Bu\tø\tbay\tna\tkel\tkabu\tku\tN\tø\tfalá-bu\tbaŋ?,2SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tASS\tDEM\tplace\tREL.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttell-2SG.OBJ\tPST,Did you go to the place which I had told you (to go) ?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-226,35,Bô ka lembla non an?,Bô\tka\tlembla\tnon\tan?,2SG\tIPFV\tremember\t1PL\tQ,Do you remember us?,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-227,35,Bo mêsê plata?,Bo\tmêsê\tplata?,2SG\twant\tsilver,Do you want silver?,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-140,36,Bô thêka êndê?,Bô\tthêka\têndê?,2SG\tPROG\thear,Do you hear?,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-178,37,Zwan kônsê Mene a?,Zwan\tkônsê\tMene\ta?,Zwan\tknow\tMene\tQ,Does Zwan know Mene?,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-179,37,Zwan kônsê Mene?,Zwan\tkônsê\tMene?,Zwan\tknow\tMene,Does Zwan know Mene?,,,,elicited from speaker -38-186,38,Bo tyama kumu za?,Bo\ttyama\tkuma\tza?,2SG\tfinish\teat\talready,Have you finished eating?,,,,elicited from speaker -39-172,39,Use tə fika med də lagərtix?,Use\ttə\tfik-a\tmed\tdə\tlagərtix?,2SG\tIPFV.NPST\tbecome-INF\tfear\tof\tgecko,Are you scared of geckos?,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-136,40,"Tər parmi tɛ puntan, ""Wɔ lə marcha ki?"" ""sĩ, yo lə marcha.""","Tər\tparmi\ttɛ\tpunta-n,\t""Wɔ\tlə\tmarcha\tki?""\t""sĩ,\tyo\tlə\tmarcha.""",so\tme\tPRS\task-PROG\t2SG.FORMAL\tFUT\twalk\tQ\tyes\t1SG\tFUT\twalk,"So, (my uncle) asks: ""Will you walk?"" ""Yes, I will walk.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-137,40,Yo ʋi? (with rising intonation),Yo\tʋi?,I\tcome,Should I come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-184,42,eli bebé sura ńgka (ka)?,eli\tbebé\tsura\tńgka\t(ka)?,3SG\tdrink\ttoddy\tNEG\t(Q),"He drinks toddy, doesn’t he?",,,,elicited from speaker -42-185,42,eli bebé sura seng ka (ńgka)?,eli\tbebé\tsura\tseng\tka\t(ńgka)?,3SG\tdrink\ttoddy\tyes\tQ\t(NEG),"He drinks toddy, does he (or not)?",,,,elicited from speaker -42-186,42,eli bebé sura ka?,eli\tbebé\tsura\tka?,3SG\tdrink\ttoddy\tQ,Does he drink toddy?,,,,elicited from speaker -42-187,42,eli bebé sura seng ná?,eli\tbebé\tsura\tseng\tná?,3SG\tdrink\ttoddy\tyes\tCONF,Is it so that he drinks toddy?,,,,elicited from speaker -42-188,42,John ja bai kaza?,John\tja\tbai\tkaza?,John\tPFV\tgo\thouse,Did John go home?,,,,elicited from speaker -43-118,43,Ki akel teng verdadi?,Ki\takel\tteng\tverdadi?,Q\tDEM\tCOP\ttruth,Is that true?,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-119,43,Teng otër sorti?,Teng\totër\tsorti?,have\tother\tsort,Do you have another sort?,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-175,44,Tédi ba ta kré?,Tédi\tba\tta\tkré?,2PL\tQ\tIPFV\tbelieve,Do you believe?,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-176,44,Tasé rin tédi kel ayá?,ta-sé\trin\ttédi\tkel\tayá,IPFV-make\talso\t2PL\tthat\tthere,Do you also make that there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-140,45,Este ba tu lapiz?,Este\tba\ttu\tlapiz?,this\tQ\t2SG.POSS\tpencil,Is this your pencil?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-141,45,Grandi el kasa?,Grandi\tel\tkasa?,big\tDEF\thouse,Is the house big?,,,,naturalistic written -46-187,46,Kyére ba tu komé?,Kyére\tba\ttu\tkomé?,want\tQ\tyou\teat,Do you want to eat?,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-211,47,Bo a hayé kaba?,Bo\ta\thaya\te\tkaba?,2SG\tPFV\tget\t3SG\talready,Have you gotten it already?,,,,naturalistic written -48-184,48,¿Bo é palenkero?,¿Bo\té\tpalenkero?,you.SG\tbe\tPalenquero,Are you Palenquero?,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-315,49,"Manman, èske m mèt al avèk ou?","Manman,\tèske\tm\tmèt\tal\tavèk\tou?",mum\tQ\t1SG\tcan\tgo\twith\t2SG,"Mum, can I go with you?",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-316,49,Eske ou konprann?,Eske\tou\tkonprann?,Q\t2SG\tunderstand,Do you understand?,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-317,49,Ou tande? Ou gen lè pa konprann!,Ou\ttande?\tOu\tgen\tlè\tpa\tkonprann!,2SG\tunderstand\t2SG\thave\tlook\tNEG\tunderstand,Do you understand? You don't seem to understand!,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-318,49,Ou konprann yo?,Ou\tkonprann\tyo?,2SG\tunderstand\t3PL,Do you understand them?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-193,50,I pati?,I\tpati?,3SG\tleave,Has he left?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-194,50,Es i pati?,Es\ti\tpati?,Q\t3SG\tleave,Did he leave?,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-195,50,Ou ka vin on?,Ou\tka\tvin\ton?,2SG\tIPFV\tcome\tQ,Do you come?,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-165,51,I pati?,I\tpati?,3SG\tleave,Did he leave?,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-166,51,Es i pati?,Es\ti\tpati?,Q\t3SG\tleave,Did he leave?,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-106,52,Fo mo alé sasé manjé ba yé?,Fo\tmo\talé\tsasé\tmanjé\tba\tyé?,must\tI\tgo\tsearch\teat\tgive\tthem,Do I have to look for something to eat for them?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-377,53,To kone danse?,To\tkone\tdanse?,2SG\tknow\tdance,Do you know how to dance?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-378,53,"Èskè vou gen ki-chòw kant sa, ke blan marye e nwa?","Èskè\tvou\tgen\tki-chòw\tkant\tsa,\tke\tblan\tmarye\te\tnwa?",Q\t2SG\thave\tsome-thing\tagainst\tDEM\tCOMP\twhite\tmarry\twith\tblack,Do you have anything against a white person marrying a black person?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-379,53,Èskè to monnde to tant pou la gòm-la?,Èskè\tto\tmonnde\tto\ttant\tpou\tla\tgòm-la?,Q\t2SG\task\t2SG.POSS\taunt\tfor\tART.DEF.SG\tchewing.gum-ART.DEF.SG,Did you ask your aunt for the chewing gum?,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-380,53,Eske to sorti avek li yer swar?,Eske\tto\tsorti\tavek\tli\tyer\tswar?,Q\t2SG\tgo.out\twith\t3SG\tyesterday\tevening,Did you go out with him last night?,,,,elicited from speaker -54-223,54,E! Ou travay pa zordi?,E!\tOu\ttravay\tpa\tzordi?,hey\t2SG\twork\tNEG\ttoday,Hey! You don’t work today?,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-188,55,"to pu vini, noṅ?","to\tpu\tvini,\tnoṅ?",2SG\tFUT\tcome\tno,"You will come, won't you?",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-189,55,ena en labutik daṅ kweṅ?,ena\ten\tlabutik\tdaṅ\tkweṅ?,have\tINDF\tshop\tin\tcorner,Is there a shop on the corner?,,,,constructed by linguist -55-190,55,met dife aster?,met\tdife\taster?,set\tfire\tnow,Do you set fire [to the sugar cane] now?,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-191,55,zweṅ ziska nov/ oktob novam ,zweṅ ziska nov/ oktob novam ,June till October/November no,"From June to October/November, no?",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-198,56,"Pour ganny disik konmsa an gren, ou les li pli sek?","Pour\tganny\tdisik\tkonmsa\tan\tgren,\tou\tles\tli\tpli\tsek?",for\tget\tsugar\tlike.this\tin\tgrain\t2SG\tlet\t3SG.OBJ\tmore\tdry,"To get the sugar in grains, do you let it dry more?",,,,naturalistic spoken -56-199,56,Eski Thomas in manze?,Eski\tThomas\tin\tmanze?,Q\tThomas\tPRF\teat,Has Thomas eaten?,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-120,57,na ser pu twa?,na\tser\tpu\ttwa?,EXIST\tsister\tPREP\t2SG,Do you have a sister?,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-162,57,ta vja ndema?,ta\tvja\tndema?,2SG\tcome\ttomorrow,Are you coming tomorrow?,,,,constructed by linguist -57-163,57,ta kone istwar pu pjer?,ta\tkone\tistwar\tpu\tpjer?,2SG\tknow\tstory\tPREP\tPierre,Do you know Pierre's story?,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-128,58,Nki yandi me kwisa?,Nki\tyandi\tme\tkwisa?,Q\the\tPRF\tcome,Has he/she come?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-329,59,"mama, mo ga awe?","mama,\tmo\tga\tawe?",mother\t2SG\tcome\talready,"Mother, have you come already?",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-330,59,mo e nyon' samba?,mo\tke\tnyon'\tsamba?,2SG\tCOP\tdrink\tbeer,Do you (habitually) drink beer?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-331,59,"mama, ala ga?!","mama,\tala\tga?!",mother\t2SG.DEF\tcome,"Mother, have you really come?!",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-332,59,esi mama t mo aga ge so akwi?,esi\tmama\tti\tmo\ta-ga\tge\tso\ta-kwi?,Q\tmother\tof\t2SG\tPM-come\there\tthus\tPM-die,Did your mother who came here die?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-333,59,"mo la mo zonga mbi si mbi zonga mo, zonga kota li ti mo so a?","mo\tla\tmo\tzonga\tmbi\tsi\tmbi\tzonga\tmo,\tzonga\tkota\tli\tti\tmo\tso\ta?",2SG\tTOP\t2SG\tinsult\t1SG\tthen\t1SG\tinsult\t2SG\tinsult\tbig\thead\tof\t2SG\tthis\teh,"Weren't you the one who insulted me after which I insulted you, insulted this big head of yours?",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-148,60,azalákí na ndáko?,a-zal-ákí\tna\tndáko,3SG-be-PST\tin\thouse,Was she home?,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-109,61,Yena khona lo gane?,Yena\tkhon-a\tlo\tgane?,she\thave-V\tART\tchild,Does she have children?,,,,elicited from speaker -62-98,62,wáa?onhi miharéga,u-áa-?onhi\tmiharega,2SG-PST-wash\thands,Did you wash your hands?,,,,elicited from speaker -63-192,63,"Sébi de árab, meš?","Sébi\tde\tárab,\tmeš?",Sebi\tCOP\tArabic\tQ.TAG,"Sebi is an Arabic name, isn’t it?",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-193,63,fí núbi fi Belgium?,fí\tnúbi\tfi\tBelgium?,EXIST\tNubi\tin\tBelgium,Are there Nubi in Belgium?,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-211,64,ána biákulu naárde wa búkra ána ma biákulu? laʔ,ána\tbi=ákulu\tnaárde\twa\tbúkra\tána\tma\tbi=ákulu?\tlaʔ,1SG\tIRR=eat\ttoday\tand\ttomorrow\t1SG\tNEG\tIRR=eat\tNEG,"Today I eat, and tomorrow I don't? Never!",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-151,65,Nidy xazi ju?,Nidy\txazi\tju?,2SG\tgo\tIPFV,Do you go?,,,,elicited from speaker -65-152,65,Nidy xazi ju mej ju?,Nidy\txazi\tju\tmej\tju?,2SG\tgo\tIPFV\tNEG\tIPFV,Do you go?,,,,elicited from speaker -65-153,65,Ty Talakana ne xadila?,Ty\tTalakana\tne\txadi-la?,2SG\tTalakana\tNEG\tgo-PFV,Did you go to see Talakana?,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-154,65,Ju den'gi mej ju?,Ju\tden'gi\tmej\tju?,COP\tmoney\tNEG\tCOP,Do you have money?,,,,elicited from speaker -67-209,67,Lu mahu tengok masak ah?,Lu\tmahu\ttengok\tmasak\tah?,2SG\twant\tsee\tcook\tQ,Do you want to see the cooking?,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-210,67,Tahu niaga?,Tahu\tniaga?,know\tbusiness,[Do you] know the word niaga?,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-211,67,"Bagus, tak paham ka bagus?","Bagus,\ttak\tpaham\tka\tbagus?",good\tNEG\tunderstand\tQ\tgood,Bagus? Don’t [you] understand bagus?,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-122,68,"E, ose seng inga beta lai?","E,\tose\tseng\tinga\tbeta\tlai?",hey\t2SG\tNEG\tremember\t1SG\talso,"Hey, don’t you remember me anymore?",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-123,68,Pap mara katong ka?,Pap\tmara\tkatong\tka?,father\tangry\t1PL\tQ,Would father be angry with us?,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-71,69,mi kundamwin wan anak,mi\tkundamwin\twa-n\tanak,2SG\ttwo\tgo-FUT\tAUX,Will you two go? OR: Do you two want to go?,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-77,70,Tum bi bia pio?,Tum\tbi\tbia\tpio?,2SG\talso\tbeer\tdrink,"Do you, too, drink beer?",,,,naturalistic spoken -70-78,70,Dokta baito?,Dokta\tbaito?,doctor\tCOP,Was there a doctor?,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-182,71,Question: Pehea nui opiuma? – Answer: nui no. – Question: Pehea piha kela poho? – Answer: Piha no.,Question:\tPehea\tnui\topiuma?\t–\tAnswer:\tnui\tno.\t–\tQuestion:\tPehea\tpiha\tkela\tpoho?\t–\tAnswer:\tPiha\tno.,Question:\tQ\tmuch\topium\t–\tAnswer:\tmuch\tINTENS\t–\tQuestion:\tQ\tfull\tDET\tcontainer\t–\tAnswer:\tfull\tINTENS,Question: Was there a lot of opium? – Answer: There was a lot. – Question: Was the container full? – Answer: It was full.,,,,naturalistic written -71-183,71,Question: Pehea makemake oe hana? — Answer: Ae.,Question: Pehea makemake oe hana? — Answer: Ae.,Question: Q want 2SG work   Answer: yes,Question: Do you want some work? — Answer: Yes.,,,,naturalistic written -71-184,71,"Question: Oe ike mamua Lauman puhi? — Answer: Ae, wau ike.","Question: Oe ike mamua Lauman puhi? — Answer: Ae, wau ike.",Question: 2SG see before Lauman smoke   Answer: yes 1SG see,"Question: Did you previously see Lauman smoke? — Answer: Yes, I saw.",,,,naturalistic written -72-154,72,An ngayungku airra lukabta im wayi.,An\tngayu-ngku\tai=rra\tluk-abta\tim\twayi.,and\t1SG-ERG\t1SG.SBJ=POT\tlook-after\t3SG.OBJ\tQ,"And me, do I have to look after him?",,,,naturalistic spoken -72-155,72,Wi yusta gu kanyjurra la riba inti?,Wi\tyusta\tgu\tkanyjurra\tla\triba\tinti?,1PL.SBJ\tused.to\tgo\tdown\tLOC\triver\tTAG,Did we usually go down to the river?,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-156,72,Yu garram kengkaruyu minti?,Yu\tgarram\tkengkaru-yu\tminti?,2SG\thave\tkangaroo-DAT\tbottom,Do you have the kangaroo's bottom?,,,4c54b2aa02b4534943bc6c8fded60aa2,naturalistic spoken -73-108,73,ayudashachu?,ayuda-sha-chu?,help-1.FUT-Q,Shall I help you?,,,,elicited from speaker -73-109,73,yachu tostagingi?,ya-chu\ttosta-gi-ngi?,already-Q\ttoast-INC-2SG,Are you already going to toast (corn)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-151,74,máyka mámuk hal rup (na)?,máyka\tmámuk\thal\trup\t(na)?,2SG\tmake\tpull\trope\t(Q),Are you pulling the rope?,,,,constructed by linguist -74-152,74,máyka mámuk hal rup na?,máyka\tmámuk\thal\trup\tna?,you\tmake\tpull\trope\tQ,Are you pulling the rope?,,,,constructed by linguist -74-153,74,máyka na til?,máyka\tna\ttil?,2SG\tQ\ttired,Are you tired?,,,,narrative -75-261,75,Enn aanzh chi awa eepeenaashit?,Enn\taanzh\tchi\tawa\tee-pee-naash-it?,ART.F.SG\tangel\tQ\tDEM.ANIM\tREL-come-fetch-3.SBJ.1.OBJ,Is she an angel who has come to get me?,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-262,75,Wiya tipeehtem li stor chiin?,Wiya\ttipeeht-em\tli\tstor\tchiin?,3SG\town.INAN-3.SBJ.3OBJ\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tstore\tQ,Does he own the store?,,,,naturalistic written -75-263,75,Kitayaanaan chii lii zavis di bwaa?,Ki-t-ayaa-naan\tchii\tlii\tzavis\tdi\tbwaa?,2-LIAISON-have-1PL\tQ\tART.PL\tscrew\tof\twood,Do we (inclusive) have any lag screws?,,,,naturalistic written -75-264,75,Uta kikipakitinaen kitiwaan?,Uta\tki-kii-pakitin-aen\tk-it-iwaa-n?,here\t2-PST-lay-3.SBJ.3OBJ\t2-say-INDF.OBJ-2,"You laid it here, you said?",,,,naturalistic written -75-265,75,Kiitakushinin a likol aan taan?,Ki-kii-takushin-in\ta\tlikol\taan\ttaan?,2-PST-arrive-2\tLOC\tschool\tin\ttime,Did you get to school on time?,,,,naturalistic written -76-68,76,pulauwȗk kissimi picuktu illuit?,pulauwȗk\tkissimi\tpicuktu\tilluit?,flour\tonly\twant\tyou,Do you want nothing but flour?,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-246,1,Da no boi gudu da somma habi.,Da\tno\tboi\tgudu\tda\tsoma\thabi.,it.be\tNEG\tsmall\twealth\tDET.SG\tperson\thave,He is very wealthy.,,,,written (dictionary) -1-247,1,Da duysi tongi joe leri.,Da\tduysi\ttongo\tyu\tleri.,it.be\tDutch\tlanguage\t2SG\tlearn,Is it the Dutch language that you are learning?,,,,written -2-272,2,Na yu fufuru mi moni!,Na\tyu\tfufuru\tmi\tmoni!,FOC\t2SG\tsteal\tmy\tmoney,It’s you that stole my money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-273,2,Na leriman a man de.,Na\tleriman\ta\tman\tde.,FOC\tteacher\tDET\tman\tCOP,The man’s a TEACHER.,,,,naturalistic spoken -2-274,2,Want na tu leisi mi nanga a man meki afsprak kaba.,Want\tna\ttu\tleisi\tmi\tnanga\ta\tman\tmeki\tafsprak\tkaba.,because\tFOC\ttwo\ttime\t1SG\tand\tDET\tman\tmake\tappointment\talready,Because it’s twice that the guy and I made an appointment already.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-175,4,Na a sama de gi mi en.,Na\ta\tsama\tde\tgi\tmi\ten.,COP/FOC\tDET.SG\tperson\tthere\tgive\tme\tit,It was the person there who gave it to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-174,5,a da a wa mi se,a\tda\ta\twa\tmi\tse,FOC\tthat\tEQ.COP\twhat\t1SG\tsay,It is that that I said. OR: That is what I said.,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-111,6,Is John to buy papers today.,Is\tJohn\tto\tbuy\tpapers\ttoday.,FOC\tJohn\tto\tbuy\tpapers\ttoday,It’s John who is supposed to buy the papers today.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-112,6,All the hunt he does hunt ne never catch nothing.,All\tthe\thunt\the\tdoes\thunt\tne\tnever\tcatch\tnothing.,all\tDET\thunt\t3SG.M\tHAB\thunt\t3SG.M\tnever\tcatch\tnothing,"However much he hunts, he has never caught anything.",,,,constructed by linguist -7-249,7,A mi ruhn dis hous ya.,A\tmi\truhn\tdis\thous\tya.,COP\t1SG\trun\tDEM\thouse\there,I am the one in charge of this house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-250,7,Di man iz hu se so.,Di\tman\tiz\thu\tse\tso.,ART\tman\tFOC\tREL\tsay\tso,The man is the one who said that.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-156,8,A di piipl dem we tel di wikid lai dem get kech.,A\tdi\tpiipl\tdem\twe\ttel\tdi\twikid\tlai\tdem\tget\tkech.,FOC\tDET\tpeople\tPL\tREL\ttell\tDET\twicked\tlie\tPL\tget\tcatch,It is the people who told the dreadful lies who got caught.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-192,9,Habat da me di kapn.,Habat\tda\tme\tdi\tkapn.,Herbert\tFOC\tANT\tthe\tcaptain,Herbert was the captain. OR: It was Herbert who was the captain.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-193,9,Da ʃɛl haya di bowt fra djimi.,Da\tʃɛl\thaya\tdi\tbowt\tfra\tdjimi.,FOC\tShell\thire\tthe\tboat\tfrom\tJimmy,It's Shell that rented Jimmy's boat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-194,9,Da im mek a da tatabuhende mek yu get ʧap.,Da\tim\tmek\ta\tda\ttatabuhende\tmek\tyu\tget\tʧap.,FOC\thim\tmake\tit\tFOC\tTatabuhende\tmake\tyou\tget\tchop,"It's him who does it, it's Tatabuhende who causes you to get hurt.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-241,10,Da John mi waahn fi go kech guana.,Da\tJohn\tmi\twaahn\tfi\tgo\tkech\tguana.,FOC\tJohn\t1SG\twant\tCOMP\tgo\tcatch\tiguana,It is John who I want to go and catch iguanas.,,,,elicited from speaker -10-242,10,Da uman him de luk.,Da\tuman\thim\tde\tluk.,FOC\twoman\t3SG\tPROG\tlook,It is a wife he is looking for.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-317,11,Dem iz huu woz marginated.,Dem\tiz\thuu\twoz\tmarginat-ed.,3PL\tCOP.PRS\tREL\tCOP.PST\tmarginate-PTCP,It is/was them who were marginated.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-260,12,Is all my generation live round here.,Is\tall\tmy\tgeneration\tlive\tround\there.,FOC\tall\t1SG.POSS\tgeneration\tlive\taround\there,It’s only people of my generation that live around here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-261,12,"We got 'bout five or six niggers - here - or seven niggers right now, big - people who been in Parliament - [Oh yeah, were involved?] They - uh-huh - [...] drugs, they get rich off 'em. [And they're in government right now?] No, they - it's government pe- used to be in government, it - it - it's not the people what been in the government, but it's they son. It's they son.","[...]\tit-'s\tnot\tthe\tpeople\twhat\tbeen\tin\tthe\tgovernment,\tbut\tit's\tthey\tson.\tIt-'s\tthey\tson.",[...]\t3SG.N.SBJ-COP\tNEG\tART\tpeople\tREL\tCOP\tLOC\tART\tgovernment\tbut\t3SG.N.SBJ\tCOP\tREL\t3SG.N.SBJ-COP\t3PL.POSS\tson,[...] It’s not government people but their sons [who were involved in a drug scandal].,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-189,13,"Moses bring we de Law, bot Jedus Christ de one wa bring we God blessin an mek we know wa true.","Moses\tbring\twe\tde\tLaw,\tbot\tJedus\tChrist\tde\tone\twa\tbring\twe\tGod\tblessin\tan\tmek\twe\tknow\twa\ttrue.",Moses\tbring\tus\tthe\tlaw\tbut\tJesus\tChrist\tthe\tone\tREL\tbring\tus\tGod\tblessing\tand\tmake\tus\tknow\tfor\ttrue,"Moses brought us the law, but Jesus Christ is the one who brings us God's blessing and makes us know for sure. OR: For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. (Jn 1.17)",,,,bible translation -13-190,13,Duh Sara we duh talk about.,Duh\tSara\twe\tduh\ttalk\tabout.,HL\tSara\twe\tIPFV\ttalk\tabout,It's Sara we are talking about.,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-134,15,na ʤɔn wi bin si,na\tʤɔn\twi\tbin\tsi,FOC\tJohn\t1PL\tPST\tsee,It was John that we saw.,,,,naturalistic written -16-151,16,ì bì dɛm we dè kam briŋ dɛ blaŋkɛs,ì\tbì\tdɛm\t[(we\tdè)\tkam\tbriŋ\tdɛ\tblaŋkɛs],3SG\tCOP\t3PL\t[(COMP\t3PL)\tcome\tbring\tART\tblanket.PL],It was them who brought the blankets.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-152,16,ì bì puɔ puɔ dè mek jù dè go bus,ì\tbì\tpuɔ~puɔ\t[dè\tmek\tjù\tdè\tgo\tbus],3SG\tCOP\tpoor~poor\t[HAB\tCAUS\t2SG\tHAB\tgo\tbooze],It is poverty that makes you go and drink.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-180,17,Nà mà fada (shà) we̱ byud dì haws.,Nà\tmà\tfada\t(shà)\twe̱\tbyud\tdì\thaws.,HL\t1S.POSS\tfather\t(PCL)\tREL\tbuild\tART.DEF\thouse,It is my father who built the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-181,17,Mà fada shà we̱ byud dì haws.,Mà\tfada\tshà\twe̱\tbyud\tdì\thaws.,1S.POSS\tfather\tPCL\tREL\tbuild\tART.DEF\thouse,It is my father who built the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-182,17,Ì bì mà fada (shà) we̱ byud dì haws.,Ì\tbì\tmà\tfada\t(shà)\twe̱\tbyud\tdì\thaws.,3SG.SBJ.EXPL\tCOP\t1S.POSS\tfather\t(PCL)\tREL\tbuild\tART.DEF\thouse,It is my father who built the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-183,17,Mà fada we̱ byud dì haws.,Mà\tfada\twe̱\tbyud\tdì\thaws.,1S.POSS\tfather\tREL\tbuild\tART.DEF\thouse,It is my father who built the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-216,17,Nà mà fada (shà) byud dì haws.,Nà\tmà\tfada\t(shà)\tbyud\tdì\thaws.,HL\t1S.POSS\tfather\t(PCL)\tbuild\tART.DEF\thouse,It is my father who built the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-167,18,Na 'king go 'tek-am.,Na\t'king\tgo\t'tek-am.,COP\tking\tFUT\ttake-3SG.OBJ,It's the king who will take him.,,,,published source -19-198,19,Nà gɔvna bìn gi mi dan beca sɛf.,Nà\tgɔvna\tbìn\tgi\tmi\tdan\tbeca\tsɛf.,FOC/COP\tgovernment\tPST\tgive\t1SG.EMPH\tthat\tscholarship\tEMPH,It’s actually the government that gave me that scholarship.,,,,naturalistic spoken -20-143,20,Alla pidgin you give my hand.,Alla\tpidgin\tyou\tgive\tmy\thand.,all\tbusiness\t2SG\tgive\t1SG.POSS\thand,You leave it entirely to me.,,,,naturalistic written -21-145,21,It was my father who built the house.,It\twas\tmy\tfather\twho\tbuilt\tthe\thouse.,it\tbe.PST\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tPRO\tbuild.PST\tDET\thouse,It was my father who built the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -22-181,22,Wanpela man long ples yet em bin sa tanim osem tevel.,Wanpela\tman\tlong\tples\tyet\tem\tbin\tsa\ttan-im\tosem\ttevel.,one\tman\tPREP\tvillage\tFOC\t3SG\tPST\tHAB\tturn-TR\tlike\tspirit,A man from this village turned into a spirit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-161,23,ol papa blong mi nomo oli bildim haos ia,ol\tpapa\tblong\tmi\tnomo\toli\tbildim\thaos\tia,PL\tfather\tPOSS\t1SG\tonly/FOC\tAGR\tbuild\thouse\tDEF,It was my father and uncles who built the house.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-186,24,Wos ucklun break ar window.,Wos\tucklun\tbreak\tar\twindow.,was\twe\tbreak\tDET.DEF\twindow,It was us who broke the window.,,,,naturalistic written -25-327,25,Oni melabat na bin seif theya la Top Kemp.,Oni\tmelabat\tna\tbin\tseif\ttheya\tla\tTop\tKemp.,only\t1PL\tnow/FOC\tPST\tsafe\tthere\tLOC\tTop\tCamp,[It was] only us [who] were safe there at the Top Camp.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-328,25,Thas tha wan gada kili wi. Im itha tharran ja o thet flu na.,Thas\ttha\twan\tgada\tkili\twi.\tIm\titha\ttharran\tja\to\tthet\tflu\tna.,DEM:EQ.COP\tDET\tone\tFUT/OBLIG\tkill:TR\t1PL\t3SG\teither\tDEM\tthere\tor\tDEM\tflu\tnow/FOC,That's the one [that] will kill us. It's either that one or the flu.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-129,27,Di a wes ēn haləf cheese bi nabini di pit.,Di\ta\twes\tēn\thaləf\tcheese\tbi\tnabini\tdi\tpit.,DET\tPST\tbe\ta\thalf\tcheese\tbe\tinside\tDET\twell,It was a half cheese that was inside the well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-181,28,"da orsə da di, watjə rupa nau, domni","da\tori\tso\tda\tdi,\twati\tju\trupu-a\tnau,\tdomni",COP\t3SG\tFOC\tCOP\tthe\twhat\t2SG\tcall-IPFV\tnow\tpastor,"(It) is he who is the, what do you call (it), pastor.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-182,28,di gugujap en bi ha,di\tgu-gu-jɛ-apu\teni\tbi\thabu,the\tbig-big-NMLZ-PL\t3PL\tsay\thave,The big ones they say do have (it).,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-183,28,én kal glaʃo pitɛk,en\tkali\tglaʃi\to\tpi-tɛ\tɛkɛ,one\tsmall\tglass\t3SG\tgive-PFV\t1SG,One tiny glass she gave me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-205,29,Dis my pa wat hierdie huis laat bou het.,Dis\tmy\tpa\twat\thierdie\thuis\tlaat\tbou\thet.,3SG.N=COP\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tREL\tPROX.DEM\thouse\tlet\tbuild\tPST,It's my father who had this house built.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-206,29,HULLE is dit wat so hard gewerk het. — MARIE is dit/die ene wat so hard gewerk het.,HULLE is dit wat so hard ge-werk het. — MARIE is dit/die ene wat so hard ge-werk het.,3PL.NOM is it what so hard PTCP-work PST   Marie is 3SG.N/DEF.ART one what so hard PTCP-work PST,They're the ones who worked so hard. — Mary is the one who worked so hard.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-218,30,Ê nha pai ki fase-l.,ê\tnha=pai\tki=fase=l.,be\tmy=father\tCOMP=do=3SG,It was my father who did it.,,,,constructed by linguist -30-219,30,E kes midida injustu di goberno k'es ta protesta kontr'el.,E\tkes=midida\tinjustu\tdi=goberno\tk=es=ta=protesta\tkontr\tel.,be\tDEM.PL=measure\tunjust\tof=government\tCOMP=3PL=IPFV=protest\tagainst\t3SG.INDP,It is these unjust measures of the government that they protest against.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-250,30,Nha pai ki fase-l.,Nha=pai\tki=fase=l.,my=father\tCOMP=do=3SG,It was my father who did it.,,,,constructed by linguist -31-172,31,E se madrinha ki skapa-l.,E\tse\tmadrinha\tki\tskapa-l.,COP\this\tgodmother\twho\tsave-him,It's his god-mother who saved him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-171,32,Bo pai e k no oiá.,Bo\tpai\te\tk\tno\toiá.,POSS.2SG\tfather\tCOP\tREL\t1PL\tsee,It was your father that we saw.,,,,constructed by native speaker -32-172,32,Éra mi k é primer.,Éra\tmi\tk\té\tprimer.,COP\t1SG\tREL\tCOP.PST\tfirst,It was me who was the first (child).,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-173,32,Foi bo pai k no oiá.,Foi\tbo\tpai\tk\tno\toiá.,COP.PST\t2SG.POSS\tfather\tREL\t2PL\tsee,It was your father that we saw.,,,,constructed by native speaker -32-174,32,Foi bosê marid e k fazê es káza.,Foi\tbosê\tmarid\te\tk\tfazê\tes\tkáza.,COP.PST\t2SG.POSS.POL\thusband\tCOP\tREL\tmake\tDEM.SG\thouse,It was your husband who built this house.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-201,33,I nha pape kin ki kumpu ba kasa.,I\tnha\tpape\tkin\tki\tkumpu\tba\tkasa.,COP\tmy\tfather\twho\tREL\tbuild\tPST\thouse,It was my father who built the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-202,33,Nha pape ki kumpu kasa.,Nha\tpape\tki\tkumpu\tkasa.,my\tfather\tthat\tbuild\thouse,It was my father who built the house.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-162,34,I Mariya ku no wojá.,I\tMariya\tku\tno\tø\twojá.,COP\tMary\tREL.OBJ\t1PL.SBJ\tPFV\tsee,It is Mary that we saw.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-163,34,Mariya ku no wojá.,Mariya\tku\tno\tø\twojá.,Mary\tREL.OBJ\t1PL.SBJ\tPFV\tsee,It is Mary that we saw.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-228,35,Ôtlô mwala so n ska vivê ku ê.,Ôtlô\tmwala\tso\tn\tska\tvivê\tku\tê.,other\twoman\tFOC\t1SG\tPROG\tlive\twith\t3SG,It's with another woman I live.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-229,35,Punda ôtlô ngê so da mu êlê.,Punda\tôtlô\tngê\tso\tda\tmu\têlê.,because\tanother\tperson\tFOC\tgive\tme\t3SG,Because somebody else gave it to me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-141,36,Am thô m'me.,Am\tthô\tm'me.,I\tFOC\teat,It is me who ate it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-142,36,Balele thô ki tê vungu si ma a ka kata [...].,Balele\tthô\tki\ttê\tvungu\tsi\tma\ta\tka\tkata\t[...].,kind.of.dance\tFOC\tREL\thave\tmelody\tDEM\tREL\tINDF\tHAB\tsing\t[...],It is the balele that has this melody that they would sing [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-180,37,Livu sê êli ki n kopa.,Livu\tsê\têli\tki\tn\tkopa.,book\tDEM\tFOC\tREL\t1SG\tbuy,It is this book that I bought.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-210,37,Mene ki xiga.,Mene\tki\txiga.,Mene\tREL\tarrive,It is Mene who arrived.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-211,37,Mene êli xiga.,Mene\têli\txiga.,Mene\tFOC\tarrive,It is Mene who arrived.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-187,38,"Xa tudu, amse inei xa da pimelu.",Xa\ttudu\tamu-se\tineni\txa\tda\tpimelu.,thing\tall\t1SG-DEM\t3PL\tEVID\tgive\tfirst,"Everything, it is me they give first.",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-173,39,Yo ki fez es.,Yo\tki\tfez\tes.,1SG\tREL\tmake.PST\tDEM,It was me who did that. OR: I did that myself.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-138,40,"Tər akə piken irmãʋ ki ti, su amig su kosid yafoj sata kume.","Tər\takə\tpiken\tirmãʋ\tki\tti,\tsu\tamig\tsu\tkosid\tyafoj\tsata\tkume.",so\tthat\tlittle\tbrother\tREL\tCOP.PST\t3SG.POSS\tfriend\tGEN\twith\twent\tbegin\teat,"So, it was the little brother, with his friend he went and began to eat.",,,,naturalistic spoken -41-169,41,miɲa meʃiinntu mee isti poɖiyaas fuula kibotaa,miɲa\tmeʃiin-ntu\tmee\tisti\tpoɖiyaas\tfuula\tki-botaa,1SG.GEN\tmachine-LOC\tFOC\tthis\tchildren\tflower\tNMLZ-put,It is on MY machine that these children are doing decorative stitching (lit. It is on MY machine that these children are putting flowers).,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-189,42,"teng bos sa krensa ki yo ta lantá, retu?","teng\tbos\tsa\tkrensa\tki\tyo\tta\tlantá,\tretu?",be\t2SG\tGEN\tchild\tthat\t1SG\tPROG\tcarry\ttrue,"It is your child I am carrying, isn’t it?",,,,naturalistic spoken -43-120,43,Sertu ile teng sorti. Nos ki teng mofinedja.,Sertu\tile\tteng\tsorti.\tNos\tki\tteng\tmofinedja.,sure\t3SG\thave\tluck\t1PL\tREL\thave\tbad.luck,He certainly is lucky. It is us who are unlucky.,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-177,44,Mi táta kel yasé kel kása.,Mi\ttáta\tkel\tya-asé\tkel\tkása.,1SG.POSS\tfather\tREL\tPFV-make\tDEF\thouse,It is my father that built the house.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-142,45,Un manzanas que ya come yo.,Un\tmanzanas\tque\tya\tcome\tyo.,INDF\tapple\tREL\tPFV\teat\t1SG,It was an apple that I ate.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-188,46,Amó!,Amó!,FOC.COP,(This is) correct!,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-212,47,Bo buki mi a lesa.,Bo\tbuki\tmi\ta\tlesa.,2SG\tbook\t1SG\tPFV\tread,(It is) your book I read.,,,,published source -47-213,47,Un florin ela fia Leo.,Un\tflorin\tel\ta\tfia\tLeo.,INDF\tguilder\t3SG\tPFV\tlend\tLeo,A guilder (is what) he lent Leo.,,,,published source -47-214,47,Ta un florin ela fia Leo.,Ta\tun\tflorin\tel\ta\tfia\tLeo.,COP\tINDF\tguilder\t3SG\tPFV\tlend\tLeo,(It is) a guilder (that) he lent Leo.,,,,published source -47-215,47,Ta e kakalaka e vruminganan a kome.,Ta\te\tkakalaka\te\tvruminga\tnan\ta\tkome.,COP\tDEF\tcockroach\tDEF\tant\tPL\tPFV\teat,It is the cockroach that the ants have eaten.,,,,published source -48-185,48,Era Huan kiene asé-ba asé eso.,Era\tHuan\tkiene\tasé-ba\tasé\teso.,be.PST\tJuan\twho\tdo-PST.HAB\tdo\tthis,It was Juan who used to do that.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-319,49,Se papa m ki di m sa.,Se\tpapa\tm\tki\tdi\tm\tsa.,HL\tfather\t1SG.POSS\tREL\tsay\t1SG\tthat,It was my father who told me about it.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-320,49,Papa ki di m sa.,Papa\tki\tdi\tm\tsa.,father\t1SG\tREL\tsay\tthat,It was my father who told me about it.,,,,constructed by linguist -49-321,49,Se atè l donnen.,Se\tatè\tl\tdonnen.,HL\tto.ground\t3SG\tgive,It is to the ground that she gives (fruit).,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-322,49,Atè l donnen.,Atè\tl\tdonnen.,to.ground\t3SG\tgive,It is to the ground that she gives (fruit).,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-196,50,Papa ki fè kaz-la.,Papa\tki\tfè\tkaz=la.,father\tREL\tdo\thouse=DEF,It is my father who built the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-197,50,Sé papa ki fè kaz-la.,Sé\tpapa\tki\tfè\tkaz=la.,FOC\tfather\tREL\tdo\thouse=DEF,It is my father who built the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-167,51,Sé papa ki fè kay-la.,Sé\tpapa\tki\tfè\tkay-la.,FOC\tfather\tREL\tdo\thouse-DEF,It is my father who built the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-168,51,Papa ki fè kay-la,Papa\tki\tfè\tkay-la,father\tREL\tdo\thouse-DEF,It is my father who built the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-107,52,a Georges ki di mo sa bèt-a,a\tGeorges\tki\tdi\tmo\tsa\tbèt-a,HL\tGeorge\tREL\tsay\tme\tDEM\tthing-DEM,It is George who told me that.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-381,53,Se li ki te sonye le mile.,Se\tli\tki\tte\tsonye\tle\tmile.,HL\t3SG\tREL\tPST\tfeed\tART.DEF.PL\tmule,It was he who fed the mules. OR: He was the one who fed the mules.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-382,53,Se mo popa k te konne di sa.,Se\tmo\tpopa\tk\tte\tkonne\tdi\tsa.,HL\t1SG\tfather\tREL\tPST\tHAB\tsay\tDEM,It was my father who used to say that.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-383,53,Se sotchèn latè fose-la pase ann.,Se\tso-tchèn\tlatè\tfose-la\tpase\tann.,HL\t3SG.POSS-POSS\tland\tditch-ART.DEF.SG\tpass\ton,It's her land the ditch passes through.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-226,54,"Bin, vréman, sé Pti Zan lé an ler laba.","Bin,\tvreman,\tse\tPti\tZan\tle\tanler\tlaba.",well\treally\tHL\tPti\tZan\tCOP.PRS\tup\tthere,"Well, really, it’s Pti Zan up there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-227,54,Sé lé zanfan ki souf.,Se\tle\tzanfan\tki\tsouf.,HL\tDEF.PL\tchild\tREL\tsuffer.,It's the children who suffer.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-192,55,mo papa mem ki ti dir mwa sa,mo\tpapa\tmem\tki\tti\tdir\tmwa\tsa,1SG\tfather\tHL\tREL\tPST\ttell\t1SG\tthat,It is my father who told me that. OR: My father told me that.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-193,55,se li ki ti fer sa,se\tli\tki\tti\tfer\tsa,COP\t3SG\tREL\tPST\tdo\tthat,It is s/he who did that.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-194,55,se sa ki guverner labaṅk DE MAURICE mesye Indur Ramphal fin deklar MBC,se\tsa\tki\tguverner\tlabaṅk\tDE\tMAURICE\tmesye\tIndur\tRamphal\tfin\tdeklar\tMBC,COP\tDEM\tREL\tgovernor\tbank\tof\tMauritius\tMister\tIndur\tRamphal\tCOMPL\tdeclare\tMBC,That is what the governor of the bank of Mauritius Mr Indur Ramphal declared to MBC (Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation).,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-196,55,mwa ki pu géj sa,mwa\tki\tpu\tgéj\tsa,1SG\tREL\tFUT\tget\tthis,That's me who will be blamed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-200,56,Bann zonm ki danse sa tinge.,Bann\tzonm\tki\tdanse\tsa\ttinge.,PL\tman\tREL\tdance\tDEM\ttinge,It is/was only the men who danced the tinge (a kind of traditional dance).,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-201,56,Se Pol (menm) ki 'n pran sa liv.,Se\tPol\t(menm)\tki\t'n\tpran\tsa\tliv.,HL\tPaul\t(himself)\tREL\tPRF\ttake\tDEM\tbook,It is Paul (himself) who has taken the book.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-202,56,Sa Pol ki 'n pran sa liv.,Sa\tPol\tki\t'n\tpran\tsa\tliv.,HL\tPaul\tREL\tPRF\ttake\tDEM\tbook,It is Paul who took the book.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-203,56,Mon papa sa ki ti fer sa lakaz.,Mon\tpapa\tsa\tki\tti\tfer\tsa\tlakaz.,POSS\tfather\tHL\tREL\tPST\tmake\tDEM\thouse,It is really my father who constructed this/the house.,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-204,56,Martin menm ki pe travay plis.,Martin\tmenm\tki\tpe\ttravay\tplis.,Martin\tHL\tREL\tPROG\twork\tmost,It is really Martin who is working most.,,,,constructed by linguist -58-129,58,Si mukanda yayi ya yandi sumb-aka.,Si\tmukanda\tyayi\tya\tyandi\tsumb-aka.,FOC\tbook\tthis\tREL\the\tbuy-PST,It is this book he bought.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-334,59,eski mbi laa mbi tene na mo tene?,eski\tmbi\tlaa\tmbi\ttene\tna\tmo\ttene?,Q\t1SG\tFOC\t1SG\tsay\tPREP\t2SG\tword,Is it I who said it to you?,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-335,59,ni laa mbi kpe mbi ga so,ni\tlaa\tmbi\tkpe\tmbi\tga\tso,DET\tFOC\t1SG\trun\t1SG\tcome\tthus,That's the reason I ran here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-336,59,amafuta ta azo laa amu na lo,amafuta\tti\tazo\tlaa\tamu\tna\tlo,PL.fat\tof\tPL.person\tFOC\tSM.give\tPREP\t3SG,It was pieces of fatty human flesh that he gave to her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-337,59,kwe gi kwa laa?!,kwe\tgi\tkwa\tlaa?!,everything\tonly\twork\tFOC,Is everything just work?!,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-338,59,ake melenge ti lo so adui na ya ti da ti kogaar ti lo aninga laa asigi na nda ni,ake\tmelenge\tti\tlo\tso\tduti\tna\tya\tti\tda\tti\tkogara\tti\tlo\taninga\tlaa\tasigi\tna\tnda\tni,SM.COP\tchild\tof\t3SG\tREL\tSM.sit\tPREP\tinside\tof\thouse\tof\tin-law\tof\t3SG\tSM.be.long.time\tFOC\tSM.come.out\tPREP\texplanation\tDET,It was her child who lived in her in-law's house for a long time who explained the situation. OR: ... who explained what had happened.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-339,59,(ake) baba ti mbi si amu na mbi,(a-ke)\tbaba\tti\tmbi\tsi\ta-mu\tna\tmbi,(PM-COP)\tfather\tof\t1SG\tFOC\tPM-give\tPREP\t1SG,It was my father who gave it to me.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-340,59,so veni si i ken',so\tveni\tsi\ti\tken',DEM\titself\tFOC\t1PL\treject,It's this that we reject.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-342,59,koli ti mbi la ape,koli\tti\tmbi\tla\tape,man\tof\t1SG\tFOC\tNEG,It's not my man (husband).,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-343,59,zo wa la atene mo ga zo wa?!,zo\twa\tla\ta-tene\tmo\tga\tzo\twa?!,person\twhat\tFOC\tPM-say\t2SG\tcome\tperson\twhat,Who in the world told you to come?!,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-149,60,Pierre moto abétákí Paul,Pierre\tmoto\ta-bét-ákí\tPaul,Pierre\tHL\t3SG-hit-PST\tPaul,It was Pierre who hit Paul.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-150,60,Paul moto Pierre abétákí,Paul\tmoto\tPierre\ta-bét-ákí,Paul\tHL\tPierre\t3SG-hit-PST,It is Paul whom Pierre hit.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -62-99,62,si mzemó akutí?i haráza,si\tm-zeu-mó\ta-ku-ti?i\tharaza,NEG.COP\t1-herd-NMLZ\t3SG-COND-carry\tin.river,It is not the herdsman who brought them to the river.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-194,63,ána ya al ásuru kurá tái dé,ána\tya\tal\tásuru\tkurá\ttái\tdé,1SG\tFOC\tREL\ttie.up\tleg\tmine\tDEF,I am the one who tied up my leg.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-195,63,dé rábana yá kútu je dé,dé\trábana\tyá\tkútu\tje\tdé,DEF\tGod\tFOC\tput\tlike\tthis,God is the one who is putting it like this.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-212,64,anína yáwu birówa géru haját del,anína\tyáwu\tbi=rówa\tgéru\thaj-át\tdel,1PL\tTOP\tIRR=go\tchange\tthing-PL\tDEM.PROX.PL,It's us that will change these things.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-214,64,yawú de ke,yawú\tde\tke,FOC\tDEM.PROX\tlike.this,It is like that.,,,,constructed by linguist -66-120,66,Go aayər jo miinung.,Go\taayər\tjo\tmiinung.,1SG\twater\tFOC\tdrink,It’s water that I am drinking.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-212,67,Itu selalu tinggal sini punya orang pakai ini pasar ah.,Itu\tselalu\ttinggal\tsini\tpunya\torang\tpakai\tini\tpasar\tah.,HL\talways\tlive\there\tREL\tperson\tuse\tDEM\tmarket\tEMPH,It is the people living here [who] use this market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-124,68,"Baru dong ketauan itu daun, bukan uang yang di situ.","Baru\tdong\tketauan\titu\tdaun,\tbukan\tuang\tyang\tdi\tsitu.",just\t3PL\trealize\tDEM\tleaf\tNEG\tmoney\tREL\tLOC\tover.there,"Only then did they realize that it was leaves, not money, that was over there.",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-185,71,Bia no kela mea maua inu.,Bia\tno\t[kela\tmea\tmaua\tinu].,beer\tINTENS\t[DET\tthing\t1DU\tdrink],Beer is what we drank.,,,,naturalistic written -71-186,71,Oe ka mea pepehi kela wahine oe.,Oe\t[ka\tmea\tpepehi\tkela\twahine\toe].,2SG\t[DEF\tthing\tbeat\tDET\twife\t2SG.POSS],You're the one who beat your wife.,,,,naturalistic written -72-157,72,Bat datsda karungku i bin pangkily im.,Bat\tdatsda\tkaru-ngku\ti\tbin\tpangkily\tim.,but\tFOC\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\thit.on.head\t3SG.OBJ,But it was the child who hit him on the head.,,,8d4c71362d6d5071b9107b8bee642ad2,naturalistic spoken -73-110,73,bosmu todo platami dasha,bos-mu\ttodo\tplata-mi\tda-sha,2SG-ALL\tall\tmoney-AFF\tgive-1SG.FUT,I will give you all the money.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-266,75,Mu nipaenglet awa kaawanihak.,Mu\tnipaenglet\tawa\tkaa-wanih-ak.,1.POSS\tclasp\tthis.ANIM.PROX.SG\tREL-lose.him-1.SBJ.3.OBJ,It is this clasp of mine that I lost.,,,,naturalistic written -1-248,1,Da koksi ju koksi mi.,Da\tkoksi\tyu\tkoksi\tmi.,it.be\tmock\t2SG\tmock\t1SG,You are really mocking me.,,,,written (dictionary) -2-275,2,"A musu de feti den ben feti, yu sabi.","A\tmusu\tde\tfeti\tden\tben\tfeti,\tyu\tsabi.",3SG\tmust\tCOP\tfight\t3PL\tPST\tfight\t2SG\tknow,"They must have been fighting, you know.",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-276,2,A stik yu o stik a pikin.,A\tstik\tyu\to\tstik\ta\tpikin.,FOC\tstifle\t2SG\tFUT\tstifle\tDET\tchild,You’ll suffocate the child this way.,,,,elicited from speaker -2-277,2,Na kon yu e kon fu teki a moni kba?,Na\tkon\tyu\te\tkon\tfu\tteki\ta\tmoni\tkba?,FOC\tcome\t2SG\tIPFV\tcome\tfor\ttake\tDET\tmoney\talready,You’ve come already to take the money?,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-148,3,Síki dí wómi síki.,Síki\tdí\twómi\tsíki.,be.sick\tDEF.SG\tman\tbe.sick,The man is really sick.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-176,4,Na sutu a musu e sutu en anga nefi.,Na\tsutu\ta\tmusu\te\tsutu\ten\tanga\tnefi.,COP/FOC\tshoot\the\tmust\tIPFV\tshoot\thim\twith\tknife,What he must be doing is stabbing him with a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-175,5,"a ron di baai ron, a no waak ii waak","a\tron\tdi\tbaai\tron,\ta\tno\twaak\tii\twaak",FOC\trun\tthe\tboy\trun\tFOC\tNEG\twalk\t3SG\twalk,"The boy RAN, he didn't walk.",,,,constructed by linguist -6-110,6,Is lash he lash me.,Is\tlash\the\tlash\tme.,FOC\tstrike\t3SG.M\tstrike\t1SG.OBJ,What he really did was strike me.,,,,constructed by linguist -6-113,6,Iz walk he walkin.,Iz\twalk\the\twalkin.,is\twalk.PROG\t3SG.M\twalk.PROG,He really is walking (and not taking the bus).,,,,constructed by linguist -7-251,7,A tiif i tiif mek dem faiya uhm.,A\ttiif\ti\ttiif\tmek\tdem\tfaiya\tuhm.,FOC\tthief\t3SG\tthief\tmake\t3PL\tfire\t3SG,It was because he committed theft that they fired him.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-252,7,A sing yo a sing?,A\tsing\tyo\ta\tsing?,FOC\tsing\t2SG\tPROG\tsing,Are you really singing?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-157,8,"A swel it swel, luk da. A bigfut dem gi mi.","A\tswel\tit\tswel,\tluk\tda.\tA\tbigfut\tdem\tgi\tmi.",FOC\tswell\t3SG\tswell\tlook\tthere\tFOC\tbigfoot\t3PL\tgive\t1SG,"It really swelled up, look there. Someone caused me to have elephantiasis. OR: It really swelled up, look there. Someone gave me the bigfoot.",,,,naturalistic spoken -8-158,8,A tiif Piita tiif di yam.,A\ttiif\tPiita\ttiif\tdi\tyam.,FOC\tsteal\tPeter\tsteal\tDET\tyam,Steal the yam is what Peter did.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-195,9,Da dril dey me de dril.,Da\tdril\tdey\tme\tde\tdril.,TOP\tdrill\t3PL\tANT\tPROG\tdrill,What they did was to drill (for oil).,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-243,10,"Francy breda staat laaf, an se da faam ihn wende faam.","Francy\tbreda\tstaat\tlaaf,\tan\tse\tda\tfaam\tihn\twende\tfaam.",Francy\tbrother\tstart\tlaugh\tand\tsay\tFOC\tpretend\t3SG\tANT.PROG\tpretend,"Francy's brother started to laugh, and said that Francy was just pretending.",,,,naturalistic written -10-244,10,Da kliin ihn wehn de kliin an no de kuk.,Da\tkliin\tihn\twehn\tde\tkliin\tan\tno\tde\tkuk.,FOC\tclean\t3SG\tANT\tPROG\tclean\tand\tNEG\tPROG\tcook,She was cleaning and not cooking.,,,,elicited from speaker -11-318,11,Shi jos mi de faam.,Shi\tjos\tmi\tde\tfaam.,3SG.F\tjust\tPST\tPROG\tpretend,She was just pretending.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-262,12,What - why I believe whe- where it d- where - where it actually come from is by trusting God.,[...]\twhere\tit\tactually\tcome\tfrom\tis\tby\ttrusting\tGod.,[...]\twhere\t3SG.N.SBJ\tactually\tcome\tfrom\tCOP\tby\ttrust.PROG\tGod,[...] where it actually comes from is trust in God.,,,,naturalistic spoken -15-135,15,na waka nɔmɔ dɛm bin de waka,na\twaka\tnɔmɔ\tdɛm\tbin\tde\twaka,FOC\twalk\tonly\t3PL\tPST\tPROG\twalk,They were just walking.,,,,naturalistic written -16-153,16,ì bì bus è gò bus,ì\tbì\tbus\t[è\tgò\tbus],3SG\tCOP\tbooze\t[3SG\tFUT\tbooze],It is drunk that he will get (by all means).,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-184,17,Nà wàka we̱ à wàka.,Nà\twàka\twe̱\tà\twàka.,HL\twalk\tREL\t1SG.SBJ\twalk,It is walking that I did.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-168,18,"Na waka we a waka, a no bin run.","Na\twaka\twe\ta\twaka,\ta\tno\tbin\trun.",FOC.COP\twalk\tREL\t1SG.SBJ\twalk\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPST\trun,"It was walking that I did, not running.",,,,elicited from speaker -19-199,19,Nà go à dè go ò.,Nà\tgo\tà\tdè\tgo\tò.,FOC\tgo\t1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo\tSENT.PCL,"Mind you, I'm going.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-329,25,Theya na yu bringim na!,Theya\tna\tyu\tbring-im\tna!,there\tnow\t2SG\tbring-TR\tnow,"There, you bring it!",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-115,26,deɪ plɛin ɔ faɪtin? deɪ plɛin,deɪ\tplɛ-in\tɔ\tfaɪt-in,3PL\tplay-PROG\tor\tfight-PROG,Are they playing or fighting? They are playing.,,,,constructed by linguist -27-130,27,[...] a lak am lo lak!,[...]\ta\tlak\tam\tlo\tlak!,[...]\tCOP\tlaugh\t3SG\tPROG\tlaugh,[...] he was laughing!,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-184,28,da muso wa mutɛ,da\tmu\tso\to\twa\tmu-tɛ,COP\tgo\tFOC\t3SG\tPST\tgo-PFV,He had really gone.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-185,28,"di potman, da blɛndso bigintɛ blɛndɛ","di\tpotɛ-man,\tda\tblɛndɛ\tso\to\tbigin-tɛ\tblɛndɛ",the\told-man\tCOP\tblind\tFOC\t3SG\tbegin-PFV\tblind,"The father, he began to really get blind.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-207,29,Sukkel sal hy sukkel!,Sukkel\tsal\thy\tsukkel!,struggle\tshall\t3SG.M.NOM\tstruggle,He will jolly well struggle!,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-208,29,Wen sal hy nie wen nie!,Wen\tsal\thy\tnie\twen\tnie!,win\tshall\t3SG.M.NOM\tNEG\twin\tNEG,He certainly won't be winning!,,,,naturalistic written -29-209,29,Oefen OEFEN hy!,Oefen\tOEFEN\thy!,practise\tpractise\t3SG.M.NOM,Practise he certainly does! / There's no doubt he's practising!,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-210,29,SKRYF skryf hy NIE!,SKRYF\tskryf\thy\tNIE!,write\twrite\t3SG.M.NOM\tNEG,He just won't WRITE! / He's certainly not writing!,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-175,32,"Tánia so andá, el ka korrê.","Tánia\tso\tandá,\tel\tka\tkorrê.",Tánia\tonly\twalk\t3SG\tNEG\trun,"Tánia only walked, she didn't run.",,,,constructed by linguist -33-228,33,"Kuri ku i na kuri, i ka na bua.","Kuri\tku\ti\tna\tkuri,\ti\tka\tna\tbua.",run\tREL\t3SG\tPROG\trun\t3SG\tNEG\tPROG\tfly,"He is running, he is not flying.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-194,34,I kumé ku N sá ku yel.,Ø\ti\tkumé\tku\tN\tØ\tsá\tku\tyel.,PFV\tCOP\teat\tREL.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tCOP\twith\t3SG.INDP,I am EATING [and not doing something else]. OR: What I'm doing is eating.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-230,35,"Bô ska bêbê! – Inô, kume so n ska kume.","Bô\tska\tbêbê!\t–\tInô,\tkume\tso\tn\tska\tkume.",2SG\tPROG\tdrink\t–\tno\teat\tFOC\t1SG\tPROG\teat,"You are drinking! – No, I am eating.",,,77da7ef46bba93ab8afb10df51b2d17d,elicited from speaker -35-231,35,"Mosu ska nda. Inô, kôlê so ê ska kôlê.","Mosu\tska\tnda.\tInô,\tkôlê\tso\tê\tska\tkôlê.",boy\tPROG\twalk\tno\trun\tFOC\t3SG\tPROG\trun,"The boy is walking. No, he is running.",,,03262071d51c5a2f1567dd8242a90225,elicited from speaker -36-143,36,"Ô thêka m’me? – Inga, bêbê thô ma n thêka bêbê.","Ô\tthêka\tm’me?\t–\tInga,\tbêbê\tthô\tma\tn\tthêka\tbêbê.",2SG\tPROG\teat\t–\tno\tdrink\tFOC\tREL\t1SG\tPROG\tdrink,"Are you eating? – No, I'm drinking.",,,,elicited from speaker -37-181,37,"Txi sa kume a? – Ade ô, bêbê êli ki n sa bêbê.","Txi\tsa\tkume\ta?\t–\tAde\tô,\tbêbê\têli\tki\tn\tsa\tbêbê.",2SG\tPROG\teat\tQ\t–\tno\tVAL\tdrink\tFOC\tREL\t1SG\tPROG\tdrink,"Are you eating? – No, I am drinking.",,,,elicited from speaker -40-139,40,"Khure-n el nu ti khure-n, el ti marʧa-n.","Khure-n\tel\tnu\tti\tkhure-n,\tel\tti\tmarʧa-n.",run-PROG\t3SG\tNEG\tPST\trun-PROG\t3SG\tPST\twalk-PROG,"S/he wasn't running, s/he was walking.",,,,constructed by linguist -41-170,41,"tandaa see, eev mesandaa, senaa maay mesandaa, senaa sara kisantaa mee","ta-andaa\tsee,\teev\tmes-andaa,\tsenaa\tmaay\tmes-andaa,\tsenaa\tsara\tki-santaa\tmee",PRS-go\tCOND\t1SG\tOBLIG-go\tor\tmother\tOBLIG-go\tor\tCOND\tNMLZ-sit\tFOC,"If she goes, I must go or her mother must go, otherwise she has to sit here. [i.e. the daughter is not allowed to leave the home unaccompanied.]",,,,naturalistic spoken -42-190,42,"Juang ja andá seja, eli ńgka kuré lá","Juang\tja\tandá\tseja,\teli\tńgka\tkuré\tlá",Juang\tPFV\twalk\tjust\t3SG\tNEG\trun\tEMPH,"Juang just walked, he didn't run.",,,,elicited from speaker -44-178,44,"Ya kaminá numá Tʃéri, no ya kohré.","Ya\tkaminá\tnumá\tTʃéri,\tno\tya\tkohré.",PFV\twalk\tjust\tCherry\tNEG\tPFV\trun,"Cherry was walking, not running.",,,,elicited from speaker -45-143,45,"Ta camina Juan, no ta curri na plaza.","Ta\tcamina\tJuan,\tno\tta\tcurri\tna\tplaza.",IPFV\twalk\tJuan\tNEG\tIPFV\trun\tLOC\tmarket,"It was walking that Juan did in the market, not running.",,,,elicited from speaker -47-216,47,Ta tin mes mi no tin!,Ta\ttin\tmes\tmi\tno\ttin!,COP\thave\tEMPH\t1SG\tNEG\thave,I really don't have it.,,,,published source -47-217,47,Bini lo mi bini sigur.,Bini\tlo\tmi\tbini\tsigur.,come\tMOOD\t1SG\tcome\tcertain,I will certainly come.,,,,published source -47-218,47,Ta djis fia ma fiabo e buki.,Ta\tdjis\tfia\tmi\ta\tfia\tbo\te\tbuki.,COP\tjust\tlend\t1SG\tPFV\tlend\t2SG\tDEF\tbook,I have merely lent you the book (not given it).,,,,published source -49-323,49,Se chire Siltana te chire rad la.,Se\tchire\tSiltana\tte\tchire\trad\tla.,HL\ttear\tSultana\tANT\ttear\tclothes\tDEF,Sultana had torn the clothes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-324,49,Se dòmi Mari ta domi.,Se\tdòmi\tMari\tta\tdomi.,HL\tsleep\tMarie\tCOND\tsleep,Marie would like to sleep.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-325,49,Se vini pou lapli a vini.,Se\tvini\tpou\tlapli\ta\tvini.,HL\tcome\tMOD\train\tDEF\tcome,It's about time that it starts raining.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-199,50,Achté mwen achté'y.,Achté\tmwen\tachté='y.,buy\t1SG\tbuy=3SG,I did buy it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-200,50,Bat Ijénie ka bat Ijenn.,Bat\tIjénie\tka\tbat\tIjenn.,beat\tIjénie\tPROG\tbeat\tIjenn,It's beating what Ijénie does with Ijenn. OR: Ijénie is really beating Ijenn.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-201,50,Sé bat Ijéni ka bat Ijenn.,Sé\tbat\tIjéni\tka\tbat\tIjenn.,FOC\tbeat\tIjéni\tPROG\tbeat\tIjenn,It's beating which Ijéni does/is doing with Ijenn.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -50-202,50,Sé bat menm Ijéni ka bat Ijenn.,Sé\tbat\tmenm\tIjéni\tka\tbat\tIjenn.,FOC\tbeat\tINTENS\tIjéni\tPROG\tbeat\tIjenn,It's really beating what Ijéni does/is doing with Ijenn.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-169,51,Achté man achté'y.,Achté\tman\tachté'y.,buy\t1SG\tbuy.3SG,I did buy it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-130,58,Ku-dia yayi ya yandi ke dia.,Ku-dia\tyayi\tya\tyandi\tke\tdia.,INF-eat\tthis\tCONN\the\tbe\teat,(It's) the (particular) way he is eating.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-344,59,mbi vo vongo pepe,mbi\tvo\tvo-ngo\tpepe,1SG\tbuy\tbuy-NMLZ\tNEG,I didn't buy it (because someone gave it to me).,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-345,59,Azo avo gi vongo.,a-zo\ta-vo\tgi\tvo-ngo,PL-person\tPM-buy\tonly\tbuy-NMLZ,People just buy it (without subscribing to the newspaper).,,,,naturalistic written -60-151,60,"adéfísákí yó yangó kodéfisa, akabélákí yó té","a-défís-ákí\tyó\tyangó\tko-défis-a,\ta-kabél-ákí\tyó\tté",3SG-lend-PST\t2SG\t3SG.INAN\tINF-lend-FV\t3SG-offer-PST\t2SG\tNEG,"She LENT it to you, she didn't GIVE it.",,,,elicited from speaker -67-214,67,Saya tak ada makan.,Saya\ttak\tada\tmakan.,1SG\tNEG\tbe\teat,I really did not eat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -1-249,1,"Hede hatti joe, rasi za hati joe toe.","Hede\thati\tyu,\trasi\tsa\thati\tyu\ttu.",head\thurt\t2SG\tarse\tFUT\thurt\t2SG\ttoo,Does your head hurt you? Your arse too will hurt you.,,,,written -2-278,2,I mu yepi wroko tu.,I\tmu\tyepi\twroko\ttu.,2SG\tmust\thelp\twork\ttoo,"You, too, must help with the work.",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-279,2,"Yu srefi tu musu dyompu nanga wan, yu begrijp.","Yu\tsrefi\ttu\tmusu\tdyompu\tnanga\twan,\tyu\tbegrijp.",2SG\tself\ttoo\tmust\tjump\twith\tone\t2SG\tunderstand,"You too must jump with one [foot], you understand.",,,,elicited from speaker -2-280,2,"Mi tu no erken, dati meki mi e tyari Miller.","Mi\ttu\tno\terken,\tdati\tmeki\tmi\te\ttyari\tMiller.",1SG\talso\tNEG\tadmit\tthat\tmake\t1SG\tIPFV\tcarry\tMiller,"I too wasn’t acknowledged (as someone’s child), that’s why I go by the name of Miller.",,,,elicited from speaker -2-281,2,Na so mi ben tyari mi srefi tu.,Na\tso\tmi\tben\ttyari\tmi\tsrefi\ttu.,FOC\tso\t1SG\tPST\tcarry\tmy\tself\ttoo,"That’s how I, too, behaved.",,,,elicited from speaker -3-149,3,"Ju tu bì túe sitónu gó a mi wósu líba, ó?","Ju\ttu\tbì\ttúe\tsitónu\tgó\ta\tmi\twósu\tlíba,\tó?",2SG\ttoo\tTNS\tthrow\tstone\tgo\tLOC\t1SG\thouse\ttop\tQ.TAG,Did you also throw stones onto my house?,,,,naturalistic written -4-177,4,En den seefi abi a denki tu.,En\tden\tseefi\tabi\ta\tdenki\ttu.,and\tthem\tself\thave\tDET\tthink\ttoo,And they themselves had the same thinking/thought.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-176,5,hii an aal doz gu de?,hii\tan\taal\tdoz\tgu\tde?,he\talso\talso\tHAB\tgo\tthere,Does he too go there? OR: Even he goes there?,,,,constructed by linguist -5-177,5,hii doz go de tu?,hii\tdoz\tgo\tde\ttu?,3SG\tHAB\tgo\tthere\talso,Does he go there too (in addition to other people). OR: Does he go there too (in addition to other places)?,,,,constructed by linguist -6-114,6,Doh let d bubble buss on allyuh too.,Doh\tlet\td\tbubble\tbuss\ton\tallyuh\ttoo.,don't\tlet\tthe\tbubble\tburst\ton\tyou.PL\ttoo,Don't let the bubble (here: housing market) burst on you(PL) too.,,,,naturalistic written -7-253,7,Hi biit evri wan hi pikni an dem duhng tu i beibi an aal.,Hi\tbiit\tevri\twan\thi\tpikni\tan\tdem\tduhng\ttu\ti\tbeibi\tan\taal.,3SG\tbeat\tevery\tone\t3SG.POSS\tchild\tand\tPL\tdown\tto\tART\tbaby\tand\tall,He flogged all his children including the baby.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-254,7,Hi biit evri wan hi pikni an dem ivn i beibi.,Hi\tbiit\tevri\twan\thi\tpikni\tan\tdem\tivn\ti\tbeibi.,3SG\tbeat\tevery\tone\t3SG.POSS\tchild\tand\tPL\teven\tART\tbaby,He flogged all his children including the baby.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-255,7,Hi biit evri wan hi pikni an dem an i beibi tu.,Hi\tbiit\tevri\twan\thi\tpikni\tan\tdem\tan\ti\tbeibi\ttu.,3SG\tbeat\tevery\tone\t3SG.POSS\tchild\tand\tPL\tand\tART\tbaby\ttoo,He flogged all his children including the baby.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-256,7,Hi biit evri wan hi pikni an dem an i beibi get liks tu.,Hi\tbiit\tevri\twan\thi\tpikni\tan\tdem\tan\ti\tbeibi\tget\tliks\ttu.,3SG\tbeat\tevery\tone\t3SG.POSS\tchild\tand\tPL\tand\tART\tbaby\tget\tflogging\ttoo,He flogged all his children including the baby.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-159,8,A no wan smadi dem kil. Dem kil Mieri tu.,A\tno\twan\tsmadi\tdem\tkil.\tDem\tkil\tMieri\ttu.,FOC\tNEG\tone\tsomebody\t3PL\tkill\t3PL\tkill\tMary\ttoo,They did not kill one person only. They killed Mary also.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-67,9,Di owl man gat i rum n̩ i son gat i own rum tu.,Di\towl\tman\tgat\ti\trum\tn̩\ti\tson\tgat\ti\town\trum\ttu.,the\told\tman\tgot\this\troom\tand\tthe\tson\tgot\this\town\troom\ttoo,"The old man got his room and the son got his own room, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-196,9,Ina len da den dey de kum awt dey tuw.,Ina\tlen\tda\tden\tdey\tde\tkum\tawt\tdey\ttuw.,in\tLent\tTOP\tthen\t3PL\tPROG\tcome\tout\tday\ttoo,"That’s around Lent that they are coming out, during the day, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-245,10,"On tap a dat wi gat som posuol, tu.","On\ttap\ta\tdat\twi\tgat\tsom\tposuol,\ttu.",on\ttop\tof\tDEM\t1PL\tget\tsome\tposoli\ttoo.,"In addition to that we will have some posoli, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-246,10,Beda Taiga tek di neks wan egen.,Beda\tTaiga\ttek\tdi\tneks\twan\tegen.,Brother\tTiger\ttake\tART.DEF\tnext\tone\tagain,Brother Tiger took the second one as well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-247,10,Mi waahn plie tu!,Mi\twaahn\tplie\ttu!,1SG\twant\tplay\ttoo,"I want to play, too!",,,,naturalistic written -10-248,10,"Mary kom, tu.","Mary\tkom,\ttu.",Mary\tcome\ttoo,Mary too came.,,,,constructed by linguist -11-319,11,Yu kan aalso mek yuor rondon wid miit.,Yu\tkan\taalso\tmek\tyuor\trondon\twid\tmiit.,2SG\tcan\talso\tmake\t2SG.POSS\trundown\tINS\tmeat,You can also make your rundown with meat.,,,,written -11-320,11,"Wi so praud fa dat bikaa nou wi gat lait, tu.","Wi\tso\tpraud\tfa\tdat\tbikaa\tnou\twi\tgat\tlait,\ttu.",1PL\tso\tproud\tfor\tDEM\tbecause\tnow\t1PL\tget\tlight\ttoo,"We are so proud of that because now we have electricity, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-321,11,Som ov di piipl gat famali aalso.,Som\tov\tdi\tpiipl\tgat\tfamali\taalso.,some\tof\tART.DEF\tpeople\tget\tfamily\talso,Some of the people also have family.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-322,11,Mary kom tu.,Mary\tkom\ttu.,Mary\tcome\ttoo,Mary too came.,,,,elicited from speaker -12-263,12,"[...] like if you go to the bank, too, if me and you go to the bank [...].","[...]\tif\tyou\tgo\tto\tthe\tbank,\ttoo\t[...].",[...]\tif\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\tto\tthe\tbank\tFOC\t[...],"[...] if you go to the bank, too, [if we both go to the bank] [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-264,12,"And then you got bills, too. And then only him-one working.","And\tthen\tyou\tgot\tbills,\ttoo.",and\tthen\t2SG.SBJ\tgot\tbill.PL\tFOC,"And then you have bills, too. [And then only he is working.]",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-191,13,De wine gwine waste an de old bottle gwine git ruint too.,De\twine\tgwine\twaste\tan\tde\told\tbottle\tgwine\tgit\truint\ttoo.,the\twine\tgoing\twaste\tand\tthe\told\tbottle\tgoing\tget\truined\tFOC,The wine is going to waste and the old bottle will get ruined too. (Mt 9.17),,,,bible translation -13-192,13,Dey nail two tief too pon dey own cross.,Dey\tnail\ttwo\ttief\ttoo\tpon\tdey\town\tcross.,they\tnail\ttwo\tthieves\tFOC\tupon\ttheir\town\tcross,They also nailed two thieves on their own cross. (Mt 27.38),,,,bible translation -13-193,13,Dat man da lib een sin too.,Dat\tman\tda\tlib\teen\tsin\ttoo.,that\tman\tPROG\tlive\tin\tsin\ttoo,"That man is living in sin, too. (Mt 5.32)",,,,bible translation -14-145,14,He bought a banana too.,He\tbought\ta\tbanana\ttoo.,he\tbought\ta\tbanana\talso,He bought a banana also.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-146,14,He bought a banana also.,He\tbought\ta\tbanana\talso.,he\tbought\ta\tbanana\talso,He bought a banana also.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-136,15,meri sɛf bin de na di pati,meri\tsɛf\tbin\tde\tna\tdi\tpati,Mary\tself\tPST\tthere\tLOC\tART\tparty,Mary too was present at the party. OR: Mary was also at the party.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-154,16,dagɔmba ʧif tu ĩ tu de dɛ,dagɔmba\tʧif\ttu\tĩ\ttu\tde\tdɛ,Dagomba\tchief\tFOC\t3SG\tFOC\tCOP\tthere,The Dagomba chief was also there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-155,16,dis auà man tu we de fɔ tɔp tu ĩ tu ì make wì dè fiɛr àm nau,dis\tauà\tman\ttu\t[we\tde\tfɔ\ttɔp]\ttu\tĩ\ttu\tì\tmake\twì\tdè\tfiɛr\tàm\tnau,DEM\t1PL.POSS\tman\tFOC\t[COMP\tCOP\tfor\ttop]\tFOC\t3SG\tFOC\t3SG\tmake\t1PL\tHAB\tfear\t3SG.OBJ\tnow,Our man who is at the top (i.e. who rules us) makes us fear him now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-185,17,Dè̱m cho̱p gàri tù.,Dè̱m\tcho̱p\tgàri\ttù.,3PL.SBJ\teat\tgari\tFOC,They ate gari too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-186,17,Dè̱m tù cho̱p gàri.,Dè̱m\ttù\tcho̱p\tgàri.,3PL.SBJ\tFOC\teat\tgari,They too ate gari.,,,,unknown -18-169,18,Dem chop fufu tu.,Dem\tchop\tfufu\ttu.,3PL.SBJ\teat\tfufu\ttoo,They also ate fufu.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-170,18,Dem tu dem bin chop fufu.,Dem\ttu\tdem\tbin\tchop\tfufu.,3PL.SBJ\ttoo\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\teat\tfufu,They also ate fufu.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-200,19,Mi sɛf à gɛt fɔ̀ go nà hos.,Mi\tsɛf\tà\tgɛt\tfɔ̀\tgo\tnà\thos.,1SG.EMPH\tEMPH\t1SG.SBJ\thave\tASSOC\tgo\tLOC\thouse,I myself/too have to go home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-201,19,"Di wan, yu senwe yù dè go.","Di\twan,\tyu\tsenwe\tyù\tdè\tgo.",This\tone\t2SG\tEMPH\t2SG\tIPFV\tgo,"This time, you yourself/too are going (i.e. dying).",,,,naturalistic spoken -20-144,20,"My tinkee so, that number one pleeseeman hab got too.","My\ttinkee\tso,\tthat\tnumber\tone\tpleeseeman\thab\tgot\ttoo.",1SG\tthink\tso\tDEM\tnumber\tone\tpoliceman\thas\tgot\ttoo,I think that top policeman has one too.,,,,naturalistic written -21-146,21,Everyone going movies ah? I also go.,Everyone\tgo-ing\tmovies\tah?\tI\talso\tgo.,everyone\tgo-PROG\tmovies\tPCL\t1SG\talso\tgo,Is everyone going to the movies? I'm going too.,,,,own knowledge -21-147,21,Everyone going movies ah? I'm going also.,Everyone\tgo-ing\tmovies\tah?\tI'm\tgo-ing\talso.,everyone\tgo-PROG\tmovies\tPCL\t1SG.be\tgo-PROG\talso,Is everyone going to the movies? I'm going too.,,,,own knowledge -22-182,22,Em tu i kam.,Em\ttu\ti\tkam.,3SG\tFOC\tPM\tcome,He also came.,,,,naturalistic written -23-164,23,mi tu mi wantem muvum hem ia,mi\ttu\tmi\twantem\tmuvum\them\tia,1SG\ttoo\t1SG\twant\tmove\t3SG\tDEF,"Me too, I want to move that one.",,,,naturalistic spoken -24-187,24,Yorlye comen tuu.,Yorlye\tcomen\ttuu.,2PL\tcome.CONT\ttoo,You (plural) are coming as well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-330,25,Hajbanwan binij gigen from grog.,Hajban-wan\tbinij\tgigen\tfrom\tgrog.,husband-ADJ\tfinish\talso\tfrom\talcohol,"[Since the wife had stopped drinking], the husband too stopped with the alcohol.",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-331,25,Ya gumilan igen mibala kolim.,Ya\tgumilan\tigen\tmibala\tkol-im.,yes\tpalm.species\ttoo\t1PL\tcall-TR,"Yes, we also call it (a palm species) gumilan (in addition to a name in a neighbouring language).",,,,translation in elicitation of other language -25-332,25,E. ken tel yu thet stori tu.,E.\tken\ttel\tyu\tthet\tstori\ttu.,E.\tcan\ttell\t2SG\tDEM\tstory\ttoo,E. can tell you that story too! OR: E. too can tell you that story.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-116,26,ʃi ɔso wɛn gɔ,ʃi\tɔso\twɛn\tgɔ,3SG\talso\tPST.PFV\tgo,She also went.,,,,constructed by linguist -27-131,27,[...] dan am sa tumbl amsél oka kini di gat [...].,[...]\tdan\tam\tsa\ttumbl\tam-sél\toka\tbini\tdi\tgat\t[...].,[...]\tthen\t3SG\tFUT\tthrow\t3SG-self\ttoo\tinto\tDET\thole\t[...],"[...] then he will throw himself, too, into the hole [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-132,27,Sin mā ha bitji stibu oka.,Sin\tmā\tha\tbitji\tstibu\toka.,3SG.POSS\tmother\thave\tbit\tmoney\ttoo,"His mother has little money, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-186,28,or oko das bihi datʃ,ori\toko\tdas\tbifi\tdatʃ,3SG\ttoo\tHAB\tspeak\tDutch,He too speaks Berbice Dutch.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-211,29,Ook JAN het haar hoor sing.,Ook\tJAN\thet\thaar\thoor\tsing.,also\tJohn\tPST\t3SG.F.OBL\thear\tsing.INF,John too heard her sing.,,,,naturalistic written -29-212,29,Jan het haar ook hoor sing.,Jan\thet\thaar\took\thoor\tsing.,John\tPST\t3SG.F.OBL\talso\thear\tsing.INF,John heard her sing too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-213,29,Hulle OOK sal haar ondersteun.,Hulle\tOOK\tsal\thaar\tondersteun.,3PL.NOM\talso\tshall\t3SG.F.OBL\tsupport,They too will support her.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-221,30,"Komu el ka sabeba skrebe, e txoma si fidju pa skrebe-l kel kárta. Djonzinhu tuntunhi, tuntunhi, pamodi el tanbe e ka sabeba náda, nen skrebe si nómi.","Komu\tel=ka=sabe-ba\tskrebe,\te=txoma\tsi=fidju\tpa=skrebe=l\tkel=kárta.\tDjon-zinhu\ttuntunhi,\ttuntunhi,\tpamodi\tel\ttanbe\te=ka=sabe-ba\tnáda,\tnen\tskrebe\tsi=nómi.",as\t3SG=NEG=know-ANT\twrite\t3SG=call\t3SG.POSS=son\tfor=write=3SG\tDEM.SG=letter\tJohn-little\tbecome.uncertain\tbecome.uncertain\tbecause\t3SG.INDP\ttoo\t3SG.DEP=NEG=know-ANT\tnothing\tnot.even\twrite\t3SG.POSS=name,"Since he couldn't write, he called his son, so that he would write the letter for him. Little John dilly-dallied and dithered because he couldn't do anything either, not even write his name.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-222,30,Tánbi na Káuberdi ta kumedu txeu midju.,Tánbi\tna=Káuberdi\tta=kume-du\ttxeu\tmidju.,also\tin=Cape.Verde\tIPFV=eat-PASS\tmuch\tsweetcorn,Also in Cape Verde they eat a lot of sweetcorn.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-173,31,El ben more tanbe.,El\tben\tmore\ttanbe.,he\tcome\tdie\ttoo,"He came to die, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-174,31,"Mudjer tanbe, era kuma avo.","Mudjer\ttanbe,\tera\tkuma\tavo.",woman\ttoo\twas\tlike\tgrandmother,"The woman too, she was like a grand-mother.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-176,32,El tanben el ben morá má Iolanda.,El\ttanben\tel\tben\tmorá\tmá\tIolanda.,3SG\talso\t3SG\tcome\tlive\twith\tIolanda,He also came to live with Iolanda.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-177,32,Es mnin ta gostá d'ijgá ring tanben na féria.,Es\tmnin\tta\tgostá\tde\tijgá\tring\ttanben\tna\tféria.,DEM.PL\tchild\tPRS\tlike\tof\tplay\tring\talso\tduring\tholiday,These kids like to play the game ring also during the holiday.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-204,33,N tene fidju. Maria tene tambi.,N\ttene\tfidju.\tMaria\ttene\ttambi.,1SG\thave.PRS\tchild\tMaria\thave.PRS\tFOC,I have children. Maria also has children.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-205,33,N tene fidju. Maria tambi tene.,N\ttene\tfidju.\tMaria\ttambi\ttene.,1SG\thave.PRS\tchild\tMaria\tFOC\thave.PRS,I have children. Maria also has children.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-164,34,"E bay Sicor, Pidru tambeŋ. ~ E bay Sicor, Pidru tambeŋ bay.","E ø bay Sicor, Pidru tambeŋ. ~ E ø bay Sicor, Pidru tambeŋ ø bay.",3PL.SBJ PFV go Ziguinchor Peter too   3PL.SBJ PFV go Ziguinchor Peter too PFV go,They went to Ziguinchor [and] Peter too.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-165,34,"E bay Sicor, Pidru bay tambeŋ.","E\tø\tbay\tSicor,\tPidru\tø\tbay\ttambeŋ.",3PL.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tZiguinchor\tPeter\tPFV\tgo\ttoo,They went to Ziguinchor [and] Peter too.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-232,35,Bô ten sêbê txila vinpema ô?,Bô\tten\tsêbê\ttxila\tvinpema\tô?,2SG\talso\tknow\textract\tpalm.wine\tPCL,"Do you, too, know how to extract palm wine?",,,,naturalistic spoken -35-233,35,Ami tudaxi sêbê kontaji se.,Ami\ttudaxi\tsêbê\tkontaji\tse.,1SG\talso\tknow\tstory\tDEM,"I, too, know that story.",,,,naturalistic spoken -36-144,36,"Ê tunda, ate am te tunda.","Ê\ttunda,\tate\tam\tte\ttunda.",he\tget.tired\tuntil\tI\talso\tget.tired,"He got tired, and I got tired, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-182,37,Ê bê we lala.,Ê\tbê\twe\tlala.,3SG\talso\tgo\tthere,He too went there.,,,,elicited from speaker -38-188,38,M’ ten sxabay.,Amu\ttan\tsxa-ba-iai.,1SG\ttoo\tTMA-go-there,I also go there.,,,,elicited from speaker -39-174,39,Yo timẽ nã kɛr.,Yo\ttimẽ\tnã\tkɛr.,1SG\talso\tNEG\twant.INF,I also don't want to.,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-175,39,Fabian timẽ vay kaza.,Fabian\ttimẽ\tvay\tkaz-a.,Fabian\talso\tgo.NPST\tmarry-INF,Fabian too is going to get married.,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-140,40,ũ ti ap ani fig. Tər akə mulɛr pən ti.,ũ\tti\tap\tani\tfig.\tTər\takə\tmulɛr\tpən\tti.,one\tCOP.PST\thand.bread\tand\tbanana\tso\tthat\twoman\talso\tCOP.PST,Once there was a hand bread and a banana. There was also this woman.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-191,42,Maria taming ja beng kaza sedu,Maria\ttaming\tja\tbeng\tkaza\tsedu,Maria\ttoo\tPFV\tcome\thouse\tearly,"Mary, too, came home early.",,,,elicited from speaker -44-179,44,Mi náy tambyén tasé tyénda peskáw ayá na Maníla.,Mi\tnáy\ttambyén\ttasé\ttyénda\tpeskáw\tayá\tna\tManíla.,1SG.POSS\tmother\talso\tIPFV.make\tshop\tfish\tthere\tLOC\tManila,My mother also sells fish there in Manila.,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-144,45,Ya pode eli tambien caba su curso.,Ya\tpode\teli\ttambien\tcaba\tsu\tcurso.,PFV\tcan\t3SG\talso\tfinish\t3SG.POSS\tcourse,He too was able to finish his course.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-145,45,Luego ya anda rin alla Domingo.,Luego\tya\tanda\trin\talla\tDomingo.,later\tPFV\tgo\talso\tthere\tDomingo,"Later on Domingo, too, came there.",,,,naturalistic written -46-189,46,(Pati) si Mary tamén ya-andá.,(Pati)\tsi\tMary\ttamén\tya-andá.,(and)\tAG\tMary\ttoo\tPRF-go,(And) Mary went also.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-219,47,Omo J tambe a manda mi un karchi.,Omo\tJ\ttambe\ta\tmanda\tmi\tun\tkarchi.,uncle\tJ\talso\tPFV\tsend\t1SG\tINDF\tcard,Uncle J. too has sent me a card.,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-220,47,E boto na kual bo ta mará ta kore rònt i asina bo tambe ta kore rònt na laira.,E\tboto\tna\tkual\tbo\tta\tmará\tta\tkore\trònt\ti\tasina\tbo\ttambe\tta\tkore\trònt\tna\tlaira.,DEF\tboat\tLOC\twhich\t2SG\tTNS\ttied\tTNS\trun\tround\tand\tthus\t2SG\ttoo\tTNS\trun\tround\tLOC\tsky,The boat that you are tied to moves around and in that way you too move around in the sky.,,,,naturalistic written -47-221,47,[...] i ku e lès nan ku mi ta duna tambe ta bai bon.,[...]\ti\tku\te\tlès\tnan\tku\tmi\tta\tduna\ttambe\tta\tbai\tbon.,[...]\tand\twith\tINDF\tlesson\tPL\tCOMP\t1SG\tTNS\tgive\talso\tTNS\tgo\tgood,[...] and with the classes that I teach too it is going well.,,,,naturalistic written -48-187,48,Suto ku ele a salí pa kaye. Ana tambié a miní ku suto.,Suto\tku\tele\ta\tsalí\tpa\tkaye.\tAna\ttambié\ta\tminí\tku\tsuto.,we\twith\thim/her\tPST\tleave\tfor\tstreet\tAna\talso\tPST\tcome\twith\tus,"We and he/she went out into the street. Ana, too, came along (with us).",,,,constructed by linguist -49-326,49,"Tout moun pral nan sinema, m prale tou.","Tout\tmoun\tpral\tnan\tsinema,\tm\tprale\ttou.",every\tperson\tgo\tPREP\tcinema\t1SG\tgo\ttoo,"Everyone goes to the movie theatre; I go there, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-327,49,"Tout moun pral nan sinema, mwen menm tou m ap soti.","Tout\tmoun\tpral\tnan\tsinema,\tmwen\tmenm\ttou\tm\tap\tsoti.",every\tperson\tgo\tto\tcinema\tI\tself\ttoo\t1SG\tINACC\tgo.out,"Everyone is going to the movie theatre, I will go out, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-328,49,Yo arete l tou.,Yo\tarete\tl\ttou.,3PL\tarrest\t3SG\talso,"They have stopped/arrested her, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-329,49,Yo arete ti danm nan tou.,Yo\tarete\tti\tdanm\tnan\ttou.,3PL\tarrest\tsmall\tlady\tDEF\talso,They have also stopped/arrested the young lady.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-330,49,Yo tou arete m tou.,Yo\ttou\tarete\tm\ttou.,3PL\timmediately\tarrest\t1SG\talso,"They arrested me, too (in addition to arresting others), right away.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-331,49,Yo tou arete l tou.,Yo\ttou\tarete\tl\ttou.,3PL\timmediately\tarrest\t3SG\talso,"They arrested him/her, too (in addition to arresting others), right away.",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-332,49,M tou arete l.,M\ttou\tarete\tl.,1SG\talso\tstop\t3SG,"I, too, have stopped him.",,,,constructed by linguist -50-203,50,Mwen alé osi.,Mwen\talé\tosi.,1SG\tgo\ttoo,I went too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-204,50,Mwen osi alé.,Mwen\tosi\talé.,1SG\tgo\ttoo,I went too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-170,51,Man alé tou.,Man\talé\ttou.,1SG\tgo\ttoo,I went too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-171,51,Yo alé sinéma. Piè tou.,Yo\talé\tsinéma.\tPiè\ttou.,3PL\tgo\tcinema\tPeter\ttoo,They went to the movies. Peter too (went).,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-109,52,Marie osi ké vin,Marie\tosi\tké\tvin,Mary\ttoo\tFUT\tcome,Also Mary will come.,,,,constructed by linguist -52-110,52,Marie ké vin osi,Marie\tké\tvin\tosi,Mary\tFUT\tcome\talso,"Mary will come, too.",,,,constructed by linguist -53-384,53,Mo itu!,Mo\titu!,1SG\talso,Me too!,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-385,53,Monmon te gen vini li osit.,Monmon\tte\tgen\tvini\tli\tosit.,Mother\tPST\tmust\tcome\t3SG\talso,"Mother had to come, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-386,53,Fronswa te kone la chach itou.,Fronswa\tte\tkone\tla\tchach\titou.,François\tPST\tIPFV\tART.DEF.SG\thunt\talso,"François used to go hunting, too. OR: François, too, used to go hunting.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-228,54,Ou va voir sarbon osi i vand byin.,Ou\tva\tvwar\tsarbon\tosi\ti\tvann\tbyen.,2SG\tFUT\tsee\tcoal\talso\tFIN\tsell\twell,"You will see that coal sells well, too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-199,55,Zaṅ osi ti vini,Zaṅ\tosi\tti\tvini,John\talso\tPST\tcome,John also came.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-205,56,Fou osi i ponn menm sezon?,Fou\tosi\ti\tponn\tmenm\tsezon?,Fou\talso\tPM\tbreed\tsame\tseason,Does the Fou (bird species) also breed in the same season?,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-206,56,Mon tou mon kontan voyaze.,Mon\ttou\tmon\tkontan\tvoyaze.,1SG\tFOC\t1SG\tlike\ttravel,"I, too, like to travel.",,,,constructed by native speaker -57-104,57,la arive e pi la mwaʃe osi,la\tarive\te\tpi\tla\tmwaʃe\tosi,3SG\tcome\tCONJ\tCONJ\t3SG\teat\ttoo,He came and he also ate (i.e. in addition to coming).,,,,constructed by linguist -57-165,57,"ma osi, ma tro ko:ta nde wajaʃ sa nu fe","ma\tosi,\tma\ttro\tko:ta\tnde\twajaʃ\tsa\tnu\tfe",1SG\talso\t1SG\tINTENS\tpleased\tPREP\tjourney\tREL\t1PL\tmake,"Me too, I am very pleased with the journey that we made.",,,,naturalistic spoken -58-131,58,yandi mpi,yandi\tmpi,him/her\talso/too,he/she too,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-132,58,Petelo mpi,Petelo\tmpi,Peter\talso/even,Peter too OR: even Peter,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-133,58,Ataa Petelo kwis-aka ve.,Ataa\tPetelo\tkwis-aka\tve.,even\tPeter\tcome-PST\tNEG,Even Peter did not come.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-347,59,"akota zo aeke na mbage osi ti te nga, na akoli aeke na mbage osi ti te ti ala nga","a-kota\tzo\ta-eke\tna\tmbage\tosi\tti\tte\tnga,\tna\ta-koli\ta-eke\tna\tmbage\tosi\tti\tte\tti\tala\tnga",PL-big\tperson\tPM-COP\tPREP\tside\talso\tto\teat\talso\tand\tPL-man\tPM-COP\tPREP\tside\talso\tto\teat\tof\t3PL\talso,"The elders were to one side to eat also, and men were also on one side to eat theirs also.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-348,59,"mo nga, Kamara, mbi ke mu na mo nginza ti gwe na ni na wali ti mo","mo\tnga,\tKamara,\tmbi\tke\tmu\tna\tmo\tnginza\tti\tgwe\tna\tni\tna\twali\tti\tmo",2SG\talso\tKamara\t1SG\tCOP\tgive\tPREP\t2SG\tmoney\tof\tgo\tPREP\tDET\tPREP\twife\tof\t2SG,"You also, Kamara, I'm going to give you money to take it to your wife.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-349,59,mbi wara nga bongo mbi yu ma,mbi\twara\tnga\tbongo\tmbi\tyu\tma,1SG\tget\talso\tcloth\t1SG\twear\tCL,I also get dresses to wear for sure.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-350,59,ala nga ala hinga yanga ti kodoro ti i,ala\tnga\tala\thinga\tyanga\tti\tkodoro\tti\ti,3PL\talso\t3PL\tknow\tlanguage\tof\tvillage\tof\t1PL,They also know our indigenous language.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-351,59,"mo nga Kamara, mbi ke mu na mo nginza","mo\tnga\tKamara,\tmbi\tke\tmu\tna\tmo\tnginza",2SG\talso\tKamara\t1SG\tCOP\tgive\tPREP\t2SG\tmoney,"You also Kamara, I'm going to give you money.",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-152,60,aliákí pé lípa,a-li-ákí\tpé\tlípa,3SG-eat-PST\talso\tbread,He also ate bread.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-153,60,aliákí lípa pé,a-li-ákí\tlípa\tpé,3SG-eat-PST\tbread\talso,He also ate bread.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -60-154,60,yé pé aliákí lípa,yé\tpé\ta-li-ákí\tlípa,3SG\talso\t3SG-eat-PST\tbread,He too ate bread.,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist -61-110,61,Zonke lo tombazana hamba lapa stolo; wena futhi hamba.,Zonke\tlo\ttombazana\thamb-a\tlapa\tstolo;\twena\tfuthi\thamb-a.,all\tDEF.ART\tgirl\tgo-V\tLOC.PREP\tshop\tyou\ttoo\tgo-IMP,All the girls are going to the shop; you too go!,,,,elicited from speaker -63-196,63,dúkuru Ingilis-íya kamán já,dúkuru\tIngilis-íya\tkamán\tjá,then\tEnglish-PL\ttoo\tcome,Then the English came too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-197,63,"tákum bi-kátul úmun, káman úmun bi-kátul","tákum\tbi-kátul\túmun,\tkáman\túmun\tbi-kátul",2PL\tTAM-kill\t3PL\ttoo\t3PL\tTAM-kill,"If you fight them, they will fight you too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-198,63,fí bágara u kaman fí ngamía,fí\tbágara\tu\tkaman\tfí\tngamía,EXIST\tcow\tand\ttoo\tEXIST\tcamel,There are cows and camels too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-215,64,kamán nesibát bijáhizu háfla kebír,kamán\tnesib-át\tbi=jáhizu\tháfla\tkebír,also\tsister.in.law-PL\tIRR=prepare\tparty\tbig,The sisters-in-law also prepare a big party.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-216,64,íta éndu márhala bárdo taalím,íta\téndu\tmárhala\tbárdo\ttaalím,2SG\thave\tlevel\talso\teducation,You (can) also have an educational degree (lit. You have level also education).,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-216,67,Di sini Singapore juga.,Di\tsini\tSingapore\tjuga.,In\there\tSingapore\talso,[It is] also here in Singapore.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-125,68,Bisa bera-bera ni. Beta rasa mo konto lei!,Bisa\tbera~bera\tni.\tBeta\trasa\tmo\tkonto\tlei!,can\tdefecate~defecate\tDEM\t1SG\tfeel\tFUT\tfart\talso,I could get diarrhea. I feel like farting too.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-72,69,mambi yanan kumbut kandək,mambi\tya-nan\tkumbut\tkandək,again\tcame-NONFUT\tvillage\tOBL,They again came to the village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-73,69,"awkura-mpi mambi, mənakən manan kandək apiɳan","awkura-mpi\tmambi,\tmə-nakən\tmanan\tkandək\tapi-ɳan",gather-DEP\tagain\t3SG-POSS\tcult.house\tOBL\tput.in-NONFUT,"Gathering (them) again, (he) put (them) inside his cult house.",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-188,71,"Henry akahi kiaha me hapa, wau like pu no.","Henry\takahi\tkiaha\tme\thapa,\twau\tlikepu\tno.",Henry\tone\tglass\twith\thalf\t1SG\talso\tINTENS,"Henry had a glass and a half (of beer), I too [had a glass and a half].",,,,naturalistic written -72-158,72,Dat warlaku igin i bin jakim im ngawangkirri.,Dat\twarlaku\tigin\ti\tbin\tjak-im\tim\tngawa-ngkirri.,the\tdog\ttoo\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tthrow-TR\t3SG\twater-ALL,He threw the dog into the water as well.,,,8d74ac476d41bc3e797d2af9677ef75f,narrative -73-111,73,otro muchachogunash bininakuxunmi,otro\tmuchacho-guna-sh\tbini-naku-xu-n-mi,other\tboy-PL-ADD\tcome-RECP-PROG-3-AFF,Other boys come as well.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-155,74,pi Sáli yáka cáku,pi\tSáli\tyáka\tcáku,and\tSally\t3SG\tcome,"Sally came, too.",,,,constructed by linguist -74-156,74,"álta lilú mílayt tánas, pi t’álapas yáka wêXt mílayt tánas","álta\tlilú\tmílayt\ttánas,\tpi\tt’álapas\tyáka\twêXt\tmílayt\ttánas",now\twolf\tsit\tsmall\tand\tcoyote\the\tagain\tsit\tsmall,"Now the wolf was small, and the coyote was also small.",,,,narrative -75-267,75,John pi Lea dan mon partii peetuhteewak. Mary wiishta peetuhteew.,John\tpi\tLea\tdan\tmon\tpartii\tpeetuhtee-w-ak.\tMary\twiishta\tpeetuhtee-w.,John\tand\tLea\tLOC\tmy.M\tparty\tcome-3-PL\tMary\t3SG.also\tcome-3,John and Lea come to my party; Mary too comes.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-268,75,Li shyaen wishta kiihtwam mishchikopayiw aan shyaen.,li\tshyaen\twishta\tkiihtwam\tmishchiko-payi-w\taan\tshyaen.,ART.M.SG\tdog\the.too\tagain\tturn-MOVE-3\tin\tdog,The dog too had turned into a dog again.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-269,75,Aen nut peer di suyii dayaan miina.,Aen\tnut\tpeer\tdi\tsuyii\tdayaa-n\tmiina.,ART.M.SG\tother\tpair\tof\tshoe\t1have-1\talso,I also have another pair of shoes.,,,,naturalistic written -75-270,75,La Sandrieuz opaapaawa miina kiiwaniheew.,La\tSandrieuz\to-paapaa-wa\tmiina\tkii-wanih-eew.,ART\tCinderella\t3-father-OBV\talso\tPST-lose-3.SBJ.3OBJ.,Cinderella lost her father as well.,,,,naturalistic written -76-69,76,kapi suli pĭcuktu awoña,kapi\tsuli\tpĭcuktu\tawoña,coffee\tmore\twant\tI,I want coffee also. OR: I want some more coffee.,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-250,1,"O une tannfuru somma, hufa une hatti de lesi va bribi alladasanni, dissi dem Prophet ben takki!","O\tunu\ttanfuru\tsoma,\to=fa\tunu\thati\tde\tlesi\tfu\tbribi\taladasani,\tdisi\tden\tProfeiti\tben\ttaki!",oh\t2PL\tfoolish\tperson\tQ=manner\t2PL\theart\tASP\tlazy\tfor\tbelieve\teverything\tREL\t3PL\tprophet\tPST\tsay,"Oh you foolish people, why are you so hesitant to believe everything the Prophets have been saying!",,,,written -1-251,1,"O Gado, sari mi.","O\tGado,\tsari\tmi.",oh\tGod\thave.pity\t1SG,Oh God! Take pity on me!,,,,written (dictionary) -2-282,2,"We, yere dya.","We,\tyere\tdya.",hey\thear\there,"Hey, listen here.",,,,naturalistic spoken -2-283,2,"Gilly, kon yere.","Gilly,\tkon\tyere.",Gilly\tcome\thear,"Gilly, come hear [this].",,,,naturalistic spoken -3-150,3,ey womi,ey\twomi,VOC\tman,hey man,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-178,4,Kabiten Sinfo oo!,Kabiten\tSinfo\too!,village.head\tSinfo\tEMPH,"Excuse me, village head Sinfo!",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-178,5,Nenen Jeenii oo?,Nenen\tJeenii\too?,Nenen\tJeenii\tVOC,Nenen Jeenii (where are you) ?,,,,constructed by linguist -5-179,5,eey baai,eey\tbaai,VOC\tboy,"You, boy!",,,,constructed by linguist -7-257,7,Meivis oy!,Meivis\toy!,Mavis\tEXCLAM,Hey Mavis!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-258,7,Faiya oy!,Faiya\toy!,fire\tEXCLAM,Fire!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-160,8,Mieri-oi! Wichapaat yu de?,Mieri-oi!\tWich-a-paat\tyu\tde?,Mary-VOC\twhich-LINK-part\t2SG\tbe,Hey Mary! Where are you?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-161,8,Mieri! Wichapaat yu de?,Mieri!\tWich-a-paat\tyu\tde?,Mary\twhich-LINK-part\t2SG\tbe,"Mary, where are you?",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-197,9,Ey Jeni yu now wen i mos hapn da ina Len.,Ey\tJeni\tyu\tnow\twen\ti\tmos\thapn\tda\tina\tLen.,VOC\tJeni\tyou\tknow\twhen\tit\tmost\thappen\tTOP\tin\tLent,"Hey Jenny, you know, it usually happens around Lent.",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-249,10,Ma-yo!,Ma-yo!,mother-VOC,"Hey, old lady!",,,,naturalistic spoken -10-250,10,Alma-oi!,Alma-oi!,Alma-VOC,Hey Alma!,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-323,11,"Oo Laad, mi oubia spail!","Oo\tLaad,\tmi\toubia\tspail!",oh\tLord\t1SG.POSS\tobeah\tspoil,"Oh Lord, my witchcraft got spoiled!",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-324,11,Di shii monki seh: “Ei bwai kom ya”.,Di\tshii\tmonki\tseh:\t“Ei\tbwai\tkom\tya”.,ART.DEF\t3SG.F\tmonkey\tsay\tVOC\tboy\tcome\tDEM.LOC,"The female monkey said: ""Hey, boy, come here!""",,,,naturalistic written -12-265,12,"Eh, bullah?","Eh,\tbullah?",hey\tbrother,"Hey, brother?",,,,naturalistic written -13-194,13,O ɡɒd.,O\tɡɒd.,VOC\tGod,Oh God.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-195,13,Hey Frank!,Hey\tFrank!,VOC\tFrank,"Hey, Frank!",,,,naturalistic spoken -14-147,14,Hey Bruce!,Hey\tBruce!,VOC\tBruce,Hey Bruce!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-137,15,a se ʤɔn!,a\tse\tʤɔn!,1SG\tsay\tJohn,Hey John!,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -17-187,17,"Àdé (o), haw bò̱di?","Àdé\t(o),\thaw\tbò̱di?",Àdé\t(VOC)\thow\tbody,"Hey Àdé, how are you?",,,,naturalistic spoken -18-171,18,"Mohning o, ma sista!","Mohning\to,\tma\tsista!",morning\tVOC\t1SG.POSS\tsister,"Good morning, my sister/ my friend!",,,,published source -18-172,18,"Mary-o, hau nau?","Mary-o,\thau\tnau?",Mary-VOC\thow\tnow,"Hey Mary, how are you?",,,,elicited from speaker -19-202,19,"Paquita o, Maura o, ùna dè siàn?","Paquita\to,\tMaura\to,\tùna\tdè\tsi=àn?",Paquita\tSENT.PCL\tMaura\tSENT.PCL\t2PL\tIPFV\tsee=3SG.OBJ,"Paquita, Maura, do you see it?",,,,elicited from speaker -21-148,21,"Eh Gerard, finish eating or not?","Eh\tGerard,\tfinish\teat-ing\tor\tnot?",INTERJ\tGerard\tfinish\teat-PROG\tor\tnot,"Hey Gerard, have you finished eating?",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-162,23,"hem i se ""e, yu nao, mama blong yu i stap long nambangga?""","hem\ti\tse\t""e,\tyu\tnao,\tmama\tblong\tyu\ti\tstap\tlong\tnambangga?""",3SG\tAGR\tsay\they\t2SG\tnow/FOC\tmother\tPOSS\t2SG\tAGR\tstay\tin\tbanyan,"She said ""Hey, is it you whose mother is in the banyan tree?""",,,,naturalistic spoken -23-165,23,"nakatoa i talem se ""oi mi ia""","nakatoa\ti\ttalem\tse\t""oi\tmi\tia""",Nakatoa\tAGR\ttell\tCOMP\tEXCLAM\t1SG\tDEF,"Nakatao said ""Hoi, it's me"".",,,,naturalistic spoken -26-117,26,ɔ mak,ɔ\tmak,INTERJ\tMark,"Hey, Mark!",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-214,29,"(Haai) ou man, stap hier links!","(Haai)\tou\tman,\tstap\thier\tlinks!",(hey)\told\tman\twalk\there\tleft,"Hey old chap, walk left here!",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-223,30,O Manel! Bénka! N kre flá-u un kusa!,O\tManel!\tBénka!\tN=kre\tflá=u\tun=kusa!,VOC\tEmmanuel\there\t1SG=want\ttell=2SG\tART.INDF=thing,Hey Emmanuel! Come here! I want to tell you something!,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-178,32,"O Miriam, ben li!","O\tMiriam,\tben\tli!",VOC\tMiriam\tcome\there,"Hey Miriam, come here!",,,,constructed by linguist -33-206,33,"O Ana, bin de.","O\tAna,\tbin\tde.",VOC\tAna\tcome\tplease,"Oh Ana, please come.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-166,34,Mariya — Mariy-o beŋ judá-m!,Mariya — Mariy-o ø beŋ judá-m!,Mary   Mary-VOC 2SG.SBJ come.IMP help-1SG.OBJ,"Mary — Mary, come here to help me!",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-167,34,"(H)ey Pidru, beŋ!","(H)ey\tPidru,\tø\tbeŋ!",VOC\tPeter\t2SG.SBJ\tcome.IMP,"Hey Peter, come (here)!",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-234,35,"Mana mu ê, sangê klaga bega.","Mana\tmu\tê,\tsangê\tklaga\tbega.",sister\t1SG.POSS\tVOC\t3SG\tcarry\tbelly,"Hey sis, she is pregnant.",,,,naturalistic spoken -35-235,35,"Sun Sabino ê, kuma ku a ka sama kwa se ni santome?","Sun\tSabino\tê,\tkuma\tku\ta\tka\tsama\tkwa\tse\tni\tsantome?","Mr.\tSabino\tVOC\thow\t""ku""\tIMPRS\tIPFV\tcall\tthing\tDEM\tin\tSantome","Mr. Sabino, how do you call that in Santome?",,,,naturalistic spoken -36-145,36,"Têtêuga ê, ma n thêka riedha ra kwa e, bô tha n'e a!","Têtêuga\tê,\tma\tn\tthêka\triedha\tra\tkwa\te,\tbô\ttha\tn'=e\ta!",turtle\tVOC\tREL\tI\tPROG\tthink\tgive\tthing\tDEM\tyou\tbe\tin=it\tEMPH,"Turtle, when I think about that, you were here, weren't you!",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-183,37,Sun me ê!,Sun\tme\tê!,Sir\tPOSS.1SG\tVOC,Sir!,,,,elicited from speaker -39-176,39,"Are Ashley, use tə fika med də cockroach?","Are\tAshley,\tuse\ttə\tfik-a\tmed\tdə\t.",VOC\tAshley\t2SG\tIPFV.NPST\tbecome-INF\tfear\tof\tcockroach,"Hey Ashley, are you scared of cockroaches?",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-177,39,ɔy Neville use ɔn vay?,ɔy\tNeville\tuse\tɔn\tvay?,VOC\tNeville\t2SG\twhere\tgo.NPST,"Hey Neville, where are you going?",,,,naturalistic spoken -39-178,39,"ɛ Jacob, a mĩ time vẽy i sigəra.","ɛ\tJacob,\ta\tmĩ\ttime\tvẽy\ti\tsigər-a.",VOC\tJacob\tDAT\t1SG.OBL\talso\tcome.NPST\tand\tcatch-INF,"Hey Jacob, come and catch me too.",,,,naturalistic spoken -40-141,40,"O paitiʋ, kɔr lə ʋi?","O\tpaitiʋ,\tkɔr\tlə\tʋi?",VOC\tuncle\twhen\tFUT\tcome,"Hey uncle, when will you come?",,,,elicited from speaker -41-171,41,fiiyane,fiiya-ne,daughter-ADR.F,dear daughter,,,,elicited from speaker -41-172,41,"kiine, nukuandaa?","kii-ne,\tnuku-andaa",what-ADR.F\tNEG-go,"What, dear, you didn’t go?",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-180,44,Dindá ya yo tyang Lóling.,di-indá\tya\tyo\ttyang\tLoling,CTPL-go\talready\t1SG\taunt\tLoling,"I’ll go now, aunt Loling.",,,,naturalistic spoken -44-181,44,hoy neng,hoy\tneng,hey\tgirl,hey girl,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-146,45,"Hoy, Ana y Jose, ya anda ustedes na aplaya ayer?","Hoy,\tAna\ty\tJose,\tya\tanda\tustedes\tna\taplaya\tayer?",hey\tAna\tand\tJose\tPFV\tgo\t2PL\tLOC\tbeach\tyesterday,"Hey Ana and Jose, did you go to the beach yesterday?",,,,elicited from speaker -46-190,46,Hóy lóka!,Hóy\tlóka!,VOC\tcrazy.F,Hey crazy (woman)!,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-188,48,"¡Epa, Huan! ¡miní aká!","¡Epa,\tHuan!\t¡miní\taká!",hey\tJuan\tcome\there,"Hey, Juan! Come here!",,,,constructed by linguist -49-333,49,Bondye o! Ala bèl bagay ou fè pou nou o!,Bondye\to!\tAla\tbèl\tbagay\tou\tfè\tpou\tnou\to!,God\tVOC\tINTERJ\tbeautiful\tthing\t2SG\tmake\tfor\t1PL\tVOC,"Oh God, what beautiful things you have done for us!",,,,naturalistic spoken -49-334,49,"Marilèn o, kote ou ye?","Marilèn\to,\tkote\tou\tye?",Marylene\tVOC\twhere\t2SG\tPRO,"Hey Marylene, where are you?",,,,naturalistic spoken -50-205,50,Diana o!,Diana\to!,Diana\toh,Hey Diana!,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-206,50,Wé Diana!,Wé\tDiana!,oh\tDiana,Hey Diana!,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-172,51,Joj o!,Joj\to!,George\toh,Hey George!,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-173,51,Wé Joj!,Wé\tJoj!,oh\tGeorge,Hey George!,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-111,52,Joseph o!,Joseph\to!,Joseph\they,Hey Joseph!,,,,elicited from speaker -53-387,53,E twa!,E\ttwa!,VOC\t2SG,Hey there! OR: Hey you!,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-388,53,"Hè M., en bon file!","Hè\tM.,\ten\tbon\tfile!",VOC\tM.\tART.INDF\tgood\tshot,"Hey M., (give me) a good shot (of whiskey)!",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-389,53,"He K., mo piti!","He\tK.,\tmo\tpiti!",VOC\tK.\t1SG.POSS\tchild,"Hey K., my child!",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-229,54,Oté vien done amoin in kou dmin!,Ote\tvyen\tdonn\tamwen\ten\tkoudmen!,VOC\tcome\tgive\tme\tINDF\thelping.hand,"Hey, come and give me a hand!",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-230,54,Oté! Kosa ou la fé?,Ote!\tKosa\tou\tla\tfe?,VOC\twhat\t2SG\tPRF\tdo,Hey! What have you done?,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-200,55,lik-o,lik-o,Luc-VOC,Luc!,,,,constructed by linguist -59-352,59,"mama ti mbi o, ala kwi ngbangati nyen'","mama\tti\tmbi\to,\tala\tkwi\tngbangati\tnyen'",mother\tof\t1SG\tPCL\t2PL\tdie\tfor\twhat,"Mom, why did you die?",,,,constructed by linguist -60-155,60,Cathy o!,Cathy\to!,Cathy\they,Hey Cathy!,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-111,61,We John!,We\tJohn!,oh\tJohn,Oh John!,,,,constructed by linguist -62-100,62,há túmú?ó kázi nne,haa\ttu-H-mu-?o\tkazi\tnne,haa\t1PL-SBJ-OBJ.2PL-give\twork\twe,"Haa, we should give you work, we!",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-199,63,ya mária taál íni,ya\tmária\ttaál\tíni,VOC\twoman\tcome.IMP\there,"Woman, come here!",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-200,63,"íta, ána g-álim íta ma kasída tá-kia","íta,\tána\tg-álim\títa\tma\tkasída\ttá-kia",2SG\t1SG\tTAM-teach\t2SG\twith\tpoem\tGEN-your,"You, I will teach you your poem.",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-217,64,ya jamá,ya\tjamá,VOC\tpeople,Oh People!,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-218,64,yesúa kélim le úo gále ya Zakéo,yesúa\tkélim\tle\túo\tgále\tya\tZakéo,Jesus\tspeak\tto\t3SG\tsay\tVOC\tZacchaeus,"Jesus said to him, oh Zacchaeus!",,,,naturalistic spoken -65-155,65,"Stərəlaj ninada! Maja liudi! Səpasiba, kapitan!","Stərəlaj\tninada!\tMaja\tliudi!\tSəpasiba,\tkapitan!",shoot\tNEG.IMP\t1SG\tperson\tthank.you\tcaptain,"Do not shoot! I am human! Thank you, captain!",,,,citation in fiction -66-121,66,"Rihan-ka(ka), mari nasi məmakan na.","Rihan-ka(ka),\tmari\tnasi\tmə-makan-na.",Rihan-VOC\tlet’s\trice\tINF-eat-DAT,"Brother Rihan, come eat rice.",,,,elicited from speaker -66-122,66,"Riyasa aðε, go cuppat na adatang.","Riyasa-aðε,\tgo\tcuppat-DAT\ta-datang.",Riyasa-VOC\t1SG\tquick-DAT\tPRS-come,"Sister Riyasa, I am coming soon.",,,,elicited from speaker -66-123,66,"Musba-mama, atto-yang ambε-bawa.","Musba-mama,\tatto-yang\tambε-bawa.",Musba-VOC\ttrishaw-ACC/DEF\ttake-bring,"Uncle Musba, bring the trishaw.",,,,elicited from speaker -66-124,66,"Fauzul bibi, anak səgəran na aðuðung sin?","Fauzul-bibi,\tanak\tsəgəran-na\ta-ðuðung\tsin?",Fauzul-VOC\tchild\thealth-DAT\tPRS-stay\tQ,"Aunt Fauzul, how is (the health of) your child doing?",,,,elicited from speaker -67-218,67,"Hey lu tahu Melayu. – Tahu la, ala campo Melayu.","Hey\tlu\ttahu\tMelayu.\t–\tTahu\tla,\tala\tcampo\tMelayu.",VOC\t2SG\tknow\tMalay\t–\tknow\tEMPH\thave\tmix\tMalay,"Hey, [do] you know Malay? – [Yes], I know, [as I am] interacting with Malay.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-219,67,Hey Andari ada itu besar?,Hey\tAndari\tada\titu\tbesar?,VOC\tAndari\thave\tDEM\tbig,"Hey, Andari, is that [place] big?",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-126,68,"Ana dua tu manangis, manangis, manangis: ""Mama e!""","Ana\tdua\ttu\tmanangis,\tmanangis,\tmanangis:\t""Mama\te!""",child\ttwo\tDEM\tcry\tcry\tcry\tmother\tVOC,"The two children cried and cried and cried: ""Hey, Mama!""",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-74,69,"Paput a, paymban awkurambi məndəkənan","Paput\ta,\tpaymban\tawkura-mbi\tməndəkə-nan",Paput\tVOC\teagle\tgather-DEP\tfinish-NONFUT,"Paput, the eagle has already got us!",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-189,71,"E Joe, pimai nana kela lio oe!","E\tJoe,\tpimai\tnana\tkela\tlio\toe!",VOC\tJoe\tcome\tlook\tDET\thorse\t2SG.POSS,"Joe, come look at your horse!",,,,naturalistic written -74-157,74,Ben,Ben,Ben,Ben OR: Ben!,,,,constructed by linguist -75-271,75,Ah muujeu!,Ah\tmuujeu!,Oh\tmy.god,O gosh!,,,,naturalistic written -2-284,2,"A kon, a langa en mofo, a man meki wan tyuri, dan a gwe.","A\tkon,\ta\tlanga\ten\tmofo,\ta\tman\tmeki\twan\ttyuri,\tdan\ta\tgwe.",3SG\tcome\t3SG\tlengthen\t2SG\tmouth\tDET\tman\tmake\tART\tsmack\tthen\t3SG\tgo.away,"He came, he pouted?, the guy made a ‘suck teeth’ and went away.",,,,elicited from speaker -2-285,2,"Ma fosi, yu ben abi wan wan sma di o du a sani dati, ma te yu meki a tyuri now, dan a bigi sma kan teki yu gewoon dan a fon yu.","Ma\tfosi,\tyu\tben\tabi\twan\twan\tsma\tdi\to\tdu\ta\tsani\tdati,\tma\tte\tyu\tmeki\ta\ttyuri\tnow,\tdan\ta\tbigi\tsma\tkan\tteki\tyu\tgewoon\tdan\ta\tfon\tyu.","but\tbefore\t2SG\tANT\thave\ta\ta\tperson\twho\tFUT\tdo\tthe\tthing\tthat\tbut\tif\t2SG\tmake\tthe\t""smack!""\tnow\tthen\tthe\told\tperson\tcan\ttake\t2SG\tjust\tthen\t3SG\tbeat\t2SG","But before, you had a few people who did that, but if you made the ""sucking_sound_with_your_lips"" now then the older person would just take you and give you a beating.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-180,5,"Speaker 1: Kom, na? – Speaker 2: Schuups!","Speaker\t1:\tKom,\tna?\t–\tSpeaker\t2:\tSchuups!",Speaker\t1:\tcome\tno\t–\tSpeaker\t2:\tno,Speaker 1: Won't you come? – Speaker 2: No!,,,,constructed by linguist -5-181,5,Speaker 1: Gyal mi laik di wee yu waak. – Speaker 2: Schuups!,Speaker\t1:\tGyal\tmi\tlaik\tdi\twee\tyu\twaak.\t–\tSpeaker\t2:\tSchuups!,Speaker\t1:\tGirl\tI\tlike\tthe\tway\tyou\twalk.\t–\tSpeaker\t2:\tGo.away,"Speaker 1: Girl, I like the way you walk. – Speaker 2: Leave me alone!",,,,constructed by linguist -7-259,7,tuh,tuh,INTERJ,I disapprove.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -10-251,10,Unu hia di stuori? – Choo!,Unu\thia\tdi\tstuori?\t–\tChoo!,2PL\thear\tART.DEF\tstory\t–\tChoo,Have you heard the story? – Choo! (pejorative evaluation),,,,naturalistic spoken -10-252,10,"An wen ihn kom, ihn sei: “Cho! Unu nuo se ai gat trobl shitin an ai kyaan gou paati.”","An\twen\tihn\tkom,\tihn\tsei:\t“Cho!\tUnu\tnuo\tse\tAi\tgat\ttrobl\tshit-in\tan\tAi\tkyaan\tgou\tpaati.”",and\twhen\t3SG\tcome\t3SG\tsay\tcho\t2PL\tknow\tCOMP\t1SG\tget\ttrouble\tshit-ting\tand\t1SG\tcannot\tgo\tparty,"And when he came, he said: ""Cho! You know I have such a hard time shitting that I can't go to the party.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -11-325,11,Wuupa! Cho! Dis taim nou yu hav tu pie wan nainti a poun!,Wuupa!\tCho!\tDis\ttaim\tnou\tyu\thav\ttu\tpie\twan\tnainti\ta\tpoun!,humpf\tcho\tDEM\ttime\tnow\t2SG\thave\tto\tpay\tone\tninety\ta\tpound,Humpf! Cho! Nowadays you have to pay C$1.90 a pound!,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-156,16,dɛ fait no bì smɔ fait o; no bì smɔ fait; blɔd we dè dè kɔmɔt àm - | | | | |,dɛ fait no bì smɔ fait o; no bì smɔ fait; blɔd we dè dè kɔmɔt àm - | | | | |,ART fight NEG COP small fight NEG COP small fight blood COMP 3PL PROG come.out 3SG.OBJ -   ts ts ts ts ts,It was no small fight. No small fight. The blood that was shed - tststststs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-188,17,Haw bò̱di? /lateral click/ – Nà manejmé̱nt.,Haw\tbò̱di?\t/lateral.click/\t–\tNà\tmanejmé̱nt.,how\tbody\tdisapproval\t–\tHL\tmanagement,How are you? – I'm (barely) managing.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-189,17,Àbì yù go make̱t? – /alveolar click/,Àbì\tyù\tgo\tmake̱t?\t–\t/alveolar_click/,Q\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\tmarket\t–\tNEG,Did you go to the market? – No.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-197,18,Ma fada don dai. – Ashia (with sucking the teeth).,Ma fada don dai. – Ashia (with sucking the teeth).,1SG.POSS father PFV die – ashia,My father died. – I feel very sorry.,,,,constructed by linguist -19-203,19,"È gɛt ɔda human [chip], wì bìn gɛt bɔ̀kú problema [...].","È\tgɛt\tɔda\thuman\t[chip],\twì\tbìn\tgɛt\tbɔ̀kú\tproblema\t[...].",3SG.SBJ\tget\tother\twoman\t[chip]\t1PL\tPST\thave\tmany\tproblem\t[...],"He got another woman [chip], we had many problems [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -19-204,19,"[chip] muv, kɔ̀mɔ́t ya!","[chip]\tmuv,\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tya!",[chip]\tmove\tgo.out\there,"[chip] move, get away from here!",,,,naturalistic spoken -22-183,22,Gutpela tru! Tst tst!,Gut-pela\ttru!\tTst\ttst!,good-ADJ\tvery\tclick\tclick,Very good tut tut!,,,,constructed by linguist -23-166,23,ǀ i nogud we,ǀ\ti\tnogud\twe,\tAGR\tno.good\tCOMP,Tsk! That's terrible.,,,,constructed by linguist -26-118,26,Speaker_A: dɛn hi waɪp hiz aɪ laɪg hi ws kɹaɪn bat hiz læfin sɔ – Speaker_B: tut-tut-tut,Speaker_A:\tdɛn\thi\twaɪp\thiz\taɪ\tlaɪg\thi\tws\tkɹa-ɪn\tbat\thi-z\tlæf-in\tsɔ\t–\tSpeaker_B:\ttut-tut-tut,Speaker_A:\tthen\t3SG\twipe\t3SG.POSS\teye\tlike\t3SG\twas\tcry-PROG\tbut\t3SG-is\tlaugh-PROG\tso\t–\tSpeaker_B:\ttut-tut-tut,"Speaker A: Then he wiped his eyes like he was crying but he was laughing, so... – Speaker B: tut-tuts.",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-215,29,Speaker_A: Is jy siek? – Speaker_B: Tsk [either alveolar or lateral],Speaker_A: Is jy siek? – Speaker_B: Tsk [either alveolar or lateral],Speaker_A: be 2SG ill – Speaker_B: Tsk,Speaker A: Are you ill? – Speaker B: Stupid question! / Can't you see? I am visibly ill/fine.,,,,elicited from speaker -29-216,29,Speaker_A: Hy is alweer laat. – Speaker_B: Tsk!,Speaker_A:\tHy\tis\talweer\tlaat.\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tTsk!,Speaker_A:\t3SG.M.NOM\tis\tagain\tlate\t–\tSpeaker_B:\ttsk,Speaker A : He's late again. – Speaker B: How annoying! / Typical!,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-175,31,"Tsk, N ka sabe s'el ta ben.","Tsk,\tN\tka\tsabe\ts'el\tta\tben.",tsk\tI\tNEG\tknow\tif-he\tFUT\tcome,"Tsk, I wonder if he will come.",,,,constructed by linguist -33-207,33,/apical-dental click/,/apical-dental\tclick/,/apical-dental\tclick/,(disapproval/annoyance),,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-168,34,Bu wojá-l? – [yes_click] / [no_click],Bu\tø\twojá-l?\t–\t[yes_click]\t/\t[no_click],2SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsee-3SG.OBJ\t–\t[click_produced_with_the_apex_of_the\ttongue_on_the_roof_of_the_mouth]\t[purely_labial_click],Did you see him/her? – Yes/No.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-169,34,[disapproval_click] Si manera ka sabi-mi nada.,[disapproval_click]\tSi\tmanera\tka\tø\tsabi-mi\tnada.,[disapproval_click]\tPOSS.3SG\tmanners\tNEG\tPFV\tnice-1SG.INDP\tnothing,(My god!) I do not like his manners at all.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-236,35,tsk!,tsk!,tsk,"click expressing disapproval, indignation",,,bf920b55281fe3d74106f21d49ce2f6b,elicited from speaker -35-237,35,tsk!,tsk!,tsk,click to express contempt,,,7815005bec2edab0d4bcff4453586725,elicited from speaker -46-191,46,ts-ts,ts-ts,ts-ts,calling a person,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-207,50,ts,ts,tsk,(disapproval),,,,naturalistic spoken -50-208,50,tsss,tsss,tsk,(irritation),,,,naturalistic spoken -50-209,50,hm,hm,tsk,(disgust/disdain),,,,naturalistic spoken -51-174,51,ts,ts,tsk,(disapproval),,,,naturalistic spoken -51-175,51,tsss,tsss,tsk,(irritation),,,,naturalistic spoken -57-103,57,ta vja ndema? – [click],ta\tvja\tndema?\t–\t[click],2SG\tcome\ttomorrow\t–\t[click],Are you coming tomorrow? – No.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-353,59,"ff, vene ti mo la","ff,\tvene\tti\tmo\tla",shit\tlie\tof\t2SG\tTOP,Shit! That's a lie of yours.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-156,60,Oomóní yé? – [dental click and head shake],o-món-í,2SG-see-PRS.PRF,Have you seen her? – No.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-157,60,[dental click],[dental\tclick],[dental\tclick],"disapproval of behavior, for instance reprimanding children",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-158,60,[bilabial click],[bilabial\tclick],[bilabial\tclick],used to attract someone's attention,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-125,66,"Ts, ittu kuluung, tərkəmauan.","Ts,\tittu\tkuluung,\ttər-kəmauan.",AFF\tDEM\tif\tNEG-need,"Tsk, as for that, I don't want it.",,,,constructed by linguist -68-127,68,[tsk],"(ingressive single click, tongue behind alveolar ridge)",tsk,(indicates disappointment or frustration),,,,constructed by linguist -72-159,72,dats da wan na /click/.,dats\tda\twan\tna\t/click/.,that\tthe\tone\tnow\t/click/,That's what I mean.,,,,constructed by linguist -1-252,1,mi pikien,mi\tpikin,1SG\tchild,my child,,,,written -2-286,2,pikin,pikin,small,"small, young, a little, child, girl, animal baby",,,,unknown -3-151,3,pikí,pikí,small,small,,,,naturalistic written -4-179,4,Wan tata ná o fom en pikin.,Wan\ttata\tná\to\tfom\ten\tpikin.,ART.INDF\tfather\tNEG\tFUT\tbeat\this\tchild,A father does not hit his child.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-180,4,Mi o nati wan pikin kwaka.,Mi\to\tnati\twan\tpikin\tkwaka.,1SG\tFUT\twet\tART.INDF\tlittle\tcassava.staple,I'll wet a little bit of the baked cassava. OR: I'll eat a little bit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-182,5,piknii/piknin,piknii/piknin,child,child/offspring,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-115,6,pickney,pickney,child,child,,,,naturalistic written -7-260,7,pikni,pikni,child/children,child OR: children,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-261,7,pikinani,pikinani,child,child OR: children,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-162,8,Di pikini jos staat waak.,Di\tpikini\tjos\tstaat\twaak.,DET\tchild\tjust\tstart\twalk,The child has just started walking.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-163,8,Haad-iez pikni ded a son-at.,Haad-iez\tpikni\tded\ta\tson-at.,hard-ear(s)\tchild\tdie\tat\tsun-hot,Disobedient children die at midday.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-198,9,I wayf n̩ pikni dem me liv hay.,I\twayf\tn̩\tpikni\tdem\tme\tliv\thay.,his\twife\tand\tchild\tthem\tANT\tlive\thigh,His wife and children lived high.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-253,10,Aafta di pikniny dem get big [...].,Aafta\tdi\tpikniny\tdem\tget\tbig\t[...].,after\tART.DEF\tchild\tPL\tget\tbig\t[...],When the children grew up [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-326,11,di piknini dem,di\tpiknini\tdem,ART.DEF\tchild\tPL,the children,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-266,12,"The Haitian baby’s call pickaninny, not no Bahamian baby.","The\tHaitian\tbaby’s\tcall\tpickaninny,\tnot\tno\tBahamian\tbaby.",ART\tHaitian\tbaby[PL?].COP\tcall\tpickaninny\tNEG\tNEG\tBahamian\tbaby,"A Haitian baby is called pickaninny, not a Bahamian one.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-197,13,pickaninny/pickney,pickaninny/pickney,child,"child, little one",,,,unspecified -15-138,15,pikin,pikin,child,child,,,,naturalistic written -16-157,16,pikín,pikín,child,"small one, child, offspring",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-190,17,pìkín,pìkín,child,child,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-205,19,pìkín,pìkín,child,child; member of the group specified by the preceding modifier noun,,,,elicited from speaker -20-145,20,pickenini,pickenini,small,small,,,,naturalistic written -20-146,20,pequenini,pequenini,small,small,,,,naturalistic written -22-184,22,Em no sa lukautim dispela tupela pikinini.,Em\tno\tsa\tlukautim\tdispela\ttupela\tpikinini.,3SG\tNEG\tHAB\tlook.after\tthis\ttwo\tchild,He did not look after these two children.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-167,23,bae ol pikinini i jas dring long baket,bae\tol\tpikinini\ti\tjas\tdring\tlong\tbaket,IRR\tPL\tchild\tAGR\tjust\tdrink\tLOC\tbucket,The children will just have to drink from [the] bucket.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-168,23,"very good, you give him piccaninny one name?","very\tgood,\tyou\tgive\thim\tpiccaninny\tone\tname?",very\tgood\t2SG\tgive\t3SG\tchild\tone\tname,"Very good, what do you call the child?",,,,historical representation of speech -24-188,24,pikinini,pikinini,child,little child,,,,elicited from speaker -24-189,24,nini,nini,child/drink,little child; to drink on the sly,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-333,25,Eni piginini mani bin gaman bla mela?,Eni\tpiginini\tmani\tbin\tgaman\tbla\tmela?,any\tchild\tmoney\tPST\tcome\tDAT/POSS\t1PL,Did any child endowment come for us?,,,,unknown -29-217,29,"piekanien, piekenien, pikkenien","piekanien,\tpiekenien,\tpikkenien",piccanin(ny)\tpiccanin(ny)\tpiccanin(ny),piccaninny; young black boy; farm labourer,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-224,30,pikénu; pikinóti; pikininu; pikéna.,pikénu;\tpikinóti;\tpikininu;\tpikéna.,small\tsmall.child\tsmall\tgirlfriend/female.lover,"small; small, child; small; girl friend, female lover",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-176,31,"Kantu N saba pikinoti, N kriaba ku nha mai.","Kantu\tN\tsaba\tpikinoti,\tN\tkriaba\tku\tnha\tmai.",when\tI\twas\tsmall\tI\traise.ANT\twith\tmy\tmother,"When I was small, I grew up with my mother.",,,,naturalistic spoken -32-179,32,El éra un kazinha piknin.,El\téra\tun\tkazinha\tpiknin.,3SG\tCOP.PST\tDET\thouse.small\tlittle,It was a small house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-180,32,Kond mi éra piknin [...].,Kond\tmi\téra\tpiknin\t[...].,when\t1SG\tCOP.PST\tlittle\t[...],When I was little [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-208,33,E pikininu i nha fidju.,E\tpikininu\ti\tnha\tfidju.,ART\tsmall\tCOP\tmy\tson,The little boy is my son.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-170,34,Ña aldiya sabi ma i pikininu.,Ña\taldiya\tø\tsabi\tma\ti\tø\tpikininu.,POSS.1SG\tvillage\tPFV\tnice\tbut\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsmall,My village is nice but it is small.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-238,35,N tê pikina-pikina.,N\ttê\tpikina-pikina.,1SG\thave\tlittle-little,I have a little bit.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-239,35,Sel'ê sêbê pikina.,Sel'=ê\tsêbê\tpikina.,MOOD=3SG\tknow\tlittle,He must know a little.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-146,36,ũa mbedha txororo,ũa\tmbedha\ttxororo,one\ttable\tsmall,a small table,,,,elicited from speaker -36-147,36,txo pinini,txo\tpinini,small\tIDEO,very small,,,,elicited from speaker -37-184,37,kêtê,kêtê,small,small,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-179,39,pikənin,pikənin,small,small,,,,naturalistic spoken -41-173,41,pikiniim,pikiniim,small,small,,,,elicited from speaker -42-192,42,kəninu,kəninu,small,small,,,,elicited from speaker -43-121,43,kadera pikninu,kadera\tpikninu,seat\tsmall,small seat,,,,pedagogical grammar -47-239,47,"juw, mucha; chiki(tu); pokito","juw,\tmucha;\tchiki(tu);\tpokito","child,\tchild;\tsmall;\tlittle",child; small; little,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-112,61,pikanin(i),pikanin(i),child,child OR: small,,,,elicited from speaker -63-201,63,nyerekú,nyerekú,child,child,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-190,71,Urero oe wau Bikanene hiki no oe pono wero wau bikanene.,Olelo\toe\twau\tpikanene\thikino\toe\tpono\tolelo\twau\tpikanene.,speak\t2SG\t1SG\tchild\talright\t2SG\tshould\tspeak\t1SG\tchild,"You called me a child, okay you should call me a child.",,,,naturalistic written -72-160,72,Jintaku karungku i bin gedim kengkaru mirlarrangyawung.,Jintaku\tkaru-ngku\ti\tbin\tged-im\tkengkaru\tmirlarrang-yawung.,one\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tshoot-TR\tkangaroo\tspear-COM,One kid got a kangaroo with a spear.,,,4a984e96654f45787fb8ef74b47a3202,peer elicitation -74-158,74,tánas,tánas,small,small,,,,narrative -76-70,76,mikaninni,mikaninni,small,"small, little, child",,,,reconstructed by documentalist -76-71,76,añaninni,añaninni,big,"big, much, very",,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-253,1,sabi,sabi,know/knowledge,"know, understand; knowledge",,,,written (dictionary) -2-287,2,sabi,sabi,know,"know, knowledge, wisdom",,,,unknown -3-152,3,sabi,sabi,know,know,,,,naturalistic written -4-181,4,Mi án sabi a moni a ero.,Mi\tán\tsabi\ta\tmoni\ta\tero.,1SG\tNEG\tknow\tDET.SG\tmoney\tLOC\tEuro,I don't know how much that is in Euro.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-183,5,sabii,sabii,know,know,,,,naturalistic spoken -6-116,6,savvy,savvy,know,know,,,,naturalistic written -8-164,8,sabi-so,sabi-so,know-so,understanding; wisdom,,,,naturalistic written -10-254,10,Beda Taiga no nuo how fi sing di song.,Beda\tTaiga\tno\tnuo\thow\tfi\tsing\tdi\tsong.,Brother\tTiger\tNEG\tknow\thow\tCOMP\tsing\tART.DEF\tsong,Brother Tiger did not know how to sing the song.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-327,11,Yu haftu nou tu aansa di kwestyon.,Yu\thaf-tu\tnou\ttu\taansa\tdi\tkwestyon.,2SG\thave-to\tknow\tCOMP\tanswer\tART.DEF\tquestion,You must know how to answer the question.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-198,13,sabe,sabe,know,to know,,,,written (dictionary) -15-139,15,sabi,sabi,know,know,,,,naturalistic written -16-158,16,sabi,sabi,know,know,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-191,17,sàbi,sàbi,know,know,,,,naturalistic spoken -19-206,19,sàbí,sàbí,know,know (how to),,,,elicited from speaker -20-147,20,He savvy Englishee?,He\tsavvy\tEnglishee?,3SG\tknow\tEnglish,Do you speak English?,,,,naturalistic written -22-185,22,Mi save liklik tasol.,Mi\tsave\tliklik\ttasol.,1SG\tknow\tlittle\tonly,I only know a little.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-186,22,Papa na mama save go long gaden.,Papa\tna\tmama\tsave\tgo\tlong\tgaden.,father\tand\tmother\tHAB\tgo\tPREP\tgarden,The parents would go to the garden.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-169,23,tanna man no save work [...] he too much lazy,tanna\tman\tno\tsave\twork\t[...]\the\ttoo\tmuch\tlazy,Tanna\tman\tNEG\tcan\twork\t[...]\t3SG\ttoo\tmuch\tlazy,Tanna men can't work [...] they're too lazy.,,,,historical representation of speech -25-335,25,Yu jabi wel na langguij.,Yu\tjabi\twel\tna\tlangguij.,2SG\tknow\twell\tnow\tlanguage,You know the language well now.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-225,30,Mi N sabe más txeu ki nhos [...].,Mi\tN=sabe\tmás\ttxeu\tki\tnhos\t[...].,1SG\t1SG=know\tmore\tmuch\tthan\t2PL\t[...],I know much more than you [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-226,30,Ami N stába na un lugár sábi!,A-mi\tN=stá-ba\tna=un=lugár\tsábi!,TOP-1SG.INDP\t1SG.DEP=be-ANT\tin=ART.INDF=place\tpleasant,I was at a pleasant place.,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-177,31,Nu ka sabe s'el pode ben po-l mas dianti.,Nu\tka\tsabe\ts'el\tpode\tben\tpo-l\tmas\tdianti.,we\tNEG\tknow\tif-he\tcan\tcome\tput-it\tmore\tin.front,We do not know whether he can come and put it forward.,,,,naturalistic spoken -32-181,32,"Mi, N ka sabê náda.","Mi,\tN\tka\tsabê\tnáda.",1SG\t1SG\tNEG\tknow\tnothing,I don't know anything.,,,,naturalistic spoken -33-209,33,N sibi.,N\tsibi.,1SG\tknow,I know.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-171,34,Womi ki sebé tudu ka di fiyá.,Womi\tki\tø\tsebé\ttudu\tka\tdi\tfiyá.,man\tREL.SBJ\tPFV\tknow\tall\tNEG\tto\trely/trust,You shoud not trust someone who knows too much. OR: A man who knows everything is not to trust.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-240,35,Bô sêbê punda kamanda ô?,Bô\tsêbê\tpunda\tkamanda\tô?,2SG\tknow\twhy\twhy\tPCL,Do you know why?,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-241,35,"Sêbê sê sotxi, ê na ka valê fa.","Sêbê\tsê\tsotxi,\tê\tna\tka\tvalê\tfa.",knowledge\twithout\tluck\t3SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tbe.worth\tNEG,Knowledge without luck isn’t useful.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-148,36,eta/ta,eta/ta,know,"to know (something, a person)",,,,elicited from speaker -37-185,37,sêbê,sêbê,know,to know,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-189,38,sebe,sebe,know,to know,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-190,38,se,se,know,to know,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-180,39,sabe,sab-e,know-INF,to know,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-181,39,sab,sab,know.NPST,know(s),,,,naturalistic spoken -39-182,39,sabiŋ,sab-iŋ,know-PST,knew,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-193,42,yo sabé eli teng akí,yo\tsabé\teli\tteng\takí,1SG\tknow\t3SG\tBE\there,I know that he is here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-122,43,sabe,sabe,know,to know,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-182,44,Kósa pa kyéri sabé?,Kósa\tpa\tkyéri\tsabé?,what\tmore\twant\tknow,What else do you want to know?,,,,naturalistic spoken -45-147,45,Sabe ba tu si cosa ya pasa?,Sabe\tba\ttu\tsi\tcosa\tya\tpasa?,know\tQ\t2SG\tif\twhat\tPFV\thappen,Do you know what happened?,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -48-189,48,"Pero ele a-sabé toká tambié tambó, ¿belá?","Pero\tele\ta-sabé\ttoká\ttambié\ttambó,\t¿belá?",but\the/she\t?-HAB\tplay\talso\tdrum\tright,"But he/she used to also play the drum, right?",,,,naturalistic spoken -50-210,50,An sav/savé.,An\tsav/savé.,1SG\tknow,I know.,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-176,51,Man sav.,Man\tsav.,1SG\tknow,I know.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-112,52,nou savé sa i di,nou\tsavé\tsa\ti\tdi,we\tknow\tthat\the\tsay,We knew what he said.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-391,53,M. le Page li diable li sabai tout.,M.\tle\tPage\tli\tdiable\tli\tsabai\ttout.,Mister\tle\tPage\t3SG\tdevil\t3SG\tknow\teverything,"Mister le Page is a devil, he knows everything.",,,,naturalistic written -55-201,55,mo kon li; mo kon naze,mo\tkon\tli;\tmo\tkon\tnaze,1SG\tknow\t3SG\t1SG\tknow\tswim,I know him/her/it. I know how to swim.,,,,constructed by linguist -72-161,72,Im nou gurindji FMngkuma.,Im\tnou\tgurindji\tFM-ngku-ma.,3SG.SBJ\tknow\tGurindji\tNAME-ERG-TOP,"She knows Gurindji, FM does.",,,96e426771c319556afc1877a61a68d80,naturalistic spoken -73-112,73,no sabinichu,no\tsabi-ni-chu,NEG\tknow-1SG-NEG,I don't know.,,,,elicited from speaker -74-159,74,kámtaks,kámtaks,know,know,,,,narrative -1-254,1,Watra-Hay,watra-ai,water-eye,tears,,,,written -1-255,1,watra va hai,watra\tfu\tai,water\tof\teye,tears,,,,written (dictionary) -1-256,1,A kreh watra na hai.,A\tkrei\twatra\tna\tai.,3SG.SBJ\tcry\twater\tLOC\teye,He's crying (lit. He's crying water from his eyes).,,,,written (dictionary) -1-257,1,Watra pisi na hem hai.,Watra\tpisi\tna\ten\tai.,water\trun\tLOC\t3SG\teye,He is crying (lit. Water is running from his eyes).,,,,written (dictionary) -2-288,2,watra-ai,watra-ai,water-eye,tears,,,,unknown -3-153,3,wátá-wóyo,wátá-wóyo,water-eye,tear,,,,naturalistic written -3-154,3,wóyó-wáta,wóyó-wáta,eye-water,tear,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-182,4,ain wata(a),ain\twata(a),eye\twater,tear,,,,elicited from speaker -5-184,5,ai-waata,ai-waata,eye-water,tears,,,,constructed by linguist -6-117,6,tear,tear,tear,tear,,,,constructed by linguist -6-118,6,cry living eye water,cry\tliving\teye\twater,cry\tliving\teye\twater,to cry tears that are not genuine,,,,naturalistic spoken -7-262,7,Aal mi ai waata duhn.,Aal\tmi\tai\twaata\tduhn.,all\t1SG\teye\twater\tdone,I have no more tears left.,,,,written (poetic) -7-263,7,Waip yo teiz.,Waip\tyo\ttei-z.,wipe\t2.POSS\ttear-PL,Wipe your tears.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-264,7,Shi krai lang waata out shi ai.,Shi\tkrai\tlang\twaata\tout\tshi\tai.,3SG\tcry\tlong\twater\tout\t3SG\teye,She cried long tears.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-165,8,"Wen Mieri get di mechiz, di yai-waata jos staat fi drap outa ar yai.","Wen\tMieri\tget\tdi\tmechiz,\tdi\tyai-waata\tjos\tstaat\tfi\tdrap\touta\tar\tyai.",when\tMary\tget\tDET\tmessage\tDET\teye-water\tjust\tstart\tINF\tdrop\tout\t3SG.F\teye,"When Mary heard the news, the tears started to fall from her eyes.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-166,8,A suoso yai-waata ful-op mi yai.,A\tsuoso\tyai-waata\tful-op\tmi\tyai.,FOC\tonly\teye-water\tfill-up\t1SG\teye,My eyes were filled with nothing but tears.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-199,9,"Wan taym a kuda me wɛt dis tiŋ wid kak, bot tode a kud onli wɛt a wid ay wata.","Wan\ttaym\ta\tkuda\tme\twɛt\tdis\ttiŋ\twid\tkak,\tbot\ttode\ta\tkud\tonli\twɛt\ta\twid\tay\twata.",one\ttime\t1SG\tcan\tANT\twet\tthis\tthing\twith\tcock\tbut\ttoday\t1SG\tcan\tonly\twet\tit\twith\teye\twater,"Once I would have used my penis, but I have to resort to tears.",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-214,9,tears,tear-s,tear-PL,tears,,,,constructed by linguist -10-255,10,ai waata,ai\twaata,eye\twater,tears,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-328,11,ai waata,ai\twaata,eye\twater,tears,,,,elicited from speaker -12-267,12,He stood and watch while the eye-water drain down her face.,[...]\twhile\tthe\teye-water\tdrain\tdown\t[...].,[...]\twhile\tART\teye-water\tdrain\tdown\t[...],[He stood and watched] while the tears ran down [her face].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-268,12,"And sometime, he's look like he dead, and then only tears is be coming out my eye. You know, 'cause then that's my child.","And\tsometime,\the's\tlook\tlike\the\tdead,\tand\tthen\tonly\ttears\tis\tbe\tcoming\tout\tmy\teye.",and\tsometimes\t3SG.M.SBJ.HAB\tlook\tlike\t3SG.M.SBJ\tdead\tand\tthen\tonly\ttear.PL\tHAB\tCOP\tcome.PROG\tout\tmy\teye[PL],"Sometimes he looks dead, and then I can't help crying.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-199,13,Dey een dat place e gwine cry bitta teah an bite e tongue.,Dey\teen\tdat\tplace\te\tgwine\tcry\tbitta\tteah\tan\tbite\te\ttongue.,there\tin\tthat\tplace\the\tgoing\tcry\tbitter\ttears\tand\tbite\this\ttongue,There in that place he is going to cry bitter tears and bite his tongue. (Mt 24.51),,,,bible translation -13-200,13,wid de eyewata da ron down me face,wid\tde\teyewata\tda\tron\tdown\tme\tface,with\tthe\teyewater\tPROG\trun\tdown\tme\tface,with tears running down my face (Acts 20.31),,,,bible translation -14-148,14,tears,tears,tears,tears,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-140,15,wata di kɔmɔt na ĩ yai,wata\tdi\tkɔmɔt\tna\tĩ\tyai,water\tPROG\tcome\tLOC\tPOSS\teye,He/She is crying. OR: Tears are running down his/her cheeks.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -16-159,16,tiɛ,tiɛ,tear,"tear (n., v.)",,,,naturalistic spoken -17-192,17,Wòta de mì fò̱r ay.,Wòta\tde\tmì\tfò̱r\tay.,water\tCOP\t1SG.SBJ\tLOC\teye,Water is in my eyes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-173,18,wata fo ay,wata\tfo\tay,water\tfor\teye,tears,,,,elicited from speaker -18-174,18,Wata dey fo mi ay.,Wata\tdey\tfo\tmi\tay.,water\tCOP\tfor\t1SG.POSS\teye,There are tears in my eyes.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-207,19,yay wàtá,yay\twàtá,eye\twater,tear(s),,,,elicited from speaker -19-208,19,Wàtá de na ìn yay.,Wàtá\tde\tna\tìn\tyay.,water\tCOP\tLOC\t3SG.POSS\teye,He has tears in his eyes.,,,,elicited from speaker -21-149,21,tears,tears,tears,tears,,,,own knowledge -22-187,22,"Em karai nau, ai wara bilong em ran olsem wara.","Em\tkarai\tnau,\tai\twara\tbilong\tem\tran\tolsem\twara.",3SG\tcry\tnow\teye\twater\tPOSS\t3SG\trun\tlike\twater,She cried and her tears flowed like water.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-171,23,Plante i serem tears from hemi no save stap blong luk hard wok blong hem.,Plante\ti\tserem\ttears\tfrom\themi\tno\tsave\tstap\tblong\tluk\thard\twok\tblong\them.,plenty\tAGR\tshare\ttears\tbecause\t3SG.AGR\tNEG\tcan\tstay\tPURP\tlook\thard\twork\tPOSS\t3SG,Many people shared a tear because he could not be there to see his hard work (completed).,,,,naturalistic written -24-190,24,tears,tears,tear,tear OR: tears,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-119,26,tɛaz,tɛaz,tears,tears,,,,constructed by linguist -28-187,28,toromingi,toro-mingi,eye-water,tears,,,,elicited from speaker -29-218,29,traan - trane,traan\t-\ttran-e,tear\t-\ttear-PL,tear - tears,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-227,30,Bu lágua ta kema-m!,Bu=lágua\tta=kema=m!,POSS.2SG=tear\tIPFV=burn=1SG,Your tears are burning me!,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-228,30,"Minina, seka bu águ d'odju, bu namorádu ta torna ben.","Minina,\tseka\tbu=águ\td=odju,\tbu=namorádu\tta=torna\tben.",girl\tdry\t2SG.POSS=water\tof=eye\t2SG.POSS=boyfriend\tIPFV=again\tcome,"Girl, dry your tears, your lover will come back.",,,,constructed by linguist -31-178,31,agu di odju,agu\tdi\todju,water\tof\teye,tears,,,,constructed by linguist -32-182,32,lágrima,lágrima,tear,tears,,,,constructed by linguist -32-183,32,Ága táva ta korrê-l pa kára bóx.,Ága\ttáva\tta\tkorrê-l\tpa\tkára\tbóx.,water\tPST.IPFV\tPROG\trun-3SG\ton\tface\tdown,Tears were running down her face.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-184,32,Ben-m ága na oi kond N oiá-l bai.,Ben-m\tága\tna\toi\tkond\tN\toiá-l\tbai.,come-1SG\twater\tin\teye\twhen\t1SG\tsee-3SG\tgo,Tears came into my eyes when I saw him go.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-185,32,El ta k'oi xei d'ága.,El\tta\tk\toi\txei\tde\tága.,1SG\tCOP\tCOM\teye\tfull\tof\twater,He has eyes full of tears.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-210,33,larma,larma,tear,tears,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-172,34,lárguma,lárguma,tear(s),tear(s),,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-242,35,awa wê,awa\twê,water\teye,tear(s),,,,naturalistic spoken -36-149,36,awa wê,awa\twê,water\teye,tears,,,,elicited from speaker -37-186,37,aw'uwê,awa\tuwê,water\teye,tears,,,,elicited from speaker -38-191,38,a d’oyo,awa\tde-oio,water\tof-eye,tear,,,,elicited from speaker -39-183,39,lag,lag,tear,tear(s),,,,naturalistic spoken -40-142,40,lag,lag,tear,tear,,,,constructed by linguist -42-194,42,lagri,lagri,tear,tear(s),,,,elicited from speaker -43-123,43,olu su lagër,olu\tsu\tlagër,eye\tPOSS\ttear,tears,,,,naturalistic written -44-183,44,lagrimas,lagrimas,tears,a tear OR: tears,,,,written (dictionary) -45-148,45,Mucho lagrimas ya cae con el viuda.,Mucho\tlagrimas\tya\tcae\tcon\tel\tviuda.,many\ttears\tPFV\tfall\tOBJ\tDEF\twidow,The widow shed many tears.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-192,46,lágrimas,lágrimas,tear,tear,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-193,46,lúhaq,lúhaq,tear,tear,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-222,47,lagrima,lagrima,tear,tear(s),,,,own knowledge -47-223,47,aw'i wowo,awa\tdi\twowo,water\tof\teye,tears,,,,published source -48-190,48,lágrima,lágrima,tear(s),tear(s),,,,naturalistic spoken -49-335,49,Li mouye liv la nèt ak dlo je l.,Li\tmouye\tliv\tla\tnèt\tak\tdlo\tje\tl.,3SG\tsoak\tbook\tDEF\tcompletely\twith\twater\teye\t3SG.POSS,She soaked the book completely with her tears.,,,,elicited from speaker -50-211,50,dlo,dlo,water,"water, tears",,,,naturalistic spoken -51-177,51,dlo,dlo,water,tear,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-113,52,dlo-wey,dlo-wey,water-eye,tear(s),,,,elicited from speaker -53-392,53,Li te gen dolo tou partou an so figir.,Li\tte\tgen\tdolo\ttou\tpartou\tan\tso\tfigir.,3SG\tPST\thave\twater\tall\tall.over\ton\t3SG.POSS\tface,He had tears all over his face.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-393,53,Li te gen de larm ape degoute.,Li\tte\tgen\tde\tlarm\tape\tdegoute.,3SG\tPST\thave\tART.INDF.PL\ttear\tPROG\tfall,He had tears dripping down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-231,54,larm,larm,tear,tear(s),,,,constructed by linguist -55-202,55,larm,larm,tear(s),tear(s),,,,constructed by linguist -56-207,56,larm,larm,tear,a tear/tears,,,,written (dictionary) -56-208,56,delo/dilo,delo/dilo,water,water OR: tear,,,,constructed by native speaker -56-209,56,Mon de delo i koule.,Mon\tde\tdelo\ti\tkoule.,POSS\ttwo\ttear\tPM\tdrop,My tears drop.,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-105,57,larm,larm,tear,"tear, tears",,,,naturalistic spoken -58-134,58,nsanga,nsanga,tears,tears,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-354,59,ngu ti le ayuru na le ti lo,ngu\tti\tle\ta-yuru\tna\tle\tti\tlo,water\tof\teye\tPM-flow\tPREP\tface\tof\t3SG,Tears flow on his/her face.,,,,constructed by linguist -60-159,60,pínzolí,pínzolí,tear,tear,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-160,60,mái ya míso,mái\tya\tmíso,water\tof\teyes,tear(s),,,,naturalistic spoken -61-113,61,manzi ga mehlo,manzi\tga\tmehlo,water\tPOSS\teyes,eye-water OR: tears,,,,elicited from speaker -61-114,61,nymbezi,nymbezi,tears,tears,,,,written -62-101,62,ma?ililma,ma-'ililma,6-tear,tears,,,,elicited from speaker -63-202,63,móy éna,móy\téna,water\teye,tears,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-219,64,móya éna,móya\téna,water\teye,tears,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-126,66,kannir,kan-nir,eye-water,tears,,,,elicited from speaker -67-221,67,air mata,air\tmata,water\teye,tear,,,,elicited from speaker -68-128,68,aer mata,aer\tmata,water\teye,tears,,,,constructed by linguist -72-162,72,Mikarayawung yet i bin kutij nganta.,Mikara-yawung\tyet\ti\tbin\tkutij\tnganta.,tears-COM\tyet\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tstand\tDOUBT,"He was still standing there with tears in his eyes, I think.",,,8a0708bee1a441741059ad965596ec3a,naturalistic spoken -74-160,74,síxwst yáka čak,síxwst\tyáka\tčak,eye\t3SG\twater,tears,,,,constructed by linguist -75-272,75,Sii zhuu suuntee plaen d trosh di laerm.,Sii\tzhuu\tsuuntee\tplaen\td\ttrosh\tdi\tlaerm.,3.POSS.PL\tcheek\tthey.were\tfull\tof\tstain\tof\ttear,Her cheeks were tear stained. OR: Her cheeks were full of stains of tears.,,,,naturalistic written -1-258,1,hann,anu,hand,"hand, arm",,,,written (dictionary) -1-259,1,Gi mi joe han.,Gi\tmi\tyu\tanu.,give\t1SG\t2SG\tarm/hand,Give me your arm/hand.,,,,written -1-260,1,"Alla krabbu habi wan biggi hann nanga wan pikinwan; kaba dem habi futu tu, wan siksi effi aiti.","Ala\tkrabu\thabi\twan\tbigi\tanu\tnanga\twan\tpikinwan;\tkaba\tden\thabi\tfutu\ttu,\twan\tsiksi\tefi\taiti.",all\tcrab\thave\tone\tbig\thand/arm\tand\tone\tlittle.one\tand/but\t3PL\thave\tfoot/leg\ttoo\tINDF.SG\tsix\tor\teight,"All crabs have one big hand/arm and one little one, but they also have feet/legs, six or eight.",,,,written (dictionary) -2-289,2,ini-anu,ini-anu,in-hand,palm (of the hand),,,,unknown -2-290,2,Mi broko mi anu di mi dyompo kmopo fu a bon.,Mi\tbroko\tmi\tanu\tdi\tmi\tdyompo\tkmopo\tfu\ta\tbon.,I\tbreak\tmy\tarm\twhen\tI\tjump\tcome.from\tof\tART\ttree,I broke my arm when I jumped out of the tree.,,,,unknown -3-155,3,maun,maun,hand/arm,hand/arm,,,,naturalistic written -4-183,4,Den naki ana gi mi gwlapgwlapgwlap.,Den\tnaki\tana\tgi\tmi\tgwlapgwlapgwlap.,they\thit\thand\tgive\tme\tIDEO,They clapped for me.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-184,4,ala en ondoo ana fuu tjafutjafu kwakwakwaa.,ala\ten\tondoo\tana\tfuu\ttjafutjafu\tkwakwakwaa.,all\this\tunder\tarm\tfull\tIDEO\tIDEO,All of his lower arm is full with boils.,,,,naturalistic spoken -5-185,5,han,han,hand/arm,hand/arm,,,,constructed by linguist -6-119,6,"He get chop in he hand, just below the shoulder.","He\tget\tchop\tin\the\thand,\tjust\tbelow\tthe\tshoulder.",3SG.M\tget\tcut\tPREP\t3SG.POSS\tarm\tjust\tbelow\tDET\tshoulder,"He was cut in his arm, just below the shoulder.",,,,naturalistic written -6-131,6,"a:ks, kya:dz, liks, krips, plums /mz/, gloves /vz/, hands /nz/,","a:ks, kya:dz, liks, krips, plums /mz/, gloves /vz/, hands /nz/,",ask cards beatings crisp plums gloves hands,"ask, cards, beatings, crisp, plums, gloves hands",,,,unspecified -7-265,7,Yo han fini fini.,Yo\than\tfini\tfini.,2SG\tarm/hand\tfeeble\tfeeble,Your arm/hand is very feeble (handicapped).,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-167,8,Im lik mi pan mi han rait tap-said mi elbo.,Im\tlik\tmi\tpan\tmi\than\trait\ttap-said\tmi\telbo.,3SG\tlick\t1SG\ton\t1SG\thand\tright\ttop-side\t1SG\telbow,He hit me on my arm just above my elbow.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-200,9,han,han,hand,"hand, arm",,,,constructed by linguist -10-256,10,han,han,hand,"hand, arm",,,,elicited from speaker -11-329,11,han,han,hand,"hand, arm",,,,elicited from speaker -11-330,11,arm,arm,arm,"armpit, upper arm",,,,elicited from speaker -12-269,12,He can reach across the table because he has long hands.,He\tcan\treach\tacross\tthe\ttable\tbecause\the\thas\tlong\thands.,3SG.M.SBJ\tMOD.AUX\treach\tacross\tART\ttable\tbecause\t3SG.M.SBJ\thave.3SG\tlong\tarm.PL,He can reach across the table because he has long arms.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-270,12,"[...] he did fall out one tree, and he had this hand from here to here break, yeah, and then he had from here to here break. [No way - both arms?] And - yeah, the two hand [...].",[...]\the\thad\tthis\thand\tfrom\there\tto\there\tbreak\t[...].,[...]\t3SG.M.SBJ\thave.PST\tDEM\tarm\tfrom\there\tto\there\tbreak\t[...],"[...] he had this arm broken from here to here [...] [yeah, both of his arms] [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -12-271,12,"I had a Lifebuoy soap in my pocket, wrap up in a tissue. Yeah, to wash my hand when I finish.",[...]\tto\twash\tmy\thand\twhen\tI\tfinish.,[...]\tto\twash\tmy\thand[PL]\twhen\tI\tfinish,"[I had a piece of soap in my pocket, wrapped up in tissue,] to wash my hands after I had finished.",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-201,13,One man been dey an e han been flicted.,One\tman\tbeen\tdey\tan\te\than\tbeen\tflicted.,one\tman\tbeen\tthere\tand\this\thand\tbeen\tafflicted,One man was there and his hand had been afflicted. (Mt 12.10),,,,bible translation -13-202,13,E done show de great scrent een e aam.,E\tdone\tshow\tde\tgreat\tscrent\teen\te\taam.,3SG\tdone\tshow\tthe\tgreat\tstrength\tin\this\tarm,He had shown great strength in his arm. (Lk 1.51),,,,bible translation -14-149,14,hand,hand,hand,hand,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-150,14,arm,arm,arm,arm,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-141,15,an,an,hand,the whole arm; hand,,,,naturalistic written -16-160,16,han,han,hand/arm,hand/arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-161,16,am,am,arm,arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-193,17,hand,hand,hand/arm,hand/arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-175,18,han,han,hand,hand/arm/sleeve,,,,published source -19-209,19,han,han,hand/arm,hand; arm,,,,elicited from speaker -20-148,20,[...] some have three hand [...],[...]\tsome\thave\tthree\thand\t[...],[...]\tsome\thave\tthree\thand\t[...],[...] some have three arms [...].,,,,naturalistic written -20-149,20,"This one very fine thing for you, to have make well my arm this fashion.","This\tone\tvery\tfine\tthing\tfor\tyou,\tto\thave\tmake\twell\tmy\tarm\tthis\tfashion.",DEM\tone\tvery\tfine\tthing\tfor\t2SG\tto\tPFV\tmake\twell\t1SG.POSS\tarm\tthis\tway,"This thing is good for you, (it) has healed my arm.",,,,naturalistic written -20-172,20,washu your hands,washu\tyour\thand-s,wash\t2SG.POSS\thand-PL,Wash your hands,,,,naturalistic written -21-150,21,hand,hand,hand,hand,,,,constructed by linguist -21-151,21,arm,arm,arm,arm,,,,constructed by linguist -22-188,22,Papa bilong em wok long karim em long han bilong em.,Papa\tbilong\tem\twok\tlong\tkarim\tem\tlong\than\tbilong\tem.,father\tPOSS\t3SG\twork\tPREP\tcarry\t3SG\tPREP\tarm\tPOSS\t3SG,His father was carrying him on his arm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-189,22,Sista bilong em ia kisim han bilong dispela brata bilong em.,Sista\tbilong\tem\tia\tkisim\than\tbilong\tdispela\tbrata\tbilong\tem.,sister\tPOSS\t3SG\tFOC\tget\thand\tPOSS\tthis\tbrother\tPOSS\t3SG,His sister took her brother’s hand.,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-191,24,"harn, arm","harn,\tarm",hand\tarm,"hand, arm",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-336,25,Thei ken geta broken nek o am o leg.,Thei\tken\tgeta\tbroken\tnek\to\tam\to\tleg.,3PL\tcan\tget\tbroken\tneck\tor\tarm\tor\tleg,They can get a broken neck or arm or leg.,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -26-120,26,hæn,hæn,hand,hand,,,,constructed by linguist -26-121,26,am,am,arm,arm,,,,constructed by linguist -27-133,27,han,han,hand,hand,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-134,27,erəm,erəm,arm,arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-188,28,bara,bara,hand/arm,"hand, arm",,,,naturalistic spoken -29-219,29,hand,hand,hand,hand,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-220,29,arm,arm,arm,arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-229,30,Ka nhos linpa mo.,Ka\tnhos=linpa\tmo.,NEG\t2PL=wash\thand,Don't wash your hands.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-230,30,"[...], prinséza sai, ku mininu na brásu, [...].","[...],\tprinséza\tsai,\tku=mininu\tna=brásu,\t[...].",[...]\tprincess\tcome.out\twith=child\tin=arm\t[...],"[...], the princess came out with the child in her arms, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-179,31,mon,mon,hand,hand,,,,constructed by linguist -31-180,31,brasu,brasu,arm,arm,,,,constructed by linguist -32-186,32,N kebrá bros skerd y mon dreita.,N\tkebrá\tbros\tskerd\ty\tmon\tdreita.,1SG\tbreak\tarm\tleft\tand\thand\tright,I have broken my left arm and right hand.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-187,32,El po mnin na mon.,El\tpo\tmnin\tna\tmon.,3SG\tput\tchild\tin\thand,She took the child into her arms.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-211,33,nha mon,nha\tmon,1SG.POSS\thand/arm,my hand/arm,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-173,34,Ña moŋ teŋ siŋku dedu.,Ña\tmoŋ\tø\tteŋ\tsiŋku\tdedu.,POSS.1SG\thand\tPFV\thave\tfive\tfinger,My hand has five fingers.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-174,34,Lutador kebrá moŋ.,Lutador\tø\tkebrá\tmoŋ.,wrestler\tPFV\tbreak\thand/arm,The wrestler broke his hand/arm.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-244,35,"Anzu se, n fleg'e dôsu mon za.","Anzu\tse,\tn\tfleg'=e\tdôsu\tmon\tza.",baby\tDEM\t1SG\tmassage=3SG\ttwo\tarm\talready,"This baby, I have already massaged both his arms.",,,,naturalistic spoken -35-245,35,A da mon ba ke.,A\tda\tmon\tba\tke.,IMPRS\tgive\thand\tgo\thouse,They shook hands and went home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-246,35,Sun kluza mon pê pêtu.,Sun\tkluza\tmon\tpê\tpêtu.,3SG\tcross\tarm\tput\tchest,He crossed his arms over his chest.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-150,36,mo/mon,mo/mon,hand/arm,"hand, arm",,,,elicited from speaker -36-151,36,"kosi mo, mbogo mo","kosi\tmo,\tmbogo\tmo",bottom\thand\tsalient.bone\thand,"armpit, elbow",,,,elicited from speaker -37-187,37,uman,uman,hand,hand and arm up to the elbow,,,,elicited from speaker -37-188,37,ubaasu,ubaasu,arm,upper part of the arm,,,,elicited from speaker -38-192,38,báasu,básu,arm,arm,,,,elicited from speaker -38-193,38,omá,omá,hand,hand,,,,elicited from speaker -39-184,39,mãw,mãw,hand/arm,hand/arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-143,40,mãʋ,mãʋ,hand/hand.and.arm,hand; hand and arm,,,,elicited from speaker -41-174,41,maam braasu,maam-braasu,hand/arm ?arm,arm above the hand,,,,elicited from speaker -41-175,41,"suuran peesi deer jakoma see, maam pee lokosaa","suuran\tpeesi\tdeer\tjaa-koma\tsee,\tmaam\tpee\tlo-kosaa",suuran\tfish\tdaily\tPST-eat\tCOND\tarm\tleg\tFUT-itch,"If you eat 'suuran' fish every day, your arms and legs will itch.",,,,elicited from speaker -42-195,42,mang,mang,hand,hand and forearm,,,,elicited from speaker -43-124,43,maw vs. brasu,maw\tvs.\tbrasu,hand\tvs.\tarm,hand vs. arm,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-184,44,máno,máno,hand,hand,,,,elicited from speaker -44-185,44,bráso,bráso,arm,arm,,,,elicited from speaker -45-149,45,Debe laba tu el mano bago come.,Debe\tlaba\ttu\tel\tmano\tbago\tcome.,should\twash\t2SG\tDEF\thand\tbefore\teat,You should wash your hands before eating.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-150,45,Tiene eli tattoo na su brazo.,Tiene\teli\ttattoo\tna\tsu\tbrazo.,have\t3SG\ttattoo\tLOC\t3SG.POSS\tarm,He has a tattoo on his arm.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-194,46,máno,máno,hand,hand,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-195,46,bráso,bráso,arm,arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-224,47,man; brasa,man;\tbrasa,hand\tarm,hand; arm,,,,own knowledge -48-191,48,mano,mano,hand,hand,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-192,48,blaso,blaso,arm,arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-336,49,Se de men m genyen.,Se\tde\tmen\tm\tgenyen.,TOP\ttwo\thand\t1SG\thave,I only have two hands.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-337,49,M tonbe sou bra m.,M\ttonbe\tsou\tbra\tm.,1SG\tfall\ton\tarm\t1SG.POSS,I fell on my arm.,,,,elicited from speaker -49-338,49,Yo kase ponyèt li.,Yo\tkase\tponyèt\tli.,3PL\tbreak\tarm\t3SG.POSS,They broke his arm.,,,,elicited from speaker -50-212,50,men,men,hand,hand,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-213,50,bra,bra,arm,arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-178,51,lanmen,lanmen,hand,hand,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-179,51,bra,bra,arm,arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-114,52,men,men,hand,hand,,,,elicited from speaker -52-115,52,bra,bra,arm,arm,,,,elicited from speaker -53-394,53,Li brile so lamen.,Li\tbrile\tso\tlamen.,3SG\tburn\t3SG.POSS\thand,He burnt his hand.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-395,53,Mo te ap menen mo ti bebe an mo bra.,Mo\tte\tap\tmenen\tmo\tti\tbebe\tan\tmo\tbra.,1SG\tPST\tPROG\tcarry\t1SG.POSS\tlittle\tbaby\tin\t1SG.POSS\tarm,I was carrying my baby in my arms.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-232,54,la men,la\tmen,DEF\thand,the hand,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-233,54,lë bra,lë\tbra,DEF\tarm,the arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-203,55,lame,lame,hand,hand,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-204,55,lebra,lebra,arm,arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-210,56,lebra,lebra,arm,arm,,,,written (dictionary) -56-211,56,lanmen,lanmen,hand,hand,,,,written (dictionary) -57-106,57,ma; mbra,ma;\tmbra,hand\tarm,hand; arm,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-135,58,"diboko, maboko","diboko,\tmaboko",hand/arm\thands/arms,"hand/arm, hands/arms",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-355,59,lo mu zembe na maboko ti lo,lo\tmu\tzembe\tna\tmaboko\tti\tlo,3SG\ttake\tknife\tPREP\thand\tof\t3SG,He took a knife.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-356,59,yoro maboko ti ala na nduzu,yoro\tmaboko\tti\tala\tna\tnduzu,stretch.out\tarm\tof\t2PL\tPREP\tupward,Raise your arms.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-357,59,mbi te kobe na maboko ti lo,mbi\tte\tkobe\tna\tmaboko\tti\tlo,1SG\teat\tfood\tPREP\thand\tof\t3SG,I eat because of her/his kindness.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-358,59,mbi suru maboko ti lo,mbi\tsuru\tmaboko\tti\tlo,1SG\tsplit\tarm\tof\t3SG,I vaccinated his arm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-161,60,lobóko,lobóko,arm/hand,arm/hand,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-115,61,sandla,sandla,hand/arm,"hand, arm",,,,elicited from speaker -62-102,62,mharégha,mharégha,3.arm,arm/hand,,,,elicited from speaker -63-203,63,ída,ída,arm,"arm, hand",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-220,64,ma kwes rája be ída áʃara,ma\tkwes\trája\tbe\tída\táʃara,NEG\tgood\tcome.back\tby\thand\tten,It’s not good to come back empty-handed.,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-221,64,ida,ida,arm,arm,,,,unknown -65-156,65,Na ruka belin'ki kusoka periviazywaj esa.,Na\truka\tbelin'ki\tkusoka\tperiviazywaj\tesa.,on\thand\twhite\tpiece\ttie\tHAB,They tie pieces of white cloth to their hands.,,,,constructed by linguist -65-162,65,Wo tso perwəj ruki,Wo\ttso\tperwəj\truki,1SG\twork\tfirst\thand,'I work as a first hand (the best worker)',,,,naturalistic spoken -66-127,66,tangang,tangang,hand,hand,,,,elicited from speaker -67-222,67,"Wah, sekali malau ni kasi tangan ni pegang saya pinya jeremin.","Wah,\tsekali\tmalau\tni\tkasi\ttangan\tni\tpegang\tsaya\tpinya\tjeremin.",INTERJ\tonce\tmonkey\tDEM\tgive\thand\tDEM\tgrasp\t1SG\tPOSS\tspectacles,"Wah, the monkey used its fingers to grasp my spectacles.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-129,68,tangang,tangang,hand/arm,hand/arm,,,,constructed by linguist -69-75,69,maŋgaŋ,maŋgaŋ,hand/arm,hand OR: arm,,,,elicited from speaker -71-191,71,"Iaia lawe kela opiuma, komo ka paiki wau, nanao no kela lima iaia loaa no kela opiuma.","Iaia\tlawe\tkela\topiuma,\tkomo\tka\tpaiki\twau,\tnanao\tno\tkela\tlima\tiaia\tloaa\tno\tkela\topiuma.",3SG\ttake\tDET\topium\tenter\tDEF\tpocket\t1SG\tthrust.into.opening\tINTENS\tDET\thand\t3SG.POSS\tbe.found\tINTENS\tDET\topium,"He took my opium; he entered my pocket by thrusting his hand inside, finding the opium.",,,,naturalistic written -71-192,71,"Mahope wau moe malalo puhi, aole nae hiki, onioni kela lima (hoolulu).","Mahope\twau\tmoe\tmalalo\tpuhi,\taole\tnae\thiki,\tonioni\tkela\tlima\t(hoolulu).",later\t1SG\trest\tbelow\tsmoke\tNEG\tyet\tarise\tstretch\tDET\tarm\t(lie.quietly),"Then I reclined down to smoke (opium), and did not yet arise, having my arms outstretched (lying in repose).",,,,naturalistic written -72-174,72,Laitning bin straikim im wartanta,Laitning\tbin\tstraik-im\tim\twartan-ta,Lightning\tPST\tstrike-TR\t3SG.OBJ\tarm-LOC,Lightning struck him on the arm.,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-113,73,manu,manu,hand/arm,"hand, arm",,,,naturalistic spoken -74-161,74,limá,limá,hand/arm,"hand, arm",,,,narrative -75-273,75,maen dret,maen\tdret,hand\tright,right hand,,,,constructed by linguist -75-274,75,Zhan soo bra kiipakamaham.,Zhan\tsoo\tbra\tkii-pakamah-am.,John\t3.POSS.M\tarm\tPST-hit.INAN-3.SBJ.3OBJ,John hits his arm.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-275,75,Aen chiihchiikum daa sa maen ayaaweew.,Aen\tchiihchiikum\tdaa\tsa\tmaen\tayaaw-eew.,INDF.ART.M.SG\twart\tLOC\t3.POSS.F\thand\thave.ANIM-3.SBJ.3OBJ,She has a wart on her hand.,,,,naturalistic written -1-261,1,den Fienga; Fienga foe Foetoe,den\tfinga;\tfinga\tfu\tfutu,DET.PL\tfinger\tfinger\tof\tfoot,the fingers; toes,,,,written -1-262,1,finga; finga na hann; finga na futu; wan finga banna,finga;\tfinga\tna\tanu;\tfinga\tna\tfutu;\twan\tfinga\tbana,finger\tfinger\tLOC\thand\tfinger\tLOC\tfoot\tINDF.SG\tfinger\tbanana,Digit; finger; toe; a single banana,,,,written (dictionary) -2-291,2,"Fa mi broko mi finga, mi no man knopo mi empi.","Fa\tmi\tbroko\tmi\tfinga,\tmi\tno\tman\tknopo\tmi\tempi.",because\tI\tbreak\tmy\tfinger\tI\tNEG\tcan\tbutton\tmy\tshirt,"Because I broke my finger, I cannot button my shirt.",,,,unknown -2-292,2,futu-finga,futu-finga,foot-finger,toe,,,,unknown -3-156,3,finga u futu,finga\tu\tfutu,finger\tfor\tfoot,toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-157,3,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,,elicited from speaker -4-185,4,"A njan wan sani ye, luku a finga fi en seefi.","A\tnjan\twan\tsani\tye,\tluku\ta\tfinga\tfi\ten\tseefi.",he\teat\ta\tthing\tINSIST\tlook\tDET.SG\tfinger\tPOSS\thim\tself,He ate something! Look at his fingers even.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-186,4,A naki en futu booko tu fu den finga fi en.,A\tnaki\ten\tfutu\tbooko\ttu\tfu\tden\tfinga\tfi\ten.,he\thit\this\tfoot\tbreak\ttwo\tof\tDET.PL\tfinger\tPOSS\thim,He hit his foot and as a result two of his toes broke.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -5-186,5,fingga,fingga,finger,finger,,,,constructed by linguist -5-187,5,too,too,toe,toe,,,,constructed by linguist -6-120,6,finga – toe,finga – toe,finger   toe,finger – toe,,,,elicited from speaker -7-266,7,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-267,7,to,to,toe,toe,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-168,8,"A no mi fingga di stuon lik, a mi tuo.","A\tno\tmi\tfingga\tdi\tstuon\tlik,\ta\tmi\ttuo.",FOC\tNEG\t1SG.POSS\tfinger\tDET\tstone\thit\tFOC\t1SG.POSS\ttoe,The stone hit my TOE not my finger.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-169,8,Di hama jap pahn mi tuo.,Di\thama\tjap\tpahn\tmi\ttuo.,DET\thammer\tdrop\ton\t1SG\ttoe,The hammer fell on my toe.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-201,9,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,,constructed by linguist -9-202,9,to,to,toe,toe,,,,constructed by linguist -10-257,10,Di finga jomp bak aan.,Di\tfinga\tjomp\tbak\taan.,ART.DEF\tfinger\tjump\tback\ton,The finger jumped back on.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-258,10,Ihn tek di chisel an chisel out di tuoniel egen.,Ihn\ttek\tdi\tchisel\tan\tchisel\tout\tdi\ttuo-niel\tegen.,3SG\ttake\tART.DEF\tchisel\tand\tchisel\tout\tART.DEF\ttoe-nail\tagain,He took the chisel and chiselled out the toenails as well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-331,11,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-332,11,tuo,tuo,toe,toe,,,,elicited from speaker -12-272,12,"Yeah, boy, a big - big white crab bite me on my finger. [And what happened? How did that happen?] By I - I put my hand through the crab hole. And I didn't know no crab was in the hole, and when I - like when I gone to hold it by the back, the crab yuck on my finger and bite me. And I bite him back!",[...]\ta\tbig\t[...]\twhite\tcrab\tbite\tme\ton\tmy\tfinger.,[...]\tART\tbig\t[...]\twhite\tcrab\tbite[PFV]\t1SG.OBJ\ton\t1SG.POSS\tfinger,[...] a big white crab bit me on my finger. [...] [I’d put my hand in the crab hole].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-273,12,"I can't cut bush. All the sickness, see, right on these toe - dark. The sickness lef' the body and they gone - down in the toe.",[...]\tright\ton\tthese\ttoe\t[...]\tdown\tin\tthe\ttoe.,[...]\tright\ton\tDEM\ttoe[PL]\t[...]\tdown\tin\tART\ttoe[PL],[...] look at these toes [- dark. The sickness left the body and went] down into the toes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-203,13,way eh toe orter be,way\teh\ttoe\torter\tbe,where\t3SG\ttoe\tought.to\tbe,where his toe should be,,,,naturalistic written -13-204,13,pint dem finger,pint\tdem\tfinger,point\t3PL.POSS\tfinger,point their fingers,,,,naturalistic written -14-151,14,finger,finger,finger,finger,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-152,14,toe,toe,toe,toe,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-142,15,fiŋga,fiŋga,finger,finger,,,,naturalistic written -15-143,15,to,to,toe,toe,,,,naturalistic written -16-162,16,fiŋga,fiŋga,finger,finger,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-163,16,to,to,toe,toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-194,17,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-195,17,finga fò̱r le̱g,finga\tfò̱r\tle̱g,finger\tLOC\tleg/foot,toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-176,18,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,,elicited from speaker -18-177,18,to,to,toe,toe,,,,elicited from speaker -19-210,19,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,,elicited from speaker -19-211,19,to,to,toe,toe,,,,elicited from speaker -21-152,21,finger,finger,finger,finger,,,,constructed by linguist -21-153,21,toe,toe,toe,toe,,,,constructed by linguist -22-190,22,Em lukim pingga bilong brada bilong em.,Em\tlukim\tpingga\tbilong\tbrada\tbilong\tem.,3SG\tsee\tfinger\tPOSS\tbrother\tPOSS\t3SG,He looked at his brother’s fingers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-191,22,pingga bilong lek,pingga\tbilong\tlek,finger\tPOSS\tleg/foot,toe,,,,constructed by linguist -23-172,23,"hem i aksidong long trak, afta oli mas katemaot to blong hem","hem\ti\taksidong\tlong\ttrak,\tafta\toli\tmas\tkatemaot\tto\tblong\them",3SG\tAGR\taccident\tLOC\ttruck\tthen\tAGR\tmust\tcut.out\ttoe\tPOSS\t3SG,He had an accident in the car and they had to amputate his toe.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-192,24,"finger, toe","finger,\ttoe",finger\ttoe,"finger, toe",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-337,25,Im jidan putim fut.,Im\tjidan\tput-im\tfut.,3SG\tsit\tput-TR\tfoot/toe,"He is sitting and putting a toe [to the ground]. (Context: wooden doll sitting, with tip of toe touching the ground)",,,,elicited from speaker -26-122,26,fiŋga,fiŋga,finger,finger,,,,constructed by linguist -26-123,26,to,to,toe,toe,,,,constructed by linguist -27-135,27,finggu,finggu,finger,finger,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-136,27,tetsi,tetsi,toe,toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-189,28,fingri; bwa fingri,fingri;\tbwa\tfingri,finger\tfoot\tfinger,finger; toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-221,29,vinger,vinger,finger,finger,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-222,29,toon,toon,toe,toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-231,30,Ómi ten dés dédu na mo ku dés [dédu] na pé.,Omi\tten\tdés\tdédu\tna=mo\tku=dés\tna=pé.,man\thave\tten\tfinger\tin=hand\twith=ten\tin=foot,Humans have ten fingers and ten toes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-232,30,"Inton, kes ómi mizura na txon, beja dédu-l pé di Nha Bédja, [...].","Inton,\tkes=ómi\tmizura\tna=txon,\tbeja\tdédu=l\tpé\tdi=Nha\tBédja,\t[...].",then\tDEM.PL=man\tbow\tto=ground\tkiss\tfinger=of\tfoot\tof=Nha\tBédja\t[...],"Thereupon, the men bowed down to their feet and kissed Nha Bédja's toes, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-181,31,dedu,dedu,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,,constructed by linguist -31-182,31,dedu di pe,dedu\tdi\tpe,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,constructed by linguist -32-188,32,N tinha so kel ded tród.,N\ttinha\tso\tkel\tded\ttród.,1SG\thave.PST\tonly\tDEM\ttoe\ttake.away.PTCP,I had only this toe amputated.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-189,32,Lá k N partí es dos ded.,Lá\tk\tN\tpartí\tes\tdos\tded.,there\tthat\t1SG\tbreak\tDEM.PL\ttwo\tfinger,It was there that I broke these two fingers.,,,,elicited from speaker -32-190,32,[...] na kel ded d'pe.,[...]\tna\tkel\tded\tde\tpe.,[...]\ton\tDEM\ttoe\tof\tfoot,[...] on this toe.,,,,elicited from speaker -33-212,33,dedu,dedu,finger/toe,finger OR: toe,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-232,33,dedu di mon,dedu\tdi\tmon,finger\tof\thand,finger,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-233,33,dedu di pé,dedu\tdi\tpé,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-175,34,Ña dedu-s ka masiyá ŋútur.,Ña\tdedu-s\tka\tø\tmasiyá\tŋútur.,POSS.1SG\tfinger-PL\tNEG\tPFV\tbe.equally-sized\teach.other,My fingers are not of the same size.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-176,34,Si dedu-s braŋku na fandaŋ.,Si\tdedu-s\tø\tbraŋku\tna\tfandaŋ.,POSS.3SG\tfinger-PL\tPFV\twhite\tASS\tvery.,His fingers and toes are totally clean.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-177,34,Ña dedu-s di pe dalgadu dimás.,Ña\tdedu-s\tdi\tpe\tø\tdalgadu\tdimás.,POSS.1SG\tfinger-PL\tof\tfoot\tPFV\tthin\tvery,My toes are very thin.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-247,35,dedu,dedu,finger; toe,finger; toe,,,,elicited from speaker -35-248,35,dedu d’ope,dedu\td’=ope,finger\tof=foot,toe,,,,elicited from speaker -36-152,36,Reru m thêka ruê motxiru.,Reru\tm\tthêka\truê\tmotxiru.,finger/toe\tmy\tPROG\thurt\ta.lot,My finger/my toe is hurting a lot.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-189,37,udedu,udedu,finger/toe,"finger, toe",,,,elicited from speaker -37-190,37,udedu uman,udedu\tuman,finger\thand,finger,,,,elicited from speaker -37-191,37,udedu ope,udedu\tope,finger\tfoot,toe,,,,elicited from speaker -38-194,38,dedu omá,dedu\tomá,finger\thand,finger,,,,elicited from speaker -38-195,38,dedu opé,dedu\topé,finger\tfoot,toe,,,,elicited from speaker -38-214,38,dedu,dedu,finger/toe,finger; toe,,,,constructed by linguist -40-144,40,ded; mãw su ded; ded mãw su,ded;\tmãw\tsu\tded;\tded\tmãw\tsu,finger/digit\thand\tGEN\tdigit\tdigit\thand\tGEN,finger; finger; finger,,,,elicited from speaker -40-145,40,pɛ su ded; ded pɛ su,pɛ\tsu\tded;\tded\tpɛ\tsu,foot\tGEN\tdigit\tdigit\tfoot\tGEN,toe,,,,elicited from speaker -41-176,41,deedu,deedu,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,,elicited from speaker -41-177,41,peesu deedu,pee-su\tdeedu,foot/leg-GEN\tfinger/toe,toe,,,,elicited from speaker -41-178,41,maansu deedu,maam-su\tdeedu,hand/arm-GEN\tfinger/toe,finger,,,,constructed by linguist -42-196,42,dedu,dedu,digit,finger/toe,,,,elicited from speaker -42-197,42,dedu di mang,dedu\tdi\tmang,digit\tof\thand,finger,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-198,42,dedu di peu,dedu\tdi\tpeu,digit\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -43-125,43,dedu,dedu,finger,finger,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-126,43,dedu di peo,dedu\tdi\tpeo,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-186,44,"dédo, dedíto","dédo,\tdedíto",finger\tfinger,finger,,,,elicited from speaker -44-187,44,dedíto del pyés,dedíto\tdel\tpyés,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,elicited from speaker -45-151,45,Largo su mga dedo.,Largo\tsu\tmga\tdedo.,long\t3SG.POSS\tPL\tfinger,Her fingers are long. OR: Her fingers are tapering.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-152,45,Sucio el mga dedo de su pies.,Sucio\tel\tmga\tdedo\tde\tsu\tpies.,dirty\tDEF\tPL\tfinger\tof\t3SG.POSS\tfoot,His toes are dirty.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-167,45,dedo,dedo,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -46-196,46,dédo,dédo,finger/toe,finger OR: toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-209,46,dédo del máno,dédo\tdel\tmáno,finger\tof\thand,finger,,,,constructed by linguist -46-210,46,dédo del pyes,dédo\tdel\tpyes,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,constructed by linguist -47-225,47,dede; ded'i pia,dede;\tdede\tdi\tpia,finger/toe\tfinger\tof\tfoot,finger(s)/toe(s); toe(s),,,,own knowledge -48-193,48,lelo,lelo,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-210,48,lelo ri pie,lelo\tri\tpie,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-339,49,"zòtèy, dwèt pye","zòtèy,\tdwèt\tpye","toe,\tfinger\tfoot",toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-340,49,"dwèt men, dwèt","dwèt\tmen,\tdwèt","finger\thand,\tfinger",finger,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-214,50,dwèt,dwèt,finger,finger,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-215,50,zòtèy,zòtèy,toe,toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-180,51,dwet,dwet,finger,finger,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-181,51,zòtey,zòtey,toe,toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-116,52,dwa,dwa,finger,finger,,,,elicited from speaker -52-117,52,dwa pyé,dwa\tpyé,finger\tfoot,toe,,,,elicited from speaker -53-396,53,Mo gen kat dwa pi en pous.,Mo\tgen\tkat\tdwa\tpi\ten\tpous.,1SG\thave\tfour\tfinger\tand\tART.INDF\tthumb,I have four fingers and a thumb.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-397,53,La to gen senk zòrtèy.,La\tto\tgen\tsenk\tzòrtèy.,there\t2SG\thave\tfive\ttoe,You have five toes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-234,54,dwa d men,dwa\td\tmen,finger\tof\thand,finger,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-235,54,dwa d pye,dwa\td\tpye,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-251,54,dwa,dwa,finger/toe,'finger/toe',,,,unspecified -55-205,55,ledwa,ledwa,finger/toe,finger or toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-206,55,ledwa lipye,ledwa\tlipye,finger\tfoot,toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-212,56,ledwa,ledwa,finger,finger,,,,written (dictionary) -56-213,56,pous lipye,pous\tlipye,toe\tfoot,toe,,,,constructed by native speaker -57-107,57,ndwa; ndwa nde pje,ndwa;\tndwa\tnde\tpje,finger/toe\tfinger\tof\tfoot,finger; toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-136,58,musapi (ya diboko/ ya dikulu),musapi\t(ya\tdiboko/\tya\tdikulu),CL3.finger/toe\t(CONN\thand\tCONN\tfoot),finger / toe,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-359,59,"li ti maboko, kete maboko; li ti gere, kete gere","li\tti\tmaboko,\tkete\tmaboko;\tli\tti\tgere,\tkete\tgere",head/limit\tof\thand\tsmall\thand\tlimit\tof\tleg\tsmall\tleg,finger; toe,,,,constructed by linguist -60-162,60,mosapi,mosapi,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-163,60,mosapi ya lokolo,mosapi\tya\tlokolo,finger\tof\tfoot/leg,toe,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-176,60,mosapi ya lobóko,mosapi\tya\tlobóko,finger\tof\thand/arm,finger,,,,constructed by linguist -61-116,61,munwe vs. zwane,munwe\tvs.\tzwane,finger\tvs.\ttoe,finger vs. toe,,,,constructed by linguist -62-103,62,kihlatú,kihlatú,finger,"finger, toe",,,,constructed by linguist -64-222,64,asbá,asbá,finger,"finger, toe",,,,constructed by linguist -66-138,66,jirji,jirji,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,,constructed by linguist -66-139,66,tangan jirji,tangan\tjirji,hand\tfinger,finger,,,,constructed by linguist -66-140,66,kaki jirji,kaki\tjirji,foot\tfinger,toe,,,,constructed by linguist -67-223,67,jari,jari,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,,elicited from speaker -67-224,67,jari kaki,jari\tkaki,finger\tfoot,toe,,,,elicited from speaker -67-239,67,jari tangan,jari\ttangan,finger\thand,finger,,,,elicited from speaker -68-130,68,jari,jari,finger,finger,,,,constructed by linguist -68-131,68,jari kaki,jari\tkaki,finger\tfoot,toe,,,,constructed by linguist -71-193,71,Iaia eha kela manamana kela mahina September [...] kokoke akahi mahina eha kela lima.,Iaia\teha\tkela\tmanamana\tkela\tmahina\tSeptember\t[...]\tkokoke\takahi\tmahina\teha\tkela\tlima.,3SG\thurt\tDET\tappendage\tDET\tmonth\tSeptember\t[...]\tnear\tone\tmonth\thurt\tDET\thand,He hurt his fingers back in September [...] almost for a month his hand hurt.,,,,naturalistic written -72-163,72,Jinektu bin baitim nantanantangka.,Jinek-tu\tbin\tbait-im\tnantananta-ngka.,snake-ERG\tPST\tbite-TR\ttoe/finger-LOC,The snake bit him/her on the toe/finger.,,,,constructed by linguist -72-175,72,wartan,wartan,upper.limb.below.elbow,'finger' (or 'hand' or 'forearm'),,,,constructed by linguist -72-176,72,fut,fut,lower.limb.below.the.knee,'toe' (or 'foot' or 'lower leg'),,,,constructed by linguist -74-162,74,Lidú kápa lêpí,Lidú\tkápa\tlêpí,finger\tPREP\tfoot,toe,,,,narrative -74-163,74,lidú,lidú,finger,finger,,,,narrative -75-276,75,Kiipaashtenam li pake avek sii dwee.,Kii-paashten-am\tli\tpake\tavek\tsii\tdwe.,PST-open-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tparcel\twith\t3.POSS.PL\tfinger,She opened the parcel with her fingers.,,,,elicited from speaker -75-277,75,Giiwiishakahwaaw moon nartee.,Gii-wiishak-ahw-aaw\tmoon\tnartee.,PST-hurt-with.tool-3\t1.POSS\ttoe,I hurt my toe.,,,,naturalistic written -1-263,1,wirriwirri,wiwiri,leaf/grass/herb/hair/fur/feather,"leaves, grasses, herbs, hair, fur, feathers",,,,written (dictionary) -1-264,1,"heddiwirriwirri, aguwirriwirri, vool-wirriwirri",hede-wiwiri;\tagu-wiwiri;\tfowru-wiwiri,head-hair\tpig-hair/fur\tbird-feather,hair; hair/fur (of pig); feathers (of bird),,,,written (dictionary) -2-293,2,Mi e kan mi wiwiri mamanten yuru fosi mi e go na doro.,Mi\te\tkan\tmi\twiwiri\tmamanten\tyuru\tfosi\tmi\te\tgo\tna\tdoro.,I\tASP\tcomb\tmy\thair\tmorning\thour\tbefore\tI\tASP\tgo\tLOC\tdoor,I comb my hair in the morning before going out.,,,,unknown -2-294,2,fowru-wiwiri,fowru-wiwiri,bird-hair,feather,,,,unknown -3-158,3,puuma,puuma,body.hair/feather,body hair/feather,,,,naturalistic written -4-187,4,Da den koti ala en ede uwii fiya anga sesei puu ne en ede.,Da\tden\tkoti\tala\ten\tede\tuwii\tfiya\tanga\tsesei\tpuu\tne\ten\tede.,then\tthey\tcut\tall\ther\thead\thair\tIDEO\twith\tscissors\tpull\tLOC\ther\thead,Then they completely cut off all of her hair with scissors.,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-188,4,Tukan abi moy uwii.,Tukan\tabi\tmoy\tuwii.,toucan.bird\thave\tnice\thair,Toucans have nice feathers.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -4-201,4,foo uwii,foo\tuwii,bird\thair/feather,feather,,,,constructed by linguist -5-188,5,heer,heer,body.hair/head.hair,hair,,,,constructed by linguist -5-189,5,feda,feda,feather,feather,,,,constructed by linguist -6-121,6,"(1) Shi kot shi hair. (2) di parrot feaders (3) Me son gettin big, he gettin feathers.","(1)\tShi\tkot\tshi\thair.\t(2)\tdi\tparrot\tfeaders\t(3)\tMe\tson\tgettin\tbig,\the\tgettin\tfeathers.",(1)\t3SG.F\tcut\t3SG.F.POSS\thair\t(2)\tDET\tparrot\tfeather.PL\t(3)\t1SG.POSS\tson\tget.PROG\tbig\t3SG.M\tget.PROG\tfeather.PL,"(1) She cut her hair. (2) the parrot's feathers (3) My son is getting big, he is growing a first moustache (feathers here: fine body hair).",,,,naturalistic written -7-268,7,Shi ha shaat hei.,Shi\tha\tshaat\thei.,3SG\thave\tshort\thair,She has short hair.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-269,7,foul feda,foul\tfeda,fowl\tfeather,fowl feather,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-170,8,Di foul gat nof feda.,Di\tfoul\tgat\tnof\tfeda.,DET\tfowl\thave\tmany\tfeather,The chicken has many feathers.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-171,8,Daag a swet bot lang hier kova it.,Daag\ta\tswet\tbot\tlang\thier\tkova\tit.,dog\tPROG\tsweat\tbut\tlong\thair\tcover\t3SG,Some people's trials are not always known to the world.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-203,9,hɛ,hɛ,hair,hair OR: feather,,,,constructed by linguist -10-259,10,di bood feda,di\tbood\tfeda,ART.DEF\tbird\tfeather,the bird's feathers,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-260,10,heer,heer,hair,body hair,,,,constructed by linguist -11-333,11,hiar,hiar,hair,hair,,,,elicited from speaker -11-334,11,feda,feda,feather,feather,,,,constructed by linguist -12-274,12,Those chicks beginning to feather.,Those\tchicks\tbeginning\tto\tfeather.,DEM\tchick.PL\tbegin.PROG\tto\tfeather,Those chickens are getting feathers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-275,12,He getting little feathers.,He\tgetting\tlittle\tfeathers.,3SG.M.SBJ\tget.PROG\tlittle\tfeather.PL,He’s getting facial and body hair (i.e. he’s entering puberty).,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-292,12,hair,hair,hair,(body) hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-205,13,I don have much body hair.,I\tdon\thave\tmuch\tbody\thair.,I\tdon't\thave\tmuch\tbody\thair,I don't have much body hair.,,,,elicited from speaker -13-206,13,fedder,fedder,feather,feather,,,,written (dictionary) -14-153,14,hair,hair,hair,hair,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-154,14,feather,feather,feather,feather,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-144,15,ia,ia,hair,hair,,,,naturalistic written -15-145,15,fɛda,fɛda,feather,feather,,,,naturalistic written -16-164,16,hɛa,hɛa,hair,hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-165,16,fɛda,fɛda,feather,feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-196,17,he̱ vs. fe̱da,he̱\tvs.\tfe̱da,hair\tvs.\tfeather,hair vs. feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-197,17,"Pe̱sin ge̱t he̱, be̱d ge̱t fe̱da.","Pe̱sin\tge̱t\the̱,\tbe̱d\tge̱t\tfe̱da.",person\thave\thair\tbird\thave\tfeather,"People have hair, birds have feathers.",,,,constructed by linguist -18-178,18,biye-biye,biye~biye,beard~beard,hair,,,,elicited from speaker -18-179,18,feda,feda,feather,feather,,,,elicited from speaker -19-212,19,hia,hia,hair,(body) hair,,,,elicited from speaker -19-213,19,fɛda,fɛda,feather,feather,,,,elicited from speaker -21-154,21,hair,hair,hair,hair,,,,constructed by linguist -21-155,21,feather,feather,feather,feather,,,,constructed by linguist -22-192,22,Gras bilong pisin ia kam daun long wara.,Gras\tbilong\tpisin\tia\tkam\tdaun\tlong\twara.,feather\tPOSS\tbird\tFOC\tcome\tdown\tPREP\triver,The bird’s feather fell into the river.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-193,22,Gras bilong mi bin braun.,Gras\tbilong\tmi\tbin\tbraun.,hair\tPOSS\t1SG\tPST\tbrown,My hair was brown.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-204,22,gras,gras,grass,"grass, hair, fur, feather",,,,written (dictionary) -22-205,22,gras bilong bodi,gras\tbilong\tbodi,hair/feather\tbelong\tbody,body hair,,,,written (dictionary) -23-173,23,i pulum wan hea long leg blong hem,i\tpulum\twan\thea\tlong\tleg\tblong\them,AGR\tpull\tINDF\thair\tLOC\tleg\tPOSS\t3SG,She pulled a hair from her leg.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-174,23,oli wokem long feda,oli\twokem\tlong\tfeda,AGR\twork\tLOC\tfeather,[They] make it out of feathers.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-175,23,gras blong ae,gras\tblong\tae,grass\tof\teye,eyebrow/eyelash,,,,constructed by linguist -24-193,24,hair,hair,hair,hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-194,24,feather,feather,feather,feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-195,24,brestles,brestles,bristles,pubic hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-347,25,beja,beja,feather,feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-124,26,hɛa,hɛa,hair,hair,,,,constructed by linguist -26-125,26,feða,feða,feather,feather,,,,constructed by linguist -28-190,28,hari; plim,hari;\tplim,hair\tfeather,hair; feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-223,29,haar,haar,hair,hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-224,29,veer,veer,feather,feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-233,30,"Kunpra láimi, bu ráspa kabélu di pérna purki ê feiu.","Kunpra\tláimi,\tbu=ráspa\tkabélu\tdi=pérna\tpurki\tê\tfeiu.",buy\trazor.blade\t2SG=shave\thair\tof=foot\tbecause\tbe\tugly,Buy a razor blade and shave off the hair from your legs because it is ugly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-234,30,Bu pai korta ponba péna di ása p'e ka bua.,Bu=pai\tkorta\tponba\tpéna\tdi=ása\tp=e=ka=bua.,2SG.POSS=father\tcut\tpigeon\tfeather\tof=wing\tfor=3SG=NEG=fly,Your father cut the pigeon's wing feathers so that it doesn't fly away.,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-235,30,Pamodi ki bu sta ku txeu kabélu bránku si?,Pamodi\tki=bu=sta\tku=txeu\tkabélu\tbránku\tsi?,why\tCOMP=2SG=be\twith=much\thair\twhite\tso,Why do you have so much white hair?,,,,naturalistic spoken -31-183,31,kabelu,kabelu,hair,head hair and body hair,,,,constructed by linguist -31-184,31,pena,pena,feather,feather,,,,constructed by linguist -32-191,32,El ten txeu kabel na peit.,El\tten\ttxeu\tkabel\tna\tpeit.,3SG\thave\tmany\thair\ton\tchest,He has a lot of hair on his chest.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-192,32,Kel galinha ten péna pret.,Kel\tgalinha\tten\tpéna\tpret.,DEM\then\thave\tfeather\tblack,This hen has black feathers.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-213,33,N korta kabelu.,N\tkorta\tkabelu.,1SG\tcut\thair,I had my hair cut.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-214,33,Galinha tene pena.,Galinha\ttene\tpena.,hen\thave\tfeather,Hens have feathers.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-178,34,I ka teŋ kabelu na kurpu.,I\tka\tø\tteŋ\tkabelu\tna\tkurpu.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\thave\thair\ton\tbody,He has no hair on his body.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-179,34,Ña galu teŋ pena burmeju.,Ña\tgalu\tø\tteŋ\tpena\tburmeju.,POSS.1SG\tcock\tPFV\thave\tfeather\tred,My cock has red feathers.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-249,35,pena,pena,body.hair/feather,feather,,,,elicited from speaker -35-250,35,fi kabelu,fi\tkabelu,thread\thair,(a) hair,,,,elicited from speaker -35-251,35,pena d’ubwê,pena\td’=ubwê,feather\tof=body,body-hair,,,,elicited from speaker -36-153,36,n'dhumbu riba boka,n'dhumbu\triba\tboka,hair\ttop\tmouth,moustache,,,,elicited from speaker -36-154,36,"pena (situ), pena (n'tê), pena (ôngê)","pena\t(situ),\tpena\t(n'tê),\tpena\t(ôngê)",feather\t(bird)\tfeather\t(head)\tfeather\t(body),"feather, head hair, body hair",,,,elicited from speaker -37-192,37,kabelu,kabelu,hair.of.head,hair,,,,elicited from speaker -37-193,37,pene,pene,feather,feather / body hair,,,,elicited from speaker -38-196,38,xabelu,xabelu,hair,hair,,,,elicited from speaker -38-197,38,péna,péna,feather,feather,,,,elicited from speaker -39-185,39,kabel,kabel,(body).hair,(body) hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-186,39,pɛn,pɛn,feather,feather,,,,elicited from speaker -40-146,40,kabel,kabel,hair,hair,,,,constructed by linguist -40-147,40,pɛn,pɛn,feather,feather,,,,elicited from speaker -41-179,41,pavaam soltaa pɛɛna viida paastru mudaa kloor,pavaam\tsoltaa\tpɛɛna\tviida\tpaastru\tmudaa\tkloor,peacock\tundo\tfeather\tbecause\tbird\tchange\tcolour,"Because the peacock spread its feathers, the bird changed colour.",,,,written (poetic) -42-199,42,kabelu,kabelu,hair,"hair on the head and body hair in general, but not pubic hair",,,,elicited from speaker -42-200,42,pena,pena,feather,feather,,,,elicited from speaker -43-127,43,kabelu,kabelu,hair,hair,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-128,43,pena,pena,feather,feather,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-129,43,kabelu,kabelu,head.hair/body.hair,hair,,,,naturalistic written -43-130,43,kabelu pastër,kabelu\tpastër,hair\tbird,feather,,,,naturalistic written -44-188,44,el pélo pryéto,el\tpélo\tpryéto,DEF\thair\tblack,the black hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-189,44,pilyého del páhro,pilyého\tdel\tpáhro,feather\tof\tbird,feather of bird,,,,elicited from speaker -44-190,44,pélo,pélo,feather/hair,feather OR: hair,,,,elicited from speaker -45-153,45,Manda ya tu corta tu pelo; masyao largo ya.,Manda\tya\ttu\tcorta\ttu\tpelo;\tmasyao\tlargo\tya.,order\talready\t2SG\tcut\t2SG.POSS\thair\tINTENS\tlong\talready,Have your hair cut; it is already quite long.,,,,naturalistic written -46-197,46,pélo,pélo,hair/feather,hair OR: feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -46-198,46,pélo de páharo,pélo\tde\tpáharo,hair/feather\tof\tbird,a bird's feather,,,,elicited from speaker -47-226,47,kabei; pluma,kabei;\tpluma,hair\tfeather,hair(s); feather(s),,,,own knowledge -48-194,48,kabeo,kabeo,hair,hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-195,48,pluma,pluma,feather,feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-341,49,Li gen bèl cheve.,Li\tgen\tbèl\tcheve.,3SG\thave\tbeautiful\thair,She has beautiful hair.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-342,49,Sa yo se plim poul.,Sa\tyo\tse\tplim\tpoul.,DEM\tDEF.PL\tSE\tfeather\then,These are hens' feathers.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-343,49,plim - plim zesèl - pwal - pwal kò - pwal bwa - cheve,plim\t-\tplim\tzesèl\t-\tpwal\t-\tpwal\tkò\t-\tpwal\tbwa\t-\tcheve,hair\t-\tarmpit\thair\t-\thair\t-\tbody\thair\t-\tarm\thair\t-\thair,armpit hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-344,49,Tout plim sou do m kanpe.,Tout\tplim\tsou\tdo\tm\tkanpe.,all\thair\ton\tback\t1SG.POSS\tbe.upright,I've got goosebumps.,,,,naturalistic written -50-216,50,chivé,chivé,hair,hair/feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-217,50,pwèl,pwèl,feather,feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-182,51,chivé,chivé,hair,hair/feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-183,51,pwel,pwel,feather,feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-118,52,chivé,chivé,hair,hair,,,,elicited from speaker -52-119,52,plim,plim,feather,feather,,,,elicited from speaker -53-398,53,"Sa, men sa gen cheve drwat men li li gen so cheve-ye frize.","Sa,\tmen\tsa\tgen\tcheve\tdrwat\tmen\tli\tli\tgen\tso\tcheve-ye\tfrize.",DEM\tbut\tDEM\thave\thair\tstraight\tbut\t3SG\t3SG\thave\t3SG.POSS\thair-PL\tkinky,"That one has straight hair, but HE has kinky hair.",,,,naturalistic spoken -53-399,53,"Zozo-la, li gen en ta plim an so latèt.","Zozo-la,\tli\tgen\ten\tta\tplim\tan\tso\tlatèt.",bird-ART.DEF.SG\t3SG\thave\tART.INDF\tpile\tfeather\ton\t3SG.POSS\thead,"The bird, it's got a bunch of feathers on its head.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-236,54,"lé pwal , là/lé plim, là swà, lë gengen","le\tpwal,\tla/le\tplim,\tla\tswa,\tlë\tgengen",DEF.PL\thair\tDEF/DEF.PL\tfeather\tDEF\tsilk\tDEF\thair.under.armpit,hair under one's armpit,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-237,54,Li fé sé/lé plim (en zenn kòk).,Li\tfe\tse/le\tplim\t(en\tzenn\tkok).,3SG.FIN\tmake\tPOSS.3PL/DEF.PL\tfeather\t(INDF\tyoung\trooster),His feathers grow (said of a young rooster).,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-207,55,pwal,pwal,(body)hair,hair,,,,constructed by linguist -55-208,55,plim,plim,feather,feather,,,,constructed by linguist -56-214,56,pwal,pwal,body.hair/pubic.hair,"body hair, pubic hair",,,,constructed by native speaker -56-215,56,swa,swa,body.hair,body hair (other than pubic hair),,,,written (dictionary) -56-216,56,plim,plim,feather,"feather, body hair",,,,written (dictionary) -57-108,57,ʃeve,ʃeve,body.hair,body hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-109,57,plim,plim,feather,feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-137,58,mika,mika,4.body.hair,body hair,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-138,58,"disala, masala","disala,\tmasala",5.feather\t6.feather,"feather, feathers",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-360,59,kwa (ti) li,kwa\t(ti)\tli,hair\t(of)\thead,head hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-361,59,kwa (ti) ndeke,kwa\t(ti)\tndeke,feather\t(of)\tbird,bird feather,,,,constructed by linguist -59-386,59,kwa,kwa,hair/feather,hair/feather,,,,constructed by linguist -60-164,60,súki,súki,hair/feather,hair/feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-117,61,phape,phape,feather,feather,,,,elicited from speaker -61-118,61,nwele,nwele,hair.on.head,hair,,,,constructed by linguist -62-104,62,lu-zoyá,lu-zoyá,feather,feather,,,,elicited from speaker -62-105,62,ahlú,ahlú,hair,hair,,,,elicited from speaker -63-204,63,ris,ris,feather,feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-205,63,su,su,hair,hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-206,63,su-rás,su-rás,hair-head,hair,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-207,63,su-téri,su-téri,hair-bird,feather,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-223,64,suf,suf,hair/feather,"hair, feather",,,,constructed by linguist -66-129,66,Itu oorangna tangang ka punnung rambut aða.,Itu\toorang-na\ttangang\tka\tpunnung\trambut\taða.,that\tperson-DAT\thand/arm\tin\tmuch\thair\tEXIST,That man has a lot of hair on his arms.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-141,66,rambut,rambut,hair,(head/body) hair,,,,constructed by linguist -66-142,66,buluu,buluu,hair/feather,"(head/body) hair, feather",,,,constructed by linguist -67-225,67,bulu,bulu,hair,[body] hair / feather,,,,constructed by linguist -68-132,68,bulu,bulu,body.hair/fur/feather,body hair/fur/feather,,,,constructed by linguist -71-194,71,Poakahi aole loaa hulu moa ma kela hale oe?,Poakahi\taole\tloaa\thulu\tmoa\tma\tkela\thale\toe?,Monday\tNEG\tfound\tfeather\tchicken\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t2SG.POSS,On Monday were any chicken feathers found at your house?,,,,naturalistic written -71-195,71,Laua huki ka lauoho laua.,Laua\thuki\tka\tlauoho\tlaua.,3DU\tpull\tDEF\thair\t3DU,They pulled each other's hair.,,,,naturalistic written -71-206,71,hulu,hulu,hair,body hair/feathers,,,,constructed by linguist -72-164,72,Leyton jikirrijmarraj deya kartpi i garram.,Leyton\tjikirrij-marraj\tdeya\tkartpi\ti\tgarram.,Leyton\twilly.wagtail-COMP\tthere\thair\t3SG.SBJ\thave,Leyton's got his hair sticking up like a willy wagtail!,,,,naturalistic spoken -72-177,72,pirnkirr; feja,pirnkirr;\tfeja,feather\tfeather,feather,,,,constructed by linguist -74-164,74,tipsu,tipsu,hair/feathers,hair OR: feathers,,,,constructed by linguist -74-165,74,típsu,típsu,hair/feather,feather,,,,narrative -74-166,74,Yáksu,Yáksu,hair,hair,,,,narrative -75-278,75,"Ekoshpi kahkiyaw kiikishkamwak, lii gros reuban dan leu zhveu.","Ekoshpi\tkahkiyaw\tkii-kishkam-w-ak,\tlii\tgros\treuban\tdan\tleu\tzhveu.",then\tall\tPST-wear-3-PL\tPL\tbig.F\tribbon\tLOC\t3PL.POSS\thair,"At that time they wore everything, big ribbons in their hair.",,,,naturalistic spoken -75-279,75,Enn pleum giimishkawaaw.,Enn\tpleum\tgii-mishkaw-aaw.,INDF.ART.F.SG\tfeather\t1.PST-find.ANIM-3.ANIM.OBJ,I found a feather.,,,,naturalistic written -1-265,1,Mi no smeri wan santi na da zoepe.,Mi\tno\tsmeri\twan\tsani\tna\tda\tsupu.,1SG\tNEG\tsmell\ta\tthing\tLOC\tDET.SG\tsoup,I don't smell anything in the soup.,,,,written -1-266,1,Takki myki mi jerri.,Taki\tmeki\tmi\tyere.,speak\tmake\t1SG\thear,"Speak, let me hear (it).",,,,written -2-295,2,Smeri a nyanyan gi mi efu a no swa.,Smeri\ta\tnyanyan\tgi\tmi\tefu\ta\tno\tswa.,smell\tART\tfood\tfor\tme\tif\tit\tNEG\tsour,Smell the food for me to see if it is spoiled.,,,,unknown -2-296,2,I n'e yere?,I\tn'e\tyere?,you\tNEG.ASP\thear,Can't you hear?,,,,unknown -3-159,3,jéi,jéi,hear,hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -3-160,3,sumée,sumée,smell,smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-189,4,I yee sa mi taki go na a papa?,I\tyee\tsa\tmi\ttaki\tgo\tna\ta\tpapa?,you\thear\twhat\tI\tsay\tgo\tLOC\tDET.SG\telder,Did you hear what I said to the elder?,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-190,4,"Wisi a o wasi en seefi, a o sumee lala.","Wisi\ta\to\twasi\ten\tseefi,\ta\to\tsumee\tlala.",even\tshe\tFUT\twash\tit\tself\tshe\tFUT\tsmell\traw,"Even if she washes it, it will smell bad.",,,,naturalistic spoken -5-190,5,heer,heer,hear,hear,,,,constructed by linguist -5-191,5,smel,smel,smel,smel,,,,constructed by linguist -6-122,6,hia – smel,hia – smel,hear   smell,hear – smell,,,,elicited from speaker -7-270,7,A kod hei dem.,A\tkod\thei\tdem.,1SG\tcould\thear\t3PL,I can hear them. OR: I could hear them.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-271,7,A kod smel uhm.,A\tkod\tsmel\tuhm.,1SG\tcould\tsmell\t3.OBJ,I can smell him/her/it. OR: I could smell him/her/it.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-172,8,Mi yer di myuuzik.,Mi\tyer\tdi\tmyuuzik.,1SG\thear\tDET\tmusic,I hear the music.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-173,8,Mi smel di gyaabij frahn for.,Mi\tsmel\tdi\tgyaabij\tfrahn\tfor.,1SG\tsmell\tDET\tgarbage\tfrom\tfar,I smelt the garbage from afar.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-204,9,Yu hia wan li 'kilin-kilin'.,Yu\thia\twan\tli\t'kilin-kilin'.,2SG\thear\ta\tlittle\t'kilin-kilin',You hear a noise that sounds like 'kilin-kilin'.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-261,10,So wan man wehn de paas an hia an sei [...].,So\twan\tman\twehn\tde\tpaas\tan\thia\tan\tsei\t[...].,so\tone\tman\tANT\tPROG\tpass\tand\thear\tand\tsay\t[...],So one man was passing and heard it and said [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-262,10,Di suup smel gud.,Di\tsuup\tsmel\tgud.,ART.DEF\tsoup\tsmell\tgood,The soup smells good.,,,,constructed by linguist -11-335,11,A hier it in San Andres.,A\thier\tit\tin\tSan\tAndres.,1SG\thear\t3SG.N\tin\tSan\tAndres,I heard it in San Andrés.,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-336,11,smel,smel,smell,smell,,,,elicited from speaker -12-276,12,They have some bush what my granddaddy used to - Pip! - it smell like worm medicine - like the worm medicine.,[...]\tit\tsmell\tlike\tworm\tmedicine\t[...].,[...]\t3SG.N.SBJ\tsmell\tlike\tworm\tmedicine\t[...],[There is this plant] [...] it smells like worm medicine [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-277,12,"I hear 'bout - I hear people say they is see one horse be riding, too. One ghost horse. Ghost horse. In the night time. Child, like - like mus'e race horse, but say they's be riding backwards, but I never see none of them.",I hear 'bout - I hear people say [...],1SG.SBJ hear about   1SG.SBJ hear people say [...],I know people who say [they’ve seen a horse riding. A ghost horse.],,,,naturalistic spoken -12-278,12,"Because like the slang is come off they tongue when they reach to Nassau, but if you meet someone what just come from Eleuthera, then you hear.",[...]\tthen\tyou\thear.,[...]\tthen\t2SG.SBJ\thear,"[...] [when you meet someone who’s just come from Eleuthera (an Out Island),] you hear (that they speak another dialect).",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-207,13,yɛr(ɪ)/yɛ,yɛr(ɪ)/yɛ,hear,to hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-208,13,All de people een de house beena smell de sweet scent ob dat pafume.,All\tde\tpeople\teen\tde\thouse\tbeen-a\tsmell\tde\tsweet\tscent\tob\tdat\tpafume.,all\tthe\tpeople\tin\tthe\thouse\tPST-PROG\tsmell\tthe\tsweet\tscent\tof\tthat\tperfume,Everybody in the house could smell the sweet scent of that perfume. (Jn 12.3),,,,bible translation -14-155,14,hear,hear,hear,to hear,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-156,14,smell,smell,smell,to smell,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-146,15,yɛri,yɛri,hear,"hear, smell",,,,naturalistic written -15-147,15,smɛl,smɛl,smell,smell,,,,naturalistic written -16-166,16,wì hiɛ se junaitɛd neʃɛn dè volɔntiɛ sɔm mɔni,wì\thiɛ\tse\tjunaitɛd\tneʃɛn\tdè\tvolɔntiɛ\tsɔm\tmɔni,1PL\thear\tCOMP\tUnited\tNation\t3PL\tvolunteer\tsome\tmoney,We hear that the U.N. provided some money.,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-167,16,dɛ we dè smɛl ì bì laik sɔm ʃit ɔ sɔm tɔitɛl,dɛ\twe\tdè\tsmɛl\tì\tbì\tlaik\tsɔm\tʃit\tɔ\tsɔm\ttɔitɛl,ART\tway\t3PL\tsmell\t3SG\tCOP\tlike\tsome\tshit\tor\tsome\ttoilet,They smelt of shit or toilet.,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-198,17,À hyar/sme̱l dì se̱nt.,À\thyar/sme̱l\tdì\tse̱nt.,1SG.SBJ\thear/smell\tART.DEF\tperfume,I smell the perfume.,,,,constructed by linguist -17-199,17,À hyar dì myuzik.,À\thyar\tdì\tmyuzik.,1SG.SBJ\thear\tART.DEF\tmusic,I hear the music.,,,,constructed by linguist -18-180,18,A di hia di music.,A\tdi\thia\tdi\tmusic.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\thear\tDEF.ART\tmusic,I hear the music.,,,,elicited from speaker -18-181,18,A di smel di sup.,A\tdi\tsmel\tdi\tsup.,1SG.SBJ\tsmell\tDEF.ART\tIPFV\tsoup,I smell the soup.,,,,elicited from speaker -19-214,19,hia,hia,hear,hear,,,,elicited from speaker -19-215,19,smɛl,smɛl,smell,smell,,,,elicited from speaker -20-150,20,My can smellee.,My\tcan\tsmellee.,1SG\tcan\tsmell,I can tell by the smell.,,,,naturalistic written -21-156,21,hear; smell,hear;\tsmell,hear\tsmell,hear; smell,,,,constructed by linguist -22-194,22,Em smelim olsem meri ia i smel nais.,Em\tsmelim\tolsem\tmeri\tia\ti\tsmel\tnais.,3SG\tsmell\tthus\tgirl\tFOC\tPM\tsmell\tnice,He noticed that the girl smelled nice.,,,,naturalistic spoken -22-195,22,Ol i harim alam i stat long karai.,Ol\ti\tharim\talam\ti\tstat\tlong\tkarai.,3PL\tPM\thear\talarm\tPM\tstart\tPREP\tcry,They heard the alarm start to ring.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-176,23,mi smelem mit i sting,mi\tsmelem\tmit\ti\tsting,1SG\tsmell\tmeat\tAGR\tstink,I can smell the meat has gone off.,,,,constructed by linguist -23-177,23,mifala i harem bigfala noes yestedei long neat,mifala\ti\tharem\tbigfala\tnoes\tyestedei\tlong\tneat,1PL.EXCL\tAGR\thear\tbig\tnoise\tyesterday\tLOC\tnight,We heard a really loud noise yesterday night.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-196,24,ya,ya,hear,to hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-197,24,smael,smael,smell,to smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-126,26,hia,hia,hear,hear,,,,constructed by linguist -26-127,26,ju hə˞d ɹaɪd dɛa?,ju\thə˞d\tɹaɪd\tdɛa?,2SG\theard\tright\tthere,Did you hear right there?,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-128,26,smɛo,smɛo,smell,smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-137,27,Anā́nshi mā leiki nu kā hōr am.,Anā́nshi\tmā\tleiki\tnu\tkā\thōr\tam.,Anā́nshi\tmake\tas\tNEG\tCOMPL\thear\t3SG,Anā́nshi acts as if he hadn't heard him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-138,27,"Rikfrāi fo lo fo rik, wapi sinu bi.","Rik-frāi\tfo\tlo\tfo\trik,\twapi\tsinu\tbi.",Smell-good\tfor\tgo\tfor\tsmell\twhere\t3PL\tbe,Smell-well has to go and smell where they are.,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-191,28,horo; ruku,horo;\truku,hear\tsmell,to hear; to smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-225,29,hoor,hoor,hear,hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-226,29,ruik,ruik,smell,smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-236,30,[...] brisi N obi un vós nha trás: [...].,[...]\tbrisi\tN=obi\tun=vós\tnha=trás:\t[...].,[...]\tsuddenly\t1SG=hear\tART.INDF=voice\t1SG.POSS=behind\t[...],[...] suddenly I heard a voice behind me: [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-237,30,Tomé txera leti ki sta na jilera y fla m'e sta dretu inda.,Tomé\ttxera\tleti\tki=sta\tna=jilera\ty\tfla\tm=e=sta\tdretu\tinda.,Tomé\tsmell\tmilk\tCOMP=be\tin=fridge\tand\tsay\tCOMP=3SG=be\to.k\tstill,"Tomé smelled the milk, which was in the freezer, and said it was still good.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-185,31,ubi,ubi,hear,to hear,,,,constructed by linguist -31-186,31,txera,txera,smell,to smell,,,,constructed by linguist -32-193,32,N ka uví.,N\tka\tuví.,1SG\tNEG\thear,I didn't hear.,,,,constructed by linguist -32-194,32,El ta txerê sáb.,El\tta\ttxerê\tsáb.,3SG\tPRS\tsmell\tnice,It smells nice.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-215,33,N obi barudju.,N\tobi\tbarudju.,1SG\thear\tnoise,I hear noise.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-216,33,N tcera mangu.,N\ttcera\tmangu.,1SG\tsmell.PST\tmango,I smelled the mango.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-181,34,"Di kwarti, N wobí añju na corá fora.","Di\tkwarti,\tN\tø\twobí\tañju\tna\tcorá\tfora.",from\tindoors/room\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\thear\tchild\tPROG\tcry\toutside,"From inside the house, I hear the child crying.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-182,34,I kerá keru di tabaku.,I\tø\tkerá\tkeru\tdi\ttabaku.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsmell[V]\tsmell[NOUN]\tof\ttobacco,He/she smelt the/a smell of tobacco.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-252,35,têndê,têndê,hear,to hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-269,35,sela,sela,smell,to smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-155,36,Êndê dhumba r'ê [...].,Êndê\tdhumba\tri=ê\t[...].,hear\todour\tof=her\t[...],Smell her [body] odour [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -37-194,37,N têndê fidô.,N\ttêndê\tfidô.,1SG\thear\tstench,I smelled the stench.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-195,37,N xintxi fidô.,N\txintxi\tfidô.,1SG\tsmell\tstench,I smelled the stench.,,,,elicited from speaker -37-196,37,N têndê txi fa.,N\ttêndê\ttxi\tfa.,1SG\thear\t2SG\tNEG,I didn't hear you. OR: I didn't understand you.,,,,constructed by linguist -38-198,38,tende,tende,hear,to hear,,,,elicited from speaker -38-199,38,fende,fende,smell,smell,,,,elicited from speaker -39-187,39,uvi,uv-i,hear-INF,to hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-188,39,chira,chir-a,smell-INF,to smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-148,40,uʋi,uʋi,hear,hear,,,,elicited from speaker -40-149,40,ʧer ʋi,ʧer\tʋi,smell\tcome,to smell something,,,,elicited from speaker -41-180,41,osiir kikombersaa mee mestaoviiski,osiir\tki-kombersaa\tmee\tmesta-ovii=ski,3SG.HON\tNMLZ-talk\tFOC\tOBLIG-hear=REPORT,Apparently he only wants to hear [us] talking.,,,,naturalistic spoken -42-201,42,ubí,ubí,hear,to hear,,,,elicited from speaker -42-202,42,cherá,cherá,smell,to smell,,,,elicited from speaker -43-131,43,chera,chera,smell,to smell,,,,naturalistic written -43-132,43,obi,obi,hear,hear,,,,naturalistic written -44-191,44,ta uwí mótro,ta\tuwí\tmótro,IPFV\thear\t1PL,we hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -44-192,44,Ta olé oleróso.,Ta\tolé\toleróso.,IPFV\tsmell\tfragrant,It smells fragrant. OR: There is a fragrant smell.,,,,elicited from speaker -45-154,45,Platica nga tu mas recio para puede niso oi.,Platica\tnga\ttu\tmas\trecio\tpara\tpuede\tniso\toi.,speak\tEMPH\t2SG\tmore\tloud\tfor\tcan\t1PL\thear,Please speak louder so we can hear.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-155,45,Quiere yo ole el mga flores na jardin.,Quiere\tyo\tole\tel\tmga\tflores\tna\tjardin.,want\t1SG\tsmell\tDEF\tPL\tflower\tLOC\tgarden,I want to smell the flowers in the garden.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-199,46,Ta-ulí yo basúra.,Ta-ulí\tyo\tbasúra.,IPFV-smell\t1SG\tlitter,I smell (the) trash.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-227,47,tende; hole,tende;\thole,hear\tsmell,hear; smell,,,,own knowledge -48-196,48,sindí,sindí,smell,smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-197,48,kuchá,kuchá,hear/listen/understand,hear/listen/understand,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-345,49,M pa tande byen.,M\tpa\ttande\tbyen.,1SG\tNEG\thear\twell,I don't hear well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-346,49,M renmen santi flè sa a.,M\trenmen\tsanti\tflè\tsa\ta.,1SG\tlove\tsmell\tflower\tDEM\tSG,I love to smell this flower.,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-347,49,Kay la santi bon.,Kay\tla\tsanti\tbon.,house\tDEF\tsmell\tgood,The house smells good.,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-218,50,tann/tandé,tann/tandé,hear,hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-219,50,santi,santi,smell,to smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-184,51,tann,tann,hear,hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-185,51,santi,santi,smell,smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-120,52,tandé,tandé,hear,hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-121,52,senti,senti,smell,smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-400,53,Li pa tande byen.,Li\tpa\ttande\tbyen.,3SG\tNEG\thear\twell,He doesn't hear well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-401,53,"Mo te santi pi, wi, mo te lèd.","Mo\tte\tsanti\tpi,\twi,\tmo\tte\tlèd.",1SG\tPST\tsmell\tstink\tyes\t1SG\tPST\tugly,"I stank, yes, I was ugly.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-238,54,"antann, antandi","antann,\tantandi",hear.INF\thear.PTCP,"to hear, heard",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-239,54,"san, santi(r)","san,\tsanti(r)",smell\tsmell.INF,to smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-240,54,Mmmmm! I san loder la vyand fres.,Mmmmm!\tI\tsan\tloder\tla\tvyann\tfres.,Mmmmm\tFIN\tsmell\tsmell\tDEF\tmeat\tfresh,Mmmmm! You smell the smell of fresh meat.,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-209,55,tan/taṅde,tan/taṅde,hear,to hear,,,,constructed by linguist -55-210,55,saṅti,saṅti,smell,to smell,,,,constructed by linguist -56-217,56,"(an)tann, (e)koute","(an)tann,\t(e)koute",hear\tlisten,"hear, listen",,,,written (dictionary) -56-218,56,santi,santi,smell,smell,,,,written (dictionary) -57-110,57,ma pa sa:ti le frwa,ma\tpa\tsa:ti\tle\tfrwa,1SG\tNEG\tto.feel\tDEF.ART\tcold,I did not feel the cold.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-166,57,[...] sola pa ule ekute sa tule per le ndi,[...]\tsola\tpa\tule\tekute\tsa\ttule\tper\tle\tndi,[...]\t3PL\tNEG\twant\tlisten\tREL\tPL\tFather\tSI\tsay,[...] they did not want to listen to what the Fathers said,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-172,57,le sa: move,le\tsa:\tmove,3SG\tsmell\tbad,It smells bad.,,,,elicited from speaker -58-139,58,Mono kele wa mpasi.,Mono\tkele\twa\tmpasi.,1SG\tbe\tperceive\tpain,I am in pain.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-140,58,Mono kele wa nzala.,Mono\tkele\twa\tnzala.,1SG\tbe\tperceive\thunger,I am hungry.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-141,58,Mono mene wa makelele.,Mono\tmene\twa\tmakelele.,1SG\tPRF\tperceive\tnoise,I have heard noise.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-159,58,Mono mene wa nsudi,Mono\tmene\twa\tnsudi,1SG\tPRF\tperceive\tsmell,I have smelt (sth.),,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-363,59,mbi ma fen' ti zo,mbi\tma\tfen'\tti\tzo,1SG\tsmell\tscent\tof\thuman.being,I smell the scent of a human being.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-364,59,"mama na ate, melenge ti mbi, mbi ma aw","mama\tni\ta-tene,\tmelenge\tti\tmbi,\tmbi\tma\tawe",mother\tDEF\tPM-say\tchild\tof\t1SG\t1SG\thear\talready,"The mother said, ""My child, I've understood.""",,,,naturalistic spoken -60-165,60,koyóka,ko-yók-a,INF-hear/smell-FV,hear/smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-119,61,izwa,izwa,to.hear,"to hear, to perceive a smell",,,,elicited from speaker -62-106,62,kó,kó,hear,hear,,,,elicited from speaker -62-107,62,héfya,héfya,smell,smell something,,,,elicited from speaker -63-208,63,súmu,súmu,smell,to smell,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-209,63,ásma,ásma,hear,to hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-224,64,súmu,súmu,smell,to smell,,,,unknown -65-157,65,Maja ʒapaxə dymə naidi esi.,Maja\tʒapaxə\tdymə\tnaidi\tesi.,1SG\tsmell\tsmoke\tfind\tPFV,I smell the smoke.,,,,unknown -65-158,65,Mine uxə pəloxə səlyshit.,Mine\tuxə\tpəloxə\tsəlyshit.,1SG\tear\tbadly\thear.3SG,I hear badly.,,,,unknown -66-131,66,Kumbang wanging akinna (Rihanring).,Kumbang\twanging\ta-kinna\t(Rihan-ring).,flower\tsmell\tPRS-PASS.AUX\tRihan-ABL,The flower is smelled (by Rihan).,,,,elicited from speaker -67-226,67,"OK, saya atas bau macam suda bakar.","OK,\tsaya\tatas\tbau\tmacam\tsuda\tbakar.",okay\t1SG\tup\tsmell\tlike\tPFV\tburn,"Okay, from upstairs, I got the smell as if something got burnt.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-227,67,Di sini tinggal punya orang pun bole jauh pergi beli dia lengar [...] itu tempat mewah.,Di\tsini\ttinggal\tpunya\torang\tpun\tbole\tjauh\tpergi\tbeli\tdia\tlengar\t[...]\titu\ttempat\tmewah.,in\there\tlive\tREL\tperson\teven\tcan\tfar\tgo\tbuy\t3SG\thear\t[...]\tDEM\tplace\tabundant,Even someone living here may go far to buy [if] he hears [...] the place is abundant.,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-133,68,dengar,dengar,hear,to hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-134,68,ciom,ciom,smell/kiss,to smell/to kiss,,,,constructed by linguist -70-80,70,U suŋo.,U\tsuŋo.,3SG\tsmell,It (the dog) smelled it (a pig).,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-81,70,Kali ham suno cilao cilao.,Kali\tham\tsuno\tcilao\tcilao.,only\t1SG\thear\tcry.out\tcry.out,I just heard it crying out.,,,,naturalistic spoken -71-196,71,honi,honi,smell,smell,,,,constructed by linguist -71-197,71,Wau lohe kela wai nuinui walaau.,Wau\tlohe\tkela\twai\tnuinui\twalaau.,1SG\thear\tDET\twater\tmuch\tchatter,I heard the water make a chattering sound.,,,,naturalistic written -72-165,72,Imin ngapuk dat manyanyi.,Im-in\tngapuk\tdat\tmanyanyi.,3SG-PST\tsmell\tthe\tbush.medicine.plant,She smelt the manyanyi.,,,7721d3f915f19d81791ea0e8d7bc62f6,naturalistic spoken -72-166,72,Yeah im lijin yu nyilangku.,Yeah\tim\tlijin\tyu\tnyila-ngku.,yes\t3SG\thear\t2SG\tthat-ERG,"Yes she's listening to you, that one.",,,af6e83741b07ba6bf2c24bf236afbe52,naturalistic spoken -73-114,73,uya-,uya-,hear,hear,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-115,73,sinti-,sinti-,feel/smell,"feel, smell",,,,elicited from speaker -74-167,74,kámtaks kápa q’walên,kámtaks\tkápa\tq’walên,know\tPREP\tear,to hear,,,,narrative -74-168,74,kámtaks kápa nus,kámtaks\tkápa\tnus,know\tPREP\tnose,to smell,,,,constructed by linguist -75-280,75,Peehtaaweew li praens.,Peehtaaw-eew\tli\tpraens.,hear.ANIM-3.SBJ.3OBJ\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tprince,The prince heard him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-281,75,Beestaen pimusteehk.,Beest-aen\tpimustee-hk.,1.hear-3.OBJ.INAN\twalk-INDF.ACTOR,I hear someone is walking. OR: I hear footsteps.,,,,naturalistic written -75-282,75,Nimiyaastaen lii ruuz eewiihkimaakwahki.,Ni-miyaast-aen lii ruuz ee-wiihkimaakw-ahki.,1-smell.INAN-3OBJ ART.PL COMP-smell.good-3PL.INAN-PL,I smell the fragrance of roses. OR: I smell it if the roses spread a nice smell.,,,,naturalistic written -75-283,75,Nimiyaamaanaan aen shikaak.,Ni-miyaam-aanaan\taen\tshikaak.,1-smell.ANIM-PL\tINDF.ART.M.SG\tskunk,We smell a skunk.,,,,naturalistic written -76-72,76,tipi ŏktcȗk,tipi\tŏktcȗk,smell\tfat,kerosene,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -1-267,1,lala hudu,lala\thudu,green\twood,green wood,,,,written (dictionary) -1-268,1,blakka/brakka,blakka/brakka,black/blue/murky,black; blue; caliginous; be black; to blacken,,,,written (dictionary) -2-297,2,blaw,blaw,blue,blue,,,,unknown -2-298,2,grun,grun,green,green,,,,unknown -3-161,3,guuun,guuun,green/blue,green/blue,,,,naturalistic written -4-191,4,En impi guun.,En\timpi\tguun.,her\tshirt\tgreen,Her shirt is green.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -4-192,4,Den baau buuku moy.,Den\tbaau\tbuuku\tmoy.,DET.PL\tblue\ttrousers\tnice,The blue trousers are nice.,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -5-192,5,bluu,bluu,blue,blue,,,,constructed by linguist -5-193,5,griin,griin,green,green,,,,constructed by linguist -6-123,6,blue – green,blue – green,blue   green,blue – green,,,,elicited from speaker -7-272,7,griin,griin,green,green,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-273,7,blu,blu,blue,blue,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-174,8,Im go bai wahn bluu frak.,Im\tgo\tbai\twahn\tbluu\tfrak.,3SG\tgo\tbuy\tINDF\tblue\tfrock,She went and bought a blue dress.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-175,8,"Fos i bluu, den i ton griin.","Fos\ti\tbluu,\tden\ti\tton\tgriin.",first\t3SG\tblue\tthen\t3SG\tturn\tgreen,"First it was blue, then it became green.",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-205,9,(Bra Anansi) i tek wan grin wan de en op wid di grin wan en i daʃ an rayt ina tayga mowt.,(Bra\tAnansi)\ti\ttek\twan\tgrin\twan\tde\ten\top\twid\tdi\tgrin\twan\ten\ti\tdaʃ\tan\trayt\tina\ttayga\tmowt.,(Bra\tAnansi)\t3SG\ttake\ta\tgreen\tone\tthere\tand\tup\twith\tthe\tgreen\tone\tand\t3SG\tdash\tit\tright\tinto\ttiger\tmouth,"(Bra Anansi,) he took a green one (mame fruit), raised it and threw it right into Tiger's mouth.",,,,naturalistic spoken -9-206,9,blu,blu,blue,blue,,,,constructed by linguist -10-263,10,Ihn bail som bush tii til ih griin.,Ihn\tbail\tsom\tbush\ttii\ttil\tih\tgriin.,3SG\tboil\tsome\tbush\ttea\tuntil\t3SG.N\tgreen,She boiled some bush tea until it was green.,,,,naturalistic written -10-264,10,Nancy liv iina di blu an wait buod hous.,Nancy\tliv\tiina\tdi\tblu\tan\twait\tbuod\thous.,Nancy\tlive\tin\tART.DEF\tblue\tand\twhite\tboard\thouse,Nancy lived in the blue and white board house.,,,,naturalistic written -11-337,11,di griin torkl,di\tgriin\ttorkl,ART.DEF\tgreen\tturtle,the green turtles,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-338,11,Ih baas man woz a wait man wid bluu ai.,Ih\tbaas\tman\twoz\ta\twait\tman\twid\tbluu\tai.,3SG.POSS\tboss\tman\tCOP.PST\tART.INDF\twhite\tman\twith\tblue\teye,His boss was a white man with blue eyes.,,,,naturalistic written -11-339,11,bluu kien,bluu\tkien,blue\tcane,variety of sugar-cane with blue-striped stem,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-279,12,She start throwing up her liver - her inside - she start throwing up all kind of green stuff.,She\tstart\tthrow-ing\tup\t[...]\tall\tkind\tof\tgreen\tstuff.,3SG.F.SBJ\tstart[PFV]\tthrow-PROG\tup\t[...]\tall\tkind[PL]\tof\tgreen\tstuff,She started to throw up [...] all kinds of green stuff.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-280,12,"Grouper, snapper, yeah - all kind of fish - turpid [?] - turpid [?] is a fish - uh - it's yellow, purple, blue - blue - it get a little streak of pink, yeah.","[...] all kind of fish - turpid [?] [...] is a fish [...] it's yellow, purple, blue [...].",[...] all kind[PL] of fish   turpid [?] [...] COP ART fish [...] 3SG.N.SBJ.COP yellow purple blue [...],"[...] it's yellow, purple, and blue [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -13-209,13,Chaage all de people fa seddown by group pon de green grass.,Chaage\tall\tde\tpeople\tfa\tseddown\tby\tgroup\tpon\tde\tgreen\tgrass.,charge\tall\tthe\tpeople\tfor\tsit.down\tby\tgroup\tupon\tthe\tgreen\tgrass,Tell all the people to sit down by companies on the green grass. (Mk 6.39),,,,bible translation -13-210,13,"An de iron been red jes like fire, an daak blue, an yella jes like sulfa.","An\tde\tiron\tbeen\tred\tjes\tlike\tfire,\tan\tdaak\tblue,\tan\tyella\tjes\tlike\tsulfa.",and\tthe\tiron\tbeen\tred\tjust\tlike\tfire\tand\tdark\tblue\tand\tyellow\tjust\tlike\tsulphur,"And the iron was red just like fire, and dark blue and yellow just like sulphur. OR: [...] having breastplates of fire, and of jacinth, and brimstone (Rv 9.17)",,,,bible translation -14-157,14,blue,blue,blue,blue,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-158,14,green,green,green,green,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-148,15,grin,grin,green,"green, to grin",,,,naturalistic written -15-149,15,blu,blu,blue,blue,,,,naturalistic written -16-168,16,mek jù giv mì dɛ blu ʃɛt,mek\tjù\tgiv\tmì\tdɛ\tblu\tʃɛt,IMP\t2SG\tgive\t1SG\tDEF\tblue\tshirt,Give me the blue shirt.,,,,elicited from speaker -16-169,16,grin lif,grin\tlif,green\tleaf,green leaf,,,,elicited from speaker -17-200,17,grin,grin,green/blue,green/blue,,,,constructed by linguist -17-201,17,blu,blu,blue,blue,,,,constructed by linguist -18-182,18,grin,grin,green,green,,,,elicited from speaker -18-183,18,blu,blu,blue,blue,,,,elicited from speaker -19-216,19,verde,verde,green,green,,,,elicited from speaker -19-217,19,azul,azul,be.blue,blue,,,,elicited from speaker -19-218,19,blu,blu,be.blue,(be) blue,,,,elicited from speaker -19-219,19,grin,grin,be.green,(be) green,,,,elicited from speaker -20-151,20,Green tea black tea alla hap got.,Green\ttea\tblack\ttea\talla\thap\tgot.,green\ttea\tblack\ttea\tall\thave\tgot,I have both green and black tea.,,,,naturalistic written -20-152,20,[...] that blue all same before time; litty that led colour [...],[...]\tthat\tblue\tall\tsame\tbefore\ttime;\tlitty\tthat\tled\tcolour\t[...],[...]\tDEM\tblue\tall\tsame\tbefore\ttime\tlittle\tDEM\tred\tcolour\t[...],[...] the blue one like (I used) before; the one with a little red colour [...].,,,,naturalistic written -21-157,21,blue; green,blue;\tgreen,blue\tgreen,blue; green,,,,constructed by linguist -22-196,22,"Ston i stap nau, blupela ston.","Ston\ti\tstap\tnau,\tblu-pela\tston.",stone\tPM\tstay\tnow\tblu-MOD\tstone,"There was a stone, a blue stone.",,,,naturalistic spoken -22-197,22,Salim wanpla grinpla kam daun.,Salim\twan-pla\tgrin-pla\tkam\tdaun.,send\tone-MOD\tgreen-MOD\tcome\tdown,Send a green one down.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-178,23,mi laekem hem i werem aelan dres ia we i bluwan,mi\tlaekem\them\ti\twerem\taelan\tdres\tia\twe\ti\tbluwan,1SG\tlike\t3SG\tAGR\twear\tisland\tdress\tDEF\tCOMP\tAGR\tblue,I like her wearing that blue Mother Hubbard dress.,,,,constructed by linguist -24-198,24,griin paerot,griin\tpaerot,green\tparrot,green parrot,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-199,24,blu/bloo,blu/bloo,blue,blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-338,25,Hiya luk hiya! Thiswan hiya not grinwan!,Hiya\tluk\thiya!\tThiswan\thiya\tnot\tgrin-wan!,here\tlook\there\tPROX:ADJ\there\tNEG\tgreen-ADJ,"Here, look here! This is not green!",,,,naturalistic spoken -25-339,25,Thet bluwan ba-ngu!,Thet\tblu-wan\tba-ngu!,DEM\tblue-ADJ\tIMP-get,Get that blue one!,,,,translation in elicitation of other language -26-129,26,am so mæd abaʊd dɛ dæm pɹapɛɾi a ɾɔnɔ wat tu du aɹɛdi; pə˞pɔl æn blu,a-m\tso\tmæd\tabaʊd\tdɛ\tdæm\tpɹapɛɾi\ta\tɾɔnɔ\twat\ttu\tdu\taɹɛdi;\tpə˞pɔl\tæn\tblu,1SG-am\tso\tmad\tabout\tART\tdamn\tproperty\t1SG\tNEG.know\twhat\tto\tdo\talready\tpurple\tand\tblue,I'm so mad about that damn property I really don't know what to do. Purple and blue.,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-130,26,blu,blu,blue,blue,,,,constructed by linguist -26-131,26,grin,grin,green,green,,,,constructed by linguist -27-139,27,grun,grun,green,green,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-140,27,blou,blou,blue,blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-192,28,grun; blau,grun;\tblau,green\tblue,green; blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-227,29,groen,groen,green,green,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-228,29,blou,blou,blue,blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-238,30,Káuberdi éra berdi so di nómi.,Káuberdi\téra\tberdi\tso\tdi=nómi.,Cape.Verde\tbe.ANT\tgreen\tonly\tof=name,Cape Verde was green only by name.,,,,naturalistic written -30-239,30,"N ka gosta d'es kor, N kre djobe un azul más kláru, sima séu.","N=ka=gosta\td=es=kor\tN=kre\tdjobe\tun=azul\tmás\tkláru,\tsima\tséu.",1SG=NEG=like\tof=DEM=colour\t1SG=want\tsearch\tART.INDF=blue\tmore\tbright\tas\tsky,"I don't like this colour, I want to look for a brighter blue, like the sky.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-240,30,"Odipos, el intrega-l un kartuxu burmedju, un azul, un berdi, y un barinha di kondon, [...].","Odipos,\tel=intrega=l\tun=kartuxu\tburmedju,\tun=azul,\tun=berdi,\ty\tun=barinha.di.kondon\t[...].",thereafter\t3SG=hand.over=3SG\tART.INDF=bag\tred\tART.INDF=blue\tART.INDF=green\tand\tART.INDF=magic.wand\t[...],"Then she gave him a red bag, a blue one, a green one, and a magic wand, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-187,31,azul,azul,blue,blue,,,,constructed by linguist -31-188,31,verdi,verdi,green,green,,,,constructed by linguist -32-195,32,un káza azul,un\tkáza\tazul,DET\thouse\tblue,a blue house,,,,constructed by linguist -32-196,32,Es órta éra verd.,Es\tórta\téra\tverd.,DEM.SG\tgarden\tCOP.PST\tgreen,This garden was green.,,,,constructed by linguist -33-217,33,verdi,verdi,green,green,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-218,33,azul,azul,blue,blue,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-183,34,N teŋ kamisa berdu.,N\tø\tteŋ\tkamisa\tberdu.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\thave\tshirt\tgreen/dark.blue,I have a green shirt. OR: I have a dark blue shirt.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-184,34,N teŋ kamisa kor di sew.,N\tø\tteŋ\tkamisa\tkor\tdi\tsew.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\thave\tshirt\tcolour\tof\tsky,I have a light blue shirt.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-253,35,vêdê,vêdê,green,green,,,,elicited from speaker -35-254,35,zulu,zulu,blue,blue,,,,elicited from speaker -36-157,36,dhulu,dhulu,blue/green,"blue, green",,,,elicited from speaker -37-197,37,zulu,zulu,blue,blue,,,,elicited from speaker -37-198,37,vêdê,vêdê,green,green,,,,elicited from speaker -38-200,38,vedyi,vedyi,green,green/blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-189,39,azul,azul,blue,blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-190,39,verd,verd,green,green,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-150,40,verd,verd,green,green,,,,elicited from speaker -40-151,40,shahi,shahi,blue,blue,,,,constructed by linguist -41-182,41,miɲa graandi veerdi rabaana,miɲa\tgraandi\tveerdi\trabaana,my\tbig\tgreen\tdrum,my big green drum,,,,elicited from speaker -41-183,41,o azul fite,o\tazul\tfite,DEF\tblue\tribbon,the blue ribbon,,,,naturalistic written -42-203,42,azul,azul,blue,blue,,,,elicited from speaker -42-204,42,bedri,bedri,green,green,,,,elicited from speaker -43-133,43,berdi,berdi,green,green,,,,pedagogical grammar -43-134,43,adjul/blaw,adjul/blaw,blue,blue,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-193,44,Bérde el kúlay de mansánas.,Bérde\tel\tkúlay\tde\tmansánas.,green\tDEF\tcolor\tof\tapple,The color of the apple(s) is green.,,,,elicited from speaker -44-194,44,azul,azul,blue,blue,,,,written (dictionary) -45-156,45,berde,berde,green,green,,,,written (dictionary) -45-157,45,Azul el cielo.,Azul\tel\tcielo.,blue\tDEF\tsky,The sky is blue.,,,,written -46-200,46,Tyéne páharo azúl.,Tyéne\tpáharo\tazúl.,EXIST\tbird\tblue,There is a blue bird.,,,,elicited from speaker -46-201,46,Tyéne páharo byérde.,Tyéne\tpáharo\tbyérde.,EXIST\tbird\tgreen,There is a green bird.,,,,elicited from speaker -47-228,47,bèrdè; blau,bèrdè;\tblau,green\tblue,green; blue,,,,own knowledge -48-198,48,asú,asú,blue,blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-199,48,bedde,bedde,green,green,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-348,49,Limyè a te vèt lè m pase a.,Limyè\ta\tte\tvèt\tlè\tm\tpase\ta.,light\tDEF\tANT\tgreen\twhen\t1SG\tgo.through\tDEF,The light was green when I went through.,,,,elicited from speaker -49-349,49,ble,ble,blue,blue,,,,elicited from speaker -50-220,50,vèr,vèr,green,green,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-221,50,blé,blé,blue,blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-186,51,ver,ver,green,green,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-187,51,blé,blé,blue,blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-122,52,ver,ver,green,green,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-123,52,blé,blé,blue,blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-402,53,Narb-la [...] rèste vèr tou livèr.,Narb-la\t[...]\trèste\tvèr\ttou\tlivèr.,tree-ART.DEF.SG\t[...]\tstay\tgreen\tall\twinter,The tree [...] stayed green all winter long.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-403,53,Char bleu-la se pou mon.,Char\tbleu-la\tse\tpou\tmon.,car\tblue-ART.DEF.SG\tCOP\tfor\tme,The blue car is mine.,,,,elicited from speaker -54-241,54,vèr,ver,green,green,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-242,54,blé,ble,blue,blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-211,55,ble,ble,blue,blue,,,,constructed by linguist -55-212,55,ver,ver,green,green,,,,constructed by linguist -56-219,56,ver,ver,green,green,,,,written (dictionary) -56-220,56,ble,ble,blue,blue,,,,written (dictionary) -57-111,57,vert,vert,green,green,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-112,57,mble,mble,blue,blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-142,58,lele ya mpembe/bule,lele\tya\tmpembe/bule,garment\tCONN\twhite/blue,white/blue garment,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-143,58,lele ya kuler ya saka-saka,lele\tya\tkuler\tya\tsaka~saka,garment\tCONN\tcolor\tCONN\tcassava.leaf,green garment,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-365,59,vuko/voko (H L tones); vuko/voko (L M tones),vuko/voko (H L tones); vuko/voko (L M tones),be.dark/black/blue/green.etc.,"be dark, black, blue, green, etc.",,,,unknown -60-166,60,elambá ya mái ya pondú,elambá\tya\tmái\tya\tpondú,cloth\tof\twater\tof\tcassava.leaves,a green cloth,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-167,60,elambá ya bulé,elambá\tya\tbulé,cloth\tof\tblue,a blue cloth,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-120,61,luhlaza vs. bluwan,luhlaza\tvs.\tbluwan,green/blue\tvs.\tblue,green/blue vs. blue,,,,elicited from speaker -63-210,63,ákadar,ákadar,green,green,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-211,63,ázrag,ázrag,blue,blue,,,,naturalistic spoken -64-225,64,áhadar,áhadar,green,green,,,,elicited from speaker -64-226,64,ázrag,ázrag,blue,blue,,,,elicited from speaker -66-132,66,ijo,ijo,green,green,,,,own knowledge -66-133,66,niila,niila,blue,blue,,,,own knowledge -67-228,67,hijau,hijau,green,green,,,,elicited from speaker -67-229,67,bilu/biru,bilu/biru,blue,blue,,,,elicited from speaker -68-135,68,ijo,ijo,green,green,,,,constructed by linguist -68-136,68,biru,biru,blue,blue,,,,constructed by linguist -71-198,71,"Kela wa pau hakaka, iaia pii mai no kela hale maomao.","Kela\twa\tpau\thakaka,\tiaia\tpiimai\tno\tkela\thale\tmaomao.",DET\ttime\tCOMPL\tfight\t3SG\tcome\tINTENS\tDET\thouse\tgreen,"When [he] was done fighting, he came to the green house.",,,,naturalistic written -71-199,71,uliuli,uliuli,"blue, green","blue, green",,,,constructed by linguist -72-167,72,Nyawa na bluwan.,Nyawa\tna\tblu-wan.,this\tFOC\tblue-NMLZ,This one is blue.,,,bbdba44facd606e0adb2dfc40269689f,naturalistic spoken -72-168,72,palkiny na yapakayi palkiny na dat grinwan,palki-ny\tna\tyapakayi\tpalki-ny\tna\tdat\tgrin-wan,flat-NMLZ\tFOC\tsmall\tblanket-NMLZ\tFOC\tthe\tgreen-NMLZ,"the small blanket, the green blanket",,,24f730f7add942d2da6456a001056d2f,naturalistic spoken -73-116,73,birdi,birdi,green,geen,,,,elicited from speaker -73-117,73,ásul,ásul,blue,blue,,,,elicited from speaker -74-169,74,pčəχ,pčəχ,green/blue,"green, blue",,,,narrative -75-284,75,(li)veer,(li)veer,(the)green,green,,,,constructed by linguist -75-285,75,(li)bleu,(li)bleu,(the)blue,blue,,,,constructed by linguist -75-286,75,Si li boon maazhii la vyaand di torcheu veer.,Si\tli\tboon\tmaazhii\tla\tvyaand\tdi\ttorcheu\tveer.,it\tis\tgood.M\tfood\tART.F.SG\tmeat\tof\tturtle\tgree,The green turtle is esteemed as food. OR: Meat of the green turtle is good food.,,,,naturalistic written -75-287,75,Giikashkihaw aen rubaan bleu pur mii shuupaek.,Gii-kashkih-aw\taen\trubaan\tbleu\tpur\tmii\tshuupaek.,1.PST-win.ANIM-3OBJ\tART.M.SG\tribbon\tblue\tfor\tmy.PL\tmocassin,I won a blue ribbon for my moccasins.,,,,naturalistic written -1-269,1,dago; manndago; umandago,dagu;\tmandagu;\tumadagu,dog\tmale.dog\tfemale.dog,dog; male dog; bitch,,,,written (dictionary) -2-299,2,mandoksi,man-doksi,drake,drake,,,,unknown -2-300,2,umapikin,uma-pikin,woman-child,girl,,,,unknown -3-162,3,wómi-ganía,wómi-ganía,man-chicken,cock,,,,naturalistic spoken -4-193,4,a man dagu; a uman dagu,a\tman\tdagu;\ta\tuman\tdagu,DET.SG\tman\tdog\tDET.SG\twoman\tdog,the male dog; the female dog,,,,elicited from speaker -5-194,5,man haas,man\thaas,man\thorse,man horse,,,,constructed by linguist -6-124,6,shi-lion; he-lion; man-rat,shi-lion;\the-lion;\tman-rat,she-lion\the-lion\tman-rat,female lion; male lion; male rat,,,,elicited from speaker -7-274,7,man laiyan,man\tlaiyan,man\tlion,(male) lion,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-275,7,oman laiyan,oman\tlaiyan,woman\tlion,lioness,,,,naturalistic spoken -8-176,8,man-kou,man-kou,man-cow,bull,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-177,8,uman-kou,uman-kou,woman-cow,cow,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-178,8,man-taiga,man-taiga,man-tiger,(male) tiger,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-179,8,uman-taiga,uman-taiga,woman-tiger,tigress,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-180,8,man-dangki,man-dangki,man-donkey,jackass,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-181,8,uman-dangki,uman-dangki,woman-donkey,jenny-ass,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-207,9,uman layan,uman\tlayan,woman\tlion,lioness,,,,constructed by linguist -10-265,10,"shi daag, hi daag","shi\tdaag,\thi\tdaag",3SG.F\tdog\t3SG.M\tdog,"female dog, male dog",,,,elicited from speaker -11-340,11,"Wen di monki komin bak fram di shap, ih si wan shii monki an ih get in lov [...].","Wen\tdi\tmonki\tkom-in\tbak\tfram\tdi\tshap,\tih\tsi\twan\tshii\tmonki\tan\tih\tget\tin\tlov\t[...].",when\tART.DEF\tmonkey\tcome-PROG\tback\tfrom\tART.DEF\tshop\t3SG\tsee\tART.INDF\t3SG.F\tmonkey\tand\t3SG\tget\tin\tlove\t[...],"When the (male) monkey was coming back from the shop, he saw a female monkey and he fell in love with her [...].",,,,naturalistic written -12-281,12,The he row of corn is next to the she row.,The\the\trow\tof\tcorn\tis\tnext\tto\tthe\tshe\trow.,ART\t3SG.M.SBJ\trow\tof\tcorn\tCOP\tnext\tto\tART\t3SG.F.SBJ\trow,The male row of corn is next to the female one.,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-282,12,man papaw,man\tpapaw,man\tpapaya,male papaya,,,,unspecified -12-284,12,man cat,man\tcat,man\tcat,male cat,,,,elicited from speaker -12-285,12,he cat,he\tcat,3SG.SBJ\tcat,male cat,,,,elicited from speaker -13-211,13,man chicken,man\tchicken,man\tchicken,rooster,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-212,13,ooman hog,ooman\thog,woman\thog,sow,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-159,14,lioness,lioness,lioness,lioness,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-150,15,layɔn; uman-layɔn,layɔn;\tuman-layɔn,lion\twoman-lion,lion; lioness,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -17-202,17,man got,man\tgot,man\tgoat,he-goat,,,,constructed by linguist -17-203,17,wuman got,wuman\tgot,woman\tgoat,she-goat,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-184,18,man got,man\tgot,man\tgoat,he-goat,,,,constructed by linguist -18-185,18,wuman got,wuman\tgot,woman\tgoat,she-goat,,,,constructed by linguist -19-220,19,human fɔl; man fɔl,human\tfɔl;\tman\tfɔl,woman\tfowl\tman\tfowl,hen; cock,,,,elicited from speaker -20-153,20,Den young mandulin man make send he sarmant boy for see she sarmant girl.,Den\tyoung\tmandulin\tman\tmake\tsend\the\tsarmant\tboy\tfor\tsee\tshe\tsarmant\tgirl.,then\tyoung\tmandarin\tman\tmake\tsend\t3SG.POSS\tservant\tboy\tfor\tsee\t3SG.POSS\tservant\tgirl,Then the young mandarin sent his male servant to see her female servant.,,,,naturalistic written -21-158,21,lion; lioness,lion;\tlioness,lion\tlioness,lion; lioness,,,,constructed by linguist -22-198,22,Tupla kamap wanpla dok man na wanpla dok meri.,Tupla\tkamap\twan-pla\tdok\tman\tna\twan-pla\tdok\tmeri.,3DU\tbecome\tone-MOD\tdog\tman\tand\tone-MOD\tdog\twoman,The two turned into a male and a female dog.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-179,23,man buluk; woman buluk,man\tbuluk;\twoman\tbuluk,man\tcow\twoman\tcow,bull; cow,,,,written (dictionary) -23-180,23,buluk man; buluk woman,buluk\tman;\tbuluk\twoman,cow\tman\tcow\twoman,bull; cow,,,,written (dictionary) -24-200,24,bull and cow,bull\tand\tcow,bull\tand\tcow,bull and cow,,,,naturalistic written -25-346,25,"boiwan ship, gelwan buligi","boi-wan\tship,\tgel-wan\tbuligi","male-ADJ\tsheep,\tgirl-ADJ\tcattle","ram, heifer",,,,naturalistic written -26-132,26,fimæɔ laɪan,fimæɔ\tlaɪan,female\tlion,female lion,,,,constructed by linguist -26-133,26,ʃigɔt,ʃi-gɔt,3SG.F-goat,she-goat,,,,constructed by linguist -27-141,27,frou parat; he-parat,frou\tparat;\the-parat,woman\tparrot\the-parrot,she-parrot; he-parrot,,,,naturalistic spoken -28-193,28,"fenmama, fenpapa, fentoko","feni-mama,\tfeni-papa,\tfeni-toko",bird-mother\tbird-father\tbird-child,"female bird, male bird, baby bird",,,,elicited from speaker -28-194,28,"mama feni, papa feni","mama\tfeni,\tpapa\tfeni",mother\tbird\tfather\tbird,"female bird, male bird",,,,elicited from speaker -29-229,29,mannetjie(s)leeu vs. wyfieleeu,man-netjie-(s)-leeu\tvs.\twyf-ie-leeu,man-DIM-(s)-lion\tvs.\twife-DIM-lion,male lion vs. lioness,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-230,29,leeumannetjie vs. leeuwyfie,leeu-man-netjie\tvs.\tleeu-wyf-ie,lion-man-DIM\tvs.\tlion-wife-DIM,lion vs. lioness,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-231,29,danser vs. danseres,dans-er\tvs.\tdans-er-es,dance-er\tvs.\tdance-er-ess,dancer (m) vs. dancer (f),,,,naturalistic spoken -29-232,29,bakker vs. bakster,bak-er\tvs.\tbak-ster,bake-er\tvs.\tbake-F.er,baker (m) vs. baker (f),,,,naturalistic spoken -29-233,29,eggenoot vs. eggenote,eggenoot\tvs\teggenot-e,spouse\tvs.\tspouse-F,spouse (male) vs. spouse (female),,,,naturalistic spoken -29-234,29,god vs. godin,god\tvs.\tgod-in,god\tvs.\tgod-F,god vs. goddess,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-243,29,"leeu, leeuin","leeu,\tleeu-in","lion,\tlion-F","lion, lioness",,,,unspecified -30-241,30,"N kre ránja un katxor, más N kre mátxu, purki fémia ta traze más katxor pa li.","N=kre\tránja\tun=katxor,\tmás\tN=kre\tmátxu,\tpurki\tfémia\tta=traze\tmás\tkatxor\tpa=li.",1SG=want\tget\ta=dog\tbut\t1SG=want\tmale\tbecause\tfemale\tIPFV=attract\tmore\tdog\tto=here,"I want to get myself a dog, but I want a male (dog), because a female (dog) would attract other dogs.",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-242,30,"Pátu mátxu bu ta konxe fáxi, purki es ê más grándi di ki fémia.","Pátu\tmátxu\tbu=ta=konxe\tfáxi,\tpurki\tes\tê\tmás\tgrándi\tdi=ki=fémia.",duck\tmale\t2SG=IPFV=recognize\teasily\tbecause\t3PL\tbe\tmore\tbig\tof=than=female,"Male ducks are recognized easily, because they are bigger than females.",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-189,31,un gato matchu,un\tgato\tmatchu,a\tcat\tmale,a male cat,,,,constructed by linguist -31-190,31,un gatu femia,un\tgatu\tfemia,a\tcat\tfemale,a female cat,,,,constructed by linguist -32-197,32,"un elefant féma, un elefant mótx","un\telefant\tféma,\tun\telefant\tmótx",DET\telephant\tfemale\tDET\telephant\tmale,"a female elephant, a bull elephant",,,,elicited from speaker -32-198,32,"un txukin féma, un txukin mótx","un\ttxukin\tféma,\tun\ttxukin\tmótx",DET\tpiglet\tfemale\tDET\tpiglet\tmale,"a female piglet, a male piglet",,,,elicited from speaker -33-219,33,lion matcu,lion\tmatcu,lion\tmale,lion,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-220,33,lion femia,lion\tfemia,lion\tfemale,lioness,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-185,34,karnedu - karnedu macu - karnedu fémiya,karnedu\t-\tkarnedu\tmacu\t-\tkarnedu\tfémiya,sheep\t-\tsheep\tmale\t-\tsheep\tfemale,sheep - ram - ewe,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-255,35,bwê ome; bwê mwala,bwê\tome;\tbwê\tmwala,cow\tman\tcow\twoman,bull; cow,,,,elicited from speaker -35-256,35,makaku ome; makaku mwala,makaku\tome;\tmakaku\tmwala,monkey\tman\tmonkey\twoman,male monkey; female monkey,,,,elicited from speaker -35-257,35,lyon ome; lyon mwala,lyon\tome;\tlyon\tmwala,lion\tman\tlion\twoman,lion; lioness,,,,elicited from speaker -36-158,36,buê mengai,buê\tmengai,ox\twoman,cow,,,,elicited from speaker -36-159,36,buê ome,buê\tome,ox\tman,bull,,,,elicited from speaker -36-160,36,n'kombo pata,n'kombo\tpata,rooster\tduck,drake,,,,elicited from speaker -37-199,37,ugatu omi vs. ugatu mye,ugatu\tomi\tvs.\tugatu\tmye,cat\tman\tvs.\tcat\twoman,male cat vs. female cat,,,,elicited from speaker -38-201,38,xasolo miela,xasolo\tmiela,dog\tfemale,female dog,,,,elicited from speaker -40-152,40,liãw ɔ̃m; liãw mulɛr,liãw\tɔ̃m;\tliãw\tmulɛr,lion\tman\tlion\twoman,lion; lioness,,,,elicited from speaker -42-205,42,baka machu,baka\tmachu,bovine\tmale,bull,,,,elicited from speaker -42-206,42,baka femi,baka\tfemi,bovine\tfemale,cow,,,,elicited from speaker -43-135,43,kabra moler,kabra\tmoler,goat\twoman,she-goat,,,,pedagogical grammar -44-195,44,liyón; liyón muhér,liyón;\tliyón\tmuhér,lion\tlion\twoman,lion; lioness,,,,elicited from speaker -45-158,45,Mas bonito el pavo hombre que el (pavo) mujer.,Mas\tbonito\tel\tpavo\thombre\tque\tel\t(pavo)\tmujer.,more\tbeautiful\tDEF\tturkey\tman\tthan\tDEF\t(turkey)\twoman,The male turkey is more beautiful than the female.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -45-160,45,"caballo, caballo mujer","caballo,\tcaballo\tmujer",horse\thorse\twoman,"horse, mare",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -46-202,46,karabáw ómbre; karabáw muhér,karabáw\tómbre;\tkarabáw\tmuhér,water.buffalo\tman\twater.buffalo\twoman,male water buffalo; female water buffalo,,,,naturalistic spoken -47-229,47,kacho hòmber; kacho muhé,kacho\thòmber;\tkacho\tmuhé,dog\tman\tdog\twoman,male dog; bitch,,,,own knowledge -48-200,48,páharo hembra,páharo\thembra,bird\twoman/female,female bird,,,,naturalistic spoken -48-201,48,páharo baróng,páharo\tbaróng,bird\tmale,male bird,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-350,49,manman lyon,manman\tlyon,mother\tlion,lioness,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-351,49,mal lyon,mal\tlyon,male\tlion,lion,,,,constructed by linguist -49-352,49,mal bèt,mal\tbèt,male\tanimal,male animal,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-353,49,bèt mal,bèt\tmal,animal\tmale,male animal,,,,naturalistic spoken -49-354,49,femèl bèt,femèl\tbèt,female\tanimal,female animal,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-222,50,on fimèl-chyen,on\tfimèl-chyen,INDF\tfemale-dog,a female dog,,,,naturalistic spoken -50-223,50,on mal-chat,on\tmal-chat,INDF\tmale-cat,a tomcat,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-188,51,an fimel-chien,an\tfimel-chien,INDF\tfemale-dog,a female dog,,,,naturalistic spoken -51-189,51,an mal-chat,an\tmal-chat,INDF\tmale-cat,A tom cat,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-124,52,"manman poul, fimèl chat","manman\tpoul,\tfimèl\tchat",mother\then\tfemale\tcat,"hen, cat",,,,naturalistic spoken -52-125,52,"mouché chyen, mal chyen","mouché\tchyen,\tmal\tchyen",mister\tdog\tmale\tdog,male dog,,,,elicited from speaker -53-404,53,en femel chyen,en\tfemel\tchyen,ART.INDF\tfemale\tdog,a female dog,,,,elicited from speaker -53-405,53,fimel chval; mal mile; mal chyen,fimel\tchval;\tmal\tmile;\tmal\tchyen,female\thorse\tmale\tmule\tmale\tdog,female horse; male mule; male dog,,,,elicited from speaker -53-406,53,moman chyen; popa chyen; momon poul; moman pwason,moman\tchyen;\tpopa\tchyen;\tmomon\tpoul;\tmoman\tpwason,mother\tdog\tfather\tdog\tmother\tchicken\tmother\tfish,female dog; male dog; hen; female fish,,,,elicited from speaker -54-243,54,"en mal lapen, en femel lapen","en\tmal\tlapen,\ten\tfemel\tlapen",INDF\tmale\trabbit\tINDF\tfemale\trabbit,"a rabbit, a doe (of rabbit)",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-244,54,"en mal koson, en femel koson","en\tmal\tkoson,\ten\tfemel\tkoson",INDF\tmale\tpig\tINDF\tfemale\tpig,"a boar, a sow",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-213,55,en sat mal; en kabri femel,en\tsat\tmal;\ten\tkabri\tfemel,INDF.ART\tcat\tmale\tINDF.ART\tgoat\tfemale,a male cat; a female goat,,,,constructed by linguist -56-221,56,en femel bourik,en\tfemel\tbourik,a\tfemale\tdonkey,a female donkey,,,,written (dictionary) -56-222,56,en mal bourik,en\tmal\tbourik,a\tmale\tdonkey,a male donkey,,,,written (dictionary) -58-144,58,mwana ya bakala/nkento,mwana\tya\tbakala/nkento,child\tCONN\tmale/female,boy/girl,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-145,58,nkombo ya bakala/nkento,nkombo\tya\tbakala/nkento,goat\tCONN\tmale/female,he-goat/she-goat,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-366,59,koli ngasa,koli\tngasa,male\tgoat,"male goat, buck",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-367,59,koli bamara,koli\tbamara,male\tlion,male lion,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-168,60,sósó ya mobáli,sósó\tya\tmobáli,chicken\tof\tman,rooster,,,,naturalistic spoken -60-169,60,sósó ya mwásí,sósó\tya\tmwásí,chicken\tof\twoman,hen,,,,naturalistic spoken -61-121,61,inja vs. injakazi,inja\tvs.\tinjakazi,dog\tvs.\tbitch,dog vs. bitch,,,,constructed by linguist -63-213,63,"korú, korú rági","korú,\tkorú\trági",sheep\tsheep\tman,"sheep, ram",,,,naturalistic spoken -63-214,63,"korú mária, korú rági","korú\tmária,\tkorú\trági",sheep\twoman\tsheep\tman,"ewe, ram",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-227,64,mára kedís,mára\tkedís,woman\tcat,cat (female),,,,constructed by linguist -64-228,64,mára kélib,mára\tkélib,woman\tdog,dog (female),,,,constructed by linguist -66-134,66,klakikucing,klaki-kucing,male-cat,tomcat,,,,own knowledge -66-135,66,pompangkucing,pompang-kucing,female-cat,female cat,,,,own knowledge -67-230,67,"Wa, itu betina la bukan sula kawin bukan.","Wa,\titu\tbetina\tla\tbukan\tsula\tkawin\tbukan.",INTERJ\tDEM\tfemale\tEMPH\tNEG\tPFV\tmarry\tNEG,"Wah, that woman was not a married one.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-231,67,"Saya ada dua anak, satu jantan, satu perempuan.","Saya\tada\tdua\tanak,\tsatu\tjantan,\tsatu\tperempuan.",1SG\thave\ttwo\tchild\tone\tmale\tone\tfemale,"I have two children, one son [and] one daughter.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-238,67,"anjing jantan, anjing betina","anjing\tjantan,\tanjing\tbetina","dog\tmale,\tdog\tfemale","male dog, bitch",,,,constructed by linguist -68-137,68,babi paramapuang,babi\tparamapuang,pig\twoman,female pig,,,,constructed by linguist -71-200,71,Nana kela moa wahine eleele malalo o ka hale o Lau Chee.,Nana\tkela\tmoa\twahine\teleele\tmalalo\to\tka\thale\to\tLau\tChee.,look\tDET\tchicken\tfemale\tblack\tunder\tPOSS\tDEF\thouse\tPOSS\tLau\tChee,I saw that black hen under Lau Chee’s house. (official court translation),,,,naturalistic written -71-201,71,"Owau olelo Kaluaokahaku hana papapala no, lio keokeo wahine kuai me ka haole.","Owau\tolelo\tKaluaokahaku\thana\tpapapala\tno,\tlio\tkeokeo\twahine\tkuai\tme\tka\thaole.",1SG\tspeak\tKaluaokahaku\tmake\tdocument\tINTENS\thorse\twhite\tfemale\tsell\twith\tDEF\twhite.person,I told Kaluaokahaku to make a document (regarding) the white mare (which) would be sold to the white person. OR: I told Kaluaokahaku to make a deed for the sale of my white mare to the haole. (official court translation),,,,naturalistic written -72-169,72,An nyanuny lidulwan ngakparn boiwan i bin top marrat.,An\tnyanuny\tlidl-wan\tngakparn\tboi-wan\ti\tbin\ttop\tmarrat.,and\t3SG.DAT\tlittle-NMLZ\tfrog\tmale-NMLZ\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tbe\tmarry,And his little male frog was married.,,,2bc687689adfb67cc92c96911c9c9ceb,narrative -72-170,72,"Dij karntingkama dei bin faindim ngakparn an nyanuny waip nyantu, gelwan ngakparn.","Dij\tkarnti-ngka-ma\tdei\tbin\tfaind-im\tngakparn\tan\tnyanuny\twaip\tnyantu,\tgel-wan\tngakparn.",this\tbranch-LOC-TOP\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tfind-TR\tfrog\tand\t3SG.DAT\twife\t3SG\tfemale-NMLZ\tfrog,"They found the frog and his wife, a female frog, under the log.",,,7a0c45385ce029d880ec26da6cd2300d,narrative -74-170,74,man kámuks,man\tkámuks,man\tdog,male dog,,,,constructed by linguist -74-171,74,tlúčman kámuks,tlúčman\tkámuks,woman\tdog,bitch,,,,constructed by linguist -75-288,75,Li maal shevr niikaaniiw pur lii mutuun.,Li\tmaal\tshevr\tniikaanii-w\tpur\tlii\tmutuun.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tmale\tgoat\tbe.ahead-3\tfor\tART.PL\tsheep,The billy goat leads the sheep.,,,,naturalistic written -75-289,75,Li maal pi la femel karibuu lii korn ayaaweewak.,Li maal pi la femel karibuu lii korn ayaaweewak.,DEF.ART.M.SG male and DEF.ART.F.SG female cariboo have.ANIM-3-PL,Male and female caribou have antlers.,,,,naturalistic written -1-270,1,tori,tori,story,story; to betray,,,,written (dictionary) -1-271,1,arátta,alata,rat,rat,,,,written (dictionary) -1-272,1,pleti,preti,plate,plate,,,,written (dictionary) -1-273,1,smoko,smoko,smoke,"smoke (V, N)",,,,written (dictionary) -1-274,1,skrifi,skrifi,write,write,,,,written (dictionary) -2-301,2,skin,skin,skin,skin,,,,unknown -2-302,2,skreki,skreki,frighten,frighten,,,,unknown -2-303,2,sipi,sipi,ship,ship,,,,unknown -2-304,2,ston,ston,stone,stone,,,,unknown -2-305,2,skrifi,skrifi,write,write,,,,unknown -2-306,2,strepi,strepi,stripe,stripe,,,,unknown -2-307,2,dri,dri,three,three,,,,unknown -2-308,2,nanga,nanga,and/with,"and, with",,,,unknown -2-309,2,smoko,smoko,smoke,smoke,,,,unknown -2-310,2,kmopo,kmopo,come.from,"come from, come out",,,,unknown -3-163,3,féífi,féífi,five,five,,,,elicited from speaker -3-164,3,mbéti,mbéti,animal/meat,"animal, meat",,,,elicited from speaker -4-194,4,"kwikwi, switi, mboma, nyan","kwikwi,\tswiti,\tmboma,\tnyan",fish.sp.\tsweet\tboa.constrictor\teat,"fish sp., sweet, boa constrictor, eat",,,,unknown -4-195,4,"kan, pikin, pen","kan,\tpikin,\tpen",mug\tchild\tpain/pen,"mug, child, pain/pen",,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker -5-195,5,sʧraa,sʧraa,straw,straw,,,,constructed by linguist -5-196,5,smaal,smaal,small,small,,,,constructed by linguist -5-197,5,stee,stee,remain,stay,,,,constructed by linguist -6-127,6,tek - pan,tek - pan,"take,   steelpan","take, steelpan",,,,naturalistic spoken -6-128,6,"kyat, kyari, tshrii, dzhraiv, stap","kyat,\tkyari,\ttshrii,\tdzhraiv,\tstap","cat,\tcarry,\tthree,\tdrive,\tstop","cat, carry, three, drive, stop",,,,naturalistic spoken -7-276,7,spwail,spwail,spoil,spoil,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-277,7,strang,strang,strong,strong,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-278,7,"aal, taal","aal,\ttaal",all\ttall,"all, tall",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -7-279,7,sneik,sneik,snake,snake,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-182,8,ton.tid,ton.tid,stunted,"stunned, dizzy",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-183,8,plaa.tn,plaa.tn,plantain,plantain,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -8-184,8,skuul,skuul,school,school,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -9-208,9,Yu strayk dem wid a haapun.,Yu\tstrayk\tdem\twid\ta\thaapun.,2SG\tstrike\t3PL\twith\ta\tharpoon,You strike them with a harpoon.,,,,naturalistic spoken -9-209,9,Dey wan sok di sprat til dey dɛd.,Dey\twan\tsok\tdi\tsprat\ttil\tdey\tdɛd.,3PL\tFUT\tsuck\tthe\tsprat\ttill\t3PL\tdead,They (manta rays) will suck on the sprat (fish) until they die.,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-266,10,strang,strang,strand,strand (e.g. of hair),,,,naturalistic spoken -10-267,10,shriet,shriet,straight,straight,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-268,10,skiel,skiel,scale,scale,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-269,10,plog,plog,plug,plug,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-270,10,sliip; pliis; kraas; gyal; bwai,sliip;\tpliis;\tkraas;\tgyal;\tbwai,sleep\tplease\tcross\tgirl\tboy,sleep; please; cross; girl; boy,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-271,10,skaapion; skuul,skaapion;\tskuul,scorpion\tschool,scorpion; school,,,,naturalistic spoken -10-272,10,aal; taim; gud; luk,aal;\ttaim;\tgud;\tluk,all\ttime\tgood\tlook,all; time; good; look,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-341,11,rait,rait,write,write,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-342,11,tradishan,tradishan,tradition,tradition,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-343,11,bwai,bwai,boy,boy,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-344,11,skuul,skuul,school,school,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-345,11,strogl,strogl,struggle,struggle,,,,naturalistic written -11-346,11,tink,tink,think,think,,,,naturalistic spoken -11-347,11,shraik,shraik,strike,strike,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-286,12,I come to Nassau from I was small like [...].,I\tcome\tto\tNassau\tfrom\tI\twas\tsmall\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\tcome[PFV]\tto\tNassau\tfrom\t1SG.SBJ\tCOP.PST\tsmall\t[...],I came to Nassau when I was still a child [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-287,12,"[...] between Blue Hill Road and Market Street, you know?",[...]\tbetween\tBlue\tHill\tRoad\tand\tMarket\tStreet\t[...]?,[...]\tbetween\tBlue\tHill\tRoad\tand\tMarket\tStreet\t[...],[...] between Blue Hill Road and Market Street [...]?,,,,naturalistic spoken -12-288,12,They try to stop me dry his clothes.,They\ttry\tto\tstop\tme\tdry\this\tclothes.,3PL.SBJ\ttry[HAB.PST]\tto\tstop\t1SG.OBJ\tdry\t3SG.M.POSS\tclothes,They tried to stop me from drying his clothes.,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-213,13,skrit,skrit,street,street,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-214,13,scruction,scruction,destruction,destruction,,,,bible translation -13-215,13,ʊmə,ʊmə,woman,woman,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-216,13,bʌ.krə,bʌ.krə,buckra,white man,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-217,13,tru,tru,through,through,,,,naturalistic spoken -13-218,13,tide,tide,today,today,,,,naturalistic spoken -14-160,14,straight,straight,straight,straight,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -14-161,14,"pink, paint","pink,\tpaint",pink\tpaint,"pink, paint",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-151,15,krep,krep,scrape,scrape,,,,naturalistic written -15-152,15,plit,plit,split,split,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -15-155,15,fádá; fádà; fàdá,fádá;\tfádà;\tfàdá,father\tfather\tfather,God; Father; Catholic priest,,,,naturalistic written -16-170,16,"sprɛd, split, strit, stjudɛn","sprɛd,\tsplit,\tstrit,\tstjudɛn",spread\tsplit\tstreet\tstudent,"spread, split, street, student",,,,naturalistic spoken -16-172,16,stik,stik,stick,stick,,,,naturalistic spoken -16-176,16,se,se,say,say,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-204,17,wo̱n,wo̱n,one,one,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-205,17,plant,plant,plant,plant,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-206,17,ston,ston,stone,stone,,,,naturalistic spoken -17-207,17,strayk,strayk,strike,strike,,,,naturalistic spoken -18-186,18,wan,wan,one,one,,,,published source -18-187,18,skul,skul,school,school,,,,published source -18-188,18,big,big,big,big,,,,published source -19-221,19,skrach,skrach,scratch,scratch,,,,elicited from speaker -19-222,19,spun,spun,spoon,spoon,,,,elicited from speaker -19-223,19,ton,ton,stone,stone; testicle,,,,elicited from speaker -20-154,20,bà làt bà pou làai sih,bàlàtbà\tpoulàaisih,proper\tprice,the proper price,,,,naturalistic written -20-155,20,My sabee proper price.,My\tsabee\tproper\tprice.,1SG\tknow\tproper\tprice,I know the proper price.,,,,naturalistic written -21-159,21,stret,stret,straight,straight,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-160,21,stil,stil,still,still,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-161,21,tauzən/θauzən,tauzən/θauzən,thousand,thousand,,,,naturalistic spoken -21-162,21,slip,slip,sleep,sleep,,,,constructed by linguist -22-199,22,ples,ples,place,"place, village",,,,constructed by linguist -22-200,22,stap,stap,stay,"stop, stay",,,,constructed by linguist -22-201,22,stret,stret,straight,straight,,,,constructed by linguist -22-202,22,han,han,hand,"hand, branch",,,,constructed by linguist -23-181,23,splin blong hem stap foldaon oltaem,splin\tblong\them\tstap\tfoldaon\toltaem,spleen\tPOSS\t3SG\tstay\tfall.down\talways,He keeps getting hernias (lit. His spleen always falls down).,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-182,23,oli kwik blong kakae,oli\tkwik\tblong\tkakae,AGR\tquick\tPURP\teat,[They] eat quickly.,,,,naturalistic spoken -23-183,23,yu no luk hem longwe long haos?,yu\tno\tluk\them\tlongwe\tlong\thaos?,2SG\tNEG\tlook\t3SG\tthere\tLOC\thouse,Didn't you see him over at the house?,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-201,24,klaai,klaai,cry,to cry,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-202,24,kwiin,kwiin,queen,queen,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-203,24,plieh,plieh,play,to play,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-204,24,striet,striet,strait,straight,,,,naturalistic spoken -24-205,24,springkaat,springkaat,spring.cart,sprung horse-drawn cart,,,,naturalistic written -24-206,24,maen,maen,man,man,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-340,25,krokadail; trai; brij; brom,krokadail;\ttrai;\tbrij;\tbrom,crocodile\ttry\tbridge\tfrom,crocodile; try; bridge; from,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-341,25,blanga,blanga,DAT/POSS,for,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-342,25,stori/tori; streit/treit; stilimbat/tilimbat,stori/tori;\tstreit/treit;\tstil-im-bat/til-im-bat,story\tstraight\tsteal-TR-PROG/steal-TR-PROG,story; straight; stealing,,,,unknown -25-343,25,kwait,kwait,quiet,quiet,,,,naturalistic spoken -25-344,25,En beibi bin oldei bon treit.,En\tbeibi\tbin\toldei\tbon\ttreit.,and\tbaby\tPST\talways\tborn\tstraight,And babies used to be born straight. (i.e. with straight bones),,,,naturalistic spoken -26-134,26,spɹiʔ,spɹiʔ,spirit,spirit,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-135,26,ʤɹiŋk,ʤɹiŋk,drink,drink,,,,naturalistic spoken -26-136,26,klin,klin,clean,clean,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-142,27,am,am,3SG,"he, she",,,,naturalistic spoken -27-143,27,frāg,frāg,ask,ask,,,,naturalistic spoken -27-144,27,strom,strom,current,"current, waves",,,,naturalistic spoken -28-195,28,springhan; strafu; skrifu; astranti,springhan;\tstrafu;\tskrifu;\tastranti,grasshopper\tpunish\twrite\tmischievous,grasshopper; punish; write; mischievous,,,,both elicited and naturalistic spoken -28-196,28,plɛkɛ; prusinti; blutu; bwaru; trou; twentiki; drai; glofu; klup; kreu; kwɛkɛ; grun; gwama; floiti; frifu; slem,plɛkɛ;\tprusinti;\tblutu;\tbwaru;\ttrou;\ttwentiki;\tdrai;\tglofu;\tklup;\tkreu;\tkwɛkɛ;\tgrun;\tgwama;\tfloiti;\tfrifu;\tslem,place\tpresent\tblood\tkeep\tmarry\ttwenty\tturn\tbelieve\tknock\tcry\tbasket\tgreen\tmix\twhistle\trub\tcleverness,place; present; blood; keep; marry; twenty; turn; believe; knock; cry; basket; green; mix; whistle; rub; cleverness,,,,both elicited and naturalistic spoken -29-235,29,as; sak; kat,as;\tsak;\tkat,if/ash\tbag\tcat,if/ash; bag; cat,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-236,29,kla; kry; twak,kla;\tkry;\ttwak,complain\tget\tnonsense,complain; get; nonsense,,,,naturalistic spoken -29-237,29,straf; splinter; skrikkeljaar,straf;\tsplinter;\tskrikkel-jaar,punishment\tsplinter\tleap-year,punishment; splinter; leap-year,,,,naturalistic spoken -30-243,30,"maridu, ngánu, mudjer, rusponde, duenti","maridu,\tngánu,\tmudjer,\trusponde,\tduenti",husband\terror\twomen\tanswer\till,"husband, error, women, answer, ill",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-244,30,"fla, kre, prontu, lenbra","fla,\tkre,\tprontu,\tlenbra",speak\tbelieve\thealthy\tremember,"speak, believe, healthy, remember",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-245,30,"spértu, stángu, skese, sgota, smáia","spértu,\tstángu,\tskese,\tsgota,\tsmáia",clever\tstomach\tto.forget\tto.run.out\tto.faint,"clever, stomach, to forget, to run out/to use up, to faint",,,,naturalistic spoken -30-246,30,"spreme, stráda, skrebe","spreme,\tstráda,\tskrebe",press\tstreet\twrite,"to press, street, to write",,,,naturalistic spoken -31-191,31,stroba,stroba,disrupt,to disrupt,,,,constructed by linguist -31-192,31,"kalor, bebe, kume","kalor,\tbebe,\tkume",heat\tdrink\teat,"heat, to drink, to eat",,,,constructed by linguist -31-193,31,praia,praia,beach,beach,,,,constructed by linguist -31-194,31,spanta,spanta,startle,to startle,,,,constructed by linguist -31-195,31,strada,strada,road,road,,,,constructed by linguist -31-196,31,straga,straga,spoil,to spoil,,,,constructed by linguist -32-200,32,káza,káza,house,house,,,,elicited from speaker -32-201,32,trá,trá,take.away,to take away,,,,elicited from speaker -32-202,32,skóla,skóla,school,school,,,,elicited from speaker -32-203,32,stragód,stragód,spoilt,spoilt,,,,elicited from speaker -32-204,32,bnit,bnit,beatiful,beautiful,,,,elicited from speaker -32-205,32,ptin,ptin,chicken,chicken,,,,elicited from speaker -32-207,32,"spitál, bzot","spitál,\tbzot",hospital\t2PL,"hospital, you",,,,elicited from speaker -33-221,33,branku,branku,white,white,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-222,33,flor,flor,flower,flower,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-223,33,stritu,stritu,narrow,narrow,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -33-224,33,patu,patu,duck,duck,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-186,34,kuku,kuku,coconut,coconut,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-187,34,"klaru, pratu, spiju","klaru,\tpratu,\tspiju",clear\tplate\tmirror,"clear, plate, mirror",,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -34-188,34,strada,strada,road,road,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -35-258,35,stlivi; stluvisu,stlivi;\tstluvisu,to.serve\tjob,"to serve, to work for, to function; job, work",,,b32cc1588c1a6f94fb7616443e82dd92,naturalistic spoken -35-259,35,tlaba; vlegonha,tlaba;\tvlegonha,to.work\tshame,to work; shame,,,,naturalistic spoken -35-260,35,bali; suba,bali;\tsuba,to.sweep\train,to sweep; rain,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-161,36,"ô-u, n'-tê, ndji-be-la","ô-u,\tn'-tê,\tndji-be-la",thread\thead\tpocket,"thread, head, pocket",,,,naturalistic spoken -37-200,37,u-gbô-gô-dô,u-gbô-gô-dô,valley,"valley, precipice",,,,elicited from speaker -38-202,38,skeve,skeve,write,write,,,,naturalistic spoken -38-203,38,skeve,skeve,write,to write,,,,elicited from speaker -38-204,38,tyintyin,tyin_tyin,shit,shit,,,,elicited from speaker -38-205,38,opá,opá,tree,tree,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-191,39,ru,ru,street,street,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-192,39,pork,pork,pig,pig,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-193,39,pret,pret,black,black,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-194,39,gray,gray,crow,crow,,,,naturalistic spoken -39-195,39,sikwẽt,sikwẽt,fifty,fifty,,,,naturalistic spoken -40-153,40,brãk; gros; kʋise; kutʋel,brãk;\tgros;\tkʋise;\tkutʋel,white\tthick\tbecome.acquainted.with\telbow,"whilte; thick; become acquainted with, get to know; elbow",,,,constructed by linguist -40-154,40,mata; tuma; baʃa; leʋo,mata;\ttuma;\tbaʃa;\tleʋo,kill\ttake\tgo/get.down\tcarry.PST,kill; take; go/get down; carried,,,,constructed by linguist -41-184,41,"triipa, dreetu, graaja, friiv, klaar, flɛɛma, slɛkta, kvɛɛntru, svaar","triipa,\tdreetu,\tgraaja,\tfriiv,\tklaar,\tflɛɛma,\tslɛkta,\tkvɛɛntru,\tsvaar",tripe\tright\tcrow\tcold\tclear\tphlegm\tbad\tcoriander\t?excessive,"tripe, right, crow, cold, clear, phlegm, bad, coriander, ?excessive",,,,elicited from speaker -41-185,41,"spaɲɔɔl, stam, skarniil, sanspiira, kap$staay, kom$fsaa","spaɲɔɔl,\tstam,\tskarniil,\tsanspiira,\tkap$staay,\tkom$fsaa",Spanish\tstem\thinge\tsunfish\tability\tconfess,"Spanish, stem, hinge, sunfish, ability, confess",,,,elicited from speaker -41-186,41,"stronaay, frviita, ladrviisa, banskruu","stronaay,\tfrviita,\tladrviisa,\tbanskruu",bridesmaid\tfruit\tdishonesty\tvise,"bridesmaid (,I\tgive\tyou\tit\tPRF,I have given it to you.,,,,elicited from speaker -52-48,52,mo té ka palé ké yé,mo\tté\tka\tpalé\tké\tyé,I\tPST\tIPFV\ttalk\twith\tthem,I was talking to them.,,,,naturalistic spoken -52-85,52,mo frè kouri alé laplaj,mo\tfrè\tkouri\talé\tlaplaj,my\tbrother\trun\tgo\tbeach,My brother runs quickly to the beach.,,,,constructed by linguist -53-183,53,Mo te tou esoufle.,Mo\tte\ttou\tesoufle.,1SG\tPST\tall\tout.of.breath,I was all out of breath.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-305,53,Li pike an poul.,Li\tpike\tan\tpoul.,3SG\tstick.knife\tinto\tchicken,He stuck a knife into the chicken.,,,,naturalistic spoken -53-359,53,Mo te p ole ke ye te kòne mo te parle.,Mo\tte\tp\tole\tke\tye\tte\tkòne\tmo\tte\tparle.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\twant\tCOMP\t3PL\tPST\tknow\t1SG\tPST\tspeak,I didn't want them to know that I spoke (Creole).,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-114,54,"La fam i ariv, pran lalé, kas son banann.","La\tfam\ti\tariv,\tpran\tlale,\tkas\tson\tbanann.",DEF\twoman\tFIN\tarrive\ttake\tpath\tpick\tPOSS.3SG\tbanana,"The woman arrives, takes the path, picks her bananas.",,,,naturalistic spoken -54-224,54,[...] enn po bef moin la pa vand.,[...]\tenn\tpo\tbef\tmwen\tla\tpa\tvann.,[...]\tone\thide\tox\t1SG\tPRF\tNEG\tsell,[...] I did not sell one single ox hide.,,,,naturalistic spoken -54-225,54,"Bin, larzan, moi nana.","Ben,\tlarzan,\tmwa\tnana.",well\tmoney\t1SG\thave,"Well, I have enough money.",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-76,55,"Lontan, ki ou ti pe fer?","Lontan,\tki\tou\tti\tpe\tfer?",long.time\twhat\t2SG\tPST\tPROG\tdo,"In the past, what did you do?",,,,naturalistic spoken -55-85,55,Pyer koṅtaṅ Mari,Pyer\tkoṅtaṅ\tMari,Peter\tlove\tMary,Peter loves Mary.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-86,55,Pyer ba Mari,Pyer\tba\tMari,Peter\tkiss\tMary,Peter kisses Mary.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-155,55,mo lakle daṅ mo sak,mo\tlakle\tø\tdaṅ\tmo\tsak,1SG.POSS\tkey\tCOP\tin\t1SG.POSS\tbag,My key is in my bag.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-195,55,premye zafer pu plaṅt sa kan-la mem u bizeṅ met [...],premye\tzafer\tpu\tplaṅt\tsa\tkan-la\tmem\tu\tbizeṅ\tmet\t[...],first\tthing\tfor\tplant\tDEM\tcane\tHL\t2SG\tMOD\tput\t[...],The first thing to do if you plant this sugar cane is that you have to put [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -55-197,55,li maṅze maṅze,li\tmaṅze\tmaṅze,3SG\teat\teat,He does nothing but eat. OR: He keeps on eating.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-198,55,li maṅze mem; li nek maṅze; li nek maṅze mem,li\tmaṅze\tmem;\tli\tnek\tmaṅze;\tli\tnek\tmaṅze\tmem,s/he\teat\tFOC\ts/he\tmerely\teat\ts/he\tmerely\teat\tFOC,S/he does nothing but eat.,,,,constructed by linguist -55-220,55,mo papa mem ti dir mwa sa,mo\tpapa\tmem\tti\tdir\tmwa\tsa,1SG\tfather\tHL\tPST\ttell\t1SG\tthat,It is my father who told me that.,,,,constructed by linguist -56-235,56,"Be zot ti annan tanbour ler zot ti pe dans sa, kwa?","Be\tzot\tti\tannan\ttanbour\tler\tzot\tti\tpe\tdans\tsa,\tkwa?",but\t3PL\tPST\thave\tdrum\twhen\t3PL\tPST\tPROG\tdance\tDEM\twhat,But did they have (their) drums when they were dancing this (dance)?,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-236,56,[...] mon plere akoz mon abitye avek mon ser.,[...]\tmon\tplere\takoz\tmon\tabitye\tavek\tmon\tser.,[...]\t1SG\tcry\tbecause\t1SG\tused\twith\tmy\tsister,[...] I am crying because I am used to (being with) my sister.,,,,naturalistic written -56-237,56,Ozordi ki ganny tou sord kalite lakol.,Ozordi\tki\tganny\ttou\tsord\tkalite\tlakol.,today\tREL\thave\tall\tkinds\tkinds\tglue,Today [you] have all sorts of glue.,,,,naturalistic spoken -56-238,56,ou ganny en malad dan vant,ou\tganny\ten\tmalad\tdan\tvant,2SG\thave\tART\tpain\tin\tbelly,You had a stomach ache,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-47,57,nu pa kone se ki le tape lja,nu\tpa\tkone\tse\tki\tle\ttape\tlja,1PL\tNEG\tknow\tPRESV\twho\tSI\thit\thim,We don't know who hit him.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-48,57,[...] le ndʃa vja,[...]\tle\tndʃa\tvja,[...]\t3SG\talready\tcome,[...] he has already come.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-49,57,ma kone,ma\tkone,1SG\tcan,I can. OR: I could.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-50,57,ma ʃate,ma\tʃate,1SG\tsing,I sing. / I am singing. / I sang. / I was singing.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-92,57,Brigitte le eme lja e pi lja le eme Brigitte,Brigitte\tle\teme\tlja\te\tpi\tlja\tle\teme\tBrigitte,Brigitte\tSI\tlove\t3SG\tCONJ\tCONJ\t3SG\tSI\tlove\tBrigitte,Brigitte loves him and he loves Brigitte.,,,,constructed by linguist -57-144,57,fo komase kuver nde lao,fo\tkomase\tkuver\tnde\tlao,OBLIG\tbegin\tcover\tfrom\ttop,You have to begin covering it from the top.,,,,naturalistic spoken -57-164,57,se mwa le ule war loto,se\tmwa\tle\tule\twar\tloto,PRESV\t1SG\tSI\twant\tsee\tcar,I want to see the car (Lit. It is I who want to see the car).,,,,naturalistic spoken -58-83,58,Mvula ke(le) noka.,Mvula\tke(le)\tnoka.,rain\tbe\tdrip,It's raining.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-84,58,Ntangu ke(le) ngolo/makasi.,Ntangu\tke(le)\tngolo/makasi.,sun\tbe\tstrong/sharp,It's hot.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-100,58,Yandi fwete kwenda.,Yandi\tfwete\tkwenda.,he/she\tmust\tgo,He/She must go.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-103,58,Yandi benda mono na ntwala.,Yandi\tbenda\tmono\tna\tntwala.,he\tpull.NARR\tme\tCONN\tfront,He pulled me to the front.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -58-105,58,Yandi telema kwisa/kwenda.,Yandi\ttelema\tkwisa/kwenda.,3SG\tget.up\tcome/go,He/She got up and left.,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist -59-107,59,hunda wali si,hunda\twali\tsi,ask\twoman\tthen,Ask a woman then (you'll get the information you want).,,,,constructed by linguist -59-108,59,i bongbi tere na afrancais,i\tbongbi\ttere\tna\tafrancais,1PL\tgather\tbody\tPREP\tPL.French,We unite with the French.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-110,59,Ayi ti vundu ati na ndo (ti) mbi [...] mingi.,a-yi\tti\tvundu\ta-ti\tna\tndo\t(ti)\tmbi\t[...]\tmingi,PL-thing\tof\tgrief\tPM-fall\ton\ttop\t(of)\t1SG\t[...]\tmany,Many grievous things fell on me.,,,,naturalistic written -59-111,59,akozo zo,a-kozo\tzo,PL-first\tperson,the first people OR: the first ones (i.e. persons),,,,elicited from speaker -59-125,59,zo oko oko ake ga,zo\toko\toko\ta-ke\tga,person\tone\tone\tPM-COP\tcome,Each and every person is coming.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-144,59,melenge ti mo akono ahon' melenge ti mbi,melenge\tti\tmo\ta-kono\ta-hon'\tmelenge\tti\tmbi,child\tof\t2SG\tPM-be.large\tPM-pass\tchild\tof\t1SG,Your child is larger than my child.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-160,59,"aa duti fatso, akoze kwe; lo ga lo mu holengo nyama, lo mu ato na kogara ti lo ni","ala\tduti\tfadeso,\ta-koze\tkwe;\tlo\tga\tlo\tmu\tholengo\tnyama,\tlo\tmu\ta-to\tna\tkogara\tti\tlo\tni",3PL\tsit\tnow\tPM-converse\tall\t3SG\tcome\t3SG\ttake\tdried\tmeat\t3SG\ttake\tPM-cook\tPREP\tin-law\tof\t3SG\tDET,"So they sat and chatted until finished. He then took some dried meat, he took it and (had it) cooked it for his mother-in-law.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-161,59,"wali ni, lo oko la ake lango na a ti da","wali\tni,\tlo\toko\tlaa\ta-ke\tlango\tna\tya\tti\tda",woman\tDET\t3SG\tone\tFOC\tPM-COP\tsleep\tPREP\tbelly\tof\thouse,"The wife, she only slept (habitually) in the house.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-163,59,ndo ni avoko toon’so [...],ndo\tni\ta-voko\ttongaso\t[...],place\tDET\tPM-be.dark\tthus\t[...],When it had become dark [...]. OR: When night had come [...].,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-164,59,"lo ga so, kogara tl lo na alango","lo\tga\tso,\tkogara\tti\tlo\tni\ta-lango",3SG\tcome\tthus\tin-law\tof\t3SG\tDET\tPM-sleep,"When he came, his mother-in-law was sleeping. OR: On his arrival his mother-in-law was sleeping.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-197,59,"i ke de ba da nga, amanke pepe","i\tke\tde\tba\tda\tnga,\ta-manke\tpepe",1PL\tCOP\tmake\toath\tthere\talso\tPM-lack\tNEG,We're also going to take an oath over that for sure.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-198,59,asi na be ti bi [...],asi\tna\tbe\tti\tbi\t[...],SM.arrive\tPREP\theart\tof\tnight\t[...],"When it was in the middle of the night, [...].",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-214,59,na kodoro ti mbi ambeni mingi ahinga ti to ngunza pepe,na\tkodoro\tti\tmbi\tambeni\tmingi\tahinga\tti\tto\tngunza\tpepe,PREP\tvillage\tof\t1SG\tPL.some\tmany\tSM.know\tof\tcook\tmanioc.greens\tNEG,In my village quite a few (women) don't know how to cook manioc greens.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-215,59,mo kpaka tere ti mbi na ni,mo\tkpaka\ttere\tti\tmbi\tna\tni,2SG\tscratch\tbody\tof\t1SG\tPREP\tDET,Scratch me with it.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-233,59,yoro ake na ala,yoro\take\tna\tala,medicine\tSM.COP\tPREP\t3PL,They have charms.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-246,59,ala ke pusu koli ni titene lo ti na ya ti du ni,ala\tyeke\tpusu\tkoli\tni\ttitene\tlo\tti\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tni,3PL\tCOP\tpush\tman\tDET\tso.that\t3SG\tfall\tPREP\tinside\tof\thole\tDET,They're pushing the man (so that he would fall) into the hole.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-253,59,i ga (i) si na gala,i\tga\t(i)\tsi\tna\tgala,1PL\tcome\t(1PL)\tarrive\tPREP\tmarket,We arrived at the market.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-254,59,mbi gwe (mbi) duti ka,mbi\tgwe\t(mbi)\tduti\tka,1SG\tgo\t(1SG)\tstay\tthere,I went and stayed there.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-255,59,i kiri i tene mo kwe,i\tkiri\ti\tna\tmo\tkwe,1PL\treturn\t1PL\tsay\t2SG\tall,We repeat it all for you.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-256,59,lo mu lege akiri,lo\tmu\tlege\takiri,3SG\ttake\tpath\tSM.return,She returned.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-257,59,mbeni fini fille ni alondo aga na ecole,mbeni\tfini\t\tni\talondo\taga\tna\t,certain\tnew\tgirl\tDET\tSM.arise\tSM.come\tPREP\tschool,A certain new girl came to school.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-260,59,lo mu ato na kogara ti lo ni,lo\tmu\tato\tna\tkogara\tti\tlo\tni,3SG\tgive\tSM.prepare\tPREP\tin-law\tof\t3SG\tDET,He gave it (the meat) to be prepared for his mother-in-law.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-262,59,amu mafuta ti zo ni amu na lo,a-mu\tmafuta\tti\tzo\tni\ta-mu\tna\tlo,PM-take\tfat\tof\thuman\tDET\tPM-give\tPREP\t3SG,He gave her (his mother-in-law) the fatty meat of a human being.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-263,59,"lo mu samba, lo mu na lo","lo\tmu\tsamba,\tlo\tmu\tna\tlo",3SG\ttake\tbeer\t3SG\tgive\tPREP\t3SG,He gave her beer.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-264,59,"toon' lo mu na mo samba, mo nyon' pepe","tongana\tlo\tmu\tna\tmo\tsamba,\tmo\tnyon'\tpepe",if\t3SG\tgive\tPREP\t2SG\tbeer\t2SG\tdrink\tNEG,"If he gives you beer, don't drink it.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-265,59,amu nyama ti zo so ato amu na lo,a-mu\tnyama\tti\tzo\tso\ta-to\ta-mu\tna\tlo,SM-take\tmeat\tof\thuman\tDEM\tSM-prepare\tSM-give\tPREP\t3SG,He gave the meat (to his wife) to prepare for her (the girl's mother). OR: He took this human flesh and had it prepared and given to her (the mother).,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-266,59,ala mu ngombe ti mbi na mbi,ala\tmu\tngombe\tti\tmbi\tna\tmbi,3PL\tgive\tgun\tof\t1SG\tPREP\t1SG,They gave me my gun.,,,,constructed by linguist -59-278,59,gango ti ni la ni ga so,ga-ngo\tti\tni\tla\tni\tga\tso,come-NMLZ\tof\t1SG.LOG\tTOP\t1SG.LOG\tcome\tthus,"(She said), ""This is my arrival (coming)."" OR: This arrival just now is my arrival; What you see is my arrival.",,,,naturalistic spoken -59-341,59,ba koli ti mbi so mbi yi ti mu lo so la lo ga awe so,ba\tkoli\tti\tmbi\tso\tmbi\tyi\tti\tmu\tlo\tso\tla\tlo\tga\tawe\tso,see\tman\tof\t1SG\tREL\t1SG\twant\tto\ttake\t3SG\tREL\tTOP\t3SG\tcome\talready\tthus,See my man I want to marry who has just come.,,,,naturalistic spoken -59-346,59,"gongo so mbi gwe so, mbi wara lo na lege","go-ngo\tso\tmbi\tgwe\tso,\tmbi\twara\tlo\tna\tlege",go-NMLZ\tREL\t1SG\tgo\tthus\t1SG\tfind\t3SG\tPREP\tway,"When I was going, I met her/him on the path.",,,,constructed by linguist -59-362,59,nyama so afun' sioni,nyama\tso\ta-fun'\tsioni,meat\tthis\tPM-smell\tbad,This meat smells awful.,,,,constructed by linguist -61-74,61,Lo John na lo Jane yena hambile Thegwin.,Lo\tJohn\tna\tlo\tJane\tyena\thamb-ile\tlapha\tThegwin.,DEF.ART\tJohn\tCOM\tDEF.ART\tJane\tthey\tgo-PST\tDAT\tDurban,John and Jane went to Durban. OR: John went with Jane to Durban. OR: John went to Durban with Jane.,,,,elicited from speaker -62-75,62,hé-ló i'azé i-wé,hé-ló\ti'azé\ti-wé,16-have\tday\t5-one,On a certain day (once upon a time).,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-81,62,vézázéu váazóko ma?azé mángi,vé-zazeu\tvé-áa-zoko\tma?aze\tmá-ingi,2-herd\t2-PST-sit\tdays\t6-many,They went to herd and they stayed many days.,,,,naturalistic spoken -62-119,62,é-háhóye hódi tó ní ha-kuhló,é-háhóye\thódi\ttó\tní\tha-kuhló,1-16.see.PRF\tplace\tthere\tCOP\t16-good,He saw the place was good.,,,,elicited from speaker -63-81,63,ána gi-kumbúka wázi,ána\tgi-kumbúka\twázi,1SG\tTAM-remember\twell,I remember well.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-82,63,ína bi-mútu íni,ína\tbi-mútu\tíni,1PL\tTAM-die\there,We will die here.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-84,63,nyerekú de bi-gi-rúa fi bé,nyerekú\tde\tbi-gi-rúa\tfi\tbé,boy\tDEM\tFUT-IPFV-go\tin\thouse,The child will be going home.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-153,63,ya shída de éndis fi Mombása,ya\tshída\tde\téndis\tfi\tMombása,TOP\tproblem\tDEM\thave\tin\tMombasa,That’s the problem in Mombasa.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-163,63,ása já gésim grúp taláta,ása\tjá\tgésim\tgrúp\ttaláta,then\tcome\tdivide\tgroup\tthree,Then they were divided in three groups.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-164,63,rután de gu-rúo wóduru,rután\tde\tgu-rúo\twóduru,language\tDEM\tTAM-go\tdisappear,The language will disappear.,,,,naturalistic spoken -63-212,63,"tor, bágara","tor,\tbágara",bull\tcow,"bull, cow",,,,naturalistic spoken -64-213,64,bagarát de zátu num fi bet henák,bagar-át\tde\tzátu\tnum\tfi\tbet\thenák,cow-PL\tDEM.PROX\tTOP\tsleep\tin\thouse\tthere,The same cows slept there in the house.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-55,65,Tam pabol'sə d'esi - takoj kuʧa.,Tam pabol'sə d'esi - takoj kuʧa.,there more here   so heap,I have more [relatives] there than here - the whole heap [of people].,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-56,65,Minia eta peləvy synə.,Minia\teta\tpeləvy\tsynə.,1SG\tthis\tfirst\tson,This is my first son.,,,,naturalistic spoken -65-57,65,"Njet, tibe perəvyj kaʒi, kak moʒəna, tibe starʃinka.","Njet,\ttibe\tperəvyj\tkaʒi,\tkak\tmoʒəna,\ttibe\tstarʃinka.",no\t2SG\tfirst\tspeak\thow\tpossible\t2SG\telder,"No, you have to speak first, how can it be otherwise, you are the oldest.",,,,citation in fiction -65-72,65,"Xeʧzu lisa kupila, ʧaʧika pusəkajla.","Xeʧzu\tlisa\tkupi-la,\tʧaʧika\tpusəkaj-la.",Xeczu\trice\tbuy-PFV\tnet\tlet.flow-PFV,Xeczu bought some rice and let it flow into a net.,,,,naturalistic spoken -66-69,66,Anak aayər viiduyang sipicaking.,Anak\taayər\tviidu-yang\tsi-piça-king.,child\twater\tglass-ACC\tPST-break-CAUS,The child broke the water glass.,,,,elicited from speaker -66-84,66,Gope kuttalipəðə dempe buuka pakeanyale gantung suppang.,Go-pe\tkuttali-pəðə\tderang-pe\tbuuka\tpakean-yang-le\tgantung\tsuppang.,1SG-POSS\tfriend-PL\t3PL-POSS\topen\tclothing-ACC.DEF-COM\thang\tput,My friends unpacked and hung up their clothing.,,,,elicited from speaker -67-113,67,Apa-apa wa pun ikut dia ah apa sal sini.,Apa~apa\twa\tpun\tikut\tdia\tah\tapa\tsal\tsini.,what~what\t2SG\talso\tfollow\t3SG\tEMPH\twhat\tmatter\there,"Whatever [it is], I follow him (his advice) to deal with any matter here.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-114,67,Dia penat.,Dia\tpenat.,3SG\ttired,He was/is tired.,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-115,67,Semalam cikgu kasi dia satu buku.,Semalam\tcikgu\tkasi\tdia\tsatu\tbuku.,last.night\tteacher\tgive\t3SG\tone\tbook,"Last night, the teacher gave him a book.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-117,67,Dia kata pigi tengok dia tak ada nampak ini puanpuan ada tarik ini anjing.,Dia\tkata\tpigi\ttengok\tdia\ttak\tada\tnampak\tini\tpuanpuan\tada\ttarik\tini\tanjing.,3SG\tsay\tgo\tsee\t3SG\tNEG\tEMPH\tsee\tDEM\twoman\tPROG\tpull\tDEM\tdog,"He said [to himself] to go and see [them], [but] he did not see that this lady was pulling a dog.",,,,elicited from speaker -67-170,67,Awak laki-laki apasal datang Singapore?,Awak\tlaki-laki\tapasal\tdatang\tSingapore?,2SG\tman-man\twhy\tcome\tSingapore,Why did your husband come to Singapore?,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-173,67,"Diaorang selalu datang sini cari murah punya barang makan-makan, pakai-pakai semainlah.","Diaorang\tselalu\tdatang\tsini\tcari\tmurah\tpunya\tbarang\tmakan~makan,\tpakai~pakai\tsemainlah.",3PL\talways\tcome\there\tlook.for\tcheap\tATTR\tthing\teat~eat\tuse~use\tetc.,"They always come here to look for cheap food and things, etc.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-174,67,"Teacher panggil, kita pergi tolong tolong sama dia.","Teacher\tpanggil,\tkita\tpergi\ttolong\ttolong\tsama\tdia.",teacher\tcall\t1PL\tgo\thelp\thelp\twith\t3SG,"[When] the teacher called, we went and helped her/him.",,,,naturalistic spoken -67-176,67,Lu tengok pergi sana lah ah?,Lu\ttengok\tpergi\tsana\tlah\tah?,2SG\tlook.at\tgo\tthere\tPCL\tQ,Will you go there and look [at it]?,,,,naturalistic spoken -67-215,67,Saya kecil punya lama ah ada orang jahat ah lawan-lawan.,Saya\tkecil\tpunya\tlama\tah\tada\torang\tjahat\tah\tlawan~lawan.,1SG\tsmall\tREL\tlong\tPCL\thave\tperson\tbad\tPCL\tattack~attack,"Long ago when I was young, there were bad people fighting all the time.",,,,naturalistic spoken -68-7,68,itu tampa tinggal antua itu,itu\ttampa\ttinggal\tantua\titu,DEM\tplace\tlive\t3SG.FORMAL\tDEM,that residence of hers,,,,naturalistic spoken -68-103,68,"Pada saat orang dalam susa, dong pi belanja di toko.","Pada\tsaat\torang\tdalam\tsusa,\tdong\tpi\tbelanja\tdi\ttoko.",at\ttime\tperson\tin\tdifficulty\t3PL\tgo\tshop\tLOC\tstore,"When people were in trouble, they went shopping at the store.",,,,naturalistic spoken -69-3,69,wut kandək mənda kra-nan taŋgut mən,wut\tkandək\tmənda\tkra-nan\ttaŋgut\tmən,night\tOBL\tand.then\tcut-NONFUT\trope\tthat,Then at night they cut the rope.,,,,naturalistic spoken -69-55,69,kumbut kandək wanan,kumbut\tkandək\twa-nan,village\tOBL\tgo-NONFUT,(He) went to the village.,,,,naturalistic spoken -70-79,70,Uwala bat ham-log nai puco.,Uwala\tbat\tham-log\tnai\tpuco.,that\ttalk\t1-PL\tNEG\task,"That talk, we didn't ask (about).",,,,naturalistic spoken -71-5,71,"Akolu pake wau aha ma kela hale, makou limalima kela rumi, Aiau kela hale.","Akolu\tpake\twau\taha\tma\tkela\thale,\tmakou\tlimalima\tkela\trumi,\tAiau\tkela\thale.",three\tChinese\t1SG\tfour\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t1PL\trent\tDET\troom\tAiau\tDET\thouse,"Three Chinese and I, four total, were in that house; we rented rooms at Aiau's house.",,,,naturalistic written -71-78,71,Wau lohe no kani [...] wau holoi lole kela manawa.,Wau\tlohe\tno\tkani\t[...]\twau\tholoi\tlole\tkela\tmanawa.,1SG\thear\tINTENS\tsound\t[...]\t1SG\twash\tclothes\tDET\ttime,I heard a sound [...] I was washing clothes at the time (i.e. at the time when I heard a sound).,,,,naturalistic written -71-84,71,Oe hiki no nana iaia a kamailio kela manao oe.,Oe\thiki\tno\tnana\tiaia\ta\tkamailio\tkela\tmanao\toe.,2SG\tcould\tINTENS\tlook\t3SG\tand\tconverse\tDET\tthought\t2SG.POSS,You could see him and tell [him] your thoughts.,,,,naturalistic written -71-85,71,Wau paa mamua halepaahao.,Wau\tpaa\tmamua\thalepaahao.,1SG\theld\tbefore\tprison,I was previously imprisoned.,,,,naturalistic written -71-86,71,Pehea oe paa keia koi?,Pehea\toe\tpaa\tkeia\tkoi?,why\t2SG\thold\tthis\tfishing-pole,Why are you holding this fishing pole?,,,,naturalistic written -71-87,71,Aie akahi dala.,Aie\takahi\tdala.,borrow\tone\tdollar,[I want to] borrow a dollar [from you].,,,,naturalistic written -71-187,71,Kela haole maluna kela moku kela (mea) wau kokua.,Kela\thaole\tmaluna\tkela\tmoku\t[kela\tmea\twau\tkokua].,DET\twhite.person\tupon\tDET\tship\t[DET\tthing\t1SG\thelp],It was the white person aboard the ship whom I helped.,,,,naturalistic written -72-2,72,An kengkaru i bin kilim kurrupartuyawung dat karungku.,An\tkengkaru\ti\tbin\tkil-im\tkurrupartu-yawung\tdat\tkaru-ngku.,and\tkangaroo\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\thit-TR\tboomerang-COM\tthe\tchild-ERG,And it was the kangaroo that the kid hit with a boomerang.,,,,peer elicitation -72-9,72,Dei bin kayikayi ngayu dem karuwalijangku nyawarrattu.,Dei\tbin\tkayikayi\tngayu\tdem\tkaru-walija-ngku\tnyawa-rrat-tu.,3PL.SBJ\tPST\tchase\t1SG\tthose\tchild-PAUC-ERG\tthis-PL-ERG,"They chased me, that mob of kids.",,,,narrative -72-133,72,Jirribala malyju dei gon warlakap jurlakayu.,Jirribala\tmalyju\tdei\tgon\twarlakap\tjurlaka-yu.,three\tboy\t3PL.SBJ\tgo\tlook.around\tbird-DAT,"The three boys, they go looking around for birds.",,,,naturalistic spoken -72-134,72,LS im gon jarrpip KBjawung.,LS\tim\tgon\tjarrpip\tKB-jawung.,LS\t3SG\tgo\tpick.up\tKB-COM,Lisa is walking with Kayne in her arms.,,,2a242024123a4295a342da833ddf3f46,naturalistic spoken -73-46,73,isti,isti,this,this,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-74,73,"sikyera kargabullaish, pero komingabullaish dachun, sikyera para komir","sikyera\tkarga-bu-lla-ish,\tpero\tkomi-nga-bu-lla-ish\tda-chun,\tsikyera\tpara\tkomir",perhaps\tload-BEN-DELIM-ADD\tbut\teat-NMLZ-BEN-DELIM-ADD\tgive-3.HORT\tperhaps\tfor\teat,"Let them give the food for a load or to eat, perhaps to eat.",,,,naturalistic spoken -73-98,73,kuyigunada enkargachun zindo binini,kuyi-guna-da\tenkarga-chun\tzi-ndo\tbini-ni,guinea.pig-PL-ACC\thand.over-3.HORT\tsay-SUBORD\tcome-1SG,I come wanting him to hand over the guinea pigs (to me). OR: I come saying let him hand over the guinea pigs.,,,,naturalistic spoken -73-118,73,waka,waka,cow,cow,,,,naturalistic spoken -74-45,74,latáb,latáb,table,"table, the table",,,,constructed by linguist -74-46,74,uk-man ya-tl'kup lup,uk-man\tya-tl'kup\tlup,the-man\t3SG-cut\trope,The man cuts a rope.,,,,constructed by linguist -74-47,74,uk-man,uk-man,that-man,"the man, the men",,,,constructed by linguist -74-56,74,ixt man,ixt\tman,one\tman,one man,,,,constructed by linguist -74-57,74,ílëp man,ílëp\tman,in.front\tman,the first man,,,,constructed by linguist -74-72,74,álta náyka mákmak,álta\tnáyka\tmákmak,now\t1SG\teat,I'm eating (at the moment).,,,,constructed by linguist -74-74,74,álta náyka mákmak,álta\tnáyka\tmákmak,now\t1SG\teat,I’m eating (at the moment).,,,,constructed by linguist -74-86,74,wik,wik,NEG,"don’t, not",,,,narrative -74-101,74,latít sik,latít\tsik,head\tsick,headache,,,,narrative -74-102,74,tq’iX,tq’iX,like/want/wish,to want,,,,narrative -74-104,74,kwas,kwas,fear,to fear,,,,narrative -74-117,74,kápa uk ílihi,kápa\tuk\tílihi,PREP\tthe\tearth,on the ground,,,,narrative -74-131,74,hal,hal,pull,to pull,,,,narrative -74-154,74,man t'kup rup,man\tt'kup\trup,man\tcut\trope,The man cuts the ROPE (with emphasis in voice).,,,,constructed by linguist -74-188,74,munk hêm,munk\thêm,smell\tsmell,to smell,,,,narrative -75-130,75,Kiiatoshkaheewak parey skom aen nisklaav.,Kii-atoshka-h-eew-ak\tparey\tskom\taen\tnisklaav.,PST-work-CAUS-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-PL\tlike\tas\ta\tslave,They made her work like a slave.,,,,naturalistic spoken -75-198,75,La bwet mishaw.,La\tbwet\tmisha-w.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tbox\tbe.big.INAN-3,The box is big.,,,,naturalistic written -75-214,75,"Namoya, niya nipaapaa kaapeekiyokeet.","Namoya, niya ni-paapaa kaa-pee-kiyokee-t.",no (C) 1SG (C) 1SG-father (C) COMP-come-visit.TR.ANIM-3 (C),"No, MY father came to visit.",,,,elicited from speaker -75-215,75,Asheehkiiweepahtaw aan baa aendookitotaat onhin.,Ashee-kiiwee-pahta-w\taan\tbaa\taen-doo-kitot-aat\tonhin.,back-go.home-run-3\tLOC\tdown\tCOMP-go.and-speak-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEM.PL,"She ran back downstairs, to go and talk to them.",,,,naturalistic spoken -76-39,76,ōmē'lik aipaña,ōmē'lik\taipaña,captain\tsecond,the first mate,,,,reconstructed by documentalist -2-318,2,Yu musu abi wan sani fu e gi en fu a hori en srefi bezig.,Yu musu abi wan sani fu e gi en fu a hori en srefi bezig.,2SG must have one thing to IPFV give 3SG for 3SG keep herself busy,You must have something to keep giving her so that she can keep busy'.,,,,naturalistic spoken -36-171,36,thamano,,,six,,,, -12-293,12,happen,,,happen,,,, -12-294,12,doc,,,doc(tor),,,, -12-295,12,"picnic, pray",,,"picnic, pray",,,, -12-296,12,belly,,,belly,,,, -12-297,12,bit,,,bit,,,, -12-298,12,"time, tree, ting",,,"time, tree, thing",,,, -12-299,12,"doc, de",,,"doc(tor), the",,,, -12-300,12,"come, cry",,,"come, cry",,,, -12-301,12,grow,,,grow,,,, -12-302,12,child,,,child,,,, -12-303,12,bridge,,,bridge,,,, -12-304,12,four,,,four,,,, -12-305,12,"dive, vine",,,"dive, vine",,,, -12-306,12,that,,,that,,,, -12-307,12,see,,,see,,,, -12-308,12,nose,,,nose,,,, -12-309,12,she,,,she,,,, -12-310,12,television,,,television,,,, -12-311,12,he,,,he,,,, -12-312,12,sometime,,,sometimes,,,, -12-313,12,drown,,,drown,,,, -12-314,12,bring,,,bring,,,, -12-315,12,laugh,,,laugh,,,, -12-316,12,"yes, cyan",,,"yes, can't",,,, -12-317,12,water,,,water,,,, -12-318,12,"tip, happy",,,"tip, happy",,,, -12-319,12,ain't,,,hasn't/isn't etc.,,,, -12-320,12,"yet, dead",,,"yet, dead",,,, -12-321,12,rap,,,rap,,,, -12-322,12,"happen, the",,,"happen, the",,,, -12-323,12,rap,,,rap,,,, -12-324,12,"put, look",,,"put, look",,,, -12-325,12,"probably, pump",,,"probably, pump",,,, -12-326,12,water,,,water,,,, -12-327,12,thing,,,thing,,,, -12-328,12,beach,,,beach,,,, -12-329,12,"laugh, start",,,"laugh, start",,,, -12-330,12,scoop,,,scoop,,,, -12-331,12,"gone, John",,,"gone, John",,,, -12-332,12,rap,,,rap,,,, -12-333,12,"nurse, bird, earl",,,"nurse, bird, earl",,,, -9-215,9,prizn,,,prison,,,, -9-216,9,krab; taak,,,"crab, talk",,,, -9-217,9,bawt,,,about,,,, -9-218,9,sista,,,sister,,,, -9-219,9,disgos,,,disgust,,,, -9-220,9,gud,,,good,,,, -9-221,9,ʧap,,,chop,,,, -9-222,9,baʤ,,,barge,,,, -9-223,9,fayn,,,find,,,, -9-224,9,liv,,,live,,,, -9-225,9,si,,,see,,,, -9-226,9,ʃrimp,,,shrimp,,,, -9-227,9,trezha,,,treasure,,,, -9-228,9,man; taym,,,man; time,,,, -9-229,9,fayn; no,,,find; NEG,,,, -9-230,9,stiŋre,,,stingray,,,, -9-231,9,laya; ayl,,,lawyer; oil,,,, -9-232,9,laya; yu,,,lawyer; you,,,, -9-233,9,bway,,,boy,,,, -9-234,9,finga,,,finger,,,, -9-235,9,gen,,,against,,,, -9-236,9,dɛ,,,LOC,,,, -9-237,9,sikat,,,seacat,,,, -9-238,9,yu,,,you,,,, -9-239,9,ova,,,over,,,, -74-194,74,pi,,,and,,,, -74-195,74,kanim,,,canoe,,,, -74-196,74,phumphum - pumpum,,,drum,,,, -74-197,74,but,,,boat,,,, -74-198,74,tulu,,,to win,,,, -74-199,74,thi- ti,,,tea,,,, -74-200,74,dilay,,,dry,,,, -74-201,74,makwst,,,two,,,, -74-202,74,khilay - kilay,,,to weep,,,, -74-203,74,gris,,,grease,,,, -74-204,74,qiluq,,,swan,,,, -74-205,74,'aw (also aw),,,sibling,,,, -74-206,74,p'akpak,,,to thump,,,, -74-207,74,t'amanawas,,,guardian spirit,,,, -74-208,74,k'aw,,,to tie,,,, -74-209,74,uputs,,,tail,,,, -74-210,74,tSis,,,cold,,,, -74-211,74,tShis,,,cold,,,, -74-212,74,lidZab,,,devil,,,, -74-213,74,tS'uqan,,,to kick,,,, -74-214,74,self,,,self,,,, -74-215,74,san,,,"day, sun",,,, -74-216,74,tikshu,,,shoe,,,, -74-217,74,xuxu,,,to cough,,,, -74-218,74,Xawq'wal,,,impossible,,,, -74-219,74,hihi,,,to laugh,,,, -74-220,74,man,,,man,,,, -74-221,74,nus,,,nose,,,, -74-222,74,lalang,,,tongue,,,, -74-223,74,rup - lup,,,rope,,,, -74-224,74,lili,,,long time,,,, -74-225,74,jaka,,,"she, he",,,, -74-226,74,wam,,,warm,,,, -74-227,74,ina,,,beaver,,,, -74-228,74,bet,,,bed,,,, -74-229,74,ts'Em,,,to paint,,,, -74-230,74,qa,,,where?,,,, -74-231,74,pu,,,"to shoot, explode",,,, -74-232,74,sno,,,snow,,,, -74-233,74,kw'itkw'it,,,to pluck flowers,,,, -74-234,74,q'al,,,hard,,,, -74-235,74,ats,,,younger sister,,,, -74-236,74,ts'i,,,sweet,,,, -74-237,74,xwim,,,to fall down,,,, -74-238,74,Lun,,,three,,,, -74-239,74,ts'i: - ts'i,,,sweet,,,, -74-240,74,wa:m,,,warm,,,, -74-241,74,inapu:,,,louse,,,, -76-82,76,punipuni,,,coitus,,,, -76-83,76,keruk,,,wood,,,, -76-84,76,ababa,,,say,,,, -76-85,76,tautuk,,,"see, visit, hunt",,,, -76-86,76,teregandia,,,fox,,,, -76-87,76,artegi,,,coat,,,, -76-88,76,qaili,,,"come, bring",,,, -76-89,76,pit͡ʃuk,,,"no, not",,,, -76-90,76,tereva,,,"enough, finished",,,, -76-91,76,suli,,,"more, also, besides",,,, -76-92,76,ʃavik,,,knife,,,, -76-93,76,hanahana,,,to sew,,,, -76-94,76,mani,,,"here, hither",,,, -76-95,76,inuk,,,man,,,, -76-96,76,awoŋa,,,I,,,, -76-97,76,tusara,,,"understand, know",,,, -76-98,76,kilamik,,,quickly,,,, -76-99,76,mugwa,,,"this, these",,,, -76-100,76,iglu,,,house,,,, -76-101,76,elekta,,,"go, travel, run, fly",,,, -76-102,76,anauta,,,axe,,,, -76-103,76,tuktu,,,caribou,,,, -76-104,76,okio,,,winter,,,, -76-105,76,akɬuna,,,"steal, thief",,,, -38-215,38,pátu,,,bird,,,, -16-181,16,tɔp,,,top,,,, -16-182,16,stik,,,stick,,,, -16-183,16,phɔt,,,pot,,,, -16-184,16,bus,,,booze,,,, -16-185,16,pɔt,,,pot,,,, -16-186,16,thɔp,,,top,,,, -16-187,16,daũ,,,down,,,, -16-188,16,cif,,,chief,,,, -16-189,16,ɟɔb,,,job,,,, -16-190,16,khil,,,kill,,,, -16-191,16,giv,,,give,,,, -16-192,16,ʧɔp,,,"food, eat",,,, -16-193,16,ʤɔb,,,job,,,, -16-194,16,frɛn,,,friend,,,, -16-195,16,vat,,,VAT,,,, -16-196,16,soɟamã,,,soldier,,,, -16-197,16,zu,,,zoo,,,, -16-198,16,ʃit,,,shit,,,, -16-199,16,hɛlp,,,help,,,, -16-200,16,mɔda,,,mother,,,, -16-201,16,nɔt,,,north,,,, -16-202,16,ɲama,,,spoilt,,,, -16-203,16,briŋ,,,bring,,,, -16-204,16,rot,,,road,,,, -16-205,16,lait,,,light,,,, -16-206,16,jɛs,,,yes,,,, -16-207,16,wuman,,,woman,,,, -16-208,16,bi,,,"be, bee",,,, -16-209,16,bĩ,,,bean,,,, -16-210,16,nem,,,name,,,, -16-211,16,bɛd,,,bed,,,, -16-212,16,tɛ̃,,,ten,,,, -16-213,16,ka,,,car,,,, -16-214,16,kã,,,come,,,, -16-215,16,spũ,,,spoon,,,, -16-216,16,bot,,,boat,,,, -16-217,16,bɔn,,,give.birth,,,, -16-218,16,kp͡lɛ̃,,,IDEOPHONE,,,, -16-219,16,gb͡ɔsɔŋ,,,Gborsong (name),,,, -16-220,16,gɔ̃,,,gun,,,, -16-221,16,siː,,,"see, sea",,,, -16-222,16,suːp,,,soup,,,, -16-223,16,ɹot,,,road,,,, -16-224,16,ʨɔp,,,"food, eat",,,, -16-225,16,ʥɔb,,,job,,,, -13-222,13,pis,,,piece,,,, -13-223,13,kʊk,,,cook,,,, -13-224,13,pʰis,,,piece,,,, -13-225,13,bin,,,bean,,,, -13-226,13,tu; trut,,,two; truth,,,, -13-227,13,thu,,,two,,,, -13-228,13,dadɪ; dɛ,,,daddy; there,,,, -13-229,13,baɖl,,,battle,,,, -13-230,13,cif; cɪlən,,,chief; children,,,, -13-231,13,ɟadn; ɟizəs,,,garden; Jesus,,,, -13-232,13,khʊk,,,cook,,,, -13-233,13,go,,,go,,,, -13-234,13,p’ɑɪn,,,pine,,,, -13-235,13,t’ɛk,,,take,,,, -13-236,13,k’ʊk,,,cook,,,, -13-237,13,tʃɛtʃ,,,church,,,, -13-238,13,iedʒ,,,age/edge,,,, -13-239,13,ɸɑl,,,fall,,,, -13-240,13,βeβ,,,wave,,,, -13-241,13,fɑl,,,fall,,,, -13-242,13,βev,,,wave,,,, -13-243,13,krɑs,,,cross,,,, -13-244,13,zamɪn,,,examine,,,, -13-245,13,ʃo; ʃoda,,,show; soda,,,, -13-246,13,hom,,,home,,,, -13-247,13,min,,,mean,,,, -13-248,13,no,,,know,,,, -13-249,13,ɲu; ɲɒŋ,,,new; young,,,, -13-250,13,lɑŋ,,,"long, along",,,, -13-251,13,brɑɾə; mɪɾl,,,brother; middle,,,, -13-252,13,liɾə,,,leader,,,, -13-253,13,jɛɾɪ,,,hear,,,, -13-254,13,pipl,,,people,,,, -13-255,13,pɪk,,,pick,,,, -13-256,13,neʃən,,,nation,,,, -13-257,13,hɛd,,,head,,,, -13-258,13,læs,,,last,,,, -13-259,13,mɪstə,,,Mister,,,, -13-260,13,flat,,,flat,,,, -13-261,13,jus,,,use,,,, -13-262,13,pʊt,,,put,,,, -13-263,13,mo,,,more,,,, -13-264,13,kɔnə,,,corner,,,, -13-265,13,hɑl,,,hall,,,, -13-266,13,mbila,,,(personal name),,,, -13-267,13,k͡paŋga,,,the remains after some destructive force,,,, -13-268,13,g͡bla,,,near,,,, -13-269,13,dɔ̃,,,down,,,, -13-270,13,bʌkɪt,,,bucket,,,, -13-271,13,ɲɒŋ,,,young,,,, -13-272,13,ɹɛd,,,red,,,, -49-368,49,pye,,,foot,,,, -49-369,49,kabann,,,bed,,,, -49-370,49,bay,,,to give,,,, -49-371,49,tonton,,,uncle,,,, -49-372,49,dezafi,,,cockfight,,,, -49-373,49,lougawou,,,werewolf,,,, -49-374,49,tsetse,,,tsetse fly,,,, -49-375,49,tchoul; tchatcha,,,"tourist guide, servant; maracas",,,, -49-376,49,djak,,,"mess, disorder",,,, -49-377,49,fanmi; saf,,,immediate family; glutonnous,,,, -49-378,49,vant,,,"belly, stomach",,,, -49-379,49,saf; sezi; masisi,,,glutonnous; astonished; male homosexual,,,, -49-380,49,zòtolan,,,Cuban ground dove,,,, -49-381,49,chat; charitab; chapo,,,cat; generous; hat,,,, -49-382,49,jaden; jako; janm,,,cultivated field; parrot; leg,,,, -49-383,49,rat; mari; vre; frè,,,rat; husband; true; brother,,,, -49-384,49,hoholi; hèl; hou,,,sesame; scream; hoe,,,, -49-385,49,lanm; mango; lafimen,,,wave; mango; smoke,,,, -49-386,49,nanm; nyaj; nouri; lanni,,,soul; cloud; wet nurse; anise,,,, -49-387,49,long; lang,,,long; tongue,,,, -49-388,49,lam; mal; maladi,,,wave; male; disease,,,, -49-389,49,peye; benyen; chay; yè,,,to pay (for); to bathe; load; yesterday,,,, -49-390,49,wè; nwè; fwèt,,,"to see; black, dark; whip",,,, -49-391,49,rayi; Inesko; jijiri,,,to hate; UNESCO; sesame,,,, -49-392,49,pinga,,,watch out for,,,, -49-393,49,uit; uisan,,,eight; eight hundred,,,, -49-394,49,bebe; lanbe,,,baby; to lick,,,, -49-395,49,pen; diven; renmen,,,bread; wine; to love,,,, -49-396,49,mè; pèz; bè; vè; vèt; lèd,,,mother superior; weight; butter; glass; green; ugly,,,, -49-397,49,chabrak,,,saddle blanket,,,, -49-398,49,zanmi; lanman,,,friend; nightshade (common med. plant),,,, -49-399,49,poupou; foufou; oungan; oubyen,,,stool; pufferfish; voodoo priest; or else (conj.),,,, -49-400,49,ounsi,,,"consecrated assistant to an ""oungan""",,,, -49-401,49,ochan; bokit,,,anthem; bucket,,,, -49-402,49,bafon; vonvon; vonvonnen,,,hollow; flying beetle; to buzz,,,, -49-403,49,pòch; wòch; lòk,,,pocket; stone; strong purgative,,,, -49-404,49,tonton,,,uncle,,,, -26-142,26,papa,,,papa,,,, -26-143,26,nɛk,,,neck,,,, -26-144,26,papa,,,papa,,,, -26-145,26,baɾɪ,,,body,,,, -26-146,26,dat,,,that,,,, -26-147,26,tu,,,to,,,, -26-148,26,dat,,,that,,,, -26-149,26,gaɪ,,,guy,,,, -26-150,26,raɪʔ,,,write,,,, -26-151,26,ʧip,,,chip,,,, -26-152,26,ʤriŋk,,,drink,,,, -26-153,26,fiʃ,,,fish,,,, -26-154,26,vɔlkænɔ,,,volcano,,,, -26-155,26,wið,,,with,,,, -26-156,26,ɾis,,,this,,,, -26-157,26,diz,,,this,,,, -26-158,26,fiʃ,,,fish,,,, -26-159,26,hu:,,,who,,,, -26-160,26,mama,,,mama,,,, -26-161,26,wɛn,,,when,,,, -26-162,26,ʤriŋk,,,drink,,,, -26-163,26,raɪʔ,,,write,,,, -26-164,26,ɾis,,,this,,,, -26-165,26,lav,,,love,,,, -26-166,26,ji,,,you,,,, -26-167,26,wɛn,,,when,,,, -26-168,26,ɾis,,,this,,,, -26-169,26,raɪʔ,,,write,,,, -26-170,26,keɪm,,,came,,,, -26-171,26,wɛn,,,when,,,, -26-172,26,læn,,,land,,,, -26-173,26,fə˞s,,,first,,,, -26-174,26,da,,,the,,,, -26-175,26,ulua,,,ulua (type of fish),,,, -26-176,26,haʊs,,,house,,,, -26-177,26,ago,,,ago,,,, -26-178,26,dɔg,,,dog,,,, -26-179,26,bɛli:v,,,believe,,,, -26-180,26,wɛ:,,,where,,,, -26-181,26,hæpɛn,,,happen,,,, -26-182,26,a:r,,,our,,,, -26-183,26,hu:,,,who,,,, -26-184,26,rɔ:,,,raw,,,, -8-198,8,pudn,,,pudding,,,, -8-199,8,kalij,,,college,,,, -8-200,8,bami,,,a cassava bread,,,, -8-201,8,tiks,,,a tick,,,, -8-202,8,dopi,,,ghost,,,, -8-203,8,goli,,,gully,,,, -8-204,8,botn,,,button,,,, -8-205,8,choch,,,church,,,, -8-206,8,mieja,,,to measure,,,, -8-207,8,feda,,,feather,,,, -8-208,8,van,,,van,,,, -8-209,8,sinieli,,,snail,,,, -8-210,8,zela,,,a wake for the dead,,,, -8-211,8,shaachij,,,shortage,,,, -8-212,8,plezha,,,pleasure,,,, -8-213,8,hit,,,to hit,,,, -8-214,8,magij,,,maggot,,,, -8-215,8,nomba,,,number,,,, -8-216,8,nyam,,,to eat,,,, -8-217,8,sang,,,song,,,, -8-218,8,laiyad,,,liar,,,, -8-219,8,yampi,,,a small variety of yam,,,, -8-220,8,wala,,,wallow,,,, -8-221,8,ihn,,,"he, she",,,, -8-222,8,migl,,,middle,,,, -8-223,8,ded,,,dead,,,, -8-224,8,wehn,,,anterior marker,,,, -8-225,8,wan,,,one,,,, -8-226,8,pahn,,,(up)on,,,, -8-227,8,suhn,,,soon,,,, -8-228,8,dukunu,,,a kind of pudding,,,, -8-229,8,ogli,,,ugly,,,, -8-230,8,sohn,,,some,,,, -8-231,8,miin,,,mean,,,, -8-232,8,baat,,,bath,,,, -8-233,8,buut,,,boot,,,, -64-239,64,bit ~ pit,,,girl,,,, -64-240,64,kalám,,,"word, speech, language, discourse",,,, -64-241,64,nesibát ~ nesipát,,,sisters-in-law,,,, -64-242,64,táni,,,"second, again",,,, -64-243,64,béled [’belet],,,country,,,, -64-244,64,iʈa,,,2SG,,,, -64-245,64,hája [’haɟa],,,"thing, stuff",,,, -64-246,64,gálam,,,pen,,,, -64-247,64,kuɓá,,,sister-in-law,,,, -64-248,64,zówju [’zowd͡ʒu],,,to marry,,,, -64-249,64,fáham,,,coal,,,, -64-250,64,sába,,,seven,,,, -64-251,64,zaríba,,,cattle fence,,,, -64-252,64,kamsa [’xamsa],,,five,,,, -64-253,64,tagalíd [taɣa’lid],,,tradition,,,, -64-254,64,henák [e’nak],,,over there,,,, -64-255,64,molódo,,,hoe,,,, -64-256,64,nádi,,,club,,,, -64-257,64,ɲerkúk,,,"child, boy",,,, -64-258,64,ŋelí,,,ŋelí,,,, -64-259,64,rájil,,,"man, husband",,,, -64-260,64,lon,,,color,,,, -64-261,64,yába ['jaba],,,old man,,,, -64-262,64,wáhid,,,one,,,, -64-263,64,bi,,,mood marker,,,, -64-264,64,kabír [kab’ɪr],,,big,,,, -64-265,64,be,,,by (instrumental),,,, -64-266,64,medéresa [mɛ’dɛrɛsa],,,school,,,, -64-267,64,kúruju [’kərəju],,,to cultivate,,,, -64-268,64,wa,,,and,,,, -64-269,64,úo,,,"he, she",,,, -64-270,64,kom,,,heap,,,, -64-271,64,kóre [’kɔre],,,to cy,,,, -64-272,64,kwesín [kwes’iːn],,,"fine, good (pl.)",,,, -64-273,64,de [deː],,,demonstrative pronoun,,,, -64-274,64,zéy [’zɛːy],,,like,,,, -64-275,64,insán [in’sːan],,,human being,,,, -64-276,64,kúra [’kuːra],,,ball,,,, -64-277,64,yom [yoːm],,,day,,,, -64-278,64,kóre [kɔːre],,,to cry,,,, -60-177,60,penzá,,,really,,,, -60-178,60,mókó,,,one,,,, -60-179,60,básí,,,women,,,, -60-180,60,tóngó,,,morning,,,, -60-181,60,ndáko,,,house,,,, -60-182,60,kogúmba,,,ko-gúmb-a (to fold),,,, -60-183,60,kofúta,,,to pay,,,, -60-184,60,kovímba,,,to swell,,,, -60-185,60,sósó,,,chicken,,,, -60-186,60,zándo,,,market,,,, -60-187,60,Kinshása [kinʃasa],,,Kinshasa,,,, -60-188,60,Jean,,,Jean,,,, -60-189,60,litáma,,,cheek,,,, -60-190,60,komóna,,,ko-món-a (to see),,,, -60-191,60,ko-bóng-a [koboŋga],,,INF-be.in.order-FV (to be in order),,,, -60-192,60,barrage,,,dam,,,, -60-193,60,lopángo,,,parcel,,,, -60-194,60,kokwéya,,,to fall,,,, -60-195,60,kodóndwa,,,to jump,,,, -60-196,60,kofínga,,,to insult,,,, -60-197,60,ebendé,,,iron bar,,,, -60-198,60,lopángo,,,parcel,,,, -60-199,60,mosuni,,,meat,,,, -60-200,60,lopángo,,,parcel,,,, -60-201,60,mbóka,,,village,,,, -60-202,60,ndáko,,,house,,,, -60-203,60,mongóngó,,,throat,,,, -60-204,60,nzoku,,,elephant,,,, -53-418,53,piti; trape; sip,,,child; to catch; cypress tree,,,, -53-419,53,kat,,,four,,,, -53-420,53,to; piti; bat,,,you; child; to beat,,,, -53-421,53,done; gade; kad,,,to give; to look at; frame,,,, -53-422,53,gou,,,taste,,,, -53-423,53,piti [pitsi],,,child,,,, -53-424,53,tchòkòt,,,hair bun,,,, -53-425,53,djab,,,devil,,,, -53-426,53,fen,,,hunger/hungry,,,, -53-427,53,vè,,,green,,,, -53-428,53,sè,,,sister,,,, -53-429,53,dezè,,,field,,,, -53-430,53,chyen,,,dog,,,, -53-431,53,jenn,,,young,,,, -53-432,53,hale,,,"pull, haul",,,, -53-433,53,mo,,,1SG,,,, -53-434,53,nouzòt,,,1PL,,,, -53-435,53,lalign,,,fishing line,,,, -53-436,53,nepenng,,,pin,,,, -53-437,53,rouj,,,red,,,, -53-438,53,li,,,3SG,,,, -53-439,53,paye,,,"spread, scatter",,,, -53-440,53,wawaron,,,bullfrog,,,, -53-441,53,piti,,,child,,,, -53-442,53,siyen,,,to sign,,,, -53-443,53,puni,,,punish,,,, -53-444,53,"kidni, ich",,,"kidney, just",,,, -53-445,53,fe,,,"do, make",,,, -53-446,53,frè,,,brother,,,, -53-447,53,fen,,,hunger/hungry,,,, -53-448,53,pæ,,,father,,,, -53-449,53,sa,,,this/that,,,, -53-450,53,disan,,,blood,,,, -53-451,53,kou,,,neck,,,, -53-452,53,mounn,,,person,,,, -53-453,53,do,,,back,,,, -53-454,53,fò,,,strong,,,, -53-455,53,mwa,,,month,,,, -53-456,53,diri [dziri],,,rice,,,, -53-457,53,pon,,,bridge,,,, -53-458,53,peu,,,small quantity,,,, -53-459,53,soeur,,,sister,,,, -4-202,4,peeti,,,plate,,,, -4-203,4,kalu,,,corn,,,, -4-204,4,bata(a),,,bottle,,,, -4-205,4,tetei,,,rope,,,, -4-206,4,doki,,,dive,,,, -4-207,4,kwinsi,,,press out,,,, -4-208,4,goni,,,gun,,,, -4-209,4,tyobo,,,dirty,,,, -4-210,4,dyombo,,,jump,,,, -4-211,4,faya,,,fire,,,, -4-212,4,avo,,,ancestor,,,, -4-213,4,sautu,,,salt,,,, -4-214,4,mazonzon,,,brain,,,, -4-215,4,pasi,,,path,,,, -4-216,4,how,,,machete,,,, -4-217,4,mofu,,,mouth,,,, -4-218,4,nangaa,,,nail,,,, -4-219,4,nyan,,,eat,,,, -4-220,4,lon,,,run,,,, -4-221,4,lutu,,,root,,,, -4-222,4,yali,,,year,,,, -4-223,4,wata(a),,,water,,,, -4-224,4,igi,,,egg,,,, -4-225,4,te,,,"until, when",,,, -4-226,4,ana,,,arm/hand,,,, -4-227,4,uku,,,fishing rod,,,, -4-228,4,ogi(i),,,"ugly, bad",,,, -4-229,4,mboma,,,type of snake,,,, -4-230,4,kpolon,,,finish (ideophone),,,, -4-231,4,gbagba,,,regenerated forest,,,, -4-232,4,dii,,,three,,,, -4-233,4,tee,,,tail,,,, -4-234,4,bakaa,,,European,,,, -4-235,4,buulu,,,blood,,,, -4-236,4,foo,,,bird,,,, -17-217,17,pìkín,,,child,,,, -17-218,17,àkàrá,,,bean fritter,,,, -17-219,17,àbí,,,POLAR QUESTION PARTICLE,,,, -17-220,17,kpàtàkpátá,,,completely,,,, -17-221,17,dòdó,,,fried ripe plantain,,,, -17-222,17,kwanu,,,PCL,,,, -17-223,17,Kay!,,,INTERJ,,,, -17-224,17,gàri,,,dried grated fermented cassava,,,, -17-225,17,A’a!,,,expression of dissaproval,,,, -17-226,17,chuk,,,to pierce,,,, -17-227,17,Chay!,,,INTERJ,,,, -17-228,17,jàgbàjántis,,,junk,,,, -17-229,17,nyàfùnyáfú,,,to be plenty,,,, -17-230,17,muv,,,to move,,,, -17-231,17,sàbi,,,to know,,,, -17-232,17,zàwáy,,,sharply (ideophone),,,, -17-233,17,shèbí,,,POLAR QUESTION PARTICLE,,,, -17-234,17,ògógòrògó,,,bootleg whisky,,,, -17-235,17,hyar,,,to hear,,,, -17-236,17,àkàmú,,,pap,,,, -17-237,17,ógbònó,,,seed for making soup,,,, -17-238,17,nyash,,,buttocks,,,, -17-239,17,tong,,,tongue,,,, -17-240,17,rays,,,rice,,,, -17-241,17,folo,,,to accompany someone,,,, -17-242,17,yabas,,,cleverness,,,, -17-243,17,waya,,,be difficult,,,, -17-244,17,ti,,,any hot drink,,,, -17-245,17,sing,,,to sing,,,, -17-246,17,jìbìtí,,,cunning,,,, -17-247,17,se,,,COMP,,,, -17-248,17,rìmén,,,remain,,,, -17-249,17,bèle,,,belly,,,, -17-250,17,Ehen!,,,expression of affirmation,,,, -17-251,17,kàtàkátá,,,mess,,,, -17-252,17,nyam,,,yam,,,, -17-253,17,chyu,,,consume protein,,,, -17-254,17,mun,,,moon,,,, -17-255,17,nyàfùnyàfú,,,to be plenty,,,, -17-256,17,òkpòrókpó,,,dried fish,,,, -17-257,17,bon,,,bone,,,, -17-258,17,kòni,,,cunning,,,, -17-259,17,kukamba,,,cucumber,,,, -17-260,17,kpákpá,,,COMPL,,,, -17-261,17,àgbà,,,lady,,,, -17-262,17,kom,,,REALIS,,,, -17-263,17,Nà mi!,,,HL 1SG ‘It is I!’,,,, -17-264,17,Nà mà pe!,,,HL 1SG.POSS pay ‘It’s my pay!’,,,, -17-265,17,I get bèle!,,,3SG.SBJ have belly ‘She is pregnant!’,,,, -17-266,17,Nà wa!,,,HL INTERJ ‘Wow!’,,,, -17-267,17,Nà yu!,,,HL 2SG ‘It is you!’,,,, -17-268,17,Nà wa o!,,,HL INTERJ REALIS ‘Wow!’,,,, -17-269,17,Nà wo!,,,HL war ‘It’s war!’,,,, -48-212,48,ripué,,,afterwords,,,, -48-213,48,loko,,,crazy,,,, -48-214,48,akabá,,,to finish,,,, -48-215,48,mandá,,,to send,,,, -48-216,48,kwando,,,when,,,, -48-217,48,mango,,,mango,,,, -48-218,48,laggo,,,"long, far",,,, -48-219,48,China,,,China,,,, -48-220,48,yo,,,I,,,, -48-221,48,fuego,,,fire,,,, -48-222,48,labio,,,lips,,,, -48-223,48,familia,,,family,,,, -48-224,48,adió,,,goodbye,,,, -48-225,48,kasa,,,house,,,, -48-226,48,jamá,,,never,,,, -48-227,48,lago,,,lake,,,, -48-228,48,hecho,,,"done, made",,,, -48-229,48,kama,,,bed,,,, -48-230,48,sona,,,"zone, area",,,, -48-231,48,año,,,year,,,, -48-232,48,sin,,,without,,,, -48-233,48,perro rabioso,,,dog angry 'angry dog',,,, -48-234,48,karo,,,expensive,,,, -48-235,48,kala,,,face,,,, -48-236,48,yamá,,,to call,,,, -48-237,48,webo,,,egg,,,, -48-238,48,pila,,,pile,,,, -48-239,48,pie,,,foot,,,, -48-240,48,pelo,,,dog (Sp. perro),,,, -48-241,48,kala,,,face (Sp. cara),,,, -48-242,48,kusa,,,thing (Sp. cosa),,,, -48-243,48,suelo,,,ground,,,, -48-244,48,lo,,,it,,,, -48-245,48,mboka,,,mouth,,,, -48-246,48,ngato,,,cat,,,, -48-247,48,ndá,,,to give,,,, -48-248,48,seddo,,,pig (Sp. cerdo),,,, -48-249,48,kabbo,,,bald (Sp. calvo),,,, -48-250,48,laggo,,,"long, large (Sp. largo)",,,, -48-251,48,kalma,,,calm,,,, -48-252,48,Kalla,,,Carla,,,, -48-253,48,Matta,,,Marta,,,, -48-254,48,kappa,,,carp,,,, -48-255,48,takko,,,"tinsel, talcum",,,, -48-256,48,Minna,,,Mirna,,,, -70-83,70,pio,,,drink,,,, -70-84,70,kana,,,food,,,, -70-85,70,banao,,,make,,,, -70-86,70,tum,,,2SG,,,, -70-87,70,deo,,,give,,,, -70-88,70,gora,,,horse,,,, -70-89,70,aca,,,good,,,, -70-90,70,jao,,,go,,,, -70-91,70,fiftin,,,fifteen,,,, -70-92,70,soco,,,think,,,, -70-93,70,ciz,,,thing,,,, -70-94,70,ham,,,1SG,,,, -70-95,70,nai,,,NEG,,,, -70-96,70,loŋ,,,"people, PL",,,, -70-97,70,karo,,,do,,,, -70-98,70,larika,,,boy,,,, -70-99,70,yar,,,"friend, mate",,,, -70-100,70,wari,,,worry,,,, -70-101,70,kitna,,,"how many, how much",,,, -70-102,70,ek,,,one,,,, -70-103,70,bat,,,talk,,,, -70-104,70,tum,,,2SG,,,, -70-105,70,kon,,,who,,,, -37-213,37,posan,,,town,,,, -37-214,37,kaxi,,,house,,,, -37-215,37,baa,,,to burn,,,, -37-216,37,utabu,,,"plank, board",,,, -37-217,37,udedu,,,finger,,,, -37-218,37,gunia,,,agony,,,, -37-219,37,uɓuɗu,,,stone,,,, -37-220,37,tximbi,,,hatred,,,, -37-221,37,fêzê,,,to do,,,, -37-222,37,vani,,,to winnow (e.g. rice),,,, -37-223,37,usuva,,,rain,,,, -37-224,37,kaza,,,to marry,,,, -37-225,37,xinku,,,five,,,, -37-226,37,mêsê,,,to want,,,, -37-227,37,nina,,,to hurt (of teeth),,,, -37-228,37,nhen,,,to press,,,, -37-229,37,lunge,,,language,,,, -37-230,37,ôrôkô,,,small mouse,,,, -37-231,37,lêlê,,,to follow,,,, -37-232,37,yôlô,,,"to untie (shoes), to undo",,,, -37-233,37,wanga,,,"to drizzle, to spill",,,, -37-234,37,iku,,,garbage,,,, -37-235,37,imin,,,corn,,,, -37-236,37,gêêza,,,church,,,, -37-237,37,akpên,,,kind of small turtle,,,, -37-238,37,afe,,,faith,,,, -37-239,37,umwen,,,sea,,,, -37-240,37,ufaka,,,knife,,,, -37-241,37,posan,,,city,,,, -37-242,37,udumu,,,mortar,,,, -37-243,37,sun,,,mister,,,, -37-244,37,pôtô,,,"port, harbour",,,, -37-245,37,bôn,,,good,,,, -37-246,37,poto,,,door,,,, -37-247,37,ukpaka,,,"skin, bark",,,, -37-248,37,igbê,,,body,,,9aebb334fe7ab89fd6d091e1f47c320c, -37-249,37,gomon,,,to germinate,,,, -54-252,54,papa,,,father,,,, -54-253,54,ker,,,heart,,,, -54-254,54,baba,,,baby,,,, -54-255,54,tonton,,,uncle,,,, -54-256,54,dan,,,tooth,,,, -54-257,54,garson,,,son,,,, -54-258,54,'ale,,,to pull,,,, -54-259,54,tsi,,,small,,,, -54-260,54,fasil,,,easy,,,, -54-261,54,vit,,,quickly,,,, -54-262,54,sante,,,to sing,,,, -54-263,54,zanvye,,,January,,,, -54-264,54,chante,,,to sing,,,, -54-265,54,janvye,,,January,,,, -54-266,54,manze,,,to eat,,,, -54-267,54,naze,,,to swim,,,, -54-268,54,manyer,,,manner(s),,,, -54-269,54,mang,,,mango,,,, -54-270,54,larm,,,tear,,,, -54-271,54,pye,,,foot,,,, -54-272,54,dwa,,,finger,,,, -54-273,54,li,,,bed,,,, -54-274,54,lun,,,moon,,,, -54-275,54,me,,,May,,,, -54-276,54,syel,,,sky,,,, -54-277,54,men,,,hand,,,, -54-278,54,lë zour,,,the day,,,, -54-279,54,ka,,,case,,,, -54-280,54,kan,,,when,,,, -54-281,54,zou,,,cheek,,,, -54-282,54,mo,,,word,,,, -54-283,54,kol,,,glue,,,, -54-284,54,dzir,,,hard,,,, -54-285,54,mon,,,my,,,, -54-286,54,lir,,,to read,,,, -54-287,54,dur,,,hard,,,, -54-288,54,mer,,,sea,,,, -54-289,54,zour,,,day,,,, -54-290,54,mor,,,dead,,,, -54-291,54,kar,,,quarter,,,, -54-292,54,rouz,,,red,,,, -54-293,54,cheuveu,,,hair,,,, -54-294,54,un kapor,,,a strong man,,,, -54-295,54,asteur,,,now,,,, -59-387,59,papa,,,spoon,,,, -59-388,59,ka,,,"wound, sore",,,, -59-389,59,be,,,"liver, heart",,,, -59-390,59,ta,,,pot,,,, -59-391,59,da,,,house,,,, -59-392,59,kwe,,,all,,,, -59-393,59,gwe,,,to go,,,, -59-394,59,hinga,,,know,,,, -59-395,59,ti,,,of,,,, -59-396,59,zo,,,"person, human being",,,, -59-397,59,fa,,,to show,,,, -59-398,59,vo,,,to buy,,,, -59-399,59,sese,,,"earth, ground",,,, -59-400,59,ze,,,leopard,,,, -59-401,59,sioni,,,bad,,,, -59-402,59,zia,,,"to put, leave",,,, -59-403,59,hinga,,,to know,,,, -59-404,59,me,,,ear,,,, -59-405,59,na,,,"on, at, etc.",,,, -59-406,59,nyon',,,to drink,,,, -59-407,59,tongana,,,when,,,, -59-408,59,giriri,,,a long time ago,,,, -59-409,59,tere,,,body,,,, -59-410,59,lo,,,3SG 'he/she',,,, -59-411,59,yi,,,thing,,,, -59-412,59,wa,,,fire,,,, -59-413,59,bi,,,night,,,, -59-414,59,inon',,,urine,,,, -59-415,59,keke,,,tree,,,, -59-416,59,leke,,,"to fix, make",,,, -59-417,59,fen',,,odor,,,, -59-418,59,tongana,,,when,,,, -59-419,59,bamara,,,lion,,,, -59-420,59,han',,,to ponder,,,, -59-421,59,du,,,hole,,,, -59-422,59,fun',,,"to give off an odour, to smell",,,, -59-423,59,bongbi,,,"to gather, meet",,,, -59-424,59,toh,,,to cook by boiling,,,, -59-425,59,mbo,,,dog,,,, -59-426,59,kpo,,,"to stab, spear",,,, -59-427,59,gbi,,,to burn,,,, -59-428,59,diko,,,"to read, count",,,, -59-429,59,nyon',,,to drink,,,, -35-270,35,poto; klupa,,,door; guilt,,,b1747b8ccaad662271985bb1a049a1e9, -35-271,35,ôkô; kêsê,,,calabash; to forget,,,94fb1c5846be4c68b9cf66c817301aca, -35-272,35,têndê; mata,,,"to listen, to hear; to kill",,,534c116fad85f7cfef20b4483b1f64eb, -35-273,35,gôgô; angu,,,"to like, to love; mashed bananas",,,e588fcef07c48accc64ecfc353cbd94f, -35-274,35,bêbê; ôbô,,,to drink; wilderness,,,37e0aced3868e97462f741e3ab05ab74, -35-275,35,xintxi; txila,,,to feel; to take (out),,,074a5078bc5fa107ba261570435cd24b, -35-276,35,djandjan; mundja,,,quickly; to stop,,,7450303769743782592293771625e1d1, -35-277,35,fôfô; afe,,,to blow; faith,,,3bcdcd78a9d1173ae4c6681af94f22e5, -35-278,35,vin; vivê,,,wine; to live,,,60c1345a65c57ff896d8e13e67708cca, -35-279,35,sêbê; losa,,,to know; plantation,,,85c07687b37d6123532e58384c21c230, -35-280,35,zeme; izê,,,to moan; river shrimp,,,f26e106517c3341378336fe7b2327848, -35-281,35,xina; pixi,,,"to teach, to learn; fish",,,338b5fd0a8bb48ec1dc7f40991bfa912, -35-282,35,jijimpli; piji,,,"gums, ginger; to ask, to request",,,4f513cb964fe4892c7a07217da498507, -35-283,35,mêsê; lemu,,,"to want, to need; paddle",,,9736afef8e29fbce88aa1136a343d0d0, -35-284,35,nansê; unu,,,they; naked,,,159d4d70f3b0952c6b414004acd67db3, -35-285,35,panha; inhe,,,to catch; nail,,,c0747c6e5b869aa970e56c04d460ba91, -35-286,35,karu,,,car,,,0fb84946c90e738dd77d6588ff2bab6c, -35-287,35,lanta; mele,,,to stand up; honey,,,ed81ab293a6878309732bd4922ec87f9, -35-288,35,fya; tlapaya,,,leaf; to confuse,,,25897e7ac2a6f258545330ffb719e8d7, -35-289,35,wanga; bwê,,,"to scatter, to disperse; cow",,,440efadd2ae54a7fad25c9e5bd5dde70, -35-290,35,ikili; ligi,,,pad; to lift up',,,bbd01e96d7c8398ac60bcfa39fa7774a, -35-291,35,xintxi; min,,,to feel; maize,,,30350a21c9c7e6c8cdf75774097b4541, -35-292,35,Dêsu; kêlê,,,God; to believe,,,e3296a37f02efde7ebd9b95b8a6fdb0e, -35-293,35,bêndê,,,to sell,,,9f771954c75497761e94d2e9dc9a8e91, -35-294,35,eku; kume,,,echo; to eat,,,599334b9ede5029b3ae44c834f8b9292, -35-295,35,awa; mata,,,"water, river; to kill",,,73cba98f3a09e94ee5c82cd839bbf13c, -35-296,35,antê; tantan,,,until; grasshopper,,,7fe81d250bfc416472993d89a81df113, -35-297,35,uku; dumu,,,dirt; to pound,,,e35d8029eab6a0cd3212530482328b61, -35-298,35,untwe; mundja,,,fruit sp.; to stop,,,c29b2423139d99dd920b1b19949a2572, -35-299,35,ômê; fôlô,,,"middle; person of forro ethnicity, alternative name for the creole language",,,43d1ad90f1bff9d47c8766d4dce374ef, -35-300,35,kôkônja; kôndê,,,coco palm; to hide,,,171b46b1293aa918dd9615090dbeade9, -35-301,35,ome; golo,,,"man; to look for, to search",,,0eab3b3ea0746c1fbb7916963010c841, -35-302,35,mbila; mblôlô,,,grave; a fish species,,,, -35-303,35,gbagbô; gbêgbê,,,carapace of fish sp.; snail,,,350140d75e178b9a2c3ac44b4bcb8523, -35-304,35,dudu; gwada,,,jug 'to wait',,,1b99a41f40e5fb0842fc092aee99fc11, -35-305,35,alha; balha,,,"sand; to shake, to shuffle",,,ef1af1d390b28f62b402787f7db8794c, -56-239,56,pake,,,parcel,,,, -56-240,56,kontan,,,happy,,,, -56-241,56,bliye,,,to forget,,,, -56-242,56,zabitan,,,"inhabitant, neighbour",,,, -56-243,56,enterdi,,,forbidden,,,, -56-244,56,gra,,,fat,,,, -56-245,56,tinge,,,kind of dance,,,, -56-246,56,aca,,,good,,,, -56-247,56,jao,,,go,,,, -56-248,56,vilaz,,,village,,,, -56-249,56,zistwar,,,story,,,, -56-250,56,zannimo,,,animal,,,, -56-251,56,rouz,,,red,,,, -56-252,56,sa later > [h]a later,,,this soil,,,, -56-253,56,mizer,,,poor,,,, -56-254,56,nouvo,,,new,,,, -56-255,56,diny,,,dignified,,,, -56-256,56,long,,,long,,,, -56-257,56,esansyel,,,necessary,,,, -56-258,56,pye,,,foot,,,, -56-259,56,week-end,,,week-end,,,, -56-260,56,tris,,,sad,,,, -56-261,56,gete,,,to watch,,,, -56-262,56,byen,,,well,,,, -56-263,56,faks,,,fax,,,, -56-264,56,gran,,,"tall, large",,,, -56-265,56,ou,,,you (2SG),,,, -56-266,56,okipe,,,to take care of,,,, -56-267,56,tronpet,,,trombone,,,, -56-268,56,dir,,,to say,,,, -56-269,56,biy,,,"bullet, pellet, ball",,,, -56-270,56,per,,,afraid,,,, -56-271,56,tar,,,late,,,, -56-272,56,four,,,oven,,,, -56-273,56,bor,,,"border, side",,,, -67-240,67,pagi; apa; sedap,,,morning; what; tasty,,,, -67-241,67,kuda; pakai; banyak,,,horse; wear/use; many/much,,,, -67-242,67,baru/balu; lebeh/lebe,,,new/recently; more,,,, -67-243,67,tak/taʔ; tahan; dapat/lapat,,,not; endure; come,,,, -67-244,67,dapat/lapat; ada/ala; suda/sula,,,get; exist; already,,,, -67-245,67,gula; bagus,,,sugar; good,,,, -67-246,67,balik; duduk; tak,,,return; live; not,,,, -67-247,67,cari; aca,,,look for; pickles,,,, -67-248,67,jari; ajar,,,finger; teach/learn,,,, -67-249,67,suka; pasar; bagus,,,like; market; good,,,, -67-250,67,hantu; mahal; lebeh,,,ghost; expensive; more,,,, -67-251,67,mak; meja; jumpa; dalam,,,mother; table; meet; inside,,,, -67-252,67,nasi; enam; jantan; sabun,,,rice; six; male; soap,,,, -67-253,67,nyanyi; banyak,,,sing; many/much,,,, -67-254,67,ngantuk; bangsa; nangis; pusing,,,sleepy; nation; cry; revolve,,,, -67-255,67,ruma/luma; lari/lali,,,house; run,,,, -67-256,67,lama; lawan,,,old; attack,,,, -67-257,67,ya; dia,,,yes; he/she,,,, -67-258,67,wa; wang; dua,,,I; money; two,,,, -67-259,67,ini; sini; bintang; balik,,,this/these; here; star; return,,,, -67-260,67,esok; tengok; sate,,,tomorrow; look; stay,,,, -67-261,67,emas; belum; senang,,,gold; not yet; easy,,,, -67-262,67,ayam; apa; dapat,,,chicken; what; get,,,, -67-263,67,umur; sudah; itu; tunggu,,,age; already; this/those; wait,,,, -67-264,67,orang; boleh; tengok; bodo(h),,,person; can; look; stupid,,,, -44-202,44,pehro,,,dog,,,, -44-203,44,kása,,,house,,,, -44-204,44,bahra,,,Ternate,,,, -44-205,44,tentá,,,"to tease, to joke",,,, -44-206,44,kedá,,,"become, stay",,,, -44-207,44,agóra,,,now,,,, -44-208,44,úno,,,one,,,, -44-209,44,chabacano,,,Chabacano,,,, -44-210,44,jeep,,,jeep,,,, -44-211,44,sábe,,,"to know, intelligence",,,, -44-212,44,hugá,,,to play,,,, -44-213,44,mótro,,,we,,,, -44-214,44,biní,,,come,,,, -44-215,44,sunyá,,,to dream,,,, -44-216,44,mánga,,,PL,,,, -44-217,44,óru,,,gold,,,, -44-218,44,dáli,,,give,,,, -44-219,44,yo,,,1SG,,,, -44-220,44,wésu,,,bone,,,, -44-221,44,íha,,,daughter,,,, -44-222,44,pélo,,,hair,,,, -44-223,44,platiká,,,speak,,,, -44-224,44,únyas,,,"nail, nails",,,, -44-225,44,bo,,,2SG,,,, -44-226,44,pélu,,,hair,,,, -22-206,22,pik,,,pig,,,, -22-207,22,kaikai,,,"food, eat",,,, -22-208,22,bikpela,,,big,,,, -22-209,22,tok,,,talk,,,, -22-210,22,dok,,,dog,,,, -22-211,22,givim,,,give,,,, -22-212,22,ticha,,,teacher,,,, -22-213,22,fis,,,fish,,,, -22-214,22,givim,,,give,,,, -22-215,22,saksak,,,sago,,,, -22-216,22,shop,,,shop,,,, -22-217,22,haus,,,house,,,, -22-218,22,mama,,,mother,,,, -22-219,22,nait,,,night,,,, -22-220,22,samting,,,thing,,,, -22-221,22,rot,,,road,,,, -22-222,22,liklik,,,"small, little",,,, -22-223,22,yu,,,you,,,, -22-224,22,wanem,,,what,,,, -7-291,7,piiplo,,,people,,,, -7-292,7,kyalalu,,,calalloo,,,, -7-293,7,bada,,,worse; bother,,,, -7-294,7,tabangka,,,cuckolded,,,, -7-295,7,bada,,,worse; bother,,,, -7-296,7,goot,,,goat,,,, -7-297,7,buh,,,but,,,, -7-298,7,chi,,,tree,,,, -7-299,7,juhs,,,just,,,, -7-300,7,fait,,,fight,,,, -7-301,7,liiv,,,leave,,,, -7-302,7,sool,,,soul,,,, -7-303,7,iiz,,,ease,,,, -7-304,7,shaat,,,short,,,, -7-305,7,mezha,,,measure,,,, -7-306,7,houdi,,,howdy,,,, -7-307,7,mezha,,,measure,,,, -7-308,7,nyuuz,,,news,,,, -7-309,7,nyuuz,,,news,,,, -7-310,7,ting,,,thing,,,, -7-311,7,riid,,,read,,,, -7-312,7,miil,,,meal,,,, -7-313,7,yuuz,,,use,,,, -7-314,7,weit,,,wait,,,, -7-315,7,siin,,,scene,,,, -7-316,7,sik,,,sick,,,, -7-317,7,pe,,,pay,,,, -7-318,7,ein,,,isn’t that so,,,, -7-319,7,pen,,,pen,,,, -7-320,7,pan,,,on; pan,,,, -7-321,7,waan,,,want,,,, -7-322,7,nyu,,,new,,,, -7-323,7,bok,,,book,,,, -7-324,7,piis,,,piece,,,, -7-325,7,deiz,,,days,,,, -7-326,7,paat,,,path; part,,,, -7-327,7,shuuz,,,shoes,,,, -7-328,7,shoo,,,sure,,,, -43-143,43,porku,,,pig,,,, -43-144,43,bong,,,good,,,, -43-145,43,fita,,,ribbon,,,, -43-146,43,ondi,,,where,,,, -43-147,43,kadju,,,house,,,, -43-148,43,boga,,,heron,,,, -43-149,43,karanggedju,,,crab,,,, -43-150,43,kana,,,"reed, cane",,,, -43-151,43,kama,,,bed,,,, -43-152,43,oru,,,gold,,,, -43-153,43,kedju,,,cheese,,,, -43-154,43,dos,,,two,,,, -43-155,43,fala,,,to speak,,,, -43-156,43,kabelu,,,hair,,,, -43-157,43,irmang,,,"brother, sister",,,, -43-158,43,bos,,,you,,,, -43-159,43,oru,,,gold,,,, -43-160,43,chang,,,soil,,,, -43-161,43,faka,,,knife,,,, -43-162,43,korvu,,,jackdaw,,,, -43-163,43,finyu,,,fine,,,, -43-164,43,olu,,,eye,,,, -43-165,43,albër goyaba,,,guava tree,,,, -43-166,43,friw,,,cold,,,, -43-167,43,palabër,,,word,,,, -23-186,23,pem,,,pay,,,, -23-187,23,kukum,,,cook,,,, -23-188,23,buk,,,book,,,, -23-189,23,tanem,,,turn,,,, -23-190,23,danis,,,dance,,,, -23-191,23,garen,,,garden,,,, -23-192,23,jaj,,,judge,,,, -23-193,23,faev,,,five,,,, -23-194,23,daeva,,,dive,,,, -23-195,23,sarem,,,shut,,,, -23-196,23,resa,,,razor,,,, -23-197,23,ʃus,,,shoes,,,, -23-198,23,haos,,,house,,,, -23-199,23,masis,,,matches,,,, -23-200,23,nao,,,now,,,, -23-201,23,singsing,,,song; sing,,,, -23-202,23,ron,,,run,,,, -23-203,23,resis,,,race,,,, -23-204,23,luk,,,"see, look",,,, -23-205,23,yufala,,,you (plural),,,, -23-206,23,wota,,,water,,,, -23-207,23,tim,,,team,,,, -23-208,23,pisɪs,,,piece,,,, -23-209,23,fes,,,face; first,,,, -23-210,23,kafsaedɛm,,,over turn (< capsize),,,, -23-211,23,apɨl,,,apple,,,, -23-212,23,kukum,,,cook,,,, -23-213,23,rusʊm,,,roast,,,, -23-214,23,solwota,,,"ocean, sea (< salt water)",,,, -23-215,23,mɑmɑ,,,"mother, mama",,,, -30-253,30,pai,,,father [n],,,, -30-254,30,kánta,,,to sing,,,, -30-255,30,bádju,,,dance [n],,,, -30-256,30,tartaruga,,,turtle,,,, -30-257,30,dédu,,,finger [n],,,, -30-258,30,txuba,,,rain [n],,,, -30-259,30,djondjo,,,"to tie together, to connect",,,, -30-260,30,gádu,,,livestock,,,, -30-261,30,fésta,,,party [n],,,, -30-262,30,verdádi,,,truth,,,, -30-263,30,sabóla,,,onion,,,, -30-264,30,zóna,,,region,,,, -30-265,30,xinti,,,feel [v],,,, -30-266,30,jardin,,,garden [n],,,, -30-267,30,masan,,,apple [n],,,, -30-268,30,náda,,,nothing [indf pro],,,, -30-269,30,nheme,,,to chew,,,, -30-270,30,ngánu,,,error,,,, -30-271,30,raspósta,,,answer [n],,,, -30-272,30,léntu,,,slow [adj],,,, -30-273,30,máiu,,,May,,,, -30-274,30,káu,,,place [n],,,, -30-275,30,filis,,,lucky,,,, -30-276,30,fin,,,end [n],,,, -30-277,30,meiu,,,middle,,,, -30-278,30,ben,,,to come,,,, -30-279,30,médu,,,fear [n],,,, -30-280,30,lénsu,,,cloth,,,, -30-281,30,sabe,,,know [v],,,, -30-282,30,kása,,,house [n],,,, -30-283,30,masan,,,apple,,,, -30-284,30,kusa,,,thing,,,, -30-285,30,un,,,"[num] one, not a single",,,, -30-286,30,posa,,,well [n],,,, -30-287,30,bon,,,good,,,, -30-288,30,kóre,,,to run,,,, -30-289,30,nbrudja,,,to wrap,,,, -30-290,30,kónxa,,,shell [n],,,, -30-291,30,ilha,,,island,,,, -32-212,32,pai,,,father,,,, -32-213,32,bo,,,you,,,, -32-214,32,ten,,,to have,,,, -32-215,32,moska,,,fly,,,, -32-216,32,txorá,,,to cry,,,, -32-217,32,nunka,,,never,,,, -32-218,32,dju,,,stingy,,,, -32-219,32,kunkí,,,to knock,,,, -32-220,32,grand,,,big,,,, -32-221,32,sentá,,,to sit,,,, -32-222,32,mexê,,,to move,,,, -32-223,32,janéla,,,a window,,,, -32-224,32,fadiga,,,weariness,,,, -32-225,32,vaka,,,a cow,,,, -32-226,32,nha,,,my,,,, -32-227,32,lula,,,a squid,,,, -32-228,32,midj,,,corn,,,, -32-229,32,kabésa,,,a head,,,, -32-230,32,muzga,,,music,,,, -32-231,32,mon,,,hand,,,, -32-232,32,tres,,,three,,,, -32-233,32,mund,,,world,,,, -32-234,32,po,,,dust,,,, -32-235,32,rióla,,,gossip,,,, -32-236,32,káza,,,house,,,, -20-173,20,makee,,,make,,,, -20-174,20,number,,,number,,,, -20-175,20,sendee,,,send,,,, -20-176,20,look-see,,,look-see,,,, -20-177,20,belong,,,belong,,,, -20-178,20,houso,,,house,,,, -20-179,20,fashion,,,way,,,, -20-180,20,wantchee,,,want,,,, -20-181,20,you,,,you,,,, -20-182,20,piecee,,,piece,,,, -20-183,20,placee,,,place,,,, -20-184,20,tea,,,tea,,,, -20-185,20,talkee,,,talk,,,, -20-186,20,coolie,,,coolie,,,, -20-187,20,cook,,,cook,,,, -20-188,20,day,,,day,,,, -20-189,20,pidgin,,,pidgin,,,, -20-190,20,chit,,,chit,,,, -20-191,20,my,,,my,,,, -20-192,20,how,,,how,,,, -20-193,20,so,,,so,,,, -20-194,20,stap,,,stop,,,, -20-195,20,dollar,,,dollar,,,, -20-196,20,think,,,think,,,, -20-197,20,that,,,that,,,, -20-198,20,very,,,very,,,, -20-199,20,spoilum,,,spoil,,,, -20-200,20,talkee,,,talk,,,, -20-201,20,fashion,,,way,,,, -20-202,20,rice,,,rice,,,, -20-203,20,ship,,,ship,,,, -20-204,20,pleasure?,,,pleasure,,,, -20-205,20,well,,,well,,,, -20-206,20,you,,,you,,,, -20-207,20,he,,,he,,,, -20-208,20,can,,,can,,,, -20-209,20,pheasant,,,pheasant,,,, -20-210,20,belong,,,belong,,,, -20-211,20,go,,,go,,,, -20-212,20,pidgin,,,pidgin,,,, -20-213,20,chit,,,chit,,,, -65-163,65,paməpusəkə,,,Chinese steamed bread,,,, -65-164,65,baba,,,grandmother,,,, -65-165,65,madama,,,madam,,,, -65-166,65,palauotzy,,,locomotive,,,, -65-167,65,taskaj,,,"to drag, to carry",,,, -65-168,65,mantou,,,steamed bread struffed with meat,,,, -65-169,65,párkəm,,,with the help of a stick (to lock a door),,,, -65-170,65,rabotəj,,,to work,,,, -65-171,65,lyba,,,fish,,,, -65-172,65,nasha,,,1PL,,,, -65-173,65,domə,,,"house, home",,,, -65-174,65,dawaj,,,let us,,,, -65-175,65,vada,,,water,,,, -65-176,65,kərichaj,,,"to cry, to shout",,,, -65-177,65,tsena,,,"price, money",,,, -65-178,65,kupi,,,buy,,,, -65-179,65,washa,,,"you (PL), your (PL)",,,, -65-180,65,kupeʒa,,,merchant,,,, -65-181,65,sadi,,,plant,,,, -65-182,65,zabyla,,,forget.PFV,,,, -65-183,65,fanʒa,,,house,,,, -65-184,65,ßidili,,,see.PFV,,,, -65-185,65,xadi,,,go,,,, -65-186,65,kapeka,,,kopeck,,,, -65-187,65,dzesia,,,here,,,, -65-188,65,chiwo,,,what,,,, -65-189,65,dʒiwi,,,live,,,, -65-190,65,gawali,,,speak,,,, -65-191,65,qapusa,,,cabbage,,,, -65-192,65,xudə,,,bad,,,, -65-193,65,nichiwo,,,nothing,,,, -65-194,65,kaŋka,,,see,,,, -65-195,65,kəlasiwə,,,beautiful,,,, -65-196,65,lamajla,,,break,,,, -65-197,65,kunia,,,girl,,,, -65-198,65,byla,,,COP.PFV,,,, -65-199,65,iskaj,,,look.for,,,, -65-200,65,akəno,,,window,,,, -65-201,65,netula,,,NEG.PFV,,,, -39-206,39,pat,,,duck,,,, -39-207,39,kabrit,,,goat,,,, -39-208,39,buf,,,buffalo,,,, -39-209,39,tud,,,all,,,, -39-210,39,dẽt,,,"inside, tooth",,,, -39-211,39,fuʈbɔl,,,football,,,, -39-212,39,bəɖka,,,easily.scared,,,, -39-213,39,gran,,,big,,,, -39-214,39,churis,,,sausage,,,, -39-215,39,janɛl,,,window,,,, -39-216,39,fɛs,,,party,,,, -39-217,39,sim,,,top,,,, -39-218,39,zasey,,,sixteen,,,, -39-219,39,dixa,,,to leave,,,, -39-220,39,oj,,,today,,,, -39-221,39,moyr,,,muslim,,,, -39-222,39,nad,,,nothing,,,, -39-223,39,apiŋa,,,"to find, to get",,,, -39-224,39,rat,,,mouse,,,, -39-225,39,brãk,,,white,,,, -39-226,39,lãbe,,,to lick,,,, -39-227,39,gray,,,crow,,,, -39-228,39,diw,,,Diu,,,, -39-229,39,isim,,,on top,,,, -39-230,39,sĩ,,,yes,,,, -39-231,39,es,,,this,,,, -39-232,39,dẽt,,,"tooth, inside",,,, -39-233,39,pɛd,,,stone,,,, -39-234,39,sikwẽt,,,fifty,,,, -39-235,39,ikəl,,,that [DEM],,,, -39-236,39,ap,,,flatbread,,,, -39-237,39,ãt,,,before,,,, -39-238,39,uva,,,to fly,,,, -39-239,39,jũt,,,together/with,,,, -39-240,39,ov,,,egg,,,, -39-241,39,õt,,,yesterday,,,, -39-242,39,ɔm,,,man,,,, -39-243,39,kwõt,,,how much/many,,,, -39-244,39,vɛy,,,old,,,, -39-245,39,nə,,,"in, on",,,, -27-152,27,bran,,,burn,,,, -27-153,27,man,,,man,,,, -27-154,27,spe:l,,,to play,,,, -27-155,27,spel,,,needle,,,, -27-156,27,bring,,,to bring,,,, -27-157,27,kri,,,get,,,, -27-158,27,bot,,,but,,,, -27-159,27,ju,,,2SG,,,, -27-160,27,kryb,,,crawl,,,, -27-161,27,dröpl,,,drop,,,, -27-162,27,beedəl,,,beg,,,, -27-163,27,gesè,,,face,,,, -27-164,27,moruk,,,tomorrow,,,, -27-165,27,ons,,,1PL,,,, -27-166,27,meenshi,,,girl,,,, -27-167,27,rabbit,,,rabbit,,,, -27-168,27,ape,,,where,,,, -27-169,27,man,,,man,,,, -27-170,27,taa,,,father,,,, -27-171,27,draai,,,turn,,,, -27-172,27,an,,,3SG,,,, -27-173,27,jin,,,2PL,,,, -27-174,27,noli,,,donkey,,,, -27-175,27,roo,,,red,,,, -27-176,27,zee,,,sea,,,, -27-177,27,sini,,,3PL,,,, -27-178,27,frou,,,woman,,,, -27-179,27,lelik,,,"ugly, bad",,,, -27-180,27,dzhindzhambu,,,ginger,,,, -27-181,27,tshakful,,,chock-ful,,,, -27-182,27,shiní,,,cut,,,, -27-183,27,zhi,,,3SG.POSS,,,, -27-184,27,kabái,,,horse,,,, -27-185,27,groot,,,big,,,, -27-186,27,hon,,,dog,,,, -27-187,27,wel,,,like,,,, -27-188,27,jit,,,eat,,,, -27-189,27,jung,,,boy; young,,,, -27-190,27,venstu,,,window,,,, -27-191,27,ma:n,,,moon,,,, -27-192,27,bo:t,,,boat,,,, -11-359,11,puol,,,pole,,,, -11-360,11,kier,,,"to take, carry",,,, -11-361,11,bot,,,but,,,, -11-362,11,taim,,,time,,,, -11-363,11,ded,,,dead; to die,,,, -11-364,11,kyan,,,can,,,, -11-365,11,gyal,,,girl,,,, -11-366,11,go,,,to go,,,, -11-367,11,‘op,,,up,,,, -11-368,11,chiip,,,cheap,,,, -11-369,11,jos,,,just,,,, -11-370,11,if,,,if,,,, -11-371,11,bihiev,,,behave,,,, -11-372,11,that,,,that,,,, -11-373,11,sing,,,sing,,,, -11-374,11,woz,,,was,,,, -11-375,11,shrang,,,strong,,,, -11-376,11,vakiezhan,,,vacation,,,, -11-377,11,José,,,José,,,, -11-378,11,hous,,,house,,,, -11-379,11,miebi,,,maybe,,,, -11-380,11,nou,,,now,,,, -11-381,11,nyam,,,eat,,,, -11-382,11,sing,,,sing,,,, -11-383,11,rispek,,,respect,,,, -11-384,11,red,,,red,,,, -11-385,11,likl,,,little,,,, -11-386,11,yaam,,,yam,,,, -11-387,11,wen,,,when,,,, -11-388,11,rich,,,rich,,,, -11-389,11,ishili,,,lizard,,,, -11-390,11,get,,,get,,,, -11-391,11,sen,,,send,,,, -11-392,11,aks,,,to ask,,,, -11-393,11,tu,,,to,,,, -11-394,11,ful,,,full; to fill,,,, -11-395,11,op,,,up,,,, -11-396,11,kom,,,come,,,, -11-397,11,think,,,think,,,, -11-398,11,riich,,,"reach, arrive",,,, -11-399,11,deer,,,there,,,, -11-400,11,paat,,,part,,,, -11-401,11,tuu,,,two,,,, -11-402,11,kool,,,cold,,,, -10-284,10,plie,,,to play,,,, -10-285,10,keri,,,"to take, to carry",,,, -10-286,10,bok op,,,"to run into, to come across, to have a fight",,,, -10-287,10,ded,,,dead; to die,,,, -10-288,10,kyan,,,can,,,, -10-289,10,gyal,,,girl,,,, -10-290,10,go,,,to go,,,, -10-291,10,‘op,,,up,,,, -10-292,10,chiip,,,cheap,,,, -10-293,10,jos,,,just,,,, -10-294,10,flitaz,,,fritter(s),,,, -10-295,10,vais,,,voice,,,, -10-296,10,sing,,,sing,,,, -10-297,10,briiz,,,"breeze, wind",,,, -10-298,10,shiem,,,"ashamed, timid",,,, -10-299,10,okiezhan,,,occasion,,,, -10-300,10,José,,,José,,,, -10-301,10,hous,,,house,,,, -10-302,10,migl,,,middle,,,, -10-303,10,nuo,,,know,,,, -10-304,10,nyam,,,eat,,,, -10-305,10,sing,,,sing,,,, -10-306,10,ruop,,,rope,,,, -10-307,10,red,,,red,,,, -10-308,10,laa,,,"custom, law",,,, -10-309,10,yaam,,,yam,,,, -10-310,10,wentaim,,,when,,,, -10-311,10,wi,,,we,,,, -10-312,10,ihn,,,s/he,,,, -10-313,10,ishili,,,lizard,,,, -10-314,10,get,,,get,,,, -10-315,10,sen,,,send,,,, -10-316,10,wehn,,,ANT,,,, -10-317,10,aks,,,to ask,,,, -10-318,10,faahn,,,from,,,, -10-319,10,fut,,,foot,,,, -10-320,10,ful,,,full; to fill,,,, -10-321,10,kot,,,to cut,,,, -10-322,10,dong de,,,down there,,,, -10-323,10,shiip,,,sheep,,,, -10-324,10,teebl,,,table,,,, -10-325,10,paat,,,part,,,, -10-326,10,fuul,,,fool,,,, -10-327,10,hoom,,,home,,,, -2-320,2,patu,,,pot,,,, -2-321,2,bigi,,,big,,,, -2-322,2,taki,,,say,,,, -2-323,2,dagu,,,dog,,,, -2-324,2,tjari,,,carry,,,, -2-325,2,djari,,,garden,,,, -2-326,2,kaw,,,cow,,,, -2-327,2,gron,,,ground,,,, -2-328,2,syobu,,,shove,,,, -2-329,2,memre,,,remember,,,, -2-330,2,nanga,,,and,,,, -2-331,2,nyofi,,,tiny,,,, -2-332,2,tongo,,,1. tongue 2. language,,,, -2-333,2,sabi,,,know,,,, -2-334,2,futu,,,foot,,,, -2-335,2,wasi,,,wash,,,, -2-336,2,yuru,,,hour,,,, -2-337,2,redi,,,red,,,, -2-338,2,hati,,,hot,,,, -2-339,2,skin,,,"skin, body",,,, -2-340,2,ten,,,time,,,, -2-341,2,bun,,,good,,,, -2-342,2,man,,,man,,,, -2-343,2,odi,,,hello,,,, -2-344,2,bron,,,burn,,,, -2-345,2,dri,,,three,,,, -2-346,2,bedi,,,bed,,,, -2-347,2,fatu,,,fat,,,, -2-348,2,sutu,,,shoot,,,, -2-349,2,poti,,,poor,,,, -2-350,2,nafu,,,don't have to,,,, -2-351,2,pi,,,"very quiet, silent",,,, -2-352,2,golu,,,guilder,,,, -2-353,2,ai,,,yes,,,, -2-354,2,kaw,,,cow,,,, -2-355,2,eilanti,,,island,,,, -2-356,2,noiti,,,never,,,, -2-357,2,nownow,,,immediately,,,, -2-358,2,bemui,,,"meddle, pry into",,,, -41-189,41,peesi,,,fish,,,, -41-190,41,kaatru,,,four,,,, -41-191,41,beesu,,,lip,,,, -41-192,41,taav,,,"plank, board",,,, -41-193,41,deenti,,,tooth,,,, -41-194,41,peeʈi,,,box,,,, -41-195,41,uppoɖa,,,Uppodai (place name),,,, -41-196,41,gaalu,,,cock (male chicken),,,, -41-197,41,caam,,,ground,,,, -41-198,41,juustu,,,correct,,,, -41-199,41,ɛbɛɛrtu,,,open,,,, -41-200,41,fraaku,,,weak,,,, -41-201,41,viraadu,,,wrong,,,, -41-202,41,peesi,,,fish,,,, -41-203,41,kaaza,,,house,,,, -41-204,41,meʃiin,,,machine,,,, -41-205,41,laargu,,,wide,,,, -41-206,41,haaba,,,harbour,,,, -41-207,41,luumi,,,light,,,, -41-208,41,kanay,,,rogue,,,, -41-209,41,tɔɔna,,,next; afterwards,,,, -41-210,41,uuɲa,,,(finger/toe)nail,,,, -41-211,41,uŋa,,,one; a,,,, -41-212,41,tɛɛnru,,,young cocoanut,,,, -41-213,41,araa,,,"go wrong, escape",,,, -41-214,41,luumi,,,light,,,, -41-215,41,falaa,,,say,,,, -41-216,41,ayaa,,,"clean (rice, pulse, etc.)",,,, -41-217,41,kruuva,,,raw,,,, -41-218,41,isti,,,this (speaker-proximal),,,, -41-219,41,eli,,,3SG.M.NHON 'he',,,, -41-220,41,ɛla,,,3SG.F 'she',,,, -41-221,41,kaartu,,,quarter,,,, -41-222,41,capa,,,hat,,,, -41-223,41,kunsa,,,recognize,,,, -41-224,41,bosa,,,"your, yours",,,, -41-225,41,rɔnt,,,round,,,, -41-226,41,fiiyu,,,son,,,, -41-227,41,greeja,,,church,,,, -41-228,41,vɛɛya,,,old woman,,,, -41-229,41,cuuva,,,rain,,,, -41-230,41,moovis,,,clouds,,,, -41-231,41,mɔɔli,,,soft,,,, -41-232,41,graaja,,,crow,,,, -41-233,41,vii,,,come,,,, -41-234,41,bəəga,,,Burgher,,,, -57-173,57,paske,,,because,,,, -57-174,57,kas,,,house,,,, -57-175,57,tam,,,stamp,,,, -57-176,57,fini,,,"finish, COMPL",,,, -57-177,57,lavjan,,,meat,,,, -57-178,57,som,,,sombre,,,, -57-179,57,ʃef,,,chief,,,, -57-180,57,xa,,,EXCLAM,,,, -57-181,57,koma,,,how,,,, -57-182,57,nom,,,number,,,, -57-183,57,swaɲe,,,take care of,,,, -57-184,57,ŋgra,,,big,,,, -57-185,57,lim,,,free,,,, -57-186,57,jer,,,yesterday,,,, -57-187,57,wawa,,,grandma,,,, -57-188,57,fini,,,"finish, COMPL",,,, -57-189,57,peti,,,child,,,, -57-190,57,ale,,,to go,,,, -57-191,57,tru,,,hole,,,, -57-192,57,koma,,,how,,,, -57-193,57,ʃaːndarm,,,gendarme,,,, -57-194,57,moːte,,,go up,,,, -57-195,57,nd̥ʒu,,,always,,,, -57-196,57,uⁿde,,,2DU ‘you two’,,,, -57-197,57,ŋga,,,come,,,, -57-198,57,mboku,,,much,,,, -68-148,68,paku,,,nail,,,, -68-149,68,baru,,,new,,,, -68-150,68,taku,,,afraid,,,, -68-151,68,dari,,,from,,,, -68-152,68,mani,,,bead,,,, -68-153,68,nani,,,bamboo hoe,,,, -68-154,68,kaki,,,"foot, leg",,,, -68-155,68,garu,,,to scratch,,,, -68-156,68,inga,,,to remember,,,, -68-157,68,fam,,,clan-name,,,, -68-158,68,seng,,,"no, not",,,, -68-159,68,lalu,,,then,,,, -68-160,68,hahalang,,,carrying pole,,,, -68-161,68,idong,,,nose,,,, -68-162,68,ekor,,,tail,,,, -68-163,68,antua,,,3SG pronoun (formal),,,, -68-164,68,umpang,,,bait,,,, -68-165,68,orang,,,person,,,, -68-166,68,cari,,,to search,,,, -68-167,68,jari,,,"finger, toe",,,, -68-168,68,tanya,,,to ask,,,, -68-169,68,kaluyu,,,shark,,,, -68-170,68,wela,,,certain phase in growth of sago palm,,,, -68-171,68,ribu,,,thousand,,,, -29-244,29,pad,,,road,,,, -29-245,29,kok,,,cook,,,, -29-246,29,bad,,,bath,,,, -29-247,29,tak,,,branch,,,, -29-248,29,dak,,,roof,,,, -29-249,29,kies,,,choose,,,, -29-250,29,gholf; berge,,,golf; mountains,,,, -29-251,29,tsaar,,,czar,,,, -29-252,29,tjank,,,yelp,,,, -29-253,29,jellie,,,jelly,,,, -29-254,29,ver,,,far,,,, -29-255,29,water,,,water,,,, -29-256,29,sop,,,soup,,,, -29-257,29,Zulu,,,Zulu,,,, -29-258,29,sjiek,,,chic,,,, -29-259,29,genre,,,"kind, genre",,,, -29-260,29,gat,,,hole,,,, -29-261,29,huis,,,house,,,, -29-262,29,mond,,,mouth,,,, -29-263,29,nat,,,wet,,,, -29-264,29,hondjie,,,little dog,,,, -29-265,29,ding,,,thing,,,, -29-266,29,rond,,,round,,,, -29-267,29,leeu,,,lion,,,, -29-268,29,jag,,,"hunt, chase",,,, -29-269,29,kwaal,,,ailment,,,, -29-270,29,skiet,,,shoot,,,, -29-271,29,nuut,,,new,,,, -29-272,29,reputasie,,,reputation,,,, -29-273,29,mes,,,knife,,,, -29-274,29,mens,,,human being,,,, -29-275,29,ek,,,I,,,, -29-276,29,dinge,,,things,,,, -29-277,29,pas,,,passport,,,, -29-278,29,moet,,,must,,,, -29-279,29,tonaal,,,tonal,,,, -29-280,29,pot,,,pot,,,, -29-281,29,ons,,,"we, us, our",,,, -29-282,29,bier,,,beer,,,, -29-283,29,muur,,,wall,,,, -29-284,29,see,,,sea,,,, -29-285,29,"ver, sê",,,"far, say",,,, -29-286,29,ver,,,far,,,, -29-287,29,boer,,,farmer,,,, -29-288,29,boom,,,tree,,,, -29-289,29,môre,,,tomorrow,,,, -29-290,29,maan,,,moon,,,, -29-291,29,giet,,,pour,,,, -29-292,29,goud,,,gold,,,, -29-293,29,lui,,,lazy,,,, -29-294,29,klein,,,small,,,, -58-161,58,mpóso,,,week,,,, -58-162,58,kíma,,,thing,,,, -58-163,58,béno,,,2PL,,,, -58-164,58,kóta,,,enter,,,, -58-165,58,jándi,,,3SG,,,, -58-166,58,ngé,,,2SG,,,, -58-167,58,fyóti,,,small,,,, -58-168,58,vé,,,NEG,,,, -58-169,58,dísù,,,eye,,,, -58-170,58,zába,,,know,,,, -58-171,58,móno,,,1SG,,,, -58-172,58,móno,,,1SG,,,, -58-173,58,kokoríko,,,cockadoodledoo,,,, -58-174,58,bakála,,,"male, man",,,, -58-175,58,jandi,,,3SG,,,, -58-176,58,wápi,,,where,,,, -58-177,58,nzilá,,,"road, way",,,, -58-178,58,màlémbè,,,slow,,,, -58-179,58,mbàlà,,,time,,,, -58-180,58,muntu,,,person,,,, -58-181,58,mbóte,,,hello,,,, -55-221,55,tete,,,breast,,,, -55-222,55,papa,,,father,,,, -55-223,55,baba,,,baby,,,, -55-224,55,mama,,,mother,,,, -55-225,55,fofil,,,tacking thread,,,, -55-226,55,viv,,,to live,,,, -55-227,55,dodo,,,dodo,,,, -55-228,55,nene,,,nose,,,, -55-229,55,susu,,,chocho (a vegetable),,,, -55-230,55,zuzu,,,toy,,,, -55-231,55,lili,,,bed,,,, -55-232,55,kaka,,,excrement,,,, -55-233,55,gaga,,,speechless,,,, -55-234,55,ruz,,,red,,,, -55-235,55,wewe,,,African,,,, -55-236,55,yoyo [jojo],,,yo-yo,,,, -55-237,55,tipti [t͡͡sipt͡͡si] ~ [cipci],,,tiny,,,, -55-238,55,dile [d͡zile] ~ [ɟile],,,milk,,,, -55-239,55,tipti [cipci] ~ [t͡͡sipt͡͡si],,,tiny,,,, -55-240,55,colo [t͡ʃolo],,,lout,,,, -55-241,55,jos [d͡ʒɔs],,,ecstasy,,,, -55-242,55,kot [kɔt],,,where,,,, -55-243,55,pany [paɲ],,,saree,,,, -55-244,55,sang [saŋ],,,belt,,,, -55-245,55,Hindi,,,Hindi,,,, -55-246,55,piti,,,child,,,, -55-247,55,ale,,,go,,,, -55-248,55,leker [lekɛə̯],,,heart,,,, -55-249,55,met [mɛt],,,put [short form of verb],,,, -55-250,55,byeṅ [bjɛ̃],,,"well, good",,,, -55-251,55,sat,,,cat,,,, -55-252,55,bar [bɑː],,,bar,,,, -55-253,55,kaṅ [kɑ̃],,,when,,,, -55-254,55,dir,,,"say, tell",,,, -55-255,55,lulu,,,wolf,,,, -55-256,55,koko,,,coconut,,,, -55-257,55,burs [buə̯s],,,purse,,,, -55-258,55,dormi,,,sleep,,,, -55-259,55,dëmen [dəmɛ̃],,,tomorrow,,,, -55-260,55,toṅtoṅ [tɔ̃tɔ̃],,,uncle,,,, -73-125,73,piga-,,,hit,,,, -73-126,73,bibi-,,,live,,,, -73-127,73,tini-,,,hold,,,, -73-128,73,da-,,,give,,,, -73-129,73,p'ruta,,,fruit,,,, -73-130,73,manu,,,hand,,,, -73-131,73,fruta,,,fruit,,,, -73-132,73,sinku,,,five,,,, -73-133,73,miza,,,mass,,,, -73-134,73,yirba,,,grass,,,, -73-135,73,no,,,"no, not",,,, -73-136,73,laba-,,,wash,,,, -73-137,73,kin,,,who,,,, -73-138,73,kin,,,who,,,, -73-139,73,k'uchi,,,pig,,,, -73-140,73,gusanu,,,worm,,,, -73-141,73,bi-n,,,see-3SG,,,, -73-142,73,moxa-shka,,,wet-NMLZ 'wet',,,, -73-143,73,muhir,,,woman,,,, -73-144,73,añu,,,year,,,, -73-145,73,chiri,,,cold,,,, -73-146,73,tsuntsu,,,skinny,,,, -73-147,73,nustru,,,our,,,, -73-148,73,mishki,,,sweet,,,, -73-149,73,wawa,,,child,,,, -73-150,73,yirba,,,grass,,,, -73-151,73,nuchi,,,night,,,, -73-152,73,tres,,,three,,,, -73-153,73,dos,,,two,,,, -73-154,73,anda-,,,walk,,,, -63-227,63,pésa,,,money,,,, -63-228,63,kúlu,,,all,,,, -63-229,63,bé,,,house,,,, -63-230,63,íta,,,you,,,, -63-231,63,dé,,,this,,,, -63-232,63,gén,,,to stay,,,, -63-233,63,quran,,,Coran,,,, -63-234,63,tςái,,,tea,,,, -63-235,63,ja,,,to come,,,, -63-236,63,fi,,,in,,,, -63-237,63,víta,,,war,,,, -63-238,63,árδi,,,ground,,,, -63-239,63,sába,,,seven,,,, -63-240,63,azól,,,man,,,, -63-241,63,máši,,,go,,,, -63-242,63,xámsa,,,five,,,, -63-243,63,hamsín,,,fifty,,,, -63-244,63,móyo,,,water,,,, -63-245,63,ána,,,I,,,, -63-246,63,ngamia,,,camel,,,, -63-247,63,rúo,,,to go,,,, -63-248,63,lakín,,,but,,,, -63-249,63,móyo,,,water,,,, -63-250,63,wedé,,,this,,,, -63-251,63,fi,,,in,,,, -63-252,63,bé,,,house,,,, -63-253,63,ma,,,not,,,, -63-254,63,úwo,,,he,,,, -63-255,63,úwo,,,he,,,, -63-256,63,keθír,,,many,,,, -63-257,63,mbele,,,in front,,,, -63-258,63,mwiko,,,taboo,,,, -63-259,63,chumvi,,,salt,,,, -63-260,63,'arabi,,,arabic,,,, -63-261,63,ghéru,,,to change,,,, -25-348,25,pipul,,,people,,,, -25-349,25,krai; laik-im; tok,,,cry; like-TR; talk,,,, -25-350,25,bek; yundubala,,,back; 2DU,,,, -25-351,25,trai; oletaim; rait,,,try; always; right,,,, -25-352,25,daga; drimin; jidan,,,food; dreaming; sit/stay,,,, -25-353,25,gaʈ-im ~ gat-im; marti ~ maidi ~ maitbi,,,have-TR; maybe,,,, -25-354,25,hard-im,,,hurt-TR,,,, -25-355,25,buc,,,bush,,,, -25-356,25,jabi [ɟabi]; waj-im [waɟɪm],,,know; wash-TR,,,, -25-357,25,kwait,,,quiet,,,, -25-358,25,gel; bagi,,,girl; buggy,,,, -25-359,25,krej-im [kret͡ʃim],,,scratch-TR,,,, -25-360,25,from ~ brom; faindim ~ baindim; waif ~ waip,,,from; find:TR; wife,,,, -25-361,25,theya [ðea] ~ jeya ~ deya; matha ~ maja [maða] ~ maja,,,there; mother,,,, -25-362,25,sainim ~ jainim; lisen ~ lijen,,,sign:TR; listen,,,, -25-363,25,yusdu [juzdu] ~ yustu,,,HAB,,,, -25-364,25,bush [buʃ] ~ buj [buc]; washim [waʃim] ~ wajim [waɟim],,,bush; wash:TR,,,, -25-365,25,haiding; hiya,,,beating; here,,,, -25-366,25,men; nomo; idim,,,"man, NEG; eat:TR",,,, -25-367,25,najawan; mani,,,another; money,,,, -25-368,25,garndi [gaɳdi],,,tree (Ngarinyman),,,, -25-369,25,kam-ing [kamɪŋ]; bingga [biŋga],,,come-PROG2; finger/hand,,,, -25-370,25,barrik [barik],,,fence (< Engl. paddock),,,, -25-371,25,garrim [gaɾim],,,have:TR,,,, -25-372,25,laia; buliki; gel,,,lie [n]; cattle; girl,,,, -25-373,25,garlagarla [gaɭagaɭla],,,playing (Jaminjung),,,, -25-374,25,wail; goawei,,,wild; go.away,,,, -25-375,25,ki; lisen; sabi,,,key; listen; know,,,, -25-376,25,get-im [getɪm],,,get/catch-TR,,,, -25-377,25,bel; gel,,,bell; girl,,,, -25-378,25,ken [kɛn]; len-im [lɛnɪm],,,can; learn/teach-TR,,,, -25-379,25,jat [ɟæt],,,that,,,, -25-380,25,hit-im [hɨtɨm],,,hit-TR,,,, -25-381,25,lisen [lɪsən],,,listen,,,, -25-382,25,kat-im [katɪm]; bratha [bɻad̪a],,,cut-TR; brother,,,, -25-383,25,yubala; kukum,,,2PL; cook:TR,,,, -25-384,25,put-im [pʊtɪm],,,put-TR,,,, -25-385,25,brom; olmen,,,from; older.man,,,, -25-386,25,brom [bɻɔm]; got-im [gɔtɪm],,,from; have-TR,,,, -25-387,25,thing [θɪŋ],,,thing,,,, -25-388,25,lin-ing [liːnɪŋ],,,lean-PROG,,,, -25-389,25,len-ing [leːnɪŋ] or [lenɪŋ],,,learn-PROG,,,, -25-390,25,len/lan [læːn] or [læn],,,land,,,, -25-391,25,kan [ka:n] or [kan],,,can't (can.NEG),,,, -25-392,25,but [bu:t] or [but],,,boot,,,, -25-393,25,go [go:] or [go],,,go,,,, -25-394,25,tharran [t̪aɾan]; thil [t̪ɪl],,,DEM; still,,,, -25-395,25,tharran [d̪aɾan]; thea [d̪ea],,,DEM; there,,,, -25-396,25,rait [ɻait]; bratha [bɻad̪a],,,right; brother,,,, -19-234,19,pepa,,,paper,,,, -19-235,19,bon,,,bone,,,, -19-236,19,tit,,,tooth,,,, -19-237,19,dis,,,this,,,, -19-238,19,cham,,,to chew,,,, -19-239,19,jel,,,jail,,,, -19-240,19,kasara,,,cassava,,,, -19-241,19,grab,,,get.up,,,, -19-242,19,kpu,,,with a dull impact (IDEO),,,, -19-243,19,gbogbogbo,,,with precipitous hurry (IDEO),,,, -19-244,19,mekes,,,to hurry,,,, -19-245,19,nem,,,name,,,, -19-246,19,nyu,,,be.new,,,, -19-247,19,fling,,,to fling,,,, -19-248,19,fiba,,,to resemble,,,, -19-249,19,vomit,,,to vomit,,,, -19-250,19,fisin,,,to fish,,,, -19-251,19,hol,,,hole,,,, -19-252,19,liba,,,liver,,,, -19-253,19,yàndá,,,(over) there,,,, -19-254,19,ros,,,to burn,,,, -19-255,19,wahala,,,trouble,,,, -19-256,19,hib,,,to throw,,,, -19-257,19,tùmbú,,,worm,,,, -19-258,19,òkóbó,,,impotent man,,,, -19-259,19,yes,,,ear,,,, -19-260,19,yɛs,,,yes,,,, -19-261,19,kɔba,,,to cover,,,, -19-262,19,wàtá,,,water,,,, -40-160,40,pal,,,straw,,,, -40-161,40,kal,,,which,,,, -40-162,40,bal,,,dance [n],,,, -40-163,40,mudhan,,,whore,,,, -40-164,40,tɛr,,,earth,,,, -40-165,40,thɛr,,,"tender, unripe",,,, -40-166,40,doj,,,two,,,, -40-167,40,ʈal,,,natural fertilizer (burned underbrush),,,, -40-168,40,ɖal,,,peeled legumes,,,, -40-169,40,kharm,,,meat,,,, -40-170,40,gal,,,rooster,,,, -40-171,40,kats,,,glass,,,, -40-172,40,piʧa,,,throw away,,,, -40-173,40,peʤad,,,pregnant,,,, -40-174,40,fin,,,"small, thin, slim",,,, -40-175,40,sed,,,early,,,, -40-176,40,kaza,,,marry,,,, -40-177,40,baʃ,,,down,,,, -40-178,40,haro,,,rice,,,, -40-179,40,mar,,,"sea, ocean",,,, -40-180,40,nad,,,nothing,,,, -40-181,40,kar,,,expensive,,,, -40-182,40,lam,,,mud,,,, -40-183,40,"paj, jo",,,"father, I",,,, -40-184,40,siti,,,"feel, believe",,,, -40-185,40,ʋĩ,,,drinking alcohol,,,, -40-186,40,sed,,,early,,,, -40-187,40,sɛt,,,seven,,,, -40-188,40,kɛ̃,,,who,,,, -40-189,40,məj,,,"exclamation, as in 'oh dear'",,,, -40-190,40,kas,,,peel [n],,,, -40-191,40,brãk,,,white,,,, -40-192,40,un,,,where,,,, -40-193,40,ũ,,,"one, a",,,, -40-194,40,sog,,,father-in-law,,,, -40-195,40,sɔg,,,mother-in-law,,,, -40-196,40,kadz,,,house,,,, -40-197,40,ɔ̃m,,,man,,,, -40-198,40,bharig,,,belly,,,, -40-199,40,rhej,,,king,,,, -40-200,40,ʋi,,,come,,,, -40-201,40,ʈhoku,,,knock [v],,,, -46-211,46,pwéde,,,can,,,, -46-212,46,kása,,,house,,,, -46-213,46,byen,,,very,,,, -46-214,46,táta,,,father,,,, -46-215,46,dále,,,give,,,, -46-216,46,chóngo,,,monkey,,,, -46-217,46,kwándo,,,when,,,, -46-218,46,ganá,,,win,,,, -46-219,46,bátaq,,,child,,,, -46-220,46,chóngo,,,monkey,,,, -46-221,46,chóngo,,,monkey,,,, -46-222,46,Dyos,,,God,,,, -46-223,46,ofisína,,,office,,,, -46-224,46,bes,,,instance,,,, -46-225,46,ságing,,,banana,,,, -46-226,46,informasyón,,,information,,,, -46-227,46,dyénte,,,tooth,,,, -46-228,46,hénte,,,person,,,, -46-229,46,mareháda,,,wave(s),,,, -46-230,46,nasé,,,be born,,,, -46-231,46,ányo,,,year,,,, -46-232,46,mga,,,PL,,,, -46-233,46,ríko,,,rich,,,, -46-234,46,ríko,,,rich,,,, -46-235,46,lamúk,,,mosquito,,,, -46-236,46,yéde,,,stink,,,, -46-237,46,wébos,,,egg,,,, -46-238,46,librá,,,free,,,, -46-239,46,bené,,,come,,,, -46-240,46,máma,,,female breast,,,, -46-241,46,úmo,,,smoke,,,, -46-242,46,ótro,,,other,,,, -69-79,69,tarpwa,,,belly,,,, -69-80,69,tarpwa,,,belly,,,, -69-81,69,aykum,,,woman,,,, -69-82,69,mambi,,,again,,,, -69-83,69,kundamwin,,,two,,,, -69-84,69,kamgun,,,crocodile,,,, -69-85,69,miria,,,moon,,,, -69-86,69,yankwara,,,tree,,,, -69-87,69,wiɲak!,,,call!,,,, -69-88,69,awŋ,,,egg,,,, -69-89,69,yarasəkən,,,white,,,, -69-90,69,wara,,,what,,,, -69-91,69,aljkamuŋ,,,bushknife,,,, -69-92,69,jat,,,blood,,,, -69-93,69,waram,,,boy,,,, -69-94,69,kika,,,rat,,,, -69-95,69,aykum,,,woman,,,, -69-96,69,tanəm,,,bone,,,, -69-97,69,ama,,,I,,,, -52-130,52,pran,,,take,,,, -52-131,52,ki,,,which,,,, -52-132,52,ba,,,give,,,, -52-133,52,to,,,you,,,, -52-134,52,dronmi,,,sleep,,,, -52-135,52,grand,,,big,,,, -52-136,52,tchò,,,heart,,,, -52-137,52,djokoti,,,go down onto one's knees,,,, -52-138,52,fala,,,speak,,,, -52-139,52,vini,,,come,,,, -52-140,52,sot,,,silly,,,, -52-141,52,zwazo,,,bird,,,, -52-142,52,chanté,,,sing,,,, -52-143,52,manjé,,,eat,,,, -52-144,52,mari,,,husband,,,, -52-145,52,ròt,,,other,,,, -52-146,52,mo,,,my,,,, -52-147,52,nou,,,we,,,, -52-148,52,kopannyen,,,friend,,,, -52-149,52,kompannyen,,,friend,,,, -52-150,52,la,,,there,,,, -52-151,52,yé,,,they,,,, -52-152,52,wonm,,,man,,,, -52-153,52,i,,,"he, she",,,, -52-154,52,palé,,,"speak, talk",,,, -52-155,52,chantè,,,singer,,,, -52-156,52,gen,,,there is,,,, -52-157,52,chwit,,,tasty,,,, -52-158,52,a,,,it is,,,, -52-159,52,chanté,,,sing,,,, -52-160,52,ba ou,,,for you,,,, -52-161,52,nou,,,we,,,, -52-162,52,mo,,,my,,,, -52-163,52,sot,,,silly,,,, -52-164,52,son,,,"tone, sound",,,, -15-157,15,pus,,,cat,,,, -15-158,15,kil,,,kill,,,, -15-159,15,bil,,,build,,,, -15-160,15,tik,,,stick,,,, -15-161,15,dak,,,dark,,,, -15-162,15,gyap,,,yawn,,,, -15-163,15,t͡ʃam,,,chew,,,, -15-164,15,d͡ʒud͡ʒu,,,Black Magic,,,, -15-165,15,fala,,,"follow, accompany",,,, -15-166,15,vɛks,,,"angry, upset",,,, -15-167,15,kres,,,"crazy, mad",,,, -15-168,15,sizas,,,scissors,,,, -15-169,15,ʃub,,,"shove, move",,,, -15-170,15,mɛʒɔ,,,measure,,,, -15-171,15,gari,,,gari (a food item),,,, -15-172,15,mumu,,,dumb,,,, -15-173,15,san,,,sun,,,, -15-174,15,bunja,,,little extra given over the full measure to secure the goodwill of a customer,,,, -15-175,15,boŋga,,,a type of fish,,,, -15-176,15,lili,,,little,,,, -15-177,15,jɛri,,,hear,,,, -15-178,15,wap,,,hit something hard,,,, -15-179,15,pit,,,spit,,,, -15-180,15,bed,,,bed,,,, -15-181,15,dɛm,,,them,,,, -15-182,15,dɛ̃,,,they,,,, -15-183,15,bat,,,bat,,,, -15-184,15,bãfa,,,sickly or malnourished child,,,, -15-185,15,mumu,,,dumb,,,, -15-186,15,kũkũ,,,a woman's private parts,,,, -15-187,15,kola,,,Kola nut,,,, -15-188,15,kõko,,,a type of house,,,, -15-189,15,kɔpɔ,,,money,,,, -15-190,15,k͡pɛk͡pɛk͡pɛ,,,small bits of food,,,, -15-191,15,gbagbati,,,show of force,,,, -15-192,15,kɔ̃kɔ̃kɔ̃,,,knock-knock,,,, -62-122,62,mbúru,,,tail of a goat,,,, -62-123,62,pó,,,shine,,,, -62-124,62,ká,,,"get up, stand",,,, -62-125,62,búre,,,short rainy season,,,, -62-126,62,téli,,,"chase, drive cattle",,,, -62-127,62,dára,,,seize,,,, -62-128,62,churú,,,bull,,,, -62-129,62,ji'í,,,just,,,, -62-130,62,girú,,,big,,,, -62-131,62,i'í,,,here,,,, -62-132,62,bomé,,,snake,,,, -62-133,62,fí,,,finish,,,, -62-134,62,vika,,,pray,,,, -62-135,62,sú,,,pour,,,, -62-136,62,zeméra,,,front,,,, -62-137,62,shugha,,,keep livestock,,,, -62-138,62,xá,,,"leave, get up",,,, -62-139,62,gheré,,,few,,,, -62-140,62,huru,,,pull,,,, -62-141,62,máso,,,abdomen,,,, -62-142,62,nihí,,,"meat, flesh, animal",,,, -62-143,62,nyamálo,,,work,,,, -62-144,62,ŋé,,,bite,,,, -62-145,62,rú,,,get sick,,,, -62-146,62,ló,,,have,,,, -62-147,62,yá,,,this,,,, -62-148,62,wa'ú,,,tobacco,,,, -62-149,62,zi,,,forget,,,, -62-150,62,zéu,,,herd,,,, -62-151,62,zá,,,inside,,,, -62-152,62,úgí,,,true,,,, -62-153,62,zó,,,cry,,,, -62-154,62,hlí,,,refuse,,,, -62-155,62,ndaté,,,stick,,,, -62-156,62,ngilé,,,bee,,,, -62-157,62,mhpúno,,,"dikdik, gazelle sp.",,,, -62-158,62,fúnhtu,,,pour,,,, -62-159,62,nhkimé,,,monkey,,,, -24-212,24,spail,,,spoil,,,, -24-213,24,kat,,,cut,,,, -24-214,24,bat,,,but,,,, -24-215,24,faadh,,,father,,,, -24-216,24,taun,,,Kingston,,,, -24-217,24,thaenk,,,thank,,,, -24-218,24,daun,,,down,,,, -24-219,24,gat,,,"exist, got",,,, -24-220,24,aʔu,,,spawn,,,, -24-221,24,t͡ʃies,,,chase,,,, -24-222,24,d͡ʒes,,,just,,,, -24-223,24,fain,,,find,,,, -24-224,24,vail,,,vile,,,, -24-225,24,si,,,see,,,, -24-226,24,"sip, zip",,,a zip,,,, -24-227,24,ʃi,,,she,,,, -24-228,24,hulu,,,scratch around,,,, -24-229,24,mais,,,"mouse, mine",,,, -24-230,24,nais,,,nice,,,, -24-231,24,long,,,long,,,, -24-232,24,rok,,,rock,,,, -24-233,24,loks,,,lock,,,, -24-234,24,faaja,,,further,,,, -24-235,24,wanda,,,wonder,,,, -24-236,24,iwi,,,small,,,, -24-237,24,inkebuss,,,I think not!,,,, -24-238,24,etu,,,kernel of cocoanut,,,, -24-239,24,dem,,,they,,,, -24-240,24,aene,,,vegetable dish,,,, -24-241,24,cully,,,cuirly,,,, -24-242,24,buuka,,,light spots on a pregnant woman's belly,,,, -24-243,24,oop,,,unwilling to tell,,,, -24-244,24,sambohdi,,,someone,,,, -24-245,24,tiisa,,,teacher,,,, -24-246,24,glehd,,,glad,,,, -24-247,24,dea,,,there,,,, -24-248,24,karli,,,to carry,,,, -75-297,75,prænses - pee-kiyookee,,,princess - come and visit!,,,, -75-298,75,keekway - kaapoo,,,something - coat,,,, -75-299,75,puck,,,puck,,,, -75-300,75,babinn - beyakon,,,lip - I am alone,,,, -75-301,75,taande - tuuruu,,,where - pemmican,,,, -75-302,75,vyand - dilet - dishinihkaashon,,,meat - milk - my name is...,,,, -75-303,75,kwashoon - kwayesh,,,pig - right,,,, -75-304,75,khompyuter,,,computer,,,, -75-305,75,dzhig - gipaham,,,jig - I close it,,,, -75-306,75,psit,,,little (F),,,, -75-307,75,michif - maachii,,,Metis - hunt!,,,, -75-308,75,dzhimaansh - dzahkush,,,sunday - my sister-in-law,,,, -75-309,75,feu,,,fire,,,, -75-310,75,vaesh,,,cow,,,, -75-311,75,sup,,,soup,,,, -75-312,75,zitwel,,,star,,,, -75-313,75,shaanbr - ekushi,,,room - that's it,,,, -75-314,75,laenzh - zheekihaw,,,cloth - I scare him,,,, -75-315,75,haesh - anihi,,,axe - those,,,, -75-316,75,mikarjii - mistahi,,,Wednesday - much,,,, -75-317,75,pineez - naandaw,,,bed bug - somewhere,,,, -75-318,75,zuŋg,,,nail,,,, -75-319,75,rababuu,,,rabbit soup,,,, -75-320,75,liiv - kii-li-move-h-ii-w,,,book - he moved,,,, -75-321,75,mujii - niya,,,"wet - I, me",,,, -75-322,75,wil - wiiweew,,,oil - he marries,,,, -75-323,75,anihiin,,,those,,,, -75-324,75,pleu,,,more,,,, -75-325,75,pi - ishi,,,and - until,,,, -75-326,75,dwee - kitipeehteenaan,,,finger - we (incl.) own it,,,, -75-327,75,shenn - chi-atushkeeyen,,,oak - that you will work,,,, -75-328,75,fwen - en-waapamaat,,,grass - when she sees him,,,, -75-329,75,vaesh,,,cow,,,, -75-330,75,Edmonton,,,Edmonton,,,, -75-331,75,kav - apiw,,,"cellar - he, she sits",,,, -75-332,75,didã,,,in,,,, -75-333,75,kuto - mituni,,,knife - very,,,, -75-334,75,wichihikuw/wichihikʊw,,,They are helping him.,,,, -75-335,75,bulo - potaachikeew,,,birch - he blows,,,, -75-336,75,parson,,,person,,,, -75-337,75,paviyon - onhin,,,"flag - this, these",,,, -75-338,75,zhurnii - kiiweew,,,day - he goes home,,,, -75-339,75,peekiiwee,,,come home,,,, -75-340,75,yeer,,,yesterday,,,, -75-341,75,ruuzh - puuniniimiw,,,red - he quit dancing,,,, -75-342,75,kaab - waapamaaaw,,,rope - he sees him,,,, -75-343,75,paahpiw,,,he laughs,,,, -75-344,75,kahkiyaw,,,all,,,, -75-345,75,pimbahtaaw,,,he runs,,,, -75-346,75,uhchi,,,from,,,, -75-347,75,boer - myoestam,,,butter - he likes it,,,, -45-168,45,pan,,,bread,,,, -45-169,45,casa,,,house,,,, -45-170,45,baja,,,to go down,,,, -45-171,45,tienda,,,store,,,, -45-172,45,dale,,,to give,,,, -45-173,45,gato,,,cat,,,, -45-174,45,abáʔ,,,wow,,,, -45-175,45,leche,,,milk,,,, -45-176,45,jeep,,,jeepney,,,, -45-177,45,familia,,,family,,,, -45-178,45,vianda,,,viand,,,, -45-179,45,sal,,,salt,,,, -45-180,45,cielo [ʃjelo],,,"heaven, sky",,,, -45-181,45,hojas [ohas],,,"leaf, leaves",,,, -45-182,45,mata,,,kill,,,, -45-183,45,negro,,,black,,,, -45-184,45,ñor,,,mister,,,, -45-185,45,nga,,,emphatic marker,,,, -45-186,45,perro,,,dog,,,, -45-187,45,pero,,,but,,,, -45-188,45,loco,,,crazy,,,, -45-189,45,yo,,,I,,,, -45-190,45,daw,,,"QUOT, it is said",,,, -45-191,45,ilos,,,they,,,, -45-192,45,peso,,,peso,,,, -45-193,45,mano,,,hand,,,, -45-194,45,usa,,,use,,,, -45-195,45,todo,,,all,,,, -5-206,5,phupa,,,father,,,, -5-207,5,luk,,,"look, notice, see",,,, -5-208,5,phaku,,,"a variety of fish , an incompetent person",,,, -5-209,5,leba-lip,,,a heavy lower lip,,,, -5-210,5,dha:l,,,split-peas,,,, -5-211,5,phati,,,a form of pastry with meat inside,,,, -5-212,5,tha:,,,a marble used in children's game,,,, -5-213,5,bodi:,,,brother,,,, -5-214,5,ca:ɹ,,,car,,,, -5-215,5,ɟa:f,,,chat,,,, -5-216,5,kʰa:l,,,call,,,, -5-217,5,goot,,,goat,,,, -5-218,5,ba:la,,,a ball of string used for flying kites,,,, -5-219,5,chip,,,cut in fine pieces,,,, -5-220,5,d͡ʒe:l,,,jail,,,, -5-221,5,ɸan,,,on,,,, -5-222,5,aβi,,,we,,,, -5-223,5,fiyu,,,your,,,, -5-224,5,voot,,,vote,,,, -5-225,5,sik,,,sick,,,, -5-226,5,adawaiz,,,otherwise,,,, -5-227,5,mashiin,,,machine,,,, -5-228,5,mezho,,,measure,,,, -5-229,5,hool,,,old,,,, -5-230,5,maan,,,man,,,, -5-231,5,kombain,,,combined harvester,,,, -5-232,5,ɲãm,,,eat,,,, -5-233,5,rong,,,"around, round",,,, -5-234,5,ruut,,,root,,,, -5-235,5,pʰɾapa,,,very,,,, -5-236,5,lang,,,long,,,, -5-237,5,yong,,,young,,,, -5-238,5,wiid,,,weed,,,, -5-239,5,brik,,,stone,,,, -5-240,5,luutĩn,,,looting,,,, -5-241,5,dɪ,,,the,,,, -5-242,5,le,,,let; allow,,,, -5-243,5,dẽn,,,then,,,, -5-244,5,lɛd,,,lead (pencil),,,, -5-245,5,dɛ̃m,,,them,,,, -5-246,5,bak,,,back,,,, -5-247,5,ãn,,,and,,,, -5-248,5,gatu,,,had to,,,, -5-249,5,sũn,,,soon,,,, -5-250,5,fʊt,,,foot,,,, -5-251,5,bot,,,bought,,,, -5-252,5,hõn,,,hone,,,, -5-253,5,kɔt,,,cut,,,, -5-254,5,ᵐbaad,,,bad,,,, -5-255,5,kɔ̃m,,,come,,,, -5-256,5,fliːs,,,fleece,,,, -5-257,5,fees,,,face,,,, -5-258,5,brɛːd,,,bread,,,, -5-259,5,shaap,,,sharp,,,, -5-260,5,buut,,,boot,,,, -5-261,5,stoori,,,story,,,, -28-201,28,skapu,,,sheep,,,, -28-202,28,kɛnɛ,,,person,,,, -28-203,28,bionto,,,remember/believe,,,, -28-204,28,toko,,,child,,,, -28-205,28,duei,,,spirit,,,, -28-206,28,gui,,,throw,,,, -28-207,28,oflaru,,,everywhere,,,, -28-208,28,suku,,,want/seek,,,, -28-209,28,ʃigi,,,shake,,,, -28-210,28,ixi,,,1PL,,,, -28-211,28,holwatri,,,wave,,,, -28-212,28,hɛlɛmali,,,completely,,,, -28-213,28,kɛnɛ,,,person,,,, -28-214,28,baŋki,,,bench,,,, -28-215,28,langi,,,long,,,, -28-216,28,jɛrma,,,woman,,,, -28-217,28,wiri,,,curse,,,, -28-218,28,fini,,,fire,,,, -28-219,28,feni,,,bird,,,, -28-220,28,kampɛlɛ,,,butterfly,,,, -28-221,28,stati,,,tail,,,, -28-222,28,suti,,,quiet,,,, -28-223,28,poʃi,,,squeeze/press,,,, -28-224,28,toko [tɔkɔ],,,child,,,, -33-234,33,pape,,,father,,,, -33-235,33,karu,,,car,,,, -33-236,33,buru,,,donkey,,,, -33-237,33,tiu,,,uncle,,,, -33-238,33,dinheru,,,money,,,, -33-239,33,gatu,,,cat,,,, -33-240,33,tcuba,,,rain,,,, -33-241,33,djuda,,,to help,,,, -33-242,33,baba,,,to drool,,,, -33-243,33,fatu,,,suit,,,, -33-244,33,vivi,,,to live,,,, -33-245,33,seku,,,dry,,,, -33-246,33,aza,,,wing,,,, -33-247,33,cha,,,tea,,,, -33-248,33,janela,,,window,,,, -33-249,33,mame,,,mother,,,, -33-250,33,nobu,,,new,,,, -33-251,33,nha,,,mine,,,, -33-252,33,N,,,I,,,, -33-253,33,karu,,,car,,,, -33-254,33,livru,,,book,,,, -33-255,33,iagu,,,water,,,, -33-256,33,uaga,,,to plant,,,, -33-257,33,bonitu,,,handsome,,,, -33-258,33,pinta,,,to paint,,,, -33-259,33,sera,,,wax,,,, -33-260,33,pensa,,,to think,,,, -33-261,33,mesa,,,table,,,, -33-262,33,masa,,,pasta,,,, -33-263,33,kanta,,,to sing,,,, -33-264,33,lagua,,,lagoon,,,, -33-265,33,un,,,one,,,, -33-266,33,bota,,,to put,,,, -33-267,33,pon,,,bread,,,, -33-268,33,bota,,,boot,,,, -33-269,33,konta,,,bill,,,, -42-216,42,pai,,,father,,,, -42-217,42,kabá,,,finish,,,, -42-218,42,bai,,,go,,,, -42-219,42,teng,,,have,,,, -42-220,42,dia,,,day,,,, -42-221,42,gabá,,,to praise,,,, -42-222,42,chua,,,rain,,,, -42-223,42,jeru,,,son-in-law,,,, -42-224,42,fila,,,daughter,,,, -42-225,42,novi,,,nine,,,, -42-226,42,basu,,,"beneath, under",,,, -42-227,42,bazá,,,to pour,,,, -42-228,42,mai,,,mother,,,, -42-229,42,nomi,,,name,,,, -42-230,42,nyami,,,tapioca,,,, -42-231,42,pang,,,bread,,,, -42-232,42,rua,,,street,,,, -42-233,42,fola,,,leaf,,,, -42-234,42,ila,,,island,,,, -42-235,42,belu,,,old man,,,, -42-236,42,bela,,,old woman,,,, -42-237,42,rëdonu,,,round,,,, -42-238,42,alu,,,garlic,,,, -42-239,42,undi,,,where,,,, -42-240,42,lo,,,future particle,,,, -42-241,42,dó,,,mourning,,,, -21-170,21,pin,,,pin,,,, -21-171,21,kin,,,kin,,,, -21-172,21,pin,,,pin,,,, -21-173,21,bin,,,bin,,,, -21-174,21,"tin, tin",,,"tin, thin",,,, -21-175,21,"tin, thin",,,"tin, thin",,,, -21-176,21,"din, dis",,,"din, this",,,, -21-177,21,kin,,,kin,,,, -21-178,21,gan,,,gun,,,, -21-179,21,"wa?, ske?",,,"what, scared",,,, -21-180,21,chin,,,chin,,,, -21-181,21,gin,,,gin,,,, -21-182,21,fain,,,fine,,,, -21-183,21,vain,,,vine,,,, -21-184,21,this,,,this,,,, -21-185,21,su,,,sue,,,, -21-186,21,zu,,,zoo,,,, -21-187,21,shoot,,,shoot,,,, -21-188,21,leisure,,,leisure,,,, -21-189,21,sim,,,seem,,,, -21-190,21,sin,,,sin,,,, -21-191,21,sing,,,sing,,,, -21-192,21,correct,,,correct,,,, -21-193,21,very,,,very,,,, -21-194,21,sit,,,"sit, seat",,,, -21-195,21,leg,,,leg,,,, -21-196,21,"sweat, pamphlet",,,"sweat, pamphlet",,,, -21-197,21,pamphlet,,,pamphlet,,,, -21-198,21,"bird, about",,,"bird, about",,,, -21-199,21,"as, laki",,,"ask, lucky",,,, -21-200,21,"put, pul",,,"put, pool",,,, -21-201,21,got,,,goat,,,, -21-202,21,"not, sauce",,,"not, sauce",,,, -21-203,21,thing,,,thing,,,, -21-204,21,chin,,,chin,,,, -50-231,50,tou,,,hole,,,, -50-232,50,pè,,,afraid,,,, -50-233,50,bèf,,,cow,,,, -50-234,50,dou,,,sweet,,,, -50-235,50,tjòk,,,punch,,,, -50-236,50,djòk,,,vigorous,,,, -50-237,50,kòk,,,cock,,,, -50-238,50,gwo,,,"big, fat",,,, -50-239,50,mòn,,,hill,,,, -50-240,50,nòz,,,dare,,,, -50-241,50,chanpagn,,,champagne,,,, -50-242,50,ling,,,line,,,, -50-243,50,fo,,,false,,,, -50-244,50,vré,,,true,,,, -50-245,50,san,,,blood,,,, -50-246,50,zo,,,bone,,,d25868b0ab1eb6f5cf608ab5d021df36, -50-247,50,chè,,,hot,,,, -50-248,50,jou,,,day,,,, -50-249,50,ravèt,,,cockroach,,,, -50-250,50,halé,,,pull,,,, -50-251,50,lou,,,heavy,,,, -50-252,50,yanm,,,big foot,,,, -50-253,50,wè,,,yes,,,, -50-254,50,luil,,,oil,,,, -50-255,50,diri,,,rice,,,, -50-256,50,pé,,,can,,,, -50-257,50,chè,,,expensive,,,, -50-258,50,pa,,,not,,,, -50-259,50,pen,,,bread,,,, -50-260,50,pò,,,port,,,, -50-261,50,pon,,,bridge,,,, -50-262,50,fo,,,false,,,, -50-263,50,jou,,,day,,,, -50-264,50,ju,,,juce,,,, -50-265,50,zeu,,,egg,,,, -50-266,50,geul,,,mouth,,,, -50-267,50,yanm,,,big foot,,,, -50-268,50,lundi,,,monday,,,, -51-198,51,pè,,,afraid,,,, -51-199,51,bef,,,cow,,,3867a0e40d10c536603f418b7f3f70b5, -51-200,51,tou,,,hole,,,1b41013f2c396988e8160d445550a891, -51-201,51,dou,,,sweet,,,3a1342ea7acf9cf8d0bb98b852b6c55d, -51-202,51,tjok,,,punch,,,0be185821e41f820f1cd5866b3712c62, -51-203,51,djok,,,vigorous,,,f34c69012fa725236fc219cf4c9e3e05, -51-204,51,kok,,,cock,,,33fa71e1cb5d770d7737db752c619b94, -51-205,51,gwo,,,big/fat,,,a906eb673e52fedf68fd755e1d134fc1, -51-206,51,mòn,,,hill,,,6d7a42f75f484f3f5363523513e61538, -51-207,51,noz,,,dare,,,f355a22cb59f5260a3895f4a7ea501f6, -51-208,51,chanpagn,,,champagne,,,250dc31463566dc096870e5b15232e68, -51-209,51,ling,,,line,,,7e14fe19360a5144a6ce466768346d65, -51-210,51,fò,,,strong/powerful,,,196fd7651be6830dd0ef0730d9f32313, -51-211,51,vré,,,true,,,3ce4f0111f2191a19770a5c2525beef6, -51-212,51,sésé,,,sister,,,6b19402637127d9b409a240c08348180, -51-213,51,zo,,,bone,,,, -51-214,51,chè,,,expensive,,,b725f8771f4c42eb28a968ee986bd1ac, -51-215,51,jou,,,day,,,e940d2ef69f46550a568975ccbb775a0, -51-216,51,ravet,,,cockroach,,,075c1c35590879e2a417f4819788a217, -51-217,51,halé,,,pull,,,5bcb27b17907add7d5942e01d39922db, -51-218,51,lou,,,heavy,,,8d39b9a1eef65f84536b99ee781d6c98, -51-219,51,yanm,,,yam,,,d7bc136f414647df8809184f5b294f66, -51-220,51,wè,,,see,,,5ab14f4481c4cb37d6a5e033083aaf71, -51-221,51,diri,,,rice,,,f52a6c2c4819d55cc007096426f878b5, -51-222,51,pé,,,can,,,976845808eefeae88ace6b6f2e5a06da, -51-223,51,pè,,,afraid,,,bdaf8ea347665cdc215a49a382bdaf40, -51-224,51,pa,,,not,,,e210716ff36091886127d2e4327d3654, -51-225,51,pò,,,harbour,,,4690a6a810d1d22c3c66d042eb35671a, -51-226,51,fo,,,false,,,cd30591d22e03c65498bc22bf0561396, -51-227,51,pou,,,"louse, lice",,,6bac98226f74282ba135a076cd67c701, -51-228,51,ju,,,juice,,,5cb000cc8720b69bad9c77587439090b, -51-229,51,pen,,,bread,,,f71a39185e2a3577860232ac5a43e30c, -51-230,51,san,,,blood,,,7938d8366e800b139db637f2c65a6d3f, -51-231,51,pon,,,bridge,,,3a0aaa5f2ee13881b3a5fd19b7c80e94, -51-232,51,zeu,,,egg,,,6310f0b0bbf70adf1d09489d346fe1aa, -51-233,51,geul,,,mouth,,,8759571305dc54bd809997f829bc71c5, -51-234,51,luil,,,oil,,,323177bd76a6378ff321c7cee66f38d7, -51-235,51,lundi,,,monday,,,cc9a0fded6a87ebbac4ec8f8b61de5d7, -47-240,47,pèrkurá,,,to take care of,,,, -47-241,47,kònòlchi,,,radish,,,, -47-242,47,dibidibi,,,dividivi tree (Caesalpinia coriaria),,,, -47-243,47,trabou,,,work,,,, -47-244,47,despensa,,,apology,,,, -47-245,47,lagadishi,,,lizard,,,, -47-246,47,chapi,,,hoe / hoe blade used as musical instrument,,,, -47-247,47,djaka,,,rat,,,, -47-248,47,fada,,,"be bored, be fed up",,,, -47-249,47,vota,,,to vote,,,, -47-250,47,bals,,,chewing-gum,,,, -47-251,47,zoya,,,"to swing, to rock",,,, -47-252,47,shinishi,,,ashes,,,, -47-253,47,zjozjolí,,,sweet made from sesame,,,, -47-254,47,lèg,,,to lie down,,,, -47-255,47,muhé,,,woman,,,, -47-256,47,midi,,,measure,,,, -47-257,47,nada,,,nothing,,,, -47-258,47,ñetu,,,grandchild,,,, -47-259,47,bòn,,,good,,,, -47-260,47,ruman,,,sibling,,,, -47-261,47,lubidá,,,to forget,,,, -47-262,47,yabi,,,key,,,, -47-263,47,wega,,,game,,,, -47-264,47,stima,,,to love,,,, -47-265,47,hür,,,to rent,,,, -47-266,47,debe,,,debt,,,, -47-267,47,prèkè,,,safety-pin,,,, -47-268,47,òrgel,,,organ,,,, -47-269,47,papia,,,to speak,,,, -47-270,47,kurpa,,,body,,,, -47-271,47,ohochi,,,twin,,,, -47-272,47,pòtmòni,,,wallet,,,, -3-167,3,pɛ́pɛ,,,pepper,,,, -3-168,3,kési,,,coffin,,,, -3-169,3,bígi,,,big,,,, -3-170,3,tú,,,two,,,, -3-171,3,dú,,,do,,,, -3-172,3,kwéfa,,,baby's cap,,,, -3-173,3,gí,,,give,,,, -3-174,3,tjái,,,carry,,,, -3-175,3,djái,,,yard,,,, -3-176,3,fája,,,fire,,,, -3-177,3,véntu,,,wind,,,, -3-178,3,súsu,,,shoe,,,, -3-179,3,zonká,,,charcoal,,,, -3-180,3,héi,,,high,,,, -3-181,3,kámba,,,room,,,, -3-182,3,véntu,,,wind,,,, -3-183,3,njúnju,,,new,,,, -3-184,3,zonká,,,charcoal,,,, -3-185,3,lépi,,,ripe,,,, -3-186,3,jési,,,ear,,,, -3-187,3,wósu,,,house,,,, -3-188,3,ɓía,,,beard,,,, -3-189,3,lín,,,long fishing line,,,, -3-190,3,jési,,,ear,,,, -3-191,3,tén,,,time,,,, -3-192,3,ɓɛ,,,red,,,, -3-193,3,fɛn,,,tear off,,,, -3-194,3,ɓía,,,beard,,,, -3-195,3,daán,,,rum,,,, -3-196,3,tú,,,two,,,, -3-197,3,puún,,,fart [v],,,, -3-198,3,gó,,,go,,,, -3-199,3,fón,,,beat up,,,, -3-200,3,fɔ́,,,four,,,, -3-201,3,kpan,,,cut off,,,, -3-202,3,gbɔlɔ,,,lukewarm,,,, -3-203,3,hɔn,,,uproot,,,, -3-204,3,uwii,,,hair,,,, -3-205,3,mujɛɛ,,,woman,,,, -3-206,3,ɓaaku,,,hole,,,, -3-207,3,duumi,,,sleep,,,, -3-208,3,wooko,,,work,,,, -3-209,3,gwamba,,,meat,,,, -3-210,3,ahwámáun,,,shoulder,,,, -3-211,3,ɓɛ,,,red,,,, -3-212,3,ɗí,,,the,,,, -14-165,14,spin,,,spin,,,, -14-166,14,skin,,,skin,,,, -14-167,14,pin,,,pin,,,, -14-168,14,bin,,,bin,,,, -14-169,14,stop,,,stop,,,, -14-170,14,top,,,top,,,, -14-171,14,keg,,,keg,,,, -14-172,14,get,,,get,,,, -14-173,14,oh-oh!,,,oh-oh!,,,, -14-174,14,chip,,,chip,,,, -14-175,14,judge,,,judge,,,, -14-176,14,fine,,,fine,,,, -14-177,14,vine,,,vine,,,, -14-178,14,those,,,those,,,, -14-179,14,sock,,,sock,,,, -14-180,14,zipper,,,zipper,,,, -14-181,14,ship,,,ship,,,, -14-182,14,measure,,,measure,,,, -14-183,14,hat,,,hat,,,, -14-184,14,moon,,,moon,,,, -14-185,14,note,,,note,,,, -14-186,14,song,,,song,,,, -14-187,14,butter,,,butter,,,, -14-188,14,lake,,,lake,,,, -14-189,14,use,,,use,,,, -14-190,14,wish,,,wish,,,, -14-191,14,feet,,,feet,,,, -14-192,14,bean,,,bean,,,, -14-193,14,fit,,,fit,,,, -14-194,14,fate,,,fate,,,, -14-195,14,tame,,,tame,,,, -14-196,14,bet,,,bet,,,, -14-197,14,pen,,,pen,,,, -14-198,14,map,,,map,,,, -14-199,14,padded (vowel in suffix),,,padded,,,, -14-200,14,about,,,about,,,, -14-201,14,boot,,,boot,,,, -14-202,14,spoon,,,spoon,,,, -14-203,14,bush,,,bush,,,, -14-204,14,open,,,open,,,, -14-205,14,only,,,only,,,, -14-206,14,caught,,,caught,,,, -14-207,14,pot,,,pot,,,, -14-208,14,thing,,,thing,,,, -14-209,14,bead,,,bead,,,, -14-210,14,made,,,made,,,, -14-211,14,bed,,,bed,,,, -14-212,14,pad,,,pad,,,, -14-213,14,tube,,,tube,,,, -14-214,14,code,,,code,,,, -14-215,14,log,,,log,,,, -14-216,14,pod,,,pod,,,, -61-132,61,palish,,,porridge,,,, -61-133,61,kala,,,cry,,,, -61-134,61,phakati,,,inside,,,, -61-135,61,bamba,,,catch,,,, -61-136,61,thula,,,be quiet (IMP),,,, -61-137,61,thanda,,,to love,,,, -61-138,61,doba,,,to fish,,,, -61-139,61,khala,,,to cry,,,, -61-140,61,gula,,,to be sick,,,, -61-141,61,chela,,,to tell,,,, -61-142,61,jiga,,,"to turn, to dance",,,, -61-143,61,fana,,,like,,,, -61-144,61,vula,,,open,,,, -61-145,61,sula,,,to wipe,,,, -61-146,61,zala,,,to be born,,,, -61-147,61,shaya,,,to beat,,,, -61-148,61,idla,,,eat,,,, -61-149,61,hamba,,,to go,,,, -61-150,61,mama,,,mother,,,, -61-151,61,namhla,,,today,,,, -61-152,61,tenga,,,to buy,,,, -61-153,61,radishi,,,radish,,,, -61-154,61,lambile,,,hungry,,,, -61-155,61,yeka,,,"to leave, to yield",,,, -61-156,61,wena,,,you,,,, -61-157,61,idla,,,to eat,,,, -61-158,61,enza,,,to do,,,, -61-159,61,lala,,,to sleep,,,, -61-160,61,mubi,,,bad,,,, -61-161,61,bopa,,,to tie,,,, -61-162,61,mbila,,,maize,,,, -61-163,61,hlala,,,"to stay, sit",,,, -18-198,18,put,,,to put,,,, -18-199,18,gon,,,gun,,,, -18-200,18,kuk,,,to cook,,,, -18-201,18,tchuk,,,to pierce,,,, -18-202,18,dsham,,,scarcity,,,, -18-203,18,fam,,,farm,,,, -18-204,18,vot,,,to vote,,,, -18-205,18,si,,,to see,,,, -18-206,18,zip,,,to zip,,,, -18-207,18,shem,,,shame,,,, -18-208,18,hama,,,hammer,,,, -18-209,18,man,,,man,,,, -18-210,18,nek,,,neck,,,, -18-211,18,nyus,,,news,,,, -18-212,18,ting,,,thing,,,, -18-213,18,riva,,,river,,,, -18-214,18,long,,,long,,,, -18-215,18,big,,,big,,,, -18-216,18,yam,,,yam,,,, -18-217,18,wan,,,one,,,, -18-218,18,si,,,to see,,,, -18-219,18,tek,,,to take,,,, -18-220,18,de,,,there,,,, -18-221,18,fada,,,father,,,, -18-222,18,put,,,to put,,,, -18-223,18,ti,,,tea,,,, -18-224,18,lo,,,low,,,, -18-225,18,god,,,God,,,, -18-226,18,mbanga,,,palm-kernel,,,, -18-227,18,dig,,,to dig,,,, -71-207,71,pilikia,,,trouble,,,, -71-208,71,kela,,,that,,,, -71-209,71,bia,,,beer,,,, -71-210,71,tera,,,that,,,, -71-211,71,dala,,,money,,,, -71-212,71,'a'ole,,,NEG,,,, -71-213,71,ɸuɸu,,,angry,,,, -71-214,71,sifa,,,chee fah (a kind of gambling ticket),,,, -71-215,71,sifa,,,chee fah (a kind of gambling ticket),,,, -71-216,71,hele,,,go,,,, -71-217,71,momona,,,fat,,,, -71-218,71,nana,,,look,,,, -71-219,71,tera,,,that,,,, -71-220,71,kara,,,money,,,, -71-221,71,lauoho,,,hair,,,, -71-222,71,iaia,,,3SG,,,, -71-223,71,wau,,,1SG,,,, -71-224,71,inaha,,,break,,,, -71-225,71,make,,,dead,,,, -71-226,71,eha,,,painful,,,, -71-227,71,makemake,,,want,,,, -71-228,71,ala,,,road,,,, -71-229,71,ua,,,rain,,,, -71-230,71,o,,,of,,,, -71-231,71,pi mai,,,come,,,, -71-232,71,bēbē,,,baby,,,, -71-233,71,hūhū,,,angry,,,, -71-234,71,pō,,,night,,,, -34-198,34,papé,,,father,,,, -34-199,34,bebé,,,to drink,,,, -34-200,34,mama,,,breast,,,, -34-201,34,mbera,,,"sun deck, veranda",,,, -34-202,34,mpinycu,,,eczema,,,, -34-203,34,cor,,,mourning,,,, -34-204,34,ntendé,,,understand,,,, -34-205,34,ndoriña,,,swallow,,,, -34-206,34,konkoloñc,,,uvula,,,, -34-207,34,ñotá,,,to parade,,,, -34-208,34,ñjujá,,,to mend (a rope),,,, -34-209,34,jobé,,,to look at,,,, -34-210,34,ŋkuñá,,,to lean with one's back against something,,,, -34-211,34,ŋolí,,,to look at someone from the corner of one's eye,,,, -34-212,34,ŋgratu,,,ungrateful,,,, -34-213,34,jiŋɐŋ,,,ghost sp.,,,, -34-214,34,terenu,,,plot of land,,,, -34-215,34,daná,,,to damage,,,, -34-216,34,nada,,,nothing,,,, -34-217,34,zeró,,,zero,,,, -34-218,34,bixa,,,queue,,,, -34-219,34,voté,,,to vote,,,, -34-220,34,fomi,,,hunger,,,, -34-221,34,rostu,,,face,,,, -34-222,34,losa,,,shop,,,, -34-223,34,yagu,,,water,,,, -34-224,34,wamá,,,to cradle (baby in one's arms),,,, -34-225,34,kudadi,,,care,,,, -34-226,34,garandi,,,big,,,, -34-227,34,sintí,,,to feel,,,, -34-228,34,perdé,,,to get lost,,,, -34-229,34,lɔpɛ́,,,swaddling clothes,,,, -34-230,34,jɔtɔ́,,,fish sp.,,,, -34-231,34,susu,,,dirty,,,, -34-232,34,buru,,,donkey,,,, -34-233,34,fonti,,,spring/well,,,, -34-234,34,saká,,,to accuse someone,,,, -36-172,36,tamba,,,to fish,,,, -36-173,36,thon,,,ground,,,, -36-174,36,baburu,,,kind of fish,,,, -36-175,36,"j̃oki , maj̃a",,,"bee, to bind",,,, -36-176,36,m'puna,,,knee,,,, -36-177,36,dôthu,,,two,,,, -36-178,36,vitxa,,,arrive,,,, -36-179,36,mama,,,mother,,,, -36-180,36,kai,,,house,,,, -36-181,36,dhenga,,,dirt,,,, -36-182,36,zina,,,grandmother,,,, -36-183,36,singô,,,neck,,,, -36-184,36,taafa,,,fishing net,,,, -36-185,36,yêrê,,,to burn,,,, -36-186,36,awa,,,water,,,, -1-278,1,pattu,,,pot,,,, -1-279,1,krassi,,,itch,,,, -1-280,1,búku,,,book,,,, -1-281,1,teki,,,take,,,, -1-282,1,de,,,be,,,, -1-283,1,gretti,,,grate,,,, -1-284,1,tjarri,,,carry,,,, -1-285,1,djompo,,,jump,,,, -1-286,1,futu,,,foot,,,, -1-287,1,awò,,,grandparent,,,, -1-288,1,sopu,,,soap,,,, -1-289,1,sheki,,,shake,,,, -1-290,1,honi,,,honey,,,, -1-291,1,moni,,,money,,,, -1-292,1,nefi,,,knife,,,, -1-293,1,nju,,,new,,,, -1-294,1,tingi,,,stink,,,, -1-295,1,bronn,,,burn,,,, -1-296,1,leri,,,"learn, teach",,,, -1-297,1,jessi,,,ear,,,, -1-298,1,wippi,,,whip,,,, -1-299,1,wippi,,,whip,,,, -1-300,1,hei,,,hare,,,, -1-301,1,habi,,,have,,,, -1-302,1,nju,,,new,,,, -1-303,1,boli,,,boil,,,, -31-202,31,amigu,,,friend,,,, -31-203,31,ningen,,,nobody,,,, -31-204,31,São Tomé,,,São Tomé,,,, -31-205,31,mutu,,,much,,,, -31-206,31,piskador,,,fisherman,,,, -31-207,31,bóka,,,mouth,,,, -31-208,31,bikwáyt,,,be quiet,,,, -31-209,31,padrinhu,,,god-father,,,, -31-210,31,sabidu,,,intelligent,,,, -31-211,31,minizu,,,children,,,, -31-212,31,kafe,,,coffee,,,, -31-213,31,vizinhu,,,neighbour,,,, -31-214,31,tres,,,three,,,, -31-215,31,merkadu,,,market,,,, -31-216,31,dona,,,grandmother,,,, -31-217,31,piskador,,,fisherman,,,, -31-218,31,pasu,,,bird,,,, -31-219,31,kuza,,,thing,,,, -31-220,31,libru,,,book,,,, -31-221,31,vizinhu,,,neighbour,,,, -31-222,31,pexi,,,fish,,,, -31-223,31,kruja,,,owl,,,, -31-224,31,matxu,,,male,,,, -31-225,31,fidju,,,son,,,, -31-226,31,kaza,,,home,,,, -31-227,31,gosi,,,now,,,, -6-133,6,play mas,,,participate in Carnival,,,, -6-134,6,krab,,,crab,,,, -6-135,6,phagwa,,,Hindu festival,,,, -6-136,6,basodi,,,confuse,,,, -6-137,6,dhoti,,,"loin cloth, wrapped pants",,,, -6-138,6,Trinbagonian,,,citizen of the twin-island nation of Trinidad and Tobago,,,, -6-139,6,tawa,,,baking stone,,,, -6-140,6,doubles,,,Trinidadian dish: bread with curried chickpea filling,,,, -6-141,6,croisee; Quackie,,,"intersection, white man",,,, -6-142,6,ketch,,,catch,,,, -6-143,6,gran,,,grandchild,,,, -6-144,6,priich,,,preach,,,, -6-145,6,channa,,,chickpea,,,, -6-146,6,jumbie,,,"ghost, spirit of a dead person",,,, -6-147,6,fete,,,party,,,, -6-148,6,vendor,,,"seller, merchant",,,, -6-149,6,saga-boy,,,man who dresses in a stylish manner,,,, -6-150,6,zig-zag,,,"unpredictable, unreliable",,,, -6-151,6,shabeen,,,person with light complexion,,,, -6-152,6,measure,,,measure,,,, -6-153,6,hops bread,,,hops bread,,,, -6-154,6,mamaguy,,,tease,,,, -6-155,6,nancy story,,,folktale,,,, -6-156,6,morning,,,morning (greeting),,,, -6-157,6,rumshop,,,"liquor shop, bar",,,, -6-158,6,letta,,,letter,,,, -6-159,6,yard,,,"yard, garden",,,, -6-160,6,wata,,,water,,,, -6-161,6,happy,,,happy,,,, -6-162,6,happy,,,happy,,,, -6-163,6,pay,,,pay,,,, -6-164,6,tear,,,tear,,,, -6-165,6,fire,,,fire,,,, -6-166,6,walk,,,walk,,,, -6-167,6,soup,,,soup,,,, -6-168,6,fut,,,foot,,,, -6-169,6,goat,,,goat,,,, -6-170,6,walk,,,walk,,,, -6-171,6,walk,,,walk,,,, -6-172,6,tiif,,,thief,,,, -6-173,6,eight,,,eight,,,, -6-174,6,square,,,square,,,, -6-175,6,start,,,start,,,, -6-176,6,boot,,,boot,,,, -6-177,6,low,,,low,,,, -6-178,6,force,,,force,,,, -6-179,6,talk,,,talk,,,, -49-405,49,uit [ɥit],,,eight,,,, -24-249,24,thaenkyu,,,thank you,,,, -24-250,24,them,,,they,,,, -24-251,24,baes,,,best,,,, -24-252,24,pota,,,taro leaf,,,, -24-253,24,kwiin,,,queen,,,, -24-254,24,moomoo,,,beast,,,, -8-234,8,redi,,,ready,,,, -14-217,14,red,,,red,,,, -18-228,18,ŋgmbi,,,spirit,,,, -18-229,18,nsɔ,,,Nso (a place name and language),,,, -18-230,18,ŋkanda,,,skin,,,, -35-306,35,mpon; mpavu,,,bread; roof made of palm leaves,,,, -35-307,35,ndala; ndonkli,,,palm leaf; ideophone of sourness,,,, -35-308,35,ntelu; ntenu,,,burial; pan,,,, -35-309,35,ngandu; ngembu; nganha,,,shark; bat; to arrive,,,, -35-310,35,nkome,,,blow with the fist,,,, -35-311,35,nfenu,,,hell,,,, -35-312,35,nzali; nzolo; nzuku,,,worm; fishhook; faeces,,,, -73-155,73,kuchillu,,,knife,,,, -35-313,35,njenson; njinzu,,,injection; fasting,,,, -72-178,72,partaj,,,climb,,,, -72-179,72,kutij,,,stand,,,, -72-180,72,ngapuju,,,father's mother,,,, -72-181,72,turrp,,,poke,,,, -72-182,72,kutij,,,stand,,,, -72-183,72,partaj,,,climb,,,, -72-184,72,partaj,,,climb,,,, -72-185,72,partaj,,,climb,,,, -72-186,72,partaj,,,climb,,,, -72-187,72,kutij,,,stand,,,, -72-188,72,folou,,,follow,,,, -72-189,72,folou,,,follow,,,, -72-190,72,dat,,,the,,,, -72-191,72,jidan,,,sit,,,, -72-192,72,jidan,,,sit,,,, -72-193,72,dat,,,the,,,, -72-194,72,martiya,,,bush gum,,,, -72-195,72,nalija,,,tea,,,, -72-196,72,ngakparn,,,frog,,,, -72-197,72,nyarrulu,,,they,,,, -72-198,72,ngapulu,,,milk/breast,,,, -72-199,72,rarraj,,,run,,,, -72-200,72,rarraj,,,run,,,, -72-201,72,nalija,,,tea,,,, -72-202,72,ngarlaka,,,head,,,, -72-203,72,kalyja,,,shallow,,,, -72-204,72,warlaku,,,dog,,,, -72-205,72,pirlpirlji,,,grasshopper,,,, -72-206,72,leg,,,leg,,,, -72-207,72,kap,,,cup,,,, -72-208,72,warlaku,,,dog,,,, -72-209,72,ngapulu,,,milk/breast,,,, -72-210,72,putim,,,put,,,, -72-211,72,talwan,,,tall,,,, -72-212,72,dat,,,the,,,, -28-225,28,rekti,,,right,,,, -47-273,47,wendrùif,,,grape,,,, -36-187,36,kwin,,,ten,,,, -36-188,36,sikêvê,,,to write,,,, -36-189,36,sikêvê,,,to write,,,, -36-190,36,theku,,,dry,,,, -36-191,36,thudhu,,,dirty,,,, -36-192,36,thô,,,only,,,, -36-193,36,thono,,,sleep,,,, -36-194,36,awa,,,water,,,, -36-195,36,ũa,,,one,,,, -36-196,36,pega,,,nail,,,, -36-197,36,zina,,,grandmother,,,, -36-198,36,ngai,,,big,,,, -36-199,36,mpêlu,,,turkey,,,, -36-200,36,ndatxi,,,root,,,, -36-201,36,ngaba,,,praise,,,, -36-202,36,ndjibela,,,pocket,,,, -36-203,36,alê,,,king,,,, -36-204,36,txororo,,,small,,,, -36-205,36,mbedha,,,table,,,, -43-168,43,koelyu,,,rabbit,,,, -16-226,16,ɕit,,,shit,,,, -38-216,38,pátu,,,bird,,,, -56-274,56,mannyen,,,"kind, manner",,,, -55-261,55,vaṅde,,,sell,,,, -38-217,38,pátu,,,bird,,,, -38-218,38,déntʃi,,,tooth,,,, -38-219,38,ke:sé,,,grow up,,,, -38-220,38,pátu,,,bird,,,, -38-221,38,déntʃi,,,tooth,,,, -38-222,38,ke:sé,,,grow up,,,, -38-223,38,ke:sé,,,grow up,,,, -38-224,38,déntʃi,,,tooth,,,, -70-106,70,ham,,,1SG,,,, -37-250,37,uɓuɗu,,,stone,,,, -37-251,37,pilha,,,a lot of,,,, -9-240,9,prizn,,,prison,,,, -37-252,37,maj̃a,,,craftiness,,,, -47-274,47,ũj̃a,,,nail,,,, -56-275,56,froder,,,thief,,,, -60-205,60,Bilóko óyo kit´ko,Bilóko\tóyo\tkit´ko,things\tDEM\tnice,This food is nice.,,,,constructed by linguist +Diseu en beut di frimee geetahkoushkawn.",,,789[23],,naturalistic written,Diseu enn beut di frimii giitahkushkaan.,Diseu enn beut di frimii gii-tahkushk-aan.,on INDF.ART.F.SG hill CONN ant 1.PST-step-1,,,,5292, +1-102,1,Da foe oe soema pletie diesja. Da foe mie.,Da\tfu\to\tsoma\tpreti\tdisi-dya.\tDa\tfu\tmi.,it.be\tof\tQ\tperson\tplate\tthis-here\tit.be\tof\t1SG,Whose plate is this? It is mine.,,,1576[94],,written,"Da foe oe soema pletie diesja. Da foe mie.",Da fu o soma preti disi-dya. Da fu mi.,it.be of Q person plate this-here it.be of 1SG,,,,5293,Dutch: Wiens Tafelbord is dit. Het is het myne. [op.cit.] +2-89,2,A buku disi na fu mi.,A\tbuku\tdisi\tna\tfu\tmi.,DET\tbook\tDEM\tCOP\tof\t1SG,This book is mine.,,,1062[23],,naturalistic spoken,A buku disi na fu mi.,,DET book DEM COP of 1SG,,,,5294, +2-90,2,A oto na fu en.,A\toto\tna\tfu\ten.,DET\tcar\tCOP\tof\t3SG,The car is his.,,,1585[27],,naturalistic spoken,A oto na fu en.,,DET car COP of 3SG,,,,5295, +3-45,3,Di buku aki na di u mi.,Di\tbuku\taki\tna\tdi\tu\tmi.,DEF.SG\tbook\there\tNEG\tDEF.SG\tfor\t1SG,This book is not mine.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di buku aki na di u mi.,,DEF.SG book here NEG DEF.SG for 1SG,,Fieldwork data,,5296, +4-64,4,Speaker_A: Sama abi a wagi ya? – Speaker_B: Na a du fu mi.,Speaker_A:\tSama\tabi\ta\twagi\tya?\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tNa\ta\tdu\tfu\tmi.,Speaker_A:\twho\thave\tDET\tcar\tDEM\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tFOC\tDET\tone\tPOSS\tmy,Speaker A: Whose book is this? – Speaker B: It's mine.,,"Du is not easy to translate, but it is not a regular way of expressing 'one' in other contexts. Du is particular to the type of possessive context presented here.",568[70],,naturalistic spoken,Speaker_A: Sama abi a wagi ya? – Speaker_B: Na a du fu mi.,,Speaker_A: who have DET car DEM – Speaker_B: FOC DET one POSS my,"Du is not easy to translate, but it is not a regular way of expressing 'one' in other contexts. Du is particular to the type of possessive context presented here.",,,5297, +4-65,4,Speaker_A: Sama abi a wagi ya? – Speaker_B: A fu mi.,Speaker_A:\tSama\tabi\ta\twagi\tya?\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tA\tfu\tmi.,Speaker_A:\twho\thave\tDET.SG\tcar\tDEM\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tFOC\tPOSS\tme,Speaker A: Whose car is this? – Speaker B: It's mine.,,The focalizer/presentative marker (n)a is obligatory.,,,naturalistic spoken,Speaker_A: Sama abi a wagi ya? – Speaker_B: A fu mi.,,Speaker_A: who have DET.SG car DEM – Speaker_B: FOC POSS me,"The focalizer/presentative marker (n)a is obligatory.",Own observation,,5298, +5-69,5,(fo) yuu oon,(fo)\tyuu\toon,(POSS)\tyou\town,yours,,,1281[97],,constructed by linguist,(fo) yuu oon,,(POSS) you own,,,,5299, +5-70,5,mi wan,mi\twan,1SG.POSS\tone,mine,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi wan,,1SG.POSS one,,Own knowledge,,5300, +6-41,6,"my-own, your-own, he/she-own, we-own, allyuh-own, them-own","my-own,\tyour-own,\the/she-own,\twe-own,\tallyuh-own,\tthem-own",mine\tyours\this/hers\tours\tyours.PL\ttheirs,"mine, yours, his/hers, ours, yours (pl), theirs",,,1431[51],,constructed by linguist,"my-own, your-own, he/she-own, we-own, allyuh-own, them-own",,mine yours his/hers ours yours.PL theirs,,,,5301, +7-102,7,"fomi oon, foyu oon","fo-mi\toon,\tfo-yu\toon",for-1SG\town\tfor-2SG\town,"mine, yours",,,1244[87],,naturalistic spoken,"fomi oon, foyu oon","fo-mi oon, fo-yu oon",for-1SG own for-2SG own,,,,5302, +7-103,7,"mainz, yuhz, hiz, huhz, owaz, deiz","mainz,\tyuhz,\thiz,\thuhz,\towaz,\tdeiz",1SG.POSS\t2.POSS\t3SG.POSS.M\t3SG.POSS.F\t1PL.POSS\t3PL.POSS,"mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs",,"Standard English forms (mine, yours...) have influenced some Vincentian Creole varieties.",1244[87/88],,naturalistic spoken,"mainz, yuhz, hiz, huhz, owaz, deiz",,1SG.POSS 2.POSS 3SG.POSS.M 3SG.POSS.F 1PL.POSS 3PL.POSS,"Standard English forms (mine, yours...) have influenced some Vincentian Creole varieties.",,,5303, +7-104,7,"mainz oon, yuhz oon","mainz\toon,\tyuhz\toon",1SG.POSS\town\t2SG.POSS\town,"mine, yours",,,1244[87/88],,naturalistic spoken,"mainz oon, yuhz oon",,1SG.POSS own 2SG.POSS own,,,,5304, +7-105,7,"yuhz, foyu","yuh-z,\tfo-yu",2-POSS\tfor-2,"yours, your",,,1244[87],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"yuhz, foyu","yuh-z, fo-yu",2-POSS for-2,,,,5305, +8-61,8,Di fuud ina di pat a fi-mi.,Di\tfuud\tina\tdi\tpat\ta\tfi-mi.,DET\tfood\tin\tDET\tpot\tCOP\tfor-1SG,The food in the pot is mine.,,This example illustrates predicative usage.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di fuud ina di pat a fi-mi.,,DET food in DET pot COP for-1SG,This example illustrates predicative usage.,Own knowledge,,5306, +8-62,8,Mi fuud ina di pat.,Mi\tfuud\tina\tdi\tpat.,1SG\tfood\tin\tDET\tpot,My food is in the pot.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi fuud ina di pat.,,1SG food in DET pot,,Own knowledge,,5307, +9-75,9,Bod ina fu i bonk de sliyp.,Bod\tina\tfu\ti\tbonk\tde\tsliyp.,Bod\tin\tfor\t3SG\tbunk\tPROG\tsleep,Bod was in his bunk sleeping.,,,439[242],,naturalistic spoken,Bod ina fu i bonk de sliyp.,,Bod in for 3SG bunk PROG sleep,,,,5308, +9-76,9,"Mi en Luis ʤom ina mya, may big dori, en bruda ina wan li wan.","Mi\ten\tLuis\tʤom\tina\tmya,\tmay\tbig\tdori,\ten\tbruda\tina\twan\tli\twan.",me\tand\tLewis\tjump\tin\tmine\tmy\tbig\tdorey\tand\tbrother\tin\tone\tlittle\tone,"Me and Lewis jumped into mine, my big canoe, and my brother in a small one.",,This example illustrates both the independent (mya 'mine') and the dependent (may dori 'my dori') possessors.,429,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi en Luis ʤom ina mya, may big dori, en bruda ina wan li wan.",,me and Lewis jump in mine my big dorey and brother in one little one,"This example illustrates both the independent (mya 'mine') and the dependent (may dori 'my dori') possessors.",,,5309, +9-77,9,A owt mi layt no.,A\towt\tmi\tlayt\tno.,I\tout\tmy\tlight\tnow,I'll switch off my light now.,,,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,A owt mi layt no.,,I out my light now,,,,5310, +9-78,9,Da aysbaks fu i.,Da\taysbaks\tfu\ti.,this\ticebox\tfor\thim,This ice box is his.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Da aysbaks fu i.,,this icebox for him,,Own knowledge,,5311, +10-91,10,Disya buk da fi mi.,Dis-ya\tbuk\tda\tfi\tmi.,DEM-EMPH\tbook\tFOC\tfor\t1SG,This book is mine.,,,113[53],,elicited from speaker,Disya buk da fi mi.,Dis-ya buk da fi mi.,DEM-EMPH book FOC for 1SG,,,,5312, +10-92,10,Mi nieba hous biga an fi mi.,Mi\tnieba\thous\tbig-a\tan\tfi\tmi.,1SG.POSS\tneighbour\thouse\tbig-COMPAR\tthan\tfor\t1SG.POSS,My neighbour's house is bigger than mine.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mi nieba hous biga an fi mi.,Mi nieba hous big-a an fi mi.,1SG.POSS neighbour house big-COMPAR than for 1SG.POSS,,Field notes 2008,,5313, +11-99,11,Dis biebi kyaan bi fa yu.,Dis\tbiebi\tkyaan\tbi\tfa\tyu.,DEM\tbaby\tcan.NEG\tCOP.INF\tfor\t2SG,This baby can’t be yours.,,,,,naturalistic written,Dis biebi kyaan bi fa yu.,,DEM baby can.NEG COP.INF for 2SG,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,5314, +11-100,11,"Wi haf piknini an wi waan a fyuucha fa aal, not onli fa owarz.","Wi\thaf\tpiknini\tan\twi\twaan\ta\tfyuucha\tfa\taal,\tnot\tonli\tfa\towarz.",1PL\thave\tchild\tand\t1PL\twant\tART.INDF\tfuture\tfor\tall\tnot\tonly\tfor\t1PL.POSS,"We have children and we want a future for all [of them], not only ours.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wi haf piknini an wi waan a fyuucha fa aal, not onli fa owarz.",,1PL have child and 1PL want ART.INDF future for all not only for 1PL.POSS,,,,5315, +11-101,11,Dis buk fa mi.,Dis\tbuk\tfa\tmi.,DEM\tbook\tfor\t1SG,This book is mine.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Dis buk fa mi.,,DEM book for 1SG,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,5316, +11-102,11,Dis buk da mais.,Dis\tbuk\tda\tmais.,DEM\tbook\tFOC\t1SG.POSS,This book is mine.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Dis buk da mais.,,DEM book FOC 1SG.POSS,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,5317, +12-83,12,"Hey man, i’s like this: this is mines an’ you ain’t get none, so hands off.",[...]\tthis\tis\tmines\tan’\tyou\tain’t\tget\tnone\t[...].,[...]\tDEM\t3SG.COP\tINDP.POSS\tand\t2SG.SBJ\tNEG\tget[EXIST]\tnone\t[...],[...] this is mine and you haven't got any [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Hey man, i’s like this: this is mines an’ you ain’t get none, so hands off.",[...] this is mines an’ you ain’t get none [...].,[...] DEM 3SG.COP INDP.POSS and 2SG.SBJ NEG get[EXIST] none [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5318, +12-84,12,"So the Shine say, Let's give him money. He say, OK, I gon' give him half of mine, and you give him half of yours. So Shine say, Yeah, you gi' him half of yours. So the white hobo put half his own in the coffin, but the Shine went in his back pocket and take out a old check book and write a check for a million, take the hobo money, put in his pocket, he say, He'll cash the check when he get where he's going!",[...]\thalf\tof\tmine\t[...]\thalf\tof\tyours.,[...]\thalf\tof\tINDP.POSS\t[...]\thalf\tof\tINDP.POSS,"[...] [I’ll give him] half of mine, [and you’ll give him] half of yours.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"So the Shine say, Let's give him money. He say, OK, I gon' give him half of mine, and you give him half of yours. So Shine say, Yeah, you gi' him half of yours. So the white hobo put half his own in the coffin, but the Shine went in his back pocket and take out a old check book and write a check for a million, take the hobo money, put in his pocket, he say, He'll cash the check when he get where he's going!","[...] half of mine [...] half of yours.",[...] half of INDP.POSS [...] half of INDP.POSS,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5319, +12-85,12,If I was you I woulda take that and more cause i’s all yourns.,[...]\tall\tyourns.,[...]\tall\tINDP.PRO.POSS,[...] [I would have taken that] [...] [because it’s] all yours,,,634[228],,naturalistic spoken,"If I was you I woulda take that and more cause i’s all yourns.","[...] all yourns.",[...] all INDP.PRO.POSS,,,,5320, +12-86,12,He back - your back on one side - he own was all over.,[...]\the\town\twas\tall\tover.,[...]\t3SG.M\town\t3SG.COP.PST\tall\tover,"His back [[got bitten by mosquitoes] - your back on one side,] his was [covered with bites] all over.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"He back - your back on one side - he own was all over.","[...] he own was all over.",[...] 3SG.M own 3SG.COP.PST all over,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5321, +13-74,13,"The other children could keep them own on, and I couldn't keep mine on.","The\tother\tchildren\tcould\tkeep\tthem\town\ton,\tand\tI\tcouldn't\tkeep\tmine\ton.",the\tother\tchildren\tcould\tkeep\t3PL\town\ton\tand\tI\tcouldn't\tkeep\t1SG.POSS\ton,"The other children could keep theirs on, but I couldn't keep mine on.",,,330[19],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,"The other children could keep them own on, and I couldn't keep mine on.",,the other children could keep 3PL own on and I couldn't keep 1SG.POSS on,,,,5322, +13-75,13,Wear hənə own.,Wear\thənə\town.,wear\t2PL\town,Wear yours.,,,330[19],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,"Wear hənə own.",,wear 2PL own,,,,5323, +14-49,14,"mine/mines, yours, his, hers, theirs","mine/mines,\tyours,\this,\thers,\ttheirs",mine\tyours\this\thers\ttheirs,"mine, yours, his, hers, theirs",,"In some older varieties of African American English in the southern US, the forms yourn, hisn, hern, and theirn are also used.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mine/mines, yours, his, hers, theirs",,mine yours his hers theirs,"In some older varieties of African American English in the southern US, the forms yourn, hisn, hern, and theirn are also used.",Own knowledge,,5324, +15-60,15,mi yon,mi\tyon,1SG.POSS\town,mine,,,545[xxx],,naturalistic written,mi yon,,1SG.POSS own,,,,5325, +15-61,15,yu yon,yu\tyon,2SG.POSS\town,yours (SG),,,545[xxx],,naturalistic written,yu yon,,2SG.POSS own,,,,5326, +16-55,16,ba ɛnibɔdi we ì no sɛl dɛà on ì de dɛ,ba\tɛnibɔdi\twe\tì\tno\tsɛl\tdɛà\ton\tì\tde\tdɛ,but\tanybody\tREL\t3SG\tNEG\tsell\t3PL.POSS\town\t3SG\tCOP\tthere,But anybody who doesn't sell their own (produce) is there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"ba ɛnibɔdi we ì no sɛl dɛà on ì de dɛ",,but anybody REL 3SG NEG sell 3PL.POSS own 3SG COP there,,Own fieldwork,,5327, +16-56,16,dɛ̀a on sɔplai pas àua on,dɛ̀a\ton\tsɔplai\tpas\tàua\ton,3PL.POSS\town\tsupply\tpass\t1PL.POSS\town,Their own supply surpasses ours.,,,656[240],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ̀a on sɔplai pas àua on,,3PL.POSS own supply pass 1PL.POSS own,,,,5328, +17-59,17,ìm on,ìm\ton,3SG.POSS\tPOSS.PRO,his/her own,,,462[101],,naturalistic spoken,ìm on,,3SG.POSS POSS.PRO,,,,5329, +18-54,18,Dis pusi na ma on.,Dis\tpusi\tna\tma\ton.,DEM\tcat\tCOP\t1SG.POSS\town,This cat is mine.,,,63[437],,published source,Dis pusi na ma on.,,DEM cat COP 1SG.POSS own,,,,5330, +19-68,19,À dɔn si yù yon.,À\tdɔn\tsi\tyù\tyon.,1SG.SBJ\tPRF\tsee\t2SG\town,I have seen yours.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"À dɔn si yù yon.",,1SG.SBJ PRF see 2SG own,,Field data,,5331, +19-69,19,yù hos,yù\thos,2SG\thouse,your house,,,,,constructed by linguist,"yù hos",,2SG house,,Own knowledge,,5332, +20-53,20,This b'long my.,This\tb'long\tmy.,DEM\tCOP\t1SG.POSS,This is mine.,,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is provided in the corpus.,348[iii],,naturalistic written,This b'long my.,,DEM COP 1SG.POSS,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is provided in the corpus.,,,5333, +21-51,21,That book is his one.,That\tbook\tis\this\tone.,DEM\tbook\tCOP\t3P.POSS\tPOSS,That book is his.,,Postnominal one acts as double possessive marker. This is probably a calque of a Sinitic possessive marker/nominalizer/relativizer.,1568[70],,own knowledge,That book is his one.,,DEM book COP 3P.POSS POSS,"Postnominal one acts as double possessive marker. This is probably a calque of a Sinitic possessive marker/nominalizer/relativizer.",,,5334, +21-52,21,That book is mine.,That\tbook\tis\tmine.,DEM\tbook\tCOP\t1SG.POSS,That book is mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,That book is mine.,,DEM book COP 1SG.POSS,,Own knowledge,,5335, +21-53,21,Whose book is this? My one.,Whose\tbook\tis\tthis?\tMy\tone.,whose\tbook\tCOP\tDEM\t1SG.POSS\tPOSS,Whose book is this? Mine.,,Postnominal one acts as double possessive marker. This is probably a calque of a Sinitic possessive marker/nominizer/relativizer.,,,constructed by linguist,Whose book is this? My one.,,whose book COP DEM 1SG.POSS POSS,"Postnominal one acts as double possessive marker. This is probably a calque of a Sinitic possessive marker/nominizer/relativizer.",Own knowledge,,5336, +22-68,22,Em buk bilong husat? Bilong mi.,Em\tbuk\tbilong\thusat?\tBilong\tmi.,3SG\tbook\tPOSS\twho\tPOSS\t1SG,Whose book is this? Mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em buk bilong husat? Bilong mi.,,3SG book POSS who POSS 1SG,,Own knowledge,,5337, +22-69,22,Em i buk bilong yu.,Em\ti\tbuk\tbilong\tyu.,3SG\tPM\tbook\tPOSS\t2SG,It is your book.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em i buk bilong yu.,,3SG PM book POSS 2SG,,Own knowledge,,5338, +23-72,23,ol loli ia blong mi o blong yu?,ol\tloli\tia\tblong\tmi\to\tblong\tyu?,PL\tlolly\tDEF\tPOSS\t1SG\tor\tPOSS\t2SG,Are those sweets mine or yours?,,This illustrates the independent pronominal possessor.,,,constructed by linguist,ol loli ia blong mi o blong yu?,,PL lolly DEF POSS 1SG or POSS 2SG,This illustrates the independent pronominal possessor.,Own knowledge,,5339, +23-73,23,"mi harem wan woman i stap krae long haos blong yu, ating woman blong yu","mi\tharem\twan\twoman\ti\tstap\tkrae\tlong\thaos\tblong\tyu,\tating\twoman\tblong\tyu",1SG\thear\tINDF\twoman\tAGR\tstay\tcry\tLOC\thouse\tPOSS\t2SG\tprobably\twoman\tPOSS\t2SG,"I heard a woman crying out in your house, I think it was your wife.",,This illustrates the dependent pronominal possessor.,942,,naturalistic spoken,"mi harem wan woman i stap krae long haos blong yu, ating woman blong yu",,1SG hear INDF woman AGR stay cry LOC house POSS 2SG probably woman POSS 2SG,This illustrates the dependent pronominal possessor.,,,5340, +24-83,24,main,main,mine.PRED,mine,,,,,naturalistic spoken,main,,mine.PRED,,Own fieldwork,,5341, +24-84,24,yoen,yoen,yours.PRED,yours (predicative),,,,,naturalistic spoken,yoen,,yours.PRED,,Own fieldwork,,5342, +24-85,24,Em thing es yoen.,Em\tthing\tes\tyoen.,this\tthing\tCOP\tyours,This thing is yours.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Em thing es yoen.,,this thing COP yours,,Own fieldwork,,5343, +24-86,24,Daa prophati bin es yorlyis bifor?,Daa\tprophati\tbin\tes\tyorlyis\tbifor?,this\tproperty\tPST\tCOP\t2PL.POSS\tbefore,Was this property yours (plural) before?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Daa prophati bin es yorlyis bifor?,,this property PST COP 2PL.POSS before,,Own fieldwork,,5344, +25-202,25,Blanga im dijan!,Blanga\tim\tdijan!,POSS\t3SG\tPROX:ADJ,This is hers!,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an independent pronominal possessor with adpositional marking.",,,naturalistic spoken,Blanga im dijan!,,POSS 3SG PROX:ADJ,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an independent pronominal possessor with adpositional marking.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5345, +25-203,25,Ai gotim main.,Ai\tgot-im\tmain.,1SG\thave-TR\t1SG.POSS,I have mine.,,"Variety: Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an independent personal pronoun.",,,naturalistic spoken,Ai gotim main.,Ai got-im main.,1SG have-TR 1SG.POSS,"Variety: Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an independent personal pronoun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5346, +26-48,26,wad dis? maɪn,wad\tdis?\tmaɪn,what\tDEM\tPRO.POSS,What's this? It's mine.,,"This question was asked by a mother, pointing at an item on a table. The answer was given by her son.",,,naturalistic spoken,wad dis? maɪn,,what DEM PRO.POSS,"This question was asked by a mother, pointing at an item on a table. The answer was given by her son.",Own fieldwork recording,,5347, +26-49,26,ju kæn hæv dæd wan; iz jɔz dæd wan,ju\tkæn\thæv\tdæd\twan;\tiz\tjɔz\tdæd\twan,2SG\tcan\thave\tDEM\tone\tCOP\tPRO.POSS\tDEM\tone,You can have that one. That one is yours.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ju kæn hæv dæd wan; iz jɔz dæd wan,,2SG can have DEM one COP PRO.POSS DEM one,,Own fieldwork recording,,5348, +27-46,27,"Sini ha ki a ēn mui mēnshi. Den Pusbergí a sē: ""Diso a fa mi.""","Sini\tha\tki\ta\tēn\tmui\tmēnshi.\tDen\tPus-bergí\ta\tsē:\t""Diso\ta\tfa\tmi.""",3PL\tPST\tlook\tLOC\ta\tpretty\tgirl\tthen\tPush-mountain\tPST\tsay\tthis.one\tCOP\tof\t1SG,"They looked at a pretty girl. Then Pushmountain said: ""This one is mine.""",,,355[18],,naturalistic spoken,"Sini ha ki a ēn mui mēnshi. Den Pusbergí a sē: ""Diso a fa mi.""","Sini ha ki a ēn mui mēnshi. Den Pus-bergí a sē: ""Diso a fa mi.""",3PL PST look LOC a pretty girl then Push-mountain PST say this.one COP of 1SG,,,,5349, +28-76,28,"ɛkɛjɛ, jujɛ, orijɛ/ʃijɛ, enʃijɛ/iʃijɛ, jɛndɛjɛ, enijɛ/inijɛ","ɛkɛ-jɛ,\tju-jɛ,\tori-jɛ,\tʃi-jɛ,\tenʃi-jɛ/iʃi-jɛ,\tjɛndɛ-jɛ,\teni-jɛ/ini-jɛ",1SG-NMLZ\t2SG-NMLZ\t3SG-NMLZ\t3SG.POSS-NMLZ\t1PL-NMLZ\t2PL-NMLZ\t3PL-NMLZ,"mine, yours, his/hers/its, ours, yours, theirs",,,737[175],,constructed by linguist,"ɛkɛjɛ, jujɛ, orijɛ/ʃijɛ, enʃijɛ/iʃijɛ, jɛndɛjɛ, enijɛ/inijɛ","ɛkɛ-jɛ, ju-jɛ, ori-jɛ, ʃi-jɛ, enʃi-jɛ/iʃi-jɛ, jɛndɛ-jɛ, eni-jɛ/ini-jɛ",1SG-NMLZ 2SG-NMLZ 3SG-NMLZ 3SG.POSS-NMLZ 1PL-NMLZ 2PL-NMLZ 3PL-NMLZ,,,,5350, +28-77,28,ɛkɛjə mja dida ka,ɛkɛ-jɛ\tmja\tdida\tka,1SG-NMLZ\tdo\tthat\tNEG,Mine doesn't do that.,,,737[175],,naturalistic spoken,ɛkɛjə mja dida ka,ɛkɛ-jɛ mja dida ka,1SG-NMLZ do that NEG,,,,5351, +29-68,29,Wie se boek is dit? Dis myne/joune/syne/hare.,Wie\tse\tboek\tis\tdit?\tDi=s\tmy-ne/jou-ne/sy-ne/ha-re.,who\tPOSS\tbook\tis\tit\t3SG=s\t1SG.POSS/2SG.POSS/3SG.M.POSS/3SG.F.POSS,"Whose book is this? It's mine, yours, his, hers vs. ours, yours, theirs, yours (polite).",,Hare is often pronounced hane in colloquial Afrikaans and also in certain dialects.,,,naturalistic spoken,Wie se boek is dit? Dis myne/joune/syne/hare.,Wie se boek is dit? Di=s my-ne/jou-ne/sy-ne/ha-re.,who POSS book is it 3SG=s 1SG.POSS/2SG.POSS/3SG.M.POSS/3SG.F.POSS,"Hare is often pronounced hane in colloquial Afrikaans and also in certain dialects.",Own knowledge,,5352, +29-69,29,"Wie se boek is dit? Dis ons s'n, julle s'n, hulle s'n, u s'n.","Wie\tse\tboek\tis\tdit?\tDis\tons\ts'n,\tjulle\ts'n,\thulle\ts'n,\tu\ts'n.",who\tPOSS\tbook\tis\tit\t3SG=s\t1PL\tPOSS\t2PL\tPOSS\t3PL\tPOSS\t2.POL\tPOSS,"Whose book is it? It's ours, yours, theirs, yours (polite).",,"Standardly, there is no possessive form for the third person neuter (dit - 'it'). Colloquially, speakers employ dit s'n [3SG POSS]; e.g. Q: Watter huis s'n is dit? [which house POSS is it] 'Which house's is it?/Which house does it belong to?' - A: Dit s'n [3SG POSS] 'its'. Or also: Hierdie/Daardie s'n [PROX.DEM/DIST.DEM POSS] 'this's/that's'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wie se boek is dit? Dis ons s'n, julle s'n, hulle s'n, u s'n.",,who POSS book is it 3SG=s 1PL POSS 2PL POSS 3PL POSS 2.POL POSS,"Standardly, there is no possessive form for the third person neuter (dit - 'it'). Colloquially, speakers employ dit s'n [3SG POSS]; e.g. Q: Watter huis s'n is dit? [which house POSS is it] 'Which house's is it?/Which house does it belong to?' - A: Dit s'n [3SG POSS] 'its'. Or also: Hierdie/Daardie s'n [PROX.DEM/DIST.DEM POSS] 'this's/that's'.",Own knowledge,,5353, +29-70,29,Wie se boek is dit? Oom/Tannie/Professor s'n.,Wie\tse\tboek\tis\tdit?\tOom/Tannie/Professor\ts'n.,who\tPOSS\tbook\tis\tit?\tuncle/aunt/professor\tPOSS,Whose book is it? Uncle/Aunt/Professor's.,,Pronouns of avoidance take the form of titles in Afrikaans. They behave like plural pronouns in respect of these possessor constructions.,,,naturalistic spoken,Wie se boek is dit? Oom/Tannie/Professor s'n.,,who POSS book is it? uncle/aunt/professor POSS,Pronouns of avoidance take the form of titles in Afrikaans. They behave like plural pronouns in respect of these possessor constructions.,Own knowledge,,5354, +30-85,30,Kel libru ê di kenha? – (Ê) di meu.,Kel=libru\tê\tdi=kenha?\t–\t(Ê)\tdi.meu.,this.SG=book\tbe\tof=who\t–\t(be)\t1SG.POSS,Whose book is this? – (It’s) mine.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Kel libru ê di kenha? – (Ê) di meu.",Kel=libru ê di=kenha? – (Ê) di.meu.,this.SG=book be of=who – (be) 1SG.POSS,,,,5355,German: Wem gehört dieses Buch? – (Es gehört) mir. +30-86,30,Kel la ê di kenha? – Ê di nho.,Kel=la\tê\tdi=kenha?\t–\tÊ\tdi=nho.,DEM.SG=there\tbe\tof=who\t–\tbe\tof=2SG.POL.M,"Whose [food] is that? – It is yours, sir.",,,1407[27/28],,naturalistic spoken,"Kel la ê di kenha? – Ê di nho.",Kel=la ê di=kenha? – Ê di=nho.,DEM.SG=there be of=who – be of=2SG.POL.M,,,,5356,German: Wessen [Essen] ist das dort? – Das ist Ihres. +31-79,31,Nu ta ben kaza di nha.,Nu\tta\tben\tkaza\tdi\tnha.,we\tASP\tgo\thouse\tof\tyours,We go to to your house.,,,270,,naturalistic spoken,"Nu ta ben kaza di nha.",,we ASP go house of yours,,,,5357, +31-80,31,"N po-l mon na di sel, el bensua-m.","N\tpo-l\tmon\tna\tdi\tsel,\tel\tbensua-m.",I\tput-to.her\thand\ton\tof\this\the\tbless-me,"I put my hand in his, he blessed me.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"N po-l mon na di sel, el bensua-m.",,I put-to.her hand on of his he bless-me,,"Maria de Fatima Goncalves, p.c.",,5358, +32-54,32,bzot káza,bzot\tkáza,2PL.POSS\thouse,your house,,Here bzot is the dependent pronominal possessor.,1456,,constructed by linguist,"bzot káza",,2PL.POSS house,"Here bzot is the dependent pronominal possessor.",,,5359,Portuguese: a vossa casa +32-55,32,Kel káza e d'bzot.,Kel\tkáza\te\tde\tbzot.,DEM\thouse\tCOP\tof\t2PL.POSS,This house is yours.,,Here the independent pronominal possessor is coded by a preposition.,1456,,constructed by linguist,"Kel káza e d'bzot.",Kel káza e de bzot.,DEM house COP of 2PL.POSS,Here the independent pronominal possessor is coded by a preposition.,,,5360,Portuguese: Aquela casa é de vocês. +32-56,32,nha káza vs. minha,nha\tkáza\tvs.\tminha,1SG.POSS\thouse\tvs.\t1SG.POSS,my house vs. mine,,,1456,,constructed by linguist,"nha káza vs. minha",,1SG.POSS house vs. 1SG.POSS,,,,5361,Portuguese: a minha casa vs. minha +32-57,32,nha káza vs. meu,nha\tkáza\tvs.\tmeu,1SG.POSS\thouse\tvs.\t1SG.POSS,my house vs. mine,,,1456,,constructed by linguist,"nha káza vs. meu",,1SG.POSS house vs. 1SG.POSS,,,,5362,Portuguese: a minha casa vs. minha +32-58,32,se káza vs. d'seu,se\tkáza\tvs.\tde\tseu,3SG.POSS\thouse\tvs.\tof\t3SG.POSS,his/her house vs. hers/his,,"Here, the independent pronominal possessor is coded by a preposition de and a special form.",1456,,constructed by linguist,"se káza vs. d'seu",se káza vs. de seu,3SG.POSS house vs. of 3SG.POSS,"Here, the independent pronominal possessor is coded by a preposition de and a special form.",,,5363,Portuguese: a sua casa vs. dela/dele +33-77,33,E livru i di kin? I di mi.,E\tlivru\ti\tdi\tkin?\tI\tdi\tmi.,DEM\tbook\tCOP\tof\twho\tCOP\tof\t1SG.OBJ,Whose book is this? It is mine.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,E livru i di kin? I di mi.,,DEM book COP of who COP of 1SG.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,5364,Portuguese: De quem é este livro? É meu. +34-56,34,Bu libru ma di sol gros.,Bu\tlibru\tø\tma\tdi\tsol\tgros.,POSS.2SG\tbook\tPFV\tmore\tof\tPOSS.3SG\tthick,Your book is thicker than his/hers.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bu libru ma di sol gros.","Bu libru ø ma di sol gros.",POSS.2SG book PFV more of POSS.3SG thick,,Own knowledge,,5365, +34-57,34,E libru di keŋ? – Di mi.,E\tlibru\tdi\tkeŋ?\t–\tDi\tmi.,DEM\tbook\tof\twho\t–\tof\tPOSS.1SG,Whose book is this? – [It is] mine.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"E libru di keŋ? – Di mi.",,DEM book of who – of POSS.1SG,,Own knowledge,,5366, +35-92,35,Ke se sa ke di kê ngê? Ji mu.,Ke\tse\tsa\tke\tdi\tkê\tngê?\tJi\tmu.,house\tDEM\tCOP\thouse\tof\twhat\tperson\tof\t1SG.POSS,Whose house is that? Mine.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ke se sa ke di kê ngê? Ji mu.,,house DEM COP house of what person of 1SG.POSS,,Own data,,5367, +35-93,35,ke mu,ke\tmu,house\t1SG.POSS,my house,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ke mu,,house 1SG.POSS,,Own data,,5368, +36-52,36,"[...] ũa kompa m, Têtêuga, bi nge [...].","[...]\tũa\tkompa\tm,\tTêtêuga,\tbi\tnge\t[...].",[...]\tone\tfriend\tmy\tTurtle\tcome\there\t[...],"[...] one of my friends, Turtle, came here [...].",,,901[45],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] ũa kompa m, Têtêuga, bi nge [...].",,[...] one friend my Turtle come here [...],,,,5369,"French: [...] un de mes compères, Tortue, est venu ici [...]." +36-53,36,"Olo ma a ka tanga lêlu e thô, a ka livitxi e ra kara ngê ri r'ê.","Olo\tma\ta\tka\ttanga\tlêlu\te\tthô,\ta\tka\tlivitxi\te\tra\tkara\tngê\tri\tr'ê.",hour\tREL\tINDF\tFUT\tcount\tmoney\tDEM\tonly\tINDF\tFUT\tshare\t3SG\tgive\tevery\tperson\tof\tPOSS.3SG,"When the money will be counted, it will be shared and everybody will be given their share.",,,901[64],,naturalistic spoken,"Olo ma a ka tanga lêlu e thô, a ka livitxi e ra kara ngê ri r'ê.",,hour REL INDF FUT count money DEM only INDF FUT share 3SG give every person of POSS.3SG,,,,5370,"French: Quand on aura compté l'argent, on le répartira et on donnera sa part à chacun." +37-59,37,Kaxi sê ki tê.,Kaxi\tsê\tki\ttê.,house\tDEM\tPOSS\tPOSS.2SG,This house is yours.,,,580[67],,constructed by linguist,"Kaxi sê ki tê.",,house DEM POSS POSS.2SG,,,,5371, +38-67,38,Lavuse xabo.,Lavul-sai\txa-bo.,book-DEM\tthing-2SG,This book is yours.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Lavuse xabo.,Lavul-sai xa-bo.,book-DEM thing-2SG,,Own fieldwork 1990,,5372, +39-83,39,Es ɛ də mĩ mem ɛ.,Es\tɛ\tdə\tmĩ\tmem\tɛ.,DEM\tCOP.NPST\tof\t1SG.OBL\tEMPH\tCOP.NPST,This is MINE.,,"The capitals in the translation signal the location of focus; in this sentence, focus is attributed to the pronominal possessor (də mĩ ) not only by means of the emphatic particle (mem) but also through the repetition of the predicate so that the focused constituent appears in pre-verbal position (a focus position in Diu Indo-Portuguese).",218,,naturalistic spoken,Es ɛ də mĩ mem ɛ.,,DEM COP.NPST of 1SG.OBL EMPH COP.NPST,"The capitals in the translation signal the location of focus; in this sentence, focus is attributed to the pronominal possessor (də mĩ ) not only by means of the emphatic particle (mem) but also through the repetition of the predicate so that the focused constituent appears in pre-verbal position (a focus position in Diu Indo-Portuguese).",,,5373, +39-84,39,Es kaz ɛ də nɔs.,Es\tkaz\tɛ\tdə\tnɔs.,DEM\thouse\tCOP.NPST\tof\t1PL,This house is ours.,,,218,,elicited from speaker,Es kaz ɛ də nɔs.,,DEM house COP.NPST of 1PL,,,,5374, +39-85,39,Mĩ te kaz.,Mĩ\tte\tkaz.,1SG.POSS\tLOC.NPST\thouse,Mine is at home.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Mĩ te kaz.,,1SG.POSS LOC.NPST house,,,,5375, +39-86,39,Use nã tros duse?,Use\tnã\ttros\tdə-use?,2\tNEG\tbring.PST\tof-2,Didn't you bring yours?,,,,,constructed by linguist,Use nã tros duse?,Use nã tros də-use?,2 NEG bring.PST of-2,,Own knowledge,,5376, +39-87,39,Mĩ saykəl te kaz.,Mĩ\tsaykəl\tte\tkaz.,1SG.POSS\tbicycle\tbe.NPST\thouse,My bicycle is at home.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, one verb (te/tiŋ) conflates the functions performed in other languages by existential, locative and possessive verbs, and the stage-level copula. Therefore, the correct interpretation of a sentence such as this one may be ambiguous out of context.",221[160],,naturalistic spoken,Mĩ saykəl te kaz.,,1SG.POSS bicycle be.NPST house,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, one verb (te/tiŋ) conflates the functions performed in other languages by existential, locative and possessive verbs, and the stage-level copula. Therefore, the correct interpretation of a sentence such as this one may be ambiguous out of context.",,,5377, +40-52,40,Ye kadz nɔ (mɛm) tɛ.,Ye\tkadz\tnɔ\t(mɛm)\ttɛ.,this\thouse\tour\t(EMPH)\tCOP.PRS,This is OUR house.,,The emphatic particle mɛm is not obligatory in this example.,267[168],,elicited from speaker,Ye kadz nɔ (mɛm) tɛ.,,this house our (EMPH) COP.PRS,"The emphatic particle mɛm is not obligatory in this example.",,,5378, +40-53,40,əkə buk mi tɛ.,əkə\tbuk\tmi\ttɛ.,that\tbook\tmy/mine\tCOP.PRS,That book is mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,əkə buk mi tɛ.,,that book my/mine COP.PRS,,Own knowledge,,5379, +41-70,41,seem isti javiitu miɲa maaysu,seem\tisti\tjaviitu\tmiɲa\tmaay-su,yes\tthis\tTOP\t1SG.GEN\tmother-GEN,"Yes, this one is my mother’s.",,This illustrates that the same construction is used with non-pronominal NPs and pronominal NPs.,1416[4876],,naturalistic spoken,seem isti javiitu miɲa maaysu,seem isti javiitu miɲa maay-su,yes this TOP 1SG.GEN mother-GEN,This illustrates that the same construction is used with non-pronominal NPs and pronominal NPs.,,,5380, +41-71,41,"aka nikarakuza falaatu, eli triiya jagardaatu, miɲa tirataam jafoy","aka\tnikara-kuza\tfalaatu,\teli\ttriiya\tjaa-gardaa-tu,\tmiɲa\ttiraa-taam\tjaa-foy",that\tHAB.NEG-sew\tQUOT\t3SG\tbring\tPST-keep-PFV\t1SG.GEN\ttake-PROG\tPST-go,"Saying that that one doesn’t sew, he brought it and left it [with me], and took mine and went [off with it].",,"This example Illustrates the order tense-V-perfective.participle.marker. When the V is a main verb, the order is tense-perfective-V. The example also illustrates the fact that the progressive marker follows the V. +The communication verb is implied - it could be saying, claiming, telling [us] etc.",1416[5294],,naturalistic spoken,"aka nikarakuza falaatu, eli triiya jagardaatu, miɲa tirataam jafoy","aka nikara-kuza falaatu, eli triiya jaa-gardaa-tu, miɲa tiraa-taam jaa-foy",that HAB.NEG-sew QUOT 3SG bring PST-keep-PFV 1SG.GEN take-PROG PST-go,"This example Illustrates the order tense-V-perfective.participle.marker. When the V is a main verb, the order is tense-perfective-V. The example also illustrates the fact that the progressive marker follows the V. +The communication verb is implied - it could be saying, claiming, telling [us] etc.",,,5381, +42-68,42,keng sa buku? yo sa,keng\tsa\tbuku?\tyo\tsa,who\tGEN\tbook\t1SG\tGEN,Whose book is this? Mine.,,,,,elicited from speaker,keng sa buku? yo sa,,who GEN book 1SG GEN,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,5382, +42-69,42,keng sa prau? eli sa,keng\tsa\tprau?\teli\tsa,who\tGEN\tboat\t3SG\tGEN,Whose boat is it? It is his.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,keng sa prau? eli sa,,who GEN boat 3SG GEN,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,5383, +43-47,43,Akel teng minya sua.,Akel\tteng\tminya\tsua.,that\tbe\tPOSS.1SG\tPOSTP,That one is mine.,,,906[32],,pedagogical grammar,"Akel teng minya sua.",,that be POSS.1SG POSTP,,,,5384, +43-48,43,Minya travalu temi misti paga.,Minya\ttravalu\ttemi\tmisti\tpaga.,POSS.1SG\teffort\talso\tmust\tpay,My effort must also be paid.,,,906[28],,pedagogical grammar,"Minya travalu temi misti paga.",,POSS.1SG effort also must pay,,,,5385, +43-49,43,Akel teng sua.,Akel\tteng\tsua.,DEM\tCOP\tPOSS.3SG,That one is his/hers.,,,906[32],,pedagogical grammar,"Akel teng sua.",,DEM COP POSS.3SG,,,,5386, +43-50,43,Akel sua predju kantu?,Akel\tsua\tpredju\tkantu?,DEM\tPOSS.3SG\tprice\thow.much,How much is that one's price?,,,906[96],,pedagogical grammar,"Akel sua predju kantu?",,DEM POSS.3SG price how.much,,,,5387, +44-82,44,"Di kyen ésti líbru? Di mi, di mi késti líbru.","Di\tkyen\tésti\tlíbru?\tDi\tmi,\tdi\tmi\tkésti\tlíbru.",of\twho\tDEM\tbook\tof\t1SG.POSS\tof\t1SG.POSS\tthis\tbook,Whose book is this? Mine. This book is mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Di kyen ésti líbru? Di mi, di mi késti líbru.",,of who DEM book of 1SG.POSS of 1SG.POSS this book,,Own knowledge,,5388, +44-83,44,Kel el bída di mi.,Kel\tel\tbída\tdi\tmi.,DEM\tDEF\tlife\tof\t1SG.POSS,That is my life.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kel el bída di mi.,,DEM DEF life of 1SG.POSS,,Own data,,5389, +45-67,45,Mio esi bicicleta na enfrente de niso casa.,Mio\tesi\tbicicleta\tna\tenfrente\tde\tniso\tcasa.,mine\tthat\tbicycle\tLOC\tfront\tof\t1PL.POSS\thouse,The bicycle in front of our house is mine.,,,426[109],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mio esi bicicleta na enfrente de niso casa.",,mine that bicycle LOC front of 1PL.POSS house,,,,5390, +45-68,45,Di mi este libro.,Di\tmi\teste\tlibro.,of\t1SG.POSS\tthis\tbook,This book is mine.,,,835[67],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di mi este libro.,,of 1SG.POSS this book,,,,5391, +45-69,45,Di ele ese camisa.,Di\tele\tese\tcamisa.,of\t3SG\tthat\tdress,That dress is hers.,,,835[74],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di ele ese camisa.",,of 3SG that dress,,,,5392, +45-70,45,Ya murmura mi hermana con su criada.,Ya\tmurmura\tmi\thermana\tcon\tsu\tcriada.,PFV\tscold\t1SG.POSS\tsister\tOBJ\t3SG.POSS\tservant,My sister scolded her servant.,,,426[115],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ya murmura mi hermana con su criada.,,PFV scold 1SG.POSS sister OBJ 3SG.POSS servant,,,,5393, +46-80,46,Di kyen éste líbro? – Dimíyo.,Di\tkyen\téste\tlíbro?\t–\tDimíyo.,of\twho\tthis\tbook\t–\tmine,Whose book is this? – Mine.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Di kyen éste líbro? – Dimíyo.,,of who this book – mine,,Own knowledge,,5394, +46-81,46,dimíyo kása,dimíyo\tkása,my\thouse,my house,,,,,constructed by linguist,dimíyo kása,,my house,,Own knowledge,,5395, +47-73,47,Su bariga ta gordo meskos ku dimi.,Su\tbariga\tta\tgordo\tmes\tkos\tku\tdi\tmi.,POSS\tbelly\tCOP\tfat\tsame\tthing\tthan\tof\t1SG,His belly is just as fat as mine.,,,755,,naturalistic written,Su bariga ta gordo meskos ku dimi.,Su bariga ta gordo mes kos ku di mi.,POSS belly COP fat same thing than of 1SG,,,,5396, +47-74,47,Unda di mi nan ta?,Unda\tdi\tmi\tnan\tta?,where\tof\t1SG\tPL\tCOP,Where are mine?,,,556[78],,published source,Unda di mi nan ta?,,where of 1SG PL COP,,,,5397, +47-75,47,esun di mi; esunan di mi,esun\tdi\tmi;\tesun\tnan\tdi\tmi,one\tof\t1SG\tone\tPL\tof\t1SG,mine (singular object); mine (plural object),,,151[65],,published source,esun di mi; esunan di mi,esun di mi; esun nan di mi,one of 1SG one PL of 1SG,,,,5398, +48-66,48,"¿Libro ese, ri kiene fue? – É ri mí.","¿Libro\tese,\tri\tkiene\tfue?\t–\tÉ\tri\tmí.",book\tthis\tof\twho\tbe\t–\tbe\tof\tme,Whose book is it? – It is mine.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"¿Libro ese, ri kiene fue? – É ri mí.",,book this of who be – be of me,,Recorded by author,,5399,"Spanish: ¿El libro, de quién es? -– Es de mí. OR: Es mío." +48-67,48,"¿Libro ese, ri kiene fue? – É ri bo.","¿Libro\tese,\tri\tkiene\tfue?\t–\tÉ\tri\tbo.",book\tthis\tof\twho\tbe\t–\tbe\tof\tyou.SG,Whose book is it? – It is yours.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"¿Libro ese, ri kiene fue? – É ri bo.",,book this of who be – be of you.SG,,Recorded by author,,5400,"Spanish: ¿El libro, de quién es? – Es de ti. OR: Es tuyo." +48-68,48,"¿Libro ese, ri kiene fue? – É ri ele.","¿Libro\tese,\tri\tkiene\tfue?\t–\tÉ\tri\tele.",book\tthis\tof\twho\tbe\t–\tbe\tof\thim/her,Whose book is it? – It is his/hers.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"¿Libro ese, ri kiene fue? – É ri ele.",,book this of who be – be of him/her,,Recorded by author,,5401,"Spanish: ¿El libro, de quién es? – Es de él/ella. OR: Es suyo." +49-114,49,"Liv ou a la, kote pa m nan?","Liv\tou\ta\tla,\tkote\tpa\tm\tnan?",book\t2SG.POSS\tDEF\tbe.there\twhere\tpart\t1SG.POSS\tDEF,Your book is there; where is mine?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Liv ou a la, kote pa m nan?",,book 2SG.POSS DEF be.there where part 1SG.POSS DEF,,Own knowledge,,5402,French: Ton livre est là; où est le mien? +49-115,49,Pa m nan pi bèl.,Pa\tm\tnan\tpi\tbèl.,part\t1SG.POSS\tDEF\tmore\tbeautiful,Mine is more beautiful.,,"In the North, the variant kin (> Fr. (le) tien) is used instead of pa. Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map and comment 2007. Se kin an mwen 'this is mine'. Important sandhi.",,,constructed by linguist,Pa m nan pi bèl.,,part 1SG.POSS DEF more beautiful,"In the North, the variant kin (> Fr. (le) tien) is used instead of pa. Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map and comment 2007. Se kin an mwen 'this is mine'. Important sandhi.",Own knowledge,,5403,French: Le mien / La mienne est plus beau/belle. +50-65,50,ta yo,ta\tyo,PREP\tthey,their,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ta yo,,PREP they,,Own fieldwork,,5404, +50-66,50,Sé tan mwen.,Sé\ttan\tmwen.,be\tPREP\t1SG,It's mine.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sé tan mwen.,,be PREP 1SG,,Own fieldwork,,5405, +50-67,50,Liv an mwen pli gwo ki ta'y.,Liv\tan\tmwen\tpli\tgwo\tki\tta'y.,book\tof\t1SG\tmore\tbig\tthan\tPREP.3SG,My book is bigger than his/hers.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Liv an mwen pli gwo ki ta'y.,,book of 1SG more big than PREP.3SG,,Own fieldwork,,5406, +51-63,51,ta mwen,ta\tmwen,PREP\tme,mine,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ta mwen,,PREP me,,Own fieldwork,,5407, +51-64,51,Sé ta yo.,Sé\tta\tyo.,be\tPREP\t3PL,It's theirs.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sé ta yo.,,be PREP 3PL,,Own fieldwork,,5408, +52-42,52,"mopa, topa, sopa","mopa,\ttopa,\tsopa",mine\this\thers,"mine, his, hers",,,,,elicited from speaker,"mopa, topa, sopa",,mine his hers,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,5409, +53-144,53,[...] e la mo sezon motchèn.,[...]\te\tla\tmo\tsezon\tmo-tchèn.,[...]\tand\tthen\t1SG\tseason\t1SG.POSS-POSS,[...] and then I season mine (i.e. my chicken).,,,1048[178],,naturalistic spoken,[...] e la mo sezon motchèn.,[...] e la mo sezon mo-tchèn.,[...] and then 1SG season 1SG.POSS-POSS,,,,5410,French: [...] et ensuite j'épice le mien (i.e. mon poulet). +53-145,53,Dan so popa piti com so kenne.,Dan\tso\tpopa\tpiti\tcom\tso-kenne.,tooth\t3SG.POSS\tfather\tsmall\tlike\t2SG.POSS-POSS,His father's teeth are as small as his.,,,1049[81],,naturalistic written,Dan so popa piti com so kenne.,Dan so popa piti com so-kenne.,tooth 3SG.POSS father small like 2SG.POSS-POSS,,,,5411,French: Les dents de son père sont aussi petites que les siennes. +53-146,53,"Metchèn, to kone, kan ye va che mom [...].","Me-tchèn,\tto\tkone,\tkan\tye\tva\tche\tmom\t[...].",1SG.POSS.PL-POSS\t2SG\tknow\twhen\t3PL\tgo\tto\tMom\t[...],"Mine (i.e. my children]) you know, when they go to Mom's [...].",,,1048[178],,naturalistic spoken,"Metchèn, to kone, kan ye va che mom [...].","Me-tchèn, to kone, kan ye va che mom [...].",1SG.POSS.PL-POSS 2SG know when 3PL go to Mom [...],,,,5412, +53-147,53,Mokenn kouri laba pour èt ave sokenn.,Mo-kenn\tkouri\tlaba\tpour\tèt\tave\tso-kenn.,1SG.POSS-POSS\tgo\tthere\tfor\tCOP\twith\t3SG.POSS-POSS,Mine (i.e. my mother) went there to be with hers (i.e. her mother).,,,722[213],,naturalistic spoken,Mokenn kouri laba pour èt ave sokenn.,Mo-kenn kouri laba pour èt ave so-kenn.,1SG.POSS-POSS go there for COP with 3SG.POSS-POSS,,,,5413, +53-148,53,"Vou konnen Chicago Cubs-ye? Sa se mokenn-ye sa, mo bet an ye.","Vou\tkonnen\t-ye?\tSa\tse\tmo-kenn-ye\tsa,\tmo\t\tan\tye.",2SG\tknow\tChicago\tCubs-ART.DEF.PL\tDEM\tCOP\t1SG.POSS-POSS-PL\tDEM\t1SG\tbet\ton\t3PL,"You know the Chicago Cubs? That's my (team), I bet on them (lit. Those are mine, I bet on them).",,,722[213],,naturalistic spoken,"Vou konnen Chicago Cubs-ye? Sa se mokenn-ye sa, mo bet an ye.","Vou konnen <Chicago Cubs>-ye? Sa se mo-kenn-ye sa, mo <bet> an ye.",2SG know Chicago Cubs-ART.DEF.PL DEM COP 1SG.POSS-POSS-PL DEM 1SG bet on 3PL,,,,5414, +53-149,53,Sa se totchenn.,Sa\tse\tto-tchenn.,that\tCOP\t2SG.POSS-POSS,That's yours.,,,722[213],,naturalistic spoken,Sa se totchenn.,Sa se to-tchenn.,that COP 2SG.POSS-POSS,,,,5415, +53-150,53,"Si mo di ""vou"" sa se vo kou m e parle pou voken e si mo di ""Sa se mo kou"" m e parle pou moken.","Si\tmo\tdi\t""vou""\tsa\tse\tvo\tkou\tm\te\tparle\tpou\tvo-ken\te\tsi\tmo\tdi\t""Sa\tse\tmo\tkou""\tm\te\tparle\tpou\tmo-ken.",if\t1SG\tsay\t2SG\tthat\tCOP\t2SG.POSS\tneck\t1SG\tPROG\tspeak\tfor\t2SG.POSS-POSS\tand\tif\t1SG\tsay\tthat\tCOP\t1SG.POSS\tneck\t1SG\tPROG\tspeak\tfor\t1SG.POSS-POSS,"If I say ""you"", that's your neck, I'm talking about yours, and if I say ""That's my neck"", I'm talking about mine.",,,722[213],,naturalistic spoken,"Si mo di ""vou"" sa se vo kou m e parle pou voken e si mo di ""Sa se mo kou"" m e parle pou moken.","Si mo di ""vou"" sa se vo kou m e parle pou vo-ken e si mo di ""Sa se mo kou"" m e parle pou mo-ken.",if 1SG say 2SG that COP 2SG.POSS neck 1SG PROG speak for 2SG.POSS-POSS and if 1SG say that COP 1SG.POSS neck 1SG PROG speak for 1SG.POSS-POSS,,,,5416, +53-151,53,Sokenn mile te pa ka ale. [...] Sokenn te ka ale.,So-kenn\tmile\tte\tpa\tka\tale.\t[...]\tSo-kenn\tte\tka\tale.,3SG.POSS-POSS\tmule\tPST\tNEG\table\tpull\t[...]\t3SG.POSS-POSS\tPST\table\tpull,His mule couldn't pull (the wagon). [...] His could pull (it).,,"This example illustrates that the independent pronominal possessors may also serve as dependent pronominal possessors, variably replacing the usual dependent nominal possessors mo, to, so, etc.",722[214],,naturalistic spoken,Sokenn mile te pa ka ale. [...] Sokenn te ka ale.,So-kenn mile te pa ka ale. [...] So-kenn te ka ale.,3SG.POSS-POSS mule PST NEG able pull [...] 3SG.POSS-POSS PST able pull,"This example illustrates that the independent pronominal possessors may also serve as dependent pronominal possessors, variably replacing the usual dependent nominal possessors mo, to, so, etc.",,,5417, +54-88,54,sa d mwen - sa d zòt,sa\td\tmwen\t-\tsa\td\tzot,DEM\tof\tI\t-\tDEM\tof\tthey,mine - theirs,,,236[360],,naturalistic spoken,sa d mwen - sa d zòt,sa d mwen - sa d zot,DEM of I - DEM of they,,,,5418,French: le/les mien(s) - le/les leur(s) +54-89,54,Moin lé myenn lé kourt.,Mwen\tle\tmyenn\tle\tkourt.,1SG\tDEF.PL\tmine\tCOP.PRS\tshort,Mine is short.,,The informant refers to his moustache (compared to the one of Tizan's father in the story he is telling).,110[17],,naturalistic spoken,Moin lé myenn lé kourt.,Mwen le myenn le kourt.,1SG DEF.PL mine COP.PRS short,The informant refers to his moustache (compared to the one of Tizan's father in the story he is telling).,,,5419,"French: Moi, la mienne est courte." +55-70,55,pu mwa,pu\tmwa,for\t1SG.OBJ,mine,,"We feel that elliptical answers to questions such as 'whose book is this' (pu ki sa liv la) are less common than subject + predicate answers, e.g. li pu mwa [it for me] 'it is mine' or li mo liv [it my book] 'it is my book' occur far more often than simply pu mwa [for me] 'mine'.",,,constructed by linguist,pu mwa,,for 1SG.OBJ,"We feel that elliptical answers to questions such as 'whose book is this' (pu ki sa liv la) are less common than subject + predicate answers, e.g. li pu mwa [it for me] 'it is mine' or li mo liv [it my book] 'it is my book' occur far more often than simply pu mwa [for me] 'mine'.",Own knowledge,,5420, +55-71,55,mon liv,mon\tliv,POSS\tbook,my book,,,,,constructed by linguist,mon liv,,POSS book,,Own knowledge,,5421, +56-86,56,pour mwan vs. mon liv,pour\tmwan\tvs.\tmon\tliv,for\tme\tvs.\tmy\tbook,mine vs. my book,,,,,constructed by linguist,pour mwan vs. mon liv,,for me vs. my book,,Own knowledge,,5422, +57-38,57,liv-la le pu ki? – le pu mwa,liv-la le pu ki? – le pu mwa,book-DEM/DEF SI for who   SI for me,Whose book is it? – It is mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,liv-la le pu ki? – le pu mwa,,book-DEM/DEF SI for who SI for me,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,5423, +57-39,57,liv pu mwa le tro mbo,liv\tpu\tmwa\tle\ttro\tmbo,book\tfor\tme\tSI\tINTENS\tnice,My book is really nice.,,,,,constructed by linguist,liv pu mwa le tro mbo,,book for me SI INTENS nice,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,5424, +59-136,59,so (ake) ti mbi,so\t(a-ke)\tti\tmbi,this\t(PM-COP)\tof\t1SG,This is mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,so (ake) ti mbi,so (a-ke) ti mbi,this (PM-COP) of 1SG,,Own knowledge,,5425, +59-137,59,ti mbi ake ka,ti\tmbi\ta-ke\tka,of\t1SG\tSM-COP\tthere,Mine is over there.,,I suppose that one could also say ti mbi ka because the use of COP is variable.,,,constructed by linguist,ti mbi ake ka,ti mbi a-ke ka,of 1SG SM-COP there,"I suppose that one could also say ti mbi ka because the use of COP is variable.",Own knowledge,,5426, +59-138,59,ti lo ake nzoni ahon' ti mbi,ti\tlo\take\tnzoni\tahon'\tti\tmbi,of\t3SG\tSM.COP\tgood\tSM.pass\tof\t1SG,His is better than mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ti lo ake nzoni ahon' ti mbi,,of 3SG SM.COP good SM.pass of 1SG,,Own knowledge,,5427, +60-53,60,búku óyo ya náni? ya bísó,búku\tóyo\tya\tnáni?\tya\tbísó,book\tDEM\tof\twho\tof\t1PL,Whose book is this? (It is) ours.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,búku óyo ya náni? ya bísó,,book DEM of who of 1PL,,Own knowledge,,5428, +60-54,60,búku óyo ya náni? ya ngáí,búku\tóyo\tya\tnáni?\tya\tngáí,book\tthis\tof\twho\tof\t1SG,Whose book is this? (It is) mine.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,búku óyo ya náni? ya ngáí,,book this of who of 1SG,,Own knowledge,,5429, +61-35,61,Ga mina,Ga\tmina,POSS\tI,mine OR: of me,,This is an appropriate answer to a question like: Lo geja ga obani? (The hoe of whom? / Whose hoe?),,,elicited from speaker,Ga mina,,POSS I,"This is an appropriate answer to a question like: Lo geja ga obani? (The hoe of whom? / Whose hoe?)",Field notes Mesthrie,,5430, +62-34,62,vaʔinyí véáta iʔí ní vaghó,vaʔinyi\tvé-ata\tiʔí\tní\tva-ghó,children\t2-be\there\tis\t2-my,The children here are mine.,,Note that the possessive does not agree when used attributively but it does (in noun class) when it is used predicatively.,,,elicited from speaker,vaʔinyí véáta iʔí ní vaghó,vaʔinyi vé-ata iʔí ní va-ghó,children 2-be here is 2-my,Note that the possessive does not agree when used attributively but it does (in noun class) when it is used predicatively.,Own field data 1993,,5431, +63-69,63,de kitáb ta múnu?,de\tkitáb\tta\tmúnu?,DET\tbook\tGEN\twho,Whose book is this?,,,,,constructed by linguist,de kitáb ta múnu?,,DET book GEN who,,Personal data,,5432, +63-70,63,de tá-i,de\ttá-i,DET\tGEN-my,It is mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,de tá-i,,DET GEN-my,,Personal data,,5433, +64-75,64,kitáb de ta munú? de bitai,kitáb\tde\tta\tmunú?\tde\tbitai,book\tDEM.PROX\tPOSS\twho\tDEM.PROX\tPOSS.1SG,Whose book is this? This is mine.,,"The independent pronominal possessor has the same etymology as the dependent one, but it often presents the phonetically non-reduced form of the possessive marker (*bita’ > bitá > ta).",1417[150],,constructed by linguist,kitáb de ta munú? de bitai,,book DEM.PROX POSS who DEM.PROX POSS.1SG,"The independent pronominal possessor has the same etymology as the dependent one, but it often presents the phonetically non-reduced form of the possessive marker (*bita’ > bitá > ta).",,,5434, +66-48,66,Lompe ruma bissar. Kitampe kiçil.,Lorang-pe\truma\tbissar.\tKitang-pe\tkiçil.,2SG-POL\thouse\tbig\t1PL-POSS\tsmall,Your house is big. Ours is small.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Lompe ruma bissar. Kitampe kiçil.,Lorang-pe ruma bissar. Kitang-pe kiçil.,2SG-POL house big 1PL-POSS small,,Own knowledge,,5435, +67-88,67,Saya punya dia tak mahu dia buang.,Saya\tpunya\tdia\ttak\tmahu\tdia\tbuang.,1SG\tPOSS\t3SG\tNEG\twant\t3SG\tthrow.away,"[If] she does not want mine, she will throw (it) away.",,,708[115],,naturalistic spoken,Saya punya dia tak mahu dia buang.,,1SG POSS 3SG NEG want 3SG throw.away,,,,5436, +67-89,67,Ini barang konsi punya.,Ini\tbarang\tkonsi\tpunya.,DEM\tthing\tassociation\tPOSS,These things are those owned by the association.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ini barang konsi punya.,,DEM thing association POSS,,Own knowledge,,5437, +67-90,67,Itu saya punya.,Itu\tsaya\tpunya.,DEM\t1SG\tPOSS,That is mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Itu saya punya.,,DEM 1SG POSS,,Own knowledge,,5438, +69-31,69,amanakən anak,ama-nakən\tanak,1SG-POSS\tCOP,That's mine!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,amanakən anak,ama-nakən anak,1SG-POSS COP,,Own field notes 1985,,5439, +70-38,70,hamar kuta,hamar\tkuta,1SG.POSS\tdog,my dog,,,,,naturalistic spoken,hamar kuta,,1SG.POSS dog,,Siegel-field recording,,5440, +70-39,70,I kuta hamar.,I\tkuta\thamar.,DEM.PROX\tdog\t1SG.POSS,This dog is mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I kuta hamar.,,DEM.PROX dog 1SG.POSS,,Own knowledge,,5441, +71-67,71,Wau ponoi kela eleele.,Wau\tponoi\tkela\teleele.,1SG\town\tDET\tblack,That black one is mine.,,"In Hawaiian, ponoi is not verbal 'own', but 'own' as in 'my own'. The translation has been adapted from the official court translation.",,,naturalistic written,"Wau ponoi kela eleele.",,1SG own DET black,"In Hawaiian, ponoi is not verbal 'own', but 'own' as in 'my own'. The translation has been adapted from the official court translation.",Own data 1909,,5442, +71-68,71,Question: Pehea kela opiuma nawai? — Answer: Oe no. — Question: Nawai kela ipupaka ame ka ipukukui? — Answer: Wau no.,Question: Pehea kela opiuma nawai? — Answer: Oe no. — Question: Nawai kela ipupaka ame ka ipukukui? — Answer: Wau no.,Question: how DET opium for.whom   Answer: 2SG INTENS   Question: for.whom DET pipe and DEF lamp   Answer: 1SG INTENS,"Question: How about it, whose opium was it? — Answer: Yours. — Question: Whose pipe and lamp? — Answer: Mine. OR: Question: How about it, the opium belongs to whom? — Answer: You. — Question: The pipe and lamp belong to whom? — Answer: Me.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Question: Pehea kela opiuma nawai? — Answer: Oe no. — Question: Nawai kela ipupaka ame ka ipukukui? — Answer: Wau no.",,Question: how DET opium for.whom Answer: 2SG INTENS Question: for.whom DET pipe and DEF lamp Answer: 1SG INTENS,,own data 1899,,5443, +71-69,71,Wau kela wahi.,Wau\tkela\twahi.,1SG\tthat\tplace,That place is mine. OR: That place belongs to me.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau kela wahi.",,1SG that place,,own data 1903,,5444, +71-70,71,Question: Pehea oe hopu kela puaa? — Answer: Owau ponoi kela puaa.,Question: Pehea oe hopu kela puaa? — Answer: Owau ponoi kela puaa.,Question: why 2SG seize that pig   Answer: 1SG own that pig,Question: Why did you take that pig? Answer: That pig is mine.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Question: Pehea oe hopu kela puaa? — Answer: Owau ponoi kela puaa.",,Question: why 2SG seize that pig Answer: 1SG own that pig,,own data 1890,,5445, +72-66,72,Ngayiny gita yu bin jawarra.,Ngayiny\tgita\tyu\tbin\tjawarra.,1SG.DAT\tguitar\t2SG\tPST\tsteal,You stole my guitar.,,This example illustrates the possessor pronoun in a full possessor phrase.,583,0b38ba6cb60ff0cb1f22593e5b4e13e5,narrative,Ngayiny gita yu bin jawarra.,,1SG.DAT guitar 2SG PST steal,This example illustrates the possessor pronoun in a full possessor phrase.,,,5446, +72-67,72,An wijantu warlaku nyawa? Ngayiny!,An\twijan-tu\twarlaku\tnyawa?\tNgayiny!,and\twho-DAT\tdog\tthis\t1SG.DAT,And whose dog is this? Mine!,,This example illustrates the independent possessor pronominal used in response to a question.,8,4dd7a3a337b716dda2954ca9476cc4ea,naturalistic spoken,An wijantu warlaku nyawa? Ngayiny!,An wijan-tu warlaku nyawa? Ngayiny!,and who-DAT dog this 1SG.DAT,This example illustrates the independent possessor pronominal used in response to a question.,,,5447, +73-52,73,kinbudi isti kaszawa?,kin-bu-di\tisti\tkaza-wa?,who-GEN-EMPH\tthis\thouse-DIM,Whose is this little house?,,,,,elicited from speaker,kinbudi isti kaszawa?,kin-bu-di isti kaza-wa?,who-GEN-EMPH this house-DIM,,Field notes,,5448, +74-63,74,kápa tláksta úkuk buk? náyka buk,kápa\ttláksta\túkuk\tbuk?\tnáyka\tbuk,PREP\twho\tthis\tbook\t1SG\tbook,Whose book is this? It’s mine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,kápa tláksta úkuk buk? náyka buk,,PREP who this book 1SG book,,Own knowledge,,5449, +75-111,75,niya,niya,1SG,(it’s) mine,,,522,,elicited from speaker,niya,,1SG,,,,5450, +75-112,75,Awaana soo liiv ooma? – Niya.,Awaana soo liiv ooma? – Niya.,who 3.POSS.M book DEM.INAN.PROX   1SG,Whose book is this? – Mine.,,The form for 'mine' is the same as that for the personal pronoun.,522,,elicited from speaker,Awaana soo liiv ooma? – Niya.,,who 3.POSS.M book DEM.INAN.PROX 1SG,The form for 'mine' is the same as that for the personal pronoun.,,,5451, +75-113,75,Kiyaanaw etikee enima.,Kiyaanaw\tetikee\tenima.,2PL.PRO\tapparently\tthat,That must be yours.,,,789[362],,naturalistic written,Kiyaanaw etikee enima.,,2PL.PRO apparently that,,,,5452, +1-103,1,wan ouwere Man,wan\towru\tman,INDF.SG\told\tman,an old man,,,1527[11],,written,"wan ouwere Man",wan owru man,INDF.SG old man,,,,5453,Dutch: een oud man [op.cit.] +1-104,1,wan ouwere Homan,wan\towru\tuma,INDF.SG\told\twoman,an old woman,,,1527[11],,written,"wan ouwere Homan",wan owru uma,INDF.SG old woman,,,,5454,Dutch: een oude vrouw [op.cit.] +1-105,1,wan oure klossi,wan\towru\tkrosi,INDF.SG\told\tcloth,an old garment,,,1355[81],,written,"wan oure klossi",wan owru krosi,INDF.SG old cloth,,,,5455, +4-66,4,Na wan moi meise anga wan moi boy.,Na\twan\tmoi\tmeise\tanga\twan\tmoi\tboy.,COP\tINDF.DET\tnice\tgirl\twith\tINDF.DET\tnice\tboy,It's a nice girl and a nice boy.,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,Na wan moi meise anga wan moi boy.,,COP INDF.DET nice girl with INDF.DET nice boy,,Own knowledge,,5456, +6-42,6,di fast gal; di fast boy,di\tfast\tgal;\tdi\tfast\tboy,DET\tfast.ADJ\tgirl.F\tART\tADJ\tboy.M,the nosy girl; the nosy boy,,,,,constructed by linguist,"di fast gal; di fast boy",,DET fast.ADJ girl.F ART ADJ boy.M,,Own knowledge,,5457, +7-106,7,wan nais woman,wan\tnais\twoman,INDF\tnice\twoman,a nice woman,,,1244[130],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"wan nais woman",,INDF nice woman,,,,5458, +7-107,7,a ool man,a\tool\tman,INDF\told\tman,an old man,,Both wan and a are used as indefinite articles.,1244[130],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"a ool man",,INDF old man,"Both wan and a are used as indefinite articles.",,,5459, +7-108,7,wan nais man; a ool woman,wan\tnais\tman;\ta\tool\twoman,INDF\tnice\tman\tINDF\told\twoman,a nice man; an old woman,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,wan nais man; a ool woman,,INDF nice man INDF old woman,,Own knowledge,,5460, +8-63,8,Di lang bwai lov di lang gyal wid di taal ier.,Di\tlang\tbwai\tlov\tdi\tlang\tgyal\twid\tdi\ttaal\tier.,DET\tlong\tboy\tlove\tDET\tlong\tgirl\twith\tDET\ttall\thair,The tall boy loves the tall girl with the long hair.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di lang bwai lov di lang gyal wid di taal ier.",,DET long boy love DET long girl with DET tall hair,,Own knowledge,,5461, +9-79,9,Bad tiŋ hapn̩.,Bad\ttiŋ\thapn̩.,bad\tthing\thappen,Bad things happen.,,,429[43],,naturalistic spoken,Bad tiŋ hapn̩.,,bad thing happen,,,,5462, +9-80,9,Anansi awiz bi wan smart man.,Anansi\tawiz\tbi\twan\tsmart\tman.,Anansi\talways\tbe\ta\tsmart\tman,Anansi is a smart man.,,,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,Anansi awiz bi wan smart man.,,Anansi always be a smart man,,,,5463, +10-93,10,"Di sebn naaty gyal, di sebn naaty bwai, nat a man kud stand bifoo di sebn hed jiant.","Di\tsebn\tnaaty\tgyal,\tdi\tsebn\tnaaty\tbwai,\tnat\ta\tman\tkud\tstand\tbifoo\tdi\tsebn\thed\tjiant.",ART.DEF\tseven\tnaughty\tgirl\tART.DEF\tseven\tnaughty\tboy\tnot\tART.INDF\tman\tcould\tstand\tbefore\tART.DEF\tseven\thead\tgiant,"The seven naughty girls, the seven naughty boys, not a man could stand before the seven headed giant.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Di sebn naaty gyal, di sebn naaty bwai, nat a man kud stand bifoo di sebn hed jiant.",,ART.DEF seven naughty girl ART.DEF seven naughty boy not ART.INDF man could stand before ART.DEF seven head giant,,Unpublished field recordings,,5464, +10-94,10,red flowaz; uol uman; gud naif; big hous,red\tflowaz;\tuol\tuman;\tgud\tnaif;\tbig\thous,red\tflower\told\twoman\tgood\tknife\tbig\thouse,red flower; old woman; good knife; big house,,Flowaz is invariable as far as number is concerned in both San Andrés Creole English and Nicaraguan Creole English.,,,naturalistic spoken,red flowaz; uol uman; gud naif; big hous,,red flower old woman good knife big house,"Flowaz is invariable as far as number is concerned in both San Andrés Creole English and Nicaraguan Creole English.",Field notes 2008,,5465, +11-103,11,red flawaz; gud naif,red\tflawaz;\tgud\tnaif,red\tflower\tgood\tknife,red flower; good knife,,"As in San Andrés Creole English, flawaz is a singular form. The plural would be di flawaz dem.",,,constructed by linguist,red flawaz; gud naif,,red flower good knife,"As in San Andrés Creole English, flawaz is a singular form. The plural would be di flawaz dem.",Own knowledge,,5466, +11-104,11,ool leedi,ool\tleedi,old\tlady,old lady/woman,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,ool leedi,,old lady,,,,5467, +11-105,11,a big big hous,a\tbig\tbig\thous,ART.INDF\tbig\tbig\thouse,"a big, big house",,,,,naturalistic written,a big big hous,,ART.INDF big big house,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,5468, +12-87,12,"They used to play the truant and - now they grow up and become good boys - work in hotels, yeah.",[...]\tthey\tgrow\tup\tand\tbecome\tgood\tboys\t[...],[...]\t3PL.SBJ\tgrow[PFV]\tup\tand\tbecome[PFV]\tADJ\tboy.PL\t[...],"[They used to play the truant, and then] they grew up and became good boys [and now] [work in hotels, yeah].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"They used to play the truant and - now they grow up and become good boys - work in hotels, yeah.",[...] they grow up and become good boys [...],[...] 3PL.SBJ grow[PFV] up and become[PFV] ADJ boy.PL [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5469, +12-88,12,I was a good girl.,I\twas\ta\tgood\tgirl.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP.PST\tART\tADJ\tgirl,I was a good girl.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I was a good girl.,,1SG.SBJ COP.PST ART ADJ girl,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5470, +15-62,15,ol pa,ol\tpa,old\tman,old man,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ol pa,,old man,,Own knowledge,,5471, +15-63,15,ol mami,ol\tmami,old\tmother,old woman/lady,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ol mami,,old mother,,Own knowledge,,5472, +16-57,16,ì bì gud mã,ì\tbì\tgud\tmã,he\tCOP\tgood\tman,He is a good man.,,,656[232],,naturalistic spoken,ì bì gud mã,,he COP good man,,,,5473, +16-58,16,gud uman,gud\tuman,good\twoman,good woman,,,,,constructed by linguist,gud uman,,good woman,,Own knowledge,,5474, +17-60,17,smo̱l man,smo̱l\tman,be.small.NMLZ\tman,small man,,,,,constructed by linguist,smo̱l man,,be.small.NMLZ man,,Own knowledge,,5475, +17-61,17,smo̱l wuman,smo̱l\twuman,be.small.NMLZ\twoman,small woman,,,,,constructed by linguist,smo̱l wuman,,be.small.NMLZ woman,,Own knowledge,,5476, +18-55,18,ol man,ol\tman,old\tman,(an) old man,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ol man",,old man,,Own knowledge,,5477, +18-56,18,ol wuman,ol\twuman,old\twoman,(an) old woman,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ol wuman",,old woman,,Own knowledge,,5478, +19-70,19,Nà wan fayn human.,Nà\twan\tfayn\thuman.,FOC\tone\tfine\twoman,That's a beautiful woman.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Nà wan fayn human.",,FOC one fine woman,,Field data,,5479, +19-71,19,Nà wan fayn man.,Nà\twan\tfayn\tman.,FOC\tone\tfine\tman,That's a handsome man.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Nà wan fayn man.",,FOC one fine man,,Field data,,5480, +21-54,21,a big boy; a big girl,a\tbig\tboy;\ta\tbig\tgirl,DET\tbig\tboy\tDET\tbig\tgirl,a big boy; a big girl,,,,,own knowledge,"a big boy; a big girl",,DET big boy DET big girl,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,5481, +22-70,22,lapun papa wantaim lapun mama na ol lida long ples,lapun\tpapa\twantaim\tlapun\tmama\tna\tol\tlida\tlong\tples,old\tfather\twith\told\tmother\tand\tPL\tleader\tPREP\tvillage,old parents and the village leaders,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,"lapun papa wantaim lapun mama na ol lida long ples",,old father with old mother and PL leader PREP village,,,,5482, +23-74,23,smol boe ia i karem bigfala grin baket ia,smol\tboe\tia\ti\tkarem\tbigfala\tgrin\tbaket\tia,small\tboy\tDEF\tAGR\tcarry\tbig\tgreen\tbucket\tDEF,That small boy was carrying the big green bucket.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,smol boe ia i karem bigfala grin baket ia,,small boy DEF AGR carry big green bucket DEF,,,,5483, +27-48,27,ēn klēn mēnshi,ēn\tklēn\tmēnshi,a\tsmall\tgirl,a little girl,,,355[18],,elicited from speaker,ēn klēn mēnshi,,a small girl,,,,5484, +27-49,27,ēn klēn jung,ēn\tklēn\tjung,a\tsmall\tboy,a little boy,,,355[19],,elicited from speaker,ēn klēn jung,,a small boy,,,,5485, +30-87,30,"un minina bunita, uns minina bunita","un=minina\tbunita,\tuns=minina\tbunita",ART.INDF.SG=girl\tbeautiful\tART.INDF.PL=girl\tbeautiful,"a beautiful girl, some beautiful girls",,,106[66],,elicited from speaker,"un minina bunita, uns minina bunita","un=minina bunita, uns=minina bunita",ART.INDF.SG=girl beautiful ART.INDF.PL=girl beautiful,,,,5486,"Portuguese: uma menina bonita, umas meninas bonitas" +30-88,30,Ta ben un pádri di kápa bránka.,Ta=ben\tun=pádri\tdi=kápa\tbránka.,IPFV=come\tART.INDF.SG=priest\tof=robe\twhite,A priest with a white robe will come.,,,106[67],,elicited from speaker,"Ta ben un pádri di kápa bránka.",Ta=ben un=pádri di=kápa bránka.,IPFV=come ART.INDF.SG=priest of=robe white,,,,5487, +30-89,30,"[...], brisi N odja un kása bunitu, xeiu di luzérna.","[...],\tbrisi\tN=odja\tun=kása\tbunitu\txeiu\tdi=luzérna.",[...]\tsuddenly\tI=see\tART.INDF=house\tnice\tfull\tof=light,"[...], suddenly I saw a beautiful house full of light.",,,784[s.v. brisi],,naturalistic spoken,"[...], brisi N odja un kása bunitu, xeiu di luzérna.","[...], brisi N=odja un=kása bunitu xeiu di=luzérna.",[...] suddenly I=see ART.INDF=house nice full of=light,,,,5488,"German: [...], plötzlich sah ich ein hübsches Haus voller Licht." +30-90,30,"E nho! E, fórti bádju sábi! Mósas so bunita!","E\tnho!\tE,\tfórti\tbádju\tsábi!\tMósa-s\tso\tbunita!",oh\t2SG.POL.M\toh\tstrong\tball\tdelicious\tgirl-PL\tonly\tpretty,"Oh man! Oh, what a great dance event! There were only beautiful girls!",,,784[s.v. manera],,naturalistic spoken,"E nho! E, fórti bádju sábi! Mósas so bunita!","E nho! E, fórti bádju sábi! Mósa-s so bunita!",oh 2SG.POL.M oh strong ball delicious girl-PL only pretty,,,,5489,"German: Oh Mann! Oh, was für eine tolle Tanzveranstaltung! Nur schöne Mädchen!" +30-91,30,Minina ku bexóna ê ka bunitu pa europeu.,minina\tku=bexóna\tê\tka\tbunitu\tpa=europeu,girl\twith=thick.lip\tbe\tNEG\tpretty\tfor=European.,Europeans are not fond of thick-lipped girls.,,,784[s.v. bexóna],,naturalistic spoken,"Minina ku bexóna ê ka bunitu pa europeu.",minina ku=bexóna ê ka bunitu pa=europeu,girl with=thick.lip be NEG pretty for=European.,,,,5490,German: Europäer finden Mädchen mit dicken Lippen nicht schön. +31-81,31,un mininu bunitu,un\tmininu\tbunitu,a\thandsome\tboy,a handsome boy,,,106[66],,naturalistic written,un mininu bunitu,,a handsome boy,,,,5491, +31-82,31,un minina bunita,un\tminina\tbunita,a\tgirl\tbeautiful,a beautiful girl,,,,,naturalistic spoken,un minina bunita,,a girl beautiful,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,5492, +32-59,32,un musin skur,un\tmusin\tskur,DET\tboy.little\tdark.M,a little dark boy,,,1456,,constructed by linguist,un musin skur,,DET boy.little dark.M,,,,5493,Portuguese: um rapazinho escuro +32-60,32,Prova esterna o prova nasional?,Prova\testerna\to\tprova\tnasional?,exam\texternal.F\tor\texam\tnational,An external or a national exam?,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,Prova esterna o prova nasional?,,exam external.F or exam national,,,,5494,Portuguese: Uma prova externa ou uma prova nacional? +33-78,33,badjuda bonita,badjuda\tbonita,girl\tpretty,pretty girl,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,badjuda bonita,,girl pretty,,Own knowledge,,5495,Portuguese: rapariga bonita +33-79,33,rapas bonitu,rapas\tbonit-u,boy\tbeautiful-M,handsome boy,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,rapas bonitu,rapas bonit-u,boy beautiful-M,,Own knowledge,,5496,Portuguese: rapaz bonito +33-80,33,rapas nobu,rapas\tnobu,boy\tyoung,young man,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,rapas nobu,,boy young,,Own knowledge,,5497,Portuguese: jovem (masculine) +33-81,33,badjuda nobu,badjuda\tnobu,girl\tyoung,young woman,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,badjuda nobu,,girl young,,Own knowledge,,5498,Portuguese: jovem (feminine) +34-58,34,"rapás dud-u, bajuda dud-a","rapás\tdud-u,\tbajuda\tdud-a",boy\tmad-M\tgirl\tmad-F,"a mad boy, a mad girl",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"rapás dud-u, bajuda dud-a",,boy mad-M girl mad-F,,Own knowledge,,5499, +35-94,35,ome/mwala/kabalu/ke blanku,ome/mwala/kabalu/ke\tblanku,man/woman/horse/house\twhite,a white man/woman/horse/house,,,,,constructed by linguist,ome/mwala/kabalu/ke blanku,,man/woman/horse/house white,,Own knowledge,,5500, +37-60,37,mye fina ~ mye finu,mye fina ~ mye finu,woman fine.F   woman fine,a nice woman,,,905[47],,elicited from speaker,"mye fina ~ mye finu",,woman fine.F woman fine,,,,5501, +38-68,38,namay banku,na-may\tbanku,ART-woman\twhite,the white woman,,,,,naturalistic spoken,namay banku,na-may banku,ART-woman white,,Own fieldwork 1993,,5502, +38-69,38,napay banku,na-pay\tbanku,ART-man\twhite,the white man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,napay banku,na-pay banku,ART-man white,,Own fieldwork 1993,,5503, +39-88,39,bunit rapas,bunit\trapas,beautiful\tboy,beautiful boy,,,218,,elicited from speaker,bunit rapas,,beautiful boy,,,,5504, +39-89,39,bunit muyɛr,bunit\tmuyɛr,beautiful\twoman,beautiful woman,,,221[169],,elicited from speaker,bunit muyɛr,,beautiful woman,,,,5505, +42-70,42,ńgwa femi bemfeta,ńgwa\tfemi\tbemfeta,one\tgirl\thandsome.F,a pretty young lady,,Gender agreement applies to a very small number of adjectives occurring with human nouns.,,,elicited from speaker,"ńgwa femi bemfeta",,one girl handsome.F,Gender agreement applies to a very small number of adjectives occurring with human nouns.,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,5506, +44-84,44,boníta muhér - boníto ómbri,boníta\tmuhér\t-\tboníto\tómbri,beautiful\twoman\t-\thandsome\tman,beautiful woman - handsome man,,,,,constructed by linguist,"boníta muhér - boníto ómbri",,beautiful woman - handsome man,,Own knowledge,,5507, +44-85,44,ung guapa mujer,ung\tguapa\tmujer,INDF\tbeautiful\twoman,a beautiful woman,,The masculine would be ung guapo hombre [INDEF handsome man] 'a handsome man' (Nigoza's orthography).,1064[18],,naturalistic written,"ung guapa mujer",,INDF beautiful woman,"The masculine would be ung guapo hombre [INDEF handsome man] 'a handsome man' (Nigoza's orthography).",,,5508, +45-71,45,guapa muher,guapa\tmuher,beautiful.F\twoman,beautiful woman,,,,,elicited from speaker,guapa muher,,beautiful.F woman,,Own data,,5509, +46-82,46,Éste muhér byen lóka.,Éste\tmuhér\tbyen\tlóka.,this\twoman\tquite\tcrazy.F,This woman is quite crazy.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Éste muhér byen lóka.",,this woman quite crazy.F,,Own knowledge,,5510, +46-83,46,Prenyáda éste muhér.,Prenyáda\téste\tmuhér.,pregnant(F)\tthis\twoman,This woman is pregnant.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Prenyáda éste muhér.",,pregnant(F) this woman,,Own knowledge,,5511, +46-84,46,Lóko ya si Jeffrey.,Lóko\tya\tsi\tJeffrey.,crazy\talready\tAG\tJeffrey,"Jeffrey is crazy, already.",,,242,,naturalistic spoken,"Lóko ya si Jeffrey.",,crazy already AG Jeffrey,,,,5512, +47-76,47,"Elsio, Julio i e kantante femenino di Chispa Band","Elsio,\tJulio\ti\te\tkantante\tfemenino\tdi\tChispa\tBand",Elsio\tJulio\tand\tDEF\tsinger\tfemale\tof\tChispa\tBand,"Elsio, Julio and the female singer of Chispa Band",,"In contrast with its Spanish cognate, the adjective femenino does not show gender agreement. The translation is mine.","453[13 February 2004, p.4]",,literary source,"Elsio, Julio i e kantante femenino di Chispa Band",,Elsio Julio and DEF singer female of Chispa Band,"In contrast with its Spanish cognate, the adjective femenino does not show gender agreement. The translation is mine.",,,5513, +47-77,47,un galiña pretu; un gai pretu,un\tgaliña\tpretu;\tun\tgai\tpretu,INDF\then\tblack\tINDF\trooster\tblack,a black hen; a black rooster,,The translation is mine.,898[35],,published source,un galiña pretu; un gai pretu,,INDF hen black INDF rooster black,The translation is mine.,,,5514, +47-78,47,Esaki ta mas importante ku kualké otro inisiativa.,es(un)-aki\tta\tmas\timportante\tku\tkualké\totro\tinisiativa,one-DEM.PROX\tCOP\tmore\timportant\tthan\twhichever\tother\tinitiative,This one is more important than any other initiative.,,The translation is mine.,"453[13 February 2004, p.5]",,published source,Esaki ta mas importante ku kualké otro inisiativa.,es(un)-aki ta mas importante ku kualké otro inisiativa,one-DEM.PROX COP more important than whichever other initiative,The translation is mine.,,,5515, +48-69,48,Ese nata é susio.,Ese\tnata\té\tsusio.,this\tcream\tbe\tdirty,This cream is dirty.,,,353[140],,naturalistic spoken,"Ese nata é susio.",,this cream be dirty,,,,5516,Spanish: Esa nata está sucia. +48-70,48,Eso é kusa bueno.,Eso\té\tkusa\tbueno.,this\tbe\tthing\tgood,This is a good thing.,,,1359[294],,naturalistic spoken,"Eso é kusa bueno.",,this be thing good,,,,5517,Spanish: Eso es una buena cosa. +48-71,48,Lengua afrikano ané kola má nu.,Lengua\tafrikano\tané\tkola\tmá\tnu.,language\tAfrican\tthey\tremember\tany.more\tNEG,They don't remember an African language any more. OR: They don't remember African languages any more.,,,353[139],,naturalistic spoken,"Lengua afrikano ané kola má nu.",,language African they remember any.more NEG,,,,5518,Spanish: (Ellos) (ya) no se acuerdan de una lengua africana. +48-72,48,¡Ese muhé é guapa rimá!,¡Ese\tmuhé\té\tguapa\trimá!,this\twoman\tbe\tpretty.F\tvery,This woman is very pretty!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"¡Ese muhé é guapa rimá!",,this woman be pretty.F very,,Recorded by author,,5519,Spanish: ¡Esta mujer es muy guapa! +49-117,49,group fi ayisyen patriyòt,group\tfi\tayisyen\tpatriyòt,group\tgirl\tHaitian\tpatriotic,group of female Haitian patriots,,I,470[207],,naturalistic spoken,group fi ayisyen patriyòt,,group girl Haitian patriotic,I,,,5520,French: groupe des femmes haïtiennes patriotes +50-68,50,on bèl gason,on\tbèl\tgason,INDF\tbeautiful\tboy,a beautiful boy,,,,,naturalistic spoken,on bèl gason,,INDF beautiful boy,,Own fieldwork,,5521, +51-65,51,an bel boug,an\tbel\tboug,INDF\tbeautiful\tman,a handsome man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"an bel boug",,INDF beautiful man,,Own fieldwork,,5522, +51-66,51,an bel madanm,an\tbel\tmadanm,INDF\tbeautiful\twoman,a beautiful woman,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"an bel madanm",,INDF beautiful woman,,Own fieldwork,,5523, +53-152,53,en gro neg,en\tgro\tneg,ART.INDF\tbig.M\tblack.man,a big black man,,,1048[138],,naturalistic spoken,en gro neg,,ART.INDF big.M black.man,,,,5524,French: un gros nègre +53-153,53,ein gro ta branchaille sec,ein\tgro\tta\tbranchaille\tsec,ART.INDF\tbig\tpile\tbranch\tdry,a big pile of dry branches,,,1049[10],,naturalistic written,ein gro ta branchaille sec,,ART.INDF big pile branch dry,,,,5525, +53-154,53,en gros fom,en\tgros\tfom,ART.INDF\tbig.F\twoman,a big woman,,,1048[138],,elicited from speaker,en gros fom,,ART.INDF big.F woman,,,,5526,French: une grosse femme +53-155,53,en gro latet,en\tgro\tlatet,ART.INDF\tbig\thead,a big head,,,1048[138],,naturalistic spoken,en gro latet,,ART.INDF big head,,,,5527, +53-156,53,en tit fanm,en\ttit\tfanm,ART.INDF\tlittle.F\twoman,a little woman,,,722[199],,naturalistic spoken,en tit fanm,,ART.INDF little.F woman,,,,5528, +53-157,53,en ti chval,en\tti\tchval,ART.INDF\tlittle.M\thorse,a little horse,,,722[199],,naturalistic spoken,en ti chval,,ART.INDF little.M horse,,,,5529, +53-158,53,en vyè fam; en vyè nòm,en\tvyè\tfam;\ten\tvyè\tnòm,ART.INDF\told\twoman\tART.INDF\told\tman,an old woman; an old man,,Here the adjective shows no marking for feminine gender with the noun fam.,722[200],,naturalistic spoken,en vyè fam; en vyè nòm,,ART.INDF old woman ART.INDF old man,"Here the adjective shows no marking for feminine gender with the noun fam.",,,5530, +53-159,53,"Li dwat èt vyey, en?","Li\tdwat\tèt\tvyey,\ten?",3SG\tmust\tCOP\told.F\teh,"She must be old, eh?",,,722[200],,naturalistic spoken,"Li dwat èt vyey, en?",,3SG must COP old.F eh,,,,5531, +53-160,53,en nouvo lamezon; enn nouvèl mezon,en\tnouvo\tlamezon;\tenn\tnouvèl\tmezon,ART.INDF\tnew.M\thouse\tART.INDF.F\tnew.F\thouse,a new house,,,722[200-201],,naturalistic spoken,en nouvo lamezon; enn nouvèl mezon,,ART.INDF new.M house ART.INDF.F new.F house,,,,5532, +53-161,53,ein vié famme riche,ein\tvié\tfamme\triche,ART.INDF\told\twoman\trich,a rich old woman,,,1049[11],,naturalistic written,ein vié famme riche,,ART.INDF old woman rich,,,,5533, +53-162,53,ti négresse là,ti\tnégresse-là,little\tblack.girl-ART.DEF.SG,the little black girl,,,1049[29],,naturalistic written,ti négresse là,ti négresse-là,little black.girl-ART.DEF.SG,,,,5534, +54-90,54,in vyé boug,en\tvye\tboug,INDF\told\tman,an old man,,,110[63],,naturalistic spoken,in vyé boug,en vye boug,INDF old man,,,,5535,French: un vieux bougre (vieil homme) +54-91,54,Ou voi band vyé fam la.,Ou\tvwa\tbann\tvye\tfanm\tla.,2SG\tsee\tPL\told\twoman\tDEM,You see these/those old women.,,,110[26],,naturalistic spoken,Ou voi band vyé fam la.,Ou vwa bann vye fanm la.,2SG see PL old woman DEM,,,,5536,French: Tu vois ces vieilles femmes(-là). +54-92,54,zot vyey maman,zot\tvyey\tmaman,POSS.3PL\told\tmother,their old mother,,The adjective vyey is marked feminine.,110[34],,naturalistic spoken,"zot vyey maman",,POSS.3PL old mother,"The adjective vyey is marked feminine.",,,5537,French: leur vieille maman +54-93,54,lë vyey fanm,lë\tvyey\tfanm,ART.DEF\told\twoman,the old woman,,"The definite article is not gender-marked, whereas the adjective is.",110[78],,naturalistic spoken,"lë vyey fanm",,ART.DEF old woman,"The definite article is not gender-marked, whereas the adjective is.",,,5538,French: la vieille femme +56-87,56,ere; erez,ere;\terez,happy.M\thappy.F,happy,,Other adjectives are: vye – vyey 'old'; zalou – zalouz 'jealous'.,159[33],,elicited from speaker,ere; erez,,happy.M happy.F,"Other adjectives are: vye – vyey 'old'; zalou – zalouz 'jealous'.",,,5539, +56-88,56,"en vye tonton, en vye tantin","en\tvye\ttonton,\ten\tvye\ttantin",a\told\tman\ta\told\twoman,"an old man, an old woman",,The adjective vye does not agree in gender.,,,elicited from speaker,"en vye tonton, en vye tantin",,a old man a old woman,"The adjective vye does not agree in gender.",Own knowledge,,5540, +59-139,59,lo ga pendere koli,lo\tga\tpendere\tkoli,3SG\tbecome\tyoung\tman,He became a young man.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lo ga pendere koli,,3SG become young man,,Samarin corpus 1994,,5541, +59-140,59,use wali ni aga,use\twali\tni\ta-ga,two\twoman\tDEF\tPM-come,The second wife (the co-wife) came.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,use wali ni aga,use wali ni a-ga,two woman DEF PM-come,,Samarin corpus 1994,,5542, +59-141,59,baa pendere wali so ka,baa\tpendere\twali\tso\tka,see\tyoung/pretty\twoman\tDEM\tthere,Look at the pretty girl over there.,,,,,constructed by linguist,baa pendere wali so ka,,see young/pretty woman DEM there,,Own knowledge,,5543, +62-35,62,kuwáha mála ní kukuhló,ku-waha\tmala\tní\tku-kuhlo,15-drink\tbeer\tis\t15-nice,Drinking beer is good.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"kuwáha mála ní kukuhló",ku-waha mala ní ku-kuhlo,15-drink beer is 15-nice,,Own field data 1993,,5544, +63-71,63,mária núbi,mária\tnúbi,woman\tNubi,a Nubi woman,,,,,constructed by linguist,mária núbi,,woman Nubi,,Own fieldwork,,5545, +63-72,63,rági núbi,rági\tnúbi,man\tNubi,a Nubi man,,,,,constructed by linguist,rági núbi,,man Nubi,,Own fieldwork,,5546, +64-76,64,hayá melía,hayá\tmelí-a,life.F\tfull-F,a full life,,This an instance of Arabic interference (hypercorrection). The masculine/feminine forms in Arabic are malia:n/malia:n-a 'full'.,874[210],,naturalistic spoken,hayá melía,hayá melí-a,life.F full-F,"This an instance of Arabic interference (hypercorrection). The masculine/feminine forms in Arabic are malia:n/malia:n-a 'full'.",,,5547, +65-65,65,Xulaoʃi duwal edaj.,Xulaoʃi\tduwal\tedaj.,good\tmerchandise\tsell,Sell me goods of high quality.,,,141[5],,naturalistic spoken,Xulaoʃi duwal edaj.,,good merchandise sell,,,Хулаоши дувал эдай.,5548, +65-66,65,Kakoj xaloʃi liudi!,Kakoj\txaloʃi\tliudi!,which\tgood\tperson,What a good person!,,,458[12],,citation in fiction,Kakoj xaloʃi liudi!,,which good person,,,Какой хороший люди!,5549, +67-91,67,"Lu pegan baru petir, lu mesti tahu berapa berat, tahu.","Lu\tpegan\tbaru\tpetir,\tlu\tmesti\ttahu\tberapa\tberat,\ttahu.",2SG\thold\tnew\tbox\t2SG\tmust\tknow\thow.much\theavy\tknow,"If you hold the new box, you certainly know how heavy it is, you know.",,,708[108],,naturalistic spoken,"Lu pegan baru petir, lu mesti tahu berapa berat, tahu.",,2SG hold new box 2SG must know how.much heavy know,,,,5550, +67-92,67,Ini budak kecil kena pukul.,Ini\tbudak\tkecil\tkena\tpukul.,DEM\tchild\tsmall\tPASS\tbeat,This little child was beaten.,,,708[108],,naturalistic spoken,"Ini budak kecil kena pukul.",,DEM child small PASS beat,,,,5551, +69-32,69,trəŋ yuwan,trəŋ\tyuwan,spear\tgood,a good spear,,,,,elicited from speaker,trəŋ yuwan,,spear good,,Own field notes 1985,,5552, +74-64,74,cxi put,cxi\tput,new\tboat,new boat,,,,,constructed by linguist,cxi put,,new boat,,Own knowledge,,5553, +75-114,75,la pchit fiy,la\tpchi-t\tfiy,DEF.ART.F.SG\tlittle-F\tgirl,the little girl,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,la pchit fiy,la pchi-t fiy,DEF.ART.F.SG little-F girl,,,,5554, +75-115,75,aen pchi bwa aan noor,aen\tpchi\tbwa\taan\tnoor,a\tlittle.M\twood\tof\tgold,a little golden stick,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,aen pchi bwa aan noor,,a little.M wood of gold,,,,5555, +75-116,75,Si kum bleu sii zhveu blaan eeyishnaakwaniyik.,Si\tkum\tbleu\tsii\tzhveu\tblaan\tee-yish-naakwan-iyi-k.,be.3\tlike\tblue\t3PL.POSS\thair\twhite\tCOMP-thus-look.INAN-OBV-PL,Her white hair looks bluish.,,,789[47],,naturalistic written,Si kum bleu sii zhveu blaan eeyishnaakwaniyik.,Si kum bleu sii zhveu blaan ee-yish-naakwan-iyi-k.,be.3 like blue 3PL.POSS hair white COMP-thus-look.INAN-OBV-PL,,,,5556, +75-117,75,IIa la laang blaan wiiyaahkushiw.,IIa\tla\tlaang\tblaan\twiiy-aahkushi-w,3.have\tDEF.ART.F.SG\ttongue\twhite\tFUT-be.ill-3,"There's a white coating on his tongue, he will be ill.",,"The adjective is in the form that would be masculine in French; in Michif it is both masculine and feminine. +The nominalized form blansh is used for white women.",789[64],,naturalistic written,IIa la laang blaan wiiyaahkushiw.,IIa la laang blaan wiiy-aahkushi-w,3.have DEF.ART.F.SG tongue white FUT-be.ill-3,"The adjective is in the form that would be masculine in French; in Michif it is both masculine and feminine. +The nominalized form blansh is used for white women.",,,5557, +75-118,75,enn ptsit plot blaan,enn\tptsi-t\tplot\tblaan,DEF.ART.F\tlittle-F\tball\twhite,a small white ball,,,522,,elicited from speaker,enn ptsit plot blaan,enn ptsi-t plot blaan,DEF.ART.F little-F ball white,,,,5558, +75-119,75,Mishikitiw nawat enn medalyun ki enn midael.,Mishikiti-w\tnawat\tenn\tmedalyun\tki\tenn\tmidael.,be.big.ANIM-3\tmore\ta\tmedallion\tthan\ta\tmedal,A medallion is bigger than a medal.,,,789[174],,naturalistic written,Mishikitiw nawat enn medalyun ki enn midael.,Mishikiti-w nawat enn medalyun ki enn midael.,be.big.ANIM-3 more a medallion than a medal,,,,5559, +75-120,75,La bwet mishaaw.,La\tbwet\tmish-aaw.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tbox\tbe.big-3.INAN,The box is big.,,,789[41],,naturalistic written,La bwet mishaaw.,La bwet mish-aaw.,DEF.ART.F.SG box be.big-3.INAN,,,,5560, +1-106,1,Ju langa morro mi. / Ju langa morro na mi. / Ju de morro langa leki mi.,Yu langa moro mi. / Yu langa moro na mi. / Yu de moro langa leki mi.,2SG long exceed 1SG   2SG long exceed than 1SG   2SG ASP/COP more long like 1SG,You are taller than me.,,"When moro follows a property item such as langa 'long', it functions as a ""pass/exceed"" verb that marks the standard. The standard cannot be omitted. In the construction ju langa, langa can be assigned a nominal reading ('your tallness') as well as a predicative adjective status ('you are tall'). When moro preceeds the property item, several readings are possible. Here it can be a verb marked by the imperfective aspect marker de, or it can be a degree word that modifies langa. In the latter case de is a copula.",1357[98],,written (dictionary),Ju langa morro mi. / Ju langa morro na mi. / Ju de morro langa leki mi.,Yu langa moro mi. / Yu langa moro na mi. / Yu de moro langa leki mi.,2SG long exceed 1SG 2SG long exceed than 1SG 2SG ASP/COP more long like 1SG,"When moro follows a property item such as langa 'long', it functions as a ""pass/exceed"" verb that marks the standard. The standard cannot be omitted. In the construction ju langa, langa can be assigned a nominal reading ('your tallness') as well as a predicative adjective status ('you are tall'). When moro preceeds the property item, several readings are possible. Here it can be a verb marked by the imperfective aspect marker de, or it can be a degree word that modifies langa. In the latter case de is a copula.",,,5561,"German: Du bist länger, grösser als ich. [op.cit.]" +1-107,1,A grandi va mi.,A\tgrandi\tfu\tmi.,3SG.SBJ\told\tfor\t1SG,He is older than me.,,"The use of the 'locational', or dative, marker fu with comparatives is rare; it occurs in the same semantic domain as in the Gbe substrate.",1357[53],,written (dictionary),A grandi va mi.,A grandi fu mi.,3SG.SBJ old for 1SG,"The use of the 'locational', or dative, marker fu with comparatives is rare; it occurs in the same semantic domain as in the Gbe substrate.",,,5562,German: Er ist älter als ich. [op.cit.] +2-91,2,John de moro bigi leki/dan Peter.,John\tde\tmoro\tbigi\tleki/dan\tPeter.,John\tCOP\tmore\tbig\tthan\tPeter,John is taller than Peter.,,,1604[280],,elicited from speaker,John de moro bigi leki/dan Peter.,,John COP more big than Peter,,,,5563, +2-92,2,John bigi moro Peter.,John\tbigi\tmoro\tPeter.,John\tbig\texceed\tPeter,John’s bigger than Peter.,,,1604[279],,elicited from speaker,John bigi moro Peter.,,John big exceed Peter,,,,5564, +3-46,3,A kɔni mɔɔ mi.,A\tkɔni\tmɔɔ\tmi.,3SG\tsmart\tmore\t1SG,She is smarter than me.,,,354[77],,naturalistic spoken,A kɔni mɔɔ mi.,,3SG smart more 1SG,,,,5565, +3-47,3,A mɔɔ kɔni mɔɔ mi.,A\tmɔɔ\tkɔni\tmɔɔ\tmi.,3SG\tmore\tsmart\tmore\t1SG,She is smarter than me.,,,354[77],,naturalistic spoken,A mɔɔ kɔni mɔɔ mi.,,3SG more smart more 1SG,,,,5566, +3-49,3,A kɔni mɔɔ kuma mi.,A\tkɔni\tmɔɔ\tkuma\tmi.,3SG\tsmart\tmore\tas.if\t1SG,She is smarter than me.,,,354,,naturalistic spoken,A kɔni mɔɔ kuma mi.,,3SG smart more as.if 1SG,,,,5567, +3-50,3,A bígi pasá mi.,A\tbígi\tpasá\tmi.,3SG\tbig\tpass\t1SG,He is bigger than me.,,,1539[4],,naturalistic spoken,A bígi pasá mi.,,3SG big pass 1SG,,,,5568, +4-67,4,A fatu moo mi.,A\tfatu\tmoo\tmi.,he\tfat\tmore\tme,He is fatter than me.,,,568[111],,naturalistic spoken,A fatu moo mi.,,he fat more me,,,,5569, +4-68,4,Sa Yunku osu bigi moo a osu fu Sa Linda.,Sa\tYunku\tosu\tbigi\tmoo\ta\tosu\tfu\tSa\tLinda.,courtesy.title\tYunku\thouse\tbig\tmore\tDET.SG\thouse\tPOSS\tcourtesy.title\tLinda,Ms Yunku's house is bigger than Ms Linda's house.,,Sa is used for women of low social status (Mühleisen & Migge 2005: 141).,568[111],,naturalistic spoken,Sa Yunku osu bigi moo a osu fu Sa Linda.,,courtesy.title Yunku house big more DET.SG house POSS courtesy.title Linda,"Sa is used for women of low social status (Mühleisen & Migge 2005: 141).",,,5570, +4-69,4,A án moo bigi.,A\tán\tmoo\tbigi.,it\tNEG\tmore\tbig,It isn't bigger.,,,1271,,naturalistic spoken,A án moo bigi.,,it NEG more big,,,,5571, +4-70,4,A moo lebi moo disi de.,A\tmoo\tlebi\tmoo\tdisi\tde.,it\tmore\tred\tmore\tthis\tthere,It is more red than this one there.,,,1271,,naturalistic spoken,A moo lebi moo disi de.,,it more red more this there,,,,5572, +4-71,4,A boto ya langa pasa a du fi i.,A\tboto\tya\tlanga\tpasa\ta\tdu\tfi\ti.,DET\tboat\tDEM\tlong\tsurpass\tDET\tone\tPOSS\tyou,This boat is longer than yours.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A boto ya langa pasa a du fi i.,,DET boat DEM long surpass DET one POSS you,,Own observation,,5573, +5-71,5,hii moo shaat,hii\tmoo\tshaat,he\tCOMPAR\tshort,He is shorter.,,,,,constructed by linguist,hii moo shaat,,he COMPAR short,,Own knowledge,,5574, +6-43,6,Hi more bigger dan mi.,Hi\tmore\tbigger\tdan\tmi.,3SG\tmore\tbig.COMPAR\tthan\t1SG,He is bigger than me.,,,1431[63],,constructed by linguist,Hi more bigger dan mi.,,3SG more big.COMPAR than 1SG,,,,5575, +7-109,7,Hi mo taala moo dan shi.,Hi\tmo\ttaal-a\tmoo\tdan\tshi.,3SG\tmore\ttall-er\tmore\tthan\t3SG,He is taller than her.,,"Both mo and moo are optional before and after the adjective, so that the utterances hi taala dan shi, hi taala moo dan shi, hi mo taala dan shi and even hi mo taal moo dan shi are possible.",1244[128],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi mo taala moo dan shi.,Hi mo taal-a moo dan shi.,3SG more tall-er more than 3SG,"Both mo and moo are optional before and after the adjective, so that the utterances hi taala dan shi, hi taala moo dan shi, hi mo taala dan shi and even hi mo taal moo dan shi are possible.",,,5576, +7-110,7,Mi mo taala moo dan shi.,Mi\tmo\ttaal-a\tmoo\tdan\tshi.,1SG\tmore\ttall-er\tmore\tthan\t3SG,I am taller than her.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi mo taala moo dan shi.,Mi mo taal-a moo dan shi.,1SG more tall-er more than 3SG,,Own knowledge,,5577, +8-64,8,Mieri richa dahn Piita.,Mieri\trich-a\tdahn\tPiita.,Mary\trich-COMPAR\tthan\tPeter,Mary is richer than Peter.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mieri richa dahn Piita.,Mieri rich-a dahn Piita.,Mary rich-COMPAR than Peter,,Own knowledge,,5578, +9-81,9,No a wan mata a we i ʧipa.,No\ta\twan\tmata\ta\twe\ti\tʧipa.,NEG\tTOP\ta\tmatter\tTOP\tREL\tit\tcheaper,It's not a matter of whether it's cheaper. OR: It's not an issue of price.,,,439[238],,naturalistic spoken,No a wan mata a we i ʧipa.,,NEG TOP a matter TOP REL it cheaper,,,,5579, +9-82,9,Wan naysa wan de ya.,Wan\tnaysa\twan\tde\tya.,a\tnicer\tone\tLOC\there,There is a nicer one here (mame fruit).,,,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,Wan naysa wan de ya.,,a nicer one LOC here,,,,5580, +10-95,10,Di pleis moa deinjeros nou an bifo.,Di\tpleis\tmoa\tdeinjeros\tnou\tan\tbifo.,ART.DEF\tplace\tmore\tdangerous\tnow\tthan\tbefore,The place is more dangerous now than before.,,,113[41],,naturalistic spoken,Di pleis moa deinjeros nou an bifo.,,ART.DEF place more dangerous now than before,,,,5581, +10-96,10,Ih moa beta bikaa ih kom fram di haat.,Ih\tmoa\tbeta\tbikaa\tih\tkom\tfram\tdi\thaat.,3SG.N\tmore\tbetter\tbecause\t3SG.N\tcome\tfrom\tART.DEF\theart,It's better because it comes from the heart.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ih moa beta bikaa ih kom fram di haat.,,3SG.N more better because 3SG.N come from ART.DEF heart,,Unpublished field recordings,,5582, +11-106,11,Dem meek worsar trobl.,Dem\tmeek\tworsar\ttrobl.,3PL\tmake\tworse\ttrouble,They make (even) worse trouble.,,"As in San Andrés Creole English, the comparison of bad is: bad - wo(r)s - wo(r)s/worsar(a).",1054,,naturalistic spoken,Dem meek worsar trobl.,,3PL make worse trouble,"As in San Andrés Creole English, the comparison of bad is: bad - wo(r)s - wo(r)s/worsar(a).",,,5583, +11-107,11,[...] an di mama oola [...].,[...]\tan\tdi\tmama\tool-a\t[...].,[...]\tand\tART.DEF\tmother\told-er\t[...],[...] and the mother was getting older [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,[...] an di mama oola [...].,[...] an di mama ool-a [...].,[...] and ART.DEF mother old-er [...],,,,5584, +11-108,11,Dem woz beta hous dan wat wi livin iin nou.,Dem\twoz\tbeta\thous\tdan\twat\twi\tliv-in\tiin\tnou.,DEM\tCOP.PST\tbetter\thouse\tthan\tREL\t1PL\tlive-PROG\tin\tnow,Those were better houses than the one we are living in now.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Dem woz beta hous dan wat wi livin iin nou.,Dem woz beta hous dan wat wi liv-in iin nou.,DEM COP.PST better house than REL 1PL live-PROG in now,,,,5585, +11-109,11,John taala (d)an Mary.,John\ttaal-a\t(d)an\tMary.,John\ttall-er\tthan\tMary,John is taller than Mary.,,,,,elicited from speaker,John taala (d)an Mary.,John taal-a (d)an Mary.,John tall-er than Mary,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,5586, +11-110,11,A kom out muo faasa.,A\tkom\tout\tmuo\tfaasa.,1SG\tcome\tout\tmore\tfaster,I finished [school] more quickly.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,A kom out muo faasa.,,1SG come out more faster,,,,5587, +12-89,12,"Yeah, but people say the more bigger you get, the more you grow that out.",[...]\tthe\tmore\tbigg-er\tyou\tget\t[...],[...]\tthe\tCOMPAR\tbig-COMPAR\tyou\tget\t[...],"[...] the older you get, [the more likely you are to outgrow that (illness)].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, but people say the more bigger you get, the more you grow that out.",[...] the more bigg-er you get [...],[...] the COMPAR big-COMPAR you get [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5588, +12-90,12,"See, I used to be more harder than him, you know. I never used to let people mess 'round me.",[...]\tmore\thard-er\tthan\thim\t[...],[...]\tCOMPAR\thard-COMPAR\tthan\thim\t[...],[...] [I used to be] tougher than him [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"See, I used to be more harder than him, you know. I never used to let people mess 'round me.",[...] more hard-er than him [...],[...] COMPAR hard-COMPAR than him [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5589, +12-91,12,"More better, yeah. [...] more better.",[...]\tmore\tbetter.,[...]\tCOMPAR\tADJ\SUPPL,[Doing a job on one’s own is] better.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"More better, yeah. [...] more better.",[...] more better.,[...] COMPAR ADJ\SUPPL,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5590, +12-92,12,"You are more reflectible, yeah.",[...]\tmore\treflectible\t[...],[...]\tCOMPAR\tADJ\t[...],[You (i.e. women) are] more thoughtful [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"You are more reflectible, yeah.",[...] more reflectible [...],[...] COMPAR ADJ [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5591, +12-93,12,"Yeah, she's bright - she little brighter than me.",[...] she's bright - she little brighter than me.,  3SG.F.SBJ.COP bright   3SG.F.SBJ little bright.COMPAR than 1SG.OBJ,"[Yeah,] she's fair-skinned - she's a bit fairer than me.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, she's bright - she little brighter than me.",[...] she's bright - she little brighter than me.,3SG.F.SBJ.COP bright 3SG.F.SBJ little bright.COMPAR than 1SG.OBJ,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5592, +13-76,13,E tall pas me.,E\ttall\tpas\tme.,3SG.SBJ\ttall\tpass\t1SG.OBJ,He is taller than me.,,,1500[215],,naturalistic spoken,E tall pas me.,,3SG.SBJ tall pass 1SG.OBJ,,,,5593, +13-221,13,bigga,bigga,big.COMPAR,bigger,,,,,constructed by linguist,bigga,,big.COMPAR,,Own knowledge,,5594, +14-50,14,He taller than Bruce.,He\ttall-er\tthan\tBruce.,he\ttall-COMPAR\tthan\tBruce,He is taller than Bruce.,,"In some cases the independent comparative/superlative and suffix may be used, as in more taller, most prettiest.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He taller than Bruce.,He tall-er than Bruce.,he tall-COMPAR than Bruce,"In some cases the independent comparative/superlative and suffix may be used, as in more taller, most prettiest.",Own knowledge,,5595, +14-51,14,He more taller than Bruce.,He\tmore\ttall-er\tthan\tBruce.,he\tCOMPAR\ttall-COMPAR\tthan\tBruce,He is taller than Bruce.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He more taller than Bruce.,He more tall-er than Bruce.,he COMPAR tall-COMPAR than Bruce,,Own knowledge,,5596, +14-52,14,Bruce is more taller than Charles.,Bruce\tis\tmore\ttall-er\tthan\tCharles.,Bruce\tis\tCOMPAR\ttall-COMPAR\tthan\tCharles.,Bruce is taller than Charles.,,Double comparative forms may also be used variably.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce is more taller than Charles.,Bruce is more tall-er than Charles.,Bruce is COMPAR tall-COMPAR than Charles.,Double comparative forms may also be used variably.,Own knowledge,,5597, +15-64,15,ʤɔn big pas meri,ʤɔn\tbig\tpas\tmeri,John\told\tsurpass\tMary,John is older than Mary.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ʤɔn big pas meri,,John old surpass Mary,,Own knowledge,,5598, +16-59,16,wì plɛnti pas dɛ̀m,wì\tplɛnti\tpas\tdɛ̀m,1PL\tbe.plentiful\tpass\t3PL,We are more numerous than they are.,,"*Wì plεnti pas is ungrammatical, i.e. pas is a standard marker.",656[240],,naturalistic spoken,wì plɛnti pas dɛ̀m,,1PL be.plentiful pass 3PL,"*Wì plεnti pas is ungrammatical, i.e. pas is a standard marker.",,,5599, +16-60,16,dè strɔŋ pas wi,dè\tstrɔŋ\tpas\twi,3PL\tstrong\tpass\t1PL,They are stronger than us.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dè strɔŋ pas wi,,3PL strong pass 1PL,,Own fieldwork,,5600, +17-62,17,À big pas yù.,À\tbig\tpas\tyù.,1SG.SBJ\tbe.big\tsurpass\t2SG.OBJ,I am bigger than you.,,,462[109],,naturalistic spoken,À big pas yù.,,1SG.SBJ be.big surpass 2SG.OBJ,,,,5601, +18-57,18,Douala big pas Yaoundé.,Douala\tbig\tpas\tYaoundé.,Douala\tbe.big\tsurpass\tYaoundé,Douala is bigger than Yaoundé.,,,125[13],,unspecified,Douala big pas Yaoundé.,,Douala be.big surpass Yaoundé,,,,5602, +19-72,19,[...] ya mɔ dia pas de.,[...]\tya\tmɔ\tdia\tpas\tde.,[...]\there\tmore\tbe.expensive\tpass\tthere,[...] here is more expensive than there.,,,1634[241],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] ya mɔ dia pas de.",,[...] here more be.expensive pass there,,,,5603, +19-73,19,[...] wan say we è big pas di wan.,[...]\twan\tsay\twe\tè\tbig\tpas\tdi\twan.,[...]\tone\tside\tSUBORD\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.big\tpass\tthis\tone,[...] a place that is bigger than this.,,,1634[241],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] wan say we è big pas di wan.",,[...] one side SUBORD 3SG.SBJ be.big pass this one,,,,5604, +20-54,20,Can you chargee more lessee?,Can\tyou\tchargee\tmore\tlessee?,can\t2SG\tcharge\tmore\tless,Can you reduce the price a little?,,,1489[VI.12],,naturalistic written,Can you chargee more lessee?,,can 2SG charge more less,,,（口件）㕭揸治嚒喱士,5605, +20-55,20,You no got more better thisee?,You\tno\tgot\tmore\tbetter\tthisee?,2SG\tNEG\tgot\tmore\tbetter\tthis,Have you not got any better than this?,,,1489[VI.12],,naturalistic written,You no got more better thisee?,,2SG NEG got more better this,,,㕭哪吉麽咇打地士,5606, +22-71,22,Em i bikplela moa long dispela.,Em\ti\tbikplela\tmoa\tlong\tdispela.,3SG\tPM\tbig\tmore\tPREP\tthis,It is bigger than this one.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em i bikplela moa long dispela.,,3SG PM big more PREP this,,Own knowledge,,5607, +22-72,22,Haus bilong em i bikpela winim haus bilong yu.,Haus\tbilong\tem\ti\tbikpela\twinim\thaus\tbilong\tyu.,house\tPOSS\t3SG\tPM\tbig\twin\thouse\tPOSS\t2SG,His house is bigger than your house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Haus bilong em i bikpela winim haus bilong yu.,,house POSS 3SG PM big win house POSS 2SG,,Own knowledge,,5608, +23-75,23,si ok i stap daon longwe i bigwan i bitim olgeta long ples ia,si\tok\ti\tstap\tdaon\tlongwe\ti\tbigwan\ti\tbitim\tolgeta\tlong\tples\tia,sea\toak\tAGR\tstay\tdown\tthere\tAGR\tbig\tAGR\tbeat\t3PL\tLOC\tplace\tDEF,The sea oak down there is bigger than the ones up here.,,,,,constructed by linguist,si ok i stap daon longwe i bigwan i bitim olgeta long ples ia,,sea oak AGR stay down there AGR big AGR beat 3PL LOC place DEF,,Own knowledge,,5609, +24-87,24,meyameyara,meyameya-r-a,twisted-LINK-COMPAR,more twisted,,"-r- is a link consonant, -a the comparative ending.",,,naturalistic spoken,meyameyara,meyameya-r-a,twisted-LINK-COMPAR,"-r- is a link consonant, -a the comparative ending.",Own fieldwork,,5610, +24-88,24,oela,oel-a,old-COMPAR,older,,,,,naturalistic spoken,oela,oel-a,old-COMPAR,,Own fieldwork,,5611, +24-89,24,morgara,morgara,thin.COMPAR,thinner,,,,,naturalistic spoken,morgara,,thin.COMPAR,,Own fieldwork,,5612, +25-204,25,Mo isiwan.,Mo\tisi-wan.,more\teasy-ADJ,[This is] easier. (Referring to a Jaminjung expression during an elicitation session),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a comparative construction with the comparative marker mo.",,,naturalistic spoken,Mo isiwan.,Mo isi-wan.,more easy-ADJ,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a comparative construction with the comparative marker mo.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5613, +25-205,25,Beta den asgimbat kantrimen.,Beta\tden\tasg-im-bat\tkantrimen.,better\tthan\task-TR-PROG\tcountrymen,[It's] better than asking countrymen (i.e. family). (Context: saving money to buy a car),,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the suppletive comparative form beta.,40,,naturalistic spoken,Beta den asgimbat kantrimen.,Beta den asg-im-bat kantrimen.,better than ask-TR-PROG countrymen,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the suppletive comparative form beta.",,,5614, +25-206,25,"Dijan lilbit bigwan, dijan lilwan lilbit.","Dijan\tlilbit\tbig-wan,\tdijan\tlil-wan\tlilbit.",PROX:ADJ\tsomewhat\tbig-ADJ\tPROX:ADJ\tsmall-ADJ\tsomewhat,"This is somewhat big, this is somewhat small.",,"Variety: Victoria River, constructed example.",,,constructed by linguist,"Dijan lilbit bigwan, dijan lilwan lilbit.","Dijan lilbit big-wan, dijan lil-wan lilbit.",PROX:ADJ somewhat big-ADJ PROX:ADJ small-ADJ somewhat,"Variety: Victoria River, constructed example.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5615, +26-50,26,deɪ ivɛn luk beɾa dæn ju,deɪ\tivɛn\tluk\tbeɾa\tdæn\tju,3PL\teven\tlook\tbetter\tthan\t2SG,They even look better than you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,deɪ ivɛn luk beɾa dæn ju,,3PL even look better than 2SG,,Own fieldwork recording,,5616, +26-51,26,da gaiz mo big,da\tgaiz\tmo\tbig,ART\tguys\tmore\tbig,The guys are bigger.,,,1545[173],,naturalistic spoken,da gaiz mo big,,ART guys more big,,,,5617, +26-52,26,da shak bigə˞ dæn dis,da\tshak\tbigə˞\tdæn\tdis,ART\tshark\tbig.COMPAR\tthan\tthis,The shark was bigger than this.,,COMPAR = comparative,,,constructed by linguist,"da shak bigə˞ dæn dis",,ART shark big.COMPAR than this,COMPAR = comparative,Own knowledge,,5618, +26-53,26,a gɛɾin klosɛ æn klosɛ,a\tgɛɾ-in\tklos-ɛ\tæn\tklos-ɛ,1SG\tget-PROG\tclose-COMPAR\tand\tclose-COMPAR,I'm getting closer and closer.,,COMPAR = comparative,1545[164],,naturalistic spoken,a gɛɾin klosɛ æn klosɛ,a gɛɾ-in klos-ɛ æn klos-ɛ,1SG get-PROG close-COMPAR and close-COMPAR,COMPAR = comparative,,,5619, +27-50,27,So am a me manman a Bru Lion.,So\tam\ta\tme\tmanman\ta\tBru\tLion.,so\t3SG\tCOP\tmore\tmanly\tthan\tBrother\tLion,So he is braver than Brother Lion.,,,355[50],,naturalistic spoken,So am a me manman a Bru Lion.,,so 3SG COP more manly than Brother Lion,,,,5620, +28-78,28,o tarki mɛr aʃ di tibiʃiri,o\ttarki\tmɛrɛ\taʃi\tdi\ttibiʃiri,3SG\tstrong\tmore\tthan\tthe\tpalmstraw,It is stronger than palmstraw.,,,737[145],,naturalistic spoken,o tarki mɛr aʃ di tibiʃiri,o tarki mɛrɛ aʃi di tibiʃiri,3SG strong more than the palmstraw,,,,5621, +28-79,28,dida mɛr stifu an mɛr tarki dɛn katun,dida\tmɛrɛ\tstifu\tan\tmɛrɛ\ttarki\tdɛn\tkatun,that\tmore\tstiff\tand\tmore\tstrong\tthan\tcotton,That is stiffer and stronger than cotton.,,,737[148],,naturalistic spoken,dida mɛr stifu an mɛr tarki dɛn katun,dida mɛrɛ stifu an mɛrɛ tarki dɛn katun,that more stiff and more strong than cotton,,,,5622, +29-71,29,Hy is sterker as Piet.,Hy\tis\tsterk-er\tas\tPiet.,3SG.M\tis\tstrong-COMPAR\tthan\tPete,He is stronger than Pete.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy is sterker as Piet.,Hy is sterk-er as Piet.,3SG.M is strong-COMPAR than Pete,,Own knowledge,,5623, +29-72,29,Sy is meer tevrede (as Piet). vs. Sy is deesdae meer tevrede.,Sy\tis\tmeer\ttevrede\t(as\tPiet).\tvs.\tSy\tis\tdees-dae\tmeer\ttevrede.,3SG.F.NOM\tis\tmore\tcontent\t(than\tPete)\tvs.\t3SG.F.NOM\tis\tthese-days\tmore\tcontent,She is more content (than Pete). vs. She is happier with life these days.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sy is meer tevrede (as Piet). vs. Sy is deesdae meer tevrede.,Sy is meer tevrede (as Piet). vs. Sy is dees-dae meer tevrede.,3SG.F.NOM is more content (than Pete) vs. 3SG.F.NOM is these-days more content,,Own knowledge,,5624, +30-92,30,Es kása li ê más áltu (di) ki kel la.,Es=kása\tli\tê\tmás\táltu\t(di)=ki=kel\tla.,DEM=house\there\tbe\tmore\thigh\t(of)=COMP=DEM.SG\tthere,This house is higher than that one.,,,106[71-73],,constructed by linguist,"Es kása li ê más áltu (di) ki kel la.",Es=kása li ê más áltu (di)=ki=kel la.,DEM=house here be more high (of)=COMP=DEM.SG there,,,,5625, +31-83,31,E mutu mas bedju di ki mi.,E\tmutu\tmas\tbedju\tdi\tki\tmi.,is\tmuch\tmore\told\tof\tthan\tme,He is much older than I am.,,,880,,naturalistic spoken,E mutu mas bedju di ki mi.,,is much more old of than me,,,,5626, +32-61,32,Kavala e mas/ma barót diki/k/duki atun.,Kavala\te\tmas/ma\tbarót\tdiki/k/duki\tatun.,mackerel\tCOP\tmore\tcheap\tthan\ttuna,Mackerel is cheaper than tuna.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Kavala e mas/ma barót diki/k/duki atun.",,mackerel COP more cheap than tuna,,Own knowledge,,5627,Portuguese: A cavala é mais barata que atum. +33-82,33,Djon mas Maria kumpridu.,Djon\tmas\tMaria\tkumpridu.,John\tmore\tMaria\ttall,John is taller than Mary.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Djon mas Maria kumpridu.,,John more Maria tall,,Own knowledge,,5628,Portuguese: O João é mais alto do que a Maria. OR: O João é mais alto que a Maria. +33-83,33,Djon i mas altu di ki Maria.,Djon\ti\tmas\taltu\tdi\tki\tMaria.,John\tCOP\tmore\ttall\tthan\tthat\tMaria,John is taller than Mary.,,N.B.: This construction is used mostly in acrolectal varieties. The copula is optional.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Djon i mas altu di ki Maria.,,John COP more tall than that Maria,N.B.: This construction is used mostly in acrolectal varieties. The copula is optional.,Own knowledge,,5629,Portuguese: O João é mais alto do que a Maria. OR: O João é mais alto que a Maria. +33-231,33,Djon mas kumpridu.,Djon\tmas\tkumpridu.,John\tmore\ttall,John is taller.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Djon mas kumpridu.,,John more tall,,Own knowledge,,5630, +34-59,34,Joŋ ma(s) Pidru riku.,Joŋ\tø\tma(s)\tPidru\triku.,John\tPFV\tmore\tPeter\trich,John is richer than Peter.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Joŋ ma(s) Pidru riku.","Joŋ ø ma(s) Pidru riku.",John PFV more Peter rich,,Own knowledge,,5631, +34-60,34,Joŋ ma(s) riku.,Joŋ\tø\tma(s)\triku.,John\tPFV\tmore\trich,John is richer.,,Here the standard is not overt.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Joŋ ma(s) riku.","Joŋ ø ma(s) riku.",John PFV more rich,Here the standard is not overt.,Own knowledge,,5632, +34-63,34,Joŋ ma(s) riku di ki Pidru.,Joŋ\tø\tma(s)\triku\tdi\tki\tPidru.,John\tPFV\tmore\trich\tof\tREL.SBJ\tPeter,John is richer than Peter.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Joŋ ma(s) riku di ki Pidru.","Joŋ ø ma(s) riku di ki Pidru.",John PFV more rich of REL.SBJ Peter,,Own knowledge,,5633, +35-95,35,Sun sa maxi tamen dôkê pe mu.,Sun\tsa\tmaxi\ttamen\tdôkê\tpe\tmu.,you\tbe\tmore\ttall\tthan\tfather\t1SG.POSS,You are taller than my father.,,"Speakers accept omission of the degree word maxi, but in natural speech this hardly ever happens.",,,naturalistic spoken,Sun sa maxi tamen dôkê pe mu.,,you be more tall than father 1SG.POSS,"Speakers accept omission of the degree word maxi, but in natural speech this hardly ever happens.",Own data,,5634, +35-96,35,Ê sa maxi bluku dôkê ami.,Ê\tsa\tmaxi\tbluku\tdôkê\tami.,3SG\tbe\tmore\tmean\tthan\t1SG,He is meaner than I.,,"Speakers accept omission of the degree word maxi, but in natural speech this hardly ever happens.",,,naturalistic spoken,Ê sa maxi bluku dôkê ami.,,3SG be more mean than 1SG,"Speakers accept omission of the degree word maxi, but in natural speech this hardly ever happens.",Own data,,5635, +35-97,35,Ê sa lôngô pasa mu.,Ê\tsa\tlôngô\tpasa\tmu.,3SG\tbe\ttall\tsurpass\tme,He is taller than I.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ê sa lôngô pasa mu.,,3SG be tall surpass me,,Own data,,5636, +36-54,36,Maya masi txo Dho.,Maya\tmasi\ttxo\tDho.,Mary\tmore\tsmall\tJohn,Mary is smaller than John.,,,901[52],,elicited from speaker,"Maya masi txo Dho.",,Mary more small John,,,,5637,French: Marie est plus petite que Jean. +36-56,36,Ũa tha masi dhangaru patha ôtô.,Ũa\ttha\tmasi\tdhangaru\tpatha\tôtô.,one\tbe\tmore\thigh\tsurpass\tother,One is higher than the other.,,,901[52],,naturalistic spoken,Ũa tha masi dhangaru patha ôtô.,,one be more high surpass other,,,,5638,French: L'un est plus élevé que l'autre. +37-61,37,Txi maxi gôdô dêkê/dôkê mi.,Txi\tmaxi\tgôdô\tdêkê/dôkê\tmi.,2SG\tmore\tfat\tthan\t1SG,You are fatter than I am.,,,905[49],,elicited from speaker,"Txi maxi gôdô dêkê/dôkê mi.",,2SG more fat than 1SG,,,,5639, +37-62,37,Txi (maxi) gôdô pasa mi.,Txi\t(maxi)\tgôdô\tpasa\tmi.,2SG\t(more)\tfat\tpass\t1SG,You are fatter than I am.,,The particle maxi 'more' modifying the adjective is optional.,905[49],,elicited from speaker,Txi (maxi) gôdô pasa mi.,,2SG (more) fat pass 1SG,"The particle maxi 'more' modifying the adjective is optional.",,,5640, +38-70,38,Xadyi bo ngandyi masy ku dyi no.,Xadyi\tbo\tngandyi\tmasy\tku\tdyi\tno.,house\t2SG\tbig\tmore\tCONJ\tthe.one\t1PL,Your house is bigger than ours.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Xadyi bo ngandyi masy ku dyi no.,,house 2SG big more CONJ the.one 1PL,,Own fieldwork 1990,,5641, +38-71,38,Mezeza sa ngandyi pasa isyki.,Meza-i-sai\tsa\tngandyi\tpasa\ti-syki.,table-3SG-DEM\tbe\tbig\tsurpass\t3SG-DEM,This table is bigger than that one.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mezeza sa ngandyi pasa isyki.,Meza-i-sai sa ngandyi pasa i-syki.,table-3SG-DEM be big surpass 3SG-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1990,,5642, +40-54,40,Lʋidz mayz ki Pedru piken tɛ.,Lʋidz\tmayz\tki\tPedru\tpiken\ttɛ.,Lwidz\tmore\tthan\tPedru\tsmall\tCOP.PRS,Lwidz is smaller than Pedru.,,,265[169],,elicited from speaker,Lʋidz mayz ki Pedru piken tɛ.,,Lwidz more than Pedru small COP.PRS,,,,5643, +41-72,41,noospa dika graandi jeentis fɔɔra naanda say,noos-pa\tdika\tgraandi\tjeentis\tfɔɔra\tnaanda\tsay,1PL-ACC\tthan\tbig\tpeople\toutside\tNEG.FUT\tgo.out,People older than us won't get out.,,The accusative marking on the STANDARD is probably due to Tamil influence.,1416[5250],,naturalistic spoken,noospa dika graandi jeentis fɔɔra naanda say,noos-pa dika graandi jeentis fɔɔra naanda say,1PL-ACC than big people outside NEG.FUT go.out,The accusative marking on the STANDARD is probably due to Tamil influence.,,,5644, +41-73,41,kalmunay dika trinkumaal lɔɔnji,kalmunay\tdika\ttrinkumaal\tlɔɔnji,Kalmunai\tthan\tTrincomalee\tfar,Trincomalee is further than Kalmunai.,,"The elicitation prompt for this item was: ""It is further to Trincomalee than to Kalmunai.""",1416[1006],,elicited from speaker,kalmunay dika trinkumaal lɔɔnji,,Kalmunai than Trincomalee far,"The elicitation prompt for this item was: ""It is further to Trincomalee than to Kalmunai.""",,,5645, +42-71,42,eli mas altu di Pio,eli\tmas\taltu\tdi\tPio,3SG\tmore\ttall\tof\tPio,He is taller than Pio.,,,122[184],,naturalistic spoken,eli mas altu di Pio,,3SG more tall of Pio,,,,5646, +43-51,43,"[...] eo teng otër sorti, mar mas altu predju.","[...]\teo\tteng\totër\tsorti,\tmar\tmas\taltu\tpredju.",[...]\t1SG\thave\tother\tsort\tbut\tmore\thigh\tprice,"[...] I have another sort, but its price is higher.",,,906[42],,pedagogical grammar,"[...] eo teng otër sorti, mar mas altu predju.",,[...] 1SG have other sort but more high price,,,,5647, +44-86,44,Gwápa Imélda kon Kóri.,Gwápa\tImélda\tkon\tKóri.,beautiful\tImelda\tOBJ\tCory,Imelda is more beautiful than Cory.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Gwápa Imélda kon Kóri.,,beautiful Imelda OBJ Cory,,Own data,,5648, +44-87,44,Mas byého tédi (kóntra) kumígu.,Mas\tbyého\ttédi\t(kóntra)\tkumígu.,more\told\tyou\t(against)\t1SG.OBJ,You are older than me.,,,1446[373],,written (grammar),Mas byého tédi (kóntra) kumígu.,,more old you (against) 1SG.OBJ,,,,5649, +44-88,44,Mas káru ta kedá akí el mánga tyénda na Báhra.,Mas\tkáru\tta\tkedá\takí\tel\tmánga\ttyénda\tna\tBáhra.,more\texpensive\tIPFV\tbecome\there\tDEF\tPL\tshop\tLOC\tTernate,The shops here in Ternate are getting more expensive.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mas káru ta kedá akí el mánga tyénda na Báhra.,,more expensive IPFV become here DEF PL shop LOC Ternate,,Own data,,5650, +45-72,45,Mas barato el plata que el oro.,Mas\tbarato\tel\tplata\tque\tel\toro.,more\tcheap\tDEF\tsilver\tthan\tDEF\tgold,Silver is cheaper than gold.,,,426[141],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mas barato el plata que el oro.,,more cheap DEF silver than DEF gold,,,,5651, +45-73,45,Mas sabroso el maiz cuando nuevo rancao.,Mas\tsabroso\tel\tmaiz\tcuando\tnuevo\trancao.,more\ttasty\tDEF\tcorn\twhen\tnew\tharvested,Corn tastes better when newly harvested.,,,426[95],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mas sabroso el maiz cuando nuevo rancao.,,more tasty DEF corn when new harvested,,,,5652, +46-85,46,Mas gránde dimíyo ermáno kóntra kon éle.,Mas\tgránde\tdimíyo\termáno\tkóntra\tkon\téle.,more\tbig\tmy\tbrother\tagainst\tOBJ\ts/he,My brother is bigger than him/her.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mas gránde dimíyo ermáno kóntra kon éle.,,more big my brother against OBJ s/he,,Own knowledge,,5653, +48-73,48,Mailo mi é má bieho.,Mailo\tmi\té\tmá\tbieho.,husband\tmy\tbe\tmore\told,My husband is older.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mailo mi é má bieho.,,husband my be more old,,Recorded by author,,5654,Spanish: Mi marido es más viejo. +48-74,48,¿A-ten má puegko?,¿A-ten\tmá\tpuegko?,?-have\tmore\tpig,Are there more pigs?,,"The function (if any) of the initial a- remains a mystery (the question mark stands for that). In fact, it is not even 100% clear whether it should be segmented a-ta or ata (2 morphemes vs. 1).",,,naturalistic spoken,¿A-ten má puegko?,,?-have more pig,"The function (if any) of the initial a- remains a mystery (the question mark stands for that). In fact, it is not even 100% clear whether it should be segmented a-ta or ata (2 morphemes vs. 1).",Recorded by author,,5655,Spanish: ¿Hay más puercos? +48-75,48,A-ten má bitamina.,A-ten\tmá\tbitamina.,?-have\tmore\tvitamin,It has (contains) more vitamins.,,"The function (if any) of the initial a- remains a mystery (the question mark stands for that). In fact, it is not even 100% clear whether it should be segmented a-ta or ata (2 morphemes vs. 1).",,,naturalistic spoken,A-ten má bitamina.,,?-have more vitamin,"The function (if any) of the initial a- remains a mystery (the question mark stands for that). In fact, it is not even 100% clear whether it should be segmented a-ta or ata (2 morphemes vs. 1).",Recorded by author,,5656,Spanish: Tiene más vitaminas. +48-76,48,Ele tené má tiela ke too suto hundo.,Ele\ttené\tmá\ttiela\tke\ttoo\tsuto\thundo.,he/she\thave\tmore\tland\tthan\tall\tus\ttogether,He/she has more land than all of us together.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ele tené má tiela ke too suto hundo.,,he/she have more land than all us together,,Own knowledge,,5657,Spanish: Él/ella tiene más terreno que todos nosotros juntos. +48-77,48,¡Palengue è má ngande ke Malagana!,¡Palengue\tè\tmá\tngande\tke\tMalagana!,Palenque\tbe\tmore\tbig\tthan\tMalagana,Palenque is bigger than Malagana (nearby town).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¡Palengue è má ngande ke Malagana!,,Palenque be more big than Malagana,,Recorded by author,,5658,Spanish: Palenque es más grande que Malagana. +48-79,48,"Ese toro, ele era má fuette ke rie kabayo.","Ese\ttoro,\tele\tera\tmá\tfuette\tke\trie\tkabayo.",this\tbull\tit\tbe.PST\tmore\tstrong\tthan\tten\thorse,"This bull, it was stronger than ten horses.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ese toro, ele era má fuette ke rie kabayo.",,this bull it be.PST more strong than ten horse,,Recorded by author,,5659,"Spanish: Ese toro, él era más fuerte que diez caballos." +49-118,49,Li (pi) bèl pase Mari.,Li\t(pi)\tbèl\tpase\tMari.,3SG\t(more)\tbeautiful\tsurpass\tMarie,He/She is more beautiful than Marie.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li (pi) bèl pase Mari.,,3SG (more) beautiful surpass Marie,,Own knowledge,,5660,French: Il/Elle est plus beau/belle que Marie. +49-119,49,Li wo men gen pli wo pase l.,Li\two\tmen\tgen\tpli\two\tpase\tl.,3SG\tbig\tbut\tthere.is\tmore\tbig\tsurpass\t3SG,"He/She is tall, but there are taller people than him/her.",,"Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map 2160).",473[943],,naturalistic spoken,Li wo men gen pli wo pase l.,,3SG big but there.is more big surpass 3SG,"Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map 2160).",,,5661,French: Il/Elle est grand(e) mais il y a plus grand(e) que lui/elle. +49-120,49,Li pi rich pase m.,Li\tpi\trich\tpase\tm.,3SG\tmore\trich\tsurpass\t1SG,He/She is richer than me.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li pi rich pase m.,,3SG more rich surpass 1SG,,Own knowledge,,5662,French: Il/Elle est plus riche que moi. +49-121,49,Lisyèn pi gran pase m lontan.,Lisyèn\tpi\tgran\tpase\tm\tlontan.,Lucienne\tmore\tbig\tsurpass\t1SG\tlong.time,Lucienne is by far taller than me.,,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 6, map 2160, point 14).",473[943],,naturalistic spoken,Lisyèn pi gran pase m lontan.,,Lucienne more big surpass 1SG long.time,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 6, map 2160, point 14).",,,5663,French: Lucienne est plus grande que moi de beaucoup. +49-122,49,Li move pase ou.,Li\tmove\tpase\tou.,3SG\tnasty\tsurpass\t2SG,He/She is more nasty than you.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 252, point 16]",,naturalistic spoken,Li move pase ou.,,3SG nasty surpass 2SG,,,,5664,French: Il/Elle est plus méchant que toi. +50-69,50,I pli bèl ki lòt-la,I\tpli\tbèl\tki\tlòt-la,3SG\tmore\tbeautiful\tthan\tother-DEF,He/she/it is more beautiful (than the other one).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pli bèl ki lòt-la,,3SG more beautiful than other-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,5665, +50-70,50,I bèl pasé Wozali.,I\tbèl\tpasé\tWozali.,3SG\tbeautiful\tpass\tRosalie,She is more beautiful than Rosalie.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I bèl pasé Wozali.,,3SG beautiful pass Rosalie,,Own fieldwork,,5666, +50-71,50,I pli bèl pasé Wozali.,I\tpli\tbèl\tpasé\tWozali.,3SG\tmore\tbeautiful\tpassed\tRosalie,She is more beautiful than Rosalie.,,,853,,naturalistic spoken,I pli bèl pasé Wozali.,,3SG more beautiful passed Rosalie,,,,5667, +51-67,51,I pli bel ki Wozali.,I\tpli\tbel\tki\tWozali.,3SG\tmore\tbeautiful\tthan\tRosalie,He/she is more beautiful than Rosalie.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pli bel ki Wozali.,,3SG more beautiful than Rosalie,,Own fieldwork,,5668, +51-68,51,I bel pasé Wozali.,I\tbel\tpasé\tWozali.,3SG\tbeautiful\tpass\tRosalie,She is more beautiful than Rosalie.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I bel pasé Wozali.,,3SG beautiful pass Rosalie,,Own fieldwork,,5669, +52-43,52,misyé pli rich,misyé\tpli\trich,he\tmore\trich,He is richer.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,misyé pli rich,,he more rich,,,,5670, +52-44,52,Georges (pli) bel pasé Stéphane,Georges\t(pli)\tbel\tpasé\tStéphane,George\t(more)\thandsome\tCOMPAR\tSteven,George is more handsome than Steven.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Georges (pli) bel pasé Stéphane,,George (more) handsome COMPAR Steven,,Own knowledge,,5671, +53-163,53,Li plu vyeu pase mon.,Li\tplu\tvyeu\tpase\tmon.,3SG\tmore\told\tpass\t1SG,He's older than me.,,,722[318],,elicited from speaker,Li plu vyeu pase mon.,,3SG more old pass 1SG,,,,5672, +53-164,53,Mo gran pase mo sè.,Mo\tgran\tpase\tmo\tsè.,1SG\ttall\tpass\t1SG.POSS\tsister,I'm taller than my sister.,,,722[319],,elicited from speaker,Mo gran pase mo sè.,,1SG tall pass 1SG.POSS sister,,,,5673, +53-165,53,Li pli gro michié passé toi.,Li\tpli\tgro\tmichié\tpassé\ttoi.,3SG\tmore\tbig\tgentleman\tpass\t2SG,He is a bigger gentleman than you.,,,1049[14],,naturalistic written,Li pli gro michié passé toi.,,3SG more big gentleman pass 2SG,,,,5674, +53-166,53,To malin pasé mouen.,To\tmalin\tpasé\tmouen.,2SG\tclever\tpass\t1SG,You're more clever than I am.,,,1049[14],,naturalistic written,To malin pasé mouen.,,2SG clever pass 1SG,,,,5675, +53-167,53,Char-sa-la pli vit ke tou lez-ot char.,Char\tsala\tpli\tvit\tke\ttou\tlez-ot\tchar.,car\tDET.DEM\tmore\tfast\tthan\tall\tART.DEF.PL-other\tcar,That car is faster than all the other cars.,,,1048[147],,elicited from speaker,Char-sa-la pli vit ke tou lez-ot char.,Char sala pli vit ke tou lez-ot char.,car DET.DEM more fast than all ART.DEF.PL-other car,,,,5676, +53-168,53,Li pa plu rich ke John.,Li\tpa\tplu\trich\tke\tJohn.,3SG\tNEG\tmore\trich\tthan\tJohn,He's not richer than John.,,,1048[147],,elicited from speaker,Li pa plu rich ke John.,,3SG NEG more rich than John,,,,5677, +54-94,54,Sa pwason la lé pli gró.,Sa\tpwason\tla\tle\tpli\tgro.,DEM\tfish\tDEM\tCOP.PRS\tmore\tbig,This/that fish is bigger.,,"The demonstrative sa ... la is found only in Chaudenson (1974: 367); it has been replaced by së ... la (see Feature 5 ""Order of demonstrative and noun"").",236[367],,naturalistic spoken,Sa pwason la lé pli gró.,Sa pwason la le pli gro.,DEM fish DEM COP.PRS more big,"The demonstrative sa ... la is found only in Chaudenson (1974: 367); it has been replaced by së ... la (see Feature 5 ""Order of demonstrative and noun"").",,,5678,French: Ce poisson(-là) est plus gros. +54-95,54,Sa pwason la lé mwen gró.,Sa\tpwason\tla\tle\tmwen\tgro.,DEM\tfish\tDEM\tCOP.PRS\tless\tbig,This/that fish is smaller.,,"The demonstrative sa ... la is found only in Chaudenson (1974: 367); it has been replaced by së ... la (see Feature 5 ""Order of demonstrative and noun"").",236[367],,naturalistic spoken,Sa pwason la lé mwen gró.,Sa pwason la le mwen gro.,DEM fish DEM COP.PRS less big,"The demonstrative sa ... la is found only in Chaudenson (1974: 367); it has been replaced by së ... la (see Feature 5 ""Order of demonstrative and noun"").",,,5679,French: Ce poisson est moins gros. +55-72,55,zot lakaz pli graṅ ki mo lakaz,zot\tlakaz\tpli\tgraṅ\tki\tmo\tlakaz,3PL\thouse\tmore\tbig\tthan\t1SG.POSS\thouse,Their house is bigger than my house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,zot lakaz pli graṅ ki mo lakaz,,3PL house more big than 1SG.POSS house,,Own knowledge,,5680, +55-73,55,mo tur lavi lontan inpé pli bon ki astér,mo\ttur\tlavi\tlontan\tinpé\tpli\tbon\tki\tastér,1SG\tfind\tlife\tbefore\tbit\tmore\tgood\tthan\ttoday,I find that life in former times was a bit better than today.,,,854[219],,written (grammar),mo tur lavi lontan inpé pli bon ki astér,,1SG find life before bit more good than today,,,,5681, +56-89,56,Sa kanbar blan sanmenm pli meyer sa ki zot dir kanbar maron li.,Sa\tkanbar\tblan\tsanmenm\tpli\tmeyer\tsa\tki\tzot\tdir\tkanbar\tmaron\tli.,DEF\tyam\twhite\tsame\tmore\tgood/better\tDEF\tREL\t3PL\tcall\tyam\twild\t3SG.OBJ,The white yam is better than the one which they call wild yam.,,,158[122],,naturalistic spoken,Sa kanbar blan sanmenm pli meyer sa ki zot dir kanbar maron li.,,DEF yam white same more good/better DEF REL 3PL call yam wild 3SG.OBJ,,,,5682,French: L'igname blanche est meilleure que celle qu'on appelle igname sauvage. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994:123) +56-90,56,Teresa i pli gran ki Gabriel.,Teresa\ti\tpli\tgran\tki\tGabriel.,Teresa\tPM\tmore\ttall\tPCL\tGabriel,Teresa is taller than Gabriel.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Teresa i pli gran ki Gabriel.,,Teresa PM more tall PCL Gabriel,,Own knowledge,,5683, +57-40,57,nunu le ŋgra; roŋge le pli ŋgra ke lja,nunu\tle\tŋgra;\troŋge\tle\tpli\tŋgra\tke\tlja,grandfather\tSI\ttall\tRoger\tSI\tmore\ttall\tthan\t3SG,Grandfather is tall. Roger is taller than grandfather.,,Pli is more frequent in decreolized contexts.,,,constructed by linguist,nunu le ŋgra; roŋge le pli ŋgra ke lja,,grandfather SI tall Roger SI more tall than 3SG,"Pli is more frequent in decreolized contexts.",own knowledge Ehrhart,,5684, +57-41,57,Pierre le ŋgra; Fabien le peti,Pierre\tle\tŋgra;\tFabien\tle\tpeti,Pierre\tSI\ttall\tFabien\tSI\tsmall,Pierre is tall. Fabien is small. OR: Pierre is taller than Fabien.,,The context indicates that this has a comparative meaning. The standard is also known from the context.,,,constructed by linguist,Pierre le ŋgra; Fabien le peti,,Pierre SI tall Fabien SI small,The context indicates that this has a comparative meaning. The standard is also known from the context.,own knowledge Ehrhart,,5685, +57-42,57,ta pli peti ke mwa a taj,ta\tpli\tpeti\tke\tmwa\ta\ttaj,2SG\tCOMPAR\tsmall\tthan\t1SG\tin\tsize,You are smaller than me.,,"Peti also serves to indicate the age, so a taj 'in size' is needed to specify the type of comparison.",423[148],,naturalistic spoken,ta pli peti ke mwa a taj,,2SG COMPAR small than 1SG in size,"Peti also serves to indicate the age, so a taj 'in size' is needed to specify the type of comparison.",,,5686, +58-55,58,Yandi ke ngolo luta mono.,Yandi\tke\tngolo\tluta\tmono.,he\tbe\tstrong\tsurpass\tme,He is stronger than me.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi ke ngolo luta mono.,,he be strong surpass me,,Own knowledge,,5687, +59-142,59,melenge ti mo akono ahon' melenge ti mbi,melenge\tti\tmo\ta-kono\ta-hon'\tmelenge\tti\tmbi,child\tof\t2SG\tPM-be.large\tPM-pass\tchild\tof\t1SG,Your child is bigger than my child.,,The predicate marker with the verb 'pass' probably does not refer to 'child' of the first clause. I take it to be an indefinite subject marker.,,,constructed by linguist,melenge ti mo akono ahon' melenge ti mbi,melenge ti mo a-kono a-hon' melenge ti mbi,child of 2SG PM-be.large PM-pass child of 1SG,The predicate marker with the verb 'pass' probably does not refer to 'child' of the first clause. I take it to be an indefinite subject marker.,Own knowledge,,5688, +59-143,59,aga sioni aho ti giriri,a-ga\tsioni\ta-ho\tti\tgiriri,PM-become\tbad\tPM-surpass\tof\tlong.ago,It has become worse than (it was) long ago.,,,172[135],,constructed by linguist,aga sioni aho ti giriri,a-ga sioni a-ho ti giriri,PM-become bad PM-surpass of long.ago,,,,5689, +60-55,60,Pierre azalí molaí koleka Jean,Pierre\ta-zal-í\tmolaí\tko-lek-a\tJean,Pierre\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tbig\tINF-surpass-FV\tJean,Pierre is taller than Jean.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,Pierre azalí molaí koleka Jean,Pierre a-zal-í molaí ko-lek-a Jean,Pierre 3SG-be-PRS.PRF big INF-surpass-FV Jean,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",Own knowledge,,5690, +61-36,61,Lo Themba yena makhulu ga lo sistela ga yena.,Lo\tThemba\tyena\tmakhulu\tga\tlo\tsistela\tga\tyena.,DEF.ART\tThemba\the\tbig\tthan\tDEF.ART\tsister\tPOSS\the,Themba is bigger than his sister.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Lo Themba yena makhulu ga lo sistela ga yena.,,DEF.ART Themba he big than DEF.ART sister POSS he,,Field notes Mesthrie,,5691, +62-36,62,kái ní mgitutú kuzídi ú,kái\tní\tm-gitutu\tku-zidi\tú,if\tis\t1-small\t15-surpass\ts/he,If I am smaller than him.,,Ku-zidi 'surpass' is a verb borrowed from Swahili.,,,elicited from speaker,kái ní mgitutú kuzídi ú,kái ní m-gitutu ku-zidi ú,if is 1-small 15-surpass s/he,"Ku-zidi 'surpass' is a verb borrowed from Swahili.",Own field data 1993,,5692, +63-73,63,úwo tegíl záidi min láger,úwo\ttegíl\tzáidi\tmin\tláger,3SG\theavy\tmore\tthan\tstone,He is heavier than a stone.,,,857[386],,naturalistic spoken,úwo tegíl záidi min láger,,3SG heavy more than stone,,,,5693, +63-74,63,harámi al miskín fut íta,harámi\tal\tmiskín\tfut\títa,thief\tREL\tpoor\tsurpass\t2SG,A thief who‘s poorer than you.,,,857[386],,naturalistic spoken,harámi al miskín fut íta,,thief REL poor surpass 2SG,,,,5694, +64-77,64,híni áhsan,híni\táhsan,here\tbetter,Here (it) is better.,,,874[209],,naturalistic spoken,híni áhsan,,here better,,,,5695, +64-78,64,íta akbar,íta\takbar,2SG\tbigger,You are the biggest.,,"Note that while the Arabic superlative needs the definite article, Juba Arabic does not.",874[209],,naturalistic spoken,íta akbar,,2SG bigger,"Note that while the Arabic superlative needs the definite article, Juba Arabic does not.",,,5696, +64-79,64,ána ajúz min íta,ána\tajúz\tmin\títa,1SG\told\tfrom\t2SG,I am older than you.,,,874[207],,elicited from speaker,ána ajúz min íta,,1SG old from 2SG,,,,5697, +64-80,64,zaráf towíl min fil,zaráf\ttowíl\tmin\tfil,giraffe\tlong\tfrom\telephant,The giraffe is taller than the elephant.,,,874[207],,elicited from speaker,zaráf towíl min fil,,giraffe long from elephant,,,,5698, +64-81,64,úo kebír fútu íta,úo\tkebír\tfútu\títa,3SG\tbig\tpass\t2SG,He is bigger than you.,,,972[167],,naturalistic spoken,úo kebír fútu íta,,3SG big pass 2SG,,,,5699, +65-67,65,Lan nimnoʃka malady.,Lan\tnimnoʃka\tmalady.,Lan\ta.little\tyoung,Lan is younger [than me].,,"The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Primorskij region). Nimnoshka is an adverb meaning 'a little', 'a bit'. The literal translation of the example is 'Lan is young a little'. It makes sense only if understood as comparative 'Lan is a bit younger '. In fact, Lan who was the neigbour of the speaker was a very old man.",,,naturalistic spoken,Lan nimnoʃka malady.,,Lan a.little young,"The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Primorskij region). Nimnoshka is an adverb meaning 'a little', 'a bit'. The literal translation of the example is 'Lan is young a little'. It makes sense only if understood as comparative 'Lan is a bit younger <than me>'. In fact, Lan who was the neigbour of the speaker was a very old man.",Unpublished data,Лан нимношка малады.,5700, +66-49,66,Itu pompang poðiyenna libbi bissar.,Itu\tpompang\tpoðiyen-na\tlibbi\tbissar.,that\twoman\tboy-DAT\tmore\tbig,That woman is bigger than the boy.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Itu pompang poðiyenna libbi bissar.,Itu pompang poðiyen-na libbi bissar.,that woman boy-DAT more big,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,5701, +66-50,66,Ini kap ati yang piiring na libbi bissar.,Ini\tkap\tatiyang\tpiiring-na\tlibbi\tbissar.,DEM\tcup\tlater.REL\tdish-DAT\tmore\tbig,This cup is bigger than that other (out of sight) dish.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ini kap ati yang piiring na libbi bissar.","Ini kap atiyang piiring-na libbi bissar.","DEM cup later.REL dish-DAT more big",,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,5702, +67-93,67,John lebih tinggi dari Jimmy.,John\tlebih\ttinggi\tdari\tJimmy.,John\tmore\thigh\tfrom\tJimmy,John is taller than Jimmy.,,,708[122],,elicited from speaker,John lebih tinggi dari Jimmy.,,John more high from Jimmy,,,,5703, +67-94,67,Ahmad lebih bagus sama/dari dia punya adik.,Ahmad\tlebih\tbagus\tsama/dari\tdia\tpunya\tadik.,Ahmad\tmore\tgood\twith/from\t3SG\tPOSS\tyounger.sibling,Ahmad is better than his younger brother/sister.,,,708[122],,naturalistic spoken,Ahmad lebih bagus sama/dari dia punya adik.,,Ahmad more good with/from 3SG POSS younger.sibling,,,,5704, +67-96,67,John tinggi. Jimmy pendek.,John\ttinggi.\tJimmy\tpendek.,John\ttall\tJimmy\tshort,John is tall [and] Jimmy is short.,,,708[123],,elicited from speaker,John tinggi. Jimmy pendek.,,John tall Jimmy short,,,,5705, +68-54,68,Beta pung ruma lebe basar dari dorang pung ruma.,Beta\tpung\truma\tlebe\tbasar\tdari\tdorang\tpung\truma.,1SG\tPOSS\thouse\tmore\tbig\tfrom\t3PL\tPOSS\thouse,My house is bigger than their house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Beta pung ruma lebe basar dari dorang pung ruma.,,1SG POSS house more big from 3PL POSS house,,Own knowledge,,5706, +70-40,70,Ham u larika se bara.,Ham\tu\tlarika\tse\tbara.,1SG\tDEM\tboy\tfrom\tbig,I am bigger than that boy.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ham u larika se bara.,,1SG DEM boy from big,,Own knowledge,,5707, +71-71,71,"Lanai maikai, Lahaina aole maikai.","Lanai\tmaikai,\tLahaina\taole\tmaikai.",Lanai\tgood\tLahaina\tNEG\tgood,"Lanai is better than Lahaina (as a place to dock). OR: Lanai is good, Lahaina is not good.",,This was said by a captain approaching the port of Lahaina who decided to sail to the nearby island Lanai where the sea was calmer.,,,naturalistic written,"Lanai maikai, Lahaina aole maikai.",,Lanai good Lahaina NEG good,This was said by a captain approaching the port of Lahaina who decided to sail to the nearby island Lanai where the sea was calmer.,own data 1887,,5708, +72-68,72,Yuna kombek dijan mor levelgraundjirri partajkuma.,Yu-na\tkombek\tdijan\tmor\tlevelground-jirri\tpartaj-ku-ma.,2SG.SBJ-want\tcome.back\tthis.one\tmore\tlevel.ground-ALL\tclimb-DAT-TOP,Do you want to come back where the ground is more level to climb out.,,,583,0f6a7ac5d354ee28d610813dd0de0866,naturalistic spoken,Yuna kombek dijan mor levelgraundjirri partajkuma.,Yu-na kombek dijan mor levelground-jirri partaj-ku-ma.,2SG.SBJ-want come.back this.one more level.ground-ALL climb-DAT-TOP,,,,5709, +72-69,72,"Nyila-ma im yapakayi, nyununy genga, nyuntuma yu jangkarni.","Nyila-ma\tim\tyapakayi,\tnyununy\tgenga,\tnyuntu-ma\tyu\tjangkarni.",that-DISC\t3SG\tsmall\t2SG.DAT\tfriend\t2SG-DISC\t2SG\tbig,That small one should be your friend - you're bigger (than him).,,The comparison is implicit in the conjoined phrases.,400,8590141a6c943ad0528737c49cb8e8a0,naturalistic spoken,"Nyila-ma im yapakayi, nyununy genga, nyuntuma yu jangkarni.","Nyila-ma im yapakayi, nyununy genga, nyuntu-ma yu jangkarni.",that-DISC 3SG small 2SG.DAT friend 2SG-DISC 2SG big,The comparison is implicit in the conjoined phrases.,,,5710, +73-53,73,Takungami riko gan Salsedoda ganan,Takunga-mi\triko\tga-n\tSalsedo-da\tgana-n,Latacunga-AFF\trich\tbe-3SG\tSalcedo-ACC\twin-3SG,Latacunga is richer than Salcedo.,,Takunga is Quechua for 'Latacunga'.,1033[67],,elicited from speaker,Takungami riko gan Salsedoda ganan,Takunga-mi riko ga-n Salsedo-da gana-n,Latacunga-AFF rich be-3SG Salcedo-ACC win-3SG,"Takunga is Quechua for 'Latacunga'.",,,5711, +74-65,74,náyka haws hayú wam,náyka\thaws\thayú\twam,1SG\thouse\tmuch\twarm,My house is very warm. OR: My house is warmer.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka haws hayú wam,,1SG house much warm,,Own knowledge,,5712, +75-121,75,Aen toon nawat mishikitiw ashpiihchi aen mush.,Aen\ttoon\tnawut\tmishikiti-w\tashpeehchi\taen\tmoush.,INDF.ART.M\thorsefly\tmore\tbig-3\tthan\tINDF.ART.M\tfly,A horsefly is bigger than a regular fly.,,,789[135],,naturalistic written,Aen toon nawat mishikitiw ashpiihchi aen mush.,Aen toon nawut mishikiti-w ashpeehchi aen moush.,INDF.ART.M horsefly more big-3 than INDF.ART.M fly,,,,5713, +1-108,1,A biggi morro mi.,A\tbigi\tmoro\tmi.,3SG.SBJ\tbig\texceed\t1SG,He is fatter than me.,,"In this position, moro is verb-like.",1357[17],,written (dictionary),A biggi morro mi.,A bigi moro mi.,3SG.SBJ big exceed 1SG,"In this position, moro is verb-like.",,,5714,German: Er ist dicker als ich. [op.cit.] +1-109,1,Ju langa morro na mi.,Yu\tlanga\tmoro\tna\tmi.,2SG\tlong\texceed\tLOC\t1SG,You are taller than me.,,,1357[98],,written (dictionary),Ju langa morro na mi.,Yu langa moro na mi.,2SG long exceed LOC 1SG,,,,5715,"German: Du bist länger, grösser als ich. [op.cit.]" +1-110,1,Ju de morro langa leki mi.,Yu\tde\tmoro\tlanga\tleki\tmi.,2SG\tASP/COP\tmore\tlong\tlike\t1SG,You are taller than me.,,"Here, moro can be a verb marked by the imperfective aspect marker de, or it can be a degree word that modifies langa. In the latter case de is a copula.",1357[98],,written (dictionary),Ju de morro langa leki mi.,Yu de moro langa leki mi.,2SG ASP/COP more long like 1SG,"Here, moro can be a verb marked by the imperfective aspect marker de, or it can be a degree word that modifies langa. In the latter case de is a copula.",,,5716,"German: Du bist länger, grösser als ich. [op.cit.]" +2-93,2,Amba tranga pasa Kofi.,Amba\ttranga\tpasa\tKofi.,Amba\tstrong\tpass\tKofi,Amba is stronger than Kofi.,,,1609[22],,elicited from speaker,Amba tranga pasa Kofi.,,Amba strong pass Kofi,,,,5717, +2-94,2,John moro bigi moro Peter.,John\tmoro\tbigi\tmoro\tPeter.,John\tmore\tbig\texceed\tPeter,John is taller than Peter.,,,1604[279],,elicited from speaker,John moro bigi moro Peter.,,John more big exceed Peter,,,,5718, +2-95,2,A oloisi disi moro diri moro a dati.,A\toloisi\tdisi\tmoro\tdiri\tmoro\ta\tdati.,DET\twatch\tDEM\tmore\tdear\texceed\tDET\tDEM,This watch is more expensive than that one.,,,1604[279],,elicited from speaker,A oloisi disi moro diri moro a dati.,,DET watch DEM more dear exceed DET DEM,,,,5719, +2-96,2,Kofi bigi moro leki Kwaku.,Kofi\tbigi\tmoro\tleki\tKwaku.,Kofi\tbig\tmore\tthan\tKwaku,Kofi is bigger than Kwaku.,,,1373,,naturalistic spoken,Kofi bigi moro leki Kwaku.,,Kofi big more than Kwaku,,,,5720, +3-48,3,A mɔɔ mi a kɔni.,A\tmɔɔ\tmi\ta\tkɔni.,3SG\tmore\t1SG\tPREP\tsmartness,She is smarter than me.,,,354,,naturalistic spoken,A mɔɔ mi a kɔni.,,3SG more 1SG PREP smartness,,,,5721, +3-51,3,A ábi jáa pasá fòténi.,A\tábi\tjáa\tpasá\tfòténi.,3SG\thave\tyear\tpass\tforty,He is more than forty years old.,,,1406[s.v.],,naturalistic written,A ábi jáa pasá fòténi.,,3SG have year pass forty,,,,5722, +5-72,5,hii moo taal dan ii broda,hii\tmoo\ttaal\tdan\tii\tbroda,he\tCOMPAR\ttall\tthan\this\tbrother,He is taller than his brother.,,,,,constructed by linguist,hii moo taal dan ii broda,,he COMPAR tall than his brother,,Own knowledge,,5723, +6-44,6,Dana more stronger dan mi.,Dana\tØ\tmore\tstronger\tdan\tmi.,Dana\tCOP\tmore\tstrong.COMP\tthan\t1SG,Dana is stronger than me.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Dana more stronger dan mi.,Dana Ø more stronger dan mi.,Dana COP more strong.COMP than 1SG,,Informant,,5724, +7-111,7,Mi taala dan shi.,Mi\ttaal-a\tdan\tshi.,1SG\ttall-er\tthan\t3SG,I am taller than her.,,"The use of the comparative marker -a will depend on the structure of the adjective. Those adjectives that do not bear -er in the case of English comparatives (cf. adjectives of 2 or more syllables) do not bear -a in Vincentian Creole. +While mi taala dan shi is attested, shi ool fashan dan mi is not, and must bear at least pre-posed mo as in shi mo ool fashan (moo) dan mi. This is translated as 'She is more old-fashioned than me'.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi taala dan shi.,Mi taal-a dan shi.,1SG tall-er than 3SG,"The use of the comparative marker -a will depend on the structure of the adjective. Those adjectives that do not bear -er in the case of English comparatives (cf. adjectives of 2 or more syllables) do not bear -a in Vincentian Creole. +While mi taala dan shi is attested, shi ool fashan dan mi is not, and must bear at least pre-posed mo as in shi mo ool fashan (moo) dan mi. This is translated as 'She is more old-fashioned than me'.",Own knowledge,,5725, +7-112,7,Mi taala moo dan shi.,Mi\ttaal-a\tmoo\tdan\tshi.,1SG\ttall-er\tmore\tthan\t3SG,I am taller than her.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi taala moo dan shi.,Mi taal-a moo dan shi.,1SG tall-er more than 3SG,,Own knowledge,,5726, +7-113,7,Mi mo taala dan shi.,Mi\tmo\ttaal-a\tdan\tshi.,1SG\tmore\ttall-er\tthan\t3SG,I am taller than her.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi mo taala dan shi.,Mi mo taal-a dan shi.,1SG more tall-er than 3SG,,Own knowledge,,5727, +8-65,8,Jan biga dan im sista Mieri.,Jan\tbig-a\tdan\tim\tsister\tMieri.,John\tbig-COMPAR\tthan\t3SG\tsister\tMary,John is older than his sister Mary.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Jan biga dan im sista Mieri.","Jan big-a dan im sister Mieri.",John big-COMPAR than 3SG sister Mary,,Own knowledge,,5728, +9-83,9,Bra tayga ste dawn dawn bilo no n̩ bra anasi opstez.,Bra\ttayga\tste\tdawn\tdawn\tbilo\tno\tn̩\tbra\tanasi\topstez.,Brother\tTiger\tstay\tdown\tdown\tbelow\tnow\tand\tBrother\tAnansi\tupstairs,Tiger was lower than Anansi.,,,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,Bra tayga ste dawn dawn bilo no n̩ bra anasi opstez.,,Brother Tiger stay down down below now and Brother Anansi upstairs,,,,5729, +9-84,9,"I ʧipa a if yu impaat it fa owtsayd, rayt?","I\tʧipa\ta\tif\tyu\timpaat\tit\tfa\towtsayd,\trayt?",3SG\tcheaper\tthan\tif\t2SG\timport\tit\tfrom\toutside\tright,"It's cheaper than if you import it from outside, right?",,Than is rarely used in its full form; it is usually reduced to a.,439[241],,naturalistic spoken,"I ʧipa a if yu impaat it fa owtsayd, rayt?",,3SG cheaper than if 2SG import it from outside right,"Than is rarely used in its full form; it is usually reduced to a.",,,5730, +9-85,9,I da no li bway i olda dan yu.,I\tda\tno\tli\tbway\ti\tolda\tdan\tyu.,3SG\tTOP\tNEG\tlittle\tboy\t3SG\tolder\tthan\t2SG,"He is not a little boy, he is older than you.",,,434,,naturalistic spoken,I da no li bway i olda dan yu.,,3SG TOP NEG little boy 3SG older than 2SG,,,,5731, +10-97,10,Mary frok luk beta an fi mi.,Mary\tfrok\tluk\tbeta\tan\tfi\tmi.,Mary\tfrock\tlook\tbetter\tthan\tfor\t1SG,Mary 's dress is nicer than mine.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mary frok luk beta an fi mi.,,Mary frock look better than for 1SG,,Field notes 2008,,5732, +11-111,11,Dem iz oolde an nan a wi.,Dem\tiz\toold-e\tan\tnan\ta\twi.,3PL\tCOP.PRS\told-er\tthan\tnone\tof\t1PL,They are older than any one of us.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Dem iz oolde an nan a wi.,Dem iz oold-e an nan a wi.,3PL COP.PRS old-er than none of 1PL,,,,5733, +11-112,11,An deer di tingz chiipa dan hiar.,An\tdeer\tdi\tting-z\tchiip-a\tdan\thiar.,and\tDEM.LOC\tART.DEF\tthing-PL\tcheap-er\tthan\tDEM.LOC,And there all things are cheaper than here.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,An deer di tingz chiipa dan hiar.,An deer di ting-z chiip-a dan hiar.,and DEM.LOC ART.DEF thing-PL cheap-er than DEM.LOC,,,,5734, +11-113,11,John taala (d)an Mary.,John\ttaal-a\t(d)an\tMary.,John\ttall-er\tthan\tMary,John is taller than Mary.,,,,,elicited from speaker,John taala (d)an Mary.,John taal-a (d)an Mary.,John tall-er than Mary,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,5735, +12-94,12,"[But you remember going to school in Andros and everything?] But I believe I come older than that, you know, because I used to work over there to the to the farm.","[...]\tcome\told-er\tthan\tthat,\tyou\tknow\t[...].",[...]\tcome\told-COMPAR\tthan\tthat\tyou\tknow\t[...],"[...] [I think I] came [to Nassau] when I was older than that (i.e. eight or nine), [...] [because I used to do farmwork over there (on Andros)].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[But you remember going to school in Andros and everything?] But I believe I come older than that, you know, because I used to work over there to the to the farm.","[...] come old-er than that, you know [...].",[...] come old-COMPAR than that you know [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5736, +12-95,12,"The nurse say - uh-huh - the nurse say, Boy, John, you growing big now. She say John getting bigger than her - he tall, you know? He tall.",[...]\tJohn\tgetting\tbigger\tthan\ther\t[...].,[...]\tJohn\tget.PROG\tbig.COMPAR\tthan\ther\t[...],[...] John is getting bigger than her [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"The nurse say - uh-huh - the nurse say, Boy, John, you growing big now. She say John getting bigger than her - he tall, you know? He tall.","[...] John getting bigger than her [...].",[...] John get.PROG big.COMPAR than her [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5737, +13-77,13,E big pas all-a oona.,E\tbig\tpas\tall-a\toona.,3SG.SBJ\tbig\tpass\tall-of\t2PL.OBJ,He is bigger than all of you.,,,1500[215],,naturalistic spoken,E big pas all-a oona.,,3SG.SBJ big pass all-of 2PL.OBJ,,,,5738, +13-78,13,E big mo na oona.,E\tbig\tmo\tna\toona.,3SG.SBJ\tbig\tmore\tthan\t2PL.OBJ,He is bigger than you.,,,1500[215],,naturalistic spoken,E big mo na oona.,,3SG.SBJ big more than 2PL.OBJ,,,,5739, +14-53,14,Bruce taller than Charles.,Bruce\ttall-er\tthan\tCharles.,Bruce\ttall-COMPAR\tthan\tCharles,Bruce is taller than Charles.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce taller than Charles.,Bruce tall-er than Charles.,Bruce tall-COMPAR than Charles,,Own knowledge,,5740, +15-65,15,a trɔŋg pas yu,a\ttrɔŋg\tpas\tyu,1SG\tstrong\tsurpass\t2SG,I'm stronger than you.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a trɔŋg pas yu,,1SG strong surpass 2SG,,Own knowledge,,5741, +17-63,17,À big pas yù.,À\tbig\tpas\tyù.,1SG.SBJ\tbe.big\tsurpass\t2SG.OBJ,I am bigger than you.,,,462[109],,naturalistic spoken,À big pas yù.,,1SG.SBJ be.big surpass 2SG.OBJ,,,,5742, +19-74,19,Lage dè tɔk Bùbɛ̀ pas yu.,Lage\tdè\ttɔk\tBùbɛ̀\tpas\tyu.,Lage\tIPFV\ttalk\tBubi\tpass\t2SG.EMPH,Lage talks (the) Bubi (language) better than you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Lage dè tɔk Bùbɛ̀ pas yu.",,Lage IPFV talk Bubi pass 2SG.EMPH,,Field data,,5743, +19-75,19,È no pas mi fɔ̀ fayn.,È\tno\tpas\tmi\tfɔ̀\tfayn.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tarrive\t1SG.EMPH\tASSOC\tbe.fine,He's not more handsome than me.,,"In this less frequent construction, the parameter is expressed as a prepositional phrase and the marker of comparison, the verb pas 'surpass', is the only verb of the clause.",,,elicited from speaker,"È no pas mi fɔ̀ fayn.",,3SG.SBJ NEG arrive 1SG.EMPH ASSOC be.fine,"In this less frequent construction, the parameter is expressed as a prepositional phrase and the marker of comparison, the verb pas 'surpass', is the only verb of the clause.",Field data,,5744, +20-56,20,"Mi sanpan more bettah, captin!","Mi\tsanpan\tmore\tbettah,\tcaptin!",1SG.POSS\tsampan\tmore\tbetter\tcaptain,"Captain, my sampan is better (than the others)!",,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,827[80],,naturalistic written,"Mi sanpan more bettah, captin!",,1SG.POSS sampan more better captain,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,,,5745, +22-73,22,Em olsem draipela dok winim haus.,Em\tolsem\tdraipela\tdok\twinim\thaus.,3SG\tlike\tbig\tdog\twin\thouse,"It was a huge dog, bigger than a house.",,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Em olsem draipela dok winim haus.,,3SG like big dog win house,,,,5746, +22-74,22,Mi bin lukim olsem Rabaul i gutpla mo long Kevieng.,Mi\tbin\tluk-im\tolsem\tRabaul\ti\tgut-pla\tmo\tlong\tKevieng.,1SG\tPST\tlook-TR\tCOMP\tRabaul\tPM\tgood-MOD\tmore\tPREP\tKavieng,I saw that Rabaul was better than Kavieng.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Mi bin lukim olsem Rabaul i gutpla mo long Kevieng.,Mi bin luk-im olsem Rabaul i gut-pla mo long Kevieng.,1SG PST look-TR COMP Rabaul PM good-MOD more PREP Kavieng,,,,5747, +24-90,24,Shi morgara dan mii.,Shi\tmorgara\tdan\tmii.,she\tslim.COMPAR\tthan\tme,She is thinner than I.,,,,,naturalistic written,Shi morgara dan mii.,,she slim.COMPAR than me,,Own fieldwork,,5748, +24-91,24,Hi oelar'n yuu.,Hi\toelar\t'n\tyuu.,3SG.SBJ\told.COMPAR\tthan\t2NSBJ/EMPH,He is older than you.,,,,,naturalistic written,Hi oelar'n yuu.,Hi oelar 'n yuu.,3SG.SBJ old.COMPAR than 2NSBJ/EMPH,,Own fieldwork,,5749, +25-207,25,[...] I bin lilbit dip det wota. [...] o::: lilbit shelawan.,[...]\tI\tbin\tlilbit\tdip\tdet\twota.\t[...]\to\tlilbit\tshela-wan.,[...]\t3SG\tPST\tsomewhat\tdeep\tDEM\twater\t[...]\toh\tsomewhat\tshallow-ADJ,"[We started to cross the creek, but] it was (too) deep. [So I went to a different place and tried there]. Oh, (it was) shallow(er) there.",,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates an implicit comparison.,659[178],,naturalistic spoken,[...] I bin lilbit dip det wota. [...] o::: lilbit shelawan.,[...] I bin lilbit dip det wota. [...] o lilbit shela-wan.,[...] 3SG PST somewhat deep DEM water [...] oh somewhat shallow-ADJ,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates an implicit comparison.,,,5750, +29-73,29,Jan is ouer as sy neef.,Jan\tis\tou-er\tas\tsy\tneef,John\tis\told-er\tthan\t3SG.M.POSS\tcousin,John is older than his cousin.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jan is ouer as sy neef.,Jan is ou-er as sy neef,John is old-er than 3SG.M.POSS cousin,,Own knowledge,,5751, +30-93,30,Nhos sabe ma ten txeu animal ki ê más spértu ki algen?,Nhos=sabe\tma=ten\ttxeu\tanimal\tki\tê\tmás\tspértu\tki=algen?,2PL=know\tCOMP=have\tmany\tanimal\tCOMP\tbe\tmore\tintelligent\tthan=person,Do you know that there are a lot of animals that are more intelligent than humans?,,,784[s.v. algen],,naturalistic spoken,"Nhos sabe ma ten txeu animal ki ê más spértu ki algen?",Nhos=sabe ma=ten txeu animal ki ê más spértu ki=algen?,2PL=know COMP=have many animal COMP be more intelligent than=person,,,,5752,"German: Wisst ihr, dass es viele Tiere gibt, die intelligenter sind als der Mensch?" +30-94,30,Kel rapás ê inda más dansador di ki mi!,Kel=rapás\tê\tinda\tmás\tdansador\tdi=ki=mi!,DEM.SG=boy\tbe\teven\tmore\tdancer\tof=than=I,This young man is an even greater dancer than I.,,,784[s.v. dansador],,naturalistic spoken,"Kel rapás ê inda más dansador di ki mi!",Kel=rapás ê inda más dansador di=ki=mi!,DEM.SG=boy be even more dancer of=than=I,,,,5753,German: Dieser junge Mann ist ein noch größerer Tänzer als ich. +31-84,31,Joao e mas spertu ki bo.,Joao\te\tmas\tspertu\tki\tbo.,Joao\tis\tmore\tintelligent\tthan\tyou,Joao is more intelligent than you.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Joao e mas spertu ki bo.",,Joao is more intelligent than you,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,5754, +31-85,31,Artur e mas bedju ki Djon.,Artur\te\tmas\tbedju\tki\tDjon.,Arthur\tis\tmore\told\tthan\tJohn,Arthur is older than John.,,,880,,naturalistic spoken,Artur e mas bedju ki Djon.,,Arthur is more old than John,,,,5755, +32-62,32,Djon e mas/ma grand diki Davidson.,Djon\te\tmas/ma\tgrand\tdiki\tDavidson.,Djon\tCOP\tmore\ttall\tthan\tDavidson,Djon is taller than Davidson.,,The particles k and duki are alternatives to the particle diki. All mean 'than'.,,,elicited from speaker,"Djon e mas/ma grand diki Davidson.",,Djon COP more tall than Davidson,"The particles k and duki are alternatives to the particle diki. All mean 'than'.",Swolkien 2011 fieldwork,,5756,Portuguese: O Djon é mais alto de que Davidson. +33-84,33,Djon i mas altu di ki Maria.,Djon\ti\tmas\taltu\tdi\tki\tMaria.,John\tCOP\tmore\ttall\tof\tthan\tMaria,John is taller than Mary.,,This construction is used mostly in acrolectal varieties.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Djon i mas altu di ki Maria.,,John COP more tall of than Maria,This construction is used mostly in acrolectal varieties.,Own knowledge,,5757,Portuguese: O João é mais alto do que a Maria. OR: O João é mais alto que a Maria. +33-85,33,Djon mas Maria kumpridu.,Djon\tmas\tMaria\tkumpridu.,John\tsurpass\tMary\ttall,John is taller than Mary.,,This construction is mostly used in basilectal varieties.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Djon mas Maria kumpridu.,,John surpass Mary tall,This construction is mostly used in basilectal varieties.,Own knowledge,,5758,Portuguese: O João é mais alto que a Maria. +34-61,34,Joŋ ma(s) Pidru riku.,Joŋ\tø\tma(s)\tPidru\triku.,John\tPFV\tmore\tPeter\trich,John is richer than Peter.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Joŋ ma(s) Pidru riku.,Joŋ ø ma(s) Pidru riku.,John PFV more Peter rich,,Own knowledge,,5759, +34-62,34,Joŋ ma(s) di ki Pidru riku.,Joŋ\tø\tma(s)\tdi\tki\tPidru\triku.,John\tPFV\tmore\tof\tREL.SBJ\tPeter\trich,John is richer than Peter.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Joŋ ma(s) di ki Pidru riku.","Joŋ ø ma(s) di ki Pidru riku.",John PFV more of REL.SBJ Peter rich,,Own knowledge,,5760, +35-98,35,Sun sa (maxi) tamen dôkê pe mu.,Sun\tsa\t(maxi)\ttamen\tdôkê\tpe\tmu.,you\tbe\t(more)\ttall\tthan\tfather\t1SG.POSS,You are taller than my father.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sun sa (maxi) tamen dôkê pe mu.",,you be (more) tall than father 1SG.POSS,,Own data,,5761, +36-55,36,Kai ô masi dhangaru rôke ri m.,Kai\tô\tmasi\tdhangaru\trôke\tri\tm.,house\tyour\tmore\thigh\tthan\tof\tmy,Your house is higher than mine.,,,901[52],,naturalistic spoken,"Kai ô masi dhangaru rôke ri m.",,house your more high than of my,,,,5762,French: Ta maison est plus haute que la mienne. +37-63,37,Txi gôdô pasa mi.,Txi\tgôdô\tpasa\tmi.,2SG\tfat\tpass\t1SG,You are fatter than I am.,,,905[49],,elicited from speaker,"Txi gôdô pasa mi.",,2SG fat pass 1SG,,,,5763, +37-64,37,Txi maxi gôdô pasa mi.,Txi\tmaxi\tgôdô\tpasa\tmi.,2SG\tmore\tfat\tpass\t1SG,You are fatter than I am.,,,905[49],,elicited from speaker,"Txi maxi gôdô pasa mi.",,2SG more fat pass 1SG,,,,5764, +37-65,37,Txi maxi gôdô dêkê/dôkê mi.,Txi\tmaxi\tgôdô\tdêkê/dôkê\tmi.,2SG\tmore\tfat\tthan\t1SG,You are fatter than I am.,,,905[49],,elicited from speaker,"Txi maxi gôdô dêkê/dôkê mi.",,2SG more fat than 1SG,,,,5765, +38-72,38,Mezeza sa ngandyi masy ku isyki.,Meza-i-sai\tsa\tngandyi\tmasy\tku\ti-syki.,table-3SG-DEM\tbe\tbig\tmore\tCONJ\t3SG-DEM,This table is bigger than that one.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mezeza sa ngandyi masy ku isyki.",Meza-i-sai sa ngandyi masy ku i-syki.,table-3SG-DEM be big more CONJ 3SG-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1993,,5766, +38-73,38,Nanamembo saku lansya ngandyi masyi ku dyi no.,Na-namen-bo\tsa-ku\tlansya\tngandyi\tmasyi\tku\tdyi\tno.,ART.PL-family.members-2SG\tbe-with\tboat\tbig\tmore\tCONJ\tof\t1PL,Your family has a bigger boat than our one.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Nanamembo saku lansya ngandyi masyi ku dyi no.",Na-namen-bo sa-ku lansya ngandyi masyi ku dyi no.,ART.PL-family.members-2SG be-with boat big more CONJ of 1PL,,Own fieldwork 1990,,5767, +40-55,40,"Mi kadz tɛ gran, use kadz mayz gran.","Mi\tkadz\ttɛ\tgran,\tuse\tkadz\tmayz\tgran.",my\thouse\tCOP.PRS\tbig\tyour.FORMAL\thouse\tmore\tbig,Your house is bigger than my house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mi kadz tɛ gran, use kadz mayz gran.",,my house COP.PRS big your.FORMAL house more big,,Own knowledge,,5768, +42-72,42,eli mas altu di Pio,eli\tmas\taltu\tdi\tPio,3SG\tmore\ttall\tof\tPio,He is taller than Pio.,,,122[184],,elicited from speaker,eli mas altu di Pio,,3SG more tall of Pio,,,,5769, +43-52,43,Nosotër kompra na mestër karni baka; aka mas sabrodju dari karni bufra.,Nosotër\tkompra\tna\tmestër\tkarni\tbaka;\taka\tmas\tsabrodju\tdari\tkarni\tbufra.,we\tbuy\tat\tbutcher\tmeat\tcow\tthat\tmore\ttasty\tthan\tmeat\tbuffalo,We buy beef at the butcher; this is tastier than buffalo meat.,,,906[43],,naturalistic written,"Nosotër kompra na mestër karni baka; aka mas sabrodju dari karni bufra.",,we buy at butcher meat cow that more tasty than meat buffalo,,,,5770, +45-74,45,Mayor mi hermano con migo.,Mayor\tmi\thermano\tconmigo.,older\t1SG.POSS\tbrother\tOBJ.1SG,My brother is older than me.,,,426[103],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mayor mi hermano con migo.,Mayor mi hermano conmigo.,older 1SG.POSS brother OBJ.1SG,,,,5771, +45-75,45,Mas claro el luz del sol que del luna.,Mas\tclaro\tel\tluz\tdel\tsol\tque\tdel\tluna.,more\tclear\tDEF\tlight\tof\tsun\tthan\tof\tmoon,The light of the sun is brighter than that of the moon.,,,426[90],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mas claro el luz del sol que del luna.,,more clear DEF light of sun than of moon,,,,5772, +47-79,47,[...] riba nivel mas haltu ku lo por bira alkansabel pa nos tambe na Antia.,[...]\triba\tnivel\tmas\thaltu\tku\tlo\tpor\tbira\talkansabel\tpa\tnos\ttambe\tna\tAntia.,[...]\ton\tlevel\tmore\thigh\tthan\tMOOD\tcan\tbecome\treachable\tfor\t1PL\talso\tLOC\tAntilles,[...] to the highest level which can be reached for us too in the Antilles (lit. on a level higher than (what) could be reached for us also in the Antilles).,,The translation is mine.,"453[23 October 2004, p.8]",,literary or other written source,[...] riba nivel mas haltu ku lo por bira alkansabel pa nos tambe na Antia.,,[...] on level more high than MOOD can become reachable for 1PL also LOC Antilles,The translation is mine.,,,5773, +47-80,47,no asina intelihente manera Alfredo,no\tasina\tintelihente\tmanera\tAlfredo,not\tso\tintelligent\tlike\tAlfredo,not as intelligent as Alfredo,,,151[47],,published source,no asina intelihente manera Alfredo,,not so intelligent like Alfredo,,,,5774, +48-78,48,¡Antonse eso asé bendé mehó ke ma pekkao!,¡Antonse\teso\tasé\tbendé\tmehó\tke\tma\tpekkao!,so\tthis\tHAB\tsell\tbetter\tthan\tPL\tfish,"So, this sells better than fish!",,,,,elicited from speaker,¡Antonse eso asé bendé mehó ke ma pekkao!,,so this HAB sell better than PL fish,,Recorded by author,,5775,Spanish: ¡Entonces eso se vende mejor que pescado! +49-123,49,Li pi rich pase mwen.,Li\tpi\trich\tpase\tmwen.,3SG\tmore\trich\tsurpass\t1SG,He/She is richer than me.,,,482[152],,naturalistic spoken,Li pi rich pase mwen.,,3SG more rich surpass 1SG,,,,5776,French: Il/Elle est plus riche que moi. +49-124,49,Li rich pase mwen.,Li\trich\tpase\tmwen.,3SG\trich\tsurpass\t1SG,He/She is richer than me.,,,483[152],,naturalistic spoken,Li rich pase mwen.,,3SG rich surpass 1SG,,,,5777,French: Il/Elle est plus riche que moi. +49-125,49,Li pi di ke akasan.,Li\tpi\tdi\tke\takasan.,3SG\tmore\thard\tthan\tacassan,He/She is tougher than acassan.,,"This example has been taken from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map 2160, point 19).",473[943],,naturalistic spoken,Li pi di ke akasan.,,3SG more hard than acassan,"This example has been taken from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map 2160, point 19).",,,5778,French: Il/Elle est plus dur que l'acassan. +49-126,49,Syèl la pi wo ke nway yo.,Syèl\tla\tpi\two\tke\tnway\tyo.,sky\tDEF.3PL\tmore\thigh\tthan\tcloud\tDEF.3PL,The sky is higher than the clouds.,,"This example has been taken from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2146, notice 6.",473[937],,naturalistic spoken,Syèl la pi wo ke nway yo.,,sky DEF.3PL more high than cloud DEF.3PL,"This example has been taken from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2146, notice 6.",,,5779,French: Le ciel est plus haut que les nuages. +50-72,50,I gran pasé mwen.,I\tgran\tpasé\tmwen.,3SG\ttall\tpass\t1SG,He/she is taller than me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I gran pasé mwen.,,3SG tall pass 1SG,,Own fieldwork,,5780, +50-73,50,I pli gran ki mwen.,I\tpli\tgran\tki\tmwen.,3SG\tmore\ttall\tthan\t1SG,He/she is taller than me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pli gran ki mwen.,,3SG more tall than 1SG,,Own fieldwork,,5781, +51-69,51,I gran pasé mwen.,I\tgran\tpasé\tmwen.,3SG\ttall\tpass\t1SG,He is taller than me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I gran pasé mwen.,,3SG tall pass 1SG,,Own fieldwork,,5782, +51-70,51,I pli gran ki mwen.,I\tpli\tgran\tki\tmwen.,3SG\tmore\ttall\tthan\t1SG,He is taller than me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pli gran ki mwen.,,3SG more tall than 1SG,,Own fieldwork,,5783, +52-45,52,Georges pli bel ki Stéphane,Georges\tpli\tbel\tki\tStéphane,George\tmore\thandsome\tthan\tSteven,George is more handsome than Steven.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Georges pli bel ki Stéphane,,George more handsome than Steven,,Own knowledge,,5784, +52-46,52,to sòt pasé mo,to\tsòt\tpasé\tmo,you\tsilly\tpass\tme,You are less smart than me.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,to sòt pasé mo,,you silly pass me,,,,5785, +53-169,53,Mo gran pase mo sè.,Mo\tgran\tpase\tmo\tsè.,1SG\ttall\tpass\t1SG.POSS\tsister,I'm taller than my sister.,,,722[319],,elicited from speaker,Mo gran pase mo sè.,,1SG tall pass 1SG.POSS sister,,,,5786, +53-170,53,Li plu vyeu pase mon.,Li\tplu\tvyeu\tpase\tmon.,3SG\tmore\told\tpass\t1SG,He's older than I am.,,,722[318],,naturalistic spoken,Li plu vyeu pase mon.,,3SG more old pass 1SG,,,,5787, +53-171,53,Mo gen en mèyè nide ke twa.,Mo\tgen\ten\tmèyè\tnide\tke\ttwa.,1SG\thave\tART.INDF\tbetter\tidea\tthan\t2SG,I have a better idea than you.,,,720[318],,elicited from speaker,Mo gen en mèyè nide ke twa.,,1SG have ART.INDF better idea than 2SG,,,,5788, +54-96,54,Mon bra lé plu gran sat in gran pèrsone.,Mon\tbra\tle\tplu\tgran\tsat\ten\tgran\tpersonn.,POSS.1SG\tarm\tCOP.PRS\tmore\tbig\tthat\tINDF\tbig\tperson,My arm is bigger than that of an adult.,,,229[63],,naturalistic spoken,Mon bra lé plu gran sat in gran pèrsone.,Mon bra le plu gran sat en gran personn.,POSS.1SG arm COP.PRS more big that INDF big person,,,,5789,French: Mon bras est plus grand que celui d'une grande personne. +54-97,54,"Lontan lavé kalité de fiy pli zoli ke band fiy koméla la, in!","Lontan\tlave\tkalite\tdë\tfiy\tpli\tzoli\tkë\tbann\tfiy\tkomela\tla,\ten!",formerly\thave.PST\tkind\tof\tgirl\tmore\tpretty\tthan\tPL\tgirl\tnow\tDEM\tINTERJ,"Formerly, there was a kind of girls prettier than the girls of today, [don't you think so]!",,,110[56],,naturalistic spoken,"Lontan lavé kalité de fiy pli zoli ke band fiy koméla la, in!","Lontan lave kalite dë fiy pli zoli kë bann fiy komela la, en!",formerly have.PST kind of girl more pretty than PL girl now DEM INTERJ,,,,5790,"French: Autrefois il y avait une espèce de filles plus jolies que les filles d'aujourd'hui, hein!" +54-98,54,"Vi voi, la fam lété pli intélizan ke li!","Vi\tvwa,\tla\tfanm\tlete\tpli\tentelizan\tkë\tli!",2SG.FIN\tsee\tDEF\twoman\tCOP.PST\tmore\tintelligent\tthan\t3SG,"You see, the woman was more intelligent than him!",,,110[25],,naturalistic spoken,"Vi voi, la fam lété pli intélizan ke li!","Vi vwa, la fanm lete pli entelizan kë li!",2SG.FIN see DEF woman COP.PST more intelligent than 3SG,,,,5791,"French: Tu vois, la femme était plus intelligente que lui!" +55-74,55,legliz(-la) pli ot ki moske,legliz(-la)\tpli\tot\tki\tmoske,church(-DEF.ART)\tmore\thigh\tthan\tmosque,the church is higher than the mosque,,,,,constructed by linguist,legliz(-la) pli ot ki moske,,church(-DEF.ART) more high than mosque,,Own knowledge,,5792, +56-91,56,Mari i depas tou bann fiy lo grander.,Mari\ti\tdepas\ttou\tbann\tfiy\tlo\tgrander.,Mari\tPM\tsurpass\tall\tPL\tgirl\ton\ttallness,Mari is taller than all the girls (lit. Mari surpasses all girls in tallness).,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mari i depas tou bann fiy lo grander.,,Mari PM surpass all PL girl on tallness,,Own knowledge,,5793, +59-145,59,fade mbi ke wara bongo ka na yayu ahon' mo ape?,fade\tmbi\tke\twara\tbongo\tka\tna\tyayu\tahon'\tmo\tape?,immediately\t1SG\tCOP\tget\tcloth\tthere\tPREP\theaven\tSM.pass\t2SG\tNEG,Won't I get more clothes than you in heaven over there?,,,1478[209],,naturalistic spoken,fade mbi ke wara bongo ka na yayu ahon' mo ape?,,immediately 1SG COP get cloth there PREP heaven SM.pass 2SG NEG,,,,5794, +60-56,60,Pierre azalí molaí koleka Jean,Pierre\ta-zal-í\tmolaí\tko-lek-a\tJean,Pierre\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tbig\tINF-surpass-FV\tJean,Pierre is taller than Jean.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,Pierre azalí molaí koleka Jean,Pierre a-zal-í molaí ko-lek-a Jean,Pierre 3SG-be-PRS.PRF big INF-surpass-FV Jean,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",Own knowledge,,5795, +60-57,60,Pierre alekí Jean na molaí,Pierre\ta-lek-í\tJean\tna\tmolaí,Pierre\t3SG-surpass-PRS.PRF\tJean\tin\ttallness,Pierre is taller than Jean.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,Pierre alekí Jean na molaí,Pierre a-lek-í Jean na molaí,Pierre 3SG-surpass-PRS.PRF Jean in tallness,,Own knowledge,,5796, +61-37,61,Lo Themba yena makhulu ga lo sistela ga yena.,Lo\tThemba\tyena\tmakhulu\tga\tlo\tsistela\tga\tyena.,DEF.ART\tThemba\the\tbig\tthan\tDEF.ART\tsister\tof\the,Themba is bigger than his sister.,,Ga here is the same word as for possessive 'of'.,,,elicited from speaker,Lo Themba yena makhulu ga lo sistela ga yena.,,DEF.ART Themba he big than DEF.ART sister of he,"Ga here is the same word as for possessive 'of'.",Field notes Mesthrie,,5797, +62-37,62,nhtembo itáho mboghó kwa ugirú kú?u,nhtembo\ti-taho\tmbogho\tkwa\tugiru\tkú?u,elephant\t9-pass\tbuffalo\twith\tbigness\this,The elephant is bigger than the buffalo.,,,,,elicited from speaker,nhtembo itáho mboghó kwa ugirú kú?u,nhtembo i-taho mbogho kwa ugiru kú?u,elephant 9-pass buffalo with bigness his,,Own field data 1993,,5798, +63-75,63,harámi al miskín fútu íta,harámi\tal\tmiskín\tfútu\títa,thief\tREL\tpoor\tsurpass\t2SG,A thief who is poorer than you.,,,857[384],,naturalistic spoken,harámi al miskín fútu íta,,thief REL poor surpass 2SG,,,,5799, +63-76,63,úwo tegíl záidi min láger,úwo\ttegíl\tzáidi\tmin\tláger,3SG\theavy\tmore\tfrom\tstone,It’s heavier than a stone.,,,857[386],,naturalistic spoken,úwo tegíl záidi min láger,,3SG heavy more from stone,,,,5800, +63-77,63,úwo kebír min ána,úwo\tkebír\tmin\tána,3SG\tbig\tfrom\t1SG,He is bigger than me.,,,857[384],,naturalistic spoken,úwo kebír min ána,,3SG big from 1SG,,,,5801, +67-95,67,John lebih tinggi dari Jimmy.,John\tlebih\ttinggi\tdari\tJimmy.,John\tmore\thigh\tfrom\tJimmy,John is taller than Jimmy.,,,708[123],,naturalistic spoken,John lebih tinggi dari Jimmy.,,John more high from Jimmy,,,,5802, +74-67,74,pilpil ptl'ix kapa tʃak,pilpil\tptl'ix\tkapa\ttʃak,blood\tthick\tfrom\twater,Blood is thicker than water.,,,,,constructed by linguist,pilpil ptl'ix kapa tʃak,,blood thick from water,,Own knowledge,,5803, +75-122,75,IIi pleu ptsee ki lii zoot.,IIi\tpleu\tptsee\tki\tlii\tzoot.,be.3\tmore\tlittle\tthan\tART.PL\tother,He's smaller than others.,,,789[302],,naturalistic written,IIi pleu ptsee ki lii zoot.,IIi pleu ptsee ki lii zoot.,be.3 more little than ART.PL other,,,,5804, +1-111,1,Mie no ben dee briebie sohesie.,Mi\tno\tben\tde\tbribi\tso-hesi.,1SG\tNEG\tTNS\tASP\tbelieve\tso-quick,I did not believe (it) so easily.,,,1576[53],,written,"Mie no ben dee briebie sohesie.",Mi no ben de bribi so-hesi.,1SG NEG TNS ASP believe so-quick,,,,5805,Dutch: Ik was niet zo ligtgelovig. [op.cit.] +2-97,2,"Efu mi ben gudu, mi ben sa bai wan oto.","Efu\tmi\tben\tgudu,\tmi\tben\tsa\tbai\twan\toto.",If\tI\tPST\trich\tI\tPST\tMOD\tbuy\tone\tcar,"If I were rich, I would buy a car.",,ALL EXAMPLES FROM WINFORD (2000a) ARE FROM NATURAL CONVERSATIONS RECORDED IN 1994.,1605[409],,elicited from speaker,"Efu mi ben gudu, mi ben sa bai wan oto.",,If I PST rich I PST MOD buy one car,ALL EXAMPLES FROM WINFORD (2000a) ARE FROM NATURAL CONVERSATIONS RECORDED IN 1994.,,,5806, +3-52,3,A bì ɔ sa ta wɔɔkɔ.,A\tbì\tɔ\tsa\tta\twɔɔkɔ.,3SG\tTNS\tMOOD\tcan\tASP\twork,He could have worked. OR: He could have been able to work.,,,1539[20],,naturalistic spoken,"A bì ɔ sa ta wɔɔkɔ.",,3SG TNS MOOD can ASP work,,,,5807, +4-73,4,Mi o tan ya wan hii mun.,Mi\to\ttan\tya\twan\thii\tmun.,I\tFUT\tstay\there\tINDF.DET\twhole\tmonth,I will stay here a whole month.,,,568[89],,naturalistic spoken,Mi o tan ya wan hii mun.,,I FUT stay here INDF.DET whole month,,,,5808, +6-46,6,Hi done eat already.,Hi\tdone\teat\talready.,3SG.M\tCOMPL\teat\talready,He has already eaten.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Hi done eat already.,,3SG.M COMPL eat already,,Informant,,5809, +7-123,7,Mi bin aalweiz se so.,Mi\tbin\taalweiz\tse\tso.,1SG\tPST\talways\tsay\tso,I had always said that.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi bin aalweiz se so.,,1SG PST always say so,,Own knowledge,,5810, +7-124,7,Hi a juhs sel sprat.,Hi\ta\tjuhs\tsel\tsprat.,3SG\tPROG\tjust\tsell\tsprat,He is only selling sprat.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi a juhs sel sprat.,,3SG PROG just sell sprat,,Own knowledge,,5811, +8-66,8,Jan wehn de nyam di kiek.,Jan\twehn\tde\tnyam\tdi\tkiek.,John\tANT\tPROG\teat\tDET\tcake,John was eating the cake.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Jan wehn de nyam di kiek.,,John ANT PROG eat DET cake,,Own knowledge,,5812, +8-69,8,Dis-ya pikni wehn aalwiez ogli.,Dis-ya\tpikni\twehn\taalwiez\togli.,this-here\tchild\tANT\talways\tugly,This child was always ugly.,,I treat aalwiez 'always' here as an aspectual marker.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dis-ya pikni wehn aalwiez ogli.,,this-here child ANT always ugly,"I treat aalwiez 'always' here as an aspectual marker.",Own knowledge,,5813, +9-86,9,(Suzi) i me de kaal mi.,(Suzi)\ti\tme\tde\tkaal\tmi.,(Suzi)\t3SG\tANT\tPROG\tcall\tme,"(Suzi,) she was calling me.",,,432[41],,naturalistic spoken,(Suzi) i me de kaal mi.,,(Suzi) 3SG ANT PROG call me,,,,5814, +10-98,10,A wehn gwain kom bai yu hous lieta.,A\twehn\tgwain\tkom\tbai\tyu\thous\tliet-a.,1SG\tANT\tFUT\tcome\tby\t2SG.POSS\thouse\tlate-r,I was going to stop by your house later.,,,113[84],,naturalistic spoken,"A wehn gwain kom bai yu hous lieta.",A wehn gwain kom bai yu hous liet-a.,1SG ANT FUT come by 2SG.POSS house late-r,,,,5815, +11-114,11,Aaftaword evriting waa get beta.,Aaftaword\tevri-ting\twaa\tget\tbeta.,afterwards\tevery-thing\tFUT\tget\tbetter,Afterwards everything will get better.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Aaftaword evriting waa get beta.",Aaftaword evri-ting waa get beta.,afterwards every-thing FUT get better,,,,5816, +11-115,11,Wi yuuztu go op pik guava.,Wi\tyuuztu\tgo\top\tpik\tguava.,1PL\tHAB.PST\tgo\tup\tpick\tguava,We would climb up in order to pick guavas.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wi yuuztu go op pik guava.",,1PL HAB.PST go up pick guava,,,,5817, +11-116,11,Wen di stuudyent de go sekonderi [...].,Wen\tdi\tstuudyent\tde\tgo\tsekonderi\t[...].,when\tART.DEF\tstudent\tPROG\tgo\tsecondary\t[...],While the students are in secondary school [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wen di stuudyent de go sekonderi [...].",,when ART.DEF student PROG go secondary [...],,,,5818, +11-117,11,As tiicha Darlinda did sein [...].,As\ttiicha\tDarlinda\tdid\tse-in\t[...].,as\tteacher\tDarlinda\tPST\tsay-PROG\t[...],As teacher Darlinda was saying [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"As tiicha Darlinda did sein [...].",As tiicha Darlinda did se-in [...].,as teacher Darlinda PST say-PROG [...],,,,5819, +11-118,11,yu did aks him,yu\tdid\taks\thim,2SG\tPST\task\t3SG.M,you asked him,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"yu did aks him",,2SG PST ask 3SG.M,,,,5820, +12-96,12,I did done gone to sleep.,I\tdid\tdone\tgone\tto\tsleep.,I\tPST\tCOMPL\tgo\tto\tsleep,I had gone to bed (before my brother came home).,,,,,elicited from speaker,I did done gone to sleep.,,I PST COMPL go to sleep,,TMA interviews based on Dahl’s questionnaire,,5821, +12-97,12,So she - he pleaded and he pleaded - woman let him in.,So she - he pleaded and he pleaded [...].,So she   he plead.PST and he plead.PST [...],So he kept pleading [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,So she - he pleaded and he pleaded - woman let him in.,So she - he pleaded and he pleaded [...].,So she he plead.PST and he plead.PST [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5822, +12-98,12,"He - he work - uh-uh, he work out town - he work - uh - he say they building one church somewhere out town.",[...]\tthey\tbuild-ing\tone\tchurch\t[...].,[...]\tthey\tbuild-PROG\ta\tchurch\t[...],[...] they’re building a church [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"He - he work - uh-uh, he work out town - he work - uh - he say they building one church somewhere out town.",[...] they build-ing one church [...].,[...] they build-PROG a church [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5823, +12-104,12,"This is about - this is about three, four years ago, and I been to hospital, was taking drip, 'cause my head did partly - swell, you know, and the doctor - the doctor - uh - I don't know what they did - there just - was that bleeding form my nose and mouth, and the doctor just - I don't know what they - put me sleep, and they do th- something to my head, I ain't know, yeah [...].",[...] 'cause my head did partly - swell [...].,[...] because my head PST partly   swell [...],[...] because my head was partly swollen [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"This is about - this is about three, four years ago, and I been to hospital, was taking drip, 'cause my head did partly - swell, you know, and the doctor - the doctor - uh - I don't know what they did - there just - was that bleeding form my nose and mouth, and the doctor just - I don't know what they - put me sleep, and they do th- something to my head, I ain't know, yeah [...].","[...] 'cause my head did partly - swell [...].",[...] because my head PST partly swell [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,5824, +13-79,13,Dem dere da complain.,Dem\tdere\tda\tcomplain.,them\tthere\tASP\tcomplain,Those there are complaining.,,,1500[213],,naturalistic spoken,"Dem dere da complain.",,them there ASP complain,,,,5825, +13-81,13,Den de ciple dem been eben mo stonish.,Den\tde\tciple\tdem\tbeen\teben\tmo\tstonish.,then\tDET\tdisciple\tthem\tPST/ASP\teven\tCOMPAR\tastonish,Then the disciples were even more astonished. (Mk 10.26),,"The English etyma disciple and astonish are realized as ciple and stonish, respectively, in Gullah via aphesis, that is, the deletion of the word-initial unstressed syllable in the etymon (see Klein (2009) for further discussion).",357[157],,bible translation,"Den de ciple dem been eben mo stonish.",,then DET disciple them PST/ASP even COMPAR astonish,"The English etyma disciple and astonish are realized as ciple and stonish, respectively, in Gullah via aphesis, that is, the deletion of the word-initial unstressed syllable in the etymon (see Klein (2009) for further discussion).",,,5826, +14-54,14,He doesn't even allow women to wear pants at women's retreats and he doesn't even be there.,He\tdoesn't\teven\tallow\twomen\tto\twear\tpants\tat\twomen's\tretreats\tand\the\tdoesn't\teven\tbe\tthere.,he\tdo.NEG\teven\tallow\twomen\tto\twear\tpants\tat\twomen's\tretreats\tand\the\tdoesn't\teven\tHAB\tthere,He does not allow women to wear pants at women's retreats although he is not even usually there.,,,576[69],,naturalistic spoken,He doesn't even allow women to wear pants at women's retreats and he doesn't even be there.,,he do.NEG even allow women to wear pants at women's retreats and he doesn't even HAB there,,,,5827, +14-55,14,Yeah when it come on there we be done read it in the newspaper.,Yeah\twhen\tit\tcome\ton\tthere\twe\tbe\tdone\tread\tit\tin\tthe\tnewspaper.,yes\twhen\tit\tcome\ton\tthere\twe\tHAB\tCOMPL\tread\tit\tin\tthe\tnewspaper,"Yes, when it comes on there we have usually already read it in the newspaper. OR: Yes, by the time the news comes on the television news show, we have usually already read it in the newspaper.",,,576[64],,naturalistic spoken,Yeah when it come on there we be done read it in the newspaper.,,yes when it come on there we HAB COMPL read it in the newspaper,,,,5828, +15-66,15,"yɛstade, a bin de wok","yɛstade,\ta\tbin\tde\twok",yesterday\t1SG\tPST\tPROG\twork,"Yesterday, I was working.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"yɛstade, a bin de wok",,yesterday 1SG PST PROG work,,Own knowledge,,5829, +15-68,15,a bin jɔs di slip,a\tbin\tjɔs\tdi\tslip,1SG\tPST\tADV\tPROG\tsleep,I was just sleeping.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a bin jɔs di slip,,1SG PST ADV PROG sleep,,Own knowledge,,5830, +16-61,16,dɛn dɛ̀m gò dè ʃek ju,dɛn\tdɛ̀m\tgò\tdè\tʃek\tju,then\t3PL\tFUT\tPROG\tshake\t2SG.OBJ,Then they will be shaking you.,,,656[228],,naturalistic spoken,dɛn dɛ̀m gò dè ʃek ju,,then 3PL FUT PROG shake 2SG.OBJ,,,,5831, +17-64,17,À gò do̱n ko̱m cho̱p dì nyam finish.,À\tgò\tdo̱n\tko̱m\tcho̱p\tdì\tnyam\tfinish.,1SG.SBJ\tIRR\tCOMPL\tREALIS\teat\tART.DEF\tyam\tCOMPL,I will have actually already completely eaten the yams.,,,462[199],,naturalistic spoken,À gò do̱n ko̱m cho̱p dì nyam finish.,,1SG.SBJ IRR COMPL REALIS eat ART.DEF yam COMPL,,,,5832, +17-66,17,À bin jo̱st dè go.,À\tbin\tjo̱st\tdè\tgo.,1SG.SBJ\tANT\tjust\tNCOMPL\tgo,I had just been going.,,,,,unknown,À bin jo̱st dè go.,,1SG.SBJ ANT just NCOMPL go,,,,5833, +18-58,18,Wuna go kam.,Wuna\tgo\tkam.,2PL.SBJ\tFUT\tcome,You (pl.) will come.,,,1488[17],,published source,"Wuna go kam.",,2PL.SBJ FUT come,,,,5834, +18-59,18,I dohn kam.,I\tdon\tkam.,3SG.SBJ\tPRF\tcome,He/She/It has come.,,,1488[17],,published source,I dohn kam.,I don kam.,3SG.SBJ PRF come,,,,5835, +19-76,19,Yù dè kres.,Yù\tdè\tkres.,2SG\tIPFV\tbe.crazy,You're crazy.,,,1634[200],,elicited from speaker,"Yù dè kres.",,2SG IPFV be.crazy,,,,5836, +19-78,19,Dì pànkek bìn tu tik.,Dì\tpàn-kek\tbìn\ttu\ttik.,DEF\tpan.CPD-cake\tPST\ttoo\tbe.thick,The pancake was too thick.,,"There is no example in the corpus in which the past marker is followed by a temporal adverb. The only examples found involve the preverbal degree adverb /tu/ 'too (much)'. However it can be established beyond doubt that the property item /tik/ 'be thick' is a verb in Pichi, not an adjective. +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",,,naturalistic spoken,Dì pànkek bìn tu tik.,Dì pàn-kek bìn tu tik.,DEF pan.CPD-cake PST too be.thick,"There is no example in the corpus in which the past marker is followed by a temporal adverb. The only examples found involve the preverbal degree adverb /tu/ 'too (much)'. However it can be established beyond doubt that the property item /tik/ 'be thick' is a verb in Pichi, not an adjective. +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",Field data,,5837, +19-79,19,Naw dɛ̀n dè jis dè kan.,Naw\tdɛ̀n\tdè\tjis\tdè\tkan.,now\t3PL\tIPFV\tjust\tIPFV\tcome,Now they're just coming.,,"In the overwhelming majority of cases, the use of a preverbal temporal adverb immediately after the IPFV marker goes along with 'resumptive IPFV marking', i.e. the IPFV marker is repeated after the temporal adverb. The syntagmatic relation between the IPFV marker and the verb therefore appears to be tighter than that between other TAM markers and the verb.",,,elicited from speaker,"Naw dɛ̀n dè jis dè kan.",,now 3PL IPFV just IPFV come,"In the overwhelming majority of cases, the use of a preverbal temporal adverb immediately after the IPFV marker goes along with 'resumptive IPFV marking', i.e. the IPFV marker is repeated after the temporal adverb. The syntagmatic relation between the IPFV marker and the verb therefore appears to be tighter than that between other TAM markers and the verb.",Field data,,5838, +20-58,20,"My hab so talkee, must wantchee catchee more cheap.","My\thab\tso\ttalkee,\tmust\twantchee\tcatchee\tmore\tcheap.",1SG\tPFV\tso\ttalk\tmust\twant\tcatch\tmore\tcheap,I said that I absolutely must get it more cheaply.,,"This rare example appears to be calqued on Cantonese ngóh yáuh gám góng, literally 'I have so say'. On the use of so as complementizer, see Feature 98 ""Complements of 'think' and 'want'"".",45[213],,naturalistic written,"My hab so talkee, must wantchee catchee more cheap.",,1SG PFV so talk must want catch more cheap,"This rare example appears to be calqued on Cantonese ngóh yáuh gám góng, literally 'I have so say'. On the use of so as complementizer, see Feature 98 ""Complements of 'think' and 'want'"".",,,5839, +22-75,22,Yutupela i bin lokim ka?,Yutupela\ti\tbin\tlokim\tka?,2DU\tPM\tPST\tlock\tcar,Did you (two) lock the car?,,,411[52],,naturalistic spoken,Yutupela i bin lokim ka?,,2DU PM PST lock car,,,,5840, +22-78,22,Bai mitupela i ringim taksi.,Bai\tmitupela\ti\tring-im\ttaksi.,FUT\t1DU.EXCL\tPM\tring-TR\ttaxi,We'll ring a taxi.,,,411[88],,naturalistic spoken,Bai mitupela i ringim taksi.,Bai mitupela i ring-im taksi.,FUT 1DU.EXCL PM ring-TR taxi,,,,5841, +22-79,22,Dispela man bai i go long taun.,Dispela\tman\tbai\ti\tgo\tlong\ttaun.,this\tman\tFUT\tPM\tgo\tPREP\ttown,This man will go to town.,,,411[88],,naturalistic written,Dispela man bai i go long taun.,,this man FUT PM go PREP town,,,,5842, +22-80,22,Bai mi pulim bikpela snek long susu bilong yu.,Bai\tmi\tpulim\tbik-pela\tsnek\tlong\tsusu\tbilong\tyu.,FUT\t1SG\tpull\tbig-MOD\tsnake\tPREP\tbreast\tPOSS\t2SG,I will pull a big snake from your breast.,,,"584[Female, 17 from West Sepik]",,naturalistic spoken,Bai mi pulim bikpela snek long susu bilong yu.,Bai mi pulim bik-pela snek long susu bilong yu.,FUT 1SG pull big-MOD snake PREP breast POSS 2SG,,,,5843, +22-81,22,Ol lapun meri i mumuim kaikai istap.,Ol\tlapun\tmeri\ti\tmumu-im\tkaikai\tistap.,PL\told\twoman\tPM\tearth.oven-TR\tfood\tPROG,The old women are cooking food in an earth oven.,,,411[116],,naturalistic spoken,Ol lapun meri i mumuim kaikai istap.,Ol lapun meri i mumu-im kaikai istap.,PL old woman PM earth.oven-TR food PROG,,,,5844, +24-94,24,Shi se fatu.,Shi\tse\tfatu.,she\tCOMPL\ttired,She is exhausted.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Shi se fatu.,,she COMPL tired,,Own fieldwork,,5845, +24-95,24,Hi gwen kam.,Hi\tgwen\tkam.,he\tFUT\tcome,He will come.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hi gwen kam.,,he FUT come,,Own fieldwork,,5846, +25-208,25,Imin oldei nesimbat tu jet faiya.,Im=in\toldei\tnes-im-bat\ttu\tjet\tfaiya.,3SG=PST\talways/HAB\tnurse-TR-PROG\ttoo\tDEM\tfire,It used to look after the fire too. (crocodile in myth),,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the past habitual construction.,1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,"Imin oldei nesimbat tu jet faiya.",Im=in oldei nes-im-bat tu jet faiya.,3SG=PST always/HAB nurse-TR-PROG too DEM fire,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the past habitual construction.,,,5847, +25-209,25,Aim heting fut.,Aim\thet-ing\tfut.,1SG:PROG\thurt-PROG2\tfoot,My foot hurts.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an experiencer construction with possessor raising, and one of the two progressive constructions.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Aim heting fut.,Aim het-ing fut.,1SG:PROG hurt-PROG2 foot,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an experiencer construction with possessor raising, and one of the two progressive constructions.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5848, +25-210,25,Nomo gota meit=gun im jidanabat [...] olgaman G.,Nomo\tgota\tmeit=gun\tim\tjidan-abat\t[...]\tolgaman\tG.,NEG\tCOM\tmate=CONTR\t3SG\tsit-PROG\t[...]\told.woman\tG.,"Without any companion she's sitting there, old lady G.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a comitative expression, and the progressive marker -(a)bat. The contrastive clitic =gun is from Jaminjung.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Nomo gota meit=gun im jidanabat [...] olgaman G.",Nomo gota meit=gun im jidan-abat [...] olgaman G.,NEG COM mate=CONTR 3SG sit-PROG [...] old.woman G.,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a comitative expression, and the progressive marker -(a)bat. The contrastive clitic =gun is from Jaminjung.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,5849, +25-212,25,Ai gada gedim kokiroj sprei en kilim olabat.,Ai\tgada\tged-im\tkokiroj\tsprei\ten\tkil-im\tolabat.,1SG\tFUT/OBLIG\tget-TR\tcockroach\tspray\tand\tkill-TR\t3PL,I will/should get cockroach spray and kill them. OR: I'm going to get cockroach spray and kill them. (Orig. Transl.),,Variety: Written Roper River.,128[2],,naturalistic written,Ai gada gedim kokiroj sprei en kilim olabat.,Ai gada ged-im kokiroj sprei en kil-im olabat.,1SG FUT/OBLIG get-TR cockroach spray and kill-TR 3PL,Variety: Written Roper River.,,,5850, +25-213,25,Dijlot kid dei raning insaid la haus wen im reining.,Dij-lot\tkid\tdei\tran-ing\tinsaid\tla\thaus\twen\tim\trein-ing.,PROX-PL\tchild\t3PL\trun-PROG2\tinside\tLOC\thouse\tSUBORD\t3SG\train-PROG2,These kids are running inside the house when it is raining.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. This example illustrates an expression of 'raining' and a temporal adverbial clause.",,,naturalistic spoken,Dijlot kid dei raning insaid la haus wen im reining.,Dij-lot kid dei ran-ing insaid la haus wen im rein-ing.,PROX-PL child 3PL run-PROG2 inside LOC house SUBORD 3SG rain-PROG2,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. This example illustrates an expression of 'raining' and a temporal adverbial clause.",Fieldwork Meakins,,5851, +25-214,25,I maitbi garra go la Debi.,I\tmaitbi\tgarra\tgo\tla\tDebi.,3SG\tmaybe\tFUT/OBLIG\tgo\tLOC\tDerby,He might have to go to Derby.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a locative-marked place name as the goal in a motion expression.,659[31],,unknown,"I maitbi garra go la Debi.",,3SG maybe FUT/OBLIG go LOC Derby,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a locative-marked place name as the goal in a motion expression.,,,5852, +25-215,25,"Orla gel en boi bin nakam-bat jelp garra kura, garra burluman kura.","Orla\tgel\ten\tboi\tbin\tnak-am-bat\tjelp\tgarra\tkura,\tgarra\tburluman\tkura.",PL\tgirl\tand\tboy\tPST\thit-TR-PROG\tREFL\tCOM/INS\tdung\tCOM/INS\tcattle\tdung,"The girls and boys were hitting each other with dung, with cattle dung.",,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the reciprocal reading of the invariable reflexive/reciprocal marker jelp. Kura is a Walmatjarri word.,659[48],,naturalistic spoken,"Orla gel en boi bin nakam-bat jelp garra kura, garra burluman kura.","Orla gel en boi bin nak-am-bat jelp garra kura, garra burluman kura.",PL girl and boy PST hit-TR-PROG REFL COM/INS dung COM/INS cattle dung,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the reciprocal reading of the invariable reflexive/reciprocal marker jelp. Kura is a Walmatjarri word.",,,5853, +25-216,25,Yu shudbi wajambat jelp.,Yu\tshudbi\twaj-am-bat\tjelp.,2SG\tshould\twash-TR-PROG\tREFL,You should wash yourself.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the reflexive reading of the invariable reflexive/reciprocal marker jelp.,659[32],,naturalistic spoken,Yu shudbi wajambat jelp.,Yu shudbi waj-am-bat jelp.,2SG should wash-TR-PROG REFL,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates the reflexive reading of the invariable reflexive/reciprocal marker jelp.",,,5854, +27-51,27,Am a drāi back a shi tā.,Am\ta\tdrāi\tback\ta\tshi\ttā.,3SG\tPST\tturn\tback\tLOC\t3SG.POSS\tfather,He returned to his father.,,,355[51],,naturalistic spoken,"Am a drāi back a shi tā.",,3SG PST turn back LOC 3SG.POSS father,,,,5855, +28-80,28,titɛk wa kalin wa das ku di bokap an bain an jefjə,titi\tɛkɛ\twa\tkali\tini\twa\tdas\tku\tdi\tboko-apu\tan\tba\tini\tan\tjefi\tini,time\t1SG\tPST\tsmall\t3PL\tPST\tHAB\tcatch\tthe\tAmerindian-PL\tand\tkill\t3PL\tand\teat\t3PL,When I was small they would catch the Indians and kill them and eat them.,,This example illustrates the use of wa [PST] with both a stative predicate (kali 'small') and a nonstative predicate (ku 'catch').,750[27],,naturalistic spoken,"titɛk wa kalin wa das ku di bokap an bain an jefjə","titi ɛkɛ wa kali ini wa das ku di boko-apu an ba ini an jefi ini",time 1SG PST small 3PL PST HAB catch the Amerindian-PL and kill 3PL and eat 3PL,"This example illustrates the use of wa [PST] with both a stative predicate (kali 'small') and a nonstative predicate (ku 'catch').",,,5856, +28-81,28,ɛk ma pam ju en bɛrɛ,ɛkɛ\tma\tpama\tju\ten\tbɛrɛ,1SG\tIRR\ttell\t2SG\ta\tstory,I will tell you a story.,,,750[31],,naturalistic spoken,"ɛk ma pam ju en bɛrɛ",ɛkɛ ma pama ju en bɛrɛ,1SG IRR tell 2SG a story,,,,5857, +28-82,28,lombo plɛkɛm wangeni bwa drungwa stɛdi,lombo\tplɛkɛ\twanga\teni\tbu-a\tdrungu-a\tstɛdi,bad\tplace\twhere\t3PL\tdrink-IPFV\tget.drunk-IPFV\tsteady,"A bad place, where they drink and get drunk all the time.",,,750[29],,naturalistic spoken,"lombo plɛkɛm wangeni bwa drungwa stɛdi","lombo plɛkɛ wanga eni bu-a drungu-a stɛdi",bad place where 3PL drink-IPFV get.drunk-IPFV steady,,,,5858, +28-83,28,"bɛri moi ababaka, potɛtɛ nau",bɛri\tmoi\tababa\tka\tpotɛ-tɛ\tnau,Berry\tgood\tanymore\tNEG\told-PFV\tnow,"Berry is not good anymore, (he) has gotten old.",,This example also illustrates the usage of potɛ 'old' as process verb 'get old'.,750[30],,naturalistic spoken,"bɛri moi ababaka, potɛtɛ nau",bɛri moi ababa ka potɛ-tɛ nau,Berry good anymore NEG old-PFV now,"This example also illustrates the usage of potɛ 'old' as process verb 'get old'.",,,5859, +28-84,28,"di jɛrtok bi aʃu pruf di gu di, ju ma alwe suko",di\tjɛrma\ttoko\tbi\taʃi\tju\tpruf\tdi\tgutu\tdi\tju\tma\talwes\tsuku\to,the\twoman\tchild\tsay\tif\t2SG\ttaste\tthe\tthing\tDEM\t2SG\tIRR\talways\twant\t3SG,"The girl said if you taste this stuff, you will always want it.",,"The adverb alwes 'always', borrowed from Creolese, separates the preverbal marker ma [IRR] from the verb suku 'want'. This is attested only in the speech of one person.",737[72],,naturalistic spoken,"di jɛrtok bi aʃu pruf di gu di, ju ma alwe suko",di jɛrma toko bi aʃi ju pruf di gutu di ju ma alwes suku o,the woman child say if 2SG taste the thing DEM 2SG IRR always want 3SG,"The adverb alwes 'always', borrowed from Creolese, separates the preverbal marker ma [IRR] from the verb suku 'want'. This is attested only in the speech of one person.",,,5860, +28-85,28,iʃ wa noiti kop tei fan di ʃapap ka,iʃi\twa\tnoiti\tkopu\ttei\tfan\tdi\tʃap-apu\tka,1PL\tPST\tnever\tbuy\ttea\tfrom\tthe\tshop-PL\tNEG,We never bought tea from the shops.,,The adverb noiti 'never' separates the preverbal marker wa [PST] from the verb kopu 'buy'. This is attested only in the speech of one person.,737[73],,naturalistic spoken,"iʃ wa noiti kop tei fan di ʃapap ka",iʃi wa noiti kopu tei fan di ʃap-apu ka,1PL PST never buy tea from the shop-PL NEG,"The adverb noiti 'never' separates the preverbal marker wa [PST] from the verb kopu 'buy'. This is attested only in the speech of one person.",,,5861, +29-74,29,Anders sou hy kon geval het.,Anders\tsou\thy\tkon\tge-val\thet.,Otherwise\tshould\t3SG.M.NOM\tcould\tPTCP-fallen\tPST,Otherwise he might have fallen.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Anders sou hy kon geval het.,Anders sou hy kon ge-val het.,Otherwise should 3SG.M.NOM could PTCP-fallen PST,,Own knowledge,,5862, +29-75,29,omdat hy gister geval het vs. hy het gister geval,omdat\thy\tgister\tgeval\thet\tvs.\thy\thet\tgister\tgeval,because\t3SG.M\tyesterday\tfallen\tPST\tvs.\t3SG.M\tPST\tyesterday\tfallen,because he fell yesterday vs. he fell yesterday,,"Tense markers (het - 'have', wees - 'be', and word - 'become') only immediately follow the verb in subordinate clauses; in main clauses, a finite tense marker will always precede the verb, under the influence of the V2 effect that holds obligatorily in main clauses.",,,naturalistic spoken,omdat hy gister geval het vs. hy het gister geval,,because 3SG.M yesterday fallen PST vs. 3SG.M PST yesterday fallen,"Tense markers (het - 'have', wees - 'be', and word - 'become') only immediately follow the verb in subordinate clauses; in main clauses, a finite tense marker will always precede the verb, under the influence of the V2 effect that holds obligatorily in main clauses.",Own knowledge,,5863, +29-76,29,[...] dat sy gister gevind is,[...]\tdat\tsy\tgister\tge-vind\tis,[...]\tthat\t3SG.F.NOM\tyesterday\tPTCP-find\tPASS.PST,[...] that she was found yesterday,,,,,naturalistic spoken,[...] dat sy gister gevind is,[...] dat sy gister ge-vind is,[...] that 3SG.F.NOM yesterday PTCP-find PASS.PST,,Own knowledge,,5864, +29-77,29,[...] dat baie boeke so verkoop kan word,[...]\tdat\tbaie\tboeke\tso\tverkoop\tkan\tword,[...]\tthat\tmany\tbooks\tso\tsold\tcan\tbecome,[...] that many books can be sold in that way,,,,,unknown,[...] dat baie boeke so verkoop kan word,,[...] that many books so sold can become,,,,5865, +29-78,29,Sy word herhaaldelik deur die lawaai wakker gemaak.,Sy\tword\therhaaldelik\tdeur\tdie\tlawaai\twakker\tge-maak.,3SG.F.NOM\tbecomes\trepeatedly\tby\tthe\tnoise\tawake\tPTCP-make,She is repeatedly awakened by the noise.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sy word herhaaldelik deur die lawaai wakker gemaak.,Sy word herhaaldelik deur die lawaai wakker ge-maak.,3SG.F.NOM becomes repeatedly by the noise awake PTCP-make,,Own knowledge,,5866, +30-95,30,E átxa bapor ta sai pa Fránsa.,E=átxa\tbapor\tta=sai\tpa=Fránsa.,3SG=find\tsteamship\tIPFV=go.out\tto=France,He found the steamer that was just outgoing to France.,,,1407[169],,naturalistic spoken,"E átxa bapor ta sai pa Fránsa.",E=átxa bapor ta=sai pa=Fránsa.,3SG=find steamship IPFV=go.out to=France,,,,5867,"German: Er fand den Dampfer, der gerade nach Frankreich auslief." +30-96,30,N sta prokupádu ku bu duénsa ki ka sa ta pása.,N=sta\tprokupá-du\tku=bu=duénsa\tki=ka=sa=ta=pása.,1SG=be\tworry-PASS\tabout=2SG.POSS=illness\tCOMP=NEG=PROG=IPFV=come.to.an.end,I am worried because of your disease that (just) won't go away.,,,1407[36],,naturalistic spoken,"N sta prokupádu ku bu duénsa ki ka sa ta pása.",N=sta prokupá-du ku=bu=duénsa ki=ka=sa=ta=pása.,1SG=be worry-PASS about=2SG.POSS=illness COMP=NEG=PROG=IPFV=come.to.an.end,,,,5868,"German: Ich sorge mich wegen deiner Krankheit, die (einfach) nicht vorübergeht." +30-97,30,"[...], e lenbra di kusa ki=sáibu flába-el, e pazigua.","[...],\te=lenbra\tdi=kusa\tki=sáibu\tflá-ba=el\te=pazigua.",[...]\t3SG=remember\tof=thing\tCOMP=wise.man\tsay-ANT=3SG\t3SG=calm.down,[...] she remembered what the witch doctor had told her and calmed down.,,,1407[34],,naturalistic spoken,"[...], e lenbra di kusa ki=sáibu flába-el, e pazigua.","[...], e=lenbra di=kusa ki=sáibu flá-ba=el e=pazigua.",[...] 3SG=remember of=thing COMP=wise.man say-ANT=3SG 3SG=calm.down,,,,5869,"German: [...] sie erinnerte sich an das, was ihr der Medizinmann gesagt hatte und beruhigte sich." +30-98,30,Dios ál dá-u sórti!,Dios\tál\tdá=u\tsórti!,God\tOPT\tgive=2SG\tluck,May God grant you luck!,,In this sentence ál is clearly 'optative' ('May God …). In other contexts it has an epistemic meaning indicating that the speaker is uttering a supposition.,1543[132],,naturalistic spoken,"Dios ál dá-u sórti!",Dios ál dá=u sórti!,God OPT give=2SG luck,"In this sentence ál is clearly 'optative' ('May God …). In other contexts it has an epistemic meaning indicating that the speaker is uttering a supposition.",,,5870,German: Gott möge dir Glück schenken! +30-99,30,"Kel rapás ku rapariga es ta badjába, dja, sima k'es faseda pa kunpanheru.","Kel=rapás\tku=rapariga\tes=ta=badjá-ba,\tdja,\tsima\tk=es=fase-da\tpa=kunpanheru.",DEM.SG=young.man\twith=girl\t3PL=IPFV=dance-ANT\talready\tso.as\tCOMP=3PL=make-ANT.PASS\tfor=companion,The young man and the girl danced with one another as if they had been made for each other.,,,1407[63],,naturalistic spoken,"Kel rapás ku rapariga es ta badjába, dja, sima k'es faseda pa kunpanheru.","Kel=rapás ku=rapariga es=ta=badjá-ba, dja, sima k=es=fase-da pa=kunpanheru.",DEM.SG=young.man with=girl 3PL=IPFV=dance-ANT already so.as COMP=3PL=make-ANT.PASS for=companion,,,,5871,"German: Der junge Mann und das Mädchen tanzten schon miteinander, als ob sie füreinander gemacht worden wären." +31-86,31,Mi’N ta viveba un vida tristi.,Mi’=N\tta\tvive-ba\tun\tvida\ttristi.,I=I\tHAB\tlive-ANT\ta\tlife\tsad,I used to live a sad life.,,,880,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi’N ta viveba un vida tristi.","Mi’=N ta vive-ba un vida tristi.",I=I HAB live-ANT a life sad,,,,5872, +31-87,31,E ka ta daba mi pa’N trabadja.,E\tka\tta\tda-ba\tmi\tpa\tN\ttrabadja,it\tNEG\tASP\tgive-ANT\tme\tfor\tI\twork,It was not sufficient for me to work.,,The aspect marker ta is preverbal but the anterior marker ba is postverbal.,880,,naturalistic spoken,"E ka ta daba mi pa’N trabadja.","E ka ta da-ba mi pa N trabadja",it NEG ASP give-ANT me for I work,"The aspect marker ta is preverbal but the anterior marker ba is postverbal.",,,5873, +31-90,31,Maria sta senpri ta pensa na se mininu.,Maria\tsta\tsenpri\tta\tpensa\tna\tse\tmininu.,Maria\tPROG\talways\tASP\tthink\tof\ther\tchild,Maria is always thinking of her child.,,Adverbials and grammatical items may intervene between the Progressive and the verb.,,,constructed by linguist,Maria sta senpri ta pensa na se mininu.,,Maria PROG always ASP think of her child,Adverbials and grammatical items may intervene between the Progressive and the verb.,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,5874, +32-63,32,Kel ves no tá kuzinhá k’lenha.,Kel\tves\tno\ttá\tkuzinhá\tk\tlenha.,that\ttime\t2PL\tPST.IPFV\tcook\tINS\twood,In those days we used to cook with firewood.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Kel ves no tá kuzinhá k’lenha.",Kel ves no tá kuzinhá k lenha.,that time 2PL PST.IPFV cook INS wood,,,,5875,"Portuguese: Naqueles tempos, cozinhávamos com lenha." +32-64,32,"Na Olánda, Ailton táva só trubaiá.","Na\tOlánda,\tAilton\ttáva\tsó\ttrubaiá.",in\tHoland\tAilton\tPST.IPFV\tonly\twork,"While in Holland, Ailton only worked.",,"Here, a lexical item intervenes between the past marker and the verb.",1456,,constructed by native speaker,"Na Olánda, Ailton táva só trubaiá.",,in Holand Ailton PST.IPFV only work,"Here, a lexical item intervenes between the past marker and the verb.",,,5876,"Portuguese: Na Holanda, Ailton só trabalhava." +33-86,33,N na tciga amanha.,N\tna\ttciga\tamanha.,1SG\tFUT\tarrive\ttomorrow,I will arrive tomorrow.,,Na marks the future.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N na tciga amanha.,,1SG FUT arrive tomorrow,"Na marks the future.",Own knowledge,,5877,Portuguese: Chegarei amanhã. OR: Chego amanhã. +33-87,33,N ta ley tcyu.,N\tta\tley\ttcyu.,1SG\tHAB\tread\ta.lot,I read a lot.,,Ta expresses the habitual.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N ta ley tcyu.,,1SG HAB read a.lot,"Ta expresses the habitual.",Own knowledge,,5878,Portuguese: Eu leio muito. +33-88,33,M’bay ba skola.,M-bay\tba\tskola.,1SG-go\tPST\tschool,I went to school.,,Ba indicates the past.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,M’bay ba skola.,M-bay ba skola.,1SG-go PST school,"Ba indicates the past.",Own knowledge,,5879,Portuguese: Fui à escola. +33-89,33,N tciga ba ja.,N\ttciga\tba\tja.,1SG\tarrive\tPST\tPRF,I had arrived.,,Ba ja indicates the past perfect.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N tciga ba ja.,,1SG arrive PST PRF,"Ba ja indicates the past perfect.",Own knowledge,,5880,Portuguese: Tinha chegado. OR: Chegara. +33-90,33,N tciga ba aonti.,N\ttciga\tba\taonti.,1SG\tarrive\tPST\tyesterday,I arrived yesterday.,,"Some speakers use ba after an intervening word, e.g. N tciga aonti ba.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N tciga ba aonti.,,1SG arrive PST yesterday,"Some speakers use ba after an intervening word, e.g. N tciga aonti ba.",Own knowledge,,5881,Portuguese: Cheguei ontem. +33-91,33,Jon tciga-nta-l-ba ja.,Jon\ttciga-nta-l-ba\tja.,John\tarrive-CAUS-OBJ.3SG-PST\tANT,John had already put it aside.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Jon tciga-nta-l-ba ja.",,John arrive-CAUS-OBJ.3SG-PST ANT,,Own knowledge,,5882,Portuguese: O João já o tinha colocado de lado. +33-96,33,Maria mora na kasa di Djon ba.,Maria\tmora\tna\tkasa\tdi\tDjon\tba.,Mary\tlive\tin\thouse\tof\tJohn\tPST,Mary lived in John's house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Maria mora na kasa di Djon ba.",,Mary live in house of John PST,,Own knowledge,,5883,Portuguese: A Maria viveu na casa do João. +34-64,34,I kantá sabi. - I na kantá sabi. - I ta kantá sabi.,I\tø\tkantá\tsabi.\t-\tI\tna\tkantá\tsabi.\t-\tI\tta\tkantá\tsabi.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsing\tnice\t-\t3SG.SBJ\tPROG/FUT\tsing\tnice\t-\t3SG.SBJ\tHAB\tsing\tnice,He sang nicely. - He is singing nicely / he will sing nicely. - He sings nicely.,,Only the aspect markers precede the verb immediately.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I kantá sabi. - I na kantá sabi. - I ta kantá sabi.","I ø kantá sabi. - I na kantá sabi. - I ta kantá sabi.",3SG.SBJ PFV sing nice - 3SG.SBJ PROG/FUT sing nice - 3SG.SBJ HAB sing nice,Only the aspect markers precede the verb immediately.,Own knowledge,,5884, +34-65,34,I wojá-l baŋ na Sindoŋ.,I\twojá-l\tbaŋ\tna\tSindoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tsee-3SG.OBJ\tPST\tat\tSindone,He/she had seen him/her at Sindone.,,Only the past tense marker is in a rightward position with respect to the verb complex.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I wojá-l baŋ na Sindoŋ.",,3SG.SBJ see-3SG.OBJ PST at Sindone,Only the past tense marker is in a rightward position with respect to the verb complex.,Own knowledge,,5885, +34-66,34,"Antu k-i na febursé, i ta korenté karu baŋ.","Antu\tk-i\tna\tfebursé,\ti\tta\tkorenté\tkaru\tbaŋ.",before\tREL.OBJ-3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tfall.ill\t3SG.SBJ\tHAB\tdrive\tcar\tPST,"Before he fell ill, he used to drive cars.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Antu k-i na febursé, i ta korenté karu baŋ.",,before REL.OBJ-3SG.SBJ FUT fall.ill 3SG.SBJ HAB drive car PST,,Own knowledge,,5886, +35-101,35,Zon tava kwaji kume pixi.,Zon\ttava\tkwaji\tkume\tpixi.,Zon\tPST\talmost\teat\tfish,Zon had almost eaten fish. OR: Zon was almost eating fish.,,"Note that the tava + VP construction only allows adverb kwaji ‘almost’ to intervene, whereas the tava ka + VP construction is more flexible, allowing some adverbs and pseudo-reflexives to intervene.",593[151],,elicited from speaker,Zon tava kwaji kume pixi.,,Zon PST almost eat fish,"Note that the tava + VP construction only allows adverb kwaji ‘almost’ to intervene, whereas the tava ka + VP construction is more flexible, allowing some adverbs and pseudo-reflexives to intervene.",,,5887, +35-104,35,Ê tava kwaji ka fla.,Ê\ttava\tkwaji\tka\tfla.,3SG\tPST\talmost\tIPFV\tspeak,He was about to speak.,,Only a very restricted set of adverbs may occur in the same position as kwaji 'almost'.,,,elicited from speaker,Ê tava kwaji ka fla.,,3SG PST almost IPFV speak,"Only a very restricted set of adverbs may occur in the same position as kwaji 'almost'.",Own data,,5888, +36-57,36,"Mora ma ê ka kôntê m, am tambe ka kônt'ê.","Mora\tma\tê\tka\tkôntê\tm,\tam\ttambe\tka\tkôntê=ê.",way\tREL\the\tIPFV\thate\tme\tI\talso\tIPFV\thate=him,I hate him the same way he hates me.,,This example illustrates the uses of ka as a marker that modifies current states.,901[73],,naturalistic spoken,"Mora ma ê ka kôntê m, am tambe ka kônt'ê.","Mora ma ê ka kôntê m, am tambe ka kôntê=ê.",way REL he IPFV hate me I also IPFV hate=him,"This example illustrates the uses of ka as a marker that modifies current states.",,,5889,"French: Comme il me hait, je le hais moi aussi." +36-59,36,Mene thêka kwaji vitxa.,Mene\tthêka\tkwaji\tvitxa.,Mene\tPROG\talmost\tarrive,Mene is almost arriving.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mene thêka kwaji vitxa.",,Mene PROG almost arrive,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,5890, +37-66,37,N ka podi.,N\tka\tpodi.,1SG\tIPFV\tcan,I can do it.,,,905[78],,naturalistic spoken,"N ka podi.",,1SG IPFV can,,,,5891, +37-68,37,Wêt'ora unôtxi ê tava maxi kalsa fa.,Wêtu\tora\tunôtxi\tê\ttava\tmaxi\tkalsa\tfa.,eight\thour\tnight\t3SG\tPST\tyet\tput.shoes\tNEG,"At eight o’clock in the evening, he hadn’t put his shoes on yet.",,,905[70],,elicited from speaker,"Wêt'ora unôtxi ê tava maxi kalsa fa.",Wêtu ora unôtxi ê tava maxi kalsa fa.,eight hour night 3SG PST yet put.shoes NEG,,,,5892, +37-69,37,Mene xintxi ya jingantxi sa kwaji xiga.,Mene\txintxi\tya\tjingantxi\tsa\tkwaji\txiga.,Mene\tfeel\tCOMP\togre\tPROG\talmost\tarrive,Mene felt that the ogre was almost arriving.,,,905[70],,naturalistic spoken,"Mene xintxi ya jingantxi sa kwaji xiga.",,Mene feel COMP ogre PROG almost arrive,,,,5893, +38-74,38,Zwan sxa kumu ampan.,Zwan\tPROG\tkumu\tampan.,John\tPROG\teat\tbread,John is eating bread.,,,1237[189-205],,elicited from speaker,Zwan sxa kumu ampan.,Zwan PROG kumu ampan.,John PROG eat bread,,,,5894, +39-90,39,"Foy i pasyo pray, kõpro grãw i vey kaz.","Foy\ti\tpasy-o\tpray,\tkõpr-o\tgrãw\ti\tvey\tkaz.",go.PST\tand\ttake.walk-PST\tbeach\tbuy-PST\tgram\tand\tcome.PST\thome,"[We] went and took a walk around the beach, bought some gram and came home.",,,221[226],,naturalistic spoken,"Foy i pasyo pray, kõpro grãw i vey kaz.","Foy i pasy-o pray, kõpr-o grãw i vey kaz.",go.PST and take.walk-PST beach buy-PST gram and come.PST home,,,,5895, +40-56,40,"Teru kata-n. — Ku Lwidz difludz hika-d. — (Pay) hal-o tud, dəpəy nigri abri-w pɔrt.","Teru kata-n. — Ku Lwidz difludz hika-d. — (Pay) hal-o tud, dəpəy nigri abri-w pɔrt.",Teru sing-PROG   OBJ Lwidz cold become-PFV   (father) say-PST all then girl open-PST door,Teru is singing. — Lwidz has gotten a cold (he still has it). — (The father) gave the girl all the information and then she opened the door.,,"The progressive is marked with -n; the perfective with -d, the simple past with -o or -w, depending on the class of the verb. Korlai maintains the three formal verb classes [a, e, i] from Portuguese.",263[212-222],,naturalistic written,"Teru kata-n. — Ku Lwidz difludz hika-d. — (Pay) hal-o tud, dəpəy nigri abri-w pɔrt.",,Teru sing-PROG OBJ Lwidz cold become-PFV (father) say-PST all then girl open-PST door,"The progressive is marked with -n; the perfective with -d, the simple past with -o or -w, depending on the class of the verb. Korlai maintains the three formal verb classes [a, e, i] from Portuguese.",,,5896, +40-57,40,Teru tə kata; Teru ti kata; Teru lə kata; Teru tɛd kata; Teru tid kata; Teru ater/ay kata; Teru (ya) kato,Teru\ttə\tkata;\tTeru\tti\tkata;\tTeru\tlə\tkata;\tTeru\ttɛd\tkata;\tTeru\ttid\tkata;\tTeru\tater/ay\tkata;\tTeru\t(ya)\tkato,Teru\tPRS\tsing\tTeru\tPST\tsing\tTeru\tFUT\tsing\tTeru\tPROX.FUT\tsing\tTeru\tPST.PROX.FUT\tsing\tTeru\tCOND\tsing\tTeru\t(PST)\tsang,Teru sings; Teru used to sing; Teru will sing; Teru is going to sing; Teru was going to sing; Teru would sing/would have sung; Teru sang,,"Ya is in parenthesis because it is found only in the oldest varieties of Korlai, approximately from the early 20th century. It is no longer used today. The particles that express PROX.FUT are not frequently used.",265[111-112],,constructed by linguist,"Teru tə kata; Teru ti kata; Teru lə kata; Teru tɛd kata; Teru tid kata; Teru ater/ay kata; Teru (ya) kato",,Teru PRS sing Teru PST sing Teru FUT sing Teru PROX.FUT sing Teru PST.PROX.FUT sing Teru COND sing Teru (PST) sang,"Ya is in parenthesis because it is found only in the oldest varieties of Korlai, approximately from the early 20th century. It is no longer used today. The particles that express PROX.FUT are not frequently used.",,,5897, +41-74,41,ɔɔmi falaa lodaa; dreetu viraadu lomustraa,ɔɔmi\tfalaa\tlo-daa;\tdreetu\tviraadu\tlo-mustraa,man\tsay\tFUT-give\tright\twrong\tFUT-show,That man will teach [them]; [he will] show [them] right and wrong.,,"Note: falaa daa = 'teach', lit. 'say [and] give'.",1416[5477],,naturalistic spoken,"ɔɔmi falaa lodaa; dreetu viraadu lomustraa",ɔɔmi falaa lo-daa; dreetu viraadu lo-mustraa,man say FUT-give right wrong FUT-show,"Note: falaa daa = 'teach', lit. 'say [and] give'.",,,5898, +41-75,41,"avara etus induŋa jatomaa teem, noov graandi uŋa","avara\tetus\tinda\tuŋa\tjaa-tomaa\tteem,\tnoov\tgraandi\tuŋa",now\t3PL.HON\tanother\tone\tPST-buy\tPRF\tnew\tbig\tone,"Now they have bought another one, a new big one.",,The tense marker precedes the verb; perfect aspect auxilliary follows.,1416[5297],,naturalistic spoken,"avara etus induŋa jatomaa teem, noov graandi uŋa","avara etus inda uŋa jaa-tomaa teem, noov graandi uŋa",now 3PL.HON another one PST-buy PRF new big one,The tense marker precedes the verb; perfect aspect auxilliary follows.,,,5899, +42-73,42,eli ta les buku,eli\tta\tles\tbuku,3SG\tPROG\tread\tbook,He is reading a book.,,,122[128],,naturalistic spoken,"eli ta les buku",,3SG PROG read book,,,,5900, +42-74,42,eli ja bai mar (onti anoti),eli\tja\tbai\tmar\t(onti\tanoti),3SG\tPFV\tgo\tsea\t(yesterday\tnight),He went fishing (last night).,,,122[119],,elicited from speaker,"eli ja bai mar (onti anoti)",,3SG PFV go sea (yesterday night),,,,5901, +42-75,42,sertu lo kai chúa,sertu\tlo\tkai\tchúa,certain\tFUT\tfall\train,Surely it will rain.,,,122[127],,naturalistic spoken,"sertu lo kai chúa",,certain FUT fall rain,,,,5902, +43-53,43,Ki merkesia Sinyor dja tridji djuntadu?,Ki\tmerkesia\tSinyor\tdja\ttridji\tdjuntadu?,what\tmerchandise\tSir\tPFV\tbring\ttogether,What sorts of merchandise have you brought with you?,,,906[57],,pedagogical grammar,"Ki merkesia Sinyor dja tridji djuntadu?",,what merchandise Sir PFV bring together,,,,5903, +44-89,44,Ya ganá yo na eleksyón.,Ya\tganá\tyo\tna\teleksyón.,PFV\twin\t1SG\tLOC\telection,I won the elections.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ya ganá yo na eleksyón.,,PFV win 1SG LOC election,,Own data,,5904, +45-76,45,Di lliga el alcalde.,Di\tlliga\tel\talcalde.,CTPL\tarrive\tDEF\tmayor,The mayor will arrive.,,,835[80],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di lliga el alcalde.,,CTPL arrive DEF mayor,,,,5905, +46-86,46,Ya-bené'le ayér.,Ya-bené'le ayér.,PFV-come s/he yesterday,S/he came yesterday.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ya-bené'le ayér.,,PFV-come s/he yesterday,,Own knowledge,,5906, +47-81,47,"Mi no ta drumi pafó mas, pasobra awa tawata muhami ora ku awa yobe.","Mi\tno\tta\tdrumi\tpa\tafó\tmas,\tpasobra\tawa\ttawata\tmuha\tmi\tora\tku\tawa\tyobe.",1SG\tNEG\tTNS\tsleep\tfor\toutside\tmore\tbecause\twater\tPST\twet\t1SG\thour\tCOMP\twater\train,"I don't sleep outside anymore, because I was getting wet when it rained.",,,755,,naturalistic written,"Mi no ta drumi pafó mas, pasobra awa tawata muhami ora ku awa yobe.","Mi no ta drumi pa afó mas, pasobra awa tawata muha mi ora ku awa yobe.",1SG NEG TNS sleep for outside more because water PST wet 1SG hour COMP water rain,,,,5907, +47-82,47,Lástima ta pa trabou mi t'aki sinó lo mi a bin Hamaika maske ta pa sinku dia.,lástima\tta\tpa\ttrabou\tmi\tta\taki\tsinó\tlo\tmi\ta\tbini\tHamaika\tmaske\tta\tpa\tsinku\tdia,alas\tCOP\tfor\twork\t1SG\tCOP\there\tif.not\tMOOD\t1SG\tPFV\tcome\tJamaica\tif.only\tCOP\tfor\tfive\tday,"Too bad I am here for work, if not I would have come to Jamaica if only for five days.",,"This illustrates the position of the mood marker lo before the subject pronoun mi, and its cooccurrence with the preverbal aspect marker a.",755,,naturalistic written,"Lástima ta pa trabou mi t'aki sinó lo mi a bin Hamaika maske ta pa sinku dia.",lástima ta pa trabou mi ta aki sinó lo mi a bini Hamaika maske ta pa sinku dia,alas COP for work 1SG COP here if.not MOOD 1SG PFV come Jamaica if.only COP for five day,"This illustrates the position of the mood marker lo before the subject pronoun mi, and its cooccurrence with the preverbal aspect marker a.",,,5908, +47-83,47,"Ma bobo ku e ta, ela konta su kompader, ku lo e gaña morto.","Ma\tbobo\tku\te\tta,\tel\ta\tkonta\tsu\tkompader,\tku\tlo\te\tgaña\tmorto.",but\tstupid\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP\t3SG\tPFV\ttell\tPOSS\tfriend\tCOMP\tMOOD\t2SG\tpretend\tdead,"But stupid that he is, he told his friend that he intends to play dead.",,The translation is mine.,1214[15],,literary or other written source,"Ma bobo ku e ta, ela konta su kompader, ku lo e gaña morto.","Ma bobo ku e ta, el a konta su kompader, ku lo e gaña morto.",but stupid COMP 3SG COP 3SG PFV tell POSS friend COMP MOOD 2SG pretend dead,The translation is mine.,,,5909, +47-84,47,Lo mi kanta; Lo bo kanta; Lo e kanta.,Lo\tmi\tkanta;\tLo\tbo\tkanta;\tLo\te\tkanta.,MOOD\t1SG\tsing\tMOOD\t2SG\tsing\tMOOD\t3SG\tsing,I will sing; You will sing; S/he will sing.,,"This shows the typical pre-subject position of lo where the subject is a singular pronoun. Nevertheless, speakers often do allow lo to follow such a subject pronoun. The translation is mine.",555[97],,published source,Lo mi kanta; Lo bo kanta; Lo e kanta.,,MOOD 1SG sing MOOD 2SG sing MOOD 3SG sing,"This shows the typical pre-subject position of lo where the subject is a singular pronoun. Nevertheless, speakers often do allow lo to follow such a subject pronoun. The translation is mine.",,,5910, +47-85,47,Lo nos kanta/ Nos lo kanta; Lo boso kanta/ Boso lo kanta; Lo nan kanta/ Nan lo kanta.,Lo\tnos\tkanta/\tNos\tlo\tkanta;\tLo\tboso\tkanta/\tBoso\tlo\tkanta;\tLo\tnan\tkanta/\tNan\tlo\tkanta.,MOOD\t1PL\tsing\t1PL\tMOOD\tsing\tMOOD\t2PL\tsing\t2PL\tMOOD\tsing\tMOOD\t3PL\tsing\t3PL\tMOOD\tsing,We will sing; You (pl) will sing; They will sing.,,This shows that there is not such a clear preference for the pre-subject position where the subject is a plural pronoun. The translation is mine.,555[97],,published source,Lo nos kanta/ Nos lo kanta; Lo boso kanta/ Boso lo kanta; Lo nan kanta/ Nan lo kanta.,,MOOD 1PL sing 1PL MOOD sing MOOD 2PL sing 2PL MOOD sing MOOD 3PL sing 3PL MOOD sing,This shows that there is not such a clear preference for the pre-subject position where the subject is a plural pronoun. The translation is mine.,,,5911, +47-89,47,Wenchi tabata blo pensa riba Chalito.,Wenchi\ttabata\tblo\tpensa\triba\tChalito.,Wenchi\tPST\tjust\tthink\ton\tChalito,Wenchi thought only of Chalito.,,The translation is mine.,898[52],,literary or other written source,Wenchi tabata blo pensa riba Chalito.,,Wenchi PST just think on Chalito,The translation is mine.,,,5912, +48-80,48,Nina ta besá-ndo é.,Nina\tta\tbesá-ndo\té.,Nina\tPROG\tkiss-PROG\the/she,Nina is kissing him/her.,,"Sentence final é is interchangeable here with ele 'he, she, him, her'.",353[259],,naturalistic spoken,"Nina ta besá-ndo é.",,Nina PROG kiss-PROG he/she,"Sentence final é is interchangeable here with ele 'he, she, him, her'.",,,5913,Spanish: Nina está besándolo/-la. +48-81,48,I ta kandá-ndo ele.,I\tta\tkandá-ndo\tele.,I\tPROG\tsing-PROG\the/she,I am singing (lamenting) her.,,"-ndo is always immediately adjacent to verb. Nothing can intervene between the verb and suffix -ndo. This situation is distinct from that of -ba where the corresponding construction would be kantá-lo-ba (lo being an infix meaning 'it', thus '(was) singing it'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"I ta kandá-ndo ele.",,I PROG sing-PROG he/she,"-ndo is always immediately adjacent to verb. Nothing can intervene between the verb and suffix -ndo. This situation is distinct from that of -ba where the corresponding construction would be kantá-lo-ba (lo being an infix meaning 'it', thus '(was) singing it'.",Recorded by author,,5914,Spanish: (Yo) estoy cantándolo/cantándola (estoy lamentando la muerte de él/ella). +48-82,48,Ané ta ablá-ndo ku yo.,Ané\tta\tablá-ndo\tku\tyo.,ellos\tPROG\ttalk-PROG\twith\tI,They are talking with me. OR: They are speaking to me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ané ta ablá-ndo ku yo.,,ellos PROG talk-PROG with I,,Recorded by author,,5915,Spanish: (Ellos) están hablando conmigo. +48-83,48,¿Utere asé-ba kandá-lo-ba por kuanto ría?,¿Utere\tasé-ba\tkandá-lo-ba\tpor\tkuanto\tría?,you.PL\tHAB-PROG\tsing-it-PST.PROG\tfor\thow.many\tday,You were usually singing to (lamenting) him for how many days?,,"Note that lo 'it, them' is the only marker that can intervene between the verb and -ba. This example illustrates a case of intervening lo.",,,naturalistic spoken,¿Utere asé-ba kandá-lo-ba por kuanto ría?,,you.PL HAB-PROG sing-it-PST.PROG for how.many day,"Note that lo 'it, them' is the only marker that can intervene between the verb and -ba. This example illustrates a case of intervening lo.",Recorded by author,,5916,Spanish: (Ustedes) solían cantarlo (lamentar el muerto) por cuántos días? +49-128,49,M ap manje lè m fini m va ale.,M\tap\tmanje\tlè\tm\tfini\tm\tva\tale.,1SG\tINACC\teat\twhen\t1SG\tfinish\t1SG\tFUT\tgo,"I'm eating; when I will have finished, I will leave.",,"The example has been taken from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2016, point 4.",473[864],,naturalistic spoken,M ap manje lè m fini m va ale.,,1SG INACC eat when 1SG finish 1SG FUT go,"The example has been taken from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2016, point 4.",,,5917,"French: Je mange, quand j'aurai fini, je partirai." +49-132,49,"Si moun nan te konn paran w, li pa t ap janm di w betiz.","Si\tmoun\tnan\tte\tkonn\tparan\tw,\tli\tpa\tt\tap\tjanm\tdi\tw\tbetiz.",if\tperson\tDEF\tANT\tknow\tparents\t2SG\t3SG\tNEG\tANT\tINACC\tnever\tsay\t2SG\tnonsense,"If the person knew your parents, he/she would have never told you nonsense.",,The example has been adapted from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998) on the basis of personal knowledge.,"473[vol 4, p. 345]",,naturalistic spoken,"Si moun nan te konn paran w, li pa t ap janm di w betiz.",,if person DEF ANT know parents 2SG 3SG NEG ANT INACC never say 2SG nonsense,"The example has been adapted from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998) on the basis of personal knowledge.",,,5918,"French: Si la personne connaissait tes parents, elle ne t'aurait jamais dit des bêtises." +50-77,50,I té toujou ka maché Bastè.,I\tté\ttoujou\tka\tmaché\tBastè.,3SG\tPST\talways\tPROG\twander.about\tBasse-Terre,He/she was always wandering about in Basse-Terre.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I té toujou ka maché Bastè.",,3SG PST always PROG wander.about Basse-Terre,,Own fieldwork,,5919, +50-78,50,I pa ka jan pléré.,I\tpa\tka\tjan\tpléré.,3SG\tNEG\tHAB\tnever\tcry,He/she never cries.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I pa ka jan pléré.",,3SG NEG HAB never cry,,Own fieldwork,,5920, +50-89,50,I ké travay rèd.,I\tké\ttravay\trèd.,3SG\tFUT\twork\thard,He will work hard.,,,853,,naturalistic spoken,I ké travay rèd.,,3SG FUT work hard,,,,5921, +51-74,51,I té toujou ka maché Baspwent.,I\tté\ttoujou\tka\tmaché\tBaspwent.,3SG\tPST\talways\tPROG\twalk\tBasse-Pointe,He/she was always walking around in Basse-Pointe.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I té toujou ka maché Baspwent.",,3SG PST always PROG walk Basse-Pointe,,Own fieldwork,,5922, +51-75,51,I pa ka jan pléré.,I\tpa\tka\tjan\tpléré.,3SG\tNEG\tHAB\tnever\tcry,He/she never cries.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I pa ka jan pléré.",,3SG NEG HAB never cry,,Own fieldwork,,5923, +52-50,52,misyé té souvan ka vini isi-a,misyé\tté\tsouvan\tka\tvini\tisi-a,he\tPST\toften\tIPFV\tcome\there-DEF,He often came to our place.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"misyé té souvan ka vini isi-a",,he PST often IPFV come here-DEF,,,,5924, +52-51,52,mo ka jis krè zombi-a ka egzisté,mo\tka\tjis\tkrè\tzombi-a\tka\tegzisté,I\tIPFV\tjust\tbelieve\tzombi-DEF.ART\tIPFV\texist,I am about to believe (that) the zombi exists.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,mo ka jis krè zombi-a ka egzisté,,I IPFV just believe zombi-DEF.ART IPFV exist,,,,5925, +53-172,53,Nave en nom ki te reste la Grand Point.,Nave\ten\tnom\tki\tte\treste\tla\tGrand\tPoint.,there.was\tART.INDF\tman\tREL\tPST\tlive\tART.DEF.SG\tGrand\tPoint,There was a man who lived at Grand Point.,,,1048[201],,naturalistic spoken,Nave en nom ki te reste la Grand Point.,,there.was ART.INDF man REL PST live ART.DEF.SG Grand Point,,,,5926, +53-173,53,To konpran bjen sa m ape di twa?,To\tkonpran\tbjen\tsa\tm\tape\tdi\ttwa?,2SG\tunderstand\twell\tREL\t1SG\tPROG\ttell\t2SG,Do you understand what I'm telling you?,,,1048[210],,naturalistic spoken,To konpran bjen sa m ape di twa?,,2SG understand well REL 1SG PROG tell 2SG,,,,5927, +53-174,53,"Nou va fe la rekol, mwen e twa.","Nou\tva\tfe\tla\trekol,\tmwen\te\ttwa.",1PL\tFUT\tmake\tART.DEF.SG\tharvest\t1SG\tand\t2SG,"We will bring in the harvest, me and you.",,,1048[215],,naturalistic spoken,"Nou va fe la rekol, mwen e twa.",,1PL FUT make ART.DEF.SG harvest 1SG and 2SG,,,,5928, +53-175,53,Mo te pa fe aryen.,Mo te pa fe aryen.,1SG PST NEG PROG do anything,I wasn't doing anything.,,,722[258],,naturalistic spoken,Mo te pa fe aryen.,,1SG PST NEG PROG do anything,,,,5929, +53-176,53,"Si mo te konnen li te la, mo se pa vini.","Si\tmo\tte\tkonnen\tli\tte\tla,\tmo\tse\tpa\tvini.",if\t1SG\tPST\tknow\t3SG\tPST\tthere\t1SG\tCOND\tNEG\tcome,"If I'd known he was there, I wouldn't have come.",,,722[261],,elicited from speaker,"Si mo te konnen li te la, mo se pa vini.",,if 1SG PST know 3SG PST there 1SG COND NEG come,,,,5930, +54-99,54,Sólèy fini lévé.,Soley\tfini\tleve.,sun\tPRF\trise,The sun has risen.,,,214[40],,naturalistic spoken,Sólèy fini lévé.,Soley fini leve.,sun PRF rise,,,,5931,French: Le soleil s'est levé. +54-100,54,Lë zour là fini kléré.,Lë\tzour\tla.fini\tklere.,DEF\tday\tPRF\tshine,The sun has risen.,,,214[40],,naturalistic spoken,Lë zour là fini kléré.,Lë zour la.fini klere.,DEF day PRF shine,,,,5932,French: Le jour s'est levé. +54-105,54,"Li lé apré bien kozé, komsa li tonb [...].","Li\tle\tapre\tbyen\tkoze,\tkomsa\tli\ttonm\t[...].",3SG\tCOP.PRS\tPROG\twell\ttalking\tlike.that\t3SG\tfall\t[...],"He keeps on talking, and like this he falls down [...].",,,229[183],,naturalistic spoken,"Li lé apré bien kozé, komsa li tonb [...].","Li le apre byen koze, komsa li tonm [...].",3SG COP.PRS PROG well talking like.that 3SG fall [...],,,,5933, +54-106,54,Li lé apré toujour anmèrdé.,Li\tle\tapre\ttoujour\tanmerde.,3SG\tCOP.PRS\tPROG\talways\tannoy,He is always annoying [us].,,,229[109],,naturalistic spoken,Li lé apré toujour anmèrdé.,Li le apre toujour anmerde.,3SG COP.PRS PROG always annoy,,,,5934,Canadian French: Il est toujours après [nous] ennuyer (emmerder). +55-75,55,mo ti n travay pu li avaṅ,mo\tti\tn\ttravay\tpu\tli\tavaṅ,1SG\tPST\tPRF\twork\tfor\t3SG\tbefore,I had previously worked for him.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo ti n travay pu li avaṅ",,1SG PST PRF work for 3SG before,,Own knowledge,,5935, +55-78,55,Ganes ti pe aṅkor travay,Ganes\tti\tpe\taṅkor\ttravay,Ganesh\tPST\tPROG\tstill\twork,Ganesh was still working (= had not yet finished the day's work).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ganes ti pe aṅkor travay,,Ganesh PST PROG still work,,Own knowledge,,5936, +55-79,55,Ganes pe tuzur travay Fyuel,Ganes\tpe\ttuzur\ttravay\tFyuel,Ganesh\tPROG\tstill\twork\tFUEL,Ganesh is still working for FUEL (Flacq United Estates Ltd) (i.e. he continues to be employed there and hasn't yet retired).,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ganes pe tuzur travay Fyuel",,Ganesh PROG still work FUEL,,Own knowledge,,5937, +56-92,56,Zot ti pu bjẽ servi sa larzã.,Zot\tti\tpou\tbyen\tservi\tsa\tlarzan.,3PL\tPST\tFUT\twell\tuse\tDEM\tmoney,They would use this money well.,,"Here, another TAM-particle (pou) and an adverb can intervene.",159[69],,naturalistic written,Zot ti pu bjẽ servi sa larzã.,Zot ti pou byen servi sa larzan.,3PL PST FUT well use DEM money,"Here, another TAM-particle (pou) and an adverb can intervene.",,,5938,French: Ils emploieraient bien cet argent. (Bollée 1977: 69) +56-93,56,Lapeti pa ti zame kras lo larak.,Lapeti\tpa\tti\tzame\tkras\tlo\tlarak.,Lapeti\tNEG\tPST\tnever\tspit\ton\tarrack,Lapeti never spit on the arrack.,,Larak 'alcoholic drink' (St Jorre & Lionnet 1999: 170),159[71],,naturalistic written,Lapeti pa ti zame kras lo larak.,,Lapeti NEG PST never spit on arrack,"Larak 'alcoholic drink' (St Jorre & Lionnet 1999: 170)",,,5939,French: Lapeti ne crachait jamais sur l'arack. (Bollée 1977: 71) +56-94,56,Mon pe touzour dormi.,Mon\tpe\ttouzour\tdormi.,1SG\tPROG\talways\tsleep,I am always sleeping.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mon pe touzour dormi.,,1SG PROG always sleep,,Own knowledge,,5940, +56-95,56,Pol pe sertenman dormi sa ler.,Pol\tpe\tsertenman\tdormi\tsa\tler.,Paul\tPROG\tsurely\tsleep\tthis\ttime,Paul must be sleeping at this time.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Pol pe sertenman dormi sa ler.,,Paul PROG surely sleep this time,,Own knowledge,,5941, +56-96,56,Bird Island mon'n deza ale.,Bird\tIsland\tmon'n\tdeza\tale.,Bird\tIsland\t1SG.PRF\talready\tgo,I've already been to Bird Island.,,,158[180],,naturalistic spoken,Bird Island mon'n deza ale.,,Bird Island 1SG.PRF already go,,,,5942,French: Je suis déjà allé à Bird Island. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 181) +57-141,57,ta atra nde fe kwa?,ta\tatra\tnde\tfe\tkwa?,2SG\tPROG\tPROG\tdo\twhat,What are you doing at the moment?,,The progressive marker immediately precedes the verb.,423[161],,naturalistic spoken,ta atra nde fe kwa?,,2SG PROG PROG do what,The progressive marker immediately precedes the verb.,,,5943, +57-142,57,Linda ke ambrase lja,Linda\tke\tambrase\tlja,Linda\toften\tkiss\t3SG.OBJ,Linda often kisses him.,,"The assertive marker ke, which places emphasis on the verb, immediately precedes the verb.",,,constructed by linguist,Linda ke ambrase lja,,Linda often kiss 3SG.OBJ,"The assertive marker ke, which places emphasis on the verb, immediately precedes the verb.",own knowledge Ehrhart,,5944, +57-143,57,ma fini reste numea,ma\tfini\treste\tnumea,1SG\tCOMPL\tlive\tNoumea,I lived in Noumea (but now I am living elsewhere).,,The completive marker fini immediately precedes the verb.,423[164],,naturalistic spoken,ma fini reste numea,,1SG COMPL live Noumea,"The completive marker fini immediately precedes the verb.",,,5945, +57-170,57,ma va pa ale,ma\tva\tpa\tale,1SG\tFUT\tNEG\tgo,I won’t be going.,,,423[190],,naturalistic spoken,ma va pa ale,,1SG FUT NEG go,,,,5946, +58-56,58,Yandi me(ne) kwenda.,Yandi\tme(ne)\tkwenda.,he/she\tPRF\tgo,He/She has gone/let.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi me(ne) kwenda.",,he/she PRF go,,Own knowledge,,5947, +58-57,58,Yandi ke(le) kwenda.,Yandi\tke(le)\tkwenda.,he/she\tPROG\tgo,He/She is going/leaving.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi ke(le) kwenda.",,he/she PROG go,,Own knowledge,,5948, +58-58,58,Yandi ata kwenda.,Yandi\tata\tkwenda.,he/she\tFUT\tgo,He/She will go.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi ata kwenda.",,he/she FUT go,,Own knowledge,,5949, +58-59,58,Yandi kwend-aka.,Yandi\tkwend-aka.,he/she\tgo-PST,He/She went/left.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi kwend-aka.",,he/she go-PST,,Own knowledge,,5950, +59-146,59,mo yeke te nyama ti nyen'?,mo\tyeke\tte\tnyama\tti\tnyen'?,2SG\tCOP\teat\tmeat\tof\twhat,What kind of meat do you (habitually) eat?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mo yeke te nyama ti nyen'?,,2SG COP eat meat of what,,Samarin corpus 1994,,5951, +59-147,59,lo tene mama ti lo ake kiri lawa,lo\ttene\tmama\tti\tlo\ta-ke\tkiri\tlawa,3SG\tsay\tmother\tof\t3SG\tPM-COP\treturn\twhen,He asked when her mother was returning.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lo tene mama ti lo ake kiri lawa,lo tene mama ti lo a-ke kiri lawa,3SG say mother of 3SG PM-COP return when,,Samarin corpus 1994,,5952, +60-58,60,atángákí,a-táng-ákí,3SG-study-PST,He studied.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,"atángákí",a-táng-ákí,3SG-study-PST,,,,5953, +60-59,60,akotánga,a-ko-táng-a,3SG-FUT-study-FV,He will study.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",1273,,naturalistic spoken,"akotánga",a-ko-táng-a,3SG-FUT-study-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,5954, +61-38,61,Yena hambile khaya.,Yena\thamb-ile\tkhaya.,he\tgo-PST\thome.,He went home. OR: She/it went home.,,The past tense suffix follows the verb.,,,elicited from speaker,"Yena hambile khaya.","Yena hamb-ile khaya.",he go-PST home.,The past tense suffix follows the verb.,Field notes Mesthrie,,5955, +61-39,61,Yena zo ai hamba khaya.,Yena\tzo\tai\thamb-a\tkhaya.,he\tFUT\tNEG\tgo-V\thome,He will not go home. OR: She/it won't go home.,,The TAM markers occur leftward rather than immediately preceding verb.,,,elicited from speaker,"Yena zo ai hamba khaya.",Yena zo ai hamb-a khaya.,he FUT NEG go-V home,The TAM markers occur leftward rather than immediately preceding verb.,Field notes Mesthrie,,5956, +62-38,62,uʔilíye héló vasitá ní vúgha na mlálo?,u-ila-íye\thé-lo\tvasita\tní\tvugha\tna\tmlalo?,2SG-know-PRF\t16-have\tShambaa\tis\tVuga\twith\tMlalo,Do you know there are Shambaa people at Vuga and Mlalo?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,uʔilíye héló vasitá ní vúgha na mlálo?,u-ila-íye hé-lo vasita ní vugha na mlalo?,2SG-know-PRF 16-have Shambaa is Vuga with Mlalo,,Own field data 1993,,5957, +62-121,62,é-háhóye hódi tó ní ha-kuhló,é-háhóye\thódi\ttó\tní\tha-kuhló,1-16.see.PRF\tplace\tthere\tCOP\t16-good,He saw the place was good.,,,,,unspecified,"é-háhóye hódi tó ní ha-kuhló",,1-16.see.PRF place there COP 16-good,,Mous 2003,,5958, +63-78,63,íta gu rúo búkra,íta\tgu\trúo\tbúkra,2SG\tTAM\tgo\ttomorrow,You will leave tomorrow.,,,857[285],,naturalistic spoken,"íta gu rúo búkra",,2SG TAM go tomorrow,,,,5959, +63-79,63,úwo bi-áwn íta má,úwo\tbi-áwn\títa\tmá,3SG\tTAM-help\t2SG\tNEG,He will not help you.,,,856[75],,naturalistic spoken,"úwo bi-áwn íta má",,3SG TAM-help 2SG NEG,,,,5960, +63-80,63,harím sudan-íya kan híbu dúgu kasma ma híbra,harím\tsudan-íya\tkan\thíbu\tdúgu\tkasma\tma\thíbra,women.PL\tSudanese-PL\tANT\tlove\thit\tmouth\twith\tink,The Sudanese women liked to put ink on their lips.,,,856[165],,naturalistic spoken,"harím sudan-íya kan híbu dúgu kasma ma híbra",,women.PL Sudanese-PL ANT love hit mouth with ink,,,,5961, +64-82,64,úmon birája búkra,úmon\tbi=rája\tbúkra,3PL\tIRR=come.back\ttomorrow,They will come back tomorrow.,,,874[168],,naturalistic spoken,"úmon birája búkra","úmon bi=rája búkra",3PL IRR=come.back tomorrow,,,,5962, +64-83,64,ána geágra inglízi,ána\tge=ágra\tinglízi,1SG\tPROG=study\tEnglish,I’m studying English.,,,874[166],,naturalistic spoken,"ána geágra inglízi","ána ge=ágra inglízi",1SG PROG=study English,,,,5963, +64-84,64,kan úo ma tála bára úmon kan ma biligó úo,kan\túo\tma\ttála\tbára\túmon\tkan\tma\tbi=ligó\túo,COND\t3SG\tNEG\tgo.out\toutside\t3PL\tANT\tNEG\tIRR=find\t3SG,"If he hadn’t come out into the open, they wouldn’t have found him.",,This is a negative declarative sentence.,874[171],,naturalistic spoken,"kan úo ma tála bára úmon kan ma biligó úo","kan úo ma tála bára úmon kan ma bi=ligó úo",COND 3SG NEG go.out outside 3PL ANT NEG IRR=find 3SG,This is a negative declarative sentence.,,,5964, +64-85,64,wókit ána kan ma geisténna íta íta wósulu,wókit\tána\tkan\tma\tge=isténna\títa\títa\twósulu,time\t1SG\tANT\tNEG\tPROG=wait\t2SG\t2SG\tarrive,"When I was no longer waiting for you, you arrived.",,,1491[439],,naturalistic spoken,"wókit ána kan ma geisténna íta íta wósulu","wókit ána kan ma ge=isténna íta íta wósulu",time 1SG ANT NEG PROG=wait 2SG 2SG arrive,,,,5965, +65-68,65,Za maja fal'ʃiwijla nitu.,Za\tmaja\tfal'ʃiwij-la\tnitu.,TOP\t1SG\tbe.false-PFV\tNEG,I was not hypocritical.,,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).,1045[247],,constructed by linguist,Za maja fal'ʃiwijla nitu.,Za maja fal'ʃiwij-la nitu.,TOP 1SG be.false-PFV NEG,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).,,за моя фальшивай-ла ниту.,5966, +65-69,65,Siwodəni maja səpi ni budu.,Siwodəni\tmaja\tsəpi\tni\tbudu.,today\t1SG\tsleep\tNEG\tFUT,I will not sleep today.,,,60[287],,citation in fiction,Siwodəni maja səpi ni budu.,,today 1SG sleep NEG FUT,,,Сегодня моя спи не буду.,5967, +65-70,65,Iwo lamajla ju?,Iwo\tlamaj-la\tju?,3SG\tbreak-PFV\tCOP,Did he fall ill?,,,671[167],,elicited from speaker,Iwo lamajla ju?,Iwo lamaj-la ju?,3SG break-PFV COP,,,Его ломайла ю?,5968, +66-51,66,Rikas nasiyang sumakanabbis.,Rikas\tnasi-yang\tsu-makan-abbis.,Rikas\trice-ACC\tPST-eat-ASP,Rikas has finished eating the rice.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Rikas nasiyang sumakanabbis.,Rikas nasi-yang su-makan-abbis.,Rikas rice-ACC PST-eat-ASP,,Own knowledge,,5969, +67-97,67,Sekarang suda tukar.,Sekarang\tsuda\ttukar.,now\tPFV\tchange,Now it’s already changed.,,,708[452],,naturalistic spoken,Sekarang suda tukar.,,now PFV change,,,,5970, +68-53,68,Der tadi de so sem bisa k atas lei.,Der\ttadi\tde\tso\tsem\tbisa\tk\tatas\tlei.,from\tjust.now\t3SG\tPFV\tNEG\tcan\tto\ttop\talso,"Since just now, she hasn't been able to climb [the tree].",,,1528[275],,naturalistic spoken,Der tadi de so sem bisa k atas lei.,,from just.now 3SG PFV NEG can to top also,,,,5971, +68-55,68,Dong su mau tanggalang [...].,Dong\tsu\tmau\ttanggalang\t[...].,3PL\tPFV\tFUT\tdrown\t[...],They were about to drown [...].,,,1528[192],,naturalistic spoken,Dong su mau tanggalang [...].,,3PL PFV FUT drown [...],,,,5972, +68-145,68,"Des, ini ruma katong pung ruma suda.","Des,\tini\truma\tkatong\tpung\truma\tsuda.",so\tDEM\thouse\t1PL\tPOSS\thouse\tEMPH,"So, this house is ours, and that’s final.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Des, ini ruma katong pung ruma suda.",,so DEM house 1PL POSS house EMPH,,van Minde 1997,,5973, +69-33,69,ama andənan,ama\tandə-nan,1SG\thear-NONFUT,I heard,,,,,elicited from speaker,"ama andənan",ama andə-nan,1SG hear-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,5974, +71-77,71,Olelo hou ana.,Olelo\thou\tana.,speak\tagain\tIPFV,[He] was speaking again.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Olelo hou ana.",,speak again IPFV,,Own data 1883,,5975, +72-71,72,Dat boingku i bin maindimbatkarra nyanuny kapuku.,Dat\tboi-ngku\ti\tbin\tmaind-im-bat-karra\tnyanuny\tkapuku.,the\tboy-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tmind-TR-CONT-CONT\t3DAT\tsister,The boy was looking after his sister.,,Both the Kriol-derived and Gurindji-derived continuative suffixes mark the verb in this example.,583,cd2f8e3fb3735d7c9b63a8780639bbb1,narrative,Dat boingku i bin maindimbatkarra nyanuny kapuku.,Dat boi-ngku i bin maind-im-bat-karra nyanuny kapuku.,the boy-ERG 3SG.SBJ PST mind-TR-CONT-CONT 3DAT sister,Both the Kriol-derived and Gurindji-derived continuative suffixes mark the verb in this example.,,,5976, +72-73,72,I bin til faindim nyanuny Mummy na dat yapakayingku.,I\tbin\ttil\tfaind-im\tnyanuny\tMummy\tna\tdat\tyapakayi-ngku.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tstill\tfind-TR\t3SG.DAT\tmother\tFOC\tthe\tsmall-ERG,"It still found its mother, the little one did.",,The particle til intervenes between the tense marker and the verb. Til is considered lexical.,8,d74b8437476a636cd4eb4e196a886201,peer elicitation,I bin til faindim nyanuny Mummy na dat yapakayingku.,I bin til faind-im nyanuny Mummy na dat yapakayi-ngku.,3SG.SBJ PST still find-TR 3SG.DAT mother FOC the small-ERG,"The particle til intervenes between the tense marker and the verb. Til is considered lexical.",,,5977, +73-54,73,kurixungi,kuri-xu-ngi,run-PROG-2SG,You are running.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kurixungi,kuri-xu-ngi,run-PROG-2SG,,Field notes,,5978, +74-68,74,ánqati náyka mákmak,ánqati\tnáyka\tmákmak,previously\t1SG\teat,I ate. OR: I was eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ánqati náyka mákmak,,previously 1SG eat,,Own knowledge,,5979, +74-69,74,álta náyka mákmak,álta\tnáyka\tmákmak,now\t1SG\teat,I’m eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,álta náyka mákmak,,now 1SG eat,,Own knowledge,,5980, +74-70,74,álta pus łáska mákmak,álta\tpus\tłáska\tmákmak,now\twhen\t3PL\teat,and then they ate,,,675[36],,narrative,álta pus łáska mákmak,,now when 3PL eat,,,,5981, +75-123,75,Ralph Ledoux giinagamuhpan.,Ralph\tLedoux\tgii-nagamu-hpan.,Ralph\tLedoux\tPST-sing-PRET,Ralph Ledoux used to be a singer.,,"The speaker is from Camperville, Manitoba.",,,elicited from speaker,Ralph Ledoux giinagamuhpan.,Ralph Ledoux gii-nagamu-hpan.,Ralph Ledoux PST-sing-PRET,"The speaker is from Camperville, Manitoba.",Grace Zoldy,,5982, +76-41,76,ū'blȗ kaili pȗgmȗmmi,ū'blȗ\tkaili\tpȗgmȗmmi,day\tcome\tnow,It is just dawning.,,,1442[231],,reconstructed by documentalist,ū'blȗ kaili pȗgmȗmmi,,day come now,,,,5983, +76-42,76,nanako opinera malo tereva awoña - kaili suli picuktu,nanako opinera malo tereva awoña - kaili suli picuktu,afterward summer two enough I   come more want,After two summers are finished I want to come again.,,The word tereva 'That's enough!' can perhaps be considered as a perfective marker. The hyphen in the original example indicates a pause.,1442[229],,reconstructed by documentalist,nanako opinera malo tereva awoña - kaili suli picuktu,,afterward summer two enough I come more want,"The word tereva 'That's enough!' can perhaps be considered as a perfective marker. The hyphen in the original example indicates a pause.",,,5984, +76-43,76,oblumi kaili picunittcu,oblumi\tkaili\tpicunittcu,day\tcome\tneedless,He does not need to come today.,,,1442[229],,reconstructed by documentalist,oblumi kaili picunittcu,,day come needless,,,,5985, +1-112,1,"Effi a ben jeri, a ben sa komm.","Efi\ta\tben\tyere,\ta\tben\tsa\tkon.",if\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\thear\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tFUT\tcome,"If he had heard, he would have come.",,,1357[15],,written (dictionary),"Effi a ben jeri, a ben sa komm.","Efi a ben yere, a ben sa kon.",if 3SG.SBJ PST hear 3SG.SBJ PST FUT come,,,,5986,"German: Wenn ers gehört hätte, so würde er kommen. [op.cit.]" +1-113,1,Wie ben dee fom em brara.,Wi\tben\tde\tfon\ten\tbrara.,1PL\tPST\tASP\tpunish\t3SG\tbrother,We were punishing his brother.,,The order is Tense - Aspect - Verb.,1576[67],,written,"Wie ben dee fom em brara.",Wi ben de fon en brara.,1PL PST ASP punish 3SG brother,The order is Tense - Aspect - Verb.,,,5987,Dutch: Wy straften zyn Broeder. [op.cit.] +1-114,1,Joe ben sa dee leesie?,Yu\tben\tsa\tde\tlesi?,2SG\tPST\tFUT\tIPFV(/COP)\tbe.lazy,Would you be lazy?,,,1576[59],,written,"Joe ben sa dee leesie?",Yu ben sa de lesi?,2SG PST FUT IPFV(/COP) be.lazy,,,,5988,Dutch: Zoud gy lui zyn? [op.cit.] +1-115,1,Diesie sa dé wroko da tem dan heelie tranga foe troe.,Disi\tsa\tde\twroko\tdaten\tdan\theli\ttranga\tfu\ttru.,REL\tFUT\tIPFV\twork\tthat.time\tthen\tvery\thard\tfor\ttrue,Who then will be working really hard by that time.,,,1576[136],,written,"Diesie sa dé wroko da tem dan heelie tranga foe troe.",Disi sa de wroko daten dan heli tranga fu tru.,REL FUT IPFV work that.time then very hard for true,,,,5989,Dutch: Die op dat oogenblik vlytig werken zullen. [op.cit.] +2-99,2,"Wel, dan granpa ben sa e gi den (owru tori) ma dati mi no miti.","Wel,\tdan\tgranpa\tben\tsa\te\tgi\tden\t(owru\ttori)\tma\tdati\tmi\tno\tmiti.",Well\tthen\tgranddad\tPST\tMOOD\tIPFV\tgive\tthem\t(old\tstory)\tbut\tthat\t1SG\tNEG\tmeet,"Well, then granddad would have (habitually) told them, but I never experienced that.",,,1608[336],,naturalistic spoken,"Wel, dan granpa ben sa e gi den (owru tori) ma dati mi no miti.",,Well then granddad PST MOOD IPFV give them (old story) but that 1SG NEG meet,,,,5990, +2-100,2,"Efu John ben de dya, a ben sa e sribi now.","Efu\tJohn\tben\tde\tdya,\ta\tben\tsa\te\tsribi\tnow.",if\tJohn\tPST\tCOP\there\t3SG\tPST\tMOOD\tIPFV\tsleep\tnow,"If John were here, he would be sleeping now.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Efu John ben de dya, a ben sa e sribi now.",,if John PST COP here 3SG PST MOOD IPFV sleep now,,Winford transcripts,,5991, +2-101,2,A ben musu e taki nanga en m’ma.,A\tben\tmusu\te\ttaki\tnanga\ten\tm’ma.,3SG\tPST\tmust\tIPFV\ttalk\twith\t3SG.POSS\tmother,She must have been talking to her mother.,,,,,elicited from speaker,A ben musu e taki nanga en m’ma.,,3SG PST must IPFV talk with 3SG.POSS mother,,Winford transcripts,,5992, +2-102,2,Nownow de Tanti M. sa ben e ferteri stori efu a ben de na libi ete.,Nownow\tde\tTanti\tM.\tsa\tben\te\tferteri\tstori\tefu\ta\tben\tde\tna\tlibi\tete.,now\tthere\tAunt\tM\tMOOD\tPST\tIPFV\ttell\tstory\tif\tSG\tPST\tCOP\tLOC\tlife\tyet,Aunt M would have been telling stories right now if she were still alive.,,"Only one older informant accepted combinations like sa ben e as being interchangeable with ben sa e. Everyone else rejected it. +Combinations of musu (fu) + ben are possible.",,,elicited from speaker,"Nownow de Tanti M. sa ben e ferteri stori efu a ben de na libi ete.",,now there Aunt M MOOD PST IPFV tell story if SG PST COP LOC life yet,"Only one older informant accepted combinations like sa ben e as being interchangeable with ben sa e. Everyone else rejected it. +Combinations of musu (fu) + ben are possible.",Winford transcripts,,5993, +4-74,4,"Fa i si u be de ya, da na so u be mu e de.","Fa\ti\tsi\tu\tbe\tde\tya,\tda\tna\tso\tu\tbe\tmu\te\tde.",how\tyou.SG\tsee\tyou/we\tPST\tCOP\there\tthen\tCOP\tso\tyou/we\tPST\tOBLIG\tIPFV\tCOP,"Just the way that you were now, it is thus you should have been.",,,661[509],,naturalistic spoken,"Fa i si u be de ya, da na so u be mu e de.",,how you.SG see you/we PST COP here then COP so you/we PST OBLIG IPFV COP,,,,5994, +4-198,4,"Efu J. be de ya, a be sa e siibi nownow.","Efu\tJ.\tbe\tde\tya,\ta\tbe\tsa\te\tsiibi\tnownow.",if\tJ.\tPST\tCOP\there\t3SG\tPST\tMOOD\tPROG\tsleep\tnow,"If J. was here, he might be sleeping now.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"Efu J. be de ya, a be sa e siibi nownow.",,if J. PST COP here 3SG PST MOOD PROG sleep now,,Own knowledge,,5995, +5-73,5,dem bin a go raab mi,dem\tbin\ta\tgo\traab\tmi,3PL\tANT\tASP\tMOOD\trob\t1SG,They would have robbed me.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"dem bin a go raab mi",,3PL ANT ASP MOOD rob 1SG,,Own knowledge,,5996, +7-116,7,If mi bin a sliip i wodn a ste.,If\tmi\tbin\ta\tsliip\ti\twodn\ta\tste.,if\t1SG\tPST\tPROG\tsleep\t3SG\tMOD.NEG\tPCL\tstay,"If I had been sleeping, he would not have stayed.",,This utterance illustrates TA ordering.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,If mi bin a sliip i wodn a ste.,,if 1SG PST PROG sleep 3SG MOD.NEG PCL stay,This utterance illustrates TA ordering.,Own knowledge,,5997, +7-117,7,Mi bin a go sliip.,Mi\tbin\ta\tgo\tsliip.,1SG\tPST\tPROG\tgo\tsleep,I was going to sleep.,,TAM ordering is illustrated here.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mi bin a go sliip.",,1SG PST PROG go sleep,TAM ordering is illustrated here.,Own knowledge,,5998, +10-99,10,So wan man wehn de paas [...].,So\twan\tman\twehn\tde\tpaas\t[...].,so\tART.INDF\tman\tANT\tPROG\tpass\t[...],So a man was passing by [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"So wan man wehn de paas [...].",,so ART.INDF man ANT PROG pass [...],,Unpublished field recordings,,5999, +10-100,10,him wehn gwain staat,him\twehn\tgwain\tstaat,3SG\tANT\tFUT\tstart,he was going to/would start,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"him wehn gwain staat",,3SG ANT FUT start,,Unpublished field recordings,,6000, +11-119,11,Iin a tach hous di sik uman di don instaal [...].,Iin\ta\ttach\thous\tdi\tsik\tuman\tdi\tdon\tinstaal\t[...].,in\tART.INDF\tthatched\thouse\tART.DEF\tsick\twoman\tPST\tCOMPL\tinstall\t[...],The sick woman had already been installed in a house with a palm-thatched roof [...].,,,,,naturalistic written,"Iin a tach hous di sik uman di don instaal [...].",,in ART.INDF thatched house ART.DEF sick woman PST COMPL install [...],,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,6001, +11-120,11,"Di dakta seh ih di tu liet, di rat di gwain ded.","Di\tdakta\tseh\tih\tdi\ttu\tliet,\tdi\trat\tdi\tgwain\tded.",ART.DEF\tdoctor\tsay\t3SG.N\tPST\ttoo\tlate\tART.DEF\trat\tPST\tFUT\tdie,"The doctor said it was too late, the rat was going to die.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Di dakta seh ih di tu liet, di rat di gwain ded.",,ART.DEF doctor say 3SG.N PST too late ART.DEF rat PST FUT die,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,6002, +11-121,11,Ih mi di iit di graas.,Ih\tmi\tdi\tiit\tdi\tgraas.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\teat\tART.DEF\tgrass,He ate the grass.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Ih mi di iit di graas.",,3SG PST PROG eat ART.DEF grass,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,6003, +11-122,11,yu mi dringkin,yu\tmi\tdringk-in,2SG\tANT\tdrink-PROG,You were drinking/have been drinking.,,,636[259],,naturalistic spoken,yu mi dringkin,yu mi dringk-in,2SG ANT drink-PROG,,,,6004, +11-123,11,"If dis ting woz wel regyulietid, di tiicha dem wud stap rait hier.","If\tdis\tting\twoz\twel\tregyulietid,\tdi\ttiicha\tdem\twud\tstap\trait\thier.",if\tDEM\tthing\tCOP.PST\twell\tregulated\tART.DEF\tteacher\tPL\twould\tstop\tright\there,"If this thing was well regulated, the teachers would stop it right here.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"If dis ting woz wel regyulietid, di tiicha dem wud stap rait hier.",,if DEM thing COP.PST well regulated ART.DEF teacher PL would stop right here,,,,6005, +11-124,11,If enibadi di waa kil sombadi deh hiet aar fa enitin els.,If\tenibadi\tdi\twaa\tkil\tsombadi\tdeh\thiet\taar\tfa\tenitin\tels.,if\tanybody\tPST\tFUT\tkill\tsomebody\t3PL\theat\t3SG.F.OBJ\tfor\tanything\telse,If anyone wanted to kill someone they made her angry for any reason whatsoever.,,,,,naturalistic written,If enibadi di waa kil sombadi deh hiet aar fa enitin els.,,if anybody PST FUT kill somebody 3PL heat 3SG.F.OBJ for anything else,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,6006, +11-125,11,"Iin a kwayet vois shi aks ar ded piipl if shi don du inof, if shi du it gud an if deh niid enitin els fa shi kud stie wid dem weh livin.","Iin\ta\tkwayet\tvois\tshi\taks\tar\tded\tpiipl\tif\tshi\tdon\tdu\tinof,\tif\tshi\tdu\tit\tgud\tan\tif\tdeh\tniid\tenitin\tels\tfa\tshi\tkud\tstie\twid\tdem\tweh\tliv-in.",in\tART.INDF\tquiet\tvoice\t3SG.SBJ.F\task\t3SG.POSS.F\tdead\tpeople\tif\t3SG.SBJ.F\tCOMPL\tdo\tenough\tif\t3SG.SBJ.F\tdo\t3SG.OBJ.N\tgood\tand\tif\t3PL.SBJ\tneed\tanything\telse\tfor\t3SG.SBJ.F\tcould\tstay\twith\t3PL.OBJ\tREL\tlive-PROG,"Quietly she asked her dead family members if she had done enough for them, whether she had done it well and whether they needed anything else so that she could stay with those who were living.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Iin a kwayet vois shi aks ar ded piipl if shi don du inof, if shi du it gud an if deh niid enitin els fa shi kud stie wid dem weh livin.","Iin a kwayet vois shi aks ar ded piipl if shi don du inof, if shi du it gud an if deh niid enitin els fa shi kud stie wid dem weh liv-in.",in ART.INDF quiet voice 3SG.SBJ.F ask 3SG.POSS.F dead people if 3SG.SBJ.F COMPL do enough if 3SG.SBJ.F do 3SG.OBJ.N good and if 3PL.SBJ need anything else for 3SG.SBJ.F could stay with 3PL.OBJ REL live-PROG,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,6007, +11-126,11,Ai di stodin hier iin Bluufiilz.,Ai\tdi\tstod-in\thier\tiin\tBluufiilz.,1SG\tPST\tstudy-PROG\there\tin\tBluefields,I was studying here in Bluefields.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai di stodin hier iin Bluufiilz.,Ai di stod-in hier iin Bluufiilz.,1SG PST study-PROG here in Bluefields,,,,6008, +12-99,12,I was working. I did done start working.,I\tdid\tdone\tstart\twork-ing.,I\tPST\tCOMPL\tstart\twork-PROG,I was working. I had already started to work.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I was working. I did done start working.","I did done start work-ing.",I PST COMPL start work-PROG,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6009, +12-100,12,"I gotta learn how to drive, cause with my age, people should - people - w- shoulda done learn how to drive long time.",[...]\tpeople\t[...]\tshoulda\tdone\tlearn\t[...].,[...]\tpeople\t[...]\tMOD.AUX\tCOMPL\tlearn\t[...],"[I’ll have to learn how to drive, because at my age,] one should have already learned [how to drive a long time ago].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I gotta learn how to drive, cause with my age, people should - people - w- shoulda done learn how to drive long time.","[...] people [...] shoulda done learn [...].",[...] people [...] MOD.AUX COMPL learn [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6010, +12-101,12,"When you get back, I gon’ done be finish this letter.",[...]\tI\tgon’\tdone\tbe\tfinish\t[...],[...]\tI\tFUT\tCOMPL\tHAB\tfinish\t[...],"[By the time you return,] I will have finished this letter.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"When you get back, I gon’ done be finish this letter.",[...] I gon’ done be finish [...],[...] I FUT COMPL HAB finish [...],,TMA interviews based on Dahl’s questionnaire,,6011, +12-102,12,I did 'pose to 'pear in court.,I did 'pose to 'pear in court.,1SG.SBJ do.PST MOD.AUX appear in court,I was supposed to appear in court.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I did 'pose to 'pear in court.",,1SG.SBJ do.PST MOD.AUX appear in court,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6012, +13-80,13,She might been done cook.,She\tmight\tbeen\tdone\tcook.,3SG\tmight\tPST\tPFV\tcook,She might have cooked [already].,,,330[51],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,She might been done cook.,,3SG might PST PFV cook,,,,6013, +14-56,14,They had done left.,They\thad\tdone\tleft.,they\thave.PST\tCOMPL\tleft,They had already left.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,They had done left.,,they have.PST COMPL left,,Own knowledge,,6014, +15-67,15,"If ren nɔ bin de kam, wi bin fɔ de ple bɔl.","If\tren\tnɔ\tbin\tde\tkam,\twi\tbin\tfɔ\tde\tple\tbɔl.",if\train\tNEG\tPST\tPROG\tcome\twe\tPST\tMOOD\tPROG\tplay\tball,"If it hadn’t been raining, we would have been playing ball (i.e. soccer).",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"If ren nɔ bin de kam, wi bin fɔ de ple bɔl.",,if rain NEG PST PROG come we PST MOOD PROG play ball,,Own knowledge,,6015, +17-65,17,À fò̱ (bin) do̱n (ko̱m) dè wàka finish.,À\tfò̱\t(bin)\tdo̱n\t(ko̱m)\tdè\twàka\tfinish.,1SG.SBJ\tIRR\t(ANT)\tCOMPL1\t(REALIS)\tNCOMPL\twalk\tCOMPL2,I should have (had) been (actually) walking already.,,,462[73],,naturalistic spoken,À fò̱ (bin) do̱n (ko̱m) dè wàka finish.,,1SG.SBJ IRR (ANT) COMPL1 (REALIS) NCOMPL walk COMPL2,,,,6016, +17-73,17,À fò̱ no bin dè go.,À\tfò̱\tno\tbin\tdè\tgo.,1SG.SBJ\tIRR\tNEG\tANT\tNCOMPL\tgo,I should not have been going.,,,,,constructed by linguist,À fò̱ no bin dè go.,,1SG.SBJ IRR NEG ANT NCOMPL go,,Own knowledge,,6017, +19-77,19,ɛ̀f yù bìn kan bìgín las semana yù bìn fɔ̀ dɔn finis tìdé.,ɛ̀f\tyù\tbìn\tkan\tbìgín\tlas\tsemana\tyù\tbìn\tfɔ̀\tdɔn\tfinis\ttìdé.,if\t2SG\tANT\tPFV\tbegin\tlast\tweek\t2SG\tANT\tASSOC\tPRF\tfinish\ttoday,"If you had begun last week, you would have already finished (by) today.",,,1634[538],,elicited from speaker,"ɛ̀f yù bìn kan bìgín las semana yù bìn fɔ̀ dɔn finis tìdé.",,if 2SG ANT PFV begin last week 2SG ANT ASSOC PRF finish today,,,,6018, +21-62,21,Lastime she would always do that.,Lastime\tshe\twould\talways\tdo\tthat.,PST\t3SG\tIRR\tHAB\tdo\tthat,In the past she used to do that.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Lastime she would always do that.,,PST 3SG IRR HAB do that,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,6019, +23-76,23,bae mi mi go swim finis,bae\tmi\tmi\tgo\tswim\tfinis,IRR\t1SG\t1SG\tgo\tswim\tCOMPL,"Me, I'll go have my bath.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,bae mi mi go swim finis,,IRR 1SG 1SG go swim COMPL,,,,6020, +23-77,23,Sistem we gavman i bin stap wok long hem bifo kam kasem tede.,Sistem\twe\tgavman\ti\tbin\tstap\twok\tlong\them\tbifo\tkam\tkasem\ttede.,system\tREL\tgovernment\tAGR\tANT\tPROG\twork\tat\t3SG\tbefore\tcome\tuntil\ttoday,the system that the government had been using until today,,,,,naturalistic written,"Sistem we gavman i bin stap wok long hem bifo kam kasem tede.",,system REL government AGR ANT PROG work at 3SG before come until today,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 27 June 1998",,6021, +25-218,25,"En dijan griba tu, wi bin wana jakim la wada.","En\tdijan\tgriba\ttu,\twi\tbin\twana\tjak-im\tla\twada.",and\tPROX:ADJ\tcreeper\ttoo\t1PL\tPST\tPOT\tthrow-TR\tLOC\twater,"And this creeper (plant), we would have thrown it into the water (using it as fish poison).",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the focus particle tu, the goal with a transitive verb of caused motion, and the order of tense and modal markers in the verb phrase.",,,naturalistic spoken,"En dijan griba tu, wi bin wana jakim la wada.","En dijan griba tu, wi bin wana jak-im la wada.",and PROX:ADJ creeper too 1PL PST POT throw-TR LOC water,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the focus particle tu, the goal with a transitive verb of caused motion, and the order of tense and modal markers in the verb phrase.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,6022, +25-219,25,"Wi shud binala gidim du, ei?","Wi\tshud\tbin=ala\tgid-im\tdu,\tei?",1PL\tshould\tPST=always/HAB\tget-TR\ttoo\tTAG,"We should have been getting them too, ey? (Context: flood relief goods). OR: We should have been able to get them too, ey? (Orig. Transl.)",,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates word order in the verb phrase.,40,,naturalistic spoken,"Wi shud binala gidim du, ei?","Wi shud bin=ala gid-im du, ei?",1PL should PST=always/HAB get-TR too TAG,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates word order in the verb phrase.,,,6023, +26-54,26,hi waz gɔn bi wæɹin da seɪm sɔɹi ɛkspɹɛʃin,hi\twaz\tgɔn\tbi\twæɹ-in\tda\tseɪm\tsɔɹi\tɛkspɹɛʃin,3SG\twas\tFUT\tbe\twear-PROG\tART\tsame\tsorry\texpression,He was going to be wearing the same sorry expression.,,native speaker poetry,96,,written (poetic),hi waz gɔn bi wæɹin da seɪm sɔɹi ɛkspɹɛʃin,hi waz gɔn bi wæɹ-in da seɪm sɔɹi ɛkspɹɛʃin,3SG was FUT be wear-PROG ART same sorry expression,native speaker poetry,,,6024, +28-86,28,ɛk wa sa kutɛ en ar twe fan eni an tem eni,ɛkɛ\twa\tsa\tku-tɛ\ten\tar\ttwe\tfan\teni\tan\ttem\teni,1SG\tPST\tIRR\tcatch-PFV\tone\tor\ttwo\tfrom\t3PL\tand\ttame\t3PL,I would have caught one or two of them and tamed them.,,,750[32],,naturalistic spoken,"ɛk wa sa kutɛ en ar twe fan eni an tem eni",ɛkɛ wa sa ku-tɛ en ar twe fan eni an tem eni,1SG PST IRR catch-PFV one or two from 3PL and tame 3PL,,,,6025, +30-100,30,Nhu ál sa ta majikába algun kusa!,Nhu\tál\tsa=ta=majiká-ba\talgun\tkusa!,2SG.M.POL\tMOD\tPROG=IPFV=ponder-ANT\tsome\tthing,You were definitely musing over something!,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Nhu ál sa ta majikába algun kusa!",Nhu ál sa=ta=majiká-ba algun kusa!,2SG.M.POL MOD PROG=IPFV=ponder-ANT some thing,,,,6026,German: Sie grübelten ganz bestimmt gerade über etwas nach! +31-88,31,[...] pamo tinha avian ki sa ta koreba na kel tenpu.,[...]\tpamo\ttinha\tavian\tki\tsa\tta\tkore-ba\tna\tkel\ttenpu.,[...]\tbecause\twas\tplane\tthat\tPROG\tMOOD\tsleep-ANT\tat\tthat\ttime,[...] because there were planes that used to fly at that time.,,"The situation seems fairly complex. If sa ta is viewed as two markers, one for aspect and the other for modality, then the order is ASP-MOOD-V+ANT, but if sa ta is analyzed as a variant of sta, then all we have may be ASP-V+ANT. The jury is still out on this matter.",690,,naturalistic spoken,[...] pamo tinha avian ki sa ta koreba na kel tenpu.,[...] pamo tinha avian ki sa ta kore-ba na kel tenpu.,[...] because was plane that PROG MOOD sleep-ANT at that time,"The situation seems fairly complex. If sa ta is viewed as two markers, one for aspect and the other for modality, then the order is ASP-MOOD-V+ANT, but if sa ta is analyzed as a variant of sta, then all we have may be ASP-V+ANT. The jury is still out on this matter.",,,6027, +31-89,31,Es fra un minina go ki staba ta bende pexi [...].,Es\tfra\tun\tminina\tgo\tki\tsta-ba\tta\tbende\tpexi\t[...].,they\tsay\ta\tgirl\tnow\tthat\tPROG-ANT\tMOOD\tsell\tfish\t[...],They said that a girl who was then selling fish [...].,,"The progressive aspectual marker sta is modified with the past tense marker ba, which in turn is followed by the mood marker ta.",880,,naturalistic spoken,"Es fra un minina go ki staba ta bende pexi [...].","Es fra un minina go ki sta-ba ta bende pexi [...].",they say a girl now that PROG-ANT MOOD sell fish [...],"The progressive aspectual marker sta is modified with the past tense marker ba, which in turn is followed by the mood marker ta.",,,6028, +33-92,33,N’ na ta bay ba skola ma N’ sta ba dwenti.,N’\tna\tta\tbay\tba\tskola\tma\tN’\tsta\tba\tdwenti.,1SG\tPROG\tMOOD\tgo\tPST\tschool\tbut\t1SG\tbe\tPST\tsick,"I would have gone to school, but I was sick.",,"The order is ASPECT (progressive), MOOD (irrealis) + VERB + TENSE (past)",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’ na ta bay ba skola ma N’ sta ba dwenti.",,1SG PROG MOOD go PST school but 1SG be PST sick,"The order is ASPECT (progressive), MOOD (irrealis) + VERB + TENSE (past)",Own knowledge,,6029,Portuguese: Teria ido a escola mas estive doente. +33-93,33,N tciga ba ja.,N\ttciga\tba\tja.,1SG\tarrive\tPST\tANT,I had already arrived.,,The order is TENSE-ASPECT.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N tciga ba ja.",,1SG arrive PST ANT,The order is TENSE-ASPECT.,Own knowledge,,6030,Portuguese: Eu já tinha chegado. +35-100,35,"Xi ê ká ta ka kume, ami tudaxi ka kume.","Xi\tê\tká\tta\tka\tkume,\tami\ttudaxi\tka\tkume.",if\t3SG\tIRR\tPST\tIPFV\teat\t1SG\talso\tIPFV\teat,"If he had been eating, I also would have been eating.",,,,b9142df1e3cb912d383029c2a36338c9,elicited from speaker,"Xi ê ká ta ka kume, ami tudaxi ka kume.",,if 3SG IRR PST IPFV eat 1SG also IPFV eat,,Own data,,6031, +37-67,37,"Xi non ka tava sa xivi wosê, non ka tava tê dyô.","Xi\tnon\tka\ttava\tsa\txivi\twosê,\tnon\tka\ttava\ttê\tdyô.",if\t1PL\tMOOD\tPST\tPROG\twork\tnow\t1PL\tMOOD\tPST\thave\tmoney,"If we were working now, we would have money.",,,905[90],,elicited from speaker,"Xi non ka tava sa xivi wosê, non ka tava tê dyô.",,if 1PL MOOD PST PROG work now 1PL MOOD PST have money,,,,6032, +38-75,38,pa no xa sxa sefa notu da,pa\tno\txa\tsxa\tsé-fa\tno-tudu\tda,for\t1PL\tEVID\tPROG\tknow-say\t1PL-all\tbe.part.of,so that we know that we are all here,,,,,elicited from speaker,pa no xa sxa sefa notu da,pa no xa sxa sé-fa no-tudu da,for 1PL EVID PROG know-say 1PL-all be.part.of,,Own fieldwork 1993,,6033, +41-76,41,(ja)fayataanteem/tiɲa/loteem vs. jafaya teem/tiɲa/loteem,jaa-faya-taam\tteem/tiɲa/lo-teem\tvs.\tjaa-faya\tteem/tiɲa/lo-teem,PST-do-PROG\tbe.PRS/be.PST/FUT-be\tvs.\tPST-do\tbe.PRS/be.PST/FUT-be,is/was/will be doing vs. has/had/will have done,,The paradigm illustrates the fact that progressive marking involves an optionally past-marked main V followed by the progressive marker plus the tense-marked auxilary. Perfect aspect is marked by a past-marked verb followed by the (same) tense-marked auxiliary.,,,constructed by linguist,(ja)fayataanteem/tiɲa/loteem vs. jafaya teem/tiɲa/loteem,jaa-faya-taam teem/tiɲa/lo-teem vs. jaa-faya teem/tiɲa/lo-teem,PST-do-PROG be.PRS/be.PST/FUT-be vs. PST-do be.PRS/be.PST/FUT-be,The paradigm illustrates the fact that progressive marking involves an optionally past-marked main V followed by the progressive marker plus the tense-marked auxilary. Perfect aspect is marked by a past-marked verb followed by the (same) tense-marked auxiliary.,Own knowledge,,6034, +41-77,41,asii tɛɛndutaam noos botaa um mɔɔstar daaytaan teem,asii\ttɛɛndutaam\tnoos\tbotaa\tum\tmɔɔstar\tdaay-taam\tteem,thus\teven.so\t1PL\tput\tone\tway\tput.up.with-PROG\tPRS.be,"Even so, we are trying and somehow putting up with him.",,"Possibly botaa daay = 'put up with'. (The translation of this example is from the consultant.) Literally, daay = 'strike'. +Note that progressive marking follows the main verb while tense is marked by the suppletive form of the following auxiliary.",1416[1389],,naturalistic spoken,asii tɛɛndutaam noos botaa um mɔɔstar daaytaan teem,asii tɛɛndutaam noos botaa um mɔɔstar daay-taam teem,thus even.so 1PL put one way put.up.with-PROG PRS.be,"Possibly botaa daay = 'put up with'. (The translation of this example is from the consultant.) Literally, daay = 'strike'. +Note that progressive marking follows the main verb while tense is marked by the suppletive form of the following auxiliary.",,,6035, +41-78,41,osiir mee maay; paay yakamura,osiir\tmee\tmaay;\tpaay\tjaa-kaa-mura,3SG.HON\tFOC\tmother\tfather\tPST-PFV-die,SHE (indicating woman present) is my mother; my father has died.,,"This sentence was given in answer to a question about the location of the speaker's parents. +The example illustrates the order tense-perfective-V. Note that while the perfective marker kaa PRECEDES a main verb (as here), the marker of a perfective participle =tu, FOLLOWS the (subordinate) verb.",1416[5092-4],,naturalistic spoken,osiir mee maay; paay yakamura,osiir mee maay; paay jaa-kaa-mura,3SG.HON FOC mother father PST-PFV-die,"This sentence was given in answer to a question about the location of the speaker's parents. +The example illustrates the order tense-perfective-V. Note that while the perfective marker kaa PRECEDES a main verb (as here), the marker of a perfective participle =tu, FOLLOWS the (subordinate) verb.",,,6036, +41-79,41,noos naa poy maraa guvɛɛrnupa. diɲeeru pamaraa naa poy.,noos\tnaa\tpooy\tmaraa\tguvɛɛrnu-pa.\tdiɲeeru\tpa-maraa\tnaa\tpooy.,1PL\tNEG.FUT\tHABIL\tpay\tgovernment-DAT\tmoney\tINF-pay\tNEG.FUT\tHABIL,We can't pay the government. We can't pay the money.,,"This example illustrates two habilitative ('can') constructions. The first is older, in which the tense-marked habilitative auxiliary precedes the unmarked verb; the second is calqued on Tamil, in which the tense-marked habilitative AUX follows an infinitive. +/maraa/ is literally 'tie'.",1416[5373-4],,naturalistic spoken,"noos naa poy maraa guvɛɛrnupa. diɲeeru pamaraa naa poy.",noos naa pooy maraa guvɛɛrnu-pa. diɲeeru pa-maraa naa pooy.,1PL NEG.FUT HABIL pay government-DAT money INF-pay NEG.FUT HABIL,"This example illustrates two habilitative ('can') constructions. The first is older, in which the tense-marked habilitative auxiliary precedes the unmarked verb; the second is calqued on Tamil, in which the tense-marked habilitative AUX follows an infinitive. +/maraa/ is literally 'tie'.",,,6037, +47-86,47,Lo mi tabata por a kome.,Lo\tmi\ttabata\tpor\ta\tkome.,MOOD\t1SG\tPST\tbe.able\tPFV\teat,I shall have been able to eat.,,,556[96],,published source,Lo mi tabata por a kome.,,MOOD 1SG PST be.able PFV eat,,,,6038, +47-87,47,Lo e por ta kome.,Lo\te\tpor\tta\tkome.,MOOD\t3SG\tbe.able\tTNS\teat,He may be eating.,,,556[96],,published source,Lo e por ta kome.,,MOOD 3SG be.able TNS eat,,,,6039, +48-46,48,Ese ma hende ri Katahena asé-ba miní akí Palengue nu.,Ese\tma\thende\tri\tKatahena\tasé-ba\tminí\takí\tPalengue\tnu.,this\tPL\tpeople\tof\tCartagena\tHAB-PST\tcome\there\tPalenque\tNEG,These people from Cartagena generally did not come to (here) Palenque.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ese ma hende ri Katahena asé-ba miní akí Palengue nu.,,this PL people of Cartagena HAB-PST come here Palenque NEG,,Recorded by author,,6040,Spanish: Esta gente de Cartagena no solía venir a Palenque. +48-84,48,[...] y-aké taba asé musá.,[...]\ty-aké\ttaba\tasé\tmusá.,[...]\tI-IRR\tPROG\tmake\tmusá,"[...] I would be making ""musá"" (a local dish).",,"Sequence: +MOOD (irrealis) --> aké +ASPECT --> taba",1364[240],,naturalistic spoken,[...] y-aké taba asé musá.,,[...] I-IRR PROG make musá,"Sequence: +MOOD (irrealis) --> aké +ASPECT --> taba ",,,6041,"Spanish: [...] (yo) estaría haciendo ""musá""." +48-85,48,É ta-ba nesesitá mí aí.,É\tta-ba\tnesesitá\tmí\taí.,he/she\tPROG-PST\tneed\tme\tthere,He/she needed me there.,,PROG + PST (ANTERIOR) + VERB,353[157],,naturalistic spoken,É ta-ba nesesitá mí aí.,,he/she PROG-PST need me there,PROG + PST (ANTERIOR) + VERB,,,6042,Spanish: Él/ella me necesitaba allí. +48-86,48,¡Ay! ma hende tan pegá mí.,¡Ay!\tma\thende\ttan\tpegá\tmí.,ay\tPL\tpeople\tFUT\thit\tme,Ay! People are going to hit me.,,,353[157],,naturalistic spoken,¡Ay! ma hende tan pegá mí.,,ay PL people FUT hit me,,,,6043,Spanish: ¡Ay! la gente me va a pegar. +49-129,49,Eske ou kwè li t av ap danse pandan manman l ap chache l toupatou?,Eske\tou\tkwè\tli\tt\tav\tap\tdanse\tpandan\tmanman\tl\tap\tchache\tl\ttoupatou?,Q\t2SG\tbelieve\t3SG\tANT\tIRR\tPROG\tdanse\twhile\tmother\t3SG.POSS\tPROG\tlook.for\t3SG\teverywhere,Do you think s/he would be dancing while his/her mother is looking all over for him/her?,,,367[108],,constructed by linguist,Eske ou kwè li t av ap danse pandan manman l ap chache l toupatou?,,Q 2SG believe 3SG ANT IRR PROG danse while mother 3SG.POSS PROG look.for 3SG everywhere,,,,6044,French: Est-ce que tu crois qu’il sera en train de danser pendant que sa mère le cherchera partout? +50-75,50,"Si zanndoli té bon vyann, i pa té ké ka tréné anlè tout bayè.","Si\tzanndoli\tté\tbon\tvyann,\ti\tpa\tté\tké\tka\ttréné\tanlè\ttout\tbayè.",if\tlizard\tPST.be\tgood\tmeat\t3SG\tNEG\tPST\tMOOD\tPROG\thang.around\ton\tall\tfences,"If lizard were good meat, it would not hang around on all fences.",,,134,,naturalistic spoken,"Si zanndoli té bon vyann, i pa té ké ka tréné anlè tout bayè.",,if lizard PST.be good meat 3SG NEG PST MOOD PROG hang.around on all fences,,,,6045, +51-72,51,"Si zanndoli té bon viann, ou pa té ké ka wè'y ka trennen asou tout bayè.","Si\tzanndoli\tté\tbon\tviann,\tou\tpa\tté\tké\tka\twè'y\tka\ttrennen\tasou\ttout\tbayè.",if\tlizard\tPST\tgood\tmeat\t2SG\tNEG\tPST\tFUT\tPROG\tsee.3SG\tPROG\thang.about\ton\tall\tfences,"If lizard were good meat, you would not see him hanging about on all fences.",,,134,,naturalistic spoken,"Si zanndoli té bon viann, ou pa té ké ka wè'y ka trennen asou tout bayè.",,if lizard PST good meat 2SG NEG PST FUT PROG see.3SG PROG hang.about on all fences,,,,6046, +52-49,52,mo té ké ka ba to li si mo té ké gen asé pou mo timoun,mo\tté\tké\tka\tba\tto\tli\tsi\tmo\tté\tké\tgen\tasé\tpou\tmo\ttimoun,I\tPST\tFUT\tIPFV\tgive\tyou\tit\tif\tI\tPST\tFUT\thave\tenough\tfor\tmy\tchild,I would have given it to you if (only) I had had enough for my children.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo té ké ka ba to li si mo té ké gen asé pou mo timoun",,I PST FUT IPFV give you it if I PST FUT have enough for my child,,Own knowledge,,6047, +53-177,53,To t ap travaje pou le Kadjen.,To\tt\tap\ttravaje\tpou\tle\tKadjen.,2SG\tPST\tPROG\twork\tfor\tART.DEF.PL\tCajun,You were working for the Cajuns.,,,1048[210],,naturalistic spoken,To t ap travaje pou le Kadjen.,,2SG PST PROG work for ART.DEF.PL Cajun,,,,6048, +53-178,53,"Li s ape peche asteur, si la plwi se pa tonbe.","Li\ts\tape\tpeche\tasteur,\tsi\tla\tplwi\tse\tpa\ttonbe.",3SG\tCOND\tPROG\tfish\tnow\tif\tART.DEF.SG\train\tCOND\tNEG\tfall,He would be fishing now if it weren't raining.,,,1048[211],,elicited from speaker,"Li s ape peche asteur, si la plwi se pa tonbe.",,3SG COND PROG fish now if ART.DEF.SG rain COND NEG fall,,,,6049, +54-101,54,Zòt lóré té fini tyé azòt si zòt té i rest ansanm.,Zot\tlore\tte\tfini\ttye\tazot\tsi\tzot\tte-i\trest\tansanm.,3PL\tCOND\tPST\tPRF\tkill\tOBL.3PL\tif\t3PL\tPST-FIN\tstay\ttogether,They would have killed each other if they had stayed together.,,"Lore indicates the mood (conditional), te the tense (past) and fini the aspect (perfect), but fini can also be analyzed as a verb: fini 'to finish'. No examples of this type were found in my corpora, therefore the construction cannot even be classified as ""marginal"".",236[340],,elicited from speaker,Zòt lóré té fini tyé azòt si zòt té i rest ansanm.,Zot lore te fini tye azot si zot te-i rest ansanm.,3PL COND PST PRF kill OBL.3PL if 3PL PST-FIN stay together,"Lore indicates the mood (conditional), te the tense (past) and fini the aspect (perfect), but fini can also be analyzed as a verb: fini 'to finish'. No examples of this type were found in my corpora, therefore the construction cannot even be classified as ""marginal"".",,,6050,French: Ils se seraient entretués s'ils étaient restés ensemble. +54-102,54,loré té pou manzhé,lore\tte\tpou\tmanje,COND\tPST\tPROG\teat,would be eating,,"No example of this type was found in my corpora; my gloss is tentative. To classify this construction as ""marginal"" is surely exaggerated.",1440[86],,constructed by linguist,loré té pou manzhé,lore te pou manje,COND PST PROG eat,"No example of this type was found in my corpora; my gloss is tentative. To classify this construction as ""marginal"" is surely exaggerated.",,,6051,French: serait en train de manger +55-77,55,Li ti ava pe aprann si li ti anvi pas so lexame.,Li\tti\tava\tpe\taprann\tsi\tli\tti\tanvi\tpas\tso\tlexame.,3SG\tPST\tMOOD\tASP\tlearn\tif\t3SG\tPST\twant\tpass\tPOSS\texam,"She would have been studying, if she had wanted to pass her exams.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Li ti ava pe aprann si li ti anvi pas so lexame.",,3SG PST MOOD ASP learn if 3SG PST want pass POSS exam,,Fabiola Henri,,6052, +56-97,56,"Si nou ti Sesel, nou ti ava pe fini travay sa ler.","Si\tnou\tti\tSesel,\tnou\tti\tava\tpe\tfini\ttravay\tsa\tler.",if\t1PL\tPST\tSeychelles\t1PL\tPST\tFUT\tPROG\tfinish\twork\tDEF\thour,"If we were in the Seychelles, we would have been about to finish / in the process of finishing at this time (of the day).",,*Ti pou pe fini travay would not be possible.,,,constructed by native speaker,"Si nou ti Sesel, nou ti ava pe fini travay sa ler.",,if 1PL PST Seychelles 1PL PST FUT PROG finish work DEF hour,"*Ti pou pe fini travay would not be possible.",Own knowledge,,6053, +58-60,58,Yandi vand-a(k)a sakana.,Yandi\tvand-a(k)a\tsakana.,he\tsit-PST\tplay,He was playing.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi vand-a(k)a sakana.",,he sit-PST play,,Own knowledge,,6054, +61-40,61,[...] yena zo gate hambile.,[...]\tyena\tzo\tgate\thamb-ile.,[...]\the\tFUT\tANT\tgo-PST,[...] he will have gone. OR: [...] he will be gone.,,"This clause requires a main clause like ""By the time you go there"" to make the example idiomatic.",,,constructed by linguist,[...] yena zo gate hambile.,[...] yena zo gate hamb-ile.,[...] he FUT ANT go-PST,"This clause requires a main clause like ""By the time you go there"" to make the example idiomatic.",Own knowledge,,6055, +61-41,61,Mina zo hamba.,Mina\tzo\thamb-a.,I\twill\tgo-PRS,I'll go.,,The -a in hamba can be said to be the default signifying 'not perfective' (= present in this example).,,,constructed by linguist,Mina zo hamba.,Mina zo hamb-a.,I will go-PRS,"The -a in hamba can be said to be the default signifying 'not perfective' (= present in this example).",Own knowledge,,6056, +61-42,61,Mina hambile,Mina\thamb-ile,I\tgo-PFV,I went. OR: I have gone.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mina hambile,Mina hamb-ile,I go-PFV,,Own knowledge,,6057, +61-43,61,Mina kade hamba.,Mina\tkade\thamb-a.,I\tANT\tgo-PRS,I was going. OR: I used to go.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mina kade hamba.,Mina kade hamb-a.,I ANT go-PRS,,Own knowledge,,6058, +61-44,61,Mina kade hambile.,Mina\tkade\thamb-ile.,I\tANT\tgo-PRF,I had gone. OR: I already went.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mina kade hambile.,Mina kade hamb-ile.,I ANT go-PRF,,Own knowledge,,6059, +61-45,61,Mina zo hambile.,Mina\tzo\thamb-ile.,I\tFUT\tgo-PRF,I will have gone. OR: I'll be gone.,,"This is rare, but possible.",,,constructed by linguist,Mina zo hambile.,Mina zo hamb-ile.,I FUT go-PRF,"This is rare, but possible.",Own knowledge,,6060, +61-46,61,Mina zo kade idlile.,Mina\tzo\tkade\tidl-ile.,I\tFUT\tANT\teat-PRF,I will have had eaten. OR: I'll already have eaten.,,"This is a constructed example; my one informant okayed it. But it would require a very special context, he thinks.",,,constructed by linguist,Mina zo kade idlile.,Mina zo kade idl-ile.,I FUT ANT eat-PRF,"This is a constructed example; my one informant okayed it. But it would require a very special context, he thinks.",Own knowledge,,6061, +63-226,63,kan bi gi ruwa,kan\tbi\tgi\truwa,PST\tFUT\tPROG\tgo,would have been going,,,1845[262],,constructed by author and approved by speaker,kan bi gi ruwa,,PST FUT PROG go,,,,6062, +64-86,64,kan anína bikun gestakal anina ma bikun gegana,kan\tanína\tbi=kun\tge=stakal\tanina\tma\tbi=kun\tge=gana,if\t1PL\tIRR=be\tPROG=work\t1PL\tNEG\tIRR=be\tPROG=sing,"If we were working now, we wouldn't be singing.",,,,,constructed by linguist,kan anína bikun gestakal anina ma bikun gegana,kan anína bi=kun ge=stakal anina ma bi=kun ge=gana,if 1PL IRR=be PROG=work 1PL NEG IRR=be PROG=sing,,Own knowledge,,6063, +65-71,65,Posli adavaj nada budu.,Posli\tadavaj\tnada\tbudu.,later\tgive.back\tmust\tFUT,I will have to give it [money] back later.,,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).,1045[247],,constructed by linguist,Posli adavaj nada budu.,,later give.back must FUT,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).,,После отдавай надо буду.,6064, +67-98,67,Saya nanti boleh kasi perut besar ah.,Saya\tnanti\tboleh\tkasi\tperut\tbesar\tah.,1SG\tlater\tcan\tgive\tstomach\tbig\tPCL,"Later, I will be able to make [my] stomach big.",,Nanti 'later' is used as the future tense marker; boleh 'can' is used as the modal marker.,708[171],,naturalistic spoken,Saya nanti boleh kasi perut besar ah.,,1SG later can give stomach big PCL,"Nanti 'later' is used as the future tense marker; boleh 'can' is used as the modal marker.",,,6065, +67-99,67,Dulu ada niaka.,Dulu\tada\tniaka.,PST\thave\tbusiness,"Before, [I] had business.",,Dulu 'before' functions as the past tense marker.,708[338],,naturalistic spoken,Dulu ada niaka.,,PST have business,"Dulu 'before' functions as the past tense marker.",,,6066, +69-34,69,ama təpambi tanan,ama\ttəpa-mbi\tta-nan,1SG\tbathe-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT,I'm washing,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ama təpambi tanan,ama təpa-mbi ta-nan,1SG bathe-DEP PROG-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,6067, +72-72,72,An nyawarni kankulak mibala yusta gon.,An\tnyawa-rni\tkankula-k\tmibala\tyusta\tgon.,CONJ\tthis-only\tdown-ALL\t1PL.INC.SBJ.PST\tHAB\tgo,And we used to go down right here.,,,8,b63438be2e35434c5769c3acac9234b0,naturalistic spoken,An nyawarni kankulak mibala yusta gon.,An nyawa-rni kankula-k mibala yusta gon.,CONJ this-only down-ALL 1PL.INC.SBJ.PST HAB go,,,,6068, +75-124,75,Kiikakweepoonipiistwaw.,Kii-kakwee-pooni-piistwa-w.,PST-try-quit-smoke-3,She attempted to quit smoking.,,"This sentence combines tense (past), mood ('try') and aspect ('quit'). This, however, is very marginal.",789[29],,naturalistic written,Kiikakweepoonipiistwaw.,Kii-kakwee-pooni-piistwa-w.,PST-try-quit-smoke-3,"This sentence combines tense (past), mood ('try') and aspect ('quit'). This, however, is very marginal.",,,6069, +75-125,75,Kiikishkeehtamaan gakiiayaan uta.,Kii-kishkeehtam-aan\tga-kii-ayaa-n\tuta.,PST-know.INAN-1SG\t1POT-PST-be-1SG\there,Had I known I would have stayed.,,Ga- is historically derived from ni-ka- (1SG-FUT). The ka- prefix and the kii- (PST) prefix together have a potential meaning.,789[157],,naturalistic written,Kiikishkeehtamaan gakiiayaan uta.,Kii-kishkeehtam-aan ga-kii-ayaa-n uta.,PST-know.INAN-1SG 1POT-PST-be-1SG here,"Ga- is historically derived from ni-ka- (1SG-FUT). The ka- prefix and the kii- (PST) prefix together have a potential meaning.",,,6070, +2-103,2,"Te prani aleisi ten, mi ben e gwe go prani aleisi.","Te\tprani\taleisi\tten,\tmi\tben\te\tgwe\tgo\tprani\taleisi.",when\tplant\trice\ttime\tI\tPST\tIPFV\tgo\tgo\tplant\trice,"When it was time to plant rice, I went to plant rice.",,ALL EXAMPLES FROM WINFORD (2000a) ARE FROM NATURAL CONVERSATIONS RECORDED IN 1994.,1605[434],,elicited from speaker,"Te prani aleisi ten, mi ben e gwe go prani aleisi.",,when plant rice time I PST IPFV go go plant rice,ALL EXAMPLES FROM WINFORD (2000a) ARE FROM NATURAL CONVERSATIONS RECORDED IN 1994.,,,6071, +4-75,4,Den be sa man kweki en?,Den\tbe\tsa\tman\tkweki\ten?,they\tPST\tPOT\table\traise\thim,Would they have been able to raise him?,,,568[101],,naturalistic spoken,Den be sa man kweki en?,,they PST POT able raise him,,,,6072, +5-74,5,dem bin don noo wa fu du,dem\tbin\tdon\tnoo\twa\tfu\tdu,3PL\tPST\tCOMPL\tknow\twhat\tto\tdo,They had already known what to do.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"dem bin don noo wa fu du",,3PL PST COMPL know what to do,,Own knowledge,,6073, +6-48,6,Shi done eat already. — Hi did eat.,Shi\tdone\teat\talready.\t—\tHi\tdid\teat.,3SG\tCOMPL\teat\talready\t—\t3SG\tANT\teat,She already ate. — He ate.,,,"1431[118, 119]",,constructed by linguist,Shi done eat already. — Hi did eat.,,3SG COMPL eat already — 3SG ANT eat,,,,6074, +7-121,7,Mi bin go muuv dem.,Mi\tbin\tgo\tmuuv\tdem.,1SG\tPST\tIRR\tmove\t3PL,I intended to move them. OR: I tried to move them.,,Bin is separated from the verb by the future tense/irrealis particle.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi bin go muuv dem.,,1SG PST IRR move 3PL,"Bin is separated from the verb by the future tense/irrealis particle.",Own knowledge,,6075, +7-122,7,Mi bin fo muuv dem.,Mi\tbin\tfo\tmuuv\tdem.,1SG\tPST\tOBLIG\tmove\t3PL,I was supposed to move them.,,Bin is separated from the verb by the modal of obligation fo.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi bin fo muuv dem.,,1SG PST OBLIG move 3PL,"Bin is separated from the verb by the modal of obligation fo.",Own knowledge,,6076, +8-70,8,Di pikni wehn de kil di flowaz.,Di\tpikni\twehn\tde\tkil\tdi\tflowaz.,DET\tchild\tANT\tPROG\tkill\tDET\tflowers,The child was killing the flowers.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di pikni wehn de kil di flowaz.,,DET child ANT PROG kill DET flowers,,Own knowledge,,6077, +9-87,9,Wi me de wok fu ʃɛl.,Wi\tme\tde\twok\tfu\tʃɛl.,1PL\tANT\tPROG\twork\tfor\tShell,We were working for Shell. OR: We had been working for Shell (when the event occurred).,,The progressive marker follows the anterior marker.,439[234],,naturalistic spoken,Wi me de wok fu ʃɛl.,,1PL ANT PROG work for Shell,The progressive marker follows the anterior marker.,,,6078, +10-101,10,Yu wehn pramis mi se yu neva gwain bait mi.,Yu\twehn\tpramis\tmi\tse\tyu\tneva\tgwain\tbait\tmi.,2SG\tANT\tpromise\t1SG\tCOMP\t2SG\tNEG.PST\tFUT\tbite\t1SG,You promised me you would not bite me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu wehn pramis mi se yu neva gwain bait mi.",,2SG ANT promise 1SG COMP 2SG NEG.PST FUT bite 1SG,,Unpublished field recordings,,6079, +10-102,10,Ihn wehn gwain draundid.,Ihn\twehn\tgwain\tdraundid.,3SG\tANT\tFUT\tdrown,He was about to drown. OR: He almost drowned.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ihn wehn gwain draundid.",,3SG ANT FUT drown,,Unpublished field recordings,,6080, +11-127,11,Di monki mi hapi hapi bikaaz ih no mi hav fu wark fa lang.,Di\tmonki\tmi\thapi\thapi\tbikaaz\tih\tno\tmi\thav\tfu\twark\tfa\tlang.,ART.DEF\tmonkey\tPST\thappy\thappy\tbecause\t3SG\tNEG\tPST\thave\tfor\twork\tfor\tlong,The monkey was very happy because he didn’t have to work for a long time.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Di monki mi hapi hapi bikaaz ih no mi hav fu wark fa lang.",,ART.DEF monkey PST happy happy because 3SG NEG PST have for work for long,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,6081, +11-128,11,Joan harikien did bos opm di biich.,Joan\tharikien\tdid\tbos\topm\tdi\tbiich.,Joan\thurricane\tPST\tbust\topen\tART.DEF\tbeach,Hurricane Joan destroyed the entire beach.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Joan harikien did bos opm di biich.",,Joan hurricane PST bust open ART.DEF beach,,,,6082, +11-129,11,Wi did laarn fram owa pierens.,Wi\tdid\tlaarn\tfram\towa\tpieren-s.,1PL\tPST\tlearn\tfrom\t1PL.POSS\tparent-PL,We learnt it from our parents.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wi did laarn fram owa pierens.",Wi did laarn fram owa pieren-s.,1PL PST learn from 1PL.POSS parent-PL,,,,6083, +12-103,12,"Well, the people-them 'round the neighborhood call the ambulance for me. They call the ambulance. And when they did call the police, the fellows-them fled, they gone.",And\twhen\tthey\tdid\tcall\tthe\tpolice\t[...],and\twhen\tthey\tPST\tcall\tthe\tpolice\t[...],And when they had called the police [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Well, the people-them 'round the neighborhood call the ambulance for me. They call the ambulance. And when they did call the police, the fellows-them fled, they gone.","And when they did call the police [...]",and when they PST call the police [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6084, +12-105,12,"They cut off the light, they cut off the light and they was throwing ball, you see, it's a team was playing, and this other team didn't like how they lost, and they start throwing ball like - I was walking, coming up - on the hill, coming out. And he hit me - I had the place - some place I went with - I - had they clothes coming, and when they hit me, and I fall right back on my back. [But you weren't even involved in the game? You were just watching - standing by, right, walking by?] No, uh-huh. One pregnant woman did get hit, too, before me. [And what happened to her?] She did gotty gone to hospital. That's why you see now they build gyms to go play in.","One\tpregnant\twoman\tdid\tget\thit,\ttoo\t[...]\tShe\tdid\tgotty\tgone\tto\thospital.",a\tpregnant\twoman\tPST\tget\thit\ttoo\t[...]\tshe\tPST\tMOD.AUX\tgo\tto\thospital,"A pregnant woman got hit, too, [before me] [...] She had to be taken to the hospital.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"They cut off the light, they cut off the light and they was throwing ball, you see, it's a team was playing, and this other team didn't like how they lost, and they start throwing ball like - I was walking, coming up - on the hill, coming out. And he hit me - I had the place - some place I went with - I - had they clothes coming, and when they hit me, and I fall right back on my back. [But you weren't even involved in the game? You were just watching - standing by, right, walking by?] No, uh-huh. One pregnant woman did get hit, too, before me. [And what happened to her?] She did gotty gone to hospital. That's why you see now they build gyms to go play in.","One pregnant woman did get hit, too [...] She did gotty gone to hospital.",a pregnant woman PST get hit too [...] she PST MOD.AUX go to hospital,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6085, +13-82,13,De ooman dem been all shake op an scaid.,De\tooman\tdem\tbeen\tall\tshake\top\tan\tscaid.,DET\twoman\tPL\tPST/ASP\tall\tshake\tup\tand\tscared,The women were all shaken up and scared. (Mk 16.8),,,357[187],,bible translation,"De ooman dem been all shake op an scaid.",,DET woman PL PST/ASP all shake up and scared,,,,6086, +14-57,14,He cross/crossed the street yesterday.,He\tcross/crossed\tthe\tstreet\tyesterday.,he\tcross.PST\tthe\tstreet\tyesterday,He crossed the street yesterday.,,The past is variably marked.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He cross/crossed the street yesterday.,,he cross.PST the street yesterday,The past is variably marked.,Own knowledge,,6087, +18-60,18,I bin don komot.,I\tbin\tdon\tkomot.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tPFV\tcome.out,He/She had (already) left.,,This is sentence 89 on the TAM questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,1344,,elicited from speaker,"I bin don komot.",,3SG.SBJ PST PFV come.out,This is sentence 89 on the TAM questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,,,6088, +18-61,18,"Wehn ma broda bi di rait di leta, a bi di wait fo gaden.","Wen\tma\tbroda\tbin\tdi\trait\tdi\tleta,\ta\tbin\tdi\tweit\tfo\tgaden.",while\tmy\tbrother\tPST\tIPFV\twrite\tDEF.ART\tletter\t1SG.SBJ\tPST\tIPFV\twait\tfor\tgarden,"While my brother was writing the letter, I was waiting in the garden.",,This is sentence 28 on the TAM questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,1344,,elicited from speaker,"Wehn ma broda bi di rait di leta, a bi di wait fo gaden.","Wen ma broda bin di rait di leta, a bin di weit fo gaden.",while my brother PST IPFV write DEF.ART letter 1SG.SBJ PST IPFV wait for garden,This is sentence 28 on the TAM questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,,,6089, +20-169,20,She hab belly content for make see you.,She\thab\tbelly\tcontent\tfor\tmake\tsee\tyou.,3SG\tPFV\tvery\thappy\tfor\tmake\tsee\t2SG,She was very happy to see you.,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1481[773],,naturalistic written,She hab belly content for make see you.,,3SG PFV very happy for make see 2SG,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,6090, +21-63,21,Then they quarrelled.,Then\tthey\tquarrell-ed.,then\t3PL\tquarrel-PST,Then they quarrelled.,,,529[77],,naturalistic spoken,Then they quarrelled.,Then they quarrell-ed.,then 3PL quarrel-PST,,,,6091, +24-97,24,Ai bin yuusa draiw.,Ai\tbin\tyuusa\tdraiw.,1SG\tPST\tHAB\tdrive,I used to drive.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai bin yuusa draiw.,,1SG PST HAB drive,,Own fieldwork,,6092, +25-220,25,Yubala bin wana pulum.,Yubala\tbin\twana\tpul-um.,2PL\tPST\tPOT\tpull-TR,You should have pulled him (out).,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the order of tense and mood marking.",,,naturalistic spoken,Yubala bin wana pulum.,Yubala bin wana pul-um.,2PL PST POT pull-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the order of tense and mood marking.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,6093, +25-221,25,Ai bin ranbek garra biliken en ai bin bilimap olda eig.,Ai\tbin\tran-bek\tgarra\tbiliken\ten\tai\tbin\tbil-im-ap\tolda\teig.,1SG\tPST\trun-back\tCOM/INS\tbillycan\tand\t1SG\tPST\tfill-TR-up\tPL\tegg,I ran back with the billycan and I filled it up with the eggs.,,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a comitative expression, clausal conjunction, and the dependent 1st person singular subject pronoun ai.",1332[65],,naturalistic spoken,"Ai bin ranbek garra biliken en ai bin bilimap olda eig.",Ai bin ran-bek garra biliken en ai bin bil-im-ap olda eig.,1SG PST run-back COM/INS billycan and 1SG PST fill-TR-up PL egg,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a comitative expression, clausal conjunction, and the dependent 1st person singular subject pronoun ai.",,,6094, +25-222,25,Yu bin givit thetmob.,Yu\tbin\tgiv-it\tthet-mob.,2SG\tPST\tgive-TR\tDEM-COLL,You gave it to those [people].,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Yu bin givit thetmob.,Yu bin giv-it thet-mob.,2SG PST give-TR DEM-COLL,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,6095, +25-223,25,Mela bin ran fas tharrei la Janjuwa.,Mela\tbin\tran\tfas\ttharr-ei\tla\tJanjuwa.,1PL.EXCL\tPST\trun\tfast\tDIST-DIR\tLOC\tJanjuwa,We ran fast there to Junjuwa.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a named place as a goal.,659[157],,naturalistic spoken,Mela bin ran fas tharrei la Janjuwa.,Mela bin ran fas tharr-ei la Janjuwa.,1PL.EXCL PST run fast DIST-DIR LOC Janjuwa,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a named place as a goal.,,,6096, +25-224,25,"Mela bin stil swim, guwap, la keib, kabidwan.","Mela\tbin\tstil\tswim,\tguw-ap,\tla\tkeib,\tkabid-wan.",1PL.EXCL\tPST\tstill\tswim\tgo-up\tLOC\tcave\tcovered-ADJ,We still swam and went up into a cave [so we were] covered.,,,41,,naturalistic spoken,"Mela bin stil swim, guwap, la keib, kabidwan.","Mela bin stil swim, guw-ap, la keib, kabid-wan.",1PL.EXCL PST still swim go-up LOC cave covered-ADJ,,,,6097, +26-55,26,wi justu pau katiŋ gɹæs bifɔ naɪtaɪm,wi\tjustu\tpau\tkati-ŋ\tgɹæs\tbifɔ\tnaɪtaɪm,1PL\tPST.HAB\tCOMPL\tcut-PROG\tgrass\tbefore\tnight.time,We used to / would finish cutting grass before dark / night time.,,,,,constructed by linguist,wi justu pau katiŋ gɹæs bifɔ naɪtaɪm,wi justu pau kati-ŋ gɹæs bifɔ naɪtaɪm,1PL PST.HAB COMPL cut-PROG grass before night.time,,Own knowledge,,6098, +27-52,27,En-andə nashi a kā kō fo figití mi sinə.,En-andə\tnashi\ta\tkā\tkō\tfo\tfigití\tmi\tsinə.,a-other\tnation\tPST\tCOMPL\tcome\tfor\tfight\twith\t3PL,Another people had come to fight with them.,,,355[17],,naturalistic spoken,En-andə nashi a kā kō fo figití mi sinə.,,a-other nation PST COMPL come for fight with 3PL,,,,6099, +28-87,28,kɛko wa ma mja andri gut sondro kap di mabalen,kɛkɛ\to\twa\tma\tmja\tandri\tgutu\tsondro\tkapu\tdi\tmaba\talen,like\t3SG\tPST\tIRR\tdo\tother\tthing\twithout\tcut\tthe\thoney\talone,It seems as if he was going to do something else besides just cut the honeycomb.,,,750[32],,naturalistic spoken,"kɛko wa ma mja andri gut sondro kap di mabalen",kɛkɛ o wa ma mja andri gutu sondro kapu di maba alen,like 3SG PST IRR do other thing without cut the honey alone,,,,6100, +29-81,29,omdat hy dit laat val het,omdat\thy\tdit\tlaat\tval\thet,because\t3SG.M.NOM\t3SG.N\tlet\tfall\tPST,because he dropped it,,,,,naturalistic spoken,omdat hy dit laat val het,,because 3SG.M.NOM 3SG.N let fall PST,,Own knowledge,,6101, +29-82,29,Hy kon dit gesien het.,Hy\tkon\tdit\tge-sien\thet.,3SG.M\tcould\tit\tPTCP-seen\tPST,He could have seen it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy kon dit gesien het.,Hy kon dit ge-sien het.,3SG.M could it PTCP-seen PST,,Own knowledge,,6102, +29-83,29,Hy het dit gister vir sy broer gewys.,Hy\thet\tdit\tgister\tvir\tsy\tbroer\tge-wys.,3SG.M.NOM\tPST\tit\tyesterday\tto\t3SG.M.POSS\tbrother\tPTCP-show,He showed it to his brother yesterday.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy het dit gister vir sy broer gewys.,Hy het dit gister vir sy broer ge-wys.,3SG.M.NOM PST it yesterday to 3SG.M.POSS brother PTCP-show,,Own knowledge,,6103, +29-84,29,[...] dat sy graag sal die boek wil lees. / [...] dat sy graag die boek sal wil lees.,[...] dat sy graag sal die boek wil lees. / [...] dat sy graag die boek sal wil lees.,[...] that 3SG.F.NOM eagerly shall the book want read.INF   [...] that 3SG.F.NOM eagerly the book shall want read.INF,[...] that she would very much like to read the book.,,"These so-called ""open finals"" (cf. Ponelis 1993: 331) are only possible in the spoken language, where they are not uncommon (cf. Biberauer 2003).",1227[331],,naturalistic spoken,[...] dat sy graag sal die boek wil lees. / [...] dat sy graag die boek sal wil lees.,,[...] that 3SG.F.NOM eagerly shall the book want read.INF [...] that 3SG.F.NOM eagerly the book shall want read.INF,"These so-called ""open finals"" (cf. Ponelis 1993: 331) are only possible in the spoken language, where they are not uncommon (cf. Biberauer 2003).",,,6104, +32-65,32,"Kond es tá ta txgá pert d'moráda, musin Ø voltá pa el.","Kond\tes\ttá\tta\ttxgá\tpert\tde\tmoráda,\tmusin\tØ\tvoltá\tpa\tel.",when\t3PL\tPST.IPFV\tPROG\tarrive\tnear\tof\tcity\tboy\tPFV\tturn\tto\t3SG,When they were arriving near the city the boy turned to him.,,"Here, a grammatical marker ta intervenes between the past marker and the verb.",1456,,naturalistic written,"Kond es tá ta txgá pert d'moráda, musin Ø voltá pa el.","Kond es tá ta txgá pert de moráda, musin Ø voltá pa el.",when 3PL PST.IPFV PROG arrive near of city boy PFV turn to 3SG,"Here, a grammatical marker ta intervenes between the past marker and the verb.",,,6105,"Portuguese: Quando estavam a chegar perto da cidade, o rapaz voltou-se para ele." +33-94,33,N kume-l ba.,N\tkume-l\tba.,1SG\teat-3SG.OBJ\tPST,I ate it.,,,403[49],,naturalistic written,N kume-l ba.,N kume-l ba.,1SG eat-3SG.OBJ PST,,,,6106,Portuguese: Comi-o. +33-95,33,I kasa di Djon ba.,I\tkasa\tdi\tDjon\tba.,3SG\thouse\tof\tJohn\tPST,It was John's house.,,"The past marker can follow a noun, but there is no verb (including COP).",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I kasa di Djon ba.,,3SG house of John PST,"The past marker can follow a noun, but there is no verb (including COP).",Own knowledge,,6107,Portuguese: Era a casa do João. +34-67,34,I wojá-l baŋ na Sindoŋ.,I\twojá-l\tbaŋ\tna\tSindoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tsee-3SG.OBJ\tPST\tat\tSindone,He/she had seen him/her at Sindone.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I wojá-l baŋ na Sindoŋ.",,3SG.SBJ see-3SG.OBJ PST at Sindone,,Own knowledge,,6108, +35-102,35,Ê tava ka vivê ni Libôkê.,Ê\ttava\tka\tvivê\tni\tLibôkê.,3SG\tPST\tIPFV\tlive\tin\tLiboke,He was living in Libôkê. OR: He used to live in Libôkê.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ê tava ka vivê ni Libôkê.,,3SG PST IPFV live in Liboke,,Own data,,6109, +35-103,35,N ta mu ka tason.,N\tta\tmu\tka\ttason.,1SG\tPST\tREFL\tIPFV\tsit.down,I was sitting down.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,N ta mu ka tason.,,1SG PST REFL IPFV sit.down,,Own data,,6110, +36-58,36,Ê ta ka kata.,Ê\tta\tka\tkata.,he\tPST\tPROG\tsing,He was singing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ê ta ka kata.",,he PST PROG sing,,Own knowledge,,6111, +38-77,38,Dyiabeza poxodul bi ska laba apotose.,Dyia-beza\tpoxodulu\tbi\tsxa\tlaba\tawa-poto-sai.,day-already\tpeople\tANT\tPROG\twash\twater-lake-DEM,Formerly people used to wash themselves in this lake. OR: Formerly people used to wash in this lake.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Dyiabeza poxodul bi ska laba apotose.,Dyia-beza poxodulu bi sxa laba awa-poto-sai.,day-already people ANT PROG wash water-lake-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1990,,6112, +40-58,40,Teru ti kata-n.,Teru\tti\tkata-n.,Teru\tPST\tsing-IPFV,Teru was singing.,,,265[112],,constructed by linguist,"Teru ti kata-n.",,Teru PST sing-IPFV,,,,6113, +40-59,40,Teru ti kata.,Teru\tti\tkata.,Teru\tPST\tsing,Teru used to sing.,,The interpretation of this sentence is past habitual.,265[112],,constructed by linguist,Teru ti kata.,,Teru PST sing,The interpretation of this sentence is past habitual.,,,6114, +44-90,44,Ayér ta yobé tódol día.,Ayér\tta\tyobé\ttódol\tdía.,yesterday\tIPFV\train\tall\tday,It was raining the whole day yesterday.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ayér ta yobé tódol día.,,yesterday IPFV rain all day,,Own data,,6115, +47-88,47,E tabata sa bini seka nos tur día.,E\ttabata\tsa\tbini\tseka\tnos\ttur\tdía.,3SG\tPST\table\tcome\tat\t1PL\tevery\tday,He came by us every day.,,"The order E sa tabata bini is also acceptable, according to Maurer (1988: 123) without a difference in meaning. Similarly, other modals occur variably before or after tabata (see also Goilo 1972). The translation is mine.",898[123],,published source,E tabata sa bini seka nos tur día.,,3SG PST able come at 1PL every day,"The order E sa tabata bini is also acceptable, according to Maurer (1988: 123) without a difference in meaning. Similarly, other modals occur variably before or after tabata (see also Goilo 1972). The translation is mine.",,,6116, +48-87,48,Ayá loyu ende asé be-ba yená agua.,Ayá\tloyu\tende\tasé\tbe-ba\tyená\tagua.,there\tcreek\tpeople\tHAB\tgo-PST.HAB\tfill\twater,"At the creek, we used to go and get water.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ayá loyu ende asé be-ba yená agua.,,there creek people HAB go-PST.HAB fill water,,Recorded by author,,6117,Spanish: En el arroyo la gente (nosotros) íbamos a llenar el agua (a llenar [nuestras recipientes] de agua). +48-88,48,Ele ta-ba aí nu.,Ele\tta-ba\taí\tnu.,he/she\tbe-PST\tthere\tNEG,He/she wasn't there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ele ta-ba aí nu.,,he/she be-PST there NEG,,Recorded by author,,6118,Spanish: Él/ella no estaba allí. +49-130,49,Mwen te konn vann liv bò lekòl la.,Mwen\tte\tkonn\tvann\tliv\tbò\tlekòl\tla.,1SG\tANT\tHAB\tsell\tbook\tclose\tschool\tDEF,I used to sell books close to the school.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mwen te konn vann liv bò lekòl la.,,1SG ANT HAB sell book close school DEF,,Own knowledge,,6119,French: J’avais l’habitude de vendre des livres près de l’école. +49-131,49,M t ap boukannen manyòk.,M\tt\tap\tboukannen\tmanyòk.,1SG\tANT\tINACC\tcook.over.woodfire\tmanioc,I was [in the process of] cooking manioc over a wood fire.,,,473[865],,naturalistic spoken,M t ap boukannen manyòk.,,1SG ANT INACC cook.over.woodfire manioc,,,,6120,French: J'étais en train de cuire du manioc au feu de bois. +50-76,50,I té ka travay.,I\tté\tka\ttravay.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\twork,He/she was working.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I té ka travay.",,3SG PST PROG work,,Own fieldwork,,6121, +51-73,51,I té ka travay.,I\tté\tka\ttravay.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\twork,He was working.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I té ka travay.",,3SG PST PROG work,,Own fieldwork,,6122, +53-179,53,Mo te pa kone parle langle ditou.,Mo\tte\tpa\tkone\tparle\tlangle\tditou.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\tknow\tspeak\tEnglish\tat.all,I didn't know at all how to speak English.,,,1048[322],,naturalistic spoken,"Mo te pa kone parle langle ditou.",,1SG PST NEG know speak English at.all,,,,6123, +53-180,53,Compair Lapin avé compair Bouki te tou lé dé oùlé mayé.,Compair\tLapin\tavé\tcompair\tBouki\tte\ttou\tlé\tdé\toùlé\tmayé.,Brother\tRabbit\twith\tbrother\tBouki\tPST\tall\tDEF.ART\ttwo\twant\tmarry,Brother Rabbit and Brother Bouki both wanted to get married.,,,1048[344],,naturalistic spoken,Compair Lapin avé compair Bouki te tou lé dé oùlé mayé.,,Brother Rabbit with brother Bouki PST all DEF.ART two want marry,,,,6124,French: Compère Lapin et Compère Bouki voulaient tous deux se marier. +53-181,53,Mé roi là té pa olé.,Mé\troi-là\tté\tpa\tolé.,but\tking-ART.DEF.SG\tPST\tNEG\twant,But the king didn't want to.,,,1049[21],,naturalistic written,Mé roi là té pa olé.,Mé roi-là té pa olé.,but king-ART.DEF.SG PST NEG want,,,,6125, +53-182,53,Ye te preske kapab trete nenporteke maladi.,Ye\tte\tpreske\tkapab\ttrete\tnenporteke\tmaladi.,3PL\tPST\talmost\table\ttreat\tany\tillness,They could treat almost any kind of illness.,,,1048[201],,naturalistic spoken,Ye te preske kapab trete nenporteke maladi.,,3PL PST almost able treat any illness,,,,6126, +54-104,54,Lontan té i fé èk sak trésé an vakoi.,Lontan\tte-i\tfe\tek\tsak\ttrese\tan\tvakwa.,long.ago\tPST-FIN\tdo\twith\tbag\twoven\twith\tscrew.pine,Long ago it was done with a bag made of screw pine (pandanus utilis).,,,229,,naturalistic spoken,Lontan té i fé èk sak trésé an vakoi.,Lontan te-i fe ek sak trese an vakwa.,long.ago PST-FIN do with bag woven with screw.pine,,,,6127,French: Autrefois on le faisait avec un sac tressé en vacoa. +56-98,56,Mon ti ankor pe manze.,Mon\tti\tankor\tpe\tmanze.,1SG\tPST\tstill\tPROG\teat,I was still eating.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Mon ti ankor pe manze.,,1SG PST still PROG eat,,Own knowledge,,6128, +59-148,59,mama ti mbi aga fade ge,mama\tti\tmbi\ta-ga\tfade\tge,mother\tof\t1SG\tPM-come\tjust.now\there,My mother just came here.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mama ti mbi aga fade ge,mama ti mbi a-ga fade ge,mother of 1SG PM-come just.now here,,Samarin corpus 1994,,6129, +59-149,59,ala gwe zuska na yanga ti da,ala\tgwe\tzuska\tna\tyanga\tti\tda,3PL\tgo\tall.the.way\tPREP\tmouth\tof\thouse,They went all the way home.,,"Zuska, borrowed from French jusqu'a, is being used either as it is in French for 'until' or as an Africanized ideophone meaning 'for a long time.' In other words, 'they went on and on'.",,,constructed by linguist,ala gwe zuska na yanga ti da,,3PL go all.the.way PREP mouth of house,"Zuska, borrowed from French jusqu'a, is being used either as it is in French for 'until' or as an Africanized ideophone meaning 'for a long time.' In other words, 'they went on and on'.",Own knowledge,,6130, +60-60,60,napésákí,na-pés-ákí,1SG-give-PST,I gave.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,"napésákí",na-pés-ákí,1SG-give-PST,,,,6131, +61-47,61,Yena hambile.,Yena\thamb-ile.,he\tgo-PST,He went. OR: He/She/It has gone.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Yena hambile.",Yena hamb-ile.,he go-PST,,Field notes Mesthrie,,6132, +63-83,63,úwo kan g-wónusi morú,úwo\tkan\tg-wónusi\tmorú,3SG\tIMPF\tIPFV-speak\tMoru,He was speaking Moru.,,,857[292],,naturalistic spoken,úwo kan g-wónusi morú,,3SG IMPF IPFV-speak Moru,,,,6133, +64-87,64,úmon kan geákulu,úmon\tkan\tge=ákulu,3PL\tANT\tPROG=eat,They were eating.,,,968[235],,naturalistic spoken,"úmon kan geákulu","úmon kan ge=ákulu",3PL ANT PROG=eat,,,,6134, +67-100,67,Dulu ada niaga.,Dulu\tada\tniaga.,PST\thave\tbusiness,"Before, [I] had business. OR: Before, [I] used to have business.",,Dulu 'before' functions as the marker of remote past.,708[170],,naturalistic spoken,Dulu ada niaga.,,PST have business,"Dulu 'before' functions as the marker of remote past.",,,6135, +69-35,69,mən wanan,mən\twa-nan,3SG\tgo-NONFUT,he went,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mən wanan,mən wa-nan,3SG go-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,6136, +71-74,71,"Oe mamua aie akahi dala, aole hoihoi mai, wau aole makana akahi dala iaoe.","Oe\tmamua\taie\takahi\tdala,\taole\thoihoi\tmai,\twau\taole\tmakana\takahi\tdala\tiaoe.",2SG\tbefore\tborrow\tone\tdollar\tNEG\treturn\tDIR\t1SG\tNEG\tgive\tone\tdollar\tOBJ.2SG,"You previously borrowed a dollar that you never returned to me, so I'm not going to give you a dollar.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Oe mamua aie akahi dala, aole hoihoi mai, wau aole makana akahi dala iaoe.",,2SG before borrow one dollar NEG return DIR 1SG NEG give one dollar OBJ.2SG,,own data 1881,,6137, +71-75,71,Wau hoi no mamua ma kela hale iaia.,Wau\thoi\tno\tmamua\tma\tkela\thale\tiaia.,1SG\treturn\tINTENS\tbefore\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t3SG.POSS,I indeed went back previously to his house.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau hoi no mamua ma kela hale iaia.",,1SG return INTENS before LOC DET house 3SG.POSS,,own data 1899,,6138, +73-55,73,kidazindo chaikumurkangi?,ki-da\tazi-ndo\tchaiku-mu-rka-ngi,what-ACC\tdo-SUBORD\ttire-CIS-PST-2SG,What did you do to get so tired?,,Chaiku- is a Quechua root.,,,elicited from speaker,kidazindo chaikumurkangi?,"ki-da azi-ndo chaiku-mu-rka-ngi",what-ACC do-SUBORD tire-CIS-PST-2SG,"Chaiku- is a Quechua root.",Field notes,,6139, +74-71,74,ánqati náyka mákmak,ánqati\tnáyka\tmákmak,formerly\t1SG\teat,I ate; I used to eat; I was eating,,,,,constructed by linguist,ánqati náyka mákmak,,formerly 1SG eat,,Own knowledge,,6140, +1-116,1,Hangri de killi mi.,Angri\tde\tkiri\tmi.,hunger\tPROG\tkill\t1SG,I am hungry (lit. Hunger is killing me).,,This example illustrates the progressive use of de.,1357[58],,written (dictionary),"Hangri de killi mi.",Angri de kiri mi.,hunger PROG kill 1SG,"This example illustrates the progressive use of de.",,,6141,German: Ich bin sehr hungrig. [op.cit.] +2-104,2,Dus suma pikin e musu meki muyti.,Dus\tsuma\tpikin\te\tmusu\tmeki\tmuyti.,so\tperson\tsmall\tIPFV\tmust\tmake\teffort,So the children must do their best.,,ALL EXAMPLES FROM WINFORD (2000a) ARE FROM NATURAL CONVERSATIONS RECORDED IN 1994.,1605[426],,elicited from speaker,Dus suma pikin e musu meki muyti.,,so person small IPFV must make effort,ALL EXAMPLES FROM WINFORD (2000a) ARE FROM NATURAL CONVERSATIONS RECORDED IN 1994.,,,6142, +2-105,2,Ma yu no e man onthou ala den tori so moro.,Ma\tyu\tno\te\tman\tonthou\tala\tden\ttori\tso\tmoro.,but\tyou\tNEG\tIPFV\tcan\tremember\tall\tthe.PL\tstory\tso\tmore,But you can't remember all the stories anymore.,,ALL EXAMPLES FROM WINFORD (2000a) ARE FROM NATURAL CONVERSATIONS RECORDED IN 1994.,1605,,elicited from speaker,"Ma yu no e man onthou ala den tori so moro.",,but you NEG IPFV can remember all the.PL story so more,ALL EXAMPLES FROM WINFORD (2000a) ARE FROM NATURAL CONVERSATIONS RECORDED IN 1994.,,,6143, +3-53,3,A tá woóko.,A\ttá\twoóko.,3SG\tASP\twork,He is working.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"A tá woóko.",,3SG ASP work,,Fieldwork data,,6144, +4-76,4,*Da yu e EN iti go a ini a masini.,*Da\tyu\te\tEN\titi\tgo\ta\tini\ta\tmasini.,then\tyou\tIPFV\tit\tthrow\tgo\tLOC\tin\tDET.SG\tmachine,NOT: Then you put it in(to) the machine.,,,569[223],,elicited from speaker,*Da yu e EN iti go a ini a masini.,,then you IPFV it throw go LOC in DET.SG machine,,,,6145, +4-77,4,*Da yu e ESIESI iti en go a ini a misini.,*Da\tyu\te\tESIESI\titi\ten\tgo\ta\tini\ta\tmisini.,then\tyou\tIPFV\tfast.fast\tthrow\tit\tgo\tLOC\tin\tDET\tmachine,NOT: Then you quickly put it into the machine.,,,569[224],,elicited from speaker,*Da yu e ESIESI iti en go a ini a misini.,,then you IPFV fast.fast throw it go LOC in DET machine,,,,6146, +7-120,7,Wen aawi a go si yo?,Wen\taawi\ta\tgo\tsi\tyo?,when\t1PL\tPROG\tIRR\tsee\t2.OBJ,When will we be seeing you? OR: When will we see you?,,The irrealis/future particle separates the progressive marker from the verb.,1244[98],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Wen aawi a go si yo?,,when 1PL PROG IRR see 2.OBJ,The irrealis/future particle separates the progressive marker from the verb.,,,6147, +8-71,8,"Jan de kuk, Mieri de riid an Piita a chap ud.","Jan\tde\tkuk,\tMieri\tde\triid\tan\tPiita\ta\tchap\tud.",John\tPROG\tcook\tMary\tPROG\tread\tand\tPeter\tPROG\tchop\twood,"John is cooking, Mary is reading, and Peter is chopping wood.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Jan de kuk, Mieri de riid an Piita a chap ud.",,John PROG cook Mary PROG read and Peter PROG chop wood,,Own knowledge,,6148, +10-103,10,Dehn de du evriting fi get Turkl souba.,Dehn\tde\tdu\tevri-ting\tfi\tget\tTurkl\tsouba.,3PL\tPROG\tdo\tevery-thing\tCOMP\tget\tTurtle\tsober,They were doing their best to get Turtle sober.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dehn de du evriting fi get Turkl souba.",Dehn de du evri-ting fi get Turkl souba.,3PL PROG do every-thing COMP get Turtle sober,,Unpublished field recordings,,6149, +11-130,11,Di man no lukin an har egen.,Di\tman\tno\tluk-in\tan\thar\tegen.,ART.DEF\tman\tNEG\tlook-PROG\ton\t3SG.F\tagain,The man wasn’t looking at her again (i.e. wasn’t interested in her anymore).,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Di man no lukin an har egen.",Di man no luk-in an har egen.,ART.DEF man NEG look-PROG on 3SG.F again,,,,6150, +11-131,11,Puor Mansi stil mi deh wiet fa hier di swiit swiit myuuzik.,Puor\tMansi\tstil\tmi\tdeh\twiet\tfa\thier\tdi\tswiit\tswiit\tmyuuzik.,poor\tMansi\tstill\tPST\tPROG\twait\tfor\thear\tART.DEF\tsweet\tsweet\tmusic,"Poor Mansi was still there waiting in order to hear the sweet, sweet music.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Puor Mansi stil mi deh wiet fa hier di swiit swiit myuuzik.",,poor Mansi still PST PROG wait for hear ART.DEF sweet sweet music,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,6151, +12-106,12,"And then you know all the people 'rou - and see it's best to know people, because - if you know people ain't nobody could bother with you when you walking [...], you know, yeah.",[...]\twhen\tyou\twalking\t[...].,[...]\twhen\tyou\twalk.PROG\t[...],"[...] if you know people, nobody’s going to bother you] when you go for walks [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And then you know all the people 'rou - and see it's best to know people, because - if you know people ain't nobody could bother with you when you walking [...], you know, yeah.",[...] when you walking [...].,[...] when you walk.PROG [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6152, +12-107,12,"[So when did you start working at the school - that was then, too? Two years ago? When you moved here?] Uh-uh. I start - uh-uh. I was work-ing there - let me see - from 91. I's - this year make my six years.",I\twas\twork-ing\tthere\t[...]\tfrom\t91.,I\tPST\twork-PROG\tthere\t[...]\tfrom\t1991,I’ve been working here since 1991.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[So when did you start working at the school - that was then, too? Two years ago? When you moved here?] Uh-uh. I start - uh-uh. I was work-ing there - let me see - from 91. I's - this year make my six years.",I was work-ing there [...] from 91.,I PST work-PROG there [...] from 1991,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6153, +12-108,12,"[So you like the job?] Yeah, I like the job, but now I getting tired, you know.",[...]\tbut\tnow\tI\tgett-ing\ttired\t[...].,[...]\tbut\tnow\tI\tget-PROG\ttired\t[...],[...] but I’m getting tired [of it] [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[So you like the job?] Yeah, I like the job, but now I getting tired, you know.",[...] but now I gett-ing tired [...].,[...] but now I get-PROG tired [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6154, +13-83,13,Hi da pen de nau.,Hi\tda\tpen\tde\tnau.,he\tPROG\tpaint\tthere\tnow,He is painting there now.,,,651[71],,naturalistic spoken,"Hi da pen de nau.",,he PROG paint there now,,,,6155, +14-58,14,They running.,They\trunning.,they\trun.PROG,They are running.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,They running.,,they run.PROG,,Own knowledge,,6156, +15-69,15,a de siŋg,a\tde\tsiŋg,1SG\tPROG\tsing,I am singing.,,,686[79],,naturalistic written,a de siŋg,,1SG PROG sing,,,,6157, +16-62,16,sɔm pipu sɛf [...] dè no dè fit pe go fɔ dɛ̀a taũ,sɔm\tpipu\tsɛf\t[...]\tdè\tno\tdè\tfit\tpe\tgo\tfɔ\tdɛ̀a\ttaũ,some\tpeople\tEMPH\t[...]\t3PL\tNEG\tHAB\tABIL\tpay\tgo\tfor\t3PL.POSS\ttown,Some people cannot even pay the money to go to their (home) town.,,This example shows the intervening ability marker fit.,656[228],,naturalistic spoken,sɔm pipu sɛf [...] dè no dè fit pe go fɔ dɛ̀a taũ,,some people EMPH [...] 3PL NEG HAB ABIL pay go for 3PL.POSS town,"This example shows the intervening ability marker fit.",,,6158, +16-63,16,nau dɛ tin dè kam sprɛd,nau\tdɛ\ttin\tdè\tkam\tsprɛd,now\tART.DEF\tthing\tPROG\tSEQ\tspread,[And] now the thing (clashes) was starting to spread.,,This example shows the use of the intervening sequential marker kam.,,,naturalistic spoken,nau dɛ tin dè kam sprɛd,,now ART.DEF thing PROG SEQ spread,"This example shows the use of the intervening sequential marker kam.",Own fieldwork,,6159, +17-67,17,À bin do̱n ko̱m dè go.,À\tbin\tdo̱n\tko̱m\tdè\tgo.,1SG.SBJ\tANT\tCOMPL\tREALIS\tNCOMPL\tgo,I had actually been going.,,,462[73],,naturalistic spoken,À bin do̱n ko̱m dè go.,,1SG.SBJ ANT COMPL REALIS NCOMPL go,,,,6160, +18-62,18,Pipol dem no go di kam fo ma haus fosika se a no get moni.,Pipul-dem\tno\tgo\tdi\tkam\tfo\tma\thaus\tfosika\tse\ta\tno\tget\tmoni.,people-PL\tNEG\tFUT\tIPFV\tcome\tfor\tmy\thause\tbecause\tCOMP\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tget\tmoney,People will not be coming to my house because I don't have any money.,,,63[442],,published source,"Pipol dem no go di kam fo ma haus fosika se a no get moni.",Pipul-dem no go di kam fo ma haus fosika se a no get moni.,people-PL NEG FUT IPFV come for my hause because COMP 1SG.SBJ NEG get money,,,,6161, +19-80,19,Dɛ̀n dè jis kan.,Dɛ̀n\tdè\tjis\tkan.,3PL\tIPFV\tjust\tcome,They're just coming.,,"This construction, in which a temporal adverb may intervene between the IPFV marker and the verb is possible but rare. The far more frequent alternative is 'resumptive imperfect marking' as in Example 79.",1634[125],,elicited from speaker,"Dɛ̀n dè jis kan.",,3PL IPFV just come,"This construction, in which a temporal adverb may intervene between the IPFV marker and the verb is possible but rare. The far more frequent alternative is 'resumptive imperfect marking' as in Example 79.",,,6162, +21-64,21,"Hey, I think the driver trying to be funny, you know.","Hey,\tI\tthink\tthe\tdriver\ttrying\tto\tbe\tfunny,\tyou\tknow.",hey\t1SG\tthink\tDET\tdriver\ttrying\tto\tbe\tfunny\t2SG\tknow,"Hey, I think the driver is trying to be funny, you know.",,,529[86],,naturalistic spoken,"Hey, I think the driver trying to be funny, you know.",,hey 1SG think DET driver trying to be funny 2SG know,,,,6163, +22-82,22,Ol man meri wok long singsing na kaikai na mekim kain kain samting stap.,Ol\tman\tmeri\twok\tlong\tsingsing\tna\tkaikai\tna\tmek-im\tkain\tkain\tsamting\tstap.,PL\tman\twoman\tPROG\tPROG\tsing\tand\teat\tand\tdo-TR\tkind\tkind\tthing\tPROG,Everyone was singing and feasting and doing all kinds of things.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Ol man meri wok long singsing na kaikai na mekim kain kain samting stap.,Ol man meri wok long singsing na kaikai na mek-im kain kain samting stap.,PL man woman PROG PROG sing and eat and do-TR kind kind thing PROG,,,,6164, +22-83,22,Na narapla i wok long bagarapim stret narapla man ia.,Na\tnara-pla\ti\twok\tlong\tbagarap-im\tstret\tnara-pla\tman\tia.,and\tother-MOD\tPM\tPROG\tPROG\tspoil-TR\tcompletely\tother-MOD\tman\tFOC,And they were completely bashing each other up.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Na narapla i wok long bagarapim stret narapla man ia.,Na nara-pla i wok long bagarap-im stret nara-pla man ia.,and other-MOD PM PROG PROG spoil-TR completely other-MOD man FOC,,,,6165, +23-78,23,wai nao i stap mekem hem i save kilim evri man?,wai\tnao\ti\tstap\tmekem\them\ti\tsave\tkilim\tevri\tman?,why\tnow\tAGR\tPROG\tmake\t3SG\tAGR\tknow\tkill\tevery\tman,So why do they always make him (have to) kill everybody?,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,wai nao i stap mekem hem i save kilim evri man?,,why now AGR PROG make 3SG AGR know kill every man,,,,6166, +23-80,23,Plante taim ol turis i stap kam askem ol kain information about ol aota aelan blong yumi.,Plante\ttaim\tol\tturis\ti\tstap\tkam\taskem\tol\tkain\tinformation\tabout\tol\taota\taelan\tblong\tyumi.,plenty\ttime\tPL\ttourist\tAGR\tHAB\tcome\task\tPL\tkind\tinformation\tabout\tPL\touter\tisland\tof\t1PL.INCL,Tourists often come asking for all kinds of information about our outer islands.,,"I believe the status of kam (and go) in sentences like this is similar to the status of come and go in English, they are quasi-auxiliaries. The habitual marker has scope over both the verbs, I would not translate this 'are coming (and/to) ask', but if this is a characteristic that is in the process of grammaticalizing, there may be different interpretations open at the same time.",,,naturalistic written,Plante taim ol turis i stap kam askem ol kain information about ol aota aelan blong yumi.,,plenty time PL tourist AGR HAB come ask PL kind information about PL outer island of 1PL.INCL,"I believe the status of kam (and go) in sentences like this is similar to the status of come and go in English, they are quasi-auxiliaries. The habitual marker has scope over both the verbs, I would not translate this 'are coming (and/to) ask', but if this is a characteristic that is in the process of grammaticalizing, there may be different interpretations open at the same time.","Trading Post, 10 June 1998",,6167, +24-98,24,Muun mieken.,Ø\tmuun\tmiek-en.,Ø\tmoon\tmake-CONT,The moon is waxing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Muun mieken.,Ø muun miek-en.,Ø moon make-CONT,,Own fieldwork,,6168, +25-225,25,Olabat bin grajing yem.,Olabat\tbin\tgraj-ing\tyem.,3PL\tPST\tscratch-PROG2\tyam,They were digging yam.,,Variety: Written or spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the use of -in/-ing as a progressive marker (the other progressive marker is -bat).,1333[114],,unknown,Olabat bin grajing yem.,"Olabat bin graj-ing yem.",3PL PST scratch-PROG2 yam,"Variety: Written or spoken Roper River. This example illustrates the use of -in/-ing as a progressive marker (the other progressive marker is -bat).",,,6169, +25-226,25,Aim goin na got mai motika.,Aim\tgo-in\tna\tgot\tmai\tmotika.,1SG.be\tgo-PROG\tnow\tCOM/INS\t1SG.POSS\tcar,I’m going now with my car.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the second progressive construction and the comitative/instrumental preposition got(a).",,,naturalistic spoken,Aim goin na got mai motika.,Aim go-in na got mai motika.,1SG.be go-PROG now COM/INS 1SG.POSS car,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the second progressive construction and the comitative/instrumental preposition got(a).",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,6170, +25-227,25,"Yubala jeldan na, don faitimbat.","Yubala\tjeldan\tna,\tdon\tfait-im-bat.",2PL\tsettle.down\tnow\tNEG.IMP\tfight-TR-PROG,"Settle down, you lot! Don't fight!",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of prohibitive auxiliary don.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Yubala jeldan na, don faitimbat.","Yubala jeldan na, don fait-im-bat.",2PL settle.down now NEG.IMP fight-TR-PROG,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of prohibitive auxiliary don.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,6171, +25-228,25,Dat gel im gibitbat dat man jumok.,Dat\tgel\tim\tgib-it-bat\tdat\tman\tjumok.,DEM\tgirl\t3SG\tgive-TR-PROG\tDEM\tman\tsmoke/tobacco,That girl is giving the man tobacco.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. This example illustrates the double object construction with the 'give' verb.",,,naturalistic spoken,Dat gel im gibitbat dat man jumok.,Dat gel im gib-it-bat dat man jumok.,DEM girl 3SG give-TR-PROG DEM man smoke/tobacco,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation. This example illustrates the double object construction with the 'give' verb.",Fieldwork Meakins,,6172, +26-56,26,ðɛ pipo kɹain dæ deɪ laɪg deɪ neɪʃɛn bæg,ðɛ\tpipo\tkɹa-in\tdæ\tdeɪ\tlaɪg\tdeɪ\tneɪʃɛn\tbæg,ART\tpeople\tcry-PROG\tthat\t3PL\tDESID\t3PL.POSS\tnation\tback,People are shouting that they want their nation back.,,DESID = desiderative,1545[90],,naturalistic spoken,ðɛ pipo kɹain dæ deɪ laɪg deɪ neɪʃɛn bæg,ðɛ pipo kɹa-in dæ deɪ laɪg deɪ neɪʃɛn bæg,ART people cry-PROG that 3PL DESID 3PL.POSS nation back,DESID = desiderative,,,6173, +27-53,27,Sinu a lo wandu.,Sinu\ta\tlo\twandu.,3PL\tPST\tPROG\twalk,They were walking.,,,355[50],,naturalistic spoken,Sinu a lo wandu.,,3PL PST PROG walk,,,,6174, +28-88,28,o wa riʃa,o\twa\triʃi-a,3SG\tPST\tswell-IPFV,He was swelling.,,,750[29],,naturalistic spoken,"o wa riʃa",o wa riʃi-a,3SG PST swell-IPFV,,,,6175, +29-85,29,omdat hy jou boek aan die lees is,omdat\thy\tjou\tboek\taan\tdie\tlees\tis,because\t3SG.M.NOM\t2SG.POSS\tbook\ton\tDEF.ART\tread\tis,because he is reading your book,,,,,naturalistic written,omdat hy jou boek aan die lees is,,because 3SG.M.NOM 2SG.POSS book on DEF.ART read is,,Own knowledge,,6176, +29-86,29,Hy sou jou boek aan die lees kon wees.,Hy\tsou\tjou\tboek\taan\tdie\tlees\tkon\twees.,3SG.M.NOM\twould\t2SG.POSS\tbook\ton\tthe\tread\tcould\tbe,He might be reading your book.,,The placement of sou here is dictated by V2.,,,naturalistic written,Hy sou jou boek aan die lees kon wees.,,3SG.M.NOM would 2SG.POSS book on the read could be,"The placement of sou here is dictated by V2.",Own knowledge,,6177, +29-87,29,Hy is jou boek aan die lees.,Hy\tis\tjou\tboek\taan\tdie\tlees.,3SG.M.NOM\tis\t2SG.POSS\tbook\ton\tDEF.ART\tread,He is reading your book.,,,,,naturalistic written,Hy is jou boek aan die lees.,,3SG.M.NOM is 2SG.POSS book on DEF.ART read,,Own knowledge,,6178, +29-88,29,Hy is besig om te werk.,Hy\tis\tbesig\tom\tte\twerk.,3SG.M.NOM\tis\tbusy\tINF.CONJ\tto\twork.INF,He is busy working.,,"Besig wees om te [busy be INF.CONJ to] is not restricted to agentive contexts - cf. Hy is besig om sy bewussyn te verloor [3SG.M.NOM is busy INF.CONJ his consciousness to lose.INF] 'he is in the process of losing consciousness'). +The placement of is here is dictated by V2.",,,naturalistic spoken,Hy is besig om te werk.,,3SG.M.NOM is busy INF.CONJ to work.INF,"Besig wees om te [busy be INF.CONJ to] is not restricted to agentive contexts - cf. Hy is besig om sy bewussyn te verloor [3SG.M.NOM is busy INF.CONJ his consciousness to lose.INF] 'he is in the process of losing consciousness'). +The placement of is here is dictated by V2.",Own knowledge,,6179, +29-89,29,[...] omdat hy besig is om te werk,[...]\tomdat\thy\tbesig\tis\tom\tte\twerk,[...]\tbecause\t3SG.M.NOM\tbusy\tis\tINF.CONJ\tto\twork.INF,[...] because he is busy working / [...] because he is (in the process of) working,,,,,naturalistic spoken,[...] omdat hy besig is om te werk,,[...] because 3SG.M.NOM busy is INF.CONJ to work.INF,,Own knowledge,,6180, +29-90,29,Hy hou aan dieselfde foute maak. — Sy hou aan hard werk.,Hy\thou\taan\tdieselfde\tfoute\tmaak.\tSy\thou\taan\thard\twerk.,3SG.M.NOM\tkeeps\ton\tthe.same\tmistakes\tmake.INF\t3SG.F.NOM\tcarries\ton\thard\twork.INF,He keeps making the same mistakes. — She carries on working hard.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy hou aan dieselfde foute maak. — Sy hou aan hard werk.,Hy hou aan dieselfde foute maak. Sy hou aan hard werk.,3SG.M.NOM keeps on the.same mistakes make.INF 3SG.F.NOM carries on hard work.INF,,Own knowledge,,6181, +30-101,30,"Kelotu dia, kántu maridu sa ta benba di trabádju y k ’e sa ta pasába na un txáda, e átxa un kabésa riba-l pédra.","Kel-otu\tdia\tkántu\tmaridu\tsa=ta=ben-ba\tdi=trabádju\ty\tk=e=sa=ta=pasá-ba\tna=un=txáda,\te=átxa\tun=kabésa\triba=l\tpédra.",DEM.SG-other\tday\twhen\thusband\tPROG=IPFV=come-ANT\tfrom=work\tand\tCOMP=3SG=PROG=IPFV=cross-ANT\tin=a=plain\t3SG=find\ta=head\ton.top=of\tstone,"The other day, when the husband was walking home from work and crossing a plain, he found a head lying on a stone.",,,1407[27],,naturalistic spoken,"Kelotu dia, kántu maridu sa ta benba di trabádju y k ’e sa ta pasába na un txáda, e átxa un kabésa riba-l pédra.","Kel-otu dia kántu maridu sa=ta=ben-ba di=trabádju y k=e=sa=ta=pasá-ba na=un=txáda, e=átxa un=kabésa riba=l pédra.",DEM.SG-other day when husband PROG=IPFV=come-ANT from=work and COMP=3SG=PROG=IPFV=cross-ANT in=a=plain 3SG=find a=head on.top=of stone,,,,6182,"German: Als der Ehemann am Tag darauf von der Arbeit kam und eine Ebene überquerte, fand er einen Kopf auf einem Stein." +32-66,32,"Ma y grinhasin, uk bo ti ta fazê?","Ma\ty\tgrinhasin,\tuk\tbo\tti\tta\tfazê?",but\tand\tnow\twhat\t2SG\tPRS\tPROG\tdo,What are you doing now?,,Ti ta is a dissimilation of ta ta. It has progressive meaning here.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Ma y grinhasin, uk bo ti ta fazê?",,but and now what 2SG PRS PROG do,"Ti ta is a dissimilation of ta ta. It has progressive meaning here.",,,6183,Portuguese: O que está a fazer? +33-97,33,N’ na ba ta studa.,N’\tna\tba\tta\tstuda.,1SG\tPROG\tAUX\tHAB\tstudy,I will study frequently.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’ na ba ta studa.",,1SG PROG AUX HAB study,,Own knowledge,,6184,Portuguese: Vou estudar habitualmente. +33-98,33,N na ta bay skola.,N\tna\tta\tbay\tskola.,1SG\tPROG\tIRR\tgo\tschool,I will be going to school.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N na ta bay skola.,,1SG PROG IRR go school,,Own knowledge,,6185,Portuguese: Estarei a ir à escola. +34-68,34,Gósiŋ i ka podé kudí-bu parbiya i na tarbajá.,Gósiŋ\ti\tka\tø\tpodé\tkudí-bu\tparbiya\ti\tna\ttarbajá\tØ.,now\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\tcan\tanswer-2SG.OBJ\tbecause\t3SG.SBJ\tPROG\twork\tPRS,He/she cannot answer you now because he/she is working.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Gósiŋ i ka podé kudí-bu parbiya i na tarbajá.","Gósiŋ i ka ø podé kudí-bu parbiya i na tarbajá Ø.",now 3SG.SBJ NEG PFV can answer-2SG.OBJ because 3SG.SBJ PROG work PRS,,Own knowledge,,6186, +35-105,35,San ska be.,San\tska\tbe.,she\tPROG\tgo,She is going.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,San ska be.,,she PROG go,,Own data,,6187, +38-78,38,Iney ska fi wan xadyi namay.,Ineni\tsxa\tfe\twan\txadyi\tnamai.,3PL\tPROG\tmake\tART\thouse\tfamily,They are building a house for the family.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Iney ska fi wan xadyi namay.,Ineni sxa fe wan xadyi namai.,3PL PROG make ART house family,,Own fieldwork 1993,,6188, +40-60,40,Chu kai-n.,Chu\tkai-n.,rain\tfall-PROG,It's raining (lit. Rain is falling).,,The reference contains other analogous examples.,263[216],,constructed by linguist,"Chu kai-n.",,rain fall-PROG,The reference contains other analogous examples.,,,6189, +40-61,40,Teru sirwis hedze-n.,Teru\tsirwis\thedze-n.,Teru\twork\tdo-PROG,Teru is working (lit. Teru is doing work).,,The reference contains other comparable examples.,263[216],,constructed by linguist,"Teru sirwis hedze-n.",,Teru work do-PROG,The reference contains other comparable examples.,,,6190, +42-76,42,eli ta les buku agora,eli\tta\tles\tbuku\tagora,3SG\tPROG\tread\tbook\tnow,He is reading a book now.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"eli ta les buku agora",,3SG PROG read book now,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,6191, +44-91,44,Agóra akí mótro ta kedá na Ternáte.,Agóra\takí\tmótro\tta\tkedá\tna\tTernáte.,now\there\t1PL\tIPFV\tlive\tLOC\tTernate,Now we are living here in Ternate.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Agóra akí mótro ta kedá na Ternáte.,,now here 1PL IPFV live LOC Ternate,,Own data,,6192, +45-77,45,Ta junta ilo cen para planta un casa.,Ta\tjunta\tilo\tcen\tpara\tplanta\tun\tcasa.,IPFV\tgather\t3PL\tmoney\tfor\tbuild\ta\thouse,They are saving money to build a house.,,,426[75],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ta junta ilo cen para planta un casa.,,IPFV gather 3PL money for build a house,,,,6193, +46-88,46,Ta-kantá kamó.,Ta-kantá\tkamó.,IPFV-sing\t2PL,You are singing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ta-kantá kamó.,,IPFV-sing 2PL,,Own knowledge,,6194, +47-90,47,"Nos ta bira protestant pa nos skapa di tur e molèster di pastornan, ku ta blo keda papia i menasá [...].","Nos\tta\tbira\tprotestant\tpa\tnos\tskapa\tdi\ttur\te\tmolèster\tdi\tpastor\tnan,\tku\tta\tblo\tkeda\tpapia\ti\tmenasá\t[...].",1PL\tTNS\tbecome\tprotestant\tfor\t1PL\tescape\tof\tall\tDEF\tannoyance\tof\tpriest\tPL\tCOMP\tTNS\tjust\tkeep\ttalk\tand\tthreaten\t[...],We are becoming protestant in order to escape from the annoyance of priests who just keep on talking and threatening [...].,,The translation is mine.,"453[20 June 2009, p.7]",,published source,"Nos ta bira protestant pa nos skapa di tur e molèster di pastornan, ku ta blo keda papia i menasá [...].","Nos ta bira protestant pa nos skapa di tur e molèster di pastor nan, ku ta blo keda papia i menasá [...].",1PL TNS become protestant for 1PL escape of all DEF annoyance of priest PL COMP TNS just keep talk and threaten [...],The translation is mine.,,,6195, +48-89,48,Suto ta-ba kombesá ku besino si.,Suto\tta-ba\tkombesá\tku\tbesino\tsi.,we\tPROG-PST\tconverse\twith\tneighbour\tyour,We were talking to your neighbour.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Suto ta-ba kombesá ku besino si.,,we PROG-PST converse with neighbour your,,Own knowledge,,6196,Spanish: (Nosotros) estábamos hablando con tu vecino. +53-184,53,Li p ape manje.,Li\tp\tape\tmanje.,3SG\tNEG\tPROG\teat,He's not eating.,,,1048[323],,elicited from speaker,"Li p ape manje.",,3SG NEG PROG eat,,,,6197, +56-99,56,Tony ti (a)pe erezman ale.,Tony\tti\t(a)pe\terezman\tale.,Tony\tPST\tPROG\tfortunately\tleave,"Fortunately, Tony was leaving.",,"The sentence adverb erezman can also precede the sentence: Erezman, Tony ti ape ale.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Tony ti (a)pe erezman ale.,,Tony PST PROG fortunately leave,"The sentence adverb erezman can also precede the sentence: Erezman, Tony ti ape ale.",Own fieldwork,,6198, +57-43,57,ta atra nde fe kwa se mata?,ta\tatra\tnde\tfe\tkwa\tse\tmata?,2SG\tPROG\tPROG\tdo\twhat\tthis\tmorning,What are you doing this morning?,,,423[161],,naturalistic spoken,ta atra nde fe kwa se mata?,,2SG PROG PROG do what this morning,,,,6199, +57-145,57,jer swar ma atra nde lir,jer\tswar\tma\tatra\tnde\tlir,yesterday\tevening\t1SG\tPROG\tPROG\tread,Last night I was reading.,,,423[161],,naturalistic spoken,jer swar ma atra nde lir,,yesterday evening 1SG PROG PROG read,,,,6200, +57-146,57,se kwa sola atra nde fe?,se\tkwa\tsola\tatra\tnde\tfe?,PRESV\twhat\t3PL\tPROG\tPROG\tdo,What are they doing at the moment?,,,423[197],,naturalistic spoken,se kwa sola atra nde fe?,,PRESV what 3PL PROG PROG do,,,,6201, +58-61,58,Yandi kele (ku)dia.,Yandi\tkele\t(ku)dia.,he/she\tbe\t(INF).eat,He/she is eating.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi kele (ku)dia.",,he/she be (INF).eat,,Own knowledge,,6202, +60-61,60,nazalí kolámba,na-zal-í\tko-lámb-a,1SG-be-PRS.PRF\tINF-cook-FV,I am cooking.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",1273,,naturalistic spoken,nazalí kolámba,"na-zal-í ko-lámb-a",1SG-be-PRS.PRF INF-cook-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,6203, +60-62,60,nazalí pé kolámba,na-zal-í\tpé\tko-lámb-a,1SG-be-PRS.PRF\talso\tINF-cook-FV,I am also cooking.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,nazalí pé kolámba,na-zal-í pé ko-lámb-a,1SG-be-PRS.PRF also INF-cook-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",Own knowledge,,6204, +60-64,60,nazalí kosála,na-zal-í\tko-sál-a,1SG-be-PRS.PRF\tINF-work-FV,I am working.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",1273,,naturalistic spoken,nazalí kosála,na-zal-í ko-sál-a,1SG-be-PRS.PRF INF-work-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,6205, +63-85,63,generation ta ásede gi-ábidu ágara,generation\tta\tásede\tgi-ábidu\tágara,generation\tGEN\tnow\tTAM-start\tstudy,This generation starts to study.,,,857[284],,naturalistic spoken,"generation ta ásede gi-ábidu ágara",,generation GEN now TAM-start study,,,,6206, +64-88,64,úo ge=ágra,[‘uo\t‘gaagra],3SG\tPROG=study,He is studying.,,,874[71],,naturalistic spoken,"úo ge=ágra",[‘uo ‘gaagra],3SG PROG=study,,,,6207, +64-89,64,ána ge=sílu úo fi bet,[‘ana\t‘gi\tsil‘uo\t‘fi\t‘be],1SG\tPROG=bring\t3SG\tin\thouse,I am bringing him home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ána ge=sílu úo fi bet",[‘ana ‘gi sil‘uo ‘fi ‘be],1SG PROG=bring 3SG in house,,Own knowledge,,6208, +64-90,64,ána lísa ge=istákal,[‘ana\t‘lisa\tgi‘stakal].,1SG\tstill\tPROG=work,I’m still working.,,,1491[432],,naturalistic spoken,ána lísa ge=istákal,[‘ana ‘lisa gi‘stakal].,1SG still PROG=work,,,,6209, +67-101,67,"Jumari ah, dia banyak sibuk. Dia sedang sapu.","Jumari\tah,\tdia\tbanyak\tsibuk.\tDia\tsedang\tsapu.",Jumari\tTOP\t3SG\tmuch\tbusy\t3SG\tPROG\tsweep,"[As for] Jumari, he is very busy. He is [in the process of] sweeping.",,,708[173],,naturalistic spoken,"Jumari ah, dia banyak sibuk. Dia sedang sapu.",,Jumari TOP 3SG much busy 3SG PROG sweep,,,,6210, +68-56,68,"Lyo, beta ada mo pi.","Lyo,\tbeta\tada\tmo\tpi.",yes\t1SG\tPROG\tFUT\tgo,"Yes, I'm about to go.",,,1528[231],,naturalistic spoken,"Lyo, beta ada mo pi.",,yes 1SG PROG FUT go,,,,6211, +69-36,69,ama təpambi tanan,ama\ttəpa-mbi\tta-nan,1SG\tbathe-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT,I'm washing,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ama təpambi tanan,ama təpa-mbi ta-nan,1SG bathe-DEP PROG-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,6212, +71-76,71,"Aole wau manao make ana wau, aka, wau nui loa eha keia manawa.","Aole\twau\tmanao\tmake\tana\twau,\taka,\twau\tnui\tloa\teha\tkeia\tmanawa.",NEG\t1SG\tthink\tdie\tIPFV\t1SG\tbut\t1SG\tmuch\tvery\thurt\tthis\ttime,I didn't think I was dying but I was in a lot of pain at the time.,,Make is a stative (neuter) verb in Hawaiian and here it appears to refer to the process or state of dying.,,,naturalistic written,"Aole wau manao make ana wau, aka, wau nui loa eha keia manawa.",,NEG 1SG think die IPFV 1SG but 1SG much very hurt this time,"Make is a stative (neuter) verb in Hawaiian and here it appears to refer to the process or state of dying.",Own data 1885,,6213, +72-74,72,Dat warlakungkuma im kilimbatkarra dat biyu hawuj.,Dat\twarlaku-ngku-ma\tim\tkil-im-bat-karra\tdat\tbi-yu\thawuj.,the\tdog-ERG-TOP\t3SG\thit-TR-CONT-CONT\tthe\tbee-DAT\thome,"The dog, he is hitting the bee's home.",,The progressive markers are suffixes found on the verb.,920[419],,peer elicitation,Dat warlakungkuma im kilimbatkarra dat biyu hawuj.,Dat warlaku-ngku-ma im kil-im-bat-karra dat bi-yu hawuj.,the dog-ERG-TOP 3SG hit-TR-CONT-CONT the bee-DAT home,The progressive markers are suffixes found on the verb.,,,6214, +73-56,73,ixuni kazamu,i-xu-ni\tkaza-mu,go-PROG-1SG\thouse-ALL,I am going home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,ixuni kazamu,i-xu-ni kaza-mu,go-PROG-1SG house-ALL,,Field notes,,6215, +74-73,74,man hai-tl'kup lup,man\thai-tl'kup\tlup,man\tCONT-cut\trope,A man keeps cutting the rope. OR: The man is cutting the rope.,,,,,constructed by linguist,man hai-tl'kup lup,,man CONT-cut rope,,Own knowledge,,6216, +75-126,75,Aahkushiw meekwaat.,Aahkushi-w\tmeekwaat.,be.ill-3\tright.now,She is ailing right now.,,Aahkushiw is intransitive.,789[19],,naturalistic written,Aahkushiw meekwaat.,Aahkushi-w meekwaat.,be.ill-3 right.now,Aahkushiw is intransitive.,,,6217, +1-9,1,Da vool de slibi ([od.] siddom) na eksi tappo.,Da\tfowru\tde\tsribi\t([oder]\tsidon)\tna\teksi\ttapu.,DET.SG\tchicken\tPROG\tsleep\t([or]\tsit)\tLOC\tegg\ttop,The chicken is sitting on the eggs.,,"Ad Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"": de is used as progressive marker here. +Ad Feature 4 ""Order of adposition and noun phrase"": The specifying locative element tapo 'top, on' here follows the noun which is at the same time preceded by the general preposition na. +od. stands for German oder meaning 'or'; it presents the verb siddom as an alternative to slibi in this context.",1357[39],,written (dictionary),"Da vool de slibi ([od.] siddom) na eksi tappo.",Da fowru de sribi ([oder] sidon) na eksi tapu.,DET.SG chicken PROG sleep ([or] sit) LOC egg top,"Ad Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"": de is used as progressive marker here. +Ad Feature 4 ""Order of adposition and noun phrase"": The specifying locative element tapo 'top, on' here follows the noun which is at the same time preceded by the general preposition na. +od. stands for German oder meaning 'or'; it presents the verb siddom as an alternative to slibi in this context.",,,6218,German: Die Henne brütet. [op.cit.] +1-117,1,"Gado de sabi alla membre va wi, bevo wi pulu muffe na tongo.","Gado\tde\tsabi\tala\tmemre\tfu\twi,\tbifo\twi\tpuru\tmofo\tna\ttongo.",god\tHAB\tknow\tall\tthought\tof\t1PL\tbefore\t1PL\tremove\tword\tLOC\ttongue,"God learns all our thoughts, before we utter them.",,This example illustrates the habitual use of de.,1357[116],,written (dictionary),"Gado de sabi alla membre va wi, bevo wi pulu muffe na tongo.","Gado de sabi ala memre fu wi, bifo wi puru mofo na tongo.",god HAB know all thought of 1PL before 1PL remove word LOC tongue,"This example illustrates the habitual use of de.",,,6219,"German: Gott weiss alle unsre Gedanken, ehe wir sie aussprechen. [op.cit.]" +1-118,1,Da siri de gi heddi.,Da\tsiri\tde\tgi\thede.,DET.SG\tseed\tINGR\tgive\thead,The seed is germinating.,,This example illustrates the ingressive use of de.,1357[63],,written (dictionary),"Da siri de gi heddi.",Da siri de gi hede.,DET.SG seed INGR give head,"This example illustrates the ingressive use of de.",,,6220,German: Der Same kaimt. [op.cit.] +1-119,1,Mi hatti de lobbi ju.,Mi\thati\tde\tlobi\tyu.,1SG\theart\tIPFV\tlove\t2SG,I love you.,,This example shows de expressing current state.,1355[62],,written,"Mi hatti de lobbi ju.",Mi hati de lobi yu.,1SG heart IPFV love 2SG,"This example shows de expressing current state.",,,6221,German: Ich habe dich herzig lieb. +2-106,2,"Mi e sidon dya, mi e denki fu beroof wan bangi now de.","Mi\te\tsidon\tdya,\tmi\te\tdenki\tfu\tberoof\twan\tbangi\tnow\tde.",I\tIPFV\tsit\there\tI\tIPFV\tthink\tto\trob\tone\tbank\tnow\tthere,I’m sitting here thinking to rob a bank right now.,,This example illustrates progressive use.,1605[423],,elicited from speaker,"Mi e sidon dya, mi e denki fu beroof wan bangi now de.",,I IPFV sit here I IPFV think to rob one bank now there,This example illustrates progressive use.,,,6222, +2-107,2,"Den man e pina, yungu.","Den\tman\te\tpina,\tyungu.",the.PL\tman\tIPFV\tsuffer\tman,"Those people are suffering, man.",,This example illustrates progressive use.,1605[424],,elicited from speaker,"Den man e pina, yungu.",,the.PL man IPFV suffer man,This example illustrates progressive use.,,,6223, +2-108,2,Yu no e sabi a wet so bun.,Yu\tno\te\tsabi\ta\twet\tso\tbun.,2SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tknow\tDET\tlaw\tso\tgood,You don’t really know the law so well.,,"This example illustrates current state use. It is marginal and restricted only to a few verbs, like siki ‘be/get sick’.",1557[378],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu no e sabi a wet so bun.",,2SG NEG IPFV know DET law so good,"This example illustrates current state use. It is marginal and restricted only to a few verbs, like siki ‘be/get sick’.",,,6224, +2-109,2,"Den e afrontu den tongo, tog.","Den\te\tafrontu\tden\ttongo,\ttog.",they\tIPFV\tturn.against\ttheir\tlanguage\tTAG,"They turn their backs on their language, right.",,,1605[424],,elicited from speaker,"Den e afrontu den tongo, tog.",,they IPFV turn.against their language TAG,,,,6225, +2-110,2,Den no e wani taki Sranan Tongo moro.,Den\tno\te\twani\ttaki\tSranan\tTongo\tmoro.,they\tNEG\tIPFV\twant\ttalk\tSuriname\ttongue\tmore,They don't want to speak Sranan Tongo anymore.,,,1605[425],,elicited from speaker,"Den no e wani taki Sranan Tongo moro.",,they NEG IPFV want talk Suriname tongue more,,,,6226, +2-111,2,"Efu pikinso wan druppel nomo kisi yu skin, yu skin e bron.","Efu\tpikin-so\twan\tdruppel\tnomo\tkisi\tyu\tskin,\tyu\tskin\te\tbron.",if\tlittle-so\tone\tdrop\tonly\tcatch\tyour\tskin\tyour\tskin\tIPFV\tburn,"If even so much as a drop touches your skin, it burns.",,,1605[398],,elicited from speaker,"Efu pikinso wan druppel nomo kisi yu skin, yu skin e bron.","Efu pikin-so wan druppel nomo kisi yu skin, yu skin e bron.",if little-so one drop only catch your skin your skin IPFV burn,,,,6227, +3-54,3,Mi ta wɔɔkɔ a di BOG.,Mi\tta\twɔɔkɔ\ta\tdi\tBOG.,1SG\tASP\twork\tPREP\tDEF.SG\tBOG,I work at the hospital.,,Here ta indicates the habitual aspect.,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi ta wɔɔkɔ a di BOG.,,1SG ASP work PREP DEF.SG BOG,"Here ta indicates the habitual aspect.",Fieldwork data,,6228, +3-55,3,Me ta biibi a Gaan-Gadu.,Me\tta\tbiibi\ta\tGaan-Gadu.,1SG.NEG\tASP\tbelieve\tPREP\tgod,I don't believe in God.,,Here ta indicates current state.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Me ta biibi a Gaan-Gadu.",,1SG.NEG ASP believe PREP god,"Here ta indicates current state.",Fieldwork data,,6229, +3-56,3,Aki so ta konda i.,Aki\tso\tta\tkonda\ti.,here\tso\tASP\ttell\t2SG,Now you will hear.,,,354[204],,naturalistic written,"Aki so ta konda i.",,here so ASP tell 2SG,,,,6230, +3-57,3,Mi nango ala.,Mi\tnango\tala.,1SG\tASP.go\tthere,I will be going there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi nango ala.",,1SG ASP.go there,,Fieldwork data,,6231, +4-78,4,Nownow mi e wasi beenki.,Nownow\tmi\te\twasi\tbeenki.,now.now\tI\tIPFV\twash\tdishes,I'm washing dishes now.,,,568[90],,naturalistic spoken,Nownow mi e wasi beenki.,,now.now I IPFV wash dishes,,,,6232, +4-79,4,A wooko di den uman sama e du na paandi goon.,A\twooko\tdi\tden\tuman\tsama\te\tdu\tna\tpaandi\tgoon.,DET.SG\twork\tREL\tDET.PL\twoman\tperson\tIPFV\tdo\tCOP\tplant\tfield,The women's work is planting fields.,,,661[498],,naturalistic spoken,A wooko di den uman sama e du na paandi goon.,,DET.SG work REL DET.PL woman person IPFV do COP plant field,,,,6233, +4-80,4,Mi e biibi san e sikiifi a ini a beibel.,Mi\te\tbiibi\tsan\te\tsikiifi\ta\tini\ta\tbeibel.,I\tIPFV\tbelieve\twhat\tIPFV\twrite\tLOC\tin\tDET.SG\tBible,I believe/trust in what is written in the Bible.,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,Mi e biibi san e sikiifi a ini a beibel.,,I IPFV believe what IPFV write LOC in DET.SG Bible,,Own knowledge,,6234, +4-81,4,Tamaa mi e gwe.,Tamaa\tmi\te\tgwe.,tomorrow\tI\tIPFV\tleave,I'll leave tomorrow.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tamaa mi e gwe.,,tomorrow I IPFV leave,,Own observation,,6235, +5-75,5,aal o dem a jomp forom,aal\to\tdem\ta\tjomp\tforom,all\tof\tthem\tPROG\tjump\tfor.it,All of them were jumping in to get it.,,,1281[131 (line 253-4)],,naturalistic spoken,"aal o dem a jomp forom",,all of them PROG jump for.it,,,,6236, +5-76,5,mi a go skuul tumara,mi\ta\tgo\tskuul\ttumara,1SG\tINCEP\tgo\tschool\ttomorrow,I will go to school tomorrow. OR: Tomorrow I will go to school.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mi a go skuul tumara",,1SG INCEP go school tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,6237, +6-50,6,I does be eating.,I\tdoes\tbe\teating.,I\tHAB\tPROG\teat.PROG,I am eating.,,,,,elicited from speaker,I does be eating.,,I HAB PROG eat.PROG,,Informant,,6238, +7-125,7,Dem a bil aaroroot faktori nou.,Dem\ta\tbil\taaroroot\tfaktori\tnou.,3PL\tPROG\tbuild\tarrowroot\tfactory\tnow,They are building an arrowroot factory now.,,"A signals progressive/current activity. However, a is also used as the habitual marker. It is more like a marker of the ‘NON ACCOMPLISHED’ action.",1244[A12],,naturalistic spoken,Dem a bil aaroroot faktori nou.,,3PL PROG build arrowroot factory now,"A signals progressive/current activity. However, a is also used as the habitual marker. It is more like a marker of the ‘NON ACCOMPLISHED’ action.",,,6239, +7-126,7,Hi a kuhm ya evride.,Hi\ta\tkuhm\tya\tevride.,3SG\tHAB\tcome\there\tevery.day,He comes here every day.,,This represents the habitual use of a which could be replaced by duhz (habitual aspect marker).,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi a kuhm ya evride.,,3SG HAB come here every.day,"This represents the habitual use of a which could be replaced by duhz (habitual aspect marker).",Own knowledge,,6240, +7-127,7,Hi a kuhm tomaaro.,Hi\ta\tkuhm\ttomaaro.,3SG\tIMPFV\tcome\ttomorrow,He is coming tomorrow.,,"The future is expressed by the particle a, which also expresses progressive aspect as shown in Example 158.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi a kuhm tomaaro.,,3SG IMPFV come tomorrow,"The future is expressed by the particle a, which also expresses progressive aspect as shown in Example 158.",Own knowledge,,6241, +8-72,8,Mi de nyam di fuud.,Mi\tde\tnyam\tdi\tfuud.,1SG\tPROG\teat\tDET\tfood,I am eating the food.,,Here the progressive marker is used for progressive.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi de nyam di fuud.,,1SG PROG eat DET food,Here the progressive marker is used for progressive.,Own knowledge,,6242, +8-73,8,Mi de go a Tong (tumaro).,Mi\tde\tgo\ta\tTong\t(tumaro).,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tto\tTown\t(tomorrow),I am / will be going to Town (tomorrow).,,Here the progressive marker is used as future.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi de go a Tong (tumaro).,,1SG PROG go to Town (tomorrow),Here the progressive marker is used as future.,Own knowledge,,6243, +8-74,8,wan plies we dem a plie haki mach,wan\tplies\twe\tdem\ta\tplie\thaki\tmach,INDF\tplace\twhere\t3PL\tHAB\tplay\thockey\tmatch,a place where they play hockey matches,,,258[185],,elicited from speaker,wan plies we dem a plie haki mach,,INDF place where 3PL HAB play hockey match,,,,6244, +9-89,9,Wen a de wok lang di ki ya hia wan li 'kilin-kilin'.,Wen\ta\tde\twok\tlang\tdi\tki\tya\thia\twan\tli\t'kilin-kilin'.,when\t1SG\tHAB\twork\talong\tthe\tcaye\tyou\thear\ta\tlittle\t'kilin-kilin',"When I work along the caye, you hear a noise like 'kilin-kilin'.",,This illustrates the habitual use of de.,445[531],,naturalistic spoken,Wen a de wok lang di ki ya hia wan li 'kilin-kilin'.,,when 1SG HAB work along the caye you hear a little 'kilin-kilin',"This illustrates the habitual use of de.",,,6245, +10-104,10,Di sebn hed jiant de kom fi wiek im op.,Di\tsebn\thed\tjiant\tde\tkom\tfi\twiek\tim\top.,ART.DEF\tseven\thead\tgiant\tPROG\tcome\tCOMP\twake\t3SG\tup,The seven-headed giant was coming to wake him up.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Di sebn hed jiant de kom fi wiek im op.",,ART.DEF seven head giant PROG come COMP wake 3SG up,,Unpublished field recordings,,6246, +11-132,11,"Iivn in di Inglish klaas, dei taakin Kriol.","Iivn\tin\tdi\tInglish\tklaas,\tdei\ttaak-in\tKriol.",even\tin\tART.DEF\tEnglish\tclass\t3PL\ttalk-PROG\tCreole,"Even in the English class, they are talking Creole.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Iivn in di Inglish klaas, dei taakin Kriol.","Iivn in di Inglish klaas, dei taak-in Kriol.",even in ART.DEF English class 3PL talk-PROG Creole,,,,6247, +11-133,11,Dat chail duon kier we di maada de guo.,Dat\tchail\tduon\tkier\twe\tdi\tmaada\tde\tguo.,DEM\tchild\tNEG\tcare\tREL\tART.DEF\tmother\tPROG\tgo,That child doesn’t care where his mother is going.,,Holm (p.c.) translates 'goes' and interprets the form as an example of HAB uses of the PROG marker. I am not convinced of his analysis.,636[256],,naturalistic spoken,"Dat chail duon kier we di maada de guo.",,DEM child NEG care REL ART.DEF mother PROG go,Holm (p.c.) translates 'goes' and interprets the form as an example of HAB uses of the PROG marker. I am not convinced of his analysis.,,,6248, +11-134,11,Mi sista mi de jomp op.,Mi\tsista\tmi\tde\tjomp\top.,1SG.POSS\tsister\tPST\tPROG\tjump\tup,My sister was jumping up and down.,,,,,naturalistic written,Mi sista mi de jomp op.,,1SG.POSS sister PST PROG jump up,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,6249, +11-135,11,Wat langwij dem taak?,Wat\tlangwij\tdem\ttaak?,what\tlanguage\t3PL\ttalk,What language do they talk?,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wat langwij dem taak?,,what language 3PL talk,,,,6250, +12-109,12,"I hear someone say - uh - someone say - there was a person who run out the jail, right, and they was looking for the per- for the person now, and he shoot the pers- he shoot the man, you know, he didn't mean to shoot him. And he mus'e bother he head and come off the Force.",[...]\tthey\twas\tlooking\t[...]\tfor\tthe\tperson\t[...],[...]\t3PL.SBJ\t3SG.COP.PST\tlook.PROG\t[...]\tfor\tthe\tperson\t[...],[...] they were looking for the person [...],,This is a progressive situation.,,,naturalistic spoken,"I hear someone say - uh - someone say - there was a person who run out the jail, right, and they was looking for the per- for the person now, and he shoot the pers- he shoot the man, you know, he didn't mean to shoot him. And he mus'e bother he head and come off the Force.","[...] they was looking [...] for the person [...]",[...] 3PL.SBJ 3SG.COP.PST look.PROG [...] for the person [...],This is a progressive situation.,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6251, +12-110,12,"[... Actually, I'm supposed to go to Andros in two weeks for Homecoming. You ever been for Homecoming?] Oh, you going, right? I never been.",[...]\tyou\tgo-ing\t[...],[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tgo.PROG\t[...],"[...] you're going, right? [...]",,This example illustrates the use of the progressive marker in a future situation.,,,naturalistic spoken,"[... Actually, I'm supposed to go to Andros in two weeks for Homecoming. You ever been for Homecoming?] Oh, you going, right? I never been.","[...] you go-ing [...]",[...] 2SG.SBJ go.PROG [...],This example illustrates the use of the progressive marker in a future situation.,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6252, +12-111,12,"Uh-huh, that's my friend. She always talking joke [...].",She\talways\ttalk-ing\tjoke\t[...].,3SG.SBJ\talways\ttalk-PROG\tjoke\t[...],She always tells jokes [...].,,This example illustrates the use of the progressive marker in a habitual context.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Uh-huh, that's my friend. She always talking joke [...].","She always talk-ing joke [...].",3SG.SBJ always talk-PROG joke [...],This example illustrates the use of the progressive marker in a habitual context.,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6253, +12-112,12,"See the boy what park up going up the road? That's - uh - the boy what [...] He going up? Sit with the bag on he shoulder? You ain't see him? Oh, yeah, Rose was liking him. Yeah, uh-huh, yeah, Rose was liking him. Rose was liking him.",[...]\tRose\twas\tliking\thim.,[...]\tRose\t3SG.COP.PST\tlike.PROG\t3SG.OBJ,[...] Rose liked him.,,This example illustrates the use of the progressive marker in a current-state situation involving a stative verb.,,,naturalistic spoken,"See the boy what park up going up the road? That's - uh - the boy what [...] He going up? Sit with the bag on he shoulder? You ain't see him? Oh, yeah, Rose was liking him. Yeah, uh-huh, yeah, Rose was liking him. Rose was liking him.","[...] Rose was liking him.",[...] Rose 3SG.COP.PST like.PROG 3SG.OBJ,This example illustrates the use of the progressive marker in a current-state situation involving a stative verb.,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6254, +13-84,13,I da go.,I\tda\tgo.,I\tPROG\tgo,I am going.,,,1500[213],,naturalistic spoken,"I da go.",,I PROG go,,,,6255, +13-86,13,Den yu da brag.,Den\tyu\tda\tbrag.,then\t2SG\tFUT\tbrag,Then you will brag.,,,1500[213],,naturalistic spoken,"Den yu da brag.",,then 2SG FUT brag,,,,6256, +13-87,13,Dis taim a year we da hoe [...] wi da pik piiz.,Dis\ttaim\ta\tyear\twe\tda\thoe\t[...]\twi\tda\tpik\tpiiz.,this\ttime\tof\tyear\twe\tHAB\thoe\t[...]\twe\tHAB\tpick\tpeas,"[During] this time of the year, we used to hoe [...] we used to pick peas.",,,651[74],,naturalistic spoken,"Dis taim a year we da hoe [...] wi da pik piiz.",,this time of year we HAB hoe [...] we HAB pick peas,,,,6257, +13-88,13,"[N]ow A one wid Jedus Christ, da bleebe pon um an da lob um.","[N]ow\tA\tone\twid\tJedus\tChrist,\tda\tbleebe\tpon\tum\tan\tda\tlob\tum.",now\tI\tone\twith\tJesus\tChrist\tIPFV\tbelieve\tupon\t3.OBJ\tand\tIPFV\tlove\t3.OBJ,"Now I am one with Jesus Christ, believe in him and love him. (1 Tm 1.14)",,,357[715],,bible translation,"[N]ow A one wid Jedus Christ, da bleebe pon um an da lob um.",,now I one with Jesus Christ IPFV believe upon 3.OBJ and IPFV love 3.OBJ,,,,6258, +14-59,14,She running.,She\trunning.,she\trun.PROG,She's running.,,She is running at the speech time.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She running.,,she run.PROG,She is running at the speech time.,Own knowledge,,6259, +14-60,14,She being good now.,She\tbeing\tgood\tnow.,she\tbe.PROG\tgood\tnow,She is being good now.,,State verbs can be used in the progressive with special (forced activity) readings.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She being good now.,,she be.PROG good now,State verbs can be used in the progressive with special (forced activity) readings.,Own knowledge,,6260, +16-64,16,wiʧmã dè tɔk?,wiʧmã\tdè\ttɔk?,who\tPROG\ttalk,Who is talking?,,This example shows dè expressing the progressive.,656[178],,naturalistic spoken,wiʧmã dè tɔk?,,who PROG talk,"This example shows dè expressing the progressive.",,,6261, +16-66,16,dɛ ples hausa pipu dè pre,dɛ\tples\thausa\tpipu\tdè\tpre,ART\tplace\tHausa\tpeople\tHAB\tpray,the place that Hausa people pray in,,This example shows habitual action expressed by dè.,,,naturalistic spoken,dɛ ples hausa pipu dè pre,,ART place Hausa people HAB pray,"This example shows habitual action expressed by dè.",Own fieldwork,,6262, +16-67,16,wɛn dè kam tu nima sɛf dè dè laik àm,wɛn\tdè\tkam\ttu\tnima\tsɛf\tdè\tdè\tlaik\tàm,when\t3PL\tcome\tto\tNima\tFOC\t3PL\tPROG\tlike\t3SG.OBJ,"Now, when they come to Nima, they like it.",,This example shows the use of progressive dè + current state verb laik.,,,naturalistic spoken,wɛn dè kam tu nima sɛf dè dè laik àm,,when 3PL come to Nima FOC 3PL PROG like 3SG.OBJ,"This example shows the use of progressive dè + current state verb laik.",Own fieldwork,,6263, +17-68,17,À dè sik.,À\tdè\tsik.,1SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\tbe.ill,I am (becoming) sick.,,,462[199],,naturalistic spoken,À dè sik.,,1SG.SBJ NCOMPL be.ill,,,,6264, +17-69,17,Dì pìkín we̱ ìm dè sìdó̱n fò̱r dyar dè rid.,Dì\tpìkín\twe̱\tìm\tdè\tsìdó̱n\tfò̱r\tdyar\tdè\trid.,ART.DEF\tchild\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\tsit\tLOC\tthere\tNCOMPL\tread,The child who is sitting / usually sits there is reading / usually reads.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Dì pìkín we̱ ìm dè sìdó̱n fò̱r dyar dè rid.,,ART.DEF child REL 3SG.SBJ NCOMPL sit LOC there NCOMPL read,,Own knowledge,,6265, +17-70,17,À dè wo̱sh plet.,À\tdè\two̱sh\tplet.,1SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\twash\tplate,I am washing dishes. OR: While I am washing dishes... OR: I wash dishes (every day).,,,462[202-205],,naturalistic spoken,À dè wo̱sh plet.,,1SG.SBJ NCOMPL wash plate,,,,6266, +18-64,18,I di rait leta dem.,I\tdi\trait\tleta-dem.,3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\twrite\tletter-PL,He is wrtiting letters right now.,,This is sentence 5 on the TAM Questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,1344,,elicited from speaker,"I di rait leta dem.","I di rait leta-dem.",3SG.SBJ IPFV write letter-PL,This is sentence 5 on the TAM Questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,,,6267, +18-65,18,I di rait leta dem.,I\tdi\trait\tleta\tdem.,3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\twrite\tletter\tPL,He usually writes letters.,,This is sentence 18 on the TAM questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,1344,,elicited from speaker,"I di rait leta dem.",,3SG.SBJ IPFV write letter PL,This is sentence 18 on the TAM questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,,,6268, +19-81,19,À dè smɛl dì sɛnt fɔ̀ lɛ̀k haw è dè kuk plàntí.,À\tdè\tsmɛl\tdì\tsɛnt\tfɔ̀\tlɛ̀k\thaw\tè\tdè\tkuk\tplàntí.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tsmell\tDEF\tscent\tASSOC\tlike\thow\t3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tcook\tplantain,I smell the scent of him cooking plantain.,,Progressive use of the imperfective marker dè.,1634[467],,elicited from speaker,"À dè smɛl dì sɛnt fɔ̀ lɛ̀k haw è dè kuk plàntí.",,1SG.SBJ IPFV smell DEF scent ASSOC like how 3SG.SBJ IPFV cook plantain,"Progressive use of the imperfective marker dè.",,,6269, +19-82,19,Nà dis tin dè want kil yu.,Nà\tdis\ttin\tdè\twant\tkil\tyu.,FOC\tthis\tthing\tIPFV\twant\tkill\t2SG.EMPH,It's this thing [that] was about to kill you.,,Here the imperfective marker is employed with a stative verb (i.e. /want/) and expresses current state by default. The use of the imperfective marker with stative verbs is however considered ungrammatical by most speakers.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Nà dis tin dè want kil yu.",,FOC this thing IPFV want kill 2SG.EMPH,Here the imperfective marker is employed with a stative verb (i.e. /want/) and expresses current state by default. The use of the imperfective marker with stative verbs is however considered ungrammatical by most speakers.,Field data,,6270, +19-83,19,À dè giàn smɔl tin ɔl tɛn.,À\tdè\tgi=àn\tsmɔl\ttin\tɔl\ttɛn.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgive=3SG.OBJ\tsmall\tthing\tall\ttime,I give her little things all the time.,,Here the imperfective marker is employed with a habitual sense.,,,naturalistic spoken,"À dè giàn smɔl tin ɔl tɛn.","À dè gi=àn smɔl tin ɔl tɛn.",1SG.SBJ IPFV give=3SG.OBJ small thing all time,Here the imperfective marker is employed with a habitual sense.,Field data,,6271, +19-84,19,Tumɔro senwe à dè go mit ìn man.,Tumɔro\tsenwe\tà\tdè\tgo\tmit\tìn\tman.,tomorrow\tEMPH\t1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo\tmeet\t3SG.POSS\tman,Tomorrow (emphasis) I'm going to go meet her husband.,,,1634[218],,naturalistic spoken,"Tumɔro senwe à dè go mit ìn man.",,tomorrow EMPH 1SG.SBJ IPFV go meet 3SG.POSS man,,,,6272, +19-233,19,À dè lɛf nà Luba soté dì nɛks wik.,À dè lɛf nà Luba soté dì nɛks wik.,1SG PROG LOC Luba until DEF.ART next week.,I will be staying in Luba until next week.,,"""I am staying in Luba until (the) next week"" - note that the person is +not yet in Luba when he says this, he is still in Malabo.",,,unspecified,À dè lɛf nà Luba soté dì nɛks wik.,,1SG PROG LOC Luba until DEF.ART next week.,"""I am staying in Luba until (the) next week"" - note that the person is +not yet in Luba when he says this, he is still in Malabo.",,,6273, +20-59,20,He long one gentleman talkee.,He\tlong\tone\tgentleman\ttalkee.,3SG\tCOM\tART.INDF\tgentleman\ttalk,He is talking with a gentleman.,,"Examples such as this are pidgin renderings of Standard English sentences in the progressive aspect, and show no sign of aspect marking.",1489[VI.39],,naturalistic written,He long one gentleman talkee.,,3SG COM ART.INDF gentleman talk,"Examples such as this are pidgin renderings of Standard English sentences in the progressive aspect, and show no sign of aspect marking.",,希郎温毡地文託其,6274, +21-65,21,He still working in that company.,He\tstill\twork-ing\tin\tthat\tcompany.,3SG\tstill\twork-HAB\tin\tDEM\tcompany,He is working in that company.,,,,,own knowledge,He still working in that company.,He still work-ing in that company.,3SG still work-HAB in DEM company,,Own knowledge,,6275, +22-84,22,Sak i kam biainim tupla nau wok lo laikim pis.,Sak\ti\tkam\tbiain-im\ttupla\tnau\twok\tlo\tlaik-im\tpis.,shark\tPM\tcome\tfollow-TR\t2DU\tnow\tPROG\tPROG\tlike-TR\tfish,The shark wanted fish and chased the two.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Sak i kam biainim tupla nau wok lo laikim pis.,Sak i kam biain-im tupla nau wok lo laik-im pis.,shark PM come follow-TR 2DU now PROG PROG like-TR fish,,,,6276, +23-81,23,[...] from i stap kakae hem tumas,[...]\tfrom\ti\tstap\tkakae\them\ttumas,[...]\tbecause\tAGR\tPROG\teat\t3SG\tvery,[...] because it itches her terribly.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,[...] from i stap kakae hem tumas,,[...] because AGR PROG eat 3SG very,,,,6277, +23-82,23,hem i stap kasem fits,hem\ti\tstap\tkasem\tfits,3SG\tAGR\tHAB\tcatch\tfits,She gets (epileptic) fits.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,hem i stap kasem fits,,3SG AGR HAB catch fits,,,,6278, +23-83,23,mi stap hetem hem bifo finis,mi\tstap\thetem\them\tbifo\tfinis,1SG\tPROG/HAB\thate\t3SG\tbefore\tCOMPL,I hated her already from before.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,mi stap hetem hem bifo finis,,1SG PROG/HAB hate 3SG before COMPL,,,,6279, +24-99,24,Shi klaaien.,Shi\tklaaien.,3SG.F\tcry.PROG,She's crying.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Shi klaaien.,,3SG.F cry.PROG,,Own fieldwork,,6280, +25-229,25,Halideitaim yuno wi bin oldei wok dijey la Ivanhoe.,Halidei-taim\tyuno\twi\tbin\toldei\twok\tdij-ey\tla\tIvanhoe.,holiday-time\tyou.know\twe\tPST\talways/HAB\twalk\tPROX-DIR\tLOC\tIvanhoe.,In the holidays we used to walk over here to Ivanhoe station.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the position of the adverb oldei as a marker of habituality, and the use of an adpositionally marked place name as goal with a verb of motion.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Halideitaim yuno wi bin oldei wok dijey la Ivanhoe.","Halidei-taim yuno wi bin oldei wok dij-ey la Ivanhoe.",holiday-time you.know we PST always/HAB walk PROX-DIR LOC Ivanhoe.,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the position of the adverb oldei as a marker of habituality, and the use of an adpositionally marked place name as goal with a verb of motion.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,6281, +25-230,25,"Thed kainoba song na, wi neba bin askimbat alabat, dem olpipul.","Thed\tkainoba\tsong\tna,\twi\tneba\tbin\task-im-bat\talabat,\tdem\tolpipul.",DEM\tkind.of.a\tsong\tnow/FOC\t1PL\tNEG2\tPST\task-TR-PROG\t3PL\tDEM.PL\told.people,"That kind of song, we never asked the old people about. OR: It [was] that kind of song [that] we never asked them [for], those old people, (Orig. Transl.)",,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a combination of negation, tense and aspect marking.",41,,naturalistic spoken,"Thed kainoba song na, wi neba bin askimbat alabat, dem olpipul.","Thed kainoba song na, wi neba bin ask-im-bat alabat, dem olpipul.",DEM kind.of.a song now/FOC 1PL NEG2 PST ask-TR-PROG 3PL DEM.PL old.people,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a combination of negation, tense and aspect marking.",,,6282, +27-54,27,Morək mi lō lō.,Morək\tmi\tlō\tlō.,tomorrow\t1SG\tFUT\tgo,Tomorrow I will go.,,,355[23],,naturalistic spoken,Morək mi lō lō.,,tomorrow 1SG FUT go,,,,6283, +27-55,27,Mi lō lō a mi grani.,Mi\tlō\tlō\ta\tmi\tgrani.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tLOC\t1SG\tgrandma,I am going to my grandma.,,,355[19],,naturalistic spoken,Mi lō lō a mi grani.,,1SG PROG go LOC 1SG grandma,,,,6284, +27-56,27,"Mi ha fo lo werán a Ameriki, wapi sinu lo mā di flut sinu.","Mi\tha\tfo\tlo\twerán\ta\tAmeriki,\twapi\tsinu\tlo\tmā\tdi\tflut\tsinu.",1SG\thave\tfor\tgo\tagain\tto\tAmerica\twhere\t3PL\tHAB\tmake\tDET\tflute\t3PL,"I have to go to America again, where they make those flutes.",,,355[48],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi ha fo lo werán a Ameriki, wapi sinu lo mā di flut sinu.",,1SG have for go again to America where 3PL HAB make DET flute 3PL,,,,6285, +27-57,27,Nu di hou man a ho di klēn jung lō blās də flute.,Nu\tdi\thou\tman\ta\tho\tdi\tklēn\tjung\tlō\tblās\tdə\tflute.,now\tDET\told\tman\tPST\thear\tDET\tsmall\tboy\tPROG\tblow\tART.DEF\tflute,Now the old man heard a little boy play the flute.,,,355[42],,naturalistic spoken,Nu di hou man a ho di klēn jung lō blās də flute.,,now DET old man PST hear DET small boy PROG blow ART.DEF flute,,,,6286, +28-89,28,o sukwa mu,o\tsuku-a\tmu,3SG\twant-IPFV\tgo,She wants to go.,,This illustrates present state. The use of an imperfective verb with that interpretation is attested and acceptable only for suku 'want' and habu 'have'. Other stative verbs do not accept the imperfective suffix.,742[33],,naturalistic spoken,"o sukwa mu",o suku-a mu,3SG want-IPFV go,"This illustrates present state. The use of an imperfective verb with that interpretation is attested and acceptable only for suku 'want' and habu 'have'. Other stative verbs do not accept the imperfective suffix.",,,6287, +29-91,29,Ek is aan die werk. / Ek is besig om te werk.,Ek is aan die werk. / Ek is besig om te werk.,1SG.NOM am on the work   1SG.NOM am busy INF.CONJ to work,I am working.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek is aan die werk. / Ek is besig om te werk.,,1SG.NOM am on the work 1SG.NOM am busy INF.CONJ to work,,Own knowledge,,6288, +30-102,30,"Kelotu dia, kántu maridu sa ta benba di trabádju y k ’e sa ta pasába na un txáda, e átxa un kabésa riba-l pédra.","Kel-otu\tdia,\tkántu\tmaridu\tsa=ta=ben-ba\tdi=trabádju\ty\tk=e=sa=ta=pasá-ba\tna=un=txáda,\te=átxa\tun=kabésa\triba=l\tpédra.",DEM.SG-other\tday\twhen\thusband\tPROG=IPFV=come-ANT\tfrom=work\tand\tCOMP=3SG=PROG=IPFV=cross-ANT\tin=a=plain\t3SG=find\ta=head\ton=of\tstone,"The other day, when the husband was walking home from work and crossing a plain, he found a head lying on a stone.",,This sentence is progressive (sa) and as such necessarily imperfective (ta).,1407[27],,naturalistic spoken,"Kelotu dia, kántu maridu sa ta benba di trabádju y k ’e sa ta pasába na un txáda, e átxa un kabésa riba-l pédra.","Kel-otu dia, kántu maridu sa=ta=ben-ba di=trabádju y k=e=sa=ta=pasá-ba na=un=txáda, e=átxa un=kabésa riba=l pédra.",DEM.SG-other day when husband PROG=IPFV=come-ANT from=work and COMP=3SG=PROG=IPFV=cross-ANT in=a=plain 3SG=find a=head on=of stone,"This sentence is progressive (sa) and as such necessarily imperfective (ta).",,,6289,"German: Als der Ehemann am Tag darauf von der Arbeit kam und eine Ebene überquerte, fand er einen Kopf auf einem Stein." +30-252,30,"Es kálsa li abri dipos ki nha armun bisti-l, gósi e sa ta fika m lárgu.","Es\tkálsa\tli\tabri\tdipos\tki\tnha\tarmun\tbisti-l,\tgósi\te\tsa\tta\tfika\tm\tlárgu.",DEM\ttrousers\there\topen\tafter\tthat\tPOSS.1SG\tbrother\twear-3SG\tnow\t3SG\tPROG\tIPFV\tremain\t1SG\tbroad,These trousers have become larger after my brother had worn them.,,,784[5],,naturalistic spoken,"Es kálsa li abri dipos ki nha armun bisti-l, gósi e sa ta fika m lárgu.",,DEM trousers here open after that POSS.1SG brother wear-3SG now 3SG PROG IPFV remain 1SG broad,,,,6290,"Diese Hose ist weiter geworden, nachdem sie mein Bruder getragen hat, jetzt ist sie mir zu weit." +31-91,31,Es sta more.,Es\tsta\tmore.,they\tPROG\tdying,They are dying.,,Sta is used only as a progressive marker in the realm of TAM markers but it also plays the role of a copula in the language.,61,,naturalistic spoken,Es sta more.,,they PROG dying,"Sta is used only as a progressive marker in the realm of TAM markers but it also plays the role of a copula in the language.",,,6291, +31-92,31,"En fin, ago uji go nu sta dretu, nu ka sta pasa fomi.","En\tfin,\tago\tuji\tgo\tnu\tsta\tdretu,\tnu\tka\tsta\tpasa\tfomi.",at\tleast\tnow\ttoday\tnow\twe\tare\twell\twe\tNEG\tPROG\tendure\thunger,"At least nowadays, we are well, we are not enduring hunger.",,"This example shows that in sta dretu, sta functions as a mere copula but in sta pasa fomi, it functions as a progressive marker. Hence, sta can be either a copula or a progressive marker in the language.",126,,naturalistic spoken,"En fin, ago uji go nu sta dretu, nu ka sta pasa fomi.",,at least now today now we are well we NEG PROG endure hunger,"This example shows that in sta dretu, sta functions as a mere copula but in sta pasa fomi, it functions as a progressive marker. Hence, sta can be either a copula or a progressive marker in the language.",,,6292, +32-68,32,Iza ti ta fumá.,Iza\tti\tta\tfumá.,Iza\tPRS\tPROG\tsmoke,Iza smokes.,,Ti ta is a dissimilation of ta ta. It has habitual meaning here.,1456,,constructed by native speaker,"Iza ti ta fumá.",,Iza PRS PROG smoke,"Ti ta is a dissimilation of ta ta. It has habitual meaning here.",,,6293,Portuguese: Iza fuma. +32-69,32,N ti ta gostá d'let.,N\tti\tta\tgostá\tde\tlet.,1SG\tPRS\tPROG\tlike\tof\tmilk,I like milk.,,"Ti ta is a dissimilation of ta ta. Here, it means 'current state'.",1456,,constructed by linguist,N ti ta gostá d'let.,N ti ta gostá de let.,1SG PRS PROG like of milk,"Ti ta is a dissimilation of ta ta. Here, it means 'current state'.",,,6294,Portuguese: Gosto de leite. +33-99,33,N na bibi binyu.,N\tna\tbibi\tbinyu.,1SG\tPROG\tdrink\twine,I am drinking wine. OR: I will drink wine.,,N.B.: The orthography is that of the source.,715[93],,naturalistic written,N na bibi binyu.,,1SG PROG drink wine,N.B.: The orthography is that of the source.,,,6295,Portuguese: Estou a beber vinho. OR: Beberei vinho. +33-100,33,N na bibi binyu.,N\tna\tbibi\tbinyu.,1SG\tPROG\tdrink\twine,I will drink wine.,,,715[93],,naturalistic written,N na bibi binyu.,,1SG PROG drink wine,,,,6296,Portuguese: Beberei vinho. OR: Vou beber vinho. +34-70,34,I ka na beŋ amañaŋ.,I\tka\tna\tbeŋ\tamañaŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,He will not come tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I ka na beŋ amañaŋ.",,3SG.SBJ NEG FUT come tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,6297, +35-106,35,Anzu ska sola; awa-wê ska xê ni wê.,Anzu\tska\tsola;\tawa-wê\tska\txê\tni\twê.,baby\tPROG\tcry\twater-eye\tPROG\tleave\tfrom\teye,The baby is crying; tears are falling from his eyes.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Anzu ska sola; awa-wê ska xê ni wê.,,baby PROG cry water-eye PROG leave from eye,,Own data,,6298, +36-60,36,[...] n ta kwa ma Alê thêka pentha dha.,[...]\tn\tta\tkwa\tma\tAlê\tthêka\tpentha\tdha.,[...]\tI\tknow\tthing\tREL\tking\tPROG\tthink\talready,[...] I already know what you are thinking.,,,901[78],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] n ta kwa ma Alê thêka pentha dha.",,[...] I know thing REL king PROG think already,,,,6299,French: [...] je sais déjà ce que vous pensez. +37-70,37,Maa sa kanta na kuxyan.,Maa\tsa\tkanta\tna\tkuxyan.,Maa\tPROG\tsing\tin\tkitchen,Maa is singing in the kitchen.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Maa sa kanta na kuxyan.",,Maa PROG sing in kitchen,,Own knowledge,,6300, +38-79,38,Iney ska fi wan xadyi namay.,Ineni\tsxa\tfe\twan\txadyi\tnamai.,3PL\tPROG\tmake\tART\thouse\tfamily,They are building a house for the family.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Iney ska fi wan xadyi namay.,Ineni sxa fe wan xadyi namai.,3PL PROG make ART house family,,Own fieldwork 1993,,6301, +38-80,38,Sém sxa ma mavida ku mému.,Se-amu\tsxa\tma\tmavida\tku\tmé-mu.,and-1SG\tPROG\ttake\tsuffering\twith\tmother-1SG,And I suffered with my mother.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sém sxa ma mavida ku mému.,Se-amu sxa ma mavida ku mé-mu.,and-1SG PROG take suffering with mother-1SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,6302, +38-81,38,Bo sxata ba ngetud.,Bo\tsxa-tsyilá\tba\tnge-tudu.,2SG\tHAB-throw\tgo\tperson-all,You give to everybody.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Bo sxata ba ngetud.,Bo sxa-tsyilá ba nge-tudu.,2SG HAB-throw go person-all,,Own fieldwork 1993,,6303, +39-91,39,"El tə bebe sɔ leyt, nə.","El\ttə\tbeb-e\tsɔ\tleyt,\tnə.",3\tIPFV.NPST\tdrink-INF\tonly\tmilk\tREQ,"He drinks nothing but milk, you see.",,,218,,naturalistic spoken,"El tə bebe sɔ leyt, nə.","El tə beb-e sɔ leyt, nə.",3 IPFV.NPST drink-INF only milk REQ,,,,6304, +39-92,39,Nɔs tə fika nə Diw.,Nɔs\ttə\tfik-a\tnə\tDiw.,1PL\tIPFV.NPST\tstay-INF\tLOC\tDiu,We live in Diu.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Nɔs tə fika nə Diw.,Nɔs tə fik-a nə Diw.,1PL IPFV.NPST stay-INF LOC Diu,,,,6305, +42-77,42,eli ta les buku agora,eli\tta\tles\tbuku\tagora,3SG\tPROG\tread\tbook\tnow,He is reading a book now.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"eli ta les buku agora",,3SG PROG read book now,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,6306, +43-55,43,Kilay sorti Sinyor ste buska?,Kilay\tsorti\tSinyor\tste\tbuska?,what.kind\tsort\tSir\tPROG\tlook.for,What kind are you looking for?,,,906[54],,pedagogical grammar,"Kilay sorti Sinyor ste buska?",,what.kind sort Sir PROG look.for,,,,6307, +43-56,43,Pertu riba di bar ste nasi e krisi: [...],Pertu\triba\tdi\tbar\tste\tnasi\te\tkrisi:\t[...],near\tover\tof\tground\tGENER\tbe.born\tand\tgrow\t[...],Near over the ground sprout and grow: […],,The subjects of the verbs are trees and plants.,906[54],,pedagogical grammar,"Pertu riba di bar ste nasi e krisi: [...]",,near over of ground GENER be.born and grow [...],The subjects of the verbs are trees and plants.,,,6308, +43-57,43,Undi ste mora?,Undi\tste\tmora?,where\tIPFV\tlive,"Where do you live, Sir?",,,906[56],,pedagogical grammar,"Undi ste mora?",,where IPFV live,,,,6309, +44-92,44,Ta kré lótru na kel milágru sánto nínyo.,Ta\tkré\tlótru\tna\tkel\tmilágru\tsánto\tnínyo.,IPFV\tbelieve\t3PL\tLOC\tDEF\tmiracle\tholy\tchild,They believe in the miracles of the holy child.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ta kré lótru na kel milágru sánto nínyo.,,IPFV believe 3PL LOC DEF miracle holy child,,Own data,,6310, +44-93,44,"Ta trabahá éle na Las Pínyas [...]. [...] ta bolbé éli sábadu lanótʃi, kabándo ta andá lúnis tempráno.","Ta\ttrabahá\téle\tna\tLas\tPínyas\t[...].\t[...]\tta\tbolbé\téli\tsábadu\tlanótʃi,\tkabándo\tta\tandá\tlúnis\ttempráno.",IPFV\twork\t3SG\tLOC\tLas\tPiñas\t[...]\t[...]\tIPFV\treturn\t3SG\tSaturday\tnight\tthen\tIPFV\tgo\tMonday\tearly,He works in Las Piñas [...]. [...] He comes home Saturday night and goes back early on Monday.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ta trabahá éle na Las Pínyas [...]. [...] ta bolbé éli sábadu lanótʃi, kabándo ta andá lúnis tempráno.",,IPFV work 3SG LOC Las Piñas [...] [...] IPFV return 3SG Saturday night then IPFV go Monday early,,Own data,,6311, +45-78,45,Ta cree yo con Dios.,Ta\tcree\tyo\tcon\tDios.,IPFV\tbelieve\t1SG\tOBJ\tGod,I believe in God.,,,426[33],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ta cree yo con Dios.,,IPFV believe 1SG OBJ God,,,,6312, +45-79,45,Ta toma leche el muchacho todo el dia.,Ta\ttoma\tleche\tel\tmuchacho\ttodo\tel\tdia.,IPFV\tdrink\tmilk\tthe\tboy\tall\tthe\tday,The boy drinks milk every day.,,,426[82],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ta toma leche el muchacho todo el dia.,,IPFV drink milk the boy all the day,,,,6313, +46-89,46,[...] kwándo akél bíbo pa si X éle mísmo ta-dále kumígo candy.,[...]\tkwándo\takél\tbíbo\tpa\tsi\tX\téle\tmísmo\tta-dále\tkumígo\tcandy.,[...]\twhen\tthat\talive\tstill\tAG\tX\t3SG\tself\tIPFV-give\tOBJ.1SG\tcandy,"[...] when s/he was still alive, X himself/herself used to give me candies.",,The subject is in first postion since it is focused.,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] kwándo akél bíbo pa si X éle mísmo ta-dále kumígo candy.",,[...] when that alive still AG X 3SG self IPFV-give OBJ.1SG candy,The subject is in first postion since it is focused.,Own knowledge,,6314, +46-90,46,Kósa tu ta-asé?,Kósa\ttu\tta-asé?,what\tyou\tPROG-do,What are you doing?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kósa tu ta-asé?,,what you PROG-do,,Own knowledge,,6315, +46-91,46,Ta-amá múcho na dios.,Ta-amá\tmúcho\tna\tdios.,IPFV-love\tmany\tLOC\tgod,Many (people) love God.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ta-amá múcho na dios.,,IPFV-love many LOC god,,Own knowledge,,6316, +46-93,46,Ta-besá 'le kunel muhér.,Ta-besá\t'le\tkunel\tmuhér.,IPFV-kiss\ts/he\tOBJ.ART\twoman,S/he is kissing the woman.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta-besá 'le kunel muhér.,,IPFV-kiss s/he OBJ.ART woman,,Own knowledge,,6317, +47-92,47,Mi ta gusta esei un mundo.,mi\tta\tgusta\tes(un)-ei\tun\tmundu,1SG\tTNS\tlike\tone-DEM.NPROX\tINDF\tworld,I like that a lot.,,"Note that preverbal ta appears with the stative verb gusta 'like', which is among the class of stative verbs which require its presence in the absence of other Tense/Aspect markers.",755,,naturalistic written,Mi ta gusta esei un mundo.,mi ta gusta es(un)-ei un mundu,1SG TNS like one-DEM.NPROX INDF world,"Note that preverbal ta appears with the stative verb gusta 'like', which is among the class of stative verbs which require its presence in the absence of other Tense/Aspect markers.",,,6318, +47-93,47,Mi ta drechando un auto kual mi lo bende despues.,Mi\tta\tdrechá-ndo\tun\tauto\tkual\tmi\tlo\tbende\tdespues.,1SG\tTNS\trepair-GER\tINDF\tcar\twhich\t1SG\tMOOD\tsell\tafter,I am repairing a car which I will sell afterwards.,,Note that the suffix -ndo unambiguously marks the predicate as progressive.,752[318],,published source,"Mi ta drechando un auto kual mi lo bende despues.",Mi ta drechá-ndo un auto kual mi lo bende despues.,1SG TNS repair-GER INDF car which 1SG MOOD sell after,"Note that the suffix -ndo unambiguously marks the predicate as progressive.",,,6319, +47-94,47,Hende grandinan di ántes tabata traha hopi kos di boka dushi ku a disparsé òf ta disparsiendo.,Hende\tgrandi\tnan\tdi\tántes\ttabata\ttraha\thopi\tkos\tdi\tboka\tdushi\tku\ta\tdisparsé\tòf\tta\tdisparsé-ndo.,person\told\tPL\tof\tbefore\tPST\twork\tmuch\tthing\tof\tmouth\tsweet\tCOMP\tPFV\tdisappear\tor\tTNS\tdisappear-GER,The old people of earlier times used to prepare many sweets that have disappeared or that are disappearing.,,The translation is mine.,"453[9 July 2009, p.3]",,literary or other written source,Hende grandinan di ántes tabata traha hopi kos di boka dushi ku a disparsé òf ta disparsiendo.,Hende grandi nan di ántes tabata traha hopi kos di boka dushi ku a disparsé òf ta disparsé-ndo.,person old PL of before PST work much thing of mouth sweet COMP PFV disappear or TNS disappear-GER,The translation is mine.,,,6320, +47-95,47,E kos ta bayendo hopi leu.,E\tkos\tta\tbai-ndo\thopi\tleu.,DEF\tthing\tTNS\tgo-GER\tvery\tfar,The problem is becoming insurmountable.,,,752[310],,published source,E kos ta bayendo hopi leu.,E kos ta bai-ndo hopi leu.,DEF thing TNS go-GER very far,,,,6321, +47-96,47,E papel ku mi ta uza aworaki ta papel di saka kopia.,E\tpapel\tku\tmi\tta\tuza\tawor\taki\tta\tpapel\tdi\tsaka\tkopia.,DEF\tpaper\tCOMP\t1SG\tTNS\tuse\tnow\tDEM.PROX\tCOP\tpaper\tof\tproduce\tcopy,The paper that I now use is photocopy paper.,,,755,,naturalistic written,E papel ku mi ta uza aworaki ta papel di saka kopia.,E papel ku mi ta uza awor aki ta papel di saka kopia.,DEF paper COMP 1SG TNS use now DEM.PROX COP paper of produce copy,,,,6322, +47-97,47,"E ta ranka paña fo’i waya, koba buraku den kurá, kibra mata, [...] i hopi kos mas.","E\tta\tranka\tpaña\tfor\tdi\twaya,\tkoba\tburaku\tden\tkurá,\tkibra\tmata,\t[...]\ti\thopi\tkos\tmas.",3SG\tTNS\tpull\tclothes\tfrom\tof\tclothesline\tdig\thole\tin\tyard\tbreak\tplant\t[...]\tand\tmany\tthing\tmore,"It will pull clothes off the line, dig holes in the yard, break plants [...] and do many more things.",,The translation is mine. The writer was commenting on the expected behaviour of a puppy left to entertain itself.,"453[7 July 2009, p.5]",,literary or other written source,"E ta ranka paña fo’i waya, koba buraku den kurá, kibra mata, [...] i hopi kos mas.","E ta ranka paña for di waya, koba buraku den kurá, kibra mata, [...] i hopi kos mas.",3SG TNS pull clothes from of clothesline dig hole in yard break plant [...] and many thing more,The translation is mine. The writer was commenting on the expected behaviour of a puppy left to entertain itself.,,,6323, +48-90,48,I polé ku eso nu.,I\tpolé\tku\teso\tnu.,I\tcan\twith\tthis\tNEG,I cannot (go along) with this. = This is not for me. OR: This is not my kind of thing.,,"Stative polé 'can' never takes stative ta. Thus this would be ungrammatical: +*I ta polé ku eso nu.",,,naturalistic spoken,I polé ku eso nu.,,I can with this NEG,"Stative polé 'can' never takes stative ta. Thus this would be ungrammatical: +*I ta polé ku eso nu.",Recorded by author,,6324,Spanish: (Yo) no puedo con eso. +48-91,48,I polé yebá kuenta nu.,I\tpolé\tyebá\tkuenta\tnu.,I\tcan\tfigure\taccount\tNEG,I cannot calculate (this).,,"Note the absence of the a- marker in this example, and compare it to the presence of a- in this example, which shows that polé at times does go accompanied by a-, whose function is a mystery. + +suto a- polé ta arí- ndo no. +1PL ? can PROG laugh PROG NEG +‘We can’t be laughing.’",1359[276],,naturalistic spoken,I polé yebá kuenta nu.,,I can figure account NEG,"Note the absence of the a- marker in this example, and compare it to the presence of a- in this example, which shows that polé at times does go accompanied by a-, whose function is a mystery. + +suto a- polé ta arí- ndo no. +1PL ? can PROG laugh PROG NEG +‘We can’t be laughing.’",,,6325,Spanish: No puedo llevar la cuenta. +49-133,49,M ap manje.,M\tap\tmanje.,1SG\tINACC\teat,I am eating.,,,367[104],,naturalistic spoken,M ap manje.,,1SG INACC eat,,,,6326,French: Je suis en train de manger. +49-134,49,Entèl t ap vin; se paske i malad i pa vini.,Entèl\tt\tap\tvin;\tse\tpaske\ti\tmalad\ti\tpa\tvini.,so.and.so\tANT\tINACC\tcome\tSE\tbecause\t3SG\tsick\t3SG\tNEG\tcome,He/She would be welcome; it is because he/she is sick that he/she hasn't come.,,,473[865],,naturalistic spoken,Entèl t ap vin; se paske i malad i pa vini.,,so.and.so ANT INACC come SE because 3SG sick 3SG NEG come,,,,6327,French: Il/Elle serait (bien) venu(e); c'est parce qu'il/elle est malade qu'il/elle n'est pas venu(e). +49-135,49,L ap malad.,L\tap\tmalad.,3SG\tINACC\tsick,He/She will be sick. OR: He/she is getting sick (inchoative).,,,367[105],,naturalistic spoken,L ap malad.,,3SG INACC sick,,,,6328,French: Il/Elle va être malade. OR: Il/Elle commence à être malade. +49-136,49,M ap vin wè ou demen.,M\tap\tvin\twè\tou\tdemen.,1SG\tINACC\tcome\tsee\t2SG\ttomorrow,I'll visit you tomorrow.,,,1505[43],,naturalistic spoken,M ap vin wè ou demen.,,1SG INACC come see 2SG tomorrow,,,,6329,French: Je vais venir te voir demain. +50-79,50,I ka dòmi.,I\tka\tdòmi.,3SG\tPROG\tsleep,He/she is sleeping.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka dòmi.,,3SG PROG sleep,,Own fieldwork,,6330, +50-80,50,An ka sipozé i la.,An\tka\tsipozé\ti\tla.,1SG\tIPFV\tsuppose\t3SG\tthere,I suppose he's there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"An ka sipozé i la.",,1SG IPFV suppose 3SG there,,Own fieldwork,,6331, +50-81,50,I ka jwé foutbòl.,I\tka\tjwé\tfoutbòl.,3SG\tHAB\tplay\tball,He plays football. / He is a football player.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka jwé foutbòl.,,3SG HAB play ball,,Own fieldwork,,6332, +50-82,50,I ka vini dèmen.,I\tka\tvini\tdèmen.,3SG\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,He/she is coming tomorrow.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka vini dèmen.,,3SG FUT come tomorrow,,Own fieldwork,,6333, +50-83,50,I ka enmé kontré-mwen anvil.,I\tka\tenmé\tkontré-mwen\tanvil.,3SG\tHAB\tlike\tmeet-1SG.OBJ\tin.town,He likes to meet me in town.,,,851[25],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I ka enmé kontré-mwen anvil.,,3SG HAB like meet-1SG.OBJ in.town,,,,6334,French: Il aime me retrouver en ville. +51-76,51,I ka dòmi.,I\tka\tdòmi.,3SG\tPROG\tsleep,He/she is sleeping.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka dòmi.,,3SG PROG sleep,,Own fieldwork,,6335, +51-77,51,Man ka sipozé i la.,Man\tka\tsipozé\ti\tla.,1SG\tIPFV\tsuppose\t3SG\tthere,I suppose he is there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man ka sipozé i la.,,1SG IPFV suppose 3SG there,,Own fieldwork,,6336, +51-78,51,I ka jwé foutbol.,I\tka\tjwé\tfoutbol.,3SG\tHAB\tplay\tfootball,He is a football player.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka jwé foutbol.,,3SG HAB play football,,Own fieldwork,,6337, +51-79,51,I ka vini dimen.,I\tka\tvini\tdimen.,3SG\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,He is coming tomorrow.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka vini dimen.,,3SG FUT come tomorrow,,Own fieldwork,,6338, +52-52,52,i ka brè,i\tka\tbrè,he\tPROG\tdrink,He is drinking.,,For past events we would expect i té ka brè.,1211,,naturalistic spoken,i ka brè,,he PROG drink,"For past events we would expect i té ka brè.",,,6339, +52-53,52,mo ka krè an Bondyé,mo\tka\tkrè\tan\tBondyé,I\tIPFV\tbelieve\tin\tGod,I believe in God.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"mo ka krè an Bondyé",,I IPFV believe in God,,,,6340, +52-54,52,chak jou nou ka alé lachas,chak\tjou\tnou\tka\talé\tlachas,every\tday\twe\tIPFV\tgo\thunt,We go hunting every day.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"chak jou nou ka alé lachas",,every day we IPFV go hunt,,,,6341, +53-185,53,M ap vini bek byen vit.,M\tap\tvini\tbek\tbyen\tvit.,1SG\tFUT\tcome\tback\tvery\tquickly,I'm coming right back.,,,1048[213],,elicited from speaker,"M ap vini bek byen vit.",,1SG FUT come back very quickly,,,,6342, +53-186,53,Le jen moun se jis softball y ape jwe.,Le\tjen\tmoun\tse\tjis\t\ty\tape\tjwe.,ART.DEF.PL\tyoung\tperson\tit.is\tjust\tsoftball\t3PL\tHAB\tplay,Young people just play softball.,,,1048[211],,naturalistic spoken,Le jen moun se jis softball y ape jwe.,Le jen moun se jis <softball> y ape jwe.,ART.DEF.PL young person it.is just softball 3PL HAB play,,,,6343, +53-187,53,To konpron byen sa m ape di twa?,To\tkonpron\tbyen\tsa\tm\tape\tdi\ttwa?,2SG\tunderstand\twell\tDEM\t1SG\tPROG\ttell\t2SG,Do you understand (well) what I'm telling you?,,,1048[210],,naturalistic spoken,To konpron byen sa m ape di twa?,,2SG understand well DEM 1SG PROG tell 2SG,,,,6344, +53-188,53,L ape espere pou keken.,L\tape\tespere\tpou\tkeken.,3SG\tPROG\twait\tfor\tsomeone,He's waiting for someone.,,,1048[209],,naturalistic spoken,L ape espere pou keken.,,3SG PROG wait for someone,,,,6345, +53-189,53,Li t ap jwe kon mo vini.,Li\tt\tap\tjwe\tkon\tmo\tvini.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\tplay\twhen\t1SG\tcome,He was playing when I came.,,,1048[210],,elicited from speaker,Li t ap jwe kon mo vini.,,3SG PST PROG play when 1SG come,,,,6346, +54-107,54,Li lé apré pléré li.,Li\tle\tapre\tplere\tli.,3SG\tCOP.PRS\tPROG\tcry\t3SG,She is crying.,,,110[55],,naturalistic spoken,Li lé apré pléré li.,Li le apre plere li.,3SG COP.PRS PROG cry 3SG,,,,6347,"Canadian French: Elle est après pleurer, elle." +54-108,54,Kósà ou lé apré fèr? Kósà ou lé antrenn fèr? Kósà ou lé pou fèr?,Kosa\tou\tle\tapre\tfer?\tKosa\tou\tle\tantren.d\tfer?\tKosa\tou\tle\tpou\tfer?,what\t2SG\tCOP.PRS\tPROG\tdo\twhat\t2SG\tCOP.PRS\tPROG\tdo\twhat\t2SG\tCOP.PRS\tPROG\tdo,What are you doing?,,"The vast majority of informants used both apre and antrennn in their translation of Qu'est-ce que tu fais? (map 66 of the linguistic atlas, Carayol et al. (1984–1995)); a minority (9 out of 40) also mentioned pou as a possible progressive marker.",214[66],,naturalistic spoken,Kósà ou lé apré fèr? Kósà ou lé antrenn fèr? Kósà ou lé pou fèr?,Kosa ou le apre fer? Kosa ou le antren.d fer? Kosa ou le pou fer?,what 2SG COP.PRS PROG do what 2SG COP.PRS PROG do what 2SG COP.PRS PROG do,"The vast majority of informants used both apre and antrennn in their translation of Qu'est-ce que tu fais? (map 66 of the linguistic atlas, Carayol et al. (1984–1995)); a minority (9 out of 40) also mentioned pou as a possible progressive marker.",,,6348,French: Qu'est-ce que tu fais? Qu'est-ce que tu es en train de faire? +55-80,55,mo pe travay ziska witer,mo\tpe\ttravay\tziska\twiter,1SG\tPROG\twork\tuntil\teight.o'clock,I am working until 8 o'clock (=I am working at this moment and will continue working until 8 o'clock).,,"/pe/ is predominantly progressive but it has some other uses which I feel it would be misleading to describe as either 'current state' or 'habitual'. 'I believe in God' would normally be /mo krwa daṅ Boṅdye/ but if someone had suggested that the speaker was not a believer, the speaker might reply /mo pe krwar daṅ Boṅdye/ which I would translate as 'I DO believe in God'. 'I work at the Ministry of Housing' could be rendered as either /mo travay awzing/ or /mo pe travay awzing/ but the former would typically imply that the speaker had a full-time, pensionable post at the ministry, whereas the latter could suggest that the employment was of a temporary nature.",,,constructed by linguist,mo pe travay ziska witer,,1SG PROG work until eight.o'clock,"/pe/ is predominantly progressive but it has some other uses which I feel it would be misleading to describe as either 'current state' or 'habitual'. 'I believe in God' would normally be /mo krwa daṅ Boṅdye/ but if someone had suggested that the speaker was not a believer, the speaker might reply /mo pe krwar daṅ Boṅdye/ which I would translate as 'I DO believe in God'. 'I work at the Ministry of Housing' could be rendered as either /mo travay awzing/ or /mo pe travay awzing/ but the former would typically imply that the speaker had a full-time, pensionable post at the ministry, whereas the latter could suggest that the employment was of a temporary nature.",Own knowledge,,6349, +56-100,56,"Dimoun pa trou ou laba kot ou pe sanze, la prezan nou sorti dan sa lakaz.","Dimoun\tpa\ttrou\tou\tlaba\tkot\tou\tpe\tsanze,\tla\tprezan\tnou\tsorti\tdan\tsa\tlakaz.",people\tNEG\tsee\t2SG\tthere\twhere\t2SG\tPROG\tdress.up\tthere\tthen\t1PL\tcome.out\tin\tDEM\thouse,"One doesn't see you there where you are dressing up, and then we leave the house.",,,158[140],,naturalistic spoken,"Dimoun pa trou ou laba kot ou pe sanze, la prezan nou sorti dan sa lakaz.",,people NEG see 2SG there where 2SG PROG dress.up there then 1PL come.out in DEM house,,,,6350,"French: On ne vous voit pas là où vous vous déguisez, et puis on sort de la maison. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 141)" +58-62,58,yandi vand-aa dia/ vand-aka ku-dia,yandi\tvand-aa\tdia/\tvand-aka\tku-dia,he/she\tsit-PST\teat\tsit-PST\tINF-eat,he/she used to eat,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"yandi vand-aa dia/ vand-aka ku-dia",,he/she sit-PST eat sit-PST INF-eat,,Own knowledge,,6351, +58-63,58,Yandi vand-aka ku-dia.,Yandi\tvand-aka\tku-dia.,he/she\tsit-PST\tINF-eat,He/she was eating.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi vand-aka ku-dia.",,he/she sit-PST INF-eat,,Own knowledge,,6352, +59-150,59,mbi ke leke tere ti mbi ti kiri,mbi\tke\tleke\ttere\tti\tmbi\tti\tkiri,1SG\tCOP\tfix\tbody\tof\t1SG\tto\treturn,I'll prepare myself to return.,,In another context the meaning would be 'I was (or am) preparing [...]'.,1324[136],,naturalistic spoken,mbi ke leke tere ti mbi ti kiri,,1SG COP fix body of 1SG to return,In another context the meaning would be 'I was (or am) preparing [...]'.,,,6353, +59-151,59,"tere agwe (a)duti na yanga ti yaka ti kobe so [...], ake te","tere\tagwe\t(a)duti\tna\tyanga\tti\tyaka\tti\tkobe\tso\t[...],\take\tte",Spider\tSM.go\t(SM-)sit\tPREP\tmouth\tof\tgarden\tof\tfood\tDEM\t[...]\tSM.COP\teat,Spider went to the edge of this produce garden and began to eat.,,"This is from the narration of a traditional tale, and my translation takes into account the way events are taking place. Perhaps another narrator would use commencer ('begin'). Using ate would be wrong, because it would mean 'he ate (the food)'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"tere agwe (a)duti na yanga ti yaka ti kobe so [...], ake te",,Spider SM.go (SM-)sit PREP mouth of garden of food DEM [...] SM.COP eat,"This is from the narration of a traditional tale, and my translation takes into account the way events are taking place. Perhaps another narrator would use commencer ('begin'). Using ate would be wrong, because it would mean 'he ate (the food)'.",Own knowledge,,6354, +60-63,60,mikolo óyo Francine azalí kosála na restaurant,mikolo\tóyo\tFrancine\ta-zal-í\tko-sál-a\tna\trestaurant,days\tDEM\tFrancine\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tINF-work-FV\tin\trestaurant,These days Francine works in a restaurant.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",1273,,elicited from speaker,mikolo óyo Francine azalí kosála na restaurant,"mikolo óyo Francine a-zal-í ko-sál-a na restaurant",days DEM Francine 3SG-be-PRS.PRF INF-work-FV in restaurant,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,6355, +62-120,62,Na ku-hlamí-w-e tw-éeku-ta-butú-w-e makeréno.,Na\tku-hlamí-w-e\ttw-éeku-ta-butú-w-e\tmakeréno.,with\t15-anoint-PASS-PRF\t1PL-PST.IPFV-EVID-put.in-PASS-PRF\tearrings,"And, anointed, we were put on earrings.",,,,,elicited from speaker,Na ku-hlamí-w-e tw-éeku-ta-butú-w-e makeréno.,,with 15-anoint-PASS-PRF 1PL-PST.IPFV-EVID-put.in-PASS-PRF earrings,,Mous 2003,,6356, +63-86,63,ána gi-kumbúka wázi,ána\tgi-kumbúka\twázi,1SG\tTAM-remember\twell,I remember well.,,,857[284],,naturalistic spoken,ána gi-kumbúka wázi,,1SG TAM-remember well,,,,6357, +63-87,63,mára tá-i gi-kélem núbi,mára\ttá\ti\tgi\tkélem\tnúbi,wife\tGEN\tmy\tTAM\tspeak\tKinubi,My wife speaks Kinubi.,,,857[285],,naturalistic spoken,mára tá-i gi-kélem núbi,mára tá i gi kélem núbi,wife GEN my TAM speak Kinubi,,,,6358, +63-88,63,íta gu-rúo búkra,íta\tgu-rúo\tbúkra,2SG\tTAM-go\ttomorrow,You will leave tomorrow.,,,857[285],,naturalistic spoken,íta gu-rúo búkra,,2SG TAM-go tomorrow,,,,6359, +63-89,63,generation ta ásede gi-ábidu ágara,generation\tta\tásede\tgi-ábidu\tágara,generation\tGEN\tnow\tTAM-start\tstudy,This generation starts to study.,,,857[284],,naturalistic spoken,generation ta ásede gi-ábidu ágara,,generation GEN now TAM-start study,,,,6360, +63-90,63,kigiriáma ána g-ásma,kigiriáma\tána\tg-ásma,Giryama\t1SG\tTAM-understand,I understand the Giryama language.,,,857[290],,naturalistic spoken,kigiriáma ána g-ásma,,Giryama 1SG TAM-understand,,,,6361, +63-126,63,mátar-á gi-wága,mátar-á\tgi-wága,rain-PL\tTAM-fall,It is raining.,,,622[79],,naturalistic spoken,mátar-á gi-wága,,rain-PL TAM-fall,,,,6362, +64-91,64,ána geágra árabi,ána\tge=ágra\tárabi,1SG\tPROG=study\tArabic,I study Arabic. OR: I am studying Arabic.,,Here ge has a progressive or continuous meaning.,874[166],,naturalistic spoken,ána geágra árabi,ána ge=ágra árabi,1SG PROG=study Arabic,"Here ge has a progressive or continuous meaning.",,,6363, +64-92,64,ána lísa geistákal,ána\tlísa\tge=istákal,1SG\tstill\tPROG=work,I am still working.,,Here ge has a progressive meaning stressed by English still.,1491[432],,naturalistic spoken,ána lísa geistákal,ána lísa ge=istákal,1SG still PROG=work,"Here ge has a progressive meaning stressed by English still.",,,6364, +64-93,64,fi sudán nas bes gegéni sákit,fi\tsudán\tnas\tbes\tge=géni\tsákit,in\tSudan\tpeople\tonly\tPROG=stay\tsilent,In Sudan people can only remain silent.,,Ge has a present habitual meaning when followed by a stative verb.,874[167],,naturalistic spoken,fi sudán nas bes gegéni sákit,fi sudán nas bes ge=géni sákit,in Sudan people only PROG=stay silent,"Ge has a present habitual meaning when followed by a stative verb.",,,6365, +64-94,64,záman ána kan fi sudán ána gehúmu,záman\tána\tkan\tfi\tsudán\tána\tge=húmu,time\t1SG\tANT\tin\tSudan\t1SG\tPROG=swim,When I was in Sudan I used to swim.,,Here ge has a habitual meaning in the past.,1491[432],,naturalistic spoken,záman ána kan fi sudán ána gehúmu,záman ána kan fi sudán ána ge=húmu,time 1SG ANT in Sudan 1SG PROG=swim,"Here ge has a habitual meaning in the past.",,,6366, +64-95,64,madáris ta bor suda:n gebáda ∫ar tísa,madáris\tta\tbor\tsuda:n\tge=báda\t∫ar\ttísa,school.PL\tPOSS\tPort\tSudan\tPROG=start\tmonth\tnine,Schools usually start in September in Port Sudan.,,Here ge has habitual meaning in a general present context.,,,constructed by linguist,madáris ta bor suda:n gebáda ∫ar tísa,madáris ta bor suda:n ge=báda ∫ar tísa,school.PL POSS Port Sudan PROG=start month nine,"Here ge has habitual meaning in a general present context.",Own knowledge,,6367, +66-52,66,"Rihan ini ari pəðə ka baru ruma attu e-kinja ambε ar-ðuðu’ng, itu çara’ ati yang kilamε’ baru ruma attu a-kinja.","Rihan\tini\tari-pada\tka\tbaru\truma\tattu\te-kinja\tambε\tar-ðuðung,\titu\tcara\tatiyang\tkilamε\tbaru\truma\tattu\ta-kinja.",Rihan\tDEM\tday-PL\tin\tnew\thouse\tINDF\tASP-do\twhile\tPRS-PROG\tDEM\tway\tnext\tweek\tnew\thouse\tINDF\tPRS-do,"Rihan is building a new house these days, and is building a new one next week.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Rihan ini ari pəðə ka baru ruma attu e-kinja ambε ar-ðuðu’ng, itu çara’ ati yang kilamε’ baru ruma attu a-kinja.","Rihan ini ari-pada ka baru ruma attu e-kinja ambε ar-ðuðung, itu cara atiyang kilamε baru ruma attu a-kinja.",Rihan DEM day-PL in new house INDF ASP-do while PRS-PROG DEM way next week new house INDF PRS-do,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,6368, +67-102,67,Lagi saya mamatua ada tinggal.,Lagi\tsaya\tmamatua\tada\ttinggal.,besides\t1SG\tmother-in-law\tbe\tlive,"Besides, my mother-in-law was living (with us).",,In this sentence ada tinggal has a past progressive reading.,708[173],,naturalistic spoken,Lagi saya mamatua ada tinggal.,,besides 1SG mother-in-law be live,"In this sentence ada tinggal has a past progressive reading.",,,6369, +67-103,67,Saya ada pergi pasar.,Saya\tada\tpergi\tpasar.,1SG\tbe\tgo\tmarket,I am going to the market.,,In this sentence ada pergi has a present progressive reading.,,,naturalistic spoken,Saya ada pergi pasar.,,1SG be go market,"In this sentence ada pergi has a present progressive reading.",Own knowledge,,6370, +67-104,67,Makan ah wa masih ada mi lagi.,Makan\tah\twa\tmasih\tada\tmi\tlagi.,eat\tEMPH\t1SG\tstill\thave\tnoodle\tmore,[Please] eat. I still have more noodles.,,,708[173],,naturalistic spoken,Makan ah wa masih ada mi lagi.,,eat EMPH 1SG still have noodle more,,,,6371, +68-57,68,"Katong ada dudu tado-tado, dong datang bahonge sa.","Katong\tada\tdudu\ttado~tado,\tdong\tdatang\tba-honge\tsa.",1PL\tPROG\tsit\tquiet~quiet\t3PL\tcome\tBA-make.noise\tonly,"We were sitting very quietly, and they came just to disturb us.",,Ba is a verbal prefix with complex functions.,1528[191],,naturalistic spoken,"Katong ada dudu tado-tado, dong datang bahonge sa.","Katong ada dudu tado~tado, dong datang ba-honge sa.",1PL PROG sit quiet~quiet 3PL come BA-make.noise only,"Ba is a verbal prefix with complex functions.",,,6372, +69-37,69,mən kundamwin tandaumbi tanan,mən\tkundamwin\ttandau-mbi\tta-nan,3SG\ttwo\tsit/stay.DEP\tPROG-NONFUT,The two of them were staying.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mən kundamwin tandaumbi tanan,mən kundamwin tandau-mbi ta-nan,3SG two sit/stay.DEP PROG-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,6373, +69-38,69,ama təpwi ambi tanan,ama\ttəpwi\tam-(m)bi\tta-nan,1SG\tsago\teat-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT,I'm eating sago.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ama təpwi ambi tanan,ama təpwi am-(m)bi ta-nan,1SG sago eat-DEP PROG-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,6374, +71-72,71,Pehea ia Wainui makemake ana?,Pehea\tia\tWainui\tmakemake\tana?,what\t?\tWainui\twant\tIPFV,What does Wainui want?,,The ia in this example does not have a clear gloss; its presence is possibly due to exaggeration.,,,naturalistic written,"Pehea ia Wainui makemake ana?",,what ? Wainui want IPFV,"The ia in this example does not have a clear gloss; its presence is possibly due to exaggeration.",Own data 1883,,6375, +71-79,71,"Ma Nawiliwili au noho nana ka halekuai, ma Hulaia kekahi manawa nana kela mahi laiki.","Ma\tNawiliwili\tau\tnoho\tnana\tka\thalekuai,\tma\tHulaia\tkekahi\tmanawa\tnana\tkela\tmahi\tlaiki.",LOC\tNawiliwili\t1SG\tstay\tlook\tDEF\tstore\tLOC\tHulaia\tsome\ttime\tlook\tDET\tplantation\trice,"At Nawiliwili I usually watch the store, at Hulaia I sometimes watch over the rice plantation.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Ma Nawiliwili au noho nana ka halekuai, ma Hulaia kekahi manawa nana kela mahi laiki.",,LOC Nawiliwili 1SG stay look DEF store LOC Hulaia some time look DET plantation rice,,Own data 1892,,6376, +71-80,71,Wau noho hana kamana ma ka mahiko o Makaweli ma nehinei.,Wau\tnoho\thana\tkamana\tma\tka\tmahiko\to\tMakaweli\tma\tnehinei.,1SG\tstay\twork\twood.working\tLOC\tDEF\tsugar.plantation\tPOSS\tMakaweli\tLOC\tyesterday,I was working in carpentry at Makaweli sugar plantation yesterday.,,"It is ambiguous whether hana here is a noun or a verb and whether there is a nominal (hana kamana) or verbal (noho hana) compound. The lexifier has the latter as a compound (e.g. noho hana 'ole, 'to be unemployed').",,,naturalistic written,"Wau noho hana kamana ma ka mahiko o Makaweli ma nehinei.",,1SG stay work wood.working LOC DEF sugar.plantation POSS Makaweli LOC yesterday,"It is ambiguous whether hana here is a noun or a verb and whether there is a nominal (hana kamana) or verbal (noho hana) compound. The lexifier has the latter as a compound (e.g. noho hana 'ole, 'to be unemployed').",Own data 1892,,6377, +72-75,72,An warlaku bin top kutij nyantuwarinyj.,An\twarlaku\tbin\ttop\tkutij\tnyantu-warinyj.,and\tdog\tPST\tCONT\tstand\t3SG-alone,And the dog was standing alone.,,,583,d048c2983a4cb421c9046412f0eb7381,naturalistic spoken,"An warlaku bin top kutij nyantuwarinyj.","An warlaku bin top kutij nyantu-warinyj.","and dog PST CONT stand 3SG-alone",,,,6378, +73-57,73,wawa llorana kirixun,wawa\tllora-na\tkiri-xu-n,child\tcry-NMLZ\twant-PROG-1SG,The child wants to cry.,,,1033[76],,naturalistic spoken,wawa llorana kirixun,wawa llora-na kiri-xu-n,child cry-NMLZ want-PROG-1SG,,,,6379, +73-58,73,Media Lenguaga así Ingichumunda Castellanuda ablana kirixusha,Media\tLengua-ga\tasí\tIngichu-munda\tCastellanu-da\tabla-na\tkiri-xu-sha,Media\tLengua-TOP\tthus\tQuechua-ABL\tSpanish-ACC\tspeak-NMLZ\twant-PROG-SUBORD.SS,"Media Lengua thus from Quechua Spanish wanting to speak, [...]",,,1033[76],,naturalistic spoken,Media Lenguaga así Ingichumunda Castellanuda ablana kirixusha,Media Lengua-ga así Ingichu-munda Castellanu-da abla-na kiri-xu-sha,Media Lengua-TOP thus Quechua-ABL Spanish-ACC speak-NMLZ want-PROG-SUBORD.SS,,,,6380, +1-120,1,"Da somma de prodo, da wan prodoman, a lobbi prodo.","Da\tsoma\tde\tprodo,\tda\twan\tprodoman,\ta\tlobi\tprodo.",DET.SG\tperson\tASP\tboast\tbe\tINDF.SG\tboaster\t3SG.SBJ\tlike\tboast,"That person boasts, he is a real boaster, he likes to boast.",,This illustrates the use of habitual de.,1357[142],,written (dictionary),"Da somma de prodo, da wan prodoman, a lobbi prodo.","Da soma de prodo, da wan prodoman, a lobi prodo.",DET.SG person ASP boast be INDF.SG boaster 3SG.SBJ like boast,"This illustrates the use of habitual de.",,,6381,"German: Das ist ein Windbeutel, Stutzer. [op.cit.]" +1-121,1,"Mi lobbi brara, mi de lobbi ju nanga reti lobbi.","Mi\tlobi\tbrara,\tmi\tde\tlobi\tyu\tnanga\treti\tlobi.",1SG\tlove\tbrother\t1SG\tIPFV\tlove\t2SG\twith\tright\tlove,"My beloved brother, I love you with true love.",,This example shows de expressing current state.,1357[103],,written (dictionary),"Mi lobbi brara, mi de lobbi ju nanga reti lobbi.","Mi lobi brara, mi de lobi yu nanga reti lobi.",1SG love brother 1SG IPFV love 2SG with right love,"This example shows de expressing current state.",,,6382,"German: Mein lieber Br[uder], ich liebe dich aufrichtig. [op.cit.]" +1-122,1,Wi de jam nanga makandra vo kroboi.,Wi\tde\tnyan\tnanga\tmakandra\tfu\tkroboi.,1PL\tIPFV\teat\twith\teach.other\tfor\tgoodbye,We eat with each other the farewell diner.,,,1357[92],,written (dictionary),"Wi de jam nanga makandra vo kroboi.",Wi de nyan nanga makandra fu kroboi.,1PL IPFV eat with each.other for goodbye,,,,6383,German: Wir halten die Abschiedsmahlzeit [op.cit.] +2-112,2,Den ben lafu unu taki unu no ben gwenti si trein.,Den\tben\tlafu\tunu\ttaki\tunu\tno\tben\tgwenti\tsi\ttrein.,they\tPST\tlaugh\tus\tsay\twe\tNEG\tPST\taccustomed\tsee\ttrain,They laughed at us saying that we weren’t used to seeing trains.,,"This is another way of marking customary actions, by use of the form gwenti ‘accustomed to’. I don’t think it’s accurate to call this a habitual marker.",,,elicited from speaker,Den ben lafu unu taki unu no ben gwenti si trein.,,they PST laugh us say we NEG PST accustomed see train,"This is another way of marking customary actions, by use of the form gwenti ‘accustomed to’. I don’t think it’s accurate to call this a habitual marker.","Winford data, Tape 25-a",,6384, +2-116,2,A pikin e krin en kamra.,A\tpikin\te\tkrin\ten\tkamra.,the.SG\tchild\tIPFV\tclean\t3SG\troom,The child is cleaning her room.,,,,,constructed by linguist,A pikin e krin en kamra.,,the.SG child IPFV clean 3SG room,,Own knowledge,,6385, +2-117,2,A man wani taki den kaw musu go pupe.,A\tman\twani\ttaki\tden\tkaw\tmusu\tgo\tpupe.,the\tman\twant\tthat\tthe.PL\tcow\tmust\tgo\trelieve.themselves,The man wanted the cows to relieve themselves.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A man wani taki den kaw musu go pupe.,,the man want that the.PL cow must go relieve.themselves,,Winford transcripts,,6386, +2-118,2,"Efu yu no wroko, dan you no o nyan, tog.","Efu\tyu\tno\twroko,\tdan\tyou\tno\to\tnyan,\ttog.",if\tyou\tNEG\twork\tthen\tyou\tNEG\tFUT\teat\tTAG,"If you don’t work, then you won’t eat, right?",,,1605[412],,elicited from speaker,"Efu yu no wroko, dan you no o nyan, tog.",,if you NEG work then you NEG FUT eat TAG,,,,6387, +2-119,2,Ma yu no musu du den sani dati.,Ma\tyu\tno\tmusu\tdu\tden\tsani\tdati.,but\t2SG\tNEG\tmust\tdo\tthe.PL\tthing\tDEM,But you mustn’t do those things.,,,1606[71],,naturalistic spoken,"Ma yu no musu du den sani dati.",,but 2SG NEG must do the.PL thing DEM,,,,6388, +3-58,3,A bi lo u ta fɛɛɛ dagu.,A\tbi\tlo\tu\tta\tfɛɛɛ\tdagu.,3SG\tTNS\tlove\tfor\tASP\tfear\tdog,S/he had been fearing dogs regularly.,,Lo is the habitual marker here (derived from lóbi 'love').,1517[191],,elicited from speaker,A bi lo u ta fɛɛɛ dagu.,,3SG TNS love for ASP fear dog,"Lo is the habitual marker here (derived from lóbi 'love').",,,6389, +5-77,5,dem das plaant dem faam an ting an dem das yuus-tu stan de,dem\tdas\tplaant\tdem\tfaam\tan\tting\tan\tdem\tdas\tyuus-tu\tstan\tde,3PL\tHAB\tplant\tPOSS.3PL\tfarm\tand\tthing\tand\t3PL\tHAB\tPST.HAB\tremain\tthere,"They used to cultivate their farm and so on, and they used to stay there.",,,143[67],,naturalistic spoken,"dem das plaant dem faam an ting an dem das yuus-tu stan de",,3PL HAB plant POSS.3PL farm and thing and 3PL HAB PST.HAB remain there,,,,6390, +6-51,6,doz,doz,HAB,'habitual marker',,"Trinidad English Creole has two non-perfective markers: does functions as the habitual marker, V + ing as the progressive marker.",1431,,constructed by linguist,doz,,HAB,"Trinidad English Creole has two non-perfective markers: does functions as the habitual marker, V + ing as the progressive marker.",,,6391, +7-128,7,Tiicha duhz ge liks fo so.,Tiicha\tduhz\tge\tliks\tfo\tso.,teacher\tHAB\tgive\tlicks\tfor\tso,The teacher usually administers a lot of licks.,,Only the habitual reading is possible with duhz.,1244[184],,naturalistic spoken,Tiicha duhz ge liks fo so.,,teacher HAB give licks for so,"Only the habitual reading is possible with duhz.",,,6392, +7-129,7,Hi a wuhk ya evriday.,Hi\ta\twuhk\tya\tevriday.,3SG\tHAB\twork\there\tevery.day,He works here every day.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi a wuhk ya evriday.,,3SG HAB work here every.day,,Own knowledge,,6393, +9-90,9,Dodo de tro di krefiʃ in de i musa de tink dat.,Dodo\tde\ttro\tdi\tkrefiʃ\tin\tde\ti\tmusa\tde\ttink\tdat.,dodo\tHAB\tthrow\tthe\tcrayfish\tin\tthere\the\tmust\tHAB\tthink\tthat,"When Dodo throws the lobster in it (ice-box), he must think that. OR: When Dodo (fisherman) throws the lobster into his ice-box, that's what he must think (he calls his ice-box ""Bugs' Graveyard"").",,Here de is used as a habitual marker.,434,,naturalistic spoken,Dodo de tro di krefiʃ in de i musa de tink dat.,,dodo HAB throw the crayfish in there he must HAB think that,"Here de is used as a habitual marker.",,,6394, +9-91,9,A mek dat wen sizan de an en de wok krefiʃ.,A\tmek\tdat\twen\tsizan\tde\tan\ten\tde\twok\tkrefiʃ.,1SG\tmake\tthat\twhen\tseason\tHAB\ton\tand\tHAB\twork\tcrayfish,I make that when the season is on and I work lobster. OR: I earn (as much money) when during the lobster season.,,,434,,naturalistic spoken,A mek dat wen sizan de an en de wok krefiʃ.,,1SG make that when season HAB on and HAB work crayfish,,,,6395, +9-93,9,Wi no de stodi dat.,Wi\tno\tde\tstodi\tdat.,we\tNEG\tPROG\tstudy\tthat,We are not paying attention to that.,,De is a progressive preverbal morpheme with present tense reference.,432[42],,naturalistic spoken,Wi no de stodi dat.,,we NEG PROG study that,"De is a progressive preverbal morpheme with present tense reference.",,,6396, +10-105,10,Ihn stody du dat evry die!,Ihn\tstody\tdu\tdat\tevry\tdie!,3SG\tHAB.PRS\tdo\tDEM\tevery\tday,He does that every day!,,The original translation is: ‘He has been doing that every day!’,,,written,"Ihn stody du dat evry die!",,3SG HAB.PRS do DEM every day,The original translation is: ‘He has been doing that every day!’,Shaat Stuoriz,,6397, +10-106,10,"Ai yuuztu go chorch beefut, widout shuuz.","Ai\tyuuztu\tgo\tchorch\tbeefut,\twidout\tshuuz.",1SG\tHAB.ANT\tgo\tchurch\tbarefoot\twithout\tshoe,"I used to / would go to church barefooted, without shoes.",,Shuuz is both singular and plural.,113[88],,naturalistic spoken,"Ai yuuztu go chorch beefut, widout shuuz.",,1SG HAB.ANT go church barefoot without shoe,"Shuuz is both singular and plural.",,,6398, +11-136,11,"An di biich, a lat a baril yuuztu apier.","An\tdi\tbiich,\ta\tlat\ta\tbaril\tyuuztu\tapier.",on\tART.DEF\tbeach\tART.INDF\tlot\tof\tbarrel\tHAB.PST\tappear,"On the beach, a lot of barrels would appear.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"An di biich, a lat a baril yuuztu apier.",,on ART.DEF beach ART.INDF lot of barrel HAB.PST appear,,,,6399, +11-137,11,Di oubia wuman no stodi meek era.,Di\toubia\twuman\tno\tstodi\tmeek\tera.,ART.DEF\tobeah\twoman\tNEG\tHAB\tmake\terror,The obeah woman wasn’t in the habit of making mistakes.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Di oubia wuman no stodi meek era.",,ART.DEF obeah woman NEG HAB make error,,,,6400, +11-138,11,Plenti piipl doz kom.,Plenti\tpiipl\tdoz\tkom.,plenty\tpeople\tHAB.PRS\tcome,Plenty people are in the habit of coming.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Plenti piipl doz kom.",,plenty people HAB.PRS come,,,,6401, +12-113,12,"They does steal away, when they get in the job, they steal away, especially - if they - have - a big position, and they handling the money, they take so much - out, they go for big, big, big, big money.",They\tdoes\tsteal\taway\t[...]\tand\tthey\thandling\tthe\tmoney\t[...],3PL.SBJ\tHAB\tsteal\taway\t[...]\tand\t3PL.SBJ\thandle.PROG\tART\tmoney\t[...],"They just leave [...] [especially when they are in a big position which involves] handling the money, [they take some of it and go for even bigger money].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"They does steal away, when they get in the job, they steal away, especially - if they - have - a big position, and they handling the money, they take so much - out, they go for big, big, big, big money.","They does steal away [...] and they handling the money [...]",3PL.SBJ HAB steal away [...] and 3PL.SBJ handle.PROG ART money [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6402, +12-114,12,"And you know in that settlement, used to be ten years, five years before somebody dies. Yeah, 'cause we - we - we eating - we ain't know - know nothing about no high blood and no - no - uh - diabetes and - and cancer and things like that, 'cause we were eating straight from the farm, you know. So those people was strong, they used to live 80, 90, a hundred years. Old people, on the Island. And now - every week, so much of young. Yeah, when I [...] open the papers on Thursday, I see the o- I say, You live good. Live a ripe old age. 27, 26, people dying from AIDS and this and that.","[...]\tin\tthat\tsettlement,\tused\tto\tbe\tten\tyears\t[...]\tbefore\tsomebody\tdies\t[...]\t'cause\twe\t[...]\teating\t[...]\tbecause\twe\twere\teating\tstraight\tfrom\tthe\tfarm\teating\t[...]\tpeople\twas\tstrong,\tthey\tused\tto\tlive\t80\t[...]\tyears\t[...].",[...]\tin\tthat\tsettlement\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\tCOP\tten\tyears\t[...]\tbefore\tINDF\tdie.HAB\t[...]\tbecause\t1PL.SBJ\t[...]\teat.PROG\t[...]\tbecause\t1PL.SBJ\t1PL.COP.PST\teat.PROG\tstraight\tfrom\tthe\tfarm\teat.PROG\t[...]\tpeople\t3PL.COP.PST\tstrong\t3PL.SBJ\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\tlive\teighty\t[...]\tyears\t[...],"[...] in that settlement, it used to take ten years, [five years,] before somebody would die [again] [...] because we were eating [...] we were eating straight from the farm [...] So those people were strong, they used to live 80, [90, a hundred] years [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And you know in that settlement, used to be ten years, five years before somebody dies. Yeah, 'cause we - we - we eating - we ain't know - know nothing about no high blood and no - no - uh - diabetes and - and cancer and things like that, 'cause we were eating straight from the farm, you know. So those people was strong, they used to live 80, 90, a hundred years. Old people, on the Island. And now - every week, so much of young. Yeah, when I [...] open the papers on Thursday, I see the o- I say, You live good. Live a ripe old age. 27, 26, people dying from AIDS and this and that.","[...] in that settlement, used to be ten years [...] before somebody dies [...] 'cause we [...] eating [...] because we were eating straight from the farm eating [...] people was strong, they used to live 80 [...] years [...].",[...] in that settlement HAB.PST HAB.PST COP ten years [...] before INDF die.HAB [...] because 1PL.SBJ [...] eat.PROG [...] because 1PL.SBJ 1PL.COP.PST eat.PROG straight from the farm eat.PROG [...] people 3PL.COP.PST strong 3PL.SBJ HAB.PST HAB.PST live eighty [...] years [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6403, +13-89,13,He be try to sing.,He\tbe\ttry\tto\tsing.,3SG\tHAB\ttry\tto\tsing,He [often] tries to sing.,,,330[53],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,"He be try to sing.",,3SG HAB try to sing,,,,6404, +13-90,13,How you duhz cook hog maw?,How\tyou\tduhz\tcook\thog\tmaw?,how\tyou\tHAB\tcook\thog\tmaw,How do you / did you cook hog maw?,,,1005[366],,naturalistic spoken,"How you duhz cook hog maw?",,how you HAB cook hog maw,,,,6405, +14-61,14,She be telling people she eight.,She\tbe\ttelling\tpeople\tshe\teight.,she\tHAB\ttelling\tpeople\tshe\teight,She is always telling people she is eight. OR: She generally tells people that she is eight years old.,,,576[48],,naturalistic spoken,She be telling people she eight.,,she HAB telling people she eight,,,,6406, +14-62,14,Some of them be big and some of them be small.,Some\tof\tthem\tbe\tbig\tand\tsome\tof\tthem\tbe\tsmall.,some\tof\tthem\tbe.HAB\tbig\tand\tsome\tof\tthem\tbe.HAB\tsmall,"Generally, some of them are big and some of them are small. OR: It is usually the case that some of them are big and some of them are small.",,The habitual marker be can also have a generic reading.,465[151],,naturalistic spoken,Some of them be big and some of them be small.,,some of them be.HAB big and some of them be.HAB small,"The habitual marker be can also have a generic reading.",,,6407, +15-70,15,wi kin it rɛs,wi\tkin\tit\trɛs,1PL\tHAB\teat\trice,We usually eat rice.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,wi kin it rɛs,,1PL HAB eat rice,,Own knowledge,,6408, +17-71,17,À dè wo̱sh plet.,À\tdè\two̱sh\tplet.,1SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\twash\tplate,I wash dishes (every day). OR: While I am washing dishes... OR: I am washing dishes.,,,462[202-205],,naturalistic spoken,À dè wo̱sh plet.,,1SG.SBJ NCOMPL wash plate,,,,6409, +18-66,18,Yu de drink ti evride.,Yu\tdi\tdrink\tti\tevri\tde.,2SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tdrink\ttea\tevery\tday,You drink tea every day.,,,125[24],,unspecified,"Yu de drink ti evride.",Yu di drink ti evri de.,2SG.SBJ IPFV drink tea every day,,,,6410, +19-85,19,Ustin kìn de insay de?,Us=tin\tkìn\tde\tinsay\tde?,Q=thing\tHAB\tCOP\tinside\tthere,What is usually in there?,,"In this example, the habitual marker KÌN is used with the stative copular verb DE with a current state meaning.",1634[201],,naturalistic spoken,"Ustin kìn de insay de?","Us=tin kìn de insay de?",Q=thing HAB COP inside there,"In this example, the habitual marker KÌN is used with the stative copular verb DE with a current state meaning.",,,6411, +19-86,19,[...] wi kìn mitɔp insay wan mòtó.,[...]\twi\tkìn\tmitɔp\tinsay\twan\tmòtó.,[...]\t1PL\tHAB\tmeet\tinside\tone\tcar.,[...] we usually meet/met in a car.,,Here the habitual marker KÌN is employed with a dynamic verb.,1634[202],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] wi kìn mitɔp insay wan mòtó.",,[...] 1PL HAB meet inside one car.,"Here the habitual marker KÌN is employed with a dynamic verb.",,,6412, +19-87,19,"We à kìn mek so, à no dè fil hɔt.","We\tà\tkìn\tmek\tso,\tà\tno\tdè\tfil\thɔt.",SUBORD\t1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tmake\tso\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tIPFV\tfeel\theat,"When I would repeatedly do like this, I wouldn't feel [the] heat.",,,1634[203],,naturalistic spoken,"We à kìn mek so, à no dè fil hɔt.",,SUBORD 1SG.SBJ HAB make so 1SG.SBJ NEG IPFV feel heat,,,,6413, +19-88,19,"Ɛni de dɛ̀n dè chɔp rɛs, ɛni de.","Ɛni\tde\tdɛ̀n\tdè\tchɔp\trɛs,\tɛni\tde.",every\tday\t3PL\tIPFV\teat\trice\tevery\tday,"Every day they eat rice, every day.",,,1634[178],,naturalistic spoken,"Ɛni de dɛ̀n dè chɔp rɛs, ɛni de.",,every day 3PL IPFV eat rice every day,,,,6414, +22-2,22,Yu save raitim nem bilong yu?,Yu\tsave\trait-im\tnem\tbilong\tyu?,2SG\tknow.how.to\twrite-TR\tname\tPOSS\t2SG,Do you know how to write your name?,,,411[89],,naturalistic spoken,Yu save raitim nem bilong yu?,Yu save rait-im nem bilong yu?,2SG know.how.to write-TR name POSS 2SG,,,,6415, +22-85,22,Lo tok ples ol sa kolim em Ipopadje.,Lo\ttok\tples\tol\tsa\tkolim\tem\tIpopadje.,in\ttalk\tvillage\t3PL\tHAB\tcall\t3SG\tIpopadje,In the local language they call him Ipopadje.,,,584[Vanhs9\Victus\ws\m16\momas\wsp],,naturalistic spoken,Lo tok ples ol sa kolim em Ipopadje.,,in talk village 3PL HAB call 3SG Ipopadje,,,,6416, +22-86,22,Mipela ol Papua Niugini i save kaikai kaukau long nait.,Mipela\tol\tPapua\tNiugini\ti\tsave\tkaikai\tkaukau\tlong\tnait.,1PL.EXCL\tPL\tPapua\tNew.Guinea\tPM\tHAB\teat\tsweet.potato\tPREP\tnight,We Papua New Guineans usually eat sweet potato at night.,,,411[89],,naturalistic spoken,Mipela ol Papua Niugini i save kaikai kaukau long nait.,,1PL.EXCL PL Papua New.Guinea PM HAB eat sweet.potato PREP night,,,,6417, +23-84,23,olgeta oli stap yusum fasin blong bifo yet,olgeta\toli\tstap\tyusum\tfasin\tblong\tbifo\tyet,3PL\tAGR\tPROG/HAB\tuse\tfashion\tPOSS\tbefore\tyet,They still do things the old-fashioned way.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,olgeta oli stap yusum fasin blong bifo yet,,3PL AGR PROG/HAB use fashion POSS before yet,,,,6418, +23-85,23,ol SDA oli no save kakae mit,ol\tSDA\toli\tno\tsave\tkakae\tmit,PL\tSDA\tAGR\tNEG\tHAB\teat\tmeat,Seventh Day Adventists don't eat meat.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ol SDA oli no save kakae mit,,PL SDA AGR NEG HAB eat meat,,Own knowledge,,6419, +25-231,25,Olabat oldei andi gaman.,Olabat\toldei\tandi\tgaman.,3PL\talways/HAB\twant.to\tcome,They always want to come.,,Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates the adverb oldei as a marker of habituality.,1333[133],,unknown,"Olabat oldei andi gaman.",,3PL always/HAB want.to come,"Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates the adverb oldei as a marker of habituality.",,,6420, +25-232,25,"Wi yusdu habim kid la bush, ani wi neva habim [...] melk, wi yusdu go bek bo olden taim.","Wi\tyusdu\thab-im\tkid\tla\tbush,\tani\twi\tneva\thab-im\t[...]\tmelk,\twi\tyusdu\tgo\tbek\tbo\tolden\ttaim.",1PL\tHAB\thave-TR\tchild\tLOC\tbush\tbut\t1PL\tNEG2\thave-TR\t[...]\tmilk\t1PL\tHAB\tgo\tback\tPURP\told\ttime,"We used to have children in the bush, but [sometimes] we didn't have milk, we used to go back to the old timer [treatment].",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the habitual marker yusdu.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Wi yusdu habim kid la bush, ani wi neva habim [...] melk, wi yusdu go bek bo olden taim.","Wi yusdu hab-im kid la bush, ani wi neva hab-im [...] melk, wi yusdu go bek bo olden taim.",1PL HAB have-TR child LOC bush but 1PL NEG2 have-TR [...] milk 1PL HAB go back PURP old time,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the habitual marker yusdu.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,6421, +26-57,26,ʃi justu laɪk tu ʤɹiŋk,ʃi\tjustu\tlaɪk\ttu\tʤɹiŋk,3SG\tPST.HAB\tlike\tto\tdrink,She used to like to drink.,,,1545[35],,naturalistic spoken,ʃi justu laɪk tu ʤɹiŋk,,3SG PST.HAB like to drink,,,,6422, +27-58,27,Di difi sini am a kan goi mais mi ris gi sini.,Di\tdifi\tsini\tam\ta\tkan\tgoi\tmais\tmi\tris\tgi\tsini.,DET\tdove\t3PL\t3SG\tPST\tHAB\tthrow\tcorn\twith\trice\tgive\t3PL,"To the doves, he used to throw corn and rice to them.",,,355[18],,naturalistic spoken,Di difi sini am a kan goi mais mi ris gi sini.,,DET dove 3PL 3SG PST HAB throw corn with rice give 3PL,,,,6423, +27-59,27,[...] wa ju lō du?,[...]\twa\tju\tlō\tdu?,[...]\twhat\t2SG\tPROG\tdo,[...] what are you doing?,,,355[22],,naturalistic spoken,[...] wa ju lō du?,,[...] what 2SG PROG do,,,,6424, +30-103,30,"Na kel ténpu, buru ta karága kárga.","Na=kel=ténpu,\tburu\tta=karága\tkárga.",in=this.SG=time\tdonkey\tIPFV=carry\tburden,"In those days, loads used to be carried by donkeys.",,Ta marks imperfective aspect with a habitual function.,1407[168],,naturalistic spoken,"Na kel ténpu, buru ta karága kárga.","Na=kel=ténpu, buru ta=karága kárga.",in=this.SG=time donkey IPFV=carry burden,"Ta marks imperfective aspect with a habitual function.",,,6425,German: In jener Zeit trugen die Esel die Lasten. +30-104,30,"Ami, N ka ta kredita na bruxariâ, N ta kre so na kusa ki ten un splikason lójiku.","A-mi,\tN=ka=ta=kredita\tna=bruxariâ,\tN=ta=kre\tso\tna=kusa\tki=ten\tun=splikason\tlójiku.",TOP-1SG.INDP\t1SG.DEP=NEG=IPFV=believe\tin=witchcraft\t1SG=IPFV=believe\tonly\tin=thing\tCOMP=have\tART.INDF=explanation\tlogic,"As far as I am concerned, I don't believe in witchcraft; I only believe things that can be explained logically.",,Here ta marks the imperfective with a current state function.,784[s.v. bruxeriâ],,naturalistic spoken,"Ami, N ka ta kredita na bruxariâ, N ta kre so na kusa ki ten un splikason lójiku.","A-mi, N=ka=ta=kredita na=bruxariâ, N=ta=kre so na=kusa ki=ten un=splikason lójiku.",TOP-1SG.INDP 1SG.DEP=NEG=IPFV=believe in=witchcraft 1SG=IPFV=believe only in=thing COMP=have ART.INDF=explanation logic,"Here ta marks the imperfective with a current state function.",,,6426,"German: Was mich betrifft, so glaube ich nicht an Hexerei; ich glaube nur an das, was eine logische Erklärung hat." +30-105,30,N ta ser grándi un dia.,N=ta=ser\tgrándi\tun=dia.,1SG=IPFV=be\tgrown.up\tART.INDF=day,One day I will have grown up.,,Here ta marks the imperfective with a future function.,1542[125],,naturalistic spoken,"N ta ser grándi un dia.",N=ta=ser grándi un=dia.,1SG=IPFV=be grown.up ART.INDF=day,"Here ta marks the imperfective with a future function.",,,6427,German: Eines Tages werde ich groß sein. +31-93,31,"Nu ta fika ku bontadi di panha otu, ma ka ten.","Nu\tta\tfika\tku\tbontadi\tdi\tpanha\totu,\tma\tka\tten.",we\twould\tstay\twith\tlonging\tof\ttake\tother\tbut\tNEG\thave,We would long for more but there was not anymore.,,"Here, ta expresses past habitual.",126,,naturalistic spoken,"Nu ta fika ku bontadi di panha otu, ma ka ten.",,we would stay with longing of take other but NEG have,"Here, ta expresses past habitual.",,,6428, +31-94,31,"N ta lenbra kuma nu tinha, tinha falta.","N\tta\tlenbra\tkuma\tnu\ttinha,\ttinha\tfalta.",I\tASP\tremember\tthat\twe\thad\thad\tneed,I remember that we were in need.,,"Combined with the verb lenbra 'to remember', this ta refers to current state.",126,,naturalistic spoken,"N ta lenbra kuma nu tinha, tinha falta.",,I ASP remember that we had had need,"Combined with the verb lenbra 'to remember', this ta refers to current state.",,,6429, +31-95,31,"N fra-z, kuazi N ta bai Praia.","N\tfra-z,\tkuazi\tN\tta\tbai\tPraia.",I\ttold-them\tmaybe\tI\twill\tgo\tPraia,I told them that maybe I will go to Praia.,,"In this case, the marker refers to a future event.",887,,naturalistic spoken,"N fra-z, kuazi N ta bai Praia.",,I told-them maybe I will go Praia,"In this case, the marker refers to a future event.",,,6430, +32-70,32,Bosê ta kreditá n'es kóza?,Bosê\tta\tkreditá\tna\tes\tkóza?,2SG.POL\tPRS\tbelieve\tin\tDEM\tthing,Do you believe in this?,,"Here, the marker ta apart from marking present tense indicates current state.",1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Bosê ta kreditá n'es kóza?",Bosê ta kreditá na es kóza?,2SG.POL PRS believe in DEM thing,"Here, the marker ta apart from marking present tense indicates current state.",,,6431,Portuguese: O senhor acredita nisso? +32-71,32,N ka ta kontá mas.,N\tka\tta\tkontá\tmas.,1SG\tNEG\tFUT\ttell\tmore,I will not tell any more (stories).,,Here the marker ta indicates future.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"N ka ta kontá mas.",,1SG NEG FUT tell more,"Here the marker ta indicates future.",,,6432,Portuguese: Não vou contar mais (histórias). +32-72,32,Entre kunpanher no ta falá kriol.,Entre\tkunpanher\tno\tta\tfalá\tkriol.,between\tcolleague\t2SG\tPRS.HAB\tspeak\tcreole,Between colleagues we speak Creole.,,"Here, the marker ta apart from marking present tense fulfills the function of habitual.",1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Entre kunpanher no ta falá kriol.",,between colleague 2SG PRS.HAB speak creole,"Here, the marker ta apart from marking present tense fulfills the function of habitual.",,,6433,Portuguese: Entre os colegas falamos crioulo. +32-73,32,Tati ta skrevê un kárta.,Tati\tta\tskrevê\tun\tkárta.,Tati\tPRS.PROG\twrite\tDET\tletter,Tati is writing a letter.,,"Here, the marker ta indicates progressive.",1456,,elicited from speaker,"Tati ta skrevê un kárta.",,Tati PRS.PROG write DET letter,"Here, the marker ta indicates progressive.",,,6434,Portuguese: A Tati está a escrever uma carta. +33-101,33,Minjeris di li ta bambu se mininus.,Minjeri-s\tdi\tli\tta\tbambu\tsi\tmininu-s.,woman-PL\tof\there\tHAB\tcarry\tPOSS\tchild-PL,Women here carry their children on the back.,,N.N.: The ortography is that of the source.,403[37],,naturalistic written,Minjeris di li ta bambu se mininus.,Minjeri-s di li ta bambu si mininu-s.,woman-PL of here HAB carry POSS child-PL,N.N.: The ortography is that of the source.,,,6435,Portuguese: As mulheres daqui carregam os seus filhos às costas. +33-102,33,Bu ta bin nha kasa amanha.,Bu\tta\tbin\tnha\tkasa\tamanha.,2SG\tFUT\tcome\tmy\thouse\ttomorrow,Come to my house tomorrow.,,The habitual marker has future meaning only in orders or requests.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bu ta bin nha kasa amanha.,,2SG FUT come my house tomorrow,The habitual marker has future meaning only in orders or requests.,Own knowledge,,6436,Portuguese: Venha a minha casa amanhã. +34-69,34,"Tudu diya, N ta kumé na fugoŋ.","Tudu\tdiya,\tN\tta\tkumé\tna\tfugoŋ.",all\tday\t1SG.SBJ\tHAB\teat\tin\tkitchen,I eat in the kitchen every day.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Tudu diya, N ta kumé na fugoŋ.",,all day 1SG.SBJ HAB eat in kitchen,,Own knowledge,,6437, +35-107,35,Pema na ka môlê fô.,Pema\tna\tka\tmôlê\tf=ô.,palm.tree\tNEG\tIPFV\tdie\tNEG=PCL,The palm tree will not die.,,PCL = discourse particle,,,naturalistic spoken,Pema na ka môlê fô.,Pema na ka môlê f=ô.,palm.tree NEG IPFV die NEG=PCL,PCL = discourse particle,Own data,,6438, +35-108,35,Ôtlô ten ka tlaba viantêlu.,Ôtlô\tten\tka\ttlaba\tviantêlu.,other\talso\tIPFV\twork\tpalm.wine.extractor,"Others, on their turn, work as palm wine extractors.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ôtlô ten ka tlaba viantêlu.,,other also IPFV work palm.wine.extractor,,Own data,,6439, +35-109,35,Bô ka gôgô ku vinpema.,Bô\tka\tgôgô\tku\tvinpema.,2SG\tIPFV\tlike\twith\tpalm.wine,You like/enjoy palm wine.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Bô ka gôgô ku vinpema.,,2SG IPFV like with palm.wine,,Own data,,6440, +35-110,35,N tava ka vivê nala.,N\ttava\tka\tvivê\tnala.,1SG\tPST\tIPFV\tlive\tthere,I was living there. OR: I used to live there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,N tava ka vivê nala.,,1SG PST IPFV live there,,Own data,,6441, +35-111,35,Sun ka bê ngê ka vala.,Sun\tka\tbê\tngê\tka\tvala.,he\tIPFV\tsee\tperson\tIPFV\tpass.by,He sees people passing by.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sun ka bê ngê ka vala.,,he IPFV see person IPFV pass.by,,Own data,,6442, +36-61,36,"Olo ma a ka tê m'me, a ka n'dja laba mo.","Olo\tma\ta\tka\ttê\tm'me,\ta\tka\tn'dja\tlaba\tmo.",hour\tREL\tINDF\tHAB\thave.to\teat\tINDF\tHAB\tfirst\twash\thand,"When one is going to eat, one has to wash one's hands.",,This example illustrates the uses of ka as a habitual marker.,901[73],,naturalistic spoken,"Olo ma a ka tê m'me, a ka n'dja laba mo.",,hour REL INDF HAB have.to eat INDF HAB first wash hand,"This example illustrates the uses of ka as a habitual marker.",,,6443,"French: Quand on doit manger, on se lave d'abord les mains." +37-71,37,Zwan ka kanta na gêêza.,Zwan\tka\tkanta\tna\tgêêza.,Zwan\tHAB\tsing\tin\tchurch,Zwan sings in the church.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Zwan ka kanta na gêêza.",,Zwan HAB sing in church,,Own knowledge,,6444, +37-72,37,Laanza ka mene.,Laanza\tka\tmene.,orange\tIPFV\tbe.sweet,Oranges are sweet.,,,905[103],,elicited from speaker,"Laanza ka mene.",,orange IPFV be.sweet,,,,6445, +37-73,37,Amanhan n ka romosa ki Zwan.,Amanhan\tn\tka\tromosa\tki\tZwan.,tomorrow\t1SG\tFUT\tlunch\twith\tZwan,Tomorrow I'll have lunch with Zwan.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Amanhan n ka romosa ki Zwan.",,tomorrow 1SG FUT lunch with Zwan,,Own knowledge,,6446, +38-83,38,Pepemu xafaxom fikuz.,Pepe-mu\txa-fa-ku-amu\tfi-kuzu.,grandfather-1SG\tHAB-speak-with-1SG\tlittle-thing,My grandfather speaks little to me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pepemu xafaxom fikuz.,Pepe-mu xa-fa-ku-amu fi-kuzu.,grandfather-1SG HAB-speak-with-1SG little-thing,,Own fieldwork 1993,,6447, +38-84,38,Tempu seku no xa té fo medyi maiu.,Tempu\tseku\tno\txa\tté\tfo\tmedyi\tmaiu.,season\tdry\t1PL\tHAB\thave\tfrom\tmonth\tMay,The dry season starts in the month of May (lit. The dry season we have it from the month of May).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tempu seku no xa té fo medyi maiu.,,season dry 1PL HAB have from month May,,Own fieldwork 1993,,6448, +40-62,40,"Muda-ni dəpəy doy, kindz di su dɛt tə li͂pa.","Muda-ni\tdəpəy\tdoy,\tkindz\tdi\tsu\tdɛt\ttə\tli͂pa.",replant-when\tthen\ttwo\tfifteen\tday\tGEN\tin\tPRS\tclean,"After replanting (the sprouted rice shoots), (the fields) are cleaned from two to fifteen days afterwards.",,"This sentence is taken from a narrative told by Pedru Pɛ͂y. With non-stative verbs, the present-tense habitual reading is expressed with the base form of the verb preceded by the particle tə, as in the above example tə li͂pa. As shown in Example 39, certain stative verbs, such as sab 'know', do not appear with tə in the affirmative.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Muda-ni dəpəy doy, kindz di su dɛt tə li͂pa.",,replant-when then two fifteen day GEN in PRS clean,"This sentence is taken from a narrative told by Pedru Pɛ͂y. With non-stative verbs, the present-tense habitual reading is expressed with the base form of the verb preceded by the particle tə, as in the above example tə li͂pa. As shown in Example 39, certain stative verbs, such as sab 'know', do not appear with tə in the affirmative.",Unpublished story,,6449, +41-80,41,"senaa, noospa janasa poɖiyaaspa nosa lingvaay seensaba kiteem","senaa,\t[noos-pa\tjaa-nasa]\tpoɖiyaas-pa\tnosa\tlingvaay\tseem-saba\tki-teem",otherwise\t[1PL-ACC\tPST-be.born]\tchild.PL-DAT\t1PL.GEN\tlanguage\tNEG.PTCP-know\tHAB-be,"Otherwise, the children born to us don't know our language.",,,1416[5125],,naturalistic spoken,"senaa, noospa janasa poɖiyaaspa nosa lingvaay seensaba kiteem","senaa, [noos-pa jaa-nasa] poɖiyaas-pa nosa lingvaay seem-saba ki-teem",otherwise [1PL-ACC PST-be.born] child.PL-DAT 1PL.GEN language NEG.PTCP-know HAB-be,,,,6450, +42-78,42,el lo falá ku sa mai pai ke da seng,el\tlo\tfalá\tku\tsa\tmai\tpai\tke\tda\tseng,3SG\tHAB\tspeak\tACC\tGEN\tmother\tfather\twant\tgive\tyes,He (the potential groom) would tell his parents that he wanted to become engaged.,,,122[126-127],,naturalistic spoken,el lo falá ku sa mai pai ke da seng,,3SG HAB speak ACC GEN mother father want give yes,,,,6451, +47-4,47,Riba e isla aki ta biba un mion hende.,Riba\te\tisla\taki\tta\tbiba\tun\tmion\thende.,on\tDEF\tisland\tDEM.PROX\tTNS\tlive\tone\tmillion\tperson,On this island live a million people.,,,732[210],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,Riba e isla aki ta biba un mion hende.,,on DEF island DEM.PROX TNS live one million person,,,,6452, +47-98,47,E sa uzé ora ku e kièr tene su kabei ariba den otro.,E\tsa\tuza\te\tora\tku\te\tkièr\ttene\tsu\tkabei\tariba\tden\totro.,3SG\tknow\tuse\t3SG\thour\tCOMP\t3SG\twant\tkeep\tPOSS\thair\tup\tin\tRECP,She uses it (habitually) when she wants to keep her hair tied up.,,,755,,naturalistic written,E sa uzé ora ku e kièr tene su kabei ariba den otro.,E sa uza e ora ku e kièr tene su kabei ariba den otro.,3SG know use 3SG hour COMP 3SG want keep POSS hair up in RECP,,,,6453, +48-93,48,Suto asé asé sopa asina.,Suto\tasé\tasé\tsopa\tasina.,we\tHAB\tmake\tsoup\tthis.way,We make the soup this way.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Suto asé asé sopa asina.,,we HAB make soup this.way,,Recorded by author,,6454,Spanish: (Nosotros) hacemos la sopa así. +49-137,49,Kòlbè konn vann liv bò isi a.,Kòlbè\tkonn\tvann\tliv\tbò\tisi\ta.,Kòlbè\tHAB\tsell\tbook\taround\there\tDEF,Kolbe usually sells books around here.,,Konn has ambiguous meaning. Cf. DeGraff (2007: 106): 'Kòlbè knows how to sell books around here.',367[106],,elicited from speaker,Kòlbè konn vann liv bò isi a.,,Kòlbè HAB sell book around here DEF,"Konn has ambiguous meaning. Cf. DeGraff (2007: 106): 'Kòlbè knows how to sell books around here.'",,,6455,French: Colbert a l'habitude de vendre des livres près d'ici. +49-138,49,Malè konn rive.,Malè\tkonn\trive.,misfortune\tHAB\tarrive,Sometimes a misfortune can happen.,,The meaning is: '(it) sometimes happens (that)'.,1505[364],,naturalistic spoken,Malè konn rive.,,misfortune HAB arrive,The meaning is: '(it) sometimes happens (that)'.,,,6456,French: Il arrive parfois que le malheur frappe. +50-84,50,I ka dòmi.,I\tka\tdòmi.,3SG\tPROG\tsleep,He/She is sleeping.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka dòmi.,,3SG PROG sleep,,Own fieldwork,,6457, +50-85,50,An ka sipozé i la.,An\tka\tsipozé\ti\tla.,1SG\tIPFV\tsuppose\t3SG\tthere,I suppose he is there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An ka sipozé i la.,,1SG IPFV suppose 3SG there,,Own fieldwork,,6458, +54-109,54,"Alor, in zour, lavé in boug, li avé in kamarad ali [...]. Lé dé i fé parti la sas avek, tou le tan.","Alor,\ten\tzour,\tlave\ten\tboug,\tli\tave\ten\tkamarad\tali\t[...].\tLe\tde\ti\tfe\tparti\tlasas\tavek,\ttou\tlë\ttan.",at.that.time\tINDF\tday\thave.PST\tINDF\tman\t3SG\thave.PST\tINDF\tcompanion\tOBL.3SG\t[...]\tDEF.PL\ttwo\tFIN\tmake\tparty\thunt\twith\tall\tDEF\ttime,"Once upon a time there was a man, he had a companion [...] The two of them used to go hunting together, all the time.",,,110[59],,naturalistic spoken,"Alor, in zour, lavé in boug, li avé in kamarad ali [...]. Lé dé i fé parti la sas avek, tou le tan.","Alor, en zour, lave en boug, li ave en kamarad ali [...]. Le de i fe parti lasas avek, tou lë tan.",at.that.time INDF day have.PST INDF man 3SG have.PST INDF companion OBL.3SG [...] DEF.PL two FIN make party hunt with all DEF time,,,,6459,"French: Alors, un jour il y avait un homme, il avait un camarade [...] Les deux font des parties de chasses ensemble, tout le temps." +56-101,56,"Me malerezman mon pa fime, mon frer, mon sik taba.","Me\tmalerezman\tmon\tpa\tfime,\tmon\tfrer,\tmon\tsik\ttaba.",but\tunfortunately\t1SG\tNEG\tsmoke\tmy\tbrother\t1SG\tchew\ttobacco,"But unfortunately, I don't smoke, my brother, I chew tobacco.",,,159[136],,naturalistic written,"Me malerezman mon pa fime, mon frer, mon sik taba.",,but unfortunately 1SG NEG smoke my brother 1SG chew tobacco,,,,6460,"French: Mais malheureusement, je ne fume pas, mon frère, mais je chique. (Bollée 1977: 137)" +58-64,58,Yandi kele dia-aka.,Yandi\tkele\tdia-aka.,he/she\tbe\teat-HAB,He/she (usually) eats.,,HABITUAL is expressed by a combinatation of kele and -aka.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi kele dia-aka.",,he/she be eat-HAB,"HABITUAL is expressed by a combinatation of kele and -aka.",Own knowledge,,6461, +59-152,59,"tongana lo mu samba na ala, ala ken', ala tene, baa ala nyon'ka samba pepe","tongana\tlo\tmu\tsamba\tna\tala,\tala\tken',\tala\ttene,\tbaa\tala\tnyon'-ka\tsamba\tpepe",when\t3SG\tgive\tbeer\tPREP\t2PL\t2PL\trefuse\t2PL\tsay\tsee\t2PL\tdrink-HAB\tbeer\tNEG,"When he offers you beer, refuse, say, ""Look, I don't drink beer.""",,Notice that in this context the 2PL (used deferentially) is used in imperative discourse and that ala is used instead of ni (and possibly ani).,,,naturalistic spoken,"tongana lo mu samba na ala, ala ken', ala tene, baa ala nyon'ka samba pepe","tongana lo mu samba na ala, ala ken', ala tene, baa ala nyon'-ka samba pepe",when 3SG give beer PREP 2PL 2PL refuse 2PL say see 2PL drink-HAB beer NEG,"Notice that in this context the 2PL (used deferentially) is used in imperative discourse and that ala is used instead of ni (and possibly ani).",Samarin corpus 1994,,6462, +59-153,59,"[...], mo teen', baa, mo nyon' samba ape o","[...],\tmo\ttene,\tbaa,\tmo\tnyon'\tsamba\tape\to",[...]\t2SG\tsay\tsee\t2SG\tdrink\tbeer\tNEG\tDEF,"(When he offers you beer), say, ""Look, I don't drink beer, thank you.""",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...], mo teen', baa, mo nyon' samba ape o","[...], mo tene, baa, mo nyon' samba ape o",[...] 2SG say see 2SG drink beer NEG DEF,,Samarin corpus 1994,,6463, +60-65,60,nasálaka na Kinshása,na-sál-aka\tna\tKinshása,1SG-work-HAB\tin\tKinshása,I work in Kinshasa (habitually).,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,nasálaka na Kinshása,"na-sál-aka na Kinshása",1SG-work-HAB in Kinshása,,,,6464, +60-66,60,nabángaka Nzámbe,na-báng-aka\tNzámbe,1SG-fear-HAB\tGod,I fear God.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,nabángaka Nzámbe,"na-báng-aka Nzámbe",1SG-fear-HAB God,,,,6465, +63-91,63,ína bi-mútu íni,ína\tbi-mútu\tíni,1PL\tTAM-die\there,We will die here.,,,857[286],,naturalistic spoken,ína bi-mútu íni,,1PL TAM-die here,,,,6466, +63-92,63,kíla bakán ta bi-rúo logó núbi,kíla\tbakán\tta\tbi-rúo\tlogó\tnúbi,every\tplace\t2SG\tTAM-go\tfind\tNubi,You find Nubi everywhere.,,,857[286],,naturalistic spoken,kíla bakán ta bi-rúo logó núbi,,every place 2SG TAM-go find Nubi,,,,6467, +63-113,63,úmun gi-ákul ákil ta Núbi,úmun\tgi-ákul\tákil\tta\tNúbi,3PL\tTAM-eat\tfood\tGEN\tNubi,They eat the Nubian food.,,,857[360],,naturalistic spoken,úmun gi-ákul ákil ta Núbi,,3PL TAM-eat food GEN Nubi,,,,6468, +64-96,64,ána bifékir obóma de ma kwes,ána\tbi=fékir\tobóma\tde\tma\tkwes,1SG\tIRR=think\toboma\tDEM.PROX\tNEG\tgood,I guess that oboma is not good.,,Bi has a generic present meaning when followed by a stative verb.,1491[437],,naturalistic spoken,ána bifékir obóma de ma kwes,ána bi=fékir obóma de ma kwes,1SG IRR=think oboma DEM.PROX NEG good,"Bi has a generic present meaning when followed by a stative verb.",,,6469, +64-97,64,yúmkin íta birákabu ákil bi lel íta bikútu fi talája,yúmkin\títa\tbi=rákabu\tákil\tbi\tlel\títa\tbi=kútu\tfi\ttalája,possible\t2SG\tIRR=cook\tfood\tat\tnight\t2SG\tIRR=put\tin\trefrigerator,You could cook the food at night so as to put it in the refrigerator.,,Here bi has a present + irrealis meaning.,874[167],,naturalistic spoken,yúmkin íta birákabu ákil bi lel íta bikútu fi talája,yúmkin íta bi=rákabu ákil bi lel íta bi=kútu fi talája,possible 2SG IRR=cook food at night 2SG IRR=put in refrigerator,"Here bi has a present + irrealis meaning.",,,6470, +64-98,64,sána jái de úo bikun abúna,sána\tjái\tde\túo\tbi=kun\tabúna,year\tcoming\tDEM.PROX\t3SG\tIRR=be\tpriest,Next year he will be a priest.,,Here bi has a future meaning.,1491[437],,naturalistic spoken,"sána jái de úo bikun abúna","sána jái de úo bi=kun abúna",year coming DEM.PROX 3SG IRR=be priest,"Here bi has a future meaning.",,,6471, +64-99,64,henák fi sudán nas binum bédri,henák\tfi\tsudán\tnas\tbi=num\tbédri,over.there\tin\tSudan\tpeople\tIRR=sleep\tearly,In Sudan people usually go to sleep early.,,Here bi has a habitual meaning.,874[169],,naturalistic spoken,henák fi sudán nas binum bédri,henák fi sudán nas bi=num bédri,over.there in Sudan people IRR=sleep early,"Here bi has a habitual meaning.",,,6472, +64-100,64,kan úo ma der mótoro rája le nas mótoro ma binénzil,kan\túo\tma\tder\tmótoro\trája\tle\tnas\tmótoro\tma\tbi=nénzil,COND\t3SG\tNEG\twant\train\tcome.back\tto\tpeople\train\tNEG\tIRR=go.down,"If he doesn’t want the rain to come back to the people, the rain won’t fall down.",,Here bi functions as counterfactual in a conditional sentence.,874[167],,naturalistic spoken,"kan úo ma der mótoro rája le nas mótoro ma binénzil","kan úo ma der mótoro rája le nas mótoro ma bi=nénzil",COND 3SG NEG want rain come.back to people rain NEG IRR=go.down,"Here bi functions as counterfactual in a conditional sentence.",,,6473, +64-101,64,ana bihébu ita ʃedíd,ana\tbi=hébu\tita\tʃedíd,1SG\tIRR=love\t2SG\tstrong,I love you so much.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ana bihébu ita ʃedíd,ana bi=hébu ita ʃedíd,1SG IRR=love 2SG strong,,Own knowledge,,6474, +67-105,67,Sekolah selalu campoh-campoh cakap.,Sekolah\tselalu\tcampoh~campoh\tcakap.,school\talways\tmix~mix\tspeak,"In schools, the language that (people) use is always mixed.",,This sentence has a present habituality reading.,,,naturalistic spoken,Sekolah selalu campoh-campoh cakap.,Sekolah selalu campoh~campoh cakap.,school always mix~mix speak,This sentence has a present habituality reading.,Own knowledge,,6475, +67-106,67,Kadang-kadang Hokkien cakap Hokkien sikit-sikit.,Kadang-kadang\tHokkien\tcakap\tHokkien\tsikit~sikit.,sometimes\tHokkien\tspeak\tHokkien\tlittle~little,"Sometimes, we spoke very little Hokkien.",,This sentence has a past habituality reading. Sikit means ‘little’. Once reduplicated it means 'very little' or maybe 'little by little’.,,,naturalistic spoken,Kadang-kadang Hokkien cakap Hokkien sikit-sikit.,Kadang-kadang Hokkien cakap Hokkien sikit~sikit.,sometimes Hokkien speak Hokkien little~little,"This sentence has a past habituality reading. Sikit means ‘little’. Once reduplicated it means 'very little' or maybe 'little by little’.",Own knowledge,,6476, +67-107,67,[...] dulu Hainan punya orang ah tak pandai la.,[...]\tdulu\tHainan\tpunya\torang\tah\ttak\tpandai\tla.,[...]\tbefore\tHainan\tATTR\tperson\tTOP\tNEG\tskillful\tEMPH,"[...] before, the Hainanese were not skillful.",,This sentence has a past habitual reading.,,,naturalistic spoken,[...] dulu Hainan punya orang ah tak pandai la.,,[...] before Hainan ATTR person TOP NEG skillful EMPH,This sentence has a past habitual reading.,Own knowledge,,6477, +67-108,67,Dia cakap banyak plan.,Dia\tcakap\tbanyak\tplan.,3SG\tspeak\tmuch\tslow,She speaks slowly.,,,708[172],,elicited from speaker,Dia cakap banyak plan.,,3SG speak much slow,,,,6478, +71-81,71,Pehea pauloa manawa makemake ike Edita?,Pehea\tpauloa\tmanawa\tmakemake\tike\tEdita?,why\tall\ttime\twant\tsee\tEdith,Why do you usually want to see Edith?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Pehea pauloa manawa makemake ike Edita?",,why all time want see Edith,,Own data 1888,,6479, +71-82,71,Aole hiki wau malama kela ohana wau pauloa manawa.,Aole\thiki\twau\tmalama\tkela\tohana\twau\tpauloa\tmanawa.,NEG\table\t1SG\ttake.care\tDET\tfamily\t1SG.POSS\tall\ttime,I usually was unable to care for my family.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Aole hiki wau malama kela ohana wau pauloa manawa.",,NEG able 1SG take.care DET family 1SG.POSS all time,,Own data 1896,,6480, +72-76,72,An karuwalija yusta gon jeya jawurrapkarra tomato deya nganta.,An\tkaru-walija\tyusta\tgon\tjeya\tjawurrap-karra\ttomato\tdeya\tnganta.,and\tchild-PAUC\tHAB\tgo\tthere\tsteal-CONT\ttomato\tthere\tDOUBT,"And the kids used to go there stealing the tomatoes, I think.",,,8,3fd2aee1f02ddc56ef207b710b516a58,naturalistic spoken,An karuwalija yusta gon jeya jawurrapkarra tomato deya nganta.,An karu-walija yusta gon jeya jawurrap-karra tomato deya nganta.,and child-PAUC HAB go there steal-CONT tomato there DOUBT,,,,6481, +74-75,74,haws ya-xwim,haws\tya-xwim,house\t3SG-fall,The house is falling down. OR: The house keeps falling down.,,,,,constructed by linguist,haws ya-xwim,,house 3SG-fall,,Own knowledge,,6482, +75-127,75,Ekushpi li moond maana kiipimbahteewak.,Ekushpi\tli\tmoond\tmaana\tkii-pim-baht-eew-ak.,then\tDEF.ART\tworld/people\tusually\tPST-around-run-3-PL,"At that time, people would run around.",,The adverb is between the subject and the verb.,522,,naturalistic spoken,"Ekushpi li moond maana kiipimbahteewak.",Ekushpi li moond maana kii-pim-baht-eew-ak.,then DEF.ART world/people usually PST-around-run-3-PL,The adverb is between the subject and the verb.,,,6483, +76-44,76,kimmik innuk kaukau picūktū,kimmik\tinnuk\tkaukau\tpicūktū,dog\tman\teat\twant,The dog bites (is inclined to bite) people.,,"There are no habitual markers, although some of the examples in Stefánsson (1909) that contain the word picūktū 'to want' are provided with a habitual translation.",1442[226],,reconstructed by documentalist,kimmik innuk kaukau picūktū,,dog man eat want,"There are no habitual markers, although some of the examples in Stefánsson (1909) that contain the word picūktū 'to want' are provided with a habitual translation.",,,6484, +1-123,1,Wie ben dee aksie na wan Nefie.,Wi\tben\tde\taksi\tna\twan\tnefi.,1PL\tPST\tIPFV\task\tfor\tINDF.SG\tknife,We were asking for a knife.,,This example illustrates the use of imperfective de with past tense reference.,1576[61],,written,"Wie ben dee aksie na wan Nefie.",Wi ben de aksi na wan nefi.,1PL PST IPFV ask for INDF.SG knife,"This example illustrates the use of imperfective de with past tense reference.",,,6485,Dutch: Wy vraagen na een Mes. [op.cit.] +1-124,1,"A de drungu, a no kann go reti, a de kanti.","A\tde\tdrungu,\ta\tno\tkan\tgo\treti,\ta\tde\tkanti.",3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tbe.drunk\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tcan\tgo\tright\t3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\ttilt,"He is drunk, he cannot go straight, he is tilting.",,This example shows imperfective de with present tense.,1357[80],,written (dictionary),"A de drungu, a no kann go reti, a de kanti.","A de drungu, a no kan go reti, a de kanti.",3SG.SBJ IPFV be.drunk 3SG.SBJ NEG can go right 3SG.SBJ IPFV tilt,"This example shows imperfective de with present tense.",,,6486, +1-129,1,Dem pulu hem na .,Den\tØ\tpuru\ten\tna\t.,3PL\tPFV\tremove\t3SG\tLOC\tcongregation,They expelled him from the congregation.,,,1357[142],,written (dictionary),Dem pulu hem na <Gemeente>.,Den Ø puru en na <Gemeente>.,3PL PFV remove 3SG LOC congregation,,,,6487,"German: Er ist aus der Gemeine ausgethan, ausgeschlossen [op.cit.]" +2-113,2,Esde di mi Ø kon na oso a ben e skrifi wan brifi.,Esde\tdi\tmi\tØ\tkon\tna\toso\ta\tben\te\tskrifi\twan\tbrifi.,yesterday\twhen\t1SG\tPFV\tcome\tLOC\thouse\t3SG\tPST\tIPFV\twrite\tART\tletter,"Yesterday when I came to the house, he was writing a letter.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Esde di mi Ø kon na oso a ben e skrifi wan brifi.",,yesterday when 1SG PFV come LOC house 3SG PST IPFV write ART letter,,Winford transcripts,,6488, +2-114,2,Di mi kon na oso esde a ben skrifi tu brifi kaba.,Di\tmi\tkon\tna\toso\tesde\ta\tben\tskrifi\ttu\tbrifi\tkaba.,when\t1SG\tcome\tLOC\thouse\tyesterday\t3SG\tPST\twrite\ttwo\tletter\tCOMPL,"When I came to the house yesterday, he had already written two letters.",,,,,elicited from speaker,Di mi kon na oso esde a ben skrifi tu brifi kaba.,,when 1SG come LOC house yesterday 3SG PST write two letter COMPL,,Winford transcripts,,6489, +2-115,2,A e skrifi wan brifi.,A\te\tskrifi\twan\tbrifi.,3SG\tIPFV\twrite\tDET\tletter,She’s writing a letter.,,,,,constructed by linguist,A e skrifi wan brifi.,,3SG IPFV write DET letter,,Own knowledge,,6490, +3-59,3,Mi wáka.,Mi\twáka.,1SG\twalk,I walked.,,,1539[14],,elicited from speaker,Mi wáka.,,1SG walk,,,,6491, +3-131,3,"Di mi bì tá kó te tjiká a pási, nóo a bì kái mi táa u mi tooná kó n'én.","Di\tmi\tbì\ttá\tkó\tte\ttjiká\ta\tpási,\tnóo\ta\tbì\tkái\tmi\ttáa\tu\tmi\ttooná\tkó\tn'=én.",then\t1SG\tTNS\tASP\tcome\ttill\tenough\tLOC\tway\tthen\t3SG\tTNS\tcall\t1SG\tsay\tfor\t1SG\tturn\tcome\tLOC=3SG,"When I was already on my way, he called me to come back to him.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Di mi bì tá kó te tjiká a pási, nóo a bì kái mi táa u mi tooná kó n'én.","Di mi bì tá kó te tjiká a pási, nóo a bì kái mi táa u mi tooná kó n'=én.",then 1SG TNS ASP come till enough LOC way then 3SG TNS call 1SG say for 1SG turn come LOC=3SG,,Fieldwork data,,6492, +4-82,4,Na Alibina a be e tan tuu?,Na\tAlibina\ta\tbe\te\ttan\ttuu?,FOC\tAlbina\tshe\tPST\tIPFV\tstay\ttrue,Was she really/truly living in Albina (lit. It's in Albina she was living for true)?,,,661[492],,naturalistic spoken,Na Alibina a be e tan tuu?,,FOC Albina she PST IPFV stay true,,,,6493, +4-83,4,Mi e hangi fi en teee ye!,Mi\te\thangi\tfi\ten\tteee\tye!,I\tIPFV\thunger\tfor\t3SG\tvery\tINSIST,I miss her a lot!,,,568[90],,naturalistic spoken,Mi e hangi fi en teee ye!,,I IPFV hunger for 3SG very INSIST,,,,6494, +5-79,5,an luk hou hai hai dee taim yu a fraikn mi?,an\tluk\thou\thai\thai\tdee\ttaim\tyu\ta\tfraikn\tmi?,and\tlook\thow\thigh\thigh\tday\ttime\t2SG\tASP\tscare\t1SG,And (yet) look how in the broad daylight you're scaring me?,,,"1281[231, lines 1229-1230]",,naturalistic spoken,an luk hou hai hai dee taim yu a fraikn mi?,,and look how high high day time 2SG ASP scare 1SG,,,,6495, +6-52,6,did/wuz/had; go/wud; does-ing; done,did/wuz/had;\tgo/wud;\tdoes-ing;\tdone,ANT\tFUT\tN-PFV\tCOMPL,'anterior'; 'future'; 'non-perfective'; 'completive',,These are the tense particles and aspectual oppositions (unmarked perfective vs. non-perfective).,1431[117],,constructed by linguist,did/wuz/had; go/wud; does-ing; done,,ANT FUT N-PFV COMPL,These are the tense particles and aspectual oppositions (unmarked perfective vs. non-perfective).,,,6496, +7-130,7,Hi a wuhk. Hi bin a wuhk.,Hi\ta\twuhk.\tHi\tbin\ta\twuhk.,3SG\tPROG\twork\t3SG\tPST\tPROG\twork,He is working. He was working.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi a wuhk. Hi bin a wuhk.,,3SG PROG work 3SG PST PROG work,,Own knowledge,,6497, +8-75,8,Di piipl-dem wehn de kos di govament.,Di\tpiipl-dem\twehn\tde\tkos\tdi\tgovament.,DET\tpeople-PL\tANT\tPROG\tcurse\tDET\tgovernment,The people were cursing the government.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di piipl-dem wehn de kos di govament.",,DET people-PL ANT PROG curse DET government,,Own knowledge,,6498, +8-76,8,Di piipl-dem de kos di govament.,Di\tpiipl-dem\tde\tkos\tdi\tgovament.,DET\tpeople-PL\tPROG\tcurse\tDET\tgovernment,The people are cursing the government.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di piipl-dem de kos di govament.,,DET people-PL PROG curse DET government,,Own knowledge,,6499, +9-92,9,I me de get di kantrak en i jos haya di badj.,I\tme\tde\tget\tdi\tkantrak\ten\ti\tjos\thaya\tdi\tbadj.,3SG\tANT\tPROG\tget\tthe\tcontract\tand\t3SG\tjust\thire\tthe\tbarge,"He had been getting the contract, and he just rented the barge.",,,439[234],,naturalistic spoken,I me de get di kantrak en i jos haya di badj.,,3SG ANT PROG get the contract and 3SG just hire the barge,,,,6500, +10-107,10,Afta ihn don marid tu di neks uman [...].,Afta\tihn\tdon\tmarid\ttu\tdi\tneks\tuman\t[...].,after\t3SG\tCOMPL\tmarry\tto\tART.DEF\tnext\twoman\t[...],After he had married his second wife [...].,,,113[88],,naturalistic spoken,Afta ihn don marid tu di neks uman [...].,,after 3SG COMPL marry to ART.DEF next woman [...],,,,6501, +10-108,10,Wen Ai wehn baan [...].,Wen\tAi\twehn\tbaan\t[...].,when\t1SG\tANT\tgive.birth\t[...],When I was born [...].,,,113[82],,naturalistic spoken,Wen Ai wehn baan [...].,,when 1SG ANT give.birth [...],,,,6502, +10-109,10,"An him gaan bak, gaan lie dong bikaa ihn don iit aal di ting an drink aal di lemonied.","An\thim\tgaan\tbak,\tgaan\tlie\tdong\tbikaa\tihn\tdon\tiit\taal\tdi\tting\tan\tdrink\taal\tdi\tlemonied.",and\t3SG\tgo.PST\tback\tgo.PST\tlie\tdown\tbecause\t3SG\tCOMPL\teat\tall\tART.DEF\tthing\tand\tdrink\tall\tART.DEF\tlemonade,And he went back and lied down because he had eaten all the food and drunk all the lemonade.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"An him gaan bak, gaan lie dong bikaa ihn don iit aal di ting an drink aal di lemonied.",,and 3SG go.PST back go.PST lie down because 3SG COMPL eat all ART.DEF thing and drink all ART.DEF lemonade,,Unpublished field recordings,,6503, +10-110,10,Ihn de wook.,Ihn\tde\twook.,3SG\tPROG\twork,She/he is working.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ihn de wook.,,3SG PROG work,,Own knowledge,,6504, +10-111,10,Ihn wehn de wook.,Ihn\twehn\tde\twook.,3SG\tANT\tPROG\twork,He/She was working.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ihn wehn de wook.,,3SG ANT PROG work,,Own knowledge,,6505, +11-139,11,Di ada die wa monki mi di liv iina wa chrii.,Di\tada\tdie\twa\tmonki\tmi\tdi\tliv\tiina\twa\tchrii.,ART.DEF\tother\tday\tART.INDF\tmonkey\tPST\tPROG\tlive\tin\tART.INDF\ttree,"The other day (=once upon a time), a monkey was living on a tree.",,,,,naturalistic written,Di ada die wa monki mi di liv iina wa chrii.,,ART.DEF other day ART.INDF monkey PST PROG live in ART.INDF tree,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,6506, +11-140,11,Ai don sii som piipl we gat moni hi doz get piipl fa work.,Ai\tdon\tsii\tsom\tpiipl\twe\tgat\tmoni\thi\tdoz\tget\tpiipl\tfa\twork.,1SG\tCOMPL\tsee\tsome\tpeople\tREL\tget\tmoney\t3SG.M\tHAB\tget\tpeople\tfor\twork,I have seen some people who have money getting people to work for them.,,There is no number concordance between piipl and hi.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai don sii som piipl we gat moni hi doz get piipl fa work.,,1SG COMPL see some people REL get money 3SG.M HAB get people for work,"There is no number concordance between piipl and hi.",,,6507, +11-141,11,Deh neva did get di guol.,Deh\tneva\tdid\tget\tdi\tguol.,3PL\tNEG.PST\tPST\tget\tART.DEF\tgold,They didn't get the gold.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Deh neva did get di guol.,,3PL NEG.PST PST get ART.DEF gold,,,,6508, +11-142,11,Ah mi lukin fa yu.,Ah\tmi\tluk-in\tfa\tyu.,1SG\tPST\tlook-PROG\tfor\t2SG,I was looking for you.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ah mi lukin fa yu.,Ah mi luk-in fa yu.,1SG PST look-PROG for 2SG,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,6509, +11-143,11,Di yonga wan jos kom an inheritin di bles.,Di\tyonga\twan\tjos\tkom\tan\tinherit-in\tdi\tbles.,ART.DEF\tyounger\tone\tjust\tcome\tand\tinherit-PROG\tART.DEF\tblessing,The younger ones just come and they are inheriting the blessing.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Di yonga wan jos kom an inheritin di bles.,Di yonga wan jos kom an inherit-in di bles.,ART.DEF younger one just come and inherit-PROG ART.DEF blessing,,,,6510, +12-115,12,"And when my mummy go in the field in the morningtime, she used to bake bread - and ... when I go fishining, I used to leave fish inside the - house for her, you see - and [...] when I - uh - done do that, I go - in the bush, and I - used to live - yeah - live in the bush.",[...]\tshe\tused\tto\tbake\tbread\t[...]\twhen\tI\t[...]\tdone\tdo\tthat\t[...].,[...]\tshe\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\tbake\tbread\t[...]\twhen\tI\t[...]\tCOMPL\tdo\tthat\t[...],"[...] she used to bake bread [...]. And when I had done that, [I would go in the bush, and I used to live, yeah, live in the bush.]",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And when my mummy go in the field in the morningtime, she used to bake bread - and ... when I go fishining, I used to leave fish inside the - house for her, you see - and [...] when I - uh - done do that, I go - in the bush, and I - used to live - yeah - live in the bush.","[...] she used to bake bread [...] when I [...] done do that [...].",[...] she HAB.PST HAB.PST bake bread [...] when I [...] COMPL do that [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6511, +13-91,13,I gwine go.,I\tgwine\tgo.,I\tFUT\tgo,I will go.,,,1500[225],,naturalistic spoken,"I gwine go.",,I FUT go,,,,6512, +13-92,13,I been mad.,I\tbeen\tmad.,I\tPST\tmad,I was angry.,,,330[48],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,"I been mad.",,I PST mad,,,,6513, +13-93,13,I beena cook my dinner.,I\tbeen-a\tcook\tmy\tdinner.,I\tPST-PROG\tcook\tmy\tdinner,I was cooking my dinner.,,"The a in been-a is presumed to be a reduced form of da (Cunnigham 1992: 51). Hopkins (1994: 73) also remarks that ""patterns used to convey the progressive in Gullah included [...] be + da + V"", but provides no example.",330[50-51],,naturalistic spoken,"I beena cook my dinner.",I been-a cook my dinner.,I PST-PROG cook my dinner,"The a in been-a is presumed to be a reduced form of da (Cunnigham 1992: 51). Hopkins (1994: 73) also remarks that ""patterns used to convey the progressive in Gullah included [...] be + da + V"", but provides no example.",,,6514, +14-63,14,Bruce had done left.,Bruce\thad\tdone\tleft.,Bruce\tPST\tPRF/COMPL\tleft,Bruce had already left.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce had done left.,,Bruce PST PRF/COMPL left,,Own knowledge,,6515, +15-71,15,a bin de wok,a\tbin\tde\twok,I\tPST\tPROG\twork,I was working.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a bin de wok,,I PST PROG work,,Own knowledge,,6516, +16-92,16,wì dè dig àm wit pikaks wit ɛvritin wit ʃɔful,wì\tdè\tdig\tàm\twit\tpikaks\twit\tɛvritin\twit\tʃɔful,1PL\tPROG\tdig\t3SG.OBJ\twith\tpickaxe\twith\teverything\twith\tshovel,"We were digging it (out) with pickaxes, with anything, with shovels.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"wì dè dig àm wit pikaks wit ɛvritin wit ʃɔful",,1PL PROG dig 3SG.OBJ with pickaxe with everything with shovel,,Own fieldwork,,6517, +17-215,17,A bìn dè wósh plét.,A\tbìn\tdè\twósh\tplét.,1SG\tPST\tNCOMPL\twash\tplate,I was washing dishes.,,,,,constructed by linguist,A bìn dè wósh plét.,,1SG PST NCOMPL wash plate,,Own knowledge,,6518, +18-67,18,I bi di waka fo fores.,I\tbin\tdi\twaka\tfor\tfores.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tIPFV\twalk\tfor\tforest,She/He was walking in the forest.,,This is sentence 176 on the TAM questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,1344,,elicited from speaker,"I bi di waka fo fores.",I bin di waka for fores.,3SG.SBJ PST IPFV walk for forest,This is sentence 176 on the TAM questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,,,6519, +18-68,18,I di waka fo fores.,I\tdi\twaka\tfo\tfores.,3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\twalk\tfor\tforest,She/He is walking in the forest.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"I di waka fo fores.",,3SG.SBJ IPFV walk for forest,,Own knowledge,,6520, +19-89,19,"Wan de, wan pikin bìn dè sik.","Wan\tde,\twan\tpikin\tbìn\tdè\tsik.",one\tday\tone\tchild\tPST\tIPFV\tbe.sick,"One day, a child was sick.",,"Imperfective marker + past marker = past imperfective. The past marker is not obligatory, but situations may optionally be overtly anchored in the past by employing the past marker bìn. A past tense interpretation would also be possible if the sentence had no past marking.",1634[214],,naturalistic spoken,"Wan de, wan pikin bìn dè sik.",,one day one child PST IPFV be.sick,"Imperfective marker + past marker = past imperfective. The past marker is not obligatory, but situations may optionally be overtly anchored in the past by employing the past marker bìn. A past tense interpretation would also be possible if the sentence had no past marking.",,,6521, +19-90,19,Yɛ́stàdé nayt we à dè kɔl yu [...].,Yɛ́stàdé\tnayt\twe\tà\tdè\tkɔl\tyu\t[...].,yesterday\tnight\tSUBORD\t1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tcall\t2SG.EMPH\t[...],"Yesterday night, when I was calling you [...].",,The presence of the time adverbial is sufficient to anchor time reference in the past. No further tense marking is necessary.,,,naturalistic spoken,Yɛ́stàdé nayt we à dè kɔl yu [...].,,yesterday night SUBORD 1SG.SBJ IPFV call 2SG.EMPH [...],The presence of the time adverbial is sufficient to anchor time reference in the past. No further tense marking is necessary.,Field data,,6522, +21-55,21,Lastime it came out in the newspaper again.,Lastime\tit\tcame\tout\tin\tthe\tnewspaper\tagain.,PST\t3SG\tcome.PST\tout\tin\tDET\tnewspaper\tagain,It appeared in the newspaper again in the past.,,,48[137],,naturalistic spoken,Lastime it came out in the newspaper again.,,PST 3SG come.PST out in DET newspaper again,,,,6523, +22-87,22,Em i singsing istap.,Em\ti\tsingsing\tistap.,3SG\tPM\tsing\tPROG,He is singing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em i singsing istap.,,3SG PM sing PROG,,Own knowledge,,6524, +22-88,22,Em i bin singsing istap.,Em\ti\tbin\tsingsing\tistap.,3SG\tPM\tPST\tsing\tPROG,He was singing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em i bin singsing istap.,,3SG PM PST sing PROG,,Own knowledge,,6525, +22-89,22,Em i bin go long taun.,Em\ti\tbin\tgo\tlong\ttaun.,3SG\tPM\tPST\tgo\tPREP\ttown,He went to town.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em i bin go long taun.,,3SG PM PST go PREP town,,Own knowledge,,6526, +23-86,23,Gordon Moir i bin mekem 15 profesional faet finis.,Gordon\tMoir\ti\tbin\tmekem\t15\tprofesional\tfaet\tfinis.,Gordon\tMoir\tAGR\tANT\tmake\t15\tprofessional\tfight\tCOMPL,Gordon Moir has already competed in 15 professional fights.,,,,,naturalistic written,Gordon Moir i bin mekem 15 profesional faet finis.,,Gordon Moir AGR ANT make 15 professional fight COMPL,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 27 June 1998",,6527, +24-101,24,wan hymn bin yusa sing,wan\thymn\tbin\tyusa\tsing,DET.INDF\thymn\tPST\tHAB\tsing,a hymn used to be sung,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wan hymn bin yusa sing,,DET.INDF hymn PST HAB sing,,Own fieldwork,,6528, +24-115,24,Wan cow bin chasen me.,Wan\tcow\tbin\tchasen\tme.,DET.INDF\tcow\tPST\tchase.CONT\tme,A cow chased me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Wan cow bin chasen me.,,DET.INDF cow PST chase.CONT me,,Own fieldwork,,6529, +25-233,25,Mindubala bin oldei kilimbat goana.,Mindubala\tbin\toldei\tkil-im-bat\tgoana.,1DU.EXCL\tPST\talways\tkill-TR-PROG\tgoanna,The two of us used to kill goannas.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a typical, unmarked object noun phrase. A goanna is a large reptile hunted and prized as food. It also illustrates the past habitual construction with oldei.",,,naturalistic spoken,Mindubala bin oldei kilimbat goana.,Mindubala bin oldei kil-im-bat goana.,1DU.EXCL PST always kill-TR-PROG goanna,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a typical, unmarked object noun phrase. A goanna is a large reptile hunted and prized as food. It also illustrates the past habitual construction with oldei.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,6530, +25-234,25,Mibala wandim bla gugumbat taga.,Mibala\twand-im\tbla\tgug-um-bat\ttaga.,1PL\twant-TR\tDAT/POSS\tcook-TR-PROG\ttucker,We want it (fire) for cooking food.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates an unmarked verb in present tense interpretation.,1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,Mibala wandim bla gugumbat taga.,Mibala wand-im bla gug-um-bat taga.,1PL want-TR DAT/POSS cook-TR-PROG tucker,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates an unmarked verb in present tense interpretation.,,,6531, +25-235,25,Ai dono hau thei gada gajimbat [...] ola ebarrijing.,Ai\tdono\thau\tthei\tgada\tgaj-im-bat\t[...]\tola\tebarrijing.,1SG\tdon't.know\thow\t3PL\tFUT/OBLIG\tget-TR-PROG\t[...]\tPL\tthing,I don't know how they're going to get [their] things.,,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a combination of future/modal and progressive marker.,41,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai dono hau thei gada gajimbat [...] ola ebarrijing.",Ai dono hau thei gada gaj-im-bat [...] ola ebarrijing.,1SG don't.know how 3PL FUT/OBLIG get-TR-PROG [...] PL thing,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a combination of future/modal and progressive marker.,,,6532, +26-58,26,a kud fɛo sambadi waz aɹaʊn; wɛn jɛo ma neɪm,a\tkud\tfɛo\tsambadi\twaz\taɹaʊn;\twɛn\tjɛo\tma\tneɪm,1SG\tcould\tfeel\tINDF\tCOP.PST\taround\tPST.PFV\tyell\t1SG.POSS\tname,I could feel somebody was around. It yelled my name.,,,1545[72],,naturalistic spoken,a kud fɛo sambadi waz aɹaʊn; wɛn jɛo ma neɪm,,1SG could feel INDF COP.PST around PST.PFV yell 1SG.POSS name,,,,6533, +26-59,26,wɛn aɪ fə˞s staɾɛd tu wə˞k,wɛn\taɪ\tfə˞s\tstaɾ-ɛd\ttu\twə˞k,when\t1SG\tfirst\tstart-PST\tto\twork,when I first started to work,,,1545[96],,naturalistic spoken,"wɛn aɪ fə˞s staɾɛd tu wə˞k","wɛn aɪ fə˞s staɾ-ɛd tu wə˞k",when 1SG first start-PST to work,,,,6534, +27-60,27,Di dibel a kurí./ Astu am kā bou di hus [...].,Di\tdibel\ta\tkurí./\tAstu\tam\tkā\tbou\tdi\thus\t[...].,lDET\tdevil\tPST\trun\tafter\t3SG\tCOMPL\tbuild\tDET\thouse\t[...],The devil ran away. / After he had built the house [...].,,,"355[63, 17, 37]",,naturalistic spoken,Di dibel a kurí./ Astu am kā bou di hus [...].,,lDET devil PST run after 3SG COMPL build DET house [...],,,,6535, +27-78,27,Wa ju lō du? Am a se: Mi lō mulā́ stēn.,Wa\tju\tlō\tdu?\tAm\ta\tse:\tMi\tlō\tmulā́\tstēn.,what\t2SG\tPROG\tdo\t3SG\tPST\tsay\t1SG\tPROG\tgrind\tstone,"""What are you doing?"" He said: ""I am grinding stones.""",,,355[22],,naturalistic spoken,Wa ju lō du? Am a se: Mi lō mulā́ stēn.,,what 2SG PROG do 3SG PST say 1SG PROG grind stone,,,,6536, +27-150,27,"Weni am a lo pasḗ di hus, di hou man a ki di klēn juṅ lo pasḗ.","Weni\tam\ta\tlo\tpasḗ\tdi\thus,\tdi\thou\tman\ta\tki\tdi\tklēn\tjuṅ\tlo\tpasḗ.",when\t3SG\tPST\tPROG\tpass.by\tDET\thouse\tDET\told\tman\tPST\tsee/look\tDET\tsmall\tboy\tPROG\tpass.by,"""When he was walking past the house, the old man saw the boy passing by.""",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Weni am a lo pasḗ di hus, di hou man a ki di klēn juṅ lo pasḗ.",,when 3SG PST PROG pass.by DET house DET old man PST see/look DET small boy PROG pass.by,,De Josselin de Jong 1926,,6537, +28-90,28,"endi wa plantɛ bom, bat di kujap seito","eni\tdi\twa\tplandi-tɛ\tbom,\tbat\tdi\tkui-apu\tsei-tɛ\to",3PL\tDEM\tPST\tplant-PFV\ttree\tbut\tthe\tcow-PL\tdamage-PFV\t3SG,"They had planted trees, but the cows destroyed it.",,,750[27],,naturalistic spoken,"endi wa plantɛ bom, bat di kujap seito","eni di wa plandi-tɛ bom, bat di kui-apu sei-tɛ o",3PL DEM PST plant-PFV tree but the cow-PL damage-PFV 3SG,,,,6538, +29-92,29,Hy weier dit.,Hy\tweier\tdit.,3SG.M.NOM\trefuse\t3SG.N,He refuses it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy weier dit.,,3SG.M.NOM refuse 3SG.N,,Own knowledge,,6539, +29-93,29,Hy het dit geweier.,Hy\thet\tdit\tge-weier.,3SG.M.NOM\tPST\t3SG.N\tPTCP-refuse,He refused it. OR: He has refused it.,,"Past tense expresses both the preterite and the perfect, as previously noted.",,,naturalistic spoken,Hy het dit geweier.,Hy het dit ge-weier.,3SG.M.NOM PST 3SG.N PTCP-refuse,"Past tense expresses both the preterite and the perfect, as previously noted.",Own knowledge,,6540, +29-94,29,Hy sal dit weier.,Hy\tsal\tdit\tweier.,3SG.M\tFUT\tit\trefuse,He will refuse it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy sal dit weier.,,3SG.M FUT it refuse,,Own knowledge,,6541, +29-95,29,Hy het dit klaar gelees. vs. Hy het dit gelees (maar nie klaar nie).,Hy\thet\tdit\tklaar\tgelees.\tvs.\tHy\thet\tdit\tgelees\t(maar\tnie\tklaar\tnie).,3SG.M\tAUX\t3SG.N\tfinished\tPTCP.read\tvs.\t3SG.M\tAUX\t3SG.N\tPTCP.read\t(but\tnot\tfinished\tNEG),He has finished reading it. / He finished reading it vs. He has read it. / He read it (but not completely).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy het dit klaar gelees. vs. Hy het dit gelees (maar nie klaar nie).,,3SG.M AUX 3SG.N finished PTCP.read vs. 3SG.M AUX 3SG.N PTCP.read (but not finished NEG),,Own knowledge,,6542, +29-96,29,Sy skop heeltyd teen die stoel. vs. Sy het heeltyd teen die stoel geskop.,Sy\tskop\theeltyd\tteen\tdie\tstoel.\tvs.\tSy\thet\theeltyd\tteen\tdie\tstoel\tgeskop.,3SG.F.NOM\tkicks\twhole.time\tagainst\tDEF.ART\tchair\tvs.\t3SG.F.NOM\tAUX\twhole.time\tagainst\tthe\tchair\tPTCP.kicked,She keeps kicking against the chair. vs. She was continually kicking against the chair.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sy skop heeltyd teen die stoel. vs. Sy het heeltyd teen die stoel geskop.,,3SG.F.NOM kicks whole.time against DEF.ART chair vs. 3SG.F.NOM AUX whole.time against the chair PTCP.kicked,,Own knowledge,,6543, +30-106,30,Si mudjer [...] ta faseba poku kumida.,Si=mudjer\t[...]\tta=fase-ba\tpoku\tkumida.,3SG.POSS=woman\t[...]\tIPFV=make-ANT\tlittle\tfood,His wife made little food.,,Here ta marks the imperfective with a habitual function + anterior marker -ba.,1407[41],,naturalistic spoken,"Si mudjer [...] ta faseba poku kumida.",Si=mudjer [...] ta=fase-ba poku kumida.,3SG.POSS=woman [...] IPFV=make-ANT little food,"Here ta marks the imperfective with a habitual function + anterior marker -ba.",,,6544,German: Seine Frau machte wenig Essen. +30-107,30,"Inkuántu N sa ta kumeba, txuba sa ta txobeba manenti.","Inkuántu\tN=sa=ta=kume-ba,\ttxuba\tsa=ta=txobe-ba\tmanenti.",while\t1SG=PROG=IPFV=eat-ANT\train\tPROG=IPFV=rain-ANT\tconstantly,"While I was eating, it was constantly raining.",,,784[s.v. sa],,naturalistic spoken,"Inkuántu N sa ta kumeba, txuba sa ta txobeba manenti.","Inkuántu N=sa=ta=kume-ba, txuba sa=ta=txobe-ba manenti.",while 1SG=PROG=IPFV=eat-ANT rain PROG=IPFV=rain-ANT constantly,,,,6545, +31-96,31,"Es fra un minina go ki sta ta bende pexi, panha pankada. vs. Es fra un minina go ki staba ta bende pexi, panha pankada.","Es\tfra\tun\tminina\tgo\tki\tsta\tta\tbende\tpexi,\tpanha\tpankada.\tvs.\tEs\tfra\tun\tminina\tgo\tki\tstaba\tta\tbende\tpexi,\tpanha\tpankada.",they\tsay\ta\tgirl\tnow\twho\tASP\tMOOD\tsell\tfish\tgot\thurt\tvs.\tthey\tsay\ta\tgirl\tnow\twho\tASP.ANT\tMOOD\tsell\tfish\tgot\thurt,They said that a girl who is selling fish got hurt vs. They said that a girl who was selling fish got hurt.,,The mixed tense and aspect system displays both tense (ba) and aspect (imperfective sta) markers.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Es fra un minina go ki sta ta bende pexi, panha pankada. vs. Es fra un minina go ki staba ta bende pexi, panha pankada.",,they say a girl now who ASP MOOD sell fish got hurt vs. they say a girl now who ASP.ANT MOOD sell fish got hurt,"The mixed tense and aspect system displays both tense (ba) and aspect (imperfective sta) markers.","Maria Chiviar, p.c.",,6546, +31-102,31,N sai di kaza i N staba ta anda un katxor go morde-m na kanela.,N\tØ\tsai\tdi\tkaza\ti\tN\tstaba\tta\tanda\tun\tkatxor\tgo\tmorde=m\tna\tkanela.,I\tPFV\tleave\tof\thouse\tand\tI\tbe.ANT\tPROG\twalk\ta\tdog\tthen\tbit=me\ton\tleg,I went out of the house and I was walking when a dog bit my leg.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"N sai di kaza i N staba ta anda un katxor go morde-m na kanela.","N Ø sai di kaza i N staba ta anda un katxor go morde=m na kanela.",I PFV leave of house and I be.ANT PROG walk a dog then bit=me on leg,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,6547, +32-74,32,Txeu jent ta dzê k es tá bá bská pex na Baía [...].,Txeu\tjent\tta\tdzê\tk\tes\ttá\tbá\tbská\tpex\tna\tBaía\t[...].,many\tpeople\tPRS.HAB\tsay\tCOMP\t3PL\tPST.HAB\tgo\tfetch\tfish\tin\tBaía\t[...],Many people say they used to go to Baía to get fish [...].,,Tá is pronunced with low central open vowel [a]. The vowel in ta is central and may vary between mid (but lower than the English shwa) and high (in the second case I have opted for spelling it as «te»),1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Txeu jent ta dzê k es tá bá bská pex na Baía [...].",,many people PRS.HAB say COMP 3PL PST.HAB go fetch fish in Baía [...],"Tá is pronunced with low central open vowel [a]. The vowel in ta is central and may vary between mid (but lower than the English shwa) and high (in the second case I have opted for spelling it as «te»)",,,6548,Portuguese: Muitas pessoas dizem que iam buscar peixe à Baía [...]. +33-103,33,N’ na bay skola amanha.,N’\tna\tbay\tskola\tamanha.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tschool\ttomorrow,I will go to school tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’ na bay skola amanha.",,1SG PROG go school tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,6549,Portuguese: Irei à escola amanhã. +33-104,33,N' na bay ba skola aonti.,N'\tna\tbay\tba\tskola\taonti.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tPST\tschool\tyesterday,I was going to school yesterday. OR: I would have gone to school yesterday.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N' na bay ba skola aonti.,,1SG PROG go PST school yesterday,,Own knowledge,,6550,Portuguese: Ia à escola ontem. OR: Iria à escola ontem. +33-107,33,Djugude Ø ciga cif.,Djugude\tØ\tciga\tcif.,vulture\tPFV\tland\tsmoothly,The vulture landed smoothly.,,"N.B.: The orthography is that of the source. +Dynamic verbs unmarked for tense are usually interpreted as referring to the past.",715[85],,naturalistic written,Djugude Ø ciga cif.,,vulture PFV land smoothly,"N.B.: The orthography is that of the source. +Dynamic verbs unmarked for tense are usually interpreted as referring to the past.",,,6551,Portuguese: O abutre aterrou suavemente. +34-71,34,"Kontra N sá baŋ mininu, tudu diya N ta bay baŋ sikola.","Kontra\tN\tø\tsá\tbaŋ\tmininu,\ttudu\tdiya\tN\tta\tbay\tbaŋ\tsikola.",when\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tCOP\tPST\tchild\tall\tday\t1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tgo\tPST\tschool,"When I was a child, I would go to school every day.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kontra N sá baŋ mininu, tudu diya N ta bay baŋ sikola.","Kontra N ø sá baŋ mininu, tudu diya N ta bay baŋ sikola.",when 1SG.SBJ PFV COP PST child all day 1SG.SBJ HAB go PST school,,Own knowledge,,6552, +34-197,34,i sá baŋ na kumé / i na kumé baŋ na,i\tsá\tbaŋ\tna\tkumé\t/\ti\tna\tkumé\tbaŋ\tna,3SG\tCOP\tPST\tPROG\teat\t/\t3SG\tPROG\teat\tPST\tASS,He was eating.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,i sá baŋ na kumé / i na kumé baŋ na,,3SG COP PST PROG eat / 3SG PROG eat PST ASS,,Own knowledge,,6553, +35-112,35,Inen tava ka kume.,Inen\ttava\tka\tkume.,3PL\tPST\tIPFV\teat,They were eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Inen tava ka kume.,,3PL PST IPFV eat,,Own data,,6554, +35-113,35,Inen ska kume.,Inen\tska\tkume.,3PL\tPROG\teat,They are eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Inen ska kume.,,3PL PROG eat,,Own knowledge,,6555, +36-62,36,Ê thêka kata.,Ê\tthêka\tkata.,he\tPROG\tsing,He is singing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ê thêka kata.",,he PROG sing,,Own knowledge,,6556, +36-167,36,Ê kata.,Ê\tkata.,3SG\tsing,S/he sang.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ê kata.,,3SG sing,,Own knowledge,,6557, +37-74,37,Ine sa kume.,Ine\tsa\tkume.,3PL\tPROG\teat,They are eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ine sa kume.",,3PL PROG eat,,Own knowledge,,6558, +37-75,37,Ine tava sa kume.,Ine\ttava\tsa\tkume.,3PL\tPST\tPROG\teat,They were eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ine tava sa kume.",,3PL PST PROG eat,,Own knowledge,,6559, +37-76,37,Ine kume.,Ine\tØ\tkume.,3PL\tPFV\teat,They ate.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ine kume.","Ine Ø kume.",3PL PFV eat,,Own knowledge,,6560, +38-85,38,I bi sa feu.,Eli\tbi\tsa\tfeu.,3SG\tANT\tbe\till,He was ill.,,,,,elicited from speaker,I bi sa feu.,Eli bi sa feu.,3SG ANT be ill,,Own fieldwork 1990,,6561, +38-86,38,Bo bi sa namina.,Bo\tbi\tsa\tna-mina.,2SG\tANT\tbe\tART-child,You were a child.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Bo bi sa namina.,Bo bi sa na-mina.,2SG ANT be ART-child,,Own fieldwork 1993,,6562, +38-87,38,Ineni bi sxa tabaya.,Ineni\tbi\tsxa\ttabaya.,3PL\tANT\tPROG\twork,They had been working.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ineni bi sxa tabaya.,,3PL ANT PROG work,,Own fieldwork 1993,,6563, +38-88,38,Ineni bi ske tabaya.,Ineni\tbi\tske\ttabaya.,3PL\tANT\tIRR\twork,They would have gone to work.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ineni bi ske tabaya.,,3PL ANT IRR work,,Own fieldwork 1993,,6564, +39-93,39,Yo tə faze burak.,Yo\ttə\tfaz-e\tburak.,1SG\tIPFV.NPST\tmake-INF\thole,I'm making a hole.,,,221[327],,naturalistic spoken,Yo tə faze burak.,Yo tə faz-e burak.,1SG IPFV.NPST make-INF hole,,,,6565, +39-94,39,Elz nã faz bẽ kima.,Elz\tnã\tfaz\tbẽ\tkim-a.,3PL\tNEG\tmake.NPST\twell\tburn-INF,They don't roast it well.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Elz nã faz bẽ kima.,Elz nã faz bẽ kim-a.,3PL NEG make.NPST well burn-INF,,,,6566, +39-95,39,Maŋa lɛũto foy trabay.,Maŋa\tlɛũt-o\tfoy\ttrabay.,morning\tget.up-PST\tgo.PST\twork,In the morning [I] got up and went to work.,,,221[331],,naturalistic spoken,Maŋa lɛũto foy trabay.,Maŋa lɛũt-o foy trabay.,morning get.up-PST go.PST work,,,,6567, +39-96,39,Nə saykəl uncle tiŋ vay.,Nə\tsaykəl\t\tt-iŋ\tvay.,LOC\tbicycle\tuncle\tIPFV-PST\tgo.INF,Uncle was going by bicycle.,,"The verb vay 'to go' is peculiar in that it makes no formal distinction between the Non-Past and Infinitive forms (although the Portuguese Infinitive form ir sometimes occurs in the speech of some speakers). In this sentence, vay is glossed as an Infinitive because it is modified by the pre-verbal Tense-Aspect marker tiŋ; in Diu Indo-Portuguese, the Non-Past form of verbs never co-occurs with preverbal TAM markers. +Uncle is taken from English.",221[147],,naturalistic spoken,Nə saykəl uncle tiŋ vay.,"Nə saykəl <uncle> t-iŋ vay.",LOC bicycle uncle IPFV-PST go.INF,"The verb vay 'to go' is peculiar in that it makes no formal distinction between the Non-Past and Infinitive forms (although the Portuguese Infinitive form ir sometimes occurs in the speech of some speakers). In this sentence, vay is glossed as an Infinitive because it is modified by the pre-verbal Tense-Aspect marker tiŋ; in Diu Indo-Portuguese, the Non-Past form of verbs never co-occurs with preverbal TAM markers. +Uncle is taken from English.",,,6568, +40-63,40,Teru (tɛ) kata-n katig.,Teru\t(tɛ)\tkata-n\tkatig.,Teru\t(PRS)\tsing-PROG\tsong,Teru is singing a song/songs.,,"The particle tɛ in the present is optional, and mostly absent in the speech of the younger Korlai speakers.",263[216],,constructed by linguist,"Teru (tɛ) kata-n katig.",,Teru (PRS) sing-PROG song,"The particle tɛ in the present is optional, and mostly absent in the speech of the younger Korlai speakers.",,,6569, +40-64,40,Teru ti kata-n katig.,Teru\tti\tkata-n\tkatig.,Teru\tPST\tsing-PROG\tsong,Teru was singing a song/songs.,,,263[216],,constructed by linguist,Teru ti kata-n katig.,,Teru PST sing-PROG song,,,,6570, +41-81,41,"etus gɛɛra jaabuskaa. mataa, kortaa taam tiña tudus.","etus\tgèèra\tjaa-buskaa.\tmataa,\tkortaa\ttaam\ttiña\ttudus.",3PL\twar\tPST-seek\tkill\tcut\tPROG\tPST.be\teveryone,They made war. They were all killing and cutting [each other].,,This illustrates the past progressive.,1416[3228],,naturalistic spoken,"etus gɛɛra jaabuskaa. mataa, kortaa taam tiña tudus.","etus gèèra jaa-buskaa. mataa, kortaa taam tiña tudus.",3PL war PST-seek kill cut PROG PST.be everyone,This illustrates the past progressive.,,,6571, +41-82,41,eli lokatriiya; amiyaam lokatriiya,eli\tlo-kaa-triiya;\tamiyaam\tlo-kaa-triiya,3SG.M\tFUT-PFV-bring\ttomorrow\tFUT-PFV-bring,He will bring [it]. Tomorrow he will bring [it].,,,1416[2033],,naturalistic spoken,eli lokatriiya; amiyaam lokatriiya,eli lo-kaa-triiya; amiyaam lo-kaa-triiya,3SG.M FUT-PFV-bring tomorrow FUT-PFV-bring,,,,6572, +42-79,42,eli ja bai mar onti anoti,eli\tja\tbai\tmar\tonti\tanoti,3SG\tPFV\tgo\tsea\tyesterday\tnight,He went fishing last night.,,,122[119],,elicited from speaker,"eli ja bai mar onti anoti",,3SG PFV go sea yesterday night,,,,6573, +42-80,42,eli ta papiá ku John,eli\tta\tpapiá\tku\tJohn,3SG\tPROG\tspeak\tCOM\tJohn,He is/was talking with John.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"eli ta papiá ku John",,3SG PROG speak COM John,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,6574, +42-81,42,"kiora yo ta conta stori ku Pedru, John ja chegá","kiora\tyo\tta\tconta\tstori\tku\tPedru,\tJohn\tja\tchegá",when\t1SG\tPROG\ttell\tstory\tCOM\tPedru\tJohn\tPFV\tarrive,"When I was conversing with Pedru, John arrived.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"kiora yo ta conta stori ku Pedru, John ja chegá",,when 1SG PROG tell story COM Pedru John PFV arrive,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,6575, +43-58,43,Asi mesmu nu akel momentu ile ste trimi [...].,Asi\tmesmu\tnu\takel\tmomentu\tile\tste\ttrimi\t[...].,so\tself\tLOC\tDEM\tmoment\t3SG\tPROG\ttremble\t[...],So at that moment he was trembling […].,,"In this example, the progressive marker ste refers to a past progressive situation.",906[54],,pedagogical grammar,"Asi mesmu nu akel momentu ile ste trimi [...].",,so self LOC DEM moment 3SG PROG tremble [...],"In this example, the progressive marker ste refers to a past progressive situation.",,,6576, +43-59,43,Undi dja anda?,Undi\tdja\tanda?,where\tPFV\tgo,Where did he go?,,,906[144],,pedagogical grammar,"Undi dja anda?",,where PFV go,,,,6577, +44-94,44,"Ta esperá yo kon bo ayer, péro no bo ya yegá. Di salí yo manyána.","Ta\tesperá\tyo\tkon\tbo\tayer,\tpéro\tno\tbo\tya\tyegá.\tDi\tsalí\tyo\tmanyána.",IPFV\twait\t1SG\tOBJ\t2SG\tyesterday\tbut\tNEG\tyou\tPFV\tarrive\tCTPL\tleave\t1SG\ttomorrow,"I was waiting for you yesterday, but you did not arrive. I will leave tomorrow.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta esperá yo kon bo ayer, péro no bo ya yegá. Di salí yo manyána.",,IPFV wait 1SG OBJ 2SG yesterday but NEG you PFV arrive CTPL leave 1SG tomorrow,,Own data,,6578, +45-80,45,Ta jugá ele cuando yo ya llegá.,Ta\tjugá\tele\tcuando\tyo\tya\tllegá.,IPFV\tplay\t3SG\twhen\t1SG\tPFV\tarrive,He was playing when I arrived.,,,1084[69],,elicited from speaker,Ta jugá ele cuando yo ya llegá.,,IPFV play 3SG when 1SG PFV arrive,,,,6579, +45-81,45,"Ta escribi ele mga carta. Mientras ta escribi mi hermano el carta, ya espera yo na jardin.","Ta\tescribi\tele\tmga\tcarta.\tMientras\tta\tescribi\tmi\thermano\tel\tcarta,\tya\tespera\tyo\tna\tjardin.",IPFV\twrite\t3SG\tPL\tletter\twhile\tIPFV\twrite\t1SG.POSS\tbrother\tDEF\tletter\tPFV\twait\t1SG\tLOC\tgarden,"He writes letters. While my brother was writing the letter, I waited in the garden.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta escribi ele mga carta. Mientras ta escribi mi hermano el carta, ya espera yo na jardin.",,IPFV write 3SG PL letter while IPFV write 1SG.POSS brother DEF letter PFV wait 1SG LOC garden,,Own data,,6580, +46-94,46,Éste el ómbre kon kyen tu ta-konversá.,Éste\tel\tómbre\tkon\tkyen\ttu\tta-konversá.,this\tthe\tman\twith\twho\t2SG\tIPFV-talking,This is the man you are/were talking to.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Éste el ómbre kon kyen tu ta-konversá.,,this the man with who 2SG IPFV-talking,,Own knowledge,,6581, +47-99,47,Karchi pa e konsierto tabata kosta 45 dòlar.,Karchi\tpa\te\tkonsierto\ttabata\tkosta\t45\tdòlar.,ticket\tfor\tthe\tconcert\tPST\tcost\t45\tdollar,Concert tickets costed 45 dollars.,,,730[27],,published source,"Karchi pa e konsierto tabata kosta 45 dòlar.",,ticket for the concert PST cost 45 dollar,,,,6582, +47-100,47,E mucha a yena e barí ku awa./ E mucha tabata yena e barí ku awa.,E\tmucha\ta\tyena\te\tbarí\tku\tawa./\tE\tmucha\ttabata\tyena\te\tbarí\tku\tawa.,DEF\tchild\tASP\tfill\tDEF\tbarrel\twith\twater\tDEF\tchild\tPST\tfill\tDEF\tbarrel\twith\twater,The child (has) filled the barrel with water./ The child was filling the barrel with water.,,The translation is mine.,1024[229-230],,published source,"E mucha a yena e barí ku awa./ E mucha tabata yena e barí ku awa.",,DEF child ASP fill DEF barrel with water DEF child PST fill DEF barrel with water,The translation is mine.,,,6583, +48-208,48,i ta-ba kandá,i\tta-ba\tkandá,1SG\tPROG-PST\tsing,I was singing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,i ta-ba kandá,,1SG PROG-PST sing,,Own knowledge,,6584, +49-139,49,Li t ap boukannen on mayi.,Li\tt\tap\tboukannen\ton\tmayi.,3SG\tANT\tINACC\tcook.over.woodfire\ta\tmaize,He/She was cooking maize over the wood fire.,,,473[864],,naturalistic spoken,Li t ap boukannen on mayi.,,3SG ANT INACC cook.over.woodfire a maize,,,,6585,French: Il/Elle était en train de cuire du maïs au feu de bois. +49-140,49,Epòk n ap viv kounyea pa pi mal.,Epòk\tn\tap\tviv\tkounyea\tpa\tpi\tmal.,time\t1SG\tINACC\tlive\tnow\tNEG\tmore\tbad,The time that we currently live in is not bad.,,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2016, notice 13.",473[864],,naturalistic spoken,Epòk n ap viv kounyea pa pi mal.,,time 1SG INACC live now NEG more bad,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2016, notice 13.",,,6586,French: L'époque que nous vivons actuellement n'est pas mal. +50-86,50,I travay rèd.,I\tØ\ttravay\trèd.,3SG\tØ\twork\thard,He worked hard.,,,853,,naturalistic spoken,I travay rèd.,I Ø travay rèd.,3SG Ø work hard,,,,6587, +50-87,50,I ka travay rèd.,I\tka\ttravay\trèd.,3SG\tPROG\twork\thard,He is working hard. / He works hard.,,,853,,naturalistic spoken,I ka travay rèd.,,3SG PROG work hard,,,,6588, +50-88,50,I té ka travay rèd.,I\tté\tka\ttravay\trèd.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\twork\thard,He was working hard. / He had been working hard.,,,853,,naturalistic spoken,"I té ka travay rèd.",,3SG PST PROG work hard,,,,6589, +51-80,51,I travay red.,I\ttravay\tred.,3SG\twork\thard,He worked hard.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I travay red.,,3SG work hard,,Own fieldwork,,6590, +51-81,51,I ka travay red.,I\tka\ttravay\tred.,3SG\tPROG\twork\thard,He is working hard.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ka travay red.",,3SG PROG work hard,,Own fieldwork,,6591, +51-82,51,I té ka travay red.,I\tté\tka\ttravay\tred.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\twork\thard,He was working hard.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I té ka travay red.",,3SG PST PROG work hard,,Own fieldwork,,6592, +51-83,51,I ké travay red,I\tké\ttravay\tred,3SG\tFUT\twork\thard,He will work hard.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ké travay red",,3SG FUT work hard,,Own fieldwork,,6593, +52-108,52,a chanté yé té ka chanté,a\tchanté\tyé\tté\tka\tchanté,HL\tsing\tthey\tPST\tPROG\tsing,They were singing out loud (lit. It is singing they were singing).,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"a chanté yé té ka chanté",,HL sing they PST PROG sing,,,,6594, +53-190,53,"Mo te gen ont kan Donald trape mon, gro dimanch ap ramase koton.","Mo\tte\tgen\tont\tkan\tDonald\ttrape\tmon,\tgro\tdimanch\tap\tramase\tkoton.",1SG\tPST\thave\tshame\twhen\tDonald\tcatch\t1SG\tbig\tSunday\tPROG\tpick\tcotton,I was ashamed when Donald surprised me picking cotton one Sunday.,,,1048[206],,naturalistic spoken,"Mo te gen ont kan Donald trape mon, gro dimanch ap ramase koton.",,1SG PST have shame when Donald catch 1SG big Sunday PROG pick cotton,,,,6595, +53-191,53,Li t ap jwe kan mo vini.,Li\tt\tap\tjwe\tkan\tmo\tvini.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\tplay\twhen\t1SG\tcome,He was playing when I came.,,,1048[210],,elicited from speaker,Li t ap jwe kan mo vini.,,3SG PST PROG play when 1SG come,,,,6596,French: Il jouait quand je suis venue. +54-110,54,"Aster, lété apré ral la pyos, apré santé, tout an mem tan.","Aster,\tlete\tapre\tral\tla\tpyos,\tapre\tsante,\ttout\tan\tmem\ttan.",now\tCOP.PST\tPROG\tpull\tDEF\thoe\tPROG\tsing\tall\tat\tsame\ttime,"Now, they were hoeing, singing, all at the same time.",,Context: Once upon a time there were three girls working on a farm.,110[37],,naturalistic spoken,"Aster, lété apré ral la pyos, apré santé, tout an mem tan.","Aster, lete apre ral la pyos, apre sante, tout an mem tan.",now COP.PST PROG pull DEF hoe PROG sing all at same time,Context: Once upon a time there were three girls working on a farm.,,,6597,"Canadian French: A cette heure, elles étaient après manier la houe, après chanter, tout en même temps." +55-81,55,Lizet ti pe al Rozil; Lisette ti'n al Rozil,Lizet\tti\tpe\tal\tRozil;\tLisette\tti'n\tal\tRozil,Lisette\tPST\tPROG\tgo\tRose.Hill\tLisette\tPST=PRF\tgo\tRose.Hill,Lisette was going to Rose Hill. - Lisette had gone to Rose Hill.,,Al/e 'go' does not require a preposition before a location.,,,constructed by linguist,"Lizet ti pe al Rozil; Lisette ti'n al Rozil",,Lisette PST PROG go Rose.Hill Lisette PST=PRF go Rose.Hill,Al/e 'go' does not require a preposition before a location.,"Philip Baker, p.c.",,6598, +55-82,55,Zorz ti pe maṅz sosis sinwa,Zorz\tti\tpe\tmaṅz\tsosis\tsinwa,Georges\tPST\tPROG\teat\tsausage\tChinese,Georges was eating Chinese sausages.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Zorz ti pe maṅz sosis sinwa,,Georges PST PROG eat sausage Chinese,,Own knowledge,,6599, +56-102,56,Mon ankor pe manze.,Mon\tankor\tpe\tmanze.,1SG\tstill\tPROG\teat,I am still eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mon ankor pe manze.,,1SG still PROG eat,,Own knowledge,,6600, +57-44,57,ma krwa,ma\tkrwa,1SG\tbelieve,I believe. / I believed.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ma krwa,,1SG believe,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,6601, +57-45,57,ma atra nde fe kwisin,ma\tatra\tnde\tfe\tkwisin,1SG\tPROG\tPROG\tmake\tcooking,I am cooking. / I was cooking.,,"The progressive marker can be used for present and past progressive ongoing situations, but not for current states or habitual.",,,constructed by linguist,"ma atra nde fe kwisin",,1SG PROG PROG make cooking,"The progressive marker can be used for present and past progressive ongoing situations, but not for current states or habitual.",own knowledge Ehrhart,,6602, +59-154,59,lege ake kanga na peko ti ala biani biani,lege\ta-ke\tkanga\tna\tpeko\tti\tala\tbiani\tbiani,path\tPM-COP\tclose\tPREP\tback\tof\t3PL\ttruly\ttruly,The path kept being completely covered up behind them.,,"In the past, as narrated, the path the husband and wife took was covered up with vegetation as they continued on their way so that people would not know where they were going.",,,naturalistic spoken,lege ake kanga na peko ti ala biani biani,lege a-ke kanga na peko ti ala biani biani,path PM-COP close PREP back of 3PL truly truly,"In the past, as narrated, the path the husband and wife took was covered up with vegetation as they continued on their way so that people would not know where they were going.",Samarin corpus 1994,,6603, +59-155,59,ifo ni yeke faa mama ni,ifo\tni\tyeke\tfaa\tmama\tni,necessity\t1SG.LOG\tCOP\tkill\tmother\tDET,He said that he had to kill the mother.,,This is not an example of the conditional. COP is being used in a statement made in the past for something that would happen in the future. Ifo is borrowed from French il faut.,,,naturalistic spoken,ifo ni yeke faa mama ni,,necessity 1SG.LOG COP kill mother DET,"This is not an example of the conditional. COP is being used in a statement made in the past for something that would happen in the future. Ifo is borrowed from French il faut.",Samarin corpus 1994,,6604,French: Il fallait qu'il tue la mere. +60-67,60,napésí,na-pés-í,1SG-give-PRS.PRF,I have given.,,"As explained in Meeuwis (1998: 28) and more fully in Brisard & Meeuwis (2009), -í can be used on both stative and dynamic verbs (a distinction to be made on language-specific criteria). On a stative verb it denotes a present state or marks structural, general-validity statements. On a dynamic verb it denotes perfect: the action is carried out in the past and has led to a resulting situation in the present. Important to note is that, in the case of dynamic verbs, the past action is backgrounded and the present situation foregrounded, not the other way around (see Brisard & Meeuwis 2009). Therefore, what -í shares on stative and dynamic verbs, is a notion of the presentness. In order to have one gloss for the same marker throughout, I have chosen to always gloss -í as PRS.PRF.",1273,,naturalistic spoken,napésí,na-pés-í,1SG-give-PRS.PRF,"As explained in Meeuwis (1998: 28) and more fully in Brisard & Meeuwis (2009), -í can be used on both stative and dynamic verbs (a distinction to be made on language-specific criteria). On a stative verb it denotes a present state or marks structural, general-validity statements. On a dynamic verb it denotes perfect: the action is carried out in the past and has led to a resulting situation in the present. Important to note is that, in the case of dynamic verbs, the past action is backgrounded and the present situation foregrounded, not the other way around (see Brisard & Meeuwis 2009). Therefore, what -í shares on stative and dynamic verbs, is a notion of the presentness. In order to have one gloss for the same marker throughout, I have chosen to always gloss -í as PRS.PRF.",,,6605, +60-68,60,nazalí kopésa,na-zal-í\tko-pés-a,1SG-be-PRS.PRF\tINF-give-FV,I am giving.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,nazalí kopésa,na-zal-í ko-pés-a,1SG-be-PRS.PRF INF-give-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",Own knowledge,,6606, +60-69,60,nazalákí kopésa,na-zal-ákí\tko-pés-a,1SG-be-PST\tINF-give-FV,I was giving.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",930[32],,naturalistic spoken,nazalákí kopésa,na-zal-ákí ko-pés-a,1SG-be-PST INF-give-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,6607, +61-48,61,Yena gate hambile.,Yena\tgate\thamb-ile.,he\tANT\tgo-PST,He had gone. OR: He previously went.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Yena gate hambile.","Yena gate hamb-ile.",he ANT go-PST,,Field notes Mesthrie,,6608, +61-129,61,Yena idla.,Yena\tidla.,3SG\teat.PRS,He eats. OR: He is eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Yena idla.,,3SG eat.PRS,,Own knowledge,,6609, +61-130,61,Yena idlile.,Yena\tidl-ile,3SG\teat-PST,He ate.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Yena idlile.,Yena idl-ile,3SG eat-PST,,Own knowledge,,6610, +61-131,61,Yena gate idla.,Yena\tgate\tidla.,3SG\tANT\teat.PRS,He was eating.,,,,,unspecified,Yena gate idla.,,3SG ANT eat.PRS,,,,6611, +63-93,63,Núbi wósul Mombása bédir,Núbi\twósul\tMombása\tbédir,Nubi\tarrive\tMombasa\tearly,The Nubi arrived early in Mombasa.,,,857[282],,naturalistic spoken,Núbi wósul Mombása bédir,,Nubi arrive Mombasa early,,,,6612, +63-94,63,kubar-ín kélem núbi,kubar-ín\tkélem\tnúbi,old-PL\tspeak\tKinubi,The elders speak Kinubi.,,,857[283],,naturalistic spoken,kubar-ín kélem núbi,,old-PL speak Kinubi,,,,6613, +63-95,63,ána gi-kumbúka wázi,ána\tgi-kumbúka\twázi,1SG\tTAM-remember\tclear,I remember very well.,,,857[284],,naturalistic spoken,ána gi-kumbúka wázi,,1SG TAM-remember clear,,,,6614, +63-96,63,íta gu-rúo búkra,íta\tgu-rúo\tbúkra,2SG\tTAM-go\ttomorrow,You will leave tomorrow.,,,857[285],,naturalistic spoken,íta gu-rúo búkra,,2SG TAM-go tomorrow,,,,6615, +64-102,64,úo kan ja,úo\tkan\tja,3SG\tANT\tcome,He had come.,,,874[170],,naturalistic spoken,úo kan ja,,3SG ANT come,,,,6616, +64-103,64,ána kan geiʃtágal fi juba,ána\tkan\tge=iʃtágal\tfi\tjuba,1SG\tANT\tPROG=work\tin\tJuba,I was working in Juba. OR: I used to work in Juba.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ána kan geiʃtágal fi juba","ána kan ge=iʃtágal fi juba",1SG ANT PROG=work in Juba,,Own knowledge,,6617, +64-104,64,úkum tómon batále kan geátanu tánu baka,úkum\ttómon\tbatále\tkan\tge=átanu~tánu\tbaka,government\tPOSS.3PL\tbad\tANT\tPROG=kill~kill\tbaka,"Their government was bad, it used to kill all the Baka people.",,,969[161],,naturalistic spoken,"úkum tómon batále kan geátanu tánu baka","úkum tómon batále kan ge=átanu~tánu baka",government POSS.3PL bad ANT PROG=kill~kill baka,,,,6618, +64-105,64,lo ána kan ligó ládo fi suk ána kan biworí le íta,lo\tána\tkan\tligó\tládo\tfi\tsuk\tána\tkan\tbi=worí\tle\títa,COND\t1SG\tANT\tfind\tlado\tin\tmarket\t1SG\tANT\tIRR=tell\tto\t2SG,If I had seen Lado at the market I’d have told you.,,,1491[441],,elicited from speaker,lo ána kan ligó ládo fi suk ána kan biworí le íta,lo ána kan ligó ládo fi suk ána kan bi=worí le íta,COND 1SG ANT find lado in market 1SG ANT IRR=tell to 2SG,,,,6619, +64-106,64,ána gum tála min júba ána rówa fi kóɲo-kóɲo min kóɲo-kóɲo henák ána gum árkab árabiya,ána\tgum\ttála\tmin\tjúba\tána\trówa\tfi\tkóɲo-kóɲo\tmin\tkóɲo-kóɲo\thenák\tána\tgum\tárkab\tárabiya,1SG\tget.up\tgo.out\tfrom\tJuba\t1SG\tgo\tin\tKonyo-konyo\tfrom\tKonyo-konyo\tthere\t1SG\tget.up\tget.into\tcar,"I went out from Juba and I went to Konyo-konyo, from there I got into a car.",,Perfective aspect is ø-marked on motion verbs.,874[183],,naturalistic spoken,ána gum tála min júba ána rówa fi kóɲo-kóɲo min kóɲo-kóɲo henák ána gum árkab árabiya,,1SG get.up go.out from Juba 1SG go in Konyo-konyo from Konyo-konyo there 1SG get.up get.into car,Perfective aspect is ø-marked on motion verbs.,,,6620, +65-73,65,"Rib'atiʃka katoryj karova pasi iwo, zimija takoj sopka liʒi.","Rib'atiʃka\tkatoryj\tkarova\tpasi\tiwo,\tzimija\ttakoj\tsopka\tliʒi.",child\twhich\tcow\tpasture\t3SG.SBJ\tsnake\tso\tmountain\tlie,"There was a child who was pasturing a cow, and a snake was lying under the mountain.",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[264],,naturalistic spoken,"Rib'atiʃka katoryj karova pasi iwo, zimija takoj sopka liʒi.",,child which cow pasture 3SG.SBJ snake so mountain lie,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,ребятишка который... корова паси его; зимия такой сопка лежи.,6621, +65-74,65,"Siʧas adənakə pechəki sidi, lapəti suʃi.","Siʧas\tadənakə\tpechəki\tsidi,\tlapəti\tsuʃi.",now\thowever\tstove\tsit\tfootwear\tdry,"At present, however, I am sitting near the stove and dry my footwear.",,"This was said ironically, about the speaker having nothing to do.",458[13],,citation in fiction,"Siʧas adənakə pechəki sidi, lapəti suʃi.",,now however stove sit footwear dry,"This was said ironically, about the speaker having nothing to do.",,"Сейчас, однако, печки сиди, лапти суши.",6622, +65-75,65,"Papa toʒa, malen' byla ja, papa pomirala.","Papa\ttoʒa,\tmalen'\tbyla\tja,\tpapa\tpomira-la.",father\talso\tsmall\tCOP.PFV\t1SG\tfather\tdie-PFV,"And the father also, he died when I was small.",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,1195[237],,naturalistic spoken,"Papa toʒa, malen' byla ja, papa pomirala.","Papa toʒa, malen' byla ja, papa pomira-la.",father also small COP.PFV 1SG father die-PFV,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,,"Папа тоже, малень была я, папа помирала.",6623, +66-53,66,"Farida nyari nyanyi biilang ambe aða, kummarenjo biilang ambe siaða.","Farida\tnyari\tnyanyi\tbiilang\tambe\taða,\tkummaren-jo\tbiilang\tambe\tsi-aða.",Farida\ttoday\tsong\tsay\twhile\tAUX\tyesterday-FOC\tsay\twhile\tPST-AUX,"Farida is singing a song today, yesterday she was singing too.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"Farida nyari nyanyi biilang ambe aða, kummarenjo biilang ambe siaða.","Farida nyari nyanyi biilang ambe aða, kummaren-jo biilang ambe si-aða.",Farida today song say while AUX yesterday-FOC say while PST-AUX,,Own knowledge,,6624, +67-109,67,Lagi saya mamatua ada tinggal.,Lagi\tsaya\tmamatua\tada\ttinggal.,besides\t1SG\tmother-in-law\tbe\tlive,"Besides, my mother-in-law was living (with us).",,This sentence has a past progressive reading.,708[175],,naturalistic spoken,Lagi saya mamatua ada tinggal.,,besides 1SG mother-in-law be live,This sentence has a past progressive reading.,,,6625, +67-110,67,Saya ada pergi pasar.,Saya\tada\tpergi\tpasar.,1SG\tbe\tgo\tmarket,I am going to the market.,,This sentence has a present progressive reading.,708[173],,elicited from speaker,Saya ada pergi pasar.,,1SG be go market,This sentence has a present progressive reading.,,,6626, +68-58,68,Dong su makang deng balong galap lai.,Dong\tsu\tmakang\tdeng\tbalong\tgalap\tlai.,3PL\tPFV\teat\tand\tnot.yet\tdark\talso,They have eaten and it is not dark yet.,,,1528[229],,naturalistic spoken,"Dong su makang deng balong galap lai.",,3PL PFV eat and not.yet dark also,,,,6627, +68-59,68,Dong ada makang.,Dong\tada\tmakang.,3PL\tPROG\teat,They are eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Dong ada makang.,,3PL PROG eat,,Own knowledge,,6628, +69-39,69,mən manba ambi məndəkənan,mən\tmanba\tam-(m)bi\tməndəkə-nan,3SG\tPL\teat-DEP\tfinish-NONFUT,They have already eaten.,,,,,elicited from speaker,mən manba ambi məndəkənan,mən manba am-(m)bi məndəkə-nan,3SG PL eat-DEP finish-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,6629, +69-40,69,mən manba ambi tanan,mən\tmanba\tam-(m)bi\tta-nan,3SG\tPL\teat-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT,They are eating.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"mən manba ambi tanan",mən manba am-(m)bi ta-nan,3SG PL eat-DEP PROG-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,6630,They were eating. +71-83,71,Wau kamailio pololei ka mea pau oe kamailio.,Wau\tkamailio\tpololei\tka\tmea\tpau\toe\tkamailio.,1SG\ttalk\tcorrect\tDEF\tthing\tfinish\t2SG\ttalk,I'll tell [him] accurately what you've told me.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau kamailio pololei ka mea pau oe kamailio.",,1SG talk correct DEF thing finish 2SG talk,,own data 1906,,6631, +72-77,72,Dat boingku i bin maindimbatkarra nyanuny kapuku.,Dat\tboi-ngku\ti\tbin\tmaind-im-bat-karra\tnyanuny\tkapuku.,the\tboy-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tmind-TR-CONT-CONT\t3SG.DAT\tsister,The boy was looking after his sister.,,Here the tense marker is found in conjunction with continuative aspect marking.,583,cd2f8e3fb3735d7c9b63a8780639bbb1,narrative,Dat boingku i bin maindimbatkarra nyanuny kapuku.,Dat boi-ngku i bin maind-im-bat-karra nyanuny kapuku.,the boy-ERG 3SG.SBJ PST mind-TR-CONT-CONT 3SG.DAT sister,Here the tense marker is found in conjunction with continuative aspect marking.,,,6632, +73-59,73,kazamu ixurkani,kaza-mu\ti-xu-rka-ni,house-ALL\tgo-PROG-PST-1SG,I was walking home.,,,1038[393],,naturalistic adapted,kazamu ixurkani,kaza-mu i-xu-rka-ni,house-ALL go-PROG-PST-1SG,,,,6633, +73-60,73,aunke duru llubixukpish saligixunimi,aunke\tduru\tllubi-xu-kpi-sh\tsali-gi-xu-ni-mi,though\theavy\train-PROG-SUBORD.DS-IND\tgo.out-INC-PROG-1SG-AFF,Although it is raining heavily I am going to go out.,,,1033[70],,elicited from speaker,aunke duru llubixukpish saligixunimi,aunke duru llubi-xu-kpi-sh sali-gi-xu-ni-mi,though heavy rain-PROG-SUBORD.DS-IND go.out-INC-PROG-1SG-AFF,,,,6634, +74-76,74,álta náyka mámak,álta\tnáyka\tmámak,now\t1SG\teat,I’m eating. I eat NOT: I was eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,álta náyka mámak,,now 1SG eat,,Own knowledge,,6635, +74-77,74,álta náyka mákmak,álta\tnáyka\tmákmak,now\t1SG\teat,I am eating. OR: Now I'm eating.,,The use of any kind of marker to indicate temporal features in Chinuk Wawa is very much the exception rather than the rule.,,,constructed by linguist,álta náyka mákmak,,now 1SG eat,The use of any kind of marker to indicate temporal features in Chinuk Wawa is very much the exception rather than the rule.,Own knowledge,,6636, +74-78,74,ánqati náyka mákmak,ánqati\tnáyka\tmákmak,formerly\t1SG\teat,I used to eat. OR: I ate.,,The use of any kind of marker to indicate temporal or aspectual features in Chinuk Wawa is very much the exception rather than the rule.,,,constructed by linguist,ánqati náyka mákmak,,formerly 1SG eat,The use of any kind of marker to indicate temporal or aspectual features in Chinuk Wawa is very much the exception rather than the rule.,Own knowledge,,6637, +1-125,1,Mie no ben dee aksie na wan stoeloe.,Mi\tno\tben\tde\taksi\tna\twan\tsturu.,1SG\tNEG\tPST\tIPFV\task\tLOC\tINDF.SG\tchair,I didn't ask for a chair.,,The relative past tense marker ben and the imperfective aspect marker de are preceded here by the negation.,1576[62],,written,Mie no ben dee aksie na wan stoeloe.,Mi no ben de aksi na wan sturu.,1SG NEG PST IPFV ask LOC INDF.SG chair,"The relative past tense marker ben and the imperfective aspect marker de are preceded here by the negation.",,,6638,Dutch: Ik vraagde niet na een Stoel. [op.cit.] +1-126,1,Mie ben dee aksie na wan Nefie.,Mi\tben\tde\taksi\tna\twan\tnefi.,1SG\tPST\tIPFV\task\tfor\tINDF.SG\tknife,I asked for a knife.,,This example illustrates TAM-marking in affirmative sentences.,1576[61],,written,Mie ben dee aksie na wan Nefie.,Mi ben de aksi na wan nefi.,1SG PST IPFV ask for INDF.SG knife,This example illustrates TAM-marking in affirmative sentences.,,,6639,Dutch: Ik vraagde na een Mes. [op.cit.] +2-120,2,A musu de taki na den pikin nyan a kuku.,A\tmusu\tde\ttaki\tna\tden\tpikin\tnyan\ta\tkuku.,it\tmust\tbe\tCOMP\tFOC\tthe.PL\tchild\teat\tDET\tcake,It must be the case that it was the children who ate the cake.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"A musu de taki na den pikin nyan a kuku.",,it must be COMP FOC the.PL child eat DET cake,,Winford data,,6640, +3-60,3,á bì ó sá tá woóko.,á\tbì\tó\tsá\ttá\twoóko.,3SG.NEG\tTNS\tMOOD\tcan\tASP\twork,He could not have worked.,,,,,elicited from speaker,á bì ó sá tá woóko.,,3SG.NEG TNS MOOD can ASP work,,Fieldwork data,,6641, +4-85,4,"Tamaa, mi o go a wowoyo.","Tamaa,\tmi\to\tgo\ta\twowoyo.",tomorrow\tI\tFUT\tgo\tLOC\tmarket,Tomorrow I'll go to the market.,,,568[89],,naturalistic spoken,"Tamaa, mi o go a wowoyo.",,tomorrow I FUT go LOC market,,,,6642, +5-80,5,notn na de de,notn\tna\tde\tde,nothing\tNEG\tis\tthere,Nothing is there. OR: There is nothing there.,,,"1281[148, line 385]",,naturalistic spoken,notn na de de,,nothing NEG is there,,,,6643, +5-81,5,mi no bin don gyaaf wid dem,mi\tno\tbin\tdon\tgyaaf\twid\tdem,1SG\tNEG\tPST\tCOMPL\ttalk\twith\tthem,I had not finished talking with them.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mi no bin don gyaaf wid dem",,1SG NEG PST COMPL talk with them,,Own knowledge,,6644, +6-53,6,Shi bongtu eat. vs. Hi eh bongtu eat.,Shi\tbongtu\teat.\tvs.\tHi\teh\tbongtu\teat.,3SG\tMOD\teat\tvs.\t3SG\tNEG\tMOD\teat,She has to eat. vs. He doesn't have to eat.,,,1431[134],,constructed by linguist,Shi bongtu eat. vs. Hi eh bongtu eat.,,3SG MOD eat vs. 3SG NEG MOD eat,,,,6645, +7-131,7,Mitch wodn hafo duhn go.,Mitch\twod-n\tha-fo\tduhn\tgo.,Mitch\twould-NEG\thave-for\tCOMPL\tgo,Mitch wouldn’t have had to have gone.,,TAM markers can accummulate despite the presence of negation.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mitch wodn hafo duhn go.,Mitch wod-n ha-fo duhn go.,Mitch would-NEG have-for COMPL go,TAM markers can accummulate despite the presence of negation.,Own knowledge,,6646, +7-132,7,Mitch woda hafo duhn go.,Mitch\twod-a\tha-fo\tduhn\tgo.,Mitch\twould-have\thave-for\tCOMPL\tgo,Mitch would have had to have gone.,,The particle -a affixed to wod is optional. It is a reflex of English have.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mitch woda hafo duhn go.,Mitch wod-a ha-fo duhn go.,Mitch would-have have-for COMPL go,"The particle -a affixed to wod is optional. It is a reflex of English have.",Own knowledge,,6647, +7-133,7,Shi a iit. Shi na a iit.,Shi\ta\tiit.\tShi\tna\ta\tiit.,3SG\tPROG\teat\t3SG\tNEG\tPROG\teat,She is eating. She isn't eating.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Shi a iit. Shi na a iit.,,3SG PROG eat 3SG NEG PROG eat,,Own knowledge,,6648, +8-77,8,Jan wehn de bil di ous.,Jan\twehn\tde\tbil\tdi\tous.,John\tANT\tPROG\tbuild\tDET\thouse,John was building the house.,,Compare this sentence with its negative counterpart in Example 78.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Jan wehn de bil di ous.,,John ANT PROG build DET house,Compare this sentence with its negative counterpart in Example 78.,Own knowledge,,6649, +8-78,8,Jan nehn de bil di ous.,Jan\tnehn\tde\tbil\tdi\tous.,John\tNEG.ANT\tPROG\tbuild\tDET\thouse,John was not building the house.,,Compare this sentence with its affirmative counterpart in Example 77.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Jan nehn de bil di ous.",,John NEG.ANT PROG build DET house,Compare this sentence with its affirmative counterpart in Example 77.,Own knowledge,,6650, +9-94,9,Wi no weyt fu im tɛl wi.,Wi\tno\tweyt\tfu\tim\ttɛl\twi.,1PL\tNEG\twait\tfor\t3SG\ttell\t1PL,We didn't wait for her to tell us.,,This sentence refers to a punctual past.,432[41],,naturalistic spoken,Wi no weyt fu im tɛl wi.,,1PL NEG wait for 3SG tell 1PL,This sentence refers to a punctual past.,,,6651, +9-95,9,A me pas di ting an neva even siy it.,A\tme\tpas\tdi\tting\tan\tneva\teven\tsiy\tit.,1SG\tANT\tpass\tthe\tthing\tand\tNEG.ANT\teven\tsee\tit,I passed by the thing and didn't even see it. OR: I had passed by that thing and had not even noticed it.,,In both propositions reference is made to an anterior event (relative to a more recent past).,434,,naturalistic spoken,A me pas di ting an neva even siy it.,,1SG ANT pass the thing and NEG.ANT even see it,In both propositions reference is made to an anterior event (relative to a more recent past).,,,6652, +9-96,9,Dat da we dey me de du ripɛ pan we dey neva du gud.,Dat\tda\twe\tdey\tme\tde\tdu\tripɛ\tpan\twe\tdey\tneva\tdu\tgud.,that\tTOP\tREL\t3PL\tANT\tPROG\tdo\trepair\ton\tREL\t3PL\tANT.NEG\tdo\tgood,"That's what they were repairing, which they did not do well. OR: That's what they had been repairing, and they hadn't done it well.",,Both verbs refer to an anterior (relative) past event.,445[535],,naturalistic spoken,Dat da we dey me de du ripɛ pan we dey neva du gud.,,that TOP REL 3PL ANT PROG do repair on REL 3PL ANT.NEG do good,Both verbs refer to an anterior (relative) past event.,,,6653, +10-112,10,Di gyal neva wiek Jack.,Di\tgyal\tneva\twiek\tJack.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tNEG.PST\twake\tJack,The girl did not wake Jack up.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di gyal neva wiek Jack.,,ART.DEF girl NEG.PST wake Jack,,Unpublished field recordings,,6654, +10-113,10,Yu no bring ih ataal?,Yu\tno\tbring\tih\tataal?,2SG\tNEG\tbring\t3SG.N\tat.all,Didn't you bring it at all?,,,113[101],,naturalistic spoken,Yu no bring ih ataal?,,2SG NEG bring 3SG.N at.all,,,,6655, +10-114,10,Da wan tel im se him no de kuom ihn hee.,Da\twan\ttel\tim\tse\thim\tno\tde\tkuom\tihn\thee.,DEM\tone\ttell\t3SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPROG\tcomb\t3SG.POSS\thair,That one told her she wasn't going to comb her hair.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Da wan tel im se him no de kuom ihn hee.,,DEM one tell 3SG.OBJ COMP 3SG.SBJ NEG PROG comb 3SG.POSS hair,,Unpublished field recordings,,6656, +11-144,11,Bot deh si wan a deh fren no mi seh notn [...].,Bot\tdeh\tsi\twan\ta\tdeh\tfren\tno\tmi\tseh\tnotn\t[...].,but\t3PL\tsee\tone\tof\t3PL.POSS\tfriend\tNEG\tPST\tsay\tnothing\t[...],But they saw one of their friends wasn’t saying anything [...].,,,,,naturalistic written,"Bot deh si wan a deh fren no mi seh notn [...].",,but 3PL see one of 3PL.POSS friend NEG PST say nothing [...],,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,6657, +11-145,11,Shi neva did pee di oubia wuman.,Shi\tneva\tdid\tpee\tdi\toubia\twuman.,3SG.F\tNEG.PST\tPST\tpay\tART.DEF\tobeah\twoman,She didn’t pay the obeah woman.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Shi neva did pee di oubia wuman.",,3SG.F NEG.PST PST pay ART.DEF obeah woman,,,,6658, +11-146,11,Deh no lisn tu deh pierens.,Deh\tno\tlisn\ttu\tdeh\tpieren-s.,3PL\tNEG\tlisten\tto\t3PL.POSS\tparent-PL,They don't listen to their parents.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Deh no lisn tu deh pierens.",Deh no lisn tu deh pieren-s.,3PL NEG listen to 3PL.POSS parent-PL,,,,6659, +11-147,11,Katalina did laik drink plenti rom.,Katalina\tdid\tlaik\tdrink\tplenti\trom.,Catalina\tPST\tlike\tdrink\tplenty\trum,Catalina liked drinking lots of rum.,,,,,naturalistic written,Katalina did laik drink plenti rom.,,Catalina PST like drink plenty rum,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,6660, +12-116,12,"I didn't grow up like that [...] I wasn't grow up like that, my parents never grow us up like that, ain't none of us in gang violent.","I\tdidn't\tgrow\tup\tlike\tthat\t[...]\tI\twasn't\tgrow\tup\tlike\tthat,\tmy\tparents\tnever\tgrow\tus\tup\tlike\tthat\t[...].",1SG.SBJ\tNEG.PST\tgrow\tup\tlike\tthat\t[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG.PST\tgrow\tup\tlike\tthat\tmy\tparents\tNEG\tgrow\tus\tup\tlike\tthat\t[...],I didn't grow up like that [...] my parents didn't bring us up like that [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I didn't grow up like that [...] I wasn't grow up like that, my parents never grow us up like that, ain't none of us in gang violent.","I didn't grow up like that [...] I wasn't grow up like that, my parents never grow us up like that [...].",1SG.SBJ NEG.PST grow up like that [...] 1SG.SBJ NEG.PST grow up like that my parents NEG grow us up like that [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6661, +12-117,12,"And - uh - after he die, I say, I ain't allow no man to do to me because my - my daddy ain't been in this world to beat me, so I ain't allow nobody to beat me. And when the teacher used to go - say the - I do wrong things, you know, when I do wrong things - I - uh - the teacher used to come and beat me.",[...]\tmy\tdaddy\tain't\tbeen\tin\tthis\tworld\t[...]\tso\tI\tain't\tallow\tnobody\tto\tbeat\tme\t[...],[...]\tmy\tdaddy\tNEG\tCOP.PST\tin\tthis\tworld\t[...]\tso\tI\tNEG\tallow\tINDF\tto\tbeat\tme\t[...],"[...] my father wasn’t in this world (anymore) to beat me, so I didn’t allow anyone else to beat me (either) [...]",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And - uh - after he die, I say, I ain't allow no man to do to me because my - my daddy ain't been in this world to beat me, so I ain't allow nobody to beat me. And when the teacher used to go - say the - I do wrong things, you know, when I do wrong things - I - uh - the teacher used to come and beat me.","[...] my daddy ain't been in this world [...] so I ain't allow nobody to beat me [...]",[...] my daddy NEG COP.PST in this world [...] so I NEG allow INDF to beat me [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6662, +12-118,12,[Talking about her three children.] I never did want them. I try kill all of them. [...] Now I love them. Yeah.,I\tnever\tdid\twant\tthem.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPST\twant\t3PL.OBJ,I never wanted them.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[Talking about her three children.] I never did want them. I try kill all of them. [...] Now I love them. Yeah.","I never did want them.",1SG.SBJ NEG PST want 3PL.OBJ,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6663, +12-228,12,I never had the chance - there ain't no shark around - that want bite.,[...] there ain't no shark around - that want bite.,[...] there NEG NEG shark[PL] around   REL want bite,[...] there weren't any sharks around that would have wanted to bite.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I never had the chance - there ain't no shark around - that want bite.","[...] there ain't no shark around - that want bite.",[...] there NEG NEG shark[PL] around REL want bite,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6664, +13-94,13,A ain da taak ta oona.,A\tain\tda\ttaak\tta\toona.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG.AUX\tPROG\ttalk\tto\t2PL.OBJ,I am not talking to you. (Mt 16.11),,,357[60],,bible translation,"A ain da taak ta oona.",,1SG.SBJ NEG.AUX PROG talk to 2PL.OBJ,,,,6665, +13-95,13,Oona da taak ta one noda.,Oona\tda\ttaak\tta\tone\tnoda.,2PL.SBJ\tPROG\ttalk\tto\tone\tanother,You are talking to one another. (Mt 16.8),,,357[60],,bible translation,Oona da taak ta one noda.,,2PL.SBJ PROG talk to one another,,,,6666, +13-96,13,E ain been wahn fa see Mary.,E\tain\tbeen\twahn\tfa\tsee\tMary.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG.AUX\tPST/ASP\twant\tfor\tsee\tMary,He didn’t want to see Mary. (Mt 1.19),,,357[3],,bible translation,"E ain been wahn fa see Mary.",,3SG.SBJ NEG.AUX PST/ASP want for see Mary,,,,6667, +13-97,13,Plenty people been wahn fa see dem ting.,Plenty\tpeople\tbeen\twahn\tfa\tsee\tdem\tting.,plenty\tpeople\tPST/ASP\twant\tfor\tsee\tthose\tthing,A lot of people wanted to see those things. (Mt 13.17),,,357[47],,bible translation,Plenty people been wahn fa see dem ting.,,plenty people PST/ASP want for see those thing,,,,6668, +13-98,13,Jedus ain beena bactize people.,Jedus\tain\tbeen-a\tbactize\tpeople.,Jesus\tNEG.AUX\tPST-PROG\tbaptize\tpeople,Jesus was not baptizing people. (Jn 4.2),,-a is presumed to be a reduced form of the aspectual marker da as per Cunningham (1992: 51).,357[324],,bible translation,Jedus ain beena bactize people.,Jedus ain been-a bactize people.,Jesus NEG.AUX PST-PROG baptize people,"-a is presumed to be a reduced form of the aspectual marker da as per Cunningham (1992: 51).",,,6669, +14-64,14,She hadn't done left.,She\thad-n't\tdone\tleft.,She\thave.PST-NEG\tPRF/COMPL\tleave.PST,She had not already left. OR: She had not already left by some subsequent time.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She hadn't done left.,She had-n't done left.,She have.PST-NEG PRF/COMPL leave.PST,,Own knowledge,,6670, +15-72,15,a nɔ bin fɔ du am,a\tnɔ\tbin\tfɔ\tdu\tam,1SG\tNEG\tPST\tMOOD\tdo\tit,I would not have done it. OR: I shouldn't have done it.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a nɔ bin fɔ du am,,1SG NEG PST MOOD do it,,Own knowledge,,6671, +15-73,15,a bin fɔ du am,a\tbin\tfɔ\tdu\tam,1SG\tPST\tMOOD\tdo\tit,I would have done it.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a bin fɔ du am,,1SG PST MOOD do it,,Own knowledge,,6672, +16-68,16,à tɛl àm se à nɛva kam sɔm bifɔ,à\ttɛl\tàm\tse\tà\tnɛva\tkam\tsɔm\tbifɔ,1SG\ttell\t3SG\tCOMP\t1SG\tNEG.COMPL\tcome\tsome\tbefore,I told him that I had not gone to sea before.,,,656[217],,naturalistic spoken,à tɛl àm se à nɛva kam sɔm bifɔ,,1SG tell 3SG COMP 1SG NEG.COMPL come some before,,,,6673, +17-72,17,Dì pìkín we̱ do̱n taya ne̱va slip.,Dì\tpìkín\twe̱\tdo̱n\ttaya\tne̱va\tslip.,ART.DEF\tchild\tREL\tCOMPL\tbe.tired\tNEG.COMPL\tsleep,The child who is / has become tired has not slept.,,,462[35-37],,naturalistic spoken,Dì pìkín we̱ do̱n taya ne̱va slip.,,ART.DEF child REL COMPL be.tired NEG.COMPL sleep,,,,6674, +17-74,17,Dì pìkín we̱ do̱n taya (do̱n) slip.,Dì\tpìkín\twe̱\tdo̱n\ttaya\t(do̱n)\tslip.,ART.DEF\tchild\tREL\tCOMPL\tbe.tired\t(COMPL)\tsleep,The child who is / has become tired (has) slept.,,,,,unknown,Dì pìkín we̱ do̱n taya (do̱n) slip.,,ART.DEF child REL COMPL be.tired (COMPL) sleep,,,,6675, +18-69,18,I dohn tekam.,I\tdon\ttek-am.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttake-3SG.OBL,She/He has just taken it.,,,1488[57],,published source,"I dohn tekam.",I don tek-am.,3SG.SBJ PFV take-3SG.OBL,,,,6676, +18-70,18,I nehva tekam.,I\tneba\ttek-am.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG.PFV\ttake-3SG.OBL,She/He hasn't taken it yet.,,,1488[57],,published source,I nehva tekam.,I neba tek-am.,3SG.SBJ NEG.PFV take-3SG.OBL,,,,6677, +19-91,19,Eduardo dɔn chɔp.,Eduardo\tdɔn\tchɔp.,Eduardo\tPRF\teat,Eduardo has (already) eaten.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Eduardo dɔn chɔp.",,Eduardo PRF eat,,Field data,,6678, +19-92,19,"Pàpá, mi nɛa chɔp mi senwe.","Pàpá,\tmi\tnɛa\tchɔp\tmi\tsenwe.",father\t1SG.EMPH\tNEG.PRF\teat\t1SG.EMPH\tEMPH,"Please, I myself haven't eaten (yet).",,"1) The kinship term /pàpá/ is best translated as 'please' when used as a phatic interjection as in this example. +2) The negative perfect marker has the following free variants: nɛa, nɛva, nɔba.",1634[348],,naturalistic spoken,"Pàpá, mi nɛa chɔp mi senwe.",,father 1SG.EMPH NEG.PRF eat 1SG.EMPH EMPH,"1) The kinship term /pàpá/ is best translated as 'please' when used as a phatic interjection as in this example. +2) The negative perfect marker has the following free variants: nɛa, nɛva, nɔba.",,,6679, +20-60,20,I no talkee so.,I\tno\ttalkee\tso.,1SG\tNEG\ttalk\tso,I did not say so.,,,1489[IV.49],,naturalistic written,"I no talkee so.",,1SG NEG talk so,,,挨糯托記騷,6680, +20-61,20,My one piecee man no can do.,My\tone\tpiecee\tman\tno\tcan\tdo.,1SG\tone\tCLF\tman\tNEG\tcan\tdo,I can't do it myself.,,,1489[VI.67],,naturalistic written,"My one piecee man no can do.",,1SG one CLF man NEG can do,,,米温卑時文哪(口件)都,6681, +20-62,20,Before time my no have come this shop.,Before\ttime\tmy\tno\thave\tcome\tthis\tshop.,before\ttime\t1SG\tNEG\tPFV\tcome\tthis\tshop,I didn't come to this shop before.,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,42[434],,naturalistic written,"Before time my no have come this shop.",,before time 1SG NEG PFV come this shop,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,6682, +20-118,20,Have hear any news come from that Melica si?,Have\thear\tany\tnews\tcome\tfrom\tthat\tMelica\tsi?,PFV\thear\tany\tnews\tcome\tfrom\tDEM\tAmerica\tside,Have you heard any news from America?,,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,269[310],,naturalistic written,Have hear any news come from that Melica si?,,PFV hear any news come from DEM America side,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,,,6683, +20-167,20,"Because you no have give money, pay sampan.","Because\tyou\tno\thave\tgive\tmoney,\tpay\tsampan.",because\t2SG\tNEG\tPFV\tgive\tmoney\tpay\tsampan,Because you did not pay for the sampan,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1310[288],,naturalistic written,"Because you no have give money, pay sampan.",,because 2SG NEG PFV give money pay sampan,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,6684, +21-67,21,Now I am eating mango; Now I am not eating mango.,Now\tI\tam\teating\tmango;\tNow\tI\tam\tnot\teat-ing\tmango.,now\t1SG\tam\teat-DUR\tmango\tnow\t1SG\tam\tNEG\teat-DUR\tmango,I am eating a mango now. I am not eating a mango now.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Now I am eating mango; Now I am not eating mango.,Now I am eating mango; Now I am not eat-ing mango.,now 1SG am eat-DUR mango now 1SG am NEG eat-DUR mango,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,6685, +21-68,21,Lastime I eat mango; Lastime I don't eat mango.,Lastime\tI\teat\tmango;\tLastime\tI\tdon't\teat\tmango.,PST\t1SG\teat\tmango\tPST\t1SG\tdo.NEG\teat\tmango,In the past I ate mango. In the past I didn't eat mango.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Lastime I eat mango; Lastime I don't eat mango.,,PST 1SG eat mango PST 1SG do.NEG eat mango,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,6686, +22-90,22,Maunten i no bin kamap yet.,Maunten\ti\tno\tbin\tkamap\tyet.,mountain\tPM\tNEG\tPST\tarrive\tyet,The mountain had not yet been formed.,,,584[EHP F16],,naturalistic spoken,Maunten i no bin kamap yet.,,mountain PM NEG PST arrive yet,,,,6687, +22-91,22,Ol no sa lukim.,Ol\tno\tsa\tlukim.,3PL\tNEG\tHAB\tlook,They did not see it.,,,584[EHP F16],,naturalistic spoken,Ol no sa lukim.,,3PL NEG HAB look,,,,6688, +23-87,23,yumi bae i no save stopem maot blong yu,yumi\tbae\ti\tno\tsave\tstopem\tmaot\tblong\tyu,1PL.INCL\tIRR\tAGR\tNEG\tABIL\tblock\tmouth\tPOSS\t2SG,We can't close your mouth completely.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,yumi bae i no save stopem maot blong yu,,1PL.INCL IRR AGR NEG ABIL block mouth POSS 2SG,,,,6689, +23-88,23,France 98 bambae i no save ronwei long tradisen blong olgeta previous World Cup rounds.,France\t98\tbambae\ti\tno\tsave\tronwei\tlong\ttradisen\tblong\tolgeta\tprevious\tWorld\tCup\trounds.,France\t98\tIRR\tAGR\tNEG\tcan\trun.away\tin\ttradition\tof\t3PL\tprevious\tWorld\tCup\trounds,The French team in 98 won't be able to run away (in their pool) like they have in previous World Cup rounds.,,,,,naturalistic written,France 98 bambae i no save ronwei long tradisen blong olgeta previous World Cup rounds.,,France 98 IRR AGR NEG can run.away in tradition of 3PL previous World Cup rounds,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 27 June 1998",,6690, +25-236,25,Nekstaim yu nomo wani go stilimbat.,Nekstaim\tyu\tnomo\twani\tgo\tstil-im-bat.,next.time\t2SG\tNEG\tPOT\tgo\tsteal-TR-PROG,Don't go stealing again. OR: Next time you shouldn't be stealing.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates verbal negation and the use of 'go' in a (purposive) serial verb construction.,1332[65],,naturalistic spoken,"Nekstaim yu nomo wani go stilimbat.",Nekstaim yu nomo wani go stil-im-bat.,next.time 2SG NEG POT go steal-TR-PROG,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates verbal negation and the use of 'go' in a (purposive) serial verb construction.,,,6691, +25-237,25,Nomo yumob gada bulurrum mi hanting!,Nomo\tyumob\tgada\tbulurr-um\tmi\thanting!,NEG\t2PL\tFUT/OBLIG\tfollow-TR\t1SG\thunting,Never again will you lot follow me hunting! OR: You won't ever come hunting with me!,,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the position of the negative marker.,631[196],,naturalistic spoken,Nomo yumob gada bulurrum mi hanting!,Nomo yumob gada bulurr-um mi hanting!,NEG 2PL FUT/OBLIG follow-TR 1SG hunting,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the position of the negative marker.,,,6692, +26-60,26,aɪ dono waɪ dɛ nɛva puɾ ɔm in a miɾol,aɪ\tdono\twaɪ\tdɛ\tnɛva\tpuɾ\tɔm\tin\ta\tmiɾol,1SG\tNEG.know\twhy\t3PL\tNEG.PST\tput\t3SG\tin\tDEF\tmiddle,I don't know why they didn't put it in the middle.,,,1545[54],,naturalistic spoken,"aɪ dono waɪ dɛ nɛva puɾ ɔm in a miɾol",,1SG NEG.know why 3PL NEG.PST put 3SG in DEF middle,,,,6693, +26-61,26,ðat no saʊn ɹaɪt tu mi,ðat\tno\tsaʊn\tɹaɪt\ttu\tmi,DEM\tNEG\tsound\tright\tto\t1SG.OBL,That doesn't sound right to me.,,,1545[23],,naturalistic spoken,"ðat no saʊn ɹaɪt tu mi",,DEM NEG sound right to 1SG.OBL,,,,6694, +26-62,26,a no wə˞k a ʤɛs sə˞f,a\tno\twə˞k\ta\tʤɛs\tsə˞f,1SG\tNEG\twork\t1SG\tjust\tsurf,"I don't work, I just surf.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,a no wə˞k a ʤɛs sə˞f,,1SG NEG work 1SG just surf,,Own fieldwork recording,,6695, +26-63,26,a ænt goin in a waɾa,a\tænt\tgo-in\tin\ta\twaɾa,1SG\tbe.NEG\tgo-PROG\tin\tART\twater,I'm not going in the water.,,,1545[165],,naturalistic spoken,a ænt goin in a waɾa,a ænt go-in in a waɾa,1SG be.NEG go-PROG in ART water,,,,6696, +26-64,26,a tiŋ B. no gon bi gud,a\ttiŋ\tB.\tno\tgon\tbi\tgud,1SG\tthink\tB.\tNEG\tFUT\tbe\tgood,I think that B. isn't going to be (any) good. OR: I don't think that B. is going to be (any) good.,,,1545[177],,naturalistic spoken,a tiŋ B. no gon bi gud,,1SG think B. NEG FUT be good,,,,6697, +27-61,27,"Mi na ding, di watu da sa wēs frāi.","Mi\tna\tding,\tdi\twatu\tda\tsa\twēs\tfrāi.",1SG\tNEG\tthink\tDET\twater\tthere\twill\tbe\tgood,I don't think that the water there will be good.,,,355[55],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi na ding, di watu da sa wēs frāi.",,1SG NEG think DET water there will be good,,,,6698, +27-62,27,Tumés sini na sa stop kurí fo twē jā.,Tumés\tsini\tna\tsa\tstop\tkurí\tfo\ttwē\tjā.,maybe\t3PL\tNEG\twill\tstop\trun\tfor\ttwo\tyear,Maybe they will not stop running for two years.,,,355[20],,elicited from speaker,Tumés sini na sa stop kurí fo twē jā.,,maybe 3PL NEG will stop run for two year,,,,6699, +28-91,28,ɛkɛ ni hos eni nimtɛ dida ka,ɛkɛ\tnimi\thoso\teni\tnimi-tɛ\tdida\tka,1SG\tknow\thow\t3PL\tknow-PFV\tthat\tNEG,I don't know how they know that.,,The verb nimi appears with perfective inflection in the embedded clause. This marks the embedded clause as being outside the scope of negation.,743[896],,naturalistic spoken,ɛkɛ ni hos eni nimtɛ dida ka,ɛkɛ nimi hoso eni nimi-tɛ dida ka,1SG know how 3PL know-PFV that NEG,"The verb nimi appears with perfective inflection in the embedded clause. This marks the embedded clause as being outside the scope of negation.",,,6700, +28-92,28,o pantɛk bi o kom ababaga,o\tpama-tɛ\tɛkɛ\tbi\to\tkumu\tababa\tka,3SG\ttell-PFV\t1SG\tsay\t3SG\tcome\tanymore\tNEG,He told me that he isn't coming back anymore.,,"Perfective aspect appears in the matrix clause, marking it as being outside the scope of negation.",737[97],,naturalistic spoken,o pantɛk bi o kom ababaga,o pama-tɛ ɛkɛ bi o kumu ababa ka,3SG tell-PFV 1SG say 3SG come anymore NEG,"Perfective aspect appears in the matrix clause, marking it as being outside the scope of negation.",,,6701, +28-200,28,tit ju nuno gau ka o das frot di mingi ben,titi\tju\tnunu\to\tgau\tka\to\tdas\tfroto\tdi\tmingi\tben,time\t2SG\tpull\t3SG\tquick\tNEG\t3SG\tHAB\trot\tDEF\twater\tinside,"If you don't pull it out quickly, it gets rotten in the water.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,tit ju nuno gau ka o das frot di mingi ben,titi ju nunu o gau ka o das froto di mingi ben,time 2SG pull 3SG quick NEG 3SG HAB rot DEF water inside,,Kouwenberg 1994,,6702, +29-97,29,Hy kon nie aan die werk gewees het nie.,Hy\tkon\tnie\taan\tdie\twerk\tge-wees\thet\tnie.,3SG.M.NOM\tcould\tNEG\ton\tthe\twork\tPTCP-be\tPST\tNEG,He couldn't have been working.,,,,,naturalistic written,Hy kon nie aan die werk gewees het nie.,Hy kon nie aan die werk ge-wees het nie.,3SG.M.NOM could NEG on the work PTCP-be PST NEG,,Own knowledge,,6703, +29-98,29,Hy kon aan die werk gewees het.,Hy\tkon\taan\tdie\twerk\tge-wees\thet.,3SG.M.NOM\tcould\ton\tDEF.ART\twork\tPTCP-be\thave,He could have been working.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy kon aan die werk gewees het.,Hy kon aan die werk ge-wees het.,3SG.M.NOM could on DEF.ART work PTCP-be have,,Own knowledge,,6704, +30-108,30,E sa ta lenbra di nos. E ka sa ta lenbra di nos.,E=sa=ta=lenbra\tdi=nos.\tE=ka=sa=ta=lenbra\tdi=nos.,3SG=PROG=IPFV=remember\tof=1PL\t3SG=NEG=PROG=IPFV=remember\tof=1PL,He remembers us. He doesn’t remember us.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"E sa ta lenbra di nos. E ka sa ta lenbra di nos.",E=sa=ta=lenbra di=nos. E=ka=sa=ta=lenbra di=nos.,3SG=PROG=IPFV=remember of=1PL 3SG=NEG=PROG=IPFV=remember of=1PL,,,,6705, +30-109,30,Bu k'ál sa ta ngana-m! Bu krer k'ál ser finjidu!,Bu=k=ál\tsa=ta=ngana=m!\tBu=krer\tk=ál\tser\tfinji-du!,2SG=NEG=MOD\tPROG=IPFV=deceive=1SG\t2SG.POSS=love\tNEG=MOD\tbe\tfeign-PASS,You shouldn't cheat on me! Your love shouldn't be fake.,,,1543[183],,naturalistic written,"Bu k'ál sa ta ngana-m! Bu krer k'ál ser finjidu!",Bu=k=ál sa=ta=ngana=m! Bu=krer k=ál ser finji-du!,2SG=NEG=MOD PROG=IPFV=deceive=1SG 2SG.POSS=love NEG=MOD be feign-PASS,,,,6706,German: Du solltest mich nicht betrügen! Deine Liebe sollte nicht geheuchelt sein! +30-110,30,"Nhu ta bai sen djánta? – Náu, sen djánta N ka ta bai.",Nhu=ta=bai\tsen=djánta?\t–\tNáu\tsen=djánta\tN=ka=ta=bai.,2SG.POL.M=IPFV=go\twithout=dinner\t–\tno\twithout=dinner\t1SG=NEG=IPFV=go,"Will you leave without having had dinner? – No, I will not leave without dinner.",,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Nhu ta bai sen djánta? – Náu, sen djánta N ka ta bai.",Nhu=ta=bai sen=djánta? – Náu sen=djánta N=ka=ta=bai.,2SG.POL.M=IPFV=go without=dinner – no without=dinner 1SG=NEG=IPFV=go,,,,6707,"German: Werden Sie gehen, ohne zu Abend gegessen zu haben? – Nein, ohne Abendessen werde ich nicht gehen." +31-97,31,Djon ka ta parse. vs. Djon ta parse.,Djon\tka\tta\tparse.\tvs.\tDjon\tta\tparse.,Djon\tNEG\tFUT\tshow.up\tvs.\tDjon\tFUT\tshow.up,Djon will not show up. vs. Djon will show up.,,No changes occur with regard to the form of the marker when modified by Negation.,880,,naturalistic spoken,"Djon ka ta parse. vs. Djon ta parse.",,Djon NEG FUT show.up vs. Djon FUT show.up,No changes occur with regard to the form of the marker when modified by Negation.,,,6708, +31-98,31,Nha ka sta pensa na kel renda di kaza.,Nha\tka\tsta\tpensa\tna\tkel\trenda\tdi\tkaza.,you\tNEG\tPROG\tthink\tof\tthe\trent\tof\thouse,You are not thinking about the house rent.,,,57,,naturalistic spoken,"Nha ka sta pensa na kel renda di kaza.",,you NEG PROG think of the rent of house,,,,6709, +32-75,32,Kes tropa táva te korrê.,Kes\ttropa\ttáva\tte\tkorrê.,DET\ttroop\tPST.IPFV\tPROG\trun,The troops were running.,,Here «te» represents a reduced form of the marker ta.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,Kes tropa táva te korrê.,,DET troop PST.IPFV PROG run,"Here «te» represents a reduced form of the marker ta.",,,6710,Portuguese: As tropas estavam a correr. +32-76,32,Kes tropa ka táva te korrê.,Kes\ttropa\tka\ttáva\tte\tkorrê.,DET\ttroop\tNEG\tPST.IPFV\tPROG\trun,The troops were not running.,,,1456,,constructed by linguist,"Kes tropa ka táva te korrê.",,DET troop NEG PST.IPFV PROG run,,,,6711,Portuguese: As tropas não estavam a correr. +33-105,33,N’ ka na ta bay ba skola si N’ sta ba dwenti.,N’\tka\tna\tta\tbay\tba\tskola\tsi\tN’\tsta\tba\tdwenti.,1SG\tNEG\tPROG\tHAB\tgo\tPST\tschool\tif\t1SG\tbe\tPST\tsick,I would not have gone to school if I had been sick.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’ ka na ta bay ba skola si N’ sta ba dwenti.",,1SG NEG PROG HAB go PST school if 1SG be PST sick,,Own knowledge,,6712,Portuguese: Não teria ido à escola se estivesse doente. +33-106,33,N’ na ta bay ba skola si N’ sta ba dwenti.,N’\tna\tta\tbay\tba\tskola\tsi\tN’\tsta\tba\tdwenti.,1SG\tPROG\tHAB\tgo\tPST\tschool\tif\t1SG\tbe\tPST\tsick,I would have gone to school if I had been sick.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’ na ta bay ba skola si N’ sta ba dwenti.",,1SG PROG HAB go PST school if 1SG be PST sick,,Own knowledge,,6713,Portuguese: Eu teria ido à escola se estivesse doente. +34-72,34,Amañaŋ N na bay Sicor. — Amañaŋ N ka na bay Sicor.,Amañaŋ N na bay Sicor. — Amañaŋ N ka na bay Sicor.,tomorrow 1SG.SBJ FUT go Ziguinchor   tomorrow 1SG.SBJ NEG FUT go Ziguinchor,Tomorrow I will go to Ziguinchor. — Tomorrow I will not go to Ziguinchor.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Amañaŋ N na bay Sicor. — Amañaŋ N ka na bay Sicor.",,tomorrow 1SG.SBJ FUT go Ziguinchor tomorrow 1SG.SBJ NEG FUT go Ziguinchor,,Own knowledge,,6714, +34-73,34,N ta kumé pis tudu diya. — N ka ta kumé pis tudu diya.,N ta kumé pis tudu diya. — N ka ta kumé pis tudu diya.,1SG.SBJ HAB eat fish all day   1SG.SBJ NEG HAB eat fish all day,I eat fish every day. — I do not eat fish every day.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N ta kumé pis tudu diya. — N ka ta kumé pis tudu diya.",,1SG.SBJ HAB eat fish all day 1SG.SBJ NEG HAB eat fish all day,,Own knowledge,,6715, +35-114,35,Zon tava ka kume.,Zon\ttava\tka\tkume.,Zon\tPST\tIPFV\teat,Zon was eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Zon tava ka kume.,,Zon PST IPFV eat,,Own knowledge,,6716, +35-115,35,Zon na tava ka kume fa.,Zon\tna\ttava\tka\tkume\tfa.,Zon\tNEG\tPST\tIPFV\teat\tNEG,Zon wasn't eating.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Zon na tava ka kume fa.,,Zon NEG PST IPFV eat NEG,,Own data,,6717, +36-63,36,Mazi ane na thêka keta ki ôtô fô [...].,Mazi\tane\tna\tthêka\tketa\tki\tôtô\tfô\t[...].,but\t3PL\tNEG\tPROG\tget.angry\twith\tother\tNEG\t[...],But they don't get angry at the others [...].,,,901[131],,naturalistic spoken,"Mazi ane na thêka keta ki ôtô fô [...].",,but 3PL NEG PROG get.angry with other NEG [...],,,,6718, +37-77,37,Amanhan n ka kume ki Zwan.,Amanhan\tn\tka\tkume\tki\tZwan.,tomorrow\t1SG\tFUT\teat\twith\tZwan,Tomorrow I will eat with Zwan.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Amanhan n ka kume ki Zwan.",,tomorrow 1SG FUT eat with Zwan,,Own knowledge,,6719, +37-78,37,Amanhan n sa kume ki Zwan fa.,Amanhan\tn\tsa\tkume\tki\tZwan\tfa.,tomorrow\t1SG\tFUT\teat\twith\tZwan\tNEG,Tomorrow I won't eat with Zwan.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Amanhan n sa kume ki Zwan fa.",,tomorrow 1SG FUT eat with Zwan NEG,,Own knowledge,,6720, +38-89,38,Mindyi zwange na sxa tende-li-f.,Mindyi\tzuguan-nge\tna\tsxa\ttende-eli-f.,but\tsome-person\tNEG\tPROG\tlisten-3SG-NEG,But nobody was listening to him.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mindyi zwange na sxa tende-li-f.,Mindyi zuguan-nge na sxa tende-eli-f.,but some-person NEG PROG listen-3SG-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1990,,6721, +38-90,38,Eli na ske da bo-f.,Eli\tna\tske\tda\tbo-f.,3SG\tNEG\tIRR\tgive\t2SG-NEG,He will not give it to you.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Eli na ske da bo-f.,,3SG NEG IRR give 2SG-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1990,,6722, +38-91,38,"Xosolse na sa petuf, xa banku.",Xosolo-sai\tna\tsa\tpetu-f\txa\tbanku.,dog-DEM\tNEG\tbe\tblack-NEG\tEVID\twhite,"This dog is not black, it is white.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Xosolse na sa petuf, xa banku.",Xosolo-sai na sa petu-f xa banku.,dog-DEM NEG be black-NEG EVID white,,Own fieldwork 1990,,6723, +38-92,38,E sé ku navín bapska.,E\tsé\tku\tnavín\tba-piska.,3SG\tleave\twith\tboat\tgo-fish,He leaves by boat to fish.,,,,,elicited from speaker,E sé ku navín bapska.,E sé ku navín ba-piska.,3SG leave with boat go-fish,,Own fieldwork 1990,,6724, +38-93,38,E na sé ku navín bapska-f.,E\tna\tsé\tku\tnavín\tba-piska-f.,3SG\tNEG\tleave\twith\tboat\tgo-fish-NEG,He does not leave by boat to fish.,,,,,elicited from speaker,E na sé ku navín bapska-f.,E na sé ku navín ba-piska-f.,3SG NEG leave with boat go-fish-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1990,,6725, +39-97,39,Oj nã tros paper napkin.,Oj\tnã\ttros\tpaper\tnapkin.,today\tNEG\tbring.PST\tpaper\tnapkin,Today [we] did not bring paper napkins.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, Past forms of lexical verbs (i.e. inflected forms, which do not co-occur with preverbal Tense-Aspect-Mood markers) express Perfective Aspect by default. Therefore, this sentence blocks a continuous reading such as 'Today we were not bringing paper napkins' even though no constituent is explicitly glossed as a marker of Perfectivity.",218,,naturalistic spoken,Oj nã tros paper napkin.,,today NEG bring.PST paper napkin,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, Past forms of lexical verbs (i.e. inflected forms, which do not co-occur with preverbal Tense-Aspect-Mood markers) express Perfective Aspect by default. Therefore, this sentence blocks a continuous reading such as 'Today we were not bringing paper napkins' even though no constituent is explicitly glossed as a marker of Perfectivity.",,,6726, +39-98,39,Yo nã tiŋ fika med.,Yo\tnã\tt-iŋ\tfik-a\tmed.,1SG\tNEG\tIPFV-PST\tbecome-INF\tfear,I was not scared.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Yo nã tiŋ fika med.,Yo nã t-iŋ fik-a med.,1SG NEG IPFV-PST become-INF fear,,,,6727, +39-99,39,Kristãw nẽ ũ rupi nadə da.,Kristãw\tnẽ\tũ\trupi\tnə-adə\td-a.,Christian\tnot.even\tone\trupee\tNEG-IRR.NPST\tgive-INF,Christians won't even give one rupee.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Kristãw nẽ ũ rupi nadə da.,Kristãw nẽ ũ rupi nə-adə d-a.,Christian not.even one rupee NEG-IRR.NPST give-INF,,,,6728, +39-100,39,"El nə ad pude gia, el a kai vay.","El\tnə\tad\tpud-e\tgi-a,\tel\ta\tka-i\tvay.",3SG\tNEG\tIRR.NPST\tcan-INF\tride-INF\t3SG\tIRR.NPST\tfall-INF\tgo.INF,"He wouldn't be able to ride [it], he would fall down.",,,221[149],,naturalistic spoken,"El nə ad pude gia, el a kai vay.","El nə ad pud-e gi-a, el a ka-i vay.",3SG NEG IRR.NPST can-INF ride-INF 3SG IRR.NPST fall-INF go.INF,,,,6729, +40-65,40,Teru lə kata.,Teru\tlə\tkata.,Teru\tFUT\tsing,Teru will sing.,,,265[175-76],,constructed by linguist,Teru lə kata.,,Teru FUT sing,,,,6730, +40-66,40,Teru nu pa kata.,Teru\tnu\tpa\tkata.,Teru\tNEG\tFUT\tsing,Teru will not sing.,,"1 affirmative: katan [PRS.PROG]; negative: nu tɛ katan +2 affirmative: tə kata [PRS.HAB]; negative: nu tɛ kata (tɛ replaces tə) +3 affirmative: tɛd kata [PRS.PROX.FUT]; negative: nu tɛ kata (tɛd reduces to tɛ) +4 affirmative: katad [PRS.PRF]; negative: nu tɛ katad (tɛ is inserted) +5 affirmative: kata! [IMP]; negative: nu kata! +6 affirmative: kato [PST]; negative: nu kato +7 affirmative: ti kata [PST.HAB]; negative: nu ti kata +8 affirmative: ti katan [PST.PROG]; negative: nu ti katan +9 affirmative: ti katad [PST.PFV]; nu ti katad +10 affirmative: tid kat [PST.PROX.FUT]; negative: nu ti katad (tid reduces to ti) +11 affirmative: lə kat [FUT]; negative: nu pa(d) kata (pad replaces lə, and is often reduced to pa) +12 affirmative: ter kat [COND]; ngative: nu pri kata (pri replaces ter) +13 affirmative: ay/ater kata [COND]; negative: nu ater katad +14 affirmative: maši kata [DEONTIC(i.e. 'should/must')]; negative: maši nu kata + +Regarding 2: it is more likely that tə is the reduced form and that tɛ is the older form. +Regarding 4: it is probable that katad was at one point tɛ katad and that tɛ disappeared as part of a general tendency whereby those preposed markers in Korlai that redundantly marked a function disappeared (cf. Clements 1990).",,,constructed by linguist,Teru nu pa kata.,,Teru NEG FUT sing,"1 affirmative: katan [PRS.PROG]; negative: nu tɛ katan +2 affirmative: tə kata [PRS.HAB]; negative: nu tɛ kata (tɛ replaces tə) +3 affirmative: tɛd kata [PRS.PROX.FUT]; negative: nu tɛ kata (tɛd reduces to tɛ) +4 affirmative: katad [PRS.PRF]; negative: nu tɛ katad (tɛ is inserted) +5 affirmative: kata! [IMP]; negative: nu kata! +6 affirmative: kato [PST]; negative: nu kato +7 affirmative: ti kata [PST.HAB]; negative: nu ti kata +8 affirmative: ti katan [PST.PROG]; negative: nu ti katan +9 affirmative: ti katad [PST.PFV]; nu ti katad +10 affirmative: tid kat [PST.PROX.FUT]; negative: nu ti katad (tid reduces to ti) +11 affirmative: lə kat [FUT]; negative: nu pa(d) kata (pad replaces lə, and is often reduced to pa) +12 affirmative: ter kat [COND]; ngative: nu pri kata (pri replaces ter) +13 affirmative: ay/ater kata [COND]; negative: nu ater katad +14 affirmative: maši kata [DEONTIC(i.e. 'should/must')]; negative: maši nu kata + +Regarding 2: it is more likely that tə is the reduced form and that tɛ is the older form. +Regarding 4: it is probable that katad was at one point tɛ katad and that tɛ disappeared as part of a general tendency whereby those preposed markers in Korlai that redundantly marked a function disappeared (cf. Clements 1990).",Own knowledge,,6731, +41-83,41,pamp dreetu nukufaya?,pamp\tdreetu\tnuku-faya?,pump\tright\tNEG-make,Didn’t he repair the pump?,,,1416[1457],,naturalistic spoken,pamp dreetu nukufaya?,pamp dreetu nuku-faya?,pump right NEG-make,,,,6732, +42-82,42,eli ńgka bai mar,eli\tńgka\tbai\tmar,3SG\tNEG\tgo\tsea,He isn’t/wasn’t going fishing. / He doesn’t go fishing. / He didn’t go fishing (= HAB or PFV readings).,,Negation ngka does not co-occur with aspectual markers.,122[139],,elicited from speaker,"eli ńgka bai mar",,3SG NEG go sea,"Negation ngka does not co-occur with aspectual markers.",,,6733, +42-83,42,eli ńgka les buku agora,eli\tńgka\tles\tbuku\tagora,3SG\tNEG\tread\tbook\tnow,He/she isn't reading a book now (at this moment).,,,,,elicited from speaker,"eli ńgka les buku agora",,3SG NEG read book now,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,6734, +42-84,42,Taté nadi bai mar ozi anoti,Taté\tnadi\tbai\tmar\tozi\tanoti,Taté\tNEG.FUT\tgo\tsea\ttoday\tnight,Taté won't go fishing tonight.,,,122[141],,elicited from speaker,Taté nadi bai mar ozi anoti,,Taté NEG.FUT go sea today night,,,,6735, +43-60,43,Eo lo trusi bos garganti.,Eo\tlo\ttrusi\tbos\tgarganti.,I\tFUT\twring\tPOSS.2SG\tneck,I will wring your neck.,,,906[59],,pedagogical grammar,"Eo lo trusi bos garganti.",,I FUT wring POSS.2SG neck,,,,6736, +43-61,43,Eo nada larga kung ela.,Eo\tnada\tlarga\tkung\tela.,1SG\tFUT.NEG\tleave\tOBJ\t3SG.F,I won’t leave her.,,,906[59],,pedagogical grammar,"Eo nada larga kung ela.",,1SG FUT.NEG leave OBJ 3SG.F,,,,6737, +44-95,44,No mótru di trabahá manyána.,No\tmótru\tdi\ttrabahá\tmanyána.,NEG\t1PL\tCTPL\twork\ttomorrow,We will not work tomorrow.,,,,,elicited from speaker,No mótru di trabahá manyána.,,NEG 1PL CTPL work tomorrow,,Own data,,6738, +44-96,44,Di trabahá yo ala dos di ihápun hanggáng alas séis di tempráno manyána.,Di\ttrabahá\tyo\tala\tdos\tdi\tihápun\thanggáng\talas\tséis\tdi\ttempráno\tmanyána.,CTPL\twork\t1SG\tat\ttwo\tof\tafternoon\ttill\tat\tsix\tof\tearly\ttomorrow,I will work from two in the afternoon till six tomorrow morning.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di trabahá yo ala dos di ihápun hanggáng alas séis di tempráno manyána.,,CTPL work 1SG at two of afternoon till at six of early tomorrow,,Own data,,6739, +45-82,45,No eli ta come.,No\teli\tta\tcome.,NEG\t3SG\tIPFV\teat,He does not eat.,,,,,elicited from speaker,No eli ta come.,,NEG 3SG IPFV eat,,Own data,,6740, +45-83,45,No yo ya mira con ele.,No\tyo\tya\tmira\tcon\tele.,NEG\t1SG\tPFV\tsee\tOBJ\t3SG,I did not see him.,,,,,elicited from speaker,No yo ya mira con ele.,,NEG 1SG PFV see OBJ 3SG,,Own data,,6741, +45-84,45,No niso di trabaja mañana.,No\tniso\tdi\ttrabaja\tmañana.,NEG\t1PL\tCTPL\twork\ttomorrow,We will not work tomorrow.,,,,,elicited from speaker,No niso di trabaja mañana.,,NEG 1PL CTPL work tomorrow,,Own data,,6742, +46-95,46,Nuay 'le ya-komprá este líbro.,Nuay\t'le\tya-komprá\teste\tlíbro.,NEG.exist\ts/he\tPFV-buy\tthis\tbook,He didn't buy this book.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Nuay 'le ya-komprá este líbro.",,NEG.exist s/he PFV-buy this book,,Own knowledge,,6743, +46-96,46,Hendéq 'le ta-komé.,Hendéq\t'le\tta-komé.,NEG\t3SG\tIPFV-eat,S/he is not eating.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hendéq 'le ta-komé.,,NEG 3SG IPFV-eat,,Own knowledge,,6744, +46-97,46,Nuáy si John ya-tyéne motor.,Nuáy\tsi\tJohn\tya-tyéne\tmotor.,NEG.EXIST\tAG\tJohn\tPRF-have\tmotor,John didn't possess a motorbike.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Nuáy si John ya-tyéne motor.,,NEG.EXIST AG John PRF-have motor,,Own knowledge,,6745, +46-98,46,Nuay ustédes ya-perdé.,Nuay\tustédes\tya-perdé.,NEG.EXIST\tyou.PL\tPFV-loose,You didn't loose.,,,242,,naturalistic spoken,Nuay ustédes ya-perdé.,,NEG.EXIST you.PL PFV-loose,,,,6746, +46-99,46,Ya-tyéne si John motor.,Ya-tyéne\tsi\tJohn\tmotor.,PFV-have\tAG\tJohn\tmotorcycle,John had a motorcycle.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ya-tyéne si John motor.,,PFV-have AG John motorcycle,,Own knowledge,,6747, +46-100,46,Ya-komprá yo mángga.,Ya-komprá\tyo\tmángga.,PFV-buy\tI\tmango,I bought mangoes/ a mango.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ya-komprá yo mángga.,,PFV-buy I mango,,Own knowledge,,6748, +47-101,47,Mi no ta korda si mi a skirbi bo adrès bon ariba dje.,Mi\tno\tta\tkorda\tsi\tmi\ta\tskirbi\tbo\tadrès\tbon\tariba\tdje.,1SG\tNEG\tTNS\tremember\tif\t1SG\tPFV\twrite\t2SG\taddress\tgood\ton\t3SG,I don't remember whether I wrote your address correctly on it.,,,755,,naturalistic written,Mi no ta korda si mi a skirbi bo adrès bon ariba dje.,,1SG NEG TNS remember if 1SG PFV write 2SG address good on 3SG,,,,6749, +49-141,49,Iv pa kouri di m sa.,Iv\tpa\tkouri\tdi\tm\tsa.,Yves\tNEG\trun\tsay\t1SG\tthat,Yves didn't hurry to tell me about it.,,,371[40],,naturalistic spoken,Iv pa kouri di m sa.,,Yves NEG run say 1SG that,,,,6750,French: Yves n'a pas couru me le dire. +49-142,49,Iv kouri di m sa.,Iv\tkouri\tdi\tm\tsa.,Yves\trun\tsay\t1SG\tthat,Yves hurried to tell me about it.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Iv kouri di m sa.,,Yves run say 1SG that,,Own knowledge,,6751,French: Yves a couru me le dire. +49-143,49,Iv pa kab di m sa.,Iv\tpa\tkab\tdi\tm\tsa.,Yves\tNEG\tcan\tsay\t1SG\tthat,Yves cannot tell me about it.,,,371[40],,naturalistic spoken,Iv pa kab di m sa.,,Yves NEG can say 1SG that,,,,6752,French: Yves ne peut pas me le dire. +49-144,49,Iv pa te kab di m sa.,Iv\tpa\tte\tkab\tdi\tm\tsa.,Yves\tNEG\tANT\tcan\tsay\t1SG\tthat,Yves could not tell me about it.,,,371[41],,naturalistic spoken,Iv pa te kab di m sa.,,Yves NEG ANT can say 1SG that,,,,6753,French: Yves ne pouvait pas me le dire. +50-90,50,I pa té ka travay.,I\tpa\tté\tka\ttravay.,3SG\tNEG\tPST\tPROG\twork,He/she was not working.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pa té ka travay.,,3SG NEG PST PROG work,,Own fieldwork,,6754, +50-91,50,I pa ka travay.,I\tpa\tka\ttravay.,3SG\tNEG\tPROG\twork,He/she is not working.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pa ka travay.,,3SG NEG PROG work,,Own fieldwork,,6755, +51-84,51,I pa té ka travay.,I\tpa\tté\tka\ttravay.,3SG\tNEG\tPST\tPROG\twork,He was not working.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I pa té ka travay.",,3SG NEG PST PROG work,,Own fieldwork,,6756, +51-85,51,I pa ka travay.,I\tpa\tka\ttravay.,3SG\tNEG\tPROG\twork,He is not working.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I pa ka travay.",,3SG NEG PROG work,,Own fieldwork,,6757, +52-55,52,atò yé (pa) ka manjé,atò\tyé\t(pa)\tka\tmanjé,now\tthey\t(NEG)\tPROG\teat,They are (not) eating now.,,,,,constructed by linguist,atò yé (pa) ka manjé,,now they (NEG) PROG eat,,Own knowledge,,6758, +52-56,52,timoun-yan (pa) ka alé lékol touléjou,timoun-yan\t(pa)\tka\talé\tlékol\ttouléjou,children-ART\t(NEG)\tPROG\tgo\tschool\tevery.day,The children do (not) go to school every day.,,,,,elicited from speaker,timoun-yan (pa) ka alé lékol touléjou,,children-ART (NEG) PROG go school every.day,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,6759, +53-192,53,Mon te pa kòne parle langlè ditou.,Mon\tte\tpa\tkòne\tparle\tlanglè\tditou.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\tknow.how\tspeak\tEnglish\tat.all,I didn't know how to speak English at all.,,,1048[322],,naturalistic spoken,"Mon te pa kòne parle langlè ditou.",,1SG PST NEG know.how speak English at.all,,,,6760, +53-193,53,To di Bouki te p ale jwe.,To\tdi\tBouki\tte\tp\tale\tjwe.,2SG\tsay\tBouki\tPST\tNEG\tFUT\tplay,You said that Bouki wasn't going to play.,,,1048[218],,naturalistic spoken,To di Bouki te p ale jwe.,,2SG say Bouki PST NEG FUT play,,,,6761,French: Tu as dit que Bouki ne jouerait pas. +54-103,54,Moin la fine ariv la kaz.,Mwen\tla.fin\tariv\tla\tkaz.,1SG\tPRF\tarrive\tthe\thouse,I have arrived at home.,,,229[116],,naturalistic spoken,Moin la fine ariv la kaz.,Mwen la.fin ariv la kaz.,1SG PRF arrive the house,,,,6762,French: Je suis arrivé à la maison. +54-111,54,Li la pa rantré.,Li\tla\tpa\trantre.,3SG\tPRF\tNEG\tcome.back,He has not come back home. OR: He is not yet at home.,,,110[76],,naturalistic spoken,"Li la pa rantré.",Li la pa rantre.,3SG PRF NEG come.back,,,,6763,French: Il n'est pas rentré. +54-112,54,"Moin (la pa fine) travay, mi asiz pa.","Mwen\tla\tpa\tfin\ttravay,\tmi\tasiz\tpa.",1SG\tPRF\tNEG\tPRF\twork\t1SG.FIN\tsit\tNEG,"I have not done my work, I will not sit down.",,"The French translation is taken from Staudacher (2004: 87). He explains that la pa fin travay is possible, but not really used by speakers (""possible, mais pas toujours réellement en usage dans la communauté"").",1440[87],,constructed by linguist,"Moin (la pa fine) travay, mi asiz pa.","Mwen la pa fin travay, mi asiz pa.",1SG PRF NEG PRF work 1SG.FIN sit NEG,"The French translation is taken from Staudacher (2004: 87). He explains that la pa fin travay is possible, but not really used by speakers (""possible, mais pas toujours réellement en usage dans la communauté"").",,,6764,"French: Je n'ai pas encore travaillé, je ne me repose pas." +55-83,55,mo pa pu kasyet sa,mo\tpa\tpu\tkasyet\tsa,1SG\tNEG\tFUT\thide\t3SG,I will not hide it.,,"The example given above is the modern equivalent of the 19th century sentence moi n'a pas va cacié ''I will not hide [it from you]' in Chrestien 1831. Today va cannot co-occur with the negator. See General Comments for Feature 50 ""Negation and tense-aspect-mood"" for details.",,,constructed by linguist,mo pa pu kasyet sa,,1SG NEG FUT hide 3SG,"The example given above is the modern equivalent of the 19th century sentence moi n'a pas va cacié ''I will not hide [it from you]' in Chrestien 1831. Today va cannot co-occur with the negator. See General Comments for Feature 50 ""Negation and tense-aspect-mood"" for details.",Own knowledge,,6765, +55-84,55,*mo pa va kasyet,*mo\tpa\tva\tkasyet,I\tNEG\tINDF.FUT\thide,NOT: I may not hide [that].,,"The above example is the modern morpheme by morpheme equivalent of Chrestien's 1831 sentence moi n'a pas va cacié but in 1831 this would have meant 'I will not hide [that]' whereas today va is restricted to a vague, indefinite future which cannot co-occur with the negator.",,,constructed by linguist,*mo pa va kasyet,,I NEG INDF.FUT hide,"The above example is the modern morpheme by morpheme equivalent of Chrestien's 1831 sentence moi n'a pas va cacié but in 1831 this would have meant 'I will not hide [that]' whereas today va is restricted to a vague, indefinite future which cannot co-occur with the negator.",Own knowledge,,6766, +56-103,56,Mon pa ti vwar personn/naryen.,Mon\tpa\tti\tvwar\tpersonn/naryen.,1SG\tNEG\tPST\tsee\tnobody/nothing,I did not see anybody/anything.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Mon pa ti vwar personn/naryen.",,1SG NEG PST see nobody/nothing,,Own knowledge,,6767, +56-104,56,Ou pa pou trouv li ankor zanmen. I pou al dan en lot kan.,Ou pa pou trouv li ankor zanmen. I pou al dan en lot kan.,2SG NEG FUT see 3SG never 3PL FUT go in a other aerie,You will never see them [in the same place]. They will go to another aerie.,,Li [3SG] is interpreted as a plural pronoun in this example.,158[194],,naturalistic spoken,Ou pa pou trouv li ankor zanmen. I pou al dan en lot kan.,,2SG NEG FUT see 3SG never 3PL FUT go in a other aerie,"Li [3SG] is interpreted as a plural pronoun in this example.",,,6768,French: Vous ne les reverrez jamais [au même endroit]. Ils iront dans une autre aire. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 195) +56-105,56,I pa a gannyen.,I\tpa\ta\tgannyen.,3SG\tNEG\tFUT\tget,He won't get (it).,,,,,constructed by native speaker,I pa a gannyen.,,3SG NEG FUT get,,Own knowledge,,6769, +58-65,58,Yandi ke dia.,Yandi\tke\tdia.,3SG\tCOP\teat,He/She is eating.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi ke dia.",,3SG COP eat,,Own knowledge,,6770, +58-66,58,Yandi ke dia ve.,Yandi\tke\tdia\tve.,3SG\tCOP\teat\tNEG,He/She is not eating.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi ke dia ve.",,3SG COP eat NEG,,Own knowledge,,6771, +59-156,59,lo ke faa mo na mbi ape?!,lo\tke\tfaa\tmo\tna\tmbi\tape?!,3SG\tCOP\tkill\t2SG\tPREP\t1SG\tNEG,Won't he kill you and me?!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lo ke faa mo na mbi ape?!,,3SG COP kill 2SG PREP 1SG NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,6772, +59-157,59,ni teka nyama ape,ni\tte-ka\tnyama\tape,1SG.LOG\teat-HAB\tmeat\tNEG,(She said that) she made it a practice not to eat meat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ni teka nyama ape,ni te-ka nyama ape,1SG.LOG eat-HAB meat NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,6773, +59-158,59,"[...] lango ake fatige mo, lo ga ti faa mo na ni o","[...]\tlango\ta-yeke\tfatige\tmo,\tlo\tga\tti\tfaa\tmo\tna\tni\to",[...]\tsleep\tPM-COP\tovercome\t2SG\t3SG\tcome\tto\tkill\t2SG\tand\t1SG.LOG\tPCL,"[she said], and sleep will overcome you and he'll kill you and me, I'm sorry to say.",,Fatige is borrowed from French fatiguer.,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] lango ake fatige mo, lo ga ti faa mo na ni o","[...] lango a-yeke fatige mo, lo ga ti faa mo na ni o",[...] sleep PM-COP overcome 2SG 3SG come to kill 2SG and 1SG.LOG PCL,"Fatige is borrowed from French fatiguer.",Samarin corpus 1994,,6774, +59-159,59,"kogara, mo e te nyama ti nyen’?","kogara,\tmo\tyeke\tte\tnyama\tti\tnyen’?",in.law\t2SG\tCOP\teat\tmeat\tof\twhat,"Mother-in-law, what kind of meat do you habitually eat?",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"kogara, mo e te nyama ti nyen’?","kogara, mo yeke te nyama ti nyen’?",in.law 2SG COP eat meat of what,,Samarin corpus 1994,,6775, +60-70,60,napésákí / napésákí té,na-pés-ákí / na-pés-ákí té,1SG-give-PST   1SG-give-PST NEG,I gave. / I did not give.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,napésákí / napésákí té,na-pés-ákí / na-pés-ákí té,1SG-give-PST 1SG-give-PST NEG,,,,6776, +60-71,60,nakopésa / nakopésa té,na-ko-pés-a / na-ko-pés-a té,1SG-FUT-give-FV   1SG-FUT-give-FV NEG,I will give. / I will not give.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",1273,,naturalistic spoken,nakopésa / nakopésa té,na-ko-pés-a / na-ko-pés-a té,1SG-FUT-give-FV 1SG-FUT-give-FV NEG,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,6777, +61-49,61,Yena zo hamba.,Yena\tzo\thamba.,he\tFUT\tgo,He will go.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Yena zo hamba.,Yena zo hamba.,he FUT go,,Own knowledge,,6778, +61-50,61,Yena zo ai hamba.,Yena\tzo\tai\thamba.,he\tFUT\tNEG\tgo,He will not go. OR: He won't go.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Yena zo ai hamba.,Yena zo ai hamba.,he FUT NEG go,,Own knowledge,,6779, +63-97,63,ómun má gi-kélem,ómun\tmá\tgi-kélem,3PL\tNEG\tTAM-speak,They don’t speak.,,,857[377],,naturalistic spoken,ómun má gi-kélem,,3PL NEG TAM-speak,,,,6780, +63-98,63,mára tá-i gi-kélem núbi,mára\ttá-i\tgi-kélem\tnúbi,wife\tGEN-my\tTAM-speak\tKinubi,My wife speaks Kinubi.,,,857[285],,naturalistic spoken,mára tá-i gi-kélem núbi,,wife GEN-my TAM-speak Kinubi,,,,6781, +64-107,64,bolís ma biásalo,bolís\tma\tbi=ásalo,police\tNEG\tIRR=ask,The police doesn’t ask.,,,1491[435],,naturalistic spoken,"bolís ma biásalo","bolís ma bi=ásalo",police NEG IRR=ask,,,,6782, +64-108,64,úo bíga ma gekélim kalám,úo\tbíga\tma\tge=kélim\tkalám,3SG\tbecome\tNEG\tPROG=speak\tword,He didn’t say a word any longer (but before he did).,,,874[172],,naturalistic spoken,"úo bíga ma gekélim kalám","úo bíga ma ge=kélim kalám",3SG become NEG PROG=speak word,,,,6783, +65-76,65,Balʃoj liudi bəliskə xodi netu.,Balʃoj\tliudi\tbəliskə\txodi\tnetu.,big\tperson\tclose\tgo\tNEG,The biggest wild pig has not come near enough.,,Liudi here refers to wild pigs.,60[30],,citation in fiction,Balʃoj liudi bəliskə xodi netu.,,big person close go NEG,"Liudi here refers to wild pigs.",,Большой люди близко ходи нету.,6784, +65-77,65,"Tagəda siwoni, sontsa kanchaj, nasha Iman najdi est’.","Tagəda\tsiwoni,\tsontsa\tkanchaj,\tnasha\tIman\tnajdi\test’.",then\ttoday\tsun\tfinish\t1PL\tIman\tfind\tPFV,Then today at sunset we will have reached the Iman-river.,,,60[286],,citation in fiction,"Tagəda siwoni, sontsa kanchaj, nasha Iman najdi est’.",,then today sun finish 1PL Iman find PFV,,,"Тогда сегодня, солнце кончай, наша Иман найди есть.",6785, +66-54,66,Apana pintuyang tərətutup?,Apa-na\tpintu-yang\ttərə-tutup?,what-DAT\tdoor-ACC.DEF\tNEG.FIN-close,Why (=for what) didn’t she close the door?,,,,,own knowledge,Apana pintuyang tərətutup?,Apa-na pintu-yang tərə-tutup?,what-DAT door-ACC.DEF NEG.FIN-close,,Own knowledge,,6786, +66-55,66,Go attule takelaatan.,Go\tattu=le\tta-kelaatan.,1SG\tone=QUANT\tNEG.FIN-see,I didn’t see anything.,,"This example is in the Kirinda dialect. The feature value applies cross-dialectally, although the specific forms differ.",,,elicited from speaker,"Go attule takelaatan.",Go attu=le ta-kelaatan.,1SG one=QUANT NEG.FIN-see,"This example is in the Kirinda dialect. The feature value applies cross-dialectally, although the specific forms differ.","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,6787, +67-111,67,"Lu mao cakap ini eih apa dia punya pasal pekala, tak mao galo la.","Lu\tmao\tcakap\tini\teih\tapa\tdia\tpunya\tpasal\tpekala,\ttak\tmao\tgalo\tla.",2SG\twant\tspeak\tDEM\tINTERJ/FILL\twhat\t3SG\tPOSS\tmatter\tmatter\tNEG\twant\tquarrel\tEMPH,"[If] you want to talk about his matter, you will not quarrel.",,,708[349],,naturalistic spoken,"Lu mao cakap ini eih apa dia punya pasal pekala, tak mao galo la.",,2SG want speak DEM INTERJ/FILL what 3SG POSS matter matter NEG want quarrel EMPH,,,,6788, +67-112,67,Dia tak ada kerja sekrang.,Dia\ttak\tada\tkerja\tsekrang.,3SG\tNEG\tPROG\twork\tnow,He is not working now.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Dia tak ada kerja sekrang.,,3SG NEG PROG work now,,Own knowledge,,6789, +68-60,68,De ada makang.,De\tada\tmakang.,3SG\tPROG\teat,He is eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,De ada makang.,,3SG PROG eat,,Own knowledge,,6790, +68-61,68,De seng makang.,De\tseng\tmakang.,3SG\tNEG\teat,He doesn't eat OR: He isn't eating.,,,,,constructed by linguist,De seng makang.,,3SG NEG eat,,Own knowledge,,6791, +69-41,69,yəm mən murəmbi tanan kakan,yəm\tmən\tmurə-mbi\tta-nan\tkakan,water\t3SG\trun.away-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT\tNEG,The water hadn't drained away yet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yəm mən murəmbi tanan kakan,yəm mən murə-mbi ta-nan kakan,water 3SG run.away-DEP PROG-NONFUT NEG,,Own field notes 1985,,6792, +72-78,72,I neba bin paraj nyila wartiya kanyjurrak najing.,I\tneba\tbin\tparaj\tnyila\twartiya\tkanyjurra-k\tnajing.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPST\tfind\tthat\ttree\tdown-ALL\tnothing,He didn't find the tree on the ground at all.,,The negative particle precedes the TAM marker. All TAM markers are the same in positive declarative sentences.,8,67d42e8969313ffa25f0074f28909ecf,narrative,I neba bin paraj nyila wartiya kanyjurrak najing.,I neba bin paraj nyila wartiya kanyjurra-k najing.,3SG.SBJ NEG PST find that tree down-ALL nothing,The negative particle precedes the TAM marker. All TAM markers are the same in positive declarative sentences.,,,6793, +72-79,72,Nyilanginyima dei bin al paraj nyarruluny ojij.,Nyila-nginyi-ma\tdei\tbin\tal\tparaj\tnyarruluny\tojij.,that-ABL-TOP\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tall\tfind\t3PL.DAT\thorse,Then they all found their horse.,,The past tense marker is the same as the one used in conjunction with the negative auxiliary neba.,583,b10ff573c2191ef52c6f8dcaa61ad88f,naturalistic spoken,Nyilanginyima dei bin al paraj nyarruluny ojij.,Nyila-nginyi-ma dei bin al paraj nyarruluny ojij.,that-ABL-TOP 3PL.SBJ PST all find 3PL.DAT horse,"The past tense marker is the same as the one used in conjunction with the negative auxiliary neba.",,,6794, +73-61,73,no xugaychu,no\txuga-y-chu,NEG\tplay-IMP-NEG,Don't play!,,,1033[71],,elicited from speaker,no xugaychu,no xuga-y-chu,NEG play-IMP-NEG,,,,6795, +73-62,73,boskunaga no xwirti tomashkangichu,bos-kuna-ga\tno\txwirti\ttoma-shka-ngichi,2SG-PL-TOP\tNEG\tstrong\tdrink-EVID-2PL,You did not drink very much.,,,1033[71],,elicited from speaker,boskunaga no xwirti tomashkangichu,bos-kuna-ga no xwirti toma-shka-ngichi,2SG-PL-TOP NEG strong drink-EVID-2PL,,,,6796, +74-79,74,wik ánqati náyka kámtaks,wik\tánqati\tnáyka\tkámtaks,NEG\tformerly\t1SG\tknow,I didn’t know. OR: I hadn’t known.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"wik ánqati náyka kámtaks",,NEG formerly 1SG know,,Own knowledge,,6797, +75-128,75,Namoya lii bitaen eekwa kiimiyeewak.,Namoya\tlii\tbitaen\teekwa\tkii-miy-eew-ak.,NEG\tART.PL\tclothing\talso\tPST-give-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-PL,They did not give her clothes.,,The positive equivalent would be: Ii bitaen eekwa kiimiyeewak.,522,,naturalistic spoken,Namoya lii bitaen eekwa kiimiyeewak.,Namoya lii bitaen eekwa kii-miy-eew-ak.,NEG ART.PL clothing also PST-give-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-PL,"The positive equivalent would be: Ii bitaen eekwa kiimiyeewak.",,,6798, +75-129,75,Namo kakiiituhtew wiya.,Namo\tkakii-ituhte-w\twiya.,NEG\table-go-3\t3SG,She was not able to go.,,"The positive equivalent would probably be: Kakii-ituhtew wiya, with a more emphatic pronoun.",522,,naturalistic spoken,Namo kakiiituhtew wiya.,Namo kakii-ituhte-w wiya.,NEG able-go-3 3SG,"The positive equivalent would probably be: Kakii-ituhtew wiya, with a more emphatic pronoun.",,,6799, +1-127,1,Mi lobbi va jam fissi nanga pepre pattu.,Mi\tlobi\tfu\tnyan\tfisi\tnanga\tpeprepatu.,1SG\tlove\tto\teat\tfish\twith\tpeprepatu,I like to eat fish with peprepatu (soup with cassave and peppers).,,,1357[134],,written (dictionary),Mi lobbi va jam fissi nanga pepre pattu.,Mi lobi fu nyan fisi nanga peprepatu.,1SG love to eat fish with peprepatu,,,,6800, +1-128,1,Joe wakke hessi te moesi.,Yu\twaka\thesi\ttumusi.,2SG\twalk\tquick\ttoo.much,You are walking too fast.,,This is an example of no past reference. The sentence is taken from a dialogue between two people on a stroll.,1527[44],,written,Joe wakke hessi te moesi.,Yu waka hesi tumusi.,2SG walk quick too.much,This is an example of no past reference. The sentence is taken from a dialogue between two people on a stroll.,,,6801,Dutch: Uwe loopt hard. [op.cit.] +1-130,1,Zenzi a de na pranasi a habi morre likki drie ten tien homan kaba zo menni nuw winti na tappe.,Sensi\ta\tde\tna\tpranasi\ta\thabi\tmoro\tleki\tdritentin\tuma\tkaba\tsomeni\tnyun\twentje\tna\ttapu.,since\t3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tLOC\tplantation\t3SG.SBJ\thave\tmore\tlike\tthirty\twoman\talready\tmany\tnew\tgirl\tLOC\ttop,"Since he has been on the plantation, he has had more than thirty woman and many girls.",,This is an example of an unmarked stative with past time reference.,1527[65],,written,Zenzi a de na pranasi a habi morre likki drie ten tien homan kaba zo menni nuw winti na tappe.,Sensi a de na pranasi a habi moro leki dritentin uma kaba someni nyun wentje na tapu.,since 3SG.SBJ COP LOC plantation 3SG.SBJ have more like thirty woman already many new girl LOC top,This is an example of an unmarked stative with past time reference.,,,6802,"Dutch: Zoo lang hy op de Plantagie geweest is, heeft hy al meer als Dertig Vrouwen gehad, buiten de Jonge meiden. [op.cit.]" +2-121,2,A pikin wani go sribi.,A\tpikin\twani\tgo\tsribi.,the\tchild\twant\tgo\tsleep,The child wants to go and sleep.,,,1605[395],,elicited from speaker,A pikin wani go sribi.,,the child want go sleep,,,,6803, +2-122,2,A kamra kowru bikaa me opo a fensre.,A\tkamra\tkowru\tbikaa\tme\topo\ta\tfensre.,the\troom\tcold\tbecause\tI\topen\tthe\twindow,The room is cold because I opened the window.,,,1605[395],,elicited from speaker,"A kamra kowru bikaa me opo a fensre.",,the room cold because I open the window,,,,6804, +3-61,3,Dí mujée hánse.,Dí\tmujée\thánse.,DEF.SG\twoman\tbeautiful,The woman is beautiful.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dí mujée hánse.,,DEF.SG woman beautiful,,Fieldwork data,,6805, +3-62,3,Mi wáka.,Mi\twáka.,1SG\twalk,I walked.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi wáka.,,1SG walk,,Fieldwork data,,6806, +4-86,4,A boy lobi a meise.,A\tboy\tlobi\ta\tmeise.,DET.SG\tboy\tlove\tDET.SG\tgirl,The boy loves the girl.,,,1596[81],,elicited from speaker,A boy lobi a meise.,,DET.SG boy love DET.SG girl,,,,6807, +4-87,4,A wata(a) ya koo.,A\twata(a)\tya\tkoo.,DET.SG\twater\there\tcold,This water is cold.,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,A wata(a) ya koo.,,DET.SG water here cold,,Own knowledge,,6808, +4-88,4,A seeka en kamba.,A\tseeka\ten\tkamba.,she\tclean\ther\troom,She cleaned her room.,,,1596[82],,elicited from speaker,A seeka en kamba.,,she clean her room,,,,6809, +5-82,5,mi na no wai dem a du dis ting,mi\tna\tno\twai\tdem\ta\tdu\tdis\tting,1SG\tNEG\tknow\twhy\t3PL\tPROG\tdo\tthis\tthing,I don't know why they are doing this.,,,143[29],,naturalistic spoken,mi na no wai dem a du dis ting,,1SG NEG know why 3PL PROG do this thing,,,,6810, +5-83,5,ii miit wit wan leedi a mek ail,ii\tmiit\twit\twan\tleedi\ta\tmek\tail,3SG\tmeet\twith\tINDF.ART\tlady\tPROG\tmake\toil,He met a lady who was making oil.,,,1281[130(line 226)],,naturalistic spoken,ii miit wit wan leedi a mek ail,,3SG meet with INDF.ART lady PROG make oil,,,,6811, +7-134,7,Hi ha tu shiip.,Hi\tha\ttu\tshiip.,3SG\thave\ttwo\tsheep,He has two sheep. OR: He had two sheep.,,An unmarked stative may yield present or past interpretation.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi ha tu shiip.,,3SG have two sheep,An unmarked stative may yield present or past interpretation.,Own knowledge,,6812, +7-135,7,Hi bin ha tu shiip.,Hi\tbin\tha\ttu\tshiip.,3SG\tPST\thave\ttwo\tsheep,He had two sheep.,,The stative requires past marker to get unambiguous past reading.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi bin ha tu shiip.,,3SG PST have two sheep,The stative requires past marker to get unambiguous past reading.,Own knowledge,,6813, +7-136,7,I posh evriting duhng.,I\tposh\tevri-ting\tduhng.,3SG\tpush\tevery-thing\tdown,He pushed everything down.,,The verb is understood as referring to the past in unmarked dynamic contexts.,1244[243],,naturalistic spoken,I posh evriting duhng.,I posh evri-ting duhng.,3SG push every-thing down,The verb is understood as referring to the past in unmarked dynamic contexts.,,,6814, +8-79,8,Jan sik an im daata nuo.,Jan\tsik\tan\tim\tdaata\tnuo.,John\tsick\tand\t3SG\tdaughter\tknow,John is sick and his daughter knows.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Jan sik an im daata nuo.,,John sick and 3SG daughter know,,Own knowledge,,6815, +8-80,8,Mieri kuk di fuud.,Mieri\tkuk\tdi\tfuud.,Mary\tcook\tDET\tfood,Mary cooked the food.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mieri kuk di fuud.,,Mary cook DET food,,Own knowledge,,6816, +9-98,9,I hapn dat i hia bawt wan ledi.,I\thapn\tdat\ti\thia\tbawt\twan\tledi.,it\thappen\tthat\the\thear\tabout\ta\tlady,It so happened that he heard about a lady.,,Statives and non-statives can be unmarked for past.,445[531],,naturalistic spoken,I hapn dat i hia bawt wan ledi.,,it happen that he hear about a lady,Statives and non-statives can be unmarked for past.,,,6817, +9-99,9,Wok di yoŋ wuman dey no wan du it.,Wok\tdi\tyoŋ\twuman\tdey\tno\twan\tdu\tit.,work\tthe\tyoung\twomen\t3PL\tNEG\twant\tdo\tit,The young women don't want to work.,,,438,,elicited from speaker,Wok di yoŋ wuman dey no wan du it.,,work the young women 3PL NEG want do it,,,,6818, +9-100,9,A fayn di bɛs rowp.,A\tfayn\tdi\tbɛs\trowp.,1SG\tfind\tthe\tbest\trope,I found the best rope.,,,432[34],,naturalistic spoken,A fayn di bɛs rowp.,,1SG find the best rope,,,,6819, +9-101,9,Yu now wat a taak.,Yu\tnow\twat\ta\ttaak.,you\tknow\twhat\tI\ttalk,You know what I'm saying.,,,441[114],,naturalistic spoken,Yu now wat a taak.,,you know what I talk,,,,6820, +9-102,9,wan nɛks wan we a rimemba,wan\tnɛks\twan\twe\ta\trimemba,a\tnext\tone\tREL\tI\tremember,another that I remember,,,439[240],,naturalistic spoken,wan nɛks wan we a rimemba,,a next one REL I remember,,,,6821, +9-103,9,Owaz kom now dat dem mos go ʃo taym fu go sho.,Owaz\tkom\tnow\tdat\tdem\tmos\tgo\tʃo\ttaym\tfu\tgo\tsho.,hours\tcome\tnow\tthat\t3PL\tmust\tgo\tshore\ttime\tfor\tgo\tshore,"Hours go by so that they must go ashore, it's time to go ashore.",,,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,Owaz kom now dat dem mos go ʃo taym fu go sho.,,hours come now that 3PL must go shore time for go shore,,,,6822, +10-115,10,So di King disaid fi marid him tu di daata.,So\tdi\tKing\tdisaid\tfi\tmarid\thim\ttu\tdi\tdaata.,so\tART.DEF\tKing\tdecide\tCOMP\tmarry\t3SG\tto\tART.DEF\tdaughter,So the King decided to marry him to his daughter.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"So di King disaid fi marid him tu di daata.",,so ART.DEF King decide COMP marry 3SG to ART.DEF daughter,,Unpublished field recordings,,6823, +10-116,10,Ai liv bai Linbal.,Ai\tliv\tbai\tLinbal.,1SG\tlive\tnear\tLinval,I live close to Linval.,,,113[80],,naturalistic spoken,"Ai liv bai Linbal.",,1SG live near Linval,,,,6824, +10-117,10,A fiks ih op tumara.,A\tfiks\tih\top\ttumara.,1SG\tfix\t3SG.N\tup\ttomorrow,I will fix it up tomorrow.,,,113[80],,naturalistic spoken,A fiks ih op tumara.,,1SG fix 3SG.N up tomorrow,,,,6825, +11-148,11,Wen dei chek di ship ih woz a ship lood av pomkin.,Wen\tdei\tchek\tdi\tship\tih\twoz\ta\tship\tlood\tav\tpomkin.,when\t3PL\tcheck\tART.DEF\tship\t3SG\tCOP.PST\tART.INDF\tship\tload\tof\tpumpkin,"When they checked the ship, it was/carried a ship load of pumpkins.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wen dei chek di ship ih woz a ship lood av pomkin.",,when 3PL check ART.DEF ship 3SG COP.PST ART.INDF ship load of pumpkin,,,,6826, +11-149,11,Shi ded wen shi did hav 35 yierz.,Shi\tded\twen\tshi\tdid\thav\t35\tyier-z.,3SG.F\tdie\twhen\t3SG.F\tPST\thave\t35\tyear-PL,She died when she was 35 years old.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Shi ded wen shi did hav 35 yierz.",Shi ded wen shi did hav 35 yier-z.,3SG.F die when 3SG.F PST have 35 year-PL,,,,6827, +11-150,11,Den ai ritorn bak huom.,Den\tai\tritorn\tbak\thuom.,then\t1SG\treturn\tback\thome,Then I returned home.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Den ai ritorn bak huom.,,then 1SG return back home,,,,6828, +11-151,11,Ai laik suga.,Ai\tlaik\tsuga.,1SG\tlike\tsugar,I like sugar.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai laik suga.,,1SG like sugar,,,,6829, +11-152,11,Hi went out.,Hi\twent\tout.,3SG.M\tgo.PST\tout,He went out.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Hi went out.,,3SG.M go.PST out,,,,6830, +11-153,11,Ai du aal kainda work.,Ai\tdu\taal\tkaind-a\twork.,1SG\tdo\tall\tkind-of\twork,I do all kinds of work.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai du aal kainda work.,Ai du aal kaind-a work.,1SG do all kind-of work,,,,6831, +11-154,11,Wan taim wa rat mi fain wa big piis a kiek.,Wan\ttaim\twa\trat\tmi\tfain\twa\tbig\tpiis\ta\tkiek.,one\ttime\tART.INDF\trat\tPST\tfind\tART.INDF\tbig\tpiece\tof\tcake,Once a rat found a big piece of cake.,,"This is the beginning of the story, a genre where a dynamic verb would be expected to have past meaning without the necessity of introducing a PST marker. Note that these stories were written down by teachers in oder to compile written Creole materials.",,,naturalistic written,Wan taim wa rat mi fain wa big piis a kiek.,,one time ART.INDF rat PST find ART.INDF big piece of cake,"This is the beginning of the story, a genre where a dynamic verb would be expected to have past meaning without the necessity of introducing a PST marker. Note that these stories were written down by teachers in oder to compile written Creole materials.",Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,6832, +11-155,11,Shi tink se iz shi.,Shi\ttink\tse\tiz\tshi.,3SG.F\tthink\tCOMP\tCOP.PRS\t3SG.F,She thought it was her.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Shi tink se iz shi.",,3SG.F think COMP COP.PRS 3SG.F,,,,6833, +12-119,12,"I - I been in a - a - in - in a - in a - plane crash before. [No way!] Yeah, that's fifteen years ago when my daddy die. I was in Miami, and I had to leave - out of Miami about - 7:30 that night. And catch a private plane out for Crooked Island, Sunday morning for the funeral. And when we got - when we got in Crooked Island, before we - just before we land, the pilot said - tell us to be prepare, 'cause the gear stuck, the landing gear stuck. But, you see, Crooked Island is a place like this, where the e- where - where the runway is - both side is sandy ground, and the plane - when it hit - when it hit the runway, it run off the - the runway. And she hit and she run until she bog in the sand - just about - just about the top of the plane was in the sand. But other places wouldn'ta had that opportunity, 'cause 'e ain't much places in the Bahamas where the runway is sandy. And that what save us.",[...]\twhen\tmy\tdaddy\tdie\t[...]\tjust\tbefore\twe\tland\t[...]\tit\trun\toff\t[...]\tthe\trunway\t[...]\tAnd\tthat\twhat\tsave\tus.,[...]\twhen\tmy\tdaddy\tdie[PFV]\t[...]\tjust\tbefore\twe\tland[PFV]\t[...]\tit\trun[PFV]\toff\t[...]\tthe\trunway\t[...]\tand\tthat\twhat\tsave[PFV]\tus,"[...] fifteen years ago, when my daddy died [...] just before we landed [...] it ran off the runway [...] and that's what saved us.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I - I been in a - a - in - in a - in a - plane crash before. [No way!] Yeah, that's fifteen years ago when my daddy die. I was in Miami, and I had to leave - out of Miami about - 7:30 that night. And catch a private plane out for Crooked Island, Sunday morning for the funeral. And when we got - when we got in Crooked Island, before we - just before we land, the pilot said - tell us to be prepare, 'cause the gear stuck, the landing gear stuck. But, you see, Crooked Island is a place like this, where the e- where - where the runway is - both side is sandy ground, and the plane - when it hit - when it hit the runway, it run off the - the runway. And she hit and she run until she bog in the sand - just about - just about the top of the plane was in the sand. But other places wouldn'ta had that opportunity, 'cause 'e ain't much places in the Bahamas where the runway is sandy. And that what save us.","[...] when my daddy die [...] just before we land [...] it run off [...] the runway [...] And that what save us.",[...] when my daddy die[PFV] [...] just before we land[PFV] [...] it run[PFV] off [...] the runway [...] and that what save[PFV] us,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6834, +12-120,12,Jesus love me.,Jesus\tlove\tme.,Jesus\tlove[STAT.PRS]\t1SG.OBJ,Jesus loves me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jesus love me.",,Jesus love[STAT.PRS] 1SG.OBJ,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6835, +12-121,12,"And then afterwards - uh - the policeman had to put handcuff on his hand and on his two feet, 'cause he want try fight them.",[...]\t'cause\the\twant\ttry\tfight\tthem.,[...]\tbecause\t3SG.SBJ\twant[STAT.PST]\ttry\tfight\t3PL.OBJ,[...] because he wanted to try to fight them.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And then afterwards - uh - the policeman had to put handcuff on his hand and on his two feet, 'cause he want try fight them.","[...] 'cause he want try fight them.",[...] because 3SG.SBJ want[STAT.PST] try fight 3PL.OBJ,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6836, +12-122,12,"The bird white - chickcharney, yeah. And, you know, they get face - sometime you look after 'im, he face look like owl. Sometime - you look again - he face look like dog. Sometime when you look again - he face look like cat. Yeah! They ain't no ordinary bird. You know, they's bird what - uh - uh - I believe it in myself - they does - they be work witch or something like that.",[...]\tthey\tget\tface\t[...]\the\tface\tlook\t[...],[...]\tthey\tget[STAT.GENER]\tface\t[...]\t3SG.POSS\tface\tlook[STAT.GENER]\t[...],"[The bird is white - the chickcharney (mythical creature), yeah. And, you know,] they have a face - [sometimes] [...], its face looks [like that of an owl. Sometimes, when you look again, its face looks like that of a dog].",,These are unmarked generic verb situations.,,,naturalistic spoken,"The bird white - chickcharney, yeah. And, you know, they get face - sometime you look after 'im, he face look like owl. Sometime - you look again - he face look like dog. Sometime when you look again - he face look like cat. Yeah! They ain't no ordinary bird. You know, they's bird what - uh - uh - I believe it in myself - they does - they be work witch or something like that.","[...] they get face [...] he face look [...]",[...] they get[STAT.GENER] face [...] 3SG.POSS face look[STAT.GENER] [...],These are unmarked generic verb situations.,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6837, +13-99,13,Ya know John wa Bactize.,Ya\tknow\tJohn\twa\tBactize.,you\tknow\tJohn\twho\tbaptizes,You know John the Baptist. (see Mt 14.8),,,357[53],,bible translation,"Ya know John wa Bactize.",,you know John who baptizes,,,,6838, +13-100,13,Den e git eenta de boat an go ta de Magadan sho.,Den\te\tgit\teenta\tde\tboat\tan\tgo\tta\tde\tMagadan\tsho.,then\t3SG\tget\tinto\tthe\tboat\tand\tgo\tto\tthe\tMagadan\tshore,Then he got into the boat and went to the coast of Magdala. OR: [A]nd [he] took ship and came into the coasts of Magdala. (Mt 15.39),,,357[59],,bible translation,"Den e git eenta de boat an go ta de Magadan sho.",,then 3SG get into the boat and go to the Magadan shore,,,,6839, +14-65,14,He know Swahili.,He\tknow\tSwahili.,he\tknow\tSwahili,He knows Swahili.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He know Swahili.,,he know Swahili,,Own knowledge,,6840, +15-74,15,wi gɛt fo pikin,wi\tgɛt\tfo\tpikin,1PL\thave\tfour\tchild,We have four children.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,wi gɛt fo pikin,,1PL have four child,,Own knowledge,,6841, +15-75,15,wi win di gem,wi\twin\tdi\tgem,1PL\twin\tART\tgame,We won the game/match.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,wi win di gem,,1PL win ART game,,Own knowledge,,6842, +16-69,16,dɛ dairɛkta laik mà mata,dɛ\tdairɛkta\tlaik\tmà\tmata,ART\tdirector\tlike\t1SG.POSS\tmatter,The director likes me.,,,656[229],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ dairɛkta laik mà mata,,ART director like 1SG.POSS matter,,,,6843, +17-75,17,À kari nyam.,À\tkari\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tcarry\tyam,"I carried [+past, +completive] yams.",,,462[188-189],,naturalistic spoken,À kari nyam.,,1SG.SBJ carry yam,,,,6844, +17-76,17,À layk nyam.,À\tlayk\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tyam,"I like [-past, -completive] yams.",,,462[188-189],,naturalistic spoken,À layk nyam.,,1SG.SBJ like yam,,,,6845, +17-77,17,À layk nyam bìfó̱.,À\tlayk\tnyam\tbìfó̱.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tyam\tbefore,"I liked [+past, +completive] yams previously.",,,462[188-189],,naturalistic spoken,À layk nyam bìfó̱.,,1SG.SBJ like yam before,,,,6846, +18-71,18,A 'sabi.,A\tsabi.,1SG.SBJ\tknow,I know.,,,352[127],,published source,A 'sabi.,A sabi.,1SG.SBJ know,,,,6847, +18-72,18,A 'layk ma 'wok.,A\tlaik\tma\twok.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\t1SG.POSS\twork,I like my work.,,,352[127],,published source,A 'layk ma 'wok.,A laik ma wok.,1SG.SBJ like 1SG.POSS work,,,,6848, +18-73,18,A tshop.,A\ttchop.,1SG.SBJ\teat,I ate.,,,352[127],,published source,A tshop.,A tchop.,1SG.SBJ eat,,,,6849, +19-93,19,Dɛ̀n chak dì wàchman.,Dɛ̀n\tchak\tdì\twàch-man.,3PL\tget.drunk\tDEF\twatch.CPD-man,They got the guard drunk.,,"The labile verb /chak/ 'be/get drunk' occurs as an unmarked dynamic verb in a transitive clause. The aspect interpretation is perfective, hence past tense by default. +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",1634[407],,naturalistic spoken,"Dɛ̀n chak dì wàchman.","Dɛ̀n chak dì wàch-man.",3PL get.drunk DEF watch.CPD-man,"The labile verb /chak/ 'be/get drunk' occurs as an unmarked dynamic verb in a transitive clause. The aspect interpretation is perfective, hence past tense by default. +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",,,6850, +19-94,19,Dì wàchman chak.,Dì\twàch-man\tchak.,DEF\twatch.CPD-man\tbe.drunk,The guard is drunk.,,"The labile verb chak 'be/get drunk' occurs as an unmarked stative verb in an intransitive clause. The aspect interpretation is imperfective, hence present tense by default.",1634[407],,naturalistic spoken,"Dì wàchman chak.","Dì wàch-man chak.",DEF watch.CPD-man be.drunk,"The labile verb chak 'be/get drunk' occurs as an unmarked stative verb in an intransitive clause. The aspect interpretation is imperfective, hence present tense by default.",,,6851, +20-57,20,My hap go court one time.,My\thap\tgo\tcourt\tone\ttime.,1SG\tPFV\tgo\tcourt\tone\ttime,I have been to court once.,,,1489[IV.32],,naturalistic written,My hap go court one time.,,1SG PFV go court one time,,,米合高葛温店,6852, +20-63,20,My hap sick.,My\thap\tsick.,1SG\tCOP\tsick,I am sick.,,,1489[IV.40],,naturalistic written,My hap sick.,,1SG COP sick,,,米合昔,6853, +21-69,21,I have three children.,I\thave\tthree\tchildren.,1SG\thave\tthree\tchild.PL,I have three children.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I have three children.,,1SG have three child.PL,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,6854, +22-93,22,Em i save long Tok Pisin.,Em\ti\tsave\tlong\tTok\tPisin.,3SG\tPM\tknow\tPREP\tTok\tPisin,He knows Tok Pisin.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em i save long Tok Pisin.,,3SG PM know PREP Tok Pisin,,Own knowledge,,6855, +23-89,23,be hem i karem bigfala spes tumas,be\them\ti\tkarem\tbigfala\tspes\ttumas,but\t3SG\tAGR\ttake\tbig\tspace\tvery,But he's taken too much space.,,This could also be interpreted as present 'He takes up [...]'.,942,,naturalistic spoken,be hem i karem bigfala spes tumas,,but 3SG AGR take big space very,This could also be interpreted as present 'He takes up [...]'.,,,6856, +23-90,23,wok blong yu i gud blong wokbaot,wok\tblong\tyu\ti\tgud\tblong\twokbaot,work\tPOSS\t2SG\tAGR\tgood\tPURP\twalk.about,Your work is good for exploring.,,This could also be interpreted as past 'Your work was good [...].',942,,naturalistic spoken,wok blong yu i gud blong wokbaot,,work POSS 2SG AGR good PURP walk.about,This could also be interpreted as past 'Your work was good [...].',,,6857, +23-91,23,"i se i go longwe, Janette i soem nao","i\tse\ti\tgo\tlongwe,\tJanette\ti\tsoem\tnao",AGR\tsay\tAGR\tgo\tthere\tJanette\tAGR\tshow\tnow,She said she went up there and Janette showed her some.,,"Note null subjects, null direct and indirect object.",942,,naturalistic spoken,"i se i go longwe, Janette i soem nao",,AGR say AGR go there Janette AGR show now,"Note null subjects, null direct and indirect object.",,,6858, +23-142,23,"evri man oli save yu, yu yu save mi, mi mi save yu","evri\tman\toli\tsave\tyu,\tyu\tyu\tsave\tmi,\tmi\tmi\tsave\tyu",every\tman\tAGR\tknow\t2SG\t2SG\t2SG\tknow\t1SG\t1SG\t1SG\tknow\t2SG,"Everyone knows you, you know me and I know you.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"evri man oli save yu, yu yu save mi, mi mi save yu",,every man AGR know 2SG 2SG 2SG know 1SG 1SG 1SG know 2SG,,,,6859, +25-3,25,Fish yu bin getim.,Fish\tyu\tbin\tget-im.,fish\t2SG\tPST\tget-TR,Fish you got.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates OSV as a marked word order for object focus.",,,naturalistic spoken,Fish yu bin getim.,Fish yu bin get-im.,fish 2SG PST get-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates OSV as a marked word order for object focus.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,6860, +25-242,25,Thei katim hiya igen.,Thei\tkat-im\thiya\tigen.,3PL\tcut-TR\there\ttoo,They cut them here too (trees to make didgeridoos from).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Thei katim hiya igen.,Thei kat-im hiya igen.,3PL cut-TR here too,,Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,6861, +25-334,25,Im sabi thet taka.,Im\tsabi\tthet\ttaka.,3SG\tknow\tDEM\ttucker,She knows that (plant) food.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the verb of knowing sabi followed by a nominal complement.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Im sabi thet taka.",,3SG know DEM tucker,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the verb of knowing sabi followed by a nominal complement.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,6862, +27-123,27,Am mangkḗ fo gi am twaləfhondərt patakón [...].,Am\tmangkḗ\tfo\tgi\tam\ttwaləf-hondərt\tpatakón\t[...].,3SG\twant\tfor\tgive\t3SG\ttwelve-hundred\tpatacons\t[...],He wants to give him twelve hundred patacons [...].,,,355[61],,naturalistic spoken,Am mangkḗ fo gi am twaləfhondərt patakón [...].,Am mangkḗ fo gi am twaləf-hondərt patakón [...].,3SG want for give 3SG twelve-hundred patacons [...],,,,6863, +28-93,28,di mama suku M. fi ʃima fan di wari ka,di\tmama\tsuku\tM.\tfi\tʃima\tfan\tdi\twari\tka,the\tmother\twant\tM.\tfor\tmove\tfrom\tthe\thouse\tNEG,His mother doesn't want M. to move out.,,This illustrates present reference of a bare stative verb.,737[324],,naturalistic spoken,"di mama suku M. fi ʃima fan di wari ka",di mama suku M. fi ʃima fan di wari ka,the mother want M. for move from the house NEG,This illustrates present reference of a bare stative verb.,,,6864, +28-94,28,en dro kokonotan bako an dɛn [...],eni\tdroko\tkokonoto\tan\tbaku\to\tan\tdɛn\t[...].,3PL\tdry\tcoconut\tand\tbeat\t3SG\tand\tthen\t[...],"They dry coconuts, beat it (i.e. the coconut fibre), and then [...].",,This illustrates generic interpretation of a bare nonstative verb.,737[325],,naturalistic spoken,"en dro kokonotan bako an dɛn [...]",eni droko kokonoto an baku o an dɛn [...].,3PL dry coconut and beat 3SG and then [...],This illustrates generic interpretation of a bare nonstative verb.,,,6865, +28-95,28,ju kik hori habwo sa bam ka,ju\tkiki\thoso\tori\thabu\to\tsa\tbam\tka,2SG\tsee\thow\t3SG\thave\t3SG\tso\tnice\tNEG,You see how he doesn't keep it very nice.,,,737[354],,naturalistic spoken,ju kik hori habwo sa bam ka,ju kiki hoso ori habu o sa bam ka,2SG see how 3SG have 3SG so nice NEG,,,,6866, +29-99,29,Ek besit 'n huis. — Ek bak koekies.,Ek besit 'n huis. — Ek bak koek-ie-s.,1SG own a house   I bake cake-DIM-PL,I own a house. — I bake cookies.,,"Both of the above can be used in the context of lively narratives where they can receive ""historic present"" interpretations (cf.Donaldson 1993: 228–230).",,,naturalistic spoken,Ek besit 'n huis. — Ek bak koekies.,Ek besit 'n huis. — Ek bak koek-ie-s.,1SG own a house I bake cake-DIM-PL,"Both of the above can be used in the context of lively narratives where they can receive ""historic present"" interpretations (cf.Donaldson 1993: 228–230).",Own knowledge,,6867, +29-100,29,Ek het 'n huis besit. — Ek het koekies gebak.,Ek het 'n huis besit. — Ek het koek-ie-s ge-bak.,1SG.NOM PST INDF.ART house owned   1SG.NOM PST cake-DIM-PL PTCP-bake,I (have) owned a house. — I (have) baked cookies.,,"Both preterite and past interpretatons are available, regardless of the dynamic/stative nature of the verb.",,,naturalistic spoken,Ek het 'n huis besit. — Ek het koekies gebak.,Ek het 'n huis besit. — Ek het koek-ie-s ge-bak.,1SG.NOM PST INDF.ART house owned 1SG.NOM PST cake-DIM-PL PTCP-bake,"Both preterite and past interpretatons are available, regardless of the dynamic/stative nature of the verb.",Own knowledge,,6868, +30-111,30,"Un bes, un ómi di lonji bá kása di un mudjer, si konxedu di ténpu bedju.","Un=bes,\tun=ómi\tdi=lonji\tbá\tkása\tdi=un=mudjer,\tsi=konxedu\tdi=ténpu\tbedju.",ART.INDF=time\tART.INDF=man\tfrom=far.away\tgo\thouse\tof=ART.INDF=woman\t3SG.POSS=acquaintance\tof=time\told,A man from far-away once went to the house of a woman that he knew from the past.,,,1407[55],,naturalistic spoken,"Un bes, un ómi di lonji bá kása di un mudjer, si konxedu di ténpu bedju.","Un=bes, un=ómi di=lonji bá kása di=un=mudjer, si=konxedu di=ténpu bedju.",ART.INDF=time ART.INDF=man from=far.away go house of=ART.INDF=woman 3SG.POSS=acquaintance of=time old,,,,6869,"German: Ein Mann von weit her ging einmal zum Haus einer Frau, die er von früher her kannte." +30-112,30,Kel ómi la ten dinheru!,Kel=ómi\tla\tten\tdinheru!,DEM.SG=man\tthere\thave\tmoney,That man has a lot of money!,,,784[s.v. ten],,naturalistic spoken,"Kel ómi la ten dinheru!",Kel=ómi la ten dinheru!,DEM.SG=man there have money,,,,6870,German: Jener Mann hat (viel) Geld! +31-99,31,Mi’N sta li mi so ku kel dos.,Mi’N\tsta\tli\tmi\tso\tku\tkel\tdos.,I\tam\there\tme\tonly\twith\tthese\ttwo,I am here alone with only these two.,,"If I used the typical example 'I believe in God', I would have to modify 'believe' with the aspect marker ta: N ta kredita na Deus. Instead, I picked the prototypical stative verb sta, as a case where the verb is unmarked.",887,,naturalistic spoken,Mi’N sta li mi so ku kel dos.,,I am here me only with these two,"If I used the typical example 'I believe in God', I would have to modify 'believe' with the aspect marker ta: N ta kredita na Deus. Instead, I picked the prototypical stative verb sta, as a case where the verb is unmarked.",,,6871, +31-100,31,N ben kaza. vs. N bai nha kaza.,N\tben\tkaza.\tvs.\tN\tbai\tnha\tkaza.,I\tcome\thome\tvs.\tI\tgo\tmy\thouse,I came home. vs. I went home.,,Prototypical bare non-stative verbs are interpreted as past tense.,670,,naturalistic spoken,N ben kaza. vs. N bai nha kaza.,,I come home vs. I go my house,Prototypical bare non-stative verbs are interpreted as past tense.,,,6872, +32-77,32,El toká y el kantá.,El\ttoká\ty\tel\tkantá.,3SG\tplay\tand\t3SG\tsing,He played and sang.,,Unmarked dynamic verbs have past (perfective) reference.,1456,,naturalistic written,"El toká y el kantá.",,3SG play and 3SG sing,Unmarked dynamic verbs have past (perfective) reference.,,,6873,Portuguese: Ele tocou e cantou. +32-78,32,N krê sink sebóla.,N\tkrê\tsink\tsebóla.,1SG\twant\tfive\tonion,I want five onions.,,Unmarked stative verb has present reference.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"N krê sink sebóla.",,1SG want five onion,Unmarked stative verb has present reference.,,,6874,Portuguese: Quero cinco cebolas. +33-108,33,N obi kriol di Kabo Verdi.,N\tobi\tkriol\tdi\tKabo\tVerdi.,1SG\thear/understand\tCreole\tof\tCape\tVerde,I understand Capeverdian Creole.,,Stative verbs unmarked for tense are usually interpreted as referring to the present.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N obi kriol di Kabo Verdi.,,1SG hear/understand Creole of Cape Verde,Stative verbs unmarked for tense are usually interpreted as referring to the present.,Own knowledge,,6875,Portuguese: Compreendo o crioulo caboverdiano. +34-74,34,N teŋ tres fiju.,N\tø\tteŋ\ttres\tfiju.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\thave\tthree\tchild,I have three children.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N teŋ tres fiju.,"N ø teŋ tres fiju.",1SG.SBJ PFV have three child,,Own knowledge,,6876, +34-75,34,I ŋgaña.,I\tø\tŋgaña.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\twin,I won.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I ŋgaña.,"I ø ŋgaña.",1SG.SBJ PFV win,,Own knowledge,,6877, +35-116,35,Ê kume pixi.,Ê\tkume\tpixi.,3SG\teat\tfish,He ate fish.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ê kume pixi.,,3SG eat fish,,Own data,,6878, +35-117,35,Ise sa kwa ku non sêbê.,Ise\tsa\tkwa\tku\tnon\tsêbê.,this\tCOP\tthing\tREL\t1PL\tknow,This is something we know.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ise sa kwa ku non sêbê.,,this COP thing REL 1PL know,,Own data,,6879, +36-64,36,Têtêuga tua taba pega.,Têtêuga\ttua\ttaba\tpega.,Turtle\ttake\tplank\tnail,Turtle took the planks and nailed them.,,,901[70],,naturalistic spoken,"Têtêuga tua taba pega.",,Turtle take plank nail,,,,6880,French: Tortue prit les planches et les cloua. +36-65,36,Kwa ê mêthê?,Kwa\tê\tmêthê?,thing\the\twant,What does he want?,,,901[71],,naturalistic spoken,"Kwa ê mêthê?",,thing he want,,,,6881,French: Qu'est-ce qu'il veut? +37-79,37,Txi sêbê kwisê.,Txi\tØ\tsêbê\tkwisê.,2SG\tPRS\tknow\tthis,You know this.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Txi sêbê kwisê.","Txi Ø sêbê kwisê.",2SG PRS know this,,Own knowledge,,6882, +37-80,37,Txi kume kwisê.,Txi\tØ\tkume\tkwisê.,2SG\tPFV\teat\tthis,You ate this.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Txi kume kwisê.","Txi Ø kume kwisê.",2SG PFV eat this,,Own knowledge,,6883, +38-95,38,I fa no na bi té zuanxaf.,Eli\tfa\tno\tna\tbi\tté\tzuanxa-f.,3SG\tspeak\t1PL\tNEG\tANT\thave\tsomething-NEG,He told us he had nothing. OR: He/she told us he/she had not had anything.,,The first translation is identical to the sentence I asked my informants to translate. The second translation is the real meaning of the Fa d'Ambô sentence.,,,elicited from speaker,I fa no na bi té zuanxaf.,Eli fa no na bi té zuanxa-f.,3SG speak 1PL NEG ANT have something-NEG,The first translation is identical to the sentence I asked my informants to translate. The second translation is the real meaning of the Fa d'Ambô sentence.,Own fieldwork 1990,,6884, +38-96,38,I fa no na té zuanxaf.,Eli\tfa\tno\tna\tté\tzuanxa-f.,3SG\tspeak\t1PL\tNEG\thave\tsomething-NEG,He/she told us he had nothing. OR: He/she told/tells us he had/has nothing.,,The first translation is identical to the sentence I asked my informants to translate. The second translation is the real meaning of the Fa d'Ambô sentence.,,,elicited from speaker,I fa no na té zuanxaf.,Eli fa no na té zuanxa-f.,3SG speak 1PL NEG have something-NEG,The first translation is identical to the sentence I asked my informants to translate. The second translation is the real meaning of the Fa d'Ambô sentence.,Own fieldwork 1990,,6885, +39-167,39,"Yo nã kɛ fala mem, nã pɔd fala.","Yo\tnã\tkɛ\tfal-a\tmem,\tnã\tpɔd\tfal-a.",1SG\tNEG\twant.NPST\tspeak-INF\tEMPH\tNEG\tcan.NPST\tspeak-INF,"I really don't want to speak, [I] cannot speak.",,,221[209],,naturalistic spoken,"Yo nã kɛ fala mem, nã pɔd fala.","Yo nã kɛ fal-a mem, nã pɔd fal-a.",1SG NEG want.NPST speak-INF EMPH NEG can.NPST speak-INF,,,,6886, +40-67,40,Engineer parmi punto ki wɔ ki sab? Yo halo ki yo sab electric welding ani gas welding.,Engineer\tparmi\tpunto\tki\twɔ\tki\tsab?\tYo\thalo\tki\tyo\tsab\telectric\twelding\tani\tgas\twelding.,engineer\tme\task.PST\tCOMP\tyou.FAM\twhat\tknow\tI\tsay.PST\tCOMP\tI\tknow\telectric\twelding\tand\tgas\twelding,"The engineer asked me ""What do you know?"" I said, ""I know how to do electric welding and gas welding.""",,This is taken from a narrative told by Jerome Francis Rosario.,,,naturalistic spoken,Engineer parmi punto ki wɔ ki sab? Yo halo ki yo sab electric welding ani gas welding.,,engineer me ask.PST COMP you.FAM what know I say.PST COMP I know electric welding and gas welding,This is taken from a narrative told by Jerome Francis Rosario.,Unpublished story,,6887, +40-68,40,Ku Mari kere ki su rhapa kadz ʋi.,Ku\tMari\tkere\tki\tsu\trhapa\tkadz\tʋi.,OBJ\tMari\twant\tCOMP\ther\tboy\thouse\tcome,Mari wants her boy to come home.,,"Kere is a 'dative subject' verb: Its experiencer is coded as the object. Also, OBJ marker ku can also be realized as ki. It is not clear which factors affect the variation of ku and ki.",,,elicited from speaker,Ku Mari kere ki su rhapa kadz ʋi.,,OBJ Mari want COMP her boy house come,"Kere is a 'dative subject' verb: Its experiencer is coded as the object. Also, OBJ marker ku can also be realized as ki. It is not clear which factors affect the variation of ku and ki.",Own fieldwork materials,,6888, +41-89,41,innaa aka fiiyusu fiiyu uŋa isti vees SSC cooduna yatiraa: doos paaɖam,innaa\taka\tfiiyu-su\tfiiyu\tuŋa\tisti\tvees\tSSC\tcooduna\tjaa-tiraa:\tdoos\tpaaɖam,here.is\tthat\tson-GEN\tson\tone\tthis\ttime\tSSC\texam\tPST-take\ttwo\tpass,"Here, one of that son's sons, this time he took the SSC examination: two passes.",,This example illustrates the past of a dynamic verb tiraa 'take'.,1416[5180],,naturalistic spoken,innaa aka fiiyusu fiiyu uŋa isti vees SSC cooduna yatiraa: doos paaɖam,"innaa aka fiiyu-su fiiyu uŋa isti vees SSC cooduna jaa-tiraa: doos paaɖam",here.is that son-GEN son one this time SSC exam PST-take two pass,"This example illustrates the past of a dynamic verb tiraa 'take'.",,,6889, +41-154,41,vaarzim see kii falaatu saba siɲoorpa?,vaarzim\tsee\tkii\tfalaa-tu\tsaba\tsiɲoor-pa?,vaarzim\tCOND\twhat\tQUOT-PFV\tknow\tmister-DAT,"Do you know what ""vaarzim"" means?",,Vaarzim means 'cultivation'.,1416[3073],,naturalistic spoken,vaarzim see kii falaatu saba siɲoorpa?,vaarzim see kii falaa-tu saba siɲoor-pa?,vaarzim COND what QUOT-PFV know mister-DAT,"Vaarzim means 'cultivation'.",,,6890, +41-181,41,maaket dɛɛntru macaa andaa see amiis poy ceraa,maaket\tdɛɛntru\tmacaa\tandaa\tsee\tamiis\tpooy\tceraa,market\tinside\twalk\tgo\tCOND\tfishy.smell\tHABIL\tsmell,"As you walk through the market, you can smell a fishy smell.",,,1416[3993],,elicited from speaker,maaket dɛɛntru macaa andaa see amiis poy ceraa,maaket dɛɛntru macaa andaa see amiis pooy ceraa,market inside walk go COND fishy.smell HABIL smell,,,,6891, +42-85,42,yo sa pai fai sibrisu na munisipal,yo\tsa\tpai\tfai\tsibrisu\tna\tmunisipal,1SG\tGEN\tfather\tdo\twork\tLOC\tmunicipal,My father works / used to work in the Municipal (Government).,,,122[134],,naturalistic spoken,yo sa pai fai sibrisu na munisipal,,1SG GEN father do work LOC municipal,,,,6892, +42-86,42,"ja kaba gera, eli bai tona kontiná aké sibrisu lá","ja\tkaba\tgera,\teli\tbai\ttona\tkontiná\také\tsibrisu\tlá",PFV\tfinish\twar\t3SG\tgo\tagain\tcontinue\tthat\twork\tEMPH,"After the war, he went back, continued with that job.",,,122[134],,naturalistic spoken,"ja kaba gera, eli bai tona kontiná aké sibrisu lá",,PFV finish war 3SG go again continue that work EMPH,,,,6893, +42-87,42,éli sabé bos ta beng,éli\tsabé\tbos\tta\tbeng,3SG\tknow\t2SG\tPROG\tcome,He knows/knew you are/were coming.,,,122[135],,elicited from speaker,"éli sabé bos ta beng",,3SG know 2SG PROG come,,,,6894, +42-88,42,yo sa pai fai sibrisu na municipal,yo\tsa\tpai\tfai\tsibrisu\tna\tmunicipal,1SG\tGEN\tfather\tdo\twork\tLOC\tmunicipal,My father works / used to work in the Municipal service.,,Unmarked dynamic verbs have a present habitual or past habitual reading.,122[134],,elicited from speaker,yo sa pai fai sibrisu na municipal,,1SG GEN father do work LOC municipal,Unmarked dynamic verbs have a present habitual or past habitual reading.,,,6895, +42-89,42,eli sabé bos ta beng,eli\tsabé\tbos\tta\tbeng,3SG\tknow\t2SG\tPROG\tcome,He/she knows/knew that you are/were coming.,,Unmarked stative verbs have a present imperfective or past imperfective reading.,,,elicited from speaker,eli sabé bos ta beng,,3SG know 2SG PROG come,Unmarked stative verbs have a present imperfective or past imperfective reading.,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,6896, +43-62,43,Ile teng ung kabalu.,Ile\tteng\tung\tkabalu.,he\thave\ta\thorse,He had a horse.,,,906[66],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile teng ung kabalu.",,he have a horse,,,,6897, +43-63,43,Ile buska ung moler. [...] Ile kadja.,Ile\tbuska\tung\tmoler.\t[...]\tIle\tkadja.,3SG\tlook.for\ta\twife\t[...]\t3SG\tget.married,He looked for a wife. [...] He got married.,,,906[128],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile buska ung moler. [...] Ile kadja.",,3SG look.for a wife [...] 3SG get.married,,,,6898, +44-97,44,Tyéni yo úna íha.,Tyéni\tyo\túna\tíha.,have\t1SG\tone\tdaughter,I have one daughter.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tyéni yo úna íha.,,have 1SG one daughter,,Own data,,6899, +46-101,46,Konése hénte pwéde éle komé.,Kon-ése\thénte\tpwéde\téle\tkomé.,with.OBJ-that\tpeople/person\tcan\ts/he\teat,He can eat with these people. OR: He can eat with that person.,,,531[170],,naturalistic written,Konése hénte pwéde éle komé.,"Kon-ése hénte pwéde éle komé.",with.OBJ-that people/person can s/he eat,,,,6900, +47-91,47,Nos (ta) falta sinkuenta sèn.,Nos\t(ta)\tfalta\tsinkuenta\tsèn.,1PL\t(TNS)\tlack\tfifty\tcent,We are fifty cents short.,,"This example shows ta premodifying a stative verb. Falta is among a small number of stative verbs which admit the optional use of ta. Were ta a progressive marker, we would expect it to induce an inchoative reading. It clearly fails to do so. (The translation is mine.)",1024[323],,published source,Nos (ta) falta sinkuenta sèn.,,1PL (TNS) lack fifty cent,"This example shows ta premodifying a stative verb. Falta is among a small number of stative verbs which admit the optional use of ta. Were ta a progressive marker, we would expect it to induce an inchoative reading. It clearly fails to do so. (The translation is mine.)",,,6901, +47-103,47,Awor mi tin un lista basta largo.,Awor\tmi\ttin\tun\tlista\tbasta\tlargo.,now\t1SG\thave\tINDF\tlist\tsufficiently\tlong,Now I have quite a long list.,,This illustrates the obligatory absence of a tense marker with tin (have).,755,,naturalistic written,Awor mi tin un lista basta largo.,,now 1SG have INDF list sufficiently long,"This illustrates the obligatory absence of a tense marker with tin (have).",,,6902, +48-97,48,I polé yebá kuenta nu.,I\t__\tpolé\tyebá\tkuenta\tnu.,I\t__\tcan\tfigure\taccount\tnot,I can't figure (this) out. OR: I can't calculate (this).,,,1359[276],,naturalistic spoken,I polé yebá kuenta nu.,I __ polé yebá kuenta nu.,I __ can figure account not,,,,6903,Spanish: (Yo) no puedo llevar cuenta. +48-98,48,Suto a-polé ta arí-ndo no.,Suto\ta-polé\tta\tarí-ndo\tno.,we\t?-can\tPROG\tlaugh-PROG\tnot,We can't be laughing.,,,1359[276],,naturalistic spoken,Suto a-polé ta arí-ndo no.,,we ?-can PROG laugh-PROG not,,,,6904,Spanish: (Nosotros) no podemos estar riéndo(nos). +48-211,48,Ané engañá suto.,Ané\tengañá\tsuto.,3PL\tcheat\t1PL,They cheated us.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ané engañá suto.,,3PL cheat 1PL,,Patiño Rosselli 1983,,6905, +49-145,49,Bouki renmen chat la.,Bouki\trenmen\tchat\tla.,Bouki\tlove\tcat\tDEF,Bouki loves the cat.,,,367[102],,naturalistic spoken,Bouki renmen chat la.,,Bouki love cat DEF,,,,6906,French: Bouki aime le chat. +49-146,49,Bouki vann chat la.,Bouki\tvann\tchat\tla.,Bouki\tsell\tcat\tDEF,Bouki sold the cat.,,,367[103],,naturalistic spoken,Bouki vann chat la.,,Bouki sell cat DEF,,,,6907,French: Bouki a vendu le chat. +49-147,49,Bouki vann chat.,Bouki\tvann\tchat.,Bouki\tsell\tcat,Bouki sells cats.,,,367[103],,naturalistic spoken,Bouki vann chat.,,Bouki sell cat,,,,6908,French: Bouki vend des chats. +50-92,50,I enmé.,I\tenmé.,3SG\tlove,He loves. / He likes.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I enmé.,,3SG love,,Own fieldwork,,6909, +50-93,50,I pati.,I\tpati.,3SG\tleave,He left.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pati.,,3SG leave,,Own fieldwork,,6910, +51-86,51,I enmen.,I\tenmen.,3SG\tlove,He/she loves.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I enmen.,,3SG love,,Own fieldwork,,6911, +51-87,51,I pati.,I\tpati.,3SG\tleave,He/she left.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pati.,,3SG leave,,Own fieldwork,,6912, +52-57,52,i pédi so chimen,i\tØ\tpédi\tso\tchimen,he\tPFV\tloose\this\tway,He got lost.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"i pédi so chimen","i Ø pédi so chimen","he PFV loose his way",,,,6913, +53-194,53,Jordi ena en ta le piti ki pa kone byen parle.,Jordi\tena\ten\tta\tle\tpiti\tki\tpa\tkone\tbyen\tparle.,today\tthere.are\tART.INDF\tpile\tART.DEF.PL\tchild\tREL\tNEG\tknow\twell\tspeak,Today there are many children who don't know how to speak well.,,,1048[205],,naturalistic spoken,"Jordi ena en ta le piti ki pa kone byen parle.",,today there.are ART.INDF pile ART.DEF.PL child REL NEG know well speak,,,,6914,French: Aujourd'hui il y a beaucoup d'enfants qui ne savent pas bien parler. +53-195,53,Nou kouri mene le fleur o simityer le Tousen.,Nou\tkouri\tmene\tle\tfleur\to\tsimityer\tle\tTousen.,1PL\tgo\tbring\tART.PL\tflower\tto\tcemetery\tART.DEF.PL\tAll.Saints.Day,We brought flowers to the cemetery on All Saints Day.,,,1048[206],,naturalistic spoken,"Nou kouri mene le fleur o simityer le Tousen.",,1PL go bring ART.PL flower to cemetery ART.DEF.PL All.Saints.Day,,,,6915,French: Nous avons porté des fleurs au cimetière à la Toussaint. +53-196,53,"Ein jou bon matin, Compère Lapin lévé.","Ein\tjou\tbon\tmatin,\tCompère\tLapin\tlévé.",ART.INDF\tday\tearly\tmorning\tBrother\tRabbit\tget.up,Early one morning Brother Rabbit got up.,,,1049[17],,naturalistic written,"Ein jou bon matin, Compère Lapin lévé.",,ART.INDF day early morning Brother Rabbit get.up,,,,6916, +53-197,53,Mo lémé mié mayé avé Compair Bouki.,Mo\tlémé\tmié\tmayé\tavé\tCompair\tBouki.,1SG\tlike\tbetter\tmarry\twith\tBrother\tBouki,I prefer to marry Brother Bouki.,,,1049[35],,naturalistic written,Mo lémé mié mayé avé Compair Bouki.,,1SG like better marry with Brother Bouki,,,,6917,French: J'aime mieux me marier avec Compère Bouki. +54-113,54,Mi rès / mi àbit dan lé o.,Mi res / mi abit dan le-o.,1SG.FIN stay   1SG.FIN dwell in highland,I live in the mountains.,,,214[30N],,naturalistic spoken,Mi rès / mi àbit dan lé o.,Mi res / mi abit dan le-o.,1SG.FIN stay 1SG.FIN dwell in highland,,,,6918,French: J'habite dans les Hauts (de l'île). +54-155,54,Ma lanp la etin é la ralumé [...].,Ma\tlanp\tla\teten\te\tla\tralume\t[...].,POSS.1SG\tlamp\tPRF\tgo.out\tand\tPRF\tlight.up\t[...],My lamp went out and lighted up again [...].,,This represents an example of a verbal conjunction with e.,229[65],,naturalistic spoken,"Ma lanp la etin é la ralumé [...].",Ma lanp la eten e la ralume [...].,POSS.1SG lamp PRF go.out and PRF light.up [...],"This represents an example of a verbal conjunction with e.",,,6919,French: Ma lampe s'est éteinte et s'est rallumée [...]. +54-208,54,La fam i koné li la per.,La\tfanm\ti\tkone\tØ\tli\tla\tper.,DEF\twoman\tFIN\tknow\tØ\t3SG.FIN\thave\tfear,The woman knows that he is afraid.,,,110[63],,naturalistic spoken,La fam i koné li la per.,La fanm i kone Ø li la per.,DEF woman FIN know Ø 3SG.FIN have fear,,,,6920,French: La femme sait qu'il a peur. +55-177,55,mo kóne ki li en kúyoṅ — Róber kóne ki Mári malád,mo kóne ki li Ø en kúyoṅ — Róber kóne ki Mári Ø malád,1SG know COMP 3SG COP INDF fool   Robert know COMP Mary COP ill,I know he is a fool. — Robert knows that Mary is ill.,,Acute marks the vowels of stressed syllables. See example 178 for comment.,,,constructed by linguist,mo kóne ki li en kúyoṅ — Róber kóne ki Mári malád,mo kóne ki li Ø en kúyoṅ — Róber kóne ki Mári Ø malád,1SG know COMP 3SG COP INDF fool Robert know COMP Mary COP ill,Acute marks the vowels of stressed syllables. See example 178 for comment.,Own knowledge,,6921, +56-106,56,Mon konn gete.,Mon\tkonn\tgete.,1SG\tknow\twatch,I know (how) to watch.,,The example is originally in Bollée (1977: 94).,954[51],,naturalistic written,Mon konn gete.,,1SG know watch,The example is originally in Bollée (1977: 94).,,,6922,French: Je sais regarder. (Bollée 1977: 95) +56-107,56,Apre ou 'n al Sent Ann.,Apre\tou\t'n\tal\tSent\tAnn.,then\t2SG\tPRF\tgo\tSaint\tAnne,Then you went to Saint Anne.,,,158[Text 6],,naturalistic spoken,Apre ou 'n al Sent Ann.,,then 2SG PRF go Saint Anne,,,,6923, +58-67,58,Yandi kwenda na bwala.,Yandi\tØ\tkwenda\tna\tbwala.,he/she\tPFV\tgo\tLOC\tvillage,He/She went to the village.,,"This is used strictly in narratives, almost like the historical present in French.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi kwenda na bwala.,"Yandi Ø kwenda na bwala.",he/she PFV go LOC village,"This is used strictly in narratives, almost like the historical present in French.",Own knowledge,,6924, +58-68,58,Mono banza yandi mene kwisa.,Mono\tØ\tbanza\tyandi\tmene\tkwisa.,I\tPRS\tthink\the/she\tPRF\tcome,I think he/she has come.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mono banza yandi mene kwisa.","Mono Ø banza yandi mene kwisa.",I PRS think he/she PRF come,,Own knowledge,,6925, +59-162,59,kol ni amu mama ni afaa lo,koli\tni\ta-mu\tmama\tni\ta-faa\tlo,man\tDET\tPM-take\tmother\tDET\tPM-kill\t3SG,The man (husband) took the (wife's) mother and killed her.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kol ni amu mama ni afaa lo,koli ni a-mu mama ni a-faa lo,man DET PM-take mother DET PM-kill 3SG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,6926, +59-327,59,ambeni ahinga ape,a-mbeni\ta-hinga\tape,PL-some\tPM-know\tNEG,Some (people) don't know (about it).,,,,,constructed by linguist,ambeni ahinga ape,a-mbeni a-hinga ape,PL-some PM-know NEG,,Own knowledge,,6927, +60-72,60,napésí,na-pés-í,1SG-give-PRS.PRF,I have given.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,napésí,na-pés-í,1SG-give-PRS.PRF,,,,6928, +60-73,60,nazalí,na-zal-í,1SG-be-PRS.PRF,I am.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,nazalí,na-zal-í,1SG-be-PRS.PRF,,,,6929, +61-51,61,Mina buka yena: yena khona lapha.,Mina\tbuk-a\tyena:\tyena\tkhon-a\tlapha.,I\tsee-PRS\the\the\tbe-PRS\tthere,I see him: he is there.,,Both verbs buka (non-stative) and khona (stative) take the same marking for the present.,,,elicited from speaker,Mina buka yena: yena khona lapha.,Mina buk-a yena: yena khon-a lapha.,I see-PRS he he be-PRS there,"Both verbs buka (non-stative) and khona (stative) take the same marking for the present.",Field notes Mesthrie,,6930, +61-52,61,Mina bukile yena: yena gate khona lapha.,Mina\tbuk-ile\tyena:\tyena\tgate\tkhon-a\tlapha.,I\tsee-PST\the\the\tANT\tbe-PRS\tthere,I saw him: he was there.,,"Whereas the non-stative verb takes the normal past suffix -ile, the stative khona cannot (*khon-ile) and takes anterior marking instead.",,,elicited from speaker,Mina bukile yena: yena gate khona lapha.,Mina buk-ile yena: yena gate khon-a lapha.,I see-PST he he ANT be-PRS there,"Whereas the non-stative verb takes the normal past suffix -ile, the stative khona cannot (*khon-ile) and takes anterior marking instead.",Field notes Mesthrie,,6931, +62-40,62,náakwáha,ni-áa-kwaha,1SG-PST-tired,I am tired.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,náakwáha,ni-áa-kwaha,1SG-PST-tired,,Own field data 1993,,6932, +62-41,62,áabíbí itorú,é-áa-bibi\titoru,3SG-PST-throw\tspear,He threw a spear.,,,,,elicited from speaker,áabíbí itorú,é-áa-bibi itoru,3SG-PST-throw spear,,Own field data 1993,,6933, +63-99,63,Núbi wósul Mombása bédir.,Núbi\twósul\tMombása\tbédir.,Nubi\tarrive\tMombasa\tsoon,The Nubi arrived in Mombasa soon.,,,857[282],,naturalistic spoken,"Núbi wósul Mombása bédir.",,Nubi arrive Mombasa soon,,,,6934, +63-100,63,ána fáham,ána\tfáham,1SG\tunderstand,I understand.,,,857[283],,naturalistic spoken,ána fáham,,1SG understand,,,,6935, +63-101,63,kubar-ín kélem núbi,kubar-ín\tkélem\tnúbi,old-PL\tspeak\tKinubi,The elders speak Kinubi.,,,857[283],,naturalistic spoken,kubar-ín kélem núbi,,old-PL speak Kinubi,,,,6936, +64-109,64,ána kásuru bab,ána\tkásuru\tbab,1SG\tbreak\tdoor,I smashed in the door.,,,874[164],,naturalistic spoken,ána kásuru bab,,1SG break door,,,,6937, +64-110,64,ána ázu míle,ána\tázu\tmíle,1SG\twant\tsalt,I want some salt.,,,874[165],,naturalistic spoken,ána ázu míle,,1SG want salt,,,,6938, +64-111,64,fi záman henák máfi zol bihaf min akwanín to,fi\tzáman\thenák\tmáfi\tzol\tbi=haf\tmin\takwan-ín\tto,in\tpast\tthere\tEXIST.NEG\tindividual\tIRR=be.afraid\tfrom\tbrothers-PL\tPOSS.3SG,At that time no one was afraid of his friends.,,,,,constructed by linguist,fi záman henák máfi zol bihaf min akwanín to,fi záman henák máfi zol bi=haf min akwan-ín to,in past there EXIST.NEG individual IRR=be.afraid from brothers-PL POSS.3SG,,Own knowledge,,6939, +66-56,66,Kumarin go nasi si-makan. / Kumarin go nasi *makan.,Kumarin\tgo\tnasi\tsi-makan.,yesterday\t1SG\trice\tPST-eat,Yesterday I ate rice.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Kumarin go nasi si-makan. / Kumarin go nasi *makan.,Kumarin go nasi si-makan.,yesterday 1SG rice PST-eat,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,6940, +67-195,67,So saya tahu already ada orang yang sudah minum.,So\tsaya\ttahu\talready\tada\torang\tyang\tsudah\tminum.,so\t1SG\tknow\talready\texist\tperson\tREL\tPFV\tdrink,"So, I knew there was someone who drank [it].",,,708[116],,naturalistic spoken,"So saya tahu already ada orang yang sudah minum.",,so 1SG know already exist person REL PFV drink,,,,6941, +67-213,67,Hey Aleng itu punya ah lu pinya tak suka pinya olang sula mati ah di America ah.,Hey\tAleng\titu\tpunya\tah\tlu\tpinya\ttak\tsuka\tpinya\tolang\tsula\tmati\tah\tdi\tAmerica\tah.,VOC\tAleng\tDEM\tATTR\tPCL\t2SG\tPOSS\tNEG\tlike\tREL\tperson\tPFV\tdie\tPCL\tin\tAmerica\tPCL,"Hey, Aleng, your [father], [the person] you do not like, already died in America.",,,708[369],,naturalistic spoken,Hey Aleng itu punya ah lu pinya tak suka pinya olang sula mati ah di America ah.,,VOC Aleng DEM ATTR PCL 2SG POSS NEG like REL person PFV die PCL in America PCL,,,,6942, +68-62,68,De makang.,De\tmakang.,3SG\teat,"S/he eats/ate/has eaten/had eaten, etc.",,,1528[228],,elicited from speaker,De makang.,,3SG eat,,,,6943, +68-63,68,De basar.,De\tbasar.,3SG\tbig,S/he is big.,,,,,constructed by linguist,De basar.,,3SG big,,Own knowledge,,6944, +68-119,68,De mau de pung ana pulang.,De\tmau\tde\tpung\tana\tpulang.,3SG\twant\t3SG\tPOSS\tchild\tgo.home,She wants her son to go home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,De mau de pung ana pulang.,,3SG want 3SG POSS child go.home,,Own knowledge,,6945, +72-149,72,Im want to kurru yu nyawangku nangaringku.,Im\twant\tto\tkurru\tyu\tnyawa-ngku\tnangari-ngku.,3SG\twant\tto\tlisten\t2SG\tthis-ERG\tNangari-ERG,This Nangari wants to listen to you.,,Nangari is a skin name which relates to the Gurindji kinship system. Used in this context it refers to a single person.,8,f8fc173846a466b5f5a3080ff1679d91,naturalistic spoken,Im want to kurru yu nyawangku nangaringku.,Im want to kurru yu nyawa-ngku nangari-ngku.,3SG want to listen 2SG this-ERG Nangari-ERG,"Nangari is a skin name which relates to the Gurindji kinship system. Used in this context it refers to a single person.",,,6946, +72-171,72,Krtuma parl im putim i kaan spredimat kuyarra.,Kyle-tu-ma\tparl\tim\tput-im\tparl\ti\tkaan\tspred-im-at\tkuya-rra.,KR-ERG-TOP\tpile\t3SG\tput-TR\ttoo.much\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tspread-TR-OUT\tthus-PL,Kyle put them in a pile. He didn't spread out that lot like that.,,,8,3531f2780afee8d6a553e391514278fe,naturalistic spoken,Krtuma parl im putim i kaan spredimat kuyarra.,Kyle-tu-ma parl im put-im parl i kaan spred-im-at kuya-rra.,KR-ERG-TOP pile 3SG put-TR too.much 3SG.SBJ NEG spread-TR-OUT thus-PL,,,,6947, +73-2,73,manchanida killanan amida,manchani-da\tkilla-na-n\tami-da,terrible-ACC\tlazy-DESID-3SG\t1.PRO-ACC,I feel terribly lazy.,,"Both manchani and killa- are Quechua roots, and hence exceptional in Media Lengua.",,,naturalistic spoken,manchanida killanan amida,manchani-da killa-na-n ami-da,terrible-ACC lazy-DESID-3SG 1.PRO-ACC,"Both manchani and killa- are Quechua roots, and hence exceptional in Media Lengua.",Field notes,,6948, +74-80,74,pápa yáka tlátwa,pápa\tyáka\ttlátwa,father\t3SG\tgo,Father goes.,,,,,constructed by linguist,pápa yáka tlátwa,,father 3SG go,,Own knowledge,,6949, +75-296,75,Kimaaton eewiituhteeyin la dans.,ki-maato-n\tee-wi-ituhtee-yin\tla\tdans,2SG-cry-2S\tCOMPL-VOL-go-2SG\tDEF.SG\tdance,You are crying because you want to go to the dance.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Kimaaton eewiituhteeyin la dans.,ki-maato-n ee-wi-ituhtee-yin la dans,2SG-cry-2S COMPL-VOL-go-2SG DEF.SG dance,,Own knowledge,,6950, +76-45,76,kwak kaukau,kwak\tkaukau,frozen\teat,He eats frozen food.,,The interpretation of Eskimo Pidgin utterances is highly context-dependent (Stefánsson 1909: 221). Often subjects are not expressed overtly.,1442[226],,reconstructed by documentalist,kwak kaukau,,frozen eat,The interpretation of Eskimo Pidgin utterances is highly context-dependent (Stefánsson 1909: 221). Often subjects are not expressed overtly.,,,6951, +76-46,76,awoña iglupȗk ĕlĕkta,awoña\tiglupȗk\tĕlĕkta,I\tbarracks\tgo,I am going (I went) to Fort McPherson.,,"This is one of the few examples that are provided by Stefánsson (1909) with both a present and a past translation, showing the temporal ambiguity of the verb.",1442[224],,reconstructed by documentalist,awoña iglupȗk ĕlĕkta,,I barracks go,"This is one of the few examples that are provided by Stefánsson (1909) with both a present and a past translation, showing the temporal ambiguity of the verb.",,,6952, +2-123,2,Safrisafri mi e sabi den pasi kba.,Safrisafri\tmi\te\tsabi\tden\tpasi\tkba.,slowly\t1SG\tIPFV\tknow\tthe.PL\troad\talready,I’m slowly getting to know the roads.,,,1380[1048],,naturalistic spoken,Safrisafri mi e sabi den pasi kba.,,slowly 1SG IPFV know the.PL road already,,,,6953, +2-124,2,A manya e lepi.,A\tmanya\te\tlepi.,DET\tmango\tIPFV\tripe,The mango is getting ripe.,,"This use of Imperfective e to convey inchoative meaning is restricted to ‘adjectival’ items describing physical properties, dimension and colour. With adjectival items of other semantic types, such as human propensity (happy, ugly, etc), the verb kon is used to convey an inchoative sense. E.g. +A pikin e kon breiti. +[DET child IPFV come happy] +‘The child is becoming happy.’ (Winford 1997: 263)",1604[262],,elicited from speaker,A manya e lepi.,,DET mango IPFV ripe,"This use of Imperfective e to convey inchoative meaning is restricted to ‘adjectival’ items describing physical properties, dimension and colour. With adjectival items of other semantic types, such as human propensity (happy, ugly, etc), the verb kon is used to convey an inchoative sense. E.g. +A pikin e kon breiti. +[DET child IPFV come happy] +‘The child is becoming happy.’ (Winford 1997: 263)",,,6954, +2-125,2,A pikin e kon breiti.,A\tpikin\te\tkon\tbreiti.,DET\tchild\tIPFV\tcome\thappy,The child is becoming happy.,,,1604[263],,naturalistic spoken,A pikin e kon breiti.,,DET child IPFV come happy,,,,6955, +3-63,3,Dí mujée tá hánse.,Dí\tmujée\ttá\thánse.,DEF.SG\twoman\tASP\tbeautiful,The woman is becoming beautiful.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dí mujée tá hánse.,,DEF.SG woman ASP beautiful,,Fieldwork data,,6956, +4-89,4,Den koosi e nati.,Den\tkoosi\te\tnati.,DET.PL\tclothes\tIPFV\twet,The clothes are getting wet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Den koosi e nati.,,DET.PL clothes IPFV wet,,Own data,,6957, +4-199,4,Den koosi kaba nati.,Den\tkoosi\tkaba\tnati.,DET.PL\tclothes\tfinish\twet,The clothes have become wet. (lit: The clothes have finished getting wet.),,,,,constructed by linguist,Den koosi kaba nati.,,DET.PL clothes finish wet,,Own knowledge,,6958, +4-200,4,Den manyan kaba lepi.,Den\tmanyan\tkaba\tlepi.,DET.PL\tmango\tfinish\tripe,The mangos have become ripe.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Den manyan kaba lepi.,,DET.PL mango finish ripe,,Own knowledge,,6959, +5-84,5,di manggo dem a raip pon di chrii rait nou,di\tmanggo\tdem\ta\traip\tpon\tdi\tchrii\trait\tnou,DET\tmango\tPL\tPROG\tripe\ton\tDET\ttree\tright\tnow,The mangoes are ripening on the tree right now.,,,,,constructed by linguist,di manggo dem a raip pon di chrii rait nou,,DET mango PL PROG ripe on DET tree right now,,Own knowledge,,6960, +5-85,5,awii manggo don raip laang taim,awii\tmanggo\tdon\traip\tlaang\ttaim,POSS\tmango\tCOMPL\tripe\tlong\ttime,Our mangoes have ripened some long time ago. OR: Our mangoes have been ripe for some time now.,,,,,constructed by linguist,awii manggo don raip laang taim,,POSS mango COMPL ripe long time,,Own knowledge,,6961, +6-56,6,Wi go done dead before we reach back to di cyar.,Wi\tgo\tdone\tdead\tbefore\twe\treach\tback\tto\tdi\tcyar.,1PL\tFUT\tCOMPL\tdead\tbefore\t1PL\treach\tback\tto\tDET\tcar,We will have died before we go back to the car.,,,1591[28],,constructed by linguist,Wi go done dead before we reach back to di cyar.,,1PL FUT COMPL dead before 1PL reach back to DET car,,,,6962, +6-57,6,Hi does sick.,Hi\tdoes\tsick.,3SG\tHAB\tsick,He is getting sick.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Hi does sick.,,3SG HAB sick,,Informant,,6963, +7-137,7,Dem tuhn dootish.,Dem\ttuhn\tdootish.,3PL\tturn\tstupid,They have become stupid.,,A change of state is expressed by ‘turn’.,1244[126],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dem tuhn dootish.,,3PL turn stupid,A change of state is expressed by ‘turn’.,,,6964, +7-138,7,Rein a kuhm an i maango an dem a reip kwik.,Rein\ta\tkuhm\tan\ti\tmaango\tan\tdem\ta\treip\tkwik.,rain\tPROG\tcome\tand\tART\tmango\tand\tPL\tPROG\tripe\tquick,It is raining and the mangoes are ripening quickly.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Rein a kuhm an i maango an dem a reip kwik.,,rain PROG come and ART mango and PL PROG ripe quick,,Own knowledge,,6965, +7-139,7,A duhn sik.,A\tduhn\tsik.,1SG\tCOMPL\tsick,I have become sick.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,A duhn sik.,,1SG COMPL sick,,Own knowledge,,6966, +8-81,8,Im de taiyad.,Im\tde\ttaiyad.,3SG\tPROG\ttired,He is becoming tired.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Im de taiyad.,,3SG PROG tired,,Own knowledge,,6967, +9-104,9,A de dɛd.,A\tde\tdɛd.,1SG\tPROG\tdead,I am dying.,,,445[532],,naturalistic spoken,A de dɛd.,,1SG PROG dead,,,,6968, +10-118,10,"Wen di man get dronk nou, ihn gaan houm.","Wen\tdi\tman\tget\tdronk\tnou,\tihn\tgaan\thoum.",when\tART.DEF\tman\tget\tdrunk\tnow\t3SG\tgo.PST\thome,"When the man got drunk, he went home.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Wen di man get dronk nou, ihn gaan houm.",,when ART.DEF man get drunk now 3SG go.PST home,,Unpublished field recordings,,6969, +10-119,10,Mango Trii staat raip.,Mango\tTrii\tstaat\traip.,Mango\tTree\tstart\tripe,Mango Tree’s fruits began to ripen.,,,,,written,Mango Trii staat raip.,,Mango Tree start ripe,,Shaat Stuoriz,,6970, +10-120,10,Di uol leedi get sik an blain.,Di\tuol\tleedi\tget\tsik\tan\tblain.,ART.DEF\told\tlady\tget\tsick\tand\tblind,The old lady got sick and blind.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di uol leedi get sik an blain.,,ART.DEF old lady get sick and blind,,Unpublished field recordings,,6971, +10-121,10,Im ton blain.,Im\tton\tblain.,3SG\tturn\tblind,He/she went blind (gradually).,,,243[142],,elicited from speaker,Im ton blain.,,3SG turn blind,,,,6972, +10-122,10,Im de get fried.,Im\tde\tget\tfried.,3SG\tPROG\tget\tafraid,He/she is getting frightened.,,Ron Metzger and his language consultant feel the sentence should be: Ihn deh get fried. This does not change the syntax of the sentence.,243[144],,elicited from speaker,Im de get fried.,,3SG PROG get afraid,"Ron Metzger and his language consultant feel the sentence should be: Ihn deh get fried. This does not change the syntax of the sentence.",,,6973, +10-123,10,Mi get fried.,Mi\tget\tfried.,1SG\tget\tafraid,I got frightened.,,Fried is a stative verb.,,,elicited from speaker,Mi get fried.,,1SG get afraid,"Fried is a stative verb.",Field notes 2008,,6974, +11-156,11,Shi get kreezi.,Shi\tget\tkreezi.,3SG.F\tget\tcrazy,She got crazy.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Shi get kreezi.,,3SG.F get crazy,,,,6975, +11-157,11,Wi staat tu taak.,Wi\tstaat\ttu\ttaak.,1PL\tstart\tto\ttalk,We started to talk.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wi staat tu taak.,,1PL start to talk,,,,6976, +11-158,11,Som a dem get sad an staat tu baal.,Som\ta\tdem\tget\tsad\tan\tstaat\ttu\tbaal.,some\tof\t3PL\tget\tsad\tand\tstart\tto\tcry,Some of dem get sad and start to cry.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Som a dem get sad an staat tu baal.,,some of 3PL get sad and start to cry,,,,6977, +11-159,11,So den di puur Miskito dem staat fiil laik nobadi.,So\tden\tdi\tpuur\tMiskito\tdem\tstaat\tfiil\tlaik\tnobadi.,so\tthen\tART.DEF\tpoor\tMiskito\tPL\tstart\tfeel\tlike\tnobody,So then the poor Miskito started feeling like nobody.,,This example demonstrates that staat need not obligatorily be introduced by tu.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,So den di puur Miskito dem staat fiil laik nobadi.,,so then ART.DEF poor Miskito PL start feel like nobody,"This example demonstrates that staat need not obligatorily be introduced by tu.",,,6978, +11-160,11,Shi nuo mai papa an faal in lov an get pregnant an haf mi rait deh.,Shi\tnuo\tmai\tpapa\tan\tfaal\tin\tlov\tan\tget\tpregnant\tan\thaf\tmi\trait\tdeh.,3SG.F\tknow\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tand\tfall\tin\tlove\tand\tget\tpregnant\tand\thave\t1SG\tright\tDEM.LOC,She got to know my father and fell in love and got pregnant and had me right there.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Shi nuo mai papa an faal in lov an get pregnant an haf mi rait deh.,,3SG.F know 1SG.POSS father and fall in love and get pregnant and have 1SG right DEM.LOC,,,,6979, +11-161,11,Deh get veks.,Deh\tget\tveks.,3PL\tget\tvex,They get annoyed.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Deh get veks.,,3PL get vex,,,,6980, +11-162,11,Dem deh wach di bwai dem giem.,Dem\tdeh\twach\tdi\tbwai\tdem\tgiem.,3PL\tPROG\twach\tART.DEF\tboy\tPL\tgame,They were watching the game of the boys.,,"That is, they were watching, not starting to watch.",,,naturalistic written,Dem deh wach di bwai dem giem.,,3PL PROG wach ART.DEF boy PL game,"That is, they were watching, not starting to watch.",Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,6981, +11-163,11,Wen yu don pik dat out nou yu put it tu boil.,Wen\tyu\tdon\tpik\tdat\tout\tnou\tyu\tput\tit\ttu\tboil.,when\t2SG\tCOMPL\tpick\tDEM\tout\tnow\t2SG\tput\t3SG.N\tto\tboil,"When you've finished picking that out now, you put it to boil.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wen yu don pik dat out nou yu put it tu boil.,,when 2SG COMPL pick DEM out now 2SG put 3SG.N to boil,,,,6982, +11-164,11,di mango get/staat/ton raip,di\tmango\tget/staat/ton\traip,ART.DEF\tmango\tget/start/turn\tripe,the mangoes become ripe,,,,,elicited from speaker,di mango get/staat/ton raip,,ART.DEF mango get/start/turn ripe,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,6983, +11-165,11,Di mango don raip.,Di\tmango\tdon\traip.,ART.DEF\tmango\tCOMPL\tripe,The mango turned ripe.,,This example was given by one informant only as the equivalent of 'The mango became ripe'.,,,elicited from speaker,Di mango don raip.,,ART.DEF mango COMPL ripe,This example was given by one informant only as the equivalent of 'The mango became ripe'.,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,6984, +12-123,12,"When I quit, I may do - I may do something else, you know, like - like sometime like when you - mop and you's get tired. I can't - and only two of we there.",[...] when you - mop and you's get tired [...],[...] when 2SG.SBJ   mop and 2SG.SBJ get[INC] ADJ [...],"[When I quit [my job as a cleaning lady], I may do something else] [...] [sometimes,] when you mop, and you get tired [...] [there’s only two of us (cleaning ladies) there].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"When I quit, I may do - I may do something else, you know, like - like sometime like when you - mop and you's get tired. I can't - and only two of we there.",[...] when you - mop and you's get tired [...],[...] when 2SG.SBJ mop and 2SG.SBJ get[INC] ADJ [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6985, +12-124,12,"And when children is playing around, you know they get hungry fast. So - a lot of those coconut trees used to is catch plenty trouble, you know?",[...]\tthey\tget\thungry\tfast.,[...]\t3PL.SBJ\tget[INC]\tADJ\tfast,"[When children play,] they get hungry fast.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And when children is playing around, you know they get hungry fast. So - a lot of those coconut trees used to is catch plenty trouble, you know?",[...] they get hungry fast.,[...] 3PL.SBJ get[INC] ADJ fast,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6986, +12-125,12,"Then she come back, then afterwards, my grammy - she take sick, 'cause she couldn'ta do nothing for herself, and - we move to the - we move in Nassau.",[...] she take sick [...].,  3SG.SBJ take[INC] sick  ,[...] she fell ill [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Then she come back, then afterwards, my grammy - she take sick, 'cause she couldn'ta do nothing for herself, and - we move to the - we move in Nassau.",[...] she take sick [...].,3SG.SBJ take[INC] sick,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,6987, +14-66,14,*The fruit being ripe.,*The\tfruit\tbeing\tripe.,the\tfruit\tbe.PROG\tripe,NOT: The fruit becomes ripe. NOT: The fruit is being ripe.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,*The fruit being ripe.,,the fruit be.PROG ripe,,Own knowledge,,6988, +15-76,15,di maŋgro di rɛp,di\tmaŋgro\tdi\trɛp,ART\tmango\tPROG\tripe,The mango is getting ripe.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di maŋgro di rɛp,,ART mango PROG ripe,,Own knowledge,,6989, +16-70,16,ɛn dɛ famili planiŋ dè no andastan; ì bì nau we pipu dè andastan,ɛn\tdɛ\tfamili\tplaniŋ\tdè\tno\tandastan;\tì\tbì\tnau\twe\tpipu\tdè\tandastan,and\tART\tfamily\tplanning\t3PL\tNEG\tunderstand\t3SG\tCOP\tnow\tCOMP\tpeople\tPROG\tunderstand,They did not understand the family planning. It is now that people begin to understand.,,,656[230],,naturalistic spoken,ɛn dɛ famili planiŋ dè no andastan; ì bì nau we pipu dè andastan,,and ART family planning 3PL NEG understand 3SG COP now COMP people PROG understand,,,,6990, +16-71,16,à dè taia,à\tdè\ttaia,1SG\tPROG\tbe.tired,I am getting tired.,,,,,elicited from speaker,à dè taia,,1SG PROG be.tired,,Own fieldwork,,6991, +17-78,17,À do̱n/ko̱m sik.,À\tdo̱n/ko̱m\tsik.,1SG.SBJ\tCOMPL/REALIS\tbe.ill,I am / have become sick.,,,462[199],,naturalistic spoken,À do̱n/ko̱m sik.,,1SG.SBJ COMPL/REALIS be.ill,,,,6992, +18-63,18,A di smol.,A\tdi\tsmol.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tsmall,I am losing weight.,,"See Schröder (2003a: 91) for a discussion of this example; this might, in fact, be a case of polysemy ('to be slim/small' and 'to lose weight'), and not a case of marking a state verb ('to be small') for imperfectivity.",352[127],,published source,A di smol.,,1SG.SBJ IPFV small,"See Schröder (2003a: 91) for a discussion of this example; this might, in fact, be a case of polysemy ('to be slim/small' and 'to lose weight'), and not a case of marking a state verb ('to be small') for imperfectivity.",,,6993, +18-74,18,Hoa yu bin 'don 'no 'yi?,Hau\tyu\tbin\tdon\tno\ti?,how\t2SG.SBJ\tPST\tPFV\tknow\t3SG.OBL,How did you get to know him?,,See Schröder (2003a: 90f.) for a discussion.,352[120],,published source,Hoa yu bin 'don 'no 'yi?,Hau yu bin don no i?,how 2SG.SBJ PST PFV know 3SG.OBL,See Schröder (2003a: 90f.) for a discussion.,,,6994, +19-95,19,Dì plàntí dè rɛp.,Dì\tplàntí\tdè\trɛp.,DEF\tplantain\tIPFV\tripe,The plantain is ripening.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dì plàntí dè rɛp.",,DEF plantain IPFV ripe,,Field data,,6995, +19-96,19,Dì plàntí dɔn rɛp.,Dì\tplàntí\tdɔn\trɛp.,DEF\tplantain\tPRF\tripe,The plaintain is (already) ripe/ has (already) become ripe.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dì plàntí dɔn rɛp.",,DEF plantain PRF ripe,,Field data,,6996, +21-71,21,The patient eat food already.,The\tpatient\teat\tfood\talready.,DET\tpatient\teat\tfood\tPRF,The patient has started to eat food.,,,101[183],,constructed by linguist,The patient eat food already.,,DET patient eat food PRF,,,,6997, +21-169,21,The tongue red already.,The\ttongue\tred\talready.,the\ttongue\tred\talready,The tongue {has turned/turned} red. (NOT: The tongue was red.),,,1830[239],,unspecified,The tongue red already.,,the tongue red already,,,,6998, +22-94,22,As blo diwai kamap bikpla tru.,As\tblo\tdiwai\tkamap\tbikpla\ttru.,bottom\tPOSS\ttree\tbecome\tbig\treally,The tree stump became really big.,,,584[13 year old female from West Sepik],,naturalistic spoken,As blo diwai kamap bikpla tru.,,bottom POSS tree become big really,,,,6999, +23-92,23,mi sik finis,mi\tsik\tfinis,1SG\tsick\tCOMPL,I've got/become sick.,,,942,,constructed by linguist,mi sik finis,,1SG sick COMPL,,,,7000, +24-102,24,morga–r-en,morga–r-en,thin-LINK-INC,to get thin,,-r- is either a link consonant or an underlying part of the stem.,,,naturalistic spoken,morga–r-en,,thin-LINK-INC,"-r- is either a link consonant or an underlying part of the stem.",Own fieldwork,,7001, +28-96,28,titi ju gwarɛ [...],titi\tju\tgu-arɛ\t[...],time\t2SG\tbig-IPFV\t[...],When you are growing up [...],,,742[32],,naturalistic spoken,titi ju gwarɛ [...],titi ju gu-arɛ [...],time 2SG big-IPFV [...],,,,7002, +28-97,28,"potɛtɛ nau, timi kori ababaka","potɛ-tɛ\tnau,\ttimi\tkori\tababa\tka",old-PFV\tnow\tbe.able\twork\tanymore\tNEG,"(He) has gotten old, cannot work anymore.",,,750[30],,naturalistic spoken,"potɛtɛ nau, timi kori ababaka","potɛ-tɛ nau, timi kori ababa ka",old-PFV now be.able work anymore NEG,,,,7003, +29-101,29,Die aarbeie word/raak ryp.,Die\taarbei-e\tword/raak\tryp.,DEF.ART\tstrawberrie-s\tbecome/touch\tripe,The strawberries are becoming ripe.,,"Word ('become') is the standardly used form, whereas raak (literally: 'touch') is a more colloquial form.",,,naturalistic spoken,Die aarbeie word/raak ryp.,Die aarbei-e word/raak ryp.,DEF.ART strawberrie-s become/touch ripe,"Word ('become') is the standardly used form, whereas raak (literally: 'touch') is a more colloquial form.",Own knowledge,,7004, +30-113,30,"N sta sértu ma sin k’el obi, e ta bira prontu.","N=sta\tsértu\tma=sin\tk=el=obi,\te=ta=bira\tprontu.",1SG=be\tsure\tCOMP=so\tCOMP=3SG=hear\t3SG=IPFV=become\thealthy,I am sure that he will recover as soon as he hears this.,,"It is the choice of a specific auxiliary (bira), not the marker ta, which produces the inchoative meaning.",784[s.v. bira],,naturalistic spoken,"N sta sértu ma sin k’el obi, e ta bira prontu.","N=sta sértu ma=sin k=el=obi, e=ta=bira prontu.",1SG=be sure COMP=so COMP=3SG=hear 3SG=IPFV=become healthy,"It is the choice of a specific auxiliary (bira), not the marker ta, which produces the inchoative meaning.",,,7005,"German: Ich bin sicher, dass er, sobald er das hört, gesund wird." +31-101,31,"Nton N nese la, mas dipos ki'N dja sta rapas go [...].","Nton\tN\tnese\tla,\tmas\tdipos\tki'N\tdja\tsta\trapas\tgo\t[...].",so\tI\tborn\tthere\tbut\tafterwards\tthat.I\tCOMPL\tbe\tyoung.man\tthen\t[...],So I was born there but after I became a young man [...].,,,690,,naturalistic spoken,"Nton N nese la, mas dipos ki'N dja sta rapas go [...].",,so I born there but afterwards that.I COMPL be young.man then [...],,,,7006, +33-109,33,Mangu na maduru.,Mangu\tna\tmaduru.,Mango\tPROG\tripe,The mango is ripening.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mangu na maduru.",,Mango PROG ripe,,Own knowledge,,7007,Portuguese: A manga está a amadurecer. +34-76,34,Mangu-s na burmeju.,Mangu-s\tna\tburmeju.,mango-PL\tPROG\tred/ripe,The mangos are ripening.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mangu-s na burmeju.",,mango-PL PROG red/ripe,,Own knowledge,,7008, +34-77,34,Mangu-s kabá burmeju.,Mangu-s\tø\tkabá\tburmeju.,mango-PL\tPFV\tCOMPL\tred,The mangoes have become ripe.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mangu-s kabá burmeju.","Mangu-s ø kabá burmeju.",mango-PL PFV COMPL red,,Own knowledge,,7009, +35-118,35,Bana ska bôbô.,Bana\tska\tbôbô.,banana\tPROG\tripen,The banana is ripening. OR: The bananas are ripening.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Bana ska bôbô.,,banana PROG ripen,,Own data,,7010, +36-66,36,Pôkô e thêka rema txo-txo-txo.,Pôkô\te\tthêka\trema\ttxo-txo-txo.,pig\tthis\tPROG\tbe.heavy\tlittle-little-little,This pig is fattening more and more.,,,901[78],,naturalistic spoken,"Pôkô e thêka rema txo-txo-txo.",,pig this PROG be.heavy little-little-little,,,,7011,French: Ce porc devient de plus en plus lourd. +36-67,36,Ê thêka nhuka bê r'ê.,Ê\tthêka\tnhuka\tbê\tri=ê.,she\tPROG\tbeautiful\tgo\tof=3SG,She is getting very beautiful.,,"Bê r'ê 'to go + reflexive' is a telicizer, which in Angolar is compatible with the progressive marker.",901[79],,naturalistic spoken,"Ê thêka nhuka bê r'ê.","Ê thêka nhuka bê ri=ê.",she PROG beautiful go of=3SG,"Bê r'ê 'to go + reflexive' is a telicizer, which in Angolar is compatible with the progressive marker.",,,7012,French: Elle est en train de devenir belle. +37-81,37,Bana sê sa wô.,Bana\tsê\tsa\twô.,banana\tDEM\tPROG\tripen,This plantain is ripening (on the tree).,,,905[242],,elicited from speaker,"Bana sê sa wô.",,banana DEM PROG ripen,,,,7013, +37-82,37,Bana wô.,Bana\tØ\twô.,plantain\tPFV\tripen,The plantain is ripe. OR: The plantain has ripened.,,"To refer to a ripe plantain, bana wô-du [plantain ripen-PST.PTCP] is used.",905,,elicited from speaker,Bana wô.,Bana Ø wô.,plantain PFV ripen,"To refer to a ripe plantain, bana wô-du [plantain ripen-PST.PTCP] is used.",,,7014, +38-97,38,Dyividyibo itansxa gos me.,Dyividyil-bo\teli-tan-sxa\tgosu\tme.,neighbour-2SG\t3SG-ITER-PROG\tfat\tagain,Your neighbour is growing fat again.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Dyividyibo itansxa gos me.,Dyividyil-bo eli-tan-sxa gosu me.,neighbour-2SG 3SG-ITER-PROG fat again,,Own fieldwork 1990,,7015, +40-69,40,Teru sabew ki ʌnkəl tɛ aki.,Teru\tsabew\tki\tʌnkəl\ttɛ\taki.,Teru\tknow.PST\tCOMP\tuncle\tCOP.PRS\there,Teru found out that uncle is here.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Teru sabew ki ʌnkəl tɛ aki.,,Teru know.PST COMP uncle COP.PRS here,,Own knowledge,,7016, +41-91,41,isti maanga jakafikaa maduuru,isti\tmaanga\tjaa-kaa-fikaa\tmaduuru,this\tmango\tPST-PFV-become\tripe,This mango has become ripe.,,"Not: *isti maanga tiɲa-taan teem maduuru. ('*This mango is being ripe.') +This speaker liked to model the word order on English in elicitation contexts. The order given emphasized maduuru. Unmarked order would be isti maanga maduuru jakafikaa.",1416[4228],,elicited from speaker,isti maanga jakafikaa maduuru,isti maanga jaa-kaa-fikaa maduuru,this mango PST-PFV-become ripe,"Not: *isti maanga tiɲa-taan teem maduuru. ('*This mango is being ripe.') +This speaker liked to model the word order on English in elicitation contexts. The order given emphasized maduuru. Unmarked order would be isti maanga maduuru jakafikaa.",,,7017, +42-90,42,eli ta fika godru,eli\tta\tfika\tgodru,3SG\tPROG\tbecome\tfat,He is getting fat.,,,122[129],,elicited from speaker,eli ta fika godru,,3SG PROG become fat,,,,7018, +42-91,42,isti krensa ja altu,isti\tkrensa\tja\taltu,this\tchild\tPFV\ttall,This child is (getting)/ already tall.,,,122[122],,elicited from speaker,isti krensa ja altu,,this child PFV tall,,,,7019, +44-98,44,Ta kedá kansáw ya yo.,Ta\tkedá\tkansáw\tya\tyo.,IPFV\tbecome\ttired\talready\t1SG,I become tired.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta kedá kansáw ya yo.,,IPFV become tired already 1SG,,Own data,,7020, +44-99,44,Ta (kedá) bolók ya el prútas.,Ta\t(kedá)\tbolók\tya\tel\tprútas.,IPFV\t(become)\trotten\talready\tDEF\tfruit,The fruit becomes rotten already.,,"Kedá can be left out, and in this case the IPFV-aspect marker alone might indicate inchoative meaning. The use of the verb is more common.",,,elicited from speaker,Ta (kedá) bolók ya el prútas.,,IPFV (become) rotten already DEF fruit,"Kedá can be left out, and in this case the IPFV-aspect marker alone might indicate inchoative meaning. The use of the verb is more common.",Own data,,7021,Spanish: La fruta se está pudriendo. +45-85,45,Ta queda duro el gulaman pag ta tarda.,Ta\tqueda\tduro\tel\tgulaman\tpag\tta\ttarda.,IPFV\tbecome\thard\tDEF\tgelatin\twhen\tIPFV\ttake.a.long.time,The gelatin becomes hard later on.,,,426[150],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ta queda duro el gulaman pag ta tarda.,,IPFV become hard DEF gelatin when IPFV take.a.long.time,,,,7022, +46-102,46,Ta-kansá ya yo.,Ta-kansá\tya\tyo.,IPFV-tire\talready\tI,I am already getting tired.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ta-kansá ya yo.,,IPFV-tire already I,,Own knowledge,,7023, +46-103,46,Ta-madurá ya el mangga.,Ta-madurá\tya\tel\tmangga.,IPFV-ripen\talready\tthe\tmango,The mango is ripening.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta-madurá ya el mangga.,,IPFV-ripen already the mango,,Own knowledge,,7024, +46-104,46,Ta-madurá ya el papáya.,Ta-madurá\tya\tel\tpapáya.,IPFV-ripe\tCOMPL\tthe\tpapaya,The papaya is already ripe.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta-madurá ya el papáya.,,IPFV-ripe COMPL the papaya,,Own knowledge,,7025, +47-104,47,"Nan ta bira mas habrí pa diskutí, trese proposishon i ripará ku nan ideanan tambe ta balioso.","Nan\tta\tbira\tmas\thabrí\tpa\tdiskutí,\ttrese\tproposishon\ti\tripará\tku\tnan\tidea\tnan\ttambe\tta\tbalioso.",3PL\tTNS\tbecome\tmore\topened\tfor\tdiscuss\tbring\tproposal\tand\tnote\tCOMP\t3PL\tidea\tPL\talso\tCOP\tvalid,"They become / are becoming opener to discussions, bringing proposals, and (they) notice that their ideas too have merit.",,The translation is mine.,"453[21 February 2004, p.7]",,literary or other written source,"Nan ta bira mas habrí pa diskutí, trese proposishon i ripará ku nan ideanan tambe ta balioso.","Nan ta bira mas habrí pa diskutí, trese proposishon i ripará ku nan idea nan tambe ta balioso.",3PL TNS become more opened for discuss bring proposal and note COMP 3PL idea PL also COP valid,The translation is mine.,,,7026, +47-105,47,Último tempu aki por nota ku aktonan di pirateria riba yatenan di plaser ku ta nabegando den Caribe a bira hopi serio.,Último\ttempu\taki\tpor\tnota\tku\takto\tnan\tdi\tpirateria\triba\tyate\tnan\tdi\tplaser\tku\tta\tnabega-ndo\tden\tCaribe\ta\tbira\thopi\tserio.,last\ttime\tDEM.PROX\tcan\tnotice\tCOMP\tact\tPL\tof\tpiracy\ton\tyacht\tPL\tof\tpleasure\tCOMP\tTNS\tnavigate-GER\tin\tCaribbean\tPFV\tbecome\tvery\tserious,"Recently, (one) can notice that acts of piracy targeting pleasure yachts cruising the Caribbean have become quite serious.",,The translation is mine.,"453[18 February 2004, p.5]",,literary or other written source,Último tempu aki por nota ku aktonan di pirateria riba yatenan di plaser ku ta nabegando den Caribe a bira hopi serio.,Último tempu aki por nota ku akto nan di pirateria riba yate nan di plaser ku ta nabega-ndo den Caribe a bira hopi serio.,last time DEM.PROX can notice COMP act PL of piracy on yacht PL of pleasure COMP TNS navigate-GER in Caribbean PFV become very serious,The translation is mine.,,,7027, +47-106,47,Mas bien nos por bisa ku e situashon ta birando pió.,Mas\tbien\tnos\tpor\tbisa\tku\te\tsituashon\tta\tbira-ndo\tpió.,more\tgood\t1PL\tcan\tsay\tCOMP\tDEF\tsituation\tTNS\tbecome-GER\tworse,"In fact, we could say that the situation is getting worse.",,The translation is mine.,"453[13 July 2004, p.3]",,literary or other written source,Mas bien nos por bisa ku e situashon ta birando pió.,Mas bien nos por bisa ku e situashon ta bira-ndo pió.,more good 1PL can say COMP DEF situation TNS become-GER worse,The translation is mine.,,,7028, +48-99,48,Fluta ta madulu.,Fluta\tta\tmadulu.,fruit\tbe\tripe,The fruit is ripe.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Fluta ta madulu.,,fruit be ripe,,Recorded by author,,7029,Spanish: La fruta está madura. +48-100,48,Fluta ta ngobbé madulu.,Fluta\tta\tngobbé\tmadulu.,fruit\tPROG\tturn\tripe,The fruit is becoming ripe.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Fluta ta ngobbé madulu.,,fruit PROG turn ripe,,Own knowledge,,7030,Spanish: La fruta se está volviendo madura. +49-148,49,L ap malad.,L\tap\tmalad.,3SG\tINACC\tsick,He/She is getting sick (inchoative).,,There is ambiguity because it is also possible to interpret it as the immediate future: 'He/she will be sick' (DeGraff 2007: 105).,367[105],,naturalistic spoken,L ap malad.,,3SG INACC sick,There is ambiguity because it is also possible to interpret it as the immediate future: 'He/she will be sick' (DeGraff 2007: 105).,,,7031,French: Elle/Il commence à être malade. +52-58,52,ki sa ou ka kolè?,ki\tsa\tou\tka\tkolè?,what\tfor\tyou\tPROG\tanger,Why are you getting angry now?,,,1208[123],,naturalistic spoken,ki sa ou ka kolè?,,what for you PROG anger,,,,7032, +53-198,53,M ape choke.,M\tape\tchoke.,1SG\tPROG\tangry,I'm starting to get angry.,,,1048[212],,elicited from speaker,M ape choke.,,1SG PROG angry,,,,7033, +53-199,53,M ape fatige ek te zistwar.,M\tape\tfatige\tek\tte\tzistwar.,1SG\tPROG\ttire\twith\t2SG.POSS.PL\tstory,I'm getting tired of hearing your stories.,,,1048[212],,naturalistic spoken,M ape fatige ek te zistwar.,,1SG PROG tire with 2SG.POSS.PL story,,,,7034,French: Je commence à être fatiguée de tes histoires. +53-200,53,Li det las.,Li\tdet\tlas.,3SG\tbe\ttired,He gets tired.,,,1048[253],,naturalistic spoken,Li det las.,,3SG be tired,,,,7035, +53-201,53,Bouki vini fen.,Bouki\tvini\tfen.,Bouki\tbecome\thungry,Bouki got hungry.,,,1048[259],,naturalistic spoken,Bouki vini fen.,,Bouki become hungry,,,,7036, +53-202,53,Tan la t ape vini relmon fre-fre.,Tan\tla\tt\tape\tvini\trelmon\tfre-fre.,weather\tART.DEF.SG\tPST\tPROG\tbecome\treally\tcold-cold,The weather was getting really cold.,,,1048[259],,naturalistic spoken,Tan la t ape vini relmon fre-fre.,,weather ART.DEF.SG PST PROG become really cold-cold,,,,7037, +54-115,54,Li la vni for.,Li\tla\tvni\tfor.,3SG\tPRF\tbecome\tbig,He has become big.,,"Verb venir, vyen, vni 'to get, become’ (< French venir), see DECOI venir.",214[404N],,naturalistic spoken,Li la vni for.,,3SG PRF become big,"Verb venir, vyen, vni 'to get, become’ (< French venir), see DECOI venir.",,,7038,French: Il est devenu grand. +55-87,55,mo pe feṁ,mo\tpe\tfeṁ,1SG\tPROG\thungry,I'm getting (very) hungry. OR: I'm feeling (very) hungry.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mo pe feṁ,,1SG PROG hungry,,Own knowledge,,7039, +56-108,56,[...] tu pu mwa i 'n mir.,[...]\ttou\tpour\tmwan\ti\t'n\tmir,[...]\tall\tfor\tme\tPM\tPRF\tripe,[...] all of mine have become ripe (and are now ripe).,,,159[96],,naturalistic written,"[...] tu pu mwa i 'n mir.",[...] tou pour mwan i 'n mir,[...] all for me PM PRF ripe,,,,7040,French: [...] les miennes (bananes) sont toutes mûres. (Bollée 1977: 97) +56-109,56,Mon pe ankoler.,Mon\tpe\tankoler.,1SG\tPROG\tangry,I get angry.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mon pe ankoler.,,1SG PROG angry,,Fieldwork 2010,,7041, +57-171,57,la atra nde malan,la\tatra\tnde\tmalan,3SG\tPROG\tPROG\tsick,She’s sick at the moment.,,,423[171],,naturalistic spoken,la atra nde malan,,3SG PROG PROG sick,,,,7042, +58-69,58,Yo me banda kuyuma.,Yo\tme\tbanda\tkuyuma.,it\tPRF\tstart\tdry,It has started to dry.,,This is an example of an inchoative construction using the verb 'start/begin' in PRF (me/mene + Verb Stem) and an infinitive.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yo me banda kuyuma.,,it PRF start dry,"This is an example of an inchoative construction using the verb 'start/begin' in PRF (me/mene + Verb Stem) and an infinitive.",Own knowledge,,7043, +58-70,58,mbisi ya ku-yuma,mbisi\tya\tku-yuma,fish\tCONN\tINF-dry,dry fish,,"This is an example of an infinitive used to modify the head noun, to which it is connected by the connective ya.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mbisi ya ku-yuma,,fish CONN INF-dry,"This is an example of an infinitive used to modify the head noun, to which it is connected by the connective ya.",Own knowledge,,7044, +59-165,59,fondo abe na yaka,fondo\ta-be\tna\tyaka,banana\tPM-be.ripe\tPREP\tgarden,Bananas are ripening in the garden.,,"I think that the French translation provided by a Central African would require DET in Sango. Notice that COP is not used for the sense of 'ripening, in the process of becoming ripe'.",172,,unknown,fondo abe na yaka,fondo a-be na yaka,banana PM-be.ripe PREP garden,"I think that the French translation provided by a Central African would require DET in Sango. Notice that COP is not used for the sense of 'ripening, in the process of becoming ripe'.",,,7045,French: Les bananes murissent dans la plantation. +59-166,59,bondo ni abe awe,bondo\tni\ta-be\tawe,sorghum\tDET\tPM-be.ripe\talready,The sorghum has ripened.,,,172,,unknown,bondo ni abe awe,bondo ni a-be awe,sorghum DET PM-be.ripe already,,,,7046, +59-167,59,mbi ke fatige,mbi\tke\tfatige,1SG\tCOP\tbe/become.tired,I'm becoming tired.,,Fatige is borrowed from French fatiguer.,,,constructed by linguist,mbi ke fatige,,1SG COP be/become.tired,"Fatige is borrowed from French fatiguer.",Own knowledge,,7047, +62-42,62,chulú ilasúye,chulu\ti-lasu-ye,bull\t9-old?-PRF,The bull has become old.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,chulú ilasúye,chulu i-lasu-ye,bull 9-old?-PRF,,Own field data 1993,,7048, +63-102,63,badén bi-já ayán,badén\tbi-já\tayán,then\tTAM-come\tsick,Then he becomes sick.,,,857[287],,naturalistic spoken,badén bi-já ayán,,then TAM-come sick,,,,7049, +63-103,63,lisán gi-ázrag,lisán\tgi-ázrag,tongue\tTAM-blue,The tongue becomes blue.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lisán gi-ázrag,,tongue TAM-blue,,Personal data,,7050, +64-112,64,úo geáhmar,úo\tge=áhmar,3SG\tPROG=red,He is blushing. OR: He is becoming red.,,,874[181],,naturalistic spoken,úo geáhmar,úo ge=áhmar,3SG PROG=red,,,,7051, +66-57,66,"seksasaraa jaaði (ambε a-datang), matam ambε a-datang","seksasaraa\tjaaði\t(ambε\ta-datang),\tmatam\tambε\ta-datang",tired\tbecome\t(while\tPRS-come)\tripe\twhile\tPRS-come,"beginning to get tired, beginning to ripen",,Mulai is used insted of ambε a-datang by the older generation in Kirinda. Ambε a-datang is the most frequent inchoative construction.,,,elicited from speaker,"seksasaraa jaaði (ambε a-datang), matam ambε a-datang",,tired become (while PRS-come) ripe while PRS-come,"Mulai is used insted of ambε a-datang by the older generation in Kirinda. Ambε a-datang is the most frequent inchoative construction.","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,7052, +66-58,66,Itu poʈʈi akosong.,Itu\tpoʈʈi\ta-kosong.,DET\tbox\tPRS-empty,That box is becoming empty.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Itu poʈʈi akosong.,Itu poʈʈi a-kosong.,DET box PRS-empty,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,7053, +67-116,67,Anak saya sudah jalan.,Anak\tsaya\tsudah\tjalan.,child\t1SG\tPFV\twalk,My son already walks.,,"According to the informant, the use of sudah suggests that there was a change: + +Dulu anak saya tak tahu jalan tapi sekarang boleh jalan baik-baik +‘Before, my son did not know how to walk and he did not walk, (he just starts walking) but now he can walk very well.’ + +This shows the transition of her son from the state of not being able to walk to the state of being able to walk.",708[178],,naturalistic spoken,Anak saya sudah jalan.,,child 1SG PFV walk,"According to the informant, the use of sudah suggests that there was a change: + +Dulu anak saya tak tahu jalan tapi sekarang boleh jalan baik-baik +‘Before, my son did not know how to walk and he did not walk, (he just starts walking) but now he can walk very well.’ + +This shows the transition of her son from the state of not being able to walk to the state of being able to walk.",,,7054, +71-88,71,Pehea oe molowa wikiwiki?,Pehea\toe\tmolowa\twikiwiki?,why\t2SG\ttired\tquickly,Why have you suddenly become tired?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Pehea oe molowa wikiwiki?",,why 2SG tired quickly,,Own data 1892,,7055, +72-82,72,Wulngarntu im meltimat ais ngawapijik.,Wulngarn-tu\tim\tmelt-im-at\tais\tngawa-pijik.,sun-ERG\t3SG\tmelt-TR-out\tice\twater-INC,"The sun, it melts the ice, and turns it into water.",,,920[392],,peer elicitation,Wulngarntu im meltimat ais ngawapijik.,Wulngarn-tu im melt-im-at ais ngawa-pijik.,sun-ERG 3SG melt-TR-out ice water-INC,,,,7056, +72-83,72,Karntingku turrp im futta lungkarrak.,Karnti-ngku\tturrp\tim\tfut-ta\tlungkarra-k.,stick-ERG\tpoke\t3SG\tfoot-LOC\tcry-INC,"He trod on a stick, which made him cry. (lit: The stick pokes him in the foot and makes him cry.)",,,920[392],,elicited from speaker,"Karntingku turrp im futta lungkarrak.","Karnti-ngku turrp im fut-ta lungkarra-k.",stick-ERG poke 3SG foot-LOC cry-INC,,,,7057, +74-81,74,lipúm yaka píl,lipúm\tyaka\tpíl,apple\t3SG\tred,The apple is red.,,,,,constructed by linguist,lipúm yaka píl,,apple 3SG red,,Own knowledge,,7058, +74-82,74,álta čáku íXpuy-yáXka,álta\tčáku\tíXpuy-yáXka,now\tcome\thide-3SG,Now she was completely covered.,,,1641[13],,narrative,álta čáku íXpuy-yáXka,,now come hide-3SG,,,,7059, +75-131,75,Maachikishkishiw opaapaawa.,Maachi-kishkishi-w\to-paapaa-wa.,start-remember-3\t3.POSS-father-POSS,She started to think about her father.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Maachikishkishiw opaapaawa.,Maachi-kishkishi-w o-paapaa-wa.,start-remember-3 3.POSS-father-POSS,,,,7060, +75-132,75,La taanpet kiiatipunipayin.,La\ttaanpet\tkii-ati-puni-payi-n.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tstorm\tPST-START-quit-MOVE-3.INAN,The storm abated.,,,789[15],,naturalistic written,La taanpet kiiatipunipayin.,La taanpet kii-ati-puni-payi-n.,DEF.ART.F.SG storm PST-START-quit-MOVE-3.INAN,,,,7061, +75-133,75,Keekaach lii grenn atihteewah.,Keekaach\tlii\tgrenn\tatiht-eew-ah.,almost\tART.PL\tberry\tbe.ripe-3-PL.INAN,The berries become ripe soon.,,The informant was asked to translate 'The berries become ripe soon'.,789[38],,elicited from speaker,Keekaach lii grenn atihteewah.,Keekaach lii grenn atiht-eew-ah.,almost ART.PL berry be.ripe-3-PL.INAN,The informant was asked to translate 'The berries become ripe soon'.,,,7062, +2-126,2,A e waka na foto e seri krosi.,A\te\twaka\tna\tfoto\te\tseri\tkrosi.,3SG\tIPFV\twalk\tLOC\ttown\tIPFV\tsell\tclothes,He walks around in town selling clothes.,,"It’s common to have two verbs in a chain marked by the imperfective marker, but in this case the two events are seen as simultaneous.",,,constructed by linguist,A e waka na foto e seri krosi.,,3SG IPFV walk LOC town IPFV sell clothes,"It’s common to have two verbs in a chain marked by the imperfective marker, but in this case the two events are seen as simultaneous.",Winford transcripts,,7063, +3-64,3,A fáa páu tá túe.,A\tfáa\tpáu\ttá\ttúe.,3SG\tchop\ttree\tASP\tthrow,He is felling the tree (i.e. at this very moment the tree is falling).,,,1539[102],,naturalistic spoken,"A fáa páu tá túe.",,3SG chop tree ASP throw,,,,7064, +4-90,4,"Di mi komoto de e waka langalanga a sitaati, wan gaan bigi dagu kon balibali a mi yeesi.","Di\tmi\tØ\tkomoto\tde\te\twaka\tlangalanga\ta\tsitaati,\twan\tgaan\tbigi\tdagu\tkon\tbalibali\ta\tmi\tyeesi.",when\tI\tØ\tcome.out\tthere\tIPFV\twalk\talong.along\tDEF.ART.SG\tstreet\tINDF.ART\tvery\tbig\tdog\tcome\tshout.shout\tLOC\tmy\tear,"When I left there and walked along the street, a very big dog came and barked at me.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Di mi komoto de e waka langalanga a sitaati, wan gaan bigi dagu kon balibali a mi yeesi.","Di mi Ø komoto de e waka langalanga a sitaati, wan gaan bigi dagu kon balibali a mi yeesi.","when I Ø come.out there IPFV walk along.along DEF.ART.SG street INDF.ART very big dog come shout.shout LOC my ear",,Own data,,7065, +5-86,5,mi lef mi hous a waak dong di rood an daag kom baak bihain mi,mi\tØ\tlef\tmi\thous\ta\twaak\tdong\tdi\trood\tan\tdaag\tkom\tbaak\tbihain\tmi,1SG\tPFV\tleave\tmy\thouse\tPROG\twalk\tdown\tthe\troad\tand\tdog\tcome\tbark\tbehind\tme,"I left my house and was walking down the road, when dogs (or a dog) came behind me barking.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"mi lef mi hous a waak dong di rood an daag kom baak bihain mi","mi Ø lef mi hous a waak dong di rood an daag kom baak bihain mi","1SG PFV leave my house PROG walk down the road and dog come bark behind me",,Own knowledge,,7066, +7-115,7,Mi liiv go hoom an wen mi bin de a waak duhng i rood i woman daag baak til mi riich a yaad.,Mi\tliiv\tgo\thoom\tan\twen\tmi\tbin\tde\ta\twaak\tduhng\ti\trood\ti\twoman\tdaag\tbaak\ttil\tmi\triich\ta\tyaad.,1SG\tleave\tgo\thome\tand\twhen\t1SG\tPST\tIMPFV\tPROG\twalk\tdown\tART\troad\tART\twoman\tdog\tbark\ttill\t1SG\treach\tPCL\tyard,"I left and went home and while I was walking down the road, the woman's dog barked until I got home.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi liiv go hoom an wen mi bin de a waak duhng i rood i woman daag baak til mi riich a yaad.,,1SG leave go home and when 1SG PST IMPFV PROG walk down ART road ART woman dog bark till 1SG reach PCL yard,,Own knowledge,,7067, +8-82,8,"Mi lef di hous ina mi nais-nais kluoz, an wen mi kech a di skuul sohn pikni doti it op.","Mi\tlef\tdi\thous\tina\tmi\tnais-nais\tkluoz,\tan\twen\tmi\tkech\ta\tdi\tskuul\tsohn\tpikni\tdoti\tit\top.",1SG\tleave\tDET\thouse\tin\t1SG\tnice-nice\tclothes\tand\twhen\t1SG\tarrive\tat\tDET\tschool\tsome\tchild\tdirty\t3SG\tup,"I left the house in my very slick clothes, and when I arrived at the school some children soiled it.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mi lef di hous ina mi nais-nais kluoz, an wen mi kech a di skuul sohn pikni doti it op.",,1SG leave DET house in 1SG nice-nice clothes and when 1SG arrive at DET school some child dirty 3SG up,,Own knowledge,,7068, +9-105,9,wi hia di triy de krak op,wi\thia\tdi\ttriy\tde\tkrak\top,1PL\thear\tthe\ttree\tPROG\tcrack\tup,we heard some cracking noise in the tree,,,432[42],,naturalistic spoken,wi hia di triy de krak op,,1PL hear the tree PROG crack up,,,,7069, +9-106,9,"Yu eva si di wan layk dis layk di wan we kum dawn dan de kum dawn de bil jos layk di adinari ol kwaat de, rayt?","Yu\teva\tsi\tdi\twan\tlayk\tdis\tlayk\tdi\twan\twe\tkum\tdawn\tdan\tde\tkum\tdawn\tde\tbil\tjos\tlayk\tdi\tadinari\tol\tkwaat\tde,\trayt?",2SG\tever\tsee\tthe\tone\tlike\tthis\tlike\tthe\tone\tREL\tcome\tdown\tCOMPL\tPROG\tcome\tdown\tPROG\tbuild.PASS\tjust\tlike\tthe\tordinary\told\tquart\tthere\tright,"Did you ever see one like this, like those that come down, and (after they have finished) coming down, they (get) built in like the regular old bottles, right? OR: Did you ever see one of those old quart bottles (from Spanish galleons shipwrecks) that sink, and when they have completely sunk to the bottom, they get buried (in the sand floor)?",,Kum..dan de kum..de bil is a serial structure indicating several sequential events.,434,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu eva si di wan layk dis layk di wan we kum dawn dan de kum dawn de bil jos layk di adinari ol kwaat de, rayt?",,2SG ever see the one like this like the one REL come down COMPL PROG come down PROG build.PASS just like the ordinary old quart there right,"Kum..dan de kum..de bil is a serial structure indicating several sequential events.",,,7070, +10-124,10,Mi lef an wail A wehn de waak lang de ruod di daag baak aafta mi.,Mi\tlef\tan\twail\tA\twehn\tde\twaak\tlang\tde\truod\tdi\tdaag\tbaak\taafta\tmi.,1SG\tleave\tand\twhile\t1SG\tANT\tPROG\twalk\talong\tART.DEF\troad\tART.DEF\tdog\tbark\tafter\tme,I left and while I was walking on the road a dog barked at me.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mi lef an wail A wehn de waak lang de ruod di daag baak aafta mi.,,1SG leave and while 1SG ANT PROG walk along ART.DEF road ART.DEF dog bark after me,,Field notes 2008,,7071, +11-166,11,Wen evritin kuk gud gud yu tek it aaf di faya.,Wen\tevri-tin\tkuk\tgud\tgud\tyu\ttek\tit\taaf\tdi\tfaya.,when\tevery-thing\tcook\tgood\tgood\t2SG\ttake\t3SG.N\toff\tART.DEF\tfire,"When everything is thouroughly cooked, you take it off the fire.",,,,,written,Wen evritin kuk gud gud yu tek it aaf di faya.,Wen evri-tin kuk gud gud yu tek it aaf di faya.,when every-thing cook good good 2SG take 3SG.N off ART.DEF fire,,Kukin Buk,,7072, +11-167,11,"Wail di man getin aaf wat ih woz afta, ih hier a duori komin kluos, rait gens di bank weh ih woz, so ih stie iizi, iizi tu ihself.","Wail\tdi\tman\tget-in\taaf\twat\tih\twoz\tafta,\tih\thier\ta\tduori\tkom-in\tkluos,\trait\tgens\tdi\tbank\tweh\tih\twoz,\tso\tih\tstie\tiizi,\tiizi\ttu\tih-self.",while\tART.DEF\tman\tget-PROG\toff\twhat\t3SG\tCOP.PST\tafter\t3SG\thear\tART.INDF\tcanoe\tcome-PROG\tclose\tright\tagainst\tART.DEF\tbank\tREL\t3SG\tCOP.PST\tso\t3SG\tstay\teasy\teasy\tto\t3SG-REFL,"While the man was getting off with what he had been looking for, he heard a canoe coming close, right towards the bank where he was so he kept calm all by himself.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Wail di man getin aaf wat ih woz afta, ih hier a duori komin kluos, rait gens di bank weh ih woz, so ih stie iizi, iizi tu ihself.","Wail di man get-in aaf wat ih woz afta, ih hier a duori kom-in kluos, rait gens di bank weh ih woz, so ih stie iizi, iizi tu ih-self.",while ART.DEF man get-PROG off what 3SG COP.PST after 3SG hear ART.INDF canoe come-PROG close right against ART.DEF bank REL 3SG COP.PST so 3SG stay easy easy to 3SG-REFL,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,7073, +17-79,17,Im do̱n go tawn dè bay nyam.,Im\tdo̱n\tgo\ttawn\tdè\tbay\tnyam.,3SG.SBJ\tCOMPL\tgo\ttown\tNCOMPL\tbuy\tyam,S/he has gone to town to be buying yam.,,,,,unknown,Im do̱n go tawn dè bay nyam.,,3SG.SBJ COMPL go town NCOMPL buy yam,,,,7074, +28-98,28,en dektɛ di plɛk di korja savana,eni\tdeki-tɛ\tdi\tplɛkɛ\tdi\tkori-a\tsavana,3PL\ttake-PFV\tthe\tplace\tDEM\twork-IPFV\tsavannah,They have taken over the place (and) are working in the savannah.,,This is a very rare example of aspect change in a series of predicates.,737[393],,naturalistic spoken,en dektɛ di plɛk di korja savana,eni deki-tɛ di plɛkɛ di kori-a savana,3PL take-PFV the place DEM work-IPFV savannah,This is a very rare example of aspect change in a series of predicates.,,,7075, +30-114,30,"Bon, N Ø po nha balai di kárni na kabésa, N Ø sai ta bende.","Bon,\tN=po\tnha=balai\tdi=kárni\tna=kabésa\tN=sai\tta=bende.",well\t1SG=put\t1SG.POSS=basket\tof=meet\ton=head\t1SG=go.out\tIPFV=sell,"OK, I put my meat basket on my head, I left [and began] to sell [the meat].",,,784[s.v. báxu],,naturalistic spoken,"Bon, N Ø po nha balai di kárni na kabésa, N Ø sai ta bende.","Bon, N=po nha=balai di=kárni na=kabésa N=sai ta=bende.",well 1SG=put 1SG.POSS=basket of=meet on=head 1SG=go.out IPFV=sell,,,,7076,"German: OK, ich setzte [also] meinen Fleischkorb auf den Kopf und ging los und verkaufte [Fleisch]." +32-211,32,"No táva te andá, un d'es Ø vrá te xutá-nos.","No\ttáva\tte\tandá,\tun\td'es\tØ\tvrá\tte\txutá-nos.",1PL\tPST\tIPFV\twalk\tone\tof=DEM\tPFV\tturn\tPROG\tkick-1PL,"We were walking, one of them turned [and began] to kick us.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"No táva te andá, un d'es Ø vrá te xutá-nos.",,1PL PST IPFV walk one of=DEM PFV turn PROG kick-1PL,,Own fieldwork,,7077, +33-110,33,N sai na yanda ba na strada katcur ladran toki N tciga kasa.,N\tØ\tsai\tna\tyanda\tba\tna\tstrada\tkatcur\tladra-n\ttoki\tN\ttciga\tkasa.,1SG\tPFV\tleave\tPROG\twalk\tPST\tin\troad\tdog\tbark-1SG\tuntil\t1SG\tarrive\thome,"I left [and while I] was walking on the road, a dog was barking at me till I got home.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N sai na yanda ba na strada katcur ladran toki N tciga kasa.,N Ø sai na yanda ba na strada katcur ladra-n toki N tciga kasa.,1SG PFV leave PROG walk PST in road dog bark-1SG until 1SG arrive home,,Own knowledge,,7078, +34-195,34,"N say baŋ N na yendá na kamiñu, kacor ladrá-m tok N cigá kasa.","N\tø\tsay\tbaŋ\tN\tna\tyendá\tna\tkamiñu,\tkacor\tø\tladrá-m\ttok\tN\tø\tcigá\tkasa.",1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tget.out\tPST\t1SG.SBJ\tPROG\twalk\ton\troad\tdog\tPFV\tbark-1SG.OBJ\tuntil\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tarrive\thouse,"I got out and, and as I was walking on the road, a dog barked after me until I got home. OR: When I got out, a dog barked at me all my way back home.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N say baŋ N na yendá na kamiñu, kacor ladrá-m tok N cigá kasa.","N ø say baŋ N na yendá na kamiñu, kacor ø ladrá-m tok N ø cigá kasa.",1SG.SBJ PFV get.out PST 1SG.SBJ PROG walk on road dog PFV bark-1SG.OBJ until 1SG.SBJ PFV arrive house,,Own knowledge,,7079, +35-119,35,So mosu xê ka konta ope ka ba mata tafon.,So\tmosu\txê\tka\tkonta\tope\tka\tba\tmata\ttafon.,then\tboy\tleave\tIPFV\twatch\tfoot\tIPFV\tgo\tkill\tfly,Then the boy left silently to go and kill the fly.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,So mosu xê ka konta ope ka ba mata tafon.,,then boy leave IPFV watch foot IPFV go kill fly,,Own data,,7080, +36-68,36,Ê siê thuvithu ka bê r'ê kai. Thô ũa kwa patha mondja.,Ê\tØ\tsiê\tthuvithu\tka\tbê\tr'ê\tkai.\tThô\tũa\tkwa\tpatha\tmondja.,3SG\tPFV\tleave\twork\tPROG\tgo\tREFL\thouse\tthen\tone\tthing\thappen\tway,"He left work; when he was on his way home, all of a sudden something happened on his way.",,,901[84],,elicited from speaker,"Ê siê thuvithu ka bê r'ê kai. Thô ũa kwa patha mondja.","Ê Ø siê thuvithu ka bê r'ê kai. Thô ũa kwa patha mondja.",3SG PFV leave work PROG go REFL house then one thing happen way,,,,7081,"French: Il a quitté son travail et était en train de rentrer chez lui. Tout à coup, il s'est passé quelque chose sur son chemin." +37-83,37,"N xyê sa ke n'ifi-kumin, kasô kupa mi ten txyô.","N\tØ\txyê\tsa\tka\twe\tna\tifi-kumin,\tkasô\tØ\tkupa\tmi\tten\ttxyô.",1SG\tPFV\tleave\tPROG\tIPFV\tgo\tLOC\troad\tdog\tPFV\tbark\t1SG\ttill\tfarm,"I left [and while I] was walking on the road, a dog barked at me till I got home.",,,905[85],,naturalistic spoken,"N xyê sa ke n'ifi-kumin, kasô kupa mi ten txyô.","N Ø xyê sa ka we na ifi-kumin, kasô Ø kupa mi ten txyô.",1SG PFV leave PROG IPFV go LOC road dog PFV bark 1SG till farm,,,,7082, +47-107,47,E muchanan ta kana ta grita riba kaya.,E\tmucha\tnan\tta\tkana\tta\tgrita\triba\tkaya.,DEF\tchild\tPL\tTNS\twalk\tGER\tscream\ton\tstreet,The children are yelling in the street while walking.,,The two events denoted here clearly overlap; ta grita riba kaya seems to denote manner.,1022[49],,published source,E muchanan ta kana ta grita riba kaya.,E mucha nan ta kana ta grita riba kaya.,DEF child PL TNS walk GER scream on street,"The two events denoted here clearly overlap; ta grita riba kaya seems to denote manner.",,,7083, +47-108,47,Awaseru a sigui ta kai.,Awaseru\ta\tsigui\tta\tkai.,rain\tPFV\tcontinue\tGER\tfall,It continued raining.,,The two events denoted here clearly overlap.,1022[49],,published source,Awaseru a sigui ta kai.,,rain PFV continue GER fall,The two events denoted here clearly overlap.,,,7084, +47-109,47,"Ora Lucia tabata pasa ta bai misa, [...].","Ora\tLucia\ttabata\tpasa\tta\tbai\tmisa,\t[...].",hour\tLucia\tPST\tpass\tGER\tgo\tchurch\t[...],"When Lucy passed there on her way to church, [...].",,The translation is mine; the two events denoted here clearly overlap.,898[261],,published source,"Ora Lucia tabata pasa ta bai misa, [...].",,hour Lucia PST pass GER go church [...],The translation is mine; the two events denoted here clearly overlap.,,,7085, +47-110,47,"Ela bira su kabu di chapi ta bai dal e kachó, [...].","El\ta\tbira\tsu\tkabu\tdi\tchapi\tta\tbai\tdal\te\tkachó,\t[...].",3SG\tPFV\tturn\tPOSS\thandle\tof\thoe\tGER\tgo\thit\tDEF\tdog\t[...],"He turned the handle of his hoe, ready to hit the dog, [...] (lit. He turned the handle of his hoe, going to hit the dog, [...]).",,"This is the clearest case in the data of two verbs which appear to denote consecutive events. Note, though, that the second event is counterfactual: it does not actually take place. NB: The translation is mine.",898[261],,published source,"Ela bira su kabu di chapi ta bai dal e kachó, [...].","El a bira su kabu di chapi ta bai dal e kachó, [...].",3SG PFV turn POSS handle of hoe GER go hit DEF dog [...],"This is the clearest case in the data of two verbs which appear to denote consecutive events. Note, though, that the second event is counterfactual: it does not actually take place. NB: The translation is mine.",,,7086, +50-94,50,"An pati ka maché tou byen, mwen enki vwè on chyen douvan mwen.","An\tpati\tka\tmaché\ttou\tbyen,\tmwen\tenki\tvwè\ton\tchyen\tdouvan\tmwen.",1SG\tleave\tPROG\twalk\tall\tgood\t1SG\tsuddenly\tsee\tINDF\tdog\tin.front.of\t1SG,"I left and as I was walking idly, I suddenly saw a dog in front of me.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"An pati ka maché tou byen, mwen enki vwè on chyen douvan mwen.",,1SG leave PROG walk all good 1SG suddenly see INDF dog in.front.of 1SG,,Own fieldwork,,7087, +51-88,51,"Man pati ka maché tou bien, mwen enki wè an chien douvan mwen.","Man\tpati\tka\tmaché\ttou\tbien,\tmwen\tenki\twè\tan\tchien\tdouvan\tmwen.",1SG\tPFV\tleave\tPROG\twalk\tall.good\t1SG\tsuddenly\tsee\tINDF\tdog\tin.front.of\t1SG,"I left and as I was walking idly, I suddenly saw a dog in front of me.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Man pati ka maché tou bien, mwen enki wè an chien douvan mwen.",,1SG PFV leave PROG walk all.good 1SG suddenly see INDF dog in.front.of 1SG,,Own fieldwork,,7088, +52-59,52,"nou pati nou ka maché nou ka maché nou ka maché kabouré-a ka fè klow wonm-an [...] di: ""sa ki divan bay lè""","nou\tpati\tnou\tka\tmaché\tnou\tka\tmaché\tnou\tka\tmaché\tkabouré-a\tka\tfè\tklow\twonm-an\t[...]\tdi:\t""sa\tki\tdivan\tbay\tlè""",we\tleave\twe\tPROG\twalk\twe\tPROG\twalk\twe\tPROG\twalk\tchariot-ART\tPROG\tmake\tnoise\tman-ART\t[...]\tsay\tthat\twhich\tin.front.of.me\tgive\tair,"We left (our house) we were walking (3x), the chariot starts making noises, the man [...] said: ""The thing that is in my way, let (me) pass.""",,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"nou pati nou ka maché nou ka maché nou ka maché kabouré-a ka fè klow wonm-an [...] di: ""sa ki divan bay lè""",,we leave we PROG walk we PROG walk we PROG walk chariot-ART PROG make noise man-ART [...] say that which in.front.of.me give air,,,,7089, +55-88,55,"mo ti'n sorti pe praṅ sime kupe daṅ nwar pu al labutik, en nam paret divaṅ mwa","mo\tti'n\tsorti\tpe\tpraṅ\tsime\tkupe\tdaṅ\tnwar\tpu\tal\tlabutik,\ten\tnam\tparet\tdivaṅ\tmwa",I\tPST=PFV\tgo.out\tPROG\ttake\tpath\tcut\tin\tdark\tfor\tgo\tshop\ta\tghost\tappear\tbefore\tme,"I'd gone out [of the house and I] was taking the short cut to the shop in the dark [when] a ghost appeared in front of me (lit. I had gone out, am taking the short cut to the shop in the darkness, a ghost appears in front of me).",,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo ti'n sorti pe praṅ sime kupe daṅ nwar pu al labutik, en nam paret divaṅ mwa",,I PST=PFV go.out PROG take path cut in dark for go shop a ghost appear before me,,Own knowledge,,7090, +59-168,59,"angba ago asi, lo war mama ti lo ni","a-ngba\ta-gwe\ta-si,\tlo\twara\tmama\tti\tlo\tni",PM-remain\tPM-go\tPM-arrive\t3SG\tfind\tmother\tof\t3SG\tDET,The co-wife went and found her (the girl's biological) mother.,,"Here lo refers to the little mother, whereas mama stands for the biological mother.",,,naturalistic spoken,"angba ago asi, lo war mama ti lo ni","a-ngba a-gwe a-si, lo wara mama ti lo ni",PM-remain PM-go PM-arrive 3SG find mother of 3SG DET,"Here lo refers to the little mother, whereas mama stands for the biological mother.",Samarin corpus 1994,,7091, +59-169,59,ado tanga na azaa,a-do\ttanga\tni\ta-zia,PM-stamp\tremainder\tDET\tPM-refuse,She rejected the remainder.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ado tanga na azaa,a-do tanga ni a-zia,PM-stamp remainder DET PM-refuse,,Samarin corpus 1994,,7092, +65-78,65,"Ty riʃoka takə delaj iwo, patomə parə uʃola i wotə gatowə.","Ty\triʃoka\ttakə\tdelaj\tiwo,\tpatomə\tparə\tuʃola\ti\twotə\tgatowə.",2SG\tgrid\tso\tdo\t3SG\tthen\tsteam\tgo.away.PFV\tand\tthere\tready,"Put it (dough) on the grid, and steam will go through it and it (bread) is ready.",,"This was said as an instruction for making the Chinese steamed bread. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[273],,naturalistic spoken,"Ty riʃoka takə delaj iwo, patomə parə uʃola i wotə gatowə.",,2SG grid so do 3SG then steam go.away.PFV and there ready,"This was said as an instruction for making the Chinese steamed bread. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,"Ты ришока так делай иво, патомэ пара ушола и вот гатовэ.",7093, +66-59,66,"Skul na epi, mulbər eblajar, Farida nyanyiattu tulisambε aduduk.","Skul\tna\te-pi,\tmulbər\te-blajar,\tFarida\tnyanyi-attu\ttulis-ambε\ta-duduk.",school\tP\tASP-go\tTamil\tASP-learn\tFarida\tsong-INDF\twrite-PROG\tPRS-AUX,"Having gone to school and learned Tamil, Farida is writing a song (in it).",,,,,constructed by linguist,"Skul na epi, mulbər eblajar, Farida nyanyiattu tulisambε aduduk.","Skul na e-pi, mulbər e-blajar, Farida nyanyi-attu tulis-ambε a-duduk.",school P ASP-go Tamil ASP-learn Farida song-INDF write-PROG PRS-AUX,,Own knowledge,,7094, +3-65,3,"Me ta ko, mi nango.","Me\tta\tko,\tmi\tnango.",1SG.NEG\tASP\tcome\t1SG\tASP.go,"I am not coming, I am leaving.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Me ta ko, mi nango.",,1SG.NEG ASP come 1SG ASP.go,,Fieldwork data,,7095, +3-97,3,Mi go a di wosu.,Mi\tgo\ta\tdi\twosu.,1SG\tgo\tLOC\tDEF.SG\thouse,I went to the house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi go a di wosu.,,1SG go LOC DEF.SG house,,Fieldwork data,,7096, +5-87,5,no bada go de if yu no bin de aredii,no\tbada\tgo\tde\tif\tyu\tno\tØ\tbin\tde\taredii,NEG\tplan\tgo\tthere\tif\tyou\tNEG\tCOMPL\tCOP\there\talready,Don't plan to go there if you haven't been there already.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"no bada go de if yu no bin de aredii","no bada go de if yu no Ø bin de aredii",NEG plan go there if you NEG COMPL COP here already,,Own knowledge,,7097, +5-88,5,huu no gaan yet beta gu nou,huu\tno\tgaan\tyet\tbeta\tgu\tnou,who\tNEG\tgone\tyet\tshould\tgo\tnow,Those who haven't gone yet should go now.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"huu no gaan yet beta gu nou",,who NEG gone yet should go now,,Own knowledge,,7098, +6-129,6,is vs. was / have vs. had,is vs. was / have vs. had,is vs. was   has vs. had,"is vs. was, has vs. had",,,,,constructed by linguist,is vs. was / have vs. had,,is vs. was has vs. had,,Own knowledge,,7099, +9-107,9,Dat woz di en a tayga.,Dat\twoz\tdi\ten\ta\ttayga.,that\twas\tthe\tend\tof\tTiger,Tiger lost.,,The copula woz is here used for emphasis in the basilect; otherwise rarely used.,434,,naturalistic spoken,Dat woz di en a tayga.,,that was the end of Tiger,"The copula woz is here used for emphasis in the basilect; otherwise rarely used.",,,7100, +9-108,9,A had tu lef dat wan.,A\thad\ttu\tlef\tdat\twan.,1SG\thad\tto\tleave\tthat\tone,I had to leave that one.,,Lef is the invariant form of the verb 'leave'.,442[178],,naturalistic spoken,A had tu lef dat wan.,,1SG had to leave that one,"Lef is the invariant form of the verb 'leave'.",,,7101, +10-125,10,Beda Naansi an Beda Taiga gaan out iina boot.,Beda\tNaansi\tan\tBeda\tTaiga\tgaan\tout\tiina\tboot.,Brother\tAnansi\tand\tBrother\tTiger\tgo.PFV\tout\tin\tboat,Brother Anansi and Brother Tiger went out in a boat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Beda Naansi an Beda Taiga gaan out iina boot.",,Brother Anansi and Brother Tiger go.PFV out in boat,,Unpublished field recordings,,7102, +11-168,11,So aftaword shi sed [...].,So\taftaword\tshi\tsed\t[...].,so\tafterwards\t3SG.F\tsay.PST\t[...],So afterwards she said [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"So aftaword shi sed [...].",,so afterwards 3SG.F say.PST [...],,,,7103, +11-169,11,Ai livd tu sii hou wi woz obiidient.,Ai\tliv-d\ttu\tsii\thou\twi\twoz\tobiidient.,1SG\tlive-PST\tCOMP\tsee\thow\t1PL\tCOP.PST\tobedient,I lived at the time and recall how obedient we were.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai livd tu sii hou wi woz obiidient.",Ai liv-d tu sii hou wi woz obiidient.,1SG live-PST COMP see how 1PL COP.PST obedient,,,,7104, +11-170,11,Iz Sheldiin di jrondid!,Iz\tSheldiin\tdi\tjrondid!,COP.PRS\tSheldiin\tPST\tdrown,It’s Sheldiin who nearly drowned!,,,,,naturalistic written,"Iz Sheldiin di jrondid!",,COP.PRS Sheldiin PST drown,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,7105, +11-171,11,Wi gaan de twelv oklak.,Wi\tgaan\tde\ttwelv\to-klak.,1PL\tgo.PST\tDEM.LOC\ttwelve\to'-clock,We went there at twelve o'clock.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wi gaan de twelv oklak.",Wi gaan de twelv o-klak.,1PL go.PST DEM.LOC twelve o'-clock,,,,7106, +12-126,12,"When I - when I - when I s- first saw a pers- first white person, I come from Andros, I know I used to - I know it was white person, because, you know, God make white and black, right? So that wasn't nothing for him to holler for, hey, because he know everybody ain't black, right?",[...]\tit\twas\twhite\tperson\t[...]\tthat\twasn't\tnothing\tfor\thim\tto\tholler\tfor\t[...].,[...]\tit\t3SG.COP.PST\twhite\tperson\t[...]\tthat\t3SG.COP.PST.NEG\tnothing\tfor\t3SG.M.OBJ\tto\tholler\tfor\t[...],[...] I knew there were white people [...] So that wasn’t anything for him to cry out about [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"When I - when I - when I s- first saw a pers- first white person, I come from Andros, I know I used to - I know it was white person, because, you know, God make white and black, right? So that wasn't nothing for him to holler for, hey, because he know everybody ain't black, right?","[...] it was white person [...] that wasn't nothing for him to holler for [...] .",[...] it 3SG.COP.PST white person [...] that 3SG.COP.PST.NEG nothing for 3SG.M.OBJ to holler for [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7107, +12-127,12,"They mus'e is be way to bottom of the sea, hey, the jellyfish.",They\tmus'e\tis\tbe\tway\tto\tbottom\tof\tthe\tsea\t[...].,3PL.SBJ\tADV\tHAB\tCOP.INF\tway\tto\tbottom\tof\tthe\tsea\t[...],They must live way down there at the bottom of the sea [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"They mus'e is be way to bottom of the sea, hey, the jellyfish.","They mus'e is be way to bottom of the sea [...].",3PL.SBJ ADV HAB COP.INF way to bottom of the sea [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7108, +12-128,12,"They went in the man shop or man - uh - place to rob the man, the man shot them with a shotgun, the man blow one of them head off - shot - yeah, the man shot couple of them, yeah, they get shot. They went to people home to try to rob, yeah, and they get shoot - two - two of them.",They\twent\tin\tthe\tman\tshop\t[...].,3PL.SBJ\tgo.PST\tin\tthe\tman[POSS]\tshop\t[...],They went into the man’s shop [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"They went in the man shop or man - uh - place to rob the man, the man shot them with a shotgun, the man blow one of them head off - shot - yeah, the man shot couple of them, yeah, they get shot. They went to people home to try to rob, yeah, and they get shoot - two - two of them.","They went in the man shop [...].",3PL.SBJ go.PST in the man[POSS] shop [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7109, +12-129,12,"Well, I tell you what they do - they - some of them - some of them is go 'round the school try to make trouble with people children, and then police is be 'round the school, or security.",[...]\tsome\tof\tthem\tis\tgo\t'round\tthe\tschool\t[...].,[...]\tsome\tof\tthem\tHAB\tgo\taround\tthe\tschool[PL]\t[...],[...] some of them go to the schools [and try to trouble the children] [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Well, I tell you what they do - they - some of them - some of them is go 'round the school try to make trouble with people children, and then police is be 'round the school, or security.","[...] some of them is go 'round the school [...].",[...] some of them HAB go around the school[PL] [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7110, +13-101,13,I da go.,I\tda\tgo.,I\tPROG\tgo,I go. OR: I went. OR: I am going. OR: I was going. OR: I shall go.,,,1500[225],,naturalistic spoken,I da go.,,I PROG go,,,,7111, +14-67,14,She IS here.,She\tIS\there.,she\tCOP\there,She is here.,,"Although the presence of the copula is variable, it occurs obligatorily when stressed.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She IS here.,,she COP here,"Although the presence of the copula is variable, it occurs obligatorily when stressed.",Own knowledge,,7112, +14-68,14,She was here.,She\twas\there.,she\tCOP.PST\there,She was here.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She was here.,,she COP.PST here,,Own knowledge,,7113, +19-97,19,Mi nà mecanico.,Mi\tnà\tmecanico.,1SG.EMPH\tCOP\tmechanic,I'm a mechanic.,,The focus particle and the identity copula nà are identical in form.,,,elicited from speaker,"Mi nà mecanico.",,1SG.EMPH COP mechanic,"The focus particle and the identity copula nà are identical in form.",Field data,,7114, +19-98,19,À gò bi mecanico.,À\tgò\tbi\tmecanico.,1SG.SBJ\tPOT\tCOP\tmechanic,I'll be a mechanic.,,"The overt expression of tense, aspect and modality requires the use of the copula bi rather than NÀ/NOTO in identity copula clauses.",,,elicited from speaker,"À gò bi mecanico.",,1SG.SBJ POT COP mechanic,"The overt expression of tense, aspect and modality requires the use of the copula bi rather than NÀ/NOTO in identity copula clauses.",Field data,,7115, +19-99,19,È kan bi una desgracia.,È\tkan\tbi\tuna\tdesgracia.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tCOP\ta\tdisgrace,It came to be a disgrace.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"È kan bi una desgracia.",,3SG.SBJ PFV COP a disgrace,,Field data,,7116, +21-72,21,We eat durian.,We\teat\tdurian.,1PL\teat\tdurian,We eat durian.,,,,,constructed by linguist,We eat durian.,,1PL eat durian,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,7117, +24-103,24,haew,haew,have,to have,,,,,naturalistic spoken,haew,,have,,Own fieldwork,,7118, +24-104,24,haed,haed,had,"had, there existed",,,,,naturalistic spoken,haed,,had,,Own fieldwork,,7119, +27-65,27,"[...] mushi fan sinu a wēs me am. — Jack, ju skun mi skon.","[...] mushi fan sinu a wēs me am. — Jack, ju skun mi skon.",[...] many of 3PL PST be with 3SG   Jack 2SG shoe be clean,"[...] many of them were with him. — Jack, your shoes are clean.",,,"355[62, 63]",,naturalistic spoken,"[...] mushi fan sinu a wēs me am. — Jack, ju skun mi skon.",,[...] many of 3PL PST be with 3SG Jack 2SG shoe be clean,,,,7120, +29-102,29,"is - was - gewees - synde, het - had - gehad, BUT: word - geword","is\t-\twas\t-\tgewees\t-\tsynde,\thet\t-\thad\t-\tgehad,\tBUT:\tword\t-\tgeword",PRS.be\t-\tPST.be\t-\tPTCP.be\t-\tbeing\t-\tPRS.have\t-\tPST.have\t-\tPTCP.have\tPRS.become\t-\tPTCP.become,"is/are/am/being - was/were - been - being, have - had - had, become - became",,"Had [have.PST] is obsolescent for speakers of the standard variety (cf. Donaldson 1993: 239), although it survives in certain dialects.",,,naturalistic spoken,"is - was - gewees - synde, het - had - gehad, BUT: word - geword",,PRS.be - PST.be - PTCP.be - being - PRS.have - PST.have - PTCP.have PRS.become - PTCP.become,"Had [have.PST] is obsolescent for speakers of the standard variety (cf. Donaldson 1993: 239), although it survives in certain dialects.",Own knowledge,,7121, +30-115,30,Ê si ábitu. / Éra si ábitu. / Ta ser si ábitu. / Ta sérba si ábitu.,Ê si=ábitu. / Éra si=ábitu. / Ta=ser si=ábitu. / Ta=sér-ba si=ábitu.,be 3SG.POSS=habit   be.ANT 3SG.POSS=habit   IPFV=be 3SG.POSS=habit   IPFV=be-ANT 3SG.POSS=habit,It is his habit. / It was his habit. / It will be his habit. / It would be his habit.,,"There is strong suppletion concerning aspect: ser and sérba are used after the IPFV-marker (and after prepositions), ê and éra elsewhere.",786,,constructed by linguist,"Ê si ábitu. / Éra si ábitu. / Ta ser si ábitu. / Ta sérba si ábitu.",Ê si=ábitu. / Éra si=ábitu. / Ta=ser si=ábitu. / Ta=sér-ba si=ábitu.,be 3SG.POSS=habit be.ANT 3SG.POSS=habit IPFV=be 3SG.POSS=habit IPFV=be-ANT 3SG.POSS=habit,"There is strong suppletion concerning aspect: ser and sérba are used after the IPFV-marker (and after prepositions), ê and éra elsewhere.",,,7122,German: Es ist seine Gewohnheit. / Es war seine Gewohnheit. / Es wird seine Gewohnheit sein. / Es wäre seine Gewohnheit. +30-116,30,"Si ê pa kume, bu ta ben fereré! / Si éra pa kume bu ta binha fereré! =Si éra pa kume bu ta benba fereré!","Si\tê\tpa=kume,\tbu=ta=ben\tfereré!/\tSi=éra\tpa=kume\tbu=ta=binha\tfereré!\t=\tSi=éra\tpa=kume\tbu=ta=ben-ba\tfereré!",if\tbe\tfor=eat\t2SG=IPFV=come\tquickly\tif=be.ANT\tfor=eat\t2SG=IPFV=come.ANT\tquickly\t=\tif=be.ANT\tfor=eat\t2SG=IPFV=come-ANT\tquickly,"If it's about food, you come fast!/ If it was about food, you would come fast!",,"There is weak suppletion concerning tense: ê ~ éra, ben ~ binha",786,,constructed by linguist,"Si ê pa kume, bu ta ben fereré! / Si éra pa kume bu ta binha fereré! =Si éra pa kume bu ta benba fereré!","Si ê pa=kume, bu=ta=ben fereré!/ Si=éra pa=kume bu=ta=binha fereré! = Si=éra pa=kume bu=ta=ben-ba fereré!",if be for=eat 2SG=IPFV=come quickly if=be.ANT for=eat 2SG=IPFV=come.ANT quickly = if=be.ANT for=eat 2SG=IPFV=come-ANT quickly,"There is weak suppletion concerning tense: ê ~ éra, ben ~ binha",,,7123,"German: Wenn es um's Essen geht, kommst du schnell! / Wenn es um's Essen ginge, kämst du schnell!" +31-103,31,Es tinha ses kazinha ma es ben bende.,Es\ttinha\tses\tkazinha\tma\tes\tben\tbende.,they\thad\ttheir\thome\tbut\tthey\tcome\tsell,They had their house but they came to sell it.,,The verb ten 'to have' can have a weak suppletive form in the past tinha or have a regular past tense formation tenba.,839,,naturalistic spoken,"Es tinha ses kazinha ma es ben bende.",,they had their home but they come sell,"The verb ten 'to have' can have a weak suppletive form in the past tinha or have a regular past tense formation tenba.",,,7124, +31-104,31,"Dja’N fra-bu, tenpu era run.","Dja’N\tfra-bu,\ttenpu\tera\trun.",COMP.I\ttell-you\ttimes\twere\tbad,"I told you, the times were bad.",,The present tense of era 'was/were' is e.,839,,naturalistic spoken,"Dja’N fra-bu, tenpu era run.",,COMP.I tell-you times were bad,"The present tense of era 'was/were' is e.",,,7125, +32-80,32,N ka sabê./ N ka sabia./ N sub.,N\tka\tsabê./\tN\tka\tsabia./\tN\tsub.,1SG\tNEG\tknow\t1SG\tNEG\tknow.PST.IPFV\t1SG\tknow.PST.PFV,I don't know./I didn't know./I got to know.,,This example shows weak suppletion according to tense and aspect.,1456,,constructed by linguist,"N ka sabê./ N ka sabia./ N sub.",,1SG NEG know 1SG NEG know.PST.IPFV 1SG know.PST.PFV,This example shows weak suppletion according to tense and aspect.,,,7126,Portuguese: Não sei./Não sabia./Soube. +32-81,32,Última foi/éra/e nha tia.,Última\tfoi/éra/e\tnha\ttia.,last.one\tCOP.PST.PFV/COP.PST.IPFV/COP.PRS\t1SG.POSS\taunt,The last one was/is my aunt.,,This example shows strong suppletion according to Tense and Aspect.,1456,,constructed by linguist,"Última foi/éra/e nha tia.",,last.one COP.PST.PFV/COP.PST.IPFV/COP.PRS 1SG.POSS aunt,This example shows strong suppletion according to Tense and Aspect.,,,7127,Portuguese: A última foi/era/é a minha tia. +33-111,33,Djon i pursor. — Djon yera pursor. — Djon sedu ba pursor.,Djon i pursor. — Djon yera pursor. — Djon sedu ba pursor.,John COP.PRS professor   John COP.PST professor   John COP PST professor,John is a professor. — John was a professor. — John was a professor.,,The copula has suppletive forms.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Djon i pursor. — Djon yera pursor. — Djon sedu ba pursor.,,John COP.PRS professor John COP.PST professor John COP PST professor,The copula has suppletive forms.,Own knowledge,,7128,Portuguese: João é professor. — João era professor. — João foi professor. +34-78,34,Bu fiju i boŋ algeŋ.,Bu\tfiju\tø\ti\tboŋ\talgeŋ.,POSS.2SG\tchild\tPFV\tCOP\tnice\thuman.being,Your child is a nice kid.,,I is a copula with no overt aspect/tense marker.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bu fiju i boŋ algeŋ.","Bu fiju ø i boŋ algeŋ.",POSS.2SG child PFV COP nice human.being,"I is a copula with no overt aspect/tense marker.",Own knowledge,,7129, +34-79,34,"Bu fiju na sedi boŋ algeŋ. — Bu fiju sedi baŋ boŋ algeŋ. — Si bu fiju satá baŋ wobí konsiju-s di si dona, i na sedi baŋ boŋ algeŋ.","Bu\tfiju\tna\tsedi\tboŋ\talgeŋ.\tBu\tfiju\tø\tsedi\tbaŋ\tboŋ\talgeŋ.\tSi\tbu\tfiju\tø\tsatá\tbaŋ\twobí\tkonsiju-s\tdi\tsi\tdona,\ti\tna\tsedi\tbaŋ\tboŋ\talgeŋ.","POSS.2SG\tchild\tFUT\tCOP\tnice\thuman.being\tPOSS.2SG\tchild\tPFV\tCOP\tPST\tnice\thuman.being\tif\tPOSS.2SG\tchild\tPFV\taccept\tPST\tlisten.to\tadvice-PL\tof\tPOSS.3SG\tgrandfather/grandmother,\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tCOP\tPST\tnice\thuman.being","Your child will be a nice person. — Your child was a nice kid. — If your child listened to his grandfather's/grandmother's advice, he would be(come) a nice person.",,This is an example of a copula with overt aspect and/or time markers.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bu fiju na sedi boŋ algeŋ. — Bu fiju sedi baŋ boŋ algeŋ. — Si bu fiju satá baŋ wobí konsiju-s di si dona, i na sedi baŋ boŋ algeŋ.","Bu fiju na sedi boŋ algeŋ. Bu fiju ø sedi baŋ boŋ algeŋ. Si bu fiju ø satá baŋ wobí konsiju-s di si dona, i na sedi baŋ boŋ algeŋ.","POSS.2SG child FUT COP nice human.being POSS.2SG child PFV COP PST nice human.being if POSS.2SG child PFV accept PST listen.to advice-PL of POSS.3SG grandfather/grandmother, 3SG.SBJ FUT COP PST nice human.being",This is an example of a copula with overt aspect and/or time markers.,Own knowledge,,7130, +34-80,34,Bu fiju yera baŋ boŋ algeŋ.,Bu\tfiju\tø\tyera\tbaŋ\tboŋ\talgeŋ.,POSS.2SG\tchild\tPFV\tCOP\tPST\tnice\thuman.being,Your child was a nice kid.,,This is an example of a copula with an overt tense marker and no overt aspect marker.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bu fiju yera baŋ boŋ algeŋ.","Bu fiju ø yera baŋ boŋ algeŋ.",POSS.2SG child PFV COP PST nice human.being,This is an example of a copula with an overt tense marker and no overt aspect marker.,Own knowledge,,7131, +35-120,35,tê; tinha,tê;\ttinha,have.PRS\thave.PST,has; had,,,,,constructed by linguist,tê; tinha,,have.PRS have.PST,,Own knowledge,,7132, +35-121,35,sa; tava,sa;\ttava,be\twas/were,is; was,,Sa is arguably diachronically derived from Portuguese estar and tava from its inflected form estava.,,,constructed by linguist,sa; tava,,be was/were,"Sa is arguably diachronically derived from Portuguese estar and tava from its inflected form estava.",Own knowledge,,7133, +36-69,36,tha vs. ta,tha\tvs.\tta,is\tvs.\twas,is vs. was,,,901[92ff.],,elicited from speaker,tha vs. ta,,is vs. was,,,,7134, +37-85,37,tê vs. txinha,tê\tvs.\ttxinha,have.PRS\tvs.\thave.PST,[s/he] has vs. [s/he] had,,,905[87],,elicited from speaker,tê vs. txinha,,have.PRS vs. have.PST,,,,7135, +37-86,37,sa vs. tava/era,sa\tvs.\ttava/era,is\tvs.\twas,[s/he] is vs. [s/he] was,,,905[95],,elicited from speaker,"sa vs. tava/era",,is vs. was,,,,7136, +37-87,37,[...] owo ki têvê pôdê di kume kani me [...].,[...]\towo\tki\ttêvê\tpôdê\tdi\tkume\tkani\tme\t[...].,[...]\t2PL\tREL\thave.PST.PFV\tpower\tof\teat\tmeat\tPOSS.1SG\t[...],[...] you who got the opportunity to eat the meat I offered you [...].,,,905[69],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] owo ki têvê pôdê di kume kani me [...].",,[...] 2PL REL have.PST.PFV power of eat meat POSS.1SG [...],,,,7137, +39-103,39,ir,ir,go.INF,to go,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,ir,,go.INF,,,,7138, +39-104,39,vay,vay,go.NPST,go(es),,,218,,naturalistic spoken,vay,,go.NPST,,,,7139, +39-105,39,foy,foy,go.PST,went,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,foy,,go.PST,,,,7140, +40-70,40,yo tana(n); yo ti andan; yo ti anda,yo\ttana;\tyo\ttanan;\tyo\tti\tandan;\tyo\tti\tanda,I\tgo\tI\tam.going\tI\tPST\tgo.PROG\tI\tPST\tgo.HAB,I go/I'm going; I was going; I used to go,,Tana(n) is a reduced form of tɛ andan.,265[112],,constructed by linguist,yo tana(n); yo ti andan; yo ti anda,yo tana; yo tanan; yo ti andan; yo ti anda,I go I am.going I PST go.PROG I PST go.HAB,"Tana(n) is a reduced form of tɛ andan.",,,7141, +40-71,40,yo yafoy/yahoy/yaho,yo\tyafoy/yahoy/yaho,I\twent,I went,,"Of the three variants of the past form of go (yafoy, yahoy, and yaho), the first is the oldest and the last, the most recent.",265[112],,constructed by linguist,yo yafoy/yahoy/yaho,,I went,"Of the three variants of the past form of go (yafoy, yahoy, and yaho), the first is the oldest and the last, the most recent.",,,7142, +41-92,41,teem/tiɲa; tandaa/jafoy,teem/tiɲa;\tta-andaa/jaa-foy,PRS.be/PST.be\tPRS-go/PST-go,is/was; goes/went,,(There is no person agreement in Sri Lanka Portuguese - 3SG agreement was chosen for the gloss.),1416[passim],,constructed by linguist,teem/tiɲa; tandaa/jafoy,teem/tiɲa; ta-andaa/jaa-foy,PRS.be/PST.be PRS-go/PST-go,(There is no person agreement in Sri Lanka Portuguese - 3SG agreement was chosen for the gloss.),,,7143, +44-100,44,Kwándo kel no sábe yo asé kosíw.,Kwándo\tkel\tno\tsábe\tyo\tasé\tkosíw.,when\tthat\tNEG\tknow\t1SG\tmake\tstew,Before I didn’t know how to prepare food.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kwándo kel no sábe yo asé kosíw.,,when that NEG know 1SG make stew,,Own data,,7144, +44-101,44,"No di sentí, no di sabé.","No\tdi\tsentí,\tno\tdi\tsabé.",NEG\tCTPL\tfeel\tNEG\tCTPL\tknow,"They will not notice, they will not know.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"No di sentí, no di sabé.",,NEG CTPL feel NEG CTPL know,,Own data,,7145, +44-102,44,"Mirá tédi, ya sabé ya tédi?","Mirá\ttédi,\tya\tsabé\tya\ttédi?",look\t2SG.POL\tPFV\tknow\talready\t2SG.POL,"Look, do you already know?",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mirá tédi, ya sabé ya tédi?",,look 2SG.POL PFV know already 2SG.POL,,Own data,,7146, +45-86,45,Pensaba mi hermano frio el agua.,Pensaba\tmi\thermano\tfrio\tel\tagua.,PFV.think\tmy\tbrother\tcold\tthe\twater,My brother thought that the water was cold.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Pensaba mi hermano frio el agua.,,PFV.think my brother cold the water,,Own data,,7147, +45-87,45,Ta pinsa mi hermano que frio daw el agua.,Ta\tpinsa\tmi\thermano\tque\tfrio\tdaw\tel\tagua.,IPFV\tthink\t1SG.POSS\tbrother\tthat\tcold\tQUOT\tDEF\twater,My brother thinks that the water is cold.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta pinsa mi hermano que frio daw el agua.,,IPFV think 1SG.POSS brother that cold QUOT DEF water,,"Librada Llamado, p.c.",,7148, +46-105,46,Estába 'le na mayor.,Estába\t'le\tna\tmayor.,was\ts/he\tLOC\tmayor,He was at the mayor's.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Estába 'le na mayor.,,was s/he LOC mayor,,Own knowledge,,7149, +46-106,46,Pensába yo (kay) tempráno pa.,Pensába\tyo\t(kay)\ttempráno\tpa.,thought\t1SG\t(that)\tearly\tstill,I assumed that it is still early.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Pensába yo (kay) tempráno pa.,,thought 1SG (that) early still,,Own knowledge,,7150, +47-111,47,Ni Antonio ni Maria no ta na kas.,Ni\tAntonio\tni\tMaria\tno\tta\tna\tkas.,neither\tAntonio\tnor\tMaria\tNEG\tCOP\tLOC\thouse,Neither Antonio nor Maria are home.,,The translation is mine.,869[47],,published source,Ni Antonio ni Maria no ta na kas.,,neither Antonio nor Maria NEG COP LOC house,The translation is mine.,,,7151, +47-112,47,Mi tanta tawata na Aruba pa dos siman.,Mi\ttanta\ttawata\tna\tAruba\tpa\tdos\tsiman.,1SG\taunt\tPST.COP\tLOC\tAruba\tfor\ttwo\tweek,My aunt was in Aruba for two weeks.,,,755,,naturalistic written,"Mi tanta tawata na Aruba pa dos siman.",,1SG aunt PST.COP LOC Aruba for two week,,,,7152, +48-101,48,¿I ese kumina kumu fué-ba?,¿I\tese\tkumina\tkumu\tfué-ba?,and\tthis\tfood\thow\tis/was-PST,"And this meal, how was it?",,"Note: contrary to expectations, fue (< Spanish fue '(it) was') can be both past and present: +Kumu fue? 'How is/was it?'",,,naturalistic spoken,¿I ese kumina kumu fué-ba?,,and this food how is/was-PST,"Note: contrary to expectations, fue (< Spanish fue '(it) was') can be both past and present: +Kumu fue? 'How is/was it?'",Recorded by author,,7153, +48-102,48,¡Eso ta-ba gueno!,¡Eso\tta-ba\tgueno!,that\tbe-HAB\tgood,That used to be good!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¡Eso ta-ba gueno!,,that be-HAB good,,Recorded by author,,7154,Spanish: ¡Eso estaba/era bueno! +48-103,48,Ese kusa e gueno.,Ese\tkusa\te\tgueno.,this\tthing\tbe\tgood,This (thing) is good.,,"As the Spanish translation shows, Palenquero e can have multiple meanings, i.e. express Spanish estar as well as ser.",,,naturalistic spoken,Ese kusa e gueno.,,this thing be good,"As the Spanish translation shows, Palenquero e can have multiple meanings, i.e. express Spanish estar as well as ser.",Recorded by author,,7155,Spanish: Esta cosa está buena. OR: Esta cosa es buena. +53-203,53,Komon to ye?,Komon\tto\tye?,how\t2SG\tCOP,How are you?,,,1048[250],,naturalistic spoken,Komon to ye?,,how 2SG COP,,,,7156, +53-204,53,"M ole to det là jou-la, dimonch.","M\tole\tto\tdet\tlà\tjou-la,\tdimonch.",1SG\twill\t2SG\tCOP\tthere\tday-ART.DEF\tsunday,"I want you to be there that day, Sunday.",,,1048[252],,naturalistic spoken,"M ole to det là jou-la, dimonch.",,1SG will 2SG COP there day-ART.DEF sunday,,,,7157, +53-205,53,Petet to sa pa satisfe.,Petet\tto\tsa\tpa\tsatisfe.,maybe\t2SG\tFUT\tNEG\tsatisfy,Maybe you won't be satisfied.,,,1048[219],,naturalistic spoken,Petet to sa pa satisfe.,,maybe 2SG FUT NEG satisfy,,,,7158, +53-206,53,Petet to va pa et satisfe.,Petet\tto\tva\tpa\tet\tsatisfe.,maybe\t2SG\tFUT\tNEG\tCOP\tsatisfy,Maybe you won't be satisfied.,,,1048[219],,naturalistic spoken,Petet to va pa et satisfe.,,maybe 2SG FUT NEG COP satisfy,,,,7159, +53-207,53,Dolo se jolimon bon pou met twa.,Dolo\tse\tjolimon\tbon\tpou\tmet\ttwa.,water\tCOP\tvery\tgood\tfor\tput\t2SG,Water is very good for throwing you in.,,,1048[242],,naturalistic spoken,Dolo se jolimon bon pou met twa.,,water COP very good for put 2SG,,,,7160, +53-208,53,Mo te fen.,Mo\tte\tfen.,1SG\tPST\thunger,I was hungry.,,,1048[201],,naturalistic spoken,Mo te fen.,,1SG PST hunger,,,,7161, +54-116,54,Mwen lé byen kontan. — Mwen lété byen kontan. — Mi sra byen kontan.,Mwen\tle\tbyen\tkontan.\t—\tMwen\tlete\tbyen\tkontan.\t—\tMi\tsra\tbyen\tkontan.,1SG\tCOP.PRS\twell\tpleased\t—\t1SG\tCOP.PST\twell\tpleased\t—\t1SG\tCOP.FUT\twell\tpleased,I am very pleased. — I was very pleased. — I'll be very pleased.,,,236[343],,naturalistic spoken,Mwen lé byen kontan. — Mwen lété byen kontan. — Mi sra byen kontan.,Mwen le byen kontan. — Mwen lete byen kontan. — Mi sra byen kontan.,1SG COP.PRS well pleased — 1SG COP.PST well pleased — 1SG COP.FUT well pleased,,,,7162,French: Je suis bien content. — J'étais bien content. — Je serai bien content. +54-117,54,éna/nana — navé/lavé,ena/nana\t—\tnave/lave,there.is\t—\tthere.was,there is — there was,,,236[343],,naturalistic spoken,éna/nana — navé/lavé,ena/nana — nave/lave,there.is — there.was,,,,7163,French: il y a — il y avait +54-118,54,Sa k i vé alé la kantin i sava.,Sa\tk\ti\tve\tale\tla\tkantin\ti\tsava.,DEM\tREL\tFIN\twant\tgo\tDEF\tpub\tFIN\tgo,Whoever wants to go to the pub [can] go.,,"The verb ale 'to go' has different forms, which are ale and sava.",236[979],,naturalistic spoken,Sa k i vé alé la kantin i sava.,Sa k i ve ale la kantin i sava.,DEM REL FIN want go DEF pub FIN go,"The verb ale 'to go' has different forms, which are ale and sava.",,,7164,French: Celui qui veut aller au débit de boisson y va. +63-104,63,úmun kan ásker,úmun\tkan\tásker,3PL\tIMPF\tsoldier,They were soldiers.,,,857[310],,naturalistic spoken,"úmun kan ásker",,3PL IMPF soldier,,,,7165, +63-105,63,ána kun well organised,ána\tkun\twell\torganised,1SG\tbe\twell\torganised,I am well organised.,,,857[309],,naturalistic spoken,"ána kun well organised",,1SG be well organised,,,,7166, +65-79,65,xodi - paʃola,xodi\t-\tpaʃola,go\t-\tgo.PFV,go - has gone,,,"1195[334, 341]",,constructed by linguist,xodi - paʃola,,go - go.PFV,,,,7167, +67-118,67,"Kalau lu apa-apa sal ada mau cakap, lu kasi la tahu ah sekarang.","Kalau\tlu\tapa~apa\tsal\tada\tmau\tcakap,\tlu\tkasi\tla\ttahu\tah\tsekarang.",if\t2SG\twhat-what\tmatter\thave\twant\tspeak\t2SG\tgive\tEMPH\tknow\tPCL\tnow,"If you have anything you would like to say, let me know now.",,,708[167],,naturalistic spoken,"Kalau lu apa-apa sal ada mau cakap, lu kasi la tahu ah sekarang.","Kalau lu apa~apa sal ada mau cakap, lu kasi la tahu ah sekarang.",if 2SG what-what matter have want speak 2SG give EMPH know PCL now,,,,7168, +74-83,74,tlátwa,tlátwa,go,"go, went",,,,,constructed by linguist,tlátwa,,go,,Own knowledge,,7169, +1-131,1,"Mi no ha tiffi moro, mi no kann kau.","Mi\tno\thabi\ttifi\tmoro,\tmi\tno\tkan\tkaw.",1SG\tNEG\thave\tteeth\tmore\t1SG\tNEG\tcan\tchew,"I don't have teeth anymore, I cannot chew.",,"Ad Feature 55 ""Ability verb and epistemic possibility"": Kan denotes physical ability.",1357[81],,written (dictionary),"Mi no ha tiffi moro, mi no kann kau.","Mi no habi tifi moro, mi no kan kaw.",1SG NEG have teeth more 1SG NEG can chew,"Ad Feature 55 ""Ability verb and epistemic possibility"": Kan denotes physical ability.",,,7170, +1-132,1,Da somma no sabi va swem.,Da\tsoma\tno\tsabi\tfu\tswen.,DET.SG\tperson\tNEG\tknow\tto\tswim,That person cannot swim (doesn't know how to swim).,,Sabi denotes mental participant-internal ability.,1357[169],,written (dictionary),"Da somma no sabi va swem.",Da soma no sabi fu swen.,DET.SG person NEG know to swim,"Sabi denotes mental participant-internal ability.",,,7171,German: Der Mensch kann nicht schwimmen [op.cit.] +1-133,1,Ju sa mann va tjarri datti?,Yu\tsa\tman\tfu\ttyari\tdati?,2SG\tFUT\tbe.able\tto\tcarry\tthat,Are you able to carry that?,,Man denotes physical ability.,1357[107],,written (dictionary),Ju sa mann va tjarri datti?,Yu sa man fu tyari dati?,2SG FUT be.able to carry that,"Man denotes physical ability.",,,7172,German: Wirst du dieses tragen können? [op.cit.] +1-134,1,Da mastra a za wandi fo slibi lange mi na netti kaba a za fom mi alle de.,Da\tmasra\ta\tsa\twani\tfo\tsribi\tnanga\tmi\tna\tneti\tkaba\ta\tsa\tfon\tmi\tala\tde.,DET.SG\tmaster\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\twant\tto\tsleep\twith\tme\tat\tnight\tand\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\thit\t1SG\tall\tday,"The master, he will want to sleep with me in the night, and he'll beat me up every day.",,Epistemic possibility is expressed by za (sa).,1527[64],,written,Da mastra a za wandi fo slibi lange mi na netti kaba a za fom mi alle de.,Da masra a sa wani fo sribi nanga mi na neti kaba a sa fon mi ala de.,DET.SG master 3SG.SBJ FUT want to sleep with me at night and 3SG.SBJ FUT hit 1SG all day,"Epistemic possibility is expressed by za (sa).",,,7173,Dutch: De Meester zel van Nagt by myn willen Slaapen en dan zal ik alle Daagen slaagen krygen. [op.cit.] +2-127,2,Den kan e wakti unu na oso.,Den\tkan\te\twakti\tunu\tna\toso.,3PL\tcan\tIPFV\twait\t1PL\tLOC\thouse,They may be awaiting us at home.,,,1604[92],,naturalistic spoken,"Den kan e wakti unu na oso.",,3PL can IPFV wait 1PL LOC house,,,,7174, +2-128,2,A kan de taki Jan ben sribi kaba.,A\tkan\tde\ttaki\tJan\tben\tsribi\tkaba.,3SG\tcan\tCOP\tCOMP\tJohn\tPST\tsleep\talready,It’s possible that John was already asleep.,,,1604[94],,naturalistic spoken,A kan de taki Jan ben sribi kaba.,,3SG can COP COMP John PST sleep already,,,,7175, +2-129,2,Mi kan go na+a dansi bika(si) mi abi moni.,Mi kan go na+a dansi bika(si) mi abi moni.,1SG can go LOC the.SG dance because 1SG have money,I can go to the dance because I have money.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mi kan go na+a dansi bika(si) mi abi moni.,,1SG can go LOC the.SG dance because 1SG have money,,Winford transcripts,,7176, +3-66,3,A taánga téee. A sa hópo wán hóndo kiló.,A\ttaánga\ttéee.\tA\tsa\thópo\twán\thóndo\tkiló.,3SG\tstrong\tIDEO\t3SG\tMOD\tlift.up\tDET\thundred\tkilo,"S/he is strong, s/he can lift a hundred kilos.",,,1517[11],,naturalistic spoken,A taánga téee. A sa hópo wán hóndo kiló.,,3SG strong IDEO 3SG MOD lift.up DET hundred kilo,,,,7177, +3-67,3,A sa gó a húku.,A\tsa\tgó\ta\thúku.,3SG\tMOD\tgo\tLOC\thook,She might have gone fishing.,,,1517[12],,naturalistic spoken,A sa gó a húku.,,3SG MOD go LOC hook,,,,7178, +4-91,4,"A taanga, a sa diki wan ondoo kilo.","A\ttaanga,\ta\tsa\tdiki\twan\tondoo\tkilo.",he\tstrong\the\tABIL\tlift\tone\thundred\tkilo,"He is strong, he can lift one hundred kilos.",,,965[37],,elicited from speaker,"A taanga, a sa diki wan ondoo kilo.",,he strong he ABIL lift one hundred kilo,,,,7179, +4-197,4,A sa e wooko nownouw.,A sa e wooko nownouw.,3SG can IPFV now,He might be working now.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A sa e wooko nownouw.,,3SG can IPFV now,,Own knowledge,,7180, +5-89,5,dem mosii bin a tel lai pan mi,dem\tmosii\tbin\ta\ttel\tlai\tpan\tmi,3PL\tMOD\tANT\tASP\ttell\tlie\ton\t1SG,They probably were telling lies on me.,,,,,constructed by linguist,dem mosii bin a tel lai pan mi,,3PL MOD ANT ASP tell lie on 1SG,,Own knowledge,,7181, +5-90,5,uu gat fut kyan ron,uu\tgat\tfut\tkyan\tron,who\thave\tfoot\tcan\trun,They who have feet can run.,,,,,constructed by linguist,uu gat fut kyan ron,,who have foot can run,,Own knowledge,,7182, +6-58,6,Ah kud do it.,Ah\tkud\tdo\tit.,1SG\tMOD\tdo\t3SG.DO,I can do it. OR: I'm likely to do it.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ah kud do it.,,1SG MOD do 3SG.DO,,Informant,,7183, +7-140,7,I kod bi laas.,I\tkod\tbi\tlaas.,1SG\tMOD\tbe\tlost/last,It/He/She could be lost/last. OR: It/He/She is possibly lost/last.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I kod bi laas.,,1SG MOD be lost/last,,Own knowledge,,7184, +7-141,7,Yo kod go nou.,Yo\tkod\tgo\tnou.,2.SBJ\tMOD\tgo\tnow,You may go now.,,"'May' signals permission, so that this example means 'You have my permission to go now'.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yo kod go nou.,,2.SBJ MOD go now,"'May' signals permission, so that this example means 'You have my permission to go now'.",Own knowledge,,7185, +7-142,7,Di seim ting we i lokin fa outsaid i kod get it insaid.,Di\tseim\tting\twe\ti\tlok-in\tfa\tout-said\ti\tkod\tget\tit\tin-said.,ART\tsame\tthing\tREL\t3SG\tlook-PROG\tfor\tout-side\t3SG\tMOD\tget\t3SG.N\tin-side,Whatever he is looking for outside can be obtained inside.,,Kod is used for possibility and ability.,1244[220],,naturalistic spoken,Di seim ting we i lokin fa outsaid i kod get it insaid.,Di seim ting we i lok-in fa out-said i kod get it in-said.,ART same thing REL 3SG look-PROG for out-side 3SG MOD get 3SG.N in-side,"Kod is used for possibility and ability.",,,7186, +8-83,8,Maas Jan se im kyahn kom tumaro.,Maas\tJan\tse\tim\tkyahn\tkom\ttumaro.,Mr.\tJohn\tsay\t3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow,Mr. John said he is able to come tomorrow.,,"Ability verb, e.g. he is well enough/strong enough to come.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Maas Jan se im kyahn kom tumaro.,,Mr. John say 3SG can come tomorrow,"Ability verb, e.g. he is well enough/strong enough to come.",Own knowledge,,7187, +8-84,8,Maas Jan se im kyahn kom tumaro.,Maas\tJan\tse\tim\tkyahn\tkom\ttumaro.,Mr.\tJohn\tsay\t3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow,Mr. John said it is possible for him to come tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Maas Jan se im kyahn kom tumaro.,,Mr. John say 3SG can come tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,7188, +9-109,9,I kuda me gɛt wan job da big krik.,I\tkuda\tme\tgɛt\twan\tjob\tda\tbig\tkrik.,3SG\tcould.have\tANT\tget\ta\tjob\tat\tBig\tCreek,He could have got a job at Big Creek.,,"Kuda indicates epistemic possibility. The combined use of the ANT (irrealis) marker me makes the possibility even more remote. In the text, the young man did not even apply for the job.",441[48],,naturalistic spoken,I kuda me gɛt wan job da big krik.,,3SG could.have ANT get a job at Big Creek,"Kuda indicates epistemic possibility. The combined use of the ANT (irrealis) marker me makes the possibility even more remote. In the text, the young man did not even apply for the job.",,,7189, +9-110,9,I hia bowt wan ledi we ku kyu eni kaynda siknes.,I\thia\tbowt\twan\tledi\twe\tku\tkyu\teni\tkaynda\tsiknes.,3SG\thear\tabout\ta\tlady\tREL\tcan\tcure\tany\tkind.of\tsickness,He heard about a lady who could cure any kind of illness.,,Here ku indicates ability. Note that ku is the neutral form for 'can' (and also for 'could').,432[50],,naturalistic spoken,I hia bowt wan ledi we ku kyu eni kaynda siknes.,,3SG hear about a lady REL can cure any kind.of sickness,"Here ku indicates ability. Note that ku is the neutral form for 'can' (and also for 'could').",,,7190, +9-213,9,i ku kum tomoro,i\tku\tkum\ttomoro,3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow,He might come tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by linguist,i ku kum tomoro,,3SG can come tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,7191, +10-126,10,Kyan yu fain hed widout tong?,Kyan\tyu\tfain\thed\twid-out\ttong?,can\t2SG\tfind\thead\twith-out\ttongue,Is it possible to find a head without a tongue?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kyan yu fain hed widout tong?",Kyan yu fain hed wid-out tong?,can 2SG find head with-out tongue,,Unpublished field recordings,,7192, +10-127,10,Mi kyan du ih.,Mi\tkyan\tdu\tih.,1SG\tcan\tdo\t3SG.N,I can do it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi kyan du ih.",,1SG can do 3SG.N,,Unpublished field recordings,,7193, +11-172,11,Dei kaan rait nat wan ting.,Dei\tkaan\trait\tnat\twan\tting.,3PL\tcan.NEG\twrite\tNEG\tone\tthing,They can’t write a thing.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Dei kaan rait nat wan ting.",,3PL can.NEG write NEG one thing,,,,7194, +11-173,11,[...] bot yu kyaan taak.,[...]\tbot\tyu\tkyaan\ttaak.,[...]\tbut\t2SG\tcan.NEG\ttalk,[...] but you mustn’t talk.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] bot yu kyaan taak.",,[...] but 2SG can.NEG talk,,,,7195, +11-174,11,Yu kan aalso mek your rondon wid miit.,Yu\tkan\taalso\tmek\tyour\trondon\twid\tmiit.,2SG\tcan\talso\tmake\t2SG.POSS\trundown\tINS\tmeat,You can also make your rundown with meat.,,,,,written,"Yu kan aalso mek your rondon wid miit.",,2SG can also make 2SG.POSS rundown INS meat,,Kukin Buk,,7196, +12-130,12,"Haitian? But I like 'em, because - I say all is God people, and some of them have good ways. You know, have good ways, yeah. Some of them nice, but you could find some ain't nice, but some of them nice.",[...]\tyou\tcould\tfind\tsome\tain't\tnice\t[...],[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tMOD.AUX\tfind\tsome\tNEG\tnice\t[...],"[...] you can find some (Haitians) that aren’t nice, [but some of them are nice].",,Could denotes ability.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Haitian? But I like 'em, because - I say all is God people, and some of them have good ways. You know, have good ways, yeah. Some of them nice, but you could find some ain't nice, but some of them nice.","[...] you could find some ain't nice [...]",[...] 2SG.SBJ MOD.AUX find some NEG nice [...],"Could denotes ability.",Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7197, +12-131,12,"Yeah, [...] learn a different speech, eh. Now you could speak - how much - how much you coulda speak? Two?",[...]\tyou\tcould\tspeak\t[...]\thow\tmuch\tyou\tcoulda\tspeak?,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tMOD.AUX\tspeak\t[...]\thow\tmuch\tyou\tMOD.AUX\tspeak,[...] So you can speak [...] - how many different [languages] can you speak?,,Could and coulda denote ability.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, [...] learn a different speech, eh. Now you could speak - how much - how much you coulda speak? Two?","[...] you could speak [...] how much you coulda speak?",[...] 2SG.SBJ MOD.AUX speak [...] how much you MOD.AUX speak,"Could and coulda denote ability.",Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7198, +12-132,12,"[So you think that's the reason?] I 'most believe, could be, yeah.","I\t'most\tbelieve,\tcould\tbe\t[...].",1SG.SBJ\tADV\tbelieve\tMOD.AUX\tCOP.INF\t[...],"I almost believe [that], [that] could be [the reason], [yeah].",,Here could denotes epistemic possibility.,,,naturalistic spoken,"[So you think that's the reason?] I 'most believe, could be, yeah.","I 'most believe, could be [...].",1SG.SBJ ADV believe MOD.AUX COP.INF [...],"Here could denotes epistemic possibility.",Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7199, +12-133,12,"And - like when you catch the crab ... - don't hold it by the biter, 'cause you could get bite.",[...]\tyou\tcould\tget\tbite.,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tMOD.AUX\tget\tbite,"[...] [if you catch the crab, don't hold it by the biter, because] you might get bitten.",,Here could denotes epistemic possibility.,,,naturalistic spoken,"And - like when you catch the crab ... - don't hold it by the biter, 'cause you could get bite.","[...] you could get bite.",[...] 2SG.SBJ MOD.AUX get bite,"Here could denotes epistemic possibility.",Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7200, +13-102,13,He might be can do that.,He\tmight\tbe\tcan\tdo\tthat.,3SG\tmight\tHAB\tcan\tdo\tthat,He probably can do that.,,,330[47],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,"He might be can do that.",,3SG might HAB can do that,,,,7201, +13-103,13,ɒɪ cɪn sɪt dɒʊŋ.,ɒɪ\tcɪn\tsɪt\tdɒʊŋ.,I\tcan\tsit\tdown,I can [am able to] sit down.,,[c] is the symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive by IPA convention.,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,ɒɪ cɪn sɪt dɒʊŋ.,,I can sit down,[c] is the symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive by IPA convention.,,,7202, +14-69,14,He can take the bus.,He\tcan\ttake\tthe\tbus.,he\tcan\ttake\tthe\tbus,He can take the bus.,,Here can denotes ability.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He can take the bus.,,he can take the bus,"Here can denotes ability.",Own knowledge,,7203, +15-77,15,wi go ebul du am tumara,wi\tgo\tebul\tdu\tam\ttumara,1PL\tFUT\tbe.able\tdo\tit\ttomorrow,We can do it tomorrow. OR: We will be able to do it tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,wi go ebul du am tumara,,1PL FUT be.able do it tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,7204, +15-78,15,sɔntɛm wi go si am tumara,sɔntɛm\twi\tgo\tsi\tam\ttumara,maybe\t1PL\tFUT\tsee\thim\ttomorrow,We may see him tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,sɔntɛm wi go si am tumara,,maybe 1PL FUT see him tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,7205, +16-72,16,wataim à gò fìt gɛt mɔni?,wataim\tà\tgò\tfìt\tgɛt\tmɔni?,when\t1SG\tFUT/IRR\tABIL\tget\tmoney,When will I be able to get money? OR: When will I possibly get the money?,,,656[178],,naturalistic spoken,wataim à gò fìt gɛt mɔni?,,when 1SG FUT/IRR ABIL get money,,,,7206, +17-80,17,Mà pìkín fit rid.,Mà\tpìkín\tfit\trid.,my\tchild\tbe.able\tread,My child can/may read.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mà pìkín fit rid.,,my child be.able read,,Own knowledge,,7207, +17-81,17,Mà pìkín fit dè rid.,Mà\tpìkín\tfit\tdè\trid.,my\tchild\tbe.able\tNCOMPL\tread,My child may be reading.,,,,,unknown,Mà pìkín fit dè rid.,,my child be.able NCOMPL read,,,,7208, +18-76,18,'Dem 'fit 'giv 'yu 'som 'smol 'ting.,Dem\tfit\tgif\tyu\tsom\tsmol\ttin.,3PL.SBJ\tbe.able\tgive\t2SG.OBL\tsome\tsmall\tthing,They can give you a small something.,,,352[133],,published source,'Dem 'fit 'giv 'yu 'som 'smol 'ting.,Dem fit gif yu som smol tin.,3PL.SBJ be.able give 2SG.OBL some small thing,,,,7209, +19-100,19,À fit totàn.,À\tfit\ttot=àn.,1SG.SBJ\tbe.able\tcarry=3SG.OBJ,I can carry it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"À fit totàn.","À fit tot=àn.",1SG.SBJ be.able carry=3SG.OBJ,,Field data,,7210, +19-101,19,È fit kan tumara.,È\tfit\tkan\ttumara.,3SG.SBJ\tbe.able\tcome\ttomorrow,He might come tomorrow.,,,1634[230],,naturalistic spoken,"È fit kan tumara.",,3SG.SBJ be.able come tomorrow,,,,7211, +20-64,20,My no can hear.,My\tno\tcan\thear.,1SG\tNEG\tcan\thear,I am deaf.,,,1489[IV.46],,naturalistic written,My no can hear.,,1SG NEG can hear,,,米哪(口件)希也,7212, +20-65,20,How can makee mistake?,How\tcan\tmakee\tmistake?,how\tcan\tmake\tmistake,How can it be a mistake?,,,1489[IV.71],,naturalistic written,"How can makee mistake?",,how can make mistake,,,厚件米其未士得,7213, +21-73,21,You can hear the engine.,You\tcan\thear\tthe\tengine.,2SG\tcan\thear\tDET\tengine,You can hear the engine.,,,820[45],,naturalistic spoken,You can hear the engine.,,2SG can hear DET engine,,,,7214, +21-74,21,You can perhaps/possibly hear the engine.,You\tcan\tperhaps/possibly\thear\tthe\tengine.,2SG\tcan\tperhaps/possibly\thear\tDET\tengine,You can perhaps/possibly hear the engine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,You can perhaps/possibly hear the engine.,,2SG can perhaps/possibly hear DET engine,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,7215, +22-95,22,Kapul i bai i no inap lukim em.,Kapul\ti\tbai\ti\tno\tinap\tlukim\tem.,possum\tPM\tFUT\tPM\tNEG\tABIL\tsee\t3SG,The possum won't be able to see it.,,,584[StXav7\Elias\es\m15\momas\esp],,naturalistic spoken,Kapul i bai i no inap lukim em.,,possum PM FUT PM NEG ABIL see 3SG,,,,7216, +22-96,22,Orait yu ken go lo ples.,Orait\tyu\tken\tgo\tlo\tples.,all.right\t2SG\tPERM\tgo\tPREP\tvillage,"OK, you can go home.",,,584[StXav18\Max\es\m15\momas\esp],,naturalistic spoken,Orait yu ken go lo ples.,,all.right 2SG PERM go PREP village,,,,7217, +23-93,23,mebi woman blong hem i holem faev tausen,mebi\twoman\tblong\them\ti\tholem\tfaev\ttausen,perhaps\twoman\tPOSS\t3SG\tAGR\thold\tfive\tthousand,His girlfriend took something like five thousand (vatu = money).,,I adapted this to remove false start.,942,,naturalistic spoken,mebi woman blong hem i holem faev tausen,,perhaps woman POSS 3SG AGR hold five thousand,I adapted this to remove false start.,,,7218, +24-105,24,Plun ell spail inna sun.,Plun\tell\tspail\tinna\tsun.,banana\tcan\tspoil\tin.the\tsun,Bananas can get spoiled in the sun.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Plun ell spail inna sun.,,banana can spoil in.the sun,,Own fieldwork,,7219, +26-65,26,Speaker_A: ʃi was gudlukin – Speaker_B: jɛ æn ʃi kæn siŋ,Speaker_A:\tʃi\twas\tgudlukin\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tjɛ\tæn\tʃi\tkæn\tsiŋ,Speaker_A:\t3SG\twas\tgood.looking\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tyeah\tand\t3SG\tABIL\tsing,"Speaker A: She was good-looking. – Speaker B: Yeah, and she could sing.",,,1545[47],,naturalistic spoken,Speaker_A: ʃi was gudlukin – Speaker_B: jɛ æn ʃi kæn siŋ,,Speaker_A: 3SG was good.looking – Speaker_B: yeah and 3SG ABIL sing,,,,7220, +26-66,26,don swɛɹ in dɛɹ [...] bikaz samtin maɪd hæpɛn,don\tswɛɹ\tin\tdɛɹ\t[...]\tbikaz\tsamtin\tmaɪd\thæpɛn,don't\tswear\tin\tthere\t[...]\tbecause\tINDF\tJUDG\thappen,Don't swear there [...] because something might happen.,,JUDG = judgement,1545[129],,naturalistic spoken,don swɛɹ in dɛɹ [...] bikaz samtin maɪd hæpɛn,,don't swear in there [...] because INDF JUDG happen,JUDG = judgement,,,7221, +26-67,26,ju don waʃ jo hɛa kaz id maid fal af,ju\tdon\twaʃ\tjo\thɛa\tkaz\tid\tmaid\tfal\taf,2SG\tdon't\twash\t2SG.POSS\thair\tcause\t3SG\tSPECUL.JUDG\tfall\toff,You don't wash your hair because it might fall off.,,"SPECUL = speculative +JUDG = judgement",1545[128],,naturalistic spoken,ju don waʃ jo hɛa kaz id maid fal af,,2SG don't wash 2SG.POSS hair cause 3SG SPECUL.JUDG fall off,"SPECUL = speculative +JUDG = judgement",,,7222, +27-148,27,Ham na kan ris dǝ stēn.,Ham\tna\tkan\tris\tdǝ\tstēn.,3SG\tNEG\tcan\tlift\tthe\tstone,He cannot lift the stone.,,,355[11],,naturalistic spoken,Ham na kan ris dǝ stēn.,,3SG NEG can lift the stone,,,,7223, +27-149,27,"Am ha sē, Adinja na kan sē am ēntēn lik: di fo ha sómgut am maṅkḗ am fo du.","Am\tha\tsē,\tAdinja\tna\tkan\tsē\tam\tēntēn\tlik:\tdi\tfo\tha\tsómgut\tam\tmaṅkḗ\tam\tfo\tdu.",3SG\tPST\tsay\tAdinja\tNEG\tcan\tsay\t3SG\tno\tlie\tDET\tmust\thave\tsomething\t3SG\twant\t3SG\tto\tdo,"He said, Adinja cannot have told him any lie: there must be something he wants him to do.",,,355[13],,naturalistic spoken,"Am ha sē, Adinja na kan sē am ēntēn lik: di fo ha sómgut am maṅkḗ am fo du.",,3SG PST say Adinja NEG can say 3SG no lie DET must have something 3SG want 3SG to do,,,,7224, +28-99,28,ju kan fɛndɛ gurma ken kaɲa stɛdi,ju\tkan\tfɛndɛ\tgurma\tka\teni\tkain-a\tstɛdi,2SG\tcan\tfind\tochroe\tNEG\t3PL\tpick-IPFV\tsteady,"You cannot find / You won't find any ochroes, they are picking (them) all the time.",,"This illustrates situational possibility, as expressed by the use of kan.",737[78],,naturalistic spoken,ju kan fɛndɛ gurma ken kaɲa stɛdi,ju kan fɛndɛ gurma ka eni kain-a stɛdi,2SG can find ochroe NEG 3PL pick-IPFV steady,"This illustrates situational possibility, as expressed by the use of kan.",,,7225, +28-100,28,ɛkanel ɛni gut fa hisa tut pata ben,ɛkɛ\tkan\tnel\tɛni\tgutu\tfan\thiri\tso\ttutu\tpata\tben,1SG\tcan\tnail\tany\tthing\tfrom\there\tso\tuntil\troad\tinside,I could nail anything from here until in the path (refering to his former ability with bow and arrow).,,This example illustrates the use of kan to indicate situational possibility.,737[80],,naturalistic spoken,ɛkanel ɛni gut fa hisa tut pata ben,ɛkɛ kan nel ɛni gutu fan hiri so tutu pata ben,1SG can nail any thing from here so until road inside,"This example illustrates the use of kan to indicate situational possibility.",,,7226, +28-101,28,en ka alwes jɛ di mingi ben ka,eni\tkan\talwes\tjɛn\tdi\tmingi\tben\tka,3PL\tcan\talways\tbe\tthe\twater\tinside\tNEG,They cannot be in the water forever.,,,737[616],,naturalistic spoken,en ka alwes jɛ di mingi ben ka,eni kan alwes jɛn di mingi ben ka,3PL can always be the water inside NEG,,,,7227, +28-199,28,"o bi, bidaka kan kum bek gau","o\tbi,\tbidaka\tkan\tkumu\tbeki\tgau",3SG\tsay\tdaylight\tcan\tcome\tlittle\tquick,"She said, if only daylight could come soon.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"o bi, bidaka kan kum bek gau","o bi, bidaka kan kumu beki gau",3SG say daylight can come little quick,,field notes,,7228, +29-103,29,Hy kan môre kom.,Hy\tkan\tmôre\tkom.,3SG.M.NOM\tis.able/is.possible\ttomorrow\tcome,He is able to come tomorrow / He may come tomorrow.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy kan môre kom.,,3SG.M.NOM is.able/is.possible tomorrow come,,Own knowledge,,7229, +30-117,30,N sabe kusia dretu.,N=sabe\tkusia\tdretu.,1SG=know\tcook\twell,I can cook well.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"N sabe kusia dretu.",N=sabe kusia dretu.,1SG=know cook well,,,,7230,German: Ich kann anständig kochen. +30-118,30,Algen pode bai Portugal di bárku o di avion.,Algen\tpode\tbai\tPortugal\tdi=bárku\to\tdi=avion.,one\tcan\tgo\tPortugal\tof=ship\tor\tof=plane,One can travel to Portugal by ship or by plane.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Algen pode bai Portugal di bárku o di avion.",Algen pode bai Portugal di=bárku o di=avion.,one can go Portugal of=ship or of=plane,,,,7231, +30-119,30,Bu pode bai.,Bu=pode\tbai.,2SG=may\tleave,You may leave.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Bu pode bai.",Bu=pode bai.,2SG=may leave,,,,7232, +31-105,31,N pode leba un anu o dos anu konformi N tene dinheru.,N\tpode\tleba\tun\tanu\to\tdos\tanu\tkonformi\tN\ttene\tdinheru.,I\tcan\ttake\tone\tyear\tor\ttwo\tyear\tdepending\tI\thave\tmoney,I can take one year or two depending on whether I have money.,,The verb pode 'can' in this sentence has the ability meaning.,57,,naturalistic spoken,"N pode leba un anu o dos anu konformi N tene dinheru.",,I can take one year or two year depending I have money,"The verb pode 'can' in this sentence has the ability meaning.",,,7233, +31-106,31,"Pode ser ma Pedro sta duenti, el ka txiga inda.","Pode\tser\tma\tPedro\tsta\tduenti,\tel\tka\ttxiga\tinda.",can\tbe\tthat\tPedro\tis\tsick\the\tNEG\tarrive\tyet,"It is possible that Pedro is sick, he has not arrived yet.",,"The verb pode, 'can' expresses here the epistemic meaning. This expression is directly inherited from Portuguese.",,,constructed by linguist,"Pode ser ma Pedro sta duenti, el ka txiga inda.",,can be that Pedro is sick he NEG arrive yet,"The verb pode, 'can' expresses here the epistemic meaning. This expression is directly inherited from Portuguese.",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,7234, +31-201,31,"Uji, el ka ben ma el pode ben manhan.","Uji,\tel\tka\tben\tma\tel\tpode\tben\tmanhan.",today\t3SG\tNEG\tcome\tbut\t3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow,"He did not come today, but he is likely to come tomorrow.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Uji, el ka ben ma el pode ben manhan.",,today 3SG NEG come but 3SG can come tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,7235, +32-82,32,N podê dó-b un izenpl.,N\tpodê\tdó-b\tun\tizenpl.,1SG\tcan\tgive-2SG\tDET\texample,I can give you an example.,,The verb podê comprises mental participant-internal ability.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"N podê dó-b un izenpl.",,1SG can give-2SG DET example,"The verb podê comprises mental participant-internal ability.",,,7236,Portuguese: Posso dar-te um exemplo. +32-83,32,"Aoj el ka ben, ma el podê ben manhã.","Aoj\tel\tka\tben,\tma\tel\tpodê\tben\tmanhã.",today\t3SG\tNEG\tcome\tbut\t3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow.,He didn't come today but perhaps he will come tomorrow.,,"Here, the verb podê expresses epistemic possibility.",1456,,elicited from speaker,"Aoj el ka ben, ma el podê ben manhã.",,today 3SG NEG come but 3SG can come tomorrow.,"Here, the verb podê expresses epistemic possibility.",,,7237,Portuguese: Hoje não veio mas talvez venha amanhã. +33-112,33,I pudi bin amanha.,I\tpudi\tbin\tamanha.,3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow,He can come tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I pudi bin amanha.,,3SG can come tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,7238,Portuguese: Ele amanhã pode vir. +33-113,33,I pudi bin amanha.,I\tpudi\tbin\tamanha.,3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow,Maybe he will come tomorrow.,,"The preferred means to express epistemic possibility is +Kin ki odja i na bin amanha. +[who REL see 3SG PROG come tomorrow] +‘Who knows, maybe he will come tomorrow…’",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I pudi bin amanha.,,3SG can come tomorrow,"The preferred means to express epistemic possibility is +Kin ki odja i na bin amanha. +[who REL see 3SG PROG come tomorrow] +‘Who knows, maybe he will come tomorrow…’",Own knowledge,,7239,Portuguese: Ele amanhã talvez venha. +34-81,34,I podé kargá kutágal di arus na kabisa yel soŋ.,I\tø\tpodé\tkargá\tkutágal\tdi\tarus\tna\tkabisa\tyel\tsoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tcan\tcarry\tbasket\tof\trice\ton\thead\t3SG.INDP\talone,He/she is able to carry a (full) basket of rice over his/her head.,,Here podé expresses ability.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I podé kargá kutágal di arus na kabisa yel soŋ.","I ø podé kargá kutágal di arus na kabisa yel soŋ.",3SG.SBJ PFV can carry basket of rice on head 3SG.INDP alone,"Here podé expresses ability.",Own knowledge,,7240, +34-82,34,I podé beŋ amañaŋ ma N ka tené sertesa.,I\tø\tpodé\tbeŋ\tamañaŋ\tma\tN\tka\tø\ttené\tsertesa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow\tbut\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\thave\tconfidence,He/she may/might come tomorrow but I am not sure of that.,,This illustrates an epistemic use of podé.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I podé beŋ amañaŋ ma N ka tené sertesa.","I ø podé beŋ amañaŋ ma N ka ø tené sertesa.",3SG.SBJ PFV can come tomorrow but 1SG.SBJ NEG PFV have confidence,"This illustrates an epistemic use of podé.",Own knowledge,,7241, +35-123,35,N na ka pô mata bô fa.,N\tna\tka\tpô\tmata\tbô\tfa.,1SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tcan\tkill\t2SG\tNEG,I can’t kill you. OR: I'm unable to kill you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,N na ka pô mata bô fa.,,1SG NEG IPFV can kill 2SG NEG,,Own data,,7242, +35-124,35,Ê ka pô bila bi nganha.,Ê\tka\tpô\tbila\tbi\tnganha.,3SG\tIPFV\tcan\tturn\tcome\twin,It is possible that he wins (the elections) again. OR: He could win again.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ê ka pô bila bi nganha.,,3SG IPFV can turn come win,,Own data,,7243, +36-70,36,Aie ê ka pô thêka foga.,Aie\tê\tka\tpô\tthêka\tfoga.,now\the\tIPFV\tcan\tPROG\tdance,He may be dancing now.,,,901[98],,elicited from speaker,"Aie ê ka pô thêka foga.",,now he IPFV can PROG dance,,,,7244,French: Il est peut-être en train de danser maintenant. +36-71,36,N na ka pô ngana Alê fô.,N\tna\tka\tpô\tngana\tAlê\tfô.,I\tNEG\tIPFV\tcan\tcheat\tking\tNEG,I cannot cheat you.,,,901[73],,naturalistic spoken,"N na ka pô ngana Alê fô.",,I NEG IPFV can cheat king NEG,,,,7245,French: Je ne puis vous tromper. +37-88,37,Txi ka po fêzê kwisê.,Txi\tka\tpo\tfêzê\tkwisê.,2SG\tIPFV\tcan\tdo\tthis,You can do this. OR: You are able to do this.,,,905[73],,elicited from speaker,"Txi ka po fêzê kwisê.",,2SG IPFV can do this,,,,7246, +37-89,37,Zwan sêbê landa.,Zwan\tsêbê\tlanda.,Zwan\tknow\tswim,Zwan can swim (= he was taught how to swim).,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Zwan sêbê landa.",,Zwan know swim,,Own data,,7247, +37-90,37,"Ee, txi po gita [...].","Ee,\ttxi\tØ\tpo\tgita\t[...].",yes\t2SG\tIPFV\tcan\tshout\t[...],"Well, you can shout [...]. OR: Yes, you may shout [...].",,,905[183],,naturalistic spoken,"Ee, txi po gita [...].","Ee, txi Ø po gita [...].",yes 2SG IPFV can shout [...],,,,7248, +37-91,37,Ê ka po sa ya ê sa lala.,Ê\tka\tpo\tsa\tya\tê\tsa\tlala.,EXPL\tIPFV\tcan\tCOP\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP\tthere,It is possible that he is there.,,,905[106],,elicited from speaker,"Ê ka po sa ya ê sa lala.",,EXPL IPFV can COP COMP 3SG COP there,,,,7249, +38-100,38,Mentan fo lantaf.,Amu-na-tan\tfo\tlanta-f.,1SG-NEG-ITER\tcan\tget.up-NEG,I can’t get up anymore.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mentan fo lantaf.,Amu-na-tan fo lanta-f.,1SG-NEG-ITER can get.up-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,7250, +38-101,38,Osesyi saku wanna navin pa xa fo be pa tan xa bi.,Osesyi\tsa-ku\twan-na\tnavin\tpa\txa\tfo\tba-iai\tpa\ttan\txa\tbi.,nowadays\tbe-with\tART-ART\tship\tfor\tEVID\tcan\tgo-there\tfor\tITER\tEVID\tcome,Nowadays there is a ship so that one can go there and come back.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Osesyi saku wanna navin pa xa fo be pa tan xa bi.,Osesyi sa-ku wan-na navin pa xa fo ba-iai pa tan xa bi.,nowadays be-with ART-ART ship for EVID can go-there for ITER EVID come,,Own fieldwork 1995,,7251, +39-106,39,"Sɔ nɔs pɔd kume, jẽt də kaz.","Sɔ\tnɔs\tpɔd\tkum-e,\tjẽt\tdə\tkaz.",only\t1PL\tcan.NPST\teat-INF\tpeople\tof\thouse,"Only we can eat, the people of the house.",,,218,,naturalistic spoken,"Sɔ nɔs pɔd kume, jẽt də kaz.","Sɔ nɔs pɔd kum-e, jẽt də kaz.",only 1PL can.NPST eat-INF people of house,,,,7252, +39-107,39,Pədser yo vay Una amiŋã.,Pədser\tyo\tvay\tUna\tamiŋã.,maybe\t1SG\tgo.NPST\tUna\ttomorrow,Maybe I will go to Una tomorrow.,,,221[116],,elicited from speaker,Pədser yo vay Una amiŋã.,,maybe 1SG go.NPST Una tomorrow,,,,7253, +40-72,40,Ricksha pegani pən pɔd anda.,Ricksha\tpegani\tpən\tpɔd\tanda.,ricksha\tget.when\talso\tcan\tgo,Catching a ricksha you can also go.,,This example is taken from a narrative by Jerome Francis Rosario.,,,naturalistic spoken,Ricksha pegani pən pɔd anda.,,ricksha get.when also can go,This example is taken from a narrative by Jerome Francis Rosario.,Unpublished story,,7254, +41-93,41,tɔɔna aka midisaam inda uŋapa araa naa poyski,tɔɔna\taka\tmidisaam\tinda\tuŋa-pa\taraa\tnaa\tpoy=ski,afterwards\tthat\tmeasurement\tyet\tone-DAT\tgo.wrong\tNEG.FUT\tHABIL=REPORT,"Subsequently, it won't be possible for the measurement to be misinterpreted by someone else, apparently.",,,1416[2235],,naturalistic spoken,tɔɔna aka midisaam inda uŋapa araa naa poyski,tɔɔna aka midisaam inda uŋa-pa araa naa poy=ski,afterwards that measurement yet one-DAT go.wrong NEG.FUT HABIL=REPORT,,,,7255, +42-92,42,eli sabé nadá ati ila grandi,eli\tsabé\tnadá\tati\tila\tgrandi,3SG\tknow\tswim\tuntil\tisland\tbig,He is able to swim to Big Island.,,,,,elicited from speaker,eli sabé nadá ati ila grandi,,3SG know swim until island big,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,7256, +42-93,42,bos podi santá bas bai taun,bos\tpodi\tsantá\tbas\tbai\ttaun,2SG\tcan\tsit\tbus\tgo\ttown,You can go to town centre by bus.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"bos podi santá bas bai taun",,2SG can sit bus go town,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,7257, +42-94,42,bos podi bai agora,bos\tpodi\tbai\tagora,2SG\tcan\tgo\tnow,You may go now.,,,,,elicited from speaker,bos podi bai agora,,2SG can go now,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,7258, +43-64,43,Albër albër di kel sua fruta podi sprimi adjiti [...].,Albër\talbër\tdi\tkel\tsua\tfruta\tpodi\tsprimi\tadjiti\t[...].,tree\ttree\tfrom\twhich\tPOSS.3SG\tfruit\tcan\tpress\toil\t[...],Trees whose fruits may be pressed for oil […].,,,906[71],,pedagogical grammar,"Albër albër di kel sua fruta podi sprimi adjiti [...].",,tree tree from which POSS.3SG fruit can press oil [...],,,,7259, +44-103,44,"Di pwédi yo yubá kel ágwa, akí na dréntu, nomá bo yudá konmígo.","Di\tpwédi\tyo\tyubá\tkel\tágwa,\takí\tna\tdréntu,\tnomá\tbo\tyudá\tkonmígo.",CPLT\tcan\t1SG\ttake\tDEF\twater\there\tLOC\tinside\tno.more\t2SG\thelp\t1SG.OBJ,"I can take the water inside, do not help me anymore.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Di pwédi yo yubá kel ágwa, akí na dréntu, nomá bo yudá konmígo.",,CPLT can 1SG take DEF water here LOC inside no.more 2SG help 1SG.OBJ,,Own data,,7260, +44-104,44,Sigúro dikél komígu yasé parí di mi nána.,Sigúro\tdikél\tkomígu\tyasé\tparí\tdi\tmi\tnána.,maybe\tlike.that\t1SG.OBJ\tPFV.make\tgive.birth\tof\t1SG.POSS\tmother,It is possible that I was born like this. OR: It is possible that my mother gave birth to me like this.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sigúro dikél komígu yasé parí di mi nána.,,maybe like.that 1SG.OBJ PFV.make give.birth of 1SG.POSS mother,,Own data,,7261, +44-105,44,"Sigúro di yegá el día, ésti di maári hasí, i mas di kedá bwénu el situasyón di késti pwéblu.","Sigúro\tdi\tyegá\tel\tdía,\tésti\tdi\tmaári\thasí,\ti\tmas\tdi\tkedá\tbwénu\tel\tsituasyón\tdi\tkésti\tpwéblu.",perhaps\tCTPL\tcome\tDEF\tday\tthis\tCTPL\tcan\tmake\tand\tmore\tCTPL\tbecome\tgood\tDEF\tsituation\tof\tthis\ttown,Perhaps there will be a day when this can be done and the situation of this town will become better.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sigúro di yegá el día, ésti di maári hasí, i mas di kedá bwénu el situasyón di késti pwéblu.",,perhaps CTPL come DEF day this CTPL can make and more CTPL become good DEF situation of this town,,Own data,,7262, +45-165,45,Puede llega el carta mañana.,Puede\tllega\tel\tcarta\tmañana.,can\tarrive\tthe\tletter\ttomorrow,The letter may arrive tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Puede llega el carta mañana.,,can arrive the letter tomorrow,,Escalante 2012 p.c.,,7263, +45-166,45,Di pode llega el carta mañana.,Di\tpode\tllega\tel\tcarta\tmañana.,FUT\tcan\tarrive\tthe\tletter\ttomorrow.,The letter may arrive tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di pode llega el carta mañana.,,FUT can arrive the letter tomorrow.,,Escalante 2012 p.c.,,7264, +46-107,46,Pwéde yo nadá.,Pwéde\tyo\tnadá.,can\t1SG\tswim,I can swim.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pwéde yo nadá.,,can 1SG swim,,Own knowledge,,7265, +46-108,46,Pwéde ya tu salé ára.,Pwéde\tya\ttu\tsalé\tára.,can\talready\tyou\tleave\tnow,You may leave now.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Pwéde ya tu salé ára.,,can already you leave now,,Own knowledge,,7266, +46-109,46,Ya-pagá gaháq 'se.,Ya-pagá\tgaháq\t'se.,PRF-pay\tmaybe\tthat,They may have paid for it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ya-pagá gaháq 'se.",,PRF-pay maybe that,,Own knowledge,,7267, +47-113,47,Lo e tabata por ta traha den kurá ora b’a bèl.,Lo\te\ttabata\tpor\tta\ttraha\tden\tkurá\tora\tbo\ta\tbèl.,MOOD\t3SG\tPST\tcan\tTNS\twork\tin\tyard\thour\t2SG\tPFV\tcall,He was possibly working in the yard when you called (on the phone).,,Por marks epistemic possibility here; The translation is mine.,898[291],,published source,Lo e tabata por ta traha den kurá ora b’a bèl.,Lo e tabata por ta traha den kurá ora bo a bèl.,MOOD 3SG PST can TNS work in yard hour 2SG PFV call,"Por marks epistemic possibility here; The translation is mine.",,,7268, +47-114,47,E ora nan lo mester por papia Ingles ku e turista nan.,E\tora\tnan\tlo\tmester\tpor\tpapia\tIngles\tku\te\tturista\tnan.,DEF\thour\t3PL\tMOOD\tmust\tcan\tspeak\tEnglish\twith\tDEF\ttourist\tPL,In that case they have to be able to speak English with the tourists.,,,752[314],,published source,"E ora nan lo mester por papia Ingles ku e turista nan.",,DEF hour 3PL MOOD must can speak English with DEF tourist PL,,,,7269, +48-104,48,Ele polé ta muetto.,Ele\tpolé\tta\tmuetto.,it\tcan\tbe\tdead,It is perhaps dead.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ele polé ta muetto.,,it can be dead,,Recorded by author,,7270, +48-105,48,Mahana polé yegá maana.,Mahana\tpolé\tyegá\tmaana.,kids\tcan\tarrive\ttomorrow,The kids may arrive tomorrow. OR: Maybe the kids will arrive tomorrow.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mahana polé yegá maana.,,kids can arrive tomorrow,,Recorded by author,,7271,Spanish: Los chicos pueden llegar mañana. OR: Quizás los chicos lleguen mañana. +48-106,48,Eso polé se asina nu.,Eso\tpolé\tse\tasina\tnu.,this\tcan\tbe\tthus\tNEG,This cannot be so. OR: This is probably not so.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Eso polé se asina nu.,,this can be thus NEG,,Own knowledge,,7272,Spanish: Esto no puede ser así. +49-149,49,"Manman, ki lè m a kapab leve on gwo sak san liv sik?","Manman,\tki\tlè\tm\ta\tkapab\tleve\ton\tgwo\tsak\tsan\tliv\tsik?",mum\twhat\ttime\t1SG\tFUT\tcan\tlift.up\tDEF\tbig\tsack\thundred\tpound\tsugar,"Mum, when will I be able to lift a big sack of one hundred pounds of sugar?",,,371[34],,constructed by linguist,"Manman, ki lè m a kapab leve on gwo sak san liv sik?",,mum what time 1SG FUT can lift.up DEF big sack hundred pound sugar,,,,7273,"French: Maman, quand est-ce que je serai capable de soulever un gros sac de cent livres de sucre?" +49-150,49,Ti Pòl mande manman l si l kapab met sik nan lèt li.,Ti\tPòl\tmande\tmanman\tl\tsi\tl\tkapab\tmet\tsik\tnan\tlèt\tli.,Little\tPaul\task\tmother\t3SG\tif\t3SG\tcan\tput\tsugar\tin\tmilk\t3SG,Little Paul asks his mother whether he has the permission to put sugar in his milk.,,,371[34],,constructed by linguist,Ti Pòl mande manman l si l kapab met sik nan lèt li.,,Little Paul ask mother 3SG if 3SG can put sugar in milk 3SG,,,,7274,French: Petit Paul demande à sa mère s’il a l’autorisation de mettre du sucre dans son lait. +49-151,49,Iv kab pa di m sa.,Iv\tkab\tpa\tdi\tm\tsa.,Yves\tcan\tNEG\tsay\t1SG\tDEM,It is possible that Yves has not told me this.,,,371[41],,naturalistic spoken,Iv kab pa di m sa.,,Yves can NEG say 1SG DEM,,,,7275,French: Il se peut qu'Yves ne m'ait pas dit ça. +49-152,49,Iv pa kab di m sa.,Iv\tpa\tkab\tdi\tm\tsa.,Yves\tNEG\tcan\tsay\t1SG\tDEM,Yves cannot tell me about it.,,,371[41],,naturalistic spoken,Iv pa kab di m sa.,,Yves NEG can say 1SG DEM,,,,7276,French: Yves ne peut pas me le dire. +50-95,50,An pé fè sa ba'w.,An\tpé\tfè\tsa\tba'w.,1SG\tcan\tdo\tit\tfor.2SG,I can do it for you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An pé fè sa ba'w.,,1SG can do it for.2SG,,Own fieldwork,,7277, +50-96,50,"An pé rivé a fè sa ba'w dèmen, mé sa pa sèten.","An\tpé\trivé\ta\tfè\tsa\tba'w\tdèmen,\tmé\tsa\tpa\tsèten.",1SG\tcan\tarrive\tPREP\tdo\tit\tfor.2SG\ttomorrow\tbut\tit\tNEG\tbe.certain,"I will possibly do it for you tomorrow, but it is not certain.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"An pé rivé a fè sa ba'w dèmen, mé sa pa sèten.",,1SG can arrive PREP do it for.2SG tomorrow but it NEG be.certain,,Own fieldwork,,7278, +50-97,50,"I pé vini dèmen, kon i pé pa vini osi.","I\tpé\tvini\tdèmen,\tkon\ti\tpé\tpa\tvini\tosi.",3SG\tcan\tcome\ttomorrow\tas\t3SG\tcan\tNEG\tcome\talso,"He may come tomorrow, as well as he may not come.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I pé vini dèmen, kon i pé pa vini osi.",,3SG can come tomorrow as 3SG can NEG come also,,Own fieldwork,,7279, +50-98,50,I pé ka manjé.,I\tpé\tka\tmanjé.,3SG\tcan\tPROG\teat,He may be eating.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pé ka manjé.,,3SG can PROG eat,,Own fieldwork,,7280, +50-99,50,Sa pé.,Sa\tpé.,this\tmay.be,This may be.,,,851[253],,naturalistic spoken,Sa pé.,,this may.be,,,,7281,"French: C'est possible, peut-être." +51-89,51,Man pé fè sa ba'w.,Man\tpé\tfè\tsa\tba='w.,1SG\tcan\tdo\tit\tgive=2SG,I can do it for you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man pé fè sa ba'w.,Man pé fè sa ba='w.,1SG can do it give=2SG,,Own fieldwork,,7282, +51-90,51,"Man pé pati adan an mwa, kon man pé pati adan an simenn.","Man\tpé\tpati\tadan\tan\tmwa,\tkon\tman\tpé\tpati\tadan\tan\tsimenn.",1SG\tcan\tleave\tin\tone\tmonth\tas\t1SG\tcan\tleave\tin\tone\tweek,"I may leave in one month, as well as I may leave in one week.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Man pé pati adan an mwa, kon man pé pati adan an simenn.",,1SG can leave in one month as 1SG can leave in one week,,Own fieldwork,,7283, +51-91,51,I pé ka manjé.,I\tpé\tka\tmanjé.,3SG\tcan\tPROG\teat,He may be eating.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pé ka manjé.,,3SG can PROG eat,,Own fieldwork,,7284, +52-60,52,es to pouvé chanté lamenm?,es\tto\tpouvé\tchanté\tlamenm?,Q\tyou\tcan\tsing\tnow,Are you able to sing (right) now?,,,,,constructed by linguist,es to pouvé chanté lamenm?,,Q you can sing now,,Own knowledge,,7285, +53-209,53,Se jis twa kapab ede nouzot.,Se\tjis\ttwa\tkapab\tede\tnouzot.,it.is\tonly\t2SG\tcan\thelp\t1PL,Only you can help us.,,,1048[224],,naturalistic spoken,Se jis twa kapab ede nouzot.,,it.is only 2SG can help 1PL,,,,7286, +53-210,53,To pe fe sa si t ole.,To\tpe\tfe\tsa\tsi\tt\tole.,2SG\tcan\tdo\tDEM\tif\t2SG\twant,You can do this if you want.,,,1048[226],,elicited from speaker,To pe fe sa si t ole.,,2SG can do DEM if 2SG want,,,,7287, +53-211,53,"""To kone danse?"" Li di: ""We mo kone"".","""To\tkone\tdanse?""\tLi\tdi:\t""We\tmo\tkone"".",2SG\tknow\tdance\t3SG\tsay\tyes\t1SG\tknow,"""You know how to dance?"" He said: ""Yes, I know"".",,,1048[238],,naturalistic spoken,"""To kone danse?"" Li di: ""We mo kone"".",,2SG know dance 3SG say yes 1SG know,,,,7288, +53-212,53,Li se pe manje sa.,Li\tse\tpe\tmanje\tsa.,3SG\tCOND\tcan\teat\tDEM,He might have eaten that.,,,1048[226],,elicited from speaker,Li se pe manje sa.,,3SG COND can eat DEM,,,,7289,French: Il se pourrait qu'il ait mangé cela. +53-213,53,"Se pa bon rète li tou-sel konm sa, malad kapab pran dan la nwit, ou dan la journen.","Se\tpa\tbon\trète\tli\ttou-sel\tkonm\tsa,\tmalad\tkapab\tpran\tdan\tla\tnwit,\tou\tdan\tla\tjournen.",it.is\tNEG\tgood\tlive\t3SG\tall-alone\tlike\tthat\tillness\tcan\ttake\tin\tART.DEF.SG\tnight\tor\tin\tART.DEF.SG\tday,"It's not good for him to live alone like that, he might get sick in the night, or in the day.",,,722[403],,naturalistic spoken,"Se pa bon rète li tou-sel konm sa, malad kapab pran dan la nwit, ou dan la journen.",,it.is NEG good live 3SG all-alone like that illness can take in ART.DEF.SG night or in ART.DEF.SG day,,,,7290, +53-214,53,To pe pa galope avek mwen.,To\tpe\tpa\tgalope\tavek\tmwen.,2SG\tcan\tNEG\trun\twith\t1SG,You can't run with me.,,,1048[225],,naturalistic spoken,To pe pa galope avek mwen.,,2SG can NEG run with 1SG,,,,7291, +53-215,53,"Nou te senk sè e sèt frè, e se juch mon ke ka parle sa.","Nou\tte\tsenk\tsè\te\tsèt\tfrè,\te\tse\tjuch\tmon\tke\tka\tparle\tsa.",1PL\tPST\tfive\tsister\tand\tseven\tbrother\tand\tit.is\tonly\t1SG\tREL\tcan\tspeak\tDEM,"We were five sisters and seven brothers, and I'm the only one who can speak it.",,,722[273],,naturalistic spoken,"Nou te senk sè e sèt frè, e se juch mon ke ka parle sa.",,1PL PST five sister and seven brother and it.is only 1SG REL can speak DEM,,,,7292, +53-417,53,"Li peu èt malad, me mo pa kòne.","Li\tpeu\tèt\tmalad,\tme\tmo\tpa\tkòne.",3SG\tcan\tbe\till\tbut\t1SG\tNEG\tknow,"He could be ill, but I don't know.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Li peu èt malad, me mo pa kòne.",,3SG can be ill but 1SG NEG know,,Neumann 1985,,7293, +54-119,54,Pétet fo alé de lot koté.,Petet\tfo\tale\tdë-lot\tkote.,perhaps\tmust\tgo\tother\tside,Perhaps you have to go to the other side (in the other direction).,,,110[25],,naturalistic spoken,Pétet fo alé de lot koté.,Petet fo ale dë-lot kote.,perhaps must go other side,,,,7294,French: Peut-être il faut aller de l'autre côté. +54-120,54,Ou lé pa kapab donn amoin.,Ou\tle\tpa\tkapab\tdonn\tamwen.,2SG\tCOP.PRS\tNEG\table\tgive\tme,You cannot give me (water).,,Context: you cannot give me water without frogs because you have not found any.,110[25],,naturalistic spoken,Ou lé pa kapab donn amoin.,Ou le pa kapab donn amwen.,2SG COP.PRS NEG able give me,Context: you cannot give me water without frogs because you have not found any.,,,7295,French: Tu n'es pas capable de m'en donner. +55-89,55,li kapav vin lakaz zordi,li\tkapav\tvin\tlakaz\tzordi,3SG\tcan\tcome\thouse\ttoday,He may come home today (I was hoping he would come yesterday but he didn't turn up). OR: He can come home today (the bus strike which prevented him travelling yesterday is now over).,,,,,constructed by linguist,"li kapav vin lakaz zordi",,3SG can come house today,,Own knowledge,,7296, +55-90,55,[...] kitfwa li kapav tur boṅ,[...]\tkitfwa\tli\tkapav\ttur\tboṅ,[...]\tperhaps\t3SG\tMOD\tfind\tgood,[...] sometimes that may have been good.,,The French translation given in the corpus is not very close to the text.,854[213],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] kitfwa li kapav tur boṅ",,[...] perhaps 3SG MOD find good,The French translation given in the corpus is not very close to the text.,,,7297,"French: [...] mais ça a parfois eu du bon, qui sait? (Ludwig et al. 2001: 229)" +56-110,56,Mon ti kapab annan 'pepre dan trez an par la.,Mon\tti\tkapab\tannan\t'pepre\tdan\ttrez\tan\tpar\tla.,1SG\tPST\tcan\thave\tabout\tin\tthirteen\tyear\tthrough\tthere,I was probably about thirteen years old.,,This examples illustrates the epistemic use of kapab.,158[136],,naturalistic spoken,"Mon ti kapab annan 'pepre dan trez an par la.",,1SG PST can have about in thirteen year through there,"This examples illustrates the epistemic use of kapab.",,,7298,French: Je devais avoir environ treize ans. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 137) +56-111,56,Be en zwazo konmyen dizef i kapab ponn?,Be\ten\tzwazo\tkonmyen\tdizef\ti\tkapab\tponn?,but\ta\tbird\thow.many\tegg\t3SG\tcan\tlay,"But a bird, how many eggs can it lay?",,This example illustrates the ability use of kapab.,158[196],,naturalistic spoken,"Be en zwazo konmyen dizef i kapab ponn?",,but a bird how.many egg 3SG can lay,"This example illustrates the ability use of kapab.",,,7299,"French: Mais un oiseau, combien d'œufs il peut pondre? (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 197)" +56-112,56,Pyer i kapab arive.,Pyer\ti\tkapab\tarive.,Pyer\tPM\table\tarrive,Peter may arrive. OR: Peter can arrive.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pyer i kapab arive.,,Pyer PM able arrive,,Own knowledge,,7300, +57-51,57,Me japa mwaja mete nde lao.,Me\tjapa\tmwaja\tmete\tnde\tlao.,but\tEXIST.NEG\tABIL\tput\tfrom\tup.there,But there is no possibility to put it upwards down (the direction of the construction of the thatched roof of a hut).,,,423[241],,naturalistic written,Me japa mwaja mete nde lao.,,but EXIST.NEG ABIL put from up.there,,,,7301, +57-52,57,"Le mbo ka nu travaje ave maʃin, nu pa mwaja ndʃu travaj a la ma.","Le\tmbo\tka\tnu\ttravaje\tave\tmaʃin,\tnu\tpa\tmwaja\tndʃu\ttravaj\ta\tla\tma.",SI\tgood\twhen\twe\twork\twith\tmachine\t1PL\tnot\tABIL\talways\twork\twith\tthe\thand,"It is good for us to work with the machine, we cannot always work manually.",,,423[248],,naturalistic written,"Le mbo ka nu travaje ave maʃin, nu pa mwaja ndʃu travaj a la ma.",,SI good when we work with machine 1PL not ABIL always work with the hand,,,,7302, +58-71,58,Yandi lenda kwenda.,Yandi\tlenda\tkwenda.,he/she\tcan\tgo,He can/may go.,,Lenda can express CAPABILITY or PERMISSION. For an EPISTEMIC use see Example 72.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi lenda kwenda.",,he/she can go,"Lenda can express CAPABILITY or PERMISSION. For an EPISTEMIC use see Example 72.",Own knowledge,,7303, +58-72,58,Mono banza yandi me(ne) kwenda.,Mono\tbanza\tyandi\tme(ne)\tkwenda.,I\tthink\the/she\tPRF\tgo,He/She must have gone.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono banza yandi me(ne) kwenda.,,I think he/she PRF go,,Own knowledge,,7304, +59-170,59,gi Nzapa oko alingbi ti sara so,gi\tNzapa\toko\ta-lingbi\tti\tsara\tso,only\tGod\tone\tPM-be.able\tof\tdo\tDET,Only God can do that.,,,1463,,naturalistic spoken,gi Nzapa oko alingbi ti sara so,gi Nzapa oko a-lingbi ti sara so,only God one PM-be.able of do DET,,,,7305, +59-171,59,ala lingbi ti si kekereke ape,ala\tlingbi\tti\tsi\tkekereke\tape,3PL\tcan\tof\tarrive\ttomorrow\tNEG,They might not arrive tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ala lingbi ti si kekereke ape,,3PL can of arrive tomorrow NEG,,Own knowledge,,7306, +59-172,59,mbi lingbi ti bata mo ge si lo kiri ti faa mo ape,mbi\tlingbi\tti\tbata\tmo\tge\tsi\tlo\tkiri\tti\tfaa\tmo\tape,1SG\tcan\tof\tkeep\t2SG\there\tCONN\t3SG\treturn\tof\tkill\t2SG\tNEG,I can't keep you here for fear that he might return to kill you.,,"NEG negates the clause beginning with lingbi 'be able'. Although the CONN si has been in the language a long time, it is being influenced by the homophone in French, so its translation here might be 'since it's possible that he might [...]'.",,,naturalistic spoken,mbi lingbi ti bata mo ge si lo kiri ti faa mo ape,,1SG can of keep 2SG here CONN 3SG return of kill 2SG NEG,"NEG negates the clause beginning with lingbi 'be able'. Although the CONN si has been in the language a long time, it is being influenced by the homophone in French, so its translation here might be 'since it's possible that he might [...]'.",Samarin corpus 1994,,7307, +59-173,59,ngu (ti Nzapa) alingbi ti pika laso,ngu\t(ti\tNzapa)\ta-lingbi\tti\tpika\tlaso,water\t(of\tGod)\tPM-can\tCONN\tstrike\ttoday,It might rain today.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ngu (ti Nzapa) alingbi ti pika laso,ngu (ti Nzapa) a-lingbi ti pika laso,water (of God) PM-can CONN strike today,,Own knowledge,,7308, +60-74,60,mwána akokí kofungola yangó té,mwána\ta-kok-í\tko-fungol-a\tyangó\tté,child\t3SG-can-PRS.PRF\tINF-open-FV\t3SG.INAN\tNEG,The child is not able to open it.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",1273,,naturalistic spoken,mwána akokí kofungola yangó té,mwána a-kok-í ko-fungol-a yangó té,child 3SG-can-PRS.PRF INF-open-FV 3SG.INAN NEG,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,7309, +60-75,60,akokí kozala na Kinshása,a-kok-í\tko-zal-a\tna\tKinshása,3SG-can-PRS.PRF\tINF-be-FV\tin\tKinshasa,It is possible that she is in Kinshasa.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"akokí kozala na Kinshása",a-kok-í ko-zal-a na Kinshása,3SG-can-PRS.PRF INF-be-FV in Kinshasa,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",Own knowledge,,7310, +61-53,61,Yena yazi ga bala.,Yena\tyaz\tga\tbala.,he\tknow\tINF\twrite,He can write. OR: He knows (how) to write.,,No epistemic possibility implied of the sort *Maybe he can write (for which proficient speakers use an adverb).,,,elicited from speaker,Yena yazi ga bala.,Yena yaz ga bala.,he know INF write,"No epistemic possibility implied of the sort *Maybe he can write (for which proficient speakers use an adverb).",Field notes Mesthrie,,7311, +61-54,61,Kusasa mina ai yazi khona khaya.,Kusasa\tmina\tai\tyazi\tkhona\tkhaya.,tomorrow\tI\tNEG\tbe.able\tbe.LOC\thouse,I won't be home tomorrow. OR: I can't be at home tomorrow. OR: I am unable to be at home tomorrow.,,"This example also shows that while an ability meaning is normal for yazi, it does not double up as an epistemic possibility meaning 'Perhaps I won't be home tomorrow', for which an adverbial must be used.",,,naturalistic spoken,Kusasa mina ai yazi khona khaya.,Kusasa mina ai yazi khona khaya.,tomorrow I NEG be.able be.LOC house,"This example also shows that while an ability meaning is normal for yazi, it does not double up as an epistemic possibility meaning 'Perhaps I won't be home tomorrow', for which an adverbial must be used.",Field notes Mesthrie,,7312, +62-43,62,hahali mikó ishirini i-lit-íye ki-múru ku-lá,hahali\tmikó\tishirini\ti-lit-íye\tki-múru\tku-lá,16-other\tyears\ttwenty\t4-come-PRF\t7-can\t15-get.lost,"Otherwise, in twenty years the language may get lost.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"hahali mikó ishirini i-lit-íye ki-múru ku-lá",,16-other years twenty 4-come-PRF 7-can 15-get.lost,,Own field data 1993,,7313, +62-44,62,símúru ku?onhi na gomaé,si-muru\tku-?onhi\tna\tgomae,1SG.NEG-can\t15-wash\twith\tclothes,I can't swim with clothes.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"símúru ku?onhi na gomaé",si-muru ku-?onhi na gomae,1SG.NEG-can 15-wash with clothes,,Own field data 1993,,7314, +63-106,63,ána wéza nyákame íta,ána\twéza\tnyákame\títa,1SG\tcan\trob\t2SG,I can rob you.,,,857[299],,naturalistic spoken,"ána wéza nyákame íta",,1SG can rob 2SG,,,,7315, +63-107,63,ána ma ágder gén ma italians,ána\tma\tágder\tgén\tma\titalians,1SG\tNEG\tcan\tstay\twith\tItalians,I can’t live with Italians.,,,857[300],,naturalistic spoken,"ána ma ágder gén ma italians",,1SG NEG can stay with Italians,,,,7316, +63-108,63,lábda shetán gi-já fi júwa,lábda\tshetán\tgi-já\tfi\tjúwa,maybe\tdevil\tTAM-come\tin\thouse,Maybe the devil will enter the house.,,,857[208],,naturalistic spoken,lábda shetán gi-já fi júwa,,maybe devil TAM-come in house,,,,7317, +63-109,63,fi yóm wáy múmkin ta ma wéza wónus ma Núbi má,fi\tyóm\twáy\tmúmkin\tta\tma\twéza\twónus\tma\tNúbi\tmá,in\tday\tone\tmaybe\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\tspeak\twith\tNubi\tNEG,It may happen that during a whole day you can't find a Nubi with whom you could speak Kinubi.,,,857[208],,naturalistic spoken,fi yóm wáy múmkin ta ma wéza wónus ma Núbi má,,in day one maybe 2SG NEG can speak with Nubi NEG,,,,7318, +64-113,64,ay ma biágder integrét,ay\tma\tbi=ágder\tintegrét,each\tNEG\tIRR=can\tintegrated,Nobody can be integrated.,,,874[110],,naturalistic spoken,ay ma biágder integrét,ay ma bi=ágder integrét,each NEG IRR=can integrated,,,,7319, +64-114,64,kan rábbana géru íta íta biágder árif hája al kwes wa al batál,kan\trábbana\tgéru\títa\títa\tbi=ágder\tárif\thája\tal\tkwes\twa\tal\tbatál,COND\tgod\tchange\t2SG\t2SG\tIRR=can\tknow\tthing\tREL\tgood\tand\tREL\tbad,"If God changed you, you could know what is right and what is wrong.",,,874[195],,naturalistic spoken,kan rábbana géru íta íta biágder árif hája al kwes wa al batál,kan rábbana géru íta íta bi=ágder árif hája al kwes wa al batál,COND god change 2SG 2SG IRR=can know thing REL good and REL bad,,,,7320, +64-115,64,gal kan múmkin úo biakír,gal\tkan\tmúmkin\túo\tbi=akír,say\tANT\tpossible\t3SG\tIRR=late,He said that he could have been late.,,,874[181],,naturalistic spoken,gal kan múmkin úo biakír,gal kan múmkin úo bi=akír,say ANT possible 3SG IRR=late,,,,7321, +64-116,64,yúmkin úo birája min kulía bi lel,yúmkin\túo\tbi=rája\tmin\tkulía\tbi\tlel,possible\t3SG\tIRR=come.back\tfrom\tfaculty\tat\tnight,He may come back from the faculty at night.,,,874[168],,naturalistic spoken,yúmkin úo birája min kulía bi lel,yúmkin úo bi=rája min kulía bi lel,possible 3SG IRR=come.back from faculty at night,,,,7322, +65-80,65,"Sama ni magu, kuʃaj wari ni umej iwo.","Sama\tni\tmagu,\tkuʃaj\twari\tni\tumej\tiwo.",self\tNEG\tcan\teat\tcook\tNEG\tknow.how\t3SG,"She cannot live by herself, she cannot cook.",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,1195[236],,naturalistic spoken,"Sama ni magu, kuʃaj wari ni umej iwo.",,self NEG can eat cook NEG know.how 3SG,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,,"Сама не могу, кушай вари не умей его.",7323, +65-81,65,Zaftəra moʒe tam bal'niʧa xadi poumilajla.,Zaftəra\tmoʒe\ttam\tbal'niʧa\txadi\tpoumilaj-la.,tomorrow\tmaybe\tthere\thospital\tgo\tdie-PFV,It may happen that tomorrow one may fall ill and die.,,"These are general reflections on the human life. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[264],,naturalistic spoken,Zaftəra moʒe tam bal'niʧa xadi poumilajla.,Zaftəra moʒe tam bal'niʧa xadi poumilaj-la.,tomorrow maybe there hospital go die-PFV,"These are general reflections on the human life. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,зафтра може там больница ходи поумилайла.,7324, +66-60,66,Itu gulputina Java bəromong sin?,Itu\tgulputi-na\tJava\tbər-omong\tsin?,DEM\twhiteman-DAT\tMalay\tMOD-talk\tQ,Can that white person speak Malay? OR: Might that white person speak Malay?,,"This example is in Kirinda Malay. The phonological shapes of the individual morphemes differ in the Colombo area variety. For example, ber- is typically boolε- (i.e. unreduced), and sin is si. The example was checked by a native speaker.",,,constructed by linguist,Itu gulputina Java bəromong sin?,Itu gulputi-na Java bər-omong sin?,DEM whiteman-DAT Malay MOD-talk Q,"This example is in Kirinda Malay. The phonological shapes of the individual morphemes differ in the Colombo area variety. For example, ber- is typically boolε- (i.e. unreduced), and sin is si. The example was checked by a native speaker.",Own knowledge,,7325, +66-61,66,Anakpəðə na koolangyang məsubrang na məbərənang na boolε.,Anak-pəðə\tna\tkoolang-yang\tmə-subrang\tna\tmə-bərənang\tna\tboolε.,child-PL\tDAT\tlake-ACC/DEF\tINF-cross\tDAT\tINF-swim\tDAT\tMOD,The children can swim across the lake. OR: The children might swim across the lake.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Anakpəðə na koolangyang məsubrang na məbərənang na boolε.,Anak-pəðə na koolang-yang mə-subrang na mə-bərənang na boolε.,child-PL DAT lake-ACC/DEF INF-cross DAT INF-swim DAT MOD,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,7326, +67-119,67,Boleh nampak?,Boleh\tnampak?,can\tsee,Can [you] see [it]?,,Here boleh implies ability.,,,naturalistic spoken,Boleh nampak?,,can see,"Here boleh implies ability.",Own knowledge,,7327, +67-120,67,"Kita cerita pekara sedikit, boleh.","Kita\tcerita\tpekara\tsedikit,\tboleh.",1PL\ttalk\tmatter\tlittle\tcan,"If we talk [about] minor matters, [it is] possible [to use Bazaar Malay].",,Here boleh implies possibility.,708[182],,naturalistic spoken,"Kita cerita pekara sedikit, boleh.",,1PL talk matter little can,"Here boleh implies possibility.",,,7328, +68-64,68,Ana ana bisa dapa uang sadiki sadiki.,Ana~ana\tbisa\tdapa\tuang\tsadiki~sadiki.,PL~child\tcan\tget\tmoney\tADV~little,The children are able to get a little money.,,,1178[636],,naturalistic spoken,Ana ana bisa dapa uang sadiki sadiki.,Ana~ana bisa dapa uang sadiki~sadiki.,PL~child can get money ADV~little,,,,7329, +68-65,68,Ana ana barangkali dapa uang sadiki sadiki.,Ana~ana\tbarangkali\tdapa\tuang\tsadiki~sadiki.,PL~child\tperhaps\tget\tmoney\tADV~little,The children might get a little money.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ana ana barangkali dapa uang sadiki sadiki.,Ana~ana barangkali dapa uang sadiki~sadiki.,PL~child perhaps get money ADV~little,,Own knowledge,,7330, +70-41,70,Bigo kali u-loŋ sako kao.,Bigo\tkali\tu-loŋ\tsako\tkao.,throw\tonly\t3-PL\tcan\teat,Just throw it and they can eat it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Bigo kali u-loŋ sako kao.,,throw only 3-PL can eat,,Siegel-field recording,,7331, +71-73,71,"Makawela hanapaa kela puu, wau aole hiki hele mawaho, wau kahea holina.","Makawela\thanapaa\tkela\tpuu,\twau\taole\thiki\thele\tmawaho,\twau\tkahea\tholina.",Makawela\thold\tDET\tthroat\t1SG\tNEG\tABIL\tgo\toutside\t1SG\tcall\thaul.in,"Makawela grabbed my throat, I couldn't go outside, I called for help.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Makawela hanapaa kela puu, wau aole hiki hele mawaho, wau kahea holina.",,Makawela hold DET throat 1SG NEG ABIL go outside 1SG call haul.in,,Own data 1897,,7332, +71-89,71,Oe paha panipani kela wahine au!,Oe\tpaha\tpanipani\tkela\twahine\tau!,2SG\tperhaps\thave.sex\tDET\twife\t1SG.POSS,Maybe you slept with my wife!,,,,,naturalistic written,"Oe paha panipani kela wahine au!",,2SG perhaps have.sex DET wife 1SG.POSS,,own data 1900,,7333, +71-90,71,"Iaia lawe paha aole paha, aole wau ike.","Iaia\tlawe\tpaha\taole\tpaha,\taole\twau\tike.",3SG\ttake\tperhaps\tNEG\tperhaps\tNEG\t1SG\tknow,"Maybe he took it, maybe not, I don't know.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Iaia lawe paha aole paha, aole wau ike.",,3SG take perhaps NEG perhaps NEG 1SG know,,Own data 1891,,7334, +72-84,72,Lamawurtku wi kan teikim jem.,Lamawurt-ku\twi\tkan\tteik-im\tjem.,witchetty.grub-DAT\t1PL.SBJ\tcan\ttake-TR\t3PL.OBJ,We will take them to get witchetty grubs.,,,8,f26e74c7f919160d4ef22029d0518b38,naturalistic spoken,Lamawurtku wi kan teikim jem.,Lamawurt-ku wi kan teik-im jem.,witchetty.grub-DAT 1PL.SBJ can take-TR 3PL.OBJ,,,,7335, +72-85,72,LD nyuntu deya yuna teikimat fut tarukapku.,LD\tnyuntu\tdeya\tyu-na\tteik-im-at\tfut\ttarukap-ku.,LD\t2SG\tthere\t2SG-want.to\ttake-TR-off\tfoot\tbathe-DAT,LD you can take off your shoes (yourself) to go swimming.,,Leyton is a toddler.,8,488b45af2b8ce6da302686d5f6b84fb4,naturalistic spoken,LD nyuntu deya yuna teikimat fut tarukapku.,LD nyuntu deya yu-na teik-im-at fut tarukap-ku.,LD 2SG there 2SG-want.to take-TR-off foot bathe-DAT,Leyton is a toddler.,,,7336, +73-63,73,istida yoga aziy no pudinichu,isti-da\tyo-ga\tazi-y\tno\tpudi-ni-chu,this-ACC\t1SG-TOP\tdo-INF\tnot\tcan-1SG-NEG,This I cannot do.,,,,,naturalistic adapted,istida yoga aziy no pudinichu,isti-da yo-ga azi-y no pudi-ni-chu,this-ACC 1SG-TOP do-INF not can-1SG-NEG,,Field notes,,7337, +74-84,74,tl’únas mtsáyka músum,tl’únas\tmtsáyka\tmúsum,maybe\t2PL\tsleep,You may sleep. OR: You can sleep.,,,,,constructed by linguist,tl’únas mtsáyka músum,,maybe 2PL sleep,,Own knowledge,,7338, +75-134,75,Kaskihtaachi gaawiichihik.,Kaskihtaa-ch-i\tgaa-wiichih-ik.,able-3-COND\t1.FUT-help-3.SBJ,"If she can, she will help me.",,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Kaskihtaachi gaawiichihik.,Kaskihtaa-ch-i gaa-wiichih-ik.,able-3-COND 1.FUT-help-3.SBJ,,,,7339, +75-135,75,"No, namo kashkihtaan chikishkaman anima.","No,\tnamo\tki-kashkihtaa-n\tchi-kishkam-an\tanima.",no\tNEG\t2-be.able-2\tCOMP.FUT-fit.INAN-2\tthat,"No, you are not able to fit that one.",,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"No, namo kashkihtaan chikishkaman anima.","No, namo ki-kashkihtaa-n chi-kishkam-an anima.",no NEG 2-be.able-2 COMP.FUT-fit.INAN-2 that,,,,7340, +75-136,75,Eekwanima kiiwaapahtam li suyii eetikwee.,Eekwanima\tkii-waapaht-am\tli\tsuyii\teetikwee.,that.mentioned.INAN\tPST-see.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tthe\tshoe\tapparently,He apparently saw the shoe.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Eekwanima kiiwaapahtam li suyii eetikwee.,Eekwanima kii-waapaht-am li suyii eetikwee.,that.mentioned.INAN PST-see.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ the shoe apparently,,,,7341, +1-135,1,Ju no musse itschè so tranga.,Yu\tno\tmusu\titsye\tso\ttranga.,2SG\tNEG\tmust\tsneeze\tso\tstrong,Don't sneeze so loud! OR: You must not sneeze so loud!,,This example illustrates the use of the prohibitive for 2SG.,1357[75],,written (dictionary),"Ju no musse itschè so tranga.",Yu no musu itsye so tranga.,2SG NEG must sneeze so strong,This example illustrates the use of the prohibitive for 2SG.,,,7342,German: Niess nicht so laut! [op.cit.] +1-136,1,Mingo joù no man.,Mingo\tyu\tno\tman.,Mingo\t2SG\tNEG\tman,"Mingo, you don't have the nerve.",,This is the standard negation.,310,,written,"Mingo joù no man.",Mingo yu no man.,Mingo 2SG NEG man,This is the standard negation.,,,7343, +1-137,1,Ope windels!,Opo\twindels!,open\twindow,Open the windows!,,This is an example of an affirmative imperative 2SG. Imperatives can be marked explicitly for singular or plural reference by means of the 2SG pronoun yu (ju) or the 2PL pronoun unu (oenoe) preceding the verb.,625[123],,written,"Ope windels!",Opo windels!,open window,"This is an example of an affirmative imperative 2SG. Imperatives can be marked explicitly for singular or plural reference by means of the 2SG pronoun yu (ju) or the 2PL pronoun unu (oenoe) preceding the verb.",,,7344,Dutch: Doet de Vensters open. +2-130,2,No naki en!,No\tnaki\ten!,NEG\thit\t3SG,Don’t hit it!,,,1062[19],,naturalistic spoken,No naki en!,,NEG hit 3SG,,,,7345, +2-131,2,Unu no naki en!,Unu\tno\tnaki\ten!,2PL\tNEG\thit\t3SG,Don’t you guys hit it!,,,1062[19],,naturalistic spoken,Unu no naki en!,,2PL NEG hit 3SG,,,,7346, +2-132,2,A no e naki en.,A\tno\te\tnaki\ten.,3SG\tNEG\tIPFV\thit\t3SG,He doesn’t hit it.,,,,,constructed by linguist,A no e naki en.,,3SG NEG IPFV hit 3SG,,Own knowledge,,7347, +2-133,2,Naki en!,Naki\ten!,hit\t3SG,Hit it!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Naki en!,,hit 3SG,,Own knowledge,,7348, +3-68,3,Naa go!,Naa\tgo!,NEG\tgo,Don't go!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Naa go!",,NEG go,,Fieldwork data,,7349, +3-103,3,Ko hopo mi tja go a liba!,Ko\thopo\tmi\ttja\tgo\ta\tliba!,come\tpull\t1SG\tcarry\tgo\tLOC\ttop,Pull me up!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ko hopo mi tja go a liba!",,come pull 1SG carry go LOC top,,Fieldwork data,,7350, +3-144,3,Déé soldáti náá féti.,Déé\tsoldáti\tnáá\tféti.,DEF.PL\tsoldier\tNEG\tfight,The soldiers did NOT fight.,,Negation is normally realized as (high-tone) á; only if the negation is emphasized (or focused) is it realized as náá.,1539[22],,naturalistic spoken,"Déé soldáti náá féti.",,DEF.PL soldier NEG fight,"Negation is normally realized as (high-tone) á; only if the negation is emphasized (or focused) is it realized as náá.",,,7351, +4-93,4,Tapu mofu!,Tapu\tmofu!,close\tmouth,Silence!,,,568[143],,naturalistic spoken,Tapu mofu!,,close mouth,,,,7352, +4-94,4,Na bali.,Na\tbali.,NEG\tcry,Don't cry!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Na bali.,,NEG cry,,Own observation,,7353, +4-95,4,A na o bali no?,A\tna\to\tbali\tno?,he\tNEG\tFUT\tshout\tright,"He won't cry, right?",,,,,naturalistic spoken,A na o bali no?,,he NEG FUT shout right,,Own observation,,7354, +5-91,5,kom ya!,kom\tya!,come\there,Come here!,,,,,constructed by linguist,"kom ya!",,come here,,Own knowledge,,7355, +5-92,5,an di fut na kot a di rait spɔt,an\tdi\tfut\tna\tkot\ta\tdi\trait\tspɔt,and\tthe\tfoot\tNEG\tcut\tin\tthe\tright\tspot,And the foot was not cut at the right spot.,,,1281[203 (line 958)],,naturalistic spoken,"an di fut na kot a di rait spɔt",,and the foot NEG cut in the right spot,,,,7356, +5-93,5,na sing,na\tsing,PROH\tsing,Don't sing!,,,,,constructed by linguist,"na sing",,PROH sing,,Own knowledge,,7357, +6-59,6,Go! Doh go!,Go!\tDoh\tgo!,go.IMP\tNEG\tgo,Go! Don't go!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Go! Doh go!,,go.IMP NEG go,,Own knowledge,,7358, +6-66,6,Shi nuo dat ah doh laik she.,Shi\tnuo\tdat\tah\tdoh\tlaik\tshe.,she\tknow\tthat\tI\tdon't\tlike\ther,She knows that I don't like her.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Shi nuo dat ah doh laik she.,,she know that I don't like her,,Informant,,7359, +7-143,7,Na se so.,Na\tse\tso.,NEG\tsay\tso,Do not say that.,,There is no difference in person forms so it is not relevant to consider se as the second person form.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Na se so.,,NEG say so,"There is no difference in person forms so it is not relevant to consider se as the second person form.",Own knowledge,,7360, +7-144,7,Yo na se so.,Yo\tna\tse\tso.,2\tNEG\tsay\tso,You did not say that.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yo na se so.,,2 NEG say so,,Own knowledge,,7361, +7-145,7,Se so.,Se\tso.,say\tso,Say that.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Se so.,,say so,,Own knowledge,,7362, +8-85,8,Muuv yu han!,Muuv\tyu\than!,move\t2SG\thand,Move your hand!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Muuv yu han!,,move 2SG hand,,Own knowledge,,7363, +8-86,8,No kaal mi niem ina no miksop.,No\tkaal\tmi\tniem\tina\tno\tmiksop.,NEG\tcall\t1SG\tname\tin\tNEG\tmix.up,Don't mention my name in any scandals.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,No kaal mi niem ina no miksop.,,NEG call 1SG name in NEG mix.up,,Own knowledge,,7364, +8-87,8,No tel mi fi tap i naiz!,No\ttel\tmi\tfi\ttap\ti\tnaiz!,NEG\ttell\t1SG\tINF\tstop\tDET\tnoise,Don't tell me to hush up!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,No tel mi fi tap i naiz!,,NEG tell 1SG INF stop DET noise,,Own knowledge,,7365, +9-111,9,Gu!,Gu!,Go,Go!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Gu!,,Go,,Own knowledge,,7366, +9-112,9,Yu no paas dat ting ataal.,Yu\tno\tpaas\tdat\tting\tataal.,2SG\tNEG\tpass\tthat\tthing\tat.all,Don't overlook it.,,This is a prohibitive (negative imperative).,432[34],,naturalistic spoken,Yu no paas dat ting ataal.,,2SG NEG pass that thing at.all,This is a prohibitive (negative imperative).,,,7367, +9-113,9,No gu luk.,No\tgu\tluk.,NEG\tgo\tlook,Don't even look!,,,432[35],,naturalistic spoken,No gu luk.,,NEG go look,,,,7368, +9-114,9,Dey no kil op di fiʃ de.,Dey\tno\tkil\top\tdi\tfiʃ\tde.,they\tNEG\tkill\tup\tthe\tfish\tthere,They didn't kill the fish.,,,429,,naturalistic spoken,Dey no kil op di fiʃ de.,,they NEG kill up the fish there,,,,7369, +10-128,10,No plie so rof!,No\tplie\tso\trof!,NEG\tplay\tso\trough,Don’t play so rough! (to one addressee),,,113[115],,naturalistic spoken,"No plie so rof!",,NEG play so rough,,,,7370, +10-129,10,Kom ya!,Kom\tya!,come\there,Come here!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kom ya!",,come here,,Field notes 2008,,7371, +10-130,10,Nonbady no waahn daans wid Taiga.,Non-bady\tno\twaahn\tdaans\twid\tTaiga.,no-body\tNEG\twant\tdance\tCOM\tTiger,Nobody wanted to dance with Tiger.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Nonbady no waahn daans wid Taiga.",Non-bady no waahn daans wid Taiga.,no-body NEG want dance COM Tiger,,Unpublished field recordings,,7372, +11-175,11,"Jak, stie biluo!","Jak,\tstie\tbiluo!",Jack\tstay\tbelow,"Jack, stay down there!",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Jak, stie biluo!",,Jack stay below,,,,7373, +11-176,11,Jak no hier im.,Jak\tno\thier\tim.,Jack\tNEG\thear\t3SG.M,Jack didn't hear him.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Jak no hier im.",,Jack NEG hear 3SG.M,,,,7374, +11-177,11,No kom hiar!,No\tkom\thiar!,NEG\tcome\there,Don't come here!,,,,,constructed by linguist,No kom hiar!,,NEG come here,,Own knowledge,,7375, +12-134,12,"I start eating, so - I tell her, Don't eat none, you know. Yeah. She was pregnant.","[...]\tI\ttell\ther,\tDon't\teat\tnone\t[...].",[...]\t1SG.SBJ\ttell\t3SG.OBJ\tNEG\teat[IMP]\tnone\t[...],"[I started to eat (the fish), so] I told her, Don’t eat any of it [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I start eating, so - I tell her, Don't eat none, you know. Yeah. She was pregnant.","[...] I tell her, Don't eat none [...].",[...] 1SG.SBJ tell 3SG.OBJ NEG eat[IMP] none [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7376, +12-135,12,"Gulfrey, come open the window!","Gulfrey,\tcome\topen\tthe\twindow!",Gulfrey\tcome[IMP]\topen[IMP]\tART\twindow,"Gulfrey, [come here and] open the window!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Gulfrey, come open the window!",,Gulfrey come[IMP] open[IMP] ART window,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7377, +12-136,12,"I say, This may be poison, I don't know.",[...]\tI\tdon't\tknow.,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tknow,"[...] [This may be poisoned,] I don't know.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I say, This may be poison, I don't know.","[...] I don't know.",[...] 1SG.SBJ NEG know,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7378, +13-104,13,I don tink.,I\tdon\ttink.,I\tNEG\tthink,I don’t think.,,,1500[264],,naturalistic spoken,"I don tink.",,I NEG think,,,,7379, +13-105,13,Don run!,Don\trun!,NEG\trun,Don’t run!,,,1500[266],,naturalistic spoken,"Don run!",,NEG run,,,,7380, +13-106,13,Keep still!,Keep\tstill!,keep\tstill,Be quiet!,,,330[101],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,Keep still!,,keep still,,,,7381, +14-70,14,Run!,Run!,run.IMP,Run!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Run!,,run.IMP,,Own knowledge,,7382, +14-71,14,Don't run!,Don't\trun!,PROH\trun,Don't run!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Don't run!,,PROH run,,Own knowledge,,7383, +15-79,15,tɔk!,tɔk!,talk,Speak!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,tɔk!,,talk,,Own knowledge,,7384, +15-80,15,yu nɔ tɔk!,yu\tnɔ\ttɔk!,2SG\tNEG\ttalk,You should not speak! OR: You should not say anything!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,yu nɔ tɔk!,,2SG NEG talk,,Own knowledge,,7385, +15-81,15,nɔ tɔk!,nɔ\ttɔk!,NEG\ttalk,Don't speak!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,nɔ tɔk!,,NEG talk,,Own knowledge,,7386, +16-73,16,jù no dè giv àm ʧɔp mɔni,jù\tno\tdè\tgiv\tàm\tʧɔp\tmɔni,2SG\tNEG\tHAB\tgive\t3SG.OBJ\tfood\tmoney,You do not pay him food allowance.,,This is the standard negation.,656[191],,naturalistic spoken,jù no dè giv àm ʧɔp mɔni,,2SG NEG HAB give 3SG.OBJ food money,This is the standard negation.,,,7387, +16-74,16,(mek jù) hiɛ!,(mek\tjù)\thiɛ!,(CAUS/IMP\t2SG)\thear,Listen!,,"This is an affirmative imperative 2SG. The affirmative imperative can be formed either by 1. mek + personal pronoun + no + verb, or by 2. the bare form of the verb.",656[224],,naturalistic spoken,(mek jù) hiɛ!,,(CAUS/IMP 2SG) hear,"This is an affirmative imperative 2SG. The affirmative imperative can be formed either by 1. mek + personal pronoun + no + verb, or by 2. the bare form of the verb.",,,7388, +16-75,16,mek jù no wɔri!,mek\tjù\tno\twɔri!,CAUS/IMP\t2SG\tNEG\tworry,Don't worry!,,The prohibitive always requires mek + personal pronoun + no.,,,naturalistic spoken,mek jù no wɔri!,,CAUS/IMP 2SG NEG worry,"The prohibitive always requires mek + personal pronoun + no.",Own fieldwork,,7389, +17-82,17,No go tawn.,No\tgo\ttawn.,NEG.IMP\tgo\ttown,Don’t go to town. OR: You shouldn’t/mustn’t go to town.,,,462[26],,naturalistic spoken,No go tawn.,,NEG.IMP go town,,,,7390, +17-83,17,Mek yù go tawn.,Mek\tyù\tgo\ttawn.,SBJV\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\ttown,Go to town. OR: You should/must go to town.,,,462[26],,naturalistic spoken,Mek yù go tawn.,,SBJV 2SG.SBJ go town,,,,7391, +17-84,17,Mek yù no go tawn.,Mek\tyù\tno\tgo\ttawn.,SBJV\t2SG.SBJ\tNEG\tgo\ttown,Don’t go to town. OR: You shouldn’t/mustn’t go to town.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mek yù no go tawn.,,SBJV 2SG.SBJ NEG go town,,Own knowledge,,7392, +17-85,17,Go tawn.,Go\ttawn.,go.IMP\ttown,Go to town!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Go tawn.,,go.IMP town,,Own knowledge,,7393, +17-86,17,Ìm no dè go tawn.,Ìm\tno\tdè\tgo\ttawn.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tNCOMPL\tgo\ttown,S/he is not going to town.,,,,,unknown,Ìm no dè go tawn.,,3SG.SBJ NEG NCOMPL go town,,,,7394, +18-77,18,Sidoŋ!,Sidong!,sit.down,Sit down!,,,125[37],,unspecified,Sidoŋ!,Sidong!,sit.down,,,,7395, +18-78,18,No sidoŋ!,No\tsidon!,NEG\tsit.down,Don't sit down!,,,125[37],,unspecified,No sidoŋ!,No sidon!,NEG sit.down,,,,7396, +18-79,18,Yu no sidon.,Yu\tno\tsidon.,2SG.SBJ\tNEG\tsit.down,You didn't sit down.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Yu no sidon.,,2SG.SBJ NEG sit.down,,Own knowledge,,7397, +19-102,19,Laf!,Laf!,laugh,Laugh!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Laf!,,laugh,,Own knowledge,,7398, +19-103,19,No laf!,No\tlaf!,NEG\tlaugh,Don't laugh!,,,1634[255],,naturalistic spoken,"No laf!",,NEG laugh,,,,7399, +19-104,19,Mek yù no laf!,Mek\tyù\tno\tlaf!,SBJV\t2SG\tNEG\tlaugh,Don't laugh!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mek yù no laf!",,SBJV 2SG NEG laugh,,Field data,,7400, +19-105,19,À no laf.,À\tno\tlaf.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tlaugh,I didn't laugh.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,À no laf.,,1SG.SBJ NEG laugh,,Field data,,7401, +20-66,20,No makee spillee.,No\tmakee\tspillee.,NEG\tmake\tspill,Don't spill it.,,,1489[IV.46],,naturalistic written,"No makee spillee.",,NEG make spill,,,哪米其士卑厘,7402, +20-67,20,No talkee nonsense.,No\ttalkee\tnonsense.,NEG\ttalk\tnonsense,Don't speak such nonsense.,,,1489[VI.21],,naturalistic written,"No talkee nonsense.",,NEG talk nonsense,,,哪託記難臣時,7403, +21-75,21,Eat!,Eat!,eat,Eat!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Eat!,,eat,,Own knowledge,,7404, +21-76,21,You don't eat crab.,You\tdon't\teat\tcrab.,2SG\tdo.NEG\teat\tcrab,You don't eat crab.,,,,,constructed by linguist,You don't eat crab.,,2SG do.NEG eat crab,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,7405, +21-77,21,Don't eat crab!,Don't\teat\tcrab!,do.NEG\teat\tcrab,Don't eat crab!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Don't eat crab!,,do.NEG eat crab,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,7406, +22-97,22,Yu no wokabaut.,Yu\tno\twokabaut.,2SG\tNEG\twalk,Don't walk.,,,1548[330],,constructed by linguist,Yu no wokabaut.,,2SG NEG walk,,,,7407, +22-98,22,Maski paitim bal long han [...].,Maski\tpait-im\tbal\tlong\than\t[...].,PROH\thit-TR\tball\twith\thand\t[...],Don't hit the ball with your hand [...].,,,1548[43],,naturalistic spoken,Maski paitim bal long han [...].,Maski pait-im bal long han [...].,PROH hit-TR ball with hand [...],,,,7408, +22-99,22,Maski givim long Margaret.,Maski\tgivim\tlong\tMargaret.,NEG.IMP\tgive\tPREP\tMargaret,Don't give it to Margaret.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Maski givim long Margaret.,,NEG.IMP give PREP Margaret,,,,7409, +22-100,22,Em i no wokabaut.,Em\ti\tno\twokabaut.,3SG\tPM\tNEG\twalk,He is not walking.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em i no wokabaut.,,3SG PM NEG walk,,Own knowledge,,7410, +22-101,22,Maski kam insait.,Maski\tkam\tinsait.,NEG.IMP\tcome\tinside,Do not enter.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Maski kam insait.,,NEG.IMP come inside,,Own knowledge,,7411, +22-102,22,"Yu no ken mauswara, poro.","Yu\tno\tken\tmauswara,\tporo.",2SG\tNEG\tPERM\ttalk.nonsense\tmate,"Don't talk nonsense, mate.",,,1548[326],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu no ken mauswara, poro.",,2SG NEG PERM talk.nonsense mate,,,,7412, +22-103,22,Yu kam long fran na mipela go lo baksait.,Yu\tkam\tlong\tfran\tna\tmipela\tgo\tlo\tbaksait.,2SG\tcome\tPREP\tfront\tand\t1PL.EXCL\tgo\tPREP\tback,Come to the front and we'll go to the back.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Yu kam long fran na mipela go lo baksait.,,2SG come PREP front and 1PL.EXCL go PREP back,,,,7413, +23-94,23,mi mi no luk long hem,mi\tmi\tno\tluk\tlong\them,1SG\t1SG\tNEG\tlook\tLOC\t3SG,I didn't look at her.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,mi mi no luk long hem,,1SG 1SG NEG look LOC 3SG,,,,7414, +23-95,23,givim nandao blong mifala i kakae,givim\tnandao\tblong\tmifala\ti\tkakae,give\tnandao\tPURP\t1PL.EXCL\tAGR\teat,Give us some nandao to eat.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,givim nandao blong mifala i kakae,,give nandao PURP 1PL.EXCL AGR eat,,,,7415, +23-96,23,"e, yu yu go swim","e,\tyu\tyu\tgo\tswim",hey\t2SG\t2SG\tgo\tbathe,"Hey, go wash yourself!",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"e, yu yu go swim",,hey 2SG 2SG go bathe,,,,7416, +23-97,23,yu no mekem rabis fasin,yu\tno\tmekem\trabis\tfasin,2SG\tNEG\tmake\trubbish\tfashion,Don't have me on. OR: Don't behave badly.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,yu no mekem rabis fasin,,2SG NEG make rubbish fashion,,,,7417, +24-106,24,Dana miek miek!,Dana\tmiek\tmiek!,AUX.NEG\tmake\tmake,Stop fiddling!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dana miek miek!,,AUX.NEG make make,,Own fieldwork,,7418, +24-107,24,Dunt yorlye fait!,Dunt\tyorlye\tfait!,STRONG.NEG.AUX\t2PL\tfight,Don't you (plural) fight!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dunt yorlye fait!,,STRONG.NEG.AUX 2PL fight,,Own fieldwork,,7419, +24-108,24,Du tuhi!,Du\ttuhi!,AUX.NEG\tswear,Don't use bad language!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Du tuhi!,,AUX.NEG swear,,Own fieldwork,,7420, +24-116,24,Giw wan lohle gen aa letl salan!,Giw\twan\tlohle\tgen\taa\tletl\tsalan!,give\tDET.INDF\tlolly\tPREP\tDET.DEF.SG\tlittle\tpeople,Give that child one lolly!,,,791,,constructed by linguist,Giw wan lohle gen aa letl salan!,,give DET.INDF lolly PREP DET.DEF.SG little people,,,,7421, +24-170,24,Wi noe yuus eni e em fancy rods yuu sii dem yuusin orn de mainlan.,Wi\tnoe\tyuus\teni\te\tem\tfancy\trods\tyuu\tsii\tdem\tyuusin\torn\tde\tmainlan.,we\tNEG\tuse\tany\tof\tDET.DEF.PL\tfancy\trod\t[you\tsee\tthey\tuse.CONT\ton\tthe\tmainland],We do not use any of the fancy rods that one can see used in Australia.,,,,,unknown,Wi noe yuus eni e em fancy rods yuu sii dem yuusin orn de mainlan.,,we NEG use any of DET.DEF.PL fancy rod [you see they use.CONT on the mainland],,Own fieldwork,,7422, +25-243,25,"""Holum taid!"" im reken jad lilboi la im drim","""Hol-um\ttaid!""\tim\treken\tjad\tlilboi\tla\tim\tdrim",hold-TR\ttight\t3SG\tthink/say\tDEM\tlittle.boy\tLOC\t3SG\tdream,"""Hold it tight"" he said/thought, the little boy in his dream",,"Variety: Written Roper River. The example illustrates the verb of speech/thought reken with a direct speech complement, and an imperative expression.",546,,naturalistic written,"""Holum taid!"" im reken jad lilboi la im drim","""Hol-um taid!"" im reken jad lilboi la im drim",hold-TR tight 3SG think/say DEM little.boy LOC 3SG dream,"Variety: Written Roper River. The example illustrates the verb of speech/thought reken with a direct speech complement, and an imperative expression.",,,7423, +25-244,25,"Nomo yu kolimbat tru, olmen!","Nomo\tyu\tkol-im-bat\ttru,\tolmen!",NEG\t2SG\tcall-TR-PROG\ttrue\tolder.man,"Don't you claim this is true, old man!",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an alternative to the special prohibitive form don, the normal clausal negative marker nomo.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Nomo yu kolimbat tru, olmen!","Nomo yu kol-im-bat tru, olmen!",NEG 2SG call-TR-PROG true older.man,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an alternative to the special prohibitive form don, the normal clausal negative marker nomo.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,7424, +25-245,25,"Libim! [...] nomo yu jeisim, yu libim, wot fo yu jeisim.","Lib-im!\t[...]\tnomo\tyu\tjeis-im,\tyu\tlib-im,\twot\tfo\tyu\tjeis-im.",leave-TR\t[...]\tNEG\t2SG\tchase-TR\t2SG\tleave-TR\twhat\tfor\t2SG\tchase-TR,"Leave it alone! Don't chase it! Leave it, why do you chase it?",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an alternative to the special prohibitive form don, the normal clausal negative marker nomo.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Libim! [...] nomo yu jeisim, yu libim, wot fo yu jeisim.","Lib-im! [...] nomo yu jeis-im, yu lib-im, wot fo yu jeis-im.",leave-TR [...] NEG 2SG chase-TR 2SG leave-TR what for 2SG chase-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an alternative to the special prohibitive form don, the normal clausal negative marker nomo.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,7425, +25-246,25,Nomo beltimbat! Yu jas tekim thatsol!,Nomo\tbelt-im-bat!\tYu\tjas\ttek-im\tthatsol!,NEG\tbelt-TR-PROG\t2SG\tjust\ttake-TR\tthat's.all,Don't hit him! Just take him (away)!,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an alternative to the special prohibitive form don, the normal clausal negative marker nomo.",,,naturalistic spoken,Nomo beltimbat! Yu jas tekim thatsol!,Nomo belt-im-bat! Yu jas tek-im thatsol!,NEG belt-TR-PROG 2SG just take-TR that's.all,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an alternative to the special prohibitive form don, the normal clausal negative marker nomo.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,7426, +25-247,25,Don idim na!,Don\tid-im\tna!,NEG.IMP\teat-TR\tnow,Don't eat it!,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of prohibitive auxiliary don.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Don idim na!","Don id-im na!",NEG.IMP eat-TR now,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of prohibitive auxiliary don.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,7427, +25-248,25,Don go gota but!,Don\tgo\tgota\tbut!,NEG.IMP\tgo\tCOM\tboot,Don't go with boots (on)!,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the special prohibitive auxiliary don 'don't'.",,,naturalistic spoken,Don go gota but!,,NEG.IMP go COM boot,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the special prohibitive auxiliary don 'don't'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,7428, +25-249,25,"Ei, olmen, yu weit na! Yu gada gibit la melabat du sambala shuga. Melabat wandi shuga du.","Ei,\tolmen,\tyu\tweit\tna!\tYu\tgada\tgib-it\tla\tmelabat\tdu\tsam-bala\tshuga.\tMelabat\twandi\tshuga\tdu.",ey\told.man\t2SG\twait\tnow\t2SG\tFUT/OBLIG\tgive-TR\tLOC\t1PL.EXCL\ttoo\tsome-ADJ2\tsugar\t1PL.EXCL\twant\tsugar\ttoo,"Hey, old man, wait now! You've got to give us some sugar too. We want sugar too.",,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a locative-marked pronominal recipient with the verb 'give'.,40,,naturalistic spoken,"Ei, olmen, yu weit na! Yu gada gibit la melabat du sambala shuga. Melabat wandi shuga du.","Ei, olmen, yu weit na! Yu gada gib-it la melabat du sam-bala shuga. Melabat wandi shuga du.",ey old.man 2SG wait now 2SG FUT/OBLIG give-TR LOC 1PL.EXCL too some-ADJ2 sugar 1PL.EXCL want sugar too,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a locative-marked pronominal recipient with the verb 'give'.,,,7429, +26-68,26,gɹams azɹ ɔm tɛl um a no stɛ,gɹams\tazɹ\tɔm\ttɛl\tum\ta\tno\tstɛ,grandmother\tanswer\t3SG\ttell\t3PL\t1SG\tNEG\tLOC,"Grandma, answer it, tell them I'm not here!",,,1545[93],,naturalistic spoken,gɹams azɹ ɔm tɛl um a no stɛ,,grandmother answer 3SG tell 3PL 1SG NEG LOC,,,,7430, +26-69,26,no ansɹ ɔm,no\tansɹ\tɔm,NEG\tanswer\t3SG,Don't answer it!,,,,,constructed by linguist,no ansɹ ɔm,,NEG answer 3SG,,Own knowledge,,7431, +27-67,27,Nē də sabəl.,Nē\tdə\tsabəl.,take\tART.DEF\tsword,Take the sword!,,,355[13],,naturalistic spoken,"Nē də sabəl.",,take ART.DEF sword,,,,7432, +27-68,27,Mi nə ha kin.,Mi\tnə\tha\tkin.,1SG\tNEG\thave\tchild,I don't have a child.,,,355[12],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi nə ha kin.",,1SG NEG have child,,,,7433, +27-69,27,Nə mata am.,Nə\tmata\tam.,NEG\tkill\t3SG,Don't kill him.,,,355[12],,naturalistic spoken,"Nə mata am.",,NEG kill 3SG,,,,7434, +28-102,28,bu sofɛlɛ ka,bu\tso-fɛlɛ\tka,drink\tso-much\tNEG,Don't drink so much!,,,737[149],,naturalistic spoken,"bu sofɛlɛ ka",bu so-fɛlɛ ka,drink so-much NEG,,,,7435, +28-103,28,lu jujɛ nau,luru\tju-jɛ\tnau,look\t2SG-NMLZ\tnow,Now look at yours!,,The enclitic Nominalizer is used here to create an independent possessive pronoun.,737[149],,naturalistic spoken,"lu jujɛ nau",luru ju-jɛ nau,look 2SG-NMLZ now,The enclitic Nominalizer is used here to create an independent possessive pronoun.,,,7436, +29-104,29,"Praat Xhosa, asseblief!","Praat\tXhosa,\tasseblief!",speak\tXhosa\tplease,Speak Xhosa please!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Praat Xhosa, asseblief!",,speak Xhosa please,,Own knowledge,,7437, +29-105,29,Moenie Duits praat nie!,Moenie\tDuits\tpraat\tnie!,PROH\tGerman\tspeak\tNEG,Don't speak German!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Moenie Duits praat nie!,,PROH German speak NEG,,Own knowledge,,7438, +29-106,29,Ek praat nie Engels nie.,Ek\tpraat\tnie\tEngels\tnie.,1SG\tspeak\tNEG\tEnglish\tNEG,I don't speak English.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek praat nie Engels nie.,,1SG speak NEG English NEG,,Own knowledge,,7439, +30-120,30,"Si nhu ka kre nxina-m ramédi, ka nhu nxina [...].","Si=nhu=ka=kre\tnxina=m\tramédi,\tka\tnhu=nxina\t[...].",if=2SG.M.POL=NEG=want\tshow=1SG\tremedy\tNEG\t2SG.M.POL=show\t[...],"If you don’t want to show me a remedy, well, simply don’t show me [...].",,,1407[33],,naturalistic spoken,"Si nhu ka kre nxina-m ramédi, ka nhu nxina [...].","Si=nhu=ka=kre nxina=m ramédi, ka nhu=nxina [...].",if=2SG.M.POL=NEG=want show=1SG remedy NEG 2SG.M.POL=show [...],,,,7440,"German: Wenn Sie mir kein Heilmittel zeigen wollen, dann zeigen Sie mir eben keines [...]." +30-121,30,Bu ben. / Bu ka ben.,Bu=ben. / Bu=ka=ben.,2SG=come   2SG=NEG=come,You came. / You didn't come.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Bu ben. / Bu ka ben.,Bu=ben. / Bu=ka=ben.,2SG=come 2SG=NEG=come,,,,7441, +30-122,30,"Ka bu bati kel kamisa la djuntu ku otu ropa, pamô e ta lárga.","Ka=bu=bati\tkel=kamisa\tla\tdjuntu\tku=otu\tropa,\tpamô\te=ta=lárga.",NEG=2SG=wash\tDEM.SG=shirt\tthere\ttogether\twith=other\tcloth\tbecause\t3SG=IPFV=run.out,Don't wash that shirt together with the other clothes because the dye comes off.,,,784[s.v. lárga],,naturalistic spoken,"Ka bu bati kel kamisa la djuntu ku otu ropa, pamô e ta lárga.","Ka=bu=bati kel=kamisa la djuntu ku=otu ropa, pamô e=ta=lárga.",NEG=2SG=wash DEM.SG=shirt there together with=other cloth because 3SG=IPFV=run.out,,,,7442,"German: Wasch dieses Hemd dort nicht zusammen mit anderen Kleidern, denn es färbt/läuft aus." +30-123,30,Ben!/ Ka bu ben!,Ben!/\tKa\tbu=ben!,come\tNEG\tyou=come,Come!/ Don't come!,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Ben!/ Ka bu ben!,Ben!/ Ka bu=ben!,come NEG you=come,,,,7443, +31-107,31,Mi'N ka kria ku nha mai.,Mi'N\tka\tkria\tku\tnha\tmai.,I\tNEG\traise\twith\tmy\tmother,I didn't grow up with my mother.,,,839,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi'N ka kria ku nha mai.",,I NEG raise with my mother,,,,7444, +31-108,31,Kria karneru pa bira riku.,Kria\tkarneru\tpa\tbira\triku.,raise\tgoat\tto\tbecome\trich,Raise goats to become rich.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Kria karneru pa bira riku.,,raise goat to become rich,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,7445, +31-109,31,Ka bu kria karneru.,Ka\tbu\tkria\tkarneru.,NEG\tyou\traise\tgoat,Don't raise goats.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ka bu kria karneru.",,NEG you raise goat,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,7446, +32-84,32,Mordê-l!,Mordê-l!,bite-3SG,Bite him!,,This example shows an affirmative imperative.,1456,,constructed by linguist,Mordê-l!,,bite-3SG,This example shows an affirmative imperative.,,,7447,Portuguese: Morde-o! +32-85,32,N ka mordê-l.,N\tka\tmordê-l.,1SG\tNEG\tbite-3SG,I didn't bite him.,,This is an example of standard negation.,1456,,constructed by linguist,N ka mordê-l.,,1SG NEG bite-3SG,This is an example of standard negation.,,,7448,Portuguese: Não o mordí. +32-86,32,Ka bo mordê-l!,Ka\tbo\tmordê-l!,NEG\t2SG\tbite-3SG,Don't bite him!,,This is a special imperative construction for the prohibitive.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,Ka bo mordê-l!,,NEG 2SG bite-3SG,This is a special imperative construction for the prohibitive.,,,7449,Portuguese: Não o mordas! +33-114,33,Ka bu kume.,Ka\tbu\tkume.,NEG\t2SG\teat,Do not eat!,,The second person pronoun is obligatorily present in the negative imperative but obligatorily absent in the affirmative imperative.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ka bu kume.,,NEG 2SG eat,The second person pronoun is obligatorily present in the negative imperative but obligatorily absent in the affirmative imperative.,Own knowledge,,7450,Portuguese: Não comas. +33-115,33,Kume!,Kume!,IMP,eat,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kume!,,IMP,,Own knowledge,,7451,Portuguese: come +33-116,33,N ka kume.,N\tka\tkume.,1SG\tNEG\teat,I did not eat.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N ka kume.,,1SG NEG eat,,Own knowledge,,7452,Portuguese: Não comi. +34-83,34,Kantá!,ø\tkantá!,2SG.SBJ\tsing.IMP,Sing!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kantá!,ø kantá!,2SG.SBJ sing.IMP,,Own knowledge,,7453, +34-85,34,Ka bu kantá!,Ka\tbu\tkantá!,NEG\t2SG.SBJ\tsing,Do not sing!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ka bu kantá!",,NEG 2SG.SBJ sing,,Own knowledge,,7454, +35-125,35,Na kêsê non fa ê!,Na\tkêsê\tnon\tfa\tê!,NEG\tforget\t1PL\tNEG\tPCL,Don’t forget us!,,PCL = discourse particle,,,naturalistic spoken,Na kêsê non fa ê!,,NEG forget 1PL NEG PCL,PCL = discourse particle,Own data,,7455, +35-126,35,Kêsê non!,Kêsê\tnon!,forget\t1PL,Forget us!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Kêsê non!,,forget 1PL,,Own knowledge,,7456, +35-127,35,Ê na kêsê non fa.,Ê\tna\tkêsê\tnon\tfa.,3SG\tNEG\tforget\t1PL\tNEG,He didn't forget us.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ê na kêsê non fa.,,3SG NEG forget 1PL NEG,,Own knowledge,,7457, +36-72,36,Thêndê kwa bisi e pê tholo!,Thêndê\tkwa\tbisi\te\tpê\ttholo!,spread.out\tthing\tdress\tthis\tput\tsun,Spread out these clothes in the sun!,,,901[140],,naturalistic spoken,"Thêndê kwa bisi e pê tholo!",,spread.out thing dress this put sun,,,,7458,French: Etends ces habits au soleil! +36-73,36,Bô na thêndê kwa bisi e pê tholo wa.,Bô\tna\tthêndê\tkwa\tbisi\te\tpê\ttholo\twa.,you\tNEG\tspread.out\tthing\tdress\tthis\tput\tsun\tNEG,You didn't spread out these clothes in the sun.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Bô na thêndê kwa bisi e pê tholo wa.",,you NEG spread.out thing dress this put sun NEG,,Own knowledge,,7459, +36-74,36,Na thêndê kwa bisi e pê tholo wa!,Na\tthêndê\tkwa\tbisi\te\tpê\ttholo\twa!,NEG\tspread.out\tthing\tdress\tDEM\tput\tsun\tNEG,Don't spread out these clothes in the sun!,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Na thêndê kwa bisi e pê tholo wa!",,NEG spread.out thing dress DEM put sun NEG,,Own knowledge,,7460, +37-92,37,Subi pwema sê f'ô!,Subi\tpwema\tsê\tfa\tô!,climb\tpalm.tree\tDEM\tNEG\tVAL,Don't climb on this palm tree!,,,905[151],,naturalistic spoken,"Subi pwema sê f'ô!","Subi pwema sê fa ô!",climb palm.tree DEM NEG VAL,,,,7461, +37-93,37,Txi subi pwema sê f'ô.,Txi\tsubi\tpwema\tsê\tfa\tô.,2SG\tgo.up\tpalm.tree\tDEM\tNEG\tVAL,You didn't climb on this palm tree.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Txi subi pwema sê f'ô.,Txi subi pwema sê fa ô.,2SG go.up palm.tree DEM NEG VAL,,Own knowledge,,7462, +37-94,37,Subi pwema sê!,Subi\tpwema\tsê!,go.up\tpalm.tree\tDEM,Climb on this palm tree!,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Subi pwema sê!",,go.up palm.tree DEM,,Own knowledge,,7463, +38-102,38,Na lif!,Na\tli-f.,NEG\tlaugh-NEG,Don’t laugh!,,,,,elicited from speaker,Na lif!,Na li-f.,NEG laugh-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,7464, +38-103,38,li!,li!,laugh,laugh!,,,,,elicited from speaker,li!,,laugh,,Own fieldwork 1993,,7465, +38-104,38,Bo na lif.,Bo\tna\tli-f.,2SG\tNEG\tlaugh-NEG,You don't laugh.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Bo na lif.,Bo na li-f.,2SG NEG laugh-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,7466, +39-108,39,ãt də mata buf nã vẽd pɛl.,ãt\tdə\tmat-a\tbuf\tnã\tvẽd\tpɛl.,before\tof\tkill-INF\tbuffalo\tNEG\tsell.NPST\tskin,Do not sell the skin before killing the buffalo.,,This is a local saying.,221[189],,elicited from speaker,"ãt də mata buf nã vẽd pɛl.","ãt də mat-a buf nã vẽd pɛl.",before of kill-INF buffalo NEG sell.NPST skin,This is a local saying.,,,7467, +39-109,39,Use vẽd kar may nã vẽd pɛl.,Use\tvẽd\tkar\tmay\tnã\tvẽd\tpɛl.,2\tsell.NPST\tmeat\tbut\tNEG\tsell.NPST\tskin,You sell the meat but you don't sell the skin.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Use vẽd kar may nã vẽd pɛl.",,2 sell.NPST meat but NEG sell.NPST skin,,Own knowledge,,7468, +39-110,39,Vẽd pɛl!,Vẽd\tpɛl!,sell.NPST\tskin,Sell the skin!,,"There is no distinct imperative verb form in Diu Indo-Portuguese. The verb in imperative constructions can take one of two forms, viz. the non-Past form (as in this sentence) or the Infinitive form (which is slightly more insistent).",,,constructed by linguist,"Vẽd pɛl!",,sell.NPST skin,"There is no distinct imperative verb form in Diu Indo-Portuguese. The verb in imperative constructions can take one of two forms, viz. the non-Past form (as in this sentence) or the Infinitive form (which is slightly more insistent).",Own knowledge,,7469, +40-73,40,Use kata!,Use\tkata!,2SG.FORMAL\tsing,Sing!,,,265[175-76],,constructed by linguist,Use kata!,,2SG.FORMAL sing,,,,7470, +40-74,40,Use nu tɛ kata.,Use\tnu\ttɛ\tkata.,you.SG.FORMAL\tNEG\tPRS\tsing,You don't sing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Use nu tɛ kata.,,you.SG.FORMAL NEG PRS sing,,Own knowledge,,7471, +40-75,40,Use nu kata!,Use\tnu\tkata!,2SG.FORMAL\tNEG\tsing,Don't sing!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Use nu kata!,,2SG.FORMAL NEG sing,,Own knowledge,,7472, +41-94,41,eev mee jafalaa nikara tandaa falaa,eev\tmee\tjaa-falaa\t[nikara\tta-andaa\tfalaa],1SG\tFOC\tPST-say\t[NEG.IMP\tPRS-go\tQUOT],"I myself said, “Don’t go.”",,,1416[5272],,naturalistic spoken,"eev mee jafalaa nikara tandaa falaa","eev mee jaa-falaa [nikara ta-andaa falaa]",1SG FOC PST-say [NEG.IMP PRS-go QUOT],,,,7473, +41-95,41,aka viida aka numis laraa avarapa,aka\tviida\taka\tnumis\tlaraa\tavara-pa,that\tbecause\tthat\tNEG.OBLIG\tleave\tnow-DAT,"Therefore, don't leave it for the time being.",,This example illustrates prohibitive formation using numis(ta)-V.,1416[1430],,naturalistic spoken,aka viida aka numis laraa avarapa,aka viida aka numis laraa avara-pa,that because that NEG.OBLIG leave now-DAT,"This example illustrates prohibitive formation using numis(ta)-V.",,,7474, +42-95,42,(bos) nang bebé sura!,(bos)\tnang\tbebé\tsura!,(2SG)\tNEG.IMP\tdrink\ttoddy,Don’t drink toddy!,,"The presence of the subject pronoun, for emphasis or clarification, is optional in both affirmative and negative imperatives. The negator nang is only used in negative imperative structures.",122[186],,naturalistic spoken,(bos) nang bebé sura!,,(2SG) NEG.IMP drink toddy,"The presence of the subject pronoun, for emphasis or clarification, is optional in both affirmative and negative imperatives. The negator nang is only used in negative imperative structures.",,,7475, +42-96,42,eli ngka bai mar ozi atardi,eli\tngka\tbai\tmar\tozi\tatardi,3SG\tNEG\tgo\tsea\ttoday\tafternoon,He didn't go fishing this afternoon.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,eli ngka bai mar ozi atardi,,3SG NEG go sea today afternoon,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,7476, +42-97,42,(bos) bai kaza!,(bos)\tbai\tkaza!,(2SG)\tgo\thome,Go home!,,"The presence of the subject pronoun, for emphasis or clarification, is optional in both affirmative and negative imperatives.",122[186],,naturalistic spoken,(bos) bai kaza!,,(2SG) go home,"The presence of the subject pronoun, for emphasis or clarification, is optional in both affirmative and negative imperatives.",,,7477, +43-65,43,"Djenti djenti, pasa pio.","Djenti\tdjenti,\tpasa\tpio.",person\tperson\tpass\tfoot,"People, go by foot.",,,906[96],,naturalistic written,"Djenti djenti, pasa pio.",,person person pass foot,,,,7478, +43-66,43,[...] nos numpodi bakia sigredu.,[...]\tnos\tnumpodi\tbakia\tsigredu.,[...]\t1PL\tNEG.can\tkeep\tsecret,[...] we cannot hide secrets.,,,906[88],,naturalistic written,"[...] nos numpodi bakia sigredu.",,[...] 1PL NEG.can keep secret,,,,7479, +43-67,43,Numiste ri [...].,Numiste\tri\t[...].,PROH\tlaugh\t[...],Don't laugh [...].,,,906[88],,pedagogical grammar,"Numiste ri [...].",,PROH laugh [...],,,,7480, +44-106,44,No hablá bos!,No\thablá\tbos!,NEG\tspeak\t2SG,Do not speak!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,No hablá bos!,,NEG speak 2SG,,Own data,,7481, +44-107,44,Platiká ʧabakáno!,Platiká\tʧabakáno!,speak\tchabacano,Speak chabacano!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Platiká ʧabakáno!,,speak chabacano,,Own data,,7482, +44-108,44,Mi mánga ího no ta entendé tʃabakáno.,Mi\tmánga\tího\tno\tta\tentendé\ttʃabakáno.,1SG.POSS\tPL\tchild\tNEG\tIPFV\tunderstand\tChabacano,My children do not understand Chabacano.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi mánga ího no ta entendé tʃabakáno.",,1SG.POSS PL child NEG IPFV understand Chabacano,,Own data,,7483,Spanish: Mis hijos no entienden chabacano. +45-89,45,Para ya tu!,Para\tya\ttu!,stop\talready\t2SG,Stop!,,,426[131],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Para ya tu!,,stop already 2SG,,,,7484, +45-90,45,No tu cumi el mamon.,No\ttu\tcumi\tel\tmamon.,NEG\t2SG\teat\tDEF\tcake,Do not eat the cake!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,No tu cumi el mamon.,,NEG 2SG eat DEF cake,,Own data,,7485, +46-110,46,Hendéq 'le amerikáno.,Hendéq\t'le\tamerikáno.,NEG\ts/he\tamerican,S/he is not an American.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hendéq 'le amerikáno.,,NEG s/he american,,Own knowledge,,7486, +46-111,46,Nuáy ya-kumprá peskáw.,Nuáy\tya-kumprá\tpeskáw.,NEG.exist\tPRF-buy\tfish,(Somebody) didn't buy fish.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Nuáy ya-kumprá peskáw.,,NEG.exist PRF-buy fish,,Own knowledge,,7487, +46-112,46,Komé!,Komé!,to.eat,Eat!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Komé!,,to.eat,,Own knowledge,,7488, +46-113,46,Nomá(s) kantá!,Nomá(s)\tkantá!,don't\tsing,Don't sing!,,,,,unspecified,"Nomá(s) kantá!",,don't sing,,Own knowledge,,7489, +46-114,46,No bos andá!,No\tbos\tandá!,NEG\tyou\tgo,Don't go!,,,531[164],,naturalistic spoken,No bos andá!,,NEG you go,,,,7490, +47-115,47,No papia.,No\tpapia.,NEG\tspeak,Do not speak.,,,151[84],,published source,"No papia.",,NEG speak,,,,7491, +47-116,47,Sea asina bon di no hasi esei.,Sea\tasina\tbon\tdi\tno\thasi\tesei.,be\tas\tgood\tof\tNEG\tdo\tthat,(Please) be good enough not to do that.,,,151[84],,published source,Sea asina bon di no hasi esei.,,be as good of NEG do that,,,,7492, +47-117,47,Bo no ta papia.,Bo\tno\tta\tpapia.,2SG\tNEG\tTNS\tspeak,You don't speak.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Bo no ta papia.,,2SG NEG TNS speak,,Own knowledge,,7493, +47-118,47,Papia!,Papia!,speak,Speak!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Papia!,,speak,,Own knowledge,,7494, +48-107,48,¡Nu dejá mi te nu!,¡Nu\tdejá\tmi\tte\tnu!,NEG\tleave\tme\tyou.SG\tNEG,Don't leave me (here)!,,,1359[287],,naturalistic spoken,"¡Nu dejá mi te nu!",,NEG leave me you.SG NEG,,,,7495,Spanish: ¡No me dejes aquí (sola)! +48-108,48,¡Nu toká eso nu!,¡Nu\ttoká\teso\tnu!,NEG\ttouch\tthis\tNEG,Don't touch this!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"¡Nu toká eso nu!",,NEG touch this NEG,,Recorded by author,,7496,Spanish: ¡No toques eso! +48-109,48,¡Nu dejhá mi te nu!,¡Nu\tdejhá\tmi\tte\tnu!,NEG\tleave\tme\tyou\tNEG,Don't leave me!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¡Nu dejhá mi te nu!,,NEG leave me you NEG,,Recorded by author,,7497,Spanish: ¡No me deje usted! +48-110,48,Ayá Katahena ma palenkero asé ablá lengua nu.,Ayá\tKatahena\tma\tpalenkero\tasé\tablá\tlengua\tnu.,there\tCartagena\tPL\tPalenquero\tHAB\tspeak\tPalenquero\tNEG,"In Cartagena, the Palenqueros tend not to speak Palenquero.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ayá Katahena ma palenkero asé ablá lengua nu.,,there Cartagena PL Palenquero HAB speak Palenquero NEG,,Recorded by author,,7498,"Spanish: En Cartagena, los palenqueros no suelen hablar palenquero." +48-207,48,¡Miní aká!,¡Miní\taká!,come\there,Come here!,,,,,constructed by linguist,¡Miní aká!,,come here,,Own knowledge,,7499, +49-153,49,Pinga ou joure granmoun!,Pinga\tou\tjoure\tgranmoun!,PROH\t2SG\tinsult\tadult,Don't insult adults!,,,473[881],,naturalistic spoken,Pinga ou joure granmoun!,,PROH 2SG insult adult,,,,7500,French: N'insulte pas les adultes! +49-154,49,Pa janm fè sa ankò!,Pa\tjanm\tfè\tsa\tankò!,NEG\tnever\tdo\tthat\tagain,Don't ever do that again!,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 113]",,naturalistic spoken,Pa janm fè sa ankò!,,NEG never do that again,,,,7501,French: Ne refais jamais ça! +49-155,49,Joure moun nan!,Joure\tmoun\tnan!,insult\tperson\tDEF,Insult this person!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Joure moun nan!,,insult person DEF,,Own knowledge,,7502,French: Insulte cette personne! +49-156,49,Pa fè sa ankò!,Pa\tfè\tsa\tankò!,PROH\tdo\tthat\tagain,Don't do this again!,,"Cf. also the construction pa janm fè sa ankò [NEG never do that again] 'don't ever do that again' in the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map 2004, point 6).",473[857],,naturalistic spoken,Pa fè sa ankò!,,PROH do that again,"Cf. also the construction pa janm fè sa ankò [NEG never do that again] 'don't ever do that again' in the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map 2004, point 6).",,,7503,French: Ne refais pas ça! +49-157,49,É! Pa manyen sa!,É!\tPa\tmanyen\tsa!,eh\tPROH\ttouch\tthat,Hey! Don't touch this!,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 61]",,naturalistic spoken,É! Pa manyen sa!,,eh PROH touch that,,,,7504,French: Eh! Ne touche pas ça! +49-158,49,Pinga manyen sa!,Pinga\tmanyen\tsa!,PROH\ttouch\tDEM,Don't touch that!,,"In this example, the special negator is immediately followed by the verb.","473[vol. 6, p. 61]",,naturalistic spoken,Pinga manyen sa!,,PROH touch DEM,"In this example, the special negator is immediately followed by the verb.",,,7505,French: Ne touche pas à ça! +49-159,49,Pinga ou janm fè sa ankò!,Pinga\tou\tjanm\tfè\tsa\tankò!,PROH\t2SG\tnever\tdo\tDEM\tagain,Don't ever do that again!,,"In the example (in the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map 2004, point 15)) the special word is followed by a personal pronoun in subject position.","473[vol. 6, p. 61]",,naturalistic spoken,Pinga ou janm fè sa ankò!,,PROH 2SG never do DEM again,"In the example (in the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map 2004, point 15)) the special word is followed by a personal pronoun in subject position.",,,7506,French: Ne refais jamais ça! +49-160,49,Pinga fè tel bagay!,Pinga\tfè\ttel\tbagay!,PROH\tdo\tsuch\tthing,Be careful not to do such things!,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 113]",,naturalistic spoken,Pinga fè tel bagay!,,PROH do such thing,,,,7507,French: Attention de ne pas faire ce truc! +49-161,49,Pa joure granmoun!,Pa\tjoure\tgranmoun!,NEG\tinsult\tadult,Don't insult adults!,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 113]",,naturalistic spoken,Pa joure granmoun!,,NEG insult adult,,,,7508,French: N'insulte pas les adultes! +49-162,49,Piga ou joure granmoun.,Piga\tou\tjoure\tgranmoun.,PROH\t2SG\tinsult\told.people,Don't insult older people.,,,1505[555],,naturalistic spoken,Piga ou joure granmoun.,,PROH 2SG insult old.people,,,,7509,French: N'insulte pas les anciens. +49-163,49,Li pa joure gramoun yo.,Li\tpa\tjoure\tgramoun\tyo.,3SG\tNEG\tinsult\tadult\tDEF.PL,He didn't insult the adults.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li pa joure gramoun yo.,,3SG NEG insult adult DEF.PL,,Own knowledge,,7510,French: Il n'a pas insulté les adultes. +49-164,49,Pinga anyen touche yo!,Pinga\tanyen\ttouche\tyo!,PROH\tnothing\ttouch\t3PL,Watch out that nothing touches them!,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 113]",,naturalistic spoken,Pinga anyen touche yo!,,PROH nothing touch 3PL,,,,7511,French: Fais attention que rien ne les touche. +50-100,50,Chanté!,Chanté!,sing,Sing!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Chanté!,,sing,,Own fieldwork,,7512, +50-101,50,Pa chanté!,Pa\tchanté!,NEG\tsing,Don't sing!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pa chanté!,,NEG sing,,Own fieldwork,,7513, +50-102,50,Ou pa ka chanté!,Ou\tpa\tka\tchanté!,2SG\tNEG\tPROG\tsing,You don't sing!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ou pa ka chanté!,,2SG NEG PROG sing,,Own fieldwork,,7514, +51-92,51,Chanté!,Chanté!,sing,Sing!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Chanté!,,sing,,Own fieldwork,,7515, +51-93,51,Pa chanté!,Pa\tchanté!,NEG\tsing,Don't sing!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Pa chanté!",,NEG sing,,Own fieldwork,,7516, +51-94,51,Ou pa ka chanté!,Ou\tpa\tka\tchanté!,2SG\tNEG\tPROG\tsing,You don't sing!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ou pa ka chanté!",,2SG NEG PROG sing,,Own fieldwork,,7517, +52-61,52,"gadé, arété, stop","gadé,\tarété,\tstop",look\tend\tstop,"look, end it, stop it",,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"gadé, arété, stop",,look end stop,,,,7518, +52-62,52,pa gadé déyè,pa\tgadé\tdéyè,NEG\tlook\tback,Do not look back!,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"pa gadé déyè",,NEG look back,,,,7519, +52-63,52,to pa divèt di l sa,to\tpa\tdivèt\tdi\tl\tsa,you\tNEG\tshould\tsay\ther\tthat,You should not tell her that!,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"to pa divèt di l sa",,you NEG should say her that,,,,7520, +53-216,53,Koup pa li!,Koup\tpa\tli!,cut\tNEG\t3SG,Don't cut it!,,,1048[278],,elicited from speaker,Koup pa li!,,cut NEG 3SG,,,,7521, +53-217,53,Pa jité mouen dan zéronce.,Pa\tjité\tmouen\tdan\tzéronce.,NEG\tthrow\t2SG.OBJ\tin\tblackberry.bush,Don't throw me into the blackberry bush.,,,1049[21],,naturalistic written,Pa jité mouen dan zéronce.,,NEG throw 2SG.OBJ in blackberry.bush,,,,7522, +53-218,53,"Aret twa parle kreol, parl meriken!","Aret\ttwa\tparle\tkreol,\tparl\tmeriken!",stop\t2SG.REFL\tspeak\tCreole\tspeak\tEnglish,"Stop speaking Creole, speak English!",,,1048[277],,naturalistic spoken,"Aret twa parle kreol, parl meriken!",,stop 2SG.REFL speak Creole speak English,,,,7523,"French: Arrête de parler créole, parle américain!" +53-219,53,Mo manj pa diri.,Mo\tmanj\tpa\tdiri.,1SG\teat\tNEG\trice,I don't eat rice.,,,1048[320],,naturalistic spoken,Mo manj pa diri.,,1SG eat NEG rice,,,,7524,French: Je ne mange pas de riz. +53-220,53,Oté feille la yé.,Oté\tfeille-la-yé.,remove\tleaf-DEF.ART-PL,Remove the leaves.,,,1049[51],,naturalistic written,Oté feille la yé.,Oté feille-la-yé.,remove leaf-DEF.ART-PL,,,,7525, +53-221,53,Ti négresse là pa grouyé.,Ti\tnégresse-là\tpa\tgrouyé.,little\tnegro.girl-ART.DEF\tNEG\tmove,The little negro girl didn't move.,,,1049[21],,naturalistic written,Ti négresse là pa grouyé.,Ti négresse-là pa grouyé.,little negro.girl-ART.DEF NEG move,,,,7526, +53-222,53,Pa touche mwen!,Pa\ttouche\tmwen!,NEG\ttouch\t1SG,Don't touch me!,,,722[313],,elicited from speaker,Pa touche mwen!,,NEG touch 1SG,,,,7527, +53-223,53,Pa brule vou zonyon astè!,Pa\tbrule\tvou\tzonyon\tastè!,NEG\tburn\t2SG.POSS\tonion\tnow,"Don't burn your onions, now!",,,722[314],,naturalistic spoken,Pa brule vou zonyon astè!,,NEG burn 2SG.POSS onion now,,,,7528, +53-224,53,"Tanpri, pa jure mon.","Tanpri,\tpa\tjure\tmon.",please\tNEG\tcurse\t1SG,"Please, don't curse me.",,,722[314],,naturalistic spoken,"Tanpri, pa jure mon.",,please NEG curse 1SG,,,,7529, +53-225,53,Pa et ta astè!,Pa\tet\tta\tastè!,NEG\tCOP\tlate\tnow,"Don't be late, now!",,,722[314],,elicited from speaker,Pa et ta astè!,,NEG COP late now,,,,7530, +53-226,53,Pa di aryen.,Pa\tdi\taryen.,NEG\tsay\tanything,Don't say anything.,,,722[314],,naturalistic spoken,Pa di aryen.,,NEG say anything,,,,7531, +53-227,53,Vyen pa dekouraje boug-sa-ye.,Vyen\tpa\tdekouraje\tboug\tsaye.,come\tNEG\tdiscourage\tguy\tDET.DEM.PL,Don't come and discourage these guys.,,,722[314],,naturalistic spoken,Vyen pa dekouraje boug-sa-ye.,Vyen pa dekouraje boug saye.,come NEG discourage guy DET.DEM.PL,,,,7532, +53-228,53,Kòl pa apre mon!,Kòl\tpa\tapre\tmon!,cling\tNEG\tafter\t1SG,Don't cling to me!,,,722[314],,naturalistic spoken,Kòl pa apre mon!,,cling NEG after 1SG,,,,7533, +53-229,53,Si to gen ènmi dan la Vil Orleyon va pa la!,Si\tto\tgen\tènmi\tdan\tla\tVil\tOrleyon\tva\tpa\tla!,if\t2SG\thave\tenemy\tin\tART.DEF.SG\tcity\tOrleans\tgo\tNEG\tthere,"If you have enemies in New Orleans, don't go there!",,,722[314],,naturalistic spoken,Si to gen ènmi dan la Vil Orleyon va pa la!,,if 2SG have enemy in ART.DEF.SG city Orleans go NEG there,,,,7534, +53-230,53,Pranga pa fe sa!,Pranga\tpa\tfe\tsa!,watch.out\tNEG\tdo\tthat,Don't do that!,,,722[315],,naturalistic spoken,Pranga pa fe sa!,,watch.out NEG do that,,,,7535, +53-231,53,Rès la!,Rès\tla!,stay.IMP\there,Stay here!,,,722[313],,naturalistic spoken,Rès la!,,stay.IMP here,,,,7536, +53-232,53,Mo m pe pa kouri ave ye.,Mo\tm\tpe\tpa\tkouri\tave\tye.,1SG\t1SG\tcan\tNEG\tgo\twith\t3PL,I can't associate with them.,,,722[274],,naturalistic spoken,Mo m pe pa kouri ave ye.,,1SG 1SG can NEG go with 3PL,,,,7537, +54-121,54,Vi vir pa la tet deyer.,Vi\tvir\tpa\tla\ttet\tdeyer.,2SG.FIN\tturn\tNEG\tDEF\thead\tback.,You don’t turn your head.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Vi vir pa la tet deyer.,,2SG.FIN turn NEG DEF head back.,,Own knowledge,,7538,French: Tu ne tournes pas la tête. +54-122,54,Vir la tet deyer!,Vir\tla\ttet\tdeyer!,2SG.IMP.turn\tDEF\thead\tback,Turn your head!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Vir la tet deyer!,,2SG.IMP.turn DEF head back,,Own knowledge,,7539,French: Tourne la tête! +54-123,54,Vir pa la tet déyer!,Vir\tpa\tla\ttet\tdeyer!,2SG.IMP\tNEG\tDEF\thead\tback,Don't turn your head back!,,,110[76],,naturalistic spoken,Vir pa la tet déyer!,Vir pa la tet deyer!,2SG.IMP NEG DEF head back,,,,7540,French: Ne tourne pas la tête! +55-91,55,to pa koze,to\tpa\tkoze,you\tNEG\tkoze,You don't speak. OR: You don't say anything.,,,,,constructed by linguist,to pa koze,,you NEG koze,,Own knowledge,,7541, +55-92,55,Koze!,Koze!,speak,Speak! OR: Talk!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Koze!,,speak,,Own knowledge,,7542, +55-93,55,Pa koze!,Pa\tkoze!,NEG\tspeak,Don't speak! OR: Don't say anything!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pa koze!,,NEG speak,,Own knowledge,,7543, +56-113,56,Pa sante!,Pa\tsante!,NEG\tsing,Don't sing!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pa sante!,,NEG sing,,Own knowledge,,7544, +56-114,56,Sante!,Sante!,sing,Sing!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Sante!,,sing,,Own knowledge,,7545, +56-115,56,Ou pa pe sante.,Ou\tpa\tpe\tsante.,2SG\tNEG\tPROG\tsing,You are not singing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ou pa pe sante.,,2SG NEG PROG sing,,Own knowledge,,7546, +57-46,57,"no, napa kuvri kom sa meso-la","no,\tnapa\tkuvri\tkom\tsa\tmeso-la",no\tNEG\tcover\tlike\tthat\thouse-DEM/DEF,"No, [we] don't cover the houses like this. OR: It is not like this that we cover the houses.",,,423[190],,naturalistic spoken,"no, napa kuvri kom sa meso-la",,no NEG cover like that house-DEM/DEF,,,,7547, +57-53,57,"pa tuʃe, twa!","pa\ttuʃe,\ttwa!",NEG\ttouch\t2SG,Don't touch!,,,423,,naturalistic spoken,"pa tuʃe, twa!",,NEG touch 2SG,,,,7548, +57-54,57,"Fo pa ke ta per paske per-la, le ʃa:ti.","Fo\tpa\tke\tta\tper\tpaske\tper-la,\tle\tʃa:ti.",OBLIG\tNEG\tthat\tyou\tfear\tbecause\tfather-DEM\tSI\tnice,You do not need to be afraid because this Father is nice.,,,423[174],,naturalistic written,"Fo pa ke ta per paske per-la, le ʃa:ti.",,OBLIG NEG that you fear because father-DEM SI nice,,,,7549, +57-55,57,ta pa ʃate,ta\tpa\tʃate,2SG\tNEG\tsing,You don't sing.,,This is an example of a negated statement.,,,constructed by linguist,ta pa ʃate,,2SG NEG sing,This is an example of a negated statement.,own knowledge Ehrhart,,7550, +57-56,57,ʃate!,ʃate!,sing,Sing!,,,,,constructed by linguist,ʃate!,,sing,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,7551, +58-73,58,Kwenda ve!,Kwenda\tve!,go\tNEG,Don't go!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kwenda ve!",,go NEG,,Own knowledge,,7552, +58-74,58,Yandi kwenda ve.,Yandi\tkwenda\tve.,3SG\tgo\tNEG,May he/she not go. or: He/She should not/must not go.,,"This sentence is ambiguous, as it can also be interpreted as the negation of the narrative tense (comparable to historical present in French): 'He/She did not go'.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi kwenda ve.",,3SG go NEG,"This sentence is ambiguous, as it can also be interpreted as the negation of the narrative tense (comparable to historical present in French): 'He/She did not go'.",Own knowledge,,7553, +58-75,58,Yandi ke kwenda ve.,Yandi\tke\tkwenda\tve.,3SG\tPROG\tgo\tNEG,He/She is not going.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi ke kwenda ve.",,3SG PROG go NEG,,Own knowledge,,7554, +58-76,58,Kwenda!,Kwenda!,go,Go!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kwenda!,,go,,Own knowledge,,7555, +59-174,59,"meem lo mu na ala nyama, ala zaa ti te ye ni ape","meem\tlo\tmu\tna\tala\tnyama,\tala\tzia\tti\tte\tye\tni\tape",even.if\t3SG\tgive\tPREP\t2PL\tmeat\t2PL\tleave\tof\teat\tthing\tDET\tNEG,"Even if he gives you (singular) meat, don't eat it.",,"Meem is borrowed from French même. +Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.",1326,,naturalistic spoken,"meem lo mu na ala nyama, ala zaa ti te ye ni ape","meem lo mu na ala nyama, ala zia ti te ye ni ape",even.if 3SG give PREP 2PL meat 2PL leave of eat thing DET NEG,"Meem is borrowed from French même. +Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.",,,7556, +59-175,59,"to lo mu a mo nyama, mo te ape","tongana\tlo\tmu\tna\tmo\tnyama,\tmo\tte\tape",if\t3SG\tgive\tPREP\t2SG\tmeat\t2SG\teat\tNEG,"If he gives you meat, don't eat it.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"to lo mu a mo nyama, mo te ape","tongana lo mu na mo nyama, mo te ape",if 3SG give PREP 2SG meat 2SG eat NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,7557, +59-176,59,mo te kasa ni mingi ape,mo\tte\tkasa\tni\tmingi\tape,2SG\teat\tstew\tDET\tmuch\tNEG,Don't eat much of the stew.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mo te kasa ni mingi ape,,2SG eat stew DET much NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,7558, +59-177,59,ma za ti te kasa na ape,mo\tzia\tti\tte\tkasa\tni\tape,2SG\tleave\tto\teat\tstew\tDEF\tNEG,Don't eat the stew.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ma za ti te kasa na ape,mo zia ti te kasa ni ape,2SG leave to eat stew DEF NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,7559, +59-178,59,lango agbu le ti kogara na ape,lango\ta-gbu\tle\tti\tkogara\tni\tape,sleep\tPM-seize\teye\tof\tin-law\tDEF\tNEG,The mother-in-law didn't become sleepy.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lango agbu le ti kogara na ape,lango a-gbu le ti kogara ni ape,sleep PM-seize eye of in-law DEF NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,7560, +60-76,60,sálá!,sál-á!,work-IMP,Work!,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,sálá!,sál-á!,work-IMP,,,,7561, +60-77,60,osálákí té,o-sál-ákí\tté,2SG-work-PST\tNEG,You didn't work.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,osálákí té,"o-sál-ákí té",2SG-work-PST NEG,,,,7562, +60-78,60,kosála té!,ko-sál-a\tté!,INF-work-FV\tNEG,Don't work!,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive, and the future.",1273,,naturalistic spoken,"kosála té!",ko-sál-a té!,INF-work-FV NEG,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive, and the future.",,,7563, +61-55,61,Ai hamba.,Ai\thamb-a.,NEG\tgo-IMP,Don't go.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ai hamba.",Ai hamb-a.,NEG go-IMP,,Field notes Mesthrie,,7564, +61-56,61,Hamba!,Hamba!,go.IMP,Go! OR: Be gone!,,The imperative has the same form as present verb. The intonation is different obviously.,,,constructed by linguist,Hamba!,Hamba!,go.IMP,The imperative has the same form as present verb. The intonation is different obviously.,Own knowledge,,7565, +61-57,61,Yena ai hamba.,Yena\tai\thamba.,he\tNEG\tgo,He does not go.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Yena ai hamba.,Yena ai hamba.,he NEG go,,Own knowledge,,7566, +62-45,62,tetúílíye ité héló vahé védíye iʔí.,te-tú-ila-íye\tité\thé-lo\tvahe\tvé-di-ye\tiʔí,NEG-1PL-know-PRF\tin.order.to\t16-have\tpeople\t2-stay-OPT\there,We didn't know that there were people staying here.,,"The complementizer is /ite/, which requires an optative verb form in the subordinate clause",,,naturalistic spoken,tetúílíye ité héló vahé védíye iʔí.,te-tú-ila-íye ité hé-lo vahe vé-di-ye iʔí,NEG-1PL-know-PRF in.order.to 16-have people 2-stay-OPT here,"The complementizer is /ite/, which requires an optative verb form in the subordinate clause",Own field data 1993,,7567, +62-46,62,líta í?i,lita\ti?í,come\there,Come here!,,,,,elicited from speaker,líta í?i,lita i?í,come here,,Own field data 1993,,7568, +62-47,62,usihláti luhíge,u-si-hlati\tluhige,2SG-NEG-close\tdoor,Don't close the door.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"usihláti luhíge",u-si-hlati luhige,2SG-NEG-close door,,Own field data 1993,,7569, +63-110,63,íta ma gi-rúa,íta\tma\tgi-rúa,2SG\tNEG\tTAM-go,You don't go.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"íta ma gi-rúa",,2SG NEG TAM-go,,Personal data,,7570, +63-111,63,rúa,rúa,go,Go!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,rúa,,go,,Personal data,,7571, +63-112,63,ma ta rúa,ma\tta\trúa,NEG\t2SG\tgo,Don't go!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ma ta rúa,,NEG 2SG go,,Personal data,,7572, +64-117,64,máta bíga zalán,máta\tbíga\tzalán,PROH.SG\tbecome\tangry,Don’t be angry!,,,1491[428],,naturalistic spoken,"máta bíga zalán",,PROH.SG become angry,,,,7573, +64-118,64,rúwa,rúwa,go,Go!,,This is an affirmative imperative.,874[162],,naturalistic spoken,rúwa,,go,This is an affirmative imperative.,,,7574, +65-82,65,Liʃika nə bulosi.,Liʃika\tnə\tbulosi.,surplus\tNEG\task,Do not ask for a surplus.,,,141[5],,naturalistic spoken,Liʃika nə bulosi.,,surplus NEG ask,,,Лишика набулоси.,7575, +65-83,65,"Balysənia, ni lugaj.","Balysənia,\tni\tlugaj.",miss\tNEG\tscold,"Do not scold me, Miss.",,The example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,1195[226],,elicited from speaker,"Balysənia, ni lugaj.",,miss NEG scold,The example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,,"Барышня, не лугай.",7576, +65-84,65,"Nada tixa sidi, ʧiwo-ʧiwo lamaj ninada.","Nada\ttixa\tsidi,\tʧiwo-ʧiwo\tlamaj\tninada.",Must\tquiet\tsit\tsome-some\tbreak\tNEG.must,"Sit still, do not [make any noise by] cracking something.",,These are instructions to hunters.,60[30],,citation in fiction,"Nada tixa sidi, ʧiwo-ʧiwo lamaj ninada.",,Must quiet sit some-some break NEG.must,These are instructions to hunters.,,"Надо тихо сиди, чего-чего ломай не надо.",7577, +65-85,65,Tibe sam pasəmatri!,Tibe\tsam\tpasəmatri!,2SG\tself\tlook,Look yourself!,,,60[33],,citation in fiction,Tibe sam pasəmatri!,,2SG self look,,,Тибе сам посмотри!,7578, +65-86,65,Xadi synka moj pasəmatri!,Xadi\tsynka\tmoj\tpasəmatri!,go\tson\t1SG\tlook,Come to see my son.,,,458[229],,citation in fiction,Xadi synka moj pasəmatri!,,go son 1SG look,,,Ходи сынка мой посмотри!,7579, +65-87,65,"Maja lanse xaraʃo səətərəliaj, nikada pulia mima xadi netu.","Maja\tlanse\txaraʃo\tsəətərəliaj,\tnikada\tpulia\tmima\txadi\tnetu.",1SG\tbefore\twell\tshoot\tnever\tbullet\tby\tgo\tNEG,"I used to shoot well, my bullet never missed the aim.",,,60[209],,citation in fiction,"Maja lanse xaraʃo səətərəliaj, nikada pulia mima xadi netu.",,1SG before well shoot never bullet by go NEG,,,"Моя раньше хорошо стреляй, никогда пуля мимо ходи нету.",7580, +66-62,66,Sigretpəðə təRəminung.,Sigret-pəðə\ttuma-minung.,cigarette-PL\tNEG.FIN-drink,You don't (won't) smoke cigarettes.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Sigretpəðə təRəminung.,Sigret-pəðə tuma-minung.,cigarette-PL NEG.FIN-drink,,Own knowledge,,7581, +66-63,66,Ts! Si! Ittu jo kinja tussa!,Ts!\tSi!\tIttu\tjo\tkinja\ttussa!,AFF\tPROH.INTERJ\tDET\tFOC\tdo\tPROH,Don't! Don't do that!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ts! Si! Ittu jo kinja tussa!,,AFF PROH.INTERJ DET FOC do PROH,,Own knowledge,,7582, +67-121,67,Jangan lupa jumpa saya.,Jangan\tlupa\tjumpa\tsaya.,PROH\tforget\tmeet\t1SG,Don’t forget to visit me.,,,708[143],,naturalistic spoken,Jangan lupa jumpa saya.,,PROH forget meet 1SG,,,,7583, +67-122,67,Jangan la marah sama saya.,Jangan\tla\tmarah\tsama\tsaya.,PROH\tEMPH\tangry\twith\t1SG,Please don’t be angry with me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jangan la marah sama saya.,,PROH EMPH angry with 1SG,,Own knowledge,,7584, +67-123,67,Ah jangan balek.,Ah\tjangan\tbalek.,PCL\tPROH\treturn,Don’t go back.,,,708[392],,naturalistic spoken,Ah jangan balek.,,PCL PROH return,,,,7585, +67-124,67,Kita balik.,Kita\tbalik.,1PL\tgo.back,We go back. OR: We went back.,,,708[435],,naturalistic spoken,Kita balik.,,1PL go.back,,,,7586, +68-66,68,De seng karja batul.,De\tseng\tkarja\tbatul.,3SG\tNEG\twork\tright,S/he didn't/does not work well.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"De seng karja batul.",,3SG NEG work right,,Own knowledge,,7587, +68-67,68,Mas tidor. Capat!,Mas\ttidor.\tCapat!,enter\tsleep\tfast,Go inside to sleep. Quickly!,,,1528[270],,naturalistic spoken,"Mas tidor. Capat!",,enter sleep fast,,,,7588, +68-68,68,Jang pi di tana Cina.,Jang\tpi\tdi\ttana\tCina.,PROH\tgo\tLOC\tland\tChina,Don't go to China.,,,1528[279],,naturalistic spoken,"Jang pi di tana Cina.",,PROH go LOC land China,,,,7589, +69-42,69,asa-nawari pasək,asa-nawari\tpasək,give-???\tNEG.IMP,don’t give/send it,,,,,naturalistic spoken,asa-nawari pasək,,give-??? NEG.IMP,,Own field notes 1985,,7590, +69-50,69,ama namban tupwi asanak,ama\tnamban\ttupwi\tasa-nak,1SG\tDAT\tsago\tgive-IMP,Give me betelnut!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ama namban tupwi asanak,ama namban tupwi asa-nak,1SG DAT sago give-IMP,,Own field notes 1985,,7591, +70-42,70,Ham-log nai kao pio tin roj kalas.,Ham-log\tnai\tkao\tpio\ttin\troj\tkalas.,1-PL\tNEG\teat\tdrink\tthree\tday\tfinish,We didn't eat or drink for three days.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ham-log nai kao pio tin roj kalas.",,1-PL NEG eat drink three day finish,,Siegel-field recording,,7592, +70-43,70,Tum kali kojo ek larika.,Tum\tkali\tkojo\tek\tlarika.,2SG\tonly\tlook.for\tone\tboy,Just look for a boy.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tum kali kojo ek larika.,,2SG only look.for one boy,,Siegel-field recording,,7593, +70-44,70,Tum fin nai ao.,Tum\tfin\tnai\tao.,2SG\tagain\tNEG\tcome,Don't come again.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tum fin nai ao.,,2SG again NEG come,,Siegel-field recording,,7594, +71-91,71,"Aole oe hopu, makou piliwaiwai.","Aole\toe\thopu,\tmakou\tpiliwaiwai.",NEG\tyou\tarrest\t1PL\tgamble,"Don't arrest [us], we [would like to] gamble. OR: Don’t you make any arrest. You let us gamble. (official court translation)",,Makou here is exclusive plural.,,,naturalistic written,"Aole oe hopu, makou piliwaiwai.",,NEG you arrest 1PL gamble,"Makou here is exclusive plural.",own data 1901,,7595, +71-92,71,Wau aole nana kela mau poho kiwi.,Wau\taole\tnana\tkela\tmau\tpoho\tkiwi.,1SG\tNEG\tlook\tDET\tPL\tcontainer\thorn,I didn't look at the bullhorn containers.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau aole nana kela mau poho kiwi.",,1SG NEG look DET PL container horn,,own data 1899,,7596, +71-93,71,"Ku malie oe, oe malama, oe ku!","Ku\tmalie\toe,\toe\tmalama,\toe\tku!",stand\tstill\t2SG\t2SG\ttake.care\t2SG\tstand,"Stand still, watch out, stop!",,,,,naturalistic written,"Ku malie oe, oe malama, oe ku!",,stand still 2SG 2SG take.care 2SG stand,,own data 1906,,7597, +71-94,71,Mai walaau oe!,Mai\twalaau\toe!,PROH\ttalk\t2SG,Don't talk!,,,,,naturalistic written,"Mai walaau oe!",,PROH talk 2SG,,own data 1899,,7598, +71-95,71,Aole wau pepehi kela kepani.,Aole\twau\tpepehi\tkela\tkepani.,NEG\t1SG\tbeat\tDET\tJapanese,I didn't beat up that Japanese.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Aole wau pepehi kela kepani.",,NEG 1SG beat DET Japanese,,Own data 1896,,7599, +72-86,72,An dij karungku i neba luk dat kaya kominap.,An\tdij\tkaru-ngku\ti\tneba\tluk\tdet\tkaya\tkom-in-ap.,and\tthis\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tlook\tthe\tmonster\tcome-CONT-up,And this kid didn't see the monster coming towards them.,,The negative particle neba precedes the verb luk in this example.,920[415],3b26285dcd76f9e9a98d3868cf33afa3,peer elicitation,An dij karungku i neba luk dat kaya kominap.,An dij karu-ngku i neba luk det kaya kom-in-ap.,and this child-ERG 3SG.SBJ NEG look the monster come-CONT-up,"The negative particle neba precedes the verb luk in this example.",,,7600, +72-87,72,Don pirrkkarra laim.,Don\tpirrk-karra\tla=im.,NEG\tsnatch-CONT\tOBL-3SG,Don't snatch it from him.,,,920[415],,naturalistic spoken,Don pirrkkarra laim.,Don pirrk-karra la=im.,NEG snatch-CONT OBL-3SG,,,,7601, +72-88,72,Ma yu pirrkap na!,Ma\tyu\tpirrkap\tna!,OK\t2SG\tmake\tSEQ,OK you make it then!,,,8,26eabbba7ea23c222e2705cce2753ea1,naturalistic spoken,Ma yu pirrkap na!,Ma yu pirrkap na!,OK 2SG make SEQ,,,,7602, +73-15,73,isti trastigunada akimu trayiy,isti\ttrasti-guna-da\taki-mu\ttrayi-y,this\tdish-PL-ACC\tthis-ALL\tbring-IMP,bring these dishes here,,,,,elicited from speaker,isti trastigunada akimu trayiy,isti trasti-guna-da aki-mu trayi-y,this dish-PL-ACC this-ALL bring-IMP,,Field notes,,7603, +73-64,73,llubixukpi mañana no ishachu,llubi-xu-kpi\tmañana\tno\ti-sha-chu,rain-PROG-SUBORD\ttomorrow\tNEG\tgo-1SG.FUT-NEG,If it rains tomorrow I won't go.,,,1033[71],,elicited from speaker,"llubixukpi mañana no ishachu",llubi-xu-kpi mañana no i-sha-chu,rain-PROG-SUBORD tomorrow NEG go-1SG.FUT-NEG,,,,7604, +73-65,73,amimu bindiylla,ami-mu\tbindi-y-lla,1SG.OBJ-ALL\tsell-IMP-DELIM,Just sell it to me.,,,1038[383],,elicited from speaker,amimu bindiylla,ami-mu bindi-y-lla,1SG.OBJ-ALL sell-IMP-DELIM,,,,7605, +74-85,74,wik máyka mákmak kámuks,wik\tmáyka\tmákmak\tkámuks,not\t2SG\teat\tdog,Don’t eat the dog!,,,,,constructed by linguist,"wik máyka mákmak kámuks",,not 2SG eat dog,,Own knowledge,,7606, +74-87,74,Hílu máyka kwas,Hílu\tmáyka\tkwas,not\t2SG\tfear,Don’t be afraid.,,,154[212],,narrative,"Hílu máyka kwas",,not 2SG fear,,,,7607, +74-88,74,wik náyka mákmak kámuks,wik\tnáyka\tmákmak\tkámuks,NEG\t1SG\teat\tdog,I don't eat dogs. OR: I don’t eat the dog.,,,,,constructed by linguist,wik náyka mákmak kámuks,,NEG 1SG eat dog,,Own knowledge,,7608, +74-193,74,Pahtlatch chuck.,páłač\tčá’ak,give\twater,Bring water!,,,,,narrative,Pahtlatch chuck.,páłač čá’ak,give water,,Hale 1890,,7609, +75-17,75,Peeasheekiiwee!,Pee-ashee-kiiwee!,TOWARDS.SPEAKER-BACK-go.home,Come back home!,,This is an affirmative imperative.,522,,naturalistic spoken,Peeasheekiiwee!,Pee-ashee-kiiwee!,TOWARDS.SPEAKER-BACK-go.home,This is an affirmative imperative.,,,7610, +75-137,75,Kaya sheekishi.,Kaya\tsheekishi.,NEG.IMP\tbe.afraid,Don't be afraid.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"Kaya sheekishi.",,NEG.IMP be.afraid,,,,7611, +75-138,75,Kaaya kum enn bet itahkamishi.,Kaaya\tkum\tenn\tbet\titahkam-ishi.,NEG.IMP\tlike\tINDF.ART.F.SG\tbeast\tthus.act.thus-ANIM.IMPRS,Don't act like a beast.,,,789[37],,naturalistic written,"Kaaya kum enn bet itahkamishi.",Kaaya kum enn bet itahkam-ishi.,NEG.IMP like INDF.ART.F.SG beast thus.act.thus-ANIM.IMPRS,,,,7612, +75-139,75,Namoya kiikishkeehtamwak.,Namoya\tkii-kishkeeht-am-wak.,NEG\tPST-know.INAN-3.SBJ.3INAN.OBJ-PL,They did not know it.,,"This illustrates the form of the negator in normal declarative sentences. This negator is from Cree, but the French negator noo is probably equally common.",522,,naturalistic spoken,Namoya kiikishkeehtamwak.,Namoya kii-kishkeeht-am-wak.,NEG PST-know.INAN-3.SBJ.3INAN.OBJ-PL,"This illustrates the form of the negator in normal declarative sentences. This negator is from Cree, but the French negator noo is probably equally common.",,,7613, +76-47,76,ababa pī'tcȗk,ababa\tpī'tcȗk,say\tnot,Shut up!,,"Stefánsson (1909: 222) comments that, according to context, the example may also mean 'He said nothing', 'I said nothing', etc.",1442[222],,reconstructed by documentalist,ababa pī'tcȗk,,say not,"Stefánsson (1909: 222) comments that, according to context, the example may also mean 'He said nothing', 'I said nothing', etc.",,,7614, +76-48,76,ĕlĕkta!,ĕlĕkta!,go,Go!,,,1442[224],,constructed by linguist,ĕlĕkta!,,go,,,,7615, +2-134,2,So den losi pom nanga kuku nanga ala den sortu sani.,So\tden\tlosi\tpom\tnanga\tkuku\tnanga\tala\tden\tsortu\tsani.,so\tthey\tbake\tpom\tand\tcake\tand\tall\tthe.PL\tkind\tthing,That’s how they baked pom and cake and all that stuff.,,,,,elicited from speaker,So den losi pom nanga kuku nanga ala den sortu sani.,,so they bake pom and cake and all the.PL kind thing,,"Winford data, Tape 25-a",,7616, +2-135,2,Den nyan ala den gansi! Den nyan unu sturu bij.,Den\tnyan\tala\tden\tgansi!\tDen\tnyan\tunu\tsturu\tbij.,3PL\teat\tall\tthe.PL\tgeese\t3PL\teat\tour\tchair\tas.well,They ate all the geese. They even ate our chairs.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Den nyan ala den gansi! Den nyan unu sturu bij.,,3PL eat all the.PL geese 3PL eat our chair as.well,,"Winford data, Tape 25-a",,7617, +4-96,4,A uman naki a dagu.,A\tuman\tnaki\ta\tdagu.,DET.SG\twoman\thit\tDET.SG\tdog,The woman hit the dog.,,,,,elicited from speaker,A uman naki a dagu.,,DET.SG woman hit DET.SG dog,,Own observation,,7618, +5-94,5,"lang taim gat am dangkii kyaat, nou yu gat am mootoo kyaar","lang\ttaim\tgat\tam\tdangkii\tkyaat,\tnou\tyu\tgat\tam\tmootoo\tkyaar",long\ttime\thave\tPATIENT\tdonkey\tcart\tnow\tyou\thave\tPATIENT\tmotor\tcar,Long ago you had a donkey cart and now you have a motor car.,,"Regular Creolese does not have patient marking of NPs. However, Archaic Creolese spoken by people of South Asian origin does show the marker -am being used as a transitive verb marker. There is no context that we can find with the data available that would allow us to distinguish between -am as a transitive verb marker, which is the way it has been described in Devonish (1978) and Rickford (1987), from a patient marker. For purposes of APICS, we have, therefore, listed it as a patient marker.",401[66],,naturalistic spoken,"lang taim gat am dangkii kyaat, nou yu gat am mootoo kyaar",,long time have PATIENT donkey cart now you have PATIENT motor car,"Regular Creolese does not have patient marking of NPs. However, Archaic Creolese spoken by people of South Asian origin does show the marker -am being used as a transitive verb marker. There is no context that we can find with the data available that would allow us to distinguish between -am as a transitive verb marker, which is the way it has been described in Devonish (1978) and Rickford (1987), from a patient marker. For purposes of APICS, we have, therefore, listed it as a patient marker.",,,7619, +5-95,5,wel ii a piil kookno(t),wel\tii\ta\tpiil\tkookno(t),well\t3SG\tPROG\tpeel\tcoconut,Well he was peeling coconuts.,,,1281[130],,naturalistic spoken,wel ii a piil kookno(t),,well 3SG PROG peel coconut,,,,7620, +6-60,6,De moda cook de food.,De\tmoda\tcook\tde\tfood.,DET\tmother\tcook\tDET\tfood,The mother cooked the food.,,,,,elicited from speaker,De moda cook de food.,,DET mother cook DET food,,Informant,,7621, +7-146,7,Meiri iit di keik.,Meiri\tiit\tdi\tkeik.,Mary\teat\tART\tcake,Mary ate the cake.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Meiri iit di keik.,,Mary eat ART cake,,Own knowledge,,7622, +8-88,8,Di kyaar lik di chrii.,Di\tkyaar\tlik\tdi\tchrii.,DET\tcar\thit\tDET\ttree,The car hit the tree.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di kyaar lik di chrii.,,DET car hit DET tree,,Own knowledge,,7623, +9-115,9,I neva now di spat.,I\tneva\tnow\tdi\tspat.,3SG\tANT.NEG\tknow\tthe\tspot,He did not know the place.,,,442[183],,naturalistic spoken,I neva now di spat.,,3SG ANT.NEG know the spot,,,,7624, +10-131,10,Jack tel di King se da him kil di man.,Jack\ttel\tdi\tKing\tse\tda\thim\tkil\tdi\tman.,Jack\ttell\tART.DEF\tKing\tCOMP\tFOC\t3SG\tkill\tART.DEF\tman,Jack told the King that it was him who had killed the man.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jack tel di King se da him kil di man.,,Jack tell ART.DEF King COMP FOC 3SG kill ART.DEF man,,Unpublished field recordings,,7625, +10-132,10,Di dakta kyuur di pieshan.,Di\tdakta\tkyuur\tdi\tpieshan.,ART.DEF\tdoctor\tcure\tART.DEF\tpatient,The doctor cured the patient.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Di dakta kyuur di pieshan.,,ART.DEF doctor cure ART.DEF patient,,Field notes 2008,,7626, +10-133,10,Di bwai kot di bred.,Di\tbwai\tkot\tdi\tbred.,ART.DEF\tboy\tcut\tART.DEF\tbread,The boy cut the bread.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Di bwai kot di bred.,,ART.DEF boy cut ART.DEF bread,,Own knowledge,,7627, +11-178,11,Jak gaan an pakop ih kluoz.,Jak\tgaan\tan\tpak-op\tih\tkluoz.,Jack\tgo.PST\tand\tpack-up\t3SG.POSS\tclothes,Jack went and packed his clothes.,,Kluoz is conceived of as monomorphematic.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Jak gaan an pakop ih kluoz.,Jak gaan an pak-op ih kluoz.,Jack go.PST and pack-up 3SG.POSS clothes,"Kluoz is conceived of as monomorphematic.",,,7628, +11-179,11,Di dakta mi kyor di sik.,Di\tdakta\tmi\tkyor\tdi\tsik.,ART.DEF\tdoctor\tPST\tcure\tART.DEF\tsick,The doctor cured the patient.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Di dakta mi kyor di sik.,,ART.DEF doctor PST cure ART.DEF sick,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,7629, +12-137,12,"Sometime like if a girl get pregnant, they ain't married, some is boil - like I hear people say they's boil like bush, like cerassee and different bush if they don't want them, that just kill the baby like that.",[...]\tthey-'s\tboil\tlike\tbush\t[...]\tthat\tjust\tkill\tthe\tbaby\tlike\tthat.,[...]\t3PL.SBJ-HAB\tboil\tlike\tbush\t[...]\tthat\tjust\tkill\tDEF\tbaby\tlike\tthat,[...] they boil bush (medicine) [...] that kills the baby [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sometime like if a girl get pregnant, they ain't married, some is boil - like I hear people say they's boil like bush, like cerassee and different bush if they don't want them, that just kill the baby like that.","[...] they-'s boil like bush [...] that just kill the baby like that.",[...] 3PL.SBJ-HAB boil like bush [...] that just kill DEF baby like that,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7630, +12-138,12,"I know 'bout s- three girls and something like that - like when they had they children, I hear them say they find one in the toil- one in the toilet, they find one in the front of somebody door, yeah. They find a baby mus'e just born to the front of somebody door, and they say one time again they find one like through the bush in the garbage.",[...]\twhen\tthey\thad\tthey\tchildren\t[...]\tThey\tfind\ta\tbaby\t[...],[...]\twhen\t3PL.SBJ\thad\t3PL.POSS\tchild.PL\t[...]\t3PL.SBJ\tfound\ta\tbaby\t[...],[...] when they had their children [...] they found a baby [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I know 'bout s- three girls and something like that - like when they had they children, I hear them say they find one in the toil- one in the toilet, they find one in the front of somebody door, yeah. They find a baby mus'e just born to the front of somebody door, and they say one time again they find one like through the bush in the garbage.","[...] when they had they children [...] They find a baby [...]",[...] when 3PL.SBJ had 3PL.POSS child.PL [...] 3PL.SBJ found a baby [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7631, +13-107,13,Unna pick a basket.,Unna\tpick\ta\tbasket.,2PL\tpick\ta\tbasket,You pick a basket.,,,1500[260],,naturalistic spoken,Unna pick a basket.,,2PL pick a basket,,,,7632, +14-72,14,Bruce ate the cheese.,Bruce\tate\tthe\tcheese.,Bruce\teat\PST\tthe\tcheese,Bruce ate the cheese.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce ate the cheese.,,Bruce eat\PST the cheese,,Own knowledge,,7633, +15-82,15,di bɔbɔ kik di bɔl,di\tbɔbɔ\tkik\tdi\tbɔl,ART\tboy\tkick\tART\tball,The boy kicked the ball.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di bɔbɔ kik di bɔl,,ART boy kick ART ball,,Own knowledge,,7634, +16-76,16,à tek pɛn ɛn pepa,à\ttek\tpɛn\tɛn\tpepa,1SG\ttake\tpen\tand\tpaper,I take pen and paper.,,,656[186],,naturalistic spoken,à tek pɛn ɛn pepa,,1SG take pen and paper,,,,7635, +17-87,17,Dè̱m ko̱m kawnt mò̱ni.,Dè̱m\tko̱m\tkawnt\tmò̱ni.,3PL.SBJ\tREALIS\tcount\tmoney,They counted the money.,,,462[58],,naturalistic spoken,Dè̱m ko̱m kawnt mò̱ni.,,3PL.SBJ REALIS count money,,,,7636, +19-106,19,Dan human è brok dì plet.,Dan\thuman\tè\tbrok\tdì\tplet.,that\twoman\t3SG.SBJ\tbreak\tDEF\tplate,That woman broke the plate.,,,1634[195],,elicited from speaker,Dan human è brok dì plet.,,that woman 3SG.SBJ break DEF plate,,,,7637, +20-68,20,My thisee morning killum sheep.,My\tthisee\tmorning\tkillum\tsheep.,1SG\tDEM\tmorning\tkill\tsheep,I only killed the sheep this morning.,,,1489[VI.26],,naturalistic written,My thisee morning killum sheep.,,1SG DEM morning kill sheep,,,米利士孖寜基林涉,7638, +22-92,22,Em i ronim pik.,Em\ti\tronim\tpik.,3SG\tPM\tchase\tpig,He is chasing the pig.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em i ronim pik.,,3SG PM chase pig,,Own knowledge,,7639, +27-70,27,Prisjas ha grāf shi grōtā.,Prisjas\tha\tgrāf\tshi\tgrōtā.,Prisjas\tPST\tbury\t3SG.POSS\tgrandfather,Prisjas buried his grandfather.,,,355[14],,naturalistic spoken,Prisjas ha grāf shi grōtā.,,Prisjas PST bury 3SG.POSS grandfather,,,,7640, +29-107,29,Ons het nie vir Piet gesien nie.,Ons\thet\tnie\tvir\tPiet\tge-sien\tnie.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\tfor\tPete\tPTCP-seen\tNEG,We didn't see Pete. / We hadn't seen Pete.,,"The vir ('for') marker is optional here, but is particularly common in spoken Afrikaans. When vir is absent, the word order changes: Ons het Piet nie gesien nie, not *Ons het nie Piet gesien nie (cf. Molnárfi 1999).",,,naturalistic spoken,Ons het nie vir Piet gesien nie.,Ons het nie vir Piet ge-sien nie.,1SG PST NEG for Pete PTCP-seen NEG,"The vir ('for') marker is optional here, but is particularly common in spoken Afrikaans. When vir is absent, the word order changes: Ons het Piet nie gesien nie, not *Ons het nie Piet gesien nie (cf. Molnárfi 1999).",Own knowledge,,7641, +29-108,29,Ek het vir die kar petrol ingegooi.,Ek\thet\tvir\tdie\tkar\tpetrol\tin-ge-gooi.,1SG.NOM\tPST\tfor\tthe\tcar\tpetrol\tin-PTCP-thrown,I put petrol into the car.,,It is not possible to drop vir here (*Ek het die kar petrol ingegooi). The same is true in parallel structures like Ek het vir die mure 'n nuwe laag verf aangesit [1SG.NOM PST for the walls a new layer paint on.put] 'I put a new layer of paint on the walls'; *Ek het die mure 'n nuwe laag verf aangesit.,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek het vir die kar petrol ingegooi.,Ek het vir die kar petrol in-ge-gooi.,1SG.NOM PST for the car petrol in-PTCP-thrown,"It is not possible to drop vir here (*Ek het die kar petrol ingegooi). The same is true in parallel structures like Ek het vir die mure 'n nuwe laag verf aangesit [1SG.NOM PST for the walls a new layer paint on.put] 'I put a new layer of paint on the walls'; *Ek het die mure 'n nuwe laag verf aangesit.",Own knowledge,,7642, +30-124,30,Doktor kura duenti.,Doktor\tkura\tduenti.,doctor\tcure\tsick.person,The doctor cured the sick person.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Doktor kura duenti.,,doctor cure sick.person,,,,7643,German: Der Arzt hat den Kranken geheilt. +30-125,30,Mos korta kórda.,Mos\tkorta\tkórda.,boy\tcut\trope,The boy cut the rope.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Mos korta kórda.,,boy cut rope,,,,7644, +31-110,31,Dotor kura omi duenti.,Dotor\tkura\tomi\tduenti.,doctor\tcure\tman\tsick,The doctor cured the sick man.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Dotor kura omi duenti.,,doctor cure man sick,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,7645, +32-87,32,Nha marid fazê es káza.,Nha\tmarid\tfazê\tes\tkáza.,1SG.POSS\thusband\tmake\tDEM.SG\thouse,My husband built this house.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,Nha marid fazê es káza.,,1SG.POSS husband make DEM.SG house,,,,7646,Portuguese: O meu marido fez esta casa. +33-117,33,N odja Djon aonti.,N\todja\tDjon\taonti.,I\tsee\tJohn\tyesterday,I saw John yesterday.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N odja Djon aonti.,N odja Djon aonti.,I see John yesterday,,Own knowledge,,7647,Portuguese: Vi o João ontem. +33-118,33,I sta ba bon.,I\tsta\tba\tbon.,he\tbe\tPST\tgood,He was okay.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I sta ba bon.,,he be PST good,,Own knowledge,,7648,Portuguese: Ele estava bem. +34-86,34,No wojá dos miñjer.,No\tø\twojá\tdos\tmiñjer.,1PL.SBJ\tPFV\tsee\ttwo\twoman,We saw two women.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"No wojá dos miñjer.","No ø wojá dos miñjer.",1PL.SBJ PFV see two woman,,Own knowledge,,7649, +35-128,35,Ê mata nganha ku plôkô.,Ê\tmata\tnganha\tku\tplôkô.,3SG\tkill\tchicken\twith\tpig,He killed the chicken and the pig.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ê mata nganha ku plôkô.,,3SG kill chicken with pig,,Own data,,7650, +35-129,35,Netu Jana so kebla mu kopu se.,Netu\tJana\tso\tkebla\tmu\tkopu\tse.,grandson\tJana\tFOC\tbreak\tme\tglass\tDEM,Jana’s grandson broke my glass.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Netu Jana so kebla mu kopu se.,,grandson Jana FOC break me glass DEM,,Own data,,7651, +36-75,36,Têtêuga tua taba pega.,Têtêuga\ttua\ttaba\tpega.,turtle\ttake\tplank\tnail,Turtle took the planks and nailed them.,,,901[168],,naturalistic spoken,Têtêuga tua taba pega.,,turtle take plank nail,,,,7652, +37-95,37,N tega san sê minu sê.,N\ttega\tsan\tsê\tminu\tsê.,1SG\thand.over\tlady\tDEM\tchild\tDEM,I handed this child over to this lady.,,,905[120],,elicited from speaker,"N tega san sê minu sê.",,1SG hand.over lady DEM child DEM,,,,7653, +38-105,38,Mmata layasyi.,Amu-mata\tlaya-syi.,1SG-kill\tspider-DEM,I have killed the spider.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mmata layasyi.,Amu-mata laya-syi.,1SG-kill spider-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1990,,7654, +39-111,39,Vay ve pə leyt.,Vay\tve\tpə\tleyt.,go.NPST\tsee.INF\tACC\tmilk,(You) go check on the milk.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called ""Dative-Accusative"" markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called ""Dative subjects"". To make the glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",221[191],,naturalistic spoken,Vay ve pə leyt.,,go.NPST see.INF ACC milk,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called ""Dative-Accusative"" markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called ""Dative subjects"". To make the glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",,,7655, +39-112,39,Leopard foy murde pə lion.,\tfoy\tmurd-e\tpə\t.,leopard\tgo.PST\tbite-INF\tDAT\tlion,The leopard went and bit the lion.,,Leopard and lion are taken from English.,221[195],,naturalistic spoken,Leopard foy murde pə lion.,"<Leopard> foy murd-e pə <lion>.",leopard go.PST bite-INF DAT lion,"Leopard and lion are taken from English.",,,7656, +40-76,40,Yo ulyo padgar su kadz.,Yo\tulyo\tpadgar\tsu\tkadz.,I\tsee.PST\tpriest\tGEN\thouse,I saw the priest's house.,,"Clements (1996: 160) suggests that Patient marking is best understood on a continuum. Most of the time, animate direct objects are marked with ku; and most of the time, inanimate direct objects are not marked. These are, however, tendencies.",265[160],,constructed by linguist,Yo ulyo padgar su kadz.,,I see.PST priest GEN house,"Clements (1996: 160) suggests that Patient marking is best understood on a continuum. Most of the time, animate direct objects are marked with ku; and most of the time, inanimate direct objects are not marked. These are, however, tendencies.",,,7657, +41-84,41,fuula takuza osiir avara,fuula\tta-kuza\tosiir\tavara,flower\tPRS-sew\t3SG.HON\tnow,She is doing decorative stitching now.,,This illustrates the present of the dynamic verb kuza 'sew'.,1416[5284],,naturalistic spoken,fuula takuza osiir avara,fuula ta-kuza osiir avara,flower PRS-sew 3SG.HON now,"This illustrates the present of the dynamic verb kuza 'sew'.",,,7658, +42-98,42,yo ja olá ku Maria sa pai,yo\tja\tolá\tku\tMaria\tsa\tpai,1SG\tPFV\tsee\tACC\tMaria\tGEN\tfather,I saw Maria's father.,,,122[156],,elicited from speaker,"yo ja olá ku Maria sa pai",,1SG PFV see ACC Maria GEN father,,,,7659, +42-99,42,eli ta olá aké buku,eli\tta\tolá\také\tbuku,3SG\tPROG\tlook\tthat\tbook,He is looking at that book.,,,122[154],,elicited from speaker,eli ta olá aké buku,,3SG PROG look that book,,,,7660, +42-100,42,eli já kaza ńgua malayu,eli\tjá\tkaza\tńgua\tmalayu,3SG\tPFV\tmarry\tone\tMalay,She married a Malay.,,"In this case, the absence of accusative marking is optional and depends on the degree of familiarity or identification of the speaker with the object.",122[157],,naturalistic spoken,eli já kaza ńgua malayu,,3SG PFV marry one Malay,"In this case, the absence of accusative marking is optional and depends on the degree of familiarity or identification of the speaker with the object.",,,7661, +42-101,42,nus ja olá aké pesi,nus\tja\tolá\také\tpesi,1PL\tPFV\tsee\tthat\tfish,We saw that fish.,,,122[159],,elicited from speaker,nus ja olá aké pesi,,1PL PFV see that fish,,,,7662, +43-68,43,Choma kung kusir.,Choma\tkung\tkusir.,call\tOBJ\tcoachman,Call the coachman.,,,906[77],,pedagogical grammar,"Choma kung kusir.",,call OBJ coachman,,,,7663, +43-69,43,"Ile choma su kongsedu, [...].","Ile\tchoma\tsu\tkongsedu,\t[...].",3SG\tcall\tPOSS.3SG\tacquaintance\t[...],"He invited his acquaintances, […].",,,906[23],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile choma su kongsedu, [...].",,3SG call POSS.3SG acquaintance [...],,,,7664, +44-109,44,Ya matá ya ba lótru el pwérku?,Ya\tmatá\tya\tba\tlótru\tel\tpwérku?,PFV\tkill\talready\tQ\t3PL\tDEF\tpig,Did they kill the pig?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ya matá ya ba lótru el pwérku?,,PFV kill already Q 3PL DEF pig,,Own data,,7665, +44-110,44,Ta kortá lótro kel mánga grándi pónu.,Ta\tkortá\tlótro\tkel\tmánga\tgrándi\tpónu.,IPFV\tcut\t3PL\tDEF\tPL\tbig\ttree,They cut the big trees.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ta kortá lótro kel mánga grándi pónu.,,IPFV cut 3PL DEF PL big tree,,Own data,,7666, +45-92,45,Ya mira el muchachito con un perro grande.,Ya\tmira\tel\tmuchachito\tcon\tun\tperro\tgrande.,PFV\tsee\tDEF\tboy\tOBJ\tINDF\tdog\tbig,The boy saw a big dog.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya mira el muchachito con un perro grande.,,PFV see DEF boy OBJ INDF dog big,,Own data,,7667, +45-93,45,Ya cumpra el mujer el mansanas.,Ya\tcumpra\tel\tmujer\tel\tmansanas.,PFV\tbuy\tDEF\twoman\tDEF\tapple,The lady bought the apple.,,"The inanimate object is generally left unmarked. Occasionally it can be marked, as in Mira tu con el hechura de aquel mujer [look 2SG OBJ DEF form of that woman] 'Look at the form of that woman' (Escalante 2005: 63).",835[95],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ya cumpra el mujer el mansanas.,,PFV buy DEF woman DEF apple,"The inanimate object is generally left unmarked. Occasionally it can be marked, as in Mira tu con el hechura de aquel mujer [look 2SG OBJ DEF form of that woman] 'Look at the form of that woman' (Escalante 2005: 63).",,,7668, +47-119,47,Tambe mi a hiba e pòtrèt nan di bo ultimo ròl di film pa bo mama. E pòtrèt nan a sali bon.,Tambe\tmi\ta\thiba\te\tpòtrèt\tnan\tdi\tbo\tultimo\tròl\tdi\tfilm\tpa\tbo\tmama.\tE\tpòtrèt\tnan\ta\tsali\tbon.,also\t1SG\tPFV\tcarry\tDEF\tphoto\tPL\tof\t2SG\tlast\troll\tof\tfilm\tfor\t2SG\tmother\tDEF\tphoto\tPL\tPFV\tcome.out\tgood,I also carried the photos of your last roll of film to your mother. The pictures came out nice.,,"This example illustrates the appearance of the DP e pòtrèt nan as subject in the second sentence. As can be seen in the first sentence, its occurrence as object does not involve case marking.",755,,naturalistic written,Tambe mi a hiba e pòtrèt nan di bo ultimo ròl di film pa bo mama. E pòtrèt nan a sali bon.,,also 1SG PFV carry DEF photo PL of 2SG last roll of film for 2SG mother DEF photo PL PFV come.out good,"This example illustrates the appearance of the DP e pòtrèt nan as subject in the second sentence. As can be seen in the first sentence, its occurrence as object does not involve case marking.",,,7669, +48-111,48,Pelu ta miná Malía aí memo.,Pelu\tta\tminá\tMalía\taí\tmemo.,Pedro\tPROG\tsee\tMaría\tthere\tright,Pedro sees María right there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pelu ta miná Malía aí memo.,,Pedro PROG see María there right,,Recorded by author,,7670,Spanish: Pedro éstá mirando María allí mismo. +48-112,48,Aguela mi a mandá Isidora ayá Katahena.,Aguela\tmi\ta\tmandá\tIsidora\tayá\tKatahena.,grandma\tmy\tPST\tsend\tIsidora\tthere\tCartagena,My grandma has sent Isidora to Cartagena.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Aguela mi a mandá Isidora ayá Katahena.,,grandma my PST send Isidora there Cartagena,,Recorded by author,,7671,Spanish: Mi abuela ha mandado Isidora a Cartagena. +49-165,49,Larivyè a kraze pon an lè dlo a te monte.,Larivyè\ta\tkraze\tpon\tan\tlè\tdlo\ta\tte\tmonte.,river\tDEF\tdemolish\tbridge\tDEF\twhen\twater\tDEF\tANT\trise,The river demolished the bridge when the water rose.,,The verb is monotransitive.,1505[313],,elicited from speaker,Larivyè a kraze pon an lè dlo a te monte.,,river DEF demolish bridge DEF when water DEF ANT rise,The verb is monotransitive.,,,7672,French: La rivière a démoli le pont quand l’eau est montée. +49-166,49,Ou pa kab manje mayi a.,Ou\tpa\tkab\tmanje\tmayi\ta.,2SG\tNEG\tcan\teat\tmaize\tDEF,You cannot eat the maize.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 111]",,naturalistic spoken,Ou pa kab manje mayi a.,,2SG NEG can eat maize DEF,,,,7673,French: Tu ne peux pas manger le maïs. +50-103,50,Chat ka manjé sourit.,Chat\tka\tmanjé\tsourit.,cat\tPROG\teat\tmice,Cats eat mice.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Chat ka manjé sourit.,,cat PROG eat mice,,Own fieldwork,,7674, +51-95,51,Chat ka manjé sourit.,Chat\tka\tmanjé\tsourit.,cat\tHAB\teat\tmouse,Cats eat mice.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Chat ka manjé sourit.,,cat HAB eat mouse,,Own fieldwork,,7675, +53-233,53,Bouki trap Lapen.,Bouki\ttrap\tLapen.,Bouki\tcatch\tRabbit,Bouki catches Rabbit.,,,1048[422],,naturalistic spoken,Bouki trap Lapen.,,Bouki catch Rabbit,,,,7676, +53-234,53,Li sakre ti nom koltar-la en kou.,Li\tsakre\tti\tnom\tkoltar-la\ten\tkou.,3SG\tdeal\tlittle\tman\ttar-ART.DEF.SG\tART.INDF\tblow,He dealt the little tar man a blow.,,,1048[428],,naturalistic spoken,Li sakre ti nom koltar-la en kou.,,3SG deal little man tar-ART.DEF.SG ART.INDF blow,,,,7677, +54-124,54,"Anfin Gran Dyab i arpran semin [...] i trouv le madam, i di: [...].","Anfen\tGran\tDyab\ti\tarpran\tsëmen\t[...]\ti\ttrouv\tlë\tmadanm,\ti\tdi:\t[...].",finally\tBig\tDevil\tFIN\ttake.again\troad\t[...]\tFIN\tfind\tDEF\tlady\tFIN\tsay\t[...],"Finally, Big Devil comes back [...] he sees the lady, he says: [...].",,,110[15],,naturalistic spoken,"Anfin Gran Dyab i arpran semin [...] i trouv le madam, i di: [...].","Anfen Gran Dyab i arpran sëmen [...] i trouv lë madanm, i di: [...].",finally Big Devil FIN take.again road [...] FIN find DEF lady FIN say [...],,,,7678,"French: Enfin, Grand Diable reprend le chemin [...] il trouve (voit) la dame, il dit: [...]." +55-94,55,Pyer ti bat so frer,Pyer\tti\tbat\tso\tfrer,Peter\tPST\thit\t3SG.POSS\tbrother,Peter hit his brother.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pyer ti bat so frer,,Peter PST hit 3SG.POSS brother,,"Philip Baker, p.c.",,7679, +59-179,59,"ala mu teme, ala bi na mbi","ala\tmu\tteme,\tala\tbi\tna\tmbi",3PL\ttake\tstone\t3PL\tthrow\tPREP\t1SG,They grabbed stones and threw them at me. OR: They threw stones at me.,,PREP is probably not being used to mean 'at' but instrumentally with reference to the stones: 'They struck me with stones.' An example in Bouquiaux (1978: 72) for the verb bi supports this interpretation.,1320[207],,naturalistic spoken,"ala mu teme, ala bi na mbi",,3PL take stone 3PL throw PREP 1SG,"PREP is probably not being used to mean 'at' but instrumentally with reference to the stones: 'They struck me with stones.' An example in Bouquiaux (1978: 72) for the verb bi supports this interpretation.",,,7680, +59-180,59,amu mbi apika mbi alingbi ape,a-mu\tmbi\ta-pika\tmbi\ta-lingbi\tape,SM-take\t1SG\tSM-hit\t1SG\tSM-be.equal\tNEG,He/she grabbed me and beat me terribly.,,The verb phrase alingbi ape is used to express the superlative. By itself it means 'not enough' as when one is pouring something into a container.,1320[207],,naturalistic spoken,amu mbi apika mbi alingbi ape,a-mu mbi a-pika mbi a-lingbi ape,SM-take 1SG SM-hit 1SG SM-be.equal NEG,"The verb phrase alingbi ape is used to express the superlative. By itself it means 'not enough' as when one is pouring something into a container.",,,7681, +60-79,60,namóní mobáli,na-món-ákí\tmobáli,1SG-see-PST\tman,I saw the man.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,namóní mobáli,na-món-ákí mobáli,1SG-see-PST man,,Own knowledge,,7682, +61-58,61,Lo umfan shayile lo inja.,Lo\tumfan\tshay-ile\tlo\tinja.,DEF.ART\tboy\tbeat-PST\tDEF.ART\tdog,The boy beat the dog.,,There is no special marking of patient or agent.,,,elicited from speaker,Lo umfan shayile lo inja.,Lo umfan shay-ile lo inja.,DEF.ART boy beat-PST DEF.ART dog,There is no special marking of patient or agent.,Field notes Mesthrie,,7683, +62-48,62,é-háhóye hódi tó ní ha-kuhló,é-háhóye\thódi\ttó\tní\tha-kuhló,1-16.see.PRF\tplace\tthere\tCOP\t16-good,He saw the place was good.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,é-háhóye hódi tó ní ha-kuhló,,1-16.see.PRF place there COP 16-good,,Own field data 1993,,7684, +62-49,62,ijí tutavunganyanya vitabu,ijí\ttu-ta-vunganyanya\tvitabu,now\t1PL-PRS-collect\tbooks,Now we collect books.,,,,,elicited from speaker,ijí tutavunganyanya vitabu,ijí tu-ta-vunganyanya vitabu,now 1PL-PRS-collect books,,Own field data 1993,,7685, +64-119,64,úmon hágigu hágigu binía de,úmon\thágigu~hágigu\tbinía\tde,3PL\ttell.the.truth~tell.the.truth\tgirl\tDEM.PROX,They interrogated the girl.,,,,,constructed by linguist,úmon hágigu hágigu binía de,úmon hágigu~hágigu binía de,3PL tell.the.truth~tell.the.truth girl DEM.PROX,,Own knowledge,,7686, +65-88,65,"Rusəkə xəleba kuʃi, aha. Kitajsa pouʒə, eta pampuʃəkə kuʃi.","Rusəkə\txəleba\tkuʃi,\taha.\tKitajsa\tpouʒə,\teta\tpampuʃəkə\tkuʃi.",Russian\tbread\teat\tINTERJ\tChinese\tpouze\tthis\tsteamed.bread\teat,"Russians used to eat bread, yes. Chinese ate pouze and steamed bread.",,"Pouze are Chinese buns with meat and vegetables cooked in steam. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[273],,elicited from speaker,"Rusəkə xəleba kuʃi, aha. Kitajsa pouʒə, eta pampuʃəkə kuʃi.",,Russian bread eat INTERJ Chinese pouze this steamed.bread eat,"Pouze are Chinese buns with meat and vegetables cooked in steam. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,"Русэкэ хэлеба куши, ага. Китайса поудзэ, эта памэпушэка куши.",7687, +66-64,66,Doktər sakit oorangyang esiggarking (aɖa).,Doktər\tsakit\toorang-yang\te-siggar=king\t(aɖa).,doctor\tsick\tperson-ACC.DEF\tASP-healthy=CAUS\t(AUX),The doctor has cured the patient.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Doktər sakit oorangyang esiggarking (aɖa).",Doktər sakit oorang-yang e-siggar=king (aɖa).,doctor sick person-ACC.DEF ASP-healthy=CAUS (AUX),,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,7688, +66-65,66,Faridana Arabi məblajarna kəmauan.,Farida-na\tPRO\tArabi\tmə-blajar-na\tkəmauan.,Farida-DAT\t[PRO\tArabic\tINF-learn-DAT]\tnecessity,Farida wants to learn Arabic.,,PRO refers to the empty subject of the infinitival clause that takes its reference from the dative argument in the main clause.,,,elicited from speaker,Faridana Arabi məblajarna kəmauan.,Farida-na PRO Arabi mə-blajar-na kəmauan.,Farida-DAT [PRO Arabic INF-learn-DAT] necessity,PRO refers to the empty subject of the infinitival clause that takes its reference from the dative argument in the main clause.,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,7689, +67-125,67,Itu selalu tinggal sini punya orang pakai ini pasar.,Itu\tselalu\ttinggal\tsini\tpunya\torang\tpakai\tini\tpasar.,DEM\talways\tlive\there\tREL\tpeople\tuse/wear\tDEM\tmarket,The people living here use this market.,,,708[134],,naturalistic spoken,Itu selalu tinggal sini punya orang pakai ini pasar.,,DEM always live here REL people use/wear DEM market,,,,7690, +68-69,68,Dia buka mulu ka mari.,Dia\tbuka\tmulu\tka\tmari.,3SG\topen\tmouth\tto\there,It opened (its) mouth to here.,,,1178[397],,naturalistic spoken,Dia buka mulu ka mari.,,3SG open mouth to here,,,,7691, +69-43,69,ama mən namban tunan,ama\tmən\tnamban\ttu-nan,1SG\t3SG\tDAT\tkill-NONFUT,I killed him.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ama mən namban tunan,ama mən namban tu-nan,1SG 3SG DAT kill-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,7692, +69-44,69,ama tupwi tumbukun anak,ama\ttupwi\ttumbuk-un\tanak,1SG\tsago\twash-FUT\tAUX,I'll wash sago.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ama tupwi tumbukun anak,ama tupwi tumbuk-un anak,1SG sago wash-FUT AUX,,Own field notes 1985,,7693, +71-96,71,Pehea oe aihue i ka dala?,Pehea\toe\taihue\ti\tka\tdala?,why\t2SG\tsteal\tOBJ\tDEF\tdollar,Why did you steal the dollar?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Pehea oe aihue i ka dala?",,why 2SG steal OBJ DEF dollar,,own data 1890,,7694, +71-97,71,"Oe aihue kela hua wau, oe ule pilau!","Oe\taihue\tkela\thua\twau,\toe\tule\tpilau!",2SG\tsteal\tDET\tfruit\t1SG.POSS\t2SG\tpenis\tfilthy,"You stole my fruit, you scumbag!",,,,,naturalistic written,"Oe aihue kela hua wau, oe ule pilau!",,2SG steal DET fruit 1SG.POSS 2SG penis filthy,,Own data 1898,,7695, +71-98,71,Akahi keiki pukiki lawe akahi dala ulaula.,Akahi\tkeiki\tpukiki\tlawe\takahi\tdala\tulaula.,INDF\tchild\tPortuguese\ttake\tINDF\tdollar\tgold,A Portuguese kid took a gold dollar.,,,,,naturalistic written,Akahi keiki pukiki lawe akahi dala ulaula.,,INDF child Portuguese take INDF dollar gold,,own data 1882,,7696, +72-80,72,An dat warlaku makin fensta.,An\tdat\twarlaku\tmakin\tfens-ta.,and\tthe\tdog\tsleep\tfence-LOC,The dog sleeps by the fence.,,The S argument patterns with the O argument in being unmarked.,583,24ed190995ce17c468a14c6744036ca3,peer elicitation,An dat warlaku makin fensta.,An dat warlaku makin fens-ta.,and the dog sleep fence-LOC,The S argument patterns with the O argument in being unmarked.,,,7697, +72-89,72,Karungku im pangkily im marluka.,karu-ngku\tim\tpangkily\tim\tmarluka.,child-ERG\t3SG\thit.on.head\t3SG\told.man,The kid hit the old man on the head. / It is the kid who hit the old man on the head.,,"The A argument is marked ergative, and the O argument is unmarked.",583,a4a59eea0c3210f13363fbb03cdcd0ba,naturalistic spoken,Karungku im pangkily im marluka.,karu-ngku im pangkily im marluka.,child-ERG 3SG hit.on.head 3SG old.man,"The A argument is marked ergative, and the O argument is unmarked.",,,7698, +73-1,73,chichawada regalay,chicha-wa-da\tregala-y,chicha-DIM-ACC\toffer-IMP,Offer me a bit of chicha.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,chichawada regalay,chicha-wa-da regala-y,chicha-DIM-ACC offer-IMP,,Field notes,,7699, +73-16,73,San Andrespi chaupi lengua ablanakun,San\tAndres-pi\tchaupi\tlengua\tabla-naku-n,San\tAndres-LOC\thalf\tlanguage\tspeak-RECP-3,In San Andres they speak Media Lengua.,,,,,elicited from speaker,San Andrespi chaupi lengua ablanakun,San Andres-pi chaupi lengua abla-naku-n,San Andres-LOC half language speak-RECP-3,,Field notes,,7700, +73-66,73,amidaga ambrinaxun,ami-da-ga\tambri-na-xu-n,1SG.OBJ-ACC-TOP\thunger-DESID-PROG-3,I am hungry.,,,1033[63],,elicited from speaker,amidaga ambrinaxun,ami-da-ga ambri-na-xu-n,1SG.OBJ-ACC-TOP hunger-DESID-PROG-3,,,,7701, +73-67,73,"bwenu uyarixukpiga grabagangabu, diskuda","bwenu\tuya-ri-xu-kpi-ga\tgraba-nga-bu,\tdisku-da",good\thear-REFL-PROG-SUBORD.DS-TOP\trecord-NMLZ-BEN\trecord-ACC,"When it sounds well, to record a record.",,,1033[74],,naturalistic spoken,"bwenu uyarixukpiga grabagangabu, diskuda","bwenu uya-ri-xu-kpi-ga graba-nga-bu, disku-da",good hear-REFL-PROG-SUBORD.DS-TOP record-NMLZ-BEN record-ACC,,,,7702, +75-140,75,Li shyaen kiinawashwaateew li shawa.,Li\tshyaen\tkii-nawashwaat-eew\tli\tsha-wa.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tdog\tPST-chase-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tcat-OBV,The dog chased the cat.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Li shyaen kiinawashwaateew li shawa.,Li shyaen kii-nawashwaat-eew li sha-wa.,DEF.ART.M.SG dog PST-chase-3.SBJ.3.OBJ DEF.ART.M.SG cat-OBV,,,,7703, +75-141,75,Eekwanima kiiwaapahtam li suyii eetikwee.,Eekwanima\tkii-waapaht-am\tli\tsuyii\teetikwee.,that.aforementioned.INAN\tPST-see.INAN-3INAN\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tshoe\tapparently,He apparently saw the shoe.,,It is impossible to mark obviation on this inanimate object: *li suyii-wa.,522,,naturalistic spoken,Eekwanima kiiwaapahtam li suyii eetikwee.,Eekwanima kii-waapaht-am li suyii eetikwee.,that.aforementioned.INAN PST-see.INAN-3INAN DEF.ART.M.SG shoe apparently,"It is impossible to mark obviation on this inanimate object: *li suyii-wa.",,,7704, +75-142,75,Maamaa kiiaapachiheew lii rosh eeshikwatahahk lii takwahiminaana.,Maamaa\tkii-aapachih-eew\tlii\trosh\tee-shikwatah-ahk\tlii\ttakwahiminaan-a.,mother\tPST-use.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tPL\trock\tCOMP-crush-3SG.SBJ.3INAN.OBJ\tPL\tchokecherry-PL.INAN,My mother used stones to make beaten choke-cherries.,,"The word for 'rock' is animate in Michif. The word for 'chokecherries' is inanimate. Obviative marking would be impossible on the word for 'chokecherries' (however, the inanimate plural marker -(w)a is identical in form to the obviative marker -(w)a), and not likely on 'rocks' because of its lower animacy. +Note also that the word for 'chokecherries' is one of the few non-kinship, non-body-part and non-nominalized nouns from Cree used in Michif. It is commonly marked with a French article, as in this example. In contrast to French les, Michif lii does not mark definiteness.",789[37],,naturalistic written,Maamaa kiiaapachiheew lii rosh eeshikwatahahk lii takwahiminaana.,Maamaa kii-aapachih-eew lii rosh ee-shikwatah-ahk lii takwahiminaan-a.,mother PST-use.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ PL rock COMP-crush-3SG.SBJ.3INAN.OBJ PL chokecherry-PL.INAN,"The word for 'rock' is animate in Michif. The word for 'chokecherries' is inanimate. Obviative marking would be impossible on the word for 'chokecherries' (however, the inanimate plural marker -(w)a is identical in form to the obviative marker -(w)a), and not likely on 'rocks' because of its lower animacy. +Note also that the word for 'chokecherries' is one of the few non-kinship, non-body-part and non-nominalized nouns from Cree used in Michif. It is commonly marked with a French article, as in this example. In contrast to French les, Michif lii does not mark definiteness.",,,7705, +76-49,76,nekke kukkem picuktu,nekke\tkukkem\tpicuktu,meat\tcook\twant,I want to cook meat. OR: I want cooked meat.,,,1442[226],,reconstructed by documentalist,nekke kukkem picuktu,,meat cook want,,,,7706, +1-138,1,Da homan no kan wakke.,Da\tuma\tno\tkan\twaka.,DET.SG\twoman\tNEG\tcan\twalk,That woman cannot walk.,,Here da homan is an intransitive subject (S).,1527[60],,written,Da homan no kan wakke.,Da uma no kan waka.,DET.SG woman NEG can walk,"Here da homan is an intransitive subject (S).",,,7707,Dutch: Dat Vrouws-Perzoon kan niet loopen. [op.cit.] +1-139,1,Den zomma wan zi da didde homan a moes kom hessi.,Den\tsoma\twani\tsi\tda\tdede\tuma\ta\tmusu\tkom\thesi.,DET.PL\tperson\twant\tsee\tDET.SG\tdead\twoman\t3SG.SBJ\tmust\tcome\tquick,"Those who want to see the dead woman, they (lit. he) must come quickly.",,Here da didde homan is a transitive object (P).,1527[110],,written,Den zomma wan zi da didde homan a moes kom hessi.,Den soma wani si da dede uma a musu kom hesi.,DET.PL person want see DET.SG dead woman 3SG.SBJ must come quick,"Here da didde homan is a transitive object (P).",,,7708,Dutch: Die de Overleedenen nog zien wil die moet koomen. [op.cit.] +1-140,1,Hoe fa den homan no potti melki na koffi.,O=fa\tden\tuma\tno\tpoti\tmerki\tna\tkofi.,Q=manner\tDET.PL\twoman\tNEG\tput\tmilk\tLOC\tcoffee,Why didn't the maids bring some milk with the coffee?,,Here den homan (PL) is a transitive subject (A).,1527[73],,written,Hoe fa den homan no potti melki na koffi.,O=fa den uma no poti merki na kofi.,Q=manner DET.PL woman NEG put milk LOC coffee,"Here den homan (PL) is a transitive subject (A).",,,7709,Dutch: Waarom hebben de Meiden geen Melk by de Koffi gezet? [op.cit.] +2-136,2,Den agu nyan den beest?,Den\tagu\tnyan\tden\tbeest?,the.PL\tpigs\teat\tthe.PL\tanimal,The pigs ate the geese?,,,,,elicited from speaker,Den agu nyan den beest?,,the.PL pigs eat the.PL animal,,"Winford data, Tape 14-a",,7710, +2-137,2,Ma dan den meti no lon gwe?,Ma\tdan\tden\tmeti\tno\tlon\tgwe?,but\tthen\tthe.PL\tanimal\tNEG\trun\tgo.away,But didn’t the geese run away?,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ma dan den meti no lon gwe?,,but then the.PL animal NEG run go.away,,"Winford data, Tape 14-a",,7711, +3-70,3,Di womi waka.,Di\twomi\twaka.,DEF.SG\tman\twalk,The man walked.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di womi waka.,,DEF.SG man walk,,Fieldwork data,,7712, +4-97,4,Den kiyo doo feifi udu.,Den\tkiyo\tdoo\tfeifi\tudu.,DET.PL\tyoung.man\tcut\tfive\twood,The young men cut the tree.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Den kiyo doo feifi udu.,,DET.PL young.man cut five wood,,Own observation,,7713, +4-98,4,Da dati waka langalanga go a wan fu den uman.,Da\tdati\twaka\tlangalanga\tgo\ta\twan\tfu\tden\tuman.,then\tthat\twalk\tlong.long\tgo\tLOC\tone\tfor\tDET.PL\twoman,Then that one walked directly to one of the women.,,,661[374],,naturalistic spoken,Da dati waka langalanga go a wan fu den uman.,,then that walk long.long go LOC one for DET.PL woman,,,,7714, +6-61,6,Shi gone Chaguanas.,Shi\tgone\tChaguanas.,3SG\tgo.PST\tChaguanas,She went to Chaguanas.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Shi gone Chaguanas.,,3SG go.PST Chaguanas,,Informant A.K.,,7715, +7-147,7,Hari si Meiri.,Hari\tsi\tMeiri.,Harry\tsee\tMary,Harry saw Mary.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hari si Meiri.,,Harry see Mary,,Own knowledge,,7716, +8-89,8,Jan kot di pitieta.,Jan\tkot\tdi\tpitieta.,John\tcut\tDET\tpotato,John cut the potato.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Jan kot di pitieta.,,John cut DET potato,,Own knowledge,,7717, +8-90,8,Jan fuul.,Jan\tfuul.,John\tfoolish,John is foolish.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Jan fuul.,,John foolish,,Own knowledge,,7718, +9-116,9,Krab waak onda wata i luk layk musa fu howaz.,Krab\twaak\tonda\twata\ti\tluk\tlayk\tmusa\tfu\thowaz.,crab\twalk\tunder\twater\tit\tlook\tlike\tmust\tfor\thours,"Crabs walk under water, it seems they do it (stay submerged) for hours.",,,438,,naturalistic spoken,Krab waak onda wata i luk layk musa fu howaz.,,crab walk under water it look like must for hours,,,,7719, +9-117,9,ʃɛl haya di bowt fra djimi.,ʃɛl\thaya\tdi\tbowt\tfra\tdjimi.,Shell\thire\tthe\tboat\tfrom\tJimmy,Shell rented the boat from Jimmy.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,ʃɛl haya di bowt fra djimi.,,Shell hire the boat from Jimmy,,,,7720, +10-134,10,So Beda Naansi gaan an skriep di fish.,So\tBeda\tNaansi\tgaan\tan\tskriep\tdi\tfish.,so\tBrother\tAnansi\tgo.ANT\tand\tscrape\tART.DEF\tfish,So Brother Anansi went and scraped the fish.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,So Beda Naansi gaan an skriep di fish.,,so Brother Anansi go.ANT and scrape ART.DEF fish,,Unpublished field recordings,,7721, +10-135,10,Beda Taiga gaan an ihn get dong pan ihn nii.,Beda\tTaiga\tgaan\tan\tihn\tget\tdong\tpan\tihn\tnii.,Brother\tTiger\tgo.ANT\tand\t3SG\tget\tdown\tun\t3SG.POSS\tknee,Brother Tiger went and he got down on his knees.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Beda Taiga gaan an ihn get dong pan ihn nii.,,Brother Tiger go.ANT and 3SG get down un 3SG.POSS knee,,Unpublished field recordings,,7722, +11-180,11,Di trobl iz dat di mama dem sei dei kaant pei di skuul fiiz.,Di\ttrobl\tiz\tdat\tdi\tmama\tdem\tsei\tdei\tkaant\tpei\tdi\tskuul\tfii-z.,ART.DEF\ttrouble\tCOP.PRS\tCOMP\tART.DEF\tmother\tPL\tsay\t3PL\tcan.NEG\tpay\tART.DEF\tschool\tfee-PL,The trouble is that the mothers say they can’t pay the school fees.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Di trobl iz dat di mama dem sei dei kaant pei di skuul fiiz.,Di trobl iz dat di mama dem sei dei kaant pei di skuul fii-z.,ART.DEF trouble COP.PRS COMP ART.DEF mother PL say 3PL can.NEG pay ART.DEF school fee-PL,,,,7723, +11-181,11,Den deer chilren kom an laan deer chilren.,Den\tdeer\tchilren\tkom\tan\tlaan\tdeer\tchilren.,then\t3PL.POSS\tchild.PL\tcome\tand\tlearn\t3PL.POSS\tchild.PL,Then their children come and teach their own children.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Den deer chilren kom an laan deer chilren.,,then 3PL.POSS child.PL come and learn 3PL.POSS child.PL,,,,7724, +11-182,11,Mista Jak neva luus iin notn.,Mista\tJak\tneva\tluus\tiin\tnotn.,Mister\tJack\tNEG.PST\tlose\tin\tnothing,Mister Jack never lost in anything.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Mista Jak neva luus iin notn.,,Mister Jack NEG.PST lose in nothing,,,,7725, +12-139,12,[...] my husband used to go fishining [...].,[...]\tmy\thusband\tused\tto\tgo\tfishining\t[...].,[...]\t1SG.POSS\thusband\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\tgo\tfishing\t[...],[...] my husband used to go fishing [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] my husband used to go fishining [...].",,[...] 1SG.POSS husband HAB.PST HAB.PST go fishing [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7726, +12-140,12,[...] the wind throw that board right off [...].,[...]\tthe\twind\tthrow\tthat\tboard\tright\toff\t[...].,[...]\tDEF\twind\tthrow\tDEM\tboard\tright\toff\t[...],[...] the wind threw that board right off (the boat) [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] the wind throw that board right off [...].",,[...] DEF wind throw DEM board right off [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7727, +12-141,12,"They say the train is go slow, though.",[...]\tthe\ttrain\tis\tgo\tslow\t[...],[...]\tDEF.ART\ttrain\tHAB\tgo\tslow\t[...],"[They say] the train is slow, [though].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"They say the train is go slow, though.","[...] the train is go slow [...]",[...] DEF.ART train HAB go slow [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7728, +13-108,13,De house crack.,De\thouse\tcrack.,the\thouse\tcrack,The house cracked.,,,1500[276],,naturalistic spoken,De house crack.,,the house crack,,,,7729, +13-109,13,It never set de house fire.,It\tnever\tset\tde\thouse\tfire.,it\tnever\tset\tthe\thouse\tafire,It never set the house on fire.,,,1500[266],,naturalistic spoken,It never set de house fire.,,it never set the house afire,,,,7730, +13-110,13,Buckra give de people corn.,Buckra\tgive\tde\tpeople\tcorn.,white.man\tgive\tDET\tpeople\tcorn,The white men gave corn to the people.,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,Buckra give de people corn.,,white.man give DET people corn,,,,7731, +14-73,14,The boy read the book.,The\tboy\tread\tthe\tbook.,he\tboy\tread\PST\tthe\tbook,The boy read the book.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,The boy read the book.,,he boy read\PST the book,,Own knowledge,,7732, +14-74,14,The boy read yesterday.,The\tboy\tread\tyesterday.,the\tboy\tread\PST\tyesterday,The boy read yesterday.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,The boy read yesterday.,,the boy read\PST yesterday,,Own knowledge,,7733, +15-83,15,bi bɔbɔ di krai,bi\tbɔbɔ\tdi\tkrai,ART\tboy\tPROG\tcry,The boy is crying.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,bi bɔbɔ di krai,,ART boy PROG cry,,Own knowledge,,7734, +16-77,16,dɛ̀a bɛlɛ mek big big,dɛ̀a\tbɛlɛ\tmek\tbig~big,3PL.POSS\tbelly\tmake\tbig~big,Their bellies were all swollen up.,,This is an intransitive sentence.,656[200],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ̀a bɛlɛ mek big big,dɛ̀a bɛlɛ mek big~big,3PL.POSS belly make big~big,This is an intransitive sentence.,,,7735, +17-88,17,Chidi si Audu.,Chidi\tsi\tAudu.,Chidi\tsee\tAudu,Chidi saw Audu.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Chidi si Audu.,,Chidi see Audu,,Own knowledge,,7736, +17-89,17,Audu si Chidi.,Audu\tsi\tChidi.,Audu\tsee\tChidi,Audu saw Chidi.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Audu si Chidi.,,Audu see Chidi,,Own knowledge,,7737, +17-90,17,Chidi drink.,Chidi\tdrink.,Chidi\tdrink,Chidi drank.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Chidi drink.,,Chidi drink,,Own knowledge,,7738, +18-80,18,Di hantaman bin folo de monki.,Di\thantaman\tbin\tfolo\tde\tmonki.,DEF.ART\thunter\tPST\tfollow\tDEF.ART\tmonkey,The hunter chased the monkey.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Di hantaman bin folo de monki.,,DEF.ART hunter PST follow DEF.ART monkey,,,,7739, +18-81,18,Di monki bin run.,Di\tmonki\tbin\trun.,DEF.ART\tmonkey\tPST\trun,The monkey fled.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Di monki bin run.,,DEF.ART monkey PST run,,,,7740, +19-107,19,È brok dì plet.,È\tbrok\tdì\tplet.,3SG.SBJ\tbreak\tDEF\tplate,She broke the plate.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"È brok dì plet.",,3SG.SBJ break DEF plate,,Field data,,7741, +19-108,19,Dì glas brok.,Dì\tglas\tbrok.,DEF\tglas\tbreak,The glas broke/ is broken.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dì glas brok.",,DEF glas break,,Field data,,7742, +20-70,20,Coolie hap come back.,Coolie\thap\tcome\tback.,coolie\tPFV\tcome\tback,The coolie has come back.,,,1489[VI.38],,naturalistic written,Coolie hap come back.,,coolie PFV come back,,,沽厘合甘北,7743, +21-78,21,The boy buys a book; The boy runs.,The\tboy\tbuy-s\ta\tbook;\tThe\tboy\trun-s.,DET\tboy\tbuy-3SG\tDET\tbook\tDET\tboy\trun-3SG,The boy buys a book. The boy runs.,,,,,constructed by linguist,The boy buys a book; The boy runs.,The boy buy-s a book; The boy run-s.,DET boy buy-3SG DET book DET boy run-3SG,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,7744, +22-104,22,Dispela man i paitim dok.,Dispela\tman\ti\tpait-im\tdok.,this\tman\tPM\thit-TR\tdog,This man hit the dog.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Dispela man i paitim dok.,Dispela man i pait-im dok.,this man PM hit-TR dog,,Own knowledge,,7745, +22-105,22,Tupela meri i sindaun.,Tu-pela\tmeri\ti\tsindaun.,two-MOD\twoman\tPM\tsit.down,Two women are sitting down.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Tupela meri i sindaun.,Tu-pela meri i sindaun.,two-MOD woman PM sit.down,,Own knowledge,,7746, +23-98,23,nakatoa i tok flas lelebet,nakatoa\ti\ttok\tflas\tlelebet,hermit.crab\tAGR\ttalk\tflash\tlittle.bit,The hermit crab talks himself up a bit.,,Nakatoa (the hermit crab) is a trickster character in a number of Vanuatu stories.,942,,naturalistic spoken,nakatoa i tok flas lelebet,,hermit.crab AGR talk flash little.bit,Nakatoa (the hermit crab) is a trickster character in a number of Vanuatu stories.,,,7747, +24-110,24,One cow chase dem letel salan.,One\tcow\tchase\tdem\tletel\tsalan.,DET.INDF\tcow\tchase\tDET.DEF.PL\tlittle\tpeople,A cow chased the children.,,Note that 'people' is treated as PL.,,,naturalistic written,One cow chase dem letel salan.,,DET.INDF cow chase DET.DEF.PL little people,Note that 'people' is treated as PL.,Own fieldwork,,7748, +24-111,24,Dem letel salan chase one cow.,Dem\tletel\tsalan\tchase\tone\tcow.,DET.DEF.PL\tlittle\tpeople\tchase\tDET.INDF.SG\tcow,The children chased the cow.,,,,,naturalistic written,Dem letel salan chase one cow.,,DET.DEF.PL little people chase DET.INDF.SG cow,,Own fieldwork,,7749, +24-112,24,Dem letel salan se fatu.,Dem\tletel\tsalan\tse\tfatu.,DET.DEF.PL\tlittle\tpeople\tCOMPL\texhausted,The little children are exhausted.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Dem letel salan se fatu.,,DET.DEF.PL little people COMPL exhausted,,Own knowledge,,7750, +25-250,25,That pesen i kaming bihain gota beg.,That\tpesen\ti\tkam-ing\tbihain\tgota\tbeg.,DEM\tperson\t3SG\tcome-PROG2\tbehind\tCOM/INS\tbag,That person is coming behind with a bag.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the comitative/proprietive function of the preposition gota.",,,naturalistic spoken,"That pesen i kaming bihain gota beg.",That pesen i kam-ing bihain gota beg.,DEM person 3SG come-PROG2 behind COM/INS bag,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the comitative/proprietive function of the preposition gota.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,7751, +27-71,27,Weni di bull ko,Weni\tdi\tbull\tko,when\tDET\tbull\tcome,When the bull comes [...],,,355[49],,naturalistic spoken,Weni di bull ko,,when DET bull come,,,,7752, +27-72,27,Də bull a ha ēn gout kalbás.,Də\tbull\ta\tha\tēn\tgout\tkalbás.,ART.DEF\tbull\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\tgold\tgourd,The bull had a golden gourd.,,,355[48],,naturalistic spoken,Də bull a ha ēn gout kalbás.,,ART.DEF bull PST have ART.INDF gold gourd,,,,7753, +29-109,29,Die man vat sy mes. Die mes val.,Die\tman\tvat\tsy\tmes.\tDie\tmes\tval.,DEF.ART\tman\tfetches\t3SG.M.POSS\tknife\tDEF.ART\tknife\tfalls,The man fetches the knife. The knife falls.,,,,,naturalistic written,Die man vat sy mes. Die mes val.,,DEF.ART man fetches 3SG.M.POSS knife DEF.ART knife falls,,Own knowledge,,7754, +29-110,29,Piet sien (vir) die mes. — Piet sien (vir) Karel.,Piet sien (vir) die mes. — Piet sien (vir) Karel.,Pete sees (for) the knife   Pete sees (for) Charles,Pete sees the knife. — Pete sees Charles.,,"Vir is more natural with animates, but is also not impossible with inanimates, particularly in more colloquial varieties.",,,naturalistic written,Piet sien (vir) die mes. — Piet sien (vir) Karel.,,Pete sees (for) the knife Pete sees (for) Charles,"Vir is more natural with animates, but is also not impossible with inanimates, particularly in more colloquial varieties.",Own knowledge,,7755, +30-126,30,Ómi brása mudjer.,Ómi\tbrása\tmudjer.,man\tembrace\twoman,The man embraced the woman.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Ómi brása mudjer.,,man embrace woman,,,,7756, +30-127,30,Mudjer kánta.,Mudjer\tkánta.,woman\tsing,The woman sang.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Mudjer kánta.,,woman sing,,,,7757, +31-111,31,Piskador mata tibaron.,Piskador\tmata\ttibaron.,fisherman\tkill\tshark,The fisherman killed the shark.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Piskador mata tibaron.,,fisherman kill shark,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,7758, +31-112,31,Ladron toma dinheru.,Ladron\ttoma\tdinheru.,thief\ttake\tmoney,The thief took the money.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ladron toma dinheru.,,thief take money,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,7759, +32-88,32,Toi fazê almos.,Toi\tfazê\talmos.,Toi\tmake\tlunch,Toi prepared lunch.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Toi fazê almos.,,Toi make lunch,,Own knowledge,,7760,Portuguese: O Tói fez o almoço. +32-89,32,Toi morrê.,Toi\tmorrê.,Toi\tdie,Toi died.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Toi morrê.,,Toi die,,Own knowledge,,7761,Portuguese: O Tói morreu. +33-119,33,Mininu kumpra bola.,Mininu\tkumpra\tbola.,boy\tbuy.PST\tball,The boy bought a ball.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mininu kumpra bola.,,boy buy.PST ball,,Own knowledge,,7762,Portuguese: O menino comprou uma bola. +33-120,33,Mininu kai.,Mininu\tkai.,boy\tfall,The boy fell.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mininu kai.,,boy fall,,Own knowledge,,7763,Portuguese: O rapaz caiu. +34-87,34,Pidru na bay Sicor.,Pidru\tna\tbay\tSicor.,Peter\tFUT\tgo\tZiguinchor,Peter is going to (will go to) Ziguinchor.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Pidru na bay Sicor.",,Peter FUT go Ziguinchor,,Own knowledge,,7764, +34-88,34,Pidru na wojá Mariya na grísiya. — Mariya na wojá Pidru na grísiya.,Pidru na wojá Mariya na grísiya. — Mariya na wojá Pidru na grísiya.,Peter FUT see Mary in church   Mary FUT see Peter in church,Peter will see Mary in church. — Mary will see Peter in church.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Pidru na wojá Mariya na grísiya. — Mariya na wojá Pidru na grísiya.",,Peter FUT see Mary in church Mary FUT see Peter in church,,Own knowledge,,7765, +35-130,35,Ngê ka futa nganha ten.,Ngê\tka\tfuta\tnganha\tten.,people\tIPFV\tsteal\tchicken\talso,People steal chicken too.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ngê ka futa nganha ten.,,people IPFV steal chicken also,,Own data,,7766, +35-131,35,Nganha kume min.,Nganha\tkume\tmin.,chicken\teat\tmaize,The chicken ate maize.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Nganha kume min.,,chicken eat maize,,Own data,,7767, +35-132,35,Mina ska kôlê.,Mina\tska\tkôlê.,child\tPROG\trun,The child is running.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mina ska kôlê.,,child PROG run,,Own data,,7768, +36-76,36,Mengai ka foga [...].,Mengai\tka\tfoga\t[...].,woman\tHAB\tdance\t[...],The women would dance [...].,,,901[195],,naturalistic spoken,Mengai ka foga [...].,,woman HAB dance [...],,,,7769, +37-96,37,Mene sa dimi.,Mene\tsa\tdimi.,Mene\tPROG\tsleep,Mene is sleeping.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mene sa dimi.",,Mene PROG sleep,,Own knowledge,,7770, +37-97,37,Mene sa bêb'awa.,Mene\tsa\tbêbê\tawa.,Mene\tPROG\tdrink\twater,Mene is drinking water.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mene sa bêb'awa.",Mene sa bêbê awa.,Mene PROG drink water,,Own knowledge,,7771, +38-106,38,Mému ska fi kumu.,Mé-mu\tsxa\tfe\tkumu.,mother-1SG\tPROG\tmake\teat,My mother is preparing dinner.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mému ska fi kumu.,Mé-mu sxa fe kumu.,mother-1SG PROG make eat,,Own fieldwork 1990,,7772, +38-107,38,Pay da mina dyielu.,Pai\tda\tmina\tdyielu.,father\tgive\tchild\tmoney,The father gives the money to the child.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Pay da mina dyielu.,Pai da mina dyielu.,father give child money,,Own fieldwork 1990,,7773, +38-108,38,Malá da pédel tabaku.,Malá\tda\tpé-de-eli\ttabaku.,Maria\tgive\tfather-of-1SG\ttabacco,Mary gives the tabacco to her father.,,,1236[197],,elicited from speaker,Malá da pédel tabaku.,Malá da pé-de-eli tabaku.,Maria give father-of-1SG tabacco,,,,7774, +38-109,38,Syiol xanta.,Syiolo\txanta.,gentleman\tsing,The gentleman sings. OR: The gentleman sang.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Syiol xanta.,Syiolo xanta.,gentleman sing,,Own fieldwork 1990,,7775, +39-113,39,Cher tə vi.,Cher\ttə\tvi.,smell\tIPFV.NPST\tcome.INF,It smells (lit. Smell comes).,,,221[191],,naturalistic spoken,Cher tə vi.,,smell IPFV.NPST come.INF,,,,7776, +39-114,39,Officer nə ad gosta.,\tnə\tad\tgost-a.,officer\tNEG\tIRR.NPST\tlike-INF,The officer won't like (it).,,Officer is taken from English.,221[193],,naturalistic spoken,Officer nə ad gosta.,"<Officer> nə ad gost-a.",officer NEG IRR.NPST like-INF,"Officer is taken from English.",,,7777, +40-77,40,[Aster] largo ku su muler.,[Aster]\tlargo\tku\tsu\tmuler.,[Jew]\tlet.go\tOBJ\tPOSS.SG\twife,[The Jew] let his wife go.,,This sentence is taken from a story told by Angelin Rosario.,,,naturalistic spoken,"[Aster] largo ku su muler.",,[Jew] let.go OBJ POSS.SG wife,This sentence is taken from a story told by Angelin Rosario.,Unpublished story,,7778, +40-78,40,Mulɛr yaho kadz.,Mulɛr\tyaho\tkadz.,woman/wife\twent\thouse,The woman went home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mulɛr yaho kadz.,,woman/wife went house,,Own knowledge,,7779, +42-102,42,yo ja olá ku Maria sa irmang machu,yo\tja\tolá\tku\tMaria\tsa\tirmang\tmachu,1SG\tPFV\tsee\tACC\tMaria\tGEN\tsibling\tmale,I saw Maria's brother.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yo ja olá ku Maria sa irmang machu,,1SG PFV see ACC Maria GEN sibling male,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,7780, +42-103,42,Maria ja kantá,Maria\tja\tkantá,Maria\tPFV\tsing,Maria sang.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Maria ja kantá,,Maria PFV sing,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,7781, +43-70,43,Akel karni ste fede.,Akel\tkarni\tste\tfede.,DEM\tmeat\tPROG\tsmell,This meat smells.,,,906[56],,naturalistic spoken,"Akel karni ste fede.",,DEM meat PROG smell,,,,7782, +43-71,43,Sinyor teng sorti.,Sinyor\tteng\tsorti.,Sir\thave\tluck,"You are lucky, Sir!",,,906[142],,pedagogical grammar,"Sinyor teng sorti.",,Sir have luck,,,,7783, +44-111,44,Ya kebrá el mánga pláto.,Ya\tkebrá\tel\tmánga\tpláto.,PFV\tbreak\tDEF\tPL\tplate,The plates broke.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya kebrá el mánga pláto.,,PFV break DEF PL plate,,Own data,,7784,Spanish: Los platos se rompieron. +45-94,45,Ya quebra el baso cuando ya cae na mesa.,Ya\tquebra\tel\tbaso\tcuando\tya\tcae\tna\tmesa.,PFV\tbreak\tDEF\tglass\twhen\tPFV\tfall\tLOC\ttable,The glass broke when it fell from the table.,,,426[150],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ya quebra el baso cuando ya cae na mesa.,,PFV break DEF glass when PFV fall LOC table,,,,7785, +45-95,45,Ya cumpra ele ese na Hapon.,Ya\tcumpra\tele\tese\tna\tHapon.,PFV\tbuy\t3SG\tthat\tin\tJapan,He bought that in Japan.,,,835[77],,naturalistic written,Ya cumpra ele ese na Hapon.,,PFV buy 3SG that in Japan,,,,7786,Spanish: Compró ese en Japón. +46-115,46,Ta-uyí yo konel kansyón.,Ta-uyí\tyo\tkonel\tkansyón.,IPFV-hear\t1SG\tOBJ.DET\tsong,I am listening to the song.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta-uyí yo konel kansyón.",,IPFV-hear 1SG OBJ.DET song,,Own knowledge,,7787, +48-113,48,Primo mí ta ndrumí aí lendro kasa.,Primo\tmí\tta\tndrumí\taí\tlendro\tkasa.,cousin\tmy\tPROG\tsleep\tthere\tinside\thouse,My cousin is sleeping inside the house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Primo mí ta ndrumí aí lendro kasa.,,cousin my PROG sleep there inside house,,Recorded by author,,7788,Spanish: Mi primo está durmiendo dentro de la casa / en la casa. +49-167,49,M te gen on zanmi m ki malad.,M\tte\tgen\ton\tzanmi\tm\tki\tmalad.,1SG\tANT\thave\tINDF\tfriend\t1SG.POSS\tREL\tsick,I had a friend who was sick.,,,"473[vol. 6, p.12]",,naturalistic spoken,M te gen on zanmi m ki malad.,,1SG ANT have INDF friend 1SG.POSS REL sick,,,,7789,French: J'avais un ami qui était malade. +49-168,49,Ou pa bezwen fache ak mwen.,Ou\tpa\tbezwen\tfache\tak\tmwen.,2SG\tNEG\tneed\tget.angry\twith\t1SG,You don't need to be angry with me.,,,1505[227],,elicited from speaker,Ou pa bezwen fache ak mwen.,,2SG NEG need get.angry with 1SG,,,,7790,French: Tu n'as pas à te fâcher contre moi. +50-104,50,I ka bwè kafé.,I\tka\tbwè\tkafé.,3SG\tPROG\tboire\tcafé,He/she is drinking coffee.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka bwè kafé.,,3SG PROG boire café,,Own fieldwork,,7791, +50-105,50,I ka bwè.,I\tka\tbwè.,3SG\tPROG\tdrink,He/she is drinking.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka bwè.,,3SG PROG drink,,Own fieldwork,,7792, +51-96,51,I ka bwè kafé.,I\tka\tbwè\tkafé.,3SG\tPROG\tdrink\tcoffee,He is drinking coffee.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka bwè kafé.,,3SG PROG drink coffee,,Own fieldwork,,7793, +51-97,51,I ka bwè.,I\tka\tbwè.,3SG\tPROG\tdrink,He is drinking.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka bwè.,,3SG PROG drink,,Own fieldwork,,7794, +53-235,53,Lapen manje tou lafer.,Lapen\tmanje\ttou\tlafer.,Rabbit\teat\tall\tthing,Rabbit ate everything.,,,1048[422],,naturalistic spoken,Lapen manje tou lafer.,,Rabbit eat all thing,,,,7795, +53-236,53,Lapen te pa vini.,Lapen\tte\tpa\tvini.,Rabbit\tPST\tNEG\tcome,Rabbit didn't come.,,,1048[406],,naturalistic spoken,Lapen te pa vini.,,Rabbit PST NEG come,,,,7796, +54-125,54,Ni pran sakenn in morso.,Ni\tpran\tsakenn\ten\tmorso.,1PL.FIN\ttake\teach\tINDF\tpiece,We take a piece each.,,,110[15],,naturalistic spoken,Ni pran sakenn in morso.,Ni pran sakenn en morso.,1PL.FIN take each INDF piece,,,,7797,French: Nous prenons chacun un morceau. +54-126,54,"Bin, la fam la parti.","Ben,\tla\tfanm\tla\tparti.",well\tDEF\twoman\tPRF\tleave,"Well, the woman has left.",,,110[13],,naturalistic spoken,"Bin, la fam la parti.","Ben, la fanm la parti.",well DEF woman PRF leave,,,,7798,"French: Bien, la femme est partie." +55-95,55,sa zom la ti tuy so bofrer,sa\tzom\tla\tti\ttuy\tso\tbofrer,that\tman\tthe\tPST\tkill\this\tbrother-in-law,That man killed his brother-in-law.,,,,,constructed by linguist,sa zom la ti tuy so bofrer,,that man the PST kill his brother-in-law,,"Philip Baker, p.c.",,7799, +55-96,55,mo papa roṅfle,mo\tpapa\troṅfle,my\tfather\tsnore,My father snores.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo papa roṅfle,,my father snore,,"Philip Baker, p.c.",,7800, +56-116,56,Lea ti donn Gabriel en mang.,Lea\tti\tdonn\tGabriel\ten\tmang.,Lea\tPST\tgive\tGabriel\ta\tmangue,Lea gave Gabriel a mango.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Lea ti donn Gabriel en mang.,,Lea PST give Gabriel a mangue,,Own knowledge,,7801, +57-58,57,njo le atra nde ndormir,njo\tle\tatra\tnde\tndormir,woman\tSI\tPROG\tPROG\tsleep,The woman is/was sleeping.,,,,,constructed by linguist,njo le atra nde ndormir,,woman SI PROG PROG sleep,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,7802, +58-77,58,Yandi baka mwana nata yandi na nzo.,Yandi\tbaka-Ø\tmwana\tnata-Ø\tyandi\tna\tnzo.,he\ttake-NARR\tchild\ttake-NARR\thim\tCONN\thouse,He took the child and carried him home. OR: He took the child home.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi baka mwana nata yandi na nzo.,Yandi baka-Ø mwana nata-Ø yandi na nzo.,he take-NARR child take-NARR him CONN house,,Own knowledge,,7803, +58-126,58,Muntu mosi ve kwis-aka.,Muntu\tmosi\tve\tkwis-aka.,person\tone\tnot\tcome-PST,Nobody came. OR: Not a single person came.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Muntu mosi ve kwis-aka.,,person one not come-PST,,Own knowledge,,7804, +59-181,59,amelenge aga mingi ahe bia,a-melenge\ta-ga\tmingi\ta-he\tbia,PL-child\tPM-come\tmany\tPM-sing\tsong,Many children came and sang songs.,,,1320[207],,naturalistic spoken,amelenge aga mingi ahe bia,a-melenge a-ga mingi a-he bia,PL-child PM-come many PM-sing song,,,,7805, +59-182,59,akoli ago na peko ti lo,a-koli\ta-gwe\tna\tpeko\tti\tlo,PM-man\tPM-go\tPREP\tback\tof\t3SG,Men courted her.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,akoli ago na peko ti lo,a-koli a-gwe na peko ti lo,PM-man PM-go PREP back of 3SG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,7806, +60-80,60,mobáli abóngísákí kíti,mobáli\ta-bóng-ís-ákí\tkíti,man\t3SG-be.fit-CAUS-PST\tchair,The man repaired the chair.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mobáli abóngísákí kíti,mobáli a-bóng-ís-ákí kíti,man 3SG-be.fit-CAUS-PST chair,,Own knowledge,,7807, +60-81,60,kíti ekwéyákí,kíti\te-kwéy-ákí,chair\t3SG-fall-PST,The chair fell.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,kíti ekwéyákí,kíti e-kwéy-ákí,chair 3SG-fall-PST,,,,7808, +61-59,61,Lo inja yena khala.,Lo\tinja\tyena\tkhal-a.,DEF.ART\tdog\tit\tcry-V,The dog is crying. OR: The dog cries/howls/yelps.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Lo inja yena khala.,Lo inja yena khal-a.,DEF.ART dog it cry-V,,Field notes Mesthrie,,7809, +61-60,61,Lo muntu yena shayile lo inja.,Lo\tmuntu\tyena\tshay-ile\tlo\tinja.,DEF.ART\tman\the\tbeat-PST\tDEF.ART\tdog,The man beat the dog.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Lo muntu yena shayile lo inja.,Lo muntu yena shay-ile lo inja.,DEF.ART man he beat-PST DEF.ART dog,,Field notes Mesthrie,,7810, +62-50,62,vamasáy vétoroká vékuhlahlá?a ngóma kíni,vamasay\tvé-toroka\tvé-ku-hlahla?a\tngoma\tkíni,Masai\t2-jump\t2-COND-dance\tdrum\ttheir,The Masai jump when they dance their dance.,,,,,elicited from speaker,vamasáy vétoroká vékuhlahlá?a ngóma kíni,vamasay vé-toroka vé-ku-hlahla?a ngoma kíni,Masai 2-jump 2-COND-dance drum their,,Own field data 1993,,7811, +62-51,62,lagé áahúti kisha?ú na na?á,lage\té-áa-hu-ti\tkisha?u\tna\tna?a,mother\t3SG-PST-full-CAUS\tcalabash\twith\thoney,The woman filled the calabash with honey.,,,,,elicited from speaker,lagé áahúti kisha?ú na na?á,lage é-áa-hu-ti kisha?u na na?a,mother 3SG-PST-full-CAUS calabash with honey,,Own field data 1993,,7812, +63-114,63,al dugagín dólde g-wónus kiswahíli,al\tdugagín\tdólde\tg-wónus\tkiswahíli,REL\tsmall.PL\tDET\tTAM-speak\tSwahili,The ones who are younger speak Swahili.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,al dugagín dólde g-wónus kiswahíli,,REL small.PL DET TAM-speak Swahili,,Personal data,,7813, +63-115,63,úwo wedí la jídi t-éna láabi ta galamóyo,úwo\twedí\tla\tjídi\tt-éna\tláabi\tta\tgalamóyo,3SG\tgive\tto\tgrandfather\tGEN-my\trope\tGEN\tgoat,He gave my grandfather the goat's rope.,,,857[225],,naturalistic spoken,úwo wedí la jídi t-éna láabi ta galamóyo,,3SG give to grandfather GEN-my rope GEN goat,,,,7814, +64-120,64,iyál dol rabaó ma sistarát,iyál\tdol\trabaó\tma\tsistar-át,children\tDEM.PROX.PL\teducate\PASS\twith\tnun-PL,These children have been educated by nuns.,,Iyál is the P (transitive patient/object).,874[155],,naturalistic spoken,iyál dol rabaó ma sistarát,iyál dol rabaó ma sistar-át,children DEM.PROX.PL educate\PASS with nun-PL,"Iyál is the P (transitive patient/object).",,,7815, +64-121,64,tiyára de agílibu agílibu náfsa to ya badá wága téhet,tiyára\tde\tagílibu~agílibu\tnáfsa\tto\tya\tbadá\twága\ttéhet,airplane\tDEM.PROX\twheel~wheel\tself\tPOSS.3SG\tand\tafter\tfall\tdown,The airplane repeatedly wheeled on itself and then fell down.,,Tiyára is the S (intransitive subject).,874[147],,naturalistic spoken,tiyára de agílibu agílibu náfsa to ya badá wága téhet,tiyára de agílibu~agílibu náfsa to ya badá wága téhet,airplane DEM.PROX wheel~wheel self POSS.3SG and after fall down,"Tiyára is the S (intransitive subject).",,,7816, +64-122,64,ísim de wodí le ana,ísim\tde\twodí\tle\tana,name\tDEM.PROX\tgive\tto\t1SG,I was given this name.,,This is a passive phrase with an -í# verb.,874[155],,naturalistic spoken,ísim de wodí le ana,,name DEM.PROX give to 1SG,This is a passive phrase with an -í# verb.,,,7817, +65-89,65,Adin liudi delaj kuʃi ni magu.,Adin\tliudi\tdelaj\tkuʃi\tni\tmagu.,one\tperson\tmake\teat\tNEG\tcan,One person can not feed [the family].,,The example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,1195[226],,naturalistic spoken,Adin liudi delaj kuʃi ni magu.,,one person make eat NEG can,The example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,,Адин люди делай куши не могу.,7818, +66-66,66,Skulser pintuyang tərətutup.,Skul-ser\tpintu-yang\ttərə-tutup.,school-sir\tdoor-ACC.DEF\tNEG.FIN-close,The teacher did not close the door.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Skulser pintuyang tərətutup.,Skul-ser pintu-yang tərə-tutup.,school-sir door-ACC.DEF NEG.FIN-close,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,7819, +66-67,66,Go lebbepe suarayang adingar.,Go\tlebbe-pe\tsuara-yang\ta-dingar.,1SG\tpriest-POSS\tvoice-ACC\tPRS-hear,I hear the voice of the priest.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Go lebbepe suarayang adingar.,Go lebbe-pe suara-yang a-dingar.,1SG priest-POSS voice-ACC PRS-hear,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,7820, +67-126,67,Diaorang tengok ini gambar.,Diaorang\ttengok\tini\tgambar.,3PL\tlook.at\tDEM\tpicture,They looked at the picture.,,,708[134],,naturalistic spoken,Diaorang tengok ini gambar.,,3PL look.at DEM picture,,,,7821, +67-127,67,Masak mi makan.,Masak\tmi\tmakan.,cook\tnoodle\teat,[I] cook noodles to eat.,,,708[382],,naturalistic spoken,Masak mi makan.,,cook noodle eat,,,,7822, +67-220,67,Orang macam ah cik Taha ah support saya.,Orang\tmacam\tah\tcik\tTaha\tah\tsupport\tsaya.,person\tlike\tTOP\tuncle\tTaha\tTOP\tsupport\t1SG,People like Uncle Taha support me.,,,708[398],,naturalistic spoken,Orang macam ah cik Taha ah support saya.,,person like TOP uncle Taha TOP support 1SG,,,,7823, +68-70,68,Nene Luhu punya kuda itu mati.,Nene\tLuhu\tpunya\tkuda\titu\tmati.,Nene\tLuhu\tPOSS\thorse\tDEM\tdie,Nene Luhu’s horse died.,,,1178[397],,naturalistic spoken,Nene Luhu punya kuda itu mati.,,Nene Luhu POSS horse DEM die,,,,7824, +69-46,69,aykum wanan,aykum\twa-nan,woman\tgo-PST,the woman went,,,,,elicited from speaker,aykum wanan,aykum wa-nan,woman go-PST,,Own field notes 1985,,7825, +70-45,70,Suar bag jao.,Suar\tbag\tjao.,pig\trun.away\tgo,The pig ran away.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Suar bag jao.,,pig run.away go,,Own knowledge,,7826, +71-99,71,"Poakahi ahiahi kela, aole maopopo ka hora ia‘u.","Poakahi\tahiahi\tkela,\taole\tmaopopo\tka\thora\tia‘u.",Monday\tevening\tthat\tNEG\tknow\tDEF\thour\tOBJ.1SG,"That was on Monday evening, I don't recall the hour.",,Maopopo is a neuter verb in Hawaiian; the patient-like subject (unmarked with case morphology) is 'the hour' whereas the agent is a not a core argument marked with the objective/oblique marker (hence the verb is intransitive). The sentence may be paraphrased as 'the hour is not in the state of being known (by me)'.,,,naturalistic written,"Poakahi ahiahi kela, aole maopopo ka hora ia‘u.",,Monday evening that NEG know DEF hour OBJ.1SG,"Maopopo is a neuter verb in Hawaiian; the patient-like subject (unmarked with case morphology) is 'the hour' whereas the agent is a not a core argument marked with the objective/oblique marker (hence the verb is intransitive). The sentence may be paraphrased as 'the hour is not in the state of being known (by me)'.",Own data 1897,,7827, +71-100,71,Elua lumi liilii umi Iapana moemoe maloko.,Elua\tlumi\tliilii\tumi\tIapana\tmoemoe\tmaloko.,two\troom\tlittle\tten\tJapanese\tsleep\tinside,Ten Japanese were sleeping inside two little rooms.,,"This is an example of an intransitive that is not a neuter verb, with an agentive subject.",,,naturalistic written,Elua lumi liilii umi Iapana moemoe maloko.,,two room little ten Japanese sleep inside,"This is an example of an intransitive that is not a neuter verb, with an agentive subject.",Own data 1892,,7828, +72-90,72,Karu teikim Jetlmenjirri keik.,Karu\tteik-im\tJetlmen-jirri\tkeik.,child\ttake-TR\tSettlement-ALL\tcake,The child takes the cake to Settlement (Kalkaringi).,,,920[267],,peer elicitation,Karu teikim Jetlmenjirri keik.,Karu teik-im Jetlmen-jirri keik.,child take-TR Settlement-ALL cake,,,,7829, +73-68,73,yoga lixusmunda binini,yo-ga\tlixus-munda\tbini-ni,I-TOP\tfar-ABL\tcome-1SG,I come from afar.,,,1033[63],,elicited from speaker,yoga lixusmunda binini,yo-ga lixus-munda bini-ni,I-TOP far-ABL come-1SG,,,,7830, +73-69,73,profesoraga no binisha zinchu,profesora-ga\tno\tbini-sha\tzi-n-chu,teacher.F-TOP\tNEG\tcome-1SG.FUT\tsay-3-NEG,The teacher does not want to come.,,'Say' is used here as 'want'.,1038[390],,elicited from speaker,profesoraga no binisha zinchu,profesora-ga no bini-sha zi-n-chu,teacher.F-TOP NEG come-1SG.FUT say-3-NEG,'Say' is used here as 'want'.,,,7831, +74-89,74,man yá́ka hal stik,man\tyá́ka\thal\tstik,man\t3SG\tpull\ttree,The man tows the timber.,,,,,constructed by linguist,man yá́ka hal stik,,man 3SG pull tree,,Own knowledge,,7832, +74-90,74,stik yáka xwim,stik\tyáka\txwim,tree\t3SG\tfall,The tree falls.,,,,,constructed by linguist,stik yáka xwim,,tree 3SG fall,,Own knowledge,,7833, +75-143,75,"La Sandrieuz maatoow, nawachiko sheekishiiw.","La\tSandrieuz\tmaatoo-w,\tnawachiko\tsheekishii-w.",DEF.ART.F.SG\tCinderella\tcry-3SG\tsomewhat\tbe.scared-3SG,"Cinderella was crying, she was a little scared.",,"These are two subsequent intransitive sentences from a narrative. Past is not marked here, but it is translated as past as the event took place in the past. Narrative past is not the common pattern in Michif.",522,,naturalistic spoken,"La Sandrieuz maatoow, nawachiko sheekishiiw.","La Sandrieuz maatoo-w, nawachiko sheekishii-w.",DEF.ART.F.SG Cinderella cry-3SG somewhat be.scared-3SG,"These are two subsequent intransitive sentences from a narrative. Past is not marked here, but it is translated as past as the event took place in the past. Narrative past is not the common pattern in Michif.",,,7834, +75-144,75,Dan li tru Lea kiiaahkweepineew Mari-wa.,Dan\tli\ttru\tLea\tkii-aahkweepin-eew\tMari-wa.,LOC\tART.M.SG\thole\tLea\tPST-push.by.hand-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tMary-OBV,Lea pushed Mary into the hole.,,"The element dan (also daa) is a general locative preposition. Sometimes it is combined with other prepositions, such as uhchi 'from'.",522,,elicited from speaker,Dan li tru Lea kiiaahkweepineew Mari-wa.,Dan li tru Lea kii-aahkweepin-eew Mari-wa.,LOC ART.M.SG hole Lea PST-push.by.hand-3.SBJ.3.OBJ Mary-OBV,"The element dan (also daa) is a general locative preposition. Sometimes it is combined with other prepositions, such as uhchi 'from'.",,,7835, +76-50,76,innuk kaili,innuk\tkaili,man\tcome,There is a man coming.,,,1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,innuk kaili,,man come,,,,7836, +1-141,1,A bossi hem.,A\tbosi\ten.,3SG.SBJ\tkiss\t3SG,S/he kissed him/her. In context: He [Judas] kissed him [Jesus].,,The 3SG transitive subject (A) is a; the 3SG transitive object (P) is en (cf. Example 8).,1355[264],,written,A bossi hem.,A bosi en.,3SG.SBJ kiss 3SG,"The 3SG transitive subject (A) is a; the 3SG transitive object (P) is en (cf. Example 8).",,,7837, +1-142,1,Ju tikri mi.,Yu\ttigri\tmi.,2SG\ttickle\t1SG,You're tickling me.,,"With pronouns other than 3SG, there is no nominative-accusative distinction (cf. Example 37).",1357[182],,written (dictionary),Ju tikri mi.,Yu tigri mi.,2SG tickle 1SG,"With pronouns other than 3SG, there is no nominative-accusative distinction (cf. Example 37).",,,7838,German: Du kützelst mich. [op.cit.] +2-138,2,A kon mangri.,A\tkon\tmangri.,3SG\tcome\tskinny,He’s gotten skinny.,,,1062[23],,naturalistic spoken,A kon mangri.,,3SG come skinny,,,,7839, +2-139,2,Mi e teki en poti ini a pan.,Mi\te\tteki\ten\tpoti\tini\ta\tpan.,1SG\tIPFV\ttake\t3SG\tput\tin\tDET\tpan,I take it and put it in the pan.,,,1062[31],,naturalistic spoken,Mi e teki en poti ini a pan.,,1SG IPFV take 3SG put in DET pan,,,,7840, +2-140,2,En na mi mati.,En\tna\tmi\tmati.,3SG\tCOP\t1SG\tfriend,He’s my friend.,,"The oblique form of the 3rd person singular pronoun is used as the subject in equational sentences, in coordinate NPs, and when followed by intensifier srefi ‘self’.",1062[22],,naturalistic spoken,En na mi mati.,,3SG COP 1SG friend,"The oblique form of the 3rd person singular pronoun is used as the subject in equational sentences, in coordinate NPs, and when followed by intensifier srefi ‘self’.",,,7841, +2-141,2,En nanga trawan kon dya nanga wan bigi sipi.,En\tnanga\ttrawan\tkon\tdya\tnanga\twan\tbigi\tsipi.,3SG\twith\tother.one\tcome\there\twith\tDET\tbig\tship,He and others came here on a big ship.,,"The oblique form of the 3rd person singular pronoun is used as the subject in equational sentences, in coordinate NPs, and when followed by intensifier srefi ‘self’.",1062[38],,naturalistic spoken,En nanga trawan kon dya nanga wan bigi sipi.,,3SG with other.one come here with DET big ship,"The oblique form of the 3rd person singular pronoun is used as the subject in equational sentences, in coordinate NPs, and when followed by intensifier srefi ‘self’.",,,7842, +2-142,2,Kande en srefi e kon na foto bori na agu gi mi.,Kande\ten\tsrefi\te\tkon\tna\tfoto\tbori\tna\tagu\tgi\tmi.,perhaps\t3SG\tself\tIPFV\tcome\tLOC\tcity\tcook\tDET\tpig\tfor\tme,Perhaps he himself comes to the city to cook the pig for me.,,"The oblique form of the 3rd person singular pronoun is used as the subject in equational sentences, in coordinate NPs, and when followed by intensifier srefi ‘self’.",1062[47],,naturalistic spoken,Kande en srefi e kon na foto bori na agu gi mi.,,perhaps 3SG self IPFV come LOC city cook DET pig for me,"The oblique form of the 3rd person singular pronoun is used as the subject in equational sentences, in coordinate NPs, and when followed by intensifier srefi ‘self’.",,,7843, +3-71,3,A náki èn/*a.,A\tnáki\tèn/*a.,3SG\thit\t3SG.PRO/3SG.CLIT,He hit him/her.,,The subject pronoun a is a clitic.,,,elicited from speaker,A náki èn/*a.,,3SG hit 3SG.PRO/3SG.CLIT,"The subject pronoun a is a clitic.",Fieldwork data,,7844, +4-99,4,Mi o naki i.,Mi\to\tnaki\ti.,I\twill\thit\tyou,I'll hit you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi o naki i.,,I will hit you,,Own observation,,7845, +4-100,4,i ná o go!,i\tná\to\tgo!,you\tNEG\tFUT\tgo,You won't go!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,i ná o go!,,you NEG FUT go,,Own observation,,7846, +4-101,4,A pay den sani gi mi.,A\tpay\tden\tsani\tgi\tmi.,he\tpay\tDET.PL\tthing\tgive\tme,He bought the things for me.,,,568[136],,naturalistic spoken,A pay den sani gi mi.,,he pay DET.PL thing give me,,,,7847, +4-102,4,Mi soli en a buku a osu.,Mi\tsoli\ten\ta\tbuku\ta\tosu.,I\tshow\thim\tDET.SG\tbook\tLOC\thouse,I showed him the book at home.,,,568[136],,elicited from speaker,Mi soli en a buku a osu.,,I show him DET.SG book LOC house,,,,7848, +6-62,6,Shi giv hi de book.,Shi\tgiv\thi\tde\tbook.,3SG\tgive\t3SG.DO\tDET\tbook,She gave him the book.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Shi giv hi de book.,,3SG give 3SG.DO DET book,,Informant,,7849, +7-148,7,I/Hi/Shi tel mi so.,I/Hi/Shi\ttel\tmi\tso.,3N/3M/3F\ttell\t1SG\tso,He/She told me that.,,,1244[86],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I/Hi/Shi tel mi so.,,3N/3M/3F tell 1SG so,,,,7850, +7-149,7,Mi tel uhm/hi/shi so.,Mi\ttel\tuhm/hi/shi\tso.,1SG\ttell\t3.OBJ/3M/3F\tso,I told him/her that.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi tel uhm/hi/shi so.,,1SG tell 3.OBJ/3M/3F so,,Own knowledge,,7851, +8-91,8,Im kot di pitieta.,Im\tkot\tdi\tpitieta.,3SG\tcut\tDET\tpotato,He cut the potato.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Im kot di pitieta.,,3SG cut DET potato,,Own knowledge,,7852, +8-92,8,Im ded.,Im\tded.,3SG\tdead,He is dead.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Im ded.,,3SG dead,,Own knowledge,,7853, +8-93,8,Di daag bait mi.,Di\tdaag\tbait\tmi.,DET\tdog\tbite\t1SG,The dog bit me.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di daag bait mi.,,DET dog bite 1SG,,Own knowledge,,7854, +9-118,9,I gaan Belize.,I\tgaan\tBelize.,3SG\tgone\tBelize,He/she went to Belize.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,I gaan Belize.,,3SG gone Belize,,,,7855, +9-119,9,Wɛ im wok dɛ naw?,Wɛ\tim\twok\tdɛ\tnaw?,where\t3SG\twork\tLOC\tnow,Where does he work now?,,,445[537],,naturalistic spoken,Wɛ im wok dɛ naw?,,where 3SG work LOC now,,,,7856, +9-120,9,If da wan big wan i iva ina di bow wid im dɛ.,If\tda\twan\tbig\twan\ti\tiva\tina\tdi\tbow\twid\tim\tdɛ.,if\tTOP\ta\tbig\tone\the\theave\tin\tthe\tbow\twith\thim\tthere,"If it is a big one (i.e. a fish), he pulled it into the bow with him.",,,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,If da wan big wan i iva ina di bow wid im dɛ.,,if TOP a big one he heave in the bow with him there,,,,7857, +9-121,9,If dey kloz op layk dat dey hav tu smɛl rɛŋk.,If\tdey\tkloz\top\tlayk\tdat\tdey\thav\ttu\tsmɛl\trɛŋk.,if\tthey\tclose\tup\tlike\tthat\tthey\thave\tto\tsmell\trank,"If they stay closed, they must smell bad.",,,429,,naturalistic spoken,"If dey kloz op layk dat dey hav tu smɛl rɛŋk.",,if they close up like that they have to smell rank,,,,7858, +9-122,9,Tɛl ʃi dat.,Tɛl\tʃi\tdat.,tell\tshe\tthat,Tell her that .,,"This construction occurs, but rarely.",,,naturalistic spoken,Tɛl ʃi dat.,,tell she that,"This construction occurs, but rarely.",Own data 1980,,7859, +10-136,10,So ihn beg im.,So\tihn\tbeg\tim.,so\t3SG.SBJ\tbeg\t3SG.OBJ,So he begged him.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,So ihn beg im.,,so 3SG.SBJ beg 3SG.OBJ,,Unpublished field recordings,,7860, +10-137,10,So ihn stan op de fi a lang taim.,So\tihn\tstan\top\tde\tfi\ta\tlang\ttaim.,so\t3SG.SBJ\tstand\tup\tDEM\tfor\tART.INDF\tlong\ttime,So he stood there for a long time.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,So ihn stan op de fi a lang taim.,,so 3SG.SBJ stand up DEM for ART.INDF long time,,Unpublished field recordings,,7861, +11-183,11,Yu gwain giv mi a Nansi stuori.,Yu\tgwain\tgiv\tmi\ta\tNansi\tstuori.,2SG\tFUT\tgive\t1SG\tART.INDF\tAnansi\tstory,You'll tell me an Anansi story.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Yu gwain giv mi a Nansi stuori.,,2SG FUT give 1SG ART.INDF Anansi story,,,,7862, +11-184,11,Ai stie die roun fuo an a haaf yierz.,Ai\tstie\tdie\troun\tfuo\tan\ta\thaaf\tyier-z.,1SG\tstay\tDEM.LOC\taround\tfour\tand\ta\thalf\tyear-PL,I stayed there for about four and a half years.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai stie die roun fuo an a haaf yierz.,Ai stie die roun fuo an a haaf yier-z.,1SG stay DEM.LOC around four and a half year-PL,,,,7863, +11-185,11,Ih no moles wi.,Ih\tno\tmoles\twi.,3SG.N\tNEG\tmolest\t1PL,It doesn't bother us.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ih no moles wi.,,3SG.N NEG molest 1PL,,,,7864, +11-186,11,Wi suun don.,Wi\tsuun\tdon.,1PL\tsoon\tdone,We're soon done.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wi suun don.,,1PL soon done,,,,7865, +12-142,12,"Oh, the asue? OK, like - we in the asue with the teachers, right.",[...]\twe\tin\tthe\tasue\t[...],[...]\tS\tin\tthe\tasue\t[...],"[...] we’re in the asue (informal savings club of African origin) with the teachers, right.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Oh, the asue? OK, like - we in the asue with the teachers, right.","[...] we in the asue [...]",[...] S in the asue [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7866, +12-143,12,Anybody coulda - scold we and beat we for doing wrong.,Anybody coulda - scold we and beat we [...].,anybody MOD.AUX   scold 1PL and beat 1PL [...],Anybody could have scolded and beat us [for doing something wrong].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Anybody coulda - scold we and beat we for doing wrong.","Anybody coulda - scold we and beat we [...].",anybody MOD.AUX scold 1PL and beat 1PL [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7867, +12-144,12,So - uh - my mum - my grammy - she raise us to the Out Island.,[...]\tshe\traise\tus\tto\tthe\tOut\tIsland.,[...]\t3SG\traise\t1PL\tto\tthe\tOut\tIsland,[...] she brought us up on an Out Island.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"So - uh - my mum - my grammy - she raise us to the Out Island.","[...] she raise us to the Out Island.",[...] 3SG raise 1PL to the Out Island,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,7868, +13-111,13,Ee beat me.,Ee\tbeat\tme.,3SG.SBJ\tbeat\t1SG.OBJ,He beat me.,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,Ee beat me.,,3SG.SBJ beat 1SG.OBJ,,,,7869, +13-112,13,I get home.,I\tget\thome.,1SG\tget\thome,I get home.,,,1500[266],,naturalistic spoken,I get home.,,1SG get home,,,,7870, +13-113,13,I cook um and eat um.,I\tcook\tum\tand\teat\tum.,1SG.SBJ\tcook\t3.OBJ\tCONJ\teat\t3.OBJ,I cook it and eat it.,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,I cook um and eat um.,,1SG.SBJ cook 3.OBJ CONJ eat 3.OBJ,,,,7871, +13-114,13,It is starvation dere.,It\tis\tstarvation\tdere.,3SG.SBJ\tis\tstarvation\tthere,There is starvation there.,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,It is starvation dere.,,3SG.SBJ is starvation there,,,,7872, +14-75,14,He/She/They went to the store.,He/She/They\twent\tto\tthe\tstore.,3SG.M/3SG.F/3PL\tgo\PST\tto\tthe\tstore,He/She/They went to the store.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He/She/They went to the store.,,3SG.M/3SG.F/3PL go\PST to the store,,Own knowledge,,7873, +14-76,14,She saw him/her/them.,She\tsaw\thim/her/them.,she\tsee\PST\t3SG.OBJ.M/3SG.OBJ.F/3PL.OBJ,She saw him/her/them.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She saw him/her/them.,,she see\PST 3SG.OBJ.M/3SG.OBJ.F/3PL.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,7874, +15-84,15,a si am,a\tsi\tam,1SG\tsee\t3SG,I saw him/her/it.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a si am,,1SG see 3SG,,Own knowledge,,7875, +15-85,15,i di krai,i\tdi\tkrai,3SG\tPROG\tcry,He/She/It is crying.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,i di krai,,3SG PROG cry,,Own knowledge,,7876, +16-78,16,dè hɛlp ɛ̀s,dè\thɛlp\tɛ̀s,3PL\thelp\t1PL.OBJ,They helped us.,,This is a transitive sentence.,656[181],,naturalistic spoken,dè hɛlp ɛ̀s,,3PL help 1PL.OBJ,This is a transitive sentence.,,,7877, +17-91,17,À slip.,À\tslip.,1SG.SBJ\tsleep,I slept.,,,,,constructed by linguist,À slip.,,1SG.SBJ sleep,,Own knowledge,,7878, +17-92,17,À si-am.,À\tsi-am.,1SG.SBJ\tsee-3SG.OBJ,I saw him/her.,,,,,constructed by linguist,À si-am.,,1SG.SBJ see-3SG.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,7879, +17-93,17,Ìm si mì.,Ìm\tsi\tmì.,3SG.SBJ\tsee\t1SG.OBJ,S/he saw me.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ìm si mì.,,3SG.SBJ see 1SG.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,7880, +18-82,18,A slip.,A\tslip.,1SG.SBJ\tsleep,I slept.,,,,,constructed by linguist,A slip.,,1SG.SBJ sleep,,Own knowledge,,7881, +18-83,18,I bin go fo Bamenda.,I\tbin\tgo\tfo\tBamenda.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo\tfor\tBamenda,He/She went to Bamenda.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,I bin go fo Bamenda.,,3SG.SBJ PST go for Bamenda,,,,7882, +19-109,19,Dɛ̀n brokàn.,Dɛ̀n\tbrok=àn.,3PL\tbreak=3SG.OBJ,They broke it.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dɛ̀n brokàn.","Dɛ̀n brok=àn.",3PL break=3SG.OBJ,,Field data,,7883, +19-110,19,È brok.,È\tbrok.,3SG.SBJ\tbreak,It broke. / It's broken.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"È brok.",,3SG.SBJ break,,Field data,,7884, +20-72,20,He long he makee partner.,He\tlong\the\tmakee\tpartner.,3SG\tCOM\t3SG\tmake\tpartner,He joins him in partnership.,,,1489[IV.69],,naturalistic written,He long he makee partner.,,3SG COM 3SG make partner,,,希郎希米其拍拿,7885, +20-73,20,My hap promisee he.,My\thap\tpromisee\the.,1SG\tPFV\tpromise\t3SG,I have promised him.,,,1489[IV.75],,naturalistic written,My hap promisee he.,,1SG PFV promise 3SG,,,米合舖勞未士希,7886, +20-74,20,I thinkee he no got.,I\tthinkee\the\tno\tgot.,1SG\tthink\t3SG\tNEG\texist,I think he is not there.,,,1489[VI.70],,naturalistic written,I thinkee he no got.,,1SG think 3SG NEG exist,,,挨丁其希糯吉,7887, +21-79,21,He buys him a book; He runs.,He\tbuy-s\thim\ta\tbook;\tHe\trun-s.,3SG\tbuy-3SG\t3SG.P\tDET\tbook\t3SG\trun-3SG,He buys him a book. He runs.,,,,,constructed by linguist,He buys him a book; He runs.,He buy-s him a book; He run-s.,3SG buy-3SG 3SG.P DET book 3SG run-3SG,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,7888, +22-106,22,Em paitim em nogut tru.,Em\tpait-im\tem\tnogut\ttru.,3SG.SBJ\thit-TR\t3SG.OBJ\tINTENS\tINTENS,He hit him very hard.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em paitim em nogut tru.,Em pait-im em nogut tru.,3SG.SBJ hit-TR 3SG.OBJ INTENS INTENS,,Own knowledge,,7889, +22-107,22,Em i kam lo Kainantu.,Em\ti\tkam\tlo\tKainantu.,3SG\tPM\tcome\tPREP\tKainantu,He came to Kainantu.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em i kam lo Kainantu.,,3SG PM come PREP Kainantu,,Own knowledge,,7890, +23-99,23,mifala i no putum yet,mifala\ti\tno\tputum\tyet,1PL.EXCL\tAGR\tNEG\tput\tyet,We haven't put [it up] yet. [in reference to a Christmas tree.],,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"mifala i no putum yet",,1PL.EXCL AGR NEG put yet,,,,7891, +23-100,23,bae oli tokabaot mifala from ia,bae\toli\ttokabaot\tmifala\tfrom\tia,IRR\tAGR\ttalk.about\t1PL.EXCL\tbecause\tDEF,They would say bad things about us because of it.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,bae oli tokabaot mifala from ia,,IRR AGR talk.about 1PL.EXCL because DEF,,,,7892, +24-113,24,Ai (se) fatu.,Ai\t(se)\tfatu.,1SG.SBJ\t(COMPL)\texhausted,I am exhausted.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai (se) fatu.,,1SG.SBJ (COMPL) exhausted,,Own fieldwork,,7893, +24-114,24,I chasen one cow.,I\tchasen\tone\tcow.,1SG.SBJ\tchase.CONT\tDET.INDF.SG\tcow,I am chasing / was chasing a cow.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I chasen one cow.,,1SG.SBJ chase.CONT DET.INDF.SG cow,,Own fieldwork,,7894, +25-251,25,Then from theya ai bin go la wot this pleis.,Then\tfrom\ttheya\tai\tbin\tgo\tla\twot\tthis\tpleis.,then\tfrom\tthere\t1SG\tPST\tgo\tLOC\twhat\tPROX\tplace,Then from there I went to what’s this place.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a motion expression with source and goal specified, and the specific 1st person subject pronoun ai.",,,naturalistic spoken,Then from theya ai bin go la wot this pleis.,,then from there 1SG PST go LOC what PROX place,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a motion expression with source and goal specified, and the specific 1st person subject pronoun ai.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,7895, +25-252,25,"Mi olgaman na, yu nomo helb mi.","Mi\tolgaman\tna,\tyu\tnomo\thelb\tmi.",1SG\told.woman\tnow\t2SG\tNEG\thelp\t1SG,"I'm an old woman now, [and still] you don't help me.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a predicative noun phrase in a nonverbal clause.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Mi olgaman na, yu nomo helb mi.",,1SG old.woman now 2SG NEG help 1SG,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a predicative noun phrase in a nonverbal clause.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,7896, +25-253,25,Ai bin telim yu thei bin fraiten.,Ai\tbin\ttel-im\tyu\tthei\tbin\tfraiten.,1SG\tPST\ttell-TR\t2SG\t3PL\tPST\tfrightened,"I (just) told you, they were frightened.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates verb of speech telim an indirect speech complement.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Ai bin telim yu thei bin fraiten.,Ai bin tel-im yu thei bin fraiten.,1SG PST tell-TR 2SG 3PL PST frightened,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates verb of speech telim an indirect speech complement.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,7897, +25-254,25,Yu teikim mindubala.,Yu\tteik-im\tmindubala.,2SG\ttake-TR\t1DU.EXCL,You take the two of us.,,"Variety: Victoria River, older generation. The example illustrates the 1st person dual exclusive pronoun mindubala.",,,naturalistic spoken,Yu teikim mindubala.,Yu teik-im mindubala.,2SG take-TR 1DU.EXCL,"Variety: Victoria River, older generation. The example illustrates the 1st person dual exclusive pronoun mindubala.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,7898, +25-255,25,"Mindubala bin laitim, kilim.","Mindubala\tbin\tlait-im,\tkil-im.",1DU.EXCL\tPST\tlight-TR\tkill-TR,We two burned it (and thereby) killed it. (Referring to a centipede),,"Variety: Victoria River, older generation. The example illustrates the 1st person dual exclusive pronoun mindubala.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Mindubala bin laitim, kilim.","Mindubala bin lait-im, kil-im.",1DU.EXCL PST light-TR kill-TR,"Variety: Victoria River, older generation. The example illustrates the 1st person dual exclusive pronoun mindubala.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,7899, +26-70,26,hi ʤɛs wɛn dig aʊt,hi\tʤɛs\twɛn\tdig\taʊt,3SG\tjust\tPST.PFV\trun\tout,He just ran away.,,,1545[169],,naturalistic spoken,hi ʤɛs wɛn dig aʊt,,3SG just PST.PFV run out,,,,7900, +26-71,26,a kan a min aplif him,a\tkan\ta\tmin\taplif\thim,1SG\tkind\tof\tmean\tuplift\t3SG.OBL,I kind of meant to uplift him.,,,1545[53],,naturalistic spoken,a kan a min aplif him,,1SG kind of mean uplift 3SG.OBL,,,,7901, +27-73,27,Am a maro.,Am\ta\tmaro.,3SG\tPST\tflee,He fled.,,,355[16],,naturalistic spoken,Am a maro.,,3SG PST flee,,,,7902, +27-74,27,Am lō lō mata am.,Am\tlō\tlō\tmata\tam.,3SG\tFUT\tgo\tkill\t3SG,He was going to kill him. OR: He wanted to kill him.,,Van Rossem & van der Voort (1996) give the translation 'He wanted to kill him'.,355[16],,naturalistic spoken,Am lō lō mata am.,,3SG FUT go kill 3SG,Van Rossem & van der Voort (1996) give the translation 'He wanted to kill him'.,,,7903, +28-104,28,pabadi self kan mjo arum ababaka,pabadi\tselfu\tkan\tmja\to\tarum\tababa\tka,God\tself\tcan\tmake\t3SG\tpoor\tanymore\tNEG,Even God himself cannot make him poor anymore.,,,737[187],,naturalistic spoken,"pabadi self kan mjo arum ababaka",pabadi selfu kan mja o arum ababa ka,God self can make 3SG poor anymore NEG,,,,7904, +29-112,29,Piet het (vir) hom gesien. — Piet het (?vir) hom nie gesien nie. — Piet het nie vir hom gesien nie.,Piet het (vir) hom gesien. — Piet het (?vir) hom nie gesien nie. — Piet het nie vir hom gesien nie.,Pete PST (for) 3SG.M.OBL seen   Pete PST (for) 3SG.M.OBL not seen NEG   Pete PST not for 3SG.M.OBL seen NEG,Pete saw him. — Pete did not see him. — Pete did not see him.,,"Where vir is present, the object is most naturally placed after the negator, although it is possible to place the vir NP in front of the negator where one wishes to focus specifically on the patient, i.e. Piet het vir HOM nie gesien nie is natural.",,,naturalistic spoken,Piet het (vir) hom gesien. — Piet het (?vir) hom nie gesien nie. — Piet het nie vir hom gesien nie.,,Pete PST (for) 3SG.M.OBL seen Pete PST (for) 3SG.M.OBL not seen NEG Pete PST not for 3SG.M.OBL seen NEG,"Where vir is present, the object is most naturally placed after the negator, although it is possible to place the vir NP in front of the negator where one wishes to focus specifically on the patient, i.e. Piet het vir HOM nie gesien nie is natural.",Own knowledge,,7905, +29-113,29,Piet het (vir) ons gesien. — Piet het (?vir) ons nie gesien nie. — Piet het nie vir ons gesien nie.,Piet\thet\t(vir)\tons\tgesien.\t—\tPiet\thet\t(?vir)\tons\tnie\tgesien\tnie.\t—\tPiet\thet\tnie\tvir\tons\tgesien\tnie.,Peter\tPST\t(for/to)\tus\tseen\t—\tPeter\tPST\t(?for/?to)\tus\tnot\tseen\tnot\t—\tPeter\tPST\tnot\tfor/to\tus\tseen\tnot,Peter saw us. — Peter did not see us. — Peter did not see us.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Piet het (vir) ons gesien. — Piet het (?vir) ons nie gesien nie. — Piet het nie vir ons gesien nie.,,Peter PST (for/to) us seen — Peter PST (?for/?to) us not seen not — Peter PST not for/to us seen not,,Own knowledge,,7906, +30-128,30,Es konxe-m. / N konxe-s. / Es ben. / N ben.,Es=konxe=m./\tN=konxe=s./\tEs=ben./\tN=ben.,3PL=know=1SG\t1SG=know=3PL\t3PL=come\t1SG=come,They know me./ I know them./ They came./ I came.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Es konxe-m. / N konxe-s. / Es ben. / N ben.",Es=konxe=m./ N=konxe=s./ Es=ben./ N=ben.,3PL=know=1SG 1SG=know=3PL 3PL=come 1SG=come,,,,7907, +30-129,30,[...] N ta prifiri ántis pa el móre. / E labánta mo p'el da María bafatáda. / [...] gosi algen ta odja-l sénpri ku un gafáfa di bibida báxu-l brásu.,[...] N=ta=prifiri ántis pa=el=móre. / E=labánta mo p=el=da María bafatáda. / [...] gosi algen ta=odja=l sénpri ku=un=gafáfa di=bibida báxu=l brásu.,[...] 1SG=IPFV=prefer rather for=3SG=die   3SG=raise hand for=3SG=give Mary slap   [...] now somebody IPFV=see=3SG always with=ART.INDF=bottle of=drink under=of arm,[...] I prefer for him to die./ He raised the hand to slap Mary./ [...] now he is always seen with a bottle of alcohol under his arm.,,,"784[s.v. boronsera, bafatáda, alkóliku]",,naturalistic spoken,"[...] N ta prifiri ántis pa el móre. / E labánta mo p'el da María bafatáda. / [...] gosi algen ta odja-l sénpri ku un gafáfa di bibida báxu-l brásu.",[...] N=ta=prifiri ántis pa=el=móre. / E=labánta mo p=el=da María bafatáda. / [...] gosi algen ta=odja=l sénpri ku=un=gafáfa di=bibida báxu=l brásu.,[...] 1SG=IPFV=prefer rather for=3SG=die 3SG=raise hand for=3SG=give Mary slap [...] now somebody IPFV=see=3SG always with=ART.INDF=bottle of=drink under=of arm,,,,7908,"German: [...] ich ziehe vor, dass er stirbt. / Er erhob die Hand, um Maria eine Ohrfeige zu geben. / [...] jetzt sieht man ihn immer mit einer Flasche mit einem [alkoholischen] Getränk unter dem Arm." +31-113,31,Nha dona toma-m di dizaseti anu. vs. N toma Pedru di dizaseti anu.,Nha\tdona\ttoma-m\tdi\tdizaseti\tanu.\tvs.\tN\ttoma\tPedru\tdi\tdizaseti\tanu.,my\tgrandmother\ttook-me\tof\tseventeen\tyear\tvs.\tI\ttake\tPedru\tof\tseventeen\tyear,My grandmother raised me from the age of seventeen on. vs. I raised Pedru from the age of seventeen.,,,839,,naturalistic spoken,"Nha dona toma-m di dizaseti anu. vs. N toma Pedru di dizaseti anu.",,my grandmother took-me of seventeen year vs. I take Pedru of seventeen year,,,,7909, +31-114,31,N panha-l d’idadi dja. vs. El panha katxor.,N\tpanha-l\td’idadi\tdja.\tvs.\tEl\tpanha\tkatxor.,I\ttake-her\tof.age\talready\tvs.\the\ttook\tdog,I took her when she was already old. vs. He took the dog.,,,880,,naturalistic spoken,"N panha-l d’idadi dja. vs. El panha katxor.",,I take-her of.age already vs. he took dog,,,,7910, +32-90,32,N oió-b.,N\toió-b.,1SG\tsee-2SG,I saw you.,,,1456,,constructed by linguist,"N oió-b.",,1SG see-2SG,,,,7911,Portuguese: Vi-te. +32-91,32,Bo kansá.,Bo\tkansá.,2SG\tget.tired,You got tired.,,,1456,,constructed by native speaker,"Bo kansá.",,2SG get.tired,,,,7912,Portuguese: Cansaste-te. +33-121,33,E odja elis.,E\todja\telis.,3PL\tsee\t3PL,They saw them.,,The non-emphatic subject pronoun e 'they' differs in case marking from the non-emphatic object pronoun elis 'them'.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,E odja elis.,,3PL see 3PL,"The non-emphatic subject pronoun e 'they' differs in case marking from the non-emphatic object pronoun elis 'them'.",Own knowledge,,7913,Portuguese: Eles viram-nos. +33-122,33,I bofetyadu.,I\tbofetya-du.,3SG\tslap-PASS,She was slapped.,,"The subjects of verbs passivized with the sufix -du are patients, not agents.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I bofetyadu.,I bofetya-du.,3SG slap-PASS,"The subjects of verbs passivized with the sufix -du are patients, not agents.",Own knowledge,,7914,Portuguese: Ela foi bofeteada. OR: Ela levou uma bofetada. +34-89,34,I perdé na matu.,I\tø\tperdé\tna\tmatu.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tget.lost\tin\tforest,He got lost in the forest.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I perdé na matu.","I ø perdé na matu.",3SG.SBJ PFV get.lost in forest,,Own knowledge,,7915, +34-90,34,I kumé-l fep.,I\tø\tkumé-l\tfep.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\teat-3SG.OBJ\tcompletely,He ate it all.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I kumé-l fep.","I ø kumé-l fep.",3SG.SBJ PFV eat-3SG.OBJ completely,,Own knowledge,,7916, +35-133,35,Nansê kume pixi.,Nansê\tkume\tpixi.,2PL\teat\tfish,You ate fish.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Nansê kume pixi.,,2PL eat fish,,Own knowledge,,7917, +35-134,35,Lyon ka kume nansê.,Lyon\tka\tkume\tnansê.,lion\tIPFV\teat\t2PL,The lion will eat you.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Lyon ka kume nansê.,,lion IPFV eat 2PL,,Own knowledge,,7918, +35-135,35,Nansê kyê.,Nansê\tkyê.,2PL\tfall,You fell.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Nansê kyê.,,2PL fall,,Own knowledge,,7919, +36-78,36,No tambu le [...].,No\ttambu\tle\t[...].,we\ttake\tit\t[...],We took it [...].,,,901[183],,naturalistic spoken,No tambu le [...].,,we take it [...],,,,7920,French: Nous avons tout pris [...]. +37-98,37,N vê li.,N\tvê\tli.,1SG\tsee\t3SG,I saw her.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"N vê li.",,1SG see 3SG,,Own knowledge,,7921, +37-99,37,Ê kume.,Ê\tkume.,3SG\teat,He ate.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ê kume.",,3SG eat,,Own knowledge,,7922, +38-110,38,Am sxanda.,Amu\tsxa\tnda.,1SG\tPROG\twalk,I am walking. OR: I walk.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Am sxanda.,Amu sxa nda.,1SG PROG walk,,Own fieldwork 1990,,7923, +38-111,38,Am fa bo xosai.,Amu\tfa\tbo\txo-sai.,1SG\tspeak\t2SG\tthing-DEM,I tell you this.,,,1236[201],,naturalistic spoken,Am fa bo xosai.,Amu fa bo xo-sai.,1SG speak 2SG thing-DEM,,,,7924, +38-112,38,Namse xa da mu.,Namisedyi\txa\tda\t(a)mu.,2PL\tEVID\tgive\t1SG,You give it to me.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Namse xa da mu.,Namisedyi xa da (a)mu.,2PL EVID give 1SG,,Own fieldwork 1990,,7925, +39-115,39,Yo nã sab.,Yo\tnã\tsab.,1SG\tNEG\tknow.NPST,I don't know.,,,221[193],,naturalistic spoken,Yo nã sab.,,1SG NEG know.NPST,,,,7926, +39-116,39,El mem atəro a el.,El\tmem\tatər-o\ta\tel.,3SG\tEMPH\tpush-PST\tACC\t3SG,HE pushed him.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question. + +The capitals in the translation intend to signal the location of focus; in this sentence, focus is attributed to the actor through the use of the emphatic particle (mem).",221[194],,naturalistic spoken,El mem atəro a el.,El mem atər-o a el.,3SG EMPH push-PST ACC 3SG,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question. + +The capitals in the translation intend to signal the location of focus; in this sentence, focus is attributed to the actor through the use of the emphatic particle (mem).",,,7927, +40-79,40,el tɛ papyan [...],el\ttɛ\tpapyan\t[...],3SG\tPRS\tscold.PROG\t[...],S/he is scolding [...].,,,,,constructed by linguist,el tɛ papyan [...],,3SG PRS scold.PROG [...],,Own knowledge,,7928, +40-80,40,El pel mar loṭu.,El\tpel\tmar\tloṭu.,3SG\tOBJ.3SG\tsea\tpush,S/he pushed him/her into the sea.,,"The verb loṭu is a member of the 4th conjugation in Korlai. Verbs in this conjugation class are not overtly marked for PST. Thus, the base form of the verb can be used as an imperative form or a past form.",,,constructed by linguist,El pel mar loṭu.,,3SG OBJ.3SG sea push,"The verb loṭu is a member of the 4th conjugation in Korlai. Verbs in this conjugation class are not overtly marked for PST. Thus, the base form of the verb can be used as an imperative form or a past form.",Own knowledge,,7929, +42-105,42,yo ja kantá,yo\tja\tkantá,1SG\tPFV\tsing,I sang.,,,,,elicited from speaker,yo ja kantá,,1SG PFV sing,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,7930, +43-72,43,[...] ki lo tara kung eo na esta lugar kantu eo dja more.,[...]\tki\tlo\ttara\tkung\teo\tna\testa\tlugar\tkantu\teo\tdja\tmore.,[...]\tthat\tFUT\tbury\tOBJ\t1SG\tin\tthis\tplace\twhen\tI\tPFV\tdie,[…] that you will bury me in this place when I die.,,This example contains P (tara kung eo) as well as S (eo dja more).,906[58],,pedagogical grammar,"[...] ki lo tara kung eo na esta lugar kantu eo dja more.",,[...] that FUT bury OBJ 1SG in this place when I PFV die,"This example contains P (tara kung eo) as well as S (eo dja more).",,,7931, +43-73,43,[...] eo lo dali per bose.,[...]\teo\tlo\tdali\tper\tbose.,[...]\tI\tFUT\tbeat\tOBJ\t2SG,[...] I will beat you.,,,906[76],,pedagogical grammar,"[...] eo lo dali per bose.",,[...] I FUT beat OBJ 2SG,,,,7932, +44-112,44,Ya bolbé éli.,Ya\tbolbé\téli.,PFV\treturn\t3SG,(S)he came back.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya bolbé éli.,,PFV return 3SG,,Own data,,7933, +44-113,44,Ya riganyá mótru kon éli.,Ya\triganyá\tmótru\tkon\téli.,PFV\tscold\t1SG\tOBJ\t3SG,We scolded her.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya riganyá mótru kon éli.,,PFV scold 1SG OBJ 3SG,,Own data,,7934, +45-96,45,Ya examina con ele el doctor.,Ya\texamina\tcon\tele\tel\tdoctor.,PFV\texamine\tOBJ\t3SG\tDEF\tdoctor,The doctor examined her/him.,,,835[74],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ya examina con ele el doctor.,,PFV examine OBJ 3SG DEF doctor,,,,7935, +45-97,45,Ya muri ele.,Ya\tmuri\tele.,PFV\tdie\t3SG,He died.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya muri ele.,,PFV die 3SG,,"Librada Llamado, p.c.",,7936, +46-116,46,Ya-mirá yo kunéle.,Ya-mirá\tyo\tkunéle.,PRF-see\t1SG\tOBJ.s/he,I saw him/her.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ya-mirá yo kunéle.,,PRF-see 1SG OBJ.s/he,,Own knowledge,,7937, +47-120,47,Mi kièr pa bo dunami bèk mi buki.,Mi\tkièr\tpa\tbo\tduna\tmi\tbèk\tmi\tbuki.,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tgive\t1SG\tback\t1SG\tbook,I want you to give me back my book.,,,151[66],,published source,Mi kièr pa bo dunami bèk mi buki.,Mi kièr pa bo duna mi bèk mi buki.,1SG want COMP 2SG give 1SG back 1SG book,,,,7938, +47-121,47,Mi ta dunabu pan.,Mi\tta\tduna\tbu\tpan.,1SG\tTNS\tgive\t2SG\tbread,I give you bread.,,,1297[89],,published source,Mi ta dunabu pan.,Mi ta duna bu pan.,1SG TNS give 2SG bread,,,,7939, +48-114,48,I kelé toká-lo.,I\tkelé\ttoká-lo.,I\twant\ttouch-it,I want to touch it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I kelé toká-lo.",,I want touch-it,,Recorded by author,,7940,Spanish: Quiero tocarlo. +48-115,48,Hende asé-o punta [...].,Hende\tasé-o\tpunta\t[...].,people\tmake-it\tpoint\t[...],One makes (it) a point [...].,,"Note that here lo is shortened to -o (a fairly common practice, as correctly observed by Patiño Rosselli (1983)).","353[164, ex. d]",,naturalistic spoken,"Hende asé-o punta [...].",,people make-it point [...],"Note that here lo is shortened to -o (a fairly common practice, as correctly observed by Patiño Rosselli (1983)).",,,7941,Spanish: Se le hace una punta [...]. +48-116,48,¿Bo a komblá ele?,¿Bo\ta\tkomblá\tele?,you\tPST\tbuy\tit,Did you buy it?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¿Bo a komblá ele?,,you PST buy it,,Recorded by author,,7942,Spanish: ¿Lo compraste? +48-117,48,Ele kelé ablá-mi too e día.,Ele\tkelé\tablá-mi\ttoo\te\tdía.,he/she\twant\ttalk-me\tall\tDET\tday,He/she wants to talk to me all day long.,,"Note that here ablá-mi is the only option, that is, it could not be expressed by ablá-yo using the subject yo [1SG].",,,naturalistic spoken,Ele kelé ablá-mi too e día.,,he/she want talk-me all DET day,"Note that here ablá-mi is the only option, that is, it could not be expressed by ablá-yo using the subject yo [1SG].",Recorded by author,,7943,Spanish: Él/ella quiere hablarme todo el día. +49-169,49,Li pèmèt li antre.,Li\tpèmèt\tli\tantre.,3SG\tallow\t3SG\treturn,He/She gives him/her the permission to return.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li pèmèt li antre.,,3SG allow 3SG return,,Own knowledge,,7944,French: Il/Elle lui accorde la permission de rentrer. +49-170,49,Li vini.,Li\tvini.,3SG\tcome,He/She has come.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li vini.,,3SG come,,Own knowledge,,7945,French: Il/Elle est venu(e). +49-171,49,Li bat mwen.,Li\tbat\tmwen.,3SG\thit\t1SG,He/She hit me.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li bat mwen.,,3SG hit 1SG,,Own knowledge,,7946,French: Il/Elle m'a battu. +50-106,50,I ka bwè'y.,I\tka\tbwè'y.,3SG\tPROG\tboire.3SG,He/she is drinking it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka bwè'y.,,3SG PROG boire.3SG,,Own fieldwork,,7947, +50-107,50,I ka bwè.,I\tka\tbwè.,3SG\tPROG\tboire,He/she is drinking.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka bwè.,,3SG PROG boire,,Own fieldwork,,7948, +51-98,51,I ka bwè'y.,I\tka\tbwè'y.,3SG\tPROG\tdrink.3SG,He is drinking it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka bwè'y.,,3SG PROG drink.3SG,,Own fieldwork,,7949, +51-99,51,I ka bwè.,I\tka\tbwè.,3SG\tPROG\tdrink,He is drinking.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka bwè.,,3SG PROG drink,,Own fieldwork,,7950, +52-64,52,i té ba li timoso vyann,i\tté\tba\tli\ttimoso\tvyann,he\tPST\tgive\thim\tsome\tmeat,He had given him some meat.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,i té ba li timoso vyann,,he PST give him some meat,,,,7951, +52-65,52,i las,i\tlas,he\ttired,He is tired.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,i las,,he tired,,,,7952, +53-237,53,Mo te parle meriken.,Mo\tte\tparle\tmeriken.,1SG\tPST\tspeak\tEnglish,I spoke English.,,,1048[354],,naturalistic spoken,Mo te parle meriken.,,1SG PST speak English,,,,7953,French: Je parlais l'anglais. +54-127,54,Si ou vé kri ali [...].,Si\tou\tve\tkri\tali\t[...].,if\t2SG\twant\tcall\tOBL.3SG\t[...],If you want to call her/him [...].,,,229[44],,naturalistic spoken,Si ou vé kri ali [...].,Si ou ve kri ali [...].,if 2SG want call OBL.3SG [...],,,,7954,French: Si tu veux l'appeler [...]. +54-128,54,Li ariv laba.,Li\tariv\tlaba.,3SG.FIN\tarrive\tdown.there,He/she arrives there.,,,110[13],,naturalistic spoken,Li ariv laba.,,3SG.FIN arrive down.there,,,,7955,French: Il/elle arrive là-bas. +55-97,55,mo bat twa — to bat mwa,mo bat twa — to bat mwa,1SG hit 2SG.FAM   2SG.FAM hit 1SG,I hit you (familiar) — you (familiar) hit me,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo bat twa — to bat mwa,,1SG hit 2SG.FAM 2SG.FAM hit 1SG,,Own knowledge,,7956, +55-98,55,li bure,li\tbure,3SG\trun.away,He/she ran away.,,,,,constructed by linguist,li bure,,3SG run.away,,Own knowledge,,7957, +56-117,56,I ti donn li senk roupi.,I\tti\tdonn\tli\tsenk\troupi.,3SG\tPST\tgive\t3SG.OBJ\tfive\troupi,He gave him/her five roupis.,,"Pronoun paradigm (subject–object): mon–mwan, ou–ou, i–li, nou–nou, zot–zot, zot/i–zot +'I–me, you–you, he/she– him|her, we–us, you–you, they–them'.",,,constructed by linguist,I ti donn li senk roupi.,,3SG PST give 3SG.OBJ five roupi,"Pronoun paradigm (subject–object): mon–mwan, ou–ou, i–li, nou–nou, zot–zot, zot/i–zot +'I–me, you–you, he/she– him|her, we–us, you–you, they–them'.",Own knowledge,,7958, +56-118,56,I 'n fatige.,I\t'n\tfatige.,3SG\tPRF\ttired,He has become tired.,,"Pronoun paradigm (subject–object}: mon–mwan, ou–ou, i–li, nou–nou, zot–zot, zot/i–zot +'I–me, you–you, he/she– him|her, we–us, you–you, they–them'.",,,constructed by linguist,I 'n fatige.,,3SG PRF tired,"Pronoun paradigm (subject–object}: mon–mwan, ou–ou, i–li, nou–nou, zot–zot, zot/i–zot +'I–me, you–you, he/she– him|her, we–us, you–you, they–them'.",Own knowledge,,7959, +57-59,57,mwa vwar lja,mwa\tvwar\tlja,1SG\tsee\t3SG,I see him.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mwa vwar lja,,1SG see 3SG,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,7960, +57-60,57,lja le vwa mwa,lja\tle\tvwa\tmwa,3SG\tSI\tsee\t1SG,He sees me.,,There is variation in the use of the singular pronouns in subject position. It seems to depend on the use of different preverbal markers (la vwa mwa is also possible).,,,naturalistic spoken,lja le vwa mwa,,3SG SI see 1SG,"There is variation in the use of the singular pronouns in subject position. It seems to depend on the use of different preverbal markers (la vwa mwa is also possible).",Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,7961, +58-104,58,Yandi benda mwana tula yandi na ntwala.,Yandi\tbenda\tmwana\ttula\tyandi\tna\tntwala.,he\tpull.NARR\tchild\tput\thim/her\tCONN\tfront,He pulled the child to the front/He pulled the child and put him in front.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi benda mwana tula yandi na ntwala.,,he pull.NARR child put him/her CONN front,,Own knowledge,,7962, +59-183,59,mbi za mo ge,mbi\tzia\tmo\tge,1SG\tleave\t2SG\there,I leave you here.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mbi za mo ge,mbi zia mo ge,1SG leave 2SG here,,Samarin corpus 1994,,7963, +59-184,59,tere ti lo aso lo ngbii,tere\tti\tlo\ta-so\tlo\tngbii,body\tof\t3SG\tPM-hurt\t3SG\tlong.time,He/she was sick a long time.,,,1320[208],,naturalistic spoken,tere ti lo aso lo ngbii,tere ti lo a-so lo ngbii,body of 3SG PM-hurt 3SG long.time,,,,7964, +60-82,60,yé abóngísákí kíti,yé\ta-bóng-ís-ákí\tkíti,3SG.ANIM\t3SG-be.fit-CAUS-PST\tchair,He repaired the chair.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,yé abóngísákí kíti,yé a-bóng-ís-ákí kíti,3SG.ANIM 3SG-be.fit-CAUS-PST chair,,Own knowledge,,7965, +60-83,60,yangó ekwéyákí,yangó\te-kwéy-ákí,3SG.INAN\t3SG.INAN-fall-PST,It fell.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,yangó ekwéyákí,yangó e-kwéy-ákí,3SG.INAN 3SG.INAN-fall-PST,,Own knowledge,,7966, +61-62,61,Yena shonile.,Yena\tshon-ile.,he\tdie-PST,He died. OR: She/it died.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Yena shonile.,Yena shon-ile.,he die-PST,,Field notes Mesthrie,,7967, +62-52,62,ékuhéye aré,é-ku-he-ye\taré,3SG-OBJ.2SG-arrive-APPL:PRF\tthere,S/he met you (sg) there.,,,,,elicited from speaker,ékuhéye aré,é-ku-he-ye aré,3SG-OBJ.2SG-arrive-APPL:PRF there,,Own field data 1993,,7968, +62-53,62,úmhéye aré,u-m-he-ye\taré,2SG-OBJ.3SG-arrive-APPL\tthere,You met him/her there.,,,,,constructed by linguist,úmhéye aré,u-m-he-ye aré,2SG-OBJ.3SG-arrive-APPL there,,Own field data 1993,,7969, +63-116,63,ána wéza shítim íta,ána\twéza\tshítim\títa,1SG\tcan\tinsult\t2SG,I can insult you.,,,857[361],,naturalistic spoken,ána wéza shítim íta,,1SG can insult 2SG,,,,7970, +63-117,63,íta kan gi-kélem l-ómun mun gi-bísha kiswahíli,íta\tkan\tgi-kélem\tl-ómun\tmun\tgi-bísha\tkiswahíli,2SG\tif\tTAM-speak\tto-3PL\t3PL\tTAM-answer\tkiswahili,"If you tell them something, they will answer in Swahili.",,,857[225],,naturalistic spoken,íta kan gi-kélem l-ómun mun gi-bísha kiswahíli,,2SG if TAM-speak to-3PL 3PL TAM-answer kiswahili,,,,7971, +64-123,64,úmon dúgu úo,úmon\tdúgu\túo,3PL\tbeat\t3SG,They have beaten him.,,,874[147],,naturalistic spoken,úmon dúgu úo,,3PL beat 3SG,,,,7972, +64-124,64,úo dugú ma úmon,úo\tdugú\tma\túmon,1SG\tbeat\PASS\tby\t3PL,He was beaten by them.,,,,,constructed by linguist,úo dugú ma úmon,,1SG beat\PASS by 3PL,,Own knowledge,,7973, +64-125,64,úo wása,úo\twása,3SG\tdisappear,He disappeared.,,,874[146],,naturalistic spoken,úo wása,,3SG disappear,,,,7974, +65-90,65,Jiwo dumaj maja jiwo cena dawaj.,Jiwo\tdumaj\tmaja\tjiwo\tcena\tdawaj.,3SG\tthink\t1SG\t3SG\tprice\tgive,He thinks that I will give him some money.,,,671[168],,elicited from speaker,Jiwo dumaj maja jiwo cena dawaj.,,3SG think 1SG 3SG price give,,,Jevó dúmaj majá jevó céna daváj.,7975, +66-68,66,Lorang sitiidur.,Lorang\tsi-tiidur.,2SG.POL\tPST-sleep,You slept.,,Nominative subject pronoun is unmarked.,,,constructed by linguist,Lorang sitiidur.,Lorang si-tiidur.,2SG.POL PST-sleep,Nominative subject pronoun is unmarked.,Own knowledge,,7976, +67-128,67,"Saya punya dia tak mahu, dia buang.","Saya\tpunya\tdia\ttak\tmahu,\tdia\tbuang.",1SG\tPOSS\t3SG\tNEG\twant\t3SG\tthrow.away,She would throw away those of mine that she does not want.,,,708[73],,naturalistic spoken,"Saya punya dia tak mahu, dia buang.",,1SG POSS 3SG NEG want 3SG throw.away,,,,7977, +67-129,67,"Dia, saya tak boleh tahan dia.","Dia,\tsaya\ttak\tboleh\ttahan\tdia.",3SG\t1SG\tNEG\tcan\tbear\t3SG,"[As for] her, I cannot stand her.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dia, saya tak boleh tahan dia.",,3SG 1SG NEG can bear 3SG,,Own knowledge,,7978, +68-71,68,Be lia dia.,Be\tlia\tdia.,1SG\tsee\t3SG,I see/saw him/her.,,*Be lia de would be grammatically incorrect.,,,constructed by linguist,Be lia dia.,,1SG see 3SG,"*Be lia de would be grammatically incorrect.",Own knowledge,,7979, +68-72,68,De lia beta.,De\tlia\tbeta.,3SG\tsee\t1SG,He/she sees/saw me.,,*De lia be would be grammatically incorrect.,1178[397],,naturalistic spoken,De lia beta.,,3SG see 1SG,"*De lia be would be grammatically incorrect.",,,7980, +69-47,69,ama mən namban tunan,ama\tmən\tnamban\ttu-nan,1SG\t3SG\tDAT\tkill-NONFUT,I killed him.,,,,,elicited from speaker,ama mən namban tunan,ama mən namban tu-nan,1SG 3SG DAT kill-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,7981, +69-48,69,ama wanan,ama\twa-nan,1SG\tgo-NONFUT,I went,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ama wanan,ama wa-nan,1SG go-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,7982, +70-46,70,Tum ao ham-loŋ ke le jao.,Tum\tao\tham-loŋ\tke\tle\tjao.,2SG\tcome\t1-PL\tACC\ttake\tgo,Come and take us.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tum ao ham-loŋ ke le jao.,,2SG come 1-PL ACC take go,,Siegel-field recording,,7983, +71-102,71,Wau hina ma ke alanui.,Wau\thina\tma\tke\talanui.,1SG\tfall\tLOC\tDEF\tstreet,I fell into the street.,,"Hina is a neuter verb, and thus has a patient-like subject.",,,naturalistic written,Wau hina ma ke alanui.,,1SG fall LOC DEF street,"Hina is a neuter verb, and thus has a patient-like subject.",Own data 1885,,7984, +71-103,71,Iaia hana hina ia'u malolo,Iaia\thana\thina\tia'u\tmalolo,3SG\tmake\tthrown\tOBJ.1SG\tbelow,He threw me down.,,"Hanahina is a pidgin innovation; hina 'fall' is a neuter verb and prefixation with hana- 'make, do' transitivizes it; the Hawaiian equivalent is ho'ohina. This sentence is thus transitive. The use of case marking is more common with early texts. Iaia for third person singular is not an instance of case-marking, as it occurs obligatorily for both subjects and objects.",,,naturalistic written,"Iaia hana hina ia'u malolo",,3SG make thrown OBJ.1SG below,"Hanahina is a pidgin innovation; hina 'fall' is a neuter verb and prefixation with hana- 'make, do' transitivizes it; the Hawaiian equivalent is ho'ohina. This sentence is thus transitive. The use of case marking is more common with early texts. Iaia for third person singular is not an instance of case-marking, as it occurs obligatorily for both subjects and objects.",own data 1879,,7985, +71-104,71,Wau pimai no ma Sana Miguela.,Wau\tpimai\tno\tma\tSana\tMiguela.,1SG\tcome\tINTENS\tLOC\tSão\tMiguel,I come from São Miguel.,,"Pi mai ‘come’ is spelled without a space in the analyzed text to yield a one-to-correspondence between morpheme and gloss. It is almost always spelled with a space in extant sources and thus appears with this conventional spelling in the published literature on Pidgin Hawaiian. Although mai is analyzable as a directional, pi never occurs alone as a basic motion verb ‘go’ or ‘come’.",,,naturalistic written,Wau pimai no ma Sana Miguela.,Wau pimai no ma Sana Miguela.,1SG come INTENS LOC São Miguel,"Pi mai ‘come’ is spelled without a space in the analyzed text to yield a one-to-correspondence between morpheme and gloss. It is almost always spelled with a space in extant sources and thus appears with this conventional spelling in the published literature on Pidgin Hawaiian. Although mai is analyzable as a directional, pi never occurs alone as a basic motion verb ‘go’ or ‘come’.",Own data 1894,,7986, +72-91,72,Ngakparnma im komat na garra gon libim dem ranawei.,Ngakparn-ma\tim\tkom-at\tna\tgarra\tgon\tlib-im\tdem\tran-awei.,frog-TOP\t3SG\tcome-out\tSEQ\tPOT\tgo\tleave-TR\t3PL.OBJ\trun-away,The frog got out of the bottle and then it's going to leave them and run away.,,Dem is the object pronoun.,920[459],,naturalistic spoken,Ngakparnma im komat na garra gon libim dem ranawei.,Ngakparn-ma im kom-at na garra gon lib-im dem ran-awei.,frog-TOP 3SG come-out SEQ POT go leave-TR 3PL.OBJ run-away,"Dem is the object pronoun.",,,7987, +74-91,74,yáka tk’up yáka itlwil,yáka\ttk’up\tyáka\titlwil,3SG\tcut\t3SG\tmeat,He cuts himself.,,,,,constructed by linguist,yáka tk’up yáka itlwil,,3SG cut 3SG meat,,Own knowledge,,7988, +75-145,75,Dan la bal nda li praens awa kahkiyaw anihi wichimushtaweew.,Dan\tla\tbal\tnda\tli\tpraens\tawa\tkahkiyaw\tanihi\twichi-mushtaw-eew.,PREP.LOC\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tball\tLOC\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tprince\tDEM.PROX.ANIM\tall\tDEM.INTERM.OBV\twith-dance?-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,"There at the ball, the prince was dancing with all of them.",,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Dan la bal nda li praens awa kahkiyaw anihi wichimushtaweew.,Dan la bal nda li praens awa kahkiyaw anihi wichi-mushtaw-eew.,PREP.LOC DEF.ART.F.SG ball LOC DEF.ART.M.SG prince DEM.PROX.ANIM all DEM.INTERM.OBV with-dance?-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,,,,7989, +75-146,75,Shakiheew onhi sheemak.,Shakih-eew\tonhi\tsheemak.,love-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEM.PROX.ANIM\timmediately,He loved her right away.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Shakiheew onhi sheemak.,Shakih-eew onhi sheemak.,love-3.SBJ.3.OBJ DEM.PROX.ANIM immediately,,,,7990, +76-51,76,kaktuña awoña,kaktuña\tawoña,hungry\tI,I am hungry.,,,1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,kaktuña awoña,,hungry I,,,,7991, +1-143,1,Mastra mi gi da homan honder wipi alreddi.,Masra\tmi\tgi\tda\tuma\thondru\twipi\taredi.,master\t1SG\tgive\tDET.SG\twoman\thundred\twhip\talready,"Master, I already gave the woman a hundred lashes.",,"The order is S-V-R-T, without preposition.",1527[49],,written,Mastra mi gi da homan honder wipi alreddi.,Masra mi gi da uma hondru wipi aredi.,master 1SG give DET.SG woman hundred whip already,"The order is S-V-R-T, without preposition.",,,7992,Dutch: Meester ik heb haar al Honderd Zweep-Slaagengegeeven. [op.cit.] +1-144,1,"Bikasi husomma va une sa gi na hem pikin wan pisi stoon, teh a begi hem tatta wan pisi bredi?","Bikasi\to=soma\tfu\tunu\tsa\tgi\tna\ten\tpikin\twan\tpisi\tston,\tte\ta\tbegi\ten\ttata\twan\tpisi\tbrede?",because\tQ=person\tof\t2PL\tFUT\tgive\tto\t3SG\tchild\tINDF.SG\tpiece\tstone\twhen\t3SG.SBJ\task\t3SG\tfather\tpiece\tINDF.SG\tbread,"Because which of you would give to his child a lump of stone, when s/he asks his/her father for a piece of bread?",,"The order is S-V-R-T, with the general preposition na marking the recipient hem pikin.",1355[67],,written,"Bikasi husomma va une sa gi na hem pikin wan pisi stoon, teh a begi hem tatta wan pisi bredi?","Bikasi o=soma fu unu sa gi na en pikin wan pisi ston, te a begi en tata wan pisi brede?",because Q=person of 2PL FUT give to 3SG child INDF.SG piece stone when 3SG.SBJ ask 3SG father piece INDF.SG bread,"The order is S-V-R-T, with the general preposition na marking the recipient hem pikin.",,,7993, +1-145,1,"Husomma va une sa gi hem pikin wan stoon, teh a begi hem tatta wan pisi bredi?","O=soma\tfu\tunu\tsa\tgi\ten\tpikin\twan\tpisi\tston,\tte\ta\tbegi\ten\ttata\twan\tpisi\tbrede?",Q=person\tof\t2PL\tFUT\tgive\t3SG\tchild\tINDF.SG\tpiece\tstone\twhen\t3SG.SBJ\task\t3SG\tfather\tINDF.SG\tpiece\tbread,"Because which of you would give his child a lump of stone, when s/he asks his/her father for a piece of bread?",,"The order is S-V-R-T, without a preposition marking the recipient hem pikin.",1355[167],,written,"Husomma va une sa gi hem pikin wan stoon, teh a begi hem tatta wan pisi bredi?","O=soma fu unu sa gi en pikin wan pisi ston, te a begi en tata wan pisi brede?",Q=person of 2PL FUT give 3SG child INDF.SG piece stone when 3SG.SBJ ask 3SG father INDF.SG piece bread,"The order is S-V-R-T, without a preposition marking the recipient hem pikin.",,,7994, +1-146,1,[...] va gi da moni na potiman.,[...] fu gi da moni na pôtiman.,[...] for give DET.SG na poor-NMLZ,[...] to give the money to the poor.,,"The order is (S-)V-T-R, with the general preposition na marking the recipient.",1355[209],,written,[...] va gi da moni na potiman.,[...] fu gi da moni na pôtiman.,[...] for give DET.SG na poor-NMLZ,"The order is (S-)V-T-R, with the general preposition na marking the recipient.",,,7995, +2-143,2,Mi gi a san disi wan nen.,Mi\tgi\ta\tsan\tdisi\twan\tnen.,1SG\tgive\tDET\tthing\tDEM\ta\tname,I gave this thing a name.,,,194[340],,naturalistic spoken,Mi gi a san disi wan nen.,,1SG give DET thing DEM a name,,,,7996, +2-144,2,Granmama gi den pikin tori fa a ben de fosten.,Granmama\tgi\tden\tpikin\ttori\tfa\ta\tben\tde\tfosten.,grandma\tgive\tthe.PL\tchild\tstory\thow\tit\tPST\tCOP\tlong.ago,Grandmother told the children stories about how it was in the old days.,,,1585[29],,naturalistic spoken,Granmama gi den pikin tori fa a ben de fosten.,,grandma give the.PL child story how it PST COP long.ago,,,,7997, +2-145,2,Dus dan a mati o gi den suma fu en a tori.,Dus\tdan\ta\tmati\to\tgi\tden\tsuma\tfu\ten\ta\ttori.,thus\tthen\tthe\tfriend\tFUT\tgive\tthe.PL\tpeople\tof\thim\tthe\tstory,So then the friend will tell his relatives the story.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Dus dan a mati o gi den suma fu en a tori.,,thus then the friend FUT give the.PL people of him the story,,"Winford data, Tape 8-a",,7998, +3-72,3,Di womi da di mujee wan buku.,Di\twomi\tda\tdi\tmujee\twan\tbuku.,DEF.SG\tman\tgive\tDEF.SG\twoman\tone\tbook,The man gave the woman one book.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di womi da di mujee wan buku.,,DEF.SG man give DEF.SG woman one book,,Fieldwork data,,7999, +3-73,3,A da wan buku da mi.,A\tda\twan\tbuku\tda\tmi.,3SG\tgive\tone\tbook\tgive\t1SG,He gave one book to me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A da wan buku da mi.,,3SG give one book give 1SG,,Fieldwork data,,8000, +4-103,4,Na Apatou gi en a pampila kon a data.,Na\tApatou\tgi\ten\ta\tpampila\tkon\ta\tdata.,FOC\tApatou\tgive\ther\tDET\tpaper\tcome\tLOC\tdoctor,It's (the doctor of) Apatou that gave her the papers to come to the (specialist) doctor.,,,1271,,naturalistic spoken,Na Apatou gi en a pampila kon a data.,,FOC Apatou give her DET paper come LOC doctor,,,,8001, +5-96,5,dem gi di maan di buk,dem\tgi\tdi\tmaan\tdi\tbuk,3PL\tgive\tthe\tman\tthe\tbook,They gave the man the book. OR: They gave the book to the man.,,,,,constructed by linguist,dem gi di maan di buk,,3PL give the man the book,,Own knowledge,,8002, +5-97,5,mi tek di baal gi Jaan,mi\ttek\tdi\tbaal\tgi\tJaan,1SG\ttake\tthe\tball\tgive\tJohn,I gave the ball to John deliberately. (i.e. I didn't give it to him by accident.),,,,,constructed by linguist,mi tek di baal gi Jaan,,1SG take the ball give John,,Own knowledge,,8003, +5-98,5,baad fuud doz gi piipl belii wok,baad\tfuud\tdoz\tgi\tpiipl\tbelii\twok,bad\tfood\tHAB\tgive\tpeople\tbelly\twork,Bad food gives people diarrhoea.,,,,,constructed by linguist,baad fuud doz gi piipl belii wok,,bad food HAB give people belly work,,Own knowledge,,8004, +5-99,5,tek dis bokit gi yu moda,tek\tdis\tbokit\tgi\tyu\tmoda,take\tthis\tbucket\tgive\t2SG.POSS\tmother,Give this bucket to your mother.,,,,,constructed by linguist,tek dis bokit gi yu moda,,take this bucket give 2SG.POSS mother,,Own knowledge,,8005, +6-63,6,De wuman giv shi de money.,De\twuman\tgiv\tshi\tde\tmoney.,DET\twoman\tgive\ther\tDET\tmoney,The woman gave her the money.,,,,,elicited from speaker,De wuman giv shi de money.,,DET woman give her DET money,,Informant,,8006, +6-64,6,Hi give it to shi moda.,Hi\tgive\tit\tto\tshi\tmoda.,3SG\tgive\t3SG.DO\tto\t3SG.POSS\tmother,He gave it to her mother.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Hi give it to shi moda.,,3SG give 3SG.DO to 3SG.POSS mother,,Informant,,8007, +7-150,7,Hari ge i sista di maango.,Hari\tge\ti\tsista\tdi\tmaango.,Harry\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tsister\tDEF\tmango,Harry gave his sister the mango. OR: Harry gave the mango to his sister.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hari ge i sista di maango.,,Harry give 3SG.POSS sister DEF mango,,Own knowledge,,8008, +7-151,7,Hi gi mi di bok.,Hi\tgi\tmi\tdi\tbok.,3SG\tgive\t1SG\tART\tbook,He gave me the book.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi gi mi di bok.,,3SG give 1SG ART book,,Own knowledge,,8009, +8-94,8,Di uman gi di bwai di fuud.,Di\tuman\tgi\tdi\tbwai\tdi\tfuud.,DET\twoman\tgive\tDET\tboy\tDET\tfood.,The woman gave the boy the food.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di uman gi di bwai di fuud.,,DET woman give DET boy DET food.,,Own knowledge,,8010, +9-59,9,(Di dog dem) gi dem di wom pilz dem.,(Di\tdog\tdem)\tgi\tdem\tdi\twom\tpilz\tdem.,(the\tdog\tthem)\tgive\tthem\tthe\tworm\tpills\tthem,Give them (the dogs) their worm pills.,,,445[541],,naturalistic spoken,(Di dog dem) gi dem di wom pilz dem.,,(the dog them) give them the worm pills them,,,,8011, +9-123,9,I wan tek ova fu di nɛks tu owaz dɛn i wan gye bod di waʧ wayl dɛ layt.,I\twan\ttek\tova\tfu\tdi\tnɛks\ttu\towaz\tdɛn\ti\twan\tgye\tbod\tdi\twaʧ\twayl\tdɛ\tlayt.,3SG\twant\ttake\tover\tfor\tthe\tnext\ttwo\thours\tthen\t3SG\twant\tgive\tBod\tthe\twatch\twhile\tPROG\tlight,"He wanted to take over for the next two hours, then he wanted to give Bod the watch while it was still light.",,Bod the watch is a double object construction.,439[242],,naturalistic spoken,I wan tek ova fu di nɛks tu owaz dɛn i wan gye bod di waʧ wayl dɛ layt.,,3SG want take over for the next two hours then 3SG want give Bod the watch while PROG light,"Bod the watch is a double object construction.",,,8012, +10-138,10,Beda Taiga tek aal di big fish an gi Beda Naansi aal di likl wan dem.,Beda\tTaiga\ttek\taal\tdi\tbig\tfish\tan\tgi\tBeda\tNaansi\taal\tdi\tlikl\twan\tdem.,Brother\tTiger\ttake\tall\tART.DEF\tbig\tfish\tand\tgive\tBrother\tAnansi\tall\tART.DEF\tlittle\tone\tPL,Brother Tiger took all the big fish and gave Brother Anansi all the little ones.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Beda Taiga tek aal di big fish an gi Beda Naansi aal di likl wan dem.,,Brother Tiger take all ART.DEF big fish and give Brother Anansi all ART.DEF little one PL,,Unpublished field recordings,,8013, +10-139,10,Di uman gi di bwai ihn fuud.,Di\tuman\tgi\tdi\tbwai\tihn\tfuud.,ART.DEF\twoman\tgive\tART.DEF\tboy\t3SG.POSS\tfood,The woman gave the boy his food (=gave the food to the boy).,,,,,elicited from speaker,Di uman gi di bwai ihn fuud.,,ART.DEF woman give ART.DEF boy 3SG.POSS food,,Field notes 2008,,8014, +10-140,10,Di uman gi im ihn fuud.,Di\tuman\tgi\tim\tihn\tfuud.,ART.DEF\twoman\tgive\t3SG\t3SG.POSS\tfood,The woman gave him his food.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Di uman gi im ihn fuud.,,ART.DEF woman give 3SG 3SG.POSS food,,Field notes 2008,,8015, +11-187,11,Dem giv chyaanz tu piipl fram out.,Dem\tgiv\tchyaanz\ttu\tpiipl\tfram\tout.,3PL\tgive\tchance\tto\tpeople\tfrom\tout,They give opportunities to people who are not originally from the community.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Dem giv chyaanz tu piipl fram out.",,3PL give chance to people from out,,,,8016, +11-188,11,Deh no giv Inglish.,Deh\tno\tgiv\tInglish.,3PL\tNEG\tgive\tEnglish,They don't teach English.,,Giv is probable a calque from Spanish dar which can be also used in the meaning of teaching a subject or course.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Deh no giv Inglish.,,3PL NEG give English,"Giv is probable a calque from Spanish dar which can be also used in the meaning of teaching a subject or course.",,,8017, +11-189,11,Ih wiet aan di die tu gi di devl di suol neh.,Ih\twiet\taan\tdi\tdie\ttu\tgi\tdi\tdevl\tdi\tsuol\tneh.,3SG\twait\ton\tART.DEF\tday\tCOMP\tgive\tART.DEF\tdevil\tART.DEF\tsoul\tPL,He waited until daylight in order to give the Devil the souls.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ih wiet aan di die tu gi di devl di suol neh.,,3SG wait on ART.DEF day COMP give ART.DEF devil ART.DEF soul PL,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,8018, +11-190,11,Shi staat afa di oubia wuman moo moni.,Shi\tstaat\tafa\tdi\toubia\twuman\tmoo\tmoni.,3SG.F\tstart\toffer\tART.DEF\tobeah\twoman\tmore\tmoney,She started to offer the obeah woman more money.,,Oubia/Uobia/Obeah uman/woman = sorceress,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Shi staat afa di oubia wuman moo moni.,,3SG.F start offer ART.DEF obeah woman more money,"Oubia/Uobia/Obeah uman/woman = sorceress",,,8019, +11-191,11,Di gyal giv wan ros tu ar mada.,Di\tgyal\tgiv\twan\tros\ttu\tar\tmada.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tgive\tART.INDF\trose\tto\t3SG.POSS.F\tmother,The girl gave a rose to her mother.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Di gyal giv wan ros tu ar mada.",,ART.DEF girl give ART.INDF rose to 3SG.POSS.F mother,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,8020, +11-192,11,Di gyal giv ar mamá a flowaz.,Di\tgyal\tgiv\tar\tmamá\ta\tflowaz.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tgive\t3SG.POSS.F\tmother\tART.INDF\tflower,The girl gave her mother a flower.,,"As in San Andrés Creole English, flowaz is both singular and plural.",,,elicited from speaker,Di gyal giv ar mamá a flowaz.,,ART.DEF girl give 3SG.POSS.F mother ART.INDF flower,"As in San Andrés Creole English, flowaz is both singular and plural.",Nicaragua project questionnaire,,8021, +12-145,12,"They married, she give this fellow all her husband clothes, you know?",[...]\tshe\tgive\tthis\tfellow\tall\ther\thusband\tclothes\t[...].,[...]\t3SG.F\tgive\tDEM\tperson\tall\t3SG.F.POSS\thusband\tclothes\t[...],"[They got married, and] she gave this person all her husband’s clothes [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"They married, she give this fellow all her husband clothes, you know?","[...] she give this fellow all her husband clothes [...].",[...] 3SG.F give DEM person all 3SG.F.POSS husband clothes [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8022, +12-146,12,[...] the PLP begin to give scholarship to the poor to go abroad.,[...]\tthe\tPLP\tbegin\tto\tgive\tscholarship\tto\tthe\tpoor\tto\tgo\tabroad.,[...]\tDEF.ART\tPLP\tbegin\tto\tgive\tscholarship\tto\tDEF.ART\tpoor\tto\tgo\tabroad,[...] the Progressive Liberal Party began to give scholarships to the poor to go abroad.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] the PLP begin to give scholarship to the poor to go abroad.",,[...] DEF.ART PLP begin to give scholarship to DEF.ART poor to go abroad,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8023, +13-115,13,Buckra give de people corn.,Buckra\tgive\tde\tpeople\tcorn.,buckra\tgive\tDET\tpeople\tcorn,The white man gives the people corn.,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,Buckra give de people corn.,,buckra give DET people corn,,,,8024, +13-116,13,Yu ɟi ɛwɪ man in yo krɒʊd tɛn sɛnt.,Yu\tɟi\tɛwɪ\tman\tin\tyo\tkrɒʊd\ttɛn\tsɛnt.,you\tgive\tevery\tman\tin\tyour\tcrowd\tten\tcent,You give every man in your crowd ten cent.,,,1500[286],,naturalistic spoken,Yu ɟi ɛwɪ man in yo krɒʊd tɛn sɛnt.,,you give every man in your crowd ten cent,,,,8025, +14-77,14,Bruce gave the bat to the boy.,Bruce\tgave\tthe\tbat\tto\tthe\tboy.,Bruce\tgive\PST\tthe\tbat\tto\tthe\tboy,Bruce gave the bat to the boy.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce gave the bat to the boy.,,Bruce give\PST the bat to the boy,,Own knowledge,,8026, +14-78,14,Bruce gave the boy the bat.,Bruce\tgave\tthe\tboy\tthe\tbat.,Bruce\tgive\PST\tthe\tboy\tthe\tbat,Bruce gave the boy the bat.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce gave the boy the bat.,,Bruce give\PST the boy the bat,,Own knowledge,,8027, +15-86,15,di uman gi di titi sɔm mɔni,di\tuman\tgi\tdi\ttiti\tsɔm\tmɔni,ART\twoman\tgive\tART\tgirl\tsome\tmoney,The woman gave the girl some money.,,The verb is ditransitive.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di uman gi di titi sɔm mɔni,,ART woman give ART girl some money,The verb is ditransitive.,Own knowledge,,8028, +16-79,16,à gò faind sɔm mɔni giv mà mɔda,à\tgò\tfaind\tsɔm\tmɔni\tgiv\tmà\tmɔda,1SG\tFUT\tfind\tINDF\tmoney\tgive\t1SG.POSS\tmother,I will (find and) give some money to my mother.,,"Recipient mà mɔda marked by serialized verb giv. However, in my corpus there is no example of the kind à gò giv sɔm mɔni giv mà mɔda.",,,naturalistic spoken,à gò faind sɔm mɔni giv mà mɔda,,1SG FUT find INDF money give 1SG.POSS mother,"Recipient mà mɔda marked by serialized verb giv. However, in my corpus there is no example of the kind à gò giv sɔm mɔni giv mà mɔda.",Own fieldwork,,8029, +16-80,16,gɔvamɛnt se ì gò giv dɛ family ɔf dos pipu sɔm mɔni,gɔvamɛnt\tse\tì\tgò\tgiv\tdɛ\tfamily\tɔf\tdos\tpipu\tsɔm\tmɔni,government\tsay\t3SG\tFUT\tgive\tART\tfamily\tof\tDEM\tpeople\tINDF\tmoney,The government said it would give the families of those people money.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,gɔvamɛnt se ì gò giv dɛ family ɔf dos pipu sɔm mɔni,,government say 3SG FUT give ART family of DEM people INDF money,,Own fieldwork,,8030, +16-81,16,"dè no kam giv ɛitin, dè no tɔk ɛitin ɛgɛn","dè\tno\tkam\tgiv\tɛitin,\tdè\tno\ttɔk\tɛitin\tɛgɛn",3PL\tNEG\tcome\tgive\tanything\t3PL\tNEG\ttalk\tanything\tagain,"They didn't give anyhing, they did not say anything again.",,This example shows give in a monotransitive construction.,656[203],,naturalistic spoken,"dè no kam giv ɛitin, dè no tɔk ɛitin ɛgɛn",,3PL NEG come give anything 3PL NEG talk anything again,"This example shows give in a monotransitive construction.",,,8031, +17-94,17,À giv dì man nyam.,À\tgiv\tdì\tman\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tgive\tART.DEF\tman\tyam,I gave the man yams.,,,462[59],,naturalistic spoken,À giv dì man nyam.,,1SG.SBJ give ART.DEF man yam,,,,8032, +18-84,18,A 'don 'giv 'buk fo 'yi.,A\tdon\tgiv\tbuk\tfo\ti.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgive\tbook\tfor\t3SG.OBL,I have given her/him a book.,,,352[67],,published source,A 'don 'giv 'buk fo 'yi.,A don giv buk fo i.,1SG.SBJ PFV give book for 3SG.OBL,,,,8033, +18-85,18,A 'don 'giv 'yi 'buk.,A\tdon\tgif\ti\tbuk.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgive\t3SG.OBJ\tbook,I have given her/him a book.,,,352[67],,published source,A 'don 'giv 'yi 'buk.,A don gif i buk.,1SG.SBJ PFV give 3SG.OBJ book,,,,8034, +19-111,19,Dì gal gi dì bɔl.,Dì\tgal\tgi\tdì\tbɔl.,DEF\tgirl\tgive\tDEF\tball,The girl gave the ball.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dì gal gi dì bɔl.",,DEF girl give DEF ball,,Field data,,8035, +19-112,19,Dì gal gi dì bɔy dì bɔl.,Dì\tgal\tgi\tdì\tbɔy\tdì\tbɔl.,DEF\tgirl\tgive\tDEF\tboy\tDEF\tball,The girl gave the boy the ball.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dì gal gi dì bɔy dì bɔl.",,DEF girl give DEF boy DEF ball,,Field data,,8036, +21-80,21,The guy gave a bouquet of flowers to the girl.,The\tguy\tgave\ta\tbouquet\tof\tflowers\tto\tthe\tgirl.,the\tguy\tgive.PST\tDET\tbouquet\tof\tflower.PL\tto\tDET\tgirl,The guy gave a bouquet of flowers to the girl.,,,,,own knowledge,The guy gave a bouquet of flowers to the girl.,,the guy give.PST DET bouquet of flower.PL to DET girl,,Own knowledge,,8037, +21-81,21,The guy gave the girl a bouquet of flowers.,The\tguy\tgave\tthe\tgirl\ta\tbouquet\tof\tflower-s.,DET\tguy\tgive.PST\tDET\tgirl\tDET\tbouquet\tof\tflower-PL,The guy gave the girl a bouquet of flowers.,,,820[49],,naturalistic spoken,The guy gave the girl a bouquet of flowers.,The guy gave the girl a bouquet of flower-s.,DET guy give.PST DET girl DET bouquet of flower-PL,,,,8038, +22-108,22,Givim mani long papa bilong yu.,Givim\tmani\tlong\tpapa\tbilong\tyu.,give\tmoney\tPREP\tfather\tPOSS\t2SG,Give your father the money.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Givim mani long papa bilong yu.,,give money PREP father POSS 2SG,,Own knowledge,,8039, +23-101,23,bambae Aron i givim mane long mi,bambae\tAron\ti\tgivim\tmane\tlong\tmi,IRR\tAaron\tAGR\tgive\tmoney\tALL\t1SG,Aaron will give money to me.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,bambae Aron i givim mane long mi,,IRR Aaron AGR give money ALL 1SG,,,,8040, +23-102,23,hem i givim mi ol ting olsem mane wetem wan pis kaliko,hem\ti\tgivim\tmi\tol\tting\tolsem\tmane\twetem\twan\tpis\tkaliko,3SG\tAGR\tgive\t1SG\tPL\tthing\tlike\tmoney\twith\tINDF\tpiece\tcloth,"He gave me things, like money and a piece of cloth.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,hem i givim mi ol ting olsem mane wetem wan pis kaliko,,3SG AGR give 1SG PL thing like money with INDF piece cloth,,,,8041, +23-103,23,i givim kosin fi long mi,i\tgivim\tkosin\tfi\tlong\tmi,AGR\tgive\tcaution\tfee\tALL\t1SG,She gave me my security deposit.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,i givim kosin fi long mi,,AGR give caution fee ALL 1SG,,,,8042, +23-104,23,bae yu givim hem sam mo mane?,bae\tyu\tgivim\them\tsam\tmo\tmane?,IRR\t2SG\tgive\t3SG\tsome\tmore\tmoney,Would you have given him some more money?,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,bae yu givim hem sam mo mane?,,IRR 2SG give 3SG some more money,,,,8043, +24-117,24,Giw aa letl salan wan lohle.,Giw\taa\tletl\tsalan\twan\tlohle.,give\tDET.DEF.SG\tlittle\tpeople\tDET.INDF.SG\tlolly,Give that child one lolly.,,,791,,constructed by linguist,Giw aa letl salan wan lohle.,,give DET.DEF.SG little people DET.INDF.SG lolly,,,,8044, +25-256,25,Giv mi thet garndi langa im!,Giv\tmi\tthet\tgarndi\tlanga\tim!,give\t1SG\tDEM\tstick\tLOC\t3SG,Give me that stick for her! (i.e. to hit her),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a double-object construction with the verb 'give' (with pronominal recipient). Garndi is a Ngarinyman word.",,,naturalistic spoken,Giv mi thet garndi langa im!,,give 1SG DEM stick LOC 3SG,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a double-object construction with the verb 'give' (with pronominal recipient). Garndi is a Ngarinyman word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,8045, +25-257,25,"Wot im skin, wi gata givit im skin na thet men na.","Wot\tim\tskin,\twi\tgata\tgiv-it\tim\tskin\tna\tthet\tmen\tna.",what\t3SG\tsubsection\t1PL\tFUT/OBLIG\tgive-TR\t3SG\tsubsection\tnow\tDEM\tman\tnow,"What's his skin name, we should give that man a skin name.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a double object construction with the ditransitive verb 'give'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wot im skin, wi gata givit im skin na thet men na.","Wot im skin, wi gata giv-it im skin na thet men na.",what 3SG subsection 1PL FUT/OBLIG give-TR 3SG subsection now DEM man now,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a double object construction with the ditransitive verb 'give'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,8046, +26-72,26,hi wan tu tiʧ a staf tu ju foks,hi\twan\ttu\ttiʧ\ta\tstaf\ttu\tju\tfoks,3SG\twant\tto\tteach\tART\tstuff\tto\t2PL\tfolk,He wants to teach the stuff to you folks.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,hi wan tu tiʧ a staf tu ju foks,,3SG want to teach ART stuff to 2PL folk,,Own fieldwork recording,,8047, +26-73,26,hi laik tiʧ ju foks a staf,hi\tlaik\ttiʧ\tju\tfoks\ta\tstaf,3SG\tDESID\tteach\t2PL\tfolks\tART\tstuff,He wants to teach you folks the stuff.,,DESID = desiderative,,,naturalistic spoken,hi laik tiʧ ju foks a staf,,3SG DESID teach 2PL folks ART stuff,DESID = desiderative,Own fieldwork recording,,8048, +26-74,26,a wɛn giv ænti da glu,a\twɛn\tgiv\tænti\tda\tglu,1SG\tPST.PFV\tgive\tauntie\tART\tglue,I gave Auntie the glue.,,,,,constructed by linguist,a wɛn giv ænti da glu,,1SG PST.PFV give auntie ART glue,,Own knowledge,,8049, +26-75,26,a wɛn giv bæk da glu tu ænti,a\twɛn\tgiv\tbæk\tda\tglu\ttu\tænti,1SG\tPST.PFV\tgive\tback\tART\tglue\tto\tauntie,I gave the glue back to Auntie.,,,,,constructed by linguist,a wɛn giv bæk da glu tu ænti,,1SG PST.PFV give back ART glue to auntie,,Own knowledge,,8050, +27-75,27,[...] fo gi shi kabái watər.,[...]\tfo\tgi\tshi\tkabái\twatər.,[...]\tfor\tgive\t3.POSS\thorse\twater,[...] to give his horse(s) water.,,,355[25],,naturalistic spoken,[...] fo gi shi kabái watər.,,[...] for give 3.POSS horse water,,,,8051, +27-76,27,Ham a gi də ple a fadə Jusiəs.,Ham\ta\tgi\tdə\tple\ta\tfadə\tJusiəs.,3SG\tPST\tgive\tART.DEF\tplace\tLOC\tfather\tJusias,He gave the place to father Jusias.,,,355[14],,naturalistic spoken,Ham a gi də ple a fadə Jusiəs.,,3SG PST give ART.DEF place LOC father Jusias,,,,8052, +28-105,28,o bi daten dekto an pit di man jɛrma,o\tbi\tdati\teni\tdeki-tɛ\to\tan\tpi-tɛ\tdi\tman\tjɛrma,3SG\tsay\tthat\t3PL\ttake-PFV\t3SG\tand\tgive-PFV\tthe\tman\twoman,It is said that they abducted him and gave the man a woman.,,,750[35],,naturalistic spoken,"o bi daten dekto an pit di man jɛrma",o bi dati eni deki-tɛ o an pi-tɛ di man jɛrma,3SG say that 3PL take-PFV 3SG and give-PFV the man woman,,,,8053, +29-114,29,Hy het die kos vir/aan die kind gegee.,Hy\thet\tdie\tkos\tvir/aan\tdie\tkind\tge-gee.,3SG.M.NOM\tPST\tDEF.ART\tfood\tto\tDEF.ART\tchild\tPTCP-given,He gave the food to the child.,,,,,naturalistic written,Hy het die kos vir/aan die kind gegee.,Hy het die kos vir/aan die kind ge-gee.,3SG.M.NOM PST DEF.ART food to DEF.ART child PTCP-given,,Own knowledge,,8054, +29-115,29,Piet het (vir) die kind die kos gegee.,Piet\thet\t(vir)\tdie\tkind\tdie\tkos\tge-gee.,Pete\tPST\t(for)\tDEF.ART\tchild\tDEF.ART\tfood\tPTCP-given,Pete gave the child the food.,,"Double object constructions most commonly take vir in the modern spoken language, with the result that this construction is on the decline.",,,naturalistic spoken,Piet het (vir) die kind die kos gegee.,Piet het (vir) die kind die kos ge-gee.,Pete PST (for) DEF.ART child DEF.ART food PTCP-given,"Double object constructions most commonly take vir in the modern spoken language, with the result that this construction is on the decline.",Own knowledge,,8055, +30-130,30,Mudjer da mininu kumida.,Mudjer\tda\tmininu\tkumida.,woman\tgive\tchild\tfood,The woman gave the child (the) food.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Mudjer da mininu kumida.,,woman give child food,,,,8056, +30-131,30,N da mininu un libru.,N=da\tmininu\tun=libru.,1SG=give\tchild\tART.INDF=book,I gave the child a book.,,,106[141],,constructed by linguist,N da mininu un libru.,N=da mininu un=libru.,1SG=give child ART.INDF=book,,,,8057, +31-115,31,Es ka ta da-m trabadju.,Es\tka\tta\tda-m\ttrabadju.,they\tNEG\tASP\tgive-me\twork,They don't give me work.,,"Ditransitive constructions always display the same order of recipient and theme no matter if the recipient is a pronoun, as in this example, or a full noun phrase.",887,,naturalistic spoken,Es ka ta da-m trabadju.,,they NEG ASP give-me work,"Ditransitive constructions always display the same order of recipient and theme no matter if the recipient is a pronoun, as in this example, or a full noun phrase.",,,8058, +31-116,31,Pedru da se vizinhu un libru.,Pedru\tda\tse\tvizinhu\tun\tlibru.,Pedru\tgive\this\tneighbour\ta\tbook,Pedru gave his neighbour a book.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pedru da se vizinhu un libru.,,Pedru give his neighbour a book,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,8059, +32-92,32,Purtugês tá guverná Kab Verd.,Purtugês\ttá\tguverná\tKab\tVerd.,Portuguese\tPST.IPFV\tgovern\tCape\tVerde,The Portuguese ruled Cape Verde.,,This is a monotransitive construction.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,Purtugês tá guverná Kab Verd.,,Portuguese PST.IPFV govern Cape Verde,This is a monotransitive construction.,,,8060,Portuguese: Os portugueses governavam Cabo Verde. +32-93,32,Maria ta ben dá un flor pa se prufesor.,Maria\tta\tben\tdá\tun\tflor\tpa\tse\tprufesor.,Maria\tPRS\tcome\tgive\tDET\tflower\tPREP\t3SG.POSS\tteacher,Maria is going to give a flower to her teacher.,,The [+HUMAN] recipient is marked by the preposition pa.,1456,,elicited from speaker,"Maria ta ben dá un flor pa se prufesor.",,Maria PRS come give DET flower PREP 3SG.POSS teacher,"The [+HUMAN] recipient is marked by the preposition pa.",,,8061,Portuguese: Maria vai dar uma flor para o seu professor. +32-94,32,Tina dá se prufesor un flor.,Tina\tdá\tse\tprufesor\tun\tflor.,Tina\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tteacher\tDET\tflower,Tina gave her teacher a flower.,,This shows a double-object construction.,1456,,constructed by linguist,Tina dá se prufesor un flor.,,Tina give 3SG.POSS teacher DET flower,This shows a double-object construction.,,,8062,Portuguese: A Tina deu uma flor ao seu professor. +33-123,33,No da Djon un prenda.,No\tda\tDjon\tun\tprenda.,1PL\tgive.PST\tJohn\tINDF\tgift,We gave John a gift.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,No da Djon un prenda.,,1PL give.PST John INDF gift,,Own knowledge,,8063,Portuguese: Demos uma prenda ao João. +34-91,34,N da Joŋ libru. ~ N da libru Joŋ.,N ø da Joŋ libru. ~ N ø da libru Joŋ.,1SG.SBJ PFV give John book   1SG.SBJ PFV give book John,I gave John the/a book.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N da Joŋ libru. ~ N da libru Joŋ.,N ø da Joŋ libru. ~ N ø da libru Joŋ.,1SG.SBJ PFV give John book 1SG.SBJ PFV give book John,,Own knowledge,,8064, +34-92,34,Mariya langá mininu kalsa. ~ Mariya langá kalsa mininu.,Mariya ø langá mininu kalsa. ~ Mariya ø langá kalsa mininu.,Mary PFV hand.over child trousers   Mary PFV hand.over trousers child,Mary handed over the trousers to the child.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mariya langá mininu kalsa. ~ Mariya langá kalsa mininu.,Mariya ø langá mininu kalsa. ~ Mariya ø langá kalsa mininu.,Mary PFV hand.over child trousers Mary PFV hand.over trousers child,,Own knowledge,,8065, +34-93,34,N da libru pa Joŋ.,N\tø\tda\tlibru\tpa\tJoŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgive\tbook\tfor\tJohn,I gave the/a book to John.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N da libru pa Joŋ.","N ø da libru pa Joŋ.",1SG.SBJ PFV give book for John,,Own knowledge,,8066, +34-94,34,Mariya langá kalsa pa mininu.,Mariya\tø\tlangá\tkalsa\tpa\tmininu.,Mary\tPFV\thand.over\ttrousers\tfor\tchild,Mary handed over the trousers to the child.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya langá kalsa pa mininu.","Mariya ø langá kalsa pa mininu.",Mary PFV hand.over trousers for child,,Own knowledge,,8067, +35-136,35,Non ten ka da ôtlô ngê pikina ê.,Non\tten\tka\tda\tôtlô\tngê\tpikina\tê.,1PL\talso\tIPFV\tgive\tother\tperson\tlittle.bit\tPCL,We also give other people a little bit.,,PCL = discourse particle,,,naturalistic spoken,Non ten ka da ôtlô ngê pikina ê.,,1PL also IPFV give other person little.bit PCL,PCL = discourse particle,Own data,,8068, +35-137,35,Da mu êlê!,Da\tmu\têlê!,give\tme\tit,Give it to me!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Da mu êlê!,,give me it,,Own data,,8069, +36-80,36,N sikêvê Peru ũa kata.,N\tsikêvê\tPeru\tũa\tkata.,I\twrite\tPeter\tone\tletter,I wrote Peter a letter.,,,901[114],,elicited from speaker,N sikêvê Peru ũa kata.,,I write Peter one letter,,,,8070,French: J'ai écrit une lettre à Pierre. +37-100,37,Maa da Pedu livu ũa.,Maa\tda\tPedu\tlivu\tũa.,Maa\tgive\tPedu\tbook\tone,Maa gave Pedu a book.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Maa da Pedu livu ũa.,,Maa give Pedu book one,,Own knowledge,,8071, +37-101,37,N kopa livu sê.,N\tkopa\tlivu\tsê.,1SG\tbuy\tbook\tDEM,I bought this book.,,,905[121],,elicited from speaker,"N kopa livu sê.",,1SG buy book DEM,,,,8072, +38-114,38,Malá da pédel tabaku.,Malá\tda\tpé-de-eli\ttabaku.,Maria\tgive\tfather-of-3SG\ttabacco,Mary gives the tobacco to her father.,,,1236[197],,elicited from speaker,Malá da pédel tabaku.,Malá da pé-de-eli tabaku.,Maria give father-of-3SG tabacco,,,,8073, +38-115,38,Amu fa bo xosai.,Amu\tfa\tbo\txo-sai.,1SG\tspeak\t2SG\tthing-DEM,I tell you this.,,,1236[201],,naturalistic spoken,Amu fa bo xosai.,Amu fa bo xo-sai.,1SG speak 2SG thing-DEM,,,,8074, +38-116,38,Amu da wan kuzu da bo.,Amu\tda\twan\tkuzu\tda\tbo.,1SG\tgive\tART\tthing\tgive\t2SG,I gave you something.,,,1236[200],,elicited from speaker,Amu da wan kuzu da bo.,,1SG give ART thing give 2SG,,,,8075, +40-81,40,El pudz-o kas pəkə boj.,El\tpudz-o\tkas\tpəkə\tboj.,3SG\tplace-PST\trind\tOBJ.that\tox,He gave the rind to that ox.,,"In this sentence, the indirect object is marked by p(V)-. This sentence is taken from the story told by Angelin Rosario.",,,naturalistic spoken,"El pudz-o kas pəkə boj.",,3SG place-PST rind OBJ.that ox,"In this sentence, the indirect object is marked by p(V)-. This sentence is taken from the story told by Angelin Rosario.",Unpublished story,,8076, +40-82,40,Mari uly-o pəkə rhapa.,Mari\tuly-o\tpəkə\trhapa.,Mari\tsee-PST\tOBJ.that\tboy,Mari saw that boy.,,"In this sentence, the direct object is marked by p(V)-.",,,constructed by linguist,"Mari uly-o pəkə rhapa.",,Mari see-PST OBJ.that boy,"In this sentence, the direct object is marked by p(V)-.",Own knowledge,,8077, +42-106,42,eli sa tiu ja bendé aké prau ku yo,eli\tsa\ttiu\tja\tbendé\také\tprau\tku\tyo,3SG\tGEN\tuncle\tPFV\tsell\tthat\tboat\tDAT\t1SG,His uncle sold the boat to me.,,,122[161],,elicited from speaker,"eli sa tiu ja bendé aké prau ku yo",,3SG GEN uncle PFV sell that boat DAT 1SG,,,,8078, +42-107,42,krensa krensa olotu ja da ku eli ku úngua mulé china,krensa\tkrensa\tolotu\tja\tda\tku\teli\tku\túngua\tmulé\tchina,child\tchild\t3PL\tPFV\tgive\tACC\t3SG\tDAT\tone\twoman\tChinese,"When he was quite young, they gave him to a Chinese woman.",,,122[162],,naturalistic spoken,"krensa krensa olotu ja da ku eli ku úngua mulé china",,child child 3PL PFV give ACC 3SG DAT one woman Chinese,,,,8079, +43-74,43,[...] kantu kere da akel ondra kung eo [...].,[...]\tkantu\tkere\tda\takel\tondra\tkung\teo\t[...].,[...]\tif\twant\tgive\tthat\thonour\tOBJ\t1SG\t[...],[...] whether he wants to give me the honour [...].,,,906[78],,pedagogical grammar,"[...] kantu kere da akel ondra kung eo [...].",,[...] if want give that honour OBJ 1SG [...],,,,8080, +44-114,44,Ya dáli Lóling sen kon Lólet.,Ya\tdáli\tLóling\tsen\tkon\tLólet.,PFV\tgive\tLoling\tmoney\tOBJ\tLolet,Loling gave money to Lolet.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ya dáli Lóling sen kon Lólet.",,PFV give Loling money OBJ Lolet,,Own data,,8081, +45-98,45,Di dale Rosa el flores con el maestra.,Di\tdale\tRosa\tel\tflores\tcon\tel\tmaestra.,CTPL\tgive\tRosa\tDEF\tflower\tOBJ\tDEF\tteacher,Rosa will give the flower to the teacher.,,,835[82],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di dale Rosa el flores con el maestra.,,CTPL give Rosa DEF flower OBJ DEF teacher,,,,8082, +45-99,45,Ya cumpra ele el vestido na plaza.,Ya\tcumpra\tele\tel\tvestido\tna\tplaza.,PFV\tbuy\t3SG\tDEF\tdress\tLOC\tmarket,She bought the dress in the market.,,,835[82],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ya cumpra ele el vestido na plaza.,,PFV buy 3SG DEF dress LOC market,,,,8083, +46-117,46,Ya-dále yo regálo konéste muhér.,Ya-dále\tyo\tregálo\tkonéste\tmuhér.,PRF-give\t1SG\tpresent\tOBJ.this\twoman,I gave a book to this woman.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya-dále yo regálo konéste muhér.,,PRF-give 1SG present OBJ.this woman,,Own knowledge,,8084, +47-122,47,Maria a duna Wanchu un buki.,Maria\ta\tduna\tWanchu\tun\tbuki.,Maria\tPFV\tgive\tWanchu\tINDF\tbook,Maria gave Wanchu a book.,,,194[335],,published source,Maria a duna Wanchu un buki.,,Maria PFV give Wanchu INDF book,,,,8085, +47-123,47,Duna mi ruman hòmber e yabi.,Duna\tmi\truman\thòmber\te\tyabi.,give\t1SG\tsibling\tman\tDEF\tkey,Give my brother the key.,,The translation is mine.,1024[91],,published source,Duna mi ruman hòmber e yabi.,,give 1SG sibling man DEF key,The translation is mine.,,,8086,Dutch: Geeft mijn broer de sleutel. +47-124,47,Ela duné na nos.,El\ta\tduna\té\tna\tnos.,3SG\tPFV\tgive\t3SG\tLOC\t1PL,He/she gave it to us.,,,151[68],,published source,Ela duné na nos.,El a duna é na nos.,3SG PFV give 3SG LOC 1PL,,,,8087, +47-125,47,Chaleko a fia Karlos su baiskel.,Chaleko\ta\tfia\tKarlos\tsu\tbaiskel.,Chaleko\tPFV\tlend\tKarlos\tPOSS\tbicycle,Chaleko lent Karlos his bicycle.,,The translation is mine.,1024[96],,published source,Chaleko a fia Karlos su baiskel.,,Chaleko PFV lend Karlos POSS bicycle,The translation is mine.,,,8088, +47-126,47,Bo por pasa mi e skalchi?/ Bo por pasa e skalchi pa mi?,Bo\tpor\tpasa\tmi\te\tskalchi?/\tBo\tpor\tpasa\te\tskalchi\tpa\tmi?,2SG\tcan\tpass\t1SG\tDEF\tdish\t2SG\tcan\tpass\tDEF\tdish\tfor\t1SG,Can you pass me the dish?,,The translation is mine.,1024[143],,published source,Bo por pasa mi e skalchi?/ Bo por pasa e skalchi pa mi?,,2SG can pass 1SG DEF dish 2SG can pass DEF dish for 1SG,The translation is mine.,,,8089, +48-118,48,Tigre ta-ba robando koneho ma yuka.,Tigre\tta-ba\trobando\tkoneho\tma\tyuka.,tiger\tbe-PST.PROG\tsteal\trabbit\tPL\tcassava,The tiger was stealing the cassava from the rabbit.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tigre ta-ba robando koneho ma yuka.,,tiger be-PST.PROG steal rabbit PL cassava,,Recorded by author,,8090,Spanish: El tigre le estaba robando la yuca al conejo. +48-119,48,Ele tan nda ele un regalo muy epesial.,Ele\ttan\tnda\tele\tun\tregalo\tmuy\tepesial.,he/she\tFUT\tgive\thim/her\ta\tgift\tvery\tspecial,He/she is going to give him/her a very special gift.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ele tan nda ele un regalo muy epesial.,,he/she FUT give him/her a gift very special,,Recorded by author,,8091,Spanish: (Él/ella) le va a dar un regalo muy especial. +48-120,48,Ma jende á baratá mujé kasa a jueds' e piedra.,Ma\tjende\tá\tbaratá\tmujé\tkasa\ta\tjueds'\te\tpiedra.,PL\tpeople\tPST\tdestroy\twoman\thouse\twith\tforce\tof\trock,People destroyed the house to/of the woman by throwing rocks at it.,,See example (89b) in Patiño Rosselli (1983: 154).,353[154],,naturalistic spoken,Ma jende á baratá mujé kasa a jueds' e piedra.,,PL people PST destroy woman house with force of rock,See example (89b) in Patiño Rosselli (1983: 154).,,,8092, +49-172,49,Mari ba timoun yo yon jwèt.,Mari\tba\ttimoun\tyo\tyon\tjwèt.,Marie\tgive\tchild\tDEF.PL\tINDF\ttoy,Marie gave a toy to the children.,,,466[54],,naturalistic spoken,Mari ba timoun yo yon jwèt.,,Marie give child DEF.PL INDF toy,,,,8093,French: Marie a donné un jouet aux enfants. +49-173,49,Pòl bay Anita yon mango.,Pòl\tbay\tAnita\tyon\tmango.,Paul\tgive\tAnita\tINDF\tmango,Paul gave Anita a mango.,,,466[54],,naturalistic spoken,Pòl bay Anita yon mango.,,Paul give Anita INDF mango,,,,8094,French: Paul a donné une mangue à Anita. +49-174,49,M a pote liv la ba wou.,M\ta\tpote\tliv\tla\tba\twou.,1SG\tFUT\tbring\tbook\tDEF\tto\t2SG,I will bring you the book.,,,466[54],,naturalistic spoken,M a pote liv la ba wou.,,1SG FUT bring book DEF to 2SG,,,,8095,French: Je t'apporterai le livre. +49-175,49,Pote liv la ba papa ou.,Pote\tliv\tla\tba\tpapa\tou.,bring\tbook\tDEF\tPREP\tfather\t2SG,Take the book to your father.,,,1505[72],,naturalistic spoken,Pote liv la ba papa ou.,,bring book DEF PREP father 2SG,,,,8096,French: Apporte le livre à ton père. +49-176,49,Fè travay la ban mwen!,Fè\ttravay\tla\tban\tmwen!,do\twork\tDEF\tPREP\t1SG,Do the work for me!,,This is not an example of a double object construction; it is given here because it is related to the double object bay/ba-construction.,1505[72],,naturalistic spoken,Fè travay la ban mwen!,,do work DEF PREP 1SG,"This is not an example of a double object construction; it is given here because it is related to the double object bay/ba-construction.",,,8097,French: Fais-moi le travail! +49-177,49,Sa ou pote pou mwen jodi a?,Sa\tou\tpote\tpou\tmwen\tjodi\ta?,DEM\t2SG\tbring\tPREP\t1SG\ttoday\tDEF,What are you bringing me today?,,,1505[576],,naturalistic spoken,Sa ou pote pou mwen jodi a?,,DEM 2SG bring PREP 1SG today DEF,,,,8098,French: Qu'est-ce que tu m'apportes aujourd'hui? +50-108,50,An ba madanm-la liv-la.,An\tba\tmadanm-la\tliv-la.,1SG\tgive\twoman-DEF\tbook-DEF,I gave the woman the book.,,,,,constructed by linguist,An ba madanm-la liv-la.,,1SG give woman-DEF book-DEF,,Own knowledge,,8099, +50-109,50,An pran liv-la.,An\tpran\tliv-la.,1SG\ttake\tbook-DEF,I took the book.,,,,,constructed by linguist,An pran liv-la.,,1SG take book-DEF,,Own knowledge,,8100, +51-100,51,Man ba madanm-lan liv-la.,Man\tba\tmadanm-lan\tliv-la.,1SG\tgive\twoman-DEF\tbook-DEF,I gave the book to the woman.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man ba madanm-lan liv-la.,,1SG give woman-DEF book-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,8101, +51-101,51,Man pran liv-la.,Man\tpran\tliv-la.,1SG\ttake\tbook-DEF,I took the book.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man pran liv-la.,,1SG take book-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,8102, +53-238,53,Mo don ma maman ponye-la.,Mo\tdon\tma\tmaman\tponye-la.,1SG\tgive\t1SG.POSS\tmother\tbasket-ART.DEF.SG,I give my mother the basket.,,,1048[255],,elicited from speaker,Mo don ma maman ponye-la.,,1SG give 1SG.POSS mother basket-ART.DEF.SG,,,,8103,French: Je donne le panier à ma mère. +53-239,53,Mo don ponye-la a ma moman.,Mo\tdon\tponye-la\ta\tma\tmoman.,1SG\tgive\tbasket-ART.DEF.SG\tto\t1SG.POSS\tmother,I give the basket to my mother.,,,1048[256],,elicited from speaker,Mo don ponye-la a ma moman.,,1SG give basket-ART.DEF.SG to 1SG.POSS mother,,,,8104, +53-240,53,So popa e dòn so fiy kote nonm-la.,So\tpopa\te\tdòn\tso\tfiy\tkote\tnonm-la.,3SG.POSS\tfather\tPROG\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tdaughter\tto\tman-ART.DEF.SG,Her father is giving his daughter to the man.,,,722[362],,naturalistic spoken,So popa e dòn so fiy kote nonm-la.,,3SG.POSS father PROG give 3SG.POSS daughter to man-ART.DEF.SG,,,,8105, +53-390,53,Mo done pikayon piti gasson mo fie ki kouri lékol.,Mo\tdone\tpikayon\tpiti\tgasson\tmo\tfie\tki\tkouri\tlékol.,1SG\tgive\tnickel\tlittle\tboy\t1SG\tdaughter\tREL\tgo\tschool,I gave a nickel to my daughter's son who goes to school.,,,1049[102],,naturalistic written,Mo done pikayon piti gasson mo fie ki kouri lékol.,,1SG give nickel little boy 1SG daughter REL go school,,,,8106, +54-129,54,"Somanké, i fodra donn boug la in bout.","Somanke,\ti\tfodra\tdonn\tboug\tla\ten\tbout.",certainly\tFIN\tmust.FUT\tgive\tman\tDEM\tINDF\tpiece,"Certainly, you will have to give the man a piece.",,"This is an example of a ditransitive construction; boug la, the recipient, is not marked.",110[60],,naturalistic spoken,"Somanké, i fodra donn boug la in bout.","Somanke, i fodra donn boug la en bout.",certainly FIN must.FUT give man DEM INDF piece,"This is an example of a ditransitive construction; boug la, the recipient, is not marked.",,,8107,"French: Sans manquer, il faudra donner un bout au type." +55-99,55,ar/ek/avek ki sanla to'n don larzaṅ la?,ar/ek/avek\tki\tsanla\tto'n\tdon\tlarzaṅ\tla?,with\twho\tthat.one\t2SG.PFV\tgive\tmoney\tDEF,To whom have you given the money?,,"ar, ek, and avek are optional variants all of which derive historically from French avec.",,,constructed by linguist,ar/ek/avek ki sanla to'n don larzaṅ la?,,with who that.one 2SG.PFV give money DEF,"ar, ek, and avek are optional variants all of which derive historically from French avec.",Own knowledge,,8108, +55-101,55,fam la ti don so garsoṅ larzaṅ la,fam\tla\tti\tdon\tso\tgarsoṅ\tlarzaṅ\tla,woman\tDEF\tPST\tgive\ther\tboy\tmoney\tDEF,The woman gave her son the money.,,,,,constructed by linguist,fam la ti don so garsoṅ larzaṅ la,,woman DEF PST give her boy money DEF,,Own knowledge,,8109, +55-102,55,fam la ti perdi larzaṅ la,fam\tla\tti\tperdi\tlarzaṅ\tla,woman\tDEF\tPST\tloose\tmoney\tDEF,The woman lost the money.,,,,,constructed by linguist,fam la ti perdi larzaṅ la,,woman DEF PST loose money DEF,,Own knowledge,,8110, +55-103,55,mo'n don semiz Klod,mo'n\tdon\tsemiz\tKlod,1SG.COMPL\tgive\tshirt\tClaude,I gave the shirt to Claude.,,,17,,written (grammar),mo'n don semiz Klod,,1SG.COMPL give shirt Claude,,,,8111, +56-119,56,Mon 'n donn Marcel en mang.,Mon\t'n\tdonn\tMarcel\ten\tmang.,1SG\tPRF\tgive\tMarcel\ta\tmango,I gave Marcel a mango.,,"Marcel, the recipient, is not marked.",952,,constructed by native speaker,Mon 'n donn Marcel en mang.,,1SG PRF give Marcel a mango,"Marcel, the recipient, is not marked.",,,8112, +57-61,57,"Sola reste ave tule Tuo-la, e pi apre, ka la ni ŋgra pi apre sola ndone fam pu lja.","Sola\treste\tave\ttule\tTuo-la,\te\tpi\tapre,\tka\tla\tni\tŋgra\tpi\tapre\tsola\tndone\tfam\tpu\tlja.",3PL\tstay\twith\tPL\tTouho-DET/DEF\tand\tthen\tlater\twhen\the\tCOMPL\tgrow\tthen\tlater\tthey\tgive\twife\tfor\t3SG,"They stayed with the people from Touho tribe, and when he had grown up, he was given a wife.",,,423[224],,naturalistic written,"Sola reste ave tule Tuo-la, e pi apre, ka la ni ŋgra pi apre sola ndone fam pu lja.",,3PL stay with PL Touho-DET/DEF and then later when he COMPL grow then later they give wife for 3SG,,,,8113, +57-62,57,ma ndone lama a lot la par ter,ma\tndone\tlama\ta\tlot\tla\tpar\tter,1SG\tgive\thand\tto\tother\tDEM/DEF\ton\tground,I give a helping hand to the other person lying on the ground.,,,423[250],,naturalistic spoken,"ma ndone lama a lot la par ter",,1SG give hand to other DEM/DEF on ground,,,,8114, +57-118,57,sola ndone fam pu lja,sola\tndone\tfam\tpu\tlja,3PL\tgive\twife\tPREP\t3SG,They gave him a wife.,,,423[229],,naturalistic spoken,"sola ndone fam pu lja",,3PL give wife PREP 3SG,,,,8115, +58-79,58,Yandi pes-aka mono mukanda ve.,Yandi\tpes-aka\tmono\tmukanda\tve.,he\tgive-PST\tme\tbook\tnot,He did not give me the book.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi pes-aka mono mukanda ve.,,he give-PST me book not,,Own knowledge,,8116, +58-80,58,Yandi pesa mono mbongo.,Yandi\tpesa\tmono\tmbongo.,3SG\tgive\tme\tmoney,He/She gave me money.,,The tense is narrative.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi pesa mono mbongo.,,3SG give me money,The tense is narrative.,Own knowledge,,8117, +58-81,58,Yandi tinda mono mukanda.,Yandi\ttinda\tmono\tmukanda.,3SG\tsend\tme\tletter,He/She sent me a letter.,,"The difference between the indefinite reference here, without a determiner/quantifier, and the indefinite reference with mosi 'one' is that the latter is specific while the former is non-specific.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi tinda mono mukanda.,,3SG send me letter,"The difference between the indefinite reference here, without a determiner/quantifier, and the indefinite reference with mosi 'one' is that the latter is specific while the former is non-specific.",Own knowledge,,8118, +59-185,59,"tongana lo mu samba na ala, ala ken'","tongana\tlo\tmu\tsamba\tna\tala,\tala\tken'",when\t3SG\tgive\tbeer\tPREP\t2SG.DEF\t2SG.DEF\trefuse,"Should he offer you beer, refuse it.",,Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.,,,naturalistic spoken,"tongana lo mu samba na ala, ala ken'",,when 3SG give beer PREP 2SG.DEF 2SG.DEF refuse,"Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.",Samarin corpus 1994,,8119, +59-186,59,"lo mu na ala samba titn ala nyon', ala ken'","lo\tmu\tna\tala\tsamba\tti.tene\tala\tnyon',\tala\tken'",3SG\tgive\tPREP\t2SG.DEF\tso\tthat\t2SG.DEF\tdrink\t2SG.DEF\trefuse,"(She said), ""Should he offer you beer to drink, refuse it.""",,Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.,,,naturalistic spoken,"lo mu na ala samba titn ala nyon', ala ken'","lo mu na ala samba ti.tene ala nyon', ala ken'",3SG give PREP 2SG.DEF so that 2SG.DEF drink 2SG.DEF refuse,"Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.",Samarin corpus 1994,,8120, +59-187,59,"lo mu samba, lo mu na lo, lo ken'","lo\tmu\tsamba,\tlo\tmu\tna\tlo,\tlo\tken'",3SG\ttake\tbeer\t3SG\tgive\tPREP\t3SG\t3SG\trefuse,"He offered her beer, but she refused.",,This is another example of the chaining of clauses. One would be over-translating by saying 'He took beer and gave [...]'.,,,naturalistic spoken,"lo mu samba, lo mu na lo, lo ken'",,3SG take beer 3SG give PREP 3SG 3SG refuse,This is another example of the chaining of clauses. One would be over-translating by saying 'He took beer and gave [...]'.,Samarin corpus 1994,,8121, +59-188,59,"mu zembe ka, ga na ni na mbi, mbi doroko na nyama ni","mu\tzembe\tka,\tga\tna\tni\tna\tmbi,\tmbi\tdoroko\tna\tnyama\tni",seize\tknife\tthere\tcome\tPREP\tDET\tPREP\t1SG\t1SG\tbutcher\tPREP\tanimal\tDET,Bring me the knife over there for me to butcher the animal with it.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mu zembe ka, ga na ni na mbi, mbi doroko na nyama ni",,seize knife there come PREP DET PREP 1SG 1SG butcher PREP animal DET,,Own knowledge,,8122, +60-84,60,mamá apésákí mwána búku,mamá\ta-pés-ákí\tmwána\tbúku,mother\t3SG-give-PST\tchild\tbook,The mother gave the child a book.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mamá apésákí mwána búku,mamá a-pés-ákí mwána búku,mother 3SG-give-PST child book,,Own knowledge,,8123, +60-85,60,mamá apésákí búku na mwána,mamá\ta-pés-ákí\tbúku\tna\tmwána,mother\t3SG-give-PST\tbook\tto\tchild,The mother gave a book to the child.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"mamá apésákí búku na mwána",mamá a-pés-ákí búku na mwána,mother 3SG-give-PST book to child,,Own knowledge,,8124, +60-86,60,mwána apésákí kíti na mamá,mwána\ta-pés-ákí\tkíti\tna\tmamá,child\t3SG-give-PST\tchair\tto\tmother,The child gave the chair to the mother.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"mwána apésákí kíti na mamá",mwána a-pés-ákí kíti na mamá,child 3SG-give-PST chair to mother,,Own knowledge,,8125, +60-87,60,mwána apésákí mamá kíti,mwána\ta-pés-ákí\tmamá\tkíti,child\t3SG-give-PST\tmother\tchair,The child gave the mother a chair.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mwána apésákí mamá kíti,mwána a-pés-ákí mamá kíti,child 3SG-give-PST mother chair,,Own knowledge,,8126, +61-63,61,Mina nikile lo tomzan lo sinkwa.,Mina\tnik-ile\tlo\ttomzan\tlo\tsinkwa.,I\tgive-PST\tDEF.ART\tgirl\tDEF.ART\tbread,I gave the girl bread. OR: I gave bread to the girl. OR: I gave the bread to the girl.,,"The last translation is better expressed by paraphrase 'I took the bread, I gave it to the girl' (where bread is definite or given/ known to hearer).",,,elicited from speaker,Mina nikile lo tomzan lo sinkwa.,Mina nik-ile lo tomzan lo sinkwa.,I give-PST DEF.ART girl DEF.ART bread,"The last translation is better expressed by paraphrase 'I took the bread, I gave it to the girl' (where bread is definite or given/ known to hearer).",Field notes Mesthrie,,8127, +61-64,61,Mina nikile lo sinkwa duze ga lo tombazan.,Mina\tnik-ile\tlo\tsinkwa\tduze\tga\tlo\ttombazan.,I\tgive-PST\tDEF.ART\tbread\tnear\tPOSS\tDEF.ART\tgirl,I gave the bread to the girl. OR: I gave the bread via the girl.,,"This is marked compared to the other order; the implication here is that I gave it via the girl, rather than to her as beneficiary. She is recipient rather than beneficiary.",,,unknown,Mina nikile lo sinkwa duze ga lo tombazan.,Mina nik-ile lo sinkwa duze ga lo tombazan.,I give-PST DEF.ART bread near POSS DEF.ART girl,"This is marked compared to the other order; the implication here is that I gave it via the girl, rather than to her as beneficiary. She is recipient rather than beneficiary.",,,8128, +62-54,62,vé-ka-há-ní-'ó,vé-ka-há-ní-'ó,2-CSEC-OBJ.16-1SG-give,They gave me the place.,,The object pronoun of the recipient needs to be closest to the verb stem. The recipient is the only possible subject of the passive of 'to give'. The recipient cannot be left unmentioned; the gift can.,,,naturalistic spoken,vé-ka-há-ní-'ó,,2-CSEC-OBJ.16-1SG-give,The object pronoun of the recipient needs to be closest to the verb stem. The recipient is the only possible subject of the passive of 'to give'. The recipient cannot be left unmentioned; the gift can.,Own field data 1993,,8129, +62-55,62,ém̩?ó m?aléta kú?u kikohle,é-m-?o\tm-?aleta\tkú?u\tkikohle,3SG-OBJ.3SG.1-give\t1.girl\this\t7.bracelet,He gives his girlfriend a bracelet.,,,,,elicited from speaker,ém̩?ó m?aléta kú?u kikohle,é-m-?o m-?aleta kú?u kikohle,3SG-OBJ.3SG.1-give 1.girl his 7.bracelet,,Own field data 1993,,8130, +62-56,62,ijí tutam̩babáha mugahló,ijí\ttu-ta-m-babaha\tm-gahlo,now\t1PL-PRS-OBJ.3SG.1-escort\t1-visitor,We accompany the visitor.,,,,,elicited from speaker,ijí tutam̩babáha mugahló,ijí tu-ta-m-babaha m-gahlo,now 1PL-PRS-OBJ.3SG.1-escort 1-visitor,,Own field data 1993,,8131, +63-118,63,úmun wedí na turá fi Mazéras,úmun\twedí\tna\tturá\tfi\tMazéras,3PL\tgive\tus\tplot\tin\tMazeras,They gave us a plot in Mazeras.,,,857[362],,naturalistic spoken,úmun wedí na turá fi Mazéras,,3PL give us plot in Mazeras,,,,8132, +63-119,63,úwo wedí la jídi t-éna láabi ta galamóyo,úwo\twedí\tla\tjídi\tt-éna\tláabi\tta\tgalamóyo,3SG\tgive\tto\tgrandfather\tGEN-our\trope\tGEN\tgoat,He gave our grandfather the goat's rope.,,,857[225],,naturalistic spoken,"úwo wedí la jídi t-éna láabi ta galamóyo",,3SG give to grandfather GEN-our rope GEN goat,,,,8133, +63-120,63,bakán úmun já wedí na ómun bakán fi Mazéras,bakán\túmun\tjá\twedí\tna\tómun\tbakán\tfi\tMazéras,when\t3PL\tcome\tgive\tto\t3PL\tplace\tin\tMazeras,"When they came, they gave them a place to live in Mazeras.",,,857[237],,naturalistic spoken,"bakán úmun já wedí na ómun bakán fi Mazéras",,when 3PL come give to 3PL place in Mazeras,,,,8134, +64-126,64,úo wedí le ána gurúʃ,úo\twedí\tle\tána\tgurúʃ,3SG\tgive\tto\t1SG\tmoney,He gave me money.,,,874[156],,naturalistic spoken,úo wedí le ána gurúʃ,,3SG give to 1SG money,,,,8135, +64-127,64,ána biworí le ítakum mowdú de,ána\tbi=worí\tle\títakum\tmowdú\tde,1SG\tIRR=show\tto\t2PL\tquestion\tDEM.PROX,I will explain this question to you.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ána biworí le ítakum mowdú de,ána bi=worí le ítakum mowdú de,1SG IRR=show to 2PL question DEM.PROX,,Own knowledge,,8136, +64-187,64,kitáb al ána wedí le íta,kitáb\tal\tána\twedí\tle\títa,book\tREL\t1SG\tgive\tto\t2SG,the book which I gave you,,,,,constructed by linguist,"kitáb al ána wedí le íta",,book REL 1SG give to 2SG,,Own knowledge,,8137, +65-91,65,Laboʧij ni dawaj iwo.,Laboʧij\tni\tdawaj\tiwo.,worker\tNEG\tgive\t3SG,It (ginseng) was not given to workers.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[266],,naturalistic spoken,Laboʧij ni dawaj iwo.,,worker NEG give 3SG,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,Лабочий не давай иво.,8138, +65-92,65,Kitaisa dawali menia ixin'.,Kitaisa\tdawa-li\tmenia\tixin'.,Chinese\tgive-PFV\t1SG\t3PL,They gave me to a Chinese.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,1195[237],,naturalistic spoken,Kitaisa dawali menia ixin'.,Kitaisa dawa-li menia ixin'.,Chinese give-PFV 1SG 3PL,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,,китайса давали меня ихинь.,8139, +66-70,66,Rikas Rimzanape kakana baru attu buk atigasi.,Rikas\tRimzana-pe\tkaka-na\tbaru\tattu\tbuk\tati-kasi.,Rikas\tRimzana-POSS\tbrother-DAT\tnew\tINDF\tbook\tFUT-give,Rikas will give Rimzana's (older) brother a new book.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Rikas Rimzanape kakana baru attu buk atigasi.,Rikas Rimzana-pe kaka-na baru attu buk ati-kasi.,Rikas Rimzana-POSS brother-DAT new INDF book FUT-give,,Own knowledge,,8140, +67-130,67,Jangan kasi wang sama ini macam punya orang.,Jangan\tkasi\twang\tsama\tini\tmacam\tpunya\torang.,don’t\tgive\tmoney\twith\tDEM\tlike\tATTR\tperson,Don’t give money to people like this.,,,708[137],,naturalistic spoken,Jangan kasi wang sama ini macam punya orang.,,don’t give money with DEM like ATTR person,,,,8141, +67-131,67,"Belakang, dia pon baik-baik kasi itu kaca jeremin sama saya.","Belakang,\tdia\tpon\tbaik~baik\tkasi\titu\tkaca\tjeremin\tsama\tsaya.",back\t3SG\talso\tgood~good\tgive\tDEM\tspec-\ttacles\twith\t1SG,"After this, he carefully gave me my spectacles.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Belakang, dia pon baik-baik kasi itu kaca jeremin sama saya.","Belakang, dia pon baik~baik kasi itu kaca jeremin sama saya.",back 3SG also good~good give DEM spec- tacles with 1SG,,Own knowledge,,8142, +67-132,67,Wa kasi lu empat ratus.,Wa\tkasi\tlu\tempat\tratus.,1SG\tgive\t2SG\tfour\thundred,I gave you four hundreds.,,,708[136],,naturalistic spoken,Wa kasi lu empat ratus.,,1SG give 2SG four hundred,,,,8143, +67-133,67,[...] ini orang-orang kasi dia duit.,[...]\tini\torang~orang\tkasi\tdia\tduit.,[...]\tDEM\tperson~person\tgive\t3SG\tmoney,[...] these people gave him money.,,,708[136],,naturalistic spoken,[...] ini orang-orang kasi dia duit.,[...] ini orang~orang kasi dia duit.,[...] DEM person~person give 3SG money,,,,8144, +68-73,68,[...] la de kasi beta sa-bua lei.,[...]\tla\tde\tkasi\tbeta\tsa-bua\tlei.,[...]\tthen\t3SG\tgive\t1SG\tone-CLF\talso,[...] and then she gave me one as well.,,,1528[221],,naturalistic spoken,[...] la de kasi beta sa-bua lei.,,[...] then 3SG give 1SG one-CLF also,,,,8145, +68-74,68,Pombo kasi tongka for Kes.,Pombo\tkasi\ttongka\tfor\tKes.,dove\tgive\tstick\tto\tmonkey,Dove gave the stick to Monkey.,,,1528[222],,naturalistic spoken,"Pombo kasi tongka for Kes.",,dove give stick to monkey,,,,8146, +68-75,68,Dia rela untu kasi uang.,Dia\trela\tuntu\tkasi\tuang.,3SG\twilling\tto\tgive\tmoney,She was willing to give money.,,,1178[630-631],,naturalistic spoken,Dia rela untu kasi uang.,,3SG willing to give money,,,,8147, +69-49,69,men yaki Yimas mən namban asanan,men\tyaki\tYimas\tmən\tnamban\tasa-nan,3SG\ttobacco\tYimas\t3SG\tDAT\tgive-NONFUT,He gave the Yimas tobacco.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"men yaki Yimas mən namban asanan",men yaki Yimas mən namban asa-nan,3SG tobacco Yimas 3SG DAT give-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,8148, +70-47,70,U bato sub uske larika.,U\tbato\tsub\tuske\tlarika.,3SG\tgive.out\tall\t3SG.POSS\tboy,She gave all of it to her children.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,U bato sub uske larika.,,3SG give.out all 3SG.POSS boy,,Siegel-field recording,,8149, +70-48,70,U deo kana ham-log ke.,U\tdeo\tkana\tham-log\tke.,3SG\tgive\tfood\t1-PL\tACC,She gives food to us.,,,,,constructed by linguist,U deo kana ham-log ke.,,3SG give food 1-PL ACC,,Own knowledge,,8150, +70-49,70,Pani deo jamin.,Pani\tdeo\tjamin.,water\tgive\tland,Give water to the land.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pani deo jamin.,,water give land,,Siegel-field recording,,8151, +70-50,70,Tum deo i cen lariki ke.,Tum\tdeo\ti\tcen\tlariki\tke.,2SG\tgive\tDEM.PROX\tchain\tgirl\tACC,Give this chain to a girl.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Tum deo i cen lariki ke.,,2SG give DEM.PROX chain girl ACC,,Own knowledge,,8152, +71-105,71,Wau makana keia upena kela haole.,Wau\tmakana\tkeia\tupena\tkela\thaole.,1SG\tgive\tthis\tnet\tDET\twhite.foreigner,I gave this net to the white foreigner.,,The more common order in Pidgin Hawaiian is recipient + theme as opposed to the order found here.,,,naturalistic written,Wau makana keia upena kela haole.,,1SG give this net DET white.foreigner,The more common order in Pidgin Hawaiian is recipient + theme as opposed to the order found here.,Own data 1897,,8153, +71-106,71,Iaia lawe mai haawi ia Henry alua omole.,Iaia\tlawe\tmai\thaawi\tia\tHenry\talua\tomole.,3SG\ttake\tDIR\tgive\tOBJ\tHenry\ttwo\tbottle,He brought and gave two bottles to Henry.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Iaia lawe mai haawi ia Henry alua omole.",,3SG take DIR give OBJ Henry two bottle,,Own data 1897,,8154, +71-107,71,Mahope wau makana kela haku kela dala.,Mahope\twau\tmakana\tkela\thaku\tkela\tdala.,later\t1SG\tgive\tDET\tboss\tDET\tmoney,Then I gave the boss the money.,,,,,naturalistic written,Mahope wau makana kela haku kela dala.,,later 1SG give DET boss DET money,,Own data 1892,,8155, +72-92,72,Dat malyju gibit det man jumok.,Dat\tmalyju\tgib-it\tdet\tman\tjumok.,the\tboy\tgive-TR\tthe\tman\tcigarette,The boy gave the man a cigarette.,,,920[432],,naturalistic spoken,Dat malyju gibit det man jumok.,"Dat malyju gib-it det man jumok.",the boy give-TR the man cigarette,,,,8156, +72-93,72,Dat kirri im gibit jumok ngumpitku.,Dat\tkirri\tim\tgib-it\tjumok\tngumpit-ku.,the\twoman\t3SG\tgive-TR\tsmoke\tman-DAT,The woman gives a cigarette to the man.,,,920[432],,naturalistic spoken,"Dat kirri im gibit jumok ngumpitku.","Dat kirri im gib-it jumok ngumpit-ku.","the woman 3SG give-TR smoke man-DAT",,,,8157, +72-94,72,Bat i bin gibit wanbala bo nyanuny husban.,Bat\ti\tbin\tgib-it\twanbala\tbo\tnyanuny\thusban.,but\t3SG.S\tPST\tgive-TR\tone\tDAT\t3SG.DAT\thusband,But she gave one to her husband.,,,583,3607fea4ba0aa7957bd4ca243368e362,naturalistic spoken,Bat i bin gibit wanbala bo nyanuny husban.,Bat i bin gib-it wanbala bo nyanuny husban.,but 3SG.S PST give-TR one DAT 3SG.DAT husband,,,,8158, +73-70,73,bosmu todo platami dasha,bos-mu\ttodo\tplata-mi\tda-sha,2SG-ALL\tall\tsilver-AFF\tgive-1SG.FUT,I will give all the money to you.,,,1033[63],,elicited from speaker,bosmu todo platami dasha,bos-mu todo plata-mi da-sha,2SG-ALL all silver-AFF give-1SG.FUT,,,,8159, +74-92,74,máyka pátlač kámuks kápa tánas,máyka\tpátlač\tkámuks\tkápa\ttánas,2SG\tgive\tdog\tPREP\tsmall,You’re giving a dog to the child.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"máyka pátlač kámuks kápa tánas",,2SG give dog PREP small,,Own knowledge,,8160, +74-93,74,náyka páłač šus,náyka\tpáłač\tšus,1SG\tgive\tshoes,I will give you the shoes.,,,561[33],,narrative,náyka páłač šus,,1SG give shoes,,,,8161, +75-147,75,Ma soer enn floer giimiyaaw.,Ma\tsoer\tenn\tfloer\tgii-miy-aaw.,2SG.POSS.F\tsister\tINDF.ART.F.SG\tflower\t1.PST-give-3.OBJ,I gave my sister a flower.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Ma soer enn floer giimiyaaw.,Ma soer enn floer gii-miy-aaw.,2SG.POSS.F sister INDF.ART.F.SG flower 1.PST-give-3.OBJ,,,,8162, +75-148,75,Namoya lii bitaen eekwa kiimiyeewak.,Namoya\tlii\tbitaen\teekwa\tkii-miy-eew-ak.,NEG\tPL\tcloth\tnow\tPST-give-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-PL,They did not give her any clothes.,,"The verb 'to give' has different forms. There are two roots of the verb 'to give'. Miy- is used in ditransitives, whereas meek- is used when the benefactive is implicit and unspecified.",522,,naturalistic spoken,Namoya lii bitaen eekwa kiimiyeewak.,Namoya lii bitaen eekwa kii-miy-eew-ak.,NEG PL cloth now PST-give-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-PL,"The verb 'to give' has different forms. There are two roots of the verb 'to give'. Miy- is used in ditransitives, whereas meek- is used when the benefactive is implicit and unspecified.",,,8163, +75-149,75,Sii fiy kaakweemeekit oonhin.,Sii\tfiy\tkaakwee-meeki-t\toonhin.,3PL.POSS\tdaughter\ttry-give-3\tthose,She tries to give her daughters (to someone).,,"There are two roots of the verb 'to give'. Miy- is used in ditransitives, whereas meek- is used when the benefactive is implicit and unspecified.",522,,naturalistic spoken,Sii fiy kaakweemeekit oonhin.,Sii fiy kaakwee-meeki-t oonhin.,3PL.POSS daughter try-give-3 those,"There are two roots of the verb 'to give'. Miy- is used in ditransitives, whereas meek- is used when the benefactive is implicit and unspecified.",,,8164, +75-150,75,Li guvarnimaan kiimiyiku enn pataant.,Li\tguvarnimaan\tkii-miy-iku\tenn\tpataant.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tgovernment\tPST-give-INV.3.3\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tpatent,The government gave him a patent.,,"The order is: Agent - Verb - Theme. The recipient is not overtly expressed. The recipient is approximate, the Agent obviative, as is clear from the verb morphology, even though the obviative is not overtly marked on the noun 'government'.",789[218],,naturalistic written,Li guvarnimaan kiimiyiku enn pataant.,Li guvarnimaan kii-miy-iku enn pataant.,DEF.ART.M.SG government PST-give-INV.3.3 DEF.ART.F.SG patent,"The order is: Agent - Verb - Theme. The recipient is not overtly expressed. The recipient is approximate, the Agent obviative, as is clear from the verb morphology, even though the obviative is not overtly marked on the noun 'government'.",,,8165, +2-146,2,"A trawan gi a boi, gi a tra boi feifi, a vijfhonderd.","A\ttrawan\tgi\ta\tboi,\tgi\ta\ttra\tboi\tfeifi,\ta\tvijfhonderd.",the\tother\tgive\tthe\tboy\tgive\tthe\tother\tboy\tfive\tthe\tfive_hundred,"The other one gave the boy, gave the boy five, the five hundred.",,Vijfhonderd is taken from Dutch.,,,elicited from speaker,"A trawan gi a boi, gi a tra boi feifi, a vijfhonderd.",,the other give the boy give the other boy five the five_hundred,"Vijfhonderd is taken from Dutch.","Winford data, Tape 17-a",,8166, +2-147,2,Unu no kan gi den man a disi.,Unu\tno\tkan\tgi\tden\tman\ta\tdisi.,2PL\tno\tcan\tgive\tthe.PL\tman\tDET\tDEM,You can’t give them these.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Unu no kan gi den man a disi.,,2PL no can give the.PL man DET DEM,,"Winford data, Tape 8-a",,8167, +2-148,2,Dus den musu gi mi furu watra fu mi dringi.,Dus\tden\tmusu\tgi\tmi\tfuru\twatra\tfu\tmi\tdringi.,thus\tthey\tshould\tgive\t1SG\tmuch\twater\tfor\t1SG\tdrink,So they need to give me a lot of water to drink.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Dus den musu gi mi furu watra fu mi dringi.,,thus they should give 1SG much water for 1SG drink,,"Winford data, Tape 13-b",,8168, +3-74,3,Di womi da tu buku da di mujɛɛ.,Di\twomi\tda\ttu\tbuku\tda\tdi\tmujɛɛ.,DEF.SG\tman\tgive\ttwo\tbook\tgive\tDEF.SG\twoman,The man gave two books to the woman.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Di womi da tu buku da di mujɛɛ.,,DEF.SG man give two book give DEF.SG woman,,Fieldwork data,,8169, +4-104,4,Da u gi en gaantangi baa.,Da\tu\tgi\ten\tgaantangi\tbaa.,then\twe\tgive\thim\tthanks\tPOL,Then we thank him.,,,281,,naturalistic spoken,Da u gi en gaantangi baa.,,then we give him thanks POL,,,,8170, +5-100,5,mi gi di maan di baal,mi\tgi\tdi\tmaan\tdi\tbaal,1SG\tgive\tthe\tman\tthe\tball,I gave the man the ball. OR: I have given the ball to the man.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi gi di maan di baal,,1SG give the man the ball,,Own knowledge,,8171, +6-65,6,He giv shi a buk.,He\tgiv\tshi\ta\tbuk.,he\tgave\ther\tDET\tbook,He gave her a book.,,,,,elicited from speaker,He giv shi a buk.,,he gave her DET book,,Informant,,8172, +7-152,7,Di gyel ge shi moma wan flowaz.,Di\tgyel\tge\tshi\tmoma\twan\tflowa-z.,DEF\tgirl\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tmother\tINDF\tflower-PL,The girl gave her mother a flower. OR: The girl gave a flower to her mother.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di gyel ge shi moma wan flowaz.,Di gyel ge shi moma wan flowa-z.,DEF girl give 3SG.POSS mother INDF flower-PL,,Own knowledge,,8173, +8-95,8,Mi gi di uman di flowaz.,Mi\tgi\tdi\tuman\tdi\tflowaz.,1SG\tgive\tDET\twoman\tDET\tflower,I gave the woman the flower(s).,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi gi di uman di flowaz.,,1SG give DET woman DET flower,,Own knowledge,,8174, +9-124,9,Giv Bod di waʧ.,Giv\tBod\tdi\twaʧ.,give\tBod\tthe\twatch,Give Bod the watch.,,"This is part of Example 123 (Feature 60 ""Ditransitive ('give') constructions"").",439[242],,naturalistic spoken,Giv Bod di waʧ.,,give Bod the watch,"This is part of Example 123 (Feature 60 ""Ditransitive ('give') constructions"").",,,8175, +10-141,10,Di gyal gi ihn muma wan flowaz.,Di\tgyal\tgi\tihn\tmuma\twan\tflowaz.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tmother\tART.INDF\tflower,The girl gave her mother a flower. OR: The girl gave a flower to her mother.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Di gyal gi ihn muma wan flowaz.,,ART.DEF girl give 3SG.POSS mother ART.INDF flower,,Field notes 2008,,8176, +11-193,11,Ih giv muo taim tu ih church.,Ih\tgiv\tmuo\ttaim\ttu\tih\tchurch.,3SG\tgive\tmore\ttime\tto\t3SG.POSS\tchurch,He dedicates more time to his church.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ih giv muo taim tu ih church.,,3SG give more time to 3SG.POSS church,,,,8177, +11-194,11,Ih neva gi di kyapm ih kompliit niem.,Ih\tneva\tgi\tdi\tkyapm\tih\tkompliit\tniem.,3SG\tNEG.PST\tgive\tART.DEF\tcaptain\t3SG.POSS\tcomplete\tname,He didn't tell the captain his complete name.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ih neva gi di kyapm ih kompliit niem.,,3SG NEG.PST give ART.DEF captain 3SG.POSS complete name,,,,8178, +11-195,11,Di gyal giv wan ros tu ar mada.,Di\tgyal\tgiv\twan\tros\ttu\tar\tmada.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tgive\tART.INDF\trose\tto\t3SG.POSS.F\tmother,The girl gave a rose to her mother.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Di gyal giv wan ros tu ar mada.,,ART.DEF girl give ART.INDF rose to 3SG.POSS.F mother,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,8179, +11-196,11,Di gyal giv ar mamá a flowaz.,Di\tgyal\tgiv\tar\tmamá\ta\tflowaz.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tgive\t3SG.POSS.F\tmother\tART.INDF\tflower.,The girl gave her mother a flower.,,Flowaz = flower (sg.),,,elicited from speaker,Di gyal giv ar mamá a flowaz.,,ART.DEF girl give 3SG.POSS.F mother ART.INDF flower.,"Flowaz = flower (sg.)",Nicaragua project questionnaire,,8180, +17-95,17,À giv dì man nyam.,À\tgiv\tdì\tman\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tgive\tART.DEF\tman\tyam,I gave the man yams.,,,462[59],,naturalistic spoken,À giv dì man nyam.,,1SG.SBJ give ART.DEF man yam,,,,8181, +18-86,18,A bin gif di wuman chop.,A\tbin\tgif\tdi\twuman\tchop.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tgive\tART.DEF\twoman\tfood,I gave the woman food.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,A bin gif di wuman chop.,,1SG.SBJ PST give ART.DEF woman food,,,,8182, +18-87,18,A bin giv chop fo di wuman.,A\tbin\tgiv\tchop\tfo\tdi\twuman.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tgive\tfood\tfor\tDEF.ART\twoman,I gave the woman some food.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,A bin giv chop fo di wuman.,,1SG.SBJ PST give food for DEF.ART woman,,,,8183, +20-77,20,You give my one piecee receipt.,You\tgive\tmy\tone\tpiecee\treceipt.,2SG\tgive\t1SG\tART.INDF\tCLF\treceipt,You give me a receipt.,,,1489[VI.4],,naturalistic written,You give my one piecee receipt.,,2SG give 1SG ART.INDF CLF receipt,,,㕭刦米温卑士利薛,8184, +20-78,20,Give me.,Give\tme.,give\t1SG,Give it to me.,,,1489[IV.46],,naturalistic written,Give me.,,give 1SG,,,刼未,8185, +20-79,20,Give my compliment.,Give\tmy\tcompliment.,give\t1SG.POSS\tcompliment,Give him my compliment.,,,1489[IV.61],,naturalistic written,Give my compliment.,,give 1SG.POSS compliment,,,刦買甘舖(竹+厘)文,8186, +20-80,20,Give captain thisee order.,Give\tcaptain\tthisee\torder.,give\tcaptain\tDEM\torder,Give this order to the captain.,,,1489[VI.64],,naturalistic written,Give captain thisee order.,,give captain DEM order,,,刦急頓地士（口掗）打,8187, +20-81,20,Give thisee check compradore.,Give\tthisee\tcheck\tcompradore.,give\tDEM\tcheck\tcompradore,Give this check to the compradore.,,,1489[VI.16],,naturalistic written,Give thisee check compradore.,,give DEM check compradore,,,刦地士尺甘不多,8188, +22-109,22,Meri i givim kaikai long pikinini.,Meri\ti\tgivim\tkaikai\tlong\tpikinini.,woman\tPM\tgive.TR\tfood\tPREP\tchild,The woman gave food to the child.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Meri i givim kaikai long pikinini.,,woman PM give.TR food PREP child,,Own knowledge,,8189, +24-118,24,Giw some ai ieg!,Giw\tsome\tai\tieg!,give\tsome\t1SG.BEN\tegg,Give me some eggs!,,Note the word order in this example: the recipient is inserted between the determiner and the noun.,,,naturalistic spoken,Giw some ai ieg!,,give some 1SG.BEN egg,Note the word order in this example: the recipient is inserted between the determiner and the noun.,Own fieldwork,,8190, +24-119,24,Hi giw aa wielbierds ieg gen her.,Hi\tgiw\taa\twielbierds\tieg\tgen\ther.,he\tgive\tDET\twhalebird\tegg\tPREP\ther,He gave her those whalebird eggs.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hi giw aa wielbierds ieg gen her.,,he give DET whalebird egg PREP her,,Own fieldwork,,8191, +27-77,27,[...] gi di hou man də servet.,[...]\tgi\tdi\thou\tman\tdə\tservet.,[...]\tgive\tDET\told\tman\tART.DEF\tnapkin,[...] give the old man the napkin.,,,355[63],,naturalistic spoken,[...] gi di hou man də servet.,,[...] give DET old man ART.DEF napkin,,,,8192, +29-116,29,Ek gee die vrou 'n roos.,Ek\tgee\tdie\tvrou\t'n\troos.,1SG.NOM\tgive\tDEF.ART\twoman\tINDF.ART\trose,I give the woman a rose.,,"In the spoken language, the indirect object is most commonly accompanied by the vir marker.",,,naturalistic written,Ek gee die vrou 'n roos.,,1SG.NOM give DEF.ART woman INDF.ART rose,"In the spoken language, the indirect object is most commonly accompanied by the vir marker.",Own knowledge,,8193, +29-117,29,Ek gee 'n roos vir/aan die man.,Ek\tgee\t'n\troos\tvir/aan\tdie\tman.,1SG.NOM\tgive\tINDF.ART\trose\tto\tDEF.ART\tman,I give a rose to the man.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ek gee 'n roos vir/aan die man.,,1SG.NOM give INDF.ART rose to DEF.ART man,,Own knowledge,,8194, +29-118,29,omdat ek die roos vir/aan die man gegee het,omdat\tek\tdie\troos\tvir/aan\tdie\tman\tge-gee\thet,because\tI\tDEF.ART\trose\tto\tDEF.ART\tman\tPTCP-given\tPST,because I gave the rose to the man,,,,,naturalistic written,omdat ek die roos vir/aan die man gegee het,omdat ek die roos vir/aan die man ge-gee het,because I DEF.ART rose to DEF.ART man PTCP-given PST,,Own knowledge,,8195, +29-119,29,omdat ek (vir) die man 'n roos gegee het,omdat\tek\t(vir)\tdie\tman\t'n\troos\tge-gee\thet,because\t1SG.NOM\t(for)\tDEF.ART\tman\tINDF.ART\trose\tPTCP-given\tPST,because I gave the man a rose,,"In the spoken language, the indirect object is most commonly accompanied by the vir marker.",,,naturalistic spoken,omdat ek (vir) die man 'n roos gegee het,omdat ek (vir) die man 'n roos ge-gee het,because 1SG.NOM (for) DEF.ART man INDF.ART rose PTCP-given PST,"In the spoken language, the indirect object is most commonly accompanied by the vir marker.",Own knowledge,,8196, +29-120,29,Daarom gee ons (vir) die man 'n roos.,Daarom\tgee\tons\t(vir)\tdie\tman\t'n\troos.,therefore\tgive\t1PL\t(for)\tDEF.ART\tman\tINDF.ART\trose,Therefore we give the man a rose.,,"In the spoken language, the indirect object is most commonly accompanied by the vir marker.",,,naturalistic written,Daarom gee ons (vir) die man 'n roos.,,therefore give 1PL (for) DEF.ART man INDF.ART rose,"In the spoken language, the indirect object is most commonly accompanied by the vir marker.",Own knowledge,,8197, +29-121,29,Daarom gee ons die roos vir/aan die man.,Daarom\tgee\tons\tdie\troos\tvir/aan\tdie\tman.,therefore\tgive\t1PL\tDEF.ART\trose\tto\tDEF.ART\tman,Therefore we will give the rose to the man.,,,,,naturalistic written,Daarom gee ons die roos vir/aan die man.,,therefore give 1PL DEF.ART rose to DEF.ART man,,Own knowledge,,8198, +29-122,29,omdat ons 'n roos gee vir/aan Karel,omdat\tons\t'n\troos\tgee\tvir/aan\tKarel,because\twe\tINDF.ART\trose\tgive\tfor/to\tCharles,because we give a rose to Charles,,,,,naturalistic written,omdat ons 'n roos gee vir/aan Karel,,because we INDF.ART rose give for/to Charles,,Own knowledge,,8199, +30-132,30,Mudjer da ómi kumida.,Mudjer\tda\tómi\tkumida.,woman\tgive\tman\tfood,The woman gave the man (the) food.,,,106[140/141],,constructed by linguist,Mudjer da ómi kumida.,,woman give man food,,,,8200, +31-117,31,Ken ki ten ka sa da ningen yel.,Ken\tki\tten\tka\tsa\tda\tningen\tyel.,who\tCOMP\thas\tNEG\tPROG\tgive\tnobody\tit,Who has some is not giving anyone anything.,,"Although this sentence does not display full NPs, it is still illlustrative for the prototypical order of Recipient and Theme in the language.",57,,naturalistic spoken,Ken ki ten ka sa da ningen yel.,,who COMP has NEG PROG give nobody it,"Although this sentence does not display full NPs, it is still illlustrative for the prototypical order of Recipient and Theme in the language.",,,8201, +32-95,32,Maria dá se filha un drops.,Maria\tdá\tse\tfilha\tun\tdrops.,Maria\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tdaughter\tDET\tcandy,Maria gave her daughter a candy.,,,1456,,constructed by linguist,Maria dá se filha un drops.,,Maria give 3SG.POSS daughter DET candy,,,,8202,Portuguese: A Maria deu um rebuçado à sua filha. +33-124,33,No da Djon un prenda.,No\tda\tDjon\tun\tprenda.,1PL\tgive.PST\tJohn\tINDF\tgift,We gave John a gift.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,No da Djon un prenda.,,1PL give.PST John INDF gift,,Own knowledge,,8203,Portuguese: Demos uma prenda ao João. +34-95,34,N da Joŋ libru.,N\tø\tda\tJoŋ\tlibru.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgive\tJohn\tbook,I gave John the/a book.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N da Joŋ libru.","N ø da Joŋ libru.",1SG.SBJ PFV give John book,,Own knowledge,,8204, +34-96,34,N da libru Joŋ. ~ N da libru pa Joŋ.,N ø da libru Joŋ. ~ N ø da libru pa Joŋ.,1SG.SBJ PFV give book John   1SG.SBJ PFV give book for John,I gave John the/a book.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N da libru Joŋ. ~ N da libru pa Joŋ.","N ø da libru Joŋ. ~ N ø da libru pa Joŋ.",1SG.SBJ PFV give book John 1SG.SBJ PFV give book for John,,Own knowledge,,8205, +36-81,36,Ê ra Têtêuga ũa kiba palaxu [...].,Ê\tra\tTêtêuga\tũa\tkiba\tpalaxu\t[...].,he\tgive\tturtle\tone\tpart\tpalace\t[...],He gave Turtle a part of his palace [...].,,,901[113],,naturalistic spoken,Ê ra Têtêuga ũa kiba palaxu [...].,,he give turtle one part palace [...],,,,8206,French: Il donna une partie de son palais à Tortue [...]. +38-117,38,Am fa bo xosai.,Amu\tfa\tbo\txo-sai.,1SG\tspeak\t2SG\tthing-DEM,I tell you this.,,,1236[201],,naturalistic spoken,Am fa bo xosai.,Amu fa bo xo-sai.,1SG speak 2SG thing-DEM,,,,8207, +38-118,38,Am da wankuz da bo.,Amu\tda\twan-kuzu\tda\tbo.,1SG\tgive\tART-thing\tgive\t2SG,I gave you something.,,,1236[200],,naturalistic spoken,Am da wankuz da bo.,Amu da wan-kuzu da bo.,1SG give ART-thing give 2SG,,,,8208, +39-117,39,Yo mãdo ũ prɛsẽt a mĩ irmã.,Yo\tmãd-o\tũ\tprɛsẽt\ta\tmĩ\tirmã.,1SG\tsend-PST\tone\tpresent\tDAT\t1SG.POSS\tsister,I sent a present to my sister.,,,221[192],,elicited from speaker,Yo mãdo ũ prɛsẽt a mĩ irmã.,Yo mãd-o ũ prɛsẽt a mĩ irmã.,1SG send-PST one present DAT 1SG.POSS sister,,,,8209, +40-83,40,El yade 150 rhupi ku Dondya.,El\tyade\t150\trhupi\tku\tDondya.,3SG\tgave\t150\trupees\tREP\tDondya,S/he gave Dondya 150 rupees.,,,265[161],,constructed by linguist,El yade 150 rhupi ku Dondya.,,3SG gave 150 rupees REP Dondya,,,,8210, +40-84,40,El yade ku Dondya 150 rhupi.,El\tyade\tku\tDondya\t150\trhupi.,3SG\tgave\tDAT\tDondya\t150\trupee,S/he gave Dondya 150 rupees.,,,265[161],,constructed by linguist,El yade ku Dondya 150 rhupi.,,3SG gave DAT Dondya 150 rupee,,,,8211, +40-85,40,El 150 rhupi ku Dondya yade.,El\t150\trhupi\tku\tDondya\tyade.,3SG\t150\trupee\tDAT\tDondya\tgave,S/he gave Dondya 150 rupees.,,,265[161],,constructed by linguist,El 150 rhupi ku Dondya yade.,,3SG 150 rupee DAT Dondya gave,,,,8212, +40-86,40,El ku Dondya 150 rhupi jade.,El\tku\tDondya\t150\trhupi\tjade.,3SG\tDAT\tDondya\t150\trupee\tgave,S/he gave Dondya 150 rupees.,,,265[161],,constructed by linguist,El ku Dondya 150 rhupi jade.,,3SG DAT Dondya 150 rupee gave,,,,8213, +41-96,41,trees poɖiyaaspa ʈyuviʃan tadaa,trees\tpoɖiyaas-pa\tʈyuviʃan\tta-daa,three\tchild.PL-DAT\ttuition\tPRS-give,[They] are giving tuition to three children.,,,1416[5171],,naturalistic spoken,trees poɖiyaaspa ʈyuviʃan tadaa,trees poɖiyaas-pa ʈyuviʃan ta-daa,three child.PL-DAT tuition PRS-give,,,,8214, +41-97,41,sirvidoor kacoorpa danaadu kaarni jadaa,sirvidoor\tkacoor-pa\tdanaa-du\tkaarni\tjaa-daa,servant\tdog-DAT\tspoil-ADJZ\tmeat\tPST-give,The servant fed the dog the spoiled meat.,,The translation is the elicitation prompt. The verb used is 'give'.,1416[3641],,elicited from speaker,sirvidoor kacoorpa danaadu kaarni jadaa,sirvidoor kacoor-pa danaa-du kaarni jaa-daa,servant dog-DAT spoil-ADJZ meat PST-give,The translation is the elicitation prompt. The verb used is 'give'.,,,8215, +42-108,42,eli ja da ku eli sa pai aké pesi,eli\tja\tda\tku\teli\tsa\tpai\také\tpesi,3SG\tPFV\tgive\tDAT\t3SG\tGEN\tfather\tthat\tfish,He gave his father the fish.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"eli ja da ku eli sa pai aké pesi",,3SG PFV give DAT 3SG GEN father that fish,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,8216, +42-109,42,eli ja da aké doi ku jenti idadi,eli\tja\tda\také\tdoi\tku\tjenti\tidadi,3SG\tPFV\tgive\tthat\tmoney\tDAT\tpeople\tage,He gave the money to the old people.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"eli ja da aké doi ku jenti idadi",,3SG PFV give that money DAT people age,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,8217, +43-75,43,[...] kantu kere da akel ondra kung eo [...].,[...]\tkantu\tkere\tda\takel\tondra\tkung\teo\t[...].,[...]\tif\twant\tgive\tthat\thonour\tOBJ\t1SG\t[...],[…] whether he wants to give me the honour […].,,,906[75],,pedagogical grammar,"[...] kantu kere da akel ondra kung eo [...].",,[...] if want give that honour OBJ 1SG [...],,,,8218, +44-115,44,Ya dalí ahrós kuN kel palimósnera kel muhéra.,Ya\tdalí\tahrós\tkuN\tkel\tpalimósnera\tkel\tmuhéra.,PFV\tgive\trice\tOBJ\tDEF\tbeggar\tDEF\twoman,The woman gave rice to the beggar.,,,1553[10],,elicited from speaker,Ya dalí ahrós kuN kel palimósnera kel muhéra.,,PFV give rice OBJ DEF beggar DEF woman,,,,8219, +44-116,44,Ya dáli kéndiq kel tindéra kun kel mangá kretúra.,Ya\tdáli\tkéndiq\tkel\ttindéra\tkun\tkel\tmangá\tkretúra.,PFV\tgive\tcandy\tDEF\tshopkeeper\tOBJ\tDEF\tPL\tchild,The shopkeeper gave candy to the children. OR: The candy was given to the children by the vendor.,,,1553[11],,elicited from speaker,Ya dáli kéndiq kel tindéra kun kel mangá kretúra.,,PFV give candy DEF shopkeeper OBJ DEF PL child,,,,8220, +45-100,45,Rosa di dale el flores con el maestra.,Rosa\tdi\tdale\tel\tflores\tcon\tel\tmaestra.,Rosa\tCTPL\tgive\tDEF\tflower\tOBJ\tDEF\tteacher,It is Rosa who will give the flower to the teacher.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Rosa di dale el flores con el maestra.,,Rosa CTPL give DEF flower OBJ DEF teacher,,Own knowledge,,8221, +46-118,46,Ya-dále yo líbro koneste ómbre.,Ya-dále\tyo\tlíbro\tkoneste\tómbre.,PRF-give\t1SG\tbook\tOBJ.this\tman,I gave this man a book / books.,,"This was judged as the ""most common"" construction by the speakers.",,,elicited from speaker,Ya-dále yo líbro koneste ómbre.,,PRF-give 1SG book OBJ.this man,"This was judged as the ""most common"" construction by the speakers.",Own knowledge,,8222, +49-178,49,Pòl ba Anita yon mango.,Pòl\tba\tAnita\tyon\tmango.,Paul\tgive\tAnita\tINDF\tmango,Paul gave Anita a mango.,,,466[54],,naturalistic spoken,Pòl ba Anita yon mango.,,Paul give Anita INDF mango,,,,8223,French: Paul a donné une mangue à Anita. +49-179,49,"Li te gen twa zoranj, li ban m youn.","Li\tte\tgen\ttwa\tzoranj,\tli\tban\tm\tyoun.",3SG\tANT\thave\tthree\torange\t3SG\tgive\t1SG\tNUM,"He had three oranges, he gave me one of them.",,,1505[71],,naturalistic spoken,"Li te gen twa zoranj, li ban m youn.",,3SG ANT have three orange 3SG give 1SG NUM,,,,8224,"French: Il avait trois oranges, il m'en a donné une." +49-180,49,Li vle pase moun lòd kòm si li te mèt kay.,Li\tvle\tpase\tmoun\tlòd\tkòm\tsi\tli\tte\tmèt\tkay.,3SG\twant\tgive\tperson\torder\tas\tif\t3SG\tANT\tmaster\thouse,He wants to order people around as if he were the master of the house.,,,381[4],,naturalistic written,Li vle pase moun lòd kòm si li te mèt kay.,,3SG want give person order as if 3SG ANT master house,,,,8225,French: Il veut donner des ordres aux gens comme si il était le maître de maison. +50-110,50,An ba Wojé on poul.,An\tba\tWojé\ton\tpoul.,1SG\tgive\tRoger\tINDF\tchicken,I gave Roger a chicken.,,,,,constructed by linguist,An ba Wojé on poul.,,1SG give Roger INDF chicken,,Own knowledge,,8226, +50-111,50,Pyè ba Eliza on bo.,Pyè\tba\tEliza\ton\tbo.,Peter\tgive\tElisa\tINDF\tkiss,Peter gave Elisa a kiss. OR: Peter kissed Elisa.,,,134[41],,constructed by linguist,Pyè ba Eliza on bo.,,Peter give Elisa INDF kiss,,,,8227, +50-112,50,An ka pòté fig ba papa.,An\tka\tpòté\tfig\tba\tpapa.,1SG\tPROG\tbring\tbanana\tPREP\tfather,I am bringing some bananas to/for my father.,,,851[28],,elicited from speaker,An ka pòté fig ba papa.,,1SG PROG bring banana PREP father,,,,8228,French: J'apporte des bananes à papa. +51-102,51,Man ba Wojé an poul.,Man\tba\tWojé\tan\tpoul.,1SG\tgive\tRoger\tINDF\tchicken,I gave Roger a chicken.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man ba Wojé an poul.,,1SG give Roger INDF chicken,,Own fieldwork,,8229, +51-103,51,Piè ba Eliza an bo.,Piè\tba\tEliza\tan\tbo.,Peter\tgive\tElisa\tINDF\tkiss,Peter gave Elisa a kiss. OR: Peter kissed Elisa.,,,134[41],,constructed by linguist,Piè ba Eliza an bo.,,Peter give Elisa INDF kiss,,,,8230, +51-197,51,Piè vréyé an let ba Eliza.,Piè\tvréyé\tan\tlet\tba\tEliza.,Peter\tsend\tINDF\tletter\tfor\tElisa,Peter sent a letter to Elisa.,,,,,unspecified,Piè vréyé an let ba Eliza.,,Peter send INDF letter for Elisa,,,,8231, +54-130,54,Li donn son syin sakin enn.,Li\tdonn\tson\tsyen\tsaken\tenn.,3SG.FIN\tgive\tPOSS.3SG\tdog\teach\tone,He gives his dogs one each (i.e. one tenrec).,,A tenrec (Ericaneus setosus) is a small animal resembling a hedgehog.,110[63],,naturalistic spoken,Li donn son syin sakin enn.,Li donn son syen saken enn.,3SG.FIN give POSS.3SG dog each one,A tenrec (Ericaneus setosus) is a small animal resembling a hedgehog.,,,8232,French: Il en donne un à chacun de ses chiens. +54-131,54,I fo ou donn pa manzé marmay la!,I\tfo\tou\tdonn\tpa\tmanze\tmarmay\tla!,FIN\tmust\t2SG\tgive\tNEG\tfood\tchild\tDEM,You certainly do not give these children food!,,The plural meaning of marmay 'children' can only be deduced from the context.,110[80],,naturalistic spoken,I fo ou donn pa manzé marmay la!,I fo ou donn pa manze marmay la!,FIN must 2SG give NEG food child DEM,"The plural meaning of marmay 'children' can only be deduced from the context.",,,8233,French: Il faut que tu ne donnes pas à manger à ces enfants. +55-104,55,mo ti don Pyer liv la,mo\tti\tdon\tPyer\tliv\tla,1SG\tPST\tgive\tPierre\tbook\tDEF,I gave Peter the book.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo ti don Pyer liv la,,1SG PST give Pierre book DEF,,Own knowledge,,8234, +55-105,55,mo ti don liv la ar Pyer,mo\tti\tdon\tliv\tla\tar\tPyer,1SG\tPST\tgive\tbook\tDEF\twith\tPierre,I gave the book to Peter.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo ti don liv la ar Pyer,,1SG PST give book DEF with Pierre,,Own knowledge,,8235, +55-106,55,mo'n don Klod semiz,mo'n\tdon\tKlod\tsemiz,1SG.COMPL\tgive\tClaude\tshirt,I give the shirt to Claude.,,,17,,written (grammar),mo'n don Klod semiz,,1SG.COMPL give Claude shirt,,,,8236, +59-189,59,lo ke mu na mo nginza ti bata na lo,lo\tke\tmu\tna\tmo\tnginza\tti\tbata\tna\tlo,3SG\tCOP\tgive\tPREP\t2SG\tmoney\tof\tkeep\tPREP\t3SG,He'll give you money to keep for him.,,,1320[181],,naturalistic spoken,lo ke mu na mo nginza ti bata na lo,,3SG COP give PREP 2SG money of keep PREP 3SG,,,,8237, +59-190,59,mbi yi ti mu wango so na aita,mbi\tyi\tti\tmu\twa-ngo\tso\tna\ta-ita,1SG\twant\tof\tgive\twarn-NMLZ\tDEM\tPREP\tPL-sibling,I want to give this advice to (our) friends.,,,1463[127],,naturalistic spoken,mbi yi ti mu wango so na aita,mbi yi ti mu wa-ngo so na a-ita,1SG want of give warn-NMLZ DEM PREP PL-sibling,,,,8238, +62-57,62,éku?óíye ahoní,é-ku-?o-íye\tahoni,3SG-OBJ.2SG-give-PRF\twhat,What did he give you?,,The pronominal prefix for the recipient is in the slot of the primary object prefix.,,,elicited from speaker,éku?óíye ahoní,é-ku-?o-íye ahoni,3SG-OBJ.2SG-give-PRF what,The pronominal prefix for the recipient is in the slot of the primary object prefix.,Own field data 1993,,8239, +62-58,62,ém̩?ó m̩?aléta kú?u kikohle,é-m-?o\tm̩?aleta\tkú?u\tkikohle,3SG-OBJ.3SG-give\tgirl\this\tbracelet,He gives his girl friend a bracelet.,,,,,elicited from speaker,ém̩?ó m̩?aléta kú?u kikohle,é-m-?o m̩?aleta kú?u kikohle,3SG-OBJ.3SG-give girl his bracelet,,Own field data 1993,,8240, +63-121,63,kabáka já wedí baksís na nas babá t-éna,kabáka\tjá\twedí\tbaksís\tna\tnas\tbabá\tt-éna,Kabaka\tcome\tgive\treward\tto\tPL\tfather\tGEN-our,The Kabaka (king) gave a reward to our ancestors.,,,856[32],,naturalistic spoken,"kabáka já wedí baksís na nas babá t-éna",,Kabaka come give reward to PL father GEN-our,,,,8241, +63-122,63,úwo wedí l-ó míle,úwo\twedí\tl-ó\tmíle,3SG\tgive\tto-him\tsalt,He gives him salt.,,,856[128],,naturalistic spoken,"úwo wedí l-ó míle",,3SG give to-him salt,,,,8242, +64-128,64,áhal ta wéled bidáfa mal le áhal ta biníya,áhal\tta\twéled\tbi=dáfa\tmal\tle\táhal\tta\tbiníya,family\tPOSS\tguy\tIRR=pay\tdowry\tto\tfamily\tPOSS\tgirl,The bridegroom’s family pays the dowry to the bride’s family.,,The order is S-V-T-R.,874[126],,naturalistic spoken,áhal ta wéled bidáfa mal le áhal ta biníya,áhal ta wéled bi=dáfa mal le áhal ta biníya,family POSS guy IRR=pay dowry to family POSS girl,The order is S-V-T-R.,,,8243, +64-129,64,úo wedí le ána gurúʃ,úo\twedí\tle\tána\tgurúʃ,3SG\tgive\tto\t1SG\tmoney,He gave me money.,,,874[156],,naturalistic spoken,úo wedí le ána gurúʃ,,3SG give to 1SG money,,,,8244, +65-93,65,Janseli tibe katami namixta dawaj.,Janseli\ttibe\tkatami\tnamixta\tdawaj.,Janseli\t2SG\tchow\tdried.fish\tgive,Janseli will give you a dish made of dried salmon.,,,458[229],,citation in fiction,Janseli tibe katami namixta dawaj.,,Janseli 2SG chow dried.fish give,,,Янсели тебе катами намихта давай.,8245, +65-94,65,"Ja tuda xodi, iʃːo gumaga padajutə, toʒə daj gumaga.","Ja\ttuda\txodi,\tiʃːo\tgumaga\tpadajutə,\ttoʒə\tdaj\tgumaga.",1SG\tthere\tgo\tall\tpaper\tgive.3PL\talso\tgive\tpaper,"I went there, everybody was given some paper, I was also given some paper.",,"This is a story of Chinese funerals where people were burning ""paper money"". +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[268],,naturalistic spoken,"Ja tuda xodi, iʃːo gumaga padajutə, toʒə daj gumaga.",,1SG there go all paper give.3PL also give paper,"This is a story of Chinese funerals where people were burning ""paper money"". +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,"Я туда ходи, ищё гумага подают, тоже дай гумага.",8246, +66-72,66,Pompanganak kumbang attu deppe ummana ekasi (aða).,Pompang-anak\tkumbang\tattu\tde-pe\tumma-na\te-kasi\t(aða).,female-child\tflower\tINDF\t3SG-POSS\tmother-DAT\tASP-give\t(AUX),The girl gave a flower to her mother.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pompanganak kumbang attu deppe ummana ekasi (aða).,Pompang-anak kumbang attu de-pe umma-na e-kasi (aða).,female-child flower INDF 3SG-POSS mother-DAT ASP-give (AUX),,Own knowledge,,8247, +67-134,67,Saya mahu kasi diaorang balik dia punya sendiripunya cake.,Saya\tmahu\tkasi\tdiaorang\tbalik\tdia\tpunya\tsendiri-punya\tcake.,1SG\twant\tgive\t3PL\treturn\t3SG\tPOSS\tself-possess\tcake,I wanted to return their own cake to them.,,,708[456],,elicited from speaker,Saya mahu kasi diaorang balik dia punya sendiripunya cake.,Saya mahu kasi diaorang balik dia punya sendiri-punya cake.,1SG want give 3PL return 3SG POSS self-possess cake,,,,8248, +67-135,67,Dia kasi kita ini.,Dia\tkasi\tkita\tini.,3SG\tgive\t1PL\tDEM,He gave us this.,,,708[411],,naturalistic spoken,Dia kasi kita ini.,,3SG give 1PL DEM,,,,8249, +67-136,67,"Ah, lain kali, jangan kasi wang sama ini macam punya olang.","Ah,\tlain\tkali,\tjangan\tkasi\twang\tsama\tini\tmacam\tpunya\tolang.",INTERJ\tother\ttime\tdon’t\tgive\tmoney\twith\tDEM\tlike\tMODIF\tperson,"Next time, don’t give money to people like him.",,,708[356],,naturalistic spoken,"Ah, lain kali, jangan kasi wang sama ini macam punya olang.",,INTERJ other time don’t give money with DEM like MODIF person,,,,8250, +71-108,71,Kela wahine kela Amala haawi no ka rama.,Kela\twahine\tkela\tAmala\thaawi\tno\tka\trama.,DET\twoman\tDET\tAmala\tgive\tINTENS\tDEF\tliquor,That woman gave Amala the liquor. OR: That woman Amala gave the liquor (to X).,,"Without checking the original record, I am uncertain which is the correct interpretation. However the first translation is more likely to be correct, as kela wahine Amala is more typical for the latter translation and the lack of a recipient is a difficulty. INTENS=intensifier",,,naturalistic written,Kela wahine kela Amala haawi no ka rama.,,DET woman DET Amala give INTENS DEF liquor,"Without checking the original record, I am uncertain which is the correct interpretation. However the first translation is more likely to be correct, as kela wahine Amala is more typical for the latter translation and the lack of a recipient is a difficulty. INTENS=intensifier",Own data 1889,,8251, +74-94,74,máyka pátlač kámuks kápa tánas,máyka\tpátlač\tkámuks\tkápa\ttánas,2SG\tgive\tdog\tPREP\tsmall,You’re giving the child a dog.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"máyka pátlač kámuks kápa tánas",,2SG give dog PREP small,,Own knowledge,,8252, +75-151,75,Wiya lii zaanfaan kiimiyikoow li zheuzha.,Wiya\tlii\tzaanfaan\tkii-miy-ikoo-w\tli\tzheuzh-a.,3SG\tART.PL\tchild\tPST-give-INV-3\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tjudge-OBV,She was given custody of the children by the judge. OR: It was her whom the judge gave the children.,,"The -iko- element indicates that the obviative NP marked with -a is the subject. It is an inverse sentence, and the order is: recipient - theme - verb - agent. The agent is marked as obviative, and the recipient is grammatical subject. The original is not a passive sentence, but one in which the topic (she/her) is unmarked and the new noun phrase (judge) is marked with an obviative marker -wa. The obviative marker is not always overtly expressed.",789[66],,naturalistic written,Wiya lii zaanfaan kiimiyikoow li zheuzha.,Wiya lii zaanfaan kii-miy-ikoo-w li zheuzh-a.,3SG ART.PL child PST-give-INV-3 DEF.ART.M.SG judge-OBV,"The -iko- element indicates that the obviative NP marked with -a is the subject. It is an inverse sentence, and the order is: recipient - theme - verb - agent. The agent is marked as obviative, and the recipient is grammatical subject. The original is not a passive sentence, but one in which the topic (she/her) is unmarked and the new noun phrase (judge) is marked with an obviative marker -wa. The obviative marker is not always overtly expressed.",,,8253, +75-152,75,Enn forshii d fwaen lii vaesh kiimiyeew.,Enn\tforshii\td\tfwaen\tlii\tvaesh\tkii-miy-eew.,INDF.ART.F.SG\tforkful\tof\thay\tPL\tcow\tPST-give-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,He gave a forkful of hay to the cows.,,Order: Theme - Recipient - Verb. The Agent-Subject is not expressed overtly.,789[101],,naturalistic written,Enn forshii d fwaen lii vaesh kiimiyeew.,Enn forshii d fwaen lii vaesh kii-miy-eew.,INDF.ART.F.SG forkful of hay PL cow PST-give-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,Order: Theme - Recipient - Verb. The Agent-Subject is not expressed overtly.,,,8254, +1-147,1,"Mi sabi bun, une de pikin va Abraham.","Mi\tsabi\tbun,\tunu\tde\tpikin\tfu\tAbraham.",1SG\tknow\twell\t2PL\tCOP\tchild\tof\tAbraham,I know well that you are children of Abraham.,,Here the verb sabi 'know' appears without complementizer.,1355[138],,written,"Mi sabi bun, une de pikin va Abraham.","Mi sabi bun, unu de pikin fu Abraham.",1SG know well 2PL COP child of Abraham,"Here the verb sabi 'know' appears without complementizer.",,,8255, +1-148,1,"Wan libisomma membre, takki, hem kann helpi hem srefi, a kori hem srefi.","Wan\tlibisma\tmemre,\ttaki,\ten\tkan\thèlpi\ten\tsrefi,\ta\tkori\ten\tsrefi.",INDF.SG\tliving.person\tthink\tsay/that\t3SG\tcan\thelp\t3SG\tself\t3SG.SBJ\tfool\t3SG\tself,"Anybody who thinks that he can help himself, (he) is fooling himself.",,"Ad Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"": The relative clause is unmarked, and nothing appears in the subject position: a living person [Ø _ thinks that ...]. +Ad Feature 62 ""Expression of pronominal subjects"": The non-emphatic subject form a in the matrix clause recapitulates the noun phrase with relative clause. The primarily non-subject form hem/en appears as the subject of the subordinate clause, expressing corefence with the matrix subject. +Ad Feature 98 ""Complements of 'think' and 'want'"": The complement of membre 'think' is introduced by taki 'say', 'that'.",1357[65],,written (dictionary),"Wan libisomma membre, takki, hem kann helpi hem srefi, a kori hem srefi.","Wan libisma memre, taki, en kan hèlpi en srefi, a kori en srefi.",INDF.SG living.person think say/that 3SG can help 3SG self 3SG.SBJ fool 3SG self,"Ad Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"": The relative clause is unmarked, and nothing appears in the subject position: a living person [Ø _ thinks that ...]. +Ad Feature 62 ""Expression of pronominal subjects"": The non-emphatic subject form a in the matrix clause recapitulates the noun phrase with relative clause. The primarily non-subject form hem/en appears as the subject of the subordinate clause, expressing corefence with the matrix subject. +Ad Feature 98 ""Complements of 'think' and 'want'"": The complement of membre 'think' is introduced by taki 'say', 'that'.",,,8256, +1-149,1,Em da wan boen kompee foe mie.,En\tda\twan\tbun\tkompe\tfu\tmi.,3SG\tCOP\tINDF.SG\tgood\tfriend\tof\t1SG,He is a good friend of mine.,,"This example shows nominal predication with the copula da. This copula cannot be preceded by a negator, TAM marker or auxiliary; if there is a 3SG pronoun, it is (h)em/en rather than the non-emphatic, dependent subject form a.",1576[87],,written,Em da wan boen kompee foe mie.,En da wan bun kompe fu mi.,3SG COP INDF.SG good friend of 1SG,"This example shows nominal predication with the copula da. This copula cannot be preceded by a negator, TAM marker or auxiliary; if there is a 3SG pronoun, it is (h)em/en rather than the non-emphatic, dependent subject form a.",,,8257,Dutch: Hy is een goede kennisse van my [op.cit.] +2-149,2,Mi no wani taki nanga yu.,Mi\tno\twani\ttaki\tnanga\tyu.,1SG\tNEG\twant\ttalk\twith\t2SG,I don’t want to talk to you.,,,1604[274],,naturalistic spoken,Mi no wani taki nanga yu.,,1SG NEG want talk with 2SG,,,,8258, +2-150,2,"Yu sii, unu de bezig bouw a stal drape moro bun.","Yu\tsii,\tunu\tde\tbezig\tbouw\ta\tstal\tdrape\tmoro\tbun.",2SG\tsee\t1PL\tCOP\tbusy\tbuild\tDET\tstall\tthere\tmore\tgood,"You see, we’re busy making the stall there better.",,,1604[283],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu sii, unu de bezig bouw a stal drape moro bun.",,2SG see 1PL COP busy build DET stall there more good,,,,8259, +3-75,3,A téi fáka faa kóti dí beée.,A\ttéi\tfáka\tfaa\tkóti\tdí\tbeée.,3SG\ttake\tknife\tfor.3SG\tcut\tDEF.SG\tbread,He took the knife in order to cut the bread.,,,1539[78],,naturalistic spoken,A téi fáka faa kóti dí beée.,,3SG take knife for.3SG cut DEF.SG bread,,,,8260, +4-105,4,Yu kweli paanga fu tapu osu.,Yu\tkweli\tpaanga\tfu\ttapu\tosu.,you\ttrim\tboard\tfor\tstop\thouse,You trim boards for closing off the house.,,,661[456],,naturalistic spoken,Yu kweli paanga fu tapu osu.,,you trim board for stop house,,,,8261, +5-101,5,mi biliiv in am,mi\tbiliiv\tin\tam,1SG\tbelieve\tin\t3SG.ACC,I believe in it.,,,"1281[160, line 492]",,naturalistic spoken,"mi biliiv in am",,1SG believe in 3SG.ACC,,,,8262, +7-153,7,Mi na no we shi de.,Mi\tna\tno\twe\tshi\tde.,1SG\tNEG\tknow\twhere\t3SG\tEXIST,I don’t know where she is.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi na no we shi de.,,1SG NEG know where 3SG EXIST,,Own knowledge,,8263, +8-96,8,Mi tingk se yu nuo se im kom uom.,Mi\ttingk\tse\tyu\tnuo\tse\tim\tkom\tuom.,1SG\tthink\tCOMP\t2SG\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG\tcome\thome,I think that you know that he came home.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi tingk se yu nuo se im kom uom.,,1SG think COMP 2SG know COMP 3SG come home,,Own knowledge,,8264, +10-142,10,Wi gwain go pruuv di kies!,Wi\tgwain\tgo\tpruuv\tdi\tkies!,1PL\tFUT\tgo\tprove\tART.DEF\tcase,We are going to prove the case!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Wi gwain go pruuv di kies!,,1PL FUT go prove ART.DEF case,,Unpublished field recordings,,8265, +10-143,10,Gat four big siel.,Gat\tfour\tbig\tsiel.,get\tfour\tbig\tsail,It had four big sails.,,,113[45],,naturalistic spoken,Gat four big siel.,,get four big sail,,,,8266, +11-197,11,Ai tink iin di Baibl sei him gat wan apatyuniti fa tu cheinj.,Ai\ttink\tiin\tdi\tBaibl\tsei\thim\tgat\twan\tapatyuniti\tfa\ttu\tcheinj.,1SG\tthink\tin\tART.DEF\tBible\tsay\t3SG\tget\tone\topportunity\tfor\tto\tchange,I think it says in the Bible that he/everyone has one opportunity to change.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai tink iin di Baibl sei him gat wan apatyuniti fa tu cheinj.,,1SG think in ART.DEF Bible say 3SG get one opportunity for to change,,,,8267, +11-198,11,Ih diskorij dem.,Ih\tdiskorij\tdem.,3SG.N\tdiscourage\t3PL,It discourages them.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ih diskorij dem.,,3SG.N discourage 3PL,,,,8268, +11-199,11,Iz piipl fram Bluufiilz.,Iz\tpiipl\tfram\tBluufiilz.,COP.PRS\tpeople\tfrom\tBluefields,It is/They are people from Bluefields.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Iz piipl fram Bluufiilz.,,COP.PRS people from Bluefields,,,,8269, +12-147,12,"You understand? He does go in the - in the graveyard and wake up the dead people. Yeah, he's wake up the dead people, and - and when he - done wake the dead people up, he set his luck - with the dead people - the people set - the dead people set his luck.","You understand? He does go in the [...] graveyard [...] he's wake up the dead people, and [...] he - done wake the dead people up he set his luck - with the dead people [...]",PRO understand PRO HAB go in the [...] graveyard [...] PRO.HAB wake up the dead people and [...] PRO   COMPL wake the dead people up PRO set[HAB] his luck   with the dead people [...],"[...] He goes to the graveyard and wakes up the dead [...] and when he's woken them up, he sets his luck with them [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"You understand? He does go in the - in the graveyard and wake up the dead people. Yeah, he's wake up the dead people, and - and when he - done wake the dead people up, he set his luck - with the dead people - the people set - the dead people set his luck.","You understand? He does go in the [...] graveyard [...] he's wake up the dead people, and [...] he - done wake the dead people up he set his luck - with the dead people [...]",PRO understand PRO HAB go in the [...] graveyard [...] PRO.HAB wake up the dead people and [...] PRO COMPL wake the dead people up PRO set[HAB] his luck with the dead people [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8270, +13-117,13,I cook um fresh.,I\tcook\tum\tfresh.,1SG.SBJ\tcook\t3.OBJ\tfresh,I cook them fresh.,,,1500[260],,naturalistic spoken,I cook um fresh.,,1SG.SBJ cook 3.OBJ fresh,,,,8271, +14-79,14,She left.,She\tleft.,she\tleave\PST,She left.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She left.,,she leave\PST,,Own knowledge,,8272, +15-87,15,i go na do,i\tgo\tna\tdo,3SG\tgo\tLOC\toutside,He/She/It went outside.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,i go na do,,3SG go LOC outside,,Own knowledge,,8273, +16-82,16,(mi) à riʧ fiftin jiɛs [...] (mi) à no driŋk koka kola,(mi)\tà\triʧ\tfiftin\tjiɛs\t[...]\t(mi)\tà\tno\tdriŋk\tkoka\tkola,(1SG.INDP)\t1SG.DEP\treach\tfifteen\tyears\t[...]\t(1SG.INDP)\t1SG.DEP\tNEG\tdrink\tCoca\tCola,I have not had a Coke in fifteen years.,,Independent pronouns (in this case mi) are optional. They do not lend special emphasis to the proposition.,656[196],,naturalistic spoken,(mi) à riʧ fiftin jiɛs [...] (mi) à no driŋk koka kola,,(1SG.INDP) 1SG.DEP reach fifteen years [...] (1SG.INDP) 1SG.DEP NEG drink Coca Cola,"Independent pronouns (in this case mi) are optional. They do not lend special emphasis to the proposition.",,,8274, +18-88,18,A laik fo wok.,A\tlaik\tfo\twok.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tfor\twork,I like to work.,,,63[435],,published source,A laik fo wok.,,1SG.SBJ like for work,,,,8275, +19-113,19,È go nà makit o.,È\tgo\tnà\tmakit\to.,3SG.SBJ\tgo\tLOC\tmarket\tSENT.PCL,She has gone / went to the market.,,"1) Like all 'at rest' prepositions and locative nouns in Pichi, the general locative preposition /na/ does not contribute any motion-related meaning to the spatial relation. Instead, it specifies the part of the ground where the figure is located. +2) Motion-to and motion-from are often part of the meaning of the motion verb. For example, it is highly unlikely that the sentence above gets interpreted as 'She left the market'.",,,elicited from speaker,"È go nà makit o.",,3SG.SBJ go LOC market SENT.PCL,"1) Like all 'at rest' prepositions and locative nouns in Pichi, the general locative preposition /na/ does not contribute any motion-related meaning to the spatial relation. Instead, it specifies the part of the ground where the figure is located. +2) Motion-to and motion-from are often part of the meaning of the motion verb. For example, it is highly unlikely that the sentence above gets interpreted as 'She left the market'.",Field data,,8276, +20-82,20,Last week hap sellum only four thousand piecee.,Last\tweek\thap\tsellum\tonly\tfour\tthousand\tpiecee.,last\tweek\tPFV\tsell\tonly\tfour\tthousand\tpiece,"The deliveries last week were 4,000 pieces.",,,1489[VI.11],,naturalistic written,Last week hap sellum only four thousand piecee.,,last week PFV sell only four thousand piece,,,鏬士域合些林安黎科兜臣卑士,8277, +20-83,20,Can catchee shrimp?,Can\tcatchee\tshrimp?,can\tcatch\tshrimp,Can you get any shrimps?,,,1489[VI.42],,naturalistic written,Can catchee shrimp?,,can catch shrimp,,,(口件)結治暑廉,8278, +20-84,20,Velly curiousee.,Velly\tcuriousee.,very\tcurious,It is very strange.,,,1489[IV.55],,naturalistic written,Velly curiousee.,,very curious,,,威(竹+厘)橋(竹+厘)時,8279, +21-82,21,What for? Don't want to get involved already la21.,What\tfor?\tDon't\twant\tto\tget\tinvolv-ed\talready\tla21.,what\tfor\tdo.NEG\twant\tto\tget\tinvolve-PST\tPRF\tPCL,What's the point? I don't want to get myself involved.,,la21 = low-fall tone on la,1568[71],,naturalistic spoken,What for? Don't want to get involved already la21.,What for? Don't want to get involv-ed already la21.,what for do.NEG want to get involve-PST PRF PCL,la21 = low-fall tone on la,,,8280, +23-105,23,oli karem wan trak blong olgeta finis,oli\tkarem\twan\ttrak\tblong\tolgeta\tfinis,AGR\ttake\tINDF\ttruck\tPOSS\t3PL\tCOMPL,They've already got a truck for themselves.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,oli karem wan trak blong olgeta finis,,AGR take INDF truck POSS 3PL COMPL,,,,8281, +24-120,24,Shi gwen kam raun aa mountain.,Shi\tgwen\tkam\traun\taa\tmountain.,she\tFUT\tcome\tPREP\tDET.DEF\tmountain,She'll be coming round the mountain.,,,,,naturalistic written,Shi gwen kam raun aa mountain.,,she FUT come PREP DET.DEF mountain,,Own fieldwork,,8282, +25-258,25,Im getin la hol en i jatimap mijelb.,Im\tgetin\tla\thol\ten\ti\tjat-im-ap\tmijelb.,3SG\tget.in\tLOC\thole\tand\t3SG\tshut-TR-up\tREFL,"It gets into the hole and buries itself. (Referring to a goanna, a large reptile highly sought after for meat).",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the reflexive use of the reflexive/reciprocal marker mijelb.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Im getin la hol en i jatimap mijelb.",Im getin la hol en i jat-im-ap mijelb.,3SG get.in LOC hole and 3SG shut-TR-up REFL,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the reflexive use of the reflexive/reciprocal marker mijelb.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,8283, +25-259,25,"En ai maitbi digimba::t, aim fraiten yuno en ai kan pulem la leg en kilem.","En\tai\tmaitbi\tdig-im-bat,\taim\tfraiten\tyuno\ten\tai\tkan\tpul-em\tla\tleg\ten\tkil-em.",and\t1SG\tmaybe\tdig-TR-PROG\t1SG:be.PRS\tfrightened\tyou.know\tand\t1SG\tcan.NEG\tpull-TR\tLOC\tleg\tand\tkill-TR,"And I may be digging, I’m frightened and can’t pull it by the leg and kill it (a goanna).",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the specific dependent 1st person singular subject pronoun ai, as well as verbal conjunction.",,,naturalistic spoken,"En ai maitbi digimba::t, aim fraiten yuno en ai kan pulem la leg en kilem.","En ai maitbi dig-im-bat, aim fraiten yuno en ai kan pul-em la leg en kil-em.",and 1SG maybe dig-TR-PROG 1SG:be.PRS frightened you.know and 1SG can.NEG pull-TR LOC leg and kill-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the specific dependent 1st person singular subject pronoun ai, as well as verbal conjunction.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,8284, +25-260,25,Imin kamap en imin lagijat en imin askim mi na [...].,Im=in\tkamap\ten\tim=in\tlagijat\ten\tim=in\task-im\tmi\tna\t[...].,3SG=PST\tcome\tand\t3SG=PST\tlike.that\tand\t3SG=PST\task-TR\t1SG\tnow\t[...],He came and went like that and asked me [...].,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates verbal conjunction and the 3rd person singular pronoun im.,1332[65],,naturalistic spoken,"Imin kamap en imin lagijat en imin askim mi na [...].",Im=in kamap en im=in lagijat en im=in ask-im mi na [...].,3SG=PST come and 3SG=PST like.that and 3SG=PST ask-TR 1SG now [...],"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates verbal conjunction and the 3rd person singular pronoun im.",,,8285, +28-106,28,da fi bital,da\tfi\tbital,COP\tfor\tpay,(It) is to pay.,,"Berbice Dutch pronouns are referential. In other words, it does not have a pleonastic pronoun. The presentational construction may be thought to include an unexpressed nonargumental subject. See Kouwenberg (1994: 131f) for discussion.",737[131],,naturalistic spoken,da fi bital,,COP for pay,"Berbice Dutch pronouns are referential. In other words, it does not have a pleonastic pronoun. The presentational construction may be thought to include an unexpressed nonargumental subject. See Kouwenberg (1994: 131f) for discussion.",,,8286, +29-123,29,*(Hy) praat nie Afrikaans ni.,*(Hy)\tpraat\tnie\tAfrikaans\tni.,(3SG.M.NOM)\tspeaks\tNEG\tAfrikaans\tNEG,NOT: He does not speak Afrikaans.,,"It is possible to drop first person singular subjects, along similar lines to what is possible in English - e.g. Verstaan nie = Ek verstaan nie [1SG.NOM understand not] 'I don't understand'; Was vanoggend dorp toe = Ek was vanoggend dorp toe [1SG.NOM was this.morning town to] 'I went to / was in town this morning'.",,,naturalistic spoken,*(Hy) praat nie Afrikaans ni.,,(3SG.M.NOM) speaks NEG Afrikaans NEG,"It is possible to drop first person singular subjects, along similar lines to what is possible in English - e.g. Verstaan nie = Ek verstaan nie [1SG.NOM understand not] 'I don't understand'; Was vanoggend dorp toe = Ek was vanoggend dorp toe [1SG.NOM was this.morning town to] 'I went to / was in town this morning'.",Own knowledge,,8287, +30-133,30,E kánta.,E=kánta.,3SG=sing,He sang.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"E kánta.",E=kánta.,3SG=sing,,,,8288, +31-118,31,"Mi propi, N dizanima, N fra-z, kuazi N ta bai Praia.","Mi\tpropi,\tN\tdizanima,\tN\tfra-z,\tkuazi\tN\tta\tbai\tPraia.",me\tmyself\tI\tdiscourage\tI\ttell-them\tmaybe\tI\tFUT\tgo\tPraia,"I myself, I got discouraged, I told them that maybe I will go to Praia.",,"Although the use of both clitic and non-clitic pronominals is pervasive in the language, there are many instances where pronouns are omitted but are reconstructable from discourse or context. Furthermore, there are no overt non-argumental pronoun (expletives) in the language.",887,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi propi, N dizanima, N fra-z, kuazi N ta bai Praia.",,me myself I discourage I tell-them maybe I FUT go Praia,"Although the use of both clitic and non-clitic pronominals is pervasive in the language, there are many instances where pronouns are omitted but are reconstructable from discourse or context. Furthermore, there are no overt non-argumental pronoun (expletives) in the language.",,,8289, +32-96,32,El ta trubaiá na káza d'jent.,El\tta\ttrubaiá\tna\tkáza\tde\tjent.,3SG\tPRS\twork\tin\thouse\tof\tpeople,She works as a house maid.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"El ta trubaiá na káza d'jent.",El ta trubaiá na káza de jent.,3SG PRS work in house of people,,,,8290,Portuguese: Trabalha como empregada doméstica. +32-97,32,N nassê na Salamansa.,N\tnassê\tna\tSalamansa.,1SG\tborn\tin\tSalamansa,I was born in Salamansa.,,"N is an example of a subject clitic which can attach to the verb, negator, locative copula or a TAM marker.",1456,,naturalistic spoken,"N nassê na Salamansa.",,1SG born in Salamansa,"N is an example of a subject clitic which can attach to the verb, negator, locative copula or a TAM marker.",,,8291,Portuguese: Nasci na Salamansa. +33-125,33,No bay prasa.,No\tbay\tprasa.,1PL\tgo.PST\ttown,We went to town.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,No bay prasa.,,1PL go.PST town,,Own knowledge,,8292,Portuguese: Fomos à cidade. +34-97,34,N kudá baŋ kumá bu sebé kumá i beŋ kasa.,N\tø\tkudá\tbaŋ\tkumá\tbu\tø\tsebé\tkumá\ti\tø\tbeŋ\tkasa.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tthink\tPST\tCOMP\t2SG.SBJ\tPFV\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tcome\thouse,I thought that you knew that he had come home.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N kudá baŋ kumá bu sebé kumá i beŋ kasa.","N ø kudá baŋ kumá bu ø sebé kumá i ø beŋ kasa.",1SG.SBJ PFV think PST COMP 2SG.SBJ PFV know COMP 3SG.SBJ PFV come house,,Own knowledge,,8293, +35-138,35,Ê tê ome ku sêbê kuji kume bwa so.,Ê\ttê\tome\tku\tsêbê\tkuji\tkume\tbwa\tso.,3SG\texist\tman\tREL\tknow\tcook\tfood\tgood\tvery,There are men that know how to cook very well. OR: She has a husband that knows how to cook very well.,,,593[58],,naturalistic spoken,Ê tê ome ku sêbê kuji kume bwa so.,,3SG exist man REL know cook food good very,,,,8294, +35-139,35,Ê sôbê.,Ê\tsôbê.,3SG\train,It rains.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ê sôbê.,,3SG rain,,Own data,,8295, +35-140,35,Bô na sêbê kuma bô so kota mu mon fa?,Bô\tna\tsêbê\tkuma\tbô\tso\tkota\tmu\tmon\tfa?,2SG\tNEG\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG\tFOC\tcut\t1SG.OBJ\thand\tNEG,Don’t you know that it was you who cut my hand off?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Bô na sêbê kuma bô so kota mu mon fa?,,2SG NEG know COMP 2SG FOC cut 1SG.OBJ hand NEG,,Own data,,8296, +37-102,37,"Fa mi, n ka zuda owo xi owo tê dyô.","Fa\tmi,\tn\tka\tzuda\towo\txi\towo\ttê\tdyô.",tell\t2SG\t1SG\tFUT\thelp\t2PL\tif\t2PL\thave\tmoney,"Tell me, and I will help you if you have money.",,,905[57],,naturalistic spoken,"Fa mi, n ka zuda owo xi owo tê dyô.",,tell 2SG 1SG FUT help 2PL if 2PL have money,,,,8297, +38-119,38,Am fa bo xosai.,Amu\tfa\tbo\txo-sai.,1SG\tspeak\t2SG\tthing-DEM,I tell you this.,,,1236[201],,naturalistic spoken,Am fa bo xosai.,Amu fa bo xo-sai.,1SG speak 2SG thing-DEM,,,,8298, +40-87,40,Su mulɛr ti də kadz kudznyan bidznian. El tud julyo əkə dɛt janel su. Sus janel su dɛt su ulyo.,Su\tmulɛr\tti\tdə\tkadz\tkudznyan\tbidznian.\tEl\ttud\tjulyo\təkə\tdɛt\tjanel\tsu.\tSus\tjanel\tsu\tdɛt\tsu\tulyo.,his\twife\tCOP.PST\tLOC\thouse\tcooking\tetc.\t3SG\tall\tPST.see.PST\tthat\tin\twindow\tfrom\ttheir\twindow\tGEN\tin\tfrom\tsee.PST,His wife was at home cooking and all. She saw everything through that window. [She] saw everything from their window.,,This piece of narrative is taken from story told by Francis Martis.,,,naturalistic spoken,Su mulɛr ti də kadz kudznyan bidznian. El tud julyo əkə dɛt janel su. Sus janel su dɛt su ulyo.,,his wife COP.PST LOC house cooking etc. 3SG all PST.see.PST that in window from their window GEN in from see.PST,This piece of narrative is taken from story told by Francis Martis.,Unpublished story,,8299, +42-110,42,"eli ja santá naké úngua basu di albi, ja sombrá","eli\tja\tsantá\tnaké-úngua\tbasu\tdi\talbi,\tØ\tja\tsombrá",3SG\tPFV\tsit\tLOC-that\tbeneath\tof\ttree\t3SG\tPFV\tshelter,"She sat down beneath a tree, (and she) sheltered.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"eli ja santá naké úngua basu di albi, ja sombrá","eli ja santá naké-úngua basu di albi, Ø ja sombrá",3SG PFV sit LOC-that beneath of tree 3SG PFV shelter,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,8300, +44-117,44,"Múʧo péhro, kel el kompanyéro de mi na kása, kabándu, ta le, ta sintáw ya numá [...].","Múʧo\tpéhro,\tkel\tel\tkompanyéro\tde\tmi\tna\tkása,\tkabándu,\tta\tle,\tta\tsintáw\tya\tnumá\t[...].",many\tdog\tthat\tDEF\tcompanion\tof\t1SG.POSS\tLOC\thouse\tthen\tIPFV\tread\tIPFV\tseated\talready\tjust\t[...],"Many dogs, they are my companions in the house. Then, I read, I just sit [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Múʧo péhro, kel el kompanyéro de mi na kása, kabándu, ta le, ta sintáw ya numá [...].",,many dog that DEF companion of 1SG.POSS LOC house then IPFV read IPFV seated already just [...],,Own data,,8301, +44-118,44,"A busca ung lugar para queda lotru. Ya camina y camina, ta pasa nah monti.","A\tbusca\tung\tlugar\tpara\tqueda\tlotru.\tYa\tcamina\ty\tcamina,\tta\tpasa\tnah\tmonti.",PFV\tlook.for\ta\tplace\tfor\tstay\t3PL\tPFV\twalk\tand\twalk\tIPFV\tpass\tLOC\tmountain,"They looked for a place to stay. [They] walked and walked, passing the mountain.",,,1064[13],,written,"A busca ung lugar para queda lotru. Ya camina y camina, ta pasa nah monti.",,PFV look.for a place for stay 3PL PFV walk and walk IPFV pass LOC mountain,,,,8302, +45-101,45,El nana di Gregoria de anda na plaza. Tiene eli un largo lista para cumpra.,El\tnana\tdi\tGregoria\tde\tanda\tna\tplaza.\tTiene\teli\tun\tlargo\tlista\tpara\tcumpra.,DEF\tmother\tof\tGregoria\tCTPL\tgo\tLOC\tmarket\thave\t3SG\tINDF\tlong\tlist\tfor\tbuy,The mother of Gregoria will go to the market. She has a long list to buy.,,,137[29],,naturalistic written,El nana di Gregoria de anda na plaza. Tiene eli un largo lista para cumpra.,,DEF mother of Gregoria CTPL go LOC market have 3SG INDF long list for buy,,,,8303, +46-119,46,Ya-bené ya.,Ya-bené\tya.,IPFV-come\talready,S/he has already come.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ya-bené ya.,,IPFV-come already,,Own knowledge,,8304, +49-181,49,Mwen vini.,Mwen\tvini.,1SG\tcome,I have come.,,,206[11],,naturalistic spoken,Mwen vini.,,1SG come,,,,8305,French: Je suis venu. +49-182,49,M achte liv la.,M\tachte\tliv\tla.,1SG\tbuy\tbook\tDEF,I have bought the book.,,,206[11],,naturalistic spoken,M achte liv la.,,1SG buy book DEF,,,,8306,French: J'ai acheté le livre. +50-113,50,Nou manjé pen-bwa.,Nou\tmanjé\tpen-bwa.,1SG\teat\tbreadfruit,We ate breadfruit.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Nou manjé pen-bwa.,,1SG eat breadfruit,,Own knowledge,,8307, +51-104,51,Nou manjé pen-bwa.,Nou\tmanjé\tpen-bwa.,1PL\teat\tbread-wood,We ate breadfruit.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Nou manjé pen-bwa.,,1PL eat bread-wood,,Own fieldwork,,8308, +52-66,52,i pati Kayèn,i\tpati\tKayèn,he\tleave\tCayenne,He went to Cayenne.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,i pati Kayèn,,he leave Cayenne,,,,8309, +53-241,53,Li te pov li-mem!,Li\tte\tpov\tli-mem!,3SG\tPST\tpoor\t3SG-self,He was poor himself!,,,1048[172],,naturalistic spoken,Li te pov li-mem!,,3SG PST poor 3SG-self,,,,8310, +54-132,54,"Anfin Gran Dyab i arpran semin, li mont; i ariv laba, i trouv le madam, i di: [...].","Anfin\tGran\tDyab\ti\tarpran\tsëmen,\tli\tmont;\ti\tariv\tlaba,\ti\ttrouv\tlë\tmadanm,\ti\tdi:\t[...].",finally\tBig\tDevil\tFIN\ttake.again\troad\t3SG.FIN\tgo.up\tFIN\tarrive\tover.there\tFIN\tsee\tDEF\tlady\tFIN\tsay\t[...],"Finally Big Devil comes back, he goes up; he arrives over there, he sees the lady, he says: [...].",,"In the expressions i ariv, i trouv and i di, i is the present marker, not a pronoun.",110[15],,naturalistic spoken,"Anfin Gran Dyab i arpran semin, li mont; i ariv laba, i trouv le madam, i di: [...].","Anfin Gran Dyab i arpran sëmen, li mont; i ariv laba, i trouv lë madanm, i di: [...].",finally Big Devil FIN take.again road 3SG.FIN go.up FIN arrive over.there FIN see DEF lady FIN say [...],"In the expressions i ariv, i trouv and i di, i is the present marker, not a pronoun.",,,8311,"French: Finalement, Grand Diable reprend le chemin, il monte; il arrive là-bas, il trouve (voit) la dame, il dit: [...]." +55-107,55,li ti al lakaz,li\tti\tal\tlakaz,3SG\tPST\tgo\thouse,S/he went home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,li ti al lakaz,,3SG PST go house,,Own knowledge,,8312, +55-108,55,Speaker_A: mo'n bizeṅ praṅ bis – Speaker_B: ti al par bis? – Speaker_A: in al par bis,Speaker_A:\tmo'n\tbizeṅ\tpraṅ\tbis\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tØ\tti\tal\tpar\tbis?\t–\tSpeaker_A:\tØ\tin\tal\tpar\tbis,Speaker_A:\t1SG.COMPL\tMOD\ttake\tbus\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tØ\tPST\tgo\tby\tbus\t–\tSpeaker_A:\tØ\tCOMPL\tgo\tby\tbus,Speaker A: I had to take the bus. – Speaker B: Did you take the bus? – Speaker A: I have taken the bus.,,"In this example the subject/agent, once introduced, becomes the theme/topic and is subsequently dropped. This strategy is very widespread in spoken informal language.",760,,naturalistic spoken,"Speaker_A: mo'n bizeṅ praṅ bis – Speaker_B: ti al par bis? – Speaker_A: in al par bis",Speaker_A: mo'n bizeṅ praṅ bis – Speaker_B: Ø ti al par bis? – Speaker_A: Ø in al par bis,Speaker_A: 1SG.COMPL MOD take bus – Speaker_B: Ø PST go by bus – Speaker_A: Ø COMPL go by bus,"In this example the subject/agent, once introduced, becomes the theme/topic and is subsequently dropped. This strategy is very widespread in spoken informal language.",,,8313, +55-109,55,Si met mwa daṅ lot klima [...].,Si\tØ\tmet\tmwa\tdaṅ\tlot\tklima\t[...].,if\tØ\tput\t1SG\tLOC\tother\tclimate\t[...],If one puts me in a different climate [...].,,The Ø subject refers to a non-specific human.,760,,naturalistic spoken,"Si met mwa daṅ lot klima [...].",Si Ø met mwa daṅ lot klima [...].,if Ø put 1SG LOC other climate [...],The Ø subject refers to a non-specific human.,,,8314,French: Si on me met dans un autre climat [...]. +56-120,56,Nou anmennen nou al plant laba. Fouy trou ek pyos.,Nou\tanmennen\tnou\tal\tplant\tlaba.\tØ\tfouy\ttrou\tek\tpyos.,1PL\tcarry\t1PL\tgo\tplant\tthere\tØ\tdig\thole\twith\taxe,We carry (them) and we go and plant (them) there. You dig holes with an axe.,,,158[154],,naturalistic spoken,"Nou anmennen nou al plant laba. Fouy trou ek pyos.","Nou anmennen nou al plant laba. Ø fouy trou ek pyos.",1PL carry 1PL go plant there Ø dig hole with axe,,,,8315,French: Nous les portons et nous allons planter là-bas. On creuse des trous avec la pioche. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 155) +57-63,57,sa ndʃu mbat,sa\tndʃu\tmbat,3PL\talways\tfight,They were always fighting.,,,423[236],,naturalistic spoken,sa ndʃu mbat,,3PL always fight,,,,8316, +57-147,57,la fe mo:te tule lakrwa partu,la\tfe\tmo:te\ttule\tlakrwa\tpartu,3SG\tCAUS\tput.up\tPL\tcross\teverywhere,He had crosses put up everywhere (Lit. He caused crosses to be put up everywhere).,,,423[233],,naturalistic spoken,la fe mo:te tule lakrwa partu,,3SG CAUS put.up PL cross everywhere,,,,8317, +57-148,57,ma porte sa pu fe kwa?,ma\tporte\tsa\tpu\tfe\tkwa?,1SG\tcarry\tthis\tfor\tdo\twhat,Why should I carry this?,,,423[247],,naturalistic spoken,ma porte sa pu fe kwa?,,1SG carry this for do what,,,,8318, +58-82,58,Yandi sonik-aka na biki yayi.,Yandi\tsonik-aka\tna\tbiki\tyayi.,he/she\twrite-PST\tCONN\tpen\tthis,He/She wrote with this pen.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi sonik-aka na biki yayi.,,he/she write-PST CONN pen this,,Own knowledge,,8319, +59-191,59,ala gwe na Bangui lakwe,ala\tgwe\tna\tBangui\tlakwe,3PL\tgo\tPREP\tBangui\talways,They frequently go to Bangui.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ala gwe na Bangui lakwe,,3PL go PREP Bangui always,,Own knowledge,,8320, +59-192,59,"wali ni, lo oko la ake lango na ya ti da","wali\tni,\tlo\toko\tlaa\ta-yeke\tlango\tna\tya\tti\tda",woman\tDEF\t3SG\tone\tTOP\tPM-COP\tsleep\tin\tinterior\tof\thouse,The wife alone (only) slept in the house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"wali ni, lo oko la ake lango na ya ti da","wali ni, lo oko laa a-yeke lango na ya ti da",woman DEF 3SG one TOP PM-COP sleep in interior of house,,Samarin corpus 1994,,8321, +59-193,59,"lo mu na wali ti lo, ato na mama ni","lo\tmu\tna\twali\tti\tlo,\ta-to\tna\tmama\tni",3SG\tgive\tto\twife\tof\t3SG\tPM-cook\tfor\tmother\tDEF,He gave (the meat) to his wife to cook for the (wife's) mother.,,"This is the translation (in French) given by a Central African, and I agree. But one can also say lo mu na wali ti ti to na mama ni. It seems to me that if lo were used with to the meaning would be '[...] and she cooked it for the mother'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"lo mu na wali ti lo, ato na mama ni","lo mu na wali ti lo, a-to na mama ni",3SG give to wife of 3SG PM-cook for mother DEF,"This is the translation (in French) given by a Central African, and I agree. But one can also say lo mu na wali ti ti to na mama ni. It seems to me that if lo were used with to the meaning would be '[...] and she cooked it for the mother'.",Samarin corpus 1994,,8322, +59-194,59,"lo ga amu lege, lo kiri fadeso","lo\tga\ta-mu\tlege,\tlo\tkiri\tfadeso",3SG\tcome\tPM-take\tpath\t3SG\treturn\tnow,She then took off and returned.,,"In this kind of construction, very common in narratives, the second verb takes either PM, the pronoun or nothing.",,,naturalistic spoken,"lo ga amu lege, lo kiri fadeso","lo ga a-mu lege, lo kiri fadeso",3SG come PM-take path 3SG return now,"In this kind of construction, very common in narratives, the second verb takes either PM, the pronoun or nothing.",Samarin corpus 1994,,8323, +60-88,60,namóní mobáli,na-món-ákí\tmobáli,1SG-see-PST\tman,I saw the man.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,namóní mobáli,na-món-ákí mobáli,1SG-see-PST man,,Own knowledge,,8324, +61-65,61,"Mina bizile yena, koto yena ai buyile.","Mina\tbiz-ile\tyena,\tkoto\tyena\tai\tfik-ile.",I\tcall-PST\the\tbut\the\tNEG\tarrive-PST,"I called him, but he didn't come. OR: I called him, but he never came.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mina bizile yena, koto yena ai buyile.","Mina biz-ile yena, koto yena ai fik-ile.",I call-PST he but he NEG arrive-PST,,Field notes Mesthrie,,8325, +62-39,62,vadáhásha vékahláwe ní kasú,vé-áa-daha-sha\tvé-ka-hlawe\tní\tkasu,2-PST-walk-CAUS\t2-CONSEC-fall.ill\tby\tthirst,They walked a lot and they were taken by thirst.,,,,,elicited from speaker,vadáhásha vékahláwe ní kasú,"vé-áa-daha-sha vé-ka-hlawe ní kasu",2-PST-walk-CAUS 2-CONSEC-fall.ill by thirst,,Own field data 1993,,8326, +63-123,63,úwo bi já,úwo\tbi\tjá,3SG\tTAM\tcome,He will come.,,,857[358],,naturalistic spoken,úwo bi já,,3SG TAM come,,,,8327, +65-95,65,"Isio kada kasa sətali, kaban taskaj, panty pili ʧiwo.","Isio\tkada\tkasa\tsəta-li,\tkaban\ttaskaj,\tpanty\tpili\tʧiwo.",still\twhen\tsand.bar\tstop-PFV.PL\twild.pig\tcarry\tantlers\tsaw\twhat,"We used to stop at a sand bar, and we had to carry [killed] wild pigs [to the shore] and saw antlers of young Siberian stags.",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,1195[235],,naturalistic spoken,"Isio kada kasa sətali, kaban taskaj, panty pili ʧiwo.","Isio kada kasa səta-li, kaban taskaj, panty pili ʧiwo.",still when sand.bar stop-PFV.PL wild.pig carry antlers saw what,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,,"Ещё когда коса стали, кабан таскай, панты пили чего.",8328, +65-96,65,"Lan'ʃə paraxoudə netu, xadəka tuda pasolə.","Lan'ʃə\tparaxoudə\tnetu,\txadəka\ttuda\tpasolə.",before\tsteamer\tNEG\ton.foot\tthere\tgo.PFV,"There were no steamers at that time, and they had walked there.",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[270],,naturalistic spoken,"Lan'ʃə paraxoudə netu, xadəka tuda pasolə.",,before steamer NEG on.foot there go.PFV,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,"ланьше парахуода нету, хадэка туда пашол.",8329, +66-73,66,Baru ruma attu mərikat na kəmauan.,Baru\truma-attu\tmə-rikat\tna\tkəmauan.,new\thouse-INDF\tINF-build\tDAT\tnecessity,(He) wants to build a new house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Baru ruma attu mərikat na kəmauan.,Baru ruma-attu mə-rikat na kəmauan.,new house-INDF INF-build DAT necessity,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,8330, +67-137,67,Sekarang tua ah tak kerjar.,Sekarang\ttua\tah\ttak\tkerjar.,now\told\tTOP\tNEG\twork,"Now [that I am] old, [I do] not work.",,"The full version of this sentence, with saya 'I', would be: Sekarang saya tua ah saya tak kerjar.",,,naturalistic spoken,Sekarang tua ah tak kerjar.,,now old TOP NEG work,"The full version of this sentence, with saya 'I', would be: Sekarang saya tua ah saya tak kerjar.",Own knowledge,,8331, +68-76,68,"Bukang seng bisa, sen dapa dangsa deng nona~nona.","Bukang\tseng\tbisa,\tsen\tdapa\tdangsa\tdeng\tnona~nona.",NEG\tNEG\tcan\tNEG\tget\tdance\twith\tPL~young.lady,"Not that [he] couldn't [dance], [he] didn't get a young lady [for a partner].",,,1528[343],,naturalistic spoken,"Bukang seng bisa, sen dapa dangsa deng nona~nona.","Bukang seng bisa, sen dapa dangsa deng nona~nona.",NEG NEG can NEG get dance with PL~young.lady,,,,8332, +69-51,69,andi kandək tumukumbi,andi\tkandək\ttumuku-mbi,ground\tOBL\tfall-DEP,(It) fell to the ground.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,andi kandək tumukumbi,andi kandək tumuku-mbi,ground OBL fall-DEP,,Own field notes 1985,,8333, +71-109,71,"Mahope wau makemake kamailio Koolau, mahope hele makai, wau makemake nana, pehea la?","Mahope\twau\tmakemake\tkamailio\tKoolau,\tmahope\tØ\thele\tmakai,\twau\tmakemake\tnana\tØ,\tpehea\tla?",later\t1SG\twant\ttalk\tKoolau\tlater\tØ\tgo\tseaward\t1SG\twant\tlook\tØ\thow\tMOD,"I want to talk to Koolau soon, so [when he gets back] he can then come down seaward [to where I will be]. I want to see him, is that okay?",,,,,naturalistic written,"Mahope wau makemake kamailio Koolau, mahope hele makai, wau makemake nana, pehea la?","Mahope wau makemake kamailio Koolau, mahope Ø hele makai, wau makemake nana Ø, pehea la?",later 1SG want talk Koolau later Ø go seaward 1SG want look Ø how MOD,,own data 1906,,8334, +74-95,74,máyka kámtaks,máyka\tkámtaks,2SG\tknow,you know,,,,,constructed by linguist,máyka kámtaks,,2SG know,,Own knowledge,,8335, +75-154,75,I ma uufeer l eed.,I\tma\tuufeer\tl\teed.,3\t1.OBJ.AUX\toffer(ed)\tDEF.ART.SG\taid,He offered his help.,,"This is an example of a French verb with pronominal clitics. In this example, it would be identical to Standard French (il m'a offert l'aide), but that is not always the case.",789[242],,naturalistic written,I ma uufeer l eed.,,3 1.OBJ.AUX offer(ed) DEF.ART.SG aid,"This is an example of a French verb with pronominal clitics. In this example, it would be identical to Standard French (il m'a offert l'aide), but that is not always the case.",,,8336, +1-150,1,A tann leki a wanni komm.,A\ttan\tleki\ta\twani\tkon.,3SG.SBJ\tstay\tlike\t3SG.SBJ\twant\tcome,It looks as if he would like to come.,,Referential interpretation of a tan leki ... as 'he looks as if ...' cannot be excluded in this case (but cf. Schumann's es 'it'); we did not find an unequivocal example in 18th-century sources.,1357[172],,written (dictionary),A tann leki a wanni komm.,A tan leki a wani kon.,3SG.SBJ stay like 3SG.SBJ want come,"Referential interpretation of a tan leki ... as 'he looks as if ...' cannot be excluded in this case (but cf. Schumann's es 'it'); we did not find an unequivocal example in 18th-century sources.",,,8337,"German: Es sieht aus, als wollte er herkommen. [op.cit.]" +1-151,1,A tan léki [...].,A\ttan\tleki\t[...].,3SG.SBJ\tstay\tlike\t[...],It seems that [...]. OR: It looks like [...].,,NB This example is from a mid-19th-century source.,524[71],,written (dictionary),A tan léki [...].,A tan leki [...].,3SG.SBJ stay like [...],NB This example is from a mid-19th-century source.,,,8338,Dutch: Het schijnt dat [...]. OR: Het gelijkt naar [...]. [op.cit.] +2-151,2,Ma a gersi taki den kuli wani teki a kondre now op yungu.,Ma\ta\tgersi\ttaki\tden\tkuli\twani\tteki\ta\tkondre\tnow\top\tyungu.,but\tit\tlook.like\tCOMP\tthe.PL\tIndians\twant\ttake\tthe\tcountry\tnow\tup\tman,"But it seems that the Hindustanis want to take over the country now, man.",,,1606[96],,naturalistic spoken,Ma a gersi taki den kuli wani teki a kondre now op yungu.,,but it look.like COMP the.PL Indians want take the country now up man,,,,8339, +2-152,2,Mi taki dan a gersi leki mi dede kba.,Mi\ttaki\tdan\ta\tgersi\tleki\tmi\tdede\tkba.,1SG\tsay\tthen\tit\tlook.like\tlike\t1SG\tdead\talready,"I said, “Then it looks like I’m already dead.”",,,,,elicited from speaker,Mi taki dan a gersi leki mi dede kba.,,1SG say then it look.like like 1SG dead already,,"Winford data, Tape 30-a",,8340, +3-76,3,A soi taa di womi siki.,A\tsoi\ttaa\tdi\twomi\tsiki.,3SG\tseem\tthat\tDEF.SG\tman\tsick,It seems that the man is sick.,,,1538[107],,naturalistic spoken,A soi taa di womi siki.,,3SG seem that DEF.SG man sick,,,,8341, +5-102,5,laik ii kyaan stomik di blod,laik\tii\tkyaan\tstomik\tdi\tblod,like\t3SG\tcannot\tstomach\tthe\tblood,(It seems) like she couldn't stomach the blood.,,,"1281[161, line 550]",,naturalistic spoken,laik ii kyaan stomik di blod,,like 3SG cannot stomach the blood,,,,8342, +6-67,6,It luk laik rain comin.,It\tluk\tlaik\train\tcomin.,it\tlook\tlike\train\tcome.PROG,It seems as if it's going to rain.,,,,,elicited from speaker,It luk laik rain comin.,,it look like rain come.PROG,,Informant,,8343, +7-154,7,I lok laik wi ste lang inuhf.,I\tlok\tlaik\twi\tste\tlang\tinuhf.,3SG.N\tlook\tlike\t1PL\tstay\tlong\tenough,It seems that we have stayed long enough.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I lok laik wi ste lang inuhf.,,3SG.N look like 1PL stay long enough,,Own knowledge,,8344, +7-155,7,Lok laik wi ste lang inuhf.,Lok\tlaik\twi\tste\tlang\tinuhf.,look\tlike\t1PL\tstay\tlong\tenough,It seems that we have stayed long enough.,,The expletive i could be omitted.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Lok laik wi ste lang inuhf.,,look like 1PL stay long enough,"The expletive i could be omitted.",Own knowledge,,8345, +7-156,7,Jan (lok) laik i a go win.,Jan\t(lok)\tlaik\ti\ta\tgo\twin.,John\t(look)\tlike\t3SG\tPROG\tIRR\twin,It seems that John will win.,,"A (full) NP can be used in utterance initial position, so that a raising construction arises. In this case, lok is very often omitted.",1244[121],,elicited from speaker,Jan (lok) laik i a go win.,,John (look) like 3SG PROG IRR win,"A (full) NP can be used in utterance initial position, so that a raising construction arises. In this case, lok is very often omitted.",,,8346, +8-97,8,It luk laka se im ago kil im wid lik.,It\tluk\tlaka\tse\tim\tago\tkil\tim\twid\tlik.,3SG\tlook\tlike\tCOMP\t3SG\tFUT\tkill\t3SG\twith\tblow,It appears that he is going to beat him to death.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,It luk laka se im ago kil im wid lik.,,3SG look like COMP 3SG FUT kill 3SG with blow,,Own knowledge,,8347, +10-144,10,Ih luk laik truut.,Ih\tluk\tlaik\ttruut.,3SG.N\tlook\tlike\ttruth,It seems like the truth.,,‘Look like truth’ may be a calque from Spanish parece verdad.,,,naturalistic spoken,Ih luk laik truut.,,3SG.N look like truth,"‘Look like truth’ may be a calque from Spanish parece verdad.",Unpublished field recordings,,8348, +10-145,10,Ih luk laik wi stan lang nof.,Ih\tluk\tlaik\twi\tstan\tlang\tnof.,3SG.N\tlook\tlike\t1PL\tstand\tlong\tenough,It seems that we have stayed long enough.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ih luk laik wi stan lang nof.,,3SG.N look like 1PL stand long enough,,Field notes 2008,,8349, +11-200,11,Ih fiil laik wi stie lang nof.,Ih\tfiil\tlaik\twi\tstie\tlang\tnof.,3SG.N\tfeel\tlike\t1PL\tstay\tlong\tenough,It seems (that) we have stayed long enough.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ih fiil laik wi stie lang nof.,,3SG.N feel like 1PL stay long enough,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,8350, +12-148,12,"It might seems like - Hey, grammy went through that?",It\tmight\tseems\tlike\t[...],EXPL\tMOD.AUX\tseem\tlike\t[...],It might seem like [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"It might seems like - Hey, grammy went through that?",It might seems like [...],EXPL MOD.AUX seem like [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8351, +13-118,13,It look like it been gol all around.,It\tlook\tlike\tit\tbeen\tgol\tall\taround.,EXPL.SBJ\tlook\tlike\tEXPL.SBJ\tbeen\tgold\tall\taround,It looked like there was gold all around.,,,1500[272],,naturalistic spoken,It look like it been gol all around.,,EXPL.SBJ look like EXPL.SBJ been gold all around,,,,8352, +13-119,13,It look like it been a great high hill.,It\tlook\tlike\tit\tbeen\ta\tgreat\thigh\thill.,EXPL.SBJ\tlook\tlike\tEXPL.SBJ\tPST/ASP\ta\tgreat\thigh\thill,It looked like there was a great high hill.,,,1500[272],,naturalistic spoken,It look like it been a great high hill.,,EXPL.SBJ look like EXPL.SBJ PST/ASP a great high hill,,,,8353, +14-80,14,It seem like everybody leaving.,It\tseem\tlike\teverybody\tleaving.,it\tseem\tlike\teverybody\tleave.PROG,It seems that everybody is leaving.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,It seem like everybody leaving.,,it seem like everybody leave.PROG,,Own knowledge,,8354, +15-88,15,i tan lɛk se,i\ttan\tlɛk\tse,3SG\tlook\tlike\tthat,it seems that,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,i tan lɛk se,,3SG look like that,,Own knowledge,,8355, +16-83,16,ì bì laik se jù gɛt tu waifs,ì\tbì\tlaik\tse\tjù\tgɛt\ttu\twaif-s,3SG\tCOP\tlike\tCOMP\t2SG\tget\ttwo\twife-PL,It seems that you have two wives.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ì bì laik se jù gɛt tu waifs,ì bì laik se jù gɛt tu waif-s,3SG COP like COMP 2SG get two wife-PL,,Own fieldwork,,8356, +17-97,17,Ì bí làyk se wì do̱n taya.,Ì\tbí\tlàyk\tse\twì\tdo̱n\ttaya.,3SG.SBJ.EXPL\tbe\tlike\tCOMP\t1PL.SBJ\tCOMPL\tbe.tired,It seems that we have become tired.,,,462[53-54],,naturalistic spoken,Ì bí làyk se wì do̱n taya.,,3SG.SBJ.EXPL be like COMP 1PL.SBJ COMPL be.tired,,,,8357, +18-89,18,I bi layk se wi don ste tu long.,I\tbi\tlayk\tse\twi\tdon\tste\ttu\tlong.,3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tlike\tCOMP\t1PL.SBJ\tPFV\tstay\ttoo\tlong,It seems that we have stayed long enough.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,I bi layk se wi don ste tu long.,,3SG.SBJ COP like COMP 1PL.SBJ PFV stay too long,,,,8358, +19-114,19,È fiba dɛbul.,È\tfiba\tdɛbul.,3SG.SBJ\tresemble\tdevil,He resembles a devil.,,Here the stative verb fiba is employed with the meaning 'resemble'.,1634[415],,naturalistic spoken,"È fiba dɛbul.",,3SG.SBJ resemble devil,"Here the stative verb fiba is employed with the meaning 'resemble'.",,,8359, +19-115,19,È fiba se Bòyé gɛt mɔ̀ní.,È\tfiba\tse\tBòyé\tgɛt\tmɔ̀ní.,3SG.SBJ\tQUOT\tresemble\tBoye\thave\tmoney,It seems that Boye has money.,,Here the stative verb fiba is employed with the meaning 'seem' featuring an expletive subject.,1634[417],,elicited from speaker,"È fiba se Bòyé gɛt mɔ̀ní.",,3SG.SBJ QUOT resemble Boye have money,"Here the stative verb fiba is employed with the meaning 'seem' featuring an expletive subject.",,,8360, +19-116,19,Bòyé fiba se è gɛt mɔ̀ní.,Bòyé\tfiba\tse\tè\tgɛt\tmɔ̀ní.,Boye\tresemble\tQUOT\t3SG.SBJ\thave\tmoney,Boye seems to have money.,,The stative verb fiba employed with the meaning 'seem' takes a full complement clause. The subject of the complement clause has been raised into the subject position of the main clause without any structural change and is taken up by a resumptive subject pronoun in the complement clause.,1634[417],,elicited from speaker,"Bòyé fiba se è gɛt mɔ̀ní.",,Boye resemble QUOT 3SG.SBJ have money,"The stative verb fiba employed with the meaning 'seem' takes a full complement clause. The subject of the complement clause has been raised into the subject position of the main clause without any structural change and is taken up by a resumptive subject pronoun in the complement clause.",,,8361, +19-117,19,*Bòyé fiba gɛt mɔ̀ní.,*Bòyé\tfiba\tgɛt\tmɔ̀ní.,Boye\tresemble\thave\tmoney,NOT: Boye seems to have money.,,When employed with the meaning 'seem' the stative verb fiba may not take a reduced complement clause.,1634[417],,elicited from speaker,"*Bòyé fiba gɛt mɔ̀ní.",,Boye resemble have money,"When employed with the meaning 'seem' the stative verb fiba may not take a reduced complement clause.",,,8362, +21-83,21,It seems like going to rain.,It\tseem-s\tlike\tgoing\tto\train.,it\tseem-3SG\tlike\tgoing\tto\train,It seems like it's going to rain.,,,,,constructed by linguist,It seems like going to rain.,It seem-s like going to rain.,it seem-3SG like going to rain,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,8363, +21-84,21,Look like going to rain.,Look\tlike\tgoing\tto\train.,look\tlike\tgoing\tto\train,It looks/seems like it's going to rain.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Look like going to rain.,,look like going to rain,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,8364, +22-110,22,I luk olsem bai yumi olgeta yumi mas go bek long wan wan ples bilong yumi.,I\tluk\tolsem\tbai\tyumi\tolgeta\tyumi\tmas\tgo\tbek\tlong\twan\twan\tples\tbilong\tyumi.,PM\tlook\tCOMP\tFUT\t1PL.INCL\tall\t1PL.INCL\tmust\tgo\tback\tPREP\tone\tone\tvillage\tPOSS\t1PL.INCL,It looks as though we will have to go back to our villages.,,,584[15 year old female from Manus],,naturalistic spoken,I luk olsem bai yumi olgeta yumi mas go bek long wan wan ples bilong yumi.,,PM look COMP FUT 1PL.INCL all 1PL.INCL must go back PREP one one village POSS 1PL.INCL,,,,8365, +22-111,22,I luk olsem bai yumi mas go bek long Manus.,I\tluk\tolsem\tbai\tyumi\tmas\tgo\tbek\tlong\tManus.,PM\tlook\tlike\tFUT\t1PL.INCL\tmust\tgo\tback\tPREP\tManus,It looks as though we must go back to Manus.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I luk olsem bai yumi mas go bek long Manus.,,PM look like FUT 1PL.INCL must go back PREP Manus,,Own knowledge,,8366, +23-106,23,I kat loa i stap be i luk olsem man ino wantem folem.,I\tkat\tloa\ti\tstap\tbe\ti\tluk\tolsem\tman\tino\twantem\tfolem.,AGR\thave\tlaw\tAGR\tstay\tbut\tAGR\tlook\tlike\tman\tAGR.NEG\twant\tfollow,There is a law but it seems like no-one wants to follow it.,,,,,naturalistic written,I kat loa i stap be i luk olsem man ino wantem folem.,,AGR have law AGR stay but AGR look like man AGR.NEG want follow,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 27 June 1998",,8367, +24-121,24,Semesthing Norfuk s'bukaut f'neks Faundieshan dieh.,Semesthing\tNorfuk\ts'bukaut\tf'neks\tFaundieshan\tdieh.,seemingly\tNorfolk\tCOMPL.book.out\tPREP.next\tFoundation\tDay,It appears that Norfolk Island is booked out for the coming Foundation Day.,,,,,internet chatroom,Semesthing Norfuk s'bukaut f'neks Faundieshan dieh.,,seemingly Norfolk COMPL.book.out PREP.next Foundation Day,,Internet chatroom,,8368, +26-76,26,luk laɪk ju gɛt inʤɛn,luk\tlaɪk\tju\tgɛt\tinʤɛn,look\tlike\t2SG\thave\tIndian,It looks like you've got Indian (blood in you).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,luk laɪk ju gɛt inʤɛn,,look like 2SG have Indian,,Own fieldwork recording,,8369, +26-77,26,luk laik fiʃiŋ gɔn bi gud ova hɛa,luk\tlaik\tfiʃ-iŋ\tgɔn\tbi\tgud\tova\thɛa,look\tlike\tfish-GER\tFUT\tbe\tgood\tover\there,It looks like fishing will be good here.,,GER = gerund,,,naturalistic spoken,luk laik fiʃiŋ gɔn bi gud ova hɛa,luk laik fiʃ-iŋ gɔn bi gud ova hɛa,look like fish-GER FUT be good over here,GER = gerund,Own fieldwork recording,,8370, +28-107,28,so dida masi di boʃ gutap,so\tdida\tmasi\tdi\tboʃi\tgutu-apu,so\tthat\tmust\tthe\tbush\tthing-PL,So that must be the bush things.,,,737[79],,naturalistic spoken,so dida masi di boʃ gutap,so dida masi di boʃi gutu-apu,so that must the bush thing-PL,,,,8371, +29-124,29,Dit skyn dat hy die antwoord ken. — Dit skyn die waarheid te wees.,Dit skyn dat hy die antwoord ken. — Dit skyn die waarheid te wees.,3SG.N seems that 3SG.M.NOM DEF.ART answer knows   3SG.N seems DEF.ART truth to be,It seems that he knows the answer. — It seems to be the truth.,,This dit subject can be dropped colloquially - e.g. Skyn ook die waarheid te wees [seems also DEF.ART truth to be] '(It) also seems to be the truth'.,,,naturalistic written,Dit skyn dat hy die antwoord ken. — Dit skyn die waarheid te wees.,,3SG.N seems that 3SG.M.NOM DEF.ART answer knows 3SG.N seems DEF.ART truth to be,"This dit subject can be dropped colloquially - e.g. Skyn ook die waarheid te wees [seems also DEF.ART truth to be] '(It) also seems to be the truth'.",Own knowledge,,8372, +30-134,30,[...] parse-m ma N sabe kusia dretu.,[...]\tparse=m\tma=N=sabe\tkusia\tdretu.,[...]\tseem=1SG\tCOMP=1SG=know\tcook\twell,[...] it seems to me that I know how to cook well.,,"Please find more examples in Lang 2002, s.v. parse.",1407[42],,naturalistic spoken,[...] parse-m ma N sabe kusia dretu.,[...] parse=m ma=N=sabe kusia dretu.,[...] seem=1SG COMP=1SG=know cook well,"Please find more examples in Lang 2002, s.v. parse.",,,8373, +31-119,31,"El fuji n'un barku pa, parse-m pa Angola.","El\tfuji\tn'un\tbarku\tpa,\tparse-m\tpa\tAngola.",he\tescape\tin.a\tboat\tto\tseem-me\tto\tAngola,"He escaped in a boat to, it seems to me, to Angola.",,We know that parse 'to seem' is a verb because it can be modified by a ASP marker as in ta parse-m 'it seems to me [...]' or by Negation Ka parse-m 'it does not seem [...]'.,61,,naturalistic spoken,"El fuji n'un barku pa, parse-m pa Angola.",,he escape in.a boat to seem-me to Angola,"We know that parse 'to seem' is a verb because it can be modified by a ASP marker as in ta parse-m 'it seems to me [...]' or by Negation Ka parse-m 'it does not seem [...]'.",,,8374, +32-98,32,Parsê-m éra kel dia.,Parsê-m\téra\tkel\tdia.,seem-1SG\tCOP.PST\tDEM\tday,It seems to me that it was on that day.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,Parsê-m éra kel dia.,,seem-1SG COP.PST DEM day,,,,8375,Portuguese: Parece-me que foi naquele dia. +33-126,33,Parsin kuma i kay.,Parsi-n\tkuma\ti\tkay.,seem-1SG\tthat\t3SG\tfall,It seems to me that it fell.,,Certain verbs like parsi 'seem' do not take a subject.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Parsin kuma i kay.,Parsi-n kuma i kay.,seem-1SG that 3SG fall,"Certain verbs like parsi 'seem' do not take a subject.",Own knowledge,,8376,Portuguese: Parece-me que (ele) caiu. +34-98,34,I parsí-m kumá i na cobé awosi.,I\tø\tparsí-m\tkumá\ti\tna\tcobé\tawosi.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tseem-1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\train\ttoday,It seems to me that it will rain today.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I parsí-m kumá i na cobé awosi.","I ø parsí-m kumá i na cobé awosi.",3SG.SBJ PFV seem-1SG.OBJ COMP 3SG.SBJ FUT rain today,,Own knowledge,,8377, +35-141,35,Palêsê êlê ku mosu dê ka bi n’ũa vapô.,Palêsê\têlê\tku\tmosu\tdê\tka\tbi\tn’ũa\tvapô.,apparently\t3SG\twith\tboy\t3SG.POSS\tIPFV\tcome\tin.one\tboat,Apparently s/he and the boy arrive in a boat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Palêsê êlê ku mosu dê ka bi n’ũa vapô.,,apparently 3SG with boy 3SG.POSS IPFV come in.one boat,,Own data,,8378, +37-103,37,Ê parêsê y’usuva a keka.,Ê\tparêsê\tya\tusuva\tsa\tka\tvika.,EXPL\tseem\tCOMP\train\tPROG\tIPFV\tcome,It seems that rain is coming.,,,905[58],,elicited from speaker,"Ê parêsê y’usuva a keka.",Ê parêsê ya usuva sa ka vika.,EXPL seem COMP rain PROG IPFV come,,,,8379, +37-104,37,Parêsê y’usuva a keka.,Parêsê\tya\tusuva\tsa\tkavika.,seem\tCOMP\train\tPROG\tIPFV:come,It seems that rain is coming.,,,905[58],,elicited from speaker,Parêsê y’usuva a keka.,Parêsê ya usuva sa kavika.,seem COMP rain PROG IPFV:come,,,,8380, +38-120,38,Tankexa pése sé xanta gav.,Tankexa\tpai-sai\tsé\txanta\tgavu.,apparently\tman-DEM\tknow\tsing\tgood,This man seems to be a good singer.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Tankexa pése sé xanta gav.,Tankexa pai-sai sé xanta gavu.,apparently man-DEM know sing good,,Own fieldwork 1990,,8381, +39-118,39,Parɛs use tiŋ nə Una õt.,Parɛs\tuse\tt-iŋ\tnə\tUna\tõt.,apparently\t2SG\tEXIST-PST\tLOC\tUna\tyesterday,It seems you were in Una yesterday.,,,221[209],,naturalistic spoken,Parɛs use tiŋ nə Una õt.,Parɛs use t-iŋ nə Una õt.,apparently 2SG EXIST-PST LOC Una yesterday,,,,8382, +40-88,40,"Amya ʧu lə kaí, parsen.","Amya\tʧu\tlə\tkaí,\tparsen.",tomorrow\train\tFUT\tfall\tseem.PROG,It seems that it will rain tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Amya ʧu lə kaí, parsen.",,tomorrow rain FUT fall seem.PROG,,Own knowledge,,8383, +41-98,41,kaar taam jakavendaley,kaar\ttaam\tjaa-kaa-venda=ley,car\talso\tPST-PFV-sell=like,It seems [they] have sold the car too. OR: And it seems they have sold the car. OR: It seems they have even sold the car. OR: It looks like they have sold their car.,,"In isolation, the sentence is ambiguous and, like English too, taam could have scope over 'car' as well as over the whole clause. But since 'sell' is not in the discourse context, sentence coordination is the correct contextual reading here.",1416[1484a],,naturalistic spoken,kaar taam jakavendaley,kaar taam jaa-kaa-venda=ley,car also PST-PFV-sell=like,"In isolation, the sentence is ambiguous and, like English too, taam could have scope over 'car' as well as over the whole clause. But since 'sell' is not in the discourse context, sentence coordination is the correct contextual reading here.",,,8384, +42-111,42,(yo) parsé lo kai chua,(yo)\tparsé\tlo\tkai\tchua,(3SG)\tseem\tFUT\tfall\train,It seems (to me) it will rain.,,A subject pronoun may occur optionally with this structure. The verb parsé 'seem' may combine with NEG and with TAM.,,,elicited from speaker,(yo) parsé lo kai chua,,(3SG) seem FUT fall rain,"A subject pronoun may occur optionally with this structure. The verb parsé 'seem' may combine with NEG and with TAM.","Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,8385, +42-112,42,(yo) ta parsé ta beng chua,(yo)\tta\tparsé\tta\tbeng\tchua,(3SG)\tPROG\tseem\tFUT\tcome\train,It seems (to me) rain is coming. OR: It seems (to me) it is going to rain.,,,,,elicited from speaker,(yo) ta parsé ta beng chua,,(3SG) PROG seem FUT come rain,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,8386, +42-113,42,(yo) ngka parsé lo kai chua,(yo)\tngka\tparsé\tlo\tkai\tchua,(3SG)\tNEG\tseem\tFUT\tfall\train,It doesn't seem (to me) that it will rain.,,,,,elicited from speaker,(yo) ngka parsé lo kai chua,,(3SG) NEG seem FUT fall rain,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,8387, +45-102,45,Ta pareci que dela niso paga con ele el debe mañana.,Ta\tpareci\tque\tdela\tniso\tpaga\tcon\tele\tel\tdebe\tmañana.,IPFV\tseem\tthat\tmust\t1PL\tpay\tOBJ\t3SG\tDEF\tdebt\ttomorrow,It seems that we must pay him the debt tomorrow.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta pareci que dela niso paga con ele el debe mañana.,,IPFV seem that must 1PL pay OBJ 3SG DEF debt tomorrow,,Own data,,8388, +46-120,46,Daw nuáy si Peter akí.,Daw\tnuáy\tsi\tPeter\takí.,apparently\tNEG.EXIST\tAG\tPeter\there,It seems that Peter is not here.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Daw nuáy si Peter akí.,,apparently NEG.EXIST AG Peter here,,Own knowledge,,8389, +47-127,47,[...] nos por nota ku último tempu aki parse ku violensia a oumentá hopi.,[...]\tnos\tpor\tnota\tku\túltimo\ttempu\taki\tparse\tku\tviolensia\ta\toumentá\thopi.,[...]\t1PL\tcan\tnote\tCOMP\tlast\ttime\tDEM.PROX\tseems\tCOMP\tviolence\tPFV\tincrease\tmuch,"[...] we can see that, recently, [it] seems that violence has increased a lot.",,The translation is mine.,"453[10 August 2004, p.3]",,literary or other written source,[...] nos por nota ku último tempu aki parse ku violensia a oumentá hopi.,,[...] 1PL can note COMP last time DEM.PROX seems COMP violence PFV increase much,The translation is mine.,,,8390, +47-128,47,Ta pusibel.,Ta\tpusibel.,COP\tpossible,It is possible.,,,151[62],,published source,Ta pusibel.,,COP possible,,,,8391, +47-129,47,No ta importá.,No\tta\timportá.,NEG\tTNS\tbe.important,It does not matter.,,,151[80],,published source,No ta importá.,,NEG TNS be.important,,,,8392, +48-121,48,A palesé ke ané a morí.,A\tpalesé\tke\tané\ta\tmorí.,PST\tseem\tthat\tthey\tPST\tdie,It looks/seems like they (had) died.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A palesé ke ané a morí.,,PST seem that they PST die,,Recorded by author,,8393, +49-183,49,Li sanble l gen yon pwoblem.,Li\tsanble\tl\tgen\tyon\tpwoblem.,3SG\tseem\t3SG\thave\tDEF\tproblem,He seems to have a problem.,,,1514[308],,elicited from speaker,Li sanble l gen yon pwoblem.,,3SG seem 3SG have DEF problem,,,,8394,French: Il semble avoir un problème. +49-184,49,Genlè ou malad?,Genlè\tou\tmalad?,seem\t2SG\tsick,It seems you're sick?,,,1505[267],,elicited from speaker,Genlè ou malad?,,seem 2SG sick,,,,8395,French: On dirait que tu es malade? OR: Tu as l'air malade? +49-185,49,Sanble l malad wi!,Sanble\tl\tmalad\twi!,seem\t3SG\tsick\tyes,Apparently he/she is really sick !,,,1505[650],,elicited from speaker,Sanble l malad wi!,,seem 3SG sick yes,,,,8396,French: On dirait qu'il/elle est vraiment malade! OR: Il semble qu'il/elle soit vraiment malade! +49-186,49,Li sanble l p ap vini ankò.,Li\tsanble\tl\tp\tap\tvini\tankò.,3SG\tseem\t3SG\tNEG\tINACC\tcome\tagain,It seems he isn't coming anymore.,,I am not absolutely sure that li is an expletive subject here. I base my statement on the English translation and on the presence of the other construction.,1505[650],,elicited from speaker,Li sanble l p ap vini ankò.,,3SG seem 3SG NEG INACC come again,"I am not absolutely sure that li is an expletive subject here. I base my statement on the English translation and on the presence of the other construction.",,,8397,French: Il semble qu'il ne viendra plus. +50-114,50,"Asiparé, i malad.","Asiparé,\ti\tmalad.",apparently\t3SG\till,It seems that he is ill.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Asiparé, i malad.",,apparently 3SG ill,,Own fieldwork,,8398, +51-105,51,"Asiparé, i malad.","Asiparé,\ti\tmalad.",apparently\t3SG\till,It seems that he is ill.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Asiparé, i malad.",,apparently 3SG ill,,Own fieldwork,,8399, +53-242,53,Sa sòm kòm si l ale fe lapli.,Sa\tsòm\tkòm\tsi\tl\tale\tfe\tlapli.,3SG\tseem\tas\tif\t3SG\tFUT\tmake\train,It looks like it is going to rain.,,,1515[417],,naturalistic spoken,Sa sòm kòm si l ale fe lapli.,,3SG seem as if 3SG FUT make rain,,,,8400, +53-243,53,"Sanm kòm si, dan le jen jan-le, kichòw e kouri pli mal kè janmen.","Sanm\tkòm\tsi,\tdan\tle\tjen\tjan-le,\tkichòw\te\tkouri\tpli\tmal\tkè\tjanmen.",seem\tas\tif\tamong\tART.DEF.PL\tyoung\tperson-ART.DEF.PL\tsomething\tPROG\tgo\tmore\tbad\tthan\tever,"It seems as though among young folks, something is going worse than ever.",,,1515[417],,naturalistic spoken,"Sanm kòm si, dan le jen jan-le, kichòw e kouri pli mal kè janmen.",,seem as if among ART.DEF.PL young person-ART.DEF.PL something PROG go more bad than ever,,,,8401, +54-133,54,i pare,i\tpare,FIN\tseem,it seems,,"The i is not considered to be a subject, but a finite or a present marker.",,,constructed by linguist,i pare,,FIN seem,"The i is not considered to be a subject, but a finite or a present marker.",Own knowledge,,8402,French: il paraît +54-134,54,I resanb zot lé plin de pou dan la tet.,I\tresanm\tzot\tle\tplen\tdë\tpou\tdan\tla\ttet.,FIN\tseem\t3PL\tCOP.PRS\tfull\tof\tlouse\tin\tDEF\thead,It seems that their heads are full of lice.,,,110[80],,naturalistic spoken,I resanb zot lé plin de pou dan la tet.,I resanm zot le plen dë pou dan la tet.,FIN seem 3PL COP.PRS full of louse in DEF head,,,,8403,French: Il semble que leurs têtes sont pleines de poux. +55-110,55,li paret ki nu 'n fer erer,li\tparet\tki\tnu\t'n\tfer\terer,3SG\tseem\tthat\t1PL\tPRF\tmake\tmistake,It seems that we've made a mistake.,,,,,constructed by linguist,li paret ki nu 'n fer erer,,3SG seem that 1PL PRF make mistake,,Own knowledge,,8404, +55-111,55,paret ki lapli pu toṁbe daṅ en ti mama,paret\tki\tlapli\tpu\ttoṁbe\tdaṅ\ten\tti\tmama,seem\tthat\train\tFUT\tfall\tin\tINDF\tlittle\tmoment,It seems that it will start raining in a moment. OR: It seems that it will start raining in a little while.,,,,,constructed by linguist,paret ki lapli pu toṁbe daṅ en ti mama,,seem that rain FUT fall in INDF little moment,,Own knowledge,,8405, +55-112,55,li paret ki fin ena en kudeta,li\tparet\tki\tfin\tena\ten\tkudeta,3SG\tseem\tthat\tCOMPL\thave\tINDF\tcoup.d'état,It seems that there has been a coup d'état.,,,760[78],,naturalistic written,li paret ki fin ena en kudeta,,3SG seem that COMPL have INDF coup.d'état,,,,8406, +56-121,56,I paret mwan ki laplipar ou letan ou 'n fer lo zil.,I\tparet\tmwan\tki\tlaplipar\tou\tletan\tou\t'n\tfer\tlo\tzil.,3SG\tseem\t1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\tmost\tPOSS.2SG\ttime\t2SG\tPRF\tmake\ton\tisland,It seems to me that you spent most of your time on the islands.,,,158[32],,naturalistic spoken,"I paret mwan ki laplipar ou letan ou 'n fer lo zil.",,3SG seem 1SG.OBJ COMP most POSS.2SG time 2SG PRF make on island,,,,8407,French: Il me semble que vous avez passé la plupart de votre temps sur les îles. (Bollée & Rosalie 1997: 33) +56-122,56,I pa paret ki Tom i la.,I\tpa\tparet\tki\tTom\ti\tla.,EXPL\tNEG\tseem\tthat\tTom\tPM\tthere.,It doesn't seem that Tom is there.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I pa paret ki Tom i la.,,EXPL NEG seem that Tom PM there.,,Own knowledge,,8408, +56-123,56,Pa paret ki Tom i la.,Pa\tparet\tki\tTom\ti\tla.,NEG\tseem\tthat\tTom\tPM\tthere.,It doesn't seem that Tom is there.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pa paret ki Tom i la.,,NEG seem that Tom PM there.,,Own knowledge,,8409, +56-124,56,Ti paret ki Tom i la.,Ti\tparet\tki\tTom\ti\tla.,PST\tseem\tthat\tTom\tPM\tthere.,It Seemed that Tom was there.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ti paret ki Tom i la.,,PST seem that Tom PM there.,,Own knowledge,,8410, +56-125,56,I pa ti paret ki Tom i la.,I\tpa\tti\tparet\tki\tTom\ti\tla.,EXPL\tNEG\tPST\tseem\tthat\tTom\tPM\tthere.,It did not seem that Tom was there.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I pa ti paret ki Tom i la.,,EXPL NEG PST seem that Tom PM there.,,Own knowledge,,8411, +58-157,58,Yandi kée mon-ána bónso yándi kée na maládi,Yandi\tkée\tmon-ána\tbónso\tyándi\tkée\tna\tmaládi,he/she\tbe\tsee-PASS\tlike\the/she\tbe\tCONN\tsickness,He/She seems to be sick.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi kée mon-ána bónso yándi kée na maládi,,he/she be see-PASS like he/she be CONN sickness,,Own knowledge,,8412, +58-158,58,Yandi kée mon-íka bónso yándi kée na maládi,Yandi\tkée\tmon-íka\tbónso\tyándi\tkée\tna\tmaládi,he/she\tbe\tsee-?\tlike\the/she\tbe\tCONN\tsickness,He/She appears to be sick.,,"The verb moníka ‘appear’ is a derivative from móna ‘see’, but I cannot tell now what the meaning of -ík- is. The final –a is otherwise the neutral/default verb ending when there is no other suffix.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi kée mon-íka bónso yándi kée na maládi,,he/she be see-? like he/she be CONN sickness,"The verb moníka ‘appear’ is a derivative from móna ‘see’, but I cannot tell now what the meaning of -ík- is. The final –a is otherwise the neutral/default verb ending when there is no other suffix.",Own knowledge,,8413, +59-195,59,"mbi baa mbi tene, i duti na ala aninga mingi","mbi\tbaa\tmbi\ttene,\ti\tduti\tna\tala\ta-ninga\tmingi",1SG\tsee\t1SG\tsay\t1PL\tsit\tPREP\t2PL\tPM-be.long.time\tmuch,I think that we've been with you a long time.,,This example simply illustrates the way 'seem' is expressed.,,,constructed by linguist,"mbi baa mbi tene, i duti na ala aninga mingi","mbi baa mbi tene, i duti na ala a-ninga mingi",1SG see 1SG say 1PL sit PREP 2PL PM-be.long.time much,This example simply illustrates the way 'seem' is expressed.,Own knowledge,,8414, +59-196,59,mbi panze mbi tene lo ga biri,mbi\tpanze\tmbi\ttene\tlo\tga\tbiri,1SG\tthink\t1SG\tsay\t3SG\tcome\tyesterday,I think he came yesterday.,,Panze is borrowed from French penser.,,,constructed by linguist,mbi panze mbi tene lo ga biri,,1SG think 1SG say 3SG come yesterday,"Panze is borrowed from French penser.",Own knowledge,,8415, +63-124,63,ya gi-bén rután de gu-ró wóduru,ya\tgi-bén\trután\tde\tgu-ró\twóduru,TOP\tTAM-seem\tlanguage\tDET\tTAM-go\tdisappear,It seems that this language will disappear.,,The marker ya is optional in this construction.,857[298],,naturalistic spoken,ya gi-bén rután de gu-ró wóduru,,TOP TAM-seem language DET TAM-go disappear,"The marker ya is optional in this construction.",,,8416, +64-130,64,gebéynu kan ánna géni ketír kalás,ge=béynu\tkan\tánna\tgéni\tketír\tkalás,PROG=seem\tif\t1PL\tstay\tmuch\tfinished,It seems like we have stayed long enough.,,,,,constructed by linguist,gebéynu kan ánna géni ketír kalás,ge=béynu kan ánna géni ketír kalás,PROG=seem if 1PL stay much finished,,Own knowledge,,8417, +65-97,65,"Maja dumaj palawina sonʧa kanʧaj, dəlugoj betir najdi esi.","Maja\tdumaj\tpalawina\tsonʧa\tkanʧaj,\tdəlugoj\tbetir\tnajdi-esi.",1SG\tthink\thalf\tsun\tfinish\tother\twind\tfind-PFV,I think that in the afternoon the wind will change the direction.,,,60[48],,citation in fiction,"Maja dumaj palawina sonʧa kanʧaj, dəlugoj betir najdi esi.","Maja dumaj palawina sonʧa kanʧaj, dəlugoj betir najdi-esi.",1SG think half sun finish other wind find-PFV,,,"Моя думай, половина солнца кончай, другой ветер найди есть.",8418, +66-74,66,Malang nasi (e)kinja aða yang klaatan.,[Malang\tnasi\t(e-)kinja\taðA]-yang\tklaatan.,[night\trice\t(ASP-)make\tAUX]-ACC/FOC\tseem,It seems that dinner is ready.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Malang nasi (e)kinja aða yang klaatan.,[Malang nasi (e-)kinja aðA]-yang klaatan.,[night rice (ASP-)make AUX]-ACC/FOC seem,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,8419, +66-75,66,Miflal iskul-na epi yang eklaatan.,[Miflal\tiskul-na\te-pi]-yang\te-klaatan.,[Miflal\tschool-to\tASP-go]-ACC/FOC\tASP-seem,It seemed that Miflal went to school.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Miflal iskul-na epi yang eklaatan.,[Miflal iskul-na e-pi]-yang e-klaatan.,[Miflal school-to ASP-go]-ACC/FOC ASP-seem,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,8420, +67-138,67,Ini macam sula tau paham saya pinya celita.,Ini\tmacam\tsula\ttau\tpaham\tsaya\tpinya\tcelita.,DEM\tseem\tPFV\tknow\tunderstand\t1SG\tPOSS\tstory,It seems [as if you] have already known [and] understood my language.,,,708[348],,naturalistic spoken,Ini macam sula tau paham saya pinya celita.,,DEM seem PFV know understand 1SG POSS story,,,,8421, +68-77,68,Beta kira de so bangu.,Beta\tkira\tde\tso\tbangu.,1SG\tthink\t3SG\tPFV\tget.up,I think he has got up.,,"This sentence was elicited from a speaker with the prompt ""It seems that he has got up already"". The speaker specifically said there was no 'seem' construction in Ambon Malay.",,,elicited from speaker,Beta kira de so bangu.,,1SG think 3SG PFV get.up,"This sentence was elicited from a speaker with the prompt ""It seems that he has got up already"". The speaker specifically said there was no 'seem' construction in Ambon Malay.",Own knowledge,,8422, +71-110,71,Wau manao akahi pihi nui iaia paani kela wai.,Wau\tmanao\takahi\tpihi\tnui\tiaia\tpaani\tkela\twai.,1SG\tthink\tINDF\tfish\tbig\t3SG\tplay\tDET\twater,I thought that a huge fish was playing in the water. (describing the characteristics of a loud sound made during a landslide) OR: It seemed as if a huge fish were playing in the water. OR: It sounded like what a huge fish playing in the water would sound like.,,,,,naturalistic written,Wau manao akahi pihi nui iaia paani kela wai.,,1SG think INDF fish big 3SG play DET water,,Own data 1886,,8423, +74-96,74,kákapus ntsáyka wáwa kánawi san,kákapus\tntsáyka\twáwa\tkánawi\tsan,as.if\t1PL\ttalk\tall\tsun,It seems as though we have been talking all day.,,,,,constructed by linguist,kákapus ntsáyka wáwa kánawi san,,as.if 1PL talk all sun,,Own knowledge,,8424, +74-97,74,líli kákwa pus yáka tílxam,líli\tkákwa\tpus\tyáka\ttílxam,time\tas\tthen\t3SG\tperson,It was a long time since he had seemed like a person.,,,1641[23],,narrative,líli kákwa pus yáka tílxam,,time as then 3SG person,,,,8425, +75-155,75,Nawachiku pakwaachikaashoow avek sii zamii.,Nawachiku\tpakwaach-ikaashoo-w\tavek\tsii\tzamii.,seemingly\thate-PASS-3\twith\tPOSS.3PL\tfriend,She seems to be in disfavor with her friends. OR: Seemingly she is hated by her friends.,,,789[76],,naturalistic written,Nawachiku pakwaachikaashoow avek sii zamii.,Nawachiku pakwaach-ikaashoo-w avek sii zamii.,seemingly hate-PASS-3 with POSS.3PL friend,,,,8426, +75-156,75,Zhipaans aasey ooshaam kinweesh oota kitayaanaan.,Zhi-paans\taasey\tooshaam\tkinweesh\toota\tkit-ayaa-naan.,I-think\talready\ttoo.much\tlong\there\t2-be-1PL,It seems (that) we have stayed long enough.,,"'We' here is inclusive, i.e. both the speaker and the hearer are included.",522,,elicited from speaker,Zhipaans aasey ooshaam kinweesh oota kitayaanaan.,Zhi-paans aasey ooshaam kinweesh oota kit-ayaa-naan.,I-think already too.much long here 2-be-1PL,"'We' here is inclusive, i.e. both the speaker and the hearer are included.",,,8427, +75-157,75,Taapishkuuch osham kinwees utee kiiayaayaahk.,Taapishkuuch\tosham\tkinwees\tutee\tkii-ayaa-yaahk.,like\ttoo.much\tlong\there\tPST-be-12,It seems (that) we have stayed long enough.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Taapishkuuch osham kinwees utee kiiayaayaahk.,Taapishkuuch osham kinwees utee kii-ayaa-yaahk.,like too.much long here PST-be-12,,,,8428, +76-52,76,atcu oblakun sila nagorok,atcu\toblakun\tsila\tnagorok,perhaps\ttomorrow\tweather\tgood,Perhaps it will be good weather tomorrow.,,"The word atcu 'perhaps' also means 'I don't know', 'He doesn't know'.",1442[224],,reconstructed by documentalist,atcu oblakun sila nagorok,,perhaps tomorrow weather good,"The word atcu 'perhaps' also means 'I don't know', 'He doesn't know'.",,,8429, +1-152,1,Gongosaman de jette na une middri.,Gongosaman\tde\tete\tna\tunu\tmindri.,hypocrite\tCOP\tstill\tLOC\t2PL\tmiddle,There are still hypocrites amongst you.,,"Ad Feature 75 ""Predicative locative phrases"": This is a locative predication with the copula de.",1357[127],,written (dictionary),Gongosaman de jette na une middri.,Gongosaman de ete na unu mindri.,hypocrite COP still LOC 2PL middle,"Ad Feature 75 ""Predicative locative phrases"": This is a locative predication with the copula de.",,,8430,German: Es gibt unter euch noch Heuchler. [op.cit.] +1-153,1,No wan hai watra dea.,No\twan\tai\twatra\tdya.,NEG\tone\teye\twater\there,There is no drop of water here.,,"Ad Features 75 ""Predicative locative phrases"" and 78 ""Existential verb and transitive possession verb"": This illustrates the general absence of the copula de before dya 'here'.",1357[56],,written (dictionary),No wan hai watra dea.,No wan ai watra dya.,NEG one eye water here,"Ad Features 75 ""Predicative locative phrases"" and 78 ""Existential verb and transitive possession verb"": This illustrates the general absence of the copula de before dya 'here'.",,,8431,German: Es ist kein Tropfen Wasser hier. [op.cit.] +1-154,1,Mastra wini no de na battra.,Masra\twini\tno\tde\tna\tbatra.,master\twine\tNEG\tCOP\tLOC\tbottle,"Master, there is no wine in the bottle.",,,1527[61],,written,Mastra wini no de na battra.,Masra wini no de na batra.,master wine NEG COP LOC bottle,,,,8432,Dutch: Meester daar is geen Wyn in de Fles. [op.cit.] +1-155,1,Helpi no de.,Yepi\tno\tde.,help\tNEG\tbe.there,There is no help. OR: There is nothing to be done.,,,1357[64],,written (dictionary),Helpi no de.,Yepi no de.,help NEG be.there,,,,8433,"German: Es hilft nichts davor, das ist nicht zu ändern. [op.cit.]" +1-156,1,"Kaba alwassi so menni fissi ben de, tog netti no brokko.","Kaba\tawansi\tsomeni\tfisi\tben\tde,\ttogu\tneti\tno\tbroko.",but\talthough\tmany\tfish\tPST\tbe.there\tstill\tnet\tNEG\tbreak,"But although there were a lot of fish, still the net did not tear.",,,1355[295],,written,"Kaba alwassi so menni fissi ben de, tog netti no brokko.","Kaba awansi someni fisi ben de, togu neti no broko.",but although many fish PST be.there still net NEG break,,,,8434, +2-153,2,Den abi wan singi e singi taki lespeki no de moro.,Den\tabi\twan\tsingi\te\tsingi\ttaki\tlespeki\tno\tde\tmoro.,3PL\thave\ta\tsong\tIPFV\tsing\tCOMP\trespect\tNEG\tCOP\tanymore,There’s a song that says that there’s no respect anymore.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Den abi wan singi e singi taki lespeki no de moro.,,3PL have a song IPFV sing COMP respect NEG COP anymore,,"Winford data, Tape 13-a",,8435, +2-154,2,Merki no de srefisrefi a foto.,Merki\tno\tde\tsrefisrefi\ta\tfoto.,milk\tNEG\tCOP\tat.all\tLOC\tcity,There isn’t any milk at all in town.,,,1062[21],,naturalistic spoken,Merki no de srefisrefi a foto.,,milk NEG COP at.all LOC city,,,,8436, +3-77,3,Hía ló bi de.,Hía\tló\tbi\tde.,many\ttribes\tTNS\tbe,There were many tribes.,,,354[67],,naturalistic written,Hía ló bi de.,,many tribes TNS be,,,,8437, +4-107,4,Nyanyan de.,Nyanyan\tde.,food\texist,There is food.,,,568[109],,naturalistic spoken,Nyanyan de.,,food exist,,,,8438, +5-103,5,do taim laik di din gat iiryiiyeetid jringk su moch lek nou,do\ttaim\tlaik\tdi\tdin\tgat\tiiryiiyeetid\tjringk\tsu\tmoch\tlek\tnou,that\ttime\tlike\t3PL\tdidn't\thave\taerated\tdrink\tso\tmuch\tlike\tnow,At that time aerated [carbonated] drinks weren't as plentiful as they are now.,,,"1281[254, line 1311]",,naturalistic spoken,do taim laik di din gat iiryiiyeetid jringk su moch lek nou,,that time like 3PL didn't have aerated drink so much like now,,,,8439, +5-104,5,luk dong so gat o chrii,luk\tdong\tso\tgat\to\tchrii,look\tdown\tso\thas\ta\ttree,"Look, there is a tree down so.",,,"1281[218, line 1052]",,naturalistic spoken,luk dong so gat o chrii,,look down so has a tree,,,,8440, +6-68,6,It have rum in de house.,It\thave\trum\tin\tde\thouse.,it\tEXIST\trum\tPREP\tDET\thouse,There is rum in the house.,,,,,elicited from speaker,It have rum in de house.,,it EXIST rum PREP DET house,,Informant,,8441, +6-69,6,In de yard have tri cow.,In\tde\tyard\thave\ttri\tcow.,in\tDET\tyard\tEXIST\tthree\tcow,There are three cows in the yard.,,,,,elicited from speaker,In de yard have tri cow.,,in DET yard EXIST three cow,,Informant,,8442, +7-157,7,Pikni fo so de a beisaid.,Pikni\tfo\tso\tde\ta\tbei-said.,child\tfor\tso\tEXIST\tLOC\tbay-side,There are lots of children at the bayside. OR: A lot of children are at the bayside.,,This utterance illustrates the pattern NP + LOC.COP + place.,1244[183],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Pikni fo so de a beisaid.,Pikni fo so de a bei-said.,child for so EXIST LOC bay-side,This utterance illustrates the pattern NP + LOC.COP + place.,,,8443, +8-98,8,Yu gat som piipl we groj yu fi evriting yu gat.,Yu\tgat\tsom\tpiipl\twe\tgroj\tyu\tfi\tevriting\tyu\tgat.,2SG\tget/have\tsome\tpeople\tREL\tgrudge\t2SG\tfor\teverything\t2SG\thave,There are some people who covet everything you have.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yu gat som piipl we groj yu fi evriting yu gat.,,2SG get/have some people REL grudge 2SG for everything 2SG have,,Own knowledge,,8444, +9-125,9,I gat mora wan tiŋ we a de tiŋk bowt.,I\tgat\tmora\twan\ttiŋ\t[we\ta\tde\ttiŋk\tbowt\t_].,it\tgot\tmore.of\tone\tthing\t[REL\t1SG\tPROG\tthink\tabout\t_],There is more than one thing that I'm thinking about.,,nasal + stop cluster in tiŋk,445[531],,naturalistic spoken,"I gat mora wan tiŋ we a de tiŋk bowt.","I gat mora wan tiŋ [we a de tiŋk bowt _].",it got more.of one thing [REL 1SG PROG think about _],"nasal + stop cluster in tiŋk",,,8445, +9-126,9,Ga li aystaz we grow pan dem.,Ga\tli\taystaz\twe\tgrow\tpan\tdem.,got\tlittle\toysters\tREL\tgrow\tupon\tthem,There are little oysters that grow on them.,,,445[540],,naturalistic spoken,Ga li aystaz we grow pan dem.,,got little oysters REL grow upon them,,,,8446, +9-127,9,Yu had di djadj yu had dis seym gavmɛn laya.,Yu\thad\tdi\tdjadj\tyu\thad\tdis\tseym\tgavmɛn\tlaya.,2SG\thad\tthe\tjudge\t2SG\thad\tthis\tsame\tgovernment\tlawyer,"There was the judge, and there was that government lawyer.",,,438,,naturalistic spoken,Yu had di djadj yu had dis seym gavmɛn laya.,,2SG had the judge 2SG had this same government lawyer,,,,8447, +10-146,10,Tu moch hous iina Nort End.,Tu\tmoch\thous\tiina\tNort\tEnd.,too\tmuch\thouse\tin\tNorth\tEnd,There are too many houses in North End.,,,113[46],,elicited from speaker,Tu moch hous iina Nort End.,,too much house in North End,,,,8448, +10-147,10,San Andrés gat plenty biich.,San\tAndrés\tgat\tplenty\tbiich.,San\tAndrés\tget\tplenty\tbeach,There are many beaches on San Andrés.,,,113[46],,elicited from speaker,San Andrés gat plenty biich.,,San Andrés get plenty beach,,,,8449, +10-148,10,Wi gat moa an wan pasability.,Wi\tgat\tmoa\tan\twan\tpasability.,1PL\tget\tmore\tthan\tone\tpossibility,There is more than one possibility.,,The English existential sentence was used to elicit the example which of course could be translated also as: 'We have more than one possibility.',113[46],,elicited from speaker,Wi gat moa an wan pasability.,,1PL get more than one possibility,The English existential sentence was used to elicit the example which of course could be translated also as: 'We have more than one possibility.',,,8450, +10-149,10,Plenti piipl iina disya hous.,Plenti\tpiipl\tiina\tdisya\thous.,plenty\tpeople\tin\tDEM\thouse,There are (too) many people in this house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Plenti piipl iina disya hous.,,plenty people in DEM house,,Own knowledge,,8451, +11-201,11,Ih hav iz a stori wid trii chalinj.,Ih\thav\tiz\ta\tstori\twid\ttrii\tchalinj.,3SG.N\thave\tCOP.PRS\tART.INDF\tstory\twith\tthree\tchallenge,It is a story with three challenges.,,"This is maybe not a good example: it is the beginning of a story and therefore it is not an existential construction. However, in a different context ih have would translate as 'there is'.",1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ih hav iz a stori wid trii chalinj.,,3SG.N have COP.PRS ART.INDF story with three challenge,"This is maybe not a good example: it is the beginning of a story and therefore it is not an existential construction. However, in a different context ih have would translate as 'there is'.",,,8452, +11-202,11,Ai tink Bluufiilz gat mor piipl spiikin Kriol.,Ai\ttink\tBluufiilz\tgat\tmor\tpiipl\tspiik-in\tKriol.,1SG\tthink\tBluefields\tget\tmore\tpeople\tspeak-PROG\tCreole,I think there are more people who speak Creole in Bluefields.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai tink Bluufiilz gat mor piipl spiikin Kriol.,Ai tink Bluufiilz gat mor piipl spiik-in Kriol.,1SG think Bluefields get more people speak-PROG Creole,,,,8453, +11-203,11,Wi yuuztu hav piipl huu hont.,Wi\tyuuztu\thav\tpiipl\thuu\thont.,1PL\tHAB.PST\thave\tpeople\tREL\thunt,There were people who hunted in our community.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wi yuuztu hav piipl huu hont.,,1PL HAB.PST have people REL hunt,,,,8454, +11-204,11,"Aktuali, Tasba hav a praimari skuul.","Aktuali,\tTasba\thav\ta\tpraimari\tskuul.",actually\tTasbapauni\thave\tART.INDF\tprimary\tschool,"At present, there is a primary school in Tasbapauni.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Aktuali, Tasba hav a praimari skuul.",,actually Tasbapauni have ART.INDF primary school,,,,8455, +11-205,11,Dier wil aalwiez aalwiez bii dat somting mait hapn tu yu.,Dier\twil\taalwiez\taalwiez\tbii\tdat\tsom-ting\tmait\thapn\ttu\tyu.,there\tFUT\talways\talways\tCOP.INF\tCOMP\tsome-thing\tmight\thappen\tto\t2SG,"There will always, always be the possibility that something might happen to you.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Dier wil aalwiez aalwiez bii dat somting mait hapn tu yu.",Dier wil aalwiez aalwiez bii dat som-ting mait hapn tu yu.,there FUT always always COP.INF COMP some-thing might happen to 2SG,,,,8456, +11-206,11,Plenti piipl iin disya hous.,Plenti\tpiipl\tiin\tdisya\thous.,plenty\tpeople\tin\tDEM.EMPH\thouse,There are plenty people in this (specific) house.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Plenti piipl iin disya hous.,,plenty people in DEM.EMPH house,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,8457, +12-149,12,It's - it's all kind of stories about the Shine [...].,it-'s\tall\tkind\tof\tstories\t[...].,EXPL-COP[EXIST]\tall\tkind\tof\tstories\t[...],There are all kinds of stories [about the Shine] [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,It's - it's all kind of stories about the Shine [...].,it-'s all kind of stories [...].,EXPL-COP[EXIST] all kind of stories [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8458, +12-150,12,"Or then if you want know more further, you could go 'round the House of 'Sembly [...] - not down the House of 'Sembly, but up Court, and - you see, they get plenty CID there, you could ax 'em - if they - just ax 'em.",[...]\tthey\tget\tplenty\tCID\tthere\t[...].,[...]\tEXPL\tget[EXIST]\tplenty\tCID\tthere\t[...],"[Or then, if you wanted to know more, you could pass by the House of Assembly] [...], [at the Court,] there are many CIDs there, [you could ask them] [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Or then if you want know more further, you could go 'round the House of 'Sembly [...] - not down the House of 'Sembly, but up Court, and - you see, they get plenty CID there, you could ax 'em - if they - just ax 'em.",[...] they get plenty CID there [...].,[...] EXPL get[EXIST] plenty CID there [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8459, +12-151,12,"The people was nice, and everything. You going 'round, they used to treat you good. Had nice people - I get nice girlfriends and thing.",Had nice people - I get nice girlfriends [...],have.PST.EXIST nice people   1SG.SBJ get.PST.POSS nice girlfriend.PL [...],[The people were nice and everything. You went around - they used to treat you well.] There were nice people there - I had nice girlfriends [and [every]thing.],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"The people was nice, and everything. You going 'round, they used to treat you good. Had nice people - I get nice girlfriends and thing.",Had nice people - I get nice girlfriends [...],have.PST.EXIST nice people 1SG.SBJ get.PST.POSS nice girlfriend.PL [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8460, +12-152,12,"[Turtle, is there much turtle now?] No, don’t have turtle round.",[...]\tdon’t\thave\tturtle\tround.,[...]\tNEG\thave\tturtle\taround,"[Are there many turtles here now?] No, there aren’t any turtles here.",,,634[145],,naturalistic spoken,"[Turtle, is there much turtle now?] No, don’t have turtle round.","[...] don’t have turtle round.",[...] NEG have turtle around,,,,8461, +12-153,12,"Only be three live here, my husband and just that little grand.",Only\tbe\tthree\tlive\there\t[...],only\tCOP.INF\tthree\tlive\there\t[...],"There are only three (people) living here, [my husband (and me) and that little grandchild].",,,634[148],,naturalistic spoken,"Only be three live here, my husband and just that little grand.","Only be three live here [...]",only COP.INF three live here [...],,,,8462, +13-120,13,It is starvation dere.,It\tis\tstarvation\tdere.,EXPL.SBJ\tCOP\tstarvation\tthere,There is starvation there.,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,It is starvation dere.,,EXPL.SBJ COP starvation there,,,,8463, +14-81,14,It/Dey got a lot of books on the table.,It/Dey\tgot\ta\tlot\tof\tbooks\ton\tthe\ttable.,EXPL\tgot\ta\tlot\tof\tbooks\ton\tthe\ttable,There are a lot of books on the table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,It/Dey got a lot of books on the table.,,EXPL got a lot of books on the table,,Own knowledge,,8464, +14-82,14,Got a lot of books on the table.,Ø\tgot\ta\tlot\tof\tbooks\ton\tthe\ttable.,EXPL\tgot\ta\tlot\tof\tbooks\ton\tthe\ttable,There are a lot of books on the table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Got a lot of books on the table.,Ø got a lot of books on the table.,EXPL got a lot of books on the table,,Own knowledge,,8465, +15-89,15,dɛn gɛt bɔku pipul dɛm de,dɛn\tgɛt\tbɔku\tpipul\tdɛm\tde,3PL\thave\ta.lot.of\tpeople\tPL\tLOC,There were a lot of people there. OR: A lot of people were there.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dɛn gɛt bɔku pipul dɛm de,,3PL have a.lot.of people PL LOC,,Own knowledge,,8466, +15-90,15,it de na di tebul,it\tde\tna\tdi\ttebul,food\tis.there\tLOC\tART\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,it de na di tebul,,food is.there LOC ART table,,Own knowledge,,8467, +16-84,16,wì gɛt difrɛn fɔrɛnɛs we dè dè kam,wì\tgɛt\tdifrɛn\tfɔrɛnɛs\twe\tdè\tdè\tkam,1PL\tget\tdifferent\tforeigners\tCOMP\t3PL\tHAB\tcome,There are different foreigners who come.,,Existential expressed by wì gεt.,,,naturalistic spoken,wì gɛt difrɛn fɔrɛnɛs we dè dè kam,,1PL get different foreigners COMP 3PL HAB come,"Existential expressed by wì gεt.",Own fieldwork,,8468, +17-98,17,Ì ge̱t wo̱n nyam.,Ì\tge̱t\two̱n\tnyam.,3SG.SBJ.EXPL\thave\tone\tyam,There is one yam.,,,462[53],,naturalistic spoken,Ì ge̱t wo̱n nyam.,,3SG.SBJ.EXPL have one yam,,,,8469, +18-90,18,Wan yam i dey fo tabul.,Wan\tyam\ti\tdey\tfo\ttabul.,one\tyam\t3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tfor\ttable,There is one yam on the table.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Wan yam i dey fo tabul.,,one yam 3SG.SBJ COP for table,,,,8470, +18-91,18,Plenti pipul dem dey fo haus.,Plenti\tpipul\tdem\tdey\tfo\thaus.,plenty\tpeople\tPL\tCOP\tfor\thouse,There are many people in the house.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Plenti pipul dem dey fo haus.,,plenty people PL COP for house,,,,8471, +19-118,19,[...] è no gɛt tɔk nà Pichi.,[...]\tè\tno\tgɛt\ttɔk\tnà\tPichi.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\thave\ttalk\tLOC\tPichi,[...] there's no word (for that) in Pichi.,,,1634[316],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] è no gɛt tɔk nà Pichi.",,[...] 3SG.SBJ NEG have talk LOC Pichi,,,,8472, +19-119,19,Say no de fɔ̀ was han?,Say\tno\tde\tfɔ̀\twas\than?,side\tNEG\tCOP\tASSOC\twash\thand,Is there no place to wash (one’s) hands?,,,1634[262],,naturalistic spoken,"Say no de fɔ̀ was han?",,side NEG COP ASSOC wash hand,,,,8473, +20-85,20,Market hap got oyster sellum?,Market\thap\tgot\toyster\tsellum?,market\thas\tgot\toyster\tsell,Are there any oysters in the market?,,,1489[VI.43],,naturalistic written,Market hap got oyster sellum?,,market has got oyster sell,,,孖結合吉哀士打些林,8474, +21-85,21,There is food on the table.,There\tis\tfood\ton\tthe\ttable.,there\tbe.3SG\tfood\ton\tDET\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,,constructed by linguist,There is food on the table.,,there be.3SG food on DET table,,Own knowledge,,8475, +21-86,21,Table got food.,Table\tgot\tfood.,table\thave\tfood,There is food on the table.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Table got food.,,table have food,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,8476, +22-112,22,Long Wara Sipik tu em i gat kain kain ol masalai nabaut i stap.,Long\tWara\tSipik\ttu\tem\ti\tgat\tkain\tkain\tol\tmasalai\tnabaut\ti\tstap.,PREP\triver\tSepik\talso\tEXPL.SBJ\tPM\tgot\tkind\tkind\tPL\tspirit\tabout\tPM\tbe,In the Sepik River area there are also all kinds of spirits.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Long Wara Sipik tu em i gat kain kain ol masalai nabaut i stap.,,PREP river Sepik also EXPL.SBJ PM got kind kind PL spirit about PM be,,,,8477, +22-113,22,Bipo bipo tru i gat wanpla man.,Bipo\tbipo\ttru\ti\tgat\twanpla\tman.,Before\tbefore\tINTENS\tPM\tgot\tone\tman,A long long time ago there was a man.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Bipo bipo tru i gat wanpla man.,,Before before INTENS PM got one man,,,,8478, +23-107,23,long ples ia i no gat fulap si ok,long\tples\tia\ti\tno\tgat\tfulap\tsi\tok,PREP\tplace\tDEF\tAGR\tNEG\thave\tfull.up\tsea\toak,"Around here, there aren't very many sea oaks.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,long ples ia i no gat fulap si ok,,PREP place DEF AGR NEG have full.up sea oak,,,,8479, +24-122,24,Gat orlem fish daun iin' soltworta.,Gat\torlem\tfish\tdaun\tiin'\tsoltworta.,exist\tDISTR.3PL\tfish\tPREP\tPREP\tsalt.water,There are fish (distributive plural) in the sea.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Gat orlem fish daun iin' soltworta.,,exist DISTR.3PL fish PREP PREP salt.water,,Own fieldwork,,8480, +24-123,24,Haed wan oel lady.,Haed\twan\toel\tlady.,EXIST.PST\tDET.INDF\told\tlady,There was an old lady.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Haed wan oel lady.,,EXIST.PST DET.INDF old lady,,Own fieldwork,,8481, +25-261,25,"I gotim big gata maitbi theya, thetsaid.","I\tgot-im\tbig\tgata\tmaitbi\ttheya,\tthet-said.",3SG\thave-TR\tbig\tgutter\tmaybe\tthere\tDEM-side,"Maybe there is a big gutter, on that side.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the existential construction.",,,naturalistic spoken,"I gotim big gata maitbi theya, thetsaid.","I got-im big gata maitbi theya, thet-said.",3SG have-TR big gutter maybe there DEM-side,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the existential construction.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,8482, +25-262,25,"Hiya, samwe raun hiya, i gata keib theya.","Hiya,\tsam-we\traun\thiya,\ti\tgata\tkeib\ttheya.",here\tsome-where\taround\there\t3SG\tgot\tcave\tthere,"Here, somewhere around here, there is a cave.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the existential construction.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Hiya, samwe raun hiya, i gata keib theya.","Hiya, sam-we raun hiya, i gata keib theya.",here some-where around here 3SG got cave there,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the existential construction.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,8483, +25-263,25,"Thei reken i gota ngalanymuwa, bifo thei bin oldei getim.","Thei\treken\ti\tgota\tngalanymuwa,\tbifo\tthei\tbin\toldei\tget-im.",3PL\tthink/say\t3SG\thave\techidna\tpreviously\t3PL\tPST\talways/HAB\tget-TR,"[At that place] they think there are echidnas, in the old days they used to catch them.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a clausal complement of the verb reken 'think, consider, reckon' and also an existential construction. Ngalanymuwa is the Jaminjung word for echidna or anteater (Tachyglossus aculeatus), an animal resembling a porcupine which used to be hunted for its meat.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Thei reken i gota ngalanymuwa, bifo thei bin oldei getim.","Thei reken i gota ngalanymuwa, bifo thei bin oldei get-im.",3PL think/say 3SG have echidna previously 3PL PST always/HAB get-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a clausal complement of the verb reken 'think, consider, reckon' and also an existential construction. Ngalanymuwa is the Jaminjung word for echidna or anteater (Tachyglossus aculeatus), an animal resembling a porcupine which used to be hunted for its meat.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,8484, +26-78,26,gɛʔ big kaɪn ʃaks,gɛʔ\tbig\tkaɪn\tʃak-s,EXIST\tbig\tkind\tshark-PL,There are big sharks (here).,,,1545[163],,naturalistic spoken,gɛʔ big kaɪn ʃaks,gɛʔ big kaɪn ʃak-s,EXIST big kind shark-PL,,,,8485, +27-79,27,Ha gout apl bō di.,Ha\tgout\tapl\tbō\tdi.,have\tgold\tapple\ton\tDET,There are golden apples on it. / It has golden apples.,,,355[23],,naturalistic spoken,Ha gout apl bō di.,,have gold apple on DET,,,,8486, +27-80,27,Ēen tid di a ha ēn frou.,Ēen\ttid\tdi\ta\tha\tēn\tfrou.,ART.INDF\ttime\tDET\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\twoman,Once upon a time there was a woman.,,,355[22],,naturalistic spoken,Ēen tid di a ha ēn frou.,,ART.INDF time DET PST have ART.INDF woman,,,,8487, +28-108,28,lom kɛn jɛndə idri plɛkɛ,lombo\tkɛnɛ\tjɛn-da\tidri\tplɛkɛ,bad\tperson\tbe-there\tevery\tplace,Bad people are everywhere. OR: There are bad people everywhere.,,,737[121],,naturalistic spoken,lom kɛn jɛndə idri plɛkɛ,lombo kɛnɛ jɛn-da idri plɛkɛ,bad person be-there every place,,,,8488, +28-109,28,helpu forda ka,helpu\tfuri-da\tka,help\tnot.be-there\tNEG,There was no help.,,,737[125],,naturalistic spoken,helpu forda ka,helpu furi-da ka,help not.be-there NEG,,,,8489, +28-110,28,o hab en taumama danga,o\thabu\ten\ttau-mama\tdanga,3SG\thave\tone\tsnake-mother\tthere,There is a 'snakemother' there (i.e. a snake spirit).,,,737[608],,naturalistic spoken,o hab en taumama danga,o habu en tau-mama danga,3SG have one snake-mother there,,,,8490, +28-111,28,ha en kɛnau ka,habu\ten\tkɛnɛ\tnau\tka,have\tone\tperson\tnow\tNEG,There is nobody now.,,,737[180],,naturalistic spoken,ha en kɛnau ka,habu en kɛnɛ nau ka,have one person now NEG,,,,8491, +28-112,28,di banabu ondro ha fluru,di\tbanabu\tondro\thabu\tfluru,the\tshelter\tunder\thave\tfloor,There was a floor under the shelter.,,,737[608],,naturalistic spoken,di banabu ondro ha fluru,di banabu ondro habu fluru,the shelter under have floor,,,,8492, +29-125,29,Daar is 'n probleem.,Daar\tis\t'n\tprobleem.,there\tis\tINDF.ART\tproblem,There is a problem.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Daar is 'n probleem.,,there is INDF.ART problem,,Own knowledge,,8493, +30-135,30,"Dentu kel lagúa, ten un pédra-mármi, [...].","Dentu\tkel=lagúa\tten\tun=pédra-mármi,\t[...].",in\tDEM.SG=lake\thave\ta=stone-marble\t[...],"In this lake, there lies a stone of marble, [...].",,"More examples can be found in Lang (2002), s.v. ten.",1407[162],,naturalistic spoken,"Dentu kel lagúa, ten un pédra-mármi, [...].","Dentu kel=lagúa ten un=pédra-mármi, [...].",in DEM.SG=lake have a=stone-marble [...],"More examples can be found in Lang (2002), s.v. ten.",,,8494, +31-120,31,"Si ka ten nada di kume, nu ta ferbe-l o nu ta kuzinha-l.","Si\tka\tten\tnada\tdi\tkume,\tnu\tta\tferbe-l\to\tnu\tta\tkuzinha-l.",if\tNEG\thave\tnothing\tof\teat\twe\tHAB\tboil-it\tor\twe\tHAB\tcook-it,"If there is nothing to eat, we boil it or we cook it.",,,57,,naturalistic spoken,"Si ka ten nada di kume, nu ta ferbe-l o nu ta kuzinha-l.",,if NEG have nothing of eat we HAB boil-it or we HAB cook-it,,,,8495, +32-99,32,Ten txeu amdjer e k ta bá peská.,Ten\ttxeu\tamdjer\te\tk\tta\tbá\tpeská.,have.PRS\tmany\twoman\tFOC\tREL\tPRS\tgo\tfish,There are many women who go fishing.,,Ten 'have' is the existential verb.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Ten txeu amdjer e k ta bá peská.",,have.PRS many woman FOC REL PRS go fish,"Ten 'have' is the existential verb.",,,8496,Portuguese: Há muitas mulheres que vão pescar. +33-127,33,Byanda ten.,Byanda\tten.,food\texist,There is food.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Byanda ten.,,food exist,,Own knowledge,,8497,Portuguese: Há comida. +33-128,33,I ten un igreja na e prasa.,I\tten\tun\tigreja\tna\te\tprasa.,3SG\thave\ta\tchurch\tin\tthis\ttown,There is a church in this town.,,Existential ten 'there is/are' can take the third singular pronoun i as its subject.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I ten un igreja na e prasa.",,3SG have a church in this town,"Existential ten 'there is/are' can take the third singular pronoun i as its subject.",Own knowledge,,8498,Portuguese: Há uma igreja nesta vila. +33-129,33,*Kasa ten vs. I ten un kasa.,*Kasa\tten\tvs.\tI\tten\tun\tkasa.,house\tEXIST\tvs.\t3SG\tEXIST\tINDF\thouse,NOT: *Exists a house vs. There is a house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,*Kasa ten vs. I ten un kasa.,,house EXIST vs. 3SG EXIST INDF house,,Own knowledge,,8499,Portuguese: Há uma casa. +34-99,34,I teŋ arus ciw na Sindoŋ.,I\tø\tteŋ\tarus\tciw\tna\tSindoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\thave\trice\ta.lot\tin\tSindone,There is plenty of rice in Sindone.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I teŋ arus ciw na Sindoŋ.","I ø teŋ arus ciw na Sindoŋ.",3SG.SBJ PFV have rice a.lot in Sindone,,Own knowledge,,8500, +34-100,34,Ka teŋ nada.,Ka\tø\tteŋ\tnada.,NEG\tPFV\thave\tnothing,There is no problem. OR: Everything is okay.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ka teŋ nada.,Ka ø teŋ nada.,NEG PFV have nothing,,Own knowledge,,8501, +35-142,35,Ê tê ome ku sêbê kuji kume bwa so.,Ê\ttê\tome\tku\tsêbê\tkuji\tkume\tbwa\tso.,3SG\thave\tman\tREL\tknow\tcook\tfood\tgood\tvery,There are men that know how to cook very well. (OR: She has a husband who knows how to cook very well.),,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ê tê ome ku sêbê kuji kume bwa so.,,3SG have man REL know cook food good very,,Own data,,8502, +35-143,35,Ê tê dja ku n na ka kume fa.,Ê\ttê\tdja\tku\tn\tna\tka\tkume\tfa.,3SG\thave\tday\tREL\t1SG\tNEG\tIPFV\teat\tNEG,There are days on which I don't eat.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ê tê dja ku n na ka kume fa.,,3SG have day REL 1SG NEG IPFV eat NEG,,Own data,,8503, +36-82,36,Tepu nakulu kwanda tia ta tê ũa ome.,Tepu\tnakulu\tkwanda\ttia\tta\ttê\tũa\tome.,time\told\thigh\tland\tPST\thave\tone\tman,"In the olden days, in the highlands, there was a man.",,,901[103],,naturalistic spoken,Tepu nakulu kwanda tia ta tê ũa ome.,,time old high land PST have one man,,,,8504, +37-105,37,Ê tê ningê nhon di pasa lala fa.,Ê\ttê\tningê\tnhon\tdi\tpasa\tlala\tfa.,EXPL\thave\tperson\tno\tof\tpass\tthere\tNEG,There is nobody who passes by over there.,,,905[58],,elicited from speaker,"Ê tê ningê nhon di pasa lala fa.",,EXPL have person no of pass there NEG,,,,8505, +37-106,37,Tê ningê nhon di pasa lala fa.,Tê\tningê\tnhon\tdi\tpasa\tlala\tfa.,have\tperson\tno\tof\tpass\tthere\tNEG,There is nobody who passes by over there.,,,905[58],,elicited from speaker,Tê ningê nhon di pasa lala fa.,,have person no of pass there NEG,,,,8506, +38-82,38,"ixasa ana, ana abada [...]",e-sa-xa\twan-na\twan-na\tabada\t[...],3SG-be-EVID\tART-ART\tART-ART\tfruit\t[...],"(if) there was a, a fruit [...]",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"ixasa ana, ana abada [...]",e-sa-xa wan-na wan-na abada [...],3SG-be-EVID ART-ART ART-ART fruit [...],,Own fieldwork 1993,,8507, +38-121,38,"Xa suku xa vida ba dentsy, [...].","Xa\tsa-ku\txa\tvida\tba\tdensyi,\t[...].",EVID\tbe-with\tEVID\tlife\tgo\tforward\t[...],"So there was some life in the future, [...].",,"The expletive subject is used, but not always, as is shown in this example.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Xa suku xa vida ba dentsy, [...].","Xa sa-ku xa vida ba densyi, [...].",EVID be-with EVID life go forward [...],"The expletive subject is used, but not always, as is shown in this example.",Own fieldwork 1993,,8508, +39-119,39,Nə te nad.,Nə\tte\tnad.,NEG\tEXIST.NPST\tnothing,No problem (lit. There is nothing).,,,221[157],,naturalistic spoken,Nə te nad.,,NEG EXIST.NPST nothing,,,,8509, +40-89,40,N-əkə kadz mwit mɔt jɛ̃t tɛ.,N-əkə\tkadz\tmwit\tmɔt\tjɛ̃t\ttɛ.,LOC-that\thouse\tvery\tmuch\tpeople\tCOP,There are very many people in that house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,N-əkə kadz mwit mɔt jɛ̃t tɛ.,,LOC-that house very much people COP,,Own knowledge,,8510, +42-114,42,teng tantu pesua na isti kaza,teng\ttantu\tpesua\tna\tisti\tkaza,be\tmany\tperson\tLOC\tthis\thouse,There are many people in this house.,,,,,elicited from speaker,teng tantu pesua na isti kaza,,be many person LOC this house,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,8511, +43-76,43,Nu meo di matu teng ung pos grandi.,Nu\tmeo\tdi\tmatu\tteng\tung\tpos\tgrandi.,in\tmiddle\tof\tforest\tthere.be\ta\twell\tbig,"In the middle of the forest, there was a big well.",,,906[67],,pedagogical grammar,"Nu meo di matu teng ung pos grandi.",,in middle of forest there.be a well big,,,,8512, +44-119,44,Tiene nah rio ung grande bangka motor [...].,Tiene\tnah\trio\tung\tgrande\tbangka\tmotor\t[...].,EXIST\tLOC\triver\tINDF\tbig\tboat\tmotor\t[...],There is a big motor boat on the river [...].,,,1064[27],,naturalistic written,Tiene nah rio ung grande bangka motor [...].,,EXIST LOC river INDF big boat motor [...],,,,8513, +45-103,45,Tiene pa mucho patatas na frigider.,Tiene\tpa\tmucho\tpatatas\tna\tfrigider.,EXIST\tstill\tmany\tpotatoes\tLOC\trefrigerator,There are still plenty of potatoes in the refrigerator.,,,426[134],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Tiene pa mucho patatas na frigider.,,EXIST still many potatoes LOC refrigerator,,,,8514, +46-121,46,Tyéne hénte ta-komé múcho.,Tyéne\thénte\tta-komé\tmúcho.,there.is\tperson\tIPFV-eat\ta.lot,There are people who eat a lot.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Tyéne hénte ta-komé múcho.,,there.is person IPFV-eat a.lot,,Own knowledge,,8515, +46-122,46,Múcho hénte na pyésta.,Múcho\thénte\tna\tpyésta.,there.is.a_lot\tperson\tLOC\tparty,There are many people at the party.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Múcho hénte na pyésta.,,there.is.a_lot person LOC party,,Own knowledge,,8516, +47-130,47,[...] tin un gai Portuges aden.,[...]\ttin\tun\tgai\tPortuges\taden.,[...]\thave\tINDF\tguy\tPortuguese\tinside,[...] there's a Portuguese guy in the group.,,,755,,naturalistic written,[...] tin un gai Portuges aden.,,[...] have INDF guy Portuguese inside,,,,8517, +48-122,48,A-ten mucho aí.,A-ten\tmucho\taí.,?-have\tmany\tthere,There are many there.,,The function of a- in a-ten is not known.,,,naturalistic spoken,A-ten mucho aí.,,?-have many there,"The function of a- in a-ten is not known.",Recorded by author,,8518,Spanish: Hay muchos allí. +49-187,49,Te gen anpil moun nan kay la.,Te\tgen\tanpil\tmoun\tnan\tkay\tla.,ANT\tthere.are\tmany\tpeople\tin\thouse\tDEF,There were many people in the house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Te gen anpil moun nan kay la.,,ANT there.are many people in house DEF,,Own knowledge,,8519,French: Il y avait beaucoup de monde dans la maison. +49-188,49,Gen twa chanm nan kay la.,Gen\ttwa\tchanm\tnan\tkay\tla.,there.are\tthree\troom\tin\thouse\tDEF,There are three rooms in the house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Gen twa chanm nan kay la.,,there.are three room in house DEF,,Own knowledge,,8520,French: Il y a trois chambres dans la maison. +50-115,50,I ni onlo moun.,I\tni\tonlo\tmoun.,3SG\thave\tmuch\tpeople,There are a lot of people.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I ni onlo moun.,,3SG have much people,,Own knowledge,,8521, +50-116,50,Ni onlo moun.,Ni\tonlo\tmoun.,have\tmuch\tpeople,There are a lot of people.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ni onlo moun.,,have much people,,Own knowledge,,8522, +51-106,51,I ni anlo moun.,I\tni\tanlo\tmoun.,3SG\thave\tmuch\tpeople,There are a lot of people.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ni anlo moun.,,3SG have much people,,Own fieldwork,,8523, +51-107,51,Ni anlo moun.,Ni\tanlo\tmoun.,have\tmuch\tpeople,There are a lot of people.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ni anlo moun.,,have much people,,Own fieldwork,,8524, +52-67,52,gen timoun yé pa pouvé ké yé kò,gen\ttimoun\tyé\tpa\tpouvé\tké\tyé\tkò,have\tchildren\tthey\tNEG\tbe.able\twith\ttheir\tbody,There are children who are physically very weak.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,gen timoun yé pa pouvé ké yé kò,,have children they NEG be.able with their body,,,,8525, +53-244,53,Ena en ta le piti.,Ena\ten\tta\tle\tpiti.,there.are\tART.INDF\tpile\tART.DEF.PL\tchild,There are many children.,,,1048[271],,naturalistic spoken,Ena en ta le piti.,,there.are ART.INDF pile ART.DEF.PL child,,,,8526, +53-245,53,Na pa arien pou manzé dan cabanne.,Na\tpa\tarien\tpou\tmanzé\tdan\tcabanne.,there.is\tNEG\tnothing\tfor\teat\tin\tcabin,There is nothing to eat in the cabin.,,,1049[21],,naturalistic written,Na pa arien pou manzé dan cabanne.,,there.is NEG nothing for eat in cabin,,,,8527, +53-246,53,Na le Blan itou.,Na\tle\tBlan\titou.,there.are\tART.DEF.PL\twhite\talso,There are also whites.,,,1048[271],,naturalistic spoken,Na le Blan itou.,,there.are ART.DEF.PL white also,,,,8528, +53-247,53,Yavé eune foi eune madam.,Yavé\teune\tfoi\teune\tmadam.,there.was\tART.INDF\ttime\tART.INDF\tlady,Once upon a time there was a lady.,,,1049[21],,naturalistic written,Yavé eune foi eune madam.,,there.was ART.INDF time ART.INDF lady,,,,8529, +53-248,53,Yan pis la pioche.,Yan\tpis\tla\tpioche.,there.is\tno.more\tART.DEF\thoe,There is no hoe any more.,,,1049[21],,naturalistic written,Yan pis la pioche.,,there.is no.more ART.DEF hoe,,,,8530, +53-249,53,Ala ain bourrique.,Ala\tain\tbourrique.,there.is\tART.INDF\tdonkey,There is a donkey.,,,1049[21],,naturalistic written,Ala ain bourrique.,,there.is ART.INDF donkey,,,,8531, +53-250,53,Ye gen de kalite demi.,Ye\tgen\tde\tkalite\tdemi.,3PL\thave\ttwo\tkind\tberry,There are two kinds of berries.,,,722[309],,naturalistic spoken,Ye gen de kalite demi.,,3PL have two kind berry,,,,8532, +53-251,53,Ye gen en plas ye pèl Scotland.,Ye\tgen\ten\tplas\tye\tpèl\t.,3PL\thave\tART.INDF\tplace\t3PL\tcall\tScotland,There's a place they call Scotland.,,,722[309],,naturalistic spoken,Ye gen en plas ye pèl Scotland.,Ye gen en plas ye pèl <Scotland>.,3PL have ART.INDF place 3PL call Scotland,,,,8533, +53-252,53,Ye te janmen gen pir blan dan la Louzyaen ye tou mele.,Ye\tte\tjanmen\tgen\tpir\tblan\tdan\tla\tLouzyaen\tye\ttou\tmele.,3PL\tPST\tnever\thave\tpure\twhite\tin\tART.DEF.SG\tLouisiana\t3PL\tall\tmixed,"There have never been pure whites in Louisiana, they're all mixed.",,,722[309],,naturalistic spoken,Ye te janmen gen pir blan dan la Louzyaen ye tou mele.,,3PL PST never have pure white in ART.DEF.SG Louisiana 3PL all mixed,,,,8534, +53-253,53,Te konnen gen ti ti betay-ye on le fey koton-ye.,Te\tkonnen\tgen\tti\tti\tbetay-ye\ton\tle\tfey\tkoton-ye.,PST\tIPFV\thave\tlittle\tlittle\tbug-PL\ton\tART.DEF.PL\tleaf\tcotton-PL,There used to be tiny little bugs on the cotton leaves.,,,722[309],,naturalistic spoken,Te konnen gen ti ti betay-ye on le fey koton-ye.,,PST IPFV have little little bug-PL on ART.DEF.PL leaf cotton-PL,,,,8535, +53-254,53,Ena le moun nwa la?,Ena\tle\tmoun\tnwa\tla?,there.are\tART.PL\tperson\tblack\tthere,Are there black people there?,,,722[307],,naturalistic spoken,Ena le moun nwa la?,,there.are ART.PL person black there,,,,8536, +54-135,54,Nana bokou travay.,Nana\tbokou\ttravay.,PRS.EXIST\tmuch\twork,There is a lot of work.,,,229[98],,naturalistic spoken,Nana bokou travay.,,PRS.EXIST much work,,,,8537,French: Il y a beaucoup de travail. +54-136,54,"Lavé troi frer, troi garson [...].","Lave\ttrwa\tfrer,\ttrwa\tgarson\t[...].",PST.EXIST\tthree\tbrother\tthree\tboy\t[...],"There were three brothers, three boys [...].",,,110[39],,naturalistic spoken,"Lavé troi frer, troi garson [...].","Lave trwa frer, trwa garson [...].",PST.EXIST three brother three boy [...],,,,8538,"French: Il y avait trois frères, trois garçons [...]." +54-137,54,Nora poin personn pour konetr [...].,Nora\tpwen\tpersonn\tpour\tkonet\t[...].,FUT.EXIST\tNEG\tperson\tfor\tknow\t[...],There is nobody who will know [that you killed him].,,,110[60],,naturalistic spoken,Nora poin personn pour konetr [...].,Nora pwen personn pour konet [...].,FUT.EXIST NEG person for know [...],,,,8539,French: Il n'y aura personne qui le saura [...]. +55-113,55,ena diber lor latab,ena\tdiber\tlor\tlatab,have\tbutter\ton\ttable,There is butter on the table.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ena diber lor latab,,have butter on table,,Own knowledge,,8540, +56-126,56,Ti annan koson osi laba?,Ti\tannan\tkoson\tosi\tlaba?,PST\tEXIST\tpig\talso\tthere,Were there also pigs?,,,158[202],,naturalistic spoken,Ti annan koson osi laba?,,PST EXIST pig also there,,,,8541,French: Il y avait aussi des cochons là-bas? (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 203) +57-64,57,na pa ʃilda?,na\tpa\tʃilda?,EXIST\tNEG\tGildas,Isn't Gildas there?,,,423[173],,naturalistic spoken,na pa ʃilda?,,EXIST NEG Gildas,,,,8542, +57-65,57,na a ŋgra laport ʃe mwa,na\ta\tŋgra\tlaport\tʃe\tmwa,EXIST\tART.INDF\tbig\tdoor\tPREP\tmy.place,There is a big door at my place.,,This can be personalized by adding further elements: na pa le ta pu nu okipe de twa [EXIST NEG DEF time for 1PL look.after PREP 2SG] was translated by my informants as 'We do not have the time to look after you' (Ehrhart 1993: 253).,423[173],,naturalistic spoken,na a ŋgra laport ʃe mwa,,EXIST ART.INDF big door PREP my.place,"This can be personalized by adding further elements: na pa le ta pu nu okipe de twa [EXIST NEG DEF time for 1PL look.after PREP 2SG] was translated by my informants as 'We do not have the time to look after you' (Ehrhart 1993: 253).",,,8543, +58-85,58,Madia ke na mesa.,Madia\tke\tna\tmesa.,food\tis\tCONN\ttable,There is food on the table. OR: The food is on the table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Madia ke na mesa.,,food is CONN table,,Own knowledge,,8544, +59-199,59,akete kete amicrobe ti bilharzie ni ake na ya ti ngu so,a-kete\tkete\ta-\tti\t\tni\ta-yeke\tna\tya\tti\tngu\tso,PL-small\tsmall\tPL-microbe\tof\tbilharzia\tDEF\tPM-COP\tin\tinterior\tof\twater\tDEM,Very small liver-fluke microbes are in this river.,,Because of the DEF this sentence might mean 'The very small microbes are in this river'. Microbe and bilharzia (schistosomiasis) are French.,1320[156],,naturalistic spoken,akete kete amicrobe ti bilharzie ni ake na ya ti ngu so,a-kete kete a-<microbe> ti <bilharzie> ni a-yeke na ya ti ngu so,PL-small small PL-microbe of bilharzia DEF PM-COP in interior of water DEM,"Because of the DEF this sentence might mean 'The very small microbes are in this river'. Microbe and bilharzia (schistosomiasis) are French.",,,8545, +59-217,59,"wen' ake na ya ni, na wen' ni ake si gigi","wen'\ta-ke\tna\tya\tni,\tna\twen'\tni\ta-ke\tsi\tgigi",iron\tPM-COP\tPREP\tbelly\tDET\tand\tiron\tDET\tPM-COP\tarrive\toutside,"There's iron in it (the ore), and iron appears (when the ore is melted).",,,1320[90],,naturalistic spoken,"wen' ake na ya ni, na wen' ni ake si gigi","wen' a-ke na ya ni, na wen' ni a-ke si gigi",iron PM-COP PREP belly DET and iron DET PM-COP arrive outside,,,,8546, +60-89,60,bato bazalákí ebelé,bato\tba-zal-ákí\tebelé,persons\t3PL-be-PST\tmany,There were many people.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,bato bazalákí ebelé,bato ba-zal-ákí ebelé,persons 3PL-be-PST many,,,,8547, +62-59,62,héló isonhká ikumúre,hé-lo\tisonhka\ti-kumure,16-have\tdust\t5-many,There is a lot of dust.,,,,,elicited from speaker,héló isonhká ikumúre,hé-lo isonhka i-kumure,16-have dust 5-many,,Own field data 1993,,8548, +63-125,63,fí fíl,fí\tfíl,EXIST\telephant,There are elephants.,,,857[313],,naturalistic spoken,fí fíl,,EXIST elephant,,,,8549, +64-131,64,fi béled geríb ma júba,fi\tbéled\tgeríb\tma\tjúba,EXIST\tcountry\tnear\twith\tJuba,There is a village near Juba.,,,874[114],,naturalistic spoken,fi béled geríb ma júba,,EXIST country near with Juba,,,,8550, +64-132,64,fi maál genadí nádi,fi\tmaál\tge=nadí\tnádi,EXIST\tplace\tPROG=call\tNadi,There is a place called Nadi.,,,874[157],,naturalistic spoken,fi maál genadí nádi,fi maál ge=nadí nádi,EXIST place PROG=call Nadi,,,,8551, +64-133,64,fi gabát ketír kális,fi\tgab-át\tketír\tkális,EXIST\tforest-PL\tmuch\tvery,There are a lot of forests.,,,874[195],,naturalistic spoken,fi gabát ketír kális,fi gab-át ketír kális,EXIST forest-PL much very,,,,8552, +65-98,65,Desi tama naʃa nagaroda.,Desi\ttama\tnaʃa\tnagaroda.,here\tthere\t1PL\tvegetable.garden,There were our vegetable gardens in all places.,,"Desi and tama are used in their direct meaning 'here' and 'there'; the speaker wanted to show that vegetable gardens of the Chinese were in all places. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[272],,naturalistic spoken,Desi tama naʃa nagaroda.,,here there 1PL vegetable.garden,"Desi and tama are used in their direct meaning 'here' and 'there'; the speaker wanted to show that vegetable gardens of the Chinese were in all places. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,деси тама наша нагарода.,8553, +65-99,65,Woteta kipitalistə noga byla lan'ʃə.,Woteta\tkipitalistə\tnoga\tbyla\tlan'ʃə.,like.that\tcapitalist\tmany\tCOP.PFV\tbefore,There were many capitalists of this kind in the old times.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,1195[245],,naturalistic spoken,Woteta kipitalistə noga byla lan'ʃə.,,like.that capitalist many COP.PFV before,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,,Уотэта кипиталистэ ного была раньсе.,8554, +66-76,66,Kirinde ka banyak pohong pəðə aða.,Kirinde\tka\tbanyak\tpohong-pəðə\taða.,Kirinda\tin\tmany\ttree-PL\tEXIST,There are many trees in Kirinda.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Kirinde ka banyak pohong pəðə aða.,Kirinde ka banyak pohong-pəðə aða.,Kirinda in many tree-PL EXIST,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,8555, +67-139,67,Sini ada satu lembu sama katak.,Sini\tada\tsatu\tlembu\tsama\tkatak.,here\tbe\tone\tox\twith\tfrog,"Here, there were an ox and a frog.",,,708[135],,naturalistic spoken,Sini ada satu lembu sama katak.,,here be one ox with frog,,,,8556, +68-78,68,Ada gula.,Ada\tgula.,exist\tsugar,There's sugar.,,,1528[220],,elicited from speaker,Ada gula.,,exist sugar,,,,8557, +70-51,70,Baut suar baito.,many\tpig\tCOP,many\tpig\tCOP,There are a lot of pigs.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Baut suar baito.,many pig COP,many pig COP,,Own knowledge,,8558, +71-111,71,Alima moa loaa kela hale iaia.,Alima\tmoa\tloaa\tkela\thale\tiaia.,five\tchicken\tget\tDET\thouse\t3SG.POSS,There were five chickens at his house. OR: Five chickens were found at his house.,,"It must be noted that the existential verb loaa is a neuter verb in the lexifier, so alima moa is properly the grammatical subject (i.e. five chickens collectively is the entity that is in the state of existence) if loaa is still a neuter verb in the pidgin. Grammatical relations were variable in Pidgin neuter verbs; in many cases the subject of loaa in its possessive non-existential sense is the possessor, not the possessed (which is the subject in the lexifier, as this is the entity in the state of possession).",,,naturalistic written,Alima moa loaa kela hale iaia.,,five chicken get DET house 3SG.POSS,"It must be noted that the existential verb loaa is a neuter verb in the lexifier, so alima moa is properly the grammatical subject (i.e. five chickens collectively is the entity that is in the state of existence) if loaa is still a neuter verb in the pidgin. Grammatical relations were variable in Pidgin neuter verbs; in many cases the subject of loaa in its possessive non-existential sense is the possessor, not the possessed (which is the subject in the lexifier, as this is the entity in the state of possession).",Own data 1909,,8559, +71-112,71,"Ma kahi o ka pake, loaa kela wahine pake ma ka lanai.","Ma\tkahi\to\tka\tpake,\tloaa\tkela\twahine\tpake\tma\tka\tlanai.",LOC\tDEF.place\tPOSS\tDEF\tChinese\tEXIST\tDET\twoman\tChinese\tLOC\tDEF\tverandah,"At the Chinese place, there was a Chinese woman on the verandah.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Ma kahi o ka pake, loaa kela wahine pake ma ka lanai.",,LOC DEF.place POSS DEF Chinese EXIST DET woman Chinese LOC DEF verandah,,Own data 1908,,8560, +72-95,72,Ah pirlpirlji jarrwa ebriweya.,Ah\tpirlpirlji\tjarrwa\tebriweya.,ah\tgrasshopper\tlots\teverywhere,"Ah, there's lots of grasshoppers everywhere!",,,8,2ced8c932b8bd320e2d7cec91c3a2903,naturalistic spoken,Ah pirlpirlji jarrwa ebriweya.,,ah grasshopper lots everywhere,,,,8561, +74-98,74,mitlayt mákmak kápa latáb,mitlayt\tmákmak\tkápa\tlatáb,sit\tfood\tPREP\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mitlayt mákmak kápa latáb,,sit food PREP table,,Own knowledge,,8562, +75-158,75,Li maanzhii diseu la tab ashteew.,Li\tmaanzhii\tdiseu\tla\ttab\tashtee-w.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tfood\ton\tDEF.ART.F.SG\ttable\tbe-3,There is food on the table.,,"The definite article is obligatory, and has no definite function, in contrast to French. The sentence is an elicited translation from the English sentence into Michif.",522,,elicited from speaker,Li maanzhii diseu la tab ashteew.,Li maanzhii diseu la tab ashtee-w.,DEF.ART.M.SG food on DEF.ART.F.SG table be-3,"The definite article is obligatory, and has no definite function, in contrast to French. The sentence is an elicited translation from the English sentence into Michif.",,,8563, +75-159,75,Apipree trwaa saan kiiayaaw daa la saanblii.,Apipree\ttrwaa\tsaan\tkii-ayaa-w\tdaa\tla\tsaanblii.,approximately\tthree\thundred\tPST-be-3\tPREP.LOC\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tassembly,There were approximately three hundred people at the meeting.,,,789[25],,naturalistic written,Apipree trwaa saan kiiayaaw daa la saanblii.,Apipree trwaa saan kii-ayaa-w daa la saanblii.,approximately three hundred PST-be-3 PREP.LOC DEF.ART.M.SG assembly,,,,8564, +75-160,75,Iyave aen rwe pi la renn.,Iyave\taen\trwe\tpi\tla\trenn.,there.was\tINDF.ART.M.SG\tKing\tand\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tQueen,There was a King and a Queen.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Iyave aen rwe pi la renn.,,there.was INDF.ART.M.SG King and DEF.ART.F.SG Queen,,,,8565, +75-161,75,Mituni maamashkayistaakwan ki la pat grenn istanee.,Mituni\tmaamashkayist-aakwan\tki\tla\tpat\tgrenn\tistanee.,very\tstrange-3\tthat\tthere.is\tNEG\tberry\tthis.year,It' very peculiar there are no berries this year.,,,789[220],,naturalistic written,Mituni maamashkayistaakwan ki la pat grenn istanee.,Mituni maamashkayist-aakwan ki la pat grenn istanee.,very strange-3 that there.is NEG berry this.year,,,,8566, +76-53,76,iglu silatani,iglu\tsilatani,house\toutside,(It is) outside the house.,,"The brackets are from Stefánsson (1909: 230). This is not a really relevant example, because it is a subject-predicate pattern, not an existential construction.",1442[230],,reconstructed by documentalist,iglu silatani,,house outside,"The brackets are from Stefánsson (1909: 230). This is not a really relevant example, because it is a subject-predicate pattern, not an existential construction.",,,8567, +76-54,76,ekalluk hŏmōlȗktū,ekalluk\thŏmōlȗktū,fish\tmany,plenty fish,,"Since there is neither an existential verb nor an expletive subject in Eskimo Pidgin, this example may represent an existential expression when used in the right context.",1442[224],,reconstructed by documentalist,ekalluk hŏmōlȗktū,,fish many,"Since there is neither an existential verb nor an expletive subject in Eskimo Pidgin, this example may represent an existential expression when used in the right context.",,,8568, +1-157,1,Areen fadomm.,Aren\tfadon.,rain\tfall,It is raining.,,,1357[39],,written (dictionary),Areen fadomm.,Aren fadon.,rain fall,,,,8569,German: Es regnet. [op.cit.] +2-155,2,En sontron te unu kmopo a skoro alen e kon.,En\tsontron\tte\tunu\tkmopo\ta\tskoro\talen\te\tkon.,and\tsometimes\twhen\twe\tcome.out\tthe\tschool\train\tIPFV\tcome,And sometimes when we came from school it rained.,,,,,elicited from speaker,En sontron te unu kmopo a skoro alen e kon.,,and sometimes when we come.out the school rain IPFV come,,"Winford data, Tape 25-a",,8570, +2-156,2,"Dan mi taki ai, a no pikinso alen fadon.","Dan\tmi\ttaki\tai,\ta\tno\tpikinso\talen\tfadon.",then\t1SG\tsay\tyes\tit\tNEG\ta.little\train\tfall,"Then I said, ‘well, it rained a lot.' (Lit. 'it wasn't just a little rain that fell')",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dan mi taki ai, a no pikinso alen fadon.",,then 1SG say yes it NEG a.little rain fall,,"Winford data, Tape 30-a",,8571, +2-157,2,A alen wai pikinso.,A\talen\twai\tpikinso.,DET\train\tblow.away\ta.little,The rain has blown away a little (i.e.: It’s not raining so hard anymore.),,,1585[3],,naturalistic spoken,A alen wai pikinso.,,DET rain blow.away a.little,,,,8572, +3-78,3,Dí tjúba tá kái mbéi hen uwíi munjá tooná kó bè.,Dí\ttjúba\ttá\tkái\tmbéi\then\tuwíi\tmunjá\ttooná\tkó\tbè.,DEF.SG\train\tASP\tfall\tmake\t3SG\thair\twet\tturn\tcome\tred,It is raining so that her hair becomes wet and turns red.,,,1539[101],,naturalistic spoken,Dí tjúba tá kái mbéi hen uwíi munjá tooná kó bè.,,DEF.SG rain ASP fall make 3SG hair wet turn come red,,,,8573, +4-108,4,Mi án be waka go na a se anda di a alen be kai a kai.,Mi\tán\tbe\twaka\tgo\tna\ta\tse\tanda\tdi\ta\talen\tbe\tkai\ta\tkai.,I\tNEG\tPST\twalk\tgo\tLOC\tDET.SG\tside\tover.there\tREL\tDET.SG\train\tPST\tfall\tDET.SG\tfall,I did not go over there when the rain was falling heavily there (lit. I did not go the side over there when the rain was falling heavily there).,,,286,,naturalistic spoken,Mi án be waka go na a se anda di a alen be kai a kai.,,I NEG PST walk go LOC DET.SG side over.there REL DET.SG rain PST fall DET.SG fall,,,,8574, +5-105,5,so di reen doz faal,so\tdi\treen\tdoz\tfaal,so\tthe\train\tHAB\tfall,So the rain usually falls.,,,"1281[181, line 764]",,naturalistic spoken,so di reen doz faal,,so the rain HAB fall,,,,8575, +6-70,6,Rain falling.,Rain\tØ\tfalling.,Rain\tCOP\tfall.PROG,It is raining.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Rain falling.,Rain Ø falling.,Rain COP fall.PROG,,Informant,,8576, +7-158,7,Rein a kuhm.,Rein\ta\tkuhm.,rain\tPROG\tcome,It is raining.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Rein a kuhm.,,rain PROG come,,Own knowledge,,8577, +7-159,7,Rein mek uhp.,Rein\tmek\tuhp.,rain\tmake\tup,It is going to rain.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Rein mek uhp.,,rain make up,,Own knowledge,,8578, +8-99,8,Rien de faal.,Rien\tde\tfaal.,rain\tPROG\tfall,It is raining.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Rien de faal.,,rain PROG fall,,Own knowledge,,8579, +9-128,9,Reyn kum fos.,Reyn\tkum\tfos.,rain\tcome\tfirst,First it rains (hurricane).,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,Reyn kum fos.,,rain come first,,,,8580, +9-129,9,Sodn̩ it staat tu reyn.,Sodn̩\tit\tstaat\ttu\treyn.,sudden\tit\tstart\tto\train,All of a sudden it starts to rain.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,Sodn̩ it staat tu reyn.,,sudden it start to rain,,,,8581, +10-150,10,Ih de rien.,Ih\tde\trien.,3SG\tPROG\train,It is raining.,,,113[45],,elicited from speaker,Ih de rien.,,3SG PROG rain,,,,8582, +11-207,11,Wen ih rein an ih blou iin truu di windou [...].,Wen\tih\trein\tan\tih\tblou\tiin\ttruu\tdi\twindou\t[...].,when\t3SG.N\train\tand\t3SG.N\tblow\tin\tthrough\tART.DEF\twindow\t[...],When it rains and it blows in through the windows [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wen ih rein an ih blou iin truu di windou [...].,,when 3SG.N rain and 3SG.N blow in through ART.DEF window [...],,,,8583, +12-154,12,"[...] my two daughters been in it, they say if it raining and you marching, you can't stop, you know. You have to march in the rain.","[...]\tif\tit\training\tand\tyou\tmarching,\tyou\tcan't\tstop\t[...].",[...]\tif\tEXPL\train.PROG\tand\t2SG.SBJ\tmarch.PROG\t2SG.SBJ\tcan.NEG\tstop\t[...],"[...] if it rains and you march [in a parade], you can’t stop [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] my two daughters been in it, they say if it raining and you marching, you can't stop, you know. You have to march in the rain.","[...] if it raining and you marching, you can't stop [...].",[...] if EXPL rain.PROG and 2SG.SBJ march.PROG 2SG.SBJ can.NEG stop [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8584, +12-155,12,So that mean when it rain it rain snow?,[...] it rain [...],  EXPL rain[HAB]  ,[So that means that when] it rains [(in the winter in Europe) it rains snow]?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"So that mean when it rain it rain snow?","[...] it rain [...]",EXPL rain[HAB],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8585, +13-121,13,De rain come.,De\train\tcome.,the\train\tcome,The rain came. (Mt 7.27),,,357[24],,bible translation,De rain come.,,the rain come,,,,8586, +13-122,13,E ain rain fa shree yeaah an six mont.,E\tain\train\tfa\tshree\tyeaah\tan\tsix\tmont.,3SG.SBJ.EXPL\tNEG.AUX\train\tfor\tthree\tyears\tand\tsix\tmonths,It had not rained for three years and six months. (Lk 4.25),,,357[209],,bible translation,E ain rain fa shree yeaah an six mont.,,3SG.SBJ.EXPL NEG.AUX rain for three years and six months,,,,8587, +14-83,14,It's snowing.,It's\tsnowing.,it's\tsnowing,It's snowing.,,It is not clear whether the 's is a be form or whether it's is an unanalyzed whole.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,It's snowing.,,it's snowing,"It is not clear whether the 's is a be form or whether it's is an unanalyzed whole.",Own knowledge,,8588, +15-91,15,ren di kam,ren\tdi\tkam,rain\tPROG\tcome,It's raining.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ren di kam,,rain PROG come,,Own knowledge,,8589, +16-85,16,wɛn ì ren hɛvi jù no gò fit wɔka kam hiɛ,wɛn\tì\tren\thɛvi\tjù\tno\tgò\tfit\twɔka\tkam\thiɛ,when\t3SG\train\theavy\t2SG\tNEG\tFUT\tABIL\twalk\tcome\there,When it rains heavily you won't be able to walk over here.,,This example shows an expletive subject.,,,naturalistic spoken,wɛn ì ren hɛvi jù no gò fit wɔka kam hiɛ,,when 3SG rain heavy 2SG NEG FUT ABIL walk come here,This example shows an expletive subject.,Own fieldwork,,8590, +16-86,16,dat de wɛn dɛ ren fɔl [...] ì kari so mɛni animals go,dat\tde\twɛn\tdɛ\tren\tfɔl\t[...]\tì\tkari\tso\tmɛni\tanimals\tgo,DEM\tday\twhen\tART\train\tfall\t[...]\t3SG\tcarry\tso\tmany\tanimals\tgo,That day when it was raining [...] it (the rain) carried so many animals away.,,This is a Rain is falling construction.,,,naturalistic spoken,dat de wɛn dɛ ren fɔl [...] ì kari so mɛni animals go,,DEM day when ART rain fall [...] 3SG carry so many animals go,"This is a Rain is falling construction.",Own fieldwork,,8591, +17-99,17,Ren dè fò̱dó̱n.,Ren\tdè\tfò̱dó̱n.,rain\tNCOMPL\tfall,It is raining.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ren dè fò̱dó̱n.,,rain NCOMPL fall,,Own knowledge,,8592, +18-92,18,Rein don fol.,Rein\tdon\tfol.,rain\tPFV\tfall,It has rained.,,This is sentence 59 on the TAM questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,1344,,elicited from speaker,Rein don fol.,,rain PFV fall,This is sentence 59 on the TAM questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,,,8593, +19-120,19,Ren dè fɔl.,Ren\tdè\tfɔl.,rain\tIPFV\train,It is raining.,,,1634[492],,elicited from speaker,"Ren dè fɔl.",,rain IPFV rain,,,,8594, +19-121,19,È dè fɔl.,È\tdè\tfɔl.,3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\train,It is raining.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"È dè fɔl.",,3SG.SBJ IPFV rain,,Field data,,8595, +20-86,20,Long lain [...].,Long\tlain\t[...].,long\train\t[...],It has been raining for a long time [...].,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1483[945],,naturalistic written,Long lain [...].,,long rain [...],This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,8596, +20-87,20,My too muchee fear makee rain.,My\ttoo\tmuchee\tfear\tmakee\train.,1SG\ttoo\tmuch\tfear\tmake\train,I'm afraid it is going to rain.,,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is provided in the corpus.,348[iii],,naturalistic written,My too muchee fear makee rain.,,1SG too much fear make rain,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is provided in the corpus.,,,8597, +21-87,21,It's raining.,It-'s\train-ing.,it-be.3SG\train-DUR,It's raining.,,,,,constructed by linguist,It's raining.,It-'s rain-ing.,it-be.3SG rain-DUR,,Own knowledge,,8598, +21-88,21,Rain already.,Rain\talready.,rain\tPRF,It's raining. OR: It has started raining. OR: It has rained.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Rain already.,,rain PRF,,Own knowledge,,8599, +22-114,22,"Traipela win, ren i kam.","Traipela\twin,\tren\ti\tkam.",big.MOD\twind\train\tPM\tcome,A big wind and rain came.,,,584[WSP F17],,naturalistic spoken,"Traipela win, ren i kam.",,big.MOD wind rain PM come,,,,8600, +22-115,22,Ren i kam long mipela nau.,Ren\ti\tkam\tlong\tmipela\tnau.,Rain\tPM\tcome\tPREP\t1PL.EXCL\tnow,It rained on us.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Ren i kam long mipela nau.,,Rain PM come PREP 1PL.EXCL now,,,,8601, +23-108,23,yestedei i ren we i ren,yestedei\ti\tren\twe\ti\tren,yesterday\tAGR\train\tCOMPL\tAGR\train,It rained a lot yesterday.,,,,,constructed by linguist,yestedei i ren we i ren,,yesterday AGR rain COMPL AGR rain,,Own knowledge,,8602, +23-109,23,ren i bigwan tumas,ren\ti\tbigwan\ttumas,rain\tAGR\tbig\tvery,It's really raining.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ren i bigwan tumas,,rain AGR big very,,Own knowledge,,8603, +24-124,24,Rienen haad.,Rienen\thaad.,rain.CONT\thard,It is raining hard.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Rienen haad.,,rain.CONT hard,,Own fieldwork,,8604, +25-264,25,I garra rein langa wi.,I\tgarra\trein\tlanga\twi.,3SG\tFUT/OBLIG\train\tLOC\t1PL,It's likely to rain on us.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates an expression of raining.,659[59],,unknown,I garra rein langa wi.,,3SG FUT/OBLIG rain LOC 1PL,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates an expression of raining.,,,8605, +25-265,25,"Naidaim, ooo, rein bina boldan, maidi tu, thri dei [...] binish.","Naid-daim,\tooo,\trein\tbin-a\tbol-dan,\tmaidi\ttu,\tthri\tdei\t[...]\tbinish.",night-time\tINTERJ\train\tPST-POT\tfall-down\tmaybe\ttwo\tthree\tday\t[...]\tfinish,"[During the] night, oh, the rain might have fallen, [for] maybe two [or] three days, [then it] finished.",,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates an expression of 'raining', and the order of numeral and noun.",40,,naturalistic spoken,"Naidaim, ooo, rein bina boldan, maidi tu, thri dei [...] binish.","Naid-daim, ooo, rein bin-a bol-dan, maidi tu, thri dei [...] binish.",night-time INTERJ rain PST-POT fall-down maybe two three day [...] finish,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates an expression of 'raining', and the order of numeral and noun.",,,8606, +26-79,26,its gɔna ɹeɪn,its\tgɔna\tɹeɪn,3SG.is\tFUT\train,It's going to rain.,,,1545[119],,naturalistic spoken,its gɔna ɹeɪn,,3SG.is FUT rain,,,,8607, +27-81,27,leiki weni regn lo fal,leiki\tweni\tregn\tlo\tfal,like\twhen\train\tHAB\tfall,like when it is raining,,,355[56],,naturalistic spoken,leiki weni regn lo fal,,like when rain HAB fall,,,,8608, +28-113,28,ɛnɛ ma koro di tafn di,ɛnɛ\tma\tkoro\tdi\ttafn\tdi,rain\tIRR\tgo.down\tthe\tafternoon\tDEM,It will rain this afternoon. OR: Rain will fall this afternoon.,,,737[627],,naturalistic spoken,ɛnɛ ma koro di tafn di,ɛnɛ ma koro di tafn di,rain IRR go.down the afternoon DEM,,,,8609, +29-126,29,Dit reën.,Dit\treën.,3SG.N\trains,It is raining.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dit reën.,,3SG.N rains,,Own knowledge,,8610, +30-136,30,Sa ta txobe.,Sa=ta=txobe.,PROG=IPFV=rain,It’s raining.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Sa ta txobe.,Sa=ta=txobe.,PROG=IPFV=rain,,,,8611, +30-137,30,Zóna di téra ki más ta txobe ê pértu di ekuador.,Zóna\tdi=téra\tki=más\tta=txobe\tê\tpértu\tdi=ekuador.,region\tof=earth\tCOMP=most\tIPFV=rain\tbe\tnear\tof=equator,The region of the earth where it rains most is near the equator.,,,784[s.v. ekuador],,naturalistic spoken,Zóna di téra ki más ta txobe ê pértu di ekuador.,Zóna di=téra ki=más ta=txobe ê pértu di=ekuador.,region of=earth COMP=most IPFV=rain be near of=equator,,,,8612,"German: Die Weltgegend, in der es am meisten regnet, ist in der Nähe des Äquators." +31-121,31,"Si ka txobe, N ka ta simia.","Si\tka\ttxobe,\tN\tka\tta\tsimia.",if\tNEG\train\tI\tNEG\tHAB\tplant.seed,"If it does not rain, I don't plant seeds.",,This example was taken from my Santiago corpus. Its counterpart is also possible in the Brava variety although I could not find an illustrative example in my Brava corpus.,211,,naturalistic spoken,"Si ka txobe, N ka ta simia.",,if NEG rain I NEG HAB plant.seed,This example was taken from my Santiago corpus. Its counterpart is also possible in the Brava variety although I could not find an illustrative example in my Brava corpus.,,,8613, +31-122,31,Txuba ta ben txobe.,Txuba\tta\tben\ttxobe.,rain\tFUT\tcome\train,The rain is going to fall.,,This example was taken from my Santiago corpus. Its counterpart is also possible in the Brava variety although I could not find an illustrative example in my Brava corpus.,59,,naturalistic spoken,Txuba ta ben txobe.,,rain FUT come rain,This example was taken from my Santiago corpus. Its counterpart is also possible in the Brava variety although I could not find an illustrative example in my Brava corpus.,,,8614, +32-100,32,"Grinhasin, txuva á ka ta dá na Kap Verd.","Grinhasin,\ttxuva\tá\tka\tta\tdá\tna\tKap\tVerd.",now\train\talready\tNEG\tPRS\tgive\tin\tCape\tVerde,"Nowadays, it doesn't rain any more in Cape Verde.",,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Grinhasin, txuva á ka ta dá na Kap Verd.",,now rain already NEG PRS give in Cape Verde,,,,8615,"Portuguese: Hoje em dia, já não chove em Cabo Verde." +32-101,32,"Aont, dá txuva.","Aont,\tdá\ttxuva.",yesterday\tgive\train,It rained yesterday.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,"Aont, dá txuva.",,yesterday give rain,,,,8616,Portuguese: Ontem choveu. +32-102,32,"Aont, táva te xuvê.","Aont,\ttáva\tte\txuvê.",yesterday\tPST.IPFV\tPROG\train,It was raining yesterday.,,This construction is acrolectal.,1456,,elicited from speaker,"Aont, táva te xuvê.",,yesterday PST.IPFV PROG rain,This construction is acrolectal.,,,8617,"Portuguese: Ontem, chovia." +33-130,33,Tcuba na tcubi.,Tcuba\tna\ttcubi.,rain\tPROG\train,It is raining.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Tcuba na tcubi.,,rain PROG rain,,Own knowledge,,8618,Portuguese: Está a chover. +33-131,33,I na tcubi.,I\tna\ttcubi.,3SG\tPROG\train,It's raining,,only in acrolect,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I na tcubi.,,3SG PROG rain,only in acrolect,Own knowledge,,8619,Portuguese: Chove. +34-101,34,Coba na cobé.,Coba\tna\tcobé.,rain[NOUN]\tPROG\train[V],It is raining (lit. The rain is raining).,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Coba na cobé.",,rain[NOUN] PROG rain[V],,Own knowledge,,8620, +34-102,34,(A-li) i na cobé.,(A-li)\ti\tna\tcobé.,(here)\t3SG.SBJ\tPROG\train,(Just now) it is raining.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"(A-li) i na cobé.",,(here) 3SG.SBJ PROG rain,,Own knowledge,,8621, +35-144,35,Ola ku suba ka sôbê [...].,Ola\tku\tsuba\tka\tsôbê\t[...].,hour\tREL\train\tIPFV\train\t[...],When it rains [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ola ku suba ka sôbê [...].,,hour REL rain IPFV rain [...],,Own data,,8622, +35-145,35,Ê ka sôbê muntu fan.,Ê\tka\tsôbê\tmuntu\tfan.,3SG\tIPFV\train\ta.lot\tPCL,It rains a lot!,,PCL = discourse particle,,,naturalistic spoken,Ê ka sôbê muntu fan.,,3SG IPFV rain a.lot PCL,PCL = discourse particle,Own data,,8623, +35-146,35,Kwa sôbê.,Kwa\tsôbê.,thing\train,It rained.,,The use of kwa ‘thing’ as an expletive/demonstrative follows from several constructions (Hagemeijer 2007: 20–21).,,,naturalistic spoken,Kwa sôbê.,,thing rain,"The use of kwa ‘thing’ as an expletive/demonstrative follows from several constructions (Hagemeijer 2007: 20–21).",Own data,,8624, +35-147,35,Uã dja tadji suba ska stlena.,Uã\tdja\ttadji\tsuba\tska\tstlena.,one\tday\tafternoon\train\tPROG\tdrizzle,A certain afternoon it was drizzling.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Uã dja tadji suba ska stlena.,,one day afternoon rain PROG drizzle,,Own data,,8625, +36-83,36,Thuba thêka thôbê.,Thuba\tthêka\tthôbê.,rain\tPROG\train,It is raining.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Thuba thêka thôbê.",,rain PROG rain,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,8626, +36-84,36,Thuba thêka kai.,Thuba\tthêka\tkai.,rain\tPROG\tfall,It is raining.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Thuba thêka kai.",,rain PROG fall,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,8627, +37-107,37,Usuva s’uga.,Usuva\tsa\tuga.,rain\tCOP\toutside,It is raining.,,,905[59],,elicited from speaker,"Usuva s’uga.",Usuva sa uga.,rain COP outside,,,,8628, +37-108,37,Ontxi usuva sôvê ki pasa.,Ontxi\tusuva\tsôvê\tki\tpasa.,yesterday\train\tto.rain\twith\tsurpass,"Yesterday, it rained heavily.",,The exact meaning of ki 'with' here is not clear to me. Ki could also be interpreted as the consecutive subordinator ('so that').,905,,elicited from speaker,"Ontxi usuva sôvê ki pasa.",,yesterday rain to.rain with surpass,"The exact meaning of ki 'with' here is not clear to me. Ki could also be interpreted as the consecutive subordinator ('so that').",,,8629, +38-122,38,Awa da.,Awa\tda.,water\tgive,It rains.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Awa da.,,water give,,Own fieldwork 1993,,8630, +38-123,38,Awa sebé.,Awa\tsebe.,water\tknow,It rains (as expected).,,,,,elicited from speaker,Awa sebé.,Awa sebe.,water know,,Own fieldwork 1993,,8631, +38-124,38,Awa sotá.,Awa\tsotá.,water\tdischarge,It starts to rain suddenly.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Awa sotá.,,water discharge,,Own fieldwork 1993,,8632, +39-120,39,Tə chuve.,Tə\tchuve.,IPFV.NPST\train.INF,It's raining.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Tə chuve.,,IPFV.NPST rain.INF,,,,8633, +39-121,39,Chuv tə kai.,Chuv\ttə\tka-i.,rain\tIPFV.NPST\tfall-INF,It's raining (lit. Rain is falling).,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Chuv tə kai.,Chuv tə ka-i.,rain IPFV.NPST fall-INF,,,,8634, +39-122,39,Chuv tə vi.,Chuv\ttə\tvi.,rain\tIPFV.NPST\tcome.INF,It's raining (lit. Rain is coming).,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Chuv tə vi.,,rain IPFV.NPST come.INF,,,,8635, +41-99,41,oy cuuva takay,oy\tcuuva\tta-kay,today\train\tPRS-fall,Today it is raining.,,,1416[0610],,elicited from speaker,oy cuuva takay,oy cuuva ta-kay,today rain PRS-fall,,,,8636, +42-115,42,yo lembrá logu kai chua,yo\tlembrá\tlogu\tkai\tchua,1SG\tthink\tFUT\tfall\train,I think it will rain.,,,122[173],,naturalistic spoken,yo lembrá logu kai chua,,1SG think FUT fall rain,,,,8637, +44-120,44,Ta yobé.,Ta\tyobé.,IPFV\train,It rains. OR: It is raining.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ta yobé.,,IPFV rain,,Own data,,8638, +45-104,45,Ta llove recio aqui pag tiempo de aguacero.,Ta\tllove\trecio\taqui\tpag\ttiempo\tde\taguacero.,IPFV\train\thard\there\twhen\ttime\tof\train,It rains hard here during the rainy season.,,,426[92],,naturalistic written,Ta llove recio aqui pag tiempo de aguacero.,,IPFV rain hard here when time of rain,,,,8639, +46-92,46,"Si man-ulan, ta moha.","Si\tman-ulán,\tta-muhá.",if\tVBLZ-rain\tIPFV-wet,If it rains he will get wet.,,,830[378],,unknown,"Si man-ulan, ta moha.","Si man-ulán, ta-muhá.",if VBLZ-rain IPFV-wet,,,,8640, +46-123,46,Ay-man-ulán manyána.,Ay-man-ulán\tmanyána.,IRR-VBLZ-rain\ttomorrow,It will rain tomorrow.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ay-man-ulán manyána.,,IRR-VBLZ-rain tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,8641, +47-131,47,Awa tawata jobe.,Awa\ttawata\tjobe.,water\tPST\train,It was raining.,,The use of jobe 'to rain' with a lexical subject awa 'water' is common in the Aruban dialect.,734[46],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,Awa tawata jobe.,,water PST rain,"The use of jobe 'to rain' with a lexical subject awa 'water' is common in the Aruban dialect.",,,8642, +47-132,47,Tabata jobe.,Tabata\tjobe.,PST\train,It was raining.,,,,,own knowledge,Tabata jobe.,,PST rain,,Own knowledge,,8643, +47-133,47,Ta hasi kalor.,Ta\thasi\tkalor.,TNS\tmake\theat,It is hot.,,,151[80],,published source,Ta hasi kalor.,,TNS make heat,,,,8644, +48-123,48,A yobé mucho ete año.,A\tyobé\tmucho\tete\taño.,PST\train\tmuch\tthis\tyear,It (has) rained much this year.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A yobé mucho ete año.,,PST rain much this year,,Recorded by author,,8645,Spanish: Llovió/ha llovido mucho este año. +49-189,49,Petèt i ka fè lapli.,Petèt\ti\tka\tfè\tlapli.,maybe\tit\tcan\tmake\train,It is possible that it will rain.,,"The example is taken from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map 2063).","473[vol. 6, p. 145]",,naturalistic spoken,Petèt i ka fè lapli.,,maybe it can make rain,"The example is taken from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, map 2063).",,,8646,French: Peut-être qu'il peut pleuvoir. +49-190,49,Lapli a pral tonbe talè.,Lapli\ta\tpral\ttonbe\ttalè.,rain\tDEF\tFUT.go\tfall\tsoon,It will rain very soon.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 145]",,naturalistic spoken,Lapli a pral tonbe talè.,,rain DEF FUT.go fall soon,,,,8647,French: La pluie va tomber tout à l'heure. +49-192,49,M si i ka ba on lapli jodi a.,M\tsi\ti\tka\tba\ton\tlapli\tjodi\ta.,1SG\tsure\t3SG\tcan\tgive\tINDF\train\ttoday\tDEF,I am sure it can rain today.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 2063]",,naturalistic spoken,M si i ka ba on lapli jodi a.,,1SG sure 3SG can give INDF rain today DEF,,,,8648,French: Je suis sûr(e) qu'il peut pleuvoir aujourd'hui. +49-193,49,Lapli deklare.,Lapli\tdeklare.,rain\tstart,It has started to rain.,,I think this expresses that the rainy season has begun.,1505[412],,naturalistic spoken,Lapli deklare.,,rain start,I think this expresses that the rainy season has begun.,,,8649,French: Il a commencé à pleuvoir. +49-194,49,Genlè i pral fè lapli.,Genlè\ti\tpral\tfè\tlapli.,seem\t3SG\tPROG.go\tmake\train,It looks like it is going to rain.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 145]",,naturalistic spoken,Genlè i pral fè lapli.,,seem 3SG PROG.go make rain,,,,8650,French: On dirait qu'il va pleuvoir. +49-195,49,A monchè jodi a lapli a ap tonbe menm!,A\tmonchè\tjodi\ta\tlapli\ta\tap\ttonbe\tmenm!,oh\tfriend\ttoday\tDEF\train\tDEF\tINACC\tfall\teven,"My friend, it will surely rain today.",,,"473[vol. 6, p. 145]",,naturalistic spoken,A monchè jodi a lapli a ap tonbe menm!,,oh friend today DEF rain DEF INACC fall even,,,,8651,French: Ah mon cher c'est sûr aujourd'hui il va pleuvoir! +49-196,49,Lapli a pare.,Lapli\ta\tpare.,rain\tDEF\tget.ready,The rain is getting ready to fall.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 145]",,naturalistic spoken,Lapli a pare.,,rain DEF get.ready,,,,8652,French: La pluie se prépare à tomber. +50-117,50,Lapli ka tonbé.,Lapli\tka\ttonbé.,rain\tPROG\tfall,It is raining.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Lapli ka tonbé.,,rain PROG fall,,Own fieldwork,,8653, +51-108,51,Lapli ka tonbé.,Lapli\tka\ttonbé.,rain\tPROG\tfall,It is raining.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Lapli ka tonbé.,,rain PROG fall,,Own fieldwork,,8654, +52-68,52,lapli ka tombé,lapli\tka\ttombé,rain\tPROG\tfall,It is raining. OR: Rain is falling.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,lapli ka tombé,,rain PROG fall,,,,8655, +53-255,53,Lapli ap tonbé.,Lapli\tap\ttonbé.,rain\tPROG\tfall,It's raining (lit. Rain is falling).,,,1515[275],,naturalistic spoken,Lapli ap tonbé.,,rain PROG fall,,,,8656, +54-138,54,La pli i tonb.,La\tpli\ti\ttonm.,DEF\train\tFIN\tfall,It is raining.,,,110[23],,naturalistic spoken,La pli i tonb.,La pli i tonm.,DEF rain FIN fall,,,,8657,French: Il pleut. +54-139,54,Là pli i fwèt.,La\tpli\ti\tfwet.,DEF\train\tFIN\tlash,The rain is lashing down.,,,214[55],,naturalistic spoken,Là pli i fwèt.,La pli i fwet.,DEF rain FIN lash,,,,8658,French: La pluie fouette. +55-114,55,lapli toṁbe; lapli pe toṁbe; lapli pu toṁbe,lapli\ttoṁbe;\tlapli\tpe\ttoṁbe;\tlapli\tpu\ttoṁbe,rain\tfall\train\tPROG\tfall\train\tFUT\tfall,it rains; it is raining; it will rain,,,,,constructed by linguist,lapli toṁbe; lapli pe toṁbe; lapli pu toṁbe,,rain fall rain PROG fall rain FUT fall,,Own knowledge,,8659, +55-115,55,buku lapli pe toṁbe,buku\tlapli\tpe\ttoṁbe,much\train\tPROG\tfall,It is raining a lot.,,,760,,naturalistic spoken,buku lapli pe toṁbe,,much rain PROG fall,,,,8660,French: Il pleut beaucoup. +56-127,56,Lapli pe tombe.,Lapli\tpe\ttombe.,rain\tPROG\tfall,Rain is falling.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Lapli pe tombe.,,rain PROG fall,,Own knowledge,,8661, +56-128,56,Ler lapli i tonbe i vini i met tol lola.,Ler\tlapli\ti\ttonbe\ti\tvini\ti\tmet\ttol\tlola.,when\train\tPM\tfall\t3SG\tcome\t3SG\tput\tmetal.plate\ton.it,"When it rained, he came and put a metal plate on it.",,,158[218],,naturalistic spoken,Ler lapli i tonbe i vini i met tol lola.,,when rain PM fall 3SG come 3SG put metal.plate on.it,,,,8662,"French: Quand il pleuvait, il venait mettre de la tôle dessus. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 219)" +57-66,57,na lapli,na\tlapli,EXIST\train,It is raining.,,This impersonal construction is formed with the existential marker na 'have/ there is' + 'rain'.,,,constructed by linguist,na lapli,,EXIST rain,"This impersonal construction is formed with the existential marker na 'have/ there is' + 'rain'.",own knowledge Ehrhart,,8663, +57-67,57,lapli le to:mbe,lapli\tle\tto:mbe,rain\tSI\tfall,Rain is falling.,,,,,constructed by linguist,lapli le to:mbe,,rain SI fall,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,8664, +58-86,58,Mvula ke noka.,Mvula\tke\tnoka.,rain\tbe/PROG\tdrip.down,It's raining.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mvula ke noka.,,rain be/PROG drip.down,,Own knowledge,,8665, +58-87,58,Ntangu ke makasi.,Ntangu\tke\tmakasi.,sun\tis\tstrong,It's hot.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ntangu ke makasi.,,sun is strong,,Own knowledge,,8666, +58-88,58,Mono ke wa madidi.,Mono\tke\twa\tmadidi.,me\tbe/PROG\tfeel\tcold,I feel cold. OR: It's cold,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono ke wa madidi.,,me be/PROG feel cold,,Own knowledge,,8667, +59-200,59,biri ngu (ti) Nzapa apika mingi,biri\tngu\t(ti)\tNzapa\ta-pika\tmingi,yesterday\twater\t(of)\tGod\tPM-strike\tmuch,Yesterday it rained a lot.,,The verb pika is always used. Ngu-Nzapa can be reduced to ngu.,,,constructed by linguist,biri ngu (ti) Nzapa apika mingi,biri ngu (ti) Nzapa a-pika mingi,yesterday water (of) God PM-strike much,"The verb pika is always used. Ngu-Nzapa can be reduced to ngu.",Own knowledge,,8668, +60-90,60,mbúla ezalákí kobéta,mbúla\te-zal-ákí\tko-bét-a,rain\t3SG.INAN-be-PST\tINF-hit-FV,It was raining.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",1273,,naturalistic spoken,mbúla ezalákí kobéta,mbúla e-zal-ákí ko-bét-a,rain 3SG.INAN-be-PST INF-hit-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,8669, +61-67,61,Lo vula yena buya.,Lo\tvula\tyena\tbuya.,DEF.ART\train\tit\tcome.V,The rain is coming. OR: It's raining. OR: Rain is coming.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Lo vula yena buya.,,DEF.ART rain it come.V,,Field notes Mesthrie,,8670, +62-60,62,máre ísí,mare\tí-si,rain\t9-rain,it rained.,,,,,elicited from speaker,máre ísí,mare í-si,rain 9-rain,,Own field data 1993,,8671, +64-134,64,mótoro genénzil,mótoro\tge=nénzil,rain\tPROG=fall,It is raining.,,,874[167],,elicited from speaker,mótoro genénzil,mótoro ge=nénzil,rain PROG=fall,,,,8672, +64-135,64,mótoro bija nénzil,mótoro\tbi=ja\tnénzil,rain\tIRR=come\tfall,It will rain.,,,874[167],,elicited from speaker,mótoro bija nénzil,mótoro bi=ja nénzil,rain IRR=come fall,,,,8673, +65-100,65,"Sólenca nietula, dózika ju, soledátka liésa pasóla.","Solənʧa\tnietu-la,\tdoʒika\tju,\tsoledatka\tliesa\tpasola.",sun\tCOP.NEG-PFV\train\tbe\tsoldier\tforest\twent.PFV,"The sun had disappeared, it was raining [but] soldiers went to the forest.",,,671[168],,elicited from speaker,"Sólenca nietula, dózika ju, soledátka liésa pasóla.","Solənʧa nietu-la, doʒika ju, soledatka liesa pasola.",sun COP.NEG-PFV rain be soldier forest went.PFV,,,,8674, +65-101,65,"Liudi xadi kanʧaj, doʃ hadi.","Liudi\txadi\tkanʧaj,\tdoʃ\thadi.",person\tgo\tfinish\train\tgo,People had passed [here] before the rain.,,,60[26],,citation in fiction,"Liudi xadi kanʧaj, doʃ hadi.",,person go finish rain go,,,"Люди ходи кончай, дождь ходи.",8675, +66-77,66,Ujang ambε aða.,Ujang\tambε\taða.,rain\tPROG\tEXIST,It is raining.,,The etymology of ambε is probably (s)ambil ('while').,,,elicited from speaker,Ujang ambε aða.,Ujang ambε aða.,rain PROG EXIST,"The etymology of ambε is probably (s)ambil ('while').","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,8676, +67-140,67,Sekarang suda hujan.,Sekarang\tsuda\thujan.,now\tPFV\train,"Now, it has already started to rain.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sekarang suda hujan.,,now PFV rain,,Own knowledge,,8677, +67-141,67,Mase hujan lagi.,Mase\thujan\tlagi.,still\train\tmore,It will continue raining.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mase hujan lagi.,,still rain more,,Fieldwork 2004,,8678, +67-142,67,Malam ini tentu hujan hebat.,Malam\tini\ttentu\thujan\thebat.,night\tDEM\tsure\train\ttense,"Tonight, it will rain heavily.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Malam ini tentu hujan hebat.,,night DEM sure rain tense,,Own knowledge,,8679, +68-79,68,Mo ujang.,Mo\tujang.,FUT\train,It's going to rain.,,,1528[217],,naturalistic spoken,Mo ujang.,,FUT rain,,,,8680, +68-80,68,Ujang turung.,Ujang\tturung.,rain\tcome.down,The rain is falling.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ujang turung.,,rain come.down,,Own knowledge,,8681, +70-52,70,U taim baut pani baito.,U\ttaim\tbaut\tpani\tbaito.,DEM\ttime\ta.lot.of\twater/rain\tCOP,That time there was a lot of rain.,,,,,constructed by linguist,U taim baut pani baito.,,DEM time a.lot.of water/rain COP,,Own knowledge,,8682, +70-53,70,Jaise konciz pani giro ekdam kapara bij gaya.,Jaise\tkonciz\tpani\tgiro\tekdam\tkapara\tbij\tgaya.,like\twhat\twater\tfall\tEMPH\tclothes\twet\tgo.PST,"Like when, uh, it rained, [my] clothes got really wet.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jaise konciz pani giro ekdam kapara bij gaya.,,like what water fall EMPH clothes wet go.PST,,Siegel-field recording,,8683, +71-113,71,Nui loa ka ua a me ka wai.,Nui\tloa\tka\tua\ta\tme\tka\twai.,abundant\tvery\tDET\train\tand\twith\tDEF\twater,There is a lot of rain and water. OR: It's raining heavily (and the river is flooding).,,,,,naturalistic written,"Nui loa ka ua a me ka wai.",,abundant very DET rain and with DEF water,,own data 1876,,8684, +71-114,71,Kela ua pimai.,Kela\tua\tpimai.,DET\train\tcome,It is raining.,,"This is a hypothetical example based on the typical raining construction of early Hawai'i Pidgin English (rain come). It is unclear whether Pidgin Hawaiian used the same pattern, but the attested pattern in Example 113 does utilize the noun 'rain' as opposed to the verb, as is the case here.",,,constructed by linguist,"Kela ua pimai.",Kela ua pimai.,DET rain come,"This is a hypothetical example based on the typical raining construction of early Hawai'i Pidgin English (rain come). It is unclear whether Pidgin Hawaiian used the same pattern, but the attested pattern in Example 113 does utilize the noun 'rain' as opposed to the verb, as is the case here.",Own data,,8685, +72-96,72,Gedap yurra gon im reining.,Ged-ap\tyu-rra\tgon\tim\treining.,get-up\t2SG.SBJ-MOD\tgo\t3SG\training,Get up. We should go because its raining.,,Note that the -ing in reining is not analyzable in Gurindji Kriol.,583,55bec730159f59a35c2e56d109eee733,naturalistic spoken,Gedap yurra gon im reining.,Ged-ap yu-rra gon im reining.,get-up 2SG.SBJ-MOD go 3SG raining,"Note that the -ing in reining is not analyzable in Gurindji Kriol.",,,8686, +74-99,74,snas čáku,snas\tčáku,rain\tcome,It is raining.,,,,,constructed by linguist,snas čáku,,rain come,,Own knowledge,,8687, +75-162,75,kimiwan,kimiwa-n,rain.INAN-3,It is raining.,,The -n is a 3rd person pronominal suffix. All verbs in Michif are either animate or inanimate. 'To rain' is an inanimate intransitive verb. The third person -n suffix is found in many inanimate verbs and some animate verbs as well.,522,,naturalistic spoken,kimiwan,kimiwa-n,rain.INAN-3,"The -n is a 3rd person pronominal suffix. All verbs in Michif are either animate or inanimate. 'To rain' is an inanimate intransitive verb. The third person -n suffix is found in many inanimate verbs and some animate verbs as well.",,,8688, +75-163,75,Si la pwii tultaan.,Si\tla\tpwii\ttultaan.,be.3\tDEF.ART.F.SG\train\tall.the.time,It is raining all the time. OR: There is rain all the time.,,,789[250],,naturalistic written,Si la pwii tultaan.,,be.3 DEF.ART.F.SG rain all.the.time,,,,8689, +75-164,75,Tut li muund daweestamwak shikimuwahk.,Tut\tli\tmuund\tdaweest-am-wak\tshi-kimuwa-hk.,all\tART.M.SG\tpeople\twant.it-3.OBJ-3PL.SBJ\tCOMP.FUT-rain-3,All the people want that it will rain. OR: All the people want rain.,,,789[21],,naturalistic written,Tut li muund daweestamwak shikimuwahk.,Tut li muund daweest-am-wak shi-kimuwa-hk.,all ART.M.SG people want.it-3.OBJ-3PL.SBJ COMP.FUT-rain-3,,,,8690, +1-158,1,Mi heddi de jam mi. [od.] Mi heddi de hati mi.,Mi\thede\tde\tnyan\tmi.\t[oder]\tMi\thede\tde\thati\tmi.,1SG\thead\tASP\teat\t1SG\t[or]\t1SG\thead\tASP\thurt\t1SG,My head is hurting.,,,1357[62],,written (dictionary),Mi heddi de jam mi. [od.] Mi heddi de hati mi.,Mi hede de nyan mi. [oder] Mi hede de hati mi.,1SG head ASP eat 1SG [or] 1SG head ASP hurt 1SG,,,,8691,German: Ich habe Kopfweh. [op.cit.] +1-159,1,A de kísi dà hedehátti toe.,A\tde\tkisi\tda\thedehati\ttu.,3SG.SBJ\tASP\tget\tDET.SG\theadache\ttoo,S/he gets a headache too.,,NB This example is from a mid-19th-century source.,524[50],,written (dictionary),A de kísi dà hedehátti toe.,A de kisi da hedehati tu.,3SG.SBJ ASP get DET.SG headache too,NB This example is from a mid-19th-century source.,,,8692,Dutch: [...] krijgt hij er meteen ook hoofdpijn bij. [op.cit.] +2-158,2,Ede-hati e kiri mi.,Ede-hati\te\tkiri\tmi.,head-hurt\tIPFV\tkill\tme,A headache is killing me.,,This is the preferrred way of talking about headache.,,,elicited from speaker,Ede-hati e kiri mi.,,head-hurt IPFV kill me,This is the preferrred way of talking about headache.,Marleen van de Vate's field notes,,8693, +2-159,2,Mi ede span span wan sortu fasi. Mi weri.,Mi\tede\tspan\tspan\twan\tsortu\tfasi.\tMi\tweri.,my\thead\ttense\ttense\tone\tsort\tway\tI\ttired,I have some sort of a headache. I’m tired.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mi ede span span wan sortu fasi. Mi weri.,,my head tense tense one sort way I tired,,"Winford data, Tape 8-a",,8694, +3-79,3,Edi ta njan a mi.,Edi\tta\tnjan\ta\tmi.,head\tASP\teat\tPREP\t1SG,I have a headache.,,,354[30],,naturalistic written,Edi ta njan a mi.,,head ASP eat PREP 1SG,,,,8695, +4-109,4,Mi ede e nyan mi.,Mi\tede\te\tnyan\tmi.,my\thead\tIPFV\teat\tme,My head is hurting me.,,,568[141],,naturalistic spoken,Mi ede e nyan mi.,,my head IPFV eat me,,,,8696, +5-106,5,hedeek a teer mi teel,hedeek\ta\tteer\tmi\tteel,headache\tPROG\ttear\tmy\tteel,I have a splitting headache.,,,,,constructed by linguist,hedeek a teer mi teel,,headache PROG tear my teel,,Own knowledge,,8697, +5-107,5,mi hed a hot mi,mi\thed\ta\thot\tmi,my\thead\tPROG\thurt\tme,I have a headache. OR: My head is aching. OR: My head is hurting me. OR: My head hurts.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi hed a hot mi,,my head PROG hurt me,,Own knowledge,,8698, +5-108,5,mi a sofa from hedeek,mi\ta\tsofa\tfrom\thedeek,1SG\tPROG\tsuffer\tfrom\theadache,I have a headache. OR: I am suffering from a headache.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi a sofa from hedeek,,1SG PROG suffer from headache,,Own knowledge,,8699, +6-71,6,Me belly hurtin.,Me\tbelly\thurtin.,1SG\tbelly\thurt.PROG,I have a bellyache.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Me belly hurtin.,,1SG belly hurt.PROG,,Informant,,8700, +6-72,6,Ah gettin a headache.,Ah\tgettin\ta\theadache.,1SG\tget.PROG\tDET\theadache,I'm getting a headache.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ah gettin a headache.,,1SG get.PROG DET headache,,Informant A.K.,,8701, +7-160,7,Mi hed a huht mi.,Mi\thed\ta\thuht\tmi.,1SG\thead\tPROG\thurt\t1SG,I have a headache. OR: My head is aching.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi hed a huht mi.,,1SG head PROG hurt 1SG,,Own knowledge,,8702, +8-100,8,Mi ed de hat mi.,Mi\ted\tde\that\tmi.,1SG\thead\tPROG\thurt\t1SG,My head is hurting.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi ed de hat mi.,,1SG head PROG hurt 1SG,,Own knowledge,,8703, +10-151,10,Mi hed de hot mi.,Mi\thed\tde\thot\tmi.,1SG.POSS\thead\tPROG\thurt\t1SG,My head is hurting me (= I have a headache).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi hed de hot mi.,,1SG.POSS head PROG hurt 1SG,,Unpublished field recordings,,8704, +11-208,11,Ih get a hediek.,Ih\tget\ta\thed.iek.,3SG\tget\tART.INDF\thead.ache,He got a headache.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ih get a hediek.,Ih get a hed.iek.,3SG get ART.INDF head.ache,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,8705, +11-209,11,A gat hediek.,A\tgat\thed.iek.,1SG\tget\thead.ache,I have a headache.,,,,,elicited from speaker,A gat hediek.,A gat hed.iek.,1SG get head.ache,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,8706, +11-210,11,Mi hed de hot mi.,Mi\thed\tde\thot\tmi.,1SG\thead\tPROG\thurt\t1SG,My head is aching.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mi hed de hot mi.,,1SG head PROG hurt 1SG,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,8707, +12-156,12,"I can't - like - he'p myself on de plane - sometime my head swing, an' I like to be 'long with somebody who I know.",[...] sometime my head swing [...],  sometimes 1SG.POSS head swing[HAB]  ,[...] sometimes I get dizzy [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I can't - like - he'p myself on de plane - sometime my head swing, an' I like to be 'long with somebody who I know.",[...] sometime my head swing [...],sometimes 1SG.POSS head swing[HAB],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8708, +12-157,12,"[...] I wanted to prove to all of them that I wanted him, and I could have gotten him. I did, and I got the headaches that came along with it.",[...]\tI\tgot\tthe\theadache-s\t[...].,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tget.PST\tthe\theadache-PL\t[...],[...] I got the headaches [...].,,The example is from a more acrolectal speaker.,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] I wanted to prove to all of them that I wanted him, and I could have gotten him. I did, and I got the headaches that came along with it.",[...] I got the headache-s [...].,[...] 1SG.SBJ get.PST the headache-PL [...],The example is from a more acrolectal speaker.,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8709, +12-158,12,My head hurting.,My\thead\thurting.,1SG.POSS\thead\thurt.PROG,My head is aching.,,,,,elicited from speaker,My head hurting.,,1SG.POSS head hurt.PROG,,Own field notes,,8710, +12-159,12,She got a headache.,She\tgot\ta\theadache.,3SG.F.SBJ\tgot\tART\theadache,She has a headache (today).,,Cf. Example 160.,,,elicited from speaker,She got a headache.,,3SG.F.SBJ got ART headache,Cf. Example 160.,Own field notes,,8711, +12-160,12,She does plague with headache all the time.,She\tdoes\tplague\twith\theadache\tall\tthe\ttime.,3SG.F.SBJ\tHAB\tplague\twith\theadache\tall\tthe\ttime,She gets headaches frequently.,,,,,elicited from speaker,She does plague with headache all the time.,,3SG.F.SBJ HAB plague with headache all the time,,Own field notes,,8712, +13-123,13,A da feel pain.,A\tda\tfeel\tpain.,I\tPROG\tfeel\tpain,I am feeling pain. (Gal 4.19),,,357[648],,bible translation,A da feel pain.,,I PROG feel pain,,,,8713, +14-84,14,She got a headache.,She\tgot\ta\theadache.,she\thas\ta\theadache,She has a headache.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She got a headache.,,she has a headache,,Own knowledge,,8714, +14-85,14,Her head hurting (her).,Her\thead\thurting\t(her).,her\thead\thurt.PROG\t(her),Her head is hurting.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Her head hurting (her).,Her head hurting (her).,her head hurt.PROG (her),,Own knowledge,,8715, +15-92,15,ĩ ed di at,ĩ\ted\tdi\tat,POSS\thead\tPROG\thurt,He/She has a headache.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ĩ ed di at,,POSS head PROG hurt,,Own knowledge,,8716, +16-87,16,mà hɛd dè pen/nak mi,mà\thɛd\tdè\tpen/nak\tmi,1SG.POSS\thead\tPROG\tpain/knock\t1SG.OBJ,My head hurts. OR: I have a headache.,,,,,elicited from speaker,mà hɛd dè pen/nak mi,,1SG.POSS head PROG pain/knock 1SG.OBJ,,Own fieldwork,,8717, +17-100,17,He̱dpen dè du mì.,He̱dpen\tdè\tdu\tmì.,headache\tNCOMPL\tdo\t1SG.SBJ,I’ve got a headache.,,,,,constructed by linguist,He̱dpen dè du mì.,,headache NCOMPL do 1SG.SBJ,,Own knowledge,,8718, +17-101,17,(Mà) he̱d dè pen mì.,(Mà)\the̱d\tdè\tpen\tmì.,(1SG.POSS)\thead\tNCOMPL\tpain\t1SG.OBJ,I’ve got a headache.,,,,,constructed by linguist,(Mà) he̱d dè pen mì.,,(1SG.POSS) head NCOMPL pain 1SG.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,8719, +18-93,18,Ma hed di hot (mi).,Ma\thed\tdi\thot\t(mi).,1SG.POSS\thead\tIPFV\thurt\t(1SG.OBJ),I have a headache.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Ma hed di hot (mi).,,1SG.POSS head IPFV hurt (1SG.OBJ),,,,8720, +19-122,19,Mì bɛ̀lɛ́ dè pen mi.,Mì\tbɛ̀lɛ́\tdè\tpen\tmi.,1SG.POSS\tbelly\tIPFV\tpain\t1SG.EMPH,My stomach is hurting me.,,,1634[439],,elicited from speaker,"Mì bɛ̀lɛ́ dè pen mi.",,1SG.POSS belly IPFV pain 1SG.EMPH,,,,8721, +19-123,19,Mì bɛ̀lɛ́ dè hat mi.,Mì\tbɛ̀lɛ́\tdè\that\tmi.,1SG.POSS\tbelly\tIPFV\thurt\t1SG.EMPH,My stomach is hurting me.,,,1634[439],,elicited from speaker,"Mì bɛ̀lɛ́ dè hat mi.",,1SG.POSS belly IPFV hurt 1SG.EMPH,,,,8722, +20-88,20,My foot hap got pain.,My\tfoot\thap\tgot\tpain.,1SG.POSS\tfoot\thas\tgot\tpain,I have a pain in my foot.,,,1489[IV.53],,naturalistic written,My foot hap got pain.,,1SG.POSS foot has got pain,,,米濶合吉篇,8723, +20-89,20,head too muchie sore,head\ttoo\tmuchie\tsore,head\ttoo\tmuch\tsore,to have a headache,,This example is from a glossary in which the phrase is glossed as 'headache'.,1391[553],,naturalistic written,head too muchie sore,,head too much sore,This example is from a glossary in which the phrase is glossed as 'headache'.,,,8724, +21-89,21,(I) got headache.,(I)\tgot\theadache.,(1SG)\thave\theadache,I have a headache.,,,,,constructed by linguist,(I) got headache.,,(1SG) have headache,,Own knowledge,,8725, +22-116,22,Em pilim pen.,Em\tpilim\tpen.,3SG\tfeel\tpain,He felt pain.,,,702[15 year old boy from east Sepik],,constructed by linguist,Em pilim pen.,,3SG feel pain,,,,8726, +22-117,22,Bai yupela i pilim pen.,Bai\tyupela\ti\tpilim\tpen.,FUT\t2PL\tPM\tfeel\tpain,You will feel pain.,,,584[ESP M15],,naturalistic spoken,Bai yupela i pilim pen.,,FUT 2PL PM feel pain,,,,8727, +22-118,22,Bel bilong em pen.,Bel\tbilong\tem\tpen.,belly\tPOSS\t3SG\tpain,He had a stomach ache.,,,584[Madang F12],,naturalistic spoken,Bel bilong em pen.,,belly POSS 3SG pain,,,,8728, +23-110,23,bel blong mi i ron,bel\tblong\tmi\ti\tron,stomach\tPOSS\t1SG\tAGR\trun,I have diarrhoea.,,,,,constructed by linguist,bel blong mi i ron,,stomach POSS 1SG AGR run,,Own knowledge,,8729, +23-111,23,"sapos i ova long taem blong kakae, hed i mas soa","sapos\ti\tova\tlong\ttaem\tblong\tkakae,\thed\ti\tmas\tsoa",if\tAGR\tover\tLOC\ttime\tPOSS\teat\thead\tAGR\tmust\tsore,"If it's past lunch time, he'll get a headache.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"sapos i ova long taem blong kakae, hed i mas soa",,if AGR over LOC time POSS eat head AGR must sore,,,,8730, +24-125,24,Ai gat aa sor haed/hiyed.,Ai\tgat\taa\tsor\thaed/hiyed.,I\tgot\tDET.INDF\tsore\thead,I have a sore head.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai gat aa sor haed/hiyed.,,I got DET.INDF sore head,,Own fieldwork,,8731, +24-126,24,Myse hied se sore.,Myse\thied\tse\tsore.,my\thead\tCOMPL\tache,I have a headache.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Myse hied se sore.,,my head COMPL ache,,Own fieldwork,,8732, +25-266,25,"Maitbi im hedeik, [...] im holdim mijelb la hed na.","Maitbi\tim\thedeik,\t[...]\tim\thold-im\tmijelb\tla\thed\tna.",maybe\t3SG\theadache\t[...]\t3SG\thold-TR\tREFL\tLOC\thead\tnow,"Maybe he has got a headache, he is holding his head now.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an expression for 'headache' and the reflexive construction.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Maitbi im hedeik, [...] im holdim mijelb la hed na.","Maitbi im hedeik, [...] im hold-im mijelb la hed na.",maybe 3SG headache [...] 3SG hold-TR REFL LOC head now,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an expression for 'headache' and the reflexive construction.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,8733, +26-80,26,wɛn hi hæd stamakeɪk,wɛn\thi\thæd\tstamakeɪk,when\t3SG\thad\tstomach.ache,when he had a stomach ache,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wɛn hi hæd stamakeɪk,,when 3SG had stomach.ache,,Own fieldwork recording,,8734, +27-82,27,As ju ha sterək pinakop.,As\tju\tha\tsterək\tpin-a-kop.,when\t2SG\thave\tstrong\tache-LOC-head,When you have a strong headache.,,,355[66],,naturalistic spoken,As ju ha sterək pinakop.,As ju ha sterək pin-a-kop.,when 2SG have strong ache-LOC-head,,,,8735, +28-114,28,"fan tit ɛkɛ tibi kɛko sɛrɛsɛra, ɛ das furgɛtɛ lombo","fan\ttiti\tɛkɛ\ttibi\tkɛkɛ\to\tsɛrɛ-sɛrɛ-a,\tɛkɛ\tdas\tfurgɛtɛ\tlombo",from\ttime\t1SG\thead\tas.if\t3SG\thurt-hurt-IPFV\t1SG\tHAB\tforget\tINTENS,"From the time I have been getting recurrent headaches, I have become forgetful.",,"Note that kɛkɛ 'as if' introduces a parenthetical comment. A more literal translation would be: 'From the time my head, like it is paining, I forget a lot.'",737[657],,naturalistic spoken,"fan tit ɛkɛ tibi kɛko sɛrɛsɛra, ɛ das furgɛtɛ lombo","fan titi ɛkɛ tibi kɛkɛ o sɛrɛ-sɛrɛ-a, ɛkɛ das furgɛtɛ lombo",from time 1SG head as.if 3SG hurt-hurt-IPFV 1SG HAB forget INTENS,"Note that kɛkɛ 'as if' introduces a parenthetical comment. A more literal translation would be: 'From the time my head, like it is paining, I forget a lot.'",,,8736, +28-115,28,"ɛk hafo sɛtɛ mɛto, bifibifi mɛto, frifrifu ʃi lefu, nununu di lefu wango sɛra","ɛkɛ\thafo\tsɛtɛ\tmɛtɛ\to,\tbifi-bifi\tmɛtɛ\to,\tfrifu-frifu\tʃi\tlefu,\tnunu-nunu\tdi\tlefu\twanga\to\tsɛrɛ-a",1SG\thave.to\tsit\twith\t3SG\ttalk-talk\twith\t3SG\trub-rub\t3SG.POSS\tskin\tpull-pull\tthe\tskin\twhere\t3SG\thurt-IPFV,"I had to sit up with him, keep talking to him, keep rubbing his skin, keep pulling the skin where it hurt.",,,750[28],,naturalistic spoken,"ɛk hafo sɛtɛ mɛto, bifibifi mɛto, frifrifu ʃi lefu, nununu di lefu wango sɛra","ɛkɛ hafo sɛtɛ mɛtɛ o, bifi-bifi mɛtɛ o, frifu-frifu ʃi lefu, nunu-nunu di lefu wanga o sɛrɛ-a",1SG have.to sit with 3SG talk-talk with 3SG rub-rub 3SG.POSS skin pull-pull the skin where 3SG hurt-IPFV,,,,8737, +29-127,29,Hy het hoofpyn.,Hy\thet\thoof-pyn.,3SG.M.NOM\thas\thead-ache,He's got a headache.,,Hy het 'n hoofpyn [3SG.M.NOM has a headache] 'He has a headache' is also frequently used under the influence of English.,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy het hoofpyn.,Hy het hoof-pyn.,3SG.M.NOM has head-ache,"Hy het 'n hoofpyn [3SG.M.NOM has a headache] 'He has a headache' is also frequently used under the influence of English.",Own knowledge,,8738, +29-128,29,Haar kop pyn.,Haar\tkop\tpyn.,3SG.POSS\thead\tpain,Her head hurts.,,This is a colloquial formulation.,,,naturalistic spoken,Haar kop pyn.,,3SG.POSS head pain,This is a colloquial formulation.,Own knowledge,,8739, +29-129,29,Sy been pla hom.,Sy\tbeen\tpla\thom.,3SG.M.POSS\tleg\tbother\t3SG.M.OBL,His leg is bothering him.,,"This is common in spoken Afrikaans, particularly where the speaker is not very sure about the origins of a particular ailment/pain and/or where they are trying to downplay it (i.e. this is, for many speakers, a euphemistic usage).",,,naturalistic spoken,Sy been pla hom.,,3SG.M.POSS leg bother 3SG.M.OBL,"This is common in spoken Afrikaans, particularly where the speaker is not very sure about the origins of a particular ailment/pain and/or where they are trying to downplay it (i.e. this is, for many speakers, a euphemistic usage).",Own knowledge,,8740, +29-130,29,Haar ore kry seer.,Haar\tor-e\tkry\tseer.,3SG.F.POSS\tear-s\tget\tsore,Her ears are sore/hurting.,,"This is another colloquial formulation, but not an uncommon one.",,,naturalistic spoken,Haar ore kry seer.,Haar or-e kry seer.,3SG.F.POSS ear-s get sore,"This is another colloquial formulation, but not an uncommon one.",Own knowledge,,8741, +30-138,30,Mudjer rusponde m’el tene dór di kabésa ku fébri.,Mudjer\trusponde\tm=el=tene\tdór\tdi=kabésa\tku=fébri.,woman\tanswer\tCOMP=3SG=have\tpain\tof=head\twith=fever,The woman replied that she had a headache and fever.,,,1407[215],,naturalistic spoken,Mudjer rusponde m’el tene dór di kabésa ku fébri.,Mudjer rusponde m=el=tene dór di=kabésa ku=fébri.,woman answer COMP=3SG=have pain of=head with=fever,,,,8742, +30-139,30,E sta ku dór di odju.,E=sta\tku=dór\tdi=odju.,3SG=be\twith=pain\tof=eye,His eye hurts.,,,784[s.v. dór],,naturalistic spoken,E sta ku dór di odju.,E=sta ku=dór di=odju.,3SG=be with=pain of=eye,,,,8743, +30-140,30,"Maridu, bariga due-m dja, [...].","Maridu,\tbariga\tdue=m\tdja,\t[...].",husband\tstomach\thurt=1SG\talready\t[...],"Husband, my stomach hurts, [...].",,,1407[151],,naturalistic spoken,"Maridu, bariga due-m dja, [...].","Maridu, bariga due=m dja, [...].",husband stomach hurt=1SG already [...],,,,8744,"German: Mann, der Bauch tut mir weh, [...]." +30-141,30,"[...], N tene korpu ta due-m!","[...],\tN=tene\tkorpu\tta=due=m!",[...]\t1SG=have\tbody\tIPFV=hurt=1SG,"[...], my body hurts!",,,1407[101],,naturalistic spoken,"[...], N tene korpu ta due-m!","[...], N=tene korpu ta=due=m!",[...] 1SG=have body IPFV=hurt=1SG,,,,8745,"German: [...], der Körper tut mir weh!" +31-123,31,"El ten dor na petu, el ten dor na kosta, el ten dor riba di kadera.","El\tten\tdor\tna\tpetu,\tel\tten\tdor\tna\tkosta,\tel\tten\tdor\triba\tdi\tkadera.",she\thas\tpain\ton\tchest\tshe\thas\tpain\ton\tback\tshe\thas\tpain\ttop\tof\tbottom,"She has chest pain, she has back pain, she has pain on her lower back.",,,886,,naturalistic spoken,"El ten dor na petu, el ten dor na kosta, el ten dor riba di kadera.",,she has pain on chest she has pain on back she has pain top of bottom,,,,8746, +32-103,32,Kabésa ta doe-m senpr.,Kabésa\tta\tdoe-m\tsenpr.,head\tPRS\thurt-1SG\talways,I always have a headache.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,Kabésa ta doe-m senpr.,,head PRS hurt-1SG always,,,,8747,Portuguese: Doi-me sempre a cabeça. +32-104,32,Nha pai ten dor d'kabésa.,Nha\tpai\tten\tdor\tde\tkabésa.,1SG.POSS\tfather\thave\tpain\tof\thead,My father has a headache.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,Nha pai ten dor d'kabésa.,Nha pai ten dor de kabésa.,1SG.POSS father have pain of head,,,,8748,Portuguese: O meu pai tem dor de cabeça. +32-105,32,Mi e xei d'dor de kabésa.,Mi\te\txei\tde\tdor\tde\tkabésa.,1SG\tCOP\tfull\tof\tpain\tof\thead,I have a headache.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,Mi e xei d'dor de kabésa.,Mi e xei de dor de kabésa.,1SG COP full of pain of head,,,,8749,Portuguese: Estou cheia de dores de cabeça. +32-106,32,"Mi, N ta k dor d'kabésa.","Mi,\tN\tta\tk\tdor\tde\tkabésa.",1SG\t1SG\tCOP\tCOM\tpain\tof\thead,I have a headache.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,"Mi, N ta k dor d'kabésa.","Mi, N ta k dor de kabésa.",1SG 1SG COP COM pain of head,,,,8750,Portuguese: Estou com dor de cabeça. +33-132,33,N’ tene dur di kabesa.,N’\ttene\tdur\tdi\tkabesa.,1SG\thave\tache\tof\thead,I have a headache.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N’ tene dur di kabesa.,,1SG have ache of head,,Own knowledge,,8751,Portuguese: Tenho dor de cabeça. +33-133,33,Kabesa na den.,Kabesa\tna\tde-n.,head\tPROG\tache-1SG,My head is hurting me.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kabesa na den.,Kabesa na de-n.,head PROG ache-1SG,,Own knowledge,,8752,Portuguese: Doi-me a cabeça. +34-103,34,I tené dor di kabisa.,I\tø\ttené\tdor\tdi\tkabisa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\thave\tpain/ache\tof\thead,She/he has a headache.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I tené dor di kabisa.","I ø tené dor di kabisa.",3SG.SBJ PFV have pain/ache of head,,Own knowledge,,8753, +34-104,34,Kabisa na dé-l.,Kabisa\tna\tdé-l.,head\tPROG\thurt-3SG.OBJ,She/he has a headache.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kabisa na dé-l.",,head PROG hurt-3SG.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,8754, +35-148,35,Kabesa ska dwê mu.,Kabesa\tska\tdwê\tmu.,head\tPROG\thurt\tme,My head is aching.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Kabesa ska dwê mu.,,head PROG hurt me,,Own data,,8755, +36-85,36,N’tê thêka rue m.,N’tê\tthêka\true\tm.,head\tPROG\thurt\tme,I have a headache.,,,,,elicited from speaker,N’tê thêka rue m.,,head PROG hurt me,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,8756, +36-86,36,N’tê m tha ruê.,N’tê\tm\ttha\truê.,head\tmy\tPROG\tache,I have a headache.,,,,,elicited from speaker,N’tê m tha ruê.,,head my PROG ache,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,8757, +37-109,37,Kabese sa dwa mi.,Kabese\tsa\tdwa\tmi.,head\tPROG\thurt\t1SG,My head is hurting me.,,,905[217],,elicited from speaker,Kabese sa dwa mi.,,head PROG hurt 1SG,,,,8758, +38-125,38,Xas sxa dua mu.,Xasa\tsxa\tdua\tmu.,head\tPROG\tache\t1SG,I have a headache.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Xas sxa dua mu.,Xasa sxa dua mu.,head PROG ache 1SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,8759, +38-126,38,Sxa dua m xas.,PROG\tdua\tmu\txasa.,PROG\tache\t1SG.OBJ\thead,I have a headache.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Sxa dua m xas.,PROG dua mu xasa.,PROG ache 1SG.OBJ head,,Own fieldwork 1993,,8760, +39-123,39,A mĩ tə sĩti dor də kabes.,A\tmĩ\ttə\tsĩt-i\tdor\tdə\tkabes.,DAT\t1SG.OBL\tIPFV.NPST\tfeel-INF\tpain\tof\thead,I have a headache.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC.",218,,elicited from speaker,A mĩ tə sĩti dor də kabes.,A mĩ tə sĩt-i dor də kabes.,DAT 1SG.OBL IPFV.NPST feel-INF pain of head,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC.",,,8761, +39-124,39,Kabes tə dwe.,Kabes\ttə\tdw-e.,head\tIPFV.NPST\thurt-INF,[My] head is hurting.,,,218,,elicited from speaker,Kabes tə dwe.,Kabes tə dw-e.,head IPFV.NPST hurt-INF,,,,8762, +40-90,40,Kabes duwen mi.,Kabes\tduwen\tmi.,head\thurt.PROG\tme,I have a headache.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Kabes duwen mi.,,head hurt.PROG me,,Own knowledge,,8763, +41-100,41,parim maam taduva,parim\tmaam\tta-duva,1SG.DAT\thand/arm\tPRS-hurt,My hand/arm hurts.,,,1416[3393],,elicited from speaker,parim maam taduva,parim maam ta-duva,1SG.DAT hand/arm PRS-hurt,,,,8764, +41-101,41,miɲa maam taduva,miɲa\tmaam\tta-duva,1SG.GEN\thand/arm\tPRS-hurt,My hand/arm hurts.,,,1416[3393a],,elicited from speaker,miɲa maam taduva,miɲa maam ta-duva,1SG.GEN hand/arm PRS-hurt,,,,8765, +41-102,41,parim isti cuuvasu diiyaspa isti pee maam tudu paduva,parim\tisti\tcuuva-su\tdiiya-s-pa\tisti\tpee\tmaam\ttudu\tpa-duva,1SG.DAT\tthis\train-GEN\tday-PL-DAT\tthis\tfoot\thand\tall\tINF-hurt,"During the rainy season my legs and arms ache. OR: Speaker's translation: For me, in this rainy season, my legs and arms are all paining.",,"It is unclear why the infinitive is used here. +pee 'foot, leg' < Ptg. pé 'foot'; maam 'arm, hand' < Ptg. mão 'hand'; braasu '6 ft.(=length between fingertips of laterally outstretched arms)' < Ptg. braço 'arm'; maam-braasu 'arm above the hand'.",1416[1912],,naturalistic spoken,parim isti cuuvasu diiyaspa isti pee maam tudu paduva,parim isti cuuva-su diiya-s-pa isti pee maam tudu pa-duva,1SG.DAT this rain-GEN day-PL-DAT this foot hand all INF-hurt,"It is unclear why the infinitive is used here. +pee 'foot, leg' < Ptg. pé 'foot'; maam 'arm, hand' < Ptg. mão 'hand'; braasu '6 ft.(=length between fingertips of laterally outstretched arms)' < Ptg. braço 'arm'; maam-braasu 'arm above the hand'.",,,8766, +42-116,42,yo teng due kabesa,yo\tteng\tdue\tkabesa,1SG\thave\thurt\thead,I have a headache.,,"The presence of teng is optional and does not alter the meaning. Also, both the following orders are observed: yo (teng) due kabesa or yo (teng) kabesa due.",,,elicited from speaker,yo teng due kabesa,,1SG have hurt head,"The presence of teng is optional and does not alter the meaning. Also, both the following orders are observed: yo (teng) due kabesa or yo (teng) kabesa due. ","Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,8767, +44-121,44,Ta dolé mi kabésa.,Ta\tdolé\tmi\tkabésa.,IPFV\thurt\t1SG.POSS\thead,I have a headache.,,It is also possible to say Dwéle mi kabésa. [hurt 1SG.POSS head] 'I have a headache'.,,,elicited from speaker,Ta dolé mi kabésa.,,IPFV hurt 1SG.POSS head,"It is also possible to say Dwéle mi kabésa. [hurt 1SG.POSS head] 'I have a headache'.",Own data,,8768,Spanish: Tengo dolor de cabeza. OR: Me duele la cabeza. +45-105,45,Duele mi cabeza.,Duele\tmi\tcabeza.,hurt\t1SG.POSS\thead,I have a headache.,,,426[18],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Duele mi cabeza.,,hurt 1SG.POSS head,,,,8769, +46-124,46,Dwéle (di)mi(yo) kabésa.,Dwéle\t(di)mi(yo)\tkabésa.,hurt\tmy\thead,I have a headache.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Dwéle (di)mi(yo) kabésa.,,hurt my head,,Own knowledge,,8770, +47-134,47,"Mi ta kere ku mi a forsa mi pia, pasobra ela lanta mashá doló mes awe.","Mi\tta\tkere\tku\tmi\ta\tforsa\tmi\tpia,\tpasobra\tel\ta\tlanta\tmashá\tdoló\tmes\tawe.",1SG\tTNS\tbelieve\tCOMP\t1SG\tPFV\tforce\t1SG\tleg\tbecause\t3SG\tPFV\tget.up\tmuch\tpainful\tEMPH\ttoday,"I believe I forced my leg, because it was very painful this morning on getting up.",,El [3SG] in the subject position of the embedded clause refers to the painful bodypart.,755,,naturalistic written,"Mi ta kere ku mi a forsa mi pia, pasobra ela lanta mashá doló mes awe.","Mi ta kere ku mi a forsa mi pia, pasobra el a lanta mashá doló mes awe.",1SG TNS believe COMP 1SG PFV force 1SG leg because 3SG PFV get.up much painful EMPH today,"El [3SG] in the subject position of the embedded clause refers to the painful bodypart.",,,8771, +47-135,47,Mi pia ku mi a molestiá di mas ku hungamento di ping-pong no ta hasi doló mas.,Mi\tpia\tku\tmi\ta\tmolestiá\tdi\tmas\tku\thunga-mento\tdi\tping-pong\tno\tta\thasi\tdoló\tmas.,1SG\tleg\tCOMP\t1SG\tPFV\tbother\tof\tmore\twith\tplay-ing\tof\tping-pong\tNEG\tTNS\tdo\tpain\tmore,"My leg, which I stressed while playing pingpong, is not hurting anymore.",,,755,,naturalistic written,Mi pia ku mi a molestiá di mas ku hungamento di ping-pong no ta hasi doló mas.,Mi pia ku mi a molestiá di mas ku hunga-mento di ping-pong no ta hasi doló mas.,1SG leg COMP 1SG PFV bother of more with play-ing of ping-pong NEG TNS do pain more,,,,8772, +47-136,47,[...] i P. a haña mashá pero mashá dolor di kabes ku ela disidí di no sali mas.,[...]\ti\tP.\ta\thaña\tmashá\tpero\tmashá\tdolor\tdi\tkabes\tku\tel\ta\tdisidí\tdi\tno\tsali\tmas.,[...]\tand\tP.\tPFV\tget\tmuch\tbut\tmuch\tpain\tof\thead\tCOMP\t2SG\tPFV\tdecide\tof\tNEG\tgo.out\tmore,[...] and P. got such a bad headache that she decided not to go out anymore.,,,755,,naturalistic written,[...] i P. a haña mashá pero mashá dolor di kabes ku ela disidí di no sali mas.,[...] i P. a haña mashá pero mashá dolor di kabes ku el a disidí di no sali mas.,[...] and P. PFV get much but much pain of head COMP 2SG PFV decide of NEG go.out more,,,,8773, +48-124,48,Ana ten un doló ri kabesa muy ngande.,Ana\tten\tun\tdoló\tri\tkabesa\tmuy\tngande.,Ana\thave\ta\tache\tof\thead\tvery\tbig,Ana has a very strong headache.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ana ten un doló ri kabesa muy ngande.,,Ana have a ache of head very big,,Recorded by author,,8774,Spanish: Ana tiene un dolor de cabeza muy grande/fuerte. +49-197,49,Tèt mwen ap fè m mal.,Tèt\tmwen\tap\tfè\tm\tmal.,head\t3SG.POSS\tINACC\tmake\t3SG\tbad,I have a headache.,,,473[150],,naturalistic spoken,Tèt mwen ap fè m mal.,,head 3SG.POSS INACC make 3SG bad,,,,8775,French: J'ai mal à la tête. +49-198,49,"Tèt ou fè w mal, se Saridon pou bwè!","Tèt\tou\tfè\tw\tmal,\tse\tSaridon\tpou\tbwè!",head\t2SG\tmake\t2SG\tbad\tSE\tSaridon\tfor\tdrink,You have a headache; it's Saridon that you should take!,,,473[150],,naturalistic spoken,"Tèt ou fè w mal, se Saridon pou bwè!",,head 2SG make 2SG bad SE Saridon for drink,,,,8776,"French: Tu as mal à la tête, c'est du Saridon que tu dois prendre!" +49-199,49,M gen yon tètfèmal.,M\tgen\tyon\ttètfèmal.,1SG\thave\tDEF\thead.do.bad,I have a headache.,,,1514[172],,elicited from speaker,M gen yon tètfèmal.,,1SG have DEF head.do.bad,,,,8777,French: J'ai mal à la tête. +49-200,49,"Si e pa danfèmal li genyen, e kèk maladi.","Si\te\tpa\tdanfèmal\tli\tgenyen,\te\tkèk\tmaladi.",if\tHL\tNEG\ttoothache\t3SG\thave\tit's\tsome\tsickness,"If it's not a toothache he has, it is some sickness.",,"This example has been taken from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, vol. 3, map 353, notice 20). M gen danfèmal/maltèt 'I have a toothache/headache' is also absolutely possible.","473[vol. 3,]",,naturalistic spoken,"Si e pa danfèmal li genyen, e kèk maladi.",,if HL NEG toothache 3SG have it's some sickness,"This example has been taken from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, vol. 3, map 353, notice 20). M gen danfèmal/maltèt 'I have a toothache/headache' is also absolutely possible.",,,8778,"French: Si c'est pas mal aux dents qu'il a, c'est quelque maladie." +49-201,49,M a lalin mwen.,M\ta\tlalin\tmwen.,1SG\twith\tmoon\t1SG.POSS,I have my period.,,,471[222],,naturalistic spoken,M a lalin mwen.,,1SG with moon 1SG.POSS,,,,8779,French: J'ai mes règles. +49-202,49,Y a kolik yo.,Y\ta\tkolik\tyo.,3PL\twith\tperiod\t3PL.POSS,They have their period.,,,471[223],,naturalistic spoken,Y a kolik yo.,,3PL with period 3PL.POSS,,,,8780,French: Elles ont leur règles. +49-203,49,Ou gen maltèt.,Ou\tgen\tmaltèt.,2SG\thave\theadache,You have a headache.,,,"473[vol. 3, p. 339]",,naturalistic spoken,Ou gen maltèt.,,2SG have headache,,,,8781,French: Tu as mal à la tête. +49-204,49,Tèlman yon tètfèmal te mete l nan chagren.,Tèlman\tyon\ttètfèmal\tte\tmete\tl\tnan\tchagren.,so.much\ta\theadache\tANT\tput\t3SG\tin\tdistress,His/Her migraine has brought him so much distress.,,,381[10],,naturalistic written,Tèlman yon tètfèmal te mete l nan chagren.,,so.much a headache ANT put 3SG in distress,,,,8782,French: Tellement une migraine l'a mise dans le chagrin. +50-118,50,I ni mal tèt.,I\tni\tmal\ttèt.,3SG\thave\tpain\thead,He/she's got a headache.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ni mal tèt.,,3SG have pain head,,Own fieldwork,,8783, +50-119,50,Tèt a'y ka fè'y mal.,Tèt\ta'y\tka\tfè'y\tmal.,head\tof.3SG\tPROG\tdo.3SG\thurt,He/she's got a headache.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tèt a'y ka fè'y mal.,,head of.3SG PROG do.3SG hurt,,Own fieldwork,,8784, +51-109,51,I ni mal tet.,I\tni\tmal\ttet.,3SG\thave\tpain\thead,He's got a headache.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ni mal tet.,,3SG have pain head,,Own fieldwork,,8785, +51-110,51,Tet-li ka fè'y mal,Tet-li\tka\tfè'y\tmal,head-3SG\tPROG\tdo.3SG\thurt,He's got a headache.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tet-li ka fè'y mal,,head-3SG PROG do.3SG hurt,,Own fieldwork,,8786, +52-69,52,mo tèt ka fè mo mal,mo\ttèt\tka\tfè\tmo\tmal,my\thead\tPROG\tmake\tme\tharm,My head is aching.,,,1211,,elicited from speaker,mo tèt ka fè mo mal,,my head PROG make me harm,,,,8787, +53-256,53,Mo te gen mal o dan.,Mo\tte\tgen\tmal\to\tdan.,1SG\tPST\thave\tache\tat\ttooth,I had a toothache.,,,1515[295],,naturalistic spoken,Mo te gen mal o dan.,,1SG PST have ache at tooth,,,,8788, +54-140,54,Mon tèt i fé màl.,Mon\ttet\ti\tfe\tmal.,POSS.1SG\thead\tFIN\tmake\tbad,I have a headache.,,,214[109N],,naturalistic spoken,Mon tèt i fé màl.,Mon tet i fe mal.,POSS.1SG head FIN make bad,,,,8789,French: J'ai mal à la tête. +55-116,55,mo latet pe fer dimal,mo\tlatet\tpe\tfer\tdimal,3SG.POSS\thead\tPROG\tmake\thurt,My head is aching. OR: I have a headache.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo latet pe fer dimal,,3SG.POSS head PROG make hurt,,Own knowledge,,8790, +56-129,56,Mon latet i fer mal.,Mon\tlatet\ti\tfer\tmal.,POSS.1SG\thead\tPM\tmake\tpain,I have a headache.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mon latet i fer mal.,,POSS.1SG head PM make pain,,Own knowledge,,8791, +57-68,57,le malad tet pu lja,le\tmalad\ttet\tpu\tlja,SI\tsick\thead\tfor\t3SG,He/She has a headache.,,"The subject can be fronted in a focusing construction: +tet pu lja le malad ‘It's his head that hurts (not his foot).'",,,constructed by linguist,le malad tet pu lja,,SI sick head for 3SG,"The subject can be fronted in a focusing construction: +tet pu lja le malad ‘It's his head that hurts (not his foot).'",own knowledge Ehrhart,,8792, +58-89,58,Mono mona nsoni.,Mono\tmona\tnsoni.,1SG\tsee.NARR\tshame,I was ashamed.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono mona nsoni.,,1SG see.NARR shame,,Own knowledge,,8793, +58-90,58,Kivumu ke tatika mono.,Kivumu\tke\ttatika\tmono.,stomach\tbe.PROG\tache\tme,My stomach is aching. OR: I have stomach ache.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kivumu ke tatika mono.,,stomach be.PROG ache me,,Own knowledge,,8794, +59-201,59,li ti mbi aso (mbi) mingi,li\tti\tmbi\ta-so\t(mbi)\tmingi,head\tof\t1SG\tPM-hurt\t(1SG)\tmuch,My head hurts (me) a lot.,,,,,constructed by linguist,li ti mbi aso (mbi) mingi,li ti mbi a-so (mbi) mingi,head of 1SG PM-hurt (1SG) much,,Own knowledge,,8795, +59-202,59,mbi so mbi du mlenge ni aso mbi so mbi te ye ti melenge ti mbi ape,mbi\tso\tmbi\tdu\tmelenge\tni\ta-so\tmbi\tso\tmbi\tte\tye\tti\tmelenge\tti\tmbi\tape,1SG\tREL\t1SG\tbear\tchild\tDET\tSM-hurt\t1SG\tREL\t1SG\teat\tthing\tof\tchild\tof\t1SG\tNEG,"I who gave birth to this child in pain, I haven't enjoyed her hospitality.",,"The vowels of so 'hurt' and so DEM are different; the first carries low tone, the second high. This is a beautiful example of the kind of clause linking that characterizes Sango and other Ubangian languages, a feature that is not captured in written Sango.",,,naturalistic spoken,mbi so mbi du mlenge ni aso mbi so mbi te ye ti melenge ti mbi ape,mbi so mbi du melenge ni a-so mbi so mbi te ye ti melenge ti mbi ape,1SG REL 1SG bear child DET SM-hurt 1SG REL 1SG eat thing of child of 1SG NEG,"The vowels of so 'hurt' and so DEM are different; the first carries low tone, the second high. This is a beautiful example of the kind of clause linking that characterizes Sango and other Ubangian languages, a feature that is not captured in written Sango.",Samarin corpus 1994,,8796, +60-91,60,ayókákí motó pási,a-yók-ákí\tmotó\tpási,3SG-feel-PST\thead\tpain,He had a headache.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,ayókákí motó pási,a-yók-ákí motó pási,3SG-feel-PST head pain,,Own knowledge,,8797, +60-92,60,motó ezalákí kosála yé pási,motó\te-zal-ákí\tko-sál-a\tyé\tpási,head\t3SG.INAN-be-PST\tINF-do-FV\t3SG\tpain,The head was hurting him.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,motó ezalákí kosála yé pási,motó e-zal-ákí ko-sál-a yé pási,head 3SG.INAN-be-PST INF-do-FV 3SG pain,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",Own knowledge,,8798, +60-93,60,ayókákí pási na motó,a-yók-ákí\tpási\tna\tmotó,3SG-feel-PST\tpain\tin\thead,He has a headache.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,ayókákí pási na motó,a-yók-ákí pási na motó,3SG-feel-PST pain in head,,Own knowledge,,8799, +61-68,61,Lo kanda ga yena buhlungu.,Lo\tkanda\tga\tyena\tbuhlungu.,DEF.ART\thead\tPOSS\tshe\tpainful,She has a headache. OR: Her head is sore.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Lo kanda ga yena buhlungu.,,DEF.ART head POSS she painful,,Field notes Mesthrie,,8800, +62-61,62,é-hláwe ni mzunguré,é-hláwe\tni\tmzunguré,1-fall:ill:PASS:PRF\tby\tback,His back aches.,,,,,elicited from speaker,é-hláwe ni mzunguré,,1-fall:ill:PASS:PRF by back,,Own field data 1993,,8801, +64-136,64,ána índu wója ras,ána\tíndu\twója\tras,1SG\thave\tpain\thead,I have a headache.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ána índu wója ras,,1SG have pain head,,Own knowledge,,8802, +65-102,65,Səpina bolinə.,Səpina\tbolinə.,back\tpainful,I feel pain in my back.,,The speaker said this after being wounded in an accident.,60[200],,citation in fiction,Səpina bolinə.,,back painful,The speaker said this after being wounded in an accident.,,Спина больно.,8803, +66-78,66,Goðang kupala apinning apeegang.,Go-ðang\tkupala\ta-pinning\ta-peegang.,1SG-DAT\thead\tPRS-pain\tPRS-pound,I have a splitting headache.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Goðang kupala apinning apeegang.,Go-ðang kupala a-pinning a-peegang.,1SG-DAT head PRS-pain PRS-pound,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,8804, +67-143,67,Balu tao balan semua sakit sampai tak bole tahan.,Balu\ttao\tbalan\tsemua\tsakit\tsampai\ttak\tbole\ttahan.,recently\tknow\tbody\tall\tsick\tuntil\tNEG\tcan\tbear,He just noticed his whole body was aching so much that he could not stand.,,,708[353],,naturalistic spoken,Balu tao balan semua sakit sampai tak bole tahan.,,recently know body all sick until NEG can bear,,,,8805, +68-81,68,De saki kapala.,De\tsaki\tkapala.,3SG\tsick\thead,She has a headache.,,,,,constructed by linguist,De saki kapala.,,3SG sick head,,Own knowledge,,8806, +69-52,69,ama kukwas kandəkən anak,ama\tkukwas\tkandəkən\tanak,1SG\tsick\twith\tCOP,I'm sick.,,,,,elicited from speaker,ama kukwas kandəkən anak,,1SG sick with COP,,Own field notes 1985,,8807, +70-54,70,Pet pirao.,Pet\tpirao.,stomach\thurt,[My] stomach hurts.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pet pirao.,,stomach hurt,,Own knowledge,,8808, +71-115,71,Kela poo eha no.,Kela\tpoo\teha\tno.,DET\thead\thurt\tINTENS,[My] head is in pain.,,"This example is constructed from: Kela Kipau hahau kela poo, eha no (own data, 1885), 'Kipau whipped my head, [and it] was pained'. But here eha lacks an overt subject. However it conforms to the form of other statements about body parts in pain in the data (see Example 117) and it also conforms to Example 116 which does concern a headache per se. INTENS=intensifier.",,,constructed by linguist,Kela poo eha no.,,DET head hurt INTENS,"This example is constructed from: Kela Kipau hahau kela poo, eha no (own data, 1885), 'Kipau whipped my head, [and it] was pained'. But here eha lacks an overt subject. However it conforms to the form of other statements about body parts in pain in the data (see Example 117) and it also conforms to Example 116 which does concern a headache per se. INTENS=intensifier.",Own data 1885,,8809, +71-116,71,Mauka ga pilikia.,Mauka\tga\tpilikia.,above\tTOP\ttrouble,I have a headache.,,"This is from a complaint by a Japanese field labourer of having a headache during her period. However the example is not pure Pidgin Hawaiian but represents a mixed variety of Pidgin Hawaiian and Hawai'i Pidgin English (ga is a topic marker from Japanese). Here mauka, usually a directional referring towards the mountains, is used with the pidginized sense of 'above' as a circumlocution for the 'head'.",,,naturalistic written,Mauka ga pilikia.,,above TOP trouble,"This is from a complaint by a Japanese field labourer of having a headache during her period. However the example is not pure Pidgin Hawaiian but represents a mixed variety of Pidgin Hawaiian and Hawai'i Pidgin English (ga is a topic marker from Japanese). Here mauka, usually a directional referring towards the mountains, is used with the pidginized sense of 'above' as a circumlocution for the 'head'.",own data 1900,,8810, +71-117,71,Eha opu.,Eha\topu.,hurt\tbelly,I have a bellyache.,,Note that here the word order is verb-subject. This word order was most common with neuter verbs like eha.,,,naturalistic written,Eha opu.,,hurt belly,"Note that here the word order is verb-subject. This word order was most common with neuter verbs like eha.",Own data 1892,,8811, +72-97,72,Aim ardimbat ngarlaka.,Ai-m\tard-im-bat\tngarlaka.,1SG.SBJ-PRS\thurt-TR-CONT\thead,I've got a headache.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Aim ardimbat ngarlaka.,Ai-m ard-im-bat ngarlaka.,1SG.SBJ-PRS hurt-TR-CONT head,,Own knowledge,,8812, +74-100,74,náyka ískam sik kápa latét,náyka\tískam\tsik\tkápa\tlatét,1SG\tget\tsick\tPREP\thead,I have a headache.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka ískam sik kápa latét,,1SG get sick PREP head,,Own knowledge,,8813, +75-165,75,Deeushtikwaanaan.,Dee-ushtikwaan-aa-n.,1.hurt-head-INCORP-1,I have a headache.,,"The -shtikwaan- element is an incorporated noun. The following vowel (-aa- in 1st and 2nd person, -ee- in third person) indicates that the noun is incorporated, therefore marked INCORP here. The verb is intransitive.",789[128],,naturalistic written,Deeushtikwaanaan.,Dee-ushtikwaan-aa-n.,1.hurt-head-INCORP-1,"The -shtikwaan- element is an incorporated noun. The following vowel (-aa- in 1st and 2nd person, -ee- in third person) indicates that the noun is incorporated, therefore marked INCORP here. The verb is intransitive.",,,8814, +75-166,75,Mituni teewaaw ma tet.,Mituni\tteewaa-w\tma\ttet.,much\thurt-3S\tPOSS.3.F\thead,I have a headache. OR: My head hurts very much.,,,789[17],,naturalistic written,Mituni teewaaw ma tet.,Mituni teewaa-w ma tet.,much hurt-3S POSS.3.F head,,,,8815, +75-167,75,Niwiishakeeyistaen ma tet.,Ni-wiishakeeyist-aenn\tma\ttet.,1SG-hurt.INAN-3INAN.OBJ\tPOSS.1SG.F\thead,I have a headache. OR: I feel pain from my head.,,"The first person is the subject, and the third person ('head') is the object. +The object can also precede the verb.",789[128],,naturalistic written,Niwiishakeeyistaen ma tet.,Ni-wiishakeeyist-aenn ma tet.,1SG-hurt.INAN-3INAN.OBJ POSS.1SG.F head,"The first person is the subject, and the third person ('head') is the object. +The object can also precede the verb.",,,8816, +1-160,1,"Ju wanni jam boli banna? No, mi no lobbi boliwan.","Yu\twani\tnyan\tbori\tbana?\tNo,\tmi\tno\tlobi\tbori-wan.",2SG\twant\teat\tboil(ed)\tplantain\tNEG\t1SG\tNEG\tlove\tboil(ed)-one,"Do you want to eat boiled plantain? No, I don't like boiled ones.",,,1357[20],,written (dictionary),"Ju wanni jam boli banna? No, mi no lobbi boliwan.","Yu wani nyan bori bana? No, mi no lobi bori-wan.",2SG want eat boil(ed) plantain NEG 1SG NEG love boil(ed)-one,,,,8817, +1-161,1,Da keeskees de bun na mi.,Da\tkeskesi\tde\tbun\tna\tmi.,DET.SG\tmonkey\tASP\tgood\tto\t1SG,That monkey pleases me.,,,1357[25],,written (dictionary),Da keeskees de bun na mi.,Da keskesi de bun na mi.,DET.SG monkey ASP good to 1SG,,,,8818,German: Der Affe gefällt mir. [op.cit.] +2-160,2,So ma dan mi bigin lobi a sani kba.,So\tma\tdan\tmi\tbigin\tlobi\ta\tsani\tkba.,so\tbut\tthen\t1SG\tbegin\tlike\tthe\tthing\talready,"So, but then I began to like the thing.",,,,,elicited from speaker,So ma dan mi bigin lobi a sani kba.,,so but then 1SG begin like the thing already,,"Winford data, Tape 22-a",,8819, +2-161,2,Mi lobi pley bal.,Mi\tlobi\tpley\tbal.,1SG\tlike\tplay\tball,I like to play football (soccer).,,,1605[395],,naturalistic spoken,Mi lobi pley bal.,,1SG like play ball,,,,8820, +2-162,2,A frow lobi go a Holland.,A\tfrow\tlobi\tgo\ta\tHolland.,3SG\twife\tlike\tgo\tto\tHolland,His wife likes to go to the Netherlands.,,Holland is taken from Dutch.,,,elicited from speaker,A frow lobi go a Holland.,,3SG wife like go to Holland,"Holland is taken from Dutch.","Winford data, Tape 13-a",,8821, +3-80,3,A lobi avokati.,A\tlobi\tavokati.,3SG\tlike/love\tavocado,He likes avocado.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A lobi avokati.,,3SG like/love avocado,,Fieldwork data,,8822, +4-110,4,A nyanyan switi gi mi tee.,A\tnyanyan\tswiti\tgi\tmi\ttee.,DET\tfood\tsweet\tgive\tme\tvery.much,I like the food very much. OR: The food pleases me.,,,568[131],,naturalistic spoken,A nyanyan switi gi mi tee.,,DET food sweet give me very.much,,,,8823, +4-111,4,Den pikin lobi (nyan) switi sii.,Den\tpikin\tlobi\t(nyan)\tswiti\tsii.,DET.PL\tchild\tlove\t(eat)\tsweet\tseeds,The children love (eating) sweets.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Den pikin lobi (nyan) switi sii.,,DET.PL child love (eat) sweet seeds,,Own observation,,8824, +5-109,5,mi laik fuud,mi\tlaik\tfuud,1SG\tlike\tfood,I like food.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi laik fuud,,1SG like food,,Own knowledge,,8825, +5-110,5,di jook swiit mi,di\tjook\tswiit\tmi,the\tjoke\tsweet\tme,I enjoyed the joke.,,,,,constructed by linguist,di jook swiit mi,,the joke sweet me,,Own knowledge,,8826, +6-73,6,Ah laik callaloo soup.,Ah\tlaik\tcallaloo\tsoup.,1SG\tlike\tcallaloo\tsoup,I like callaloo soup.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ah laik callaloo soup.,,1SG like callaloo soup,,Informant A.K.,,8827, +7-161,7,I maango swiit uhm.,I\tmaango\tswiit\tuhm.,ART\tmango\tsweet\t3SG.OBJ,The mango pleased him. OR: He enjoyed the mango.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I maango swiit uhm.,,ART mango sweet 3SG.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,8828, +8-101,8,Mi laik manggo.,Mi\tlaik\tmanggo.,1SG\tlike\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi laik manggo.,,1SG like mango,,Own knowledge,,8829, +8-196,8,Mi no riili laik manggo bot dis-ya manggo swiit mi,Mi\tno\triili\tlaik\tmanggo\tbot\tdis-ya\tmanggo\tswiit\tmi,1SG\tNEG\treally\tlike\tmango\tbut\tDEM-PROX\tmango\tsweet\tme,I don't really like mangoes but I find this one delicious/to be pleasing.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi no riili laik manggo bot dis-ya manggo swiit mi,,1SG NEG really like mango but DEM-PROX mango sweet me,,Own knowledge,,8830, +9-130,9,Dey layk di blad?,Dey\tlayk\tdi\tblad?,they\tlike\tthe\tblood,They (leeches) like the blood (of certain fish they attach to)?,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,Dey layk di blad?,,they like the blood,,,,8831, +10-152,10,A laik yelo chiiz.,A\tlaik\tyelo\tchiiz.,1SG\tlike\tyellow\tcheese,I like yellow cheese.,,,113[80],,naturalistic spoken,A laik yelo chiiz.,,1SG like yellow cheese,,,,8832, +11-211,11,Dei get fa laik it.,Dei\tget\tfa\tlaik\tit.,3PL\tget\tCOMP\tlike\t3SG.N,They get to like it. OR: They will take a liking to it.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Dei get fa laik it.,,3PL get COMP like 3SG.N,,,,8833, +11-212,11,Ih neva laik notn.,Ih\tneva\tlaik\tnotn.,3SG\tNEG.PST\tlike\tnothing,He didn’t like anything.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ih neva laik notn.,,3SG NEG.PST like nothing,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,8834, +11-213,11,Ai laik suga.,Ai\tlaik\tsuga.,1SG\tlike\tsugar,I like sugar.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai laik suga.,,1SG like sugar,,,,8835, +12-161,12,"Man, she don't - she don't like cook. Every time she want me cook.",[...]\tshe\tdon't\tlike\tcook.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tlike\tcook,[...] she doesn’t like to cook.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Man, she don't - she don't like cook. Every time she want me cook.",[...] she don't like cook.,[...] 3SG.SBJ NEG like cook,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8836, +12-162,12,"I like pork. Uh-huh. You like pork, too?",I\tlike\tpork.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tpork,I like pork.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I like pork. Uh-huh. You like pork, too?",I like pork.,1SG.SBJ like pork,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8837, +12-163,12,It sweet me so much.,It\tsweet\tme\tso\tmuch.,3SG.SBJ\tsweet\t1SG.OBJ\tso\tmuch,It pleased me so much.,,,405,,naturalistic spoken,It sweet me so much.,,3SG.SBJ sweet 1SG.OBJ so much,,,,8838, +13-124,13,Jedus look pon de man an e like um.,Jedus\tlook\tpon\tde\tman\tan\te\tlike\tum.,Jesus\tlook\tupon\tthe\tman\tand\t3SG.SBJ\tlike\t3SG.OBJ,Jesus looked upon the man and he liked him. (Mk 10.21),,,357[157],,bible translation,Jedus look pon de man an e like um.,,Jesus look upon the man and 3SG.SBJ like 3SG.OBJ,,,,8839, +14-86,14,I like tea.,I\tlike\ttea.,I\tlike\ttea,I like tea.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I like tea.,,I like tea,,Own knowledge,,8840, +15-93,15,a lɛk mangro,a\tlɛk\tmangro,1SG\tlike\tmango,I like mango.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a lɛk mangro,,1SG like mango,,Own knowledge,,8841, +16-88,16,jù laik jù no laik bai ɔ mins jù gò klin nima,jù\tlaik\tjù\tno\tlaik\tbai\tɔ\tmins\tjù\tgò\tklin\tnima,2SG\tlike\t2SG\tNEG\tlike\tby\tall\tmeans\t2SG\tFUT\tclean\tNima,"Whether you liked it or not, you would clean Nima.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,jù laik jù no laik bai ɔ mins jù gò klin nima,,2SG like 2SG NEG like by all means 2SG FUT clean Nima,,Own fieldwork,,8842, +16-89,16,dɛ tin we ì dè swit às ì bì se hau ì briŋ pipu,dɛ\ttin\twe\tì\tdè\tswit\tàs\tì\tbì\tse\thau\tì\tbriŋ\tpipu,ART\tthing\tREL\t3SG\tHAB\tsweet\t1PL.OBJ\t3SG\tCOP\tCOMP\thow\t3SG\tbring\tpeople,The thing that pleases us is how he brings (in) people.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dɛ tin we ì dè swit às ì bì se hau ì briŋ pipu,,ART thing REL 3SG HAB sweet 1PL.OBJ 3SG COP COMP how 3SG bring people,,Own fieldwork,,8843, +17-102,17,À layk màngo.,À\tlayk\tmàngo.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,"462[191-192, 221-222]",,naturalistic spoken,À layk màngo.,,1SG.SBJ like mango,,,,8844, +17-103,17,Màngo dè swit mì.,Màngo\tdè\tswit\tmì.,mango\tNCOMPL\tbe.tasty\t1SG.OBJ,I like mangoes.,,,"462[191-192, 221-222]",,naturalistic spoken,Màngo dè swit mì.,,mango NCOMPL be.tasty 1SG.OBJ,,,,8845, +18-94,18,A laik mango.,A\tlaik\tmango.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tmango,I like mangos.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,A laik mango.,,1SG.SBJ like mango,,,,8846, +18-95,18,Mango di swit mi.,Mango\tdi\tswit\tmi.,mango\tIPFV\tbe.sweet\t1SG.OBJ,I like mangoes./These mangoes are delicious.,,My informant refused to translate this as 'I like mangoes' but said that it would rather mean 'these mangoes are delicious'.,97,,elicited from speaker,Mango di swit mi.,,mango IPFV be.sweet 1SG.OBJ,My informant refused to translate this as 'I like mangoes' but said that it would rather mean 'these mangoes are delicious'.,,,8847, +19-124,19,À lɛk fùfú.,À\tlɛk\tfùfú.,1SG.SBJ\tlike\tfufu,I like fufu.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"À lɛk fùfú.",,1SG.SBJ like fufu,,Field data,,8848, +19-125,19,Dan tòrí bìn dè swit mi wan swit.,Dan\ttòrí\tbìn\tdè\tswit\tmi\twan\tswit.,that\tstory\tPST\tIPFV\tbe.tasty\t1SG.EMPH\tone\tbe.tasty,I really enjoyed that story.,,,1634[393],,naturalistic spoken,"Dan tòrí bìn dè swit mi wan swit.",,that story PST IPFV be.tasty 1SG.EMPH one be.tasty,,,,8849, +19-126,19,Dan gal dè fayn mi.,Dan\tgal\tdè\tfayn\tmi.,that\tgirl\tIPFV\tbe.fine\t1SG.EMPH,I find that girl to be beautiful. (lit. That girl fines me.),,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dan gal dè fayn mi.",,that girl IPFV be.fine 1SG.EMPH,,Field data,,8850, +20-90,20,You likee one piecee capon?,You\tlikee\tone\tpiecee\tcapon?,2SG\tlike\tART.INDF\tCLF\tcapon,Do you like a capon?,,,1489[VI.28],,naturalistic written,You likee one piecee capon?,,2SG like ART.INDF CLF capon,,,㕭孻其温卑時雞品,8851, +20-91,20,You likee makee boilum?,You\tlikee\tmakee\tboilum?,2SG\tlike\tmake\tboil,Do you want it cooked?,,,1489[IV.55],,naturalistic written,You likee makee boilum?,,2SG like make boil,,,㕭孻其米記杯林,8852, +21-90,21,I like mango.,I\tlike\tmango.,1SG\tlike\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I like mango.,,1SG like mango,,Own knowledge,,8853, +22-119,22,Mi laikim dispela hap.,Mi\tlaikim\tdispela\thap.,1SG\tlike\tthis\tplace,I like this place.,,,584[WSP F15],,naturalistic spoken,Mi laikim dispela hap.,,1SG like this place,,,,8854, +23-112,23,"sapos hem i laekem pikinini ia, karem blong hem","sapos\them\ti\tlaekem\tpikinini\tia,\tkarem\tblong\them",if\t3SG\tAGR\tlike\tchild\tDEF\ttake\tPOSS\t3SG,"If she liked the child, she should take it.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"sapos hem i laekem pikinini ia, karem blong hem",,if 3SG AGR like child DEF take POSS 3SG,,,,8855, +24-127,24,Yu laik mais shert?,Yu\tlaik\tmais\tshert?,2SG\tlike\tmy\tshirt,Do you like my shirt?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yu laik mais shert?,,2SG like my shirt,,Own fieldwork,,8856, +25-267,25,Mi laikim gun!,Mi\tlaik-im\tgun!,1SG\tlike-TR\tCONTR,I like it!! (discussing bush food),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an expression of 'liking'. The contrastive particle gun is from Jaminjung.",,,naturalistic spoken,Mi laikim gun!,Mi laik-im gun!,1SG like-TR CONTR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an expression of 'liking'. The contrastive particle gun is from Jaminjung.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,8857, +25-268,25,Jad sineik din rili laikim jad lilboi.,Jad\tsineik\tdin\trili\tlaik-im\tjad\tlilboi.,DEM\tsnake\tPST.NEG\treally\tlike-TR\tDEM\tlittle.boy,The snake didn't really like the little boy (but rather wanted to eat him).,,Variety: Written Roper River. The example illustrates an expression of 'liking' and the (somewhat acrolectal) negative past auxiliary din (< Engl. didn't).,175[18],,naturalistic written,Jad sineik din rili laikim jad lilboi.,Jad sineik din rili laik-im jad lilboi.,DEM snake PST.NEG really like-TR DEM little.boy,"Variety: Written Roper River. The example illustrates an expression of 'liking' and the (somewhat acrolectal) negative past auxiliary din (< Engl. didn't).",,,8858, +27-83,27,Di ēn wa ha ēn hogo mi di ēn wa ha dri hogo sini na wel di ēn wa ha twē hogo.,Di\tēn\twa\tha\tēn\thogo\tmi\tdi\tēn\twa\tha\tdri\thogo\tsini\tna\twel\tdi\tēn\twa\tha\ttwē\thogo.,DET\tone\tREL\thave\tone\teye\twith\tDET\tone\tREL\thave\tthree\teye\t3PL\tNEG\tlike\tDET\tone\tREL\thave\ttwo\teye,The one who has one eye and the one who has three eyes don't like the one who has two eyes.,,,355[22],,naturalistic spoken,Di ēn wa ha ēn hogo mi di ēn wa ha dri hogo sini na wel di ēn wa ha twē hogo.,,DET one REL have one eye with DET one REL have three eye 3PL NEG like DET one REL have two eye,,,,8859, +28-116,28,o wa poktɛkɛ an o dektɛkɛ,o\twa\tpoko-tɛ\tɛkɛ\tan\to\tdeki-tɛ\tɛkɛ,3SG\tPST\tlike-PFV\t1SG\tand\t3SG\ttake-PFV\t1SG,He liked me and took me (to be his wife).,,,737[652],,naturalistic spoken,o wa poktɛkɛ an o dektɛkɛ,o wa poko-tɛ ɛkɛ an o deki-tɛ ɛkɛ,3SG PST like-PFV 1SG and 3SG take-PFV 1SG,,,,8860, +29-131,29,Hy hou van kaas.,Hy\thou\tvan\tkaas.,3SG.M.NOM\thold\tof\tcheese,He likes cheese.,,,,,naturalistic written,Hy hou van kaas.,,3SG.M.NOM hold of cheese,,Own knowledge,,8861, +30-142,30,Sima nha fidju gosta di kóngu ku kárni ku mandióka li?!,Sima\tnha=fidju\tgosta\tdi=kóngu\tku=kárni\tku=mandióka\tli?!,as\tmy=son\tlike\tof=congo.bean\twith=meat\twith=cassava\there,If it’s exactly congo beans with meat and cassava that my son likes so much?!,,,1407[42],,naturalistic spoken,"Sima nha fidju gosta di kóngu ku kárni ku mandióka li?!",Sima nha=fidju gosta di=kóngu ku=kárni ku=mandióka li?!,as my=son like of=congo.bean with=meat with=cassava here,,,,8862, +31-124,31,Es gostaba di rapazinhu.,Es\tgostaba\tdi\trapazinhu.,they\tlike.ANT\tof\tlittle.boy,They liked the little boy.,,The verb gosta always selects the preposition di 'of'.,61,,naturalistic spoken,Es gostaba di rapazinhu.,,they like.ANT of little.boy,"The verb gosta always selects the preposition di 'of'.",,,8863, +32-107,32,N gostá d'Spanha.,N\tgostá\tde\tSpanha.,1SG\tlike\tof\tSpain,I liked Spain.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,N gostá d'Spanha.,N gostá de Spanha.,1SG like of Spain,,,,8864,Portuguese: Gostei de Espanha. +32-108,32,Ketxupa ta keí-m ben.,Ketxupa\tta\tkeí-m\tben.,ketxupa\tPRS\tlike-1SG\twell,Ketxupa pleases me well.,,Ketxupa is a regional dish. The experiencer is in the oblique form.,1456,,elicited from speaker,Ketxupa ta keí-m ben.,,ketxupa PRS like-1SG well,"Ketxupa is a regional dish. The experiencer is in the oblique form.",,,8865,Portuguese: Ketxupa cai-me bem. +33-134,33,N’ gosta di mangu.,N’\tgosta\tdi\tmangu.,1SG\tlike\tof\tmango,I like mango.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N’ gosta di mangu.,,1SG like of mango,,Own knowledge,,8866,Portuguese: Gosto de manga. +34-105,34,N ŋgostá di maŋgu.,N\tø\tŋgostá\tdi\tmaŋgu.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tlike\tof\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N ŋgostá di maŋgu.","N ø ŋgostá di maŋgu.",1SG.SBJ PFV like of mango,,Own knowledge,,8867, +34-106,34,Maŋgu sabi-mi.,Maŋgu\tø\tsabi-mi.,mango\tPFV\tnice-1SG.INDP,I like mangoes (lit. Mangoes are nice (to) me. OR: Mangoes please me).,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Maŋgu sabi-mi.","Maŋgu ø sabi-mi.",mango PFV nice-1SG.INDP,,Own knowledge,,8868, +35-149,35,Mosu se ka ngosta d’uswa muntu ô!,Mosu\tse\tka\tngosta\td’=uswa\tmuntu\tô!,boy\tDEM\tIPFV\tlike\tof=sour.palm.wine\ta.lot\tPCL,The boy in question likes fresh palm wine a lot!,,PCL = discourse particle,,,naturalistic spoken,Mosu se ka ngosta d’uswa muntu ô!,Mosu se ka ngosta d’=uswa muntu ô!,boy DEM IPFV like of=sour.palm.wine a.lot PCL,PCL = discourse particle,Own data,,8869, +36-87,36,N ga goxta fuuta.,N\tga\tgoxta\tfuuta.,1SG\tGENER\tlike\tbreadfruit,I like breadfruits.,,,,,elicited from speaker,N ga goxta fuuta.,,1SG GENER like breadfruit,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,8870, +37-110,37,"Kani me, n goxta di Padin.","Kani\tme,\tn\tgoxta\tdi\tPadin.",flesh\tPOSS.1SG\t1SG\tlike\tof\tgodfather,"As for myself, I like you.",,Padin 'godfather' is honorific.,905[74],,naturalistic spoken,"Kani me, n goxta di Padin.",,flesh POSS.1SG 1SG like of godfather,"Padin 'godfather' is honorific.",,,8871, +38-127,38,M’ngo ku pisy.,Amu-ngo\tku\tpisyi.,1SG-want\twith\tfish,I like fish.,,,,,elicited from speaker,M’ngo ku pisy.,Amu-ngo ku pisyi.,1SG-want with fish,,Own fieldwork 1993,,8872, +39-125,39,Yo gɔs mãg.,Yo\tgɔs\tmãg.,1SG\tlike.NPST\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,221[142],,elicited from speaker,Yo gɔs mãg.,,1SG like.NPST mango,,,,8873, +39-126,39,Yo gɔs panir.,Yo\tgɔs\tpanir.,1SG\tlike.NPST\tpaneer,I like paneer.,,,221[144],,naturalistic spoken,Yo gɔs panir.,,1SG like.NPST paneer,,,,8874, +40-91,40,Yo ye buk tə gosta.,Yo\tye\tbuk\ttə\tgosta.,I\tthis\tbook\tPRS\tlike,I like this book.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Yo ye buk tə gosta.,,I this book PRS like,,Own knowledge,,8875, +40-92,40,Mari ye buk tə awru.,Mari\tye\tbuk\ttə\tawru.,me\tthis\tbook\tPRS\tlike,I like this book.,,Note: awru is borrowed from Marathi (part of the 4th verb class). Its 'dative-subject' argument structure has also been borrowed.,,,constructed by linguist,Mari ye buk tə awru.,,me this book PRS like,"Note: awru is borrowed from Marathi (part of the 4th verb class). Its 'dative-subject' argument structure has also been borrowed.",Own knowledge,,8876, +41-90,41,dɔɔsi miɲa korsaam tadiziyaa,dɔɔsi\tmiɲa\tkorsaam\tta-diziyaa,sweet\t1SG.GEN\thear\tPRS-desire,"Sweet one, my heart desires [thee]?",,,,,written (poetic),dɔɔsi miɲa korsaam tadiziyaa,dɔɔsi miɲa korsaam ta-diziyaa,sweet 1SG.GEN hear PRS-desire,,Own knowledge,,8877, +41-103,41,permi teem dizeey isti siriviis,parmi\tteem\tdizeey\tisti\tsiriviis,1SG.DAT\tPRS.be\tliking\tthis\twork,I like this work. OR: I am pleased with this work.,,English word order is often used by this speaker in elicitation situations.,1416[0580],,elicited from speaker,permi teem dizeey isti siriviis,parmi teem dizeey isti siriviis,1SG.DAT PRS.be liking this work,English word order is often used by this speaker in elicitation situations.,,,8878, +41-104,41,nooyvupa aka nɔɔyvantu dizeey kamfalaa [...],nooyvu-pa\taka\tnɔɔyva-ntu\tdizeey\tkam-falaa\t[...],groom-DAT\tthat\tbride-LOC\tliking\tCOND-QUOT\t[...],If the groom likes the bride [...].,,"This is the only example of a locative stimulus. Since the quotative construction can have either an NP or a clause as its complement, this example could be dismissed by claiming that we don't have a full clause here, but only an NP headed by dizeey.",1416[3234],,naturalistic spoken,nooyvupa aka nɔɔyvantu dizeey kamfalaa [...],nooyvu-pa aka nɔɔyva-ntu dizeey kam-falaa [...],groom-DAT that bride-LOC liking COND-QUOT [...],"This is the only example of a locative stimulus. Since the quotative construction can have either an NP or a clause as its complement, this example could be dismissed by claiming that we don't have a full clause here, but only an NP headed by dizeey.",,,8879, +41-105,41,avara eli mesfikaa dizeey naa?,avara\teli\tmes-fikaa\tdizeey\tnaa?,now\t3SG.M\tOBLIG-become\tdesire\tTAG,"Now, he [prospective groom] must like her [prospective bride], eh?",,,1416[3247],,naturalistic spoken,avara eli mesfikaa dizeey naa?,avara eli mes-fikaa dizeey naa?,now 3SG.M OBLIG-become desire TAG,,,,8880, +42-117,42,yo gostá mangga,yo\tgostá\tmangga,1SG\tlike\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,,elicited from speaker,yo gostá mangga,,1SG like mango,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,8881, +44-122,44,Kyéri yo mánga.,Kyéri\tyo\tmánga.,like\t1SG\tmango,I like mangoes.,,"Sometimes gustá is used, but it behaves the same way.",,,elicited from speaker,Kyéri yo mánga.,,like 1SG mango,"Sometimes gustá is used, but it behaves the same way.",Own data,,8882,Spanish: Me gustan los mangos. +45-106,45,No yo ta quere cosa eli ya hace.,No\tyo\tta\tquere\tcosa\teli\tya\thace.,NEG\t1SG\tIPFV\tlike\twhat\t3SG\tPFV\tdo,I do not like what he did.,,,426[150],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,No yo ta quere cosa eli ya hace.,,NEG 1SG IPFV like what 3SG PFV do,,,,8883,Spanish: No me gusta lo que hizo. +45-107,45,Quieri yo carne.,Quieri\tyo\tcarne.,like\t1SG\tmeat,I like meat.,,,1084[78],,elicited from speaker,Quieri yo carne.,,like 1SG meat,,,,8884,Spanish: Me gusta la carne. Tagalog: Gusto ko ng karne. +46-125,46,Kyére yo mángga.,Kyére\tyo\tmángga.,want\t1SG\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kyére yo mángga.,,want 1SG mango,,Own knowledge,,8885, +48-125,48,Yo i asé ngutá ri kafé mucho.,Yo\ti\tasé\tngutá\tri\tkafé\tmucho.,I\tDEP.PRO.1SG\tHAB\tlike\tof\tcoffee\tmuch,I like coffee a lot. OR: I love coffee.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yo i asé ngutá ri kafé mucho.,,I DEP.PRO.1SG HAB like of coffee much,,Recorded by author,,8886,Spanish: A mí me gusta mucho el café (lit. Yo gusto del café mucho). +49-205,49,"Jan renmen manje, Mari renmen benyen.","Jan\trenmen\tmanje,\tMari\trenmen\tbenyen.",Jean\tlove\teat\tMari\tlove\tbathe,"Jean loves eating, Marie loves bathing.",,,371[37],,naturalistic spoken,"Jan renmen manje, Mari renmen benyen.",,Jean love eat Mari love bathe,,,,8887,"French: Jean aime manger, Marie aime se baigner." +49-206,49,Li renmen mango.,Li\trenmen\tmango.,3SG\tlove\tmango,He/She loves mangoes.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li renmen mango.,,3SG love mango,,Own knowledge,,8888,French: Il/Elle aime les mangues. +50-120,50,Yo enmé gouyav.,Yo\tenmé\tgouyav.,3PL\tlike\tguavas,They like guavas.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yo enmé gouyav.,,3PL like guavas,,Own fieldwork,,8889, +51-111,51,Yo enmen griyav.,Yo\tenmen\tgriyav.,3PL\tlike\tguavas,They like guavas.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yo enmen griyav.,,3PL like guavas,,Own fieldwork,,8890, +52-70,52,i kontan sa tifiy-a ka pasé a,i\tkontan\tsa\ttifiy-a\tka\tpasé\ta,he\tlike\tDEM\tgirl-DEM\tPROG\tpass\tDEM,He likes that girl that walks over there.,,,847,,naturalistic spoken,i kontan sa tifiy-a ka pasé a,,he like DEM girl-DEM PROG pass DEM,,,,8891, +53-257,53,Mo lenm mo piti-ye.,Mo\tlenm\tmo\tpiti-ye.,1SG\tlove\t1SG.POSS\tchild-PL,I love my children.,,,1515[281],,naturalistic spoken,Mo lenm mo piti-ye.,,1SG love 1SG.POSS child-PL,,,,8892, +53-258,53,Lapen lenm le chou.,Lapen\tlenm\tle\tchou.,Rabbit\tlike\tART.DEF.PL\tcabbage,Rabbit likes cabbage.,,,1048[428],,naturalistic spoken,Lapen lenm le chou.,,Rabbit like ART.DEF.PL cabbage,,,,8893, +54-141,54,Mi em promne ek mon syen.,Mi\tem\tpromne\tek\tmon\tsyen.,1SG.FIN\tlike\twalk\twith\tPOSS.1SG\tdog,I like going for a walk with my dog.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mi em promne ek mon syen.,,1SG.FIN like walk with POSS.1SG dog,,Own knowledge,,8894,French: J'aime me promener avec mon chien. +55-117,55,mo koṅtaṅ sosis sinwa,mo\tkoṅtaṅ\tsosis\tsinwa,1SG\tlike\tsausage\tChinese,I like Chinese sausages.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo koṅtaṅ sosis sinwa,,1SG like sausage Chinese,,Own knowledge,,8895, +56-130,56,Manrmay i kontan sa.,Manrmay\ti\tkontan\tsa.,children\tPM\tlike/love\tthat,The children loved it.,,"The verb kontan is not marked for past, because the past reference has already been set by the context.",158[142],,naturalistic spoken,Manrmay i kontan sa.,,children PM like/love that,"The verb kontan is not marked for past, because the past reference has already been set by the context.",,,8896,French: Les enfants aimaient ça. +57-69,57,le mbon mbanane (pu mwa),le\tmbon\tmbanane\t(pu\tmwa),SI\tgood\tbanana\t(for\t1SG),The banana has good taste (for me).,,,,,constructed by linguist,le mbon mbanane (pu mwa),,SI good banana (for 1SG),,own knowledge Ehrhart,,8897, +59-203,59,mango anzere na mbi mingi,mango\ta-nzere\tna\tmbi\tmingi,mango\tPM-taste.good\tPREP\t1SG\tmuch,I like mangoes a lot.,,,1463[145],,naturalistic spoken,mango anzere na mbi mingi,mango a-nzere na mbi mingi,mango PM-taste.good PREP 1SG much,,,,8898, +60-94,60,nalingí sósó,na-ling-í\tsósó,1SG-like-PRS.PRF\tchicken,I like chicken.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,nalingí sósó,na-ling-í sósó,1SG-like-PRS.PRF chicken,,Own knowledge,,8899, +60-95,60,sósó esepelisaka ngáí,sósó\te-sepel-is-aka\tngáí,chicken\t3SG-be.happy-CAUS-HAB\t1SG,I like chicken.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,sósó esepelisaka ngáí,sósó e-sepel-is-aka ngáí,chicken 3SG-be.happy-CAUS-HAB 1SG,,Own knowledge,,8900, +61-69,61,Mina thanda lo mangwe.,Mina\tthand-a\tlo\tmangwe.,I\tlike-V\tDEF.ART\tmango,I like mangoes.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mina thanda lo mangwe.,Mina thand-a lo mangwe.,I like-V DEF.ART mango,,Field notes Mesthrie,,8901, +62-62,62,udúmu kuʔá kalanga?,u-dumu\tku-ʔa\tkalanga?,2SG-want\t15-eat\tnuts,Do you like eating nuts?,,,,,elicited from speaker,udúmu kuʔá kalanga?,u-dumu ku-ʔa kalanga?,2SG-want 15-eat nuts,,Own field data 1993,,8902, +62-63,62,mhé ó?ós édúmu héra,mhe\to?os\té-dumu\thera,man\tany\t3SG-want\tmoney,Anyone wants money.,,,,,elicited from speaker,mhé ó?ós édúmu héra,mhe o?os é-dumu hera,man any 3SG-want money,,Own field notes 1993,,8903, +63-127,63,harím sudan-íya kan híbu dúgu kášma,harím\tsudan-íya\tkan\thíbu\tdúgu\tkášma,woman.PL\tSudanese-PL\tPST\tlike\tcolour\tmouth,The Sudanese women liked to colour their lips.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,harím sudan-íya kan híbu dúgu kášma,,woman.PL Sudanese-PL PST like colour mouth,,Personal data,,8904, +63-128,63,úwo gi-híbu béle t-ómun,úwo\tgi-híbu\tbéle\tt-ómun,3PL\tTAM-like\tcountry\tGEN-their,They like their country.,,,,,constructed by linguist,úwo gi-híbu béle t-ómun,,3PL TAM-like country GEN-their,,Own knowledge,,8905, +64-137,64,ána kan bihébu istiglál ʃedíd,ána\tkan\tbi=hébu\tistiglál\tʃedíd,1SG\tANT\tIRR=love\tindependence\tstrong,I liked independence a lot.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ána kan bihébu istiglál ʃedíd,ána kan bi=hébu istiglál ʃedíd,1SG ANT IRR=love independence strong,,Own knowledge,,8906, +65-103,65,"Moj sidet' ni liubit, tajgam gulial.","Moj\tsidet'\tni\tliubit,\ttajgam\tgulial.",1SG\tsit\tNEG\tlike\tforest\twalk,"I do not like being in the same place, I walked through all the forest.",,,1393[48],,citation in fiction,"Moj sidet' ni liubit, tajgam gulial.",,1SG sit NEG like forest walk,,,"Мой сидеть не любит, тайгам гулял.",8907, +66-79,66,Manggapəðə goðang suuka.,Mangga-pəðə\tgo-ðang\tsuuka.,mango-PL\t1SG-DAT\tlike,I like mangoes.,,The relative positions of experiencer and subject are variable.,,,elicited from speaker,Manggapəðə goðang suuka.,Mangga-pəðə go-ðang suuka.,mango-PL 1SG-DAT like,The relative positions of experiencer and subject are variable.,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,8908, +67-144,67,Dia tak suka saya ah.,Dia\ttak\tsuka\tsaya\tah.,3SG\tNEG\tlike\t1SG\tPCL,He did not like me.,,,708[367],,naturalistic spoken,Dia tak suka saya ah.,,3SG NEG like 1SG PCL,,,,8909, +68-82,68,De suka dangsa.,De\tsuka\tdangsa.,3SG\tlike\tdance,He likes dancing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,De suka dangsa.,,3SG like dance,,Own knowledge,,8910, +71-118,71,Ia makainana pau loa ia aole makemake ia Wainui Kuhina.,Ia\tmakainana\tpau\tloa\tia\taole\tmakemake\tia\tWainui\tKuhina.,OBL\tcommoners\tall\tall\tOBL\tNEG\tlike\tOBL\tprime\tminister,The commoners don't like the prime minister (or minister of finance).,,"This text contains an exaggerated and meaningless repetition of the objective/oblique marker. There is also a pun on the titles of kuhina nui 'prime minister' and kuhina waiwai 'minister of finance', via wai nui 'drool'.",,,naturalistic written,Ia makainana pau loa ia aole makemake ia Wainui Kuhina.,,OBL commoners all all OBL NEG like OBL prime minister,"This text contains an exaggerated and meaningless repetition of the objective/oblique marker. There is also a pun on the titles of kuhina nui 'prime minister' and kuhina waiwai 'minister of finance', via wai nui 'drool'.",own data 1881,,8911, +72-98,72,Ai laikim jem yapayapa manyanyi.,Ai\tlaik-im\tjem\tyapayapa\tmanyanyi.,1SG.SBJ\tlike-TR\t3PL.OBJ\tyoung\tplant.species,I like the young leaves on the manyanyi plant.,,,8,62c66d296450f549b4feead12fd2a840,naturalistic spoken,Ai laikim jem yapayapa manyanyi.,Ai laik-im jem yapayapa manyanyi.,1SG.SBJ like-TR 3PL.OBJ young plant.species,,,,8912, +73-71,73,amidaga papa fritadami kuminayan,ami-da-ga\tpapa\tfrita-da-mi\tkumi-naya-n,1SG.OBJ-ACC-TOP\tpotato\tfried-ACC-AFF\teat-DESID-3,I like eating fried potatoes.,,,1038[389],,elicited from speaker,amidaga papa fritadami kuminayan,ami-da-ga papa frita-da-mi kumi-naya-n,1SG.OBJ-ACC-TOP potato fried-ACC-AFF eat-DESID-3,,,,8913, +75-168,75,lii pom niwiikishpwaawak / nimyeuwimaawak.,Lii\tpom\tni-wiikish-pw-aaw-ak/\tni-miyo-eeyim-aaw-ak.,ART.PL\tapple\t1-like-taste-3-PL\t1-good-think.ANIM-3-PL,I like apples.,,All verbs are either animate or inanimate. This verb form indicates that the object is grammatically (not necesssarily semantically) animate.,522,,elicited from speaker,lii pom niwiikishpwaawak / nimyeuwimaawak.,Lii pom ni-wiikish-pw-aaw-ak/ ni-miyo-eeyim-aaw-ak.,ART.PL apple 1-like-taste-3-PL 1-good-think.ANIM-3-PL,All verbs are either animate or inanimate. This verb form indicates that the object is grammatically (not necesssarily semantically) animate.,,,8914, +1-162,1,Fredde kissi mi.,Frede\tkisi\tmi.,fear\tget\t1SG,I became afraid.,,,1357[44],,written (dictionary),Fredde kissi mi.,Frede kisi mi.,fear get 1SG,,,,8915,German: Ich gerieth in Furcht. [op.cit.] +1-163,1,Mi hatti goweh.,Mi\thati\tgwe.,1SG\theart\tgo.away,I am frightened.,,,1357[62],,written (dictionary),Mi hatti goweh.,Mi hati gwe.,1SG heart go.away,,,,8916,"German: Ich bin erschrocken, angst. [op.cit.]" +1-164,1,Oen no abie fredee?,Unu\tno\thabi\tfrede?,2PL\tNEG\thave\tfear,Aren't you afraid?,,,1576[49],,written,Oen no abie fredee?,Unu no habi frede?,2PL NEG have fear,,,,8917,Dutch: Hebt gylieden geen vrees? [op.cit.] +1-165,1,Dem fredde.,Den\tfrede.,3PL\tbe(come).afraid,They were afraid.,,,1355[282],,written,Dem fredde.,Den frede.,3PL be(come).afraid,,,,8918, +2-163,2,A man e frede (a kaaiman).,A\tman\te\tfrede\t(a\tkaaiman).,the\tman\tIPFV\tfear\t(the\tcrocodile),He’s afraid (of the crocodile).,,,,,elicited from speaker,A man e frede (a kaaiman).,,the man IPFV fear (the crocodile),,"Winford data, Tape 14-a",,8919, +2-164,2,"Wan leysi mi si wan weri ede sani ma mi no e frede, yere.","Wan\tleysi\tmi\tsi\twan\tweri\tede\tsani\tma\tmi\tno\te\tfrede,\tyere.",one\ttime\t1SG\tsee\tART\tweary\thead\tthing\tbut\t1SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tfear\tokay,"Once I saw something horrible, but I was not scared.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Wan leysi mi si wan weri ede sani ma mi no e frede, yere.",,one time 1SG see ART weary head thing but 1SG NEG IPFV fear okay,,"Winford data, Tape 8-a",,8920, +2-165,2,"Mi frede, yu go tapu en.","Mi\tfrede,\tyu\tgo\ttapu\ten.",1SG\tafraid\tyou\tgo\tclose\tit,"I’m scared, you go and close it.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mi frede, yu go tapu en.",,1SG afraid you go close it,,"Winford data, Tape 8-a",,8921, +3-81,3,Me ta fɛɛɛ.,M'=e\tta\tfɛɛɛ.,1SG=NEG\tASP\tfear,I am not afraid.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Me ta fɛɛɛ.,M'=e ta fɛɛɛ.,1SG=NEG ASP fear,,Fieldwork data,,8922, +4-112,4,Mi e feele dagu.,Mi\te\tfeele\tdagu.,I\tIPFV\tafraid\tdog,I'm afraid of dogs.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi e feele dagu.,,I IPFV afraid dog,,Own observation,,8923, +4-113,4,Mi ati saka.,Mi\tati\tsaka.,my\theart\tdrop,My heart dropped. / I was afraid.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi ati saka.,,my heart drop,,Own observation,,8924, +5-111,5,mi fraikn,mi\tfraikn,1SG\tbe.in.frightened.state,I am afraid. OR: I am a coward.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi fraikn,,1SG be.in.frightened.state,,Own knowledge,,8925, +5-112,5,mi haat a biit,mi\thaat\ta\tbiit,my\theart\tPROG\tbeat,My heart is beating. OR: My heart is racing. OR: My heart is pounding.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi haat a biit,,my heart PROG beat,,Own knowledge,,8926, +6-74,6,Ah gettin frighten.,Ah\tgettin\tfrighten.,1SG\tget.PROG\tfrightened,I'm getting frightened.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ah gettin frighten.,,1SG get.PROG frightened,,Informant A.K.,,8927, +7-162,7,Mi na freid lak uhp.,Mi\tna\tfreid\tlak\tuhp.,1SG\tNEG\tafraid\tlock\tup,I am not afraid of being arrested. OR: I am not afraid of arrestation.,,,1244[A17],,naturalistic spoken,Mi na freid lak uhp.,,1SG NEG afraid lock up,,,,8928, +7-163,7,A piis a frait hool mi.,A\tpiis\ta\tfrait\thool\tmi.,INDF\tpiece\tof\tfright\thold\t1SG,Fear overcame me. OR: I was overcome by fear.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,A piis a frait hool mi.,,INDF piece of fright hold 1SG,,Own knowledge,,8929, +8-102,8,Wi fried a siniek.,Wi\tfried\ta\tsiniek.,1PL\tafraid\tof\tsnake,We are afraid of snakes.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Wi fried a siniek.,,1PL afraid of snake,,Own knowledge,,8930, +8-103,8,"Wen fried tek man, pikni shot fit im.","Wen\tfried\ttek\tman,\tpikni\tshot\tfit\tim.",when\tfear\ttake\tman\tchild\tshirt\tfit\t3SG,"One will do the impossible when one is frightened. (lit. When fear takes a man, a child's shirt fits him.)",,This sentence is a proverb.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Wen fried tek man, pikni shot fit im.",,when fear take man child shirt fit 3SG,This sentence is a proverb.,Own knowledge,,8931, +9-131,9,Wi fryed fa an.,Wi\tfryed\tfa\tan.,1PL\tafraid\tof\ther,We are afraid of her.,,,432[41],,naturalistic spoken,Wi fryed fa an.,,1PL afraid of her,,,,8932, +10-153,10,Ihn neva fried.,Ihn\tneva\tfried.,3SG\tNEG.PST\tafraid,He was not afraid.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ihn neva fried.,,3SG NEG.PST afraid,,Unpublished field recordings,,8933, +10-154,10,Naansi wehn fried main Taiga iit im op.,Naansi\twehn\tfried\tmain\tTaiga\tiit\tim\top.,Anansi\tANT\tafraid\tmind\tTiger\teat\t3SG\tup,Anansi was afraid lest Tiger would eat him up.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Naansi wehn fried main Taiga iit im op.,,Anansi ANT afraid mind Tiger eat 3SG up,,Unpublished field recordings,,8934, +11-214,11,Wan taim L. neva freed.,Wan\ttaim\tL.\tneva\tfreed.,one\ttime\tL.\tNEG.PST\tafraid,"Previously, L. wasn’t afraid.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wan taim L. neva freed.,,one time L. NEG.PST afraid,,,,8935, +11-215,11,Mi fried.,Mi\tfried.,1SG\tafraid,I am afraid.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mi fried.,,1SG afraid,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,8936, +12-164,12,"I s- s- so scared, and you know, I start trembling [...].",I\tso\tscared\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\tso\tscared\t[...],I was so scared [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I s- s- so scared, and you know, I start trembling [...].",I so scared [...].,1SG.SBJ so scared [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8937, +12-165,12,"And see, Ba- Bahamian people scared of they children and - you know - water what can't - what they can't stand in. But now - they getting more - you know - educated to know that one of these time they children gon' need to swim.",[...]\tBahamian\tpeople\tscared\tof\tthey\tchildren\t[...].,[...]\tBahamian\tpeople\tscared\tof\t3PL.POSS\tchildren\t[...],[...] Bahamians are afraid for their children [...].,,"The of-construction does not express the stimulus here, but the beneficiary.",,,naturalistic spoken,"And see, Ba- Bahamian people scared of they children and - you know - water what can't - what they can't stand in. But now - they getting more - you know - educated to know that one of these time they children gon' need to swim.",[...] Bahamian people scared of they children [...].,[...] Bahamian people scared of 3PL.POSS children [...],"The of-construction does not express the stimulus here, but the beneficiary.",Own sociolinguistic interviews,,8938, +13-125,13,I don fraid.,I\tdon\tfraid.,I\tNEG\tfear,I don't fear. OR: I am not afraid.,,Don would not be used to negate an adjective - only a verb. So fraid is used as a verb - against the English etymology - and is best translated as 'fear'.,1500[278],,naturalistic spoken,"I don fraid.",,I NEG fear,"Don would not be used to negate an adjective - only a verb. So fraid is used as a verb - against the English etymology - and is best translated as 'fear'.",,,8939, +13-126,13,I don scare.,I\tdon\tscare.,I\tdon't\tfear,I don't fear. OR: I'm not afraid.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"I don scare.",,I don't fear,,Own fieldwork 2008-2009,,8940, +14-87,14,I'm tired.,I\tam\ttired.,I\tCOP.1SG\ttired,I am tired.,,"The copula is obligatory with first person singular. It has been argued by DeBose & Faraclas (1993) that in the example above 'm is not a separate copula form. The copula form is obligatory with I and it and optional with all other forms. Also, see the discussion in Green (2002).",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I'm tired.,I am tired.,I COP.1SG tired,"The copula is obligatory with first person singular. It has been argued by DeBose & Faraclas (1993) that in the example above 'm is not a separate copula form. The copula form is obligatory with I and it and optional with all other forms. Also, see the discussion in Green (2002).",Own knowledge,,8941, +15-94,15,di pikin di fred,di\tpikin\tdi\tfred,ART\tchild\tPROG\tfear,The child is afraid.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di pikin di fred,,ART child PROG fear,,Own knowledge,,8942, +16-90,16,fɛs wì dè fiɛ,fɛs\twì\tdè\tfiɛ,first\t1PL\tPROG\tfear,At first we were afraid.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,fɛs wì dè fiɛ,,first 1PL PROG fear,,Own fieldwork,,8943, +17-104,17,À dè yar.,À\tdè\tyar.,1SG.SBJ\tNCOMPL\tfear,I am afraid.,,,"462[191-192, 221-222]",,naturalistic spoken,À dè yar.,,1SG.SBJ NCOMPL fear,,,,8944, +17-105,17,Fyar dè du mì.,Fyar\tdè\tdu\tmì.,fear\tNCOMPL\tdo\t1SG.SBJ,I am afraid.,,,"462[191-192, 221-222]",,naturalistic spoken,Fyar dè du mì.,,fear NCOMPL do 1SG.SBJ,,,,8945, +18-96,18,Di pikin di fia.,Di\tpikin\tdi\tfia.,DEF.ART\tchild\tIPFV\tfear,The child is afraid.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Di pikin di fia.,,DEF.ART child IPFV fear,,,,8946, +19-127,19,Dɛ̀n dè fia.,Dɛ̀n\tdè\tfia.,3PL\tIPFV\tbe.afraid,They're afraid.,,The verb fia 'be afraid' is a dynamic alternating (labile) verb.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dɛ̀n dè fia.",,3PL IPFV be.afraid,"The verb fia 'be afraid' is a dynamic alternating (labile) verb.",Field data,,8947, +19-128,19,Dɛ̀n dè skia.,Dɛ̀n\tdè\tskia.,3PL\tIPFV\tbe.scared,They're scared.,,The verb skia 'be scared' is a dynamic alternating (labile) verb.,,,elicited from speaker,"Dɛ̀n dè skia.",,3PL IPFV be.scared,"The verb skia 'be scared' is a dynamic alternating (labile) verb.",Field data,,8948, +19-129,19,Mì hat dè kɔt.,Mì\that\tdè\tkɔt.,1SG.POSS\theart\tIPFV\tcut,I'm afraid.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mì hat dè kɔt.",,1SG.POSS heart IPFV cut,,Field data,,8949, +20-92,20,What thing you fear?,What\tthing\tyou\tfear?,what\tthing\t2SG\tfear,What have you to fear?,,,1489[IV.66],,naturalistic written,What thing you fear?,,what thing 2SG fear,,,喝丁㕭啡,8950, +21-91,21,(I am) scared.,(I\tam)\tscared.,(I\tam)\tafraid,I am afraid.,,,,,constructed by linguist,(I am) scared.,,(I am) afraid,,Own knowledge,,8951, +22-120,22,Mi pret na mi lusim.,Mi\tpret\tna\tmi\tlusim.,1SG\tafraid\tand\t1SG\tleave,I was afraid and I left.,,,584[Simbu F14],,naturalistic spoken,Mi pret na mi lusim.,,1SG afraid and 1SG leave,,,,8952, +23-113,23,"tufala i fraet, tufala i krae","tufala\ti\tfraet,\ttufala\ti\tkrae",3DU\tAGR\tafraid\t3DU\tAGR\tcry,They were scared and they cried.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"tufala i fraet, tufala i krae",,3DU AGR afraid 3DU AGR cry,,,,8953, +24-128,24,I se fried.,I\tse\tfried.,1SG.SBJ\tCOMPL\tfear,I am afraid.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I se fried.,,1SG.SBJ COMPL fear,,Own knowledge,,8954, +25-269,25,Hi fraiten tu getin.,Hi\tfraiten\ttu\tgetin.,3SG\tbe.frightened\tto\tget.in,He/she is frightened to get in. (i.e. He/she is frightened to put his/her hand into a hole to look for goanna out of fear of snakes.),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation, but acrolectal use of tu as infinitive marker. This example illustrates an expression of fear.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Hi fraiten tu getin.,,3SG be.frightened to get.in,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation, but acrolectal use of tu as infinitive marker. This example illustrates an expression of fear.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,8955, +25-270,25,"Imin ranawei mijelb na, maitbi fraiten.","Im=in\tran-awei\tmijelb\tna,\tmaitbi\tfraiten.",3SG=PST\trun-away\tself\tnow\tmaybe\tfrightened,"She ran away by herself, maybe (she ran away because) she was frightened.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of the generalized reflexive pronoun as an intensifier, and a non-verbal use of fraiten 'be afraid'.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Imin ranawei mijelb na, maitbi fraiten.","Im=in ran-awei mijelb na, maitbi fraiten.",3SG=PST run-away self now maybe frightened,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of the generalized reflexive pronoun as an intensifier, and a non-verbal use of fraiten 'be afraid'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,8956, +25-271,25,Bat naja dubala bin du fraitn du gowin.,Bat\tnaja\tdubala\tbin\tdu\tfraitn\tdu\tgow-in.,but\tother\t3DU\tPST\ttoo\tfrightened\tto\tgo-in,But the other two were too frightened to go in.,,"Variety: Spoken Roper River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a verbal use of fraiten 'be afraid'.",1332[63],,naturalistic spoken,Bat naja dubala bin du fraitn du gowin.,Bat naja dubala bin du fraitn du gow-in.,but other 3DU PST too frightened to go-in,"Variety: Spoken Roper River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a verbal use of fraiten 'be afraid'.",,,8957, +25-272,25,"O wi bin geda shok, wi braitin-braitin tu, maidi wi mijinatbat.","O\twi\tbin\tgeda\tshok,\twi\tbraitin~braitin\ttu,\tmaidi\twi\tmijin-at-bat.",oh\t1PL\tPST\tget\tshock\t1PL\tRED.frightened\ttoo\tmaybe\t1PL\tmissing-out-PROG,"Oh we got a shock, we [were] frightened too, maybe we are missing out. (Context: flu vaccination)",,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates an expression of 'fright'.,41,,naturalistic spoken,"O wi bin geda shok, wi braitin-braitin tu, maidi wi mijinatbat.","O wi bin geda shok, wi braitin~braitin tu, maidi wi mijin-at-bat.",oh 1PL PST get shock 1PL RED.frightened too maybe 1PL missing-out-PROG,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates an expression of 'fright'.,,,8958, +26-81,26,hi skɛd,hi\tskɛd,3SG\tscared,He's scared.,,,,,constructed by linguist,hi skɛd,,3SG scared,,Own knowledge,,8959, +26-82,26,hi wɛn gɛt so skɛd,hi\twɛn\tgɛt\tso\tskɛd,3SG\tPST.PFV\tget\tso\tscared,He got so scared.,,,1545[169],,naturalistic spoken,hi wɛn gɛt so skɛd,,3SG PST.PFV get so scared,,,,8960, +27-84,27,Bru Lion bang am oka.,Bru\tLion\tbang\tam\toka.,Brother\tLion\tfear\t3SG\ttoo,Brother Lion is afraid of him too.,,,355[50],,naturalistic spoken,Bru Lion bang am oka.,,Brother Lion fear 3SG too,,,,8961, +28-117,28,ju bangi fi weŋ di plɛkɛ daŋka?,ju\tbangi\tfi\twengi\tdi\tplɛkɛ\tdanga\tka?,2SG\tafraid\tfor\twalk\tthe\tplace\tthere\tNEG,Aren't you afraid to travel over there?,,,737[564],,naturalistic spoken,ju bangi fi weŋ di plɛkɛ daŋka?,ju bangi fi wengi di plɛkɛ danga ka?,2SG afraid for walk the place there NEG,,,,8962, +29-133,29,Ek is bang.,Ek\tis\tbang.,1SG.NOM\tbe\tafraid,I am afraid.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek is bang.,,1SG.NOM be afraid,,Own knowledge,,8963, +29-134,29,Vrees pak my (beet).,Vrees\tpak\tmy\t(beet).,fear\tgrab\t1SG.OBL\t(hold),Fear grabs hold of me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Vrees pak my (beet).,,fear grab 1SG.OBL (hold),,Own knowledge,,8964, +29-135,29,Vrees oorval my. — Die woede oorstroom my.,Vrees oor-val my. — Die woede oor-stroom my.,fear over-fall 1SG.OBL   DEF.ART rage over-stream 1SG.OBL,Fear overcomes me. — Rage floods over me.,,,,,naturalistic written,Vrees oorval my. — Die woede oorstroom my.,Vrees oor-val my. — Die woede oor-stroom my.,fear over-fall 1SG.OBL DEF.ART rage over-stream 1SG.OBL,,Own knowledge,,8965, +29-136,29,My hart sidder.,My\thart\tsidder.,1SG.POSS\theart\tshudder,My heart shudders.,,This is particularly common in contexts where the speaker wants to be (melo)dramatic. This particular expression is something of a cliche.,,,naturalistic spoken,My hart sidder.,,1SG.POSS heart shudder,This is particularly common in contexts where the speaker wants to be (melo)dramatic. This particular expression is something of a cliche.,Own knowledge,,8966, +29-137,29,Ek beskyt my (van vrees).,Ek\tbe-skyt\tmy\t(van\tvrees).,1SG.NOM\tbe-shit\t1SG.OBL\t(of\tfear),I shit myself (with fear).,,"Self-evidently, this is a vulgar form, though not an uncommon one.",,,naturalistic spoken,Ek beskyt my (van vrees).,Ek be-skyt my (van vrees).,1SG.NOM be-shit 1SG.OBL (of fear),"Self-evidently, this is a vulgar form, though not an uncommon one.",Own knowledge,,8967, +29-138,29,Hulle raak hoendervleis.,Hulle\traak\thoender-vleis.,3PL.NOM\ttouch\tchicken-meat,They get goosebumps.,,"Kry is possibly more common here, i.e. hulle kry hoendervleis [3SG.PL get chicken.meat] 'they get goosebumps'.",1227[485],,naturalistic spoken,Hulle raak hoendervleis.,Hulle raak hoender-vleis.,3PL.NOM touch chicken-meat,"Kry is possibly more common here, i.e. hulle kry hoendervleis [3SG.PL get chicken.meat] 'they get goosebumps'.",,,8968, +29-139,29,Ek kry hartseer.,Ek\tkry\thart-seer.,1SG.NOM\tget\theart-sore,I am sad.,,This is an alternative to Ek is hartseer [1SG.NOM am heart-sore] 'I am sad'. Ek word hartseer [1SG.NOM become heart-sore] 'I become sad' is also a possibility.,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek kry hartseer.,Ek kry hart-seer.,1SG.NOM get heart-sore,"This is an alternative to Ek is hartseer [1SG.NOM am heart-sore] 'I am sad'. Ek word hartseer [1SG.NOM become heart-sore] 'I become sad' is also a possibility.",Own knowledge,,8969, +29-140,29,Hy het vreeslik spyt daaroor.,Hy\thet\tvreeslik\tspyt\tdaar-oor.,3SG.M.NOM\thave\tterribly\tregret\tthere-over,He is terribly sorry about it/that.,,Kry ('get') is also an option here - i.e. Hy kry vreeslik spyt daaroor.,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy het vreeslik spyt daaroor.,Hy het vreeslik spyt daar-oor.,3SG.M.NOM have terribly regret there-over,"Kry ('get') is also an option here - i.e. Hy kry vreeslik spyt daaroor.",Own knowledge,,8970, +29-141,29,Ek het groot geskrik.,Ek\thet\tgroot\tgeskrik.,1SG.NOM\tPST\tbig\tPTCP.frightened,I had a big fright.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek het groot geskrik.,,1SG.NOM PST big PTCP.frightened,,Own knowledge,,8971, +30-143,30,"Kábra Gazéla fase m' el sta ku médu. Nhu Lobu fla-l: ""Nha ka ten ki ten médu!""","Kábra\tGazéla\tfase\tm=el=sta\tku=médu.\tNhu=Lobu\tfla=l:\t""Nha=ka=ten\tki=ten\tmédu!""",goat\tGazéla\tmake\tCOMP=3SG=be\twith=fear\tmister=Lobu\ttell=3SG\t2SG.POL.F=NEG=have\tto=have\tfear,"Goat Gazéla pretended to be frightened. Mister Lobu said to her: ""You don't have to be afraid!""",,,1407[343],,naturalistic spoken,"Kábra Gazéla fase m' el sta ku médu. Nhu Lobu fla-l: ""Nha ka ten ki ten médu!""","Kábra Gazéla fase m=el=sta ku=médu. Nhu=Lobu fla=l: ""Nha=ka=ten ki=ten médu!""",goat Gazéla make COMP=3SG=be with=fear mister=Lobu tell=3SG 2SG.POL.F=NEG=have to=have fear,,,,8972,"German: Die Ziege Gazéla tat so, als ob sie Angst hätte. Herr Lobu sagte zu ihr: ""Sie müssen keine Angst haben!""" +30-144,30,"[...], rapás da médu, [...].","[...],\trapás\tda\tmédu,\t[...].",[...]\tboy\tgive\tfear\t[...],"[...], the boy became scared, [...].",,,1407[207],,naturalistic spoken,"[...], rapás da médu, [...].",,[...] boy give fear [...],,,,8973, +30-145,30,"[...] si bu ka ta xinti médu, N ta lebá-u.","[...]\tsi=bu=ka=ta=xinti\tmédu,\tN=ta=lebá=u.",[...]\tif=2SG=NEG=IPFV=feel\tfear\t1SG=IPFV=take.with=2SG,"[...] if you aren’t afraid, I’ll take you with me.",,,1407[304],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] si bu ka ta xinti médu, N ta lebá-u.","[...] si=bu=ka=ta=xinti médu, N=ta=lebá=u.",[...] if=2SG=NEG=IPFV=feel fear 1SG=IPFV=take.with=2SG,,,,8974, +30-146,30,Tenba un ómi madur ki ka ta medeba.,Ten-ba\tun=ómi\tmadur\tki=ka=ta=mede-ba.,have-ANT\tART.INDF=man\tmature\tCOMP=NEG=IPFV=fear-ANT,There was a mature man who was not afraid.,,,1407[62],,naturalistic spoken,Tenba un ómi madur ki ka ta medeba.,Ten-ba un=ómi madur ki=ka=ta=mede-ba.,have-ANT ART.INDF=man mature COMP=NEG=IPFV=fear-ANT,,,,8975,"German: Es war [einmal] ein reifer Mann, der hatte keine Angst." +30-147,30,"[...], médu labanta-m na korpu!","[...],\tmédu\tlabanta=m\tna=korpu!",[...]\tfear\trose=me\tin=body,"[...], fear rose in my soul.",,,784[s.v. médu],,naturalistic spoken,"[...], médu labanta-m na korpu!","[...], médu labanta=m na=korpu!",[...] fear rose=me in=body,,,,8976, +31-125,31,"Omi ka ta ten medu di omi, omi ta ten medu di dios.","Omi\tka\tta\tten\tmedu\tdi\tomi,\tomi\tta\tten\tmedu\tdi\tdios.",man\tNEG\tHAB\thave\tfear\tof\tman\tman\tHAB\thave\tfear\tof\tGod,"Men do not fear men, men fear God.",,This example was taken from my Santiago corpus. Its counterpart is also possible in the Brava variety although I could not find an illustrative example in my Brava corpus.,1028,,naturalistic spoken,"Omi ka ta ten medu di omi, omi ta ten medu di dios.",,man NEG HAB have fear of man man HAB have fear of God,This example was taken from my Santiago corpus. Its counterpart is also possible in the Brava variety although I could not find an illustrative example in my Brava corpus.,,,8977, +32-109,32,Es sintí med.,Es\tsintí\tmed.,3PL\tfeel\tfear,They were afraid.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,Es sintí med.,,3PL feel fear,,,,8978,Portuguese: Sentiram medo. +32-110,32,No ta k'med.,No\tta\tk\tmed.,1PL\tCOP\tCOM\tfear,We are afraid.,,Ta is a copula that refers to non-permanent states. It also functions as a locative copula.,1456,,elicited from speaker,No ta k'med.,No ta k med.,1PL COP COM fear,"Ta is a copula that refers to non-permanent states. It also functions as a locative copula.",,,8979,Portuguese: Estamos com medo. +32-111,32,Med dá na es.,Med\tdá\tna\tes.,fear\tgive\ton\t3PL,They became overcome by fear.,,,1456,,constructed by native speaker,"Med dá na es.",,fear give on 3PL,,,,8980,Portuguese: Ficaram com medo. +33-135,33,N’ medi sukuru.,N’\tmedi\tsukuru.,1SG\tfear\tdark,I’m afraid of the dark.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N’ medi sukuru.,,1SG fear dark,,Own knowledge,,8981,Portuguese: Tenho medo do escuro. +34-107,34,Mininu medi.,Mininu\tø\tmedi.,child\tPFV\tfear,The child is afraid.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mininu medi.,Mininu ø medi.,child PFV fear,,Own knowledge,,8982, +34-108,34,Mininu teŋ medi. - Mininu tené medi. - Mininu sa ku medi.,Mininu ø teŋ medi. - Mininu ø tené medi. - Mininu ø sa ku medi.,child PFV have fear   child PFV have fear   child PFV COP with fear,The child is afraid.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mininu teŋ medi. - Mininu tené medi. - Mininu sa ku medi.,Mininu ø teŋ medi. - Mininu ø tené medi. - Mininu ø sa ku medi.,child PFV have fear child PFV have fear child PFV COP with fear,,Own knowledge,,8983, +35-150,35,N ga mendu lion.,N\tga\tmendu\tlion.,1SG\tIPFV\tbe.afraid\tlion,I’m afraid of lions. OR: I'm afraid of the lion.,,,,,elicited from speaker,N ga mendu lion.,,1SG IPFV be.afraid lion,,Own data,,8984, +35-151,35,N sa ku mendu lion.,N\tsa\tku\tmendu\tlion.,1SG\tbe\twith\tfear\tlion,I'm afraid of lions. OR: I'm afraid of the lion.,,,,,elicited from speaker,N sa ku mendu lion.,,1SG be with fear lion,,Own data,,8985, +36-88,36,N thêka mendu.,N\tthêka\tmendu.,I\tPROG\tbe.afraid,I am afraid.,,,901[230],,elicited from speaker,N thêka mendu.,,I PROG be.afraid,,,,8986,French: J'ai peur. +37-111,37,N sa ki mendu.,N\tsa\tki\tmendu.,1SG\tCOP\twith\tfear,I am afraid.,,,905[48],,elicited from speaker,"N sa ki mendu.",,1SG COP with fear,,,,8987, +39-127,39,A el te med.,A\tel\tte\tmed.,DAT\t3SG\tEXIST.NPST\tfear,He is scared (lit. To him is fear).,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC.",221[181],,naturalistic spoken,A el te med.,,DAT 3SG EXIST.NPST fear,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC.",,,8988, +39-128,39,Conchita kuməso fika med.,Conchita\tkuməs-o\tfik-a\tmed.,Conchita\tbegin-PST\tbecome-INF\tfear,Conchita started getting frightened.,,,221[235],,naturalistic spoken,Conchita kuməso fika med.,Conchita kuməs-o fik-a med.,Conchita begin-PST become-INF fear,,,,8989, +39-129,39,El fiko med.,El\tfik-o\tmed.,3SG\tbecome-PST\tfear,He was scared.,,,221[326],,naturalistic spoken,El fiko med.,El fik-o med.,3SG become-PST fear,,,,8990, +40-93,40,Pay tə hika med.,Pay\ttə\thika\tmed.,father\tPRS\tbecome\tfear,The father is afraid.,,This sentence is taken from a story told by Juze Martis.,,,naturalistic spoken,Pay tə hika med.,,father PRS become fear,This sentence is taken from a story told by Juze Martis.,Unpublished story,,8991, +40-94,40,Pari sitin med.,Pari\tsitin\tmed.,me.DAT\tfeel.PROG\tfear,I am feeling afraid. OR: I am afraid.,,"The Korlai verb siti has an argument structure whereby the experiencer is coded as the object (pari 'me' in the above example), and what is being felt is coded as the subject (med 'fear' in the above example). Another example of this is pari sitin friw [me feel.PROG cold] 'I'm feeling cold' or 'I am cold'. See Example 81 and the related comments in the comment box for further discussion of this.",,,constructed by linguist,Pari sitin med.,,me.DAT feel.PROG fear,"The Korlai verb siti has an argument structure whereby the experiencer is coded as the object (pari 'me' in the above example), and what is being felt is coded as the subject (med 'fear' in the above example). Another example of this is pari sitin friw [me feel.PROG cold] 'I'm feeling cold' or 'I am cold'. See Example 81 and the related comments in the comment box for further discussion of this.",Own knowledge,,8992, +41-106,41,ʈaaya teem mee. padaa meeduley teem naa. tɔɔna taam viraa istiley kamvii,ʈaaya\tteem\tmee.\tpa-daa\tmeedu=ley\tteem\tnaa.\ttɔɔna\ttaam\tviraa\tisti=ley\tkam-vii,tire\tPRS.be\tFOC\tINF-give\tfear=like\tPRS.be\tTAG\tagain\talso\tturn\tthis=like\tCOND-come,"I HAVE tires, but [I'm] a little frightened to give [one to you], eh? If [it] gets like this [i.e. ruined] again.",,"Unfortunately, this is the one naturalistic example of the fear construction in my data, and the experiencer is not expressed overtly.",1416[5399],,naturalistic spoken,ʈaaya teem mee. padaa meeduley teem naa. tɔɔna taam viraa istiley kamvii,ʈaaya teem mee. pa-daa meedu=ley teem naa. tɔɔna taam viraa isti=ley kam-vii,tire PRS.be FOC INF-give fear=like PRS.be TAG again also turn this=like COND-come,"Unfortunately, this is the one naturalistic example of the fear construction in my data, and the experiencer is not expressed overtly.",,,8993, +41-107,41,miɲa kambraadu kacoorspa meedu teem/tefikaa,miɲa\tkambraadu\tkacoor-s-pa\tmeedu\tteem/te-fikaa,1SG.GEN\tfriend\tdog-PL-DAT\tfear\tPRS.be/PRS-become,My friend is afraid of dogs.,,,1416[4346-4346a],,elicited from speaker,miɲa kambraadu kacoorspa meedu teem/tefikaa,miɲa kambraadu kacoor-s-pa meedu teem/te-fikaa,1SG.GEN friend dog-PL-DAT fear PRS.be/PRS-become,,,,8994, +42-118,42,yo midu,yo\tmidu,1SG\tfear,I am afraid.,,,122[63],,naturalistic spoken,yo midu,,1SG fear,,,,8995, +43-77,43,[...] ile fika medu [...].,[...]\tile\tfika\tmedu\t[...].,[...]\t3SG\tbeome\tfear\t[...],[...] he became afraid [...].,,,906[70],,pedagogical grammar,[...] ile fika medu [...].,,[...] 3SG beome fear [...],,,,8996, +44-123,44,Ta myédu mótro.,Ta\tmyédu\tmótro.,IPFV\tfear\t1PL,We were afraid.,,We have past reference from the context.,,,naturalistic spoken,Ta myédu mótro.,,IPFV fear 1PL,We have past reference from the context.,Own data,,8997,Spanish: Teníamos miedo. +44-124,44,Tyéni myédo yo.,Tyéni\tmyédo\tyo.,have\tfear\t1SG,I am afraid.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Tyéni myédo yo.,,have fear 1SG,,Own data,,8998,Spanish: Tengo miedo. +45-108,45,Tiene miedo ilo con el maestra cuando regañao eli.,Tiene\tmiedo\tilo\tcon\tel\tmaestra\tcuando\tregañao\teli.,have\tfear\t3PL\tOBJ\tDEF\tteacher\twhen\tangry\t3SG,They are afraid of their teacher when she is angry.,,,426[107],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Tiene miedo ilo con el maestra cuando regañao eli.,,have fear 3PL OBJ DEF teacher when angry 3SG,,,,8999, +46-126,46,Ta-tyéne yo myédo.,Ta-tyéne\tyo\tmyédo.,IPFV-have\t1SG\tfear,I am afraid.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta-tyéne yo myédo.,,IPFV-have 1SG fear,,Own knowledge,,9000, +46-128,46,Ta-myédo kitá.,Ta-myédo\tkitá.,IPFV-fear\t1SG.INCL,We are afraid.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ta-myédo kitá.,,IPFV-fear 1SG.INCL,,Own knowledge,,9001, +47-137,47,"[...] pasobra e si, [...], no tin miedu di hiba nan dilanti wes pa motibu di difamashon.","[...]\tpasobra\te\tsi,\t[...],\tno\ttin\tmiedu\tdi\thiba\tnan\tdilanti\twes\tpa\tmotibu\tdi\tdifamashon.",[...]\tbecause\t3SG\tEMPH\t[...]\tNEG\thave\tfear\tof\tcarry\t3PL\tbefore\tjudge\tfor\treason\tof\tdefamation,[...] because he is not at all afraid to carry them before a judge on charges of defamation.,,The translation is mine.,"453[10 August 2004, p.1]",,literary or other written source,"[...] pasobra e si, [...], no tin miedu di hiba nan dilanti wes pa motibu di difamashon.",,[...] because 3SG EMPH [...] NEG have fear of carry 3PL before judge for reason of defamation,The translation is mine.,,,9002, +48-126,48,¡I tené miero nu!,¡I\ttené\tmiero\tnu!,I\thave\tfear\tnot,I am not afraid!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¡I tené miero nu!,,I have fear not,,Recorded by author,,9003,Spanish: ¡No tengo miedo! +49-207,49,"Madigra m pa pè w, se moun ou ye!","Madigra\tm\tpa\tpè\tw,\tse\tmoun\tou\tye!",Mardi.Gras\t1SG\tNEG\tfear\t2SG\tSE\tperson\t2SG\tPRO,"Mardi-Gras, I'm not afraid of you, you are a person!",,,478[73],,naturalistic spoken,"Madigra m pa pè w, se moun ou ye!",,Mardi.Gras 1SG NEG fear 2SG SE person 2SG PRO,,,,9004,"French: Mardi-Gras je n'ai pas peur de toi, tu es une personne!" +49-208,49,Li pè mache pou kont li.,Li\tpè\tmache\tpou\tkont\tli.,3SG\tfear\twalk\talone\talone\t3SG.POSS,He/She is afraid of walking alone.,,"Etymologically, pou kont li can be traced back to French pour son compte 'for his own benefit'. But due to semantic change, Haitian pou kont X means 'alone'.",,,constructed by linguist,Li pè mache pou kont li.,,3SG fear walk alone alone 3SG.POSS,"Etymologically, pou kont li can be traced back to French pour son compte 'for his own benefit'. But due to semantic change, Haitian pou kont X means 'alone'.",Own knowledge,,9005,French: Il/Elle a peur de marcher seul(e). +49-209,49,Li pè kou chat lè l tande tire a.,Li\tpè\tkou\tchat\tlè\tl\ttande\ttire\ta.,3SG\tfear\tlike\tcat\twhen\t3SG\thear\tshot\tDEF,She/He was frightened to death when she/he heard the shot.,,,1505[544],,elicited from speaker,Li pè kou chat lè l tande tire a.,,3SG fear like cat when 3SG hear shot DEF,,,,9006,French: Elle/Il a eu une peur bleue quand elle/il a entendu le coup de feu. +49-210,49,Misye gen laperèz.,Misye\tgen\tlaperèz.,3SG\thave\tfear,He is afraid.,,"The pronominal substitute Misye/Msye allows the speaker to give information about the gender, which the 3SG personal pronoun li 'he/she' does not supply.",1505[412],,naturalistic spoken,Misye gen laperèz.,,3SG have fear,"The pronominal substitute Misye/Msye allows the speaker to give information about the gender, which the 3SG personal pronoun li 'he/she' does not supply.",,,9007,French: Il a peur. +50-121,50,Lapè pran mwen.,Lapè\tpran\tmwen.,fear\ttake\t1SG,Fear overcame me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Lapè pran mwen.,,fear take 1SG,,Own fieldwork,,9008, +50-122,50,An pè.,An\tpè.,1SG\tafraid,I am afraid.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An pè.,,1SG afraid,,Own fieldwork,,9009, +51-112,51,Man pè.,Man\tpè.,1SG\tafraid,I am afraid.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man pè.,,1SG afraid,,Own fieldwork,,9010, +51-113,51,Lapè pran mwen.,Lapè\tpran\tmwen.,fear\ttake\t1SG,Fear overcame me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Lapè pran mwen.,,fear take 1SG,,Own fieldwork,,9011, +52-71,52,mo pè pasé pè fèt,mo\tpè\tpasé\tpè\tfèt,I\tfear\tCOMPAR\tfear\tmade,I was very frigthened (lit. I had more fear than (all) the fear (that has been) made).,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,mo pè pasé pè fèt,,I fear COMPAR fear made,,,,9012, +53-259,53,Mo gran-popa e mo gran-moman ye te pè blan.,Mo\tgran-popa\te\tmo\tgran-moman\tye\tte\tpè\tblan.,1SG\tgrand-father\tand\t1SG.POSS\tgrand-mother\t3PL\tPST\tfear\twhite,My grandfather and my grandmother were afraid of whites.,,,1515[374],,naturalistic spoken,Mo gran-popa e mo gran-moman ye te pè blan.,,1SG grand-father and 1SG.POSS grand-mother 3PL PST fear white,,,,9013, +53-260,53,Le Kadjen te gen poer.,Le\tKadjen\tte\tgen\tpoer.,ART.DEF.PL\tCajun\tPST\thave\tfear,The Cajuns were afraid.,,,1048[384],,naturalistic spoken,Le Kadjen te gen poer.,,ART.DEF.PL Cajun PST have fear,,,,9014, +54-142,54,Li la per.,Li\tla\tper.,3SG.FIN\thave\tfear,He/she is afraid.,,,110[62],,naturalistic spoken,Li la per.,,3SG.FIN have fear,,,,9015,French: Il/elle a peur. +54-143,54,Ou la per amoin?,Ou\tla\tper\tamwen?,2SG\thave\tfear\tOBL.1SG,Are you afraid of me?,,,110[63],,naturalistic spoken,Ou la per amoin?,Ou la per amwen?,2SG have fear OBL.1SG,,,,9016,French: Tu as peur de moi? +54-144,54,Moin lété per pour rantré.,Mwen\tlete\tper\tpour\trantre.,1SG\tCOP.PST\tfear\tfor\tgo.in,I was afraid of entering (the house).,,,110[65],,naturalistic spoken,Moin lété per pour rantré.,Mwen lete per pour rantre.,1SG COP.PST fear for go.in,,,,9017,French: J'avais peur de rentrer (dans la maison). +54-145,54,"Non, i di, moin la pa per [...].","Non,\ti\tdi,\tmwen\tla\tpa\tper\t[...].",no\tFIN\tsay\t1SG.SBJ\thave\tNEG\tfear\t[...],"No, he says, I am not afraid [...].",,This example shows that la is a verb and not the agglutinated article.,110[64],,naturalistic spoken,"Non, i di, moin la pa per [...].","Non, i di, mwen la pa per [...].",no FIN say 1SG.SBJ have NEG fear [...],"This example shows that la is a verb and not the agglutinated article.",,,9018,"French: Non, dit-il, je n'ai pas peur [...]." +55-118,55,mo per li,mo\tper\tli,1SG\tfear\t3SG,I fear him/her/it. OR: I am afraid of him/her/it.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo per li,,1SG fear 3SG,,Own knowledge,,9019, +55-119,55,mo byeṅ per,mo\tbyeṅ\tper,1SG\tvery\tafraid,I am very afraid.,,"If a speaker wished to say 'I am very afraid of her'/'I fear her a lot', per would be a verb followed by a pronoun with the intensifying adverb in final position, i.e. mo per li buku.",,,constructed by linguist,mo byeṅ per,,1SG very afraid,"If a speaker wished to say 'I am very afraid of her'/'I fear her a lot', per would be a verb followed by a pronoun with the intensifying adverb in final position, i.e. mo per li buku.",Own knowledge,,9020, +55-120,55,en lakoler praṅ mwa,en\tlakoler\tpraṅ\tmwa,INDF\tanger\ttake\tme,I am overcome with anger. OR: I become very angry. OR: Anger takes hold of me.,,"The example comes from the lyrics of a well-known song, Roséda, by Ti Frère, regarded as the most authentic performer of segas.",1480,,written (poetic),en lakoler praṅ mwa,,INDF anger take me,"The example comes from the lyrics of a well-known song, Roséda, by Ti Frère, regarded as the most authentic performer of segas.",,,9021, +56-131,56,Mon per.,Mon\tper.,1SG\tfear,I am afraid.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mon per.,,1SG fear,,Own knowledge,,9022, +56-132,56,(...) perdri (...) i ganny per.,(...) perdri (...) i ganny per.,  guinea fowl PM get fear,(...) the guinea fowls are afraid.,,,158[30],,naturalistic spoken,(...) perdri (...) i ganny per.,,guinea fowl PM get fear,,,,9023,French: les perdrix (...) elles ont peur. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 31) +57-70,57,ma per,ma\tper,1SG\tfear,I am afraid.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ma per,,1SG fear,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,9024, +57-71,57,paske tule vja ava sola tro per ke Bo:ndje va pini sola ka sola pa ule ekute sa tule per le ndi,paske\ttule\tvje\tava\tsola\ttro\tper\tke\t[...],because\tPL\told\tbefore\tthey\ttoo.much\tfear\tthat\t[...],Because all the old people before were very much afraid that [God might come to punish them when they did not listen to what the Fathers said].,,,423[243],,naturalistic spoken,paske tule vja ava sola tro per ke Bo:ndje va pini sola ka sola pa ule ekute sa tule per le ndi,paske tule vje ava sola tro per ke [...],because PL old before they too.much fear that [...],,,,9025, +58-91,58,Mono ke banga.,Mono\tke\tbanga.,me\tbe/PROG\tfear,I fear.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono ke banga.,,me be/PROG fear,,Own knowledge,,9026, +59-204,59,mbito asara ala,mbito\ta-sara\tala,fear\tPM-do\t3PL,They're afraid.,,"The verb sara 'do', adopted from some Bantu language, appears in many constructions, some of them apparently to make up for the loss of the Ngbandi word in pidginization. Although the equivalent expression in Gbaya is the same, I doubt very much that the use of 'do' in Gbaya has been borrowed. The verb gbo 'seize' can be used instead of sara 'do.'",1463,,naturalistic spoken,mbito asara ala,mbito a-sara ala,fear PM-do 3PL,"The verb sara 'do', adopted from some Bantu language, appears in many constructions, some of them apparently to make up for the loss of the Ngbandi word in pidginization. Although the equivalent expression in Gbaya is the same, I doubt very much that the use of 'do' in Gbaya has been borrowed. The verb gbo 'seize' can be used instead of sara 'do.'",,,9027, +59-205,59,mbi kwi na mbito,mbi\tkwi\tna\tmbito,1SG\tdie\tPREP\tfear,I was scared to death.,,"The verb kwi 'die' is used in several expressions for 'being overcome' by something (hunger, thirst, etc.), and PREP can be deleted: mbi kwi nzara [1SG die hunger] 'I'm starving'.",,,constructed by linguist,mbi kwi na mbito,,1SG die PREP fear,"The verb kwi 'die' is used in several expressions for 'being overcome' by something (hunger, thirst, etc.), and PREP can be deleted: mbi kwi nzara [1SG die hunger] 'I'm starving'.",Own knowledge,,9028, +59-206,59,be ti mbi ado,be\tti\tmbi\ta-do,heart\tof\t1SG\tPM-beat,My heart trembled.,,,,,constructed by linguist,be ti mbi ado,be ti mbi a-do,heart of 1SG PM-beat,,Own knowledge,,9029, +60-96,60,tobángí,to-báng-í,1PL-fear-PRS.PRF,We are afraid.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,tobángí,to-báng-í,1PL-fear-PRS.PRF,,,,9030, +61-70,61,Mina saba nje.,Mina\tsab-a\tnje.,I\tfear-V\ta.bit,I'm a bit afraid.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mina saba nje.,Mina sab-a nje.,I fear-V a.bit,,Field notes Mesthrie,,9031, +62-64,62,kigáto chikulíta tuɓugénu,ki-ga-to\tchi-ku-lita\ttu-bugenu,7-die-NMLZ\t7-COND-come\t1PL-startled,If death arrives we are afraid.,,,,,elicited from speaker,kigáto chikulíta tuɓugénu,ki-ga-to chi-ku-lita tu-bugenu,7-die-NMLZ 7-COND-come 1PL-startled,,Own field data 1993,,9032, +63-129,63,ána gi-káfu íta,ána\tgi-káfu\títa,1SG\tTAM-fear\t2SG,I am afraid of you.,,,622[74],,naturalistic spoken,ána gi-káfu íta,,1SG TAM-fear 2SG,,,,9033, +64-138,64,nas gekáfu gába,nas\tge=káfu\tgába,people\tPROG=be.afraid\tforest,People are afraid of the forest.,,,874[127],,naturalistic spoken,nas gekáfu gába,nas ge=káfu gába,people PROG=be.afraid forest,,,,9034, +64-139,64,máfi zol bikáfu min akwán to,máfi\tzol\tbi=káfu\tmin\takwán\tto,NEG.EXIST\tindividual\tIRR=be.afraid\tof\tbrother\PL\tPOSS.3SG,Nobody is afraid of his friends.,,,,,constructed by linguist,máfi zol bikáfu min akwán to,máfi zol bi=káfu min akwán to,NEG.EXIST individual IRR=be.afraid of brother\PL POSS.3SG,,Own knowledge,,9035, +65-104,65,Naʃa xuɳxuʒə ni baisa.,Naʃa\txuɳxuʒə\tni\tbaisa.,1PL\tforest.bandit\tNEG\tfear,We are not afraid of forest bandits.,,"This example is a citation in fiction; the author uses Standard Russian orthography. So he writes ne, that is always pronounced as ni (non stressed /e/ > [i]).",458[11],,citation in fiction,Naʃa xuɳxuʒə ni baisa.,,1PL forest.bandit NEG fear,"This example is a citation in fiction; the author uses Standard Russian orthography. So he writes ne, that is always pronounced as ni (non stressed /e/ > [i]).",,Наша хунхуза не боится.,9036, +65-105,65,"Baisia ja, kaneʃəna baisia, adin sidi noʧu.","Baisia\tja,\tkaneʃəna\tbaisia,\tadin\tsidi\tnoʧu.",be.afraid\t1SG\tof.course\tbe.afraid\tone\tsit\tat.night,"I was afraid, surely one would be afraid of being alone during the night.",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,1195[235],,naturalistic spoken,"Baisia ja, kaneʃəna baisia, adin sidi noʧu.",,be.afraid 1SG of.course be.afraid one sit at.night,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,,"Боися я, конешко боися, один сиди ночью.",9037, +66-80,66,Go (a)-taakut.,Go\t(a)-taakut.,1SG\t(PRS)-afraid,I am afraid.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Go (a)-taakut.,Go (a)-taakut.,1SG (PRS)-afraid,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,9038, +67-145,67,Ah saya sula takut sekali.,Ah\tsaya\tsula\ttakut\tsekali.,PCL\t1SG\tPFV\tbe.scared\tvery,"Ah, I was so scared.",,,708[344],,naturalistic spoken,Ah saya sula takut sekali.,,PCL 1SG PFV be.scared very,,,,9039, +68-83,68,Beta tako.,Beta\ttako.,1SG\tafraid,I am afraid.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Beta tako.,,1SG afraid,,Own knowledge,,9040, +70-55,70,Hamar baini darao.,Hamar\tbaini\tdarao.,1SG.POSS\tsister\tbe.afraid,My sister was afraid.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hamar baini darao.,,1SG.POSS sister be.afraid,,Siegel-field recording,,9041, +70-56,70,U-loŋ ekdam darao.,U-loŋ\tekdam\tdarao.,3-PL\tEMPH\tbe.afraid,They were really scared.,,,1402[176],,naturalistic spoken,U-loŋ ekdam darao.,,3-PL EMPH be.afraid,,,,9042, +71-119,71,Wau nui makau.,Wau\tnui\tmakau.,1SG\tvery\tafraid,I'm very afraid.,,,,,naturalistic written,Wau nui makau.,,1SG very afraid,,own data 1873,,9043, +72-99,72,Ngayiny bebi gon i not wukarra ngawawu.,Ngayiny\tbebi\tgon\ti\tnot\twukarra\tngawa-wu.,1SG.DAT\tbaby\tgo\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tscared\twater-DAT,My baby went (into the water). He's not scared of water.,,,8,03a7376dd2d7113759de5e4390fb7076,naturalistic spoken,Ngayiny bebi gon i not wukarra ngawawu.,Ngayiny bebi gon i not wukarra ngawa-wu.,1SG.DAT baby go 3SG.SBJ NEG scared water-DAT,,,,9044, +74-103,74,kwas kápa náyka,kwas\tkápa\tnáyka,fear\tat\t1SG,I’m scared.,,There is no overt verb in the sentence as 'be' is covert.,,,constructed by linguist,kwas kápa náyka,,fear at 1SG,There is no overt verb in the sentence as 'be' is covert.,Own knowledge,,9045, +75-169,75,Gushtin.,Gushti-n.,1.fear-1,I am afraid.,,The underlying forms are: ni-kushti-n. The first person prefix has merged with the stems. The consonant indicates the person inflection. The second person would be: ki-kushti-n.,522,,elicited from speaker,Gushtin.,Gushti-n.,1.fear-1,"The underlying forms are: ni-kushti-n. The first person prefix has merged with the stems. The consonant indicates the person inflection. The second person would be: ki-kushti-n. ",,,9046, +75-170,75,zheekishin,zheekishi-n,1.fear-1SG,I fear,,The underlying form (which never surfaces) is ni-shekishi-n. The first person prefix has merged with the stems. The consonant indicates the person inflection. The second person would be ki-sheekishi-n.,522,,elicited from speaker,zheekishin,zheekishi-n,1.fear-1SG,"The underlying form (which never surfaces) is ni-shekishi-n. The first person prefix has merged with the stems. The consonant indicates the person inflection. The second person would be ki-sheekishi-n.",,,9047, +1-166,1,[...] mi zote joe na hede lange da gon.,[...]\tmi\tsutu\tyu\tna\thede\tnanga\tda\tgon.,[...]\t1SG\tshoot\t2SG\tLOC\thead\twith\tDET.SG\tgun,[...] I'd shoot you in the head with the gun.,,The preposition nanga here expresses instrumental 'with'.,1527[81],,written,"[...] mi zote joe na hede lange da gon.",[...] mi sutu yu na hede nanga da gon.,[...] 1SG shoot 2SG LOC head with DET.SG gun,"The preposition nanga here expresses instrumental 'with'.",,,9048,Dutch: [...] moest ik u met de Snaphaan voor de Kop schieten. [op.cit.] +2-166,2,So wan leisi a naki mi nanga wan batra.,So\twan\tleisi\ta\tnaki\tmi\tnanga\twan\tbatra.,so\tone\ttime\t3SG\thit\t1SG\twith\ta\tbottle,So one time she hit me with a bottle.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"So wan leisi a naki mi nanga wan batra.",,so one time 3SG hit 1SG with a bottle,,"Winford data, Tape 25-a",,9049, +2-167,2,Yu kan tapu en nanga wan planga.,Yu\tkan\ttapu\ten\tnanga\twan\tplanga.,2SG\tcan\tclose\t3SG\twith\ta\tplank,You can close it with a plank.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Yu kan tapu en nanga wan planga.",,2SG can close 3SG with a plank,,"Winford data, Tape 25-a",,9050, +2-168,2,Dus dan so unu ben kon a foto nanga a bigi boto.,Dus\tdan\tso\tunu\tben\tkon\ta\tfoto\tnanga\ta\tbigi\tboto.,thus\tthen\tso\t1PL\tPST\tcome\tLOC\ttown\twith\tDET\tbig\tboat,So that’s how we came to Paramaribo on the big ship.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dus dan so unu ben kon a foto nanga a bigi boto.",,thus then so 1PL PST come LOC town with DET big boat,,"Winford data, Tape 25-a",,9051, +2-169,2,Kofi teki a nefi koti a brede.,Kofi\tteki\ta\tnefi\tkoti\ta\tbrede.,Kofi\ttake\tDET\tknife\tcut\tDET\tbread,Kofi cut the bread with a knife.,,"MOST OF THESE ‘TAKE’ VERB CHAINS SEEM TO BE CASES OF COORDINATION, INVOLVING TWO EVENTS.",1597[710],,naturalistic spoken,"Kofi teki a nefi koti a brede.",,Kofi take DET knife cut DET bread,"MOST OF THESE ‘TAKE’ VERB CHAINS SEEM TO BE CASES OF COORDINATION, INVOLVING TWO EVENTS.",,,9052, +2-170,2,"Boi, teki a tin sensi dya go bai tabaka gi mi.","Boi,\tteki\ta\ttin\tsensi\tdya\tgo\tbai\ttabaka\tgi\tmi.",boy\ttake\tDET\tten\tcent\there\tgo\tbuy\ttobacco\tfor\tme,"Boy, take this dime and go and get me some tobacco.",,THERE SEEMS TO BE A CLEAR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN the USE OF NANGA FOR INSTRUMENTS AND the USE OF TEKi. THE LATTER SEEMS TO MEAN SIMPLY ‘TAKE'.,,,elicited from speaker,"Boi, teki a tin sensi dya go bai tabaka gi mi.",,boy take DET ten cent here go buy tobacco for me,"THERE SEEMS TO BE A CLEAR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN the USE OF NANGA FOR INSTRUMENTS AND the USE OF TEKi. THE LATTER SEEMS TO MEAN SIMPLY ‘TAKE'.","Winford data, Tape 32-a",,9053, +2-171,2,"Kande a taigi yu meki yu furu a heri bari nanga watra, dan yu abi fu go teki watra drape a mofo gotro, lai a bari.","Kande\ta\ttaigi\tyu\tmeki\tyu\tfuru\ta\theri\tbari\tnanga\twatra,\tdan\tyu\tabi\tfu\tgo\tteki\twatra\tdrape\ta\tmofo\tgotro,\tlai\ta\tbari.",maybe\t3SG\ttell\t2SG\tmake\t2SG\tfill\tthe\twhole\tbarrel\twith\twater\tthen\t2SG\thave\tto\tgo\ttake\twater\tthere\tLOC\tfront\tdrainage.ditch\tfill.up\tthe\tbarrel,"Maybe she will tell you to fill the whole barrel with water, then you have to go take water from in front of the ditch and fill the barrel.",,THERE SEEMS TO BE A CLEAR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN the USE OF NANGA FOR INSTRUMENTS AND the USE OF TEKi. THE LATTER SEEMS TO MEAN SIMPLY ‘TAKE'. NOTE THE DIFFERENCE IN this example.,,,elicited from speaker,"Kande a taigi yu meki yu furu a heri bari nanga watra, dan yu abi fu go teki watra drape a mofo gotro, lai a bari.",,maybe 3SG tell 2SG make 2SG fill the whole barrel with water then 2SG have to go take water there LOC front drainage.ditch fill.up the barrel,"THERE SEEMS TO BE A CLEAR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN the USE OF NANGA FOR INSTRUMENTS AND the USE OF TEKi. THE LATTER SEEMS TO MEAN SIMPLY ‘TAKE'. NOTE THE DIFFERENCE IN this example.","Winford data, Tape 45-b",,9054, +3-82,3,A koti hɛn ku di faka.,A\tkoti\thɛn\tku\tdi\tfaka.,3SG\tcut\t3SG\twith\tDEF.SG\tknife,He cut it with the knife.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"A koti hɛn ku di faka.",,3SG cut 3SG with DEF.SG knife,,Fieldwork data,,9055, +3-83,3,Mi tei di faka koti di bɛɛɛ.,Mi\ttei\tdi\tfaka\tkoti\tdi\tbɛɛɛ.,1SG\ttake\tDEF.SG\tknife\tcut\tDEF.SG\tbread,I cut the bread with the knife.,,,1539[85],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi tei di faka koti di bɛɛɛ.",,1SG take DEF.SG knife cut DEF.SG bread,,,,9056, +4-114,4,A ondoo en goon anga how.,A\tondoo\ten\tgoon\tanga\thow.,she\tcut\ther\tfield\twith\tmachete,She cut the weeds in her field with a machete.,,,568[130],,naturalistic spoken,A ondoo en goon anga how.,,she cut her field with machete,,,,9057, +4-115,4,A teke a akisi piiti ala den udu gi a mma.,A\tteke\ta\takisi\tpiiti\tala\tden\tudu\tgi\ta\tmma.,he\ttake\tthe\taxe\tsplit\tall\tDET.PL\twood\tgive\tDET.SG\twoman,He split all the logs with the axe for the women.,,"Mma is a courtesy title (similar to Ms, Mrs) that can be used without or with a name and it is used to indicate respect (see Migge 2001).",,,elicited from speaker,"A teke a akisi piiti ala den udu gi a mma.",,he take the axe split all DET.PL wood give DET.SG woman,"Mma is a courtesy title (similar to Ms, Mrs) that can be used without or with a name and it is used to indicate respect (see Migge 2001).",Own data (Ndyuka),,9058, +4-116,4,A pikin teki a fatu lobi ne en hii sikin.,A\tpikin\tteki\ta\tfatu\tlobi\tne\ten\thii\tsikin.,DET\tchild\ttake\tDET\toil\tsmear\tLOC\ther\twhole\tbody,The child smeared/covered her whole body with oil.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"A pikin teki a fatu lobi ne en hii sikin.",,DET child take DET oil smear LOC her whole body,,Own data (Pamaka),,9059, +5-113,5,ii kot di bre:d wid di naif,ii\tkot\tdi\tbre:d\twid\tdi\tnaif,he\tcut\tthe\tbread\twith\tthe\tknife,He cut the bread with a knife. OR: He used the knife to cut the bread.,,This is open to an accidental or unintended reading.,,,constructed by linguist,"ii kot di bre:d wid di naif",,he cut the bread with the knife,This is open to an accidental or unintended reading.,Own knowledge,,9060, +5-114,5,hii tek di naif kot di bre:d,hii\ttek\tdi\tnaif\tkot\tdi\tbre:d,he\ttake\tthe\tknife\tcut\tthe\tbread,He cut the bread with a knife. OR: He used the knife to cut the bread.,,This meaning is not open to an accidental or unintended reading.,,,constructed by linguist,"hii tek di naif kot di bre:d",,he take the knife cut the bread,This meaning is not open to an accidental or unintended reading.,Own knowledge,,9061, +6-75,6,He cut de grass wid he cutlass.,He\tcut\tde\tgrass\twid\the\tcutlass.,3SG\tcut\tDET\tgrass\twith\t3SG.POSS\tcutlass,He cut the grass with his cutlass.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"He cut de grass wid he cutlass.",,3SG cut DET grass with 3SG.POSS cutlass,,Informant A.K.,,9062, +7-164,7,Kova dem wid cheini bosh.,Kova\tdem\twid\tcheini\tbosh.,cover\t3PL\twith\tyam\tbush,Cover them with yam leaves.,,,420[15],,naturalistic spoken,"Kova dem wid cheini bosh.",,cover 3PL with yam bush,,,cover dem wid chainey bush,9063, +7-165,7,Shi tek naif kuht uhm.,Shi\ttek\tnaif\tkuht\tuhm.,3SG\ttake\tknife\tcut\t3SG.OBJ,She cut it/him/her with a knife. OR: She took a knife and cut it/him/her.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Shi tek naif kuht uhm.",,3SG take knife cut 3SG.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,9064, +8-104,8,Mieri tek di naif kot di bred.,Mieri\ttek\tdi\tnaif\tkot\tdi\tbred.,Mary\ttake\tDET\tknife\tcut\tDET\tbread,Mary cut the bread with the knife.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mieri tek di naif kot di bred.",,Mary take DET knife cut DET bread,,Own knowledge,,9065, +9-132,9,Yu strayk em wid a haapun.,Yu\tstrayk\tem\twid\ta\thaapun.,you\tstrike\tthem\twih\ta\tharpoon,You strike them with a harpoon.,,,441[49],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu strayk em wid a haapun.",,you strike them wih a harpoon,,,,9066, +9-133,9,Wi kɛ maʃɛt gu ʧap wud.,Wi\tkɛ\tmaʃɛt\tgu\tʧap\twud.,1PL\tcarry\tmachete\tgo\tchop\twood,We chop wood with a machete.,,,432[42],,naturalistic spoken,"Wi kɛ maʃɛt gu ʧap wud.",,1PL carry machete go chop wood,,,,9067, +10-155,10,Ihn kot di miit wid di naif.,Ihn\tkot\tdi\tmiit\twid\tdi\tnaif.,3SG\tcut\tART.DEF\tmeat\tINS\tART.DEF\tknife,She cut the meat with the knife.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ihn kot di miit wid di naif.",,3SG cut ART.DEF meat INS ART.DEF knife,,Field notes 2008,,9068, +10-156,10,Huol wid yo fut!,Huol\twid\tyo\tfut!,hold\tINS\t2SG.POSS\tfoot,Hold on to it with your feet!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Huol wid yo fut!",,hold INS 2SG.POSS foot,,Unpublished field recordings,,9069, +11-216,11,Deh fishin wid net.,Deh\tfishin\twid\tnet.,3PL\tfish\tINS\tnet,They fish with nets.,,Note that fishin is a basic verb form. The corresponding progressive would be fishinin.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Deh fishin wid net.",,3PL fish INS net,"Note that fishin is a basic verb form. The corresponding progressive would be fishinin.",,,9070, +11-217,11,Bai migl day dem put a lang tiebl iin di hous an kova it wid a tiebl klaat.,Bai\tmigl\tday\tdem\tput\ta\tlang\ttiebl\tiin\tdi\thous\tan\tkova\tit\twid\ta\ttiebl\tklaat.,by\tmiddle\tday\t3PL\tput\tART.INDF\tlong\ttable\tin\tART.DEF\thouse\tand\tcover\t3SG\tINS\tART.INDF\ttable\tcloth,"At noon, they put up a long table in the house and covered it with a table cloth.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Bai migl day dem put a lang tiebl iin di hous an kova it wid a tiebl klaat.",,by middle day 3PL put ART.INDF long table in ART.DEF house and cover 3SG INS ART.INDF table cloth,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,9071, +11-218,11,Shi kot di miit wid wa naif.,Shi\tkot\tdi\tmiit\twid\twa\tnaif.,3SG.F\tcut\tART.DEF\tmeat\tINS\tART.INDF\tknife,She cut the meat with a knife.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Shi kot di miit wid wa naif.",,3SG.F cut ART.DEF meat INS ART.INDF knife,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,9072, +12-166,12,"They say when you done wash with the salt water, they say get some clean water and rinse him, rinse him [...].",[...]\twhen\tyou\tdone\twash\twith\tthe\tsalt\twater\t[...].,[...]\twhen\t2SG.SBJ\tCOMPL\twash\twith\tthe\tsalt\twater\t[...],[...] when you’ve washed [the conch] with salt water [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"They say when you done wash with the salt water, they say get some clean water and rinse him, rinse him [...].",[...] when you done wash with the salt water [...].,[...] when 2SG.SBJ COMPL wash with the salt water [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9073, +12-167,12,"Get the ho- every morning, we's have to wash we foot down with hot water.",[...]\twe's\thave\tto\twash\twe\tfoot\tdown\twith\thot\twater.,[...]\t1PL.SBJ.HAB\thave\tto\twash\t1PL.POSS\tfoot\tdown\twith\thot\twater,[...] we would have to wash our feet with hot water every morning.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Get the ho- every morning, we's have to wash we foot down with hot water.",[...] we's have to wash we foot down with hot water.,[...] 1PL.SBJ.HAB have to wash 1PL.POSS foot down with hot water,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9074, +13-127,13,Ee take stick kill um.,Ee\ttake\tstick\tkill\tum.,3SG.SBJ\ttake\tstick\tkill\t3.OBJ,He killed them with a stick.,,,1500[211],,naturalistic spoken,"Ee take stick kill um.",,3SG.SBJ take stick kill 3.OBJ,,,,9075, +13-128,13,E gii de sodja dem orda fa tie Paul op wid two chain.,E\tgii\tde\tsodja\tdem\torda\tfa\ttie\tPaul\top\twid\ttwo\tchain.,he\tgive\tthe\tsoldier\tPL\torder\tfor\ttie\tPaul\tup\tINS\ttwo\tchain,He gave the soldiers orders to tie Paul up with two chains. (Acts 21.33),,,357[483],,bible translation,"E gii de sodja dem orda fa tie Paul op wid two chain.",,he give the soldier PL order for tie Paul up INS two chain,,,,9076, +13-129,13,A da bactize oona wid wata.,A\tda\tbactize\toona\twid\twata.,I\tam\tbaptizing\tyou\tINS\twater,I am baptizing you with water. (Mt 3.11),,,357[8],,bible translation,"A da bactize oona wid wata.",,I am baptizing you INS water,,,,9077, +14-88,14,Bruce cut the paper with the scissors.,Bruce\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith\tthe\tscissors.,Bruce\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith\tthe\tscissors,Bruce cut the paper with the scissors.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bruce cut the paper with the scissors.",,Bruce cut the paper with the scissors,,Own knowledge,,9078, +15-95,15,i kɔt di bred wit nɛf,i\tkɔt\tdi\tbred\twit\tnɛf,3SG\tcut\tART\tbread\tINS\tknife,He/She cut the bread with a knife.,,,518,,naturalistic written,"i kɔt di bred wit nɛf",,3SG cut ART bread INS knife,,,,9079, +15-96,15,a tek nɛf kɔt di bred,a\ttek\tnɛf\tkɔt\tdi\tbred,3SG\ttake\tknife\tcut\tART\tbread,He/She cut the bread with a knife.,,,518,,naturalistic written,"a tek nɛf kɔt di bred",,3SG take knife cut ART bread,,,,9080, +16-91,16,dè tek kalabaʃ fɛʧ àm,dè\ttek\tkalabaʃ\tfɛʧ\tàm,3PL\ttake\tcalabash\tfetch\t3SG.OBJ,They fetch it with calabashes.,,This example shows serialized tek (< take) marking the instrument.,656[238],,naturalistic spoken,dè tek kalabaʃ fɛʧ àm,,3PL take calabash fetch 3SG.OBJ,"This example shows serialized tek (< take) marking the instrument.",,,9081, +17-106,17,À tek nayf ko̱t nyam.,À\ttek\tnayf\tko̱t\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tcut\tyam,I cut the yams with a knife.,,,"462[75, 142]",,naturalistic spoken,À tek nayf ko̱t nyam.,,1SG.SBJ take.INS knife cut yam,,,,9082, +17-107,17,À ko̱t nyam wìt nayf.,À\tko̱t\tnyam\twìt\tnayf.,1SG.SBJ\tcut\tyam\tINS\tknife,I cut the yams with a knife.,,,"462[75, 142]",,naturalistic spoken,"À ko̱t nyam wìt nayf.",,1SG.SBJ cut yam INS knife,,,,9083, +17-108,17,Ìm chuk mì nayf.,Ìm\tchuk\tmì\tnayf.,3SG.SBJ\tpierce\t1SG.OBJ\tknife,S/he stabbed me with a knife.,,,"462[75, 142]",,naturalistic spoken,"Ìm chuk mì nayf.",,3SG.SBJ pierce 1SG.OBJ knife,,,,9084, +18-97,18,I tek naif kot yam.,I\ttek\tnaif\tkot\tyam.,3SG.SBJ\ttake\tknife\tcut\tyam,She/He cut the yam with a knife.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"I tek naif kot yam.",,3SG.SBJ take knife cut yam,,,,9085, +18-98,18,I tchuk mi wit naif.,I\ttchuk\tmi\twit\tnaif.,3SG.SBJ\tstab\t1SG.OBJ\twith\tknife,She/He stabbed me with a knife.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"I tchuk mi wit naif.",,3SG.SBJ stab 1SG.OBJ with knife,,,,9086, +19-130,19,Dɛ̀n tek nɛf chukàn.,Dɛ̀n\ttek\tnɛf\tchuk=àn.,3PL\ttake\tknife\tpierce=3SG.OBJ,They stabbed him with a knife.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dɛ̀n tek nɛf chukàn.",Dɛ̀n tek nɛf chuk=àn.,3PL take knife pierce=3SG.OBJ,,Field data,,9087, +19-131,19,Dɛ̀n chukàn wèt nɛf.,Dɛ̀n\tchuk=àn\twèt\tnɛf.,3PL\tpierce=3SG.OBJ\twith\tknife.,They stabbed him with a knife.,,,1634[425],,elicited from speaker,"Dɛ̀n chukàn wèt nɛf.",Dɛ̀n chuk=àn wèt nɛf.,3PL pierce=3SG.OBJ with knife.,,,,9088, +19-132,19,Dɛ̀n chukàn nɛf.,Dɛ̀n\tchuk=àn\tnɛf.,3PL\tpierce=3SG.OBJ\tknife,They stabbed him with a knife.,,,1634[425],,elicited from speaker,"Dɛ̀n chukàn nɛf.",Dɛ̀n chuk=àn nɛf.,3PL pierce=3SG.OBJ knife,,,,9089, +21-92,21,He cut the charsiu with a parang.,He\tcut\tthe\tcharsiu\twith\ta\tparang.,3SG\tcut\tDET\troasted.meat\twith\tDET\ttype.of.knife,He cut the roasted meat with a knife.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"He cut the charsiu with a parang.",,3SG cut DET roasted.meat with DET type.of.knife,,Own knowledge,,9090, +22-121,22,Ol sa katim long tamiok.,Ol\tsa\tkatim\tlong\ttamiok.,3PL\tHAB\tcut\tPREP\taxe,They cut it with an ax.,,,584[Morobe F10],,naturalistic spoken,"Ol sa katim long tamiok.",,3PL HAB cut PREP axe,,,,9091, +23-114,23,i had blong yu spoelem wetem finga blong yu,i\thad\tblong\tyu\tspoelem\twetem\tfinga\tblong\tyu,AGR\thard\tPURP\t2SG\tspoil\twith\tfinger\tPOSS\t2SG,It's hard to ruin it with your fingers [alone].,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"i had blong yu spoelem wetem finga blong yu",,AGR hard PURP 2SG spoil with finger POSS 2SG,,,,9092, +23-115,23,"i gat pauda ia OK? [...] yu karem long wan smol samting, olsem bun kokonas ating i bigwan tumas","i\tgat\tpauda\tia\tOK?\t[...]\tyu\tkarem\tlong\twan\tsmol\tsamting,\tolsem\tbun\tkokonas\tating\ti\tbigwan\ttumas",AGR\thave\tpowder\tDEF\tOK\t[...]\t2SG\tbring\tINS\tINDF\tsmall\tsomething\tlike\tbone\tcoconut\tprobably\tAGR\tbig\tvery,"There's this powder [=pollen], OK? [...] you bring it [to the flower] with something small, like a coconut leaf spine is too big.",,With something small here means 'by means of/using something small'.,942,,naturalistic spoken,"i gat pauda ia OK? [...] yu karem long wan smol samting, olsem bun kokonas ating i bigwan tumas",,AGR have powder DEF OK [...] 2SG bring INS INDF small something like bone coconut probably AGR big very,"With something small here means 'by means of/using something small'.",,,9093, +24-129,24,Ar teacher yuusa behng dem letl salan lorng fe ar book.,Ar\tteacher\tyuusa\tbehng\tdem\tletl\tsalan\tlorng\tfe\tar\tbook.,DET.DEF\tteacher\tHAB\thit\tDET.DEF.PL\tlittle\tpeople\tPREP\tPREP\tDET.INDF\tbook,The teacher used to hit the children with a book.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Ar teacher yuusa behng dem letl salan lorng fe ar book.",,DET.DEF teacher HAB hit DET.DEF.PL little people PREP PREP DET.INDF book,,Own fieldwork,,9094, +25-211,25,Dat krokadail bin hitim im garrim teil. Imin andimwei im.,Dat\tkrokadail\tbin\thit-im\tim\tgarrim\tteil.\tIm=in\tand-im-wei\tim.,DEM\tcrocodile\tPST\thit-TR\t3SG\tINS\ttail\t3SG=PST\thunt-TR-away\t3SG,The crocodile hit him with his tail and chased him away.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates an instrumental expression and the position of the past tense marker.,1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,Dat krokadail bin hitim im garrim teil. Imin andimwei im.,Dat krokadail bin hit-im im garrim teil. Im=in and-im-wei im.,DEM crocodile PST hit-TR 3SG INS tail 3SG=PST hunt-TR-away 3SG,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates an instrumental expression and the position of the past tense marker.,,,9095, +25-273,25,[...] kilimbat gota stik,[...]\tkil-im-bat\tgota\tstik,[...]\thit-TR-PROG\tINS\tstick,[...] hitting him with a stick,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the instrumental function of the preposition gota.",,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] kilimbat gota stik",[...] kil-im-bat gota stik,[...] hit-TR-PROG INS stick,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the instrumental function of the preposition gota.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,9096, +26-84,26,a laɪk ʧɹaɪ wid da glugan,a\tlaɪk\tʧɹaɪ\twid\tda\tglugan,1SG\tDESID\ttry\twith\tART\tglue.gun,I want to try with the glue gun.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"a laɪk ʧɹaɪ wid da glugan",,1SG DESID try with ART glue.gun,,Own fieldwork recording,,9097, +26-85,26,wi fiʃ wid da ʧɹɔnɛʔ,wi\tfiʃ\twid\tda\tʧɹɔnɛʔ,1PL\tfish\twith\tART\tthrow.net,We fish with the (round) throwing net.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"wi fiʃ wid da ʧɹɔnɛʔ",,1PL fish with ART throw.net,,Own fieldwork recording,,9098, +27-85,27,Widi shini en stet mi ēn kambusmes?,Widi\tshini\ten\tstet\tmi\tēn\tkambus-mes?,who\tcut\tART.INDF\ttail\twith\tART.INDF\tkitchen-knife,Who cut a tail with a kitchenknife?,,,355[63],,naturalistic spoken,"Widi shini en stet mi ēn kambusmes?",Widi shini en stet mi ēn kambus-mes?,who cut ART.INDF tail with ART.INDF kitchen-knife,,,,9099, +28-118,28,da boki o mja mɛ di gutu,da\tboki\to\tmja\tmɛtɛ\tdi\tgutu,COP\tmoney\t2SG\tmake\twith\tthe\tthing,(It) is money he makes with it.,,,750[42],,naturalistic spoken,da boki o mja mɛ di gutu,da boki o mja mɛtɛ di gutu,COP money 2SG make with the thing,,,,9100, +29-143,29,Hy het die brood met 'n mes gesny.,Hy\thet\tdie\tbrood\tmet\t'n\tmes\tge-sny.,3SG.M.NOM\tPST\tthe\tloaf\twith\ta\tknife\tPTCP-cut,He cut the loaf with a knife.,,,,,naturalistic written,Hy het die brood met 'n mes gesny.,Hy het die brood met 'n mes ge-sny.,3SG.M.NOM PST the loaf with a knife PTCP-cut,,Own knowledge,,9101, +30-148,30,"Si mudjer skaldia-l ku águ kenti, purki e stába fártu di si maltrátu.","Si=mudjer\tskaldia=l\tku=águ\tkenti,\tpurki\te=stá-ba\tfártu\tdi=si=maltrátu.",POSS.3SG=woman\tscald=3SG\twith=water\thot\tbecause\t3SG=be-ANT\tfed.up\tof=POSS.3SG=ill.treatment,She scalded her husband with hot water because she was sick of his abusive treatment.,,,784[s.v. skaldia],,naturalistic spoken,"Si mudjer skaldia-l ku águ kenti, purki e stába fártu di si maltrátu.","Si=mudjer skaldia=l ku=águ kenti, purki e=stá-ba fártu di=si=maltrátu.",POSS.3SG=woman scald=3SG with=water hot because 3SG=be-ANT fed.up of=POSS.3SG=ill.treatment,,,,9102,"German: Sie verbrühte ihren Mann mit heißem Wasser, weil sie seine Misshandlungen satt hatte." +30-149,30,E da ku pó na tamboru.,E=da\tku=pó\tna=tamboru.,3SG=give\twith=stick\tin=drum,He hit the drums with the stick.,,,1407[79],,naturalistic spoken,"E da ku pó na tamboru.",E=da ku=pó na=tamboru.,3SG=give with=stick in=drum,,,,9103,German: Er schlug mit dem Stock auf die Trommel. +30-150,30,E toma nabádja e da kunpanheru na odju.,E=toma\tnabádja\te=da\tkunpanheru\tna=odju.,3SG=take\tknife\t3SG=give\tcomrade\tin=eye,He stabbed the other one's eye with the knife. OR: He took the knife and stabbed the other one's eye.,,,786,,elicited from speaker,"E toma nabádja e da kunpanheru na odju.",E=toma nabádja e=da kunpanheru na=odju.,3SG=take knife 3SG=give comrade in=eye,,,,9104,German: Er nahm das Messer und stach dem andern ins Auge. +31-126,31,El korta karni ku faka.,El\tkorta\tkarni\tku\tfaka.,she\tcut\tmeat\twith\tknife,She cut the meat with the knife.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"El korta karni ku faka.",,she cut meat with knife,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,9105, +31-127,31,El toma faka korta karni.,El\ttoma\tfaka\tkorta\tkarni.,she\ttake\tknife\tcut\tmeat,She cut the meat with the knife.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"El toma faka korta karni.",,she take knife cut meat,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,9106, +32-112,32,N kebrá es janéla k pédra.,N\tkebrá\tes\tjanéla\tk\tpédra.,1SG\tbreak\tDEM.SG\twindow\tINS\tstone,I broke this window with a stone.,,,1456,,constructed by native speaker,"N kebrá es janéla k pédra.",,1SG break DEM.SG window INS stone,,,,9107,Portuguese: Partí esta janela com uma pedra. +33-136,33,I korta karni ku faka.,I\tkorta\tkarni\tku\tfaka.,3SG\tcut.PST\tmeat\twith\tknife,He cut the meat with a knife.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I korta karni ku faka.",,3SG cut.PST meat with knife,,Own knowledge,,9108,Portuguese: Cortou a carne com uma faca. +34-109,34,I kortá karna ku faka.,I\tø\tkortá\tkarna\tku\tfaka.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tcut\tmeat\twith\tknife,She/he cut the meat with a knife.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I kortá karna ku faka.","I ø kortá karna ku faka.",3SG.SBJ PFV cut meat with knife,,Own knowledge,,9109, +34-193,34,I pañá faka i kortá karna.,I\tpañá\tfaka\ti\tkortá\tkarna.,3SG\ttake\tknife\t3SG\tcut\tmeat.,He cut the meat with a knife. OR: He took a knife and cut the meat.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I pañá faka i kortá karna.",,3SG take knife 3SG cut meat.,,Own knowledge,,9110, +35-152,35,Zon toma faka va mpon.,Zon\ttoma\tfaka\tva\tmpon.,Zon\ttake\tknife\tslice\tbread,Zon sliced the bread with a knife OR: Zon took the knife and sliced the bread.,,,589[45],,elicited from speaker,"Zon toma faka va mpon.",,Zon take knife slice bread,,,,9111, +35-153,35,Zon va mpon ku faka.,Zon\tva\tmpon\tku\tfaka.,Zon\tslice\tbread\twith\tknife,Zon sliced the bread with a knife.,,,589[45],,elicited from speaker,"Zon va mpon ku faka.",,Zon slice bread with knife,,,,9112, +36-89,36,N kota situ ki faka.,N\tkota\tsitu\tki\tfaka.,1SG\tcut\tmeat\twith\tknife,I cut the meat with a knife.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"N kota situ ki faka.",,1SG cut meat with knife,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,9113, +36-90,36,N tambu faka kota situ ku ê.,N\ttambu\tfaka\tkota\tsitu\tku\tê.,1SG\ttake\tknife\tcut\tmeat\twith\tit,I cut the meat with a knife. OR: I took a knife and cut the bread.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"N tambu faka kota situ ku ê.",,1SG take knife cut meat with it,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,9114, +37-112,37,Ê kota inha ki masadu.,Ê\tkota\tinha\tki\tmasadu.,3SG\tcut\tfirewood\twith\taxe,He cut the firewood with an axe.,,,905[116],,elicited from speaker,"Ê kota inha ki masadu.",,3SG cut firewood with axe,,,,9115, +37-113,37,Ê tan masadu va inha.,Ê\ttan\tmasadu\tva\tinha.,3SG\ttake\taxe\tcut\tfirewood,She cut the firewood with an axe. OR: She took an axe and cut the firewood.,,,905[116],,elicited from speaker,"Ê tan masadu va inha.",,3SG take axe cut firewood,,,,9116, +38-128,38,Zee xa pota pisyi ku wan faxa xotá.,Zee\txa\tpota\tpisyi\tku\twan\tfaxa\txotá.,Joseph\tHAB\tcut\tfish\twith\tART\tknive\tsharp,Joseph fillets the fish with a sharp knive.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Zee xa pota pisyi ku wan faxa xotá.",,Joseph HAB cut fish with ART knive sharp,,Own fieldwork 1990,,9117, +38-129,38,Mala xoze wa bluz ku guya.,Mala\txoze\twan\tbluza\tku\tguya.,Mary\tsow\tART\tshirt\twith\tneedle,Mary sows a shirt with a needle.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mala xoze wa bluz ku guya.",Mala xoze wan bluza ku guya.,Mary sow ART shirt with needle,,Own fieldwork 1990,,9118, +40-95,40,Pɛ dal!,Pɛ\tdal!,foot\thit,Kick it with your foot!,,"In this expression, the instrument is unmarked.",265[161],,naturalistic spoken,"Pɛ dal!",,foot hit,"In this expression, the instrument is unmarked.",,,9119, +40-96,40,Mi rhos bhuro ku lam.,Mi\trhos\tbhuro\tku\tlam.,my\tface\tget.dirty.PST\twith\tmud,I got mud on my face.,,,265[161],,constructed by linguist,"Mi rhos bhuro ku lam.",,my face get.dirty.PST with mud,,,,9120, +41-108,41,isti luumis vɔɔnda fuulas vɔɔnda [...] tambom faya lotem,isti\tluumi-s\tvɔɔnda\tfuula-s\tvɔɔnda\t[...]\ttambom\tfaya\tlo-tem,this\tlight-PL\tby\tflower-PL\tby\t[...]\twell\tdo\tFUT-PRF,[They] will have made this [the bridal seat] nice with lights and flowers. OR: It will be made nice with lights and flowers.,,Also illustrates the use of the future as habitual-generic.,1416[3531],,naturalistic spoken,"isti luumis vɔɔnda fuulas vɔɔnda [...] tambom faya lotem",isti luumi-s vɔɔnda fuula-s vɔɔnda [...] tambom faya lo-tem,this light-PL by flower-PL by [...] well do FUT-PRF,Also illustrates the use of the future as habitual-generic.,,,9121, +41-109,41,anjɔɔla vɔɔnda taam peesi ki(ta)pegaa,anjɔɔla\tvɔɔnda\ttaam\tpeesi\tki-(ta-)pegaa,fishhook\tby\talso\tfish\tNMLZ-(PRS)-catch,Fish are caught also with fishhooks.,,,1416[3963],,naturalistic spoken,"anjɔɔla vɔɔnda taam peesi ki(ta)pegaa",anjɔɔla vɔɔnda taam peesi ki-(ta-)pegaa,fishhook by also fish NMLZ-(PRS)-catch,,,,9122, +41-110,41,eli martel vɔɔnda prɛɛv jadaay,eli\tmartel\tvɔɔnda\tprɛɛv\tjaa-daay,3SG.M\thammer\tINS\tnail\tPST-hit,He hit the nail with a hammer.,,,1416[1594],,elicited from speaker,"eli martel vɔɔnda prɛɛv jadaay","eli martel vɔɔnda prɛɛv jaa-daay",3SG.M hammer INS nail PST-hit,,,,9123, +41-111,41,miɲa paay uzaansa pensel vɔɔnda kiiskruuva,miɲa\tpaay\tuzaansa\tpensel\tvɔɔnda\tki-iskruuva,1SG.POSS\tfather\tcustom\tpencil\tby\tHAB-write,My father usually writes with a pencil.,,,1416[3589],,elicited from speaker,"miɲa paay uzaansa pensel vɔɔnda kiiskruuva",miɲa paay uzaansa pensel vɔɔnda ki-iskruuva,1SG.POSS father custom pencil by HAB-write,,,,9124, +42-119,42,eli ja kotrá aké kandri ku faka,eli\tja\tkotrá\také\tkandri\tku\tfaka,3SG\tPFV\tcut\tthat\tmeat\twith\tknife,He/she cut the meat with a knife.,,This is the normal way of expressing this meaning.,122[162],,elicited from speaker,"eli ja kotrá aké kandri ku faka",,3SG PFV cut that meat with knife,This is the normal way of expressing this meaning.,,,9125, +42-120,42,eli ja tomá faka kotra kandri,eli\tja\ttomá\tfaka\tkotra\tkandri,3SG\tPFV\ttake\tknife\tcut\tmeat,He/she cut the meat with a knife.,,,122[212],,elicited from speaker,"eli ja tomá faka kotra kandri",,3SG PFV take knife cut meat,,,,9126, +43-78,43,Ile bringka kung katana [...].,Ile\tbringka\tkung\tkatana\t[...].,he\tplay\twith\tshort.sabre\t[...],He played with a short sabre [...].,,,906[86],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile bringka kung katana [...].",,he play with short.sabre [...],,,,9127, +43-79,43,[...] tapi aka korda bambu miste rusa djantong figu.,[...]\ttapi\taka\tkorda\tbambu\tmiste\trusa\tdjantong\tfigu.,[...]\tbut\tDEM\tstring\tbamboo\tmust\trub\tblossom\tbanana,[…] but the strings must be rubbed [with] banana blossoms.,,,906[87],,naturalistic written,"[...] tapi aka korda bambu miste rusa djantong figu.",,[...] but DEM string bamboo must rub blossom banana,,,,9128, +43-80,43,"Iste tudu susdi ku gasta gobernemen, […].","Iste tudu susdi ku gasta gobernemen, [...].",DEM all happen with cost gevernment  ,"This all happens at the expenses of the government, […].",,,906[87],,naturalistic written,"Iste tudu susdi ku gasta gobernemen, […].",,DEM all happen with cost gevernment,,,,9129, +44-125,44,Ya kortá éle kel pan kun kuʧilyo.,Ya\tkortá\téle\tkel\tpan\tkun\tkuʧilyo.,PFV\tcut\t3SG\tDEF\tbread\twith\tknife,(S)he cut the bread with a knife.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ya kortá éle kel pan kun kuʧilyo.",,PFV cut 3SG DEF bread with knife,,Own data,,9130,Spanish: Cortó el pan con un cuchillo. +45-109,45,Ta cumi el mujer con tenedor.,Ta\tcumi\tel\tmujer\tcon\ttenedor.,IPFV\teat\tDEF\twoman\twith\tfork,The woman eats with a fork.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Ta cumi el mujer con tenedor.",,IPFV eat DEF woman with fork,,Own data,,9131, +47-138,47,Ela tapa su boka ku su man.,El\ta\ttapa\tsu\tboka\tku\tsu\tman.,3SG\tPFV\tcover\tPOSS\tmouth\twith\tPOSS\thand,He covered his mouth with his hand.,,The original source is Lauffer (1969: 11).,1529[189],,literary or other written source,"Ela tapa su boka ku su man.",El a tapa su boka ku su man.,3SG PFV cover POSS mouth with POSS hand,The original source is Lauffer (1969: 11).,,,9132, +48-127,48,Raúl a kottá kanne ri puekko ku machete ri un solo ngoppe.,Raúl\ta\tkottá\tkanne\tri\tpuekko\tku\tmachete\tri\tun\tsolo\tngoppe.,Raúl\tPST\tcut\tmeat\tof\tpork\twith\tmachete\tof\tone\tsole\tblow,Raul cut the pork (meat) with a single blow of the machete.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Raúl a kottá kanne ri puekko ku machete ri un solo ngoppe.",,Raúl PST cut meat of pork with machete of one sole blow,,Recorded by author,,9133,Spanish: Raúl cortó la carne de puerco con el machete de un solo golpe. +49-211,49,M koupe vyann nan ak on kouto ki pa file.,M\tkoupe\tvyann\tnan\tak\ton\tkouto\tki\tpa\tfile.,1SG\tcut\tmeat\tDEF\twith\tINDF\tknife\tREL\tNEG\tsharpen,I cut the meat with an unsharpened knife.,,,371[55],,naturalistic spoken,M koupe vyann nan ak on kouto ki pa file.,,1SG cut meat DEF with INDF knife REL NEG sharpen,,,,9134,French: J'ai coupé la viande avec un couteau pas aiguisé. +50-123,50,An koupé pen-la épi on kouto.,An\tkoupé\tpen-la\tépi\ton\tkouto.,1SG\tcut\tbread-DEF\tINS\tINDF\tknife,I cut the bread with a knife.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"An koupé pen-la épi on kouto.",,1SG cut bread-DEF INS INDF knife,,Own fieldwork,,9135, +50-124,50,I pwan hach a-y koupé bwa.,I\tpwan\thach\ta-y\tkoupé\tbwa.,3SG\ttake\taxe\t3SG.POSS\tcut\twood,He cut the wood with the axe.,,"The possessive pronoun, which is postposed to the noun, is formed by the linker a plus the corresponding object pronoun.",850[248],,elicited from speaker,I pwan hach a-y koupé bwa.,,3SG take axe 3SG.POSS cut wood,"The possessive pronoun, which is postposed to the noun, is formed by the linker a plus the corresponding object pronoun.",,,9136,French: Il/elle a coupé le bois avec sa hache. +51-114,51,Man koupé pen-an épi an kouto.,Man\tkoupé\tpen-an\tépi\tan\tkouto.,1SG\tcut\tbread-DEF\tINS\tINDF\tknife,I cut the bread with a knife.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Man koupé pen-an épi an kouto.",,1SG cut bread-DEF INS INDF knife,,Own fieldwork,,9137, +52-72,52,yé té ka koupé vyann ké 'n tibwa,yé\tté\tka\tkoupé\tvyann\tké\t'n\ttibwa,they\tPST\tHAB\tcut\tmeat\twith\ta\tsmall.wood,They used to cut meat with a wooden stick.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"yé té ka koupé vyann ké 'n tibwa",,they PST HAB cut meat with a small.wood,,Own knowledge,,9138, +52-73,52,yé té ka pran tibwa koupé vyann,yé\tté\tka\tpran\ttibwa\tkoupé\tvyann,they\tPST\tHAB\ttake\tstick\tcut\tmeat,They used to cut meat with a stick. OR: They used to take a stick and cut meat with it.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"yé té ka pran tibwa koupé vyann",,they PST HAB take stick cut meat,,Own knowledge,,9139, +53-261,53,Li limen lakòl ave enn limet.,Li\tlimen\tlakòl\tave\tenn\tlimet.,3SG\tlight\talcohol\twith\tART.INDF\tmatch,He lit the alcohol with a match.,,,1515[55],,naturalistic spoken,"Li limen lakòl ave enn limet.",,3SG light alcohol with ART.INDF match,,,,9140, +53-262,53,Kekenn koupe l ave en kouto.,Kekenn\tkoupe\tl\tave\ten\tkouto.,someone\tcut\t3SG\twith\tINDF.ART\tknife,Someone cut him with a knife.,,,722[221],,naturalistic spoken,"Kekenn koupe l ave en kouto.",,someone cut 3SG with INDF.ART knife,,,,9141, +54-146,54,[...] pou rékòlté i fouy àvèk là gràt.,[...]\tpour\trekolte\ti\tfouy\tavek\tla\tgrat.,[...]\tfor\tharvest\tFIN\tdig\twith\tDEF\thoe,[...] to harvest (the sweet potatoes) you dig with a hoe.,,,214[645N],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] pou rékòlté i fouy àvèk là gràt.",[...] pour rekolte i fouy avek la grat.,[...] for harvest FIN dig with DEF hoe,,,,9142,French: [...] pour récolter (les patates) on fouille avec la houe. +55-121,55,li kup dipeṅ avek/ek en kuto,li\tkup\tdipeṅ\tavek/ek\ten\tkuto,3SG\tcut\tbread\twith\tINDF.ART\tknife,S/he cuts the bread with a knife.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"li kup dipeṅ avek/ek en kuto",,3SG cut bread with INDF.ART knife,,Own knowledge,,9143, +55-122,55,e ki fer avek bagas?,e\tki\tfer\tavek\tbagas?,and\twhat\tdo\twith\tbagasse,And what is done with the remains of sugar-cane?,,,760[198],,naturalistic spoken,"e ki fer avek bagas?",,and what do with bagasse,,,,9144, +56-133,56,Ou kas li ek ti laas.,Ou\tkas\tli\tek\tti\tlaas.,2SG\tchop\tit\tINS\tlittle\taxe,You chop it with a little axe.,,,158[106],,naturalistic spoken,"Ou kas li ek ti laas.",,2SG chop it INS little axe,,,,9145,French: Vous les cassez avec une petite hache. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 107) +56-134,56,Apre ou pran goni ou toufe.,Apre\tou\tpran\tgoni\tou\ttoufe.,then\t2SG\ttake\tjute.bag\t2SG\tchoke,Then you choke [the fish] with the jute bag. OR: Then you take the jute bag and choke [the fish].,,,158[222],,naturalistic spoken,"Apre ou pran goni ou toufe.",,then 2SG take jute.bag 2SG choke,,,,9146,"French: Après, vous prenez des sacs en toile de jute et vous étouffez [le poisson]. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 223)" +57-72,57,la kupe ndipa ave kuto,la\tkupe\tndipa\tave\tkuto,3SG\tcut\tbread\tINS\tknife,She cuts the bread with a knife.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"la kupe ndipa ave kuto",,3SG cut bread INS knife,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,9147, +59-207,59,ala ke (yeke) faa susu na gbanda,ala\tke\t(yeke)\tfaa\tsusu\tna\tgbanda,3PL\tCOP\t(HAB)\tkill\tfish\tINS\tnet,They (habitually) fish with nets.,,,1320[96],,naturalistic spoken,"ala ke (yeke) faa susu na gbanda",,3PL COP (HAB) kill fish INS net,,,,9148, +59-208,59,mo kpaka tere ti mbi na ni,mo\tkpaka\ttere\tti\tmbi\tna\tni,2SG\tscratch\tbody\tof\t1SG\tINS\t3SG,Scratch my back with it.,,,1320[96],,naturalistic spoken,"mo kpaka tere ti mbi na ni",,2SG scratch body of 1SG INS 3SG,,,,9149, +60-97,60,nakátákí lípa na mbelí,na-kát-ákí\tlípa\tna\tmbelí,1SG-cut-PST\tbread\twith\tknife,I cut the bread with a knife.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"nakátákí lípa na mbelí",na-kát-ákí lípa na mbelí,1SG-cut-PST bread with knife,,Own knowledge,,9150, +61-71,61,Yena sigile lo nyama ga lo mes.,Yena\tsig-ile\tlo\tnyama\tga\tlo\tmes.,he\tcut-PST\tDEF.ART\tmeat\tINS\tDEF.ART\tknife,He cut the meat with a knife.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Yena sigile lo nyama ga lo mes.",Yena sig-ile lo nyama ga lo mes.,he cut-PST DEF.ART meat INS DEF.ART knife,,Field notes Mesthrie,,9151, +62-65,62,mwagirú Mzimé édáha na masáme makái,mwagiru\tm-zime\té-daha\tna\tmasame\tma-kai,elder\t1-old\t3SG-walk\twith\tlegs\t6-three,The old man walks with three legs.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"mwagirú Mzimé édáha na masáme makái",mwagiru m-zime é-daha na masame ma-kai,elder 1-old 3SG-walk with legs 6-three,,Own field data 1993,,9152, +63-130,63,úwo gi-gáta mukáti ma sekín,úwo\tgi-gáta\tmukáti\tma\tsekín,3SG\tPROG-cut\tbread\twith\tknife,He is cutting the bread with a knife.,,,622[36],,constructed by linguist,"úwo gi-gáta mukáti ma sekín",,3SG PROG-cut bread with knife,,,,9153, +63-131,63,ána dúgu nyerekú ma lasáya,ána\tdúgu\tnyerekú\tma\tlasáya,1SG\thit\tchild\twith\tstick,I hit the child with a stick.,,,622[36],,naturalistic spoken,"ána dúgu nyerekú ma lasáya",,1SG hit child with stick,,,,9154, +64-140,64,ána dugú be kásaba,ána\tdugú\tbe\tkásaba,1SG\tbeat.PASS\tby\twood,I was beaten with a stick.,,,874[124],,naturalistic spoken,"ána dugú be kásaba",,1SG beat.PASS by wood,,,,9155, +64-141,64,aswí de bijurú ma páip,aswí\tde\tbi=jurú\tma\tpáip,aswí\tDEM.PROX\tIRR=pull\tby\tpipe,Aswí is smoked with a pipe.,,,874[125],,naturalistic spoken,"aswí de bijurú ma páip","aswí de bi=jurú ma páip",aswí DEM.PROX IRR=pull by pipe,,,,9156, +64-142,64,ána wósulu be tayára,ána\twósulu\tbe\ttayára,1SG\tarrive\tby\tairplane,I arrived by plane.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ána wósulu be tayára",,1SG arrive by airplane,,Own knowledge,,9157, +65-106,65,"Nada kuʃaj malen'li riumka, nimnoʃka nalej.","Nada\tkuʃaj\tmalen'li\triumka,\tnimnoʃka\tnalej.",must\teat\tsmall\tglass\ta.little\tpour,"One should take it with a small glass of wine, just a little bit.",,"This was said about a medicine made of ginseng. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[267],,naturalistic spoken,"Nada kuʃaj malen'li riumka, nimnoʃka nalej.",,must eat small glass a.little pour,"This was said about a medicine made of ginseng. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,"нада кушай маленька рюмка, нимношка налей.",9158, +65-107,65,Nada lipaxoza katera ʧo vazila.,Nada\tlipaxoza\tkatera\tʧo\tvazi-la.,must\tlogging.enterprise\tboat\tsomething\tcarry-PFV,I had to carry something to the logging enterprise by cutter boat.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[274],,naturalistic spoken,Nada lipaxoza katera ʧo vazila.,Nada lipaxoza katera ʧo vazi-la.,must logging.enterprise boat something carry-PFV,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,Нада липахоза катер чё вазила.,9159, +65-108,65,Parka-m zakrywaj.,Parka-m\tzakrywaj.,stick-INS\tclose,[I] close it (the door) with a stick.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Parka-m zakrywaj.",,stick-INS close,,Personal data,,9160, +66-81,66,Dia dagingyang pisoatturing epotong.,Dia\tdaging-yang\tpiso-attu-ring\te-potong.,3SG\tmeat-ACC\tknife-INDF-INS\tPST-cut,She cut the meat with a knife.,,This example is in the Kirinda dialect.,,,elicited from speaker,"Dia dagingyang pisoatturing epotong.",Dia daging-yang piso-attu-ring e-potong.,3SG meat-ACC knife-INDF-INS PST-cut,This example is in the Kirinda dialect.,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,9161, +67-146,67,Sekarang banyak orang cerita sama Orang Puteh.,Sekarang\tbanyak\torang\tcerita\tsama\tOrang\tPuteh.,now\tmany\tpeople\tspeak\tINS\tpeople\twhite,"Now, many people talk [to each other] in English.",,,708[85],,naturalistic spoken,"Sekarang banyak orang cerita sama Orang Puteh.",,now many people speak INS people white,,,,9162, +67-147,67,Ini orang tua ah dia pakai ayer sabon pergi cuci ini tangga.,Ini\torang\ttua\tah\tdia\tpakai\tayer\tsabon\tpergi\tcuci\tini\ttangga.,DEM\tpeople\told\tTOP\t3SG\tuse\twater\tsoap\tgo\tclean\tDEM\tstaircase,"This old man, he cleaned the staircaise with soap water. OR: This old man, he used soap water to clean the staircase.",,,708[453],,naturalistic spoken,"Ini orang tua ah dia pakai ayer sabon pergi cuci ini tangga.",,DEM people old TOP 3SG use water soap go clean DEM staircase,,,,9163, +68-84,68,Dia mo tando beta deng dia pung naniri.,Dia\tmo\ttando\tbeta\tdeng\tdia\tpung\tnaniri.,3SG\tFUT\tgore\t1SG\twith\t3SG\tPOSS\ttusk,It (a wild boar) wants to gore me with its tusk.,,,1528[183],,naturalistic spoken,"Dia mo tando beta deng dia pung naniri.",,3SG FUT gore 1SG with 3SG POSS tusk,,,,9164, +70-57,70,Ek gor se dabao.,Ek\tgor\tse\tdabao.,one\tfoot\tINS\thold.down,[He] holds it down with one foot.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ek gor se dabao.",,one foot INS hold.down,,Siegel-field recording,,9165, +71-120,71,Akahi hamale wau inaha pauloa puniu.,Akahi\thamale\twau\tinaha\tpauloa\tpuniu.,INDF\thammer\t1SG\tbreak\tall\tskull,With a hammer I smash every skull. OR: My hammer smashes every skull.,,This sentence is ambiguous on account of the pronominal possessive construction.,,,naturalistic written,"Akahi hamale wau inaha pauloa puniu.",,INDF hammer 1SG break all skull,This sentence is ambiguous on account of the pronominal possessive construction.,own data 1873,,9166, +71-121,71,"Kipau hana eha wau, me ka pu hana eha iaia wau.","Kipau\thana\teha\twau,\tme\tka\tpu\thana\teha\tiaia\twau.",Kipau\tmake\thurt\t1SG\tINS\tDEF\tgun\tmake\thurt\t3SG\t1SG,"Kipau injured me, with his gun he injured me.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Kipau hana eha wau, me ka pu hana eha iaia wau.",,Kipau make hurt 1SG INS DEF gun make hurt 3SG 1SG,,Own data 1885,,9167, +71-122,71,Aole laau wau hahau iaia.,Aole\tlaau\twau\thahau\tiaia.,NEG\tstick\t1SG\tstrike\t3SG,I didn't strike him with a stick. OR: It wasn't a stick with which I struck him.,,"The first translation more likely represents the sense because the narrative up to this point does not mention that the speaker struck his attacker, whereas it was his attacker who hit him. So it is more probable that the speaker is here denying any allegation that he hit his attacker. In both cases, laau designates an instrument used in an act of hitting.",,,naturalistic written,"Aole laau wau hahau iaia.",,NEG stick 1SG strike 3SG,"The first translation more likely represents the sense because the narrative up to this point does not mention that the speaker struck his attacker, whereas it was his attacker who hit him. So it is more probable that the speaker is here denying any allegation that he hit his attacker. In both cases, laau designates an instrument used in an act of hitting.",Own data 1885,,9168, +72-100,72,Marlukama dei bin kilim pangkily kurrupartuyawung.,Marluka-ma\tdei\tbin\tkil-im\tpangkily\tkurrupartu-yawung.,old.man-DISC\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\thit-TR\thit.head\tboomerang-PROP,"The old man, they hit on the head with a boomerang.",,The instrument is marked by a proprietive marker in this example.,920[390],,peer elicitation,Marlukama dei bin kilim pangkily kurrupartuyawung.,Marluka-ma dei bin kil-im pangkily kurrupartu-yawung.,old.man-DISC 3PL.SBJ PST hit-TR hit.head boomerang-PROP,The instrument is marked by a proprietive marker in this example.,,,9169, +72-101,72,Deim kilim wan marluka gat kurrupartu.,Dei-m\tkil-im\twan\tmarluka\tgat\tkurrupartu.,3PL.SBJ-PRS\thit-TR\tone\told.man\tPROP\tboomerang,They hit one old man with a boomerang.,,The instrument is indicated by a preposition in this example.,920[390],,peer elicitation,Deim kilim wan marluka gat kurrupartu.,Dei-m kil-im wan marluka gat kurrupartu.,3PL.SBJ-PRS hit-TR one old.man PROP boomerang,The instrument is indicated by a preposition in this example.,,,9170, +73-72,73,inki kuchillundi kortakangi panda?,inki\tkuchillu-n-di\tkorta-ka-ngi\tpan-da,what\tknife-INS-EMPH\tcut-PST-2SG\tbread-ACC,With what knife did you cut the bread?,,,1033[63],,elicited from speaker,"inki kuchillundi kortakangi panda?",inki kuchillu-n-di korta-ka-ngi pan-da,what knife-INS-EMPH cut-PST-2SG bread-ACC,,,,9171, +74-105,74,náyka mámuk sáplil kápa uláli,náyka\tmámuk\tsáplil\tkápa\tuláli,1SG\tmake\tbread\tPREP\tberries,I make bread using berries.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"náyka mámuk sáplil kápa uláli",,1SG make bread PREP berries,,Own knowledge,,9172, +75-171,75,La vyaan kiimanisham avek li kwato.,La\tvyaan\tkii-manish-am\tavek\tli\tkwato.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tmeat\tPST-cut.INAN-3.OBJ.INAN\twith\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tknife,She cut the meat with a knife.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,"La vyaan kiimanisham avek li kwato.","La vyaan kii-manish-am avek li kwato.",DEF.ART.F.SG meat PST-cut.INAN-3.OBJ.INAN with DEF.ART.M.SG knife,,,,9173, +75-172,75,Aen kuto kiiapahchitaaw chikishkishak la vyaand.,Aen\tkuto\tkii-apahchit-aaw\tchi-kishkish-ak\tla\tvyaand.,INDF.ART.M.SG\tknife\tPST-use.INAN-3.OBJ\tFUT.COMP-cut-1SG\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tmeat,I used a knife to cut the meat. OR: I cut the meat with a knife.,,The speaker was asked to translate 'I cut the meat with a knife' into Michif.,522,,elicited from speaker,Aen kuto kiiapahchitaaw chikishkishak la vyaand.,Aen kuto kii-apahchit-aaw chi-kishkish-ak la vyaand.,INDF.ART.M.SG knife PST-use.INAN-3.OBJ FUT.COMP-cut-1SG DEF.ART.F.SG meat,The speaker was asked to translate 'I cut the meat with a knife' into Michif.,,,9174, +75-173,75,Maamaa kiiaapachiheew lii rosh eeshikwatahahk lii takwahiminaana.,Maamaa\tkii-aapachih-eew\tlii\trosh\tee-shikwatah-ahk\tlii\ttakwahiminaan-a.,mother\tPST-use.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tART.PL\tstone\tCOMP-crush.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tART.PL\tchokecherry-PL,My mother used stones to make beaten choke-cherries. OR: My mother crushed choke-cherries with stones.,,"The word for 'mother' could be from French or Cree. Exceptionally, no possessive marker is indicated.",789[37],,naturalistic written,"Maamaa kiiaapachiheew lii rosh eeshikwatahahk lii takwahiminaana.",Maamaa kii-aapachih-eew lii rosh ee-shikwatah-ahk lii takwahiminaan-a.,mother PST-use.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ ART.PL stone COMP-crush.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ ART.PL chokecherry-PL,"The word for 'mother' could be from French or Cree. Exceptionally, no possessive marker is indicated.",,,9175, +75-174,75,Kiiaashtaweham li feu avek dilo.,Kii-aashtaweh-am\tli\tfeu\tavek\tdilo.,PST-extinguish.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tfire\twith\twater,She extinguished the fire with water.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,"Kiiaashtaweham li feu avek dilo.",Kii-aashtaweh-am li feu avek dilo.,PST-extinguish.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ DEF.ART.M.SG fire with water,,,,9176, +75-175,75,Shakishkaham la port kii uhchi.,Shakishk-ah-am\tla\tport\tkii\tuhchi.,close-WITH.INS-3.SBJ.3INAN.OBJ\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tdoor\tkey\tfrom,He closed the door with a key.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,"Shakishkaham la port kii uhchi.",Shakishk-ah-am la port kii uhchi.,close-WITH.INS-3.SBJ.3INAN.OBJ DEF.ART.F.SG door key from,,,,9177, +76-55,76,ak'lūña mē'kfast kiñma,ak'lūña\tmē'kfast\tkiñma,rope\ttie\tdog,Tie the dog with a rope.,,Note that this is the only example with a verb-object order.,1442[223],,reconstructed by documentalist,"ak'lūña mē'kfast kiñma",,rope tie dog,Note that this is the only example with a verb-object order.,,,9178, +76-56,76,nuna sinani kamotik elekta awoña,nuna\tsinani\tkamotik\telekta\tawoña,land\talongside\tsled\tgo\tI,I travelled by sled along the coast.,,Non-emphatic pronominal subjects occur sentence-finally.,1442[230],,reconstructed by documentalist,nuna sinani kamotik elekta awoña,,land alongside sled go I,Non-emphatic pronominal subjects occur sentence-finally.,,,9179, +1-167,1,Kon nanga mie.,Kon\tnanga\tmi.,come\twith\t1SG,Come with me.,,"The preposition nanga here expresses comitative, ‘(together) with'.",1576[75],,written,"Kon nanga mie.",Kon nanga mi.,come with 1SG,"The preposition nanga here expresses comitative, ‘(together) with'.",,,9180,Dutch: Komt met my. [op.cit.] +1-168,1,Kaba a kommoppo na bergi nanga dem.,Kaba\ta\tkomopo\tna\tbergi\tnanga\tden.,and\t3SG.SBJ\tcome.from\tLOC\tmountain\twith\t3PL,And he came down from the mountain with them.,,"The preposition nanga here expresses comitative, ‘(together) with'.",1355[57],,written,"Kaba a kommoppo na bergi nanga dem.",Kaba a komopo na bergi nanga den.,and 3SG.SBJ come.from LOC mountain with 3PL,"The preposition nanga here expresses comitative, ‘(together) with'.",,,9181, +2-172,2,Dan fakansi ten dan wi e go nanga wan heri groep.,Dan\tfakansi\tten\tdan\twi\te\tgo\tnanga\twan\theri\tgroep.,then\tvacation\ttime\tthen\twe\tIPFV\tgo\twith\ta\twhole\tgroup,During the vacation we went with the entire group.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dan fakansi ten dan wi e go nanga wan heri groep.",,then vacation time then we IPFV go with a whole group,,"Winford data, Tape 25-a",,9182, +2-173,2,Mi go nanga mi brada na foto.,Mi\tgo\tnanga\tmi\tbrada\tna\tfoto.,1SG\tgo\twith\t1SG\tbrother\tLOC\ttown,I went to town with my brother.,,,1585[48],,unknown,"Mi go nanga mi brada na foto.",,1SG go with 1SG brother LOC town,,,,9183, +2-174,2,"Te mi ppa e wroko dan, den e gwe nanga en.","Te\tmi\tppa\te\twroko\tdan,\tden\te\tgwe\tnanga\ten.",when\t1SG\tfather\tIPFV\twork\tthen\t3PL\tIPFV\tgo\twith\t3SG,When my father went to work then they would go with him.,,"NANGA SEEMS TO BE THE PREFERRED WAY OF EXPRESSING COMITATIVE MEANING. IT iS ALSO POSSIBLE TO USE A ‘TAKE’ SVC, BUT THIS IS LESS COMMON, AND TEKI HERE SEEMS TO MEAN LITERALLY ‘TAKE’. COMPARE this example to Example 175.",,,elicited from speaker,"Te mi ppa e wroko dan, den e gwe nanga en.",,when 1SG father IPFV work then 3PL IPFV go with 3SG,"NANGA SEEMS TO BE THE PREFERRED WAY OF EXPRESSING COMITATIVE MEANING. IT iS ALSO POSSIBLE TO USE A ‘TAKE’ SVC, BUT THIS IS LESS COMMON, AND TEKI HERE SEEMS TO MEAN LITERALLY ‘TAKE’. COMPARE this example to Example 175.","Winford data, Tape 45-b",,9184, +2-175,2,"A e teki den tyari gwe go, go drai miri.","A\te\tteki\tden\ttyari\tgwe\tgo,\tgo\tdrai\tmiri.",3SG\tIPFV\ttake\t3PL\tcarry\taway\tgo\tgo\tturn\tmill,He would take them along to go turn the mill.,,"NANGA SEEMS TO BE THE PREFERRED WAY OF EXPRESSING COMITATIVE MEANING. IT iS ALSO POSSIBLE TO USE A ‘TAKE’ SVC, BUT THIS IS LESS COMMON, AND TEKI HERE SEEMS TO MEAN LITERALLY ‘TAKE’. COMPARE this example to Example 174.",,,elicited from speaker,"A e teki den tyari gwe go, go drai miri.",,3SG IPFV take 3PL carry away go go turn mill,"NANGA SEEMS TO BE THE PREFERRED WAY OF EXPRESSING COMITATIVE MEANING. IT iS ALSO POSSIBLE TO USE A ‘TAKE’ SVC, BUT THIS IS LESS COMMON, AND TEKI HERE SEEMS TO MEAN LITERALLY ‘TAKE’. COMPARE this example to Example 174.","Winford data, Tape 45-b",,9185, +2-176,2,Yu kan tapu en nanga wan planga.,Yu\tkan\ttapu\ten\tnanga\twan\tplanga.,2SG\tcan\tclose\t3SG\twith\ta\tplank,You can close it with a plank.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu kan tapu en nanga wan planga.",,2SG can close 3SG with a plank,,"Winford data, Tape 25-a",,9186, +3-84,3,A wɔɔkɔ ku mi.,A\twɔɔkɔ\tku\tmi.,3SG\twork\twith\t1SG,He worked with me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"A wɔɔkɔ ku mi.",,3SG work with 1SG,,Fieldwork data,,9187, +4-117,4,We efi i wani da mi o kon anga i ya.,We\tefi\ti\twani\tda\tmi\to\tkon\tanga\ti\tya.,well\tif\tyou\twant\tthen\tI\tFUT\tcome\twith\tyou\there,"Well, if you want me to, then I will come with you now.",,,661[392],,naturalistic spoken,"We efi i wani da mi o kon anga i ya.",,well if you want then I FUT come with you here,,,,9188, +4-118,4,Da a be o kii en eigi man pikin anga goni.,Da\ta\tbe\to\tkii\ten\teigi\tman\tpikin\tanga\tgoni.,then\the\tPST\tFUT\tkill\this\town\tman\tchild\twith\tgun,Then he would have killed his own son with a gun.,,,661[390],,naturalistic spoken,"Da a be o kii en eigi man pikin anga goni.",,then he PST FUT kill his own man child with gun,,,,9189, +5-115,5,wo dem go du wid twenti dala monii?,wo\tdem\tgo\tdu\twid\ttwenti\tdala\tmonii?,what\t3PL\tFUT\tdo\twith\ttwenty\tdollars\tmoney,What would they do with twenty dollars?,,,"1281[154, line 453]",,naturalistic spoken,"wo dem go du wid twenti dala monii?",,what 3PL FUT do with twenty dollars money,,,,9190, +5-116,5,mi fado bin a sliip wid ii in di haspital,mi\tfado\tbin\ta\tsliip\twid\tii\tin\tdi\thaspital,POSS.1SG\tfather\tANT\tPROG\tsleep\twith\t3SG\tin\tthe\thospital,My father was sleeping with him in the hospital.,,,"1281[160, linrd 502-503]",,naturalistic spoken,"mi fado bin a sliip wid ii in di haspital",,POSS.1SG father ANT PROG sleep with 3SG in the hospital,,,,9191, +7-166,7,Dem naint duhng wid oil laas wiik de.,Dem\tnaint\tduhng\twid\toil\tlaas\twiik\tde.,3PL\tanoint\tdown\twith\toil\tlast\tweek\tthere,They anointed themselves with oil last week.,,The instrumental function of wid is illustrated here.,1244[273],,naturalistic spoken,"Dem naint duhng wid oil laas wiik de.",,3PL anoint down with oil last week there,"The instrumental function of wid is illustrated here.",,,9192, +7-168,7,di man wid di chriga fot,di\tman\twid\tdi\tchriga\tfot,ART\tman\twith\tART\tchigoe\tfoot/feet,the man with the infested foot/feet,,Wid may also be used as an attributive marker.,1244[242],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di man wid di chriga fot,,ART man with ART chigoe foot/feet,"Wid may also be used as an attributive marker.",,,9193, +8-105,8,Bab sing wid Piita.,Bab\tsing\twid\tPiita.,Bob\tsing\twith\tPeter,Bob sang with Peter.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bab sing wid Piita.",,Bob sing with Peter,,Own knowledge,,9194, +8-106,8,Piita kot di bred wid di naif.,Piita\tkot\tdi\tbred\twid\tdi\tnaif.,Peter\tcut\tDET\tbread\twith\tDET\tknife,Peter cut the bread with the knife.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Piita kot di bred wid di naif.,,Peter cut DET bread with DET knife,,Own knowledge,,9195, +9-134,9,A yuzta lajk wok wid im.,A\tyuzta\tlajk\twok\twid\tim.,1SG\tused.to\tlike\twork\twith\thim,I liked to work with him.,,This illustrates a comitative use of wid.,434,,naturalistic spoken,A yuzta lajk wok wid im.,,1SG used.to like work with him,"This illustrates a comitative use of wid.",,,9196, +10-157,10,Ai miit op wid wan liedi de.,Ai\tmiit\top\twid\twan\tliedi\tde.,1SG\tmeet\tup\tCOM\tone\tlady\tDEM.LOC,I met one lady there.,,,113[80],,naturalistic spoken,"Ai miit op wid wan liedi de.",,1SG meet up COM one lady DEM.LOC,,,,9197, +10-158,10,Huol wid yo tiit!,Huol\twid\tyo\ttiit!,hold\tINS\t2SG.POSS\ttooth,Hold with your teeth!,,Tiit is both singular and plural in San Andrés Creole English and in Nicaraguan Creole English.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Huol wid yo tiit!",,hold INS 2SG.POSS tooth,"Tiit is both singular and plural in San Andrés Creole English and in Nicaraguan Creole English.",Unpublished field recordings,,9198, +11-219,11,Yu go an yu stee wid dem an yu plei kaad [...].,Yu\tgo\tan\tyu\tstee\twid\tdem\tan\tyu\tplei\tkaad\t[...].,2SG\tgo\tand\t2SG\tstay\tCOM\t3PL\tand\t2SG\tplay\tcard\t[...],You go and you stay with them and you play cards [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu go an yu stee wid dem an yu plei kaad [...].",,2SG go and 2SG stay COM 3PL and 2SG play card [...],,,,9199, +11-220,11,"Som piipl laik faitin wid machet an naif, tu.","Som\tpiipl\tlaik\tfait-in\twid\tmachet\tan\tnaif,\ttu.",some\tpeople\tlike\tfight-PROG\tINS\tmachete\tand\tknife\ttoo,"Some people like fighting with machetes and knives, too.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Som piipl laik faitin wid machet an naif, tu.","Som piipl laik fait-in wid machet an naif, tu.",some people like fight-PROG INS machete and knife too,,,,9200, +12-168,12,"I ain't grow up with no mother, because you know - my mother dead, we just girls, I mus'e was 'bout 14 or 13 or something like that - my mother dead. So I say - you know, I - I hardly grow up with him, and them other rest was smaller.",I\tain't\tgrow\tup\twith\tno\tmother\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tgrow\tup\tCOM\tNEG\tmother\t[...],I didn't grow up with a mother [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ain't grow up with no mother, because you know - my mother dead, we just girls, I mus'e was 'bout 14 or 13 or something like that - my mother dead. So I say - you know, I - I hardly grow up with him, and them other rest was smaller.",I ain't grow up with no mother [...].,1SG.SBJ NEG grow up COM NEG mother [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9201, +12-169,12,"[...] rub it - rub it with your hand, yeah. Yeah. Put some alcohol.",[...]\trub\tit\twith\tyour\thand\t[...].,[...]\trub\t3SG.N.OBJ\tINS\t2SG.POSS\thand\t[...],[...] rub it (a mosquito bite) with your hand [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] rub it - rub it with your hand, yeah. Yeah. Put some alcohol.",[...] rub it with your hand [...].,[...] rub 3SG.N.OBJ INS 2SG.POSS hand [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9202, +13-130,13,Dey been dey een dey boat wid dey fada Zebedee.,Dey\tbeen\tdey\teen\tdey\tboat\twid\tdey\tfada\tZebedee.,they\twere\tthere\tin\ttheir\tboat\twith\ttheir\tfather\tZebedee,They were there in their boat with their father Zebedee. (Mt 4.21),,,357[11],,bible translation,"Dey been dey een dey boat wid dey fada Zebedee.",,they were there in their boat with their father Zebedee,,,,9203, +14-89,14,He went to the gym with this friend.,He\twent\tto\tthe\tgym\twith\tthis\tfriend.,he\twent\tto\tthe\tgym\twith\this\tfriend,He went to the gym with his friend.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He went to the gym with this friend.,,he went to the gym with his friend,,Own knowledge,,9204, +15-97,15,i go na di pati wit ĩ padi,i\tgo\tna\tdi\tpati\twit\tĩ\tpadi,3SG\tgo\tLOC\tART\tparty\tPREP\tPOSS\tfriend,He/She went to the party with his/her friend. OR: He/She took his/her friend to the party.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"i go na di pati wit ĩ padi",,3SG go LOC ART party PREP POSS friend,,Own knowledge,,9205, +16-93,16,jù gò si sɔmbɔdi wit ĩ waif,jù\tgò\tsi\tsɔmbɔdi\twit\tĩ\twaif,2SG\tFUT\tsee\tsomebody\twith\t3SG.POSS\twife,You will see somebody with his wife.,,This example shows the use of comitative wit 'with'.,656[202],,naturalistic spoken,jù gò si sɔmbɔdi wit ĩ waif,,2SG FUT see somebody with 3SG.POSS wife,"This example shows the use of comitative wit 'with'.",,,9206, +16-94,16,mek à sɛʧ dɛ padi wit dɛm,mek\tà\tsɛʧ\tdɛ\tpadi\twit\tdɛm,CAUS/IMP\t1SG\tsearch\tART\tbuddy\twith\t3PL.OBL,Let me search the guy with them.,,Student Pidgin: comitative wit 'with' . Wit can mark both comitative and instrumentalis.,,,naturalistic spoken,"mek à sɛʧ dɛ padi wit dɛm",,CAUS/IMP 1SG search ART buddy with 3PL.OBL,"Student Pidgin: comitative wit 'with' . Wit can mark both comitative and instrumentalis.",Own fieldwork,,9207, +16-95,16,ʧali ì gò hit sɔm wumans kra wit dɛ moto,ʧali\tì\tgò\thit\tsɔm\twuman-s\tkra\twit\tdɛ\tmoto,Charley\t3SG\tFUT\thit\tINDF\twoman-PL\tFOC\twith\tART\tcar,"Boy, he was going to hit some women with the car.",,Student Pidgin: instrumental wit 'with'. Wit can mark both comitative and instrumental.,,,naturalistic spoken,"ʧali ì gò hit sɔm wumans kra wit dɛ moto",ʧali ì gò hit sɔm wuman-s kra wit dɛ moto,Charley 3SG FUT hit INDF woman-PL FOC with ART car,"Student Pidgin: instrumental wit 'with'. Wit can mark both comitative and instrumental.",Own fieldwork,,9208, +16-96,16,dè dè come plas dɛ hɛdmaster,dè\tdè\tcome\tplas\tdɛ\thɛdmaster,3PL\tPROG\tcome\tplus\tART\theadmaster,They were coming with the headmaster (in tow).,,Student Pidgin: comitative plas. Plas cannot mark the instrumentalis.,,,naturalistic spoken,"dè dè come plas dɛ hɛdmaster",,3PL PROG come plus ART headmaster,"Student Pidgin: comitative plas. Plas cannot mark the instrumentalis.",Own fieldwork,,9209, +17-109,17,À bay nyam wìt yù.,À\tbay\tnyam\twìt\tyù.,1SG.SBJ\tbuy\tyam\tCOM\t2SG.OBJ,I bought yams with you.,,,462[142-143],,naturalistic spoken,"À bay nyam wìt yù.",,1SG.SBJ buy yam COM 2SG.OBJ,,,,9210, +17-111,17,À ko̱t nyam wìt nayf.,À\tko̱t\tnyam\twìt\tnayf.,1SG.SBJ\tcut\tyam\tINS\tknife,I cut the yams with a knife.,,,462[142-143],,naturalistic spoken,À ko̱t nyam wìt nayf.,,1SG.SBJ cut yam INS knife,,,,9211, +17-112,17,À tek nayf ko̱t nyam.,À\ttek\tnayf\tko̱t\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tcut\tyam,I cut the yams with a knife.,,,462[142-143],,naturalistic spoken,À tek nayf ko̱t nyam.,,1SG.SBJ take.INS knife cut yam,,,,9212, +18-99,18,Peter bin go fo taun wit Mary.,Peter\tbin\tgo\tfo\ttaun\twit\tMary.,Peter\tPST\tgo\tfor\ttown\twith\tMary,Peter went to town with Mary.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"Peter bin go fo taun wit Mary.",,Peter PST go for town with Mary,,,,9213, +19-133,19,Machyta lɛf wèt ìn fambul.,Machyta\tlɛf\twèt\tìn\tfambul.,Machyta\tremain\twith\t3SG.POSS\tfamily,Machyta remained with his family.,,,1634[313],,naturalistic spoken,"Machyta lɛf wèt ìn fambul.",,Machyta remain with 3SG.POSS family,,,,9214, +20-96,20,"Yes, sir. You have got make some pigeon with me?","Yes,\tsir.\tYou\thave\tgot\tmake\tsome\tpigeon\twith\tme?",yes\tsir\t2SG\thave\tgot\tmake\tsome\tpigeon\tCOM\tme,"Yes, sir. Have you got any business to do with me?",,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1310[2223],,naturalistic written,"Yes, sir. You have got make some pigeon with me?",,yes sir 2SG have got make some pigeon COM me,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,9215, +21-93,21,I go to market with Mama.,I\tgo\tto\tmarket\twith\tMama.,1SG\tgo\tto\tmarket\twith\tgrandmother,I go to the market with grandmother.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"I go to market with Mama.",,1SG go to market with grandmother,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,9216, +22-122,22,paitim long stik,paitim\tlong\tstik,hit\tPREP\tstick,to hit with a stick,,,967[123],,naturalistic written,"paitim long stik",,hit PREP stick,,,,9217, +22-123,22,Ol i sutim disla pig ia wantaim disla ol spia blong ol.,Ol\ti\tsutim\tdisla\tpig\tia\twantaim\tdisla\tol\tspia\tblong\tol.,3SG\tPM\tshoot\tthis\tpig\tEMPH\twith\tthis\tPL\tspear\tPOSS\t3PL,They shot this pig with these spears of theirs.,,,584[Stignat2\Pauline\ws\f17\momas\wsp],,naturalistic spoken,"Ol i sutim disla pig ia wantaim disla ol spia blong ol.",,3SG PM shoot this pig EMPH with this PL spear POSS 3PL,,,,9218, +22-124,22,Yu mas go wantaim sista bilong mi.,Yu\tmas\tgo\twantaim\tsista\tbilong\tmi.,2SG\tmust\tgo\twith\tsister\tPOSS\t1SG,You must go with my sister.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu mas go wantaim sista bilong mi.",,2SG must go with sister POSS 1SG,,,,9219, +24-130,24,lorng / lorng a' / lorng f',lorng / lorng a' / lorng f',along.PREP,with / together with,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lorng / lorng a' / lorng f',,along.PREP,,Own fieldwork,,9220, +24-131,24,Dem kamen lorng f' mii.,Dem\tkamen\tlorng\tf'\tmii.,3PL\tcome.CONT\talong\tCOM\t1SG.NSBJ,They came with me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dem kamen lorng f' mii.",,3PL come.CONT along COM 1SG.NSBJ,,Own fieldwork,,9221, +24-132,24,Aanti en ai kamen. / Aanti en mi kamen.,Aanti\ten\tai\tkamen.\t/\tAanti\ten\tmi\tkamen.,Aunty\tand\tI\tcome.CONT\t/\tAunty\tand\tI\tcome.CONT,Auntie and I arrived.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Aanti en ai kamen. / Aanti en mi kamen.,,Aunty and I come.CONT / Aunty and I come.CONT,,Own knowledge,,9222, +25-274,25,Yu tok gata Ngarinyman!,Yu\ttok\tgata\tNgarinyman!,2SG\ttalk\tCOM\tNgarinyman,You talk in Ngarinyman!,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a specific function of the comitative/instrumental preposition gota, that of marking the language spoken in.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu tok gata Ngarinyman!",,2SG talk COM Ngarinyman,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a specific function of the comitative/instrumental preposition gota, that of marking the language spoken in.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,9223, +25-275,25,"Bat ai go bek gota plein igen, ai kan teik that motika.","Bat\tai\tgo\tbek\tgota\tplein\tigen,\tai\tkan\tteik\tthat\tmotika.",but\t1SG\tgo\tback\tCOM\tplane\tagain\t1SG\tcan.NEG\ttake\tDEM\tcar,"But I go back on a plane again, I can’t take the car.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a specific function of the comitative/instrumental preposition gota, that of marking the vehicle travelled in.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Bat ai go bek gota plein igen, ai kan teik that motika.",,but 1SG go back COM plane again 1SG can.NEG take DEM car,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a specific function of the comitative/instrumental preposition gota, that of marking the vehicle travelled in.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,9224, +25-276,25,Boilimap gata ashes.,Boil-im-ap\tgata\tashes.,boil-TR-up\tINS/COM\tashes,Boil it with ashes. (preparation of a certain yam species),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the comitative/instrumental preposition gota.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Boilimap gata ashes.","Boil-im-ap gata ashes.",boil-TR-up INS/COM ashes,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the comitative/instrumental preposition gota.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,9225, +26-4,26,da wahinɛ no go wid him,da\twahinɛ\tno\tgo\twid\thim,ART\twoman\tNEG\tgo\twith\t3SG,The woman didn't/doesn't go with him.,,,1545[179],,naturalistic spoken,da wahinɛ no go wid him,,ART woman NEG go with 3SG,,,,9226, +27-86,27,Am a wun mi ēn hou mulā́.,Am\ta\twun\tmi\tēn\thou\tmulā́.,3SG\tPST\tlive\twith\tART.INDF\told\tmiller,He lived with an old miller.,,,355[21],,naturalistic spoken,"Am a wun mi ēn hou mulā́.",,3SG PST live with ART.INDF old miller,,,,9227, +28-119,28,firi jɛrma mɛtɛ firi man kumtə mɛto,firi\tjɛrma\tmɛtɛ\tfiri\tman\tkumu-tɛ\tmɛtɛ\to,four\twoman\twith\tfour\tman\tcome-PFV\twith\t3SG,Four women and four men came with him.,,,737[641],,naturalistic spoken,"firi jɛrma mɛtɛ firi man kumtə mɛto",firi jɛrma mɛtɛ firi man kumu-tɛ mɛtɛ o,four woman with four man come-PFV with 3SG,,,,9228, +29-144,29,Hy het dit met 'n mes gesny.,Hy\thet\tdit\tmet\t'n\tmes\tge-sny.,3SG.M.NOM\tPST\tit\twith\ta\tknife\tPTCP-cut,He (has) cut it with a knife.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Hy het dit met 'n mes gesny.",Hy het dit met 'n mes ge-sny.,3SG.M.NOM PST it with a knife PTCP-cut,,Own knowledge,,9229, +29-145,29,Hy het met sy suster Durban toe gegaan.,Hy\thet\tmet\tsy\tsuster\tDurban\ttoe\tge-gaan.,3SG.M.NOM\tPST\twith\this\tsister\tDurban\tto\tPTCP-go,He went to Durban with his sister.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Hy het met sy suster Durban toe gegaan.",Hy het met sy suster Durban toe ge-gaan.,3SG.M.NOM PST with his sister Durban to PTCP-go,,Own knowledge,,9230, +30-151,30,E bá Práia ku si pai.,E=bá\tPráia\tku=si=pai.,3SG=go\tPraia\twith=3SG.POSS=father,He went to Praia with his father.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"E bá Práia ku si pai.",E=bá Práia ku=si=pai.,3SG=go Praia with=3SG.POSS=father,,,,9231, +30-152,30,"Ku bon tratamentu, médiku alkansa-l txeu ténpu di bida.","Ku=bon\ttratamentu,\tmédiku\talkansa=l\ttxeu\tténpu\tdi=bida.",with=good\ttreatment\tdoctor\treach=3SG\tmuch\ttime\tof=life,With some good treatment the doctor helped him to have a long life.,,,784[s.v. alkánsa],,naturalistic spoken,"Ku bon tratamentu, médiku alkansa-l txeu ténpu di bida.","Ku=bon tratamentu, médiku alkansa=l txeu ténpu di=bida.",with=good treatment doctor reach=3SG much time of=life,,,,9232,German: Mittels einer guten Behandlung verhalf ihm der Arzt zu einem langen Leben. +30-153,30,E korta pon ku fáka.,E=korta\tpon\tku=fáka.,3SG=cut\tbread\twith=knife,He cut the bread with the/a knife.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"E korta pon ku fáka.",E=korta pon ku=fáka.,3SG=cut bread with=knife,,,,9233,German: Er schnitt das Brot mit dem/einem Messer (durch). +31-129,31,Pedru korta karni ku faka.,Pedru\tkorta\tkarni\tku\tfaka.,Pedru\tcut\tmeat\twith\tknife,Pedru cut the meat with a knife.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Pedru korta karni ku faka.",,Pedru cut meat with knife,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,9234, +31-130,31,Benjamin kria ku Bahia.,Benjamin\tkria\tku\tBahia.,Benjamin\traise\twith\tBahia,Benjamin was raised with Bahia.,,,839,,naturalistic spoken,"Benjamin kria ku Bahia.",,Benjamin raise with Bahia,,,,9235, +32-113,32,Es seí k arma na mon.,Es\tseí\tk\tarma\tna\tmon.,3PL\tgo.out\tCOM\tarm\tin\thand,They went out armed.,,K functions as comitative.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Es seí k arma na mon.",,3PL go.out COM arm in hand,"K functions as comitative.",,,9236,Portuguese: Sairam de mão armada. +32-114,32,El bai pa Praia má se irmon.,El\tbai\tpa\tPraia\tmá\tse\tirmon.,3SG\tgo\tto\tPraia\tCOM\t3SG.POSS\tbrother,He went to Praia with his brother.,,,1456,,constructed by native speaker,"El bai pa Praia má se irmon.",,3SG go to Praia COM 3SG.POSS brother,,,,9237,Portuguese: Foi à Praia com o seu irmão. +32-115,32,El kortá pon k fáka.,El\tkortá\tpon\tk\tfáka.,3SG\tcut\tbread\tINS\tknife,He cut bread with a knife.,,K functions as instrumental.,1456,,constructed by native speaker,"El kortá pon k fáka.",,3SG cut bread INS knife,"K functions as instrumental.",,,9238,Portuguese: Cortou pão com a faca. +33-137,33,N’bay praia ku Maria.,N-bay\tpraia\tku\tMaria.,1SG-go.PST\tbeach\tCOM\tMaria,I went to the beach with Maria.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’bay praia ku Maria.",N-bay praia ku Maria.,1SG-go.PST beach COM Maria,,Own knowledge,,9239,Portuguese: Fui à praia com a Maria. +33-138,33,N’korta pon ku faka.,N-korta\tpon\tku\tfaka.,1SG-cut.PST\tbread\tINS\tknife,I cut the bread with the knife.,,This example illustrates an instrumental use of ku.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’korta pon ku faka.",N-korta pon ku faka.,1SG-cut.PST bread INS knife,"This example illustrates an instrumental use of ku.",Own knowledge,,9240,Portuguese: Cortei o pão com a faca. +33-139,33,M’bay praia djuntu ku Maria.,M-bay\tpraia\tdjuntu\tku\tMaria.,1SG-go.PST\tbeach\tCOM\tCOM\tMaria,I went to the beach with Maria.,,An alternative comitative used less frequently is djuntu ku.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"M’bay praia djuntu ku Maria.",M-bay praia djuntu ku Maria.,1SG-go.PST beach COM COM Maria,"An alternative comitative used less frequently is djuntu ku.",Own knowledge,,9241,Portuguese: Fui à praia com a Maria. +34-110,34,N bay Sicor ku ña yermoŋ. — N kortá karna ku faka.,N ø bay Sicor ku ña yermoŋ. — N ø kortá karna ku faka.,1SG.SBJ PFV go Ziguinchor with POSS.1SG sibling   1SG.SBJ PFV cut meat with knife,I went to Ziguinchor with my brother/sister. — I cut the meat with a knife.,,The first sentence illustrates a comitative; the second an instrumental construction.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N bay Sicor ku ña yermoŋ. — N kortá karna ku faka.","N ø bay Sicor ku ña yermoŋ. — N ø kortá karna ku faka.",1SG.SBJ PFV go Ziguinchor with POSS.1SG sibling 1SG.SBJ PFV cut meat with knife,The first sentence illustrates a comitative; the second an instrumental construction.,Own knowledge,,9242, +34-111,34,N bay Sicor juntu ku ña yermoŋ.,N\tø\tbay\tSicor\tjuntu\tku\tña\tyermoŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tZiguinchor\ttogether\twith\tPOSS.1SG\tsibling,I went to Ziguinchor with my brother/sister.,,Juntu ku expresses the comitative only.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N bay Sicor juntu ku ña yermoŋ.","N ø bay Sicor juntu ku ña yermoŋ.",1SG.SBJ PFV go Ziguinchor together with POSS.1SG sibling,"Juntu ku expresses the comitative only.",Own knowledge,,9243, +35-154,35,Bô ka be ku ê.,Bô\tka\tbe\tku\tê.,2SG\tFUT\tgo\twith\t3SG,You will go with him.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Bô ka be ku ê.",,2SG FUT go with 3SG,,Own data,,9244, +36-91,36,Ê pega taba ki piongo.,Ê\tpega\ttaba\tki\tpiongo.,he\tnail\tplank\twith\tnail,He nailed the plank with a nail.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ê pega taba ki piongo.",,he nail plank with nail,,Own knowledge,,9245, +37-114,37,Ê tan ine minu sê we ki ine.,Ê\ttan\tine\tminu\tsê\twe\tki\tine.,3SG\ttake\tPL\tgirl\tDEM\tgo\twith\t3PL,He left with these children.,,,905[132],,elicited from speaker,"Ê tan ine minu sê we ki ine.",,3SG take PL girl DEM go with 3PL,,,,9246, +37-115,37,Ê tan lima da kompwe kôli n'uwê.,Ê\ttan\tlima\tda\tkompwe\tki\têli\tna\tuwê.,3SG\ttake\tfile\tgive\tfriend\twith\t3SG\tLOC\teye,He took the file and blew his friend with it in the eyes.,,,905[132],,naturalistic spoken,"Ê tan lima da kompwe kôli n'uwê.",Ê tan lima da kompwe ki êli na uwê.,3SG take file give friend with 3SG LOC eye,,,,9247, +38-130,38,Sém sxama mavida ku memu.,Se-amu\tsxa-ma\tmavida\tku\tmai-mu.,RES-1SG\tTMA-take\tsuffering\twith\tmother-1SG,And I was suffering with my mother.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sém sxama mavida ku memu.",Se-amu sxa-ma mavida ku mai-mu.,RES-1SG TMA-take suffering with mother-1SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,9248, +38-131,38,Bo xasúbili ku xaxamba.,Bo\txa-súbili\tku\txaxamba.,2SG\tTMA-go.up\twith\thoop,You climbed up (the tree) with a hoop.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Bo xasúbili ku xaxamba.",Bo xa-súbili ku xaxamba.,2SG TMA-go.up with hoop,,Own fieldwork 1993,,9249, +39-130,39,"Ne mĩ bar te nə ũ rapaz te, el tə brĩka ku mĩ.","Ne\tmĩ\tbar\tte\tnə\tũ\trapaz\tte,\tel\ttə\tbrĩk-a\tku\tmĩ.",LOC\t1SG.POSS\tneighbourhood\tEXIST.NPST\tREQ\tone\tboy\tEXIST.NPST\t3\tIPFV.NPST\tplay-INF\twith\t1SG.OBL,"There is a boy in my neighbourhood, you know, he plays with me.",,,221[159],,naturalistic spoken,"Ne mĩ bar te nə ũ rapaz te, el tə brĩka ku mĩ.","Ne mĩ bar te nə ũ rapaz te, el tə brĩk-a ku mĩ.",LOC 1SG.POSS neighbourhood EXIST.NPST REQ one boy EXIST.NPST 3 IPFV.NPST play-INF with 1SG.OBL,,,,9250, +39-131,39,Yo gɔs kõta istɔr jũt də Conchita.,Yo\tgɔs\tkõt-a\tistɔr\tjũt\tdə\tConchita.,1SG\tlike.NPST\ttell-INF\tstory\ttogether\tof\tConchita,I like to chat with Conchita.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the expression kõta istɔr (literally 'tell a story/stories') is often used with the meaning of 'to chat'.",221[186],,naturalistic spoken,"Yo gɔs kõta istɔr jũt də Conchita.",Yo gɔs kõt-a istɔr jũt də Conchita.,1SG like.NPST tell-INF story together of Conchita,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the expression kõta istɔr (literally 'tell a story/stories') is often used with the meaning of 'to chat'.",,,9251, +39-132,39,Rapaz də Gilbert tiŋ brĩka jũt də mĩ kriãs.,Rapaz\tdə\tGilbert\tt-iŋ\tbrĩk-a\tjũt\tdə\tmĩ\tkriãs.,boy\tof\tGilbert\tIPFV-PST\tplay-INF\ttogether\tof\t1SG.POSS\tchild,Gilbert's son used to play with my children.,,,221[186],,elicited from speaker,"Rapaz də Gilbert tiŋ brĩka jũt də mĩ kriãs.",Rapaz də Gilbert t-iŋ brĩk-a jũt də mĩ kriãs.,boy of Gilbert IPFV-PST play-INF together of 1SG.POSS child,,,,9252, +40-97,40,Pedru ʌnkəl su kosid Goa ti andad.,Pedru\tʌnkəl\tsu\tkosid\tGoa\tti\tandad.,Pedru\tuncle\tGEN\twith\tGoa\tPST\tgo.PTCP,Pedru had gone with uncle to Goa.,,,265[161],,constructed by linguist,"Pedru ʌnkəl su kosid Goa ti andad.",,Pedru uncle GEN with Goa PST go.PTCP,,,,9253, +40-98,40,Elo ku koyt lɛ̃y korto.,Elo\tku\tkoyt\tlɛ̃y\tkorto.,they\twith\tmachete\twood\tcut.PST,They cut wood with a machete.,,,265[161],,constructed by linguist,"Elo ku koyt lɛ̃y korto.",,they with machete wood cut.PST,,,,9254, +41-112,41,"andaa see, paay juuntu mee","andaa\tsee,\tpaay\tjuuntu\tmee",go\tCOND\tfather\tCOM\tFOC,"If [she] goes, it’s only with her father.",,,1416[5254],,naturalistic spoken,"andaa see, paay juuntu mee",,go COND father COM FOC,,,,9255, +42-121,42,éli ja kotrá aké kandri ku faka,éli\tja\tkotrá\také\tkandri\tku\tfaka,3SG\tPFV\tcut\tthat\tmeat\tINS\tknife,(S)he cut the meat with a knife.,,,122[162],,elicited from speaker,"éli ja kotrá aké kandri ku faka",,3SG PFV cut that meat INS knife,,,,9256, +42-122,42,Albert ta balá ku Lucy.,Albert\tta\tbalá\tku\tLucy.,Albert\tPROG\tdance\tCOM\tLucy,Albert is dancing with Lucy.,,,122[165],,elicited from speaker,"Albert ta balá ku Lucy.",,Albert PROG dance COM Lucy,,,,9257, +43-81,43,Ile fika kung ela.,Ile\tfika\tkung\tela.,3SG.M\tstay\twith\t3SG.F,He lived with her.,,,906[87],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile fika kung ela.",,3SG.M stay with 3SG.F,,,,9258, +44-126,44,Ya andá húnto yo kon éle.,Ya\tandá\thúnto\tyo\tkon\téle.,PFV\tgo\ttogether\t1SG\twith\ther/him,I went together with her/him.,,"Ya andá yo kon éle, without húnto, could mean 'I went to him/her'.",,,elicited from speaker,"Ya andá húnto yo kon éle.",,PFV go together 1SG with her/him,"Ya andá yo kon éle, without húnto, could mean 'I went to him/her'.",Own data,,9259, +44-127,44,Ta kedá kon su pamílya.,Ta\tkedá\tkon\tsu\tpamílya.,IPFV\tstay\twith\t3SG.POSS\tfamily,(She) lives with her family.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ta kedá kon su pamílya.",,IPFV stay with 3SG.POSS family,,Own data,,9260, +45-110,45,Ya llega eli junto con su hermana.,Ya\tllega\teli\tjunto\tcon\tsu\thermana.,PFV\tarrive\t3SG\ttogether\twith\t3SG.POSS\tsister,He arrived together with his sister.,,,426[30],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ya llega eli junto con su hermana.",,PFV arrive 3SG together with 3SG.POSS sister,,,,9261, +45-111,45,Ya baila ele con el doctora.,Ya\tbaila\tele\tcon\tel\tdoctora.,PFV\tdance\t3SG\twith\tDEF\tdoctor,He danced with the doctor.,,,835[86],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ya baila ele con el doctora.",,PFV dance 3SG with DEF doctor,,,,9262, +46-129,46,húnto kon su tátay,húnto\tkon\tsu\ttátay,together\twith\t3SG.POSS\tfather,with his/her father,,,,,naturalistic spoken,húnto kon su tátay,,together with 3SG.POSS father,,Own knowledge,,9263, +47-139,47,Mi a bende e outo ku M.,Mi\ta\tbende\te\touto\tku\tM.,1SG\tPFV\tsell\tDEF\tcar\twith\tM,I sold the car to M.,,,755,,naturalistic written,Mi a bende e outo ku M.,,1SG PFV sell DEF car with M,,,,9264, +47-140,47,Omo J a keda mashá kontento mes ku e pòtrèt nan.,Omo\tJ\ta\tkeda\tmashá\tkontento\tmes\tku\te\tpòtrèt\tnan.,uncle\tJ\tPFV\tremain\tmuch\thappy\tEMPH\twith\tDEF\tphoto\tPL,Uncle J. is very happy indeed with the pictures.,,,755,,naturalistic written,Omo J a keda mashá kontento mes ku e pòtrèt nan.,,uncle J PFV remain much happy EMPH with DEF photo PL,,,,9265, +47-141,47,Na yegada di e patruya a resultá ku ambulans a bai ku e víktima kaba.,Na\tyegada\tdi\te\tpatruya\ta\tresultá\tku\tambulans\ta\tbai\tku\te\tvíktima\tkaba.,LOC\tarrival\tof\tDEF\tpatrol\tPFV\tresult\tCOMP\tambulance\tPFV\tgo\twith\tDEF\tvictim\talready,"On the arrival of the police patrol car, it turned out that the ambulance had already carried off the victim.",,The translation is mine.,"453[3 July 2009, p.5]",,published source,"Na yegada di e patruya a resultá ku ambulans a bai ku e víktima kaba.",,LOC arrival of DEF patrol PFV result COMP ambulance PFV go with DEF victim already,The translation is mine.,,,9266, +48-128,48,Suto tan bae aí Katahena ku numano ele.,Suto\ttan\tbae\taí\tKatahena\tku\tnumano\tele.,we\tFUT\tgo\tthere\tCartagena\twith\tbrother\this/her,We are going to Cartagena with his/her brother.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Suto tan bae aí Katahena ku numano ele.",,we FUT go there Cartagena with brother his/her,,Recorded by author,,9267,Spanish: (Nosotros) vamos a ir a Cartagena con su hermano. +48-129,48,¿Bo kelé biahá ku yo?,¿Bo\tkelé\tbiahá\tku\tyo?,you\twant\ttravel\twith\tme,Do you want to travel with me?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¿Bo kelé biahá ku yo?,,you want travel with me,,Recorded by author,,9268,Spanish: ¿Quieres (tú) viajar conmigo? +48-130,48,Ana a kusiná-lo ku pekkao.,Ana\ta\tkusiná-lo\tku\tpekkao.,Ana\tPST\tcook-it\twith\tfish,Ana cooked it (the soup) with fish.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ana a kusiná-lo ku pekkao.",,Ana PST cook-it with fish,,Recorded by author,,9269,Spanish: Ana la (la sopa) hizo con pescado. +49-214,49,M pral ansanm avèk ou.,M\tpral\tansanm\tavèk\tou.,1SG\tFUT.go\ttogether\tCOM\t2SG,I will leave with you.,,,"473[vol. 2, 893]",,naturalistic spoken,"M pral ansanm avèk ou.",,1SG FUT.go together COM 2SG,,,,9270,French: Je pars avec toi. +49-215,49,W ap fè yon wout avè m aswè a.,W\tap\tfè\tyon\twout\tavè\tm\taswè\ta.,2SG\tINACC\tmake\ta\ttour\tCOM\t1SG\tevening\tDEF,Tonight you will accompany me a bit.,,,"473[vol. 2, p. 893]",,naturalistic spoken,"W ap fè yon wout avè m aswè a.",,2SG INACC make a tour COM 1SG evening DEF,,,,9271,"French: Ce soir, tu vas faire un bout de chemin avec moi." +49-217,49,Ak ki moun ou pral nan fèt la?,Ak\tki\tmoun\tou\tpral\tnan\tfèt\tla?,COM\twhich\tperson\t2SG\tFUT.go\tin\tparty\tDEF,With whom are you going to the party?,,,1505[55],,naturalistic spoken,"Ak ki moun ou pral nan fèt la?",,COM which person 2SG FUT.go in party DEF,,,,9272,French: Avec qui tu vas à la fête? +50-125,50,I ay Trinidad épi madanm a'y.,I\tay\tTrinidad\tépi\tmadanm\ta'y.,3SG\tgo\tTrinidad\twith\twife\tPREP.3SG,He went to Trinidad with his wife.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ay Trinidad épi madanm a'y.",,3SG go Trinidad with wife PREP.3SG,,Own fieldwork,,9273, +50-126,50,I pran sa épi men a'y.,I\tpran\tsa\tépi\tmen\ta'y.,3SG\ttake\tit\tINS\thand\tPREP.3SG,He took it with his hands.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I pran sa épi men a'y.",,3SG take it INS hand PREP.3SG,,Own fieldwork,,9274, +51-195,51,I ay Trinidad épi madanm-li.,I\tay\tTrinidad\tépi\tmadanm-li.,3SG\tgo\tTrinidad\twith\twife-3SG,He went to Trinidad with his wife.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ay Trinidad épi madanm-li.",,3SG go Trinidad with wife-3SG,,Own fieldwork,,9275, +51-196,51,I pran sa épi lanmen'y.,I\tpran\tsa\tépi\tlanmen'y.,3SG\ttake\tINS\thand\t3SG,He took it with his hands.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I pran sa épi lanmen'y.",,3SG take INS hand 3SG,,Own fieldwork,,9276, +52-74,52,Marie soti pati ké Georges,Marie\tsoti\tpati\tké\tGeorges,Mary\tgo.out\tleave\twith\tGeorge,Mary went out and left together with George.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Marie soti pati ké Georges",,Mary go.out leave with George,,Own knowledge,,9277, +52-75,52,Georges ké Marie kouri alé,Georges\tké\tMarie\tkouri\talé,Georges\twith\tMary\trun\tgo,Georges and Mary quickly went away.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Georges ké Marie kouri alé,,Georges with Mary run go,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,9278, +52-76,52,ké syo mo té ka chayé dlo,ké\tsyo\tmo\tté\tka\tchayé\tdlo,with\tpot\tI\tPST\tHAB\tcarry\twater,I used to carry the water in a big pot.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"ké syo mo té ka chayé dlo",,with pot I PST HAB carry water,,,,9279, +53-263,53,Ye te fe le kataplas avek le zonyon.,Ye\tte\tfe\tle\tkataplas\tavek\tle\tzonyon.,3PL\tPST\tmake\tART.DEF.PL\tpoultice\twith\tART.DEF.PL\tonion,They made cataplasms with onions.,,,1048[314],,naturalistic spoken,"Ye te fe le kataplas avek le zonyon.",,3PL PST make ART.DEF.PL poultice with ART.DEF.PL onion,,,,9280, +53-264,53,Li vini avek en padna.,Li\tvini\tavek\ten\tpadna.,3PL\tcome\twith\tART.INDF\tfriend,He came with a friend.,,,1048[317],,elicited from speaker,"Li vini avek en padna.",,3PL come with ART.INDF friend,,,,9281, +54-147,54,Li travay ek son tonton.,Li\ttravay\tek\tson\ttonton.,3SG.FIN\twork\twith\tPOSS.3SG\tuncle,He works with his uncle.,,Ek functions as a comitative marker.,110[54],,naturalistic spoken,"Li travay ek son tonton.",,3SG.FIN work with POSS.3SG uncle,"Ek functions as a comitative marker.",,,9282,French: Il travaille avec son oncle. +54-148,54,Alon partir la butik ansanm li.,Alon\tpartir\tla\tboutik\tansanm\tli.,IMP.1PL\tleave\tDEF\tshop\twith\t3SG,Let’s go to the shop with him.,,Ansanm functions as a comitative marker.,236[372],,naturalistic spoken,"Alon partir la butik ansanm li.",Alon partir la boutik ansanm li.,IMP.1PL leave DEF shop with 3SG,"Ansanm functions as a comitative marker.",,,9283,French: Allons à la boutique avec lui. +54-149,54,Lontan té i fé èk sak trésé an vakoi.,Lontan\tte-i\tfe\tek\tsak\ttrese\tan\tvakwa.,in.the.past\tPST-FIN\tdo\twith\tbag\twoven\tof\tvacoa,"In the past it was done with a bag made of vacoa (screw pine, Pandanus utilis).",,Ek functions as an instrumental marker.,229[52],,naturalistic spoken,"Lontan té i fé èk sak trésé an vakoi.",Lontan te-i fe ek sak trese an vakwa.,in.the.past PST-FIN do with bag woven of vacoa,"Ek functions as an instrumental marker.",,,9284,French: Autrefois c'etait fait avec un sac tressé de vacoa (Pandanus utilis). +55-123,55,li ti ekrir sa ar so plim,li\tti\tekrir\tsa\tar\tso\tplim,3SG\tPST\twrite\tthis\twith\tPOSS\tpen,He wrote this with his pen.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"li ti ekrir sa ar so plim",,3SG PST write this with POSS pen,,Own knowledge,,9285, +55-124,55,ki senla ki abit isi ek u?,ki\tsenla\tki\tabit\tisi\tek\tu?,who\tthat.one\twho\tlive\there\twith\tyou,Who is living here with you?,,,760,,naturalistic spoken,"ki senla ki abit isi ek u?",,who that.one who live here with you,,,,9286, +56-135,56,Mon 'n travay [...] avek Sye Raim.,Mon\t'n\ttravay\t[...]\tavek\tSye\tRaim.,1SG\tPRF\twork\t[...]\twith\tMr\tRahim,I have worked [...] with Mr Rahim.,,Here the marker avek is used in the comitative function.,158[14f.],,naturalistic spoken,"Mon 'n travay [...] avek Sye Raim.",,1SG PRF work [...] with Mr Rahim,"Here the marker avek is used in the comitative function.",,,9287, +57-73,57,sola reste ave tule Tuo-la,sola\treste\tave\ttule\tTuo-la,3PL\tstay\tCOM\tPL\tTouho-DEM/DEF,They settled with the people from Touho.,,,423[224],,naturalistic spoken,"sola reste ave tule Tuo-la",,3PL stay COM PL Touho-DEM/DEF,,,,9288, +57-74,57,ma kupe ave kuto,ma\tkupe\tave\tkuto,1SG\tcut\tINS\tknife,I cut with a knife.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"ma kupe ave kuto",,1SG cut INS knife,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,9289, +58-92,58,Yandi kwend-aka na Petelo.,Yandi\tkwend-aka\tna\tPetelo.,he/she\tgo-PST\tCONN\tPeter,He/She went with Peter.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi kwend-aka na Petelo.",,he/she go-PST CONN Peter,,Own knowledge,,9290, +58-93,58,Yandi kwend-aka na velo.,Yandi\tkwend-aka\tna\tvelo.,3SG\tgo-PST\tCONN\tbicyle,He/She went on a bicycle.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi kwend-aka na velo.",,3SG go-PST CONN bicyle,,Own knowledge,,9291, +59-209,59,amanke zo so mo ga a ni na bi so,a-manke\tzo\tso\tmo\tga\tna\tni\tna\tbi\tso,PM-lack\tperson\tREL\t2SG\tcome\tCOM\tDET\tPREP\tnight\tDEM,It's most likely the person you brought during the night.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"amanke zo so mo ga a ni na bi so",a-manke zo so mo ga na ni na bi so,PM-lack person REL 2SG come COM DET PREP night DEM,,Samarin corpus 1994,,9292, +59-210,59,lo kiri na na a yanga (ti) da,lo\tkiri\tna\tni\tna\tyanga\t(ti)\tda,3SG\treturn\tCOM\tDET\tPREP\tmouth\t(of)\thouse,He returned with her to the house.,,Yanga (ti) da is the normal way of referring to one's home as opposed to the house as a structure.,,,naturalistic spoken,"lo kiri na na a yanga (ti) da",lo kiri na ni na yanga (ti) da,3SG return COM DET PREP mouth (of) house,"Yanga (ti) da is the normal way of referring to one's home as opposed to the house as a structure.",Samarin corpus 1994,,9293, +60-98,60,akendákí na Marie,a-kend-ákí\tna\tMarie,3SG-go-PST\twith\tMarie,He went with Marie.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"akendákí na Marie",a-kend-ákí na Marie,3SG-go-PST with Marie,,Own knowledge,,9294, +61-72,61,Lo John na lo Jane yena hambile lapha Thegwin.,Lo\tJohn\tna\tlo\tJane\tyena\thamb-ile\tlapha\tThegwin.,DEF.ART\tJohn\tCOM\tDEF.ART\tJane\tthey\tgo-PST\tDAT\tDurban,John and Jane went to Durban. OR: John went with Jane to Durban. OR: John went to Durban with Jane.,,Yena translated as 'they' is a singular 3rd person pronoun form. (This point is not relevant to the notion of comitative.),,,elicited from speaker,"Lo John na lo Jane yena hambile lapha Thegwin.",Lo John na lo Jane yena hamb-ile lapha Thegwin.,DEF.ART John COM DEF.ART Jane they go-PST DAT Durban,"Yena translated as 'they' is a singular 3rd person pronoun form. (This point is not relevant to the notion of comitative.)",Field notes Mesthrie,,9295, +61-128,61,Mina hlalile na yena,mina\thlal-ile\tna\tyena,1SG\tlive-PST\twith\t3SG,I lived with her.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mina hlalile na yena,mina hlal-ile na yena,1SG live-PST with 3SG,,Own knowledge,,9296, +62-66,62,ni?á vuáho na Mdala,ni-?a\tvuaho\tna\tMdala,1SG-eat\tporridge\twith\tsauce,I eat porridge with sauce.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"ni?á vuáho na Mdala",ni-?a vuaho na Mdala,1SG-eat porridge with sauce,,Own field data 1993,,9297, +63-132,63,úmun já ma British,úmun\tjá\tma\tBritish,3PL\tcome\twith\tBritish,They came with the British.,,,857[229],,naturalistic spoken,"úmun já ma British",,3PL come with British,,,,9298, +64-143,64,ána dugú be kásaba,ána\tdugú\tbe\tkásaba,1SG\tbeat.PASS\tby\tstick,I was beaten with a stick.,,,874[124],,naturalistic spoken,"ána dugú be kásaba",,1SG beat.PASS by stick,,,,9299, +64-144,64,binía al be úo gerówa józu de,binía\tal\tbe\túo\tge=rówa\tjózu\tde,girl\tREL\twith\t3SG\tPROG=go\tmarry\tDEM.PROX,the girl (my brother) is going to marry,,,874[125],,naturalistic spoken,"binía al be úo gerówa józu de","binía al be úo ge=rówa józu de",girl REL with 3SG PROG=go marry DEM.PROX,,,,9300, +64-145,64,ána rówa ma úo laádi fi bet,ána\trówa\tma\túo\tlaádi\tfi\tbet,1SG\tgo\twith\t3SG\tup.to\tin\thouse,I went up to the house with him.,,,874[125],,naturalistic spoken,"ána rówa ma úo laádi fi bet",,1SG go with 3SG up.to in house,,,,9301, +65-46,65,Naʃa iwo gaɲbandi laobodaj.,Naʃa\tiwo\tgaɲbandi\tlaobodaj.,1PL\t3SG\tcompany\twork,We work together with him.,,,1395[89],,naturalistic spoken,Naʃa iwo gaɲbandi laobodaj.,,1PL 3SG company work,,,Нáша ивó ганьбáнди лаобóдай.,9302, +65-109,65,Sorok diviata iwo kampani tam ʒiwi.,Sorok\tdiviata\tiwo\tkampani\ttam\tʒiwi.,forty\tninth\t3SG\tcompany\tthere\tlive,I lived with her since 1949.,,"The speaker tells the story of his marriage. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[273-274],,naturalistic spoken,"Sorok diviata iwo kampani tam ʒiwi.",,forty ninth 3SG company there live,"The speaker tells the story of his marriage. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,Сорок дивята его кампани там живи.,9303, +66-82,66,Go go pe nama pennaring etuulis (aða).,Go\tgo-pe\tnama\tpenna-ring\te-tuulis\t(aða).,1SG\t1SG-POSS\tname\tpen-INS\tASP-write\tAUX,I have written my name with a pen.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Go go pe nama pennaring etuulis (aða).",Go go-pe nama penna-ring e-tuulis (aða).,1SG 1SG-POSS name pen-INS ASP-write AUX,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,9304, +67-148,67,Sama juga lu bole lapat olang tua punya balang punya wang.,Sama\tjuga\tlu\tbole\tlapat\tolang\ttua\tpunya\tbalang\tpunya\twang.,COM\talso\t2SG\tcan\tget\tperson\told\tPOSS\tthing\tPOSS\tmoney,"Together with [it], you can also get the old man’s things [and] money.",,,708[371],,naturalistic spoken,"Sama juga lu bole lapat olang tua punya balang punya wang.",,COM also 2SG can get person old POSS thing POSS money,,,,9305, +67-149,67,Jadi ini luwa olang ah diaolang ada bawa ah satu anjing sama itu tali chain.,Jadi\tini\tluwa\tolang\tah\tdiaolang\tada\tbawa\tah\tsatu\tanjing\tsama\titu\ttali\tchain.,so\tDEM\ttwo\tperson\tTOP\t3PL\thave\tcarry\tFILL\tone\tdog\twith\tDEM\trope\tchain,"So, these two people, they did bring a dog tied to a chain.",,Here sama is used with an instrumental function.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jadi ini luwa olang ah diaolang ada bawa ah satu anjing sama itu tali chain.",,so DEM two person TOP 3PL have carry FILL one dog with DEM rope chain,"Here sama is used with an instrumental function.",Own knowledge,,9306, +68-85,68,Katong tinggal deng sapa?,Katong\ttinggal\tdeng\tsapa?,1PL\tlive\twith\twho,With whom should we stay?,,,1528[183],,naturalistic spoken,"Katong tinggal deng sapa?",,1PL live with who,,,,9307, +70-58,70,Kaise ek taim Simi tum-log senge jao.,Kaise\tek\ttaim\tSimi\ttum-log\tsenge\tjao.,how\tone\ttime\tSimi\t2-PL\ttogether\tgo,How was the time Simi and you all went together?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kaise ek taim Simi tum-log senge jao.,,how one time Simi 2-PL together go,,Siegel-field recording,,9308, +70-59,70,Wai u-lon ke sate baito.,Wai\tu-lon\tke\tsate\tbaito.,3SG.EMPH\t3-PL\tACC\tCOM\tCOP,It was that one who was with them.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Wai u-lon ke sate baito.",,3SG.EMPH 3-PL ACC COM COP,,Siegel-field recording,,9309, +71-123,71,Wau ike kela Moaka hele mai me ka pahi.,Wau\tike\tkela\tMoaka\thele\tmai\tme\tka\tpahi.,1SG\tsee\tDET\tMoaka\tgo\tDIR\tCOM\tDEF\tknife,I saw Moaka coming with his knife.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau ike kela Moaka hele mai me ka pahi.",,1SG see DET Moaka go DIR COM DEF knife,,Own data 1885,,9310, +72-102,72,I bin hiya na nyanuny Mamiyawung.,I\tbin\thiya\tna\tnyanuny\tMami-yawung.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\there\tFOC\t3SG.DAT\tmother-COM,She's here with her mother.,,The suffix -yawung has a comitative function here.,8,fee431716523074a9cba83d6f7e7ebc1,naturalistic spoken,I bin hiya na nyanuny Mamiyawung.,I bin hiya na nyanuny Mami-yawung.,3SG.SBJ PST here FOC 3SG.DAT mother-COM,"The suffix -yawung has a comitative function here.",,,9311, +72-103,72,An kengkaru i bin kilim kurrupartuyawung dat karungku.,An\tkengkaru\ti\tbin\tki-lim\tkurrupartu-yawung\tdet\tkaru-ngku.,and\tkangaroo\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\thit-TR\tboomerang-INS\tDET\tchild-ERG,And the child hit the kangaroo with a boomerang.,,The suffix -yawung has an instrumental function here.,583,9300c524b216fad53a9fc320b776304f,peer elicitation,An kengkaru i bin kilim kurrupartuyawung dat karungku.,An kengkaru i bin ki-lim kurrupartu-yawung det karu-ngku.,and kangaroo 3SG.SBJ PST hit-TR boomerang-INS DET child-ERG,"The suffix -yawung has an instrumental function here.",,,9312, +72-104,72,Dei bin luk det ngakparn gat nyanuny femli.,Dei\tbin\tluk\tdet\tngakparn\tgat\tnyanuny\tfemli.,3PL.SBJ\tPST\tsee\tthe\tfrog\tCOM\t3SG.DAT\tfamily,They saw the frog with his family.,,The preposition gat has a comitative function here.,583,1e6eee5c25410c4670545db73c6e8bdb,narrative,Dei bin luk det ngakparn gat nyanuny femli.,,3PL.SBJ PST see the frog COM 3SG.DAT family,"The preposition gat has a comitative function here.",,,9313, +72-105,72,Dat karungku i bin jayijayi im dat kengkaru gat spiya.,Dat\tkaru-ngku\ti\tbin\tjayijayi\tim\tdat\tkengkaru\tgat\tspiya.,the\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tchase\t3SG.OBJ\tthe\tkangaroo\twith\tspear,The kid chased the kangaroo with a spear.,,The preposition gat has an instrumental function here.,583,21f5200b840b1998d5cb76caac460e29,peer elicitation,Dat karungku i bin jayijayi im dat kengkaru gat spiya.,Dat karu-ngku i bin jayijayi im dat kengkaru gat spiya.,the child-ERG 3SG.SBJ PST chase 3SG.OBJ the kangaroo with spear,"The preposition gat has an instrumental function here.",,,9314, +73-73,73,Fernando taytanlla parisixun,Fernando\ttayta-n-lla\tparisi-xu-n,Fernando\tfather-INS-DELIM\tresemble-PROG-3,Fernando looks like his father.,,,1033[63],,elicited from speaker,"Fernando taytanlla parisixun",Fernando tayta-n-lla parisi-xu-n,Fernando father-INS-DELIM resemble-PROG-3,,,,9315, +74-106,74,Sáli yáka mámuk kánim kápa skin.,Sáli\tyáka\tmámuk\tkánim\tkápa\tskin.,Sally\t3SG\tmake\tcanoe\twith\tskin,Sally made a canoe with/out of skins.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Sáli yáka mámuk kánim kápa skin.",,Sally 3SG make canoe with skin,,Own knowledge,,9316, +74-107,74,Sáli yáka tans kánamakwst Ben.,Sáli\tyáka\ttans\tkánamakwst\tBen.,Sally\t3SG\tdance\ttogether\tBen,Sally dances with Ben.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Sáli yáka tans kánamakwst Ben.",,Sally 3SG dance together Ben,,Own knowledge,,9317, +75-176,75,Zhaan kiipeetuhteew avek omaamaa(wa) / omaamaawa.,Zhaan kii-pee-tuhtee-w avek o-maamaa / o-maamaa-wa.,John PST-TOWARDS.SPEAKER-go-3SG with 3.POSS-mother   3.POSS-mother-OBV,John came with his mother.,,"Marking of obviative, used to distinguish the grammatical function of two third person arguments, is optional.",522,,elicited from speaker,"Zhaan kiipeetuhteew avek omaamaa(wa) / omaamaawa.",Zhaan kii-pee-tuhtee-w avek o-maamaa / o-maamaa-wa.,John PST-TOWARDS.SPEAKER-go-3SG with 3.POSS-mother 3.POSS-mother-OBV,"Marking of obviative, used to distinguish the grammatical function of two third person arguments, is optional.",,,9318, +75-177,75,Zhan dan lii muuvii kiituhteew pi peeshaaweew Maari.,Zhan\tdan\tlii\tmuuvii\tkii-tuhtee-w\tpi\tpeeshaaw-eew\tMaari.,John\tPREP.LOC\tART.PL\tmovie\tPST-go-3\tand\tbring.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tMary,John went to the movies with Mary. OR: John went to the movies and he brought Mary.,,Some speakers seem to prefer this construction.,522,,elicited from speaker,"Zhan dan lii muuvii kiituhteew pi peeshaaweew Maari.",Zhan dan lii muuvii kii-tuhtee-w pi peeshaaw-eew Maari.,John PREP.LOC ART.PL movie PST-go-3 and bring.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ Mary,Some speakers seem to prefer this construction.,,,9319, +75-178,75,Wiichimaentaweemaenw.,Wiichi-meetawee-m-eew.,together.with-play-TR-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,He plays (together) with him.,,The verb becomes transitive.,789[232],,naturalistic written,Wiichimaentaweemaenw.,"Wiichi-meetawee-m-eew.",together.with-play-TR-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,The verb becomes transitive.,,,9320, +1-169,1,Dem sa moessoe gie dem na granman nanga couroutoe abara.,Den\tsa\tmusu\tgi\tden\tna\tgranman\tnanga\tkrutu\tabra.,3PL\tFUT\tmust\tgive\t3PL\tto\tgovernor\twith/and\tcourt\tover,They should hand them over to the governor and the court.,,This illustrates the use of the nominal conjunctor nanga 'with'.,1437[art.15],,written,"Dem sa moessoe gie dem na granman nanga couroutoe abara.",Den sa musu gi den na granman nanga krutu abra.,3PL FUT must give 3PL to governor with/and court over,"This illustrates the use of the nominal conjunctor nanga 'with'.",,,9321, +1-170,1,Em tata nanga em mama dedee.,En\ttata\tnanga\ten\tmama\tdede.,3SG\tfather\twith/and\t3SG\tmother\tbe(come).dead,His father and his mother are dead.,,The nominal conjunctor is nanga 'with'.,1576[88],,written,"Em tata nanga em mama dedee.",En tata nanga en mama dede.,3SG father with/and 3SG mother be(come).dead,"The nominal conjunctor is nanga 'with'.",,,9322,Dutch: Zyn ouders zyn dood. [op.cit.] +1-171,1,"Teh hem tatta en mamma si hem, dem tronnfuru.","Te\ten\ttata\tèn\tmama\tsi\ten,\tden\ttronfuru.",when\t3SG\tfather\tand\tmother\tsee\t3SG\t3PL\tbe.astonished,"When his father and mother saw him, they were astonished.",,"Here the noun phrase conjunctor is en, of which Schumann (1783) notes that it is Bakratongo. While en as nominal conjunctor is attested occasionally in Schumann (1783) and more frequently in Schumann (1781), it is rare to non-existent in the other sources. Note that Schumann also uses nanga 'with' as nominal conjunctor; see Example 172. Cf. also Feature 71 ""Noun phrase conjunction and comitative"" and Feature 72 ""Nominal and verbal conjunction"".",1355[25],,written,"Teh hem tatta en mamma si hem, dem tronnfuru.","Te en tata èn mama si en, den tronfuru.",when 3SG father and mother see 3SG 3PL be.astonished,"Here the noun phrase conjunctor is en, of which Schumann (1783) notes that it is Bakratongo. While en as nominal conjunctor is attested occasionally in Schumann (1783) and more frequently in Schumann (1781), it is rare to non-existent in the other sources. Note that Schumann also uses nanga 'with' as nominal conjunctor; see Example 172. Cf. also Feature 71 ""Noun phrase conjunction and comitative"" and Feature 72 ""Nominal and verbal conjunction"".",,,9323, +1-172,1,Kaba som Phariseman nanga bukuman va Jerusalem komm na Jesus.,Kaba\tsom\tFariseman\tnanga\tbukuman\tfu\tYerusalem\tkon\tna\tYesus.,and\tsome\tPharisee\twith/and\tscribe\tfrom\tJerusalem\tcome\tLOC\tJesus,And some Pharisees and scribes from Jerusalem came to Jesus.,,"This illustrates the nominal conjunctor nanga 'with', occurring in Schumann (1781, 1783) alongside en.",1355[122],,written,"Kaba som Phariseman nanga bukuman va Jerusalem komm na Jesus.",Kaba som Fariseman nanga bukuman fu Yerusalem kon na Yesus.,and some Pharisee with/and scribe from Jerusalem come LOC Jesus,"This illustrates the nominal conjunctor nanga 'with', occurring in Schumann (1781, 1783) alongside en.",,,9324, +2-177,2,So den losi pom nanga kuku nanga ala den sortu sani.,So\tden\tlosi\tpom\tnanga\tkuku\tnanga\tala\tden\tsortu\tsani.,so\t3PL\tbake\tpom\tand\tcake\tand\tall\tthe.PL\tkind\tthing,That’s how they baked pom and cake and all that stuff.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"So den losi pom nanga kuku nanga ala den sortu sani.",,so 3PL bake pom and cake and all the.PL kind thing,,"Winford data, Tape 25-a",,9325, +2-178,2,Anansi ben prei wan triki nanga Kakalaka nanga Kafowru.,Anansi\tben\tprei\twan\ttriki\tnanga\tKakalaka\tnanga\tKafowru.,Anansi\tPST\tplay\ta\ttrick\twith\tcockroach\tand\tchicken,Anansi played a trick on Cockroach and Chicken.,,,1062[38],,naturalistic spoken,"Anansi ben prei wan triki nanga Kakalaka nanga Kafowru.",,Anansi PST play a trick with cockroach and chicken,,,,9326, +2-179,2,Tyari a karaaf nanga wan kan gi mi.,Tyari\ta\tkaraaf\tnanga\twan\tkan\tgi\tmi.,carry\tDET\tpitcher\tand\tART\tcan\tgive\tme,Fetch the pitcher and a can for me.,,,1597[708],,naturalistic spoken,"Tyari a karaaf nanga wan kan gi mi.",,carry DET pitcher and ART can give me,,,,9327, +3-85,3,Hén ku Jan náki dí dágu.,Hén\tku\tJan\tnáki\tdí\tdágu.,3SG\tand\tJohn\thit\tDEF.SG\tdog,He and John hit the dog.,,,1539[35],,naturalistic spoken,"Hén ku Jan náki dí dágu.",,3SG and John hit DEF.SG dog,,,,9328, +4-119,4,U o nyan a fisi ya anga den guluntu fi i.,U\to\tnyan\ta\tfisi\tya\tanga\tden\tguluntu\tfi\ti.,We\tFUT\teat\tDET.SG\tfish\there\twith\tDET.PL\tvegetables\tPOSS\tyou,We'll eat this fish with your vegetables.,,,568[130],,naturalistic spoken,U o nyan a fisi ya anga den guluntu fi i.,,We FUT eat DET.SG fish here with DET.PL vegetables POSS you,,,,9329, +4-120,4,"Eside, Sa M. anga Ba G. dongo te a Soolan.","Eside,\tSa\tM.\tanga\tBa\tG.\tdongo\tte\ta\tSoolan.",yesterday\tMs\tM.\twith\tMr\tB.\tgo.down.river\tuntil\tLOC\tSt.Laurent,Yesterday Ms M and Mr B. went down river to St Laurent du Maroni.,,,568[130],,naturalistic spoken,"Eside, Sa M. anga Ba G. dongo te a Soolan.",,yesterday Ms M. with Mr B. go.down.river until LOC St.Laurent,,,,9330, +4-121,4,We efi i wani da mi o kon anga i ya.,We\tefi\ti\twani\tda\tmi\to\tkon\tanga\ti\tya.,well\tif\tyou\twant\tthen\tI\tFUT\tcome\twith\tyou\there,"Well, if you want me to, then I will come with you now.",,,661[392],,naturalistic spoken,We efi i wani da mi o kon anga i ya.,,well if you want then I FUT come with you here,,,,9331, +5-117,5,Meeri an Jaan gu choch.,Meeri\tan\tJaan\tØ\tgu\tchoch.,Mary\tand\tJohn\tCOMPL\tgo\tchurch,Mary and John went to church. OR: John and Mary have gone to church.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Meeri an Jaan gu choch.","Meeri an Jaan Ø gu choch.",Mary and John COMPL go church,,Own knowledge,,9332, +5-118,5,Jaan go choch wid Meeri,Jaan\tØ\tgo\tchoch\twid\tMeeri,John\tCOMPL\tgo\tchurch\twith\tMary,John went to church with Mary. OR: John has gone to church with Mary.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Jaan go choch wid Meeri","Jaan Ø go choch wid Meeri",John COMPL go church with Mary,,Own knowledge,,9333, +7-171,7,* daag wid kyat naa liv god,* daag wid kyat na-a liv god,  dog with cat NEG-PROG live good,NOT: Dogs and cats do not live well together.,,Wid cannot be used as a conjunction.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,* daag wid kyat naa liv god,* daag wid kyat na-a liv god,dog with cat NEG-PROG live good,"Wid cannot be used as a conjunction.",Own knowledge,,9334, +7-172,7,Daag naa liv god wid kyat.,Daag\tna-a\tliv\tgod\twid\tkyat.,dog\tNEG-HAB\tlive\tgood\twith\tcat,Dogs do not live well with cats.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Daag naa liv god wid kyat.,Daag na-a liv god wid kyat.,dog NEG-HAB live good with cat,,Own knowledge,,9335, +8-107,8,Mieri an Jan go a paati laas nait.,Mieri\tan\tJan\tgo\ta\tpaati\tlaas\tnait.,Mary\tand\tJohn\tgo\tto\tparty\tlast\tnight,Mary and John went to a party last night.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mieri an Jan go a paati laas nait.",,Mary and John go to party last night,,Own knowledge,,9336, +8-108,8,Kom wid mi.,Kom\twid\tmi.,come\twith\t1SG,Come with me.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kom wid mi.,,come with 1SG,,Own knowledge,,9337, +9-136,9,I weyt pan laya n̩ djadj.,I\tweyt\tpan\tlaya\tn̩\tdjadj.,3SG\twait\tupon\tlawyer\tand\tjudge,He waited for the lawyer and the judge.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,I weyt pan laya n̩ djadj.,,3SG wait upon lawyer and judge,,,,9338, +10-159,10,"Nou dis yong man had tu pikniny wid ihn waif, wan gyal an wan bwai.","Nou\tdis\tyong\tman\thad\ttu\tpikniny\twid\tihn\twaif,\twan\tgyal\tan\twan\tbwai.",now\tDEM\tyoung\tman\thave.PST\ttwo\tchild\tCOM\t3SG.POSS\twife\tone\tgirl\tand\tone\tboy,"Now this young man had two children with his wife, one girl and one boy.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Nou dis yong man had tu pikniny wid ihn waif, wan gyal an wan bwai.",,now DEM young man have.PST two child COM 3SG.POSS wife one girl and one boy,,Unpublished field recordings,,9339, +10-160,10,Beda Naansi an Beda Taiga gaan out iina buot.,Beda\tNaansi\tan\tBeda\tTaiga\tgaan\tout\tiina\tbuot.,Brother\tAnansi\tand\tBrother\tTiger\tgo.PFV\tout\tin\tboat,Brother Anansi and Brother Tiger had gone out in a boat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Beda Naansi an Beda Taiga gaan out iina buot.",,Brother Anansi and Brother Tiger go.PFV out in boat,,Unpublished field recordings,,9340, +11-221,11,Wans opan a taim woz Breda Taiga an Sista Nansi.,Wans\topan\ta\ttaim\twoz\tBreda\tTaiga\tan\tSista\tNansi.,once\tupon\tART.INDF\ttime\tCOP.PST\tBrother\tTiger\tand\tSister\tAnansi,Once upon a time there were Brother Tiger and Sister Anansi.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wans opan a taim woz Breda Taiga an Sista Nansi.",,once upon ART.INDF time COP.PST Brother Tiger and Sister Anansi,,,,9341, +11-222,11,A big ship kiem in [...] an di kaptin wi evibadi waz der.,A\tbig\tship\tkiem\tin\t[...]\tan\tdi\tkaptin\twi\tevi-badi\twaz\tder.,ART.INDF\tbig\tship\tcome.PST\tin\t[...]\tand\tART.DEF\tcaptain\twith\tevery-body\tCOP.PST\tDEM.LOC,A big ship came in [...] and the captain and everybody was there.,,,636[291],,naturalistic spoken,"A big ship kiem in [...] an di kaptin wi evibadi waz der.",A big ship kiem in [...] an di kaptin wi evi-badi waz der.,ART.INDF big ship come.PST in [...] and ART.DEF captain with every-body COP.PST DEM.LOC,,,,9342, +11-223,11,"Dis iz a likl intorvyu wid Miss G., in haar niebahud.","Dis\tiz\ta\tlikl\tintorvyu\twid\tMiss\tG.,\tin\thaar\tnieba-hud.",DEM\tCOP.PRS\tART.INDF\tlittle\tinterview\tCOM\tMiss\tG.\tin\t3SG.POSS.F\tneighbour-hood,"This is a small interview with Miss G., in her own neighbourhood.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Dis iz a likl intorvyu wid Miss G., in haar niebahud.","Dis iz a likl intorvyu wid Miss G., in haar nieba-hud.",DEM COP.PRS ART.INDF little interview COM Miss G. in 3SG.POSS.F neighbour-hood,,,,9343, +11-224,11,Ai kud sit doun wid di uol piipl an taak wid dem.,Ai\tkud\tsit\tdoun\twid\tdi\tuol\tpiipl\tan\ttaak\twid\tdem.,1SG\tcould\tsit\tdown\tCOM\tART.DEF\told\tpeople\tand\ttalk\tCOM\t3PL,I could sit down with the old people and talk with them.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai kud sit doun wid di uol piipl an taak wid dem.",,1SG could sit down COM ART.DEF old people and talk COM 3PL,,,,9344, +12-170,12,"Uh-huh, and after he dead, then I come to Nassau with my other - with my - two of my sister.",[...]\tI\tcome\tto\tNassau\twith\t[...]\ttwo\tof\tmy\tsister.,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tcome[PST]\tto\tNassau\tCOM\t[...]\ttwo\tof\t1SG.POSS\tsister[PL],"[...] [After my father had died,] I came to Nassau with [...] two of my sisters.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Uh-huh, and after he dead, then I come to Nassau with my other - with my - two of my sister.",[...] I come to Nassau with [...] two of my sister.,[...] 1SG.SBJ come[PST] to Nassau COM [...] two of 1SG.POSS sister[PL],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9345, +12-171,12,"Me, my - uh - older sister and my brother, we born in Andros.","Me,\tmy\t[...]\tolder\tsister\tand\tmy\tbrother,\twe\tborn\tin\tAndros.",1SG.SBJ\t1SG.POSS\t[...]\tolder\tsister\tCONJ\t1SG.POSS\tbrother\t1PL.SBJ\tborn\tin\tAndros,"I, my older sister, and my brother were all born in Andros.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Me, my - uh - older sister and my brother, we born in Andros.","Me, my [...] older sister and my brother, we born in Andros.",1SG.SBJ 1SG.POSS [...] older sister CONJ 1SG.POSS brother 1PL.SBJ born in Andros,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9346, +14-90,14,Bruce and his friend went to the gym.,Bruce\tand\this\tfriend\twent\tto\tthe\tgym.,Bruce\tand\this\tfriend\twent\tto\tthe\tgym,Bruce and his friend went to the gym.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce and his friend went to the gym.,,Bruce and his friend went to the gym,,Own knowledge,,9347, +15-98,15,di uman ɛn ĩ pikin dɔn go na os,di\tuman\tɛn\tĩ\tpikin\tdɔn\tgo\tna\tos,ART\twoman\tand\tPOSS\tchild\tPFV\tgo\tLOC\thouse,The woman and her child have gone home.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"di uman ɛn ĩ pikin dɔn go na os",,ART woman and POSS child PFV go LOC house,,Own knowledge,,9348, +15-99,15,di uman dɔn go na os wit ĩ pikin,di\tuman\tdɔn\tgo\tna\tos\twit\tĩ\tpikin,ART\twoman\tPFV\tgo\tLOC\thouse\twith\tPOSS\tchild,The woman went home with her child.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di uman dɔn go na os wit ĩ pikin,,ART woman PFV go LOC house with POSS child,,Own knowledge,,9349, +16-97,16,wì gò go bai bĩs dɛn gari,wì\tgò\tgo\tbai\tbĩs\tdɛn\tgari,1PL\tFUT\tgo\tbuy\tbeans\tand\tgari,We were going to buy beans and gari.,,Student Pidgin: NP conjunction with (d)εn.,,,naturalistic spoken,wì gò go bai bĩs dɛn gari,,1PL FUT go buy beans and gari,"Student Pidgin: NP conjunction with (d)εn.",Own fieldwork,,9350, +17-113,17,Ìm ànd/wìt dè̱m gò dans.,Ìm\tànd/wìt\tdè̱m\tgò\tdans.,3SG.SBJ\tand/COM\t3PL.SBJ\tIRR\tdance,S/he and they will dance.,,,462[83],,naturalistic spoken,Ìm ànd/wìt dè̱m gò dans.,,3SG.SBJ and/COM 3PL.SBJ IRR dance,,,,9351, +17-114,17,Ìm gò dans wìt dè̱m.,Ìm\tgò\tdans\twìt\tdè̱m.,3SG.SBJ\tIRR\tdance\tCOM\t3PL.SBJ,S/he will dance with them.,,,462[83],,naturalistic spoken,Ìm gò dans wìt dè̱m.,,3SG.SBJ IRR dance COM 3PL.SBJ,,,,9352, +17-115,17,Ìm gò folo dè̱m dans.,Ìm\tgò\tfolo\tdè̱m\tdans.,3SG.SBJ\tIRR\tfollow.COM\t3PL.SBJ\tdance,S/he will dance with them.,,,462[83],,naturalistic spoken,Ìm gò folo dè̱m dans.,,3SG.SBJ IRR follow.COM 3PL.SBJ dance,,,,9353, +18-100,18,'Mi an 'yi 'don 'go fo Wum.,Mi\tan\ti\tdon\tgo\tfo\tWum.,1SG\tand/COM\t3SG\tPFV\tgo\tfor\tWum,Me and him have gone to Wum.,,,352[114],,published source,"'Mi an 'yi 'don 'go fo Wum.",Mi an i don go fo Wum.,1SG and/COM 3SG PFV go for Wum,,,,9354, +18-101,18,Ma pa'pa witi ma ma'mi di 'kom.,Ma\tpapa\twiti\tma\tmama\tdi\tkom.,1SG.POSS\tfather\twith\t1SG.POSS\tmother\tIPFV\tcome,My father and my mother are coming.,,,352[114],,published source,"Ma pa'pa witi ma ma'mi di 'kom.",Ma papa witi ma mama di kom.,1SG.POSS father with 1SG.POSS mother IPFV come,,,,9355, +18-102,18,I go dans witi dem.,I\tgo\tdans\twiti\tdem.,3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tdance\twith\t3PL.OBL,She/He will dance with them.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"I go dans witi dem.",,3SG.SBJ FUT dance with 3PL.OBL,,Own knowledge,,9356, +18-103,18,"'Djesno, a 'de fo 'hos witi 'yi.",Djesno\ta\tde\tfo\thaus\twiti\ti.,now\t1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tfor\thouse\twith\t3SG.OBL,Now I am at home with him.,,,352[73],,published source,"'Djesno, a 'de fo 'hos witi 'yi.",Djesno a de fo haus witi i.,now 1SG.SBJ COP for house with 3SG.OBL,,,,9357, +19-134,19,"Lydia wèt Junior, nà dɛn à sàbí.","Lydia\twèt\tJunior,\tnà\tdɛn\tà\tsàbí.",Lydia\twith\tJunior\tFOC\t3PL.EMPH\t1SG.SBJ\tknow,"Lydia and Junior, it's them that I know.",,,1634[186],,naturalistic spoken,"Lydia wèt Junior, nà dɛn à sàbí.",,Lydia with Junior FOC 3PL.EMPH 1SG.SBJ know,,,,9358, +19-135,19,Ɔl dì tin we yu àn dan man bìn gɛt [...].,Ɔl\tdì\ttin\twe\tyu\tàn\tdan\tman\tbìn\tgɛt\t[...].,all\tDEF\tthing\tSUBORD\t2SG.EMPH\tand\tthat\tman\tANT\thave\t[...],All the things that you and that man had [...].,,The coordinator /an/ may be used for NP coordination and clausal coordination. The use of àn 'and' is however marginal. wìt 'with; and' is preferred for NP coordination while /we/ is usually employed as a clausal coordinator.,1634[187],,naturalistic spoken,"Ɔl dì tin we yu àn dan man bìn gɛt [...].",,all DEF thing SUBORD 2SG.EMPH and that man ANT have [...],"The coordinator /an/ may be used for NP coordination and clausal coordination. The use of àn 'and' is however marginal. wìt 'with; and' is preferred for NP coordination while /we/ is usually employed as a clausal coordinator.",,,9359, +19-136,19,È viaja wètàn.,È\tviaja\twèt=àn.,3SG.SBJ\ttravel\twith=3SG.OBJ,She travelled with him.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"È viaja wètàn.","È viaja wèt=àn.",3SG.SBJ travel with=3SG.OBJ,,Field data,,9360, +20-98,20,"He hap five piece chiloh, - three piece bull chiloh, and two piece cow chiloh.","He hap five piece chiloh, - three piece bull chiloh, and two piece cow chiloh.",3SG has five CLF child   three CLF bull child and two CLF cow child,He has five children: three boys and two girls.,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,646[110],,naturalistic written,"He hap five piece chiloh, - three piece bull chiloh, and two piece cow chiloh.",,3SG has five CLF child three CLF bull child and two CLF cow child,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,9361, +22-125,22,Papa wantaim narapla tupla ankol i swim i go lo ailan.,Papa\twantaim\tnara-pla\ttu-pla\tankol\ti\tswim\ti\tgo\tlo\tailan.,father\twith\tother-MOD\ttwo-MOD\tuncle\tPM\tswim\tPM\tgo\tPREP\tisland,Father and two other uncles swam to the island.,,,584[Stignat19\Gabby\ws\m17\momas\wsp],,naturalistic spoken,Papa wantaim narapla tupla ankol i swim i go lo ailan.,Papa wantaim nara-pla tu-pla ankol i swim i go lo ailan.,father with other-MOD two-MOD uncle PM swim PM go PREP island,,,,9362, +22-126,22,"Wanpla taim mi, papa na sampla ol ankol, mipla - mipla bin go aut lo si [...].","Wanpla taim mi, papa na sampla ol ankol, mipla - mipla bin go aut lo si [...].",one time 1SG father and some PL uncle 1PL.EXCL   1PL.EXCL PST go out to sea [...],"One time me, father and some uncles we went out to sea [...].",,,584[Stignat19\Gabby\ws\m17\momas\wsp],,naturalistic spoken,"Wanpla taim mi, papa na sampla ol ankol, mipla - mipla bin go aut lo si [...].",,one time 1SG father and some PL uncle 1PL.EXCL 1PL.EXCL PST go out to sea [...],,,,9363, +23-116,23,bae yu kam stap wetem yumi mifala nomo,bae\tyu\tkam\tstap\twetem\tyumi\tmifala\tnomo,IRR\t2SG\tcome\tstay\twith\t1PL.INCL\t1PL.EXCL\tonly,You'll just come and stand with us (not them).,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"bae yu kam stap wetem yumi mifala nomo",,IRR 2SG come stay with 1PL.INCL 1PL.EXCL only,,,,9364, +25-277,25,Wan wi bin kid mi en he.,Wan\twi\tbin\tkid\tmi\ten\the.,TEMP\t1PL\tPST\tchild\t1SG\tand\t3SG.F,"When we were children, me and her.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates pronominal conjunction and a predicative noun phrase. This is acrolectal speech because of the 3rd singular feminine pronoun.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wan wi bin kid mi en he.",,TEMP 1PL PST child 1SG and 3SG.F,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates pronominal conjunction and a predicative noun phrase. This is acrolectal speech because of the 3rd singular feminine pronoun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,9365, +26-86,26,mi kapo o ɾa bɹaɾaz wi go ap baɪ ɾa waɾə˞ tæŋ,mi\tkapo\to\tɾa\tbɹaɾaz\twi\tgo\tap\tbaɪ\tɾa\twaɾə˞\ttæŋ,1SG.OBL\tcouple\tof\tART\tbrothers\t1PL\tgo\tup\tby\tART\twater\ttank,"Me and a couple of the guys, we go up to the water tank.",,,1545[116],,naturalistic spoken,mi kapo o ɾa bɹaɾaz wi go ap baɪ ɾa waɾə˞ tæŋ,,1SG.OBL couple of ART brothers 1PL go up by ART water tank,,,,9366, +27-87,27,Ananshi en/mi Tekoma sinu a lo it.,Ananshi\ten/mi\tTekoma\tsinu\ta\tlo\tit.,Ananshi\tand/with\tTekoma\t3PL\tPST\tgo\tout,Ananshi and Tekoma went outside.,,,355[59],,naturalistic spoken,"Ananshi en/mi Tekoma sinu a lo it.",,Ananshi and/with Tekoma 3PL PST go out,,,,9367, +29-146,29,Jan en Piet het dit nie gesien nie.,Jan\ten\tPiet\thet\tdit\tnie\tge-sien\tnie.,John\tand\tPete\tPST\t3SG.N\tNEG\tPTCP-see\tNEG,John and Pete did not see it.,,,,,naturalistic written,Jan en Piet het dit nie gesien nie.,Jan en Piet het dit nie ge-sien nie.,John and Pete PST 3SG.N NEG PTCP-see NEG,,Own knowledge,,9368, +29-147,29,Jan het met Marie gaan kyk.,Jan\thet\tmet\tMarie\tgaan\tkyk.,John\tPST\twith\tMary\tgo\tlook.INF,John went with Mary to have a look.,,"In the case of comitatives, saam ('together') is very frequently used together with met ('with'), and in Cape Afrikaans met [...] saam has become a collocation (cf. also Ponelis 1993: 348).",,,naturalistic written,Jan het met Marie gaan kyk.,,John PST with Mary go look.INF,"In the case of comitatives, saam ('together') is very frequently used together with met ('with'), and in Cape Afrikaans met [...] saam has become a collocation (cf. also Ponelis 1993: 348).",Own knowledge,,9369, +30-154,30,"Obi li, mi ku Djonsinhu li nu tene un grándi prubléma.","Obi\tli,\tmi\tku=Djonsinhu\tli\tnu=tene\tun=grándi\tprubléma.",hear\there\t1SG\twith=little.John\there\t1PL=have\ta=big\tproblem,"Listen, I and Little John, we have a big problem.",,,784[s.v. ku],,naturalistic spoken,"Obi li, mi ku Djonsinhu li nu tene un grándi prubléma.","Obi li, mi ku=Djonsinhu li nu=tene un=grándi prubléma.",hear here 1SG with=little.John here 1PL=have a=big problem,,,,9370,"German: Hör mal, ich und Hänschen, wir haben da ein großes Problem." +30-155,30,Éra un bes un ómi ku si mudjer.,Era\tun=bes\tun=ómi\tku=si=mudjer.,be.ANT\tART.INDF=time\tART.INDF=man\twith=3SG.POSS=woman,Once upon a time there were a man and his wife.,,,1407[27],,naturalistic spoken,"Éra un bes un ómi ku si mudjer.",Era un=bes un=ómi ku=si=mudjer.,be.ANT ART.INDF=time ART.INDF=man with=3SG.POSS=woman,,,,9371,German: Es waren [einmal] ein Mann und seine Frau. +31-128,31,Nu ten nos mai ku nos pai.,Nu\tten\tnos\tmai\tku\tnos\tpai.,we\thave\tour\tmother\twith\tour\tfather,We have our mother and father.,,,692,,naturalistic spoken,"Nu ten nos mai ku nos pai.",,we have our mother with our father,,,,9372, +32-116,32,Mi má Adrianu trubaiá djunt n'un bárk.,Mi\tma\tAdrianu\ttrubaiá\tdjunt\tna\tun\tbark.,1SG\tand/with\tAdrianu\twork\ttogether\ton\tDET\tship,Adrianu and I worked together on a ship.,,Má can function as both comitative and conjunction.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi má Adrianu trubaiá djunt n'un bárk.",Mi ma Adrianu trubaiá djunt na un bark.,1SG and/with Adrianu work together on DET ship,"Má can function as both comitative and conjunction.",,,9373,Portuguese: Eu e o Adrianu trabalhámos juntos num barco. +32-117,32,Relasãu entre mi y nha mãi senpr foi mut bon.,Relasãu\tentre\tmi\ty\tnha\tmãi\tsenpr\tfoi\tmut\tbon.,relationship\tbetween\t1SG\tand\tPOSS.1SG\tmother\talways\tCOP.PST\tvery\tgood,The relationship between my mother and me was always very good.,,Y [i] functions exclusively as conjunction,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Relasãu entre mi y nha mãi senpr foi mut bon.",,relationship between 1SG and POSS.1SG mother always COP.PST very good,"Y [i] functions exclusively as conjunction",,,9374,Portuguese: A relação entre mim e a minha mãe sempre foi muito boa. +33-140,33,N’bay praya ku Maria.,N-bay\tpraia\tku\tMaria.,1SG-go.PST\tbeach\tCOM\tMaria,I went to the beach with Maria.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’bay praya ku Maria.",N-bay praia ku Maria.,1SG-go.PST beach COM Maria,,Own knowledge,,9375,Portuguese: Fui à praia com a Maria. +33-141,33,Ami ku Maria no bay praya.,Ami\tku\tMaria\tno\tbay\tpraya.,1SG.EMPH\twith\tMaria\t1PL\tgo\tbeach,Maria and I went to the beach.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ami ku Maria no bay praya.",,1SG.EMPH with Maria 1PL go beach,,Own knowledge,,9376,Portuguese: Eu e a Maria fomos à praia. +33-143,33,"N’tene des limaria: un gatu, dus baka, tris katcur ku kuatru kobra.","N-tene\tdes\tlimaria:\tun\tgatu,\tdus\tbaka,\ttris\tkatcur\tku\tkuatru\tkobra.",1SG-have.PRS\tten\tanimal\tone\tcat\ttwo\tcow\tthree\tdog\tand\tfour\tsnake,"I have ten animals: one cat, two cows, three dogs, and four snakes.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’tene des limaria: un gatu, dus baka, tris katcur ku kuatru kobra.","N-tene des limaria: un gatu, dus baka, tris katcur ku kuatru kobra.",1SG-have.PRS ten animal one cat two cow three dog and four snake,,Own knowledge,,9377,"Portuguese: Tenho dez animais: um gato, duas vacas, thrês cães e quatro cobras." +34-112,34,Mariya bay Sicor ku Joŋ. ~ Mariya bay ku Joŋ Sicor.,Mariya ø bay Sicor ku Joŋ. ~ Mariya ø bay ku Joŋ Sicor.,Mary PFV go Ziguinchor with John   Mary PFV go with John Ziguinchor,Mary went to Ziuguinchor with John.,,Here ku functions as comitative.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya bay Sicor ku Joŋ. ~ Mariya bay ku Joŋ Sicor.","Mariya ø bay Sicor ku Joŋ. ~ Mariya ø bay ku Joŋ Sicor.",Mary PFV go Ziguinchor with John Mary PFV go with John Ziguinchor,"Here ku functions as comitative.",Own knowledge,,9378, +34-113,34,Mariya bay Sicor juntu ku Joŋ. ~ Mariya bay juntu ku Joŋ Sicor.,Mariya ø bay Sicor juntu ku Joŋ. ~ Mariya ø bay juntu ku Joŋ Sicor.,Mary PFV go Ziguinchor together with John   Mary PFV go together with John Ziguinchor,Mary went to Ziuguinchor with John.,,Juntu ku functions as comitative marker.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya bay Sicor juntu ku Joŋ. ~ Mariya bay juntu ku Joŋ Sicor.","Mariya ø bay Sicor juntu ku Joŋ. ~ Mariya ø bay juntu ku Joŋ Sicor.",Mary PFV go Ziguinchor together with John Mary PFV go together with John Ziguinchor,"Juntu ku functions as comitative marker.",Own knowledge,,9379, +34-196,34,Mariya ku Joŋ bay Sicor.,Mariya\tku\tJoŋ\tø\tbay\tSicor.,Mariya\twith\tJoŋ\tPFV\tgo\tZiguinchor,Mary and John went to Ziguinchor.,,Ku here functions as a conjunctive.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya ku Joŋ bay Sicor.","Mariya ku Joŋ ø bay Sicor.","Mariya with Joŋ PFV go Ziguinchor","Ku here functions as a conjunctive.",Own knowledge,,9380, +35-156,35,Zon ba ple ku Zwana.,Zon\tba\tple\tku\tZwana.,Zon\tgo\tbeach\twith\tZwana,Zon went to the beach with Zwana.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Zon ba ple ku Zwana.,,Zon go beach with Zwana,,Own knowledge,,9381, +35-157,35,Mosu ku mina xiga palaxu.,Mosu\tku\tmina\txiga\tpalaxu.,boy\twith\tgirl\tarrive\tpalace,The boy and the girl arrived at the palace.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mosu ku mina xiga palaxu.,,boy with girl arrive palace,,Own data,,9382, +36-92,36,Peru ki Dho ba potho.,Peru\tki\tDho\tba\tpotho.,Peter\twith\tJohn\tgo\ttown,Peter and John went to town.,,"The nominal conjunctor is ki 'with, and'.",,,constructed by linguist,"Peru ki Dho ba potho.",,Peter with John go town,"The nominal conjunctor is ki 'with, and'.",Own knowledge,,9383, +37-116,37,Ufôgô ki gazolina nimigu.,Ufôgô\tki\tgazolina\tnimigu.,fire\twith\tpetrol\tenemy,Fire and petrol are enemies.,,,905[63],,naturalistic spoken,"Ufôgô ki gazolina nimigu.",,fire with petrol enemy,,,,9384, +38-132,38,Sém sxama mavida ku memu.,Se-amu\tsxa-ma\tmavida\tku\tmai-mu.,RES-1SG\tTMA-take\tsuffering\twith\tmother-1SG,And I suffered together with my mother.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sém sxama mavida ku memu.,Se-amu sxa-ma mavida ku mai-mu.,RES-1SG TMA-take suffering with mother-1SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,9385, +38-133,38,mému ku pému,mai-mu\tku\tpai-mu,mother-1SG\twith\tfather-1SG,my mother and father,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mému ku pému,mai-mu ku pai-mu,mother-1SG with father-1SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,9386, +39-133,39,Nə Go yo te bastãt cousin i auntie.,Nə\tGo\tyo\tte\tbastãt\t\ti\t.,LOC\tGoa\t1SG\thave.NPST\tmany\tcousin\tand\tauntie,I have many cousins and aunties in Goa.,,,221[224],,naturalistic spoken,Nə Go yo te bastãt cousin i auntie.,Nə Go yo te bastãt <cousin> i <auntie>.,LOC Goa 1SG have.NPST many cousin and auntie,,,,9387, +40-99,40,Marid ani muler əkə pel tumo nə kabes.,Marid\tani\tmuler\təkə\tpel\ttumo\tnə\tkabes.,husband\tand\twife\tthat\tskin\ttake.PST\tLOC\thead,The married couple put that (animal) skin on their head.,,This example is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Marid ani muler əkə pel tumo nə kabes.",,husband and wife that skin take.PST LOC head,This example is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,Unpublished story,,9388, +40-100,40,Selestin nɛ̃t su kosid Boməy yaho.,Selestin\tnɛ̃t\tsu\tkosid\tBoməy\tyaho.,Selestin\tgrandchild\tGEN\twith\tMumbai\twent,Selestin went to Mumbai with her grandchild.,,,265[163],,constructed by linguist,Selestin nɛ̃t su kosid Boməy yaho.,,Selestin grandchild GEN with Mumbai went,,,,9389, +42-123,42,Juáng ja bái káza ku María,Juáng\tja\tbái\tkáza\tku\tMaría,Juáng\tPFV\tgo\thouse\tCOM\tMaría,Juáng went home with María.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Juáng ja bái káza ku María",,Juáng PFV go house COM María,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,9390, +42-124,42,yo sa papa ku yo sa kanyong ta bai mar,yo\tsa\tpapa\tku\tyo\tsa\tkanyong\tta\tbai\tmar,1SG\tGEN\tfather\tCOM\t1SG\tGEN\telder.brother\tPROG\tgo\tsea,My father and my brother are going fishing.,,,122[115],,elicited from speaker,"yo sa papa ku yo sa kanyong ta bai mar",,1SG GEN father COM 1SG GEN elder.brother PROG go sea,,,,9391, +42-125,42,yo sa papa ta bai mar ku yo sa kanyong,yo\tsa\tpapa\tta\tbai\tmar\tku\tyo\tsa\tkanyong,1SG\tGEN\tfather\tPROG\tgo\tsea\tCOM\t1SG\tGEN\telder.brother,My father is going fishing with my elder brother.,,,122[115],,elicited from speaker,yo sa papa ta bai mar ku yo sa kanyong,,1SG GEN father PROG go sea COM 1SG GEN elder.brother,,,,9392, +43-82,43,"Tridji koler, faka kung garfu.","Tridji\tkoler,\tfaka\tkung\tgarfu.",bring\tspoon\tknife\twith\tfork,"Bring a spoon, a knife, and a fork.",,,906[51],,pedagogical grammar,"Tridji koler, faka kung garfu.",,bring spoon knife with fork,,,,9393, +44-128,44,Ya indá na merkádo Dzing Dzing i Lébi.,Ya\tindá\tna\tmerkádo\tDzing\tDzing\ti\tLébi.,PFV\tgo\tLOC\tmarket\tJing\tJing\tand\tLevi,Jing Jing and Levi went to the market.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya indá na merkádo Dzing Dzing i Lébi.,,PFV go LOC market Jing Jing and Levi,,Own data,,9394, +44-129,44,Ya andá húnto yo kon éle.,Ya\tandá\thúnto\tyo\tkon\téle.,PFV\tgo\ttogether\t1SG\twith\t3SG,I went together with her.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya andá húnto yo kon éle.,,PFV go together 1SG with 3SG,,Own data,,9395, +46-130,46,Kyére-kyére yo komé prútas pati gúlay.,Kyére-kyére\tyo\tkomé\tprútas\tpati\tgúlay.,want-want\t1SG\teat\tfruit\tand\tvegetable,I like eating fruits and vegetables.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kyére-kyére yo komé prútas pati gúlay.",,want-want 1SG eat fruit and vegetable,,Own knowledge,,9396, +47-142,47,Ela kumpra pan i keshi.,El\ta\tkumpra\tpan\ti\tkeshi.,3SG\tPFV\tbuy\tbread\tand\tcheese,He bought bread and cheese.,,The translation is mine.,1024[472],,published source,Ela kumpra pan i keshi.,El a kumpra pan i keshi.,3SG PFV buy bread and cheese,The translation is mine.,,,9397, +47-143,47,Ela kumpra pan ku keshi.,El\ta\tkumpra\tpan\tku\tkeshi.,3SG\tPFV\tbuy\tbread\twith\tcheese,He bought a cheese sandwich. OR: He bought bread and cheese,,The translation is mine.,1024[472],,published source,Ela kumpra pan ku keshi.,El a kumpra pan ku keshi.,3SG PFV buy bread with cheese,The translation is mine.,,,9398, +48-131,48,¿Bo a polé bae ku ele?,¿Bo\ta\tpolé\tbae\tku\tele?,you.SG\tPST\tcan\tgo\twith\thim/her,Could you go with him/her? OR: Were you able to go with him/her?,,,1359[276],,naturalistic spoken,¿Bo a polé bae ku ele?,,you.SG PST can go with him/her,,,,9399,Spanish: ¿Pudiste (tú) ir con él/ella? +48-132,48,Ele ku yo tan pa loyo.,Ele\tku\tyo\ttan\tpa\tloyo.,he/she\twith\tI\tgo\tfor\tcreek,He/she and I go to the creek.,,,1359[302],,naturalistic spoken,"Ele ku yo tan pa loyo.",,he/she with I go for creek,,,,9400,Spanish: (Él/ella) y yo vamos al arroyo. +49-218,49,Ou di m w al ak Yv.,Ou\tdi\tm\tw\tal\tak\tYv.,2SG\tsay\t3SG\t2SG\tgo\tCOM\tYves,You tell me you went with Yves.,,,371[22],,naturalistic spoken,Ou di m w al ak Yv.,,2SG say 3SG 2SG go COM Yves,,,,9401,French: Tu me dis être allé avec Yves. +49-219,49,Jan ak Mari ap pase devan on magazen soulye.,Jan\tak\tMari\tap\tpase\tdevan\ton\tmagazen\tsoulye.,Jean\tCONJ\tMarie\tINACC\tgo.past\tbefore\tINDF\tshop\tshoe,Jean and Marie are going past a shoe shop.,,,371[59],,naturalistic spoken,Jan ak Mari ap pase devan on magazen soulye.,,Jean CONJ Marie INACC go.past before INDF shop shoe,,,,9402,French: Jean et Marie passent devant un magasin de chaussures. +49-221,49,Li pèdi manman n a papa l.,Li\tpèdi\tmanman\tn\ta\tpapa\tl.,3SG\thas.lost\tmother\t3SG\tand\tfather\t3SG,He/She lost his/her mother and his/her father.,,A is the short form of ak.,"473[vol. 1, p. 964]",,naturalistic spoken,Li pèdi manman n a papa l.,,3SG has.lost mother 3SG and father 3SG,"A is the short form of ak.",,,9403,French: Il/Elle a perdu sa mère et son père. +49-222,49,Li rive ansanm avèk mwen.,Li\trive\tansanm\tavèk\tmwen.,3SG\tarrive\ttogether\twith\t1SG,He/She arrived at the same time as I.,,,1505[36],,naturalistic spoken,Li rive ansanm avèk mwen.,,3SG arrive together with 1SG,,,,9404,French: Il/Elle est arrivé(e) en même temps que moi. +49-223,49,Li prale ansanm avèk mwen.,Li\tprale\tansanm\tavèk\tmwen.,3SG\tPROG.go\ttogether\twith\t1SG,He/She is leaving with me.,,,1505[36],,naturalistic spoken,Li prale ansanm avèk mwen.,,3SG PROG.go together with 1SG,,,,9405,French: Il/Elle part avec moi. +50-127,50,Jòj épi Jéra ay péché.,Jòj\tépi\tJéra\tay\tpéché.,George\twith\tGérard\tgo\tfish,George and Gérard went fishing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jòj épi Jéra ay péché.",,George with Gérard go fish,,Own fieldwork,,9406, +50-128,50,Jòj ay péché épi Jéra.,Jòj\tay\tpéché\tépi\tJéra.,George\tgo\tfish\twith\tGérard,George went fishing with Gérard.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jòj ay péché épi Jéra.,,George go fish with Gérard,,Own fieldwork,,9407, +50-129,50,Jòj é Jéra ay péché.,Jòj\té\tJéra\tay\tpéché.,George\tand\tGérard\tgo\tfish,George and Gerad went fishing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jòj é Jéra ay péché.,,George and Gérard go fish,,Own fieldwork,,9408, +50-130,50,Jòj ay péché é Jéra.,Jòj\tay\tpéché\té\tJéra.,George\tgo\tfish\twith\tGérard,George went fishing with Gerard.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jòj ay péché é Jéra.,,George go fish with Gérard,,Own fieldwork,,9409, +50-131,50,Jòj èvè Jéra ay péché.,Jòj\tèvè\tJéra\tay\tpéché.,George\twith\tGérard\tgo\tfish,George and Gerard went fishing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jòj èvè Jéra ay péché.,,George with Gérard go fish,,Own fieldwork,,9410, +50-132,50,Jòj ay péché èvè Jéra.,Jòj\tay\tpéché\tèvè\tJéra.,George\tgo\tfish\twith\tGérard,George went fishing with Gerard.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jòj ay péché èvè Jéra.,,George go fish with Gérard,,Own fieldwork,,9411, +51-115,51,Joj épi Jéra ay péché.,Joj\tépi\tJéra\tay\tpéché.,Joj\twith\tJéra\tgo\tfish,Joj and Jéra went fishing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Joj épi Jéra ay péché.",,Joj with Jéra go fish,,Own fieldwork,,9412, +51-116,51,Joj ay péché épi Jéra.,Joj\tay\tpéché\tépi\tJéra.,Joj\tgo\tfish\twith\tJéra,Joj went fishing with Jéra.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Joj ay péché épi Jéra.",,Joj go fish with Jéra,,Own fieldwork,,9413, +51-117,51,Joj ek Jéra ay péché.,Joj\tek\tJéra\tay\tpéché.,George\twith\tGérard\tgo\tfish,Geoge and Gérard went fishing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Joj ek Jéra ay péché.,,George with Gérard go fish,,Own fieldwork,,9414, +51-118,51,Joj ay péché ek Jéra.,Joj\tay\tpéché\tek\tJéra.,George\tgo\tfish\twith\tGérard,Geoge went fishing with Gérard.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Joj ay péché ek Jéra.,,George go fish with Gérard,,Own fieldwork,,9415, +51-119,51,Joj é Jéra ay péché.,Joj\té\tJéra\tay\tpéché.,George\twith\tGérard\tgo\tfish,George and Gérard went fishing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Joj é Jéra ay péché.,,George with Gérard go fish,,Own fieldwork,,9416, +51-120,51,Joj ay péché é Jéra.,Joj\tay\tpéché\té\tJéra.,George\tgo\tfish\twith\tGérard,Geoge went fishing with Gérard.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Joj ay péché é Jéra.,,George go fish with Gérard,,Own fieldwork,,9417, +53-265,53,Bouki e Lapen je te travaje onsom.,Bouki\te\tLapen\tje\tte\ttravaje\tonsom.,Bouki\tand\tRabbit\t3PL\tPST\twork\ttogether,Bouki and Rabbit worked together.,,,1048[422],,naturalistic spoken,Bouki e Lapen je te travaje onsom.,,Bouki and Rabbit 3PL PST work together,,,,9418, +53-266,53,Te gen en mile ave en chval.,Te\tgen\ten\tmile\tave\ten\tchval.,PST\thave\tINDF.ART\tmule\twith\tINDF.ART\thorse,(I) had a mule and a horse.,,,722[364],,naturalistic spoken,"Te gen en mile ave en chval.",,PST have INDF.ART mule with INDF.ART horse,,,,9419, +53-267,53,Mo gen en fiy ave en gason dan Kalifourni.,Mo\tgen\ten\tfiy\tave\ten\tgason\tdan\tKalifourni.,1SG\thave\tART.INDF\tdaughter\twith\tART.INDF\tson\tin\tCalifornia,I have a daughter and a son in California.,,,722[364],,naturalistic spoken,"Mo gen en fiy ave en gason dan Kalifourni.",,1SG have ART.INDF daughter with ART.INDF son in California,,,,9420, +53-268,53,Mo vini la rèste e ye.,Mo\tvini\tla\trèste\te\tye.,1SG\tcome\tthere\tlive\twith\t3PL,I came here to live with them.,,,722[363],,naturalistic spoken,Mo vini la rèste e ye.,,1SG come there live with 3PL,,,,9421, +53-269,53,trwa lafunet e en lapòt,trwa\tlafunet\te\ten\tlapòt,three\twindow\tand\tART.INDF\tdoor,three windows and a door,,,722[364],,naturalistic spoken,trwa lafunet e en lapòt,,three window and ART.INDF door,,,,9422, +53-270,53,Compair Lapin vini avé so baqué.,Compair\tLapin\tvini\tavé\tso\tbaqué.,Brother\tRabbit\tcome\twith\t3SG.POSS\tbucket,Brother Rabbit came with his bucket.,,,1049[29],,naturalistic written,"Compair Lapin vini avé so baqué.",,Brother Rabbit come with 3SG.POSS bucket,,,,9423, +53-271,53,Li te vini pase en dimonch avet nouzòt.,Li\tte\tvini\tpase\ten\tdimonch\tavet\tnouzòt.,3SG\tPST\tcome\tspend\tART.INDF\tSunday\twith\t1PL,She came to spend a Sunday with us.,,,1515[55],,naturalistic spoken,Li te vini pase en dimonch avet nouzòt.,,3SG PST come spend ART.INDF Sunday with 1PL,,,,9424, +54-150,54,Le papa ek le maman lé trakasé.,Lë\tpapa\tek\tlë\tmaman\tle\ttrakase.,DEF\tfather\twith\tDEF\tmother\tCOP.PRS\tworried,The father and the mother are worried.,,This is an example of a nominal conjunction with ek.,110[78],,naturalistic spoken,Le papa ek le maman lé trakasé.,Lë papa ek lë maman le trakase.,DEF father with DEF mother COP.PRS worried,"This is an example of a nominal conjunction with ek.",,,9425,French: Le papa et la maman sont inquiets. +54-151,54,In dalon sé sak i koup la kane èk moin.,En\tdalon\tse\tsa\tk\ti\tkoup\tla\tkann\tek\tmwen.,INDF\tcompanion\tCOP\tDEM\tREL\tFIN\tcut\tDEF\tcane\twith\tme,"A ""dalon"" is the person who cuts sugar cane with me.",,Here the marker ek is used in the comitative function.,229[60],,naturalistic spoken,In dalon sé sak i koup la kane èk moin.,En dalon se sa k i koup la kann ek mwen.,INDF companion COP DEM REL FIN cut DEF cane with me,"Here the marker ek is used in the comitative function.",,,9426,"French: Un ""dalon"" est celui qui coupe la canne avec moi." +54-152,54,Lavé zis patat ansanm dé trwa pyé kann.,Lave\tzis\tpatat\tansanm\tdetrwa\tpye\tkann.,PST.EXIST\tonly\tsweet.potatoes\twith\tsome\tplant\tsugar.cane.,There were only sweet potatoes and some sugar cane plants.,,This represents an example of nominal conjunction with ansanm (variant sanm).,236[378],,naturalistic spoken,Lavé zis patat ansanm dé trwa pyé kann.,Lave zis patat ansanm detrwa pye kann.,PST.EXIST only sweet.potatoes with some plant sugar.cane.,"This represents an example of nominal conjunction with ansanm (variant sanm).",,,9427,French: Il n'y avait que des patates et quelques cannes à sucre. +54-153,54,[...] ma amenn sanb moin.,[...]\tma\tamenn\tsanm\tmwen.,[...]\t1SG.FUT\ttake\twith\tme,[...] I will take it with me.,,Here sanb is used in the comitative function.,110[29],,naturalistic spoken,[...] ma amenn sanb moin.,[...] ma amenn sanm mwen.,[...] 1SG.FUT take with me,"Here sanb is used in the comitative function.",,,9428,French: [...] je vais l'amener avec moi. +54-154,54,Zan Pyer é Zan René,Zan-Pyer\te\tZan-Rene,Jean-Pierre\tand\tJean-René,Jean-Pierre and Jean-René,,This represents an example of a nominal conjunction with e.,110[15],,naturalistic spoken,"Zan Pyer é Zan René",Zan-Pyer e Zan-Rene,Jean-Pierre and Jean-René,"This represents an example of a nominal conjunction with e.",,,9429,French: Jean-Pierre et Jean-René +55-125,55,papi ek mami pre pu ale zot usi,papi\tek\tmami\tpre\tpu\tale\tzot\tusi,dad\twith\tmum\tready\tfor\tgo\t3PL\ttoo,"Daddy and Mum are ready to go, them too.",,,758,,naturalistic spoken,"papi ek mami pre pu ale zot usi",,dad with mum ready for go 3PL too,,,,9430, +56-136,56,Mari ek Pyer,Mari\tek\tPyer,Mari\twith/and\tPyer,Mari and Pyer,,"Here, the marker ek is used in the conjunctive function.",,,constructed by linguist,"Mari ek Pyer",,Mari with/and Pyer,"Here, the marker ek is used in the conjunctive function.",Own knowledge,,9431, +57-75,57,frer-ta epi ser-ta le vja?,frer-ta\tepi\tser-ta\tle\tvja?,brother-POSS.2SG\tCONJ\tsister-POSS.2SG\tSI\tcome,Are your brother and sister coming?,,Here epi functions as a nominal conjunctor.,423[205],,naturalistic spoken,"frer-ta epi ser-ta le vja?",,brother-POSS.2SG CONJ sister-POSS.2SG SI come,"Here epi functions as a nominal conjunctor.",,,9432, +57-76,57,ma fe vwajaʃ ave(k) Marie pu visite Tahiti,ma\tfe\tvwajaʃ\tave(k)\tMarie\tpu\tvisite\tTahiti,1SG\tmake\ttrip\tCOM\tMarie\tPURP\tvisit\tTahiti,I made a trip with Marie in order to visit Tahiti.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ma fe vwajaʃ ave(k) Marie pu visite Tahiti,,1SG make trip COM Marie PURP visit Tahiti,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,9433, +58-94,58,Petelo ná Maria me bal-ana.,Petelo\tná\tMaria\tme\tbal-ana.,Peter\tand\tMary\tPRF\tmarry-RECP,Peter and Mary have got married.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Petelo ná Maria me bal-ana.",,Peter and Mary PRF marry-RECP,,Own knowledge,,9434, +59-211,59,"laso mbi na mo, i ke gwe biani","laso\tmbi\tna\tmo,\ti\tyeke\tgwe\tbiani",today\t1SG\tPREP\t2SG\t1PL\tCOP\tgo\ttruly,Today we're going for sure.,,Na might be the connective 'and'. Laso is made up of la 'sun' + so 'thus'. This is based on an early document that reveals the meaning of so as thus: 'When the sun is in the sky where I am pointing [...]'.,,,naturalistic spoken,"laso mbi na mo, i ke gwe biani","laso mbi na mo, i yeke gwe biani",today 1SG PREP 2SG 1PL COP go truly,"Na might be the connective 'and'. Laso is made up of la 'sun' + so 'thus'. This is based on an early document that reveals the meaning of so as thus: 'When the sun is in the sky where I am pointing [...]'.",Samarin corpus 1994,,9435, +59-212,59,mbi lango na ita ti mbi,mbi\tlango\tna\tita\tti\tmbi,1SG\tsleep\tPREP\tsibling\tof\t1SG,I lived with my sibling.,,,1320[96],,naturalistic spoken,mbi lango na ita ti mbi,,1SG sleep PREP sibling of 1SG,,,,9436, +59-213,59,mama ti mbi asara na mbi na melenge,mama\tti\tmbi\ta-sara\tna\tmbi\tna\tmelenge,mother\tof\t1SG\tPM-do\tPREP\t1SG\tPREP\tchild,My mother did it to (for) me when I was a child.,,,1320[97],,naturalistic spoken,mama ti mbi asara na mbi na melenge,mama ti mbi a-sara na mbi na melenge,mother of 1SG PM-do PREP 1SG PREP child,,,,9437, +60-99,60,Pierre akendákí na mwána,Pierre\ta-kend-ákí\tna\tmwána,Pierre\t3SG-go-PST\twith\tchild,Pierre went with the child.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,Pierre akendákí na mwána,"Pierre a-kend-ákí na mwána",Pierre 3SG-go-PST with child,,Own knowledge,,9438, +60-100,60,Pierre na mwána bakendákí,Pierre\tna\tmwána\tba-kend-ákí,Pierre\tand\tchild\t3PL-go-PST,Pierre and the child went away.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"Pierre na mwána bakendákí",Pierre na mwána ba-kend-ákí,Pierre and child 3PL-go-PST,,Own knowledge,,9439, +61-73,61,Lo John na lo Jane yena hambile lapha Thegwin.,Lo\tJohn\tna\tlo\tJane\tyena\thamb-ile\tlapha\tThegwin.,DEF.ART\tJohn\tCOM\tDEF.ART\tJane\tthey\tgo-PST\tDAT\tDurban,John and Jane went to Durban. OR: John went with Jane to Durban OR: John went to Durban with Jane.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Lo John na lo Jane yena hambile lapha Thegwin.",Lo John na lo Jane yena hamb-ile lapha Thegwin.,DEF.ART John COM DEF.ART Jane they go-PST DAT Durban,,Field notes Mesthrie,,9440, +62-67,62,ikádo na wé,ikado\tna\twe,ten\twith\tone,eleven,,,,,elicited from speaker,"ikádo na wé",ikado na we,ten with one,,Own field data 1993,,9441, +62-68,62,sikayó na ári,si-ka-yo\tna\tárí,1SG.NEG-NEG.FUT-speak\twith\tyou,I won't talk to you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"sikayó na ári",si-ka-yo na árí,1SG.NEG-NEG.FUT-speak with you,,Own field data 1993,,9442, +63-133,63,núbi ta Kíbra ma Mombása ma ‘endisi tofaúti,núbi\tta\tKíbra\tma\tMombása\tma\t‘endisi\ttofaúti,Nubi\tGEN\tKibera\twith\tMombasa\tNEG\thave\tdifference,The Nubi of Kibera and the ones of Mombasa are not different.,,,857[245],,naturalistic spoken,"núbi ta Kíbra ma Mombása ma ‘endisi tofaúti",,Nubi GEN Kibera with Mombasa NEG have difference,,,,9443, +63-134,63,úmun já ma British,úmun\tjá\tma\tBritish,3PL\tcome\twith\tBritish,They came with the British.,,,857[229],,naturalistic spoken,úmun já ma British,,3PL come with British,,,,9444, +63-135,63,síta u arbaín,síta\tu\tarbaín,six\tand\tforty,forty six,,,856[12],,naturalistic spoken,"síta u arbaín",,six and forty,,,,9445, +63-137,63,kan bes anás ta Mijikénda u anás ta Rabái,kan\tbes\tanás\tta\tMijikénda\tu\tanás\tta\tRabái,ANT\tonly\tpeople\tGEN\tMijikenda\tand\tpeople\tGEN\tRabai,There was just the Mijikenda and the Rabai.,,,857[391],,naturalistic spoken,"kan bes anás ta Mijikénda u anás ta Rabái",,ANT only people GEN Mijikenda and people GEN Rabai,,,,9446, +64-146,64,ána wa úo anína gum rúwa fi salakána,ána\twa\túo\tanína\tgum\trúwa\tfi\tsalakána,1SG\tand\t3SG\t1PL\tget.up\tgo\tin\tSalakana,"Me and him, we made our way toward Salakana.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"ána wa úo anína gum rúwa fi salakána",,1SG and 3SG 1PL get.up go in Salakana,,Own knowledge,,9447, +64-147,64,banát bigum ma awlád,ban-át\tbi=gum\tma\tawlád,girl-PL\tIRR=get.up\twith\tboy.PL,The girls get up with the boys.,,,874[238],,naturalistic spoken,"banát bigum ma awlád","ban-át bi=gum ma awlád",girl-PL IRR=get.up with boy.PL,,,,9448, +65-110,65,"Xeʧzu kapusa kupila, salata, muka ise kupila.","Xeʧzu\tkapusa\tkupi-la,\tsalata,\tmuka\tise\tkupi-la.",Xeczu\tcabbage\tbuy-PFV\tlettuce\tflour\tmore\tbuy-PFV,"Xeczu bought cabbage, lettuce and flour.",,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,1195[221],,naturalistic spoken,"Xeʧzu kapusa kupila, salata, muka ise kupila.","Xeʧzu kapusa kupi-la, salata, muka ise kupi-la.",Xeczu cabbage buy-PFV lettuce flour more buy-PFV,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,,"Хэцзю капуса купила, салата, мука исе купила.",9449, +65-111,65,"Nada trista dewuʃəka, trista mal'ʧika.","Nada\ttrista\tdewuʃəka,\ttrista\tmal'ʧika.",need\tthree.hundred\tgirl\tthree.hundred\tboy,Three hundred boys and three hundred girls were needed.,,"This is a part of a fairy tale. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[270],,naturalistic spoken,"Nada trista dewuʃəka, trista mal'ʧika.",,need three.hundred girl three.hundred boy,"This is a part of a fairy tale. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,"Надо триста девушка, триста мальчика.",9450, +66-83,66,Kitampəðə lorika ka buttulkəmauan buk-pəðə yangle tua kenderapəðəyangle e-sumpang (aðA).,Kitang-pəðə\tlori\tka\tbuttulkəmauan\tbuk-pəðə-yang-le\ttua\tkendera-pəðə-yang-le\te-sumpang\t(aðA).,1PL-PL\tlorry\tin\tinteresting\tbook-PL-ACC.DEF-COM\told\tchair-PL-ACC.DEF-COM\tASP-put\t(AUX),We have put interesting books and old chairs in the truck.,,This example was grammaticality verified by native speaker.,,,constructed by linguist,"Kitampəðə lorika ka buttulkəmauan buk-pəðə yangle tua kenderapəðəyangle e-sumpang (aðA).","Kitang-pəðə lori ka buttulkəmauan buk-pəðə-yang-le tua kendera-pəðə-yang-le e-sumpang (aðA).",1PL-PL lorry in interesting book-PL-ACC.DEF-COM old chair-PL-ACC.DEF-COM ASP-put (AUX),This example was grammaticality verified by native speaker.,Own knowledge,,9451, +66-85,66,Gope sudaara dia-pe kudaali-pəðə sama luarna epi (aða).,Go-pe\tsudaara\tdia-pe\tkudaali-pəðə\tsama\tluar-na\te-pi\t(aða).,1SG-POSS\tsibling\t3SG-POSS\tfriend-PL\twith\toutside-DAT\tASP-go\t(AUX),My brother went away last weekend with his friends.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Gope sudaara dia-pe kudaali-pəðə sama luarna epi (aða).",Go-pe sudaara dia-pe kudaali-pəðə sama luar-na e-pi (aða).,1SG-POSS sibling 3SG-POSS friend-PL with outside-DAT ASP-go (AUX),,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,9452, +67-150,67,"Saya suka pergi market pun, beli barang, beli ikan sama udang.","Saya\tsuka\tpergi\tmarket\tpun,\tbeli\tbarang,\tbeli\tikan\tsama\tudang.",1SG\tlike\tgo\tmarket\talso\tbuy\tthing\tbuy\tfish\tand\tprawn,"I also love to go to the market, buying things, buying fish and prawns.",,,708[85],,naturalistic spoken,"Saya suka pergi market pun, beli barang, beli ikan sama udang.",,1SG like go market also buy thing buy fish and prawn,,,,9453, +67-151,67,Saya minum kope dan loti ah sarapan pagi.,Saya\tminum\tkope\tdan\tloti\tah\tsarapan\tpagi.,1SG\tdrink\tcoffee\tand\tbread\tTOP\tbreakfast\tmorning,I drink coffee and bread for breakfast.,,,708[145],,naturalistic spoken,"Saya minum kope dan loti ah sarapan pagi.",,1SG drink coffee and bread TOP breakfast morning,,,,9454, +67-152,67,Saya tinggal sama tak Melayu.,Saya\ttinggal\tsama\ttak\tMelayu.,1SG\tlive\tsame\tNEG\tMalay,I lived with non-Malays.,,,708[415],,naturalistic spoken,Saya tinggal sama tak Melayu.,,1SG live same NEG Malay,,,,9455, +67-153,67,Sekarang banyak orang cerita sama orang Puteh.,Sekarang\tbanyak\torang\tcerita\tsama\torang\tPuteh.,now\tmany\tperson\tspeak\twith\tperson\twhite,Now many people speak English.,,"Here, orang puteh [person white] means the English language although it normally means Westerners.",708[453],,naturalistic spoken,Sekarang banyak orang cerita sama orang Puteh.,,now many person speak with person white,"Here, orang puteh [person white] means the English language although it normally means Westerners.",,,9456, +67-154,67,Tony ada dua anak jantan dan dua anak perempuan.,Tony\tada\tdua\tanak\tjantan\tdan\tdua\tanak\tperempuan.,Tony\thave\ttwo\tchild\tmale\tand\ttwo\tchild\tfemale,Tony had two sons and two daughters.,,,708[467],,naturalistic spoken,"Tony ada dua anak jantan dan dua anak perempuan.",,Tony have two child male and two child female,,,,9457, +68-86,68,"Des, papa deng mama seng mara-mara lai, su bai.","Des,\tpapa\tdeng\tmama\tseng\tmara~mara\tlai,\tsu\tbai.",so\tfather\tand\tmother\tNEG\tangry~angry\tagain\talready\tgood,"So, father and mother were not angry anymore, everything was okay.",,,1528[126],,naturalistic spoken,"Des, papa deng mama seng mara-mara lai, su bai.","Des, papa deng mama seng mara~mara lai, su bai.",so father and mother NEG angry~angry again already good,,,,9458, +69-54,69,Kayan kandək Paput kandək mambi mariakənan,Kayan\tkandək\tPaput\tkandək\tmambi\tmariakə-nan,Kayan\tOBL\tPaput\tOBL\tagain\ttalk-NONFUT,Kayan and Paput spoke.,,Kandək is also the general oblique adposition although it functions as a coordinating conjunction here.,,,naturalistic spoken,Kayan kandək Paput kandək mambi mariakənan,Kayan kandək Paput kandək mambi mariakə-nan,Kayan OBL Paput OBL again talk-NONFUT,"Kandək is also the general oblique adposition although it functions as a coordinating conjunction here.",Own field notes 1985,,9459, +71-124,71,"Wau me Ah Tini So, Aho, noho ma ka lumi paina.","Wau\tme\tAh\tTini\tSo,\tAho,\tnoho\tma\tka\tlumi\tpaina.",1SG\twith\tAh\tTini\tSo\tAho\tstay\tLOC\tDEF\troom\tmeal,"Ah Tini So, Aho, and I were in the dining room.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau me Ah Tini So, Aho, noho ma ka lumi paina.",,1SG with Ah Tini So Aho stay LOC DEF room meal,,own data 1882,,9460, +71-125,71,George Bell Jr. a me Kawai hele malalo.,George\tBell\tJr.\ta\tme\tKawai\thele\tmalalo.,George\tBell\tJr.\tand\twith\tKawai\tgo\tdown,George Bell Jr. and Kawai went down.,,"The space between a me is a spelling convention where a morpheme boundary is shown by a space, but where the two elements correspond to a single English word. So a me is literally ""and with"", but it is the basic coordinator for noun phrases (""and"").",,,naturalistic written,"George Bell Jr. a me Kawai hele malalo.",,George Bell Jr. and with Kawai go down,"The space between a me is a spelling convention where a morpheme boundary is shown by a space, but where the two elements correspond to a single English word. So a me is literally ""and with"", but it is the basic coordinator for noun phrases (""and"").",own data 1899,,9461, +71-126,71,Maua halawai me Naukana.,Maua\thalawai\tme\tNaukana.,1DU\tmeet\twith\tNaukana,The two of us met with Naukana.,,,,,naturalistic written,Maua halawai me Naukana.,,1DU meet with Naukana,,Own data 1888,,9462, +71-127,71,Henry huipu wau inu akahi omole.,Henry\thuipu\twau\tinu\takahi\tomole.,Henry\ttogether.with\t1SG\tdrink\tone\tbottle,Henry and I drank one bottle (of beer).,,,,,naturalistic written,"Henry huipu wau inu akahi omole.",,Henry together.with 1SG drink one bottle,,Own data 1897,,9463, +72-106,72,Ngapujuyawung i bin gubek.,Ngapuju-yawung\ti\tbin\tgu-bek.,grandmother-COM\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo-back,She went back with her grandmother.,,,8,79af8efad47e4710272f38daca059e59,naturalistic spoken,Ngapujuyawung i bin gubek.,Ngapuju-yawung i bin gu-bek.,grandmother-COM 3SG.SBJ PST go-back,,,,9464, +72-107,72,Dat karu an dat warlakungku dei bin luk olda yapakayiwan ngakparnwalija.,Dat\tkaru\tan\tdat\twarlaku-ngku\tdei\tbin\tluk\tolda\tyapakayi-wan\tngakparn-walija.,the\tchild\tand\tthe\tdog-ERG\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tlook\tall\tsmall-NMLZ\tfrog-PAUC,The child and the dog looked at all of the small frogs.,,,583,988c773e0934a4cc5383c8d646b72e58,narrative,Dat karu an dat warlakungku dei bin luk olda yapakayiwan ngakparnwalija.,Dat karu an dat warlaku-ngku dei bin luk olda yapakayi-wan ngakparn-walija.,the child and the dog-ERG 3PL.SBJ PST look all small-NMLZ frog-PAUC,,,,9465, +72-108,72,Dei bin luk det ngakparn gat nyanuny femli.,Dei\tbin\tluk\tdet\tngakparn\tgat\tnyanuny\tfemli.,3PL.SBJ\tPST\tsee\tthe\tfrog\tCOM\t3SG.DAT\tfamily,They saw the frog with his family.,,,583,1e6eee5c25410c4670545db73c6e8bdb,narrative,Dei bin luk det ngakparn gat nyanuny femli.,,3PL.SBJ PST see the frog COM 3SG.DAT family,,,,9466, +73-75,73,mariyaun pedrun,mariya-un\tpedru-n,Mary-INS\tPeter-INS,Mary and Peter,,,1033[63],,naturalistic adapted,"mariyaun pedrun",mariya-un pedru-n,Mary-INS Peter-INS,,,,9467, +74-108,74,náyka mákmak sáplil pi uláli,náyka\tmákmak\tsáplil\tpi\tuláli,1SG\teat\tbread\tand\tberries,I eat bread and berries.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"náyka mákmak sáplil pi uláli",,1SG eat bread and berries,,Own knowledge,,9468, +74-109,74,náyka mámuk xwim stik kánamakwst Ben,náyka\tmámuk\txwim\tstik\tkánamakwst\tBen,1SG\tmake\tfall\tstick\ttogether\tBen,I fell trees in Ben’s company.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"náyka mámuk xwim stik kánamakwst Ben",,1SG make fall stick together Ben,,Own knowledge,,9469, +74-110,74,hayás tlaxáwya kánamakwst náyka úlman,hayás\ttlaxáwya\tkánamakwst\tnáyka\túlman,much\tmiserable\ttogether\t1SG\told,I was very miserable with my wife.,,,154[211],,narrative,hayás tlaxáwya kánamakwst náyka úlman,,much miserable together 1SG old,,,,9470, +74-189,74,łas mílayt ixt lamyái pi kwí’im,łas\tmílayt\tixt\tlamyái\tpi\tkwí’im,3PL\tsit\tone\told.woman\tand\tgrandchild,An old woman and her grandchild lived there.,,,675[1],,narrative,łas mílayt ixt lamyái pi kwí’im,,3PL sit one old.woman and grandchild,,,,9471, +75-179,75,Taapwee awena chipamihaat eekwa ohi la kariol pi lii zhvoo.,Taapwee\tawena\tchi-pamih-aat\teekwa\tohi\tla\tkariol\tpi\tlii\tzhvoo.,really\twho\tCOMP.FUT-drive.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tnow\tDEM.PROX.OBV\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tcarriage\tand\tART.PL\thorse.PL,"Really, who was now going to drive this carriage and the horses?",,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"Taapwee awena chipamihaat eekwa ohi la kariol pi lii zhvoo.",Taapwee awena chi-pamih-aat eekwa ohi la kariol pi lii zhvoo.,really who COMP.FUT-drive.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ now DEM.PROX.OBV DEF.ART.F.SG carriage and ART.PL horse.PL,,,,9472, +75-180,75,li praens pi sii servan,li\tpraens\tpi\tsii\tservan,DEF.ART.M.SG\tprince\tand\tPOSS.3PL\tservant,the prince and his servants,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,li praens pi sii servan,,DEF.ART.M.SG prince and POSS.3PL servant,,,,9473, +75-181,75,lii zhvooo [...] avek lii boo harnwe miina lii boo zartelaazh,lii\tzhvooo\t[...]\tavek\tlii\tboo\tharnwe\tmiina\tlii\tboo\tzartelaazh,ART.PL\thorse.PL\t[...]\twith\tART.PL\tbeautiful.M\tharness\talso\tART.PL\tbeautiful.M\tbridle,horses [...] with good harnesses as well as good bridles,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,lii zhvooo [...] avek lii boo harnwe miina lii boo zartelaazh,,ART.PL horse.PL [...] with ART.PL beautiful.M harness also ART.PL beautiful.M bridle,,,,9474, +75-182,75,Pi li rwe eekwa la renn iteewak.,Pi\tli\trwe\teekwa\tla\trenn\tit-eew-ak.,then/and\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tking\tand\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tqueen\tsay.TR-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-PL,And the King and the Queen said to him:,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Pi li rwe eekwa la renn iteewak.,Pi li rwe eekwa la renn it-eew-ak.,then/and DEF.ART.M.SG king and DEF.ART.F.SG queen say.TR-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-PL,,,,9475, +1-173,1,Joe buy gi wini en takki homan potti taffele.,Yu\tboi\tgi\twini\tèn\ttaki\tuma\tpoti\ttafra.,2SG\tboy\tgive\twine\tand\tsay\twoman\tput\ttable,"You boy, serve some wine and tell the women to set the table.",,"This example shows the verbal conjunctor en, of which Schumann (1783) notes that it is Bakratongo; it is not uncommon in several sources however.",1527[102],,written,"Joe buy gi wini en takki homan potti taffele.",Yu boi gi wini èn taki uma poti tafra.,2SG boy give wine and say woman put table,"This example shows the verbal conjunctor en, of which Schumann (1783) notes that it is Bakratongo; it is not uncommon in several sources however.",,,9476,Dutch: Jongen geef Wyn en zeg de Meiden datze de Tafel dekken. [op.cit.] +1-174,1,"Mi tatta de worko teh tideh, kaba mi de worko tu.","Mi\ttata\tde\twroko\tte\ttide,\tkaba\tmi\tde\twroko\ttu.",1SG\tfather\tASP\twork\tuntil\ttoday\tand\t1SG\tASP\twork\ttoo,My father is working until today and I keep working too.,,This example shows the verbal conjunctor kaba.,1355[48],,written,"Mi tatta de worko teh tideh, kaba mi de worko tu.","Mi tata de wroko te tide, kaba mi de wroko tu.",1SG father ASP work until today and 1SG ASP work too,"This example shows the verbal conjunctor kaba.",,,9477, +2-180,2,Yu e go na a mma dan yu o taki.,Yu\te\tgo\tna\ta\tmma\tdan\tyu\to\ttaki.,2SG\tIPFV\tgo\tLOC\tDET\tmother\tthen\t2SG\tFUT\ttalk,You’d go to the mother and you’d speak.,,"Some speakers use èn to conjoin clauses, e.g. A pikin èn a grun. [3SG small and 3SG green] ‘It’s small and it’s green.’ (Nickel & Wilner 1984: 25)",1597[708],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu e go na a mma dan yu o taki.",,2SG IPFV go LOC DET mother then 2SG FUT talk,"Some speakers use èn to conjoin clauses, e.g. A pikin èn a grun. [3SG small and 3SG green] ‘It’s small and it’s green.’ (Nickel & Wilner 1984: 25)",,,9478, +2-181,2,Boiki papa ben prani gruntu èn a ben kewki fowru nanga wan kaw.,Boiki\tpapa\tben\tprani\tgruntu\tèn\ta\tben\tkewki\tfowru\tnanga\twan\tkaw.,Boiki\tfather\tPST\tplant\tvegetable\tand\t3SG\tPST\traise\tchicken\twith\tART\tcow,"Boiki’s father grew vegetables, and he raised chickens and a cow.",,,1585[23],,naturalistic spoken,"Boiki papa ben prani gruntu èn a ben kewki fowru nanga wan kaw.",,Boiki father PST plant vegetable and 3SG PST raise chicken with ART cow,,,,9479, +3-86,3,A náki en hén a kíi en.,A\tnáki\ten\thén\ta\tkíi\ten.,3SG\thit\t3SG\tand.then\t3SG\tkill\t3SG,He hit it and he killed it.,,,1539[77],,naturalistic spoken,"A náki en hén a kíi en.",,3SG hit 3SG and.then 3SG kill 3SG,,,,9480, +3-87,3,wan mbéti fátu súti-wan,wan\tmbéti\tfátu\tsúti-wan,a\tanimal\tfat\tsweet-one,a fat and sweet piece of meat,,"Coordination here is between the semantic adjectives, expressed as stative verbs.",,,elicited from speaker,wan mbéti fátu súti-wan,,a animal fat sweet-one,"Coordination here is between the semantic adjectives, expressed as stative verbs.",Fieldwork data,,9481, +3-88,3,mi ku én,mi\tku\tén,1SG\tand\t3SG,me and him,,,,,elicited from speaker,"mi ku én",,1SG and 3SG,,Fieldwork data,,9482, +4-122,4,Baa B. be e sikiifi biifi da Baa D. be e leisi buku.,Baa\tB.\tbe\te\tsikiifi\tbiifi\tda\tBaa\tD.\tbe\te\tleisi\tbuku.,Mr\tB.\tPST\tIPFV\twrite\tletter\tthen/and\tMr\tD.\tPST\tIPFV\tread\tbook,Mr B. was writing letters and Mr D. was reading.,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,"Baa B. be e sikiifi biifi da Baa D. be e leisi buku.",,Mr B. PST IPFV write letter then/and Mr D. PST IPFV read book,,Own knowledge,,9483, +4-123,4,Baa Dagu anga Baa Koo be go piki manyan.,Baa\tDagu\tanga\tBaa\tKoo\tbe\tgo\tpiki\tmanyan.,Mr\tDog\twith\tMr\tTurtle\tPST\tgo\tpick\tmango,Mr Dog and Mr Turtle had gone mango picking.,,,661[240],,naturalistic spoken,"Baa Dagu anga Baa Koo be go piki manyan.",,Mr Dog with Mr Turtle PST go pick mango,,,,9484, +5-119,5,an di - leedii ton bak an sok i,an di - leedii ton bak an sok i,and the   lady turn back and suck him,"And the lady in retaliation, sucked his blood. OR: The lady turned back and sucked him (his blood).",,,"1281[161, line 529]",,naturalistic spoken,"an di - leedii ton bak an sok i",,and the lady turn back and suck him,,,,9485, +5-120,5,mii an Sita gu skuul tugeda,mii\tan\tSita\tgu\tskuul\ttugeda,1SG\tand\tSita\tgo\tschool\ttogether,Sita and I were in school together.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mii an Sita gu skuul tugeda",,1SG and Sita go school together,,Own knowledge,,9486, +6-76,6,Lal an Deena goin Barbados.,Lal\tan\tDeena\tgoin\tBarbados.,Lal\tCONJ\tDeena\tgo.PROG\tBarbados.,Lal and Deena are going to Barbados.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Lal an Deena goin Barbados.",,Lal CONJ Deena go.PROG Barbados.,,Informant A.K.,,9487, +6-126,6,Teena wokin an savin shi money.,Teena\twokin\tan\tsavin\tshi\tmoney.,Teena\twork.PROG\tCONJ\tsave.PROG\t3SG.POSS\tmoney,Teena is working and saving her money.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Teena wokin an savin shi money.",,Teena work.PROG CONJ save.PROG 3SG.POSS money,,Informant A.K.,,9488, +7-173,7,Mi an shi de.,Mi\tan\tshi\tde.,1SG\tand\t3SG.F\tCOP.LOC,She and I are together. OR: She and I are in an intimate relationship.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mi an shi de.",,1SG and 3SG.F COP.LOC,,Own knowledge,,9489, +7-174,7,Dem laaf an taak tugyeda.,Dem\tlaaf\tan\ttaak\ttugyeda.,3PL\tlaugh\tand\ttalk\ttogether,They laughed and talked to each other.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Dem laaf an taak tugyeda.",,3PL laugh and talk together,,Own knowledge,,9490, +8-109,8,Jan an Mieri kuk an nyam di bikl.,Jan\tan\tMieri\tkuk\tan\tnyam\tdi\tbikl.,John\tand\tMary\tcook\tand\teat\tDET\tvictual,John and Mary cooked and ate the food.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Jan an Mieri kuk an nyam di bikl.,,John and Mary cook and eat DET victual,,Own knowledge,,9491, +8-110,8,Di man an di uman wash di kluoz an kliin di ous.,Di\tman\tan\tdi\tuman\twash\tdi\tkluoz\tan\tkliin\tdi\tous.,DET\tman\tCONJ\tDET\twoman\twash\tDET\tclothes\tCONJ\tclean\tDET\thouse,The man and the woman washed the clothes and cleaned the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di man an di uman wash di kluoz an kliin di ous.,,DET man CONJ DET woman wash DET clothes CONJ clean DET house,,Own knowledge,,9492, +9-137,9,I kum op n̩ i kom owta di bowt.,I\tkum\top\tn̩\ti\tkom\towta\tdi\tbowt.,3SG\tcome\tup\tand\t3SG\tcome\tout.of\tthe\tboat,He came up and got out of the boat.,,,441[49],,naturalistic spoken,"I kum op n̩ i kom owta di bowt.",,3SG come up and 3SG come out.of the boat,,,,9493, +10-161,10,An dehn uopn di doa an ihn gaan iin.,An\tdehn\tuopn\tdi\tdoa\tan\tihn\tgaan\tiin.,and\t3PL\topen\tART.DEF\tdoor\tand\t3SG\tgo.ANT\tin,And they opened the door and he went inside.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"An dehn uopn di doa an ihn gaan iin.",,and 3PL open ART.DEF door and 3SG go.ANT in,,Unpublished field recordings,,9494, +10-162,10,Beda Naansi an Beda Taiga,Beda\tNaansi\tan\tBeda\tTaiga,Brother\tAnansi\tand\tBrother\tTiger,Brother Anansi and Brother Tiger,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Beda Naansi an Beda Taiga",,Brother Anansi and Brother Tiger,,Unpublished field recordings,,9495, +11-225,11,flauwa an saalt,flauwa\tan\tsaalt,flour\tand\tsalt,flour and salt,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"flauwa an saalt",,flour and salt,,,,9496, +11-226,11,Yu gwan on di biich an yu kech fish.,Yu\tgwan\ton\tdi\tbiich\tan\tyu\tkech\tfish.,2SG\tgo.on\ton\tART.DEF\tbeach\tand\t2SG\tkech\tfish,You go onto the beach and you catch some fish.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu gwan on di biich an yu kech fish.",,2SG go.on on ART.DEF beach and 2SG kech fish,,,,9497, +12-172,12,"Uh - me and my best friend was on Montague Beach, swimming, and at that time, uh - ain't no one was on the beach, and that was late in the night.",[...]\tme\tand\tmy\tbest\tfriend\twas\ton\tMontague\tBeach\t[...],[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tCONJ\t1SG.POSS\tbest\tfriend\t1PL.COP.PST\ton\tMontague\tBeach\t[...],"[...] me and my best friend were on Montague Beach [and at that time no one was on the beach, and it was late at night].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Uh - me and my best friend was on Montague Beach, swimming, and at that time, uh - ain't no one was on the beach, and that was late in the night.","[...] me and my best friend was on Montague Beach [...]",[...] 1SG.SBJ CONJ 1SG.POSS best friend 1PL.COP.PST on Montague Beach [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9498, +12-173,12,"She have two younger sister, and she jealous.","She\thave\ttwo\tyounger\tsister,\tand\tshe\tjealous.",3SG.SBJ\thave\ttwo\tyounger\tsister[PL]\tCONJ\t3SG.SBJ\tjealous,"She has two younger sisters, and she's jealous.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"She have two younger sister, and she jealous.",,3SG.SBJ have two younger sister[PL] CONJ 3SG.SBJ jealous,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9499, +13-131,13,"We will plant potato, and dig potato, and bank əm.","We\twill\tplant\tpotato,\tand\tdig\tpotato,\tand\tbank\təm.",we\twill\tplant\tpotato\tand\tdig\tpotato\tand\tbank\tthem,We would plant potatoes and dig potatoes and bank them.,,,330[146],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,"We will plant potato, and dig potato, and bank əm.",,we will plant potato and dig potato and bank them,,,,9500, +14-91,14,Bruce and his friend laughed and danced with each other.,Bruce\tand\this\tfriend\tlaughed\tand\tdanced\twith\teach\tother.,Bruce\tand\this\tfriend\tlaughed\tand\tdanced\twith\teach\tother,Bruce and his friend laughed and danced with each other.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce and his friend laughed and danced with each other.,,Bruce and his friend laughed and danced with each other,,Own knowledge,,9501, +15-100,15,di titi di rid ɛn di bɔbɔ di slip,di\ttiti\tdi\trid\tɛn\tdi\tbɔbɔ\tdi\tslip,ART\tgirl\tPROG\tread\tand\tART\tboy\tPROG\tsleep,The girl is reading and the boy is sleeping.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"di titi di rid ɛn di bɔbɔ di slip",,ART girl PROG read and ART boy PROG sleep,,Own knowledge,,9502, +16-98,16,dɛ waif ɛn dɛ mɔda dè de insaid rum ɛn dɛ smɔ smɔ pikin dè de,dɛ\twaif\tɛn\tdɛ\tmɔda\tdè\tde\tinsaid\trum\tɛn\tdɛ\tsmɔ~smɔ\tpikin\tdè\tde,ART\twife\tand\tART\tmother\t3PL\tCOP\tinside\troom\tand\tART\tsmall~small\tchild\t3PL\tCOP,The wife and the mother stay in the room and the small children stay (in the room).,,The first εn is a nominal conjunction; the second εn is a verbal conjunction.,,,naturalistic spoken,dɛ waif ɛn dɛ mɔda dè de insaid rum ɛn dɛ smɔ smɔ pikin dè de,dɛ waif ɛn dɛ mɔda dè de insaid rum ɛn dɛ smɔ~smɔ pikin dè de,ART wife and ART mother 3PL COP inside room and ART small~small child 3PL COP,"The first εn is a nominal conjunction; the second εn is a verbal conjunction.",Own fieldwork,,9503, +16-99,16,so kɔnfjuʃɛn kam bitwin dɛ dagɔmba ɛen dɛn dɛ kɔŋkɔmba pipu,so\tkɔnfjuʃɛn\tkam\tbitwin\tdɛ\tdagɔmba\tɛen\tdɛn\tdɛ\tkɔŋkɔmba\tpipu,so\tconfusion\tcome\tbetween\tART\tDagomba\tand\tthen\tART\tKonkomba\tpeople,So discord arose between the Dagombas and the Konkombas.,,This example shows a nominal conjunction with εn dεn.,,,naturalistic spoken,so kɔnfjuʃɛn kam bitwin dɛ dagɔmba ɛen dɛn dɛ kɔŋkɔmba pipu,,so confusion come between ART Dagomba and then ART Konkomba people,"This example shows a nominal conjunction with εn dεn.",Own fieldwork,,9504, +16-100,16,ì tɛl às mek wì mek wan maf ɛn dɛn klin nima,ì\ttɛl\tàs\tØ\tmek\twì\tmek\twan\tmaf\tɛn\tdɛn\tklin\tnima,3SG\ttell\t1PL.OBL\tØ\tCAUS/IMP\t1PL\tmake\tone\tmouth\tand\tthen\tclean\tNima,He told us to act in unison and clean Nima.,,This example shows a verbal conjunction expressed by εn dεn.,,,naturalistic spoken,ì tɛl às mek wì mek wan maf ɛn dɛn klin nima,"ì tɛl às Ø mek wì mek wan maf ɛn dɛn klin nima",3SG tell 1PL.OBL Ø CAUS/IMP 1PL make one mouth and then clean Nima,"This example shows a verbal conjunction expressed by εn dεn.",Own fieldwork,,9505, +17-116,17,Ìm folo yù go tawn bay nyam.,Ìm\tfolo\tyù\tgo\ttawn\tbay\tnyam.,3SG.SBJ\tfollow.COM\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\ttown\tbuy\tyam,S/he and you went to town and bought yams.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ìm folo yù go tawn bay nyam.",,3SG.SBJ follow.COM 2SG.SBJ go town buy yam,,Own knowledge,,9506, +17-117,17,Ìm ànd yù go tawn (ànd) bay nyam.,Ìm\tànd\tyù\tgo\ttawn\t(ànd)\tbay\tnyam.,3SG.SBJ\tand.COM\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\ttown\t(and)\tbuy\tyam,She and you went to town and bought yams.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ìm ànd yù go tawn (ànd) bay nyam.",,3SG.SBJ and.COM 2SG.SBJ go town (and) buy yam,,Own knowledge,,9507, +18-104,18,Mary di rid buk an john di kuk.,Mary\tdi\trid\tbuk\tan\tjohn\tdi\tkuk.,Mary\tIPFV\tread\tbook\tand\tJohn\tIPFV\tcook,Mary is reading a book and John is cooking.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"Mary di rid buk an john di kuk.",,Mary IPFV read book and John IPFV cook,,,,9508, +19-137,19,[...] è kan syek dì plet àn dì plet kan brok.,[...]\tè\tkan\tsyek\tdì\tplet\tàn\tdì\tplet\tkan\tbrok.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tshake\tDEF\tplate\tand\tDEF\tplate\tPFV\tbreak,[...] he shook the plate and the plate broke.,,The use of àn as a clausal coordinator is marginal.,,,elicited from speaker,"[...] è kan syek dì plet àn dì plet kan brok.",,[...] 3SG.SBJ PFV shake DEF plate and DEF plate PFV break,"The use of àn as a clausal coordinator is marginal.",Field data,,9509, +19-138,19,"Pero we à kan mit dis man, we wì bìgín bɔn ìn yon pìkín dɛ̀n.","Pero\twe\tà\tkan\tmit\tdis\tman,\twe\twì\tbìgín\tbɔn\tìn\tyon\tpìkín\tdɛ̀n.",but\tSUBORD\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tmeet\tthis\tman\tSUBORD\t1PL\tbegin\tgive.birth\t3SG.POSS\town\tchild\tPL,"But then/when I met this man, and then we began to have his own children.",,The expression of time relations introduced by the general subordinator we [SUB] is often indistinguishable from the function of we to introduce sequences of coordinate clauses. Together with juxtaposition this is the most common way of coordinating clauses. The subordinator is only employed for clausal coordination.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Pero we à kan mit dis man, we wì bìgín bɔn ìn yon pìkín dɛ̀n.",,but SUBORD 1SG.SBJ PFV meet this man SUBORD 1PL begin give.birth 3SG.POSS own child PL,"The expression of time relations introduced by the general subordinator we [SUB] is often indistinguishable from the function of we to introduce sequences of coordinate clauses. Together with juxtaposition this is the most common way of coordinating clauses. The subordinator is only employed for clausal coordination.",Field data,,9510, +19-139,19,À gò rɔn à kɛràn go à go hospital.,À\tgò\trɔn\tà\tkɛr=àn\tgo\tà\tgo\thospital.,1SG.SBJ\tPOT\trun\t1SG.SBJ\tcarry=3SG.OBJ\tgo\t1SG.SBJ\tgo\thospital,I would run and take her and go to [the] hospital.,,Juxtaposition in chained clauses is one of the most common ways of expressing clausal coordination in tightly-knit narrative sequences. There is no pause between the adjoined clauses and non-initial clauses are characterized by reduced tense-aspect marking.,1634[254],,naturalistic spoken,"À gò rɔn à kɛràn go à go hospital.","À gò rɔn à kɛr=àn go à go hospital.",1SG.SBJ POT run 1SG.SBJ carry=3SG.OBJ go 1SG.SBJ go hospital,Juxtaposition in chained clauses is one of the most common ways of expressing clausal coordination in tightly-knit narrative sequences. There is no pause between the adjoined clauses and non-initial clauses are characterized by reduced tense-aspect marking.,,,9511, +19-140,19,Concha fala Princess go viaje.,Concha\tfala\tPrincess\tgo\tviaje.,Concha\tfollow\tPrincess\tgo\tvoyage,Concha and Princess went on a voyage together.,,A participant-introducing serial verb construction involving the verb /fala/ 'follow' may be used for NP coordination only. However its use is not as common as the one involving the instrumental/comitative preposition /wet/ 'with'.,1634[522],,elicited from speaker,"Concha fala Princess go viaje.",,Concha follow Princess go voyage,A participant-introducing serial verb construction involving the verb /fala/ 'follow' may be used for NP coordination only. However its use is not as common as the one involving the instrumental/comitative preposition /wet/ 'with'.,,,9512, +20-99,20,Young mandulin man hab see she and want for make buy she.,Young\tmandulin\tman\thab\tsee\tshe\tand\twant\tfor\tmake\tbuy\tshe.,young\tmandarin\tman\tPFV\tsee\t3SG\tand\twant\tfor\tmake\tbuy\t3SG,The young mandarin saw her and wanted to buy her.,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1481[767],,naturalistic written,Young mandulin man hab see she and want for make buy she.,,young mandarin man PFV see 3SG and want for make buy 3SG,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,9513, +20-100,20,My wantchee some preservoo some pickle.,My\twantchee\tsome\tpreservoo\tsome\tpickle.,1SG\twant\tsome\tpreserve\tsome\tpickle,I want some preserves and some pickles.,,,1489[VI.29],,naturalistic written,My wantchee some preservoo some pickle.,,1SG want some preserve some pickle,,,米灣治深舖(竹+厘)沙乎深碧加,9514, +20-101,20,"Becauso my wantchee leavoo out room putee firewood, water, chow chow.","Becauso\tmy\twantchee\tleavoo\tout\troom\tputee\tfirewood,\twater,\tchow\tchow.",because\t1SG\twant\tleave\tout\troom\tput\tfirewood\twater\tfood\tfood,"For I have to leave room to put firewood, water and provisions.",,,1489[VI.34],,naturalistic written,"Becauso my wantchee leavoo out room putee firewood, water, chow chow.",,because 1SG want leave out room put firewood water food food,,,鼻哥素米灣治(竹+厘)乎歐林砵地快也(口活)窩打罩罩,9515, +20-102,20,Makee stand makee wait alla day.,Makee\tstand\tmakee\twait\talla\tday.,make\tstand\tmake\twait\tall\tday,You have to stand and wait there the whole day.,,,1489[IV.32],,naturalistic written,Makee stand makee wait alla day.,,make stand make wait all day,,,米其士丹米其（口鬱）椏鏬爹,9516, +21-94,21,He and his girlfriend quarrelled.,He\tand\this\tgirlfriend\tquarrell-ed.,3SG\tand\t3SG.POSS\tgirlfriend\tquarrel-PST,He and his girlfriend quarrelled.,,,,,constructed by linguist,He and his girlfriend quarrelled.,He and his girlfriend quarrell-ed.,3SG and 3SG.POSS girlfriend quarrel-PST,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,9517, +21-95,21,He cooked and she cleaned.,He\tcook-ed\tand\tshe\tclean-ed.,3SG\tcook-PST\tand\t3SG\tclean-PST,He cooked and she cleaned.,,,,,constructed by linguist,He cooked and she cleaned.,He cook-ed and she clean-ed.,3SG cook-PST and 3SG clean-PST,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,9518, +22-127,22,Tupela boi na tripela boi mekim faivpela.,Tupela\tboi\tna\ttripela\tboi\tmekim\tfaivpela.,two\tboy\tand\tthree\tboy\tmake\tfive,Two boys and three boys are five boys.,,,967[138],,naturalistic spoken,"Tupela boi na tripela boi mekim faivpela.",,two boy and three boy make five,,,,9519, +22-128,22,Skul i pinis na mi go long ples.,Skul\ti\tpinis\tna\tmi\tgo\tlong\tples.,school\tPM\tfinish\tand\t1SG\tgo\tPREP\tvillage,"School was over, and so I went home.",,,967[138],,naturalistic written,"Skul i pinis na mi go long ples.",,school PM finish and 1SG go PREP village,,,,9520, +23-117,23,mi wetem haosgel blong mifala mitufala i traem blong lukaot,mi\twetem\thaosgel\tblong\tmifala\tmitufala\ti\ttraem\tblong\tlukaot,1SG\twith\thouse.girl\tPOSS\t1PL.EXCL\t1DU\tAGR\ttry\tPURP\tlook.for,Our housegirl and I tried to find him.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"mi wetem haosgel blong mifala mitufala i traem blong lukaot",,1SG with house.girl POSS 1PL.EXCL 1DU AGR try PURP look.for,,,,9521, +23-118,23,"be man ia i karem masket i stap raed long hos, gel ia i sidaon bihaen","be\tman\tia\ti\tkarem\tmasket\ti\tstap\traed\tlong\thos,\tgel\tia\ti\tsidaon\tbihaen",but\tman\tDEF\tAGR\tcarry\tgun\tAGR\tPROG\tride\tLOC\thorse\tgirl\tDEF\tAGR\tsit.down\tbehind,"But the man took a gun, he was riding on a horse and the girl sat behind him.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"be man ia i karem masket i stap raed long hos, gel ia i sidaon bihaen",,but man DEF AGR carry gun AGR PROG ride LOC horse girl DEF AGR sit.down behind,,,,9522, +23-119,23,[...] from mama blong hem i no wantem mo ol nes oli bisi tumas,[...]\tfrom\tmama\tblong\them\ti\tno\twantem\tmo\tol\tnes\toli\tbisi\ttumas,[...]\tbecause\tmother\tPOSS\t3SG\tAGR\tNEG\twant\tand\tPL\tnurse\tAGR\tbusy\tvery,[...] because her mother didn't want her and the nurses were very busy.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] from mama blong hem i no wantem mo ol nes oli bisi tumas",,[...] because mother POSS 3SG AGR NEG want and PL nurse AGR busy very,,,,9523, +24-133,24,Se lors all myse screwdriver en se blunted up myse saw.,Ø\tse\tlors\tall\tmyse\tscrewdriver\ten\tse\tblunted\tup\tmyse\tsaw.,Ø\tCOMPL\tloose\tall\tmy\tscrewdriver\tand\tCOMPL\tblunt\tup\tmy\tsaw,You lost all my screwdrivers and blunted my saw.,,,,,naturalistic written,Se lors all myse screwdriver en se blunted up myse saw.,Ø se lors all myse screwdriver en se blunted up myse saw.,Ø COMPL loose all my screwdriver and COMPL blunt up my saw,,Own fieldwork,,9524, +24-134,24,Dem gwena giw aklan sam ohren en plan.,Dem\tgwena\tgiw\taklan\tsam\tohren\ten\tplan.,3PL\tFUT\tgive\twe\tsome\torange\tand\tbanana,They are going to give us some oranges and bananas.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dem gwena giw aklan sam ohren en plan.,,3PL FUT give we some orange and banana,,Own fieldwork,,9525, +25-278,25,Wi yusim guyiya bla aidrop en bla dayariya.,Wi\tyus-im\tguyiya\tbla\taidrop\ten\tbla\tdayariya.,1PL\tuse-TR\twild.currant.bush\tDAT/POSS\teyedrop\tand\tDAT/POSS\tdiarrhoea,We use the guyiya plant as eyedrops and [to treat] diarrhoea.,,Variety: Written Roper River. The example illustrates the conjunction of prepositional phrases.,347,,naturalistic written,"Wi yusim guyiya bla aidrop en bla dayariya.","Wi yus-im guyiya bla aidrop en bla dayariya.",1PL use-TR wild.currant.bush DAT/POSS eyedrop and DAT/POSS diarrhoea,Variety: Written Roper River. The example illustrates the conjunction of prepositional phrases.,,,9526, +26-87,26,mi æn papa siŋ æn dans (tugeɾa),mi\tæn\tpapa\tsiŋ\tæn\tdans\t(tugeɾa),1SG.OBL\tand\tPapa\tsing\tand\tdance\t(together),Me and Papa sing and dance together.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mi æn papa siŋ æn dans (tugeɾa)",,1SG.OBL and Papa sing and dance (together),,Own knowledge,,9527, +26-88,26,ju puɾ id in jɔ ka teɪg id hom,ju\tpuɾ\tid\tin\tjɔ\tka\tteɪg\tid\thom,2SG\tput\t3SG\tin\t2SG.POSS\tcar\ttake\t3SG\thome,You put it in your car and take it home.,,,1545[188],,naturalistic spoken,ju puɾ id in jɔ ka teɪg id hom,,2SG put 3SG in 2SG.POSS car take 3SG home,,,,9528, +27-88,27,Di jungman sal gi ju sābəl en sal gi ju də sapatā́.,Di\tjung-man\tsal\tgi\tju\tsābəl\ten\tsal\tgi\tju\tdə\tsapatā́.,DET\tyoung-man\tFUT\tgive\t2SG\tsword\tand\tFUT\tgive\t2SG\tART.DEF\tshoe,The young man will give you a sword and he will give you a shoe.,,,355[13],,naturalistic spoken,"Di jungman sal gi ju sābəl en sal gi ju də sapatā́.",Di jung-man sal gi ju sābəl en sal gi ju də sapatā́.,DET young-man FUT give 2SG sword and FUT give 2SG ART.DEF shoe,,,,9529, +27-89,27,Ananshi en Tekoma sinu a lo it.,Ananshi\ten\tTekoma\tsinu\ta\tlo\tit.,Ananshi\tand\tTekoma\t3PL\tPST\tgo\tout,Ananshi and Tekoma went outside.,,,355[59],,naturalistic spoken,"Ananshi en Tekoma sinu a lo it.",,Ananshi and Tekoma 3PL PST go out,,,,9530, +27-90,27,Am a nē shi jet gōi a gron fo di klēn jung fo jet.,Am\ta\tnē\tshi\tjet\tgōi\ta\tgron\tfo\tdi\tklēn\tjung\tfo\tjet.,3SG\tPST\ttake\t3SG.POSS\tfood\tthrow\tLOC\tground\tfor\tDET\tsmall\tboy\tto\teat,She took his food [and] threw [it] on the ground for the little boy to eat.,,,355[42],,naturalistic spoken,Am a nē shi jet gōi a gron fo di klēn jung fo jet.,,3SG PST take 3SG.POSS food throw LOC ground for DET small boy to eat,,,,9531, +28-61,28,"bakofu mɛtɛ kukrit, ju kan jefi eni ka",bakofu\tmɛtɛ\tkukriti\tju\tkan\tjefi\teni\tka,banana\twith\tmaripa.nut\t2SG\tcan\teat\t3PL\tNEG,"Bananas and maripa palmnuts, you cannot eat them (under certain circumstances).",,,749[444],,naturalistic spoken,"bakofu mɛtɛ kukrit, ju kan jefi eni ka",bakofu mɛtɛ kukriti ju kan jefi eni ka,banana with maripa.nut 2SG can eat 3PL NEG,,,,9532, +29-148,29,Jan en Marie sing en dans.,Jan\ten\tMarie\tsing\ten\tdans.,John\tand\tMary\tsing\tand\tdance,John and Mary are singing and dancing.,,,,,naturalistic written,Jan en Marie sing en dans.,,John and Mary sing and dance,,Own knowledge,,9533, +30-156,30,Ténpu éra di grándi nisisidádi y trabádju ka tenba na bera.,Ténpu\téra\tdi=grándi\tnisisidádi\ty\ttrabádju\tka=ten-ba\tna=bera.,time\tbe.ANT\tof=great\tneed\tand\temployment\tnot=have-ANT\tin=region,It was a time of great need(iness) and there was a lack of employment in the region.,,,784[s.v. y],,naturalistic spoken,"Ténpu éra di grándi nisisidádi y trabádju ka tenba na bera.","Ténpu éra di=grándi nisisidádi y trabádju ka=ten-ba na=bera.",time be.ANT of=great need and employment not=have-ANT in=region,,,,9534,German: Es war eine Zeit von großer Not und es gab keine Arbeit in der Gegend. +30-157,30,"Obi li, mi ku Djonsinhu li nu tene un grándi prubléma.",Obi\tli\tmi\tku=Djonsinhu\tli\tnu=tene\tun=grándi\tprubléma.,hear\there\t1SG\twith=Little.John\there\t1PL=have\ta=big\tproblem,"Listen, I and Little John, we have a big problem.",,,784[s.v. ku],,naturalistic spoken,"Obi li, mi ku Djonsinhu li nu tene un grándi prubléma.",Obi li mi ku=Djonsinhu li nu=tene un=grándi prubléma.,hear here 1SG with=Little.John here 1PL=have a=big problem,,,,9535,"German: Hör mal, ich und Hänschen, wir haben da ein großes Problem." +31-131,31,"Familia bai, ka ben, y es te bendeba kes kxon.","Familia\tbai,\tka\tben,\ty\tes\tte\tbendeba\tkes\tkxon.",family\twent\tNEG\tcome\tand\tthey\teven\tsell.ANT\tthe\tterrain,"The family went, did not come back and they even sold the terrains.",,,839,,naturalistic spoken,"Familia bai, ka ben, y es te bendeba kes kxon.",,family went NEG come and they even sell.ANT the terrain,,,,9536, +32-118,32,"un rei y un rainha, el toká y el kantá","un\trei\ty\tun\trainha,\tel\ttoká\ty\tel\tkantá",DET\tking\tand\tDET\tqueen\t3SG\tplay\tand\t3SG\tsing,"a king and a queen, he played and sang",,Y [i] expresses both nominal and verbal conjunction.,1456,,naturalistic written,"un rei y un rainha, el toká y el kantá",,DET king and DET queen 3SG play and 3SG sing,"Y [i] expresses both nominal and verbal conjunction.",,,9537,"Portuguese: um rei e uma rainha, ele tocou e cantou" +32-119,32,un rei má un rainha,un\trei\tmá\tun\trainha,DET\tking\tand/with\tDET\tqueen,a king and/with a queen,,Ma expresses both comitative and nominal conjunction.,1456,,naturalistic written,"un rei má un rainha",,DET king and/with DET queen,"Ma expresses both comitative and nominal conjunction.",,,9538,Portuguese: un rei e uma rainha +33-144,33,Djon ku Ana kume.,Djon\tku\tAna\tkume.,John\tand\tAna\teat.PST,John and Ana ate.,,Ku functions as nominal conjunction.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Djon ku Ana kume.",,John and Ana eat.PST,"Ku functions as nominal conjunction.",Own knowledge,,9539,Portuguese: O João e a Ana comeram. +33-145,33,E kume i e bibi.,E\tkume\ti\te\tbibi.,3PL\teat.PST\tand\t3PL\tdrink.PST,They ate and drank.,,I functions as verbal conjunction.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"E kume i e bibi.",,3PL eat.PST and 3PL drink.PST,"I functions as verbal conjunction.",Own knowledge,,9540,Portuguese: Eles comeram e beberam. +33-146,33,E kume e bibi.,E\tkume\te\tbibi.,3PL\teat.PST\t3PL\tdrink,They ate and drank.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,E kume e bibi.,,3PL eat.PST 3PL drink,,Own knowledge,,9541,Portuguese: Comeram e beberam. +34-114,34,Mariya ku Joŋ bay Sicor.,Mariya\tku\tJoŋ\tø\tbay\tSicor.,Mary\twith\tJohn\tPFV\tgo\tZiguinchor,Mary and John went to Ziguinchor.,,Ku functions as a nominal conjunction.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya ku Joŋ bay Sicor.","Mariya ku Joŋ ø bay Sicor.",Mary with John PFV go Ziguinchor,"Ku functions as a nominal conjunction.",Own knowledge,,9542, +34-115,34,"Womi-s na labrá, miñjer-us na perentá.","Womi-s\tna\tlabrá,\tmiñjer-us\tna\tperentá.",man-PL\tPROG\tplough\twoman-PL\tPROG\tsow,The men are ploughing and the women are sowing.,,Here juxtaposition is used to express verbal conjunction.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Womi-s na labrá, miñjer-us na perentá.",,man-PL PROG plough woman-PL PROG sow,Here juxtaposition is used to express verbal conjunction.,Own knowledge,,9543, +35-158,35,Ê tava ka lonka n koda.,Ê\ttava\tka\tlonka\tn\tkoda.,3SG\tPST\tIPFV\tsnore\t1SG\twake.up,He was snoring and I woke up.,,,498[79],,naturalistic written,Ê tava ka lonka n koda.,,3SG PST IPFV snore 1SG wake.up,,,,9544, +35-159,35,Ê panh’e ê bila bi ku ê.,Ê\tpanh’=e\tê\tbila\tbi\tku\tê.,3SG\tpick.up=3SG\t3SG\tturn\tcome\twith\t3SG,He picked it up and brought it back.,,,498[79],,naturalistic written,Ê panh’e ê bila bi ku ê.,Ê panh’=e ê bila bi ku ê.,3SG pick.up=3SG 3SG turn come with 3SG,,,,9545, +35-160,35,Bô ka xê y ami ten ka ligi bô ba ku ê.,Bô\tka\txê\ty\tami\tten\tka\tligi\tbô\tba\tku\tê.,2SG\tIPFV\tleave\tand\t1SG\talso\tIPFV\tlift.up\t2SG\tgo\twith\t3SG,You leave and I also take you with me.,,"The use of the conjunction y 'and' is not widespread and arguably a more recent borrowing from Portuguese or just occurs in more decreolized lects. However, note that y is commonly used by all speakers to introduce new sentences.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Bô ka xê y ami ten ka ligi bô ba ku ê.",,2SG IPFV leave and 1SG also IPFV lift.up 2SG go with 3SG,"The use of the conjunction y 'and' is not widespread and arguably a more recent borrowing from Portuguese or just occurs in more decreolized lects. However, note that y is commonly used by all speakers to introduce new sentences.",Own data,,9546, +35-161,35,Êlê ku mina kaza.,Êlê\tku\tmina\tkaza.,3SG\tand\tgirl\tmarry,He and the girl married.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Êlê ku mina kaza.",,3SG and girl marry,,Own data,,9547, +36-93,36,"I a mindji turu thapatu loke, i popi thapatu m thô ki patha ba batê ki nda-ope thapatu ki tha nha.","I\ta\tmindji\tturu\tthapatu\tloke,\ti\tpopi\tthapatu\tm\tthô\tki\tpatha\tba\tbatê\tki\tnda-ope\tthapatu\tki\ttha\tnha.",and\tINDF\tmeasure\tall\tshoe\tcompletely\tand\tprecisely\tshoe\tmy\tFOC\tREL\tpass\tgo\thit\twith\tfoot-print\tshoe\tREL\tCOP\tthere,"And they measured all the shoes, and it was precisely my shoes that corresponded to the footprint which were there.",,The verbal conjunctor is i 'and'.,901[165],,naturalistic spoken,"I a mindji turu thapatu loke, i popi thapatu m thô ki patha ba batê ki nda-ope thapatu ki tha nha.",,and INDF measure all shoe completely and precisely shoe my FOC REL pass go hit with foot-print shoe REL COP there,"The verbal conjunctor is i 'and'.",,,9548,"French: On a pris la mesure de tous les souliers, et ce sont précisément mes souliers qui correspondaient aux traces de souliers là-bas." +37-117,37,Sun arê ki san ranha na udêntu palaxyu.,Sun\tarê\tki\tsan\tranha\tna\tudêntu\tpalaxyu.,mister\tking\twith\tlady\tqueen\tLOC\tinterior\tpalace,The king and the queen were in the palace.,,,905[63],,naturalistic spoken,"Sun arê ki san ranha na udêntu palaxyu.",,mister king with lady queen LOC interior palace,,,,9549, +37-118,37,Mene sa lê i Maa sa kuxi.,Mene\tsa\tlê\ti\tMaa\tsa\tkuxi.,Mene\tPROG\tread\tand\tMaa\tPROG\tcook,Mene is reading and Mary is cooking.,,,905[160],,elicited from speaker,"Mene sa lê i Maa sa kuxi.",,Mene PROG read and Maa PROG cook,,,,9550, +38-134,38,mému ku pému,mai-mu\tku\tpai-mu,mother-1SG\tand\tfather-1SG,my mother and father,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"mému ku pému",mai-mu ku pai-mu,mother-1SG and father-1SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,9551, +38-135,38,Men sa mnaf se men sa gañiaf.,Amu-na\tsa\tmina-f\tse\tamu-na\tsa\tgañia-f.,1SG-NEG\thave\tchild-NEG\tand\t1SG-NEG\thave\tchicken-NEG,I don’t have children and I don’t have chickens.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Men sa mnaf se men sa gañiaf.",Amu-na sa mina-f se amu-na sa gañia-f.,1SG-NEG have child-NEG and 1SG-NEG have chicken-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,9552, +39-134,39,ĩglix i gujərati exam kabo.,ĩglix\ti\tgujərati\t\tkab-o.,English\tand\tGujarati\texam\tfinish-PST,The Gujarati and English exam is over.,,Exam is taken from English.,221[224],,naturalistic spoken,ĩglix i gujərati exam kabo.,"ĩglix i gujərati <exam> kab-o.",English and Gujarati exam finish-PST,"Exam is taken from English.",,,9553, +40-101,40,El tum-o əkə rhupi ani yahoy kadz.,El\ttum-o\təkə\trhupi\tani\tyahoy\tkadz.,3SG\ttake-PST\tthat\trupee\tand\twent\thouse,He took the money and went home.,,This sentence is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,,,naturalistic spoken,"El tum-o əkə rhupi ani yahoy kadz.",,3SG take-PST that rupee and went house,This sentence is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,Unpublished story,,9554, +41-113,41,"seem, nooyvu kum nɔɔyva andaa, nosa paadrintaa, ""eev ten dizeey taal pesaampa pakazaa falaatu lofalaa","seem,\tnooyvu\tkum\tnɔɔyva\tandaa,\tnosa\tpaadri-ntaa,\t""eev\tteem\tdizeey\ttaal\tpesaam-pa\tpa-kazaa\tfalaatu\tlo-falaa",yes\tgroom\tand\tbride\tgo\t1PL.GEN\tpriest-LOC\t1SG\tPRS.be\tdesire\tsuch\tperson-DAT\tINF-marry\tQUOT\tFUT-say,"Yes, the groom and bride go to our priest and [the groom] says I am willing to marry such-and-such a person.",,"This example illustrates both NP coordination using kum and VP coordination using the ""conjunctive participle"", here identical in form to the bare verb; perfectively marked andaatu could be substituted.",1416[3257],,naturalistic spoken,"seem, nooyvu kum nɔɔyva andaa, nosa paadrintaa, ""eev ten dizeey taal pesaampa pakazaa falaatu lofalaa","seem, nooyvu kum nɔɔyva andaa, nosa paadri-ntaa, ""eev teem dizeey taal pesaam-pa pa-kazaa falaatu lo-falaa",yes groom and bride go 1PL.GEN priest-LOC 1SG PRS.be desire such person-DAT INF-marry QUOT FUT-say,"This example illustrates both NP coordination using kum and VP coordination using the ""conjunctive participle"", here identical in form to the bare verb; perfectively marked andaatu could be substituted.",,,9555, +42-126,42,eli ta bebé sura ku ta kumí seba,eli\tta\tbebé\tsura\tku\tta\tkumí\tseba,3SG\tPROG\tdrink\ttoddy\tCOM\tPROG\teat\tpork.ear,He is drinking toddy and eating pork ear.,,,122[200],,naturalistic spoken,"eli ta bebé sura ku ta kumí seba",,3SG PROG drink toddy COM PROG eat pork.ear,,,,9556, +42-127,42,"eli ta bebé sura, ta kumí seba","eli\tta\tbebé\tsura,\tta\tkumí\tseba",3SG\tPROG\tdrink\ttoddy\tPROG\teat\tpig.ear,He is drinking palm wine and eating pig's ear.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"eli ta bebé sura, ta kumí seba",,3SG PROG drink toddy PROG eat pig.ear,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,9557, +43-83,43,[...] ile ste trimi e ile fika medu [...].,[...]\tile\tste\ttrimi\te\tile\tfika\tmedu\t[...].,[...]\t3SG\tIPFV\ttremble\tand\t3SG\tbecome\tfear\t[...],[...] he was trembling and became afraid [...].,,,906[102],,pedagogical grammar,"[...] ile ste trimi e ile fika medu [...].",,[...] 3SG IPFV tremble and 3SG become fear [...],,,,9558, +44-130,44,Lóling y Máyra ta syembrá.,Lóling\ty\tMáyra\tta\tsyembrá.,Loling\tand\tMayra\tIPFV\tplant,Loling and Mayra are gardening.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Lóling y Máyra ta syembrá.",,Loling and Mayra IPFV plant,,Own data,,9559, +44-131,44,Ta kortá Lóling (i) Máyra ta dáli kel syémbra.,Ta\tkortá\tLóling\t(i)\tMáyra\tta\tdáli\tkel\tsyémbra.,IPFV\tcut\tLoling\t(and)\tMayra\tIPFV\tgive\tDEF\tplant,Loling cuts and Mayra gives the plant.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta kortá Lóling (i) Máyra ta dáli kel syémbra.",,IPFV cut Loling (and) Mayra IPFV give DEF plant,,Own data,,9560, +45-112,45,Ta lava Rosa el mga plato y ta limpia Juan el mesa.,Ta\tlava\tRosa\tel\tmga\tplato\ty\tta\tlimpia\tJuan\tel\tmesa.,IPFV\twash\tRosa\tDEF\tPL\tplates\tand\tIPFV\tclean\tJuan\tDEF\ttable,Rosa is washing the plates and Juan is cleaning the table.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta lava Rosa el mga plato y ta limpia Juan el mesa.,,IPFV wash Rosa DEF PL plates and IPFV clean Juan DEF table,,Own data,,9561, +46-131,46,Ta-le 'le líbro pati éle ta-kusiná adóbo.,Ta-le\t'le\tlíbro\tpati\téle\tta-kusiná\tadóbo.,IPFV-read\t3SG\tbook\tand\ts/he\tIPFV-cook\tadobo,He is reading a book and s/he is cooking adobo.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ta-le 'le líbro pati éle ta-kusiná adóbo.",,IPFV-read 3SG book and s/he IPFV-cook adobo,,Own knowledge,,9562, +47-144,47,Nos ta kanta i balia.,Nos\tta\tkanta\ti\tbalia.,1PL\tTNS\tsing\tand\tdance,[Sometimes] we sing and [sometimes] we dance.,,,752[328],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,Nos ta kanta i balia.,,1PL TNS sing and dance,,,,9563, +47-145,47,Nos ta kanta ku balia.,Nos\tta\tkanta\tku\tbalia.,1PL\tTNS\tsing\twith\tdance,We sing and dance [simultaneously].,,,752[328],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,Nos ta kanta ku balia.,,1PL TNS sing with dance,,,,9564, +47-146,47,"Mi ta atmirá e strea nan i mi ta bai den manera un soño, ku mi wowo nan habrí.","Mi\tta\tatmirá\te\tstrea\tnan\ti\tmi\tta\tbai\tden\tmanera\tun\tsoño,\tku\tmi\twowo\tnan\thabrí.",1SG\tTNS\tadmire\tDEF\tstar\tPL\tand\t1SG\tTNS\tgo\tin\tlike\tINDF\tdream\twith\t1SG\teye\tPL\topened,I admire the stars and (it is) as if I enter a dream with my eyes open.,,,731[54],,published source,"Mi ta atmirá e strea nan i mi ta bai den manera un soño, ku mi wowo nan habrí.",,1SG TNS admire DEF star PL and 1SG TNS go in like INDF dream with 1SG eye PL opened,,,,9565, +48-133,48,Malia ku Ana ta etulé aí kasa Bitto.,Malia\tku\tAna\tta\tetulé\taí\tkasa\tBitto.,Maria\twith\tAna\tPROG\tstudy\tthere\thouse\tVictor,Maria and Ana are studying at the house of Victor.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Malia ku Ana ta etulé aí kasa Bitto.",,Maria with Ana PROG study there house Victor,,Own knowledge,,9566,Spanish: María y Ana están estudiando en casa de Víctor. +48-134,48,Juan ta kumé i muhé si toabía ta aí kusina trabahando.,Juan\tta\tkumé\ti\tmuhé\tsi\ttoabía\tta\taí\tkusina\ttrabahando.,Juan\tPROG\teat\tand\twife\this\tstill\tbe\tthere\tkitchen\tworking,Juan is (already) eating and his wife is still in the kitchen working.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Juan ta kumé i muhé si toabía ta aí kusina trabahando.",,Juan PROG eat and wife his still be there kitchen working,,Own knowledge,,9567,Spanish: Juan está comiendo y su mujer todavía está trabajando en la cocina. +49-224,49,M ta renmen manje mango e m ta renmen bwè dlo kokoye.,M\tta\trenmen\tmanje\tmango\te\tm\tta\trenmen\tbwè\tdlo\tkokoye.,1SG\tCOND\tlove\teat\tmango\tand\t1SG\tCOND\tlove\tdrink\twater\tcoconut,I would love to eat mangoes and drink coconut water.,,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), volume 2, map and comment 2021. The morpheme of the “hypothetical future” comes from a combination: One of its components is the past marker (PST), the other one is the (uncertain) future marker: te + a > ta.",371[36],,naturalistic spoken,"M ta renmen manje mango e m ta renmen bwè dlo kokoye.",,1SG COND love eat mango and 1SG COND love drink water coconut,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), volume 2, map and comment 2021. The morpheme of the “hypothetical future” comes from a combination: One of its components is the past marker (PST), the other one is the (uncertain) future marker: te + a > ta.",,,9568,French: J'aimerais manger des mangues et boire de l'eau de coco. +49-225,49,Di youn rantre epi di lòt la soti.,Di\tyoun\trantre\tepi\tdi\tlòt\tla\tsoti.,say\tone\tcome.back\tand\tsay\tother\tDEF\tgo.out,Tell one to come back and the other one to go out.,,,371[36],,naturalistic spoken,"Di youn rantre epi di lòt la soti.",,say one come.back and say other DEF go.out,,,,9569,French: Dis à l'un de rentrer et à l'autre de sortir. +49-226,49,Pòl ak Anita,Pòl\tak\tAnita,Paul\twith\tAnita,Paul and Anita,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Pòl ak Anita",,Paul with Anita,,Own knowledge,,9570,French: Paul et Anita +49-227,49,frè ak sè m yo,frè\tak\tsè\tm\tyo,brother\twith\tsister\t1SG.POSS\tPL,my brothers and sisters,,,,,constructed by linguist,"frè ak sè m yo",,brother with sister 1SG.POSS PL,,Own knowledge,,9571,French: mes frères et soeurs +50-133,50,Mari épi Jan,Mari\tépi\tJan,Mary\twith\tJohn,Mary and John,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mari épi Jan",,Mary with John,,Own fieldwork,,9572, +50-134,50,Jan ka kongné tanbou épi Mari ka dansé.,Jan\tka\tkongné\ttanbou\tépi\tMari\tka\tdansé.,John\tPROG\tplay\tdrum\tand\tMary\tPROG\tdance,John is playing drum and Marie is dancing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jan ka kongné tanbou épi Mari ka dansé.",,John PROG play drum and Mary PROG dance,,Own fieldwork,,9573, +50-135,50,Jan ka kongné tanbou é Mari ka dansé.,Jan\tka\tkongné\ttanbou\té\tMari\tka\tdansé.,John\tPROG\tplay\tdrum\tand\tMary\tPROG\tdance,John is playing drum and Marie is dancing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jan ka kongné tanbou é Mari ka dansé.",,John PROG play drum and Mary PROG dance,,Own fieldwork,,9574, +50-136,50,Jan ka kongné tanbou èvè Mari ka dansé.,Jan\tka\tkongné\ttanbou\tèvè\tMari\tka\tdansé.,John\tPROG\tplay\tdrum\tand\tMary\tPROG\tdance,John is playing drum and Marie is dancing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jan ka kongné tanbou èvè Mari ka dansé.",,John PROG play drum and Mary PROG dance,,Own fieldwork,,9575, +51-121,51,Mari épi Jan,Mari\tépi\tJan,Mary\twith\tJohn,Mary and John,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mari épi Jan,,Mary with John,,Own fieldwork,,9576, +51-122,51,Jan ka kwenyen tanbou épi Mari ka dansé.,Jan\tka\tkwenyen\ttanbou\tépi\tMari\tka\tdansé.,John\tPROG\tplay\tdrum\tand\tMary\tPROG\tdance,John is playing drum and Mary is dancing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jan ka kwenyen tanbou épi Mari ka dansé.,,John PROG play drum and Mary PROG dance,,Own fieldwork,,9577, +52-77,52,Georges ka fè manjé-a é Marie ka dronmi,Georges\tka\tfè\tmanjé-a\té\tMarie\tka\tdronmi,George\tPROG\tmake\tmeal-ART\tand\tMary\tPROG\tsleep,George is preparing the meal and Mary is sleeping.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Georges ka fè manjé-a é Marie ka dronmi,,George PROG make meal-ART and Mary PROG sleep,,Own knowledge,,9578, +53-272,53,Bouki e Lapen,Bouki\te\tLapen,Bouki\tand\tRabbit,Bouki and Rabbit,,,1048[422],,naturalistic spoken,Bouki e Lapen,,Bouki and Rabbit,,,,9579, +53-273,53,Ye te parle kreol epi meriken.,Ye\tte\tparle\tkreol\tepi\tmeriken.,3PL\tPST\tspeak\tCreole\tand\tEnglish,They spoke Creole and English.,,,1048[356],,naturalistic spoken,Ye te parle kreol epi meriken.,,3PL PST speak Creole and English,,,,9580, +53-274,53,Mom parl sa epi mo popa parl sa itou.,Mom\tparl\tsa\tepi\tmo\tpopa\tparl\tsa\titou.,Mom\tspeak\t3SG\tand\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tspeak\tDEM\ttoo,"Mom speaks it and my father speaks it, too.",,,1048[358],,naturalistic spoken,Mom parl sa epi mo popa parl sa itou.,,Mom speak 3SG and 1SG.POSS father speak DEM too,,,,9581, +53-275,53,No parl kreol epi le piti repon kreol.,No\tparl\tkreol\tepi\tle\tpiti\trepon\tkreol.,1PL\tspeak\tCreole\tand\tART.DEF.PL\tchild\tanswer\tCreole,We speak Creole and the children answer in Creole.,,,1048[360],,naturalistic spoken,No parl kreol epi le piti repon kreol.,,1PL speak Creole and ART.DEF.PL child answer Creole,,,,9582, +53-276,53,Li vini rive e mo te stil dan klo.,Li\tvini\trive\te\tmo\tte\tstil\tdan\tklo.,3SG\tcome\tarrive\tand\t1SG\tPST\tstill\tin\tfield,He arrived and I was still in the field.,,,1048[366],,naturalistic spoken,Li vini rive e mo te stil dan klo.,,3SG come arrive and 1SG PST still in field,,,,9583, +54-156,54,"La fam i ariv, pran lalé, kas son banann.","La\tfam\ti\tariv,\tpran\tlale,\tkas\tson\tbanann.",DEF\twoman\tFIN\tarrive\ttake\tpathway\tpick\tPOSS.3SG\tbanana,"The wife arrives, takes the pathway and picks her bananas.",,"The example illustrates verbal conjunction by simple juxtaposition. The creole house is surrounded by la kour, courtyard and garden, with a pathway (lale) leading from the gate through the garden to the house. Many families grow bananas for their own consumption near the house.",110[14],,naturalistic spoken,"La fam i ariv, pran lalé, kas son banann.","La fam i ariv, pran lale, kas son banann.",DEF woman FIN arrive take pathway pick POSS.3SG banana,"The example illustrates verbal conjunction by simple juxtaposition. The creole house is surrounded by la kour, courtyard and garden, with a pathway (lale) leading from the gate through the garden to the house. Many families grow bananas for their own consumption near the house.",,,9584,"French: La femme arrive, prend l'allée, cueille ses bananes." +55-126,55,Pyer ek Mari fin kit Floreal,Pyer\tek\tMari\tfin\tkit\tFloreal,Peter\tand\tMaria\tPRF\tleave\tFloréal,Peter and Maria have moved from Floréal.,,"Less frequent but acceptable alternatives to /ek/ in this examples are /avek/, /ar/ and /e/.",,,constructed by linguist,"Pyer ek Mari fin kit Floreal",,Peter and Maria PRF leave Floréal,"Less frequent but acceptable alternatives to /ek/ in this examples are /avek/, /ar/ and /e/.",Own knowledge,,9585, +55-127,55,Pyer pe bwar e Mari pe okip so zaṅfaṅ,Pyer\tpe\tbwar\te\tMari\tpe\tokip\tso\tzaṅfaṅ,Peter\tPROG\tdrink\tand\tMaria\tPROG\tlook.after\t3SG.POSS\tchild,Peter is drinking and Maria is looking after her child(ren).,,/e/ could be replaced by /ek/ here or neither could occur (juxtaposition).,,,constructed by linguist,"Pyer pe bwar e Mari pe okip so zaṅfaṅ",,Peter PROG drink and Maria PROG look.after 3SG.POSS child,/e/ could be replaced by /ek/ here or neither could occur (juxtaposition).,Own knowledge,,9586, +56-137,56,Ou pran moulon ou vini ou kraze ou met dilo so.,Ou\tpran\tmoulon\tou\tvini\tou\tkraze\tou\tmet\tdilo\tso.,2SG\ttake\tmelon\t2SG\tcome\t2SG\tsqueeze\t2SG\tput\twater\thot,"You take the melon, you come and you squeeze it and you put hot water in it.",,Here the sentences are linked by juxtaposition.,955[62],,naturalistic spoken,Ou pran moulon ou vini ou kraze ou met dilo so.,,2SG take melon 2SG come 2SG squeeze 2SG put water hot,Here the sentences are linked by juxtaposition.,,,9587, +56-138,56,Marcel in manz banan e i 'n lir zournal.,Marcel\tin\tmanz\tbanan\te\ti\t'n\tlir\tzournal.,Marcel\tPRF\teat\tbanana\tand\t3SG\tPRF\tread\tnewspaper,Marcel ate a banana/bananas and read the newspaper.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Marcel in manz banan e i 'n lir zournal.",,Marcel PRF eat banana and 3SG PRF read newspaper,,Own knowledge,,9588, +57-77,57,"[...] sola pa returne o rivaʃ; pi tule kokotje-la ke nu war la-mba, se tule Tuo le plate","[...]\tsola\tpa\treturne\to\trivaʃ;\tpi\ttule\tkokotje-la\tke\tnu\twar\tla-mba,\tse\ttule\tTuo\tle\tplate",[...]\t3PL\tNEG\treturn\tDIR\tseaside\tCONJ\tART.DEF.PL\tcoconut.palms-DEM/DEF\tREL\twe\tsee\tover-there\tPRESV\tPL\tTouho.people\tSI\tplant,"[...] they went back to the seaside. And the coconut palms we see over there, they were planted by the Touho people.",,Here pi functions as a verbal conjunctor.,423[225],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] sola pa returne o rivaʃ; pi tule kokotje-la ke nu war la-mba, se tule Tuo le plate",,[...] 3PL NEG return DIR seaside CONJ ART.DEF.PL coconut.palms-DEM/DEF REL we see over-there PRESV PL Touho.people SI plant,"Here pi functions as a verbal conjunctor.",,,9589, +57-149,57,[...] la arete ʃval mbla pi la ndesa:ndi,[...]\tla\tarete\tʃval\tmbla\tpi\tla\tndesa:ndi,[...]\t3SG\tstop\thorse\twhite\tCONJ\t3SG\tdismount,[...] he stopped the white horse and dismounted.,,Here pi functions as a verbal conjunctor.,423[250],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] la arete ʃval mbla pi la ndesa:ndi",,[...] 3SG stop horse white CONJ 3SG dismount,"Here pi functions as a verbal conjunctor.",,,9590, +57-150,57,[...] mwa pi tule vjej,[...]\tmwa\tpi\ttule\tvjej,[...]\t1SG\tCONJ\tPL\told.people,[...] I and the old people,,Here pi functions as a nominal conjunctor.,423[218],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] mwa pi tule vjej",,[...] 1SG CONJ PL old.people,"Here pi functions as a nominal conjunctor.",,,9591, +58-95,58,Petelo me(ne) dia ye yandi me(ne) lala.,Petelo\tme(ne)\tdia\tye\tyandi\tme(ne)\tlala.,Peter\tPRF\teat\tand\the\tPRF\tsleep,Peter has eaten and has [fallen] asleep (lit. Peter has eaten and has slept).,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Petelo me(ne) dia ye yandi me(ne) lala.",,Peter PRF eat and he PRF sleep,,Own knowledge,,9592, +59-216,59,"mo na lo, ala duti ti koze","mo\tna\tlo,\tala\tduti\tti\tkoze",2SG\tPREP\t3SG\t2PL\tsit\tto\tconverse,You and he/she had a conversation.,,"The verb duti 'sit' suggests prolonged conversation, and the use of ti suggests purpose, perhaps. The serial chain ala duti a-koze has a different meaning, I should think.",1320[88],,naturalistic spoken,"mo na lo, ala duti ti koze",,2SG PREP 3SG 2PL sit to converse,"The verb duti 'sit' suggests prolonged conversation, and the use of ti suggests purpose, perhaps. The serial chain ala duti a-koze has a different meaning, I should think.",,,9593, +60-101,60,Francine na Marie bazalákí kotánga,Francine\tna\tMarie\tba-zal-ákí\tko-táng-a,Francine\tand\tMarie\t3PL-be-PST\tINF-study-FV,Francine and Marie were studying.,,"FV = Ffnal vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"Francine na Marie bazalákí kotánga",Francine na Marie ba-zal-ákí ko-táng-a,Francine and Marie 3PL-be-PST INF-study-FV,"FV = Ffnal vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",Own knowledge,,9594, +60-102,60,"Francine azalí kotánga, Marie azalí kosála","Francine\ta-zal-ákí\tko-táng-a,\tMarie\ta-zal-ákí\tko-sál-a",Francine\t3SG-be-PST\tINF-study-FV\tMarie\t3SG-be-PST\tINF-work-FV,Francine was studying (and) Marie was working.,,"Use of conjunction na is not possible; only juxtaposition is possible. (FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.)",1273,,elicited from speaker,"Francine azalí kotánga, Marie azalí kosála","Francine a-zal-ákí ko-táng-a, Marie a-zal-ákí ko-sál-a",Francine 3SG-be-PST INF-study-FV Marie 3SG-be-PST INF-work-FV,"Use of conjunction na is not possible; only juxtaposition is possible. (FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.)",,,9595, +60-103,60,natúnákí yé: “owútí wapi pé olingí kokenda wápi?”,na-tún-ákí\tyé:\t“o-wút-í\twápi\tpé\to-ling-í\tko-kend-a\twápi?”,1SG-ask-PST\t3SG\t2SG-come.from-PRS.PRF\twhere\talso\t2SG-want-PRS.PRF\tINF-go-FV\twhere,"I asked him: ""Where do you come from and where do you want to go to?""",,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",1273,,elicited from speaker,"natúnákí yé: “owútí wapi pé olingí kokenda wápi?”",na-tún-ákí yé: “o-wút-í wápi pé o-ling-í ko-kend-a wápi?”,1SG-ask-PST 3SG 2SG-come.from-PRS.PRF where also 2SG-want-PRS.PRF INF-go-FV where,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,9596, +61-75,61,Mina na lo Jane thina hambile lapha stolo.,Mina\tna\tlo\tJane\tthina\thamb-ile\tlapha\tstolo.,I\tand\tDEF.ART\tJane\twe\tgo-PST\tLOC\tshop,Jane and I went to the shop.,,Thina is a pronoun used appositionally.,,,elicited from speaker,"Mina na lo Jane thina hambile lapha stolo.",Mina na lo Jane thina hamb-ile lapha stolo.,I and DEF.ART Jane we go-PST LOC shop,"Thina is a pronoun used appositionally.",Field notes Mesthrie,,9597, +61-76,61,Mina thengile lo skaf; lo Jane yena lindile phandle.,Mina\ttheng-ile\tlo\tskaf;\tlo\tJane\tyena\tlind-ile\tphandle.,I\tbuy-PST\tDEF.ART\tfood\tDEF.ART\tJane\tshe\twait-PST\toutside,"I bought bread, and Jane waited outside. OR: I bought bread, while Jane waited outside.",,"No verbal/sentence conjunction is needed. Futhi is sometimes used as connector; its main nuance is 'further, again, and then'.",,,elicited from speaker,Mina thengile lo skaf; lo Jane yena lindile phandle.,Mina theng-ile lo skaf; lo Jane yena lind-ile phandle.,I buy-PST DEF.ART food DEF.ART Jane she wait-PST outside,"No verbal/sentence conjunction is needed. Futhi is sometimes used as connector; its main nuance is 'further, again, and then'.",Field notes Mesthrie,,9598, +62-69,62,vikíre na mahutáo áavitésha,vikire\tna\tmahutao\té-áa-vi-tesha,chairs\twith\thoes\t3SG-PST-OBJ.8-lose,He lost the chairs and the hoes.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"vikíre na mahutáo áavitésha",vikire na mahutao é-áa-vi-tesha,chairs with hoes 3SG-PST-OBJ.8-lose,,Own field data 1993,,9599, +63-136,63,fí bágara u kaman fí ngamía,fí\tbágara\tu\tkaman\tfí\tngamía,EXIST\tcow\tand\ttoo\tEXIST\tcamel,"There are cows and camels, too.",,,857[244],,naturalistic spoken,"fí bágara u kaman fí ngamía",,EXIST cow and too EXIST camel,,,,9600, +63-138,63,u,u,CONJ,and,,,857[245],,naturalistic spoken,u,,CONJ,,,,9601, +63-139,63,ána wéza nyákame íta; dug na ásurub,ána\twéza\tnyákame\títa;\tdug\tna\tásurub,1SG\tcan\tsteal\t2SG\tfight\tand\tdrink,I can steal you. I can fight and drink.,,,857[245],,naturalistic spoken,ána wéza nyákame íta; dug na ásurub,,1SG can steal 2SG fight and drink,,,,9602, +63-140,63,Núbi ta Mombása ma Kíbra ma éndisi tafaúti,Núbi\tta\tMombása\tma\tKíbra\tma\téndisi\ttafaúti,Nubi\tGEN\tMombasa\tand\tKibera\tNEG\thave\tdifference,There's no difference between Nubi in Mombasa and Kibera.,,,857[245],,naturalistic spoken,Núbi ta Mombása ma Kíbra ma éndisi tafaúti,,Nubi GEN Mombasa and Kibera NEG have difference,,,,9603, +64-148,64,ána wa jon,ána\twa\tjon,1SG\tand\tJohn,me and John,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ána wa jon",,1SG and John,,Own knowledge,,9604, +64-149,64,ána gerówa le suk wa násir gejíbu wáraga de le úma to,ána\tge=rówa\tle\tsuk\twa\tnásir\tge=jíbu\twáraga\tde\tle\túma\tto,1SG\tPROG=go\tto\tmarket\tand\tNasir\tPROG=bring\tletter\tDEM.PROX\tto\tmother\tPOSS.3SG,I am going to the market and Nasir is bringing this letter to his mother.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ána gerówa le suk wa násir gejíbu wáraga de le úma to","ána ge=rówa le suk wa násir ge=jíbu wáraga de le úma to",1SG PROG=go to market and Nasir PROG=bring letter DEM.PROX to mother POSS.3SG,,Own knowledge,,9605, +65-112,65,Patomə parə uʃolə i wot gatovə.,Patomə\tparə\tuʃo-lə\ti\twot\tgatovə.,then\tsteam\tgo-PFV\tand\tthere\tready,"When the steam is gone, it [Chinese bread] is ready.",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[273],,naturalistic spoken,Patomə parə uʃolə i wot gatovə.,Patomə parə uʃo-lə i wot gatovə.,then steam go-PFV and there ready,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,патомэ пара ушола и вот гатовы.,9606, +66-86,66,Goðang duitle nantokle kəmauan.,Go-ðang\tduit-le\tnantok-le\tkəmauan.,1SG-DAT\tmoney-COM\tsleep-COM\tnecessity,I need money and sleep.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Goðang duitle nantokle kəmauan.",Go-ðang duit-le nantok-le kəmauan.,1SG-DAT money-COM sleep-COM necessity,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,9607, +66-87,66,Miflal derang banyak amakangle aminungle.,Miflal\tderang\tbanyak\ta-makang-le\ta-minung-le.,Miflal\tASSOC\tmuch\tPRS-eat-CONJ\tPRS-drink-CONJ,Miflal and his friends eat and drink a lot.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Miflal derang banyak amakangle aminungle.",Miflal derang banyak a-makang-le a-minung-le.,Miflal ASSOC much PRS-eat-CONJ PRS-drink-CONJ,,Own knowledge,,9608, +67-155,67,Dia dili sindili tengok dan jato.,Dia\tdili\tsindili\ttengok\tdan\tjato.,3SG\tREFL\tREFL\tlook.at\tand\tfall.down,He looked at himself and fell down.,,,708[383],,naturalistic spoken,"Dia dili sindili tengok dan jato.",,3SG REFL REFL look.at and fall.down,,,,9609, +68-87,68,kukis kukis deng makanang par basudara deng tamang tamang,kukis~kukis\tdeng\tmakanang\tpar\tbasudara\tdeng\ttamang~tamang,PL~cookie\twith\tfood\tfor\trelative\twith\tPL~friend,cookies and food for relatives and friends,,,1528[142],,naturalistic spoken,"kukis kukis deng makanang par basudara deng tamang tamang","kukis~kukis deng makanang par basudara deng tamang~tamang",PL~cookie with food for relative with PL~friend,,,,9610, +69-56,69,mən awlmbi wambakəmbi [...] tumukunan,mən\tawl-mbi\twambakə-mbi\t[...]\ttumuku-nan,3SG\tget-DEP\tthrow-DEP\t[...]\tfall-NONFUT,He took (it) and threw (it) [...] and (it) fell down.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mən awlmbi wambakəmbi [...] tumukunan,mən awl-mbi wambakə-mbi [...] tumuku-nan,3SG get-DEP throw-DEP [...] fall-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,9611, +70-60,70,U-loŋ ekdam cup ekdam kape.,U-loŋ\tekdam\tcup\tekdam\tkape.,3-PL\tEMPH\tquiet\tEMPH\tfearful,They were really quiet and absolutely shaking (with fear).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,U-loŋ ekdam cup ekdam kape.,,3-PL EMPH quiet EMPH fearful,,Siegel-field recording,,9612, +71-128,71,Wau mamua pii maluna a nana lakou puhi no.,Wau\tmamua\tpii\tmaluna\ta\tnana\tlakou\tpuhi\tno.,1SG\tbefore\tclimb\tup\tand\tlook\t3PL\tsmoke\tINTENS,I previously climbed up and watched them smoke.,,INTENS=intensifier,,,naturalistic written,"Wau mamua pii maluna a nana lakou puhi no.",,1SG before climb up and look 3PL smoke INTENS,INTENS=intensifier,own data 1899,,9613, +72-109,72,Dat bulugingku i bin teikim dat karu an dat warlakungku im traina hantim im dat bulugi.,Dat\tbulugi-ngku\ti\tbin\tteik-im\tdet\tkaru\tan\tdat\twarlaku-ngku\tim\ttraina\thant-im\tim\tdat\tbulugi.,the\tcow-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\ttake-TR\tthe\tchild\tand\tthe\tdog-ERG\t3SG\ttry\tchase-TR\t3SG.OBJ\tthe\tcow,The cow took the child and the dog tried to chase down the bull.,,An conjoins two VPs here.,583,f49799e265a94971118dedd7935ce61d,narrative,"Dat bulugingku i bin teikim dat karu an dat warlakungku im traina hantim im dat bulugi.",Dat bulugi-ngku i bin teik-im det karu an dat warlaku-ngku im traina hant-im im dat bulugi.,the cow-ERG 3SG.SBJ PST take-TR the child and the dog-ERG 3SG try chase-TR 3SG.OBJ the cow,"An conjoins two VPs here.",,,9614, +72-110,72,Dat karu an dat warlakungku dei bin luk olda yapakayiwan ngakparnwalija.,Dat\tkaru\tan\tdat\twarlaku-ngku\tdei\tbin\tluk\tolda\tyapakayi-wan\tngakparn-walija.,the\tchild\tand\tthe\tdog-ERG\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tlook\tall\tsmall-NMLZ\tfrog-PAUC,The child and dog looked at all of the small frogs.,,An conjoins two NPs here.,583,988c773e0934a4cc5383c8d646b72e58,narrative,"Dat karu an dat warlakungku dei bin luk olda yapakayiwan ngakparnwalija.",Dat karu an dat warlaku-ngku dei bin luk olda yapakayi-wan ngakparn-walija.,the child and the dog-ERG 3PL.SBJ PST look all small-NMLZ frog-PAUC,"An conjoins two NPs here.",,,9615, +73-76,73,lloranbish riyinbish,llora-n-bish\triyi-n-bish,cry-3-ADD\tlaugh-3-ADD,He laughs and he cries.,,,1038[387],,naturalistic adapted,"lloranbish riyinbish",llora-n-bish riyi-n-bish,cry-3-ADD laugh-3-ADD,,,,9616, +74-111,74,wik náyka wáwa pi mákmak,wik\tnáyka\twáwa\tpi\tmákmak,not\t1SG\ttalk\tand\teat,I don’t talk and eat (sc. at the same time).,,,,,constructed by linguist,"wik náyka wáwa pi mákmak",,not 1SG talk and eat,,Own knowledge,,9617, +74-112,74,máma pi pápa tlaska mákmak sáplil,máma\tpi\tpápa\ttlaska\tmákmak\tsáplil,father\tand\tmother\t3PL\teat\tbread,The father and mother are eating bread.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"máma pi pápa tlaska mákmak sáplil",,father and mother 3PL eat bread,,Own knowledge,,9618, +75-183,75,Sa pramyer faam kiiwaniheew eekwa kiihtwam kiiwiiweew.,Sa\tpramyer\tfaam\tkii-wanih-eew\teekwa\tkiihtwam\tkii-wiiw-eew.,POSS.3SG.F\tfirst\twoman/wife\tPST-lost.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tand\tagain\tPST-marry-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,He had lost his first wife and now he had remarried.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Sa pramyer faam kiiwaniheew eekwa kiihtwam kiiwiiweew.,Sa pramyer faam kii-wanih-eew eekwa kiihtwam kii-wiiw-eew.,POSS.3SG.F first woman/wife PST-lost.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ and again PST-marry-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,,,,9619, +1-175,1,"Da dago wan hondiman, a sabi va hondi.","Da\tdago\twan\tontiman,\ta\tsabi\tfu\tonti.",DET.SG\tdog\tINDF.SG\thunter\t3SG.SBJ\tknow\tto\thunt,"That dog is a hunter, it knows how to hunt.",,"Ad Feature 76 ""Predicative noun phrases and predicative locative phrases"": This example shows nominal predication without a copula.",1357[26],,written (dictionary),"Da dago wan hondiman, a sabi va hondi.","Da dago wan ontiman, a sabi fu onti.",DET.SG dog INDF.SG hunter 3SG.SBJ know to hunt,"Ad Feature 76 ""Predicative noun phrases and predicative locative phrases"": This example shows nominal predication without a copula.",,,9620,German: Das ist ein Jagdhund. [op.cit.] +1-176,1,Bekassi da direkture a za kili mi lange gon liki mi da ron negere.,Bikasi\tda\tdriktoro\ta\tsa\tkiri\tmi\tnanga\tgon\tleki\tmi\tda\tron-nengre.,because\tDET.SG\tmanager\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tkill\t1SG\twith\tgun\tlike\t1SG\tCOP\trun-negro,Because the manager would kill me with his gun as if I were a runaway slave.,,"This examples shows nominal predication with the copula da. This copular form cannot be preceded by a negator, TAM marker or auxiliary. It does not appear in locative predication (disregarding two ambiguous and in any case idiosyncratic instances in Weygandt 1798; see Arends 1989: 39).",1527[89],,written,Bekassi da direkture a za kili mi lange gon liki mi da ron negere.,Bikasi da driktoro a sa kiri mi nanga gon leki mi da ron-nengre.,because DET.SG manager 3SG.SBJ FUT kill 1SG with gun like 1SG COP run-negro,"This examples shows nominal predication with the copula da. This copular form cannot be preceded by a negator, TAM marker or auxiliary. It does not appear in locative predication (disregarding two ambiguous and in any case idiosyncratic instances in Weygandt 1798; see Arends 1989: 39).",,,9621,Dutch: Want hy zou myn als een Weglooper aanmerken en Dood Schieten. [op.cit.] +1-177,1,"Effi hem no wan ougri somma, wi no ben sa gi hem abra na ju.","Efi\ten\tno\twan\togri\tsoma,\twi\tno\tben\tsa\tgi\ten\tabra\tna\tyu.",if\t3SG\tNEG\tINDF.SG\tevil\tperson\t1PL\tNEG\tPST\tFUT\tgive\t3SG\tover\tto\t2SG,"If he weren't an evil person, we wouldn't have handed him over to you.",,"This example shows nominal predication without copula, in this case with negation; it is conditional but not marked as such.",1355[271],,written,"Effi hem no wan ougri somma, wi no ben sa gi hem abra na ju.","Efi en no wan ogri soma, wi no ben sa gi en abra na yu.",if 3SG NEG INDF.SG evil person 1PL NEG PST FUT give 3SG over to 2SG,"This example shows nominal predication without copula, in this case with negation; it is conditional but not marked as such.",,,9622, +1-178,1,Mi da bossiman.,Mi\tda\tbusiman.,1SG\tCOP\tbush.NMLZ,I am a marron.,,"This example shows nominal predication with the copula da, which cannot be preceded by a negator, TAM marker or auxiliary.",314,,written,Mi da bossiman.,Mi da busiman.,1SG COP bush.NMLZ,"This example shows nominal predication with the copula da, which cannot be preceded by a negator, TAM marker or auxiliary.",,,9623, +1-179,1,"Mi de wan muffina, mi no ha bakka, mi no ha fesi.","Mi\tde\twan\tmofina,\tmi\tno\tha\tbaka,\tmi\tno\tha\tfesi.",1SG\tCOP\tINDF.SG\tmiserable\t1SG\tNEG\thave\tback\t1SG\tNEG\thave\tface,"I'm a miserable person, I don't know which way to turn.",,"This example shows nominal predication with the copula de. Apart from instances involving TAM markers, auxiliaries, or negation, where da cannot be used, de is less frequent with nominal predication.",1357[117],,written (dictionary),"Mi de wan muffina, mi no ha bakka, mi no ha fesi.","Mi de wan mofina, mi no ha baka, mi no ha fesi.",1SG COP INDF.SG miserable 1SG NEG have back 1SG NEG have face,"This example shows nominal predication with the copula de. Apart from instances involving TAM markers, auxiliaries, or negation, where da cannot be used, de is less frequent with nominal predication.",,,9624,"German: Ich bin ein elender Mensch, ich weiss weder aus noch ein, ich bin ganz verlassen. [op.cit.]" +1-180,1,Ma une no bribi: bikasi une no de skaap va mi.,Ma\tunu\tno\tbribi:\tbikasi\tunu\tno\tde\tskapu\tfu\tmi.,but\t2PL\tNEG\tbelieve\tbecause\t2PL\tNEG\tCOP\tsheep\tof\t1SG,"But you do not believe, because you are not my sheep / do not belong to my sheep.",,"This example shows nominal predication with the copula de. Here, negation is involved; da cannot be used in such cases.",1355[147],,written,Ma une no bribi: bikasi une no de skaap va mi.,Ma unu no bribi: bikasi unu no de skapu fu mi.,but 2PL NEG believe because 2PL NEG COP sheep of 1SG,"This example shows nominal predication with the copula de. Here, negation is involved; da cannot be used in such cases.",,,9625, +2-182,2,Den tu sma disi na Sranansma.,Den\ttu\tsma\tdisi\tna\tSranansma.,the.PL\ttwo\tperson\tDEM\tCOP\tSurinamese,These two people are Surinamese.,,,1062[22],,naturalistic spoken,Den tu sma disi na Sranansma.,,the.PL two person DEM COP Surinamese,,,,9626, +2-183,2,Den tu man na skowtu.,Den\ttu\tman\tna\tskowtu.,the.PL\ttwo\tman\tCOP\tpolice,The two men are policemen.,,,1585[47],,naturalistic spoken,Den tu man na skowtu.,,the.PL two man COP police,,,,9627, +3-89,3,Hén dá malénge-ma.,Hén\tdá\tmalénge-ma.,3SG\tBE\tlazy-MA,He is a lazy-bones.,,Ma is an agentive suffix.,1539[36],,naturalistic spoken,Hén dá malénge-ma.,,3SG BE lazy-MA,"Ma is an agentive suffix.",,,9628, +4-124,4,Den mma na wan sama fu Apatu.,Den\tmma\tna\twan\tsama\tfu\tApatu.,their\tmother\tCOP\tone\tperson\tPOSS\tApatu,Their mother is a person from Apatou. OR: Their mother is from Apatou.,,,568[106],,naturalistic spoken,Den mma na wan sama fu Apatu.,,their mother COP one person POSS Apatu,,,,9629, +5-121,5,az dem se ool aig a livn piipl,az\tdem\tse\tool\taig\ta\tlivn\tpiipl,as\t3PL\tsay\told\thigues\tCOP\tliving\tpeople,since they say Old Higues are living people,,,"1281[146, line 344]",,naturalistic spoken,az dem se ool aig a livn piipl,,as 3PL say old higues COP living people,,,,9630, +5-122,5,dis taim na laang taim,dis\ttaim\tna\tlaang\ttaim,this\ttime\tNEG\tlong\ttime,This time is not the olden days.,,,401[66],,naturalistic spoken,dis taim na laang taim,,this time NEG long time,,,,9631, +6-77,6,John is a police.,John\tis\ta\tpolice.,John\tCOP\tDET\tpoliceman,John is a policeman.,,,1431[91],,constructed by linguist,John is a police.,,John COP DET policeman,,,,9632, +7-175,7,Hi a paasta.,Hi\ta\tpaasta.,3SG\tCOP\tpastor,He is a pastor.,,"Please note that a is a copula here. This can be seen in the alternative utterance: Hi a wan paasta. [3SG COP INDF pastor], which also translates as 'He is a pastor'.",1244[125],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi a paasta.,,3SG COP pastor,"Please note that a is a copula here. This can be seen in the alternative utterance: Hi a wan paasta. [3SG COP INDF pastor], which also translates as 'He is a pastor'.",,,9633, +7-176,7,Hi na (no) paasta.,Hi\tna\t(no)\tpaasta.,3SG\tNEG\t(INDF)\tpastor,He is not a pastor.,,The copula is absent if the predicate is negated.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi na (no) paasta.,,3SG NEG (INDF) pastor,The copula is absent if the predicate is negated.,Own knowledge,,9634, +8-111,8,Jan a obya-man.,Jan\ta\tobya-man.,John\tCOP\twitchcraft-man,John is a ritual specialist.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Jan a obya-man.,,John COP witchcraft-man,,Own knowledge,,9635, +9-138,9,Ay wudn if da me mi.,Ay\twudn\tif\tda\tme\tmi.,I\twouldn’t\tif\tTOP\tANT\tme,I wouldn’t if it was me.,,,439[238],,naturalistic spoken,Ay wudn if da me mi.,,I wouldn’t if TOP ANT me,,,,9636, +9-139,9,Di djadj n̩ di dakta da gud fren.,Di\tdjadj\tn̩\tdi\tdakta\tda\tgud\tfren.,the\tjudge\tand\tthe\tdoctor\tCOP.NOM\tgood\tfriend,The judge and the doctor were good friends.,,da is also used as a topicalizer.,438,,naturalistic spoken,Di djadj n̩ di dakta da gud fren.,,the judge and the doctor COP.NOM good friend,"da is also used as a topicalizer.",,,9637, +9-140,9,A preti li ting dat.,A\tpreti\tli\tting\tdat.,TOP\tpretty\tlittle\tthing\tthat,That's a pretty little thing.,,,432[37],,naturalistic spoken,A preti li ting dat.,,TOP pretty little thing that,,,,9638, +9-141,9,Dat a stayrafowm.,Dat\ta\tstayrafowm.,that\tis\tstyrofoam,That's styrofoam.,,A may be an old copular element.,432[34],,naturalistic spoken,Dat a stayrafowm.,,that is styrofoam,"A may be an old copular element.",,,9639, +10-163,10,Beda Taiga da mi faada bes raidin haas.,Beda\tTaiga\tda\tmi\tfaada\tbes\traidin\thaas.,Brother\tTiger\tFOC\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tbest\triding\thorse,Brother Tiger is my father’s best riding horse.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Beda Taiga da mi faada bes raidin haas.,,Brother Tiger FOC 1SG.POSS father best riding horse,,Unpublished field recordings,,9640, +11-227,11,So di fors wan woz a seilin ship.,So\tdi\tfors\twan\twoz\ta\tseilin\tship.,so\tART.DEF\tfirst\tone\tCOP.PST\tART.INDF\tsailing\tship,So the first one was a sailing ship.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,So di fors wan woz a seilin ship.,,so ART.DEF first one COP.PST ART.INDF sailing ship,,,,9641, +11-228,11,Ai iz a tiicha we [...].,Ai\tiz\ta\ttiicha\twe\t[...].,1SG\tCOP.PRS\tART.INDF\tteacher\tREL\t[...],I am a teacher who [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai iz a tiicha we [...].,,1SG COP.PRS ART.INDF teacher REL [...],,,,9642, +12-174,12,"I don't bother with him, not because he's a Christian [...].",[...]\tnot\tbecause\the's\ta\tChristian\t[...].,[...]\tNEG\tbecause\t3SG.COP\ta\tChristian\t[...],"[I don’t bother with him,] not because he’s a [born-again] Christian [but for other reasons].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I don't bother with him, not because he's a Christian [...].",[...] not because he's a Christian [...].,[...] NEG because 3SG.COP a Christian [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9643, +12-175,12,"Da- no, he's a Trinidadian. Yeah, he's a teacher. He's a tea- uh-huh. And he still teaches at the College of the Bahamas [...].",[...]\the's\ta\tTrinidadian\t[...]\the's\ta\tteacher.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ.3SG.COP\tART\tTrinidadian\t[...]\t3SG.SBJ.3SG.COP\tART\tteacher,[Daddy] is a Trinidadian [...] he’s a teacher.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Da- no, he's a Trinidadian. Yeah, he's a teacher. He's a tea- uh-huh. And he still teaches at the College of the Bahamas [...].",[...] he's a Trinidadian [...] he's a teacher.,[...] 3SG.SBJ.3SG.COP ART Trinidadian [...] 3SG.SBJ.3SG.COP ART teacher,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9644, +12-176,12,I's a Baptist.,I's\ta\tBaptist.,1SG.SBJ.COP\tART\tBaptist,I'm a Baptist.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I's a Baptist.,,1SG.SBJ.COP ART Baptist,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9645, +12-177,12,I a old woman.,I\ta\told\twoman.,1SG.SBJ\tART\told\twoman,I am an old woman.,,,1392[49],,naturalistic spoken,I a old woman.,,1SG.SBJ ART old woman,,,,9646, +13-132,13,I was a stevedore dere.,I\twas\ta\tstevedore\tdere.,I\tCOP.PST\tINDF.ART\tstevedore\tthere,I was a stevedore there.,,,1500[286],,naturalistic spoken,I was a stevedore dere.,,I COP.PST INDF.ART stevedore there,,,,9647, +13-133,13,God de onliest lawgiba an jedge.,God\tde\tonliest\tlawgiba\tan\tjedge.,God\tDEF.ART\tonly\tlawgiver\tand\tjudge,God is the only lawgiver and judge. (Jas 4.12),,,357[795],,bible translation,God de onliest lawgiba an jedge.,,God DEF.ART only lawgiver and judge,,,,9648, +13-134,13,You red devil! You’s a red devil!,You\tred\tdevil!\tYou’s\ta\tred\tdevil!,2SG.SBJ\tred\tdevil\t2SG.SBJ.COP\ta\tred\tdevil,You are a red devil! You are a red devil!,,,1500[260],,naturalistic spoken,You red devil! You’s a red devil!,,2SG.SBJ red devil 2SG.SBJ.COP a red devil,,,,9649, +14-92,14,She a teacher.,She\ta\tteacher.,she\ta\tteacher,She is a teacher.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She a teacher.,,she a teacher,,Own knowledge,,9650, +14-93,14,She is a teacher.,She\tis\ta\tteacher.,she\tCOP\ta\tteacher,She is a teacher.,,The copula is variable in this context. One condition under which it can occur is when it is stressed.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She is a teacher.,,she COP a teacher,The copula is variable in this context. One condition under which it can occur is when it is stressed.,Own knowledge,,9651, +14-94,14,She not a teacher.,She\t∅\tnot\ta\tteacher.,she\t∅\tNEG\ta\tteacher,She is not a teacher.,,The copula is also variable preceding negation.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She not a teacher.,She ∅ not a teacher.,she ∅ NEG a teacher,The copula is also variable preceding negation.,Own knowledge,,9652, +14-95,14,I'm happy.,I'm\thappy.,1SG.COP\thappy,I am happy.,,The copula must occur with 1st person singular.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I'm happy.,,1SG.COP happy,The copula must occur with 1st person singular.,Own knowledge,,9653, +14-96,14,It's a dog.,It's\ta\tdog.,3SG.N.COP\ta\tdog,It is a dog.,,The copula must occur with 3rd singular neuter (it).,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,It's a dog.,,3SG.N.COP a dog,"The copula must occur with 3rd singular neuter (it).",Own knowledge,,9654, +15-101,15,ʤɔn na man,ʤɔn\tna\tman,John\tCOP\tman,John is a man.,,,545,,naturalistic written,ʤɔn na man,,John COP man,,,,9655, +16-101,16,mà brɔda bì soʤmã,mà\tbrɔda\tbì\tsoʤmã,1SG.POSS\tbrother\tCOP\tsoldierman,My brother is a soldier.,,This example shows the use of the equative copula bì.,656[234],,naturalistic spoken,mà brɔda bì soʤmã,,1SG.POSS brother COP soldierman,"This example shows the use of the equative copula bì.",,,9656, +17-118,17,Ìm bì ticha.,Ìm\tbì\tticha.,3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tteacher,S/he is a teacher.,,,462[51],,naturalistic spoken,Ìm bì ticha.,,3SG.SBJ COP teacher,,,,9657, +17-119,17,Ìm nà ticha.,Ìm\tnà\tticha.,3SG.SBJ\tHL\tteacher,S/he is a teacher.,,,462[51],,naturalistic spoken,Ìm nà ticha.,,3SG.SBJ HL teacher,,,,9658, +18-105,18,Ma papa na ticha.,Ma\tpapa\tna\tticha.,1SG.POSS\tfather\tCOP\tteacher,My father is a teacher.,,,63[438],,published source,Ma papa na ticha.,,1SG.POSS father COP teacher,,,,9659, +18-106,18,A bi titsha.,A\tbi\ttitcha.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tteacher,I am a teacher.,,,352[77],,published source,A bi titsha.,A bi titcha.,1SG.SBJ COP teacher,,,,9660, +19-141,19,In nà krèshuman.,In\tnà\tkrès-human.,3SG.EMPH\tFOC\tbe.crazy.CPD-woman,She's a mad woman.,,"Nà is an affirmative equative (identificational) copula and affirmative focus marker. If reference is pronominal, the use of independent (emphatic) personal pronouns is required. +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",1634[305],,naturalistic spoken,"In nà krèshuman.","In nà krès-human.",3SG.EMPH FOC be.crazy.CPD-woman,"Nà is an affirmative equative (identificational) copula and affirmative focus marker. If reference is pronominal, the use of independent (emphatic) personal pronouns is required. +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",,,9661, +20-103,20,He honest man.,He\thonest\tman.,3SG\thonest\tman,He is an honest man.,,,1489[IV.50],,naturalistic written,He honest man.,,3SG honest man,,,希晏尼士文,9662, +20-104,20,Who man you?,Who\tman\tyou?,who\tman\t2SG,Who are you?,,,1489[IV.39],,naturalistic written,Who man you?,,who man 2SG,,,呼蚊㕭,9663, +20-105,20,Belong single sealee.,Belong\tsingle\tsealee.,COP\tsingle\tseal,They are only single seal.,,,1489[VI.9],,naturalistic written,Belong single sealee.,,COP single seal,,,鼻郎星加思厘,9664, +21-96,21,He quite poor thing also lɔ33.,He\tquite\tpoor\tthing\talso\tlɔ33.,3SG\tquite\tpoor\tthing\talso\tPCL,"He is quite a poor thing as well [obviousness, resignedly].",,,529[83],,naturalistic spoken,He quite poor thing also lɔ33.,,3SG quite poor thing also PCL,,,,9665, +21-97,21,My dad is a doctor.,My\tdad\tis\ta\tdoctor.,1SG.POSS\tfather\tCOP\tDET\tdoctor,My father is a doctor.,,,,,constructed by linguist,My dad is a doctor.,,1SG.POSS father COP DET doctor,,Own knowledge,,9666, +22-129,22,Dedi bilong mi em ticha.,Dedi\tbilong\tmi\tem\tticha.,father\tPOSS\t1SG\t3SG\tteacher,My father was a teacher.,,,584[ENB F18],,naturalistic spoken,Dedi bilong mi em ticha.,,father POSS 1SG 3SG teacher,,,,9667, +22-130,22,Em i wanpla ticha.,Em\ti\twan-pla\tticha.,3SG\tPM\tone-MOD\tteacher,He was a teacher.,,,584[ESP M15],,naturalistic spoken,Em i wanpla ticha.,Em i wan-pla ticha.,3SG PM one-MOD teacher,,,,9668, +23-121,23,Kuestian nao se wataem bae ol lida ia oli save karem panismen.,Kuestian\tnao\tse\twataem\tbae\tol\tlida\tia\toli\tsave\tkarem\tpanismen.,question\tnow\tCOP\twhat.time\tIRR\tPL\tleader\tDEF\tAGR\tABIL\ttake\tpunishment,The question now is when will the leaders be punished.,,,1533,,naturalistic written,Kuestian nao se wataem bae ol lida ia oli save karem panismen.,,question now COP what.time IRR PL leader DEF AGR ABIL take punishment,,,,9669, +23-122,23,Maj! o yu longfala yet!,Maj!\to\tyu\tlongfala\tyet!,march\tEXCL\t2SG\tlong\tyet,March! Oh you're here for a long time yet.,,These kinds of verbless predicate constructions when predicating something of an NP are by far the most common in my corpora.,942,,naturalistic spoken,Maj! o yu longfala yet!,,march EXCL 2SG long yet,These kinds of verbless predicate constructions when predicating something of an NP are by far the most common in my corpora.,,,9670, +23-185,23,Hem i wan atlet long saed blong javelin.,Hem\ti\twan\tatlet\tlong\tsaed\tblong\tjavelin.,3SG\tAGR\tINDF\tathlete\ton\tside\tof\tjavelin,She is a javelin thrower.,,,,,naturalistic written,Hem i wan atlet long saed blong javelin.,,3SG AGR INDF athlete on side of javelin,,"Trading Post, 10 June 1998",,9671, +24-135,24,Tarzan es bas draiwa.,Tarzan\tes\tbas\tdraiwa.,Tarzan\tCOP\tbus\tdriver,Tarzan is a bus driver.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tarzan es bas draiwa.,,Tarzan COP bus driver,,Own fieldwork,,9672, +24-136,24,Desdieh es mandi.,Desdieh\tes\tmandi.,this.day\tCOP\tMonday,Today is Monday.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Desdieh es mandi.,,this.day COP Monday,,Own fieldwork,,9673, +25-279,25,Olabat bin bigbala yem.,Olabat\tbin\tbig-bala\tyem.,3PL\tPST\tbig-ADJ2\tyam,They were big yams.,,"Variety: Roper River. This is an example of a predicative noun phrase in past tense, which also illustrates the order of adjective and noun in a noun phrase.",1333[123],,unknown,Olabat bin bigbala yem.,Olabat bin big-bala yem.,3PL PST big-ADJ2 yam,"Variety: Roper River. This is an example of a predicative noun phrase in past tense, which also illustrates the order of adjective and noun in a noun phrase.",,,9674, +25-280,25,Olabat andi bi bigbala yem.,Olabat\tandi\tbi\tbig-bala\tyem.,3PL\tPOT\tbe\tbig-ADJ2\tyam,They will be big yams.,,Variety: Roper River. This is an example of a predicative noun phrase in the future tense.,1333[123],,unknown,Olabat andi bi bigbala yem.,Olabat andi bi big-bala yem.,3PL POT be big-ADJ2 yam,Variety: Roper River. This is an example of a predicative noun phrase in the future tense.,,,9675, +25-281,25,Nomeda wijan enimul darrei dei bin ol blekbala.,Nomeda\twijan\tenimul\tdarr-ei\tdei\tbin\tol\tblekbala.,no.matter\twhich\tanimal\tDIST-DIR\t3PL\tPST\tall\tAboriginal.person,"No matter which of the animals there, they were all (Aboriginal) people (in the Dreamtime). OR: All of the animals were there, but they were really people. (Original Translation)",,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a predicative noun phrase in the past tense, marked by the auxiliary bin.",1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,Nomeda wijan enimul darrei dei bin ol blekbala.,Nomeda wijan enimul darr-ei dei bin ol blekbala.,no.matter which animal DIST-DIR 3PL PST all Aboriginal.person,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a predicative noun phrase in the past tense, marked by the auxiliary bin.",,,9676, +25-282,25,Wal dijan naja stori bla krokadail.,Wal\tdijan\tnaja\tstori\tbla\tkrokadail.,well\tPROX:ADJ\tanother\tstory\tDAT/POSS\tcrocodile,"Well, this is another story about the crocodile. OR: This other story is about the crocodile. (Orig. translation)",,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a predicative noun phrase in a nonverbal clause.,1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,Wal dijan naja stori bla krokadail.,,well PROX:ADJ another story DAT/POSS crocodile,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates a predicative noun phrase in a nonverbal clause.,,,9677, +26-89,26,hi a dakta,hi\ta\tdakta,3SG\tART\tdoctor,He's a doctor.,,,,,constructed by linguist,hi a dakta,,3SG ART doctor,,Own knowledge,,9678, +27-91,27,mi na hunggǝsḗ,mi\tna\thunggǝsḗ,1SG\tnot\tdog-face,I am not a dog-face.,,,355[11],,naturalistic spoken,mi na hunggǝsḗ,,1SG not dog-face,,,,9679, +27-92,27,Ju a ēn wis man.,Ju\ta\tēn\twis\tman.,2SG\tCOP\ta\twise\tman,You are a wise man.,,,355[56],,naturalistic spoken,Ju a ēn wis man.,,2SG COP a wise man,,,,9680, +27-151,27,diso ēn frāi maní fo hou hus.,diso\tēn\tfrāi\tmaní\tfo\thou\thus.,DEM\ta\tgood\tway\tINF\tkeep\thouse,This is a good way of keeping house.,,,,,unspecified,diso ēn frāi maní fo hou hus.,,DEM a good way INF keep house,,,,9681, +28-120,28,ɛkɛ da boko jɛrma,ɛkɛ\tda\tboko\tjɛrma,1SG\tCOP\tAmerindian\twoman,I am an Amerindian woman. OR: I am Amerindian (i.c. Arawak).,,,749[446],,naturalistic spoken,ɛkɛ da boko jɛrma,ɛkɛ da boko jɛrma,1SG COP Amerindian woman,,,,9682, +29-149,29,Sy pa is leraar.,Sy\tpa\tis\tleraar.,3SG.M.POSS\tfather\tis\tminister,His father is a (protestant) minister.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sy pa is leraar.,,3SG.M.POSS father is minister,,Own knowledge,,9683, +30-158,30,Maria ê kantadera.,Maria\tê\tkanta-dera.,Mary\tbe\tsing-er.F,Mary is a singer.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Maria ê kantadera.",Maria ê kanta-dera.,Mary be sing-er.F,,,,9684, +30-159,30,[...] tudu kel ténpu si almusu éra mandióka kru [...].,[...]\ttudu\tkel=ténpu\tsi=almusu\téra\tmandióka\tkru\t[...].,[...]\tall\tDEM.SG=time\t3SG.POSS=lunch\tbe.ANT\tmanioc\traw\t[...],[...] the whole time his lunch consisted of raw manioc [...].,,,1407[35],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] tudu kel ténpu si almusu éra mandióka kru [...].",[...] tudu kel=ténpu si=almusu éra mandióka kru [...].,[...] all DEM.SG=time 3SG.POSS=lunch be.ANT manioc raw [...],,,,9685,German: [...] diese ganze Zeit über bestand sein Mittagessen aus rohem Maniok [...]. +31-132,31,Jematu e piskador.,Jematu\te\tpiskador.,Jematu\tCOP\tfisherman,Jematu is a fisherman.,,"Although e typically occurs in a copular position, there is some controversy as for its status as a copula or a pronominal.",,,naturalistic spoken,Jematu e piskador.,,Jematu COP fisherman,"Although e typically occurs in a copular position, there is some controversy as for its status as a copula or a pronominal.","Maria Conceicao Teixeira, p.c.",,9686, +32-120,32,Mi e viuva.,Mi\te\tviuva.,1SG\tCOP\twidow,I'm a widow.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi e viuva.",,1SG COP widow,,,,9687,Portuguese: Sou viúva. +33-147,33,Djon i kantadur.,Djon\ti\tkantadur.,John\tCOP\tsinger,John is a singer.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Djon i kantadur.,,John COP singer,,Own knowledge,,9688,Portuguese: O João é cantor. +33-148,33,ami i kantadur; abo i kantadur; el i kantadur [...],ami\ti\tkantadur;\tabo\ti\tkantadur;\tel\ti\tkantadur\t[...],1SG\tCOP\tsinger\t2SG\tCOP\tsinger\t3SG\tCOP\tsinger\t[...],"I am a singer, you are a singer, he is a singer [...]",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ami i kantadur; abo i kantadur; el i kantadur [...],,1SG COP singer 2SG COP singer 3SG COP singer [...],,Own knowledge,,9689,"Portuguese: Sou cantor, tu és cantor, ele é cantor [...]" +34-116,34,Joŋ i piskador.,Joŋ\tø\ti\tpiskador.,John\tPFV\tCOP\tfisherman,John is a fisherman.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Joŋ i piskador.","Joŋ ø i piskador.",John PFV COP fisherman,,Own knowledge,,9690, +34-120,34,Joŋ i piskador. — Joŋ sá piskador.,Joŋ ø i piskador. — Joŋ ø sá piskador.,John PFV COP fisherman   John PFV COP fisherman,John is a fisherman. — John is now (has turned into) a fisherman.,,This is an example of a predicative noun phrase.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Joŋ i piskador. — Joŋ sá piskador.","Joŋ ø i piskador. — Joŋ ø sá piskador.",John PFV COP fisherman John PFV COP fisherman,This is an example of a predicative noun phrase.,Own knowledge,,9691, +35-162,35,Ê sa dôtôlô.,Ê\tsa\tdôtôlô.,3SG\tCOP\tdoctor,He is a doctor.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ê sa dôtôlô.,,3SG COP doctor,,Own knowledge,,9692, +36-94,36,Ê pisikarô.,Ê\tpisikarô.,he\tfisherman,He is a fisherman.,,,901[94],,elicited from speaker,Ê pisikarô.,,he fisherman,,,,9693, +36-95,36,Anton alê tha futarô.,Anton\talê\ttha\tfutarô.,then\tking\tCOP\tthieve,Then it is the king who is the thief.,,,901[162],,naturalistic spoken,"Anton alê tha futarô.",,then king COP thieve,,,,9694,"French: Alors, le voleur, c'est le roi." +37-119,37,Ê ladran mutu.,Ê\tladran\tmutu.,3SG\tthief\tvery,He is a big thief.,,,905[96],,naturalistic spoken,"Ê ladran mutu.",,3SG thief very,,,,9695, +37-120,37,M mêsê pa txi sa dôtô.,M\tmêsê\tpa\ttxi\tsa\tdôtô.,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tCOP\tdoctor,I want you to be a doctor.,,,905[98],,elicited from speaker,M mêsê pa txi sa dôtô.,,1SG want COMP 2SG COP doctor,,,,9696, +37-121,37,"Omi xila, ki sa dôtô, ê vika fa.","Omi\txila,\tki\tsa\tdôtô,\tê\tvika\tfa.",man\tDEM\tREL\tCOP\tdoctor\t3SG\tcome\tNEG,"That man, who is a doctor, didn't come.",,,905[98],,elicited from speaker,"Omi xila, ki sa dôtô, ê vika fa.",,man DEM REL COP doctor 3SG come NEG,,,,9697, +38-136,38,"Untu, Palea se sa tela-no-syi ngandyi.","Untu,\tPalea\tse\tsa\ttela-no-syi\tngandyi.",between\tPalea\tDEM\tbe\tvillage-1PL-DEM\tbig,Among them Palea is our biggest village.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Untu, Palea se sa tela-no-syi ngandyi.",,between Palea DEM be village-1PL-DEM big,,Own fieldwork 1993,,9698, +38-137,38,Bibi sa wan patu dambu.,Bibi\tsa\twan\tpatu\tde-Ambô.,Bibi\tbe\tone\tbird\tof-Annobon,Bibi is an Annobonese bird.,,,315,,naturalistic spoken,Bibi sa wan patu dambu.,Bibi sa wan patu de-Ambô.,Bibi be one bird of-Annobon,,,,9699, +38-138,38,Bibi patusyi na xa lega pa ten lif.,Bibi\tpatu-syi\tna\txa\tlega\tpa\tten\tli-f.,Bibi\tbird-DEM\tNEG\tEVID\tlet\tfor\thave\t3SG-NEG,Bibi is a bird that does not let itself be caught.,,,315,,naturalistic spoken,Bibi patusyi na xa lega pa ten lif.,Bibi patu-syi na xa lega pa ten li-f.,Bibi bird-DEM NEG EVID let for have 3SG-NEG,,,,9700, +39-135,39,Jacob ɛ ũ kɔb.,Jacob\tɛ\tũ\tkɔb.,Jacob\tCOP.NPST\tone\tsnake,Jacob is a snake.,,,221[154],,naturalistic spoken,"Jacob ɛ ũ kɔb.",,Jacob COP.NPST one snake,,,,9701, +39-136,39,Mĩ pay ɛ pulis.,Mĩ\tpay\tɛ\tpulis.,1SG.POSS\tfather\tCOP.NPST\tpolice,My father is a policeman.,,,218,,elicited from speaker,"Mĩ pay ɛ pulis.",,1SG.POSS father COP.NPST police,,,,9702, +40-102,40,Akə warʤ su ʋalor tɛ doj mil rhupi.,Akə\twarʤ\tsu\tʋalor\ttɛ\tdoj\tmil\trhupi.,that\tfield\tGEN\tvalue\tCOP\ttwo\tthousand\trupee,The value of that field is two thousand rupees.,,This example is taken from a told by Jerome Francis Rosario.,,,naturalistic spoken,Akə warʤ su ʋalor tɛ doj mil rhupi.,,that field GEN value COP two thousand rupee,This example is taken from a told by Jerome Francis Rosario.,Unpublished story,,9703, +41-114,41,"braanku kiontaa, aka mee dreetu palaavra","braanku\tki-ontaa,\taka\tmee\tdreetu\tpalaavra",whitewash\tNMLZ-paint\tthat\tFOC\tright\tword,Whitewash is “ontaa”ed. THAT’s the correct word.,,,1416[1629],,naturalistic spoken,"braanku kiontaa, aka mee dreetu palaavra","braanku ki-ontaa, aka mee dreetu palaavra",whitewash NMLZ-paint that FOC right word,,,,9704, +41-115,41,"doonu keem? [linguist: doonu?] [speaker, deliberately:] keen teen doonu aka kaazapa?",doonu\tkeem?\t[linguist:\tdoonu?]\tkeen\tteem\tdoonu\taka\tkaaza-pa?,owner\twho\t[linguist:\towner?]\twho\tPRS.be\towner\tthat\thouse-DAT,"Who is the owner? [linguist: Owner?]. [speaker, deliberately:] Who is the owner of that house?",,The presence of the copula in the second clause is unusual with an NP complement. It may reflect an older construction. For the purposes of this description it is treated as marginal.,1416[1450-2],,naturalistic spoken,"doonu keem? [linguist: doonu?] [speaker, deliberately:] keen teen doonu aka kaazapa?",doonu keem? [linguist: doonu?] keen teem doonu aka kaaza-pa?,owner who [linguist: owner?] who PRS.be owner that house-DAT,The presence of the copula in the second clause is unusual with an NP complement. It may reflect an older construction. For the purposes of this description it is treated as marginal.,,,9705, +42-128,42,eli padri,eli\tpadri,3SG\tpriest,He is a priest.,,,122[182],,naturalistic spoken,eli padri,,3SG priest,,,,9706, +43-84,43,Akel teng pes mortu.,Akel\tteng\tpes\tmortu.,that\tCOP\tfish\tdead,That is a dead fish.,,,906[66],,pedagogical grammar,"Akel teng pes mortu.",,that COP fish dead,,,,9707, +43-85,43,Esta su predju.,Esta\tsu\tpredju.,DEM\tPOSS\tprice,This is its price.,,,906[67],,pedagogical grammar,Esta su predju.,,DEM POSS price,,,,9708, +43-86,43,[...] iste duminggu teng dia grandi Pengstër.,[...]\tiste\tduminggu\tteng\tdia\tgrandi\tPengstër.,[...]\tDEM\tSunday\tCOP\tday\tbig\tPentecost,"[...] next Sunday is a holiday, Pentecost.",,,906[66],,naturalistic written,"[...] iste duminggu teng dia grandi Pengstër.",,[...] DEM Sunday COP day big Pentecost,,,,9709, +43-87,43,[...] nos djenti sera.,[...]\tnos\tdjenti\tsera.,[...]\t1PL\tpeople\tcountryside,[...] we are people from the countryside.,,,906[67],,naturalistic written,[...] nos djenti sera.,,[...] 1PL people countryside,,,,9710, +44-132,44,Méstra Lóling.,Méstra\tLóling.,teacher\tLoling,Loling was a teacher.,,We have past reference from the context.,,,elicited from speaker,Méstra Lóling.,,teacher Loling,We have past reference from the context.,Own data,,9711,Spanish: Loling era maestra. +45-113,45,Maestra el mujer.,Maestra\tel\tmujer.,teacher\tDEF\twoman,The lady is a teacher.,,,835[69],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Maestra el mujer.,,teacher DEF woman,,,,9712, +46-132,46,Estába soldáw.,Estába\tsoldáw.,was\tsoldier,He was a soldier.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Estába soldáw.,,was soldier,,Own knowledge,,9713, +46-133,46,Un estudyánte estába si Teresa.,Un\testudyánte\testába\tsi\tTeresa.,a\tstudent\twas\tAG\tTeresa,Teresa was once a student.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Un estudyánte estába si Teresa.,,a student was AG Teresa,,Own knowledge,,9714, +46-134,46,Ántes el Zamboanga un dyútay syudád.,Ántes\tel\tZamboanga\tun\tdyútay\tsyudád.,before\tART\tZamboanga\ta\tsmall\tcity,Zamboanga used to be a small city.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ántes el Zamboanga un dyútay syudád.,,before ART Zamboanga a small city,,Own knowledge,,9715, +46-135,46,Un estudyánte si Teresa dos ányo ya-pasá.,Un\testudyánte\tsi\tTeresa\tdos\tányo\tya-pasá.,a\tstudent\tAG\tTeresa\ttwo\tyears\tPRF-pass,"Two years ago, Teresa was a student.",,,,,elicited from speaker,Un estudyánte si Teresa dos ányo ya-pasá.,,a student AG Teresa two years PRF-pass,,Own knowledge,,9716, +46-136,46,Este amo el maga palabra del Hijo de Dios.,éste\tamó\tel\tmga\tpalábra\tdel\tího\tde\tDyos.,this\tCOP\tART\tPL\tword\tof.the\tson\tof\tGod,These are the words of the Son of God.,,"The original source is: El Nuevo Testamento, New York/Manila: The International Bible Society (1981: 953).",830[387],,naturalistic written,Este amo el maga palabra del Hijo de Dios.,éste amó el mga palábra del ího de Dyos.,this COP ART PL word of.the son of God,"The original source is: El Nuevo Testamento, New York/Manila: The International Bible Society (1981: 953).",,,9717, +47-147,47,E ta un mohé chikito.,E\tta\tun\tmuhé\tchikitu.,3SG\tCOP\tINDF\twoman\tsmall,She is a small woman.,,,755,,naturalistic spoken,E ta un mohé chikito.,E ta un muhé chikitu.,3SG COP INDF woman small,,,,9718, +47-148,47,Mi omo ta polis.,Mi\tomo\tta\tpolis.,1SG\tuncle\tCOP\tpolice,My uncle is a police officer.,,The translation is mine.,1024[111],,published source,Mi omo ta polis.,,1SG uncle COP police,The translation is mine.,,,9719, +48-135,48,Ele e músiko.,Ele\te\tmúsiko.,He/she\tbe\tmusician,He/she is a musician.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ele e músiko.",,He/she be musician,,Recorded by author,,9720,Spanish: (Él/ella) es músico. +48-136,48,I tan sendá dotó.,I\ttan\tsendá\tdotó.,I\tFUT\tbe\tdoctor,I will be a doctor.,,,353[131],,naturalistic spoken,"I tan sendá dotó.",,I FUT be doctor,,,,9721,Spanish: (Yo) seré doctor/médico. +49-228,49,Entèl se move moun.,Entèl\tse\tmove\tmoun.,so.and.so\tSE\tbad\tperson,So-and-so is somebody mean.,,,371[15],,naturalistic spoken,Entèl se move moun.,,so.and.so SE bad person,,,,9722,French: Untel est quelqu'un de méchant. +49-229,49,Mari se te on mis nan on dipansè an pwovens.,Mari\tse\tte\ton\tmis\tnan\ton\tdipansè\tan\tpwovens.,Marie\tSE\tANT\tINDF\tnurse\tin\tINDF\tclinic\tin\tprovince,Marie was a nurse in a provincial clinic.,,,371[31],,naturalistic spoken,Mari se te on mis nan on dipansè an pwovens.,,Marie SE ANT INDF nurse in INDF clinic in province,,,,9723,French: Marie était infirmière dans un dispensaire de province. +49-230,49,Malis se yon doktè.,Malis\tse\tyon\tdoktè.,Malice\tSE\tINDF\tdoctor,Malice is a doctor.,,,364[70],,naturalistic spoken,Malis se yon doktè.,,Malice SE INDF doctor,,,,9724,French: Malice est un médecin. +49-231,49,Malis te yon doktè.,Malis\tte\tyon\tdoktè.,Malice\tANT\tDEF\tdoctor,Malice was a doctor.,,,364[72],,naturalistic spoken,Malis te yon doktè.,,Malice ANT DEF doctor,,,,9725,French: Malice était médecin. +50-137,50,Jak dòktè.,Jak\tdòktè.,Jack\tdoctor,Jack is a doctor.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jak dòktè.,,Jack doctor,,Own fieldwork,,9726, +50-138,50,"Mari pa dòktè, Mari enfirmyèz.","Mari\tpa\tdòktè,\tMari\tenfirmyèz.",Mary\tNEG\tdoctor\tMary\tnurse,"Mary is not a doctor, she is a nurse.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mari pa dòktè, Mari enfirmyèz.",,Mary NEG doctor Mary nurse,,Own fieldwork,,9727, +51-123,51,Jak doktè.,Jak\tdoktè.,Jack\tdoctor,Jack is a doctor.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jak doktè.,,Jack doctor,,Own fieldwork,,9728, +51-124,51,"Mari pa doktè, Mari enfirmiez.","Mari\tpa\tdoktè,\tMari\tenfirmiez.",Mary\tNEG\tdoctor\tMary\tnurse,"Mary is not a doctor, she is a nurse.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mari pa doktè, Mari enfirmiez.",,Mary NEG doctor Mary nurse,,Own fieldwork,,9729, +52-79,52,i sa gran-grèk,i\tsa\tgran-grèk,she\tCOP\tprofessor/researcher,She is a professor at university.,,Gran-grèk literally means 'old greek'.,,,constructed by linguist,i sa gran-grèk,,she COP professor/researcher,"Gran-grèk literally means 'old greek'.",Own knowledge,,9730, +52-80,52,misyè té doktèr avan,misyè\tté\tdoktèr\tavan,he\tPST\tdoctor\tbefore,He was a doctor before.,,,,,constructed by linguist,misyè té doktèr avan,,he PST doctor before,,Own knowledge,,9731, +53-277,53,Mo frer se en louvriye.,Mo\tfrer\tse\ten\tlouvriye.,1SG.POSS\tbrother\tCOP\tART.INDF\tworker,My brother is a worker.,,,1048[243],,elicited from speaker,Mo frer se en louvriye.,,1SG.POSS brother COP ART.INDF worker,,,,9732, +53-278,53,Toi (cé) eune bon fille.,Toi\t(cé)\teune\tbon\tfille.,2SG\t(COP)\tART.INDF\tgood\tgirl,You are a good girl.,,,1049[17],,naturalistic written,Toi (cé) eune bon fille.,,2SG (COP) ART.INDF good girl,,,,9733, +53-279,53,Li pa en dokter.,Li\tpa\ten\tdokter.,3SG\tNEG\tART.INDF\tdoctor,He is not a doctor.,,,1048[245],,elicited from speaker,Li pa en dokter.,,3SG NEG ART.INDF doctor,,,,9734, +53-280,53,Mé corne là yé cé pa batême katin.,Mé\tcorne-là-yé\tcé\tpa\tbatême\tkatin.,but\thorn-ART.DEF-PL\tCOP\tNEG\tbaptism\tdoll,But the horns are not child's play.,,,1049[79],,naturalistic written,Mé corne là yé cé pa batême katin.,Mé corne-là-yé cé pa batême katin.,but horn-ART.DEF-PL COP NEG baptism doll,,,,9735, +53-281,53,Mo se en doktè.,Mo\tse\ten\tdoktè.,1SG\tCOP\tART.INDF\tdoctor,I'm a doctor.,,,722[290],,naturalistic spoken,Mo se en doktè.,,1SG COP ART.INDF doctor,,,,9736, +53-282,53,Mo en doktè.,Mo\ten\tdoktè.,1SG\tART.INDF\tdoctor,I am a doctor.,,,722[292],,elicited from speaker,Mo en doktè.,,1SG ART.INDF doctor,,,,9737, +53-283,53,To en gro chyen.,To\ten\tgro\tchyen.,2SG\tART.INDF\tbig\tdog,You're a bigwig.,,,722[292],,naturalistic spoken,To en gro chyen.,,2SG ART.INDF big dog,,,,9738, +53-284,53,Li pa en bouke.,Li\tpa\ten\tbouke.,3SG\tNEG\tART.INDF\tflower,It's not a flower.,,,722[292],,naturalistic spoken,Li pa en bouke.,,3SG NEG ART.INDF flower,,,,9739, +53-285,53,Mo se pa en rekoltè.,Mo\tse\tpa\ten\trekoltè.,1SG\tCOP\tNEG\tART.INDF\tfarmer,I am not a farmer.,,,722[293],,elicited from speaker,Mo se pa en rekoltè.,,1SG COP NEG ART.INDF farmer,,,,9740, +54-157,54,Son papa lé tayër.,Son\tpapa\tle\ttayer.,POSS.3SG\tfather\tCOP.PRS\ttailor,His father is a tailor.,,,1440[53],,naturalistic written,Son papa lé tayër.,Son papa le tayer.,POSS.3SG father COP.PRS tailor,,,,9741,French: Son père est tailleur. +54-158,54,[...] son fam lété in koson.,[...]\tson\tfanm\tlete\ten\tkoson.,[...]\tPOSS.3SG\twife\tCOP.PST\tINDF\tpig,[...] his wife was a pig.,,,110[57],,naturalistic spoken,[...] son fam lété in koson.,[...] son fanm lete en koson.,[...] POSS.3SG wife COP.PST INDF pig,,,,9742,French: [...] sa femme était un cochon. +54-159,54,"Sa sé in segré, sa.","Sa\tse\ten\tsegre,\tsa.",that\tCOP.PRS\tINDF\tsecret\tthat,This is a secret.,,After sa the variant se of the copula is used.,229[45],,naturalistic spoken,"Sa sé in segré, sa.","Sa se en segre, sa.",that COP.PRS INDF secret that,"After sa the variant se of the copula is used.",,,9743,"French: Ça c'est un secret, ça." +54-160,54,Fangòk sé en janr pyòch.,Fangok\tse\ten\tjanr\tpyoch.,fangok\tCOP.PRS\tINDF\tkind\tmattock,"A ""fangok"" is a kind of mattock.",,"The variant se is regularly used in definitions quoted in Carayol et al. (1984–1995). +Fangok is a word of Malagasy origin.",214[631N],,naturalistic spoken,Fangòk sé en janr pyòch.,Fangok se en janr pyoch.,fangok COP.PRS INDF kind mattock,"The variant se is regularly used in definitions quoted in Carayol et al. (1984–1995). +Fangok is a word of Malagasy origin.",,,9744,"French: Un ""fangok"" est une espèce de pioche." +55-128,55,so madam en mis,so\tmadam\ten\tmis,3SG.POSS\twife\tINDF.ART\tschoolmistress,His wife is a schoolmistress.,,,76[?],,naturalistic spoken,so madam en mis,,3SG.POSS wife INDF.ART schoolmistress,,,,9745, +56-139,56,[...] letan ki ou papa ti reziser.,[...]\tletan\tki\tou\tpapa\tti\treziser.,[...]\ttime\tthat\tPOSS.2SG\tfather\tPST\tmanager.of.an.estate,[...] the time when your father was a manager of an estate.,,,158,,naturalistic spoken,[...] letan ki ou papa ti reziser.,,[...] time that POSS.2SG father PST manager.of.an.estate,,,,9746, +56-140,56,Sa garson mon ti vwar dan bazar i neve mon madanm.,Sa\tgarson\t[Ø\tmon\tti\tvwar\tdan\tbazar]\ti\tneve\tmon\tmadanm.,the\tboy\t[Ø\t1SG\tPST\tsee\tin\tmarket]\t3SG\tnephew\t1SG.POSS\twife,The boy whom I saw in the market is the nephew of my wife.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Sa garson mon ti vwar dan bazar i neve mon madanm.,Sa garson [Ø mon ti vwar dan bazar] i neve mon madanm.,the boy [Ø 1SG PST see in market] 3SG nephew 1SG.POSS wife,,Own knowledge,,9747, +57-78,57,Narsis le kostrikter nde kas,Narsis\tle\tkostrikter\tnde\tkas,Narcisse\tSI\tbuilder\tof\thouse(s)/hut(s),Narcisse is a hut-builder.,,SI= subject index,,,constructed by linguist,Narsis le kostrikter nde kas,,Narcisse SI builder of house(s)/hut(s),SI= subject index,own knowledge Ehrhart,,9748, +58-96,58,Mono ke longi.,Mono\tke\tlongi.,me\tbe\tteacher,I am a teacher.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono ke longi.,,me be teacher,,Own knowledge,,9749, +59-218,59,kol ti lo ae zo ti fango zo,koli\tti\tlo\ta-ke\tzo\tti\tfa-ngo\tzo,husband\tof\t3SG\tPM-COP\tperson\tof\tkill-NMLZ\tperson,Her husband was a person who killed people.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kol ti lo ae zo ti fango zo,koli ti lo a-ke zo ti fa-ngo zo,husband of 3SG PM-COP person of kill-NMLZ person,,Samarin corpus 1994,,9750, +59-219,59,ni ke deku tito lo mu ni lo hunzi ni na ya ti tuku?!,ni\tke\tdeku\ttitene\tlo\tmu\tni\tlo\thunzi\tni\tna\tya\tti\ttuku?!,1SG.LOG\tCOP\tmouse\tso.that\t3SG\ttake\t1SG.LOG\t3SG\thide\t1SG.LOG\tPREP\tinside\tof\tsteel.drum,"(She said), Am I a mouse that you should take and hide me in a barrel? (Translated as direct speech.)",,"When a question is repeated or when expressing emotion, a rising-falling contour with greater emphasis occurs on the final syllable represented by (?!).",,,naturalistic spoken,ni ke deku tito lo mu ni lo hunzi ni na ya ti tuku?!,ni ke deku titene lo mu ni lo hunzi ni na ya ti tuku?!,1SG.LOG COP mouse so.that 3SG take 1SG.LOG 3SG hide 1SG.LOG PREP inside of steel.drum,"When a question is repeated or when expressing emotion, a rising-falling contour with greater emphasis occurs on the final syllable represented by (?!).",Samarin corpus 1994,,9751, +59-220,59,"So taa tene, wala vene?","So\ttaa\ttene,\twala\tvene?",DEM\ttrue\tword\tor\tlie,Is that the truth or a lie?,,,,,naturalistic written,"So taa tene, wala vene?",,DEM true word or lie,,Own knowledge,,9752, +59-221,59,koli so ka (ake) baba ti mbi,koli\tso\tka\t(a-ke)\tbaba\tti\tmbi,man\tDEM\tover.there\t(PM-COP)\tfather\tof\t1SG,That man over there is my father.,,,,,constructed by linguist,koli so ka (ake) baba ti mbi,koli so ka (a-ke) baba ti mbi,man DEM over.there (PM-COP) father of 1SG,,Own knowledge,,9753, +60-104,60,Pierre azalákí moyémbi,Pierre\ta-zal-ákí\tmoyémbi,Pierre\t3SG-be-PST\tsinger,Pierre was a singer.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,Pierre azalákí moyémbi,Pierre a-zal-ákí moyémbi,Pierre 3SG-be-PST singer,,Own knowledge,,9754, +61-77,61,Yena lo ticha.,Yena\tlo\tticha.,he\tDEF.ART\tteacher,He is a teacher.,,There is no copula with existential/stative meaning in the language.,,,elicited from speaker,Yena lo ticha.,,he DEF.ART teacher,There is no copula with existential/stative meaning in the language.,Field notes Mesthrie,,9755, +62-70,62,kilúgwi ni kinyongôlé,kilúgwi\tni\tkinyongôlé,chameleon\tCOP\tinsect:Q,Is the chameleon an insect?,,,,,elicited from speaker,kilúgwi ni kinyongôlé,,chameleon COP insect:Q,,Own field data 1993,,9756, +63-141,63,úmun de Núbi,úmun\tde\tNúbi,3PL\tCOP\tNubi,They are Nubi.,,,857[353],,naturalistic spoken,úmun de Núbi,,3PL COP Nubi,,,,9757, +63-142,63,úmun Núbi,úmun\tNúbi,3PL\tNubi,They are Nubi.,,,857[353],,naturalistic spoken,úmun Núbi,,3PL Nubi,,,,9758, +64-150,64,ána kátib,ána\tkátib,1SG\tsalesclerk,I’m a salesclerk.,,,874[185],,naturalistic spoken,ána kátib,,1SG salesclerk,,,,9759, +64-151,64,bet de kebír,bet\tde\tkebír,house\tDEM.PROX\tbig,This house is big.,,,874[185],,naturalistic spoken,bet de kebír,,house DEM.PROX big,,,,9760, +65-113,65,Pouʤə - kitajsa pampuʃəkə.,Pouʤə - kitajsa pampuʃəkə.,pouze   Chinese steamed.bread,Pouze is Chinese steamed bread.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[273],,naturalistic spoken,Pouʤə - kitajsa pampuʃəkə.,,pouze Chinese steamed.bread,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,Поудза - китайса памэпушика.,9761, +65-114,65,Zimlia toʒɛ liudi.,Zimlia\ttoʒɛ\tliudi.,earth\talso\tperson,The Earth is also a human being.,,,60[210],,citation in fiction,Zimlia toʒɛ liudi.,,earth also person,,,Земля тоже люди.,9762, +65-115,65,Maja liudi!,Maja\tliudi!,1SG\tperson,I am a human!,,,60[21],,citation in fiction,Maja liudi!,,1SG person,,,Моя люди!,9763, +67-156,67,Diaorang murid.,Diaorang\tmurid.,3PL\tpupil,They are pupils.,,,708[465],,naturalistic spoken,Diaorang murid.,,3PL pupil,,,,9764, +67-157,67,Dia bukan cikgu.,Dia\tbukan\tcikgu.,3SG\tNEG\tteacher,He/she is not a teacher.,,,708[465],,elicited from speaker,Dia bukan cikgu.,,3SG NEG teacher,,,,9765, +68-88,68,Ontua be pung laki.,Ontua\tbe\tpung\tlaki.,3SG\t1SG\tPOSS\tman,He is my husband.,,,1528[212],,naturalistic spoken,Ontua be pung laki.,,3SG 1SG POSS man,,,,9766, +69-57,69,andi anak,andi\tanak,ground\tCOP,That's land.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,andi anak,,ground COP,,Own field notes 1985,,9767, +70-61,70,U nas baito.,U\tnas\tbaito.,3SG\tnurse\tCOP,She's a nurse.,,,1402[176],,naturalistic spoken,U nas baito.,,3SG nurse COP,,,,9768, +71-129,71,Oe malihini.,Oe\tmalihini.,2SG\tnewcomer,You're a tourist (not a resident).,,,,,naturalistic written,Oe malihini.,,2SG newcomer,,own data 1910,,9769, +72-111,72,Ankaj dat karu im yapakayiwan.,Ankaj\tdat\tkaru\tim\tyapakayi-wan.,poor.thing\tthe\tchild\t3SG\tsmall-NMLZ,"Poor kid, he's only little.",,,920[424],,naturalistic spoken,Ankaj dat karu im yapakayiwan.,Ankaj dat karu im yapakayi-wan.,poor.thing the child 3SG small-NMLZ,,,,9770, +72-112,72,Likarta yapakayi-wan LD,Likarta\tyapakayi-wan\tLD,lizard\tsmall-NMLZ\tLD,"(You look) Leyton, that lizard is a small one.",,,8,4c31dc8a2bcd1e339627caf351a5f2d2,naturalistic spoken,Likarta yapakayi-wan LD,,lizard small-NMLZ LD,,,,9771, +73-77,73,miyu warmimi,miyu\twarmi-mi,1SG.POSS\twife-AFF,She is my wife.,,,1033[58],,naturalistic spoken,miyu warmimi,miyu warmi-mi,1SG.POSS wife-AFF,,,,9772, +73-78,73,yoga Kristobalmi gani,yo-ga\tKristobal-mi\tga-ni,1SG.PRO-TOP\tChristobal-AFF\tbe-1SG,I am Christobal.,,,1032[53],,naturalistic spoken,yoga Kristobalmi gani,yo-ga Kristobal-mi ga-ni,1SG.PRO-TOP Christobal-AFF be-1SG,,,,9773, +74-113,74,náyka pápa yáka dáktin,náyka\tpápa\tyáka\tdáktin,1SG\tfather\t3SG\tdoctor,My dad's a doctor.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka pápa yáka dáktin,,1SG father 3SG doctor,,Own knowledge,,9774, +74-114,74,hayás úlman máyka haws,hayás\túlman\tmáyka\thaws,much\told\t2SG\thouse,your house is very old,,,595[12],,narrative,hayás úlman máyka haws,,much old 2SG house,,,,9775, +75-184,75,"lom awa, kaakiilomiwit","Lom\tawa,\tkaa-kii-lom-iwi-t",man\tthis\tREL-PST-man-COP-3SG,"this man, who had turned into a man again",,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"lom awa, kaakiilomiwit","Lom awa, kaa-kii-lom-iwi-t",man this REL-PST-man-COP-3SG,,,,9776, +75-186,75,Si tenn ptsit parsonn Irene.,Sitenn\tptsi-t\tparsonn\tIrene.,be.3\tlittle-F\tperson\tIrene,Irene is a small person.,,,789[123],,naturalistic written,Si tenn ptsit parsonn Irene.,Sitenn ptsi-t parsonn Irene.,be.3 little-F person Irene,,,,9777, +75-187,75,Aen fezoer di fwaen moon niveu.,Aen\tfezoer\tdi\tfwaen\tmoon\tniveu.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tmaker\tof\thay\t1.POSS.M\tnephew,My nephew is a hay maker.,,,789[127],,naturalistic written,Aen fezoer di fwaen moon niveu.,Aen fezoer di fwaen moon niveu.,DEF.ART.M.SG maker of hay 1.POSS.M nephew,,,,9778, +75-188,75,"Tut dishirii, la rob anima.","Tut\tdishirii,\tla\trob\tanima.",completely\ttorn\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tdress\tthat.INAN,That dress was completely torn.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"Tut dishirii, la rob anima.",,completely torn DEF.ART.F.SG dress that.INAN,,,,9779, +75-190,75,Opaapaawa sitaet aen vaav.,O-paapaa-wa\tsitaet\taen\tvaav.,3.POSS-father-OBV\tCOP.3\tINDF.ART.M.SG\twidower,Her father was a widower.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Opaapaawa sitaet aen vaav.,O-paapaa-wa sitaet aen vaav.,3.POSS-father-OBV COP.3 INDF.ART.M.SG widower,,,,9780, +1-181,1,A no lepi jette.,A\tno\tlepi\tete.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tbe(come).ripe\tyet,It is not ripe yet.,,This example shows adjectival predication without copula (here with negation).,1357[176],,written (dictionary),A no lepi jette.,A no lepi ete.,3SG.SBJ NEG be(come).ripe yet,This example shows adjectival predication without copula (here with negation).,,,9781,German: Es ist noch unreif. [op.cit.] +1-182,1,Ma nou a de dotti.,Ma\tnow\ta\tde\tdoti.,but\tnow\t3SG.SBJ\tASP\tbe(come).dirty,But now it is being/getting dirty.,,Adjectival predication with de functions possibly as imperfective aspect marker rather than copula.,1527[101],,written,Ma nou a de dotti.,Ma now a de doti.,but now 3SG.SBJ ASP be(come).dirty,"Adjectival predication with de functions possibly as imperfective aspect marker rather than copula.",,,9782,Dutch: Maar teegenwoordig zyn ze Vuil. [op.cit.] +1-183,1,Mie dee piekienso swakkie jetee.,Mi\tde\tpikinso\tswaki\tete.,1SG\tCOP\tlittle\tweak\tstill,I'm still a bit weak.,,This example shows adjectival predication with the copula dee; the occurrence of the degree adverb piekienso between dee and swakkie excludes a reading of dee as aspect marker and of swakkie as verbal.,1576[97],,written,Mie dee piekienso swakkie jetee.,Mi de pikinso swaki ete.,1SG COP little weak still,"This example shows adjectival predication with the copula dee; the occurrence of the degree adverb piekienso between dee and swakkie excludes a reading of dee as aspect marker and of swakkie as verbal.",,,9783,Dutch: Ik ben nog wat zwakjes. [op.cit.] +1-184,1,Alla Ningre de blakka.,Ala\tnengre\tde\tblaka.,all\tnegro\tASP/COP\tblack,All negroes are black. (i.e. The pot is calling the kettle black),,Here de could be copula as well as aspect marker. Note that elsewhere a similar sentence occurs without de (see Example 185). The presence of de may have to do with emphasis (cf. the underlining of ein in Schumann's translation).,1357[18],,written (dictionary),Alla Ningre de blakka.,Ala nengre de blaka.,all negro ASP/COP black,"Here de could be copula as well as aspect marker. Note that elsewhere a similar sentence occurs without de (see Example 185). The presence of de may have to do with emphasis (cf. the underlining of ein in Schumann's translation).",,,9784,German: Ein Neger hat dem andern nichts vorzuwerfen. [op.cit.] +1-185,1,Alla Ningre blakka.,Ala\tnengre\tblaka.,all\tnegro\tbe.black,All negroes are black. (i.e. The pot is calling the kettle black.),,This example shows adjectival predication without copula; it contrasts with Example 184 regarding the presence of de.,1357[122],,written (dictionary),Alla Ningre blakka.,Ala nengre blaka.,all negro be.black,"This example shows adjectival predication without copula; it contrasts with Example 184 regarding the presence of de.",,,9785,German: Es hat kein Neger dem andern etwas vorzuwerfen (wegen des Standes u. der Farbe.). [op.cit.] +2-184,2,A liba bradi.,A\tliba\tbradi.,DET\triver\tbroad,The river is wide.,,,1604[238],,naturalistic spoken,A liba bradi.,,DET river broad,,,,9786, +2-185,2,A pikin siki.,A\tpikin\tsiki.,DET\tchild\tsick,The child is ill.,,,1604[238],,naturalistic spoken,A pikin siki.,,DET child sick,,,,9787, +2-186,2,A bun.,A\tbun.,DET\tgood,It's good/okay.,,,,,constructed by linguist,A bun.,,DET good,,Winford transcripts,,9788, +2-187,2,A ma dati srefi de vol.,A\tma\tdati\tsrefi\tde\tvol.,DET\tmother\tDEM\tself\tCOP\tpregnant,That mother (cow) herself is pregnant.,,"Use of the copula is restricted to a small class of adjectives, most of which are relatively recent borrowings from Dutch, such as enthoesiast ‘enthusiastic’, bezig ‘busy’, ernstig ‘serious’, vrij ‘free’, etc. (Winford 1997: 283). See our comments on Features 8 ""Order of degree word and Adjective"" and 42 ""Comparative standard marking"".",1604[283],,naturalistic spoken,A ma dati srefi de vol.,,DET mother DEM self COP pregnant,"Use of the copula is restricted to a small class of adjectives, most of which are relatively recent borrowings from Dutch, such as enthoesiast ‘enthusiastic’, bezig ‘busy’, ernstig ‘serious’, vrij ‘free’, etc. (Winford 1997: 283). See our comments on Features 8 ""Order of degree word and Adjective"" and 42 ""Comparative standard marking"".",,,9789, +2-188,2,A agu dati de moi kaba.,A\tagu\tdati\tde\tmoi\tkaba.,DET\thog\tDEM\tCOP\tnice\talready,That pig is already nice and fat.,,,1604[283],,naturalistic spoken,A agu dati de moi kaba.,,DET hog DEM COP nice already,,,,9790, +3-90,3,A suti.,A\tsuti.,3SG\tsweet,It's sweet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A suti.,,3SG sweet,,Fieldwork data,,9791, +4-125,4,A nefi saapu.,A\tnefi\tsaapu.,DET.SG\tknife\tsharp,The knife is sharp.,,,568[110],,naturalistic spoken,A nefi saapu.,,DET.SG knife sharp,,,,9792, +5-123,5,wel di maan glaad,wel\tdi\tmaan\tglaad,well\tthe\tman\tglad,"Well, the man was glad.",,,"1281[130, line 220]",,naturalistic spoken,wel di maan glaad,,well the man glad,,,,9793, +6-78,6,John sick.,John\tsick.,John\tsick,John is sick.,,,1431[91],,constructed by linguist,John sick.,,John sick,,,,9794, +8-112,8,Di rich man miin.,Di\trich\tman\tmiin.,DET\trich\tman\tstingy,The rich man is stingy.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di rich man miin.,,DET rich man stingy,,Own knowledge,,9795, +9-142,9,Omar i brayt i iz veri brait.,Omar\ti\tbrayt\ti\tiz\tveri\tbrait.,Omar\t3SG\tbright\t3SG\tis\tvery\tbright,"Omar, he is bright, he is very bright.",,The form iz is used as an intensifier here.,445[538],,naturalistic spoken,Omar i brayt i iz veri brait.,,Omar 3SG bright 3SG is very bright,"The form iz is used as an intensifier here.",,,9796, +9-143,9,Di howl ful wid wata.,Di\thowl\tful\twid\twata.,the\thole\tfull\twith\twater,The hole was full of water.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,Di howl ful wid wata.,,the hole full with water,,,,9797, +10-164,10,Mi fut taiad!,Mi\tfut\ttaiad!,1SG.POSS\tfoot\ttired,My feet are tired!,,'Foot' is both singular and plural in San Andrés Creole English as well as in Nicaraguan Creole English.,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi fut taiad!,,1SG.POSS foot tired,'Foot' is both singular and plural in San Andrés Creole English as well as in Nicaraguan Creole English.,Unpublished field recordings,,9798, +10-165,10,Neks taim Beda Taiga muma sik.,Neks\ttaim\tBeda\tTaiga\tmuma\tsik.,next\ttime\tBrother\tTiger\tmother\tsick,Another time Brother Tiger’s mother was sick.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Neks taim Beda Taiga muma sik.,,next time Brother Tiger mother sick,,Unpublished field recordings,,9799, +11-229,11,Shi get kreezi [...] so shi kreezi nou.,Shi\tget\tkreezi\t[...]\tso\tshi\tkreezi\tnou.,3SG.F\tget\tcrazy\t[...]\tso\t3SG.F\tcrazy\tnow,She went mad [...] so she is insane now.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Shi get kreezi [...] so shi kreezi nou.,,3SG.F get crazy [...] so 3SG.F crazy now,,,,9800, +11-230,11,Shi woz veri gud.,Shi\twoz\tveri\tgud.,3SG\tCOP.PST\tvery\tgood,She was very good at it.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Shi woz veri gud.,,3SG COP.PST very good,,,,9801, +11-231,11,Tasba histri iz priti.,Tasba\thistri\tiz\tpriti.,Tasba\thistory\tCOP.PRS\tpretty,The history of Tasbapauni is pretty.,,Tasbapauni is a hamlet on the Nicaraguan Atlantic Coast located forty-five miles north of Bluefields.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Tasba histri iz priti.,,Tasba history COP.PRS pretty,Tasbapauni is a hamlet on the Nicaraguan Atlantic Coast located forty-five miles north of Bluefields.,,,9802, +12-178,12,"Some people black, some clear.","Some\tpeople\tblack,\tsome\tclear.",DET\tpeople\tblack\tDET\tclear,"Some people are black, some are light-skinned.",,,1392[45],,naturalistic spoken,"Some people black, some clear.",,DET people black DET clear,,,,9803, +12-179,12,This battery - this battery dead.,[...]\tthis\tbattery\tdead,[...]\tDEM\tbattery\tdead,This battery has gone dead.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,This battery - this battery dead.,[...] this battery dead,[...] DEM battery dead,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9804, +12-180,12,"I gotty tell you the truth, I is broke-broke. I even can't get battery [...].",[...]\tI\tis\tbroke~broke\t[...].,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tbroke.RED\t[...],"[...] I’m totally broke, [I can’t even get batteries] [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I gotty tell you the truth, I is broke-broke. I even can't get battery [...].",[...] I is broke~broke [...].,[...] 1SG.SBJ COP broke.RED [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9805, +13-135,13,"Man, the weather’s bad.","Man,\tthe\tweather’s\tbad.",man\tthe\tweather.COP\tbad,"Man, the weather is bad.",,,1572[181],,naturalistic spoken,"Man, the weather’s bad.",,man the weather.COP bad,,,,9806, +13-136,13,"Man, the weather bad.","Man,\tthe\tweather\tbad.",man\tthe\tweather\tbad,"Man, the weather is bad.",,,1572[181-182],,naturalistic spoken,"Man, the weather bad.",,man the weather bad,,,,9807, +14-97,14,She happy.,She\thappy.,she\thappy,She is happy.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She happy.,,she happy,,Own knowledge,,9808, +14-98,14,She IS happy.,She\tIS\thappy.,she\tCOP\thappy,She is happy.,,"The copula is variable in this context but can occur under certain conditions, such as when it is stressed.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She IS happy.,,she COP happy,"The copula is variable in this context but can occur under certain conditions, such as when it is stressed.",Own knowledge,,9809, +14-99,14,It's happy.,It's\thappy.,3SG.N.COP\thappy,It is happy.,,The copula occurs when the subject is 3rd singular neuter (it).,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,It's happy.,,3SG.N.COP happy,"The copula occurs when the subject is 3rd singular neuter (it).",Own knowledge,,9810, +15-102,15,dis pikin fain,dis\tpikin\tfain,DEM\tchild\tbeautiful,The child is beautiful.,,,545,,naturalistic written,dis pikin fain,,DEM child beautiful,,,,9811, +16-102,16,dɛ hol siti ful,dɛ\thol\tsiti\tful,ART\twhole\tcity\tfull,The whole city is full.,,,656[231],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ hol siti ful,,ART whole city full,,,,9812, +16-103,16,pɛsin we ì de sik,pɛsin\twe\tì\tde\tsik,person\tREL\t3SG\tCOP\tsick,a person who is sick,,Locative COP de + adjective denote a transient state.,,,naturalistic spoken,pɛsin we ì de sik,,person REL 3SG COP sick,"Locative COP de + adjective denote a transient state.",Own fieldwork,,9813, +17-120,17,Mà pot smo̱l.,Mà\tpot\tsmo̱l.,1SG.POSS\tpot\tbe.small,My pot is small.,,,462[224],,naturalistic spoken,Mà pot smo̱l.,,1SG.POSS pot be.small,,,,9814, +17-121,17,Mà pot de smo̱l.,Mà\tpot\tde\tsmo̱l.,1SG.POSS\tpot\tCOP.LOC\tbe.small.NMLZ,My pot is small (lit. My pot is located in a state of being small).,,,462[224],,naturalistic spoken,Mà pot de smo̱l.,,1SG.POSS pot COP.LOC be.small.NMLZ,,,,9815, +18-107,18,I 'de 'smol.,I\tde\tsmol.,3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tsmall,She/He is small.,,,352[76],,published source,I 'de 'smol.,I de smol.,3SG.SBJ COP small,,,,9816, +18-108,18,I gud.,I\tgud.,3SG.SBJ\tbe.good,She/He is good.,,,1488[23],,published source,I gud.,,3SG.SBJ be.good,,,,9817, +19-142,19,Tìdé dì human de fayn.,Tìdé\tdì\thuman\tde\tfayn.,today\tDEF\twoman\tCOP\tfine,Today the woman is (feeling) fine. (NOT: Today the woman is beautiful.),,The adjective fayn denotes a transient body state.,1634[320],,elicited from speaker,"Tìdé dì human de fayn.",,today DEF woman COP fine,"The adjective fayn denotes a transient body state.",,,9818, +19-143,19,Dì human fayn.,Dì\thuman\tfayn.,DEF\twoman\tbe.fine,The woman is beautiful. (NOT: The woman is (feeling) fine.),,The stative verb fayn denotes an intrinsic value concept.,1634[320],,naturalistic spoken,"Dì human fayn.",,DEF woman be.fine,"The stative verb fayn denotes an intrinsic value concept.",,,9819, +19-144,19,[...] è big.,[...]\tè\tbig.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tbe.big,[...] it's big.,,"All property items except the three mentioned (fayn, gud, bad) are ONLY lexicalized as (inchoative-stative) verbs. They never appear as complement to any of the copulas that Pichi has.",1634[636],,naturalistic spoken,[...] è big.,,[...] 3SG.SBJ be.big,"All property items except the three mentioned (fayn, gud, bad) are ONLY lexicalized as (inchoative-stative) verbs. They never appear as complement to any of the copulas that Pichi has.",,,9820, +20-106,20,You houso alla man velly well?,You\thouso\talla\tman\tvelly\twell?,2SG.POSS\thouse\tall\tman\tvery\twell,Is your family all well?,,,1489[VI.72],,naturalistic written,You houso alla man velly well?,,2SG.POSS house all man very well,,,㕭口素椏鏬文喴(竹+厘)温,9821, +21-98,21,"Cos I lazy, I don’t want to draw the curtain.","Cos\tI\tlazy,\tI\tdon’t\twant\tto\tdraw\tthe\tcurtain.",because\t1SG\tlazy\t1SG\tdo.NEG\twant\tto\tdraw\tDET\tcurtain,"Because I am lazy, I don’t want to draw the curtain.",,,529[83],,naturalistic spoken,"Cos I lazy, I don’t want to draw the curtain.",,because 1SG lazy 1SG do.NEG want to draw DET curtain,,,,9822, +21-99,21,"Careful, laksa very hot.","Careful,\tlaksa\tvery\thot.",careful\tlaksa\tvery\thot,"Be careful, the laksa is very hot.",,Laksa is a Singaporean dish of noodles in coconutmilk gravy.,49[140],,constructed by linguist,"Careful, laksa very hot.",,careful laksa very hot,"Laksa is a Singaporean dish of noodles in coconutmilk gravy.",,,9823, +22-131,22,Em i bin bikpela na i strong long palai nau.,Em\ti\tbin\tbik-pela\tna\ti\tstrong\tlong\tpalai\tnau.,3SG\tPM\tPST\tbig-MOD\tand\tPM\tstrong\tPREP\tfly\tnow,He was big and strong enough to fly now.,,,584[ENB M12],,naturalistic spoken,Em i bin bikpela na i strong long palai nau.,Em i bin bik-pela na i strong long palai nau.,3SG PM PST big-MOD and PM strong PREP fly now,,,,9824, +22-132,22,Em naispla aus stret.,Em\tnais-pla\taus\tstret.,3SG\tnice-MOD\thouse\tvery,It was a very nice house.,,,584[Simbu F16],,naturalistic spoken,Em naispla aus stret.,Em nais-pla aus stret.,3SG nice-MOD house very,,,,9825, +22-162,22,Dispela meri mi lukim asde em i naispela tru.,Dispela\tmeri\tmi\tluk-im\tasde\tem\ti\tnais-pela\ttru.,this\twoman\t1SG\tsee-TR\tyesterday\t3SG\tPM\tnice-MOD\treally,This woman I saw yesterday is really beautiful.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Dispela meri mi lukim asde em i naispela tru.,Dispela meri mi luk-im asde em i nais-pela tru.,this woman 1SG see-TR yesterday 3SG PM nice-MOD really,,Own knowledge,,9826, +23-123,23,pijin blong solwota i kros nao,pijin\tblong\tsolwota\ti\tkros\tnao,bird\tPOSS\tsalt.water\tAGR\tcross\tnow,Now the seagull is angry.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,pijin blong solwota i kros nao,,bird POSS salt.water AGR cross now,,,,9827, +24-137,24,Ai goed.,Ai\tgoed.,I\tgood,I am well.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai goed.,,I good,,Own fieldwork,,9828, +24-138,24,Dem es swiit wan.,Dem\tes\tswiit\twan.,they\tCOP\tsweet\tone,They are sweet ones.,,One is a marker of predicative adjectives.,,,naturalistic spoken,Dem es swiit wan.,,they COP sweet one,"One is a marker of predicative adjectives.",Own fieldwork,,9829, +25-283,25,[...] wen ai bin yangwan.,[...]\twen\tai\tbin\tyang-wan.,[...]\tSUBORD\t1SG\tPST\tyoung-ADJ,[...] when I was young.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a predicative adjective in the past tense, marked by the auxiliary bin.",,,naturalistic spoken,[...] wen ai bin yangwan.,[...] wen ai bin yang-wan.,[...] SUBORD 1SG PST young-ADJ,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a predicative adjective in the past tense, marked by the auxiliary bin.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,9830, +25-284,25,"Binji pat rait, im klinwan, ani i gotim mardba langa bekbon said.","Binji\tpat\trait,\tim\tklin-wan,\tani\ti\tgot-im\tmardba\tlanga\tbekbon\tsaid.",belly\tpart\tright\t3SG\tclean-ADJ\tonly/but\t3SG\thave-TR\tspike\tLOC\tback\tside,"The belly is all right, it's clean, but it has spikes on the back.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a predicative adjective / property nominal and the transitive possessive verb, possibly in an existential reading. The example is from a text describing how to prepare and cook an echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), an animal resembling a porcupine which used to be hunted for its meat. Mardba is the Jaminjung word for 'spike'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Binji pat rait, im klinwan, ani i gotim mardba langa bekbon said.","Binji pat rait, im klin-wan, ani i got-im mardba langa bekbon said.",belly part right 3SG clean-ADJ only/but 3SG have-TR spike LOC back side,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a predicative adjective / property nominal and the transitive possessive verb, possibly in an existential reading. The example is from a text describing how to prepare and cook an echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), an animal resembling a porcupine which used to be hunted for its meat. Mardba is the Jaminjung word for 'spike'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,9831, +25-285,25,Mibala bin reken dis matha bin sikwan.,Mibala\tbin\treken\tdis\tmatha\tbin\tsik-wan.,1PL\tPST\tthink/say\tPROX\tmother\tPST\tsick-ADJ,We figured this mother (bird) was sick.,,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates a predicative adjective with an auxiliary marking past tense.,1332[67],,naturalistic spoken,Mibala bin reken dis matha bin sikwan.,Mibala bin reken dis matha bin sik-wan.,1PL PST think/say PROX mother PST sick-ADJ,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates a predicative adjective with an auxiliary marking past tense.,,,9832, +25-286,25,Det wotamelin garra bi bigwan.,Det\twotamelin\tgarra\tbi\tbig-wan.,DEM\twatermelon\tFUT/OBLIG\tCOP\tbig-ADJ,The watermelon will be big (when it grows).,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This is an example of an adjectival predicate with future tense.,659[100],,unknown,Det wotamelin garra bi bigwan.,Det wotamelin garra bi big-wan.,DEM watermelon FUT/OBLIG COP big-ADJ,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This is an example of an adjectival predicate with future tense.,,,9833, +25-287,25,[...] wandi bi keful.,[...]\twandi\tbi\tkeful.,[...]\tPOT\tCOP\tcareful,[we] should/will be careful.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This is an example of an adjectival predicate with future tense.,41,,naturalistic spoken,[...] wandi bi keful.,,[...] POT COP careful,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This is an example of an adjectival predicate with future tense.,,,9834, +25-288,25,[...] en i bin bi lilbit swit.,[...]\ten\ti\tbin\tbi\tlilbit\tswit.,[...]\tand\t3SG\tPST\tCOP\tsomewhat\tsweet/tasty,[...] and it was quite tasty.,,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley, younger speaker. This example illustrates the use of a copula in the past tense. (But compare Example 207 for a parallel case without the copula).",659[168],,naturalistic spoken,[...] en i bin bi lilbit swit.,,[...] and 3SG PST COP somewhat sweet/tasty,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley, younger speaker. This example illustrates the use of a copula in the past tense. (But compare Example 207 for a parallel case without the copula).",,,9835, +26-83,26,da shak haŋɹi,da\tshak\thaŋɹi,ART\tshark\thungry,The shark is hungry.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,da shak haŋɹi,,ART shark hungry,,Own fieldwork recording,,9836, +27-93,27,Am mi so klēntshí.,Am\tmi\tso\tklēntshí.,3SG\tCOP\tso\tsmall,He is so small.,,,355[17],,naturalistic spoken,Am mi so klēntshí.,,3SG COP so small,,,,9837, +27-94,27,"Mi no wēt, wa ju gut fo.","Mi\tno\twēt,\twa\tju\tgut\tfo.",1SG\tNEG\tknow\twhat\t2SG\tgood\tfor,I don't know what you are good for.,,,355[11],,elicited from speaker,"Mi no wēt, wa ju gut fo.",,1SG NEG know what 2SG good for,,,,9838, +29-150,29,Ek is siek.,Ek\tis\tsiek.,1SG\tam\till,I am ill.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek is siek.,,1SG am ill,,Own knowledge,,9839, +30-160,30,Bitirába ê burmedju y dóxi sima batáta dósi.,Bitirába\tê\tburmedju\ty\tdóxi\tsima\tbatáta\tdósi.,beetroot\tbe\tred\tand\tsweet\tlike\tpotatoe\tsweet,The beetroot is red and sweet like the sweet potatoe.,,,784[s.v. bitirába],,naturalistic spoken,"Bitirába ê burmedju y dóxi sima batáta dósi.",,beetroot be red and sweet like potatoe sweet,,,,9840, +30-161,30,Pamodi ki bu sta tristi?,Pamodi\tki=bu=sta\ttristi?,why\tCOMP=2SG=be\tsad,Why are you sad?,,,1407[41],,naturalistic spoken,Pamodi ki bu sta tristi?,Pamodi ki=bu=sta tristi?,why COMP=2SG=be sad,,,,9841,German: Warum bist du traurig? +31-133,31,Nos tera e mariadu.,Nos\ttera\te\tmariadu.,our\tcountry\tis\tproblematic,Our country is full of problems.,,"E is used for permanent properties whereas sta is used for temporary qualities. However, I found in my corpus examples such as Pedru e duenti 'Peter is sick' where the sickness can conceivably be viewed as temporary.",887,,constructed by linguist,Nos tera e mariadu.,,our country is problematic,"E is used for permanent properties whereas sta is used for temporary qualities. However, I found in my corpus examples such as Pedru e duenti 'Peter is sick' where the sickness can conceivably be viewed as temporary.",,,9842, +32-121,32,Floribela e bnita.,Floribela\te\tbnita.,Floribela\tCOP\tpretty,Floribela is pretty.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,"Floribela e bnita.",,Floribela COP pretty,,,,9843,Portuguese: A Floribela é bonita. +33-149,33,Paredi branku.,Paredi\tbranku.,wall\twhite,The wall is white.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Paredi branku.,,wall white,,Own knowledge,,9844,Portuguese: A parede é branca. +33-150,33,Paredi i branku.,Paredi\ti\tbranku.,wall\tCOP\twhite,The wall is white.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Paredi i branku.",,wall COP white,,Own knowledge,,9845,Portuguese: A parede é branca. +34-117,34,Ña tiya beju.,Ña\ttiya\tbeju.,POSS.1SG\taunt\told,My aunt is old.,,This is an example without a copula.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ña tiya beju.,,POSS.1SG aunt old,This is an example without a copula.,Own knowledge,,9846, +34-118,34,Ña tiya i beju.,Ña\ttiya\tø\ti\tbeju.,POSS.1SG\taunt\tPFV\tCOP\told,My aunt is old.,,This shows a predicative adjective clause with a copula.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ña tiya i beju.","Ña tiya ø i beju.",POSS.1SG aunt PFV COP old,This shows a predicative adjective clause with a copula.,Own knowledge,,9847, +35-163,35,Mama sa ve za.,Mama\tsa\tve\tza.,mama\tCOP\told\talready,Mama is already old.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mama sa ve za.,,mama COP old already,,Own data,,9848, +35-164,35,"Kani makaku, ê doxi muntu.","Kani\tmakaku,\tê\tdoxi\tmuntu.",meat\tmonkey\t3SG\tsweet\tvery,"Monkey meat, it's very tasty.",,"Absence of the copula is uncommon and requires a special intonation pattern on the adjective (high pitch, vowel lengthening).",,,naturalistic spoken,"Kani makaku, ê doxi muntu.",,meat monkey 3SG sweet very,"Absence of the copula is uncommon and requires a special intonation pattern on the adjective (high pitch, vowel lengthening).",Own data,,9849, +36-96,36,N'thuala ki lôthô tha rosi n'tu.,N'thuala\tki\tlôthô\ttha\trosi\tn'tu.,oyster\twith\trice\tCOP\tgood\tvery,Oysters with rice are delicious.,,,901[94],,elicited from speaker,"N'thuala ki lôthô tha rosi n'tu.",,oyster with rice COP good very,,,,9850, +36-97,36,N'thuala ki lôthô rosi n'tu.,N'thuala\tki\tlôthô\trosi\tn'tu.,oyster\twith\trice\tnice\tvery,Oysters with rice are very good.,,,901[50],,naturalistic spoken,N'thuala ki lôthô rosi n'tu.,,oyster with rice nice very,,,,9851,"French: Les huîtres avec du riz, c'est très bon." +37-122,37,"[...] Têtuuga, txi rwin mutu.","[...]\tTêtuuga,\ttxi\trwin\tmutu.",[...]\tTurtle\t2SG\twicked\tvery,"[…] Turtle, you are too wicked.",,,905[99],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] Têtuuga, txi rwin mutu.",,[...] Turtle 2SG wicked very,,,,9852, +37-123,37,Pa ine minu sê sa bôn.,Pa\tine\tminu\tsê\tsa\tbôn.,COMP\tPL\tchild\tDEM\tCOP\tgood,(I hope) that these children are good.,,,905[100],,elicited from speaker,Pa ine minu sê sa bôn.,,COMP PL child DEM COP good,,,,9853, +37-124,37,Ine ladran sê po sa bôn fa.,Ine\tladran\tsê\tpo\tsa\tbôn\tfa.,PL\tthief\tDEM\tcan\tCOP\tgood\tNEG,These thieves cannot be good.,,,905[100],,elicited from speaker,Ine ladran sê po sa bôn fa.,,PL thief DEM can COP good NEG,,,,9854, +38-139,38,Xosolo banku.,Xosolo\tbanku.,dog\twhite,The dog is white.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Xosolo banku.,,dog white,,Own fieldwork 1990,,9855, +39-137,39,Elz ɛ bẽy vɛy.,Elz\tɛ\tbẽy\tvɛy.,3PL\tCOP.NPST\tvery\told,They are very old.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Elz ɛ bẽy vɛy.,,3PL COP.NPST very old,,,,9856, +39-138,39,Yo te bõ.,Yo\tte\tbõ.,1SG\tCOP.NPST\tgood,I am fine.,,,221[156],,naturalistic spoken,Yo te bõ.,,1SG COP.NPST good,,,,9857, +40-103,40,Elo tɛ mwit buni.,Elo\ttɛ\tmwit\tbuni.,they\tCOP.PRS\tvery\tgood,They are very good.,,This is taken from a story told by Jerome Francis Rosario,,,naturalistic spoken,Elo tɛ mwit buni.,,they COP.PRS very good,This is taken from a story told by Jerome Francis Rosario,Unpublished story,,9858, +41-116,41,isti ɛɛru; isti juustu,isti\tɛɛru;\tisti\tjuustu,this\twrong\tthis\tright,This is wrong; this is right.,,This was volunteered by the speaker during transcription session. Viraadu can be substituted for ɛɛru.,1416[4139],,naturalistic spoken,isti ɛɛru; isti juustu,isti ɛɛru; isti juustu,this wrong this right,"This was volunteered by the speaker during transcription session. Viraadu can be substituted for ɛɛru.",,,9859, +41-117,41,aka fooʈontu tambom teem botus!,aka\tfooʈo-ntu\ttambom\tteem\tbotus!,that\tphoto-LOC\texcellent\tPRS.be\t2.HON,In that photo you are [i.e look] good!,,,1416[4940],,naturalistic spoken,aka fooʈontu tambom teem botus!,aka fooʈo-ntu tambom teem botus!,that photo-LOC excellent PRS.be 2.HON,,,,9860, +42-129,42,eli duénti,eli\tduénti,3SG\till,He is ill.,,,122[183],,naturalistic spoken,eli duénti,,3SG ill,,,,9861, +42-130,42,Maria bela,Maria\tbela,Maria\told,Maria is old.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Maria bela,,Maria old,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,9862, +42-131,42,eli infadu,eli\tinfadu,3SG\tsad,He/she is sad.,,,122[135],,naturalistic spoken,eli infadu,,3SG sad,,,,9863, +43-88,43,Akel teng mutu karu.,Akel\tteng\tmutu\tkaru.,that\tCOP\tvery\texpensive,That one is very expensive.,,,906[66],,pedagogical grammar,"Akel teng mutu karu.",,that COP very expensive,,,,9864, +43-89,43,Sebab eli teng asley bong ka nos.,Sebab\teli\tteng\tasley\tbong\tka\tnos.,because\t3SG\tCOP\tso\tgood\tOBJ\t1PL,Because he is so good to us.,,,906[67],,naturalistic written,"Sebab eli teng asley bong ka nos.",,because 3SG COP so good OBJ 1PL,,,,9865, +43-90,43,Terong kalapa sua fruta grandi [...].,Terong\tkalapa\tsua\tfruta\tgrandi\t[...].,eggplant\tcoconut\tPOSS\tfruit\tbig\t[...],The coconut eggplant's fruit is big [...].,,,906[67],,naturalistic written,"Terong kalapa sua fruta grandi [...].",,eggplant coconut POSS fruit big [...],,,,9866, +44-133,44,Grándi éle.,Grándi\téle.,big\t3SG,He is big.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Grándi éle.,,big 3SG,,Own data,,9867,Spanish: Él es grande. +44-134,44,Bérde el kúlay de mansánas.,Bérde\tel\tkúlay\tde\tmansánas.,green\tDEF\tcolor\tof\tapple,The color of the apple is green.,,Mansánas means both singular 'apple' and plural 'apples'.,,,elicited from speaker,Bérde el kúlay de mansánas.,,green DEF color of apple,"Mansánas means both singular 'apple' and plural 'apples'.",Own data,,9868, +46-8,46,Ta-komé éle pwérko.,Ta-komé\téle\tpwérko.,IPFV-eat\t3SG\tpork,He eats pork.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta-komé éle pwérko.,,IPFV-eat 3SG pork,,Own knowledge,,9869, +46-138,46,Koloráw éste kása ántes.,Koloráw\téste\tkása\tántes.,red\tthis\thouse\tbefore,This house was red before.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Koloráw éste kása ántes.,,red this house before,,Own knowledge,,9870, +46-139,46,Malakára yo áwra.,Malakára\tyo\táwra.,ugly\tI\tnow,Now I am ugly.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Malakára yo áwra.,,ugly I now,,Own knowledge,,9871, +47-149,47,E ta mashá bunita mes.,E\tta\tmashá\tbunita\tmes.,3SG\tCOP\tmuch\tpretty\tEMPH,It is really very pretty.,,,755,,naturalistic spoken,E ta mashá bunita mes.,,3SG COP much pretty EMPH,,,,9872, +47-150,47,Nos dos kachónan ta brabu.,Nos\tdos\tkachó\tnan\tta\tbrabu.,1PL\ttwo\tdog\tPL\tCOP\tbad,Our two dogs are bad (dogs).,,The translation is mine.,1024[111],,published source,Nos dos kachónan ta brabu.,Nos dos kachó nan ta brabu.,1PL two dog PL COP bad,The translation is mine.,,,9873, +48-137,48,¡Eso ta gueno!,¡Eso\tta\tgueno!,this\tbe\tgood,This is good!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¡Eso ta gueno!,,this be good,,Recorded by author,,9874,Spanish: ¡Eso está bueno! +48-138,48,Yo é prieto sí.,Yo\té\tprieto\tsí.,I\tbe\tblack\tyes,I am (definitely) black.,,,353[130],,naturalistic spoken,Yo é prieto sí.,,I be black yes,,,,9875,Spanish: Yo sí soy prieto. +48-139,48,Agüé sí borrachera mi tan sendá ngande.,Agüé\tsí\tborrachera\tmi\ttan\tsendá\tngande.,today\tyes\tdrunkenness\tmy\tFUT\tbe\tgreat,Today I am going to get really drunk.,,"My own spelling conventions, slightly changed from the original source (Patiño Rosselli 1983: 131).",353[131],,naturalistic spoken,Agüé sí borrachera mi tan sendá ngande.,,today yes drunkenness my FUT be great,"My own spelling conventions, slightly changed from the original source (Patiño Rosselli 1983: 131).",,,9876,Spanish: Hoy sí mi borrachera será grande. +48-142,48,Ele fue loko.,Ele\tfue\tloko.,he/she\tbe\tcrazy,He/she is crazy.,,"Note that fue can have both present and past mean (fue is derived from Spanish fue 'he/she/it was'. As Patiño Rosselli (1983) correctly states, no semantic difference is perceived between fue and e (< Spanish es 'he/she/it is').",,,naturalistic spoken,Ele fue loko.,,he/she be crazy,"Note that fue can have both present and past mean (fue is derived from Spanish fue 'he/she/it was'. As Patiño Rosselli (1983) correctly states, no semantic difference is perceived between fue and e (< Spanish es 'he/she/it is').",Recorded by author,,9877,Spanish: (Él/ella) está loco. +48-143,48,To ané a-ta gueno.,To\tané\ta-ta\tgueno.,all\tthey\t?-be\tgood,All of them are good.,,"Note that this same sentence could also be rendered (presumably with no difference in meaning) as follows: +To ané é gueno. We don't know what a means/does here, if anything!",,,naturalistic spoken,To ané a-ta gueno.,,all they ?-be good,"Note that this same sentence could also be rendered (presumably with no difference in meaning) as follows: +To ané é gueno. We don't know what a means/does here, if anything!",Recorded by author,,9878,Spanish: Todos ellos están buenos. +49-232,49,Elifèt malad.,Elifèt\tmalad.,Elifèt\tsick,Elifèt is sick.,,,367[104],,naturalistic spoken,Elifèt malad.,,Elifèt sick,,,,9879,French: Elifèt est malade. +49-233,49,Tout je l wouj paske li an kolè.,Tout\tje\tl\twouj\tpaske\tli\tan\tkolè.,every\teye\t3SG.POSS\tred\tbecause\t3SG\tin\tanger,Her/His eyes are bloodshot because she/he is furious.,,,1505[766],,naturalistic spoken,Tout je l wouj paske li an kolè.,,every eye 3SG.POSS red because 3SG in anger,,,,9880,French: Ses yeux sont rouges parce qu'elle/il est en colère. +50-139,50,Diana bèl.,Diana\tbèl.,Diana\tbeautiful,Diana is beautiful.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Diana bèl.,,Diana beautiful,,Own fieldwork,,9881, +51-125,51,Diana bel.,Diana\tbel.,Diana\tbeautiful,Diana is beautiful.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Diana bel.,,Diana beautiful,,Own fieldwork,,9882, +53-286,53,Lapen smat!,Lapen\tsmat!,Rabbit\tsmart,Rabbit is smart!,,,1048[241],,naturalistic spoken,Lapen smat!,,Rabbit smart,,,,9883, +53-287,53,So la tché tro coute.,So\tlatché\ttro\tcoute.,3SG.POSS\ttail\ttoo\tshort,His tail is too short.,,,1049[18],,naturalistic written,So la tché tro coute.,So latché tro coute.,3SG.POSS tail too short,,,,9884, +53-288,53,Bit-sa-a se fon.,Bit\tsaa\tse\tfon.,hill\tDET.DEM.SG\tCOP\tsteep,That hill is steep.,,,722[291],,elicited from speaker,Bit-sa-a se fon.,Bit saa se fon.,hill DET.DEM.SG COP steep,,,,9885, +53-289,53,"Jòrdi, tou-moun se parey.","Jòrdi,\ttou-moun\tse\tparey.",today\tall-person\tCOP\tsame,"Today, everyone is equal.",,,722[291],,naturalistic spoken,"Jòrdi, tou-moun se parey.",,today all-person COP same,,,,9886, +54-161,54,Mwen lé fayfay.,Mwen\tle\tfayfay.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP.PRS\ttired.,I am tired.,,,236[343],,naturalistic spoken,Mwen lé fayfay.,Mwen le fayfay.,1SG.SBJ COP.PRS tired.,,,,9887,French: Je suis fatigué(e). +54-162,54,Pti bef té byin malad ek la gal.,Pti\tbef\t(le)te\tbyen\tmalad\tek\tla\tgal.,little\tox\tCOP.PST\tvery\till\twith\tDEF\tscab,The calf was very ill with scab.,,The form te in the example is a variant of lete [COP.PST].,110[54],,naturalistic spoken,Pti bef té byin malad ek la gal.,Pti bef (le)te byen malad ek la gal.,little ox COP.PST very ill with DEF scab,"The form te in the example is a variant of lete [COP.PST].",,,9888,French: Le veau (petit boeuf) était très malade avec la gale. +54-163,54,Sa i sré gayar.,Sa\ti\tsre\tgayar.,DEM\tFIN\tCOP.COND\tnice,That would be nice.,,,236[343],,naturalistic spoken,Sa i sré gayar.,Sa i sre gayar.,DEM FIN COP.COND nice,,,,9889,French: Ça serait bien. +55-129,55,mo malad — tifi la byeṅ long,mo malad — tifi la byeṅ long,1SG ill   girl DEF.ART very long,I am ill. — The girl is very tall.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo malad — tifi la byeṅ long,,1SG ill girl DEF.ART very long,,Own knowledge,,9890, +55-130,55,u fatige?,u\tfatige?,2SG\ttired,Are you tired?,,,760,,naturalistic spoken,u fatige?,,2SG tired,,,,9891,French: Etes-vous fatiguée? +56-141,56,Mal i lour.,Mal\ti\tlour.,male\tPM\theavy,The male one is heavy.,,The predicate marker i does not count as a copula because it is also obligatory in verbal clauses (David i vini ‘David comes’).,158[106],,naturalistic spoken,Mal i lour.,,male PM heavy,"The predicate marker i does not count as a copula because it is also obligatory in verbal clauses (David i vini ‘David comes’).",,,9892,French: Le mâle est lourd. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 107) +57-151,57,ta ʃa:ti pu mwa!,ta\tʃa:ti\tpu\tmwa!,2SG\tnice\tPREP\t1SG,You are nice to me!,,,423[170],,naturalistic spoken,ta ʃa:ti pu mwa!,,2SG nice PREP 1SG,,,,9893, +57-152,57,fo saʃ!,fo\tsaʃ!,OBLIG\twise,You have to be wise!,,,423[170],,naturalistic spoken,fo saʃ!,,OBLIG wise,,,,9894, +58-97,58,Yandi kele ngolo.,Yandi\tkele\tngolo.,he\tbe\tstrong,He/She is strong.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi kele ngolo.,,he be strong,,Own knowledge,,9895, +59-222,59,so (ake) nzoni,so\t(a-ke)\tnzoni,DEM\t(PM-COP)\tgood,That's good.,,,,,constructed by linguist,so (ake) nzoni,so (a-ke) nzoni,DEM (PM-COP) good,,Own knowledge,,9896, +59-223,59,ndo ni ake nzoni ape,ndo\tni\take\tnzoni\tape,place\tDET\tSM.COP\tgood\tNEG,The place is not good.,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,ndo ni ake nzoni ape,,place DET SM.COP good NEG,,,,9897, +59-224,59,mara ti ala (ake) Gbaya,mara\tti\tala\t(a-ke)\tGbaya,ethnicity\tof\t3PL\t(PM-COP)\tGbaya,They are Gbaya by ethnic origin. (Lit. The ethnicity of them is Gbaya.),,,,,constructed by linguist,mara ti ala (ake) Gbaya,mara ti ala (a-ke) Gbaya,ethnicity of 3PL (PM-COP) Gbaya,,Own knowledge,,9898, +60-105,60,Marie azalí molaí,Marie\ta-zal-í\tmolaí,Marie\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tlong,Marie is tall.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,Marie azalí molaí,Marie a-zal-í molaí,Marie 3SG-be-PRS.PRF long,,Own knowledge,,9899, +61-78,61,Yena madala.,Yena\tmadala.,3SG\told,He/she is old.,,No predicative copula exists in the language.,,,elicited from speaker,Yena madala.,,3SG old,No predicative copula exists in the language.,Field notes Mesthrie,,9900, +62-71,62,vi-aghú vyó ni'á ní vi-kuhló,vi-aghú\tvyó\tni'á\tní\tvi-kuhló,8-food\t8:that\t1SG:eat\tis\t8-nice,The food that I eat is nice.,,,,,elicited from speaker,vi-aghú vyó ni'á ní vi-kuhló,,8-food 8:that 1SG:eat is 8-nice,,Own field data 1993,,9901, +63-143,63,úmun hár,úmun\thár,3PL\tcourageous,They were courageous.,,,857[355],,naturalistic spoken,úmun hár,,3PL courageous,,,,9902, +63-144,63,ána kun well organised,ána\tkun\twell\torganised,1SG\tbe\twell\torganized,I am well organized.,,,857[309],,naturalistic spoken,ána kun well organised,,1SG be well organized,,,,9903, +64-152,64,kanísa de jedíd,kanísa\tde\tjedíd,church\tDEM.PROX\tnew,This church is new.,,,874[186],,naturalistic spoken,kanísa de jedíd,,church DEM.PROX new,,,,9904, +64-153,64,marísa tamám,marísa\ttamám,Merisa\tgood,Merisa is good.,,,874[185],,naturalistic spoken,marísa tamám,,Merisa good,,,,9905, +64-154,64,úo mundári,úo\tmundári,3SG\tMundari,He is a Mundari.,,,874[186],,naturalistic spoken,úo mundári,,3SG Mundari,,,,9906, +65-116,65,ʧega fanza ʃypka ʃaŋgo.,Čéga\tfánza\tšýpka\tšangó.,this\thouse\tvery\tgood,This house is very good.,,,671[167],,elicited from speaker,ʧega fanza ʃypka ʃaŋgo.,Čéga fánza šýpka šangó.,this house very good,,,,9907, +65-117,65,"Tibe sasemu xuda, sybika bu xao.","Tibe\tsasemu\txuda,\tsybika\tbu\txao.",2SG\ttotally\tbad\tvery\tNEG\tgood,"You are good-for-nothing, completely worthless.",,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,1195[222],,naturalistic spoken,"Tibe sasemu xuda, sybika bu xao.",,2SG totally bad very NEG good,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,,"Тибе сасему худа, сибыка бу хао.",9908, +67-158,67,Dia banyak malas.,Dia\tbanyak\tmalas.,3SG\tmuch\tlazy,She is very lazy.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dia banyak malas.,,3SG much lazy,,Own knowledge,,9909, +67-159,67,Dia tak gemuk.,Dia\ttak\tgemuk.,3SG\tNEG\tfat,She is not fat.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Dia tak gemuk.,,3SG NEG fat,,Own knowledge,,9910, +67-160,67,Kita datang ah keluar bukan susah ah.,Kita\tdatang\tah\tkeluar\tbukan\tsusah\tah.,1PL\tcome\tPCL\tgo.out\tNEG\tdifficult\tPCL,It was not difficult for us to come out. (Lit. For us to come out was not difficult.),,,708[131],,naturalistic spoken,Kita datang ah keluar bukan susah ah.,,1PL come PCL go.out NEG difficult PCL,,,,9911, +68-89,68,Ruma ni basar.,Ruma\tni\tbasar.,house\tDEM\tbig,This house is big.,,,1528[218],,naturalistic spoken,Ruma ni basar.,,house DEM big,,,,9912, +69-58,69,mən panmas anak,mən\tpanmas\tanak,3SG\tgood\tCOP,It's good.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mən panmas anak,,3SG good COP,,Own field notes 1985,,9913, +70-62,70,U baut smat.,U\tbaut\tsmat.,3SG\tvery\tsmart,He was very clever.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,U baut smat.,,3SG very smart,,Siegel-field recording,,9914, +71-130,71,Kela poo liilii ano poepoe.,Kela\tpoo\tliilii\tano\tpoepoe.,DET\thead\tlittle\tsomewhat\tround,The [mare's] head is somewhat small and round.,,,,,naturalistic written,Kela poo liilii ano poepoe.,,DET head little somewhat round,,Own data 1891,,9915, +72-113,72,Nyantu yapakayipiya yet.,Nyantu\tyapakayi-piya\tyet.,3SG\tsmall-bit\tyet,He was only little then.,,A copula verb top is not used in this example.,400,061199cd0630bb893a8269348cce0072,naturalistic spoken,Nyantu yapakayipiya yet.,Nyantu yapakayi-piya yet.,3SG small-bit yet,"A copula verb top is not used in this example.",,,9916, +72-114,72,"KR libim im, im yapakayi.","KR\tlib-im\tim,\tim\tyapakayi.",NAME\tleave-TR\t3SG.OBJ\t3SG\tsmall,"KR leave him alone, he's only little.",,,8,0500256bd722938c200f08e9bfaa3945,naturalistic spoken,"KR libim im, im yapakayi.","KR lib-im im, im yapakayi.",NAME leave-TR 3SG.OBJ 3SG small,,,,9917, +72-115,72,I bin top yapakayi nyanawu.,I\tbin\ttop\tyapakayi\tnyanawu.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tbe\tsmall\tRECOG.DEM,"She was young then, you know who I mean.",,RECOG.DEM = recognitional demonstrative,8,b782ce6ffa1c6865a619930cd80c40de,naturalistic spoken,I bin top yapakayi nyanawu.,I bin top yapakayi nyanawu.,3SG.SBJ PST be small RECOG.DEM,RECOG.DEM = recognitional demonstrative,,,9918, +73-79,73,tu kalsonga moxashka gaxun,tu\tkalson-ga\tmoxa-shka\tga-xu-n,2SG.POSS\tpants-TOP\twet-NMLZ\tbe-PROG-3,Your pants are wet.,,,1033[58],,elicited from speaker,tu kalsonga moxashka gaxun,tu kalson-ga moxa-shka ga-xu-n,2SG.POSS pants-TOP wet-NMLZ be-PROG-3,,,,9919, +73-80,73,allibi andaxuk runaga malumi,alli-bi\tanda-xu-k\truna-ga\tmalu-mi,there-LOC\twalk-PROG-AG\tman-TOP\tbad-AFF,The man who walks over there is bad.,,,1033[69],,elicited from speaker,allibi andaxuk runaga malumi,alli-bi anda-xu-k runa-ga malu-mi,there-LOC walk-PROG-AG man-TOP bad-AFF,,,,9920, +74-115,74,náyka haws yáka wam,náyka\thaws\tyáka\twam,1SG\thouse\t3SG\thot,My house is hot/warm.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka haws yáka wam,,1SG house 3SG hot,,Own knowledge,,9921, +75-185,75,Ilite pleu vyeu ki sa awa.,Ilite\tpleu\tvyeu\tki\tsa\tawa.,3.COP.PST\tmore\told\tthan\tthat\tDEM.3.ANIM,He was older than that.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Ilite pleu vyeu ki sa awa.,,3.COP.PST more old than that DEM.3.ANIM,,,,9922, +75-189,75,Kayaash niishta kaaapishiishishiyaan kiiachimostaakowiyaan nuhkum.,Kayaash\tniishta\tkaa-apishiish-ishi-yaan\tkii-achimo-staa-kow-iyaan\tn-uhkum.,long.time.ago\t1SG.too\tREL-little-COP-1SG\tPST-tell.story-BEN-INV-1SG\t1-grandmother,"When I too, long ago, was small, it was told to me by my grandmother.",,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Kayaash niishta kaaapishiishishiyaan kiiachimostaakowiyaan nuhkum.,Kayaash niishta kaa-apishiish-ishi-yaan kii-achimo-staa-kow-iyaan n-uhkum.,long.time.ago 1SG.too REL-little-COP-1SG PST-tell.story-BEN-INV-1SG 1-grandmother,,,,9923, +75-191,75,Sitenn bel fiy.,Sitenn\tbel\tfiy.,be.F\tpretty.F\tgirl,She is a pretty girl.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Sitenn bel fiy.,,be.F pretty.F girl,,,,9924, +75-192,75,Kihchiwiinaniyiw sa rob.,Kihchi-wiinan-iyi-w\tsa\trob.,great-dirty-POSS-3\t3.POSS.F\tdress,Her dress is very dirty.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Kihchiwiinaniyiw sa rob.,Kihchi-wiinan-iyi-w sa rob.,great-dirty-POSS-3 3.POSS.F dress,,,,9925, +75-193,75,Eewku la rob ili kwarik pur itee kaaweeitustayt.,Eewku\tla\trob\tili\tkwarik\tpur\titee\tkaa-wee-itustay-t.,that\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tCOP\tdress\tappropriate\tfor\twhere\tREL-FUT-go-3,That dress is appropriate for where she's going.,,,789[25],,naturalistic written,Eewku la rob ili kwarik pur itee kaaweeitustayt.,Eewku la rob ili kwarik pur itee kaa-wee-itustay-t.,that DEF.ART.F.SG COP dress appropriate for where REL-FUT-go-3,,,,9926, +75-194,75,Wiipach lii grenn kalimeuriwanwa.,Wiipach\tlii\tgrenn\tka-li-meur-iw-an-wa.,soon\tthe.PL\tberries\tFUT-the-ripe-be-INAN-PL,The berries will soon be ripe.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Wiipach lii grenn kalimeuriwanwa.,Wiipach lii grenn ka-li-meur-iw-an-wa.,soon the.PL berries FUT-the-ripe-be-INAN-PL,,,,9927, +75-199,75,Li zaabr mishkitiw.,Li\tzaabr\tmishkiti-w.,DEF.ART.M.SG\ttree\tbe.big.ANIM-3,The tree is big.,,,789[41],,naturalistic written,Li zaabr mishkitiw.,Li zaabr mishkiti-w.,DEF.ART.M.SG tree be.big.ANIM-3,,,,9928, +76-57,76,kimmik nagorok pitcȗk [...],kimmik\tnagorok\tpitcȗk\t[...],dog\tgood\tnot\t[...],"When I have poor dogs [, I....].",,This phrase can probably also be used in the sense 'The dogs are bad'.,1442[231],,reconstructed by documentalist,kimmik nagorok pitcȗk [...],,dog good not [...],This phrase can probably also be used in the sense 'The dogs are bad'.,,,9929, +1-15,1,Heddi va dissi riba de na dem heh bergi bakka.,Hede\tfu\tdisi\triba\tde\tna\tden\thei\tbergi\tbaka.,head\tof\tthis\triver\tCOP\tLOC\tDET.PL\thigh\tmountain\tback,The source of this river is behind those high mountains.,,This example shows locative predication with the copula de.,1357[127],,written (dictionary),Heddi va dissi riba de na dem heh bergi bakka.,Hede fu disi riba de na den hei bergi baka.,head of this river COP LOC DET.PL high mountain back,"This example shows locative predication with the copula de.",,,9930,German: Der Ursprung dieses Flusses ist hinter den hohen Bergen. [op.cit.] +1-186,1,Hoe ply den boote man de?,O-pe\tden\tbotoman\tde?,Q-place\tDET.PL\tboatman\tCOP,Where are the oarsmen?,,This example shows locative predication in an interrogative phrase with the copula de.,1527[109],,written,Hoe ply den boote man de?,O-pe den botoman de?,Q-place DET.PL boatman COP,"This example shows locative predication in an interrogative phrase with the copula de.",,,9931,Dutch: Waar zyn de Neegers van de Boot? [op.cit.] +1-187,1,Adea na tappoe.,A\tdya\tna\ttapu.,3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tLOC\ttop,It/(s)he is on top/upstairs.,,Exceptional: This example shows dya as copula preceding a locative phrase; only in Nepveu (1770) and Weygandt (1798).,1044,,written,Adea na tappoe.,A dya na tapu.,3SG.SBJ COP LOC top,"Exceptional: This example shows dya as copula preceding a locative phrase; only in Nepveu (1770) and Weygandt (1798).",,,9932,"Dutch: T'is boven, hij is boven. [op.cit.]" +1-188,1,Na hupeh ju tatta?,Na\to=pe\tyu\ttata?,LOC\tQ=place\t2SG\tfather,Where is your father?,,This example shows locative predication in an interrogative phrase without a copula.,1355[136],,written,Na hupeh ju tatta?,Na o=pe yu tata?,LOC Q=place 2SG father,This example shows locative predication in an interrogative phrase without a copula.,,,9933, +2-189,2,Den pikin ben de na skoro.,Den\tpikin\tben\tde\tna\tskoro.,the.PL\tchild\tPST\tCOP\tLOC\tschool,The children were at school.,,,1597[702],,naturalistic spoken,Den pikin ben de na skoro.,,the.PL child PST COP LOC school,,,,9934, +2-190,2,A owru de baka a doro.,A\towru\tde\tbaka\ta\tdoro.,DET\tmachete\tCOP\tback\tDET\tdoor,The machete is behind the door.,,,1585[18],,naturalistic spoken,A owru de baka a doro.,,DET machete COP back DET door,,,,9935, +2-191,2,A boi fu dya bakasey no drape moro?,A\tboi\tfu\tdya\tbakasey\tno\tdrape\tmoro?,the\tboy\tfrom\there\tbehind\tno\tthere\tmore,The guy in the back is not there anymore?,,The copula is sometimes absent before drape/dape ‘there’.,,,elicited from speaker,A boi fu dya bakasey no drape moro?,,the boy from here behind no there more,"The copula is sometimes absent before drape/dape ‘there’.","Winford data, Tape 8-a",,9936, +3-91,3,A ta de a di wósu dendu.,A\tta\tde\ta\tdi\twósu\tdendu.,3SG\tASP\tBE\tLOC\tDEF.SG\thouse\tinside,He is in the house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A ta de a di wósu dendu.,,3SG ASP BE LOC DEF.SG house inside,,Fieldwork data,,9937, +4-126,4,A supun de na a tafa tapu.,A\tsupun\tde\tna\ta\ttafa\ttapu.,DET.SG\tspoon\tCOP\tLOC\tDET.SG\ttable\ttop,The spoon is on the table.,,,568[108],,naturalistic spoken,A supun de na a tafa tapu.,,DET.SG spoon COP LOC DET.SG table top,,,,9938, +5-124,5,Jaan in de,Jaan\tin\tde,John\tin\tthere,John is in there.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Jaan in de,,John in there,,Own knowledge,,9939, +5-125,5,Jaan de in de,Jaan\tde\tin\tde,John\tis\tin\tthere,John is/can be found in there.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Jaan de in de,,John is in there,,Own knowledge,,9940, +6-79,6,John in de yard.,John\tin\tde\tyard.,John\tPREP\tDET\tyard,John is in the yard.,,,1431[91],,constructed by linguist,John in de yard.,,John PREP DET yard,,,,9941, +7-177,7,Shi de in di hous.,Shi\tde\tin\tdi\thous.,3SG\tLOC.COP\tin\tART\thouse,She’s in the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Shi de in di hous.,,3SG LOC.COP in ART house,,Own knowledge,,9942, +7-178,7,Shi in di hous.,Shi\tin\tdi\thous.,3SG\tin\tART\thous,She’s in the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Shi in di hous.,,3SG in ART hous,,Own knowledge,,9943, +8-113,8,Di shot we yu waahn ina ous.,Di\tshot\twe\tyu\twaahn\tina\tous.,DET\tshirt\tREL\t2SG\twant\tin\thouse,The shirt which you want is inside the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di shot we yu waahn ina ous.,,DET shirt REL 2SG want in house,,Own knowledge,,9944, +8-114,8,Di shot we yu waahn de ina ous.,Di\tshot\twe\tyu\twaahn\tde\tina\tous.,DET\tshirt\tREL\t2SG\twant\tCOP.LOC\tin\thouse,The shirt which you want is inside the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di shot we yu waahn de ina ous.,,DET shirt REL 2SG want COP.LOC in house,,Own knowledge,,9945, +9-144,9,Bra fayaflay dɛ da staan bra anansi dɛ da bo.,Bra\tfayaflay\tdɛ\tda\tstaan\tbra\tanansi\tdɛ\tda\tbo.,Brother\tFirefly\tCOP.LOC\tat\tstern\tBrother\tAnansi\tCOP.LOC\tat\tbow,"Brother Firefly was at the stern, and Brother Anansi was at the bow.",,,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,Bra fayaflay dɛ da staan bra anansi dɛ da bo.,,Brother Firefly COP.LOC at stern Brother Anansi COP.LOC at bow,,,,9946, +9-145,9,Krab wey in.,Krab\twey\tin.,crab\tway\tin,Crabs are way in. OR: Crabs bury themselves deep (in the sand).,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,Krab wey in.,,crab way in,,,,9947, +10-166,10,Beda Taiga de iin de ded.,Beda\tTaiga\tde\tiin\tde\tded.,Brother\tTiger\tCOP.LOC\tin\tDEM.LOC\tdead,Brother Tiger was in there dead.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Beda Taiga de iin de ded.,,Brother Tiger COP.LOC in DEM.LOC dead,,Unpublished field recordings,,9948, +10-167,10,Gud bifoo yu an bad bihain yu.,Gud\tbifoo\tyu\tan\tbad\tbihain\tyu.,good\tbefore\t2SG\tand\tbad\tbehind\t2SG,Good is in front of you and bad is behind you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Gud bifoo yu an bad bihain yu.,,good before 2SG and bad behind 2SG,,Unpublished field recordings,,9949, +10-168,10,Di daag de anda di tiebl.,Di\tdaag\tde\tanda\tdi\ttiebl.,ART.DEF\tdog\tCOP.LOC\tunder\tART.DEF\ttable,The dog is under the table.,,The copula in this sentence is optional.,,,elicited from speaker,Di daag de anda di tiebl.,,ART.DEF dog COP.LOC under ART.DEF table,The copula in this sentence is optional.,Field notes 2008,,9950, +10-169,10,Nelcy de huom.,Nelcy\tde\thuom.,Nelcy\tCOP.LOC\thome,Nelcy is at home.,,The sentence would also be possible without the copula.,,,naturalistic spoken,Nelcy de huom.,,Nelcy COP.LOC home,The sentence would also be possible without the copula.,Field notes 2008,,9951, +11-232,11,"So wan kyapm deh, ih se [...].","So\twan\tkyapm\tdeh,\tih\tse\t[...].",so\tone\tcaptain\tCOP.LOC\t3SG\tsay\t[...],So one captain was there and he said [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"So wan kyapm deh, ih se [...].",,so one captain COP.LOC 3SG say [...],,,,9952, +11-233,11,"So wen di giiz wen pupu, dier woz di ring!","So\twen\tdi\tgiiz\twen\tpupu,\tdier\twoz\tdi\tring!",So\twhen\tART.DEF\tgoose\tgo.PST\tdefecate\tDEM.LOC\tCOP.PST\tART.DEF\tring,"So when the geese defecated, the ring was there!",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"So wen di giiz wen pupu, dier woz di ring!",,So when ART.DEF goose go.PST defecate DEM.LOC COP.PST ART.DEF ring,,,,9953, +11-234,11,Aktuali di Heman dem iin di seem spat we dei begin so moch iaz ago.,Aktuali\tdi\tHeman\tdem\tiin\tdi\tseem\tspat\twe\tdei\tbegin\tso\tmoch\tia-z\tago.,actually\tART.DEF\tHeman\tPL\tin\tART.DEF\tsame\tspot\tREL\t3PL\tbegin\tso\tmuch\tyear-PL\tago,"At present, the Hemans are on the same spot where they started so many years ago.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Aktuali di Heman dem iin di seem spat we dei begin so moch iaz ago.,Aktuali di Heman dem iin di seem spat we dei begin so moch ia-z ago.,actually ART.DEF Heman PL in ART.DEF same spot REL 3PL begin so much year-PL ago,,,,9954, +11-235,11,[...] di meed huu woz deer [...].,[...]\tdi\tmeed\thuu\twoz\tdeer\t[...].,[...]\tART.DEF\tmaid\tREL\tCOP.PST\tDEM.LOC\t[...],[...] the maid who was there [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,[...] di meed huu woz deer [...].,,[...] ART.DEF maid REL COP.PST DEM.LOC [...],,,,9955, +11-236,11,Mi iina toun.,Mi\tiina\ttoun.,1SG\tin\ttown,I am in town.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mi iina toun.,,1SG in town,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,9956, +11-237,11,Kriol piipl iz hier bikaa dem kom as sliev.,Kriol\tpiipl\tiz\thier\tbikaa\tdem\tkom\tas\tsliev.,Creole\tpeople\tCOP.PRS\there\tbecause\t3PL\tcome\tas\tslave,The Creole people live here because they were brought in as slaves.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Kriol piipl iz hier bikaa dem kom as sliev.,,Creole people COP.PRS here because 3PL come as slave,,,,9957, +11-238,11,Wan taim a Nikaragwan faarma mi deh weh riid iina di nyuuzpiepa bout [...].,Wan\ttaim\ta\tNikaragwan\tfaarma\tmi\tdeh\tweh\triid\tiina\tdi\tnyuuzpiepa\tbout\t[...].,one\ttime\tART.INDF\tNicaraguan\tfarmer\tPST\tCOP.LOC\tREL\tread\tin\tART.DEF\tnewspaper\tabout\t[...],Once there was a Nicaraguan farmer who read in the newspaper about [...].,,,,,naturalistic written,Wan taim a Nikaragwan faarma mi deh weh riid iina di nyuuzpiepa bout [...].,,one time ART.INDF Nicaraguan farmer PST COP.LOC REL read in ART.DEF newspaper about [...],,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,9958, +12-181,12,I de here every night.,I\tde\there\tevery\tnight.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tLOC\tevery\tnight,I’m here every night.,,,1392[60],,naturalistic spoken,I de here every night.,,1SG.SBJ COP LOC every night,,,,9959, +12-182,12,[...] his wife is a pastor. I forget what they church name. They church in Freeport. She's a pastor in Freeport.,They\tchurch\tin\tFreeport.,3PL.POSS\tchurch\tin\tFreeport,[I can’t remember the name of their church.] Their church is in Freeport.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,[...] his wife is a pastor. I forget what they church name. They church in Freeport. She's a pastor in Freeport.,They church in Freeport.,3PL.POSS church in Freeport,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,9960, +12-183,12,I think he over in the other garden.,[...]\the\tover\tin\tthe\tother\tgarden.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tLOC\tPREP\tDET\tother\tgarden,[I think] he’s in the other garden.,,,1392[87],,naturalistic spoken,I think he over in the other garden.,[...] he over in the other garden.,[...] 3SG.SBJ LOC PREP DET other garden,,,,9961, +12-184,12,I only have four home now [...] Only two does be home.,Only\ttwo\tdoes\tbe\thome.,only\ttwo\tHAB\tCOP\tLOC,[I only have four [children] at home now [...]]. Only two are at home.,,,1392[72],,naturalistic spoken,I only have four home now [...] Only two does be home.,Only two does be home.,only two HAB COP LOC,,,,9962, +13-137,13,Harrison plant dere.,Harrison\tplant\tdere.,Harrison\tplant\tthere,Harrison’s plant is there.,,,1500[260],,naturalistic spoken,Harrison plant dere.,,Harrison plant there,,,,9963, +13-138,13,Mary deh church.,Mary\tdeh\tchurch.,Mary\tCOP\tchurch,Mary is at church.,,,330[33],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,Mary deh church.,,Mary COP church,,,,9964, +14-100,14,He in the kitchen.,He\tin\tthe\tkitchen.,he\tin\tthe\tkitchen,He is in the kitchen.,,"The copula is variable in this context but can occur under certain conditions, such as when it is stressed.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He in the kitchen.,,he in the kitchen,"The copula is variable in this context but can occur under certain conditions, such as when it is stressed.",Own knowledge,,9965, +14-101,14,He IS in the kitchen.,He\tIS\tin\tthe\tkitchen.,he\tCOP\tin\tthe\tkitchen,He is in the kitchen.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He IS in the kitchen.,,he COP in the kitchen,,Own knowledge,,9966, +15-103,15,i de fritɔŋ,i\tde\tfritɔŋ,3SG\tCOP\tFreetown,He is in Freetown.,,,545,,naturalistic written,i de fritɔŋ,,3SG COP Freetown,,,,9967, +16-104,16,rod no de dɛ bifɔ; bat nau rod de,rod\tno\tde\tdɛ\tbifɔ;\tbat\tnau\trod\tde,road\tNEG\tCOP\tDEM\tbefore\tbut\tnow\troad\tCOP,There was no road there before. But now there is a road.,,The existential copula de is distinguished from the derived PROG/HAB marker dè by a high tone.,656[235],,naturalistic spoken,rod no de dɛ bifɔ; bat nau rod de,,road NEG COP DEM before but now road COP,"The existential copula de is distinguished from the derived PROG/HAB marker dè by a high tone.",,,9968, +16-115,16,waia gɔs we ì de (fɔ) dɛ wɔta,waia\tgɔs\twe\tì\tde\t(fɔ)\tdɛ\twɔta,wire\tgaze\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP\t(for)\tART\twater,a wire gaze that is in the water,,"Location in a place is expressed by the locative copula de, optionally followed by the preposition fɔ.",,,naturalistic spoken,waia gɔs we ì de (fɔ) dɛ wɔta,,wire gaze COMP 3SG COP (for) ART water,"Location in a place is expressed by the locative copula de, optionally followed by the preposition fɔ.",Own fieldwork,,9969, +17-122,17,À de Bènín.,À\tde\tBènín.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP.LOC\tBènín,I am in Benin.,,,462[48],,naturalistic spoken,À de Bènín.,,1SG.SBJ COP.LOC Bènín,,,,9970, +17-123,17,À de fò̱r Bènín.,À\tde\tfò̱r\tBènín.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP.LOC\tPREP\tBènín,I am in Benin.,,,462[48],,naturalistic spoken,À de fò̱r Bènín.,,1SG.SBJ COP.LOC PREP Bènín,,,,9971, +18-109,18,Grace 'bi fo 'hos.,Grace\tbi\tfo\thaus.,Grace\tCOP\tfor\thouse,Grace is at home.,,,352[78],,published source,Grace 'bi fo 'hos.,Grace bi fo haus.,Grace COP for house,,,,9972, +18-110,18,Grace 'de (fo) 'hos.,Grace\tde\t(fo)\thaus.,Grace\tCOP\t(for)\thouse,Grace is at home.,,,352[78],,published source,Grace 'de (fo) 'hos.,Grace de (fo) haus.,Grace COP (for) house,,,,9973, +19-145,19,Bɔtul vino de nà kichin.,Bɔtul\tvino\tde\tnà\tkichin.,bottle\twine\tCOP\tLOC\tkitchen,A bottle of wine is in the kitchen.,,De is the locative-existential copula.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Bɔtul vino de nà kichin.",,bottle wine COP LOC kitchen,"De is the locative-existential copula.",Field data,,9974, +20-107,20,[...] supposo captain no got ship.,[...]\tsupposo\tcaptain\tno\tgot\tship.,[...]\tsuppose\tcaptain\tNEG\tgot\tship,[...] if the Captain is not on board.,,,1489[VI.64],,naturalistic written,[...] supposo captain no got ship.,,[...] suppose captain NEG got ship,,,濕波素急頓糯吉涉,9975, +20-108,20,Missyter X no got houso.,Missyter\tX\tno\tgot\thouso.,mister\tX\tNEG\tgot\thouse,Mr X is not at home.,,,1489[VI.38],,naturalistic written,Missyter X no got houso.,,mister X NEG got house,,,未士ΔΔ哪吉口素,9976, +20-109,20,Mississy have got?,Mississy\thave\tgot?,Miss\thave\tgot,Is Mrs X at home?,,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is provided in the corpus.,348[iii],,naturalistic written,Mississy have got?,,Miss have got,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is provided in the corpus.,,,9977, +20-110,20,He often stop here.,He\toften\tstop\there.,3SG\toften\tCOP\there,He is often here.,,Note that the pidgin sentence using stop is given as an equivalent of the Standard English 'He is often here'.,1489[IV.50],,naturalistic written,He often stop here.,,3SG often COP here,"Note that the pidgin sentence using stop is given as an equivalent of the Standard English 'He is often here'.",,希阿分士塔唏,9978, +21-100,21,Mama (is) at (the) market.,Mama\t(is)\tat\t(the)\tmarket.,grandmother\t(COP)\tat\t(DET)\tmarket,Grandmother is at the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mama (is) at (the) market.,,grandmother (COP) at (DET) market,,Own knowledge,,9979, +22-133,22,San i stap long midol stret nau.,San\ti\tstap\tlong\tmidol\tstret\tnau.,sun\tPM\tstay\tPREP\tmiddle\texact\tnow,The sun was right in the middle (on the sky).,,,584[WHP M17],,naturalistic spoken,San i stap long midol stret nau.,,sun PM stay PREP middle exact now,,,,9980, +22-134,22,Tupela i stap long bus nau.,Tupela\ti\tstap\tlong\tbus\tnau.,3DU\tPM\tstay\tPREP\tbush\tnow,They were in the bush.,,,584[WHP M17],,naturalistic spoken,Tupela i stap long bus nau.,,3DU PM stay PREP bush now,,,,9981, +23-124,23,"taem ia hem i stap long Nyugini, mi wan mi stap","taem\tia\them\ti\tstap\tlong\tNyugini,\tmi\twan\tmi\tstap",time\tDEF\t3SG\tAGR\tstay\tLOC\tNew.Guinea\t1SG\tone\t1SG\tstay,"He was in New Guinea then, I was at home on my own.",,Note mi stap (no overt locative) with default interpretation meaning 'at home'.,942,,naturalistic spoken,"taem ia hem i stap long Nyugini, mi wan mi stap",,time DEF 3SG AGR stay LOC New.Guinea 1SG one 1SG stay,"Note mi stap (no overt locative) with default interpretation meaning 'at home'.",,,9982, +24-139,24,Assembly se daun ar taun.,Assembly\tse\tdaun\tar\ttaun.,assembly\tCOP/LOC\tDEIC\tDET.DEF\ttown,The assembly is in Kingston.,,Daun is a compulsory deictic spatial marker.,,,naturalistic spoken,Assembly se daun ar taun.,,assembly COP/LOC DEIC DET.DEF town,"Daun is a compulsory deictic spatial marker.",Own fieldwork,,9983, +24-140,24,Plenti or haus orn Shortridge nau.,Plenti\tor\thaus\torn\tShortridge\tnau.,plenty\tDISTR.PL\thouse\tPREP\tShortridge\tnow,There are plenty of houses scattered on Shortridge these days.,,,,,naturalistic written,Plenti or haus orn Shortridge nau.,,plenty DISTR.PL house PREP Shortridge now,,Own fieldwork,,9984, +25-289,25,Thei langa yad.,Thei\tlanga\tyad.,3PL\tLOC\tyard,They [are] in the yard. (referring to chickens),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a verbless predicative locative prepositional phrase.",,,naturalistic spoken,Thei langa yad.,,3PL LOC yard,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a verbless predicative locative prepositional phrase.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,9985, +26-90,26,ða lædi stɛ ova ðɛa,ða\tlædi\tstɛ\tova\tðɛa,ART\tlady\tLOC\tover\tthere,The lady is over there.,,,1545[23],,naturalistic spoken,ða lædi stɛ ova ðɛa,,ART lady LOC over there,,,,9986, +27-95,27,weni am no bi da,weni\tam\tno\tbi\tda,when\t3SG\tNEG\tbe\tthere,when he is not there,,,355[56],,naturalistic spoken,weni am no bi da,,when 3SG NEG be there,,,,9987, +27-96,27,"Frā sini, api si dri hō!","Frā\tsini,\tapi\tsi\tdri\thō!",ask\t3PL\twhere\t3SG.POSS\tthree\tear,"Ask them, where their three ears are!",,"Si is 3SG.POSS, but in this context it applies to three persons, each one of them missing one ear. Therefore, a translation with 'their' makes much more sense.",355[18],,elicited from speaker,"Frā sini, api si dri hō!",,ask 3PL where 3SG.POSS three ear,"Si is 3SG.POSS, but in this context it applies to three persons, each one of them missing one ear. Therefore, a translation with 'their' makes much more sense.",,,9988, +28-121,28,n jɛndə mingi ben eni for alandi ka,eni\tjɛn-da\tmingi\tben\teni\tfuri\talandi\tka,3PL\tbe-there\twater\tinside\t3PL\tnot.be\ton.land\tNEG,"They live in the water, they are not on land.",,,737[602],,naturalistic spoken,n jɛndə mingi ben eni for alandi ka,eni jɛn-da mingi ben eni furi alandi ka,3PL be-there water inside 3PL not.be on.land NEG,,,,9989, +29-151,29,Jan is by die huis.,Jan\tis\tby\tdie\thuis.,John\tis\tby\tDEF.ART\thouse,John is at home.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jan is by die huis.,,John is by DEF.ART house,,Own knowledge,,9990, +30-162,30,Djánta dja sta na mésa.,Djánta\tdja\tsta\tna=mésa.,dinner\talready\tbe\tin=table,Dinner is already on the table.,,,784[s.v. tirmódi],,naturalistic spoken,Djánta dja sta na mésa.,Djánta dja sta na=mésa.,dinner already be in=table,,,,9991, +30-163,30,Si álma debe sta na séu!,Si=álma\tdebe\tsta\tna=séu!,3SG.POSS=soul\tmust\tbe\tin=heaven,His soul must be in heaven!,,,784[s.v. álma],,naturalistic spoken,Si álma debe sta na séu!,Si=álma debe sta na=séu!,3SG.POSS=soul must be in=heaven,,,,9992,German: Seine Seele muss im Himmel sein! +31-134,31,Miginha sta na Merka gosi ma Artur sta li.,Miginha\tsta\tna\tMerka\tgosi\tma\tArtur\tsta\tli.,Miginha\tCOP\tin\tAmerica\tnow\tbut\tArtur\tis\there,Miginha is in America now but Artur is here.,,,880,,naturalistic spoken,Miginha sta na Merka gosi ma Artur sta li.,,Miginha COP in America now but Artur is here,,,,9993, +32-122,32,Grinhasin el ta na moráda.,Grinhasin\tel\tta\tna\tmoráda.,now\t3SG\tCOP\tin\ttown,She is in the town now.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Grinhasin el ta na moráda.",,now 3SG COP in town,,,,9994,Portuguese: Ela está na cidade agora. +33-151,33,Djon sta na prasa.,Djon\tsta\tna\tprasa.,Djon\tCOP\tin\ttown,John is in town.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Djon sta na prasa.",,Djon COP in town,,Own knowledge,,9995,Portuguese: O João está na cidade. +34-119,34,Gósiŋ Mariya sá na Sicor.,Gósiŋ\tMariya\tø\tsá\tna\tSicor.,Now\tMary\tPFV\tCOP\tin\tZiguinchor,"Now, Mary is in Ziguinchor.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Gósiŋ Mariya sá na Sicor.","Gósiŋ Mariya ø sá na Sicor.",Now Mary PFV COP in Ziguinchor,,Own knowledge,,9996, +35-165,35,Mina mwala sa ni Sant'Antoni ka vivê.,Mina\tmwala\tsa\tni\tSant'Antoni\tka\tvivê.,child\twoman\tCOP\tin\tSant’Antoni\tIPFV\tlive,My daughter lives in Sant’Antoni.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mina mwala sa ni Sant'Antoni ka vivê.,,child woman COP in Sant’Antoni IPFV live,,Own data,,9997, +35-166,35,[...] punda Dedinha sa ke ka dwêntxi.,[...]\tpunda\tDedinha\tsa\tke\tka\tdwêntxi.,[...]\tbecause\tDedinha\tCOP\thouse\tIPFV\tbe.ill,[...] because Dedinha is ill at home.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,[...] punda Dedinha sa ke ka dwêntxi.,,[...] because Dedinha COP house IPFV be.ill,,Own data,,9998, +36-98,36,Ê tha kai.,Ê\ttha\tkai.,he\tCOP\thouse,He is at home.,,,901[93],,elicited from speaker,"Ê tha kai.",,he COP house,,,,9999,French: Il est à la maison. +37-125,37,[...] ranha taa ufu-kumi.,[...]\tranha\ttaa\tufu-kumi.,[...]\tqueen\tCOP.PST\troad,[…] the queen was on the road.,,,905[95],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] ranha taa ufu-kumi.",,[...] queen COP.PST road,,,,10000, +37-126,37,Sun arê ki san ranha n'udêntu palaxu.,Sun\tarê\tki\tsan\tranha\tna\tudêntu\tpalaxu.,mister\tking\twith\tlady\tqueen\tLOC\tinterior\tpalace,The king and the queen were in the palace.,,,905[95],,naturalistic spoken,"Sun arê ki san ranha n'udêntu palaxu.",Sun arê ki san ranha na udêntu palaxu.,mister king with lady queen LOC interior palace,,,,10001, +37-212,37,Wosê ami eli ki a nixi na tabwe [...].,Wosê ami eli ki a nixi na tabwe [...].,now 1SG FOC REL COP.PRS here LOC trouble  ,Now I am the one who is here in trouble ...,,,905[95],,naturalistic spoken,"Wosê ami eli ki a nixi na tabwe [...].",,now 1SG FOC REL COP.PRS here LOC trouble,,,,10002, +38-141,38,Mosyi ngandyi sa tela-no.,Mosyi\tngandyi\tsa\ttela-no.,woman\told\tCOP\tland-1PL,The eldest woman is in our homeland.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mosyi ngandyi sa tela-no.,,woman old COP land-1PL,,Own fieldwork 1993,,10003, +38-142,38,Opá ngandyi sa densyi opá kitsyi.,Opá\tngandyi\tsa\tdensyi\topá\tkitsyi.,tree\tbig\tbe\tin.front.of\ttree\tsmall,The big tree stands in front of the small one.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Opá ngandyi sa densyi opá kitsyi.,,tree big be in.front.of tree small,,Own fieldwork 1990,,10004, +39-139,39,Mĩ irmãw te Go.,Mĩ\tirmãw\tte\tGo.,1SG.POSS\tbrother\tCOP.NPST\tGoa,My brother is in Goa.,,,221[157],,naturalistic spoken,Mĩ irmãw te Go.,,1SG.POSS brother COP.NPST Goa,,,,10005, +39-140,39,Mĩ kurəsãw te mĩ kaz.,Mĩ\tkurəsãw\tte\tmĩ\tkaz.,1SG.POSS\theart\tCOP.NPST\t1SG.POSS\thouse,My heart is in my house.,,,221[327],,naturalistic spoken,Mĩ kurəsãw te mĩ kaz.,,1SG.POSS heart COP.NPST 1SG.POSS house,,,,10006, +40-104,40,Marwari [...] kat ki ti na su kadz tiro ani yadew pəkə rhapaz.,Marwari\t[...]\tkat\tki\tti\tna\tsu\tkadz\ttiro\tani\tyadew\tpəkə\trhapaz.,Marwari\t[...]\thow.much\tREL\tCOP.PST\tLOC\t3SG.POSS\thouse\ttake.out.PST\tand\tgave\tOBJ.that\tboy,"The Marwari [...] whatever he had in his house, he took out and gave it to that boy.",,This example is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,,,constructed by linguist,"Marwari [...] kat ki ti na su kadz tiro ani yadew pəkə rhapaz.",,Marwari [...] how.much REL COP.PST LOC 3SG.POSS house take.out.PST and gave OBJ.that boy,This example is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,Unpublished story,,10007, +40-105,40,Həd nɔ kadz ters kadi tə hika.,Həd\tnɔ\tkadz\tters\tkadi\ttə\thika.,LOC\tour\thouse\trosary\tdaily\tPRS\tbe/become,We have the rosary everyday in our house.,,The present-tense copula verb tə hika is the morphologically regular form. The syncretic equivalent is tɛ.,265[162],,elicited from speaker,Həd nɔ kadz ters kadi tə hika.,,LOC our house rosary daily PRS be/become,"The present-tense copula verb tə hika is the morphologically regular form. The syncretic equivalent is tɛ. ",,,10008, +41-118,41,paaysu tudu rɔnal ankalsu pɛɛrtu teem,paay-su\ttudu\trɔnal\tankal-su\tpɛɛrtu\tteem,father-GEN\tall\tRonald\tuncle-GEN\tnear\tPRS.be,Father's [house] and all is near Uncle Ronald's.,,,1416[4877],,naturalistic spoken,paaysu tudu rɔnal ankalsu pɛɛrtu teem,paay-su tudu rɔnal ankal-su pɛɛrtu teem,father-GEN all Ronald uncle-GEN near PRS.be,,,,10009, +41-119,41,avara botuspa saba jaavanantu tiɲa duvɛɛnsa: kɔleraa. avara kulumbuntu teem,avara\tbotus-pa\tsaba\t[jaavana-ntu\ttiɲa]\tduvɛɛnsa:\tkɔleraa.\tavara\tkulumbu-ntu\tteem,now\t2.HON-DAT\tknow\t[Jaffna-LOC\tPST.be]\tillness\tcholera\tnow\tColombo-LOC\tPRS.be,"Now you know, in Jaffna there was a sickness: cholera. Now it is in Colombo. OR: Now you know, the sickness that was in Jaffna, cholera. Now it is in Colombo.",,"Under the first reading, the first verb is existential. Under both readings the second predicate is locational. +The first reading has two main clauses; in the second reading the first clause is a relative clause.",1416[4834],,naturalistic spoken,avara botuspa saba jaavanantu tiɲa duvɛɛnsa: kɔleraa. avara kulumbuntu teem,avara botus-pa saba [jaavana-ntu tiɲa] duvɛɛnsa: kɔleraa. avara kulumbu-ntu teem,now 2.HON-DAT know [Jaffna-LOC PST.be] illness cholera now Colombo-LOC PRS.be,"Under the first reading, the first verb is existential. Under both readings the second predicate is locational. +The first reading has two main clauses; in the second reading the first clause is a relative clause.",,,10010, +42-132,42,eli teng na bangsal,eli\tteng\tna\tbangsal,3SG\thave\tLOC\thut,He is in the fishermen’s hut. / He is at the fishermen’s hut.,,,122[181],,naturalistic spoken,eli teng na bangsal,,3SG have LOC hut,,,,10011, +43-91,43,Anda ola kantu akel sinyor teng kadju.,Anda\tola\tkantu\takel\tsinyor\tteng\tkadju.,go\tsee\tif\tthat\tman\tCOP\thouse,Go and see whether that man is at home.,,,906[67],,pedagogical grammar,"Anda ola kantu akel sinyor teng kadju.",,go see if that man COP house,,,,10012, +43-92,43,Kampong Tugu ake ting pertu bordu mar.,Kampong\tTugu\take\tting\tpertu\tbordu\tmar.,village\tTugu\tDEM\tCOP\tnear\tside\tsea,The village of Tugu is near the seaside.,,,906[67],,naturalistic written,"Kampong Tugu ake ting pertu bordu mar.",,village Tugu DEM COP near side sea,,,,10013, +43-93,43,Nos sua neli ki na kadju [...].,Nos\tsua\tneli\tki\tna\tkadju\t[...].,1PL\tPOSS\trice\tREL\tLOC\thouse\t[...],"Our rice, which is at home [...].",,,906[95],,naturalistic written,"Nos sua neli ki na kadju [...].",,1PL POSS rice REL LOC house [...],,,,10014, +44-135,44,Takí na kása Lóling.,Ta-akí\tna\tkása\tLoling.,COP.LOC-here\tLOC\thouse\tLoling,Loling is at home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Takí na kása Lóling.,Ta-akí na kása Loling.,COP.LOC-here LOC house Loling,,Own data,,10015,Spanish: Loling está en casa. +45-114,45,Ta alla eli na cuarto.,Ta\talla\teli\tna\tcuarto.,COP.LOC\tthere\t3SG\tLOC\troom,He is in the room.,,,426[vii],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ta alla eli na cuarto.,,COP.LOC there 3SG LOC room,,,,10016, +46-141,46,Na kása 'le.,Na\tkása\t'le.,LOC\thouse\ts/he,S/he is at home.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Na kása 'le.,,LOC house s/he,,Own knowledge,,10017, +46-142,46,Estába 'le na kása.,Estába\t'le\tna\tkása.,was\ts/he\tLOC\thouse,S/he was at home.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Estába 'le na kása.,,was s/he LOC house,,Own knowledge,,10018, +46-143,46,Está 'le na kása.,Está\t'le\tna\tkása.,stay\ts/he\tLOC\thouse,S/he is at home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Está 'le na kása.,,stay s/he LOC house,,Own knowledge,,10019, +47-151,47,"Ora mi ta na lamá mi ta siña landa, pero te ainda mi no por konsiderá mi mes komo landadó.","Ora\tmi\tta\tna\tlamá\tmi\tta\tsiña\tlanda,\tpero\tte\tainda\tmi\tno\tpor\tkonsiderá\tmi\tmes\tkomo\tlandadó.",hour\t1SG\tCOP\tLOC\tsea\t1SG\tTNS\tlearn\tswim\tbut\tuntil\tyet\t1SG\tNEG\tcan\tconsider\t1SG\tREFL\tas\tswimmer,"When I am on the beach I learn to swim, but I cannot yet consider myself a swimmer.",,,755,,naturalistic written,"Ora mi ta na lamá mi ta siña landa, pero te ainda mi no por konsiderá mi mes komo landadó.",,hour 1SG COP LOC sea 1SG TNS learn swim but until yet 1SG NEG can consider 1SG REFL as swimmer,,,,10020, +48-140,48,Mahaná a-ta aí loyo.,Mahaná\ta-ta\taí\tloyo.,kids\t?-be\tthere\tcreek,The kids are by/in/at the creek.,,"Mahana 'kids, adolescents, etc.' is derived from Kikongo. See Schwegler (2002a) for details.",,,naturalistic spoken,Mahaná a-ta aí loyo.,,kids ?-be there creek,"Mahana 'kids, adolescents, etc.' is derived from Kikongo. See Schwegler (2002a) for details.",Recorded by author,,10021,Spanish: Los chicos están donde el arroyo. +48-141,48,Rosalío ta lendro monte.,Rosalío\tta\tlendro\tmonte.,Rosalío\tbe\tin\tfield,Rosalío is in the field (working).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Rosalío ta lendro monte.,,Rosalío be in field,,Recorded by author,,10022,Spanish: Rosalío está en el monte. +49-234,49,Elifèt nan jaden an.,Elifèt\tnan\tjaden\tan.,Elifèt\tin\tgarden\tDEF,Elifèt is in the garden.,,,367[4],,naturalistic spoken,Elifèt nan jaden an.,,Elifèt in garden DEF,,,,10023,French: Elifèt est dans le jardin. +50-140,50,Boul-la anba tab-la.,Boul-la\tanba\ttab-la.,ball-DEF\tunder\ttable-DEF,The ball is under the table.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Boul-la anba tab-la.,,ball-DEF under table-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,10024, +51-126,51,Boul-la anba tab-la.,Boul-la\tanba\ttab-la.,ball-DEF\tunder\ttable-DEF,The ball is under the table.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Boul-la anba tab-la.,,ball-DEF under table-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,10025, +52-81,52,i fika Kayenn,i\tfika\tKayenn,he\tis\tCayenne,He is (living in) Cayenne.,,,,,constructed by linguist,i fika Kayenn,,he is Cayenne,,Own knowledge,,10026, +53-290,53,No piti-ye a lekol.,No\tpiti-ye\ta\tlekol.,1PL.POSS\tchild-PL\tat\tschool,Our children are at school.,,,1048[242],,elicited from speaker,No piti-ye a lekol.,,1PL.POSS child-PL at school,,,,10027, +53-291,53,Djiabe dan cabanne.,Djiabe\tdan\tcabanne.,devil\tin\thouse,The devil is in the hut.,,,1049[18],,naturalistic written,Djiabe dan cabanne.,,devil in house,,,,10028, +53-292,53,Ma mezon se a la Grand Pwent.,Ma\tmezon\tse\ta\tla\tGrand\tPwent.,1SG.F.POSS\thouse\tCOP\tin\tART.DEF.SG\tGrand\tPointe,My house is in Grand Pointe.,,,1048[243],,naturalistic spoken,Ma mezon se a la Grand Pwent.,,1SG.F.POSS house COP in ART.DEF.SG Grand Pointe,,,,10029, +54-164,54,Mé li lé dan son kaz mem [...].,Me\tli\tle\tdan\tson\tkaz\tmenm\t[...].,but\t3SG\tCOP.PRS\tin\tPOSS.3SG\thouse\tself\t[...],But he is in his own house [...].,,,110[64],,naturalistic spoken,Mé li lé dan son kaz mem [...].,Me li le dan son kaz menm [...].,but 3SG COP.PRS in POSS.3SG house self [...],,,,10030,French: Mais il est dans sa propre maison [...]. +54-165,54,"[...] mé la mézon le roi lété a koté, kom an vil.","[...]\tme\tla\tmezon\tlë\trwa\tlete\takote,\tkonm\tan\tvil.",[...]\tbut\tDEF\thouse\tDEF\tking\tCOP.PST\tat.side\tlike\tin\ttown,"[...] but the king’s house was next door, like in town.",,,110[64],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] mé la mézon le roi lété a koté, kom an vil.","[...] me la mezon lë rwa lete akote, konm an vil.",[...] but DEF house DEF king COP.PST at.side like in town,,,,10031,"French: [...] mais la maison du roi était à côté, comme en ville." +55-131,55,li lakaz — mo Por Lwi,li lakaz — mo Por Lwi,3SG house   1SG Port Louis,S/he is at home/in the house. — I am in/at Port Louis.,,,,,constructed by linguist,li lakaz — mo Por Lwi,,3SG house 1SG Port Louis,,Own knowledge,,10032, +55-132,55,Devika Maybur,Devika\tMaybur,Devika\tMahébourg,Devika is at Mahébourg.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Devika Maybur,,Devika Mahébourg,,Own knowledge,,10033,French: Devika est à Mahébourg. +56-142,56,Mon Ladig.,Mon\tLadig.,1SG\tLa.Digue,I am on La Digue (an island of the Seychelles).,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mon Ladig.,,1SG La.Digue,,Own knowledge,,10034, +56-143,56,Gabriel i dan bwa.,Gabriel\ti\tdan\tbwa.,Gabriel\tPM\tin\tforest,Gabriel is in the forest.,,"The marker i doesn't count as a copula, see Feature Annotation ""Predicative noun phrases"" (Feature 73).",,,constructed by linguist,Gabriel i dan bwa.,,Gabriel PM in forest,"The marker i doesn't count as a copula, see Feature Annotation ""Predicative noun phrases"" (Feature 73).",Own knowledge,,10035, +57-79,57,Maris le reste Saint-Louis,Maris\tle\treste\tSaint-Louis,Maryse\tSI\tstay\tSaint-Louis,Maryse stays at Saint-Louis.,,"In this example, reste is considered a copula because it links the subject to the locative phrase.",,,naturalistic spoken,Maris le reste Saint-Louis,,Maryse SI stay Saint-Louis,"In this example, reste is considered a copula because it links the subject to the locative phrase.",Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,10036, +57-80,57,Lidi le parti Nouméa,Lidi\tle\tparti\tNouméa,Lydie\tSI\tleave\tNouméa,Lydie is at Nouméa.,,A copula is required in predicative locative phrases.,,,constructed by linguist,Lidi le parti Nouméa,,Lydie SI leave Nouméa,A copula is required in predicative locative phrases.,own knowledge Ehrhart,,10037, +58-99,58,Beto ke na nzo.,Beto\tke\tna\tnzo.,we\tbe\tCONN\thouse,We are at home/in the house.,,In the present ke(le) means 'be' (like the English copula).,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Beto ke na nzo.,,we be CONN house,"In the present ke(le) means 'be' (like the English copula).",Own knowledge,,10038, +59-225,59,baba ti mo (ake) na ndo wa?,baba\tti\tmo\t(a-ke)\tna\tndo\twa?,father\tof\t2SG\t(PM-COP)\tPREP\tplace\twhat,Where's your father?,,,,,constructed by linguist,baba ti mo (ake) na ndo wa?,baba ti mo (a-ke) na ndo wa?,father of 2SG (PM-COP) PREP place what,,Own knowledge,,10039, +59-226,59,mbeni ngbo ake na ya ti du so,mbeni\tngbo\take\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tso,certain\tsnake\tPM.COP\tPREP\tinside\tof\thole\tDEM,There's a snake in this hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mbeni ngbo ake na ya ti du so,,certain snake PM.COP PREP inside of hole DEM,,Own knowledge,,10040, +59-227,59,ala (ke) na ya ti da?,ala\t(ke)\tna\tya\tti\tda?,3PL\t(COP)\tPREP\tinside\tof\thouse,Are they in the house?,,,,,constructed by linguist,ala (ke) na ya ti da?,,3PL (COP) PREP inside of house,,Own knowledge,,10041, +60-106,60,Sendi azalí na mbóka,Sendi\ta-zal-í\tna\tmbóka,Sendi\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tin\tvillage,Sendi is in the village.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,Sendi azalí na mbóka,Sendi a-zal-í na mbóka,Sendi 3SG-be-PRS.PRF in village,,Own knowledge,,10042, +61-79,61,Buka upi mina khona.,Buk-a\tupi\tmina\tkhona.,see-IMP\twhere\tI\tLOC.COP,See where I am.,,In rare instances khona may be omitted.,1495,,constructed by linguist,Buka upi mina khona.,Buk-a upi mina khona.,see-IMP where I LOC.COP,"In rare instances khona may be omitted.",,,10043, +62-72,62,é-re-áta i'í,é-re-áta\ti'í,1-BGND-be\there,He was here.,,BGND = background,,,elicited from speaker,é-re-áta i'í,,1-BGND-be here,BGND = background,Own field data 1993,,10044, +63-145,63,úwo fi Nayvásha,úwo\tfi\tNayvásha,3SG\tLOC\tNaivasha,He is in Naivasha.,,,857[351],,naturalistic spoken,úwo fi Nayvásha,,3SG LOC Naivasha,,,,10045, +63-146,63,wéde záidi gi-kún fi bakán hár,wéde\tzáidi\tgi-kún\tfi\tbakán\thár,DEM\tmost\tTAM-be\tin\tplace\thot,They are mostly in hot spots.,,,857[310],,naturalistic spoken,wéde záidi gi-kún fi bakán hár,,DEM most TAM-be in place hot,,,,10046, +64-155,64,jon bikun fi,jon\tbi=kun\tfi,John\tIRR=be\tEXIST,There will be John.,,,874[178],,naturalistic spoken,jon bikun fi,jon bi=kun fi,John IRR=be EXIST,,,,10047, +64-156,64,akú tái fi fi júba,akú\ttái\tfi\tfi\tjúba,brother\tPOSS.1SG\tEXIST\tin\tJuba,My brother is in Juba.,,,874[79],,naturalistic spoken,akú tái fi fi júba,,brother POSS.1SG EXIST in Juba,,,,10048, +64-157,64,fi múʃkila ben ʃimál wa jenúb,fi\tmúʃkila\tben\tʃimál\twa\tjenúb,EXIST\tproblem\tbetween\tnorth\tand\tsouth,There's a problem between south and north.,,,874[116],,naturalistic spoken,fi múʃkila ben ʃimál wa jenúb,,EXIST problem between north and south,,,,10049, +65-118,65,"Galava iwo tam, a nogi tuda.","Galava\tiwo\ttam,\ta\tnogi\ttuda.",head\t3SG\tthere.LOC\tbut\tfoot\tthere.DIR,"Its (the Earth's) head is there (to the North-Est), and its feet are there (to the South-West).",,This is a description of the mythological conception of the universe.,60[210],,citation in fiction,"Galava iwo tam, a nogi tuda.",,head 3SG there.LOC but foot there.DIR,This is a description of the mythological conception of the universe.,,"Голова его - там, а ноги - туда.",10050, +65-119,65,Olga tada isio belyj sidi.,Olga\ttada\tisio\tbelyj\tsidi.,Olga\tthen\tstill\twhite\tsit,The white forces were still in Olga.,,Olga refers to the bay of Olga near Vladivostok; the Whites are counter-revolutionary forces during the Civil war in Russia.,458[12],,citation in fiction,Olga tada isio belyj sidi.,,Olga then still white sit,"Olga refers to the bay of Olga near Vladivostok; the Whites are counter-revolutionary forces during the Civil war in Russia.",,Ольга тогда ещё белый сиди.,10051, +66-88,66,Go kampong ka aðuuðung.,Go\tkampong\tka\ta-ðuuðung.,1SG\ttown\tin\tPRS-LOCV,I am in town.,,This example comes from the Kirinda dialect.,,,elicited from speaker,Go kampong ka aðuuðung.,Go kampong ka a-ðuuðung.,1SG town in PRS-LOCV,This example comes from the Kirinda dialect.,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,10052, +67-161,67,Rumah dekat Serangoon.,Rumah\tdekat\tSerangoon.,house\tnear\tSerangoon,[My] house is near Serangoon.,,,708[132],,naturalistic spoken,Rumah dekat Serangoon.,,house near Serangoon,,,,10053, +68-90,68,De masi di Halong.,De\tmasi\tdi\tHalong.,3SG\tstill\tLOC\tHalong,She is still in Halong (village).,,,1528[215],,naturalistic spoken,De masi di Halong.,,3SG still LOC Halong,,,,10054, +70-63,70,U koro baito.,U\tkoro\tbaito.,3SG\tvillage\tCOP,He's in the village.,,,1402[176],,naturalistic spoken,U koro baito.,,3SG village COP,,,,10055, +71-131,71,Akahi Japani noho ma kela hale pake!,Akahi\tJapani\tnoho\tma\tkela\thale\tpake!,INDF\tJapanese\tCOP\tLOC\tDET\thouse\tChinese,A Japanese is at the Chinese house!,,,,,naturalistic written,"Akahi Japani noho ma kela hale pake!",,INDF Japanese COP LOC DET house Chinese,,Own data 1891,,10056, +71-132,71,Pehea la kanaka ma kela hale wau?,Pehea\tla\tkanaka\tma\tkela\thale\twau?,why\tMOD\tperson\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t1SG.POSS,Why is that person at my house?,,,,,naturalistic written,Pehea la kanaka ma kela hale wau?,,why MOD person LOC DET house 1SG.POSS,,Own data 1892,,10057, +72-116,72,Nyila bebi im top teblta kanyjupal.,Nyila\tbebi\tim\ttop\ttebl-ta\tkanyjupal.,that\tbaby\t3SG\tbe\ttable-LOC\tunderneath,The baby is under the table.,,This sentence gives an example where the copula top is used.,583,93d7f0b12391e39f8548b4e3c4e5e3bd,peer elicitation,Nyila bebi im top teblta kanyjupal.,Nyila bebi im top tebl-ta kanyjupal.,that baby 3SG be table-LOC underneath,"This sentence gives an example where the copula top is used.",,,10058, +72-117,72,An dat warlaku tebulta kanyjurra.,An\tdat\twarlaku\ttebul-ta\tkanyjurra.,and\tthe\tdog\ttable-LOC\tdown,And the dog is down under the table.,,This sentence gives an example where the copula top is not used.,920[241],,peer elicitation,An dat warlaku tebulta kanyjurra.,An dat warlaku tebul-ta kanyjurra.,and the dog table-LOC down,"This sentence gives an example where the copula top is not used.",,,10059, +73-81,73,ahora tardega no kazabichu gasha,ahora\ttarde-ga\tno\tkaza-bi-chu\tga-sha,now\tafternoon-TOP\tNEG\thouse-LOC-NEG\tbe-1SG.FUT,I won't be home this afternoon.,,,1033[63],,elicited from speaker,ahora tardega no kazabichu gasha,ahora tarde-ga no kaza-bi-chu ga-sha,now afternoon-TOP NEG house-LOC-NEG be-1SG.FUT,,,,10060, +73-82,73,elga riobambabimi,el-ga\triobamba-bi-mi,3SG-TOP\tRiobamba-LOC-AFF,(S)he is in Riobamba.,,,1033[63],,naturalistic adapted,elga riobambabimi,el-ga riobamba-bi-mi,3SG-TOP Riobamba-LOC-AFF,,,,10061, +74-116,74,náyka haws mitlayt kápa stik,náyka\thaws\tmitlayt\tkápa\tstik,1SG\thouse\tsit\tat\tstick,My house is in the forest.,,Mitlayt 'sit' serves secondarily as a locative counterpart to the copula.,,,constructed by linguist,náyka haws mitlayt kápa stik,,1SG house sit at stick,"Mitlayt 'sit' serves secondarily as a locative counterpart to the copula.",Own knowledge,,10062, +75-195,75,Li paeny didaan li chiirwa ashteew.,Li\tpaeny\tdidaan\tli\tchiirwa\tashtee-w.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tcomb\tin\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tdrawer\tplaced-3,The comb is in the drawer.,,,789[142],,naturalistic written,Li paeny didaan li chiirwa ashteew.,Li paeny didaan li chiirwa ashtee-w.,DEF.ART.M.SG comb in DEF.ART.M.SG drawer placed-3,,,,10063, +75-196,75,Daa la priizuun ayaw muun galaan.,Daa\tla\tpriizuun\taya-w\tmuun\tgalaan.,in\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tprison\tbe-3\t1.POSS.M.SG\tboyfriend,My boyfriend is in prison.,,,789[241],,naturalistic written,Daa la priizuun ayaw muun galaan.,Daa la priizuun aya-w muun galaan.,in DEF.ART.F.SG prison be-3 1.POSS.M.SG boyfriend,,,,10064, +75-197,75,La Iwet moon u foon la yeul apiw.,La\tIwet\tmoon\tu\tfoon\tla\tyeul\tapi-w.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tpalate\tsoft\tLOC\tback\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tmouth\tsit-3,The soft palate is in the back of the mouth.,,,789[305],,naturalistic written,La Iwet moon u foon la yeul apiw.,La Iwet moon u foon la yeul api-w.,DEF.ART.F.SG palate soft LOC back DEF.ART.F.SG mouth sit-3,,,,10065, +2-192,2,Mi prakseri a bai disi nanga a man dati musu de brada.,Mi\tprakseri\ta\tbai\tdisi\tnanga\ta\tman\tdati\tmusu\tde\tbrada.,1SG\tthink\tDET\tboy\tDEM\twith\tDET\tman\tDEM\tmust\tCOP\tbrother,I think this boy and that man must be brothers.,,"The two copulas are differentiated ONLY when the time reference is present. In other tense-aspect specifications, as well as after modal auxiliaries, the same copula, de, is used in both predicative noun phrase and predicative locative constructions.",1597[701],,naturalistic spoken,Mi prakseri a bai disi nanga a man dati musu de brada.,,1SG think DET boy DEM with DET man DEM must COP brother,"The two copulas are differentiated ONLY when the time reference is present. In other tense-aspect specifications, as well as after modal auxiliaries, the same copula, de, is used in both predicative noun phrase and predicative locative constructions.",,,10066, +2-193,2,Yu sabi Dark Shadow ben de wan frede film.,Yu\tsabi\tDark\tShadow\tben\tde\twan\tfrede\tfilm.,2SG\tknow\tDark\tShadow\tPST\tCOP\tART\tscary\tfilm,You know Dark Shadow was a scary movie.,,"The two copulas are differentiated ONLY when the time reference is present. In other tense-aspect specifications, as well as after modal auxiliaries, the same copula, de, is used in both predicative noun phrase and predicative locative constructions.",,,elicited from speaker,Yu sabi Dark Shadow ben de wan frede film.,,2SG know Dark Shadow PST COP ART scary film,"The two copulas are differentiated ONLY when the time reference is present. In other tense-aspect specifications, as well as after modal auxiliaries, the same copula, de, is used in both predicative noun phrase and predicative locative constructions.","Winford data, Tape 8-a",,10067, +2-194,2,Ma Sjo srefi ben de datisey.,Ma\tSjo\tsrefi\tben\tde\tdatisey.,but\tSjo\tself\tPST\tbe\tthat.side,But Sjo himself was from that area.,,"The two copulas are differentiated ONLY when the time reference is present. In other tense-aspect specifications, as well as after modal auxiliaries, the same copula, de, is used in both predicative noun phrase and predicative locative constructions.",,,elicited from speaker,Ma Sjo srefi ben de datisey.,,but Sjo self PST be that.side,"The two copulas are differentiated ONLY when the time reference is present. In other tense-aspect specifications, as well as after modal auxiliaries, the same copula, de, is used in both predicative noun phrase and predicative locative constructions.","Winford data, Tape 8-a",,10068, +3-92,3,En de malenge-ma.,En\tde\tmalenge-ma.,3SG\tBE\tlazy-MA,He is a lazy bones.,,Ma is an agentive suffix.,,,elicited from speaker,En de malenge-ma.,,3SG BE lazy-MA,"Ma is an agentive suffix.",Fieldwork data,,10069, +4-127,4,En na wan metres.,En\tna\twan\tmetres.,she\tCOP\tone\tteacher,She is a teacher.,,,568[106],,naturalistic spoken,En na wan metres.,,she COP one teacher,,,,10070, +4-128,4,"Mamanten, den pikin de a sikoo.","Mamanten,\tden\tpikin\tde\ta\tsikoo.",morning\tDET.PL\tchild\tCOP\tLOC\tschool,In the morning the children are at school.,,,568[108],,naturalistic spoken,"Mamanten, den pikin de a sikoo.",,morning DET.PL child COP LOC school,,,,10071, +6-80,6,John in town.,John\tin\ttown.,John\tPREP\ttown,John is in town.,,,,,constructed by linguist,John in town.,,John PREP town,,Own knowledge,,10072, +7-179,7,Pikni fo so de a beisaid.,Pikni\tfo\tso\tde\ta\tbei-said.,child\tfor\tso\tCOP.LOC\tat\tbay-side,There are a lot of children at the bayside. OR: A lot of children are at the bayside.,,,1244[183],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Pikni fo so de a beisaid.,Pikni fo so de a bei-said.,child for so COP.LOC at bay-side,,,,10073, +8-115,8,Mi a sia-man.,Mi\ta\tsia-man.,1SG\tCOP\tseer-man,I am a (male) seer.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi a sia-man.,,1SG COP seer-man,,Own knowledge,,10074, +8-116,8,Juoziv de (ina) Mie Pen.,Juoziv\tde\t(ina)\tMie\tPen.,Joseph\tCOP.LOC\t(in)\tMay\tPen,Joseph is in May Pen.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Juoziv de (ina) Mie Pen.,,Joseph COP.LOC (in) May Pen,,Own knowledge,,10075, +10-170,10,Dehn sei Turkl da wan disgosting animal.,Dehn\tsei\tTurkl\tda\twan\tdisgosting\tanimal.,3PL\tsay\tTurtle\tFOC\tART.INDF\tdigusting\tanimal,They said Turtle was a disgusting animal.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dehn sei Turkl da wan disgosting animal.,,3PL say Turtle FOC ART.INDF digusting animal,,Unpublished field recordings,,10076, +10-171,10,wail dehn de de,wail\tdehn\tde\tde,while\t3PL\tCOP.LOC\tDEM.LOC,while they were there,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wail dehn de de,,while 3PL COP.LOC DEM.LOC,,Unpublished field recordings,,10077, +10-172,10,Da we yu de?,Da\twe\tyu\tde?,FOC\twhere\t2SG\tCOP.LOC,Where exactly are you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Da we yu de?,,FOC where 2SG COP.LOC,,Field notes 2008,,10078, +11-239,11,Blof iz wan niebahud fram Bluufiilz.,Blof\tiz\twan\tnieba-hud\tfram\tBluufiilz.,Bluff\tCOP.PRS\tART.INDF\tneighbour-hood\tfrom\tBluefields,The Bluff is a neighbourhood of Bluefields.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Blof iz wan niebahud fram Bluufiilz.,Blof iz wan nieba-hud fram Bluufiilz.,Bluff COP.PRS ART.INDF neighbour-hood from Bluefields,,,,10079, +11-240,11,Shi iin di Steets nou.,Shi\tiin\tdi\tSteets\tnou.,3SG.F\tin\tART.DEF\tStates\tnow,She is in the States now.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Shi iin di Steets nou.,,3SG.F in ART.DEF States now,,,,10080, +11-241,11,An den wan hat man weer deer iin di komyuniti [...].,An\tden\twan\that\tman\tweer\tdeer\tiin\tdi\tkomyuniti\t[...].,and\tthen\tART.INDF\thot\tman\tCOP.PST\tDEM.LOC\tin\tART.DEF\tcommunity\t[...],And then there was a hot young man in the community [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,An den wan hat man weer deer iin di komyuniti [...].,,and then ART.INDF hot man COP.PST DEM.LOC in ART.DEF community [...],,,,10081, +11-242,11,Di ada wan deh mi grani pet.,Di\tada\twan\tde\tmi\tgrani\tpet.,ART.DEF\tother\tone\tCOP.LOC\t1SG.POSS\tgranny\tpet,The other one [in the yard] was my granny's pet.,,,,,naturalistic written,Di ada wan deh mi grani pet.,Di ada wan de mi grani pet.,ART.DEF other one COP.LOC 1SG.POSS granny pet,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,10082, +11-243,11,Mary da wan tiicha.,Mary\tda\twan\ttiicha.,Mary\tFOC\tART.INDF\tteacher,Mary is a teacher.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mary da wan tiicha.,,Mary FOC ART.INDF teacher,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,10083, +12-187,12,[...] his wife is a pastor. I forget what they church name. They church in Freeport. She's a pastor in Freeport.,[...] his wife is a pastor. I forget what they church name. They church in Freeport. She's a pastor in Freeport.,[...] 3SG.M.POSS wife COP ART pastor 3PL.POSS church in Freeport 3SG.F.COP ART pastor in Freeport,[...] his wife is a pastor. [I can’t remember the name of their church.] Their church is in Freeport. She’s a pastor in Freeport.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,[...] his wife is a pastor. I forget what they church name. They church in Freeport. She's a pastor in Freeport.,,[...] 3SG.M.POSS wife COP ART pastor 3PL.POSS church in Freeport 3SG.F.COP ART pastor in Freeport,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10084, +12-188,12,[...] then I is the second oldest one [...].,[...] then I is the second oldest one [...].,  [...]1SG.SBJ COP DEF.ART ORD oldest one [...]  ,[...] I am the second child [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,[...] then I is the second oldest one [...].,,[...]1SG.SBJ COP DEF.ART ORD oldest one [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10085, +12-189,12,"[...] he in Freeport now, he's a Christian now.","[...]\the\tin\tFreeport\tnow,\the's\ta\tChristian\tnow.",[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tLOC\tFreeport\tnow\t3SG.SBJ.COP\tART\tChristian\tnow,"[...] he’s in Freeport now, he’s a [born-again] Christian now.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] he in Freeport now, he's a Christian now.",,[...] 3SG.SBJ LOC Freeport now 3SG.SBJ.COP ART Christian now,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10086, +13-139,13,She name is Bertha.,She\tname\tis\tBertha.,3SG.POSS\tname\tCOP\tBertha,Her name is Bertha.,,,330[32],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,She name is Bertha.,,3SG.POSS name COP Bertha,,,,10087, +17-124,17,À bì ticha.,À\tbì\tticha.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP\tteacher,I am a teacher.,,,462[51],,naturalistic spoken,À bì ticha.,,1SG.SBJ COP teacher,,,,10088, +17-125,17,À de Bènín.,À\tde\tBènín.,1SG.SBJ\tCOP.LOC\tBènín,I am in Benin.,,,462[48],,naturalistic spoken,À de Bènín.,,1SG.SBJ COP.LOC Bènín,,,,10089, +21-101,21,Mama is a good cook.,Mama\tis\ta\tgood\tcook.,grandmother\tCOP.SG\tDET\tgood\tcook,Grandmother is a good cook.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mama is a good cook.,,grandmother COP.SG DET good cook,,Own knowledge,,10090, +22-135,22,Manggi ia em enjinia bilong Glomaris ia.,Manggi\tia\tem\tenjinia\tbilong\tGlomaris\tia.,youth\tFOC\t3SG\tengineer\tPOSS\tGlomaris\tFOC,That boy is an engineer on the (ship) Glomaris.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Manggi ia em enjinia bilong Glomaris ia.,,youth FOC 3SG engineer POSS Glomaris FOC,,,,10091, +22-136,22,Nau mi stap long Manus.,Nau\tmi\tstap\tlong\tManus.,Now\t1SG\tstay\tPREP\tManus,Now I am / I live in Manus.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Nau mi stap long Manus.,,Now 1SG stay PREP Manus,,,,10092, +24-141,24,Shi ess dans.,Shi\tess\tdans.,3SG.SBJ.F\tCOP\tdunce,She is the dunce.,,,,,naturalistic written,Shi ess dans.,,3SG.SBJ.F COP dunce,,Own fieldwork,,10093, +24-143,24,Shi se dans.,Shi\tse\tdans.,she\tCOP\tdunce,She is the dunce.,,,,,naturalistic written,Shi se dans.,,she COP dunce,,Own fieldwork,,10094, +27-97,27,Am a wēs di guardian fo di lion sinu.,Am\ta\twēs\tdi\tguardian\tfo\tdi\tlion\tsinu.,3SG\tPST\tbe\tDET\tguardian\tfor\tDET\tlion\t3PL,He was the guardian for the lions.,,Guardian and lion are taken from English.,355[42],,elicited from speaker,Am a wēs di guardian fo di lion sinu.,,3SG PST be DET guardian for DET lion 3PL,"Guardian and lion are taken from English.",,,10095, +27-98,27,Mi ha wēs da.,Mi\tha\twēs\tda.,1SG\tPST\tbe\tthere,I was there.,,,355[15],,elicited from speaker,Mi ha wēs da.,,1SG PST be there,,,,10096, +28-122,28,ʃi papa wa da riki man,ʃi\tpapa\twa\tda\triki\tman,3SG.POSS\tfather\tPST\tCOP\trich\tman,His father was a rich man.,,,749[447],,naturalistic spoken,ʃi papa wa da riki man,ʃi papa wa da riki man,3SG.POSS father PST COP rich man,,,,10097, +29-152,29,Hy is leraar.,Hy\tis\tleraar.,3SG.M.NOM\tis\tminister,He is a (protestant) minister.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy is leraar.,,3SG.M.NOM is minister,,Own knowledge,,10098, +29-153,29,Hy is by die huis.,Hy\tis\tby\tdie\thuis.,3SG.M.NOM\tis\tby\tDEF.ART\thouse,He is at home.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy is by die huis.,,3SG.M.NOM is by DEF.ART house,,Own knowledge,,10099, +30-164,30,Mi ê invistigador.,Mi\tê\tinvistigador.,1SG\tbe\tscientist,I am a scientist.,,"Ê and not sta is used, since the predicative noun phrase is not locative but classificatory.",786,,constructed by linguist,"Mi ê invistigador.",,1SG be scientist,"Ê and not sta is used, since the predicative noun phrase is not locative but classificatory.",,,10100, +30-165,30,Djánta dja sta na mésa [...].,Djánta\tdja\tsta\tna=mésa\t[...].,dinner\talready\tbe\tin=table\t[...],Dinner is already on the table [...].,,"sta and not ê is used, since the predicative noun phrase is locative and not classificatory.",1407[43],,naturalistic spoken,"Djánta dja sta na mésa [...].",Djánta dja sta na=mésa [...].,dinner already be in=table [...],"sta and not ê is used, since the predicative noun phrase is locative and not classificatory.",,,10101, +30-166,30,"Na kel ánu ki N raprova, éra el ki stába nos prufesor.","Nna=kel=ánu\tki=N=raprova,\téra\tel\tki=stá-ba\tnos=prufesor.",in=DEM.SG=year\tCOMP=1SG=fail\tbe.ANT\t3SG.INDP\tCOMP=be-ANT\tPOSS.1PL=teacher,He was our teacher the year I failed.,,,784[s.v. sta],,naturalistic spoken,"Na kel ánu ki N raprova, éra el ki stába nos prufesor.","Nna=kel=ánu ki=N=raprova, éra el ki=stá-ba nos=prufesor.",in=DEM.SG=year COMP=1SG=fail be.ANT 3SG.INDP COMP=be-ANT POSS.1PL=teacher,,,,10102,"German: In dem Jahr, in dem ich durchfiel, war er unser Lehrer." +32-123,32,Grinhasin el ta na moráda.,Grinhasin\tel\tta\tna\tmoráda.,now\t3SG\tLOC.PRS\tin\ttown,She is in the town now.,,"Here, ta is a locative copula.",1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Grinhasin el ta na moráda.",,now 3SG LOC.PRS in town,"Here, ta is a locative copula.",,,10103,Portuguese: Ela está na cidade agora. +32-124,32,Mi e viuva.,Mi\te\tviuva.,1SG\tCOP.PRS\twidow,I'm a widow.,,E is a nominal copula.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi e viuva.",,1SG COP.PRS widow,"E is a nominal copula.",,,10104,Portuguese: Sou viuva. +33-152,33,Djon i kantadur.,Djon\ti\tkantadur.,John\tCOP\tsinger,John is a singer.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Djon i kantadur.",,John COP singer,,Own knowledge,,10105,Portuguese: O João é cantor. +33-153,33,Djon sta na prasa.,Djon\tsta\tna\tprasa.,Djon\tCOP\tin\ttown,John is in town.,,Here a different copula is used for predicative locative phrases.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Djon sta na prasa.",,Djon COP in town,Here a different copula is used for predicative locative phrases.,Own knowledge,,10106,Portuguese: O João está na cidade. +34-121,34,Gósiŋ Joŋ sá na Sicor.,Gósiŋ\tJoŋ\tø\tsá\tna\tSicor.,now\tJohn\tPFV\tCOP\tin\tZiguinchor,"Now, John is in Ziguinchor.",,This is an example of a predicative locative phrase.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Gósiŋ Joŋ sá na Sicor.","Gósiŋ Joŋ ø sá na Sicor.",now John PFV COP in Ziguinchor,This is an example of a predicative locative phrase.,Own knowledge,,10107, +35-167,35,Ê sa dôtôlô.,Ê\tsa\tdôtôlô.,3SG\tCOP\tdoctor,He is a doctor.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ê sa dôtôlô.,,3SG COP doctor,,Own data,,10108, +35-168,35,Mina mwala sa ni Sant'Antoni ka vivê.,Mina\tmwala\tsa\tni\tSant'Antoni\tka\tvivê.,child\twoman\tCOP\tin\tSant’Antoni\tIPFV\tlive,My daughter lives in Sant’Antoni.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mina mwala sa ni Sant'Antoni ka vivê.,,child woman COP in Sant’Antoni IPFV live,,Own data,,10109, +38-143,38,Pepe-sai sa pé-d’eli.,Pepe-sai\tsa\tpé-de-eli.,old.man-DEM\tCOP\tfather-of-3SG,The old man was her father.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pepe-sai sa pé-d’eli.,Pepe-sai sa pé-de-eli.,old.man-DEM COP father-of-3SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,10110, +38-144,38,Mosyi ngandyi sa tela-no.,Mosyi\tngandyi\tsa\ttela-no.,woman\told\tCOP\tland-1PL,The eldest woman (his sister) is in our homeland.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mosyi ngandyi sa tela-no.,,woman old COP land-1PL,,Own fieldwork 1993,,10111, +39-141,39,mĩ kaz ɛ pɛrt də igrej.,mĩ\tkaz\tɛ\tpɛrt\tdə\tigrej.,1SG.POSS\thouse\tCOP\tnear\tof\tchurch,My house is near the church.,,,221[154],,naturalistic spoken,mĩ kaz ɛ pɛrt də igrej.,,1SG.POSS house COP near of church,,,,10112, +42-133,42,yo mestri di skola,yo\tmestri\tdi\tskola,1SG\tmaster\tof\tschool,I am a teacher.,,,,,elicited from speaker,yo mestri di skola,,1SG master of school,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,10113, +42-134,42,yo teng na bairu,yo\tteng\tna\tbairu,1SG\tBE\tLOC\tvillage,I am in the village.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yo teng na bairu,,1SG BE LOC village,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,10114, +49-235,49,Pyè doktè Okanada.,Pyè\tdoktè\tOkanada.,Pierre\tdoctor\tin.Canada,Pierre is a doctor in Canada.,,,340[14],,elicited from speaker,Pyè doktè Okanada.,,Pierre doctor in.Canada,,,,10115,French: Pierre est médecin au Canada. +49-236,49,Elifèt nan jaden an.,Elifèt\tnan\tjaden\tan.,Elifèt\tin\tgarden\tDEF,Elifèt is in the garden.,,,367[104],,constructed by linguist,Elifèt nan jaden an.,,Elifèt in garden DEF,,,,10116,French: Elifèt est dans le jardin. +49-237,49,Timoun yo nan lakou a.,Timoun\tyo\tnan\tlakou\ta.,child\tDEF.PL\tin\tcourtyard\tDEF,The children are in the courtyard.,,,340[16],,naturalistic spoken,Timoun yo nan lakou a.,,child DEF.PL in courtyard DEF,,,,10117,French: Les enfants sont dans la cour. +49-238,49,Li bò kay la.,Li\tbò\tkay\tla.,he\tis.next.to\thouse\tDEF,He is next to the house.,,,340[16],,naturalistic spoken,Li bò kay la.,,he is.next.to house DEF,,,,10118,French: Il est à côté de la maison. +49-239,49,Pyè se doktè.,Pyè\tse\tdoktè.,Pierre\tSE\tdoctor,Pierre is a doctor.,,,340[14],,naturalistic spoken,Pyè se doktè.,,Pierre SE doctor,,,,10119,French: Pierre est médecin. +50-141,50,I dòktè.,I\tdòktè.,3SG\tdoctor,He/she is a doctor.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I dòktè.,,3SG doctor,,Own fieldwork,,10120, +50-142,50,I anlè pon-la.,I\tanlè\tpon-la.,3SG\ton\tbridge-DEF,He/she is on the bridge.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I anlè pon-la.,,3SG on bridge-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,10121, +51-127,51,I doktè.,I\tdoktè.,3SG\tdoctor,He is a doctor.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I doktè.,,3SG doctor,,Own fieldwork,,10122, +51-128,51,I asou pon-an.,I\tasou\tpon-an.,3SG\ton\tbridge-DEF,He is on the bridge.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I asou pon-an.,,3SG on bridge-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,10123, +53-293,53,Li deor.,Li\tdeor.,3SG\toutside,He's outside.,,,1048[242],,elicited from speaker,Li deor.,,3SG outside,,,,10124, +53-294,53,Li pa en dokter.,Li\tpa\ten\tdokter.,3SG\tNEG\tART.INDF\tdoctor,He's not a doctor.,,,1048[245],,elicited from speaker,Li pa en dokter.,,3SG NEG ART.INDF doctor,,,,10125, +54-166,54,Son papa lé tayër.,Son\tpapa\tle\ttayer.,POSS.3SG\tfather\tCOP.PRS\ttailor,His/her father is a tailor.,,,1440[53],,naturalistic spoken,Son papa lé tayër.,Son papa le tayer.,POSS.3SG father COP.PRS tailor,,,,10126,French: Son père est tailleur. +54-167,54,Son papa le dan son kaz.,Son\tpapa\tle\tdan\tson\tkaz.,POSS.3SG\tfather\tCOP.PRS\tin\tPOSS.3SG\thouse,His/her father is in his/her house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Son papa le dan son kaz.,,POSS.3SG father COP.PRS in POSS.3SG house,,Own knowledge,,10127,French: Son père est dans sa maison. +55-133,55,Pyer en profeser,Pyer\ten\tprofeser,Pyer\tINDF\tschoolteacher,Pierre is a schoolteacher.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pyer en profeser,,Pyer INDF schoolteacher,,Own knowledge,,10128, +55-134,55,Pyer lekol,Pyer\tlekol,Pyer\tschool,Pierre is in/at (the) school.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pyer lekol,,Pyer school,,Own knowledge,,10129, +55-135,55,so frer ti en profeser,so\tfrer\tti\ten\tprofeser,POSS\tbrother\tPST\tINDF\tteacher,His brother was a teacher.,,,,,constructed by linguist,so frer ti en profeser,,POSS brother PST INDF teacher,,Own knowledge,,10130, +59-228,59,lo (ke) wali ti mbi,lo\t(ke)\twali\tti\tmbi,3SG\t(COP)\twife\tof\t1SG,She's my wife.,,,,,constructed by linguist,lo (ke) wali ti mbi,,3SG (COP) wife of 1SG,,Own knowledge,,10131, +59-229,59,kwa ti mbi aeke na ndo so,kwa\tti\tmbi\taeke\tna\tndo\tso,work\tof\t1SG\tSM.COP\tPREP\tplace\tDEM,My work is here.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kwa ti mbi aeke na ndo so,,work of 1SG SM.COP PREP place DEM,,Own knowledge,,10132, +59-230,59,wen' aeke na ya ni,wen'\taeke\tna\tya\tni,iron\tSM.COP\tPREP\tinside\tDET,Iron is inside it (the ore).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wen' aeke na ya ni,,iron SM.COP PREP inside DET,,Own knowledge,,10133, +60-107,60,nazalákí na ndáko,na-zal-ákí\tna\tndáko,1SG-be-PST\tin\thouse,I was in the house.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,nazalákí na ndáko,na-zal-ákí na ndáko,1SG-be-PST in house,,Own knowledge,,10134, +60-108,60,nazalákí moyémbi,na-zal-ákí\tmoyémbi,1SG-be-PST\tsinger,I was a singer.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,nazalákí moyémbi,na-zal-ákí moyémbi,1SG-be-PST singer,,Own knowledge,,10135, +60-119,60,Francine azalí na libúlú,Francine\ta-zal-í\tna\tlibúlú,Francine\t3SG-be-PRS.PRF\tin\thole.in.ground,Francine is in a hole.,,,1273,,elicited from speaker,Francine azalí na libúlú,Francine a-zal-í na libúlú,Francine 3SG-be-PRS.PRF in hole.in.ground,,,,10136, +63-147,63,úwo fi Nayvásha,úwo\tfi\tNayvásha,3SG\tLOC\tNaivasha,He is in Naivasha.,,,857[351],,naturalistic spoken,úwo fi Nayvásha,,3SG LOC Naivasha,,,,10137, +63-148,63,ómun Núbi,ómun\tNúbi,3PL\tNubi,They are Nubi.,,,857[351],,naturalistic spoken,ómun Núbi,,3PL Nubi,,,,10138, +64-158,64,ána maálim,ána\tmaálim,1SG\tteacher,I am a teacher.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ána maálim,,1SG teacher,,Own knowledge,,10139, +64-159,64,hása úo fi kartúm,hása\túo\tfi\tkartúm,now\t3SG\tEXIST\tKhartoum,At the moment he is in Khartoum.,,,,,constructed by linguist,hása úo fi kartúm,,now 3SG EXIST Khartoum,,Own knowledge,,10140, +65-120,65,ʃ'asa ʃandun iwo.,ʃ'asa\tʃandun\tiwo.,now\tShandong\t3SG,He is now in the province of Shandong.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region),1195[274],,naturalistic spoken,ʃ'asa ʃandun iwo.,,now Shandong 3SG,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region),,Щаса Шаньдун иво.,10141, +66-89,66,Go attu winyani.,Go\tattu\twinyani.,1SG\tINDF\tscientist,I am a scientist.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Go attu winyani.,Go attu winyani.,1SG INDF scientist,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,10142, +67-162,67,Saya Lim.,Saya\tLim.,1SG\tLim,I am Lim.,,,708[132],,naturalistic spoken,Saya Lim.,,1SG Lim,,,,10143, +72-81,72,Nyawa ngakparn im top andanith flawawalijangka.,Nyawa\tngakparn\tim\ttop\tandanith\tflawa-walija-ngka.,this\tfrog\t3SG\tbe\tunderneath\tflower-PAUC-LOC,This frog is underneath the flowers.,,,400,c945d1676b3380c222f49a357ba670cc,naturalistic spoken,Nyawa ngakparn im top andanith flawawalijangka.,Nyawa ngakparn im top andanith flawa-walija-ngka.,this frog 3SG be underneath flower-PAUC-LOC,,,,10144, +72-118,72,Nyila bebi im top teblta kanyjupal.,Nyila\tbebi\tim\ttop\ttebl-ta\tkanyjupal.,that\tbaby\t3SG\tbe\ttable-LOC\tunderneath,The baby is under the table.,,This sentence gives an example of locative predication using a copula verb.,583,93d7f0b12391e39f8548b4e3c4e5e3bd,peer elicitation,Nyila bebi im top teblta kanyjupal.,Nyila bebi im top tebl-ta kanyjupal.,that baby 3SG be table-LOC underneath,This sentence gives an example of locative predication using a copula verb.,,,10145, +72-119,72,An dat warlaku tebulta kanyjurra.,An\tdat\twarlaku\ttebul-ta\tkanyjurra.,and\tthe\tdog\ttable-LOC\tdown,And the dog is down under the table.,,,920[241],,peer elicitation,An dat warlaku tebulta kanyjurra.,An dat warlaku tebul-ta kanyjurra.,and the dog table-LOC down,,,,10146, +74-118,74,náyka dáktin,náyka\tdáktin,1SG\tdoctor,I am a doctor.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka dáktin,,1SG doctor,,Own knowledge,,10147, +74-119,74,náyka mitlayt kápa tawn,náyka\tmitlayt\tkápa\ttawn,1SG\tsit\tat\ttown,I’m in town.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka mitlayt kápa tawn,,1SG sit at town,,Own knowledge,,10148, +1-189,1,Mi habi man.,Mi\thabi\tman.,1SG\thave\tman,I have a husband.,,,1527[64],,written,Mi habi man.,Mi habi man.,1SG have man,,,,10149,Dutch: Ik heb een Man. [op.cit.] +1-190,1,Mi habi hekki. / Mi kissi hekki. / Hekki kissi mi.,Mi habi heki. / Mi kisi heki. / Heki kisi mi.,1SG have hiccup   1SG get hiccup   hiccup get 1SG,I've got the hiccups.,,"This example shows an experiencer construction. The first clause is similar to a typical transitive possessive construction with habi 'have'; in the second clause the possessor/experiencer is also the subject but here the verb is kisi 'get'; in the third clause, with the same verb, the subject is the possessor/sensation and the possessor/experiencer the object. Cf. Feature 66 ""Experiencer constructions: 'headache'"".",1357[64],,written (dictionary),Mi habi hekki. / Mi kissi hekki. / Hekki kissi mi.,Mi habi heki. / Mi kisi heki. / Heki kisi mi.,1SG have hiccup 1SG get hiccup hiccup get 1SG,"This example shows an experiencer construction. The first clause is similar to a typical transitive possessive construction with habi 'have'; in the second clause the possessor/experiencer is also the subject but here the verb is kisi 'get'; in the third clause, with the same verb, the subject is the possessor/sensation and the possessor/experiencer the object. Cf. Feature 66 ""Experiencer constructions: 'headache'"".",,,10150, +1-191,1,Koorze de na joe.,Korsu\tde\tna\tyu.,fever\tCOP\tLOC\t2SG,You've got fever.,,"This example shows an experiencer construction, comparable to a locational possessive construction. Cf. Feature 66 ""Experiencer constructions: 'headache'"".",1527[41],,written,Koorze de na joe.,Korsu de na yu.,fever COP LOC 2SG,"This example shows an experiencer construction, comparable to a locational possessive construction. Cf. Feature 66 ""Experiencer constructions: 'headache'"".",,,10151,Dutch: Gy hebt de Koorts. [op.cit.] +1-192,1,"Da uman habi hem mune, a de na mune.","Da\tuma\thabi\ten\tmun,\ta\tde\tna\tmun.",DET.SG\twoman\thave\t3SG\tmonth\t3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tLOC\tmonth,The woman is having her period.,,"This example shows an experiencer construction. The first clause is an idiomatic transitive possessive construction with habi 'have'; the second clause is an alternative phrasing comparable to a locational possessive construction. Cf. Feature 66 ""Experiencer constructions: 'headache'"".",1357[117],,written (dictionary),"Da uman habi hem mune, a de na mune.","Da uma habi en mun, a de na mun.",DET.SG woman have 3SG month 3SG.SBJ COP LOC month,"This example shows an experiencer construction. The first clause is an idiomatic transitive possessive construction with habi 'have'; the second clause is an alternative phrasing comparable to a locational possessive construction. Cf. Feature 66 ""Experiencer constructions: 'headache'"".",,,10152, +1-193,1,Mi dee nanga wan tranga koorsoe.,Mi\tde\tnanga\twan\ttranga\tkorsu.,1SG\tCOP\twith\tINDF.SG\tstrong\tfever,I'm having a strong fever.,,"This example shows an experiencer construction, comparable to comitative possessive construction. Cf. Feature 66 ""Experiencer constructions: 'headache'"".",1576[126],,written,Mi dee nanga wan tranga koorsoe.,Mi de nanga wan tranga korsu.,1SG COP with INDF.SG strong fever,"This example shows an experiencer construction, comparable to comitative possessive construction. Cf. Feature 66 ""Experiencer constructions: 'headache'"".",,,10153,Dutch: Meester ik ben met een zwaare koorts bezet. [op.cit.] +2-195,2,"Yungu, yu no abi ai fu sii?","Yungu,\tyu\tno\tabi\tai\tfu\tsii?",boy\t2SG\tNEG\thave\teye\tfor\tsee,"Boy, don’t you have eyes?",,,1585[1],,naturalistic spoken,"Yungu, yu no abi ai fu sii?",,boy 2SG NEG have eye for see,,,,10154, +2-196,2,"Efu yu no abi flashlait efu munkendi, yu no e sii.","Efu\tyu\tno\tabi\tflashlait\tefu\tmunkendi,\tyu\tno\te\tsii.",if\t2SG\tNEG\thave\tflashlight\tor\tmoonlight\t2SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tsee,"If you didn’t have a flashlight or moonlight, you couldn’t see.",,,1605[429],,naturalistic spoken,"Efu yu no abi flashlait efu munkendi, yu no e sii.",,if 2SG NEG have flashlight or moonlight 2SG NEG IPFV see,,,,10155, +2-197,2,"Te wan mama abi pikin kba, a pikin musu nyan.","Te\twan\tmama\tabi\tpikin\tkba,\ta\tpikin\tmusu\tnyan.",when\tART\tmother\thave\tchild\talready\tDET\tchild\tmust\teat,"When a mother has a child, the child must eat.",,,1605[435],,naturalistic spoken,"Te wan mama abi pikin kba, a pikin musu nyan.",,when ART mother have child already DET child must eat,,,,10156, +3-93,3,Mi ábi woóko.,Mi\tábi\twoóko.,1SG\thave\twork,I have work.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi ábi woóko.,,1SG have work,,Fieldwork data,,10157, +4-129,4,A abi wan duupu foo eke den pikin foo den di bakaa e abi.,A\tabi\twan\tduupu\tfoo\teke\tden\tpikin\tfoo\tden\tdi\tbakaa\te\tabi.,he\thave\ta\tgroup\tbird\tlike\tDET.PL\tsmall\tbird\tthey\tREL\toutsider\tIPFV\thave,"He had a bunch of birds like the little birds, the ones that white people have.",,,661[297],,naturalistic spoken,A abi wan duupu foo eke den pikin foo den di bakaa e abi.,,he have a group bird like DET.PL small bird they REL outsider IPFV have,,,,10158, +4-130,4,"A man de, a de anga (en) goni.","A\tman\tde,\ta\tde\tanga\t(en)\tgoni.",DET.SG\tman\tthere\the\tCOP\twith\t(his)\tgun,"That man, he has a gun.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"A man de, a de anga (en) goni.",,DET.SG man there he COP with (his) gun,,Own observation,,10159, +5-126,5,mii granfaada bin gat plees a filisiti bilid,mii\tgranfaada\tbin\tgat\tplees\ta\tfilisiti\tbilid,1SG.POSS\tgrandfather\tANT\thave\tplace\tat\tFelicity\tVillage,My grandfather had a place at Felicity Village.,,,"1281[147, line 352]",,naturalistic spoken,mii granfaada bin gat plees a filisiti bilid,,1SG.POSS grandfather ANT have place at Felicity Village,,,,10160, +6-81,6,John hav a boat.,John\thav\ta\tboat.,John\thave\tDET\tboat,John has a boat.,,,,,elicited from speaker,John hav a boat.,,John have DET boat,,Informant A.K.,,10161, +7-180,7,I ha nyu kyaa.,I\tha\tnyu\tkyaa.,3SG\thave\tnew\tcar,He/she has a new car.,,Ga or ge can replace ha.,1244[86],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I ha nyu kyaa.,,3SG have new car,"Ga or ge can replace ha.",,,10162, +8-117,8,Jan gat wahn haas.,Jan\tgat\twahn\thaas.,John\thave\ta\thorse,John has a horse.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Jan gat wahn haas.,,John have a horse,,Own knowledge,,10163, +9-146,9,Anansi neva had no layt.,Anansi\tneva\thad\tno\tlayt.,Anansi\tANT.NEG\thad\tno\tlight,Anansi did not have any light.,,,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,Anansi neva had no layt.,,Anansi ANT.NEG had no light,,,,10164, +9-147,9,Bra fayaflay im gat layt bra anansi no gat no layt.,Bra\tfayaflay\tim\tgat\tlayt\tbra\tanansi\tno\tgat\tno\tlayt.,Brother\tFirefly\t3SG\tgot\tlight\tBrother\tAnansi\tNEG\tgot\tNEG\tlight,"Brother Firefly had a light, but Brother Anansi didn't have any light.",,'Got' is often used for possession.,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,Bra fayaflay im gat layt bra anansi no gat no layt.,,Brother Firefly 3SG got light Brother Anansi NEG got NEG light,'Got' is often used for possession.,,,10165, +10-173,10,Di King gat wan daata.,Di\tKing\tgat\twan\tdaata.,ART.DEF\tKing\tget\tART.INDF\tdaughter,The King had a daughter.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di King gat wan daata.,,ART.DEF King get ART.INDF daughter,,Unpublished field recordings,,10166, +11-244,11,Ai hav chrii piknini.,Ai\thav\tchrii\tpiknini.,1SG\thave\tthree\tchild,I have three children.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai hav chrii piknini.,,1SG have three child,,,,10167, +11-245,11,So wen unu gat unu piknini unu sit doun an [...].,So\twen\tunu\tgat\tunu\tpiknini\tunu\tsit\tdoun\tan\t[...].,so\twhen\t2PL\tget\t2PL.POSS\tchild\t2PL\tsit\tdown\tand\t[...],"So when you have your own children, you sit down and [...].",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,So wen unu gat unu piknini unu sit doun an [...].,,so when 2PL get 2PL.POSS child 2PL sit down and [...],,,,10168, +12-190,12,"Good water, sometime, in like - when we go in the farm, my grandparents, they ha- we got some hole they call cistern.",[...]\tthey\tha-\twe\tgot\tsome\thole\t[...],[...]\t3PL.SBJ\thave\t1PL.SBJ\tget.PST\tDET\thole\t[...],[...] they had - we had a hole [called cistern].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Good water, sometime, in like - when we go in the farm, my grandparents, they ha- we got some hole they call cistern.",[...] they ha- we got some hole [...],[...] 3PL.SBJ have 1PL.SBJ get.PST DET hole [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10169, +12-191,12,"The bus just go - there to pick up the people what live out South Beach. And ... go out there, you'll see some of the - people live out there, 'cause it quiet, and they have - uh - lovely homes, the same way - uh - Carmichael Rd.",[...]\tthey\thave\t[...]\tlovely\thomes\t[...].,[...]\t3PL.SBJ\thave\t[...]\tlovely\thomes\t[...],[...] they have lovely homes [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"The bus just go - there to pick up the people what live out South Beach. And ... go out there, you'll see some of the - people live out there, 'cause it quiet, and they have - uh - lovely homes, the same way - uh - Carmichael Rd.",[...] they have [...] lovely homes [...].,[...] 3PL.SBJ have [...] lovely homes [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10170, +13-140,13,I had seven head of children in my house.,I\thad\tseven\thead\tof\tchildren\tin\tmy\thouse.,I\thad\tseven\thead\tof\tchildren\tin\tmy\thouse,I had seven children in my house.,,,1500[264],,naturalistic spoken,I had seven head of children in my house.,,I had seven head of children in my house,,,,10171, +14-102,14,Bruce have a car.,Bruce\thave\ta\tcar.,Bruce\thave\ta\tcar,Bruce has a car.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce have a car.,,Bruce have a car,,Own knowledge,,10172, +14-103,14,Bruce got a car.,Bruce\tgot\ta\tcar.,Bruce\thave\ta\tcar,Bruce has a car.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce got a car.,,Bruce have a car,,Own knowledge,,10173, +16-105,16,mi à no gɛt mɔni fɔ transpɔt o,mi\tà\tno\tgɛt\tmɔni\tfɔ\ttranspɔt\to,1SG\t1SG\tNEG\tget\tmoney\tfor\ttransport\tEMPH,I don't have money for transportation.,,,656[192],,naturalistic spoken,mi à no gɛt mɔni fɔ transpɔt o,,1SG 1SG NEG get money for transport EMPH,,,,10174, +17-126,17,À ge̱t mòto.,À\tge̱t\tmòto.,1SG.SBJ\thave\tcar,I have a car.,,,462[114],,naturalistic spoken,À ge̱t mòto.,,1SG.SBJ have car,,,,10175, +17-127,17,Mà mòto de.,Mà\tmòto\tde.,1SG.POSS\tcar\tCOP,I have a car.,,,462[144],,naturalistic spoken,Mà mòto de.,,1SG.POSS car COP,,,,10176, +18-111,18,Yu get moto?,Yu\tget\tmoto?,2SG.SBJ\thave\tcar,Do you have/own a car?,,,125[13],,unspecified,Yu get moto?,,2SG.SBJ have car,,,,10177, +18-112,18,A get moni.,A\tget\tmoni.,1SG.SBJ\thave\tmoney,I am rich.,,,125[13],,unspecified,A get moni.,,1SG.SBJ have money,,,,10178, +19-146,19,À gɛt mòtó.,À\tgɛt\tmòtó.,1SG.SBJ\thave\tcar,I have a car.,,Permanent possession is expressed by means of get 'have'.,,,constructed by linguist,"À gɛt mòtó.",,1SG.SBJ have car,"Permanent possession is expressed by means of get 'have'.",Own knowledge,,10179, +19-147,19,À hol mòtó.,À\thol\tmòtó.,1SG.SBJ\thold\tcar,I have/keep a car (at the moment).,,"Temporary possession is expressed by means of /hol/ 'hold, keep'.",,,constructed by linguist,"À hol mòtó.",,1SG.SBJ hold car,"Temporary possession is expressed by means of /hol/ 'hold, keep'.",Own knowledge,,10180, +19-148,19,Mòtó de fɔ̀ràn.,Mòtó\tde\tfɔ̀r=àn.,car\tCOP\tASSOC=3SG.OBJ,He has a car.,,This construction expresses permanent possession.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mòtó de fɔ̀ràn.","Mòtó de fɔ̀r=àn.",car COP ASSOC=3SG.OBJ,This construction expresses permanent possession.,Field data,,10181, +19-149,19,[...] mì móvil no de nà mì han.,[...]\tmì\tmóvil\tno\tde\tnà\tmì\than.,[...]\t1SG.POSS\tmobile.phone\tNEG\tCOP\tLOC\t1SG\thand,[...] I don't have my mobile phone with me.,,This construction expresses transient possession.,1634[319],,elicited from speaker,"[...] mì móvil no de nà mì han.",,[...] 1SG.POSS mobile.phone NEG COP LOC 1SG hand,This construction expresses transient possession.,,,10182, +20-111,20,You hap got pidgin makee?,You\thap\tgot\tpidgin\tmakee?,2SG\thave\tgot\tpidgin\tmake,Have you any business to do?,,,1489[VI.59],,naturalistic written,You hap got pidgin makee?,,2SG have got pidgin make,,,㕭合吉卑剪米其,10183, +20-112,20,You got how muchee piecee order?,You\tgot\thow\tmuchee\tpiecee\torder?,2SG\tgot\thow\tmuch\tCLF\torder,How many orders have you got?,,,1489[VI.57],,naturalistic written,You got how muchee piecee order?,,2SG got how much CLF order,,,㕭吉厚乜治卑時阿打,10184, +20-113,20,My no got (A)merican flour.,My\tno\tgot\t(A)merican\tflour.,1SG\tNEG\tgot\tAmerican\tflour,I have no American flour.,,,1489[VI.30],,naturalistic written,My no got (A)merican flour.,,1SG NEG got American flour,,,米哪吉咩(竹+厘)(口件)乎簍也,10185, +21-102,21,I have a gold ring.,I\thave\ta\tgold\tring.,1SG\thave\tDET\tgold\tring,I have a gold ring.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I have a gold ring.,,1SG have DET gold ring,,Own knowledge,,10186, +21-103,21,I got gold ring.,I got gold ring.,1SG have DET gold ring,I have a gold ring.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I got gold ring.,,1SG have DET gold ring,,Own knowledge,,10187, +22-137,22,Mipla gat haus long Lei.,Mipla\tgat\thaus\tlong\tLei.,1PL\thave\thouse\tPREP\tLae,We have a house in Lae.,,,584,,constructed by linguist,"Mipla gat haus long Lei.",,1PL have house PREP Lae,,,,10188, +23-125,23,mi gat smol meresin blong smol boe blong mi,mi\tgat\tsmol\tmeresin\tblong\tsmol\tboe\tblong\tmi,1SG\thave\tsmall\tmedicine\tPOSS\tsmall\tboy\tPOSS\t1SG,I had a little medicine of my younger son's.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,mi gat smol meresin blong smol boe blong mi,,1SG have small medicine POSS small boy POSS 1SG,,,,10189, +24-145,24,Yorlye gat ohren?,Yorlye\tgat\tohren?,apron.2PL\tgot\torange,Have you got oranges?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yorlye gat ohren?,,apron.2PL got orange,,Own fieldwork,,10190, +25-239,25,"Wal dudei wi laki, yu no. Wi garrim faiya.","Wal\tdudei\twi\tlaki,\tyu\tno.\tWi\tgarr-im\tfaiya.",well\ttoday\t1PL\tlucky\t2SG\tknow\t1PL\thave-TR\tfire,"Well today we're lucky, you know. We have fire.",,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the transitive possessive verb (considered as stative).,1332[61],,naturalistic spoken,"Wal dudei wi laki, yu no. Wi garrim faiya.","Wal dudei wi laki, yu no. Wi garr-im faiya.",well today 1PL lucky 2SG know 1PL have-TR fire,Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the transitive possessive verb (considered as stative).,,,10191, +25-290,25,Septibin yu gotim?,Septibin\tyu\tgot-im?,safety.pin\t2SG\thave-TR,Do you have a safety pin?,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a polar question with a fronted object, and the transitive possessive verb.",,,naturalistic spoken,Septibin yu gotim?,Septibin yu got-im?,safety.pin 2SG have-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a polar question with a fronted object, and the transitive possessive verb.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,10192, +25-291,25,"""Yu got no bilij"", imin tok lagijat.","""Yu\tgot\tno\tbilij"",\tim=in\ttok\tlagijat.",2SG\thave\tno\tashes\t3SG=PST\tspeak\tlike.that,"""You've got no ashes"", she said.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the possessive verb got, and a verb of speech tok in combination with the quotation marker lagijat, with a direct speech complement. Bilij 'ashes (to be mixed with tobacco)' is a Jaminjung word.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"""Yu got no bilij"", imin tok lagijat.","""Yu got no bilij"", im=in tok lagijat.",2SG have no ashes 3SG=PST speak like.that,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the possessive verb got, and a verb of speech tok in combination with the quotation marker lagijat, with a direct speech complement. Bilij 'ashes (to be mixed with tobacco)' is a Jaminjung word.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,10193, +25-292,25,"Ei imiyu, yu gadim eni mejik?","Ei\timiyu,\tyu\tgad-im\teni\tmejik?",hey\tEmu\t2SG\thave-TR\tany\tmagic,"Hey Emu, do you have any magic?",,Written Roper River. This example illustrates a polar question and a (potential) vocative marker.,175[12],,naturalistic written,"Ei imiyu, yu gadim eni mejik?","Ei imiyu, yu gad-im eni mejik?",hey Emu 2SG have-TR any magic,Written Roper River. This example illustrates a polar question and a (potential) vocative marker.,,,10194, +27-99,27,Di kining a ha ēn suku-stik.,Di\tkining\ta\tha\tēn\tsuku-stik.,DET\tking\tPST\thave\ta\tsugar-cane,The king had a sugarcane.,,,355[58],,naturalistic spoken,Di kining a ha ēn suku-stik.,,DET king PST have a sugar-cane,,,,10195, +28-123,28,"arumaruman, o habu en gutu ka","arum-arum\tman,\to\thabu\ten\tgutu\tka",poor-poor\tman\t3SG\thave\tone\tthing\tNEG,"A very poor man, he has nothing.",,,737[608],,naturalistic spoken,"arumaruman, o habu en gutu ka","arum-arum man, o habu en gutu ka",poor-poor man 3SG have one thing NEG,,,,10196, +29-154,29,Hy het 'n perd.,Hy\thet\t'n\tperd.,3SG.M.NOM\thas\tINDF.ART\thorse,He has a horse.,,Besit ('own') can also be used in place of het ('have') here.,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy het 'n perd.,,3SG.M.NOM has INDF.ART horse,"Besit ('own') can also be used in place of het ('have') here.",Own knowledge,,10197, +30-167,30,Kel ómi la ten dinheru!,Kel=ómi\tla\tten\tdinheru!,DEM.SG=man\tthere\thave\tmoney,That man is rich (lit. That man has money)!,,,784[s.v. ten],,naturalistic spoken,"Kel ómi la ten dinheru!",Kel=ómi la ten dinheru!,DEM.SG=man there have money,,,,10198,German: Jener Mann hat [viel] Geld! +30-168,30,Kel ómi la tene dinheru!,Kel=ómi\tla\ttene\tdinheru!,DEM.SG=man\tthere\thave\tmoney,That man has money (with him)!,,,1255[2],,constructed by linguist,"Kel ómi la tene dinheru!",Kel=ómi la tene dinheru!,DEM.SG=man there have money,,,,10199, +31-135,31,Mi'N ten des fidju.,Mi'N\tten\tdes\tfidju.,me.I\thave\tten\tchild,I have ten children.,,,425,,naturalistic spoken,Mi'N ten des fidju.,,me.I have ten child,,,,10200, +31-136,31,Tementi nu sta ku vida.,Tementi\tnu\tsta\tku\tvida.,while\twe\tare\twith\tlife,As long as we are alive.,,Note that this comitative possessive construction is an idiom and represents only a minority of cases in the language.,887,,naturalistic spoken,Tementi nu sta ku vida.,,while we are with life,Note that this comitative possessive construction is an idiom and represents only a minority of cases in the language.,,,10201, +31-137,31,"Si'N ka tene dinheru, N ta trabadja uji.","Si'N\tka\ttene\tdinheru,\tN\tta\ttrabadja\tuji.",if.I\tNEG\thave\tmoney\tI\tASP\twork\ttoday,"If I don't have money, I work today.",,There seems to be a dichotomy in this variety between ten 'to have' to express permanent possession and tene 'to have' to express temporary possession.,57,,naturalistic spoken,"Si'N ka tene dinheru, N ta trabadja uji.",,if.I NEG have money I ASP work today,"There seems to be a dichotomy in this variety between ten 'to have' to express permanent possession and tene 'to have' to express temporary possession.",,,10202, +32-125,32,N ten un redin.,N\tten\tun\tredin.,1SG\thave\tDET\tradio.little,I have a little radio.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"N ten un redin.",,1SG have DET radio.little,,,,10203,Portuguese: Tenho un radiozinho. +32-126,32,N ta k'un problema.,N\tta\tk\tun\tproblema.,1SG\tCOP\twith\tDET\tproblem,I have a problem.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"N ta k'un problema.","N ta k un problema.",1SG COP with DET problem,,,,10204,Portuguese: Estou com um problema. +33-154,33,Djon tene un bisikleta.,Djon\ttene\tun\tbisikleta.,John\thave\tone\tbike,John has a bike.,,The orthography is that of the source.,1190[36],,naturalistic written,"Djon tene un bisikleta.",,John have one bike,The orthography is that of the source.,,,10205,Portuguese: O João tem uma bicicleta. +34-122,34,Mariya teŋ kóbur. — Mariya tené kóbur.,Mariya ø teŋ kóbur. — Mariya ø tené kóbur.,Mary PFV have.permanently money   Mary PFV have.temporarily money.,Mary has [a lot of] money (she is rich). — Mary has money (in her pocket).,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya teŋ kóbur. — Mariya tené kóbur.","Mariya ø teŋ kóbur. — Mariya ø tené kóbur.",Mary PFV have.permanently money Mary PFV have.temporarily money.,,Own knowledge,,10206, +34-123,34,Kóbur sá ku Mariya.,Kóbur\tø\tsá\tku\tMariya.,money\tPFV\tCOP\twith\tMary,"Mary has money (at her disposal, in her pocket).",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kóbur sá ku Mariya.","Kóbur ø sá ku Mariya.",money PFV COP with Mary,,Own knowledge,,10207, +34-124,34,Mariya sá ku kóbur.,Mariya\tø\tsá\tku\tkóbur.,Mary\tPFV\tCOP\twith\tmoney,"Mary has money (at her disposal, in her pocket).",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya sá ku kóbur.","Mariya ø sá ku kóbur.",Mary PFV COP with money,,Own knowledge,,10208, +35-169,35,Vêndê tê sapê ũa data.,Vêndê\ttê\tsapê\tũa\tdata.,store\thave\that\ta\tlot,The store has a lot of hats.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Vêndê tê sapê ũa data.,,store have hat a lot,,Own data,,10209, +35-170,35,Sela n sa ku jêlu ni mon.,Sela\tn\tsa\tku\tjêlu\tni\tmon.,MOOD\t1SG\tbe\twith\tmoney\tin\thand,I must have money on me.,,Sela is a grammaticalized mood particle that occurs at the beginning of clauses.,,,naturalistic spoken,Sela n sa ku jêlu ni mon.,,MOOD 1SG be with money in hand,"Sela is a grammaticalized mood particle that occurs at the beginning of clauses.",Own data,,10210, +35-171,35,Sa tudu sêbê se ku n sa ku ê.,Sa\ttudu\tsêbê\tse\tku\tn\tsa\tku\tê.,be\tall\tknowledge\tDEM\tREL\t1SG\tbe\twith\t3SG,That's all the knowledge I have.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sa tudu sêbê se ku n sa ku ê.,,be all knowledge DEM REL 1SG be with 3SG,,Own data,,10211, +35-172,35,ôkô ku tê ukwe ku ka kume ngê,ôkô\tku\ttê\tukwe\tku\tka\tkume\tngê,calabash\tREL\thave\tgiant\tREL\tIPFV\teat\tpeople,the calabash that contains a giant who eats people,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ôkô ku tê ukwe ku ka kume ngê,,calabash REL have giant REL IPFV eat people,,Own data,,10212, +36-99,36,[...] alê na tê nê ũa kapitêlu wa [...].,[...]\talê\tna\ttê\tnê\tũa\tkapitêlu\twa\t[...].,[...]\tking\tNEG\thave\tnot\tone\tcarpenter\tNEG\t[...],[...] the king had no carpenter [...].,,,901[102],,naturalistic spoken,[...] alê na tê nê ũa kapitêlu wa [...].,,[...] king NEG have not one carpenter NEG [...],,,,10213, +36-100,36,"Alê, bô tha ki piongo a?","Alê,\tbô\ttha\tki\tpiongo\ta?",king\tyou\tCOP\twith\tnail\tEMPH,"King, do you have nails?",,,901[102],,naturalistic spoken,"Alê, bô tha ki piongo a?",,king you COP with nail EMPH,,,,10214,"French: Roi, avez-vous des clous?" +36-101,36,Nakulu kai no na tha ku ê aparêyu wa.,Nakulu\tkai\tno\tna\ttha\tku\tê\taparêyu\twa.,formerly\thouse\tour\tNEG\tbe\twith\tit\tappliance\tNEG,"Formerly, our houses were not equipped with domestic appliances.",,,901[102],,naturalistic spoken,Nakulu kai no na tha ku ê aparêyu wa.,,formerly house our NEG be with it appliance NEG,,,,10215,"French: Autrefois, nos maisons n'étaient pas équipées d'appareils." +37-127,37,N tê dôsu kaxi.,N\ttê\tdôsu\tkaxi.,1SG\thave\ttwo\thouse,I have two houses.,,"*N sa ki dôsu kaxi [1SG be with two house] 'I have two houses' is not grammatical, because 'to have two houses' is considered a permanent state.",905[104],,elicited from speaker,"N tê dôsu kaxi.",,1SG have two house,"*N sa ki dôsu kaxi [1SG be with two house] 'I have two houses' is not grammatical, because 'to have two houses' is considered a permanent state.",,,10216, +37-128,37,N tê fomi.,N\ttê\tfomi.,1SG\thave\thunger,I am hungry.,,This example illustrates the use of tê with temporary states.,905,,elicited from speaker,"N tê fomi.",,1SG have hunger,"This example illustrates the use of tê with temporary states.",,,10217, +37-130,37,N sa ki fomi.,N\tsa\tki\tfomi.,1SG\tbe\twith\thunger,I'm hungry.,,This indicates a temporary state.,905[104],,elicited from speaker,"N sa ki fomi.",,1SG be with hunger,This indicates a temporary state.,,,10218, +38-145,38,E saku puluma.,Eli\tsa-ku\tpuluma.,3SG\tbe-with\tpen,He has a pen.,,,,,elicited from speaker,E saku puluma.,Eli sa-ku puluma.,3SG be-with pen,,Own fieldwork 1990,,10219, +38-146,38,I sxa lapisi.,Eli\tsxa\tlapisi.,3SG\tPROG\tpencil,He has a pencil.,,This was uttered by an elderly man.,,,elicited from speaker,I sxa lapisi.,Eli sxa lapisi.,3SG PROG pencil,This was uttered by an elderly man.,Own fieldwork 1990,,10220, +38-147,38,I té wan lapizi.,Eli\tté\twan\tlapizi.,3SG\thave\tART\tpencil,He has a pencil.,,This was uttered by a young man.,,,elicited from speaker,I té wan lapizi.,Eli té wan lapizi.,3SG have ART pencil,This was uttered by a young man.,Own fieldwork 1990,,10221, +39-142,39,Ku el nə tiŋ.,Ku\tel\tnə\tt-iŋ.,with\t3SG\tNEG\thave-PST,He did not have (it).,,Possessive constructions in which the possessor takes a comitative marker (ku) - as is the case in this sentence - or comitative/locative (jũt də X) marker indicate temporary possession in Diu Indo-Portuguese. A similar construction involving locative marking on the possessor is found in several South Asian languages.,221[161],,naturalistic spoken,Ku el nə tiŋ.,Ku el nə t-iŋ.,with 3SG NEG have-PST,"Possessive constructions in which the possessor takes a comitative marker (ku) - as is the case in this sentence - or comitative/locative (jũt də X) marker indicate temporary possession in Diu Indo-Portuguese. A similar construction involving locative marking on the possessor is found in several South Asian languages.",,,10222, +39-143,39,Mĩ jũt nã te muyt diŋer nã te.,Mĩ\tjũt\tnã\tte\tmuyt\tdiŋer\tnã\tte.,1SG.OBL\tnear\tNEG\thave.NPST\tmuch\tmoney\tNEG\thave.NPST,I don't have much money (lit. With me I have not much money).,,Possessive constructions in which the possessor takes a comitative marker (ku) or comitative/locative (jũt də X) marker - as is the case in this sentence - indicate temporary possession in Diu Indo-Portuguese. A similar construction involving locative marking on the possessor is found in several South Asian languages.,221[161],,naturalistic spoken,Mĩ jũt nã te muyt diŋer nã te.,,1SG.OBL near NEG have.NPST much money NEG have.NPST,"Possessive constructions in which the possessor takes a comitative marker (ku) or comitative/locative (jũt də X) marker - as is the case in this sentence - indicate temporary possession in Diu Indo-Portuguese. A similar construction involving locative marking on the possessor is found in several South Asian languages.",,,10223, +39-144,39,Te bigɔd pə el.,Te\tbigɔd\tpə\tel.,have.NPST\tmoustache\tDAT\t3SG,He has a moustache.,,,221[161],,naturalistic spoken,Te bigɔd pə el.,,have.NPST moustache DAT 3SG,,,,10224, +39-145,39,Yo nã te niŋũ amig.,Yo\tnã\tte\tniŋũ\tamig.,1SG\tNEG\thave.NPST\tno\tfriend,I don't have any friends.,,,221[159],,naturalistic spoken,Yo nã te niŋũ amig.,,1SG NEG have.NPST no friend,,,,10225, +40-106,40,Lʋidz su pɛrt mɔt paisa tɛ.,Lʋidz\tsu\tpɛrt\tmɔt\tpaisa\ttɛ.,Lwidz\tGEN\tnear\tmuch\tmoney\tCOP.PRS,Lwidz has a lot of money.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Lʋidz su pɛrt mɔt paisa tɛ.,,Lwidz GEN near much money COP.PRS,,Own knowledge,,10226, +41-120,41,elipa taam kaatru poɖiyaas,eli-pa\ttaam\tkaatru\tpoɖiyaas,3SG.M-DAT\talso\tfour\tchild,He has four children too!,,,1416[5167],,naturalistic spoken,elipa taam kaatru poɖiyaas,eli-pa taam kaatru poɖiyaas,3SG.M-DAT also four child,,,,10227, +41-121,41,mil mɛnijarsu inda uŋ kaaza teenski?,mil\tmɛnijar-su\tinda\tuŋ\tkaaza\tteen=ski?,mill\tmanager-GEN\tyet\tone\thouse\tbe=REPORT,Does the mill manager say he has another house?,,"The sense here is ""Does the mill manager say he knows of another house?""",1416[1438],,naturalistic spoken,mil mɛnijarsu inda uŋ kaaza teenski?,mil mɛnijar-su inda uŋ kaaza teen=ski?,mill manager-GEN yet one house be=REPORT,"The sense here is ""Does the mill manager say he knows of another house?""",,,10228, +41-122,41,neepal apaarti ree teem,neepal\tapaarti\tree\tteem,Nepal\tseparate\tking\tPRS.be,Nepal has a separate king.,,"The unmarked possessor is not common. Since teem in all other contexts is intransitive, it is unlikely to be transitive here. Moreover, if ree were the object of teem, ACC marking would be expected. Most likely, the correct analysis here is to take Neepal as a kind of topic.",1416[1659],,naturalistic spoken,neepal apaarti ree teem,,Nepal separate king PRS.be,"The unmarked possessor is not common. Since teem in all other contexts is intransitive, it is unlikely to be transitive here. Moreover, if ree were the object of teem, ACC marking would be expected. Most likely, the correct analysis here is to take Neepal as a kind of topic.",,,10229, +41-123,41,aka doos kaambra mee,aka\tdoos\tkaambra\tmee,that\ttwo\troom\tFOC,That has only two rooms.,,"The unmarked possessor is not common. Most likely, the correct analysis here is to take aka as a kind of topic.",1416[1467],,naturalistic spoken,aka doos kaambra mee,,that two room FOC,"The unmarked possessor is not common. Most likely, the correct analysis here is to take aka as a kind of topic.",,,10230, +41-124,41,"ootru, ɛlasu kambraadus teem, naa?","ootru,\tɛla-su\tkambraadu-s\tteem,\tnaa?",other\t3SG.F-GEN\tfriend-PL\tPRS.be\tTAG,"Aside from that, she has friends, eh?",,,1416[5256],,naturalistic spoken,"ootru, ɛlasu kambraadus teem, naa?","ootru, ɛla-su kambraadu-s teem, naa?",other 3SG.F-GEN friend-PL PRS.be TAG,,,,10231, +41-125,41,avara ɔɔmipa kaziyaam teem ɔɔrasuntu [...],avara\tɔɔmi-pa\tkaziyaam\tteem\tɔɔras-untu\t[...],now\tman-DAT\tchance\tPRS.be\twhen-LOC\t[...],"Now, when the man has a chance [...].",,,1416[5477],,naturalistic spoken,avara ɔɔmipa kaziyaam teem ɔɔrasuntu [...],avara ɔɔmi-pa kaziyaam teem ɔɔras-untu [...],now man-DAT chance PRS.be when-LOC [...],,,,10232, +41-126,41,"[istis] ravkiin kaazantu gardaatu kamandaa taam, ɔɔmintu teem naa doos alaa","[isti-s]\travkiin\tkaaza-ntu\tgardaa-tu\tkam-andaa\ttaam,\tɔɔmi-ntu\tteem\tnaa\tdoos\talaa",[this-PL]\tviolin\thouse-LOC\tkeep-PFV.PTCP\tCOND-go\tCONC\tman-LOC\tPRS.be\tTAG\ttwo\tthere,"Even if [these guys] leave [their] violin at home and go, that man has two there, no?",,,1416[5479],,naturalistic spoken,"[istis] ravkiin kaazantu gardaatu kamandaa taam, ɔɔmintu teem naa doos alaa","[isti-s] ravkiin kaaza-ntu gardaa-tu kam-andaa taam, ɔɔmi-ntu teem naa doos alaa",[this-PL] violin house-LOC keep-PFV.PTCP COND-go CONC man-LOC PRS.be TAG two there,,,,10233, +41-127,41,elintu askruva teem,eli-ntu\taskruva\tteem,3SG.M-LOC\trice\tPRS.be,He has rice.,,A postpositional construction is also possible: eli juuntu askruva teem. Juuntu is the source of the locative suffix -ntu.,1416[0544],,elicited from speaker,elintu askruva teem,eli-ntu askruva teem,3SG.M-LOC rice PRS.be,"A postpositional construction is also possible: eli juuntu askruva teem. Juuntu is the source of the locative suffix -ntu.",,,10234, +41-128,41,eli askruuva jaagardaa teem,eli\taskruuva\tjaa-gardaa\tteem,3SG.M\trice\tPST-keep\tPRF,He has rice.,,It is not clear whether this differs in meaning from the locative construction.,1416[0542],,elicited from speaker,eli askruuva jaagardaa teem,eli askruuva jaa-gardaa teem,3SG.M rice PST-keep PRF,It is not clear whether this differs in meaning from the locative construction.,,,10235, +41-129,41,elipa maal korsaam,eli-pa\tmaal\tkorsaam,3SG.M-DAT\tevil\theart,He has an evil heart.,,,1416[1950],,elicited from speaker,elipa maal korsaam,eli-pa maal korsaam,3SG.M-DAT evil heart,,,,10236, +41-130,41,elipa trees fɛɛmiya irumaans (teem),eli-pa\ttrees\tfɛɛmiya\tirumaam-s\t(teem),3SG.M-DAT\tthree\tfemale\tsibling-PL\t(PRS.be),He has three sisters.,,"Teem is (as indicated) optional. Substitution of eli-ntaa (=eli-ntu), the construction used for alienable, temporary possession, was judged ungrammatical by my consultant.",1416[4205],,elicited from speaker,elipa trees fɛɛmiya irumaans (teem),eli-pa trees fɛɛmiya irumaam-s (teem),3SG.M-DAT three female sibling-PL (PRS.be),"Teem is (as indicated) optional. Substitution of eli-ntaa (=eli-ntu), the construction used for alienable, temporary possession, was judged ungrammatical by my consultant.",,,10237, +41-131,41,elipa/elintaa trees kaazas (teem),eli-pa/eli-ntaa\ttrees\tkaaza-s\t(teem),3SG.M-DAT/3SG.M-LOC\tthree\thouse-PL\t(PRS.be),He has three houses.,,The use of the dative should imply permanence of possession while the locative should imply impermanence. (No notes on the difference are found in the field notes.),1416[4206],,elicited from speaker,elipa/elintaa trees kaazas (teem),eli-pa/eli-ntaa trees kaaza-s (teem),3SG.M-DAT/3SG.M-LOC three house-PL (PRS.be),The use of the dative should imply permanence of possession while the locative should imply impermanence. (No notes on the difference are found in the field notes.),,,10238, +42-135,42,eli teng ńgua kareta,eli\tteng\tńgua\tkareta,3SG\thave\tone\tcar,He has a car.,,,,,elicited from speaker,eli teng ńgua kareta,,3SG have one car,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,10239, +43-94,43,Ile teng ung kabalu.,Ile\tteng\tung\tkabalu.,3SG\thave\ta\thorse,He has a horse. OR: He had a horse.,,,906[66],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile teng ung kabalu.",,3SG have a horse,,,,10240, +44-136,44,Tyéni tyénda mihótro.,Tyéni\ttyénda\tmihótro.,have\tshop\twe,We had a shop.,,We have past reference from the narrative context.,,,naturalistic spoken,Tyéni tyénda mihótro.,,have shop we,We have past reference from the narrative context.,Own data,,10241, +45-115,45,Tiene un gato grande mi vecino.,Tiene\tun\tgato\tgrande\tmi\tvecino.,have\tINDF\tcat\tbig\t1SG.POSS\tneighbour,My neighbour has a big cat.,,,426[57],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Tiene un gato grande mi vecino.,,have INDF cat big 1SG.POSS neighbour,,,,10242, +46-145,46,Tyéne tricycle si Juan.,Tyéne\ttricycle\tsi\tJuan.,have\ttricycle\tAG\tJuan,Juan has a tricycle.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Tyéne tricycle si Juan.,,have tricycle AG Juan,,Own knowledge,,10243, +46-146,46,Nuáy tricycle si Juan.,Nuáy\ttricycle\tsi\tJuan.,NEG.EXIST\ttricycle\tAG\tJuan,Juan doesn't have a tricycle.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Nuáy tricycle si Juan.,,NEG.EXIST tricycle AG Juan,,Own knowledge,,10244, +48-144,48,Katalina a-tené ndo bulo ke ta ku hambre.,Katalina\ta-tené\tndo\tbulo\tke\tta\tku\thambre.,Catalina\t?-have\ttwo\tdonkey\tthat\tbe\twith\thunger,Catalina has two donkeys that are hungry.,,"Note: Palenquero hambre [hambe] begins with an aspirated [h], thus differing from Spanish hambre [ambre].",,,naturalistic spoken,Katalina a-tené ndo bulo ke ta ku hambre.,,Catalina ?-have two donkey that be with hunger,"Note: Palenquero hambre [hambe] begins with an aspirated [h], thus differing from Spanish hambre [ambre].",Recorded by author,,10245,Spanish: Catalina tiene dos burros que tienen hambre. +49-240,49,Mari gen yon pitit.,Mari\tgen\tyon\tpitit.,Marie\thave\tINDF\tchild,Marie has a child.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mari gen yon pitit.,,Marie have INDF child,,Own knowledge,,10246,French: Marie a un enfant. +49-241,49,Li gen yon zanmi.,Li\tgen\tyon\tzanmi.,3SG\thave\tINDF\tfriend,He/She has a friend.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li gen yon zanmi.,,3SG have INDF friend,,Own knowledge,,10247,French: Il/Elle a un ami. +50-143,50,Mari ni on chat.,Mari\tni\ton\tchat.,Mary\thave\tone\tcat,Mary has a cat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mari ni on chat.,,Mary have one cat,,Own fieldwork,,10248, +51-129,51,Mari ni an chat.,Mari\tni\tan\tchat.,Mary\thave\tINDF\tcat,Mary has a cat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mari ni an chat.,,Mary have INDF cat,,Own fieldwork,,10249, +52-82,52,mo té ganyen trwa timoun,mo\tté\tganyen\ttrwa\ttimoun,I\tPST\thave\tthree\tchildren,I had three children.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,mo té ganyen trwa timoun,,I PST have three children,,,,10250, +53-295,53,Enave en Jwif ki te gen en stor.,Enave\ten\tJwif\tki\tte\tgen\ten\tstor.,there.was\tART.INDF\tjew\tREL\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\tstore,There was a Jew who had a store.,,,1048[263],,naturalistic spoken,Enave en Jwif ki te gen en stor.,,there.was ART.INDF jew REL PST have ART.INDF store,,,,10251, +53-296,53,Compair Lapin té pa gagné ein goute do lo pou boi.,Compair\tLapin\tté\tpa\tgagné\tein\tgoute\tdolo\tpou\tboi.,Brother\tRabbit\tPST\tNEG\thave\tART.INDF\tdrop\twater\tfor\tdrink,Brother Rabbit didn't have a drop of water to drink.,,,1049[19],,naturalistic written,Compair Lapin té pa gagné ein goute do lo pou boi.,Compair Lapin té pa gagné ein goute dolo pou boi.,Brother Rabbit PST NEG have ART.INDF drop water for drink,,,,10252, +54-168,54,Mwen nana en pti makatya.,Mwen\tnana\ten\tpti\tmakatya.,1SG\thave.PRS\tINDF\tsmall\tsweet.bun,I have a small sweet bun.,,Makatya is a word of Bantu origin.,236[343],,naturalistic spoken,Mwen nana en pti makatya.,,1SG have.PRS INDF small sweet.bun,"Makatya is a word of Bantu origin.",,,10253,French: J’ai un petit pain sucré. +54-169,54,Son tonton lavé in gran ferm.,Son\ttonton\tlave\ten\tgran\tferm.,POSS.3SG\tuncle\thave.PST\tINDF\tbig\tfarm,His uncle had a big farm.,,,110[54],,naturalistic spoken,Son tonton lavé in gran ferm.,Son tonton lave en gran ferm.,POSS.3SG uncle have.PST INDF big farm,,,,10254,French: Son oncle avait une grande ferme. +54-170,54,Ma gay en makatya avèk mon momon.,Ma\tgany\ten\tmakatya\tavek\tmon\tmomon.,1SG\tget.FUT\tINDF\tsweet.bun\tfrom\tPOSS.1SG\tmother,I’ll get a sweet bun from my mother.,,Chaudenson (1974) explains that for future and perfect of 'have' the verb ganye is used.,236[344],,naturalistic spoken,Ma gay en makatya avèk mon momon.,Ma gany en makatya avek mon momon.,1SG get.FUT INDF sweet.bun from POSS.1SG mother,"Chaudenson (1974) explains that for future and perfect of 'have' the verb ganye is used.",,,10255,French: Ma mère me donnera un pain doux. +54-171,54,Usa u la gay sa?,Ousa\tou\tla\tgany\tsa?,where\t2SG\tPRF\tget\tthat,Where did you get that?,,The French translation is taken from Chaudenson (1974: 344).,236[344],,naturalistic spoken,Usa u la gay sa?,Ousa ou la gany sa?,where 2SG PRF get that,The French translation is taken from Chaudenson (1974: 344).,,,10256,French: D'où tiens-tu cela? +55-136,55,Arlet ena en lakaz,Arlet\tena\ten\tlakaz,Arlette\thave\ta\thouse,Arlette has a house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Arlet ena en lakaz,,Arlette have a house,,Own knowledge,,10257, +55-137,55,Zot pa ti ena linz pou mete.,Zot\tpa\tti\tena\tlinz\tpou\tmete.,3PL\tNEG\tPST\thave\tclothes\tfor\tput,They did not have clothes to wear.,,,766,,naturalistic spoken,Zot pa ti ena linz pou mete.,,3PL NEG PST have clothes for put,,,,10258, +56-144,56,sa zoli lakaz ki ou annan la,sa\tzoli\tlakaz\tki\tou\tannan\tla,DEM\tnice\thouse\tREL\t2SG\thave\tthere,this nice house which you have,,,158[188],,naturalistic spoken,"sa zoli lakaz ki ou annan la",,DEM nice house REL 2SG have there,,,,10259,French: ' (...) cette jolie maison que vous avez là.' (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 189) +57-81,57,napa mari pu lja,napa\tmari\tpu\tlja,EXIST.NEG\thusband\tPOSS\t3SG,She hasn't got a husband. / She is not married.,,,423,,naturalistic spoken,napa mari pu lja,,EXIST.NEG husband POSS 3SG,,,,10260, +57-153,57,janapa larʃa pu mwa ke twa,janapa\tlarʃa\tpu\tmwa\tke\ttwa,EXIST.NEG\tmoney\tPREP\t1SG\tCOMPAR\t2SG,I have less money than you.,,,423[131],,naturalistic spoken,janapa larʃa pu mwa ke twa,,EXIST.NEG money PREP 1SG COMPAR 2SG,,,,10261, +57-154,57,na a ŋgra lafamij pu lja,na\ta\tŋgra\tlafamij\tpu\tlja,EXIST\tINDF.ART\tbig\tfamily\tPREP\t3SG,He has a big family.,,,423[173],,naturalistic spoken,na a ŋgra lafamij pu lja,,EXIST INDF.ART big family PREP 3SG,,,,10262, +59-231,59,ngombe ti mbi ake ape,ngombe\tti\tmbi\ta-ke\tape,gun\tof\t1SG\tSM-COP\tNEG,I don't have a gun.,,"This is certainly grammatical, and I think that the construction is possible in some contexts, but the construction of Value 2 in Feature 77 ""Predicative possession"" is better.",,,constructed by linguist,ngombe ti mbi ake ape,ngombe ti mbi a-ke ape,gun of 1SG SM-COP NEG,"This is certainly grammatical, and I think that the construction is possible in some contexts, but the construction of Value 2 in Feature 77 ""Predicative possession"" is better.",Own knowledge,,10263, +59-232,59,ngombe ake na mbi ape,ngombe\ta-ke\tna\tmbi\tape,gun\tPM-COP\tPREP\t1SG\tNEG,I don't have a gun.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ngombe ake na mbi ape,ngombe a-ke na mbi ape,gun PM-COP PREP 1SG NEG,,Own knowledge,,10264, +59-234,59,mo eke na melenge ti koli?,mo\teke\tna\tmelenge\tti\tkoli?,2SG\tCOP\tPREP\tchild\tof\tmale,Do you have a son?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mo eke na melenge ti koli?,,2SG COP PREP child of male,,Own knowledge,,10265, +59-235,59,yoro ake na ala mingi,yoro\ta-ke\tna\tala\tmingi,medicine\tPM-COP\tPREP\t3PL\tmuch,They had a lot of charms.,,,1320[95],,naturalistic spoken,yoro ake na ala mingi,yoro a-ke na ala mingi,medicine PM-COP PREP 3PL much,,,,10266, +59-236,59,"ti lo, nginza ake oko ape","ti\tlo,\tnginza\ta-ke\toko\tape",of\t3SG\tmoney\tPM-COP\tone\tNEG,"As for him/her, he/she doesn't have any money at all.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"ti lo, nginza ake oko ape","ti lo, nginza a-ke oko ape",of 3SG money PM-COP one NEG,,Own knowledge,,10267, +59-237,59,yoro ti mbi aeke,yoro\tti\tmbi\ta-eke,medicine\tof\t1SG\tPM-COP,I have medicine.,,,,,constructed by linguist,yoro ti mbi aeke,yoro ti mbi a-eke,medicine of 1SG PM-COP,,Own knowledge,,10268, +60-109,60,azalákí na mwána,a-zal-ákí\tna\tmwána,3SG-be-PST\twith\tchild,He had a child.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,azalákí na mwána,a-zal-ákí na mwána,3SG-be-PST with child,,Own knowledge,,10269, +61-80,61,Yena khona muye lo hashi.,Yena\tkhona\tmuye\tlo\thashi.,he\thave\tone\tDEF.ART\thorse,He has a horse. OR (if muye is stressed): He has one horse.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Yena khona muye lo hashi.,Yena khona muye lo hashi.,he have one DEF.ART horse,,Field notes Mesthrie,,10270, +62-73,62,tw-ée-ló na mahlóma,tw-ée-ló\tna\tmahlóma,1PL-PST-have\twith\tfat,We had fat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tw-ée-ló na mahlóma,,1PL-PST-have with fat,,Own field data 1993,,10271, +62-74,62,éló ina ikuhló,é-lo\tina\ti-kuhlo,3SG-have\tface\t5-nice,She has a nice face.,,,,,elicited from speaker,éló ina ikuhló,é-lo ina i-kuhlo,3SG-have face 5-nice,,Own field data 1993,,10272, +63-149,63,ána éndisi bé,ána\téndisi\tbé,1SG\thave\thouse,I have a house.,,,856[59],,constructed by linguist,ána éndisi bé,,1SG have house,,,,10273, +63-150,63,Morú fí rután t-ómun,Morú\tfí\trután\tt-ómun,Moru\tEXIST\tlanguage\tof-them,The Moru have their own language.,,,857[317],,naturalistic spoken,Morú fí rután t-ómun,,Moru EXIST language of-them,,,,10274, +63-151,63,al ahliya bi-kún ma julús,al\tahliya\tbi-kún\tma\tjulús,al\tahliya\tTAM-be\twith\tmeeting,Al Ahliyya [Club] will have a meeting.,,,857[317],,naturalistic written,al ahliya bi-kún ma julús,,al ahliya TAM-be with meeting,,,,10275, +64-160,64,ána éndu bit,ána\téndu\tbit,1SG\thave\tdaughter,I have a daughter.,,This is the prototypical “have” construction.,874[178],,naturalistic spoken,ána éndu bit,,1SG have daughter,This is the prototypical “have” construction.,,,10276, +64-161,64,ma hája fi anína,ma\thája\tfi\tanína,NEG\tthing\tin\t1PL,We don’t have anything (lit. No thing in us).,,This sentence gives an example of a locational possessive construction.,874[179],,naturalistic spoken,ma hája fi anína,,NEG thing in 1PL,This sentence gives an example of a locational possessive construction.,,,10277, +64-162,64,fi zol al ma bagarát,fi\tzol\tal\tma\tbagar-át,EXIST\tindividual\tREL\twith\tcow-PL,There is a man who has some cows.,,This exemplifies a conjunctional possessive construction with ma.,874[180],,naturalistic spoken,fi zol al ma bagarát,fi zol al ma bagar-át,EXIST individual REL with cow-PL,"This exemplifies a conjunctional possessive construction with ma.",,,10278, +64-163,64,máfi le íta muftá?,máfi\tle\títa\tmuftá?,NEG.EXIST\tto\t2SG\tkey,Don’t you have the key (lit. There is to you no key)?,,This exemplifies a conjunctional possessive construction with le (only in interrogative phrases).,874[180],,naturalistic spoken,máfi le íta muftá?,,NEG.EXIST to 2SG key,"This exemplifies a conjunctional possessive construction with le (only in interrogative phrases).",,,10279, +65-121,65,Tibe madamu esi.,Tibe\tmadamu\tesi.,2SG\tmadam\tCOP,You have a wife.,,,1395[88],,elicited from speaker,Tibe madamu esi.,,2SG madam COP,,,Тибе мадаму éси.,10280, +65-122,65,"Maja ju iga kunja, lianga synka.","Maja\tju\tiga\tkunja,\tlianga\tsynka.",1SG\tCOP\tone\tgirl\ttwo\tson,I have one daughter and two sons.,,,671[167],,elicited from speaker,"Maja ju iga kunja, lianga synka.",,1SG COP one girl two son,,,"Majá ju íga kúnja, liánga sýnka.",10281, +66-90,66,Goðang mera attu kumbang aða.,Go-ðang\tmera\tattu\tkumbang\taða.,1SG-DAT\tred\tINDF\tflower\tAUX,I have a red flower.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Goðang mera attu kumbang aða.,Go-ðang mera attu kumbang aða.,1SG-DAT red INDF flower AUX,,Own knowledge,,10282, +67-164,67,"Sebelum ini, saya ada satu Indonesia minya gaji.","Sebelum\tini,\tsaya\tada\tsatu\tIndonesia\tminya\tgaji.",before\tDEM\t1SG\thave\tone\tIndonesia\tATTR\tworker,"Before this, I had an Indonesian maid.",,"Minya is a variant of punya. In this sentence, punya acts as a modifying marker.",708[135],,naturalistic spoken,"Sebelum ini, saya ada satu Indonesia minya gaji.",,before DEM 1SG have one Indonesia ATTR worker,"Minya is a variant of punya. In this sentence, punya acts as a modifying marker.",,,10283, +68-91,68,Beta ada pung karja banya.,Beta\tada\tpung\tkarja\tbanya.,1SG\tPROG\thave\twork\tmuch,I have lots of work.,,,1528[161],,naturalistic spoken,Beta ada pung karja banya.,,1SG PROG have work much,,,,10284, +69-60,69,amanakən tam anak,ama-nakən\ttam\tanak,1SG-POSS\tdog\tCOP,I have a dog.,,,,,elicited from speaker,amanakən tam anak,ama-nakən tam anak,1SG-POSS dog COP,,Own field notes 1985,,10285, +70-64,70,Tumar pas moto nai?,Tumar\tpas\tmoto\tnai?,2SG.POSS\tnear\tspear\tNEG,You don't have a spear?,,The postposition pas 'near' governs the possessive form of its complement.,,,naturalistic spoken,Tumar pas moto nai?,,2SG.POSS near spear NEG,"The postposition pas 'near' governs the possessive form of its complement.",Siegel-field recording,,10286, +70-65,70,Uske baut masin baito.,Uske\tbaut\tmasin\tbaito.,3SG.POSS\tmany\tmachine\tCOP,He has many machines.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Uske baut masin baito.,,3SG.POSS many machine COP,,Siegel-field recording,,10287, +70-66,70,Uske ek motar baito.,Uske\tek\tmotar\tbaito.,3SG.POSS\tone\tcar\tCOP,He has a car.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Uske ek motar baito.,,3SG.POSS one car COP,,Siegel-field recording,,10288, +71-133,71,Oe loaa pihi no?,Oe\tloaa\tpihi\tno?,2SG\thave\tfish\tINTENS,Do you have any fish? (as inquired by a prospective customer),,"Loaa is a neuter verb in Hawaiian (with the meaning 'to be obtained, possessed'), but often in Pidgin Hawaiian it occurs with the possessor in preverbal subject position. Since fish are obtained via fishing, it is possible that meaning is not that of a simple possessive. INTENS=intensifier",,,naturalistic written,"Oe loaa pihi no?",,2SG have fish INTENS,"Loaa is a neuter verb in Hawaiian (with the meaning 'to be obtained, possessed'), but often in Pidgin Hawaiian it occurs with the possessor in preverbal subject position. Since fish are obtained via fishing, it is possible that meaning is not that of a simple possessive. INTENS=intensifier",Own data 1898,,10289, +71-134,71,"Kela Moaka akahi pahi, kela Kipau akahi pu.","Kela\tMoaka\takahi\tpahi,\tkela\tKipau\takahi\tpu.",DET\tMoaka\tINDF\tknife\tDET\tKipau\tINDF\tgun,"Moaka had a knife, Kipau had a gun.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Kela Moaka akahi pahi, kela Kipau akahi pu.",,DET Moaka INDF knife DET Kipau INDF gun,,Own data 1885,,10290, +72-120,72,Nyawama tu karu baisikuljawung.,Nyawa-ma\ttu\tkaru\tbaisikul-jawung.,this-DISC\ttwo\tchild\tbicycle-COM,Here two kids have bicycles.,,,8,be9572a9a389fb4d699d645da6616412,naturalistic spoken,Nyawama tu karu baisikuljawung.,Nyawa-ma tu karu baisikul-jawung.,this-DISC two child bicycle-COM,,,,10291, +72-121,72,I garram warlaku.,I\tgarram\twarlaku.,3SG.SBJ\thave\tdog,He has a dog.,,,8,5e76d0d4d9084d6e169cb49a9b6c4c34,elicited from speaker,I garram warlaku.,,3SG.SBJ have dog,,,,10292, +73-83,73,tres gatosta kazabi tinini,tres\tgato-s-ta\tkaza-bi\ttini-ni,three\tcat-PL-ACC\thouse-LOC\thave-1SG,I have three cats in the house.,,,1033[63],,elicited from speaker,tres gatosta kazabi tinini,tres gato-s-ta kaza-bi tini-ni,three cat-PL-ACC house-LOC have-1SG,,,,10293, +74-120,74,Sáli yáka t’úwən haws,Sáli\tyáka\tt’úwən\thaws,Sally\t3SG\thave\thouse,Sally’s got a house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Sáli yáka t’úwən haws,,Sally 3SG have house,,Own knowledge,,10294, +74-121,74,mitlayt haws,mitlayt\thaws,sit.down/exist\thouse,There is a house. OR: I have a house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mitlayt haws,,sit.down/exist house,,Own knowledge,,10295, +75-200,75,Enn bwet di saabl li beebii ayaw.,Enn\tbwet\tdi\tsaabl\tli\tbeebii\taya-w.,INDF.ART.F.SG\tbox\tof\tsand\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tbaby\thave.INAN-3,The baby has a sand box.,,,789[280],,naturalistic written,Enn bwet di saabl li beebii ayaw.,Enn bwet di saabl li beebii aya-w.,INDF.ART.F.SG box of sand DEF.ART.M.SG baby have.INAN-3,,,,10296, +75-201,75,Kitipeehteenaan anmas li terraen.,Ki-tipeeht-eenaan\tanmas\tli\tterraen.,2-own-1PL\tmuch\tthe\tland,We own a lot of land.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Kitipeehteenaan anmas li terraen.,Ki-tipeeht-eenaan anmas li terraen.,2-own-1PL much the land,,,,10297, +2-198,2,Mi no abi a bribi dati.,Mi\tno\tabi\ta\tbribi\tdati.,1SG\tNEG\thave\tDET\tbelief\tDEM,I don’t believe so.,,This is an example of transitive 'have'.,1605[413],,naturalistic spoken,Mi no abi a bribi dati.,,1SG NEG have DET belief DEM,This is an example of transitive 'have'.,,,10298, +2-199,2,"Pe wan pikin nengre de, zegen nanga blesi de ini a oso dati.","Pe\twan\tpikin\tnengre\tde,\tzegen\tnanga\tblesi\tde\tini\ta\toso\tdati.",where\tART\tsmall\tchild\tCOP\tblessings\tand\tblessings\tCOP\tin\tDET\thouse\tDEM,"Where there’s a child, there are blessings in that house.",,,1605[415],,naturalistic spoken,"Pe wan pikin nengre de, zegen nanga blesi de ini a oso dati.",,where ART small child COP blessings and blessings COP in DET house DEM,,,,10299, +2-200,2,Mi no abi televisi na oso.,Mi\tno\tabi\ttelevisi\tna\toso.,1SG\tNEG\thave\ttelevision\tLOC\thouse,I don’t have TV at home.,,,1605[413],,naturalistic spoken,Mi no abi televisi na oso.,,1SG NEG have television LOC house,,,,10300, +2-201,2,Yu abi furu Sumter di mi no sabi.,Yu\tabi\tfuru\tSumter\tdi\tmi\tno\tsabi.,2SG\thave\tmany\tSumter\tthat\t1SG\tNEG\tknow,There are many people by the name of Sumter that I don’t know.,,This is an example of existential 'have'.,,,elicited from speaker,Yu abi furu Sumter di mi no sabi.,,2SG have many Sumter that 1SG NEG know,This is an example of existential 'have'.,"Winford data, Tape 13-a",,10301, +2-202,2,Den abi wan singi e singi taki lespeki no de moro.,Den\tabi\twan\tsingi\te\tsingi\ttaki\tlespeki\tno\tde\tmoro.,3PL\thave\ta\tsong\tIPFV\tsing\tCOMP\trespect\tNEG\tCOP\tanymore,There’s a song that says that there’s no respect anymore.,,This is an example of existential ‘have' and existential copula de.,,,elicited from speaker,Den abi wan singi e singi taki lespeki no de moro.,,3PL have a song IPFV sing COMP respect NEG COP anymore,"This is an example of existential ‘have' and existential copula de.","Winford data, Tape 13-a",,10302, +3-95,3,Buku dɛ.,Buku\tdɛ.,book\tbe,There is a book.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Buku dɛ.,,book be,,Fieldwork data,,10303, +3-96,3,Mi abi wan buku.,Mi\tabi\twan\tbuku.,1SG\thave\tINDF\tbook,I have a book.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi abi wan buku.,,1SG have INDF book,,Fieldwork data,,10304, +4-131,4,I abi twenti kolu.,I\tabi\ttwenti\tkolu.,you\thave\ttwenty\tguilder,You have twenty guilders.,,,661[297],,naturalistic spoken,I abi twenti kolu.,,you have twenty guilder,,,,10305, +4-132,4,(Wan) wagi de a u fesi.,(Wan)\twagi\tde\ta\tu\tfesi.,(a)\tcar\tCOP\tLOC\tour\tface,There is a car in front of us.,,,,,elicited from speaker,(Wan) wagi de a u fesi.,,(a) car COP LOC our face,,Own observation,,10306, +5-127,5,jos de ii bin ga wan kookno chrii,jos\tde\tii\tbin\tga\twan\tkookno\tchrii,just\tthere\t3SG\tANT\thave\ta\tcoconut\ttree,"Just there, there was a coconut tree.",,,"1281[147, line 368]",,naturalistic spoken,jos de ii bin ga wan kookno chrii,,just there 3SG ANT have a coconut tree,,,,10307, +5-128,5,luk dong so gat o chrii,luk\tdong\tso\tgat\to\tchrii,look\tdown\tso\thave\ta\ttree,"Look, there's a tree down so. OR: Look, there is a tree over there.",,,"1281[218, line 1052]",,naturalistic spoken,luk dong so gat o chrii,,look down so have a tree,,,,10308, +5-129,5,wan manggoo chrii bin de rait a hed a di biling,wan\tmanggoo\tchrii\tbin\tde\trait\ta\thed\ta\tdi\tbiling,one\tmango\ttree\tANT\tEXIST\tright\tat\thead\tof\tthe\tbuilding,A big mango tree (that) was right in front of the building.,,,"1281[148, lines 162-163]",,naturalistic spoken,wan manggoo chrii bin de rait a hed a di biling,,one mango tree ANT EXIST right at head of the building,,,,10309, +6-82,6,(1) John have a cyar. (2) It hav food on di table.,(1)\tJohn\thave\ta\tcyar.\t(2)\tIt\thav\tfood\ton\tdi\ttable.,(1)\tJohn\thave\tDET\tcar\t(2)\tit\tEXIST\tfood\tPREP\tDET\ttable,(1) John has a car. (2) There is food on the table.,,,,,elicited from speaker,(1) John have a cyar. (2) It hav food on di table.,,(1) John have DET car (2) it EXIST food PREP DET table,,Informant,,10310, +7-181,7,I ha plenti tiifin goin aan.,I\tha\tplenti\ttiif-in\tgo-in\taan.,3SG.N\thave\tplenty\tthief-ing\tgo-PROG\ton,There is a lot of theft going on.,,Ga or ge can replace ha. Please note that 3SG.N refers to the third person singular neutral subject pronoun.,1244[A9],,naturalistic spoken,I ha plenti tiifin goin aan.,I ha plenti tiif-in go-in aan.,3SG.N have plenty thief-ing go-PROG on,"Ga or ge can replace ha. Please note that 3SG.N refers to the third person singular neutral subject pronoun.",,,10311, +8-118,8,Yu gat som pikni we brok bad.,Yu\tgat\tsom\tpikni\twe\tbrok\tbad.,2SG\thave\tsome\tchild\tREL\tbreak\tbad,There are some children who are spoilt.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yu gat som pikni we brok bad.,,2SG have some child REL break bad,,Own knowledge,,10312, +8-119,8,Yu gat wahn man a Klarindan we kyahn tel yu a huu obya yu.,Yu\tgat\twahn\tman\ta\tKlarindan\twe\tkyahn\ttel\tyu\ta\thuu\tobya\tyu.,2SG\thave\tINDF\tman\tLOC\tClarendon\tREL\tcan\ttell\t2SG\tFOC\twho\twitchcraft\tyou,There is a man in Clarendon who can tell you who used witchcraft against you.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yu gat wahn man a Klarindan we kyahn tel yu a huu obya yu.,,2SG have INDF man LOC Clarendon REL can tell 2SG FOC who witchcraft you,,Own knowledge,,10313, +9-148,9,Ga li aystaz we grow pan dem.,Ga\tli\taystaz\twe\tgrow\tpan\tdem.,got\tlittle\toysters\tREL\tgrow\tupon\tthem,There are small oysters that grow on them.,,This example illustrates the existential use of ga.,445[540],,naturalistic spoken,Ga li aystaz we grow pan dem.,,got little oysters REL grow upon them,"This example illustrates the existential use of ga.",,,10314, +10-174,10,Yu nuo se di baaskit gat huol.,Yu\tnuo\tse\tdi\tbaaskit\tgat\thuol.,2SG\tknow\tCOMP\tART.DEF\tbasket\tget\thole,You know there is a hole in the basket.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yu nuo se di baaskit gat huol.,,2SG know COMP ART.DEF basket get hole,,Unpublished field recordings,,10315, +10-175,10,Das wai turkl bak gat so moch hool.,Das\twai\tturkl\tbak\tgat\tso\tmoch\thool.,FOC.COP\twhy\tturtle\tback\tget\tso\tmuch\thole,That's why there are so many holes in the shell of the turtle.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Das wai turkl bak gat so moch hool.,,FOC.COP why turtle back get so much hole,,Unpublished field recordings,,10316, +10-176,10,Wan uol liedi gat wan son.,Wan\tuol\tliedi\tgat\twan\tson.,ART.INDF\told\tlady\tget\tART.INDF\tson,An elderly lady had a son.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Wan uol liedi gat wan son.,,ART.INDF old lady get ART.INDF son,,Unpublished field recordings,,10317, +11-246,11,"Aktuali, Tasba hav a praimari skuul.","Aktuali,\tTasba\thav\ta\tpraimari\tskuul.",actually\tTasba\thave\tART.INDF\tprimary\tschool,"At present, there is a primary school in Tasbapauni.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Aktuali, Tasba hav a praimari skuul.",,actually Tasba have ART.INDF primary school,,,,10318, +11-247,11,Deh hav plenti kou.,Deh\thav\tplenti\tkou.,3PL\thave\tplenty\tcow,There are plenty cows in this neighbourhood.,,,,,naturalistic written,Deh hav plenti kou.,,3PL have plenty cow,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,10319, +11-248,11,Ih no gat no benefit.,Ih\tno\tgat\tno\tbenefit.,3SG.N\tNEG\tget\tNEG\tbenefit,There's no benefit to it.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ih no gat no benefit.,,3SG.N NEG get NEG benefit,,,,10320, +12-192,12,"[Turtle, is there much turtle now?] – No, don’t have turtle round.",[...]\tdon’t\thave\tturtle\tround.,[...]\tNEG\thave.EXIST\tturtle\taround,"[Are there many turtles here now?] – No, there aren’t any turtles here.",,,1392[145],,naturalistic spoken,"[Turtle, is there much turtle now?] – No, don’t have turtle round.",[...] don’t have turtle round.,[...] NEG have.EXIST turtle around,,,,10321, +12-193,12,"Andros people - some is talk bad, and they have a part in Andros name Lowe Sound, boy, they could talk bad.",[...]\tthey\thave\ta\tpart\tin\tAndros\t[...],[...]\t3PL.SBJ\thave.EXIST\tART\tpart\tin\tAndros\t[...],[...] there is a place in Andros [called Lowe Sound] [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Andros people - some is talk bad, and they have a part in Andros name Lowe Sound, boy, they could talk bad.",[...] they have a part in Andros [...],[...] 3PL.SBJ have.EXIST ART part in Andros [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10322, +12-194,12,I ain't have no money.,I\tain't\thave\tno\tmoney.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\thave.POSS\tNEG\tmoney,I don't have any money.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ain't have no money.,,1SG.SBJ NEG have.POSS NEG money,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10323, +13-141,13,Dere is de eartquake now.,Dere\tis\tde\teartquake\tnow.,there\tCOP\tDET\tearthquake\tnow,There is the earthquake now.,,,1500[268],,naturalistic spoken,Dere is de eartquake now.,,there COP DET earthquake now,,,,10324, +14-104,14,Dey got a fly messing with me.,Dey\tgot\ta\tfly\tmessing\twith\tme.,EXPL\tgot.EXIST\ta\tfly\tmessing\twith\tme,There is a fly bothering me (lit. There is a fly messing with me).,,This expletive construction may be limited to certain varieties of African American English.,576[82],,naturalistic spoken,Dey got a fly messing with me.,,EXPL got.EXIST a fly messing with me,This expletive construction may be limited to certain varieties of African American English.,,,10325, +14-105,14,"It had some breaded chicken sticks. Dey had some good French fries, too.","It\thad\tsome\tbreaded\tchicken\tsticks.\tDey\thad\tsome\tgood\tFrench\tfries,\ttoo.",EXPL\thave.PST.EXIST\tsome\tbreaded\tchicken\tsticks\tEXPL\thave.PST.EXIST\tsome\tgood\tFrench\tfries\ttoo,"There were some breaded chicken sticks. There were some good French fries, too.",,These expletive constructions may be limited to certain varieties of African American English.,576[81],,naturalistic spoken,"It had some breaded chicken sticks. Dey had some good French fries, too.",,EXPL have.PST.EXIST some breaded chicken sticks EXPL have.PST.EXIST some good French fries too,These expletive constructions may be limited to certain varieties of African American English.,,,10326, +14-106,14,I have a table.,I\thave\ta\ttable.,I\thave\ta\ttable,I have a table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I have a table.,,I have a table,,Own knowledge,,10327, +14-107,14,I got a table.,I\tgot\ta\ttable.,I\tgot.TR\ta\ttable,I have a table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I got a table.,,I got.TR a table,,Own knowledge,,10328, +17-128,17,À ge̱t wo̱n nyam.,À\tge̱t\two̱n\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\thave\tone\tyam,I have one yam.,,,462[52-52],,naturalistic spoken,À ge̱t wo̱n nyam.,,1SG.SBJ have one yam,,,,10329, +17-129,17,Ì ge̱t wo̱n nyam.,Ì\tge̱t\two̱n\tnyam.,3SG.SBJ.EXPL\thave\tone\tyam,There is one yam.,,,462[52-53],,naturalistic spoken,Ì ge̱t wo̱n nyam.,,3SG.SBJ.EXPL have one yam,,,,10330, +18-113,18,John get moto.,John\tget\tmoto.,John\tget\tcar,John has a car.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,John get moto.,,John get car,,,,10331, +18-114,18,Moto dey fo bifo haus.,Moto\tdey\tfo\tbifo\thaus.,car\tCOP\tfor\tbefore\thouse,There is a car in front of the house.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Moto dey fo bifo haus.,,car COP for before house,,,,10332, +19-150,19,"[...] è gɛt Fanta, è gɛt limón [...].","[...]\tè\tgɛt\tFanta,\tè\tgɛt\tlimón\t[...].",[...]\t3SG.SBJ\thave\tFanta\t3SG.SBJ\thave\tlemon\t[...],"[...] there is Fanta, there is lemon (drink) [...].",,,1634[314],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] è gɛt Fanta, è gɛt limón [...].",,[...] 3SG.SBJ have Fanta 3SG.SBJ have lemon [...],,,,10333, +20-114,20,Hap got one peachee tart.,Hap\tgot\tone\tpeachee\ttart.,have\tgot\tART.INDF\tpeach\ttart,There is a peach tart.,,,1489[VI.48],,naturalistic written,Hap got one peachee tart.,,have got ART.INDF peach tart,,,哈吉温必治噠,10334, +20-115,20,Got ten dollar differencee.,Got\tten\tdollar\tdifferencee.,got\tten\tdollar\tdifference,There is ten dollars difference.,,,1489[VI.57],,naturalistic written,Got ten dollar differencee.,,got ten dollar difference,,,吉顚打鏬地化倫士,10335, +21-104,21,We have/got food.,We\thave/got\tfood.,1PL\thave\tfood,We have food.,,,,,constructed by linguist,We have/got food.,,1PL have food,,Own knowledge,,10336, +21-105,21,There is food on the table. ~ Table got food.,There is food on the table. ~ Table got food.,there be.SG food on DET table   table have food,There is food on the table.,,,,,constructed by linguist,There is food on the table. ~ Table got food.,,there be.SG food on DET table table have food,,Own knowledge,,10337, +22-138,22,"Lo bipo bipo tru, i gat wanpla ples ol kolim Timbunke.","Lo\tbipo\tbipo\ttru,\ti\tgat\twan-pla\tples\tol\tkolim\tTimbunke.",PREP\tbefore\tbefore\treally\tPM\tgot\tone-MOD\tvillage\t3PL\tcall.TR\tTimbunke,"A long long time ago, there was a village called Timbunke.",,,584[Vanhs11\Gilbert\ws\m17\momas],,naturalistic spoken,"Lo bipo bipo tru, i gat wanpla ples ol kolim Timbunke.","Lo bipo bipo tru, i gat wan-pla ples ol kolim Timbunke.",PREP before before really PM got one-MOD village 3PL call.TR Timbunke,,,,10338, +23-126,23,afta i gat wan smol tri i gru go antap smol nomo,afta\ti\tgat\twan\tsmol\ttri\ti\tgru\tgo\tantap\tsmol\tnomo,after\tAGR\thave\tINDF\tsmall\ttree\tAGR\tgrow\tgo\ton.top\tsmall\tonly,And there's a small tree that grew up just a little way.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,afta i gat wan smol tri i gru go antap smol nomo,,after AGR have INDF small tree AGR grow go on.top small only,,,,10339, +23-127,23,"mama, i gat haf meresin blong mi i stap","mama,\ti\tgat\thaf\tmeresin\tblong\tmi\ti\tstap",mother\tAGR\thave\thalf\tmedicine\tPOSS\t1SG\tAGR\tstay,"Mama, there's still some of my medicine.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"mama, i gat haf meresin blong mi i stap",,mother AGR have half medicine POSS 1SG AGR stay,,,,10340, +23-128,23,oli gat bigfala graon,oli\tgat\tbigfala\tgraon,AGR\thave\tbig\tground,They have a lot of land.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,oli gat bigfala graon,,AGR have big ground,,,,10341, +24-146,24,Wi gat defren kain aa tieti.,Wi\tgat\tdefren\tkain\taa\ttieti.,1PL\tgot\tdifferent\tkind\tPREP\tpotatoes,We have different kinds of potatoes.,,We here refers to islander and non-islander alike.,,,naturalistic spoken,Wi gat defren kain aa tieti.,,1PL got different kind PREP potatoes,"We here refers to islander and non-islander alike.",Own fieldwork,,10342, +24-147,24,Down gen em drain gut e tarler bud.,Down\tgen\tem\tdrain\tgut\te\ttarler\tbud.,down\tPREP\tDET.DEF\tcreek\tEXIST\tLINK\ttaro\tbird,Down in the water courses there are taro birds.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Down gen em drain gut e tarler bud.,,down PREP DET.DEF creek EXIST LINK taro bird,,Own fieldwork,,10343, +27-100,27,Di ha ēn frou.,Di\tha\tēn\tfrou.,DET\thave\ta\twoman,There is a woman.,,"This is the first sentence of a story and it introduces a character, like 'once upon a time, there was a...'.",355[16],,naturalistic spoken,Di ha ēn frou.,,DET have a woman,"This is the first sentence of a story and it introduces a character, like 'once upon a time, there was a...'.",,,10344, +27-101,27,Am a ha ēn mēnshikin.,Am\ta\tha\tēn\tmēnshi-kin.,3SG\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\tgirl-child,He had a daughter.,,,355[43],,naturalistic spoken,Am a ha ēn mēnshikin.,Am a ha ēn mēnshi-kin.,3SG PST have ART.INDF girl-child,,,,10345, +28-124,28,di wa da en man ha ʃi jɛrma,di\twa\tda\ten\tman\tha\tʃi\tjɛrma,this\tPST\tCOP\tone\tman\thave\t3SG.POSS\twoman,This was a man (who) had his wife (i.e. who was married).,,,737[377],,naturalistic spoken,di wa da en man ha ʃi jɛrma,di wa da en man ha ʃi jɛrma,this PST COP one man have 3SG.POSS woman,,,,10346, +28-125,28,"ha gati, en so en so","habu\tgati,\ten\tso\ten\tso",have\thole\tone\tthere\tone\tthere,"There are holes, one here, one there.",,,737[136],,naturalistic spoken,"ha gati, en so en so","habu gati, en so en so",have hole one there one there,,,,10347, +29-155,29,Hy het probleme.,Hy\thet\tproblem-e.,3SG.M.NOM\thas\tproblem-PL,He's got problems.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy het probleme.,Hy het problem-e.,3SG.M.NOM has problem-PL,,Own knowledge,,10348, +29-156,29,Daar is probleme.,There\tis\tproblem-e.,there\tis\tproblem-PL,There are problems.,,"It is also possible in colloquial Afrikaans to use Ons het probleme [1SG.PL.NOM have problems] 'We have problems' in an existential rather than personal sense. To this extent, there is overlap between possessive and existential structures.",,,naturalistic spoken,Daar is probleme.,There is problem-e.,there is problem-PL,"It is also possible in colloquial Afrikaans to use Ons het probleme [1SG.PL.NOM have problems] 'We have problems' in an existential rather than personal sense. To this extent, there is overlap between possessive and existential structures.",Own knowledge,,10349, +30-169,30,Kel ómi la ten dinheru!,Kel=ómi\tla\tten\tdinheru.,DEM.SG=man\tthere\thave\tmoney,That man is rich (lit. That man has money)!,,Here ten indicates transitive possession.,784[s.v. ten],,naturalistic spoken,"Kel ómi la ten dinheru!",Kel=ómi la ten dinheru.,DEM.SG=man there have money,"Here ten indicates transitive possession.",,,10350,German: Jener Mann hat [viel] Geld! +30-170,30,Li ka ten lumi.,Li\tka=ten\tlumi.,here\tNEG=have\tfire,There is no fire around here.,,Here ten functions as existential verb.,1407[129],,naturalistic spoken,"Li ka ten lumi.",Li ka=ten lumi.,here NEG=have fire,"Here ten functions as existential verb.",,,10351, +31-138,31,Ten djenti ki ta faze.,Ten\tdjenti\tki\tta\tfaze.,have\tpeople\twho\tHAB\tdo,There are people who do it.,,,57,,naturalistic spoken,Ten djenti ki ta faze.,,have people who HAB do,,,,10352, +32-127,32,N ten un radin.,N\tten\tun\tradin.,1SG\thave\tDET\tradio.little,I have a little radio.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"N ten un radin.",,1SG have DET radio.little,,,,10353,Portuguese:Tenho um radiozinho. +32-128,32,Ten un radin na menza.,Ten\tun\tradin\tna\tmenza.,EXIST\tDET\tradio.little\ton\ttable,There is a little radio on the table.,,,1456,,constructed by linguist,"Ten un radin na menza.",,EXIST DET radio.little on table,,,,10354,Portuguese: Há um radiozinho na mesa. +33-155,33,I ten un minjer ki tene um fiju-femea.,I\tten\tun\tminjer\tki\ttene\tum\tfiju-femea.,3SG\texist\tone\twoman\twho\thave\tone\tchild-female,There’s a woman who has a daughter.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I ten un minjer ki tene um fiju-femea.",,3SG exist one woman who have one child-female,,Own knowledge,,10355,Portuguese: Há uma mulher que tem uma filha. +34-125,34,Joŋ teŋ kabalu.,Joŋ\tø\tteŋ\tkabalu.,John\tPFV\thave\thorse,John has a horse.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Joŋ teŋ kabalu.","Joŋ ø teŋ kabalu.",John PFV have horse,,Own knowledge,,10356, +34-126,34,I teŋ poŋ na mesa.,I\tø\tteŋ\tpoŋ\tna\tmesa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\thave\tbread\ton\ttable,There is bread on the table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I teŋ poŋ na mesa.","I ø teŋ poŋ na mesa.",3SG.SBJ PFV have bread on table,,Own knowledge,,10357, +35-173,35,Ngê sen ni Putuga ku ka dumu uva ku ope.,Ngê\tsen\tni\tPutuga\tku\tka\tdumu\tuva\tku\tope.,people\texist\tin\tPortugal\tREL\tIPFV\tpound\tgrape\twith\tfoot,There are people in Portugal that smash grapes with their feet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ngê sen ni Putuga ku ka dumu uva ku ope.,,people exist in Portugal REL IPFV pound grape with foot,,Own data,,10358, +35-174,35,"Ngandu, ê tê ngê ku na ka kum’ê fa.","Ngandu,\tê\ttê\tngê\tku\tna\tka\tkum’=ê\tfa.",shark\t3SG\thave\tperson\tREL\tNEG\tIPFV\teat=3SG\tNEG,"Shark, there are people that don’t eat it.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ngandu, ê tê ngê ku na ka kum’ê fa.","Ngandu, ê tê ngê ku na ka kum’=ê fa.",shark 3SG have person REL NEG IPFV eat=3SG NEG,,Own data,,10359, +35-175,35,Meza sa ku kume.,Meza\tsa\tku\tkume.,table\tbe\twith\tfood,There is food on the table.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Meza sa ku kume.,,table be with food,,Own data,,10360, +35-176,35,Meza tê kume.,Meza\ttê\tkume.,table\thave\tfood,There is food on the table.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Meza tê kume.,,table have food,,Own data,,10361, +36-102,36,Aie tha ku ê kikiê.,Aie\ttha\tku\tê\tkikiê.,now\tbe\twith\tit\tfish,Now there is fish.,,,901[103],,elicited from speaker,"Aie tha ku ê kikiê.",,now be with it fish,,,,10362,"French: Maintenant, il y a du poisson." +36-103,36,Aie kikiê the.,Aie\tkikiê\tthe.,now\tfish\tthere.is,Now there is fish.,,,901[103],,elicited from speaker,Aie kikiê the.,,now fish there.is,,,,10363, +36-104,36,Thô letu kanua e tambe tha ki tano baburu [...].,Thô\tletu\tkanua\te\ttambe\ttha\tki\ttano\tbaburu\t[...].,then\tinside\tcanoe\tDEM\talso\tbe\twith\tfive\tbaburu\t[...],So in the canoe there were also five baburu [...].,,Baburu is a kind of fish.,901[103],,naturalistic spoken,Thô letu kanua e tambe tha ki tano baburu [...].,,"then inside canoe DEM also be with five baburu [...]","Baburu is a kind of fish.",,,10364, +37-131,37,Tê tôvada.,Tê\ttôvada.,there.be\tstorm,It’s stormy.,,,905[58],,elicited from speaker,"Tê tôvada.",,there.be storm,,,,10365, +37-132,37,Ê tê tôvada.,Ê\ttê\ttôvada.,EXPL\tthere.be\tstorm,It’s stormy.,,,905[58],,elicited from speaker,"Ê tê tôvada.",,EXPL there.be storm,,,,10366, +37-133,37,N tê dôsu kaxi.,N\ttê\tdôsu\tkaxi.,1SG\thave\ttwo\thouse,I have two houses.,,,905[104],,elicited from speaker,"N tê dôsu kaxi.",,1SG have two house,,,,10367, +38-148,38,Ola xadyi sa patu ku wan aza kabadu.,Oluya\txadyi\tsa\tpatu\tku\twan\taza\tkabadu.,outside\thouse\tbe\tbird\twith\tART\twing\tbroken,There is a bird in the yard with a broken wing.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ola xadyi sa patu ku wan aza kabadu.,Oluya xadyi sa patu ku wan aza kabadu.,outside house be bird with ART wing broken,,Own fieldwork 1990,,10368, +38-149,38,Mete patio té wan bityil ku wan aza kabadu.,Mete\tpatio\tté\twan\tbityili\tku\twan\taza\tkabadu.,inside\tyard\thave\tART\tbird\twith\tART\twing\tbroken,There is a bird in the yard with a broken wing.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mete patio té wan bityil ku wan aza kabadu.,Mete patio té wan bityili ku wan aza kabadu.,inside yard have ART bird with ART wing broken,,Own fieldwork 1990,,10369, +39-146,39,Yo tiŋ doy võtad.,Yo\tt-iŋ\tdoy\tvõtad.,1SG\thave-PST\ttwo\twish,I was of two minds (lit. I had two wishes).,,,221[167],,naturalistic spoken,Yo tiŋ doy võtad.,Yo t-iŋ doy võtad.,1SG have-PST two wish,,,,10370, +40-107,40,(1) Mi pɛrt doy sajkəl tɛ. (2) ũ ɔm ti.,(1)\tMi\tpɛrt\tdoy\tsajkəl\ttɛ.\t(2)\tũ\tɔm\tti.,(1)\tmy\tnear\ttwo\tbicycle\tCOP.PRS\t(2)\ta\tman\tCOP.PST,(1) I have two bicycles. (2) There was a man.,,,,,constructed by linguist,(1) Mi pɛrt doy sajkəl tɛ. (2) ũ ɔm ti.,,(1) my near two bicycle COP.PRS (2) a man COP.PST,,Own knowledge,,10371, +41-132,41,"akapa uŋ kaavs teem, ɛnti","aka-pa\tuŋ\tkaavs\tteem,\tɛnti",that-DAT\tone\tprinciple\tPRS.be\tauntie,"There is a principle for that, Auntie.",,,1416[4793],,naturalistic spoken,"akapa uŋ kaavs teem, ɛnti","aka-pa uŋ kaavs teem, ɛnti",that-DAT one principle PRS.be auntie,,,,10372, +42-136,42,teng kumeria na mesa,teng\tkumeria\tna\tmesa,have\tfood\tLOC\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,,elicited from speaker,teng kumeria na mesa,,have food LOC table,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,10373, +42-137,42,Maria teng ńgua baisikal,Maria\tteng\tńgua\tbaisikal,Maria\thave\tone\tbicycle,Maria has a bicycle.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Maria teng ńgua baisikal,,Maria have one bicycle,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,10374, +43-95,43,Nu meo di matu teng ung pos grandi.,Nu\tmeo\tdi\tmatu\tteng\tung\tpos\tgrandi.,in\tmiddle\tof\tforest\tthere.be\ta\twell\tbig,In the middle of the forest there was a big well.,,,906[67],,pedagogical grammar,"Nu meo di matu teng ung pos grandi.",,in middle of forest there.be a well big,,,,10375, +45-116,45,Tiene mucho hielo na frigider.,Tiene\tmucho\thielo\tna\tfrigider.,EXIST\tplenty\tice\tLOC\trefrigerator,There is plenty of ice in the refrigerator.,,,426[64],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Tiene mucho hielo na frigider.,,EXIST plenty ice LOC refrigerator,,,,10376, +45-117,45,Tieni yo casa.,Tieni\tyo\tcasa.,have\t1SG\thouse,I have a house.,,,1084[76],,elicited from speaker,Tieni yo casa.,,have 1SG house,,,,10377,Spanish: Tengo una casa. Tagalog: May bahay ako. +46-147,46,Tyéne komída na mesa.,Tyéne\tkomída\tna\tmesa.,EXIST\tfood\tLOC\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Tyéne komída na mesa.,,EXIST food LOC table,,Own knowledge,,10378, +46-148,46,Tyéne le tres ermáno.,Tyéne\tle\ttres\termáno.,have\ts/he\tthree\tbrother,S/he has three brothers.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Tyéne le tres ermáno.,,have s/he three brother,,Own knowledge,,10379, +47-152,47,"Kaminda tin huma, tin kandela.","Kaminda\ttin\thuma,\ttin\tkandela.",place\thave\tsmoke\thave\tfire,"Where there is smoke, there is fire.",,,151[117],,published source,"Kaminda tin huma, tin kandela.",,place have smoke have fire,,,,10380, +47-153,47,A disidí kiko tin ku hasi?,A\tdisidí\tkiko\ttin\tku\thasi?,PFV\tdecide\twhat\thave\tCOMP\tdo,Has it been decided what needs to be done?,,The translation is mine.,1024[110],,published source,A disidí kiko tin ku hasi?,,PFV decide what have COMP do,The translation is mine.,,,10381, +47-154,47,E tin mei ora ta lesa.,E\ttin\tmei\tora\tta\tlesa.,3SG\thave\thalf\thour\tTNS\tread,He has been reading for half an hour.,,The translation is mine.,1024[238],,published source,E tin mei ora ta lesa.,,3SG have half hour TNS read,The translation is mine.,,,10382,Dutch: Hij is een half uur aan het lezen. +47-155,47,Kada bes ku e tin chèns e ta bula bini su Boneiru stimá.,Kada\tbes\tku\te\ttin\tchèns\te\tta\tbula\tbini\tsu\tBoneiru\tstimá.,every\ttime\tCOMP\t3SG\thave\topportunity\t3SG\tTNS\tfly\tcome\tPOSS\tBonaire\tbeloved,"Every time he has an opportunity, he flies to his beloved Bonaire.",,The translation is mine.,"453[27 June 2009, p.10]",,literary or other written source,Kada bes ku e tin chèns e ta bula bini su Boneiru stimá.,,every time COMP 3SG have opportunity 3SG TNS fly come POSS Bonaire beloved,The translation is mine.,,,10383, +48-145,48,Gutabo a-ten ese kusa aí memo.,Gutabo\ta-ten\tese\tkusa\taí\tmemo.,Gustavo\t?-have\tthat\tthing\tright\tthere,Gustavo has this thing right (over) there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Gutabo a-ten ese kusa aí memo.,,Gustavo ?-have that thing right there,,Recorded by author,,10384,Spanish: Gustavo tiene esa cosa allí mismo. +48-146,48,A-ten mucho hende aí plasa.,A-ten\tmucho\thende\taí\tplasa.,?-be\tmuch\tpeople\tthere\tplaza,There are lots of people in/at the plaza.,,"Note that the same sentence could also be rendered by: A-tené mucho hende aí plasa, with no apparent change in meaning.",,,naturalistic spoken,A-ten mucho hende aí plasa.,,?-be much people there plaza,"Note that the same sentence could also be rendered by: A-tené mucho hende aí plasa, with no apparent change in meaning.",Recorded by author,,10385,Spanish: Hay mucha gente en la plaza. +49-242,49,Gen manje sou tab la.,Gen\tmanje\tsou\ttab\tla.,have\tfood\ton\ttable\tDEF,There is food on the table.,,,367[115],,naturalistic spoken,Gen manje sou tab la.,,have food on table DEF,,,,10386,French: Il y a de la nourriture sur la table. +49-243,49,Mari gen kouraj.,Mari\tgen\tkouraj.,Mary\thave\tcourage,Mary has courage.,,,367[115],,naturalistic spoken,Mari gen kouraj.,,Mary have courage,,,,10387,French: Marie a du courage. +49-244,49,Ki sa ou genyen?,Ki\tsa\tou\tgenyen?,which\tthat\t2SG\thave,What do you have?,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ki sa ou genyen?,,which that 2SG have,,Own knowledge,,10388,French: Qu’est-ce que tu as? +50-144,50,Ni manjè anlè tab-la.,Ni\tmanjè\tanlè\ttab-la.,be\tfood\ton\ttable-DEF,There is food on the table.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ni manjè anlè tab-la.,,be food on table-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,10389, +50-145,50,Mari ni on kabrit.,Mari\tni\ton\tkabrit.,Mary\thave\tone\tgoat,Mary has a goat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mari ni on kabrit.,,Mary have one goat,,Own fieldwork,,10390, +51-130,51,Ni manjé asou tab-la.,Ni\tmanjé\tasou\ttab-la.,be\tfood\ton\ttable-DEF,There is food on the table.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ni manjé asou tab-la.,,be food on table-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,10391, +51-131,51,Mari ni on kabrit.,Mari\tni\ton\tkabrit.,Mary\thave\tINDF\tgoat,Mary has a goat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mari ni on kabrit.,,Mary have INDF goat,,Own fieldwork,,10392, +52-83,52,gen manjé asou tab-a,gen\tmanjé\tasou\ttab-a,there.is\tfood\ton\ttable-ART,There is (some) food on the table.,,,,,constructed by linguist,gen manjé asou tab-a,,there.is food on table-ART,,Own knowledge,,10393, +53-297,53,"Ena en ta le piti ki pa kòne byen parle, pa langlè, French.","Ena\ten\tta\tle\tpiti\tki\tpa\tkòne\tbyen\tparle,\tpa\tlanglè,\t.",there.are\tART.INDF\tlot.of\tART.INDF.PL\tchild\tREL\tNEG\tknow.how\twell\tspeak\tNEG\tEnglish\tFrench,"There are a lot of children who don't know how to speak well, not English, but French.",,,1048[271],,naturalistic spoken,"Ena en ta le piti ki pa kòne byen parle, pa langlè, French.","Ena en ta le piti ki pa kòne byen parle, pa langlè, <French>.",there.are ART.INDF lot.of ART.INDF.PL child REL NEG know.how well speak NEG English French,,,,10394, +53-298,53,En mile gen kat pat.,En\tmile\tgen\tkat\tpat.,ART.INDF\tmule\thave\tfour\tleg,A mule has four legs.,,,1048[263],,naturalistic spoken,En mile gen kat pat.,,ART.INDF mule have four leg,,,,10395, +53-299,53,Enan le moun nwa la?,Enan\tle\tmoun\tnwa\tla?,there.are\tART.INDF.PL\tperson\tblack\tADV,Are there black people there?,,,722[307],,naturalistic spoken,Enan le moun nwa la?,,there.are ART.INDF.PL person black ADV,,,,10396, +53-300,53,"Ena deu kalite biskwi. Ena enn ki epe, enna enn ki mens.","Ena\tdeu\tkalite\tbiskwi.\tEna\tenn\tki\tepe,\tenna\tenn\tki\tmens.",there.are\ttwo\tkind\tbiscuit\tthere.is\tone\tREL\tthick\tthere.is\tone\tREL\tthin,"There are two kinds of biscuit. There's one that is thick, there's one that is thin.",,,722[307],,naturalistic spoken,"Ena deu kalite biskwi. Ena enn ki epe, enna enn ki mens.",,there.are two kind biscuit there.is one REL thick there.is one REL thin,,,,10397, +53-301,53,Mo pa gen piti.,Mo\tpa\tgen\tpiti.,1SG\tNEG\thave\tchild,I don't have children.,,,722[323],,naturalistic spoken,Mo pa gen piti.,,1SG NEG have child,,,,10398, +54-172,54,"Nana enn armoir dan la kuizinn, na in pti bifé [...].","Nana\tenn\tarmwar\tdan\tla\tkuizin,\tna\ten\tpti\tbife\t[...].",EXIST\tINDF\tcupboard\tin\tDEF\tkitchen\tEXIST\tINDF\tsmall\tsideboard\t[...],"There is a cupboard in the kitchen, there is a small sideboard [...].",,"Na is a variant of nana, enn is a variant of en (INDF) before vowel.",110[81],,naturalistic spoken,"Nana enn armoir dan la kuizinn, na in pti bifé [...].","Nana enn armwar dan la kuizin, na en pti bife [...].",EXIST INDF cupboard in DEF kitchen EXIST INDF small sideboard [...],"Na is a variant of nana, enn is a variant of en (INDF) before vowel.",,,10399,"French: Il y a une armoire dans la cuisine, il y a un petit buffet [...]." +54-173,54,Son papa nana in gran moustas.,Son\tpapa\tnana\ten\tgran\tmoustas.,POSS.3SG\tfather\thave.PRS\tINDF\tbig\tmoustache,His father has a big moustache.,,,110[22],,naturalistic spoken,Son papa nana in gran moustas.,Son papa nana en gran moustas.,POSS.3SG father have.PRS INDF big moustache,,,,10400,French: Son père a une grande moustache. +54-174,54,"Pask si la poin de sel, lé plat.","Pask\tsi\tla\tpwen\tdë\tsel,\tle\tplat.",because\tif\tEXIST\tNEG\tPARTITIVE\tsalt\tCOP.PRS\ttasteless,"Because if there is no salt, it is tasteless.",,The variant la is less frequent than nana and na.,110[14],,naturalistic spoken,"Pask si la poin de sel, lé plat.","Pask si la pwen dë sel, le plat.",because if EXIST NEG PARTITIVE salt COP.PRS tasteless,"The variant la is less frequent than nana and na.",,,10401,"Canadian French: Parce que, s'il n'y a point de sel, c'est fade." +54-175,54,[...] ou la poin ryin pour porté ou [...].,[...]\tou\tla\tpwen\tryen\tpour\tporte\tou\t[...].,[...]\t2SG\thave\tNEG\tnothing\tfor\tcarry\t2SG\t[...],[...] you have nothing to carry [...].,,The variant la is less frequent than nana and na.,110[40],,naturalistic spoken,[...] ou la poin ryin pour porté ou [...].,[...] ou la pwen ryen pour porte ou [...].,[...] 2SG have NEG nothing for carry 2SG [...],"The variant la is less frequent than nana and na.",,,10402,"French: [...] tu n'as rien à porter, toi [...]." +55-138,55,ena maṅze lor latab,ena\tmaṅze\tlor\tlatab,have\tfood\ton\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ena maṅze lor latab,,have food on table,,Own knowledge,,10403, +55-139,55,mo ena saṅ rupi,mo\tena\tsaṅ\trupi,1SG\thave\thundred\trupee,I have 100 rupees.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo ena saṅ rupi,,1SG have hundred rupee,,Own knowledge,,10404, +56-145,56,Be ler i annan koudvan zot pa reste lo sa [...] zil?,Be\tler\ti\tannan\tkoudvan\tzot\tpa\treste\tlo\tsa\t[...]\tzil?,but\twhen\tPM\tEXIST\thurrican\t3PL\tNEG\tstay\ton\tDEM\t[...]\tisland,"But when there is a hurricane, they don't stay on the [...] island?",,,158[196],,naturalistic spoken,"Be ler i annan koudvan zot pa reste lo sa [...] zil?",,but when PM EXIST hurrican 3PL NEG stay on DEM [...] island,,,,10405,"French: Donc, quand il y a un cyclone, elles ne restent pas là sur cette [...] île?" +56-146,56,Mon ganny lafyev.,Mon\tganny\tlafyev.,1SG\thave\tfever,I have fever.,,,1439[104],,written (dictionary),Mon ganny lafyev.,,1SG have fever,,,,10406, +59-238,59,ala ke na nginza mingi,ala\tke\tna\tnginza\tmingi,3PL\tCOP\tPREP\tmoney\tmuch,They have a lot of money.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ala ke na nginza mingi,,3PL COP PREP money much,,Own knowledge,,10407, +61-81,61,Khona lo skaf lapha tafula.,Khon-a\tlo\tskaf\tlapha\ttafula.,LOC.COP-V\tDEF.ART\tfood\tLOC.PREP\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Khona lo skaf lapha tafula.,Khon-a lo skaf lapha tafula.,LOC.COP-V DEF.ART food LOC.PREP table,,Field notes Mesthrie,,10408, +61-82,61,Yena khona lo moto.,Yena\tkhon-a\tlo\tmoto.,she\tPOSS-V\tDEF.ART\tcar,She has a car.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Yena khona lo moto.,Yena khon-a lo moto.,she POSS-V DEF.ART car,,Field notes Mesthrie,,10409, +62-96,62,tehéló kigí,tehéló\tkigí,NEG.16.have\tthing,There is nothing.,,,,,elicited from speaker,tehéló kigí,,NEG.16.have thing,,Own field data 1993,,10410, +63-152,63,fí fíl,fí\tfíl,EXIST\telephant,There are elephants.,,,856[55],,naturalistic spoken,fí fíl,,EXIST elephant,,,,10411, +63-154,63,ya shída de éndis fi Mombása,ya\tshída\tde\téndis\tfi\tMombása,TOP\tproblem\tDEM\thave\tin\tMombasa,That's the problem in Mombasa.,,,857[315],,naturalistic spoken,ya shída de éndis fi Mombása,,TOP problem DEM have in Mombasa,,,,10412, +63-155,63,ma ukúma kamán éndis tab,ma\tukúma\tkamán\téndis\ttab,with\tgovernment\ttoo\thave\tproblem,There is a problem with the government too.,,,857[315],,naturalistic spoken,ma ukúma kamán éndis tab,,with government too have problem,,,,10413, +64-164,64,fi nas bifékir ínu ma kwes kéda,fi\tnas\tbi=fékir\tínu\tma\tkwes\tkéda,EXIST\tpeople\tIRR=think\tCOMP\tNEG\tgood\tlike.this,There are people who think that it is not good this way.,,,,,constructed by linguist,fi nas bifékir ínu ma kwes kéda,fi nas bi=fékir ínu ma kwes kéda,EXIST people IRR=think COMP NEG good like.this,,Own knowledge,,10414, +64-165,64,tijára abáo le zol al ma éndu róksa,tijára\tabáo\tle\tzol\tal\tma\téndu\tróksa,business\tforbid\PASS\tto\tindividual\tREL\tNEG\thave\tpermission,Business is forbidden to the one who doesn’t have a permission.,,,874[143],,naturalistic spoken,tijára abáo le zol al ma éndu róksa,,business forbid\PASS to individual REL NEG have permission,,,,10415, +67-165,67,So saya mesti mahu tengok apa ada dalam.,So\tsaya\tmesti\tmahu\ttengok\tapa\tada\tdalam.,so\t1SG\tmust\twant\tlook.at\twhat\thave\tinside,So I would have to see what was inside.,,,708[135],,naturalistic spoken,So saya mesti mahu tengok apa ada dalam.,,so 1SG must want look.at what have inside,,,,10416, +67-217,67,Thailand pun ada.,Thailand\tpun\tada.,Thailand\talso\texist,There are also Thais.,,,708[70],,naturalistic spoken,"Thailand pun ada.",,Thailand also exist,,,,10417, +68-92,68,Ada gula.,Ada\tgula.,EXIST\tsugar,There's sugar.,,,1528[220],,elicited from speaker,Ada gula.,,EXIST sugar,,,,10418, +71-136,71,"Loaa nuinui lole maikai loa ma Hale Keokeo, helu 31, alanui Nuuanu.","Loaa\tnuinui\tlole\tmaikai\tloa\tma\tHale\tKeokeo,\thelu\t31,\talanui\tNuuanu.",EXIST\tmany\tclothes\tgood\tvery\tLOC\tHouse\tWhite\tnumber\t31\tstreet\tNuuanu,"There are lots of very nice clothes at the White House, 31 Nuuanu St.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Loaa nuinui lole maikai loa ma Hale Keokeo, helu 31, alanui Nuuanu.",,EXIST many clothes good very LOC House White number 31 street Nuuanu,,own data 1879,,10419, +73-84,73,elkunaga no tienen kuminada,el-kuna-ga\tno\ttienen\tkumi-na-da,3-PL-TOP\tNEG\thave.3PL\teat-NMLZ-ACC,They do not have anything to eat.,,,1033[71],,naturalistic spoken,elkunaga no tienen kuminada,el-kuna-ga no tienen kumi-na-da,3-PL-TOP NEG have.3PL eat-NMLZ-ACC,,,,10420, +73-85,73,isti ollabi manchani plata sintaxun,isti\tolla-bi\tmanchani\tplata\tsinta-xu-n,this\tpot-LOC\tterribly\tsilver\tsit-PROG-3,There is a lot of money in this pot.,,,1033[55],,elicited from speaker,isti ollabi manchani plata sintaxun,isti olla-bi manchani plata sinta-xu-n,this pot-LOC terribly silver sit-PROG-3,,,,10421, +74-122,74,mákmak mitlayt kápa latáb,mákmak\tmitlayt\tkápa\tlatáb,food\tsit\tPREP\ttable,There is food on the table.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mákmak mitlayt kápa latáb,,food sit PREP table,,Own knowledge,,10422, +74-123,74,náyka t'úwən kyútan,náyka\tt'úwən\tkyútan,1SG\thave\thorse,I have a horse.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka t'úwən kyútan,,1SG have horse,,Own knowledge,,10423, +74-124,74,úkuk úlman yáka t’ú’wan yúlkat labárb,úkuk\túlman\tyáka\tt’ú’wan\tyúlkat\tlabárb,that\told\t3SG\thave\tlong\tbeard,That old man has a long beard.,,,675[15],,narrative,úkuk úlman yáka t’ú’wan yúlkat labárb,,that old 3SG have long beard,,,,10424, +75-202,75,Iyave aen rwe pi la renn.,Iyave\taen\trwe\tpi\tla\trenn.,there.was\tINDF.ART.M.SG\tking\tand\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tqueen,There was a King and a Queen.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Iyave aen rwe pi la renn.,,there.was INDF.ART.M.SG king and DEF.ART.F.SG queen,,,,10425, +75-203,75,Lii fiy led aniki ekuta ayaawaawak.,lii\tfiy\tled\taniki\tekuta\tayaawaa-wak.,ART.PL\tgirl\tugly\tDEM.INTERM.PL\tthere\tbe.ANIM-3PL,Those ugly girls are there.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Lii fiy led aniki ekuta ayaawaawak.,lii fiy led aniki ekuta ayaawaa-wak.,ART.PL girl ugly DEM.INTERM.PL there be.ANIM-3PL,,,,10426, +75-204,75,Lii Kenayaen daan la Fraans pi li Kenadaa ayaawak.,Lii\tKenayaen\tdaan\tla\tFraans\tpi\tli\tKenadaa\tayaa-wak.,ART.PL\tFrench\tin\tDEF.ART.F\tFrance\tand\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tCanada\tbe-3PL,There are French people in France and Canada (lit. There are Canadians in France and Canada).,,The word Kenayaen (< Canadien) preserves the older meaning of 'French (Canadian)'.,789[104],,naturalistic written,Lii Kenayaen daan la Fraans pi li Kenadaa ayaawak.,Lii Kenayaen daan la Fraans pi li Kenadaa ayaa-wak.,ART.PL French in DEF.ART.F France and DEF.ART.M.SG Canada be-3PL,"The word Kenayaen (< Canadien) preserves the older meaning of 'French (Canadian)'.",,,10427, +1-197,1,Mekie wie go na Combee.,Meki\twi\tgo\tna\tKombe.,make\t1PL\tgo\tLOC\tKombe,Let us go to Kombe.,,'Motion-to' expressed by the verb go 'go'; the general preposition na does not add to the semantics.,1576[97],,written,Mekie wie go na Combee.,Meki wi go na Kombe.,make 1PL go LOC Kombe,"'Motion-to' expressed by the verb go 'go'; the general preposition na does not add to the semantics.",,,10428,Dutch: Gaan wy naar Combé. [op.cit.] +2-206,2,Yu ben go nanga trein na Republiek.,Yu\tben\tgo\tnanga\ttrein\tna\tRepubliek.,2SG\tPST\tgo\twith\ttrain\tLOC\tRepubliek,You went by train to Republiek.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Yu ben go nanga trein na Republiek.,,2SG PST go with train LOC Republiek,,"Winford data, Tape 25-a",,10429, +2-207,2,A blaka man kari a ingi taki kon unu go na Kwatta pasi.,A\tblaka\tman\tkari\ta\tingi\ttaki\tkon\tunu\tgo\tna\tKwatta\tpasi.,DET\tblack\tman\tcall\tDET\tIndian\tsay\tcome\t1PL\tgo\tLOC\tKwatta\tstreet,The black guy called the Indian saying let’s go to Kwatta street.,,,1606[112],,naturalistic spoken,A blaka man kari a ingi taki kon unu go na Kwatta pasi.,,DET black man call DET Indian say come 1PL go LOC Kwatta street,,,,10430, +2-208,2,En a man taki te a man go a Holland dan a man o seni wan sani gi mi.,En\ta\tman\ttaki\tte\ta\tman\tgo\ta\tHolland\tdan\ta\tman\to\tseni\twan\tsani\tgi\tmi.,and\tDET\tman\tsay\twhen\tDET\tman\tgo\tLOC\tHolland\tthen\tDET\tman\tFUT\tsend\tART\tthing\tgive\tme,And the man said that when he went to Holland he would send something for me.,,,1605[408],,naturalistic spoken,En a man taki te a man go a Holland dan a man o seni wan sani gi mi.,,and DET man say when DET man go LOC Holland then DET man FUT send ART thing give me,,,,10431, +2-209,2,Dan mi post dri go na Holland.,Dan\tmi\tpost\tdri\tgo\tna\tHolland.,then\tI\tmail\tthree\tgo\tto\tHolland,Then I mailed three to Holland.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Dan mi post dri go na Holland.,,then I mail three go to Holland,,"Winford data, Tape 8-a",,10432, +3-99,3,Mi go a Foto.,Mi\tgo\ta\tFoto.,1SG\tgo\tLOC\tParamaribo,I went to Paramaribo.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi go a Foto.,,1SG go LOC Paramaribo,,Fieldwork data,,10433, +3-100,3,Mi waka go a Foto.,Mi\twaka\tgo\ta\tFoto.,1SG\twalk\tgo\tLOC\tParamaribo,I walked to Paramaribo.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi waka go a Foto.,,1SG walk go LOC Paramaribo,,Fieldwork data,,10434, +4-136,4,Den lei go a Soolan.,Den\tlei\tgo\ta\tSoolan.,they\tdrive\tgo\tLOC\tSt.Laurent,They drove to St. Laurent.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Den lei go a Soolan.,,they drive go LOC St.Laurent,,Own data,,10435, +5-132,5,ii gaan a Jaajtong,ii\tgaan\ta\tJaajtong,he\tgone\tto\tGeorgetown,He has gone to Georgetown.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ii gaan a Jaajtong,,he gone to Georgetown,,Own knowledge,,10436, +5-133,5,ii gaan Jaajtong,ii\tgaan\tJaajtong,she\tgone\tGeorgetown,She has gone to Georgetown.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ii gaan Jaajtong,,she gone Georgetown,,Own knowledge,,10437, +5-134,5,ii jraiv go a Jaajtong,ii\tjraiv\tgo\ta\tJaajtong,He\tdrive\tgo\tto\tGeorgetown,He drove to Georgetown.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ii jraiv go a Jaajtong,,He drive go to Georgetown,,Own knowledge,,10438, +5-135,5,ii jraiv go Borbiis,ii\tjraiv\tgo\tBorbiis,3SG\tdrive\tgo\tBerbice,He drove to Berbice.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ii jraiv go Borbiis,,3SG drive go Berbice,,Own knowledge,,10439, +7-185,7,Shi gaan hedmaasta.,Shi\tgaan\thed-maasta.,3SG\tgone\thead-master,She’s gone to the headmaster's.,,"The person referred to is generally easily localized because of the function occupied, so there is no need to use 'office' or the definite article.",1244[221],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Shi gaan hedmaasta.,Shi gaan hed-maasta.,3SG gone head-master,"The person referred to is generally easily localized because of the function occupied, so there is no need to use 'office' or the definite article.",,,10440, +7-186,7,Fomi pikni a dem a go a skuul.,Fo-mi\tpikni\ta\tdem\ta\tgo\ta\tskuul.,for-1SG\tchild\tand\tPL\tPROG\tgo\tLOC\tschool,My children go to school.,,A named place is signalled in this utterance without definite/indefinite article.,1244[203],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Fomi pikni a dem a go a skuul.,Fo-mi pikni a dem a go a skuul.,for-1SG child and PL PROG go LOC school,A named place is signalled in this utterance without definite/indefinite article.,,,10441, +7-187,7,Shi gaan (a) Gomea.,Shi\tgaan\t(a)\tGomea.,3SG\tgone\t(LOC)\tGomea,She has gone to Gomea.,,A named place is illustrated here. The locative particle a is optional.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Shi gaan (a) Gomea.,,3SG gone (LOC) Gomea,"A named place is illustrated here. The locative particle a is optional.",Own knowledge,,10442, +7-188,7,Dis man gaan muhngtin.,Dis\tman\tgaan\tmuhngtin.,DEM\tman\tgone\tmountain,This man has gone to the mountain.,,The named place is not preceded by an article.,1244[278],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dis man gaan muhngtin.,,DEM man gone mountain,The named place is not preceded by an article.,,,10443, +8-122,8,Maikal go Bie yeside.,Maikal\tgo\tBie\tyeside.,Michael\tgo\tBay\tyesterday,Michael went to (Montego) Bay yesterday.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Maikal go Bie yeside.,,Michael go Bay yesterday,,Own knowledge,,10444, +8-123,8,Maikal go a Bie yeside.,Maikal\tgo\ta\tBie\tyeside.,Michael\tgo\tto\tBay\tyesterday,Michael went to (Montego) Bay yesterday.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Maikal go a Bie yeside.,,Michael go to Bay yesterday,,Own knowledge,,10445, +8-124,8,Jak waak go a Bie ina di rien.,Jak\twaak\tgo\ta\tBie\tina\tdi\trien.,Jack\twalk\tgo\tPREP\tBay\tin\tDET\train,Jack walked to (Montego) Bay in the rain.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Jak waak go a Bie ina di rien.,,Jack walk go PREP Bay in DET rain,,Own knowledge,,10446, +9-154,9,Dey ker dem da big krik.,Dey\tker\tdem\tda\tbig\tkrik.,3PL\ttake\tthem\tto\tBig\tCreek,They took them to Big Creek.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,Dey ker dem da big krik.,,3PL take them to Big Creek,,,,10447, +10-180,10,A gwain Pravidens tumara.,A\tgwain\tPravidens\ttumara.,1SG\tFUT\tProvidence\ttomorrow,I am going to Providence tomorrow.,,,113[105],,naturalistic spoken,A gwain Pravidens tumara.,,1SG FUT Providence tomorrow,,,,10448, +11-252,11,From deer yu go rait Managua.,From\tdeer\tyu\tgo\trait\tManagua.,from\tDEM.LOC\t2SG\tgo\tright\tManagua,From there you can go straight to Managua.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,From deer yu go rait Managua.,,from DEM.LOC 2SG go right Managua,,,,10449, +12-197,12,"And one my other boy, he gone Freeport to work.",[...]\the\tgone\tFreeport\tto\twork.,[...]\the\tgo.PFV\tFreeport\tto\twork,[...] he has gone to Freeport to work.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And one my other boy, he gone Freeport to work.",[...]he gone Freeport to work.,[...] he go.PFV Freeport to work,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10450, +12-198,12,"Uh-huh, and after he dead, then I come to Nassau with my other - with my - two of my sister.","[...]\tafter\the\tdead,\tthen\tI\tcome\tto\tNassau\t[...].",[...]\tafter\t3SG.SBJ\tdead\tthen\t1SG.SBJ\tcome[PFV]\tPREP\tNassau\t[...],"[...] after he died, I came to Nassau [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Uh-huh, and after he dead, then I come to Nassau with my other - with my - two of my sister.","[...] after he dead, then I come to Nassau [...].",[...] after 3SG.SBJ dead then 1SG.SBJ come[PFV] PREP Nassau [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10451, +13-144,13,"De nex day we git ta Rhodes, an fom dey we gone ta Patara.","De\tnex\tday\twe\tgit\tta\tRhodes,\tan\tfom\tdey\twe\tgone\tta\tPatara.",the\tnext\tday\twe\tget\tto\tRhodes\tand\tfrom\tthere\twe\tgo.PST\tto\tPatara,The next day we got to Rhodes and from there we went to Patara. (Acts 21.1),,,357[479],,bible translation,"De nex day we git ta Rhodes, an fom dey we gone ta Patara.",,the next day we get to Rhodes and from there we go.PST to Patara,,,,10452, +13-145,13,ɪf ɒɪ fa ɡo ɒf tʊ wɪlyəmz.,ɪf\tɒɪ\tfa\tɡo\tɒf\ttʊ\twɪlyəmz.,if\tI\tfor\tgo\toff\tto\tWilliams',If I should go off to Williams' [place].,,,1500[212],,naturalistic spoken,"ɪf ɒɪ fa ɡo ɒf tʊ wɪlyəmz.",,if I for go off to Williams',,,,10453, +13-146,13,I rɒɪd də ɟaksnbʌrə.,I\trɒɪd\tdə\tɟaksnbʌrə.,3SG\tride\tPREP\tJacksonboro,He rides to Jacksonboro.,,,1500[210],,naturalistic spoken,I rɒɪd də ɟaksnbʌrə.,,3SG ride PREP Jacksonboro,,,,10454, +14-110,14,He went to the store.,He\twent\tto\tthe\tstore.,he\twent\tto\tthe\tstore,He went to the store.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He went to the store.,,he went to the store,,Own knowledge,,10455, +15-106,15,a go salon,a\tgo\tsalon,1SG\tgo\tSierra.Leone,I went to Sierra Leone.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a go salon,,1SG go Sierra.Leone,,Own knowledge,,10456, +15-107,15,a go na salon,a\tgo\tna\tsalon,1SG\tgo\tPREP\tSierra.Leone,I went to Sierra Leone.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a go na salon,,1SG go PREP Sierra.Leone,,Own knowledge,,10457, +16-109,16,ì no bì dat wuman we ì travɛl go ʤɛmani kam?,ì\tno\tbì\tdat\twuman\twe\tì\ttravɛl\tgo\tʤɛmani\tkam?,3SG\tNEG\tCOP\tDEM\twoman\tCOMP\t3SG\ttravel\tgo\tGermany\tcome,Isn't it that woman who travelled to Germany and came back?,,This example shows serialized go expressing motion-to named place.,,,naturalistic spoken,ì no bì dat wuman we ì travɛl go ʤɛmani kam?,,3SG NEG COP DEM woman COMP 3SG travel go Germany come,"This example shows serialized go expressing motion-to named place.",Own fieldwork,,10458, +16-110,16,"à go fɔ mankɛsim, à gò slip dɛ; dɛn debrek à go fɔ kumasi","à\tgo\tfɔ\tmankɛsim,\tà\tgò\tslip\tdɛ;\tdɛn\tdebrek\tà\tgo\tfɔ\tkumasi",1SG\tgo\tfor\tMankessim\t1SG\tFUT\tsleep\tthere\tthen\tdaybreak\t1SG\tgo\tfor\tKumasi,I (will) go to Mankessim and will sleep there. The next day I (will) go to Kumasi.,,Motion-to named place is marked by preposition fɔ.,,,naturalistic spoken,"à go fɔ mankɛsim, à gò slip dɛ; dɛn debrek à go fɔ kumasi",,1SG go for Mankessim 1SG FUT sleep there then daybreak 1SG go for Kumasi,"Motion-to named place is marked by preposition fɔ.",Own fieldwork,,10459, +16-111,16,à wan go ɳaŋki,à\twan\tgo\tɳaŋki,1SG\twant\tgo\tYankee,I want to go to the U.S.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,à wan go ɳaŋki,,1SG want go Yankee,,Own fieldwork,,10460, +17-134,17,À go rich Òyó.,À\tgo\trich\tÒyó.,1SG.SBJ\tgo\treach.LOC\tÒyó.,I went to Òyó.,,,462[152],,naturalistic spoken,À go rich Òyó.,,1SG.SBJ go reach.LOC Òyó.,,,,10461, +17-135,17,À wàka go (fò̱r) Òyó.,À\twàka\tgo\t(fò̱r)\tÒyó.,1SG.SBJ\twalk\tgo.LOC\t(PREP)\tÒyó.,I went to Òyó.,,,462[152],,naturalistic spoken,À wàka go (fò̱r) Òyó.,,1SG.SBJ walk go.LOC (PREP) Òyó.,,,,10462, +17-136,17,À go (fò̱r) Òyó.,À\tgo\t(fò̱r)\tÒyó.,1SG.SBJ\tgo\t(PREP)\tÒyó.,I went to Òyó.,,,462[152],,naturalistic spoken,À go (fò̱r) Òyó.,,1SG.SBJ go (PREP) Òyó.,,,,10463, +18-117,18,A go rich Bamenda.,A\tgo\trich\tBamenda.,1SG.SBJ\tgo\treach\tBamenda,I went to Bamenda.,,My informant said that this would have the additional meaning that one got to Bamenda even though one did not have the intention of going there. I am not sure whether this is of any importance in this context.,97,,elicited from speaker,A go rich Bamenda.,,1SG.SBJ go reach Bamenda,My informant said that this would have the additional meaning that one got to Bamenda even though one did not have the intention of going there. I am not sure whether this is of any importance in this context.,,,10464, +18-118,18,A go rich fo Bamenda.,A\tgo\trich\tfo\tBamenda.,1SG.SBJ\tgo\treach\tfor\tBamenda,I went to Bamenda.,,"Again, my informant said that this would have the additional meaning that one got to Bamenda even though one did not have the intention of going there. I am not sure whether this is of any importance in this context.",97,,elicited from speaker,A go rich fo Bamenda.,,1SG.SBJ go reach for Bamenda,"Again, my informant said that this would have the additional meaning that one got to Bamenda even though one did not have the intention of going there. I am not sure whether this is of any importance in this context.",,,10465, +19-155,19,[...] è go Pànyá.,[...]\tè\tgo\tPànyá.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tgo\tSpain,[...] she went to Spain.,,,1634[454],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] è go Pànyá.",,[...] 3SG.SBJ go Spain,,,,10466, +19-156,19,[...] è kan go nà Bàta è bɔn.,[...]\tè\tkan\tgo\tnà\tBàta\tè\tbɔn.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tLOC\tBata\t3SG.SBJ\tgive.birth,[...] [then] she went to Bata and gave birth.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] è kan go nà Bàta è bɔn.",,[...] 3SG.SBJ PFV go LOC Bata 3SG.SBJ give.birth,,Field data,,10467, +19-157,19,Dɛ̀n dɔn kɛràn go Nigeria.,Dɛ̀n\tdɔn\tkɛr=àn\tgo\tNigeria.,3PL\tPRF\ttake=3SG.OBJ\tgo\tNigeria,They've taken her to Nigeria.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dɛ̀n dɔn kɛràn go Nigeria.,Dɛ̀n dɔn kɛr=àn go Nigeria.,3PL PRF take=3SG.OBJ go Nigeria,,Field data,,10468, +19-158,19,À want flay go insay Ela Nguema naw so.,À\twant\tflay\tgo\tinsay\tEla\tNguema\tnaw\tso.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tfly\tgo\tinside\tEla\tNguema\tnow\tso,I want to rush to Ela Nguema right now.,,,1634[379],,naturalistic spoken,"À want flay go insay Ela Nguema naw so.",,1SG.SBJ want fly go inside Ela Nguema now so,,,,10469, +20-120,20,He hap go Canton.,He\thap\tgo\tCanton.,3SG\tPFV\tgo\tCanton,He has gone to Canton.,,,1489[IV.40],,naturalistic written,He hap go Canton.,,3SG PFV go Canton,,,希合告簡當,10470, +21-108,21,Las year they go China.,Las\tyear\tthey\tgo\tChina.,last\tyear\t3PL\tgo\tChina,Last year they went to China.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Las year they go China.,,last year 3PL go China,,Own knowledge,,10471, +21-109,21,Last year they went to China.,Last\tyear\tthey\twent\tto\tChina.,last\tyear\t3PL\tgo.PST\tto\tChina,Last year they went to China.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Last year they went to China.,,last year 3PL go.PST to China,,Own knowledge,,10472, +22-141,22,Em kam kamap long Yuwo.,Em\tkam\tkamap\tlong\tYuwo.,3SG\tcome\tarrive\tPREP\tYuwo,He arrived at Yuwo.,,,584[ESP M 19],,naturalistic spoken,Em kam kamap long Yuwo.,,3SG come arrive PREP Yuwo,,,,10473, +22-142,22,Em i go long Mosbi.,Em\ti\tgo\tlong\tMosbi.,3SG\tPM\tgo\tPREP\tMoresby,He went to Port Moresby.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Em i go long Mosbi.,,3SG PM go PREP Moresby,,Own knowledge,,10474, +23-131,23,mi kam daon long Walaha,mi\tkam\tdaon\tlong\tWalaha,1SG\tcome\tdown\tto\tWalaha,I came down to Walaha.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"mi kam daon long Walaha",,1SG come down to Walaha,,,,10475, +24-150,24,Dem goe aut Duncombe.,Dem\tgoe\taut\tDuncombe.,3PL\tgo\tDEIC\tDuncombe,They are going to Duncombe Bay.,,Dem is usually animate. Aut is a deictic spatial marker.,,,naturalistic spoken,Dem goe aut Duncombe.,,3PL go DEIC Duncombe,"Dem is usually animate. Aut is a deictic spatial marker.",Own fieldwork,,10476, +24-151,24,Dem goe Up Cooks.,Dem\tgoe\tUp\tCooks.,3PL\tgo\tDEIC\tCook.POSS,They are going to Cooks' Monument.,,Dem is usually animate. Up is a deictic spatial marker.,,,naturalistic spoken,Dem goe Up Cooks.,,3PL go DEIC Cook.POSS,"Dem is usually animate. Up is a deictic spatial marker.",Own fieldwork,,10477, +25-294,25,"Im kambek Sandei, im go Kananarra.","Im\tkam-bek\tSandei,\tim\tgo\tKananarra.",3SG\tcome-back\tSunday\t3SG\tgo\tKununurra,She'll come back on Sunday and will go to Kununurra.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of an (unmarked) place name as goal with a verb of motion.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Im kambek Sandei, im go Kananarra.","Im kam-bek Sandei, im go Kananarra.",3SG come-back Sunday 3SG go Kununurra,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of an (unmarked) place name as goal with a verb of motion.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,10478, +25-295,25,Yu bin go Leichhardt.,Yu\tbin\tgo\tLeichhardt.,2SG\tPST\tgo\tLeichhardt,You went to Leichhardt.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu bin go Leichhardt.",,2SG PST go Leichhardt,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,10479, +25-296,25,Al bin go Debi.,Al\tbin\tgo\tDebi.,1SG\tPST\tgo\tDerby,I went to Derby.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates an unmarked place name as the goal in a motion expression.,659[28],,unknown,"Al bin go Debi.",,1SG PST go Derby,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates an unmarked place name as the goal in a motion expression.,,,10480, +25-297,25,"Na, ai nomo wanda gu la Top Kemp.","Na,\tai\tnomo\twanda\tgu\tla\tTop\tKemp.",no\t1SG\tNEG\twant\tgo\tLOC\tTop\tCamp,"No, I don't want to go to the Top Camp.",,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the position of the negative particle, and a locative-marked place name as the goal of a motion expression.",40,,naturalistic spoken,"Na, ai nomo wanda gu la Top Kemp.",,no 1SG NEG want go LOC Top Camp,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the position of the negative particle, and a locative-marked place name as the goal of a motion expression.",,,10481, +26-93,26,wn ji kam hana ji gaɾa wə˞k,wn\tji\tkam\thana\tji\tgaɾa\twə˞k,when\t2SG\tcome\tHana\t2SG\tASSOBL\twork,When you come to Hana you've got to work.,,OBL = obligation,1545[51],,naturalistic spoken,wn ji kam hana ji gaɾa wə˞k,,when 2SG come Hana 2SG ASSOBL work,OBL = obligation,,,10482, +26-94,26,a wɛn go tu haleakala,a\twɛn\tgo\ttu\thaleakala,1SG\tPST.PFV\tgo\tto\tHaleakala,I went to Haleakala.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,a wɛn go tu haleakala,,1SG PST.PFV go to Haleakala,,Own fieldwork recording,,10483, +28-128,28,o mutɛ wiruni,o\tmu-tɛ\twiruni,3SG\tgo-PFV\tWiruni,He went to Wiruni.,,,737[482],,naturalistic spoken,o mutɛ wiruni,o mu-tɛ wiruni,3SG go-PFV Wiruni,,,,10484, +28-129,28,ju oiti mutɛ birbistati?,ju\toiti\tmu-tɛ\tbirbiʃi\tstati?,2SG\tever\tgo-PFV\tBerbice\ttown,Have you ever gone to New Amsterdam?,,,737[572],,naturalistic spoken,ju oiti mutɛ birbistati?,ju oiti mu-tɛ birbiʃi stati?,2SG ever go-PFV Berbice town,,,,10485, +28-130,28,ʃi tokap dektɛ mutɛ kukwani,ʃi\ttoko-apu\tdeki-tɛ\tmu-tɛ\tkukwani,3SG.POSS\tchild-PL\ttake-PFV\tgo-PFV\tKwakwani,His children took (him) to Kwakwani.,,,737[643],,naturalistic spoken,ʃi tokap dektɛ mutɛ kukwani,ʃi toko-apu deki-tɛ mu-tɛ kukwani,3SG.POSS child-PL take-PFV go-PFV Kwakwani,,,,10486, +28-131,28,titeni mangitɛ mut dɛn di gut loʃtori,titi\teni\tmangi-tɛ\tmu-tɛ\tdɛn\tdi\tgutu\tloʃi-tɛ\tori,time\t3PL\trun-PFV\tgo-PFV\tthen\tDEF\tthing\tlose-PFV\t3SG,"When they ran (there), then the thing let go of him.",,,737[412],,naturalistic spoken,titeni mangitɛ mut dɛn di gut loʃtori,titi eni mangi-tɛ mu-tɛ dɛn di gutu loʃi-tɛ ori,time 3PL run-PFV go-PFV then DEF thing lose-PFV 3SG,,,,10487, +29-159,29,Sy het Bloemfontein toe gegaan.,Sy\thet\tBloemfontein\ttoe\tge-gaan.,3SG.F.NOM\tPST\tBloemfontein\tto\tPTCP-gone,She went to Bloemfontein.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sy het Bloemfontein toe gegaan.,Sy het Bloemfontein toe ge-gaan.,3SG.F.NOM PST Bloemfontein to PTCP-gone,,Own knowledge,,10488, +29-160,29,Na Bloemfontein (toe) is dit 800km.,Na\tBloemfontein\t(toe)\tis\tdit\t800km.,to\tBloemfontein\t(to)\tis\tit\t800km,To Bloemfontein it's 800km.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Na Bloemfontein (toe) is dit 800km.,,to Bloemfontein (to) is it 800km,,Own knowledge,,10489, +29-161,29,Hulle verhuis na Kaapstad (toe).,Hulle\tverhuis\tna\tKaapstad\t(toe).,3SG.PL.NOM\tmove\tto\tCape.Town\t(to),They're moving to Cape Town.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hulle verhuis na Kaapstad (toe).,,3SG.PL.NOM move to Cape.Town (to),,Own knowledge,,10490, +30-175,30,Papá bá otu bes Purtugal ónti.,Papá\tbá\totu\tbes\tPurtugal\tónti.,dad\tgo\tother\ttime\tPortugal\tyesterday,"Yesterday, dad went to Portugal once more.",,,784[s.v. bá],,naturalistic spoken,Papá bá otu bes Purtugal ónti.,,dad go other time Portugal yesterday,,,,10491, +30-176,30,N ta bá pa Káuberdi entri Ánu Nóbu ku Páskua.,N=ta=bá\tpa=Káuberdi\tentri\tÁnu\tNóbu\tku=Páskua.,1SG=IPFV=go\tto=Cape.Verde\tbetween\tYear\tNew\twith=Easter,I will go the Cape Verde between New Year and Easter.,,,784[s.v. entri],,naturalistic spoken,"N ta bá pa Káuberdi entri Ánu Nóbu ku Páskua.",N=ta=bá pa=Káuberdi entri Ánu Nóbu ku=Páskua.,1SG=IPFV=go to=Cape.Verde between Year New with=Easter,,,,10492,German: Ich werde zwischen Neujahr und Ostern nach Kapverde gehen. +31-141,31,N ta bai Praia pamodi N ta ba atxa nhas minizu.,N\tta\tbai\tPraia\tpamodi\tN\tta\tba\tatxa\tnhas\tminizu.,I\tHAB\tgo\tPraia\tbecause\tI\tHAB\tgo\tfind\tmy\tchild,I go to Praia because I go to meet my children.,,,887,,naturalistic spoken,N ta bai Praia pamodi N ta ba atxa nhas minizu.,,I HAB go Praia because I HAB go find my child,,,,10493, +31-142,31,Pedru ta bai pa Praia.,Pedru\tta\tbai\tpa\tPraia.,Pedru\tFUT\tgo\tto\tPraia,Pedro will go to Praia.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pedru ta bai pa Praia.,,Pedru FUT go to Praia,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,10494, +32-131,32,El bá Salamansa.,El\tbá\tSalamansa.,3SG\tgo\tSalamansa,He went to Salamansa.,,,,,constructed by linguist,El bá Salamansa.,,3SG go Salamansa,,Own knowledge,,10495,Portuguese: Ele foi para a Salamansa. +32-132,32,No bá pa Praia.,No\tbá\tpa\tPraia.,2PL\tgo\tto\tPraia,We went to Praia.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"No bá pa Praia.",,2PL go to Praia,,Own knowledge,,10496,Portuguese: Fomos à Praia. +33-159,33,N’ na bay Gine.,N’\tna\tbay\tGine.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tGuinea,I’m going to Guinea.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N’ na bay Gine.,,1SG PROG go Guinea,,Own knowledge,,10497,Portuguese: Vou à Guiné. +33-160,33,N’ na bay pa Gine.,N’\tna\tbay\tpa\tGine.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tto\tGuinea,I’m going to Guinea.,,Pa implies explicitly longer duration; more acrolectal; without pa: neutral as to duration.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N’ na bay pa Gine.,,1SG PROG go to Guinea,"Pa implies explicitly longer duration; more acrolectal; without pa: neutral as to duration.",Own knowledge,,10498,Portuguese: Vou à Guiné. +34-129,34,Ña mamɛ́ bay Sicor.,Ña\tmamɛ́\tø\tbay\tSicor.,POSS.1SG\tmother\tPFV\tgo\tZiguinchor,My mother went to Ziguinchor.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ña mamɛ́ bay Sicor.,Ña mamɛ́ ø bay Sicor.,POSS.1SG mother PFV go Ziguinchor,,Own knowledge,,10499, +34-130,34,Ña mamɛ́ bay pa Sicor.,Ña\tmamɛ́\tø\tbay\tpa\tSicor.,POSS.1SG\tmother\tPFV\tgo\tto\tZiguinchor,My mother went to Ziguinchor.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ña mamɛ́ bay pa Sicor.","Ña mamɛ́ ø bay pa Sicor.",POSS.1SG mother PFV go to Ziguinchor,,Own knowledge,,10500, +35-179,35,N ga ba Tlaxa?,N\tga\tba\tTlaxa?,1SG\tIPFV\tgo\tTlaxa,Will I go to Tlaxa?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,N ga ba Tlaxa?,,1SG IPFV go Tlaxa,,Own data,,10501, +35-180,35,Tudaxi non ba Plinxipi.,Tudaxi\tnon\tba\tPlinxipi.,all\t1PL\tgo\tPríncipe,All of us went to the island of Príncipe.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tudaxi non ba Plinxipi.,,all 1PL go Príncipe,,Own data,,10502, +37-136,37,No we Putuga.,No\twe\tPutuga.,1PL\tgo\tPortugal,We went to Portugal.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"No we Putuga.",,1PL go Portugal,,Own knowledge,,10503, +39-149,39,"Yo ku də mĩ amig, nɔs foy Una.","Yo\tku\tdə\tmĩ\tamig,\tnɔs\tfoy\tUna.",1SG\tCOM\tof\t1SG.OBL\tfriend\t1PL\tgo.PST\tUna,I went to Una with my friends.,,,221[186],,naturalistic spoken,"Yo ku də mĩ amig, nɔs foy Una.",,1SG COM of 1SG.OBL friend 1PL go.PST Una,,,,10504, +39-150,39,El foy pə Go.,El\tfoy\tpə\tGo.,3SG\tgo.PST\tto\tGoa,He went to Goa.,,"The use of preposition pə 'to' in this sentence is an acrolectal trait, modelled on Portuguese. With locomotional verbs such as vay 'to go', destinations are usually expressed as a bare NP.",218,,naturalistic spoken,El foy pə Go.,,3SG go.PST to Goa,"The use of preposition pə 'to' in this sentence is an acrolectal trait, modelled on Portuguese. With locomotional verbs such as vay 'to go', destinations are usually expressed as a bare NP.",,,10505, +40-110,40,Teru nə/də Boməy yaho.,Teru\tnə/də\tBoməy\tyaho.,Teru\tLOC\tMumbai\twent,Teru went to Mumbai.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Teru nə/də Boməy yaho.,,Teru LOC Mumbai went,,Own knowledge,,10506, +40-111,40,Teru Boməy yaho.,Teru\tBoməy\tyaho.,Teru\tMumbai\twent,Teru went to Mumbai.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Teru Boməy yaho.,,Teru Mumbai went,,Own knowledge,,10507, +41-135,41,aartar silvasu fiiyasu fiiya uŋa jafoy tem tavnsvilpa ɔstreeliyapa,aartar\tsilva-su\tfiiya-su\tfiiya\tuŋa\tjaa-foy\tteem\ttavnsvil-pa\tɔstreeliya-pa,Arthur\tSilva-GEN\tdaughter-GEN\tdaughter\tone\tPST-go\tPRS.PRF\tTownsville-DAT\tAustralia-DAT,"One of Arthur Silva's daughter's daughters went to Townsville, to Australia.",,,1416[3055],,naturalistic spoken,aartar silvasu fiiyasu fiiya uŋa jafoy tem tavnsvilpa ɔstreeliyapa,"aartar silva-su fiiya-su fiiya uŋa jaa-foy teem tavnsvil-pa ɔstreeliya-pa",Arthur Silva-GEN daughter-GEN daughter one PST-go PRS.PRF Townsville-DAT Australia-DAT,,,,10508, +41-136,41,ɛlasu fiija jafoytu tavnsvil ɔstreeliya,ɛla-su\tfiija\tjaa-foy-tu\ttavnsvil\tɔstreeliya,3SG.F-GEN\tdaughter\tPST-go-PFV.PTCP\tTownsville\tAustralia,"Her daughter having gone to Townsville, Australia. OR: Consultant's translation: Her daughter has gone to Townsville, Australia.",,Jafoy teem 'has gone' is okay here in place of jafoytu; the latter leaves the sentence without a main verb.,1416[3060],,naturalistic spoken,ɛlasu fiija jafoytu tavnsvil ɔstreeliya,ɛla-su fiija jaa-foy-tu tavnsvil ɔstreeliya,3SG.F-GEN daughter PST-go-PFV.PTCP Townsville Australia,"Jafoy teem 'has gone' is okay here in place of jafoytu; the latter leaves the sentence without a main verb.",,,10509, +42-142,42,yo sa pai ja bai Singapura,yo\tsa\tpai\tja\tbai\tSingapura,1SG\tGEN\tfather\tPFV\tgo\tSingapore,My father went to Singapore.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yo sa pai ja bai Singapura,,1SG GEN father PFV go Singapore,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,10510, +42-215,42,eli já kuré bai kaza,eli\tjá\tkuré\tbai\tkaza,3SG\tPFV\trun\tgo\thouse,He ran home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"eli já kuré bai kaza",,3SG PFV run go house,,Own knowledge,,10511, +43-98,43,Nos kere anda gredja [...].,Nos\tkere\tanda\tgredja\t[...].,1PL\twant\tgo\tchurch\t[...],We want to go to church [...].,,,906[82],,naturalistic written,"Nos kere anda gredja [...].",,1PL want go church [...],,,,10512, +43-99,43,Agora io kere anda na badjar [...].,Agora\tio\tkere\tanda\tna\tbadjar\t[...].,now\t1SG\twant\tgo\tLOC\tmarket\t[...],Now I want to go to the market [...].,,,906[82],,naturalistic written,"Agora io kere anda na badjar [...].",,now 1SG want go LOC market [...],,,,10513, +44-139,44,Kyéri yo indá na Maníla manyána.,Kyéri\tyo\tindá\tna\tManíla\tmanyána.,want\t1SG\tgo\tLOC\tManila\ttomorrow,I want to go to Manila tomorrow.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Kyéri yo indá na Maníla manyána.,,want 1SG go LOC Manila tomorrow,,Own data,,10514,Spanish: Quiero ir a Manila mañana. +46-152,46,Ya-andá 'le na Maníla.,Ya-andá\t'le\tna\tManíla.,PFV-go\ts/he\tLOC\tManila,S/he went to Manila.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya-andá 'le na Maníla.,,PFV-go s/he LOC Manila,,Own knowledge,,10515, +47-158,47,Dia 11 di desember mi lo bai Aruba.,Dia\t11\tdi\tdesember\tmi\tlo\tbai\tAruba.,day\t11\tof\tDecember\t1SG\tMOOD\tgo\tAruba,The 11th of December I will be going to Aruba.,,,755,,naturalistic written,Dia 11 di desember mi lo bai Aruba.,,day 11 of December 1SG MOOD go Aruba,,,,10516, +47-159,47,Dialuna ku a pasa nan a bai Hulanda bèk.,Dialuna\tku\ta\tpasa\tnan\ta\tbai\tHulanda\tbèk.,Monday\tCOMP\tPFV\tpass\t3PL\tPFV\tgo\tHolland\tback,Last Monday they returned to Holland.,,,755,,naturalistic written,Dialuna ku a pasa nan a bai Hulanda bèk.,,Monday COMP PFV pass 3PL PFV go Holland back,,,,10517, +50-148,50,An k'ay Bastè.,An\tk'ay\tBastè.,1SG\tPROG.go\tBasse-Terre,I am going to Basse-Terre.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An k'ay Bastè.,,1SG PROG.go Basse-Terre,,Own fieldwork,,10518, +51-134,51,Man ka alé Fodfrans.,Man\tka\talé\tFodfrans.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tFort-de-France,I am going to Fort-de-France.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man ka alé Fodfrans.,,1SG PROG go Fort-de-France,,Own fieldwork,,10519, +52-86,52,nou vin désann Kayèn,nou\tvin\tdésann\tKayèn,we\tcome\tgo.down\tCayenne,We went to Cayenne.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,nou vin désann Kayèn,,we come go.down Cayenne,,,,10520, +53-308,53,Rose couri dans poulailler.,Rose\tcouri\tdans\tpoulailler.,Rose\tgo\tto\tchickenhouse,Rose went to the chickenhouse.,,,1049[160],,naturalistic written,Rose couri dans poulailler.,,Rose go to chickenhouse,,,,10521, +53-310,53,Li couri côté Compair Lapin.,Li\tcouri\tcôté\tCompair\tLapin.,3SG\tgo\tto\tBrother\tRabbit,He went to see Brother Rabbit.,,,1049[35],,naturalistic written,Li couri côté Compair Lapin.,,3SG go to Brother Rabbit,,,,10522, +53-311,53,"O, ye kouri la Vil, ye kouri Kalifourni.","O,\tye\tkouri\tlaVil,\tye\tkouri\tKalifourni.",oh\t3PL\tgo\tNew.Orleans\t3PL\tgo\tCalifornia,"Oh, they went to New Orleans, they went to California.",,,722[465],,naturalistic spoken,"O, ye kouri la Vil, ye kouri Kalifourni.","O, ye kouri laVil, ye kouri Kalifourni.",oh 3PL go New.Orleans 3PL go California,,,,10523, +53-312,53,Mo gen kouri a Livonnya.,Mo\tgen\tkouri\ta\tLivonnya.,1SG\thave.to\tgo\tto\tLivonia,I have to go to Livonia.,,,722[358],,naturalistic spoken,Mo gen kouri a Livonnya.,,1SG have.to go to Livonia,,,,10524, +53-313,53,"Li kouri kote Tulane, New Orleans.","Li\tkouri\tkote\t.",3SG\tgo\tto\tTulane\tNew\tOrleans,"He went to Tulane (University), in New Orleans.",,,722[360],,naturalistic spoken,"Li kouri kote Tulane, New Orleans.","Li kouri kote <Tulane, New Orleans>.",3SG go to Tulane New Orleans,,,,10525, +55-144,55,mo mama ti al Beler,mo\tmama\tti\tal\tBeler,1SG\tmother\tPST\tgo\tBel.Air,My mother went to Bel Air.,,There are at least four villages with the name Bel Air in Mauritius.,,,constructed by linguist,mo mama ti al Beler,,1SG mother PST go Bel.Air,There are at least four villages with the name Bel Air in Mauritius.,Own knowledge,,10526, +55-145,55,mo pe al Vakwa,mo\tpe\tal\tVakwa,1SG\tASP\tgo\tVacoas,I am going to Vacoas.,,,770,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mo pe al Vakwa,,1SG ASP go Vacoas,,,,10527, +57-84,57,nunde ale Mont-nDore,nunde\tale\tMont-nDore,1DU.INCL\tgo\tMont-Dore,The two of us go to the Mont Dore (mountain and region close to Saint-Louis).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,nunde ale Mont-nDore,,1DU.INCL go Mont-Dore,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,10528, +59-242,59,mbi ga a kodro,mbi\tga\tna\tkodro,1SG\tcome\tto\tvillage,I came home.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mbi ga a kodro,mbi ga na kodro,1SG come to village,,Samarin corpus 1994,,10529, +60-114,60,akendákí Kinshása,a-kend-ákí\tKinshása,3SG-go-PST\tKinshasa,She went to Kinshasa.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,akendákí Kinshása,a-kend-ákí Kinshása,3SG-go-PST Kinshasa,,,,10530, +60-115,60,akendákí na Kinshása,a-kend-ákí\tna\tKinshása,3SG-go-PST\tto\tKinshasa,She went to Kinshasa.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,akendákí na Kinshása,a-kend-ákí na Kinshása,3SG-go-PST to Kinshasa,,,,10531, +61-85,61,Yena hambile lapa Thegwin.,Yena\thambile\tlapa\tThegwin.,he\tgo.PST\tLOC.PREP\tDurban,He went to Durban.,,"The locational preposition is optional; sometimes a fine nuance is possible; lapha signifying 'in the direction of, near, towards' whereas zero is more specific here.",,,elicited from speaker,Yena hambile lapa Thegwin.,Yena hambile lapa Thegwin.,he go.PST LOC.PREP Durban,"The locational preposition is optional; sometimes a fine nuance is possible; lapha signifying 'in the direction of, near, towards' whereas zero is more specific here.",Field notes Mesthrie,,10532, +61-86,61,Yena hambile Belair.,Yena\thamb-ile\tBelair.,he\tgo-PST\tBelair,He went to Belair.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Yena hambile Belair.,Yena hamb-ile Belair.,he go-PST Belair,,Own knowledge,,10533, +63-159,63,grup tán rúo fi Ankóle,grup\ttán\trúo\tfi\tAnkóle,group\tother\tgo\tin\tAnkole,Another group went to Ankole.,,,856[19],,naturalistic spoken,grup tán rúo fi Ankóle,,group other go in Ankole,,,,10534, +64-170,64,yom ána ja fi máser ána rówa iskendería,yom\tána\tja\tfi\tmáser\tána\trówa\tiskendería,day\t1SG\tcome\tin\tEgypt\t1SG\tgo\tAlexandria,"When I arrived in Egypt, I went to Alexandria.",,,,,constructed by linguist,yom ána ja fi máser ána rówa iskendería,,day 1SG come in Egypt 1SG go Alexandria,,Own knowledge,,10535, +66-93,66,Rikas Klumbu na(ng) a(rə)pi.,Rikas\tKlumbu-na(ng)\ta(rə)-pi.,Rikas\tColombo-to\tPRS-go,Rikas is going to Colombo.,,"As in Muslim Tamil, contra Sinhala (not a contact language), the postposition/case marker must be present.",,,elicited from speaker,Rikas Klumbu na(ng) a(rə)pi.,Rikas Klumbu-na(ng) a(rə)-pi.,Rikas Colombo-to PRS-go,"As in Muslim Tamil, contra Sinhala (not a contact language), the postposition/case marker must be present.","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,10536, +68-96,68,De pi ka Ambon.,De\tpi\tka\tAmbon.,3SG\tgo\tto\tAmbon,S/he goes to Ambon OR: S/he went to Ambon.,,,,,constructed by linguist,De pi ka Ambon.,,3SG go to Ambon,,Own knowledge,,10537, +69-63,69,Pəpənəŋ kandək mənda wanan,Pəpənəŋ\tkandək\tmənda\twa-nan,Pəpənəŋ\tOBL\tthen\tgo-NFUT,Then (they) went to Pəpənəŋ (name of a lake).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pəpənəŋ kandək mənda wanan,Pəpənəŋ kandək mənda wa-nan,Pəpənəŋ OBL then go-NFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,10538, +70-69,70,Ham-log mango jao Wangandamu.,Ham-log\tmango\tjao\tWangandamu.,1-PL\twant\tgo\tWangandamu,We want to go to Wangandamu.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ham-log mango jao Wangandamu.,,1-PL want go Wangandamu,,Siegel-field recording,,10539, +71-140,71,Kanaka pauloa hele Kauai.,Kanaka\tpauloa\thele\tKauai.,person\tall\tgo\tKauai,Everyone went to Kauai.,,,,,naturalistic written,Kanaka pauloa hele Kauai.,,person all go Kauai,,own data 1865,,10540, +71-141,71,Wau makemake hele ma Hanalei.,Wau\tmakemake\thele\tma\tHanalei.,1SG\twant\tgo\tLOC\tHanalei,I want to go to Hanalei.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau makemake hele ma Hanalei.",,1SG want go LOC Hanalei,,own data 1890,,10541, +73-88,73,Otabalomu igixuni,Otabalo-mu\ti-gi-xu-ni,Otavalo-ALL\tgo-INC-PROG-1SG,I am going to go to Otavalo.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Otabalomu igixuni,Otabalo-mu i-gi-xu-ni,Otavalo-ALL go-INC-PROG-1SG,,Field notes,,10542, +74-127,74,náyka tlatwa Siyátl,náyka\ttlatwa\tSiyátl,1SG\tgo\tSeattle,I go to Seattle.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka tlatwa Siyátl,,1SG go Seattle,,Own knowledge,,10543, +75-210,75,Edmonton kiitohteew.,Edmonton\tkii-t-ohtee-w.,Edmonton\tPST-DIR-MOVE-3SG,She went to Edmonton.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Edmonton kiitohteew.,Edmonton kii-t-ohtee-w.,Edmonton PST-DIR-MOVE-3SG,,,,10544, +75-211,75,A Muuntriyal giiitustanaan la smenn paasii.,A\tMoontriyal\tgii-itust-anaan\tla\tsmenn\tpaasii.,LOC\tMontreal\t1.PST-go-1PL\tDEF.ART.F.SG\tweek\tpassed,We went to Montreal last week.,,,789[182-183],,naturalistic written,A Muuntriyal giiitustanaan la smenn paasii.,A Moontriyal gii-itust-anaan la smenn paasii.,LOC Montreal 1.PST-go-1PL DEF.ART.F.SG week passed,,,,10545, +1-198,1,Jesus komm bakka va riba Jordan.,Yesus\tkon\tbaka\tfu\triba\tYordan.,Jesus\tcome\tback\tfrom\triver\tJordan,Jesus came back from the river Jordan.,,"Here the verb komm/kon, 'come' plus baka 'back' expresses 'return'; the preposition va/fu expresses 'from' in this case. This is exceptional and restricted to a few such cases in Schumann (1781).",1355[29],,written,"Jesus komm bakka va riba Jordan.",Yesus kon baka fu riba Yordan.,Jesus come back from river Jordan,"Here the verb komm/kon, 'come' plus baka 'back' expresses 'return'; the preposition va/fu expresses 'from' in this case. This is exceptional and restricted to a few such cases in Schumann (1781).",,,10546, +1-199,1,sinsi dem ben kommotto bakka na Babel [...],sensi\tden\tben\tkomoto\tbaka\tna\tBabel\t[...],since\t3PL\tPST\tcome.out\tback\tLOC\tBabel\t[...],since they came back from Babel [...].,,"The verb komoto/komopo, 'come from/out' conveys 'motion-from'; in combination with adverbial baka 'back' it expresses 'return from'. The source is marked by the all-purpose preposition na which does not contribute anything to the meaning. The preposition fu does not cooccur with komoto/komopo.",1355[6],,written,sinsi dem ben kommotto bakka na Babel [...],sensi den ben komoto baka na Babel [...],since 3PL PST come.out back LOC Babel [...],"The verb komoto/komopo, 'come from/out' conveys 'motion-from'; in combination with adverbial baka 'back' it expresses 'return from'. The source is marked by the all-purpose preposition na which does not contribute anything to the meaning. The preposition fu does not cooccur with komoto/komopo.",,,10547, +1-200,1,Hoe zan den ben takki da tem joe kommote na fransi konderi.,O=san\tden\tben\ttaki\tda\tten\tyu\tkomoto\tna\tFrans\tkondre.,Q=thing\t3PL\tPST\tsay\tDET.PL\ttime\t2SG\tcome.out\tLOC\tFrench\tcountry,What did they say when you left France?,,"'Motion-from' is expressed is by the verb komoto/komopo 'come out/from', in this case without baka 'back'. The source is marked by the all-purpose preposition na which does not add to the semantics. The preposition fu is not used with komoto/komopo.",1527[36],,written,Hoe zan den ben takki da tem joe kommote na fransi konderi.,O=san den ben taki da ten yu komoto na Frans kondre.,Q=thing 3PL PST say DET.PL time 2SG come.out LOC French country,"'Motion-from' is expressed is by the verb komoto/komopo 'come out/from', in this case without baka 'back'. The source is marked by the all-purpose preposition na which does not add to the semantics. The preposition fu is not used with komoto/komopo.",,,10548,Dutch: Wat zei men te Parys op uw vertrek. [Dutch; op.cit.] +2-210,2,A granman fu den Dyuka kmopo fu Dritabiki.,A\tgranman\tfu\tden\tDyuka\tkmopo\tfu\tDritabiki.,DET\tchief\tof\tthe.PL\tAukaners\tcome.up\tfrom\tDrietabbetje,The chief of the Aukeners comes from Drietabbetje.,,,1585[27],,naturalistic spoken,"A granman fu den Dyuka kmopo fu Dritabiki.",,DET chief of the.PL Aukaners come.up from Drietabbetje,,,,10549, +2-211,2,"Yu yere dati Turku e suku yu, a betre yu wijk uit komoto na Holland.","Yu yere dati Turku e suku yu, a betre yu wijk uit komoto na Holland.",you hear that Turks IPFV look.for you be better you emigrate come.out of Holland,"You hear that the Turks are looking for you, you better get out of Holland.",,"I SUSPECT THAT FU IS ALSO USED IN SVCS WITH A MOTION VERB AS V1 AND ‘GO/COME’ ETC. AS V2. YOU ALSO HAVE STRUCTURES LIKE this one, WHICH ARE PROBABLY NOT EXAMPLES OF COMING FROM A PLACE IN THE STRICT SENSE.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu yere dati Turku e suku yu, a betre yu wijk uit komoto na Holland.",,you hear that Turks IPFV look.for you be better you emigrate come.out of Holland,"I SUSPECT THAT FU IS ALSO USED IN SVCS WITH A MOTION VERB AS V1 AND ‘GO/COME’ ETC. AS V2. YOU ALSO HAVE STRUCTURES LIKE this one, WHICH ARE PROBABLY NOT EXAMPLES OF COMING FROM A PLACE IN THE STRICT SENSE.","Winford data, Tape 8-a",,10550, +3-101,3,A kumutu a Damsko.,A\tkumutu\ta\tDamsko.,3SG\tcome.out\tLOC\tAmsterdam,He came from Amsterdam.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"A kumutu a Damsko.",,3SG come.out LOC Amsterdam,,Fieldwork data,,10551, +5-136,5,mi moda kom Gaiyana laang taim,mi\tmoda\tkom\tGaiyana\tlaang\ttaim,1SG.POSS\tmother\tcome\tGuyana\tlong\ttime,My mother came to Guyana a long time ago.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi moda kom Gaiyana laang taim,,1SG.POSS mother come Guyana long time,,Own knowledge,,10552, +5-137,5,mi moda kom a Gaiyana laang taim,mi\tmoda\tkom\ta\tGaiyana\tlaang\ttaim,1SG.POSS\tmother\tcome\tPREP\tGuyana\tlong\ttime,My mother came to Guyana a long time ago.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mi moda kom a Gaiyana laang taim",,1SG.POSS mother come PREP Guyana long time,,Own knowledge,,10553, +6-85,6,She comin Toco.,She\tcomin\tToco.,3SG.F\tcome.PROG\tToco,She has come back from Toco.,,,,,elicited from speaker,She comin Toco.,,3SG.F come.PROG Toco,,Informant,,10554, +7-189,7,Shi kuhm bak fram Gomea yestade.,Shi\tkuhm\tbak\tfram\tGomea\tyestade.,3SG\tcome\tback\tfrom\tGomea\tyesterday,She came back from Gomea yesterday.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Shi kuhm bak fram Gomea yestade.",,3SG come back from Gomea yesterday,,Own knowledge,,10555, +8-125,8,Di bwai de kom wie fram Tong.,Di\tbwai\tde\tkom\twie\tfram\tTong.,DET\tboy\tPROG\tcome\tway\tfrom\tTown,The boy is coming all the way from Town.,,Town refers to Kingston.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di bwai de kom wie fram Tong.",,DET boy PROG come way from Town,"Town refers to Kingston.",Own knowledge,,10556, +8-126,8,Mi mada kom frahn farin yeside.,Mi\tmada\tkom\tfrahn\tfarin\tyeside.,1SG\tmother\tcome\tfrom\tforeign\tyesterday,My mother returned/came from overseas yesterday.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mi mada kom frahn farin yeside.",,1SG mother come from foreign yesterday,,Own knowledge,,10557, +10-181,10,Ihn kom bak faan Bogotá.,Ihn\tkom\tbak\tfaan\tBogotá.,3SG\tcome\tback\tfrom\tBogotá,She came back from Bogotá.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ihn kom bak faan Bogotá.",,3SG come back from Bogotá,,Field notes 2008,,10558, +10-182,10,Im bring strims fi mi fram Nikaraagwa.,Im\tbring\tstrims\tfi\tmi\tfram\tNikaraagwa.,3SG\tbring\tshrimp.PL\tfor\t1SG\tfrom\tNicaragua,He/she brings/brought me shrimps from Nicaragua.,,,243[117],,elicited from speaker,"Im bring strims fi mi fram Nikaraagwa.",,3SG bring shrimp.PL for 1SG from Nicaragua,,,,10559, +11-253,11,"Som kom from Bluufiilz, from Kukra [...].","Som\tkom\tfrom\tBluufiilz,\tfrom\tKukra\t[...].",some\tcome\tfrom\tBluefields\tfrom\tKukra\t[...],"Some come from Bluefields, some from Kukra Hill [...].",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Som kom from Bluufiilz, from Kukra [...].",,some come from Bluefields from Kukra [...],,,,10560, +12-199,12,"Tony - you 'member when he came from Cuba, and then he start.",[...]\twhen\the\tcame\tfrom\tCuba\t[...].,[...]\twhen\t3SG.SBJ\tcome.PST\tfrom\tCuba\t[...],[...] when he came from Cuba [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Tony - you 'member when he came from Cuba, and then he start.","[...] when he came from Cuba [...].",[...] when 3SG.SBJ come.PST from Cuba [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10561, +13-147,13,A whole heap-a people come fa yeh um fom Jerusalem.,A\twhole\theap-a\tpeople\tcome\tfa\tyeh\tum\tfom\tJerusalem.,a\twhole\theap-of\tpeople\tcome\tfor\thear\t3.OBJ\tfrom\tJerusalem,A lot of people came from Jerusalem to hear him. (Mt 3.5),,,357[7],,bible translation,"A whole heap-a people come fa yeh um fom Jerusalem.",,a whole heap-of people come for hear 3.OBJ from Jerusalem,,,,10562, +14-111,14,She came back from New York.,She\tcame\tback\tfrom\tNew\tYork.,she\tcame\tback\tfrom\tNew\tYork,She came back from New York.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She came back from New York.,,she came back from New York,,Own knowledge,,10563, +15-108,15,a kam bak frɔm salon yɛstade,a\tkam\tbak\tfrɔm\tsalon\tyɛstade,1SG\tcome\tback\tfrom\tSierra.Leone\tyesterday,I got back from Sierra Leone yesterday.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"a kam bak frɔm salon yɛstade",,1SG come back from Sierra.Leone yesterday,,Own knowledge,,10564, +15-109,15,a lɛf salon yɛstade,a\tlɛf\tsalon\tyɛstade,1SG\tleave\tSierra.Leone\tyesterday,I left Sierra Leone yesterday.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a lɛf salon yɛstade,,1SG leave Sierra.Leone yesterday,,Own knowledge,,10565, +16-112,16,kado pipu dɛm kam frɔm mali,kado\tpipu\tdɛm\tkam\tfrɔm\tmali,Kaado\tpeople\t3PL\tcome\tfrom\tMali,The Kaados come from Mali.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"kado pipu dɛm kam frɔm mali",,Kaado people 3PL come from Mali,,Own fieldwork,,10566, +17-137,17,Ìm (frò̱m) Òyó rìtó̱n ko̱m.,Ìm\t(frò̱m)\tÒyó\trìtó̱n\tko̱m.,3SG.SBJ\t(LOC)\tÒyó\treturn\tcome.LOC,S/he returned from Òyó.,,,462[155],,naturalistic spoken,Ìm (frò̱m) Òyó rìtó̱n ko̱m.,,3SG.SBJ (LOC) Òyó return come.LOC,,,,10567, +17-138,17,Ìm rìtó̱n frò̱m Òyó ko̱m.,Ìm\trìtó̱n\tfrò̱m\tÒyó\tko̱m.,3SG.SBJ\treturn\tLOC\tÒyó\tcome.LOC,S/he came from Òyó.,,,462[155],,naturalistic spoken,Ìm rìtó̱n frò̱m Òyó ko̱m.,,3SG.SBJ return LOC Òyó come.LOC,,,,10568, +17-139,17,Ìm (frò̱m) Òyó ko̱m.,Ìm\t(frò̱m)\tÒyó\tko̱m.,3SG.SBJ\t(LOC)\tÒyó\tcome,S/he came from Òyó.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ìm (frò̱m) Òyó ko̱m.,,3SG.SBJ (LOC) Òyó come,,Fieldwork data,,10569, +17-140,17,Ìm ko̱m (frò̱m) Òyó.,Ìm\tko̱m\t(frò̱m)\tÒyó.,3SG.SBJ\tcome\t(LOC)\tÒyó,S/he came from Òyó.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ìm ko̱m (frò̱m) Òyó.,,3SG.SBJ come (LOC) Òyó,,Fieldwork data,,10570, +18-119,18,I don kom bak fo Bamenda.,I\tdon\tkom\tbak\tfo\tBamenda.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tcome\tback\tfor\tBamenda,She/He came from Bamenda.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"I don kom bak fo Bamenda.",,3SG.SBJ PFV come back for Bamenda,,,,10571, +19-159,19,̀Dɛ̀n kɔ̀mɔ́t Bàta.,̀Dɛ̀n\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tBàta.,3PL\tcome.from\tBata,They come from Bata.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"̀Dɛ̀n kɔ̀mɔ́t Bàta.",,3PL come.from Bata,,Field data,,10572, +19-160,19,Jɔs è kɔ̀mɔ́t nà Baney [...].,Jɔs\tè\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tnà\tBaney\t[...].,just\t3SG.SBJ\tgo.out\tLOC\tBaney\t[...],She had just left Baney [...].,,The general locative preposition /na/ can be employed to mark the ground but it contributes no directional sense.,1634[198],,naturalistic spoken,"Jɔs è kɔ̀mɔ́t nà Baney [...].",,just 3SG.SBJ go.out LOC Baney [...],The general locative preposition /na/ can be employed to mark the ground but it contributes no directional sense.,,,10573, +19-161,19,Dì bɔy rɔn kɔ̀mɔ́t nà Basakato.,Dì\tbɔy\trɔn\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tnà\tBasakato.,DEF\tboy\trun\tgo.out\tLOC\tBasakato,The boy runs away from Basakato.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dì bɔy rɔn kɔ̀mɔ́t nà Basakato.",,DEF boy run go.out LOC Basakato,,Field data,,10574, +21-110,21,She came from Hainan.,She\tcame\tfrom\tHainan.,3SG\tcome.PST\tfrom\tHainan,She came from Hainan.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"She came from Hainan.",,3SG come.PST from Hainan,,Own knowledge,,10575, +22-143,22,Em i kam long Mosbi.,Em\ti\tkam\tlong\tMosbi.,3SG\tPM\tcome\tPREP\tMoresby,He came from Port Moresby.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Em i kam long Mosbi.",,3SG PM come PREP Moresby,,Own knowledge,,10576, +23-132,23,hem i kambak long Hog Haba finis?,hem\ti\tkambak\tlong\tHog\tHaba\tfinis?,3SG\tAGR\tcome.back\tfrom\tHog\tHarbour\tCOMPL,Has she come back from Hog Harbour already?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"hem i kambak long Hog Haba finis?",,3SG AGR come.back from Hog Harbour COMPL,,Own knowledge,,10577, +24-152,24,She kamen frum Sydney.,She\tkamen\tfrum\tSydney.,she\tcome.CONT\tPREP\tSydney,She is arriving from Sydney.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"She kamen frum Sydney.",,she come.CONT PREP Sydney,,Own fieldwork,,10578, +25-298,25,Wan hi kambek from skul.,Wan\thi\tkam-bek\tfrom\tskul.,TEMP\t3SG\tcome-back\tfrom\tschool,When he comes back from school.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of an adpositional phrase as source with a verb of motion.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wan hi kambek from skul.",Wan hi kam-bek from skul.,TEMP 3SG come-back from school,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of an adpositional phrase as source with a verb of motion.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,10579, +25-299,25,Yu kam brom Risos Senta.,Yu\tkam\tbrom\tRisos\tSenta.,2SG\tcome\tfrom\tResource\tCentre,You come from the Resource Centre.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of an adpositionally marked place name as source with a verb of motion.This example is part of a route description.",,,elicited from speaker,"Yu kam brom Risos Senta.",,2SG come from Resource Centre,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of an adpositionally marked place name as source with a verb of motion.This example is part of a route description.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,10580, +25-300,25,Mela bin kamap from Junjuwa.,Mela\tbin\tkamap\tfrom\tJunjuwa.,1PL.EXCL\tPST\tcome\tfrom\tJunjuwa,We came from Junjuwa.,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a named place as a source.,659[37],,naturalistic spoken,"Mela bin kamap from Junjuwa.",,1PL.EXCL PST come from Junjuwa,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a named place as a source.,,,10581, +26-95,26,a wɛn kam bæk fɔm hilo ɔɹɛdi,a\twɛn\tkam\tbæk\tfɔm\thilo\tɔɹɛdi,1SG\tPST.PFV\tcome\tback\tfrom\tHilo\talready,I've come back from Hilo already.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"a wɛn kam bæk fɔm hilo ɔɹɛdi",,1SG PST.PFV come back from Hilo already,,Own knowledge,,10582, +26-96,26,hi keɪm fɹɔm hana,hi\tkeɪm\tfɹɔm\thana,3SG\tcame\tfrom\tHana,He came from Hana.,,,1545[66],,naturalistic spoken,"hi keɪm fɹɔm hana",,3SG came from Hana,,,,10583, +27-105,27,Nu di fulək sini fa Meriki kā kō kōp di plek.,Nu\tdi\tfulək\tsini\tfa\tMeriki\tkā\tkō\tkōp\tdi\tplek.,now\tDET\tpeople\t3PL\tfrom\tAmerica\tCOMPL\tcome\tbuy\tDET\tplace,Now the people from America have come and bought the place.,,"This may not be a very good example sentence for the construction asked, but it is the best I could find with a named place.",355[31],,naturalistic spoken,"Nu di fulək sini fa Meriki kā kō kōp di plek.",,now DET people 3PL from America COMPL come buy DET place,"This may not be a very good example sentence for the construction asked, but it is the best I could find with a named place.",,,10584, +29-162,29,My ma het van/uit Kaapstad terug gekom/gekeer.,My\tma\thet\tvan/uit\tKaapstad\tterug\tge-kom/ge-keer.,1SG.POSS\tmother\tPST\tfrom/out\tCape.Town\tback\tPTCP-come/PTCP-returned,My mother came back from Cape Town.,,Prepositional uit ('out') is more formal than van and thus goes most naturally with higher register verbs like terugkeer ('return').,,,naturalistic spoken,My ma het van/uit Kaapstad terug gekom/gekeer.,My ma het van/uit Kaapstad terug ge-kom/ge-keer.,1SG.POSS mother PST from/out Cape.Town back PTCP-come/PTCP-returned,"Prepositional uit ('out') is more formal than van and thus goes most naturally with higher register verbs like terugkeer ('return').",Own knowledge,,10585, +29-163,29,My ma het van Kaapstad (af) terug gekom.,My\tma\thet\tvan\tKaapstad\t(af)\tterug\tge-kom.,1SG.POSS\tmother\tPST\tfrom\tCape.Town\t(off)\tback\tPTCP-come,My mother has returned from Cape Town.,,This is very common indeed in spoken Afrikaans.,,,naturalistic spoken,My ma het van Kaapstad (af) terug gekom.,My ma het van Kaapstad (af) terug ge-kom.,1SG.POSS mother PST from Cape.Town (off) back PTCP-come,This is very common indeed in spoken Afrikaans.,Own knowledge,,10586, +30-177,30,N ta volta di Práia noti.,N=ta=volta\tdi=Práia\tnoti.,1SG=IPFV=return\tfrom=Praia\tnight,I will come back from Praia at night.,,,784[s.v. volta],,naturalistic spoken,"N ta volta di Práia noti.",N=ta=volta di=Práia noti.,1SG=IPFV=return from=Praia night,,,,10587,German: Ich werde nachts aus Praia zurückkehren. +31-143,31,Dj'el ben di Merka.,Dj'el\tben\tdi\tMerka.,COMP.he\tcome\tfrom\tAmerica,He has come back from America.,,,839,,naturalistic spoken,"Dj'el ben di Merka.",,COMP.he come from America,,,,10588, +32-133,32,N ben d'Merka.,N\tben\tde\tMerka.,1SG\tcome\tfrom\tAmerica,I came from the United States.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"N ben d'Merka.","N ben de Merka.",1SG come from America,,Own knowledge,,10589,Portuguese: Vim dos Estados Unidos. +33-161,33,N’ na riba di Gine.,N’\tna\triba\tdi\tGine.,1SG\tPROG\treturn\tfrom\tGuinea,I’m returning from Guinea.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’ na riba di Gine.",,1SG PROG return from Guinea,,Own knowledge,,10590,Portuguese: Estou a regressar da Guiné. +34-131,34,Mariya beŋ di Sicor.,Mariya\tø\tbeŋ\tdi\tSicor.,Mary\tPFV\tcome\tfrom\tZiguinchor,Mary came back from Ziguinchor.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya beŋ di Sicor.","Mariya ø beŋ di Sicor.",Mary PFV come from Ziguinchor,,Own knowledge,,10591, +35-181,35,[...] punda n bi fô Koya.,[...]\tpunda\tn\tbi\tfô\tKoya.,[...]\tbecause\t1SG\tcome\tcome.from\tKoya,[...] because I came from Koya.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] punda n bi fô Koya.",,[...] because 1SG come come.from Koya,,Own data,,10592, +37-137,37,No vika fo Santome ontxi.,No\tvika\tfo\tSantome\tontxi.,1PL\tcome\tcome.from\tSão.Tomé\tyesterday.,We came from São Tomé yesterday.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"No vika fo Santome ontxi.",,1PL come come.from São.Tomé yesterday.,,Own knowledge,,10593, +39-151,39,Elz vey də gɔgla.,Elz\tvey\tdə\tgɔgla.,3PL\tcome.PST\tfrom\tGoghla,They came from Goghla.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,"Elz vey də gɔgla.",,3PL come.PST from Goghla,,,,10594, +41-137,41,eli kulumbu(ntu) impa javii tem,eli\tkulumbu(-ntu)\timpa\tjaa-vii\tteem,3SG.M\tColombo(-LOC)\tfrom\tPST-come\tPRS.PRF,He has come from Colombo.,,Locative case is optional here.,1416[1774],,elicited from speaker,"eli kulumbu(ntu) impa javii tem",eli kulumbu(-ntu) impa jaa-vii teem,3SG.M Colombo(-LOC) from PST-come PRS.PRF,Locative case is optional here.,,,10595, +42-143,42,eli ja chegá di Kuala Lumpur,eli\tja\tchegá\tdi\tKuala\tLumpur,3SG\tPFV\tcome\tfrom\tKuala\tLumpur,He arrived from Kuala Lumpur.,,,122[164],,naturalistic spoken,"eli ja chegá di Kuala Lumpur",,3SG PFV come from Kuala Lumpur,,,,10596, +44-140,44,Ya biní yo na Náik.,Ya\tbiní\tyo\tna\tNáik.,PFV\tcome\t1SG\tLOC\tNaic,I came from Naic.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ya biní yo na Náik.",,PFV come 1SG LOC Naic,,Own data,,10597, +46-153,46,Ya-birá 'le na Zamboanga.,Ya-birá\t'le\tna\tZamboanga.,PRF-turn\ts/he\tLOC\tZamboanga,S/he returned from Zamboanga. OR: S/he has returned from Zamboanga.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ya-birá 'le na Zamboanga.",,PRF-turn s/he LOC Zamboanga,,Own knowledge,,10598, +46-154,46,estába na Manila para na Macau,estába\tna\tManila\tpara\tna\tMacau,was\tLOC\tManila\tto\tLOC\tMacau,from Manila to Macau,,,,,naturalistic spoken,estába na Manila para na Macau,,was LOC Manila to LOC Macau,,Own knowledge,,10599, +47-160,47,Awor S. a bin for di Hulanda.,Awor\tS.\ta\tbini\tfor\tdi\tHulanda.,now\tS.\tPFV\tcome\tfrom\tof\tHolland,Now S. has come from Holland.,,,755,,naturalistic written,"Awor S. a bin for di Hulanda.",Awor S. a bini for di Hulanda.,now S. PFV come from of Holland,,,,10600, +48-151,48,Lusi a ngobbé ri ekuela.,Lusi\ta\tngobbé\tri\tekuela.,Lucy\tPST\treturn\tfrom\tschool,Lucy has returned from school.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Lusi a ngobbé ri ekuela.",,Lucy PST return from school,,Recorded by author,,10601,Spanish: Lucy ha vuelto de la escuela. +50-149,50,An sòti Lapwent.,An\tsòti\tLapwent.,1SG\tcome.back\tPointe.à.Pitre,I am coming back from Ponte-à-Pitre.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An sòti Lapwent.,,1SG come.back Pointe.à.Pitre,,Own fieldwork,,10602, +51-135,51,Man sòti Baspwent.,Man\tsòti\tBaspwent.,1SG\tcome.back\tBasse-Pointe,I am coming back from Basse-Pointe.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man sòti Baspwent.,,1SG come.back Basse-Pointe,,Own fieldwork,,10603, +52-88,52,tifiy a soti Kayèn,tifiy-a\tsoti\tKayèn,girl-ART\tleave\tCayenne,The girl left Cayenne.,,,,,elicited from speaker,tifiy a soti Kayèn,tifiy-a soti Kayèn,girl-ART leave Cayenne,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,10604, +54-181,54,Sé pa le maï ki sort Madagascar.,Se\tpa\tlë\tmai\tki\tsort\tMadagaskar.,this.is\tNEG\tDEF\tmaize\tREL\tcome.from\tMadagascar.,This is not maize from Madagascar.,,,229[78],,naturalistic spoken,Sé pa le maï ki sort Madagascar.,Se pa lë mai ki sort Madagaskar.,this.is NEG DEF maize REL come.from Madagascar.,,,,10605,French: Ce n'est pas le maïs qui vient de Madagascar. +55-146,55,li return depi Maybur yer,li\treturn\tdepi\tMaybur\tyer,3SG\treturn\tfrom\tMahébourg\tyesterday,She came back from Mahébourg yesterday.,,"There is also a verb sorti (short form: sort) 'come from', 'depart from'. This verb does not require a preposition. Without any TAM marker or temporal adverbial, li sort Maybur would generally be understood to mean 'she comes from Mahébourg' (i.e. was born and raised there) but, with a TAM marker and/or a temporal adverbial as in li (ti) sort Maybur yer 'she came from Mahébourg yesterday' would refer to a recent or forthcoming journey and carry no implications about place of origin.",,,constructed by linguist,"li return depi Maybur yer",,3SG return from Mahébourg yesterday,"There is also a verb sorti (short form: sort) 'come from', 'depart from'. This verb does not require a preposition. Without any TAM marker or temporal adverbial, li sort Maybur would generally be understood to mean 'she comes from Mahébourg' (i.e. was born and raised there) but, with a TAM marker and/or a temporal adverbial as in li (ti) sort Maybur yer 'she came from Mahébourg yesterday' would refer to a recent or forthcoming journey and carry no implications about place of origin.",Own knowledge,,10606, +55-147,55,mo sort Vakwa,mo\tsort\tVakwa,1SG\tcome.from\tVacoas,I'm coming from Vacoas.,,,770[179],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mo sort Vakwa,,1SG come.from Vacoas,,,,10607, +55-148,55,"mo papa sort depi Sesel, li'nn vini pu travay dan Moris","mo\tpapa\tsort\tdepi\tSesel,\tli'nn\tvini\tpu\ttravay\tdan\tMoris",POSS\tfather\tcome\tfrom\tSeychelles\t3SG.COMPL\tcome\tto\twork\tin\tMauritius,"My father comes from the Seychelles, he came to work in Mauritius.",,"This is a corpus example, and we have no information about the socioethnic background of the speaker. According to us, it would be more usual, at least, to say Mo papa sort Sesel. Depi probably occurs more often in Bhojpuri-influenced Mauritian Creole.",770[182],,naturalistic spoken,"mo papa sort depi Sesel, li'nn vini pu travay dan Moris",,POSS father come from Seychelles 3SG.COMPL come to work in Mauritius,"This is a corpus example, and we have no information about the socioethnic background of the speaker. According to us, it would be more usual, at least, to say Mo papa sort Sesel. Depi probably occurs more often in Bhojpuri-influenced Mauritian Creole.",,,10608, +56-147,56,Bann materyo ti sorti isi Mae sa?,Bann\tmateryo\tti\tsorti\tisi\tMae\tsa?,PL\tmaterial\tPST\tcome.from\there\tMahé\tDEM,Did the materials come from Mahé?,,Mahé is the main island of the Seychelles.,158[Text 6],,naturalistic spoken,Bann materyo ti sorti isi Mae sa?,,PL material PST come.from here Mahé DEM,Mahé is the main island of the Seychelles.,,,10609, +57-85,57,ma vja nde Saint-Louis,ma\tvja\tnde\tSaint-Louis,1SG\tcome\tDIR\tSaint-Louis,I came from Saint-Louis.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ma vja nde Saint-Louis",,1SG come DIR Saint-Louis,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,10610, +58-160,58,Móno méne katúka na bwála,Móno\tméne\tkatúka\tna\tbwála,1SG\tfinish\toriginate\tPREP\tvillage,I have come from the village,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Móno méne katúka na bwála",,1SG finish originate PREP village,,Own knowledge,,10611, +59-243,59,ala londo na Paris asi laso,ala\tlondo\tna\tParis\ta-si\tlaso,3PL\tarise\tPREP\tParis\tPM-arrive\ttoday,They returned (arrived) from Paris today.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ala londo na Paris asi laso,ala londo na Paris a-si laso,3PL arise PREP Paris PM-arrive today,,Own knowledge,,10612, +60-116,60,awútákí Kinshása,a-wút-ákí́\tKinshása,3SG-come.from-PST\tKinshasa,He came from Kinshasa.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,awútákí Kinshása,a-wút-ákí́ Kinshása,3SG-come.from-PST Kinshasa,,Own knowledge,,10613, +60-117,60,awútákí na Kinshása,a-wút-ákí́\tna\tKinshasa,3SG-come.from-PST\tfrom\tKinshasa,He came from Kinshasa.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"awútákí na Kinshása",a-wút-ákí́ na Kinshasa,3SG-come.from-PST from Kinshasa,,Own knowledge,,10614, +62-79,62,élí kihoja,é-li\tkihoja,3SG-come:from\tmarket,He comes from the market.,,,,,elicited from speaker,élí kihoja,é-li kihoja,3SG-come:from market,,Own field data 1993,,10615, +63-160,63,grandfathers t-éna já min Sudán,grandfathers\tt-éna\tjá\tmin\tSudán,grandfathers\tGEN-our\tcome\tfrom\tSudan,Our ancestors came from Sudan.,,,857[222],,naturalistic spoken,"grandfathers t-éna já min Sudán",,grandfathers GEN-our come from Sudan,,,,10616, +64-171,64,ána ja min júba,ána\tja\tmin\tjúba,1SG\tcome\tfrom\tJuba,I came from Juba.,,,874[123],,naturalistic spoken,"ána ja min júba",,1SG come from Juba,,,,10617, +65-128,65,"Varmija priʃol kada, kakoj gadu, simidisiatyj?","Varmija\tpriʃol\tkada,\tkakoj\tgadu,\tsimidisiatyj?",army\tcome.PFV.SG\twhen\twhich\tyear\tseventyth,"When have I returned from the army, was it in 1970?",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[263],,naturalistic spoken,"Varmija priʃol kada, kakoj gadu, simidisiatyj?",,army come.PFV.SG when which year seventyth,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,"вармия пришёл када, какой году, семидесятый?",10618, +65-129,65,On ide? Sintəralny sy ka parətii.,On\tide?\tSintəralny\tsy\tka\tparətii.,3SG\twhere\tcentral\tC\tK\tparty,He is from where? From the Central CK (Central Committee) of the Party.,,"This was said of Gorvachev. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).",1195[256],,naturalistic spoken,On ide? Sintəralny sy ka parətii.,,3SG where central C K party,"This was said of Gorvachev. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).",,Он иде? Центральнэ це-ка партии.,10619, +66-94,66,Klumbu ɖuuɖung kubalile e-datang (aɖa).,Klumbu\tɖuuɖung\tkubali-le\te-datang\t(aɖa).,Colombo\tfrom\tback-COM\tASP-come\t(AUX),(He) has come back from Colombo.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Klumbu ɖuuɖung kubalile e-datang (aɖa).",Klumbu ɖuuɖung kubali-le e-datang (aɖa).,Colombo from back-COM ASP-come (AUX),,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,10620, +66-95,66,Klumbu ɖuuɖung e-baalek (aɖa).,Klumbu\tɖuuɖung\te-baalek\t(aɖa).,Colombo\tfrom\tASP-return\t(AUX),(He) has returned from Colombo.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Klumbu ɖuuɖung e-baalek (aɖa).",Klumbu ɖuuɖung e-baalek (aɖa).,Colombo from ASP-return (AUX),,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,10621, +70-70,70,Ham Suva se ao.,Ham\tSuva\tse\tao.,1SG\tSuva\tfrom\tcome,I came from Suva.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ham Suva se ao.",,1SG Suva from come,,Own knowledge,,10622, +71-142,71,Loaa mai no palapala mai Kina mai iaia aole hele ma Kina.,Loaa\tmai\tno\tpalapala\tmai\tKina\tmai\tiaia\taole\thele\tma\tKina.,received\tDIR\tINTENS\tletter\tfrom\tChina\tfrom\t3SG\tNEG\tgo\tLOC\tChina,I received a letter from China [to the effect that] he didn't go to China.,,"Here loaa is used as a neuter verb with the sense of 'received, obtained'. DIR=directional, INTENS=intensifier",,,naturalistic written,"Loaa mai no palapala mai Kina mai iaia aole hele ma Kina.",,received DIR INTENS letter from China from 3SG NEG go LOC China,"Here loaa is used as a neuter verb with the sense of 'received, obtained'. DIR=directional, INTENS=intensifier",Own data 1889,,10623, +74-128,74,náyka čáku kapa Siyátl,náyka\tčáku\tkapa\tSiyátl,1SG\tcome\tat\tSeattle,I come from Seattle.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka čáku kapa Siyátl,,1SG come at Seattle,,Own knowledge,,10624, +1-194,1,Mi de go na plantasi.,Mi\tde\tgo\tna\tpranasi.,1SG\tASP\tgo\tLOC\tplantation,I'm going to the plantation.,,'Motion-to' is expressed by the verb go 'go'; the general preposition na does not add to semantics.,1357[119],,written (dictionary),Mi de go na plantasi.,Mi de go na pranasi.,1SG ASP go LOC plantation,"'Motion-to' is expressed by the verb go 'go'; the general preposition na does not add to semantics.",,,10625,German: Ich gehe nach der Plantage. [op.cit.] +1-195,1,Joe komopo dan na Planasie.,Yu\tkomopo\tdan\tna\tpranasi.,2SG\tcome.from\tthen\tLOC\tplantation,You're coming from the plantation then.,,'Motion-from' is expressed by the verb komopo/komoto 'come out/from'; the preposition na does not add to semantics (the preposition fu does not cooccur with komoto/komopo).,1576[103],,written,Joe komopo dan na Planasie.,Yu komopo dan na pranasi.,2SG come.from then LOC plantation,"'Motion-from' is expressed by the verb komopo/komoto 'come out/from'; the preposition na does not add to semantics (the preposition fu does not cooccur with komoto/komopo).",,,10626,Dutch: Gy komt dan van Plantagie [op.cit.] +1-196,1,Kaba dem Phariseman nanga dem bukuman ben [-komm va] <+kommoppo na> alla kondri rombotto.,Kaba\tden\tFariseman\tnanga\tden\tbukuman\tben\t[-kon\tfu]\t<+komopo\tna>\tala\tkondre\tromboto.,and\tDET.PL\tPharisee\twith/and\tDET.PL\tscribe\tPST\t[-come\tfrom]\t<+come.out\tLOC>\tall\tvillage\taround,And the Pharisees and the scribes came from various villages in the area.,,"The preposition fu is normally not used to express 'motion-from'. In Schumann's (1781) manuscript, twice komm va/kon fu is changed into kommoppo na.",1355[78],,written,Kaba dem Phariseman nanga dem bukuman ben [-komm va] <+kommoppo na> alla kondri rombotto.,Kaba den Fariseman nanga den bukuman ben [-kon fu] <+komopo na> ala kondre romboto.,and DET.PL Pharisee with/and DET.PL scribe PST [-come from] <+come.out LOC> all village around,"The preposition fu is normally not used to express 'motion-from'. In Schumann's (1781) manuscript, twice komm va/kon fu is changed into kommoppo na.",,,10627, +2-203,2,Den pikin e go na skoro.,Den\tpikin\te\tgo\tna\tskoro.,the.PL\tchild\tIPFV\tgo\tLOC\tschool,The children go to school.,,,1585[29],,naturalistic spoken,Den pikin e go na skoro.,,the.PL child IPFV go LOC school,,,,10628, +2-204,2,A no e denki fu kon baka na oso.,A\tno\te\tdenki\tfu\tkon\tbaka\tna\toso.,3SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tthink\tfor\tcome\tback\tLOC\thouse,It hasn’t crossed her mind to come back home.,,,1585[36],,naturalistic spoken,A no e denki fu kon baka na oso.,,3SG NEG IPFV think for come back LOC house,,,,10629, +2-205,2,Te den pranasi sma ben kmopo fu tapusei kon nanga boto [...].,Te\tden\tpranasi\tsma\tben\tkmopo\tfu\ttapusei\tkon\tnanga\tboto\t[...].,when\tthe.PL\tplantation\tperson\tPST\tcome.from\tfrom\ttop.side\tcome\twith\tboat\t[...],When the people of the plantation came from upriver by boat […].,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Te den pranasi sma ben kmopo fu tapusei kon nanga boto [...].",,when the.PL plantation person PST come.from from top.side come with boat [...],,"Winford data, Tape 13-a",,10630, +3-98,3,Mi kumutu a di wosu.,Mi\tkumutu\ta\tdi\twosu.,1SG\tcome.out\tLOC\tDEF.SG\thouse,I left the house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi kumutu a di wosu.,,1SG come.out LOC DEF.SG house,,Fieldwork data,,10631, +4-133,4,Den pkin waka go a sikoo.,Den\tpkin\twaka\tgo\ta\tsikoo.,DET.PL\tchild\twalk\tgo\tLOC\tschool,The children walked to school.,,,568[126],,naturalistic spoken,Den pkin waka go a sikoo.,,DET.PL child walk go LOC school,,,,10632, +4-134,4,Gaanbaa lobi waka kon na a pisi de.,Gaanbaa\tlobi\twaka\tkon\tna\ta\tpisi\tde.,big.brother\tlike\twalk\tcome\tLOC\tDET.SG\tpiece\tthere,Jaguar loves to come to that area.,,,661[524],,naturalistic spoken,Gaanbaa lobi waka kon na a pisi de.,,big.brother like walk come LOC DET.SG piece there,,,,10633, +4-135,4,Den wagi e rei komoto na Albina (kon).,Den\twagi\te\trei\tkomoto\tna\tAlbina\t(kon).,DET.PL\tcar\tIPFV\tdrive\tcome.from\tLOC\tAlbina\t(come),The cars are coming (back) from Albina.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Den wagi e rei komoto na Albina (kon).,,DET.PL car IPFV drive come.from LOC Albina (come),,Own observation,,10634, +5-130,5,mi gu (a) maakit,mi\tgu\t(a)\tmaakit,1SG\tgo\t(to)\tmarket,I have gone to the market (lit. I went to market).,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi gu (a) maakit,,1SG go (to) market,,Own knowledge,,10635, +5-131,5,mi kom from maakit,mi\tkom\tfrom\tmaakit,1SG\tcome\tfrom\tmarket,I have come from the market (lit. I came from market).,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi kom from maakit,,1SG come from market,,Own knowledge,,10636, +6-83,6,(1) Shi goin Penal. (2) Shi comin Penal.,(1)\tShi\tgoin\tPenal.\t(2)\tShi\tcomin\tPenal.,(1)\t3SG.F\tgo.PROG\tPenal\t(2)\t3SG.F\tcome.PROG\tPenal,(1) She is going to Penal. (2) She is coming from Penal.,,,,,elicited from speaker,(1) Shi goin Penal. (2) Shi comin Penal.,,(1) 3SG.F go.PROG Penal (2) 3SG.F come.PROG Penal,,Informant A.K.,,10637, +6-84,6,Shi come back from Toronto yesterday.,Shi\tcome\tback\tfrom\tToronto\tyesterday.,3SG.F\tcome\tback\tfrom\tToronto\tyesterday,She came back from Toronto yesterday.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Shi come back from Toronto yesterday.",,3SG.F come back from Toronto yesterday,,Informant A.K.,,10638, +7-182,7,Mi gaan a maakit.,Mi\tgaan\ta\tmaakit.,1SG\tgone\tLOC\tmarket,I’m off to the market.,,This example relates to motion-to.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi gaan a maakit.,,1SG gone LOC market,This example relates to motion-to.,Own knowledge,,10639, +7-183,7,Mi bin a kuhm fram maakit.,Mi\tbin\ta\tkuhm\tfram\tmaakit.,1SG\tPST\tPROG\tcome\tfrom\tmarket,I was coming from the market.,,This example relates to motion-from.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mi bin a kuhm fram maakit.",,1SG PST PROG come from market,This example relates to motion-from.,Own knowledge,,10640, +7-184,7,Mi gaan maakit.,Mi\tgaan\tmaakit.,1SG\tgone\tmarket,I’m off to the market.,,Motion-to does not necessarily require a locative.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi gaan maakit.,,1SG gone market,Motion-to does not necessarily require a locative.,Own knowledge,,10641, +8-120,8,Mieri go maakit yeside.,Mieri\tgo\tmaakit\tyeside.,Mary\tgo\tmarket\tyesterday,Mary went to [the] market yesterday.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mieri go maakit yeside.,,Mary go market yesterday,,Own knowledge,,10642, +8-121,8,Mieri kom frahn maakit yeside.,Mieri\tkom\tfrahn\tmaakit\tyeside.,Mary\tcome\tfrom\tmarket\tyesterday,Mary came from the market yesterday.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mieri kom frahn maakit yeside.,,Mary come from market yesterday,,Own knowledge,,10643, +9-149,9,Wi gu wey ina di buʃ pan len.,Wi\tgu\twey\tina\tdi\tbuʃ\tpan\tlen.,1PL\tgo\tway\tto\tthe\tbush\tupon\tLent,We go way to the bush around Lent.,,,432[42],,naturalistic spoken,Wi gu wey ina di buʃ pan len.,,1PL go way to the bush upon Lent,,,,10644, +9-150,9,Wi kum fa mango krik.,Wi\tkum\tfa\tmango\tkrik.,1PL\tcome\tfrom\tMango\tCreek,We came from Mango Creek.,,,432[55],,naturalistic spoken,"Wi kum fa mango krik.",,1PL come from Mango Creek,,,,10645, +9-151,9,A unu me briɲ dat fa kras?,A\tunu\tme\tbriɲ\tdat\tfa\tkras?,TOP\t2PL\tANT\tbring\tthat\tfrom\tacross,Is it you that brought it from the other side?,,,439[240],,naturalistic spoken,A unu me briɲ dat fa kras?,,TOP 2PL ANT bring that from across,,,,10646, +9-152,9,Dey impaat krud ayl fa kras de.,Dey\timpaat\tkrud\tayl\tfa\tkras\tde.,they\timport\tcrude\toil\tfrom\tacross\tthere,They import crude oil from the other side over there.,,,439[241],,naturalistic spoken,Dey impaat krud ayl fa kras de.,,they import crude oil from across there,,,,10647, +9-153,9,Wen wi kum fa mango krik wen wi kum a Mango Krik a siy da.,Wen\twi\tkum\tfa\tmango\tkrik\twen\twi\tkum\ta\tMango\tKrik\ta\tsiy\tda.,when\t1PL\tcome\tfrom\tMango\tCreek\twhen\t1PL\tcome\tto\tMango\tCreek\t1SG\tsee\tthat,"When we came from Mango Creek, when we were at Mango Creek I see that.",,,432[55],,naturalistic spoken,Wen wi kum fa mango krik wen wi kum a Mango Krik a siy da.,,when 1PL come from Mango Creek when 1PL come to Mango Creek 1SG see that,,,,10648, +10-177,10,Ihn gaan da di dentis.,Ihn\tgaan\tda\tdi\tdentis.,3SG\tgo.PFV\tat\tART.DEF\tdentist,She went to the dentist.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ihn gaan da di dentis.,,3SG go.PFV at ART.DEF dentist,,Field notes 2008,,10649, +10-178,10,Ihn kom huom faan skuul.,Ihn\tkom\thuom\tfaan\tskuul.,3SG\tcome\thome\tfrom\tschool,He came home from school.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ihn kom huom faan skuul.,,3SG come home from school,,Field notes 2008,,10650, +10-179,10,Wen ihn pupa kom fram work an si di bwai hala [...].,Wen\tihn\tpupa\tkom\tfram\twork\tan\tsi\tdi\tbwai\thala\t[...].,when\t3SG.POSS\tfather\tcome\tfrom\twork\tand\tsee\tART.DEF\tboy\tholler\t[...],When his father came from work and saw the boy crying [...].,,,,,written,Wen ihn pupa kom fram work an si di bwai hala [...].,,when 3SG.POSS father come from work and see ART.DEF boy holler [...],,Shaat Stuoriz,,10651, +11-249,11,wen yu gwain tu di maakit,wen\tyu\tgwain\ttu\tdi\tmaakit,when\t2SG\tgo.PROG\tto\tART.DEF\tmarket,when you go to the market,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,wen yu gwain tu di maakit,,when 2SG go.PROG to ART.DEF market,,,,10652, +11-250,11,fram di maakit,fram\tdi\tmaakit,from\tART.DEF\tmarket,from the market,,,,,constructed by linguist,fram di maakit,,from ART.DEF market,,Own knowledge,,10653, +11-251,11,Wen deh kom fram groun deh tek out an shier.,Wen\tdeh\tkom\tfram\tgroun\tdeh\ttek\tout\tan\tshier.,when\t3PL\tcome\tfrom\tground\t3PL\ttake\tout\tand\tshare,When they came back from the field they shared (the harvested vegetables).,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Wen deh kom fram groun deh tek out an shier.,,when 3PL come from ground 3PL take out and share,,,,10654, +12-195,12,"He kept - he was - he was very, very, very persistent. And he been a police officer, and me having to come to work to the market on Saturday - this Saturday, I'm talking to my cousin.",[...]\tcome\tto\twork\tto\tthe\tmarket\t[...].,[...]\tcome\tto\twork\tto\tthe\tmarket\t[...],[...] [and me having to] come to work to the market [on Saturday] [...].,,The speaker still worked at the market at the time of the interview.,,,naturalistic spoken,"He kept - he was - he was very, very, very persistent. And he been a police officer, and me having to come to work to the market on Saturday - this Saturday, I'm talking to my cousin.","[...] come to work to the market [...].",[...] come to work to the market [...],The speaker still worked at the market at the time of the interview.,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10655, +12-196,12,"Yeah, they left from other islands and came over, find other woman and they - uh - ma- get marry and stay.",[...]\tthey\tleft\tfrom\tother\tislands\t[...],[...]\t3PL.SBJ\tleave.PST\tfrom\tother\tisland.PL\t[...],[...] they left from other islands [...],,"There is no example involving motion from the market in my data, but I am confident that it would be expressed with from also.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, they left from other islands and came over, find other woman and they - uh - ma- get marry and stay.","[...] they left from other islands [...]",[...] 3PL.SBJ leave.PST from other island.PL [...],"There is no example involving motion from the market in my data, but I am confident that it would be expressed with from also.",Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10656, +13-142,13,dem what get way from de tide,dem\twhat\tget\tway\tfrom\tde\ttide,them\twhat\tget\taway\tfrom\tthe\ttide,those who get away from the tide,,,1500[266],,naturalistic spoken,dem what get way from de tide,,them what get away from the tide,,,,10657, +13-143,13,[D]en go back to de meetin!,[D]en\tgo\tback\tto\tde\tmeetin!,then\tgo\tback\tto\tthe\tmeeting,Then go back to the meeting!,,,1500[266],,naturalistic spoken,[D]en go back to de meetin!,,then go back to the meeting,,,,10658, +14-108,14,Sue went to the store.,Sue\twent\tto\tthe\tstore.,Sue\twent\tto\tthe\tstore,Sue went to the store.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Sue went to the store.,,Sue went to the store,,Own knowledge,,10659, +14-109,14,Sue came back from the store.,Sue\tcame\tback\tfrom\tthe\tstore.,Sue\tcame\tback\tfrom\tthe\tstore,Sue came back from the store.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Sue came back from the store.,,Sue came back from the store,,Own knowledge,,10660, +15-104,15,a di go na di makit,a\tdi\tgo\tna\tdi\tmakit,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tLOC\tART\tmarket,I am going to the market.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a di go na di makit,,1SG PROG go LOC ART market,,Own knowledge,,10661, +15-105,15,a jɛs kɔmɔt na di makit,a\tjɛs\tkɔmɔt\tna\tdi\tmakit,1SG\tjust\tcome\tLOC\tART\tmarket,I just came back from the market.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a jɛs kɔmɔt na di makit,,1SG just come LOC ART market,,Own knowledge,,10662, +16-106,16,jù go hɔspital,jù\tgo\thɔspital,2SG\tgo\thospital,You go to the hospital.,,The same construction is used for jù go maket (constructed by linguist).,656[274],,naturalistic spoken,jù go hɔspital,,2SG go hospital,"The same construction is used for jù go maket (constructed by linguist).",,,10663, +16-107,16,dè kam frɔm difrɛn difrɛn difrɛn difrɛn kantri,dè\tkam\tfrɔm\tdifrɛn~difrɛn~difrɛn~difrɛn\tkantri,3PL\tcome\tfrom\tdifferent~different~different~different\tcountry,They come from different countries.,,The same construction is used for dé kam frɔm taun (constructed by linguist).,656[245],,naturalistic spoken,dè kam frɔm difrɛn difrɛn difrɛn difrɛn kantri,dè kam frɔm difrɛn~difrɛn~difrɛn~difrɛn kantri,3PL come from different~different~different~different country,"The same construction is used for dé kam frɔm taun (constructed by linguist).",,,10664, +16-108,16,à waka go makɛt,à\twaka\tgo\tmakɛt,1SG\twalk\tgo\tmarket,I walked to the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,à waka go makɛt,,1SG walk go market,,Own knowledge,,10665, +17-130,17,À go fò̱r fam.,À\tgo\tfò̱r\tfam.,1SG.SBJ\tgo\tPREP\tfarm,I went to the farm.,,,462[152-153],,naturalistic spoken,À go fò̱r fam.,,1SG.SBJ go PREP farm,,,,10666, +17-131,17,À ko̱m fò̱r fam.,À\tko̱m\tfò̱r\tfam.,1SG.SBJ\tcome\tPREP\tfarm,I came from the farm.,,,462[152-153],,naturalistic spoken,À ko̱m fò̱r fam.,,1SG.SBJ come PREP farm,,,,10667, +17-132,17,À ko̱m frò̱m fam.,À\tko̱m\tfrò̱m\tfam.,1SG.SBJ\tcome\tLOC\tfarm,I came from the farm.,,,462[152-153],,naturalistic spoken,À ko̱m frò̱m fam.,,1SG.SBJ come LOC farm,,,,10668, +17-133,17,À frò̱m fam ko̱m.,À\tfrò̱m\tfam\tko̱m.,1SG.SBJ\tLOC\tfarm\tcome,I came from the farm.,,,462[152-153],,naturalistic spoken,À frò̱m fam ko̱m.,,1SG.SBJ LOC farm come,,,,10669, +18-115,18,A di go makeht.,A\tdi\tgo\tmaket.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo\tmarket,I am going to the market.,,,1488[8],,published source,A di go makeht.,A di go maket.,1SG.SBJ IPFV go market,,,,10670, +18-116,18,Robert komot fo Detroit.,Robert\tkomot\tfo\tDetroit.,Robert\tcome.out\tfor\tDetroit,Robert is from Detroit.,,,125[83],,unspecified,Robert komot fo Detroit.,,Robert come.out for Detroit,,,,10671, +19-151,19,È kɔ̀mɔ́t nà rum nekɛd.,È\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tnà\trum\tnekɛd.,3SG.SBJ\tgo.out\tLOC\troom\tbe.naked,He went/came out of the room naked.,,"Motion-from is usually expressed through a motion-direction verb like komot, which may be marked by any spatial preposition/locative noun that expresses an 'at-rest' relation.",1634[527],,elicited from speaker,È kɔ̀mɔ́t nà rum nekɛd.,,3SG.SBJ go.out LOC room be.naked,"Motion-from is usually expressed through a motion-direction verb like komot, which may be marked by any spatial preposition/locative noun that expresses an 'at-rest' relation.",,,10672, +19-152,19,Dì snek kɔ̀mɔ́t frɔ̀n bɔ̀tɔ́n dì hos.,Dì\tsnek\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tfrɔ̀n\tbɔ̀tɔ́n\tdì\thos.,DEF\tsnake\tcome.from\tfrom\tbottom\tDEF\thouse.,The snake come out from beneath the house.,,"The motion-from sense may be supported by a directional, the preposition fron 'from'. But it is optional since the verb komot already contributes a direction sense to the spatial relation.",,,elicited from speaker,"Dì snek kɔ̀mɔ́t frɔ̀n bɔ̀tɔ́n dì hos.",,DEF snake come.from from bottom DEF house.,"The motion-from sense may be supported by a directional, the preposition fron 'from'. But it is optional since the verb komot already contributes a direction sense to the spatial relation.",Field data,,10673, +19-153,19,"Bueno, à dè go makit naw.","Bueno,\tà\tdè\tgo\tmakit\tnaw.",good\t1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo\tmarket\tnow,"Alright, I'm going to the market now.",,The motion-direction verb go may occur in clauses in which the ground is not marked by any spatial preposition/ locative noun.,1634[445],,naturalistic spoken,"Bueno, à dè go makit naw.",,good 1SG.SBJ IPFV go market now,"The motion-direction verb go may occur in clauses in which the ground is not marked by any spatial preposition/ locative noun.",,,10674, +19-154,19,So we yù kɔ̀mɔ́t colegio [...].,So\twe\tyù\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tcolegio\t[...].,so\tSUBORD\t2SG\tgo.out\tcollege\t[...],So when you've left college [...].,,The motion-direction verb komot may occur in clauses in which the ground is not marked by any spatial preposition/ locative noun.,1634[393],,naturalistic spoken,So we yù kɔ̀mɔ́t colegio [...].,,so SUBORD 2SG go.out college [...],"The motion-direction verb komot may occur in clauses in which the ground is not marked by any spatial preposition/ locative noun.",,,10675, +20-117,20,Hoppo truly too much angry English come him house.,Hoppo\ttruly\ttoo\tmuch\tangry\tEnglish\tcome\thim\thouse.,Hoppo\ttruly\ttoo\tmuch\tangry\tEnglish\tcome\t3SG.POSS\thouse,Hoppo was very angry about the English coming to his house.,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,828[290],,naturalistic written,Hoppo truly too much angry English come him house.,,Hoppo truly too much angry English come 3SG.POSS house,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,10676, +20-119,20,She now no can go to Whampoa as before time.,She\tnow\tno\tcan\tgo\tto\tWhampoa\tas\tbefore\ttime.,3SG\tnow\tNEG\tcan\tgo\tto\tWhampoa\tas\tbefore\ttime,Now she cannot go to Whampoa as before.,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1483[917],,naturalistic written,She now no can go to Whampoa as before time.,,3SG now NEG can go to Whampoa as before time,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,10677, +21-106,21,I go (to) market.,I\tgo\t(to)\tmarket.,1SG\tgo\t(to)\tmarket,I go to the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I go (to) market.,,1SG go (to) market,,Own knowledge,,10678, +21-107,21,I come from market.,I\tcome\tfrom\tmarket.,1SG\tcome\tfrom\tmarket,I come from the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I come from market.,,1SG come from market,,Own knowledge,,10679, +22-139,22,Em go long ples bilong em.,Em\tgo\tlong\tples\tbilong\tem.,3SG\tgo\tPREP\tvillage\tPOSS\t3SG,He went to his village.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,"Em go long ples bilong em.",,3SG go PREP village POSS 3SG,,,,10680, +22-140,22,Brada bilong em i kam bek long bus.,Brada\tbilong\tem\ti\tkam\tbek\tlong\tbus.,brother\tPOSS\t3SG\tPM\tcome\tback\tPREP\tbush,Her brother came back from the bush.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,"Brada bilong em i kam bek long bus.",,brother POSS 3SG PM come back PREP bush,,,,10681, +23-129,23,hem i tekem wud i go long bus,hem\ti\ttekem\twud\ti\tgo\tlong\tbus,3SG\tAGR\ttake\twood\tAGR\tgo\tto\tbush,She took the stick and carried it into the bush.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,hem i tekem wud i go long bus,,3SG AGR take wood AGR go to bush,,,,10682, +23-130,23,mi mi bin kambak long wok,mi\tmi\tbin\tkambak\tlong\twok,1SG\t1SG\tANT\tcome.back\tfrom\twork,"As for me, I had come back from work.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,mi mi bin kambak long wok,,1SG 1SG ANT come.back from work,,,,10683, +24-148,24,Daa salan goe daun ar taun.,Daa\tsalan\tgoe\tdaun\tar\ttaun.,that.SG\tpeople\tgo\tDEIC\tDET.DEF\tKingston,Those people are going to Kingston.,,Daun is an absolute spatial deictic marker.,,,naturalistic spoken,Daa salan goe daun ar taun.,,that.SG people go DEIC DET.DEF Kingston,"Daun is an absolute spatial deictic marker.",Own fieldwork,,10684, +24-149,24,Daa salan kamen fram taun.,Daa\tsalan\tkamen\tfram\ttaun.,that.SG\tpeople\tcome.CONT\tPREP\tKingston,Those people are coming from Kingston.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Daa salan kamen fram taun.",,that.SG people come.CONT PREP Kingston,,Own fieldwork,,10685, +25-293,25,"Brom jea mibalan kipgon, raidap - kaman raidap langa taun na.","Brom jea mibala=n kipgon, raidap - kaman raidap langa taun na.",From there 1PL=PST keep.going right.up   come right.up LOC town now,"From there we kept going, [and] came straight to the town then.",,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates both the source and the goal in a motion expression.,1332[63],,naturalistic spoken,"Brom jea mibalan kipgon, raidap - kaman raidap langa taun na.","Brom jea mibala=n kipgon, raidap - kaman raidap langa taun na.",From there 1PL=PST keep.going right.up come right.up LOC town now,Variety: Spoken Roper River. This example illustrates both the source and the goal in a motion expression.,,,10686, +26-91,26,hi wɛn go tu da maket,hi\twɛn\tgo\ttu\tda\tmaket,3SG\tPST.PFV\tgo\tto\tART\tmarket,He went to the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,hi wɛn go tu da maket,,3SG PST.PFV go to ART market,,Own knowledge,,10687, +26-92,26,hi wɛn kam fɔm da maket,hi\twɛn\tkam\tfɔm\tda\tmaket,3SG\tPST.PFV\tcome\tfrom\tART\tmarket,He came from the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,hi wɛn kam fɔm da maket,,3SG PST.PFV come from ART market,,Own knowledge,,10688, +27-102,27,Am a sti sinu a market fo lo frukó.,Am\ta\tsti\tsinu\ta\tmarket\tfo\tlo\tfrukó.,3SG\tPST\tsend\t3PL\tto\tmarket\tfor\tgo\tsell,He sent them to the market to go and sell [potatoes].,,,355[58],,naturalistic spoken,Am a sti sinu a market fo lo frukó.,,3SG PST send 3PL to market for go sell,,,,10689, +27-103,27,En man a kō fan di andə lan.,En\tman\ta\tkō\tfan\tdi\tandə\tlan.,ART.INDF\tman\tPST\tcome\tfrom\tDET\tother\tcountry,A man came from the other country.,,,355[11],,naturalistic spoken,"En man a kō fan di andə lan.",,ART.INDF man PST come from DET other country,,,,10690, +27-104,27,Kō lō mi mi a Briment.,Kō\tlō\tmi\tmi\ta\tBriment.,come\tgo\twith\t1SG\tLOC\tBremen,Come go with me to Bremen.,,,355[16],,naturalistic spoken,Kō lō mi mi a Briment.,,come go with 1SG LOC Bremen,,,,10691, +28-126,28,o wa mutɛ maikoni ʃi tokap anga,o\twa\tmu-tɛ\tmaikoni\tʃi\ttoko-apu\tanga,3SG\tPST\tgo-PFV\tMaicony\t3SG.POSS\tchild-PL\tLOC,"He had gone to Maicony, to his children.",,,737[207],,naturalistic spoken,o wa mutɛ maikoni ʃi tokap anga,o wa mu-tɛ maikoni ʃi toko-apu anga,3SG PST go-PFV Maicony 3SG.POSS child-PL LOC,,,,10692, +28-127,28,ju das haftu kon də mingjanga,ju\tdas\thaftu\tkumu\tdi\tmingi\tanga,2SG\tHAB\thave.to\tcome\tthe\twater\tLOC,You have to come into the water.,,,737[207],,naturalistic spoken,ju das haftu kon də mingjanga,ju das haftu kumu di mingi anga,2SG HAB have.to come the water LOC,,,,10693, +28-132,28,ori ʃi papa kumtɛ fan di plɛk nam kanʤi krik,ori\tʃi\tpapa\tkumu-tɛ\tfan\tdi\tplɛkɛ\tnam\tkanʤi\tkrik,3SG\t3SG.POSS\tfather\tcome-PFV\tfrom\tthe\tplace\tname\tCanje\tCreek,Her father came from the place called Canje Creek.,,,737[594],,naturalistic spoken,ori ʃi papa kumtɛ fan di plɛk nam kanʤi krik,"ori ʃi papa kumu-tɛ fan di plɛkɛ nam kanʤi krik",3SG 3SG.POSS father come-PFV from the place name Canje Creek,,,,10694, +28-149,28,en juŋman wato mutɛ fan diskandi wɛr,en\tjungu-man\twati\to\tmu-tɛ\tfan\tdiʃi-kandi\twɛrɛ,one\tyoung-man\tREL\t3SG\tgo-PFV\tfrom\tthis-side\tagain,a young man who came from overhere too,,,737[371],,naturalistic spoken,"en juŋman wato mutɛ fan diskandi wɛr",en jungu-man wati o mu-tɛ fan diʃi-kandi wɛrɛ,one young-man REL 3SG go-PFV from this-side again,,,,10695, +29-157,29,Marie het na die winkel toe gegaan. vs. Marie kom van die winkel (af) terug.,Marie\thet\tna\tdie\twinkel\ttoe\tge-gaan.\tvs.\tMarie\tkom\tvan\tdie\twinkel\t(af)\tterug.,Mary\thas\tto\tDEF.ART\tshop\tto\tPTCP-gone\tvs.\tMary\tcomes\tfrom\tDEF.ART\tshop\t(off)\tback,Mary went to the shop. vs. Mary is coming back from the shop.,,It is also possible to drop the definite article here - see Example 158.,,,naturalistic written,Marie het na die winkel toe gegaan. vs. Marie kom van die winkel (af) terug.,Marie het na die winkel toe ge-gaan. vs. Marie kom van die winkel (af) terug.,Mary has to DEF.ART shop to PTCP-gone vs. Mary comes from DEF.ART shop (off) back,It is also possible to drop the definite article here - see Example 158.,Own knowledge,,10696, +29-158,29,Marie het winkel toe gegaan.,Marie\thet\twinkel\ttoe\tge-gaan.,Mary\tPST\tshop\tto\tPTCP-gone,Mary went to the shop.,,"Where a bare noun goal is used, the directional P na must be omitted, as shown above. This construction is not possible in motion-from structures - cf. *Marie het winkel af gekom [Marie PST shop off PCL.come] 'Marie has come from the shop'.",,,naturalistic spoken,Marie het winkel toe gegaan.,Marie het winkel toe ge-gaan.,Mary PST shop to PTCP-gone,"Where a bare noun goal is used, the directional P na must be omitted, as shown above. This construction is not possible in motion-from structures - cf. *Marie het winkel af gekom [Marie PST shop off PCL.come] 'Marie has come from the shop'.",Own knowledge,,10697, +30-171,30,"Nton, ómi dispidi, bá si órta.","Nton,\tómi\tdispidi,\tbá\tsi=órta.",then\tman\ttake.leave\tgo\tPOSS.3SG=field,Then the man took leave and went to his field.,,,1407[35],,naturalistic spoken,"Nton, ómi dispidi, bá si órta.","Nton, ómi dispidi, bá si=órta.",then man take.leave go POSS.3SG=field,,,,10698, +30-172,30,[...] padrinhu ku madrinha bá pa sakristiâ.,[...]\tpadrinhu\tku=madrinha\tbá\tpa=sakristiâ.,[...]\tgodfather\twith=godmother\tgo\tto=sacristy,[...] the godfather and the godmother went to the sacristy.,,,1407[49],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] padrinhu ku madrinha bá pa sakristiâ.","[...] padrinhu ku=madrinha bá pa=sakristiâ.",[...] godfather with=godmother go to=sacristy,,,,10699, +30-173,30,"E bá na un aldeia, [...].","E=bá\tna=un=aldeia,\t[...].",3SG=go\tin=a=village\t[...],"He went to a village, [...].",,,1407[94],,naturalistic spoken,"E bá na un aldeia, [...].","E=bá na=un=aldeia, [...].",3SG=go in=a=village [...],,,,10700, +30-174,30,N ben d'Alemánha na bárku.,N=ben\td=Alemánha\tna=bárku.,1SG=come\tfrom=Germany\tin=ship,I came from Germany by ship.,,,784[s.v. ben],,naturalistic spoken,"N ben d'Alemánha na bárku.",N=ben d=Alemánha na=bárku.,1SG=come from=Germany in=ship,,,,10701, +31-139,31,N bai nha kaza.,N\tbai\tnha\tkaza.,I\tgo\tmy\thouse,I went home.,,"No preposition necessary with this motion verb but we can use the preposition pa 'to', as in N bai pa kaza 'I went home'.",670,,naturalistic spoken,N bai nha kaza.,,I go my house,"No preposition necessary with this motion verb but we can use the preposition pa 'to', as in N bai pa kaza 'I went home'.",,,10702, +31-140,31,Kumida ki sa ta ben di stranjeiru era poku.,Kumida\tki\tsa\tta\tben\tdi\tstranjeiru\tera\tpoku.,food\tthat\tPROG\tMOOD\tcome\tfrom\tabroad\twas\tlittle,The food that came from abroad was little.,,,126,,naturalistic spoken,"Kumida ki sa ta ben di stranjeiru era poku.",,food that PROG MOOD come from abroad was little,,,,10703, +32-129,32,Maria bá pa plurin.,Maria\tbá\tpa\tplurin.,Maria\tgo\tto\tmarket,Maria went to the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Maria bá pa plurin.",,Maria go to market,,Own knowledge,,10704,Portuguese: Maria foi para o mercado. +32-130,32,Maria ben d'plurin.,Maria\tben\tde\tplurin.,Maria\tcome\tfrom\tmarket,Maria came from the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Maria ben d'plurin.",Maria ben de plurin.,Maria come from market,,Own knowledge,,10705,Portuguese: Maria voltou do mercado. +33-156,33,N’ na bay fera.,N’\tna\tbay\tfera.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tmarket,I’m going to the market.,,"Bay 'go' requires no adposition before goal, but bin 'come' requires the preposition di 'from'.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N’ na bay fera.,,1SG PROG go market,"Bay 'go' requires no adposition before goal, but bin 'come' requires the preposition di 'from'.",Own knowledge,,10706,Portuguese: Estou a ir ao mercado. +33-157,33,N’ na riba di skola.,N’\tna\triba\tdi\tskola.,1SG\tPROG\treturn\tfrom\tschool,I’m returning from school.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’ na riba di skola.",,1SG PROG return from school,,Own knowledge,,10707,Portuguese: Estou a voltar da escola. +33-158,33,N’na bay pa skola.,N-na\tbay\tpa\tskola.,1SG-PROG\tgo\tto\tschool,I am going to school.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N’na bay pa skola.",N-na bay pa skola.,1SG-PROG go to school,,Own knowledge,,10708,Portuguese: Estou a ir para a escola. +34-127,34,Mariya bay fera.,Mariya\tø\tbay\tfera.,Mary\tPFV\tgo\tmarket,Mary went to the market.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mariya bay fera.,Mariya ø bay fera.,Mary PFV go market,,Own knowledge,,10709, +34-128,34,Mariya beŋ di fera.,Mariya\tø\tbeŋ\tdi\tfera.,Mary\tPFV\tcome\tfrom\tmarket,Mary came back from the market.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya beŋ di fera.","Mariya ø beŋ di fera.",Mary PFV come from market,,Own knowledge,,10710, +35-177,35,Ê ba fêla.,Ê\tba\tfêla.,3SG\tgo\tmarket,He went to the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ê ba fêla.,,3SG go market,,Own knowledge,,10711, +35-178,35,Ê bi fô fêla.,Ê\tbi\tfô\tfêla.,3SG\tcome\tcome.from\tmarket,He came from the market.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê bi fô fêla.",,3SG come come.from market,,Own data,,10712, +36-105,36,[...] ene ba Txindadji [...].,[...]\tene\tba\tTxindadji\t[...].,[...]\tthey\tgo\tTrindade\t[...],[...] they went to Trindade [...].,,,901[202],,naturalistic spoken,[...] ene ba Txindadji [...].,,[...] they go Trindade [...],,,,10713,French: [...] les gens sont allés à Trindade [...]. +36-106,36,[...] lêmu tô vomoka fô mo r'ê.,[...]\tlêmu\ttô\tvomoka\tfô\tmo\tr'ê.,[...]\tpaddle\tREP\tslip\tcome.from\thand\this,[...] the paddle also slipped out of his hands.,,,901[100],,naturalistic spoken,[...] lêmu tô vomoka fô mo r'ê.,,[...] paddle REP slip come.from hand his,,,,10714,French: [...] la rame lui glissa également des mains. +36-107,36,Ê vutuka fô Angene.,Ê\tvutuka\tfô\tAngene.,3SG\treturn\tcome.from\tAngene,She returned from São João dos Angolares.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê vutuka fô Angene.",,3SG return come.from Angene,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,10715, +37-134,37,N we fya.,N\twe\tfya.,1SG\tgo\tmarket,I went to the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"N we fya.",,1SG go market,,Own knowledge,,10716, +37-135,37,N vika fo fya.,N\tvika\tfo\tfya.,1SG\tcome\tcome.from\tmarket,I came from the market.,,"In this example, fo 'to come from’, is used as a serial verb.",,,constructed by linguist,"N vika fo fya.",,1SG come come.from market,"In this example, fo 'to come from’, is used as a serial verb.",Own knowledge,,10717, +38-150,38,I ba xa loso.,I\tba\txa\tloso.,3SG\tgo\tEVID\thamlet,She goes to the hamlet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ba xa loso.,,3SG go EVID hamlet,,Own fieldwork 1993,,10718, +38-151,38,M bi liba d'ala telano Fendya Poai.,Amu\tbi\tliba\tde-alea\ttela-no\tFendya\tPo-iai.,1SG\tcome\ton\tof-sand\tland-1PL\tFernando\tPoo-LOC,I came to the sand of our country over here in Malabo.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,M bi liba d'ala telano Fendya Poai.,Amu bi liba de-alea tela-no Fendya Po-iai.,1SG come on of-sand land-1PL Fernando Poo-LOC,,Own fieldwork 1993,,10719, +38-152,38,"[...] se wan navĩn-balea tamba Palea, [...].","[...]\tse\twan\tnavin-balea\ttan-ba\tPalea,\t[...].",[...]\tand\tone\tship-whale\tITER-go\tPale\t[...],"[...] and another whale ship came to Pale, [...].",,The iterative is used in this case to indicate that once again a ship came.,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] se wan navĩn-balea tamba Palea, [...].","[...] se wan navin-balea tan-ba Palea, [...].",[...] and one ship-whale ITER-go Pale [...],The iterative is used in this case to indicate that once again a ship came.,Own fieldwork 1993,,10720, +38-153,38,Am fo Pale bi.,Amu\tfo\tPale\tbi.,1SG\tleave\tPale\tcome,I come from Pale.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Am fo Pale bi.,Amu fo Pale bi.,1SG leave Pale come,,Own fieldwork 1993,,10721, +39-147,39,ɛl ain nã vey də bazar.,ɛl\tain\tnã\tvey\tdə\tbazar.,3SG.F\tyet\tNEG\tcome.PST\tfrom\tmarket,She hasn't come from the market yet.,,,218,,elicited from speaker,"ɛl ain nã vey də bazar.",,3SG.F yet NEG come.PST from market,,,,10722, +39-148,39,Tudi nɔs vay bazar.,Tudi\tnɔs\tvay\tbazar.,everyday\t1PL\tgo.NPST\tmarket,We go to the market everyday.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Tudi nɔs vay bazar.,,everyday 1PL go.NPST market,,,,10723, +40-108,40,ɔ̃t nɔ ti andad (nə) badzar.,ɔ̃t\tnɔ\tti\tandad\t(nə)\tbadzar.,yesterday\twe\tPST\tdo.PTCP\t(LOC)\tmarket,Yesterday we went to the market (and returned).,,,,,constructed by linguist,ɔ̃t nɔ ti andad (nə) badzar.,,yesterday we PST do.PTCP (LOC) market,,Own knowledge,,10724, +40-109,40,Teru ɔ̃t Vasai su yaʋe.,Teru\tɔ̃t\tVasai\tsu\tyaʋe.,Teru\tyesterday\tVasai\tfrom\tcame,Teru came from Vasai yesterday.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Teru ɔ̃t Vasai su yaʋe.",,Teru yesterday Vasai from came,,Own knowledge,,10725, +41-133,41,eev jaandaa maaket,eev\tjaa-andaa\tmaaket,1SG\tPST-go\tmarket,I went to the market.,,"/jafoy/, the suppletive past of andaa could presumably be used, as could bazaar, thus (in unmarked word order): eev bazaar jafoy.",1416[2103],,naturalistic spoken,eev jaandaa maaket,eev jaa-andaa maaket,1SG PST-go market,"/jafoy/, the suppletive past of andaa could presumably be used, as could bazaar, thus (in unmarked word order): eev bazaar jafoy.",,,10726, +41-134,41,eli kaaza impa javii tem,eli\tkaaza\timpa\tjaa-vii\tteem,3SG.M\thouse\tfrom\tPST-come\tPRS.PRF,He has come from home.,,"I have no example with 'market', but presumably bazaar could be substituted for kaaza here.",1416[1773],,elicited from speaker,"eli kaaza impa javii tem",eli kaaza impa jaa-vii teem,3SG.M house from PST-come PRS.PRF,"I have no example with 'market', but presumably bazaar could be substituted for kaaza here.",,,10727, +42-138,42,yo ja bai Maria sa kaza,yo\tja\tbai\tMaria\tsa\tkaza,1SG\tPFV\tgo\tMaria\tGEN\thouse,I went to Maria’s house.,,,,,elicited from speaker,yo ja bai Maria sa kaza,,1SG PFV go Maria GEN house,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,10728, +42-139,42,Maria ja bai bazar,Maria\tja\tbai\tbazar,Maria\tPFV\tgo\tbazaar,Maria went to the bazaar.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Maria ja bai bazar,,Maria PFV go bazaar,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,10729, +42-140,42,olotu ja bai ku Uncle Min,olotu\tja\tbai\tku\tUncle\tMin,3PL\tPFV\tgo\tACC\tUncle\tMin,They went to Uncle Min (a faith healer).,,,122[165],,naturalistic spoken,olotu ja bai ku Uncle Min,,3PL PFV go ACC Uncle Min,,,,10730, +42-141,42,eli ja beng di bazar,eli\tja\tbeng\tdi\tbazar,3SG\tPFV\tcome\tfrom\tmarket,He came from the market.,,,122[164],,naturalistic spoken,"eli ja beng di bazar",,3SG PFV come from market,,,,10731, +43-96,43,Ile anda nu chang [...].,Ile anda nu chang [...].,he go to land  ,He went to the property [...].,,,906[82],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile anda nu chang [...].",,he go to land,,,,10732, +43-97,43,Di undi sta bi? — Di otër tera.,Di\tundi\tsta\tbi?\t—\tDi\totër\ttera.,from\twhere\tIPFV\tcome\t–\tfrom\tother\tcountry,Where do you come from? — From abroad.,,,906[55],,pedagogical grammar,"Di undi sta bi? — Di otër tera.",,from where IPFV come – from other country,,,,10733, +44-137,44,Mótro ta andá ayá na merkádo.,Mótro\tta\tandá\tayá\tna\tmerkádo.,1PL\tIPFV\tgo\tthere\tLOC\tmarket,We go to the market.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mótro ta andá ayá na merkádo.",,1PL IPFV go there LOC market,,Own data,,10734, +44-138,44,A vine lotru nah Isla di Muluccas [...].,A\tvine\tlotru\tnah\tIsla\tdi\tMuluccas\t[...].,PFV\tcome\t3PL\tLOC\tisland\tof\tMoluccas\t[...],They came from the Moluccan Islands [...].,,,1064[2],,naturalistic written,"A vine lotru nah Isla di Muluccas [...].",,PFV come 3PL LOC island of Moluccas [...],,,,10735, +45-118,45,Di anda el hombre na Manila.,Di\tanda\tel\thombre\tna\tManila.,CTPL\tgo\tDEF\tman\tLOC\tManila,The man will go to Manila.,,,835[82],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di anda el hombre na Manila.",,CTPL go DEF man LOC Manila,,,,10736, +45-119,45,Ya bini yo di Manila.,Ya\tbini\tyo\tdi\tManila.,PFV\tcome\t1SG\tLOC\tManila,I came from Manila.,,,835[86],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ya bini yo di Manila.",,PFV come 1SG LOC Manila,,,,10737, +46-149,46,Kyére'le salé na ágwa.,Kyére'le salé na ágwa.,want s/he quit/get.out LOC water,S/he wants to get out of the water.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kyére'le salé na ágwa.",,want s/he quit/get.out LOC water,,Own knowledge,,10738, +46-150,46,Kýere yo andá na chángge.,Kýere\tyo\tandá\tna\tchángge.,want\tI\tgo\tLOC\tmarket,I want to go to the market.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Kýere yo andá na chángge.",,want I go LOC market,,Own knowledge,,10739, +46-151,46,Manyána yo ay-andá pára na Maníla.,Manyána\tyo\tay-andá\tpára\tna\tManíla.,tomorrow\tI\tIRR-go\tto\tLOC\tManila,Tomorrow I will go to Manila.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Manyána yo ay-andá pára na Maníla.",,tomorrow I IRR-go to LOC Manila,,Own knowledge,,10740, +47-102,47,E adultonan aki ta bin di e paísnan rònd aki banda,e\tadulto\tnan\taki\tta\tbini\tdi\te\tpaís\tnan\trònd\taki\tbanda,DEF\tadult\tPL\tDEM\tTNS\tcome\tfrom\tDEF\tcountry\tPL\taround\there\tnear,These adults (i.e. adult students) come from the surrounding countries.,,,755,,naturalistic written,E adultonan aki ta bin di e paísnan rònd aki banda,e adulto nan aki ta bini di e país nan rònd aki banda,DEF adult PL DEM TNS come from DEF country PL around here near,,,,10741, +47-156,47,Awe mainta mi a bai na skol kaminda mi lo bai duna lès.,Awe\tmainta\tmi\ta\tbai\tna\tskol\tkaminda\tmi\tlo\tbai\tduna\tlès.,today\tmorning\t1SG\tPFV\tgo\tLOC\tschool\tplace\t1SG\tMOOD\tgo\tgive\tlesson,This morning I went to the school where I will be teaching.,,,755,,naturalistic written,Awe mainta mi a bai na skol kaminda mi lo bai duna lès.,,today morning 1SG PFV go LOC school place 1SG MOOD go give lesson,,,,10742, +47-157,47,Awor X a bin for di Hulanda.,Awor\tX\ta\tbini\tfor\tdi\tHulanda.,now\tX\tPFV\tcome\tfrom\tof\tHolland,Now X has come (here) from Holland.,,,755,,naturalistic written,Awor X a bin for di Hulanda.,Awor X a bini for di Hulanda.,now X PFV come from of Holland,,,,10743, +48-147,48,Malía a bae aí Malagana a bendé.,Malía\ta\tbae\taí\tMalagana\ta\tbendé.,Maria\tPST\tgo\tthere\tMalagana\tto\tsell,Maria has gone to Malagana to sell (merchandise).,,"Note that instead of aí Palenqueros also often use a (more Spanish-like) with place names. Thus: +Malía a bae a Malagana pa bendé.",,,naturalistic spoken,Malía a bae aí Malagana a bendé.,,Maria PST go there Malagana to sell,"Note that instead of aí Palenqueros also often use a (more Spanish-like) with place names. Thus: +Malía a bae a Malagana pa bendé.",Recorded by author,,10744, +48-148,48,Suto a miní ri Katahena eta tadde.,Suto\ta\tminí\tri\tKatahena\teta\ttadde.,we\tPST\tcome\tfrom\tCartagena\tthis\tafternoon,We came from Cartagena this afternoon.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Suto a miní ri Katahena eta tadde.",,we PST come from Cartagena this afternoon,,Recorded by author,,10745,Spanish: (Nosotros) venimos de Cartagena esta tarde. +48-149,48,I tan labá aí loyo.,I\ttan\tlabá\taí\tloyo.,I\tgo\twash\tthere\tcreek,I am going to wash (clothes) at the creek.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I tan labá aí loyo.,,I go wash there creek,,Recorded by author,,10746,Spanish: (Yo) (me) voy a lavar ropa en el arroyo. +48-150,48,I ta miní ri loyo.,I\tta\tminí\tri\tloyo.,I\tPROG\tcome\tfrom\tcreek,I am coming from the creek.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ta miní ri loyo.",,I PROG come from creek,,Recorded by author,,10747,Spanish: (Yo) vengo del arroyo. +49-245,49,Eske papa w deja sot nan mache?,Eske\tpapa\tw\tdeja\tsot\tnan\tmache?,Q\tfather\t2SG.POSS\talready\tcome.from\tin\tmarket,Has your father come back from the market yet?,,,,,constructed by linguist,Eske papa w deja sot nan mache?,,Q father 2SG.POSS already come.from in market,,"Michel DeGraff, p.c. (2008)",,10748,French: Est-ce que ton père est déjà revenu du marché? +49-246,49,Bouki fèk sot nan mache.,Bouki\tfèk\tsot\tnan\tmache.,Bouki\tonly\tgo.out.from\tin\tmarket,Bouki has just come back from the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Bouki fèk sot nan mache.,,Bouki only go.out.from in market,,"Michel DeGraff, p.c. (2008)",,10749,French: Bouki revient tout juste du marché. +49-247,49,Ebyen mwen kwè l ta bon pou m sòti nan kay la.,Ebyen\tmwen\tkwè\tl\tta\tbon\tpou\tm\tsòti\tnan\tkay\tla.,Oh.well\t1SG\tbelieve\t3SG\tCOND\tgood\tfor\t1SG\tcome.out\tin\thouse\tDEF,"Oh well, I think it would be good for me to leave the house.",,,381[60],,naturalistic written,Ebyen mwen kwè l ta bon pou m sòti nan kay la.,,Oh.well 1SG believe 3SG COND good for 1SG come.out in house DEF,,,,10750,"French: Eh bien, je crois qu'il serait bon que je parte de la maison." +49-248,49,M rive Nouyòk.,M\trive\tNouyòk.,1SG\tarrive\tNew.York,I have arrived in New York.,,,371[47],,naturalistic spoken,M rive Nouyòk.,,1SG arrive New.York,,,,10751,French: Je suis arrivé à New-York. +49-249,49,"Gen on abitan ki sot andeyò, li vin sere Pòtoprens.","Gen\ton\tabitan\tki\tsot\tandeyò,\tli\tvin\tsere\tPòtoprens.",there.is\tINDF\tfarmer\tREL\tcome.from\toutside\t3SG\tcome\thide\tPort.au.Prince,There is a farmer who has come from the village to hide in Port-au-Prince.,,,371[47],,naturalistic spoken,"Gen on abitan ki sot andeyò, li vin sere Pòtoprens.",,there.is INDF farmer REL come.from outside 3SG come hide Port.au.Prince,,,,10752,French: Il y a un paysan qui est venu de la campagne pour se cacher à Port-au-Prince. +49-250,49,"M sot Petyonvil, m rive lavil.","M\tsot\tPetyonvil,\tm\trive\tlavil.",1SG\tleave\tPetionville\t1SG\tarrive\tcity,"Having left Petionville, I arrived in the city.",,,371[47],,naturalistic spoken,"M sot Petyonvil, m rive lavil.",,1SG leave Petionville 1SG arrive city,,,,10753,"French: Sortant de Pétionville, je suis arrivé en ville." +49-256,49,Li voye timoun yo al lekòl.,Li\tvoye\ttimoun\tyo\tal\tlekòl.,3SG\tsend\tchild\tDEF.PL\tgo\tschool,He/She sent the children to school.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li voye timoun yo al lekòl.,,3SG send child DEF.PL go school,,Own knowledge,,10754,French: Il/Elle a envoyé les enfants à l’école. +49-297,49,M vle tounen lakay.,M\tvle\ttounen\tlakay.,1SG\twant\tcome.back\thouse,I want to go back home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,M vle tounen lakay.,,1SG want come.back house,,Own knowledge,,10755,French: Je veux rentrer à la maison. +50-146,50,An k'ay anba marché.,An\tk'ay\tanba\tmarché.,1SG\tPROG.go\tunder\tmarket,I am going to the market.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An k'ay anba marché.,,1SG PROG.go under market,,Own fieldwork,,10756, +50-147,50,An sòti anba marché.,An\tsòti\tanba\tmarché.,1SG\tcome.back\tunder\tmarket,I am coming back from the market/ I came back from the market.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An sòti anba marché.,,1SG come.back under market,,Own fieldwork,,10757, +51-132,51,Man ka alé anba marché.,Man\tka\talé\tanba\tmarché.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tunder\tmarket,I am going to the market.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man ka alé anba marché.,,1SG PROG go under market,,Own fieldwork,,10758, +51-133,51,Man sòti anba marché.,Man\tsòti\tanba\tmarché.,1SG\tcome.back\tunder\tmarket,I am coming back from the market.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man sòti anba marché.,,1SG come.back under market,,Own fieldwork,,10759, +52-84,52,mo frè fin soti laplaj; i di lanmè-a bon,mo\tfrè\tfin\tsoti\tlaplaj;\ti\tdi\tlanmè-a\tbon,my\tbrother\tPFV\tleave\tbeach\the\tsay\tsea-ART\tgood,My brother just left the beach (lit. My brother is coming home from the beach). He says the water is fine.,,,1208[120],,elicited from speaker,mo frè fin soti laplaj; i di lanmè-a bon,,my brother PFV leave beach he say sea-ART good,,,,10760, +52-87,52,nou alé Kayène,nou\talé\tKayène,we\tgo\tCayenne,We went to Cayenne.,,,,,elicited from speaker,nou alé Kayène,,we go Cayenne,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,10761, +53-302,53,Vje fam sote dan mon kou.,Vje\tfam\tsote\tdan\tmon\tkou.,old\twoman\tjump\tin\t1SG.POSS\tneck,The old lady threw her arms around me. (Lit. The old lady jumped into my neck.),,,1048[309],,naturalistic spoken,Vje fam sote dan mon kou.,,old woman jump in 1SG.POSS neck,,,,10762, +53-303,53,Li soti dan cha-la.,Li\tsoti\tdan\tcha-la.,3SG\tget.out\tin\tcar-ART.DEF.SG,He got out of the car.,,,722[360],,naturalistic spoken,Li soti dan cha-la.,,3SG get.out in car-ART.DEF.SG,,,,10763, +53-304,53,Ye marche on trèk-la jiska ye sorti dan bwa.,Ye\tmarche\ton\ttrèk-la\tjiska\tye\tsorti\tdan\tbwa.,3PL\twalk\ton\ttrail-ART.DEF.SG\tuntil\t3PL\tcome.out\tin\twoods,They followed the trail until they came out of the woods.,,,1515[107],,naturalistic written,Ye marche on trèk-la jiska ye sorti dan bwa.,,3PL walk on trail-ART.DEF.SG until 3PL come.out in woods,,,,10764, +53-306,53,Nou soti an bus-la.,Nou\tsoti\tan\t-la.,1PL\tget.off\tfrom\tbus-ART.DEF,We got off the bus.,,,1515[41],,naturalistic spoken,Nou soti an bus-la.,Nou soti an <bus>-la.,1PL get.off from bus-ART.DEF,,,,10765, +53-307,53,Mo gap kuri o post office.,Mo\tgap\tkuri\to\t.,1SG\thave.to\tgo\tto\tpost\toffice,I had to go to the post office.,,,1048[368],,naturalistic spoken,Mo gap kuri o post office.,Mo gap kuri o <post office>.,1SG have.to go to post office,,,,10766, +53-309,53,Kuri a Youngsville!,Kuri\ta\tYoungsville!,go.IMP\tto\tYoungsville,Go to Youngsville!,,,1048[382],,naturalistic spoken,Kuri a Youngsville!,,go.IMP to Youngsville,,,,10767, +53-314,53,Li devyen la Frans.,Li\tdevyen\tla\tFrans.,3SG\tcome.from\tART.DEF.SG\tFrance,He comes from France.,,,1048[299],,naturalistic spoken,Li devyen la Frans.,,3SG come.from ART.DEF.SG France,,,,10768, +53-315,53,Ye te sorti a la Frans.,Ye\tte\tsorti\ta\tla\tFrans.,3PL\tPST\tcome.from\tfrom\tART.DEF.SG\tFrance,They came from France.,,,1048[301],,naturalistic spoken,"Ye te sorti a la Frans.",,3PL PST come.from from ART.DEF.SG France,,,,10769, +54-176,54,"I rantr dan in pti boukan, i rantr, i dor.","I\trant\tdan\ten\tpti\tboukan,\ti\trant,\ti\tdor.",FIN\tenter\tin\tINDF\tsmall\thut\tFIN\tenter\tFIN\tsleep,"He goes into a little hut, he goes in, he sleeps.",,,110[40],,naturalistic spoken,"I rantr dan in pti boukan, i rantr, i dor.","I rant dan en pti boukan, i rant, i dor.",FIN enter in INDF small hut FIN enter FIN sleep,,,,10770,"French: Il rentre dans une petite cabane, il entre, il dort." +54-177,54,Li la sòrt dan là kàz si l tàr.,Li\tla\tsort\tdan\tla\tkaz\tsi-l-tar.,3SG\tPRF\tleave\tin\tDEF\thouse\tlate.,He left the house late.,,"28 informants of the linguistic atlas chose sort la kaz, 17 sort dan la kaz.",214[62N],,naturalistic spoken,Li la sòrt dan là kàz si l tàr.,Li la sort dan la kaz si-l-tar.,3SG PRF leave in DEF house late.,"28 informants of the linguistic atlas chose sort la kaz, 17 sort dan la kaz.",,,10771,French: Il est sorti tard de la maison. +54-178,54,Pti Zan sort sir le li [...].,Pti\tZan\tsort\tsir\tle\tli\t[...].,Little\tJohn\tget.out\ton\tDEF\tbed\t[...],Little John gets out of bed [...].,,,110[22],,naturalistic spoken,Pti Zan sort sir le li [...].,,Little John get.out on DEF bed [...],,,,10772,French: Petit Jean sort du lit [...]. +54-179,54,Mi rant sen pol si zer.,Mi\trant\tsen-pol\tsiz-er.,1SG.FIN\tcome.back\tSaint-Paul\tsix-o'clock.,I come back to Saint Paul at six o’clock,,,236[43],,naturalistic spoken,Mi rant sen pol si zer.,Mi rant sen-pol siz-er.,1SG.FIN come.back Saint-Paul six-o'clock.,,,,10773,French: Je rentre à Saint-Paul à six heures. +54-180,54,Mi sort sent sizann.,Mi\tsort\tSent-Sizann.,1SG.FIN\tcome.from\tSainte-Suzanne,I come from Sainte-Suzanne.,,,236[43],,naturalistic spoken,Mi sort sent sizann.,Mi sort Sent-Sizann.,1SG.FIN come.from Sainte-Suzanne,,,,10774,French: Je viens de Sainte-Suzanne. +55-140,55,mo ti al (daṅ) lafore,mo\tti\tal\t(daṅ)\tlafore,1SG\tPST\tgo\t(LOC)\tforest,I went into the forest.,,,,,elicited from speaker,mo ti al (daṅ) lafore,,1SG PST go (LOC) forest,,Own knowledge,,10775, +55-141,55,mo ti sort (daṅ) lafore,mo\tti\tsort\t(daṅ)\tlafore,1SG\tPST\tleave\t(LOC)\tforest,I came from the forest.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo ti sort (daṅ) lafore,,1SG PST leave (LOC) forest,,Own knowledge,,10776, +55-142,55,mo sorti depi daṅ lafore,mo\tsorti\tdepi\tdaṅ\tlafore,1SG\tcome.from\tABL\tLOC\tforest,I am coming out of the forest.,,,770[182],,elicited from speaker,mo sorti depi daṅ lafore,,1SG come.from ABL LOC forest,,,,10777, +55-143,55,mo pe al Vakwa,mo\tpe\tal\tVakwa,1SG\tASP\tgo\tVacoas,I am going to Vacoas.,,,770[179],,constructed by linguist,mo pe al Vakwa,,1SG ASP go Vacoas,,,,10778, +56-148,56,Mon al dan bwa.,Mon\tal\tdan\tbwa.,1SG\tgo\tin\tforest,I go into the forest.,,,956,,elicited from speaker,"Mon al dan bwa.",,1SG go in forest,,,,10779, +56-149,56,Mon sorti dan bwa.,Mon\tsorti\tdan\tbwa.,1SG\tcome.from\tin\tforest,I come out of the forest.,,,956,,elicited from speaker,"Mon sorti dan bwa.",,1SG come.from in forest,,,,10780, +57-82,57,ma vja nde Paita,ma\tvja\tnde\tPaita,1SG\tcome\tfrom\tPaita,I come from Paita.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ma vja nde Paita,,1SG come from Paita,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,10781, +57-83,57,ma ale Nouméa,ma\tale\tNouméa,1SG\tgo\tNouméa,I go to Nouméa.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ma ale Nouméa,,1SG go Nouméa,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,10782, +57-155,57,nu ale lamisjo,nu\tale\tlamisjo,1PL\tgo\tMission,We are going to the Mission.,,,423[109],,naturalistic spoken,nu ale lamisjo,,1PL go Mission,,,,10783, +57-156,57,[...] nu vja nde partu-la,[...]\tnu\tvja\tnde\tpartu-la,[...]\t1PL\tcome\tPREP\teverywhere-DEM/DEF,[...] we come from everywhere.,,,423[224],,naturalistic spoken,[...] nu vja nde partu-la,,[...] 1PL come PREP everywhere-DEM/DEF,,,,10784, +58-101,58,Yandi kota (na) nzo.,Yandi\tkota\t(na)\tnzo.,he/she\tenter.NARR\t(CONN)\thouse,He entered/went into the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi kota (na) nzo.,,he/she enter.NARR (CONN) house,,Own knowledge,,10785, +58-102,58,Yandi basika (na) nzo.,Yandi\tbasika\t(na)\tnzo.,he/she\texit\t(CONN)\thouse,He/She got out of the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi basika (na) nzo.,,he/she exit (CONN) house,,Own knowledge,,10786, +59-239,59,lo gwe na gala awe,lo\tgwe\tna\tgala\tawe,3SG\tgo\tPREP\tmarket\talready,She's already gone to the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,lo gwe na gala awe,,3SG go PREP market already,,Own knowledge,,10787, +59-240,59,lo londo na gala aga awe,lo\tlondo\tna\tgala\ta-ga\tawe,3SG\tarise\tPREP\tmarket\tPM-come\talready,She's already come back from the market.,,"Double-clause patterns like this one ('coming' is preceded by 'arising from a place') are common in Sango, in Gbaya, and probably other Ubangian languages.",,,constructed by linguist,lo londo na gala aga awe,lo londo na gala a-ga awe,3SG arise PREP market PM-come already,"Double-clause patterns like this one ('coming' is preceded by 'arising from a place') are common in Sango, in Gbaya, and probably other Ubangian languages.",Own knowledge,,10788, +59-241,59,"mama ti mbi aga fade, ge, na ndo ti mo ge","mama\tti\tmbi\ta-ga\tfade,\tge,\tna\tndo\tti\tmo\tge",mother\tof\t1SG\tPM-come\tjust.now\there\tPREP\tplace\tof\t2SG\there,My mother just came here to your place.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"mama ti mbi aga fade, ge, na ndo ti mo ge","mama ti mbi a-ga fade, ge, na ndo ti mo ge",mother of 1SG PM-come just.now here PREP place of 2SG here,,Samarin corpus 1994,,10789, +60-110,60,akendákí (na) zándo,a-kend-ákí\t(na)\tzándo,3SG-go-PST\tto\tmarket,He went to the market.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,akendákí (na) zándo,a-kend-ákí (na) zándo,3SG-go-PST to market,,Own knowledge,,10790, +60-111,60,akendákí zándo,a-kend-ákí\tzándo,3SG-go-PST\tmarket,He went to the market.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,akendákí zándo,a-kend-ákí zándo,3SG-go-PST market,,Own knowledge,,10791, +60-112,60,awútákí (na) zándo,a-wút-ákí́\t(na)\tzándo,3SG-come.from-PST\tfrom\tmarket,He came from the market.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,awútákí (na) zándo,a-wút-ákí́ (na) zándo,3SG-come.from-PST from market,,Own knowledge,,10792, +60-113,60,awútákí zándo,a-wút-ákí́\tzándo,3SG-come.from-PST\tmarket,He came from the market.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,awútákí zándo,a-wút-ákí́ zándo,3SG-come.from-PST market,,Own knowledge,,10793, +61-83,61,Yena zo hamba (lapha) Thekwin.,Yena\tzo\thamb-a\t(lapha)\tThekwin.,he\twill\tgo-V\t(LOC.PREP)\tDurban,He will go to Durban.,,"The preposition may be deleted; in fact, the preposition lapha is a general locative 'near, around, at'.",,,elicited from speaker,Yena zo hamba (lapha) Thekwin.,Yena zo hamb-a (lapha) Thekwin.,he will go-V (LOC.PREP) Durban,"The preposition may be deleted; in fact, the preposition lapha is a general locative 'near, around, at'.",Field notes Mesthrie,,10794, +61-84,61,Lo mama buyile Thegwin.,Lo\tmama\tbuy-ile\tThegwin.,DEF.ART\tmother\treturn-PST\tDurban,Mother returned from Durban.,,"No preposition is used; the act of returning is implicit in the verb form. I don't think one can idiomatically have a preposition 'from' (see Hopkins-Jenkins 1947: 36, who proposes a paraphrase with the verb 'emerge' plus lapha, the locative of the previous example).",,,elicited from speaker,Lo mama buyile Thegwin.,Lo mama buy-ile Thegwin.,DEF.ART mother return-PST Durban,"No preposition is used; the act of returning is implicit in the verb form. I don't think one can idiomatically have a preposition 'from' (see Hopkins-Jenkins 1947: 36, who proposes a paraphrase with the verb 'emerge' plus lapha, the locative of the previous example).",Field notes Mesthrie,,10795, +62-76,62,"vélí vanhóngá, vésó nhóngá","vé-li\tvanhonga,\tvé-so\tnhonga",2-come:from\tKonga\t2-go\tKonga,They left for Konga. They went to Konga.,,The second clause is a correction of the first one.,,,naturalistic spoken,"vélí vanhóngá, vésó nhóngá","vé-li vanhonga, vé-so nhonga",2-come:from Konga 2-go Konga,The second clause is a correction of the first one.,Own field data 1993,,10796, +62-77,62,élí kihoja,é-li\tkihoja,3SG-come:from\tmarket,He comes from the market.,,,,,elicited from speaker,élí kihoja,é-li kihoja,3SG-come:from market,,Own field data 1993,,10797, +62-78,62,tusó mombó,tu-so\tmombo,1PL-go\tMombo,We go to Mombo.,,,,,elicited from speaker,tusó mombó,tu-so mombo,1PL-go Mombo,,Own field data 1993,,10798, +63-156,63,anás el já min Kismáyo,anás\tel\tjá\tmin\tKismáyo,people\tREL\tcome\tfrom\tKismayo,the people who come from Kismayo,,,857[222],,naturalistic spoken,"anás el já min Kismáyo",,people REL come from Kismayo,,,,10799, +63-157,63,fi zayíre ána rúo,fi\tzayíre\tána\trúo,in\tZaire\t1SG\tgo,I went to Zaire.,,,857[223],,naturalistic spoken,"fi zayíre ána rúo",,in Zaire 1SG go,,,,10800, +63-158,63,úwo gi-tála fi school,úwo\tgi-tála\tfi\tschool,3SG\tTAM-go.out\tin/from\tschool,He comes out of the school.,,,857[223],,naturalistic spoken,"úwo gi-tála fi school",,3SG TAM-go.out in/from school,,,,10801, +64-166,64,kalám al tála min júwa gélib to,kalám\tal\ttála\tmin\tjúwa\tgélib\tto,word\tREL\tgo_out\tfrom\tinside\theart\tPOSS.3SG,the word which comes out from his heart,,,874[115],,naturalistic spoken,"kalám al tála min júwa gélib to",,word REL go_out from inside heart POSS.3SG,,,,10802, +64-167,64,ána rówa fi terkéka,ána\trówa\tfi\tterkéka,1SG\tgo\tin\tTerkeka,I went to Terkeka.,,,874[122],,naturalistic spoken,"ána rówa fi terkéka",,1SG go in Terkeka,,,,10803, +64-168,64,úo ja le úmon tawáli,úo\tja\tle\túmon\ttawáli,3SG\tarrive\tto\t3PL\tdirectly,He arrived directly at their place.,,,874[124],,naturalistic spoken,"úo ja le úmon tawáli",,3SG arrive to 3PL directly,,,,10804, +64-169,64,mára tai rówa suk,mára\ttai\trówa\tsuk,woman\tPOSS.1SG\tgo\tmarket,My wife went to the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mára tai rówa suk,,woman POSS.1SG go market,,Own knowledge,,10805, +65-123,65,Xabasəka iwo atuda wazilə.,Xabasəka\tiwo\tatuda\twazi-lə.,Xabarovsk\t3SG\tthere.ABL\tcarry-PFV,I have carried it from Xabarovsk.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[274],,naturalistic spoken,Xabasəka iwo atuda wazilə.,Xabasəka iwo atuda wazi-lə.,Xabarovsk 3SG there.ABL carry-PFV,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,Хабасэка иво атуда вазилэ.,10806, +65-124,65,Tʃo-ʧo kaxoza iwo suda xadi.,Tʃo-ʧo\tkaxoza\tiwo\tsuda\txadi.,what-what\tcollective.farm\t3SG\there\tcome,I used to bring some things to the collective farm.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[274],,naturalistic spoken,Tʃo-ʧo kaxoza iwo suda xadi.,,what-what collective.farm 3SG here come,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,Чё-чё кахоза иво суда хади.,10807, +65-125,65,"Kada tibe za kitajsa tuda Birabiʤan priʃol tuta kak kuʃaj byl, xaraʃo, ploxə?","Kada\ttibe\tza\tkitajsa\ttuda\tBirabiʤan\tpriʃo-l\ttuta\tkak\tkuʃaj\tbyl,\txaraʃo,\tploxə?",when\t2SG\tPREP\tChina\tthere.ALL\tBirabidzhan\tcome-PFV\there.LOC\thow\teat\twas\tgood\tbad,"When you came from China to Birabidzhan what type of food did you have, was it good or bad?",,"This was said in the Russian ethnolect. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[273],,naturalistic spoken,"Kada tibe za kitajsa tuda Birabiʤan priʃol tuta kak kuʃaj byl, xaraʃo, ploxə?","Kada tibe za kitajsa tuda Birabiʤan priʃo-l tuta kak kuʃaj byl, xaraʃo, ploxə?",when 2SG PREP China there.ALL Birabidzhan come-PFV here.LOC how eat was good bad,"This was said in the Russian ethnolect. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,"Когда тебе за китайса туда Биробиджан пришёл тута как кушай был: хорошо, плохо?",10808, +65-126,65,Za maja Peʧinesiki paxadi budu.,Za\tmaja\tPeʧinesiki\tpaxadi\tbudu.,TOP\t1SG\tBeijing\tgo\tFUT,I will go to Beijing.,,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).,1045[247],,constructed by linguist,Za maja Peʧinesiki paxadi budu.,,TOP 1SG Beijing go FUT,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).,,За моя Печинесеки походи буду.,10809, +65-127,65,Ja v Shimyn' xadi.,Ja\tv\tShimyn'\txadi.,1SG\tto\tShimyng\tgo,I went to Shimyng.,,,458[12],,citation in fiction,Ja v Shimyn' xadi.,,1SG to Shimyng go,,,Я в Шимынь ходи.,10810, +66-91,66,Rihan pasar na epi (aða).,Rihan\tpasar-na\te-pi\t(aða).,Rihan\tmarket-to\tASP-go\t(AUX),Rihan went to the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Rihan pasar na epi (aða).",Rihan pasar-na e-pi (aða).,Rihan market-to ASP-go (AUX),,Own knowledge,,10811, +66-92,66,Rihan pasarring e-baalek (aða).,Rihan\tpasar-ring\te-baalek\t(aða).,Rihan\tmarket-from\tASP-return\t(AUX),Rihan returned from the market.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Rihan pasarring e-baalek (aða).,"Rihan pasar-ring e-baalek (aða).",Rihan market-from ASP-return (AUX),,Own knowledge,,10812, +67-166,67,Besok saya mahu pergi Malaysia.,Besok\tsaya\tmahu\tpergi\tMalaysia.,tomorrow\t1SG\tFUT\tgo\tMalaysia,"Tomorrow, I will go [to] Malaysia.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Besok saya mahu pergi Malaysia.,,tomorrow 1SG FUT go Malaysia,,Own knowledge,,10813, +67-167,67,Olang Singapore tapi datang Chinese.,Olang\tSingapore\ttapi\tdatang\tChinese.,people\tSingapore\tbut\tcome\tChina,[I am] Singaporean but come from China.,,"As the subject does not know English well, he used Chinese instead of China. But from the context in which I collected the data, it is quite clear that he referred to China.",708[337],,naturalistic spoken,Olang Singapore tapi datang Chinese.,,people Singapore but come China,"As the subject does not know English well, he used Chinese instead of China. But from the context in which I collected the data, it is quite clear that he referred to China.",,,10814, +67-168,67,"Dia tak tahu negeri dia makan minum pun tak ada, datang sini dia ingat dia dari negeri yang millionaire, itu macam.","Dia\ttak\ttahu\tnegeri\tdia\tmakan\tminum\tpun\ttak\tada,\tdatang\tsini\tdia\tingat\tdia\tdari\tnegeri\tyang\tmillionaire,\titu\tmacam.",3SG\tNEG\tknow\tcountry\t3SG\teat\tdrink\talso\tNEG\thave\tcome\there\t3SG\tthink\t3SG\tfrom\tcountry\tREL\tmillionaire\tDEM\tlike,"She does not know her country, does not have anything to eat or drink and, coming here, she thinks that she is from the millionaire country, like that.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dia tak tahu negeri dia makan minum pun tak ada, datang sini dia ingat dia dari negeri yang millionaire, itu macam.",,3SG NEG know country 3SG eat drink also NEG have come here 3SG think 3SG from country REL millionaire DEM like,,Own knowledge,,10815, +67-169,67,Saya tak pena pergi Burma.,Saya\ttak\tpena\tpergi\tBurma.,1SG\tNEG\tnever\tgo\tBurma,I have never gone to Myanmar.,,,708[451],,naturalistic spoken,Saya tak pena pergi Burma.,,1SG NEG never go Burma,,,,10816, +68-93,68,Angin bawa akang jato ka dalam aer masing.,Angin\tbawa\takang\tjato\tka\tdalam\taer\tmasing.,wind\tbring\t3SG.N\tfall\tto\tin\twater\tsalty,The wind blew it (off her head) so it fell into the salt water.,,,1178[400],,naturalistic spoken,Angin bawa akang jato ka dalam aer masing.,,wind bring 3SG.N fall to in water salty,,,,10817, +68-94,68,Nene Luhu ini asalnya dari negeri Soya.,Nene\tLuhu\tini\tasalnya\tdari\tnegeri\tSoya.,Nene\tLuhu\tDEM\torigin\tfrom\tcity\tSoya,Nene Luhu was originally from the city of Soya.,,,1178[624],,naturalistic spoken,"Nene Luhu ini asalnya dari negeri Soya.",,Nene Luhu DEM origin from city Soya,,,,10818, +68-95,68,De pi Ambon.,De\tpi\tAmbon.,3SG\tgo\tAmbon,S/he goes to Ambon OR: S/he went to Ambon.,,,,,constructed by linguist,De pi Ambon.,,3SG go Ambon,,Own knowledge,,10819, +69-61,69,kumbut kandək wanak,kumbut\tkandək\twa-nak,village\tOBL\tgo-IMP,Go to the village!,,,,,elicited from speaker,"kumbut kandək wanak",kumbut kandək wa-nak,village OBL go-IMP,,Own field notes 1985,,10820, +69-62,69,yaŋi kandək awtɲan,yaŋi\tkandək\tawt-ɲan,pot\tOBL\ttake-NFUT,They took (it) from the pot.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"yaŋi kandək awtɲan",yaŋi kandək awt-ɲan,pot OBL take-NFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,10821, +70-67,70,Ham-log nai mango jao polis stesin.,Ham-log\tnai\tmango\tjao\tpolis\tstesin.,1-PL\tNEG\twant\tgo\tpolice\tstation,We don't want to go to the police station.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ham-log nai mango jao polis stesin.,,1-PL NEG want go police station,,Siegel-field recording,,10822, +70-68,70,Ek mota huwa se ao.,Ek\tmota\thuwa\tse\tao.,one\tcar\tthere\tfrom\tcome,A car came from there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ek mota huwa se ao.",,one car there from come,,Siegel-field recording,,10823, +71-137,71,Wau hele ma kela hale wau.,Wau\thele\tma\tkela\thale\twau.,1SG\tgo\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t1SG.POSS,I went to my house.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Wau hele ma kela hale wau.",,1SG go LOC DET house 1SG.POSS,,Own data 1892,,10824, +71-138,71,Wau pimai no ma Sana Miguela.,Wau\tpimai\tno\tma\tSana\tMiguela.,1SG\tcome\tINTENS\tLOC\tSaõ\tMiguel,I come from Saõ Miguel.,,INTENS=intensifier,,,naturalistic written,"Wau pimai no ma Sana Miguela.",Wau pimai no ma Sana Miguela.,1SG come INTENS LOC Saõ Miguel,INTENS=intensifier,Own data 1894,,10825, +71-139,71,Kokoke 10 minute hiki mai Laumana mai ka halekuke mai.,Kokoke\t10\tminute\thiki\tmai\tLaumana\tmai\tka\thalekuke\tmai.,almost\t10\tminute\treturn\tDIR\tLaumana\tfrom\tDEF\tkitchen\tfrom,About ten minutes later Laumana returned from the kitchen.,,DIR=directional,,,naturalistic written,"Kokoke 10 minute hiki mai Laumana mai ka halekuke mai.",,almost 10 minute return DIR Laumana from DEF kitchen from,DIR=directional,own data 1899,,10826, +72-122,72,Humbug bin gon ribangkirri nganta.,Humbug\tbin\tgon\triba-ngkirri\tnganta.,Humbug\tPST\tgo\triver-ALL\tDOUBT,"Humbug went to the river, I think.",,The goal is marked here by a Gurindji-derived allative marker -ngkirri.,920[382],,narrative,Humbug bin gon ribangkirri nganta.,Humbug bin gon riba-ngkirri nganta.,Humbug PST go river-ALL DOUBT,"The goal is marked here by a Gurindji-derived allative marker -ngkirri.",,,10827, +72-123,72,Jintaku boi im jamp wumaranginyi ngawangka.,Jintaku\tboi\tim\tjamp\twumara-nginyi\tngawa-ngka.,one\tboy\t3SG.SBJ\tjump\trock-ABL\twater-LOC,One boy is jumping off the rock into the water.,,"The source is marked with an ablative suffix -nginyi, and the goal with a locative suffix -ngka.",920[186],,peer elicitation,Jintaku boi im jamp wumaranginyi ngawangka.,Jintaku boi im jamp wumara-nginyi ngawa-ngka.,one boy 3SG.SBJ jump rock-ABL water-LOC,"The source is marked with an ablative suffix -nginyi, and the goal with a locative suffix -ngka.",,,10828, +72-124,72,Wi-rra gon na motika-ngka Jetlmen.,Wi-rra\tgon\tna\tmotika-ngka\tJetlmen.,1PL.SBJ-POT\tgo\tSEQ\tcar-LOC\tKalkaringi,We're about to go by car to Kalkaringi.,,,920[267],,peer elicitation,Wi-rra gon na motika-ngka Jetlmen.,,1PL.SBJ-POT go SEQ car-LOC Kalkaringi,,,,10829, +72-125,72,I garra gu langa Roper.,I\tgarra\tgu\tlanga\tRoper.,3SG.SBJ\tPOT\tgo\tLOC\tRoper,He will go to Roper.,,,8,293f5a1d2336c471dc36dae1c868a55d,naturalistic spoken,I garra gu langa Roper.,,3SG.SBJ POT go LOC Roper,,,,10830, +72-126,72,Karu teikim Jetlmenjirri keik.,Karu\tteik-im\tJetlmen-jirri\tkeik.,child\ttake-TR\tSettlement-ALL\tcake,The kid took the cake to Settlement (Kalkaringi).,,,920[267],,naturalistic spoken,"Karu teikim Jetlmenjirri keik.","Karu teik-im Jetlmen-jirri keik.",child take-TR Settlement-ALL cake,,,,10831, +72-127,72,I bin kombek Katherinenginyi.,I\tbin\tkombek\tKatherine-nginyi.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tcome.back\tKatherine-ABL,He came back from Katherine.,,Katherine is a town.,920,,constructed by linguist,I bin kombek Katherinenginyi.,"I bin kombek Katherine-nginyi.",3SG.SBJ PST come.back Katherine-ABL,Katherine is a town.,,,10832, +72-128,72,I bin kombek brom Katherine.,I\tbin\tkombek\tbrom\tKatherine.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tcome.back\tABL\tKatherine,He came back from Katherine.,,Katherine is a town.,920,,constructed by linguist,"I bin kombek brom Katherine.",,3SG.SBJ PST come.back ABL Katherine,Katherine is a town.,,,10833, +73-86,73,úndimu ixungi?,úndi-mu\ti-xu-ngi?,where-ALL\tgo-PROG-2SG,Where are you going?,,,1033[63],,elicited from speaker,úndimu ixungi?,úndi-mu i-xu-ngi?,where-ALL go-PROG-2SG,,,,10834, +73-87,73,undimunda binixungi?,undi-munda\tbini-xu-ngi?,where-ABL\tcome-PROG-2SG,Where are you coming from?,,,1033[63],,elicited from speaker,undimunda binixungi?,undi-munda bini-xu-ngi?,where-ABL come-PROG-2SG,,,,10835, +74-125,74,náyka tlátwa tawn,náyka\ttlátwa\ttawn,1SG\tgo\ttown,I’m going to town.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka tlátwa tawn,,1SG go town,,Own knowledge,,10836, +74-126,74,náyka čáku tawn,náyka\tčáku\ttawn,1SG\tcome\ttown,I’m coming from town.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka čáku tawn,,1SG come town,,Own knowledge,,10837, +75-153,75,Edmonton kiitohteew.,Edmonton\tkii-tohtee-w.,(pacename)\tPST-go-3,She went to Edmonton.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Edmonton kiitohteew.,Edmonton kii-tohtee-w.,(pacename) PST-go-3,,,,10838, +75-205,75,Lii kor kimutiwak li simicheer uschi.,Lii\tkor\tkimuti-wak\tli\tsimicheer\tuschi.,PL\tbody\tsteal-3PL\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tcemetery\tfrom,They snatch bodies from the cemetery.,,,789[47],,naturalistic written,"Lii kor kimutiwak li simicheer uschi. +",Lii kor kimuti-wak li simicheer uschi.,PL body steal-3PL DEF.ART.M.SG cemetery from,,,,10839, +75-206,75,Nimaanmaan kiipeeashekiiweew Edmonton uhchi iyeer.,Ni-maanmaan\tkii-pee-ashe-kiiwee-w\tEdmonton\tuhchi\tiyeer.,1-mother\tPST-hither-back-come.home-3\tEdmonton\tfrom\tyesterday,My mother came back (home) from Edmonton yesterday.,,"The prefixed element pee- marks ""movement hither"".",522,,elicited from speaker,"Nimaanmaan kiipeeashekiiweew Edmonton uhchi iyeer.",Ni-maanmaan kii-pee-ashe-kiiwee-w Edmonton uhchi iyeer.,1-mother PST-hither-back-come.home-3 Edmonton from yesterday,"The prefixed element pee- marks ""movement hither"".",,,10840, +75-207,75,Asheekiiweepahtaw aan baa aendookitotaat onhin.,Ashee-kiiwee-pahta-w\taan\tbaa\taen-doo-kitot-aat\tonhin.,back-go.home-run-3\tLOC\tbelow\tCOMP-go-talk-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEM,"She ran back downstairs, to go and talk to them.",,"The prefix doo- marks ""movement away"".",522,,naturalistic spoken,"Asheekiiweepahtaw aan baa aendookitotaat onhin.",Ashee-kiiwee-pahta-w aan baa aen-doo-kitot-aat onhin.,back-go.home-run-3 LOC below COMP-go-talk-3.SBJ.3.OBJ DEM,"The prefix doo- marks ""movement away"".",,,10841, +75-208,75,Kiishipweepayiwak laasphinaen dan la bal oma eeituhteechik da li gran palae.,Kii-shipwee-payi-w-ak aasphinaen dan la bal oma ee-ituhteechik da li gran palae.,PST-leave-MOVE-3-PL away LOC DEF.ART.F.SG that COMP-go-3PL LOC DEF.ART.M.SG big palace,"And they took off, away to the ball. They went to the big palace.",,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"Kiishipweepayiwak laasphinaen dan la bal oma eeituhteechik da li gran palae.",Kii-shipwee-payi-w-ak aasphinaen dan la bal oma ee-ituhteechik da li gran palae.,PST-leave-MOVE-3-PL away LOC DEF.ART.F.SG that COMP-go-3PL LOC DEF.ART.M.SG big palace,,,,10842, +75-209,75,La swis peewayawiiw daan so tru uschi.,La\tswis\tpee-wayawii-w\tdaan\tso\ttru\tuschi.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tgopher\tcome-go.outside-3\tLOC\t3.POSS.M\thole\tfrom,The gopher came out of his hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"La swis peewayawiiw daan so tru uschi.",La swis pee-wayawii-w daan so tru uschi.,DEF.ART.F.SG gopher come-go.outside-3 LOC 3.POSS.M hole from,,"Patline Laverdure, p.c. (1990)",,10843, +1-201,1,Myki a diki wan holle troy da dubeli na in.,Meki\ta\tdiki\twan\tolo\ttrowe\tda\td'dibri\tna\tini.,make\t3SG.SBJ\tdig\tINDF.SG\thole\tthrow\tDET.SG\tdevil\tLOC\tinside,"Let them dig a hole, (and) throw the devil inside.",,Here the goal is intransitive/adverbial na ini 'inside'.,1527[76],,written,Myki a diki wan holle troy da dubeli na in.,Meki a diki wan olo trowe da d'dibri na ini.,make 3SG.SBJ dig INDF.SG hole throw DET.SG devil LOC inside,"Here the goal is intransitive/adverbial na ini 'inside'.",,,10844,Dutch: [...] het Graf en gooid den Duivel daar in [...]. [ op.cit.] +1-202,1,"alla somma, dissi de na inni hosso","ala\tsoma,\tdisi\tde\tna\tini\toso",all\tperson\tREL\tCOP\tLOC\tin(side)\thouse,all the people who were in the house,,This illustrates that na ini is used in the context of 'position at'.,1355[58],,written,"alla somma, dissi de na inni hosso","ala soma, disi de na ini oso",all person REL COP LOC in(side) house,"This illustrates that na ini is used in the context of 'position at'.",,,10845, +1-203,1,Lea pusu Maria go na (ini) horo.,Lea\tpusu\tMaria\tgo\tna\t(ini)\thoro.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tgo\tLOC\t(in(side))\thole,Lea pushed Maria into the hole.,,"Even though the serial verb construction 'push go' with a goal marked by a preposition is not found in the 18th-century sources, this constructed example illustrates what it would look like. It is probable that this construction was possible - cf. Examples 86 and also 210.",,,constructed by linguist,Lea pusu Maria go na (ini) horo.,,Lea push Maria go LOC (in(side)) hole,"Even though the serial verb construction 'push go' with a goal marked by a preposition is not found in the 18th-century sources, this constructed example illustrates what it would look like. It is probable that this construction was possible - cf. Examples 86 and also 210.",Own knowledge,,10846, +2-212,2,"Di a bromfiets lon drei, mi ben abi fu pusu en go na oso.","Di\ta\tbromfiets\tlon\tdrei,\tmi\tben\tabi\tfu\tpusu\ten\tgo\tna\toso.",when\tthe.SG\tmotorbike\trun\tdry\t1SG\tPST\thave\tto\tpush\t3SG\tgo\tLOC\thouse,"When the motorbike ran out of gas, I had to push it home.",,,1438,,naturalistic spoken,"Di a bromfiets lon drei, mi ben abi fu pusu en go na oso.",,when the.SG motorbike run dry 1SG PST have to push 3SG go LOC house,,,,10847, +2-213,2,Skoifi a kasi go ini a uku.,Skoifi\ta\tkasi\tgo\tini\ta\tuku.,push\tthe.SG\tcabinet\tgo\tin\tthe.SG\tcorner,Push the cabinet into the corner.,,,1438,,naturalistic spoken,Skoifi a kasi go ini a uku.,,push the.SG cabinet go in the.SG corner,,,,10848, +3-102,3,A tuusi di tatai go a di aguja baaku.,A\ttuusi\tdi\ttatai\tgo\ta\tdi\taguja\tbaaku.,3SG\tpush\tDEF.SG\tthread\tgo\tLOC\tDEF.SG\tneedle\thole,She pushed the thread through the needle's eye.,,,354[6],,naturalistic written,A tuusi di tatai go a di aguja baaku.,,3SG push DEF.SG thread go LOC DEF.SG needle hole,,,,10849, +4-138,4,Mi o kisi wata poti na a kan.,Mi\to\tkisi\twata\tpoti\tna\ta\tkan.,I\tFUT\tget\twater\tput\tLOC\tDET.SG\tmug,I'll put water in the mug.,,,283,,naturalistic spoken,Mi o kisi wata poti na a kan.,,I FUT get water put LOC DET.SG mug,,,,10850, +4-139,4,Linda toto a bata go a ini a olo.,Linda\ttoto\ta\tbata\tgo\ta\tini\ta\tolo.,Linda\tpush\tDET\tbottle\tgo\tLOC\tin\tDET\thole,Linda pushed the bottle into the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Linda toto a bata go a ini a olo.,,Linda push DET bottle go LOC in DET hole,,Own fieldwork,,10851, +5-138,5,Jaan push di gyal schreet insaid di hool,Jaan\tpush\tdi\tgyal\tschreet\tinsaid\tdi\thool,John\tpush\tDEF.ART\tgirl\tstraight\tinside\tDEF.ART\thole,John pushed the girl straight into the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Jaan push di gyal schreet insaid di hool,,John push DEF.ART girl straight inside DEF.ART hole,,Own knowledge,,10852, +5-139,5,Jaan de insaid di hool,Jaan\tde\tinsaid\tdi\thool,John\tLOC.COP\tPREP\tDEF.ART\thole,John is inside the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Jaan de insaid di hool,,John LOC.COP PREP DEF.ART hole,,Own knowledge,,10853, +5-140,5,Jaan push di kyaart go schreet insaid di riva,Jaan\tpush\tdi\tkyaart\tgo\tschreet\tinsaid\tdi\triva,John\tpush\tDEF.ART\tcart\tgo\tstraight\tPREP\tDEF.ART\triver,John pushed the cart straight into the river.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Jaan push di kyaart go schreet insaid di riva,,John push DEF.ART cart go straight PREP DEF.ART river,,Own knowledge,,10854, +6-86,6,(1) Meri in de cyar. (2) Leroy push Meri insaid de cyar.,(1)\tMeri\tin\tde\tcyar.\t(2)\tLeroy\tpush\tMeri\tinsaid\tde\tcyar.,(1)\tMary\tPREP\tDET\tcar\t(2)\tLeroy\tpush\tMary\tPREP\tDET\tcar,(1) Mary is in the car. (2) Leroy pushed Mary into the car.,,,,,elicited from speaker,(1) Meri in de cyar. (2) Leroy push Meri insaid de cyar.,,(1) Mary PREP DET car (2) Leroy push Mary PREP DET car,,Informant A.K.,,10855, +7-190,7,Hi posh shi ina di hool.,Hi\tposh\tshi\tin-a\tdi\thool.,3SG\tpush\t3SG\tin-PCL\tART\thole,Hi pushed her in the hole.,,"Ina can be followed by any determinant: definite, indefinite article, demonstrative etc. +This example shows ina combined with a transitive motion verb. However, as Example 252 shows, it can also combine with a state verb.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi posh shi ina di hool.,Hi posh shi in-a di hool.,3SG push 3SG in-PCL ART hole,"Ina can be followed by any determinant: definite, indefinite article, demonstrative etc. +This example shows ina combined with a transitive motion verb. However, as Example 252 shows, it can also combine with a state verb.",Own knowledge,,10856, +7-191,7,I pook i hed in a jakspanya nes.,I\tpook\ti\thed\tin\ta\tjak-spanya\tnes.,3SG\tpoke\t3SG.POSS\thead\tin\tINDF\tjack-spaniard\tnest,It poked its head in a jack-spaniard nest.,,"‘It’ refers to a monkey. +This example shows in combined with a transitive motion verb. In and ina are clearly variants.",1244[A20],,naturalistic spoken,I pook i hed in a jakspanya nes.,I pook i hed in a jak-spanya nes.,3SG poke 3SG.POSS head in INDF jack-spaniard nest,"‘It’ refers to a monkey. +This example shows in combined with a transitive motion verb. In and ina are clearly variants.",,,10857, +7-192,7,Mi de in di puul.,Mi\tde\tin\tdi\tpuul.,1SG\tLOC\tin\tART\tpool,I am in the pool.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi de in di puul.,,1SG LOC in ART pool,,Own knowledge,,10858, +8-127,8,Di pikni dem push di daag ina di huol.,Di\tpikni\tdem\tpush\tdi\tdaag\tina\tdi\thuol.,DET\tchild\tPL\tpush\tDET\tdog\tin\tthe\thole,The children pushed the dog into the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di pikni dem push di daag ina di huol.,,DET child PL push DET dog in the hole,,Own knowledge,,10859, +8-128,8,Di daag ina di huol.,Di\tdaag\tina\tdi\thuol.,DET\tdog\tin\tDET\thole,The dog is in the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di daag ina di huol.,,DET dog in DET hole,,Own knowledge,,10860, +8-129,8,Im push im go iina di ous.,Im\tpush\tim\tgo\tiina\tdi\tous.,3SG\tpush\t3SG\tgo\tin\tDET\thouse,He pushed him into the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Im push im go iina di ous.,,3SG push 3SG go in DET house,,Own knowledge,,10861, +9-155,9,[Bra Fayaflay] lɛf Bra Anansi ina daknəs widowt wan fiʃ sɛf.,[Bra\tFayaflay]\tlɛf\tBra\tAnansi\tina\tdaknəs\twidowt\twan\tfiʃ\tsɛf.,[Brother\tFirefly]\tleft\tBrother\tAnansi\tin\tdarkness\twithout\tone\tfish\tself,[Brother Firefly] left Brother Anansi in the dark without a single fish [for] himself (Anansi).,,The pronominal element is absent before the reflexive.,445[CD],,naturalistic written,[Bra Fayaflay] lɛf Bra Anansi ina daknəs widowt wan fiʃ sɛf.,,[Brother Firefly] left Brother Anansi in darkness without one fish self,The pronominal element is absent before the reflexive.,,,10862, +9-156,9,I daʃ an rayt ina tayga mawt.,I\tdaʃ\tan\trayt\tina\ttayga\tmawt.,3SG\tdash\tit\tright\tinto\ttiger\tmouth,He threw it right into Tiger's mouth.,,Dash is an example of transitive motion.,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,I daʃ an rayt ina tayga mawt.,,3SG dash it right into tiger mouth,"Dash is an example of transitive motion.",,,10863, +10-183,10,Beda Ginihen tek wan rod an shob ih dong iina ihn truot.,Beda\tGinihen\ttek\twan\trod\tan\tshob\tih\tdong\tiina\tihn\ttruot.,Brother\tGuineahen\ttake\tART.INDF\trod\tand\tshove\t3SG.N\tdown\tin\t3SG.POSS\tthroat,Brother Guineahen took a rod and shoved it down his throat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Beda Ginihen tek wan rod an shob ih dong iina ihn truot.,,Brother Guineahen take ART.INDF rod and shove 3SG.N down in 3SG.POSS throat,,Unpublished field recordings,,10864, +10-184,10,Aal ihn kuda du da shub di man iina di waadroub.,Aal\tihn\tkuda\tdu\tda\tshub\tdi\tman\tiina\tdi\twaadroub.,all\t3SG\tcould\tdo\tFOC\tshove\tART.DEF\tman\tin\tART.DEF\twardrobe,All she could do was to shove the man into her wardrobe.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Aal ihn kuda du da shub di man iina di waadroub.,,all 3SG could do FOC shove ART.DEF man in ART.DEF wardrobe,,Unpublished field recordings,,10865, +10-185,10,Jack memba se ihn get sebn okro iina ihn pakit.,Jack\tmemba\tse\tihn\tget\tsebn\tokro\tiina\tihn\tpakit.,Jack\tremember\tCOMP\t3SG\tget\tseven\toccra\tin\t3SG.POSS\tpocket,Jack remembered he had seven ladyfingers in his pocket.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jack memba se ihn get sebn okro iina ihn pakit.,,Jack remember COMP 3SG get seven occra in 3SG.POSS pocket,,Unpublished field recordings,,10866, +10-186,10,Shi liv him wan iina wan likl bood hous.,Shi\tliv\thim\twan\tiina\twan\tlikl\tbood\thous.,3SG.SBJ.F\tlive\t3SG\tone\tin\tART.INDF\tlittle\tboard\thouse,She lived all by herself in a little wooden house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Shi liv him wan iina wan likl bood hous.,,3SG.SBJ.F live 3SG one in ART.INDF little board house,,Unpublished field recordings,,10867, +11-254,11,Shub it iin yor shuuz!,Shub\tit\tiin\tyor\tshuuz!,shove\t3SG.N\tin\t2SG.POSS\tshoe,Shove it into your shoes!,,Shuuz is both singular and plural.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Shub it iin yor shuuz!,,shove 3SG.N in 2SG.POSS shoe,"Shuuz is both singular and plural.",,,10868, +11-255,11,Yu luk wan papaya trii an push it iin di papaya trii ruut.,Yu\tluk\twan\tpapaya\ttrii\tan\tpush\tit\tiin\tdi\tpapaya\ttrii\truut.,2SG\tlook\tART.INDF\tpapaya\ttree\tand\tpush\t3SG.N\tin\tART.DEF\tpapaya\ttree\troot,Find a papaya tree and push it into the papaya tree’s root.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Yu luk wan papaya trii an push it iin di papaya trii ruut.,,2SG look ART.INDF papaya tree and push 3SG.N in ART.DEF papaya tree root,,,,10869, +11-256,11,Somting mek a muuvment de iin di waata.,Som-ting\tmek\ta\tmuuvment\tde\tiin\tdi\twaata.,some-thing\tmake\tART.INDF\tmovement\tDEM.LOC\tin\tART.DEF\twater,Something [just] made a movement in the water over there.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Somting mek a muuvment de iin di waata.,Som-ting mek a muuvment de iin di waata.,some-thing make ART.INDF movement DEM.LOC in ART.DEF water,,,,10870, +11-257,11,Lea shub Maria iin di huol.,Lea\tshub\tMaria\tiin\tdi\thuol.,Lea\tshove\tMaria\tin\tART.DEF\thole,Lea pushed Maria into the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Lea shub Maria iin di huol.,,Lea shove Maria in ART.DEF hole,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,10871, +11-258,11,Lea shub Maria iina di houl.,Lea\tshub\tMaria\tiina\tdi\thoul.,Lea\tshove\tMaria\tin.to\tART.DEF\thole,Lea pushed Maria into the hole.,,"When you compare with Example 257, which was also elicited but in which the preposition is identical to the at-rest preposition, you can notice that the word 'hole' has the more basilectal form huol as opposed to houl which occurs in this example.",,,elicited from speaker,Lea shub Maria iina di houl.,,Lea shove Maria in.to ART.DEF hole,"When you compare with Example 257, which was also elicited but in which the preposition is identical to the at-rest preposition, you can notice that the word 'hole' has the more basilectal form huol as opposed to houl which occurs in this example.",Nicaragua project questionnaire,,10872, +11-259,11,Deh neva yuustu hav haijaka iin di toun.,Deh\tneva\tyuustu\thav\thaijaka\tiin\tdi\ttoun.,3PL\tNEG.PST\tHAB.PST\thave\thijacker\tin\tART.DEF\ttown,They did not have any hijackers in this town.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Deh neva yuustu hav haijaka iin di toun.,,3PL NEG.PST HAB.PST have hijacker in ART.DEF town,,,,10873, +12-200,12,You take - uh - you take the bag and put in the machine and push the chicken in.,[...]\tyou\ttake\tthe\tbag\tand\tput\tin\tthe\tmachine\tand\tpush\tthe\tchicken\tin.,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\ttake[HAB]\tART\tbag\tand\tput\tPREP\tART\tmachine\tand\tpush\tART\tchicken[PL]\tPREP,[...] you take the bag and put [it] in the machine and push the chickens in.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,You take - uh - you take the bag and put in the machine and push the chicken in.,[...] you take the bag and put in the machine and push the chicken in.,[...] 2SG.SBJ take[HAB] ART bag and put PREP ART machine and push ART chicken[PL] PREP,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10874, +12-201,12,"I ain't like Eleuthera, because when I was small, Eleuthera, them children, one of them push me in one hole.",[...]\tone\tof\tthem\tpush\tme\tin\tone\thole.,[...]\tone\tof\tthem\tpush\t1SG.OBJ\tPREP\tDET\thole,[...] one of them pushed me into a hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ain't like Eleuthera, because when I was small, Eleuthera, them children, one of them push me in one hole.",[...] one of them push me in one hole.,[...] one of them push 1SG.OBJ PREP DET hole,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10875, +12-202,12,They was in the church.,They\twas\tin\tthe\tchurch.,3PL.SBJ\tCOP.PST\tPREP\tART\tchurch,They were in the church.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,They was in the church.,,3PL.SBJ COP.PST PREP ART church,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,10876, +13-148,13,One on each side help me till I get in the car.,One\ton\teach\tside\thelp\tme\ttill\tI\tget\tin\tthe\tcar.,one\ton\teach\tside\thelp\tme\ttill\tI\tget\tin\tthe\tcar,A person on each side held me until I got into the car.,,,330[29],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,One on each side help me till I get in the car.,,one on each side help me till I get in the car,,,,10877, +13-149,13,Some people been in the bed.,Some\tpeople\tbeen\tin\tthe\tbed.,some\tpeople\tPST\tin\tthe\tbed,Some people were in the bed.,,,330[30],,naturalistic spoken,Some people been in the bed.,,some people PST in the bed,,,,10878, +14-112,14,Bruce push(ed) Marie in the hole.,Bruce\tpush(ed)\tMarie\tin\tthe\thole.,Bruce\tpushed\tMarie\tin\tthe\thole,Bruce pushed Marie into the hole.,,Motion 'into' occurs variably with in.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce push(ed) Marie in the hole.,,Bruce pushed Marie in the hole,"Motion 'into' occurs variably with in.",Own knowledge,,10879, +14-113,14,Bruce push(ed) his friend into the back seat. / Bruce push(ed) his friend in the back seat.,Bruce push(ed) his friend into the back seat. / Bruce push(ed) his friend in the back seat.,Bruce pushed his friend into the back seat   Bruce pushed his friend in the back seat,Bruce pushed his friend into the back seat.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce push(ed) his friend into the back seat. / Bruce push(ed) his friend in the back seat.,,Bruce pushed his friend into the back seat Bruce pushed his friend in the back seat,,Own knowledge,,10880, +15-110,15,dɛn puʃ di pikin go na grɔn,dɛn\tpuʃ\tdi\tpikin\tgo\tna\tgrɔn,3PL\tpush\tART\tchild\tgo\tLOC\tground,They pushed the child onto the ground/floor.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dɛn puʃ di pikin go na grɔn,,3PL push ART child go LOC ground,,Own knowledge,,10881, +16-113,16,kɔfi puʃ dɛ pikin fɔ gɔta,kɔfi\tpuʃ\tdɛ\tpikin\tfɔ\tgɔta,Kofi\tpush\tART\tchild\tfor\tgutter,Kofi pushed the child into the gutter.,,,,,elicited from speaker,kɔfi puʃ dɛ pikin fɔ gɔta,,Kofi push ART child for gutter,,Own fieldwork,,10882, +16-114,16,kɔfi puʃ dɛ pikin ɛnta gɔta,kɔfi\tpuʃ\tdɛ\tpikin\tɛnta\tgɔta,Kofi\tpush\tART\tchild\tenter\tgutter,Kofi pushed the child into the gutter.,,,,,elicited from speaker,kɔfi puʃ dɛ pikin ɛnta gɔta,,Kofi push ART child enter gutter,,Own fieldwork,,10883, +17-141,17,Ìm ko̱m push Uche e̱nta hol.,Ìm\tko̱m\tpush\tUche\te̱nta\thol.,3SG.SBJ\tREALIS\tpush\tUche\tenter\thole,S/he pushed Uche into the hole.,,,462[156],,naturalistic spoken,Ìm ko̱m push Uche e̱nta hol.,,3SG.SBJ REALIS push Uche enter hole,,,,10884, +17-142,17,Ìm ko̱m push Uche e̱nta fò̱r insayd hol.,Ìm\tko̱m\tpush\tUche\te̱nta\tfò̱r\tinsayd\thol.,3SG.SBJ\tREALIS\tpush\tUche\tenter\tPREP\tinside\thole,S/he pushed Uche into the hole.,,,462[156],,naturalistic spoken,Ìm ko̱m push Uche e̱nta fò̱r insayd hol.,,3SG.SBJ REALIS push Uche enter PREP inside hole,,,,10885, +18-120,18,Lea push Maria fo insayd hol.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tfo\tinsayd\thol.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tfor\tinside\thole,Lea pushed Maria into the hole.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Lea push Maria fo insayd hol.,,Lea push Maria for inside hole,,,,10886, +18-121,18,Lea push Maria enta fo insayg hol.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tenta\tfo\tinsayg\thol.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tenter\tfor\tinside\thole,Lea pushes/pushed Maria into the hole.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Lea push Maria enta fo insayg hol.,,Lea push Maria enter for inside hole,,,,10887, +18-122,18,Lea push Maria fo hol.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tfo\thol.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tfor\thole,Lea pushed Maria into the hole.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Lea push Maria fo hol.,,Lea push Maria for hole,,,,10888, +18-123,18,I bin go waka fo insayd fores.,I\tbin\tgo\twaka\tfo\tinsayd\tfores.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo\twalk\tfor\tinside\tforest,He was walking in the forest.,,This is sentence 181 on the TAM-Questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,1344,,elicited from speaker,I bin go waka fo insayd fores.,,3SG.SBJ PST go walk for inside forest,This is sentence 181 on the TAM-Questionnaire (Dahl 1989).,,,10889, +19-162,19,Dì mòtó de nà garaje.,Dì\tmòtó\tde\tnà\tgaraje.,DEF\tcar\tCOP\tLOC\tgarage,The car is in the garage.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dì mòtó de nà garaje.",,DEF car COP LOC garage,,Field data,,10890, +19-163,19,Dɛ̀n pus dì mòtó nà garaje.,Dɛ̀n\tpus\tdì\tmòtó\tnà\tgaraje.,3PL\tpush\tDEF\tcar\tLOC\tgarage,They pushed the car into the garage.,,,1634[446],,naturalistic spoken,"Dɛ̀n pus dì mòtó nà garaje.",,3PL push DEF car LOC garage,,,,10891, +20-93,20,You put too muchee paddy inside thisee capon.,You\tput\ttoo\tmuchee\tpaddy\tinside\tthisee\tcapon.,2SG\tput\ttoo\tmuch\tpaddy\tinside\tDEM\tcapon,You have stuck this capon full with paddy.,,"Here put is apparently being used as a paraphrase, avoiding use of an instrumental preposition.",1489[VI.28],,naturalistic written,"You put too muchee paddy inside thisee capon.",,2SG put too much paddy inside DEM capon,"Here put is apparently being used as a paraphrase, avoiding use of an instrumental preposition.",,㕭砵都乜治別地烟西利士雞品,10892, +20-121,20,Putee curry top side table.,Putee\tcurry\ttop\tside\ttable.,put\tcurry\ttop\tside\ttable,Put the curry on the table.,,,1489[VI.41],,naturalistic written,Putee curry top side table.,,put curry top side table,,,砵地㗎唎答西爹布,10893, +20-125,20,"He too much sorry inside, and have killum he-self.","He\ttoo\tmuch\tsorry\tinside,\tand\thave\tkillum\the-self.",3SG\ttoo\tmuch\tsorry\tinside\tand\tPFV\tkill\t3SG-REFL,He felt very sorry and killed himself.,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,43[36],,naturalistic written,"He too much sorry inside, and have killum he-self.",,3SG too much sorry inside and PFV kill 3SG-REFL,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,10894, +21-111,21,Emma pushed Kate into the pool.,Emma\tpush-ed\tKate\tinto\tthe\tpool.,Emma\tpush-PST\tKate\tinto\tDET\tpool,Emma pushed Kate into the pool.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Emma pushed Kate into the pool.,Emma push-ed Kate into the pool.,Emma push-PST Kate into DET pool,,Own knowledge,,10895, +21-112,21,Emma pushed Kate in the pool.,Emma\tpush-ed\tKate\tin\tthe\tpool.,Emma\tpush-PST\tKate\tin\tDET\tpool,Emma pushed Kate in the pool.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Emma pushed Kate in the pool.,Emma push-ed Kate in the pool.,Emma push-PST Kate in DET pool,,Own knowledge,,10896, +21-113,21,Emma is in the pool.,Emma\tis\tin\tthe\tpool.,Emma\tbe\tin\tDET\tpool,Emma is in the pool.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Emma is in the pool.,,Emma be in DET pool,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,10897, +22-144,22,Em pusim han i go insait long bilum.,Em\tpusim\than\ti\tgo\tinsait\tlong\tbilum.,3SG\tpush\thand\tPM\tgo\tinside\tPREP\tstring.bag,She pushed her hand into the bilum.,,A bilum is a string bag.,584,,naturalistic spoken,Em pusim han i go insait long bilum.,,3SG push hand PM go inside PREP string.bag,"A bilum is a string bag.",,,10898, +22-145,22,Ol mas pusim em kam klostu long paia.,Ol\tmas\tpusim\tem\tkam\tklostu\tlong\tpaia.,3PL\tmust\tpush\t3SG\tcome\tclose\tPREP\tfire,They had to push him close to the fire.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Ol mas pusim em kam klostu long paia.,,3PL must push 3SG come close PREP fire,,,,10899, +23-133,23,olgeta oli pusum Vira i go long solwota,olgeta\toli\tpusum\tVira\ti\tgo\tlong\tsolwota,3PL\tAGR\tpush\tVira\tAGR\tgo\tto\tsalt.water,They pushed Vira into the ocean.,,This example is based on a spoken token (Meyerhoff 1994–1995 fieldwork): Oli sakem mi i go long solwota. 'They threw me into the ocean'.,,,constructed by linguist,"olgeta oli pusum Vira i go long solwota",,3PL AGR push Vira AGR go to salt.water,"This example is based on a spoken token (Meyerhoff 1994–1995 fieldwork): Oli sakem mi i go long solwota. 'They threw me into the ocean'.",Own knowledge,,10900, +25-301,25,Yu kan getim langa thet lili rut.,Yu\tkan\tget-im\tlanga\tthet\tlili\trut.,2SG\tcan.NEG\tget-TR\tLOC\tDEM\tlily\troot,You can't get [fish when fishing] amidst the lily roots.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an adpositional phrase expressing a location, and the auxiliary of negative ability, kan.",,,naturalistic spoken,Yu kan getim langa thet lili rut.,Yu kan get-im langa thet lili rut.,2SG can.NEG get-TR LOC DEM lily root,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates an adpositional phrase expressing a location, and the auxiliary of negative ability, kan.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,10901, +25-302,25,Ai tjakam langa det sneik.,Ai\ttjak-am\tlanga\tdet\tsneik.,1SG\tthrow-TR\tLOC\tDEM\tsnake,I throw it at the snake (a stone).,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a goal with the verb tjakam 'throw'.,659[28],,naturalistic spoken,Ai tjakam langa det sneik.,Ai tjak-am langa det sneik.,1SG throw-TR LOC DEM snake,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a goal with the verb tjakam 'throw'.",,,10902, +26-97,26,hi pud dis gai in hat waɾa naʊ,hi\tpud\tdis\tgai\tin\that\twaɾa\tnaʊ,3SG\tput\tDEM\tguy\tin\thot\twater\tnow,He put this guy in hot water now.,,,1545[185],,naturalistic spoken,hi pud dis gai in hat waɾa naʊ,,3SG put DEM guy in hot water now,,,,10903, +26-98,26,hi stɛ in hat waɾa naʊ,hi\tstɛ\tin\that\twaɾa\tnaʊ,3SG\tLOC\tin\thot\twater\tnow,He's in hot water now.,,,,,constructed by linguist,hi stɛ in hat waɾa naʊ,,3SG LOC in hot water now,,Own knowledge,,10904, +27-106,27,Dzhanwus a bli bini di gat.,Dzhanwus\ta\tbli\tbini\tdi\tgat.,Dzhanwus\tPST\tstay\tinside\tDET\thole,Dzhanwus stayed inside the hole.,,,355[18],,naturalistic spoken,Dzhanwus a bli bini di gat.,,Dzhanwus PST stay inside DET hole,,,,10905, +27-107,27,Ham a pus di klēn hon bini shi sak.,Ham\ta\tpus\tdi\tklēn\thon\tbini\tshi\tsak.,3SG\tPST\tpush\tDET\tsmall\tdog\tinside\t3SG.POSS\tpocket,He pushed the small dog inside his pocket.,,,355[21],,naturalistic spoken,Ham a pus di klēn hon bini shi sak.,,3SG PST push DET small dog inside 3SG.POSS pocket,,,,10906, +28-133,28,o kutɛ di feʃ an goi di feʃi kujara ben,o\tku-tɛ\tdi\tfeʃi\tan\tgui\tdi\tfeʃi\tkujara\tben,3SG\tcatch-PFV\tthe\tfish\tand\tthrow\tthe\tfish\tcanoe\tinside,He caught the fish and threw (it) in(to) his canoe.,,,737[213],,naturalistic spoken,o kutɛ di feʃ an goi di feʃi kujara ben,o ku-tɛ di feʃi an gui di feʃi kujara ben,3SG catch-PFV the fish and throw the fish canoe inside,,,,10907, +29-164,29,Leah stoot Marie in die gat.,Leah\tstoot\tMarie\tin\tdie\tgat.,Leah\tpushes\tMary\tinto\tthe\thole,Leah pushes Mary into the hole.,,,,,naturalistic written,Leah stoot Marie in die gat.,,Leah pushes Mary into the hole,,Own knowledge,,10908, +29-165,29,Leah stoot Marie in die gat in.,Leah\tstoot\tMarie\tin\tdie\tgat\tin.,Leah\tpushes\tMary\tin\tthe\thole\tin,Leah pushes Mary into the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Leah stoot Marie in die gat in.,,Leah pushes Mary in the hole in,,Own knowledge,,10909, +29-166,29,Leah stoot Marie by die gat in.,Leah\tstoot\tMarie\tby\tdie\tgat\tin.,Leah\tpushes\tMary\tby\tthe\thole\tin,Leah pushes Mary into the hole.,,The circumpositional structure featuring by [...] in is more common in the colloquial language than the circumpositional structure featuring identical adpositonal elements (in [...] in).,,,naturalistic spoken,Leah stoot Marie by die gat in.,,Leah pushes Mary by the hole in,"The circumpositional structure featuring by [...] in is more common in the colloquial language than the circumpositional structure featuring identical adpositonal elements (in [...] in).",Own knowledge,,10910, +30-178,30,"E pega kabésa, e bota-l dentu lumi.",E=pega\tkabésa\te=bota=l\tdentu\tlumi.,3SG=take\thead\t3SG=throw=3SG\tin\tfire,She took the head and threw it into the fire.,,,784[s.v. bota],,naturalistic spoken,"E pega kabésa, e bota-l dentu lumi.",E=pega kabésa e=bota=l dentu lumi.,3SG=take head 3SG=throw=3SG in fire,,,,10911, +30-179,30,"Dipos di sbafatia-l, si pai fálta so ku bota-l na rua.","Dipos\tdi=sbafatia=l,\tsi=pai\tfálta\tso\tku=bota=l\tna=rua.",after\tof=slap=3SG\t3SG.POSS=father\tmiss\tonly\twith=throw=3SG\tin=street,After he had slapped her in the face the only thing missing was for her dad to throw her out of the house.,,,1543[164],,naturalistic written,"Dipos di sbafatia-l, si pai fálta so ku bota-l na rua.","Dipos di=sbafatia=l, si=pai fálta so ku=bota=l na=rua.",after of=slap=3SG 3SG.POSS=father miss only with=throw=3SG in=street,,,,10912,"German: Nachdem er sie geohrfeigt hatte, fehlte nur noch, dass ihr Vater sie auf die Straße gesetzt hätte." +30-180,30,E rapára ma dentu lumi un kóbra sa ta kemába.,E=rapára\tma=dentu\tlumi\tun=kóbra\tsa=ta=kemá-ba.,3SG=notice\tCOMP=in\tfire\tART.INDF=snake\tPROG=IPFV=burn-ANT,He noticed that a snake was burning in the fire.,,,1407[370],,naturalistic spoken,"E rapára ma dentu lumi un kóbra sa ta kemába.",E=rapára ma=dentu lumi un=kóbra sa=ta=kemá-ba.,3SG=notice COMP=in fire ART.INDF=snake PROG=IPFV=burn-ANT,,,,10913,"German: Er bemerkte, dass in dem Feuer eine Schlange brannte." +31-144,31,Joao puxa Maria dentu di braku.,Joao\tpuxa\tMaria\tdentu\tdi\tbraku.,Joao\tpush\tMaria\tinside\tof\thole,Joao pushed Maria into the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Joao puxa Maria dentu di braku.,,Joao push Maria inside of hole,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,10914, +31-145,31,Es fitxa na braku.,Es\tfitxa\tna\tbraku.,they\tshut\tin\thole,They shut themselves into the hole.,,,839,,naturalistic spoken,Es fitxa na braku.,,they shut in hole,,,,10915, +32-134,32,Maria pintxá Djon pa dent d'un brok.,Maria\tpintxa\tDjon\tpa\tdent\tde\tun\tbrok.,Maria\tpush\tDjon\tfor\tin\tof\tDET\thole,Maria pushed Djon into the hole.,,"Here, a special motion-to preposition pa is used.",,,constructed by linguist,"Maria pintxá Djon pa dent d'un brok.",Maria pintxa Djon pa dent de un brok.,Maria push Djon for in of DET hole,"Here, a special motion-to preposition pa is used.",Own knowledge,,10916,Portuguese: A Maria empurrou o João para dentro de um buraco. +32-135,32,Dani ta dent d'un brok.,Dani\tta\tdent\tde\tun\tbrok.,Dani\tCOP\tin\tof\tDET\thole,Dani is in the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Dani ta dent d'un brok.",Dani ta dent de un brok.,Dani COP in of DET hole,,Own knowledge,,10917,Portuguese: O Dani está dentro de um buraco. +32-136,32,Maria pintxá Dani na brok.,Maria\tpintxá\tDani\tna\tbrok.,Maria\tpush\tDani\tin\thole,Maria pushed Dani into the hole.,,Here the at-rest preposition na is used to express motion-to.,,,constructed by linguist,"Maria pintxá Dani na brok.",,Maria push Dani in hole,"Here the at-rest preposition na is used to express motion-to.",Own knowledge,,10918,Portuguese: A Maria empurrou o Dani para dentro de um buraco. +32-137,32,Dani ta na brok.,Dani\tta\tna\tbrok.,Dani\tCOP\tin\thole,Dani is in the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Dani ta na brok.",,Dani COP in hole,,Own knowledge,,10919,Portuguese: O Dani está dentro de um buraco. +33-162,33,Lea pintca Maria pa dentru di kasa.,Lea\tpintca\tMaria\tpa\tdentru\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tto\tinside\tof\thouse,Lea pushed Maria into the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Lea pintca Maria pa dentru di kasa.,,Lea push Maria to inside of house,,Own knowledge,,10920,Portuguese: Lea empurrou a Maria para dentro da casa. +33-163,33,Lea pintca Maria na kasa.,Lea\tpintca\tMaria\tna\tkasa.,Lea\tpush\tMaria\tin\thouse,Lea pushed Maria inside the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Lea pintca Maria na kasa.,,Lea push Maria in house,,Own knowledge,,10921,Portuguese: Lea empurrou a Maria dentro da casa. OR: Lea empurrou a Maria em casa. +33-164,33,Lea pintca Maria i pul dentru di kasa.,Lea\tpintca\tMaria\ti\tpu-l\tdentru\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpush.PST\tMaria\t3SG\tput-OBJ.3SG\tinside\tof\thouse,Lea pushed Maria and put her in the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Lea pintca Maria i pul dentru di kasa.,Lea pintca Maria i pu-l dentru di kasa.,Lea push.PST Maria 3SG put-OBJ.3SG inside of house,,Own knowledge,,10922,Portuguese: Lea empurrou a Maria e pô-la dentro de casa. +34-132,34,Leya piñcá Mariya na koba. ~ Leya piñcá Mariya déntur di koba.,Leya ø piñcá Mariya na koba. ~ Leya ø piñcá Mariya déntur di koba.,Lea PFV push Mary in hole   Lea PFV push Mary inside of hole,Lea pushed Mary into the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Leya piñcá Mariya na koba. ~ Leya piñcá Mariya déntur di koba.","Leya ø piñcá Mariya na koba. ~ Leya ø piñcá Mariya déntur di koba.",Lea PFV push Mary in hole Lea PFV push Mary inside of hole,,Own knowledge,,10923, +34-133,34,Mariya sá na koba. ~ Mariya sá déntur di koba.,Mariya ø sá na koba. ~ Mariya ø sá déntur di koba.,Mary PFV COP in hole   Mary PFV COP inside of hole,Mary is in the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya sá na koba. ~ Mariya sá déntur di koba.","Mariya ø sá na koba. ~ Mariya ø sá déntur di koba.",Mary PFV COP in hole Mary PFV COP inside of hole,,Own knowledge,,10924, +35-182,35,Maya pinsa kwa pê blaku.,Maya\tpinsa\tkwa\tpê\tblaku.,Mary\tpush\tthing\tput\thole,Mary pushed the thing into the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Maya pinsa kwa pê blaku.,,Mary push thing put hole,,Own data,,10925, +36-108,36,Maya sikya Tonha pê vuvu.,Maya\tsikya\tTonha\tpê\tvuvu.,Maria\tpush\tTonha\tput\thole,Maria pushed Tonha into the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Maya sikya Tonha pê vuvu.",,Maria push Tonha put hole,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,10926, +37-138,37,Mene pinsa Maa pwê ubaaku.,Mene\tpinsa\tMaa\tpwê\tubaaku.,Mene\tpush\tMaa\tput\thole,Mene pushed Maa into a hole.,,,905[126],,elicited from speaker,"Mene pinsa Maa pwê ubaaku.",,Mene push Maa put hole,,,,10927, +39-152,39,Tud atəra nə mar.,Tud\tatər-a\tnə\tmar.,all\tthrow-INF\tLOC\tsea,Throw everything into the sea.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,Tud atəra nə mar.,Tud atər-a nə mar.,all throw-INF LOC sea,,,,10928, +39-153,39,Nɔs tiŋ nada nə mar.,Nɔs\tt-iŋ\tnad-a\tnə\tmar.,1PL\tIPFV-PST\tswim-INF\tLOC\tsea,We were swimming in the sea.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Nɔs tiŋ nada nə mar.,Nɔs t-iŋ nad-a nə mar.,1PL IPFV-PST swim-INF LOC sea,,Own knowledge,,10929, +40-112,40,"Akə kadz su dɛt ki tə hika ɔ̃m, su kãʋ su nɔm tɛ King.","Akə\tkadz\tsu\tdɛt\tki\ttə\thika\tɔ̃m,\tsu\tkãʋ\tsu\tnɔm\ttɛ\tKing.",that\thouse\tGEN\tin\tREL\tPRS\tbe/become\tman\tPOSS.DET\tdog\tGEN\tname\tCOP.PRS\tKing,The dog of the man who lives in that house is named King.,,"Here, su dɛt is a postposition. In Example 113, dɛt is a preposition. The directional or stationary interpretation of both su dɛt and dɛt is independent of their placement relative to the noun phrase they appear with.",,,elicited from speaker,"Akə kadz su dɛt ki tə hika ɔ̃m, su kãʋ su nɔm tɛ King.",,that house GEN in REL PRS be/become man POSS.DET dog GEN name COP.PRS King,"Here, su dɛt is a postposition. In Example 113, dɛt is a preposition. The directional or stationary interpretation of both su dɛt and dɛt is independent of their placement relative to the noun phrase they appear with.",Own fieldwork materials,,10930, +40-113,40,El uly-o uly-o ani pich-o salt dɛt əkə pos.,El\tuly-o\tuly-o\tani\tpich-o\tsalt\tdɛt\təkə\tpos.,3SG\tlook-PST\tlook-PST\tand\tthrow-PST\tjump\tin\tthat\twell,He looked around a while and then jumped into that well.,,This sentence is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,,,naturalistic spoken,El uly-o uly-o ani pich-o salt dɛt əkə pos.,,3SG look-PST look-PST and throw-PST jump in that well,This sentence is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,Unpublished story,,10931, +44-142,44,Ya tulá yo kon Énʤo ayá na pósu.,Ya\ttulá\tyo\tkon\tÉnʤo\tayá\tna\tpósu.,PFV\tpush\t1SG\tOBJ\tEnjo\tthere\tLOC\thole,I pushed Enjo to the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya tulá yo kon Énʤo ayá na pósu.,,PFV push 1SG OBJ Enjo there LOC hole,,Own data,,10932, +44-143,44,Talyá na iglésya tyang Lóling.,Talyá\tna\tiglésya\ttyang\tLóling.,be.there\tLOC\tchurch\taunt\tLoling,Aunt Loling is in the church.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Talyá na iglésya tyang Lóling.,,be.there LOC church aunt Loling,,Own data,,10933, +45-120,45,Ya rempuja Rosa con Maria na (dentro del) poso.,Ya\trempuja\tRosa\tcon\tMaria\tna\t(dentro\tdel)\tposo.,PFV\tpush\tRosa\tOBJ\tMaria\tLOC\t(inside\tof.the)\twell,Rosa pushed Maria into the well.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya rempuja Rosa con Maria na (dentro del) poso.,,PFV push Rosa OBJ Maria LOC (inside of.the) well,,Own data,,10934, +46-155,46,Ya-rimpuhá si Maríya kon Peter para na agwéro.,Ya-rimpuhá\tsi\tMaríya\tkon\tPeter\tpara\tna\tagwéro.,PRF-push\tAG\tMaríya\tOBJ\tPeter\tto\tLOC\thole,Mary pushed Peter into the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya-rimpuhá si Maríya kon Peter para na agwéro.,,PRF-push AG Maríya OBJ Peter to LOC hole,,Own knowledge,,10935, +46-156,46,Amó si Lea ya-rimpuhá kun Maríya na aguhéro.,Amó\tsi\tLea\tya-rimpuhá\tkun\tMaríya\tna\taguhéro.,FOC\tAG\tLea\tPRF-push\tOBJ\tMary\tLOC\thole,It was Lea who pushed Mary into the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Amó si Lea ya-rimpuhá kun Maríya na aguhéro.,,FOC AG Lea PRF-push OBJ Mary LOC hole,,Own knowledge,,10936, +46-157,46,Na kása ya el mga hénte.,Na\tkása\tya\tel\tmga\thénte.,LOC\thouse\talready\tDET\tPL\tperson,The people are already in the house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Na kása ya el mga hénte.,,LOC house already DET PL person,,Own knowledge,,10937, +47-161,47,Despues di un investigashon un patruya a mira e dos hóbennan ta pusha e bròmfits riba Kaya L.D. Gerharts.,Despues\tdi\tun\tinvestigashon\tun\tpatruya\ta\tmira\te\tdos\thóben\tnan\tta\tpusha\te\tbròmfits\triba\tKaya\tL.D.\tGerharts.,after\tof\tINDF\tinvestigation\tINDF\tpatrol\tPFV\tsee\tDEF\ttwo\tyouth\tPL\tGER\tpush\tDEF\tmoped\ton\tStreet\tL.D.\tGerharts,"After an investigation, a police patrol saw the two youths pushing the moped on L.D. Gerharts Street. OR: After an investigation, a police patrol saw the two youths pushing the moped unto L.D. Gerharts Street.",,The translation is mine.,"453[30 June 2009, p.3]",,literary or other written source,"Despues di un investigashon un patruya a mira e dos hóbennan ta pusha e bròmfits riba Kaya L.D. Gerharts.",Despues di un investigashon un patruya a mira e dos hóben nan ta pusha e bròmfits riba Kaya L.D. Gerharts.,after of INDF investigation INDF patrol PFV see DEF two youth PL GER push DEF moped on Street L.D. Gerharts,The translation is mine.,,,10938, +48-152,48,¿Utere a empuhá ele lendro hoyo?,¿Utere\ta\tempuhá\tele\tlendro\thoyo?,you.PL\tPST\tpush\thim/her\tinside\thole,Did you push him/her into the hole?,,,,,constructed by linguist,¿Utere a empuhá ele lendro hoyo?,,you.PL PST push him/her inside hole,,Own knowledge,,10939,Spanish: Lo/la empujaron en el hoyo? +48-209,48,Ele ta lendro hoyo.,Ele\tta\tlendro\thoyo.,3SG\tbe\tinside\thole,She/he is in the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ele ta lendro hoyo.",,3SG be inside hole,,Own knowledge,,10940, +49-251,49,Yo pouse machin nan nan twou a.,Yo\tpouse\tmachin\tnan\tnan\ttwou\ta.,3PL\tpush\tcar\tDEF\tin\thole\tDEF,They pushed the car into a hole.,,"The first nan is the definite article, the second nan the local preposition.",,,constructed by linguist,Yo pouse machin nan nan twou a.,,3PL push car DEF in hole DEF,"The first nan is the definite article, the second nan the local preposition.",Own knowledge,,10941,French: Ils/Elles ont poussé la voiture dans le trou. +49-252,49,Èske ou ka ede m pouse machin nan desann mòn nan?,Èske\tou\tka\tede\tm\tpouse\tmachin\tnan\tdesann\tmòn\tnan?,Q\t2SG\tcan\thelp\t1SG\tpush\tcar\tDEF\tgo.down\tmountain\tDEF,Could you help me push the car down the hill?,,,1505[580],,elicited from speaker,Èske ou ka ede m pouse machin nan desann mòn nan?,,Q 2SG can help 1SG push car DEF go.down mountain DEF,,,,10942,French: Est-ce que tu peux m'aider à faire descendre la voiture le long de la pente? +49-253,49,Li nan ravin nan.,Li\tnan\travin\tnan.,3SG\tin\tgully\tDEF,He/She is in the gully.,,"The first nan refers to the preposition 'in', the second nan is the definite article.",,,constructed by linguist,Li nan ravin nan.,,3SG in gully DEF,"The first nan refers to the preposition 'in', the second nan is the definite article.",Own knowledge,,10943,French: Il/Elle est dans la ravine. +50-150,50,I bouré Pòl adan tou-la.,I\tbouré\tPòl\tadan\ttou-la.,3SG\tpush\tPaul\tin\thole-DEF,He pushed Paul into the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I bouré Pòl adan tou-la.,,3SG push Paul in hole-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,10944, +50-151,50,Pòl adan tou-la.,Pòl\tadan\ttou-la.,Paul\tin\thole-DEF,Paul is in the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pòl adan tou-la.,,Paul in hole-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,10945, +50-152,50,I bouré Pòl alé adan tou-la.,I\tbouré\tPòl\talé\tadan\ttou-la.,3SG\tpush\tPaul\tgo\tin\thole-DEF,He pushed Paul into the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I bouré Pòl alé adan tou-la.,,3SG push Paul go in hole-DEF,,Own knowledge,,10946, +51-136,51,I bouré Pol adan tou-a.,I\tbouré\tPol\tadan\ttou-a.,3SG\tpush\tPaul\tin\thole-DEF,He pushed Paul into the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I bouré Pol adan tou-a.,,3SG push Paul in hole-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,10947, +51-137,51,Pol adan tou-a.,Pol\tadan\ttou-a.,Paul\tin\thole-DEF,Paul is in the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pol adan tou-a.,,Paul in hole-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,10948, +51-138,51,I bouré Pol alé adan tou-a.,I\tbouré\tPol\talé\tadan\ttou-a.,3SG\tpush\tPaul\tgo\tin\thole-DEF,He pushed Paul into the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I bouré Pol alé adan tou-a.,,3SG push Paul go in hole-DEF,,Own knowledge,,10949, +52-89,52,i fika annan oun trou,i\tfika\tannan\toun\ttrou,he\tis\tin\ta\thole,He is in a hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,i fika annan oun trou,,he is in a hole,,Own knowledge,,10950, +54-182,54,I met trwa gren dan en trou.,I\tmet\ttrwa\tgren\tdan\ten\ttrou.,FIN\tput\tthree\tgrain\tin\tINDF\thole,You put three grains into a hole.,,The example quoted from Carayol et al. (1984–1995: 643N) was slightly modified.,214[643N],,naturalistic spoken,I met trwa gren dan en trou.,,FIN put three grain in INDF hole,The example quoted from Carayol et al. (1984–1995: 643N) was slightly modified.,,,10951,French: On met trois grains dans un trou. +54-183,54,Lé gren lé dan en boursàk.,Le\tgren\tle\tdan\ten\tboursak.,DEF.PL\tgrain\tCOP.PRS\tin\tINDF\tsmall.bag,The grains are in a small bag.,,,214[643N],,naturalistic spoken,Lé gren lé dan en boursàk.,Le gren le dan en boursak.,DEF.PL grain COP.PRS in INDF small.bag,,,,10952,French: Les grains sont dans un petit sac. +55-149,55,Pyer ti pus Misel daṅ tru,Pyer\tti\tpus\tMisel\tdaṅ\ttru,Peter\tPST\tpush\tMichel\tin\thole,Peter pushed Michel into a hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pyer ti pus Misel daṅ tru,,Peter PST push Michel in hole,,Own knowledge,,10953, +55-150,55,Misel daṅ tru,Misel\tdaṅ\ttru,Michel\tin\thole,Michel is in a hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Misel daṅ tru,,Michel in hole,,Own knowledge,,10954, +56-150,56,Marcel ti pous Peter dan trou.,Marcel\tti\tpous\tPeter\tdan\ttrou.,Marcel\tPST\tpush\tPeter\tin\thole,Marcel pushed Peter into the hole.,,,956[243],,constructed by native speaker,"Marcel ti pous Peter dan trou.",,Marcel PST push Peter in hole,,,,10955, +56-151,56,Marcel ti dan trou.,Marcel\tti\tdan\ttrou.,Marcel\tPST\tin\thole,Marcel was in the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Marcel ti dan trou.",,Marcel PST in hole,,Own knowledge,,10956, +56-152,56,La ou al met li dan en bwat.,La\tou\tal\tmet\tli\tdan\ten\tbwat.,then\t2SG\tgo\tput\t3SG\tin\tone\tbox,Then you put it (the rubber) into a box.,,,158[86],,naturalistic spoken,La ou al met li dan en bwat.,,then 2SG go put 3SG in one box,,,,10957,French: Alors vous allez la mettre dans une boîte. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 87) +57-86,57,ma puse twa nda loto,ma\tpuse\ttwa\tnda\tloto,1SG\tpush\tyou\tinto\tcar,I push you into the car.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ma puse twa nda loto,,1SG push you into car,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,10958, +57-87,57,Maris le puse petit nda tru-la,Maris\tle\tpuse\tpetit\tnda\ttru-la,Maryse\tSI\tpush\tlittle.one\tin\thole-DEM/DEF,Maryse pushed the child into the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Maris le puse petit nda tru-la,,Maryse SI push little.one in hole-DEM/DEF,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,10959, +57-88,57,Maris le reste nda loto,Maris\tle\treste\tnda\tloto,Maryse\tSI\tstay\tin\tcar,Maryse is in the car.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Maris le reste nda loto,,Maryse SI stay in car,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,10960,French: Maryse reste dans la voiture. +59-244,59,ala pusu koli ni na ya ti du ni,ala\tpusu\tkoli\tni\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tni,3PL\tpush\tman\tDET\tPREP\tinside\tof\thole\tDET,They pushed the man into the hole.,,Pusu is borrowed from French pousse.,,,constructed by linguist,ala pusu koli ni na ya ti du ni,,3PL push man DET PREP inside of hole DET,"Pusu is borrowed from French pousse.",Own knowledge,,10961, +59-245,59,"ala pusu koli ni, ati na ya ti du ni","ala\tpusu\tkoli\tni,\ta-ti\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tni",3PL\tpush\tman\tDET\tPM-fall\tPREP\tinside\tof\thole\tDET,They pushed the man into the hole.,,Pusu is borrowed from French pousse.,,,constructed by linguist,"ala pusu koli ni, ati na ya ti du ni","ala pusu koli ni, a-ti na ya ti du ni",3PL push man DET PM-fall PREP inside of hole DET,"Pusu is borrowed from French pousse.",Own knowledge,,10962, +59-247,59,"ala gbu lo, abi lo na ya ti du ni","ala\tgbu\tlo,\ta-bi\tlo\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tni",3PL\tseize\t3SG\tPM-cast\t3SG\tPREP\tinside\tof\thole\tDET,They seized him and threw him into the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ala gbu lo, abi lo na ya ti du ni","ala gbu lo, a-bi lo na ya ti du ni",3PL seize 3SG PM-cast 3SG PREP inside of hole DET,,Own knowledge,,10963, +60-118,60,Marie atíndíkákí Francine na libúlú,Marie\ta-tíndík-ákí\tFrancine\tna\tlibúlú,Marie\t3SG-push-PST\tFrancine\tin\thole.in.ground,Marie pushed Francine into the hole.,,,1273,,elicited from speaker,Marie atíndíkákí Francine na libúlú,Marie a-tíndík-ákí Francine na libúlú,Marie 3SG-push-PST Francine in hole.in.ground,,,,10964, +61-87,61,Yena shovile yena phakati ga lo fulen.,Yena\tshov-ile\tyena\tphakati\tga\tlo\tfulen.,she\tpush-PST\thim\tinto\tPOSS\tDEF.ART\triver,She pushed him into the river.,,"Phakati means 'inside'. Actually this sentence would be ambiguous between 'pushing into the river' and 'pushing X while pusher and pushee were inside the river, i.e. not a very idiomatic example. A paraphrase like 'She pushed him, he fell into the river' would probably be better.",,,constructed by linguist,Yena shovile yena phakati ga lo fulen.,Yena shov-ile yena phakati ga lo fulen.,she push-PST him into POSS DEF.ART river,"Phakati means 'inside'. Actually this sentence would be ambiguous between 'pushing into the river' and 'pushing X while pusher and pushee were inside the river, i.e. not a very idiomatic example. A paraphrase like 'She pushed him, he fell into the river' would probably be better.",Own knowledge,,10965, +61-88,61,Yena khona phakati ga lo fulen.,Yena\tkhona\tphakati\tga\tlo\tfulen.,he\tLOC.COP\tinside\tPOSS\tDEF.ART\triver,He is in the river.,,"The nuance is: 'inside the river'. Phakati has to be followed by ga, a kind of possessive.",,,elicited from speaker,Yena khona phakati ga lo fulen.,,he LOC.COP inside POSS DEF.ART river,"The nuance is: 'inside the river'. Phakati has to be followed by ga, a kind of possessive.",Field notes Mesthrie,,10966, +64-172,64,íta gáta kam sána fi júba?,íta\tgáta\tkam\tsána\tfi\tjúba?,2SG\tcut\thow.much\tyear\tin\tJuba,How many years have you passed in Juba?,,,874[121],,naturalistic spoken,íta gáta kam sána fi júba?,,2SG cut how.much year in Juba,,,,10967, +64-173,64,jon lízu gódi fi hófra,jon\tlízu\tgódi\tfi\thófra,John\tpush\tGodfrey\tin\thole,John pushed Godfrey into the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,jon lízu gódi fi hófra,,John push Godfrey in hole,,Own knowledge,,10968, +65-130,65,"Kuriʧa jajʧy kupila, butyka apuskajla.","Kuriʧa\tjajʧy\tkupi-la,\tbutyka\tapuskaj-la.",chicken\tegg\tbuy-PFV\tbottle\tput.into-PFV,He bought chicken eggs and put them into a bottle.,,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,1195[221],,naturalistic spoken,"Kuriʧa jajʧy kupila, butyka apuskajla.","Kuriʧa jajʧy kupi-la, butyka apuskaj-la.",chicken egg buy-PFV bottle put.into-PFV,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,,"Курица яйцы купила, бутыка апускайла.",10969, +66-96,66,Pompang kutti poðiyen yang loobang ka etolak lupa aða. Karang jo kutti sinika aduuduk.,Pompang-kutti\tpoðiyen-yang\tloobang-ka\te-tolak-lupa\taða.\tKarang\tjo\tkutti\tsini-ka\ta-duuduk.,female-girl\tboy-ACC.DEF\thole-in\tASP-push-leave\tAUX\tnow\tFOC\tgirl\tthere-in\tPRS-stay,The girl pushed the boy into the hole. Now she is (in) there.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Pompang kutti poðiyen yang loobang ka etolak lupa aða. Karang jo kutti sinika aduuduk.,Pompang-kutti poðiyen-yang loobang-ka e-tolak-lupa aða. Karang jo kutti sini-ka a-duuduk.,female-girl boy-ACC.DEF hole-in ASP-push-leave AUX now FOC girl there-in PRS-stay,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,10970, +68-97,68,Mama dorong Joni ka dalang ruma.,Mama\tdorong\tJoni\tka\tdalang\truma.,mother\tpush\tJoni\tto\tin\thouse,Mother pushed Joni into the house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mama dorong Joni ka dalang ruma.,,mother push Joni to in house,,Own knowledge,,10971, +68-98,68,Mama dorong Joni maso ruma.,Mama\tdorong\tJoni\tmaso\truma.,mother\tpush\tJoni\tenter\thouse,Mother pushed Joni into the house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mama dorong Joni maso ruma.",,mother push Joni enter house,,Own knowledge,,10972, +68-99,68,Joni di dalang ruma.,Joni\tdi\tdalang\truma.,Joni\tLOC\tin\thouse,Joni is in the house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Joni di dalang ruma.,,Joni LOC in house,,Own knowledge,,10973, +71-143,71,Wau no moe malalo.,Wau\tno\tmoe\tmalalo.,1SG\tINTENS\trest\tbelow,I rested (on the bed) below.,,INTENS=intensifier,,,naturalistic written,"Wau no moe malalo.",,1SG INTENS rest below,INTENS=intensifier,Own data 1892,,10974, +71-144,71,"Makawela hanapaa hou kela puu wau, kulai ma ke kuauna.","Makawela\thanapaa\thou\tkela\tpuu\twau,\tkulai\tma\tke\tkuauna.",Makawela\tgrab\tagain\tDET\tthroat\t1SG.POSS\tshove\tLOC\tDEF\triver.bank,Makawela grabbed my throat again and shoved [me] into the river bank.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Makawela hanapaa hou kela puu wau, kulai ma ke kuauna.",,Makawela grab again DET throat 1SG.POSS shove LOC DEF river.bank,,Own data 1897,,10975, +71-145,71,Akahi kepani kulai ia‘u hina malalo o ka lepo.,Akahi\tkepani\tkulai\tia‘u\thina\tmalalo\to\tka\tlepo.,INDF\tJapanese\tshove\tOBJ.1SG\tfall\tdown\tPOSS\tDEF\tground,A Japanese pushed me down into the ground.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Akahi kepani kulai ia‘u hina malalo o ka lepo.",,INDF Japanese shove OBJ.1SG fall down POSS DEF ground,,Own data 1896,,10976, +71-146,71,Kela ekolu kepani hanapaa kela pake hina malalo.,Kela\tekolu\tkepani\thanapaa\tkela\tpake\thina\tmalalo.,DET\tthree\tJapanese\thold\tDET\tChinese\tfall\tdown,Three Japanese held the Chinese down.,,"Although the semantics are not identical with the word for 'push', the sense of 'hold down' is similar.",,,naturalistic written,"Kela ekolu kepani hanapaa kela pake hina malalo.",,DET three Japanese hold DET Chinese fall down,"Although the semantics are not identical with the word for 'push', the sense of 'hold down' is similar.",Own data 1896,,10977, +71-147,71,Lalau kela poo au kulai malalo.,Lalau\tkela\tpoo\tau\tkulai\tmalalo.,seize\tDET\thead\t1SG.POSS\tshove\tdown,[He] grabbed my head and pushed it down.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Lalau kela poo au kulai malalo.",,seize DET head 1SG.POSS shove down,,own data 1907,,10978, +72-129,72,Dat jangkarni ngakparntuma i bin pujim im na ngawangkirri.,Dat\tjangkarni\tngakparn-tu-ma\ti\tbin\tpuj-im\tim\tna\tngawa-ngkirri.,the\tbig\tfrog-ERG-TOP\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tpush-TR\t3SG.OBJ\tSEQ\twater-ALL,The big frog pushed him into the water then.,,,400,f6620754df7890fef7016c54cc468cb8,naturalistic spoken,Dat jangkarni ngakparntuma i bin pujim im na ngawangkirri.,Dat jangkarni ngakparn-tu-ma i bin puj-im im na ngawa-ngkirri.,the big frog-ERG-TOP 3SG.SBJ PST push-TR 3SG.OBJ SEQ water-ALL,,,,10979, +74-129,74,Lea yáka mámuk puš Maria kápa tlxwap,Lea\tyáka\tmámuk\tpuš\tMaria\tkápa\ttlxwap,Lea\t3SG\tmake\tpush\tMaria\tat\thole,Lea pushed Maria into the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Lea yáka mámuk puš Maria kápa tlxwap,,Lea 3SG make push Maria at hole,,Own knowledge,,10980, +1-204,1,Lea hari Maria komoto na (ini) horo.,Lea\thari\tMaria\tkomoto\tna\t(ini)\thoro.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\tcome.out\tLOC\t(in(side))\thole,Lea pulled Maria out of the hole.,,"Even though a serial verb construction conveying 'pull out of' and a source marked by a preposition is not found in the 18th-century sources, this constructed example illustrates what it would look like. It is probable that this construction was possible - cf. Examples 86, 207, 208 and 19.",,,constructed by linguist,Lea hari Maria komoto na (ini) horo.,,Lea pull Maria come.out LOC (in(side)) hole,"Even though a serial verb construction conveying 'pull out of' and a source marked by a preposition is not found in the 18th-century sources, this constructed example illustrates what it would look like. It is probable that this construction was possible - cf. Examples 86, 207, 208 and 19.",Own knowledge,,10981, +1-205,1,Pulu hem na watra.,Puru\ten\tna\twatra.,remove\t3SG\tLOC\twater,Pull him(/her/it) out of the water.,,The verb puru 'remove' expresses 'motion-from'; here the source is marked by the general preposition na which is neutral with regard to 'motion' vs. 'at-rest'.,1357[142],,written (dictionary),Pulu hem na watra.,Puru en na watra.,remove 3SG LOC water,"The verb puru 'remove' expresses 'motion-from'; here the source is marked by the general preposition na which is neutral with regard to 'motion' vs. 'at-rest'.",,,10982,German: Zieh ihn aus dem Wasser. [op.cit.] +1-206,1,Pulu da dotti na inni hosso.,Puru\tda\tdoti\tna\tini\toso.,remove\tDET.SG\tdirt\tLOC\tin(side)\thouse,Get the dirt out of the house.,,The verb puru 'remove' expresses 'motion-from'; here the source is marked by the general preposition na plus ini 'in(side)'. The use of ini in this context resembles the Gbe substrate.,1357[142],,written (dictionary),Pulu da dotti na inni hosso.,Puru da doti na ini oso.,remove DET.SG dirt LOC in(side) house,"The verb puru 'remove' expresses 'motion-from'; here the source is marked by the general preposition na plus ini 'in(side)'. The use of ini in this context resembles the Gbe substrate.",,,10983,German: Thu den Dreck aus dem Hause heraus. [op.cit.] +1-207,1,Myki den krien da gottere bon poele loete kommotte.,Meki\tden\tkrin\tda\tgotro\tbun\tpuru\tlutu\tkomoto.,make\t3PL\tclean\tDET.SG\tditch\twell\tremove\troot\tcome.out,Let them clean the ditch and pull out the roots [from the soil].,,This example may be analyzed as a serial verb construction puru 'remove' plus komoto 'come out of'; in this case the source remains unexpressed however. Cf. Examples 204 and 208.,1527[58],,written,Myki den krien da gottere bon poele loete kommotte.,Meki den krin da gotro bun puru lutu komoto.,make 3PL clean DET.SG ditch well remove root come.out,"This example may be analyzed as a serial verb construction puru 'remove' plus komoto 'come out of'; in this case the source remains unexpressed however. Cf. Examples 204 and 208.",,,10984,Dutch: Maak dat ze de Sloot ter deeg schoon maaken en haalen de Wortels wel uit de Grond. [op.cit.] +1-208,1,Da Masra P. tjarie em komopo na Engliesiekondree gie joe mie briebie.,Da\tMasra\tP.\ttyari\ten\tkomopo\tna\tIngriskondre\tgi\tyu\tmi\tbribi.,it.be\tmaster\tP\tcarry\t3SG\tcome.out\tLOC\tEngland\tgive\t2SG\t1SG\tbelieve,"It was Mister P. who brought it from England for you, I believe.",,"Although the meaning conveyed here is 'bring from' rather than 'pull out of', this example shows the possibility of a transitive serial verb construction plus preposition. Here na, which is neutral with regard to 'motion' vs. 'at-rest', marks the source. Cf. Examples 204 and 207.",1576[122-123],,written,Da Masra P. tjarie em komopo na Engliesiekondree gie joe mie briebie.,Da Masra P. tyari en komopo na Ingriskondre gi yu mi bribi.,it.be master P carry 3SG come.out LOC England give 2SG 1SG believe,"Although the meaning conveyed here is 'bring from' rather than 'pull out of', this example shows the possibility of a transitive serial verb construction plus preposition. Here na, which is neutral with regard to 'motion' vs. 'at-rest', marks the source. Cf. Examples 204 and 207.",,,10985,Dutch: De Heer P zal 't u uit Engeland mêe gebracht hebben geloof ik. [op.cit.] +2-214,2,Kofi hari a ston puru na ini a olo.,Kofi\thari\ta\tston\tpuru\tna\tini\ta\tolo.,Kofi\tpull\tDET\tstone\tremove\tLOC\tin\tDET\thole,Kofi pulled the stone out of the hole.,,,1376[123],,naturalistic spoken,"Kofi hari a ston puru na ini a olo.",,Kofi pull DET stone remove LOC in DET hole,,,,10986, +2-215,2,Kofi hari a pikin komoto na ini a olo.,Kofi\thari\ta\tpikin\tkomoto\tna\tini\ta\tolo.,Kofi\tpull\tDET\tchild\tcome.out\tLOC\tin\tDET\thole,Kofi pulled the child out of the hole.,,,1609[33],,naturalistic spoken,"Kofi hari a pikin komoto na ini a olo.",,Kofi pull DET child come.out LOC in DET hole,,,,10987, +3-104,3,De bi hai hɛn puu a di baaku.,De\tbi\thai\thɛn\tpuu\ta\tdi\tbaaku.,3PL\tTNS\tpull\t3SG\tremove\tLOC\tDEF.SG\thole,They pulled him up out of the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"De bi hai hɛn puu a di baaku.",,3PL TNS pull 3SG remove LOC DEF.SG hole,,Fieldwork data,,10988, +4-137,4,Den bata de a ini a saka (ini).,Den\tbata\tde\ta\tini\ta\tsaka\t(ini).,DET.PL\tbottle\tCOP\tLOC\tin\tDET\tbag\t(in),The bottles are in the bag.,,,568[122],,elicited from speaker,Den bata de a ini a saka (ini).,,DET.PL bottle COP LOC in DET bag (in),,,,10989, +4-140,4,A hali den tiki komoto a ini en saka.,A\thali\tden\ttiki\tkomoto\ta\tini\ten\tsaka.,She\tpull\tDET.PL\tstick\tcome.out\tLOC\tin\ther\tbag.,She pulled the sticks out of her bag.,,,,,elicited from speaker,A hali den tiki komoto a ini en saka.,,She pull DET.PL stick come.out LOC in her bag.,,Own data,,10990, +4-141,4,"Di a wasi en osu, a puu ala sani komoto na en.","Di\ta\twasi\ten\tosu,\ta\tpuu\tala\tsani\tkomoto\tna\ten.",when\tshe\twash\ther\thouse\tshe\tpull\tall\tthing\tcome.out\tLOC\tit,"When she washed her house, she pulled everthing out of it.",,,568[127],,naturalistic spoken,"Di a wasi en osu, a puu ala sani komoto na en.",,when she wash her house she pull all thing come.out LOC it,,,,10991, +5-141,5,di maan pul di kou out di hool,di\tmaan\tpul\tdi\tkou\tout\tdi\thool,DEF.ART\tman\tpul\tDEF.ART\tcow\tout\tDEF.ART\thole,The man pulled the cow out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,di maan pul di kou out di hool,,DEF.ART man pul DEF.ART cow out DEF.ART hole,,Own knowledge,,10992, +5-142,5,"suun suun maanin, dem doz haal yu out yu bed","suun\tsuun\tmaanin,\tdem\tdoz\thaal\tyu\tout\tyu\tbed",soon\tsoon\tmorning\t3SG\tdoes\tpull\t2SG\tout\t3SG.POSS\tbed,"Very early in the mornings, they pull you out of your bed.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"suun suun maanin, dem doz haal yu out yu bed",,soon soon morning 3SG does pull 2SG out 3SG.POSS bed,,Own knowledge,,10993, +5-143,5,suun suun maanin yu stil de a yu bed,suun\tsuun\tmaanin\tyu\tstil\tde\ta\tyu\tbed,soon\tsoon\tmorning\t2SG\tstill\tLOC.PRED\tLOC.PREP\t2SG\tbed,Early in the morning you are still in your bed.,,,,,constructed by linguist,suun suun maanin yu stil de a yu bed,,soon soon morning 2SG still LOC.PRED LOC.PREP 2SG bed,,Own knowledge,,10994, +6-87,6,(1) Meri in di cyar. (2) Leroy dreg Meri outa di cyar.,(1)\tMeri\tin\tdi\tcyar.\t(2)\tLeroy\tdreg\tMeri\touta\tdi\tcyar.,(1)\tMary\tPREP\tDET\tcar\t(2)\tLeroy\tpull\tMary\tPREP\tDET\tcar,(1) Mary is in the car. (2) Leroy pulled Mary out of the car.,,,,,elicited from speaker,(1) Meri in di cyar. (2) Leroy dreg Meri outa di cyar.,,(1) Mary PREP DET car (2) Leroy pull Mary PREP DET car,,Informant A.K.,,10995, +7-193,7,Hi pol shi fram i hool.,Hi\tpol\tshi\tfram\ti\thool.,3SG\tpull\t3SG\tfrom\tART\thole,He pulled her out of the hole. OR: He pulled her from the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi pol shi fram i hool.,,3SG pull 3SG from ART hole,,Own knowledge,,10996, +7-194,7,Hi pol shi out fram i hool.,Hi\tpol\tshi\tout\tfram\ti\thool.,3SG\tpull\t3SG\tout\tfrom\tART\thole,He pulled her out of the hole. OR: He pulled her from the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi pol shi out fram i hool.,,3SG pull 3SG out from ART hole,,Own knowledge,,10997, +7-195,7,Hi pol shi outa i hool.,Hi\tpol\tshi\tout-a\ti\thool.,3SG\tpull\t3SG\tout-PCL\tART\thole,He pulled her out of the hole. OR: He pulled her from the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi pol shi outa i hool.,Hi pol shi out-a i hool.,3SG pull 3SG out-PCL ART hole,,Own knowledge,,10998, +7-196,7,Hi pol shi out i hool.,Hi\tpol\tshi\tout\ti\thool.,3SG\tpull\t3SG\tout\tART\thole,He pulled her from the hole. OR: He pulled her out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi pol shi out i hool.,,3SG pull 3SG out ART hole,,Own knowledge,,10999, +8-130,8,Mieri pul di daag outa di huol.,Mieri\tpul\tdi\tdaag\touta\tdi\thuol.,Mary\tpull\tDET\tdog\tout.of\tDET\thole,Mary pulled the dog out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mieri pul di daag outa di huol.,,Mary pull DET dog out.of DET hole,,Own knowledge,,11000, +9-157,9,Di onli wey fu dem muv Haabat owta djeyl da fu me im do we i du.,Di\tonli\twey\tfu\tdem\tmuv\tHaabat\towta\tdjeyl\tda\tfu\tme\tim\tdo\twe\ti\tdu.,the\tonly\tway\tfor\t3PL\tmove\tHerbert\tout.of\tjail\tTOP\tfor\tANT\t3SG\tdo\twhat\t3SG\tdo,The only way they could move Herbert out of prison was exactly what he did. OR: He did what was needed to get Herbert out of prison.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,Di onli wey fu dem muv Haabat owta djeyl da fu me im do we i du.,,the only way for 3PL move Herbert out.of jail TOP for ANT 3SG do what 3SG do,,,,11001, +10-187,10,Lea haal María auta di huol.,Lea\thaal\tMaría\taut-a\tdi\thuol.,Lea\thaul\tMaría\tout-of\tART.DEF\thole,Lea hauled María out of the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Lea haal María auta di huol.,Lea haal María aut-a di huol.,Lea haul María out-of ART.DEF hole,,Field notes 2008,,11002, +10-188,10,Hia yu sii a byuuty we baan iina stiebl!,Hia\tyu\tsii\ta\tbyuuty\twe\tbaan\tiina\tstiebl!,here\t2SG\tsee\tART.INDF\tbeauty\tREL\tgive.birth\tin\tstable,Here you see a beauty who was born in a stable!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hia yu sii a byuuty we baan iina stiebl!,,here 2SG see ART.INDF beauty REL give.birth in stable,,Unpublished field recordings,,11003, +10-189,10,An ihn had di popy iina ihn lap.,An\tihn\thad\tdi\tpopy\tiina\tihn\tlap.,and\t3SG\thave.PST\tART.DEF\tpuppy\tin\t3SG.POSS\tlap,And he had the puppy on his lap.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An ihn had di popy iina ihn lap.,,and 3SG have.PST ART.DEF puppy in 3SG.POSS lap,,Unpublished field recordings,,11004, +11-260,11,Ah gwain pul yu out di huol.,Ah\tgwain\tpul\tyu\tout\tdi\thuol.,1SG\tFUT\tpull\t2SG\tout\tART.DEF\thole,I’m going to pull you out of the hole.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ah gwain pul yu out di huol.,,1SG FUT pull 2SG out ART.DEF hole,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,11005, +11-261,11,"Yu nuo, iin di kuos di langwij dem wat dem manij muor iz Spanish and Inglish.","Yu\tnuo,\tiin\tdi\tkuos\tdi\tlangwij\tdem\twat\tdem\tmanij\tmuor\tiz\tSpanish\tand\tInglish.",2SG\tknow\tin\tART.DEF\tcoast\tART.DEF\tlanguage\tPL\tREL\t3PL\tmanage\tmore\tCOP.PRS\tSpanish\tand\tEnglish,"You know, [here] on the Coast the languages that the people are most competent in are Spanish and English.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu nuo, iin di kuos di langwij dem wat dem manij muor iz Spanish and Inglish.",,2SG know in ART.DEF coast ART.DEF language PL REL 3PL manage more COP.PRS Spanish and English,,,,11006, +11-262,11,Lea haal Maria auta di huol.,Lea\thaal\tMaria\tauta\tdi\thuol.,Lea\thaul\tMaria\tout.of\tART.DEF\thole,Lea pulled Maria out of the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Lea haal Maria auta di huol.,,Lea haul Maria out.of ART.DEF hole,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,11007, +12-203,12,"[...] when they come 'round by them, they put they hand in and pull out the guts.",[...]\tthey\tput\tthey\thand\tin\tand\tpull\tout\tthe\tguts.,[...]\t3PL.SBJ\tput[HAB]\t3PL.POSS\thand[PL]\tPREP\tand\tpull\tPREP\tART\tguts,"[...] [when they (i.e. the chickens) pass them [on the conveyor belt],] they put their hands in and pull out the guts.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] when they come 'round by them, they put they hand in and pull out the guts.","[...] they put they hand in and pull out the guts.",[...] 3PL.SBJ put[HAB] 3PL.POSS hand[PL] PREP and pull PREP ART guts,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11008, +12-204,12,"He throw it out, and he catch - it take 'bout twelve man to pull out one shark out the water.",[...]\tto\tpull\tout\tone\tshark\tout\tthe\twater.,[...]\tto\tpull\tPREP\tDET\tshark\tPREP\tART\twater,[...] to pull a single shark out of the water.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"He throw it out, and he catch - it take 'bout twelve man to pull out one shark out the water.",[...] to pull out one shark out the water.,[...] to pull PREP DET shark PREP ART water,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11009, +12-205,12,"No, they was - in her car, she was driving.",[...] they was - in her car [...],[...] 3PL.SBJ COP.PST   PREP 3SG.F.POSS car [...],"[No,] they were in her car, [she was driving].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"No, they was - in her car, she was driving.",[...] they was - in her car [...],[...] 3PL.SBJ COP.PST PREP 3SG.F.POSS car [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11010, +13-150,13,I take that blanket there out the paper.,I\ttake\tthat\tblanket\tthere\tout\tthe\tpaper.,I\ttake\tthat\tblanket\tthere\tout\tthe\tpaper,I took that blanket there out of the bag.,,,330[30],,naturalistic spoken,I take that blanket there out the paper.,,I take that blanket there out the paper,,,,11011, +14-114,14,Bruce pull Marie out of the hole.,Bruce\tpull\tMarie\tout\tof\tthe\thole.,Bruce\tpull\tMarie\tout\tof\tthe\thole,Bruce pulled Marie out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce pull Marie out of the hole.,,Bruce pull Marie out of the hole,,Own knowledge,,11012, +14-115,14,Bruce pull(ed) Marie out the hole.,Bruce\tpull(ed)\tMarie\tout\tthe\thole.,Bruce\tpull(PST)\tMarie\tout\tthe\thole,Bruce pulled Marie out of the hole.,,Out of occurs variably with out.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce pull(ed) Marie out the hole.,,Bruce pull(PST) Marie out the hole,"Out of occurs variably with out.",Own knowledge,,11013, +15-111,15,di pikin de na di ol,di\tpikin\tde\tna\tdi\tol,ART\tchild\tthere\tLOC\tART\thole,The child is in the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di pikin de na di ol,,ART child there LOC ART hole,,Own knowledge,,11014, +15-112,15,dɛn pul di pikin kɔmɔt na di ol,dɛn\tpul\tdi\tpikin\tkɔmɔt\tna\tdi\tol,3PL\tpull\tART\tchild\tcome.out\tLOC\tART\thole,They pulled the child out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dɛn pul di pikin kɔmɔt na di ol,,3PL pull ART child come.out LOC ART hole,,Own knowledge,,11015, +15-113,15,dɛn pul di pikin na di ol,dɛn\tpul\tdi\tpikin\tna\tdi\tol,3PL\tpull\tART\tchild\tLOC\tART\thole,They pulled the child out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dɛn pul di pikin na di ol,,3PL pull ART child LOC ART hole,,Own knowledge,,11016, +16-116,16,kɔfi kɔmɔt/pul dɛ pikin frɔm/fɔr dɛ gɔta,kɔfi\tkɔmɔt/pul\tdɛ\tpikin\tfrɔm/fɔr\tdɛ\tgɔta,Kofi\tcome.out/pull\tART\tchild\tfrom/for\tART\tgutter,Kofi pulled the child out of the gutter.,,,,,elicited from speaker,kɔfi kɔmɔt/pul dɛ pikin frɔm/fɔr dɛ gɔta,,Kofi come.out/pull ART child from/for ART gutter,,Own fieldwork,,11017, +17-143,17,Ìm ko̱m pul Uche kò̱mót frò̱m hol.,Ìm\tko̱m\tpul\tUche\tkò̱mót\tfrò̱m\thol.,3SG.SBJ\tREALIS\tpull\tUche\tleave\tLOC\thole,S/he pulled Uche from out of the hole.,,,462[155],,naturalistic spoken,Ìm ko̱m pul Uche kò̱mót frò̱m hol.,,3SG.SBJ REALIS pull Uche leave LOC hole,,,,11018, +17-144,17,Ìm ko̱m pul Uche frò̱m hol kò̱mót.,Ìm\tko̱m\tpul\tUche\tfrò̱m\thol\tkò̱mót.,3SG.SBJ\tREALIS\tpull\tUche\tLOC\thole\tleave,S/he pulled Uche out of the hole.,,,462[155],,naturalistic spoken,Ìm ko̱m pul Uche frò̱m hol kò̱mót.,,3SG.SBJ REALIS pull Uche LOC hole leave,,,,11019, +18-124,18,Lea pul Maria komot fo di hol.,Lea\tpul\tMaria\tkomot\tfo\tdi\thol.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\tcome.out\tfor\tDEF.ART\thole,Lea pulled Maria out of the hole.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Lea pul Maria komot fo di hol.,,Lea pull Maria come.out for DEF.ART hole,,,,11020, +19-165,19,Dɛ̀n pul dì mòtó nà garaje [...].,Dɛ̀n\tpul\tdì\tmòtó\tnà\tgaraje\t[...].,3PL\tremove\tDEF\tcar\tLOC\tgarage\t[...],They removed the car from the garage [...].,,,1634[598],,elicited from speaker,"Dɛ̀n pul dì mòtó nà garaje [...].",,3PL remove DEF car LOC garage [...],,,,11021, +19-166,19,Dì mòtó de nà garaje.,Dì\tmòtó\tde\tnà\tgaraje.,DEF\tcar\tCOP\tLOC\tgarage,The car is in the garage.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dì mòtó de nà garaje.",,DEF car COP LOC garage,,Field data,,11022, +21-114,21,Gerard pulled Kate out of the pool.,Gerard\tpull-ed\tKate\tout\tof\tthe\tpool.,Gerard\tpull-PST\tKate\tout\tof\tDET\tpool,Gerard pulled Kate out of the pool.,,,,,own knowledge,Gerard pulled Kate out of the pool.,Gerard pull-ed Kate out of the pool.,Gerard pull-PST Kate out of DET pool,,Own knowledge,,11023, +22-146,22,Em pulim dispela ol samting kam autsait.,Em\tpulim\tdispela\tol\tsamting\tkam\tautsait.,3SG\tpull\tthis\tPL\tthing\tcome\toutside,He pulled these things out.,,,584[WSP F17],,naturalistic spoken,Em pulim dispela ol samting kam autsait.,,3SG pull this PL thing come outside,,,,11024, +22-147,22,Em pulim brata bilong em kam antap.,Em\tpulim\tbrata\tbilong\tem\tkam\tantap.,3SG\tpull\tbrother\tPOSS\t3SG\tcome\tabove,He pulled his brother out (of the hole).,,,584[WSP F17],,naturalistic spoken,Em pulim brata bilong em kam antap.,,3SG pull brother POSS 3SG come above,,,,11025, +23-134,23,ol pikinini oli pulum rop i kamaot long stamba,ol\tpikinini\toli\tpulum\trop\ti\tkamaot\tlong\tstamba,PL\tchild\tAGR\tpull\tvine\tAGR\tcome.out\tfrom\ttrunk,The chidren pulled a vine out of the tree trunk.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ol pikinini oli pulum rop i kamaot long stamba,,PL child AGR pull vine AGR come.out from trunk,,Own knowledge,,11026, +24-153,24,Hi pull Mary aut lorng fe aa hoel.,Hi\tpull\tMary\taut\tlorng\tfe\taa\thoel.,He\tpull\tMary\tout\tPREP\tPREP\tDET\thole,He pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hi pull Mary aut lorng fe aa hoel.,,He pull Mary out PREP PREP DET hole,,Own fieldwork,,11027, +25-303,25,Pulemat from wota na!,Pul-em-at\tfrom\twota\tna!,pull-TR-out\tfrom\twater\tnow,Pull it out of the water now!,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a source adpositional phrase with the verb pulem 'pull'.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Pulemat from wota na!",Pul-em-at from wota na!,pull-TR-out from water now,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a source adpositional phrase with the verb pulem 'pull'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,11028, +26-99,26,ma aŋko wɛn hɛmu da fiʃ fɹɔm da shak,ma\taŋko\twɛn\thɛmu\tda\tfiʃ\tfɹɔm\tda\tshak,1SG.POSS\tuncle\tPST.PFV\tpull.out\tART\tfish\tfrom\tART\tshark,My uncle pulled the fish out of the shark.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"ma aŋko wɛn hɛmu da fiʃ fɹɔm da shak",,1SG.POSS uncle PST.PFV pull.out ART fish from ART shark,,Own fieldwork recording,,11029, +27-108,27,Sini a trē am fa di tono.,Sini\ta\ttrē\tam\tfa\tdi\ttono.,3PL\tPST\tpull\t3SG\tof\tDET\tbarrel,They pulled her out of the barrel.,,,355[18],,naturalistic spoken,Sini a trē am fa di tono.,,3PL PST pull 3SG of DET barrel,,,,11030, +28-134,28,"o wa sukwa fi kum, paka di tok fan di warianga",o\twa\tsuku-a\tfi\tkumu\tpaka\tdi\ttoko\tfan\tdi\twari\tanga,3SG\tPST\twant-IPFV\tfor\tcome\tcome.out\tthe\tchild\tfrom\tthe\thouse\tLOC,He wanted to come [and] turn the boy out of the house.,,,737[208],,naturalistic spoken,"o wa sukwa fi kum, paka di tok fan di warianga",o wa suku-a fi kumu paka di toko fan di wari anga,3SG PST want-IPFV for come come.out the child from the house LOC,,,,11031, +28-135,28,nuntɛ ʃi sel fan di man,nunu-tɛ\tʃi\tselfu\tfan\tdi\tman,pull-PFV\t3SG.POSS\tself\tfrom\tthe\tman,[She] pulled herself away from the man.,,,737[594],,naturalistic spoken,nuntɛ ʃi sel fan di man,nunu-tɛ ʃi selfu fan di man,pull-PFV 3SG.POSS self from the man,,,,11032, +28-136,28,en kanti lefu sautu mingi anga ka,eni\tkanti\tlefu\tsautu\tmingi\tanga\tka,3PL\tcannot\tlive\tsalt\twater\tLOC\tNEG,They cannot live in salt water.,,,737[207],,naturalistic spoken,en kanti lefu sautu mingi anga ka,eni kanti lefu sautu mingi anga ka,3PL cannot live salt water LOC NEG,,,,11033, +29-167,29,Leah het Marie uit die gat getrek.,Leah\thet\tMarie\tuit\tdie\tgat\tge-trek.,Leah\tPST\tMary\tout\tDEF.ART\thole\tPTCP-pulled,Leah pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,,naturalistic written,Leah het Marie uit die gat getrek.,Leah het Marie uit die gat ge-trek.,Leah PST Mary out DEF.ART hole PTCP-pulled,,Own knowledge,,11034, +29-168,29,Leah het Marie uit die gat uit getrek.,Leah\thet\tMarie\tuit\tdie\tgat\tuit\tgetrek.,Leah\tPST\tMary\tout\tDEF.ART\thole\tout\tpulled,Leah pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Leah het Marie uit die gat uit getrek.,,Leah PST Mary out DEF.ART hole out pulled,,Own knowledge,,11035, +29-169,29,Leah het Marie by die gat uit getrek.,Leah\thet\tMarie\tby\tdie\tgat\tuit\tge-trek.,Leah\tPST\tMary\tby\tthe\thole\tout\tPTCP-pulled,Leah pulled Mary out of the hole.,,"Like the motion-to construction, this by [...] uit form is more common in colloquial Afrikaans than the circumpositional structure featuring identical adpositional elements (uit [...] uit).",,,naturalistic spoken,Leah het Marie by die gat uit getrek.,Leah het Marie by die gat uit ge-trek.,Leah PST Mary by the hole out PTCP-pulled,"Like the motion-to construction, this by [...] uit form is more common in colloquial Afrikaans than the circumpositional structure featuring identical adpositional elements (uit [...] uit).",Own knowledge,,11036, +30-181,30,"El tra un rolu di kórda di si muxila, [...].","El=tra\tun=rolu\tdi=kórda\tdi=si=muxila,\t[...].",3SG=pull\ta=roll\tof=rope\tof=3SG.POSS=backpack\t[...],"He took a roll of rope out of his backpack, [...].",,,784[s.v. tra],,naturalistic spoken,"El tra un rolu di kórda di si muxila, [...].","El=tra un=rolu di=kórda di=si=muxila, [...].",3SG=pull a=roll of=rope of=3SG.POSS=backpack [...],,,,11037, +30-182,30,"Kántu mininu xinti algen, e bira ta mexe dentu sáku.","Kántu\tmininu\txinti\talgen,\te=bira\tta=mexe\tdentu\tsáku.",when\tchild\tnotice\tsomebody\t3SG=begin\tIPFV=stir\twithin\tsack,"When the child noticed somebody, it began to move within the sack.",,,1407[135],,naturalistic spoken,"Kántu mininu xinti algen, e bira ta mexe dentu sáku.","Kántu mininu xinti algen, e=bira ta=mexe dentu sáku.",when child notice somebody 3SG=begin IPFV=stir within sack,,,,11038,"German: Wenn das Kind jemanden bemerkte, begann es sich im Sack zu bewegen." +31-146,31,"Nho Djiku ki ba kexa d'es, ba tira mininu di braku.","Nho\tDjiku\tki\tba\tkexa\td'es,\tba\ttira\tmininu\tdi\tbraku.",Mr\tDjiko\tthat\twent\tcomplain\tof.them\twent\tpull\tchild\tout.of\thole,"It was Mr Djiko who went to complain about them, who went to pull the children out of the hole.",,,839,,naturalistic spoken,"Nho Djiku ki ba kexa d'es, ba tira mininu di braku.",,Mr Djiko that went complain of.them went pull child out.of hole,,,,11039, +32-138,32,Maria pxá se fidj pa fora d'un brok.,Maria\tpxá\tse\tfidj\tpa\tfora\tde\tun\tbrok.,Maria\tpulled.out\t1SG.POSS\tchild\tto\tout\tof\tDET\thole,Maria pulled her son out of the hole.,,The preposition pa ('to') is both motion-to and motion-from; it cannot be used in at-rest situations.,,,constructed by linguist,"Maria pxá se fidj pa fora d'un brok.",Maria pxá se fidj pa fora de un brok.,Maria pulled.out 1SG.POSS child to out of DET hole,"The preposition pa ('to') is both motion-to and motion-from; it cannot be used in at-rest situations.",Own knowledge,,11040,Portuguese: Maria puxou o seu filho para fora dum buraco. +32-139,32,Se fidj ta fora d'brok.,Se\tfidj\tta\tfora\tde\tbrok.,POSS.3SG\tchild\tCOP\tout\tof\thole,Her son is out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Se fidj ta fora d'brok.",Se fidj ta fora de brok.,POSS.3SG child COP out of hole,,Own knowledge,,11041,Portuguese: O seu filho está fora de buraco. +32-140,32,Maria pxá se fidj fora d'un brok.,Maria\tpxá\tse\tfidj\tfora\tde\tun\tbrok.,Maria\tpulled\t3SG.POSS\tchild\tout\tof\tDET\thole,Maria pulled her son out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Maria pxá se fidj fora d'un brok.",Maria pxá se fidj fora de un brok.,Maria pulled 3SG.POSS child out of DET hole,,Own knowledge,,11042,Portuguese: Maria puxou o seu filho para fora de um buraco. +33-166,33,Lea djunda Maria pa fora di kasa.,Lea\tdjunda\tMaria\tpa\tfora\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\tto\toutside\tof\thouse,Lea pulled Maria out of the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Lea djunda Maria pa fora di kasa.,,Lea pull Maria to outside of house,,Own knowledge,,11043,Portuguese: Lea puxou a Maria para fora da casa. +33-167,33,Lea djunda Maria fora di kasa.,Lea\tdjunda\tMaria\tfora\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\toutside\tof\thouse,Lea pulled Maria outside the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Lea djunda Maria fora di kasa.,,Lea pull Maria outside of house,,Own knowledge,,11044,Portuguese: Lea puxou a Maria fora da casa. +33-168,33,Lea djunda Maria fora di kasa.,Lea\tdjunda\tMaria\tfora\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\tout\tof\thouse,Lea pulled Maria out of the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Lea djunda Maria fora di kasa.,,Lea pull Maria out of house,,Own knowledge,,11045,Portuguese: Lea puxou a Maria para fora da casa. +33-169,33,Lea djunda Maria fora di kasa.,Lea\tdjunda\tMaria\tfora\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\tout\tof\thouse,Lea pulled Maria (when they where) outside of the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Lea djunda Maria fora di kasa.,,Lea pull Maria out of house,,Own knowledge,,11046,Portuguese: Lea puxou a Maria (enquanto as duas estavam) fora da casa. +33-170,33,Lea djunda Maria té fora di kasa.,Lea\tdjunda\tMaria\tté\tfora\tdi\tkasa.,Lea\tpull\tMaria\tuntil\toutside\tof\thouse,Lea pulled Maria until (she was) outside of the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Lea djunda Maria té fora di kasa.,,Lea pull Maria until outside of house,,Own knowledge,,11047,Portuguese: Lea puxou a Maria (até) fora da casa. +34-134,34,Leya tirá Mariya di koba. ~ Leya tirá Mariya fora di koba.,Leya ø tirá Mariya di koba. ~ Leya ø tirá Mariya fora di koba.,Lea PFV pull Mary from hole   Lea PFV pull Mary out from hole,Lea pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Leya tirá Mariya di koba. ~ Leya tirá Mariya fora di koba.","Leya ø tirá Mariya di koba. ~ Leya ø tirá Mariya fora di koba.",Lea PFV pull Mary from hole Lea PFV pull Mary out from hole,,Own knowledge,,11048, +35-183,35,Zon txila Maya ni blaku.,Zon\ttxila\tMaya\tni\tblaku.,Zon\tpull\tMaya\tfrom\thole,Zon pulled Maya out of the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Zon txila Maya ni blaku.,,Zon pull Maya from hole,,Own data,,11049, +35-184,35,Maya sa ni blaku.,Maya\tsa\tni\tblaku.,Maya\tCOP\tin\thole,Maya is in the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Maya sa ni blaku.,,Maya COP in hole,,Own data,,11050, +35-185,35,Zon txila Maya fô blaku.,Zon\ttxila\tMaya\tfô\tblaku.,Zon\tpull\tMaya\tcome.from\thole,Zon pulled Maya out of the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Zon txila Maya fô blaku.,,Zon pull Maya come.from hole,,Own data,,11051, +36-109,36,Maya thaa Tonha fô vuvu.,Maya\tthaa\tTonha\tfô\tvuvu.,Maria\tpull\tTonha\tcome.from\thole,Maria pulled Tonha out of the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Maya thaa Tonha fô vuvu.",,Maria pull Tonha come.from hole,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,11052, +37-139,37,Mene saa Maa pwê toka.,Mene\tsaa\tMaa\tpwê\ttoka.,Mene\tpull\tMaa\tput\thole,Mene pulled Maa down into the hole.,,"In this example, Mene is located in the hole.",905,,elicited from speaker,"Mene saa Maa pwê toka.",,Mene pull Maa put hole,"In this example, Mene is located in the hole.",,,11053, +37-140,37,Jingantxi txya paage fo gayola [...].,Jingantxi\ttxya\tpaage\tfo\tgayola\t[...].,ogre\textract\tparrot\tcome.from\tcage\t[...],The ogre took the parrot out of the cage [...].,,"Here, the ogre is located outside the cage.",580[140],,naturalistic spoken,"Jingantxi txya paage fo gayola [...].",,ogre extract parrot come.from cage [...],"Here, the ogre is located outside the cage.",,,11054, +38-155,38,M’ske fe bo pa tyila bo foiai?,Amu-ske\tfe\tbo\tpa\ttyila\tbo\tfo-iai?,1SG-IRR\tmake\t2SG\tfor\tpull\t2SG\tleave-there,What can I do to pull you out (of) there?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,M’ske fe bo pa tyila bo foiai?,Amu-ske fe bo pa tyila bo fo-iai?,1SG-IRR make 2SG for pull 2SG leave-there,,Own fieldwork 1993,,11055, +40-114,40,Mari ku Teru pos su fɔr puʃo.,Mari\tku\tTeru\tpos\tsu\tfɔr\tpuʃo.,Mari\tOBJ\tTeru\twell\tGEN\toutside\tpull.PST,Mari pulled Teru out of the well.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mari ku Teru pos su fɔr puʃo.,,Mari OBJ Teru well GEN outside pull.PST,,Own knowledge,,11056, +42-144,42,Maria ja pusá ku Pedru sai di buyang,Maria\tja\tpusá\tku\tPedru\tsai\tdi\tbuyang,Maria\tPFV\tpull\tACC\tPedru\texit\tof\tceramic.barrel,Maria pulled Pedru out of the ceramic barrel.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Maria ja pusá ku Pedru sai di buyang",,Maria PFV pull ACC Pedru exit of ceramic.barrel,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,11057, +44-144,44,Ya helá yo kon Lóling ayá na póso.,Ya\thelá\tyo\tkon\tLóling\tayá\tna\tpóso.,PFV\tpull\t1SG\tOBJ\tLoling\tthere\tLOC\thole,I pulled Loling from the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya helá yo kon Lóling ayá na póso.,,PFV pull 1SG OBJ Loling there LOC hole,,Own data,,11058, +45-121,45,Ya hila Rosa con Maria para afuera del poso.,Ya\thila\tRosa\tcon\tMaria\tpara\tafuera\tdel\tposo.,PFV\tpull\tRosa\tOBJ\tMaria\tfor\toutside\tof.the\twell,Rosa pulled Maria out of the well.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya hila Rosa con Maria para afuera del poso.,,PFV pull Rosa OBJ Maria for outside of.the well,,Own data,,11059, +46-158,46,Ya-hilá si Peter kun Mary na aguhéro.,Ya-hilá\tsi\tPeter\tkun\tMary\tna\taguhéro.,PRF-pull\tAG\tPeter\tOBJ\tMary\tLOC\thole,Peter pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya-hilá si Peter kun Mary na aguhéro.,,PRF-pull AG Peter OBJ Mary LOC hole,,Own knowledge,,11060, +47-162,47,PDB [...] a ranka sali ku un kampaña di informashon.,PDB\t[...]\ta\tranka\tsali\tku\tun\tkampaña\tdi\tinformashon.,PDB\t[...]\tPFV\tpull\tcome.out\twith\tINDF\tcampaign\tof\tinformation,PDB [...] quickly came out with an information campaign.,,The translation is mine.,"453[20 August 2004, p.2]",,literary or other written source,PDB [...] a ranka sali ku un kampaña di informashon.,,PDB [...] PFV pull come.out with INDF campaign of information,The translation is mine.,,,11061, +47-163,47,"E akusado, siendo sintá den outo, a ranka tas for di un turista ku tabata riba skuter","E\takusado,\tsiendo\tsintá\tden\touto,\ta\tranka\ttas\tfor\tdi\tun\tturista\tku\ttabata\triba\tskuter",DEF\taccused\tbeing\tseated\tin\tcar\tPFV\tpull\tbag\tfrom\tof\tINDF\ttourist\tCOMP\tPST\ton\tmoped,"The accused, while seated inside a car, had pulled a bag from a tourist on a moped.",,The translation is mine.,"453[22 June 2009, p.5]",,literary or other written source,"E akusado, siendo sintá den outo, a ranka tas for di un turista ku tabata riba skuter",,DEF accused being seated in car PFV pull bag from of INDF tourist COMP PST on moped,The translation is mine.,,,11062, +48-153,48,Dámaso a tilá ele ri hoyo.,Dámaso\ta\ttilá\tele\tri\thoyo.,Damaso\tPST\tpull\thim/her\tfrom\thole,Damaso pulled him/her from the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Dámaso a tilá ele ri hoyo.,,Damaso PST pull him/her from hole,,Own knowledge,,11063,Spanish: Dámaso lo/la tiró del hoyo. +48-154,48,Dámaso ta lendro hoyo.,Dámaso\tta\tlendro\thoyo.,Damaso\tbe\tinside\thole,Damaso is in the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Dámaso ta lendro hoyo.,,Damaso be inside hole,,Own knowledge,,11064,Spanish: Dámaso está en el hoyo. +49-254,49,Li nan twou a.,Li\tnan\ttwou\ta.,3SG\tin\thole\tDEF,He/She is in the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li nan twou a.,,3SG in hole DEF,,Own knowledge,,11065,French: Il/Elle est dans le trou. +49-255,49,"Plant sa a solid, ou gen fòs, rale l nan tè a pou mwen.","Plant\tsa\ta\tsolid,\tou\tgen\tfòs,\trale\tl\tnan\ttè\ta\tpou\tmwen.",plant\tDEM\tSG\tsolid\t2SG\thave\tstrength\ttake.out\t3SG\tin\tground\tDEF\tfor\t1SG,"This plant is solid, you're strong; pull it out of the ground for me.",,"Kouman pèp la ap fè sot nan twou sa a anba granmanjè sa yo? 'How will the masses get out of that predicament brought upon them by the profiteers?', in Valdman (dir.) (1987: 730). This example illustrates the metaphorical use of twou.",1505[609],,elicited from speaker,"Plant sa a solid, ou gen fòs, rale l nan tè a pou mwen.",,plant DEM SG solid 2SG have strength take.out 3SG in ground DEF for 1SG,"Kouman pèp la ap fè sot nan twou sa a anba granmanjè sa yo? 'How will the masses get out of that predicament brought upon them by the profiteers?', in Valdman (dir.) (1987: 730). This example illustrates the metaphorical use of twou.",,,11066,"French: Cette plante est solide, tu es fort, arrache-la du sol pour moi." +50-153,50,I tiré Mari adan tou-la.,I\ttiré\tMari\tadan\ttou-la.,3SG\tpull\tMary\tin\thole-DEF,He pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I tiré Mari adan tou-la.,,3SG pull Mary in hole-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,11067, +50-154,50,Mari pa adan tou-la.,Mari\tpa\tadan\ttou-la.,Mary\tNEG\tin\thole-DEF,Marie is out of the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mari pa adan tou-la.,,Mary NEG in hole-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,11068, +50-155,50,Mari adan tou-la.,Mari\tadan\ttou-la.,Mary\tin\thole-DEF,Mary is in the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mari adan tou-la.,,Mary in hole-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,11069, +50-156,50,I halé Mari vini andèwò a tou-la.,I\thalé\tMari\tvini\tandèwò\ta\ttou-la.,3SG\tpull\tMary\tcome\toutside\tPREP\thole-DEF,He pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"I halé Mari vini andèwò a tou-la.",,3SG pull Mary come outside PREP hole-DEF,,Own knowledge,,11070, +51-141,51,I tiré Mari adan tou-a.,I\ttiré\tMari\tadan\ttou-a.,3SG\tpull\tMary\tin\thole-DEF,He pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I tiré Mari adan tou-a.,,3SG pull Mary in hole-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,11071, +51-142,51,Mari pa adan tou-a.,Mari\tpa\tadan\ttou-a.,Mary\tNEG\tin\thole-DEF,Mary is not in the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mari pa adan tou-a.,,Mary NEG in hole-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,11072, +51-143,51,I halé Mari vini andéwò tou-a.,I\thalé\tMari\tvini\tandéwò\ttou-a.,3SG\tpull\tMary\tcome\tout\thole-DEF,He pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I halé Mari vini andéwò tou-a.,,3SG pull Mary come out hole-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,11073, +52-90,52,i ka tiré li annan trou-a,i\tka\ttiré\tli\tannan\ttrou-a,she\tPROG\tpull\ther\tin\thole-ART,She pulls her out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,i ka tiré li annan trou-a,,she PROG pull her in hole-ART,,Own knowledge,,11074, +53-316,53,Se te hale le jerm dan le klu.,Se\tte\thale\tle\tjerm\tdan\tle\tklu.,DEM\tPST\tpull\tART.DEF.PL\tgerm\tin\tART.DEF.PL\tboil,That pulled the germs out of the boils.,,,1048[309],,naturalistic spoken,Se te hale le jerm dan le klu.,,DEM PST pull ART.DEF.PL germ in ART.DEF.PL boil,,,,11075, +53-317,53,La to plarin-ye pare pou et wete ondan to chodyer.,La\tto\tplarin-ye\tpare\tpou\tet\twete\tondan\tto\tchodyer.,then\t2SG.POSS\tpraline-PL\tready\tfor\tCOP\ttake.out\tin\t2SG.POSS\tpot,Then your pralines are ready to be taken out of the pot.,,,1048[309],,naturalistic spoken,La to plarin-ye pare pou et wete ondan to chodyer.,,then 2SG.POSS praline-PL ready for COP take.out in 2SG.POSS pot,,,,11076, +54-184,54,tir lé gale / lé ròs dan la tèr,tir le gale / le ros dan la ter,pull DEF.PL stone   DEF.PL stone in DEF soil,to pull the stones out of the ground,,,214[618N],,naturalistic spoken,tir lé gale / lé ròs dan la tèr,tir le gale / le ros dan la ter,pull DEF.PL stone DEF.PL stone in DEF soil,,,,11077,French: retirer les pierres de la terre (épierrer la terre) +54-185,54,Nana tro d gale/ros dan la ter.,Nana\ttro\td\tgale/ros\tdan\tla\tter.,EXIST\ttoo.many\tof\tstone\tin\tDEF\tsoil,There are too many stones in the ground.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Nana tro d gale/ros dan la ter.,,EXIST too.many of stone in DEF soil,,Own knowledge,,11078,French: Il y a trop de pierres dans la terre. +55-151,55,Rafik ti tir Misel daṅ tru,Rafik\tti\ttir\tMisel\tdaṅ\ttru,Rafick\tPST\tpull\tMichel\tin\thole,Rafick pulled Michel out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Rafik ti tir Misel daṅ tru,,Rafick PST pull Michel in hole,,Own knowledge,,11079, +55-152,55,Misel ti daṅ tru,Misel\tti\tdaṅ\ttru,Michel\tPST\tin\thole,Michel was in a hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Misel ti daṅ tru,,Michel PST in hole,,Own knowledge,,11080, +55-153,55,mo'nn tir mo lakle depi dan mo sak,mo 'nn tir mo lakle depi dan mo sak,1SG.COMPL take.out POSS.1SG key ABL LOC POSS.1SG bag,I took the key out of my bag.,,,770,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mo'nn tir mo lakle depi dan mo sak,mo 'nn tir mo lakle depi dan mo sak,1SG.COMPL take.out POSS.1SG key ABL LOC POSS.1SG bag,,,,11081, +55-154,55,li tir so linet depi daṅ so pos,li\ttir\tso\tlinet\tdepi\tdaṅ\tso\tpos,3SG\ttake.out\tPOSS\tglasses\tABL\tLOC\tPOSS\tpocket,He took his glasses out of his pocket.,,,1555,,written (literary),li tir so linet depi daṅ so pos,,3SG take.out POSS glasses ABL LOC POSS pocket,,,,11082, +56-153,56,Marcel ti redi Peter dan trou.,Marcel\tti\tredi\tPeter\tdan\ttrou.,Marcel\tPST\tpull.out\tPeter\tin\thole,Marcel pulled Peter out of the hole.,,,956,,constructed by native speaker,"Marcel ti redi Peter dan trou.",,Marcel PST pull.out Peter in hole,,,,11083, +56-154,56,(...) ou pou tir ou kalou dan ou pye koko,(...)\tou\tpou\ttir\tou\tkalou\tdan\tou\tpye\tkoko,(...)\t2SG\tFUT\textract\t2SG.POSS\tpalm.wine\tin\t2SG.POSS\ttree\tcoconut,(...) you will extract palm wine from your coconut tree.,,,158[86],,naturalistic spoken,"(...) ou pou tir ou kalou dan ou pye koko",,(...) 2SG FUT extract 2SG.POSS palm.wine in 2SG.POSS tree coconut,,,,11084, +57-89,57,male tire twa nda tru,ma\tale\ttire\ttwa\tnda\ttru,1SG\tgo\tdraw\t2SG\tin\thole,I draw you out of the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,male tire twa nda tru,ma ale tire twa nda tru,1SG go draw 2SG in hole,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,11085, +57-90,57,ma reste nda tru,ma\treste\tnda\ttru,1SG\tstay\tin\thole,I stay inside the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ma reste nda tru,,1SG stay in hole,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,11086, +59-248,59,ala gboto lo na ya ti du ni,ala\tgboto\tlo\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tni,3PL\tpull\t3SG\tPREP\tinside\tof\thole\tDET,They pulled him/her from the hole.,,'From' is implied in the combination of 'pull' and 'inside the hole'. I do not think that a similar construction would be used for 'They pulled him/her from the fire.',,,constructed by linguist,ala gboto lo na ya ti du ni,,3PL pull 3SG PREP inside of hole DET,'From' is implied in the combination of 'pull' and 'inside the hole'. I do not think that a similar construction would be used for 'They pulled him/her from the fire.',Own knowledge,,11087, +59-249,59,"gboto lo na ya ti du ni, asi gigi","gboto\tlo\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tni,\ta-si\tgigi",pull\t3SG\tPREP\tbelly\tof\thole\tDET\tPM-arrive\toutside,Pull him/her out of the hole.,,The second clause could be anything that specified the result of the pulling.,,,constructed by linguist,"gboto lo na ya ti du ni, asi gigi","gboto lo na ya ti du ni, a-si gigi",pull 3SG PREP belly of hole DET PM-arrive outside,The second clause could be anything that specified the result of the pulling.,Own knowledge,,11088, +59-250,59,gboto kwa ni ga na ni ge,gboto\tkwa\tni\tga\tna\tni\tge,pull\tcorpse\tDET\tcome\tPREP\tDET\there,Drag the corpse here.,,,,,constructed by linguist,gboto kwa ni ga na ni ge,,pull corpse DET come PREP DET here,,Own knowledge,,11089, +59-251,59,alango na ya ti teme,a-lango\tna\tya\tti\tteme,PM-sleep\tPREP\tinside\tof\tstone,It sleeps among the stones.,,The translation is uncertain.,,,naturalistic spoken,alango na ya ti teme,a-lango na ya ti teme,PM-sleep PREP inside of stone,The translation is uncertain.,Samarin corpus 1994,,11090, +59-252,59,mbi za na ya ti tawan',mbi\tzia\tna\tya\tti\ttawan',1SG\tput\tPREP\tinside\tof\tpot,I put it in the pot.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mbi za na ya ti tawan',mbi zia na ya ti tawan',1SG put PREP inside of pot,,Samarin corpus 1994,,11091, +60-120,60,Marie abimísákí Francine na libúlú,Marie\ta-bimís-ákí\tFrancine\tna\tlibúlú,Marie\t3SG-remove-PST\tFrancine\tfrom\thole.in.ground,Marie helped Francine come out of the hole.,,,1273,,elicited from speaker,Marie abimísákí Francine na libúlú,Marie a-bimís-ákí Francine na libúlú,Marie 3SG-remove-PST Francine from hole.in.ground,,,,11092, +61-89,61,Yena keep-ile lo gane duze ga lo godi.,Yena\tkeep-ile\tlo\tgane\tduze\tga\tlo\tgodi.,he\tpull-PST\tDEF.ART\tchild\tnear\tof\tDEF.ART\thole,He pulled the child out of the hole. OR: He pulled the child from out of the hole.,,"Neither dictionary I consulted (Bold 1977; Miner's Dictionary n.d., n.a.) lists a word for 'from'. This has to be paraphrased by 'near of / near to'.",,,elicited from speaker,Yena keep-ile lo gane duze ga lo godi.,Yena keep-ile lo gane duze ga lo godi.,he pull-PST DEF.ART child near of DEF.ART hole,"Neither dictionary I consulted (Bold 1977; Miner's Dictionary n.d., n.a.) lists a word for 'from'. This has to be paraphrased by 'near of / near to'.",Field notes Mesthrie,,11093, +61-90,61,Yena khona phakati ga lo godi.,Yena\tkhona\tphakati\tga\tlo\tgodi.,he\tCOP.LOC\tinside\tof\tDEF.ART\thole,He is inside the hole. OR: He is in the hole.,,Ga usually means 'of'; it could be used with phandle 'outside' or phakati 'inside'.,,,elicited from speaker,Yena khona phakati ga lo godi.,Yena khona phakati ga lo godi.,he COP.LOC inside of DEF.ART hole,"Ga usually means 'of'; it could be used with phandle 'outside' or phakati 'inside'.",Field notes Mesthrie,,11094, +61-91,61,Yena khona duze ga lo mgodi.,Yena\tkhona\tduze\tga\tlo\tmgodi.,he\tCOP.LOC\tnear\tof\tART\thole,He is near the hollow.,,"The ga is hard to gloss. It can be instrumental (as in the Zulu original) or possessive. It isn't exactly either of these here, but close enough to possessive.",,,unknown,Yena khona duze ga lo mgodi.,,he COP.LOC near of ART hole,"The ga is hard to gloss. It can be instrumental (as in the Zulu original) or possessive. It isn't exactly either of these here, but close enough to possessive.",,,11095, +62-80,62,yájutirira nayó tó sónda,i-áa-jutirira\tna-i-ó\ttó\tsonda,9-PST-pull\twith-9-REL\tthere\tvalley,He pulled and pulled with him to the valley.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yájutirira nayó tó sónda,i-áa-jutirira na-i-ó tó sonda,9-PST-pull with-9-REL there valley,,Own field notes 1993,,11096, +63-161,63,ána júru íta min lúfra de,ána\tjúru\títa\tmin\tlúfra\tde,1SG\tpull\t2SG\tfrom\thole\tDEM,I pulled you out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ána júru íta min lúfra de",,1SG pull 2SG from hole DEM,,Own knowledge,,11097, +63-162,63,úwo fi lúfura,úwo\tfi\tlúfura,3SG\tin\thole,He is in the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,úwo fi lúfura,,3SG in hole,,Personal data,,11098, +64-174,64,jon júru gódi min hófra,jon\tjúru\tgódi\tmin\thófra,John\tpull\tGodfrey\tfrom\thole,John pulled Godfrey out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"jon júru gódi min hófra",,John pull Godfrey from hole,,Own knowledge,,11099, +66-97,66,Pompang kutti poðiyen yang lobangring tarek ambε.,Pompang-kutti\tpoðiyen-yang\tlobang-ring\ttarek\tambε.,female-girl\tboy-ACC.DEF\thole-ABL\tpull\ttake,The girl is pulling the boy out of the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Pompang kutti poðiyen yang lobangring tarek ambε.,Pompang-kutti poðiyen-yang lobang-ring tarek ambε.,female-girl boy-ACC.DEF hole-ABL pull take,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,11100, +67-172,67,[...] dia tarik ini macam besi punya dia tarik ini angin kelua.,[...]\tdia\ttarik\tini\tmacam\tbesi\tpunya\tdia\ttarik\tini\tangin\tkelua.,[...]\t3SG\tdraw\tDEM\tlike\tiron\tATTR\t3SG\tdraw\tDEM\twind\tgo.out,[...] he took the air out of the iron-like thing.,,,708[401],,naturalistic spoken,[...] dia tarik ini macam besi punya dia tarik ini angin kelua.,,[...] 3SG draw DEM like iron ATTR 3SG draw DEM wind go.out,,,,11101, +68-100,68,De hela beta dari dalang kolang.,De\thela\tbeta\tdari\tdalang\tkolang.,3SG\tpull\t1SG\tfrom\tin\thole,He pulled me out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"De hela beta dari dalang kolang.",,3SG pull 1SG from in hole,,Own knowledge,,11102, +68-101,68,De hela beta kaluar kolang.,De\thela\tbeta\tkaluar\tkolang.,3SG\tpull\t1SG\texit\thole,He pulled me out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,De hela beta kaluar kolang.,,3SG pull 1SG exit hole,,Own knowledge,,11103, +68-102,68,Beta di dalang kolang.,Beta\tdi\tdalang\tkolang.,1SG\tLOC\tin\thole,I am in the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Beta di dalang kolang.,,1SG LOC in hole,,Own knowledge,,11104, +71-148,71,Kawai paa kela Lauman ala maluna.,Kawai\tpaa\tkela\tLauman\tala\tmaluna.,Kawai\tgrab\tDET\tLauman\trise\tup,Kawai pulled Lauman up (from his bed). OR: Kawai grabbed Lauman and [he] rose up (from his bed).,,"It is unclear whether a serial verb construction is involved here, but it seems quite plausible.",,,naturalistic written,"Kawai paa kela Lauman ala maluna.",,Kawai grab DET Lauman rise up,"It is unclear whether a serial verb construction is involved here, but it seems quite plausible.",own data 1899,,11105, +71-149,71,Hele kokua kela pake ala maluna.,Hele\tkokua\tkela\tpake\tala\tmaluna.,go\thelp\tDET\tChinese\trise\tup,I went to help the Chinese get up.,,The word 'pull' is not used but kokua ala 'help get up' is a similar concept.,,,naturalistic written,"Hele kokua kela pake ala maluna.",,go help DET Chinese rise up,"The word 'pull' is not used but kokua ala 'help get up' is a similar concept.",Own data 1896,,11106, +71-150,71,Oukou hapai wau huipu Kakina maluna kela kua.,Oukou\thapai\twau\thuipu\tKakina\tmaluna\tkela\tkua.,2PL\tlift\t1SG\ttogether.with\tKakina\tup\tDET\tback,You pull Kakina and I up from our backs.,,The sentence is metaphorical in terms of social betterment.,,,naturalistic written,"Oukou hapai wau huipu Kakina maluna kela kua.",,2PL lift 1SG together.with Kakina up DET back,The sentence is metaphorical in terms of social betterment.,own data 1910,,11107, +71-151,71,Oe aole pono kau maluna o kela lio.,Oe\taole\tpono\tkau\tmaluna\to\tkela\tlio.,2SG\tNEG\tshould\tmount\tupon\tPOSS\tDET\thorse,You shouldn't mount my horse.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Oe aole pono kau maluna o kela lio.",,2SG NEG should mount upon POSS DET horse,,own data 1890,,11108, +71-152,71,Oe ike kela dala kela pukiki poina maluna kela pahu?,Oe\tike\tkela\tdala\tkela\tpukiki\tpoina\tmaluna\tkela\tpahu?,2SG\tsee\tDET\tmoney\t[DET\tPortuguese\tforget\tupon\tDET\tbox],Did you see the money that the Portuguese left on the box?,,,,,naturalistic written,Oe ike kela dala kela pukiki poina maluna kela pahu?,,2SG see DET money [DET Portuguese forget upon DET box],,Own data 1908,,11109, +72-130,72,Karu im top la im kankula diya-ngka.,Karu\tim\ttop\tla\tim\tkankula\tdiya-ngka.,child\t3SG\tbe\ton\tit\tup\tdeer-LOC,The child is sitting on top of the deer.,,,922[295],,naturalistic spoken,Karu im top la im kankula diya-ngka.,,child 3SG be on it up deer-LOC,,,,11110, +72-131,72,I bin pulim brom hol.,I\tbin\tpulim\tbrom\thol.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tpull.TR\tfrom\thole,He pulled it out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"I bin pulim brom hol.",,3SG.SBJ PST pull.TR from hole,,Own knowledge,,11111, +72-132,72,I bin pulim holnginyi.,I\tbin\tpulim\thol-nginyi.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\tpull.TR\thole-ABL,He pulled it out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I bin pulim holnginyi.,"I bin pulim hol-nginyi.",3SG.SBJ PST pull.TR hole-ABL,,Own knowledge,,11112, +74-130,74,Lea yáka mámuk hal Maria kápa tlxwap,Lea\tyáka\tmámuk\thal\tMaria\tkápa\ttlxwap,Lea\t3SG\tmake\thaul\tMaria\tat\thole,Lea pulled Maria out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Lea yáka mámuk hal Maria kápa tlxwap,,Lea 3SG make haul Maria at hole,,Own knowledge,,11113, +75-212,75,Noo kinwaensh amanipitaayaahk li shaar daa la boo uschi.,Noo\tkinwaensh\ta-mani-pitaa-yaahk\tli\tshaar\tdaa\tla\tboo\tuschi.,NEG\tlong\tCOMP-loose-pull-1PL.EXCL\tART.M.SG\tcar\tLOC\tART.F.SG\tmud\tfrom,We pulled the car out of the mud in short order. OR: It did not take long to pull the car out of the mud for us.,,"The element dan (also daa) is a general locative preposition. Sometimes it is combined with other prepositions, such as uhchi 'from'.",789[204],,naturalistic written,Noo kinwaensh amanipitaayaahk li shaar daa la boo uschi.,Noo kinwaensh a-mani-pitaa-yaahk li shaar daa la boo uschi.,NEG long COMP-loose-pull-1PL.EXCL ART.M.SG car LOC ART.F.SG mud from,"The element dan (also daa) is a general locative preposition. Sometimes it is combined with other prepositions, such as uhchi 'from'.",,,11114, +75-213,75,Teehkee kiya uchipita la taeb.,Teehkee\tkiya\tuchi-pit-a\tla\ttaeb.,toward\tyou\tin-pull-IMP\tART.F.SG\ttable,Pull the table toward you.,,,789[337],,naturalistic written,Teehkee kiya uchipita la taeb.,Teehkee kiya uchi-pit-a la taeb.,toward you in-pull-IMP ART.F.SG table,,,,11115, +1-209,1,Mi za ron go na fotte.,Mi\tsa\tron\tgo\tna\tfoto.,1SG\tFUT\trun\tgo\tLOC\tfort,I'll run to the Fort (i.e. Paramaribo).,,"The verb 'go' indicates direction away from the deictic centre, here following the manner verb 'run'.",1527[83],,written,Mi za ron go na fotte.,Mi sa ron go na foto.,1SG FUT run go LOC fort,"The verb 'go' indicates direction away from the deictic centre, here following the manner verb 'run'.",,,11116,Dutch: Ik wil gaauw na het Fort loopen. [op.cit.] +1-210,1,Gado ben sendi hem pikin komm na wi.,Gado\tben\tseni\ten\tpikin\tkon\tna\twi.,God\tPST\tsend\t3SG\tchild\tcome\tLOC\t1PL,God sent his child to us.,,"The verb kon 'come' indicates direction toward the deictic centre, here following the transitive verb seni 'send'.",1357[152],,written (dictionary),Gado ben sendi hem pikin komm na wi.,Gado ben seni en pikin kon na wi.,God PST send 3SG child come LOC 1PL,"The verb kon 'come' indicates direction toward the deictic centre, here following the transitive verb seni 'send'.",,,11117, +1-211,1,"Onoe sa moesoe goo foe kiesie dem, en tiarrie dem kom nà fotto.","Unu\tsa\tmusu\tgo\tfu\tkisi\tden,\ten\ttyari\tden\tkon\tna\tfoto.",2PL\tFUT\tmust\tgo\tfor\tcatch\t3PL\tand\tbring\t3PL\tcome\tLOC\tfort,"You should go capture them, and bring them to the Fort (i.e. Paramaribo).",,"The verb kon 'come' indicates direction toward the deictic centre, here following the transitive verb tyari bring'.",1437[art.7],,written,"Onoe sa moesoe goo foe kiesie dem, en tiarrie dem kom nà fotto.","Unu sa musu go fu kisi den, en tyari den kon na foto.",2PL FUT must go for catch 3PL and bring 3PL come LOC fort,"The verb kon 'come' indicates direction toward the deictic centre, here following the transitive verb tyari bring'.",,,11118, +2-216,2,Yu kan tyari wan suma go a wan tehuis.,Yu\tkan\ttyari\twan\tsuma\tgo\ta\twan\ttehuis.,2SG\tcan\tcarry\tART\tperson\tgo\tLOC\tART\tnursing.home,You can take someone to a nursing home.,,,1606[80],,naturalistic spoken,Yu kan tyari wan suma go a wan tehuis.,,2SG can carry ART person go LOC ART nursing.home,,,,11119, +2-217,2,"A ben rij kon na post na mi tog, tra dei tog, tra esde.","A\tben\trij\tkon\tna\tpost\tna\tmi\ttog,\ttra\tdei\ttog,\ttra\tesde.",3SG\tPST\tride\tcome\tLOC\tpost\tLOC\tme\tTAG\tother\tday\tTAG\tother\tyesterday.,"He had come to me at the station the other day, the day before yesterday.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"A ben rij kon na post na mi tog, tra dei tog, tra esde.",,3SG PST ride come LOC post LOC me TAG other day TAG other yesterday.,,"Winford data, Tape 8-a",,11120, +3-105,3,Mi manda hɛn go a di wosu.,Mi\tmanda\thɛn\tgo\ta\tdi\twosu.,1SG\tsend\t3SG\tgo\tLOC\tDEF.SG\thouse,I sent him to the house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi manda hɛn go a di wosu.,,1SG send 3SG go LOC DEF.SG house,,Fieldwork data,,11121, +3-106,3,A bi tjá njanjá kó d'én.,A\tbi\ttjá\tnjanjá\tkó\td'-én.,3SG\tTNS\tcarry\tfood\tcome\tgive-3SG,He brought him food.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A bi tjá njanjá kó d'én.,A bi tjá njanjá kó d'-én.,3SG TNS carry food come give-3SG,,Fieldwork data,,11122, +4-143,4,A subi go anda.,A\tsubi\tgo\tanda.,he\tclimb\tgo\tover.there,He climbed over there.,,,284,,naturalistic spoken,A subi go anda.,,he climb go over.there,,,,11123, +5-144,5,mi git op an mi ron go a di sailin,mi\tgit\top\tan\tmi\tron\tgo\ta\tdi\tsailin,1SG\tget\tup\tand\t1SG\trun\tgo\tto\tthe\tsideline,I got up and ran to the sideline canal.,,,"1281[147, line 367]",,naturalistic spoken,mi git op an mi ron go a di sailin,,1SG get up and 1SG run go to the sideline,,,,11124, +6-88,6,Come go theatre.,Come\tgo\ttheatre.,come\tgo\ttheatre,Let's go to the theatre.,,,1431[146],,constructed by linguist,Come go theatre.,,come go theatre,,,,11125, +7-198,7,Shi sen i pikni go a shap.,Shi\tsen\ti\tpikni\tgo\ta\tshap.,3SG\tsend\tART/3SG\tchild\tgo\tLOC\tshop,She sent the/her child to the shop.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Shi sen i pikni go a shap.,,3SG send ART/3SG child go LOC shop,,Own knowledge,,11126, +8-133,8,Maikal waak go a skuul.,Maikal\twaak\tgo\ta\tskuul.,Michael\twalk\tgo\tto\tschool,Michael walked to school.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Maikal waak go a skuul.,,Michael walk go to school,,Own knowledge,,11127, +10-192,10,Beda Taiga swim gaan shuo.,Beda\tTaiga\tswim\tgaan\tshuo.,Brother\tTiger\tswim\tgo.PFV\tshore,Brother Tiger swam to the shore.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Beda Taiga swim gaan shuo.,,Brother Tiger swim go.PFV shore,,Unpublished field recordings,,11128, +10-194,10,Dionis jos lef gaan.,Dionis\tjos\tlef\tgaan.,Dionis\tjust\tleave\tgo.PFV,Dionis just left.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dionis jos lef gaan.,,Dionis just leave go.PFV,,Field notes 2008,,11129, +10-196,10,Naansi jomp op an ron gaan lef Beda Taiga de egen.,Naansi\tjomp\top\tan\tron\tgaan\tlef\tBeda\tTaiga\tde\tegen.,Anancy\tjump\tup\tand\trun\tgo.PFV\tleave\tBrother\tTiger\tDEM.LOC\tagain,"Anacy jumped up and run away, leaving Brother Tiger there again.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Naansi jomp op an ron gaan lef Beda Taiga de egen.,,Anancy jump up and run go.PFV leave Brother Tiger DEM.LOC again,,Unpublished field recordings,,11130, +11-264,11,So shi hori gaan an get di oubia wuman meek di “help mi”.,So\tshi\thori\tgaan\tan\tget\tdi\toubia\twuman\tmeek\tdi\t“help\tmi”.,so\t3SG.F\thurry\tgo.PST\tand\tget\tART.DEF\tobeah\twoman\tmake\tART.DEF\thelp\t1SG,So she hurried to the obeah woman and got her to make the “help mi”.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,So shi hori gaan an get di oubia wuman meek di “help mi”.,,so 3SG.F hurry go.PST and get ART.DEF obeah woman make ART.DEF help 1SG,,,,11131, +13-151,13,"He run come back in here say, ""Oh! oh!""","He\trun\tcome\tback\tin\there\tsay,\t""Oh!\toh!""",he\trun\tcome\tback\tin\there\tsay\toh\toh,"He ran back in here saying ""Oh! oh!""",,,330[43],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,"He run come back in here say, ""Oh! oh!""",,he run come back in here say oh oh,,,,11132, +15-114,15,i dɔn drɛb dɛm go na do,i\tdɔn\tdrɛb\tdɛm\tgo\tna\tdo,3SG\tPFV\tdrive\tthem\tgo\tLOC\toutside,He has driven them out (of the house).,,,1074[109],,naturalistic written,i dɔn drɛb dɛm go na do,,3SG PFV drive them go LOC outside,,,,11133, +16-117,16,wɔta kari àm go,wɔta\tkari\tàm\tgo,water\tcarry\t3SG.OBJ\tgo,The water carried it away.,,,656[237],,naturalistic spoken,wɔta kari àm go,,water carry 3SG.OBJ go,,,,11134, +16-118,16,dɛ viliʤ viliʤ pikin ɔ rɔn kɔm hiɛ,dɛ\tviliʤ~viliʤ\tpikin\tɔ\trɔn\tkɔm\thiɛ,ART\tvillage~village\tchild\tall\trun\tcome\there,The children from the villages are all running to this place.,,,656[237],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ viliʤ viliʤ pikin ɔ rɔn kɔm hiɛ,dɛ viliʤ~viliʤ pikin ɔ rɔn kɔm hiɛ,ART village~village child all run come here,,,,11135, +17-145,17,Ìm kari nayf ko̱m.,Ìm\tkari\tnayf\tko̱m.,3SG.SBJ\tcarry\tknife\tcome.LOC,S/he brought the knife.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ìm kari nayf ko̱m.,,3SG.SBJ carry knife come.LOC,,Own knowledge,,11136, +18-125,18,Im kari naif go.,Im\tkari\tnaif\tgo.,3SG\tcarry\tknife\tgo,She/He took the knife away.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Im kari naif go.,,3SG carry knife go,,,,11137, +18-126,18,Pikin dem di run kom hya.,Pikin\tdem\tdi\trun\tkom\thya.,child\tPL\tIPFV\trun\tcome\there,The children are running to this place.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Pikin dem di run kom hya.,,child PL IPFV run come here,,,,11138, +18-127,18,I bin tek di naif komot.,I\tbin\ttek\tdi\tnaif\tkomot.,3SG.SBJ\tPST\ttake\tDEF.ART\tknife\tcome.out,He/She took the knife away.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,I bin tek di naif komot.,,3SG.SBJ PST take DEF.ART knife come.out,,,,11139, +19-167,19,À kɛràn go nà comedor.,À\tkɛr=àn\tgo\tnà\tcomedor.,1SG.SBJ\tcarry=3SG.OBJ\tgo\tLOC\tdining.room,I carried him to the dining room.,,,1634[638],,naturalistic spoken,"À kɛràn go nà comedor.","À kɛr=àn go nà comedor.",1SG.SBJ carry=3SG.OBJ go LOC dining.room,,,,11140, +19-168,19,Kɛr dì mòtó yù bring kan fɔ̀ ya!,Kɛr\tdì\tmòtó\tyù\tbring\tkan\tfɔ̀\tya!,take\tDEF\tcar\t2SG\tbring\tcome\tASSOC\there,Take the car and bring it here!,,,1634[624],,naturalistic spoken,"Kɛr dì mòtó yù bring kan fɔ̀ ya!",,take DEF car 2SG bring come ASSOC here,,,,11141, +20-123,20,You sendee three dozen go my houso.,You\tsendee\tthree\tdozen\tgo\tmy\thouso.,2SG\tsend\tthree\tdozen\tgo\t1SG.POSS\thouse,Send three dozens to my house.,,,1489[VI.30],,naturalistic written,You sendee three dozen go my houso.,,2SG send three dozen go 1SG.POSS house,,,㕭仙地地(竹+厘)打臣哥買口素,11142, +21-116,21,Kong Kong send them go school.,Kong Kong send them go school.,grandfather send 3PL go school,Grandfather sends/sent them to school.,,"This is more basilectal Singlish, cf. Kong Kong send them to school.",,,constructed by linguist,Kong Kong send them go school.,,grandfather send 3PL go school,"This is more basilectal Singlish, cf. Kong Kong send them to school.",Own knowledge,,11143, +21-117,21,Take the book bring come.,Take\tthe\tbook\tbring\tcome.,take\tDET\tbook\tbring\tcome,Bring the book here/ to me.,,"This is a very basilectal example, cf. give/bring me the book.",,,own knowledge,Take the book bring come.,,take DET book bring come,"This is a very basilectal example, cf. give/bring me the book.",Own knowledge,,11144, +22-148,22,Baga ia torome kam autsaid ia.,Baga\tia\ttorome\tkam\tautsaid\tia.,bugger\tFOC\tthrow.away\tcome\toutside\tFOC,The bugger threw it outside.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Baga ia torome kam autsaid ia.,,bugger FOC throw.away come outside FOC,,,,11145, +22-149,22,Meri ia [...] kisim dispela kanu pusim kam long wara.,Meri\tia\t[...]\tkisim\tdispela\tkanu\tpusim\tkam\tlong\twara.,woman\tFOC\t[...]\ttake\tthis\tcanoe\tpush\tcome\tPREP\twater,The woman [...] pushed the canoe into the water.,,,584[Simbu M 18],,naturalistic spoken,Meri ia [...] kisim dispela kanu pusim kam long wara.,,woman FOC [...] take this canoe push come PREP water,,,,11146, +22-150,22,Ol dokta salim em i go bek.,Ol\tdokta\tsalim\tem\ti\tgo\tbek.,PL\tdoctor\tsend\t3SG\tPM\tgo\tback,The doctors sent him back.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,Ol dokta salim em i go bek.,,PL doctor send 3SG PM go back,,,,11147, +22-151,22,Mi kisim sampla banana kam.,Mi\tkisim\tsampla\tbanana\tkam.,1SG\ttake\tsome\tbanana\tcome,I brought some bananas.,,,584[Simbu F16],,naturalistic spoken,Mi kisim sampla banana kam.,,1SG take some banana come,,,,11148, +23-135,23,"Lili i putum top blong rop long han blong hem, hem i pusum i go","Lili\ti\tputum\ttop\tblong\trop\tlong\than\tblong\them,\them\ti\tpusum\ti\tgo",Lili\tAGR\tput\ttop\tPOSS\tvine\tin\thand\tPOSS\t3SG\t3SG\tAGR\tpush\tAGR\tgo,Lili put the top of the vine in her hand and pushed it forward.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"Lili i putum top blong rop long han blong hem, hem i pusum i go",,Lili AGR put top POSS vine in hand POSS 3SG 3SG AGR push AGR go,,,,11149, +23-136,23,afta oli sakem mi i go long solwota,afta\toli\tsakem\tmi\ti\tgo\tlong\tsolwota,after\tAGR\tchuck\t1SG\tAGR\tgo\tin\tsalt.water,Then they chucked me in the ocean.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,afta oli sakem mi i go long solwota,,after AGR chuck 1SG AGR go in salt.water,,,,11150, +23-137,23,Gavman i mas putum iko long palimen.,Gavman\ti\tmas\tputum\tiko\tlong\tpalimen.,government\tAGR\tmust\tput\tAGR.go\tto\tparliament,The government must put (the law) to parliament.,,,,,naturalistic written,Gavman i mas putum iko long palimen.,,government AGR must put AGR.go to parliament,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 20 June 1998",,11151, +27-109,27,Bring di difman ko.,Bring\tdi\tdifman\tko.,bring\tDET\tthief\tcome,Bring the thief here!,,,355[16],,naturalistic spoken,Bring di difman ko.,,bring DET thief come,,,,11152, +28-137,28,alma kɛnɛ ʃimatɛ fan danga mutɛ oflar,alma\tkɛnɛ\tʃima-tɛ\tfan\tdanga\tmu-tɛ\toflaru,all\tperson\tmove-PFV\tfrom\tthere\tgo-PFV\teverywhere,Everybody moved away from there to all sorts of places.,,,737[412],,naturalistic spoken,alma kɛnɛ ʃimatɛ fan danga mutɛ oflar,alma kɛnɛ ʃima-tɛ fan danga mu-tɛ oflaru,all person move-PFV from there go-PFV everywhere,,,,11153, +28-138,28,afti skiftɛ kumtɛ diskandi [...],afta\tiʃi\tskifu-tɛ\tkumu-tɛ\tdiʃi-kandi\t[...],after\t1PL\tmove-PRF\tcome-PRF\tthis-side\t[...],After we moved to this place [...],,,737[412],,naturalistic spoken,afti skiftɛ kumtɛ diskandi [...],afta iʃi skifu-tɛ kumu-tɛ diʃi-kandi [...],after 1PL move-PRF come-PRF this-side [...],,,,11154, +33-230,33,I nada i bin li.,I\tnada\ti\tbin\tli.,3SG\tswim\t3SG\tcome\there,He came swimming.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I nada i bin li.,,3SG swim 3SG come here,,Own knowledge,,11155, +34-135,34,Joŋ koré (i) bay Sicor. — Joŋ jantí (i) bay Sicor.,Joŋ ø koré (i) bay Sicor. - Joŋ ø jantí (i) bay Sicor.,John PFV run (3SG.SBJ) go Ziguinchor   John PFV hurry (3SG.SBJ) go Ziguinchor,John went at once to Ziguinchor. — John hurried to go to Ziguinchor.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Joŋ koré (i) bay Sicor. — Joŋ jantí (i) bay Sicor.","Joŋ ø koré (i) bay Sicor. - Joŋ ø jantí (i) bay Sicor.",John PFV run (3SG.SBJ) go Ziguinchor John PFV hurry (3SG.SBJ) go Ziguinchor,,Own knowledge,,11156, +35-186,35,Nansê ka subli ba ôbô ê!,Nansê\tka\tsubli\tba\tôbô\tê!,2PL\tIPFV\tgo.up\tgo\tforest\tPCL,You go up to the forest!,,PCL = discourse particle,,,naturalistic spoken,Nansê ka subli ba ôbô ê!,,2PL IPFV go.up go forest PCL,PCL = discourse particle,Own data,,11157, +35-187,35,Ê tom'e bi ku ê.,Ê\ttom'=e\tbi\tku\tê.,3SG\ttake=3SG\tcome\twith\t3SG,He brought it. OR: He took it and brought it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ê tom'e bi ku ê.,Ê tom'=e bi ku ê.,3SG take=3SG come with 3SG,,Own data,,11158, +36-110,36,Ê landa ba paa.,Ê\tlanda\tba\tpaa.,3SG\tswim\tgo\tbeach,He swam to the beach.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê landa ba paa.",,3SG swim go beach,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,11159, +37-141,37,Ê kwê we kaxi sê.,Ê\tkwê\twe\tkaxi\tsê.,3SG\trun\tgo\thouse\tPOSS.3SG,She ran home.,,,905[119],,elicited from speaker,"Ê kwê we kaxi sê.",,3SG run go house POSS.3SG,,,,11160, +37-142,37,Ê landa vika.,Ê\tlanda\tvika.,3SG\tswim\tcome,She arrived swimming.,,,905[119],,elicited from speaker,"Ê landa vika.",,3SG swim come,,,,11161, +37-143,37,Ê kwê subi ôkê sê.,Ê\tkwê\tsubi\tôkê\tsê.,3SG\trun\tgo.up\thill\tDEM,She ran up the hill.,,,905,,elicited from speaker,"Ê kwê subi ôkê sê.",,3SG run go.up hill DEM,,,,11162, +38-156,38,Ngisyi sa vatu masy ske va ba libadeli.,Nge-isyi\tsa\tvatu\tmasy\tske\tva\tba\tliba-de\teli.,person-DEM\tbe\tcourageous\tmost\tIRR\tjump\tgo\ton.top-of\t3SG,The most courageous person will jump on top of it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ngisyi sa vatu masy ske va ba libadeli.,Nge-isyi sa vatu masy ske va ba liba-de eli.,person-DEM be courageous most IRR jump go on.top-of 3SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,11163, +42-145,42,eli ja andá bai kaza,eli\tja\tandá\tbai\tkaza,3SG\tPFV\twalk\tgo\thouse,He walked home.,,,122[212],,elicited from speaker,"eli ja andá bai kaza",,3SG PFV walk go house,,,,11164, +42-146,42,eli ja andá beng kaza,eli\tja\tandá\tbeng\tkaza,3SG\tPFV\twalk\tcome\thouse,He walked home.,,,122[212],,elicited from speaker,"eli ja andá beng kaza",,3SG PFV walk come house,,,,11165, +47-164,47,E bebi a gatia bai den kushina.,E\tbebi\ta\tgatia\tbai\tden\tkushina.,DEF\tbaby\tPFV\tcreep\tgo\tin\tkitchen,The baby crept into the kitchen.,,,1023[361],,published source,E bebi a gatia bai den kushina.,,DEF baby PFV creep go in kitchen,,,,11166, +49-257,49,Li voye bòn nan ale.,Li\tvoye\tbòn\tnan\tale.,3SG\tsend\tmaid\tDEF\tgo,He/She dismissed the maid.,,,1505[753],,naturalistic spoken,Li voye bòn nan ale.,,3SG send maid DEF go,,,,11167,French: Il/Elle a congédié la bonne. +50-157,50,An voyé'y alé Lapwent.,An\tvoyé'y\talé\tLapwent.,1SG\tsend.3SG\tgo\tPointe-à-Pitre,I sent it to Pointe-à-Pitre.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An voyé'y alé Lapwent.,,1SG send.3SG go Pointe-à-Pitre,,Own fieldwork,,11168, +50-158,50,"Timoun-la té ka pléré, manman-y menné-y alé.","Timoun-la\tté\tka\tpléré,\tmanman-y\tmenné-y\talé.",child-DEF\tPST\tPROG\tcry\tmother-POSS\ttake-it\tgo,"The child cried, his mother took him along (away from the speaker).",,,850[257],,naturalistic spoken,"Timoun-la té ka pléré, manman-y menné-y alé.",,child-DEF PST PROG cry mother-POSS take-it go,,,,11169,"French: L'enfant pleurait, sa mère l'a emmené." +51-144,51,Man vréyé'y alé Baspwent.,Man\tvréyé'y\talé\tBaspwent.,1SG\tsend.3SG\tgo\tBasse-Pointe,I sent it to Basse-Pointe.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man vréyé'y alé Baspwent.,,1SG send.3SG go Basse-Pointe,,Own fieldwork,,11170, +52-91,52,manman ka voyé timoun alé lékol,manman\tka\tvoyé\ttimoun\talé\tlékol,mother\tPROG\tsend\tchild\tgo\tschool,Mom is sending her child to school.,,,,,elicited from speaker,manman ka voyé timoun alé lékol,,mother PROG send child go school,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,11171, +55-156,55,"li pe plore, praṅ li ale","li\tpe\tplore,\tpraṅ\tli\tale",3SG\tPROG\tcry\ttake.IMP\t3SG\tgo,"It cries, take it and go away.",,,768,,elicited from speaker,"li pe plore, praṅ li ale",,3SG PROG cry take.IMP 3SG go,,,,11172,"French: Il pleure, prends-le et pars!" +56-155,56,La nou kouri nou ale.,La\tnou\tkouri\tnou\tale.,then\t1PL\trun\t1PL\tgo,Then we ran/went away.,,,955[51],,naturalistic spoken,"La nou kouri nou ale.",,then 1PL run 1PL go,,,,11173, +67-175,67,Hari-hari jalan-jalan sini datang Geylang Balu Kampong.,Hari~hari\tjalan~jalan\tsini\tdatang\tGeylang\tBalu\tKampong.,day~day\twalk~walk\there\tcome\tGeylang\tBahru\tvillage,"Everyday, [I] walk here to Geylang Bahru.",,,708[119],,naturalistic spoken,"Hari-hari jalan-jalan sini datang Geylang Balu Kampong.","Hari~hari jalan~jalan sini datang Geylang Balu Kampong.",day~day walk~walk here come Geylang Bahru village,,,,11174, +69-64,69,mən pambaysambi wambi taŋgay kandək,mən\tpambaysa-mbi\twa-mbi\ttaŋgay\tkandək,3SG\tcarry-DEP\tgo-DEP\tbeach\tOBL,(They) carried it to the beach.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mən pambaysambi wambi taŋgay kandək,mən pambaysa-mbi wa-mbi taŋgay kandək,3SG carry-DEP go-DEP beach OBL,,Own field notes 1985,,11175, +71-153,71,Moaka lawe kela wahine ia Kipau hele ma Koloa.,Moaka\tlawe\tkela\twahine\tia\tKipau\thele\tma\tKoloa.,Moaka\ttake\tDET\twife\tOBJ\tKipau\tgo\tLOC\tKoloa,Moaka took Kipau's wife away to Koloa.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Moaka lawe kela wahine ia Kipau hele ma Koloa.",,Moaka take DET wife OBJ Kipau go LOC Koloa,,Own data 1885,,11176, +71-154,71,Mahope kela Kepani kii mai hopu iaia hele.,Mahope\tkela\tKepani\tkii\tmai\thopu\tiaia\thele.,later\tDET\tJapanese\tfetch\tDIR\tseize\t3SG\tgo,Then the Japanese took him away.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Mahope kela Kepani kii mai hopu iaia hele.",,later DET Japanese fetch DIR seize 3SG go,,Own data 1892,,11177, +71-155,71,Pehea oe loihi hele pimai?,Pehea\toe\tloihi\thele\tpimai?,why\t2SG\tlong\tgo\tcome,Why did it take so long for you to come?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Pehea oe loihi hele pimai?","Pehea oe loihi hele pimai?",why 2SG long go come,,Own data 1909,,11178, +2-218,2,A man teki swarfu dosu fringi naki.,A\tman\tteki\tswarfu\tdosu\tfringi\tnaki.,the\tman\ttake\tmatch\tbox\tthrow\thit,The man takes the matchbox and throws it and hits.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"A man teki swarfu dosu fringi naki.",,the man take match box throw hit,,"Winford data, Tape 56-b",,11179, +2-219,2,Kande a man teki omeni poti ini en saka kba.,Kande\ta\tman\tteki\tomeni\tpoti\tini\ten\tsaka\tkba.,maybe\tthe\tman\ttake\thow.much\tput\tinto\t3SG\tpocket\talready,Maybe the man took a lot for his own pocket already.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Kande a man teki omeni poti ini en saka kba.",,maybe the man take how.much put into 3SG pocket already,,"Winford data, Tape 56-b",,11180, +2-220,2,Mi papa e teki moro furu aandacht gi a man.,Mi\tpapa\te\tteki\tmoro\tfuru\taandacht\tgi\ta\tman.,my\tfather\tIPFV\ttake\tmore\tfull\tattention\tgive\tthe\tman,My father pays more attention to the man.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mi papa e teki moro furu aandacht gi a man.",,my father IPFV take more full attention give the man,,"Winford data, Tape 14-a",,11181, +2-221,2,"Hey, den man, den man e teki a sani e meki grap.","Hey,\tden\tman,\tden\tman\te\tteki\ta\tsani\te\tmeki\tgrap.",hey\tthe.PL\tman\tthe.PL\tman\tIPFV\ttake\tDET\tthing\tIPFV\tmake\tjoke,"Hey, they are making the joke of the matter.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Hey, den man, den man e teki a sani e meki grap.",,hey the.PL man the.PL man IPFV take DET thing IPFV make joke,,"Winford data, Tape 14-b",,11182, +3-107,3,A tei hɛn buta ala.,A\ttei\thɛn\tbuta\tala.,3SG\ttake\t3SG\tput\tover.there,She put it over there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"A tei hɛn buta ala.",,3SG take 3SG put over.there,,Fieldwork data,,11183, +4-144,4,"Awansi fa wan kau bun, ná teke patata tetei tei en.","Awansi\tfa\twan\tkau\tbun,\tná\tteke\tpatata\ttetei\ttei\ten.",although\thow\ta\tcow\tgood\tNEG\ttake\tpotato\tstring\ttie\tit,"No matter how good a cow is, don't use potato vine to tie her up.",,,661[390],,naturalistic spoken,"Awansi fa wan kau bun, ná teke patata tetei tei en.",,although how a cow good NEG take potato string tie it,,,,11184, +4-145,4,Meki mi teki wan span bangi gi i no.,Meki\tmi\tteki\twan\tspan\tbangi\tgi\ti\tno.,make\tme\ttake\ta\tsolid\tseat\tgive\tyou\tokay,"Let me give you a seat, okay.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Meki mi teki wan span bangi gi i no.,,make me take a solid seat give you okay,,,,11185, +5-145,5,dem tek mi baag put am pon di grong,dem\ttek\tmi\tbaag\tput\tam\tpon\tdi\tgrong,3PL\ttake\tPOSS.1SG\tbag\tput\tit\ton\tthe\tground,They put my bag on the ground. OR: They took my bag and put it on the ground.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"dem tek mi baag put am pon di grong",,3PL take POSS.1SG bag put it on the ground,,Own knowledge,,11186, +5-146,5,ii tek ii teel put bitwiin ii fut an waak wee,ii\ttek\tii\tteel\tput\tbitwiin\tii\tfut\tan\twaak\twee,3SG\ttake\tPOSS.3SG\ttail\tput\tbetween\tPOSS.3SG\tfoot\tand\twalk\taway,He put his tail between his legs and walked away.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ii tek ii teel put bitwiin ii fut an waak wee",,3SG take POSS.3SG tail put between POSS.3SG foot and walk away,,Own knowledge,,11187, +5-147,5,ii tek wan klaat waip di teebl,ii\ttek\twan\tklaat\twaip\tdi\tteebl,3SG\ttake\tINDF.ART\tcloth\twipe\tDEF.ART\ttable,He wiped the table with a cloth.,,This construction has a different implication for its seeming equivalent /ii waip di teebl wid wan klaat/. The serial construction 'take X do Y' has the implication that the action is deliberate and planned. The non-serial construction does not have such an implication.,,,constructed by linguist,"ii tek wan klaat waip di teebl",,3SG take INDF.ART cloth wipe DEF.ART table,This construction has a different implication for its seeming equivalent /ii waip di teebl wid wan klaat/. The serial construction 'take X do Y' has the implication that the action is deliberate and planned. The non-serial construction does not have such an implication.,Own knowledge,,11188, +7-200,7,I tek shi keri shi a koot.,I\ttek\tshi\tkeri\tshi\ta\tkoot.,3SG\ttake\t3SG\tcarry\t3SG\tLOC\tcourt,He/She took her to court.,,It is not to be imagined that the 'she' referred to in the utterance is literally/physically carried to the court.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I tek shi keri shi a koot.,,3SG take 3SG carry 3SG LOC court,It is not to be imagined that the 'she' referred to in the utterance is literally/physically carried to the court.,Own knowledge,,11189, +7-201,7,A wish a koda juhs teik shi an keri shi rait we a get shi.,A\twish\ta\tkod-a\tjuhs\tteik\tshi\tan\tkeri\tshi\trait\twe\ta\tget\tshi.,1SG\twish\t1SG\tcould-PCL\tjust\ttake\t3SG\tand\tcarry\t3SG\tright\twhere\t1SG\tget\t3SG,I wish I could just take her back to where I found her.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,A wish a koda juhs teik shi an keri shi rait we a get shi.,A wish a kod-a juhs teik shi an keri shi rait we a get shi.,1SG wish 1SG could-PCL just take 3SG and carry 3SG right where 1SG get 3SG,,Own knowledge,,11190, +7-202,7,Mi tek di bat ge shi wan kraas shi bak.,Mi\ttek\tdi\tbat\tge\tshi\twan\tkraas\tshi\tbak.,1SG\ttake\tART\tbat\tgive\t3SG\tone\tacross\t3SG\tback,I took the bat and gave her a blow across her back. OR: I gave her a blow across her back with the bat.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi tek di bat ge shi wan kraas shi bak.,,1SG take ART bat give 3SG one across 3SG back,,Own knowledge,,11191, +7-203,7,I tek wod pot uhm pan gruhng.,I\ttek\twod\tpot\tuhm\tpan\tgruhng.,3SG\ttake\twood\tput\t3.OBJ\ton\tground,He took the wood and put it on the ground.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I tek wod pot uhm pan gruhng.,,3SG take wood put 3.OBJ on ground,,Own knowledge,,11192, +8-134,8,Siera tek bokit kech waata a di paip.,Siera\ttek\tbokit\tkech\twaata\ta\tdi\tpaip.,Sarah\ttake\tbucket\tcatch\twater\tat\tDET\tpipe,Sara caught water at the pipe with a bucket.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Siera tek bokit kech waata a di paip.,,Sarah take bucket catch water at DET pipe,,Own knowledge,,11193, +10-197,10,Beda Taiga gaan an tek ihn mama an ker im da Beda Naansi fi ihn tend tu him.,Beda\tTaiga\tgaan\tan\ttek\tihn\tmama\tan\tker\tim\tda\tBeda\tNaansi\tfi\tihn\ttend\ttu\thim.,Brother\tTiger\tgo.ANT\tand\ttake\t3SG.POSS\tmother\tand\tcarry\t3SG\tto\tBrother\tAnansi\tCOMP\t3SG\ttend\tto\t3SG,Brother Tiger took his mother to Brother Anansi for him to tend to her.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Beda Taiga gaan an tek ihn mama an ker im da Beda Naansi fi ihn tend tu him.",,Brother Tiger go.ANT and take 3SG.POSS mother and carry 3SG to Brother Anansi COMP 3SG tend to 3SG,,Unpublished field recordings,,11194, +10-198,10,Ihn kot di miit wid di naif.,Ihn\tkot\tdi\tmiit\twid\tdi\tnaif.,3SG\tcut\tART.DEF\tmeat\tINS\tART.DEF\tknife,She cut the meat with the knife.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ihn kot di miit wid di naif.",,3SG cut ART.DEF meat INS ART.DEF knife,,Field notes 2008,,11195, +10-199,10,Ihn put di bag pan di tiebl.,Ihn\tput\tdi\tbag\tpan\tdi\ttiebl.,3SG\tput\tART.DEF\tbag\tupon\tART.DEF\ttable,She put the bag on the table.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ihn put di bag pan di tiebl.,,3SG put ART.DEF bag upon ART.DEF table,,Own knowledge,,11196, +11-265,11,Shi kot di miit wid di naif.,Shi\tkot\tdi\tmiit\twid\tdi\tnaif.,3SG.F\tcut\tART.DEF\tmeat\tINS\tART.DEF\tknife,She cut the meat with the knife.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Shi kot di miit wid di naif.",,3SG.F cut ART.DEF meat INS ART.DEF knife,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,11197, +11-266,11,Ih tek di ruop an put it roun ih nek kwik.,Ih\ttek\tdi\truop\tan\tput\tit\troun\tih\tnek\tkwik.,3SG\ttake\tART.DEF\trope\tand\tput\t3SG\tround\t3SG.POSS\tneck\tquick,He took the rope and quickly put it around his neck.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Ih tek di ruop an put it roun ih nek kwik.",,3SG take ART.DEF rope and put 3SG round 3SG.POSS neck quick,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,11198, +11-267,11,Yu wa tek yu duori an yu gwain Pearl Lagoon.,Yu\twa\ttek\tyu\tduori\tan\tyu\tgwain\tPearl\tLagoon.,2SG\tFUT\ttake\t2SG.POSS\tcanoe\tand\t2SG\tgo.FUT\tPearl\tLagoon,You will take your canoe and go to Pearl Lagoon.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu wa tek yu duori an yu gwain Pearl Lagoon.",,2SG FUT take 2SG.POSS canoe and 2SG go.FUT Pearl Lagoon,,,,11199, +12-210,12,"My son, take this two - and go buy two dollars worth of oil.",[...]\ttake\tthis\ttwo\t[...]\tdollars\t[...],[...]\ttake[IMP]\tDEM\ttwo\t[...]\tdollar.PL\t[...],[...] take these two dollars and buy [...].,,,,,written (literary),"My son, take this two - and go buy two dollars worth of oil.",[...] take this two [...] dollars [...],[...] take[IMP] DEM two [...] dollar.PL [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11200, +13-152,13,E take stick kill um.,E\ttake\tstick\tkill\tum.,3SG.SBJ\ttake\tstick\tkill\t3SG.OBJ,He killed it with a stick.,,,1500[211],,naturalistic spoken,E take stick kill um.,,3SG.SBJ take stick kill 3SG.OBJ,,,,11201, +13-153,13,Then you take the gravy put əm in a dish.,Then\tyou\ttake\tthe\tgravy\tput\təm\tin\ta\tdish.,then\tyou\ttake\tthe\tgravy\tput\t3SG\tin\ta\tdish,Then you put the gravy in a dish.,,,330[37],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,"Then you take the gravy put əm in a dish.",,then you take the gravy put 3SG in a dish,,,,11202, +15-115,15,a tek nɛf kɔt di bred,a\ttek\tnɛf\tkɔt\tdi\tbred,1SG\ttake\tknife\tcut\tART\tbread,I cut the bread with a knife. OR: I used a knife to cut the bread.,,,518[72],,naturalistic written,a tek nɛf kɔt di bred,,1SG take knife cut ART bread,,,,11203, +15-116,15,a bin tek di klos kam sɛl am na makit,a\tbin\ttek\tdi\tklos\tkam\tsɛl\tam\tna\tmakit,1SG\tPST\ttake\tART\tclothes\tcome\tsell\tit\tLOC\tmarket,I brought the clothes to sell at the market.,,,1580[60],,naturalistic written,a bin tek di klos kam sɛl am na makit,,1SG PST take ART clothes come sell it LOC market,,,,11204, +16-119,16,wì tek dɛ rag put ɔn dɛ ʃea bata,wì\ttek\tdɛ\trag\tput\tɔn\tdɛ\tʃea\tbata,1PL\ttake\tART\trag\tput\ton\tART\tshea\tbutter,We put the rag on the shea butter.,,"The theme often occurs in a fronted position, as in + +tʃako dè dè tek kuk fud fɔ kolpɔt +[charcoal 3PL HAB take cook food for coolpot] +'They cook food on the grill with charcoal.' + +Frequently, tek is semantically empty, as in + +dé tek dε nem tek giv wì auasεf +[they take ART name take give 1PL.REFL] +'We gave that name to ourselves.'",,,naturalistic spoken,wì tek dɛ rag put ɔn dɛ ʃea bata,,1PL take ART rag put on ART shea butter,"The theme often occurs in a fronted position, as in + +tʃako dè dè tek kuk fud fɔ kolpɔt +[charcoal 3PL HAB take cook food for coolpot] +'They cook food on the grill with charcoal.' + +Frequently, tek is semantically empty, as in + +dé tek dε nem tek giv wì auasεf +[they take ART name take give 1PL.REFL] +'We gave that name to ourselves.'",Own fieldwork,,11205, +16-120,16,dis pipu tu dè tek dɛa mɔf put insai,dis\tpipu\ttu\tdè\ttek\tdɛa\tmɔf\tput\tinsai,DEM\tpeople\tFOC\t3PL\ttake\t3PL.POSS\tmouth\tput\tinside,These people meddled/interfered.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dis pipu tu dè tek dɛa mɔf put insai,,DEM people FOC 3PL take 3PL.POSS mouth put inside,,Own fieldwork,,11206, +17-146,17,À tek nayf giv yù.,À\ttek\tnayf\tgiv\tyù.,1SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tgive\t2SG.OBJ,I gave you the knife.,,,"462[75-80, 141-150]",,naturalistic spoken,À tek nayf giv yù.,,1SG.SBJ take.INS knife give 2SG.OBJ,,,,11207, +17-147,17,À gò tek midnayt du-am.,À\tgò\ttek\tmidnayt\tdu-am.,1SG.SBJ\tIRR\ttake\tmidnight\tdo-3SG.OBJ,I will do it at midnight.,,,"462[75-80, 141-150]",,naturalistic spoken,À gò tek midnayt du-am.,,1SG.SBJ IRR take midnight do-3SG.OBJ,,,,11208, +17-148,17,Ìm tek nayf chuk mì fò̱r ay wìt-am.,Ìm\ttek\tnayf\tchuk\tmì\tfò̱r\tay\twìt-am.,3SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tpierce\t1SG.OBJ\tPREP\teye\tPREP.INS-3SG.OBJ,S/he stabbed me in the eye with a knife.,,,"462[75-80, 141-150]",,naturalistic spoken,Ìm tek nayf chuk mì fò̱r ay wìt-am.,,3SG.SBJ take.INS knife pierce 1SG.OBJ PREP eye PREP.INS-3SG.OBJ,,,,11209, +18-130,18,A tek naif giv yu.,A\ttek\tnaif\tgiv\tyu.,1SG.SBJ\ttake\tknife\tgive\t2SG.OBJ,I gave you the knife.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"A tek naif giv yu.",,1SG.SBJ take knife give 2SG.OBJ,,,,11210, +18-131,18,I tek naif chuk mi fo ay.,I\ttek\tnaif\tchuk\tmi\tfo\tay.,3SG.SBJ\ttake\tknife\tstab\t1SG.OBJ\tfor\teye,She/He stabbed me in the eye(s) with a knife.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"I tek naif chuk mi fo ay.",,3SG.SBJ take knife stab 1SG.OBJ for eye,,,,11211, +18-132,18,I tek naif chuk me fo ay wit-am.,I\ttek\tnaif\tchuk\tme\tfo\tay\twit-am.,3SG.SBJ\ttake\tknife\tpierce\t1SG.OBJ\tfor\teye\twith-3SG.OBJ,He/She stabbed me in the eye(s) with a knife.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"I tek naif chuk me fo ay wit-am.",,3SG.SBJ take knife pierce 1SG.OBJ for eye with-3SG.OBJ,,,,11212, +19-169,19,À tekàn putàn pàntáp mì bɛ̀lɛ́.,À\ttek=àn\tput=àn\tpàntáp\tmì\tbɛ̀lɛ́.,1SG.SBJ\ttake=3SG.OBJ\tput=3SG.OBJ\ton\t1SG.POSS\tbelly,I (took him and) put him onto my stomach.,,,1634[520],,naturalistic spoken,"À tekàn putàn pàntáp mì bɛ̀lɛ́.","À tek=àn put=àn pàntáp mì bɛ̀lɛ́.",1SG.SBJ take=3SG.OBJ put=3SG.OBJ on 1SG.POSS belly,,,,11213, +19-170,19,Mì man tek ìn yay è putàn bɔ̀tɔ́n grɔn so.,Mì\tman\ttek\tìn\tyay\tè\tput=àn\tbɔ̀tɔ́n\tgrɔn\tso.,1SG.POSS\tman\ttake\t3SG.POSS\teye\t3SG.SBJ\tput=3SG.OBJ\tbottom\tground\tso,My husband diverted his gaze to the ground.,,,1634[521],,naturalistic spoken,"Mì man tek ìn yay è putàn bɔ̀tɔ́n grɔn so.","Mì man tek ìn yay è put=àn bɔ̀tɔ́n grɔn so.",1SG.POSS man take 3SG.POSS eye 3SG.SBJ put=3SG.OBJ bottom ground so,,,,11214, +19-171,19,Dɛ̀n tek wan blak làpá dɛ̀n kɔba yu.,Dɛ̀n\ttek\twan\tblak\tlàpá\tdɛ̀n\tkɔba\tyu.,3PL\ttake\tone\tblack\tcloth\t3PL\tcover\t2SG.EMPH,They took a black cloth [and] they covered you. OR: They covered you with a black cloth.,,,1634[631],,elicited from speaker,Dɛ̀n tek wan blak làpá dɛ̀n kɔba yu.,,3PL take one black cloth 3PL cover 2SG.EMPH,,,,11215, +24-155,24,Wi tek em veges push et raun ar plet.,Wi\ttek\tem\tveges\tpush\tet\traun\tar\tplet.,we\ttake\tPL\tvegetable\tpush\tunmarked.ANAPH.OBJ.PRO\taround\tDET.INDF.SG\tplate,We took the vegetables and pushed them around the plate.,,Et is the unmarked object anaphoric pronoun.,,,naturalistic spoken,Wi tek em veges push et raun ar plet.,,we take PL vegetable push unmarked.ANAPH.OBJ.PRO around DET.INDF.SG plate,"Et is the unmarked object anaphoric pronoun.",Own fieldwork,,11216, +28-139,28,deki ɛkɛ kujara bentɛ mɛtenjɛ,deki\tɛkɛ\tkujara\tbendi-tɛ\tmɛtɛ\teni-jɛ,take\t1SG\tcanoe\ttie-PFV\twith\t3PL-NMLZ,(They) tied my canoe up with theirs.,,,737[397],,naturalistic spoken,"deki ɛkɛ kujara bentɛ mɛtenjɛ",deki ɛkɛ kujara bendi-tɛ mɛtɛ eni-jɛ,take 1SG canoe tie-PFV with 3PL-NMLZ,,,,11217, +28-140,28,di wɛtɛ kɛnap justu dek di kurkur kɛnap mɛ slev,di\twɛtɛ\tkɛnɛ-apu\tjustu\tdeki\tdi\tkurkuru\tkɛnɛ-apu\tmjɛ\tslev,the\twhite\tperson-PL\tPST.HAB\ttake\tthe\tblack\tperson-PL\tmake\tslave,The white people used to make slaves out of the black people.,,,737[397],,naturalistic spoken,"di wɛtɛ kɛnap justu dek di kurkur kɛnap mɛ slev",di wɛtɛ kɛnɛ-apu justu deki di kurkuru kɛnɛ-apu mjɛ slev,the white person-PL PST.HAB take the black person-PL make slave,,,,11218, +28-141,28,o dekja di papa ma briŋ,o\tdeki-a\tdi\tpapa\tmu-a\tbringi,3SG\ttake-IPFV\tthe\tfather\tgo-IPFV\tbring,He was taking his father home.,,,737[400],,naturalistic spoken,"o dekja di papa ma briŋ",o deki-a di papa mu-a bringi,3SG take-IPFV the father go-IPFV bring,,,,11219, +30-183,30,E pega lenha e po na txon.,E=pega\tlenha\te=po\tna=txon.,3SG=take\twood\t3SG=put\tin=ground,He took the firewood and put it on the floor.,,,786,,elicited from speaker,"E pega lenha e po na txon.",E=pega lenha e=po na=txon.,3SG=take wood 3SG=put in=ground,,,,11220,German: Er nahm das Brennholz und legte es auf den Boden. +30-184,30,Katxor toma pónta di si rábo e po dibáxu di si bariga.,Katxor\ttoma\tpónta\tdi=si=rábo\te=po\tdibáxu\tdi=si=bariga.,dog\ttake\ttip\tof=his=tail\t3SG=put\tunder\tof=his=belly,The dog put the end of his tail under his belly.,,,786,,elicited from speaker,"Katxor toma pónta di si rábo e po dibáxu di si bariga.",Katxor toma pónta di=si=rábo e=po dibáxu di=si=bariga.,dog take tip of=his=tail 3SG=put under of=his=belly,,,,11221,German: Der Hund legte das Ende seines Schwanzes unter seinen Bauch. +30-185,30,E toma nabádja e da kunpanheru na odju ku el.,E=toma\tnabádja\te=da\tkunpanheru\tna=odju\tku=el.,3SG=take\tknife\t3SG=give\tcomrade\tin=eye\twith=it,He took the knife and jabbed the other person in the eye with it.,,,786,,elicited from speaker,"E toma nabádja e da kunpanheru na odju ku el.",E=toma nabádja e=da kunpanheru na=odju ku=el.,3SG=take knife 3SG=give comrade in=eye with=it,,,,11222,German: Er nahm das Messer und stach dem andern damit ins Auge. +31-149,31,El toma faka korta karni.,El\ttoma\tfaka\tkorta\tkarni.,he\ttake\tknife\tcut\tmeat,He took the knife and cut the meat.,,It is also possible to say El toma faka korta karni ku el. 'He took the knife and cut the meat with it'.,,,constructed by linguist,El toma faka korta karni.,,he take knife cut meat,"It is also possible to say El toma faka korta karni ku el. 'He took the knife and cut the meat with it'.",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,11223, +34-136,34,I pañá gutágal i pi na coŋ.,I\tø\tpañá\tgutágal\ti\tø\tpi\tna\tcoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttake\tbasket\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tput\ton\tground,He/she put the basket on the ground.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I pañá gutágal i pi na coŋ.","I ø pañá gutágal i ø pi na coŋ.",3SG.SBJ PFV take basket 3SG.SBJ PFV put on ground,,Own knowledge,,11224, +34-137,34,I pañá torsadi i dá si kamarada ku yel na moŋ.,I\tø\tpañá\ttorsadi\ti\tø\tdá\tsi\tkamarada\tku\tyel\tna\tmoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttake\tmachete\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgive\tPOSS.3SG\tfriend\twith\t3SG.INDP\tin\thand,He took the machete and hit his friend in the hand with it.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I pañá torsadi i dá si kamarada ku yel na moŋ.","I ø pañá torsadi i ø dá si kamarada ku yel na moŋ.",3SG.SBJ PFV take machete 3SG.SBJ PFV give POSS.3SG friend with 3SG.INDP in hand,,Own knowledge,,11225, +34-138,34,I pañá torsadi i dá si kamarada na moŋ.,I\tø\tpañá\ttorsadi\ti\tø\tdá\tsi\tkamarada\tna\tmoŋ.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttake\tmachete\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgive\tPOSS.3SG\tfriend\tin\thand,He took the machete and hit his friend in the hand with it.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I pañá torsadi i dá si kamarada na moŋ.","I ø pañá torsadi i ø dá si kamarada na moŋ.",3SG.SBJ PFV take machete 3SG.SBJ PFV give POSS.3SG friend in hand,,Own knowledge,,11226, +35-188,35,Ê toma faka va mpon.,Ê\ttoma\tfaka\tva\tmpon.,3SG\ttake\tknife\tslice\tbread,He sliced the bread with a knife. OR: He took the knife and sliced the bread.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ê toma faka va mpon.,,3SG take knife slice bread,,Own data,,11227, +35-189,35,Ê toma Fela Pontu fe ji dê.,Ê\ttoma\tFela\tPontu\tfe\tji\td=ê.,3SG\ttake\tFela\tPontu\tmake\tof\tof=3SG,He made the Fela Pontu (central market) his own.,,,1257[29],,naturalistic written,Ê toma Fela Pontu fe ji dê.,Ê toma Fela Pontu fe ji d=ê.,3SG take Fela Pontu make of of=3SG,,,,11228, +35-190,35,Tlabadô toma inen mantxin se kota po ku ê.,Tlabadô\ttoma\tinen\tmantxin\tse\tkota\tpo\tku\tê.,worker\ttake\t3PL.DEF\taxe\tDEM\tcut\ttree\twith\t3SG,The workers cut the tree(s) with those/these axes.,,Note that there is no number agreement between the axes (plural) and the pronoun (singular) that follows the instrumental preposition ku ‘with’.,589[39],,elicited from speaker,Tlabadô toma inen mantxin se kota po ku ê.,,worker take 3PL.DEF axe DEM cut tree with 3SG,"Note that there is no number agreement between the axes (plural) and the pronoun (singular) that follows the instrumental preposition ku ‘with’.",,,11229, +35-191,35,Toma ope bi lêlê mu.,Toma\tope\tbi\tlêlê\tmu.,take\tfoot\tcome\taccompany\tme,Come to me on your feet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Toma ope bi lêlê mu.,,take foot come accompany me,,Own data,,11230, +35-192,35,Tlêxi ome toma inen faka se kota mpon ku ê.,Tlêxi\tome\ttoma\tinen\tfaka\tse\tkota\tmpon\tku\tê.,three\tman\ttake\tPL.DEF\tknife\tDEM\tcut\tbread\twith\t3SG,Three men cut the bread with the knifes in question. OR: Three men took the knifes in question and cut the bread.,,Note that the object of toma does not agree in number with the resumptive pronoun.,,,elicited from speaker,Tlêxi ome toma inen faka se kota mpon ku ê.,,three man take PL.DEF knife DEM cut bread with 3SG,"Note that the object of toma does not agree in number with the resumptive pronoun.",Own data,,11231, +35-193,35,So san toma platu se pê son.,So\tsan\ttoma\tplatu\tse\tpê\tson.,then\tshe\ttake\tplate\tDEM\tput\tground,Then she put the plate on the ground. OR: The she took the plate and put it on the ground.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,So san toma platu se pê son.,,then she take plate DEM put ground,,Own data,,11232, +36-111,36,Kathô tambu n’kila rê pê kosi bega.,Kathô\ttambu\tn’kila\trê\tpê\tkosi\tbega.,dog\ttake\ttail\this\tput\tunder\tbelly,The dog put his tail under his belly.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Kathô tambu n’kila rê pê kosi bega.",,dog take tail his put under belly,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,11233, +36-112,36,N tambu faka kota situ.,N\ttambu\tfaka\tkota\tsitu.,1SG\ttake\tknife\tcut\tmeat,I cut the meat with a knife. OR: I took a knife and cut a piece of meat.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"N tambu faka kota situ.",,1SG take knife cut meat,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,11234, +36-113,36,Ê tambu ninha pê thon.,Ê\ttambu\tninha\tpê\tthon.,3SG\ttake\twood\tput\tground,He put the firewood on the ground. OR: He took the firewood and put it on the ground.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê tambu ninha pê thon.",,3SG take wood put ground,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,11235, +37-144,37,N tan pêxi daka kaxi.,N\ttan\tpêxi\tdaka\tkaxi.,1SG\ttake\tfish\tbring\thouse,I brought the fish home. OR: I took the fish and brought it home.,,,905[114],,elicited from speaker,"N tan pêxi daka kaxi.",,1SG take fish bring house,,,,11236, +37-145,37,"Ê gan poxta, uwkatu palasu. Sun arê tan teg'e.","Ê\tgan\tpoxta,\tuwkatu\tpalasu.\tSun\tarê\ttan\tteg'e.",3SG\twin\tbet\tpart\tpalace\tmister\tking\ttake\thand.over:3SG,"Turtle won the bet, a part of the palace. The king handed it over to him.",,,905[115],,naturalistic spoken,"Ê gan poxta, uwkatu palasu. Sun arê tan teg'e.",,3SG win bet part palace mister king take hand.over:3SG,,,,11237, +37-146,37,Ê tan lima da kompwe sê kôli n'uwê.,Ê\ttan\tlima\tda\tkompwe\tsê\tki\têli\tna\tuwê.,3SG\ttake\tfile\tgive\tfellow\tPOSS.3SG\twith\tit\tLOC\teye,He blew his friend in the eyes with a file. OR: He took the file and blew his friend in the eyes with it.,,,905[116],,naturalistic spoken,"Ê tan lima da kompwe sê kôli n'uwê.",Ê tan lima da kompwe sê ki êli na uwê.,3SG take file give fellow POSS.3SG with it LOC eye,,,,11238, +37-147,37,Ê tan lima da kompwe sê n'uwê.,Ê\ttan\tlima\tda\tkompwe\tsê\tn'uwê.,3SG\tfile\tgive\tfellow\tPOSS.3SG\tLOC\teye,He blew his friend in the eyes with a file. OR: He took the file and blew his friend in the eyes with it.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê tan lima da kompwe sê n'uwê.",,3SG file give fellow POSS.3SG LOC eye,,Own data,,11239, +37-148,37,[...] kasô pega pont'uraba mêtê pw'ubasu bwega.,[...]\tkasô\tpega\tponta\turabu\tmêtê\tpwê\tubasu\tbwega.,[...]\tdog\ttake\tpoint\ttail\tput.into\tput\tunder\tbelly,[...] the dog put its tail under his belly.,,,905[115],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] kasô pega pont'uraba mêtê pw'ubasu bwega.",[...] kasô pega ponta urabu mêtê pwê ubasu bwega.,[...] dog take point tail put.into put under belly,,,,11240, +38-157,38,E ma xodyi bi da’m beza.,Eli\tma\txodyi\tbi\tda-mu\tbeza.,3SG\ttake\tjacket\tcome\tgive-1SG\talready,He has brought me the jacket already.,,,,,elicited from speaker,E ma xodyi bi da’m beza.,Eli ma xodyi bi da-mu beza.,3SG take jacket come give-1SG already,,Own fieldwork 1990,,11241, +38-158,38,naminensyi ku ma mu biai,Na-mina-nensyi\tku\tma\tamu\tbi-iai.,ART-child-DEM:PL\tthat\ttake\t1SG\tcome-here,the boys who brought me here,,,,,naturalistic spoken,naminensyi ku ma mu biai,Na-mina-nensyi ku ma amu bi-iai.,ART-child-DEM:PL that take 1SG come-here,,Own fieldwork 1990,,11242, +38-159,38,E ma fax da bo.,Eli\tma\tfaxa\tda\tbo.,3SG\ttake\tknive\tgive\t2SG,He gives/brings you the knive.,,,,,elicited from speaker,E ma fax da bo.,Eli ma faxa da bo.,3SG take knive give 2SG,,Own fieldwork 1990,,11243, +40-117,40,El kãw tumad yaho pasya.,El\tkãw\ttumad\tyaho\tpasya.,3SG\tdog\ttake.PTCP\twent\twalk.about,S/he took the dog for a walk.,,"Of note here is that 'take' in this construction always appears in its participle form. The other verb is inflected as meets the situation: + +El kãw tumad tana pasya. +[3SG dog take.PCPT go.PRS walk.about] +'S/he is taking the dog for a walk.' + +El kãw tumad lə anda pasya. +[3SG dog take.PCPT FUT go walk.about] +'S/he will take the dog for a walk.'",,,constructed by linguist,El kãw tumad yaho pasya.,,3SG dog take.PTCP went walk.about,"Of note here is that 'take' in this construction always appears in its participle form. The other verb is inflected as meets the situation: + +El kãw tumad tana pasya. +[3SG dog take.PCPT go.PRS walk.about] +'S/he is taking the dog for a walk.' + +El kãw tumad lə anda pasya. +[3SG dog take.PCPT FUT go walk.about] +'S/he will take the dog for a walk.'",Own knowledge,,11244, +42-147,42,eli ja tomá faka kotrá kandri,eli\tja\ttomá\tfaka\tkotrá\tkandri,3SG\tPFV\ttake\tknife\tcut\tmeat,She cut the meat with a knife.,,"This construction is quite rare in Kristang. Informants accept this example with the reading given here. However, some informants feel that there are two clauses involved, with a sequence of actions. The normal way to express the instrumental is by means of an adposition: eli ja kotra aké kandri ku faka [3SG PFV cut that mean INS knife] 'She cut the meat with a knife.'",122[212],,elicited from speaker,"eli ja tomá faka kotrá kandri",,3SG PFV take knife cut meat,"This construction is quite rare in Kristang. Informants accept this example with the reading given here. However, some informants feel that there are two clauses involved, with a sequence of actions. The normal way to express the instrumental is by means of an adposition: eli ja kotra aké kandri ku faka [3SG PFV cut that mean INS knife] 'She cut the meat with a knife.'",,,11245, +42-148,42,eli ja kotrá aké kandri ku faka,eli\tja\tkotrá\také\tkandri\tku\tfaka,3SG\tPFV\tcut\tthat\tmeat\tINS\tknife,She cut the meat with a knife.,,,,,elicited from speaker,eli ja kotrá aké kandri ku faka,,3SG PFV cut that meat INS knife,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,11246, +43-100,43,Lanta komer tridji na medja.,Lanta\tkomer\ttridji\tna\tmedja.,raise\tfood\tbring\tto\ttable,Bring the food to the table. OR: Take the food and bring it to the table.,,,906[75],,pedagogical grammar,"Lanta komer tridji na medja.",,raise food bring to table,,,,11247, +44-147,44,Ta quita lotru bangca nah playa ta icha esti nah calle.,Ta\tquita\tlotru\tbangca\tnah\tplaya\tta\ticha\testi\tnah\tcalle.,IPFV\ttake\t3PL\tboat\tLOC\tshore\tIPFV\tput\tthis\tLOC\tstreet,They take a boat from the shore and put it on the street.,,,1064[28],,naturalistic written,Ta quita lotru bangca nah playa ta icha esti nah calle.,,IPFV take 3PL boat LOC shore IPFV put this LOC street,,,,11248, +44-148,44,"Quel manga vecino de Lelung Islaw, lojotro, Editha, Neneng y Coring, a icha quel camisa sucio nah infrente di trangca.","Quel\tmanga\tvecino\tde\tLelung\tIslaw,\tlojotro,\tEditha,\tNeneng\ty\tCoring,\ta\ticha\tquel\tcamisa\tsucio\tnah\tinfrente\tdi\ttrangca.",DET\tPL\tneighbour\tof\tLelung\tIslaw\t3PL\tEditha\tNeneng\ty\tCoring\tPFV\tput\tDET\tdress\tdirty\tLOC\tfront\tof\tgate,"The neighbours of old Islaw, Editha, Neneng and Coring, put the dirty dresses in front of the gate.",,,1064[48],,naturalistic written,"Quel manga vecino de Lelung Islaw, lojotro, Editha, Neneng y Coring, a icha quel camisa sucio nah infrente di trangca.",,DET PL neighbour of Lelung Islaw 3PL Editha Neneng y Coring PFV put DET dress dirty LOC front of gate,,,,11249, +46-159,46,[Éle] kyére mandá andá saká kun su táta.,[Éle]\tkyére\tmandá\tandá\tsaká\tkun\tsu\ttáta.,3SG\twant\torder\tgo\ttake\tOBJ\this\tfather,He orders to bring water to his father.,,,242,,naturalistic spoken,[Éle] kyére mandá andá saká kun su táta.,,3SG want order go take OBJ his father,,,,11250, +49-258,49,Li pran kouto a epi l koupe vyann nan.,Li\tpran\tkouto\ta\tepi\tl\tkoupe\tvyann\tnan.,3SG\ttake\tknife\tDEF\tet\t3SG\tcut\tmeat\tDEF,He/She took the knife and cut the meat.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li pran kouto a epi l koupe vyann nan.,,3SG take knife DEF et 3SG cut meat DEF,,Own knowledge,,11251,French: Il/Elle a pris le couteau et a coupé la viande. +50-159,50,I pran lenj a-y pann-li.,I\tpran\tlenj\ta-y\tpann-li.,3SG\ttake\tcloth\t3SG.POSS\thang-3SG.OBJ,She hung up her cloth.,,,850[249],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I pran lenj a-y pann-li.,,3SG take cloth 3SG.POSS hang-3SG.OBJ,,,,11252,French: Il/elle a suspendu son linge. +50-160,50,I pwan vwati touché Lapwent.,I\tpwan\tvwati\ttouché\tLapwent.,3SG\ttake\tcar\tarrive\tLa.Pointe,S/he went to La Pointe by car.,,,850[248],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I pwan vwati touché Lapwent.,,3SG take car arrive La.Pointe,,,,11253,French: Il/elle est allé(e) à La Pointe en voiture. +54-186,54,"[...] mi pran in peu bonux, mi mèt dedan, mi mèt tranpé.","[...]\tmi\tpran\ten\tpe\tbonux,\tmi\tmet\tdëdan,\tmi\tmet\ttranpe.",[...]\t1SG.FIN\ttake\tINDF\tlittle\tbonux\t1SG.FIN\tput\tinto\t1SG.FIN\tput\tsoak,"[...] I take a bit of bonux, I put it in (the washing), I let it soak.",,The informant explains how she does her washing; bonux is a washing powder.,229,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] mi pran in peu bonux, mi mèt dedan, mi mèt tranpé.","[...] mi pran en pe bonux, mi met dëdan, mi met tranpe.",[...] 1SG.FIN take INDF little bonux 1SG.FIN put into 1SG.FIN put soak,"The informant explains how she does her washing; bonux is a washing powder.",,,11254,"French: [...] je prends un peu de bonux, je le mets dedans, je mets à tremper." +54-187,54,"[...] ou pran in pti koton sitronèl, ou mèt par ann-dan ou amar par isi.","[...] ou pran en pti koton sitronel, ou met par ann-dan, ou amar par isi.",[...] 2SG take INDF little stalk citronelle 2SG put inside 2SG fasten here,"[...] you take a little stalk of sitronel (Cymbopogon citratus), you put it inside, you fasten it here.",,,229[54],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] ou pran in pti koton sitronèl, ou mèt par ann-dan ou amar par isi.","[...] ou pran en pti koton sitronel, ou met par ann-dan, ou amar par isi.",[...] 2SG take INDF little stalk citronelle 2SG put inside 2SG fasten here,,,,11255,"French: [...] tu prends une petite tige de citronelle, tu la mets dedans, tu l'attaches ici." +58-106,58,Yandi baka mbongo pesa mono.,Yandi\tbaka\tmbongo\tpesa\tmono.,he\ttake\tmoney\tgive\tme,He gave me (the) money. OR: He took (the) money and gave it to me.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi baka mbongo pesa mono.",,he take money give me,,Own knowledge,,11256, +58-107,58,Yandi pesa mono mbongo.,Yandi\tpesa\tmono\tmbongo.,he\tgive\tme\tmoney,He gave me (the) money.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Yandi pesa mono mbongo.",,he give me money,,Own knowledge,,11257, +59-258,59,mu ta ni zia na sese,mu\tta\tni\tzia\tna\tsese,take\tpot\tDET\tput\tPREP\tground,Put the pot on the ground.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mu ta ni zia na sese,,take pot DET put PREP ground,,Own knowledge,,11258, +59-259,59,mu ngombe ti mbi ni ga na ni na mbi,mu\tngombe\tti\tmbi\tni\tga\tna\tni\tna\tmbi,take\tgun\tof\t1SG\tDET\tcome\tPREP\tDET\tPREP\t1SG,Bring me my gun.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mu ngombe ti mbi ni ga na ni na mbi,,take gun of 1SG DET come PREP DET PREP 1SG,,Own knowledge,,11259, +59-261,59,lo mu lo ga a ni,lo\tmu\tlo\tga\tna\tni,3SG\ttake\t3SG\tcome\tPREP\tDET,He brought her.,,The determinant ni replaces lo in referring to the mother-in-law.,1326,,naturalistic spoken,lo mu lo ga a ni,lo mu lo ga na ni,3SG take 3SG come PREP DET,"The determinant ni replaces lo in referring to the mother-in-law.",,,11260, +66-98,66,Pompang kutti poðiyen yang loobangring tarekambε.,Pompang-kutti\tpoðiyen-yang\tloobang-ring\ttarek-ambε.,woman-girl\tboy-ACC.DEF\thole-ABL\tpull-take,The girl pulled the boy from the hole.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Pompang kutti poðiyen yang loobangring tarekambε.,Pompang-kutti poðiyen-yang loobang-ring tarek-ambε.,woman-girl boy-ACC.DEF hole-ABL pull-take,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,11261, +67-177,67,[...] Singapore punya balang ambil masuk Indonesia.,[...]\tSingapore\tpunya\tbalang\tambil\tmasuk\tIndonesia.,[...]\tSingapore\tATTR\tgoods\ttake\tenter\tIndonesia,[...] [and] to import Singapore goods to Indonesia.,,,708[338],,naturalistic spoken,[...] Singapore punya balang ambil masuk Indonesia.,,[...] Singapore ATTR goods take enter Indonesia,,,,11262, +67-178,67,Sula belakang dia ambil payong pukul sama dia.,Sula\tbelakang\tdia\tambil\tpayong\tpukul\tsama\tdia.,PFV\tback\t3SG\ttake\tumbrella\tbeat\twith/OBJ\t3SG,"After this, she hit him with an umbrella.",,The first dia refers to the lady and the second dia after sama refers to the man. Sama in this sentence functions as the object marker.,708[350],,naturalistic spoken,Sula belakang dia ambil payong pukul sama dia.,,PFV back 3SG take umbrella beat with/OBJ 3SG,"The first dia refers to the lady and the second dia after sama refers to the man. Sama in this sentence functions as the object marker.",,,11263, +67-179,67,Ah itu kwat ambil itu punya lompa ambil taru asam ah.,Ah\titu\tkwat\tambil\titu\tpunya\tlompa\tambil\ttaru\tasam\tah.,PCL\tDEM\tstrong\ttake\tDEM\tATTR\tspice\ttake\tput\ttamarind\tPCL,"To make [the curry] stronger, add [some] spices and tamarind [into the curry].",,,708[424],,naturalistic spoken,"Ah itu kwat ambil itu punya lompa ambil taru asam ah.",,PCL DEM strong take DEM ATTR spice take put tamarind PCL,,,,11264, +69-65,69,mən mambi awlmbi yəm kandək wambakəmbi,mən\tmambi\tawl-mbi\tyəm\tkandək\twambakə-mbi,3SG\tagain\ttake-DEP\twater\tOBL\tthrow-DEP,(They) took it again and threw (it) into the water.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mən mambi awlmbi yəm kandək wambakəmbi,mən mambi awl-mbi yəm kandək wambakə-mbi,3SG again take-DEP water OBL throw-DEP,,Own field notes 1985,,11265, +72-135,72,Kirringku im teikim lajap karu nyanuny.,Kirri-ngku\tim\tteik-im\tlajap\tkaru\tnyanuny.,woman-ERG\t3SG\ttake-TR\ton.shoulders\tchild\t3SG.DAT,The woman carries his kid on her shoulders.,,"In this example, teikim combines with a verb which indicates position in relation to verb, lajap 'do something with regard to being on the shoulders'.",583,80a1e7dbc811ea771e21c3501b6b22f9,naturalistic spoken,Kirringku im teikim lajap karu nyanuny.,Kirri-ngku im teik-im lajap karu nyanuny.,woman-ERG 3SG take-TR on.shoulders child 3SG.DAT,"In this example, teikim combines with a verb which indicates position in relation to verb, lajap 'do something with regard to being on the shoulders'.",,,11266, +74-132,74,náyka iskam máskit mámuk tlxwap,náyka\tiskam\tmáskit\tmámuk\ttlxwap,1SG\ttake\tgun\tmake\thole,I make a hole with the gun.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"náyka iskam máskit mámuk tlxwap",,1SG take gun make hole,,Own knowledge,,11267, +1-212,1,Mi no ben du krukkutu gi hem.,Mi\tno\tben\tdu\tkrukutu\tgi\ten.,1SG\tNEG\tPST\tdo\twrong\tgive\t3SG,I didn't do him wrong.,,,1357[149],,written (dictionary),Mi no ben du krukkutu gi hem.,Mi no ben du krukutu gi en.,1SG NEG PST do wrong give 3SG,,,,11268,German: Ich habe ihm kein Unrecht gethan. [Schumann 1783:149] +1-213,1,Dem sa hoppo dorro gi hem.,Den\tsa\thondru\tdoro\tgi\ten.,3PL\tFUT\topen\tdoor\tgive\t3SG,They will open the door for him.,,Here gi introduces the beneficiary.,1355[167],,written,"Dem sa hoppo dorro gi hem.",Den sa hondru doro gi en.,3PL FUT open door give 3SG,"Here gi introduces the beneficiary.",,,11269, +1-214,1,"Kaba dem tu sissa senni muffe gi Jesus, dem takki: [...].","Kaba\tden\ttu\tsisa\tseni\tmofo\tgi\tJesus,\tden\ttaki:\t[...].",and\t3PL\ttwo\tsister\tsend\tword\tgive\tJesus\t3PL\tsay\t[...],"And the two sisters sent a message to Jesus, saying [...].",,Here gi introduces the recipient.,1355[199],,written,"Kaba dem tu sissa senni muffe gi Jesus, dem takki: [...].","Kaba den tu sisa seni mofo gi Jesus, den taki: [...].",and 3PL two sister send word give Jesus 3PL say [...],"Here gi introduces the recipient.",,,11270, +2-222,2,Bori pikin supu gi ma Akuba nanga pikin Anansi.,Bori\tpikin\tsupu\tgi\tma\tAkuba\tnanga\tpikin\tAnansi.,cook\tlittle\tsoup\tgive\tmother\tAkuba\tand\tlittle\tspider,Cook a little soup for mother Akuba and little spider.,,,1062[39],,naturalistic spoken,"Bori pikin supu gi ma Akuba nanga pikin Anansi.",,cook little soup give mother Akuba and little spider,,,,11271, +2-223,2,Mi seri a oso gi en.,Mi\tseri\ta\toso\tgi\ten.,1SG\tsell\tDET\thouse\tgive\t3SG,I sold the house to him/her.,,,1597[709],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi seri a oso gi en.",,1SG sell DET house give 3SG,,,,11272, +2-224,2,"No, a kil musu du wan sani gi mi ini a gare.","No,\ta\tkil\tmusu\tdu\twan\tsani\tgi\tmi\tini\ta\tgare.",no\tthe\tguy\tmust\tdo\tone\tthing\tgive\tme\tin\tthe\thouse,"No, the man has to do something for me in the house.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"No, a kil musu du wan sani gi mi ini a gare.",,no the guy must do one thing give me in the house,,"Winford data, Tape 8-a",,11273, +3-108,3,Dí fáka maá pói dá mi.,Dí\tfáka\tmaá\tpói\tdá\tmi.,DEF.SG\tmachete\tsharp\tspoil\tgive\t1SG,The machete is too sharp for me.,,Here dá introduces the experiencer.,1539[165],,naturalistic spoken,"Dí fáka maá pói dá mi.",,DEF.SG machete sharp spoil give 1SG,"Here dá introduces the experiencer.",,,11274, +3-109,3,A búnu dá mi.,A\tbúnu\tdá\tmi.,3SG\tbe.good\tgive\t1SG,She is good to me.,,Here dá introduces the beneficiary.,1539[165],,naturalistic spoken,A búnu dá mi.,,3SG be.good give 1SG,"Here dá introduces the beneficiary.",,,11275, +3-110,3,Dí báta kaí dá hen.,Dí\tbáta\tkaí\tdá\then.,DEF.SG\tbottle\tfall\tgive\t3SG,The bottle fell on his responsibility.,,Here dá introduces the ethical dative argument.,1539[165],,naturalistic spoken,"Dí báta kaí dá hen.",,DEF.SG bottle fall give 3SG,"Here dá introduces the ethical dative argument.",,,11276, +3-111,3,Mi ó púu gaán fási dá i.,Mi\tó\tpúu\tgaán\tfási\tdá\ti.,1SG\tMOOD\tremove\tbig\tmanner\tgive\t2SG,I will teach you to be cheeky to me.,,Here dá introduces the source.,354,,naturalistic written,"Mi ó púu gaán fási dá i.",,1SG MOOD remove big manner give 2SG,"Here dá introduces the source.",,,11277, +3-112,3,Hén we bì fufúu dí biífi dí mi mujée bì mandá dá mi.,Hén\twe\tbì\tfufúu\tdí\tbiífi\tdí\tmi\tmujée\tbì\tmandá\tdá\tmi.,3SG\tFOC\tTNS\tsteal\tDEF.SG\tletter\tthat\t1SG\twoman\tTNS\tsend\tgive\t1SG,HE had stolen the letter that my wife had sent to me.,,,1539[36],,naturalistic spoken,Hén we bì fufúu dí biífi dí mi mujée bì mandá dá mi.,,3SG FOC TNS steal DEF.SG letter that 1SG woman TNS send give 1SG,,,,11278, +3-113,3,Dí báta kaí dá hen.,Dí\tbáta\tkaí\tdá\then.,DEF.SG\tbottle\tfall\tgive\t3SG,The bottle fell on his responsibility.,,'Give' can also introduce an ethical dative.,1539[165],,naturalistic spoken,Dí báta kaí dá hen.,,DEF.SG bottle fall give 3SG,'Give' can also introduce an ethical dative.,,,11279, +3-114,3,M'e tá pantá dá hen.,M'=e\ttá\tpantá\tdá\then.,1SG=NEG\tASP\tfear\tgive\t3SG,I am not afraid of her.,,'Give' can also introduce a source argument.,1539[165],,naturalistic spoken,M'e tá pantá dá hen.,M'=e tá pantá dá hen.,1SG=NEG ASP fear give 3SG,'Give' can also introduce a source argument.,,,11280, +4-146,4,A wenkiman soy a buku gi mi.,A\twenkiman\tsoy\ta\tbuku\tgi\tmi.,the\tshop.assistant\tshow\tDET.SG\tbook\tgive\tme,The shop assistant showed me the book.,,,568[131],,naturalistic spoken,A wenkiman soy a buku gi mi.,,the shop.assistant show DET.SG book give me,,,,11281, +4-147,4,Den pikin wasi ala den beenki gi mi.,Den\tpikin\twasi\tala\tden\tbeenki\tgi\tmi.,DET.PL\tchild\twash\tall\tDET.PL\tdishes\tgive\tme,The children washed all the dishes for me.,,,568[131],,naturalistic spoken,Den pikin wasi ala den beenki gi mi.,,DET.PL child wash all DET.PL dishes give me,,,,11282, +5-148,5,mi sen yu fu kyarii mesij gi dem?,mi\tsen\tyu\tfu\tkyarii\tmesij\tgi\tdem?,1SG\tsend\t3SG\tCOMPL\tcarry\tmessage\tgive\tthem,Did I send you to give them a message?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mi sen yu fu kyarii mesij gi dem?",,1SG send 3SG COMPL carry message give them,,Own knowledge,,11283, +5-149,5,ii bai lan gi ii son,ii\tbai\tlan\tgi\tii\tson,3SG\tbuy\tland\tgive\tPOSS.3SG\tson,He bought land for his son.,,"The son here is normally interpreted as the recipient of the land. In this context, gi does not usually take a beneficiary reading.",,,constructed by linguist,"ii bai lan gi ii son",,3SG buy land give POSS.3SG son,"The son here is normally interpreted as the recipient of the land. In this context, gi does not usually take a beneficiary reading.",Own knowledge,,11284, +6-90,6,Carry it give George.,Carry\tit\tgive\tGeorge.,carry\tit\tgive\tGeorge,Bring it to George.,,,1431[147],,constructed by linguist,Carry it give George.,,carry it give George,,,carry it give George,11285, +7-204,7,Liiv dem de ge mi.,Liiv\tdem\tde\tge\tmi.,leave\t3PL\tthere\tgive\t1SG,Leave them there for me. OR: Leave those for me.,,"Here, ge introduces the recipient of the action.",1244[92],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Liiv dem de ge mi.,,leave 3PL there give 1SG,"Here, ge introduces the recipient of the action.",,,11286, +7-205,7,Bai da de ge mi.,Bai\tda\tde\tge\tmi.,buy\tDEM\tthere\tgive\t1SG,Buy that for me.,,Ge could introduce either the beneficiary or the substitute.,1244[212],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bai da de ge mi.,,buy DEM there give 1SG,"Ge could introduce either the beneficiary or the substitute.",,,11287, +7-206,7,Ge him a mesag gemi pliiz.,Ge\thim\ta\tmesag\tge-mi\tpliiz.,give\t3.OBJ\tINDF\tmessage\tgive-1SG\tplease,Give him a message for me please.,,"Here, the second ge introduces only the substitute.",1244[A15],,naturalistic spoken,Ge him a mesag gemi pliiz.,Ge him a mesag ge-mi pliiz.,give 3.OBJ INDF message give-1SG please,"Here, the second ge introduces only the substitute.",,,11288, +8-135,8,Siera bai shuuz gi Taam.,Siera\tbai\tshuuz\tgi\tTaam.,Sarah\tbuy\tshoes\tgive\tTom,Sarah bought shoes for Tom.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Siera bai shuuz gi Taam.,,Sarah buy shoes give Tom,,Own knowledge,,11289, +10-200,10,Yu waahn bring ih fi mi?,Yu\twaahn\tbring\tih\tfi\tmi?,2SG\tFUT\tbring\t3SG.N\tfor\t1SG,Will you bring it to me?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu waahn bring ih fi mi?",,2SG FUT bring 3SG.N for 1SG,,Unpublished field recordings,,11290, +11-268,11,Ai waa send som fa yu.,Ai\twaa\tsend\tsom\tfa\tyu.,1SG\tFUT\tsend\tsome\tfor\t2SG,I will send you some.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai waa send som fa yu.",,1SG FUT send some for 2SG,,,,11291, +12-211,12,"They fry fowl egg, many cake give him.","They\tfry\tfowl\tegg,\tmany\tcake\tgive\thim.",3PL.SBJ\tfry\tfowl\tegg[PL]\tmany\tcake[PL]\tgive\t3SG.M.OBJ,They fried fowl eggs [and] many cakes for him.,,,634[87],,naturalistic written,"They fry fowl egg, many cake give him.",,3PL.SBJ fry fowl egg[PL] many cake[PL] give 3SG.M.OBJ,,,,11292, +13-154,13,Dem ca um gii de young people.,Dem\tca\tum\tgii\tde\tyoung\tpeople.,3PL\tcarry\t3.OBJ\tgive\tthe\tyoung\tpeople,They bring it for the young people.,,,1500[264],,naturalistic spoken,"Dem ca um gii de young people.",,3PL carry 3.OBJ give the young people,,,,11293, +15-117,15,i bai klos gi ĩ pikin,i\tbai\tklos\tgi\tĩ\tpikin,3SG\tbuy\tclothes\tgive\tPOSS\tchild,He/She bought some clothes which he gave to his/her child.,,,518[72],,naturalistic written,i bai klos gi ĩ pikin,,3SG buy clothes give POSS child,,,,11294, +15-118,15,luk di klos we yu mama dai lɛf gi yu,luk\tdi\tklos\twe\tyu\tmama\tdai\tlɛf\tgi\tyu,look\tART\tclothes\tREL\tPOSS\tmother\tdie\tleave\tgive\tyou,Here are the clothes that your mother left for you when she died.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,luk di klos we yu mama dai lɛf gi yu,,look ART clothes REL POSS mother die leave give you,,Own knowledge,,11295, +16-121,16,à go boro mɔni giv àm,à\tgo\tboro\tmɔni\tgiv\tàm,1SG.SBJ\tgo\tborrow\tmoney\tgive\t3SG.OBJ,I go and borrow money for her.,,One reading of this is that give marks the beneficiary.,656[239],,naturalistic spoken,à go boro mɔni giv àm,,1SG.SBJ go borrow money give 3SG.OBJ,"One reading of this is that give marks the beneficiary.",,,11296, +16-122,16,wì rait rait dis tin tek giv dɛ gɔvmɛnt,wì\trait~rait\tdis\ttin\ttek\tgiv\tdɛ\tgɔvmɛnt,1PL\twrite~write\tDEM\tthing\ttake\tgive\tART.DEF\tgovernment,We wrote this thing (letter) to the government.,,Giv marks the recipient.,,,naturalistic spoken,wì rait rait dis tin tek giv dɛ gɔvmɛnt,wì rait~rait dis tin tek giv dɛ gɔvmɛnt,1PL write~write DEM thing take give ART.DEF government,"Giv marks the recipient.",Own fieldwork,,11297, +17-149,17,À tek nayf giv yù.,À\ttek\tnayf\tgiv\tyù.,1SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tknife\tgive\t2SG.OBJ,I gave you the knife.,,,"462[75-80, 141-150]",,naturalistic spoken,À tek nayf giv yù.,,1SG.SBJ take.INS knife give 2SG.OBJ,,,,11298, +17-150,17,À kuk nyam giv yù.,À\tkuk\tnyam\tgiv\tyù.,1SG.SBJ\tcook\tyam\tgive\t2SG.OBJ,I cooked yam for you.,,,"462[75-80, 141-150]",,naturalistic spoken,À kuk nyam giv yù.,,1SG.SBJ cook yam give 2SG.OBJ,,,,11299, +18-133,18,A don bai yu som buk dem.,A\tdon\tbai\tyu\tsom\tbuk\tdem.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tbuy\t2SG.OBJ\tsome\tbook\tPL,I bought you some books.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,A don bai yu som buk dem.,,1SG.SBJ PFV buy 2SG.OBJ some book PL,,,,11300, +18-196,18,I bai flaua for im.,I\tbai\tflaua\tfor\tim.,1SG\tbuy\tflower\tfor\t3SG,I bought flowers for her.,,,,,elicited from speaker,I bai flaua for im.,,1SG buy flower for 3SG,,own data,,11301, +21-118,21,I buy chok give you.,I\tbuy\tchok\tgive\tyou.,1SG\tbuy\tcongee\tgive\t2P,I buy/bought rice congee for you.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"I buy chok give you.",,1SG buy congee give 2P,,Own knowledge,,11302, +25-305,25,Dei bin dali mi thadmob gel ba gajimbat klos ba alabat biginini na.,Dei\tbin\tdali\tmi\tthad-mob\tgel\tba\tgaj-im-bat\tklos\tba\talabat\tbiginini\tna.,3PL\tPST\ttell:TR\t1SG\tDEM-COLL\tgirl\tDAT\tget-TR-PROG\tclothes\tDAT\t3PL\tchild\tnow,"They told me, those girls did, to get clothes for their children.",,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a beneficiary marked by a variant of the dative prepositioin.,41,,naturalistic spoken,"Dei bin dali mi thadmob gel ba gajimbat klos ba alabat biginini na.",Dei bin dali mi thad-mob gel ba gaj-im-bat klos ba alabat biginini na.,3PL PST tell:TR 1SG DEM-COLL girl DAT get-TR-PROG clothes DAT 3PL child now,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a beneficiary marked by a variant of the dative prepositioin.,,,11303, +27-111,27,Ju ha fo fin di gi mi.,Ju\tha\tfo\tfin\tdi\tgi\tmi.,2SG\thave\tfor\tfind\tDET\tgive\t1SG,You have to find it for me.,,,355[62],,naturalistic spoken,Ju ha fo fin di gi mi.,,2SG have for find DET give 1SG,,,,11304, +28-142,28,o ma tiri en pi ɛkɛ,o\tma\ttiri\ten\tpi\tɛkɛ,3SG\tIRR\tsend\tone\tgive\t3SG,He will send me one.,,,737[394],,naturalistic spoken,"o ma tiri en pi ɛkɛ",o ma tiri en pi ɛkɛ,3SG IRR send one give 3SG,,,,11305, +35-194,35,Sela pa n toma zawa pa n ba pya da bô.,Sela\tpa\tn\ttoma\tzawa\tpa\tn\tba\tpya\tda\tbô.,MOOD\tfor\t1SG\ttake\turine\tfor\t1SG\tgo\tsee\tgive\t2SG,I must take your urine in order to check it for you.,,Sela is a grammaticalized mood particle that occurs at the beginning of clauses.,589[100],,naturalistic spoken,Sela pa n toma zawa pa n ba pya da bô.,,MOOD for 1SG take urine for 1SG go see give 2SG,"Sela is a grammaticalized mood particle that occurs at the beginning of clauses.",,,11306, +35-195,35,fatu se ku men bô môlê fika da bô,fatu\tse\tku\tmen\tbô\tmôlê\tfika\tda\tbô,costume\tDEM\tREL\tmother\t2SG.POSS\tdie\tleave\tgive\t2SG,the costume that your mother left for you when she died,,Here da indicates the recipient.,589[101],,naturalistic spoken,fatu se ku men bô môlê fika da bô,,costume DEM REL mother 2SG.POSS die leave give 2SG,"Here da indicates the recipient.",,,11307, +35-196,35,Fogon ka sa kêntxi da non.,Fogon\tka\tsa\tkêntxi\tda\tnon.,kitchen\tIPFV\tbe\thot\tgive\t1PL,The kitchen gets hot for us.,,Here da indicates the experiencer.,,,naturalistic spoken,Fogon ka sa kêntxi da non.,,kitchen IPFV be hot give 1PL,"Here da indicates the experiencer.",Own data,,11308, +36-114,36,[...] no ka tega kikiê ra pato.,[...]\tno\tka\ttega\tkikiê\tra\tpato.,[...]\twe\tHAB\thand.over\tfish\tgive\tboss,[...] we used to hand over fish to the boss. OR: [...] we used to hand over fish (to somebody else) for the boss.,,,901[181],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] no ka tega kikiê ra pato.",,[...] we HAB hand.over fish give boss,,,,11309,French: [...] on remettait le poisson au patron. +36-170,36,Ngêi ka pega kwa e ra m?,Ngêi\tka\tpega\tkwa\te\tra\tm?,who\tFUT\tnail\tthing\tDEM\tgive\t1sg,Who is going to fix this for me?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ngêi ka pega kwa e ra m?,,who FUT nail thing DEM give 1sg,,Maurer 1995,,11310,Qui va m'arranger cela? +37-149,37,Kêdê mêzê ê ka xikêvê kata ũa da mi.,Kêdê\tmêzê\tê\tka\txikêvê\tkata\tũa\tda\tmi.,every\tmonth\t3SG\tHAB\twrite\tletter\tone\tgive\tme,"Every month, he writes me a letter. OR: Every month, he writes a letter for me (e.g. because I cannot write).",,,905[111],,elicited from speaker,"Kêdê mêzê ê ka xikêvê kata ũa da mi.",,every month 3SG HAB write letter one give me,,,,11311, +37-150,37,Kêdê mêzê Maa ka xikevê mi kata ũa.,Kêdê\tmêzê\tMaa\tka\txikevê\tmi\tkata\tũa.,every\tmonth\tMaa\tHAB\twrite\t1SG\tletter\tone,Every month Maa writes me a letter.,,This is a double object construction where the indirect object corresponds to the recipient.,905[121],,elicited from speaker,"Kêdê mêzê Maa ka xikevê mi kata ũa.",,every month Maa HAB write 1SG letter one,This is a double object construction where the indirect object corresponds to the recipient.,,,11312, +37-151,37,"Mama wada, n ka lava Mama ine fiida sê.","Mama\twada,\tn\tka\tlava\tMama\tine\tfiida\tsê.",Mama\twait\t1SG\tFUT\twash\tMama\tPL\twound\tDEM,"Mama, wait, I’ll wash these wounds for you.",,This is a double object construction where the indirect object corresponds to the beneficiary.,905,,naturalistic spoken,"Mama wada, n ka lava Mama ine fiida sê.",,Mama wait 1SG FUT wash Mama PL wound DEM,This is a double object construction where the indirect object corresponds to the beneficiary.,,,11313, +38-161,38,A ska fe wan xadyi da na-namay.,A\tsxa\tfe\twan\txadyi\tda\tna-namay.,3GEN\tPROG\tmake\tART\thouse\tgive\tART-family,They were building a house for the family.,,,,,elicited from speaker,A ska fe wan xadyi da na-namay.,A sxa fe wan xadyi da na-namay.,3GEN PROG make ART house give ART-family,,Own fieldwork 1993,,11314, +41-138,41,"noos kampooy, aka meʃiintu capaa lodaa","noos\tkam-pooy,\taka\tmeʃiin-ntu\tcapaa\tlo-daa",1PL\tCOND-HABIL\tthat\tmachine-LOC\tweld\tFUT-give,"If we are able, we will vulcanise it in the machine for you. OR: Consultant's translation: If we are able, we will vulcanise it in the machine and give.",,,1416[5389],,naturalistic spoken,"noos kampooy, aka meʃiintu capaa lodaa","noos kam-pooy, aka meʃiin-ntu capaa lo-daa",1PL COND-HABIL that machine-LOC weld FUT-give,,,,11315, +41-139,41,tavii jeentispa daa daatu falaa poy laraa,[ta-vii]\tjeentis-pa\tdaa\tdaa-tu\tfalaa\tpoy\tlaraa,[PRS-come]\tpeople-DAT\tgive\tgive-PFV.PTCP\ttell\tHABIL\tleave,"Having given [the allowance] to the people who come [to collect it], you can tell [the others to come] and leave [it at that].",,"Assuming this is not a speech error, the example shows daa both as a main verb and a recipient marker.",1416[5426],,naturalistic spoken,tavii jeentispa daa daatu falaa poy laraa,[ta-vii] jeentis-pa daa daa-tu falaa poy laraa,[PRS-come] people-DAT give give-PFV.PTCP tell HABIL leave,"Assuming this is not a speech error, the example shows daa both as a main verb and a recipient marker.",,,11316, +41-140,41,aka tudu etus faya lodaa,aka\ttudu\tetus\tfaya\tlo-daa,that\tall\t3PL.M\tdo\tFUT-give,All that they will do for you.,,"'All that' refers to various household repairs, including whitewashing the walls and repairing the pump. Thus this is a reasonable example of a beneficiary rather than a recipient.",1416[1424],,naturalistic spoken,"aka tudu etus faya lodaa",aka tudu etus faya lo-daa,that all 3PL.M do FUT-give,"'All that' refers to various household repairs, including whitewashing the walls and repairing the pump. Thus this is a reasonable example of a beneficiary rather than a recipient.",,,11317, +42-149,42,e ja da mpustá ku yo aké langgiáng,e\tja\tda\tmpustá\tku\tyo\také\tlanggiáng,3SG\tPFV\tgive\tborrow\tOBJ\t1SG\tthat\tpush-net,He loaned me that push-net.,,,122[214],,elicited from speaker,"e ja da mpustá ku yo aké langgiáng",,3SG PFV give borrow OBJ 1SG that push-net,,,,11318, +43-101,43,Isti belu da sabe kung ile ki esta teng lugar [...].,Isti\tbelu\tda\tsabe\tkung\tile\tki\testa\tteng\tlugar\t[...].,this\told.man\tgive\tknow\tOBJ\t3SG\tCOMP\tDEM\tCOP\tplace\t[...],The old man told him that this was the place [...].,,,906[54],,pedagogical grammar,"Isti belu da sabe kung ile ki esta teng lugar [...].",,this old.man give know OBJ 3SG COMP DEM COP place [...],,,,11319, +43-102,43,Akel belu da intindi ki [...].,Akel\tbelu\tda\tintindi\tki\t[...].,DEM\told\tgive\tunderstand\tCOMP\t[...],The old man explained [to him] that […].,,,906[73],,pedagogical grammar,"Akel belu da intindi ki [...].",,DEM old give understand COMP [...],,,,11320, +44-149,44,[...] ta dali pruba cung manga jente quel miel [...].,[...]\tta\tdali\tpruba\tcung\tmanga\tjente\tquel\tmiel\t[...].,[...]\tIPFV\tgive\ttaste\tOBJ\tPL\tpeople\tDEF\thoney\t[...],[He] lets the people taste the honey [...].,,,1064[6],,naturalistic written,[...] ta dali pruba cung manga jente quel miel [...].,,[...] IPFV give taste OBJ PL people DEF honey [...],,,,11321, +44-150,44,A dáli konyesé mínggu mi mánanag kel de mi muhér.,A\tdáli\tkonyesé\tmínggu\tmi\tmánanag\tkel\tde\tmi\tmuhér.,PFV\tgive\tmeet\t1SG.OBJ\t1SG.POSS\tsister\tDEF\tof\t1SG.POSS\twoman,My sister introduced my wife to me.,,Konyesé has the meaning ‘know’.,,,naturalistic spoken,A dáli konyesé mínggu mi mánanag kel de mi muhér.,,PFV give meet 1SG.OBJ 1SG.POSS sister DEF of 1SG.POSS woman,"Konyesé has the meaning ‘know’.",Own data,,11322, +44-151,44,A dali baña lojotro con quel Santo Niño.,A\tdali\tbaña\tlojotro\tcon\tquel\tSanto\tNiño.,PFV\tgive\tbath\t3PL\tOBJ\tDEM\tholy\tchild,They bathed the holy child.,,,1064[5],,naturalistic written,A dali baña lojotro con quel Santo Niño.,,PFV give bath 3PL OBJ DEM holy child,,,,11323, +45-122,45,Ya dale mira ele el retrato conmigo.,Ya\tdale\tmira\tele\tel\tretrato\tconmigo.,PFV\tgive\tlook\t3SG\tDEF\tpicture\t1SG.OBJ,She showed me the picture.,,Mira means ‘look’ and 'see'.,835[82],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ya dale mira ele el retrato conmigo.,,PFV give look 3SG DEF picture 1SG.OBJ,"Mira means ‘look’ and 'see'.",,,11324, +46-160,46,Pírmi yo ta-dále prestá konéle mi motor.,Pírmi\tyo\tta-dále\tprestá\tkonéle\tmi\tmotor.,often\t1SG\tIPFV-give\tborrow\tOBJ.3SG\tmy\tmotorcycle,I lend her/him frequently my motorcycle.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Pírmi yo ta-dále prestá konéle mi motor.,,often 1SG IPFV-give borrow OBJ.3SG my motorcycle,,Own knowledge,,11325, +46-161,46,Ay-dalé yo mirá kontígo el mga retráto.,Ay-dalé\tyo\tmirá\tkontígo\tel\tmga\tretráto.,IRR-give\t1SG\tsee\tOBJ.2SG\tART\tPL\tpicture,I will show you the pictures.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ay-dalé yo mirá kontígo el mga retráto.,,IRR-give 1SG see OBJ.2SG ART PL picture,,Own knowledge,,11326, +49-259,49,Ou voye l ban mwen.,Ou\tvoye\tl\tban\tmwen.,2SG\tsend\t3SG\tgive\t1SG,You have sent him/her/it to me.,,,"473[vol. 3, p. 455]",,naturalistic spoken,Ou voye l ban mwen.,,2SG send 3SG give 1SG,,,,11327,French: Tu me l'as envoyé. +49-260,49,Fo m mennen machin nan tounen ba li.,Fo\tm\tmennen\tmachin\tnan\ttounen\tba\tli.,must\t1SG\ttake\tcar\tDEF\treturn\tgive\t3SG,I have to return the car to him.,,,1514[152],,naturalistic spoken,Fo m mennen machin nan tounen ba li.,,must 1SG take car DEF return give 3SG,,,,11328,French: Il faut que je lui ramène la voiture. +49-261,49,Fè travay la ban mwen!,Fè\ttravay\tla\tban\tmwen!,do\twork\tDEF\tfor\t1SG,Do the work for me!,,"Valdman (ed.) (2007: 72) writes regarding this use: ""often emphasizing a command"".",1505[72],,naturalistic spoken,Fè travay la ban mwen!,,do work DEF for 1SG,"Valdman (ed.) (2007: 72) writes regarding this use: ""often emphasizing a command"".",,,11329,French: Fais moi le travail! +49-262,49,Mwen ouvri kè m ba ou.,Mwen\touvri\tkè\tm\tba\tou.,1SG\topen\theart\t3SG.POSS\tgive\t2SG,I have opened you my heart.,,,381[51],,naturalistic written,Mwen ouvri kè m ba ou.,,1SG open heart 3SG.POSS give 2SG,,,,11330,French: Je t'ai ouvert mon coeur. +50-161,50,I maké on lèt ba Jòj.,I\tmaké\ton\tlèt\tba\tJòj.,3SG\twrite\tINDF\tletter\tgive\tGeorge,He/She wrote a letter to George.,,,132,,naturalistic spoken,I maké on lèt ba Jòj.,,3SG write INDF letter give George,,,,11331, +50-162,50,Ijénie ka pòté mango ba Ijenn.,Ijénie\tka\tpòté\tmango\tba\tIjenn.,Eugénie\tPROG\tbring\tmango\tto\tEugène,Eugénie is bringing the mangos to Eugène.,,,850[282ff.],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ijénie ka pòté mango ba Ijenn.,,Eugénie PROG bring mango to Eugène,,,,11332,French: Eugénie apporte des mangues à Eugène. +51-145,51,I matjé an let ba Joj.,I\tmatjé\tan\tlet\tba\tJoj.,3SG\twrite\tINDF\tletter\tgive\tGeorge,He/She wrote a letter to George.,,,132,,naturalistic spoken,I matjé an let ba Joj.,,3SG write INDF letter give George,,,,11333, +52-92,52,mo ké véyé timoun ba to,mo\tké\tvéyé\ttimoun\tba\tto,I\tMOOD\tlook_after\tchild\tgive\tyou,I shall look after the child for you.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"mo ké véyé timoun ba to",,I MOOD look_after child give you,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,11334, +55-157,55,Li praṅ lakaz (e) (li) don torti,Li\tpraṅ\tlakaz\t(e)\t(li)\tdon\ttorti,he\ttake\thouse\t(and)\t(he)\tgive\tturtle,He took the house (and he) gave [it to] Turtle.,,/don torti/ has the small rise + fall intonation associated with all predicates regardless of whether e or li or both are included or excluded. Therefore Baker does not consider this to be a bona fide serial construction.,,,constructed by linguist,Li praṅ lakaz (e) (li) don torti,,he take house (and) (he) give turtle,"/don torti/ has the small rise + fall intonation associated with all predicates regardless of whether e or li or both are included or excluded. Therefore Baker does not consider this to be a bona fide serial construction.",Own knowledge,,11335, +61-92,61,Thengela mina lo buk.,Theng-el-a\tmina\tlo\tbuk.,buy-BEN-IMP\tI\tDEF.ART\tbook,Buy me a book. OR: Buy a book for me.,,The verbal extension -ela is commonly used by rural speakers of the pidgin to denote 'buy for'. In other cases this may have to be expressed periphrastially. There are no serial uses of 'give' or 'take'.,,,elicited from speaker,Thengela mina lo buk.,Theng-el-a mina lo buk.,buy-BEN-IMP I DEF.ART book,"The verbal extension -ela is commonly used by rural speakers of the pidgin to denote 'buy for'. In other cases this may have to be expressed periphrastially. There are no serial uses of 'give' or 'take'.",Field notes Mesthrie,,11336, +67-180,67,Ada pergi tengok orang tua la masak kasi olang tua makan.,Ada\tpergi\ttengok\torang\ttua\tla\tmasak\tkasi\tolang\ttua\tmakan.,have\tgo\tlook.at\tperson\told\tPCL\tcook\tgive\tperson\told\teat,I go to old people and cook for them to eat.,,,708[380],,naturalistic spoken,Ada pergi tengok orang tua la masak kasi olang tua makan.,,have go look.at person old PCL cook give person old eat,,,,11337, +67-181,67,Jangan kasi wang sama ini macam punya orang.,Jangan\tkasi\twang\tsama\tini\tmacam\tpunya\torang.,don’t\tgive\tmoney\twith\tDEM\tlike\tATTR\tperson,Don’t give money to people like this.,,,708[137],,naturalistic spoken,Jangan kasi wang sama ini macam punya orang.,,don’t give money with DEM like ATTR person,,,,11338, +67-191,67,Mak beli barang-barang kasi dia anak.,Mak\tbeli\tbarang~barang\tkasi\tdia\tanak.,mother\tbuy\tthing~thing\tgive\t3SG\tchild,The mother bought things for her child.,,,708[136],,elicited from speaker,Mak beli barang-barang kasi dia anak.,Mak beli barang~barang kasi dia anak.,mother buy thing~thing give 3SG child,,,,11339, +67-236,67,Dia beli itu buku kasi dia punya anak ah.,Dia\tbeli\titu\tbuku\tkasi\tdia\tpunya\tanak\tah.,3SG\tbuy\tDEM\tbook\tgive\t3SG\tPOSS\tchild\tPCL,She bought the book for her child.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dia beli itu buku kasi dia punya anak ah.,,3SG buy DEM book give 3SG POSS child PCL,,Khin Khin Aye 2005,,11340, +67-237,67,Datuk cakap ah story kasi budak-budak dengar.,Datuk\tcakap\tah\tstory\tkasi\tbudak-budak\tdengar.,grandfather\tspeak\tPCL\tstory\tgive\tchild-child\thear,The grandfather told a story to the children to hear.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Datuk cakap ah story kasi budak-budak dengar.,,grandfather speak PCL story give child-child hear,,Khin Khin Aye 2005,,11341, +68-104,68,Lalu antua kasi pulang kembali itu anak.,Lalu\tantua\tkasi\tpulang\tkembali\titu\tanak.,then\t3SG.FORMAL\tgive\tgo.home\treturn\tDEM\tchild,Then she returned the children to their homes.,,,1178[632],,naturalistic spoken,"Lalu antua kasi pulang kembali itu anak.",,then 3SG.FORMAL give go.home return DEM child,,,,11342, +71-156,71,Iaia kii kela beer haawi Henry Moore.,Iaia\tkii\tkela\tbeer\thaawi\tHenry\tMoore.,2SG\tfetch\tDET\tbeer\tgive\tHenry\tMoore,He fetched some beer for Henry Moore. OR: He fetched some beer to give to Henry Moore.,,Note that the same speaker produced Example 157 in the same speech event.,,,naturalistic written,"Iaia kii kela beer haawi Henry Moore.",,2SG fetch DET beer give Henry Moore,Note that the same speaker produced Example 157 in the same speech event.,Own data 1897,,11343, +71-157,71,Iaia lawe mai haawi ia Henry alua omole.,Iaia\tlawe\tmai\thaawi\tia\tHenry\talua\tomole.,3SG\ttake\tDIR\tgive\tOBJ\tHenry\ttwo\tbottle,He brought two bottles for Henry. OR: He brought and gave Henry two bottles.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Iaia lawe mai haawi ia Henry alua omole.",,3SG take DIR give OBJ Henry two bottle,,Own data 1897,,11344, +74-133,74,náyka patlač máskit kápa dáčman,náyka\tpatlač\tmáskit\tkápa\tdáčman,1SG\tgive\tgun\tPREP\tGerman,I give the German the gun.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"náyka patlač máskit kápa dáčman",,1SG give gun PREP German,,Own knowledge,,11345, +1-215,1,Wi no lobbi va tori wi srefi.,Wi\tno\tlobi\tfu\ttori\twi\tsrefi.,1PL\tNEG\tlove\tto\tbetray\t1PL\tself,We don't like to betray ourselves.,,"In cases like this, srefi 'self' may be analyzed as reflexive, although it cannot be excluded that it is used as intensifier.",1357[202],,written (dictionary),Wi no lobbi va tori wi srefi.,Wi no lobi fu tori wi srefi.,1PL NEG love to betray 1PL self,"In cases like this, srefi 'self' may be analyzed as reflexive, although it cannot be excluded that it is used as intensifier.",,,11346,German: Wir klagen uns nicht gern selbst an. [op.cit.] +1-216,1,"Ma hem go kibri hem na Bussikondri, va begi.","Ma\ten\tgo\tkibri\ten\tna\tbusikondre,\tfu\tbegi.",but\t3SG\tgo\thid\t3SG\tLOC\tforest\tfor\tpray,"But he went to hide (himself) in the forest, to pray.",,,1355[70],,written,"Ma hem go kibri hem na Bussikondri, va begi.","Ma en go kibri en na busikondre, fu begi.",but 3SG go hid 3SG LOC forest for pray,,,,11347, +1-217,1,Mi wassi mi.,Mi\twasi\tmi.,1SG\twash\t1SG,I wash myself.,,,1527[24],,written,Mi wassi mi.,Mi wasi mi.,1SG wash 1SG,,,,11348,Dutch: Ik was myn. [op.cit] +1-218,1,A bron hem.,A\tbron\ten.,3SG.SBJ\tburn\t3SG,He burned himself.,,,1044[280],,written,A bron hem.,A bron en.,3SG.SBJ burn 3SG,,,,11349,Dutch: Hij of zij heeft sig gebrandt. [op.cit.] +1-219,1,Wassi ju skin na bilo tu.,Wasi\tyu\tskin\tna\tbilo\ttu.,wash\t2SG\tbody\tLOC\tbelow\ttoo,Wash yourself at the lower part too.,,,1357[17],,written (dictionary),Wassi ju skin na bilo tu.,Wasi yu skin na bilo tu.,wash 2SG body LOC below too,,,,11350,German: Wasch dich auch unten am Leib. [op.cit.] +1-220,1,A no kan sheki hem skin.,A\tno\tkan\tseki\ten\tskin.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tcan\tshake\t3SG\tbody,He can't move.,,,1357[110],,written (dictionary),A no kan sheki hem skin.,A no kan seki en skin.,3SG.SBJ NEG can shake 3SG body,,,,11351,German: Er kan sich nicht ruhren. [op.cit.] +1-221,1,Datie joe kan memree na joe srevie.,Dati\tyu\tkan\tmemre\tna\tyu\tsrefi.,DET\t2SG\tcan\tthink\tat\t2SG\tself,You (yourself) can understand.,,"In cases like this, srefi 'self' may be analyzed as reflexive, although it cannot be excluded that it is used as intensifier.",1576[139],,written,Datie joe kan memree na joe srevie.,Dati yu kan memre na yu srefi.,DET 2SG can think at 2SG self,"In cases like this, srefi 'self' may be analyzed as reflexive, although it cannot be excluded that it is used as intensifier.",,,11352,Dutch: Dat kunt gy wel begrypen. [op.cit.] +1-222,1,Dem sa moessoe hollie dem serefie allekie dem frieman diesie wie mekie na wie miendrie.,Den\tsa\tmusu\thori\tden\tsrefi\taleki\tden\tfriman\tdisi\twi\tmeki\tna\twi\tmindri.,3PL\tFUT\tmust\thold\t3PL\tself\tlike\tDET.PL\tfreeman\tREL\t1PL\tmake\tLOC\t1PL\tmidst,They will have to behave themselves like the freemen in our midst whom we set free.,,"Here srefi 'self' is reflexive, without an alternative reading as intensifier being applicable. Such cases are rare.",1437[art.11],,written,"Dem sa moessoe hollie dem serefie allekie dem frieman diesie wie mekie na wie miendrie.",Den sa musu hori den srefi aleki den friman disi wi meki na wi mindri.,3PL FUT must hold 3PL self like DET.PL freeman REL 1PL make LOC 1PL midst,"Here srefi 'self' is reflexive, without an alternative reading as intensifier being applicable. Such cases are rare.",,,11353, +2-225,2,A koti ensrefi nanga wan nefi.,A\tkoti\tensrefi\tnanga\twan\tnefi.,3SG\tcut\thimself\twith\ta\tknife,He cut himself with a knife.,,,1062[47],,naturalistic spoken,"A koti ensrefi nanga wan nefi.",,3SG cut himself with a knife,,,,11354, +2-226,2,A ten di a kisi en srefi taki a ben musu gwe nanga a kromanti.,A\tten\tdi\ta\tkisi\ten\tsrefi\ttaki\ta\tben\tmusu\tgwe\tnanga\ta\tkromanti.,the\ttime\twhen\t3SG\tcatch\thim\tself\tCOMP\t3SG\tPST\tmust\tgo.away\twith\tthe\tspirit.,"When he realized that, he had to go away with the spirit.",,kisi en srefi is an idiomatic expression meaning 'realize' and it takes a taki complement.,,,elicited from speaker,"A ten di a kisi en srefi taki a ben musu gwe nanga a kromanti.",,the time when 3SG catch him self COMP 3SG PST must go.away with the spirit.,"kisi en srefi is an idiomatic expression meaning 'realize' and it takes a taki complement.","Winford data, Tape 8-a",,11355, +3-115,3,Dí mujéei lóbi hén-seéi.,Dí\tmujéei\tlóbi\thén-seéi.,DEF.SG\twoman\tlove\t3SG-self,The woman loves herself.,,,1539[44],,naturalistic spoken,Dí mujéei lóbi hén-seéi.,,DEF.SG woman love 3SG-self,,,,11356, +3-116,3,A kaábu hén sinkíi.,A\tkaábu\thén\tsinkíi.,3SG\tscratch\t3SG\tbody,She scratched herself/him.,,"The distribution of this is very limited. It only occurs with a small set of verbs that express physical action and in each instance a literal interpretation remains possible. Moreover, in the literal interpretation the pronoun can, but need not, +refer to the co-argument.",1539[45],,naturalistic spoken,A kaábu hén sinkíi.,,3SG scratch 3SG body,"The distribution of this is very limited. It only occurs with a small set of verbs that express physical action and in each instance a literal interpretation remains possible. Moreover, in the literal interpretation the pronoun can, but need not, +refer to the co-argument.",,,11357, +4-148,4,"We a akisi mi taki, san meke wan sama kii en seefi.","We\ta\takisi\tmi\ttaki,\tsan\tmeke\twan\tsama\tkii\ten\tseefi.",well\the\task\tme\tsay\twhat\tmake\ta\tperson\tkill\thim\tself,"Well, he asked me what makes a person commit suicide.",,,661[279],,naturalistic spoken,"We a akisi mi taki, san meke wan sama kii en seefi.",,well he ask me say what make a person kill him self,,,,11358, +4-149,4,Linda luku en sikin na a sipiki.,Linda\tluku\ten\tsikin\tna\ta\tsipiki.,Linda\tlook\ther\tbody\tLOC\tDET.SG\tmirror,Linda looked at herself in the mirror.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Linda luku en sikin na a sipiki.",,Linda look her body LOC DET.SG mirror,,Own observation,,11359, +5-150,5,yu kliin yu skin yet?,yu\tkliin\tyu\tskin\tyet?,2SG\tclean\t2SG.POSS\tskin\tyet,Have you cleaned/wiped the dirt off your body as yet?,,"This usage is limited to words such as /kliin/ 'to clean', /dotii/ 'to dirty, to mess up', /wash/ 'wash', etc. which involve personal hygiene, particularly as it involves the surface of the skin.",,,constructed by linguist,yu kliin yu skin yet?,,2SG clean 2SG.POSS skin yet,"This usage is limited to words such as /kliin/ 'to clean', /dotii/ 'to dirty, to mess up', /wash/ 'wash', etc. which involve personal hygiene, particularly as it involves the surface of the skin.",Own knowledge,,11360, +5-151,5,ii wach ii self in di mira,ii\twach\tii\tself\tin\tdi\tmira,3SG\tlook.at\t3.POSS\tREFL\tin\tthe\tmirror,He looked at himself in the mirror.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ii wach ii self in di mira,,3SG look.at 3.POSS REFL in the mirror,,Own knowledge,,11361, +6-91,6,"meself, youself, he-/she-/itself, weself, allyuhself, themself","meself,\tyouself,\the-/she-/itself,\tweself,\tallyuhself,\tthemself",1SG.self\t2SG.self\t3SG.self\t1PL.self\t2PL.self\t3PL.self,"myself, yourself, himself/herself/itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves",,Note that the form self alone is used to emphasize a nominal: She self do it 'She did it herself'.,1431[51],,constructed by linguist,"meself, youself, he-/she-/itself, weself, allyuhself, themself",,1SG.self 2SG.self 3SG.self 1PL.self 2PL.self 3PL.self,"Note that the form self alone is used to emphasize a nominal: She self do it 'She did it herself'.",,,11362, +7-207,7,Hi de a sheiv.,Hi\tde\ta\tsheiv.,3SG\tIMPFV\tPROG\tshave,He is shaving himself.,,The speaker may choose to add i feis 'his face' or i baab 'his beard'.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi de a sheiv.,,3SG IMPFV PROG shave,"The speaker may choose to add i feis 'his face' or i baab 'his beard'.",Own knowledge,,11363, +7-208,7,Mi naa bada mi brein.,Mi\tna-a\tbada\tmi\tbrein.,1SG\tNEG-PROG\tbother\t1SG\tbrain,I am not worrying.,,"Here, mi brein 'my brain' could be replaced by mi hed 'my head' or nothing at all.",1249[4],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi naa bada mi brein.,Mi na-a bada mi brein.,1SG NEG-PROG bother 1SG brain,"Here, mi brein 'my brain' could be replaced by mi hed 'my head' or nothing at all.",,,11364, +7-209,7,Di gyel juhs a fuul shiself.,Di\tgyel\tjuhs\ta\tfuul\tshi-self.,ART\tgirl\tjust\tPROG\tfool\t3SG-self,The girl is just fooling herself.,,Self cannot be omitted.,1249[3],,naturalistic spoken,"Di gyel juhs a fuul shiself.",Di gyel juhs a fuul shi-self.,ART girl just PROG fool 3SG-self,"Self cannot be omitted.",,,11365, +8-136,8,A chuu bikaazn se unu hiet unuself.,A\tchuu\tbikaazn\tse\tunu\thiet\tunuself.,FOC\tthrough\tbecause\tCOMP\t2PL\thate\t2PL.REFL,It's because you all hate yourselves.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"A chuu bikaazn se unu hiet unuself.",,FOC through because COMP 2PL hate 2PL.REFL,,Own knowledge,,11366, +9-160,9,Di rowp wan tay op ina i own sɛf.,Di\trowp\twan\ttay\top\tina\ti\town\tsɛf.,the\trope\tFUT\ttie\tup\tin\tits\town\tself,The rope will be wrapped up on itself.,,,432[35],,naturalistic spoken,Di rowp wan tay op ina i own sɛf.,,the rope FUT tie up in its own self,,,,11367, +10-201,10,Mary sii ihnself iina di glas.,Mary\tsii\tihn-self\tiina\tdi\tglas.,Mary\tsee\t3SG-REFL\tin\tART.DEF\tmirror,Mary saw herself in the mirror.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mary sii ihnself iina di glas.",Mary sii ihn-self iina di glas.,Mary see 3SG-REFL in ART.DEF mirror,,Field notes 2008,,11368, +10-202,10,Wi hafy difend wiself.,Wi\thaf-y\tdifend\twi-self.,1PL\thave-to\tdefend\t1PL-REFL,We have to defend ourselves.,,,113[49],,naturalistic spoken,"Wi hafy difend wiself.",Wi haf-y difend wi-self.,1PL have-to defend 1PL-REFL,,,,11369, +10-203,10,Ihn bied wid kuol waata.,Ihn\tbied\twid\tkuol\twaata.,3SG\tbathe\tINS\tcold\twater,He washed himself with cold water.,,,113[49],,elicited from speaker,Ihn bied wid kuol waata.,,3SG bathe INS cold water,,,,11370, +11-269,11,wóri yu hed,wóri\tyu\thed,worry\t2SG.POSS\thead,to worry oneself,,"It is actually not quite clear to me how Holm gathered this and the following example, whether it occurred in natural speech or was elicited.",636[230],,naturalistic spoken,wóri yu hed,,worry 2SG.POSS head,"It is actually not quite clear to me how Holm gathered this and the following example, whether it occurred in natural speech or was elicited.",,,11371, +11-270,11,wash yu skin,wash\tyu\tskin,wash\t2SG.POSS\tskin,to wash oneself,,,636[230],,naturalistic spoken,wash yu skin,,wash 2SG.POSS skin,,,,11372, +11-271,11,Di big piipl dem disgais demself.,Di\tbig\tpiipl\tdem\tdisgais\tdem-self.,ART.DEF\tbig\tpeople\tPL\tdisguise\t3PL-REFL,[Even] the adults disguise themselves.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Di big piipl dem disgais demself.",Di big piipl dem disgais dem-self.,ART.DEF big people PL disguise 3PL-REFL,,,,11373, +11-272,11,Meri sii arself iin di lukin glaas.,Meri\tsii\tar-self\tiin\tdi\tlukin\tglaas.,Mary\tsee\t3SG.F-REFL\tin\tART.DEF\tlooking\tglass,Mary saw herself in the mirror.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Meri sii arself iin di lukin glaas.",Meri sii ar-self iin di lukin glaas.,Mary see 3SG.F-REFL in ART.DEF looking glass,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,11374, +12-212,12,"I gon' tell you the truth, that ain't no true, 'cause a fisherman - if you see a person call theyself a fisherman, and he can't swim, ain't go in no boat!",[...]\tif\tyou\tsee\ta\tperson\tcall\ttheyself\ta\tfisherman\t[...],[...]\tif\t2SG.SBJ\tsee\tART\tperson\tcall\tREFL\tART\tfisherman\t[...],[...] if someone calls himself a fisherman and he can’t swim [...],,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I gon' tell you the truth, that ain't no true, 'cause a fisherman - if you see a person call theyself a fisherman, and he can't swim, ain't go in no boat!","[...] if you see a person call theyself a fisherman [...]",[...] if 2SG.SBJ see ART person call REFL ART fisherman [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11375, +12-213,12,Why should we worry our heads about tourism?,Why\tshould\twe\tworry\tour\thead-s\tabout\ttourism?,why\tMOD.AUX\t1PL.SBJ\tworry\t1PL.POSS\thead-PL\tPREP\ttourism,Why should we worry about tourism?,,,634[224],,naturalistic spoken,Why should we worry our heads about tourism?,Why should we worry our head-s about tourism?,why MOD.AUX 1PL.SBJ worry 1PL.POSS head-PL PREP tourism,,,,11376, +13-155,13,We joys weselves in de summer time.,We\tjoys\tweselves\tin\tde\tsummer\ttime.,1PL.SBJ\tenjoy\t1PL.OBJ.REFL\tin\tthe\tsummer\ttime,We enjoy ourselves in the summer time.,,,1500[280],,naturalistic spoken,"We joys weselves in de summer time.",,1PL.SBJ enjoy 1PL.OBJ.REFL in the summer time,,,,11377, +13-156,13,Le me die for myself.,Le\tme\tdie\tfor\tmyself.,let\t1SG.OBJ\tdie\tfor\t1SG.OBJ.REFL,Let me die for myself.,,,1500[270],,naturalistic spoken,"Le me die for myself.",,let 1SG.OBJ die for 1SG.OBJ.REFL,,,,11378, +14-118,14,She accidently hit herself.,She\taccidently\thit\therself.,she\taccidentally\thit\ther.REFL,She accidentally hit herself.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She accidently hit herself.,,she accidentally hit her.REFL,,Own knowledge,,11379, +14-119,14,He accidentally hit hisself.,He\taccidentally\thit\thisself.,he\taccidentally\thit\this.REFL,He accidentally hit himself.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He accidentally hit hisself.,,he accidentally hit his.REFL,,Own knowledge,,11380, +15-119,15,di man kil ĩsɛf,di\tman\tkil\tĩsɛf,ART\tman\tkill\tREFL,The man killed himself.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di man kil ĩsɛf,,ART man kill REFL,,Own knowledge,,11381, +16-123,16,wai wì gò fait auasɛf?,wai\twì\tgò\tfait\tauasɛf?,why\t1PL\tFUT\tfight\t1PL.REFL,Why will we fight ourselves (i.e. among ourselves)? OR: Why will we fight each other?,,This example shows a reflexive; reciprocal interpretation is possible (see second translation option).,656[201],,naturalistic spoken,"wai wì gò fait auasɛf?",,why 1PL FUT fight 1PL.REFL,This example shows a reflexive; reciprocal interpretation is possible (see second translation option).,,,11382, +16-124,16,ʃek jɔ̀ bɔdi smɔ,ʃek\tjɔ̀\tbɔdi\tsmɔ,shake\t2SG.POSS\tbody\tsmall,Shake yourself a little. OR: Shake your body a little.,,"Some ambiguous examples of bɔdi do occur in my corpus, but a reflexive reading is only one of two possible interpretations.",656[202],,naturalistic spoken,ʃek jɔ̀ bɔdi smɔ,,shake 2SG.POSS body small,"Some ambiguous examples of bɔdi do occur in my corpus, but a reflexive reading is only one of two possible interpretations.",,,11383, +16-125,16,ì disgres ĩ skin,ì\tdisgres\tĩ\tskin,3SG\tdisgrace\t3SG.POSS\tskin,He disgraced himself.,,,656[202],,naturalistic spoken,ì disgres ĩ skin,,3SG disgrace 3SG.POSS skin,,,,11384, +16-126,16,jù dè disgres jɔ̀sɛf,jù\tdè\tdisgres\tjɔ̀sɛf,2SG\tPROG\tdisgrace\t2SG.REFL,You are disgracing yourself.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"jù dè disgres jɔ̀sɛf",,2SG PROG disgrace 2SG.REFL,,Own fieldwork,,11385, +17-151,17,Ìm si ìm-sé̱f fò̱r glas.,Ìm\tsi\tìm-sé̱f\tfò̱r\tglas.,3SG.SBJ\tsee\t3SG.POSS-REFL\tLOC\tglass,S/he saw herself/himself in the mirror.,,,"462[116, 182]",,naturalistic spoken,Ìm si ìm-sé̱f fò̱r glas.,,3SG.SBJ see 3SG.POSS-REFL LOC glass,,,,11386, +17-152,17,Ìm si (ìm) bò̱di fò̱r glas.,Ìm\tsi\t(ìm)\tbò̱di\tfò̱r\tglas.,3SG.SBJ\tsee\t(3SG.POSS)\tbody.REFL\tLOC\tglass,S/he saw him/herself in the mirror.,,,"462[116, 182]",,naturalistic spoken,Ìm si (ìm) bò̱di fò̱r glas.,,3SG.SBJ see (3SG.POSS) body.REFL LOC glass,,,,11387, +18-134,18,Mary si im bodi fo lookin-glas.,Mary\tsi\tim\tbodi\tfo\tlookin-glas.,Mary\tsee\t3SG.POSS\tbody\tfor\tmirror,Mary saw herself in the mirror.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"Mary si im bodi fo lookin-glas.",,Mary see 3SG.POSS body for mirror,,,,11388, +18-135,18,Mary bin si im-sef fo glas.,Mary\tbin\tsi\tim-sef\tfo\tglas.,Mary\tPST\tsee\t3SG.OBJ-REFL\tfor\tmirror,Mary saw herself in the mirror.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mary bin si im-sef fo glas.,,Mary PST see 3SG.OBJ-REFL for mirror,,Own knowledge,,11389, +19-172,19,À dè si mì skin nà lukìnglás.,À\tdè\tsi\tmì\tskin\tnà\tlukìnglás.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tsee\t1SG.POSS\tbody\tLOC\tmirror,I’m seeing myself/ my body in the mirror.,,,1634[434],,elicited from speaker,"À dè si mì skin nà lukìnglás.",,1SG.SBJ IPFV see 1SG.POSS body LOC mirror,,,,11390, +19-173,19,Dɛ̀n dè taya dɛ̀n sɛf fɔ̀ rɔn.,Dɛ̀n\tdè\ttaya\tdɛ̀n\tsɛf\tfɔ̀\trɔn.,3PL\tIPFV\ttire.out\t3PL\tself\tASSOC\trun,They're tiring themselves out by running.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dɛ̀n dè taya dɛ̀n sɛf fɔ̀ rɔn.",,3PL IPFV tire.out 3PL self ASSOC run,,Field data,,11391, +19-174,19,È dɔn chak ìn hed.,È\tdɔn\tchak\tìn\thed.,3SG.SBJ\tPRF\tget.drunk\t3SG.POSS\thead,She has got herself drunk.,,,1634[435],,naturalistic spoken,"È dɔn chak ìn hed.",,3SG.SBJ PRF get.drunk 3SG.POSS head,,,,11392, +21-119,21,She look at herself in the mirror.,She\tlook\tat\ther-self\tin\tthe\tmirror.,3SG\tlook\tat\t3SG-REFL\tin\tDET\tmirror,She looked at herself in the mirror.,,,,,constructed by linguist,She look at herself in the mirror.,She look at her-self in the mirror.,3SG look at 3SG-REFL in DET mirror,,Own knowledge,,11393, +22-152,22,Em go na em kilim em yet.,Em\tgo\tna\tem\tkilim\tem\tyet.,3SG\tgo\tand\t3SG\tkill\t3SG\tREFL,He went and killed himself.,,,584[ESP M1],,naturalistic spoken,"Em go na em kilim em yet.",,3SG go and 3SG kill 3SG REFL,,,,11394, +23-138,23,hem i lavem hem,hem\ti\tlavem\them,3SG\tAGR\tlove\t3SG,He loves himself.,,,,,constructed by linguist,hem i lavem hem,,3SG AGR love 3SG,,Own knowledge,,11395, +24-156,24,Yu se hat (yusael/yusaelf)?,Yu\tse\that\t(yusael/yusaelf)?,you\tCOMPL\thurt\t(you.self),Did you hurt yourself?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yu se hat (yusael/yusaelf)?,,you COMPL hurt (you.self),,Own fieldwork,,11396, +24-157,24,Miienhem gwen worsh aklan.,Miienhem\tgwen\tworsh\taklan.,me.and.him\tFUT\twash\t1.NSG.OBJ,He and I are going to wash ourselves.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Miienhem gwen worsh aklan.,,me.and.him FUT wash 1.NSG.OBJ,,Own fieldwork,,11397, +24-158,24,Aa biebi s' wet etsaelf / wet et.,Aa biebi s' wet etsaelf / wet et.,DET.DEF baby COMPL wet ANAPH.OBJ.PRO.self   wet ANAPH.OBJ.PRO,The baby has wet itself.,,,791,,constructed by linguist,Aa biebi s' wet etsaelf / wet et.,,DET.DEF baby COMPL wet ANAPH.OBJ.PRO.self wet ANAPH.OBJ.PRO,,,,11398, +24-159,24,Ai si mii iin aa puul.,Ai\tsi\tmii\tiin\taa\tpuul.,1SG.SBJ\tsee\t1SG.NSBJ\tPREP\tDET.DEF\tpool,I saw myself in the pool.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ai si mii iin aa puul.,,1SG.SBJ see 1SG.NSBJ PREP DET.DEF pool,,Own knowledge,,11399, +24-160,24,side ai cut fer ar axe,side\tai\tcut\tfer\tar\taxe,place\tI\tcut\tPREP\tDET.INDF.SG\taxe,where I cut myself with an axe,,,,,naturalistic written,side ai cut fer ar axe,,place I cut PREP DET.INDF.SG axe,,Own fieldwork,,11400, +24-161,24,I hut mi worn.,I\thut\tmi\tworn.,1SG\thurt\tme\tEMPH,I hurt myself.,,worn < English one,,,constructed by linguist,I hut mi worn.,,1SG hurt me EMPH,"worn < English one",Own knowledge,,11401, +25-238,25,Im skrejim mijelb.,Im\tskrej-im\tmijelb.,3SG\tscratch-TR\tREFL,He scratches himself.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the reflexive use of the invariant reflexive/reciprocal marker mijelb.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Im skrejim mijelb.",Im skrej-im mijelb.,3SG scratch-TR REFL,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the reflexive use of the invariant reflexive/reciprocal marker mijelb.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,11402, +25-306,25,Buji yu rabim mijelb yu hatim.,Buji\tyu\trab-im\tmijelb\tyu\that-im.,COND\t2SG\trub-TR\tREFL\t2SG\thurt-TR,"If you rub yourself (with it), you will be in pain. (Context: discussing a poisonous plant).",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the reflexive construction, the conditional conjunction buji, and an expression of pain.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Buji yu rabim mijelb yu hatim.",Buji yu rab-im mijelb yu hat-im.,COND 2SG rub-TR REFL 2SG hurt-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the reflexive construction, the conditional conjunction buji, and an expression of pain.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,11403, +25-307,25,Yu lafda wajim mijelp.,Yu\tlafda\twaj-im\tmijelp.,2SG\tOBLIG\twash-TR\tREFL,You have to wash yourself.,,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the reflexive reading of the invariable reflexive/reciprocal marker mijelp.,1333[92],,unknown,"Yu lafda wajim mijelp.",Yu lafda waj-im mijelp.,2SG OBLIG wash-TR REFL,"Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the reflexive reading of the invariable reflexive/reciprocal marker mijelp.",,,11404, +26-100,26,ʃi luk hə˞seof in da miɹa,ʃi\tluk\thə˞seof\tin\tda\tmiɹa,3SG\tlook\t3SG.REFL\tin\tART\tmirror,She looked/looks at herself in the mirror.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ʃi luk hə˞seof in da miɹa",,3SG look 3SG.REFL in ART mirror,,Own knowledge,,11405, +27-112,27,"Am a lo, klēt amsél [...].","Am\ta\tlo,\tklēt\tam-sél\t[...].",3SG\tPST\tgo\tdress\t3SG-self\t[...],He went and dressed himself [...].,,,355[65],,naturalistic spoken,"Am a lo, klēt amsél [...].","Am a lo, klēt am-sél [...].",3SG PST go dress 3SG-self [...],,,,11406, +27-113,27,[...] as am nu overcharge am.,[...]\tas\tam\tnu\tovercharge\tam.,[...]\tif\t3SG\tnow\tovercharge\t3SG,[...] if he overcharged himself now.,,,355[59],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] as am nu overcharge am.",,[...] if 3SG now overcharge 3SG,,,,11407, +28-143,28,o goi-tɛ ʃi sel mingi ben tobːoːː,o\tgui-tɛ\tʃi\tselfu\tmingi\tben\ttobːoːː,3SG\tthrow-PFV\t3SG.POSS\tself\twater\tinside\tsplash,"It threw itself ""splash!"" into the water.",,,737[182],,naturalistic spoken,"o goi-tɛ ʃi sel mingi ben tobːoːː",o gui-tɛ ʃi selfu mingi ben tobːoːː,3SG throw-PFV 3SG.POSS self water inside splash,,,,11408, +29-174,29,Jan het hom misgis.,Jan\thet\thom\tmisgis.,John\tPST\t3SG.M.OBL\tmistook,John made a mistake (lit. John mistook him(self)).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jan het hom misgis.,Jan het hom misgis.,John PST 3SG.M.OBL mistook,,Own knowledge,,11409, +29-175,29,Jan haat homself.,Jan1\thaat\thom-self1.,John\thates\t3SG.M.OBL-self,John hates himself.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jan haat homself.,Jan1 haat hom-self1.,John hates 3SG.M.OBL-self,,Own knowledge,,11410, +29-176,29,Ek herinner my daaraan.,Ek\therinner\tmy\tdaar-aan.,1SG.NOM\trecall\t1SG.OBL\tthere-on,I remember that (lit. I remind myself of that).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek herinner my daaraan.,Ek herinner my daar-aan.,1SG.NOM recall 1SG.OBL there-on,,Own knowledge,,11411, +29-177,29,Sy bemoei haar daarmee.,Sy\tbemoei\thaar\tdaar-mee.,3SG.F.NOM\tconcern\t3SG.F.OBL\tthere-with,She concerns herself with that.,,,,,naturalistic written,Sy bemoei haar daarmee.,Sy bemoei haar daar-mee.,3SG.F.NOM concern 3SG.F.OBL there-with,,Own knowledge,,11412, +30-186,30,"[...], ka bu jobe so pa bu kabésa.",[...]\tka\tbu=jobe\tso\tpa=bu=kabésa.,[...]\tNEG\t2SG=look\tonly\tat=2SG.POSS=head,"[...], don’t only think of yourself .",,,784[s.v. jobe],,naturalistic spoken,"[...], ka bu jobe so pa bu kabésa.",[...] ka bu=jobe so pa=bu=kabésa.,[...] NEG 2SG=look only at=2SG.POSS=head,,,,11413, +30-187,30,Algen so pode ser indipendenti óki e komesa gánha p'e sustenta si kabésa.,Algen\tso\tpode\tser\tindipendenti\tóki\te=komesa\tgánha\tp=e=sustenta\tsi=kabésa.,somebody\tonly\tcan\tbe\tindependent\twhen\t3SG=begin\tearn.money\tfor=3SG=provide.for\t3SG.POSS=head,Somebody can only be independent when they begin to earn money to provide for themselves.,,,784[s.v. indipendenti],,naturalistic spoken,"Algen so pode ser indipendenti óki e komesa gánha p'e sustenta si kabésa.",Algen so pode ser indipendenti óki e=komesa gánha p=e=sustenta si=kabésa.,somebody only can be independent when 3SG=begin earn.money for=3SG=provide.for 3SG.POSS=head,,,,11414,"German: Jemand kann nur dann unabhängig sein, wenn er angefangen hat, Geld zu verdienen, um für sich selbst aufzukommen." +31-150,31,Ta manda pa nu ba mata kabesa.,Ta\tmanda\tpa\tnu\tba\tmata\tkabesa.,ASP\tsend\tfor\twe\tgo\tkill\thead,They lead us to kill ourselves.,,This example was taken from my Santiago corpus but the exact equivalent also obtains in the Brava variety (although no illustrative instance occurred in my Brava corpus).,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ta manda pa nu ba mata kabesa.",,ASP send for we go kill head,This example was taken from my Santiago corpus but the exact equivalent also obtains in the Brava variety (although no illustrative instance occurred in my Brava corpus).,"Rab older daughter 2000 (ST), p.c.",,11415, +32-143,32,El matá (se) kabésa.,El\tmatá\t(se)\tkabésa.,3SG\tkill\t(POSS.3SG)\thead,He killed himself.,,"Here, se kabésa is the reflexive marker. Possessive se is optional.",1456,,naturalistic spoken,"El matá (se) kabésa.",,3SG kill (POSS.3SG) head,"Here, se kabésa is the reflexive marker. Possessive se is optional.",,,11416,Portuguese: Ele matou-se. +32-144,32,El matá el mes.,El\tmatá\tel\tmes.,3SG\tkill\t3SG\tself,He killed himself.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,"El matá el mes.",,3SG kill 3SG self,,,,11417,Portuguese: Matou-se. +33-173,33,I mata si kabesa.,I\tmata\tsi\tkabesa.,3SG\tkill\t3SG\thead,He killed himself.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I mata si kabesa.,,3SG kill 3SG head,,Own knowledge,,11418,Portuguese: Ele suicidou-se. +33-174,33,I gosta di si kabesa.,I\tgosta\tdi\tsi\tkabesa.,3SG\tlike\tof\this\thead,He likes himself.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I gosta di si kabesa.",,3SG like of his head,,Own knowledge,,11419,Portuguese: Ele gosta de si mesmo. +34-139,34,I matá (si) kabisa.,I\tø\tmatá\t(si)\tkabisa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tkill\t(POSS.3SG)\thead,He/she killed himself/herself. OR: He/she committed suicide (lit. He/she killed his/her head).,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I matá (si) kabisa.","I ø matá (si) kabisa.",3SG.SBJ PFV kill (POSS.3SG) head,,Own knowledge,,11420, +34-140,34,I labá (si) kurpu.,I\tø\tlabá\t(si)\tkurpu.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\twash\t(POSS.3SG)\tbody,He/she washed himself.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I labá (si) kurpu.","I ø labá (si) kurpu.",3SG.SBJ PFV wash (POSS.3SG) body,,Own knowledge,,11421,He/she washed (his/her) body. +35-197,35,N ga da ubwê mu ku faka.,N\tga\tda\tubwê\tmu\tku\tfaka.,1SG\tIPFV\tgive\tbody\t1SG.POSS\twith\tknife,I will stab myself with a knife.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,N ga da ubwê mu ku faka.,,1SG IPFV give body 1SG.POSS with knife,,Own data,,11422, +35-198,35,N ga ba kenta.,N\tga\tba\tkenta.,1SG\tIPFV\tgo\twarm,I am going to warm myself.,,,498[72],,naturalistic spoken,N ga ba kenta.,,1SG IPFV go warm,,,,11423, +35-199,35,N plêdê.,N\tplêdê.,1SG\tloose,I got lost. OR: I lost.,,,,,elicited from speaker,N plêdê.,,1SG loose,,Own data,,11424, +36-115,36,Ê mata ôngê rê.,Ê\tmata\tôngê\trê.,he\tkill\tbody\this,He committed suicide.,,,901[145],,elicited from speaker,"Ê mata ôngê rê.",,he kill body his,,,,11425,French: Il s'est suicidé. +36-116,36,Ê kôntê ôngê rê me.,Ê\tkôntê\tôngê\trê\tme.,3SG\thate\tbody\this\tself,He hates himself.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê kôntê ôngê rê me.",,3SG hate body his self,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,11426, +36-117,36,Ê kôntê n’tê rê me.,Ê\tkôntê\tn’tê\trê\tme.,3SG\thate\thead\this\tself,He hates himself.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê kôntê n’tê rê me.",,3SG hate head his self,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,11427, +36-118,36,Ê pya ôngê rê me pê thupê.,Ê\tpya\tôngê\trê\tme\tpê\tthupê.,3SG\tlook\tbody\this\tself\tput\tmirror,He looked at himself in the mirror.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê pya ôngê rê me pê thupê.",,3SG look body his self put mirror,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,11428, +37-152,37,M mendu ami mesu.,M\tmendu\tami\tmesu.,1SG\tfear\t1SG\tself,I am afraid of myself.,,,905[152],,elicited from speaker,"M mendu ami mesu.",,1SG fear 1SG self,,,,11429, +37-153,37,M mendu igbê me mesu.,M\tmendu\tigbê\tme\tmesu.,1SG\tfear\tbody\tPOSS.1SG\tself,I am afraid of myself.,,"In this construction, mesu is optional.",905[152],,elicited from speaker,"M mendu igbê me mesu.",,1SG fear body POSS.1SG self,"In this construction, mesu is optional.",,,11430, +37-154,37,N tê mendu kabese me mesu.,N\ttê\tmendu\tkabese\tme\tmesu.,1SG\thave\tfear\thead\tPOSS.1SG\tself,I am afraid of myself.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"N tê mendu kabese me mesu.",,1SG have fear head POSS.1SG self,,Own knowledge,,11431, +38-163,38,Yabeza poxodul bi ska laba ogé poto-se.,Ya_beza\tpoxodulu\tbi\tsxa\tlaba\togé\tpoto-sai.,before\tpeople\tANT\tPROG\twash\tbody\tlake-DEM,Formerly people washed themselves in this lake.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Yabeza poxodul bi ska laba ogé poto-se.",Ya_beza poxodulu bi sxa laba ogé poto-sai.,before people ANT PROG wash body lake-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1993,,11432, +38-164,38,S'em ga mete pé ogé.,Se\tamu\txa\tmete\tpé\togé.,and\t1SG\tEVID\tput\tput\tbody,And I dressed (myself).,,,,,elicited from speaker,S'em ga mete pé ogé.,Se amu xa mete pé ogé.,and 1SG EVID put put body,,Own fieldwork 1993,,11433, +40-118,40,Lwidz ki sota mat-o.,Lwidz\tki\tsota\tmat-o.,Lwidz\tOBJ\tself\tkill-PST,Lwidz killed himself.,,,267[169],,constructed by linguist,"Lwidz ki sota mat-o.",,Lwidz OBJ self kill-PST,,,,11434, +40-119,40,Lʋidz su ded sota kort-o.,Lʋidz\tsu\tded\tsota\tkort-o.,Lwidz\tGEN\tfinger\tself\tcut-PST,Lwidz cut (off) his own finger.,,,267[169],,constructed by linguist,Lʋidz su ded sota kort-o.,,Lwidz GEN finger self cut-PST,,,,11435, +41-141,41,eli jacucaataam faaka vɔɔnda,eli\tjaa-cucaa-taam\tfaaka\tvɔɔnda,3SG.M\tPST-stab-REFL\tknife\tby,He stabbed himself with a knife.,,The unmarked word order is: eli faaka vɔɔnda jacucaataam. (This speaker liked to model sentences on English word-order in elicitation situations.),1416[3997],,elicited from speaker,"eli jacucaataam faaka vɔɔnda",eli jaa-cucaa-taam faaka vɔɔnda,3SG.M PST-stab-REFL knife by,"The unmarked word order is: eli faaka vɔɔnda jacucaataam. (This speaker liked to model sentences on English word-order in elicitation situations.)",,,11436, +41-142,41,pasa aanu eev permi jakuziɲaa,pasa\taanu\teev\tpermi\tjaa-kuziɲaa,past\tyear\t1SG\t1SG.DAT\tPST-cook,Last year I cooked for myself.,,The prompt was actually “Last year I had to cook for myself”.,1416[0435],,elicited from speaker,pasa aanu eev permi jakuziɲaa,pasa aanu eev permi jaa-kuziɲaa,past year 1SG 1SG.DAT PST-cook,The prompt was actually “Last year I had to cook for myself”.,,,11437, +42-150,42,eli ja matá korpu,eli\tja\tmatá\tkorpu,3SG\tPFV\tkill\tbody,He killed himself.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,eli ja matá korpu,,3SG PFV kill body,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,11438, +42-151,42,eli ja matá onsong sa korpu,eli\tja\tmatá\tonsong\tsa\tkorpu,3SG\tPFV\tkill\talone\tGEN\tbody,He killed himself.,,,120[67],,elicited from speaker,eli ja matá onsong sa korpu,,3SG PFV kill alone GEN body,,,,11439, +42-152,42,eli ja pinchá korpu,eli\tja\tpinchá\tkorpu,3SG\tPFV\tthrow.away\tbody,He/She suicided.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,eli ja pinchá korpu,,3SG PFV throw.away body,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,11440, +42-153,42,Maria ja olá onsong sa rosto na spelu,Maria\tja\tolá\tonsong\tsa\trosto\tna\tspelu,Maria\tPFV\tsee\talone\tGEN\tface\tLOC\tmirror,Maria saw herself in the mirror (lit. Maria saw self's face in the mirror).,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Maria ja olá onsong sa rosto na spelu",,Maria PFV see alone GEN face LOC mirror,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,11441, +43-103,43,engena sua mesmu,engena\tsua\tmesmu,betray\tPOSS\tself,betray oneself,,,906[98],,pedagogical grammar,"engena sua mesmu",,betray POSS self,,,,11442, +43-104,43,lava korpu,lava\tkorpu,wash\tbody,to wash (oneself),,,906[98],,pedagogical grammar,"lava korpu",,wash body,,,,11443, +43-105,43,pasa bira bira korpu,pasa\tbira\tbira\tkorpu,go\tturn\tturn\tbody,to stroll about,,,906[98],,pedagogical grammar,"pasa bira bira korpu",,go turn turn body,,,,11444, +44-152,44,Ya mirá yo mi saríli na espého.,Ya\tmirá\tyo\tmi\tsaríli\tna\tespého.,PFV\tlook\t1SG\t1SG.POSS\tself\tLOC\tmirror,I saw myself in the mirror.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ya mirá yo mi saríli na espého.",,PFV look 1SG 1SG.POSS self LOC mirror,,Own data,,11445, +45-123,45,Ya mira yo con migo na espejo.,Ya\tmira\tyo\tconmigo\tna\tespejo.,PFV\tsee\t1SG\t1SG.OBJ\tLOC\tmirror,I saw myself in the mirror.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ya mira yo con migo na espejo.",Ya mira yo conmigo na espejo.,PFV see 1SG 1SG.OBJ LOC mirror,,Own data,,11446, +45-124,45,Ya mata el rey con su mismo cuerpo.,Ya\tmata\tel\trey\tcon\tsu\tmismo\tcuerpo.,PFV\tkill\tDEF\tking\tOBJ\t3SG\tsame\tbody,The king killed himself.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ya mata el rey con su mismo cuerpo.",,PFV kill DEF king OBJ 3SG same body,,Own data,,11447, +45-125,45,Con migo mismo yo ya mira na espejo.,Conmigo\tmismo\tyo\tya\tmira\tna\tespejo.,1SG.OBJ\tself\t1SG\tPFV\tsee\tLOC\tmirror,It was me myself that I saw in the mirror.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Con migo mismo yo ya mira na espejo.",Conmigo mismo yo ya mira na espejo.,1SG.OBJ self 1SG PFV see LOC mirror,,Own data,,11448, +46-162,46,Ta-rabyá 'le su kwérpo.,Ta-rabyá\t'le\tsu\tkwérpo.,IPFV-hate\ts/he\this/her\tbody,S/he hates herself.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta-rabyá 'le su kwérpo.,,IPFV-hate s/he his/her body,,Own knowledge,,11449, +46-163,46,Keré yo introdusí mi kwérpo.,Keré\tyo\tintrodusí\tmi\tkwérpo.,want\t1SG\tintroduce\tmy\tbody,I want to introduce myself.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Keré yo introdusí mi kwérpo.,,want 1SG introduce my body,,Own knowledge,,11450, +47-165,47,Bo ta sintibo manera ta na bo lugar bo ta?,Bo ta sintibo manera ta na bo lugar bo ta?,2SG TNS feel 2SG as.if COP LOC POSS.2SG place 2SG COP,Do you feel at home (lit. Do you feel yourself as if it is in your place (that) you are)?,,,755,,naturalistic written,Bo ta sintibo manera ta na bo lugar bo ta?,,2SG TNS feel 2SG as.if COP LOC POSS.2SG place 2SG COP,,,,11451, +47-166,47,Mi tei prepará mi mes pa e korant nan na Korsou publiká algu di mi.,Mi\tta\tbai\tprepará\tmi\tmes\tpa\te\tkorant\tnan\tna\tKorsou\tpubliká\talgu\tdi\tmi.,1SG\tTNS\tgo\tprepare\t1SG\tREFL\tfor\tDEF\tnewspaper\tPL\tLOC\tCuracao\tpublish\tsomething\tof\t1SG,I’m going to prepare myself for the Curaçao newspapers to publish something about me.,,,755,,naturalistic written,Mi tei prepará mi mes pa e korant nan na Korsou publiká algu di mi.,Mi ta bai prepará mi mes pa e korant nan na Korsou publiká algu di mi.,1SG TNS go prepare 1SG REFL for DEF newspaper PL LOC Curacao publish something of 1SG,,,,11452, +47-167,47,Nos a dibirtí nos.,Nos\ta\tdibirtí\tnos.,1PL\tPFV\tenjoy\t1PL,We (have) had a good time.,,,151[70],,published source,Nos a dibirtí nos.,,1PL PFV enjoy 1PL,,,,11453, +47-168,47,Ela kansa su kurpa.,El\ta\tkansa\tsu\tkurpa.,3SG\tPFV\ttire\tPOSS\tbody,He has worn himself out.,,The translation is mine.,151[71],,published source,Ela kansa su kurpa.,El a kansa su kurpa.,3SG PFV tire POSS body,The translation is mine.,,,11454, +47-169,47,Mi por defendé mi mes.,Mi\tpor\tdefendé\tmi\tmes.,1SG\tcan\tdefend\t1SG\tREFL,I can defend myself.,,,151[70],,published source,"Mi por defendé mi mes.",,1SG can defend 1SG REFL,,,,11455, +47-170,47,Bai sosega bo kurpa poko.,Bai\tsosega\tbo\tkurpa\tpoko.,go\trest\t2SG\tbody\tlittle,Go take a rest.,,The translation is mine.,1024[128],,published source,Bai sosega bo kurpa poko.,,go rest 2SG body little,The translation is mine.,,,11456, +48-155,48,Ané asé labá ayá loyu.,Ané\tasé\tlabá\tayá\tloyu.,they\tHAB\twash\tthere\tcreek,They usually wash (clothes) at the creek. OR: They usually wash themselves at the creek. OR: They (usually) wash each other at the creek.,,,1359[301],,naturalistic spoken,Ané asé labá ayá loyu.,,they HAB wash there creek,,,,11457, +48-156,48,Ele ta miná ele-memo.,Ele\tta\tminá\tele-memo.,he/she\tPROG\tlook\the-self,He/she is looking at himself/herself.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ele ta miná ele-memo.,,he/she PROG look he-self,,Recorded by author,,11458,Spanish: (Él/ella) se está mirando a sí misma. +48-157,48,Ané a matá.,Ané\ta\tmatá.,they\tPST\tkill,They killed. OR: They killed themselves.,,"Note that context alone can clarify which of the two readings this sentence has. +The reflexive interpretation could also be expressed by: Ané a matá ele memo. 'They killed themselves'.",,,naturalistic spoken,Ané a matá.,,they PST kill,"Note that context alone can clarify which of the two readings this sentence has. +The reflexive interpretation could also be expressed by: Ané a matá ele memo. 'They killed themselves'.",Recorded by author,,11459,Spanish: Mataron. OR: Se mataron. +49-263,49,Li tiye tèt li.,Li\ttiye\ttèt\tli.,3SG\tkill\thead\t3SG.POSS,He/She committed suicide.,,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), volume 6, maps 2009, 2010, 2011.","473[vol. 2, p. 860]",,naturalistic spoken,Li tiye tèt li.,,3SG kill head 3SG.POSS,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), volume 6, maps 2009, 2010, 2011.",,,11460,French: Il/Elle s'est suicidé(e). +49-264,49,M te gade kò m nan glas.,M\tte\tgade\tkò\tm\tnan\tglas.,1SG\tANT\tlook\tbody\t1SG.POSS\tin\tmirror,I had looked at myself in the mirror.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 72]",,naturalistic spoken,M te gade kò m nan glas.,,1SG ANT look body 1SG.POSS in mirror,,,,11461,French: Je m'étais regardé dans la glace. +49-265,49,Yo maske yo dèyè on pyebwa pou yo kapab suiv sa w ap fè.,Yo\tmaske\tyo\tdèyè\ton\tpyebwa\tpou\tyo\tkapab\tsuiv\tsa\tw\tap\tfè.,3PL\thide\t3PL\tbehind\tDEF\ttree\tfor\t3PL\tcan\tfollow\tDEM\t2SG\tINACC\tdo,They hid behind a tree to be able to see what you are doing.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 73]",,naturalistic spoken,Yo maske yo dèyè on pyebwa pou yo kapab suiv sa w ap fè.,,3PL hide 3PL behind DEF tree for 3PL can follow DEM 2SG INACC do,,,,11462,French: Ils/Elles se sont caché(e)s derrière un arbre pour pouvoir regarder ce que tu fais. +49-266,49,Li pann ni.,Li\tpann\tni.,3SG\thang\t3SG,He hung himself.,,"This occurs in free variation with li pann tèt li (cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), volume 6, map 2009, point 19)",473[860],,naturalistic spoken,Li pann ni.,,3SG hang 3SG,"This occurs in free variation with li pann tèt li (cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), volume 6, map 2009, point 19)",,,11463,French: Il/Elle s'est pendu(e). +49-267,49,Yo maske yo dèyè on pyebwa.,Yo\tmaske\tyo\tdèyè\ton\tpyebwa.,3PL\thide\t3PL\tbehind\tINDF\ttree,They have hidden behind a tree.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 73]",,naturalistic spoken,Yo maske yo dèyè on pyebwa.,,3PL hide 3PL behind INDF tree,,,,11464,French: Ils/Elles se sont caché(e)s derrière un arbre. +50-163,50,I ka débouyé'y.,I\tka\tdébouyé'y.,3SG\tPROG\tmanage.3SG,He does well.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka débouyé'y.,,3SG PROG manage.3SG,,Own fieldwork,,11465, +50-164,50,I ka débouyé kò a'y.,I\tka\tdébouyé\tkò\ta'y.,3SG\tPROG\tmanage\tbody\tPREP.3SG,He does well.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ka débouyé kò a'y.",,3SG PROG manage body PREP.3SG,,Own fieldwork,,11466, +50-165,50,I dépann kò a'y.,I\tdépann\tkò\ta'y.,3SG\tkill\tbody\tPREP.3SG,He killed himself.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I dépann kò a'y.",,3SG kill body PREP.3SG,,Own fieldwork,,11467, +50-166,50,I ka gadé li-menm adan glas-la.,I\tka\tgadé\tli-menm\tadan\tglas-la.,3SG\tPROG\tlook\t3SG-EMPH\tin\tmirror-DEF,She is looking at herself in the mirror.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ka gadé li-menm adan glas-la.",,3SG PROG look 3SG-EMPH in mirror-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,11468, +51-146,51,I ka débouyé kò'y.,I\tka\tdébouyé\tkò'y.,3SG\tPROG\tmanage\tbody.3SG,He does well.,,,346[58],,naturalistic spoken,I ka débouyé kò'y.,,3SG PROG manage body.3SG,,,,11469, +51-147,51,I ka gadé li-menm adan glas-la.,I\tka\tgadé\tli-menm\tadan\tglas-la.,3SG\tPROG\tlook\t3SG-EMPH\tin\tmirror-DEF,She is looking at herself in the mirror.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I ka gadé li-menm adan glas-la.,,3SG PROG look 3SG-EMPH in mirror-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,11470, +52-93,52,yé gadé yé; mo ka tchoué mo,yé\tgadé\tyé;\tmo\tka\ttchoué\tmo,they\twatch\tthem\tI\tPROG\tkill\tme,They watched themselves. I am killing myself.,,The original text in Fauquenoy is written with IPA symbols.,487[101],,constructed by linguist,yé gadé yé; mo ka tchoué mo,,they watch them I PROG kill me,The original text in Fauquenoy is written with IPA symbols.,,,11471, +52-94,52,mouché lévé so kò; mo véyé mo kò,mouché\tlévé\tso\tkò;\tmo\tvéyé\tmo\tkò,mister\tlift\this\tbody\tI\tlook.after\tmy\tbody,He stood up. I take care of myself.,,The original text in Fauquenoy is written with IPA symbols.,487[101],,constructed by linguist,"mouché lévé so kò; mo véyé mo kò",,mister lift his body I look.after my body,The original text in Fauquenoy is written with IPA symbols.,,,11472, +53-318,53,Compair Dahomey habillé li ben avé so la po mouton.,Compair\tDahomey\thabillé\tli\tben\tavé\tso\tlapo\tmouton.,brother\tDahomey\tdress\t3SG\twell\twith\t3SG.POSS\tskin\tsheep,Brother Dahomey dressed himself well with his sheep's skin.,,,1049[18],,naturalistic written,"Compair Dahomey habillé li ben avé so la po mouton.",Compair Dahomey habillé li ben avé so lapo mouton.,brother Dahomey dress 3SG well with 3SG.POSS skin sheep,,,,11473, +53-319,53,Torti benye li-mem byen.,Torti\tbenye\tli-mem\tbyen.,Turtle\ttake.bath\t3SG-self\twell,Turtle took a good bath.,,,1048[260],,naturalistic spoken,"Torti benye li-mem byen.",,Turtle take.bath 3SG-self well,,,,11474, +53-320,53,"Dèk to te koupe twa move, se t ape senye en ta, to te trape le fil nannye epi met sa onho-la.","Dèk\tto\tte\tkoupe\ttwa\tmove,\tse\tt\tape\tsenye\ten\tta,\tto\tte\ttrape\tle\tfil\tnannye\tepi\tmet\tsa\tonho-la.",when\t2SG\tPST\tcut\t2SG.REFL\tbad\tit\tPST\tPROG\tbleed\tART.INDF\tpile\t2SG\tPST\tget\tART.PL\tweb\tspider\tand\tput\tDEM\ton-there,"Once you had cut yourself badly, and it was bleeding a lot, you took some spider's webs and put it on there.",,,1048[261],,naturalistic spoken,"Dèk to te koupe twa move, se t ape senye en ta, to te trape le fil nannye epi met sa onho-la.",,when 2SG PST cut 2SG.REFL bad it PST PROG bleed ART.INDF pile 2SG PST get ART.PL web spider and put DEM on-there,,,,11475, +53-321,53,Fo mo grouyé mo cor.,Fo\tmo\tgrouyé\tmo\tcor.,it.is.necessary\t1SG\tmove\t1SG.POSS\tbody,I have to hurry.,,,1049[19],,naturalistic written,"Fo mo grouyé mo cor.",,it.is.necessary 1SG move 1SG.POSS body,,,,11476, +54-188,54,Degaz aou!,Degaz\taou!,hurry.IMP\tOBL.2SG,Hurry up!,,"Aou is the oblique form of the personal pronoun. Since it is often used with imperatives (e.g. Ale aou! 'Go'!, Vyen aou! 'Come!' Devin aou! 'Guess', Mont aou! 'Go up!', Dsann aou! 'Go down!', Manz aou! 'Eat!') one cannot be sure that the construction Degaz aou! can be analysed as reflexive.",,,constructed by linguist,Degaz aou!,,hurry.IMP OBL.2SG,"Aou is the oblique form of the personal pronoun. Since it is often used with imperatives (e.g. Ale aou! 'Go'!, Vyen aou! 'Come!' Devin aou! 'Guess', Mont aou! 'Go up!', Dsann aou! 'Go down!', Manz aou! 'Eat!') one cannot be sure that the construction Degaz aou! can be analysed as reflexive.",Own knowledge,,11477,French: Dépêche-toi! +54-189,54,Li prepar ali.,Li\tprepar\tali.,3SG.FIN\tprepare\tOBL.3SG,He prepares himself.,,Ali is the oblique form of the personal pronoun. Examples of this type are very rare in my corpora.,110[71],,naturalistic spoken,Li prepar ali.,,3SG.FIN prepare OBL.3SG,"Ali is the oblique form of the personal pronoun. Examples of this type are very rare in my corpora.",,,11478,French: Il se prépare. +54-190,54,Mwen la larg mon kor.,Mwen\tla\tlarg\tmon\tkor.,1SG\tPRF\tlet.go\tPOSS.1SG\tbody,I let myself go.,,"The construction with kor 'body' is very rare, not a single example was found in Barat et al. (1977). Kor apparently occurs only in certain lexicalized expressions, see Chaudenson (1974: 345).",236[345],,naturalistic spoken,Mwen la larg mon kor.,,1SG PRF let.go POSS.1SG body,"The construction with kor 'body' is very rare, not a single example was found in Barat et al. (1977). Kor apparently occurs only in certain lexicalized expressions, see Chaudenson (1974: 345).",,,11479,French: Je me suis laissée aller (à terre). +54-191,54,Li la rann son kor.,Li\tla\trann\tson\tkor.,3SG\tPRF\tgive.up\tPOSS.3SG\tbody,He surrendered (to the police).,,,214[449],,naturalistic spoken,Li la rann son kor.,,3SG PRF give.up POSS.3SG body,,,,11480,French: Il s'est rendu (à la police). +55-158,55,Jamamuv ti tuy so lekor,Jamamuv\tti\ttuy\tso\tlekor,Jamamuv\tPST\tkill\t3SG.POSS\tbody,Jamamuv committed suicide.,,"This reflexive construction, which appears to have been more extensively used in former times, is now restricted to a few phrases, most notably /kasyet PRONOUN lekor/ (lit. hide one's body) 'to keep out of sight (to avoid doing something one does not want to do)'.",,,constructed by linguist,Jamamuv ti tuy so lekor,,Jamamuv PST kill 3SG.POSS body,"This reflexive construction, which appears to have been more extensively used in former times, is now restricted to a few phrases, most notably /kasyet PRONOUN lekor/ (lit. hide one's body) 'to keep out of sight (to avoid doing something one does not want to do)'.",Own knowledge,,11481, +55-159,55,li swany li-mem,li\tswany\tli-mem,3SG\tlook.after\t3SG-EMPH,He takes care of himself. OR: He looks after himself.,,,,,constructed by linguist,li swany li-mem,,3SG look.after 3SG-EMPH,,Own knowledge,,11482, +55-160,55,li fin paṅdi so lekor,li\tfin\tpaṅdi\tso\tlekor,3SG\tCOMPL\thang\tPOSS\tbody,He hung himself.,,,215,,written (grammar),li fin paṅdi so lekor,,3SG COMPL hang POSS body,,,,11483,French: Il s'est pendu. +55-161,55,li fin paṅdi li,li\tfin\tpaṅdi\tli,3SG\tCOMPL\thang\t3SG,He hung him(self).,,"According to Corne (1988: 72), this example is ambiguous and can have a reflexive or nonreflexive interpretation.",298[72],,written (grammar),li fin paṅdi li,,3SG COMPL hang 3SG,"According to Corne (1988: 72), this example is ambiguous and can have a reflexive or nonreflexive interpretation.",,,11484, +55-162,55,li fin paṅdi li-mem,li\tfin\tpaṅdi\tli-mem,3SG\tCOMPL\thang\t3SG-EMPH,He hung himself.,,,298[78],,written (grammar),li fin paṅdi li-mem,,3SG COMPL hang 3SG-EMPH,,,,11485,French: Il s'est pendu. +56-156,56,I deteste son lekor.,I\tdeteste\tson\tlekor.,3SG\thate\tPOSS.3SG\tbody,He hates himself.,,"Here, son lekor is the reflexive marker.",,,constructed by native speaker,"I deteste son lekor.",,3SG hate POSS.3SG body,"Here, son lekor is the reflexive marker.",Own knowledge,,11486, +56-157,56,I degout son prop kor.,I\tdegout\tson\tprop\tkor.,3SG\thate\tPOSS.3SG\town\tbody,He hates himself.,,"Here, son prop kor marks the reflexive construction. Other possibilities to mark reflexive constructions are with limenm (mwanmenm, oumenm, etc.) and son lekor (mon lekor, ou lekor, etc.).",,,constructed by native speaker,"I degout son prop kor.",,3SG hate POSS.3SG own body,"Here, son prop kor marks the reflexive construction. Other possibilities to mark reflexive constructions are with limenm (mwanmenm, oumenm, etc.) and son lekor (mon lekor, ou lekor, etc.).",Own knowledge,,11487, +56-158,56,I war li-menm dan laglas.,I\twar\tli-menm\tdan\tlaglas.,3SG\tsee\thim-self\tin\tmirror,He sees himself in the mirror.,,Here li-menm is the reflexive marker.,,,constructed by native speaker,"I war li-menm dan laglas.",,3SG see him-self in mirror,"Here li-menm is the reflexive marker.",Own knowledge,,11488, +56-159,56,I get li dan laglas.,I\tget\tli\tdan\tlaglas.,3SG\tlook\t3SG.OBJ\tin\tmirror,He looks at himself in the mirror.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"I get li dan laglas.",,3SG look 3SG.OBJ in mirror,,Own knowledge,,11489, +57-91,57,ma ndefan mwa paske la ule tape ave a mbwa,ma\tndefan\tmwa\tpaske\tla\tule\ttape\tave\ta\tmbwa,1SG\tdefend\t1SG\tbecause\t3SG\twant\thit\twith\ta\tstick,I defend myself because he/she wanted to hit me with a stick.,,,423[140],,naturalistic spoken,ma ndefan mwa paske la ule tape ave a mbwa,,1SG defend 1SG because 3SG want hit with a stick,,,,11490, +58-108,58,Yandi bula yandi monsi.,Yandi\tbula\tyandi\tmonsi.,he\thit.NARR\thim\tone,He hit himself.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi bula yandi monsi.,,he hit.NARR him one,,Own knowledge,,11491, +59-267,59,"zia, mbi sukula tere si","zia,\tmbi\tsukula\ttere\tsi",let\t1SG\twash\tbody\tthen,Let me wash up first.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"zia, mbi sukula tere si",,let 1SG wash body then,,Own knowledge,,11492, +59-268,59,mbi laa mbi faa maboko ti mbi na zeme so,mbi\tlaa\tmbi\tfaa\tmaboko\tti\tmbi\tna\tzeme\tso,1SG\tFOC\t1SG\tcut\thand\tof\t1SG\tPREP\tknife\tDEM,I cut myself in the hand with this knife.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mbi laa mbi faa maboko ti mbi na zeme so,,1SG FOC 1SG cut hand of 1SG PREP knife DEM,,Own knowledge,,11493, +59-269,59,lo honde tere (ti) lo na ya ti da,lo\thonde\ttere\t(ti)\tlo\tna\tya\tti\tda,3SG\thide\tbody\t(of)\t3SG\tPREP\tinside\tof\thouse,He/she hid in the house.,,,172[339A],,naturalistic spoken,"lo honde tere (ti) lo na ya ti da",,3SG hide body (of) 3SG PREP inside of house,,,,11494, +60-121,60,amímónákí,a-mí-món-ákí,3SG-REFL-see-PST,He saw himself.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"amímónákí",a-mí-món-ákí,3SG-REFL-see-PST,,Own knowledge,,11495, +62-82,62,é-tá-kú-hlómi mahlóma,é-tá-kú-hlómi\tmahlóma,1-EVID-REFL-anoint\toil,She anoints herself.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"é-tá-kú-hlómi mahlóma",,1-EVID-REFL-anoint oil,,Own field data 1993,,11496, +63-165,63,úmun dús úmun,úmun\tdús\túmun,3PL\thide\t3PL,They hide themselves.,,,857[302],,naturalistic spoken,úmun dús úmun,,3PL hide 3PL,,,,11497, +64-175,64,úo kátulu náfsa to,úo\tkátulu\tnáfsa\tto,3SG\tkill\tsoul\tPOSS.3SG,He killed himself.,,,874[149],,naturalistic spoken,"úo kátulu náfsa to",,3SG kill soul POSS.3SG,,,,11498, +64-176,64,kan íta dúsu náfsa táki íta ma bikun éndu ádel,kan\títa\tdúsu\tnáfsa\ttáki\títa\tma\tbi=kun\téndu\tádel,if\t2SG\thide\tsoul\tPOSS.2SG\t2SG\tNEG\tIRR=be\thave\tjustice,"If you hide yourself, you won’t receive justice.",,,874[167],,naturalistic spoken,"kan íta dúsu náfsa táki íta ma bikun éndu ádel",kan íta dúsu náfsa táki íta ma bi=kun éndu ádel,if 2SG hide soul POSS.2SG 2SG NEG IRR=be have justice,,,,11499, +65-131,65,"Ni byla kipitalisətə udegejskij ran'se, sami usio zarabotali.","Ni\tbyla\tkipitalisətə\tudegejskij\tran'se,\tsami\tusio\tzarabota-li.",NEG\tCOP.PFV\tcapitalist\tUdihe\tbefore\tself\tPL\twork-PFV.PL,"There were no Udihe capitalists before, all people worked for themselves.",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,1195[246],,naturalistic spoken,"Ni byla kipitalisətə udegejskij ran'se, sami usio zarabotali.","Ni byla kipitalisətə udegejskij ran'se, sami usio zarabota-li.",NEG COP.PFV capitalist Udihe before self PL work-PFV.PL,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,,"Ни было кипиталиста удэгейский раньсе, сами усё заработали.",11500, +65-132,65,Sama padumaj moʒəno.,Sama\tpadumaj\tmoʒəno.,self\tthink\tmay,You may think of yourself.,,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).,1045[247],,constructed by linguist,"Sama padumaj moʒəno.",,self think may,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).,,Сама подумай можено.,11501, +66-99,66,Diana dia jo vertu akinja.,Dia-na\tdia-jo\tvertu\ta-kinja.,3SG-DAT\t3SG-FOC\thate\tPRS-do,He hates himself.,,This example is in the Kirinda dialect. I am unsure of the appropriate construction in other varieties.,,,elicited from speaker,"Diana dia jo vertu akinja.",Dia-na dia-jo vertu a-kinja.,3SG-DAT 3SG-FOC hate PRS-do,This example is in the Kirinda dialect. I am unsure of the appropriate construction in other varieties.,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,11502, +67-182,67,Pagi hari ini dia potongkan diri-nya.,Pagi\thari\tini\tdia\tpotongkan\tdiri-nya.,morning\tday\tDEM\t3SG\tcut\tself-3SG/3PL,"This morning, he cut himself.",,Nya can mean third person singular or third person plural.,708[468],,naturalistic spoken,Pagi hari ini dia potongkan diri-nya.,,morning day DEM 3SG cut self-3SG/3PL,"Nya can mean third person singular or third person plural.",,,11503, +67-183,67,"Dia gigit, taruh dia sendiri tengok dia suda mabok, dia lankar pigi ini ceremin kasi ini orang tua.","Dia\tgigit,\ttaruh\tdia\tsendiri\ttengok\tdia\tsuda\tmabok,\tdia\tlankar\tpigi\tini\tceremin\tkasi\tini\torang\ttua.",3SG\tbite\tput\t3SG\town\tlook.at\t3SG\tPFV\tintoxicate\t3SG\tbump\tgo\tDEM\tglass\tgive\tDEM\tperson\told,"He bit [him], he looked [through the spectacles] at himself and [when he] became dizzy, he returned them to the old man.",,,708[404],,elicited from speaker,"Dia gigit, taruh dia sendiri tengok dia suda mabok, dia lankar pigi ini ceremin kasi ini orang tua.",,3SG bite put 3SG own look.at 3SG PFV intoxicate 3SG bump go DEM glass give DEM person old,,,,11504, +68-105,68,kaca; ba-kaca; goso; ba-goso,kaca;\tba-kaca;\tgoso;\tba-goso,look.in.mirror\tREFL-look.in.mirror\trub\tREFL-rub,to look in a mirror; to look at oneself in a mirror; to rub; to rub oneself,,,1528[97],,elicited from speaker,kaca; ba-kaca; goso; ba-goso,,look.in.mirror REFL-look.in.mirror rub REFL-rub,,,,11505, +71-158,71,Wau olelo akahi kao malama iaia kino.,Wau\tolelo\takahi\tkao\tmalama\tiaia\tkino.,1SG\tspeak\tINDF\tgoat\ttake.care\t3SG\tbody,I told a lazy fellow to take care of himself.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau olelo akahi kao malama iaia kino.",,1SG speak INDF goat take.care 3SG body,,own data 1873,,11506, +71-159,71,"Oe makana wau $1 akahi la, a wau kaukau mi.","Oe\tmakana\twau\t$1\takahi\tla,\ta\twau\tkaukau\tmi.",2SG\tgive\t1SG\tone.dollar\teach\tday\tand\t1SG\tfeed\tmyself,Pay me a dollar per day and I will feed myself.,,Note that the reflexive pronoun is a borrowing from Hawai'i Pidgin English and is distinct in form from the usual 1SG pronoun used in the same sentence.,,,naturalistic written,"Oe makana wau $1 akahi la, a wau kaukau mi.",,2SG give 1SG one.dollar each day and 1SG feed myself,Note that the reflexive pronoun is a borrowing from Hawai'i Pidgin English and is distinct in form from the usual 1SG pronoun used in the same sentence.,own data 1913,,11507, +71-160,71,iaia iho,iaia\tiho,3SG.OBJ\t-self,himself/herself,,"Of the Hawaiian directionals (which syntactically follow the verb), only mai 'hither' is used productively in the pidgin; iho 'down' is used only twice (usually the preposition malalo, which means 'bottom' in the lexifier, is used for this function). Iho was also used to indicate the reflexive, whether as a verbal modifier (directional 'down') or more commonly as a pronominal modifier. This was the most common method of indicating the reflexive in the lexifier, so it is possible that the same strategy was used at least in part in the pidgin. Since reflexives are so rare in the data, this possibility must be kept open.",,,constructed by linguist,"iaia iho",,3SG.OBJ -self,"Of the Hawaiian directionals (which syntactically follow the verb), only mai 'hither' is used productively in the pidgin; iho 'down' is used only twice (usually the preposition malalo, which means 'bottom' in the lexifier, is used for this function). Iho was also used to indicate the reflexive, whether as a verbal modifier (directional 'down') or more commonly as a pronominal modifier. This was the most common method of indicating the reflexive in the lexifier, so it is possible that the same strategy was used at least in part in the pidgin. Since reflexives are so rare in the data, this possibility must be kept open.",Own data,,11508, +72-136,72,Dat karu bin karan mijelp.,Dat\tkaru\tbin\tkaran\tmijelp.,the\tchild\tPST\tscratch\tREFL,The child scratched himself.,,,8,56015816eeccfc178ff158655be10fd8,elicited from speaker,Dat karu bin karan mijelp.,,the child PST scratch REFL,,,,11509, +73-89,73,yolladi bixuni amilladadi,yo-lla-di\tbi-xu-ni\tami-lla-da-di,1SG-DELIM-EMPH\tsee-DUR-1SG\t1SG.OBJ-DELIM-ACC-EMPH,I see myself.,,This is limited to first person singular. [-lla-di] 'just emphatic' is an intensifier.,1033[68],,naturalistic spoken,yolladi bixuni amilladadi,yo-lla-di bi-xu-ni ami-lla-da-di,1SG-DELIM-EMPH see-DUR-1SG 1SG.OBJ-DELIM-ACC-EMPH,This is limited to first person singular. [-lla-di] 'just emphatic' is an intensifier.,,,11510, +73-90,73,Huzi asilladimi mataka,Huzi\tasi-lla-di-mi\tmata-ka,José\tthus-DELIM-EMPH-AFF\tkill-PST,José killed himself.,,The combination [asi-lla-di-mi] 'exactly just like this (affirmative)' is interpreted reflexively. [-lla-di] 'just emphatic' is an intensifier.,1033[67],,elicited from speaker,Huzi asilladimi mataka,Huzi asi-lla-di-mi mata-ka,José thus-DELIM-EMPH-AFF kill-PST,The combination [asi-lla-di-mi] 'exactly just like this (affirmative)' is interpreted reflexively. [-lla-di] 'just emphatic' is an intensifier.,,,11511, +74-134,74,máyka pákpak máyka,máyka\tpákpak\tmáyka,2SG\tthump\t2SG,You’re beating yourself up.,,,,,constructed by linguist,máyka pákpak máyka,,2SG thump 2SG,,Own knowledge,,11512, +74-135,74,náyka tk’up náyka,náyka\ttk’up\tnáyka,1SG\tcut\t1SG,I cut myself.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka tk’up náyka,,1SG cut 1SG,,Own knowledge,,11513, +75-216,75,Maarii kiiwaapamishow dan li mirwee.,Maarii\tkii-waapam-isho-w\tdan\tli\tmirwee.,Mary\tPST-see.ANIM-REFL-3\tLOC\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tmirror,Mary saw herself in the mirror.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,"Maarii kiiwaapamishow dan li mirwee.",Maarii kii-waapam-isho-w dan li mirwee.,Mary PST-see.ANIM-REFL-3 LOC DEF.ART.M.SG mirror,,,,11514, +1-223,1,Ju srefi no musse lukku.,Yu\tsrefi\tno\tmusu\tluku.,2SG\tself\tNEG\tmust\tlook,You yourself mustn't look.,,"This example shows the intensifier use of srefi 'self, even'.",1357[166],,written (dictionary),Ju srefi no musse lukku.,Yu srefi no musu luku.,2SG self NEG must look,"This example shows the intensifier use of srefi 'self, even'.",,,11515,German: Du selber must nicht zusehen. [op.cit.] +2-227,2,Mi srefi dya abi famiri mi no sabi.,Mi\tsrefi\tdya\tabi\tfamiri\tmi\tno\tsabi.,1SG\tself\there\thave\trelative\t1SG\tNEG\tknow,I myself have relatives that I don’t know.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mi srefi dya abi famiri mi no sabi.,,1SG self here have relative 1SG NEG know,,"Winford data, Tape 13-a",,11516, +2-228,2,Kande en srefi e kon na foto bori na agu gi mi.,Kande\ten\tsrefi\te\tkon\tna\tfoto\tbori\tna\tagu\tgi\tmi.,maybe\t3SG\tself\tIPFV\tcome\tLOC\ttown\tcook\tDET\tpig\tgive\t1SG,Maybe he himself comes to the city to cook the pig for me.,,,1062[47],,naturalistic spoken,Kande en srefi e kon na foto bori na agu gi mi.,,maybe 3SG self IPFV come LOC town cook DET pig give 1SG,,,,11517, +2-229,2,Skowtu srefi no sabi suma fufuru a wagi.,Skowtu\tsrefi\tno\tsabi\tsuma\tfufuru\ta\twagi.,police\tself\tNEG\tknow\twho\tsteal\tDET\tcar,Even the police don’t know who stole the car.,,,1585[60],,naturalistic spoken,Skowtu srefi no sabi suma fufuru a wagi.,,police self NEG know who steal DET car,,,,11518, +3-117,3,Hén a náki hén seéi tu.,Hén\ta\tnáki\thén\tseéi\ttu.,and.then\t3SG\thit\t3SG\tself\talso,And then he hit even him too. OR: And then he hit himself too.,,,1539[43],,naturalistic spoken,Hén a náki hén seéi tu.,,and.then 3SG hit 3SG self also,,,,11519, +3-118,3,Hén seei bì dú hén.,Hén\tseei\tbì\tdú\thén.,3SG\tself\tTNS\tdo\t3SG,He himself did it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hén seei bì dú hén.,,3SG self TNS do 3SG,,Fieldwork data,,11520, +4-150,4,"Kande a dei seefi, Masaa Sopo anga wan dataa kon de.","Kande\ta\tdei\tseefi,\tMasaa\tSopo\tanga\twan\tdataa\tkon\tde.",maybe\tDET\tday\tself\tMr\tSopo\twith\ta\tdoctor\tcome\tthere,Maybe that very day Mr Sopo and a doctor came there.,,,661[328],,naturalistic spoken,"Kande a dei seefi, Masaa Sopo anga wan dataa kon de.",,maybe DET day self Mr Sopo with a doctor come there,,,,11521, +4-151,4,A lobi en seefi tumisi.,A\tlobi\ten\tseefi\ttumisi.,she\tlove\ther\tself\ttoo.much,She loves herself too much.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"A lobi en seefi tumisi.",,she love her self too.much,,Own observation,,11522, +5-152,5,Jaan wach iiself in di mira,Jaan\twach\tiiself\tin\tdi\tmira,John\tlook.at\t3.POSS.self\tin\tthe\tmirror,John looked at himself in the mirror.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Jaan wach iiself in di mira",,John look.at 3.POSS.self in the mirror,,Own knowledge,,11523, +5-153,5,Jaan self oopm di door,Jaan\tself\toopm\tdi\tdoor,John\tINTENS\topen\tthe\tdoor,John himself opened the door.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Jaan self oopm di door",,John INTENS open the door,,Own knowledge,,11524, +7-210,7,I bwai self tel yo so.,I\tbwai\tself\ttel\tyo\tso.,ART\tboy\tself\ttell\t2.OBJ\tso,The boy himself told you that.,,Self intensifies the subject here and does not require a pronominal head.,1244[94],,naturalistic spoken,"I bwai self tel yo so.",,ART boy self tell 2.OBJ so,"Self intensifies the subject here and does not require a pronominal head.",,,11525, +7-211,7,Pikni neiga rispek yoself.,Pikni\tneiga\trispek\tyo-self.,child\tperson\trespect\t2.OBJ-self,Child respect yourself. OR: Children respect yourselves.,,This is a bona fide reflexive.,1244[93],,naturalistic spoken,"Pikni neiga rispek yoself.",Pikni neiga rispek yo-self.,child person respect 2.OBJ-self,This is a bona fide reflexive.,,,11526, +7-212,7,Mi tel yo so miself.,Mi\ttel\tyo\tso\tmi-self.,1SG\ttell\t2.OBJ\tso\t1SG-self,I told you so myself.,,The self form has an exclusive use in this utterance.,1244[94],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi tel yo so miself.",Mi tel yo so mi-self.,1SG tell 2.OBJ so 1SG-self,"The self form has an exclusive use in this utterance.",,,11527, +7-213,7,Mi wan go du uhm.,Mi\twan\tgo\tdu\tuhm.,1SG\tINTENS\tFUT\tdo\t1.OBJ,I will do it myself. OR: I will do it alone.,,In this case the language resorts to the non-self strategy.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mi wan go du uhm.",,1SG INTENS FUT do 1.OBJ,In this case the language resorts to the non-self strategy.,Own knowledge,,11528, +8-137,8,Jien mek di frak arself.,Jien\tmek\tdi\tfrak\tarself.,Jane\tmake\tDET\tfrock\t3SG.REFL.F,Jane made the frock herself.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Jien mek di frak arself.",,Jane make DET frock 3SG.REFL.F,,Own knowledge,,11529, +9-161,9,Di rowp wan tay op ina i own sɛf.,Di\trowp\twan\ttay\top\tina\ti\town\tsɛf.,the\trope\twill\ttie\tup\tin\tits\town\tself,The rope will be all tied up (in a mess).,,The example shows a reflexive use of sɛf.,432[35],,naturalistic spoken,Di rowp wan tay op ina i own sɛf.,,the rope will tie up in its own self,"The example shows a reflexive use of sɛf.",,,11530, +9-162,9,I lɛf bra anansi rayt dɛ ina daaknɛs widowt wan fiʃ sɛf.,I\tlɛf\tbra\tanansi\trayt\tdɛ\tina\tdaaknɛs\twidowt\twan\tfiʃ\tsɛf.,3SG\tleave\tBrother\tAnansi\tright\tthere\tin\tdarkness\twithout\tone\tfish\tself,He left Brother Anansi right there without a single fish for him (Anansi). OR: Brother Anansi was left right there without even one fish.,,Sɛf is used as an intensifier here.,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,I lɛf bra anansi rayt dɛ ina daaknɛs widowt wan fiʃ sɛf.,,3SG leave Brother Anansi right there in darkness without one fish self,"Sɛf is used as an intensifier here.",,,11531, +10-204,10,Di Devl self mos veks!,Di\tDevl\tself\tmos\tveks!,ART.DEF\tDevil\tREFL\tmust\tvex,The Devil himself must get angry!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Di Devl self mos veks!",,ART.DEF Devil REFL must vex,,Unpublished field recordings,,11532, +10-205,10,Di uol liedi get ool an liv him wan iina wan likl bord hous.,Di\tuol\tliedi\tget\tool\tan\tliv\thim\twan\tiina\twan\tlikl\tbord\thous.,ART.DEF\told\tlady\tget\told\tand\tlive\t3SG\tone\tin\tART.INDF\tlittle\tboard\thouse,The old lady got old and lived all by herself in a little board house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Di uol liedi get ool an liv him wan iina wan likl bord hous.",,ART.DEF old lady get old and live 3SG one in ART.INDF little board house,,Unpublished field recordings,,11533, +10-206,10,We yu tink a yuself?,We\tyu\ttink\ta\tyuself?,what\t2SG\tthink\tof\t2SG.REFL,What are you thinking about yourself?,,,,,written,"We yu tink a yuself?",,what 2SG think of 2SG.REFL,,Shaat Stuoriz,,11534, +11-273,11,"Ih stie iizi, iizi tu ihself.","Ih\tstie\tiizi,\tiizi\ttu\tih-self.",3SG\tstay\teasy\teasy\tto\t3SG-REFL,So he kept very quiet by himself.,,Ihself conveys a reflexive meaning.,,,naturalistic written,"Ih stie iizi, iizi tu ihself.","Ih stie iizi, iizi tu ih-self.",3SG stay easy easy to 3SG-REFL,"Ihself conveys a reflexive meaning.",Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,11535, +11-274,11,nat di riil biébi self,nat\tdi\triil\tbiébi\tself,NEG\tART.DEF\treal\tbaby\tINTFR,not the little baby (but rather the little boy),,,636[78],,naturalistic spoken,"nat di riil biébi self",,NEG ART.DEF real baby INTFR,,,,11536, +11-275,11,I liiv i braada him wan.,I\tliiv\ti\tbraada\thim\twan.,3SG\tleave\t3SG.POSS\tbrother\t3SG\tINTFR,She left her brother by himself.,,,636[288],,naturalistic spoken,"I liiv i braada him wan.",,3SG leave 3SG.POSS brother 3SG INTFR,,,,11537, +11-276,11,Ai going go luk wan “help mi” fa kiip dis hat man fa mi wan.,Ai\tgo-ing\tgo\tluk\twan\t“help\tmi”\tfa\tkiip\tdis\that\tman\tfa\tmi\twan.,1SG\tgo-PROG\tgo\tlook\tART.INDF\thelp\tme\tCOMP\tkeep\tDEM\thot\tman\tfor\t1SG\tINTFR,I am going to get myself a “help me” (magical protection) in order to keep this hot man all to myself.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai going go luk wan “help mi” fa kiip dis hat man fa mi wan.",Ai go-ing go luk wan “help mi” fa kiip dis hat man fa mi wan.,1SG go-PROG go look ART.INDF help me COMP keep DEM hot man for 1SG INTFR,,,,11538, +11-277,11,Di dairektor ihnself uopn di doa.,Di\tdairektor\tihn-self\tuopn\tdi\tdoa.,ART.DEF\tdirector\t3SG-INTFR\topen\tART.DEF\tdoor,The director himself opened the door.,,"According to one informant, ihnself could also stand at the end of the sentence.",,,elicited from speaker,"Di dairektor ihnself uopn di doa.",Di dairektor ihn-self uopn di doa.,ART.DEF director 3SG-INTFR open ART.DEF door,"According to one informant, ihnself could also stand at the end of the sentence.",Nicaragua project questionnaire,,11539, +12-214,12,"A gentleman actually kill this woman son, and know what she did? She put a egg in one hand and a fork in the next. In his coffin - you now in those days you had the people in the home. ... And you know, she sat in that woman - she talk to that dead. And she tell that dead, say, Now - ..., in six months time everybody will know. And let me tell you something, in six months time, for no apparent reason at all - the gentleman who kill him - the jury found him not guilty - self-defend. Say he was killed in a act of self-defend, because him and his wife - this man and his wife - say they were coming against this guy. And he was found not guilty. And do you know something? That same man what kill him went out and drown himself?",That\tsame\tman\twhat\tkill\thim\twent\tout\tand\tdrown\thimself?,DEM\tsame\tman\tCOMP\tkill[PST]\t3SG.M.OBJ\tgo.PFV\tout\tand\tdrown[PFV]\tREFL,The man (who had killed the woman’s son) drowned himself?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"A gentleman actually kill this woman son, and know what she did? She put a egg in one hand and a fork in the next. In his coffin - you now in those days you had the people in the home. ... And you know, she sat in that woman - she talk to that dead. And she tell that dead, say, Now - ..., in six months time everybody will know. And let me tell you something, in six months time, for no apparent reason at all - the gentleman who kill him - the jury found him not guilty - self-defend. Say he was killed in a act of self-defend, because him and his wife - this man and his wife - say they were coming against this guy. And he was found not guilty. And do you know something? That same man what kill him went out and drown himself?",That same man what kill him went out and drown himself?,DEM same man COMP kill[PST] 3SG.M.OBJ go.PFV out and drown[PFV] REFL,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11540, +12-215,12,"But if - if you - if you get in any accident, you - you got to pay that yourself with your pocket.",[...]\tyou\tgot\tto\tpay\tthat\tyourself\twith\tyour\tpocket.,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tgot\tto\tpay\tthat\tINTENS\twith\t2SG.POSS\tpocket,[...] you have to pay that yourself [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"But if - if you - if you get in any accident, you - you got to pay that yourself with your pocket.",[...] you got to pay that yourself with your pocket.,[...] 2SG.SBJ got to pay that INTENS with 2SG.POSS pocket,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11541, +12-216,12,Now he leave the man self to the roof.,Now\the\tleave\tthe\tman\tself\tto\tthe\troof.,now\t3SG.M.SBJ\tleave[PFV]\tART\tman\tREFL\tPREP\tART\troof,Now he left the man on the roof by himself.,,,634[179],,naturalistic spoken,"Now he leave the man self to the roof.",,now 3SG.M.SBJ leave[PFV] ART man REFL PREP ART roof,,,,11542, +13-157,13,Le mi die for mesef.,Le\tmi\tdie\tfor\tmesef.,let\t1SG.OBJ\tdie\tfor\t1SG.OBJ.REFL,Let me die for myself.,,,1500[270],,naturalistic spoken,"Le mi die for mesef.",,let 1SG.OBJ die for 1SG.OBJ.REFL,,,,11543, +13-158,13,A mesef a man onda tority ob offisa wa oba me.,A\tmesef\ta\tman\tonda\ttority\tob\toffisa\twa\toba\tme.,1SG.SBJ\tINTENS\ta\tman\tunder\tauthority\tof\tofficers\twhat\tover\tme,I myself am a man under the authority of officers who are over me. (Mt 8.9),,,357[25],,bible translation,"A mesef a man onda tority ob offisa wa oba me.",,1SG.SBJ INTENS a man under authority of officers what over me,,,,11544, +14-120,14,Bruce saw hisownself in the mirror.,Bruce\tsaw\thisownself\tin\tthe\tmirror.,Bruce\tsaw\this.own.REFL\tin\tthe\tmirror,Bruce saw himself in the mirror.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bruce saw hisownself in the mirror.",,Bruce saw his.own.REFL in the mirror,,Own knowledge,,11545, +14-121,14,I don't need any help. I can do it myownself.,I\tdon't\tneed\tany\thelp.\tI\tcan\tdo\tit\tmyownself.,I\tdon't\tneed\tany\thelp\tI\tcan\tdo\tit\t1SG.own.REFL,I don't need any help. I can do it myself.,,,576[22],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I don't need any help. I can do it myownself.",,I don't need any help I can do it 1SG.own.REFL,,,,11546, +15-120,15,ʤen si ĩsɛf na di mirɔ,ʤen\tsi\tĩsɛf\tna\tdi\tmirɔ,Jane\tsee\tREFL\tLOC\tART\tmirror,Jane saw herself in the mirror.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ʤen si ĩsɛf na di mirɔ,,Jane see REFL LOC ART mirror,,Own knowledge,,11547, +15-121,15,na ʤen ĩsɛf opin di do,na\tʤen\tĩsɛf\topin\tdi\tdo,FOC\tJane\tREFL\topen\tART\tdoor,It was Jane herself that opened the door. OR: Jane herself opened the door.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,na ʤen ĩsɛf opin di do,,FOC Jane REFL open ART door,,Own knowledge,,11548, +16-127,16,"wɛn dè go, mi màsɛf dɛ foloin de dɛn à go dɛ","wɛn\tdè\tgo,\tmi\tmàsɛf\tdɛ\tfoloin\tde\tdɛn\tà\tgo\tdɛ",when\t3PL\tgo\t1SG\t1SG.REFL\tART\tfollowing\tday\tthen\t1SG\tgo\tthere,"After they had gone, I went there myself the following day.",,This example shows an intensifier use.,656[229],,naturalistic spoken,"wɛn dè go, mi màsɛf dɛ foloin de dɛn à go dɛ",,when 3PL go 1SG 1SG.REFL ART following day then 1SG go there,This example shows an intensifier use.,,,11549, +16-128,16,à fɔs màsɛf,à\tfɔs\tmà-sɛf,1SG\tforce\t1SG-REFL,I forced myself.,,This example shows a reflexive use.,,,naturalistic spoken,"à fɔs màsɛf","à fɔs mà-sɛf",1SG force 1SG-REFL,This example shows a reflexive use.,Own fieldwork,,11550, +16-129,16,dɛ sel lida sɛf kam laik mì,dɛ\tsel\tlida\tsɛf\tkam\tlaik\tmì,ART\tcell\tleader\tINTENS/FOC\tINC\tlike\t1SG.OBJ,The (prison) cell leader himself began to like me.,,"In all such sentences, intensifying sεf can also be interpreted as a focus marker: 'Even the prison cell leader ...'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"dɛ sel lida sɛf kam laik mì",,ART cell leader INTENS/FOC INC like 1SG.OBJ,"In all such sentences, intensifying sεf can also be interpreted as a focus marker: 'Even the prison cell leader ...'.",Own fieldwork,,11551, +17-153,17,"Mi se̱f, à ko̱m si mà-sef fò̱r glas.","Mi\tse̱f,\tà\tko̱m\tsi\tmà-sef\tfò̱r\tglas.",1SG.SBJ.INDP\tself\t1SG.SBJ.DEP\tREALIS\tsee\t1SG.POSS-REFL\tLOC\tmirror,"Me myself, I saw myself in the mirror.",,,"462[116, 182]",,naturalistic spoken,"Mi se̱f, à ko̱m si mà-sef fò̱r glas.",,1SG.SBJ.INDP self 1SG.SBJ.DEP REALIS see 1SG.POSS-REFL LOC mirror,,,,11552, +18-136,18,Darekto yi sef-sef tek we go pati.,Darekto\tyi\tsef-sef\ttek\twe\tgo\tpati.,director\t3SG.SBJ\tself-self\ttake\t1PL.SBJ\tgo\tparty,The director himself took us to the party.,,,63[437],,published source,"Darekto yi sef-sef tek we go pati.",,director 3SG.SBJ self-self take 1PL.SBJ go party,,,,11553, +18-137,18,A bin go dey masef.,A\tbin\tgo\tdey\tmasef.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo\tthere\t1SG.REFL,I went there myself.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"A bin go dey masef.",,1SG.SBJ PST go there 1SG.REFL,,,,11554, +19-175,19,Mi sɛf dɔn rich Cotonou.,Mi\tsɛf\tdɔn\trich\tCotonou.,1SG.EMPH\tEMPH\tPRF\tarrive\tCotonou,I myself/too have been to Cotonou.,,,1634[282],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi sɛf dɔn rich Cotonou.",,1SG.EMPH EMPH PRF arrive Cotonou,,,,11555, +20-126,20,Myself wonshi looksee!,Myself\twonshi\tlooksee!,1SG.REFL\twant\tlook.see,I want to see it for myself!,,This sentence was uttered by a German. This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,1640[221],,naturalistic written,"Myself wonshi looksee!",,1SG.REFL want look.see,This sentence was uttered by a German. This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,,,11556, +20-127,20,You makee weigh youselfoo.,You\tmakee\tweigh\tyouselfoo.,2SG\tmake\tweigh\t2SG.REFL,You can weigh it yourself.,,,1489[VI.28],,naturalistic written,You makee weigh youselfoo.,,2SG make weigh 2SG.REFL,,,㕭米記威㕭些厘乎,11557, +20-128,20,You must takee go youselfoo.,You\tmust\ttakee\tgo\tyouselfoo.,2SG\tmust\ttake\tgo\t2SG.REFL,You must go with it yourself.,,,1489[VI.68],,naturalistic written,You must takee go youselfoo.,,2SG must take go 2SG.REFL,,,㕭孖士忒其哥㕭賒乎,11558, +21-120,21,Kate sees herself in the window.,Kate\tsee-s\therself\tin\tthe\twindow.,Kate\tsee-3SG\t3SG.REFL\tin\tDET\twindow,Kate sees herself in the window.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Kate sees herself in the window.,Kate see-s herself in the window.,Kate see-3SG 3SG.REFL in DET window,,Own knowledge,,11559, +22-153,22,"Na Sindarela em yet ia, em tok, “a, a.”","Na\tSindarela\tem\tyet\tia,\tem\ttok,\t“a,\ta.”",and\tCinderella\t3SG\tFOC\tEMPH\t3SG\ttalk\ta\ta,"And Cinderella herself said ""a, a"".",,,584,,naturalistic spoken,"Na Sindarela em yet ia, em tok, “a, a.”",,and Cinderella 3SG FOC EMPH 3SG talk a a,,,,11560, +22-154,22,Boi ia wonem ia kukim kindam na em yet kaikai.,Boi\tia\twonem\tia\tkuk-im\tkindam\tna\tem\tyet\tkaikai.,boy\tEMPH\twhat\tEMPH\tcook-TR\tprawn\tand\t3SG\tFOC\tate,"The boy, uh, cooked the prawns and ate them himself.",,,584,,naturalistic spoken,"Boi ia wonem ia kukim kindam na em yet kaikai.",Boi ia wonem ia kuk-im kindam na em yet kaikai.,boy EMPH what EMPH cook-TR prawn and 3SG FOC ate,,,,11561, +22-155,22,Em yet em go hant.,Em\tyet\tem\tgo\thant.,3SG\tFOC\t3SG\tgo\thunt,He himself went hunting.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,"Em yet em go hant.",,3SG FOC 3SG go hunt,,,,11562, +23-139,23,hem i se hem wan i kakae,hem\ti\tse\them\twan\ti\tkakae,3SG\tAGR\tsay\t3SG\tone\tAGR\teat,He said that he (alone) would use it.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,hem i se hem wan i kakae,,3SG AGR say 3SG one AGR eat,,,,11563, +23-140,23,Selena i lukum hem long mira,Selena\ti\tlukum\them\tlong\tmira,Selena\tAGR\tlook\t3SG\tin\tmirror,Selena saw herself in the mirror.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Selena i lukum hem long mira,,Selena AGR look 3SG in mirror,,Own knowledge,,11564, +23-141,23,mifala nao we mifala i gat pikinini i stap,mifala\tnao\twe\tmifala\ti\tgat\tpikinini\ti\tstap,1PL.EXCL\tnow\tCOMP\t1PL.EXCL\tAGR\thave\tchild\tAGR\tstay,"Those of us with children, we have to stay.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,mifala nao we mifala i gat pikinini i stap,,1PL.EXCL now COMP 1PL.EXCL AGR have child AGR stay,,,,11565, +24-162,24,Ess me in ar fence.,Ess\tme\tin\tar\tfence.,COP\t1SG.NSBJ\tin\tDET.INDF.SG\tgarden,I am in the garden.,,Ess is an intensifier.,,,naturalistic spoken,Ess me in ar fence.,,COP 1SG.NSBJ in DET.INDF.SG garden,"Ess is an intensifier.",Own fieldwork,,11566, +24-163,24,I se hut myse sael.,I\tse\thut\tmyse\tsael.,I\tCOMPL\thurt\t1SG.POSS\tself,I hurt myself.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I se hut myse sael.,,I COMPL hurt 1SG.POSS self,,Own fieldwork,,11567, +26-101,26,ʃi wɛn du ɔm hə˞seof,ʃi\twɛn\tdu\tɔm\thə˞seof,3SG\tPST.PFV\tdo\t3SG\t3SG.REFL,She did it herself.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ʃi wɛn du ɔm hə˞seof",,3SG PST.PFV do 3SG 3SG.REFL,,Own knowledge,,11568, +27-114,27,Am sa ha fo lō amself.,Am\tsa\tha\tfo\tlō\tam-self.,3SG\twill\thave\tfor\tgo\t3SG-self,He will have to go himself.,,,355[31],,naturalistic spoken,Am sa ha fo lō amself.,Am sa ha fo lō am-self.,3SG will have for go 3SG-self,,,,11569, +28-144,28,ɛk sel hardli das mu,ɛkɛ\tselfu\thardli\tdas\tmu,1SG\tself\thardly\tHAB\tgo,I myself hardly go (anywhere).,,,737[187],,naturalistic spoken,"ɛk sel hardli das mu",ɛkɛ selfu hardli das mu,1SG self hardly HAB go,,,,11570, +29-178,29,Jan het hom(self) gewas.,Jan\thet\thom-self\tge-was.,John\tPST\t3SG.M.OBL-REFL\tPTCP-wash,John washed himself.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Jan het hom(self) gewas.",Jan het hom-self ge-was.,John PST 3SG.M.OBL-REFL PTCP-wash,,Own knowledge,,11571, +29-179,29,Jan het dit self vir my gesê.,Jan\thet\tdit\tself\tvir\tmy\tge-sê.,John\tPST\t3SG.N\tREFL\tfor\t1SG.OBL\tPTCP-said,John said it to me himself.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jan het dit self vir my gesê.",Jan het dit self vir my ge-sê.,John PST 3SG.N REFL for 1SG.OBL PTCP-said,,Own knowledge,,11572, +30-188,30,"Kusa kusa éra un ómi ki tenba fáma di mintrozu y el própi, e ta pensába di si kabésa m'el éra más mintrozu algen ki tenba.","Kusa\tkusa\téra\tun=ómi\tki=ten-ba\tfáma\tdi=mintrozu\ty\tel\tprópi,\te=ta=pensá-ba\tdi=si=kabésa\tm=el\téra\tmás\tmintrozu\talgen\tki=ten-ba.",thing\tthing\tbe.ANT\tART.INDF=man\tCOMP=have-ANT\treputation\tof=lying\tand\t3SG\thimself\t3SG=IPFV=think-ANT\tof=3SG.POSS=head\tCOMP=3SG\tbe.ANT\tmost\tlying\tperson\tCOMP=have-ANT,"There was once a man who was reputed to be a liar, and he himself regarded himself as the greatest liar that existed.",,,1407[75],,naturalistic spoken,"Kusa kusa éra un ómi ki tenba fáma di mintrozu y el própi, e ta pensába di si kabésa m'el éra más mintrozu algen ki tenba.","Kusa kusa éra un=ómi ki=ten-ba fáma di=mintrozu y el própi, e=ta=pensá-ba di=si=kabésa m=el éra más mintrozu algen ki=ten-ba.",thing thing be.ANT ART.INDF=man COMP=have-ANT reputation of=lying and 3SG himself 3SG=IPFV=think-ANT of=3SG.POSS=head COMP=3SG be.ANT most lying person COMP=have-ANT,,,,11573,"German: Es war einmal ein Mann, der im Ruf stand, verlogen zu sein, und er selbst glaubte von sich, dass er der größte Lügner sei, den es gibt." +30-189,30,"Raínha razolve bai el própi, disfarsádu na un bédja.","Raínha\trazolve\tbai\tel\tprópi,\tdisfarsádu\tna=un=bédja.",queen\tdecide\tgo\t3SG.INDP\therself\tdressed.up\tin=ART.INDF=old.woman,"The queen decided to go herself, dressed up as an old woman",,,1407[320],,naturalistic spoken,"Raínha razolve bai el própi, disfarsádu na un bédja.","Raínha razolve bai el própi, disfarsádu na=un=bédja.",queen decide go 3SG.INDP herself dressed.up in=ART.INDF=old.woman,,,,11574,"German: Die Königin beschloss, als Greisin verkleidet, selbst zu gehen." +31-151,31,"Franki di Britu, el me tanbe e konhese bu mai ku bu pai.","Franki\tdi\tBritu,\tel\tme\ttanbe\te\tkonhese\tbu\tmai\tku\tbu\tpai.",Frank\tof\tBrito\thimself\tas\twell\the\tknow\tyour\tmother\tand\tyour\tfather,"Frank of Brito, he himself knows your mother and father as well.",,,692,,naturalistic spoken,"Franki di Britu, el me tanbe e konhese bu mai ku bu pai.",,Frank of Brito himself as well he know your mother and your father,,,,11575, +32-145,32,Ma kulpód é nos mesmu.,Ma\tkulpód\té\tnos\tmesmu.,but\tguilty\tCOP.PST\t1PL\tself,But we ourselves were guilty.,,Mesmu is an intensifier.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Ma kulpód é nos mesmu.",,but guilty COP.PST 1PL self,"Mesmu is an intensifier.",,,11576,Portuguese: Mas nós mesmos eramos culpados. +32-146,32,Kel k sabê e prop Djon Maria.,Kel\tk\tsabê\te\tprop\tDjon\tMaria.,DET\tREL\tknow\tCOP\tINTENS\tDjon\tMaria,The one who knows is Djon Maria himself.,,Prop functions as an intensifier.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Kel k sabê e prop Djon Maria.",,DET REL know COP INTENS Djon Maria,"Prop functions as an intensifier.",,,11577,Portuguese: Aquele que sabe é o próprio Djon Maria. +32-147,32,El matá (se) kabésa.,El\tmatá\t(se)\tkabésa.,3SG\tkill\t(POSS.3SG)\thead,He killed himself.,,Se kabésa is used as reflexive only.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"El matá (se) kabésa.",,3SG kill (POSS.3SG) head,"Se kabésa is used as reflexive only.",,,11578,Portuguese: Matou-se. +32-148,32,El oiá el mes na spei. El mes brí pórta.,El\toiá\tel\tmes\tna\tspei.\tEl\tmes\tbrí\tpórta.,3SG\tsee\t3SG\tself\tin\tmirror\t3SG\tINTENS\topened\tdoor,He saw himself in the mirror. He himself opened the door.,,Mes functions as both intensifier and reflexive.,1456,,constructed by native speaker,"El oiá el mes na spei. El mes brí pórta.",,3SG see 3SG self in mirror 3SG INTENS opened door,"Mes functions as both intensifier and reflexive.",,,11579,Portuguese: Olhou-se no espelho. Ele mesmo abriu a porta. +33-175,33,Djon propi korta pon.,Djon\tpropi\tkorta\tpon.,John\tself\tcut\tbread,John himself cut the bread.,,Propi acts as an intensifier.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Djon propi korta pon.",,John self cut bread,"Propi acts as an intensifier.",Own knowledge,,11580,EP: O próprio João cortou o pão. +33-176,33,I lanha si kabesa. ~ I lanha.,I\tlanha\tsi\tkabesa.\t~\tI\tlanha.,3SG\tcut\t3SG\thead\t~\t3SG\tcut,He cut himself.,,There are no reflexive pronouns in the language. Reflexivization is expressed by means of the following counstruction: POSS + kabesa or by deletion of the direct object.,715[165],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I lanha si kabesa. ~ I lanha.",,3SG cut 3SG head ~ 3SG cut,"There are no reflexive pronouns in the language. Reflexivization is expressed by means of the following counstruction: POSS + kabesa or by deletion of the direct object.",,,11581,Portuguese: Ele cortou-se. +34-141,34,I matá (si) kabisa.,I\tø\tmatá\t(si)\tkabisa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tkill\t(POSS.3SG)\thead,He/she killed himself/herself. OR: He/she committed suicide.,,This is an example of a reflexive pronoun.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I matá (si) kabisa.","I ø matá (si) kabisa.",3SG.SBJ PFV kill (POSS.3SG) head,This is an example of a reflexive pronoun.,Own knowledge,,11582, +34-142,34,I fasí-l yel-propi. ~ I fasí-l yel-mé.,I ø fasí-l yel-propi. ~ I ø fasí-l yel-mé.,3SG.SBJ PFV do-3SG.OBJ 3SG.INDP-self   3SG.SBJ PFV do-3SG.OBJ 3SG.INDP-self,He/she did it himself/herself.,,-propi and -mé function as intensifiers.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I fasí-l yel-propi. ~ I fasí-l yel-mé.","I ø fasí-l yel-propi. ~ I ø fasí-l yel-mé.",3SG.SBJ PFV do-3SG.OBJ 3SG.INDP-self 3SG.SBJ PFV do-3SG.OBJ 3SG.INDP-self,"-propi and -mé function as intensifiers.",Own knowledge,,11583, +35-200,35,Bô me ka fe kume bô.,Bô\tme\tka\tfe\tkume\tbô.,2SG\tEMPH\tIPFV\tmake\tfood\t2SG.POSS,You make your food yourself.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Bô me ka fe kume bô.",,2SG EMPH IPFV make food 2SG.POSS,,Own data,,11584, +35-201,35,Ê ska ngana ubwê dê.,Ê\tska\tngana\tubwê\tdê.,3SG\tPROG\tcheat\tbody\t3SG.POSS,He cheated himself.,,"Note that there are other reflexive strategies, especially null reflexives and pseudo-reflexives (Hagemeijer 2007).",,,naturalistic spoken,"Ê ska ngana ubwê dê.",,3SG PROG cheat body 3SG.POSS,"Note that there are other reflexive strategies, especially null reflexives and pseudo-reflexives (Hagemeijer 2007).",Own data,,11585, +35-202,35,So êlê me so ka fe ubwê dê mindjan ê.,So\têlê\tme\tso\tka\tfe\tubwê\tdê\tmindjan\tê.,then\t3SG\tself\tFOC\tIPFV\tmake\tbody\t3SG.POSS\tremedy\tPCL,Then it is he himself who makes himself a remedy.,,"Here both strategies occur in a single sentence. +PCL = discourse particle",,,naturalistic spoken,"So êlê me so ka fe ubwê dê mindjan ê.",,then 3SG self FOC IPFV make body 3SG.POSS remedy PCL,"Here both strategies occur in a single sentence. +PCL = discourse particle",Own data,,11586, +35-203,35,Ami plopi ku ka tlaba ku ê ka mendu êlê.,Ami\tplopi\tku\tka\ttlaba\tku\tê\tka\tmendu\têlê.,1SG\tself\tREL\tIPFV\twork\twith\t3SG\tIPFV\tfear\t3SG,Even I myself who works with him am afraid of him.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ami plopi ku ka tlaba ku ê ka mendu êlê.",,1SG self REL IPFV work with 3SG IPFV fear 3SG,,Own data,,11587, +36-119,36,Dho me ba mionga.,Dho\tme\tba\tmionga.,John\tself\tgo\tsea,John himself went to the sea.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Dho me ba mionga.",,John self go sea,,Own knowledge,,11588, +37-155,37,"[...] atxi mesu ki sa gita, Têtuuga!","[...]\tatxi\tmesu\tki\tsa\tgita,\tTêtuuga!",[...]\t2SG\tself\tREL\tPROG\tscream\tTurtle,"[...] Mr Turtle, it is you who is shouting!",,,905[184],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] atxi mesu ki sa gita, Têtuuga!",,[...] 2SG self REL PROG scream Turtle,,,,11589, +37-156,37,N vê ami mesu na supê.,N\tvê\tami\tmesu\tna\tsupê.,1SG\tsee\t1SG\tself\tLOC\tmirror,I saw myself in the mirror.,,,905[152],,elicited from speaker,"N vê ami mesu na supê.",,1SG see 1SG self LOC mirror,,,,11590, +38-165,38,Poxodul ta laba tudya potosai.,Poxodulu\tta\tlaba\ttudyia\tpoto-sai.,person\tITER\twash\tformerly\tlake-DEM,Formerly people washed themselves in this lake.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Poxodul ta laba tudya potosai.,Poxodulu ta laba tudyia poto-sai.,person ITER wash formerly lake-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1990,,11591, +38-166,38,Amu-se fe dosu.,Amu-se\tfe\tdosu.,1SG-DEM\tmake\ttwo,I was number two.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Amu-se fe dosu.,,1SG-DEM make two,,Own knowledge,,11592, +38-167,38,Inen-syi sa namay-napay.,Inen-syi\tsa\tnamay-napay.,3PL-DEM\tbe\tmother-father,THEY are full sisters.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Inen-syi sa namay-napay.,,3PL-DEM be mother-father,,Own knowledge,,11593, +40-120,40,Ye kadz nɔ mɛm tɛ.,Ye\tkadz\tnɔ\tmɛm\ttɛ.,this\thouse\t1PL\tEMPH\tCOP.PRS,This is our own house.,,,267[168],,constructed by linguist,Ye kadz nɔ mɛm tɛ.,,this house 1PL EMPH COP.PRS,,,,11594, +42-154,42,María onsong ja abrí porta,María\tonsong\tja\tabrí\tporta,Maria\talone\tPFV\topen\tdoor,Maria herself opened the door.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"María onsong ja abrí porta",,Maria alone PFV open door,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,11595, +44-153,44,Ya abrí yo numá kel kárta.,Ya\tabrí\tyo\tnumá\tkel\tkárta.,PFV\topen\t1SG\tonly\tDEF\tletter,I myself opened the letter. OR: It was just I who opened the letter.,,The construction personal pronoun + numá is used for intensification.,,,elicited from speaker,"Ya abrí yo numá kel kárta.",,PFV open 1SG only DEF letter,"The construction personal pronoun + numá is used for intensification.",Own data,,11596, +45-126,45,Yo mismo el mujer di Bob.,Yo\tmismo\tel\tmujer\tdi\tBob.,I\tmyself\tDEF\twoman\tof\tBob.,I myself am Bob's wife.,,,1084[77],,elicited from speaker,"Yo mismo el mujer di Bob.",,I myself DEF woman of Bob.,,,,11597,Spanish: Yo misma soy la mujer de Bob. Tagalog: Ako mismo ang asawa ni Bob. +46-164,46,Ya-matá yo (di)mí(yo) kwérpo.,Ya-matá\tyo\t(di)mí(yo)\tkwérpo.,PRF-kill\t1SG\tmy\tbody,I killed myself.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ya-matá yo (di)mí(yo) kwérpo.",,PRF-kill 1SG my body,,Own knowledge,,11598, +46-165,46,Éle mísmo ya-plantá disúyo kása.,Éle\tmísmo\tya-plantá\tdisúyo\tkása.,3SG\tself\tPRF-construct\t3SG.POSS\thouse,S/he him-/herself constructed his/her house.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Éle mísmo ya-plantá disúyo kása.",,3SG self PRF-construct 3SG.POSS house,,Own knowledge,,11599, +46-166,46,El director mísmo el ya-abrÍ konel kárta.,El\tdirector\tmísmo\tel\tya-abrÍ\tkonel\tkárta.,ART\tdirector\tself\tART\tPRF-open\tOBJ.ART\tletter,The director himself opened the letter.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"El director mísmo el ya-abrÍ konel kárta.",,ART director self ART PRF-open OBJ.ART letter,,Own knowledge,,11600, +47-171,47,"Nan mes no tawatin trabou pa mi, pero [...].","Nan\tmes\tno\ttawa-tin\ttrabou\tpa\tmi,\tpero\t[...].",3PL\tREFL\tNEG\tPST-have\twork\tfor\t1SG\tbut\t[...],"They themselves had no work for me, but [...].",,,755,,naturalistic written,"Nan mes no tawatin trabou pa mi, pero [...].","Nan mes no tawa-tin trabou pa mi, pero [...].",3PL REFL NEG PST-have work for 1SG but [...],,,,11601, +47-172,47,Pues nos mes ta pasa serka e personanan aki pa wak si nan ke partisipá den nos kampaña.,Pues\tnos\tmes\tta\tpasa\tserka\te\tpersona\tnan\taki\tpa\twak\tsi\tnan\tke\tpartisipá\tden\tnos\tkampaña.,then\t1PL\tREFL\tTNS\tpass\tnear\tDEF\tperson\tPL\tDEM.PROX\tfor\tsee\tif\t3PL\twant\tparticipate\tin\t1PL\tcampaign,Then we ourselves will visit these people to see whether they want to participate in our campaign.,,The translation is mine.,"453[3 July 2009, p.6]",,literary or other written source,"Pues nos mes ta pasa serka e personanan aki pa wak si nan ke partisipá den nos kampaña.",Pues nos mes ta pasa serka e persona nan aki pa wak si nan ke partisipá den nos kampaña.,then 1PL REFL TNS pass near DEF person PL DEM.PROX for see if 3PL want participate in 1PL campaign,The translation is mine.,,,11602, +48-158,48,¡Ele memo ta-ba aí!,¡Ele\tmemo\tta-ba\taí!,he/she\tself\tbe-PROG\tthere,He/she himself/herself was there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¡Ele memo ta-ba aí!,,he/she self be-PROG there,,Recorded by author,,11603,Spanish: Él/ella misma estaba allí. +49-268,49,M ap gade kò mwen.,M\tap\tgade\tkò\tmwen.,1SG\tINACC\tlook\tbody\t1SG.POSS,I look at myself.,,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), volume 6, map 2011.","473[vol. 2, p. 860]",,naturalistic spoken,"M ap gade kò mwen.",,1SG INACC look body 1SG.POSS,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), volume 6, map 2011.",,,11604,French: Je me regarde. +49-269,49,Li kapab fè sa li menm.,Li\tkapab\tfè\tsa\tli\tmenm.,3SG\tcan\tdo\tDEM\the\thimself,He/She can do that himself/herself.,,,1505[478],,naturalistic spoken,"Li kapab fè sa li menm.",,3SG can do DEM he himself,,,,11605,French: Il/Elle peut faire ça lui/elle-même. +49-270,49,"Se msye Chal menm, mèt travay la, ki vin wè kouman bagay la ap mache.","Se\tmsye\tChal\tmenm,\tmèt\ttravay\tla,\tki\tvin\twè\tkouman\tbagay\tla\tap\tmache.",HL\tmister\tCharles\tself\tmaster\twork\tDEF\tREL\tcome\tsee\thow\tthing\tDEF\tINACC\twork,"It's Mr. Charles himself, the one in charge of the work, who has come to see how the thing works.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Se msye Chal menm, mèt travay la, ki vin wè kouman bagay la ap mache.",,HL mister Charles self master work DEF REL come see how thing DEF INACC work,,Valdman (ed.) 1981,,11606,"French: C’est monsieur Charles lui-même, le responsable du travail, qui est venu voir comment le truc marche." +50-167,50,I ka gadé kò a'y adan glas-la. / I ka gadé'y adan glas-la.,I\tka\tgadé\tkò\ta'y\tadan\tglas-la.\t/\tI\tka\tgadé'y\tadan\tglas-la.,3SG\tPROG\tlook\tbody\t3SG\tin\tmirror-DEF\t/\t3SG\tPROG\tlook.3SG\tin\tmirror-DEF,She is looking at herself in the mirror.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ka gadé kò a'y adan glas-la. / I ka gadé'y adan glas-la.",,3SG PROG look body 3SG in mirror-DEF / 3SG PROG look.3SG in mirror-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,11607, +50-168,50,Sé Danyèl li-menm ki di mwen sa.,Sé\tDanyèl\tli-menm\tki\tdi\tmwen\tsa.,be\tDaniel\tINTENS\tREL\ttell\t1SG\tit,Daniel himself told me about it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sé Danyèl li-menm ki di mwen sa.",,be Daniel INTENS REL tell 1SG it,,Own fieldwork,,11608, +51-148,51,I ka gadé kò'y an glas-la.,I\tka\tgadé\tkò'y\tan\tglas-la.,3SG\tPROG\tlook\tbody.3SG\tin\tmirror-DEF,She is looking at herself in the mirror.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ka gadé kò'y an glas-la.",,3SG PROG look body.3SG in mirror-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,11609, +51-149,51,Sé Daniel li-menm ki di mwen sa,Sé\tDaniel\tli-menm\tki\tdi\tmwen\tsa,be\tDaniel\the-INTENS\tREL\ttell\t1SG\tit,Daniel himself told me about it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sé Daniel li-menm ki di mwen sa",,be Daniel he-INTENS REL tell 1SG it,,Own fieldwork,,11610, +53-322,53,Aret twa fe la fol!,Aret\ttwa\tfe\tla\tfol!,stop\t2SG.REFL\tmake\tART.DEF.SG\tfool,Stop making a fool out of yourself!,,,1048[261],,naturalistic spoken,Aret twa fe la fol!,,stop 2SG.REFL make ART.DEF.SG fool,,,,11611, +53-323,53,Mo peye mo bag e tou kek-choz mo-mem.,Mo\tpeye\tmo\tbag\te\ttou\tkek-choz\tmo-mem.,1SG\tpay\t1SG.POSS\tring\tand\tevery\tsome-thing\t1SG-self,I paid for the ring and everything myself.,,,1048[172],,naturalistic spoken,"Mo peye mo bag e tou kek-choz mo-mem.",,1SG pay 1SG.POSS ring and every some-thing 1SG-self,,,,11612, +53-324,53,Mo te sir enjoy mo-mem avek li.,Mo\tte\tsir\t\tmo-mem\tavek\tli.,1SG\tPST\tsure\tenjoy\t1SG-self\twith\t3SG,I sure enjoyed myself with her.,,,1048[292],,naturalistic spoken,"Mo te sir enjoy mo-mem avek li.",Mo te sir <enjoy> mo-mem avek li.,1SG PST sure enjoy 1SG-self with 3SG,,,,11613, +53-325,53,Li te pov li-mem!,Li\tte\tpov\tli-mem!,3SG\tPST\tpoor\t3SG-self,He was poor himself!,,,1048[172],,naturalistic spoken,"Li te pov li-mem!",,3SG PST poor 3SG-self,,,,11614, +53-326,53,Si ouzote mem té ouâ so cornes [...].,Si\touzote-mem\tté\touâ\tso\tcornes\t[...].,if\t2PL-self\tPST\tsee\t3SG.POSS\thorn\t[...],If you yourselves had seen his horns [...].,,,1049[79],,naturalistic written,Si ouzote mem té ouâ so cornes [...].,Si ouzote-mem té ouâ so cornes [...].,if 2PL-self PST see 3SG.POSS horn [...],,,,11615, +53-327,53,li zonglé li mem,li\tzonglé\tli-mem,3SG\tthink\t3SG-self,he thought to himself,,,1049[18],,naturalistic written,li zonglé li mem,li zonglé li-mem,3SG think 3SG-self,,,,11616, +54-192,54,[...] bin ou mem alé rodé alor!,[...]\tben\tou-menm\tale\trode\talor!,[...]\twell\tyour-self\tgo\tlook\tthen,"[...] well, go and look (for it) yourself then!",,"Here ou-menm functions as intensifier. Context: The husband was unable to find water without frogs for his pregnant wife, so he asks her to look for it herself.",110[13],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] bin ou mem alé rodé alor!",[...] ben ou-menm ale rode alor!,[...] well your-self go look then,"Here ou-menm functions as intensifier. Context: The husband was unable to find water without frogs for his pregnant wife, so he asks her to look for it herself.",,,11617,"French: [...] eh bien, va en chercher toi-même alors!" +54-193,54,"E! lev aou, lev aou!","E!\tlev\taou,\tlev\taou!",hey\tget.up\tOBL.2SG\tget.up\tOBL.2SG,"Hey! Get up, get up!",,"Here, aou probably functions as a reflexive pronoun. It should, however, be noted, that imperatives are regularly followed by aou, e.g. Ale aou! 'Go!', Devin aou! 'Guess!', Manz aou! 'Eat!'",110[18],,naturalistic spoken,"E! lev aou, lev aou!",,hey get.up OBL.2SG get.up OBL.2SG,"Here, aou probably functions as a reflexive pronoun. It should, however, be noted, that imperatives are regularly followed by aou, e.g. Ale aou! 'Go!', Devin aou! 'Guess!', Manz aou! 'Eat!'",,,11618,"French: Hé! lève-toi, lève-toi!" +54-194,54,Li la twé ali menm.,Li\tla\ttwe\tali-menm.,3SG\tPRF\tkill\tOBL.3SG-self,He committed suicide.,,Here ali-menm functions as reflexive.,214[136N],,naturalistic spoken,"Li la twé ali menm.",Li la twe ali-menm.,3SG PRF kill OBL.3SG-self,"Here ali-menm functions as reflexive.",,,11619,French: Il s'est suicidé. +55-163,55,Deyzi ti truv li-mem daṅ laglas,Deyzi\tti\ttruv\tli-mem\tdaṅ\tlaglas,Daisy\tANT\tlook\t3SG-EMPH\tin\tmirror,Daisy saw herself in the mirror.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Deyzi ti truv li-mem daṅ laglas",,Daisy ANT look 3SG-EMPH in mirror,,Own knowledge,,11620, +55-164,55,Deyzi-mem ti uver laport,Deyzi-mem\tti\tuver\tlaport,Daisy-EMPH\tANT\topen\tdoor,Daisy herself opened the door. OR: It was Daisy herself who opened the door.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Deyzi-mem ti uver laport",,Daisy-EMPH ANT open door,,Own knowledge,,11621, +56-160,56,Sa Ma Estel limenm ki dir li dan tan margoz avek ziz.,Sa\tMa\tEstel\tlimenm\tki\tdir\tli\tdan\ttan\tmargoz\tavek\tziz.,DEM\tMa\tEstel\tINTENS\tREL\tsay\thim\tin\ttime\tslavery\twith\tjudge,It was this Ma Estelle (herself) who said to the judge that she was from the temps margose (the period of slavery).,,,158[240],,naturalistic spoken,"Sa Ma Estel limenm ki dir li dan tan margoz avek ziz.",,DEM Ma Estel INTENS REL say him in time slavery with judge,,,,11622,French: C'était cette Ma Estelle qui avait dit au juge qu'elle était du temps margose. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 241) +58-110,58,bo mosi,bo\tmosi,they\tone,themselves,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,bo mosi,,they one,,Own knowledge,,11623, +58-111,58,Yandi mene kwenda yandi mosi.,Yandi\tmene\tkwenda\tyandi\tmosi.,he/she\tPRF\tgo\the/she\tone,He/She left alone. OR: He/She himself/herself left.,,"In a more emphatic construction, one may say Si yandi mosi (yandi) me kwenda ‘It's he/she indeed who left.’",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi mene kwenda yandi mosi.,,he/she PRF go he/she one,"In a more emphatic construction, one may say Si yandi mosi (yandi) me kwenda ‘It's he/she indeed who left.’",Own knowledge,,11624, +60-122,60,amímónákí,a-mí-món-ákí,3SG-REFL-see-PST,He saw himself.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"amímónákí",a-mí-món-ákí,3SG-REFL-see-PST,,Own knowledge,,11625, +61-93,61,Yena akhile lo khaya self ga yena.,Yena\takh-ile\tlo\tkhaya\tself\tga\tyena.,he\tbuild-PST\tDEF.ART\thouse\tself\tof\the,He built the house by himself. OR: He built the house himself.,,Self-ga-yena 'self-of-him/her' is common in rural areas. It is idiomatic only in agentive contexts ('by himself/herself') as far as I can tell.,,,elicited from speaker,Yena akhile lo khaya self ga yena.,Yena akh-ile lo khaya self ga yena.,he build-PST DEF.ART house self of he,"Self-ga-yena 'self-of-him/her' is common in rural areas. It is idiomatic only in agentive contexts ('by himself/herself') as far as I can tell.",Field notes Mesthrie,,11626, +63-167,63,úmun dús úmun,úmun\tdús\túmun,3PL\thide\t3PL,They hide themselves.,,,857[302],,naturalistic spoken,úmun dús úmun,,3PL hide 3PL,,,,11627, +64-178,64,íta zátu,íta\tzátu,2SG\tTOP,you yourself,,Yáwu is the topic marker.,,,constructed by linguist,íta zátu,,2SG TOP,"Yáwu is the topic marker.",Own knowledge,,11628, +65-133,65,Maja sama delaj ne magu.,Maja\tsama\tdelaj\tne\tmagu.,1SG\tself\tdo\tNEG\tcan,I cannot do it myself (alone).,,The example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,1195[226],,elicited from speaker,Maja sama delaj ne magu.,,1SG self do NEG can,The example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,,Мая сама делай не магу.,11629, +65-134,65,"Xelibə netu, iwo samə delaj.","Xelibə\tnetu,\tiwo\tsamə\tdelaj.",bread\tCOP.NEG\t3SG\tself\tmake,"There was no bread, and she made it herself.",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[273],,naturalistic spoken,"Xelibə netu, iwo samə delaj.",,bread COP.NEG 3SG self make,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,"Хэлеба нету, иво самэ делай.",11630, +66-100,66,Poðiyen diayang dia jo kaca ka eliyat (aða).,Poðiyen\tdia-yang-dia-jo\tkaca\tka\te-liyat\t(aða).,boy\t3SG-ACC.DEF-3SG-FOC\tmirror\tin\tASP-see\t(AUX),The boy saw himself in the mirror.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Poðiyen diayang dia jo kaca ka eliyat (aða).,Poðiyen dia-yang-dia-jo kaca ka e-liyat (aða).,boy 3SG-ACC.DEF-3SG-FOC mirror in ASP-see (AUX),,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,11631, +66-101,66,Suuratyang lebberingjo ebuuka (aða).,Suurat-yang\tlebbe-ring-jo\te-buuka\t(aða).,letter-ACC.DEF\tpriest-ABL-FOC\tASP-open\t(AUX),The priest himself opened the letter.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Suuratyang lebberingjo ebuuka (aða).,Suurat-yang lebbe-ring-jo e-buuka (aða).,letter-ACC.DEF priest-ABL-FOC ASP-open (AUX),,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,11632, +67-184,67,Dia bodoh ah dia mau pukul dia sendiri.,Dia\tbodoh\tah\tdia\tmau\tpukul\tdia\tsendiri.,3SG\tstupid\tEMPH\t3SG\twant\thit\t3SG\tREFL,He is stupid; he wanted to hit himself.,,,708[75],,naturalistic spoken,"Dia bodoh ah dia mau pukul dia sendiri.",,3SG stupid EMPH 3SG want hit 3SG REFL,,,,11633, +67-185,67,Dia punya diri potong dia punya sendiri punya tangan.,Dia\tpunya\tdiri\tpotong\tdia\tpunya\tsendiri\tpunya\ttangan.,he\tPOSS\town\tcut\t3SG\tPOSS\town\tATTR\tfinger,He himself cut his own fingers.,,,708[75],,naturalistic spoken,Dia punya diri potong dia punya sendiri punya tangan.,,he POSS own cut 3SG POSS own ATTR finger,,,,11634, +71-161,71,"Wau no ike keia pake, Ta Mon inoa iaia.","Wau\tno\tike\tkeia\tpake,\tTa\tMon\tinoa\tiaia.",1SG\tINTENS\tsee\tthis\tChinese\tTa\tMon\tname\t3SG.POSS,"I (indeed) saw this Chinese, Ta Mon is his name.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau no ike keia pake, Ta Mon inoa iaia.",,1SG INTENS see this Chinese Ta Mon name 3SG.POSS,,Own data 1889,,11635, +71-162,71,Wau hele no ma kela wahi Kapule.,Wau\thele\tno\tma\tkela\twahi\tKapule.,1SG\tgo\tINTENS\tLOC\tDET\tplace\tKapule,I went (indeed) to Kapule's place.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau hele no ma kela wahi Kapule.",,1SG go INTENS LOC DET place Kapule,,Own data 1892,,11636, +72-137,72,Ib yu karankarra mijelp hardwantu yul meikim mijelp kungulu.,Ib\tyu\tkaran-karra\tmijelp\thard-wan-tu\tyu-l\tmeik-im\tmijelp\tkungulu.,if\t2SG\tscratch-CONT\tREFL\thard-NMLZ-ERG\t2SG-FUT\tmake-TR\tREFL\tbleed,"If you scratch yourself hard, you'll make yourself bleed.",,,583,92d51982d3e7683345f98cd406f1b756,elicited from speaker,"Ib yu karankarra mijelp hardwantu yul meikim mijelp kungulu.","Ib yu karan-karra mijelp hard-wan-tu yu-l meik-im mijelp kungulu.",if 2SG scratch-CONT REFL hard-NMLZ-ERG 2SG-FUT make-TR REFL bleed,,,,11637, +72-138,72,Nyantungku i garra faindim Mishai.,Nyantu-ngku\ti\tgarra\tfaind-im\tMishai.,3SG-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPOT\tfind-TR\tMishai,He's got to find Mishai himself.,,The emphatic pronoun is here used as an intensifier.,8,1ebe622b2f3fb05cb3141fd237da2353,naturalistic spoken,Nyantungku i garra faindim Mishai.,Nyantu-ngku i garra faind-im Mishai.,3SG-ERG 3SG.SBJ POT find-TR Mishai,The emphatic pronoun is here used as an intensifier.,,,11638, +72-139,72,LD warrkap na warrkap.,LD\twarrkap\tna\twarrkap.,LD\tdance\tFOC\tdance,LD is dancing himself.,,Leyton is a baby who is learning to stand and do other things on his own.,8,8397fc7f2a30a7d6f83b3c757ccaf5e5,naturalistic spoken,LD warrkap na warrkap.,,LD dance FOC dance,Leyton is a baby who is learning to stand and do other things on his own.,,,11639, +75-217,75,Waapamishoow daa li miirwee.,Waapam-ishoo-w\tdaa\tli\tmiirwee.,see.ANIM-REFL-3\tLOC\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tmirror,He saw himself in the mirror. OR: He saw the reflection in the mirror. (translation in Laverdure & Allard),,,789[258],,naturalistic written,Waapamishoow daa li miirwee.,Waapam-ishoo-w daa li miirwee.,see.ANIM-REFL-3 LOC DEF.ART.M.SG mirror,,,,11640, +75-218,75,Niya iku giikiishishwaaw la galet.,Niya\tiku\tgii-kiishishw-aaw\tla\tgalet.,1SG\tINTENS\t1.PST-bake.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tART.F.SG\tbannock,I baked the bannock myself.,,"Bannock is a flat, unleavened bread, made by both Metis and First Nations.",789[186],,naturalistic written,Niya iku giikiishishwaaw la galet.,Niya iku gii-kiishishw-aaw la galet.,1SG INTENS 1.PST-bake.ANIM-3.SBJ.3.OBJ ART.F.SG bannock,"Bannock is a flat, unleavened bread, made by both Metis and First Nations.",,,11641, +1-224,1,Mikki wi takki makanderen.,Meki\twi\ttaki\tmakandra.,make\t1PL\ttalk\ttogether,Let us talk with each other.,,"The reciprocal pronoun is ""makandra"".",1527[22],,written,"Mikki wi takki makanderen.",Meki wi taki makandra.,make 1PL talk together,"The reciprocal pronoun is ""makandra"".",,,11642,Dutch: Laat ons met elkanderen spreeken. [op.cit.] +1-225,1,"Liebi boen, tee wie sie wiesrefi baka.","Libi\tbun,\tte\twi\tsi\twisrefi\tbaka.",live\tgood\tuntil\t1PL\tsee\t1PL.self\tagain,"Stay well, until we see each other again.",,Reciprocal constructions involving srefi 'self' are attested in Weygandt (1798) only.,1576[144],,written,"Liebi boen, tee wie sie wiesrefi baka.","Libi bun, te wi si wisrefi baka.",live good until 1PL see 1PL.self again,"Reciprocal constructions involving srefi 'self' are attested in Weygandt (1798) only.",,,11643,Dutch: Leef wel tot wederziens. [op.cit.] +2-230,2,Den srudati feti nanga densrefi.,Den\tsrudati\tfeti\tnanga\tdensrefi.,the.PL\tsoldier\tfight\twith\tthemselves,The soldiers fought with each other.,,,1062[47],,naturalistic spoken,"Den srudati feti nanga densrefi.",,the.PL soldier fight with themselves,,,,11644, +2-231,2,Den lobi densrefi tumsi.,Den\tlobi\tdensrefi\ttumsi.,3PL\tlove\tthemselves\ttoo.much,They love themselves too much.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Den lobi densrefi tumsi.",,3PL love themselves too.much,,Own knowledge,,11645, +2-232,2,Den brasa makandra.,Den\tbrasa\tmakandra.,3PL\tembrace\teach.other,They hugged each other.,,The alternative reciprocal marker is makandra ‘each other’.,1438,,naturalistic spoken,"Den brasa makandra.",,3PL embrace each.other,"The alternative reciprocal marker is makandra ‘each other’.",,,11646, +3-119,3,De lobi de seei.,De\tlobi\tde\tseei.,3PL\tlove\t3PL\tself,They love themselves. OR: They love each other.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"De lobi de seei.",,3PL love 3PL self,,Fieldwork data,,11647, +3-120,3,De lobi makanda.,De\tlobi\tmakanda.,3PL\tlove\tRECP,They love each other.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"De lobi makanda.",,3PL love RECP,,Fieldwork data,,11648, +4-152,4,Den yeepi den seefi koti goon.,Den\tyeepi\tden\tseefi\tkoti\tgoon.,they\thelp\tthey\tself\tcut\tground,They help each other cut their fields.,,,661[283],,naturalistic spoken,"Den yeepi den seefi koti goon.",,they help they self cut ground,,,,11649, +5-154,5,dem hog op matii vs. dem hog op wan anada,dem\thog\top\tmatii\tvs.\tdem\thog\top\twan\tanada,3PL\thug\tup\tothers.like.themselves\tvs.\t3PL\thug\tup\tone\tanother,They hugged up each other.,,The version with /matii/ is more conservative and rural.,,,constructed by linguist,"dem hog op matii vs. dem hog op wan anada",,3PL hug up others.like.themselves vs. 3PL hug up one another,The version with /matii/ is more conservative and rural.,Own knowledge,,11650, +5-155,5,dem doz luk aafta dem oon self,dem\tdoz\tluk\taafta\tdem\toon\tself,3PL\tHAB\tlook\tafter\t3PL.POSS\town\tself,They look after themselves. OR: They are selfish.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"dem doz luk aafta dem oon self",,3PL HAB look after 3PL.POSS own self,,Own knowledge,,11651, +6-92,6,to compare the soca culture to dat nasty Jamaican passa passa where dey roll in mud and juk one anoda,to\tcompare\tthe\tsoca\tculture\tto\tdat\tnasty\tJamaican\tpassa\tpassa\twhere\tdey\troll\tin\tmud\tand\tjuk\tone\tanoda,to\tcompare\tDET\tsoca\tculture\tto\tDEM\tnasty\tJamaican\tpassa\tpassa\twhere\t3PL\troll\tPREP\tmud\tCONJ\tpush\tone\tanother,to compare the soca culture to that nasty Jamaican festival where they roll in mud and push each other around,,,,,naturalistic written,"to compare the soca culture to dat nasty Jamaican passa passa where dey roll in mud and juk one anoda",,to compare DET soca culture to DEM nasty Jamaican passa passa where 3PL roll PREP mud CONJ push one another,,Own corpus data,,11652, +7-214,7,Na pot meivis an hari fo se duhng neks tugyeda.,Na\tpot\tmeivis\tan\thari\tfo\tse\tduhng\tneks\ttugyeda.,NEG\tput\tMavis\tand\tHarry\tfor\tsit\tdown\tnext\ttogether,Do not put Mavis and Harry to sit next to each other.,,Tugyeda could be replaced by tu wan anuhda.,1244[93],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Na pot meivis an hari fo se duhng neks tugyeda.",,NEG put Mavis and Harry for sit down next together,"Tugyeda could be replaced by tu wan anuhda.",,,11653, +8-138,8,Di faama-dem de fait (dem) wan aneda.,Di\tfaama-dem\tde\tfait\t(dem)\twan\taneda.,DET\tfarmer-PL\tPROG\tfight\t(3PL)\tone\tanother,The farmers are fighting each other / one another.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di faama-dem de fait (dem) wan aneda.",,DET farmer-PL PROG fight (3PL) one another,,Own knowledge,,11654, +9-163,9,"Da syem ting we yu do fa an, da syem ting im do dat fa yu.","Da\tsyem\tting\twe\tyu\tdo\tfa\tan,\tda\tsyem\tting\tim\tdo\tdat\tfa\tyu.",that\tsame\tthing\tREL\t2SG\tdo\tfor\t3SG\tthat\tsame\tthing\t3SG\tdo\tthat\tfor\t2SG,You help one another.,,This is the closest equivalent to a reciprocal construction.,438,,naturalistic spoken,"Da syem ting we yu do fa an, da syem ting im do dat fa yu.",,that same thing REL 2SG do for 3SG that same thing 3SG do that for 2SG,This is the closest equivalent to a reciprocal construction.,,,11655, +10-207,10,Dehn laik wananada plenty.,Dehn\tlaik\twan-anada\tplenty.,3PL\tlike\tone-RECP\ta.lot,They like each other a lot.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Dehn laik wananada plenty.",Dehn laik wan-anada plenty.,3PL like one-RECP a.lot,,Field notes 2008,,11656, +10-208,10,Ihn kot ihnself.,Ihn\tkot\tihn-self.,3SG\tcut\t3SG-REFL,She cut herself.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ihn kot ihnself.",Ihn kot ihn-self.,3SG cut 3SG-REFL,,Unpublished field recordings,,11657, +11-278,11,Nobadi respek wananada.,No-badi\trespek\twan-anada.,no-body\trespect\tRECP-RECP,Nobody respects one another.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Nobadi respek wananada.",No-badi respek wan-anada.,no-body respect RECP-RECP,,,,11658, +11-279,11,Som piipl laik [...] kilin op wananada den.,Som\tpiipl\tlaik\t[...]\tkil-in\top\twan-anada\tden.,some\tpeople\tlike\t[...]\tkill-PROG\tup\tRECP-RECP\tthen,"Then again, some people like [...] killing each other.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Som piipl laik [...] kilin op wananada den.",Som piipl laik [...] kil-in op wan-anada den.,some people like [...] kill-PROG up RECP-RECP then,,,,11659, +11-280,11,Ai kansida maiself Kriol.,Ai\tkansida\tmai-self\tKriol.,1SG\tconsider\t1SG-REFL\tCreole,I consider myself a Creole.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai kansida maiself Kriol.",Ai kansida mai-self Kriol.,1SG consider 1SG-REFL Creole,,,,11660, +12-217,12,"I ain't been to no dance, 'cause I couldn't go. My daddy wouldn't allow us to go to ... dance, you know - he say, That what spoil the children. Your daddy keep you from them thing. [So how could you see him - like if you traveled by boat ... or what were the special occasions?] No, we have special occasion - [Like what?] - to meet each other. Like, the parents will appoint a time for you to go visit this next settlement, and - you know?",[...]\twe\thave\tspecial\toccasion\t[...]\tto\tmeet\teach\tother.,[...]\t1PL.SBJ\thave[HAB.PST]\tspecial\toccasion.PL\t[...]\tto\tmeet\teach\tother,[...] (young people searching for a mate) had special events to meet each other.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ain't been to no dance, 'cause I couldn't go. My daddy wouldn't allow us to go to ... dance, you know - he say, That what spoil the children. Your daddy keep you from them thing. [So how could you see him - like if you traveled by boat ... or what were the special occasions?] No, we have special occasion - [Like what?] - to meet each other. Like, the parents will appoint a time for you to go visit this next settlement, and - you know?","[...] we have special occasion [...] to meet each other.",[...] 1PL.SBJ have[HAB.PST] special occasion.PL [...] to meet each other,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11661, +12-218,12,"My - my granddaddy was a Forbes, and my grandmother was a Forbes, so I don't know if they were family. But one from Exuma, and one from Cat Island. My - my grandmother - Forbes, they from Cat Island, and my - granddaddy - o- my granddaddy - was a Knowles. That mean that's when the old people met each other.",[...]\twhen\tthe\told\tpeople\tmet\teach\tother.,[...]\twhen\tART\told\tpeople\tmeet[PFV]\teach\tother,[That’s when] the old people met each other.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"My - my granddaddy was a Forbes, and my grandmother was a Forbes, so I don't know if they were family. But one from Exuma, and one from Cat Island. My - my grandmother - Forbes, they from Cat Island, and my - granddaddy - o- my granddaddy - was a Knowles. That mean that's when the old people met each other.","[...] when the old people met each other.",[...] when ART old people meet[PFV] each other,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11662, +13-159,13,Dey aks one noda.,Dey\taks\tone\tnoda.,they\task\tone\tanother,They ask one another. (Mt 8.27),,,357[27],,bible translation,"Dey aks one noda.",,they ask one another,,,,11663, +13-160,13,Now Pilate an Herod dem done beena fight each oda.,Now\tPilate\tan\tHerod\tdem\tdone\tbeena\tfight\teach\toda.,now\tPilate\tand\tHerod\tthem\tCOMPL\tPST/ASP\tfight\tRECP\tRECP,Now Pilate and Herod were done fighting each other. (Lk 23.12),,,357[304],,bible translation,"Now Pilate an Herod dem done beena fight each oda.",,now Pilate and Herod them COMPL PST/ASP fight RECP RECP,,,,11664, +13-161,13,"Leh all people do wa good fa oda people, steada wa good fa dey own sef.","Leh\tall\tpeople\tdo\twa\tgood\tfa\toda\tpeople,\tsteada\twa\tgood\tfa\tdey\town\tsef.",let\tall\tpeople\tdo\twhat\tgood\tfor\tother\tpeople\tinstead\twhat\tgood\tfor\tREFL\tREFL\tREFL,Let all people do what is good for other people instead of what is good for themselves. (1 Cor 10.24),,,357[585],,bible translation,"Leh all people do wa good fa oda people, steada wa good fa dey own sef.",,let all people do what good for other people instead what good for REFL REFL REFL,,,,11665, +14-122,14,They speak to each other.,They\tspeak\tto\teach\tother.,they\tspeak\tto\tRECP\tRECP,They speak to each other.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"They speak to each other.",,they speak to RECP RECP,,Own knowledge,,11666, +15-122,15,dɛ̃ lɛk dɛ̃sɛf,dɛ̃\tlɛk\tdɛ̃sɛf,3PL\tlike\tREFL,They like each other. OR: They each like themselves.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dɛ̃ lɛk dɛ̃sɛf,,3PL like REFL,,Own knowledge,,11667, +15-123,15,dɛ̃ kil dɛ̃sɛf,dɛ̃\tkil\tdɛ̃sɛf,3PL\tkill\tREFL,They killed themselves. OR: They killed each other.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dɛ̃ kil dɛ̃sɛf,,3PL kill REFL,,Own knowledge,,11668, +16-130,16,wì no dè hiɛ iʧ ɔda,wì\tno\tdè\thiɛ\tiʧ\tɔda,1PL\tNEG\tHAB\thear\teach\tother,We don't understand each other.,,Special reciprocal itʃ ɔda.,,,naturalistic spoken,"wì no dè hiɛ iʧ ɔda",,1PL NEG HAB hear each other,"Special reciprocal itʃ ɔda.",Own fieldwork,,11669, +17-154,17,Dè̱m layk ìchó̱da/wò̱nànó̱da.,Dè̱m\tlayk\tìchó̱da/wò̱nànó̱da.,3PL.SBJ\tlike\tRECP/RECP,They like each other / one another.,,,"462[102-108, 181-183]",,naturalistic spoken,Dè̱m layk ìchó̱da/wò̱nànó̱da.,,3PL.SBJ like RECP/RECP,,,,11670, +17-155,17,Dè̱m layk dè̱m-sé̱f.,Dè̱m\tlayk\tdè̱m-sé̱f.,3PL.SBJ\tlike\t3PL.POSS-REFL,They like each other.,,,"462[102-108, 181-183]",,naturalistic spoken,Dè̱m layk dè̱m-sé̱f.,,3PL.SBJ like 3PL.POSS-REFL,,,,11671, +17-156,17,Dè̱m si ìchó̱da/wò̱nànó̱da.,Dè̱m\tsi\tìchó̱da/wò̱nànó̱da.,3PL.SBJ\tsee\tRECP/RECP,They see each other / one another.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Dè̱m si ìchó̱da/wò̱nànó̱da.,,3PL.SBJ see RECP/RECP,,Own knowledge,,11672, +18-138,18,Dem laik dem-sef.,Dem\tlaik\tdem-sef.,3PL.SBJ\tlike\t3PL-REFL,They like each other.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Dem laik dem-sef.,,3PL.SBJ like 3PL-REFL,,,,11673, +19-176,19,Dɛ̀n dè slap dɛ̀n sɛf.,Dɛ̀n\tdè\tslap\tdɛ̀n\tsɛf.,3PL\tIPFV\t3PL\t3PL\tself,They are slapping each other.,,,1634[435],,elicited from speaker,"Dɛ̀n dè slap dɛ̀n sɛf.",,3PL IPFV 3PL 3PL self,,,,11674, +19-177,19,dɛ̀nɔ̀ltu dɛ̀n dè sàlút dɛ̀n sɛf.,dɛ̀n-ɔ̀l-tu\tdɛ̀n\tdè\tsàlút\tdɛ̀n\tsɛf.,3PL.EMPH.CPD-all.CPD-two\t3PL\tIPFV\tgreet\t3PL\tself,The two of them are greeting each other.,,"This reciprocal construction involves a dual compound personal pronoun. +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",1634[436],,elicited from speaker,"dɛ̀nɔ̀ltu dɛ̀n dè sàlút dɛ̀n sɛf.","dɛ̀n-ɔ̀l-tu dɛ̀n dè sàlút dɛ̀n sɛf.",3PL.EMPH.CPD-all.CPD-two 3PL IPFV greet 3PL self,"This reciprocal construction involves a dual compound personal pronoun. +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",,,11675, +21-121,21,We massaged each other.,We\tmassag-ed\teach\tother.,1PL\tmassage-PST\tRECP\tRECP,We massaged each other.,,,,,constructed by linguist,We massaged each other.,We massag-ed each other.,1PL massage-PST RECP RECP,,Own knowledge,,11676, +21-122,21,We massaged ourselves.,We\tmassag-ed\tour-selves.,1PL\tmassage-PST\t1PL-REFL,We massaged ourselves.,,,,,constructed by linguist,We massaged ourselves.,We massag-ed our-selves.,1PL massage-PST 1PL-REFL,,Own knowledge,,11677, +22-156,22,Em toktok long em yet [...].,Em\ttoktok\tlong\tem\tyet\t[...].,3SG\tsay\tPREP\t3SG\tREFL\t[...],She said to herself [...].,,,584[Simbu F16],,naturalistic spoken,Em toktok long em yet [...].,,3SG say PREP 3SG REFL [...],,,,11678, +22-157,22,"Pikinini bikpla na ol maretim ol yet, na ol i stap.","Pikinini\tbik-pla\tna\tol\tmaret-im\tol\tyet,\tna\tol\ti\tstap.",child\tbig-MOD\tand\t3PL\tmarry-TR\t3PL\tFOC\tand\t3PL\tPM\tstay,The children grew big and married each other and stayed there.,,,584[Madang F13],,naturalistic spoken,"Pikinini bikpla na ol maretim ol yet, na ol i stap.","Pikinini bik-pla na ol maret-im ol yet, na ol i stap.",child big-MOD and 3PL marry-TR 3PL FOC and 3PL PM stay,,,,11679, +24-164,24,Dem gwen a' si wan naeda.,Dem\tgwen\ta'\tsi\twan\tnaeda.,they\tFUT\tFUT\tsee\tone\tother,They will see each other.,,,,,naturalistic written,Dem gwen a' si wan naeda.,,they FUT FUT see one other,,Own fieldwork,,11680, +25-308,25,Tubala givit mijelb bekbon ij.,Tubala\tgiv-it\tmijelb\tbekbon\tij.,3DU\tgive-TR\tREFL\tback\teach,The two are turning the back to each other. (In space elicitation),,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the use of ij 'each' in addition to the invariable reflexive/reciprocal marker mijelb in reciprocal reading.",,,elicited from speaker,"Tubala givit mijelb bekbon ij.","Tubala giv-it mijelb bekbon ij.",3DU give-TR REFL back each,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the use of ij 'each' in addition to the invariable reflexive/reciprocal marker mijelb in reciprocal reading.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,11681, +25-309,25,Maiti tubala bin graulim mijelb.,Maiti\ttubala\tbin\tgraul-im\tmijelb.,maybe\t3DU\tPST\tgrowl-TR\tREFL,Maybe the two growled at each other.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the reciprocal use of the reflexive/reciprocal marker mijelb.",,,elicited from speaker,"Maiti tubala bin graulim mijelb.",Maiti tubala bin graul-im mijelb.,maybe 3DU PST growl-TR REFL,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the reciprocal use of the reflexive/reciprocal marker mijelb.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,11682, +25-310,25,Mela bin gulagula gija olawei.,Mela\tbin\tgula~gula\tgija\tolawei.,1PL.EXCL\tPST\tRED.argue\tRECP\tall.the.way,We were telling off each other all the way.,,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the reciprocal marker gija.,631[196],,naturalistic spoken,"Mela bin gulagula gija olawei.",Mela bin gula~gula gija olawei.,1PL.EXCL PST RED.argue RECP all.the.way,"Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the reciprocal marker gija.",,,11683, +26-102,26,deɪ wɛn tɛo iʧaɾa,deɪ\twɛn\ttɛo\tiʧaɾa,3PL\tPST.PFV\tsay\tRECP,they said to each other,,,,,constructed by linguist,"deɪ wɛn tɛo iʧaɾa",,3PL PST.PFV say RECP,,Own knowledge,,11684, +28-145,28,en bɛtɛ mati fu mja mati skriki,eni\tbɛt-tɛ\tmati\tfu\tmja\tmati\tskriki,3PL\tbet-PFV\tRECP\tfor\tmake\tRECP\tfrighten,They made a bet with each other to frighten each other.,,,737[184],,naturalistic spoken,"en bɛtɛ mati fu mja mati skriki",eni bɛt-tɛ mati fu mja mati skriki,3PL bet-PFV RECP for make RECP frighten,,,,11685, +29-180,29,Jan en Piet haat hulleself.,Jan\ten\tPiet\thaat\thulle-self.,John\tand\tPete\thate\tthem-REFL,John and Pete hate themselves.,,"Hulleself here could also be hulself, featuring the reduced form of the pronoun hulle (an option available in colloquial varieties).",,,naturalistic spoken,"Jan en Piet haat hulleself.",Jan en Piet haat hulle-self.,John and Pete hate them-REFL,"Hulleself here could also be hulself, featuring the reduced form of the pronoun hulle (an option available in colloquial varieties).",Own knowledge,,11686, +29-181,29,Jan en Piet haat (vir) mekaar.,Jan\ten\tPiet\thaat\t(vir)\tmekaar.,John\tand\tPete\thate\t(for)\tRECP,John and Pete hate each other.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Jan en Piet haat (vir) mekaar.",,John and Pete hate (for) RECP,,Own knowledge,,11687, +30-190,30,"Pai ku mai rabida, djobe kunpanheru, [...].","Pai\tku=mai\trabida,\tdjobe\tkunpanheru,\t[...].",father\twith=mother\tturn.around\tlook.at\tcomrade\t[...],"The father and the mother turned around and looked at each other, [...].",,,784[s.v. kunpanheru],,naturalistic spoken,"Pai ku mai rabida, djobe kunpanheru, [...].","Pai ku=mai rabida, djobe kunpanheru, [...].",father with=mother turn.around look.at comrade [...],,,,11688, +31-152,31,"Nu ta sai, ta spia kunpanheru, pa kaminhu.","Nu\tta\tsai,\tta\tspia\tkunpanheru,\tpa\tkaminhu.",we\tHAB\tgo.out\tHAB\tlook\teach.other\ton\tway,"We would go out, looking at each other on the way.",,,57,,naturalistic spoken,"Nu ta sai, ta spia kunpanheru, pa kaminhu.",,we HAB go.out HAB look each.other on way,,,,11689, +32-149,32,Es ben partá d'kunpanher.,Es\tben\tpartá\tde\tkunpanher.,3PL\tcome\tseparate\tfrom\teach.other,They separated from each other.,,This is the reciprocal construction.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Es ben partá d'kunpanher.",Es ben partá de kunpanher.,3PL come separate from each.other,This is the reciprocal construction.,,,11690,Portuguese: Separaram-se. +32-150,32,No mestê protejê-l d'se kabésa.,No\tmestê\tprotejê-l\tde\tse\tkabésa.,1PL\tneed\tprotect-3SG\tfrom\tPOSS.3SG\thead,We need to protect him from himself.,,"Here, se kabésa is the reflexive marker.",1456,,naturalistic spoken,"No mestê protejê-l d'se kabésa.",No mestê protejê-l de se kabésa.,1PL need protect-3SG from POSS.3SG head,"Here, se kabésa is the reflexive marker.",,,11691,Portuguese: Temos de o protejer dele mesmo. +33-177,33,Nha fidjus laba un utru.,Nha\tfidju-s\tlaba\tun\tutru.,1SG\tchild-PL\twash\tone\tother,My children washed one another.,,Note: The orthography is that of the source.,403[40],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Nha fidjus laba un utru.",Nha fidju-s laba un utru.,1SG child-PL wash one other,Note: The orthography is that of the source.,,,11692,Portuguese: Os meus filhos lavaram-se um ao outro. +34-143,34,Joŋ ku Mariya keré ŋútur.,Joŋ\tku\tMariya\tø\tkeré\tŋútur.,John\twith\tMary\tPFV\tlove\teach.other,John and Mary love each other.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Joŋ ku Mariya keré ŋútur.","Joŋ ku Mariya ø keré ŋútur.",John with Mary PFV love each.other,,Own knowledge,,11693, +35-204,35,Ũa ska mat'ôtlô.,Ũa\tska\tmat'=ôtlô.,one\tPROG\tkill=other,They are killing each other.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ũa ska mat'ôtlô.,Ũa ska mat'=ôtlô.,one PROG kill=other,,Own data,,11694, +35-205,35,Ê mat'ubwê dê.,Ê\tmat'=ubwê\tdê.,3SG\tkill=body\t3SG.POSS,He committed suicide.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ê mat'ubwê dê.,Ê mat'=ubwê dê.,3SG kill=body 3SG.POSS,,Own knowledge,,11695, +36-120,36,No Ngola na ka theketha ôtô mo wa.,No\tNgola\tna\tka\ttheketha\tôtô\tmo\twa.,we\tAngolar\tNEG\tHAB\tshake\tother\thand\tNEG,We Angolars do not shake hands (to greet each other).,,,901[143],,naturalistic spoken,"No Ngola na ka theketha ôtô mo wa.",,we Angolar NEG HAB shake other hand NEG,,,,11696,"French: Nous Angolars, nous ne nous serrons pas la main (pour nous saluer)." +37-157,37,Ôtô sa mêê mata ôtô.,Ôtô\tsa\tmêê\tmata\tôtô.,other\tPROG\twant\tkill\tother,They wanted to kill each other.,,,905[153],,elicited from speaker,"Ôtô sa mêê mata ôtô.",,other PROG want kill other,,,,11697, +38-168,38,"Fo desyi se na namé-mu ku pé-mu ange té ange, [...].","Fo\tde-syi\tse\tna\tna-mé-mu\tku\tpé-mu\ta-nge\tté\ta-nge,\t[...].",since\tday-DEM\tRES\tART\tDEF-mom-my\tand\tdad-my\tDEF-person\thave\tDEF-person\t[...],"Since my parents got married, [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Fo desyi se na namé-mu ku pé-mu ange té ange, [...].","Fo de-syi se na na-mé-mu ku pé-mu a-nge té a-nge, [...].",since day-DEM RES ART DEF-mom-my and dad-my DEF-person have DEF-person [...],,Own fieldwork 1993,,11698, +38-169,38,Tudya povu xa laba a lugusai.,Tudyia\tpovu\txa\tlaba\tawa\tlugu-sai.,formerly\tpoor.people\tEVID\twash\twater\tlake-DEM,Formerly the people washed themselves in this lake.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Tudya povu xa laba a lugusai.,Tudyia povu xa laba awa lugu-sai.,formerly poor.people EVID wash water lake-DEM,,Own fieldwork 1990,,11699, +40-121,40,Mari ani Pedru kupot amor tə hedze.,Mari\tani\tPedru\tkupot\tamor\ttə\thedze.,Mari\tand\tPedru\teach.other\tlove\tPRS\tdo,Mari and Pedru love each other.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mari ani Pedru kupot amor tə hedze.",,Mari and Pedru each.other love PRS do,,Own fieldwork materials,,11700, +41-143,41,aka kriyaansas briiya tabuskaa uŋapa uŋa/uŋa juuntu uŋa,aka\tkriyaansa-s\tbriiya\tta-buskaa\tuŋa-pa\tuŋa/uŋa\tjuuntu\tuŋa,that\tchild-PL\tfight\tPRS-search\tone-DAT\tone/one\twith\tone,Those children are fighting with each other.,,,1416[3856],,elicited from speaker,"aka kriyaansas briiya tabuskaa uŋapa uŋa/uŋa juuntu uŋa",aka kriyaansa-s briiya ta-buskaa uŋa-pa uŋa/uŋa juuntu uŋa,that child-PL fight PRS-search one-DAT one/one with one,,,,11701, +41-144,41,etus uŋapa uŋa/uŋa juuntu uŋa tadaaytaam,etus\tuŋa-pa\tuŋa/uŋa\tjuuntu\tuŋa\tta-daay-taam,3PL.HON\tone-DAT\tone/one\twith\tone\tPRS-strike-REFL,They are hitting each other.,,"/taam/ is also a progressive marker, but in main clause progressive constructions (a) the verb is marked past or not tense-marked and (b) the auxiliary teem/tiɲa appears.",1416[4545],,elicited from speaker,"etus uŋapa uŋa/uŋa juuntu uŋa tadaaytaam",etus uŋa-pa uŋa/uŋa juuntu uŋa ta-daay-taam,3PL.HON one-DAT one/one with one PRS-strike-REFL,"/taam/ is also a progressive marker, but in main clause progressive constructions (a) the verb is marked past or not tense-marked and (b) the auxiliary teem/tiɲa appears.",,,11702, +42-155,42,Pedru ku Maria dos dos busidu,Pedru\tku\tMaria\tdos~dos\tbusidu,Pedru\tCOM\tMaria\ttwo~two\thate,Pedru and Maria hate each other.,,Reciprocity is expressed by reduplication of the numeral that corresponds to the number of persons involved.,,,elicited from speaker,"Pedru ku Maria dos dos busidu","Pedru ku Maria dos~dos busidu",Pedru COM Maria two~two hate,Reciprocity is expressed by reduplication of the numeral that corresponds to the number of persons involved.,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,11703, +42-156,42,nalí teng tres femi ki ta papiá onsong,nalí\tteng\ttres\tfemi\tki\tta\tpapiá\tonsong,there\tBE\tthree\tgirl\tREL\tPROG\tspeak\talone,There are three girls there who are talking to themselves.,,This has a non-reciprocal reading.,,,elicited from speaker,"nalí teng tres femi ki ta papiá onsong",,there BE three girl REL PROG speak alone,This has a non-reciprocal reading.,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,11704, +43-106,43,Unga abursa kung otru e chura.,Unga\tabursa\tkung\totru\te\tchura.,one\thug\tOBJ\tother\tand\tcry,They hugged each other and cried.,,,906[98],,pedagogical grammar,"Unga abursa kung otru e chura.",,one hug OBJ other and cry,,,,11705, +44-154,44,Ta hugá keré lótro dos.,Ta\thugá\tkeré\tlótro\tdos.,IPFV\tplay.RECP\tlove\t3PL\ttwo,The two of them love each other.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta hugá keré lótro dos.,,IPFV play.RECP love 3PL two,,Own data,,11706,Spanish: Se quieren. +45-127,45,Ta manggolpeahan el mga muchacho.,Ta\tmang-golpea-han\tel\tmga\tmuchacho.,IPFV\tRECP-hit-RECP\tDEF\tPL\tboy,They boys are hitting each other.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta manggolpeahan el mga muchacho.",Ta mang-golpea-han el mga muchacho.,IPFV RECP-hit-RECP DEF PL boy,,Own data,,11707, +46-167,46,Tam-kwentó-han silá mga istórya.,Tam-kwentó-han\tsilá\tmga\tistórya.,IPFV.VBLZ-story-RECP\t3PL\tPL\tstory,They are telling each other stories.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Tam-kwentó-han silá mga istórya.",,IPFV.VBLZ-story-RECP 3PL PL story,,Own knowledge,,11708, +46-168,46,Yanmatáhan.,Ya-man-matá-han.,PRF-RECP-kill-RECP,They killed each other.,,"In a reciprocal construction, the stem (verb or noun) is circumfixed with man-X-han. The primary accent is in this case always on the penultima.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Yanmatáhan.",Ya-man-matá-han.,PRF-RECP-kill-RECP,"In a reciprocal construction, the stem (verb or noun) is circumfixed with man-X-han. The primary accent is in this case always on the penultima.",Own knowledge,,11709, +46-169,46,Ta-amá silá úno a ótro.,Ta-amá\tsilá\túno\ta\tótro.,IPFV-love\t3PL\tone\tto\tother,They love each other.,,Úno a ótro is a fossilized construction of Spanish origin: The Spanish preposition a does not exist in Chabacano.,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta-amá silá úno a ótro.",,IPFV-love 3PL one to other,"Úno a ótro is a fossilized construction of Spanish origin: The Spanish preposition a does not exist in Chabacano.",Own knowledge,,11710, +47-173,47,Mi ta kontento ku nos a konosé otro hopi aña atras.,Mi\tta\tkontento\tku\tnos\ta\tkonosé\totro\thopi\taña\tatras.,1SG\tCOP\thappy\tCOMP\t1PL\tPFV\tknow\tRECP\tmany\tyear\tbefore,I am happy that we got to know each other so many years ago.,,,755,,naturalistic written,"Mi ta kontento ku nos a konosé otro hopi aña atras.",Mi ta kontento ku nos a konosé otro hopi aña atras.,1SG COP happy COMP 1PL PFV know RECP many year before,,,,11711, +47-174,47,Tur e politikonan ta bringa otro.,Tur\te\tpolitiko\tnan\tta\tbringa\totro.,all\tDEF\tpolitician\tPL\tTNS\tfight\tRECP,All the politicians fight each other.,,The translation is mine.,1024[99],,published source,"Tur e politikonan ta bringa otro.",Tur e politiko nan ta bringa otro.,all DEF politician PL TNS fight RECP,The translation is mine.,,,11712, +48-159,48,Ané a mata.,Ané\ta\tmata.,they\tPST\tkill,They killed. OR: They killed each other.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ané a mata.,,they PST kill,,Recorded by author,,11713, +48-160,48,Ané ndo a besá.,Ané\tndo\ta\tbesá.,they\ttwo\tPST\tkiss,The two of them kissed. OR: The two of them kissed each other.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ané ndo a besá.,,they two PST kiss,,Recorded by author,,11714, +49-271,49,Moun sa yo remen kò yo.,Moun\tsa\tyo\tremen\tkò\tyo.,people\tDEM\tDEF.PL\tlove\tbody\t3PL.POSS,These people love themselves.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 70]",,naturalistic spoken,"Moun sa yo remen kò yo.",,people DEM DEF.PL love body 3PL.POSS,,,,11715,French: Ces personnes s'aiment. +49-272,49,Youn ba lòt kado.,Youn\tba\tlòt\tkado.,one\tgive\tother\tpresent,They gave each other presents.,,,1505[772],,naturalistic spoken,"Youn ba lòt kado.",,one give other present,,,,11716,French: Ils/Elles se sont donné des cadeaux. +49-273,49,Yo renmen alafoli.,Yo\trenmen\talafoli.,3PL\tlove\tmadly,They love each other to death.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 71]",,naturalistic spoken,Yo renmen alafoli.,,3PL love madly,,,,11717,French: Ils s’aiment à la folie. +50-169,50,Yo ka gadé yo-menm.,Yo\tka\tgadé\tyo-menm.,3PL\tPROG\tlook\t3PL-EMPH,They are looking at themselves.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yo ka gadé yo-menm.",,3PL PROG look 3PL-EMPH,,Own fieldwork,,11718, +50-170,50,Yonn ka gadé lòt.,Yonn\tka\tgadé\tlòt.,one\tPROG\tlook\tother,They are looking at each other.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yonn ka gadé lòt.",,one PROG look other,,Own fieldwork,,11719, +50-171,50,Yo bo.,Yo\tbo.,3PL\tkiss,They kissed (each other).,,,851[32],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yo bo.,,3PL kiss,,,,11720,French: Ils se sont embrassés. +51-150,51,Yo ka gadé yo-menm.,Yo\tka\tgadé\tyo-menm.,3PL\tPROG\tlook\t3PL-EMPH,They are looking at themselves.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yo ka gadé yo-menm.",,3PL PROG look 3PL-EMPH,,Own fieldwork,,11721, +51-151,51,Yonn ka gadé lot.,Yonn\tka\tgadé\tlot.,one\tPROG\tlook\tother,They are looking at each other.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yonn ka gadé lot.",,one PROG look other,,Own fieldwork,,11722, +52-95,52,yé konnèt yé kompannyen,yé\tkonnèt\tyé\tkompannyen,they\tknow\tthem\tfriends,They know each other.,,The original text in Fauquenoy is written with IPA symbols.,487[113],,elicited from speaker,"yé konnèt yé kompannyen ",,they know them friends,The original text in Fauquenoy is written with IPA symbols.,,,11723, +53-328,53,doe moun ki lem enn-a-lot,doe\tmoun\tki\tlem\tenn-a-lot,two\tperson\twho\tlove\tone-to-other,two people who love each other,,,1048[262],,elicited from speaker,"doe moun ki lem enn-a-lot",,two person who love one-to-other,,,,11724, +53-329,53,Ye te prèt zafè èn-a-lòt.,Ye\tte\tprèt\tzafè\tèn-a-lòt.,3PL\tPST\tloan\tthing\tone-to-other,They loaned things to each other.,,,1515[143],,naturalistic spoken,"Ye te prèt zafè èn-a-lòt.",,3PL PST loan thing one-to-other,,,,11725, +54-195,54,Lé dé i démanti pa enn é lot.,Le\tde\ti\tdemanti\tpa\tenn-e-lot.,DEF.PL\ttwo\tFIN\tbetray\tNEG\tone-and-other,They do not betray each other.,,"Enn-e-lot, also lenn-a-lot and enn-a-lot, are reciprocal constructions (see Baggioni 1990 under linn-a-lot).",110[59],,naturalistic spoken,"Lé dé i démanti pa enn é lot.",Le de i demanti pa enn-e-lot.,DEF.PL two FIN betray NEG one-and-other,"Enn-e-lot, also lenn-a-lot and enn-a-lot, are reciprocal constructions (see Baggioni 1990 under linn-a-lot).",,,11726,French: Ils ne se démentent pas l'un l'autre. +54-196,54,Bann kok i bek azot.,Bann\tkok\ti\tbek\tazot.,PL\tcock\tFIN\tpick\tOBL.3PL,The cocks pick each other.,,The form azot [OBL.3SG] functions as reciprocal marker.,236[345],,naturalistic spoken,Bann kok i bek azot.,,PL cock FIN pick OBL.3PL,"The form azot [OBL.3SG] functions as reciprocal marker.",,,11727,French: Les coqs se donnent des coups de bec. +54-197,54,Zot prepar azot.,Zot\tprepar\tazot.,3PL\tprepare\tOBL.3PL,They prepare themselves.,,Here azot is used as reflexive marker.,,,constructed by linguist,Zot prepar azot.,,3PL prepare OBL.3PL,"Here azot is used as reflexive marker.",Own knowledge,,11728,French: Ils se préparent. +55-165,55,zot koṅtaṅ zot-mem,zot\tkoṅtaṅ\tzot-mem,3PL\tlove\t3PL-self,They love themselves. OR: They love each other.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"zot koṅtaṅ zot-mem",,3PL love 3PL-self,,Own knowledge,,11729, +55-166,55,saken koṅtaṅ so kamarad,saken\tkoṅtaṅ\tso\tkamarad,each.one\tlove\t3SG\tfriend,They love each other.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"saken koṅtaṅ so kamarad",,each.one love 3SG friend,,Own knowledge,,11730, +56-161,56,Nou pa zwenn kanmarad.,Nou\tpa\tzwenn\tkanmarad.,1PL\tNEG\tmeet\teach.other,We don't meet each other.,,This is the reciprocal construction with the marker kanmarad; kanmarad (< French camarade) may still be used in its original meaning 'friend'.,955[185],,naturalistic spoken,"Nou pa zwenn kanmarad.",,1PL NEG meet each.other,"This is the reciprocal construction with the marker kanmarad; kanmarad (< French camarade) may still be used in its original meaning 'friend'.",,,11731, +57-168,57,muʃe twa!,muʃe\ttwa!,blow.nose\t2SG,Blow your nose!,,This is an example of a reflexive construction.,423[177],,naturalistic spoken,muʃe twa!,,blow.nose 2SG,This is an example of a reflexive construction.,,,11732, +57-169,57,sola ndi atr sola […],sola\tndi\tatr\tsola\t[...],3PL\tsay\tRECP\t3PL\t[...],They say/said to each other […],,Reciprocal constructions are formed with atr sola or atr lesot.,423[170],,naturalistic spoken,sola ndi atr sola […],,3PL say RECP 3PL […],"Reciprocal constructions are formed with atr sola or atr lesot. ",,,11733, +58-112,58,Bo me bal-an-a/mon-an-a.,Bo\tme\tbal-an-a/mon-an-a.,they\tPRF\tmarry-RECP-NARR/see-RECP-NARR,They married each other. OR: They got married. / They saw each other. OR: They met.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bo me bal-an-a/mon-an-a.",,they PRF marry-RECP-NARR/see-RECP-NARR,,Own knowledge,,11734, +59-270,59,"ala londo, akumase ti pika tere sioni","ala\tlondo,\ta-kumase\tti\tpika\ttere\tsioni",3PL\tarise\tPM-begin\tto\thit\tbody\tbadly,They arose and began to hit each other terribly.,,Kumase is borrowed from French commencer.,,,constructed by linguist,"ala londo, akumase ti pika tere sioni","ala londo, a-kumase ti pika tere sioni",3PL arise PM-begin to hit body badly,"Kumase is borrowed from French commencer.",Own knowledge,,11735, +59-271,59,pikango tere ake nzoni ape,pika-ngo\ttere\ta-ke\tnzoni\tape,hit-NMLZ\tbody\tPM-COP\tgood\tNEG,Fighting is not good.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"pikango tere ake nzoni ape",pika-ngo tere a-ke nzoni ape,hit-NMLZ body PM-COP good NEG,,Own knowledge,,11736, +60-124,60,bamónánákí,ba-món-án-ákí,3PL-see-RECP-PST,They saw each other.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"bamónánákí",ba-món-án-ákí,3PL-see-RECP-PST,,Own knowledge,,11737, +60-125,60,bamímónákí,ba-mí-món-ákí,3PL-REFL-see-PST,They saw themselves.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"bamímónákí",ba-mí-món-ákí,3PL-REFL-see-PST,,Own knowledge,,11738, +62-83,62,v-áa-té-án-a kwa mhpambá,v-áa-té-án-a\tkwa\tmhpambá,2-PST-beat-RECP-FV\twith\tmachete,They fought each other with the machete.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"v-áa-té-án-a kwa mhpambá",,2-PST-beat-RECP-FV with machete,,Own field data 1993,,11739, +63-168,63,úmun árif bádum,úmun\tárif\tbádum,3PL\tknow\tRECP,They know each other.,,,857[302],,naturalistic spoken,"úmun árif bádum",,3PL know RECP,,,,11740, +63-169,63,úmun dús úmun,úmun\tdús\túmun,3PL\thide\t3PL,They hide themselves.,,,857[302],,naturalistic spoken,"úmun dús úmun",,3PL hide 3PL,,,,11741, +64-179,64,lísa anína kátulu badúm,lísa\tanína\tkátulu\tbadúm,still\t1PL\tkill\tRECP,We are still killing each other.,,,874[149],,naturalistic spoken,"lísa anína kátulu badúm",,still 1PL kill RECP,,,,11742, +65-135,65,Adin liudi dərugoj liudi kuʃaj.,Adin\tliudi\tdərugoj\tliudi\tkuʃaj.,one\tperson\tanother\tperson\teat,Living creatures eat one another.,,"These are general reflexions on life; liudi may refer to people, animals and objects regarded as animated.",60[264],,citation in fiction,Adin liudi dərugoj liudi kuʃaj.,,one person another person eat,"These are general reflexions on life; liudi may refer to people, animals and objects regarded as animated.",,Один люди другой люди кушай.,11743, +65-136,65,"Pr'am drug drug budet streliat', konʧit.","Pr'am\tdrug\tdrug\tbudet\tstreliat',\tkonʧit.",really\tother\tother\tCOP.FUT.3SG\tshoot.INF\tfinish.FUT.3SG,It really will end up in that people shoot at each other.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,1195[256],,naturalistic spoken,"Pr'am drug drug budet streliat', konʧit.",,really other other COP.FUT.3SG shoot.INF finish.FUT.3SG,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Baranova in 2004 (Primorskij region).,,"Прям друг друг будет стрелять, кончит.",11744, +66-102,66,Anak diape tanganyang dia jo çuçi ambε.,Anak\tdia-pe\ttangan-yang-dia-jo\tçuçi-ambε.,child\t3SG-POSS\thand-ACC.DEF-3SG-FOC\twash-PROG,The child is washing himself.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Anak diape tanganyang dia jo çuçi ambε.,Anak dia-pe tangan-yang-dia-jo çuçi-ambε.,child 3SG-POSS hand-ACC.DEF-3SG-FOC wash-PROG,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,11745, +67-186,67,Budak-budak pukul satu satu.,Budak~budak\tpukul\tsatu\tsatu.,child~child\tbeat\tone\tone,The children are beating one another.,,,708[468],,naturalistic spoken,"Budak-budak pukul satu satu.","Budak~budak pukul satu satu.",child~child beat one one,,,,11746, +67-187,67,Dia orang suka satu satu.,Dia\torang\tsuka\tsatu\tsatu.,3SG\tpeople\tlike\tone\tone,They like one another.,,,708[469],,naturalistic spoken,"Dia orang suka satu satu.",,3SG people like one one,,,,11747, +68-106,68,"Dolo dong baku-musu, skarang dong su baku-bae.","Dolo\tdong\tbaku-musu,\tskarang\tdong\tsu\tbaku-bae.",earlier\t3PL\tRECP-hostile\tnow\t3PL\tPFV\tRECP-good,"They used to be enemies, now they are on good terms with each other.",,,1528[101],,naturalistic spoken,"Dolo dong baku-musu, skarang dong su baku-bae.",,earlier 3PL RECP-hostile now 3PL PFV RECP-good,,,,11748, +68-107,68,goso; ba-goso,goso;\tba-goso,rub\tREFL-rub,to rub; to rub oneself,,,1528[97],,elicited from speaker,"goso; ba-goso",,rub REFL-rub,,,,11749, +71-163,71,"Kalo huhu wau, wau huhu iaia.","Kalo\thuhu\twau,\twau\thuhu\tiaia.",Kalo\tbecome.angry\t1SG\t1SG\tbecome.angry\t3SG,Kalo and I became angry with each other.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Kalo huhu wau, wau huhu iaia.",,Kalo become.angry 1SG 1SG become.angry 3SG,,Own data 1883,,11750, +71-164,71,Laua huki ka lauoho laua.,Laua\thuki\tka\tlauoho\tlaua.,3DU\tpull\tDEF\thair\t3DU.POSS,The two of them pulled each other's hair.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Laua huki ka lauoho laua.",,3DU pull DEF hair 3DU.POSS,,Own data 1889,,11751, +72-140,72,"""Watja watja"" jei bin tok mijelp nganta.","""Watja\twatja""\tjei\tbin\ttok\tmijelp\tnganta.",hurry\thurry\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\ttalk\tRECP\tDOUBT,"""Hurry hurry"", I reckon they were saying to each other.",,This is a reciprocal construction using mijelp.,920[57],,elicited from speaker,"""Watja watja"" jei bin tok mijelp nganta.",,hurry hurry 3PL.SBJ PST talk RECP DOUBT,"This is a reciprocal construction using mijelp.",,,11752, +72-141,72,Ib yu karankarra mijelp hardwantu yul meikim mijelp kungulu.,Ib\tyu\tkaran-karra\tmijelp\thard-wan-tu\tyu-l\tmeik-im\tmijelp\tkungulu.,if\t2SG\tscratch-CONT\tREFL\thard-NMLZ-ERG\t2SG-FUT\tmake-TR\tREFL\tbleed,"If you keep scratching yourself hard, you will make yourself bleed.",,Reflexive construction using mijelp.,920[57],,elicited from speaker,Ib yu karankarra mijelp hardwantu yul meikim mijelp kungulu.,Ib yu karan-karra mijelp hard-wan-tu yu-l meik-im mijelp kungulu.,if 2SG scratch-CONT REFL hard-NMLZ-ERG 2SG-FUT make-TR REFL bleed,"Reflexive construction using mijelp.",,,11753, +73-91,73,elkunaga muchanakuxun,el-kuna-ga\tmucha-naku-xu-n,3SG-PL-TOP\tkiss-RECP-PROG-3,They kiss each other.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"elkunaga muchanakuxun",el-kuna-ga mucha-naku-xu-n,3SG-PL-TOP kiss-RECP-PROG-3,,Field notes,,11754, +73-92,73,elkunapura komunikanakuxun,el-kuna-pura\tkomunika-naku-xu-n,3SG-PL-among\tcommunicate-RECP-PROG-3,They communicate among each other.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"elkunapura komunikanakuxun",el-kuna-pura komunika-naku-xu-n,3SG-PL-among communicate-RECP-PROG-3,,Field notes,,11755, +75-219,75,Wiichihiitowak eekwa.,Wiichihii-to-w-ak\teekwa.,help-RECP-3-PL\tthen,They helped each other at that time.,,"The reciprocal suffix is -ito-, and it often undergoes morphophonemic changes.",522,,naturalistic spoken,"Wiichihiitowak eekwa.",Wiichihii-to-w-ak eekwa.,help-RECP-3-PL then,"The reciprocal suffix is -ito-, and it often undergoes morphophonemic changes.",,,11756, +1-226,1,Dasanni no selli jetti?,Da-sani\tno\tseri\tete?,DET.SG-thing\tNEG\tsell\tyet,Isn't that sold yet?,,This construction is infrequent.,1357[152],,written (dictionary),Dasanni no selli jetti?,Da-sani no seri ete?,DET.SG-thing NEG sell yet,This construction is infrequent.,,,11757,German: Ist dieses noch nicht verkauft? [op.cit.] +2-233,2,Kande den suma disi ben kweki tra fasi.,Kande\tden\tsuma\tdisi\tben\tkweki\ttra\tfasi.,maybe\tthe.PL\tperson\tDEM\tPST\traise\tanother\tway,Maybe these people were raised differently.,,,1606[95],,naturalistic spoken,Kande den suma disi ben kweki tra fasi.,,maybe the.PL person DEM PST raise another way,,,,11758, +2-234,2,A liba bradi kba.,A\tliba\tbradi\tkba.,DET\triver\twide\talready,The river has already been widened.,,,1604[255],,naturalistic spoken,A liba bradi kba.,,DET river wide already,,,,11759, +2-235,2,A krosi e krin.,A\tkrosi\te\tkrin.,DET\tclothes\tIPFV\tclean,The clothes are being cleaned.,,,1604[255],,naturalistic spoken,A krosi e krin.,,DET clothes IPFV clean,,,,11760, +3-121,3,"Dí dí gánia kíi, dí onkoóku kó kái.","Dí\tdí\tgánia\tkíi,\tdí\tonkoóku\tkó\tkái.",then\tDEF.SG\tchicken\tkill\tDEF.SG\tmisfortune\tcome\tfall,"At the same time the chicken was killed, misfortune started to happen.",,,1541[276],,naturalistic spoken,"Dí dí gánia kíi, dí onkoóku kó kái.",,then DEF.SG chicken kill DEF.SG misfortune come fall,,,,11761, +4-153,4,A gaan foo kii kaba. Mi á sabi sama kii en.,A\tgaan\tfoo\tkii\tkaba.\tMi\tá\tsabi\tsama\tkii\ten.,DET.SG\tgreat\tbird\tkill\talready.\tI\tNEG\tknow\twho\tkilled\tit,The large chicken is already killed. I don't know who killed it.,,,661[478],,naturalistic spoken,A gaan foo kii kaba. Mi á sabi sama kii en.,,DET.SG great bird kill already. I NEG know who killed it,,,,11762, +4-154,4,Beele sa nyan a ini a osu ya.,Beele\tsa\tnyan\ta\tini\ta\tosu\tya.,bread\tMOD\teat\tLOC\tin\tDET.SG\thouse\there,It's possible to eat bread in this house.,,,568[139],,naturalistic spoken,Beele sa nyan a ini a osu ya.,,bread MOD eat LOC in DET.SG house here,,,,11763, +4-155,4,U/den ná e booko a domi so!,U/den\tná\te\tbooko\ta\tdomi\tso!,we/they\tNEG\tIPFV\tbreak\tDET\tcassava\tlike.this,We/they don't prepare the cassava like this.,,,568[139],,naturalistic spoken,U/den ná e booko a domi so!,,we/they NEG IPFV break DET cassava like.this,,,,11764, +5-156,5,di maan get kot in ii fut,di\tmaan\tget\tkot\tin\tii\tfut,the\tman\tPASS\tcut\tin\t3SG.POSS\tfoot,The man has been cut in his foot.,,,,,constructed by linguist,di maan get kot in ii fut,,the man PASS cut in 3SG.POSS foot,,Own knowledge,,11765, +5-157,5,di maan fut kot,di\tmaan\tfut\tkot,the\tman\tfoot\tcut,The man's foot is cut. OR: The man has been cut on his foot.,,,,,constructed by linguist,di maan fut kot,,the man foot cut,,Own knowledge,,11766, +6-93,6,Hi get ketch.,Hi\tget\tketch.,3SG\tget\tcatch,He was caught.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Hi get ketch.,,3SG get catch,,Informant A.K.,,11767, +6-94,6,De fish ketch.,De\tfish\tketch.,DET\tfish\tcatch,The fish was caught.,,,1431[151],,constructed by linguist,De fish ketch.,,DET fish catch,,,,11768, +7-215,7,Hi get sting.,Hi\tget\tsting.,3SG\tget\tsting,He was stung.,,,1244[127],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi get sting.,,3SG get sting,,,,11769, +7-216,7,Di hous get buhn duhng.,Di\thous\tget\tbuhn\tduhng.,ART\thouse\tget\tburn\tdown,The house was burnt.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di hous get buhn duhng.,,ART house get burn down,,Own knowledge,,11770, +7-217,7,*hi sting,*hi\tsting,3SG\tsting,NOT: He was stung.,,This occurrence without ‘get’ cannot lend a passive reading.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,*hi sting,,3SG sting,This occurrence without ‘get’ cannot lend a passive reading.,Own knowledge,,11771, +7-218,7,di keik beik,di\tkeik\tbeik,ART\tcake\tbake,the cake is/was baked,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di keik beik,,ART cake bake,,Own knowledge,,11772, +8-139,8,Op tu nou dem no nuo ou di fuud get kuk.,Op\ttu\tnou\tdem\tno\tnuo\tou\tdi\tfuud\tget\tkuk.,up\tto\tnow\t3PL\tNEG\tknow\thow\tDET\tfood\tget\tcook,Even now they still don't know how the food was cooked.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Op tu nou dem no nuo ou di fuud get kuk.,,up to now 3PL NEG know how DET food get cook,,Own knowledge,,11773, +8-140,8,Di chrii kot an wi no nuo a huu kot i.,Di\tchrii\tkot\tan\twi\tno\tnuo\ta\thuu\tkot\ti.,DET\ttree\tcut\tand\t1PL\tNEG\tknow\tFOC\twho\tcut\t3SG,The tree was cut but we don't know by whom.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di chrii kot an wi no nuo a huu kot i.,,DET tree cut and 1PL NEG know FOC who cut 3SG,,Own knowledge,,11774, +9-164,9,Dat waz di onli man hu poniʃ.,Dat\twaz\tdi\tonli\tman\t[hu\tponiʃ\t_].,that\twas\tthe\tonly\tman\t[REL\tpunish\t_],That was the only man who was punished.,,This present a rare use of hu here in an umarked passive context.,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,"Dat waz di onli man hu poniʃ.","Dat waz di onli man [hu poniʃ _].",that was the only man [REL punish _],"This present a rare use of hu here in an umarked passive context.",,,11775, +9-165,9,A yuztu tiyʧ bay nɔn.,A\tyuztu\ttiyʧ\tbay\tnɔn.,1SG\tused.to\tteach\tby\tnun,I used to attend a school where the teachers were nuns.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,A yuztu tiyʧ bay nɔn.,,1SG used.to teach by nun,,,,11776, +9-166,9,Da moni wan split ina tri.,Da\tmoni\twan\tsplit\tina\ttri.,that\tmoney\tFUT\tsplit\tin\tthree,That money will be split into three. OR: That money will be divided into three parts.,,,434,,naturalistic spoken,Da moni wan split ina tri.,,that money FUT split in three,,,,11777, +9-167,9,A disgos si dem.,A\tdisgos\tsi\tdem.,1SG\tdisgust\tsee\t3PL,I am disgusted when I see them.,,,434,,naturalistic spoken,A disgos si dem.,,1SG disgust see 3PL,,,,11778, +9-168,9,Yu get ʧap kwik.,Yu\tget\tʧap\tkwik.,2SG\tget\tchop\tquick,You get chopped quickly. OR: You may soon get cut/hurt.,,,432[42],,naturalistic spoken,Yu get ʧap kwik.,,2SG get chop quick,,,,11779, +10-209,10,Ihn get biit op.,Ihn\tget\tbiit\top.,3SG\tget\tbeat\tup,He got beaten up.,,,113[93],,naturalistic spoken,Ihn get biit op.,,3SG get beat up,,,,11780, +10-210,10,Da hous peint ogly.,Da\thous\tpeint\togly.,DEM\thouse\tpeint\tugly,That house is painted in an ugly colour.,,,113[93],,naturalistic spoken,Da hous peint ogly.,,DEM house peint ugly,,,,11781, +11-281,11,"Iin awa deez, rom nou liigalaiz.","Iin\tawa\tdee-z,\trom\tnou\tliigalaiz.",In\t1PL.POSS\tday-PL\trom\tNEG\tlegalize,"In our days, consuming rum was not well seen.",,I doubt the narrator is talking about official laws and think he is referring to community norms.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Iin awa deez, rom nou liigalaiz.","Iin awa dee-z, rom nou liigalaiz.",In 1PL.POSS day-PL rom NEG legalize,I doubt the narrator is talking about official laws and think he is referring to community norms.,,,11782, +11-282,11,Di papaya trii troo iin di basura.,Di\tpapaya\ttrii\ttroo\tiin\tdi\tbasura.,ART.DEF\tpapaya\ttree\tthrow\tin\tART.DEF\tgarbage,The papaya tree was thrown into the garbage.,,Basura is a loan from Spanish.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Di papaya trii troo iin di basura.,,ART.DEF papaya tree throw in ART.DEF garbage,"Basura is a loan from Spanish.",,,11783, +11-283,11,If dis ting woz wel regyuleeted [...].,If\tdis\tting\twoz\twel\tregyuleet-ed\t[...].,if\tDEM\tthing\tCOP.PST\twell\tregulate-PTCP\t[...],If this thing was well regulated [...].,,This is an acrolectal construction borrowed from English.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,If dis ting woz wel regyuleeted [...].,If dis ting woz wel regyuleet-ed [...].,if DEM thing COP.PST well regulate-PTCP [...],This is an acrolectal construction borrowed from English.,,,11784, +11-284,11,Taiga get fraitn.,Taiga\tget\tfraitn.,Tiger\tget\tfrighten,Tiger was frightened.,,,,,naturalistic written,Taiga get fraitn.,,Tiger get frighten,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,11785, +12-219,12,"I been to court for a person - witness for a person, because he couldn't come to the hospital, because he did get jook. Ne- close here - more to he heart, and that - and that thing stop about that much from he heart.",[...]\the\tdid\tget\tjook.,[...]\t3SG.M.SBJ\tPST\tget\tstab,[...] he had gotten stabbed.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I been to court for a person - witness for a person, because he couldn't come to the hospital, because he did get jook. Ne- close here - more to he heart, and that - and that thing stop about that much from he heart.",[...] he did get jook.,[...] 3SG.M.SBJ PST get stab,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11786, +12-220,12,"Anyhow, they done christen - I glad that over.",[...]\tthey\tdone\tchristen\t[...].,[...]\t3PL.SBJ\tCOMPL\tchristen\t[...],"[Anyhow,] they’ve been christened now [- I’m glad that that’s over].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Anyhow, they done christen - I glad that over.",[...] they done christen [...].,[...] 3PL.SBJ COMPL christen [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11787, +12-221,12,"When I been home - I christen in that when I was - in 1916 I born. I christen in that church, and I been back home, and I used to look and I walk in the church [...] I say, This the church I christen in. From a baby.",[...]\tI\tchristen\tin\tthat\t[...]\tI\tchristen\tin\tthat\tchurch\t[...]\tThis\tthe\tchurch\tI\tchristen\tin.,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tchristen\tin\tDEM\t[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tchristen\tPREP\tDEM\tchurch\t[...]\tDEM\tART\tchurch\t1SG.SBJ\tchristen\tPREP,[...] I was christened in that [...] I was christened in that church [...] This is the church I was christened in.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"When I been home - I christen in that when I was - in 1916 I born. I christen in that church, and I been back home, and I used to look and I walk in the church [...] I say, This the church I christen in. From a baby.",[...] I christen in that [...] I christen in that church [...] This the church I christen in.,[...] 1SG.SBJ christen in DEM [...] 1SG.SBJ christen PREP DEM church [...] DEM ART church 1SG.SBJ christen PREP,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11788, +12-222,12,"So - they - OK, so - uh - lot of people got arrested, people went to prison and what not, you know, after - after they had this riot, you know.",[...]\tlot\tof\tpeople\tgot\tarrested\t[...].,[...]\tlot\tof\tpeople\tget[PFV]\tarrest.PTCP\t[...],[...] (a) lot of people got arrested [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"So - they - OK, so - uh - lot of people got arrested, people went to prison and what not, you know, after - after they had this riot, you know.",[...] lot of people got arrested [...].,[...] lot of people get[PFV] arrest.PTCP [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11789, +12-223,12,"I was never confirm – in the Anglican, so I got confirm.","I was never confirm – in the Anglican, so I got confirm.",1SG.SBJ COP.PST never confirm   PREP ART Anglican so 1SG.SBJ get.PST confirm,"I had not been confirmed in the Anglican [Church], so I was confirmed [in the Catholic Church].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I was never confirm – in the Anglican, so I got confirm.",,1SG.SBJ COP.PST never confirm PREP ART Anglican so 1SG.SBJ get.PST confirm,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11790, +13-162,13,"Ham meat throw away here, and pork chop throw away here.","Ham\tmeat\tthrow\taway\there,\tand\tpork\tchop\tthrow\taway\there.",ham\tmeat\tthrow\taway\there\tand\tpork\tchop\tthrow\taway\there,"Ham is thrown away here, and pork chops are thrown away here.",,,330[96],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,"Ham meat throw away here, and pork chop throw away here.",,ham meat throw away here and pork chop throw away here,,,,11791, +13-163,13,Both can use.,Both\tcan\tuse.,both\tcan\tuse,Both can be used.,,,330[97],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,Both can use.,,both can use,,,,11792, +14-123,14,They was all fired.,They\twas\tall\tfired.,they\tbe.PASS\tall\tfired,They were all fired.,,"Prototypical passives occur, but they are limited.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,They was all fired.,,they be.PASS all fired,"Prototypical passives occur, but they are limited.",Own knowledge,,11793, +18-139,18,Dem don kill king.,Dem\tdon\tkill\tking.,3PL.SBJ\tPFV\tkill\tking,They killed the king. OR: The king was killed.,,This is sentence 57 on Dahl's (1989) TAM questionnaire.,1344,,elicited from speaker,Dem don kill king.,,3PL.SBJ PFV kill king,This is sentence 57 on Dahl's (1989) TAM questionnaire.,,,11794, +19-178,19,Dɛ̀n tif mi mì sus.,Dɛ̀n\ttif\tmi\tmì\tsus.,3PL\tsteal\t1SG.EMPH\t1SG.POSS\tshoe,My shoes got stolen.,,An agent may be backgrounded through the impersonal use of the 3PL dependent pronoun.,1634[33],,elicited from speaker,"Dɛ̀n tif mi mì sus.",,3PL steal 1SG.EMPH 1SG.POSS shoe,An agent may be backgrounded through the impersonal use of the 3PL dependent pronoun.,,,11795, +19-179,19,Pɔsin gò entiende bɔ̀t è no de bien.,Pɔsin\tgò\tentiende\tbɔ̀t\tè\tno\tde\tbien.,person\tPOT\tunderstand\tbut\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tCOP\tgood,One would understand but it’s not correct.,,A generic human-denoting noun may appear as an Agent subject in transitive clauses and denote a backgrounded non-specific human Agent.,1634[261],,naturalistic spoken,"Pɔsin gò entiende bɔ̀t è no de bien.",,person POT understand but 3SG.SBJ NEG COP good,A generic human-denoting noun may appear as an Agent subject in transitive clauses and denote a backgrounded non-specific human Agent.,,,11796, +20-129,20,Wantchee makee fire.,Wantchee\tmakee\tfire.,want\tmake\tfire,It wants firing.,,"The translation is as given in the original text, meaning 'It (the tea) needs to be fired.' This refers to a way of treating tea which has lost its fragrance.",1489[VI.22],,naturalistic written,Wantchee makee fire.,,want make fire,"The translation is as given in the original text, meaning 'It (the tea) needs to be fired.' This refers to a way of treating tea which has lost its fragrance.",,灣治米記快也,11797, +20-130,20,Thisee piecee house hap got mortgagee.,Thisee\tpiecee\thouse\thap\tgot\tmortgagee.,DEM\tCLF\thouse\thas\tgot\tmortgage,This house has been mortgaged.,,Note that hap got is a variant of the perfect tense/aspect marker hap. There is no good evidence that got is functioning to indicate a passive construction.,1489[IV.72],,naturalistic written,Thisee piecee house hap got mortgagee.,,DEM CLF house has got mortgage,"Note that hap got is a variant of the perfect tense/aspect marker hap. There is no good evidence that got is functioning to indicate a passive construction.",,地士卑士厚素合吉麽雞治,11798, +21-123,21,John was scolded by his boss.,John\twas\tscold-ed\tby\this\tboss.,John\tbe.PST\tscold-PST\tby\t3SG.POSS\tboss,John was scolded by his boss.,,,529[97],,constructed by linguist,John was scolded by his boss.,John was scold-ed by his boss.,John be.PST scold-PST by 3SG.POSS boss,,,,11799, +21-124,21,He got chased away a number of times.,He\tgot\tchas-ed\taway\ta\tnumber\tof\ttime-s.,3SG\tget.PST\tchase-PST\taway\tDET\tnumber\tof\ttime-PL,He was chased away a number of times.,,,529[97],,naturalistic spoken,He got chased away a number of times.,He got chas-ed away a number of time-s.,3SG get.PST chase-PST away DET number of time-PL,,,,11800, +21-125,21,"She made a police report, the fella kena charge.","She\tmade\ta\tpolice\treport,\tthe\tfella\tkena\tcharge.",3SG\tmake.PST\tDET\tpolice\treport\tDET\tfellow\tsuffer\tcharge,"She made a police report, the fellow was charged.",,,529[99],,naturalistic spoken,"She made a police report, the fella kena charge.",,3SG make.PST DET police report DET fellow suffer charge,,,,11801, +21-126,21,John give his boss scold.,John\tgive\this\tboss\tscold.,John\tgive\t3SG.POSS\tboss\tscold,John was scolded by his boss.,,,529[97],,constructed by linguist,John give his boss scold.,,John give 3SG.POSS boss scold,,,,11802, +24-165,24,Se meket orn Norf'k ailan.,Se\tmek-et\torn\tNorf'k\tailan.,COMPL\tmake-NSBJ.DEIC=PASS\tPREP\tNorfolk\tIsland,It is made on Norfolk Island.,,"-et is a non-subject deictic pronoun, which can stand for any person, number and gender.",,,naturalistic written,Se meket orn Norf'k ailan.,Se mek-et orn Norf'k ailan.,COMPL make-NSBJ.DEIC=PASS PREP Norfolk Island,"-et is a non-subject deictic pronoun, which can stand for any person, number and gender.",Own fieldwork,,11803, +24-166,24,Em hymns bin usa sing.,Em\thymns\tbin\tusa\tsing.,DET.DEF\thymn.PL\tPST\tHAB\tsing,The hymns were sung.,,,,,naturalistic written,Em hymns bin usa sing.,,DET.DEF hymn.PL PST HAB sing,,Own fieldwork,,11804, +25-311,25,Thet min yu bin get ben.,Thet\tmin\tyu\tbin\tget\tben.,DEM\tmean\t2SG\tPST\tPASS\tburned,That means you got burned.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the passive construction with get.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Thet min yu bin get ben.",,DEM mean 2SG PST PASS burned,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the passive construction with get.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,11805, +25-312,25,"""Aa, pobala dis tawun. Imin git draund."" im lathad.","""Aa,\tpobala\tdis\ttawun.\tIm=in\tgit\tdraund.""\tim\tlathad.",ah\tpoor.thing\tPROX\ttown\t3SG=PST\tget\tdrowned\t3SG\tlike.that,"""Ah, this poor town. It got drowned"", he said.",,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a passive.,41,,naturalistic spoken,"""Aa, pobala dis tawun. Imin git draund."" im lathad.","""Aa, pobala dis tawun. Im=in git draund."" im lathad.",ah poor.thing PROX town 3SG=PST get drowned 3SG like.that,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a passive.,,,11806, +25-313,25,Detlat kulus bin git berndap.,Det-lat\tkulus\tbin\tgit\tbernd-ap.,DEM-PL\tclothes\tPST\tget\tburned-up,Those clothes were burned (and consumed).,,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a passive.,659[106],,unknown,"Detlat kulus bin git berndap.",Det-lat kulus bin git bernd-ap.,DEM-PL clothes PST get burned-up,Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a passive.,,,11807, +26-103,26,da stɔn gon bi ʧip ɹaɪd hɛa,da\tstɔn\tgon\tbi\tʧip\tɹaɪd\thɛa,ART\tstone\tFUT\tbe\tchip\tright\there,The stone is going to be chipped right here.,,,,,constructed by linguist,da stɔn gon bi ʧip ɹaɪd hɛa,,ART stone FUT be chip right here,,Own knowledge,,11808, +28-146,28,eni wari ben so boki mja,eni\twari\tben\tso\tboki\tmja,3PL\thouse\tinside\tFOCUS\tmoney\tmake,"In their house, money was made.",,,737[453],,naturalistic spoken,eni wari ben so boki mja,eni wari ben so boki mja,3PL house inside FOCUS money make,,,,11809, +28-147,28,o bɛritɛ mɛtalma ʃi gutuwap,o\tbɛri-tɛ\tmɛtɛ\talma\tʃi\tgutu-apu,3SG\tbury-PFV\twith\tall\t3SG.POSS\tthing-PL,She was buried with all her possessions.,,,750[38],,naturalistic spoken,o bɛritɛ mɛtalma ʃi gutuwap,o bɛri-tɛ mɛtɛ alma ʃi gutu-apu,3SG bury-PFV with all 3SG.POSS thing-PL,,,,11810, +29-182,29,Die seun word deur 'n by gesteek.,Die\tseun\tword\tdeur\t'n\tby\tge-steek.,DEF.ART\tboy\tbecome\tby\ta\tbee\tPTCP-stung,The boy is being stung by a bee.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Die seun word deur 'n by gesteek.,Die seun word deur 'n by ge-steek.,DEF.ART boy become by a bee PTCP-stung,,Own knowledge,,11811, +29-183,29,Die seun is deur 'n by gesteek.,Die\tseun\tis\tdeur\t'n\tby\tge-steek.,DEF.ART\tboy\tis\tby\ta\tbee\tPTCP-stung,The boy was stung by a bee.,,"Is denotes the passive past tense, with was ('was') denoting a more distant past - e.g. Hy is gister deur 'n by gesteek [3SG.M.NOM is yesterday by a bee stung] 'He was stung by a bee yesterday' vs. Hy was jare gelede deur 'n by gesteek [3SG.M.NOM was by a bee stung] 'He had been stung by a bee'. Because the adverbial clearly specifies the nature of the past reference, is is also possible in the latter case. See Donaldson (1993: 257–261) for discussion.",,,naturalistic written,Die seun is deur 'n by gesteek.,Die seun is deur 'n by ge-steek.,DEF.ART boy is by a bee PTCP-stung,"Is denotes the passive past tense, with was ('was') denoting a more distant past - e.g. Hy is gister deur 'n by gesteek [3SG.M.NOM is yesterday by a bee stung] 'He was stung by a bee yesterday' vs. Hy was jare gelede deur 'n by gesteek [3SG.M.NOM was by a bee stung] 'He had been stung by a bee'. Because the adverbial clearly specifies the nature of the past reference, is is also possible in the latter case. See Donaldson (1993: 257–261) for discussion.",Own knowledge,,11812, +29-184,29,Daar word met mening gedans/gesing.,Daar\tword\tmet\tmening\tge-dans/ge-sing.,there\tbecome\twith\tintention/energy\tPTCP-danced/PTCP-sung,There is energetic dancing/singing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Daar word met mening gedans/gesing.,Daar word met mening ge-dans/ge-sing.,there become with intention/energy PTCP-danced/PTCP-sung,,Own knowledge,,11813, +30-191,30,"Sugundu ta kontádu, ""Gomisiánu"" ê nómi di dos ómi ki djuntádu: [...].","Sugundu\tta=kontá-du,\t""Gomisiánu""\tê\tnómi\tdi=dos\tómi\tki=djuntá-du:\t[...].",according.to\tIPFV=tell-PASS\tGomisiánu\tbe\tname\tof=two\tman\tCOMP=put.together-PASS\t[...],"According to what is told, (the word) ""Gomisiánu"" consists of the names of two men, that were put together: [...].",,,782[159],,naturalistic spoken,"Sugundu ta kontádu, ""Gomisiánu"" ê nómi di dos ómi ki djuntádu: [...].","Sugundu ta=kontá-du, ""Gomisiánu"" ê nómi di=dos ómi ki=djuntá-du: [...].",according.to IPFV=tell-PASS Gomisiánu be name of=two man COMP=put.together-PASS [...],,,,11814, +30-192,30,"Kuántu más kumida e dádu p'el kura, más e ta kume.","Kuántu\tmás\tkumida\te=dá-du\tp=el=kura,\tmás\te=ta=kume.",how.much\tmore\tfood\t3SG=give-PASS\tfor=3SG=recover\tmore\t3SG=IPFV=eat,"The more food was given to him to recover, the more he ate.",,,1407[33],,naturalistic spoken,"Kuántu más kumida e dádu p'el kura, más e ta kume.","Kuántu más kumida e=dá-du p=el=kura, más e=ta=kume.",how.much more food 3SG=give-PASS for=3SG=recover more 3SG=IPFV=eat,,,,11815,"German: Je mehr Essen man ihm gab, damit er gesund werde, desto mehr aß er." +31-153,31,Kel k’e dinheru ki podu na kaxa.,Kel\tk’e\tdinheru\tki\tpodu\tna\tkaxa.,this\tCOMP.is\tmoney\tCOMP\tput\tin\taccount,That was the money that was put in the bank account.,,This construction displays a theme in subject position but the next example is agentless or impersonal and is also pervasive in the language.,880,,naturalistic spoken,"Kel k’e dinheru ki podu na kaxa.",,this COMP.is money COMP put in account,This construction displays a theme in subject position but the next example is agentless or impersonal and is also pervasive in the language.,,,11816, +31-154,31,Na setenti sinku ki dadu independensia.,Na\tsetenti\tsinku\tki\tdadu\tindependensia.,in\tseventy\tfive\tthat\tgiven\tindependence,It was in seventy five that we were given our independence.,,This construction displays a passive where the agent 'we' is recovered from the context.,690,,naturalistic spoken,"Na setenti sinku ki dadu independensia.",,in seventy five that given independence,This construction displays a passive where the agent 'we' is recovered from the context.,,,11817, +32-151,32,Karvón fui btód dent d'kintal.,Karvón\tfui\tbtód\tdent\tde\tkintal.,coal\tCOP.PST\tthrow.PTCP\tinside\tof\tcorral,The coal was thrown inside the corral.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Karvón fui btód dent d'kintal.",Karvón fui btód dent de kintal.,coal COP.PST throw.PTCP inside of corral,,,,11818,Portuguese: O carvão foi deitado dentro do quintal. +32-152,32,Es fazenda ta lizá fásil.,Es\tfazenda\tta\tlizá\tfásil.,DEM.SG\tcloth\tPRS\tiron\teasily,This cloth irons easily.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,Es fazenda ta lizá fásil.,,DEM.SG cloth PRS iron easily,,,,11819,Portuguese: Este tecido passa-se a ferro facilmente. +33-178,33,E livru skribidu pa Djon.,E\tlivru\tskribi-du\tpa\tDjon.,DEM\tbook\twrite-PASS\tby\tDjon,This book was written by Djon.,,This structure is acrolectal and is influenced by Portuguese.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,E livru skribidu pa Djon.,E livru skribi-du pa Djon.,DEM book write-PASS by Djon,This structure is acrolectal and is influenced by Portuguese.,Own knowledge,,11820,Portuguese: Este livro foi escrito pelo João. +33-179,33,E livru skribidu na Tuga.,E\tlivru\tskribi-du\tna\tTuga.,DEM\tbook\twrite-PASS\tin\tPortugal,This book was written in Portugal.,,This construction can be found in all lects.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,E livru skribidu na Tuga.,E livru skribi-du na Tuga.,DEM book write-PASS in Portugal,This construction can be found in all lects.,Own knowledge,,11821,Portuguese: Este livro foi escrito em Portugal. +34-144,34,Mariya sutá mininu. — Mininu suta-du.,Mariya\tø\tsutá\tmininu.\tMininu\tø\tsuta-du.,Mary\tPFV\tbeat\tchild\tchild\tPFV\tbeat-PASS,Mary beat the child. — The child was beaten.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya sutá mininu. — Mininu suta-du.","Mariya ø sutá mininu. Mininu ø suta-du.",Mary PFV beat child child PFV beat-PASS,,Own knowledge,,11822, +36-121,36,Umbatu m laba.,Umbatu\tm\tlaba.,clothes\tmy\twash,My clothes were washed (lit My clothes washed).,,,,,elicited from speaker,Umbatu m laba.,,clothes my wash,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,11823, +36-122,36,Ka bixi m na si laba wa.,Ka\tbixi\tm\tna\tsi\tlaba\twa.,thing\tdress\tmy\tNEG\tyet\twash\tNEG,My clothes aren't washed yet (lit My clothes haven't washed yet).,,.,,,elicited from speaker,Ka bixi m na si laba wa.,,thing dress my NEG yet wash NEG,.,Own fieldwork data 2008,,11824, +37-158,37,Upanu me lava.,Upanu\tme\tlava.,clothes\tPOSS.1SG\twash,My clothes got washed.,,,905[154],,elicited from speaker,Upanu me lava.,,clothes POSS.1SG wash,,,,11825, +37-159,37,Upanu me sa lava na abya.,Upanu\tme\tsa\tlava\tna\tabya.,clothes\tPOSS.1SG\tPROG\twash\tLOC\triver,My clothes are being washed in the river.,,,905[154],,elicited from speaker,Upanu me sa lava na abya.,,clothes POSS.1SG PROG wash LOC river,,,,11826, +38-170,38,A xa baya ba-tela na-name tesyi.,A\txa\tbaya\tba-tela\tna-namai\ttesyi.,3GEN\tEVID\tdance\tdance-land\tART-sister\tthree,The traditional dances are danced by three friends.,,"The passive meaning is obtained though the use of a generic personal pronoun which is placed in subject position, whereas the fully specified subject noun phrase has been moved to a final position in the sentences.",1236[199],,elicited from speaker,A xa baya ba-tela na-name tesyi.,A xa baya ba-tela na-namai tesyi.,3GEN EVID dance dance-land ART-sister three,"The passive meaning is obtained though the use of a generic personal pronoun which is placed in subject position, whereas the fully specified subject noun phrase has been moved to a final position in the sentences.",,,11827, +38-171,38,Totsyi a xa té li ta a xa fala li tasy.,Totsyiga\ta\txa\tté\tli\tta\ta\txa\tfala\tli\ttasy.,turtle\t3.GENER\tEVID\thave\t3SG\twhen\t3.GENER\tEVID\tgrasp\t3SG\tbehind,Turtles are caught by grasping them (lit. it) from behind.,,The passive meaning is obtained though topicalization of the direct object and the use of a generic personal pronoun which is placed in subject position.,,,naturalistic spoken,Totsyi a xa té li ta a xa fala li tasy.,Totsyiga a xa té li ta a xa fala li tasy.,turtle 3.GENER EVID have 3SG when 3.GENER EVID grasp 3SG behind,The passive meaning is obtained though topicalization of the direct object and the use of a generic personal pronoun which is placed in subject position.,Own fieldwork 1993,,11828, +40-122,40,Animal ʤhiko savad.,Animal\tʤhiko\tsavad.,animal\tbecame\tsaved,The animals were saved.,,This sentence is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,,,naturalistic spoken,Animal ʤhiko savad.,,animal became saved,This sentence is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,Unpublished story,,11829, +41-145,41,isti kaaza jafikaa maraadu miɲa paay vɔɔnda,isti\tkaaza\tjaa-fikaa\tmaraa-du\tmiɲa\tpaay\tvɔɔnda,this\thouse\tPST-become\tbuild-ADJZ\t1SG.GEN\tfather\tby,This house was built by my father.,,,1416[4290],,elicited from speaker,isti kaaza jafikaa maraadu miɲa paay vɔɔnda,isti kaaza jaa-fikaa maraa-du miɲa paay vɔɔnda,this house PST-become build-ADJZ 1SG.GEN father by,,,,11830, +41-146,41,pooy faya tɛɛmpu taam nukufikaa fayeedu,pooy\tfaya\ttɛɛmpu\ttaam\tnuku-fikaa\tfayee-du,HABIL\tdo\ttime\talso\tNEG-become\tdo-ADJZ,"The time that we COULD do it [build a house], it was not done.",,"This is one of only two naturalistic examples of the passive construction in the corpus. Unfortunately, none of the arguments are expressed.",1416[5146],,naturalistic spoken,pooy faya tɛɛmpu taam nukufikaa fayeedu,pooy faya tɛɛmpu taam nuku-fikaa fayee-du,HABIL do time also NEG-become do-ADJZ,"This is one of only two naturalistic examples of the passive construction in the corpus. Unfortunately, none of the arguments are expressed.",,,11831, +41-147,41,etus jakafikaa trukaadu avara. kɔtɔɔlikus jakafikaa,etus\tjaa-kaa-fikaa\ttrukaa-du\tavara.\tkɔtɔɔliku-s\tjaa-kaa-fikaa,3PL.HON\tPST-PFV-become\tchange-ADJZ\tnow\tcatholic-PL\tPST-PFV-become,They have been converted now. They have all become Catholics.,,,1416[3569],,naturalistic spoken,etus jakafikaa trukaadu avara. kɔtɔɔlikus jakafikaa,etus jaa-kaa-fikaa trukaa-du avara. kɔtɔɔliku-s jaa-kaa-fikaa,3PL.HON PST-PFV-become change-ADJZ now catholic-PL PST-PFV-become,,,,11832, +42-157,42,eli ja toka pegá di churikati,eli\tja\ttoka\tpegá\tdi\tchurikati,3SG\tPFV\ttouch\tcatch\tof\tgoblin,He was caught by a goblin.,,,122[195],,elicited from speaker,eli ja toka pegá di churikati,,3SG PFV touch catch of goblin,,,,11833, +42-158,42,aké kaza já kumí fogu,aké\tkaza\tjá\tkumí\tfogu,that\thouse\tPFV\teat\tfire,The house got burnt down.,,,122[196],,naturalistic spoken,aké kaza já kumí fogu,,that house PFV eat fire,,,,11834, +42-159,42,aké albi ja sunyá,aké\talbi\tja\tsunyá,that\ttree\tPFV\tplant,The tree was planted.,,,122[175],,naturalistic spoken,aké albi ja sunyá,,that tree PFV plant,,,,11835, +42-160,42,eli ja toka kemá,eli\tja\ttoka\tkemá,3SG\tPFV\ttouch\tburn,He/She got burnt.,,,122[196],,naturalistic spoken,eli ja toka kemá,,3SG PFV touch burn,,,,11836, +43-107,43,Noyba lava nu kama.,Noyba\tlava\tnu\tkama.,bride\tbring\tLOC\tbed,The bride was brought to bed.,,,906[99],,pedagogical grammar,Noyba lava nu kama.,,bride bring LOC bed,,,,11837, +43-108,43,[...] mas pincha ku ele na riba bar lama ki dja fai dibira bar di garu.,[...]\tmas\tpincha\tku\tele\tna\triba\tbar\tlama\tki\tdja\tfai\tdi-bira\tbar\tdi\tgaru.,[...]\tand\tspread\tOBJ\t3SG\tLOC\tupon\tearth\tmud\tREL\tPFV\tmake\tPASS-get\tearth\tof\tharrow,[…] and spread it on the muddy ground which has been turned into soil by the harrow.,,,906[100],,naturalistic written,"[...] mas pincha ku ele na riba bar lama ki dja fai dibira bar di garu.","[...] mas pincha ku ele na riba bar lama ki dja fai di-bira bar di garu.",[...] and spread OBJ 3SG LOC upon earth mud REL PFV make PASS-get earth of harrow,,,,11838, +43-109,43,[...] tumpuk torna aka neli ki dja rangka.,[...]\ttumpuk\ttorna\taka\tneli\tki\tdja\trangka.,[...]\tpile\tREP\tDET\trice\tREL\tPFV\ttear.out,[…] pile up again the rice which has been cleaned.,,,906[98],,naturalistic written,"[...] tumpuk torna aka neli ki dja rangka.",,[...] pile REP DET rice REL PFV tear.out,,,,11839, +43-110,43,"Ake albër neli, ele tara ku tudu djenti [...].","Ake\talbër\tneli,\tele\ttara\tku\ttudu\tdjenti\t[...].",DEM\tplant\trice\t3SG\tplant\twith\tall\tpeople\t[...],This rice plant is planted by all [...].,,,906[100],,naturalistic written,"Ake albër neli, ele tara ku tudu djenti [...].",,DEM plant rice 3SG plant with all people [...],,,,11840, +44-155,44,Kayá lang a matá kon éle.,Kayá\tlang\ta\tmatá\tkon\téle.,therefore\tjust\tPFV\tkill\tOBJ\thim,That’s why he was killed.,,"The agent is not expressed, but the sentence follows the active model and the patient is marked with kon.",,,naturalistic spoken,Kayá lang a matá kon éle.,,therefore just PFV kill OBJ him,"The agent is not expressed, but the sentence follows the active model and the patient is marked with kon.",Own data,,11841, +45-128,45,Ya mata con el rey.,Ya\tmata\tcon\tel\trey.,PFV\tkill\tOBJ\tDEF\tking,The king was killed.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya mata con el rey.,,PFV kill OBJ DEF king,,Own data,,11842, +47-175,47,Nos a ser risibí dor di nos amigunan.,Nos\ta\tser\trisibí\tdor\tdi\tnos\tamigu\tnan.,1PL\tPFV\tPASS\treceived\tby\tof\t1PL\tfriend\tPL,We were received by our friends.,,,151[96],,published source,Nos a ser risibí dor di nos amigunan.,Nos a ser risibí dor di nos amigu nan.,1PL PFV PASS received by of 1PL friend PL,,,,11843, +47-176,47,Ta publiká e buki aki na okashon di [...].,Ta\tpubliká\te\tbuki\taki\tna\tokashon\tdi\t[...].,TNS\tpublish\tDEF\tbook\there\tLOC\toccasion\tof\t[...],This book is published on the occasion of [...].,,"The translation is mine. The spelling has been adapted; source: Prologo editorial (editor's foreword) in ""Publicacion Exposicion Herencia di Sclavitud Aruba"".",755,,literary or other written source,Ta publiká e buki aki na okashon di [...].,,TNS publish DEF book here LOC occasion of [...],"The translation is mine. The spelling has been adapted; source: Prologo editorial (editor's foreword) in ""Publicacion Exposicion Herencia di Sclavitud Aruba"".",,,11844, +47-177,47,[...] fwentenan historiko skirbí na Hulandes i Spañó a keda mantení den nan idioma original [...].,[...]\tfwente\tnan\thistoriko\tskirbí\tna\tHulandes\ti\tSpañó\ta\tkeda\tmantení\tden\tnan\tidioma\toriginal\t[...].,[...]\tsource\tPL\thistorical\twritten\tLOC\tDutch\tand\tSpanish\tPFV\tremain\tmaintained\tin\t3PL\tlanguage\toriginal\t[...],[...] historical sources written in Dutch and Spanish have been included [lit. maintained] in their original language [...] (lit. [...] historical sources written in Dutch and Spanish have been maintained in their original language [...]).,,"The translation is mine. The spelling has been adapted; source: Prologo editorial (editor's foreword) in ""Publicacion Exposicion Herencia di Sclavitud Aruba"".",755,,literary or other written source,[...] fwentenan historiko skirbí na Hulandes i Spañó a keda mantení den nan idioma original [...].,[...] fwente nan historiko skirbí na Hulandes i Spañó a keda mantení den nan idioma original [...].,[...] source PL historical written LOC Dutch and Spanish PFV remain maintained in 3PL language original [...],"The translation is mine. The spelling has been adapted; source: Prologo editorial (editor's foreword) in ""Publicacion Exposicion Herencia di Sclavitud Aruba"".",,,11845, +47-178,47,Dia ora i lugá di entiero ta wordu anunsiá despues.,dia\tora\ti\tlugá\tdi\tentiero\tta\twordu\tanunsiá\tdespues,day\thour\tand\tplace\tof\tenterment\tTNS\tPASS\tannounced\tlater,"Date, time and place of the enterment will be announced later.",,The translation is mine.,"453[10 July 2009, p.3]",,literary or other written source,Dia ora i lugá di entiero ta wordu anunsiá despues.,dia ora i lugá di entiero ta wordu anunsiá despues,day hour and place of enterment TNS PASS announced later,The translation is mine.,,,11846, +47-179,47,"Nan a hòrta entre otro dos laptop Asus i Acer, un kámara Sony, un Ipod i un oloshi di man Diesel.","Nan\ta\thòrta\tentre\totro\tdos\tlaptop\tAsus\ti\tAcer,\tun\tkámara\tSony,\tun\tIpod\ti\tun\toloshi\tdi\tman\tDiesel.",3PL\tPFV\tsteal\tamong\tother\ttwo\tlaptop\tAsus\tand\tAcer\tINDF\tcamara\tSony\tINDF\tIpod\tand\tINDF\tclock\tof\thand\tDiesel,"Among others, two Asus and Acer laptops, a Sony camera, an I-pod, and a Diesel watch were stolen.",,The translation is mine.,"453[26 June 2009, p.3]",,published source,"Nan a hòrta entre otro dos laptop Asus i Acer, un kámara Sony, un Ipod i un oloshi di man Diesel.",,3PL PFV steal among other two laptop Asus and Acer INDF camara Sony INDF Ipod and INDF clock of hand Diesel,The translation is mine.,,,11847, +49-274,49,Mwen fè kabann lan rapid-rapid maten an.,Mwen\tfè\tkabann\tlan\trapid-rapid\tmaten\tan.,1SG\tmake\tbed\tDEF\tquick-quick\tmorning\tDEF,I made my bed very quickly this morning.,,,367[112],,naturalistic spoken,Mwen fè kabann lan rapid-rapid maten an.,,1SG make bed DEF quick-quick morning DEF,,,,11848,French: J'ai fait très rapidement mon lit ce matin. +49-275,49,Kabann lan fèt rapid-rapid maten an.,Kabann\tlan\tfèt\trapid-rapid\tmaten\tan.,bed\tDEF\tmade\tquick-quick\tmorning\tDEF,The bed was made very quickly this morning.,,,367[112],,naturalistic spoken,Kabann lan fèt rapid-rapid maten an.,,bed DEF made quick-quick morning DEF,,,,11849,French: Le lit a été fait très rapidement ce matin. +49-276,49,Yo kraze machin lan.,Yo\tkraze\tmachin\tlan.,3SG\tdemolish\tcar\tDEF,They have demolished the car.,,,367[112],,naturalistic spoken,Yo kraze machin lan.,,3SG demolish car DEF,,,,11850,French: Ils/Elles ont démoli la voiture. +49-277,49,Machin lan kraze.,Machin\tlan\tkraze.,car\tDEF\tdemolished,The car is demolished.,,,367[112],,naturalistic spoken,Machin lan kraze.,,car DEF demolished,,,,11851,French: La voiture est démolie. +49-278,49,Lakou a bale deja.,Lakou\ta\tbale\tdeja.,courtyard\tDEF\tsweep\talready,The court has already been swept.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Lakou a bale deja.,,courtyard DEF sweep already,,Own knowledge,,11852,French: La cour est déjà balayée. +50-172,50,Chanm-la ja baléyé.,Chanm-la\tja\tbaléyé.,room-DEF\talready\tswept.up,The room has already been swept up.,,The only kind of passive attested in Guadeloupean Creole is a passive with no agent and with no overt marking on the verb. See also Ludwig et al. (2002: 31).,134[92],,naturalistic spoken,Chanm-la ja baléyé.,,room-DEF already swept.up,The only kind of passive attested in Guadeloupean Creole is a passive with no agent and with no overt marking on the verb. See also Ludwig et al. (2002: 31).,,,11853, +51-152,51,Chanm-lan za baléyé.,Chanm-lan\tza\tbaléyé.,room-DEF\talready\tswept.up,The room has already been swept up.,,,134[92],,naturalistic spoken,Chanm-lan za baléyé.,,room-DEF already swept.up,,,,11854, +53-330,53,Li te peye regulye.,Li\tte\tpeye\tregulye.,3SG\tPST\tpay\tregular,He was regularly paid.,,,1048[279],,elicited from speaker,Li te peye regulye.,,3SG PST pay regular,,,,11855, +53-331,53,Mo ite angaje par B.A. la smèn pase.,Mo\tite\tangaje\tpar\tB.A.\tla\tsmèn\tpase.,1SG\tCOP.PST\thire\tby\tB.A.\tART.DEF.SG\tweek\tlast,I was hired by B.A. last week.,,,1048[281],,elicited from speaker,Mo ite angaje par B.A. la smèn pase.,,1SG COP.PST hire by B.A. ART.DEF.SG week last,,,,11856, +53-332,53,Li peye tou le smèn.,Li\tpeye\ttou\tle\tsmèn.,3SG\tpay\tall\tART.DEF.PL\tweek,He is paid every week.,,,1048[279],,elicited from speaker,Li peye tou le smèn.,,3SG pay all ART.DEF.PL week,,,,11857, +53-333,53,Li det peye tou le smèn.,Li\tdet\tpeye\ttou\tle\tsmèn.,3SG\tCOP\tpay\tall\tART.DEF.PL\tweek,He is paid every week.,,,1048[280],,elicited from speaker,Li det peye tou le smèn.,,3SG COP pay all ART.DEF.PL week,,,,11858, +53-334,53,Piti-sa-la trouve taye par so popa.,Piti\tsala\ttrouve\ttaye\tpar\tso\tpopa.,child\tDET.DEM\tfind\tbeat\tby\t3SG.POSS\tfather,The child was beaten by his father.,,,1048[282],,elicited from speaker,Piti-sa-la trouve taye par so popa.,Piti sala trouve taye par so popa.,child DET.DEM find beat by 3SG.POSS father,,,,11859, +53-335,53,Li trouve tchouwe.,Li\ttrouve\ttchouwe.,3SG\tfind\tkill,He was killed (in an accident).,,,722[317],,naturalistic spoken,Li trouve tchouwe.,,3SG find kill,,,,11860, +55-167,55,Zorz ti gany bate ar so frer,Zorz\tti\tgany\tbate\tar\tso\tfrer,George\tPST\tget\tbeat\twith\this\tbrother,George got beaten up by his brother (=was attacked physically). OR: George was beaten by his brother (=was defeated in a race or in a game such as e.g. tennis).,,,,,constructed by linguist,Zorz ti gany bate ar so frer,,George PST get beat with his brother,,Own knowledge,,11861, +55-168,55,en lisyeṅ in gany bate,en\tlisyeṅ\tin\tgany\tbate,INDF\tdog\tCOMPL\tPASS\tbeat,A dog has been beaten.,,,760,,naturalistic spoken,en lisyeṅ in gany bate,,INDF dog COMPL PASS beat,,,,11862,French: Un chien a été battu. +55-169,55,Si mo invité én lanivérser [...].,Si\tmo\tØ\tinvité\tén\tlanivérser\t[...].,if\t1SG\tØ\tinvite\tINDF\tbirthday\t[...],If I am invited to a birthday [...].,,,854[204],,naturalistic spoken,Si mo invité én lanivérser [...].,Si mo Ø invité én lanivérser [...].,if 1SG Ø invite INDF birthday [...],,,,11863,French: Si je suis invité à un anniversaire [...]. +56-162,56,Anviron karant dimoun in ganny touye.,Anviron\tkarant\tdimoun\tin\tganny\ttouye.,about\tforty\tperson\tPRF\tPASS.AUX\tkill,Nearly forty people have been killed.,,,955[205],,naturalistic written,Anviron karant dimoun in ganny touye.,,about forty person PRF PASS.AUX kill,,,,11864, +56-163,56,Nou nou ganny atake zis lotrozour mersener.,Nou\tnou\tganny\tatake\tzis\tlotrozour\tmersener.,1PL\t1PL\tAUX\tattack\tonly\tsome.days.ago\tmercenaries,We got/were attacked by mercenaries only some days ago.,,,158[180],,naturalistic spoken,Nou nou ganny atake zis lotrozour mersener.,,1PL 1PL AUX attack only some.days.ago mercenaries,,,,11865,French: Nous avons seulement été attaqués l'autre jour par les mercenaires. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 181) +56-164,56,[...] be dizef ti a vann en sou enn.,[...]\tbe\tdizef\tti\ta\tvann\ten\tsou\tenn.,[...]\twell\tegg\tPST\tFUT\tsell\tone\tsou\teach,"[...] well, the eggs would sell one sou each / would be sold for one sou each.",,Sou is roughly equivalent to penny.,158[204],,naturalistic spoken,[...] be dizef ti a vann en sou enn.,,[...] well egg PST FUT sell one sou each,"Sou is roughly equivalent to penny.",,,11866,French: [...] les œufs se vendraient à un sou pièce. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 205) +56-165,56,La nou ganny dir i pou rezourd dan prosen 3 an.,La\tnou\tganny\tdir\ti\tpou\trezourd\tdan\tprosen\t3\tan.,there\t1PL\tAUX\ttell\t3SG\tFUT\tresolve\tin\tnext\tthree\tyear,"There, we are told that he will resolve (the problem) within the next three years.",,,,,naturalistic written,La nou ganny dir i pou rezourd dan prosen 3 an.,,there 1PL AUX tell 3SG FUT resolve in next three year,,Seychelles Nation Online 4 December 2004,,11867, +56-166,56,Be sa laz ki ou ti ete ou ti pe ganny anploye ek zil ou?,Be\tsa\tlaz\tki\tou\tti\tete\tou\tti\tpe\tganny\tanploye\tek\tzil\tou?,but\tART\tage\tREL\t2SG\tPST\tCOP\t2SG\tPST\tPROG\tAUX.PASS\temploy\twith\tisland\t2SG,"But given the age which you had, were you (still) employed on the island?",,The copula ete is used in very restricted extraction contexts.,158[136],,naturalistic spoken,Be sa laz ki ou ti ete ou ti pe ganny anploye ek zil ou?,,but ART age REL 2SG PST COP 2SG PST PROG AUX.PASS employ with island 2SG,"The copula ete is used in very restricted extraction contexts.",,,11868,"French: Ben, vu l'âge que vous aviez, vous étiez employé sur l'île, vous?" +56-167,56,Prezantasyon sertifika ti fer kot Teat Nasyonal [...].,Prezantasyon\tsertifika\tti\tfer\tkot\tTeat\tNasyonal\t[...].,presentation\tcertificate\tPST\tmake\tat\ttheatre\tnational\t[...],The presentation of the certificates was held at the National Theatre [...].,,,,,naturalistic written,Prezantasyon sertifika ti fer kot Teat Nasyonal [...].,,presentation certificate PST make at theatre national [...],,Seychelles Nation Online 2004,,11869, +59-272,59,lo sara ni na ngangu so a mu na lo,lo\tsara\tni\tna\tngangu\tso\ta\tmu\tna\tlo,3SG\tdo\tDET\tPREP\tstrength\tREL\tPM\tgive\tPREP\t3SG,She did it with the power that was given to her.,,"Note the orthographic separation of the PM. Read aloud, this would mean 'He/she did it with the power that he/she gave to him/her.'",,,written (literary),lo sara ni na ngangu so a mu na lo,,3SG do DET PREP strength REL PM give PREP 3SG,"Note the orthographic separation of the PM. Read aloud, this would mean 'He/she did it with the power that he/she gave to him/her.'",New Testament,,11870, +59-273,59,"aturugu ni amu nginza ni, si ala sara ye ni alingbi na tene so a fa ni na ala so","a-turugu\tni\ta-mu\tnginza\tni,\tsi\tala\tsara\tye\tni\ta-lingbi\tna\ttene\tso\ta\tfa\tni\tna\tala\tso",PL-soldier\tDEF\tPM-take\tmoney\tDEF\tthen\t3PL\tdo\tthing\tDEF\tPM-equal.to\tPREP\tword\tREL\tPM.PASS\tshow\tDEF\tPREP\t3PL\tthus,The soldiers took the money and did what they were told to do.,,The DEF ni after fa in my opinion is not needed. This is found in Matthew 28:15.,,,written (literary),"aturugu ni amu nginza ni, si ala sara ye ni alingbi na tene so a fa ni na ala so","a-turugu ni a-mu nginza ni, si ala sara ye ni a-lingbi na tene so a fa ni na ala so",PL-soldier DEF PM-take money DEF then 3PL do thing DEF PM-equal.to PREP word REL PM.PASS show DEF PREP 3PL thus,"The DEF ni after fa in my opinion is not needed. This is found in Matthew 28:15.",New Testament,,11871, +60-126,60,bandeko bakundákí papá > papá akundámákí́ na bandeko,bandeko\tba-kund-ákí\tpapá\t>\tpapá\ta-kund-ám-ákí́\tna\tbandeko,family.members\t3PL-bury-PST\tfather\t>\tfather\t3SG-bury-PASS-PST\tby\tfamily.members,The family members buried the father. > The father was buried by the family members.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,bandeko bakundákí papá > papá akundámákí́ na bandeko,bandeko ba-kund-ákí papá > papá a-kund-ám-ákí́ na bandeko,family.members 3PL-bury-PST father > father 3SG-bury-PASS-PST by family.members,,Own knowledge,,11872, +61-94,61,Lo skafu yena phekiwe (ga lo Jane).,Lo\tskafu\tyena\tphek-iwe\t(ga\tlo\tJane).,DEF.ART\tfood\tit\tcook-PASS\t(AG\tDEF.ART\tJane),The food was cooked (by Jane).,,"The passive is rare, and may be lexical: occurring with a small set of verbs with resulting adjectival meaning: 'cooked', 'ripe', 'closed', 'open', and seldom occurring with an overt, passivized by-agent phrase. However more proficient speakers do produce forms like 'was born' and also have two passive suffixes: -wa for present 'is closed' and -iwe for past 'was closed'). So though restricted, I think the pidgin just about has a passive that uses a suffix (or two for some speakers).",,,elicited from speaker,Lo skafu yena phekiwe (ga lo Jane).,Lo skafu yena phek-iwe (ga lo Jane).,DEF.ART food it cook-PASS (AG DEF.ART Jane),"The passive is rare, and may be lexical: occurring with a small set of verbs with resulting adjectival meaning: 'cooked', 'ripe', 'closed', 'open', and seldom occurring with an overt, passivized by-agent phrase. However more proficient speakers do produce forms like 'was born' and also have two passive suffixes: -wa for present 'is closed' and -iwe for past 'was closed'). So though restricted, I think the pidgin just about has a passive that uses a suffix (or two for some speakers).",Field notes Mesthrie,,11873, +62-84,62,j-áa-má-w-e,j-áa-má-w-e,10-PST-beat-PASS-PRF,They (the cows) are beaten.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,j-áa-má-w-e,,10-PST-beat-PASS-PRF,,Own field data 1993,,11874, +63-170,63,fí yal-á al ákulú ma nas-tomsá,fí\tyal-á\tal\tákulú\tma\tnas-tomsá,EXIST\tchild-PL\tREL\teat\twith\tPL-crocodile,There were children who have been eaten by crocodiles.,,,857[365],,naturalistic spoken,fí yal-á al ákulú ma nas-tomsá,,EXIST child-PL REL eat with PL-crocodile,,,,11875, +63-171,63,seafish úmun má g-ákulu,seafish\túmun\tmá\tg-ákulu,seafish\t3PL\tNEG\tTAM-eat,They don’t eat seafish.,,,857[365],,naturalistic spoken,seafish úmun má g-ákulu,,seafish 3PL NEG TAM-eat,,,,11876, +64-180,64,ána kutú géni fi síjin ma jes,ána\tkutú\tgéni\tfi\tsíjin\tma\tjes,1SG\tput\PASS\tstay\tin\tprison\twith\tarmy,I was imprisoned by the army.,,This is the prototypical passive voice with agent and secondary verb. The order is Patient Verb + stress displacement.,874[155],,naturalistic spoken,ána kutú géni fi síjin ma jes,,1SG put\PASS stay in prison with army,This is the prototypical passive voice with agent and secondary verb. The order is Patient Verb + stress displacement.,,,11877, +64-181,64,bidabaó gánam bad dabaó gánam kalás,bi=dabaó\tgánam\tbad\tdabaó\tgánam\tkalás,IRR=slaughter\PASS\tgoat\tafter\tslaughter\PASS\tgoat\tfinished,"A goat is (habitually) slaughtered, after it has been slaughtered, all is over.",,This is a passive phrase without agent and with habitual meaning. The order is Verb Patient + stress displacement.,,,constructed by linguist,bidabaó gánam bad dabaó gánam kalás,bi=dabaó gánam bad dabaó gánam kalás,IRR=slaughter\PASS goat after slaughter\PASS goat finished,This is a passive phrase without agent and with habitual meaning. The order is Verb Patient + stress displacement.,Own knowledge,,11878, +64-182,64,bágara worí le ana,bágara\tworí\tle\tana,cow\tshow\tto\t1SG,A cow was shown to me.,,This is a passive phrase with an -í# verb. The order is Patient Verb.,874[155],,naturalistic spoken,bágara worí le ana,,cow show to 1SG,This is a passive phrase with an -í# verb. The order is Patient Verb.,,,11879, +64-183,64,fi maál genadí nádi,fi\tmaál\tge=nadí\tnádi,EXIST\tplace\tPROG=call\tnadi,There’s a place called Nadi.,,"The ambitransitive verb nadí 'call/called' when used with its reflexive meaning induces the only case of split ergativity in Juba Arabic. In fact, if a passive habitual phrase marked by bi presents an ergative construction in which the patient occupies a direct object position, in the case of nadí a ge marking is preferred, which induces an accusative construction presenting the patient in the subject position.",874[156],,naturalistic spoken,fi maál genadí nádi,fi maál ge=nadí nádi,EXIST place PROG=call nadi,"The ambitransitive verb nadí 'call/called' when used with its reflexive meaning induces the only case of split ergativity in Juba Arabic. In fact, if a passive habitual phrase marked by bi presents an ergative construction in which the patient occupies a direct object position, in the case of nadí a ge marking is preferred, which induces an accusative construction presenting the patient in the subject position.",,,11880, +66-103,66,Baru ruma pəðə yang sini ka arikatkInna (kitampe oorangpəðəring) kapan kəmauan.,Baru\truma-pəðə-yang\tsini-ka\ta-rikat-kInna\t(kitang-pe\toorang-pəðə-ring)\tkapan\tkəmauan.,new\thouse-PL-ACC.DEF\there-in\tPRS-build-PASS\t(1PL-POSS\tperson-PL-ABL)\twhen\tnecessity,The new houses will be built here (by our people) when it is necessary.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Baru ruma pəðə yang sini ka arikatkInna (kitampe oorangpəðəring) kapan kəmauan.,Baru ruma-pəðə-yang sini-ka a-rikat-kInna (kitang-pe oorang-pəðə-ring) kapan kəmauan.,new house-PL-ACC.DEF here-in PRS-build-PASS (1PL-POSS person-PL-ABL) when necessity,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,11881, +67-188,67,Ini budak kena pukul.,Ini\tbudak\tkena\tpukul.,DEM\tchild\tsuffer\tbeat,The child was beaten.,,,708[161],,naturalistic spoken,"Ini budak kena pukul.",,DEM child suffer beat,,,,11882, +67-189,67,Budak itu dapat pukul sama cikgu.,Budak\titu\tdapat\tpukul\tsama\tcikgu.,child\tDEM\tget\tbeat\twith\tteacher,The child was beaten by the teacher.,,,708[161],,elicited from speaker,"Budak itu dapat pukul sama cikgu.",,child DEM get beat with teacher,,,,11883, +67-190,67,Dua telur [...] ah kasi buat full boil.,Dua\ttelur\t[...]\tah\tkasi\tbuat\tfull\tboil.,two\tegg\t[...]\tTOP\tgive\tmake\tfull\tboil,Two eggs [...] were made full-boiled.,,,708[162],,naturalistic spoken,"Dua telur [...] ah kasi buat full boil.",,two egg [...] TOP give make full boil,,,,11884, +71-165,71,Aole kela ka lole aihue ia.,Aole\tkela\tka\tlole\taihue\tia.,NEG\tthat\tDEF\tclothes\tsteal\tPASS,Those are not the clothes which were stolen.,,Notice that this sentence also contains a subject relative clause. Passives with 'ia are very rare in the pidgin.,,,naturalistic written,"Aole kela ka lole aihue ia.",,NEG that DEF clothes steal PASS,"Notice that this sentence also contains a subject relative clause. Passives with 'ia are very rare in the pidgin.",own data 1890,,11885, +71-166,71,"Kela ten dollars makana au, oe kipu au?","Kela\tten\tdollars\tmakana\tau,\toe\tkipu\tau?",DET\tten\tdollars\tgive\t1SG\t2SG\tbribe\t1SG,"Those ten dollars that were given to me, (was that so) you could bribe me? OR: Did you give me that $10 as bribe money? (official court translation)",,"The official translation is non-literal (e.g. 'bribe' is the main verb, not an nominal modifier).",,,naturalistic written,"Kela ten dollars makana au, oe kipu au?",,DET ten dollars give 1SG 2SG bribe 1SG,"The official translation is non-literal (e.g. 'bribe' is the main verb, not an nominal modifier).",own data 1901,,11886, +71-167,71,Iaia aihue ke dala haawi iaia makana kela makua wau.,Iaia\taihue\tke\tdala\t[Ø\t__\thaawi\tiaia\tmakana\tkela\tmakua\twau].,3SG\tsteal\tDEF\tmoney\t[Ø\t__\tgive\t3SG\tgive\tDET\tfather\t1SG.POSS],He stole the money that was given to him to give to my father.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Iaia aihue ke dala haawi iaia makana kela makua wau.","Iaia aihue ke dala [Ø __ haawi iaia makana kela makua wau].","3SG steal DEF money [Ø __ give 3SG give DET father 1SG.POSS]",,Own data 1889,,11887, +72-142,72,Man i bin ged bait warlakunginyi wartanta.,Man\ti\tbin\tged\tbait\twarlaku-nginyi\twartan-ta.,man\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tget\tbite\tdog-ABL\thand-LOC,The man got bitten by a dog on the hand.,,,920[433],,peer elicitation,Man i bin ged bait warlakunginyi wartanta.,Man i bin ged bait warlaku-nginyi wartan-ta.,man 3SG.SBJ PST get bite dog-ABL hand-LOC,,,,11888, +72-143,72,Wan marluka im ged bait brom wan warlaku futtarni.,Wan\tmarluka\tim\tged\tbait\tbrom\twan\twarlaku\tfut-ta-rni.,one\told.man\t3SG\tget\tbite\tfrom\tone\tdog\tfoot-LOC-only,One old man got bitten by a dog right on the foot.,,,920[433],,peer elicitation,Wan marluka im ged bait brom wan warlaku futtarni.,Wan marluka im ged bait brom wan warlaku fut-ta-rni.,one old.man 3SG get bite from one dog foot-LOC-only,,,,11889, +73-93,73,olla labana mishka,olla\tlaba-na\tmi-shka,jar\twash-NMLZ\tAFF-EVID,The jar is to be washed.,,EVI = sudden discovery tense (mirative) (The jar turns out [to wash (active/passive)]).,,,elicited from speaker,olla labana mishka,olla laba-na mi-shka,jar wash-NMLZ AFF-EVID,EVI = sudden discovery tense (mirative) (The jar turns out [to wash (active/passive)]).,Field notes,,11890, +73-94,73,pwirta abriraxun,pwirta\tabri-ra-xu-n,door\topen-PERMANENT-PROG-3,The door is open/has been opened (lit. The door is being permanently [to open (active/passive)]).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,pwirta abriraxun,pwirta abri-ra-xu-n,door open-PERMANENT-PROG-3,,Field notes,,11891, +74-136,74,kámuks mákmak sáplil,kámuks\tmákmak\tsáplil,dog\teat\tbread,The dog ate the bread. OR: The bread was eaten by the dog.,,,,,constructed by linguist,kámuks mákmak sáplil,,dog eat bread,,Own knowledge,,11892, +74-137,74,man ča-mimlust,man\tča-mimlust,man\tPASS-die,The man was killed.,,Passive morpheme derives from verb meaning 'come'.,,,constructed by linguist,man ča-mimlust,,man PASS-die,Passive morpheme derives from verb meaning 'come'.,Own knowledge,,11893, +75-220,75,Namo wihkomikaashow.,Namo\twihkom-ikaasho-w.,NEG\tinvite-PASS-3,She had not been invited. OR: She is not invited.,,This is a passive construction without overt agent. The animate suffix -ikaasho- seems to be compiled of the inverse suffix -iku- and the reflexive suffix -isho-.,522,,naturalistic spoken,Namo wihkomikaashow.,Namo wihkom-ikaasho-w.,NEG invite-PASS-3,"This is a passive construction without overt agent. The animate suffix -ikaasho- seems to be compiled of the inverse suffix -iku- and the reflexive suffix -isho-.",,,11894, +75-221,75,anima la maenzon eeoshikaateek kayaash dan langleteer,anima la maenzon ee-oshikaateek kayaash dan langleteer,that.INAN DEF.ART.F.SG COMP-build.INAN-PASS.INAN long.time.ago LOC England,a big stone house that was built a long time ago in England,,This is an inanimate passive without expression of agent.,522,,naturalistic spoken,anima la maenzon eeoshikaateek kayaash dan langleteer,anima la maenzon ee-oshikaateek kayaash dan langleteer,that.INAN DEF.ART.F.SG COMP-build.INAN-PASS.INAN long.time.ago LOC England,This is an inanimate passive without expression of agent.,,,11895, +75-222,75,Tahkinee niminaaniwan.,Tahkinee\tnimi-naaniwan.,always\tdance-PASS,There is always dancing going on.,,This construction illustrates an indefinite actor form.,789[65],,naturalistic written,Tahkinee niminaaniwan.,Tahkinee nimi-naaniwan.,always dance-PASS,This construction illustrates an indefinite actor form.,,,11896, +75-223,75,Kiiatimikaashoow par lii polis.,Kii-atim-ikaashoo-w\tpar\tlii\tpolis.,PST-overtake-PASS-3\tby\tthe.PL\tpolice,He was overtaken by the police.,,"This passive sentence contrasts with this active sentence with inverse marking: +Kii-atim-iko-w lii polis. 'The police (non-topic) overtook him (topic).'",789[211],,naturalistic written,Kiiatimikaashoow par lii polis.,Kii-atim-ikaashoo-w par lii polis.,PST-overtake-PASS-3 by the.PL police,"This passive sentence contrasts with this active sentence with inverse marking: +Kii-atim-iko-w lii polis. 'The police (non-topic) overtook him (topic).'",,,11897, +75-224,75,Kiiatimikow lii polis.,Kii-atim-iko-w\tlii\tpolis.,PST-overtake-INV-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tthe.PL\tpolice,The police overtook him. OR: He was overtaken by the police.,,"The police is non-topic and subject, and therefore there is an inverse marker: not the topic ('he/him') is agent, but a newly introduced referent ('the police'). This active and inverse sentence contrasts with this passive sentence: +Kii-atimikaashoow par lii polis. 'He was overtaken by the police.'",789[211],,naturalistic written,Kiiatimikow lii polis.,Kii-atim-iko-w lii polis.,PST-overtake-INV-3.SBJ.3.OBJ the.PL police,"The police is non-topic and subject, and therefore there is an inverse marker: not the topic ('he/him') is agent, but a newly introduced referent ('the police'). This active and inverse sentence contrasts with this passive sentence: +Kii-atimikaashoow par lii polis. 'He was overtaken by the police.'",,,11898, +75-225,75,Iteehtam chikakiyaashkimikut.,Iteeht-am\tchi-kakiyaashkim-iku-t.,think.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tCOMP-deceive.with.speech-INV-3,She thought she had been lied to by the other. OR: She thought she had been lying to her. OR: She thought that the other had lied to her.,,"This illustrates the inverse (INV). The second verb is a transitive verb which indicates that the actor of the first verb is not the same as the actor of the second verb. However, it is not a switch reference construction.",522,,naturalistic spoken,Iteehtam chikakiyaashkimikut.,Iteeht-am chi-kakiyaashkim-iku-t.,think.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ COMP-deceive.with.speech-INV-3,"This illustrates the inverse (INV). The second verb is a transitive verb which indicates that the actor of the first verb is not the same as the actor of the second verb. However, it is not a switch reference construction.",,,11899, +4-156,4,A fufuuman lon gi a sikoutu.,A\tfufuuman\tlon\tgi\ta\tsikoutu.,DET.SG\tthief\trun\tgive\tDET.SG\tpolice,The thief ran away from the policeman.,,,568[132],,naturalistic spoken,A fufuuman lon gi a sikoutu.,,DET.SG thief run give DET.SG police,,,,11900, +10-211,10,Rait wan leta fi mi.,Rait\twan\tleta\tfi\tmi.,write\tART.INDF\tletter\tfor\t1SG,Write a letter for me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Rait wan leta fi mi.,,write ART.INDF letter for 1SG,,Unpublished field recordings,,11901, +10-212,10,Yu waahn bring ih fi mi?,Yu\twaahn\tbring\tih\tfi\tmi?,2SG\tFUT\tbring\t3SG.N\tfor\tme,Will you bring it for me?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yu waahn bring ih fi mi?,,2SG FUT bring 3SG.N for me,,Unpublished field recordings,,11902, +11-285,11,Dis buot neva hav kanviinians fa di pasinja dem.,Dis\tbuot\tneva\thav\tkanviinians\tfa\tdi\tpasinja\tdem.,DEM\tboat\tNEG.PST\thave\tconvenience\tfor\tART.DEF\tpassenger\tPL,This boat had no toilets for the passengers.,,,,,naturalistic written,Dis buot neva hav kanviinians fa di pasinja dem.,,DEM boat NEG.PST have convenience for ART.DEF passenger PL,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,11903, +11-286,11,Aal dis plies woz fa Mískito at di biginin.,Aal\tdis\tplies\twoz\tfa\tMískito\tat\tdi\tbiginin.,all\tDEM\tplace\tCOP.PST\tfor\tMiskito\tat\tART.DEF\tbeginning,"At the beginning, the whole area belonged to the Miskitos.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Aal dis plies woz fa Mískito at di biginin.,,all DEM place COP.PST for Miskito at ART.DEF beginning,,,,11904, +44-156,44,Ta kolektá yo sen pára na iglésya.,Ta\tkolektá\tyo\tsen\tpára\tna\tiglésya.,IPFV\tcollect\t1SG\tmoney\tfor\tLOC\tchurch,I collect money for the church.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ta kolektá yo sen pára na iglésya.,,IPFV collect 1SG money for LOC church,,Own data,,11905, +45-129,45,Plancha tu el ropa para Pat.,Plancha\ttu\tel\tropa\tpara\tPat.,iron\t2SG\tDEF\tclothes\tfor\tPat,Iron the clothes for Pat.,,Also Hace tu plancha el ropa para Pat [make 2SG iron DEF clothes for Pat] is possible.,,,elicited from speaker,Plancha tu el ropa para Pat.,,iron 2SG DEF clothes for Pat,"Also Hace tu plancha el ropa para Pat [make 2SG iron DEF clothes for Pat] is possible.","Enrique Escalante, p.c.",,11906, +47-180,47,Boni a traha hopi aña pa Gobièrnu di Boneiru.,Boni\ta\ttraha\thopi\taña\tpa\tGobièrnu\tdi\tBoneiru.,Boni\tPFV\twork\tmuch\tyear\tfor\tgovernment\tof\tBonaire,Boni has worked many years for the Bonaire government.,,The translation is mine.,"453[13 July 2009, p.1]",,literary or other written source,Boni a traha hopi aña pa Gobièrnu di Boneiru.,,Boni PFV work much year for government of Bonaire,The translation is mine.,,,11907, +58-113,58,Sumb-il-a mono mukanda yayi!,Sumb-il-a\tmono\tmukanda\tyayi!,buy-APPL-IMP\tme\tbook\tthis,Buy me this book!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Sumb-il-a mono mukanda yayi!,,buy-APPL-IMP me book this,,Own knowledge,,11908, +60-127,60,aponákí elambá > aponélákí ngáí elambá,a-pon-ákí\telambá\t>\ta-pon-él-ákí\tngáí\telambá,3SG-choose-PST\tcloth\t>\t3SG-choose-APPL-PST\t1SG\tcloth,He chose a cloth. > He chose a cloth for me.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,aponákí elambá > aponélákí ngáí elambá,a-pon-ákí elambá > a-pon-él-ákí ngáí elambá,3SG-choose-PST cloth > 3SG-choose-APPL-PST 1SG cloth,,Own knowledge,,11909, +60-128,60,afá́ndákí > afándélákí kíti,a-fá́nd-ákí\t>\ta-fánd-él-ákí\tkíti,3SG-sit-PST\t>\t3SG-sit-APPL-PST\tchair,He sat down. > He sat down on a chair.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,afá́ndákí > afándélákí kíti,a-fá́nd-ákí > a-fánd-él-ákí kíti,3SG-sit-PST > 3SG-sit-APPL-PST chair,,Own knowledge,,11910, +61-95,61,Thengela mina lo sinkwa.,Theng-el-a\tmina\tlo\tsinkwa.,buy-APPL-IMP\tI\tDEF.ART\tbread,Buy me bread. OR: Buy bread for me.,,This Zulu-based construction is used by speakers who don't necessarily speak Zulu. Less proficient pidgin speakers don't use it. I'm not aware of non-benefactive applicatives.,,,elicited from speaker,Thengela mina lo sinkwa.,Theng-el-a mina lo sinkwa.,buy-APPL-IMP I DEF.ART bread,This Zulu-based construction is used by speakers who don't necessarily speak Zulu. Less proficient pidgin speakers don't use it. I'm not aware of non-benefactive applicatives.,Field notes Mesthrie,,11911, +62-85,62,nnekusagáya m̩?ó ghó,ni-ne-ku-saga-ya\tm̩?o\tghó,1SG-FUT-OBJ.2SG-send-APPL\tvoice\tmy,I'll send you my news.,,"The beneficiary complement, which is permitted by the applicative verbal derivation, is represented as object prefix in the slot which is restricted to the primary object. The theme complement has no primary object status (cannot be passivized nor referred to by verbal object prefix, cannot precede full beneficiary object).",,,elicited from speaker,nnekusagáya m̩?ó ghó,ni-ne-ku-saga-ya m̩?o ghó,1SG-FUT-OBJ.2SG-send-APPL voice my,"The beneficiary complement, which is permitted by the applicative verbal derivation, is represented as object prefix in the slot which is restricted to the primary object. The theme complement has no primary object status (cannot be passivized nor referred to by verbal object prefix, cannot precede full beneficiary object).",Own field data 1993,,11912, +62-86,62,venegugúlúya héhospitari,vé-ne-gugulu-ya\thé-hospitari,2-FUT-run-APPL\t16-hospital,They'll run to the hospital.,,"The locative complement has become object, introduced by applicative verbal derivation.",,,naturalistic spoken,venegugúlúya héhospitari,vé-ne-gugulu-ya hé-hospitari,2-FUT-run-APPL 16-hospital,"The locative complement has become object, introduced by applicative verbal derivation.",Own field data 1993,,11913, +67-192,67,Jangan kasi wang sama ini macam punya orang.,Jangan\tkasi\twang\tsama\tini\tmacam\tpunya\torang.,don’t\tgive\tmoney\twith\tDEM\tlike\tATTR\tperson,Don’t give money to people like this.,,,708[137],,naturalistic spoken,Jangan kasi wang sama ini macam punya orang.,,don’t give money with DEM like ATTR person,,,,11914, +67-193,67,Mak beli itu masak kasi anak dia.,Mak\tbeli\titu\tmasak\tkasi\tanak\tdia.,mother\tbuy\tDEM\tcook\tgive\tchild\t3SG,The mother bought the food for her son.,,,708[431],,naturalistic spoken,Mak beli itu masak kasi anak dia.,,mother buy DEM cook give child 3SG,,,,11915, +73-95,73,yoga florta kompragini miu noviamu,yo-ga\tflor-ta\tkompra-gi-ni\tmiu\tnovia-mu,1SG-TOP\tflower-ACC\tbuy-INC-1\t1SG.POSS\tgirlfriend-ALL,I am going to buy flowers for my girlfriend.,,,1038[383],,elicited from speaker,yoga florta kompragini miu noviamu,yo-ga flor-ta kompra-gi-ni miu novia-mu,1SG-TOP flower-ACC buy-INC-1 1SG.POSS girlfriend-ALL,,,,11916, +75-226,75,George ushipeehamuweew.,George\tushipeeh-amuw-eew.,George\twrite-BEN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,George writes for him.,,,,,elicited from speaker,George ushipeehamuweew.,George ushipeeh-amuw-eew.,George write-BEN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,,"John Gosselin, p.c. (1990)",,11917, +75-227,75,Kakwee awiyek kaaushtamuwat saan fwee kitipahamaakawin.,Kakwee\tawiyek\tkaa-usht-amuw-at\tsaan\tfwee\tki-tipaham-aakawi-n.,something\tsomeone\tREL-do-BEN-2SG.SBJ.3.OBJ\thundred\ttime\t2-pay-PASS-2,For what you do for others you are paid a hundredfold.,,,789[137],,naturalistic written,Kakwee awiyek kaaushtamuwat saan fwee kitipahamaakawin.,Kakwee awiyek kaa-usht-amuw-at saan fwee ki-tipaham-aakawi-n.,something someone REL-do-BEN-2SG.SBJ.3.OBJ hundred time 2-pay-PASS-2,,,,11918, +76-58,76,ĭglupȗk elekta ilipsi iglupȗk kammik ketcem; awoña picuktu,ĭglupȗk\telekta\tilipsi\tiglupȗk\tkammik\tketcem;\tawoña\tpicuktu,barracks\tgo\tyou\tbarracks\tboot\tget\tI\twant,When you go to Fort McPherson get some McPherson shoes (i. e. Indian moccasins); I want them.,,"As Stefánsson (1909: 226) explains about this example: Get them; I want them, is the usual jargon way of saying 'get them for me'. Iglupȗk 'barracks' is also the pidgin name for Fort McPherson, the Hudson's Bay Company's trading post. In the lexifier language, the word means 'big house'.",1442[226],,reconstructed by documentalist,ĭglupȗk elekta ilipsi iglupȗk kammik ketcem; awoña picuktu,,barracks go you barracks boot get I want,"As Stefánsson (1909: 226) explains about this example: Get them; I want them, is the usual jargon way of saying 'get them for me'. Iglupȗk 'barracks' is also the pidgin name for Fort McPherson, the Hudson's Bay Company's trading post. In the lexifier language, the word means 'big house'.",,,11919, +1-227,1,No wan fassie dem sa kan teekie foe hollie wan nengre foe bakara diessie dem sa kissie effie diesie sa ronnowe com na dem.,Nowan\tfasi\tden\tsa\tkan\tteki\tfu\thori\twan\tnengre\tfu\tbakra\tdisi\tden\tsa\tkisi\tefi\tdisi\tsa\tlonwe\tkon\tna\tden.,no\tmanner\t3PL\tFUT\tcan\ttake\tto\thold\tone/ART.INDF.SG\tblack\tof\twhite\tREL\t3PL\tFUT\tcatch\tor\tREL\tFUT\trun.away\tcome\tLOC\t3PL,"In no way shall they be permitted to keep a Black belonging to the Whites, whom they shall capture or who shall run away to them.",,"This example shows two relative clauses marked by disi, the first with a relativized object, the second with a relativized subject.",1437,,written,"No wan fassie dem sa kan teekie foe hollie wan nengre foe bakara diessie dem sa kissie effie diesie sa ronnowe com na dem.",Nowan fasi den sa kan teki fu hori wan nengre fu bakra disi den sa kisi efi disi sa lonwe kon na den.,no manner 3PL FUT can take to hold one/ART.INDF.SG black of white REL 3PL FUT catch or REL FUT run.away come LOC 3PL,"This example shows two relative clauses marked by disi, the first with a relativized object, the second with a relativized subject.",,,11920, +1-228,1,Hoe fa da mastra fom wan zomma diesi doore hem merki befon donkere.,O=fa\tda\tmasra\tfon\twan\tsoma\tdisi\tdoro\ten\tmerki\tbifo\tdungru.,Q=fashion\tDET.SG\tmaster\tbeat\tINDF.SG\tperson\tREL\tfinish\t3SG\tmark\tbefore\tdark,Why would the manager beat someone who finishes his work before dark?,,"[befon: misprint, read befou] +Ad Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"": The relative clause is marked by disi; nothing (else) appears in its subject position.",1527[89],,written,"Hoe fa da mastra fom wan zomma diesi doore hem merki befon donkere.",O=fa da masra fon wan soma disi doro en merki bifo dungru.,Q=fashion DET.SG master beat INDF.SG person REL finish 3SG mark before dark,"[befon: misprint, read befou] +Ad Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"": The relative clause is marked by disi; nothing (else) appears in its subject position.",,,11921,"Dutch: Hoe kan ik dat gelooven dat iemand zyn Hoop-Werk afmaakt, eêr het Donker is en dan nog Slaagen krygt. [op.cit.]" +2-236,2,Dan den suma san e libi dyaso o abi fu teki ala a wroko.,Dan\tden\tsuma\tsan\te\tlibi\tdyaso\to\tabi\tfu\tteki\tala\ta\twroko.,then\tthe.PL\tperson\tREL\tIPFV\tlive\there\tFUT\thave\tto\ttake\tall\tDET\twork,Then the people that live here will have to do all the work.,,,1606[71],,naturalistic spoken,"Dan den suma san e libi dyaso o abi fu teki ala a wroko.",,then the.PL person REL IPFV live here FUT have to take all DET work,,,,11922, +2-237,2,Den man san e meki na kondre kon sani.,Den\tman\tsan\te\tmeki\tna\tkondre\tkon\tsani.,the.PL\tman\tREL\tIPFV\tmake\tDET\tcountry\tcome\tthing,The men that are causing the country to become the way it is.,,,1606[111],,naturalistic spoken,"Den man san e meki na kondre kon sani.",,the.PL man REL IPFV make DET country come thing,,,,11923, +2-238,2,A libi di ben de a fosi nanga di fu now papa a no wan.,A\tlibi\tdi\tben\tde\ta\tfosi\tnanga\tdi\tfu\tnow\tpapa\ta\tno\twan.,DET\tlife\tREL\tPST\tCOP\tat\tfirst\tand\tthat\tof\tnow\tfather\tCOP\tNEG\tone,Life today is different from that of the days gone by.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"A libi di ben de a fosi nanga di fu now papa a no wan.",,DET life REL PST COP at first and that of now father COP NEG one,,"Winford data, Tape 13-a",,11924, +2-239,2,A sani di de nownow unu no man tyari.,A\tsani\tdi\tde\tnownow\tunu\tno\tman\ttyari.,the\tthing\tREL\tCOP\tnow\t1PL\tNEG\tcan\tbear,What we now have is tough to bear.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"A sani di de nownow unu no man tyari.",,the thing REL COP now 1PL NEG can bear,,"Winford data, Tape 13-a",,11925, +2-240,2,Yu sabi wan boi ben de na skowtu den e kari en Oscar?,Yu\tsabi\twan\tboi\tben\tde\tna\tskowtu\tden\te\tkari\ten\tOscar?,2SG\tknow\ta\tboy\tANT\tCOP\tLOC\tpolice\tthey\tCONT\tcall\t3SG\tOscar,Do you know a guy named Oscar who was a police officer?,,,,,elicited from speaker,Yu sabi wan boi ben de na skowtu den e kari en Oscar?,,2SG know a boy ANT COP LOC police they CONT call 3SG Oscar,,"Winford data, Tape 13-a",,11926, +3-122,3,di ómi di tá líbi de,di\tómi\tdi\ttá\tlíbi\tde,DEF.SG\tman\tREL\tASP\tlive\tthere,the man who lives there,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"di ómi di tá líbi de",,DEF.SG man REL ASP live there,,Fieldwork data,,11927, +4-157,4,A pikin di booko a bataa kisi toobi anga en mma.,A\tpikin\tdi\tbooko\ta\tbataa\tkisi\ttoobi\tanga\ten\tmma.,DET.SG\tchild\tREL\tbreak\tDET\tbottle\tget\tproblem\twith\this\tmother,The child who broke the bottle got in trouble with his mother.,,,568[157],,naturalistic spoken,"A pikin di booko a bataa kisi toobi anga en mma.",,DET.SG child REL break DET bottle get problem with his mother,,,,11928, +4-158,4,A wan soutu sani e fee.,A\twan\tsoutu\tsani\t__\te\tfee.,FOC\tone\tsort\tthing\t__\tIPFV\tfly,It's a kind of thing that flies.,,,661[98],,naturalistic spoken,A wan soutu sani e fee.,A wan soutu sani __ e fee.,FOC one sort thing __ IPFV fly,,,,11929, +4-159,4,A aitin ana meti abi wan soutu inki a e towe gi sani.,A\taitin\tana\tmeti\tabi\twan\tsoutu\tinki\t__\ta\te\ttowe\tgi\tsani.,DET\teight\thand/arm\tanimal\thave\tone\tsort\tink\t__\the\tIPFV\tthrow\tgive\tthing,The octopus has a sort of ink that he throws out at things.,,,661[98],,naturalistic spoken,A aitin ana meti abi wan soutu inki a e towe gi sani.,A aitin ana meti abi wan soutu inki __ a e towe gi sani.,DET eight hand/arm animal have one sort ink __ he IPFV throw give thing,,,,11930, +5-158,5,di baai sidong oova de a mi fren,di\tbaai\tØ\tsidong\toova\tde\ta\tmi\tfren,the\tboy\tØ\tsit.down\tover\tthere\tEQ.COP\t1SG.POSS\tfriend,The boy (who is) seated over there is my friend.,,"This construction is restricted to certain tenses and verb types, as seen in the above example: di baai sidong oova de a mi fren 'the boy (who is) seated over there is my friend'. However, *di baai kom hee a mi fren 'the boy who came here is my friend' is not possible.",,,constructed by linguist,di baai sidong oova de a mi fren,di baai Ø sidong oova de a mi fren,the boy Ø sit.down over there EQ.COP 1SG.POSS friend,"This construction is restricted to certain tenses and verb types, as seen in the above example: di baai sidong oova de a mi fren 'the boy (who is) seated over there is my friend'. However, *di baai kom hee a mi fren 'the boy who came here is my friend' is not possible.",Own knowledge,,11931, +5-159,5,di baai wa sidong oova de a mi fren,di\tbaai\twa\tsidong\toova\tde\ta\tmi\tfren,the\tboy\tREL\tsit.down\tover\tthere\tEQ.COP\t1SG.POSS\tfriend,The boy who has sat down over there is my friend.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"di baai wa sidong oova de a mi fren",,the boy REL sit.down over there EQ.COP 1SG.POSS friend,,Own knowledge,,11932, +6-95,6,De gal weh reach Trinidad yesterday.,De\tgal\tweh\treach\tTrinidad\tyesterday.,DET\tgirl\tREL\treach\tTrinidad\tyesterday,The girl that came to Trinidad yesterday.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"De gal weh reach Trinidad yesterday.",,DET girl REL reach Trinidad yesterday,,Informant A.K.,,11933, +6-96,6,de gal she reach yesterday,de\tgal\tshe\treach\tyesterday,DET\tgirl\t3SG.F\treach\tyesterday,the girl that came yesterday,,,,,elicited from speaker,de gal she reach yesterday,,DET girl 3SG.F reach yesterday,,Informant,,11934, +7-219,7,Di man we/da bil da hous de i duhn ded.,Di\tman\twe/da\tbil\tda\thous\tde\ti\tduhn\tded.,ART\tman\tREL\tbuild\tDEM\thouse\tthere\t3SG\tCOMPL\tdead,The man who built that house is dead.,,"The 'repeated' pronoun occurs only outside the relative clause, not immediately to the right of the relative marker. It does not qualify for 'resumptive' status.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di man we/da bil da hous de i duhn ded.",,ART man REL build DEM house there 3SG COMPL dead,"The 'repeated' pronoun occurs only outside the relative clause, not immediately to the right of the relative marker. It does not qualify for 'resumptive' status.",Own knowledge,,11935, +7-220,7,I gyel we/da riich de ha tu pikni.,I\tgyel\twe/da\triich\tde\t∅\tha\ttu\tpikni.,ART\tgirl\tREL\treach\tthere\t∅\thave\ttwo\tchild,The girl who has arrived has two children.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I gyel we/da riich de ha tu pikni.",I gyel we/da riich de ∅ ha tu pikni.,ART girl REL reach there ∅ have two child,,Own knowledge,,11936, +7-221,7,Iz di man se so.,Iz\tdi\tman\t∅\tse\tso.,FOC\tART\tman\t∅\tsay\tso,It was the man who said that. OR: The man is the one who said that.,,"If the relativized NP is in focus, REL can be omitted.",1244[228],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Iz di man se so.,Iz di man ∅ se so.,FOC ART man ∅ say so,"If the relativized NP is in focus, REL can be omitted.",,,11937, +8-141,8,Di man huu mek di hat-dem gaan a Merica.,Di\tman\thuu\tmek\tdi\that-dem\tgaan\ta\tMerica.,DET\tman\twho\tmake\tDET\that-PL\tgone\tto\tAmerica,The man who makes the hats has gone to America.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di man huu mek di hat-dem gaan a Merica.",,DET man who make DET hat-PL gone to America,,Own knowledge,,11938, +9-169,9,Da me no aksidɛn fu mek di baadj gon down.,Da\tme\tno\taksidɛn\tfu\tmek\tdi\tbaadj\tgon\tdown.,TOP\tANT\tNEG\taccident\tfor\tmake\tthe\tbarge\tgo\tdown,It was not an accident that caused the barge to sink.,,Nasal + stop cluster is simplified in aksiden.,438,,naturalistic spoken,Da me no aksidɛn fu mek di baadj gon down.,,TOP ANT NEG accident for make the barge go down,"Nasal + stop cluster is simplified in aksiden.",,,11939, +9-170,9,Wan ledi we ku kyu eni kaynda siknəs.,Wan\tledi\t[we\t__\tku\tkyu\teni\tkaynda\tsiknəs].,a\tlady\t[REL\t__\tcan\tcure\tany\tkind.of\tsickness],A lady who can cure any illness.,,,445[531],,naturalistic spoken,"Wan ledi we ku kyu eni kaynda siknəs.","Wan ledi [we __ ku kyu eni kaynda siknəs].",a lady [REL __ can cure any kind.of sickness],,,,11940, +9-171,9,wan li bway bak a kriyk i me de ba wan pleys,wan\tli\tbway\tbak\ta\tkriyk\t[Ø\ti\tme\tde\tba\twan\tpleys],a\tlittle\tboy\tback\tat\tCreek\t[Ø\t3SG\tANT\tLOC\tby\ta\tplace],a little boy from Creek who was somewhere,,,432[41],,naturalistic spoken,wan li bway bak a kriyk i me de ba wan pleys,wan li bway bak a kriyk [Ø i me de ba wan pleys],a little boy back at Creek [Ø 3SG ANT LOC by a place],,,,11941, +9-172,9,Da sambadi plan di tri de rayt? Da me hu me plan di tri de?,Da\tsambadi\t[Ø\t__\tplan\tdi\ttri\tde]\trayt?\tDa\tme\thu\t[Ø\t__\tme\tplan\tdi\ttri\tde]?,TOP\tsomebody\t[Ø\t__\tplant\tthe\ttree\tthere]\tright\tTOP\tANT\twho\t[Ø\t__\tANT\tplant\tthe\ttree\tthere],"It's somebody who planted the trees there, right? Who is it who planted the trees there?",,These are two examples of relative clauses embedded in a cleft structure (with da).,434,,naturalistic spoken,Da sambadi plan di tri de rayt? Da me hu me plan di tri de?,Da sambadi [Ø __ plan di tri de] rayt? Da me hu [Ø __ me plan di tri de]?,TOP somebody [Ø __ plant the tree there] right TOP ANT who [Ø __ ANT plant the tree there],"These are two examples of relative clauses embedded in a cleft structure (with da).",,,11942, +10-213,10,Yu sii dis man we kom iin rait now?,Yu\tsii\tdis\tman\twe\tkom\tiin\trait\tnow?,2SG\tsee\tDEM\tman\tREL\tcome\tin\tright\tnow,Do you see this man who came in right now?,,,113[127],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu sii dis man we kom iin rait now?",,2SG see DEM man REL come in right now,,,,11943, +10-214,10,Wan bwai we intelijent wok de di siem jos laik Betty.,Wan\tbwai\twe\tintelijent\twok\tde\tdi\tsiem\tjos\tlaik\tBetty.,ART.INDF\tboy\tREL\tintelligent\twork\tDEM.LOC\tART.DEF\tsame\tjust\tlike\tBetty,A boy who was intelligent worked there just like Betty did.,,,113[127],,naturalistic spoken,"Wan bwai we intelijent wok de di siem jos laik Betty.",,ART.INDF boy REL intelligent work DEM.LOC ART.DEF same just like Betty,,,,11944, +11-287,11,Di onli wan huu sen likl ting rait nou [...].,Di\tonli\twan\thuu\tsen\tlikl\tting\trait\tnou\t[...].,ART.DEF\tonly\tone\tREL\tsend\tlittle\tthing\tright\tnow\t[...],The only one who sends a few things right now [...].,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Di onli wan huu sen likl ting rait nou [...].",,ART.DEF only one REL send little thing right now [...],,,,11945, +11-288,11,Hi woz a tiicha we wud taak Inglish an Spanish.,Hi\twoz\ta\ttiicha\twe\twud\ttaak\tInglish\tan\tSpanish.,3SG.M\tCOP.PST\tART.INDF\tteacher\tREL\twould\ttalk\tEnglish\tand\tSpanish,He was a teacher who would talk English and Spanish.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Hi woz a tiicha we wud taak Inglish an Spanish.",,3SG.M COP.PST ART.INDF teacher REL would talk English and Spanish,,,,11946, +11-289,11,Di uman we giv mi di buk iz mi frien.,Di\tuman\twe\tgiv\tmi\tdi\tbuk\tiz\tmi\tfrien.,ART.DEF\twoman\tREL\tgive\t1SG\tART.DEF\tbook\tCOP.PRS\t1SG.POSS\tfriend,The woman who gave me the book is my friend.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Di uman we giv mi di buk iz mi frien.",,ART.DEF woman REL give 1SG ART.DEF book COP.PRS 1SG.POSS friend,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,11947, +12-224,12,It’s a woman come here.,It’s\ta\twoman\tcome\there.,EXPL.COP\tART\twoman\tcome[PFV]\there,There’s a woman who has come here/comes here/came here.,,"Cf. the syntactic analysis by Reaser & Torbert (2004: 404): ""Embedded null subject pro[noun]“.",1268[404],,naturalistic spoken,It’s a woman come here.,,EXPL.COP ART woman come[PFV] here,"Cf. the syntactic analysis by Reaser & Torbert (2004: 404): ""Embedded null subject pro[noun]“.",,,11948, +12-225,12,"See, see - when - when you - when you go, uh - back in Andros - if - the people-them who you - go to live with - you know - if you - you did tell them to carry you to see if you would find - to see if you would find - uh - where you would see - these bird what call chickcharney, you know, or in other word tell them carry you in Red Bay - that is North Andros -",[...] the people-them who you - go to live with [...] these bird what call chickcharney [...],[...] ART people-PL REL 2SG.SBJ   go to live with [...] DEM bird[PL] REL[SBJ] call chickcharney [...],"[...] [back in Andros, if -] the people with whom you go to stay [...] the birds that are called chickcharney [...]",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"See, see - when - when you - when you go, uh - back in Andros - if - the people-them who you - go to live with - you know - if you - you did tell them to carry you to see if you would find - to see if you would find - uh - where you would see - these bird what call chickcharney, you know, or in other word tell them carry you in Red Bay - that is North Andros -","[...] the people-them who you - go to live with [...] these bird what call chickcharney [...]",[...] ART people-PL REL 2SG.SBJ go to live with [...] DEM bird[PL] REL[SBJ] call chickcharney [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11949, +12-226,12,"See, the only reason what cause that snake come 'round - 'cause he smell fish.",[...]\tthe\tonly\treason\twhat\tcause\tthat\tsnake\tcome\t'round\t[...].,[...]\tART\tonly\treason\tREL[SBJ]\tcause[PFV]\tDEM\tsnake\tcome\tround\t[...],[...] the only reason that caused that snake to come around [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"See, the only reason what cause that snake come 'round - 'cause he smell fish.","[...] the only reason what cause that snake come 'round [...].",[...] ART only reason REL[SBJ] cause[PFV] DEM snake come round [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11950, +12-227,12,And the boys-them what been there - had to gone and hold him - take him up out the water.,[...]\tthe\tboys-them\twhat\tbeen\tthere\t[...],[...]\tART\tboy.PL-PL\tREL[SBJ]\tCOP.PST\tthere\t[...],[And] the boys who were there [had to go and hold him [and] take him out of the water].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And the boys-them what been there - had to gone and hold him - take him up out the water.","[...] the boys-them what been there [...]",[...] ART boy.PL-PL REL[SBJ] COP.PST there [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,11951, +13-164,13,The big man what is the head in the medical college turn the people out.,The\tbig\tman\t[what\t__\tis\tthe\thead\tin\tthe\tmedical\tcollege]\tturn\tthe\tpeople\tout.,the\tbig\tman.SBJ\t[REL.PCL.SBJ\t__\tis\tthe\thead\tin\tthe\tmedical\tcollege]\tturn\tthe\tpeople\tout,The big man who is the head of the medical college turned the people out.,,,330[153],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,The big man what is the head in the medical college turn the people out.,The big man [what __ is the head in the medical college] turn the people out.,the big man.SBJ [REL.PCL.SBJ __ is the head in the medical college] turn the people out,,,,11952, +13-165,13,I have a friend went away.,I\thave\ta\tfriend\t[Ø\t__\twent\taway].,I\thave\ta\tfriend\t[Ø\t__\twent\taway],I have a friend who went away.,,,330[118],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,I have a friend went away.,"I have a friend [Ø __ went away].",I have a friend [Ø __ went away],,,,11953, +14-124,14,There are many mothers don't know where their children are.,There\tare\tmany\tmothers\tdon't\tknow\twhere\ttheir\tchildren\tare.,there\tare\tmany\tmothers\tdon't\tknow\twhere\ttheir\tchildren\tare,There are many mothers who don't know where their children are.,,,576[90],,naturalistic spoken,There are many mothers don't know where their children are.,,there are many mothers don't know where their children are,,,,11954, +14-125,14,Aunt M. had a daughter lived off.,Aunt\tM.\thad\ta\tdaughter\tØ\t__\tlived\toff.,aunt\tM.\thad\ta\tdaughter\tØ\t__\tlived\toff,Aunt M. had a daughter who lived far away.,,,576[90],,naturalistic spoken,Aunt M. had a daughter lived off.,Aunt M. had a daughter Ø __ lived off.,aunt M. had a daughter Ø __ lived off,,,,11955, +14-126,14,That's the man that fixed the biycle.,That's\tthe\tman\tthat\tfixed\tthe\tbiycle.,that's\tthe\tman\tthat\tfixed\tthe\tbicycle,That's the man that fixed the biycle.,,,892,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,That's the man that fixed the biycle.,,that's the man that fixed the bicycle,,,,11956, +15-124,15,di man we kam yɛstade na mi padi,di\tman\twe\tkam\tyɛstade\tna\tmi\tpadi,ART\tman\tCOMP\tcome\tyesterday\tCOP\tPOSS\tfriend,The man that came yesterday is my friend.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"di man we kam yɛstade na mi padi",,ART man COMP come yesterday COP POSS friend,,Own knowledge,,11957, +16-131,16,dat tɔl masalaʤi we de dɛ,dat\ttɔl\tmasalaʤi\t[we\tØ\tde\tdɛ],DEM\ttall\tmosque\t[REL\tØ\tCOP\tthere],that tall mosque which is over there,,This example shows a particle + gap.,656[194],,naturalistic spoken,"dat tɔl masalaʤi we de dɛ","dat tɔl masalaʤi [we Ø de dɛ]",DEM tall mosque [REL Ø COP there],This example shows a particle + gap.,,,11958, +16-132,16,dɛ bɔla we ì de fɔ dat ples,dɛ\tbɔla\t[we\tì\tde\tfɔ\tdat\tples],ART\trefuse\t[REL\t3SG\tCOP\tfor\tDEM\tplace],the refuse that was over there,,This example shows a relative particle + resumptive pronoun.,656[183],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ bɔla we ì de fɔ dat ples,dɛ bɔla [we ì de fɔ dat ples],ART refuse [REL 3SG COP for DEM place],This example shows a relative particle + resumptive pronoun.,,,11959, +16-133,16,jù gò si pipu dè dè slip fɔ graũ,jù\tgò\tsi\tpipu\t[Ø\tdè\tdè\tslip\tfɔ\tgraũ],2SG\tfut\tsee\tpeople\t[Ø\t3PL\tHAB\tsleep\tfor\tground],You will see people who sleep on the ground.,,This example shows a gap + resumptive pronoun.,656[185],,naturalistic spoken,jù gò si pipu dè dè slip fɔ graũ,jù gò si pipu [Ø dè dè slip fɔ graũ],2SG fut see people [Ø 3PL HAB sleep for ground],This example shows a gap + resumptive pronoun.,,,11960, +17-157,17,dì pìkín we̱ ì dè sìdó̱n fò̱r dyar,dì\tpìkín\twe̱\tì\tdè\tsìdó̱n\tfò̱r\tdyar,ART.DEF\tchild\tREL\t3SG.SBJ.EXPL\tNCOMPL\tsit\tLOC\tthere,the child who sits over there,,,,,constructed by linguist,dì pìkín we̱ ì dè sìdó̱n fò̱r dyar,,ART.DEF child REL 3SG.SBJ.EXPL NCOMPL sit LOC there,,Own knowledge,,11961, +17-158,17,dì pìkín we̱ dè sìdó̱n fò̱r dyar,dì\tpìkín\twe̱\tdè\tsìdó̱n\tfò̱r\tdyar,ART.DEF\tchild\tREL\tNCOMPL\tsit\tLOC\tthere,the child who sits over there,,,,,constructed by linguist,dì pìkín we̱ dè sìdó̱n fò̱r dyar,,ART.DEF child REL NCOMPL sit LOC there,,Own knowledge,,11962, +18-140,18,'man 'we i di 'pas fo 'rot,man\twe\ti\tdi\tpas\tfo\trod,man\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tpass\tfor\troad,the man who crosses/is crossing the road,,,352[148],,published source,"'man 'we i di 'pas fo 'rot",man we i di pas fo rod,man REL 3SG.SBJ IPFV pass for road,,,,11963, +18-141,18,'man 'we dem di 'pas fo rot,man\twe\tdem\tdi\tpas\tfo\trod,man\tREL\t3PL.SBJ\tIPFV\tpass\tfor\troad,the men who cross/are crossing the road,,,352[148],,published source,"'man 'we dem di 'pas fo rot",man we dem di pas fo rod,man REL 3PL.SBJ IPFV pass for road,,,,11964, +18-142,18,man wei bohn i biabia,man\twe\tbon\ti\tbiabia,man\tREL\tburn\t3SG.POSS\tbeard,a man who burnt his beard,,,1488[26],,published source,"man wei bohn i biabia",man we bon i biabia,man REL burn 3SG.POSS beard,,,,11965, +19-180,19,"ɛ̀f yù chɔp ɔl dis chɔp we è no dɔn, tumɔro yù gò sik.","ɛ̀f\tyù\tchɔp\tɔl\tdis\tchɔp\t[we\tè\tno\tdɔn],\ttumɔro\tyù\tgò\tsik.",if\t2SG\teat\tall\tthis\tfood\t[SUBORD\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tdone]\ttomorrow\t2SG\tPOT\tbe.sick,"If you eat all this food that is not well-done, tomorrow you will be sick.",,The use of a resumptive pronoun is pervasive in subject relative clauses if the head noun is specific.,1634[509],,elicited from speaker,"ɛ̀f yù chɔp ɔl dis chɔp we è no dɔn, tumɔro yù gò sik.","ɛ̀f yù chɔp ɔl dis chɔp [we è no dɔn], tumɔro yù gò sik.",if 2SG eat all this food [SUBORD 3SG.SBJ NEG done] tomorrow 2SG POT be.sick,The use of a resumptive pronoun is pervasive in subject relative clauses if the head noun is specific.,,,11966, +19-181,19,Go tek mi dan telefono we de pàn dì tebul.,Go\ttek\tmi\tdan\ttelefono\twe\tde\tpàn\tdì\ttebul.,go\ttake\t1SG.EMPH\tthat\ttelephone\tSUBORD\tCOP\ton\tDEF\ttable,Go fetch me that telephone that is on the table.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Go tek mi dan telefono we de pàn dì tebul.",,go take 1SG.EMPH that telephone SUBORD COP on DEF table,,Field data,,11967, +21-127,21,the boy who sits over there,the\tboy\twho\tsits\tover\tthere,DET\tboy\tPRO\tsit.SG\tover\tthere,the boy who sits over there,,,,,constructed by linguist,"the boy who sits over there",,DET boy PRO sit.SG over there,,Own knowledge,,11968, +21-128,21,the boy that pinched my sister,the\tboy\tthat\tpinch-ed\tmy\tsister,DET\tboy\tCOMP\tpinch-PST\t1SG.POSS\tsister,the boy that pinched my sister,,,,,constructed by linguist,"the boy that pinched my sister",the boy that pinch-ed my sister,DET boy COMP pinch-PST 1SG.POSS sister,,Own knowledge,,11969, +22-158,22,Dispela pik em sa kaikai ol man em sa raun.,Dispela\tpik\tem\tsa\tkaikai\tol\tman\tem\tsa\traun.,this\tpig\t3SG\tHAB\teat\tPL\tman\t3SG\tHAB\tgo.round,This pig who eats people was going around.,,,"1425[150, Madang M16]",,naturalistic spoken,Dispela pik em sa kaikai ol man em sa raun.,,this pig 3SG HAB eat PL man 3SG HAB go.round,,,,11970, +22-159,22,Em stori blo wanpla sneik we i bin stap lo Bali [...].,Em\tstori\tblo\twan-pla\tsneik\twe\ti\tbin\tstap\tlo\tBali\t[...].,3SG\tstory\tof\tone-ADJ\tsnake\tREL\tPM\tPST\tstay\tPREP\tBali\t[...],It's the story of a snake that lived in Bali [...].,,,"584[15 year old female, West New Britain]",,naturalistic written,"Em stori blo wanpla sneik we i bin stap lo Bali [...].",Em stori blo wan-pla sneik we i bin stap lo Bali [...].,3SG story of one-ADJ snake REL PM PST stay PREP Bali [...],,,,11971, +22-160,22,Mi save long wanpela meri i gat twenti pikinini.,Mi\tsave\tlong\twan-pela\tmeri\ti\tgat\ttwenti\tpikinini.,1SG\tknow\tPREP\tone-MOD\twoman\tPM\thave\ttwenty\tchildren,I know a woman who has twenty children.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mi save long wanpela meri i gat twenti pikinini.,Mi save long wan-pela meri i gat twenti pikinini.,1SG know PREP one-MOD woman PM have twenty children,,Own knowledge,,11972, +23-143,23,i talem wan ia we i strong tumas,i\ttalem\twan\tia\twe\ti\tstrong\ttumas,AGR\ttell\tINDF\tDEF\tCOMP\tAGR\tstrong\tvery,He said one (=a fine) that was too heavy.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"i talem wan ia we i strong tumas",,AGR tell INDF DEF COMP AGR strong very,,,,11973, +23-144,23,"yu, we yu sapotem gavman, yu save kasem wok","yu,\twe\tyu\tsapotem\tgavman,\tyu\tsave\tkasem\twok",2SG\tCOMP\t2SG\tsupport\tgovernment\t2SG\tcan\tget\twork,"You who support the government, you'll get work.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"yu, we yu sapotem gavman, yu save kasem wok",,2SG COMP 2SG support government 2SG can get work,,,,11974, +23-145,23,Eni wan we i pas long kot bae oli putum hem long kalabus.,Eni\twan\twe\ti\tpas\tlong\tkot\tbae\toli\tputum\them\tlong\tkalabus.,any\tone\tCOMP\tAGR\tpass\tin\tcourt\tIRR\tAGR\tput\t3SG\tin\tjail,Anyone who appears in court will be put into jail.,,The context is threats about any football hooliganism.,,,naturalistic written,"Eni wan we i pas long kot bae oli putum hem long kalabus.",,any one COMP AGR pass in court IRR AGR put 3SG in jail,The context is threats about any football hooliganism.,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 20 June 1998",,11975, +24-167,24,d' bass fulla who bin roen myse teeth,d'\tbass\tfulla\twho\tbin\troen\tmyse\tteeth,DET.DEF\tbest\tfellow\twho\tPST\tspoil\tmy\ttooth/teeth,the best guy who treated my teeth,,,,,naturalistic written,"d' bass fulla who bin roen myse teeth",,DET.DEF best fellow who PST spoil my tooth/teeth,,Own fieldwork,,11976, +24-168,24,"Any ahmerulla sullen thought gwenner clim dem tree, hawe to be jus’ so.","Any\tahmerulla\tsullen\tthought\tgwenner\tclim\tdem\ttree,\thawe\tto\tbe\tjus’\tso.",any\tclumsy\tperson\tthink\tFUT\tclimb\tthat\ttree\thave\tto\tbe\tjust\tso,Any clumsy person who thinks they are going to climb that tree would have to do it just right.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Any ahmerulla sullen thought gwenner clim dem tree, hawe to be jus’ so.",,any clumsy person think FUT climb that tree have to be just so,,Own fieldwork,,11977, +24-169,24,I see wan haus noe gat dor.,I\tsee\twan\thaus\tnoe\tgat\tdor.,I\tsee\tDET.INDF.SG\thouse\tNEG\thave\tdoor,I saw a house without a door (lit. I saw a house that didn't have a door).,,,,,naturalistic written,I see wan haus noe gat dor.,,I see DET.INDF.SG house NEG have door,,Own fieldwork,,11978, +25-314,25,Wot thet lijad we im jidan?,Wot\tthet\tlijad\twe\tim\tjidan?,what\tDEM\tlizard\tSUBORD\t3SG\tsit,What's the lizard that stays?,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the generalized subordinate/relative clause with a subject relative clause interpretation.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Wot thet lijad we im jidan?",,what DEM lizard SUBORD 3SG sit,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the generalized subordinate/relative clause with a subject relative clause interpretation.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,11979, +25-315,25,Yu luk dijan iya klaud im meigimbat mijal.,Yu\tluk\tdijan\tiya\tklaud\tim\tmeig-im-bat\tmijal.,2SG\tlook\tPROX:ADJ\there\tcloud\t3SG\tmake-TR-PROG\tREFL,You look at these clouds here forming (themselves).,,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a subject relative clause without relativizer.,41,,naturalistic spoken,Yu luk dijan iya klaud im meigimbat mijal.,Yu luk dijan iya klaud im meig-im-bat mijal.,2SG look PROX:ADJ here cloud 3SG make-TR-PROG REFL,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a subject relative clause without relativizer.,,,11980, +27-115,27,Di ēn wa ha ēn hogo [...].,Di\tēn\twa\tha\tēn\thogo\t[...].,DET\tone\tREL\thave\tone\teye\t[...],The one who has one eye [...].,,,355[22],,naturalistic spoken,"Di ēn wa ha ēn hogo [...].",,DET one REL have one eye [...],,,,11981, +27-116,27,[...] a mi ken da ka gibo [...].,[...]\ta\tmi\tken\tda\tka\tgibo\t[...].,[...]\tCOP\t1SG\tchild\tthere\tCOMPL\tborn\t[...],[...] it is my child there that has been born [...].,,,355[40],,naturalistic spoken,[...] a mi ken da ka gibo [...].,,[...] COP 1SG child there COMPL born [...],,,,11982, +28-148,28,"di jɛrmatoko wat jɛnda birbiʃi, ori da də laʃtijɛ","di\tjɛrma-toko\twati\tjɛn-da\tbirbiʃi,\tori\tda\tdi\tlaʃti-jɛ",the\twoman-child\tREL\tbe-there\tBerbice\t3SG\tCOP\tthe\tlast-NMLZ,"The daughter who lives on the Berbice River, she is the last one.",,,737[370],,naturalistic spoken,"di jɛrmatoko wat jɛnda birbiʃi, ori da də laʃtijɛ","di jɛrma-toko wati jɛn-da birbiʃi, ori da di laʃti-jɛ",the woman-child REL be-there Berbice 3SG COP the last-NMLZ,,,,11983, +29-185,29,die man wat gister gekom het,die\tman\twat\t__\tgister\tge-kom\thet,DEF.ART\tman\tREL\t__\tyesterday\tPTCP-come\tPST,the man who came yesterday,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"die man wat gister gekom het",die man wat __ gister ge-kom het,DEF.ART man REL __ yesterday PTCP-come PST,,Own knowledge,,11984, +30-193,30,Rapás ki sta xintádu la [...].,Rapás\tki\tsta\txintá-du\tla\t[...].,boy\tCOMP\tbe\tseat-PASS\tthere\t[...],The boy who sits over there [...].,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Rapás ki sta xintádu la [...].",Rapás ki sta xintá-du la [...].,boy COMP be seat-PASS there [...],,,,11985, +30-194,30,"Kántu si mudjer korda, ki e átxa káma linpu, e txoma Iáni ki ka kudi.","Kántu\tsi=mudjer\tkorda,\tki=e=átxa\tkáma\tlinpu,\te=txoma\tIáni\tki=ka=kudi.",when\t3SG.POSS=woman\twake.up\tCOMP=3SG=find\tbed\tempty\t3SG=call\tIáni\tCOMP=NEG=answer,"When his wife woke up and noticed that the bed was empty, she called for Iáni, who didn't answer.",,,1407[48],,naturalistic spoken,"Kántu si mudjer korda, ki e átxa káma linpu, e txoma Iáni ki ka kudi.","Kántu si=mudjer korda, ki=e=átxa káma linpu, e=txoma Iáni ki=ka=kudi.",when 3SG.POSS=woman wake.up COMP=3SG=find bed empty 3SG=call Iáni COMP=NEG=answer,,,,11986,"German: Als seine Frau aufwachte und bemerkte, dass das Bett leer war, rief sie nach Iáni, der nicht antwortete." +31-155,31,Ses pai ki ta sotaba yes [...].,Ses\tpai\tki\tta\tsotaba\tyes\t[...].,their\tfather\twho\tHAB\tbeat.ANT\tthem\t[...],Their father who used to beat them [...].,,,839,,naturalistic spoken,"Ses pai ki ta sotaba yes [...].",,their father who HAB beat.ANT them [...],,,,11987, +32-153,32,kel óm k ben,kel\tóm\tk\t__\tben,DEM\tman\tREL\t__\tcome,that man who came,,,,,constructed by linguist,"kel óm k ben","kel óm k __ ben",DEM man REL __ come,,Own knowledge,,11988,Portuguese: aquele homem que veio +33-180,33,Mindjer ki dan e livru i nha kolega.,Mindjer\tki\tda-n\te\tlivru\ti\tnha\tkolega.,woman\tREL\tgive-1SG\tART\tbook\tCOP\tmy\tcolleague,The woman who gave me the book is my colleague.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mindjer ki dan e livru i nha kolega.",Mindjer ki da-n e livru i nha kolega.,woman REL give-1SG ART book COP my colleague,,Own knowledge,,11989,Portuguese: A mulher que me deu o livro é minha colega. +33-181,33,Ki studantis ku tene bon notas pasa.,Ki\tstudantis\tku\ttene\tbon\tnotas\tpasa.,those\tstudents\tREL\thave\tgood\tgrades\tpass,Those students who have good grades pass.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ki studantis ku tene bon notas pasa.,,those students REL have good grades pass,,Own knowledge,,11990,Portuguese: Os estudantes que têm boas notas passam. +33-182,33,N dau livru ku N' kumpra.,N\tda-u\tlivru\tku\tN\tkumpra.,1SG\tgive.PST-2SG\tbook\tREL\t1SG\tbuy.PST,I gave you a book that I bought.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N dau livru ku N' kumpra.,N da-u livru ku N kumpra.,1SG give.PST-2SG book REL 1SG buy.PST,,Own knowledge,,11991,Portuguese: Dei-te um livro que comprei. +34-145,34,Miñjer ki paŋgá bo kasa beŋ na.,Miñjer\tki\tø\tpaŋgá\tbo\tkasa\tø\tbeŋ\tna.,woman\tREL.SBJ\tPFV\tbuild\tPOSS.2PL\thouse\tPFV\tcome\tASS,The woman who built your house has come.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Miñjer ki paŋgá bo kasa beŋ na.","Miñjer ki ø paŋgá bo kasa ø beŋ na.",woman REL.SBJ PFV build POSS.2PL house PFV come ASS,,Own knowledge,,11992, +35-206,35,N sa ome ku ka kume fluta muntu.,N\tsa\tome\tku\tka\tkume\tfluta\tmuntu.,1SG\tCOP\tman\tREL\tIPFV\teat\tbread.fruit\tmuch,I'm a man who eats a lot of bread-fruit.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"N sa ome ku ka kume fluta muntu.",,1SG COP man REL IPFV eat bread.fruit much,,Own data,,11993, +36-123,36,ome si ki ba tamba,ome\tsi\tki\tba\ttamba,man\tDEM\tREL.SBJ\tgo\tfish,the man who went fishing,,,901[55],,elicited from speaker,"ome si ki ba tamba",,man DEM REL.SBJ go fish,,,,11994, +36-124,36,alê ki taba rê kebia bê rê,alê\tki\ttaba\trê\tkebia\tbê\trê,king\tREL.SBJ\tplank\tPOSS\tbreak\tgo\tREFL,the king whose plank broke completely,,"In this example, ki correlates with the possessor of the subject of the relative clause (taba 'plank').",901[57],,elicited from speaker,"alê ki taba rê kebia bê rê",,king REL.SBJ plank POSS break go REFL,"In this example, ki correlates with the possessor of the subject of the relative clause (taba 'plank').",,,11995, +37-160,37,ningê ki vika ontxi,ningê\tki\t__\tvika\tontxi,person\tREL\t__\tcome\tyesterday,the person who arrived yesterday,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ningê ki vika ontxi",ningê ki __ vika ontxi,person REL __ come yesterday,,Own knowledge,,11996, +38-172,38,"Mosyi ngandyi ise sa ngandyi me, [...].","Mosa-syi\tngandyi\ti-se\tsa\tngandyi\tme,\t[...].",woman-DEM\tbig\t3SG-DEM\tbe\tbig\tCOMPAR\t[...],"The eldest sister that is older (than me), [...].",,"'Than me' is not explicitly said and, therefore, put into brackets. It is normal for speakers of Fa d'Ambô to leave this out when it is already made clear from the context.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Mosyi ngandyi ise sa ngandyi me, [...].","Mosa-syi ngandyi i-se sa ngandyi me, [...].",woman-DEM big 3SG-DEM be big COMPAR [...],"'Than me' is not explicitly said and, therefore, put into brackets. It is normal for speakers of Fa d'Ambô to leave this out when it is already made clear from the context.",Own fieldwork 1993,,11997, +39-154,39,Ikəl raprig ki vẽdew jɔrnal a mĩ ɛr bẽy piken.,Ikəl\traprig\tki\tvẽde-w\tjɔrnal\ta\tmĩ\tɛr\tbẽy\tpiken.,DEM\tgirl\tREL\tsell-PST\tnewspaper\tDAT\t1SG.OBL\tCOP.PST\tvery\tsmall,The girl who sold me the newspaper was very small.,,,218,,elicited from speaker,"Ikəl raprig ki vẽdew jɔrnal a mĩ ɛr bẽy piken.","Ikəl raprig ki vẽde-w jɔrnal a mĩ ɛr bẽy piken.",DEM girl REL sell-PST newspaper DAT 1SG.OBL COP.PST very small,,,,11998, +39-155,39,Ikəl raprig kẽ vẽdew jɔrnal a mĩ ɛr bẽy piken.,Ikəl\traprig\tkẽ\tvẽde-w\tjɔrnal\ta\tmĩ\tɛr\tbẽy\tpiken.,DEM\tgirl\twho\tsell-PST\tnewspaper\tDAT\t1SG.OBL\tCOP.PST\tvery\tsmall,The girl who sold me the newspaper was very small.,,,218,,elicited from speaker,"Ikəl raprig kẽ vẽdew jɔrnal a mĩ ɛr bẽy piken.","Ikəl raprig kẽ vẽde-w jɔrnal a mĩ ɛr bẽy piken.",DEM girl who sell-PST newspaper DAT 1SG.OBL COP.PST very small,,,,11999, +39-156,39,Ikəl pad ki tiŋ aki.,Ikəl\tpad\tki\tt-iŋ\taki.,DEM\tpriest\tREL\tEXIST-PST\there,The priest who was here.,,,221[239],,naturalistic spoken,"Ikəl pad ki tiŋ aki.",Ikəl pad ki t-iŋ aki.,DEM priest REL EXIST-PST here,,,,12000, +39-157,39,Ikəl ɔm kwɔl kaiw.,Ikəl\tɔm\tkwɔl\tkai-w.,DEM\tman\tREL\tfall-PST,The man who fell down.,,"The validity of this sentence, proposed by the linguist in an elicitation session, was confirmed by a native speaker after some hesitation. This clarifies that, although the use of kwɔl as a relativizer in subject position is accepted, it is not at all common in Diu Indo-Portuguese.",218,,elicited from speaker,"Ikəl ɔm kwɔl kaiw.",Ikəl ɔm kwɔl kai-w.,DEM man REL fall-PST,"The validity of this sentence, proposed by the linguist in an elicitation session, was confirmed by a native speaker after some hesitation. This clarifies that, although the use of kwɔl as a relativizer in subject position is accepted, it is not at all common in Diu Indo-Portuguese.",,,12001, +42-161,42,"aké omi keng ja beng panyá aké factory, eli bong la","aké\tomi\tkeng\tja\tbeng\tpanyá\také\tfactory,\teli\tbong\tla",that\tman\twho\tPFV\tcome\ttake\tthat\tfactory\t3SG\tgood\tEMPH,"The man who came to take over the factory, he was really good.",,,122[108],,naturalistic spoken,"aké omi keng ja beng panyá aké factory, eli bong la",,that man who PFV come take that factory 3SG good EMPH,,,,12002, +42-162,42,jenti prenya eli parí muré fiká pontianak,jenti\tprenya\teli\tparí\tmuré\tfiká\tpontianak,person\tpregnant\t3SG\tbear\tdie\tbecome\tvampire,A pregnant woman who dies in childbirth becomes a vampire.,,,122[112],,naturalistic spoken,jenti prenya eli parí muré fiká pontianak,,person pregnant 3SG bear die become vampire,,,,12003, +42-163,42,"aké machu ki ta santá nalí, eli yo sa kambradu","aké\tmachu\tki\tta\tsantá\tnalí,\teli\tyo\tsa\tkambradu",that\tboy\tthat\tPROG\tsit\tthere\t3SG\t1SG\tGEN\tfriend,The boy that is sitting there is my friend.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"aké machu ki ta santá nalí, eli yo sa kambradu",,that boy that PROG sit there 3SG 1SG GEN friend,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,12004, +42-164,42,tantu yo sa kambra kambradu ki ja bai skola pun,tantu\tyo\tsa\tkambra\tkambradu\tki\tja\tbai\tskola\tpun,many\t1SG\tGEN\tfriend\tfriend\tREL\tPFV\tgo\tschool\ttoo,"many of my friends who went to school, too",,,122[110],,naturalistic spoken,"tantu yo sa kambra kambradu ki ja bai skola pun",,many 1SG GEN friend friend REL PFV go school too,,,,12005, +42-165,42,jenti kontá stori rainya omi,jenti\tkontá\tstori\trainya\tomi,people\ttell\tstory\ttraditional\tman,People who tell traditional stories are men.,,Stori rainya are 'Kristang traditional stories'.,122[111],,naturalistic spoken,jenti kontá stori rainya omi,,people tell story traditional man,"Stori rainya are 'Kristang traditional stories'.",,,12006, +43-111,43,mati mati ki dja fika pedra,mati\tmati\tki\tdja\tfika\tpedra,shell\tshell\tREL\tPFV\tbecome\tstone,shells that have become stone OR: petrified shells,,,906[46],,pedagogical grammar,"mati mati ki dja fika pedra",,shell shell REL PFV become stone,,,,12007, +44-157,44,"Kel muhér tasé tyénda ayá na kályi, tasé tyéna éli mánga prútas.","Kel\tmuhér\ttasé\ttyénda\tayá\tna\tkályi,\ttasé\ttyéna\téli\tmánga\tprútas.",DEF\twoman\tIPFV.make\tshop\tthere\tLOC\tstreet\tIPFV.make\tshop\t3SG\tPL\tfruit,"The woman that sells there in the street, she sells fruit.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Kel muhér tasé tyénda ayá na kályi, tasé tyéna éli mánga prútas.",,DEF woman IPFV.make shop there LOC street IPFV.make shop 3SG PL fruit,,Own data,,12008, +44-158,44,Kel muhér ya biní ki andinánti ta trabahá ayá na iglésya.,Kel\tmuhér\tya\tbiní\tki\tandinánti\tta\ttrabahá\tayá\tna\tiglésya.,DEF\twoman\tPFV\tcome\there\tearlier\tIPFV\twork\tthere\tLOC\tchurch,The woman who came here earlier works at the church.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Kel muhér ya biní ki andinánti ta trabahá ayá na iglésya.,,DEF woman PFV come here earlier IPFV work there LOC church,,Own data,,12009, +44-159,44,Késti kel mutʃátʃo yandá kon mótru kombidá asé pyésta.,Késti\tkel\tmutʃátʃo\tyandá\tkon\tmótru\tkombidá\tasé\tpyésta.,This\tDEF\tboy\tPFV.go\tOBJ\t1PL\tinvite\tmake\tparty,This is the boy who came to invite us to the party.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Késti kel mutʃátʃo yandá kon mótru kombidá asé pyésta.,,This DEF boy PFV.go OBJ 1PL invite make party,,Own data,,12010, +44-160,44,el mánga amerikánu ki ya yegá,el\tmánga\tamerikánu\tki\tya\tyegá,DEF\tPL\tAmerican\tREL\tPFV\tcome,the Americans that came,,The relative particle can also be kel.,,,naturalistic spoken,"el mánga amerikánu ki ya yegá",,DEF PL American REL PFV come,"The relative particle can also be kel.",Own data,,12011, +45-130,45,Ya salva el hombre con el criatura que ta ma lunod.,Ya\tsalva\tel\thombre\tcon\tel\tcriatura\tque\tta\tma\tlunod.,PFV\tsave\tDEF\tman\tOBJ\tDEF\tchild\tthat\tIPFV\tV.PREFIX\tdrowned,The man saved the child who was drowning.,,,426[162],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ya salva el hombre con el criatura que ta ma lunod.",,PFV save DEF man OBJ DEF child that IPFV V.PREFIX drowned,,,,12012, +46-170,46,Akél el ómbre ya-bené ayér.,Akél\tel\tómbre\tya-bené\tayér.,that\tthe\tman\tPRF-come\tyesterday,That is the man who came yesterday.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Akél el ómbre ya-bené ayér.,,that the man PRF-come yesterday,,Own knowledge,,12013, +46-171,46,Akél el ómbre kel ya-bené ayér.,Akél\tel\tómbre\tkel\tya-bené\tayér.,that\tthe\tman\tthat\tPRF-come\tyesterday,That is the man that came yesterday.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Akél el ómbre kel ya-bené ayér.",,that the man that PRF-come yesterday,,Own knowledge,,12014, +46-172,46,Akél el ómbre kyen ya-bené ayér.,Akél\tel\tómbre\tkyen\tya-bené\tayér.,that\tthe\tman\twho\tPRF-come\tyesterday,That is the man who came yesterday.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Akél el ómbre kyen ya-bené ayér.",,that the man who PRF-come yesterday,,Own knowledge,,12015, +47-181,47,E hòmber ku ta papia ei ta mi amigu.,E\thòmber\tku\tta\tpapia\tei\tta\tmi\tamigu.,DEF\tman\tCOMP\tTNS\tspeak\tthere\tCOP\t1SG\tfriend,The man who is speaking there is my friend.,,,1031[86],,published source,"E hòmber ku ta papia ei ta mi amigu.",,DEF man COMP TNS speak there COP 1SG friend,,,,12016, +47-182,47,Ta solamente esnan ku no tin plaka kèsh ta kumpra outo.,Ta\tsolamente\tesun\tnan\tku\tno\ttin\tplaka\tkèsh\tta\tkumpra\touto.,COP\tonly\tone\tPL\tCOMP\tNEG\thave\tmoney\tcash\tTNS\tbuy\tcar,It is only those who don't have cash that buy cars (from the local dealers).,,,752[317],,naturalistic written,"Ta solamente esnan ku no tin plaka kèsh ta kumpra outo.",Ta solamente esun nan ku no tin plaka kèsh ta kumpra outo.,COP only one PL COMP NEG have money cash TNS buy car,,,,12017, +47-183,47,E hòmber a presentá nèt na tempu pa chèk e tipo ladron nan kende nan a kore bai,E\thòmber\ta\tpresentá\tnèt\tna\ttempu\tpa\tchèk\te\ttipo\tladron\tnan\tkende\tnan\ta\tkore\tbai,DEF\tman\tPFV\tappear\tjust\tLOC\ttime\tfor\tcheck\tDEF\ttype\tthief\tPL\twho\tPL\tPFV\trun\tgo,The man appeared just in time to see the thieves who ran off.,,The translation is mine.,898[406],,published source,"E hòmber a presentá nèt na tempu pa chèk e tipo ladron nan kende nan a kore bai",,DEF man PFV appear just LOC time for check DEF type thief PL who PL PFV run go,The translation is mine.,,,12018, +47-184,47,[...] pa e elekshon kual ta tuma lugá djabièrnè awor.,[...]\tpa\te\telekshon\tkual\tta\ttuma\tlugá\tdjabièrnè\tawor.,[...]\tfor\tDEF\telection\twhich\tTNS\ttake\tplace\tFriday\tnow,[...] for the election which takes place this Friday.,,The translation is mine.,"453[25 June 2009, p.6.]",,published source,"[...] pa e elekshon kual ta tuma lugá djabièrnè awor.",,[...] for DEF election which TNS take place Friday now,The translation is mine.,,,12019, +47-185,47,Pa esaki tin 4 kandidato kua nan ta [...].,Pa\tes(un)\taki\ttin\t4\tkandidato\tkua\tnan\tta\t[...].,for\tone\tDEM\thave\t4\tcandidate\twhich\tPL\tCOP\t[...],"For this there are 4 candidates, who are [...].",,The translation is mine.,"453[25 June 2006, p.6]",,published source,Pa esaki tin 4 kandidato kua nan ta [...].,Pa es(un) aki tin 4 kandidato kua nan ta [...].,for one DEM have 4 candidate which PL COP [...],The translation is mine.,,,12020, +48-161,48,Plata lo ke ele tené sendá mucho nu.,Plata\tlo\tke\tele\ttené\tsendá\tmucho\tnu.,money\tit\tthat\the/she\thave\tbe\tmuch\tNEG,The money that he/she has is not much.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Plata lo ke ele tené sendá mucho nu.",,money it that he/she have be much NEG,,Recorded by author,,12021, +48-162,48,Ma hende ke tan bae lendro monte tan mohá.,Ma\thende\tke\ttan\tbae\tlendro\tmonte\ttan\tmohá.,PL\tpeople\tthat\tFUT\tgo\tinside\tfield\tFUT\tget.wet,Those (lit. people) that go to (work in) the field are going to get wet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ma hende ke tan bae lendro monte tan mohá.",,PL people that FUT go inside field FUT get.wet,,Recorded by author,,12022, +48-163,48,Too ese muhé i ta aí [...].,Too\tese\tmuhé\ti\tta\taí\t[...].,all\tthis\twoman\tthat\tbe\tthere\t[...],All the women that are there [...].,,"Note: i ta aí is a very common expression in Palenquero, and functions like a presentational. The non-literal translation would thus be simply: ""All these women ...""",,,naturalistic spoken,"Too ese muhé i ta aí [...].",,all this woman that be there [...],"Note: i ta aí is a very common expression in Palenquero, and functions like a presentational. The non-literal translation would thus be simply: ""All these women ...""",Recorded by author,,12023,Spanish: Todas esas mujeres que están allí [...]. +49-279,49,Moun ki pa travay p ap touche.,Moun\tki\tpa\ttravay\tp\tap\ttouche.,people\tREL\tNEG\twork\tNEG\tINACC\tget.paid,Those who don't work won't get paid.,,,367[110],,naturalistic spoken,"Moun ki pa travay p ap touche.",,people REL NEG work NEG INACC get.paid,,,,12024,French: Les gens qui ne travaillent pas ne toucheront pas d’argent. +49-280,49,Se Siltana ki toujou bale chanm nan.,Se\tSiltana\tki\ttoujou\tbale\tchanm\tnan.,HL\tSiltana\tREL\talways\tsweep\troom\tDEF,It is always Sultana who sweeps the room.,,,371[44],,naturalistic spoken,"Se Siltana ki toujou bale chanm nan.",,HL Siltana REL always sweep room DEF,,,,12025,French: C'est toujours Sultana qui balaie la chambre. +50-173,50,Mwen konnèt on ti boutik ki ka vann bèbèl kréyòl.,Mwen\tkonnèt\ton\tti\tboutik\tki\tka\tvann\tbèbèl\tkréyòl.,1SG\tknow\tINDF\tlittle\tshop\tREL\tPROG\tsell\tfancy.jewels\tcreole,I know a little shop which sells creole fancy jewels.,,,134[193],,constructed by linguist,"Mwen konnèt on ti boutik ki ka vann bèbèl kréyòl.",,1SG know INDF little shop REL PROG sell fancy.jewels creole,,,,12026, +50-174,50,Sé madanm-la ka maré paké kann-la ka chanté.,Sé\tmadanm-la\tka\tmaré\tpaké\tkann-la\tka\tchanté.,DEF.PL\twoman-DEF\tPROG\ttie\tpackage\tsugar.cane-DEF\tPROG\tsing,The women who are tying the sugar cane packages are singing.,,,850[305],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Sé madanm-la ka maré paké kann-la ka chanté.,,DEF.PL woman-DEF PROG tie package sugar.cane-DEF PROG sing,,,,12027,French: Les femmes qui lient les paquets de canne chantent. +50-175,50,Sé madanm-la i ka maré paké kann-la ka chanté.,Sé\tmadanm-la\ti\tka\tmaré\tpaké\tkann-la\tka\tchanté.,DEF.PL\twoman-DEF\tRES\tPROG\ttie\tpackage\tsurgar.cane-DEF\tPROG\tsing,The women who are tying the sugar cane packages are singing.,,"The resumptive pronoun i can be used for all persons. For further discussion, see Ludwig (1996: 305ff).",850[305],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Sé madanm-la i ka maré paké kann-la ka chanté.,,DEF.PL woman-DEF RES PROG tie package surgar.cane-DEF PROG sing,"The resumptive pronoun i can be used for all persons. For further discussion, see Ludwig (1996: 305ff).",,,12028,French: Les femmes qui lient les paquets de canne chantent. +51-153,51,Mwen konnet an ti boutik ki ka vann bèbel kréyol.,Mwen\tkonnet\tan\tti\tboutik\tki\tka\tvann\tbèbel\tkréyol.,1SG\tknow\tINDF\tlittle\tshop\tREL\tPROG\tsell\tfancy.jewels\tcreole,I know a little shop which sells Creole fancy jewels.,,,134[193],,naturalistic spoken,"Mwen konnet an ti boutik ki ka vann bèbel kréyol.",,1SG know INDF little shop REL PROG sell fancy.jewels creole,,,,12029, +52-129,52,mèr-a ki té la a té roun natif Saül,mèr-a\tki\tté\tla\ta\tté\troun\tnatif\tSaül,mayor-DEF\tREL\tPST\tthere\tDEF\tPST\tINDF\tborn\tSaül,The mayor who was there had been born in the small town of Saül.,,,847,,naturalistic spoken,"mèr-a ki té la a té roun natif Saül",,mayor-DEF REL PST there DEF PST INDF born Saül,,,,12030, +53-336,53,Inave en vje nom ki te gen en vje neg.,Inave\ten\tvje\tnom\tki\tte\tgen\ten\tvje\tneg.,EXIST.PST\tART.INDF\told\tman\tREL\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\told\tblack.man,There was an old man who had an old black man.,,,1048[176],,naturalistic spoken,"Inave en vje nom ki te gen en vje neg.",,EXIST.PST ART.INDF old man REL PST have ART.INDF old black.man,,,,12031, +53-337,53,Sè te mounn koulè te gen sa.,Sè\tte\tmounn\tkoulè\t__\tte\tgen\tsa.,it\tPST\tperson\tcoloured\t__\tPST\thave\tDEM,It was black people who had that.,,,722[226],,naturalistic spoken,Sè te mounn koulè te gen sa.,Sè te mounn koulè __ te gen sa.,it PST person coloured __ PST have DEM,,,,12032, +53-338,53,Mo drese poto ò te kròch.,Mo\tdrese\tpoto\tò\t__\tte\tkròch.,1SG\tstraighten\tpole\tART.DEF.SG\t__\tPST\tbent,I straightened the pole that was bent.,,,722[226],,elicited from speaker,Mo drese poto ò te kròch.,Mo drese poto ò __ te kròch.,1SG straighten pole ART.DEF.SG __ PST bent,,,,12033, +53-339,53,"Gen èn an dè mounn ki fe tou, k e laboure tou la tè-la.","Gen\tèn\tan\tdè\tmounn\tki\tfe\ttou,\tk\te\tlaboure\ttou\tla\ttè-la.",have\tone\tor\ttwo\tperson\tREL\tdo\teverything\tREL\tPROG\tplow\tall\tART.DEF.SG\tland-ART.DEF.SG,"There are a few people who do everything, who cultivate all of the land.",,"In Pointe Coupee Creole, k is a variant of ki that occurs before vowels and occasionally before consonants.",722[226],,naturalistic spoken,"Gen èn an dè mounn ki fe tou, k e laboure tou la tè-la.",,have one or two person REL do everything REL PROG plow all ART.DEF.SG land-ART.DEF.SG,"In Pointe Coupee Creole, k is a variant of ki that occurs before vowels and occasionally before consonants.",,,12034, +53-340,53,Se mo popa k te konne di sa.,Se\tmo\tpopa\tk\tte\tkonne\tdi\tsa.,it.is\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tREL\tPST\tIPFV\tsay\t3SG.INDF,It was my father who used to say that.,,"In Pointe Coupee Creole, k is a variant of ki that occurs before vowels and occasionally before consonants.",722[226],,naturalistic spoken,Se mo popa k te konne di sa.,,it.is 1SG.POSS father REL PST IPFV say 3SG.INDF,"In Pointe Coupee Creole, k is a variant of ki that occurs before vowels and occasionally before consonants.",,,12035, +53-341,53,Na de milat va fe sèrmon se de Blan.,Na\tde\tmilat\t__\tva\tfe\tsèrmon\tse\tde\tBlan.,there\tART.INDF.PL\tmulatto\t__\tgo\tmake\toath\tCOP\tART.INDF.PL\twhite,There are mulattoes who swear that they are white.,,,1048[163],,naturalistic spoken,Na de milat va fe sèrmon se de Blan.,Na de milat __ va fe sèrmon se de Blan.,there ART.INDF.PL mulatto __ go make oath COP ART.INDF.PL white,,,,12036, +53-342,53,Sa se la fiy ke li va marye.,Sa\tse\tla\tfiy\tke\tli\tva\tmarye.,DEM\tit.is\tART.DEF.SG\tgirl\tREL.OBJ\t3SG\tFUT\tmarry,This is the girl whom he is going to marry.,,,1048[176],,elicited from speaker,"Sa se la fiy ke li va marye.",,DEM it.is ART.DEF.SG girl REL.OBJ 3SG FUT marry,,,,12037, +53-343,53,Ye petet di mo de paròl an kreyòl ki mo pa konpròn.,Ye\tpetet\tdi\tmo\tde\tparòl\tan\tkreyòl\tki\tmo\tpa\tkonpròn.,3PL\tmaybe\tsay\t1SG\tART.INDF.PL\tword\tin\tCreole\tREL\t1SG\tNEG\tunderstand,They might tell me some words in Creole that I don't understand.,,,722[227],,naturalistic spoken,Ye petet di mo de paròl an kreyòl ki mo pa konpròn.,,3PL maybe say 1SG ART.INDF.PL word in Creole REL 1SG NEG understand,,,,12038, +53-344,53,"Compair Bouki, ki té tou cagou, dressé so zoreil.","Compair\tBouki,\tki\tté\ttou\tcagou,\tdressé\tso\tzoreil.",Brother\tBouki\tREL\tPST\tall\tsad\tprick.up\t3SG.POSS\tear,"Brother Bouki, who was all sad, pricked up his ears.",,,1049[33],,naturalistic written,"Compair Bouki, ki té tou cagou, dressé so zoreil.",,Brother Bouki REL PST all sad prick.up 3SG.POSS ear,,,,12039, +53-345,53,Fô to soizi cilà to oulé.,Fô\tto\tsoizi\tcilà\t__\tto\toulé.,must\t2SG\tchoose\tthe.one\t__\t2SG\twant,You have to choose the one you want.,,,1049[55],,naturalistic written,Fô to soizi cilà to oulé.,Fô to soizi cilà __ to oulé.,must 2SG choose the.one __ 2SG want,,,,12040, +54-198,54,[...] pou konsol la pèrsone ke la pèrdu soi son mari soi son anfan [...].,[...]\tpour\tkonsol\tla\tpersonn\tkë\tla\tperdu\tswa\tson\tmari\tswa\tson\tanfan\t[...].,[...]\tfor\tconsole\tDEF\tperson\tREL\tPRF\tlost\teither\tPOSS.3SG\thusband\tor\tPOSS.3SG\tchild\t[...],[...] to console the person who has lost either her husband or her child [...].,,,229[46],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] pou konsol la pèrsone ke la pèrdu soi son mari soi son anfan [...].",[...] pour konsol la personn kë la perdu swa son mari swa son anfan [...].,[...] for console DEF person REL PRF lost either POSS.3SG husband or POSS.3SG child [...],,,,12041,French: [...] pour consoler la personne qui a perdu soit son mari soit son enfant [...]. +54-199,54,Sak létablisman na in klos i fé lèv azot.,Sak\tletablisman\tna\ten\tklos\tØ\ti\tfe\tlev\tazot.,each\tsugar.estate\thas\tINDF\tbell\tØ\tFIN\tmake\twake\tOBL.3PL,Each sugar estate has a bell which wakes them up.,,,230[165],,naturalistic spoken,Sak létablisman na in klos i fé lèv azot.,Sak letablisman na en klos Ø i fe lev azot.,each sugar.estate has INDF bell Ø FIN make wake OBL.3PL,,,,12042,French: Chaque usine à sucre a une cloche qui les fait lever. +55-170,55,tifi ki pe asiz laba la,tifi\tki\tpe\tasiz\tlaba\tla,girl\twho\tPROG\tsit\tover.there\tthere,the girl who is sitting over there OR: the girl that is sitting over there,,,,,constructed by linguist,"tifi ki pe asiz laba la",,girl who PROG sit over.there there,,Own knowledge,,12043, +55-171,55,tifi ki to truve laba la,tifi\tki\tto\ttruve\tlaba\tla,girl\twhom\tyou\tsee\tover.there\tthere,the girl whom you see over there OR: the girl that you see over there,,,,,constructed by linguist,"tifi ki to truve laba la",,girl whom you see over.there there,,Own knowledge,,12044, +56-168,56,Be dimoun lontan [...] ti kwar pourdir i annan en bonnfanm ki apel Bonnfanm San Tet ti reste ladan.,Be\tdimoun\tlontan\t[...]\tti\tkwar\tpourdir\ti\tannan\ten\tbonnfanm\tki\tapel\tBonnfanm\tSan\tTet\tØ\tti\treste\tladan.,but\tpeople\tearlier\t[...]\tPST\tbelieve\tCOMP\tPM\thave\ta\twoman\tREL\tbe.called\tBonnefemme\tSans\tTête\tØ\tPST\tstay\tthere,But in former times the people believed that there was a woman called Bonnefemme Sans Tête who stayed there.,,"Note: In this example, the first relative clause is expressed by ki (ki apel Bonnfanm San Tet ), the second by Ø (ti reste ladan).",158[208f.],,naturalistic spoken,Be dimoun lontan [...] ti kwar pourdir i annan en bonnfanm ki apel Bonnfanm San Tet ti reste ladan.,"Be dimoun lontan [...] ti kwar pourdir i annan en bonnfanm ki apel Bonnfanm San Tet Ø ti reste ladan.",but people earlier [...] PST believe COMP PM have a woman REL be.called Bonnefemme Sans Tête Ø PST stay there,"Note: In this example, the first relative clause is expressed by ki (ki apel Bonnfanm San Tet ), the second by Ø (ti reste ladan).",,,12045,French: Ben autrefois les gens [...] croyaient qu'il y avait une femme qui s'appelait Bonnefemme Sans Tête qui habitait là-dedans [...]. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 210f.) +56-169,56,"Be sa bann dimoun ki ti Lil Terez, zot ti reste laba menm osi?","Be\tsa\tbann\tdimoun\tki\tti\tLil\tTerez,\tzot\tti\treste\tlaba\tmenm\tosi?",but\tDEM\tPL\tpeople\tREL\tPST\tLil\tTerez\t3PL\tPST\tstay\tthere\tFOC\ttoo,"But the people who stayed at Lil Terez (the island of Therese), they also lived there?",,,158[138],,naturalistic spoken,"Be sa bann dimoun ki ti Lil Terez, zot ti reste laba menm osi?",,but DEM PL people REL PST Lil Terez 3PL PST stay there FOC too,,,,12046,"French: Ben, les gens qui étaient à l'île Thérèse, ils habitaient là aussi? (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 139)" +57-93,57,fem sa le vja,fem\tsa\tle\tvja,women\tREL\tSI\tcome,the woman who comes/came,,,,,constructed by linguist,fem sa le vja,,women REL SI come,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,12047, +57-121,57,tule koko sa le pla:te la,tule\tkoko\tsa\tle\tpla:te\tla,PL\tcoconut.palm\tREL\tSI\tplant\tDEM/DEF,all the coconut palms that they planted there,,,423[225],,naturalistic spoken,tule koko sa le pla:te la,,PL coconut.palm REL SI plant DEM/DEF,,,,12048, +58-115,58,muntu ya kwis-aka,muntu\tya\tkwis-aka,person\tREL\tcome-PST,the person that/who came,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"muntu ya kwis-aka",,person REL come-PST,,Own knowledge,,12049, +59-274,59,mokunzi so aga (na) ndo so [...],mokunzi\tso\ta-ga\t(na)\tndo\tso\t[...],chief\tREL\tPM-come\t(PREP)\tplace\tDET\t[...],The chief who came here [...].,,,,,constructed by linguist,mokunzi so aga (na) ndo so [...],mokunzi so a-ga (na) ndo so [...],chief REL PM-come (PREP) place DET [...],,Own knowledge,,12050, +59-275,59,Ala so aga retar [...].,ala\tso\ta-ga\tretar\t[...],3PL\tREL\tPM-come\tlate\t[...],Those who came late [...].,,Retar is borrowed from French retard.,1320[70],,naturalistic written,Ala so aga retar [...].,ala so a-ga retar [...],3PL REL PM-come late [...],"Retar is borrowed from French retard.",,,12051, +59-276,59,"wali so aduti na sese ka so, lo ke mama ti mbi","wali\tso\ta-duti\tna\tsese\tka\tso,\tlo\tke\tmama\tti\tmbi",woman\tDEM\tPM-sit\tPREP\tground\tover.there\tthus\t3SG\tCOP\tmother\tof\t1SG,The woman who's sitting on the ground over there is my mother.,,"Here the pronoun lo is resumptive, and I would expect juncture before it, indicated here with the comma. Ordinarily one would use the PM with the COP.",,,constructed by linguist,"wali so aduti na sese ka so, lo ke mama ti mbi","wali so a-duti na sese ka so, lo ke mama ti mbi",woman DEM PM-sit PREP ground over.there thus 3SG COP mother of 1SG,"Here the pronoun lo is resumptive, and I would expect juncture before it, indicated here with the comma. Ordinarily one would use the PM with the COP.",Own knowledge,,12052, +59-279,59,melenge so anyon' me nzoni ape lo ke kwi (na) nzala,melenge\tso\ta-nyon'\tme\tnzoni\tape\tlo\tyeke\tkwi\t(na)\tnzala,child\tREL\tPM-drink\tbreast\twell\tNEG\t3SG\tCOP\tdie\t(from)\thunger,A child that doesn't feed well dies of hunger.,,"In a sentence like this one the PM can be used instead of the pronoun. See Feature 62 ""Expression of pronominal subjects"".",,,constructed by linguist,"melenge so anyon' me nzoni ape lo ke kwi (na) nzala",melenge so a-nyon' me nzoni ape lo yeke kwi (na) nzala,child REL PM-drink breast well NEG 3SG COP die (from) hunger,"In a sentence like this one the PM can be used instead of the pronoun. See Feature 62 ""Expression of pronominal subjects"".",Own knowledge,,12053, +60-129,60,mobáli óyo amónákí ngáí akendákí na ndáko,mobáli\tóyo\ta-món-ákí\tngáí\ta-kend-ákí\tna\tndáko,man\tREL\t3SG-see-PST\t1SG\t3SG-go-PST\tto\thouse,The man who saw me went home.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"mobáli óyo amónákí ngáí akendákí na ndáko",mobáli óyo a-món-ákí ngáí a-kend-ákí na ndáko,man REL 3SG-see-PST 1SG 3SG-go-PST to house,,Own knowledge,,12054, +60-130,60,mobáli amónákí ngáí akendákí na ndáko,mobáli\ta-món-ákí\tngáí\ta-kend-ákí\tna\tndáko,man\t3SG-see-PST\t1SG\t3SG-go-PST\tto\thouse,The man who saw me went home.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,mobáli amónákí ngáí akendákí na ndáko,mobáli a-món-ákí ngáí a-kend-ákí na ndáko,man 3SG-see-PST 1SG 3SG-go-PST to house,,Own knowledge,,12055, +61-96,61,"Lo muntu lo yena funa mali ga wena, yena fikile izolo.","Lo\tmuntu\tlo\tyena\tfun-a\tmali\tga\twena,\tyena\tfik-ile\tizolo.",ART\tman\tREL\the\twant-V\tmoney\tPOSS\tyou\the\tcame-PST\tyesterday,The man who wants your money came yesterday.,,"The first lo has neutral tone; the second lo has high tone for the relative marker. Likewise, for the demonstrative function of lo there is a tonal distinction between proximal (low tone) and distal (high tone).",,,elicited from speaker,"Lo muntu lo yena funa mali ga wena, yena fikile izolo.","Lo muntu lo yena fun-a mali ga wena, yena fik-ile izolo.",ART man REL he want-V money POSS you he came-PST yesterday,"The first lo has neutral tone; the second lo has high tone for the relative marker. Likewise, for the demonstrative function of lo there is a tonal distinction between proximal (low tone) and distal (high tone).",Field notes Mesthrie,,12056, +61-97,61,Mina bona lo muntu yena gula.,Mina\tbon-a\tlo\tmuntu\tyena\tgul-a.,I\tsee-V\tDEF.ART\tman\the\tbe.sick-V,I see the man who is sick.,,,650[43],,constructed by linguist,Mina bona lo muntu yena gula.,Mina bon-a lo muntu yena gul-a.,I see-V DEF.ART man he be.sick-V,,,,12057, +62-87,62,mborá éti?íye ma?í áafufú,mbora\té-ti?i-íye\tma?i\té-áa-fufu,girl\t3SG-carry-PRF\twater\t3SG-PST-rest,The girl who carried water rests now.,,,,,elicited from speaker,mborá éti?íye ma?í áafufú,mbora é-ti?i-íye ma?i é-áa-fufu,girl 3SG-carry-PRF water 3SG-PST-rest,,Own field data 1993,,12058, +63-172,63,fí sudaníya al tála min sudán,fi\tsudan\tiya\tal\ttala\tmin\tsudan,EXIST\tSudanese\tPL\tREL\tcome\tfrom\tSudanese,There are Sudanese who came from Sudan.,,,857[366],,naturalistic spoken,"fí sudaníya al tála min sudán",fi sudan iya al tala min sudan,EXIST Sudanese PL REL come from Sudanese,,,,12059, +63-173,63,u ásma anás milán mun ge nadí debíba,u\tásma\tanás\tmilán\túmun\tge\tnadí\tdebíba,and\thear\tpeople\tmany\t3PL\tTAM\tcall\tsnake,He heard many people who were calling the snake.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,u ásma anás milán mun ge nadí debíba,u ásma anás milán úmun ge nadí debíba,and hear people many 3PL TAM call snake,,Personal data,,12060, +63-174,63,Núbi al fi íni,Núbi\tal\tfi\tíni,Nubi\tREL\tEXIST\there,The Nubi who live here.,,,857[366],,naturalistic spoken,"Núbi al fi íni",,Nubi REL EXIST here,,,,12061, +63-175,63,ána ma akú tá-i fí fi Belgium,ána\tma\takú\ttá-i\tfí\tfi\tBelgium,1SG\twith\tbrother\tGEN-my\tEXIST\tin\tBelgium,I have a brother who lives in Belgium.,,,857[368],,naturalistic spoken,ána ma akú tá-i fí fi Belgium,,1SG with brother GEN-my EXIST in Belgium,,,,12062, +64-184,64,zol al kan éndu gurúʃ de,zol\tal\tkan\téndu\tgurúʃ\tde,individual\tREL\tANT\thave\tmoney\tDEM.PROX,the man who had money,,,,,constructed by linguist,zol al kan éndu gurúʃ de,,individual REL ANT have money DEM.PROX,,Own knowledge,,12063, +64-185,64,sídi úo gáni biwedí gurúʃ,sídi\túo\tgáni\tbi=wedí\tgurúʃ,owner\t3SG\trich\tIRR=give\tmoney,The (shop) owner who is rich pays well.,,This sentence gives an example of relativization with a personal pronoun.,874[190],,naturalistic spoken,sídi úo gáni biwedí gurúʃ,sídi úo gáni bi=wedí gurúʃ,owner 3SG rich IRR=give money,This sentence gives an example of relativization with a personal pronoun.,,,12064, +64-186,64,íta biligó nas ma biháfiz súra kwes,íta\tbi=ligó\tnas\tma\tbi=háfiz\tsúra\tkwes,2SG\tIRR=find\tpeople\tNEG\tIRR=save\timage\tgood,You come across people who do not give a good impression.,,,874[190],,naturalistic spoken,íta biligó nas ma biháfiz súra kwes,íta bi=ligó nas ma bi=háfiz súra kwes,2SG IRR=find people NEG IRR=save image good,,,,12065, +66-104,66,Jalan spanjang elari (aða) ayang baisikal attu ring tabuntur kinna emaati (aða).,[Jalan\tspanjang\te-lari\t(aða)]\tayang\tbaisikal-attu-ring\ttabuntur-kinna\te-maati\t(aða).,[road\talong\tASP-run\t(AUX)]\tchicken\tbicycle-INDF-INS\thit-PASS\tASP-die\t(AUX),The chicken which ran along the road was hit by a bicycle and died.,,This is the Kirinda version of the sentence (example 2) in Saldin 1996.,,,elicited from speaker,Jalan spanjang elari (aða) ayang baisikal attu ring tabuntur kinna emaati (aða).,[Jalan spanjang e-lari (aða)] ayang baisikal-attu-ring tabuntur-kinna e-maati (aða).,[road along ASP-run (AUX)] chicken bicycle-INDF-INS hit-PASS ASP-die (AUX),This is the Kirinda version of the sentence (example 2) in Saldin 1996.,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,12066, +66-105,66,Jalanka nyalari ayang baisikal atu ka terbuntur su matimati.,[Jalanka\tnya-lari]\tayang\tbaisikal-atu\tka\tterbuntur\tsu-matimati.,[road.in\tREL-run]\tchicken\tbicycle-INDF\tby\thit\tPST-die,The chicken which ran along the road was hit by a bicycle and died.,,This author is a native speaker of the Kandy area dialect.,1317,,published source,Jalanka nyalari ayang baisikal atu ka terbuntur su matimati.,[Jalanka nya-lari] ayang baisikal-atu ka terbuntur su-matimati.,[road.in REL-run] chicken bicycle-INDF by hit PST-die,This author is a native speaker of the Kandy area dialect.,,,12067, +66-106,66,Java aromong gulputi Kirindena atibalek.,[Java\tar-omong]\tgulputi\tKirinde-na\tati-balek.,[Malay\tPRS-speak]\twhite.person\tKirinda-DAT\tFUT-return,The white person that speaks Malay will return to Kirinda.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Java aromong gulputi Kirindena atibalek.,[Java ar-omong] gulputi Kirinde-na ati-balek.,[Malay PRS-speak] white.person Kirinda-DAT FUT-return,,Own knowledge,,12068, +67-194,67,Di sini tinggal punya orang pun boleh jauh pergi beli.,Di\tsini\ttinggal\tpunya\torang\tpun\tboleh\tjauh\tpergi\tbeli.,in\there\tlive\tREL\tpeople\talso\tcan\tfar\tgo\tbuy,People who live here can also go far to buy [it].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Di sini tinggal punya orang pun boleh jauh pergi beli.",,in here live REL people also can far go buy,,Own knowledge,,12069, +68-108,68,Orang yang tinggal di Ambon pung ruma kacil.,Orang\tyang\ttinggal\tdi\tAmbon\tpung\truma\tkacil.,person\tREL\tlive\tLOC\tAmbon\tPOSS\thouse\tsmall,People who live in Ambon have small houses.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Orang yang tinggal di Ambon pung ruma kacil.,,person REL live LOC Ambon POSS house small,,Own knowledge,,12070, +68-109,68,Orang dudu di pinggir jalang tu mabu.,Orang\tdudu\tdi\tpinggir\tjalang\ttu\tmabu.,man\tsit\tLOC\tside\troad\tDEM\tdrunk,That man sitting at the side of the road is drunk.,,,1528[308],,naturalistic spoken,Orang dudu di pinggir jalang tu mabu.,,man sit LOC side road DEM drunk,,,,12071, +69-66,69,man payum aka aykum tari-kən mambi ya-nan,man\tpayum\taka\taykum\ttari-kən\tmambi\tya-nan,other\tman\tNEG\twoman\thold-NMLZ\tthen\tcome-NONFUT,Then another man who didn’t have a wife came.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,man payum aka aykum tari-kən mambi ya-nan,,other man NEG woman hold-NMLZ then come-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,12072, +71-168,71,"Mahope akahi pake holo mai, kela Makawela hanapaa wau kui wau ma ka umauma wau, mahope kela pake holo mai hemo kela puka wau holo mawaho.","Mahope\takahi\tpake\tholo\tmai,\tkela\tMakawela\thanapaa\twau\tkui\twau\tma\tka\tumauma\twau,\tmahope\tkela\tpake\tholo\tmai\themo\tkela\tpuka\twau\tholo\tmawaho.",later\tINDF\tChinese\trun\tDIR\tDET\tMakawela\thold\t1SG\thit\t1SG\tLOC\tDEF\tchest\t1SG.POSS\tlater\tDET\tChinese\trun\tDIR\topen\tDET\tdoor\t1SG\trun\toutside,"Then a Chinese (outside the house) ran to me, as Makawela held me punching my chest; then the Chinese who was running to me opened the door, and I ran outside.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mahope akahi pake holo mai, kela Makawela hanapaa wau kui wau ma ka umauma wau, mahope kela pake holo mai hemo kela puka wau holo mawaho.",,later INDF Chinese run DIR DET Makawela hold 1SG hit 1SG LOC DEF chest 1SG.POSS later DET Chinese run DIR open DET door 1SG run outside,,Own data 1897,,12073, +71-169,71,Keia ka pake panipani ia'u.,Keia\tka\tpake\tpanipani\tia'u.,this\tDEF\tChinese\thave.sex\tOBJ.1SG,This is the Chinese who raped me.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Keia ka pake panipani ia'u.",,this DEF Chinese have.sex OBJ.1SG,,own data 1895,,12074, +72-144,72,dat karu wen i bin jayijayi jamut spiyayawung,dat\tkaru\twen\ti\tbin\tjayijayi\tjamut\tspiya-yawung,the\tkid\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tchase\tturkey\tspear-COM,the kid who chased the turkey with a spear,,,583,315cdcbfa1d9e951ba0ea6e838db34ab,elicited from speaker,"dat karu wen i bin jayijayi jamut spiyayawung",dat karu wen i bin jayijayi jamut spiya-yawung,the kid REL 3SG.SBJ PST chase turkey spear-COM,,,,12075, +74-138,74,man yaka mitlayt yakwa yaka makuk lam,man\tyaka\tmitlayt\tyakwa\tyaka\tmakuk\tlam,man\t3SG\tlive\there\t3SG\ttrade\trum,The man living here sells rum.,,,,,constructed by linguist,man yaka mitlayt yakwa yaka makuk lam,,man 3SG live here 3SG trade rum,,Own knowledge,,12076, +75-228,75,"Namoya, niya mun peer kaapeekiyokeet.","Namoya, niya mun peer kaa-pee-kiyokee-t.",no (C) 1SG (C) 1SG.POSS (F) father (F) COMP-come-visit.TA-3 (C),"No, MY father came to visit. OR: It was my father who came for a visit.",,F = from French; C = from Cree,94,,constructed by linguist,"Namoya, niya mun peer kaapeekiyokeet.","Namoya, niya mun peer kaa-pee-kiyokee-t.",no (C) 1SG (C) 1SG.POSS (F) father (F) COMP-come-visit.TA-3 (C),F = from French; C = from Cree,,,12077, +75-229,75,Gishkeeyimaaw enn fiiy ki li paraliizii.,Gishkee-yim-aaw\tenn\tfiiy\tki\tli\tparaliizii.,1SG.know-ANIM-3.OBJ\tINDF.ART.F.SG\tgirl\tREL\t3.BE\tparalyzed,I know a girl who has infantile paralysis. OR: I know a girl who is paralyzed.,,"In constructions with a copula in the relative clause (as here li, with a superficial trace of the French pronoun il, from il est), the copula may superficially look like a resumptive pronoun, but these are better interpreted as strictly verbal. In the plural, for instance, the copula would be ki soon containing no trace of a French pronominal element.",789[145],,naturalistic written,"Gishkeeyimaaw enn fiiy ki li paraliizii.",Gishkee-yim-aaw enn fiiy ki li paraliizii.,1SG.know-ANIM-3.OBJ INDF.ART.F.SG girl REL 3.BE paralyzed,"In constructions with a copula in the relative clause (as here li, with a superficial trace of the French pronoun il, from il est), the copula may superficially look like a resumptive pronoun, but these are better interpreted as strictly verbal. In the plural, for instance, the copula would be ki soon containing no trace of a French pronominal element.",,,12078, +75-230,75,Diluu ki li buun aayimen chiayaahk.,Diluu\tki\tli\tbuun\taayime-n\tchi-ayaa-hk.,water\tthat\tis\tgood\tdifficult-3\tCOMP.FUT-have-INDF.ACTOR,Fresh water is hard to get.,,,789[104],,naturalistic written,Diluu ki li buun aayimen chiayaahk.,Diluu ki li buun aayime-n chi-ayaa-hk.,water that is good difficult-3 COMP.FUT-have-INDF.ACTOR,,,,12079, +75-231,75,Li taan ki vyaen kiyaapit kaishpayin.,Li\ttaan\tki\tvyaen\tkiyaapit\tka-ishpayi-n.,ART.M.SG\ttime\tthat\tcome\tstill\tFUT-happen-3,The future is yet to be. OR: The time that comes will still happen.,,,789[106],,naturalistic written,"Li taan ki vyaen kiyaapit kaishpayin.",Li taan ki vyaen kiyaapit ka-ishpayi-n.,ART.M.SG time that come still FUT-happen-3,,,,12080, +75-232,75,"La faam awa kaaohpikihaat Cinderella, kiiwiihkomikaashow.",La\tfaam\tawa\tkaa-ohpiki-h-aat\tCinderella\tkii-wiihkom-ikaasho-w.,ART.F.SG\twoman\tthis\tREL-grow-CAUS-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tCinderella\tPST-invite-PASS.ANIM-3,The woman who raised Cinderella was invited for the feast.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"La faam awa kaaohpikihaat Cinderella, kiiwiihkomikaashow.",La faam awa kaa-ohpiki-h-aat Cinderella kii-wiihkom-ikaasho-w.,ART.F.SG woman this REL-grow-CAUS-3.SBJ.3.OBJ Cinderella PST-invite-PASS.ANIM-3,,,,12081, +1-229,1,Mino kan blibi alle da takki den negere ben doe na mi.,Mi=no\tkan\tbribi\tala\tda\ttaki\tden\tnengre\tben\tdu\tna\tmi.,1SG=NEG\tcan\tbelieve\tall\tDET.SG\tstory\tDET.PL\tnegro\tPST\tdo\tto\t1SG,I can’t believe all the stories (which) the slaves have been telling me.,,This example shows a zero-marked object relative clause.,1527[94],,written,Mino kan blibi alle da takki den negere ben doe na mi.,Mi=no kan bribi ala da taki den nengre ben du na mi.,1SG=NEG can believe all DET.SG story DET.PL negro PST do to 1SG,This example shows a zero-marked object relative clause.,,,12082,Dutch: Ik kan dat allemaal niet gelooven dat de Neegers myn verteld hebben. [op.cit.] +1-230,1,Da jam jam mastra zendi lange boote na tra moen mi blibi pikien morre a kaba.,Da\tn'nyan\tmasra\tseni\tnanga\tboto\tna\ttra\tmun\tmi\tbribi\tpikin\tmoro\ta\tkaba.,DET.SG\tfood\tmaster\tsend\twith\tboat\tat\tother\tmonth\t1SG\tbelieve\tlittle\tmore\t3SG.SBJ\tfinish,"The food (which) master sent by boat the other month, I believe it is almost finished.",,This example shows a zero-marked object relative clause.,1527[85],,written,Da jam jam mastra zendi lange boote na tra moen mi blibi pikien morre a kaba.,Da n'nyan masra seni nanga boto na tra mun mi bribi pikin moro a kaba.,DET.SG food master send with boat at other month 1SG believe little more 3SG.SBJ finish,This example shows a zero-marked object relative clause.,,,12083,Dutch: Het Eeten dat myn Heer in de voorleeden Maand gezonden heeft is haast al op. [op.cit.] +1-231,1,Oe plee da klosie diesie joe go tekie?,O=pe\tda\tkrosi\tdisi\tyu\tgo\tteki?,Q=place\tDET.SG\tcloth\tREL\t2SG\tgo\ttake,Where is the cloth that you were going to get?,,This example shows an object relative clause marked by disi.,1576[109],,written,"Oe plee da klosie diesie joe go tekie?",O=pe da krosi disi yu go teki?,Q=place DET.SG cloth REL 2SG go take,"This example shows an object relative clause marked by disi.",,,12084,Dutch: Waar is 't goed dat gy hebt gaan haalen. [op.cit.] +2-241,2,Dus dan a man kon ferstan taki na frow san a wasi.,Dus dan a man kon ferstan taki na frow san a wasi.,thus then the man come understand COMP be the woman that he wash,So then the man understood that it was the woman whom he had washed.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dus dan a man kon ferstan taki na frow san a wasi.",,thus then the man come understand COMP be the woman that he wash,,"Winford data, Tape 8-a",,12085, +2-242,2,Mi e wani go libi nanga a man di mi o sori yu.,Mi\te\twani\tgo\tlibi\tnanga\ta\tman\tdi\tmi\to\tsori\tyu.,1SG\tIPFV\twant\tgo\tlive\twith\tDET\tman\tREL\t1SG\tFUT\tshow\t2SG,I want to go and live with the person that I’ll show you.,,,1609[41],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi e wani go libi nanga a man di mi o sori yu.",,1SG IPFV want go live with DET man REL 1SG FUT show 2SG,,,,12086, +2-243,2,Wan bigi man ben dape di den e kari papa Mani.,Wan\tbigi\tman\tben\tdape\tdi\tden\te\tkari\tpapa\tMani.,a\tbig\tman\tPST\tthere\tREL\tthey\tIPFV\tcall\tfather\tMani,An elderly man worked there whom they called papa Mani.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Wan bigi man ben dape di den e kari papa Mani.",,a big man PST there REL they IPFV call father Mani,,"Winford data, Tape 13-a",,12087, +2-244,2,Yu abi furu Sumter di mi no sabi.,Yu\tabi\tfuru\tSumter\tdi\tmi\tno\tsabi.,2SG\thave\tmany\tSumter\tthat\t1SG\tNEG\tknow,There are many people by the name of Sumter that I don’t know.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Yu abi furu Sumter di mi no sabi.",,2SG have many Sumter that 1SG NEG know,,"Winford data, Tape 13-a",,12088, +2-245,2,Mi srefi dya abi famiri mi no sabi.,Mi\tsrefi\tdya\tabi\tfamiri\tmi\tno\tsabi.,1SG\tself\there\thave\trelative\t1SG\tNEG\tknow,I myself have relatives that I don’t know.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mi srefi dya abi famiri mi no sabi.,,1SG self here have relative 1SG NEG know,,"Winford data, Tape 13-a",,12089, +2-246,2,Yu sabi wan boi ben de na skowtu den e kari en Oscar?,Yu\tsabi\twan\tboi\tben\tde\tna\tskowtu\tden\te\tkari\ten\tOscar?,2SG\tknow\ta\tboy\tANT\tCOP\tLOC\tpolice\tthey\tCONT\tcall\t3SG\tOscar,Do you know a guy named Oscar who was a police officer?,,,,,elicited from speaker,Yu sabi wan boi ben de na skowtu den e kari en Oscar?,,2SG know a boy ANT COP LOC police they CONT call 3SG Oscar,,"Winford data, Tape 13-a",,12090, +3-123,3,di muje di mi lobi,di\tmuje\tdi\tmi\tlobi,DEF.SG\twoman\tREL\t1SG\tlove,the woman whom I love,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"di muje di mi lobi",,DEF.SG woman REL 1SG love,,Fieldwork data,,12091, +3-124,3,Di mujɛɛ mi lobi hanse.,Di\tmujɛɛ\tmi\tlobi\thanse.,DEF.SG\twoman\t1SG\tlove\tpretty,The woman I love is pretty.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di mujɛɛ mi lobi hanse.,,DEF.SG woman 1SG love pretty,,Fieldwork data,,12092, +4-160,4,Yu sabi wan kiiki de na Kotika Liba di den saafu sama be diki en.,Yu\tsabi\twan\tkiiki\tde\tna\tKotika\tLiba\tdi\tden\tsaafu\tsama\tbe\tdiki\ten.,You.SG\tknow\ta\tcreek\tthere\tLOC\tCottica\tRiver\tREL\tDET.PL\tslave\tperson\tPST\tdig\tit,You know a creek there by the Cottica River that the slaves had dug.,,,661[99],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu sabi wan kiiki de na Kotika Liba di den saafu sama be diki en.",,You.SG know a creek there LOC Cottica River REL DET.PL slave person PST dig it,,,,12093, +4-161,4,A keti di a hali koti be moy.,A\tketi\tdi\ta\thali\t__\tkoti\tbe\tmoy.,DET.SG\tchain\tREL\the\tpull\t__\tcut\tPST\tnice,The chain that he broke by ripping was nice.,,,568[157],,naturalistic spoken,"A keti di a hali koti be moy.","A keti di a hali __ koti be moy.",DET.SG chain REL he pull __ cut PST nice,,,,12094, +5-160,5,"di gyal piknii wa yu si oova de, a mi daata","di\tgyal\tpiknii\twa\tyu\tsi\toova\tde,\ta\tmi\tdaata",the\tgirl\tchild\tREL\t2SG\tsee\tover\tthere\tEQ.COP\t1SG.POSS\tdaughter,The girl (whom) you see over there is my daughter.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"di gyal piknii wa yu si oova de, a mi daata",,the girl child REL 2SG see over there EQ.COP 1SG.POSS daughter,,Own knowledge,,12095, +5-161,5,"di gyal piknii yu si oova de, a mi daata","di\tgyal\tpiknii\tØ\tyu\tsi\toova\tde,\ta\tmi\tdaata",the\tgirl\tchild\tØ\t2SG\tsee\tover\tthere\tEQ.COP\t1SG.POSS\tdaughter,"The girl (whom) you saw over there, is my daughter.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"di gyal piknii yu si oova de, a mi daata","di gyal piknii Ø yu si oova de, a mi daata",the girl child Ø 2SG see over there EQ.COP 1SG.POSS daughter,,Own knowledge,,12096, +6-97,6,de man I see in de yard,de\tman\tI\tsee\tin\tde\tyard,DET\tman\t1SG\tsee\tPREP\tDET\tgarden,the man I saw in the garden,,,1431[60],,constructed by linguist,de man I see in de yard,,DET man 1SG see PREP DET garden,,,,12097, +6-98,6,De man weh I see in de yard.,De\tman\tweh\tI\tsee\tin\tde\tyard.,DET\tman\tREL\t1SG\tsee\tPREP\tDET\tgarden,The man whom I saw in the garden.,,,1431[59],,constructed by linguist,"De man weh I see in de yard.",,DET man REL 1SG see PREP DET garden,,,,12098, +7-222,7,Di chruhklood a graas we hi chro pan di pleiyin fiil draiyin uhp.,Di\tchruhk-lood\ta\tgraas\twe\thi\tchro\t∅\tpan\tdi\tpleiy-in\tfiil\tdraiy-in\tuhp.,ART\ttruck-load\tof\tgrass\tREL\t3SG\tthrow\t∅\ton\tART\tplay-ing\tfield\tdry-ing\tup,The truckful of grass that he threw on the playing field is drying up.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di chruhklood a graas we hi chro pan di pleiyin fiil draiyin uhp.",Di chruhk-lood a graas we hi chro ∅ pan di pleiy-in fiil draiy-in uhp.,ART truck-load of grass REL 3SG throw ∅ on ART play-ing field dry-ing up,,Own knowledge,,12099, +7-223,7,I gyel hu taalboi laik ha tu pikni.,I\tgyel\thu\ttaalboi\tlaik\tha\ttu\tpikni.,ART\tgirl\tREL\tTallboy\tlike\thave\ttwo\tchild,The girl whom Tallboy likes has two children.,,,1244[199],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I gyel hu taalboi laik ha tu pikni.",,ART girl REL Tallboy like have two child,,,,12100, +7-224,7,Di chruhklood a graas we hi chro ∅ pan di pleiyin fiil it draiyin uhp.,Di\tchruhk-lood\ta\tgraas\twe\thi\tchro\t∅\tpan\tdi\tpleiy-in\tfiil\tit\tdraiy-in\tuhp.,ART\ttruck-load\tof\tgrass\tREL\t3SG\tthrow\t∅\ton\tART\tplay-ing\tfield\t3N\tdry-ing\tup,The truckful of grass that he threw on the playing field is drying up.,,The object of the relativized clause is repeated as subject of the main clause.,1244[218/9],,naturalistic spoken,Di chruhklood a graas we hi chro ∅ pan di pleiyin fiil it draiyin uhp.,Di chruhk-lood a graas we hi chro ∅ pan di pleiy-in fiil it draiy-in uhp.,ART truck-load of grass REL 3SG throw ∅ on ART play-ing field 3N dry-ing up,The object of the relativized clause is repeated as subject of the main clause.,,,12101, +7-225,7,I gyel taalboi laik ha tu pikni.,I\tgyel\t∅\ttaalboi\tlaik\tha\ttu\tpikni.,ART\tgirl\t∅\ttallboy\tlike\thave\ttwo\tchild,The girl whom Tallboy likes has two children.,,,1244[226],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I gyel taalboi laik ha tu pikni.,I gyel ∅ taalboi laik ha tu pikni.,ART girl ∅ tallboy like have two child,,,,12102, +8-142,8,Di gyal huu mi bok-op yeside laik mi.,Di\tgyal\thuu\tmi\tbok-op\tyeside\tlaik\tmi.,DET\tgirl\twho\t1SG\tbutt-up\tyesterday\tlike\t1SG,The girl who I met yesterday likes me.,,Bok-op in the example refers to the English verb to butt 'to meet end to end'.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di gyal huu mi bok-op yeside laik mi.",,DET girl who 1SG butt-up yesterday like 1SG,"Bok-op in the example refers to the English verb to butt 'to meet end to end'.",Own knowledge,,12103, +9-173,9,Dis da wan nɛks wan we a rimemba.,Dis\tda\twan\tnɛks\twan\t[we\ta\trimemba\t_].,this\tTOP\ta\tnext\tone\t[REL\t1SG\tremember\t_],Here is another one that I remember.,,,439[240],,naturalistic spoken,"Dis da wan nɛks wan we a rimemba.","Dis da wan nɛks wan [we a rimemba _].",this TOP a next one [REL 1SG remember _],,,,12104, +9-174,9,di stiŋgrey i briŋ owt,di\tstiŋgrey\t[Ø\ti\tbriŋ\towt\t_],the\tstingray\t[Ø\t3SG\tbring\tout\t_],the stingray that he brought out,,,439[49],,naturalistic spoken,di stiŋgrey i briŋ owt,di stiŋgrey [Ø i briŋ owt _],the stingray [Ø 3SG bring out _],,,,12105, +10-215,10,Ihn di bes sekretary we yu waahn fain.,Ihn\tdi\tbes\tsekretary\twe\tyu\twaahn\tfain.,3SG\tART.DEF\tbest\tsecretary\tREL\t2SG\tFUT\tfind,She is the best secretary you can find.,,,113[127],,naturalistic spoken,"Ihn di bes sekretary we yu waahn fain.",,3SG ART.DEF best secretary REL 2SG FUT find,,,,12106, +10-216,10,Dat da di gyal we mi nuo.,Dat\tda\tdi\tgyal\twe\tmi\tnuo.,DEM\tFOC\tART.DEF\tgirl\tREL\t1SG\tknow,That is the girl whom I know.,,,113[55],,elicited from speaker,"Dat da di gyal we mi nuo.",,DEM FOC ART.DEF girl REL 1SG know,,,,12107, +11-290,11,Wi kaal di langwij dat wi spiik Kriol.,Wi\tkaal\tdi\tlangwij\tdat\twi\tspiik\tKriol.,1PL\tcall\tART.DEF\tlanguage\tREL\t1PL\tspeak\tKriol,We call the language that we speak “Kriol”.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wi kaal di langwij dat wi spiik Kriol.",,1PL call ART.DEF language REL 1PL speak Kriol,,,,12108, +11-291,11,di bwai we yu sii yaanda,di\tbwai\twe\tyu\tsii\tyaanda,ART.DEF\tboy\tREL\t2SG\tsee\tyonder,the boy who you see over there,,,,,elicited from speaker,"di bwai we yu sii yaanda",,ART.DEF boy REL 2SG see yonder,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,12109, +12-229,12,De boy met whole lot o’ people vwat de worrum did swallow.,De\tboy\tmet\twhole\tlot\to’\tpeople\tvwat\tde\tworrum\tdid\tswallow.,ART\tboy\tmeet.PFV\twhole\tlot\tof\tpeople\tREL[OBJ]\tART\tworm\tPST\tswallow,The boy met many people whom the worm had swallowed.,,The example is quoted by Holm & Shilling (1982: 218) from a late nineteenth-century collection of Bahamian folktales and songs but still reflects current norms with regard to relativization.,634[218],,naturalistic written,"De boy met whole lot o’ people vwat de worrum did swallow.",,ART boy meet.PFV whole lot of people REL[OBJ] ART worm PST swallow,The example is quoted by Holm & Shilling (1982: 218) from a late nineteenth-century collection of Bahamian folktales and songs but still reflects current norms with regard to relativization.,,,12110, +12-230,12,"You know what is a cord - the veil a- around your face. Now the children what born with the skin over their face, it's a veil, right? It's a piece of flesh they have over their face!",It's\ta\tpiece\tof\tflesh\tthey\thave\tover\ttheir\tface!,3SG.N.SBJ.COP\tART\tpiece\tof\tflesh[REL.OBJ]\t3PL.SBJ\thave[HAB]\tover\t3PL.POSS\tface,It’s a piece of flesh that they have over their face!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"You know what is a cord - the veil a- around your face. Now the children what born with the skin over their face, it's a veil, right? It's a piece of flesh they have over their face!",It's a piece of flesh they have over their face!,3SG.N.SBJ.COP ART piece of flesh[REL.OBJ] 3PL.SBJ have[HAB] over 3PL.POSS face,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12111, +13-166,13,The cabbage what they plant - they go cut that next month.,The cabbage [what they plant _] - they go cut that next month,the cabbage [REL.PCL.OBJ they plant _]   they go cut that next month,The cabbage that they planted - they are going to cut that next month.,,,330[153],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,"The cabbage what they plant - they go cut that next month.",The cabbage [what they plant _] - they go cut that next month,the cabbage [REL.PCL.OBJ they plant _] they go cut that next month,,,,12112, +13-167,13,The woman love the girl she boy marry.,The\twoman\tlove\tthe\tgirl\t[Ø\tshe\tboy\tmarry\t_].,the\twoman\tlove\tthe\tgirl\t[Ø\tshe\tboy\tmarry\t_],The woman loves the girl her boy married.,,,330[120],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,The woman love the girl she boy marry.,The woman love the girl [Ø she boy marry _].,the woman love the girl [Ø she boy marry _],,,,12113, +14-127,14,The girl that I saw left the room.,The\tgirl\tthat\tI\tsaw\tleft\tthe\troom.,the\tgirl\tthat\tI\tsaw\tleft\tthe\troom,The girl that I saw left the room.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,The girl that I saw left the room.,,the girl that I saw left the room,,Own knowledge,,12114, +14-128,14,The girl I saw left the room.,The\tgirl\tI\tsaw\tleft\tthe\troom.,the\tgirl\tI\tsaw\tleft\tthe\troom,The girl I saw left the room.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,The girl I saw left the room.,,the girl I saw left the room,,Own knowledge,,12115, +15-125,15,di man we wi si yɛstade na mi padi,di\tman\twe\twi\tsi\tyɛstade\tna\tmi\tpadi,ART\tman\tREL\t1PL\tsee\tyesterday\tCOP\tPOSS\tfriend,The man that/whom we saw yesterday is my friend.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"di man we wi si yɛstade na mi padi",,ART man REL 1PL see yesterday COP POSS friend,,Own knowledge,,12116, +16-134,16,dis jam we wì dè ʧɔp ʧɔp,dis\tjam\t[we\twì\tdè\tʧɔp~ʧɔp\tØ],DEM\tyam\t[REL\t1PL\tHAB\teat~eat\tØ],these yams that we eat,,This example shows a particle + gap.,656[185],,naturalistic spoken,dis jam we wì dè ʧɔp ʧɔp,dis jam [we wì dè ʧɔp~ʧɔp Ø],DEM yam [REL 1PL HAB eat~eat Ø],This example shows a particle + gap.,,,12117, +16-135,16,dɛ pipu we ì invait dɛm,dɛ\tpipu\t[we\tì\tinvait\tdɛm],ART\tpeople\t[REL\t3SG\tinvite\t3PL.OBJ],the people that he invited,,This example shows a particle + resumptive pronoun.,656[191],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ pipu we ì invait dɛm,dɛ pipu [we ì invait dɛm],ART people [REL 3SG invite 3PL.OBJ],This example shows a particle + resumptive pronoun.,,,12118, +16-136,16,auà ʧikĩ no bì laik dɛ wã wait mã dè du,auà\tʧikĩ\tno\tbì\tlaik\tdɛ\twã\t[Ø\twait\tmã\tdè\tdu\tØ],1SG.POSS\tchicken\tNEG\tCOP\tlike\tART\tone\t[Ø\twhite\tman\tHAB\tdo\tØ],Our chickens are not like the ones white people raise.,,This example shows zero + gap.,656[182],,naturalistic spoken,"auà ʧikĩ no bì laik dɛ wã wait mã dè du",auà ʧikĩ no bì laik dɛ wã [Ø wait mã dè du Ø],1SG.POSS chicken NEG COP like ART one [Ø white man HAB do Ø],This example shows zero + gap.,,,12119, +16-137,16,dɛ mã à dè draiv àm nau,dɛ\tmã\t[Ø\tà\tdè\tdraiv\tàm\tnau],ART\tman\t[Ø\t1SG\tHAB\tdrive\t3SG.OBJ\tnow],the man that I am driving now,,This example shows zero + resumptive pronoun.,656[185],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ mã à dè draiv àm nau,dɛ mã [Ø à dè draiv àm nau],ART man [Ø 1SG HAB drive 3SG.OBJ now],This example shows zero + resumptive pronoun.,,,12120, +17-159,17,Dì buk we̱ yù si-am fò̱r dyar do̱n old.,Dì\tbuk\twe̱\tyù\tsi-am\tfò̱r\tdyar\tdo̱n\told.,ART.DEF\tbook\tREL\t2SG.SBJ\tsee-3SG.OBJ\tLOC\tthere\tCOMPL\tbe.old,The book that you see over there is old.,,,462[35-46],,naturalistic spoken,Dì buk we̱ yù si-am fò̱r dyar do̱n old.,,ART.DEF book REL 2SG.SBJ see-3SG.OBJ LOC there COMPL be.old,,,,12121, +17-160,17,Dì buk we̱ yù si fò̱r dyar do̱n old.,Dì\tbuk\twe̱\tyù\tsi\tfò̱r\tdyar\tdo̱n\told.,ART.DEF\tbook\tREL\t2SG.SBJ\tsee\tLOC\tthere\tCOMPL\tbe.old,The book that you see over there is old.,,,462[35-46],,naturalistic spoken,Dì buk we̱ yù si fò̱r dyar do̱n old.,,ART.DEF book REL 2SG.SBJ see LOC there COMPL be.old,,,,12122, +17-161,17,Dì buk (we̱) à rid(-am) de dyar.,Dì\tbuk\t(we̱)\tà\trid(-am)\tde\tdyar.,ART.DEF\tbook\t(REL)\t1SG.SBJ\tread(-3SG.OBJ)\tCOP\tthere,The book that I read is there.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Dì buk (we̱) à rid(-am) de dyar.,,ART.DEF book (REL) 1SG.SBJ read(-3SG.OBJ) COP there,,Own knowledge,,12123, +18-143,18,di buk wei a bin bai,di\tbuk\twe\ta\tbin\tbai,DEF.ART\tbook\tREL\t1SG.SBJ\tPST\tbuy,the book which i bought/had bought,,,1488[26],,published source,"di buk wei a bin bai",di buk we a bin bai,DEF.ART book REL 1SG.SBJ PST buy,,,,12124, +18-144,18,di wuman wei wi bin lukam,di\twuman\twe\twi\tbin\tluk-am,DEF.ART\twoman\tREL\t1PL.SBJ\tPST\tlook-3SG.OBL,the woman whom we saw,,,1488[26],,published source,"di wuman wei wi bin lukam",di wuman we wi bin luk-am,DEF.ART woman REL 1PL.SBJ PST look-3SG.OBL,,,,12125, +18-145,18,Yu bin 'no 'dat 'gal dem bin 'kol 'se 'Pauline'?,Yu\tbin\tno\tdat\tgal\tdem\tbin\tkol\tPauline?,2SG.SBJ\tPST\tknow\tDEM\tgirl\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tcall\tPauline,Did you know the girl they (had) called Pauline?,,,352[149],,published source,Yu bin 'no 'dat 'gal dem bin 'kol 'se 'Pauline'?,Yu bin no dat gal dem bin kol Pauline?,2SG.SBJ PST know DEM girl 3PL.SBJ PST call Pauline,,,,12126, +19-182,19,Naw à dɔn si dì tin we yù nid.,Naw\tà\tdɔn\tsi\tdì\ttin\t[we\tyù\tnid].,now\t1SG.SBJ\tPRF\tsee\tDEF\tthing\t[SUBORD\t2SG\tneed],Now I have seen what you need.,,,1634[383],,naturalistic spoken,"Naw à dɔn si dì tin we yù nid.","Naw à dɔn si dì tin [we yù nid].",now 1SG.SBJ PRF see DEF thing [SUBORD 2SG need],,,,12127, +19-183,19,[...] mì màmá gò gɛt sɔ̀n fàya-wud we dɛ̀n brokàn nà fam [...].,[...]\tmì\tmàmá\tgò\tgɛt\tsɔ̀n\tfàya-wud\t[we\tdɛ̀n\tbrok=àn\tnà\tfam]\t[...].,[...]\t1SG.POSS\tmother\tPOT\tget\tsome\tfire.CPD-wood\t[SUBORD\t3PL\tbreak=3SG.OBJ\tLOC\tfarm]\t[...],[...] my mother would get some fire-wood that had been broken up at the farm [...].,,CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.,1634[229],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] mì màmá gò gɛt sɔ̀n fàya-wud we dɛ̀n brokàn nà fam [...].","[...] mì màmá gò gɛt sɔ̀n fàya-wud [we dɛ̀n brok=àn nà fam] [...].",[...] 1SG.POSS mother POT get some fire.CPD-wood [SUBORD 3PL break=3SG.OBJ LOC farm] [...],CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.,,,12128, +19-184,19,[...] mek è du yu dì du è want.,[...]\tmek\tè\tdu\tyu\tdì\tdu\t[è\twant].,[...]\tSBJV\t3SG.SBJ\tdo\t2SG\tDEF\tdo\t[3SG.SBJ\twant],[...] let him do to you what he wants (lit: let him do you the doing he wants).,,,1634[487],,naturalistic spoken,[...] mek è du yu dì du è want.,[...] mek è du yu dì du [è want].,[...] SBJV 3SG.SBJ do 2SG DEF do [3SG.SBJ want],,,,12129, +21-129,21,That's the guy I was telling you about.,That's\tthe\tguy\tI\twas\ttell-ing\tyou\tabout.,DEM.be.3SG\tDET\tguy\t1SG\tbe.SG.PST\ttell-DUR\t2SG\tabout,That's the guy whom I was telling you about.,,,529[79],,naturalistic spoken,That's the guy I was telling you about.,That's the guy I was tell-ing you about.,DEM.be.3SG DET guy 1SG be.SG.PST tell-DUR 2SG about,,,,12130, +21-130,21,the girl that the boy pinched,the\tgirl\tthat\tthe\tboy\tpinch-ed,DET\tgirl\tCOMP\tDET\tboy\tpinch-PST,the girl that the boy pinched,,,,,constructed by linguist,"the girl that the boy pinched",the girl that the boy pinch-ed,DET girl COMP DET boy pinch-PST,,Own knowledge,,12131, +22-161,22,Em dispela man yutupela mumuim em.,Em\tdispela\tman\tyutupela\tmumu-im\tem.,3SG\tthis\tman\t2DU\tearth.oven-TR\t3SG,This is the man whom you cooked.,,,"584[12 year old boy, New Ireland]",,naturalistic spoken,Em dispela man yutupela mumuim em.,Em dispela man yutupela mumu-im em.,3SG this man 2DU earth.oven-TR 3SG,,,,12132, +22-163,22,Mi go lukim wonem piksa we ol ba lukim.,Mi\tgo\tluk-im\twonem\tpiksa\twe\tol\tba\tluk-im.,1SG\tgo\tsee-TR\twhat\tfilm\tREL\t3PL\tFUT\tsee-TR,I went to see what film (it was) that they would watch.,,,"584[14 old boy, Eastern Highlands]",,naturalistic spoken,"Mi go lukim wonem piksa we ol ba lukim.",Mi go luk-im wonem piksa we ol ba luk-im.,1SG go see-TR what film REL 3PL FUT see-TR,,,,12133, +23-146,23,oli sanem toktok we mi no wantem,oli\tsanem\ttok~tok\twe\tmi\tno\twantem,AGR\tsend\ttalk~talk\tCOMP\t1SG\tNEG\twant,They sent word that I was unhappy about. (lit: They sent word that I did not want [to hear].),,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"oli sanem toktok we mi no wantem",oli sanem tok~tok we mi no wantem,AGR send talk~talk COMP 1SG NEG want,,,,12134, +23-147,23,i gat ol pleple we ol waetman oli lanem,i\tgat\tol\tpleple\twe\tol\twaetman\toli\tlanem,AGR\thave\tPL\tgame\tCOMP\tPL\twhite.man\tAGR\tlearn,There are games that white people taught [us].,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,i gat ol pleple we ol waetman oli lanem,,AGR have PL game COMP PL white.man AGR learn,,,,12135, +23-148,23,Hemia nao wan eksampol long ol komplen we ambudjman i no save lukluk long hem.,hemia\tnao\twan\teksampol\tlong\tol\tkomplen\twe\tambudjman\ti\tno\tsave\tluk~luk\tlong\them,3SG.DEF\tnow\tone\texample\tof\tPL\tcomplaint\tCOMP\tombudsman\tAGR\tNEG\tcan\tlook~look\tat\t3SG,This is one example of the [kind of] complaints that the Ombudsman can't investigate.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Hemia nao wan eksampol long ol komplen we ambudjman i no save lukluk long hem.",hemia nao wan eksampol long ol komplen we ambudjman i no save luk~luk long hem,3SG.DEF now one example of PL complaint COMP ombudsman AGR NEG can look~look at 3SG,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 20 June 1998",,12136, +25-316,25,"Yunmi bin putim rais, we imin sidim?","Yunmi\tbin\tput-im\trais,\twe\tim=in\tsid-im?",1DU.INCL\tPST\tput-TR\trice\tSUBORD\t3SG=PST\tseed/sow-TR,Did you and I two put (= record the story about) the rice that they sowed?,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the generalized subordinate/relative clause with an object relative clause interpretation.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Yunmi bin putim rais, we imin sidim?","Yunmi bin put-im rais, we im=in sid-im?",1DU.INCL PST put-TR rice SUBORD 3SG=PST seed/sow-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the generalized subordinate/relative clause with an object relative clause interpretation.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,12137, +26-141,26,ai neva si da buk ∅ Lisa wen bai _,ai\tneva\tsi\tda\tbuk\t∅\tLisa\twen\tbai\t_,I\tNEG.PST\tsee\tDEF\tbook\tREL\tLisa\tPST\tbuy\t_,I didn’t see the book Lisa bought.,,,1314[103],,unspecified,ai neva si da buk ∅ Lisa wen bai _,,I NEG.PST see DEF book REL Lisa PST buy _,,,,12138, +27-117,27,Di man wa ju kā bring.,Di\tman\twa\tju\tkā\tbring.,DET\tman\tREL\t2SG\tCOMPL\tbring,The man that you have brought with you.,,,355[20],,elicited from speaker,"Di man wa ju kā bring.",,DET man REL 2SG COMPL bring,,,,12139, +28-150,28,di besti bita dat o kan draki o krikitɛ nau,di\tbeʃti\tbita\tdati\to\tkan\tdraki\to\tkriki-tɛ\tnau,the\tbest\tclothes\tthat\t3SG\tcan\twear\t3SG\tget-PFV\tnow,The very best clothes that he could wear he got.,,,737[371],,naturalistic spoken,di besti bita dat o kan draki o krikitɛ nau,di beʃti bita dati o kan draki o kriki-tɛ nau,the best clothes that 3SG can wear 3SG get-PFV now,,,,12140, +28-151,28,o drak difrɛn draki wat ju kan jefjo ka,o\tdraki\tdifrɛn\tdraki\twati\tju\tkan\tjefi\to\tka,3SG\tbear\tdifferent\tbear\tREL\t2SG\tcan\teat\t3SG\tNEG,It bears another fruit which you cannot eat.,,,737[375],,naturalistic spoken,"o drak difrɛn draki wat ju kan jefjo ka",o draki difrɛn draki wati ju kan jefi o ka,3SG bear different bear REL 2SG can eat 3SG NEG,,,,12141, +28-152,28,mu mɛr bof eni hab en plɛk en rup bunjabanab,mu\tmɛrɛ\tbofu\teni\thabu\ten\tplɛkɛ\teni\trupu\tbunjabanab,go\tmore\tup\t3PL\thave\tone\tplace\t3PL\tcall\tBunya.Benab,Further upriver they have a place (which) they call Bunja Benab. OR: Further upriver there is a place (which) is called Bunja Benab.,,,737[378],,naturalistic spoken,mu mɛr bof eni hab en plɛk en rup bunjabanab,mu mɛrɛ bofu eni habu en plɛkɛ eni rupu bunjabanab,go more up 3PL have one place 3PL call Bunya.Benab,,,,12142, +28-153,28,o wontɛ musu plɛkap wat o dektɛ fan di kɛnap,o\twon-tɛ\tmusu\tplɛkɛ-apu\twati\to\tdeki-tɛ\tfan\tdi\tkɛnɛ-apu,3SG\twin-PFV\tmany\tplace-PL\tREL\t3SG\ttake-PFV\tfrom\tDEF\tperson-PL,He conquered many places which he took from the people.,,,737[361],,naturalistic spoken,"o wontɛ musu plɛkap wat o dektɛ fan di kɛnap",o won-tɛ musu plɛkɛ-apu wati o deki-tɛ fan di kɛnɛ-apu,3SG win-PFV many place-PL REL 3SG take-PFV from DEF person-PL,,,,12143, +29-186,29,die man wat jy daar sien,die\tman\twat\tjy\t__\tdaar\tsien,DEF.ART\tman\tREL\t2SG.NOM\t__\tthere\tsee,the man that you see over there,,,,,naturalistic written,"die man wat jy daar sien",die man wat jy __ daar sien,DEF.ART man REL 2SG.NOM __ there see,,Own knowledge,,12144, +30-195,30,Rapás ki bu ta odja la [...].,Rapás\tki=bu=ta=odja\tla\t[...].,boy\tCOMP=2SG=IPFV=see\tthere\t[...],The boy that you see over there [...].,,,786,,constructed by linguist,Rapás ki bu ta odja la [...].,Rapás ki=bu=ta=odja la [...].,boy COMP=2SG=IPFV=see there [...],,,,12145, +30-196,30,Pastoris ta andába kalsádu ku ses albérka di koru ki es ta faseba es mé.,Pastor-is\tta=andá-ba\tkalsádu\tku=ses=albérka\tdi=koru\tki=es=ta=fase-ba\tes\tmé.,shepherd-PL\tIPFV=go-ANT\tequipped.with.shoe\twith=3PL.POSS=sandal\tof=leather\tCOMP=3PL=IPFV=make-ANT\t3PL.INDP\tself,"The shepherds used to wear their leather sandals, which they made themselves.",,,784[s.v. albérka],,naturalistic spoken,Pastoris ta andába kalsádu ku ses albérka di koru ki es ta faseba es mé.,Pastor-is ta=andá-ba kalsádu ku=ses=albérka di=koru ki=es=ta=fase-ba es mé.,shepherd-PL IPFV=go-ANT equipped.with.shoe with=3PL.POSS=sandal of=leather COMP=3PL=IPFV=make-ANT 3PL.INDP self,,,,12146,"German: Die Hirten pflegten ihre Sandalen aus Leder zu tragen, die sie selbst herstellten." +30-197,30,"Gomis labánta, e buska si jéru k'el ka átxa.","Gomis\tlabánta,\te=buska\tsi=jéru\tk=el=ka=átxa.",Gómis\tget.up\t3SG=search\t3SG.POSS=son.in.law\tCOMP=3SG=NEG=find,"Gómis got up and looked for his son-in-law, whom he couldn't find.",,,1407[48],,naturalistic spoken,"Gomis labánta, e buska si jéru k'el ka átxa.","Gomis labánta, e=buska si=jéru k=el=ka=átxa.",Gómis get.up 3SG=search 3SG.POSS=son.in.law COMP=3SG=NEG=find,,,,12147,"German: Gómis stand auf [und] suchte seinen Schwiegersohn, den er [aber] nicht fand." +30-198,30,Kárta ki N skebe-l el perde.,Kárta\tk=N=skebe=l\tel\tperde.,letter\t[COMP=1SG=write=3SG\t3SG.INDP]\tgo.astray,The letter that I wrote to him got lost.,,"El is the resumptive 3SG personal pronoun within the relative clause, refering back to kárta. -l is the 3SG indirect object pronoun.",784[s.v. ki],,naturalistic spoken,"Kárta ki N skebe-l el perde.",Kárta k=N=skebe=l el perde.,letter [COMP=1SG=write=3SG 3SG.INDP] go.astray,"El is the resumptive 3SG personal pronoun within the relative clause, refering back to kárta. -l is the 3SG indirect object pronoun.",,,12148,"German: Der Brief, den ich ihm geschrieben habe, ging verloren." +31-156,31,"Tanbe, es rakonhese tudu kel kuza ki-N faze.","Tanbe,\tes\trakonhese\ttudu\tkel\tkuza\tki-N\tfaze.",too\tthey\trecognize\tall\tthe\tthing\tCOMP-I\tdo,They recognized as well all the things that I did.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Tanbe, es rakonhese tudu kel kuza ki-N faze.",,too they recognize all the thing COMP-I do,,Maria de Fatima 2000,,12149, +32-154,32,kes dansa k no tá dansá,kes\tdansa\tk\tno\ttá\tdansá,DEM\tdance\tREL\t1PL\tPST.IPFV\tdance,those dances that we used to dance,,,,,constructed by linguist,"kes dansa k no tá dansá",,DEM dance REL 1PL PST.IPFV dance,,Own knowledge,,12150,Portuguese: aquelas danças que costumávamos dançar +32-155,32,Ma kel bilhet bosê tinha?,Ma\tkel\tbilhet\tbosê\ttinha\t_?,but\tDEM\tidentity.card\t2SG\thave.PST\t_,But (what about) that identity card you had?,,"Here, there is a zero relative marker and the head is marked by gap _.",,,constructed by linguist,Ma kel bilhet bosê tinha?,"Ma kel bilhet bosê tinha _?",but DEM identity.card 2SG have.PST _,"Here, there is a zero relative marker and the head is marked by gap _.",Own knowledge,,12151,Portuguese: Mas e aquele bilhete de indentidade que o senhor tinha? +33-183,33,Mininu ki bu na odja la i nha ermon.,Mininu\tki\tbu\tna\todja\tla\ti\tnha\termon.,boy\tREL\t2SG\tPROG\tsee\tthere\tCOP\tmy\tbrother,The boy you see there is my brother.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mininu ki bu na odja la i nha ermon.",,boy REL 2SG PROG see there COP my brother,,Own knowledge,,12152,Portuguese: O rapaz que vês ali é meu irmão. +33-184,33,Omi ku bu odja i kumpridu.,Omi\tku\tbu\todja\ti\tkumpridu.,man\tREL\t2SG\tsee\t3SG\ttall,The man whom you saw is tall.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Omi ku bu odja i kumpridu.",,man REL 2SG see 3SG tall,,Own knowledge,,12153,Portuguese: O homem que viste é alto. +34-146,34,Miñjer ku Pidru wojá bonitu.,Miñjer\tku\tPidru\tø\twojá\tø\tbonitu.,woman\tREL.OBJ\tPeter\tPFV\tsee\tPFV\tpretty,The woman whom Peter has seen is pretty.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Miñjer ku Pidru wojá bonitu.","Miñjer ku Pidru ø wojá ø bonitu.",woman REL.OBJ Peter PFV see PFV pretty,,Own knowledge,,12154, +35-207,35,"Losa se ku a patxi, ka sama Vivi.","Losa\tse\tku\ta\tpatxi,\tka\tsama\tVivi.",plantation\tDEM\tREL\tIMPRS\tsplit.up\tIPFV\tcall\tVivi,The plantation they split up is called Vivi.,,IMPRS = impersonal pronoun,,,naturalistic spoken,"Losa se ku a patxi, ka sama Vivi.",,plantation DEM REL IMPRS split.up IPFV call Vivi,IMPRS = impersonal pronoun,Own data,,12155, +36-125,36,ome si ma m bê,ome\tsi\tma\tm\tbê,man\tDET\tREL.N-SBJ\t1SG\tsee,the man I have seen,,,901[55],,elicited from speaker,"ome si ma m bê",,man DET REL.N-SBJ 1SG see,,,,12156,French: l'homme que j'ai vu +36-126,36,ome ma n letxa kai rê,ome\tma\tn\tletxa\tkai\trê,man\tREL.NSBJ\t1SG\tenter\thouse\this,the man whose house I entered,,"In this example, ma correlates with the possessor of the direct complement of the relative clause (kai 'house').",901[57],,elicited from speaker,"ome ma n letxa kai rê",,man REL.NSBJ 1SG enter house his,"In this example, ma correlates with the possessor of the direct complement of the relative clause (kai 'house').",,,12157, +37-161,37,ningê sê ki n vê ontxi,ningê\tsê\tki\tn\tvê\t__\tontxi,person\tDEM\tREL\t1SG\tsee\t__\tyesterday,the person I saw yesterday,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ningê sê ki n vê ontxi","ningê sê ki n vê __ ontxi",person DEM REL 1SG see __ yesterday,,Own knowledge,,12158, +38-173,38,Ngatusyi namsedyi bé iai sa xa na dyividyil.,Ngatu-syi\tnamsedyi\tbé\tiai\tsa\txa\tna\tdyividyil.,cat-DEM\t2PL\tsee\tthere\tCOP\tthing\tART\tneighbour,The cat you have seen belongs to the neighbours.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ngatusyi namsedyi bé iai sa xa na dyividyil.,Ngatu-syi namsedyi bé iai sa xa na dyividyil.,cat-DEM 2PL see there COP thing ART neighbour,,Own fieldwork 1990,,12159, +38-174,38,Ngatuse ku namse beyay xana dyividyil.,Ngatu-sai\tku\tnamisedyi\tbe-iai\txa-na\tdyividyil.,cat-DEM\tREL\t2PL\tsee-there\tEVID-ART\tneighbours,The cat you have seen belongs to the neighbours.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ngatuse ku namse beyay xana dyividyil.",Ngatu-sai ku namisedyi be-iai xa-na dyividyil.,cat-DEM REL 2PL see-there EVID-ART neighbours,,Own fieldwork 1990,,12160, +39-158,39,Ikəl ɔm ki use atəro a el.,Ikəl\tɔm\tki\tuse\tatər-o\ta\tel.,DEM\tman\tREL\t2s\tpush-PST\tACC\t3SG,That man whom you pushed.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",218,,elicited from speaker,"Ikəl ɔm ki use atəro a el.","Ikəl ɔm ki use atər-o a el.",DEM man REL 2s push-PST ACC 3SG,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",,,12161, +39-159,39,Frãgiŋ yo ki kõpro ɛ bõ.,Frãgiŋ\tyo\tki\tkõpr-o\tɛ\tbõ.,chick\t1SG\tREL\tbuy-PST\tCOP.NPST\tgood,The chicks that I bought are good.,,,221[244],,elicited from speaker,"Frãgiŋ yo ki kõpro ɛ bõ.","Frãgiŋ yo ki kõpr-o ɛ bõ.",chick 1SG REL buy-PST COP.NPST good,,,,12162, +39-160,39,Ikəl ɔm kwɔl yo ẽkətro.,Ikəl\tɔm\tkwɔl\tyo\tẽkətr-o.,DEM\tman\twhich\t1SG\tmeet-PST,The man that I met.,,,218,,elicited from speaker,"Ikəl ɔm kwɔl yo ẽkətro.","Ikəl ɔm kwɔl yo ẽkətr-o.",DEM man which 1SG meet-PST,,,,12163, +39-161,39,ikəl ɔm a kẽ use atəro,ikəl\tɔm\ta\tkẽ\tuse\tatər-o,DEM\tman\tACC\twho\t2SG\tpush-PST,the man whom you pushed,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",221[243],,elicited from speaker,"ikəl ɔm a kẽ use atəro","ikəl ɔm a kẽ use atər-o",DEM man ACC who 2SG push-PST,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called 'Dative-Accusative' markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called 'Dative subjects'. To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",,,12164, +42-166,42,akeli pau ki nus ta dali,akeli\tpau\tki\tnus\tta\tdali,that\tstick\tREL\t1PL\tPROG\thit,the stick we were hitting,,,122[110],,naturalistic spoken,"akeli pau ki nus ta dali",,that stick REL 1PL PROG hit,,,,12165, +42-167,42,"akeli omi keng bos já olá, eli yo sa pai","akeli\tomi\tkeng\tbos\tjá\tolá,\teli\tyo\tsa\tpai",that\tman\tREL\t2SG\tPFV\tsee\t3SG\t1SG\tGEN\tfather,The man you saw is my father.,,"As noted in Baxter (1988), while relative clauses with the relative keng are possible, they are rare.",,,elicited from speaker,"akeli omi keng bos já olá, eli yo sa pai",,that man REL 2SG PFV see 3SG 1SG GEN father,"As noted in Baxter (1988), while relative clauses with the relative keng are possible, they are rare.","Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,12166, +42-168,42,prau bo fai ńgua sumana ńgka balé,prau\tbo\tfai\tńgua\tsumana\tńgka\tbalé,boat\t2SG\tmake\tone\tweek\tNEG\tvalue,A boat that you make in a week is useless.,,,122[111],,naturalistic spoken,prau bo fai ńgua sumana ńgka balé,,boat 2SG make one week NEG value,,,,12167, +43-112,43,Pasandu su kaminyu inkonta fula di dudaim ki ile dja leva su djuntu.,Pasa-ndu\tsu\tkaminyu\tinkonta\tfula\tdi\tdudaim\tki\tile\tdja\tleva\tsu\tdjuntu.,pass-GER\tPOSS.3SG\troad\tfind\tflower\tof\tpandanus.palm\tREL\t3SG\tPFV\ttake\tPOSS.3SG\ttogether,"On his way, he encountered pandanus-palm flowers, which he took with him.",,,906[46],,pedagogical grammar,"Pasandu su kaminyu inkonta fula di dudaim ki ile dja leva su djuntu.",Pasa-ndu su kaminyu inkonta fula di dudaim ki ile dja leva su djuntu.,pass-GER POSS.3SG road find flower of pandanus.palm REL 3SG PFV take POSS.3SG together,,,,12168, +44-161,44,"Kel ómbri ya mirá bo na kályi, su nómbri Ówen.","Kel\tómbri\tya\tmirá\tbo\tna\tkályi,\tsu\tnómbri\tÓwen.",DEF\tman\tPFV\tsee\t2SG\tLOC\tstreet\t3SG.POSS\tname\tOwen,"The man you saw on the street, his name is Owen.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Kel ómbri ya mirá bo na kályi, su nómbri Ówen.",,DEF man PFV see 2SG LOC street 3SG.POSS name Owen,,Own data,,12169,"Spanish: El hombre que viste en la calle, se llama Owen." +44-162,44,Dóndi ta kel kuʃílju ya sirbí yo na syémbra?,Dóndi\tta\tkel\tkuʃílju\tya\tsirbí\tyo\tna\tsyémbra?,where\tLOC\tDEF\tknife\tPFV\tuse\t1SG\tLOC\tplant,Where is the knife that I used in gardening?,,,,,elicited from speaker,Dóndi ta kel kuʃílju ya sirbí yo na syémbra?,,where LOC DEF knife PFV use 1SG LOC plant,,Own data,,12170, +44-163,44,A-komé bo késte prútas kel a-kumprá yo késti tempránu.,A-komé\tbo\tkéste\tprútas\tkel\ta-kumprá\tyo\tkésti\ttempránu.,PFV-eat\t2SG\tthis\tfruit\tREL\tPFV-buy\t1SG\tthis\tmorning,You ate this fruit which I bought this morning.,,,1446[376],,written (grammar),"A-komé bo késte prútas kel a-kumprá yo késti tempránu.",,PFV-eat 2SG this fruit REL PFV-buy 1SG this morning,,,,12171,Spanish: Comiste la fruta que compré esta mañana. +45-131,45,Del Ciudad de Cavite el muchacho con quien tu ya mira na television anoche.,Del\tCiudad\tde\tCavite\tel\tmuchacho\tcon\tquien\ttu\tya\tmira\tna\ttelevision\tanoche.,from\tcity\tof\tCavite\tDEF\tboy\t[OBJ\twho\t2SG\tPFV\tsee\tLOC\ttelevision\tlast.night],The boy you saw on tv last night is form Cavite city.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Del Ciudad de Cavite el muchacho con quien tu ya mira na television anoche.",,from city of Cavite DEF boy [OBJ who 2SG PFV see LOC television last.night],,Own data,,12172, +45-132,45,Sabroso el jalea de piña que ya hace tu mama.,Sabroso\tel\tjalea\tde\tpiña\tque\tya\thace\ttu\tmama.,delicious\tDEF\tjelly\tof\tpineapple\tREL\tPFV\tmake\t2SG.POSS\tmother,The pineapple jelly that your mother made is delicious.,,,426[73],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Sabroso el jalea de piña que ya hace tu mama.",,delicious DEF jelly of pineapple REL PFV make 2SG.POSS mother,,,,12173, +46-173,46,Akél el ómbre ya-mirá yo ayér.,Akél\tel\tómbre\tya-mirá\tyo\tayér.,that\tthe\tman\tPRF-see\tI\tyesterday,That is the man I saw yesterday.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Akél el ómbre ya-mirá yo ayér.,,that the man PRF-see I yesterday,,Own knowledge,,12174, +46-174,46,Akél el ómbre (kun) kyen ya-mirá yo ayér.,Akél\tel\tómbre\t(kun)\tkyen\tya-mirá\tyo\tayér.,that\tthe\tman\t(OBJ)\twho\tPRF-see\t1SG\tyesterday,That is the man I saw yesterday.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Akél el ómbre (kun) kyen ya-mirá yo ayér.,,that the man (OBJ) who PRF-see 1SG yesterday,,Own knowledge,,12175, +47-186,47,Mi omo J. tawatin un outo ku e mester a drecha promé ku Pasko.,Mi\tomo\tJ.\ttawa-tin\tun\touto\tku\te\tmester\ta\tdrecha\tpromé\tku\tPasko.,1SG\tuncle\tJ.\tPST-have\tINDF\tcar\tCOMP\t3SG\tmust\tPFV\trepair\tbefore\tthan\tChristmas,My uncle J. had a car that he was to have repaired before Christmas.,,,755,,naturalistic written,"Mi omo J. tawatin un outo ku e mester a drecha promé ku Pasko.",Mi omo J. tawa-tin un outo ku e mester a drecha promé ku Pasko.,1SG uncle J. PST-have INDF car COMP 3SG must PFV repair before than Christmas,,,,12176, +48-164,48,Chito maí lo k' i tené-ba [...].,Chito maí lo k' i tené-ba [...].,little.bit corn that I have-PROG.PST [...]  ,The little bit of corn that I had [...].,,,353[177],,naturalistic spoken,"Chito maí lo k' i tené-ba [...].",,little.bit corn that I have-PROG.PST [...],,,,12177,Spanish: El poquito de maíz que yo tenía [...]. +48-165,48,I a kohé kafé tinto i Lole a asé.,I\ta\tkohé\tkafé\ttinto\ti\tLole\ta\tasé.,I\tPST\ttake\tcoffee\tblack\tthat\tLole\tPST\tmade,I took the black coffee that Lole made.,,"The relative pronoun is i in this example. Its source is unkown; Patiño Rosselli (1983) suspects an African origin (which is a reasonable assumption, as neither Spanish or Portuguese has a construction with i). +Note: +My transcription of this example differs somewhat from Patiño Rosselli (1983: 177) (my source), as it is almost certainly partially in error. At any rate, the difference in transcription does not affect the discussion of the main feature examined here.",353[177],,naturalistic spoken,"I a kohé kafé tinto i Lole a asé.",,I PST take coffee black that Lole PST made,"The relative pronoun is i in this example. Its source is unkown; Patiño Rosselli (1983) suspects an African origin (which is a reasonable assumption, as neither Spanish or Portuguese has a construction with i). +Note: +My transcription of this example differs somewhat from Patiño Rosselli (1983: 177) (my source), as it is almost certainly partially in error. At any rate, the difference in transcription does not affect the discussion of the main feature examined here.",,,12178,Spanish: (Yo) cogí el café negro que Lole hizo. +49-281,49,Li peye m kòb li te dwe m lan.,Li\tpeye\tm\tkòb\tli\tte\tdwe\tm\tlan.,3SG\tpay\t1SG\tmoney\t3SG\tANT\towe\t1SG\tDEF,He/She gave me the money that he/she owed me.,,The determiner DEF always shows an allomorph according to the immediate context (assimilation). Here it is lan after a nasal consonant.,1514[xxvi],,naturalistic spoken,Li peye m kòb li te dwe m lan.,,3SG pay 1SG money 3SG ANT owe 1SG DEF,"The determiner DEF always shows an allomorph according to the immediate context (assimilation). Here it is lan after a nasal consonant.",,,12179,French: Il/Elle m'a donné l'argent qu'il/elle me devait. +49-282,49,Annou vote pou kandida nou vle a.,Annou\tvote\tpou\tkandida\tnou\tvle\ta.,let.1PL\tvote\tfor\tcandidate\t1PL\twant\tDEF,Let's vote for the candidate we want.,,,367[111],,naturalistic spoken,Annou vote pou kandida nou vle a.,,let.1PL vote for candidate 1PL want DEF,,,,12180,French: Votons pour le candidat que nous voulons. +49-283,49,Ayiti se yon peyi ke mwen remen anpil.,Ayiti\tse\tyon\tpeyi\tke\tmwen\tremen\tanpil.,Haiti\tSE\tINDF\tcountry\tREL\t1SG\tlove\tmuch,Haiti is a country that I like a lot.,,,1505[338],,naturalistic spoken,"Ayiti se yon peyi ke mwen remen anpil.",,Haiti SE INDF country REL 1SG love much,,,,12181,French: Haïti est un pays que j'aime beaucoup. +50-176,50,Mi on bouké flè manman mwen ka voyé ba'w.,Mi\ton\tbouké\tflè\tmanman\tmwen\tka\tvoyé\tba'w.,here\tINDF\tbunch.of\tflowers\tmother\t1SG.POSS\tPROG\tsend\tfor.2SG,Here is a bunch of flowers which my mother sent to you.,,,134[194],,constructed by linguist,Mi on bouké flè manman mwen ka voyé ba'w.,,here INDF bunch.of flowers mother 1SG.POSS PROG send for.2SG,,,,12182, +50-177,50,Ektò vann flè ki Jènvyèv platné lanné pasé.,Ektò\tvann\tflè\tki\tJènvyèv\tplatné\tlanné\tpasé.,Hector\tsell\tflower\tREL\tGeneviève\tplant\tyear\tlast,Hector sold the flowers that Geneviève planted last year.,,,850[306],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ektò vann flè ki Jènvyèv platné lanné pasé.,,Hector sell flower REL Geneviève plant year last,,,,12183,French: Hector a vendu des fleurs que Geneviève a plantées l'année dernière. +51-154,51,Mi an boutjé flè manman-mwen ka vréyé ba'w.,Mi\tan\tboutjé\tflè\tmanman-mwen\tka\tvréyé\tba'w.,here\tINDF\tbunch.of\tflowers\tmother-1SG\tPROG\tsend\tfor.2SG,Here is a bunch of flowers which my mother sent to you.,,,134[193],,naturalistic spoken,Mi an boutjé flè manman-mwen ka vréyé ba'w.,,here INDF bunch.of flowers mother-1SG PROG send for.2SG,,,,12184, +52-96,52,sa tifiy-a mo wè ayè,sa\ttifiy-a\tmo\twè\tayè,DEM\tgirl-DEF\tI\tsee\tyesterday,the girl I saw yesterday,,,,,constructed by linguist,sa tifiy-a mo wè ayè,,DEM girl-DEF I see yesterday,,Own knowledge,,12185, +53-346,53,Li tou-tan reponn le kestchyon ki li mannde li.,Li\ttou-tan\treponn\tle\tkestchyon\tki\tli\tmannde\tli.,3SG\tall-time\tanswer\tART.DEF.PL\tquestion\tREL\t3SG\task\t3SG,He always answers the questions that he asks him.,,,722[227],,elicited from speaker,"Li tou-tan reponn le kestchyon ki li mannde li.",,3SG all-time answer ART.DEF.PL question REL 3SG ask 3SG,,,,12186, +53-347,53,Ye petet di mo de paròl an kreyòl ki mo pa konpròn.,Ye\tpetet\tdi\tmo\tde\tparòl\tan\tkreyòl\tki\tmo\tpa\tkonpròn.,3PL\tmaybe\ttell\t1SG\tART.INDF.PL\tword\tin\tCreole\tREL\t1SG\tNEG\tunderstand,They might tell me some words in Creole that I don't understand.,,,722[227],,naturalistic spoken,"Ye petet di mo de paròl an kreyòl ki mo pa konpròn.",,3PL maybe tell 1SG ART.INDF.PL word in Creole REL 1SG NEG understand,,,,12187, +53-348,53,"Mo te gen en bwat siga, boug-ye te donn mon.","Mo\tte\tgen\ten\tbwat\tsiga,\t__\tboug-ye\tte\tdonn\tmon.",1SG\tPST\thave\tART.INDF\tbox\tcigar\t__\tguy-ART.DEF.PL\tPST\tgive\t1SG,I had a cigar box (that) those guys gave me.,,,722[225],,naturalistic spoken,"Mo te gen en bwat siga, boug-ye te donn mon.","Mo te gen en bwat siga, __ boug-ye te donn mon.",1SG PST have ART.INDF box cigar __ guy-ART.DEF.PL PST give 1SG,,,,12188, +53-349,53,Tou piti-ye mo gen a se pou li.,Tou\tpiti-ye\t__\tmo\tgen\ta\tse\tpou\tli.,all\tchild-ART.DEF.PL\t__\t1SG\thave\tART.DEF\tCOP\tfor\t3SG,All of the children I have are his.,,,722[226],,naturalistic spoken,Tou piti-ye mo gen a se pou li.,Tou piti-ye __ mo gen a se pou li.,all child-ART.DEF.PL __ 1SG have ART.DEF COP for 3SG,,,,12189, +53-350,53,La tit fiy ke t ape vwa la se ma fiy.,La\ttit\tfiy\tke\tt\tape\tvwa\tla\tse\tma\tfiy.,ART.DEF.SG\tlittle\tgirl\tREL\t2SG\tPROG\tsee\tADV\tCOP\t1SG.POSS.F\tdaughter,The little girl you see over there is my daughter.,,,1048[163],,elicited from speaker,"La tit fiy ke t ape vwa la se ma fiy.",,ART.DEF.SG little girl REL 2SG PROG see ADV COP 1SG.POSS.F daughter,,,,12190, +53-351,53,tu la mizèr ye fe li,tu\tla\tmizèr\t__\tye\tfe\tli,all\tART.DEF.SG\tmisery\t__\t3PL\tmake\t3SG.OBJ,all the misery they caused him,,,1048[163],,naturalistic spoken,tu la mizèr ye fe li,tu la mizèr __ ye fe li,all ART.DEF.SG misery __ 3PL make 3SG.OBJ,,,,12191, +53-352,53,Mo gen le piti ki parl kreyòl.,Mo\tgen\tle\tpiti\tki\tparl\tkreyòl.,1SG\thave\tART.PL\tchild\tREL\tspeak\tCreole,I have children who speak Creole.,,,1048[163],,naturalistic spoken,"Mo gen le piti ki parl kreyòl.",,1SG have ART.PL child REL speak Creole,,,,12192, +54-200,54,"Le soir [...] i rakont zistoir, zisteman zistoir k ou zamé antand.","Lë\tswar\t[...]\ti\trakont\tzistwar,\tzisteman\tzistwar\tk\tou\tzame\tantann.",DEF\tevening\t[...]\tFIN\ttell\tstory\texactly\tstory\tREL\t2SG\tnever\thear,"In the evening [...] they tell stories, just the stories you never hear.",,The informant describes the traditional veye d mor (wake over corpse).,229[46],,naturalistic spoken,"Le soir [...] i rakont zistoir, zisteman zistoir k ou zamé antand.","Lë swar [...] i rakont zistwar, zisteman zistwar k ou zame antann.",DEF evening [...] FIN tell story exactly story REL 2SG never hear,"The informant describes the traditional veye d mor (wake over corpse).",,,12193,"French: Le soir [...] on raconte des histoires, justement des histoires qu'on n'entend jamais." +54-201,54,Sa mon myel ou la fini manzé la.,Sa\tmon\tmyel\tØ\tou\tla.fini\tmanze\tla.,that\tPOSS.1SG\thoney\tØ\t2SG\tPRF\teat\tthere.,This is my honey you have eaten.,,,110[16],,naturalistic spoken,Sa mon myel ou la fini manzé la.,Sa mon myel Ø ou la.fini manze la.,that POSS.1SG honey Ø 2SG PRF eat there.,,,,12194,French: C'est mon miel que tu as mangé là. +55-172,55,léléktora BELLE-ROSE QUATRE-BORNES fine done mwa so sutjin pu tu travaj ki mo fine kapav fér pu L’ILE MAURICE,léléktora\tBELLE-ROSE\tQUATRE-BORNES\tfine\tdone\tmwa\tso\tsutjin\tpu\ttu\ttravaj\tki\tmo\tfine\tkapav\tfér\tpu\tL’ILE\tMAURICE,electorate\tBelle-Rose\tQuatre-Bornes\tCOMPL\tgive\t1SG.OBJ\tPOSS\tsupport\tfor\tall\twork\tthat\t1SG\tCOMPL\tMOD\tdo\tfor\tisland\tMauritius,The electorate of Belle Rose (Quatre Bornes) has given me its support for all the work that I have been able to do for Mauritius.,,,854[239],,naturalistic spoken,"léléktora BELLE-ROSE QUATRE-BORNES fine done mwa so sutjin pu tu travaj ki mo fine kapav fér pu L’ILE MAURICE",,electorate Belle-Rose Quatre-Bornes COMPL give 1SG.OBJ POSS support for all work that 1SG COMPL MOD do for island Mauritius,,,,12195,French: L'éléctorat de Belle-Rose (Quatre-Bornes) m'a donné son soutien pour tout le travail que j'ai pu faire pour l'Ile Maurice. +56-170,56,sa gro delwil nwanr ki korvet i servi sa,sa\tgro\tdelwil\tnwanr\tki\tkorvet\ti\tservi\tsa,DEM\tbig\toil\tblack\tREL\tcorvette\tPM\tserve\tthis,his heavy black oil which the corvette uses,,,158[170],,naturalistic spoken,"sa gro delwil nwanr ki korvet i servi sa",,DEM big oil black REL corvette PM serve this,,,,12196,French: l'huile lourde noir dont se servent les corvettes (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 171) +56-171,56,Tou kalorifer ou fer ek laso fodre i annan later rouz.,Tou\tkalorifer\tØ\tou\tfer\tek\tlaso\tfodre\ti\tannan\tlater\trouz.,all\theating\tØ\t2SG\tmake\twith\tlime\tmust\tthere\tis\tsoil\tred,"All the heatings which you make with lime, you must put red soil into them.",,,158[112ff.],,naturalistic spoken,Tou kalorifer ou fer ek laso fodre i annan later rouz.,Tou kalorifer Ø ou fer ek laso fodre i annan later rouz.,all heating Ø 2SG make with lime must there is soil red,,,,12197,"French: Tous les calorifères que vous faites avec de la chaux, il faut y mettre de la terre rouge. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 113)" +56-172,56,Sa garson ki mon ti vwar dan bazar i neve mon madanm.,Sa\tgarson\tki\tmon\tti\tvwar\tdan\tbazar\ti\tneve\tmon\tmadanm.,DET\tboy\tREL\t1SG\tPST\tsee\tin\tmarket\t3SG\tnephew\t1SG.POSS\twife,The boy whom I saw in the market is the nephew of my wife.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Sa garson ki mon ti vwar dan bazar i neve mon madanm.",,DET boy REL 1SG PST see in market 3SG nephew 1SG.POSS wife,,Own knowledge,,12198, +57-94,57,"mwa, ma ndema:nde ave twa mena si ta ko:ta nde wajaʃ sa nu fe lamba Tene","mwa,\tma\tndema:nde\tave\ttwa\tmena\tsi\tta\tko:ta\tnde\twajaʃ\tsa\tnu\tfe\tlamba\tTene",1SG\t1SG\task\twith\t2SG\tnow\tif\t2SG\thappy\tof\tjourney\tREL\t1PL\tmake\ttowards.down\tTene,I ask you now whether you are happy with the journey we made to Tene.,,The New Caledonian Island is considered as a body with the South at its head. The movement indicated goes to the North.,423,,naturalistic spoken,"mwa, ma ndema:nde ave twa mena si ta ko:ta nde wajaʃ sa nu fe lamba Tene",,1SG 1SG ask with 2SG now if 2SG happy of journey REL 1PL make towards.down Tene,The New Caledonian Island is considered as a body with the South at its head. The movement indicated goes to the North.,,,12199, +57-157,57,[...] se tule no sa nu ndʃu ndi-la,[...]\tse\ttule\tno\tsa\tnu\tndʃu\tndi-la,[...]\tPRESV\tPL\tname\tREL\t1PL\talways\tsay-DEM/DEF,[...] they are the names that we always say.,,,423[153],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] se tule no sa nu ndʃu ndi-la",,[...] PRESV PL name REL 1PL always say-DEM/DEF,,,,12200, +58-116,58,muntu ya mono mon-aka,muntu\tya\tmono\tmon-aka,person\tREL\tme\tsee-PST,the person I saw,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"muntu ya mono mon-aka",,person REL me see-PST,,Own knowledge,,12201, +59-277,59,"koli ti mbi so mbi yi ti mu lo so la, lo ga awe so","koli\tti\tmbi\tso\tmbi\tyi\tti\tmu\tlo\tso\tla,\tlo\tga\tawe\tso",man\tof\t1SG\tREL\t1SG\twant\tCONN\ttake\t3SG\tthus\tTOP\t3SG\tcome\talready\tthus,"The man I want to marry, here he is.",,"It is the second lo that would be resumptive of the subjectival relative clause, but only if the whole were taken as a single sentence. Perhaps one could also argue that the first clause is a sentence by itself, the objectival relative clause being the subjectival argument for the TOP, as in 'It's the man I want to marry. He's come!'",,,naturalistic spoken,"koli ti mbi so mbi yi ti mu lo so la, lo ga awe so",,man of 1SG REL 1SG want CONN take 3SG thus TOP 3SG come already thus,"It is the second lo that would be resumptive of the subjectival relative clause, but only if the whole were taken as a single sentence. Perhaps one could also argue that the first clause is a sentence by itself, the objectival relative clause being the subjectival argument for the TOP, as in 'It's the man I want to marry. He's come!'",Samarin corpus 1994,,12202, +59-280,59,"koli ti mbi so mbi yi ti mu lo so la, lo ga awe so","koli\tti\tmbi\tso\tmbi\tyi\tti\tmu\tlo\tso\tlaa,\tlo\tga\tawe\tso",man\tof\t1SG\t[REL\t1SG\twant\tof\ttake]\t3SG\tREL\tFOC\t3SG\tcome\talready\tthus,The man I want to marry has already come.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"koli ti mbi so mbi yi ti mu lo so la, lo ga awe so","koli ti mbi so mbi yi ti mu lo so laa, lo ga awe so",man of 1SG [REL 1SG want of take] 3SG REL FOC 3SG come already thus,,Samarin corpus 1994,,12203, +59-281,59,kusara ti lo so lo ere mbi ngbangani ti sara,kusara\tti\tlo\tso\tlo\tere\tmbi\tngbangani\tti\tsara,work\tof\t3SG\t[REL\t3SG\tcall\t1SG\tfor.that\tCONN\tdo],the work that he called me to do,,Ngbangani can be omitted without changing the meaning.,1320[71],,naturalistic written,"kusara ti lo so lo ere mbi ngbangani ti sara",,work of 3SG [REL 3SG call 1SG for.that CONN do],"Ngbangani can be omitted without changing the meaning.",,,12204, +59-282,59,mo ing ta nda ti yi so mo sara,mo\thinga\tta\tnda\tti\tyi\tso\tmo\tsara,2SG\tknow\ttrue\treason\tof\tthing\tREL\t2SG\tdo,You understand the real reason for what you did.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mo ing ta nda ti yi so mo sara,mo hinga ta nda ti yi so mo sara,2SG know true reason of thing REL 2SG do,,Samarin corpus 1994,,12205, +59-283,59,zo so mo ga mu lo a?,zo\tso\tmo\tga\tmu\tlo\ta?,person\tREL\t2SG\tcome\ttake\t3SG\teh,"The person whom you married, right?",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"zo so mo ga mu lo a?",,person REL 2SG come take 3SG eh,,Samarin corpus 1994,,12206, +59-284,59,ba mbeni pendre nyama so ni fa,baa\tmbeni\tpendre\tnyama\tso\tni\tfa,see\tsome\tnice\tanimal\t[REL\t1SG.LOG\tkill],"(He said), ""Look at a nice animal that I killed.""",,"My translation results from taking /mbeni/ seriously. Without it, and preferably with nyama ni so the meaning would be 'Look at the nice animal I killed'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"ba mbeni pendre nyama so ni fa",baa mbeni pendre nyama so ni fa,see some nice animal [REL 1SG.LOG kill],"My translation results from taking /mbeni/ seriously. Without it, and preferably with nyama ni so the meaning would be 'Look at the nice animal I killed'.",Samarin corpus 1994,,12207, +59-286,59,lo anda ala na bio so lo ro,lo\thanda\tala\tna\tbio\tso\tlo\tro,3SG\tdistract\t3PL\tPREP\tbone\tREL\t3SG\tgather,He distracted the dogs (that were chasing him) with bones that he had gathered.,,I don't think that translating lo ro as 'he gathered' would be sufficient. And adding awe 'already' to the sentence to make explicit the idea 'had gathered' does not seem appropriate. Ala [3PL] 'them' refers to the dogs.,,,naturalistic spoken,lo anda ala na bio so lo ro,lo handa ala na bio so lo ro,3SG distract 3PL PREP bone REL 3SG gather,"I don't think that translating lo ro as 'he gathered' would be sufficient. And adding awe 'already' to the sentence to make explicit the idea 'had gathered' does not seem appropriate. Ala [3PL] 'them' refers to the dogs.",Samarin corpus 1994,,12208, +60-131,60,kíti óyo nasómbákí ezalákí mabé,kíti\tóyo\tna-sómb-ákí\te-zal-ákí\tmabé,chair\tREL\t1SG-buy-PST\t3SG.INAN-be-PST\tbad,The chair that I bought was bad.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"kíti óyo nasómbákí ezalákí mabé",kíti óyo na-sómb-ákí e-zal-ákí mabé,chair REL 1SG-buy-PST 3SG.INAN-be-PST bad,,Own knowledge,,12209, +60-132,60,kíti nasómbákí ezalákí mabé,kíti\tna-sómb-ákí\te-zal-ákí\tmabé,chair\t1SG-buy-PST\t3SG.INAN-be-PST\tbad,The chair that I bought was bad.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,kíti nasómbákí ezalákí mabé,kíti na-sómb-ákí e-zal-ákí mabé,chair 1SG-buy-PST 3SG.INAN-be-PST bad,,Own knowledge,,12210, +61-99,61,Mina thanda lo skafu lo wena phekile.,Mina\tthanda\tlo\tskafu\tlo\twena\tphek-ile.,I\tlike\tDEF.ART\tfood\tREL\tyou\tcook-PST,I like the food that you cooked.,,The resumptive pronoun is missing at the end (yena); this is not very common.,,,elicited from speaker,Mina thanda lo skafu lo wena phekile.,Mina thanda lo skafu lo wena phek-ile.,I like DEF.ART food REL you cook-PST,"The resumptive pronoun is missing at the end (yena); this is not very common.",Field notes Mesthrie,,12211, +61-100,61,Lo indhlu mina tengile [...].,Lo\tindhlu\tmina\ttengile\t[...].,DEF.ART\thouse\tI\tbuy.PST\t[...],The house I bought [...]. OR: The house which I bought [...].,,I don't think this is really very common; it seems calqued on English usage.,837[6],,constructed by linguist,Lo indhlu mina tengile [...].,,DEF.ART house I buy.PST [...],I don't think this is really very common; it seems calqued on English usage.,,,12212, +61-101,61,Ipi lo makhulu mashin mina bukile yena izolo?,Ipi\tlo\tmakhulu\tmashin\tmina\tbuk-ile\tyena\tizolo?,where\tDEF.ART\tbig\tmachine\tI\tsee-PST\tit\tyesterday,Where is the big machine that I saw yesterday? OR: Where is the big machine I saw yesterday?,,"I think this is less common than using a relative particle (lo, with high tone).",650[44],,constructed by linguist,Ipi lo makhulu mashin mina bukile yena izolo?,Ipi lo makhulu mashin mina buk-ile yena izolo?,where DEF.ART big machine I see-PST it yesterday,"I think this is less common than using a relative particle (lo, with high tone).",,,12213, +62-88,62,vi-aghú vyó ni'á ní vi-kuhló,vi-aghú\tvyó\tni'á\tní\tvi-kuhló,8-food\t8:that\t1SG:eat\tis\t8-nice,The food that I eat is nice.,,,,,elicited from speaker,vi-aghú vyó ni'á ní vi-kuhló,,8-food 8:that 1SG:eat is 8-nice,,Own field data 1993,,12214, +63-176,63,tartíb al akú tá y de kélem,tartíb\tal\takú\ttá\ty\tde\tkélem,custom\tREL\tbrother\tGEN\tmy\tDET\tspeak,the custom that my brother mentioned,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"tartíb al akú tá y de kélem",,custom REL brother GEN my DET speak,,Own fieldwork,,12215, +63-177,63,sána al úmun já fógo,sána\tal\túmun\tjá\tfógo,year\tREL\t3PL\tcome\ton,the year that they arrived,,,857[367],,naturalistic spoken,sána al úmun já fógo,,year REL 3PL come on,,,,12216, +66-107,66,poðiyen sibilli teegiyang,[poðiyen\tsi-billi]\tteegi-yang,[boy\tPST-buy]\tgift-ACC.DEF,the gift that the boy just bought,,,,,elicited from speaker,poðiyen sibilli teegiyang,[poðiyen si-billi] teegi-yang,[boy PST-buy] gift-ACC.DEF,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,12217, +67-196,67,Pasal ini tempat lu ada pun punya lu boleh pergi punya.,Pasal\tini\ttempat\tlu\tada\tpun\tpunya\tlu\tboleh\tpergi\tpunya.,matter\tDEM\tplace\t2SG\thave\talso\tREL\t2SG\tcan\tgo\tREL,"The matter [of] this place is what you possess, where you can go.",,,708[116],,naturalistic spoken,"Pasal ini tempat lu ada pun punya lu boleh pergi punya.",,matter DEM place 2SG have also REL 2SG can go REL,,,,12218, +67-197,67,Di sini tinggal punya orang pun bole jauh pergi beli.,Di\tsini\ttinggal\tpunya\torang\tpun\tbole\tjauh\tpergi\tbeli.,in\there\tlive\tREL\tperson\teven\tcan\tfar\tgo\tbuy,Even people who live here can go far to buy [it].,,,708[339],,naturalistic spoken,"Di sini tinggal punya orang pun bole jauh pergi beli.",,in here live REL person even can far go buy,,,,12219, +68-110,68,parangpuan yang beta lia,parangpuan\tyang\tbeta\tlia,woman\tREL\t1SG\tsee,the woman whom I saw,,,,,constructed by linguist,"parangpuan yang beta lia",,woman REL 1SG see,,Own knowledge,,12220, +68-111,68,"Dia pung kepeng simpang-simpang di beta, dia tarima samua di beta pung kamar.","Dia\tpung\tkepeng\tsimpang~simpang\tdi\tbeta,\tdia\ttarima\tsamua\tdi\tbeta\tpung\tkamar.",3SG\tPOSS\tmoney\tDUR~save\tLOC\t1SG\t3SG\treceive\tall\tLOC\t1SG\tPOSS\troom,"Her money, which she saved with me bit by bit, she received all at once in my room.",,,1528[309],,naturalistic spoken,"Dia pung kepeng simpang-simpang di beta, dia tarima samua di beta pung kamar.","Dia pung kepeng simpang~simpang di beta, dia tarima samua di beta pung kamar.",3SG POSS money DUR~save LOC 1SG 3SG receive all LOC 1SG POSS room,,,,12221, +69-67,69,mambi yangwara kra-kŋ mən tay-ɲan,mambi\tyangwara\tkra-kŋ\tmən\ttay-ɲan,then\ttree\tcut-NMLZ\tthat\tsee-NONFUT,Then he looked at the tree he had cut.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mambi yangwara kra-kŋ mən tay-ɲan,,then tree cut-NMLZ that see-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,12222, +70-71,70,Aur jonjon u-lon sika jon bat u-lon sain u-lon deo kuta.,Aur\tjonjon\tu-lon\tsika\tjon\tbat\tu-lon\tsain\tu-lon\tdeo\tkuta.,and\t[REL\t3-PL\tlearn\t[REL\tlanguage\t3-PL\tsign]]\t3-PL\tgive\tdog,"And those who learn the language that they sign (i.e. the signals), they are given the dog.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Aur jonjon u-lon sika jon bat u-lon sain u-lon deo kuta.,,and [REL 3-PL learn [REL language 3-PL sign]] 3-PL give dog,,Siegel-field recording,,12223, +71-170,71,"Iaia pi mai, wau kamailio pololei ka mea pau oe kamailio.","Iaia\tpimai,\twau\tkamailio\tpololei\tka\tmea\tpau\toe\tkamailio.",3SG\tcome\t1SG\ttalk\tcorrectly\tDEF\tthing\tfinish\t2SG\ttalk,"When he comes, I'll tell him exactly what you said.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Iaia pi mai, wau kamailio pololei ka mea pau oe kamailio.","Iaia pimai, wau kamailio pololei ka mea pau oe kamailio.",3SG come 1SG talk correctly DEF thing finish 2SG talk,,own data 1906,,12224, +72-145,72,weya dat marluka wen warlaku bin katurl im legta,weya\tdat\tmarluka\twen\twarlaku\tbin\tkaturl\tim\tleg-ta,REL\tthe\told.man\twho\tdog\tPST\tbite\t3SG\tleg-LOC,the old man whom the dog bit on the leg,,,583,7e6d3ea7227b35823d4bc54e9fd535cd,naturalistic spoken,"weya dat marluka wen warlaku bin katurl im legta",weya dat marluka wen warlaku bin katurl im leg-ta,REL the old.man who dog PST bite 3SG leg-LOC,,,,12225, +73-96,73,yoga no dashkanichu kopia azishkada,yo-ga\tno\tda-shka-ni-chu\tkopia\tazi-shka-da,1SG-TOP\tnot\tgive-EVID-1SG-NEG\tcopy\tmake-NMLZ-ACC,I did not give the copy that I made.,,,1038[393],,elicited from speaker,yoga no dashkanichu kopia azishkada,yo-ga no da-shka-ni-chu kopia azi-shka-da,1SG-TOP not give-EVID-1SG-NEG copy make-NMLZ-ACC,,,,12226, +75-233,75,Dan li boor ashiweepineew oonhin kaaniimiyit avek ana la fiy ana.,Dan li boor ashi-weepin-eew oonhin kaa-niim-iyi-t avek ana la fiy ana.,LOC ART.M.SG side away-throw-3.SBJ.3.OBJ DEM.ANIM REL-dance-OBV-3 with DEM.ANIM that ART.F.SG girl DEM.ANIM,"He threw the girl aside that he was dancing with. OR: He threw her aside, the one he was dancing with, that girl.",,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Dan li boor ashiweepineew oonhin kaaniimiyit avek ana la fiy ana.,Dan li boor ashi-weepin-eew oonhin kaa-niim-iyi-t avek ana la fiy ana.,LOC ART.M.SG side away-throw-3.SBJ.3.OBJ DEM.ANIM REL-dance-OBV-3 with DEM.ANIM that ART.F.SG girl DEM.ANIM,,,,12227, +75-237,75,keekway avek enn machine kaaushtaahk,keekway\tavek\tenn\tmachine\tkaa-ushtaa-hk,something\twith\tINDF.ART.F.SG\tmachine\tREL-make-INDF.ACTOR,something that is made with a machine,,,789[171],,naturalistic written,keekway avek enn machine kaaushtaahk,keekway avek enn machine kaa-ushtaa-hk,something with INDF.ART.F.SG machine REL-make-INDF.ACTOR,,,,12228, +1-232,1,"Da somma, na dissi dem ougri jeje ben kommotto, begi hem, va [...].","Da\tsoma,\tna\tdisi\tden\togri\tyeye\tben\tkomoto,\tbegi\ten,\tfu\t[...].",DET.SG\tperson\tLOC\tREL\tDET.PL\tevil\tspirit\tPST\tcome.out\task\t3SG\tfor\t[...],The man from whom the evil spirits had retreated asked him to [...].,,"While the preposition here is the all-purpose preposition na rather than nanga 'with', it illustrates the possibility of pied-piping.",1355[78],,written,"Da somma, na dissi dem ougri jeje ben kommotto, begi hem, va [...].","Da soma, na disi den ogri yeye ben komoto, begi en, fu [...].",DET.SG person LOC REL DET.PL evil spirit PST come.out ask 3SG for [...],"While the preposition here is the all-purpose preposition na rather than nanga 'with', it illustrates the possibility of pied-piping.",,,12229, +1-233,1,"Dem no sa lussu hem na Sabba vo da tetei, nanga dissi Satan ben tai hem tin na aiti jari?","Den\tno\tsa\tlusu\ten\tna\tSabat\tfu\tda\tt'tei,\tnanga\tdisi\tSatan\tben\ttai\ten\ttin\tna\taiti\tyari?",3PL\tNEG\tFUT\tset.free\t3SG\tat\tSabbath\tfrom\tDET.SG\trope\twith\tREL\tSatan\tPST\ttie\t3SG\tten\tat\teight\tyear,Shouldn't she be set free at the Sabbath from the rope with which Satan has been tying her up for eighteen years?,,The preposition nanga 'with' precedes the relative marker disi.,1355[177],,written,"Dem no sa lussu hem na Sabba vo da tetei, nanga dissi Satan ben tai hem tin na aiti jari?","Den no sa lusu en na Sabat fu da t'tei, nanga disi Satan ben tai en tin na aiti yari?",3PL NEG FUT set.free 3SG at Sabbath from DET.SG rope with REL Satan PST tie 3SG ten at eight year,"The preposition nanga 'with' precedes the relative marker disi.",,,12230, +2-247,2,a nefi nanga san a koti a bred,a\tnefi\tnanga\tsan\ta\tkoti\ta\tbred,the.SG\tknife\twith\twhich\t3SG\tcut\tthe.SG\tbread,the knife with which he cut the bread,,,,,constructed by linguist,"a nefi nanga san a koti a bred",,the.SG knife with which 3SG cut the.SG bread,,Own knowledge,,12231, +2-248,2,Nanga san yu koti a brede?,Nanga\tsan\tyu\tkoti\ta\tbrede?,with\twhat\t2SG\tcut\tthe.SG\tbread,What did you cut the bread with?,,Pied piping is quite normal in questions.,,,constructed by linguist,Nanga san yu koti a brede?,,with what 2SG cut the.SG bread,Pied piping is quite normal in questions.,Own knowledge,,12232, +2-319,2,dan a man di mi nanga en e taki […],dan\ta\tman\tdi\tmi\tnanga\ten\te\ttaki\t[...],then\tDET\tman\tREL\t1SG\tand\t3SG\tPST\tIPFV\ttalk,‘then the man who I was talking to […]’,,,1609[42],,unspecified,"dan a man di mi nanga en e taki […]",,then DET man REL 1SG and 3SG PST IPFV talk,,,,12233, +3-125,3,Di faka di mi bi koti di bɛɛɛ ku en.,Di\tfaka\tdi\tmi\tbi\tkoti\tdi\tbɛɛɛ\tku\ten.,DEF.SG\tknife\tthat\t1SG\tTNS\tcut\tDEF.SG\tbread\twith\t3SG,The knife with which I cut the bread.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Di faka di mi bi koti di bɛɛɛ ku en.",,DEF.SG knife that 1SG TNS cut DEF.SG bread with 3SG,,Fieldwork data,,12234, +3-126,3,di faka ku di mi bi koti di bɛɛɛ,di\tfaka\tku\tdi\tmi\tbi\tkoti\tdi\tbɛɛɛ,DEF.SG\tknife\twith\tthat\t1SG\tTNS\tcut\tDEF.SG\tbread,the knife with which I cut the bread,,"This pattern has only been observed with speakers from the Gaanse region, who are expatriates in the Netherlands (presumably due to contact with Dutch).",,,elicited from speaker,"di faka ku di mi bi koti di bɛɛɛ",,DEF.SG knife with that 1SG TNS cut DEF.SG bread,"This pattern has only been observed with speakers from the Gaanse region, who are expatriates in the Netherlands (presumably due to contact with Dutch).",Fieldwork data,,12235, +3-127,3,Di faka di mi koti di bɛɛɛ saapu.,Di\tfaka\tdi\tmi\tkoti\tdi\tbɛɛɛ\tsaapu.,DEF.SG\tknife\tthat\t1SG\tcut\tDEF.SG\tbread\tbe.sharp,The knife that I cut the bread with is sharp.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Di faka di mi koti di bɛɛɛ saapu.",,DEF.SG knife that 1SG cut DEF.SG bread be.sharp,,Fieldwork data,,12236, +4-162,4,a pan di i e baka kasaba (*anga (en)),a\tpan\tdi\ti\te\tbaka\tkasaba\t(*anga\t(en)),DET.SG\tpan\tREL\tyou\tIPFV\tbake\tcassava\t(with\t(it)),the pan on/with which you roast cassava,,,661[101],,naturalistic spoken,a pan di i e baka kasaba (*anga (en)),,DET.SG pan REL you IPFV bake cassava (with (it)),,,,12237, +5-162,5,da a di sizaz ii kot di peepa wid,da\ta\tdi\tsizaz\tØ\tii\tkot\tdi\tpeepa\twid,that\tEQ.COP\tthe\tscissors\tØ\tshe\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,Those are the scissors with which she cut the paper.,,,,,constructed by linguist,da a di sizaz ii kot di peepa wid,da a di sizaz Ø ii kot di peepa wid,that EQ.COP the scissors Ø she cut the paper with,,Own knowledge,,12238, +5-163,5,da a di sizaz ii tek (an) kot di peepa wid,da\ta\tdi\tsizaz\tØ\tii\ttek\t(an)\tkot\tdi\tpeepa\twid,that\tEQ.COP\tthe\tscissors\tØ\the\ttake\t(and)\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,Those are the scissors with which she cut the paper.,,"Whereas with the overt relativizer /wa/ the /wid/ 'with' is optional, it seems that with the Ø relativizer, /wid/ is obligatory.",,,constructed by linguist,da a di sizaz ii tek (an) kot di peepa wid,da a di sizaz Ø ii tek (an) kot di peepa wid,that EQ.COP the scissors Ø he take (and) cut the paper with,"Whereas with the overt relativizer /wa/ the /wid/ 'with' is optional, it seems that with the Ø relativizer, /wid/ is obligatory.",Own knowledge,,12239, +5-164,5,da a di sizaz wa ii kot di peepa wid,da\ta\tdi\tsizaz\twa\tii\tkot\tdi\tpeepa\twid,that\tEQ.COP\tthe\tscissors\tREL\tshe\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,Those are the scissors with which she cut the paper.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"da a di sizaz wa ii kot di peepa wid",,that EQ.COP the scissors REL she cut the paper with,,Own knowledge,,12240, +5-165,5,da a di sizaz wa ii tek (an) kot peepa (wid),da\ta\tdi\tsizaz\twa\tii\ttek\t(an)\tkot\tpeepa\t(wid),that\tEQ.COP\tthe\tscissors\tREL\t3SG\ttake\t(and)\tcut\tthe.paper\t(with),Those are the scissors with which he cut the paper.,,Both /an/ and /wid/ are optional in the above example.,,,constructed by linguist,"da a di sizaz wa ii tek (an) kot peepa (wid)",,that EQ.COP the scissors REL 3SG take (and) cut the.paper (with),Both /an/ and /wid/ are optional in the above example.,Own knowledge,,12241, +6-99,6,de cotlass dat she kot it wid,de\tcotlass\tdat\tshe\tkot\tit\twid,DET\tcutlass\tthat\t3SG.F\tcut\t3SG\twith,the cutlass that she cut it with,,,,,elicited from speaker,"de cotlass dat she kot it wid",,DET cutlass that 3SG.F cut 3SG with,,Informant A.K.,,12242, +6-100,6,de cotlass shi kot it wid,de\tcotlass\tshi\tkot\tit\twid,DET\tcutlass\t3SG.F\tcut\t3SG\twith,the cutlass she cut it with,,,,,elicited from speaker,de cotlass shi kot it wid,,DET cutlass 3SG.F cut 3SG with,,Informant A.K.,,12243, +7-226,7,Dat a i hevi mashiin we/da i posh evriting duhng wid.,Dat\ta\ti\thevi\tmashiin\twe/da\ti\tposh\tevriting\tduhng\twid\t∅.,DEM\tCOP\tART\theavy\tmachine\tREL\t3SG\tpush\teverything\tdown\twith\t∅,That’s the heavy machinery/equipment with which he pushed everything down.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Dat a i hevi mashiin we/da i posh evriting duhng wid.","Dat a i hevi mashiin we/da i posh evriting duhng wid ∅.",DEM COP ART heavy machine REL 3SG push everything down with ∅,,Own knowledge,,12244, +7-227,7,Sho mi di sezez yo kuht uhm wid.,Sho\tmi\tdi\tsezez\t∅\tyo\tkuht\tuhm\twid.,show\t1SG\tART\tscissors\t∅\t2.SBJ\tcut\t3.OBJ\twith,Show me the scissors with which you cut it/him/her.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Sho mi di sezez yo kuht uhm wid.,Sho mi di sezez ∅ yo kuht uhm wid.,show 1SG ART scissors ∅ 2.SBJ cut 3.OBJ with,,Own knowledge,,12245, +8-143,8,di sizas we mi kkot di piepa wid,di\tsizas\twe\tmi\tkkot\tdi\tpiepa\twid,DET\tscissors\tREL\t1SG\tcut\tDET\tpaper\twith,the scissors with which I cut the paper,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,di sizas we mi kkot di piepa wid,,DET scissors REL 1SG cut DET paper with,,Own knowledge,,12246, +9-175,9,Yu had dis laya we dey de taak bowt.,Yu\thad\tdis\tlaya\t[we\tdey\tde\ttaak\tbowt\t_].,you.GENER\thad\tthis\tlawyer\t[REL\t3PL\tPROG\ttalk\tabout\t_],There was this lawyer that they were talking about.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu had dis laya we dey de taak bowt.",Yu had dis laya [we dey de taak bowt _].,you.GENER had this lawyer [REL 3PL PROG talk about _],,,,12247, +9-176,9,di hukstik i de wid,di\thukstik\t[Ø\ti\tde\twid\t_],the\thookstick\t[Ø\t3SG\tLOC\twith\t_],the harpoon he was with,,This sentence is constructed from the spontaneous sentence: I de wid iz hukstick (the locative verb de also occurs in instrumental contexts).,,,constructed by linguist,di hukstik i de wid,di hukstik [Ø i de wid _],the hookstick [Ø 3SG LOC with _],"This sentence is constructed from the spontaneous sentence: I de wid iz hukstick (the locative verb de also occurs in instrumental contexts).",Own knowledge,,12248, +9-177,9,Iz wan a di tiŋ wi don bada bowt dat in beliz.,Iz\twan\ta\tdi\ttiŋ\twi\tdon\tbada\tbowt\tdat\tin\tbeliz.,is\tone\tof\tthe\tthings\twe\tdon't\tbother\tabout\tthat\tin\tBelize,This is one of the things we don't bother about in Belize.,,,439[235],,naturalistic spoken,Iz wan a di tiŋ wi don bada bowt dat in beliz.,,is one of the things we don't bother about that in Belize,,,,12249, +9-178,9,Nordis kiy we pan a fain wan,Nordis\tkiy\t[we\tpan\t__\ta\tfain\twan],Northeast\tCaye\t[REL\tupon\t__\t1SG\tfind\tone],Northeast Caye on which I found one,,This seems to be a variant of pied-piping.,432[37],,naturalistic spoken,Nordis kiy we pan a fain wan,Nordis kiy [we pan __ a fain wan],Northeast Caye [REL upon __ 1SG find one],This seems to be a variant of pied-piping.,,,12250, +10-217,10,di naif we ihn kot di miit wid,di\tnaif\twe\tihn\tkot\tdi\tmiit\twid,ART.DEF\tknife\tREL\t3SG\tcut\tART.DEF\tmeat\twith,the knife she cut the meat with,,,,,elicited from speaker,"di naif we ihn kot di miit wid",,ART.DEF knife REL 3SG cut ART.DEF meat with,,Field notes 2008,,12251, +10-218,10,di sizaz dem we ihn kot di piepa wid,di\tsizaz\tdem\twe\tihn\tkot\tdi\tpiepa\twid,ART.DEF\tscissor\tPL\tREL\t3SG\tcut\tART.DEF\tpaper\twith,the scissors with which she cut the paper,,,,,constructed by linguist,"di sizaz dem we ihn kot di piepa wid",,ART.DEF scissor PL REL 3SG cut ART.DEF paper with,,Own knowledge,,12252, +11-292,11,di nief we Ai kot di miit wid,di\tnief\twe\tAi\tkot\tdi\tmiit\twid,ART.DEF\tknife\tREL\t1SG\tcut\tART.DEF\tmeat\tINS,the knife I cut the meat with,,"In written Nicaraguan Creole English (just as in written San Andrés Creole English), the first person singular pronoun is spelled with a capital letter, a practice adopted from Standard English.",,,elicited from speaker,"di nief we Ai kot di miit wid",,ART.DEF knife REL 1SG cut ART.DEF meat INS,"In written Nicaraguan Creole English (just as in written San Andrés Creole English), the first person singular pronoun is spelled with a capital letter, a practice adopted from Standard English.",Nicaragua project questionnaire,,12253, +12-231,12,"In them days people used to had bad sores, right? And you know what my granddaddy used to cure them sores with?",[...]\tyou\tknow\twhat\tmy\tgranddaddy\tused\tto\tcure\tthem\tsores\twith?,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tknow\tPRO[OBJ]\t1SG.POSS\tgranddaddy\tHAB.PST\tHAB.PST\tcure\tPL\tsore.PL\twith,[...] And do you know what my grandfather used to cure sores with?,,"This is not a relative clause construction, but it is the only construction I have been able to find in my sociolinguistic interviews.",,,naturalistic spoken,"In them days people used to had bad sores, right? And you know what my granddaddy used to cure them sores with?",[...] you know what my granddaddy used to cure them sores with?,[...] 2SG.SBJ know PRO[OBJ] 1SG.POSS granddaddy HAB.PST HAB.PST cure PL sore.PL with,"This is not a relative clause construction, but it is the only construction I have been able to find in my sociolinguistic interviews.",Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12254, +12-232,12,the scissors I does cut the paper with,the\tscissors\tI\tdoes\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,ART\tscissor.PL\t1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tcut\tART\tpaper\twith,the scissors with which I cut the paper,,Such constructions are rare in Bahamian Creole; the example is an elicited one.,,,elicited from speaker,the scissors I does cut the paper with,,ART scissor.PL 1SG.SBJ HAB cut ART paper with,Such constructions are rare in Bahamian Creole; the example is an elicited one.,Own field notes,,12255, +12-233,12,the scissors that I does cut the paper with,the\tscissors\tthat\tI\tdoes\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,ART\tscissor.PL\tPRO[OBJ]\t1SG.SBJ\tHAB\tcut\tART\tpaper\twith,the scissors with which I cut the paper,,Such constructions are rare in Bahamian Creole; the example is an elicited one and classed as more acrolectal by my consultant.,,,elicited from speaker,the scissors that I does cut the paper with,,ART scissor.PL PRO[OBJ] 1SG.SBJ HAB cut ART paper with,Such constructions are rare in Bahamian Creole; the example is an elicited one and classed as more acrolectal by my consultant.,Own field notes,,12256, +13-168,13,"E beena hole one sode een e mout, wa e gwine tek fa fight dem nation wid[.]","E\tbeen-a\thole\tone\tsode\teen\te\tmout,\twa\te\tgwine\ttek\tfa\tfight\tdem\tnation\twid[.]",3SG\tPST-PROG\thold\tone\tsword\tin\t3SG\tmouth\twhat\t3SG\tgoing\ttake\tfor\tfight\tthem\tnation\twith,He was holding a sword in his mouth which he was going to take to fight the nations with. (Rv 19.15),,,357[890],,bible translation,"E beena hole one sode een e mout, wa e gwine tek fa fight dem nation wid[.]","E been-a hole one sode een e mout, wa e gwine tek fa fight dem nation wid[.]",3SG PST-PROG hold one sword in 3SG mouth what 3SG going take for fight them nation with,,,,12257, +14-129,14,I found the scissors she cut the paper with.,I\tfound\tthe\tscissors\tshe\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith.,I\tfound\tthe\tscissors\tshe\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,I found the scissors she cut the paper with.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I found the scissors she cut the paper with.,,I found the scissors she cut the paper with,,Own knowledge,,12258, +14-130,14,I found the scissors that she cut the paper with.,I\tfound\tthe\tscissors\tthat\tshe\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith.,I\tfound\tthe\tscissors\tthat\tshe\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith,I found the scissors that she cut the paper with.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I found the scissors that she cut the paper with.",,I found the scissors that she cut the paper with,,Own knowledge,,12259, +15-126,15,di nɛf we i kɔt di bred wit dɔn lɔs,di\tnɛf\twe\ti\tkɔt\tdi\tbred\twit\tdɔn\tlɔs,ART\tknife\tREL\t3SG\tcut\tART\tbread\twith\tPFV\tlost,The knife that he cut the bread with is missing.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"di nɛf we i kɔt di bred wit dɔn lɔs",,ART knife REL 3SG cut ART bread with PFV lost,,Own knowledge,,12260, +16-138,16,naif we à kɔt brɛd wit àm,naif\t[we\tà\tkɔt\tbrɛd\twit\tàm],knife\t[REL\t1SG\tcut\tbread\twith\t3SG.OBL],the knife that I cut the bread with,,,,,constructed by linguist,"naif we à kɔt brɛd wit àm",naif [we à kɔt brɛd wit àm],knife [REL 1SG cut bread with 3SG.OBL],,Own knowledge,,12261, +16-139,16,naif à kɔt brɛd wit àm,naif\t[Ø\tà\tkɔt\tbrɛd\twit\tàm],knife\t[Ø\t1SG\tcut\tbread\twith\t3SG.OBL],the knife that I cut the bread with,,,,,constructed by linguist,naif à kɔt brɛd wit àm,"naif [Ø à kɔt brɛd wit àm]",knife [Ø 1SG cut bread with 3SG.OBL],,Own knowledge,,12262, +17-162,17,Dì nayf we̱ ìm tek ko̱t dì nyam (wìt-am) ko̱m brok.,Dì\tnayf\twe̱\tìm\ttek\tko̱t\tdì\tnyam\t(wìt-am)\tko̱m\tbrok.,ART.DEF\tknife\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\ttake.INS\tcut\tART.DEF\tyam\t(with.INS-3SG.OBJ)\tREALIS\tbreak,The knife that he cut the yam with broke.,,,462[35-46],,naturalistic spoken,"Dì nayf we̱ ìm tek ko̱t dì nyam (wìt-am) ko̱m brok.",,ART.DEF knife REL 3SG.SBJ take.INS cut ART.DEF yam (with.INS-3SG.OBJ) REALIS break,,,,12263, +17-163,17,Dì nayf we̱ ìm tek-am ko̱t dì nyam (wìt-am) ko̱m brok.,Dì\tnayf\twe̱\tìm\ttek-am\tko̱t\tdì\tnyam\t(wìt-am)\tko̱m\tbrok.,ART.DEF\tknife\tREL\t3SG.SBJ\ttake.INS-3SG.OBJ\tcut\tART.DEF\tyam\t(with.INS-3SG.OBJ)\tREALIS\tbreak,The knife that he cut the yam with broke.,,,462[35-46],,naturalistic spoken,"Dì nayf we̱ ìm tek-am ko̱t dì nyam (wìt-am) ko̱m brok.",,ART.DEF knife REL 3SG.SBJ take.INS-3SG.OBJ cut ART.DEF yam (with.INS-3SG.OBJ) REALIS break,,,,12264, +17-164,17,Dì nayf ìm tek-am ko̱t dì nyam (wìt-am) ko̱m brok.,Dì\tnayf\tìm\ttek-am\tko̱t\tdì\tnyam\t(wìt-am)\tko̱m\tbrok.,ART.DEF\tknife\t3SG.SBJ\ttake.INS-3SG.OBJ\tcut\tART.DEF\tyam\t(with.INS-3SG.OBJ)\tREALIS\tbreak,The knife that he cut the yam with broke.,,,462[35-46],,naturalistic spoken,Dì nayf ìm tek-am ko̱t dì nyam (wìt-am) ko̱m brok.,,ART.DEF knife 3SG.SBJ take.INS-3SG.OBJ cut ART.DEF yam (with.INS-3SG.OBJ) REALIS break,,,,12265, +18-146,18,naif we a kot bred wit-am,naif\twe\ta\tkot\tbred\twit-am,knife\tREL\t1SG.SBJ\tcut\tbread\twith-3SG.OBJ,the knife I cut the bread with,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"naif we a kot bred wit-am",,knife REL 1SG.SBJ cut bread with-3SG.OBJ,,,,12266, +18-147,18,naif we a tek kot di bred wit-am,naif\twe\ta\ttek\tkot\tdi\tbred\twit-am,knife\tREL\t1SG.SBJ\ttake\tcut\tDEF.ART\tbread\twith-3SG.OBJ,the knife I cut the bread with,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"naif we a tek kot di bred wit-am",,knife REL 1SG.SBJ take cut DEF.ART bread with-3SG.OBJ,,,,12267, +19-185,19,Dì sisɔs we è kɔt dì pepa wètàn.,Dì\tsisɔs\t[we\tè\tkɔt\tdì\tpepa\twèt=àn].,DEF\tscissors\t[SUBORD\t3SG.SBJ\tcut\tDEF\tpaper\twith=3SG.OBJ],The scissors that she cut the paper with.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Dì sisɔs we è kɔt dì pepa wètàn.","Dì sisɔs [we è kɔt dì pepa wèt=àn].",DEF scissors [SUBORD 3SG.SBJ cut DEF paper with=3SG.OBJ],,Own knowledge,,12268, +19-186,19,Dɛ̀n dè go wèt dan gɔn we dɛ̀n dè kil bif ɔ̀ pistola.,Dɛ̀n\tdè\tgo\twèt\tdan\tgɔn\t[we\tdɛ̀n\tdè\tkil\tbif]\tɔ̀\tpistola.,3PL\tIPFV\tgo\twith\tthat\tgun\t[SUBORD\t3PL\tIPFV\tkill\twild.animal]\tor\tpistol,"They go with that gun, (with) which they kill wild animals, or a pistol.",,,1634[488],,naturalistic spoken,"Dɛ̀n dè go wèt dan gɔn we dɛ̀n dè kil bif ɔ̀ pistola.","Dɛ̀n dè go wèt dan gɔn [we dɛ̀n dè kil bif] ɔ̀ pistola.",3PL IPFV go with that gun [SUBORD 3PL IPFV kill wild.animal] or pistol,,,,12269, +21-131,21,The scissors that I cut the paper with.,The\tscissors\tthat\tI\tcut\tthe\tpaper\twith.,DET\tscissors\tCOMP\t1SG\tcut\tDET\tpaper\twith,The scissors that I cut the paper with.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"The scissors that I cut the paper with.",,DET scissors COMP 1SG cut DET paper with,,Own knowledge,,12270, +23-149,23,Aneas i gat wan bigfala naef we hem i katem mit long hem,Aneas\ti\tgat\twan\tbigfala\tnaef\twe\them\ti\tkatem\tmit\tlong\them,Aneas\tAGR\thave\tINDF\tbig\tknife\tCOMP\t3SG\tAGR\tcut\tmeat\twith\t3SG,Aneas has a big knife that she cut the meat with.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Aneas i gat wan bigfala naef we hem i katem mit long hem",,Aneas AGR have INDF big knife COMP 3SG AGR cut meat with 3SG,,Own knowledge,,12271, +24-171,24,sisas shi kat ar paper lorng fer et,sisas\tshi\tkat\tar\tpaper\tlorng\tfer\tet,scissors\tshe\tcut\tDET.INDF.SG\tpaper\tPREP\tPREP\tPRO.NSBJ,the scissors she cuts the paper with,,,,,naturalistic spoken,sisas shi kat ar paper lorng fer et,,scissors she cut DET.INDF.SG paper PREP PREP PRO.NSBJ,,Own fieldwork,,12272, +26-105,26,da lauhala a wɛn wiv wið,da\tlauhala\ta\twɛn\twiv\twið,ART\tlauhala\t1SG\tPST.PFV\tweave\twith,the lauhala I wove with,,The lauhala is a type of palm leaf.,,,constructed by linguist,da lauhala a wɛn wiv wið,,ART lauhala 1SG PST.PFV weave with,"The lauhala is a type of palm leaf.",Own knowledge,,12273, +26-106,26,da poiston dæd a wɛn paun wið,da\tpoiston\tdæd\ta\twɛn\tpaun\twið,ART\tpoi.stone\tREL\t1SG\tPST.PFV\tpound\twith,the poi stone that I pounded with,,,,,constructed by linguist,"da poiston dæd a wɛn paun wið",,ART poi.stone REL 1SG PST.PFV pound with,,Own knowledge,,12274, +26-107,26,da poiston a wɛn paun wið,da\tpoiston\ta\twɛn\tpaun\twið,ART\tpoi.stone\t1SG\tPST.PFV\tpound\twith,the poi stone I pounded with,,,,,constructed by linguist,da poiston a wɛn paun wið,,ART poi.stone 1SG PST.PFV pound with,,Own knowledge,,12275, +28-154,28,[...] an dɛn kriki wat en mja bedi mɛt,[...]\tan\tdɛn\tkriki\twati\teni\tmja\tbedi\tmɛtɛ,[...]\tand\tthen\tget\tREL\t3PL\tmake\tbed\twith,[...] and then (they) get what they make beds with.,,,737[196],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] an dɛn kriki wat en mja bedi mɛt",[...] an dɛn kriki wati eni mja bedi mɛtɛ,[...] and then get REL 3PL make bed with,,,,12276, +28-155,28,[...] fi kap di sem itriti wat ju kiki ɛ das kori mɛto,[...]\tfi\tkap\tdi\tsem\titriti\twati\tju\tkiki\tɛkɛ\tdas\tkori\tmɛtɛ\to,[...]\tfor\tcut\tthe\tsame\titriti\tREL\t2SG\tsee\t1SG\tHAB\twork\twith\t3SG,[...] to cut the same 'itriti' that you see me working with.,,,737[375],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] fi kap di sem itriti wat ju kiki ɛ das kori mɛto",[...] fi kap di sem itriti wati ju kiki ɛkɛ das kori mɛtɛ o,[...] for cut the same itriti REL 2SG see 1SG HAB work with 3SG,,,,12277, +29-187,29,die mes waarmee hy die brood gesny het,die\tmes\twaar-mee\thy\tdie\tbrood\tge-sny\thet,DEF.ART\tknife\twhere-with\t3SG.M.NOM\tDEF.ART\tbread\tPTCP-cut\tPST,the knife with which he cut the bread,,,,,naturalistic written,"die mes waarmee hy die brood gesny het",die mes waar-mee hy die brood ge-sny het,DEF.ART knife where-with 3SG.M.NOM DEF.ART bread PTCP-cut PST,,Own knowledge,,12278, +29-188,29,die mes wat hy die brood mee gesny het,die\tmes\twat\thy\tdie\tbrood\t__\tmee\tgesny\thet,DEF.ART\tknife\tREL\t3SG.M\tthe\tbread\t__\twith\tcut\tPST,the knife he cut the bread with,,"Colloquial Afrikaans thus permits adposition stranding. Strikingly, though, the stranded adposition always take the form found in R-pronoun structures (met die mes/wat vs. waarmee - 'with the knife/which vs. where-with').",,,naturalistic spoken,"die mes wat hy die brood mee gesny het",die mes wat hy die brood __ mee gesny het,DEF.ART knife REL 3SG.M the bread __ with cut PST,"Colloquial Afrikaans thus permits adposition stranding. Strikingly, though, the stranded adposition always take the form found in R-pronoun structures (met die mes/wat vs. waarmee - 'with the knife/which vs. where-with').",Own knowledge,,12279, +30-199,30,Tisora ki e korta papel ku el [...].,Tisora\tki=e=korta\tpapel\tku=el\t[...].,scissors\tCOMP=3SG=cut\tpaper\twith=3SG\t[...],The scissors that he cut the paper with [...].,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Tisora ki e korta papel ku el [...].",Tisora ki=e=korta papel ku=el [...].,scissors COMP=3SG=cut paper with=3SG [...],,,,12280, +30-200,30,"Prufesor, óra ki óla ta kába, e ta kustuma fika ku kálsa bránka di jis, ki e ta skrebe ku el na kuádru.","Prufesor,\tóra\tki=óla\tta=kába,\te=ta=kustuma\tfika\tku=kálsa\tbránka\tdi=jis,\tki=e=ta=skrebe\tku=el\tna=kuádru.",teacher\thour\tCOMP=period\tIPFV=end\t3SG=IPFV=use\tremain\twith=trousers\twhite\tof=chalk\tCOMP=3SG=IPFV=write\twith=3SG.INDP\ton=blackboard,"When the lesson is over, the teacher's trousers are usually white from the chalk with which he writes on the blackboard.",,,784[s.v. jis],,naturalistic spoken,"Prufesor, óra ki óla ta kába, e ta kustuma fika ku kálsa bránka di jis, ki e ta skrebe ku el na kuádru.","Prufesor, óra ki=óla ta=kába, e=ta=kustuma fika ku=kálsa bránka di=jis, ki=e=ta=skrebe ku=el na=kuádru.",teacher hour COMP=period IPFV=end 3SG=IPFV=use remain with=trousers white of=chalk COMP=3SG=IPFV=write with=3SG.INDP on=blackboard,,,,12281,"German: Wenn die Stunde zu Ende ist, ist die Hose des Lehrers gewöhnlich weiß von der Kreide, mit der er an die Tafel schreibt." +31-157,31,tizor ki bu korta papel ku el,tizor\tki\tbu\tkorta\tpapel\tku\tel,scissors\tCOMP\tyou\tcut\tpaper\twith\tit,the scissors that you cut the paper with,,,,,constructed by linguist,"tizor ki bu korta papel ku el",,scissors COMP you cut paper with it,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,12282, +32-157,32,kel pedra k N kebrá janéla k el,kel\tpedra\tk\tN\tkebrá\tjanéla\tk\tel,DEM\tstone\tREL.PCL\t1SG\tbreak\twindow\twith\t3SG,the stone with which I broke the window (lit. the stone that I broke the window with it),,,,,constructed by native speaker,"kel pedra k N kebrá janéla k el",,DEM stone REL.PCL 1SG break window with 3SG,,Own knowledge,,12283,Portuguese: a pedra com a qual quebrei a janela +32-158,32,kel pedra N kebrá janéla k el,kel\tpedra\tØ\tN\tkebrá\tjanéla\tk\tel,DEM\tstone\tØ\t1SG\tbreak\twindow\twith\t3SG,the stone with which I broke the window (lit. the stone I broke the window with it),,,,,constructed by native speaker,"kel pedra N kebrá janéla k el","kel pedra Ø N kebrá janéla k el",DEM stone Ø 1SG break window with 3SG,,Own knowledge,,12284,Portuguese: a pedra com que/a qual quebrei a janela +33-185,33,Faka ki bu na korta pon ku el i di mi.,Faka\tki\tbu\tna\tkorta\tpon\tku\tel\ti\tdi\tmi.,knife\tREL\t2SG\tPROG\tcut\tbread\twith\tit\tCOP\tof\tme,The knife with which you cut the bread is mine.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Faka ki bu na korta pon ku el i di mi.",,knife REL 2SG PROG cut bread with it COP of me,,Own knowledge,,12285,Portuguese: A faca com que cortaste o papel é minha. +34-147,34,Tisora ku Pidru kortá fasenda ku yel sabi.,Tisora\tku\tPidru\tø\tkortá\tfasenda\tku\tyel\tø\tsabi.,scissors\tREL.OBJ\tPeter\tPFV\tcut\tfabric\twith\t3SG.INDP\tPFV\tsharp,The scissors with which Peter cut the fabric are sharp.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Tisora ku Pidru kortá fasenda ku yel sabi.","Tisora ku Pidru ø kortá fasenda ku yel ø sabi.",scissors REL.OBJ Peter PFV cut fabric with 3SG.INDP PFV sharp,,Own knowledge,,12286, +34-148,34,Tisora ku Pidru kortá fasenda sabi.,Tisora\tku\tPidru\tø\tkortá\tfasenda\tø\tsabi.,scissors\tREL.OBJ\tPeter\tPFV\tcut\tfabric\tPFV\tsharp,The scissors with which Peter cut the fabric are sharp.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Tisora ku Pidru kortá fasenda sabi.","Tisora ku Pidru ø kortá fasenda ø sabi.",scissors REL.OBJ Peter PFV cut fabric PFV sharp,,Own knowledge,,12287, +35-208,35,Inen kwa se ku a ka da ngê sôtxi ku ê.,Inen\tkwa\tse\tku\ta\tka\tda\tngê\tsôtxi\tku\tê.,PL.DEF\tthing\tDEM\tREL\tIMPRS\tIPFV\tgive\tpeople\tflogging\twith\t3SG,The things in question they use to flog people with.,,"Note that there is no number agreement between the relativized antecedent and the stranded 3SG pronoun. +IMPRS = impersonal pronoun",,,naturalistic spoken,"Inen kwa se ku a ka da ngê sôtxi ku ê.",,PL.DEF thing DEM REL IMPRS IPFV give people flogging with 3SG,"Note that there is no number agreement between the relativized antecedent and the stranded 3SG pronoun. +IMPRS = impersonal pronoun",Own data,,12288, +36-127,36,piongo ma n pega taba ku ê,piongo\tma\tn\tpega\ttaba\tku\tê,nail\tREL.NSBJ\t1SG\tnail\tplank\twith\tit,the nail with which I nailed the planks,,,,,constructed by linguist,"piongo ma n pega taba ku ê",,nail REL.NSBJ 1SG nail plank with it,,Own knowledge,,12289, +37-162,37,Kumin ki ine têêxi ufaka sê ki n txya ivin kôli sa n' êli?,Kumin\tki\tine\ttêêxi\tufaka\tsê\tki\tn\ttxya\tivin\tki\têli\tsa\tna\têli?,place\tREL\tPL\tthree\tknife\tDEM\tREL\t1SG\textract\twine\twith\t3SG\tbe\tin\t3SG,Where are the three knives I extracted palm wine with?,,,905[54],,elicited from speaker,"Kumin ki ine têêxi ufaka sê ki n txya ivin kôli sa n' êli?",Kumin ki ine têêxi ufaka sê ki n txya ivin ki êli sa na êli?,place REL PL three knife DEM REL 1SG extract wine with 3SG be in 3SG,,,,12290, +37-163,37,Kumin ki ine têêxi ufaka sê ki n txya ivin sa n'êli?,Kumin\tki\tine\ttêêxi\tufaka\tsê\tki\tn\ttxya\tivin\tsa\tna\têli?,place\tREL\tPL\tthree\tknife\tDEM\tREL\t1SG\textract\twine\tbe\tin\t3SG,Where are the three knives I extracted palm wine with?,,,905[54],,elicited from speaker,"Kumin ki ine têêxi ufaka sê ki n txya ivin sa n'êli?",Kumin ki ine têêxi ufaka sê ki n txya ivin sa na êli?,place REL PL three knife DEM REL 1SG extract wine be in 3SG,,,,12291, +40-124,40,Fak ki tum-o kharm ki korta drɛt nu tɛ.,Fak\tki\ttum-o\tkharm\tki\tkorta\tdrɛt\tnu\ttɛ.,knife\tREL\ttake-PST\tmeat\tCOMP\tcut\tgood\tNEG\tCOP.PRS,The knife she took to cut the meat is not good.,,Korlai does not relativize an instrument adpositional phrase.,,,elicited from speaker,Fak ki tum-o kharm ki korta drɛt nu tɛ.,,knife REL take-PST meat COMP cut good NEG COP.PRS,Korlai does not relativize an instrument adpositional phrase.,Own fieldwork materials,,12292, +42-169,42,aké faka ki eli ja sibrí pa kotrá aké papel,aké\tfaka\tki\teli\tja\tsibrí\tpa\tkotrá\také\tpapel,that\tknife\tREL\t3SG\tPFV\tuse\tfor\tcut\tthat\tpaper,The knife he/she used to cut the paper.,,,,,elicited from speaker,aké faka ki eli ja sibrí pa kotrá aké papel,,that knife REL 3SG PFV use for cut that paper,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,12293, +44-164,44,Kel kutʃílyu ya sirbí yo na syémbra.,Kel\tkutʃílyu\tya\tsirbí\tyo\tna\tsyémbra.,DEM\tknife\tPFV\tuse\t1SG\tLOC\tplant,That knife I used in gardening.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Kel kutʃílyu ya sirbí yo na syémbra.,,DEM knife PFV use 1SG LOC plant,,Own data,,12294, +45-133,45,Ya ruba el cuchillo que ya usa yo para culta el carne.,Ya\truba\tel\tcuchillo\tque\tya\tusa\tyo\tpara\tculta\tel\tcarne.,PFV\tsteal\tDEF\tknife\tthat\tPFV\tuse\t1SG\tfor\tcut\tDEF\tmeat,The knife I cut the meat with was stolen. OR: The knife that I used in cutting the meat was stolen.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya ruba el cuchillo que ya usa yo para culta el carne.,,PFV steal DEF knife that PFV use 1SG for cut DEF meat,,Own data,,12295, +46-175,46,Takí el kuchílyo kon kósa ya-kortá yo konel kárne.,Takí\tel\tkuchílyo\tkon\tkósa\tya-kortá\tyo\tkonel\tkárne.,here.is\tthe\tknife\twith\twhat\tPRF-cut\t1SG\tOBJ.the\tmeat,Here is the knife with which I cut the meat.,,"Since this is an elicitated construction via English, I am not sure how frequent or how usual it is. At least it does not occur in my text data.",,,elicited from speaker,"Takí el kuchílyo kon kósa ya-kortá yo konel kárne.",,here.is the knife with what PRF-cut 1SG OBJ.the meat,"Since this is an elicitated construction via English, I am not sure how frequent or how usual it is. At least it does not occur in my text data.",Own knowledge,,12296, +46-176,46,Éste el kuchílyo ya-kurtá yo konel kárne.,Éste\tel\tkuchílyo\tya-kurtá\tyo\tkonel\tkárne.,this\tthe\tknife\tPRF-cut\t1SG\tOBJ.the\tmeat,This is the knife with which I cut the meat.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Éste el kuchílyo ya-kurtá yo konel kárne.,,this the knife PRF-cut 1SG OBJ.the meat,,Own knowledge,,12297, +47-187,47,e pèn ku m'a skirbi kuné,e\tpèn\tku\tmi\ta\tskirbi\tku\te,DEF\tpen\tCOMP\t1SG\tPFV\twrite\twith\t3SG,the pen that I wrote with,,,1031[86],,published source,"e pèn ku m'a skirbi kuné",e pèn ku mi a skirbi ku e,DEF pen COMP 1SG PFV write with 3SG,,,,12298, +47-188,47,Ela bai su kas pa regresá despues ku un machete ku kua el a zuai den direkshon di Djo.,El\ta\tbai\tsu\tkas\tpa\tregresá\tdespues\tku\tun\tmachete\tku\tkua\tel\ta\tzuai\tden\tdirekshon\tdi\tDjo.,3SG\tPFV\tgo\tPOSS\thouse\tfor\treturn\tlater\twith\tINDF\tcutlass\twith\twhich\t3SG\tPFV\tswing\tin\tdirection\tof\tDjo,He went home to return later with a cutlass with which he swung in Djo's direction.,,The translation is mine.,"453[27 June 2009, p.6]",,literary or other written source,"Ela bai su kas pa regresá despues ku un machete ku kua el a zuai den direkshon di Djo.",El a bai su kas pa regresá despues ku un machete ku kua el a zuai den direkshon di Djo.,3SG PFV go POSS house for return later with INDF cutlass with which 3SG PFV swing in direction of Djo,The translation is mine.,,,12299, +47-189,47,e ènvelop ku bo a manda bo karta aden,e\tènvelop\tku\tbo\ta\tmanda\tbo\tkarta\taden,DEF\tenvelope\tCOMP\t2SG\tPFV\tsend\t2SG\tletter\tinside,the envelope that you sent your letter in,,"Note the appearance of detransitivized aden (inside), which corresponds to the transitive form den (in, inside).",755,,naturalistic written,"e ènvelop ku bo a manda bo karta aden",,DEF envelope COMP 2SG PFV send 2SG letter inside,"Note the appearance of detransitivized aden (inside), which corresponds to the transitive form den (in, inside).",,,12300, +47-190,47,[...] tin regla ku ta obligá kontratistanan lokal pa sòru pa tin WC di kua nan trahadónan por hasi uso durante konstrukshon.,[...]\ttin\tregla\tku\tta\tobligá\tkontratista\tnan\tlokal\tpa\tsòru\tpa\ttin\tWC\tdi\tkua\tnan\ttrahadó\tnan\tpor\thasi\tuso\tdurante\tkonstrukshon,[...]\thave\tregulation\tCOMP\tTNS\toblige\tcontractor\tPL\tlocal\tCOMP\tensure\tCOMP\thave\tWC\tof\twhich\t3PL\tworker\tPL\tcan\tmake\tuse\tduring\tconstruction,[...] there are regulations which require local contractors to make sure to have toilet facilities of which their workers can make use during construction work.,,"The translation is mine. Although not an example of an instrumental, this is another example illustrating pied-piping of a preposition with the relative pronoun kua.","453[20 June 2009, p.2]",,published source,[...] tin regla ku ta obligá kontratistanan lokal pa sòru pa tin WC di kua nan trahadónan por hasi uso durante konstrukshon.,[...] tin regla ku ta obligá kontratista nan lokal pa sòru pa tin WC di kua nan trahadó nan por hasi uso durante konstrukshon,[...] have regulation COMP TNS oblige contractor PL local COMP ensure COMP have WC of which 3PL worker PL can make use during construction,"The translation is mine. Although not an example of an instrumental, this is another example illustrating pied-piping of a preposition with the relative pronoun kua.",,,12301, +47-191,47,"Pa no kita e sous ku kua e saserdote a terminá e kapítulo aki, ata e vershon original na hulandes: [...].","Pa\tno\tkita\te\tsous\tku\tkua\te\tsaserdote\ta\tterminá\te\tkapítulo\taki,\tata\te\tvershon\toriginal\tna\thulandes:\t[...].",for\tNEG\tremove\tDEF\tsauce\twith\twhich\tDEF\tpriest\tASP\tend\tDEF\tchapter\tDEM.PROX\tPRESV\tDEF\tversion\toriginal\tLOC\tDutch\t[...],"Not to do injustice to the juice with which the priest ended this chapter, here is the original Dutch version: [...].",,"The translation is mine; 'the juice' refers to the priest's ""juicy"" statement","453[20 June 2009, p.7]",,published source,"Pa no kita e sous ku kua e saserdote a terminá e kapítulo aki, ata e vershon original na hulandes: [...].",,for NEG remove DEF sauce with which DEF priest ASP end DEF chapter DEM.PROX PRESV DEF version original LOC Dutch [...],"The translation is mine; 'the juice' refers to the priest's ""juicy"" statement",,,12302, +47-192,47,Un di e aktividatnan ku BOVOBO ta trahando ariba ta un “beach volleyball” ku [...].,un di e aktividat nan ku BOVOBO ta traha-ndo ariba ta un “beach volleyball” ku [...].,one of DEF activity-PL COMP BOVOBO TNS work-GER on COP INDF beach volleyball COMP [...]  ,One of the activities which BOVOBO is working on is beach volleyball which [...].,,The translation is mine.,"453[16 July 2009, p.9]",,published source,"Un di e aktividatnan ku BOVOBO ta trahando ariba ta un “beach volleyball” ku [...].",un di e aktividat nan ku BOVOBO ta traha-ndo ariba ta un “beach volleyball” ku [...].,one of DEF activity-PL COMP BOVOBO TNS work-GER on COP INDF beach volleyball COMP [...],The translation is mine.,,,12303, +48-166,48,Ma tihera ku lo k' i tan kottá papé a-ta aí.,Ma\ttihera\tku\tlo\tk'\ti\ttan\tkottá\tpapé\ta-ta\taí.,PL\tscissors\twith\tthat\twhich\tI\tFUT\tcut\tpaper\t?-be\tthere,The scissors with which I am going to cut the paper are (over) there.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ma tihera ku lo k' i tan kottá papé a-ta aí.",,PL scissors with that which I FUT cut paper ?-be there,,Own knowledge,,12304,Spanish: Las tijeras con las cuales (yo) voy a cortar el papel están allí. +49-284,49,Dyak m dyake machin nan pa bon.,Dyak\tm\tdyake\tmachin\tnan\tpa\tbon.,jack\t1SG\tlift\tcar\tDEF\tNEG\tgood,The jack with which I lifted the car is not good.,,,371[55],,naturalistic spoken,Dyak m dyake machin nan pa bon.,,jack 1SG lift car DEF NEG good,,,,12305,French: Le cric avec lequel j'ai soulevé la voiture n'est pas bon. +49-285,49,Dyak m dyake machin nan ak li a pa bon.,Dyak\tm\tdyake\tmachin\tnan\tak\tli\ta\tpa\tbon.,jack\t1SG\tlift\tcar\tDEF\twith\t3SG\tDEF\tNEG\tgood,The jack with which I lifted the car is not good.,,,371[55],,naturalistic spoken,Dyak m dyake machin nan ak li a pa bon.,,jack 1SG lift car DEF with 3SG DEF NEG good,,,,12306,French: Le cric avec lequel j'ai soulevé la voiture n'est pas bon. +49-286,49,Kouto m koupe vyann nan pa file.,Kouto\tm\tkoupe\tvyann\tnan\tpa\tfile.,knife\t1SG\tcut\tmeat\tDEF\tNEG\tsharpen,The knife with which I cut up the meat is not sharp.,,,371[55],,constructed by linguist,Kouto m koupe vyann nan pa file.,,knife 1SG cut meat DEF NEG sharpen,,,,12307,French: Le couteau avec lequel j'ai coupé la viande n'est pas aiguisé. +49-287,49,Kouto m koupe vyann nan ak li a pa file.,Kouto\tm\tkoupe\tvyann\tnan\tak\tli\ta\tpa\tfile.,knife\t1SG\tcut\tmeat\tDEF\twith\t3SG\tDEF\tNEG\tsharpen,The knife with which I cut up the meat is not sharp.,,,371[55],,constructed by linguist,Kouto m koupe vyann nan ak li a pa file.,,knife 1SG cut meat DEF with 3SG DEF NEG sharpen,,,,12308,French: Le couteau avec lequel j'ai coupé la viande n'est pas aiguisé. +50-178,50,kouto-la ou ka sèvi épi'y la,kouto-la\tou\tka\tsèvi\tépi'y\tla,knife-DEF\t2SG\tuse\tcut\twith.3SG\tDET,the knife you use (the knife with which you cut),,,,,naturalistic spoken,kouto-la ou ka sèvi épi'y la,,knife-DEF 2SG use cut with.3SG DET,,Own fieldwork,,12309, +51-155,51,kouto-a ou ka koupé pen épi'y la,kouto-a ou ka koupé pen épi'y la,knife-DEF 2SG cut bread with 3SG,the knife with which you cut bread,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kouto-a ou ka koupé pen épi'y la,,knife-DEF 2SG cut bread with 3SG,,Own fieldwork,,12310, +52-97,52,sa kouto-a i ka koupé ké li,sa\tkouto-a\ti\tka\tkoupé\tké\tli,that\tknife-ART\the\tPROG\tcuts\twith\tit,the knife he cuts with,,,,,constructed by linguist,sa kouto-a i ka koupé ké li,,that knife-ART he PROG cuts with it,,Own knowledge,,12311, +53-353,53,En longon se li to t fròt avek.,En\tlongon\tse\tli\t__\tto\tt\tfròt\tavek.,ART.INDF\tointment\tCOP\t3SG\t__\t2SG\tPST\trub\twith,"An ointment, that's what you rubbed yourself with.",,,722[229],,naturalistic spoken,En longon se li to t fròt avek.,En longon se li __ to t fròt avek.,ART.INDF ointment COP 3SG __ 2SG PST rub with,,,,12312, +54-202,54,[...] lé zerb ki fé médikaman avèk.,[...]\tle\tzerb\tk\ti\tfe\tmedikaman\tavek.,[...]\tDEF.PL\therb\tREL\tFIN\tmake\tmedicine\twith,[...] the herbs with which you prepare medicine.,,,229[142],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] lé zerb ki fé médikaman avèk.",[...] le zerb k i fe medikaman avek.,[...] DEF.PL herb REL FIN make medicine with,,,,12313,French: [...] les herbes avec lequelles on fait des médicaments. +54-203,54,"Zafèr i koup kane avèk la, koman i apèl?","Zafer\tØ\ti\tkoup\tkann\tavek\tla,\tkoman\ti\tapel?",thing\tØ\tFIN\tcut\tsugar.cane\twith\tthere\thow\tFIN\tcall,"The tool with which you cut sugar cane, what do you call it?",,,229[189],,naturalistic spoken,"Zafèr i koup kane avèk la, koman i apèl?","Zafer Ø i koup kann avek la, koman i apel?",thing Ø FIN cut sugar.cane with there how FIN call,,,,12314,"French: L'outil avec lequel on coupe la canne, comment ça s'appelle?" +55-173,55,sizo avek ki li ti kup en ledwa la,sizo\tavek\tki\tli\tti\tkup\ten\tledwa\tla,scissors\twith\twhich\ts/he\tPST\tcut\tINDF\tfinger\tDET,the scissors with which s/he cut a finger,,"The article la relates to the whole noun phrase, not to 'finger'. No count noun can simultaneously occur with both the indefinite and definite articles - en 'one' applies to 'finger' alone; la applies to the whole NP.",,,constructed by linguist,"sizo avek ki li ti kup en ledwa la",,scissors with which s/he PST cut INDF finger DET,"The article la relates to the whole noun phrase, not to 'finger'. No count noun can simultaneously occur with both the indefinite and definite articles - en 'one' applies to 'finger' alone; la applies to the whole NP.",Own knowledge,,12315, +55-174,55,sa kouto (ki) Zak ti koup pwason la,sa\tkouto\t(ki)\tZak\tti\tkoup\tpwason\tla,DEM\tknife\t(that)\tJack\tPST\tcut\tfish\tDEM,This is the knife with which Jacques cut the fish.,,This example is adopted from Seychelles Creole and has been tested with a native speaker.,,,elicited from speaker,sa kouto (ki) Zak ti koup pwason la,,DEM knife (that) Jack PST cut fish DEM,This example is adopted from Seychelles Creole and has been tested with a native speaker.,"Fabiola Henri, p.c.",,12316, +56-173,56,sa (i) sizo ki i ti koup papye avek,sa\t(i)\tsizo\tki\ti\tti\tkoup\tpapye\tavek,DEM\t(3SG)\tscissor\tREL\t3SG\tPST\tcut\tpaper\twith,the scissors that he cut the paper with,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"sa (i) sizo ki i ti koup papye avek",,DEM (3SG) scissor REL 3SG PST cut paper with,,Own knowledge,,12317, +56-174,56,Sa i kouto ek ki Zak ti koup pwason.,Sa\ti\tkouto\tek\tki\tZak\tti\tkoup\tpwason.,this\tPM\tknife\twith\tREL.PCL\tJacques\tPST\tcut\tfish,This is the knife with which Jacques cut the fish.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Sa i kouto ek ki Zak ti koup pwason.",,this PM knife with REL.PCL Jacques PST cut fish,,Own knowledge,,12318, +58-117,58,biki ya mono sonik-aka mukanda na yo,biki\tya\tmono\tsonik-aka\tmukanda\tna\tyo,pen\tREL\tme\twrite-PST\tletter\twith\tit,the pen I wrote the letter with,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"biki ya mono sonik-aka mukanda na yo",,pen REL me write-PST letter with it,,Own knowledge,,12319, +58-118,58,mbele ya mono zeng-aka niama na yo,mbele\tya\tmono\tzeng-aka\tniama\tna\tyo,knife\tCONN\t1SG\tcut-PST\tmeat\tCONN\t3SG.INAN,the knife I cut the meat with,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mbele ya mono zeng-aka niama na yo",,knife CONN 1SG cut-PST meat CONN 3SG.INAN,,Own knowledge,,12320, +59-285,59,zeme so mbi doroko na nyami ni aza nzoni ape,zeme\tso\tmbi\tdoroko\tna\tnyami\tni\ta-za\tnzoni\tape,knife\tREL\t1SG\tchop\tPREP\tmeat\tDET\tPM-be.sharp\twell\tNEG,The knife with which I chop the meat is not very sharp.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"zeme so mbi doroko na nyami ni aza nzoni ape",zeme so mbi doroko na nyami ni a-za nzoni ape,knife REL 1SG chop PREP meat DET PM-be.sharp well NEG,,Own knowledge,,12321, +59-287,59,zeme so mbi doroka na nyama ni aza ape,zeme\tso\tmbi\tdoroka\tna\tnyama\tni\ta-za\tape,knife\tREL\t1SG\tbutcher\twith\tanimal\tDEF\tPM-be.sharp\tNEG,The knife with which I butchered the animal is not sharp.,,Instrumentality is expressed with the preposition na.,,,constructed by linguist,"zeme so mbi doroka na nyama ni aza ape",zeme so mbi doroka na nyama ni a-za ape,knife REL 1SG butcher with animal DEF PM-be.sharp NEG,"Instrumentality is expressed with the preposition na.",Own knowledge,,12322, +59-288,59,mo baa keke so lo pika na mbi,mo\tbaa\tkeke\tso\tlo\tpika\tna\tmbi,2SG\tsee\tstick\tREL\t3SG\thit\twith\t1SG,Look at this stick with which he hit me.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo baa keke so lo pika na mbi",,2SG see stick REL 3SG hit with 1SG,,Own knowledge,,12323, +60-133,60,"mbelí óyo akátákí sósó na yangó, ezalákí makási","mbelí\tóyo\ta-kát-ákí\tsósó\tna\tyangó,\te-zal-ákí\tmakási",knife\tREL\t3SG-cut-PST\tchicken\twith\t3SG\t3SG-be-PST\thard,The knife with which he cut the chicken was hard.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"mbelí óyo akátákí sósó na yangó, ezalákí makási","mbelí óyo a-kát-ákí sósó na yangó, e-zal-ákí makási",knife REL 3SG-cut-PST chicken with 3SG 3SG-be-PST hard,,Own knowledge,,12324, +60-134,60,"mbelí akátákí sósó na yangó, ezalákí makási","mbelí\ta-kát-ákí\tsósó\tna\tyangó,\te-zal-ákí\tmakási",knife\t3SG-cut-PST\tchicken\twith\t3SG\t3SG-be-PST\thard,The knife with which he cut the chicken was hard.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"mbelí akátákí sósó na yangó, ezalákí makási","mbelí a-kát-ákí sósó na yangó, e-zal-ákí makási",knife 3SG-cut-PST chicken with 3SG 3SG-be-PST hard,,Own knowledge,,12325, +61-102,61,Lo kuba yena lo into tina lima ka yena [...].,Lo\tkuba\tyena\tlo\tinto\ttina\tlim-a\tka\tyena\t[...],ART\thoe\tit\tART\tthing\twe\tplough-V\tINS\tit\t[...],A hoe is a thing we plough with [...]. OR: A hoe is something that we plough with [...].,,"The absence of a relative particle is possible, but less idiomatic than having it in.",14,,constructed by linguist,Lo kuba yena lo into tina lima ka yena [...].,Lo kuba yena lo into tina lim-a ka yena [...],ART hoe it ART thing we plough-V INS it [...],"The absence of a relative particle is possible, but less idiomatic than having it in.",,,12326, +64-188,64,fi molódo al bikúruju be úo,fi\tmolódo\tal\tbi=kúruju\tbe\túo,EXIST\thoe\tREL\tIRR=cultivate\twith\t3SG,There is a hoe with which (people) cultivate.,,,874[190],,naturalistic spoken,"fi molódo al bikúruju be úo",fi molódo al bi=kúruju be úo,EXIST hoe REL IRR=cultivate with 3SG,,,,12327, +64-189,64,ay wáhid éndu adát al úmon birája be úo wára,ay\twáhid\téndu\tad-át\tal\túmon\tbi=rája\tbe\túo\twára,each\tone\thave\tinstrument-PL\tREL\t3PL\tIRR=come.back\tINS\t3SG\tbehind,Everyone has the means to go back.,,,874[251],,naturalistic spoken,ay wáhid éndu adát al úmon birája be úo wára,ay wáhid éndu ad-át al úmon bi=rája be úo wára,each one have instrument-PL REL 3PL IRR=come.back INS 3SG behind,,,,12328, +66-108,66,dia peepəryang sipotong gunting,[dia\tpeepər-yang\tsi-potong]\tgunting,[3SG\tpaper-ACC.DEF\tPST-cut]\tscissors,the scissors with which she just cut the paper,,,,,elicited from speaker,dia peepəryang sipotong gunting,[dia peepər-yang si-potong] gunting,[3SG paper-ACC.DEF PST-cut] scissors,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,12329, +66-109,66,dia peepəryang epotong gunting,[dia\tpeepər-yang\te-potong]\tgunting,[3SG\tpaper-ACC.DEF\tASP-cut]\tscissors,the scissors with which she cut the paper,,,,,elicited from speaker,dia peepəryang epotong gunting,[dia peepər-yang e-potong] gunting,[3SG paper-ACC.DEF ASP-cut] scissors,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,12330, +67-198,67,Orang suda jalan ah dia punya itu bohong punya itu bola dia kasi pancit.,Orang\tsuda\tjalan\tah\tdia\tpunya\titu\tbohong\tpunya\titu\tbola\tdia\tkasi\tpancit.,person\tPFV\twalk\tPCL\t[3SG\tPOSS\tDEM\tcheat\tREL]\tDEM\tball\t3SG\tgive\tpuncture,"Once the people had left, he punctured the ball he had cheated [them] with.",,,708[386],,naturalistic spoken,Orang suda jalan ah dia punya itu bohong punya itu bola dia kasi pancit.,,person PFV walk PCL [3SG POSS DEM cheat REL] DEM ball 3SG give puncture,,,,12331, +68-112,68,Itu gunting beta mo potong kertas itu akang.,Itu\tgunting\tbeta\tmo\tpotong\tkertas\titu\takang.,DEM\tscissors\t1SG\tFUT\tcut\tpaper\tDEM\t3SG.N,Those are the scissors I will cut the paper with. OR: Those scissors I will cut that paper [with] them.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Itu gunting beta mo potong kertas itu akang.,,DEM scissors 1SG FUT cut paper DEM 3SG.N,,Own knowledge,,12332, +71-171,71,Keia pu no ka pu a Kipau i ki ai iau.,Keia\tpu\tno\tka\tpu\ta\tKipau\ti\tki\tai\tiau.,this\tgun\tINTENS\tDEF\tgun\tPOSS\tKipau\tREL\tshoot\tREL\tOBJ.1SG,This is the gun with which Kipau shot me.,,This is a sentence in non-pidginized Hawaiian that comes at the end of a speaker's testimony in the pidgin (probably reflecting code switching). The sentence shares case marking and the relative clause construction with the lexifier. The Pidgin equivalent may well be keia ka pu Kipau mamua ki wau [this DEF gun Kipau before shoot 1SG].,,,naturalistic written,"Keia pu no ka pu a Kipau i ki ai iau.",,this gun INTENS DEF gun POSS Kipau REL shoot REL OBJ.1SG,"This is a sentence in non-pidginized Hawaiian that comes at the end of a speaker's testimony in the pidgin (probably reflecting code switching). The sentence shares case marking and the relative clause construction with the lexifier. The Pidgin equivalent may well be keia ka pu Kipau mamua ki wau [this DEF gun Kipau before shoot 1SG].",Own data 1885,,12333, +71-172,71,Keia ka pu Kipau mamua ki wau.,Keia\tka\tpu\tKipau\tmamua\tki\twau.,this\tDEF\tgun\tKipau\tbefore\tshoot\t1SG,This is the gun with which Kipau shot me.,,This is a hypothetical constructed example based on Example 171.,,,constructed by linguist,"Keia ka pu Kipau mamua ki wau.",,this DEF gun Kipau before shoot 1SG,This is a hypothetical constructed example based on Example 171.,Own knowledge,,12334, +73-97,73,no tinini kuchilluda inkiun kurtasha panda,no\ttini-ni\tkuchillu-da\tinki-un\tkurta-sha\tpan-da,NEG\thave-1SG\tknife-ACC\twhat-INS\tcut-1SG.FUT\tbread-ACC,I do not have a knife with which to cut the bread.,,"I am fairly confident in the use of the wh-strategy in Media Lengua in instrument relatives, but the example looks too much like a literal translation from Spanish.",1038[393],,elicited from speaker,"no tinini kuchilluda inkiun kurtasha panda",no tini-ni kuchillu-da inki-un kurta-sha pan-da,NEG have-1SG knife-ACC what-INS cut-1SG.FUT bread-ACC,"I am fairly confident in the use of the wh-strategy in Media Lengua in instrument relatives, but the example looks too much like a literal translation from Spanish.",,,12335, +75-234,75,Uunhiin lii siizoo eekiiaapachihtaat chikishkishahk aen papyii.,Uunhiin\tlii\tsiizoo\tee-kii-aapachihtaa-t\tchi-kishkish-ahk\taen\tpapyii.,these\tART.PL\tscissors\tCOMP-PST-use.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tCOMP.FUT-cut-3.SBJ.ANIM.3.OBJ.INAN\tINDF.ART.M.SG\tpaper,Here (These) are the scissors with which she cut the paper.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Uunhiin lii siizoo eekiiaapachihtaat chikishkishahk aen papyii.,Uunhiin lii siizoo ee-kii-aapachihtaa-t chi-kishkish-ahk aen papyii.,these ART.PL scissors COMP-PST-use.INAN-3.SBJ.3.OBJ COMP.FUT-cut-3.SBJ.ANIM.3.OBJ.INAN INDF.ART.M.SG paper,,,,12336, +75-235,75,Li but di kutoo kaaapachihtaahk chimenishikaakeehk.,Li\tbut\tdi\tkutoo\tkaa-apachihtaa-hk\tchi-menish-ikaa-kee-hk.,ART.M.SG\tend\tof\tknife\tREL-use.INAN-INDF.ACTOR\tCOMP.FUT-cut-PASS-INDF.OBJ-INDF.ACTOR,It is the blade of a knife that is used if one cuts things. OR: The blade of the knife is used to cut with.,,,789[44],,naturalistic written,Li but di kutoo kaaapachihtaahk chimenishikaakeehk.,Li but di kutoo kaa-apachihtaa-hk chi-menish-ikaa-kee-hk.,ART.M.SG end of knife REL-use.INAN-INDF.ACTOR COMP.FUT-cut-PASS-INDF.OBJ-INDF.ACTOR,,,,12337, +75-236,75,Uma li kuto kaakiiapachtayaan la vyan chimanishamaan.,Uma\tli\tkuto\tkaa-kii-apachtaa-yaan\tla\tvyan\tchi-manish-amaan.,this.INAN\tART.M.SG\tknife\tREL-PST-use-1SG\tART.M.SG\tmeat\tCOMP.FUT-cut-1SG.SBJ.3.OBJ.INAN,This is the knife I cut the meat with. OR: This is the knife I used to cut the meat with.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Uma li kuto kaakiiapachtayaan la vyan chimanishamaan.,Uma li kuto kaa-kii-apachtaa-yaan la vyan chi-manish-amaan.,this.INAN ART.M.SG knife REL-PST-use-1SG ART.M.SG meat COMP.FUT-cut-1SG.SBJ.3.OBJ.INAN,,,,12338, +1-234,1,"Onnoe sa moessoe swerrie toe takie dem pikin dissie onnoe pottie na wie han, dem na reijtie piekien foe heddeman.","Unu\tsa\tmusu\tsweri\ttu\ttaki\tden\tpiki\tdisi\tunu\tpoti\tna\twi\tanu,\tden\tda\treti\tpikin\tfu\thedeman.",2PL\tFUT\tmust\tswear\talso\tthat\tDET.PL\tchild\tREL\t2PL\tput\tLOC\t1PL\thand\t3PL\tbe\tright\tchild\tof\tcaptain,You should also swear that the children you will hand over to us are really the children of captains.,,"The form taki functions both as a verb 'say, tell, speak' and as a complementizer; here it appears in the latter function.",1437[art.13],,written,"Onnoe sa moessoe swerrie toe takie dem pikin dissie onnoe pottie na wie han, dem na reijtie piekien foe heddeman.","Unu sa musu sweri tu taki den piki disi unu poti na wi anu, den da reti pikin fu hedeman.",2PL FUT must swear also that DET.PL child REL 2PL put LOC 1PL hand 3PL be right child of captain,"The form taki functions both as a verb 'say, tell, speak' and as a complementizer; here it appears in the latter function.",,,12339, +1-235,1,Joe ben takie gie em datie mie dee na hoso.,Yu\tben\ttaki\tgi\ten\tdati\tme\tde\tna\toso.,2SG\tPST\tsay\tto\t3SG\tthat\t1SG\tCOP\tLOC\thouse,Did you tell him that I'm at home?,,"Here dati functions a complementizer; otherwise it is a demonstrative, 'that' (see Features 31 ""Cooccurrence of demonstrative and definite article"" and 32 ""Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives"").",1576[91],,written,"Joe ben takie gie em datie mie dee na hoso.",Yu ben taki gi en dati me de na oso.,2SG PST say to 3SG that 1SG COP LOC house,"Here dati functions a complementizer; otherwise it is a demonstrative, 'that' (see Features 31 ""Cooccurrence of demonstrative and definite article"" and 32 ""Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives"").",,,12340,Dutch: Hebt gy hem gezegd dat ik t'huis was. [op.cit.] +2-249,2,"Da' Anansi taki, eng go proberi efi eng kan sabi fa a nemn.","Da'\tAnansi\ttaki,\teng\tgo\tproberi\tefi\teng\tkan\tsabi\tfa\ta\tnemn.",then\tAnansi\tsay\t3SG\tgo\ttry\tif\t3SG\tcan\tknow\thow\t3SG\tname,Then Anansi said he would try if he could learn his name.,,,1218[40],,naturalistic spoken,"Da' Anansi taki, eng go proberi efi eng kan sabi fa a nemn.",,then Anansi say 3SG go try if 3SG can know how 3SG name,,,,12341, +2-250,2,A bonuman taigi a frow taki a musu weri wan bereketi fu kan kon betre.,A\tbonuman\ttaigi\ta\tfrow\ttaki\ta\tmusu\tweri\twan\tbereketi\tfu\tkan\tkon\tbetre.,ART\tmedicine.man\ttell\tART\twoman\tthat\t3SG\tmust\twear\tART\tbelly.chain\tfor\tcan\tcome\tbetter,The medicine man told the woman that she had to wear a chain around her waist in order to get better.,,,1587[25],,unknown,"A bonuman taigi a frow taki a musu weri wan bereketi fu kan kon betre.",,ART medicine.man tell ART woman that 3SG must wear ART belly.chain for can come better,,,,12342, +2-251,2,Den boi taki dati den o kon tamara baka.,Den\tboi\ttaki\tdati\tden\to\tkon\ttamara\tbaka.,ART.PL\tboy\tsay\tthat\tthey\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow\tback,The boys said that they would come back tomorrow.,,,1587[37],,unknown,"Den boi taki dati den o kon tamara baka.",,ART.PL boy say that they FUT come tomorrow back,,,,12343, +3-128,3,A taki á bunu.,A\ttaki\tá\tbunu.,3SG\tsay\t3SG.NEG\tgood,He said it was not good.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A taki á bunu.,,3SG say 3SG.NEG good,,Fieldwork data,,12344, +3-129,3,Mi taki taa a bunu.,Mi\ttaki\ttaa\ta\tbunu.,1SG\tsay\tCOMP\t3SG\tgood,I said that it is good.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi taki taa a bunu.,,1SG say COMP 3SG good,,Fieldwork data,,12345, +3-133,3,A bì táki f'én kulé.,A\tbì\ttáki\tf'=én\tkulé.,3SG\tTNS\ttalk\tfor=3SG\trun,He told him to run. (warning),,,,,naturalistic spoken,A bì táki f'én kulé.,A bì táki f'=én kulé.,3SG TNS talk for=3SG run,,Fieldwork data,,12346, +4-163,4,A tya kaagi gi Gaaman taki den ná e libi bun anga en.,A\ttya\tkaagi\tgi\tGaaman\ttaki\tden\tná\te\tlibi\tbun\tanga\ten.,she\tcarry\tcomplaint\tgive\tparamount.chief\tsay\tthey\tNEG\tIPFV\tlive\twell\twith\ther,She complained to the paramount chief that they did not treat her well.,,,568[157],,naturalistic spoken,"A tya kaagi gi Gaaman taki den ná e libi bun anga en.",,she carry complaint give paramount.chief say they NEG IPFV live well with her,,,,12347, +5-166,5,shi tel am se ii go sok am,shi\ttel\tam\tse\tii\tgo\tsok\tam,3SG\ttalk\t3SG.OBJ\tsay\t3SG\twill\tsuck\t3SG.OBJ,She told him that she would suck his blood.,,,"1281[160, line 495]",,constructed by linguist,"shi tel am se ii go sok am",,3SG talk 3SG.OBJ say 3SG will suck 3SG.OBJ,,,,12348, +5-167,5,ii tel mi dat hou ii foget,ii\ttel\tmi\tdat\thou\tii\tfoget,3SG\ttell\t1SG\tthat\thow\t3SG\tforget,He told me that he had forgotten.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ii tel mi dat hou ii foget",,3SG tell 1SG that how 3SG forget,,Own knowledge,,12349, +6-101,6,Me been tink say da da Jackass way been da call he picninni.,Me been tink say da da Jackass way been da call he picninni.,1SG ANT think COMP Jackass REL ANT call 3SG.OBJ child,I thought that was the Jackass which was calling its child.,,"This example is from a written text from 1845. The past marker been is archaic in Trinidad English Creole (Winer 2009: 83), but still present in basilectal Tobagonian Creole (Winer 2009: 83; James & Youssef 2008: 673)",1591[24],,naturalistic written,"Me been tink say da da Jackass way been da call he picninni.",,1SG ANT think COMP Jackass REL ANT call 3SG.OBJ child,"This example is from a written text from 1845. The past marker been is archaic in Trinidad English Creole (Winer 2009: 83), but still present in basilectal Tobagonian Creole (Winer 2009: 83; James & Youssef 2008: 673)",,,12350, +6-102,6,None a allyuh cyah say dat de risk eh dere.,None\ta\tallyuh\tcyah\tsay\tdat\tde\trisk\teh\tdere.,none\tof\t2PL\tcan.NEG\tsay\tthat\tDET\trisk\tNEG\tLOC,None of you can't say that the risk is not there.,,,,,naturalistic written,"None a allyuh cyah say dat de risk eh dere.",,none of 2PL can.NEG say that DET risk NEG LOC,,Own corpus data,,12351, +7-228,7,I shout se i gaan.,I\tshout\tse\ti\tgaan.,3SG\tshout\tsay\t3SG\tgone,He shouted that he was leaving.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I shout se i gaan.",,3SG shout say 3SG gone,,Own knowledge,,12352, +7-229,7,Wan a dem se hou...,Wan\ta\tdem\tse\thou...,one\tof\t3PL\tsay\thow,One of them said that...,,The verb tel ('tell') could be used with complementizers hou or dat or dat hou.,1244[A14],,naturalistic spoken,"Wan a dem se hou...",,one of 3PL say how,"The verb tel ('tell') could be used with complementizers hou or dat or dat hou.",,,12353, +7-230,7,Aayo na kuhm an kuhm tel mi nou hou [...].,Aayo\tna\tkuhm\tan\tkuhm\ttel\tmi\tnou\thou\t[...].,2PL\tNEG\tcome\tand\tcome\ttell\t1SG\tnow\thow\t[...],Do not tell me now that [...].,,,1244[A18],,naturalistic spoken,"Aayo na kuhm an kuhm tel mi nou hou [...].",,2PL NEG come and come tell 1SG now how [...],,,,12354, +8-144,8,Im se im nehn tel no lai.,Im\tse\tim\tnehn\ttel\tno\tlai.,3SG\tsay\t3SG\tNEG.ANT\ttell\tNEG\tlie,She said he didn't tell any lies.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Im se im nehn tel no lai.,,3SG say 3SG NEG.ANT tell NEG lie,,Own knowledge,,12355, +8-145,8,Dem taak se a mi a kyar nyuuz.,Dem\ttaak\tse\ta\tmi\ta\tkyar\tnyuuz.,3PL\ttalk\tCOMP\tFOC\t1SG\tPROG\tcarry\tnews,They are saying that I am the one spreading gossip.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Dem taak se a mi a kyar nyuuz.",,3PL talk COMP FOC 1SG PROG carry news,,Own knowledge,,12356, +9-179,9,A tiŋk i se i wuda me wan kos ina akawntin.,A\ttiŋk\ti\tse\ti\twuda\tme\twan\tkos\tina\takawntin.,1SG\tthink\t3SG\tsay\t3SG\twould\tANT\twant\tcourse\tin\taccounting,I think that he says that he would have wanted to take an accounting course.,,This construction has a zero complementizer.,441[48],,naturalistic spoken,A tiŋk i se i wuda me wan kos ina akawntin.,,1SG think 3SG say 3SG would ANT want course in accounting,This construction has a zero complementizer.,,,12357, +9-180,9,A tɛl dem pipl da nobadi ɛls wan dɛ da kamp.,A\ttɛl\tdem\tpipl\tda\tnobadi\tɛls\twan\tdɛ\tda\tkamp.,1SG\ttell\tthem\tpeople\tthat\tnobody\telse\tFUT\tLOC\tat\tcamp,I told those people that nobody else will stay at the camp.,,,445[235],,naturalistic spoken,"A tɛl dem pipl da nobadi ɛls wan dɛ da kamp.",,1SG tell them people that nobody else FUT LOC at camp,,,,12358, +10-219,10,So Beda Taiga gaan an tel di King se Beda Naansi da fi him faada bes raiding haas.,So\tBeda\tTaiga\tgaan\tan\ttel\tdi\tKing\tse\tBeda\tNaansi\tda\tfi\thim\tfaada\tbes\traiding\thaas.,so\tBrother\tTiger\tgo.ANT\tand\ttell\tART.DEF\tKing\tCOMP\tBrother\tAnansi\tFOC\tfor\t3SG\tfather\tbest\triding\thorse,So Brother Tiger went and told the KIng that Brother Anansi was his father’s best riding horse.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"So Beda Taiga gaan an tel di King se Beda Naansi da fi him faada bes raiding haas.",,so Brother Tiger go.ANT and tell ART.DEF King COMP Brother Anansi FOC for 3SG father best riding horse,,Unpublished field recordings,,12359, +10-220,10,Dem gyal se dem waahn sii yu.,Dem\tgyal\tse\tdem\twaahn\tsii\tyu.,DEM.PL\tgirl\tsay\t3PL\twant\tsee\t2SG,These girls say they want to see you.,,,113[122],,naturalistic spoken,Dem gyal se dem waahn sii yu.,,DEM.PL girl say 3PL want see 2SG,,,,12360, +10-221,10,Taiga se se him neva de kech no fish.,Taiga\tse\tse\thim\tneva\tde\tkech\tno\tfish.,Tiger\tsay\tCOMP\t3SG\tNEG.PST\tPROG\tcatch\tNEG\tfish,Tiger said he wasn't catching any fish.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Taiga se se him neva de kech no fish.",,Tiger say COMP 3SG NEG.PST PROG catch NEG fish,,Unpublished field recordings,,12361, +10-222,10,Naansi se yu da ihn faada bes raiding haas.,Naansi\tse\tyu\tda\tihn\tfaada\tbes\traiding\thaas.,Anancy\tsay\t2SG\tFOC\t3SG.POSS\tfather\tbest\triding\thorse,Anancy says that you are his father's best riding horse.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Naansi se yu da ihn faada bes raiding haas.,,Anancy say 2SG FOC 3SG.POSS father best riding horse,,Unpublished field recordings,,12362, +10-223,10,Ai tel im se A gwain kom bak dis maaning.,Ai\ttel\tim\tse\tA\tgwain\tkom\tbak\tdis\tmaaning.,1SG\ttell\t3SG\tCOMP\t1SG\tFUT\tcome\tback\tDEM\tmorning,I told him I would come back this morning.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai tel im se A gwain kom bak dis maaning.,,1SG tell 3SG COMP 1SG FUT come back DEM morning,,Field notes 2008,,12363, +11-293,11,Ai haftu taak se Ai stiil dis ring.,Ai\thaf.tu\ttaak\tse\tAi\tstiil\tdis\tring.,1SG\thave.to\ttalk\tCOMP\t1SG\tsteal\tDEM\tring,I have to tell [you] that I stole this ring.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai haftu taak se Ai stiil dis ring.",Ai haf.tu taak se Ai stiil dis ring.,1SG have.to talk COMP 1SG steal DEM ring,,,,12364, +11-294,11,Ai haftu se dat Gaad toch im.,Ai\thaf-tu\tse\tdat\tGaad\ttoch\tim.,1SG\thave-to\tsay\tCOMP\tGod\ttouch\t3SG,I must add that God touched him (= he has become a Christian).,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai haftu se dat Gaad toch im.",Ai haf-tu se dat Gaad toch im.,1SG have-to say COMP God touch 3SG,,,,12365, +11-295,11,Deh se dem iz uol taim ting.,Deh\tse\tdem\tiz\tuol\ttaim\tting.,3PL\tsay\t3PL\tCOP.PRS\told\ttime\tthing,They say those are things of the past.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Deh se dem iz uol taim ting.,,3PL say 3PL COP.PRS old time thing,,,,12366, +12-235,12,"Till I was 'most ready to have the baby, and he say he gon’ be there when the baby born.",[...]\the\tsay\the\tgon’\tbe\tthere\twhen\tthe\tbaby\tborn.,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tsay\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tCOP\tthere\twhen\tART\tbaby\tborn,[...] he [had] said that he was going to be there when the baby was born.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Till I was 'most ready to have the baby, and he say he gon’ be there when the baby born.",[...] he say he gon’ be there when the baby born.,[...] 3SG.SBJ say 3SG.SBJ FUT COP there when ART baby born,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12367, +12-236,12,"If I dead, tell them you don't kill me, tell them I eat poison barracuda.","[...]\ttell\tthem\tyou\tdon't\tkill\tme,\ttell\tthem\tI\teat\tpoison\tbarracuda.",[...]\ttell[IMP]\t3PL.OBJ\t2SG.SBJ\tNEG\tkill\tme\ttell[IMP]\t3PL.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\teat[PFV]\tpoison\tbarracuda,"[If I die,] tell them you didn't kill me, tell them I ate poisoned barracuda.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"If I dead, tell them you don't kill me, tell them I eat poison barracuda.","[...] tell them you don't kill me, tell them I eat poison barracuda.",[...] tell[IMP] 3PL.OBJ 2SG.SBJ NEG kill me tell[IMP] 3PL.OBJ 1SG.SBJ eat[PFV] poison barracuda,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12368, +12-237,12,"My grandmother say, If you like her, tell my mother - grandmother that he want marry me - bla bla bla, and all of this.",[...] tell my mother - grandmother that he want marry me [...].,[...] tell[IMP] 1SG.POSS mother   grandmother COMP 3SG.M.SBJ want marry 1SG.OBJ [...],[...] tell my mother - my grandmother that he wants to marry me [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"My grandmother say, If you like her, tell my mother - grandmother that he want marry me - bla bla bla, and all of this.","[...] tell my mother - grandmother that he want marry me [...].",[...] tell[IMP] 1SG.POSS mother grandmother COMP 3SG.M.SBJ want marry 1SG.OBJ [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12369, +12-238,12,He tell me say he been in - uh - what you call when you go Miami - uh - what you call that?,He\ttell\tme\tsay\the\tbeen\tin\t[...]\twhat\tyou\tcall\twhen\tyou\tgo\tMiami\t[...]?,3SG.M.SBJ\ttell[PFV]\t1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3SG.M.SBJ\tCOP.PST\tPREP\t[...]\twhat\t2SG.SBJ\tcall\twhen\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\tMiami\t[...]?,He told me he had been in - uh - what do you call when people used to go to Miami - uh - what do you call that [...]?,,"This refers to the so-called ""Contract"", a mass exodus of – mostly – men from the Bahamas to find agricultural work in the U.S. during and immediately after World War II.",,,naturalistic spoken,"He tell me say he been in - uh - what you call when you go Miami - uh - what you call that?",He tell me say he been in [...] what you call when you go Miami [...]?,3SG.M.SBJ tell[PFV] 1SG.OBJ COMP 3SG.M.SBJ COP.PST PREP [...] what 2SG.SBJ call when 2SG.SBJ go Miami [...]?,"This refers to the so-called ""Contract"", a mass exodus of – mostly – men from the Bahamas to find agricultural work in the U.S. during and immediately after World War II.",Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12370, +13-169,13,"So den, I tell oona say, ya ain gwine go ta heaben.","So\tden,\tI\ttell\toona\tsay,\tya\tain\tgwine\tgo\tta\theaben.",so\tthen\tI\ttell\tyou\tsay\tyou\tNEG.AUX\tgoing\tgo\tto\theaven,So then I tell you that you aren’t going to go to heaven. (Mt 5.20),,,357[14],,bible translation,"So den, I tell oona say, ya ain gwine go ta heaben.",,so then I tell you say you NEG.AUX going go to heaven,,,,12371, +13-170,13,Tell me after say dey catch birds.,Tell\tme\tafter\tsay\tdey\tcatch\tbirds.,tell\tme\tafter\tthat\tthey\tcatch\tbirds,[They] told me afterwards that they caught birds.,,,1500[267],,naturalistic spoken,"Tell me after say dey catch birds.",,tell me after that they catch birds,,,,12372, +13-171,13,"Jedus see all de crowd roun um, an e gii orda ta e ciple dem, say mus git ready fa cross oba ta de oda side ob de lake.","Jedus\tsee\tall\tde\tcrowd\troun\tum,\tan\te\tgii\torda\tta\te\tciple\tdem,\tsay\tmus\tgit\tready\tfa\tcross\toba\tta\tde\toda\tside\tob\tde\tlake.",Jesus\tsees\tall\tthe\tcrowd\taround\thim\tand\the\tgives\torders\tto\this\tdisciples\tthem\tthat\tmust\tget\tready\tfor\tcross\tover\tto\tthe\tother\tside\tof\tthe\tlake,Jesus sees the crowd around Him and He gives orders to his disciples that they must get ready to cross over to the other side of the lake. (Mt 8.18),,,357[26],,bible translation,"Jedus see all de crowd roun um, an e gii orda ta e ciple dem, say mus git ready fa cross oba ta de oda side ob de lake.",,Jesus sees all the crowd around him and he gives orders to his disciples them that must get ready for cross over to the other side of the lake,,,,12373, +13-172,13,"Now, A da tell oona, King Solomon been too rich an hab fine cloes.","Now,\tA\tda\ttell\toona\t__,\tKing\tSolomon\tbeen\ttoo\trich\tan\thab\tfine\tcloes.",now\tI\tPROG\ttell\tyou\t__\tKing\tSolomon\tbeen\ttoo\trich\tand\thave\tfine\tclothes,"Now, I am telling you King Solomon was too rich and had fine clothes. OR: And yet I say unto you that even Solomon in all his glory [was not arrayed like one of these]. (Mt 6.29)",,,357[20],,bible translation,"Now, A da tell oona, King Solomon been too rich an hab fine cloes.","Now, A da tell oona __, King Solomon been too rich an hab fine cloes.",now I PROG tell you __ King Solomon been too rich and have fine clothes,,,,12374, +14-131,14,She told me say she wasn't going to church.,She\ttold\tme\tsay\tshe\twasn't\tgoing\tto\tchurch.,she\ttold\tme\tsay\tshe\twasn't\tgoing\tto\tchurch,She told me that she wasn't going to church.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,She told me say she wasn't going to church.,,she told me say she wasn't going to church,,Own knowledge,,12375, +14-132,14,I said she was right.,I\tsaid\tshe\twas\tright.,I\tsaid\tshe\twas\tright,I said she was right.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I said she was right.,,I said she was right,,Own knowledge,,12376, +15-127,15,di titi tɛl mi se i lɛk mi,di\ttiti\ttɛl\tmi\tse\ti\tlɛk\tmi,ART\tgirl\ttell\tme\tCOMP\t3SG\tlike\tme,The girl told me that she liked me.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"di titi tɛl mi se i lɛk mi",,ART girl tell me COMP 3SG like me,,Own knowledge,,12377, +16-140,16,dè tɛl mì se dè gò put mì fɔ bɛd tɔp,dè\ttɛl\tmì\tse\tdè\tgò\tput\tmì\tfɔ\tbɛd\ttɔp,3PL\ttell\t1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3PL\tFUT\tput\t1SG.OBJ\tfor\tbed\ttop,They told me that they would put me in a bed.,,,656[188],,naturalistic spoken,"dè tɛl mì se dè gò put mì fɔ bɛd tɔp",,3PL tell 1SG.OBJ COMP 3PL FUT put 1SG.OBJ for bed top,,,,12378, +16-141,16,mi à tɛl dɛm mi à no gɛt mɔni,mi\tà\ttɛl\tdɛm\tØ\tmi\tà\tno\tgɛt\tmɔni,1SG\t1SG\ttell\t3PL.OBJ\tØ\t1SG\t1SG\tNEG\tget\tmoney,I told them that I don't have money.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mi à tɛl dɛm mi à no gɛt mɔni,"mi à tɛl dɛm Ø mi à no gɛt mɔni",1SG 1SG tell 3PL.OBJ Ø 1SG 1SG NEG get money,,Own fieldwork,,12379, +17-165,17,Dè̱m te̱l mì se dè̱m layk mì.,Dè̱m\tte̱l\tmì\tse\tdè̱m\tlayk\tmì.,3PL.SBJ\ttell\t1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3PL.SBJ\tlike\t1SG.OBJ,They told me that they like me.,,,462[7],,naturalistic spoken,"Dè̱m te̱l mì se dè̱m layk mì.",,3PL.SBJ tell 1SG.OBJ COMP 3PL.SBJ like 1SG.OBJ,,,,12380, +17-166,17,Dè̱m te̱l mì dè̱m layk mì.,Dè̱m\tte̱l\tmì\tdè̱m\tlayk\tmì.,3PL.SBJ\ttell\t1SG.OBJ\t3PL.SBJ\tlike\t1SG.OBJ,They told me they like me.,,,462[7],,naturalistic spoken,Dè̱m te̱l mì dè̱m layk mì.,,3PL.SBJ tell 1SG.OBJ 3PL.SBJ like 1SG.OBJ,,,,12381, +18-148,18,Ma papa tok se i de veks.,Ma\tpapa\ttok\tse\ti\tde\tveks.,1SG.POSS\tfather\ttalk\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tCOP\tvex,My father says/said that he is angry.,,,125[44],,unspecified,"Ma papa tok se i de veks.",Ma papa tok se i de veks.,1SG.POSS father talk COMP 3SG.SBJ COP vex,,,,12382, +18-149,18,Dem tel mi se dem laik mi.,Dem\ttel\tmi\tse\tdem\tlaik\tmi.,3PL.SBJ\ttell\t1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3PL.SBJ\tlike\t1SG.OBJ,They told me that they like me.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"Dem tel mi se dem laik mi.",,3PL.SBJ tell 1SG.OBJ COMP 3PL.SBJ like 1SG.OBJ,,,,12383, +18-150,18,A tok se i bin sik.,A\ttok\tse\ti\tbin\tsik.,1SG.SBJ\ttalk\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tbe.sick,I said that she was ill.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,A tok se i bin sik.,,1SG.SBJ talk COMP 3SG.SBJ PST be.sick,,,,12384, +19-187,19,Mì grànmá tɛl mi se è wɔnt go sìdɔ́n nà pueblo.,Mì grànmá tɛl mi se è wɔnt go sìdɔ́n nà pueblo.,1SG.POSS grandmother tell QUOT 3SG.SBJ want go sit LOC village,My grandmother told me that she wants to go live in the village.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mì grànmá tɛl mi se è wɔnt go sìdɔ́n nà pueblo.",,1SG.POSS grandmother tell QUOT 3SG.SBJ want go sit LOC village,,Field data,,12385, +19-188,19,[...] à tɛlàn à want si lɛ̀k haw dɛ̀n kìn mek.,[...]\tà\ttɛl=àn\tà\twant\tsi\tlɛ̀k\thaw\tdɛ̀n\tkìn\tmek.,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\ttell=3SG.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\twant\tsee\tlike\thow\t3PL\tHAB\tmake,[...] I told her I want to see how they do [it].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] à tɛlàn à want si lɛ̀k haw dɛ̀n kìn mek.","[...] à tɛl=àn à want si lɛ̀k haw dɛ̀n kìn mek.",[...] 1SG.SBJ tell=3SG.OBJ 1SG.SBJ want see like how 3PL HAB make,,Field data,,12386, +20-131,20,He talkee he got too muchee pidgin.,He\ttalkee\the\tgot\ttoo\tmuchee\tpidgin.,3SG\ttalk\t3SG\tgot\ttoo\tmuch\tpidgin,He says he is very busy.,,,1489[VI.57],,naturalistic written,He talkee he got too muchee pidgin.,,3SG talk 3SG got too much pidgin,,,希託其希吉都乜治卑剪,12387, +20-132,20,[...] but he say no wanchy see master.,[...]\tbut\the\tsay\tno\twanchy\tsee\tmaster.,[...]\tbut\t3SG\tsay\tNEG\twant\tsee\tmaster,[...] but he said he didn't want to see the master.,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,838[144],,naturalistic written,[...] but he say no wanchy see master.,,[...] but 3SG say NEG want see master,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,12388, +21-132,21,to say he was sorry,to\tsay\the\twas\tsorry,to\tsay\t3SG\tbe.PST\tsorry,to say he was sorry,,,,,constructed by linguist,to say he was sorry,,to say 3SG be.PST sorry,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,12389, +21-133,21,to say that he was sorry,to\tsay\tthat\the\twas\tsorry,to\tsay\tCOMP\t3SG\tbe.PST\tsorry,to say that he was sorry,,,820[50],,naturalistic spoken,to say that he was sorry,,to say COMP 3SG be.PST sorry,,,,12390, +22-164,22,Em tok olsem mi mas skul na kisim gutpela save.,Em\ttok\tolsem\tmi\tmas\tskul\tna\tkisim\tgut-pela\tsave.,3SG\ttalk\tlike\t1SG\tmust\tschool\tand\tget\tgood-MOD\tknowledge,He said I must go to school and acquire good knowledge.,,"The normal complementizer is olsem from English all the same. However, in rapid speech this may be reduced to a form which fortuitously is identical to se.","584[15 year old boy, West Sepik]",,naturalistic spoken,"Em tok olsem mi mas skul na kisim gutpela save.","Em tok olsem mi mas skul na kisim gut-pela save.",3SG talk like 1SG must school and get good-MOD knowledge,"The normal complementizer is olsem from English all the same. However, in rapid speech this may be reduced to a form which fortuitously is identical to se.",,,12391, +22-165,22,"Na ol kirap tok, bai ol wokim pati blo mitupla.",Na\tol\tkirap\ttok\tbai\tol\twok-im\tpati\tblo\tmitupla.,and\t3PL\tstart\ttalk\tFUT\t3PL\twork-TR\tparty\tfor\t1DU.EXCL,And they said they would make a party for the two of us.,,,"584[17 year old girl, Eastern Highlands]",,naturalistic spoken,"Na ol kirap tok, bai ol wokim pati blo mitupla.",Na ol kirap tok bai ol wok-im pati blo mitupla.,and 3PL start talk FUT 3PL work-TR party for 1DU.EXCL,,,,12392, +23-150,23,Misis Kalo i talem se hem i reisim wan poultry farm long aelan.,Misis\tKalo\ti\ttalem\tse\them\ti\treisim\twan\tpoultry\tfarm\tlong\taelan.,Mrs\tKalo\tAGR\ttell\tsay\t3SG\tAGR\traise\tINDF\tpoultry\tfarm\ton\tisland,Mrs Kalo said that she has (started) a poultry farm on her home island.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Misis Kalo i talem se hem i reisim wan poultry farm long aelan.",,Mrs Kalo AGR tell say 3SG AGR raise INDF poultry farm on island,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 20 June 1998",,12393, +23-151,23,Armstrong i talem i glad,Armstrong\ti\ttalem\ti\tglad,Armstrong\tAGR\ttell\tAGR\thappy,Armstrong said he was happy.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Armstrong i talem i glad,,Armstrong AGR tell AGR happy,,Own knowledge,,12394, +24-172,24,He tell ar pig se orf.,He\ttell\tar\tpig\tse\torf.,he\tsay\tDET.DEF\tpig\tCOMPL\taway,He said that the pig had disappeared.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,He tell ar pig se orf.,,he say DET.DEF pig COMPL away,,Own fieldwork,,12395, +25-240,25,"Gemen jad frog imin tok, ""Digimat mi! Digimat mi! Mi stak la rok"", gemen jad frog imin sei lagijad.","Gemen\tjad\tfrog\tim=in\ttok,\t""Dig-im-at\tmi!\tDig-im-at\tmi!\tMi\tstak\tla\trok"",\tgemen\tjad\tfrog\tim=in\tsei\tlagijad.",supposedly\tDEM\tfrog\t3SG=PST\ttalk\ttake-TR-out\t1SG\ttake-TR-out\t1SG\t1SG\tstuck\tLOC\trock\tsupposedly\tDEM\tfrog\t3SG=PST\tsay\tlike.that,"The frog said ""get me out! get me out! I'm stuck in the rock!"", the frog spoke like that, in the dream.",,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the quotation marker lagijat 'thus, like that' in combination with a verb of speech, with direct speech as a complement. The adverb gemen 'not real, supposedly' here marks hearsay, relating to the fact that in the story, the event takes place in the dream of a boy.",546,,naturalistic written,"Gemen jad frog imin tok, ""Digimat mi! Digimat mi! Mi stak la rok"", gemen jad frog imin sei lagijad.","Gemen jad frog im=in tok, ""Dig-im-at mi! Dig-im-at mi! Mi stak la rok"", gemen jad frog im=in sei lagijad.",supposedly DEM frog 3SG=PST talk take-TR-out 1SG take-TR-out 1SG 1SG stuck LOC rock supposedly DEM frog 3SG=PST say like.that,"Variety: Spoken Roper River. The example illustrates the quotation marker lagijat 'thus, like that' in combination with a verb of speech, with direct speech as a complement. The adverb gemen 'not real, supposedly' here marks hearsay, relating to the fact that in the story, the event takes place in the dream of a boy.",,,12396, +25-317,25,"""A: sori"" im reken.","""A:\tsori""\tim\treken.",INTERJ\tsorry\t3SG\tthink/say,"""Ah sorry"" he says.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the verb of speech/thought reken with a direct speech complement.",,,naturalistic spoken,"""A: sori"" im reken.",,INTERJ sorry 3SG think/say,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the verb of speech/thought reken with a direct speech complement.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,12397, +26-108,26,mama sæ a nokæn waʃ ma hɛa,mama\tsæ\ta\tnokæn\twaʃ\tma\thɛa,mama\tsaid\t1SG\tPROH\twash\t1SG.POSS\thair,Mama said that I wasn't allowed to wash my hair.,,,1545[117],,naturalistic spoken,mama sæ a nokæn waʃ ma hɛa,,mama said 1SG PROH wash 1SG.POSS hair,,,,12398, +26-109,26,ma gɹænmaɾa tɔl as dæt wɛn da leɪdi wɛn ʃi keɪm bæk ʃi kɹaɪkɹakɹa kɔs ʃi tɔl ma gɹænmaɾa wɛn ʃi wɛn tu ɾa biʧ ʃi wɛn hɛmoɹɛʤ,ma\tgɹænmaɾa\ttɔl\tas\tdæt\twɛn\tda\tleɪdi\twɛn\tʃi\tkeɪm\tbæk\tʃi\tkɹaɪ-kɹa-kɹa\tkɔs\tʃi\ttɔl\tma\tgɹænmaɾa\twɛn\tʃi\twɛn\ttu\tɾa\tbiʧ\tʃi\twɛn\thɛmoɹɛʤ,1SG.POSS\tgrandmother\ttold\t1PL\tCOMP\twhen\tART\tlady\twhen\t3SG\tcame\tback\t3SG\tcry-INTENS-INTENS\tbecause\t3SG\ttol\t1SG.POSS\tgrandmother\twhen\t3SG\twent\tto\tART\tbeach\t3SG\tPST.PFV\thaemorrhage,"My grandmother told us that when the lady, when she came back she cried so much, because she told my grandmother that when she went to the beach she haemorrhaged.",,"INTENS = intensive; note that this is not reduplication, but simply a non-grammaticalized repetition that is sometimes used to indicate intensification (see also Velupillai 2003b).",1545[103],,naturalistic spoken,"ma gɹænmaɾa tɔl as dæt wɛn da leɪdi wɛn ʃi keɪm bæk ʃi kɹaɪkɹakɹa kɔs ʃi tɔl ma gɹænmaɾa wɛn ʃi wɛn tu ɾa biʧ ʃi wɛn hɛmoɹɛʤ","ma gɹænmaɾa tɔl as dæt wɛn da leɪdi wɛn ʃi keɪm bæk ʃi kɹaɪ-kɹa-kɹa kɔs ʃi tɔl ma gɹænmaɾa wɛn ʃi wɛn tu ɾa biʧ ʃi wɛn hɛmoɹɛʤ",1SG.POSS grandmother told 1PL COMP when ART lady when 3SG came back 3SG cry-INTENS-INTENS because 3SG tol 1SG.POSS grandmother when 3SG went to ART beach 3SG PST.PFV haemorrhage,"INTENS = intensive; note that this is not reduplication, but simply a non-grammaticalized repetition that is sometimes used to indicate intensification (see also Velupillai 2003b).",,,12399, +27-118,27,"Sini a sē, si nom kā dōt.","Sini\ta\tsē,\tsi\tnom\tkā\tdōt.",3PL\tPST\tsay\t3SG.POSS\tuncle\tCOMPL\tdie,They said his uncle is dead.,,,355[26],,naturalistic spoken,"Sini a sē, si nom kā dōt.",,3PL PST say 3SG.POSS uncle COMPL die,,,,12400, +27-119,27,"Di pushi sē, dat di roto a du di, na am.","Di\tpushi\tsē,\tdat\tdi\troto\ta\tdu\tdi,\tna\tam.",DET\tcat\tsay\tthat\tDET\trat\tPST\tdo\tDET\tNEG\t3SG,"The cat said that the rat did it, not he.",,,355[32],,naturalistic spoken,"Di pushi sē, dat di roto a du di, na am.",,DET cat say that DET rat PST do DET NEG 3SG,,,,12401, +27-120,27,Am nōit sa prāt sē a Tekoma a mata di kui.,Am\tnōit\tsa\tprāt\tsē\ta\tTekoma\ta\tmata\tdi\tkui.,3SG\tnever\tFUT\ttalk\tsay\tCOP\tTekoma\tPST\tkill\tDET\tcow,He will never tell that it was Tekoma who killed the cow.,,,1526[71],,naturalistic spoken,"Am nōit sa prāt sē a Tekoma a mata di kui.",,3SG never FUT talk say COP Tekoma PST kill DET cow,,,,12402, +28-156,28,o bi di blur pam bi da iʃ drai,o\tbi\tdi\tbluru\tpama\tbi\tdat\tiʃi\tdrai,3SG\tsay\tthe\tbrother\ttell\tsay\tlet\t2PL\tturn,He said his brother told (him): let us turn back.,,,737[333],,naturalistic spoken,o bi di blur pam bi da iʃ drai,o bi di bluru pama bi dat iʃi drai,3SG say the brother tell say let 2PL turn,,,,12403, +28-157,28,di man biftɛ bi da orsa furkoputor,di\tman\tbifi-tɛ\tbi\tda\tori\tso\tfurkopu-tɛ\tori,the\tman\tsay-PFV\tsay\tCOP\t3SG\tFOC\tsell-PFV\t3SG,The man said that it was he who had sold him.,,,737[403],,naturalistic spoken,"di man biftɛ bi da orsa furkoputor","di man bifi-tɛ bi da ori so furkopu-tɛ ori",the man say-PFV say COP 3SG FOC sell-PFV 3SG,,,,12404, +28-158,28,eni pamatɛkɛ bihi dat ɛkɛ ma mu danga ka,eni\tpama-tɛ\tɛkɛ\tbifi\tdati\tɛkɛ\tma\tmu\tdanga\tka,3PL\ttell-PFV\t1SG\tsay\tCOMP\t1SG\tIRR\tgo\tthere\tNEG,They told me that I should not go there.,,,737[405],,naturalistic spoken,"eni pamatɛkɛ bihi dat ɛkɛ ma mu danga ka","eni pama-tɛ ɛkɛ bifi dati ɛkɛ ma mu danga ka",3PL tell-PFV 1SG say COMP 1SG IRR go there NEG,,,,12405, +28-159,28,o bi dat ani wɛtɛ kɛna bin kumtɛ fan ɛk ni waŋʃi ka,o\tbi\tdati\tandri\twɛtɛ\tkɛnɛ-apu\tbin\tkumu-tɛ\tfan\tɛkɛ\tnimi\twanga-ʃi\tka,3SG\tsay\tCOMP\tother\twhite\tperon-PL\tTNS\tcome-PRF\tfrom\t1SG\tknow\twhere-side\tNEG,He said that some white people had come from I don't know where.,,"Note that Anterior is normally marked in Berbice Dutch by a combination of preverbal wa, which marks simple past, and the suffixed perfective marker. Here, preverbal bin, which was borrowed from Creolese, is used instead. Although bin is an Anterior Tense marker in Creolese, it is used here in the same manner as Berbice Dutch wa, i.e. in combination with the perfective suffix. I have glossed it as TNS (Tense).",737[332],,naturalistic spoken,"o bi dat ani wɛtɛ kɛna bin kumtɛ fan ɛk ni waŋʃi ka","o bi dati andri wɛtɛ kɛnɛ-apu bin kumu-tɛ fan ɛkɛ nimi wanga-ʃi ka",3SG say COMP other white peron-PL TNS come-PRF from 1SG know where-side NEG,"Note that Anterior is normally marked in Berbice Dutch by a combination of preverbal wa, which marks simple past, and the suffixed perfective marker. Here, preverbal bin, which was borrowed from Creolese, is used instead. Although bin is an Anterior Tense marker in Creolese, it is used here in the same manner as Berbice Dutch wa, i.e. in combination with the perfective suffix. I have glossed it as TNS (Tense).",,,12406, +29-189,29,Sy sê dat Jan siek is.,Sy\tsê\tdat\tJan\tsiek\tis.,3SG.F.NOM\tsay\tthat\tJohn\till\tis,She says that John is ill.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sy sê dat Jan siek is.",,3SG.F.NOM say that John ill is,,Own knowledge,,12407, +29-190,29,Sy sê Jan is siek.,Sy\tsê\tJan\tis\tsiek.,3SG.F.NOM\tsay\tJohn\tis\till,She says John is ill.,,"In permitting complementizer deletion in this context, Afrikaans differs from Dutch, which does not permit this option.",,,naturalistic spoken,Sy sê Jan is siek.,,3SG.F.NOM say John is ill,"In permitting complementizer deletion in this context, Afrikaans differs from Dutch, which does not permit this option.",Own knowledge,,12408, +30-201,30,"Nhu sabe ma tudu algen ta fla ma mi ku nho nu ta parse txeu, o Nastási!","Nhu=sabe\tma=tudu\talgen\tta=fla\tma=mi\tku=nho\tnu=ta=parse\ttxeu,\to\tNastási!",2SG.POL.M=know\tCOMP=all\tsomeone\tIPFV=say\tCOMP=1SG.INDP\twith=2SG.POL.M.INDP\t1PL=IPFV=resemble\tmuch\toh\tNastási,"Nastási, you know that everybody says that we resemble each other much.",,,784[s.v. algen],,naturalistic spoken,"Nhu sabe ma tudu algen ta fla ma mi ku nho nu ta parse txeu, o Nastási!","Nhu=sabe ma=tudu algen ta=fla ma=mi ku=nho nu=ta=parse txeu, o Nastási!",2SG.POL.M=know COMP=all someone IPFV=say COMP=1SG.INDP with=2SG.POL.M.INDP 1PL=IPFV=resemble much oh Nastási,,,,12409, +30-202,30,"Fládu tudu algen ki ben li, nhu ta máta [...].","Flá-du\ttudu\talgen\tki=ben\tli,\tnhu=ta=máta\t[...].",say-PASS\tall\tsomebody\tCOMP=come\there\t2SG.POL.M=IPFV=kill\t[...],It is said that you kill everyone who comes here [...].,,,1407[221],,naturalistic spoken,"Fládu tudu algen ki ben li, nhu ta máta [...].","Flá-du tudu algen ki=ben li, nhu=ta=máta [...].",say-PASS all somebody COMP=come here 2SG.POL.M=IPFV=kill [...],,,,12410,"German: Man sagt, dass Sie alle umbringen, die hierherkommen [...]." +31-158,31,E fra kumodi es faze kuma un reunian.,E\tfra\tkumodi\tes\tfaze\tkuma\tun\treunian.,He\tsay\tthat\tthey\tmake\tlike\ta\treunion,He said that they made like a reunion.,,"After verbs of elicitation, one can find kumodi, kuma, ma or ki. See the second sentence in this category for an example in which the verb of speaking selects ki based on corpus data.",126,,naturalistic spoken,"E fra kumodi es faze kuma un reunian.",,He say that they make like a reunion,"After verbs of elicitation, one can find kumodi, kuma, ma or ki. See the second sentence in this category for an example in which the verb of speaking selects ki based on corpus data.",,,12411, +31-159,31,El fra-l kuma el e di Brava tanbe.,El\tfra-l\tkuma\tel\te\tdi\tBrava\ttanbe.,he\tsay-him\tthat\the\tis\tfrom\tBrava\ttoo,"He said that he's from Brava, too.",,,61,,naturalistic spoken,"El fra-l kuma el e di Brava tanbe.",,he say-him that he is from Brava too,,,,12412, +31-160,31,Ma N fra N ta tira un foto.,Ma\tN\tfra\tN\tta\ttira\tun\tfoto.,but\tI\tsay\tI\tFUT\ttake\ta\tpicture,But I said that I will take a picture.,,,61,,naturalistic spoken,Ma N fra N ta tira un foto.,,but I say I FUT take a picture,,,,12413, +31-161,31,"Ta fla-l ki ubi pasa, komu mi, N ta fla ki'N ubi pasa.","Ta\tfla-l\tki\tubi\tpasa,\tkomu\tmi,\tN\tta\tfla\tki'N\tubi\tpasa.",HAB\tsay-him\tCOMP\thear\ttake.place\tlike\tme\tI\tHAB\tsay\tCOMP.I\thear\ttake.place,"We hear that it took place, like me, I say that I heard it took place.",,"A verb of speaking can select the complementizer ki, as attested in naturally occurring speech data. This example was taken from my Santiago corpus but is also illustrative of the Brava variety although I could not find an example in my Brava corpus.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Ta fla-l ki ubi pasa, komu mi, N ta fla ki'N ubi pasa.",,HAB say-him COMP hear take.place like me I HAB say COMP.I hear take.place,"A verb of speaking can select the complementizer ki, as attested in naturally occurring speech data. This example was taken from my Santiago corpus but is also illustrative of the Brava variety although I could not find an example in my Brava corpus.","Yvo, p.c.",,12414, +32-159,32,Es ta dzê kma pédra tanben ta seí kór.,Es\tta\tdzê\tkma\tpédra\ttanben\tta\tseí\tkór.,they\tPRS\tsay\tCOMP\tstone\talso\tPRS\tcome.out\texpensive,They say that stones also come out expensive.,,Complementizers ma and k are also possible (neither is based on 'say').,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Es ta dzê kma pédra tanben ta seí kór.",,they PRS say COMP stone also PRS come.out expensive,"Complementizers ma and k are also possible (neither is based on 'say').",,,12415,Portuguese: Dizem que as pedras também saem caro. +32-160,32,El dzê el tá bá peská.,El\tdzê\tØ\tel\ttá\tbá\tpeská.,3SG\tsay\tØ\t3SG\tPST.IPFV\tgo\tfish,She said she used to go fishing.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,El dzê el tá bá peská.,"El dzê Ø el tá bá peská.","3SG say Ø 3SG PST.IPFV go fish",,,,12416,Portuguese: Disse que costumava ir à pesca. +33-186,33,N fala u kuma n tciga.,N\tfala\tu\tkuma\tn\ttciga.,1SG\tsay.PST\t2SG\tCOMP\t1SG\tarrive.PST,I told you that I arrived.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N fala u kuma n tciga.",N fala u kuma n tciga.,1SG say.PST 2SG COMP 1SG arrive.PST,,Own knowledge,,12417,Portuguese: Eu disse-te que cheguei. +34-149,34,N falá Pidru kumá Mariya na beŋ.,N\tø\tfalá\tPidru\tkumá\tMariya\tna\tbeŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttell\tPeter\tCOMP\tMary\tFUT\tcome,I told Peter that Mary would come.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N falá Pidru kumá Mariya na beŋ.","N ø falá Pidru kumá Mariya na beŋ.",1SG.SBJ PFV tell Peter COMP Mary FUT come,,Own knowledge,,12418, +34-150,34,N falá Pidru Mariya na beŋ.,N\tø\tfalá\tPidru\tø\tMariya\tna\tbeŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttell\tPeter\tCOMP\tMary\tFUT\tcome,I told Peter that Mary would come.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N falá Pidru Mariya na beŋ.,"N ø falá Pidru ø Mariya na beŋ.",1SG.SBJ PFV tell Peter COMP Mary FUT come,,Own knowledge,,12419, +35-209,35,Tudu pôvô ska glita kuma a ka ntela motxi ku vivu.,Tudu\tpôvô\tska\tglita\tkuma\ta\tka\tntela\tmotxi\tku\tvivu.,all\tpeople\tPROG\tscream\tCOMP\tIMPRS\tIPFV\tbury\tdead\twith\tliving,Everybody was screaming that they buried the dead and the living.,,IMPRS = impersonal pronoun.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Tudu pôvô ska glita kuma a ka ntela motxi ku vivu.",,all people PROG scream COMP IMPRS IPFV bury dead with living,IMPRS = impersonal pronoun.,Own data,,12420, +35-210,35,San fla kuma inen kwa se sa xinja bodo kinte.,San\tfla\tkuma\tinen\tkwa\tse\tsa\txinja\tbodo\tkinte.,she\tsay\tCOMP\t3PL.DEF\tthing\tDEM\tCOP\tash\tside\tgarden,She said that those things were ashes from the side of the garden.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"San fla kuma inen kwa se sa xinja bodo kinte.",,she say COMP 3PL.DEF thing DEM COP ash side garden,,Own data,,12421, +35-211,35,Sun kunda ê môlê.,Sun\tkunda\tê\tmôlê.,3SG\tthink\the\tdie,He thought he had died.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sun kunda ê môlê.,,3SG think he die,,Own data,,12422, +36-128,36,Thô n fa n na mêthê fiziru fô.,Thô\tn\tfa\tn\tna\tmêthê\tfiziru\tfô.,then\t1SG\tday\t1SG\tNEG\twant\tfried\tNEG,Then I said I didn't want fried [fish].,,,901[116],,naturalistic spoken,Thô n fa n na mêthê fiziru fô.,,then 1SG day 1SG NEG want fried NEG,,,,12423,French: Puis j'ai dit que je ne voulais pas de poissons frits. +36-129,36,Ê patha fa ya m ovo ki m'me [...].,Ê\tpatha\tfa\tya\tm\tovo\tki\tm'me\t[...].,3SG\tpass\tsay\tCOMP\t1SG\tself\tREL\teat\t[...],He passed by and said that I had eaten it myself [...].,,,901[116],,naturalistic spoken,"Ê patha fa ya m ovo ki m'me [...].",,3SG pass say COMP 1SG self REL eat [...],,,,12424,French: Il est passé dire que c'était moi-même qui l'avais mangé [...]. +36-130,36,Kompa ka fa ngwara fala am fala [...].,Kompa\tka\tfa\tngwara\tfala\tam\tfala\t[...].,friend\tFUT\ttell\tguard\tsay\t1SG\tsay\t[...],You will tell the guard that I have said [...].,,,901[112],,naturalistic spoken,"Kompa ka fa ngwara fala am fala [...].",,friend FUT tell guard say 1SG say [...],,,,12425,"French: Tu vas dire au garde que moi, j'ai dit [...]." +36-131,36,Ê fa m fala ma karu e ka n'dja Potave.,Ê\tfa\tm\tfala\tma\tkaru\te\tka\tn'dja\tPotave.,3SG\ttell\t1SG\tsay\tCOMP\tcar\tthis\tHAB\tstop\tPonte.Tavares,He told me that this car used to stop at Ponte Tavares.,,Ma is the usual complementizer used to head object clauses; ya could also be used here.,901[112],,naturalistic spoken,"Ê fa m fala ma karu e ka n'dja Potave.",,3SG tell 1SG say COMP car this HAB stop Ponte.Tavares,"Ma is the usual complementizer used to head object clauses; ya could also be used here.",,,12426,French: Il m'a dit que cette voiture s'arrêtait à Ponte Tavares. +37-164,37,Têtuuga we fa sun arê ya inhemi dipôji di febentadu vya ka gomon.,Têtuuga\twe\tfa\tsun\tarê\tya\tinhemi\tdipôji\tdi\tfebentadu\tvya\tka\tgomon.,Turtle\tgo\tsay\tMr\tking\tCOMP\tyam\tafter\tof\tboil.PP\tREP\tHAB\tsprout,Turtle went to see the king and told him that boiled yam sprouts again.,,,905[161],,naturalistic spoken,"Têtuuga we fa sun arê ya inhemi dipôji di febentadu vya ka gomon.",,Turtle go say Mr king COMP yam after of boil.PP REP HAB sprout,,,,12427, +37-165,37,Têtuuga fa ê kôli a ke fa […].,Têtuuga\tfa\tê\tki\têli\tsa\tka\twe\tfa\t[...].,Turtle\tsay\t3SG\twith\t3SG\tPROG\tIPFV\tgo\tNEG\t[...],Turtle said he wouldn’t go with him […].,,,580[112],,naturalistic spoken,Têtuuga fa ê kôli a ke fa […].,Têtuuga fa ê ki êli sa ka we fa [...].,Turtle say 3SG with 3SG PROG IPFV go NEG [...],,,,12428, +38-175,38,Bo xontá fá navin sxa Ambô amaña.,Bo\txontá\tfa\tnavin\tsxa\tAmbô\tamaña.,2SG\ttell\tspeak\tship\tPROG\tAnnobón\ttomorrow,You say that the ship goes to Annobón tomorrow.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Bo xontá fá navin sxa Ambô amaña.",Bo xontá fa navin sxa Ambô amaña.,2SG tell speak ship PROG Annobón tomorrow,,Own fieldwork 1993,,12429, +38-176,38,E xanta fá pa nõ tudu ba Palea.,Eli\txanta\tfa\tpa\tno\ttudu\tba\tPalea.,3SG\tsing\tspeak\tfor\t1PL\tall\tgo\tPalea,He sings that we all should go to Palea.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"E xanta fá pa nõ tudu ba Palea.",Eli xanta fa pa no tudu ba Palea.,3SG sing speak for 1PL all go Palea,,Own fieldwork 1993,,12430, +39-162,39,Rabbit falo ki bam nɔs doy a faze race.,\tfal-o\tki\tbam\tnɔs\tdoy\ta\tfaz-e\t.,rabbit\tspeak-PST\tCOMP\tHORT\t1PL\ttwo\tIRR.NPST\tmake-INF\trace,"The rabbit said: ""Come, the two of us will make a race.""",,"In this sentence, bam is a hortative particle roughly equivalent to English let's. An alternative translation of the embedded clause could be 'Let's make a race, the two of us'. + +Rabbit and race are taken from English.",221[232],,naturalistic spoken,"Rabbit falo ki bam nɔs doy a faze race.","<Rabbit> fal-o ki bam nɔs doy a faz-e <race>.",rabbit speak-PST COMP HORT 1PL two IRR.NPST make-INF race,"In this sentence, bam is a hortative particle roughly equivalent to English let's. An alternative translation of the embedded clause could be 'Let's make a race, the two of us'. + +Rabbit and race are taken from English.",,,12431, +40-125,40,El hal-o el lə ʋi puris.,El\thal-o\tel\tlə\tʋi\tpuris.,3SG\tsay-PST\t3SG\tFUT\tcome\tCOMP,He said that he would come.,,"Occasionally, one finds double COMP phrase, as in: El halo ki el lə ʋi puris. [3SG say.PST COMP 3SG FUT come COMP] 'He said that he would come.'",265[183],,constructed by linguist,"El hal-o el lə ʋi puris.",,3SG say-PST 3SG FUT come COMP,"Occasionally, one finds double COMP phrase, as in: El halo ki el lə ʋi puris. [3SG say.PST COMP 3SG FUT come COMP] 'He said that he would come.'",,,12432, +40-126,40,Lʋidz hal-o el lə ʋi amya.,Lʋidz\thal-o\tel\tlə\tʋi\tamya.,Lwidz\tsay-PST\t3SG\tFUT\tcome\ttomorrow,Lwidz said he would come tomorrow.,,"Occasionally, the complementizers ki and puris are omitted, the result of which is this sentence.",265[183],,constructed by linguist,Lʋidz hal-o el lə ʋi amya.,,Lwidz say-PST 3SG FUT come tomorrow,"Occasionally, the complementizers ki and puris are omitted, the result of which is this sentence.",,,12433, +40-127,40,"yo hal-o ki ""irmãʋ, mi kɔs su tɛ.""","yo\thal-o\tki\t""irmãʋ,\tmi\tkɔs\tsu\ttɛ.""",1SG\tsay-PST\tCOMP\tbrother\tmy\tback\tGEN\tCOP.PRS,"I said ""brother you are younger than me"" (lit. I said ""brother you are in back of me"").",,This sentence is from a narrative spoken by Selestin Pey.,,,naturalistic spoken,"yo hal-o ki ""irmãʋ, mi kɔs su tɛ.""",,1SG say-PST COMP brother my back GEN COP.PRS,This sentence is from a narrative spoken by Selestin Pey.,Unpublished story,,12434, +41-148,41,"tɔɔna eev ɔɔntotardiiya jaapuntaa, boos jaafalaavoo ricedntaa falaatu","tɔɔna\teev\tɔɔnta-otru-diiya\tjaa-puntaa,\t[boos\tjaa-falaa\tvoo\tricad-ntaa\tfalaa-tu]",then\t1SG\tyesterday-other-day\tPST-ask\t[2SG\tPST-tell\tINDF\tRichard-LOC\tQUOT-PFV],"Then the day before yesterday I asked [him], “Did you tell Richard?”",,,1419[162],,naturalistic spoken,"tɔɔna eev ɔɔntotardiiya jaapuntaa, boos jaafalaavoo ricedntaa falaatu","tɔɔna eev ɔɔnta-otru-diiya jaa-puntaa, [boos jaa-falaa voo ricad-ntaa falaa-tu]",then 1SG yesterday-other-day PST-ask [2SG PST-tell INDF Richard-LOC QUOT-PFV],,,,12435, +41-149,41,"avara osiyoor taam [nɔɔyvantaa] lopuntaa, ""boospa teen dizeey voo, elipa pakazaa?"" falaatu","avara\tosiyoor\ttaam\t[nɔɔyva-ntaa]\tlo-puntaa,\t""boos-pa\tteem\tdizeey\tvoo,\teli-pa\tpa-kazaa?""\tfalaa-tu",now\t3SG.HON\talso\t[bride-LOC]\tFUT-ask\t2SG-DAT\tPRS.be\tdesire\tINDF\t3SG.M-ACC\tINF-marry\tQUOT-PFV,"Now he [the priest] will also ask [the bride], ""are you willing to marry him?""",,,1416[3261],,naturalistic spoken,"avara osiyoor taam [nɔɔyvantaa] lopuntaa, ""boospa teen dizeey voo, elipa pakazaa?"" falaatu","avara osiyoor taam [nɔɔyva-ntaa] lo-puntaa, ""boos-pa teem dizeey voo, eli-pa pa-kazaa?"" falaa-tu",now 3SG.HON also [bride-LOC] FUT-ask 2SG-DAT PRS.be desire INDF 3SG.M-ACC INF-marry QUOT-PFV,,,,12436, +41-150,41,nikara falaa jafalaatu noos mee rebekaantu jalaraa tem,nikara\tfalaa\tjaa-falaa-tu\tnoos\tmee\trebekaa-ntu\tjaa-laraa\ttem,NEG.IMP\tQUOT\tPST-say-PFV\t1PL\tFOC\tRebecca-LOC\tPST-leave\tPRS.be,"Saying ""Don't [go to the convent]"" it was we who took left [her] at Rebecca's.",,,1416[5273],,naturalistic spoken,nikara falaa jafalaatu noos mee rebekaantu jalaraa tem,nikara falaa jaa-falaa-tu noos mee rebekaa-ntu jaa-laraa tem,NEG.IMP QUOT PST-say-PFV 1PL FOC Rebecca-LOC PST-leave PRS.be,,,,12437, +41-151,41,"keem, keensu fiiya, keem falaatu mesfalaa","keem,\tkeem-su\tfiiya,\tkeem\tfalaa-tu\tmes-falaa",who\twho-GEN\tdaughter\twho\tQUOT-PFV\tOBLIG-say,"[They] must say who [you are], and whose daughter [you are], who [you are]. (i.e. They must know who you are and whose daughter you are.)",,,1416[5243],,naturalistic spoken,"keem, keensu fiiya, keem falaatu mesfalaa","keem, keem-su fiiya, keem falaa-tu mes-falaa",who who-GEN daughter who QUOT-PFV OBLIG-say,,,,12438, +42-170,42,yo ja falá eli ta bai,yo\tja\tfalá\teli\tta\tbai,1SG\tPFV\tsay\t3SG\tPROG\tgo,I said he is/was leaving.,,The structure without an overt complementizer is common.,122[202],,elicited from speaker,yo ja falá eli ta bai,,1SG PFV say 3SG PROG go,The structure without an overt complementizer is common.,,,12439, +42-171,42,"eli falá ki isi, tudo angkoza, ta subí presu","eli\tfalá\tki\tisi,\ttudo\tangkoza,\tta\tsubí\tpresu",3SG\tsay\tCOMP\tthis\tall\tthing\tPROG\trise\tprice,"He/she used to say that this, everything, is rising in price.",,"The use of the complementizer ki is rather infrequent. More commonly, verbs of speaking introduce their complement clauses without a complementizer.",122[200],,naturalistic spoken,"eli falá ki isi, tudo angkoza, ta subí presu",,3SG say COMP this all thing PROG rise price,"The use of the complementizer ki is rather infrequent. More commonly, verbs of speaking introduce their complement clauses without a complementizer.",,,12440, +43-113,43,[...] fala kung ile ki eo dja teng aki [...].,[...]\tfala\tkung\tile\tki\teo\tdja\tteng\taki\t[...].,[...]\ttell\tOBJ\t3SG\tCOMP\t1SG\tPFV\tbe\there\t[...],[...] tell him that I have been here [...].,,,906[104],,pedagogical grammar,"[...] fala kung ile ki eo dja teng aki [...].",,[...] tell OBJ 3SG COMP 1SG PFV be here [...],,,,12441, +43-114,43,Fala eo manda minya rekadu [...].,Fala\teo\tmanda\tminya\trekadu\t[...].,tell\t1SG\tsend\tmy\tgreeting\t[...],Tell [him] I send [him] my greetings [...].,,,906[106],,pedagogical grammar,Fala eo manda minya rekadu [...].,,tell 1SG send my greeting [...],,,,12442, +44-165,44,[...] pára hablá ki lótro ta na álta sosyedád.,[...]\tpára\thablá\tki\tlótro\tta\tna\tálta\tsosyedád.,[...]\tfor\tsay\tthat\t3PL\tbe.LOC\tLOC\thigh\tsociety,[...] to say that they are in the high society.,,The use of the complementizer is not common in the spoken discourse.,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] pára hablá ki lótro ta na álta sosyedád.",,[...] for say that 3PL be.LOC LOC high society,The use of the complementizer is not common in the spoken discourse.,Own data,,12443, +44-166,44,Ya hablá Tʃéri no éle di pwéde trabahá.,Ya\thablá\tTʃéri\tno\téle\tdi\tpwéde\ttrabahá.,PFV\tsay\tCherry\tNEG\t3SG\tCTPL\tcan\twork,Cherry said she cannot work.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ya hablá Tʃéri no éle di pwéde trabahá.,,PFV say Cherry NEG 3SG CTPL can work,,Own data,,12444, +45-134,45,Ta habla mi hermano que frio daw el agua.,Ta\thabla\tmi\thermano\tque\tfrio\tdaw\tel\tagua.,IPFV\tsay\t1SG.POSS\tbrother\tthat\tcold\tQUOT\tDEF\twater,My brother says that the water is cold.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta habla mi hermano que frio daw el agua.",,IPFV say 1SG.POSS brother that cold QUOT DEF water,,"Librada Llamado, p.c.",,12445, +46-177,46,Ay-ablá yo kunéle (kay) nuáy yo sen.,Ay-ablá\tyo\tkunéle\t(kay)\tnuáy\tyo\tsen.,IRR-say\t2SG\tOBJ.3SG\t(COMP)\tNEG.EXIST\t1SG\tmoney,I will tell him/her that I don't have money.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ay-ablá yo kunéle (kay) nuáy yo sen.",,IRR-say 2SG OBJ.3SG (COMP) NEG.EXIST 1SG money,,Own knowledge,,12446, +47-193,47,No ta asina ku bo por bisa ku mi tin un kolekshon di sombré.,No\tta\tasina\tku\tbo\tpor\tbisa\tku\tmi\ttin\tun\tkolekshon\tdi\tsombré.,NEG\tCOP\tthus\tCOMP\t2SG\tcan\tsay\tCOMP\t1SG\thave\tINDF\tcollection\tof\that,You can't really say that I have a hat collection.,,The translation is mine.,"453[16 July 2009, p.4]",,literary or other written source,"No ta asina ku bo por bisa ku mi tin un kolekshon di sombré.",,NEG COP thus COMP 2SG can say COMP 1SG have INDF collection of hat,The translation is mine.,,,12447, +47-194,47,Hendenan ku ta biba a lo largu di Kaya Korona ta puntra nan mes ku si no tin polis mas riba kaya ku ta mira e kosnan aki sosodé.,Hende\tnan\tku\tta\tbiba\ta-lo-largu\tdi\tKaya\tKorona\tta\tpuntra\tnan\tmes\tku\tsi\tno\ttin\tpolis\tmas\triba\tkaya\tku\tta\tmira\te\tkos\tnan\taki\tsosodé.,person\tPL\tCOMP\tTNS\tlive\taround\tof\tKaya\tKorona\tTNS\task\t3PL\tREFL\tCOMP\tif\tNEG\thave\tpolice\tmore\ton\tstreet\tCOMP\tTNS\tsee\tDEF\tthing\tPL\tDEM.PROX\thappen,People who live around Kaya Korona are asking themselves whether there aren't any police officers on the streets anymore who see these things happen.,,The translation is mine.,"453[10 July 2009, p.3]",,literary or other written source,Hendenan ku ta biba a lo largu di Kaya Korona ta puntra nan mes ku si no tin polis mas riba kaya ku ta mira e kosnan aki sosodé.,"Hende nan ku ta biba a-lo-largu di Kaya Korona ta puntra nan mes ku si no tin polis mas riba kaya ku ta mira e kos nan aki sosodé.",person PL COMP TNS live around of Kaya Korona TNS ask 3PL REFL COMP if NEG have police more on street COMP TNS see DEF thing PL DEM.PROX happen,The translation is mine.,,,12448, +47-195,47,Asta tabatin fanátiko ku tabata grita ku mester but e organisashon di rèfrinan pa esaki.,Asta\ttaba-tin\tfanátiko\tku\ttabata\tgrita\tku\tmester\tbut\te\torganisashon\tdi\trèfri\tnan\tpa\tes(un)-aki.,even\tPST-have\tfanatic\tCOMP\tPST\tshout\tCOMP\tmust\tfine\tDEF\torganisation\tof\treferee\tPL\tfor\tone-DEM.PROX,There were even some fanatics who were shouting that the organisation of referees should be fined for this.,,The translation is mine.,"453[10 July 2009, p.10]",,literary or other written source,Asta tabatin fanátiko ku tabata grita ku mester but e organisashon di rèfrinan pa esaki.,Asta taba-tin fanátiko ku tabata grita ku mester but e organisashon di rèfri nan pa es(un)-aki.,even PST-have fanatic COMP PST shout COMP must fine DEF organisation of referee PL for one-DEM.PROX,The translation is mine.,,,12449, +47-196,47,E ta bisa e suegu e ta bai pos bai laba paña.,E\tta\tbisa\te\tsuegu\te\tta\tbai\tpos\tbai\tlaba\tpaña.,3SG\tTNS\tsay\tDEF\tfather-in-law\t3SG\tTNS\tgo\twell\tgo\twash\tclothes,She says to her father-in-law she is going to the well to wash the clothes.,,,1529[206],,literary or other written source,E ta bisa e suegu e ta bai pos bai laba paña.,,3SG TNS say DEF father-in-law 3SG TNS go well go wash clothes,,,,12450, +48-169,48,Ele a kondá-mi ke ané asé ta bibí en Benesuela aola.,Ele\ta\tkondá-mi\tke\tané\tasé\tta\tbibí\ten\tBenesuela\taola.,he/she\tPST\ttell-me\tthat\tthey\tHAB\tPROG\tlive\tin\tVenezuela\tnow,He/she told me that they are now living in Venezuela.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ele a kondá-mi ke ané asé ta bibí en Benesuela aola.",,he/she PST tell-me that they HAB PROG live in Venezuela now,,Recorded by author,,12451,Spanish: (Él/ella) me contó que (ellos/ellas) están viviendo en Venezuela ahora. +48-170,48,Ané a mensioná ke ese chimme sibirí nu.,Ané\ta\tmensioná\tke\tese\tchimme\tsibirí\tnu.,they\tPST\tmention\tthat\tthis\tgadget\twork\tNEG,They mentioned that this gadget doesn't work.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ané a mensioná ke ese chimme sibirí nu.",,they PST mention that this gadget work NEG,,Recorded by author,,12452,Spanish: Ellos/ellas mencionaron que este chisme no funciona. +49-288,49,Ou di m w al ak Yv.,Ou\tdi\tm\tw\tal\tak\tYv.,2SG\tsay\t1SG\t2SG\tgo\twith\tYves,You tell me you went with Yves.,,,371[22],,naturalistic spoken,Ou di m w al ak Yv.,,2SG say 1SG 2SG go with Yves,,,,12453,French: Tu me dis être allé avec Yves. +49-289,49,Manman m di m konsa m a kapab leve on sak san liv lè m a gen kenz an.,Manman\tm\tdi\tm\tkonsa\tm\ta\tkapab\tleve\ton\tsak\tsan\tliv\tlè\tm\ta\tgen\tkenz\tan.,mother\t1SG\tsay\t1SG\tlike\tthat\t1SG\tFUT\table\tlift\ta\tsack\thundred\tpound\twhen\t1SG\tFUT\tfifteen\tyear,My mother told me like this that I would be able to lift a sack of one hundred pounds when I would be fifteen years old.,,,371[34],,naturalistic spoken,Manman m di m konsa m a kapab leve on sak san liv lè m a gen kenz an.,,mother 1SG say 1SG like that 1SG FUT able lift a sack hundred pound when 1SG FUT fifteen year,,,,12454,French: Ma mère m’a dit comme ça que je serai capable de soulever un sac de cent livres quand j’aurai quinze ans. +49-290,49,Anplwaye yo di kareman yo p ap travay pou chikèt monnen sa a.,Anplwaye\tyo\tdi\tkareman\tyo\tp\tap\ttravay\tpou\tchikèt\tmonnen\tsa\ta.,employee\tDEF.PL\tsay\tcategorically\t3PL\tNEG\tINACC\twork\tfor\tslim\tmoney\tDEM\tSG,The employees declared categorically that they wouldn't work for this paltry sum of money.,,,1505[172],,naturalistic spoken,Anplwaye yo di kareman yo p ap travay pou chikèt monnen sa a.,,employee DEF.PL say categorically 3PL NEG INACC work for slim money DEM SG,,,,12455,French: Les employés ont dit carrément qu'ils ne vont pas travailler pour un peu de monnaie. +49-291,49,Yo di ke y ap tiye l kanmenm.,Yo\tdi\tke\ty\tap\ttiye\tl\tkanmenm.,3PL\tsay\tCOMP\t3PL\tINACC\tkill\t3SG\tstill,They said that they'd kill him anyway.,,,1505[338],,naturalistic spoken,"Yo di ke y ap tiye l kanmenm.",,3PL say COMP 3PL INACC kill 3SG still,,,,12456,French: Ils ont dit qu'ils le tueraient malgré tout. +50-179,50,I di i ké vini.,I\tdi\ti\tké\tvini.,3SG\tsay\t3SG\tFUT\tcome,He said he will come.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I di i ké vini.,,3SG say 3SG FUT come,,Own fieldwork,,12457, +50-180,50,ou ka di yo pa'a ni tan travay,ou\tka\tdi\tyo\tpa'a\tni\ttan\ttravay,2SG\tIPFV\tsay\t3PL\tNEG.IPFV\thave\ttime\twork,You say that they don't have time to work.,,,854[86],,naturalistic spoken,ou ka di yo pa'a ni tan travay,,2SG IPFV say 3PL NEG.IPFV have time work,,,,12458,French: Tu veux dire qu'ils n'ont pas le temps de faire leur travail. (Ludwig et al. 2001: 112) +50-181,50,Yo di-y konha nou kay bengné nou.,Yo\tdi-y\tkonha\tnou\tkay\tbengné\tnou.,3PL\tsay-3SG\tlike.that\t1PL\tgo\tbath\t1PL,They said to him we would take a bath.,,Konha is a variant of konsa.The complementizer konha seems to belong to the register of elder generations.,854[81],,naturalistic spoken,Yo di-y konha nou kay bengné nou.,,3PL say-3SG like.that 1PL go bath 1PL,"Konha is a variant of konsa.The complementizer konha seems to belong to the register of elder generations.",,,12459,French: Elles lui proposèrent d'aller se baigner. (Ludwig et al. 2001: 109) +50-182,50,I di-mwen konmkwa i pé ké la jòd-la.,I\tdi-mwen\tkonmkwa\ti\tpé\tké\tla\tjòd-la.,3SG\ttell-1SG.OBJ\tCOMP\t3SG\tNEG.FUT\tFUT\tthere\tday-DET,He told me that he would not be there today.,,The complementizer konmkwa seems to belong to elder generation registers. Pé is a special negative particle used in combination with the future particle ké. This example originally appeared in Poullet et al. (1984:153).,850[349],,naturalistic spoken,I di-mwen konmkwa i pé ké la jòd-la.,,3SG tell-1SG.OBJ COMP 3SG NEG.FUT FUT there day-DET,"The complementizer konmkwa seems to belong to elder generation registers. Pé is a special negative particle used in combination with the future particle ké. This example originally appeared in Poullet et al. (1984:153).",,,12460,French: Il m'a dit qu'il ne serait pas là aujourd'hui. +50-183,50,Jan di-mwen ki i ka pati.,Jan\tdi-mwen\tki\ti\tka\tpati.,Jan\ttell-1SG.OBJ\tSUBORD\t3SG\tPROG\tleave.,Jan told me that he left.,,This construction with the complementizer ki has been already frequently used in oral literature stories documented in the middle of the 20th century.,850[348],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Jan di-mwen ki i ka pati.,,Jan tell-1SG.OBJ SUBORD 3SG PROG leave.,"This construction with the complementizer ki has been already frequently used in oral literature stories documented in the middle of the 20th century.",,,12461,French: Jean m'a dit qui'il s'en allait. (Ludwig 1996: 348) +51-156,51,I di i ké vini.,I\tdi\ti\tké\tvini.,3SG\tsay\t3SG\tFUT\tcome,He said he will come.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I di i ké vini.,,3SG say 3SG FUT come,,Own fieldwork,,12462, +52-98,52,i di i ké vini,i\tdi\ti\tké\tvini,she\tsay\tshe\tMOOD\tcome,She said she would come.,,,,,elicited from speaker,i di i ké vini,,she say she MOOD come,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,12463, +53-354,53,Mo di li s te en ti job mo te fè apré lekòl.,Mo\tdi\tli\ts\tte\ten\tti\t\tmo\tte\tfè\tapré\tlekòl.,1SG\ttell\t3SG\tthis\tPST\tART.INDF\tlittle\tjob\t1SG\tPST\tdo\tafter\tschool,I told him this was a little job I did after school.,,,1048[368],,naturalistic spoken,Mo di li s te en ti job mo te fè apré lekòl.,Mo di li s te en ti <job> mo te fè apré lekòl.,1SG tell 3SG this PST ART.INDF little job 1SG PST do after school,,,,12464, +53-355,53,"Me Lapen, to di Bouki te p ale jwe.","Me\tLapen,\tto\tdi\tBouki\tte\tp\tale\tjwe.",but\tRabbit\t2SG\tsay\tBouki\tPST\tNEG\tFUT\tplay,"But Rabbit, you said that Bouki was not going to play.",,,1048[398],,naturalistic spoken,"Me Lapen, to di Bouki te p ale jwe.",,but Rabbit 2SG say Bouki PST NEG FUT play,,,,12465, +53-356,53,Y a di twa le fil nanye se pwazon.,Y\ta\tdi\ttwa\tle\tfil\tnanye\tse\tpwazon.,3PL\tFUT\ttell\t2SG\tART.DEF.PL\tweb\tspider\tCOP\tpoison,They'll tell you that a spider's web is poison.,,,1048[388],,naturalistic spoken,Y a di twa le fil nanye se pwazon.,,3PL FUT tell 2SG ART.DEF.PL web spider COP poison,,,,12466, +53-357,53,"Mo pa sèlman touche li, la l ole manti kote la lwa di ki mo konyen li, mo mo ensilte li.","Mo\tpa\tsèlman\ttouche\tli,\tla\tl\tole\tmanti\tkote\tla\tlwa\tdi\tki\tmo\tkonyen\tli,\tmo\tmo\tensilte\tli.",1SG\tNEG\teven\ttouch\t3SG\tnow\t3SG\twant\tlie\tto\tART.DEF.SG\tpolice\tsay\tCOMP\t1SG\thit\t3SG\t1SG\t1SG\tinsult\t3SG,"I didn't even touch him, and now he wants to lie to the police and say that I hit him, that I insulted him.",,,722[368],,naturalistic spoken,"Mo pa sèlman touche li, la l ole manti kote la lwa di ki mo konyen li, mo mo ensilte li.",,1SG NEG even touch 3SG now 3SG want lie to ART.DEF.SG police say COMP 1SG hit 3SG 1SG 1SG insult 3SG,,,,12467, +53-358,53,"Ye di piti-ye se sòti dan dechou, ye te tronpe nouzòt.","Ye\tdi\t__\tpiti-ye\tse\tsòti\tdan\tdechou,\tye\tte\ttronpe\tnouzòt.",3PL\tsay\t__\tchild-ART.DEF.PL\tIPFV\tcome.out\tfrom\tcabbage\t3PL\tPST\ttrick\t1PL,"They said children came from cabbages, they tricked us.",,,722[367],,naturalistic spoken,"Ye di piti-ye se sòti dan dechou, ye te tronpe nouzòt.","Ye di __ piti-ye se sòti dan dechou, ye te tronpe nouzòt.",3PL say __ child-ART.DEF.PL IPFV come.out from cabbage 3PL PST trick 1PL,,,,12468, +54-204,54,Mé la di azot ki falé pa manzé sitrouy la.,Me\tla\tdi\tazot\tk\ti\tfale\tpa\tmanze\tsitrouy\tla.,but\tPRF\tsay\tOBL.3SG\tCOMP\tFIN\tmust.PST\tNEG\teat\tpumpkin\tDEM,But she told them that they should not eat that pumpkin.,,"This was the only example I found after going through half of the Barat et al. (1977) corpus (25,000 words).",110[37],,naturalistic spoken,"Mé la di azot ki falé pa manzé sitrouy la.","Me la di azot k i fale pa manze sitrouy la.",but PRF say OBL.3SG COMP FIN must.PST NEG eat pumpkin DEM,"This was the only example I found after going through half of the Barat et al. (1977) corpus (25,000 words).",,,12469,French: Mais elle a dit qu'il ne fallait pas manger cette citrouille. +54-205,54,"[...] mi di i falé trap le ra, falé manzé.","[...]\tmi\tdi\tØ\ti\tfale\ttrap\tlë\tra,\tfale\tmanze.",[...]\t1SG.FIN\tsay\tØ\tFIN\tmust.PST\tcatch\tDEF\trat\tmust.PST\teat,"[...] I say you should have caught the rat, you should have eaten it.",,,110[16],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] mi di i falé trap le ra, falé manzé.","[...] mi di Ø i fale trap lë ra, fale manze.",[...] 1SG.FIN say Ø FIN must.PST catch DEF rat must.PST eat,,,,12470,"French: [...] je dis il fallait attraper le rat, il fallait le manger." +55-175,55,mo ti dir ki li ena rezoṅ,mo\tti\tdir\tki\tli\tena\trezoṅ,1SG\tPST\tsay\tthat\t3SG\thave\tright,I said that she was right.,,Ki is more often omitted in the spoken language.,,,constructed by linguist,mo ti dir ki li ena rezoṅ,,1SG PST say that 3SG have right,"Ki is more often omitted in the spoken language.",Own knowledge,,12471, +55-176,55,mo ti dir li ena rezoṅ,mo\tti\tdir\tli\tena\trezoṅ,1SG\tPST\tsay\t3SG\thave\tright,I said she was right.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo ti dir li ena rezoṅ,,1SG PST say 3SG have right,,Own knowledge,,12472, +56-175,56,Be nou bann kanmarad lontan in dir ek nou pourdir dan tan lesklavaz Madanm Marsan ti touy touy dimoun [...].,Be\tnou\tbann\tkanmarad\tlontan\tin\tdir\tek\tnou\tpourdir\tdan\ttan\tlesklavaz\tMadanm\tMarsan\tti\ttouy\ttouy\tdimoun\t[...].,but\tPOSS.1PL\tPL\tfriend\tearlier\tPRF\ttell\twith\t1PL\tCOMP\tin\ttime\tslavery\tMadam\tMarsan\tPST\tkill\tkill\tpeople\t[...],"But for a long time, our friends have told us that during slavery Mrs. Marsan killed people [...].",,,158[230],,naturalistic spoken,"Be nou bann kanmarad lontan in dir ek nou pourdir dan tan lesklavaz Madanm Marsan ti touy touy dimoun [...].",,but POSS.1PL PL friend earlier PRF tell with 1PL COMP in time slavery Madam Marsan PST kill kill people [...],,,,12473,French: Mais depuis longtemps nos camarades nous avaient dit qu'à l'époque de l'esclavage madame Le Marchand a tué des gens [...]. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 231) +56-176,56,Ou a dir ou al Dyego.,Ou\ta\tdir\tou\tal\tDyego.,2SG\tFUT\tsay\t2SG\tgo\tDiego,You will say that you go to Diego (Garcia).,,,158[252],,naturalistic spoken,Ou a dir ou al Dyego.,,2SG FUT say 2SG go Diego,,,,12474,French: Vous direz que vous allez à Diego. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 253) +56-177,56,"Seselwa, les mwan dir zot ki sitiasyon i bokou pli konplike ki sa.","Seselwa,\tles\tmwan\tdir\tzot\tki\tsitiasyon\ti\tbokou\tpli\tkonplike\tki\tsa.",Seychelles.people\tlet\tme\tsay\tyou\tCOMP\tsituation\tPM\tmuch\tmore\tcomplicated\tthan\tthis,"Seychelles people, let me tell you that the situation is much more complicated than this.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Seselwa, les mwan dir zot ki sitiasyon i bokou pli konplike ki sa.",,Seychelles.people let me say you COMP situation PM much more complicated than this,,Seychelles Nation Online 2004,,12475, +56-178,56,Eski zot komans konpran letan mon dir i mank en eleman prensipal dan son bidze?,Eski\tzot\tkomans\tkonpran\tletan\tmon\tdir\ti\tmank\ten\teleman\tprensipal\tdan\tson\tbidze?,Q\t2PL\tstart\tunderstand\twhen\t1SG\tsay\t3SG\tlack\tan\telement\timportant\tin\tPOSS.3SG\tbudget,Do you start to understand when I say that an important element is lacking in his budget?,,,,,naturalistic written,Eski zot komans konpran letan mon dir i mank en eleman prensipal dan son bidze?,,Q 2PL start understand when 1SG say 3SG lack an element important in POSS.3SG budget,,Seychelles Nation Online 4 December 2004,,12476, +56-179,56,Mon dir li pourdir nou pou al Bamberg demen.,Mon\tdir\tli\tpourdir\tnou\tpou\tal\tBamberg\tdemen.,1SG\ttell\t3SG\tCOMPL\t1PL\tFUT\tgo\tBamberg\ttomorrow,I tell her that we will go to Bamberg tomorrow.,,"The complementizer pourdir is transparent and can be separated into two monomorphemic lexemes pour 'for, to' and dir 'say'.The use of the complementizer pourdir seems to put emphasis on the confirmation of the act of telling.",,,constructed by native speaker,Mon dir li pourdir nou pou al Bamberg demen.,,1SG tell 3SG COMPL 1PL FUT go Bamberg tomorrow,"The complementizer pourdir is transparent and can be separated into two monomorphemic lexemes pour 'for, to' and dir 'say'.The use of the complementizer pourdir seems to put emphasis on the confirmation of the act of telling.",Own knowledge,,12477, +56-180,56,Mon dir li ki fodre i retournen dizer.,Mon\tdir\tli\tki\tfodre\ti\tretournen\tdizer.,1SG\ttell\t3SG\tCOMPL\tmust\t3SG\treturn\t10.pm,I tell her/him that she/he has to return by 10 pm.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Mon dir li ki fodre i retournen dizer.",,1SG tell 3SG COMPL must 3SG return 10.pm,,Own knowledge,,12478, +56-181,56,Papa in dir i bezwen retournen.,Papa\tin\tdir\ti\tbezwen\tretournen.,daddy\tPRF\tsay\t3SG\tmust\treturn,Daddy said that he (himself or another person) has to return.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Papa in dir i bezwen retournen.,,daddy PRF say 3SG must return,,Own knowledge,,12479, +57-95,57,la ndi kom sa ke la vja,la\tndi\tkom\tsa\tke\tla\tvja,3SG\tsay\tlike\tthis\tCOMP\t3SG\tcome,(S)he says that (s)he will come.,,There is no clear example of an indirect construction in Sabine Ehrhart's corpus. The boundary between direct and indirect speech is rather fuzzy.,423[227],,naturalistic spoken,la ndi kom sa ke la vja,,3SG say like this COMP 3SG come,There is no clear example of an indirect construction in Sabine Ehrhart's corpus. The boundary between direct and indirect speech is rather fuzzy.,,,12480,French: Il/elle dit qu’il/elle vient. +57-158,57,"sa ndi ke la ʃa:ti, fam-la","sa\tndi\tke\tla\tʃa:ti,\tfam-la",3PL\tsay\tCOMP\t3SG\tnice\twoman-DEM/DEF,"They say that the woman is nice (Lit. They say that she is nice, that woman).",,,423[219],,naturalistic spoken,"sa ndi ke la ʃa:ti, fam-la",,3PL say COMP 3SG nice woman-DEM/DEF,,,,12481, +58-119,58,Yandi tuba nde: beto ata kutana mbasi.,Yandi\ttuba\tnde:\tbeto\tata\tkutana\tmbasi.,3SG\tsay\tCOMP\t1PL\tFUT\tmeet\ttomorrow,He/She said: We will meet tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi tuba nde: beto ata kutana mbasi.,,3SG say COMP 1PL FUT meet tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,12482, +59-289,59,"ndamba aga atene, tere na aunji awe","ndamba\ta-ga\ta-tene,\ttere\tni\ta-hunzi\tawe",Rabbit\tPM-come\tPM-say\tSpider\tDET\tPM-hide\talready,"Rabbit said, ""Spider has hidden himself."" OR: Rabbit said that Spider had hidden himself.",,"Some speakers use hunzi instead of honde for 'hide' although the former means 'finish off, disappear' (transitively and intransitively). With this meaning the clause here would mean 'Spider disappeared'. With honde one expects an object: honde tere ti lo [hide body of 3SG] 'hide himself'.",,,naturalistic spoken,"ndamba aga atene, tere na aunji awe","ndamba a-ga a-tene, tere ni a-hunzi awe",Rabbit PM-come PM-say Spider DET PM-hide already,"Some speakers use hunzi instead of honde for 'hide' although the former means 'finish off, disappear' (transitively and intransitively). With this meaning the clause here would mean 'Spider disappeared'. With honde one expects an object: honde tere ti lo [hide body of 3SG] 'hide himself'.",Samarin corpus 1994,,12483, +59-290,59,"tona mo si ka, si lo hunda mo, atene, mo o, mo nyon' nyen'","tongana\tmo\tsi\tka,\tsi\tlo\thunda\tmo,\ta-tene,\tmo\to,\tmo\tnyon'\tnyen'",when\t2SG\tarrive\tthere\tCONN\t3SG\task\t2SG\tPM-say\t2SG\tPCL.DEF\t2SG\tdrink\twhat,"When you arrive there and he asks you what you would like to drink, [...] OR: When you arrive there and he asks ""What do you want to drink?""",,This is a good example of the connective si used sequentially: 'you arrive and then he asks you [...]'.,,,naturalistic spoken,"tona mo si ka, si lo hunda mo, atene, mo o, mo nyon' nyen'","tongana mo si ka, si lo hunda mo, a-tene, mo o, mo nyon' nyen'",when 2SG arrive there CONN 3SG ask 2SG PM-say 2SG PCL.DEF 2SG drink what,"This is a good example of the connective si used sequentially: 'you arrive and then he asks you [...]'.",Samarin corpus 1994,,12484, +59-291,59,"mo tene ka na mama ka, mo tene, aa ba ndo ni ake nzoni ape","mo\ttene\tka\tna\tmama\tka,\tmo\ttene,\tala\tba\tndo\tni\take\tnzoni\tape",2SG\tsay\tthere\tPREP\tmother\tthere\t2SG\tsay\t2SG.DEF\tsee\tplace\tDET\tSM.COP\tgood\tNEG,Tell your mother over there that the place is not good.,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"mo tene ka na mama ka, mo tene, aa ba ndo ni ake nzoni ape","mo tene ka na mama ka, mo tene, ala ba ndo ni ake nzoni ape",2SG say there PREP mother there 2SG say 2SG.DEF see place DET SM.COP good NEG,,,,12485, +59-292,59,"lo hunda lo, lo tene, kogara, ala ga?!","lo\thunda\tlo,\tlo\ttene,\tkogara,\tala\tga?!",1SG\task\t3SG\t3SG\tsay\tin-law\t2SG.DEF\tcome,"He asked her, ""Mother-in-law, so you've come?!""",,Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"lo hunda lo, lo tene, kogara, ala ga?!",,1SG ask 3SG 3SG say in-law 2SG.DEF come,"Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.",,,12486, +59-293,59,"kogara ni aga awe so, ahunda lo, atene, kogara, mo ke nyon' ye?!","kogara\tni\ta-ga\tawe\tso,\ta-hunda\tlo,\ta-tene,\tkogara,\tmo\tke\tnyon'\tye?!",in-law\tDET\tPM-come\talready\tthus\tPM-ask\t3SG\tPM-say\tin-law\t2SG\tCOP\tdrink\tthing,"When his mother-in-law had come, he asked her, ""Mother-in-law would you like something to drink?!""",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"kogara ni aga awe so, ahunda lo, atene, kogara, mo ke nyon' ye?!","kogara ni a-ga awe so, a-hunda lo, a-tene, kogara, mo ke nyon' ye?!",in-law DET PM-come already thus PM-ask 3SG PM-say in-law 2SG COP drink thing,,Samarin corpus 1994,,12487, +59-294,59,zo wa la atene mo ga zo wa?,zo\twa\tla\ta-tene\tmo\tga\tzo\twa,person\twho\tTOP\tPM-say\t2SG\tcome\tperson\twho,Who was it who told you to come?,,This example is included only to illustrate another use of the verb tene.,,,naturalistic spoken,zo wa la atene mo ga zo wa?,zo wa la a-tene mo ga zo wa,person who TOP PM-say 2SG come person who,"This example is included only to illustrate another use of the verb tene.",Samarin corpus 1994,,12488, +59-295,59,ago tene na Susu ni atene [...],a-gwe\ta-tene\tna\tSusu\tni\ta-tene\t[...],PM-go\tPM-say\tPREP\tFish\tDET\tPM-say\t[...],He then said to the Fish [...].,,This is from a traditional tale.,,,naturalistic spoken,ago tene na Susu ni atene [...],a-gwe a-tene na Susu ni a-tene [...],PM-go PM-say PREP Fish DET PM-say [...],This is from a traditional tale.,Samarin corpus 1994,,12489, +59-300,59,i tene lakwe que kobela ti bilharzie so ake wara ni gi na lege ti ngu,i\ttene\tlakwe\tque\tkobela\tti\tbilharzie\tso\ta-ke\twara\tni\tgi\tna\tlege\tti\tngu,1PL\tsay\talways\tthat\tsickness\tof\tbilharzia\tDEM\tPM-COP\tfind\t1PL.LOG\tjust\twith\tway\tof\twater,We always say that this liver-fluke disease gets us through water.,,"This was said in a radio broadcast in 1962 or earlier. One occasionally hears /que/ today in the speech of young people with some education, although it is originally French.",1320[212],,naturalistic spoken,"i tene lakwe que kobela ti bilharzie so ake wara ni gi na lege ti ngu",i tene lakwe que kobela ti bilharzie so a-ke wara ni gi na lege ti ngu,1PL say always that sickness of bilharzia DEM PM-COP find 1PL.LOG just with way of water,"This was said in a radio broadcast in 1962 or earlier. One occasionally hears /que/ today in the speech of young people with some education, although it is originally French.",,,12490, +60-135,60,alobákí te mbúla ekobéta,a-lob-ákí\tte\tmbúla\te-ko-bét-a,3SG-say-PST\tCOMP\train\t3SG-FUT-hit-FV,She said that it was going to rain.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"alobákí te mbúla ekobéta",a-lob-ákí te mbúla e-ko-bét-a,3SG-say-PST COMP rain 3SG-FUT-hit-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",Own knowledge,,12491, +60-136,60,alobákí mbúla ekobéta,a-lob-ákí\tmbúla\te-ko-bét-a,3SG-say-PST\train\t3SG-FUT-hit-FV,She said it was going to rain.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,alobákí mbúla ekobéta,a-lob-ákí mbúla e-ko-bét-a,3SG-say-PST rain 3SG-FUT-hit-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",Own knowledge,,12492, +61-103,61,Yena chenile lo fana yena gula.,Yena\tchenile\tlo\tfana\tyena\tgul-a.,she\tsay.PST\tDEF.ART\tboy\the\tbe.ill-V,She said that the boy was ill. OR: She said the boy is ill.,,There is no complementizer equivalent to 'that'.,,,elicited from speaker,Yena chenile lo fana yena gula.,Yena chenile lo fana yena gul-a.,she say.PST DEF.ART boy he be.ill-V,There is no complementizer equivalent to 'that'.,Field notes Mesthrie,,12493, +62-89,62,vébá há túmú?ó kázi nne,vé-ba\thaa\ttu-H-mu-?o\tkazi\tnne,2-say\thaa\t1PL-SBJ-OBJ.2PL-give\twork\twe,"They say: ""Haa, we should give you work, we!""",,,,,naturalistic spoken,vébá há túmú?ó kázi nne,vé-ba haa tu-H-mu-?o kazi nne,2-say haa 1PL-SBJ-OBJ.2PL-give work we,,Own field data 1993,,12494, +63-178,63,íta gi-kélem gáli saharó,íta\tgi-kélem\tgáli\tsaharó,2SG\tTAM-say\tsay\tbewitch.PASS,You say that he has been bewitched.,,This construction is used in the Kinubi variety used in Uganda.,857[369],,naturalistic spoken,"íta gi-kélem gáli saharó",,2SG TAM-say say bewitch.PASS,This construction is used in the Kinubi variety used in Uganda.,,,12495, +63-179,63,nas Kakwá kúlu gal úmun Núbi,nas\tKakwá\tkúlu\tgal\túmun\tNúbi,PL\tKakwa\tall\tsay\t3PL\tNubi,All the Kakwa claim they are Nubi.,,This construction is used in the Kinubi variety used in Mombasa.,857[369],,naturalistic spoken,nas Kakwá kúlu gal úmun Núbi,,PL Kakwa all say 3PL Nubi,This construction is used in the Kinubi variety used in Mombasa.,,,12496, +64-190,64,úo kélem gále úo bija,úo\tkélem\tgále\túo\tbi=ja,3SG\tspeak\tsay\t3SG\tIRR=come,He said that he would come.,,In this example kélem 'speak' is followed by the complementizer gále.,973[470],,naturalistic spoken,úo kélem gále úo bija,úo kélem gále úo bi=ja,3SG speak say 3SG IRR=come,"In this example kélem 'speak' is followed by the complementizer gále.",,,12497, +64-191,64,ána biásalu mara tai kelí rákabu samága de,ána\tbi=ásalu\tmara\ttai\tkelí\trákabu\tsamága\tde,1SG\tIRR=ask\twomen\tPOSS.1SG\tlet\tcook\tfish\tDEM.PROX,I ask my wife to cook the fish.,,"This sentence gives an example of the use of ásalu 'ask' without complementizer, with a non-indicative complement.",973[469],,naturalistic spoken,ána biásalu mara tai kelí rákabu samága de,ána bi=ásalu mara tai kelí rákabu samága de,1SG IRR=ask women POSS.1SG let cook fish DEM.PROX,"This sentence gives an example of the use of ásalu 'ask' without complementizer, with a non-indicative complement.",,,12498, +64-192,64,yesúa kélim le úo gale ya zakéo,yesúa\tkélim\tle\túo\tgale\tya\tzakéo,Jesus\tspeak\tto\t3SG\tCOMP\tVOC\tZaccheus,Jesus told him: Oh Zaccheus!,,This sentence contains direct discourse.,874[192],,naturalistic spoken,yesúa kélim le úo gale ya zakéo,,Jesus speak to 3SG COMP VOC Zaccheus,This sentence contains direct discourse.,,,12499, +64-238,64,úo gále úo kan ázu bakʃíʃ to,úo\tgále\túo\tkan\tázu\tbakʃíʃ\tto,3SG\tsay\t3SG\tANT\twant\ttip\tPOSS.3SG,He said that he wanted his tip.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,úo gále úo kan ázu bakʃíʃ to,,3SG say 3SG ANT want tip POSS.3SG,,,,12500, +65-137,65,"Ja gavari, zimlia rabotaj nada, iwo ne panimaj.","Ja\tgavari,\tzimlia\trabotaj\tnada,\tiwo\tne\tpanimaj.",1SG\tsay\tland\twork\tmust\t3SG\tNEG\tunderstand,"I tell him that we ought to work the land, but he does not understand it.",,,458[230],,citation in fiction,"Ja gavari, zimlia rabotaj nada, iwo ne panimaj.",,1SG say land work must 3SG NEG understand,,,"Я говори, земля работай надо – его не понимай.",12501, +65-138,65,"Zawtəra, adnaka, sio liudi fanza xadi, tibe səkaʒi: Liudi, ʒimlia rabotaj nada.","Zawtəra,\tadnaka,\tsio\tliudi\tfanza\txadi,\ttibe\tsəkaʒi:\tLiudi,\tʒimlia\trabotaj\tnada.",tomorrow\tINTENS\tPL\tpeople\thouse\tgo\t2SG\tsay\tpeople\tland\twork\tnecessary,"Tomorrow you definitely have to visit people's houses and say: People, you have to cultivate the land! OR : Tomorrow you have to come to each house and urge people to start farming.",,,458[230],,citation in fiction,"Zawtəra, adnaka, sio liudi fanza xadi, tibe səkaʒi: Liudi, ʒimlia rabotaj nada.",,tomorrow INTENS PL people house go 2SG say people land work necessary,,,"Завтра, однако, всё люди фанза ходи, тебе скажи: Люди! Земля работай надо.",12502, +66-110,66,Go abiilang dia Americaring edatang kəta.,Go\ta-biilang\tdia\tAmerica-ring\te-datang\tkəta.,1SG\tPRS-say\t3SG\tAmerica-ABL\tASP-come\tCOMP,I know that he has come from America.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Go abiilang dia Americaring edatang kəta.,Go a-biilang dia America-ring e-datang kəta.,1SG PRS-say 3SG America-ABL ASP-come COMP,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,12503, +67-199,67,Ah dua olang dia cakap mao lawan siapa busat ah siapa busat.,Ah\tdua\tolang\tdia\tcakap\tmao\tlawan\tsiapa\tbusat\tah\tsiapa\tbusat.,PCL\ttwo\tperson\t3SG\tspeak\twant\tfight\twho\tbig\tQ\twho\tbig,"These two, they said they wanted to fight (compete) [to find out] who was bigger.",,,708[385],,naturalistic spoken,Ah dua olang dia cakap mao lawan siapa busat ah siapa busat.,,PCL two person 3SG speak want fight who big Q who big,,,,12504, +68-113,68,"Bilang kang par dia, kata tado-tado sadiki.","Bilang\tkang\tpar\tdia,\tkata\ttado~tado\tsadiki.",tell\t3SG.N\tto\t3SG\tCOMP\tquiet~quiet\tlittle,"Tell it to him, that [he should be] quiet a bit.",,The complementizer kata means 'word'.,1528[291],,naturalistic spoken,"Bilang kang par dia, kata tado-tado sadiki.","Bilang kang par dia, kata tado~tado sadiki.",tell 3SG.N to 3SG COMP quiet~quiet little,"The complementizer kata means 'word'.",,,12505, +68-114,68,De carita dong mau baku-pukol deng Kes.,De\tcarita\tdong\tmau\tbaku-pukol\tdeng\tKes.,3SG\ttell\t3PL\tFUT\tRECP-hit\twith\tMonkey,He said they would fight Monkey.,,Monkey is a proper name here.,1528[307],,naturalistic spoken,De carita dong mau baku-pukol deng Kes.,,3SG tell 3PL FUT RECP-hit with Monkey,"Monkey is a proper name here.",,,12506, +68-115,68,Dia parlente kata de su bayar.,Dia\tparlente\tkata\tde\tsu\tbayar.,3SG\tlie\tCOMP\t3SG\tPFV\tpay,He lied that he had already paid.,,,1528[307],,naturalistic spoken,"Dia parlente kata de su bayar.",,3SG lie COMP 3SG PFV pay,,,,12507, +69-68,69,mən ama namban mariakənan patn awrikən mariak,mən\tama\tnamban\tmariakə-nan\tpatn\tawri-kən\tmaria-k,3SG\t1SG\tDAT\tsay-NFUT\tbetelnut\tget-POSS?\tsay-IRR,He told me to get betelnut.,,,,,elicited from speaker,mən ama namban mariakənan patn awrikən mariak,mən ama namban mariakə-nan patn awri-kən maria-k,3SG 1SG DAT say-NFUT betelnut get-POSS? say-IRR,,Own field notes 1985,,12508, +71-173,71,Oe olelo wau like pu baby.,Oe\tolelo\twau\tlikepu\tbaby.,2SG\tspeak\t1SG\tjust.like\tbaby,You said that I'm like a baby.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Oe olelo wau like pu baby.","Oe olelo wau likepu baby.",2SG speak 1SG just.like baby,,Own data 1893,,12509, +71-174,71,Pehea oe kamailio oe hele moemoe?,Pehea\toe\tkamailio\toe\thele\tmoemoe?,why\t2SG\ttalk\t2SG\tgo\tsleep,Why did you say that you were going to sleep?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Pehea oe kamailio oe hele moemoe?",,why 2SG talk 2SG go sleep,,Own data 1892,,12510, +72-146,72,X bin tok im til yapakayi.,X\tbin\ttok\tim\ttil\tyapakayi.,NAME\tPST\ttalk\t3SG\tstill\tsmall,X said that he is still small.,,,8,d933f9f530fb253f860a4a713e577a22,naturalistic spoken,X bin tok im til yapakayi.,,NAME PST talk 3SG still small,,,,12511, +73-99,73,yoga biningi zikani,yo-ga\tbini-ngi\tzi-ka-ni,1SG-TOP\tcome-2SG\tsay-PST-1SG,I said that you should come.,,,1038[390],,elicited from speaker,yoga biningi zikani,yo-ga bini-ngi zi-ka-ni,1SG-TOP come-2SG say-PST-1SG,,,,12512, +73-100,73,pegashka dizin dizindu ke boskunaga ke boskunallacha komingichi,pega-shka\tdizi-n\tdizi-ndu\tke\tbos-kuna-ga\tke\tbos-kuna-lla-cha\tkomi-ngichi,hit-NMLZ.PST\tsay-3\tsay-SUBORD\tthat\t2SG-PL-TOP\tthat\t2SG-PL-DELIM-DUB\teat-IMP.2PL,"They say he hit them saying that you, that you just eat.",,-shka is a nominalizer marking realized actions.,1038[400],,naturalistic spoken,pegashka dizin dizindu ke boskunaga ke boskunallacha komingichi,"pega-shka dizi-n dizi-ndu ke bos-kuna-ga ke bos-kuna-lla-cha komi-ngichi",hit-NMLZ.PST say-3 say-SUBORD that 2SG-PL-TOP that 2SG-PL-DELIM-DUB eat-IMP.2PL,"-shka is a nominalizer marking realized actions.",,,12513, +74-139,74,yáka wáwa kámuks háyas,yáka\twáwa\tkámuks\tháyas,3SG\tsay\tdog\tbig,He said that the dog was big.,,,,,constructed by linguist,yáka wáwa kámuks háyas,,3SG say dog big,,Own knowledge,,12514, +75-238,75,"""Kamiyoayaaw avek niyanaan,"" itweew.","""Ka-miyo-ayaa-w\tavek\tniyanaan,""\titweew.",FUT-well-be-3\twith\tus\tsay.3,"""She will be well with us"", she said.",,Direct speech is much more common than indirect speech.,522,,naturalistic spoken,"""Kamiyoayaaw avek niyanaan,"" itweew.","""Ka-miyo-ayaa-w avek niyanaan,"" itweew.",FUT-well-be-3 with us say.3,Direct speech is much more common than indirect speech.,,,12515, +75-239,75,Kiiitweew eewiishipweehteet.,Kii-itwee-w\tee-wii-shipweehtee-t.,PST-say-3\tCOMP-INTENTIONAL.FUT-leave-3,She said that she was leaving.,,"A direct quote, such as Nishipweehtaan, itweew ('I am leaving, she said') is much more natural. +Instead of the complementizer prefix ee-, kaa- is also used. (Itweew kaawiishipweehtet; George Pelletier, speaker)",522,,elicited from speaker,Kiiitweew eewiishipweehteet.,"Kii-itwee-w ee-wii-shipweehtee-t.",PST-say-3 COMP-INTENTIONAL.FUT-leave-3,"A direct quote, such as Nishipweehtaan, itweew ('I am leaving, she said') is much more natural. +Instead of the complementizer prefix ee-, kaa- is also used. (Itweew kaawiishipweehtet; George Pelletier, speaker)",,,12516, +75-240,75,Wiihtem eekiitutahk.,Wiiht-em\tee-kii-tut-ahk.,tell-3.SBJ.3.OBJ.INAN\tCOMP-PST-do-3.SBJ.3.OBJ.INAN,He admitted that he did it.,,,789[17],,naturalistic written,Wiihtem eekiitutahk.,"Wiiht-em ee-kii-tut-ahk.",tell-3.SBJ.3.OBJ.INAN COMP-PST-do-3.SBJ.3.OBJ.INAN,,,,12517, +75-241,75,Shuushkwachiku giiwiistamawaaw noo eewiiawihak larzhawn.,Shuushkwachiku\tgii-wiistamaw-aaw\tnoo\tee-wii-awih-ak\tlarzhawn.,directly\t1.PST-tell-3SG.OBJ\tNEG\tCOMP-DESID-lend-1SG.SBJ.3.OBJ\tmoney,I told him directly I wouldn't lend him money.,,,789[234],,naturalistic written,Shuushkwachiku giiwiistamawaaw noo eewiiawihak larzhawn.,Shuushkwachiku gii-wiistamaw-aaw noo ee-wii-awih-ak larzhawn.,directly 1.PST-tell-3SG.OBJ NEG COMP-DESID-lend-1SG.SBJ.3.OBJ money,,,,12518, +76-59,76,ababa ätcū',ababa\tätcū',say\tperhaps,He says he does not know.,,,1442[224],,reconstructed by documentalist,ababa ätcū',,say perhaps,,,,12519, +1-236,1,"A hatie mie, mie no ben sabie datie joe no ben dé boen.","A\thati\tmi,\tmi\tno\tben\tsabi\tdati\tyu\tno\tben\tde\tbun.",3SG.SBJ\thurt\t1SG\t1SG\tNEG\tPST\tknow\tthat\t2SG\tNEG\tPST\tCOP\tgood,I'm sorry that I didn't know that you were not well.,,This illustrates the use of the complementizer dati with the verb sabi 'know'.,1576[121],,written,"A hatie mie, mie no ben sabie datie joe no ben dé boen.","A hati mi, mi no ben sabi dati yu no ben de bun.",3SG.SBJ hurt 1SG 1SG NEG PST know that 2SG NEG PST COP good,"This illustrates the use of the complementizer dati with the verb sabi 'know'.",,,12520,Dutch: Het doet my leed dat ik uwe onpasselykheid niet geweeten hebt. [op.cit.] +2-252,2,A no ben sab' taki na wan bigi Anansi.,A\tno\tben\tsab'\ttaki\tna\twan\tbigi\tAnansi.,He\tNEG\tTNS\tknow\tthat\tCOP\tART\tbig\tAnansi,He did not know that this was a grown-up Anansi.,,,1218[47],,naturalistic spoken,"A no ben sab' taki na wan bigi Anansi.",,He NEG TNS know that COP ART big Anansi,,,,12521, +2-253,2,"Di mi si dati a susu no e fiti mi, mi tyari en go kenki.","Di\tmi\tsi\tdati\ta\tsusu\tno\te\tfiti\tmi,\tmi\ttyari\ten\tgo\tkenki.",when\tI\tsee\tthat\tART\tshoes\tNEG\tASP\tfit\tme\tI\tcarry\tand\tgo\texchange,"When I realized that the shoes didn't fit me, I went and exchanged them.",,,1587[73],,unknown,"Di mi si dati a susu no e fiti mi, mi tyari en go kenki.",,when I see that ART shoes NEG ASP fit me I carry and go exchange,,,,12522, +2-254,2,"Mi bribi a man gwe na Holland volgens mi, yere.","Mi\tbribi\ta\tman\tgwe\tna\tHolland\tvolgens\tmi,\tyere.",1SG\tbelieve\tthe.SG\tman\tgo.away\tLOC\tHolland\taccording.to\tme\tokay,I believe he’s gone to Holland.,,,,,unknown,"Mi bribi a man gwe na Holland volgens mi, yere.",,1SG believe the.SG man go.away LOC Holland according.to me okay,,"Winford data, Tape 8A",,12523, +3-134,3,Mi sábi táa á búnu.,Mi\tsábi\ttáa\tá\tbúnu.,1SG\tknow\tsay\t3SG.NEG\tgood,I know that it is not good.,,,1539[155],,naturalistic spoken,Mi sábi táa á búnu.,,1SG know say 3SG.NEG good,,,,12524, +3-135,3,Mi sábi á búnu.,Mi\tsábi\tá\tbúnu.,1SG\tknow\t3SG.NEG\tgood,I know it is not good.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mi sábi á búnu.,,1SG know 3SG.NEG good,,Fieldwork data,,12525, +4-164,4,Mi sabi kaba taki a libi fu den taanga.,Mi\tsabi\tkaba\ttaki\ta\tlibi\tfu\tden\ttaanga.,I\tknow\talready\tsay\tDET.SG\tlife\tPOSS\tthem\tdifficult,I already know that their life is difficult.,,,568[157],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi sabi kaba taki a libi fu den taanga.",,I know already say DET.SG life POSS them difficult,,,,12526, +5-168,5,mi biliiv si di piknii ded,mi\tbiliiv\tsi\tdi\tpiknii\tded,1SG\tbelieve\tsay\tthe\tchild\tdead,I believed that the child had died.,,,"1281[223, line 1090]",,constructed by linguist,"mi biliiv si di piknii ded",,1SG believe say the child dead,,,,12527, +5-169,5,yu naa noo eniibadii kyan kom kom nak yu dong de?,yu\tnaa\tnoo\teniibadii\tkyan\tkom\tkom\tnak\tyu\tdong\tde?,2SG\tNEG\tknow\tanybody\tMOD\tcome\tcome\tknock\t2SG\tdown\tthere,Don't you know that anybody can come and knock you down there?,,,,,constructed by linguist,yu naa noo eniibadii kyan kom kom nak yu dong de?,,2SG NEG know anybody MOD come come knock 2SG down there,,Own knowledge,,12528, +7-231,7,Hi no da hou shi sik.,Hi\tno\tda\thou\tshi\tsik.,3SG\tknow\tthat\thow\t3SG\tsick,He knows that she is ill.,,Da hou serves as the complementizer but da and hou could be used singly or omitted (cf. Examples 232 and 233).,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Hi no da hou shi sik.",,3SG know that how 3SG sick,"Da hou serves as the complementizer but da and hou could be used singly or omitted (cf. Examples 232 and 233).",Own knowledge,,12529, +7-232,7,Hi no da shi sik.,Hi\tno\tda\tshi\tsik.,3SG\tknow\tthat\t3SG\tsick,He knows that she is ill.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Hi no da shi sik.",,3SG know that 3SG sick,,Own knowledge,,12530, +7-233,7,Hi no hou shi sik.,Hi\tno\thou\tshi\tsik.,3SG\tknow\thow\t3SG\tsick,He knows that she is ill.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Hi no hou shi sik.",,3SG know how 3SG sick,,Own knowledge,,12531, +7-234,7,Hi no shi sik.,Hi\tno\tshi\tsik.,3SG\tknow\t3SG\tsick,He knows that she is ill.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi no shi sik.,,3SG know 3SG sick,,Own knowledge,,12532, +8-147,8,Mi nuo se yu tek mi wan degedege fish.,Mi\tnuo\tse\tyu\ttek\tmi\twan\tdegedege\tfish.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG\ttake\t1SG\tone\tsole\tfish,I know that you took my only fish.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mi nuo se yu tek mi wan degedege fish.",,1SG know COMP 2SG take 1SG one sole fish,,Own knowledge,,12533, +8-197,8,Mi nuo Ø yu neva tek op di sitn.,Mi\tnuo\tØ\tyu\tneva\ttek\top\tdi\tsitn.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG\tNEG.PST\ttake\tup\tDET\tsomething,I know (that) you didn't take up the thing.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi nuo Ø yu neva tek op di sitn.,,1SG know COMP 2SG NEG.PST take up DET something,,Own knowledge,,12534, +9-181,9,A wan mek im now dat wɛn a gaan dat dey kant du dat.,A\twan\tmek\tim\tnow\tdat\twɛn\ta\tgaan\tdat\tdey\tkant\tdu\tdat.,1SG\tFUT\tlet\t3SG\tknow\tthat\twhen\t1SG\tgone\tthat\t3SG\tcan't\tdo\tthat,I'll let him know that they can't do that when I'm gone.,,,445[235],,naturalistic spoken,"A wan mek im now dat wɛn a gaan dat dey kant du dat.",,1SG FUT let 3SG know that when 1SG gone that 3SG can't do that,,,,12535, +9-182,9,I me now i hafu paas wan plantedj we wan pu man liv.,I\tme\tnow\ti\thafu\tpaas\twan\tplantedj\twe\twan\tpu\tman\tliv.,3SG\tANT\tknow\t3SG\thave.to\tpass\ta\tplantation\twhere\ta\tpoor\tman\tlive,He knew that he had to pass by a small farm where a poor man lived.,,,432[46],,naturalistic spoken,I me now i hafu paas wan plantedj we wan pu man liv.,,3SG ANT know 3SG have.to pass a plantation where a poor man live,,,,12536, +10-224,10,Unu nuo se dehn kaal mi?,Unu\tnuo\tse\tdehn\tkaal\tmi?,2PL\tknow\tCOMP\t3PL\tcall\t1SG,Did you know they called for me?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Unu nuo se dehn kaal mi?",,2PL know COMP 3PL call 1SG,,Unpublished field recordings,,12537, +10-225,10,An di daata nuo se da neva ihn muma.,An\tdi\tdaata\tnuo\tse\tda\tneva\tihn\tmuma.,and\tART.DEF\tdaughter\tknow\tCOMP\tFOC\tNEG.PST\t3SG.POSS\tmother,And the daughter knew that it wasn’t her mother.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"An di daata nuo se da neva ihn muma.",,and ART.DEF daughter know COMP FOC NEG.PST 3SG.POSS mother,,Unpublished field recordings,,12538, +11-296,11,Ai doun waa dem nou se Ai tiif di ring.,Ai\tdoun\twaa\tdem\tnou\tse\tAi\ttiif\tdi\tring.,1SG\tNEG\twant\t3PL\tknow\tCOMP\t1SG\tsteal\tART.DEF\tring,I don’t want them to know I stole the ring.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Ai doun waa dem nou se Ai tiif di ring.",,1SG NEG want 3PL know COMP 1SG steal ART.DEF ring,,,,12539, +11-297,11,Yu nuo A had tortiin.,Yu\tnuo\tA\thad\ttortiin.,2SG\tknow\t1SG\thave.PST\tthirteen,You know I had thirteen.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Yu nuo A had tortiin.,,2SG know 1SG have.PST thirteen,,,,12540, +11-298,11,Yu wud nuo dat Kriol iz laik dis.,Yu\twud\tnuo\tdat\tKriol\tiz\tlaik\tdis.,2SG\twould\tknow\tCOMP\tCreole\tCOP.PRS\tlike\tDEM,You would know that Creole is like this.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu wud nuo dat Kriol iz laik dis.",,2SG would know COMP Creole COP.PRS like DEM,,,,12541, +12-239,12,I think that one his arm is broken.,I\tthink\tthat\tone\this\tarm\tis\tbroken.,1SG.SBJ\tthink\tCOMP\tone\t3SG.M.POSS\tarm[PL]\tCOP\tbreak.PTCP,I think that one of his arms is broken.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I think that one his arm is broken.,,1SG.SBJ think COMP one 3SG.M.POSS arm[PL] COP break.PTCP,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12542, +12-240,12,These children today can’t believe say you could be twelve years old and be a monitress.,[...]\tchildren\ttoday\tcan’t\tbelieve\tsay\tyou\tcould\tbe\ttwelve\tyear-s\told\t[...].,[...]\tchildren\ttoday\tNEG\tbelieve\tCOMP\t2SG.SBJ\tcould\tCOP\ttwelve\tyear-PL\told\t[...],Children today can’t believe that one could be only twelve years old [but already work as an assistant teacher].,,,634[176],,naturalistic spoken,"These children today can’t believe say you could be twelve years old and be a monitress.","[...] children today can’t believe say you could be twelve year-s old [...].",[...] children today NEG believe COMP 2SG.SBJ could COP twelve year-PL old [...],,,,12543, +12-241,12,I remember say I done left light on.,I\tremember\tsay\tI\tdone\tleft\tlight\ton.,1SG.SBJ\tremember\tCOMP\t1SG.SBJ\tCOMPL\tleave.PFV\tlight\ton,I remember I left the light on.,,,634[176],,naturalistic spoken,"I remember say I done left light on.",,1SG.SBJ remember COMP 1SG.SBJ COMPL leave.PFV light on,,,,12544, +12-242,12,I know say the bill only $4.00.,I\tknow\tsay\tthe\tbill\tonly\t$4.00.,1SG.SBJ\tknow\tCOMP\tART\tbill\tonly\t$4.00,I know the bill is/was only four dollars.,,,634[176],,naturalistic spoken,I know say the bill only $4.00.,,1SG.SBJ know COMP ART bill only $4.00,,,,12545, +12-243,12,I know da's something.,I\tknow\tda's\tsomething.,1SG.SBJ\tknow\tDEM.COP\tINDF,I know that's something.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I know da's something.,,1SG.SBJ know DEM.COP INDF,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12546, +12-244,12,I believe they going to Canada or United States.,I\tbelieve\tthey\tgoing\tto\tCanada\tor\tUnited\tStates.,1SG.SBJ\tbelieve\t3PL.SBJ\tgo.PROG\tto\tCanada\tor\tUnited\tStates,I think they're going to Canada or to the United States.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I believe they going to Canada or United States.,,1SG.SBJ believe 3PL.SBJ go.PROG to Canada or United States,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12547, +13-173,13,Den dey gwine know say wa dey beena do ain right.,Then\tthey\tgoing\tknow\tsay\twhat\tthey\tbeen-a\tdo\tain't\tright.,then\tthey\tgoing\tknow\tCOMP\twhat\tthey\tPST-PROG\tdo\tNEG.AUX\tright,Then they are going to know that what they have been doing is not right. (2 Tm 2.26),,,357[731],,bible translation,Den dey gwine know say wa dey beena do ain right.,Then they going know say what they been-a do ain't right.,then they going know COMP what they PST-PROG do NEG.AUX right,,,,12548, +13-174,13,I know they is the relation.,I\tknow\t__\tthey\tis\tthe\trelation.,I\tknow\t__\tthey\tis\tthe\trelation,I know they are the relatives.,,,330[128],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,I know they is the relation.,I know __ they is the relation.,I know __ they is the relation,,,,12549, +14-133,14,I knew she was right.,I\tknew\tshe\twas\tright.,I\tknew\tshe\twas\tright,I knew she was right.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I knew she was right.,,I knew she was right,,Own knowledge,,12550, +15-128,15,a no se di titi lɛk mi,a\tno\tse\tdi\ttiti\tlɛk\tmi,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\tART\tgirl\tlike\tme,I know that the girl likes me.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"a no se di titi lɛk mi",,1SG know COMP ART girl like me,,Own knowledge,,12551, +16-142,16,demɔkrasi wì tiŋk se ì bi bad tin; nɔt no ì bi gud,demɔkrasi\twì\ttiŋk\tse\tì\tbi\tbad\ttin;\tnɔt\tno\tØ\tì\tbi\tgud,democracy\t1PL\tthink\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP\tbad\tthing\tNEG\tknow\tØ\t3SG\tCOP\tgood,We thought that democracy was a bad thing. (We did) not know that it was good.,,"A zero complementizer corresponding to se is rather marginal and examples are dubious because they occur in switches to the acrolect / Standard English (cf. the negator nɔt, otherwise not used in Ghanaian Pidgin English).",,,naturalistic spoken,demɔkrasi wì tiŋk se ì bi bad tin; nɔt no ì bi gud,"demɔkrasi wì tiŋk se ì bi bad tin; nɔt no Ø ì bi gud",democracy 1PL think COMP 3SG COP bad thing NEG know Ø 3SG COP good,"A zero complementizer corresponding to se is rather marginal and examples are dubious because they occur in switches to the acrolect / Standard English (cf. the negator nɔt, otherwise not used in Ghanaian Pidgin English).",Own fieldwork,,12552, +16-143,16,jù no se nɔmali wì dè bai ʃip [...] kil àm,jù\tno\tse\tnɔmali\twì\tdè\tbai\tʃip\t[...]\tkil\tàm,2SG\tknow\tCOMP\tnormaly\t1PL\tHAB\tbuy\tsheep\t[...]\tkill\t3SG.OBJ,You know that usually we buy a sheep and kill it.,,,656[189],,naturalistic spoken,jù no se nɔmali wì dè bai ʃip [...] kil àm,,2SG know COMP normaly 1PL HAB buy sheep [...] kill 3SG.OBJ,,,,12553, +17-167,17,À sàbi (se) dè̱m go tawn.,À\tsàbi\t(se)\tdè̱m\tgo\ttawn.,1SG.SBJ\tknow\t(COMP)\t3SG.SBJ\tgo\ttown,I know that they went to town.,,,462[213],,naturalistic spoken,"À sàbi (se) dè̱m go tawn.",,1SG.SBJ know (COMP) 3SG.SBJ go town,,,,12554, +18-151,18,Robert sabi se Mary bin sik.,Robert\tsabi\tse\tMary\tbin\tsik.,Robert\tknow\tCOMP\tMary\tPST\tsick,Robert knows that Mary was ill.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"Robert sabi se Mary bin sik.",,Robert know COMP Mary PST sick,,,,12555, +19-189,19,À no se è dè kil dì fɔl.,À\tno\tse\tè\tdè\tkil\tdì\tfɔl.,1SG.SBJ\tknow\tQUOT\t3SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tkill\tDEF\tfowl,I know that he's killing the fowl.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"À no se è dè kil dì fɔl.",,1SG.SBJ know QUOT 3SG.SBJ IPFV kill DEF fowl,,Field data,,12556, +20-133,20,You savvy pricee hap go down?,You\tsavvy\tpricee\thap\tgo\tdown?,2SG\tknow\tprice\tPFV\tgo\tdown,Do you know that the price has come down?,,,1489[VI.11],,naturalistic written,You savvy pricee hap go down?,,2SG know price PFV go down,,,㕭沙比舖孻士合哥當,12557, +21-134,21,Do you know that Sri Devi went back to India?,Do\tyou\tknow\tthat\tSri\tDevi\twent\tback\tto\tIndia?,do\t2SG\tknow\tCOMP\tSri\tDevi\tgo.PST\tback\tto\tIndia,Do/Did you know that Sri Devi went back to India?,,,820[51],,naturalistic spoken,"Do you know that Sri Devi went back to India?",,do 2SG know COMP Sri Devi go.PST back to India,,,,12558, +21-135,21,I didn't know he had two wives.,I\tdidn't\tknow\the\thad\ttwo\twives.,1SG\tdo.PST.NEG\tknow\t3SG\thave.PST\ttwo\twife.PL,I didn't know he had two wives.,,,1568[58],,naturalistic spoken,I didn't know he had two wives.,,1SG do.PST.NEG know 3SG have.PST two wife.PL,,,,12559, +22-167,22,Ol i save se papa bilong ol i no bilong ples bilong mi.,Ol\ti\tsave\tse\tpapa\tbilong\tol\ti\tno\tbilong\tples\tbilong\tmi.,3PL\tPM\tknow\tCOMP\tfather\tPOSS\t3PL\tPM\tNEG\tPOSS\tvillage\tPOSS\t1SG,They knew that their father was not from my village.,,"This again is very restricted (East New Britain and New Ireland), and only a single token occurs in the corpus.","1425[160, ENB F19]",,naturalistic spoken,"Ol i save se papa bilong ol i no bilong ples bilong mi.",,3PL PM know COMP father POSS 3PL PM NEG POSS village POSS 1SG,"This again is very restricted (East New Britain and New Ireland), and only a single token occurs in the corpus.",,,12560, +22-168,22,Klostu taim em bai dai tasol ol man no bin save ol bai mekim wonem.,Klostu\ttaim\tem\tbai\tdai\ttasol\tol\tman\tno\tbin\tsave\tol\tbai\tmekim\twonem.,close\ttime\t3SG\tFUT\tdie\tbut\tPL\tman\tNEG\tPST\tknow\t3PL\tFUT\tdo\twhat,"It was close to the time he would die, but the people didn't know what they would do.",,,584[Rabhi6\Michelle\enb\f16\islan\enbp],,naturalistic spoken,Klostu taim em bai dai tasol ol man no bin save ol bai mekim wonem.,,close time 3SG FUT die but PL man NEG PST know 3PL FUT do what,,,,12561, +23-152,23,Oli save se wanem we gavman hemi mekem ino stret.,Oli\tsave\tse\twanem\twe\tgavman\themi\tmekem\tino\tstret.,AGR\tknow\tCOMP\twhat\tCOMP\tgovernment\t3SG.AGR\tmake\tAGR.NEG\tstraight,They know that what the government is doing is wrong.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Oli save se wanem we gavman hemi mekem ino stret.",,AGR know COMP what COMP government 3SG.AGR make AGR.NEG straight,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 20 June 1998",,12562, +23-153,23,mi harem olsem mi sore long pikinini ia,mi\tharem\tolsem\tmi\tsore\tlong\tpikinini\tia,1SG\tfeel\tCOMP\t1SG\tsorry\tfor\tchild\tDEF,I felt like I was sorry for the child.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"mi harem olsem mi sore long pikinini ia",,1SG feel COMP 1SG sorry for child DEF,,,,12563, +23-154,23,mi save man ia i nogud nating,mi\tsave\tman\tia\ti\tnogud\tnating,1SG\tknow\tman\tDEF\tAGR\tno.good\tnothing,I know that man's completely awful.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi save man ia i nogud nating,,1SG know man DEF AGR no.good nothing,,Own knowledge,,12564, +23-170,23,"all black man savey, no kidnapping now","all\tblack\tman\tsavey,\tno\tkidnapping\tnow",all\tblack\tman\tknow\tNEG\tkidnapping\tnow,Melanesians know that there's no kidnapping now.,,This example was collected by Terry Crowley.,983[96],,historical representation of speech,"all black man savey, no kidnapping now",,all black man know NEG kidnapping now,This example was collected by Terry Crowley.,,,12565, +24-173,24,I moosa ell shame fer think I vote some o' yorlye een.,I\tmoosa\tell\tshame\tfer\tthink\tI\tvote\tsome\to'\tyorlye\teen.,I\talmost\tcan\tbe.ashamed\tCOMPL\tthink\tI\tvote\tsome\tPREP\t2PL\tVPCL,I am almost ashamed to think I voted some of you guys in.,,,,,internet chatroom,I moosa ell shame fer think I vote some o' yorlye een.,,I almost can be.ashamed COMPL think I vote some PREP 2PL VPCL,,Internet chatroom,,12566, +25-318,25,Im sabi fait bek dijan.,Im\tsabi\tfait\tbek\tdijan.,3SG\tknow\tfight\tback\tPROX:ADJ,He knows how to fight back.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the verb of knowing sabi followed by a complement clause.",,,naturalistic spoken,Im sabi fait bek dijan.,,3SG know fight back PROX:ADJ,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the verb of knowing sabi followed by a complement clause.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,12567, +27-121,27,"[...] fodima ju wēt, mi ha fo jet oka.","[...]\tfodima\tju\twēt,\tmi\tha\tfo\tjet\toka.",[...]\tbecause\t2SG\tknow\t1SG\thave\tfor\teat\ttoo,[...] because you know that I have too eat too.,,,355[57],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] fodima ju wēt, mi ha fo jet oka.",,[...] because 2SG know 1SG have for eat too,,,,12568, +27-122,27,Am no wēt se fo kōk jamus fo gurí.,Am\tno\twēt\tse\tfo\tkōk\tjamus\tfo\tgurí.,3SG\tNEG\tknow\tsay\tfor\tcook\tyamus\tfor\tgrow,He did not know that he had to cook yamus in order to grow.,,,355[38],,elicited from speaker,"Am no wēt se fo kōk jamus fo gurí.",,3SG NEG know say for cook yamus for grow,,,,12569, +28-161,28,ɛk ni bi dato jɛ daŋ kanɛ bi mja di laʃɛkaŋ,ɛkɛ\tnimi\tbi\tdati\to\tjɛn\tdanga\tkanɛ\tbi\tmja\tdi\tlaʃi\tɛkɛ\tanga,1SG\tknow\tsay\tCOMP\t3SG\tbe\tthere\tNEG\tsay\tmake\tthe\tlash\t1SG\tLOC,"I didn't know that it was there, that (it) was lashing out at me.",,,737[337],,naturalistic spoken,"ɛk ni bi dato jɛ daŋ kanɛ bi mja di laʃɛkaŋ",ɛkɛ nimi bi dati o jɛn danga kanɛ bi mja di laʃi ɛkɛ anga,1SG know say COMP 3SG be there NEG say make the lash 1SG LOC,,,,12570, +28-162,28,eni nimtɛ datɛk ma kumonanga,eni\tnimi-tɛ\tdati\tɛkɛ\tma\tkumu\tmona\tanga,3PL\tknow-PRF\tCOMP\t1SG\tIRR\tcome\tMona\tLOC,They knew that I would come to Mona's.,,,737[337],,naturalistic spoken,eni nimtɛ datɛk ma kumonanga,"eni nimi-tɛ dati ɛkɛ ma kumu mona anga",3PL know-PRF COMP 1SG IRR come Mona LOC,,,,12571, +28-163,28,ɛk ni waŋ di man korja ka,ɛkɛ\tnimi\twanga\tdi\tman\tkori-a\tka,1SG\tknow\twhere\tthe\tman\twork-IPFV\tNEG,I don't know where the man was working.,,,737[323],,naturalistic spoken,ɛk ni waŋ di man korja ka,ɛkɛ nimi wanga di man kori-a ka,1SG know where the man work-IPFV NEG,,,,12572, +29-191,29,Sy weet dat Jan siek is.,Sy\tweet\tdat\tJan\tsiek\tis.,3SG.F.NOM\tknows\tthat\tJohn\till\tis,She knows that John is ill.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sy weet dat Jan siek is.,,3SG.F.NOM knows that John ill is,,Own knowledge,,12573, +29-192,29,Sy weet hy is siek.,Sy\tweet\thy\tis\tsiek.,2SG.F.NOM\tknows\t3SG.M.NOM\tis\till,She knows that he is ill.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sy weet hy is siek.,,2SG.F.NOM knows 3SG.M.NOM is ill,,Own knowledge,,12574, +30-203,30,Djon sabe ma Maria sta duenti.,Djon\tsabe\tma=Maria\tsta\tduenti.,John\tknow\tCOMP=Mary\tbe\till,John knows that Mary is ill.,,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Djon sabe ma Maria sta duenti.",Djon sabe ma=Maria sta duenti.,John know COMP=Mary be ill,,,,12575, +30-204,30,Nhos sabe ma ten txeu animal ki ê más spértu ki algen?,Nhos=sabe\tma=ten\ttxeu\tanimal\tki\tê\tmás\tspértu\tki=algen?,2PL=know\tCOMP=have\tmany\tanimal\tCOMP\tbe\tmore\tintelligent\tthan=person,Do you know that there are a lot of animals who are more intelligent than people?,,,784[s.v. algen],,naturalistic spoken,"Nhos sabe ma ten txeu animal ki ê más spértu ki algen?",Nhos=sabe ma=ten txeu animal ki ê más spértu ki=algen?,2PL=know COMP=have many animal COMP be more intelligent than=person,,,,12576,"German: Wisst ihr, dass es viele Tiere gibt, die intelligenter sind als der Mensch?" +31-162,31,"Es sabe ma na kel tenpu, es tinha ses kazinha.","Es\tsabe\tma\tna\tkel\ttenpu,\tes\ttinha\tses\tkazinha.",they\tknow\tCOMP\tin\tthat\ttime\tthey\thad\ttheir\thome,"They know that during that time, they had their house.",,Some speakers use ma while others use ki.,839,,naturalistic spoken,"Es sabe ma na kel tenpu, es tinha ses kazinha.",,they know COMP in that time they had their home,"Some speakers use ma while others use ki.",,,12577, +31-163,31,Bu sabe e se fidjadu.,Bu\tsabe\tØ\te\tse\tfidjadu.,you\tknow\tØ\the.is\this\tgodson,You know it is his godson.,,,839,,naturalistic spoken,Bu sabe e se fidjadu.,"Bu sabe Ø e se fidjadu.","you know Ø he.is his godson",,,,12578, +32-161,32,El sabê kma vida e difisil.,El\tsabê\tkma\tvida\te\tdifisil.,3SG\tknow\tCOMP\tlife\tCOP\tdifficult,She knows that life is difficult.,,Complementizers k and ma are possible.,1456,,elicited from speaker,"El sabê kma vida e difisil.",,3SG know COMP life COP difficult,"Complementizers k and ma are possible.",,,12579,Portuguese: Ela sabe que a vida é difícil. +32-162,32,El sabê vida e difisil.,El\tsabê\tØ\tvida\te\tdifisil.,3SG\tknow\tØ\tlife\tCOP\tdifficult,She knows life is difficult.,,"Here, there is zero complementizer (Ø).",1456,,elicited from speaker,El sabê vida e difisil.,El sabê Ø vida e difisil.,"3SG know Ø life COP difficult","Here, there is zero complementizer (Ø).",,,12580,Portuguese: Ela sabe que a vida é difícil. +33-188,33,N sibi kuma bu sta li.,N\tsibi\tkuma\tbu\tsta\tli.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG\tbe\there,I know that you are here.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N sibi kuma bu sta li.",,1SG know COMP 2SG be here,,Own knowledge,,12581,Portuguese: Sei que estás aqui. +34-151,34,N sebé kumá i na beŋ.,N\tø\tsebé\tkumá\ti\tna\tbeŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tcome,I know that he will come.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N sebé kumá i na beŋ.","N ø sebé kumá i na beŋ.",1SG.SBJ PFV know COMP 3SG.SBJ FUT come,,Own knowledge,,12582, +34-152,34,N sebé i na beŋ.,N\tø\tsebé\tø\ti\tna\tbeŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\tcome,I know that he will come.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N sebé i na beŋ.,"N ø sebé ø i na beŋ.",1SG.SBJ PFV know COMP 3SG.SBJ FUT come,,Own knowledge,,12583, +35-212,35,Ê na ta sêbê kuma kwa sa pe dê fa.,Ê\tna\tta\tsêbê\tkuma\tkwa\tsa\tpe\tdê\tfa.,3SG\tNEG\tPST\tknow\tCOMP\tthing\tbe\tfather\t3SG.POSS\tNEG,He didn’t know that it was his father.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ê na ta sêbê kuma kwa sa pe dê fa.",,3SG NEG PST know COMP thing be father 3SG.POSS NEG,,Own data,,12584, +35-213,35,A na ta sêbê ku ê sa mwala.,A\tna\tta\tsêbê\tku\tê\tsa\tmwala.,IMPRS\tNEG\tPST\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP\twoman,They didn’t know that it was a woman.,,"The short form ku is less common than the long form. In some cases, these two forms appear to be in free variation, but the short form typically occurs in wh-contructions or relativization (Hagemeijer 2000). + +Ke se me ku n sêbê ku a mata tudu mana mu nê. +[house DEM proper REL 1SG know COMP IMPERS kill all sister POSS in.3SG] +'The house where I know they killed all my sisters.' + +IMPRS = impersonal pronoun",,,naturalistic spoken,"A na ta sêbê ku ê sa mwala.",,IMPRS NEG PST know COMP 3SG COP woman,"The short form ku is less common than the long form. In some cases, these two forms appear to be in free variation, but the short form typically occurs in wh-contructions or relativization (Hagemeijer 2000). + +Ke se me ku n sêbê ku a mata tudu mana mu nê. +[house DEM proper REL 1SG know COMP IMPERS kill all sister POSS in.3SG] +'The house where I know they killed all my sisters.' + +IMPRS = impersonal pronoun",Own data,,12585, +35-214,35,[...] punda bô sêbê non ska deya-deya kwa se.,[...]\tpunda\tbô\tsêbê\tnon\tska\tdeya-deya\tkwa\tse.,[...]\tbecause\t2SG\tknow\t1PL\tPROG\tdesire\tthing\tDEM,[...] because you know we desire it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,[...] punda bô sêbê non ska deya-deya kwa se.,,[...] because 2SG know 1PL PROG desire thing DEM,,Own data,,12586, +36-133,36,[...] n vatxê ma ê bê r'ê.,[...]\tn\tvatxê\tma\tê\tbê\tr'ê.,[...]\t1SG\tbelieve\tCOMP\t3SG\tgo\tof=3SG,[...] I thought he had left.,,,901[114],,elicited from speaker,"[...] n vatxê ma ê bê r'ê.",,[...] 1SG believe COMP 3SG go of=3SG,,,,12587, +36-156,36,[...] alê [...] na ta ma ê tha Têtêuga me ki tha bisiru pena situ e thêka êndê turu kwa si ma ê thêka fa.,[...]\talê\t[...]\tna\tta\tma\tê\ttha\tTêtêuga\tme\tki\ttha\tbisiru\tpena\tsitu\te\tthêka\têndê\tturu\tkwa\tsi\tma\tê\tthêka\tfa.,[...]\tking\t[...]\tNEG\tknow\tCOMP\tEXPL\tbe\tturtle\tself\tREL\tbe\tdressed\tfeather\tanimal\tDEM\tPROG\thear\tall\tthing\tDEM\tREL\the\tPROG\tsay,"[...] the king [...] didn't know that it was Turtle himself who was covered with these feathers, hearing all what he was saying.",,,901[164f.],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] alê [...] na ta ma ê tha Têtêuga me ki tha bisiru pena situ e thêka êndê turu kwa si ma ê thêka fa.",,[...] king [...] NEG know COMP EXPL be turtle self REL be dressed feather animal DEM PROG hear all thing DEM REL he PROG say,,,,12588,"French: [...] le roi [...] ne savait pas que c'était Tortue qui était couvert de plumes, entendant tout ce qu'il disait." +37-166,37,[...] jingantxi n'umatu sêbê ya Mene bii poto.,[...]\tjingantxi\tna\tumatu\tsêbê\tya\tMene\tbii\tpoto.,[...]\tgiant\tLOC\tbushes\tknow\tCOMP\tMene\topen\tdoor,[...] the giant in the bushes knew that Mene had opened the door.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] jingantxi n'umatu sêbê ya Mene bii poto.",[...] jingantxi na umatu sêbê ya Mene bii poto.,[...] giant LOC bushes know COMP Mene open door,,Own data,,12589, +37-167,37,[...] pa ê podi sêbê a sa ke foka li.,[...]\tpa\tê\tpodi\tsêbê\ta\tsa\tke\tfoka\tli.,[...]\tPURP\t3SG\tcan\tknow\tINDF\tPROG\tIPFV.go\thang\t3SG,[…] for him to know that they were going to hang him.,,,580[124],,naturalistic spoken,[...] pa ê podi sêbê a sa ke foka li.,,[...] PURP 3SG can know INDF PROG IPFV.go hang 3SG,,,,12590, +38-177,38,Fo desyise nge tudu sé fa bibi na sa patu d'ogó-f.,Fo\tdesyi-sai\tnge\ttudu\tsé\tfa\tbibi\tna\tsa\tpatu\tde-ogó-f.,since\tday-DEM\tperson\tall\tknow\tsay\tbibi\tNEG\tbe\tbird\tof-jungle-NEG,Since then everybody knows that bibi is not a jungle bird.,,,315,,elicited from speaker,"Fo desyise nge tudu sé fa bibi na sa patu d'ogó-f.",Fo desyi-sai nge tudu sé fa bibi na sa patu de-ogó-f.,since day-DEM person all know say bibi NEG be bird of-jungle-NEG,,,,12591, +38-178,38,M’ kele fa i ske bi odyiai.,Amu\tkele\tfa\teli\tske\tbi\todyia-ai.,1SG\tthink\tspeak\t3SG\tIRR\tcome\ttoday-ADV,I think that he will come today.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"M’ kele fa i ske bi odyiai.",Amu kele fa eli ske bi odyia-ai.,1SG think speak 3SG IRR come today-ADV,,Own fieldwork 1990,,12592, +39-163,39,Yo sabiŋ ki el tə fala Liza mem.,Yo\tsab-iŋ\tki\tel\ttə\tfal-a\tLiza\tmem.,1SG\tknow-PST\tCOMP\t3SG\tIPFV.NPST\tspeak-INF\tLiza\tEMPH,I knew that he would say LIZA.,,"The capitals in the translation signal the location of focus; in this sentence, focus is attributed to the object constituent Liza through the use of the emphatic particle (mem).",221[135],,naturalistic spoken,"Yo sabiŋ ki el tə fala Liza mem.",Yo sab-iŋ ki el tə fal-a Liza mem.,1SG know-PST COMP 3SG IPFV.NPST speak-INF Liza EMPH,"The capitals in the translation signal the location of focus; in this sentence, focus is attributed to the object constituent Liza through the use of the emphatic particle (mem).",,,12593, +40-128,40,Elo sab yo lə ʋi.,Elo\tsab\tyo\tlə\tʋi.,they\tknow\t1SG\tFUT\tcome,They know I will come.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Elo sab yo lə ʋi.,,they know 1SG FUT come,,Own knowledge,,12594, +40-129,40,Yo sab ki ʋɔ parmi lə mustra puris.,Yo\tsab\tki\tʋɔ\tparmi\tlə\tmustra\tpuris.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG.INFORMAL\t1SG.OBJ\tFUT\tshow\tCOMP,I know that you will show me.,,This sentence is from a narrative spoken by Jerome Rosario. Note the double COMP.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yo sab ki ʋɔ parmi lə mustra puris.",,1SG know COMP 2SG.INFORMAL 1SG.OBJ FUT show COMP,This sentence is from a narrative spoken by Jerome Rosario. Note the double COMP.,Unpublished story,,12595, +40-130,40,Elo sab ki yo lə ʋi.,Elo\tsab\tki\tyo\tlə\tʋi.,They\tknow\tCOMP\t1SG\tFUT\tcome,They know that I will come.,,"Occasionally, one finds a double COMP, as in: Elo sab ki yo lə wi puris. [they know COMP 1SG FUT come COMP] 'They know that I will come.', see value 4, ex. 129",265[183],,constructed by linguist,"Elo sab ki yo lə ʋi.",,They know COMP 1SG FUT come,"Occasionally, one finds a double COMP, as in: Elo sab ki yo lə wi puris. [they know COMP 1SG FUT come COMP] 'They know that I will come.', see value 4, ex. 129",,,12596, +41-152,41,oondi tasirvii flaa nukusava,oondi\tta-sirvii\tfalaa\tnuku-sava,where\tPRS-work\tQUOT\tNEG-know,I don't know where he is working.,,,1416[1381],,naturalistic spoken,oondi tasirvii flaa nukusava,oondi ta-sirvii falaa nuku-sava,where PRS-work QUOT NEG-know,,,,12597, +41-153,41,eev nukusaba oondi taparaa falaatu,eev\tnuku-saba\toondi\tta-paraa\tfalaa-tu,1SG\tNEG-know\twhere\tPRS-live\tQUOT-PFV,I don't know where [you] live.,,,1416[2340],,naturalistic spoken,eev nukusaba oondi taparaa falaatu,eev nuku-saba oondi ta-paraa falaa-tu,1SG NEG-know where PRS-live QUOT-PFV,,,,12598, +41-155,41,kii jafaya falaa saba eli?,kii\tjaa-faya\tfalaa\tsaba\teli?,what\tPST-do\tQUOT\tknow\t3SG.M,Does he know what he did?,,This is a polar question: The question word kii remains in the embedded clause (i.e. the meaning is NOT 'What do you know he did?'),1416[5312],,naturalistic spoken,kii jafaya falaa saba eli?,kii jaa-faya falaa saba eli?,what PST-do QUOT know 3SG.M,"This is a polar question: The question word kii remains in the embedded clause (i.e. the meaning is NOT 'What do you know he did?')",,,12599, +41-157,41,noos nukusaba eli batikalontu tiɲa falaatu,noos\tnuku-saba\teli\tbatikalo-ntu\ttiɲa\tfalaa-tu,1PL\tNEG-know\t3SG.M.NHON\tBatticaloa-LOC\tPST.be\tQUOT-PFV,We did not know he was in Batticaloa.,,"The example is normalized from several variants given in response to the elicitation prompt 'We didn't know about his coming to Batticaloa', which the speaker found difficult to translate.",1416[2086-31],,elicited from speaker,noos nukusaba eli batikalontu tiɲa falaatu,noos nuku-saba eli batikalo-ntu tiɲa falaa-tu,1PL NEG-know 3SG.M.NHON Batticaloa-LOC PST.be QUOT-PFV,"The example is normalized from several variants given in response to the elicitation prompt 'We didn't know about his coming to Batticaloa', which the speaker found difficult to translate.",,,12600, +41-158,41,sahadeevaraaja tiña nukusaba,sahadeevaraaja\ttiña\tnuku-saba,Sahadevaraja\tPST.be\tNEG-know,Don't [you] know Sahadevaraja was there?,,"More commonly a quotative marker would be used, as in Example 159.",1416[2350],,elicited from speaker,sahadeevaraaja tiña nukusaba,sahadeevaraaja tiña nuku-saba,Sahadevaraja PST.be NEG-know,"More commonly a quotative marker would be used, as in Example 159.",,,12601, +41-159,41,ravindran teem falaatu nukusaba,ravindran\tteem\tfalaa-tu\tnuku-saba,Ravindran\tPRS.be\tQUOT-PFV\tNEG-know,Don't you know Ravindran is there?,,Cf. Example 158.,1416[2353],,naturalistic spoken,ravindran teem falaatu nukusaba,ravindran teem falaa-tu nuku-saba,Ravindran PRS.be QUOT-PFV NEG-know,Cf. Example 158.,,,12602, +42-172,42,yo sabé eli teng akí,yo\tsabé\teli\tteng\takí,1SG\tknow\t3SG\thave\there,I know that he is here.,,,122[201],,elicited from speaker,yo sabé eli teng akí,,1SG know 3SG have here,,,,12603, +43-115,43,Isti belu da sabe kung ile ki esta teng lugar [...].,Isti\tbelu\tda\tsabe\tkung\tile\tki\testa\tteng\tlugar\t[...].,this\told.man\tgive\tknow\tOBJ\t3SG\tCOMP\tDEM\tCOP\tplace\t[...],The old man told him that this was the place [...].,,,906[54],,pedagogical grammar,"Isti belu da sabe kung ile ki esta teng lugar [...].",,this old.man give know OBJ 3SG COMP DEM COP place [...],,,,12604, +44-167,44,Mánga protestánti sábi ke ta bíbu Hesús.,Mánga\tprotestánti\tsábi\tke\tta\tbíbu\tHesús.,PL\tProtestant\tknow\tthat\tIPFV\talive\tJesus,Protestants know that Jesus is alive.,,The complementizer ke is not common in spoken Ternate Chabacano.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mánga protestánti sábi ke ta bíbu Hesús.",,PL Protestant know that IPFV alive Jesus,"The complementizer ke is not common in spoken Ternate Chabacano.",Own data,,12605, +44-168,44,Sábi mótro ta bíbu Hesús.,Sábi\tmótro\tta\tbíbu\tHesús.,know\t1PL\tIPFV\talive\tJesus,We know (that) Jesus is alive.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sábi mótro ta bíbu Hesús.,,know 1PL IPFV alive Jesus,,Own data,,12606,Spanish: Sabemos que Jesús está vivo. +45-135,45,Sabe mi hermano que frio el agua.,Sabe\tmi\thermano\tque\tfrio\tel\tagua.,know\t1SG.POSS\tbrother\tthat\tcold\tDEF\twater,My brother knows that the water is cold.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Sabe mi hermano que frio el agua.",,know 1SG.POSS brother that cold DEF water,,"Librada Llamado, p.c.",,12607, +46-178,46,Sábe silá kay ay-bené le légu.,Sábe\tsilá\tkay\tay-bené\tle\tlégu.,know\tthey\tCOMP\tIRR-come\t3SG\tlater,They know that she will come later.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sábe silá kay ay-bené le légu.",,know they COMP IRR-come 3SG later,,Own knowledge,,12608, +46-179,46,Sábe silá ay-bené le légu.,Sábe\tsilá\tay-bené\tle\tlégu.,know\tthey\tIRR-come\t3\tsoon,They know that (s)he will come soon.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sábe silá ay-bené le légu.,,know they IRR-come 3 soon,,Own knowledge,,12609, +47-197,47,Mi sa kuantu esfuerso i sodó tin tras di un sombré outéntiko di Panamá.,Mi\tsa\tkuantu\tesfuerso\ti\tsodó\ttin\ttras\tdi\tun\tsombré\touténtiko\tdi\tPanamá.,1SG\tknow\thow.much\teffort\tand\tsweat\thave\tbehind\tof\tINDF\that\tauthentic\tof\tPanama,I know how much effort and sweat goes into an authentic Panama hat.,,The translation is mine.,"453[16 July 2009,p.4]",,literary or other written source,Mi sa kuantu esfuerso i sodó tin tras di un sombré outéntiko di Panamá.,,1SG know how.much effort and sweat have behind of INDF hat authentic of Panama,The translation is mine.,,,12610, +47-198,47,Mi sa ku e ta keda insistí te ora ku mi bisa ‘si’.,Mi\tsa\tku\te\tta\tkeda\tinsistí\tte\tora\tku\tmi\tbisa\t‘si’.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG\tTNS\tremain\tinsist\tuntil\thour\tCOMP\t1SG\tsay\tyes,I know that she will insist until I say 'yes'.,,The translation is mine.,"453[16 July 2009, p.4]",,literary or other written source,Mi sa ku e ta keda insistí te ora ku mi bisa ‘si’.,,1SG know COMP 3SG TNS remain insist until hour COMP 1SG say yes,The translation is mine.,,,12611, +47-199,47,I no lubidá ku ‘junkfood’ ta mas barata tambe ku alimento salú.,I\tno\tlubidá\tku\t‘junkfood’\tta\tmas\tbarata\ttambe\tku\talimento\tsalú.,and\tNEG\tforget\tCOMP\tjunkfood\tCOP\tmore\tcheap\talso\tthan\tfood.item\thealthy,And don't forget that junkfood is also cheaper than healthy food.,,The translation is mine.,"453[22 June 2009, p.7]",,literary or other written source,I no lubidá ku ‘junkfood’ ta mas barata tambe ku alimento salú.,,and NEG forget COMP junkfood COP more cheap also than food.item healthy,The translation is mine.,,,12612, +48-171,48,¿Bo sabé-ba nu ke ele ta-ba enfemmo?,¿Bo\tsabé-ba\tnu\tke\tele\tta-ba\tenfemmo?,you\tknow-PST.PROG\tnot\tthat\the/she\tbe-PST.PROG\tsick,Did you not know that he/she was ill?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"¿Bo sabé-ba nu ke ele ta-ba enfemmo?",,you know-PST.PROG not that he/she be-PST.PROG sick,,Recorded by author,,12613,Spanish: ¿No sabías (tú) que él/ella estaba enfermo/enferma? +49-292,49,Nou konnen ou nan konplo. Pito w pale!,Nou\tkonnen\tou\tnan\tkonplo.\tPito\tw\tpale!,1PL\tknow\t2SG\tin\tconspiracy\trather\t2SG\tspeak,We know that you participate in a conspiracy. You had better confess!,,,371[54],,naturalistic spoken,Nou konnen ou nan konplo. Pito w pale!,,1PL know 2SG in conspiracy rather 2SG speak,,,,12614,French: Nous savons que tu participes à un complot. Il vaudrait mieux que tu parles! +49-293,49,Nou konnen ke ou nan konplo.,Nou\tkonnen\tke\tou\tnan\tkonplo.,1PL\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG\tin\tconspiracy,We know that you are participating in a conspiracy.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Nou konnen ke ou nan konplo.",,1PL know COMP 2SG in conspiracy,,Own knowledge,,12615,French: Nous savons que tu participes à un complot. +49-294,49,Dayè ou pa menm konnen ki nèg ke nèg la ye.,Dayè\tou\tpa\tmenm\tkonnen\tki\tnèg\tke\tnèg\tla\tye.,moreover\t2SG\tNEG\teven\tknow\tREL\tman\tCOMP\tman\tDEF\tPRO,Moreover you don't even know who that man is.,,,381[12],,naturalistic written,Dayè ou pa menm konnen ki nèg ke nèg la ye.,,moreover 2SG NEG even know REL man COMP man DEF PRO,,,,12616,French: D'ailleurs tu ne sais même pas quel homme est cet homme. +50-184,50,An sav i ni rézon.,An\tsav\ti\tni\trézon.,1SG\tknow\t3SG\tbe\tright,I know she is right.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An sav i ni rézon.,,1SG know 3SG be right,,Own fieldwork,,12617, +50-185,50,fò savé kè sa ki ni sé kè la lari té baré,fò\tsavé\tkè\tsa\tki\tni\tsé\tkè\tla\tlari\tté\tbaré,have.to\tknow\tthat\twhat\tthat\thave\tbe\tthat\tthere\tstreet\tPST\tblock,You should know that what happened was that the street was blocked there.,,,854[136],,unknown,"fò savé kè sa ki ni sé kè la lari té baré",,have.to know that what that have be that there street PST block,,,,12618,French: Il faut savoir que ce qui s'est passé c'est que... la circulation a été interrompue. (Ludwig et al. 2001: 139) +51-157,51,Man sav i ni rézon.,Man\tsav\ti\tni\trézon.,1SG\tknow\t3SG\thave\tright,I know he is right.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man sav i ni rézon.,,1SG know 3SG have right,,Own fieldwork,,12619, +52-99,52,mo savé i ké vini,mo\tsavé\ti\tké\tvini,I\tknow\the\tMOOD\tcome,I know he will come.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo savé i ké vini,,I know he MOOD come,,Own knowledge,,12620, +53-360,53,Mo cré to té di mouen to boi la rosé on zerbe.,Mo\tcré\tto\tté\tdi\tmouen\tto\tboi\tla\trosé\ton\tzerbe.,1SG\tthink\t2SG\tPST\ttell\t1SG\t2SG\tdrink\tART.DEF.SG\tdew\ton\tgrass,I thought you told me that you drank the dew on the grass.,,,1049[31],,naturalistic written,Mo cré to té di mouen to boi la rosé on zerbe.,,1SG think 2SG PST tell 1SG 2SG drink ART.DEF.SG dew on grass,,,,12621, +53-361,53,Nou konne ena enn.,Nou\tkonne\tena\tenn.,1PL\tknow\tthere.is\tone,We know there is one.,,,722[436],,naturalistic spoken,Nou konne ena enn.,,1PL know there.is one,,,,12622, +53-362,53,Mo konne ye te gen chovaz ki res isi.,Mo\tkonne\t__\tye\tte\tgen\tchovaz\tki\tres\tisi.,1SG\tknow\t__\t3PL\tPST\thave\tIndian\tREL\tlive\there,I know there were Indians who lived here.,,,722[466],,naturalistic spoken,Mo konne ye te gen chovaz ki res isi.,Mo konne __ ye te gen chovaz ki res isi.,1SG know __ 3PL PST have Indian REL live here,,,,12623, +53-367,53,Mo krwa se myeu.,Mo\tkrwa\tse\tmyeu.,1SG\tbelieve\tit.is\tbetter,I think it's better.,,,722[503],,naturalistic spoken,Mo krwa se myeu.,,1SG believe it.is better,,,,12624, +54-206,54,Mi kone k li la per.,Mi\tkone\tk\tli\tla\tper.,1SG.FIN\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG.FIN\thave\tfear,I know that he/she is afraid.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mi kone k li la per.",,1SG.FIN know COMP 3SG.FIN have fear,,Own knowledge,,12625,French: Je sais qu'il/qu'elle a peur. +54-207,54,Marmay lé kontan [...] i koné pa sa i manz de mounn sa.,Marmay\tle\tkontan\t[...]\ti\tkone\tpa\tØ\tsa\ti\tmanz\tdëmoun\tsa.,child\tCOP.PRS\thappy\t[...]\tFIN\tknow\tNEG\tØ\tthat.person\tFIN\teat\tpeople\tthat.person,The children are happy [...] they do not know that he eats people.,,Context: Big Devil has invited all the children to a party. The pronoun sa 'this one/ that one' can refer to human beings.,110[75],,naturalistic spoken,Marmay lé kontan [...] i koné pa sa i manz de mounn sa.,Marmay le kontan [...] i kone pa Ø sa i manz dëmoun sa.,child COP.PRS happy [...] FIN know NEG Ø that.person FIN eat people that.person,"Context: Big Devil has invited all the children to a party. The pronoun sa 'this one/ that one' can refer to human beings.",,,12626,French: Les enfant sont heureux [...] ils ne savent pas qu’il mange les gens. +55-178,55,mo kóne li en kúyoṅ — *?Róber kóne Mári malád,mo\tkóne\tØ\tli\tØ\ten\tkúyoṅ\tRóber\tkóne\tØ\tMári\tØ\tmalád,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP\tINDF\tfool\tRobert\tknow\tCOMP\tMary\tCOP\till,I know he's a fool. — NOT: Robert knows Mary is ill.,,"The COMP /ki/ can be described as ""optional"" in these examples but the probability of the presence or absence of /ki/ is closely related to the Mauritian Creole stress system, a subject not, alas, covered by APiCS. The acute is used above to mark the vowels of stressed syllables. Essentially the more unstressed syllables there are between the stressed syllable of the verb kóne 'know' and the first stressed syllable which follows, the more likely it is that /ki/ will not occur.",,,constructed by linguist,mo kóne li en kúyoṅ — *?Róber kóne Mári malád,mo kóne Ø li Ø en kúyoṅ Róber kóne Ø Mári Ø malád,1SG know COMP 3SG COP INDF fool Robert know COMP Mary COP ill,"The COMP /ki/ can be described as ""optional"" in these examples but the probability of the presence or absence of /ki/ is closely related to the Mauritian Creole stress system, a subject not, alas, covered by APiCS. The acute is used above to mark the vowels of stressed syllables. Essentially the more unstressed syllables there are between the stressed syllable of the verb kóne 'know' and the first stressed syllable which follows, the more likely it is that /ki/ will not occur.",Own knowledge,,12627, +55-179,55,zot kone li en pe eṅsinifyaṅ li koṅtaṅ kriye,zot\tkone\tØ\tli\ten\tpe\teṅsinifyaṅ\tli\tkoṅtaṅ\tkriye,3PL\tknow\tØ\t3SG\ta\tbit\tannoying\t3SG\tlike\tcry,"They know that he is quite an annoying person, he likes to cry.",,,760,,naturalistic spoken,zot kone li en pe eṅsinifyaṅ li koṅtaṅ kriye,zot kone Ø li en pe eṅsinifyaṅ li koṅtaṅ kriye,3PL know Ø 3SG a bit annoying 3SG like cry,,,,12628,"French: Ils savent qu'il est un peu agaçant, il aime crier." +56-182,56,"I mal, i konnen pourdir sa dizef pa pour son fanm, si femel i konnen sa dizef pa pour li!","I\tmal,\ti\tkonnen\tpourdir\tsa\tdizef\tpa\tpour\tson\tfanm,\tsi\tfemel\ti\tkonnen\tØ\tsa\tdizef\tpa\tpour\tli!",3SG\tmale\t3SG\tknow\tCOMP\tDEM\tegg\tNEG\tfor\tPOSS.3SG\twife\tif\tfemale\t3SG\tknow\tØ\tDEM\tegg\tNEG\tfor\ther,"The male, he knows that these eggs are not those of his mate, if it is the female, she knows (that) these eggs are not hers.",,"In this example the first complement clause is marked by pourdir, whereas the second one is not marked.",158[192],,naturalistic spoken,"I mal, i konnen pourdir sa dizef pa pour son fanm, si femel i konnen sa dizef pa pour li!","I mal, i konnen pourdir sa dizef pa pour son fanm, si femel i konnen Ø sa dizef pa pour li!",3SG male 3SG know COMP DEM egg NEG for POSS.3SG wife if female 3SG know Ø DEM egg NEG for her,"In this example the first complement clause is marked by pourdir, whereas the second one is not marked.",,,12629,"French: Le mâle, il sait que ces œufs ne sont pas ceux de sa femme, si c'est la femelle, elle sait que ce ne sont pas ses œufs à elle. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 193)" +56-183,56,Si femel i konnen sa dizef pa pour li!,Si\tfemel\ti\tkonnen\tØ\tsa\tdizef\tpa\tpour\tli!,if\tfemale\t3SG\tknow\tØ\tDEM\tegg\tNEG\tfor\ther,If it is the female she knows (that) these eggs are not hers.,,,158[192],,naturalistic spoken,Si femel i konnen sa dizef pa pour li!,Si femel i konnen Ø sa dizef pa pour li!,if female 3SG know Ø DEM egg NEG for her,,,,12630,"French: Si c'est la femelle, elle sait que ce ne sont pas ses œufs à elle. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 193)" +56-184,56,"Pa konnen pourdir i pe mor, i 'n mor.","Pa\tkonnen\tpourdir\ti\tpe\tmor,\ti\t'n\tmor.",NEG\tknow\tCOMP\t3SG\tPROG\tdead/die\t3SG\tPRF\tdead/die,"One didn't know whether he was going to die, (but) he died.",,,158[258f.],,naturalistic spoken,"Pa konnen pourdir i pe mor, i 'n mor.",,NEG know COMP 3SG PROG dead/die 3SG PRF dead/die,,,,12631,"French: On ne savait pas s'il allait mourir, mais il est mort. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 261)" +56-185,56,Mon konnen ki zot pe donn zot maksimonm.,Mon\tkonnen\tki\tzot\tpe\tdonn\tzot\tmaksimonm.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t2PL\tPROG\tgive\tPOSS.2PL\tmaximum,I know that you give your maximum.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Mon konnen ki zot pe donn zot maksimonm.",,1SG know COMP 2PL PROG give POSS.2PL maximum,,Seychelles Nation Online 12 April 2004,,12632, +56-186,56,Mon konnen ki papa i kot lakour.,Mon\tkonnen\tki\tpapa\ti\tkot\tlakour.,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\tdaddy\tPM\tat\thome,I know that Daddy is at home.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Mon konnen ki papa i kot lakour.,,1SG know COMP daddy PM at home,,Own knowledge,,12633, +56-187,56,(...) i konnen pourdir sa dizef pa pour son fanm,(...)\ti\tkonnen\tpourdir\tsa\tdizef\tpa\tpour\tson\tfanm,(...)\t3SG\tknow\tCOMP\tDEM\tegg\tNEG\tfor\t3SG.POSS\tfemale,(...) He knows that these eggs are his mate's.,,,158[192],,naturalistic spoken,"(...) i konnen pourdir sa dizef pa pour son fanm",,(...) 3SG know COMP DEM egg NEG for 3SG.POSS female,,,,12634, +56-188,56,"Ler ou konnen in ganny set zour, la ou ankese.","Ler\tou\tkonnen\tin\tganny\tset\tzour,\tla\tou\tankese.",when\t2SG\tknow\tPRF\thave\tseven\tday\tthen\t2SG\tput.into.boxes,"When you know that seven days are over, then you put [the eggs] into boxes.",,,158[204],,naturalistic spoken,"Ler ou konnen in ganny set zour, la ou ankese.",,when 2SG know PRF have seven day then 2SG put.into.boxes,,,,12635,"French: Quand vous savez que sept jours ont passé, là vous encaissez [les œufs]. Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 205." +56-189,56,(...) dan tou sa ki nou fer mon konnen Seselwa i annan sa kapasite pour fer li byen (...),(...)\tdan\ttou\tsa\tki\tnou\tfer\tmon\tkonnen\tSeselwa\ti\tannan\tsa\tkapasite\tpour\tfer\tli\tbyen\t(...),(...)\tin\tall\tDEM\tREL\t1PL\tmake\t1SG\tknow\tSeychellois\tPM\thave\tDEM\tcapacity\tfor\tmake\tit\tgood\t(...),"(...) in everything that we do, I know that the Seychelles people have this capacity to make it good (...)",,,,,naturalistic written,(...) dan tou sa ki nou fer mon konnen Seselwa i annan sa kapasite pour fer li byen (...),,(...) in all DEM REL 1PL make 1SG know Seychellois PM have DEM capacity for make it good (...),,Seychelles Nation Online 30 December 2011,,12636, +57-96,57,ma kone ke ta vja nde la-mba,ma\tkone\tke\tta\tvja\tnde\tla-mba,1SG\tknow\tCOMP\t2SG\tcome\tfrom\tthere,I know that you come from over there.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ma kone ke ta vja nde la-mba",,1SG know COMP 2SG come from there,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,12637, +57-159,57,ta pa kone ke se mater pu peti-la?,ta\tpa\tkone\tke\tse\tmater\tpu\tpeti-la?,2SG\tNEG\tknow\tCOMP\tPRESV\tmother\tPREP\tsmall-DEM/DEF,Don't you know that she is the mother of the small child?,,,423[199],,naturalistic spoken,"ta pa kone ke se mater pu peti-la?",,2SG NEG know COMP PRESV mother PREP small-DEM/DEF,,,,12638, +59-296,59,lo hinga atene ni eke wali,lo\thinga\ta-tene\tni\teke\twali,3SG\tknow\tPM-say\t3SG.LOG\tCOP\twoman,She knows that she's a woman.,,,1320[143],,naturalistic spoken,lo hinga atene ni eke wali,lo hinga a-tene ni eke wali,3SG know PM-say 3SG.LOG COP woman,,,,12639, +59-297,59,mbi ma atene mo mu koli ka,mbi\tma\ta-tene\tmo\tmu\tkoli\tka,1SG\thear\tPM-say\t2SG\ttake\tman\tthere,I hear that you got married over there.,,,1320[142],,naturalistic spoken,mbi ma atene mo mu koli ka,mbi ma a-tene mo mu koli ka,1SG hear PM-say 2SG take man there,,,,12640, +59-298,59,i hinga ake yi ti mbito mingi,i\thinga\ta-yeke\tyi\tti\tmbito\tmingi,1PL\tknow\tPM-COP\tthing\tof\tfear\tmuch,We know that it is a terrible thing.,,,1320[212],,naturalistic spoken,i hinga ake yi ti mbito mingi,i hinga a-yeke yi ti mbito mingi,1PL know PM-COP thing of fear much,,,,12641, +59-299,59,mbi ma tongana mo mu koli ape?,mbi\tma\ttongana\tmo\tmu\tkoli\tape?,1SG\thear\tlike\t2SG\ttake\tman\tNEG,Haven't I heard that you got married?,,"Tongana, whose meaning is usually 'when, like, as,' is being used as a complementizer. I can't affirm that this is commonly used.",1320[212],,naturalistic spoken,mbi ma tongana mo mu koli ape?,,1SG hear like 2SG take man NEG,"Tongana, whose meaning is usually 'when, like, as,' is being used as a complementizer. I can't affirm that this is commonly used.",,,12642, +60-137,60,nayébí te ozalákí na ndáko,na-yéb-í\tte\to-zal-ákí\tna\tndáko,1SG-know-PRS.PRF\tCOMP\t2SG-be-PST\tin\thouse,I know that you were at home.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,nayébí te ozalákí na ndáko,na-yéb-í te o-zal-ákí na ndáko,1SG-know-PRS.PRF COMP 2SG-be-PST in house,,Own knowledge,,12643, +60-138,60,nayébí ozalákí na ndáko,na-yéb-í\to-zal-ákí\tna\tndáko,1SG-know-PRS.PRF\t2SG-be-PST\tin\thouse,I know you were at home.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,nayébí ozalákí na ndáko,na-yéb-í o-zal-ákí na ndáko,1SG-know-PRS.PRF 2SG-be-PST in house,,Own knowledge,,12644, +61-104,61,Mina azi yena lo spukuspuk.,Mina\tazi\tyena\tlo\tspukuspuk.,I\tknow\the\tART\tfool,I know that he is a fool. OR: I know he's foolish.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mina azi yena lo spukuspuk.,,I know he ART fool,,Field notes Mesthrie,,12645, +63-180,63,ómun áruf gal fí difan-á al gi-já,ómun\táruf\tgal\tfí\tdifan-á\tal\tgi-já,3PL\tknow\tsay\tEXIST\tguest-PL\tREL\tTAM-come,They know that there are guests who are coming.,,Variety spoken in Uganda.,1574[282],,naturalistic spoken,"ómun áruf gal fí difan-á al gi-já",,3PL know say EXIST guest-PL REL TAM-come,Variety spoken in Uganda.,,,12646, +63-181,63,úmun árifu ágara Kurán,úmun\tárifu\tágara\tKurán,3PL\tknow\tread\tQuran,They know how to read the Quran.,,Variety spoken in Kenya.,856[48],,naturalistic spoken,úmun árifu ágara Kurán,,3PL know read Quran,Variety spoken in Kenya.,,,12647, +64-193,64,fi nas bifékir ínu ma kwes rája be ída áʃara,fi\tnas\tbi=fékir\tínu\tma\tkwes\trája\tbe\tída\táʃara,EXIST\tpeople\tIRR=think\tCOMP\tNEG\tgood\tcome.back\twith\thand\tten,There are people who think that it’s not good to come back empty-handed.,,In this sentence the verb 'think' is followed by the complementizer ínu.,874[193],,naturalistic spoken,"fi nas bifékir ínu ma kwes rája be ída áʃara",fi nas bi=fékir ínu ma kwes rája be ída áʃara,EXIST people IRR=think COMP NEG good come.back with hand ten,"In this sentence the verb 'think' is followed by the complementizer ínu.",,,12648, +64-194,64,biníya de ma biárufu gále jamá de gekabasu úo,biníya\tde\tma\tbi=árufu\tgále\tjamá\tde\tge=kabasu\túo,girl\tDEM.PROX\tNEG\tIRR=know\tsay\tgroup\tDEM.PROX\tPROG=betray\t3SG,The girl doesn’t know that they betray her.,,,973[470],,naturalistic spoken,"biníya de ma biárufu gále jamá de gekabasu úo",biníya de ma bi=árufu gále jamá de ge=kabasu úo,girl DEM.PROX NEG IRR=know say group DEM.PROX PROG=betray 3SG,,,,12649, +64-195,64,úo árifu fi móya fi mahál al gowanyát gekóre,úo\tárifu\tfi\tmóya\tfi\tmahál\tal\tgowany-át\tge=kóre,3SG\tknow\tEXIST\twater\tin\tplace\tREL\tfrog-PL\tPROG=cry,He knew that there was water at the place where the frogs were croaking.,,This sentence gives an example of juxtaposition with verbs of knowing.,1567[119],,unknown,úo árifu fi móya fi mahál al gowanyát gekóre,úo árifu fi móya fi mahál al gowany-át ge=kóre,3SG know EXIST water in place REL frog-PL PROG=cry,This sentence gives an example of juxtaposition with verbs of knowing.,,,12650, +64-196,64,anína biágder árif hája de batál wa hája dak kwes,anína\tbi=ágder\tárif\thája\tde\tbatál\twa\thája\tdak\tkwes,1PL\tIRR=can\tknow\tthing\tDEM.PROX\tbad\tand\tthing\tDEM.DIST\tgood,We can know that this is bad and that is good.,,This sentence gives an example of juxtaposition with verbs of knowing.,,,constructed by linguist,anína biágder árif hája de batál wa hája dak kwes,anína bi=ágder árif hája de batál wa hája dak kwes,1PL IRR=can know thing DEM.PROX bad and thing DEM.DIST good,This sentence gives an example of juxtaposition with verbs of knowing.,Own knowledge,,12651, +65-139,65,Tibe znaj udege nikada ni plati.,Tibe\tznaj\tudege\tnikada\tni\tplati.,2SG\tknow\tUdihe\tnever\tNEG\tpay,You know that Udihe never pay.,,Udihe is an ethnic group of the Tungus-Manchu origin.,458[12],,citation in fiction,Tibe znaj udege nikada ni plati.,,2SG know Udihe never NEG pay,"Udihe is an ethnic group of the Tungus-Manchu origin.",,"Тебе знай, удэге никогда не плати!",12652, +65-140,65,"Za naʃa znaʃa, tako budi.","Za\tnaʃa\tznaʃa,\ttako\tbudi.",TOP\t1PL\tknow\tso\tCOP.FUT,We knew that it would be so.,,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 376).,1045[249],,constructed by linguist,"Za naʃa znaʃa, tako budi.",,TOP 1PL know so COP.FUT,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 376).,,"За наша знаша, така буди.",12653, +66-111,66,Go biçaya dia Americaring edatang kəta.,Go\tbiçaya\tdia\tAmerica-ring\te-datang\tkəta.,1SG\tbelieve\t3SG\tAmerica-from\tPST-come\tCOMP,I think that he came from America.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Go biçaya dia Americaring edatang kəta.",Go biçaya dia America-ring e-datang kəta.,1SG believe 3SG America-from PST-come COMP,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,12654, +67-200,67,Ini orang tahu dia gemuk dia pigi beli satu buku.,Ini\torang\ttahu\tdia\tgemuk\tdia\tpigi\tbeli\tsatu\tbuku.,DEM\tperson\tknow\t3SG\tfat\t3SG\tgo\tbuy\tone\tbook,"This man, knowing he is fat, he went to buy a book.",,,708[399],,naturalistic spoken,Ini orang tahu dia gemuk dia pigi beli satu buku.,,DEM person know 3SG fat 3SG go buy one book,,,,12655, +68-116,68,De tau beta batul.,De\ttau\tbeta\tbatul.,3SG\tknow\t1SG\tright,He knew I was right.,,,,,constructed by linguist,De tau beta batul.,,3SG know 1SG right,,Own knowledge,,12656, +70-72,70,Ham jano u nai sako.,Ham\tjano\tu\tnai\tsako.,1SG\tknow\t3SG\tNEG\tbe.able,I know he can't (do it).,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ham jano u nai sako.,,1SG know 3SG NEG be.able,,Own knowledge,,12657, +70-73,70,Ham nai jano u-loŋ skul paro ki nai.,Ham\tnai\tjano\tu-loŋ\tskul\tparo\tki\tnai.,1SG\tNEG\tknow\t3-PL\tschool\tstudy\tor\tNEG,I didn't know if they'd been to school or not.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ham nai jano u-loŋ skul paro ki nai.,,1SG NEG know 3-PL school study or NEG,,Siegel-field recording,,12658, +71-175,71,Wau manao oe kolohe kela lio wau.,Wau\tmanao\toe\tkolohe\tkela\tlio\twau.,1SG\tthink\t2SG\tinjure\tDET\thorse\t1SG.POSS,I think you injured my horse.,,,,,naturalistic written,Wau manao oe kolohe kela lio wau.,,1SG think 2SG injure DET horse 1SG.POSS,,Own data 1892,,12659, +71-176,71,Wau ike iaia noho ma Hulaia.,Wau\tike\tiaia\tnoho\tma\tHulaia.,1SG\tknow\t3SG\tlive\tLOC\tHulaia,I know that he lives in Hulaia.,,,,,naturalistic written,Wau ike iaia noho ma Hulaia.,,1SG know 3SG live LOC Hulaia,,Own data 1889,,12660, +72-148,72,Yu nou wen yu warrkap nyanawu Dagaragungka.,Yu\tnou\twen\tyu\twarrkap\tnyanawu\tDagaragu-ngka.,2SG\tknow\tREL\t2SG\tdance\tDEM\tplace-LOC,You know when you danced at Daguragu that time.,,,8,ec7ef9c59ba5ff8e654f97fa70b89ce3,naturalistic spoken,Yu nou wen yu warrkap nyanawu Dagaragungka.,Yu nou wen yu warrkap nyanawu Dagaragu-ngka.,2SG know REL 2SG dance DEM place-LOC,,,,12661, +73-101,73,kwanduchari Xwanga bininga no sabinichu,kwandu-chari\tXwan-ga\tbini-nga\tno\tsabi-ni-chu,when-IGN\tJohn-TOP\tcome-3SG.FUT\tnot\tknow-1-NEG,I do not know when John will come.,,,1033[69],,elicited from speaker,kwanduchari Xwanga bininga no sabinichu,kwandu-chari Xwan-ga bini-nga no sabi-ni-chu,when-IGN John-TOP come-3SG.FUT not know-1-NEG,,,,12662, +73-102,73,no sabinichu Xwan binishkada,no\tsabi-ni-chu\tXwan\tbini-shka-da,NEG\tknow-1SG-NEG\tJuan\tcome-NMLZ-ACC,I don't know that John has come.,,,1033[69],,elicited from speaker,"no sabinichu Xwan binishkada",no sabi-ni-chu Xwan bini-shka-da,NEG know-1SG-NEG Juan come-NMLZ-ACC,,,,12663, +74-140,74,náyka kámtaks máyka skúkum,náyka\tkámtaks\tmáyka\tskúkum,1SG\tknow\t2SG\tstrong,I know you’re strong.,,,,,constructed by linguist,náyka kámtaks máyka skúkum,,1SG know 2SG strong,,Own knowledge,,12664, +74-141,74,náyka kámtaks wihaláyt mákmak man,náyka\tkámtaks\twihaláyt\tmákmak\tman,1SG\tknow\tmonster\teat\tman,I know the monster is a cannibal.,,,154[211],,narrative,náyka kámtaks wihaláyt mákmak man,,1SG know monster eat man,,,,12665, +75-242,75,Robert kishkeehtam Mari eeyaahkoshiyit.,Robert\tkishkeeht-am\tMari\tee-aahkoshi-yi-t.,Robert\tknow.it-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tMary\tCOMP-be.ill-OBV-3,Robert knows that Mary is ill.,,Ee- is a marker of a class of verbs used in subordinate clauses or after focused elements. The -yi- element in the verb is an obviative marker that indicates that the subject of the subordinate clause is different from the subject of the main clause.,522,,elicited from speaker,Robert kishkeehtam Mari eeyaahkoshiyit.,Robert kishkeeht-am Mari ee-aahkoshi-yi-t.,Robert know.it-3.SBJ.3.OBJ Mary COMP-be.ill-OBV-3,"Ee- is a marker of a class of verbs used in subordinate clauses or after focused elements. The -yi- element in the verb is an obviative marker that indicates that the subject of the subordinate clause is different from the subject of the main clause.",,,12666, +75-244,75,Kaawaapahtamen enn grus nwaenzh kikishkeehtaen li tonoer chimishipahtaakushit.,Kaa-waapaht-am-en\tenn\tgrus\tnwaenzh\tki-kishkeeht-aen\tli\ttonoer\tchi-mishi-pahtaakushi-t.,COMP-see.it-3.OBJ-2.SBJ\tINDF.ART.F.SG\tbig\tcould\t2-know-3\tART.M.SG\tthunder\tCOMP.FUT-BIG-appear-3,"When you see a big cloud, you know that thunder will appear. OR: When you see a thunderhead you know we're in for a thunderstorm.",,,789[333],,naturalistic written,Kaawaapahtamen enn grus nwaenzh kikishkeehtaen li tonoer chimishipahtaakushit.,Kaa-waapaht-am-en enn grus nwaenzh ki-kishkeeht-aen li tonoer chi-mishi-pahtaakushi-t.,COMP-see.it-3.OBJ-2.SBJ INDF.ART.F.SG big could 2-know-3 ART.M.SG thunder COMP.FUT-BIG-appear-3,,,,12667, +76-60,76,innuk ababa tusara awoña,innuk\tababa\ttusara\tawoña,man\tsay\tunderstand\tI,I know that a man is talking.,,"Even though the verb tusar- in Eskimo means 'hear', Stefánsson (1909: 231) insists that Eskimo Pidgin tusara almost always is used in the sense of 'know' or 'understand', and rarely, if ever, for 'hear'. With regard to this very example he comments that the meaning 'I hear a man talking' is implied.",1442[231],,reconstructed by documentalist,innuk ababa tusara awoña,,man say understand I,"Even though the verb tusar- in Eskimo means 'hear', Stefánsson (1909: 231) insists that Eskimo Pidgin tusara almost always is used in the sense of 'know' or 'understand', and rarely, if ever, for 'hear'. With regard to this very example he comments that the meaning 'I hear a man talking' is implied.",,,12668, +1-237,1,Hem srefi no wanni go.,Ensrefi\tno\twani\tgo.,3SG.INTENS\tNEG\twant\tgo,He himself doesn't want to go.,,,1357[165],,written (dictionary),Hem srefi no wanni go.,Ensrefi no wani go.,3SG.INTENS NEG want go,,,,12669,German: Er selbst will nicht gehen. [op.cit.] +1-238,1,Da mastra a za wandi fo slibi nanga mi na netti.,Da\tmasra\ta\tsa\twani\tfo\tsribi\tnanga\tmi\tna\tneti.,DET.SG\tmaster\t3SG.SBJ\tFUT\twant\tto\tsleep\twith\t1SG\tat\tnight,"The master, he will want to sleep with me in the night.",,,1527[64],,written,Da mastra a za wandi fo slibi nanga mi na netti.,Da masra a sa wani fo sribi nanga mi na neti.,DET.SG master 3SG.SBJ FUT want to sleep with 1SG at night,,,,12670,Dutch: De Meester zel van Nagt by myn willen Slaapen. [op.cit.] +2-255,2,Jan wani fu kisi moni.,Jan\twani\tfu\tkisi\tmoni.,Jan\twant\tINF\tget\tmoney,Jan wants to make money.,,,1218[97],,elicited from speaker,Jan wani fu kisi moni.,,Jan want INF get money,,,,12671, +3-138,3,Mi ké u nángo a Gaán-Gádo-kónde.,Mi\tké\tu\tnángo\ta\tGaán-Gádo-kónde.,1SG\thope\tfor\tASP.go\tLOC\theaven,I hope to go to heaven.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi ké u nángo a Gaán-Gádo-kónde.,,1SG hope for ASP.go LOC heaven,,Fieldwork data,,12672, +3-139,3,A ké faa go.,A\tké\tfaa\tgo.,3SG\twant\tfor.3SG\tgo,He wants to go.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A ké faa go.,,3SG want for.3SG go,,Fieldwork data,,12673, +3-147,3,"I ké woóko, no?","I\tké\twoóko,\tno?",2SG\twant\twork\tQ.TAG,Do you want to work?,,,1539[18],,naturalistic spoken,"I ké woóko, no?",,2SG want work Q.TAG,,,,12674, +4-165,4,A e wani libi a bakaa.,A\te\twani\tlibi\ta\tbakaa.,he\tIPFV\twant\tlive\tLOC\tEurope,He wants to live in Europe / in an urban setting.,,"Depending on the context, a bakaa may refer to Europe or to the urban coast area in Suriname/Guyane.",284,,naturalistic spoken,A e wani libi a bakaa.,,he IPFV want live LOC Europe,"Depending on the context, a bakaa may refer to Europe or to the urban coast area in Suriname/Guyane.",,,12675, +5-170,5,mi waahn gu,mi\twaahn\tgu,1SG\twant\tgo,I want to go.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi waahn gu,,1SG want go,,Own knowledge,,12676, +6-103,6,Ah nuo allyuh wanna hear about de midget.,Ah\tnuo\tallyuh\twanna\thear\tabout\tde\tmidget.,1SG\tknow\t2PL\twant.to\thear\tabout\tDET\tmidget,I know that you want to hear about the midget.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ah nuo allyuh wanna hear about de midget.,,1SG know 2PL want.to hear about DET midget,,Own corpus data,,12677, +7-235,7,Dem waan (fo) go.,Dem\twaan\t(fo)\tgo.,3PL\twant\t(for)\tgo,They want to go.,,Fo is optional.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dem waan (fo) go.,,3PL want (for) go,"Fo is optional.",Own knowledge,,12678, +8-148,8,Jan waahn fi gaa skuul.,Jan\twaahn\tfi\tgo-a\tskuul.,John\twant\tINF\tgo-to\tschool,John wants to go to school.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Jan waahn fi gaa skuul.,Jan waahn fi go-a skuul.,John want INF go-to school,,Own knowledge,,12679, +9-183,9,Dey wan tek fu dem own dakta.,Dey\twan\ttek\tfu\tdem\town\tdakta.,3PL\twant\ttake\tfor\tthem\town\tdoctor,They want to take their own doctor.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,Dey wan tek fu dem own dakta.,,3PL want take for them own doctor,,,,12680, +10-226,10,An den dehn waahn kil Beda Naansi.,An\tden\tdehn\twaahn\tkil\tBeda\tNaansi.,and\tthen\t3PL\twant\tkill\tBrother\tAnansi,And then they wanted to kill Brother Anansi.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An den dehn waahn kil Beda Naansi.,,and then 3PL want kill Brother Anansi,,Unpublished field recordings,,12681, +11-299,11,Ai waa help mai famali.,Ai\twaa\thelp\tmai\tfamali.,1SG\twant\thelp\t1SG.POSS\tfamily,I want to help my family.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai waa help mai famali.,,1SG want help 1SG.POSS family,,,,12682, +13-175,13,Bot John ain wahn fa gree fa bactize Jedus.,Bot\tJohn\tain\twahn\tfa\tgree\tfa\tbactize\tJedus.,but\tJohn\tNEG.AUX\twant\tfor\tagree\tfor\tbaptize\tJesus,But John didn't want to agree to baptize Jesus. (Mt 3.14),,,357[8],,bible translation,Bot John ain wahn fa gree fa bactize Jedus.,,but John NEG.AUX want for agree for baptize Jesus,,,,12683, +14-134,14,They want to leave.,They\twant\tto\tleave.,they\twant\tto\tleave,They want to leave.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,They want to leave.,,they want to leave,,Own knowledge,,12684, +15-129,15,wi wan wi pikin fɔ kam na os,wi\twan\twi\tpikin\tfɔ\tkam\tna\tos,1PL\twant\tour\tchild\tCOMP\tcome\tLOC\thouse,We want our child to come home.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,wi wan wi pikin fɔ kam na os,,1PL want our child COMP come LOC house,,Own knowledge,,12685, +16-144,16,à wan kɔmɔt nɔ frɔm dɛ [...] slipin ples,à\twan\tkɔmɔt\tnɔ\tfrɔm\tdɛ\t[...]\tslipin\tples,1SG\twant\tcome.out\tFOC\tfrom\tART\t[...]\tsleeping\tplace,I wanted to leave the sleeping place.,,,656[212],,naturalistic spoken,à wan kɔmɔt nɔ frɔm dɛ [...] slipin ples,,1SG want come.out FOC from ART [...] sleeping place,,,,12686, +17-168,17,À want go tawn.,À\twant\tgo\ttawn.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tgo\ttown,I want to go to town.,,,462[211],,naturalistic spoken,À want go tawn.,,1SG.SBJ want go town,,,,12687, +17-169,17,À want se mek à go tawn.,À\twant\tse\tmek\tà\tgo\ttawn.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tCOMP\tSBJV\t1SG.SBJ\tgo\ttown,I want to go to town.,,,462[211],,naturalistic spoken,"À want se mek à go tawn.",,1SG.SBJ want COMP SBJV 1SG.SBJ go town,,,,12688, +18-152,18,Pasto wan preya fo yu.,Pasto\twan\tpreya\tfo\tyu.,pastor\twant\tpray\tfor\tyou,The pastor would like to pray for you.,,,63[439],,published source,Pasto wan preya fo yu.,,pastor want pray for you,,,,12689, +18-153,18,A wan se mek a go fo maket.,A\twan\tse\tmek\ta\tgo\tfo\tmaket.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tCOMP\tmake\t1SG.SBJ\tgo\tfor\tmarket,I want to go to the market.,,According to my informant this adds the meaning of extra preparation to go to the market instead of simply saying A wan go fo maket.,97,,elicited from speaker,A wan se mek a go fo maket.,,1SG.SBJ want COMP make 1SG.SBJ go for market,"According to my informant this adds the meaning of extra preparation to go to the market instead of simply saying A wan go fo maket.",,,12690, +18-154,18,Dan wan bi president fo America.,Dan\twan\tbi\tpresident\tfo\tAmerica.,Dan\twant\tCOP\tpresident\tfor\tAmerica,Dan wants/would like to be the President of the United States.,,,125[39],,unspecified,Dan wan bi president fo America.,,Dan want COP president for America,,,,12691, +18-155,18,A wan go fo maket.,A\twan\tgo\tfo\tmaket.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tgo\tfor\tmarket,I want to go to the market.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,A wan go fo maket.,,1SG.SBJ want go for market,,,,12692, +19-190,19,"ɛ̀f yù want baba, yù want go nà peluqueria go kɔt yù hia.","ɛ̀f\tyù\twant\tbaba,\tyù\twant\tgo\tnà\tpeluqueria\tgo\tkɔt\tyù\thia.",if\t2SG\twant\tcut.hair\t2SG\twant\tgo\tLOC\thairdresser\tgo\tcut\t2SG\thair,"If you want to 'baba', you want to go to the hairdresser’s in order to cut your hair.",,Baba is a verb and means 'to cut (body) hair' (< English barber).,1634[519],,naturalistic spoken,"ɛ̀f yù want baba, yù want go nà peluqueria go kɔt yù hia.",,if 2SG want cut.hair 2SG want go LOC hairdresser go cut 2SG hair,"Baba is a verb and means 'to cut (body) hair' (< English barber).",,,12693, +19-191,19,À want mek à go de tumara.,À\twant\tmek\tà\tgo\tde\ttumara.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tSBJV\t1SG.SBJ\tgo\tthere\ttomorrow,I want to go there tomorrow.,,"(1) If one wants to express the subordinate subject overtly this can only be if it serves as the subject of a subjunctive clause introduced by the modal complementizer mek [SBJV]. It does not matter if the subordinate subject is coreferential with the main subject or not. + +(2) The modal complementizer is a subjunctive marker. Subjunctive mood appears in directive main clauses (e.g. imperatives). It is also present in the subordinate clauses of deontic modality inducing main verbs, i.e. verbs whose meaning contains an element of causation, manipulation, proposal, desire and other affective nuances compatible with deontic modality (e.g. WANT type verbs). Thirdly, subjunctive mood occurs in purpose and consecutive clauses.",,,naturalistic spoken,"À want mek à go de tumara.",,1SG.SBJ want SBJV 1SG.SBJ go there tomorrow,"(1) If one wants to express the subordinate subject overtly this can only be if it serves as the subject of a subjunctive clause introduced by the modal complementizer mek [SBJV]. It does not matter if the subordinate subject is coreferential with the main subject or not. + +(2) The modal complementizer is a subjunctive marker. Subjunctive mood appears in directive main clauses (e.g. imperatives). It is also present in the subordinate clauses of deontic modality inducing main verbs, i.e. verbs whose meaning contains an element of causation, manipulation, proposal, desire and other affective nuances compatible with deontic modality (e.g. WANT type verbs). Thirdly, subjunctive mood occurs in purpose and consecutive clauses.",Field data,,12694, +20-134,20,My wantchee cut he wagee.,My\twantchee\tcut\the\twagee.,1SG\twant\tcut\t3SG.POSS\twage,I wanted to cut his wages.,,,1489[VI.49],,naturalistic written,My wantchee cut he wagee.,,1SG want cut 3SG.POSS wage,,,米灣治吉希威治,12695, +21-136,21,I also want to go.,I\talso\twant\tto\tgo.,1SG\talso\twant\tto\tgo,I also want to go.,,,820[50],,naturalistic spoken,I also want to go.,,1SG also want to go,,,,12696, +22-169,22,Mi laik go kamap olsem heavy diesel fitter.,Mi\tlaik\tgo\tkamap\tolsem\theavy\tdiesel\tfitter.,1SG\tlike\tgo\tarrive\tthus\theavy\tdiesel\tfitter,I would like to be a heavy diesel fitter.,,,584[SHP M15],,naturalistic spoken,Mi laik go kamap olsem heavy diesel fitter.,,1SG like go arrive thus heavy diesel fitter,,,,12697, +23-155,23,tingting blong mi mi wantem wok tumas,ting~ting\tblong\tmi\tmi\twantem\twok\ttumas,think~think\tPOSS\t1SG\t1SG\twant\twork\tvery,My thinking was I wanted to work really badly.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,tingting blong mi mi wantem wok tumas,ting~ting blong mi mi wantem wok tumas,think~think POSS 1SG 1SG want work very,,,,12698, +24-174,24,Nor gut any government nor wunt fe hawe one complete database.,Nor\tgut\tany\tgovernment\tnor\twunt\tfe\thawe\tone\tcomplete\tdatabase.,NEG\texist\tany\tgovernment\tNEG\twant\tCOMP\thave\tDET.INDF\tcomplete\tdatabase,There is no government that wouldn't like to have a complete database.,,,,,internet chatroom,Nor gut any government nor wunt fe hawe one complete database.,,NEG exist any government NEG want COMP have DET.INDF complete database,,Internet chatroom,,12699, +25-319,25,"Yu telim olabat hau yu wana seiv thet taka, fo yuself.","Yu\ttel-im\tolabat\thau\tyu\twana\tseiv\tthet\ttaka,\tfo\tyuself.",2SG\ttell-TR\t3PL\thow\t2SG\twant.to\tsave\tDEM\ttucker\tfor\tyourself,You tell them how you want to save that food for yourself.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the verb of speech telim with an indirect speech complement. The use of the interrogative complementizer hau and the second person intensive pronoun yuself rather than invariable mijelb are acrolectal-features.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Yu telim olabat hau yu wana seiv thet taka, fo yuself.","Yu tel-im olabat hau yu wana seiv thet taka, fo yuself.",2SG tell-TR 3PL how 2SG want.to save DEM tucker for yourself,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the verb of speech telim with an indirect speech complement. The use of the interrogative complementizer hau and the second person intensive pronoun yuself rather than invariable mijelb are acrolectal-features.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,12700, +25-320,25,"Lukat, hi wana teikim dijey.","Lukat,\thi\twana\tteik-im\tdij-ey.",look.out\t3SG\twant\ttake-TR\tPROX-way,"Look out, he wants to take it this way!",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a complement clause of wana 'want' with subject control.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Lukat, hi wana teikim dijey.","Lukat, hi wana teik-im dij-ey.",look.out 3SG want take-TR PROX-way,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a complement clause of wana 'want' with subject control.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,12701, +25-321,25,Ai wana go tharrei pleibat kad.,Ai\twana\tgo\ttharr-ei\tplei-bat\tkad.,1SG\twant\tgo\tDIST-DIR\tplay-PROG\tcard,I want to go over there to play cards.,,Variety: Spoken Victoria River. The example illustrates a same-subject complement of 'want' (with subject control).,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai wana go tharrei pleibat kad.,Ai wana go tharr-ei plei-bat kad.,1SG want go DIST-DIR play-PROG card,Variety: Spoken Victoria River. The example illustrates a same-subject complement of 'want' (with subject control).,Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,12702, +26-110,26,da gaɪ laɪg meɪg hambag,da\tgaɪ\tlaɪg\tmeɪg\thambag,ART\tguy\tDESID\tmake\ttrouble,The guy wanted to make trouble.,,DESID = desiderative,1545[132],,naturalistic spoken,da gaɪ laɪg meɪg hambag,,ART guy DESID make trouble,DESID = desiderative,,,12703, +28-164,28,o wa sukwa bif mɛt bɛri beki,o\twa\tsuku-a\tbifi\tmɛtɛ\tbɛri\tbeki,3SG\tPST\twant-IPFV\ttalk\twith\tBerry\tlittle,She wanted to talk with Berry a little.,,,737[348],,naturalistic spoken,o wa sukwa bif mɛt bɛri beki,o wa suku-a bifi mɛtɛ bɛri beki,3SG PST want-IPFV talk with Berry little,,,,12704, +28-165,28,gavna ma suka fi nimi hosa ju kriktɛkɛ,gavna\tma\tsuku-a\tfi\tnimi\thoso\tso\tju\tkriki-tɛ\tɛkɛ,Governor\tIRR\twant-IPFV\tfor\tknow\thow\tFOC\t2SG\tget-PFV\t1SG,Governor will want to know how you got me.,,,737[348],,naturalistic spoken,gavna ma suka fi nimi hosa ju kriktɛkɛ,gavna ma suku-a fi nimi hoso so ju kriki-tɛ ɛkɛ,Governor IRR want-IPFV for know how FOC 2SG get-PFV 1SG,,,,12705, +29-193,29,Jan wil jou roman lees.,Jan\twil\tjou\troman\tlees.,John\twants\t2SG.POSS\tnovel\tread.INF,John wants to read your novel.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jan wil jou roman lees.,,John wants 2SG.POSS novel read.INF,,Own knowledge,,12706, +30-205,30,Manhan N kre bai ti sidádi di Práia pa N bá bende un kabritu.,Manhan\tN=kre\tbai\tti=sidádi\tdi=Práia\tpa=N=bá\tbende\tun=kabritu.,tomorrow\t1SG=want\tgo\tup.to=town\tof=Praia\tfor=1SG=go\tsell\ta=kid,"Tomorrow, I want to go to the town of Praia (in order) to sell a kid.",,,784[s.v. kunpádri],,naturalistic spoken,Manhan N kre bai ti sidádi di Práia pa N bá bende un kabritu.,Manhan N=kre bai ti=sidádi di=Práia pa=N=bá bende un=kabritu.,tomorrow 1SG=want go up.to=town of=Praia for=1SG=go sell a=kid,,,,12707, +31-164,31,"Ma dja nhos kre brinka-l, mas el sta di mas pa nhos.","Ma\tdja\tnhos\tkre\tbrinka-l,\tmas\tel\tsta\tdi\tmas\tpa\tnhos.",but\tCOMPL\tyou\twant\tplay-it\tbut\tit\tis\tof\tmuch\tfor\tyou,"But you want to play with it; however, it is too much for you.",,,270,,naturalistic spoken,"Ma dja nhos kre brinka-l, mas el sta di mas pa nhos.",,but COMPL you want play-it but it is of much for you,,,,12708, +32-163,32,El krê bai.,El\tkrê\tbai.,3SG\twant\tgo,He wants to go.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,El krê bai.,,3SG want go,,,,12709,Portuguese: Ele quer ir. +33-189,33,N’misti bay.,N’misti\tbay.,1SG.want\tgo,I want to go.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N’misti bay.,,1SG.want go,,Own knowledge,,12710,Portuguese: Quero ir. +33-190,33,N’misti pa n’bay.,N’misti\tpa\tn’bay.,1SG.want\tthat\t1SG.go,I wish I could go.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N’misti pa n’bay.,,1SG.want that 1SG.go,,Own knowledge,,12711,Portuguese: Desejava poder ir. +34-153,34,I mesté bay kasa.,I\tø\tmesté\tbay\tkasa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\twant\tgo\thouse,He/she wants to go home.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I mesté bay kasa.,I ø mesté bay kasa.,3SG.SBJ PFV want go house,,Own knowledge,,12712, +35-215,35,Sun na mêsê pa sun be ku mosu se fô?,Sun\tna\tmêsê\tpa\tsun\tbe\tku\tmosu\tse\tf=ô?,2SG\tNEG\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tgo\twith\tboy\tDEM\tNEG=PCL,Don’t you want to go with the boy?,,PCL = discourse particle,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sun na mêsê pa sun be ku mosu se fô?","Sun na mêsê pa sun be ku mosu se f=ô?",2SG NEG want COMP 2SG go with boy DEM NEG=PCL,PCL = discourse particle,Own data,,12713, +35-216,35,N mêsê pa n fada nanse ũa kwa.,N\tmêsê\tpa\tn\tfada\tnanse\tũa\tkwa.,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t1SG\ttell\t2PL\ta\tthing,I want to tell you something.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"N mêsê pa n fada nanse ũa kwa.",,1SG want COMP 1SG tell 2PL a thing,,Own data,,12714, +35-217,35,Bô mêsê laba mon?,Bô\tmêsê\tlaba\tmon?,2SG\twant\twash\thand,Do you want to wash your hands?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Bô mêsê laba mon?,,2SG want wash hand,,Own data,,12715, +36-134,36,Ê mêthê m’me ũa kwa rosi.,Ê\tmêthê\tm’me\tũa\tkwa\trosi.,3SG\twant\teat\tone\tthing\tsweet,He wants to eat something sweet.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ê mêthê m’me ũa kwa rosi.,,3SG want eat one thing sweet,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,12716, +36-135,36,Ê1 mêthê p’ê1 m’me ũa kwa rosi.,Ê\tmêthê\tpa\tê\tm'me\tũa\tkwa\trosi.,3SG\twant\tthat\t3SG\teat\tone\tthing\tsweet,He wants to eat something sweet.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ê1 mêthê p’ê1 m’me ũa kwa rosi.",Ê mêthê pa ê m'me ũa kwa rosi.,3SG want that 3SG eat one thing sweet,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,12717, +37-168,37,[…] ê1 mêsê p'êi kaba meze pimyô.,[...]\tê\tmêsê\tpa\tê\tkaba\tmeze\tpimyô.,[...]\t3SG\twant\tCOMP\t3SG\tfinish\ttable\tfirst,[…] he wanted to finish the table first.,,,905[163],,naturalistic spoken,"[…] ê1 mêsê p'êi kaba meze pimyô.",[...] ê mêsê pa ê kaba meze pimyô.,[...] 3SG want COMP 3SG finish table first,,,,12718, +37-169,37,"Kompwe, m mêsê we ki me za.","Kompwe,\tm\tmêsê\twe\tki\tme\tza.",fellow\t1SG\twant\tgo\tPOSS\tPOSS.1SG\talready,"My friend, I want to leave now.",,,905[163],,naturalistic spoken,"Kompwe, m mêsê we ki me za.",,fellow 1SG want go POSS POSS.1SG already,,,,12719, +37-170,37,"Kompwe, m mêsê we ki me za.","Kompwe,\tm\tmêsê\twe\tki\tme\tza.",friend\t1SG\twant\tgo\tPOSS\tPOSS.1SG\talready,"My friend, I want to leave now.",,,905,,naturalistic spoken,"Kompwe, m mêsê we ki me za.",,friend 1SG want go POSS POSS.1SG already,,,,12720, +38-179,38,M’ en ngo fe-f.,Amu\tna\tngo\tfé-f.,1SG\tNEG\twant\tmake-NEG,I do not want to do it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,M’ en ngo fe-f.,Amu na ngo fé-f.,1SG NEG want make-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,12721, +39-164,39,El kɛr tuma interview.,El\tkɛr\ttum-a\t.,3SG\twant.NPST\ttake-INF\tinterview,He wants to make an interview.,,Interview is taken from English.,221[232-3],,naturalistic spoken,El kɛr tuma interview.,"El kɛr tum-a <interview>.",3SG want.NPST take-INF interview,"Interview is taken from English.",,,12722, +40-131,40,Pelo kadz pərət anda kere.,Pelo\tkadz\tpərət\tanda\tkere.,OBJ.3PL\thouse\tback\tgo\twant/need,They want/need to go back home.,,The interpretation of whether 'want' or 'need' is being expressed depends on the discourse situation.,,,constructed by linguist,Pelo kadz pərət anda kere.,,OBJ.3PL house back go want/need,The interpretation of whether 'want' or 'need' is being expressed depends on the discourse situation.,Own knowledge,,12723, +41-160,41,noospa avara gitaarpa um pesaam kera,noos-pa\tavara\tgitaar-pa\tuŋ\tpesaam\tkera,1PL-DAT\tnow\tguitar-DAT\tone\tperson\twant.,Now we need a person for the guitar.,,"Obviously this doesn't exemplify Feature 97 ""'Want' Complement Subjects"". The example is included to show that the ""desiderative particle"" kera also functions as a predicator meaning 'want; need'.",1416[5498],,naturalistic spoken,noospa avara gitaarpa um pesaam kera,noos-pa avara gitaar-pa uŋ pesaam kera,1PL-DAT now guitar-DAT one person want.,"Obviously this doesn't exemplify Feature 97 ""'Want' Complement Subjects"". The example is included to show that the ""desiderative particle"" kera also functions as a predicator meaning 'want; need'.",,,12724, +41-161,41,tɔɔna pintuura kera pegaa?,tɔɔna\tpintuura\tkera\tpegaa?,afterwards\tpicture\twant/VOL\ttake,"So, do you want to take a picture? / So, are you going to take a picture?",,Both desiderative and intentive readings seem appropriate.,1416[5343],,naturalistic spoken,tɔɔna pintuura kera pegaa?,,afterwards picture want/VOL take,Both desiderative and intentive readings seem appropriate.,,,12725, +41-162,41,"etuspa kapstaayley noos kera mustraa kamfalaa, noos mesprenda","[etus-pa\tkapstaay=ley\tnoos\tkera\tmustraa\tkam-falaa],\tnoos\tmes-prenda",[3PL.HON-DAT\tcleverness=like\t1PL\twant/VOL\tshow\tCOND-say]\t1PL\tOBLIG-study,"If we want to/are going to demonstrate cleverness to them (i.e. the government), we must study.",,Both desiderative and intentive readings seem possible.,1416[5218],,naturalistic spoken,"etuspa kapstaayley noos kera mustraa kamfalaa, noos mesprenda","[etus-pa kapstaay=ley noos kera mustraa kam-falaa], noos mes-prenda",[3PL.HON-DAT cleverness=like 1PL want/VOL show COND-say] 1PL OBLIG-study,Both desiderative and intentive readings seem possible.,,,12726, +42-173,42,yo keré bai kaza,yo\tkeré\tbai\tkaza,1SG\twant\tgo\thouse,I want to go home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,yo keré bai kaza,,1SG want go house,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,12727, +43-116,43,[...] kantu kere da akel ondra kung eo por chega minya djuntu.,[...]\tkantu\tkere\tda\takel\tondra\tkung\teo\tpor\tchega\tminya\tdjuntu.,[...]\tif\twant\tgive\tthat\thonour\tOBJ\t1SG\tPURP\tarrive\tPOSS.1SG\ttogether,[...] [ask] whether he wants to give me the honour of visiting me.,,,906[103],,pedagogical grammar,"[...] kantu kere da akel ondra kung eo por chega minya djuntu.",,[...] if want give that honour OBJ 1SG PURP arrive POSS.1SG together,,,,12728, +45-136,45,Quiere yo toma agua.,Quiere\tyo\ttoma\tagua.,want\t1SG\tdrink\twater,I want to drink water.,,,426[4],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Quiere yo toma agua.,,want 1SG drink water,,,,12729,Spanish: Quiero tomar agua. +46-180,46,Kyére tu komé?,Kyére\ttu\tkomé?,want\tyou\teat,Do you want to eat?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kyére tu komé?,,want you eat,,Own knowledge,,12730, +46-181,46,Kyére 'le komé.,Kyére\t'le\tkomé.,want\ts/he\teat,S/he wants to eat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kyére 'le komé.,,want s/he eat,,Own knowledge,,12731, +47-200,47,Hulanda no ke paga sierto debenan di gobièrnu.,Hulanda\tno\tke\tpaga\tsierto\tdebe\tnan\tdi\tgobièrnu.,Holland\tNEG\twant\tpay\tcertain\tdebt\tPL\tof\tgovernment,Holland does not want to pay certain government debts.,,The translation is mine.,"453[1 July 2009, p.1]",,literary or other written source,Hulanda no ke paga sierto debenan di gobièrnu.,Hulanda no ke paga sierto debe nan di gobièrnu.,Holland NEG want pay certain debt PL of government,The translation is mine.,,,12732, +48-172,48,I kelé bae.,I\tkelé\tbae.,I\twant\tgo,I want to go.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I kelé bae.,,I want go,,Own knowledge,,12733,Spanish: (Yo) quiero ir(me). +48-173,48,¡Ma uto kelé bae nu!,¡Ma\tuto\tkelé\tbae\tnu!,PL\tother\twant\tgo\tnot,The others don't want to go/leave!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,¡Ma uto kelé bae nu!,,PL other want go not,,Recorded by author,,12734,Spanish: Los otros (= los demás) no quieren ir(se)/marcharse. +49-295,49,Mwen vle pou m marye ak ou.,Mwen\tvle\tpou\tm\tmarye\tak\tou.,1SG\twant\tfor\t1SG\tmarry\twith\t2SG,I want to get married to you.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mwen vle pou m marye ak ou.",,1SG want for 1SG marry with 2SG,,Own knowledge,,12735,French: Je veux me marier avec toi. +49-296,49,M vle diri pou m manje.,M\tvle\tdiri\tpou\tm\tmanje.,1SG\twant\trice\tfor\t1SG\teat,It is rice I want to eat. OR: I want to eat rice.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 121]",,naturalistic spoken,"M vle diri pou m manje.",,1SG want rice for 1SG eat,,,,12736,French: Je veux du riz à manger. +49-298,49,Li vle manje.,Li\tvle\tmanje.,3SG\twant\teat,He/She wants to eat.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li vle manje.,,3SG want eat,,Own knowledge,,12737,French: ll/Elle veut manger. +50-186,50,An vlé pati.,An\tvlé\tpati.,1SG\twant\tleave,I want to leave.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An vlé pati.,,1SG want leave,,Own fieldwork,,12738, +51-158,51,Man lé pati.,Man\tlé\tpati.,1SG\twant\tleave,I want to leave.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man lé pati.,,1SG want leave,,Own fieldwork,,12739, +52-100,52,Marie vlé pati,Marie\tvlé\tpati,Mary\twant\tleave,Mary wants to go.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Marie vlé pati,,Mary want leave,,Own knowledge,,12740, +53-363,53,Huey P. Long t ole ède le moun koulèr.,Huey\tP.\tLong\tt\tole\tède\tle\tmoun\tkoulèr.,Huey\tP.\tLong\tPST\twant\thelp\tART.DEF.PL\tperson\tcolour,Huey P. Long wanted to help the coloured people.,,,1048[231],,naturalistic spoken,Huey P. Long t ole ède le moun koulèr.,,Huey P. Long PST want help ART.DEF.PL person colour,,,,12741, +53-364,53,Si to olé vini padna no va fouyé ein pi.,Si\tto\tolé\tvini\tpadna\tno\tva\tfouyé\tein\tpi.,if\t2SG\twant\tbecome\tfriend\t1PL\tFUT\tdig\tART.INDF\twell,"If you want to be my friend, we will dig a well.",,,1049[27],,naturalistic written,Si to olé vini padna no va fouyé ein pi.,,if 2SG want become friend 1PL FUT dig ART.INDF well,,,,12742, +54-209,54,Li vé rantr son kaz bonn er.,Li\tve\trant\tson\tkaz\tbonner.,3SG.FIN\twant\tgo.back\tPOSS.3SG\thouse\tearly,He wants to get back to his house early.,,,110[13],,naturalistic spoken,Li vé rantr son kaz bonn er.,Li ve rant son kaz bonner.,3SG.FIN want go.back POSS.3SG house early,,,,12743,French: Il veut rentrer tôt à la maison. +55-180,55,mo 'le ale — mo aṅvi ale,mo 'le ale — mo aṅvi ale,1SG want go   1SG want go,I want to go. — I want to go.,,'le (< French vouloir) and aṅvi (< French envie) are interchangeable in most circumstances.,,,constructed by linguist,mo 'le ale — mo aṅvi ale,,1SG want go 1SG want go,"'le (< French vouloir) and aṅvi (< French envie) are interchangeable in most circumstances.",Own knowledge,,12744, +56-190,56,Mon anvi ale.,Mon\tanvi\tale.,1SG\twant\tgo,I want to go.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Mon anvi ale.,,1SG want go,,Own knowledge,,12745, +57-97,57,la ule vja,la\tule\tvja,3SG\twant\tcome,He wants to come.,,,,,constructed by linguist,la ule vja,,3SG want come,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,12746, +57-160,57,ma ule mbwar ndite,ma\tule\tmbwar\tndite,1SG\twant\tdrink\ttea,I want to drink tea.,,,423[113],,naturalistic spoken,ma ule mbwar ndite,,1SG want drink tea,,,,12747, +58-120,58,Tata zola nge tinda yandi mbongo.,Tata\tzola\tnge\ttinda\tyandi\tmbongo.,father\twant\t2SG\tsend\t3SG\tmoney,Father wants you to send him money.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Tata zola nge tinda yandi mbongo.,,father want 2SG send 3SG money,,Own knowledge,,12748, +59-301,59,tona mo yi ti te [...],tongana\tmo\tyi\tti\tte\t[...],if\t2SG\twant\tof\teat\t[...],If you want to eat [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tona mo yi ti te [...],tongana mo yi ti te [...],if 2SG want of eat [...],,Samarin corpus 1994,,12749, +59-302,59,mbi yi mbi gwe,mbi\tyi\tmbi\tgwe,1SG\twant\t1SG\tgo,I want to go.,,I think I've heard something like this but am not sure.,,,constructed by linguist,mbi yi mbi gwe,,1SG want 1SG go,I think I've heard something like this but am not sure.,Own knowledge,,12750, +59-303,59,ai (ti) tene,a-yi\t(ti)\ttene,PM-want\t(to)\tsay,he/she wants to say,,This is an example of the same construction in abbreviated form among young people.,,,naturalistic spoken,ai (ti) tene,a-yi (ti) tene,PM-want (to) say,This is an example of the same construction in abbreviated form among young people.,Samarin corpus 1994,,12751, +59-304,59,(mo) i (yi) ti baa so [...],(mo)\tyi\tti\tbaa\tso\t[...],(2SG)\twant\tto\tsee\tthus\t[...],and then [...],,"This is a discourse complement that has the function of 'and then' in a narrative, reminding one of 'Behold' in the Authorized Version of the Gospels.",,,naturalistic spoken,(mo) i (yi) ti baa so [...],(mo) yi ti baa so [...],(2SG) want to see thus [...],"This is a discourse complement that has the function of 'and then' in a narrative, reminding one of 'Behold' in the Authorized Version of the Gospels.",Samarin corpus 1994,,12752, +59-305,59,lo (yi) ti pika lo [...],lo\t(yi)\tti\tpika\tlo\t[...],3SG\t(want)\tto\thit\t3SG\t[...],He wanted to hit him [...].,,Here we have the verb deleted.,,,naturalistic spoken,lo (yi) ti pika lo [...],,3SG (want) to hit 3SG [...],Here we have the verb deleted.,Samarin corpus 1994,,12753, +59-306,59,mbi ka ngasa titene futa lapoo,mbi\tka\tngasa\ttitene\tfuta\tlapoo,1SG\tsell\tgoat\tin.order.to\tpay\ttax,I sold a goat to pay the tax.,,The absence of 1SG in the second clause surprises me. I have never heard anything like this. Might this be a typographical error?,172[341B],,elicited from speaker,mbi ka ngasa titene futa lapoo,,1SG sell goat in.order.to pay tax,The absence of 1SG in the second clause surprises me. I have never heard anything like this. Might this be a typographical error?,,,12754, +60-139,60,alingí kokenda,a-ling-í\tko-kend-a,3SG-want-PRS.PRF\tINF-go-FV,He wants to go.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",1273,,naturalistic spoken,alingí kokenda,a-ling-í ko-kend-a,3SG-want-PRS.PRF INF-go-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,12755, +60-140,60,alingí ákenda,a-ling-í\tá-kend-a,3SG-want-PRS.PRF\t3SG.SBJV-go-FV,He wants to go.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future. The high toneme on the 3SG subject morpheme a- marks the subjunctive.",1273,,naturalistic spoken,alingí ákenda,a-ling-í á-kend-a,3SG-want-PRS.PRF 3SG.SBJV-go-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future. The high toneme on the 3SG subject morpheme a- marks the subjunctive.",,,12756, +61-105,61,Yena funa lo dodan ga yena ga buya khaya.,Yena\tfuna\tlo\tdodan\tga\tyena\tga\tbuya\tkhaya.,she\twants\tART\tson\tPOSS\tshe\tINF\tcome\thome,She wants her son to come home.,,"There is no complementizer equivalent to 'that'; the subordinate clause is non-finite, indicated by the infinitive ga.",,,constructed by linguist,Yena funa lo dodan ga yena ga buya khaya.,,she wants ART son POSS she INF come home,"There is no complementizer equivalent to 'that'; the subordinate clause is non-finite, indicated by the infinitive ga.",Own knowledge,,12757, +62-90,62,sidúmu kuká,si-dumu\tku-ka,1SG:NEG-want\t15-leave,I don't want to leave.,,,,,elicited from speaker,sidúmu kuká,si-dumu ku-ka,1SG:NEG-want 15-leave,,Own field data 1993,,12758, +63-182,63,ána ázu revive dolúka,ána\tázu\trevive\tdolúka,1SG\twant\trevive\tdoluka,I want to revive the doluka (dance).,,,857[299],,naturalistic spoken,ána ázu revive dolúka,,1SG want revive doluka,,,,12759, +64-197,64,ána kan déru áynu akú tái,ána\tkan\tdéru\táynu\takú\ttái,1SG\tANT\twant\tsee\tbrother\tPOSS.1SG,I wanted to see my brother.,,,874[170],,naturalistic spoken,ána kan déru áynu akú tái,,1SG ANT want see brother POSS.1SG,,,,12760, +64-198,64,ána déru rája le béled,ána\tdéru\trája\tle\tbéled,1SG\twant\tcome.back\tto\tcountry,I want to come back to my country.,,,874[129],,naturalistic spoken,ána déru rája le béled,,1SG want come.back to country,,,,12761, +64-199,64,ána áju rúa istákal fi urúbba,ána\táju\trúa\tistákal\tfi\turúbba,1SG\twant\tgo\twork\tin\tEurope,I want to go to work in Europe.,,Áju is another phonetic variant of ázu.,1491[428],,naturalistic spoken,ána áju rúa istákal fi urúbba,,1SG want go work in Europe,"Áju is another phonetic variant of ázu.",,,12762, +64-200,64,ínna der árufu ʃunú fi fi sénter,ínna\tder\tárufu\tʃunú\tfi\tfi\tsénter,1PL\twant\tknow\twhat\tEXIST\tin\tcentre,We want to know what is happening in the town centre.,,,1491[425],,naturalistic spoken,ínna der árufu ʃunú fi fi sénter,,1PL want know what EXIST in centre,,,,12763, +65-141,65,Iwo ne xoʧu fanza ʒiwi.,Iwo\tne\txoʧu\tfanza\tʒiwi.,3SG\tNEG\twant\thouse\tlive,He does not want to live in a house.,,Fanza is a house of a Chinese type.,458[230],,citation in fiction,Iwo ne xoʧu fanza ʒiwi.,,3SG NEG want house live,"Fanza is a house of a Chinese type.",,Его не хочу фанза живи.,12764, +65-142,65,Moja ʃibəkə xoʧu kuʃaj.,Moja\tʃibəkə\txoʧu\tkuʃaj.,1SG\tvery.much\twant\teat,I am very hungry.,,,60[22],,citation in fiction,Moja ʃibəkə xoʧu kuʃaj.,,1SG very.much want eat,,,Моя шибко хочу кушай.,12765, +67-201,67,Kita mao hormat dia la.,Kita\tmao\thormat\tdia\tla.,1PL\twant\trespect\t3SG\tPCL,We want to respect him.,,,708[399],,naturalistic spoken,Kita mao hormat dia la.,,1PL want respect 3SG PCL,,,,12766, +68-117,68,"Kalo ana ana dong pung rambu mau panjang itu, potong rambu itu.","Kalo\tana~ana\tdong\tpung\trambu\tmau\tpanjang\titu,\tpotong\trambu\titu.",if\tPL~child\t3PL\tPOSS\thair\twant\tlong\tDEM\tcut\thair\tDEM,"If children want to have long hair, cut off their hair.",,,1178[634],,naturalistic spoken,"Kalo ana ana dong pung rambu mau panjang itu, potong rambu itu.","Kalo ana~ana dong pung rambu mau panjang itu, potong rambu itu.",if PL~child 3PL POSS hair want long DEM cut hair DEM,,,,12767, +69-69,69,ama nan kandək ira namban wan anak,ama\tnan\tkandək\tira\tnamban\twa-n\tanak,1SG\tthere\tOBL\tdance\tDAT\tgo-FUT\tCOP,I want to go dance over there.,,,,,elicited from speaker,ama nan kandək ira namban wan anak,ama nan kandək ira namban wa-n anak,1SG there OBL dance DAT go-FUT COP,,Own field notes 1985,,12768, +71-177,71,Wau aole makemake kuai keia moa.,Wau\taole\tmakemake\tkuai\tkeia\tmoa.,1SG\tNEG\twant\tsell\tthis\tchicken,I do not want to sell this chicken.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau aole makemake kuai keia moa.",,1SG NEG want sell this chicken,,Own data 1909,,12769, +73-103,73,manchanidami killanan amida,manchani-da-mi\tkilla-na-n\tami-da,terribly-ACC-AFF\tlazy-DESID-3\t1SG.OBJ-ACC,I feel like being terribly lazy.,,,1038[387],,elicited from speaker,manchanidami killanan amida,manchani-da-mi killa-na-n ami-da,terribly-ACC-AFF lazy-DESID-3 1SG.OBJ-ACC,,,,12770, +74-142,74,yáka tq’iχ yáka mákmak uláli,yáka\ttq’iχ\tyáka\tmákmak\tuláli,3SG\twant\t3SG\teat\tberry,He wants to eat berries.,,,,,constructed by linguist,yáka tq’iχ yáka mákmak uláli,,3SG want 3SG eat berry,,Own knowledge,,12771, +74-143,74,yáka tq’iX tl’ap lêmuto,yáka\ttq’iX\ttl’ap\tlêmuto,3SG\twant\tfind\tsheep,he wished to find sheep,,,154[211],,narrative,yáka tq’iX tl’ap lêmuto,,3SG want find sheep,,,,12772, +75-245,75,Kimaaton eewiituhteeyin la dans.,Ki-maato-n\tee-wii-ituhtee-yin\tla\tdans.,2-cry-2\tCOMP-want-go-2\tART.F.SG\tdance,You are crying because you want to go to the dance.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Kimaaton eewiituhteeyin la dans.,Ki-maato-n ee-wii-ituhtee-yin la dans.,2-cry-2 COMP-want-go-2 ART.F.SG dance,,,,12773, +75-246,75,Kiiwiikiiweew.,Kii-wii-kiiwee-w.,PST-want-go.home-3,He wanted to go home.,,,789[205],,naturalistic written,Kiiwiikiiweew.,Kii-wii-kiiwee-w.,PST-want-go.home-3,,,,12774, +75-247,75,Nuuhteepuuyuuw sa job uhchi.,Nuuhtee-puuyuu-w\tsa\tjob\tuhchi.,want-quit-3\t3.POSS.F\tjob\tfrom,She wants to resign from her job.,,,789[265],,naturalistic written,Nuuhteepuuyuuw sa job uhchi.,Nuuhtee-puuyuu-w sa job uhchi.,want-quit-3 3.POSS.F job from,,,,12775, +76-61,76,innitin picuktu,innitin\tpicuktu,sit\twant,I want to sit down. OR: He wants to sit down.,,The interpretation of the argument is context dependent.,1442[225],,reconstructed by documentalist,innitin picuktu,,sit want,The interpretation of the argument is context dependent.,,,12776, +76-62,76,kilamik navikta pĭcuktu,kilamik\tnavikta\tpĭcuktu,quickly\tbreak\twant,It wants to break quickly. OR: It is brittle.,,"The translations for navikta provided by Stefánsson (1909: 219; 228) are 'break, broken, torn'. The interpretation 'die, dead' is also possible, although usually the Hawaiian Pidgin word mukki is used for this.",1442[230],,reconstructed by documentalist,kilamik navikta pĭcuktu,,quickly break want,"The translations for navikta provided by Stefánsson (1909: 219; 228) are 'break, broken, torn'. The interpretation 'die, dead' is also possible, although usually the Hawaiian Pidgin word mukki is used for this.",,,12777, +76-63,76,nuna elekta awoña picuktu,nuna\telekta\tawoña\tpicuktu,land\tgo\tI\twant,I want to go ashore.,,,1442[228],,reconstructed by documentalist,nuna elekta awoña picuktu,,land go I want,,,,12778, +1-239,1,"A membre, hem de wan biggisanni.","A\tmemre,\ten\tde\twan\tbigisani.",3SG.SBJ\tthink\t3SG\tCOP\tINDF.SG\tbig.thing,He thinks he is a big shot.,,,1357[65],,written (dictionary),"A membre, hem de wan biggisanni.","A memre, en de wan bigisani.",3SG.SBJ think 3SG COP INDF.SG big.thing,,,,12779,"German: Er denkt von sich selber, dass er etwas grosses ist. [op.cit.]" +1-240,1,Mi wandi joe za trom hosse homan na plessi Aurora.,Mi\twani\tyu\tsa\ttron\toso-uma\tna\tpresi\tAurora.,1SG\twant\t2SG\tFUT\tbecome\thouse-maid\tLOC\tplace\tAurora,"I want you to become housemaid, instead of Aurora (lit. I want that you become housemaid, instead of Aurora).",,,1527[65],,written,Mi wandi joe za trom hosse homan na plessi Aurora.,Mi wani yu sa tron oso-uma na presi Aurora.,1SG want 2SG FUT become house-maid LOC place Aurora,,,,12780,"Dutch: Ik wil dat je een Huis-Meid word, in plaats van Aurora. [op.cit.]" +2-256,2,Yu denki taki na ala sma o gi bun sani.,Yu\tdenki\ttaki\tna\tala\tsma\to\tgi\tbun\tsani.,you\tthink\tthat\tCOP\tevery\tperson\twill\tgive\tgood\tthing,You think that everyone will give good (spirits).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yu denki taki na ala sma o gi bun sani.,,you think that COP every person will give good thing,,Winford transcripts,,12781, +2-257,2,Dati ede den no wani mi taki.,Dati\tede\tden\tno\twani\tmi\ttaki.,that\thead\tthey\tNEG\twant\tI\ttalk,Therefore they don't want me to talk.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dati ede den no wani mi taki.,,that head they NEG want I talk,,Winford transcripts,,12782, +2-258,2,Mi denki yu kaba nanga en.,Mi\tdenki\tyu\tkaba\tnanga\ten.,I\tthink\tyou\tfinish\twith\tit,I thought you were done with it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi denki yu kaba nanga en.,,I think you finish with it,,Winford transcripts,,12783, +3-140,3,A ke faa kisi di ogifou a matu.,A\tke\tfaa\tkisi\tdi\togifou\ta\tmatu.,3SG\twant\tfor.3SG\tcatch\tDEF.SG\towl\tLOC\tjungle,He wants him to catch the owl in the jungle.,,,199[138],,elicited from speaker,"A ke faa kisi di ogifou a matu.",,3SG want for.3SG catch DEF.SG owl LOC jungle,,,,12784, +3-141,3,M'é tá méni táa a ó kó amanjá.,M'=é\ttá\tméni\ttáa\ta\tó\tkó\tamanjá.,1SG=NEG\tASP\tthink\tsay\t3SG\tMOOD\tcome\ttomorrow,I don't think he will come tomorrow.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"M'é tá méni táa a ó kó amanjá.",M'=é tá méni táa a ó kó amanjá.,1SG=NEG ASP think say 3SG MOOD come tomorrow,,Fieldwork data,,12785, +4-166,4,A be wani (fu) leli a koni fu a bakaa.,A\tbe\twani\t(fu)\tleli\ta\tkoni\tfu\ta\tbakaa.,he\tPST\twant\t(for)\tlearn\tDET.SG\tclever\tPOSS\tDET.SG\toutsider,He wanted to learn the wisdom of the white people.,,Note that fu is optional after wani.,661[513],,naturalistic spoken,A be wani (fu) leli a koni fu a bakaa.,,he PST want (for) learn DET.SG clever POSS DET.SG outsider,"Note that fu is optional after wani.",,,12786, +4-167,4,"En den e denki taki pe u de ya, u abi sama.","En\tden\te\tdenki\ttaki\tpe\tu\tde\tya,\tu\tabi\tsama.",and\tthey\tIPFV\tthink\tsay\twhere\twe\tCOP\there\twe\thave\tpeople,"And they think that where we are, we have [lots of] people.",,,284,,naturalistic spoken,"En den e denki taki pe u de ya, u abi sama.",,and they IPFV think say where we COP here we have people,,,,12787, +4-168,4,A wani (fu) en boy kon tan anga en.,A\twani\t(fu)\ten\tboy\tkon\ttan\tanga\ten.,she\twant\t(for)\ther\tboy\tcome\tstay\twith\ther,She wants her son to come and stay with her.,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,A wani (fu) en boy kon tan anga en.,,she want (for) her boy come stay with her,,Own knowledge,,12788, +5-171,5,ii tingk se ii piknin de hoom,ii\ttingk\tse\tii\tpiknin\tde\thoom,3SG\tthink\tCOMP\ther\tson\tLOC.PRED\thome,She thinks that her son is at home.,,This construction can occur optionally without the complementizer se.,,,constructed by linguist,"ii tingk se ii piknin de hoom",,3SG think COMP her son LOC.PRED home,"This construction can occur optionally without the complementizer se.",Own knowledge,,12789, +5-172,5,ii waahn ii pikniin fo de hoom,ii\twaahn\tii\tpikniin\tfo\tde\thoom,3SG\twant\t3SG.POSS\tchild\tto\tLOC.PRED\thome,She wants her child to be at home.,,This construction can occur optionally without the complementizer fo.,,,constructed by linguist,ii waahn ii pikniin fo de hoom,,3SG want 3SG.POSS child to LOC.PRED home,"This construction can occur optionally without the complementizer fo.",Own knowledge,,12790, +6-104,6,Ah know some of allyuh tink is only TNT ah talking about.,Ah\tknow\tsome\tof\tallyuh\ttink\tis\tonly\tTNT\tah\ttalking\tabout.,1SG\tknow\tsome\tof\t2PL\tthink\tis\tonly\tTNT\t1SG\ttalk.PROG\tabout,I know that some of you think that I am only talking about TNT (Trinidad and Tobago).,,,,,naturalistic written,Ah know some of allyuh tink is only TNT ah talking about.,,1SG know some of 2PL think is only TNT 1SG talk.PROG about,,Own corpus data,,12791, +6-132,6,Ah want allyuh to tell me.,Ah\twant\tallyuh\tto\ttell\tme.,I\twant\tyou\tto\ttell\tme,I want you to tell me.,,,,,,Ah want allyuh to tell me.,,I want you to tell me,,,,12792, +7-70,7,Dem waan mi (fo) go jeil.,Dem\twaan\tmi\t(fo)\tgo\tjeil.,3PL\twant\t1SG\t(for)\tgo\tjail,They want me to go to jail.,,The complementizer fo is optional.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Dem waan mi (fo) go jeil.,,3PL want 1SG (for) go jail,"The complementizer fo is optional.",Own knowledge,,12793, +7-236,7,If yo tingk (dat) a lai fain.,If\tyo\ttingk\t(dat)\ta\tlai\tfain.,if\t2SG\tthink\t(that)\t1SG\tlie\tfine,"If you think I am lying, fine.",,The complementizer after tingk is optional.,1244[A13],,naturalistic spoken,If yo tingk (dat) a lai fain.,,if 2SG think (that) 1SG lie fine,"The complementizer after tingk is optional.",,,12794, +7-237,7,Hu yo tingk se so?,Hu\tyo\ttingk\tse\tso?,who\tSBJ\tthink\tsay\tso,Who do you think said that?,,The use of a complementizer is not possible.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hu yo tingk se so?,,who SBJ think say so,The use of a complementizer is not possible.,Own knowledge,,12795, +8-149,8,Mi tingk se yu de tel mi lai.,Mi\ttingk\tse\tyu\tde\ttel\tmi\tlai.,1SG\tthink\tCOMP\t2SG\tPROG\ttell\t1SG\tlie,I think you are lying to me.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mi tingk se yu de tel mi lai.",,1SG think COMP 2SG PROG tell 1SG lie,,Own knowledge,,12796, +8-150,8,Mi waahn yu fi tek a gud luk.,Mi\twaahn\tyu\tfi\ttek\ta\tgud\tluk.,1SG\twant\t2SG\tINF\ttake\tINDF\tgood\tlook,I want you to take a good look.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mi waahn yu fi tek a gud luk.",,1SG want 2SG INF take INDF good look,,Own knowledge,,12797, +9-184,9,Yu no wan a pul wan fu yu?,Yu\tno\twan\ta\tpul\twan\tfu\tyu?,2SG\tNEG\twant\t1SG\tpull\tone\tfor\tyou,Don't you want me to get one for you?,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,Yu no wan a pul wan fu yu?,,2SG NEG want 1SG pull one for you,,,,12798, +10-227,10,Mi tink se da wan gud ting.,Mi\ttink\tse\tda\twan\tgud\tting.,1SG\tthink\tCOMP\tDEM\tART.INDF\tgood\tthing,I think that's a good thing.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi tink se da wan gud ting.",,1SG think COMP DEM ART.INDF good thing,,Field notes 2008,,12799, +10-228,10,Ihn waahn evribady fi get hapi.,Ihn\twaahn\tevri-bady\tfi\tget\thapi.,3SG\twant\tevery-body\tCOMP\tget\thappy,He wants everybody to become happy.,,,113[103],,elicited from speaker,"Ihn waahn evribady fi get hapi.",Ihn waahn evri-bady fi get hapi.,3SG want every-body COMP get happy,,,,12800, +10-229,10,Ihn waahn ihn vais fi kom fain.,Ihn\twaahn\tihn\tvais\tfi\tkom\tfain.,3SG\twant\t3SG.POSS\tvoice\tCOMP\tcome\tfine,He wanted his voice to sound nice.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ihn waahn ihn vais fi kom fain.,,3SG want 3SG.POSS voice COMP come fine,,Unpublished field recordings,,12801, +10-230,10,Ihn tink se ihn son de huom.,Ihn\ttink\tse\tihn\tson\tde\thuom.,3SG\tthink\tCOMP\t3SG.POSS\tson\tCOP.LOC\thome,She thinks that her son is at home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ihn tink se ihn son de huom.,,3SG think COMP 3SG.POSS son COP.LOC home,,Field notes 2008,,12802, +10-231,10,Ihn waahn ihn son fi stan huom.,Ihn\twaahn\tihn\tson\tfi\tstan\thuom.,3SG\twant\t3SG.POSS\tson\tCOMP\tstand\thome,She wants her son to stay at home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ihn waahn ihn son fi stan huom.,,3SG want 3SG.POSS son COMP stand home,,Field notes 2008,,12803, +11-300,11,Shi tink se iz shi.,Shi\ttink\tse\tiz\tshi.,3SG.F\tthink\tCOMP\tCOP.PRS\t3SG.F,She thought it was her.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Shi tink se iz shi.,,3SG.F think COMP COP.PRS 3SG.F,,,,12804, +11-301,11,Shi mi tink ih son mi huom.,Shi\tmi\ttink\tih\tson\tmi\thuom.,3SG.F\tPST\tthink\t3SG.POSS\tson\tPST\thome,She thought her son was at home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Shi mi tink ih son mi huom.,,3SG.F PST think 3SG.POSS son PST home,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,12805, +11-302,11,Dem waa di dakta an ih waif fa daans.,Dem\twaa\tdi\tdakta\tan\tih\twaif\tfa\tdaans.,3PL\twant\tART.DEF\tdoctor\tand\t3SG.POSS\twife\tCOMP\tdance,They wanted the doctor and his wife to dance.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Dem waa di dakta an ih waif fa daans.",,3PL want ART.DEF doctor and 3SG.POSS wife COMP dance,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,12806, +11-303,11,Shi mi waa fu ih son go huom.,Shi\tmi\twaa\tfu\tih\tson\tgo\thuom.,3SG.F\tPST\twant\tCOMP\t3SG.POSS\tson\tgo\thome,She wanted her son to go home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Shi mi waa fu ih son go huom.,,3SG.F PST want COMP 3SG.POSS son go home,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,12807, +11-304,11,Dei waahn di mama main di beebi.,Dei\twaahn\tdi\tmama\tmain\tdi\tbeebi.,3PL\twant\tART.DEF\tmother\tmind\tART.DEF\tbaby,They want their mothers to mind their babies.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Dei waahn di mama main di beebi.,,3PL want ART.DEF mother mind ART.DEF baby,,,,12808, +12-245,12,One of these time - you want me go with you one of these time?,[...]\tyou\twant\tme\tgo\t[...]?,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\twant\t1SG.OBJ\tgo\t[...],[...] you want me to go [with you] [...]?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,One of these time - you want me go with you one of these time?,[...] you want me go [...]?,[...] 2SG.SBJ want 1SG.OBJ go [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12809, +12-246,12,I think he ride for someone.,I\tthink\the\tride\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\tthink\t3SG.M.SBJ\tride\t[...],I think he rides [[horse races] for someone].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I think he ride for someone.,I think he ride [...].,1SG.SBJ think 3SG.M.SBJ ride [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12810, +12-247,12,I think he 'bout old as me.,I\tthink\the\t'bout\told\tas\tme.,1SG.SBJ\tthink\t3SG.M.SBJ\tabout\told\tas\tme,I think he’s about my age.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I think he 'bout old as me.,,1SG.SBJ think 3SG.M.SBJ about old as me,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12811, +12-248,12,"So - when he came back off the boat, right, no - his wife - his wife - his wife didn't want no one pick the fig - the - the fig off the tree.",[...]\this\twife\tdidn't\twant\tno\tone\tpick\tthe\tfig\t[...].,[...]\t3SG.POSS\twife\tNEG.PST\twant\tno\tone\tpick\tART\tfig[PL]\t[...],[...] his wife didn’t want anyone to pick the figs [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"So - when he came back off the boat, right, no - his wife - his wife - his wife didn't want no one pick the fig - the - the fig off the tree.",[...] his wife didn't want no one pick the fig [...].,[...] 3SG.POSS wife NEG.PST want no one pick ART fig[PL] [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,12812, +13-176,13,Ya mus dohn tink say dat A come fa git rid ob de Law wa God gii Moses.,Ya\tmus\tdohn\ttink\tsay\tdat\tA\tcome\tfa\tgit\trid\tob\tde\tLaw\twa\tGod\tgii\tMoses.,you\tmust\tdon't\tthink\tCOMP\tCOMP\tI\tcome\tfor\tget\trid\tof\tthe\tlaw\twhat\tGod\tgive\tMoses,You must not think that I came to get rid of the law that God gave Moses. (Mt 5.17),,,357[13],,bible translation,"Ya mus dohn tink say dat A come fa git rid ob de Law wa God gii Moses.",,you must don't think COMP COMP I come for get rid of the law what God give Moses,,,,12813, +13-177,13,E ain wahn nobody fa know e dey.,E\tain\twahn\tnobody\tfa\tknow\te\tdey.,3SG\tNEG.AUX\twant\tnobody\tto\tknow\t3SG\tthere,He doesn't want anybody to know he is there. (Mk 7.24),,,357[144],,bible translation,E ain wahn nobody fa know e dey.,,3SG NEG.AUX want nobody to know 3SG there,,,,12814, +14-135,14,Bruce thinks that his book is on the table.,Bruce\tthinks\tthat\this\tbook\tis\ton\tthe\ttable.,Bruce\tthinks\tthat\this\tbook\tis\ton\tthe\ttable,Bruce thinks that his book is on the table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce thinks that his book is on the table.,,Bruce thinks that his book is on the table,,Own knowledge,,12815, +14-136,14,Bruce wants his book to be on the table.,Bruce\twants\this\tbook\tto\tbe\ton\tthe\ttable.,Bruce\twants\this\tbook\tto\tbe\ton\tthe\ttable,Bruce wants his book to be on the table.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce wants his book to be on the table.,,Bruce wants his book to be on the table,,Own knowledge,,12816, +15-130,15,a mɛmba se dɛm bin win loto,a\tmɛmba\tse\tdɛm\tbin\twin\tloto,1SG\tthink\tCOMP\t3PL\tPST\twin\tlottery,I thought that they won the lottery.,,,518,,naturalistic written,"a mɛmba se dɛm bin win loto",,1SG think COMP 3PL PST win lottery,,,,12817, +16-145,16,à tiŋk se jɔ noz sɛf ì dè hiɛ sɔmtiŋ,à\ttiŋk\tse\tjɔ\tnoz\tsɛf\tì\tdè\thiɛ\tsɔmtiŋ,1SG.SBJ\tthink\tCOMP\t2SG.POSS\tnose\tFOC\t3SG.SBJ\tPROG\tsmell\tsomething,I think that even your nose is smelling something.,,,656[189],,naturalistic spoken,"à tiŋk se jɔ noz sɛf ì dè hiɛ sɔmtiŋ",,1SG.SBJ think COMP 2SG.POSS nose FOC 3SG.SBJ PROG smell something,,,,12818, +16-146,16,à wɔn se dè gò kam fiks àm,à\twɔn\tse\tdè\tgò\tkam\tfiks\tàm,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t3PL\tFUT\tcome\tfix\t3SG.OBJ,I want them to come and fix it.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"à wɔn se dè gò kam fiks àm",,1SG want COMP 3PL FUT come fix 3SG.OBJ,,Own fieldwork,,12819, +17-170,17,À tink se dè̱m go tawn.,À\ttink\tse\tdè̱m\tgo\ttawn.,1SG.SBJ\tthink\tCOMP\t3PL.SBJ\tgo\ttown,I think that they went to town.,,"While both tink ‘think’ and want ‘want’ take se as a complementizer, the object clause that follows tink is in the indicative, while the object clause that follows want is in the subjunctive.",462[213],,naturalistic spoken,"À tink se dè̱m go tawn.",,1SG.SBJ think COMP 3PL.SBJ go town,"While both tink ‘think’ and want ‘want’ take se as a complementizer, the object clause that follows tink is in the indicative, while the object clause that follows want is in the subjunctive.",,,12820, +17-171,17,À want se mek dè̱m go tawn.,À\twant\tse\tmek\tdè̱m\tgo\ttawn.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tCOMP\tSBJV\t3PL.SBJ\tgo\ttown,I want them to go to town.,,"While both tink ‘think’ and want ‘want’ take se as a complementizer, the object clause that follows tink is in the indicative, while the object clause that follows want is in the subjunctive.",462[213],,naturalistic spoken,"À want se mek dè̱m go tawn.",,1SG.SBJ want COMP SBJV 3PL.SBJ go town,"While both tink ‘think’ and want ‘want’ take se as a complementizer, the object clause that follows tink is in the indicative, while the object clause that follows want is in the subjunctive.",,,12821, +18-156,18,A tin se dem go fo maket.,A\ttin\tse\tdem\tgo\tfo\tmaket.,1SG.SBJ\tthink\tCOMP\t3PL.SBJ\tgo\tfor\tmarket,I think they went to the market.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,A tin se dem go fo maket.,,1SG.SBJ think COMP 3PL.SBJ go for market,,,,12822, +18-157,18,Yu tin se yu papa go kom fo Douala?,Yu\ttin\tse\tyu\tpapa\tgo\tkom\tfo\tDouala?,2SG.SBJ\tthink\tCOMP\t2SG.POSS\tfather\tgo\tcome\tfor\tDouala,Do you think that your father will come to Douala?,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Yu tin se yu papa go kom fo Douala?,,2SG.SBJ think COMP 2SG.POSS father go come for Douala,,,,12823, +18-158,18,Yu wan se mek yu papa kom fo Douala?,Yu\twan\tse\tmek\tyu\tpapa\tkom\tfo\tDouala?,2SG.SBJ\twant\tCOMP\tmake\t2SG.POSS\tfather\tcome\tfor\tDouala,Do you want your father to come to Douala?,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"Yu wan se mek yu papa kom fo Douala?",,2SG.SBJ want COMP make 2SG.POSS father come for Douala,,,,12824, +19-192,19,À bìn chɛk se ren gò fɔl.,À\tbìn\tchɛk\tse\tren\tgò\tfɔl.,1SG.SBJ\tPST\tthink\tQUOT\train\tPOT\train.,I thought it might rain.,,,1634[437],,naturalistic spoken,"À bìn chɛk se ren gò fɔl.",,1SG.SBJ PST think QUOT rain POT rain.,,,,12825, +19-193,19,À want mek yù du mi sɔ̀n febɔ.,À\twant\tmek\tyù\tdu\tmi\tsɔ̀n\tfebɔ.,1SG.SBJ\twant\tSBJV\t2SG\tdo\t1SG.EMPH\tsome\tfavour,I want you to do me a favour.,,The subordinate subject can only be overtly expressed in a subjunctive clause introduced by the modal complementizer mek [SBJV]. It does matter if the subordinate subject is coreferential with the main subject or not.,1634[577],,naturalistic spoken,"À want mek yù du mi sɔ̀n febɔ.",,1SG.SBJ want SBJV 2SG do 1SG.EMPH some favour,"The subordinate subject can only be overtly expressed in a subjunctive clause introduced by the modal complementizer mek [SBJV]. It does matter if the subordinate subject is coreferential with the main subject or not.",,,12826, +20-135,20,I thinkee he wantchee some man makee help he.,I\tthinkee\the\twantchee\tsome\tman\tmakee\thelp\the.,1SG\tthink\t3SG\twant\tsome\tman\tmake\thelp\t3SG,I believe he is short of hands.,,,1489[VI.79],,naturalistic written,I thinkee he wantchee some man makee help he.,,1SG think 3SG want some man make help 3SG,,,挨丁其希灣治深文米記協希,12827, +20-136,20,My wantchee you give me some bargain money.,My\twantchee\tyou\tgive\tme\tsome\tbargain\tmoney.,1SG\twant\t2SG\tgive\t1SG\tsome\tbargain\tmoney,I want you to give me some bargain money.,,,1489[VI.23],,naturalistic written,My wantchee you give me some bargain money.,,1SG want 2SG give 1SG some bargain money,,,米灣治㕭刦未深巴堅捫尼,12828, +20-137,20,He tinkee so my go singsong girlee night-time.,He\ttinkee\tso\tmy\tgo\tsingsong\tgirlee\tnight-time.,3SG\tthink\tCOMP\t1SG\tgo\tsingsong\tgirl\tnight-time,She thinks that I go to visit singsong girls at night.,,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b).,1264[21],,naturalistic written,He tinkee so my go singsong girlee night-time.,,3SG think COMP 1SG go singsong girl night-time,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b).,,,12829, +21-137,21,I think (that) my son at home.,I\tthink\t(that)\tmy\tson\tat\thome.,1SG\tthink\t(COMP)\t1SG.POSS\tson\tat\thome,I think that my son is at home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I think (that) my son at home.,,1SG think (COMP) 1SG.POSS son at home,,Own knowledge,,12830, +21-138,21,I want my son (to) come home.,I\twant\tmy\tson\t(to)\tcome\thome.,1SG\twant\t1SG.POSS\tson\t(to)\tcome\thome,I want my son to come home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I want my son (to) come home.,,1SG want 1SG.POSS son (to) come home,,Own knowledge,,12831, +22-170,22,Mama blongen i laik bai em go bek.,Mama\tblong-en\ti\tlaik\tbai\tem\tgo\tbek.,mother\tPOSS-3SG\tPM\tlike\tFUT\t3SG\tgo\tback,Her mother wanted her to go back.,,,"584[15 year old girl, West new Britain]",,naturalistic spoken,Mama blongen i laik bai em go bek.,Mama blong-en i laik bai em go bek.,mother POSS-3SG PM like FUT 3SG go back,,,,12832, +22-171,22,Mipla ting olsem em bai givim mipla hat fanishment nau.,Mipla\tting\tolsem\tem\tbai\tgivim\tmipla\that\tfanishment\tnau.,1PL.EXCL\tthink\tCOMP\t3SG\tFUT\tgive.TR\t1PL.EXCL\thard\tpunishment\tnow,We thought that he would give us hard punishment now.,,,"584[16 year old girl, Manus]",,naturalistic spoken,"Mipla ting olsem em bai givim mipla hat fanishment nau.",,1PL.EXCL think COMP 3SG FUT give.TR 1PL.EXCL hard punishment now,,,,12833, +23-156,23,mi mi ting se tufala i giaman long mi nomo,mi\tmi\tting\tse\ttufala\ti\tgiaman\tlong\tmi\tnomo,1SG\t1SG\tthink\tCOMP\t3.DUAL\tAGR\tlie\tPREP\t1SG\tonly,I (emphatic) thought that they were just lying to me,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,mi mi ting se tufala i giaman long mi nomo,,1SG 1SG think COMP 3.DUAL AGR lie PREP 1SG only,,,,12834, +23-157,23,plante taem hem i wantem se man i mas folem tingting blong hem,plante\ttaem\them\ti\twantem\tse\tman\ti\tmas\tfolem\tting~ting\tblong\them,plenty\ttime\t3SG\tAGR\twant\tCOMP\tman\tAGR\tmust\tfollow\tthink~think\tPOSS\t3SG,There are lots of times when she wants everyone to do what she thinks.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,plante taem hem i wantem se man i mas folem tingting blong hem,plante taem hem i wantem se man i mas folem ting~ting blong hem,plenty time 3SG AGR want COMP man AGR must follow think~think POSS 3SG,,,,12835, +24-175,24,Ai thort ai musa dan.,Ai\tthort\tai\tmusa\tdan.,1SG.SBJ\tthink\t1SG.SBJ\talmost\tdone,I thought I was nearly finished.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai thort ai musa dan.,,1SG.SBJ think 1SG.SBJ almost done,,Own knowledge,,12836, +24-176,24,Nor gut any government nor wunt fe hawe one complete database.,Nor\tgut\tany\tgovernment\tnor\twunt\tfe\thawe\tone\tcomplete\tdatabase.,NEG\texist\tany\tgovernment\tNEG\twant\tCOMP\thave\tDET.INDF.SG\tcomplete\tdatabase,There isn't any government that doesn't want to have a complete database.,,,,,internet chatroom,"Nor gut any government nor wunt fe hawe one complete database.",,NEG exist any government NEG want COMP have DET.INDF.SG complete database,,Internet chatroom,,12837, +25-322,25,"Hi don wantim olabat habem, pirdi deinjes.","Hi\tdon\twant-im\tolabat\thab-em,\tpirdi\tdeinjes.",3SG\tNEG\twant-TR\t3PL\thave-TR\tpretty\tdangerous,"He doesn't want them (the children) to have them, [they are] pretty dangerous. (Talking about sling shots.)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation, possibly acrolectal. The example illustrates a complement of 'want' without a complementizer.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Hi don wantim olabat habem, pirdi deinjes.","Hi don want-im olabat hab-em, pirdi deinjes.",3SG NEG want-TR 3PL have-TR pretty dangerous,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation, possibly acrolectal. The example illustrates a complement of 'want' without a complementizer.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,12838, +26-111,26,'cause us neva like you in the picture,'cause\tus\tneva\tlike\tyou\tin\tthe\tpicture,because\t1PL\tNEG.PST\tDESID\t2SG\tin\tART\tpicture,because we didn't want you (being) in the picture,,,1635[41-2],,naturalistic written,'cause us neva like you in the picture,,because 1PL NEG.PST DESID 2SG in ART picture,,,,12839, +26-112,26,deɪ no laɪk ju waʃ jo hɛa,deɪ\tno\tlaɪk\tju\twaʃ\tjo\thɛa,3PL\tNEG\tDESID\t2SG\twash\t2SG.POSS\thair,They don't want you to wash your hair.,,,1545[98],,naturalistic spoken,deɪ no laɪk ju waʃ jo hɛa,,3PL NEG DESID 2SG wash 2SG.POSS hair,,,,12840, +27-124,27,As ju mangkḗ mi fo gi ju jet [...].,As\tju\tmangkḗ\tmi\tfo\tgi\tju\tjet\t[...].,if\t2SG\twant\t1SG\tfor\tgive\t2SG\tfood\t[...],If you want me to give you food [...].,,,355[42],,elicited from speaker,As ju mangkḗ mi fo gi ju jet [...].,,if 2SG want 1SG for give 2SG food [...],,,,12841, +28-166,28,di mama suka M fi ʃima fan di wari ka,di\tmama\tsuku-a\tM\tfi\tʃima\tfan\tdi\twari\tka,the\tmother\twant-IPFV\tM\tfor\tmove\tfrom\tthe\thouse\tNEG,The mother doesn't want M. to move out of the house.,,,737[324],,naturalistic spoken,di mama suka M fi ʃima fan di wari ka,di mama suku-a M fi ʃima fan di wari ka,the mother want-IPFV M for move from the house NEG,,,,12842, +28-167,28,tito suka ju kikjeni [...],titi\to\tsuku-a\tju\tkiki\teni\t[...],time\t3SG\twant-IPFV\t2SG\tsee\t3PL\t[...],When it wants you to see them [...],,,737[351],,naturalistic spoken,tito suka ju kikjeni [...],titi o suku-a ju kiki eni [...],time 3SG want-IPFV 2SG see 3PL [...],,,,12843, +28-168,28,tito bion di poto bjatɛ nau [...],titi\to\tbionto\tdi\tpoto\tbia-tɛ\tnau\t[...],time\t3SG\tbelieve\tthe\tpot\tcook-PRF\tnow\t[...],When he thought his pot had cooked (i.e. the food had cooked) [...],,,737[336],,naturalistic spoken,tito bion di poto bjatɛ nau [...],titi o bionto di poto bia-tɛ nau [...],time 3SG believe the pot cook-PRF now [...],,,,12844, +28-169,28,soso glof datiti o dototɛ o ma bu musu,soso\to\tglofu\tdati\ttiti\to\tdoto-tɛ\to\tma\tbu\tmusu,thus\t3SG\tbelieve\tthat\ttime\t3SG\tdie-PRF\t3SG\tIRR\tdrink\tmuch,"This is what he believes, that when he is dead, he will drink a lot.",,,737[604],,naturalistic spoken,soso glof datiti o dototɛ o ma bu musu,soso o glofu dati titi o doto-tɛ o ma bu musu,thus 3SG believe that time 3SG die-PRF 3SG IRR drink much,,,,12845, +28-170,28,o glof bi di tau kán bitjo,o\tglofu\tbi\tdi\ttau\tkán\tbiti\to,3SG\tbelieve\tsay\tthe\tsnake\tcannot\tbite\t3SG,He believed that the snake couldn't bite him.,,Kán 'cannot' represents a Creolese intrusion; see Kouwenberg (2000) for discussion.,737[604],,naturalistic spoken,o glof bi di tau kán bitjo,o glofu bi di tau kán biti o,3SG believe say the snake cannot bite 3SG,"Kán 'cannot' represents a Creolese intrusion; see Kouwenberg (2000) for discussion.",,,12846, +29-194,29,Sy glo dat haar seun by die huis is.,Sy\tglo\tdat\thaar\tseun\tby\tdie\thuis\tis.,3SG.F.NOM\tthinks\tthat\t3SG.F.POSS\tson\tby\tDEF.ART\thouse\tis,She thinks that her son is at home.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sy glo dat haar seun by die huis is.,,3SG.F.NOM thinks that 3SG.F.POSS son by DEF.ART house is,,Own knowledge,,12847, +29-195,29,Anna wil dat haar seun huis toe gaan.,Anna\twil\tdat\thaar\tseun\thuis\ttoe\tgaan.,Anna\twants\tthat\t3SG.F.POSS\tson\thouse\tto\tgo,Anne wants her son to go home.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Anna wil dat haar seun huis toe gaan.,,Anna wants that 3SG.F.POSS son house to go,,Own knowledge,,12848, +30-206,30,"N ka txomá-u, pamodi N pensa ma bu stába kansádu!","N=ka=txomá=u,\tpamodi\tN=pensa\tma=bu=stá-ba\tkansádu!",1SG=NEG=call=2SG\tbecause\t1SG=think\tCOMP=2SG=be-ANT\ttired,I didn't call you because I thought you were tired!,,,1407[213],,naturalistic spoken,"N ka txomá-u, pamodi N pensa ma bu stába kansádu!","N=ka=txomá=u, pamodi N=pensa ma=bu=stá-ba kansádu!",1SG=NEG=call=2SG because 1SG=think COMP=2SG=be-ANT tired,,,,12849,"German: Ich habe dich nicht gerufen, weil ich glaubte, du seist müde!" +30-207,30,"Ago, N kre pa nhos po-m na skóla!","Ago,\tN=kre\tpa=nhos=po=m\tna=skóla!",now\t1SG=want\tfor=2PL=put=1SG\tinto=school,Now I want you to put me in school!,,,1407[109],,naturalistic spoken,"Ago, N kre pa nhos po-m na skóla!","Ago, N=kre pa=nhos=po=m na=skóla!",now 1SG=want for=2PL=put=1SG into=school,,,,12850,"German: Jetzt möchte ich, dass ihr mich in die Schule steckt!" +31-165,31,"E mi speransa, N t’atxa kuma e more dja sigo.","E\tmi\tsperansa,\tN\tt’atxa\tkuma\te\tmore\tdja\tsigo.",it.is\tmy\thope\tI\tHAB.find\tCOMP\the\tdie\tlike\tthis,"It is my hope, I think that he died just like that.",,"In some varieties, it is possible to find atxa ki 'think that' (as seen in another example listed under this feature) instead of atxa ma. It is also worth noting that there is a tense distinction between the clauses introduced by ma or ki and those introduced by pa. Ma and ki select for tensed clauses whereas pa selects for infinitival clauses.",425,,naturalistic written,"E mi speransa, N t’atxa kuma e more dja sigo.",,it.is my hope I HAB.find COMP he die like this,"In some varieties, it is possible to find atxa ki 'think that' (as seen in another example listed under this feature) instead of atxa ma. It is also worth noting that there is a tense distinction between the clauses introduced by ma or ki and those introduced by pa. Ma and ki select for tensed clauses whereas pa selects for infinitival clauses.",,,12851, +31-166,31,N t'atxa ki keli e mutu bon.,N\tt'atxa\tki\tkeli\te\tmutu\tbon.,I\tHAB.find\tCOMP\tthis\tis\tvery\tgood,I find that this is very good.,,"A verb like 'think/find' can select the complementizer ki, as attested in naturally occurring speech data. This example was taken from my Santiago corpus but is also illustrative for the Brava variety although I could not find an example in my Brava corpus.",,,naturalistic spoken,"N t'atxa ki keli e mutu bon.",,I HAB.find COMP this is very good,"A verb like 'think/find' can select the complementizer ki, as attested in naturally occurring speech data. This example was taken from my Santiago corpus but is also illustrative for the Brava variety although I could not find an example in my Brava corpus.","Juliana (ST), p.c.",,12852, +31-167,31,Pedro kre pa nu bai.,Pedro\tkre\tpa\tnu\tbai.,Pedro\twant\tfor\twe\tgo,Pedro wants us to go.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pedro kre pa nu bai.,,Pedro want for we go,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,12853, +32-164,32,El pensâ kma se fidj táva na káza.,El\tpensâ\tkma\tse\tfidj\ttáva\tna\tkáza.,3SG\tthink\tCOMP\tPOSS.3SG\tson\tCOP.PST\tLOC\thouse,She thought that her son was at home.,,"Complementizers: ma, k, and also zero complementizer are possible.",1456,,elicited from speaker,"El pensâ kma se fidj táva na káza.",,3SG think COMP POSS.3SG son COP.PST LOC house,"Complementizers: ma, k, and also zero complementizer are possible.",,,12854,Portuguese: Ela pensou que o filho estava em casa. +32-165,32,El krê pa se fidj ben pa káza.,El\tkrê\tpa\tse\tfidj\tben\tpa\tkáza.,3SG\twant\tCOMP\tPOSS.SG\tson\tcome\tto\thome,She wants her son to come home.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,"El krê pa se fidj ben pa káza.",,3SG want COMP POSS.SG son come to home,,,,12855,Portuguese: Ela quer que o seu filho venha para casa. +33-191,33,I pensa kuma si fidju sta na kasa.,I\tpensa\tkuma\tsi\tfidju\tsta\tna\tkasa.,3SG\tthink\tCOMP\tPOSS\tson\tCOP\tat\thome,She thinks that her son is at home.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I pensa kuma si fidju sta na kasa.",,3SG think COMP POSS son COP at home,,Own knowledge,,12856,Portuguese: Ela pensa que o seu filho está em casa. +33-192,33,I misti pa si fidju bay kasa.,I\tmisti\tpa\tsi\tfidju\tbay\tkasa.,3SG\twant\tCOMP\tPOSS\tson\tgo\thome,She wants her son to go home.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I misti pa si fidju bay kasa.",,3SG want COMP POSS son go home,,Own knowledge,,12857,Portuguese: Ela quer que o seu filho vá para casa. +34-154,34,I kudá kumá si fiju sá na kasa.,I\tø\tkudá\tkumá\tsi\tfiju\tø\tsá\tna\tkasa.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tthink\tCOMP\tPOSS.3SG\tchild\tPFV\tCOP\tat\thouse,He/she thinks that his/her child is at home.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I kudá kumá si fiju sá na kasa.","I ø kudá kumá si fiju ø sá na kasa.",3SG.SBJ PFV think COMP POSS.3SG child PFV COP at house,,Own knowledge,,12858, +34-155,34,I mesté pa si fiju ribá kasa. ~ I mesté nti si fiju ribá kasa.,I ø mesté pa si fiju ø ribá kasa. ~ I ø mesté nti si fiju ø ribá kasa.,3SG.SBJ PFV want COMP POSS.3SG child PFV come.back house   3SG.SBJ PFV want COMP POSS.3SG child PFV come.back house,He/she wants his/her child to come home.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I mesté pa si fiju ribá kasa. ~ I mesté nti si fiju ribá kasa.","I ø mesté pa si fiju ø ribá kasa. ~ I ø mesté nti si fiju ø ribá kasa.",3SG.SBJ PFV want COMP POSS.3SG child PFV come.back house 3SG.SBJ PFV want COMP POSS.3SG child PFV come.back house,,Own knowledge,,12859, +35-218,35,Manse kunda kuma mina môlê.,Manse\tkunda\tkuma\tmina\tmôlê.,foreigner\tthink\tCOMP\tgirl\tdie,The foreigner thought that the girl had died.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Manse kunda kuma mina môlê.",,foreigner think COMP girl die,,Own data,,12860, +35-219,35,N mêsê pa men jê mina awa se da anzu se.,N\tmêsê\tpa\tmen\tjê\tmina\tawa\tse\tda\tanzu\tse.,1SG\twant\tCOMP\tmother\tfetch\tlittle\twater\tDEM\tgive\tbaby\tDEM,I want the mother to fetch a little bit of water for the baby.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"N mêsê pa men jê mina awa se da anzu se.",,1SG want COMP mother fetch little water DEM give baby DEM,,Own data,,12861, +36-132,36,[...] n vatxê ê bê r'ê.,[...]\tn\tvatxê\tê\tbê\tr'ê.,[...]\t1SG\tbelieve\t3SG\tgo\tof=3SG,[...] I thought he had left.,,,901[114],,naturalistic spoken,[...] n vatxê ê bê r'ê.,,[...] 1SG believe 3SG go of=3SG,,,,12862,French: [...] j'ai cru qu'il était parti. +36-136,36,N thêka pentha ma pisikarô na ba mionga wa.,N\tthêka\tpentha\tma\tpisikarô\tna\tba\tmionga\twa.,1SG\tPROG\tthink\tCOMP\tfisherman\tNEG\tgo\tsea\tNEG,I think that the fishermen didn't go to the sea.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"N thêka pentha ma pisikarô na ba mionga wa.",,1SG PROG think COMP fisherman NEG go sea NEG,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,12863, +36-137,36,Peru mêthê pa Maa kopa fanha.,Peru\tmêthê\tpa\tMaa\tkopa\tfanha.,Peru\twant\tCOMP\tMaa\tbuy\tflour,Peru wants Maa to buy flour.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Peru mêthê pa Maa kopa fanha.,,Peru want COMP Maa buy flour,,Own knowledge,,12864, +37-171,37,kuda ya,kuda\tya,think\tCOMP,think that,,,,,constructed by linguist,"kuda ya",,think COMP,,Own knowledge,,12865, +37-172,37,mêsê pa,mêsê\tpa,want\tCOMP,want that,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mêsê pa",,want COMP,,Own knowledge,,12866, +38-180,38,M’ ngo pa bo sefa.,Amu\tngo\tpa\tbo\tse-fa.,1SG\twant\tfor\t2SG\tknow-speak,I want you to know it.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"M’ ngo pa bo sefa.",Amu ngo pa bo se-fa.,1SG want for 2SG know-speak,,Own fieldwork 1993,,12867, +39-165,39,El kɛr ki nɔs kõt istɔr.,El\tkɛr\tki\tnɔs\tkõt\tistɔr.,3SG\twant.NPST\tCOMP\t1PL\ttell.NPST\tstory,He wants us to chat.,,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the expression kõta istɔr (literally 'tell a story/stories') is often used with the meaning of 'to chat'.",221[145],,naturalistic spoken,El kɛr ki nɔs kõt istɔr.,,3SG want.NPST COMP 1PL tell.NPST story,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the expression kõta istɔr (literally 'tell a story/stories') is often used with the meaning of 'to chat'.",,,12868, +39-166,39,Use kẽ pẽs ki a gaŋa?,Use\tkẽ\tpẽs\tki\ta\tgaŋ-a?,2SG\twho\tthink.NPST\tCOMP\tIRR.NPST\twin-INF,Who do you think will win?,,,218,,elicited from speaker,Use kẽ pẽs ki a gaŋa?,Use kẽ pẽs ki a gaŋ-a?,2SG who think.NPST COMP IRR.NPST win-INF,,,,12869, +40-132,40,(1) Mari pesan ki su rhapa də kadz tɛ. (2) Mari pesan su rhapa də kadz tɛ puris.,(1)\tMari\tpesan\tki\tsu\trhapa\tdə\tkadz\ttɛ.\t(2)\tMari\tpesan\tsu\trhapa\tdə\tkadz\ttɛ\tpuris.,(1)\tMari\tthink.PROG\tCOMP\ther\tboy\tLOC\thouse\tCOP.PRS\t(2)\tMari\tthink.PROG\ther\tboy\tLOC\thouse\tCOP.PRS\tCOMP,Mari thinks that her boy is at home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"(1) Mari pesan ki su rhapa də kadz tɛ. (2) Mari pesan su rhapa də kadz tɛ puris.",,(1) Mari think.PROG COMP her boy LOC house COP.PRS (2) Mari think.PROG her boy LOC house COP.PRS COMP,,Own fieldwork materials,,12870, +41-87,41,asii falaakadii! eev jalembraa isti mee prumeer vees boos javii teem falaatu,asii\tfalaa-kadii!\teev\tjaa-lembraa\t[isti\tmee\tprumeer\tvees\tboos\tjaa-vii\tteem\tfalaatu],so\tsay-IMP\t1SG\tPST-think\t[this\tFOC\tfirst\ttime\t2SG\tPST-come\tPRS.PRF\tQUOT],No kidding! I thought this was the first time you had come [to Sri Lanka].,,"This example illustrates the past of the stative verb lembraa 'think'. +The bare verb is used as an imperative, but can be reinforced by -kadii.",1416[1685],,naturalistic spoken,asii falaakadii! eev jalembraa isti mee prumeer vees boos javii teem falaatu,asii falaa-kadii! eev jaa-lembraa [isti mee prumeer vees boos jaa-vii teem falaatu],so say-IMP 1SG PST-think [this FOC first time 2SG PST-come PRS.PRF QUOT],"This example illustrates the past of the stative verb lembraa 'think'. +The bare verb is used as an imperative, but can be reinforced by -kadii.",,,12871, +41-88,41,eev talembraa aka tɛɛrantu aka nuntem,eev\tta-lembraa\t[aka\ttɛɛra-ntu\taka\tnun-teem],1SG\tPRS-think\t[that\tcountry-LOC\tthat\tNEG-be],I think they don't have it [okra] in that country [Portugal].,,The absence of the quotative particle is unusual.,1416[1617],,naturalistic spoken,eev talembraa aka tɛɛrantu aka nuntem,eev ta-lembraa [aka tɛɛra-ntu aka nun-teem],1SG PRS-think [that country-LOC that NEG-be],The absence of the quotative particle is unusual.,,,12872, +41-163,41,eev keriiya/kera boos taam kitavii/pervii; boos nukuvii,eev\tkeriiya/kera\t[boos\ttaam\tki-ta-vii/per-vii];\tboos\tnuku-vii,1SG\tPST.want/want\t[2SG\talso\tNMLZ-PRS-come/INF-come]\t2SG\tNEG-come,"I wanted you to come too, [but] you didn't come.",,This is an elicited sentence and could be calqued from English. This speaker had a tendency to use English as a model in elicitation situations. There are no naturalistic examples of kera with a clausal complement having a different subject.,1416[2528],,elicited from speaker,eev keriiya/kera boos taam kitavii/pervii; boos nukuvii,eev keriiya/kera [boos taam ki-ta-vii/per-vii]; boos nuku-vii,1SG PST.want/want [2SG also NMLZ-PRS-come/INF-come] 2SG NEG-come,"This is an elicited sentence and could be calqued from English. This speaker had a tendency to use English as a model in elicitation situations. There are no naturalistic examples of kera with a clausal complement having a different subject.",,,12873, +41-164,41,eev kera elipa un sumaanantu trees vees pavii,eev\tkera\t[eli-pa\tuŋ\tsumaana-ntu\ttrees\tvees\tpa-vii],1SG\twant\t[3SG-DAT\tone\tweek-LOC\tthree\ttime\tINF-come],I want him to come 3 times a week.,,This is an elicited sentence and could be calqued from English. This speaker had a tendency to use English as a model in elicitation situations. There are no naturalistic examples of kera with a clausal complement having a different subject.,1416[4163],,elicited from speaker,eev kera elipa un sumaanantu trees vees pavii,eev kera [eli-pa uŋ sumaana-ntu trees vees pa-vii],1SG want [3SG-DAT one week-LOC three time INF-come],"This is an elicited sentence and could be calqued from English. This speaker had a tendency to use English as a model in elicitation situations. There are no naturalistic examples of kera with a clausal complement having a different subject.",,,12874, +42-174,42,eli lembrá bos já bai kaza,eli\tlembrá\tbos\tjá\tbai\tkaza,3SG\tthink\t2SG\tPFV\tgo\thome,He thinks you have gone home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,eli lembrá bos já bai kaza,,3SG think 2SG PFV go home,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,12875, +42-175,42,eli kere bos bai kaza,eli\tkere\tbos\tbai\tkaza,3SG\twant\t2SG\tgo\thome,He wants you to go home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,eli kere bos bai kaza,,3SG want 2SG go home,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,12876, +42-176,42,Maria lembrá eli sa filu teng na kaza,Maria\tlembrá\teli\tsa\tfilu\tteng\tna\tkaza,Maria\tthink\t3SG\tGEN\tson\tbe\tLOC\thouse,She thinks (that) her son is at home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Maria lembrá eli sa filu teng na kaza,,Maria think 3SG GEN son be LOC house,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,12877, +42-177,42,Maria keré eli sa filu beng kaza,Maria\tkeré\teli\tsa\tfilu\tbeng\tkaza,Maria\twant\t3SG\tGEN\tson\tcome\thouse,Maria wants her son to come home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Maria keré eli sa filu beng kaza,,Maria want 3SG GEN son come house,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,12878, +44-169,44,Ta pensá yo di trabahá mótro póko póko.,Ta\tpensá\tyo\tdi\ttrabahá\tmótro\tpóko\tpóko.,IPFV\tthink\t1SG\tCTPL\twork\t1PL\tlittle\tlittle,I was thinking that we would work slowly.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta pensá yo di trabahá mótro póko póko.,,IPFV think 1SG CTPL work 1PL little little,,Own data,,12879, +44-170,44,Kyéri éle bolbé ya kel su íha ayá na kása.,Kyéri\téle\tbolbé\tya\tkel\tsu\tíha\tayá\tna\tkása.,want\t3SG\treturn\talready\tDEF\t3SG.POSS\tdaughter\tthere\tLOC\thouse,She wants her daughter to go home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Kyéri éle bolbé ya kel su íha ayá na kása.,,want 3SG return already DEF 3SG.POSS daughter there LOC house,,Own data,,12880, +45-137,45,Quiere el maestra que canta el mga criatura.,Quiere\tel\tmaestra\tque\tcanta\tel\tmga\tcriatura.,want\tDEF\tteacher\tthat\tsing\tDEF\tPL\tchild,The teacher wants the children to sing.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Quiere el maestra que canta el mga criatura.,,want DEF teacher that sing DEF PL child,,Own data,,12881, +46-182,46,Kyére 'le (kay) (kon) disúyu anák bolbé na kása.,Kyére\t'le\t(kay)\t(kon)\tdisúyu\tanák\tbolbé\tna\tkása.,want\ts/he\t(COMP)\t(OBJ)\ther/his\tchild\tturn\tLOC\thouse,S/he wants her/his son to come home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Kyére 'le (kay) (kon) disúyu anák bolbé na kása.,,want s/he (COMP) (OBJ) her/his child turn LOC house,,Own knowledge,,12882, +46-183,46,Ta-pensá 'le (kay) na kása disúyu anák.,Ta-pensá\t'le\t(kay)\tna\tkása\tdisúyu\tanák.,IPFV-think\ts/he\t(COMP)\tLOC\thouse\ther/his\tchild,S/he thinks that her/his son is at home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta-pensá 'le (kay) na kása disúyu anák.,,IPFV-think s/he (COMP) LOC house her/his child,,Own knowledge,,12883, +47-201,47,Hose ke pa Ramon a bai (kaba).,Hose\tke\tpa\tRamon\ta\tbai\t(kaba).,Jose\twant\tCOMP\tRamon\tPFV\tgo\t(already),Jose wishes that Ramon were gone.,,The translation is by Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007).,898[178],,published source,"Hose ke pa Ramon a bai (kaba).",,Jose want COMP Ramon PFV go (already),The translation is by Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007).,,,12884, +47-202,47,*Mi ke pa bo lo bai.,*Mi\tke\tpa\tbo\tlo\tbai.,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tMOOD\tgo,NOT: lit. I want that you will go.,,The translation is by Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007).,898[176],,published source,*Mi ke pa bo lo bai.,,1SG want COMP 2SG MOOD go,The translation is by Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007).,,,12885, +47-203,47,[...] pero nos ta kere si ku mester tin un espasio den lei pa den un tipo di kaso asina [...].,[...]\tpero\tnos\tta\tkere\tsi\tku\tmester\ttin\tun\tespasio\tden\tlei\tpa\tden\tun\ttipo\tdi\tkaso\tasina\t[...].,[...]\tbut\t1PL\tTNS\tbelieve\tAFF\tCOMP\tmust\thave\tINDF\tspace\tin\tlaw\tCOMP\tin\tINDF\ttype\tof\tcase\tthus\t[...],[...] but we do believe/think that there must be room in the law so that in this type of case [...].,,The translation is mine.,"453[25 June 2009, p.3]",,published source,"[...] pero nos ta kere si ku mester tin un espasio den lei pa den un tipo di kaso asina [...].",,[...] but 1PL TNS believe AFF COMP must have INDF space in law COMP in INDF type of case thus [...],The translation is mine.,,,12886, +47-204,47,Por lo pronto polis no ta pensa ku ta trata di un krímen,por-lo-pronto\tpolis\tno\tta\tpensa\tku\tta\ttrata\tdi\tun\tkrímen,for.now\tpolice\tNEG\tTNS\tthink\tCOMP\tTNS\tpertain\tof\tINDF\tcrime,"For now, the police does not think that crime is involved.",,The translation is mine.,"453[3 July 2009, p.5]",,published source,"Por lo pronto polis no ta pensa ku ta trata di un krímen",por-lo-pronto polis no ta pensa ku ta trata di un krímen,for.now police NEG TNS think COMP TNS pertain of INDF crime,The translation is mine.,,,12887, +48-174,48,"i Aora, ¿kumu utere tan kreé ke utere tan kitá-lo?","i\tAora,\t¿kumu\tutere\ttan\tkreé\tke\tutere\ttan\tkitá-lo?",and\tnow\thow\tyou.PL\tFUT\tbelieve\tthat\tyou.PL\tFUT\tleave-him/her,"And now, how are you going to believe that you will abandon it (the child) [in such a manner]?",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"i Aora, ¿kumu utere tan kreé ke utere tan kitá-lo?",,and now how you.PL FUT believe that you.PL FUT leave-him/her,,Recorded by author,,12888,"Spanish: Y ahora, ¿cómo van a creer Ustedes (de) que Ustedes lo/la van a quitar?" +48-175,48,I kelé pa ele miní aká.,I\tkelé\tpa\tele\tminí\taká.,I\twant\tfor\the/she\tcome\there,I want him/her to come here.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I kelé pa ele miní aká.",,I want for he/she come here,,Recorded by author,,12889,Spanish: (Yo) quiero que (él/ella) venga acá (lit. Yo quiero para él/ella venir acá). +49-299,49,M pa vle ou fè sa.,M\tpa\tvle\tou\tfè\tsa.,1SG\tNEG\twant\t2SG\tdo\tthat,I don't want you to do that.,,,,,constructed by linguist,M pa vle ou fè sa.,,1SG NEG want 2SG do that,,Own knowledge,,12890,French: Je ne veux pas que tu fasses ça. +49-300,49,M ta vle ou fè sa pou mwen anvan midi.,M\tta\tvle\tou\tfè\tsa\tpou\tmwen\tanvan\tmidi.,1SG\tCOND\twant\t2SG\tdo\tthat\tfor\t1SG\tbefore\tnoon,I would like you to do this for me before noon.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 61]",,naturalistic spoken,M ta vle ou fè sa pou mwen anvan midi.,,1SG COND want 2SG do that for 1SG before noon,,,,12891,French: J'aimerais que tu fasses ça pour moi avant midi. +49-301,49,"Ou mèt dwe sonje Mari sove lavi w, ou pa kapab lage madanm ou ak twa pitit [...]","Ou\tmèt\tdwe\tsonje\tMari\tsove\tlavi\tw,\tou\tpa\tkapab\tlage\tmadanm\tou\tak\ttwa\tpitit\t[...]",2SG\tcan\tmust\tthink\tMarie\tsave\tlife\t2SG\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\tabandon\twife\t2SG.POSS\twith\tthree\tchild\t[...],"Even if you have to remember that Marie saved your life, you cannot leave your wife and your three children [...]",,,371[32],,naturalistic spoken,"Ou mèt dwe sonje Mari sove lavi w, ou pa kapab lage madanm ou ak twa pitit [...]",,2SG can must think Marie save life 2SG 2SG NEG can abandon wife 2SG.POSS with three child [...],,,,12892,"French: Même si tu dois te rappeler que Marie t’a sauvé la vie, tu ne peux pas abandonner ta femme et tes trois enfants [...]" +49-302,49,Li pa vle mari l pale ak moun tank li jalou.,Li\tpa\tvle\tmari\tl\tpale\tak\tmoun\ttank\tli\tjalou.,3SG\tNEG\twant\thusband\t3SG.POSS\tspeak\twith\tperson\tso\t3SG\tjealous,She is so jealous that she doesn't want her husband to speak to anybody.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Li pa vle mari l pale ak moun tank li jalou.,,3SG NEG want husband 3SG.POSS speak with person so 3SG jealous,,Own knowledge,,12893,French: Elle ne veut pas que son mari parle à quelqu'un tellement elle est jalouse. +49-303,49,Li panse tifi a pa t wè l ditou.,Li\tpanse\ttifi\ta\tpa\tt\twè\tl\tditou.,3SG\tthink\tgirl\tDEF\tNEG\tANT\tsee\t3SG\tat.all,He thought the girl didn't see him at all.,,,1505[532],,naturalistic spoken,Li panse tifi a pa t wè l ditou.,,3SG think girl DEF NEG ANT see 3SG at.all,,,,12894,French: Il a pensé que la fille ne l'avait pas vu du tout . +50-187,50,An ka kwè i pwòpté chanm a'y.,An\tka\tkwè\tø\ti\tpwòpté\tchanm\ta'y.,1SG\tPROG\tbelieve\tCOMP\t3SG\tclean\troom\tPREP.3SG,I think he has cleaned his room.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An ka kwè i pwòpté chanm a'y.,An ka kwè ø i pwòpté chanm a'y.,1SG PROG believe COMP 3SG clean room PREP.3SG,,Own fieldwork,,12895, +50-188,50,An vlé i pwòpté chanm a'y.,An\tvlé\tø\ti\tpwòpté\tchanm\ta'y.,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t3SG\tclean\troom\tPREP.3SG,I want him to clean his room.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An vlé i pwòpté chanm a'y.,An vlé ø i pwòpté chanm a'y.,1SG want COMP 3SG clean room PREP.3SG,,Own fieldwork,,12896, +51-159,51,Man kwè i pwopté chanm-li.,Man\tkwè\ti\tpwopté\tchanm-li.,1SG\tbelieve\t3SG\tclean\troom-3SG,I think he has cleaned his room.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man kwè i pwopté chanm-li.,,1SG believe 3SG clean room-3SG,,Own fieldwork,,12897, +51-160,51,Man lé i pwopté chanm-li.,Man\tlé\ti\tpwopté\tchanm-li.,1SG\twant\t3SG\tclean\troom-3SG,I want him to clean his room.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man lé i pwopté chanm-li.,,1SG want 3SG clean room-3SG,,Own fieldwork,,12898, +52-101,52,Marie krè so frè pati,Marie\tkrè\tso\tfrè\tpati,Mary\tbelieve\ther\tbrother\tleave,Mary believes (that) her brother has left.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Marie krè so frè pati,,Mary believe her brother leave,,Own knowledge,,12899, +52-102,52,i lé so fis vini lakaz,i\tlé\tso\tfis\tvini\tlakaz,she\twants\ther\tson\tcome\thome,She wants her son to come home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,i lé so fis vini lakaz,,she wants her son come home,,Own knowledge,,12900, +53-365,53,Mo te p ole li kone mo te fe housework aprè lekòl.,Mo\tte\tp\tole\tli\tkone\tmo\tte\tfe\t\taprè\tlekòl.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\twant\t3SG\tknow\t1SG\tPST\tdo\thousework\tafter\tschool,I didn't want him to know that I did housework after school.,,,1048[231],,naturalistic spoken,Mo te p ole li kone mo te fe housework aprè lekòl.,Mo te p ole li kone mo te fe <housework> aprè lekòl.,1SG PST NEG want 3SG know 1SG PST do housework after school,,,,12901, +53-366,53,To te vepa li kone.,To\tte\tvepa\tli\tkone.,2SG\tPST\tnot.want\t3SG\tknow,You didn't want him to know.,,,1048[368],,naturalistic spoken,To te vepa li kone.,,2SG PST not.want 3SG know,,,,12902, +53-368,53,Mo te p ole ke ye te kone mo te parle.,Mo\tte\tp\tole\tke\tye\tte\tkone\tmo\tte\tparle.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\twant\tCOMP\t3PL\tPST\tknow\t1SG\tPST\tspeak,I didn't want them to know that I spoke (Creole).,,,1048[347],,naturalistic spoken,Mo te p ole ke ye te kone mo te parle.,,1SG PST NEG want COMP 3PL PST know 1SG PST speak,,,,12903, +54-210,54,Mi krwa k li lé fu.,Mi\tkrwa\tk\tli\tle\tfou.,1SG.FIN\tthink\tCOMP\t3SG\tCOP.PRS\tmad,I think that he is mad.,,,236[379],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi krwa k li lé fu.",Mi krwa k li le fou.,1SG.FIN think COMP 3SG COP.PRS mad,,,,12904,French: Je crois qu’il est fou. +54-211,54,Mi vé ke ou sa rod amoin in pé de lo la poin grenouy.,Mi\tve\tkë\tou\tsa\trod\tamwen\tenpe\tdë\tlo\tØ\tla\tpwen\tgrënouy.,1SG.FIN\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tgo\tsearch\tOBL.1SG\tsome\tPARTITIVE\twater\tØ\thas\tNEG\tfrog,I want you to go and get me some water without frogs.,,Dë (dë lo) is a partitive article (like in French).,110[19],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi vé ke ou sa rod amoin in pé de lo la poin grenouy.",Mi ve kë ou sa rod amwen enpe dë lo Ø la pwen grënouy.,1SG.FIN want COMP 2SG go search OBL.1SG some PARTITIVE water Ø has NEG frog,"Dë (dë lo) is a partitive article (like in French).",,,12905,French: Je veux que tu ailles chercher pour moi un peu d'eau qui n'a point de grenouilles. +54-212,54,[...] li kroi son garson fini ariv laba.,[...]\tli\tkrwa\tson\tgarson\tfini\tariv\tlaba.,[...]\t3SG\tthink\tPOSS.3SG\tson\tPRF\tarrive\tover.there,[...] he thinks that his son has arrived over there.,,,110[21],,naturalistic spoken,[...] li kroi son garson fini ariv laba.,[...] li krwa son garson fini ariv laba.,[...] 3SG think POSS.3SG son PRF arrive over.there,,,,12906,French: [...] il croit que son fils est arrivé là-bas. +54-213,54,"[...] mi vé pa ou i dékouvr marmit kan moin la pa la, in!","[...]\tmi\tve\tpa\tou\ti\tdekouv\tmarmit\tkan\tmwen\tla\tpa\tla,\ten!",[...]\t1SG.FIN\twant\tNEG\t2SG\tFIN\tuncover\tpot\twhen\t1SG\tCOP\tNEG\tthere\tINTERJ,"[...] I do not want you to open the pot when I'm not there, eh!",,,110[44],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] mi vé pa ou i dékouvr marmit kan moin la pa la, in!","[...] mi ve pa ou i dekouv marmit kan mwen la pa la, en!",[...] 1SG.FIN want NEG 2SG FIN uncover pot when 1SG COP NEG there INTERJ,,,,12907,"French: [...] je ne veux pas que tu découvres la marmite quand je ne suis pas là, hein!" +55-181,55,Floriz krwar (ki) so garsoṅ lakaz,Floriz\tkrwar\t(ki)\tso\tgarsoṅ\tØ\tlakaz,Florise\tthink/believe\t(that)\t3SG.POSS\tson\tCOP\thouse,Florise thinks (that) her son is at home.,,The use of the complementizer ki is optional but far less common in the spoken language than zero. Mauritian Creole does have a verb paṅs/e from Fr. penser but it is far less likely to be used than krwar < Fr. croire in this and similar sentences.,,,constructed by linguist,Floriz krwar (ki) so garsoṅ lakaz,Floriz krwar (ki) so garsoṅ Ø lakaz,Florise think/believe (that) 3SG.POSS son COP house,"The use of the complementizer ki is optional but far less common in the spoken language than zero. Mauritian Creole does have a verb paṅs/e from Fr. penser but it is far less likely to be used than krwar < Fr. croire in this and similar sentences.",Own knowledge,,12908, +55-182,55,Floriz aṅvi so garsoṅ vin lakaz,Floriz\taṅvi\tso\tgarsoṅ\tvin\tlakaz,Florise\twant\t3SG.POSS\tson\tcome\thouse,Florise wants her son to come home.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Floriz aṅvi so garsoṅ vin lakaz,,Florise want 3SG.POSS son come house,,Own knowledge,,12909, +56-191,56,Mon kroir ou en pé fatige.,Mon\tkrwar\tou\ten\tpe\tfatige.,1SG\tthink\t2SG\ta\tlittle.bit\ttired,I think you are a little bit tired.,,"This example is taken from an unpublished theatre play by Antoine Abel (*1934), Restan kamira (1980).",954[119],,naturalistic written,Mon kroir ou en pé fatige.,Mon krwar ou en pe fatige.,1SG think 2SG a little.bit tired,"This example is taken from an unpublished theatre play by Antoine Abel (*1934), Restan kamira (1980).",,,12910,French: Je crois qu tu es un peu fatiguée aujourd'hui. (Michaelis 1993: 119) +56-192,56,Mari ti a oule son garson al kot lakour.,Mari\tti\ta\toule\tson\tgarson\tal\tkot\tlakour.,Mari\tPST\tFUT\twant\tPOSS.3SG\tson\tgo\tat\thouse,Mari would like her son to go home.,,The subordinated clause [son garson al kot lakour] lacks the predicate marker i which signals finiteness (present tense) for 3SG (ocasionally also 3PL). Son garson i al kot lakour 'Her son goes home.' would be a clause with independent time reference.,,,constructed by native speaker,Mari ti a oule son garson al kot lakour.,,Mari PST FUT want POSS.3SG son go at house,"The subordinated clause [son garson al kot lakour] lacks the predicate marker i which signals finiteness (present tense) for 3SG (ocasionally also 3PL). Son garson i al kot lakour 'Her son goes home.' would be a clause with independent time reference.",Own knowledge,,12911, +56-193,56,[...] me li i kwar ki in annan tro bokou promes ki pa ’n pran an konsiderasyon realite ozordi [...].,[...]\tme\tli\ti\tkwar\tki\tin\tannan\ttro\tbokou\tpromes\tki\tpa\t’n\tpran\tan\tkonsiderasyon\trealite\tozordi\t[...].,[...]\tbut\t3SG.INDP\tPM\tbelieve\tCOMP\tPRF\thave\ttoo\tmany\tpromise\tREL\tNEG\tPRF\ttake\tinto\tconsideration\treality\ttoday\t[...],[...] but he believes that there have been too many promises which have not taken today's reality into consideration [...].,,,,,naturalistic written,"[...] me li i kwar ki in annan tro bokou promes ki pa ’n pran an konsiderasyon realite ozordi [...].",,"[...] but 3SG.INDP PM believe COMP PRF have too many promise REL NEG PRF take into consideration reality today [...]",,Seychelles Nation Online 3 December 2004,,12912, +56-194,56,Nou osi oule ki sak lenstitisyon ek endividi [...] i annan konfyans dan kapasite sa lafors [...].,Nou\tosi\toule\tki\tsak\tlenstitisyon\tek\tendividi\t[...]\ti\tannan\tkonfyans\tdan\tkapasite\tsa\tlafors\t[...].,1PL\talso\twant\tCOMP\tevery\tinstitution\tand\tindividual\t[...]\tPM\thave\tconfidence\tin\tcapacity\tDEM\tpower\t[...],We also want every institution and individual to have confidence in the capacity of this power.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Nou osi oule ki sak lenstitisyon ek endividi [...] i annan konfyans dan kapasite sa lafors [...].",,1PL also want COMP every institution and individual [...] PM have confidence in capacity DEM power [...],,Seychelles Nation Online 30 December 2011,,12913, +56-195,56,Pa bezwen kwar pourdir en zwazo i ponn toulezour.,Pa\tbezwen\tkwar\tpourdir\ten\tzwazo\ti\tponn\ttoulezour.,NEG\tneed\tbelieve\tCOMP\tINDF\tbird\tPM\tlay\tevery.day,(You) shouldn't believe that a bird lays (an egg) every day.,,,158[196],,naturalistic spoken,"Pa bezwen kwar pourdir en zwazo i ponn toulezour.",,NEG need believe COMP INDF bird PM lay every.day,,,,12914,French: Il ne faut pas croire qu'un oiseau pond tous les jours. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 197) +57-98,57,ma ule ke ta vja,ma\tule\tke\tta\tvja,1SG\twant\tCOMP\t2SG\tcome,I want you to come.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ma ule ke ta vja,,1SG want COMP 2SG come,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,12915, +57-99,57,ma pa:se ke ta vja,ma\tpa:se\tke\tta\tvja,1SG\tthink\tCOMP\t2SG\tcome,I thought that you would come.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ma pa:se ke ta vja,,1SG think COMP 2SG come,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,12916, +58-121,58,Mono banza (nde) yandi kele mbote ve.,Mono\tbanza\t(nde)\tyandi\tkele\tmbote\tve.,me\tthink\t(that)\the\tbe\tgood\tnot,I think that he is not good/not (feeling) well.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mono banza (nde) yandi kele mbote ve.",,me think (that) he be good not,,Own knowledge,,12917, +58-122,58,Mono zola yandi kwisa mbasi.,Mono\tzola\tyandi\tkwisa\tmbasi.,me\twant\the\tcome.SBJV\ttomorrow,I want him to come tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono zola yandi kwisa mbasi.,,me want he come.SBJV tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,12918, +59-307,59,mbi yi titene ala ngba na ndo so,mbi\tyi\ttitene\tala\tngba\tna\tndo\tso,1SG\twant\tthat\t3PL\tremain\tPREP\tplace\tDEM,I want them to remain here.,,The complementizer titene is used with other preceding verbs. It consists of the CONN ti 'of' and tene 'say'. One can say that it replaces the simple verb tene. There are several examples in Samarin (1967: 123–125).,,,constructed by linguist,"mbi yi titene ala ngba na ndo so",,1SG want that 3PL remain PREP place DEM,"The complementizer titene is used with other preceding verbs. It consists of the CONN ti 'of' and tene 'say'. One can say that it replaces the simple verb tene. There are several examples in Samarin (1967: 123–125).",Own knowledge,,12919, +59-308,59,mbi yi ala ngba na ndo so pepe,mbi\tyi\tala\tngba\tna\tndo\tso\tpepe,1SG\twant\t3PL\tremain\tPREP\tplace\tDEM\tNEG,I don't want them to remain here.,,"Because a source is not indicated in Samarin (1967: 212), this may have been elicited from my Central African assistant.",1320[212],,elicited from speaker,mbi yi ala ngba na ndo so pepe,,1SG want 3PL remain PREP place DEM NEG,"Because a source is not indicated in Samarin (1967: 212), this may have been elicited from my Central African assistant.",,,12920, +59-309,59,mbi hunda na ala kwe titene ala sara mbeti ti ala,mbi\thunda\tna\tala\tkwe\ttitene\tala\tsara\tmbeti\tti\tala,1SG\task\tPREP\t2PL\tall\tthat\t2PL\tdo\tpaper\tof\t2PL,I ask you all to write (your letters).,,"This was from a radio broadcast, and it probably was a translation (possibly extemporaneous) of a text in French.",,,naturalistic spoken,"mbi hunda na ala kwe titene ala sara mbeti ti ala",,1SG ask PREP 2PL all that 2PL do paper of 2PL,"This was from a radio broadcast, and it probably was a translation (possibly extemporaneous) of a text in French.",Own knowledge,,12921, +59-310,59,mbi baa mbi tene ala ke ga kekereke,mbi\tbaa\tmbi\ttene\tala\tke\tga\tkekereke,1SG\tsee\t1SG\tsay\t3PL\tCOP\tcome\ttomorrow,I think that they'll come tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mbi baa mbi tene ala ke ga kekereke",,1SG see 1SG say 3PL COP come tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,12922, +59-311,59,mo yi atene ni sara na lo yi so biri ni sara na kozo ti lo?,mo\tyi\tatene\tni\tsara\tna\tlo\tyi\tso\tbiri\tni\tsara\tna\tkozo\tti\tlo?,2SG\twant\tSM.say\t1SG.LOG\tdo\tPREP\t3SG\tthing\tREL\tyesterday\t1SG.LOG\tdo\tPREP\tfirst\tof\t3SG,Do you want that I do to him what I did yesterday to his elder?,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"mo yi atene ni sara na lo yi so biri ni sara na kozo ti lo?",,2SG want SM.say 1SG.LOG do PREP 3SG thing REL yesterday 1SG.LOG do PREP first of 3SG,,,,12923, +59-312,59,mbi hunda na ala kwe titene ala sara mbeti ti ala,mbi\thunda\tna\tala\tkwe\ttitene\tala\tsara\tmbeti\tti\tala,1SG\task\tPREP\t2PL\tall\tthat\t2PL\tmake\tpaper\tof\t2PL,I ask you all to write letters.,,This was said on a radio broadcast in 1962 or earlier.,1320[123],,naturalistic spoken,mbi hunda na ala kwe titene ala sara mbeti ti ala,,1SG ask PREP 2PL all that 2PL make paper of 2PL,This was said on a radio broadcast in 1962 or earlier.,,,12924, +60-141,60,akanísí te mwána na yé azalákí na ndáko,a-kanís-í\tte\tmwána\tna\tyé\ta-zal-ákí\tna\tndáko,3SG-think-PRS.PRF\tCOMP\tchild\tof\t3SG\t3SG-be-PST\tin\thouse,She thinks that her child was in the house.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"akanísí te mwána na yé azalákí na ndáko",a-kanís-í te mwána na yé a-zal-ákí na ndáko,3SG-think-PRS.PRF COMP child of 3SG 3SG-be-PST in house,,Own knowledge,,12925, +60-142,60,akanísí mwána na yé azalákí na ndáko,a-kanís-í\tmwána\tna\tyé\ta-zal-ákí\tna\tndáko,3SG-think-PRS.PRF\tchild\tof\t3SG\t3SG-be-PST\tin\thouse,She thinks her child was in the house.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,akanísí mwána na yé azalákí na ndáko,a-kanís-í mwána na yé a-zal-ákí na ndáko,3SG-think-PRS.PRF child of 3SG 3SG-be-PST in house,,Own knowledge,,12926, +60-143,60,alingí te mwána na yé áyâ na ndáko,a-ling-í\tte\tmwána\tna\tyé\tá-yá-a\tna\tndáko,3SG-want-PRS.PRF\tCOMP\tchild\tof\t3SG\t3SG.SBJV-come-FV\tto\thouse,She wants her child to come home.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future. The high toneme on the 3SG subject morpheme a- marks the subjunctive.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"alingí te mwána na yé áyâ na ndáko",a-ling-í te mwána na yé á-yá-a na ndáko,3SG-want-PRS.PRF COMP child of 3SG 3SG.SBJV-come-FV to house,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future. The high toneme on the 3SG subject morpheme a- marks the subjunctive.",Own knowledge,,12927, +60-144,60,alingí mwána na yé áyâ na ndáko,a-ling-í\tmwána\tna\tyé\tá-yá-a\tna\tndáko,3SG-want-PRS.PRF\tchild\tof\t3SG\t3SG.SBJV-come-FV\tto\thouse,She wants her child to come home.,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future. The high toneme on the 3SG subject morpheme a- marks the subjunctive.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,alingí mwána na yé áyâ na ndáko,a-ling-í mwána na yé á-yá-a na ndáko,3SG-want-PRS.PRF child of 3SG 3SG.SBJV-come-FV to house,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future. The high toneme on the 3SG subject morpheme a- marks the subjunctive.",Own knowledge,,12928, +61-106,61,Mina kabanga yena khona lapha khaya.,Mina\tkabanga\tyena\tkhon-a\tlapha\tkhaya.,I\tthink\the\tbe-V\tLOC.PREP\thouse,I think he's at home. OR: I think that he is at home.,,There is no complementizer; the subordinate clause is finite. There is no infinitive in the subordinate clause.,,,elicited from speaker,Mina kabanga yena khona lapha khaya.,Mina kabanga yena khon-a lapha khaya.,I think he be-V LOC.PREP house,There is no complementizer; the subordinate clause is finite. There is no infinitive in the subordinate clause.,Field notes Mesthrie,,12929, +62-91,62,áatotí kuhé mjini,é-áa-toti\tku-he\tmjini,3SG-PST-think\t15-arrive\tin:town,He thinks of going to town.,,,,,elicited from speaker,áatotí kuhé mjini,é-áa-toti ku-he mjini,3SG-PST-think 15-arrive in:town,,Own field data 1993,,12930, +62-92,62,nitotó une?á hú i?alú,ni-toto\tu-ne-?a\tú\ti?alu,1SG-think\t2SG-FUT-eat\tthis\tsheep,I think you'll eat a sheep.,,,,,elicited from speaker,nitotó une?á hú i?alú,ni-toto u-ne-?a ú i?alu,1SG-think 2SG-FUT-eat this sheep,,Own field notes 1993,,12931, +62-93,62,badáaye kupata mateso véedumúye níháka i'í,badáaye\tku-pata\tmateso\tv-ée-dumú-ye\tní-há-ka\ti'í,after\t15-get\t6:problems\t2-PST-want-PRF\t1SG:SBJ-OBJ.16-leave\there,"After getting problems, they wanted me to leave here.",,,988[128],,naturalistic spoken,badáaye kupata mateso véedumúye níháka i'í,badáaye ku-pata mateso v-ée-dumú-ye ní-há-ka i'í,after 15-get 6:problems 2-PST-want-PRF 1SG:SBJ-OBJ.16-leave here,,,,12932, +63-183,63,ána féker lúga de bi-já wóduru,ána\tféker\tlúga\tde\tbi-já\twóduru,1SG\tthink\tlanguage\tDET\tTAM-come\tdisappear,I think that this language will disappear.,,,857[297],,naturalistic spoken,ána féker lúga de bi-já wóduru,,1SG think language DET TAM-come disappear,,,,12933, +63-184,63,ána ázu íta rúo,ána\tázu\títa\trúo,1SG\twant\t2SG\tgo,I want you to go.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ána ázu íta rúo,,1SG want 2SG go,,Own knowledge,,12934, +63-185,63,ána féker túrba de wóduru fi móyo íni,ána\tféker\ttúrba\tde\twóduru\tfi\tmóyo\tíni,1SG\tthink\ttomb\tDEF\tdisappear\tin\twater\there,I think that the tomb has disappeared in the water.,,,857[369],,naturalistic spoken,ána féker túrba de wóduru fi móyo íni,,1SG think tomb DEF disappear in water here,,,,12935, +63-186,63,ána ázu nyákam íta,ána\tázu\tnyákam\títa,1SG\twant\trob\t2SG,I want to rob you.,,,857[361],,naturalistic spoken,ána ázu nyákam íta,,1SG want rob 2SG,,,,12936, +64-201,64,ána fíkir ombári obóma ma rúa fi suk,ána\tfíkir\tombári\tobóma\tma\trúa\tfi\tsuk,1SG\tthink\tyesterday\tOboma\tNEG\tgo\tin\tmarket,I think that yesterday Oboma didn’t go to the market.,,This sentences illustrates juxtaposition of the t'hink' complement clause.,1491[426],,unknown,ána fíkir ombári obóma ma rúa fi suk,,1SG think yesterday Oboma NEG go in market,This sentences illustrates juxtaposition of the t'hink' complement clause.,,,12937, +64-202,64,"kan íta áwuju áset de kelí géni sábi táki, [...]","kan\títa\táwuju\táset\tde\tkelí\tgéni\tsábi\ttáki,\t[...]",if\t2SG\twant\tlion\tDEM.PROX\tlet\tstay\tfriend\tPOSS.2SG\t[...],"If you want the lion to become your friend, [...]",,This sentence shows the verb áuju 'want' (which is a phonetic variant of ázu) followed by kelí.,973[465],,naturalistic spoken,"kan íta áwuju áset de kelí géni sábi táki, [...]",,if 2SG want lion DEM.PROX let stay friend POSS.2SG [...],"This sentence shows the verb áuju 'want' (which is a phonetic variant of ázu) followed by kelí.",,,12938, +64-203,64,rábuna ma ázu nas biséregu,rábuna\tma\tázu\tnas\tbi=séregu,God\tNEG\twant\tpeople\tIRR=steal,God does not want people to steal.,,This example shows juxtaposition of the 'want' complement clause.,1491[428],,unknown,rábuna ma ázu nas biséregu,rábuna ma ázu nas bi=séregu,God NEG want people IRR=steal,This example shows juxtaposition of the 'want' complement clause.,,,12939, +64-204,64,fi nas bifékir hája de kwes,fi\tnas\tbi=fékir\thája\tde\tkwes,EXIST\tpeople\tIRR=think\tthing\tDEM.PROX\tgood,There are people who think that it is good.,,,874[241],,naturalistic spoken,fi nas bifékir hája de kwes,fi nas bi=fékir hája de kwes,EXIST people IRR=think thing DEM.PROX good,,,,12940, +64-205,64,ána fékir galé úo rúwa fi bet,ána\tfékir\tgalé\túo\trúwa\tfi\tbet,1SG\tthink\tsay\t3SG\tgo\tin\thouse,I think that he went home.,,This example shows the verb 'think' followed by the complementizer gále.,874[192],,elicited from speaker,"ána fékir galé úo rúwa fi bet",,1SG think say 3SG go in house,"This example shows the verb 'think' followed by the complementizer gále.",,,12941, +65-143,65,"Moja dumaj, iwo abmani xoʧu.","Moja\tdumaj,\tiwo\tabmani\txoʧu.",1SG\tthink\t3SG\tdeceive\twant,I think he wants to deceive us.,,,60[287],,citation in fiction,"Moja dumaj, iwo abmani xoʧu.",,1SG think 3SG deceive want,,,"Моя думай, его обмани хочу.",12942, +65-144,65,Moja ne xoʧu rubashka gori.,Moja\tne\txoʧu\trubashka\tgori.,1SG\tNEG\twant\tshirt\tburn,I do not want my shirt to burn down.,,,60[276],,citation in fiction,Moja ne xoʧu rubashka gori.,,1SG NEG want shirt burn,,,Моя не хочу рубашка гори.,12943, +66-112,66,Farida dεppe mawen ruma ka aðuuðung kəta abicaya.,Farida\tdε-pe\tmawen\truma\tka\ta-ðuuðung\tkəta\ta-bicaya.,Farida\t3SG-POSS\tson\thouse\tin\tPRS-LOC\tCOMP\tPRS-believe,Farida thinks that her son is at home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Farida dεppe mawen ruma ka aðuuðung kəta abicaya.","Farida dε-pe mawen ruma ka a-ðuuðung kəta a-bicaya.",Farida 3SG-POSS son house in PRS-LOC COMP PRS-believe,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,12944, +66-113,66,Farida dεppe mawen rumana məpina kəmauan.,Farida\tdε-pe\tmawen\truma-na\tmə-pi-na\tkəmauan.,Farida\t3SG-POSS\tson\thouse-DAT\tINF-go-DAT\tnecessity,Farida wants her son to go home.,,This is the equivalent of 'Farida wants that her son go home' which is actually ungrammatical in both English and Sri Lankan Malay. Note that mawen cannot be accusative-marked as the pronoun in the analogous English construction must be.,,,elicited from speaker,Farida dεppe mawen rumana məpina kəmauan.,Farida dε-pe mawen ruma-na mə-pi-na kəmauan.,Farida 3SG-POSS son house-DAT INF-go-DAT necessity,"This is the equivalent of 'Farida wants that her son go home' which is actually ungrammatical in both English and Sri Lankan Malay. Note that mawen cannot be accusative-marked as the pronoun in the analogous English construction must be.","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,12945, +66-114,66,Goðang dia Klumbu na mədatang na kəmauan.,Go-ðang\tdia\tKlumbu\tna\tmə-datang\tna\tkəmauan.,1SG-DAT\t3SG\tColombo\tto\tINF-come\tto\twant,I want him to come to Colombo.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Goðang dia Klumbu na mədatang na kəmauan.,Go-ðang dia Klumbu na mə-datang na kəmauan.,1SG-DAT 3SG Colombo to INF-come to want,,Own knowledge,,12946, +67-202,67,Hey mau sapu bese-bese.,Hey\tmau\tsapu\tbese~bese.,VOC\twant\tsweep\tclean~clean,"Hey, I want [you] to sweep [it] very cleanly.",,,708[499],,naturalistic spoken,Hey mau sapu bese-bese.,Hey mau sapu bese~bese.,VOC want sweep clean~clean,,,,12947, +68-118,68,De piker kata mo ka Natsepa par peknek kalo seng ujang.,De\tpiker\tkata\tmo\tka\tNatsepa\tpar\tpeknek\tkalo\tseng\tujang.,3SG\tthink\tCOMP\tFUT\tto\tNatsepa\tfor\tpicnic\tif\tNEG\train,He thought he would go to Natsepa if it didn't rain.,,The complementizer kata is optional. The subordinated clause need not contain a subject if the complementizer is used.,1528[275],,naturalistic spoken,De piker kata mo ka Natsepa par peknek kalo seng ujang.,,3SG think COMP FUT to Natsepa for picnic if NEG rain,"The complementizer kata is optional. The subordinated clause need not contain a subject if the complementizer is used.",,,12948, +70-74,70,U soco ham bos baito.,U\tsoco\tham\tbos\tbaito.,3SG\tthink\t1SG\tboss\tCOP,He thought I was the boss.,,,,,constructed by linguist,U soco ham bos baito.,,3SG think 1SG boss COP,,Own knowledge,,12949, +70-75,70,U nai mango kabi iwala dori tut jao.,U\tnai\tmango\tkabi\tiwala\tdori\ttut\tjao.,3SG\tNEG\twant\tever\tthis\tcord\tbreak\tgo.,She didn't want this cord ever to break.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,U nai mango kabi iwala dori tut jao.,,3SG NEG want ever this cord break go.,,Siegel-field recording,,12950, +71-178,71,Kela aliikoa makemake wau kiola mawaho kela ipuka-pa.,Kela\taliikoa\tmakemake\twau\tkiola\tmawaho\tkela\tipuka-pa.,DET\tofficer\twant\t1SG\ttoss\toutside\tDET\tgate-wall,The military officer wanted me to toss it outside the gate.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Kela aliikoa makemake wau kiola mawaho kela ipuka-pa.",,DET officer want 1SG toss outside DET gate-wall,,Own data 1888,,12951, +72-150,72,I want CH to gu gedim im.,I\twant\tCH\tto\tgu\tged-im\tim.,3SG.SBJ\twant\tNAME\tto\tgo\tget-TR\t3SG.OBJ,She wants CH to go and get it.,,,8,5c7c3fbcdb2342b8e917460ce033c3b3,naturalistic spoken,I want CH to gu gedim im.,I want CH to gu ged-im im.,3SG.SBJ want NAME to go get-TR 3SG.OBJ,,,,12952, +73-104,73,yoga no eltaga binichun kirinichu,yo-ga\tno\tel-ta-ga\tbini-chun\tkiri-ni-chu,1SG-TOP\tNEG\the-ACC-TOP\tcome-SUBORD\twant-1SG-NEG,I do not want him to come.,,,,,elicited from speaker,yoga no eltaga binichun kirinichu,yo-ga no el-ta-ga bini-chun kiri-ni-chu,1SG-TOP NEG he-ACC-TOP come-SUBORD want-1SG-NEG,,Field notes,,12953, +73-105,73,xwan binishkada sabini,xwan\tbini-shka-da\tsabi-ni,John\tcome-NMLZ-ACC\tknow-1SG,I know that John has come.,,,,,elicited from speaker,xwan binishkada sabini,xwan bini-shka-da sabi-ni,John come-NMLZ-ACC know-1SG,,Field notes,,12954, +73-106,73,no ichun kirinichu,no\ti-chun\tkiri-ni-chu,NEG\tgo-SUBORD\twant-1SG-NEG,I do not want you to go.,,,1038[390],,naturalistic spoken,no ichun kirinichu,no i-chun kiri-ni-chu,NEG go-SUBORD want-1SG-NEG,,,,12955, +74-144,74,yáka tamtam yáka haws háyas,yáka\ttamtam\tyáka\thaws\tháyas,3SG\tthink\t3SG\thouse\tbig,She thinks her house is big.,,,,,constructed by linguist,yáka tamtam yáka haws háyas,,3SG think 3SG house big,,Own knowledge,,12956, +74-145,74,yáka tq’iX yáka haws háyas,yáka\ttq’iX\tyáka\thaws\tháyas,3SG\twant\t3SG\thouse\tbig,She wants her house to be big.,,,,,constructed by linguist,yáka tq’iX yáka haws háyas,,3SG want 3SG house big,,Own knowledge,,12957, +75-243,75,No iteeyihtamiyiw sa faem enn bloond ayaawaat.,No\titeeyiht-am-iyi-w\tsa\tfaem\tenn\tbloond\tayaaw-aat.,NEG\tthink.it-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-OBV-3SBJ\t3.F.POSS\twife\tINDF.ART.\tgirlfriend\thave-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,His wife does not think that he has a girlfriend.,,,,,constructed by linguist,No iteeyihtamiyiw sa faem enn bloond ayaawaat.,No iteeyiht-am-iyi-w sa faem enn bloond ayaaw-aat.,NEG think.it-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-OBV-3SBJ 3.F.POSS wife INDF.ART. girlfriend have-3.SBJ.3.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,12958, +75-248,75,Bachees ataameemeewak eekimutiyit larzhawn.,Bachees\tataameem-eew-ak\tee-kimuti-yi-t\tlarzhawn.,John\tsuspect-3.SBJ.3OBJ-PL\tCOMP-steal-OBV-3\tmoney,They suspect that John steals money. OR: They suspect John of stealing money.,,"The element -yi- indicates that it is John who is the subject of the complement sentence, and not the subject of the main clause. The form Bachees could probably be marked with the (optional) nominal obviative suffix -a.",789[322],,naturalistic written,Bachees ataameemeewak eekimutiyit larzhawn.,Bachees ataameem-eew-ak ee-kimuti-yi-t larzhawn.,John suspect-3.SBJ.3OBJ-PL COMP-steal-OBV-3 money,"The element -yi- indicates that it is John who is the subject of the complement sentence, and not the subject of the main clause. The form Bachees could probably be marked with the (optional) nominal obviative suffix -a.",,,12959, +75-249,75,Fulee baen eekimutit eekiisheekihist.,Fulee\tbaen\tee-kimuti-t\tee-kii-sheeki-h-ist.,DEONT\twell\tCOMP-steal-3\tCOMP-PST-be.afraid-CAUS-INDF.ACTOR.3.OBJ,He had to steal as someone scared him. OR: He was intimidated into stealing.,,,789[147],,naturalistic written,Fulee baen eekimutit eekiisheekihist.,Fulee baen ee-kimuti-t ee-kii-sheeki-h-ist.,DEONT well COMP-steal-3 COMP-PST-be.afraid-CAUS-INDF.ACTOR.3.OBJ,,,,12960, +75-250,75,Nu kiiyaam iteemeewak chituhteet.,Nu\tkiiyaam\titeem-eew-ak\tchi-tuhtee-t.,NEG\tallright\tthink.ANIM-3.SBJ.OBJ-PL\tCOMP.FUT-go-3,They think it is not alright for her to go. OR: They won't allow her to go.,,,789[21],,naturalistic written,Nu kiiyaam iteemeewak chituhteet.,Nu kiiyaam iteem-eew-ak chi-tuhtee-t.,NEG allright think.ANIM-3.SBJ.OBJ-PL COMP.FUT-go-3,,,,12961, +76-64,76,awoña tai'manna illipsi cabakto picuktu,awoña\ttai'manna\tillipsi\tcabakto\tpicuktu,I\tthis.way\tyou\twork\twant,I want you to do it this way.,,,1442[231],,reconstructed by documentalist,awoña tai'manna illipsi cabakto picuktu,,I this.way you work want,,,,12962, +76-65,76,ōmīakpȗk alak'tok pĭcū'ktok awoña,ōmīakpȗk\talak'tok\tpĭcū'ktok\tawoña,ship\tgo\twant\tI,I want to go on shipboard.,,,1442[218],,published source,ōmīakpȗk alak'tok pĭcū'ktok awoña,,ship go want I,,,,12963, +2-259,2,Fa un doro un bigin wroko.,Fa\tun\tdoro\tun\tbigin\twroko.,as.soon.as\t1PL\tarrive\t1PL\tbegin\twork,"As soon as we arrived, we began to work.",,,1585[23],,naturalistic spoken,Fa un doro un bigin wroko.,,as.soon.as 1PL arrive 1PL begin work,,,,12964, +2-260,2,"Di mi doro na oso esde, mi brada gi mi moni.","Di\tmi\tdoro\tna\toso\tesde,\tmi\tbrada\tgi\tmi\tmoni.",when\t1SG\tarrive\tLOC\thouse\tyesterday\tmy\tbrother\tgive\t1SG\tmoney,"When I got home yesterday, my brother gave me money.",,TEMPORAL CLAUSES WITH DI INDICATE ACTUAL (PAST) EVENTS.,1605[405],,naturalistic spoken,"Di mi doro na oso esde, mi brada gi mi moni.",,when 1SG arrive LOC house yesterday my brother give 1SG money,"TEMPORAL CLAUSES WITH DI INDICATE ACTUAL (PAST) EVENTS.",,,12965, +2-261,2,"En te den man dati e kon tapu a dan, dan den e law.","En\tte\tden\tman\tdati\te\tkon\ttapu\ta\tdan,\tdan\tden\te\tlaw.",and\twhen\tthe.PL\tman\tDEM\tIPFV\tcome\ttop\tDET\tstreet\tthen\t3PL\tIMP\tcrazy,"And when those guys come out on the street, they go crazy.",,TEMPORAL CLAUSES WITH TE INDICATE IRREALIS OR HABITUAL (RECURRENT) EVENTS.,1605[424],,naturalistic spoken,"En te den man dati e kon tapu a dan, dan den e law.",,and when the.PL man DEM IPFV come top DET street then 3PL IMP crazy,"TEMPORAL CLAUSES WITH TE INDICATE IRREALIS OR HABITUAL (RECURRENT) EVENTS.",,,12966, +3-142,3,"Di júu tén de bì dóu a di kónde, nóo, déé sɛmbɛ bì dé tá bajá.","Di\tjúu\ttén\tde\tbì\tdóu\ta\tdi\tkónde,\tnóo,\tdéé\tsɛmbɛ\tbì\tdé\ttá\tbajá.",then\thour\ttime\t3PL\tTNS\tarrive\tLOC\tDEF.SG\tland\tthen\tDEF.PL\tpeople\tTNS\tBE\tASP\tdance,"As they arrived in the village, the people were dancing.",,,354[300],,naturalistic written,"Di júu tén de bì dóu a di kónde, nóo, déé sɛmbɛ bì dé tá bajá.",,then hour time 3PL TNS arrive LOC DEF.SG land then DEF.PL people TNS BE ASP dance,,,,12967, +4-169,4,Di Linda kon doo neen Aseengi gwe.,Di\tLinda\tkon\tdoo\tneen\tAseengi\tgwe.,when\tLinda\tcome\tarrive\tthen\tAseengi\tleave,"When Linda arrived, Aseengi left.",,,,,elicited from speaker,Di Linda kon doo neen Aseengi gwe.,,when Linda come arrive then Aseengi leave,,Own data,,12968, +10-232,10,Wentaim A finish A wi tiich iina di bailingual program.,Wen-taim\tA\tfinish\tA\twi\ttiich\tiina\tdi\tbailingual\tprogram.,when-time\t1SG\tfinish\t1SG\tFUT\tteach\tin\tART.DEF\tbilingual\tprogram,"When I finish, I will teach in the bilingual program.",,The Saintandrewan Spelling Committee decided in 1999 and again in 2001 that 1st person singular subject pronouns should be capitalized as in English.,113[128],,naturalistic spoken,Wentaim A finish A wi tiich iina di bailingual program.,Wen-taim A finish A wi tiich iina di bailingual program.,when-time 1SG finish 1SG FUT teach in ART.DEF bilingual program,The Saintandrewan Spelling Committee decided in 1999 and again in 2001 that 1st person singular subject pronouns should be capitalized as in English.,,,12969, +10-233,10,"Wen ihn grab di plog, Gaalin didi op.","Wen\tihn\tgrab\tdi\tplog,\tGaalin\tdidi\top.",when\t3SG\tgrab\tART.DEF\tplug\tGawlin\tshit\tup,"When he grabbed the plug, Gawlin shat his pants.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Wen ihn grab di plog, Gaalin didi op.",,when 3SG grab ART.DEF plug Gawlin shit up,,Unpublished field recordings,,12970, +10-234,10,Wentaim yu kom wi gwain du dat.,Wen-taim\tyu\tkom\twi\tgwain\tdu\tdat.,when-time\t2SG\tcome\t1PL\tFUT\tdo\tDEM,"When you come, we will do that.",,,,,elicited from speaker,Wentaim yu kom wi gwain du dat.,Wen-taim yu kom wi gwain du dat.,when-time 2SG come 1PL FUT do DEM,,Field notes 2008,,12971, +11-305,11,di kom yu kom,di\tkom\tyu\tkom,PST\tcome\t2SG\tcome,as soon as you come,,,636[235],,naturalistic spoken,di kom yu kom,,PST come 2SG come,,,,12972, +28-171,28,"di drai wat ju draitɛ, o kutɛ ju","di\tdrai\twati\tju\tdrai-tɛ,\to\tku-tɛ\tju",the\tturn\tREL\t2SG\tturn-PFV\t3SG\tcatch-PFV\t2SG,"As soon as you turn around, it catches you.",,,737[437],,naturalistic spoken,"di drai wat ju draitɛ, o kutɛ ju","di drai wati ju drai-tɛ, o ku-tɛ ju",the turn REL 2SG turn-PFV 3SG catch-PFV 2SG,,,,12973, +28-172,28,"di pakɛkɛ paka fan di rum ben, ɛkɛ kiki di kɛna latoparo bringi","di\tpaka\tɛkɛ\tpaka\tfan\tdi\trum\tben,\tɛkɛ\tkiki\tdi\tkɛnɛ-apu\tlatopo-arɛ\to\tbringi",the\temerge\t1SG\temerge\tfrom\tthe\troom\tinside\t1SG\tsee\tthe\tperson-PL\tlift-IPFV\t3SG\tbring,"As I came out of the room, I saw them carrying him here.",,Rum 'room' is a loan from Creolese.,737[441],,naturalistic spoken,"di pakɛkɛ paka fan di rum ben, ɛkɛ kiki di kɛna latoparo bringi","di paka ɛkɛ paka fan di rum ben, ɛkɛ kiki di kɛnɛ-apu latopo-arɛ o bringi",the emerge 1SG emerge from the room inside 1SG see the person-PL lift-IPFV 3SG bring,"Rum 'room' is a loan from Creolese.",,,12974, +30-208,30,"Na kume k'es ta kume, e nguli spinhu, e ka xinti.","Na=kume\tk=es=ta=kume,\te=nguli\tspinhu,\te=ka=xinti.",in=eat\tREL=3PL=IPFV=eat\t3SG=swallow\tfishbone\t3SG=NEG=feel,"While they were having lunch, he swallowed a fishbone and didn't even notice.",,,784[s.v. ki],,naturalistic spoken,"Na kume k'es ta kume, e nguli spinhu, e ka xinti.","Na=kume k=es=ta=kume, e=nguli spinhu, e=ka=xinti.",in=eat REL=3PL=IPFV=eat 3SG=swallow fishbone 3SG=NEG=feel,,,,12975,"German: Während sie mitten beim Essen waren, verschluckte er eine Gräte und merkte es nicht einmal." +41-165,41,kebraalav eli jaoyaa aka nikara kuza,kebraa=lav\teli\tjaa-oyaa\taka\tnikara\tkuza,break=as.soon.as\t3SG\tPST-see\tthat\tHAB.NEG\tsew,"As soon as [the sewing machine] broke, he saw it won't sew.",,This example shows that verb doubling is not found in Sri Lanka Portuguese temporal clauses. The particle lav expresses the notion 'as soon as'. A quotative particle is expected in the second clause.,1416[5314],,naturalistic spoken,kebraalav eli jaoyaa aka nikara kuza,kebraa=lav eli jaa-oyaa aka nikara kuza,break=as.soon.as 3SG PST-see that HAB.NEG sew,"This example shows that verb doubling is not found in Sri Lanka Portuguese temporal clauses. The particle lav expresses the notion 'as soon as'. A quotative particle is expected in the second clause.",,,12976, +49-304,49,"Wè l pa wè pitit la, li tonbe endispozisyon.","Wè\tl\tpa\twè\tpitit\tla,\tli\ttonbe\tendispozisyon.",see\t3SG\tNEG\tsee\tchild\tDEF\t3SG\tlose\tconsciousness,"Since she doesn't see her son, she loses consciousness.",,,371[46],,naturalistic spoken,"Wè l pa wè pitit la, li tonbe endispozisyon.",,see 3SG NEG see child DEF 3SG lose consciousness,,,,12977,"French: Ne voyant pas son fils, elle perd connaissance." +49-305,49,"Parèt pwofesè ki mabyal la parèt, tout elèv pè.","Parèt\tpwofesè\tki\tmabyal\tla\tparèt,\ttout\telèv\tpè.",appear\tprofessor\tREL\tstrict\tDEF\tappear\tall\tstudent\tbe.afraid,"As soon as the strict professor appears, all students are afraid.",,,371[46],,naturalistic spoken,"Parèt pwofesè ki mabyal la parèt, tout elèv pè.",,appear professor REL strict DEF appear all student be.afraid,,,,12978,"French: Dès que paraît le professeur sévère, tous les élèves ont peur." +50-189,50,"Fini i fini, i chapé.","Fini\ti\tfini,\ti\tchapé.",finish\t3SG\tfinish\t3SG\tescape,"As soon as he finished, he left.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Fini i fini, i chapé.",,finish 3SG finish 3SG escape,,Own fieldwork,,12979, +51-161,51,"Fini i fini, i chapé.","Fini\ti\tfini,\ti\tchapé.",finish\t3SG\tfinish\t3SG\tescape,"As soon as he finished, he left.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Fini i fini, i chapé.",,finish 3SG finish 3SG escape,,Own fieldwork,,12980, +52-103,52,a travay pou to travay,a\ttravay\tpou\tto\ttravay,it.is\twork\tfor\tyou\twork,You have to work really hard.,,This kind of verb doubling cannot be used in a temporal clause.,1211,,naturalistic spoken,a travay pou to travay,,it.is work for you work,This kind of verb doubling cannot be used in a temporal clause.,,,12981, +59-313,59,"ko na agwe awe, melenge na ati na toto ngbii","koli\tni\tagwe\tawe,\tmelenge\tni\tati\tna\ttoto\tngbii",husband\tDET\tSM.go\talready\tchild\tDET\tSM.fall\tPREP\tcry\tlong.time,"After the husband had gone, the child (his wife) began crying a long time.",,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"ko na agwe awe, melenge na ati na toto ngbii","koli ni agwe awe, melenge ni ati na toto ngbii",husband DET SM.go already child DET SM.fall PREP cry long.time,,,,12982, +59-314,59,"Gango so mo ga ndo so so, mbi sara mbeni sioni yi na mo si mo gwe mo ken' ti to na mbi mbeti so?","Gango\tso\tmo\tga\tndo\tso\tso,\tmbi\tsara\tmbeni\tsioni\tyi\tna\tmo\tsi\tmo\tgwe\tmo\tken'\tti\tto\tna\tmbi\tmbeti\tso?",come.NMLZ\tREL\t2SG\tcome\tplace\tDEM\tthus\t1SG\tdo\tsome\tbad\tthing\tPREP\t2SG\tthen\t2SG\tgo\t2SG\trefuse\tof\tsend\tPREP\t2SG\tpaper\tthus,"When you came here, did I do something bad to you that you went and refuse/refused to send me a letter?",,The fact that this was in a letter does not mean that this is characteristic especially of written Sango. I believe it to be found in spoken language as well.,,,naturalistic written,"Gango so mo ga ndo so so, mbi sara mbeni sioni yi na mo si mo gwe mo ken' ti to na mbi mbeti so?",,come.NMLZ REL 2SG come place DEM thus 1SG do some bad thing PREP 2SG then 2SG go 2SG refuse of send PREP 2SG paper thus,The fact that this was in a letter does not mean that this is characteristic especially of written Sango. I believe it to be found in spoken language as well.,Own knowledge,,12983, +59-315,59,"gongo so ala goo so, ala goo ngbii, ala si na da ti koli ni","gongo\tso\tala\tgwe\tso,\tala\tgwe\tngbii,\tala\tsi\tna\tda\tti\tkoli\tni",going\tREL\t3PL\tgo\tREL\t3PL\tgo\tlong.time\t3PL\tarrive\tPREP\thouse\tof\thusband\tDET,After having gone a long time they arrived at the husband's house. OR: They went a long time and then arrived at the husband's house.,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"gongo so ala goo so, ala goo ngbii, ala si na da ti koli ni","gongo so ala gwe so, ala gwe ngbii, ala si na da ti koli ni",going REL 3PL go REL 3PL go long.time 3PL arrive PREP house of husband DET,,,,12984, +66-115,66,Omongomong Musba ruma na api.,Omong-omong\tMusba\truma\tna\ta-pi.,talk-talk\tMusba\thouse\tPOSTP\tPRS-go,"While talking, Musba goes (i.e. drives) home.",,,,,elicited from speaker,Omongomong Musba ruma na api.,Omong-omong Musba ruma na a-pi.,talk-talk Musba house POSTP PRS-go,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,12985, +67-203,67,"Semalam saya pigi kawan punya luma, saya punya kawan masak nasi.","Semalam\tsaya\tpigi\tkawan\tpunya\tluma,\tsaya\tpunya\tkawan\tmasak\tnasi.",yesterday\t1SG\tgo\tfriend\tPOSS\thouse\t1SG\tPOSS\tfriend\tcook\trice,"Yesterday, [when] I went to my friend’s house, she was cooking.",,,708[394],,naturalistic spoken,"Semalam saya pigi kawan punya luma, saya punya kawan masak nasi.",,yesterday 1SG go friend POSS house 1SG POSS friend cook rice,,,,12986, +69-70,69,"mambi awkuranan; awkurambi, mambi manan kandək təmbi tanan",mambi\tawkura-nan\tAwkura-mbi\tmambi\tmanan\tkandək\ttə-mbi\tta-nan,again\tgather-NONFUT\tgather-DEP\tagain\tmens'.house\tOBL\tput-DEP\tPROG-NONFUT,"(They both) gathered (it) again. Gathering (it), (they both) were putting it inside the mens' house.",,This exhibits the common Papuan pattern of tail-head linkage.,,,naturalistic spoken,"mambi awkuranan; awkurambi, mambi manan kandək təmbi tanan",mambi awkura-nan Awkura-mbi mambi manan kandək tə-mbi ta-nan,again gather-NONFUT gather-DEP again mens'.house OBL put-DEP PROG-NONFUT,This exhibits the common Papuan pattern of tail-head linkage.,Own field notes 1985,,12987, +74-146,74,Sáli yáka q’u pi Ben yáka tlátwa,Sáli\tyáka\tq’u\tpi\tBen\tyáka\ttlátwa,Sally\t3SG\tarrive\tand\tBen\t3SG\tgo,Sally arrived and Ben went.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Sáli yáka q’u pi Ben yáka tlátwa,,Sally 3SG arrive and Ben 3SG go,,Own knowledge,,12988, +1-241,1,Je wantje sliepe lange mie? [...] No mie no wantje.,"Yu\twani\tsribi\tnanga\tmi?\t[...]\tNo,\tmi\tno\twani.",2SG\twant\tsleep\twith\t1SG\t[...]\tNEG\t1SG\tNEG\twant,"Do you want to sleep with me? No, I do not want to.",,,625[122],,written,"Je wantje sliepe lange mie? [...] No mie no wantje.","Yu wani sribi nanga mi? [...] No, mi no wani.",2SG want sleep with 1SG [...] NEG 1SG NEG want,,,,12989,Dutch: Wilje niet by my slape? Neen ik wil niet. [op.cit.] +2-262,2,Mi no si en esde.,Mi\tno\tsi\ten\tesde.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\t3SG\tyesterday,I didn’t see him yesterday.,,,1605[406],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi no si en esde.",,1SG NEG see 3SG yesterday,,,,12990, +2-263,2,"A diri k’farlek, yu no man bai en.","A\tdiri\tk’farlek,\tyu\tno\tman\tbai\ten.",3SG\texpensive\tterrible\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\tbuy\t3SG,"It’s terribly expensive, you can’t buy it.",,,1606[77],,naturalistic spoken,"A diri k’farlek, yu no man bai en.",,3SG expensive terrible 2SG NEG can buy 3SG,,,,12991, +3-137,3,U-á sá-andí da di fan dé.,U-á\tsá-andí\tda\tdi\tfan\tdé.,1PL-NEG\tknow-what\tCOP\tDEF.SG\ttalk\tDEM,We don't understand what that means.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,U-á sá-andí da di fan dé.,,1PL-NEG know-what COP DEF.SG talk DEM,,Fieldwork data,,12992, +3-143,3,M' é gó.,M'=é\tgó.,1SG=NEG\tgo,I didn't go.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"M' é gó.","M'=é gó.",1SG=NEG go,,Fieldwork data,,12993, +4-170,4,Mi án sabi baa.,Mi\tán\tsabi\tbaa.,I\tNEG\tknow\tPOL,I don't know.,,,568[104],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi án sabi baa.",,I NEG know POL,,,,12994, +6-105,6,Leah doh eat de food. Leah eh eat de food.,Leah\tdoh\teat\tde\tfood.\tLeah\teh\teat\tde\tfood.,Leah\tNEG\teat\tDET\tfood\tLeah\tNEG\teat\tDET\tfood,Leah does not eat the food. Leah didn't eat the food.,,"doh < don't, eh < ain't",1431[71],,constructed by linguist,Leah doh eat de food. Leah eh eat de food.,,Leah NEG eat DET food Leah NEG eat DET food,"doh < don't, eh < ain't",,,12995, +6-106,6,Not to eat dat!,Not\tto\teat\tdat!,NEG\tto\teat\tthat,Do not eat that!,,,1431[71],,constructed by linguist,Not to eat dat!,,NEG to eat that,,,,12996, +7-238,7,Mitch na a kaal.,Mitch\tna\ta\tkaal.,Mitch\tNEG\tPROG\tcall,Mitch is not calling.,,The negative particle is placed before main verbs and aspect markers.,1248[6],,constructed by linguist,"Mitch na a kaal.",,Mitch NEG PROG call,The negative particle is placed before main verbs and aspect markers.,,,12997, +7-239,7,Mitch a kaal.,Mitch\ta\tkaal.,Mitch\tPROG\tcall,Mitch is calling.,,,1248[6],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mitch a kaal.,,Mitch PROG call,,,,12998, +7-240,7,Mitch wodn no.,Mitch\twod-n\tno.,Mitch\twould-NEG\tknow,Mitch wouldn’t know. OR: Mitch won’t know.,,The negative marker na is affixed as -n to some modals.,1248[8],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mitch wodn no.,Mitch wod-n no.,Mitch would-NEG know,"The negative marker na is affixed as -n to some modals.",,,12999, +8-151,8,Laiza naa nyam di bred.,Laiza\tno-a\tiit\tdi\tbred,Liza\tNEG-PROG\teat\tDET\tbread,Liza is not eating the bread.,,The declarative version of this sentence is Laiza a nyam di bred.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Laiza naa nyam di bred.,Laiza no-a iit di bred,Liza NEG-PROG eat DET bread,"The declarative version of this sentence is Laiza a nyam di bred.",Own knowledge,,13000, +9-185,9,Yu no waak da ridj de.,Yu\tno\twaak\tda\tridj\tde.,2SG\tNEG\twalk\tthat\tridge\tthere,You don't walk along that ridge.,,,432[36],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu no waak da ridj de.",,2SG NEG walk that ridge there,,,,13001, +9-186,9,Yu neva ivn̩ memba dat if a neva kum ya kum tɛl yu.,Yu\tneva\tivn̩\tmemba\tdat\tif\ta\tneva\tkum\tya\tkum\ttɛl\tyu.,2SG\tANT.NEG\teven\tremember\tthat\tif\t1SG\tANT.NEG\tcome\there\tcome\ttell\t2SG,You would not even have remembered if I had not come to tell you.,,,438,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu neva ivn̩ memba dat if a neva kum ya kum tɛl yu.",,2SG ANT.NEG even remember that if 1SG ANT.NEG come here come tell 2SG,,,,13002, +10-235,10,Yu no bring ih ataal?,Yu\tno\tbring\tih\tataal?,2SG\tNEG\tbring\t3SG.N\tat.all,Didn’t you bring it at all?,,,113[101],,naturalistic spoken,Yu no bring ih ataal?,,2SG NEG bring 3SG.N at.all,,,,13003, +10-236,10,Di gyal neva wiek Jack.,Di\tgyal\tneva\twiek\tJack.,ART.DEF\tgirl\tNEG.PST\twake\tJack,The girl didn’t wake Jack up.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di gyal neva wiek Jack.,,ART.DEF girl NEG.PST wake Jack,,Unpublished field recordings,,13004, +11-306,11,"Iin di nait, nou kyier wat taim dei ded [...].","Iin\tdi\tnait,\tnou\tkyier\twat\ttaim\tdei\tded\t[...].",in\tART.DEF\tnight\tNEG\tcare\twhat\ttime\t3PL\tdie\t[...],"In the night, it doesn’t matter at what time they die [...].",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Iin di nait, nou kyier wat taim dei ded [...].",,in ART.DEF night NEG care what time 3PL die [...],,,,13005, +11-307,11,Wi neva tek a kapi af da wan dat wi gi yu.,Wi\tneva\ttek\ta\tkapi\taf\tda\twan\tdat\twi\tgi\tyu.,1PL\tNEG.PST\ttake\tART.INDF\tcopy\tof\tDEM\tone\tREL\t1PL\tgive\t2SG,We did not take a copy of the one we gave you.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wi neva tek a kapi af da wan dat wi gi yu.",,1PL NEG.PST take ART.INDF copy of DEM one REL 1PL give 2SG,,,,13006, +11-308,11,"So di ting iz nat gud, nat gud ataal.","So\tdi\tting\tiz\tnat\tgud,\tnat\tgud\tat-aal.",so\tART.DEF\tthing\tCOP.PRS\tNEG\tgood\tNEG\tgood\tat-all,"So the thing isn’t good, not good at all.",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"So di ting iz nat gud, nat gud ataal.","So di ting iz nat gud, nat gud at-aal.",so ART.DEF thing COP.PRS NEG good NEG good at-all,,,,13007, +11-309,11,"Wen Ai woz boi, Ai neva drink rom.","Wen\tAi\twoz\tboi,\tAi\tneva\tdrink\trom.",when\t1SG\tCOP.PST\tboy\t1SG\tNEG.PST\tdrink\trum,"When I was a boy, I never drank rum.",,"In this example, neva actually may have the meaning ‘never’ rather than [NEG.PST].",1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wen Ai woz boi, Ai neva drink rom.",,when 1SG COP.PST boy 1SG NEG.PST drink rum,"In this example, neva actually may have the meaning ‘never’ rather than [NEG.PST].",,,13008, +11-310,11,Ai doun waahn dem tu nou.,Ai\tdoun\twaahn\tdem\ttu\tnou.,1SG\tNEG\twant\t3PL\tto\tknow,I don’t want them to know.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Ai doun waahn dem tu nou.,,1SG NEG want 3PL to know,,,,13009, +12-249,12,Stone at sea bottom no know sun hot.,Stone\tat\tsea\tbottom\tno\tknow\tsun\thot.,stone[PL]\tat\tsea\tbottom\tNEG\tknow\tsun\thot,The rocks at the bottom of the sea don’t know that the sun is hot.,,This example is quoted by Holm & Shilling (1982: 143) from a late nineteenth-century source.,634[143],,naturalistic spoken,"Stone at sea bottom no know sun hot.",,stone[PL] at sea bottom NEG know sun hot,This example is quoted by Holm & Shilling (1982: 143) from a late nineteenth-century source.,,,13010, +12-250,12,"I ain't - I ain't exactly know what kind of work he used to do, but I think he used to work over there. But he retire.",I ain't - I ain't exactly know [...].,1SG.SBJ NEG   1SG.SBJ NEG exactly know [...],I don’t exactly know [what kind of work he used to do] [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I ain't - I ain't exactly know what kind of work he used to do, but I think he used to work over there. But he retire.",I ain't - I ain't exactly know [...].,1SG.SBJ NEG 1SG.SBJ NEG exactly know [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13011, +12-251,12,"The next one - like governor. That's a governor, too, hey, but they say - uh - like a slow-lear- learning school, hey, but you have to pay for that, so I didn't had no money to pay, so I let him gone right there.",[...]\tI\tdidn't\thad\tno\tmoney\t[...].,[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\thave.PFV\tNEG\tmoney\t[...],"[The next school is a government-run school, too,] [...] [but you have to pay for it, so, since] I didn’t have any money, [I let him [i.e. the speaker’s son] go to the other school].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"The next one - like governor. That's a governor, too, hey, but they say - uh - like a slow-lear- learning school, hey, but you have to pay for that, so I didn't had no money to pay, so I let him gone right there.","[...] I didn't had no money [...].",[...] 1SG.SBJ NEG have.PFV NEG money [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13012, +13-178,13,Aint you know say comin back rebel time?,Aint\tyou\tknow\tsay\tcomin\tback\trebel\ttime?,NEG.AUX\t2SG.SBJ\tknow\tCOMP\tcoming\tback\tslavery\ttime,Don’t you know that slavery is coming back?,,,1500[264],,naturalistic spoken,Aint you know say comin back rebel time?,,NEG.AUX 2SG.SBJ know COMP coming back slavery time,,,,13013, +13-179,13,Me na gwine fa no flour.,Me\tna\tgwine\tfa\tno\tflour.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tgoing\tfor\tno\tflour,I am not going to get any flour.,,,1500[260],,naturalistic spoken,"Me na gwine fa no flour.",,1SG.SBJ NEG going for no flour,,,,13014, +13-180,13,Me na gwine gone.,Me\tna\tgwine\tgone.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tgoing\tgo.PST,I am not going to go.,,,1500[260],,naturalistic spoken,"Me na gwine gone.",,1SG.SBJ NEG going go.PST,,,,13015, +13-181,13,I ain gine worry a soul.,I\tain\tgine\tworry\ta\tsoul.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG.AUX\tgoing\tworry\ta\tsoul,I am not going to worry a soul.,,Gine is a variant of gwine.,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,I ain gine worry a soul.,,1SG.SBJ NEG.AUX going worry a soul,"Gine is a variant of gwine.",,,13016, +13-182,13,I ain min bout de body.,I\tain\tmin\tbout\tde\tbody.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG.AUX\tmind\tabout\tthe\tbody,I do not mind about the body.,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,"I ain min bout de body.",,1SG.SBJ NEG.AUX mind about the body,,,,13017, +14-137,14,They ain't leaving tomorrow.,They\tain't\tleaving\ttomorrow.,they\tbe.AUX.NEG\tleaving\ttomorrow,They are not leaving tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,They ain't leaving tomorrow.,,they be.AUX.NEG leaving tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,13018, +14-138,14,They not leaving tomorrow.,They\tnot\tleaving\ttomorrow.,they\tnot\tleaving\ttomorrow,They are not leaving tomorrow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,They not leaving tomorrow.,,they not leaving tomorrow,,Own knowledge,,13019, +15-131,15,A nɔ si da wan de.,A\tnɔ\tsi\tda\twan\tde.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tDEM\tone\tday,I've never seen such a thing.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"A nɔ si da wan de.",,1SG NEG see DEM one day,,Own knowledge,,13020, +17-172,17,À no bay nyam.,À\tno\tbay\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tbuy\tyam,I didn’t buy yams.,,,462[89],,naturalistic spoken,"À no bay nyam.",,1SG.SBJ NEG buy yam,,,,13021, +17-173,17,À ne̱va bay nyam.,À\tne̱va\tbay\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG.COMPL\tbuy\tyam,I didn’t buy / haven’t bought yams.,,,462[89],,naturalistic spoken,"À ne̱va bay nyam.",,1SG.SBJ NEG.COMPL buy yam,,,,13022, +18-159,18,A 'no 'sabi.,A\tno\tsabi.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tknow,I don't know.,,,352[141],,published source,"A 'no 'sabi.",A no sabi.,1SG.SBJ NEG know,,,,13023, +19-194,19,"Layf no de naw, wɔl no de.","Layf\tno\tde\tnaw,\twɔl\tno\tde.",life\tNEG\tCOP\tnow\tworld\tNEG\tCOP,"Nowadays there is no life, there is no (proper) world.",,"No is also the general negator. It occurs as an interjection 'no', a clause negator and as a constituent negator (for example in instances of negative concord).",1634[256],,naturalistic spoken,"Layf no de naw, wɔl no de.",,life NEG COP now world NEG COP,"No is also the general negator. It occurs as an interjection 'no', a clause negator and as a constituent negator (for example in instances of negative concord).",,,13024, +19-195,19,Dɛ̀n no gò flay nà Bàta mɔ.,Dɛ̀n\tno\tgò\tflay\tnà\tBàta\tmɔ.,3PL\tNEG\tPOT\tfly\tLOC\tBata\tmore,They're not going to fly to Bata any more.,,,1634[258],,naturalistic spoken,"Dɛ̀n no gò flay nà Bàta mɔ.",,3PL NEG POT fly LOC Bata more,,,,13025, +20-138,20,My no believe.,My\tno\tbelieve.,1SG\tNEG\tbelieve,I don't believe.,,,1489[IV.47],,naturalistic written,My no believe.,,1SG NEG believe,,,米哪鼻利乎,13026, +21-139,21,They are not visiting his place.,They\tare\tnot\tvisit-ing\this\tplace.,3PL\tbe.PL\tNEG\tvisit-PROG\t3SG.POSS\tplace,They are not visiting his place.,,,529[89],,constructed by linguist,"They are not visiting his place.","They are not visit-ing his place.",3PL be.PL NEG visit-PROG 3SG.POSS place,,,,13027, +22-172,22,Ol i no givim ol gutpela prais.,Ol\ti\tno\tgivim\tol\tgut-pela\tprais.,3PL\tPM\tNEG\tgive\t3PL\tgood-MOD\tprice,They did not give them a good price.,,,"584[16 year old girl, Western Highlands]",,naturalistic spoken,"Ol i no givim ol gutpela prais.",Ol i no givim ol gut-pela prais.,3PL PM NEG give 3PL good-MOD price,,,,13028, +24-177,24,Kaa fut wi kaa win a lotri.,Kaa\tfut\twi\tkaa\twin\ta\tlotri.,I.do.not.know\twhy\t1.NSG\tcannot\twin\tDET.DEF\tlottery,Don't know why we can't win the lottery.,,"kaa means 'I/we cannot', 'I/we don't know'; fut < for what",,,naturalistic written,Kaa fut wi kaa win a lotri.,,I.do.not.know why 1.NSG cannot win DET.DEF lottery,"kaa means 'I/we cannot', 'I/we don't know'; fut < for what",Own fieldwork,,13029, +24-178,24,Ai nor(t) noe.,Ai\tnor(t)\tnoe.,1SG\tNEG\tknow,I do not know.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai nor(t) noe.,,1SG NEG know,,Own fieldwork,,13030, +24-179,24,Ent none a ucklan nor bin orf Norfolk en nort knoew dem's weahs.,Ent\tnone\ta\tucklan\tnor\tbin\torf\tNorfolk\ten\tnort\tknoew\tdem's\tweahs.,NEG.EXIST\tnone\tPREP\t1PL\tNEG\tPST\tPREP\tNorfolk\tand\tNEG\tknow\t3PL.POSS\tway.PL,They are none of us who have not been away from Norfolk and know their ways (i.e. mainlanders' ways).,,Ucklan refers to Pitcairn descendants.,,,internet chatroom,Ent none a ucklan nor bin orf Norfolk en nort knoew dem's weahs.,,NEG.EXIST none PREP 1PL NEG PST PREP Norfolk and NEG know 3PL.POSS way.PL,"Ucklan refers to Pitcairn descendants.",Internet chatroom,,13031, +25-323,25,I kan ranawei.,I\tkan\tran-awei.,3SG\tcan.NEG\trun-away,"It cannot run away. (Referring to a goanna, a large reptile hunted as food.)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an expression of negative ability.",,,naturalistic spoken,I kan ranawei.,I kan ran-awei.,3SG can.NEG run-away,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates an expression of negative ability.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,13032, +25-324,25,Nobodi neva putimbat mai haus.,Nobodi\tneva\tput-im-bat\tmai\thaus.,nobody\tNEG2\tput-TR-PROG\t1SG.POSS\thouse,Nobody ever builds my house.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a negative construction with a negative indefinite pronoun.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Nobodi neva putimbat mai haus.",Nobodi neva put-im-bat mai haus.,nobody NEG2 put-TR-PROG 1SG.POSS house,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a negative construction with a negative indefinite pronoun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,13033, +25-325,25,"Yu nomo gotim ninarlnguj, thet the Nangarla gotim, C.","Yu\tnomo\tgot-im\tninarlnguj,\tthet\tthe\tNangarla\tgot-im,\tC.",2SG\tNEG\thave-TR\tlower.leg\tDEM\tEQ.COP\tNangarla\thave-TR\tC.,"You don't have (the word) ninarlnguj (written down), it's Nangarla who has it, C. (referring to another linguist)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a nominal cleft construction and verbal negation. The form the does not function as a definite article in Kriol but only occurs in equational clauses. Ninarlnguj is a Nungali word. Nangarla is a subsection (""skin"") term in use in the Victoria River District.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Yu nomo gotim ninarlnguj, thet the Nangarla gotim, C.","Yu nomo got-im ninarlnguj, thet the Nangarla got-im, C.",2SG NEG have-TR lower.leg DEM EQ.COP Nangarla have-TR C.,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a nominal cleft construction and verbal negation. The form the does not function as a definite article in Kriol but only occurs in equational clauses. Ninarlnguj is a Nungali word. Nangarla is a subsection (""skin"") term in use in the Victoria River District.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,13034, +27-125,27,Də bull no wel werək.,Də\tbull\tno\twel\twerək.,ART.DEF\tbull\tNEG\twant\twork,The bull does not want to work.,,,355[64],,naturalistic spoken,"Də bull no wel werək.",,ART.DEF bull NEG want work,,,,13035, +28-173,28,o poko di man ka,o\tpoko\tdi\tman\tka,3SG\tlike\tthe\tman\tNEG,She doesn't like the male (referring to a pair of parrots).,,,750[26],,naturalistic spoken,"o poko di man ka",o poko di man ka,3SG like the man NEG,,,,13036, +28-174,28,o suku nati ʃi bwa kanɛ,o\tsuku\tnati\tʃi\tbwa\tkanɛ,3SG\twant\twet\t3SG.POSS\tfoot\tNEG,He doesn't want his feet to get wet.,,,738[239],,naturalistic spoken,"o suku nati ʃi bwa kanɛ",o suku nati ʃi bwa kanɛ,3SG want wet 3SG.POSS foot NEG,,,,13037, +29-196,29,Jan kom nie.,Jan\tkom\tnie.,John\tcomes\tNEG,John is not coming.,,"Only one negator is required here as Jan kom nie nie is out, except where both negators are ""real"" negators, i.e. in double negation contexts where the structure would mean 'John is NOT not coming', i.e. 'He is coming'. The generalization, then, is that it is not possible for ""real negator"" nie and concord nie to surface adjacent to one another (cf. den Besten (1986) and Biberauer (2008)).",,,naturalistic spoken,Jan kom nie.,,John comes NEG,"Only one negator is required here as Jan kom nie nie is out, except where both negators are ""real"" negators, i.e. in double negation contexts where the structure would mean 'John is NOT not coming', i.e. 'He is coming'. The generalization, then, is that it is not possible for ""real negator"" nie and concord nie to surface adjacent to one another (cf. den Besten (1986) and Biberauer (2008)).",Own knowledge,,13038, +29-197,29,Jan sal nie kom nie.,Jan\tsal\tnie\tkom\tnie.,John\tFUT\tNEG\tcome\tNEG,John will not come.,,"The occurrence of ""double negation"" (negative concord) where sentential negation markers are concerned is conditioned by whether the two markers would surface adjacent to one another or not (cf. den Besten (1986) and Biberauer (2008)).",,,naturalistic spoken,Jan sal nie kom nie.,,John FUT NEG come NEG,"The occurrence of ""double negation"" (negative concord) where sentential negation markers are concerned is conditioned by whether the two markers would surface adjacent to one another or not (cf. den Besten (1986) and Biberauer (2008)).",Own knowledge,,13039, +29-198,29,Moenie so baie eet nie!,Moenie\tso\tbaie\teet\tnie!,must.NEG\tso\tmuch\teat\tNEG,Don't eat so much!,,Moenie is the regular negative imperative marker.,,,naturalistic spoken,Moenie so baie eet nie!,,must.NEG so much eat NEG,"Moenie is the regular negative imperative marker.",Own knowledge,,13040, +29-199,29,Hy kannie ophou nie.,Hy\tkan-nie\top-hou\tnie.,3SG.M.NOM\tcan-NEG\tup-hold\tNEG,He can't stop.,,,,,naturalistic written,Hy kannie ophou nie.,Hy kan-nie op-hou nie.,3SG.M.NOM can-NEG up-hold NEG,,Own knowledge,,13041, +30-209,30,"Odja, mi N ka kre pa bu toka di noti.","Odja,\tmi\tN=ka=kre\tpa=bu=toka\tdi=noti.",look\t1SG.INDP\t1SG.DEP=NEG=want\tfor=2SG=play\tof=night,"Listen, I don’t like you to play at night.",,,1407[134],,naturalistic spoken,"Odja, mi N ka kre pa bu toka di noti.","Odja, mi N=ka=kre pa=bu=toka di=noti.",look 1SG.INDP 1SG.DEP=NEG=want for=2SG=play of=night,,,,13042, +31-168,31,Nu ka ta kume-l.,Nu\tka\tta\tkume-l.,we\tNEG\tHAB\teat-it,We don't eat it.,,,57,,naturalistic spoken,"Nu ka ta kume-l.",,we NEG HAB eat-it,,,,13043, +32-166,32,N ka ten marid.,N\tka\tten\tmarid.,1SG\tNEG\thave\thusband,I don't have a husband.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"N ka ten marid.",,1SG NEG have husband,,,,13044,Portuguese: Não tenho marido. +33-193,33,Ze ka riba aonti.,Ze\tka\triba\taonti.,Zé\tNEG\treturn\tyesterday,Zé did not return yesterday.,,The negative particle precedes the verb and its markers.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ze ka riba aonti.",,Zé NEG return yesterday,The negative particle precedes the verb and its markers.,Own knowledge,,13045,Portuguese: O Zé não voltou ontem. +33-194,33,Ze riba aonti.,Ze\triba\taonti.,Ze\treturn\tyesterday,Ze returned yesterday.,,This is the affirmative equivalent without the negative morpheme.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ze riba aonti.,,Ze return yesterday,This is the affirmative equivalent without the negative morpheme.,Own knowledge,,13046,Portuguese: O José voltou ontem. +34-156,34,Mariya ka ta kumé pis.,Mariya\tka\tta\tkumé\tpis.,Mary\tNEG\tHAB\teat\tfish,Mary does not eat fish.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya ka ta kumé pis.",,Mary NEG HAB eat fish,,Own knowledge,,13047, +35-220,35,Ê na ka bila konsê xitu ku kwa sa nê fa.,Ê\tna\tka\tbila\tkonsê\txitu\tku\tkwa\tsa\tn=ê\tfa.,3SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tturn\tknow\tplace\tREL\tthing\tbe\tin=3SG\tNEG,He doesn’t recognize the place where the thing is.,,,593[175],,naturalistic spoken,"Ê na ka bila konsê xitu ku kwa sa nê fa.","Ê na ka bila konsê xitu ku kwa sa n=ê fa.",3SG NEG IPFV turn know place REL thing be in=3SG NEG,,,,13048, +35-221,35,Men dê na tava sêbê fa?,Men\tdê\tna\ttava\tsêbê\tfa?,Mother\t3SG.POSS\tNEG\tPST\tknow\tNEG,Didn’t his mother know?,,,593[174],,naturalistic spoken,"Men dê na tava sêbê fa?",,Mother 3SG.POSS NEG PST know NEG,,,,13049, +36-138,36,A na ta ngê ki m'me minhu wa.,A\tna\tta\tngê\tki\tm'me\tminhu\twa.,INDF\tNEG\tknow\tperson\tREL\teat\tmaize\tNEG,One doesn't know who ate the maize.,,"In this example, one can see that the second negator is situated after the relative clause which modifies the direct object of the main clause verb (ta 'know').",901[58],,naturalistic spoken,"A na ta ngê ki m'me minhu wa.",,INDF NEG know person REL eat maize NEG,"In this example, one can see that the second negator is situated after the relative clause which modifies the direct object of the main clause verb (ta 'know').",,,13050,French: On ne sait pas qui a mangé le maïs. +37-173,37,Ê vê Pedu fa.,Ê\tvê\tPedu\tfa.,3SG\tsee\tPedu\tNEG,He didn’t see Pedu.,,,905[133],,elicited from speaker,"Ê vê Pedu fa.",,3SG see Pedu NEG,,,,13051, +38-182,38,Amu na po fe-f.,Amu\tna\tpo\tfe-f.,1SG\tNEG\tcan\tmake-NEG,I am not able to do it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Amu na po fe-f.",,1SG NEG can make-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1990,,13052, +38-183,38,M’ embe membo makete odyef.,Amu\tna\tbe\tme-bo\tmakete\todyia-f.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tmother-2SG\tmarket\ttoday-NEG,I did not see your mother at the market today.,,,,,elicited from speaker,M’ embe membo makete odyef.,Amu na be me-bo makete odyia-f.,1SG NEG see mother-2SG market today-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1990,,13053, +39-168,39,"Də Go nã mãdo Purtəgal, ot lad mem dixo.","Də\tGo\tnã\tmãd-o\tPurtəgal,\tot\tlad\tmem\tdix-o.",of\tGoa\tNEG\tsend-PST\tPortugal\tother\tside\tEMPH\tleave-PST,"[They] didn't send [it] from Goa to Portugal, [they] left it some other place.",,,221[210],,naturalistic spoken,"Də Go nã mãdo Purtəgal, ot lad mem dixo.","Də Go nã mãd-o Purtəgal, ot lad mem dix-o.",of Goa NEG send-PST Portugal other side EMPH leave-PST,,,,13054, +39-169,39,"Nãw, yo nə tə fika.","Nãw,\tyo\tnə\ttə\tfik-a.",NEG\t1SG\tNEG\tIPFV.NPST\tbecome-INF,"No, I'm not [scared of cockroaches].",,,221[210],,naturalistic spoken,"Nãw, yo nə tə fika.","Nãw, yo nə tə fik-a.",NEG 1SG NEG IPFV.NPST become-INF,,,,13055, +40-133,40,(1) Teru nu tɛ kata(n). (2) Teru nu kato. (3) Nu kata!,(1)\tTeru\tnu\ttɛ\tkata(n).\t(2)\tTeru\tnu\tkato.\t(3)\tNu\tkata!,(1)\tTeru\tNEG\tPRS\tsing(PROG)\t(2)\tTeru\tNEG\tsing.PST\t(3)\tNEG\tsing,(1) Teru does not sing; (2) Teru did not sing. (3) Don't sing!,,"Note that in (1) an auxiliary is part of the negation. In (2)-(3), this is not the case. Note as well that (1) negates these two affirmative sentences: Teru tə kata [COP.PRS sing] 'Teru sings (habitually) and Teru katan [Teru sing-PROG] 'Teru is singing.'",265[175-76],,elicited from speaker,"(1) Teru nu tɛ kata(n). (2) Teru nu kato. (3) Nu kata!",,(1) Teru NEG PRS sing(PROG) (2) Teru NEG sing.PST (3) NEG sing,"Note that in (1) an auxiliary is part of the negation. In (2)-(3), this is not the case. Note as well that (1) negates these two affirmative sentences: Teru tə kata [COP.PRS sing] 'Teru sings (habitually) and Teru katan [Teru sing-PROG] 'Teru is singing.'",,,13056, +41-166,41,aka juustu naa vii,aka\tjuustu\tnaa\tvii,that\tright\tNEG.FUT\tcome,That won’t come right. OR: That can’t be fixed.,,,1416[5394],,naturalistic spoken,aka juustu naa vii,aka juustu naa vii,that right NEG.FUT come,,,,13057, +42-178,42,Maria ńgka kumí mangga,Maria\tńgka\tkumí\tmangga,Maria\tNEG\teat\tmangoe,Maria doesn’t eat / is not eating mangoes.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Maria ńgka kumí mangga",,Maria NEG eat mangoe,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,13058, +43-117,43,Akel eo nungku sabe.,Akel\teo\tnungku\tsabe.,that\t1SG\tNEG\tknow,That I don’t know.,,,906[88],,pedagogical grammar,"Akel eo nungku sabe.",,that 1SG NEG know,,,,13059, +44-171,44,"Nwáy masyáo krímen, médyu tahímik el pwéblu.","Nwáy\tmasyáo\tkrímen,\tmédyu\ttahímik\tel\tpwéblu.",NEG.EXIST\tINTENS\tcrime\thalf\tquiet\tDEF\ttown,"There is not much crime, the town is rather quiet.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Nwáy masyáo krímen, médyu tahímik el pwéblu.",,NEG.EXIST INTENS crime half quiet DEF town,,Own data,,13060,"Spanish: No hay muchos crímenes, el pueblo es bastante tranquilo." +44-172,44,Nwáy pa yo íhu.,Nwáy\tpa\tyo\tíhu.,NEG.EXIST\tyet\t1SG\tchild,I do not have children yet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Nwáy pa yo íhu.,,NEG.EXIST yet 1SG child,,Own data,,13061,Spanish: No tengo hijos todavía. +46-184,46,Nosábe yo.,Nosábe\tyo.,NEG.know\t1SG,I don't know.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Nosábe yo.,,NEG.know 1SG,,Own knowledge,,13062, +47-205,47,Mi no a bishitá e kapital di Perú nunka.,Mi\tno\ta\tbishitá\te\tkapital\tdi\tPerú\tnunka.,1SG\tNEG\tPFV\tvisit\tDEF\tcapital\tof\tPeru\tnever,I have never visited the capital of Peru.,,The translation is mine.,1024[90],,published source,Mi no a bishitá e kapital di Perú nunka.,,1SG NEG PFV visit DEF capital of Peru never,The translation is mine.,,,13063,Dutch: Ik heb de hoofdstad van Peru nooit bezocht. +47-206,47,Ningun di nan no a laga nada lòs tokante nan plan.,Ningun\tdi\tnan\tno\ta\tlaga\tnada\tlòs\ttokante\tnan\tplan.,no.one\tof\t3PL\tNEG\tPFV\tlet\tnothing\tloose\tabout\t3PL\tplan,Not one of them has revealed anything about their plan.,,The translation is mine. Note that laga lòs is calqued on a Dutch verb-particle construction.,"453[20 June 2009, p.7]",,published source,"Ningun di nan no a laga nada lòs tokante nan plan.",,no.one of 3PL NEG PFV let nothing loose about 3PL plan,"The translation is mine. Note that laga lòs is calqued on a Dutch verb-particle construction.",,,13064, +48-176,48,¿I pa ké uté nu kumblá?,¿I\tpa\tké\tuté\tnu\tkumblá?,and\tfor\twhat\tyou.SG\tNEG\tbuy,And why did you not buy (it)?,,,1359[286],,naturalistic spoken,"¿I pa ké uté nu kumblá?",,and for what you.SG NEG buy,,,,13065,Spanish: ¿Y por qué (Usted) no lo compró? +48-177,48,I nu ten náa nu.,I\tnu\tten\tnáa\tnu.,I\tNEG\thave\tnothing\tNEG,I don't have anything.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I nu ten náa nu.",,I NEG have nothing NEG,,Recorded by author,,13066,Spanish: (Yo) no tengo nada. +48-178,48,I nu sabé eso nu.,I\tnu\tsabé\teso\tnu.,I\tNEG\tknow\tthis\tNEG,I don't know this.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I nu sabé eso nu.",,I NEG know this NEG,,Recorded by author,,13067,Spanish: (Yo) no sé eso. +48-179,48,Suto sabé eso nu.,Suto\tsabé\teso\tnu.,we\tknow\tthis\tNEG,We don't know this.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Suto sabé eso nu.",,we know this NEG,,Recorded by author,,13068,Spanish: (Nosotros) no sabemos eso. +49-306,49,Chat madanm nan pa kouri.,Chat\tmadanm\tnan\tpa\tkouri.,cat\tlady\tDEF\tNEG\trun,The lady's cat didn't run.,,,371[9],,naturalistic spoken,"Chat madanm nan pa kouri.",,cat lady DEF NEG run,,,,13069,French: Le chat de la dame n'a pas couru. +49-307,49,"Non, ou pa kap manje krèm kounye a.","Non,\tou\tpa\tkap\tmanje\tkrèm\tkounye\ta.",no\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\teat\tice.cream\tnow\tDEF,"No, you cannot eat ice cream now.",,,371[33],,naturalistic spoken,"Non, ou pa kap manje krèm kounye a.",,no 2SG NEG can eat ice.cream now DEF,,,,13070,"French: Non, tu ne peux pas manger de la glace maintenant." +50-190,50,I pa manjé.,I\tpa\tmanjé.,3SG\tNEG\teat,He/she did not eat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pa manjé.,,3SG NEG eat,,Own fieldwork,,13071, +51-162,51,I pa manjé.,I\tpa\tmanjé.,3SG\tNEG\teat,He did not eat.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pa manjé.,,3SG NEG eat,,Own fieldwork,,13072, +52-104,52,to pa té lé krè wonm,to\tpa\tté\tlé\tkrè\twonm,you\tNEG\tPST\twant\tbelieve\tman,"You did not want to believe (me), man!",,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"to pa té lé krè wonm",,you NEG PST want believe man,,,,13073, +53-369,53,Mo manj pa diri.,Mo\tmanj\tpa\tdiri.,1SG\teat\tNEG\trice,I don't eat rice.,,,1048[320],,elicited from speaker,Mo manj pa diri.,,1SG eat NEG rice,,,,13074, +54-214,54,Mi kone pa.,Mi\tkone\tpa.,1SG.FIN\tknow\tNEG,I don’t know.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mi kone pa.",,1SG.FIN know NEG,,Own knowledge,,13075,French: Je ne sais pas. +54-215,54,"An se tan la, lékol lavé poin tro.","An\tsë\ttan\tla,\tlekol\tlave\tpwen\ttro.",in\tDEM\ttime\tDEM\tschool\thave.PST\tNEG\ttoo.many,"In those days, there were not too many schools.",,"The negator point (> Reunion Creole pwen), marked as ""archaïque, littéraire ou régional"" in Petit Robert, is still used in Canadian French.",110[56],,naturalistic spoken,"An se tan la, lékol lavé poin tro.","An së tan la, lekol lave pwen tro.",in DEM time DEM school have.PST NEG too.many,"The negator point (> Reunion Creole pwen), marked as ""archaïque, littéraire ou régional"" in Petit Robert, is still used in Canadian French.",,,13076,"French: À cette époque-là, il n'y avait pas trop d'écoles." +54-216,54,"[...] kan i sava devan, i regard pi déyer.","[...]\tkan\ti\tsava\tdëvan,\ti\trëgard\tpi\tdeyer.",[...]\twhen\tFIN\tgo\tforward\tFIN\tlook\tno.longer\tback,"[...] when you go forward, you no longer look back.",,,110[75],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] kan i sava devan, i regard pi déyer.","[...] kan i sava dëvan, i rëgard pi deyer.",[...] when FIN go forward FIN look no.longer back,,,,13077,"French: [...] quand on avance, on ne regarde plus derrière." +55-183,55,Faruk pa maṅz pork,Faruk\tpa\tmaṅz\tpork,Farook\tnot\teat\tpork,Farook doesn't eat pork.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Faruk pa maṅz pork",,Farook not eat pork,,Own knowledge,,13078, +55-184,55,"Non, mo pa konn ou.","Non,\tmo\tpa\tkonn\tou.",no\t1SG\tNEG\tknow\t2SG,"No, I don't know you.",,,766,,naturalistic spoken,"Non, mo pa konn ou.",,no 1SG NEG know 2SG,,,,13079,"French: Non, je ne vous connais pas." +56-196,56,Zak pa ti manze.,Zak\tpa\tti\tmanze.,Jacques\tPST\tNEG\teat,Jacques did not eat.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Zak pa ti manze.",,Jacques PST NEG eat,,Own knowledge,,13080, +57-100,57,fo pa met vaʃ pi toro nda ʃam,fo\tpa\tmet\tvaʃ\tpi\ttoro\tnda\tʃam,OBLIG\tNEG\tput\tcow\tand\tbull\tin\tfield,You should not put cows and bulls in one field.,,Fo pa is an example of a strongly fossilized expression that occurred in French with high frequency. Here the negation is not really segmentable.,,,naturalistic spoken,"fo pa met vaʃ pi toro nda ʃam",,OBLIG NEG put cow and bull in field,"Fo pa is an example of a strongly fossilized expression that occurred in French with high frequency. Here the negation is not really segmentable.",Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,13081, +57-101,57,Marie la pa ʃate,Marie\tla\tpa\tʃate,Mary\tSI\tNEG\tsing,Mary doesn't sing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Marie la pa ʃate",,Mary SI NEG sing,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,13082, +58-123,58,Kwenda ve!,Kwenda\tve!,go.IMP\tnot,Don't go!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Kwenda ve!,,go.IMP not,,Own knowledge,,13083, +58-124,58,Mono kwend-aka ve.,Mono\tkwend-aka\tve.,me\tgo-PST\tnot,I did not go.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono kwend-aka ve.,,me go-PST not,,Own knowledge,,13084, +59-316,59,"mama ni so adu ape so, [...]","mama\tni\tso\ta-du\tape\tso,\t[...]",mother\tDET\tREL\tPM-bear\tNEG\tREL\t[...],The mother (co-wife of the biological mother) who had not given birth to a child [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"mama ni so adu ape so, [...]","mama ni so a-du ape so, [...]",mother DET REL PM-bear NEG REL [...],,Samarin corpus 1994,,13085, +59-317,59,lo ye ti te mbeni ye nde ape,lo\tye\tti\tte\tmbeni\tye\tnde\tape,3SG\twant\tof\teat\tsome\tthing\tdifferent\tNEG,He did not want to eat anything different (than human flesh).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"lo ye ti te mbeni ye nde ape",,3SG want of eat some thing different NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,13086, +59-318,59,lo ke faa mo na mbi ape?!,lo\tke\tfaa\tmo\tna\tmbi\tape?!,3SG\tCOP\tkill\t2SG\tCONJ\t1SG\tNEG,Won't he kill you and me?!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lo ke faa mo na mbi ape?!,,3SG COP kill 2SG CONJ 1SG NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,13087, +59-319,59,mbi hinga ape wala ala e si keereke,mbi\thinga\tape\twala\tala\tke\tsi\tkekereke,1SG\tknow\tNEG\tor\t3PL\tCOP\tarrive\ttomorrow,I don't know if they'll arrive tomorrow.,,"This is one of several translations given to me of the sentence 'Je ne sais pas s'ils viennent demain'. Not one of over twenty subjects, all literate in French, could produce an equivalent grammatical sentence in Sango.",,,elicited from speaker,mbi hinga ape wala ala e si keereke,mbi hinga ape wala ala ke si kekereke,1SG know NEG or 3PL COP arrive tomorrow,"This is one of several translations given to me of the sentence 'Je ne sais pas s'ils viennent demain'. Not one of over twenty subjects, all literate in French, could produce an equivalent grammatical sentence in Sango.",Own fieldwork,,13088, +59-320,59,"wala ala ke si kekereke, wala ala ke si ape, mbi hinga ape","wala\tala\tke\tsi\tkekereke,\twala\tala\tke\tsi\tape,\tmbi\thinga\tape",or\t3PL\tCOP\tarrive\ttomorrow\tor\t3PL\tCOP\tarrive\tNEG\t1SG\tknow\tNEG,I don't know if they will arrive tomorrow.,,"This would be the way I would translate the English sentence. Although my sentence is structured in the manner of a sentence in Gbaya, I did tape-record a wala ... wala sentence like this in 1962 at Obo in the extemporaneous speech of a Zande person who claimed to know only Sango.",,,constructed by linguist,"wala ala ke si kekereke, wala ala ke si ape, mbi hinga ape",,or 3PL COP arrive tomorrow or 3PL COP arrive NEG 1SG know NEG,"This would be the way I would translate the English sentence. Although my sentence is structured in the manner of a sentence in Gbaya, I did tape-record a wala ... wala sentence like this in 1962 at Obo in the extemporaneous speech of a Zande person who claimed to know only Sango.",Own knowledge,,13089, +60-145,60,akendákí na ndáko,a-kend-ákí\tna\tndáko,3SG-go-PST\tto\thouse,She went home.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,akendákí na ndáko,a-kend-ákí na ndáko,3SG-go-PST to house,,Own knowledge,,13090, +60-146,60,akendákí na ndáko té,a-kend-ákí\tna\tndáko\tté,3SG-go-PST\tto\thouse\tNEG,She did not go home.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,akendákí na ndáko té,a-kend-ákí na ndáko té,3SG-go-PST to house NEG,,Own knowledge,,13091, +61-107,61,Yena ayi idla lo sinkwa.,Yena\tayi\tidla\tlo\tsinkwa.,he\tNEG\teat\tDEF.ART\tbread,He isn't eating (the) bread. OR: He doesn't eat bread.,,"Ayi (also hayi or hayikhona) is a negative particle, not a verb.",,,elicited from speaker,"Yena ayi idla lo sinkwa.",,he NEG eat DEF.ART bread,"Ayi (also hayi or hayikhona) is a negative particle, not a verb.",Field notes Mesthrie,,13092, +62-94,62,túsitú mahóra,tu-H-si-tu\tmahora,1PL-SBJ-NEG-dig\tpits,Let us not dig pits.,,,,,elicited from speaker,túsitú mahóra,tu-H-si-tu mahora,1PL-SBJ-NEG-dig pits,,Own field data 1993,,13093, +63-187,63,úmun ma éndisi íšma,úmun\tma\téndisi\tíšma,3PL\tNEG\thave\thonor,They don’t have honor.,,,857[376],,naturalistic spoken,úmun ma éndisi íšma,,3PL NEG have honor,,,,13094, +63-188,63,ána árifu ma,ána\tárifu\tma,1SG\tknow\tNEG,I don't know.,,,857[218],,naturalistic spoken,ána árifu ma,,1SG know NEG,,,,13095, +64-206,64,ána ma der rúwa beíd,ána\tma\tder\trúwa\tbeíd,1SG\tNEG\twant\tgo\tfar,I don’t want to go far.,,,874[114],,naturalistic spoken,ána ma der rúwa beíd,,1SG NEG want go far,,,,13096, +64-207,64,ána ma biágder ásma kalám to,ána\tma\tbi=ágder\tásma\tkalám\tto,1SG\tNEG\tIRR=can\thear\tdiscourse\tPOSS.3SG,I cannot hear what he is saying.,,,874[200],,naturalistic spoken,ána ma biágder ásma kalám to,ána ma bi=ágder ásma kalám to,1SG NEG IRR=can hear discourse POSS.3SG,,,,13097, +65-145,65,"Maja pastajana axota xadi, dərugoj rabota netu, ryba lowi ponimaj toʒə netu.","Maja\tpastajana\taxota\txadi,\tdərugoj\trabota\tnetu,\tryba\tlowi\tponimaj\ttoʒə\tnetu.",1SG\tpermanently\thunt\tgo\tother\twork\tCOP.NEG\tfish\tcatch\tunderstand\talso\tNEG,"I am permanently hunting, there is no other work [for me], I am not skillful in fishing either.",,,60[22],,citation in fiction,"Maja pastajana axota xadi, dərugoj rabota netu, ryba lowi ponimaj toʒə netu.",,1SG permanently hunt go other work COP.NEG fish catch understand also NEG,,,"Моя постоянно охота ходи, другой работы нету, рыба лови понимай тоже нету.",13098, +66-116,66,Itu orang pintunya astutup təra.,Itu\torang\tpintu-nya\ta(bbi)s-tutup\ttəra.,DEM\tperson\tdoor-ACC.DEF\tASP-close\tNEG.AUX,That person has not closed the door.,,"In the Colombo area dialect, seen in this example, what appears to be a negative auxiliary verb can be postposed. However, this is a contraction of tərə and the auxiliary aða which is only grammatical in the periphrastic perfect construction. In Kirinda, the analogous construction etutup təra may be characteristic of L2 speech.",,,own knowledge,Itu orang pintunya astutup təra.,Itu orang pintu-nya a(bbi)s-tutup təra.,DEM person door-ACC.DEF ASP-close NEG.AUX,"In the Colombo area dialect, seen in this example, what appears to be a negative auxiliary verb can be postposed. However, this is a contraction of tərə and the auxiliary aða which is only grammatical in the periphrastic perfect construction. In Kirinda, the analogous construction etutup təra may be characteristic of L2 speech.",Own knowledge,,13099, +66-117,66,Farida nasi asmakan təraða.,Farida\tnasi\tas-makan\ttər-aða.,Farida\trice\tASP-eat\tNEG.FIN-AUX,Farida has not eaten rice.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Farida nasi asmakan təraða.,Farida nasi as-makan tər-aða.,Farida rice ASP-eat NEG.FIN-AUX,,Own knowledge,,13100, +67-204,67,Itu bukan saya punya problem.,Itu\tbukan\tsaya\tpunya\tproblem.,DEM\tNEG\t1SG\tPOSS\tproblem,That is not my problem.,,,708[137],,naturalistic spoken,"Itu bukan saya punya problem.",,DEM NEG 1SG POSS problem,,,,13101, +67-205,67,Harga pun tak sama.,Harga\tpun\ttak\tsama.,value\talso\tNEG\tsame,Also [it is] not the same price.,,,708[137],,naturalistic spoken,"Harga pun tak sama.",,value also NEG same,,,,13102, +67-206,67,Dia baling bawa tak bole mangun.,Dia\tbaling\tbawa\ttak\tbole\tmangun.,3SG\tlie\tdown\tNEG\tcan\tget.up,She lay down [and] could not get up.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dia baling bawa tak bole mangun.",,3SG lie down NEG can get.up,,Own knowledge,,13103,Standard Malay: Dia berbering bawah tak boleh bangun. +68-120,68,"Nene Luhu itu seng mati, antua hilang.","Nene\tLuhu\titu\tseng\tmati,\tantua\thilang.",Nene\tLuhu\tDEM\tNEG\tdie\t3SG.FORMAL\tlost,"Nene Luhu did not die, she disappeared.",,,1178[401],,naturalistic spoken,"Nene Luhu itu seng mati, antua hilang.",,Nene Luhu DEM NEG die 3SG.FORMAL lost,,,,13104, +70-76,70,Fea nai deo.,Fea\tnai\tdeo.,fare\tNEG\tgive,Don't give the (bus)fare.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Fea nai deo.",,fare NEG give,,Siegel-field recording,,13105, +71-179,71,Wau aole panipani kela Napumala.,Wau\taole\tpanipani\tkela\tNapumala.,1SG\tNEG\thave.sex\tDET\tNapumala,I didn't rape Napumala.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau aole panipani kela Napumala.",,1SG NEG have.sex DET Napumala,,Own data 1891,,13106, +72-151,72,Yu putim nyawa kuya so yu kaan nurt laiyangku nganta.,Yu\tput-im\tnyawa\tkuya\tso\tyu\tkaan\tnurt\tlaiya-ngku\tnganta.,2SG\tput-TR\tthis\tthus\tso\t2SG\tNEG\tpress\tliar-ERG\tDOUBT,"You put this one like that so you won't tread on it, you little liar.",,"The negative particle kaan ('can't, won't': < can't) is used in this example.",920[415],,naturalistic spoken,Yu putim nyawa kuya so yu kaan nurt laiyangku nganta.,Yu put-im nyawa kuya so yu kaan nurt laiya-ngku nganta.,2SG put-TR this thus so 2SG NEG press liar-ERG DOUBT,"The negative particle kaan ('can't, won't': < can't) is used in this example.",,,13107, +72-152,72,An dij karungku i neba luk dat kaya kominap.,An\tdij\tkaru-ngku\ti\tneba\tluk\tdat\tkaya\tkom-in-ap.,and\tthis\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tlook\tthe\tmonster\tcome-CONT-up,And this kid didn't see the monster coming towards them.,,Here the negative particle neba (< never) is used.,920[415],,naturalistic spoken,"An dij karungku i neba luk dat kaya kominap.",An dij karu-ngku i neba luk dat kaya kom-in-ap.,and this child-ERG 3SG.SBJ NEG look the monster come-CONT-up,"Here the negative particle neba (< never) is used.",,,13108, +74-147,74,wik náyka kámtaks,wik\tnáyka\tkámtaks,NEG\t1SG\tknow,I don’t know.,,,,,constructed by linguist,wik náyka kámtaks,,NEG 1SG know,,Own knowledge,,13109, +74-148,74,hlíu náyka kámtaks,hlíu\tnáyka\tkámtaks,NEG\t1SG\tknow,I don’t know.,,,,,constructed by linguist,hlíu náyka kámtaks,,NEG 1SG know,,Own knowledge,,13110, +75-251,75,Maka noo wiiwiihtamaweew taanishi chiishipayihk.,Maka\tnoo\twii-wiihtamaw-eew\ttaanishi\tchi-ishipayi-hk.,but\tNEG\tDESID-tell-3.SBJ.3OBJ\thow\tCOMP.FUT-happen-INDF.ACTOR,But she would not say what was going to happen.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Maka noo wiiwiihtamaweew taanishi chiishipayihk.,Maka noo wii-wiihtamaw-eew taanishi chi-ishipayi-hk.,but NEG DESID-tell-3.SBJ.3OBJ how COMP.FUT-happen-INDF.ACTOR,,,,13111, +75-252,75,Nuu kinashkaanawaawak tii vyeu muud.,Nuu\tki-nashkaanaw-aaw-ak\ttii\tvyeu\tmuud.,NEG\t2-backtalk-3-PL\t2PL.POSS\told\tpeople,You don't talk back to the elders.,,,789[32],,naturalistic written,Nuu kinashkaanawaawak tii vyeu muud.,Nuu ki-nashkaanaw-aaw-ak tii vyeu muud.,NEG 2-backtalk-3-PL 2PL.POSS old people,,,,13112, +75-253,75,Eekaa eemiitshuhk denn narlizhyuun pur la pinitaans.,Eekaa\tee-miitshu-hk\tdenn\tnarlizhyuun\tpur\tla\tpinitaans.,NEG\tCOMP-eat-INDF.ACTOR\tin.INDF.F.SG\treligion\tfor\tART.F.SG\tpenance,There will be no eating in a religion for penance. OR: Fasting is not eating as a penance in religion.,,,789[92],,naturalistic written,Eekaa eemiitshuhk denn narlizhyuun pur la pinitaans.,Eekaa ee-miitshu-hk denn narlizhyuun pur la pinitaans.,NEG COMP-eat-INDF.ACTOR in.INDF.F.SG religion for ART.F.SG penance,,,,13113, +75-254,75,Diluu ili pa kleer.,Diluu\tili\tpa\tkleer.,water\tCOP\tNEG\tclear,The water is not clear. OR: The water is filmy.,,,789[95],,naturalistic written,Diluu ili pa kleer.,,water COP NEG clear,,,,13114, +75-255,75,Zhi pa sartaen Joo shiwiichihikuyahk.,Zhi\tpa\tsartaen\tJoo\tshi-wiichih-iku-yahk.,1SG\tNEG\tcertain\tJoe\tCOMP.FUT-help-INV-1PL,I am not sure Joe will help us.,,,789[179],,naturalistic written,Zhi pa sartaen Joo shiwiichihikuyahk.,Zhi pa sartaen Joo shi-wiichih-iku-yahk.,1SG NEG certain Joe COMP.FUT-help-INV-1PL,,,,13115, +76-66,76,kaukau pītcūk owoxña,kaukau\tpītcūk\towoxña,eat/food\tnot\tI,I have no food. OR: I have not eaten.,,Kaukau means both 'to eat' and 'food'.,1442[226],,reconstructed by documentalist,kaukau pītcūk owoxña,,eat/food not I,"Kaukau means both 'to eat' and 'food'.",,,13116, +2-264,2,"Mi no feni en, mi no feni a fopper.","Mi\tno\tfeni\ten,\tmi\tno\tfeni\ta\tfopper.",1SG\tNEG\tfind\t3SG\t1SG\tNEG\tfind\tDET\tpacifier,"I haven’t found it, I haven’t found the pacifier.",,,1606[75],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi no feni en, mi no feni a fopper.",,1SG NEG find 3SG 1SG NEG find DET pacifier,,,,13117, +4-171,4,U á paati den kuku ete?,U\tá\tpaati\tden\tkuku\tete?,you.PL\tNEG\tdistribute\tDET.PL\tcookies\tyet,You have not yet distributed the cookies?,,,568[104],,naturalistic spoken,"U á paati den kuku ete?",,you.PL NEG distribute DET.PL cookies yet,,,,13118, +6-107,6,Ah eh give hi none.,Ah\teh\tgive\thi\tnone.,1SG\tNEG\tgive\t3SG.OBJ\tnone,I didn't give him any.,,,1431[72],,constructed by linguist,"Ah eh give hi none.",,1SG NEG give 3SG.OBJ none,,,,13119, +7-241,7,Mitch maitn no.,Mitch\tmait-n\tno.,Mitch\tmight-NEG\tknow,Mitch mightn't know.,,The negative particle is placed before main verbs but after modals with which it can cliticize as -n.,1248[6],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mitch maitn no.",Mitch mait-n no.,Mitch might-NEG know,"The negative particle is placed before main verbs but after modals with which it can cliticize as -n.",,,13120, +7-242,7,Mitch na hafo no.,Mitch\tna\tha-fo\tno.,Mitch\tNEG\thave-for\tknow,Mitch doesn’t have to know.,,Modals (of obligation) with fo cannot take enclitic -n.,1248[6],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mitch na hafo no.",Mitch na ha-fo no.,Mitch NEG have-for know,"Modals (of obligation) with fo cannot take enclitic -n.",,,13121, +8-152,8,Dem tel mi se dem no yer di pikni a baal an dem no si im niida.,Dem\ttel\tmi\tse\tdem\tno\tyer\tdi\tpikni\ta\tbaal\tan\tdem\tno\tsi\tim\tniida.,3PL\ttell\t1SG\tCOMP\t3PL\tNEG\thear\tDET\tchild\tPROG\tbawl\tand\t3PL\tNEG\tsee\t3SG\tneither,They told me that they neither heard the child crying nor saw it.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Dem tel mi se dem no yer di pikni a baal an dem no si im niida.",,3PL tell 1SG COMP 3PL NEG hear DET child PROG bawl and 3PL NEG see 3SG neither,,Own knowledge,,13122, +9-187,9,Yu no waak da ridj de.,Yu\tno\twaak\tda\tridj\tde.,2SG\tNEG\twalk\tthat\tridge\tthere,You don't walk along that ridge.,,,432[36],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu no waak da ridj de.",,2SG NEG walk that ridge there,,,,13123, +10-237,10,Di King no waahn mek im go iin de.,Di\tKing\tno\twaahn\tmek\tim\tgo\tiin\tde.,ART.DEF\tKing\tNEG\twant\tmake\t3SG\tgo\tin\tDEM.LOC,The King didn’t want to let him go in there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Di King no waahn mek im go iin de.",,ART.DEF King NEG want make 3SG go in DEM.LOC,,Unpublished field recordings,,13124, +11-311,11,Wi no get di nyuuz.,Wi\tno\tget\tdi\tnyuuz.,1PL\tNEG\tget\tART.DEF\tnews,We don’t get the news.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wi no get di nyuuz.",,1PL NEG get ART.DEF news,,,,13125, +13-183,13,Me na gwine gone.,Me\tna\tgwine\tgone.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tgoing\tgo,I am not going to go.,,,1500[260],,naturalistic spoken,"Me na gwine gone.",,1SG.SBJ NEG going go,,,,13126, +13-184,13,I ain gine worry a soul.,I\tain\tgine\tworry\ta\tsoul.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG.AUX\tgoing\tworry\ta\tsoul,I am not going to worry a soul.,,Gine is a variation of gwine.,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,"I ain gine worry a soul.",,1SG.SBJ NEG.AUX going worry a soul,"Gine is a variation of gwine.",,,13127, +14-139,14,They don't live in Louisiana.,They\tdon't\tlive\tin\tLouisiana.,they\tdo.NEG\tlive\tin\tLouisiana,They don't live in Louisiana.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"They don't live in Louisiana.",,they do.NEG live in Louisiana,,Own knowledge,,13128, +16-147,16,ì no dè ʧɔp ɛnitin,ì\tno\tdè\tʧɔp\tɛnitin,3SG\tNEG\tHAB\teat\tanything,It does not eat anything.,,This example shows a co-occurrence of negator no and indefinite any-pronoun εnitin.,656[216],,naturalistic spoken,"ì no dè ʧɔp ɛnitin",,3SG NEG HAB eat anything,"This example shows a co-occurrence of negator no and indefinite any-pronoun εnitin.",,,13129, +17-174,17,À no bay nyam.,À\tno\tbay\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tbuy\tyam,I didn’t buy yams.,,,462[89],,naturalistic spoken,"À no bay nyam.",,1SG.SBJ NEG buy yam,,,,13130, +19-196,19,Dɛ̀n no dè gi no natin.,Dɛ̀n\tno\tdè\tgi\tno\tnatin.,3PL\tNEG\tIPFV\tgive\tNEG\tnothing,They don’t give anything.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Dɛ̀n no dè gi no natin.",,3PL NEG IPFV give NEG nothing,,Field data,,13131, +20-139,20,You no talkee true.,You\tno\ttalkee\ttrue.,2SG\tNEG\ttalk\ttrue,You don't speak the truth.,,,1489[VI.26],,naturalistic written,You no talkee true.,,2SG NEG talk true,,,㕭糯托記杜魯,13132, +22-173,22,Em no harim toktok bilong bubu bilong em.,Em\tno\tharim\ttoktok\tbilong\tbubu\tbilong\tem.,3SG\tNEG\thear\ttalk\tPOSS\tgrandparent\tPOSS\t3SG,She did not listen to her grandfather.,,,584[EHP F12],,naturalistic spoken,"Em no harim toktok bilong bubu bilong em.",,3SG NEG hear talk POSS grandparent POSS 3SG,,,,13133, +22-174,22,Tupela no slip gut long nait.,Tupela\tno\tslip\tgut\tlong\tnait.,3DU\tNEG\tsleep\tgood\tPREP\tnight,They did not sleep well at night.,,,584[EHP M16],,naturalistic spoken,"Tupela no slip gut long nait.",,3DU NEG sleep good PREP night,,,,13134, +24-180,24,Ai nort noe.,Ai\tnort\tnoe.,I\tNEG\tknow,I do not know.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai nort noe.,,I NEG know,,Own fieldwork,,13135, +27-126,27,Am ne kan fin it [...].,Am\tne\tkan\tfin\tit\t[...].,3SG\tNEG\tcan\tfind\tout\t[...],He cannot find out [...].,,,355[60],,naturalistic spoken,"Am ne kan fin it [...].",,3SG NEG can find out [...],,,,13136, +28-175,28,"aʃu pamen kɛnau, dɛn ju kan krik di boka","aʃi\tju\tpama\ten\tkɛnɛ\tnau,\tdɛn\tju\tkan\tkriki\tdi\tboki\tka",if\t2SG\ttell\tone\tperson\tnow\tthen\t2SG\tcan\tget\tthe\tmoney\tNEG,"If you tell anybody, then you can't get the money.",,,738[239],,naturalistic spoken,"aʃu pamen kɛnau, dɛn ju kan krik di boka","aʃi ju pama en kɛnɛ nau, dɛn ju kan kriki di boki ka",if 2SG tell one person now then 2SG can get the money NEG,,,,13137, +28-176,28,ɛkɛ suku mu titi ori jɛnda ka,ɛkɛ\tsuku\tmu\ttiti\tori\tjɛn-da\tka,1SG\twant\tgo\ttime\t3SG\tbe-there\tNEG,I don't want to go when he is not there. OR: I want to go when he is not there; I don't want to go when he is there.,,"The utterance cited here was produced in a context where negation clearly had scope over both the main proposition and the embedded proposition. Elicited judgements and spontaneous production both confirm that the utterance also has the other translations provided here, where negation has scope only over the embedded proposition, or over the main one.",743[896],,naturalistic spoken,ɛkɛ suku mu titi ori jɛnda ka,ɛkɛ suku mu titi ori jɛn-da ka,1SG want go time 3SG be-there NEG,"The utterance cited here was produced in a context where negation clearly had scope over both the main proposition and the embedded proposition. Elicited judgements and spontaneous production both confirm that the utterance also has the other translations provided here, where negation has scope only over the embedded proposition, or over the main one.",,,13138, +28-177,28,"ɛk wa noiti nika, solok bɛr kɛk di sa hapn","ɛkɛ\twa\tnoiti\tnimi\tka,\tsoloko\tbɛrɛ\tkɛkɛ\tdi\tsa\thapn",1SG\tPST\tnever\tknow\tNEG\tsuch\tstory\tlike\tthis\tIRR\thappen,I never knew such things could happen.,,,737[88],,naturalistic spoken,"ɛk wa noiti nika, solok bɛr kɛk di sa hapn","ɛkɛ wa noiti nimi ka, soloko bɛrɛ kɛkɛ di sa hapn",1SG PST never know NEG such story like this IRR happen,,,,13139, +29-200,29,omdat hy nie huistoe gaan nie,omdat\thy\tnie\thuis-toe\tgaan\tnie,because\t3SG.M.NOM\tNEG1\thouse-to\tgoes\tNEG2,because he is not going home,,,,,naturalistic spoken,omdat hy nie huistoe gaan nie,omdat hy nie huis-toe gaan nie,because 3SG.M.NOM NEG1 house-to goes NEG2,,Own knowledge,,13140, +29-241,29,Hy gaan nie huistoe nie.,Hy\tgaan\tnie\thuis-toe\tnie.,3SG.M.NOM\tgoes\tNEG1\thouse-to\tNEG2,He is not going home.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy gaan nie huistoe nie.,Hy gaan nie huis-toe nie.,3SG.M.NOM goes NEG1 house-to NEG2,,Own knowledge,,13141, +30-210,30,"Odja, mi N ka kre pa bu toka di noti.","Odja,\tmi\tN=ka=kre\tpa=bu=toka\tdi=noti.",look\t1SG.INDP\t1SG.DEP=NEG=want\tfor=2SG=play\tof=night,"Listen, I don’t like you to play at night.",,,1407[134],,naturalistic spoken,"Odja, mi N ka kre pa bu toka di noti.","Odja, mi N=ka=kre pa=bu=toka di=noti.",look 1SG.INDP 1SG.DEP=NEG=want for=2SG=play of=night,,,,13142, +30-211,30,"Rui ê ka nos amigu so aparenti, el ê nos amigu dimedivéra.","Rui\tê\tka\tnos=amigu\tso\taparenti,\tel\tê\tnos=amigu\tdimedivéra.",Rui\tbe\tNEG\tour=friend\tonly\tseemingly\t3SG\tbe\tour=friend\treally,"Rui not only seems to be our friend, he really is our friend.",,,784[s.v. aparenti],,naturalistic spoken,"Rui ê ka nos amigu so aparenti, el ê nos amigu dimedivéra.","Rui ê ka nos=amigu so aparenti, el ê nos=amigu dimedivéra.",Rui be NEG our=friend only seemingly 3SG be our=friend really,,,,13143, +30-212,30,Kusa bunitu sima kel inda N ka odja na mundu!,Kusa\tbunitu\tsima\tkel\tinda\tN=ka=odja\tna=mundu!,thing\tnice\tas\tDEM.SG\tup.to.now\t1SG=NEG=see\tin=world,I've never seen such a nice thing in the world!,,,1407[312],,naturalistic spoken,"Kusa bunitu sima kel inda N ka odja na mundu!",Kusa bunitu sima kel inda N=ka=odja na=mundu!,thing nice as DEM.SG up.to.now 1SG=NEG=see in=world,,,,13144,German: So etwas Schönes habe ich noch nie auf der Welt gesehen. +31-169,31,"Ano nu ka ten noti, nu ka ten dia.","Ano\tnu\tka\tten\tnoti,\tnu\tka\tten\tdia.",us\twe\tNEG\thave\tnight\twe\tNEG\thave\tday,"We don't know night, we don't know day.",,,57,,naturalistic spoken,"Ano nu ka ten noti, nu ka ten dia.",,us we NEG have night we NEG have day,,,,13145, +32-167,32,N ka krê.,N\tka\tkrê.,1SG\tNEG\twant,I don't want.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"N ka krê.",,1SG NEG want,,,,13146,Portuguese: Não quero. +34-157,34,Joŋ ka kumé biyanda.,Joŋ\tka\tø\tkumé\tbiyanda.,John\tNEG\tPFV\teat\tcooked.rice,John did not eat rice.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Joŋ ka kumé biyanda.","Joŋ ka ø kumé biyanda.",John NEG PFV eat cooked.rice,,Own knowledge,,13147, +35-222,35,Maji n na sêbê xi n ga nganha ala fa.,Maji\tn\tna\tsêbê\txi\tn\tga\tnganha\tala\tfa.,but\t1SG\tNEG\tknow\tif\t1SG\tIPFV\tarrive\tthere\tNEG,But I don’t know if I will get there.,,,593[178],,naturalistic spoken,"Maji n na sêbê xi n ga nganha ala fa.",,but 1SG NEG know if 1SG IPFV arrive there NEG,,,,13148, +35-223,35,Sun na mêsê pa sun ba nala ku mosu sun se fô.,Sun\tna\tmêsê\tpa\tsun\tba\tnala\tku\tmosu\tsun\tse\tf=ô.,3SG\tNEG\twant\tfor\t3SG\tgo\tthere\twith\tboy\t3SG.POSS\tDEM\tNEG=PCL,He doesn’t want to go there with his son.,,PCL = discourse particle,593[178],,naturalistic spoken,"Sun na mêsê pa sun ba nala ku mosu sun se fô.","Sun na mêsê pa sun ba nala ku mosu sun se f=ô.",3SG NEG want for 3SG go there with boy 3SG.POSS DEM NEG=PCL,PCL = discourse particle,,,13149, +37-174,37,Amanhan n sa kume pêxi fa.,Amanhan\tn\tsa\tkume\tpêxi\tfa.,tomorrow\t1SG\tFUT\teat\tfish\tNEG,Tomorrow I won't eat fish.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Amanhan n sa kume pêxi fa.,,tomorrow 1SG FUT eat fish NEG,,Own knowledge,,13150, +38-184,38,Odye m'en be membo xamakumf.,Odyia\tamu-na\tbe\tmai-bo\txama_kumu-f.,today\t1SG-NEG\tsee\tmother-2SG\tmarket-NEG,I did not see your mother at the market today.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Odye m'en be membo xamakumf.",Odyia amu-na be mai-bo xama_kumu-f.,today 1SG-NEG see mother-2SG market-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1990,,13151, +39-170,39,"Yo nã kɛr kõta, dig a el.","Yo\tnã\tkɛr\tkõt-a,\tdig\ta\tel.",1SG\tNEG\twant.NPST\ttell-INF\tsay.NPST\tDAT\t3SG,"I don't want to tell, ask him.",,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called ""Dative-Accusative"" markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called ""Dative subjects"". To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",221[210],,naturalistic spoken,"Yo nã kɛr kõta, dig a el.","Yo nã kɛr kõt-a, dig a el.",1SG NEG want.NPST tell-INF say.NPST DAT 3SG,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there is a pair of nearly interchangeable prepositions (a and pə) which mark not only indirect objects but also (animate and pronominal) direct objects and even subjects (of experiencer verbs). In the literature on South Asian languages, case markers with similar distributions are sometimes called ""Dative-Accusative"" markers, and subject arguments which receive them are called ""Dative subjects"". To make glosses more readable, these markers are variously glossed here as DAT or ACC, according to the role of the arguments in question.",,,13152, +40-134,40,(1) Teru nu tɛ kata; (2) Nu kata! (3) Teru nu kato.,(1)\tTeru\tnu\ttɛ\tkata;\t(2)\tNu\tkata!\t(3)\tTeru\tnu\tkato.,(1)\tTeru\tNEG\tPRS\tsing\t(2)\tNEG\tsing\t(3)\tTeru\tNEG\tsing.PST,(1) Teru doesn't sing. (2) Don't sing! (3) Teru didn't sing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,(1) Teru nu tɛ kata; (2) Nu kata! (3) Teru nu kato.,,(1) Teru NEG PRS sing (2) NEG sing (3) Teru NEG sing.PST,,Own knowledge,,13153, +42-179,42,Maria ńgka kumí,Maria\tńgka\tkumí,Maria\tNEG\teat,Maria did not eat.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Maria ńgka kumí",,Maria NEG eat,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,13154, +44-173,44,No éli ta risibí págo.,No\téli\tta\trisibí\tpágo.,NEG\t3SG\tIPFV\treceive\tpayment,He does not receive a payment.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"No éli ta risibí págo.",,NEG 3SG IPFV receive payment,,Own data,,13155,Spanish: No recibe sueldo. OR: No le pagan. +47-207,47,"[...] a bin resultá ku nan no tabatin nèt nada di aber ku e kaso kruel aki, [...].",[...]\ta\tbini\tresultá\tku\tnan\tno\ttaba-tin\tnèt\tnada\tdi\taber\tku\te\tkaso\tkruel\taki\t[...].,[...]\tPFV\tcome\tresult\tCOMP\t3PL\tNEG\tPST-have\tjust\tnothing\tof\tto.do\twith\tDEF\tcase\tcruel\tDEM.PROX\t[...],[...] it was found that they had nothing to do with this cruel case [...].,,The translation is mine.,"453[25 June 2009, p.3]",,published source,"[...] a bin resultá ku nan no tabatin nèt nada di aber ku e kaso kruel aki, [...].",[...] a bini resultá ku nan no taba-tin nèt nada di aber ku e kaso kruel aki [...].,[...] PFV come result COMP 3PL NEG PST-have just nothing of to.do with DEF case cruel DEM.PROX [...],The translation is mine.,,,13156, +47-208,47,E kambio di gobièrnu lo no trese kambio den esaki.,E\tkambio\tdi\tgobièrnu\tlo\tno\ttrese\tkambio\tden\tes(un)\taki.,DEF\tchange\tof\tgovernment\tMOOD\tNEG\tbring\tchange\tin\tone\tDEM.PROX,The change of government will not bring any change in this regard.,,The translation is mine.,"453[25 June 2009, p.3]",,published source,E kambio di gobièrnu lo no trese kambio den esaki.,E kambio di gobièrnu lo no trese kambio den es(un) aki.,DEF change of government MOOD NEG bring change in one DEM.PROX,The translation is mine.,,,13157, +47-209,47,esnan ku no ta nèchi ètòl,es(un)\tnan\tku\tno\tta\tnèchi\tètòl,one\tPL\tCOMP\tNEG\tCOP\tnice\tat.all,those that are not at all nice,,The translation is mine.,"453[14 July 2009, p.4]",,published source,esnan ku no ta nèchi ètòl,es(un) nan ku no ta nèchi ètòl,one PL COMP NEG COP nice at.all,The translation is mine.,,,13158, +48-180,48,¡Nu dejá-mi te nu!,¡Nu\tdejá-mi\tte\tnu!,NEG\tleave-me\tyou.SG\tNEG,Don't leave me (alone)!,,,1359[287],,naturalistic spoken,¡Nu dejá-mi te nu!,,NEG leave-me you.SG NEG,,,,13159,Spanish: ¡No me deje Usted! OR: ¡No me abandone aquí sola! +48-181,48,E sé kelé p’ í tené-o nu.,E\tsé\tkelé\tp’\tí\ttené-o\tnu.,he/she\tHAB\twant\tfor\tI\thave-it\tNEG,He/she doesn’t want me to have it (lit. He/she does not want that I have it).,,"Note: The final negative element does not negate the clause it immediately precedes. Rather, it negates the initial clause.",1359[287],,naturalistic spoken,"E sé kelé p’ í tené-o nu.",,he/she HAB want for I have-it NEG,"Note: The final negative element does not negate the clause it immediately precedes. Rather, it negates the initial clause.",,,13160,Spanish: (Él/ella) no quiere que yo lo tenga. +49-308,49,M pa renmen sa a.,M\tpa\trenmen\tsa\ta.,1SG\tNEG\tlove\tDEM\tSG,I don't like her/him.,,,371[59],,naturalistic spoken,"M pa renmen sa a.",,1SG NEG love DEM SG,,,,13161,French: Je n'aime pas celle-là/celui-là. +49-309,49,M pa vle ou fè sa.,M\tpa\tvle\tou\tfè\tsa.,1SG\tNEG\twant\t2SG\tdo\tDEM,I don't want you to do that.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 61]",,naturalistic spoken,"M pa vle ou fè sa.",,1SG NEG want 2SG do DEM,,,,13162,French: Je ne veux pas que tu fasses ça. +50-191,50,Pyè pa vini.,Pyè\tpa\tvini.,Peter\tNEG\tcome,Peter did not come.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Pyè pa vini.",,Peter NEG come,,Own fieldwork,,13163, +51-163,51,Piè pa vini.,Piè\tpa\tvini.,Peter\tNEG\tcome,Peter did not come.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Piè pa vini.,,Peter NEG come,,Own fieldwork,,13164, +53-370,53,Ye pa kone parle kreol.,Ye\tpa\tkone\tparle\tkreol.,3PL\tNEG\tknow.how\tspeak\tCreole,They don't know how to speak Creole.,,,1048[320],,elicited from speaker,"Ye pa kone parle kreol.",,3PL NEG know.how speak Creole,,,,13165, +53-371,53,Mo pa gagné do lo.,Mo\tpa\tgagné\tdolo.,1SG\tNEG\thave\twater,I haven't got water.,,,1049[21],,naturalistic written,"Mo pa gagné do lo.",Mo pa gagné dolo.,1SG NEG have water,,,,13166, +53-372,53,Na lontan mo pa wa li.,Na\tlontan\tmo\tpa\twa\tli.,it.is\tlong.time\t1SG\tNEG\tsee\t3SG,I haven't seen him for a long time.,,,1048[321],,naturalistic spoken,"Na lontan mo pa wa li.",,it.is long.time 1SG NEG see 3SG,,,,13167, +53-373,53,Bondjoe koz pa.,Bondjoe\tkoz\tpa.,God\tspeak\tNEG,God doesn't speak.,,,1048[320],,naturalistic spoken,"Bondjoe koz pa.",,God speak NEG,,,,13168, +53-374,53,Yé tandé: bon courore vini pa.,Yé\ttandé:\tbon\tcourore\tvini\tpa.,3PL\twait\tgood\trunner\tcome\tNEG,They waited: the good runner didn't come.,,,1049[77],,naturalistic written,"Yé tandé: bon courore vini pa.",,3PL wait good runner come NEG,,,,13169, +54-217,54,Mi touch pa aou.,Mi\ttouch\tpa\taou.,1SG.PRS\ttouch\tNEG\tOBL.2SG,I do not touch you.,,,229[59],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi touch pa aou.",,1SG.PRS touch NEG OBL.2SG,,,,13170,French: Je ne te touche pas. +54-218,54,[...] si lé pa bon mi manz pa.,[...]\tsi\tle\tpa\tbon\tmi\tmanz\tpa.,[...]\tif\tCOP.PRS\tNEG\tgood\t1SG.PRS\teat\tNEG,[...] if it is not good I won’t eat it.,,,110[77],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] si lé pa bon mi manz pa.",[...] si le pa bon mi manz pa.,[...] if COP.PRS NEG good 1SG.PRS eat NEG,,,,13171,"French: [...] s'il n'est pas bon, je ne le mange pas." +54-219,54,"Tank zot la pa fini, i sava pa.","Tank\tzot\tla\tpa\tfini,\ti\tsava\tpa.",as.long.as\t3PL\tPRF\tNEG\tfinish\tFIN\tgo\tNEG,"As long as they have not finished, they will not go away.",,"The negator is also placed after the perfect marker la, which is diachronically and synchronically a form of the verb avoir 'have'.",229[43],,naturalistic spoken,"Tank zot la pa fini, i sava pa.",,as.long.as 3PL PRF NEG finish FIN go NEG,"The negator is also placed after the perfect marker la, which is diachronically and synchronically a form of the verb avoir 'have'.",,,13172,"French: Tant qu'ils n'ont pas fini, il ne s'en vont pas." +54-220,54,Le mun i va pa vòl en ti zafer kòm sa.,Lë\tmoun\ti\tva\tpa\tvol\ten\tti\tzafer\tkom\tsa.,DEF\tperson\tFIN\tFUT\tNEG\tsteal\tINDF\tsmall\tthing\tlike\tthat,Nobody will steal a small item like that.,,,236[344],,naturalistic spoken,"Le mun i va pa vòl en ti zafer kòm sa.",Lë moun i va pa vol en ti zafer kom sa.,DEF person FIN FUT NEG steal INDF small thing like that,,,,13173,French: Personne ne volera une petite chose comme ça. +55-185,55,mo pa ale; mo pa ti ale; mo pa pe ale; mo pa pu ale,mo\tpa\tale;\tmo\tpa\tti\tale;\tmo\tpa\tpe\tale;\tmo\tpa\tpu\tale,1SG\tNEG\tgo\t1SG\tNEG\tPST\tgo\t1SG\tNEG\tPROG\tgo\t1SG\tNEG\tFUT\tgo,I don't go; I didn't go; I am not going; I will not go,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo pa ale; mo pa ti ale; mo pa pe ale; mo pa pu ale",,1SG NEG go 1SG NEG PST go 1SG NEG PROG go 1SG NEG FUT go,,Own knowledge,,13174, +57-161,57,ma pa ule,ma\tpa\tule,1SG\tNEG\twant,I don't want.,,,423[189],,naturalistic spoken,ma pa ule,,1SG NEG want,,,,13175, +58-125,58,Muntu mosi kwisaka ve.,Muntu\tmosi\tkwisaka\tve.,person\tone\tcame\tNEG,One person did not come.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Muntu mosi kwisaka ve.",,person one came NEG,,Own knowledge,,13176, +59-321,59,mbi de mbi mu koli ape,mbi\tde\tmbi\tmu\tkoli\tape,1SG\tremain\t1SG\ttake\thusband\tNEG,I haven't yet taken a husband. OR: I'm not married yet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mbi de mbi mu koli ape,,1SG remain 1SG take husband NEG,,Own knowledge,,13177, +59-322,59,Mbi de mbi baa nyama ti sese agbo kamba (na) nduzu pepe.,mbi\tde\tmbi\tbaa\tnyama\tti\tsese\ta-gbo\tkamba\t(na)\tnduzu\tpepe,1SG\tremain\t1SG\tsee\tanimal\tof\tearth\tPM-grab\trope\t(PREP)\tupwards\tNEG,I haven't yet seen a terrestrial animal seize a rope from above.,,"NEG negates the clause with baa and not the clause with gbo. The meaning, however, is not clear. Note that the example occurred in a letter by a person whom some would characterize as semi-literate.",1320[151],,naturalistic written,Mbi de mbi baa nyama ti sese agbo kamba (na) nduzu pepe.,mbi de mbi baa nyama ti sese a-gbo kamba (na) nduzu pepe,1SG remain 1SG see animal of earth PM-grab rope (PREP) upwards NEG,"NEG negates the clause with baa and not the clause with gbo. The meaning, however, is not clear. Note that the example occurred in a letter by a person whom some would characterize as semi-literate.",,,13178, +59-323,59,"i ke na moyen' titene i faa dole ni ti gwe na ni, ake ape","i\tyeke\tna\t\ttitene\ti\tfaa\tdole\tni\tti\tgwe\tna\tni,\ta-ke\tape",1PL\tCOP\twith\tmeans\tso.that\t1PL\tkill\telephant\tDEF\tto\tgo\twith\tDEF\tPM-COP\tNEG,We didn't have any way of killing an elephant and taking it away.,,Moyen is a French word.,1320[151],,naturalistic spoken,"i ke na moyen' titene i faa dole ni ti gwe na ni, ake ape","i yeke na <moyen'> titene i faa dole ni ti gwe na ni, a-ke ape",1PL COP with means so.that 1PL kill elephant DEF to go with DEF PM-COP NEG,"Moyen is a French word.",,,13179, +59-324,59,"ala hinga ape, atene, mbeni yi laa asara lo a lege","ala\thinga\tape,\ta-tene,\tmbeni\tyi\tlaa\ta-sara\tlo\tna\tlege",2PL\tknow\tNEG\tPM-say\tsome\tthing\tTOP\tPM-do\t3SG\tPREP\tway,"You didn't know (that she had been killed), thinking that something had happened to her on the way (home).",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"ala hinga ape, atene, mbeni yi laa asara lo a lege","ala hinga ape, a-tene, mbeni yi laa a-sara lo na lege",2PL know NEG PM-say some thing TOP PM-do 3SG PREP way,,Samarin corpus 1994,,13180, +59-325,59,"wala lo gwe mu azo ni ti gwe te, wala lo e mu saa na ala gi tonenyen', e hinga ape","wala\tlo\tgwe\tmu\ta-zo\tni\tti\tgwe\tte,\twala\tlo\tyeke\tmu\tsara\tna\tala\tgi\ttongana\tnyen',\te\thinga\tape",whether\t3SG\tgo\ttake\tPL-person\tDEF\tto\tgo\teat\twhether\t3SG\tCOP\ttake\tdo\tPREP\t3PL\tonly\tlike\twhat\t1PL\tknow\tNEG,We don't know if he took the people to eat them or if he was going to do whatever with them.,,"This was in a tape recording of a young man in Obo, at the easternmost part of the Central African Republic, in 1962. I remember being surprised by it, because whereas this was similar to what I had heard in the west, this young man had never travelled in other parts of the country. I'm surprised also by gwe te and mu saa, because I would expect ti between the verbs.",,,constructed by linguist,"wala lo gwe mu azo ni ti gwe te, wala lo e mu saa na ala gi tonenyen', e hinga ape","wala lo gwe mu a-zo ni ti gwe te, wala lo yeke mu sara na ala gi tongana nyen', e hinga ape",whether 3SG go take PL-person DEF to go eat whether 3SG COP take do PREP 3PL only like what 1PL know NEG,"This was in a tape recording of a young man in Obo, at the easternmost part of the Central African Republic, in 1962. I remember being surprised by it, because whereas this was similar to what I had heard in the west, this young man had never travelled in other parts of the country. I'm surprised also by gwe te and mu saa, because I would expect ti between the verbs.",Own knowledge,,13181, +59-326,59,mbi hinga ape mo ga biri,mbi\thinga\tape\tmo\tga\tbiri,1SG\tknow\tNEG\t2SG\tcome\tyesterday,I didn't know that you came yesterday.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mbi hinga ape mo ga biri,,1SG know NEG 2SG come yesterday,,Own knowledge,,13182, +62-95,62,síkúru mbuvá ghó kángi,si-kuru\tmbuva\tghó\tka-ingi,1SG.NEG-cultivate\tfield\tmy\ttime-many,I don't cultivate my farm often.,,,,,elicited from speaker,síkúru mbuvá ghó kángi,si-kuru mbuva ghó ka-ingi,1SG.NEG-cultivate field my time-many,,Own field data 1993,,13183, +63-189,63,ómun má gi-kélem,ómun\tmá\tgi-kélem,3PL\tNEG\tTAM-speak,They don’t speak.,,,857[377],,naturalistic spoken,"ómun má gi-kélem",,3PL NEG TAM-speak,,,,13184, +63-190,63,íta éndi pésa ma,íta\téndi\tpésa\tma,2SG\thave\tmoney\tNEG,You don't have money.,,,857[376],,naturalistic spoken,"íta éndi pésa ma",,2SG have money NEG,,,,13185, +64-208,64,ma batál,ma\tbatál,NEG\tbad,It is not bad.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ma batál,,NEG bad,,Own knowledge,,13186, +64-209,64,ána ma árif hásal ʃunú,ána\tma\tárif\thásal\tʃunú,1SG\tNEG\tknow\thappen\twhat,I don’t know what happened.,,,874[165],,naturalistic spoken,"ána ma árif hásal ʃunú",,1SG NEG know happen what,,,,13187, +65-146,65,"Za ʒenuʃeka mesiaza pasidi netu, adali ʧuʒoj.","Za\tʒenuʃeka\tmesiaza\tpasidi\tnetu,\tadali\tʧuʒoj.",TOP\twife\tplace\tsit\tNEG\tlike\tstranger,They never sit near their wives as if they were strangers.,,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).,1045[246],,constructed by linguist,"Za ʒenuʃeka mesiaza pasidi netu, adali ʧuʒoj.",,TOP wife place sit NEG like stranger,The original source for this example is Cherepanov (1853: 375).,,"За женушека месяза посиди нету, адали чужой.",13188, +65-147,65,"Tərawa gari netu, lies gari!","Tərawa\tgari\tnetu,\tlies\tgari!",grass\tburn\tNEG\tforest\tburn,"It is not just the grass that is burning, it it the whole forest that burns!",,,60[257],,citation in fiction,"Tərawa gari netu, lies gari!",,grass burn NEG forest burn,,,"Трава гори нету, лес - гори!",13189, +65-148,65,Za maja tako ne xyʧi.,Za\tmaja\ttako\tne\txyʧi.,TOP\t1SG\tso\tNEG\twant,I do not want it to be so.,,The example is originally from Cherepanov (1853: 375).,1045[248],,constructed by linguist,Za maja tako ne xyʧi.,,TOP 1SG so NEG want,The example is originally from Cherepanov (1853: 375).,,За моя тако не хычи.,13190, +65-149,65,"Niʧiwo ni delaj iwo, tol'ko rabotaj kantore.","Niʧiwo\tni\tdelaj\tiwo,\ttol'ko\trabotaj\tkantore.",nothing\tNEG\tdo\t3SG\tonly\twork\toffice,"She does not do anything, she only works in the office.",,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,1195[237],,naturalistic spoken,"Niʧiwo ni delaj iwo, tol'ko rabotaj kantore.",,nothing NEG do 3SG only work office,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and F. Eloeva in 1985 (Primorskij region).,,"Ничего не делай его, только работай конторе.",13191, +66-118,66,Rikas tərəmakang.,Rikas\ttərə-makang.,Rikas\tNEG.FIN-eat,Rikas did not eat.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Rikas tərəmakang.",Rikas tərə-makang.,Rikas NEG.FIN-eat,,Own knowledge,,13192, +67-163,67,"Toto mana-mana pun ada, bukan di satu tempat.","Toto\tmana~mana\tpun\tada,\tbukan\tdi\tsatu\ttempat.",toto.lottery\twhere~where\talso\texist\tNEG\tin\tone\tplace,A Toto (outlet) is everywhere. It is not only in one place.,,,708[132],,naturalistic spoken,"Toto mana-mana pun ada, bukan di satu tempat.","Toto mana~mana pun ada, bukan di satu tempat.",toto.lottery where~where also exist NEG in one place,,,,13193, +67-207,67,Saya tak nampak ah ini kereta langga orang ah.,Saya\ttak\tnampak\tah\tini\tkereta\tlangga\torang\tah.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tTOP\tDEM\tcar\tbump\tperson\tTOP,I did not see this car hit the person (accident).,,,708[406],,naturalistic spoken,"Saya tak nampak ah ini kereta langga orang ah.",,1SG NEG see TOP DEM car bump person TOP,,,,13194, +74-149,74,wik náyka kámtaks,wik\tnáyka\tkámtaks,NEG\t1SG\tknow,I don’t know.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"wik náyka kámtaks",,NEG 1SG know,,Own knowledge,,13195, +75-256,75,Iyonve pat telefoon ekoshpi.,Iyonve\tpat\ttelefoon\tekoshpi.,3PL.have.PST\tNEG\ttelephone\tthen,At that time they did not have telephones.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Iyonve pat telefoon ekoshpi.,,3PL.have.PST NEG telephone then,,,,13196, +76-67,76,ababa tusa'ra pī'tcȗk,ababa\ttusa'ra\tpī'tcȗk,say\thear\tnot,I heard no talking.,,,1442[222],,reconstructed by documentalist,"ababa tusa'ra pī'tcȗk",,say hear not,,,,13197, +1-242,1,Kaba tog no wan somma bribi hem muffe.,Kaba\ttogu\tnowan-soma\tbribi\ten\tmofo.,but\tyet\tno-person\tbelieve\t2SG\tword,But yet no one believes him (lit. But yet no one believes his words).,,The negative indefinite pronoun is nowan-soma; there is no predicate negation.,1355[40],,written,"Kaba tog no wan somma bribi hem muffe.",Kaba togu nowan-soma bribi en mofo.,but yet no-person believe 2SG word,"The negative indefinite pronoun is nowan-soma; there is no predicate negation.",,,13198, +1-243,1,Dem no sa doe joe wan santie.,Den\tno\tsa\tdu\tyu\twan\tsani.,3PL\tNEG\tFUT\tdu\t2SG\tINDF.SG\tthing,They will not harm you (lit. They will not do you a thing/something).,,The indefinite pronoun is wan-sani; there is predicate negation.,313,,written,"Dem no sa doe joe wan santie.",Den no sa du yu wan sani.,3PL NEG FUT du 2SG INDF.SG thing,"The indefinite pronoun is wan-sani; there is predicate negation.",,,13199, +1-244,1,Mi no findi notti.,Mi\tno\tfeni\tnoti.,1SG\tNEG\tfind\tnothing,I found nothing / I didn't find anything.,,The negative indefinite pronoun is noti; it has predicate negation.,1357[125],,written (dictionary),"Mi no findi notti.",Mi no feni noti.,1SG NEG find nothing,"The negative indefinite pronoun is noti; it has predicate negation.",,,13200,German: Ich habe nichts gefunden. [op.cit.] +2-265,2,No wan suma no man verklaar yu wan oorlog tori.,No\twan\tsuma\tno\tman\tverklaar\tyu\twan\toorlog\ttori.,NEG\tone\tperson\tNEG\tcan\texplain\t2SG\tART\twar\tstory,No one can tell you war stories.,,,1606[77],,naturalistic spoken,"No wan suma no man verklaar yu wan oorlog tori.",,NEG one person NEG can explain 2SG ART war story,,,,13201, +2-266,2,Yu no abi fu abi noti.,Yu\tno\tabi\tfu\tabi\tnoti.,2SG\tNEG\thave\tto\thave\tnothing,You don’t have to have any.,,,1606[119],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu no abi fu abi noti.",,2SG NEG have to have nothing,,,,13202, +2-267,2,Noti no pasa nanga mi.,Noti\tno\tpasa\tnanga\tmi.,nothing\tNEG\thappen\twith\tme,Nothing happened to me.,,,1585[49],,naturalistic spoken,"Noti no pasa nanga mi.",,nothing NEG happen with me,,,,13203, +3-145,3,Dí sɛmbɛ hén-seéi àn tá si taa báka f'én boóko.,Dí\tsɛmbɛ\thén-seéi\tàn\ttá\tsi\ttaa\tbáka\tf'=én\tboóko.,DEF.SG\tsomeone\t3SG-self\tNEG\tASP\tsee\tsay\tback\tfor=3SG\tbreak,Nobody sees his own hunchback.,,"This is a proverb meaning ""Nobody is aware of his own faults"".",354[202],,naturalistic written,Dí sɛmbɛ hén-seéi àn tá si taa báka f'én boóko.,Dí sɛmbɛ hén-seéi àn tá si taa báka f'=én boóko.,DEF.SG someone 3SG-self NEG ASP see say back for=3SG break,"This is a proverb meaning ""Nobody is aware of his own faults"".",,,13204, +3-146,3,M'e sí sɛmbɛ.,M'=e\tsí\tsɛmbɛ.,1SG=NEG\tsee\tsomeone,I saw nobody.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"M'e sí sɛmbɛ.",M'=e sí sɛmbɛ.,1SG=NEG see someone,,Fieldwork data,,13205, +4-172,4,Ná wan meti mi kii.,Ná\twan\tmeti\tmi\tkii.,NEG\tone\tmeat\tI\tkill,Not a single animal I killed.,,,284,,naturalistic spoken,Ná wan meti mi kii.,,NEG one meat I kill,,,,13206, +4-173,4,A ná abi toobi anga ná wan sani seefi.,A\tná\tabi\ttoobi\tanga\tná\twan\tsani\tseefi.,he\tNEG\thave\ttrouble\twith\tNEG\tone\tthing\tself,He was not concerned about even a single thing.,,,661[255],,naturalistic spoken,A ná abi toobi anga ná wan sani seefi.,,he NEG have trouble with NEG one thing self,,,,13207, +6-108,6,He eh want notin.,He\teh\twant\tnotin.,3SG\tNEG\twant\tnothing,He doesn't want anything.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"He eh want notin.",,3SG NEG want nothing,,Informant A.K.,,13208, +7-243,7,Nobadi (na) si mi.,No-badi\t(na)\tsi\tmi.,NEG-body\t(NEG)\tsee\t1SG,Nobody saw me.,,The negation particle is optional if the negative indefinite is sentence-initial.,1248[12],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Nobadi (na) si mi.,No-badi (na) si mi.,NEG-body (NEG) see 1SG,The negation particle is optional if the negative indefinite is sentence-initial.,,,13209, +7-244,7,Mi na si nobadi.,Mi\tna\tsi\tno-badi.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tNEG-body,I didn’t see anybody.,,The sentential negation marker must be present to licence the negative indefinite that appears post-verbally.,1248[12],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi na si nobadi.,Mi na si no-badi.,1SG NEG see NEG-body,The sentential negation marker must be present to licence the negative indefinite that appears post-verbally.,,,13210, +7-245,7,*Mi si nobadi.,*Mi\tsi\tno-badi.,1SG\tsee\tNEG-bodi,NOT: I didn’t see anybody.,,The sentential negation marker must be present to licence the negative indefinite that appears post-verbally.,1248[12],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,*Mi si nobadi.,*Mi si no-badi.,1SG see NEG-bodi,The sentential negation marker must be present to licence the negative indefinite that appears post-verbally.,,,13211, +7-246,7,Nobadi na si nobadi.,No-badi\tna\tsi\tno-badi.,NEG-body\tNEG\tsee\tNEG-body,Nobody saw anybody.,,A negative indefinite in sentence-initial position is not enough to licence a negative indefinite in post-verbal position: sentential negation must be overtly marked.,1248[12],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Nobadi na si nobadi.,No-badi na si no-badi.,NEG-body NEG see NEG-body,A negative indefinite in sentence-initial position is not enough to licence a negative indefinite in post-verbal position: sentential negation must be overtly marked.,,,13212, +7-247,7,*Nobadi si nobadi.,*No-badi\tsi\tno-badi.,NEG-body\tsee\tNEG-body,NOT: Nobody saw anybody.,,Sentential negation is required to make the utterance grammatical.,1248[12],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,*Nobadi si nobadi.,*No-badi si no-badi.,NEG-body see NEG-body,Sentential negation is required to make the utterance grammatical.,,,13213, +8-153,8,Mi no yer notn bout dat-de.,Mi\tno\tyer\tnotn\tbout\tdat-de.,1SG\tNEG\thear\tnothing\tabout\tthat-there,I didn't hear anything about that.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi no yer notn bout dat-de.,,1SG NEG hear nothing about that-there,,Own knowledge,,13214, +9-188,9,Bra Fayaflay no de se notn̩.,Bra\tFayaflay\tno\tde\tse\tnotn̩.,Brother\tFirefly\tNEG\tPROG\tsay\tnothing,Brother Firefly didn't say anything.,,,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,"Bra Fayaflay no de se notn̩.",,Brother Firefly NEG PROG say nothing,,,,13215, +10-238,10,Nonbady no waahn daans wid Taiga.,Non-bady\tno\twaahn\tdaans\twid\tTaiga.,no-body\tNEG\twant\tdance\tCOM\tTiger,Nobody wanted to dance with Tiger.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Nonbady no waahn daans wid Taiga.",Non-bady no waahn daans wid Taiga.,no-body NEG want dance COM Tiger,,Unpublished field recordings,,13216, +10-239,10,Mi neva sii nonbady kom.,Mi\tneva\tsii\tnon-bady\tkom.,1SG\tNEG.PST\tsee\tno-body\tcome,I didn't see anybody come.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Mi neva sii nonbady kom.",Mi neva sii non-bady kom.,1SG NEG.PST see no-body come,,Field notes 2008,,13217, +11-312,11,Nobadi neva yuuztu hav tivi.,No-badi\tneva\tyuuztu\thav\ttivi.,no-body\tNEG.PST\tHAB.PST\thave\tTV,Nobody would have a TV.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Nobadi neva yuuztu hav tivi.",No-badi neva yuuztu hav tivi.,no-body NEG.PST HAB.PST have TV,,,,13218, +11-313,11,Wi no hav nobadi.,Wi\tno\thav\tno-badi.,1PL\tNEG\thave\tno-body,We don't have anybody (to represent us).,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wi no hav nobadi.",Wi no hav no-badi.,1PL NEG have no-body,,,,13219, +11-314,11,Bot nou yu kyaan du notn.,Bot\tnou\tyu\tkyaan\tdu\tnotn.,but\tnow\t2SG\tcan.NEG\tdo\tnothing,But now you can’t do anything.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Bot nou yu kyaan du notn.",,but now 2SG can.NEG do nothing,,,,13220, +11-315,11,Dei pei nobadi no main.,Dei\tpei\tno-badi\tno\tmain.,3PL\tpay\tno-body\tNEG\tmind,They didn’t listen to anyone.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Dei pei nobadi no main.,Dei pei no-badi no main.,3PL pay no-body NEG mind,,,,13221, +12-252,12,"People robbing people, you know, just like all kind of things. Ain't no - ain't nothing so special. Pettiness, you know.",[...]\tain't\tnothing\tso\tspecial.,[...]\tNEG\tINDF\tso\tspecial,[..] That’s nothing special.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"People robbing people, you know, just like all kind of things. Ain't no - ain't nothing so special. Pettiness, you know.",[...] ain't nothing so special.,[...] NEG INDF so special,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13222, +12-253,12,"See, the government over the Bahamas then didn't know nothing, you know?",[...]\tthe\tgovernment\tover\tthe\tBahamas\tthen\tdidn't\tknow\tnothing\t[...].,[...]\tthe\tgovernment\tover\tthe\tBahamas\tthen\tNEG\tknow\tINDF\t[...],"[...] the Bahamian government (back) then, they didn’t know anything [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"See, the government over the Bahamas then didn't know nothing, you know?",[...] the government over the Bahamas then didn't know nothing [...].,[...] the government over the Bahamas then NEG know INDF [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13223, +12-254,12,Say ain't nobody who'll call theyself is fisherman can't swim.,[...]\tain't\tnobody\twho'll\tcall\ttheyself\tis\tfisherman\tcan't\tswim.,[...]\tNEG\tINDF\twho.FUT\tcall\tREFL\tCOP\tfisherman\tMOD.AUX.NEG\tswim,There isn’t anyone who would call himself a fisherman and be unable to swim.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Say ain't nobody who'll call theyself is fisherman can't swim.,[...] ain't nobody who'll call theyself is fisherman can't swim.,[...] NEG INDF who.FUT call REFL COP fisherman MOD.AUX.NEG swim,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13224, +12-255,12,"Well, see, after - the hurricane and - uh - it wasn't no vessel for us to move on, and it wasn't anything to do 'round home, you know?",[...]\tit\twasn't\tanything\tto\tdo\t'round\thome\t[...].,[...]\t3SG.N.SBJ\tCOP.PST.NEG\tINDF\tto\tdo\taround\thome\t[...],"[...] [after the hurricane, there wasn’t any vessel for us to move on,] and there wasn’t anything to do at home [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Well, see, after - the hurricane and - uh - it wasn't no vessel for us to move on, and it wasn't anything to do 'round home, you know?",[...] it wasn't anything to do 'round home [...].,[...] 3SG.N.SBJ COP.PST.NEG INDF to do around home [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13225, +12-256,12,"Yeah, ain't nobody is bother me. Because they done know me, and I is be in the house all the time",[...]\tain't\tnobody\tis\tbother\tme.,[...]\tNEG\tINDF\tHAB\tbother\tme,"[...] there isn’t anyone who bothers me (around here). [Because they know me, and I’m always in the house.]",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, ain't nobody is bother me. Because they done know me, and I is be in the house all the time",[...] ain't nobody is bother me.,[...] NEG INDF HAB bother me,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13226, +13-185,13,I ain going go pick none dere.,I\tain\tgoing\tgo\tpick\tnone\tdere.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG.AUX\tgoing\tgo\tpick\tNEG.INDF.PRO\tthere,I am not going to pick any there.,,,1500[260],,naturalistic spoken,"I ain going go pick none dere.",,1SG.SBJ NEG.AUX going go pick NEG.INDF.PRO there,,,,13227, +13-186,13,Dey ain gii we none.,Dey\tain\tgii\twe\tnone.,they\tNEG.AUX\tgive\tus\tNEG.INDF.PRO,They did not give us any.,,,1500[264],,naturalistic spoken,"Dey ain gii we none.",,they NEG.AUX give us NEG.INDF.PRO,,,,13228, +14-140,14,They didn't see nothing.,They\tdidn't\tsee\tnothing.,they\tdid.NEG\tsee\tnothing,They didn't see anything.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,They didn't see nothing.,,they did.NEG see nothing,,Own knowledge,,13229, +15-132,15,a nɔ si nɔmbɔdi,a\tnɔ\tsi\tnɔmbɔdi,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tnobody,I didn't see anyone.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"a nɔ si nɔmbɔdi",,1SG NEG see nobody,,Own knowledge,,13230, +16-148,16,jù no gò tek natin nak àm,jù\tno\tgò\ttek\tnatin\tnak\tàm,2SG\tNEG\tFUT\ttake\tnothing\tknock\t3SG.OBJ,You would not hit it with anything.,,This example shows a co-occurrence of negator no and indefinite no-pronoun natin.,656[216],,naturalistic spoken,"jù no gò tek natin nak àm",,2SG NEG FUT take nothing knock 3SG.OBJ,"This example shows a co-occurrence of negator no and indefinite no-pronoun natin.",,,13231, +16-149,16,nobɔdi gò ask jù paspɔt,nobɔdi\tgò\task\tjù\tpaspɔt,nobody\tFUT\task\t2SG.OBJ\tpassport,Nobody will ask you for your passport.,,This example shows a preclusion of the negator with the indefinite no-pronoun nobɔdi.,,,naturalistic spoken,"nobɔdi gò ask jù paspɔt",,nobody FUT ask 2SG.OBJ passport,"This example shows a preclusion of the negator with the indefinite no-pronoun nobɔdi.",Own fieldwork,,13232, +17-175,17,À no si e̱nibo̱di.,À\tno\tsi\te̱nibo̱di.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tsee\tanybody,I didn’t see anybody.,,,462[90-91],,naturalistic spoken,À no si e̱nibo̱di.,,1SG.SBJ NEG see anybody,,,,13233, +17-176,17,Nobo̱di si mì.,Nobo̱di\tsi\tmì.,nobody\tsee\t1SG.OBJ,Nobody saw me.,,,462[90-91],,naturalistic spoken,Nobo̱di si mì.,,nobody see 1SG.OBJ,,,,13234, +17-177,17,No e̱nibo̱di si mì.,No\te̱nibo̱di\tsi\tmì.,NEG\tanybody\tsee\t1SG.OBJ,Nobody saw me.,,,462[90-91],,naturalistic spoken,No e̱nibo̱di si mì.,,NEG anybody see 1SG.OBJ,,,,13235, +18-160,18,A 'no 'get 'som'ting.,A\t'no\t'get\t'som'ting.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tget\tsomething,I have nothing.,,,352[142],,published source,A 'no 'get 'som'ting.,,1SG.SBJ NEG get something,,,,13236, +18-161,18,A 'no 'get 'nating.,A\t'no\t'get\t'nating.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tget\tnothing,I have nothing.,,,352[142],,published source,"A 'no 'get 'nating.",,1SG.SBJ NEG get nothing,,,,13237, +18-162,18,A no si enibodi.,A\tno\tsi\tenibodi.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tsee\tanybody,I saw nobody.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"A no si enibodi.",,1SG.SBJ NEG see anybody,,,,13238, +18-163,18,No peson bin kom.,No\tpeson\tbin\tkom.,NEG\tperson\tPST\tcome,Nobody came.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"No peson bin kom.",,NEG person PST come,,,,13239, +18-164,18,A no sabi enitin.,A\tno\tsabi\tenitin.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tknow\tanything,I know nothing about it.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"A no sabi enitin.",,1SG.SBJ NEG know anything,,,,13240, +20-140,20,He no care for any man.,He\tno\tcare\tfor\tany\tman.,3SG\tNEG\tcare\tfor\tany\tman,He cares for nobody.,,,1489[IV.55],,naturalistic written,"He no care for any man.",,3SG NEG care for any man,,,希糯騎科晏尔蚊,13241, +20-141,20,He no can do nothing.,He\tno\tcan\tdo\tnothing.,3SG\tNEG\tcan\tdo\tnothing,He is fit for nothing.,,,1489[IV.55],,naturalistic written,"He no can do nothing.",,3SG NEG can do nothing,,,希糯(口件)都拿丁,13242, +21-140,21,I didn't see anyone.,I\tdidn't\tsee\tanyone.,1SG\tdo.PST.NEG\tsee\tanyone,I didn't see anyone.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I didn't see anyone.,,1SG do.PST.NEG see anyone,,Own knowledge,,13243, +21-141,21,I understand nothing.,I\tunderstand\tnothing.,1SG\tunderstand\tnothing,I understand nothing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I understand nothing.,,1SG understand nothing,,Own knowledge,,13244, +22-175,22,Mipla no save long wanpela samting.,Mipla\tno\tsave\tlong\twanpela\tsamting.,1PL.EXCL\tNEG\tknow\tPREP\tone\tthing,We don't know anything.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,"Mipla no save long wanpela samting.",,1PL.EXCL NEG know PREP one thing,,,,13245, +23-158,23,"sikret blong yumi nao, yu no save talem long sam narafala man","sikret\tblong\tyumi\tnao,\tyu\tno\tsave\ttalem\tlong\tsam\tnarafala\tman",secret\tPOSS\t1PL.INCL\tnow\t2SG\tNEG\tcan\ttell\tto\tsome\tother\tman,"This is our secret, you can't tell it to any other people.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"sikret blong yumi nao, yu no save talem long sam narafala man",,secret POSS 1PL.INCL now 2SG NEG can tell to some other man,,Own knowledge,,13246, +23-159,23,"twenti tausen flat gud, no winim eni vatu","twenti\ttausen\tflat\tgud,\tno\twinim\teni\tvatu",twenty\tthousand\tflat\tgood\tNEG\twin\tany\tvatu,"Twenty thousand gone completely, he didn't win a single penny.",,The vatu is the currency of Vanuatu.,942,,naturalistic spoken,"twenti tausen flat gud, no winim eni vatu",,twenty thousand flat good NEG win any vatu,The vatu is the currency of Vanuatu.,,,13247, +24-181,24,Ai sii noebohdi.,Ai\tsii\tnoebohdi.,1SG.SBJ\tsee\tnobody,I saw nobody.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ai sii noebohdi.,,1SG.SBJ see nobody,,Own fieldwork,,13248, +24-182,24,I nor see nobohdi.,I\tnor\tsee\tnobohdi.,I\tNEG\tsee\tnodody,I did not see anybody.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I nor see nobohdi.,,I NEG see nodody,,Own fieldwork,,13249, +25-326,25,"Yu kan fiksim mi, enibodi kan fiksim mi.","Yu\tkan\tfiks-im\tmi,\tenibodi\tkan\tfiks-im\tmi.",2SG\tcan.NEG\tfix-TR\t1SG\tanybody\tcan.NEG\tfix-TR\t1SG,"You can't cure me, nobody can cure me. (patient to doctor)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a negative construction (involving the special auxiliary of negative ability) with an indefinite pronoun.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Yu kan fiksim mi, enibodi kan fiksim mi.","Yu kan fiks-im mi, enibodi kan fiks-im mi.",2SG can.NEG fix-TR 1SG anybody can.NEG fix-TR 1SG,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates a negative construction (involving the special auxiliary of negative ability) with an indefinite pronoun.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,13250, +26-113,26,hi no gon du natin,hi\tno\tgon\tdu\tnatin,3SG\tNEG\tFUT\tdo\tINDF,He's not going to do anything.,,,1545[177],,naturalistic spoken,"hi no gon du natin",,3SG NEG FUT do INDF,,,,13251, +27-127,27,bot am no ha ēntēngut mē fo gi am,bot\tam\tno\tha\tēntēn-gut\tmē\tfo\tgi\tam,but\t3SG\tNEG\thave\tno-thing\tmore\tfor\tgive\t3SG,but he has nothing more to give him,,,355[61],,naturalistic spoken,"bot am no ha ēntēngut mē fo gi am",bot am no ha ēntēn-gut mē fo gi am,but 3SG NEG have no-thing more for give 3SG,,,,13252, +28-178,28,tut ju drai wɛrɛ ju drai mɛten gutu ka,tutu\tju\tdrai\twɛrɛ\tju\tdrai\tmɛtɛ\ten\tgutu\tka,until\t2SG\tturn\tagain\t2SG\tturn\twith\tone\tthing\tNEG,"When you return, you return with nothing.",,,738[249],,naturalistic spoken,"tut ju drai wɛrɛ ju drai mɛten gutu ka",tutu ju drai wɛrɛ ju drai mɛtɛ en gutu ka,until 2SG turn again 2SG turn with one thing NEG,,,,13253, +28-179,28,en kɛnɛ kan kapo ka,en\tkɛnɛ\tkan\tkapu\to\tka,one\tperson\tcan\tcut\t3SG\tNEG,Nobody can cut it down. (referring to a certain tree),,,738[249],,naturalistic spoken,"en kɛnɛ kan kapo ka",en kɛnɛ kan kapu o ka,one person can cut 3SG NEG,,,,13254, +29-201,29,Ek het nie enige iemand gesien nie.,Ek\thet\tnie\tenige\tiemand\tge-sien\tnie.,1SG.NOM\tPST\tNEG\tany\tsomeone\tPTCP-seen\tNEG,I haven't seen anyone. / I didn't see anyone.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek het nie enige iemand gesien nie.,Ek het nie enige iemand ge-sien nie.,1SG.NOM PST NEG any someone PTCP-seen NEG,,Own knowledge,,13255, +29-202,29,Ek het niemand gesien nie.,Ek\thet\tniemand\tge-sien\tnie.,1SG.NOM\tPST\tnobody\tPTCP-seen\tNEG,I saw nobody. / I've seen nobody.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek het niemand gesien nie.,Ek het niemand ge-sien nie.,1SG.NOM PST nobody PTCP-seen NEG,,Own knowledge,,13256, +30-213,30,Náda ka ta leba-m dexa nhas fidju.,Náda\tka=ta=leba=m\tdexa\tnha-s=fidju.,nothing\tNEG=IPFV=carry=1SG\tabandon\tmy-PL=child,Nothing will make me abandon my children.,,,784[s.v. leba],,naturalistic spoken,"Náda ka ta leba-m dexa nhas fidju.",Náda ka=ta=leba=m dexa nha-s=fidju.,nothing NEG=IPFV=carry=1SG abandon my-PL=child,,,,13257, +30-214,30,"Algen mal lobádu, ningen ka ta kre da-l náda, [...].","Algen\tmal\tlobá-du,\tningen\tka=ta=kre\tda=l\tnáda,\t[...].",someone\tbadly\tthank-PASS\tnobody\tNEG=IPFV=want\tgive=3SG\tnothing\t[...],"To an ungrateful person, nobody wants to give anything, [...].",,,784[s.v. loba],,naturalistic spoken,"Algen mal lobádu, ningen ka ta kre da-l náda, [...].","Algen mal lobá-du, ningen ka=ta=kre da=l náda, [...].",someone badly thank-PASS nobody NEG=IPFV=want give=3SG nothing [...],,,,13258, +30-215,30,Ka ta fase náda!,Ka=ta=fase\tnáda!,NEG=IPFV=make\tnothing,It doesn't matter!,,,784[s.v. náda],,naturalistic spoken,"Ka ta fase náda!",Ka=ta=fase náda!,NEG=IPFV=make nothing,,,,13259,Portuguese: Não faz mal! +31-170,31,Ken ki ten ka sa da ningen yel.,Ken\tki\tten\tka\tsa\tda\tningen\tyel.,who\tthat\thave\tNEG\tASP\tgive\tnobody\tit,Who has some is not giving it to anyone.,,,57,,naturalistic spoken,"Ken ki ten ka sa da ningen yel.",,who that have NEG ASP give nobody it,,,,13260, +32-168,32,Es ka panhá nada.,Es\tka\tpanhá\tnada.,3PL\tNEG\tcatch\tnothing,They didn't catch anything.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Es ka panhá nada.",,3PL NEG catch nothing,,,,13261,Portuguese: Não apanharam nada. +32-169,32,N ka ten ningen má mi.,N\tka\tten\tningen\tmá\tmi.,1SG\tNEG\thave\tnobody\tCOM\t1SG,I have nobody with me.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"N ka ten ningen má mi.",,1SG NEG have nobody COM 1SG,,,,13262,Portuguese: Não tenho ninguém comigo. +33-195,33,N ka odja nada.,N\tka\todja\tnada.,1SG\tNEG\tsee.PST\tanything,I didn’t see anything.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N ka odja nada.",,1SG NEG see.PST anything,,Own knowledge,,13263,Portuguese: Não vi nada. +33-196,33,Ningin ka sta na kasa.,Ningin\tka\tsta\tna\tkasa.,nobody\tNEG\tbe.PRS\tin\thome,Nobody is at home.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ningin ka sta na kasa.",,nobody NEG be.PRS in home,,Own knowledge,,13264,Portuguese: Não está ninguém em casa. +34-158,34,Ningeŋ ka beŋ.,Ningeŋ\tka\tø\tbeŋ.,nobody\tNEG\tPFV\tcome,Nobody came.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ningeŋ ka beŋ.","Ningeŋ ka ø beŋ.",nobody NEG PFV come,,Own knowledge,,13265, +34-159,34,N ka wojá ningeŋ.,N\tka\tø\twojá\tningeŋ.,1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\tsee\tnobody,I did not see anybody.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N ka wojá ningeŋ.","N ka ø wojá ningeŋ.",1SG.SBJ NEG PFV see nobody,,Own knowledge,,13266, +35-224,35,Nê ũa ngê na têndê glita fa.,Nê\tũa\tngê\tna\ttêndê\tglita\tfa.,not\tone\tperson\tNEG\thear\tscream\tNEG,Nobody heard the screaming.,,,593[194],,naturalistic spoken,"Nê ũa ngê na têndê glita fa.",,not one person NEG hear scream NEG,,,,13267, +35-225,35,N na mêsê pa a f’inen nadaxi fa.,N\tna\tmêsê\tpa\ta\tf’=inen\tnadaxi\tfa.,1SG\tNEG\twant\tCOMP\tIMPRS\tdo=3PL\tnothing\tNEG,I don’t want them to do any harm to them.,,IMPRS = impersonal pronoun,593[248],,naturalistic spoken,"N na mêsê pa a f’inen nadaxi fa.",N na mêsê pa a f’=inen nadaxi fa.,1SG NEG want COMP IMPRS do=3PL nothing NEG,IMPRS = impersonal pronoun,,,13268, +36-139,36,[...] n na tô tê kwa fa me va.,[...]\tn\tna\ttô\ttê\tkwa\tfa\tme\tva.,[...]\tI\tNEG\tREP\thave\tthing\tsay\tself\tNEG,[...] I didn't have anything to say anymore.,,,901[131],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] n na tô tê kwa fa me va.",,[...] I NEG REP have thing say self NEG,,,,13269,French: [...] je ne pouvais plus rien dire. +37-175,37,Ami n têndê ningê nhon na nixi ki gita fa ô.,Ami\tn\ttêndê\tningê\tnhon\tna\tnixi\tki\tgita\tfa\tô.,1SG\t1SG\thear\tperson\tno\tLOC\there\tREL\tshout\tNEG\tVAL,I didn’t hear anybody shouting myself.,,,905[139],,naturalistic spoken,"Ami n têndê ningê nhon na nixi ki gita fa ô.",,1SG 1SG hear person no LOC here REL shout NEG VAL,,,,13270, +37-176,37,Ni n sêbê ningê fa.,Ni\tn\tsêbê\tningê\tfa.,nor\t1SG\tknow\tperson\tNEG,I don’t even know who it could be.,,,905[139],,naturalistic spoken,"Ni n sêbê ningê fa.",,nor 1SG know person NEG,,,,13271, +37-177,37,N vê ko nhon fa.,N\tvê\tko\tnhon\tfa.,1SG\tsee\tthing\tno\tNEG,I didn't see anything.,,"Ko is an allomorph of kwa 'thing' used in combination with nhon, which is a negative determiner derived from Portuguese nenhum 'no, any'.",,,constructed by linguist,"N vê ko nhon fa.",,1SG see thing no NEG,"Ko is an allomorph of kwa 'thing' used in combination with nhon, which is a negative determiner derived from Portuguese nenhum 'no, any'.",Own knowledge,,13272, +38-185,38,Mindyi zwange na sxa tende-li-f.,Mindyi\tzuguan-nge\tna\tsxa\ttende-eli-f.,but\tsome-person\tNEG\tPROG\tlisten-3SG-NEG,But nobody was listening to him.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mindyi zwange na sxa tende-li-f.,Mindyi zuguan-nge na sxa tende-eli-f.,but some-person NEG PROG listen-3SG-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1990,,13273, +39-171,39,Tɛ agɔr niŋu rɛpos nã dew.,Tɛ\tagɔr\tniŋu\trɛpos\tnã\tde-w.,until\tnow\tnone\tanswer\tNEG\tgive-PST,"So far, [they] have not given any answer.",,,221[172],,naturalistic spoken,Tɛ agɔr niŋu rɛpos nã dew.,Tɛ agɔr niŋu rɛpos nã de-w.,until now none answer NEG give-PST,,,,13274, +40-135,40,(1) yo nu tɛ ulyad ku ningɛ̃; (2) nad nu tɛ hedzid el; (3) ningɛ̃ nu yawe.,(1)\tyo\tnu\ttɛ\tulyad\tku\tningɛ̃;\t(2)\tnad\tnu\ttɛ\thedzid\tel;\t(3)\tningɛ̃\tnu\tyawe.,(1)\t1SG\tNEG\tPRS\tsee.PFV\tOBJ\tnobody\t(2)\tnothing\tNEG\tPRS\tdo.PTCP\t3SG\t(3)\tnobody\tNEG\tcame,(1) I didn't see anyone; (2) S/he didn't do anything; (3) Nobody came.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"(1) yo nu tɛ ulyad ku ningɛ̃; (2) nad nu tɛ hedzid el; (3) ningɛ̃ nu yawe.",,(1) 1SG NEG PRS see.PFV OBJ nobody (2) nothing NEG PRS do.PTCP 3SG (3) nobody NEG came,,Own knowledge,,13275, +41-167,41,avara prendatu naada naa poy faya,avara\tprenda-tu\tnaada\tnaa\tpoy\tfaya,now\tstudy-PFV.PTCP\tnothing\tNEG.FUT\tHABIL\tdo,"Now, having studied, [he] won't be able to do anything [i.e. find work].",,,1416[5215],,naturalistic spoken,"avara prendatu naada naa poy faya",avara prenda-tu naada naa poy faya,now study-PFV.PTCP nothing NEG.FUT HABIL do,,,,13276, +41-168,41,niinga nukunistaa falaa daa,niinga\tnuku-nistaa\tfalaa-daa,nobody\tNEG-need\tsay-give,Nobody needs to teach [them].,,,1416[5193],,naturalistic spoken,"niinga nukunistaa falaa daa",niinga nuku-nistaa falaa-daa,nobody NEG-need say-give,,,,13277, +42-180,42,nté nada na riba di meza,nté\tnada\tna\triba\tdi\tmeza,NEG.have\tnothing\tLOC\ttop\tof\ttable,There is nothing on the table.,,,122[55],,elicited from speaker,nté nada na riba di meza,,NEG.have nothing LOC top of table,,,,13278, +42-181,42,nggéng ńgka olá nada,nggéng\tńgka\tolá\tnada,nobody\tNEG\tsee\tnothing,Nobody saw anything.,,,122[55],,elicited from speaker,nggéng ńgka olá nada,,nobody NEG see nothing,,,,13279, +42-182,42,eli ngka olá ki ki (pun),eli\tngka\tolá\tki\tki\t(pun),3SG\tNEG\tsee\twhat\twhat\t(at.all),He didn’t see anything (at all).,,,,,elicited from speaker,eli ngka olá ki ki (pun),,3SG NEG see what what (at.all),,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,13280, +42-183,42,eli ngka olá keng keng (pun),eli\tngka\tolá\tkeng\tkeng\t(pun),3SG\tNEG\tsee\twho\twho\t(EMPH),He didn’t see anyone at all.,,,122[55],,elicited from speaker,eli ngka olá keng keng (pun),,3SG NEG see who who (EMPH),,,,13281, +44-174,44,Nwáy kyén di minyá kon bo.,Nwáy\tkyén\tdi\tminyá\tkon\tbo.,NEG.EXIST\twho\tCTPL\tbother\tOBJ\t2SG,There is no one to bother you.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Nwáy kyén di minyá kon bo.,,NEG.EXIST who CTPL bother OBJ 2SG,,Own data,,13282,Spanish: Nadie te molesta. +45-138,45,No hay que ta aqui ayer.,No\thay\tque\tta\taqui\tayer.,NEG\tEXIST\tREL\tCOP.LOC\there\tyesterday,Nobody was here yesterday.,,,,,elicited from speaker,No hay que ta aqui ayer.,,NEG EXIST REL COP.LOC here yesterday,,Own data,,13283, +45-139,45,No hay nada mas que puede tu hace.,No\thay\tnada\tmas\tque\tpuede\ttu\thace.,NEG\tEXIST\tnothing\tmore\tthat\tcan\t2SG\tdo,There is nothing more you can do.,,The negative indefinite nada can be used in an existential construction.,426[116],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,No hay nada mas que puede tu hace.,,NEG EXIST nothing more that can 2SG do,"The negative indefinite nada can be used in an existential construction.",,,13284, +46-185,46,Nuáy yo kósa ta-pwéde mirá.,Nuáy\tyo\tkósa\tta-pwéde\tmirá.,NEG.EXIST\t1SG\tthing\tIPFV-can\tsee,I can't see anything.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Nuáy yo kósa ta-pwéde mirá.,,NEG.EXIST 1SG thing IPFV-can see,,Own knowledge,,13285, +46-186,46,Nuáy kyen ya-andá na dimiyo kása.,Nuáy\tkyen\tya-andá\tna\tdimiyo\tkása.,NEG.EXIST\twho\tPRF-go\tLOC\tmy\thouse,Nobody came to my house.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Nuáy kyen ya-andá na dimiyo kása.,,NEG.EXIST who PRF-go LOC my house,,Own knowledge,,13286, +47-210,47,Ningun komershante no ta gusta bende barata.,Ningun\tkomershante\tno\tta\tgusta\tbende\tbarata.,no.one\tsalesperson\tNEG\tTNS\tlike\tsell\tcheap,No salesperson likes to sell cheaply.,,The translation is mine.,869[47],,published source,"Ningun komershante no ta gusta bende barata.",,no.one salesperson NEG TNS like sell cheap,The translation is mine.,,,13287, +48-182,48,¿Bo a konosé babbú tampoko?,¿Bo\ta\tkonosé\tbabbú\ttampoko?,you.SG\tPST\tknow\tbarbul\tneither,"You don't know the ""barbul"" (a type of fish) either?",,"In this example, tampoko is not accompanied by nu. Equally felicitous would have been: ¿Bo a konosé babbú tampoko nu? OR: ¿Bo nu a konosé babbú tampoko nu?",1359[287],,naturalistic spoken,¿Bo a konosé babbú tampoko?,,you.SG PST know barbul neither,"In this example, tampoko is not accompanied by nu. Equally felicitous would have been: ¿Bo a konosé babbú tampoko nu? OR: ¿Bo nu a konosé babbú tampoko nu?",,,13288,Spanish: ¿(Tú) (no) has conocido/visto el barbul tampoco? +48-183,48,Nunka suto poné brabo nu.,Nunka\tsuto\tponé\tbrabo\tnu.,never\twe\tget\tangry\tNEG,We never got / used to get angry.,,,1359[287],,naturalistic spoken,"Nunka suto poné brabo nu.",,never we get angry NEG,,,,13289,Spanish: Nunca nos poníamos bravos. +49-310,49,Pèsonn pa vini.,Pèsonn\tpa\tvini.,nobody\tNEG\tcome,Nobody came.,,,362[67],,naturalistic spoken,Pèsonn pa vini.,,nobody NEG come,,,,13290,French: Personne n’est venu. +49-311,49,Pèsonn pa vini.,Pèsonn\tpa\tvini.,nobody\tNEG\tcome,Nobody came.,,,362[67],,naturalistic spoken,"Pèsonn pa vini.",,nobody NEG come,,,,13291,French: Personne n'est venu. +49-312,49,Sa pa anyen.,Sa\tpa\tanyen.,DEM\tNEG\tnothing,Never mind (lit. It's nothing).,,,362[67],,constructed by linguist,Sa pa anyen.,,DEM NEG nothing,,,,13292,French: Ce n’est rien. +49-313,49,Sa pa anyen.,Sa\tpa\tanyen.,DEM\tNEG\tnothing,Never mind (lit. It's nothing).,,,362[67],,naturalistic spoken,"Sa pa anyen.",,DEM NEG nothing,,,,13293,French: Ce n'est rien. +49-314,49,Mwen pa wè pèsonn.,Mwen\tpa\twè\tpèsonn.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tnobody,I haven't seen anybody.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mwen pa wè pèsonn.",,1SG NEG see nobody,,Own knowledge,,13294,French: Je n’ai vu personne. +50-192,50,An pa vwè pon moun.,An\tpa\tvwè\tpon\tmoun.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tno\tperson,I didn't see anybody.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"An pa vwè pon moun.",,1SG NEG see no person,,Own fieldwork,,13295, +51-164,51,Man pa wè pies moun.,Man\tpa\twè\tpies\tmoun.,1SG\tNEG\tsee\tno\tperson,I did not see anybody.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Man pa wè pies moun.",,1SG NEG see no person,,Own fieldwork,,13296, +52-105,52,mo pa vwè pesòn,mo\tpa\tvwè\tpesòn,I\tNEG\tsee\tnobody,I did not see anybody.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo pa vwè pesòn",,I NEG see nobody,,Own knowledge,,13297, +53-375,53,Lapen te pa di arjen.,Lapen\tte\tpa\tdi\tarjen.,Rabbit\tPST\tNEG\tsay\tnothing,Rabbit didn't say anything.,,,1048[329],,naturalistic spoken,"Lapen te pa di arjen.",,Rabbit PST NEG say nothing,,,,13298, +53-376,53,Mo te pa wa persòn.,Mo\tte\tpa\twa\tpersòn.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\tsee\tnobody,I didn't see anybody.,,,1048[328],,elicited from speaker,"Mo te pa wa persòn.",,1SG PST NEG see nobody,,,,13299, +54-221,54,"La, pèrsone i avans pa la.","La,\tpersonn\ti\tavans\tpa\tla.",there\tnobody\tFIN\tadvance\tNEG\tthere,"There, nobody advances there.",,,229[54],,naturalistic spoken,"La, pèrsone i avans pa la.","La, personn i avans pa la.",there nobody FIN advance NEG there,,,,13300,"French: Là, personne n'avance là." +55-186,55,mo pa ti truv naryeṅ — mo pa ti truv person,mo pa ti truv naryeṅ — mo pa ti truv person,1SG NEG PST see anything/nothing   1SG NEG PST see anyone/no.one,I didn't see anything. — I didn't see anyone.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo pa ti truv naryeṅ — mo pa ti truv person",,1SG NEG PST see anything/nothing 1SG NEG PST see anyone/no.one,,Own knowledge,,13301, +55-187,55,daṅ mo kote pena person,daṅ\tmo\tkote\tpena\tperson,LOC\tPOSS\tside\tNEG.AUX\tanybody,"On my side, there was nobody.",,,760,,naturalistic spoken,"daṅ mo kote pena person",,LOC POSS side NEG.AUX anybody,,,,13302,French: De mon côté il n'y avait personne. +56-197,56,Personn pa ti vini.,Personn\tpa\tti\tvini.,nobody\tNEG\tPST\tcome,Nobody came.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Personn pa ti vini.",,nobody NEG PST come,,Own knowledge,,13303, +57-102,57,napa kelka,napa\tkelka,EXIST.NEG\tsomebody,There is nobody there.,,A variant for the younger generations is na person [EXIST nobody].,423[194],,naturalistic spoken,napa kelka,,EXIST.NEG somebody,"A variant for the younger generations is na person [EXIST nobody].",,,13304, +58-127,58,Muntu ve kwisaka.,Muntu\tve\tkwisaka.,person\tNEG\tcame,Nobody came.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Muntu ve kwisaka.,,person NEG came,,Own knowledge,,13305, +59-328,59,I hinga mbeni yi oko ti sara ngbangani pepe.,I\thinga\tmbeni\tyi\toko\tti\tsara\tngbangani\tpepe.,1PL\tknow\tsome\tthing\tone\tof\tdo\tthe.matter\tNEG,We don't know a thing to do about it.,,"ngbanga ni +[affair DET]",1320[150],,naturalistic written,"I hinga mbeni yi oko ti sara ngbangani pepe.",,1PL know some thing one of do the.matter NEG,"ngbanga ni +[affair DET]",,,13306, +60-147,60,namónákí elóko mókó té,na-món-ákí\telóko\tmókó\tté,1SG-see-PST\tthing\tone\tNEG,I didn't see anything. OR: I saw nothing.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,namónákí elóko mókó té,na-món-ákí elóko mókó té,1SG-see-PST thing one NEG,,Own knowledge,,13307, +61-108,61,Mina ayi bukile lutho.,Mina\tayi\tbuk-ile\tlutho.,I\tNEG\tsee-PST\tnothing,I didn't see anything.,,Lutho is an inherently negative form; double negation is not really common.,,,elicited from speaker,"Mina ayi bukile lutho.",Mina ayi buk-ile lutho.,I NEG see-PST nothing,"Lutho is an inherently negative form; double negation is not really common.",Field notes Mesthrie,,13308, +62-97,62,wébó?i kigí chochós,wébó?i\tkigí\tchochós,s/he.make\tthing\t7.any,He makes anything.,,,,,elicited from speaker,wébó?i kigí chochós,,s/he.make thing 7.any,,Own field data 1993,,13309, +63-191,63,kíla sókol íta gi-káf máfi,kíla\tsókol\títa\tgi-káf\tmáfi,every\tthing\t2SG\tTAM-fear\tNEG,You don’t fear anything.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kíla sókol íta gi-káf máfi,,every thing 2SG TAM-fear NEG,,Own fieldwork,,13310, +64-210,64,béled de máfi nas biágder ábinu úo íle ítakum dol,béled\tde\tmáfi\tnas\tbi=ágder\tábinu\túo\tíle\títakum\tdol,country\tDEM.PROX\tNEG.EXIST\tpeople\tIRR=can\tbuild\t3SG\texcept\t2PL\tDEM.PROX.PL,Nobody can build this country except you.,,,874[243],,naturalistic spoken,béled de máfi nas biágder ábinu úo íle ítakum dol,béled de máfi nas bi=ágder ábinu úo íle ítakum dol,country DEM.PROX NEG.EXIST people IRR=can build 3SG except 2PL DEM.PROX.PL,,,,13311, +65-150,65,Nikto ne znae iwo.,Nikto\tne\tznae\tiwo.,nobody\tNEG\tknow\t3SG,Nobody knew that.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[269],,naturalistic spoken,Nikto ne znae iwo.,,nobody NEG know 3SG,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,Никто не зэнаэ иво.,13312, +66-119,66,Attu orle gope rumana tadatang.,Attu=or=le\tgo-pe\truma-na\tta-datang.,INDF=person=QUANT\t1SG-POSS\thouse-to\tNEG.FIN-come,Nobody came to my house.,,"This example is in the Kirinda dialect. The feature value applies cross-dialectally, although the specific forms differ.",,,elicited from speaker,"Attu orle gope rumana tadatang.",Attu=or=le go-pe ruma-na ta-datang.,INDF=person=QUANT 1SG-POSS house-to NEG.FIN-come,"This example is in the Kirinda dialect. The feature value applies cross-dialectally, although the specific forms differ.","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,13313, +67-208,67,Saya itu pun tak tau. Siapa-siapa pon tak tau.,Saya\titu\tpun\ttak\ttau.\tSiapa~siapa\tpon\ttak\ttau.,1SG\tDEM\talso\tNEG\tknow\twho~who\talso\tNEG\tknow,"I don’t know that, either. No one knows [about it].",,,708[414],,naturalistic spoken,"Saya itu pun tak tau. Siapa-siapa pon tak tau.",Saya itu pun tak tau. Siapa~siapa pon tak tau.,1SG DEM also NEG know who~who also NEG know,,,,13314, +68-121,68,Di Ambong ini bolong ada oto bolong ada apa apa.,Di\tAmbong\tini\tbolong\tada\toto\tbolong\tada\tapa~apa.,LOC\tAmbon\tDEM\tnot.yet\thave\tcar\tnot.yet\thave\tINDF~what,"There were no cars yet in Ambon, not yet anything.",,,1178[626],,naturalistic spoken,"Di Ambong ini bolong ada oto bolong ada apa apa.","Di Ambong ini bolong ada oto bolong ada apa~apa.",LOC Ambon DEM not.yet have car not.yet have INDF~what,,,,13315, +71-180,71,"Aole kanaka nana, ma ka puka aniani.","Aole\tkanaka\tnana,\tma\tka\tpuka\taniani.",NEG\tperson\tlook\tLOC\tDEF\tdoor\tglass,Nobody saw [this] at the window.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Aole kanaka nana, ma ka puka aniani.",,NEG person look LOC DEF door glass,,own data 1895,,13316, +71-181,71,"Aole hana keia la, la nui Moi, aole hana kanaka.","Aole\thana\tkeia\tla,\tla\tnui\tMoi,\taole\thana\tkanaka.",NEG\twork\tthis\tday\tday\tbig\tking\tNEG\twork\tperson,"There is no work today, it's a royal holiday, nobody works.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Aole hana keia la, la nui Moi, aole hana kanaka.",,NEG work this day day big king NEG work person,,own data 1873,,13317, +72-153,72,Dei neba faindim eniting.,Dei\tneba\tfaind-im\teniting.,3PL.SBJ\tNEG\tfind-TR\tanything,They didn't find anything.,,,583,bd3f27b94731a6e990fc140cd54a6c3b,naturalistic spoken,"Dei neba faindim eniting.",Dei neba faind-im eniting.,3PL.SBJ NEG find-TR anything,,,,13318, +73-107,73,kazabi nadis nuwaymi,kaza-bi\tnadis\tnuway-mi,house-LOC\tnobody\tNEG.EXIST-AFF,There is no one in the house.,,,,,elicited from speaker,kazabi nadis nuwaymi,kaza-bi nadis nuway-mi,house-LOC nobody NEG.EXIST-AFF,,Field notes,,13319, +74-150,74,wik náyka mákmak ikta,wik\tnáyka\tmákmak\tikta,NEG\t1SG\teat\twhat/thing,I didn’t eat anything.,,,,,constructed by linguist,wik náyka mákmak ikta,,NEG 1SG eat what/thing,,Own knowledge,,13320, +75-257,75,Namo wiihkach li pica mooweew.,Namo\twiihkach\tli\tpica\tmoow-eew.,NEG\tever\tART.M.SG\tpizza\teat.ANIM-3.SBJ.3OBJ,She never eats pizza.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Namo wiihkach li pica mooweew.,Namo wiihkach li pica moow-eew.,NEG ever ART.M.SG pizza eat.ANIM-3.SBJ.3OBJ,,,,13321, +75-258,75,Namakeekway giiushistaen anush.,Nama-keekway\tgii-ushist-aen\tanush.,NEG-something\t1.PST-do-3\ttoday,I did nothing today.,,,789[194],,naturalistic written,Namakeekway giiushistaen anush.,Nama-keekway gii-ushist-aen anush.,NEG-something 1.PST-do-3 today,,,,13322, +75-259,75,Zhamaen nimuwaaw la bish.,Zhamaen\tni-muw-aaw\tla\tbish.,never\t1-eat-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tART.F.SG\telk,I never ate elk.,,,789[84],,naturalistic written,Zhamaen nimuwaaw la bish.,Zhamaen ni-muw-aaw la bish.,never 1-eat-3.SBJ.3.OBJ ART.F.SG elk,,,,13323, +75-260,75,Noo naandaw nimishkawaaw la shayeer.,Noo\tnaandaw\tni-mishkaw-aaw\tla\tshayeer.,NEG\tsomewhere\t1-find.ANIM-3.OBJ\tART.F.SG\tpail,I can't find the pail anywhere.,,,789[195],,naturalistic written,Noo naandaw nimishkawaaw la shayeer.,Noo naandaw ni-mishkaw-aaw la shayeer.,NEG somewhere 1-find.ANIM-3.OBJ ART.F.SG pail,,,,13324, +1-245,1,Mi go du datti. [...] Mi go du datti?,Mi\tgo\tdu\tdati.\t[...]\tMi\tgo\tdu\tdati?,1SG\tgo\tdo\tthat\t[...]\t1SG\tgo\tdo\tthat,I will do that. [...] Should I do that?,,,1357[57],,written (dictionary),Mi go du datti. [...] Mi go du datti?,Mi go du dati. [...] Mi go du dati?,1SG go do that [...] 1SG go do that,,,,13325,German: Ich will das thun [...] soll ich das thun? (Schumann 1783: 57) +2-268,2,"Oh, ma dan a ben kan kon taki now, tog?","Oh,\tma\tdan\ta\tben\tkan\tkon\ttaki\tnow,\ttog?",oh\tbut\tthen\t3SG\tPST\tcan\tcome\ttalk\tnow\tTAG,"Oh, but then he could come and chat now, right?",,,1597[699],,naturalistic spoken,"Oh, ma dan a ben kan kon taki now, tog?",,oh but then 3SG PST can come talk now TAG,,,,13326, +2-269,2,"A film ben span, no?","A\tfilm\tben\tspan,\tno?",DET\tmovie\tPST\texciting\tno,"The movie was exciting, wasn’t it?",,,1585[48],,naturalistic spoken,"A film ben span, no?",,DET movie PST exciting no,,,,13327, +2-270,2,Yu no musu sabi wan fosi ten tori?,Yu\tno\tmusu\tsabi\twan\tfosi\tten\ttori?,2SG\tNEG\tmust\tknow\tART\tfirst\ttime\tstory,Surely you know an old time story?,,,1606[97],,naturalistic spoken,Yu no musu sabi wan fosi ten tori?,,2SG NEG must know ART first time story,,,,13328, +2-271,2,Nownow yu e teki en kba nownow?,Nownow\tyu\te\tteki\ten\tkba\tnownow?,now\t2SG\tIPFV\ttake\t3SG\talready\tnow,Are you already recording it right now?,,,1605[422],,naturalistic spoken,Nownow yu e teki en kba nownow?,,now 2SG IPFV take 3SG already now,,,,13329, +4-174,4,"So, Mineli, i kaba anga mi fu mi gwe?","So,\tMineli,\ti\tkaba\tanga\tmi\tfu\tmi\tgwe?",so\tSir\tyou\tfinish\twith\tme\tfor\tI\tleave,"So, Sir, are you through with me so I can leave?",,,661[13],,naturalistic spoken,"So, Mineli, i kaba anga mi fu mi gwe?",,so Sir you finish with me for I leave,,,,13330, +5-173,5,yu plee pon di greev self?,yu\tplee\tpon\tdi\tgreev\tself?,2SG\tplay\ton\tDEF.ART\tgrave\titself,You actually played on the grave?,,,"1281[148, line 357]",,naturalistic spoken,yu plee pon di greev self?,,2SG play on DEF.ART grave itself,,,,13331, +6-109,6,He have children?,He\thave\tchildren?,he\thave\tchildren,Does he have children?,,The sentence is pronounced with a rising tone contour.,1431[69],,constructed by linguist,He have children?,,he have children,The sentence is pronounced with a rising tone contour.,,,13332, +7-248,7,Yo miin haiti taiti.,Yo\tmiin\thaiti\ttaiti.,2SG\tmean\thoity\ttoity,Do you mean hoity-toity?,,Only interrogative intonation will allow us to interpret this as a question.,1244[101],,naturalistic spoken,Yo miin haiti taiti.,,2SG mean hoity toity,Only interrogative intonation will allow us to interpret this as a question.,,,13333, +8-154,8,A yu kyar di baaskit go gi im?,A\tyu\tkyar\tdi\tbaaskit\tgo\tgi\tim?,Q\t2SG\tcarry\tDET\tbasket\tgo\tgive\t3SG,Are you the one who carried the basket to him?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,A yu kyar di baaskit go gi im?,,Q 2SG carry DET basket go give 3SG,,Own knowledge,,13334, +8-155,8,Im av kyaar?,Im\tav\tkyaar?,3SG\thave\tcar,Does he have a car?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Im av kyaar?,,3SG have car,,Own knowledge,,13335, +9-189,9,Onli fo a unu da?,Onli\tfo\ta\tunu\tda?,only\tfour\tof\t2PL\tTOP,Was there only four of you?,,,439[237],,naturalistic spoken,Onli fo a unu da?,,only four of 2PL TOP,,,,13336, +9-190,9,Da ʤimi me in ʧaʤ a di hol tiŋ?,Da\tʤimi\tme\tin\tʧaʤ\ta\tdi\thol\ttiŋ?,TOP\tJimi\tANT\tin\tcharge\tof\tthe\twhole\tthing,Was Jimmy in charge of the whole enterprise?,,"There is no copula here, but the topic particle da often appears in initial position in questions.",439[237],,naturalistic spoken,Da ʤimi me in ʧaʤ a di hol tiŋ?,,TOP Jimi ANT in charge of the whole thing,"There is no copula here, but the topic particle da often appears in initial position in questions.",,,13337, +9-191,9,So i me gɛt di kantrak n̩ i jos haya di baʤ?,So\ti\tme\tgɛt\tdi\tkantrak\tn̩\ti\tjos\thaya\tdi\tbaʤ?,so\t3SG\tANT\tget\tthe\tcontract\tand\t3SG\tjust\thire\tthe\tbarge,So he had got the contract and he just hired the barge?,,,439[237],,naturalistic spoken,So i me gɛt di kantrak n̩ i jos haya di baʤ?,,so 3SG ANT get the contract and 3SG just hire the barge,,,,13338, +10-240,10,Yu nou wai turkl bak brok op?,Yu\tnou\twai\tturkl\tbak\tbrok\top?,2SG\tknow\twhy\tturtle\tback\tbreak\tup,Do you know why the turtle's shell is broken?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yu nou wai turkl bak brok op?,,2SG know why turtle back break up,,Unpublished field recordings,,13339, +11-316,11,So dis wat wi taak iz Kriol?,So\tdis\twat\twi\ttaak\tiz\tKriol?,so\tDEM\tREL\t1PL\ttalk\tCOP.PRS\tCreole,So is this language that we talk Creole?,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,So dis wat wi taak iz Kriol?,,so DEM REL 1PL talk COP.PRS Creole,,,,13340, +12-257,12,See this screen - this screen here? They could easy come in - you see how that is? They could easy come in.,See this screen - this screen here? [...] you see how that is?,see DEM screen   DEM screen here [...] 2SG.SBJ see how that COP,[You] see this screen here? [They (i.e. the mosquitoes) could come in easily -] you see how that is?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,See this screen - this screen here? They could easy come in - you see how that is? They could easy come in.,See this screen - this screen here? [...] you see how that is?,see DEM screen DEM screen here [...] 2SG.SBJ see how that COP,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13341, +12-258,12,But you ain't feel when you get bite? [Yeah. You don't see them before.] You feel when you get bite.,[...]\tyou\tain't\tfeel\twhen\tyou\tget\tbite?,[...]\t2SG.SBJ\tNEG\tfeel\twhen\tyou\tget\tbite,[But] you didn’t feel it when you got stung (by the jellyfish)? [...] [You (usually) feel it when you get stung.],,,,,naturalistic spoken,But you ain't feel when you get bite? [Yeah. You don't see them before.] You feel when you get bite.,[...] you ain't feel when you get bite?,[...] 2SG.SBJ NEG feel when you get bite,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13342, +12-259,12,You know somebody live down the corner?,You\tknow\tsomebody\tlive\tdown\tthe\tcorner?,2SG.SBJ\tknow\tINDF\tlive\tdown\tART\tcorner,You know someone who lives on the corner?,,"This is an example from the most acrolectal speaker of my sample, so even in acrolectal Bahamian Creole English, intonation is the only strategy to mark yes-no questions.",,,naturalistic spoken,You know somebody live down the corner?,,2SG.SBJ know INDF live down ART corner,"This is an example from the most acrolectal speaker of my sample, so even in acrolectal Bahamian Creole English, intonation is the only strategy to mark yes-no questions.",Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13343, +13-187,13,You know about eartquake?,You\tknow\tabout\teartquake?,2SG.SBJ\tknow\tabout\tearthquake,Do you know about the earthquake?,,,1500[264],,naturalistic spoken,You know about eartquake?,,2SG.SBJ know about earthquake,,,,13344, +13-188,13,You live with Miss Brown — ainty?,You live with Miss Brown — ainty?,you live with Miss Brown   Q.PCL,"You live with Miss Brown, don't you?",,,330[106],,naturalistic spoken or elicited from speaker,You live with Miss Brown — ainty?,,you live with Miss Brown Q.PCL,,,,13345, +14-141,14,The mailman done passed?,The\tmailman\tdone\tpassed?,the\tmailman\talready\tpassed,Has the mailman already delivered the mail (lit. Has the mailman already passed)?,,"While questions are often formed with inverted auxiliaries, they are also indicated with question intonation -- often a final level or falling tone. Such questions are true questions requesting information, not rhetorical questions.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,The mailman done passed?,,the mailman already passed,"While questions are often formed with inverted auxiliaries, they are also indicated with question intonation -- often a final level or falling tone. Such questions are true questions requesting information, not rhetorical questions.",Own data,,13346, +14-142,14,Do you be there at eight in the morning?,Do\tyou\tbe\tthere\tat\teight\tin\tthe\tmorning?,do\tyou\tbe.HAB\tthere\tat\teight\tin\tthe\tmorning,"In general, are you there at eight in the morning?",,"In the sentence, the auxiliary do precedes the subject you in the question.",576[69],,naturalistic spoken,Do you be there at eight in the morning?,,do you be.HAB there at eight in the morning,"In the sentence, the auxiliary do precedes the subject you in the question.",,,13347, +14-143,14,You be there at eight in the morning?,You\tbe\tthere\tat\teight\tin\tthe\tmorning?,you\tbe.HAB\tthere\tat\teight\tin\tthe\tmorning,Are you generally there at eight in the morning?,,'True' yes-no questions are often marked by intonation although they may also be marked by inversion.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,You be there at eight in the morning?,,you be.HAB there at eight in the morning,'True' yes-no questions are often marked by intonation although they may also be marked by inversion.,Own knowledge,,13348, +15-133,15,yu gɛt pikin dɛm?,yu\tgɛt\tpikin\tdɛm?,2SG\thave\tchild\tPL,Do you have children?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,yu gɛt pikin dɛm?,,2SG have child PL,,Own knowledge,,13349, +16-150,16,jù sabi dɛ tin dè dè kɔl àm koko?,jù\tsabi\tdɛ\ttin\tdè\tdè\tkɔl\tàm\tkoko?,2SG\tknow\tART\tthing\t3PL\tHAB\tcall\t3SG.OBJ\tcoco,Do you know the thing that is called coco?,,,656[177],,naturalistic spoken,jù sabi dɛ tin dè dè kɔl àm koko?,,2SG know ART thing 3PL HAB call 3SG.OBJ coco,,,,13350, +17-178,17,Yù go make̱t?,Yù\tgo\tmake̱t?,2SG.SBJ\tgo\tmarket,Did you go to the market?,,,462[9],,naturalistic spoken,Yù go make̱t?,,2SG.SBJ go market,,,,13351, +17-179,17,Àbì yù go make̱t?,Àbì\tyù\tgo\tmake̱t?,Q\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\tmarket,Did you go to the market?,,,462[9],,naturalistic spoken,Àbì yù go make̱t?,,Q 2SG.SBJ go market,,,,13352, +18-165,18,Yu bin go fo maket?,Yu\tbin\tgo\tfo\tmaket?,2SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo\tfor\tmarket,Did you go to the market?,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Yu bin go fo maket?,,2SG.SBJ PST go for market,,,,13353, +18-166,18,Yu bin go maket?,Yu\tbin\tgo\tmaket?,2SG.SBJ\tPST\tgo\tmarket,Did you go to the market?,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Yu bin go maket?,,2SG.SBJ PST go market,,,,13354, +19-197,19,Yù gò lan mi Pichi?,Yù\tgò\tlan\tmi\tPichi?,2SG\tPOT\tteach\t1SG.EMPH\tPichi,Would you teach me Pichi?,,,1634[118],,elicited from speaker,Yù gò lan mi Pichi?,,2SG POT teach 1SG.EMPH Pichi,,,,13355, +20-142,20,Can no can?,Can\tno\tcan?,can\tNEG\tcan,Can you do so?,,This is a A-not-A question type as in Cantonese.,1489[VI.44],,naturalistic written,Can no can?,,can NEG can,"This is a A-not-A question type as in Cantonese.",,(口件)哪(口件),13356, +21-142,21,My parents very old fashion a21?,My\tparents\tvery\told\tfashion\ta21?,1SG.POSS\tparent.PL\tvery\told\tfashioned\tPCL,Are my parents very old-fashioned?,,"a21 = interrogative particle with low-falling tone, response required",820[47],,naturalistic spoken,My parents very old fashion a21?,,1SG.POSS parent.PL very old fashioned PCL,"a21 = interrogative particle with low-falling tone, response required",,,13357, +21-143,21,Shall we go Marina?,Shall\twe\tgo\tMarina?,shall\t1PL\tgo\tMarina,Shall we go to Marina (a shopping/entertainment complex in Singapore)?,,,820[40],,naturalistic spoken,Shall we go Marina?,,shall 1PL go Marina,,,,13358, +21-144,21,So he came back and married again?,So\the\tcame\tback\tand\tmarri-ed\tagain?,so\t3SG\tcome.PST\tback\tand\tmarry-PST\tagain,So did he come back and get married again?,,,1568[68],,naturalistic spoken,So he came back and married again?,So he came back and marri-ed again?,so 3SG come.PST back and marry-PST again,,,,13359, +22-176,22,"Mi kilim nau, a?","Mi\tkilim\tnau,\ta?",1SG\tkill\tnow\tQ,Shall I kill him now?,,,584[EHP F10],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi kilim nau, a?",,1SG kill now Q,,,,13360, +22-177,22,Em klostu nau a?,Em\tklostu\tnau\ta?,3SG\tclose\tnow\tQ,Is it close now?,,,584[ESP M12],,naturalistic spoken,Em klostu nau a?,,3SG close now Q,,,,13361, +22-178,22,Bai yu orait long mi o?,Bai\tyu\torait\tlong\tmi\to?,FUT\t2SG\tsuitable\tPREP\t1SG\tQ,Are you all right for me?,,,584[Madang F14],,naturalistic spoken,Bai yu orait long mi o?,,FUT 2SG suitable PREP 1SG Q,,,,13362, +22-179,22,Sista bilong mi stap o nogat?,Sista\tbilong\tmi\tstap\to\tnogat?,sister\tPOSS\t1SG\tstay\tor\tno,Is my sister there or not?,,,584[EHP F15],,naturalistic spoken,Sista bilong mi stap o nogat?,,sister POSS 1SG stay or no,,,,13363, +22-180,22,Bai yu go long taun?,Bai\tyu\tgo\tlong\ttaun?,FUT\t2SG\tgo\tPREP\ttown,Are you going to town?,,,,,constructed by linguist,Bai yu go long taun?,,FUT 2SG go PREP town,,Own knowledge,,13364, +23-160,23,yu save ronron bitim mi?,yu\tsave\tronron\tbitim\tmi?,2SG\tcan\trun\tbeat\t1SG,Can you run faster than me?,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,yu save ronron bitim mi?,,2SG can run beat 1SG,,,,13365, +24-183,24,Yu es Peter?,Yu\tes\tPeter?,2SG\tCOP\tPeter,Are you Peter?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yu es Peter?,,2SG COP Peter,,Own fieldwork,,13366, +24-184,24,Dem tuu kamen anieh?,Dem\ttuu\tkamen\tanieh?,they\ttwo\tcome.CONT\tQ.TAG,"Those two are coming, aren't they?",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dem tuu kamen anieh?,,they two come.CONT Q.TAG,,Own fieldwork,,13367, +24-185,24,Yu laik wan biya nort?,Yu\tlaik\twan\tbiya\tnort?,2SG\tlike\tone\tbeer\tQ.TAG,"You would like a beer, wouldn't you?",,The question tag nort is identical to nort 'not'.,,,naturalistic spoken,Yu laik wan biya nort?,,2SG like one beer Q.TAG,"The question tag nort is identical to nort 'not'.",Own fieldwork,,13368, +26-114,26,ju laɪk stap wizin?,ju\tlaɪk\tstap\twiz-in,2SG\tDESID\tstop\twheeze-PROG,Do you want to stop wheezing?,,,1545[176],,naturalistic spoken,ju laɪk stap wizin?,ju laɪk stap wiz-in,2SG DESID stop wheeze-PROG,,,,13369, +27-128,27,Ju wel di kabái?,Ju\twel\tdi\tkabái?,2SG\tlike\tDET\thorse,Do you like the horse?,,,355[21],,naturalistic spoken,Ju wel di kabái?,,2SG like DET horse,,,,13370, +28-180,28,jɛn ha en andi sosro?,jɛndɛ\thabu\ten\tandri\tsosro?,2PL\thave\tone\tother\tsister,Do you (pl) have another sister?,,,737[34],,naturalistic spoken,jɛn ha en andi sosro?,jɛndɛ habu en andri sosro?,2PL have one other sister,,,,13371, +29-203,29,Het jy dit gesien?,Het\tjy\tdit\tge-sien?,PST\t2SG.NOM\t3SG.N\tPTCP-seen,Did you see it?,,,,,naturalistic written,Het jy dit gesien?,Het jy dit ge-sien?,PST 2SG.NOM 3SG.N PTCP-seen,,Own knowledge,,13372, +29-204,29,Ken jy (vir) hom?,Ken\tjy\t(vir)\thom?,know\t2SG.NOM\t(for)\t3SG.M.OBL,Do you know him?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ken jy (vir) hom?,,know 2SG.NOM (for) 3SG.M.OBL,,Own knowledge,,13373, +30-216,30,Nhu átxa ma kel li sta dretu?,Nhu=átxa\tma=kel\tli\tsta\tdretu?,2SG.POL.M=find\tCOMP=DEM.SG\there\tbe\tright,Do you think that this is right?,,,1407[49],,naturalistic spoken,Nhu átxa ma kel li sta dretu?,Nhu=átxa ma=kel li sta dretu?,2SG.POL.M=find COMP=DEM.SG here be right,,,,13374, +30-217,30,(1) Ta da pa nu sai oxi noti./ (2) Ta da pa nu sai oxi noti?,(1)\tTa=da\tpa=nu=sai\toxi\tnoti.\t(2)\tTa=da\tpa=nu=sai\toxi\tnoti.,(1)\tIPFV=give\tfor=1PL=go.out\ttoday\tnight\t(2)\tIPFV=give\tfor=1PL=go.out\ttoday\tnight,(1) We can go out tonight. / (2) Can we go out tonight?,,,784[s.v. aian],,naturalistic spoken,(1) Ta da pa nu sai oxi noti./ (2) Ta da pa nu sai oxi noti?,(1) Ta=da pa=nu=sai oxi noti. (2) Ta=da pa=nu=sai oxi noti.,(1) IPFV=give for=1PL=go.out today night (2) IPFV=give for=1PL=go.out today night,,,,13375,German: (1) Wir können heute abend ausgehen. / (2) Können wir heute abend ausgehen? +31-171,31,Bu kre N ba mostra-bu?,Bu\tkre\tN\tba\tmostra-bu?,you\twant\tI\tgo\tshow-you,Do you want me to go and show you?,,,839,,naturalistic spoken,Bu kre N ba mostra-bu?,,you want I go show-you,,,,13376, +32-170,32,Bosê á táva kazód?,Bosê\tá\ttáva\tkazód?,2SG.POL\talready\tCOP.PST\tmarry.PTCP,Were you already married?,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,Bosê á táva kazód?,,2SG.POL already COP.PST marry.PTCP,,,,13377,Portuguese: O senhor já estava casado? +33-197,33,Bo kume dja?,Bo\tkume\tdja?,2PL\teat\talready,Have you eaten yet?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bo kume dja?,,2PL eat already,,Own knowledge,,13378,Portuguese: Já comeste? +33-198,33,Friu ten me?,Friu\tten\tme?,cold\texist\tQ,"It's cold, isn't it?",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Friu ten me?,,cold exist Q,,Own knowledge,,13379,"Portuguese: Faz frio, não é?" +33-199,33,Ke friu ten?,Ke\tfriu\tten?,Q\tcold\texist,"It's cold, isn't it?",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ke friu ten?,,Q cold exist,,Own knowledge,,13380,"Portuguese: Faz frio, não é?" +33-200,33,Ke friu ten me?,Ke\tfriu\tten\tme?,Q\tcold\texist\tQ,"It's cold, isn't it?",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ke friu ten me?,,Q cold exist Q,,Own knowledge,,13381,"Portuguese: Faz frio, não é?" +34-160,34,Nos bu bay na kel kabu ku N falá-bu baŋ?,Nos\tbu\tø\tbay\tna\tkel\tkabu\tku\tN\tø\tfalá-bu\tbaŋ?,Q\t2SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tASS\tDEM\tplace\tREL.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttell-2SG.OBJ\tPST,Did you go to the place which I had told you (to go)?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Nos bu bay na kel kabu ku N falá-bu baŋ?","Nos bu ø bay na kel kabu ku N ø falá-bu baŋ?",Q 2SG.SBJ PFV go ASS DEM place REL.OBJ 1SG.SBJ PFV tell-2SG.OBJ PST,,Own knowledge,,13382, +34-161,34,Bu bay na kel kabu ku N falá-bu baŋ?,Bu\tø\tbay\tna\tkel\tkabu\tku\tN\tø\tfalá-bu\tbaŋ?,2SG.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tASS\tDEM\tplace\tREL.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\ttell-2SG.OBJ\tPST,Did you go to the place which I had told you (to go) ?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bu bay na kel kabu ku N falá-bu baŋ?,Bu ø bay na kel kabu ku N ø falá-bu baŋ?,2SG.SBJ PFV go ASS DEM place REL.OBJ 1SG.SBJ PFV tell-2SG.OBJ PST,,Own knowledge,,13383, +35-226,35,Bô ka lembla non an?,Bô\tka\tlembla\tnon\tan?,2SG\tIPFV\tremember\t1PL\tQ,Do you remember us?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Bô ka lembla non an?,,2SG IPFV remember 1PL Q,,Own data,,13384, +35-227,35,Bo mêsê plata?,Bo\tmêsê\tplata?,2SG\twant\tsilver,Do you want silver?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Bo mêsê plata?,,2SG want silver,,Own data,,13385, +36-140,36,Bô thêka êndê?,Bô\tthêka\têndê?,2SG\tPROG\thear,Do you hear?,,,901[21],,naturalistic spoken,Bô thêka êndê?,,2SG PROG hear,,,,13386, +37-178,37,Zwan kônsê Mene a?,Zwan\tkônsê\tMene\ta?,Zwan\tknow\tMene\tQ,Does Zwan know Mene?,,,905[148],,naturalistic spoken,"Zwan kônsê Mene a?",,Zwan know Mene Q,,,,13387, +37-179,37,Zwan kônsê Mene?,Zwan\tkônsê\tMene?,Zwan\tknow\tMene,Does Zwan know Mene?,,,905,,elicited from speaker,Zwan kônsê Mene?,,Zwan know Mene,,,,13388, +38-186,38,Bo tyama kumu za?,Bo\ttyama\tkuma\tza?,2SG\tfinish\teat\talready,Have you finished eating?,,,,,elicited from speaker,Bo tyama kumu za?,Bo tyama kuma za?,2SG finish eat already,,Own fieldwork 1993,,13389, +39-172,39,Use tə fika med də lagərtix?,Use\ttə\tfik-a\tmed\tdə\tlagərtix?,2SG\tIPFV.NPST\tbecome-INF\tfear\tof\tgecko,Are you scared of geckos?,,,221[253],,naturalistic spoken,Use tə fika med də lagərtix?,Use tə fik-a med də lagərtix?,2SG IPFV.NPST become-INF fear of gecko,,,,13390, +40-136,40,"Tər parmi tɛ puntan, ""Wɔ lə marcha ki?"" ""sĩ, yo lə marcha.""","Tər\tparmi\ttɛ\tpunta-n,\t""Wɔ\tlə\tmarcha\tki?""\t""sĩ,\tyo\tlə\tmarcha.""",so\tme\tPRS\task-PROG\t2SG.FORMAL\tFUT\twalk\tQ\tyes\t1SG\tFUT\twalk,"So, (my uncle) asks: ""Will you walk?"" ""Yes, I will walk.""",,"This is taken from a narrative told by Jerome Francis Rosario. Note: The verb complex tɛ puntan [PRS ask.PROG] instead of puntan in his speech is an older form and is seldom found in Korlai today. Similarly, parmi is an older form seldom found today. Instead pari is found today.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Tər parmi tɛ puntan, ""Wɔ lə marcha ki?"" ""sĩ, yo lə marcha.""","Tər parmi tɛ punta-n, ""Wɔ lə marcha ki?"" ""sĩ, yo lə marcha.""",so me PRS ask-PROG 2SG.FORMAL FUT walk Q yes 1SG FUT walk,"This is taken from a narrative told by Jerome Francis Rosario. Note: The verb complex tɛ puntan [PRS ask.PROG] instead of puntan in his speech is an older form and is seldom found in Korlai today. Similarly, parmi is an older form seldom found today. Instead pari is found today.",Unpublished story,,13391, +40-137,40,Yo ʋi? (with rising intonation),Yo\tʋi?,I\tcome,Should I come?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yo ʋi? (with rising intonation),Yo ʋi?,I come,,Own fieldwork materials,,13392, +42-184,42,eli bebé sura ńgka (ka)?,eli\tbebé\tsura\tńgka\t(ka)?,3SG\tdrink\ttoddy\tNEG\t(Q),"He drinks toddy, doesn’t he?",,,122[187],,elicited from speaker,eli bebé sura ńgka (ka)?,,3SG drink toddy NEG (Q),,,,13393, +42-185,42,eli bebé sura seng ka (ńgka)?,eli\tbebé\tsura\tseng\tka\t(ńgka)?,3SG\tdrink\ttoddy\tyes\tQ\t(NEG),"He drinks toddy, does he (or not)?",,,122[187],,elicited from speaker,eli bebé sura seng ka (ńgka)?,,3SG drink toddy yes Q (NEG),,,,13394, +42-186,42,eli bebé sura ka?,eli\tbebé\tsura\tka?,3SG\tdrink\ttoddy\tQ,Does he drink toddy?,,,122[187],,elicited from speaker,eli bebé sura ka?,,3SG drink toddy Q,,,,13395, +42-187,42,eli bebé sura seng ná?,eli\tbebé\tsura\tseng\tná?,3SG\tdrink\ttoddy\tyes\tCONF,Is it so that he drinks toddy?,,CONF = confirmation particle,122[187],,elicited from speaker,eli bebé sura seng ná?,,3SG drink toddy yes CONF,CONF = confirmation particle,,,13396, +42-188,42,John ja bai kaza?,John\tja\tbai\tkaza?,John\tPFV\tgo\thouse,Did John go home?,,,122[187],,elicited from speaker,John ja bai kaza?,,John PFV go house,,,,13397, +43-118,43,Ki akel teng verdadi?,Ki\takel\tteng\tverdadi?,Q\tDEM\tCOP\ttruth,Is that true?,,,906[95],,pedagogical grammar,"Ki akel teng verdadi?",,Q DEM COP truth,,,,13398, +43-119,43,Teng otër sorti?,Teng\totër\tsorti?,have\tother\tsort,Do you have another sort?,,,906[95],,pedagogical grammar,Teng otër sorti?,,have other sort,,,,13399, +44-175,44,Tédi ba ta kré?,Tédi\tba\tta\tkré?,2PL\tQ\tIPFV\tbelieve,Do you believe?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tédi ba ta kré?,,2PL Q IPFV believe,,Own data,,13400, +44-176,44,Tasé rin tédi kel ayá?,ta-sé\trin\ttédi\tkel\tayá,IPFV-make\talso\t2PL\tthat\tthere,Do you also make that there?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Tasé rin tédi kel ayá?,ta-sé rin tédi kel ayá,IPFV-make also 2PL that there,,Own data,,13401, +45-140,45,Este ba tu lapiz?,Este\tba\ttu\tlapiz?,this\tQ\t2SG.POSS\tpencil,Is this your pencil?,,,426[12],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Este ba tu lapiz?,,this Q 2SG.POSS pencil,,,,13402, +45-141,45,Grandi el kasa?,Grandi\tel\tkasa?,big\tDEF\thouse,Is the house big?,,,,,naturalistic written,Grandi el kasa?,,big DEF house,,Own data,,13403, +46-187,46,Kyére ba tu komé?,Kyére\tba\ttu\tkomé?,want\tQ\tyou\teat,Do you want to eat?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kyére ba tu komé?,,want Q you eat,,Own knowledge,,13404, +47-211,47,Bo a hayé kaba?,Bo\ta\thaya\te\tkaba?,2SG\tPFV\tget\t3SG\talready,Have you gotten it already?,,,755,,naturalistic written,Bo a hayé kaba?,Bo a haya e kaba?,2SG PFV get 3SG already,,,,13405, +48-184,48,¿Bo é palenkero?,¿Bo\té\tpalenkero?,you.SG\tbe\tPalenquero,Are you Palenquero?,,,353[169],,naturalistic spoken,¿Bo é palenkero?,,you.SG be Palenquero,,,,13406,Spanish: ¿Eres (tú) palenquero? +49-315,49,"Manman, èske m mèt al avèk ou?","Manman,\tèske\tm\tmèt\tal\tavèk\tou?",mum\tQ\t1SG\tcan\tgo\twith\t2SG,"Mum, can I go with you?",,,371[42],,naturalistic spoken,"Manman, èske m mèt al avèk ou?",,mum Q 1SG can go with 2SG,,,,13407,"French: Maman, est-ce que je peux t'accompagner?" +49-316,49,Eske ou konprann?,Eske\tou\tkonprann?,Q\t2SG\tunderstand,Do you understand?,,,481[42],,naturalistic spoken,Eske ou konprann?,,Q 2SG understand,,,,13408,French: Est-ce que tu comprends? +49-317,49,Ou tande? Ou gen lè pa konprann!,Ou\ttande?\tOu\tgen\tlè\tpa\tkonprann!,2SG\tunderstand\t2SG\thave\tlook\tNEG\tunderstand,Do you understand? You don't seem to understand!,,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), volume 6, map 2134, point 19 (page 224).",481[42],,naturalistic spoken,Ou tande? Ou gen lè pa konprann!,,2SG understand 2SG have look NEG understand,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), volume 6, map 2134, point 19 (page 224).",,,13409,French: Tu entends? Tu sembles ne pas comprendre! +49-318,49,Ou konprann yo?,Ou\tkonprann\tyo?,2SG\tunderstand\t3PL,Do you understand them?,,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2134, point 17.",481[42],,naturalistic spoken,Ou konprann yo?,,2SG understand 3PL,"Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2134, point 17.",,,13410,French: Tu les comprends? +50-193,50,I pati?,I\tpati?,3SG\tleave,Has he left?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pati?,,3SG leave,,Own fieldwork,,13411, +50-194,50,Es i pati?,Es\ti\tpati?,Q\t3SG\tleave,Did he leave?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Es i pati?,,Q 3SG leave,,Own fieldwork,,13412, +50-195,50,Ou ka vin on?,Ou\tka\tvin\ton?,2SG\tIPFV\tcome\tQ,Do you come?,,On functions as a question particle.,851[34],,naturalistic spoken,Ou ka vin on?,,2SG IPFV come Q,"On functions as a question particle.",,,13413,French: Est-ce que tu viens? +51-165,51,I pati?,I\tpati?,3SG\tleave,Did he leave?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pati?,,3SG leave,,Own fieldwork,,13414, +51-166,51,Es i pati?,Es\ti\tpati?,Q\t3SG\tleave,Did he leave?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Es i pati?,,Q 3SG leave,,Own fieldwork,,13415, +52-106,52,Fo mo alé sasé manjé ba yé?,Fo\tmo\talé\tsasé\tmanjé\tba\tyé?,must\tI\tgo\tsearch\teat\tgive\tthem,Do I have to look for something to eat for them?,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,Fo mo alé sasé manjé ba yé?,,must I go search eat give them,,,,13416, +53-377,53,To kone danse?,To\tkone\tdanse?,2SG\tknow\tdance,Do you know how to dance?,,,1048[333],,naturalistic spoken,To kone danse?,,2SG know dance,,,,13417, +53-378,53,"Èskè vou gen ki-chòw kant sa, ke blan marye e nwa?","Èskè\tvou\tgen\tki-chòw\tkant\tsa,\tke\tblan\tmarye\te\tnwa?",Q\t2SG\thave\tsome-thing\tagainst\tDEM\tCOMP\twhite\tmarry\twith\tblack,Do you have anything against a white person marrying a black person?,,,722[329],,naturalistic spoken,"Èskè vou gen ki-chòw kant sa, ke blan marye e nwa?",,Q 2SG have some-thing against DEM COMP white marry with black,,,,13418, +53-379,53,Èskè to monnde to tant pou la gòm-la?,Èskè\tto\tmonnde\tto\ttant\tpou\tla\tgòm-la?,Q\t2SG\task\t2SG.POSS\taunt\tfor\tART.DEF.SG\tchewing.gum-ART.DEF.SG,Did you ask your aunt for the chewing gum?,,,722[329],,naturalistic spoken,Èskè to monnde to tant pou la gòm-la?,,Q 2SG ask 2SG.POSS aunt for ART.DEF.SG chewing.gum-ART.DEF.SG,,,,13419, +53-380,53,Eske to sorti avek li yer swar?,Eske\tto\tsorti\tavek\tli\tyer\tswar?,Q\t2SG\tgo.out\twith\t3SG\tyesterday\tevening,Did you go out with him last night?,,,1048[333],,elicited from speaker,Eske to sorti avek li yer swar?,,Q 2SG go.out with 3SG yesterday evening,,,,13420, +54-223,54,E! Ou travay pa zordi?,E!\tOu\ttravay\tpa\tzordi?,hey\t2SG\twork\tNEG\ttoday,Hey! You don’t work today?,,,110[85],,naturalistic spoken,E! Ou travay pa zordi?,,hey 2SG work NEG today,,,,13421,French: Eh! tu ne travailles pas aujourd'hui? +55-188,55,"to pu vini, noṅ?","to\tpu\tvini,\tnoṅ?",2SG\tFUT\tcome\tno,"You will come, won't you?",,Polar questions with normal (non-interrogative) intonation + interrogative noṅ are used when the speaker seeks to encourage a positive answer.,76[116],,naturalistic spoken,"to pu vini, noṅ?",,2SG FUT come no,"Polar questions with normal (non-interrogative) intonation + interrogative noṅ are used when the speaker seeks to encourage a positive answer.",,,13422, +55-189,55,ena en labutik daṅ kweṅ?,ena\ten\tlabutik\tdaṅ\tkweṅ?,have\tINDF\tshop\tin\tcorner,Is there a shop on the corner?,,,,,constructed by linguist,ena en labutik daṅ kweṅ?,,have INDF shop in corner,,Own knowledge,,13423, +55-190,55,met dife aster?,met\tdife\taster?,set\tfire\tnow,Do you set fire [to the sugar cane] now?,,,760,,naturalistic spoken,met dife aster?,,set fire now,,,,13424,French: Vous mettez le feu maintenant? +55-191,55,zweṅ ziska nov/ oktob novam ,zweṅ ziska nov/ oktob novam ,June till October/November no,"From June to October/November, no?",,,760,,naturalistic spoken,zweṅ ziska nov/ oktob novam <? noṅ ?>,,June till October/November no,,,,13425,"French: De juin jusqu'en octobre/novembre, non?" +56-198,56,"Pour ganny disik konmsa an gren, ou les li pli sek?","Pour\tganny\tdisik\tkonmsa\tan\tgren,\tou\tles\tli\tpli\tsek?",for\tget\tsugar\tlike.this\tin\tgrain\t2SG\tlet\t3SG.OBJ\tmore\tdry,"To get the sugar in grains, do you let it dry more?",,,158[96],,naturalistic spoken,"Pour ganny disik konmsa an gren, ou les li pli sek?",,for get sugar like.this in grain 2SG let 3SG.OBJ more dry,,,,13426,"French: Pour obtenir du sucre en grain, vous le laissez sécher davantage? (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 97)" +56-199,56,Eski Thomas in manze?,Eski\tThomas\tin\tmanze?,Q\tThomas\tPRF\teat,Has Thomas eaten?,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Eski Thomas in manze?,,Q Thomas PRF eat,,Own knowledge,,13427, +57-120,57,na ser pu twa?,na\tser\tpu\ttwa?,EXIST\tsister\tPREP\t2SG,Do you have a sister?,,,423[195],,naturalistic spoken,na ser pu twa?,,EXIST sister PREP 2SG,,,,13428, +57-162,57,ta vja ndema?,ta\tvja\tndema?,2SG\tcome\ttomorrow,Are you coming tomorrow?,,,,,constructed by linguist,ta vja ndema?,,2SG come tomorrow,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,13429, +57-163,57,ta kone istwar pu pjer?,ta\tkone\tistwar\tpu\tpjer?,2SG\tknow\tstory\tPREP\tPierre,Do you know Pierre's story?,,,423[195],,naturalistic spoken,ta kone istwar pu pjer?,,2SG know story PREP Pierre,,,,13430, +58-128,58,Nki yandi me kwisa?,Nki\tyandi\tme\tkwisa?,Q\the\tPRF\tcome,Has he/she come?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Nki yandi me kwisa?,,Q he PRF come,,Own knowledge,,13431, +59-329,59,"mama, mo ga awe?","mama,\tmo\tga\tawe?",mother\t2SG\tcome\talready,"Mother, have you come already?",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"mama, mo ga awe?",,mother 2SG come already,,Samarin corpus 1994,,13432, +59-330,59,mo e nyon' samba?,mo\tke\tnyon'\tsamba?,2SG\tCOP\tdrink\tbeer,Do you (habitually) drink beer?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mo e nyon' samba?,mo ke nyon' samba?,2SG COP drink beer,,Samarin corpus 1994,,13433, +59-331,59,"mama, ala ga?!","mama,\tala\tga?!",mother\t2SG.DEF\tcome,"Mother, have you really come?!",,"The contour marked by /?!/ rises and falls, accompanied by stress. It expresses surprise, a challenge, etc. +Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.",1326,,naturalistic spoken,"mama, ala ga?!",,mother 2SG.DEF come,"The contour marked by /?!/ rises and falls, accompanied by stress. It expresses surprise, a challenge, etc. +Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.",,,13434, +59-332,59,esi mama t mo aga ge so akwi?,esi\tmama\tti\tmo\ta-ga\tge\tso\ta-kwi?,Q\tmother\tof\t2SG\tPM-come\there\tthus\tPM-die,Did your mother who came here die?,,"Although the first clause does seem to be a relative clause, it does not follow the usual pattern, where we should find mama ti mo so 'your mother who'. It is for this reason that I identify so as the adverb 'thus', but I'm not happy about doing so. Esi is borrowed from French est-ce que.",,,naturalistic spoken,esi mama t mo aga ge so akwi?,esi mama ti mo a-ga ge so a-kwi?,Q mother of 2SG PM-come here thus PM-die,"Although the first clause does seem to be a relative clause, it does not follow the usual pattern, where we should find mama ti mo so 'your mother who'. It is for this reason that I identify so as the adverb 'thus', but I'm not happy about doing so. Esi is borrowed from French est-ce que.",Samarin corpus 1994,,13435,French: Est-ce que ta mère qui est venue ici est morte? +59-333,59,"mo la mo zonga mbi si mbi zonga mo, zonga kota li ti mo so a?","mo\tla\tmo\tzonga\tmbi\tsi\tmbi\tzonga\tmo,\tzonga\tkota\tli\tti\tmo\tso\ta?",2SG\tTOP\t2SG\tinsult\t1SG\tthen\t1SG\tinsult\t2SG\tinsult\tbig\thead\tof\t2SG\tthis\teh,"Weren't you the one who insulted me after which I insulted you, insulted this big head of yours?",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"mo la mo zonga mbi si mbi zonga mo, zonga kota li ti mo so a?",,2SG TOP 2SG insult 1SG then 1SG insult 2SG insult big head of 2SG this eh,,Samarin corpus 1994,,13436, +60-148,60,azalákí na ndáko?,a-zal-ákí\tna\tndáko,3SG-be-PST\tin\thouse,Was she home?,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,azalákí na ndáko?,a-zal-ákí na ndáko,3SG-be-PST in house,,Own knowledge,,13437, +61-109,61,Yena khona lo gane?,Yena\tkhon-a\tlo\tgane?,she\thave-V\tART\tchild,Does she have children?,,"There is no special marking, apart from intonation.",,,elicited from speaker,Yena khona lo gane?,Yena khon-a lo gane?,she have-V ART child,"There is no special marking, apart from intonation.",Field notes Mesthrie,,13438, +62-98,62,wáa?onhi miharéga,u-áa-?onhi\tmiharega,2SG-PST-wash\thands,Did you wash your hands?,,Question intonation consists of rise and half-fall utterance-finally.,,,elicited from speaker,wáa?onhi miharéga,u-áa-?onhi miharega,2SG-PST-wash hands,Question intonation consists of rise and half-fall utterance-finally.,Own field data 1993,,13439, +63-192,63,"Sébi de árab, meš?","Sébi\tde\tárab,\tmeš?",Sebi\tCOP\tArabic\tQ.TAG,"Sebi is an Arabic name, isn’t it?",,,857[383],,naturalistic spoken,"Sébi de árab, meš?",,Sebi COP Arabic Q.TAG,,,,13440, +63-193,63,fí núbi fi Belgium?,fí\tnúbi\tfi\tBelgium?,EXIST\tNubi\tin\tBelgium,Are there Nubi in Belgium?,,,857[379],,naturalistic spoken,fí núbi fi Belgium?,,EXIST Nubi in Belgium,,,,13441, +64-211,64,ána biákulu naárde wa búkra ána ma biákulu? laʔ,ána\tbi=ákulu\tnaárde\twa\tbúkra\tána\tma\tbi=ákulu?\tlaʔ,1SG\tIRR=eat\ttoday\tand\ttomorrow\t1SG\tNEG\tIRR=eat\tNEG,"Today I eat, and tomorrow I don't? Never!",,,874[197],,naturalistic spoken,ána biákulu naárde wa búkra ána ma biákulu? laʔ,ána bi=ákulu naárde wa búkra ána ma bi=ákulu? laʔ,1SG IRR=eat today and tomorrow 1SG NEG IRR=eat NEG,,,,13442, +65-151,65,Nidy xazi ju?,Nidy\txazi\tju?,2SG\tgo\tIPFV,Do you go?,,,671[167],,elicited from speaker,Nidy xazi ju?,,2SG go IPFV,,,Nidy xazí ju?,13443, +65-152,65,Nidy xazi ju mej ju?,Nidy\txazi\tju\tmej\tju?,2SG\tgo\tIPFV\tNEG\tIPFV,Do you go?,,,671[167],,elicited from speaker,Nidy xazi ju mej ju?,,2SG go IPFV NEG IPFV,,,Nidy xazí ju mej ju?,13444, +65-153,65,Ty Talakana ne xadila?,Ty\tTalakana\tne\txadi-la?,2SG\tTalakana\tNEG\tgo-PFV,Did you go to see Talakana?,,Talakana is a personal name. The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovsk region).,1195[263],,naturalistic spoken,Ty Talakana ne xadila?,Ty Talakana ne xadi-la?,2SG Talakana NEG go-PFV,"Talakana is a personal name. The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovsk region).",,Ты Талакана не ходила?,13445, +65-154,65,Ju den'gi mej ju?,Ju\tden'gi\tmej\tju?,COP\tmoney\tNEG\tCOP,Do you have money?,,The example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,1195[226],,elicited from speaker,Ju den'gi mej ju?,,COP money NEG COP,The example was originally published in Vrubel (1931).,,Ю деньги мэй ю?,13446, +67-209,67,Lu mahu tengok masak ah?,Lu\tmahu\ttengok\tmasak\tah?,2SG\twant\tsee\tcook\tQ,Do you want to see the cooking?,,,708[138],,naturalistic spoken,"Lu mahu tengok masak ah?",,2SG want see cook Q,,,,13447, +67-210,67,Tahu niaga?,Tahu\tniaga?,know\tbusiness,[Do you] know the word niaga?,,,"708[137, 138]",,naturalistic spoken,Tahu niaga?,,know business,,,,13448, +67-211,67,"Bagus, tak paham ka bagus?","Bagus,\ttak\tpaham\tka\tbagus?",good\tNEG\tunderstand\tQ\tgood,Bagus? Don’t [you] understand bagus?,,,708[138],,naturalistic spoken,"Bagus, tak paham ka bagus?",,good NEG understand Q good,,,,13449, +68-122,68,"E, ose seng inga beta lai?","E,\tose\tseng\tinga\tbeta\tlai?",hey\t2SG\tNEG\tremember\t1SG\talso,"Hey, don’t you remember me anymore?",,,1528[260],,naturalistic spoken,"E, ose seng inga beta lai?",,hey 2SG NEG remember 1SG also,,,,13450, +68-123,68,Pap mara katong ka?,Pap\tmara\tkatong\tka?,father\tangry\t1PL\tQ,Would father be angry with us?,,,1528[261],,naturalistic spoken,Pap mara katong ka?,,father angry 1PL Q,,,,13451, +69-71,69,mi kundamwin wan anak,mi\tkundamwin\twa-n\tanak,2SG\ttwo\tgo-FUT\tAUX,Will you two go? OR: Do you two want to go?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mi kundamwin wan anak,mi kundamwin wa-n anak,2SG two go-FUT AUX,,Own field notes 1985,,13452, +70-77,70,Tum bi bia pio?,Tum\tbi\tbia\tpio?,2SG\talso\tbeer\tdrink,"Do you, too, drink beer?",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Tum bi bia pio?",,2SG also beer drink,,Siegel-field recording,,13453, +70-78,70,Dokta baito?,Dokta\tbaito?,doctor\tCOP,Was there a doctor?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Dokta baito?,,doctor COP,,Siegel-field recording,,13454, +71-182,71,Question: Pehea nui opiuma? – Answer: nui no. – Question: Pehea piha kela poho? – Answer: Piha no.,Question:\tPehea\tnui\topiuma?\t–\tAnswer:\tnui\tno.\t–\tQuestion:\tPehea\tpiha\tkela\tpoho?\t–\tAnswer:\tPiha\tno.,Question:\tQ\tmuch\topium\t–\tAnswer:\tmuch\tINTENS\t–\tQuestion:\tQ\tfull\tDET\tcontainer\t–\tAnswer:\tfull\tINTENS,Question: Was there a lot of opium? – Answer: There was a lot. – Question: Was the container full? – Answer: It was full.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Question: Pehea nui opiuma? – Answer: nui no. – Question: Pehea piha kela poho? – Answer: Piha no.",,Question: Q much opium – Answer: much INTENS – Question: Q full DET container – Answer: full INTENS,,own data 1899,,13455, +71-183,71,Question: Pehea makemake oe hana? — Answer: Ae.,Question: Pehea makemake oe hana? — Answer: Ae.,Question: Q want 2SG work   Answer: yes,Question: Do you want some work? — Answer: Yes.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Question: Pehea makemake oe hana? — Answer: Ae.",,Question: Q want 2SG work Answer: yes,,own data 1913,,13456, +71-184,71,"Question: Oe ike mamua Lauman puhi? — Answer: Ae, wau ike.","Question: Oe ike mamua Lauman puhi? — Answer: Ae, wau ike.",Question: 2SG see before Lauman smoke   Answer: yes 1SG see,"Question: Did you previously see Lauman smoke? — Answer: Yes, I saw.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Question: Oe ike mamua Lauman puhi? — Answer: Ae, wau ike.",,Question: 2SG see before Lauman smoke Answer: yes 1SG see,,own data 1899,,13457, +72-154,72,An ngayungku airra lukabta im wayi.,An\tngayu-ngku\tai=rra\tluk-abta\tim\twayi.,and\t1SG-ERG\t1SG.SBJ=POT\tlook-after\t3SG.OBJ\tQ,"And me, do I have to look after him?",,The question particle wayi is used in this example.,920[399],,naturalistic spoken,An ngayungku airra lukabta im wayi.,An ngayu-ngku ai=rra luk-abta im wayi.,and 1SG-ERG 1SG.SBJ=POT look-after 3SG.OBJ Q,"The question particle wayi is used in this example.",,,13458, +72-155,72,Wi yusta gu kanyjurra la riba inti?,Wi\tyusta\tgu\tkanyjurra\tla\triba\tinti?,1PL.SBJ\tused.to\tgo\tdown\tLOC\triver\tTAG,Did we usually go down to the river?,,The question particle inti is used in this example.,920[443],,naturalistic spoken,Wi yusta gu kanyjurra la riba inti?,,1PL.SBJ used.to go down LOC river TAG,"The question particle inti is used in this example.",,,13459, +72-156,72,Yu garram kengkaruyu minti?,Yu\tgarram\tkengkaru-yu\tminti?,2SG\thave\tkangaroo-DAT\tbottom,Do you have the kangaroo's bottom?,,"This was uttered in a game of ""Fish"" where cards are divided into the head and tail part of animals. The only thing that indicates that this is a question is rising intonation.",583,4c54b2aa02b4534943bc6c8fded60aa2,naturalistic spoken,Yu garram kengkaruyu minti?,Yu garram kengkaru-yu minti?,2SG have kangaroo-DAT bottom,"This was uttered in a game of ""Fish"" where cards are divided into the head and tail part of animals. The only thing that indicates that this is a question is rising intonation.",,,13460, +73-108,73,ayudashachu?,ayuda-sha-chu?,help-1.FUT-Q,Shall I help you?,,,,,elicited from speaker,ayudashachu?,ayuda-sha-chu?,help-1.FUT-Q,,Field notes,,13461, +73-109,73,yachu tostagingi?,ya-chu\ttosta-gi-ngi?,already-Q\ttoast-INC-2SG,Are you already going to toast (corn)?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yachu tostagingi?,ya-chu tosta-gi-ngi?,already-Q toast-INC-2SG,,Field notes,,13462, +74-151,74,máyka mámuk hal rup (na)?,máyka\tmámuk\thal\trup\t(na)?,2SG\tmake\tpull\trope\t(Q),Are you pulling the rope?,,,,,constructed by linguist,máyka mámuk hal rup (na)?,,2SG make pull rope (Q),,Own knowledge,,13463, +74-152,74,máyka mámuk hal rup na?,máyka\tmámuk\thal\trup\tna?,you\tmake\tpull\trope\tQ,Are you pulling the rope?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"máyka mámuk hal rup na?",,you make pull rope Q,,Own knowledge,,13464, +74-153,74,máyka na til?,máyka\tna\ttil?,2SG\tQ\ttired,Are you tired?,,,1641[41],,narrative,máyka na til?,,2SG Q tired,,,,13465, +75-261,75,Enn aanzh chi awa eepeenaashit?,Enn\taanzh\tchi\tawa\tee-pee-naash-it?,ART.F.SG\tangel\tQ\tDEM.ANIM\tREL-come-fetch-3.SBJ.1.OBJ,Is she an angel who has come to get me?,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"Enn aanzh chi awa eepeenaashit?",Enn aanzh chi awa ee-pee-naash-it?,ART.F.SG angel Q DEM.ANIM REL-come-fetch-3.SBJ.1.OBJ,,,,13466, +75-262,75,Wiya tipeehtem li stor chiin?,Wiya\ttipeeht-em\tli\tstor\tchiin?,3SG\town.INAN-3.SBJ.3OBJ\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tstore\tQ,Does he own the store?,,,789[211],,naturalistic written,"Wiya tipeehtem li stor chiin?","Wiya tipeeht-em li stor chiin?",3SG own.INAN-3.SBJ.3OBJ DEF.ART.M.SG store Q,,,,13467, +75-263,75,Kitayaanaan chii lii zavis di bwaa?,Ki-t-ayaa-naan\tchii\tlii\tzavis\tdi\tbwaa?,2-LIAISON-have-1PL\tQ\tART.PL\tscrew\tof\twood,Do we (inclusive) have any lag screws?,,,789[159],,naturalistic written,"Kitayaanaan chii lii zavis di bwaa?",Ki-t-ayaa-naan chii lii zavis di bwaa?,2-LIAISON-have-1PL Q ART.PL screw of wood,,,,13468, +75-264,75,Uta kikipakitinaen kitiwaan?,Uta\tki-kii-pakitin-aen\tk-it-iwaa-n?,here\t2-PST-lay-3.SBJ.3OBJ\t2-say-INDF.OBJ-2,"You laid it here, you said?",,,789[162],,naturalistic written,Uta kikipakitinaen kitiwaan?,Uta ki-kii-pakitin-aen k-it-iwaa-n?,here 2-PST-lay-3.SBJ.3OBJ 2-say-INDF.OBJ-2,,,,13469, +75-265,75,Kiitakushinin a likol aan taan?,Ki-kii-takushin-in\ta\tlikol\taan\ttaan?,2-PST-arrive-2\tLOC\tschool\tin\ttime,Did you get to school on time?,,,789[202],,naturalistic written,Kiitakushinin a likol aan taan?,Ki-kii-takushin-in a likol aan taan?,2-PST-arrive-2 LOC school in time,,,,13470, +76-68,76,pulauwȗk kissimi picuktu illuit?,pulauwȗk\tkissimi\tpicuktu\tilluit?,flour\tonly\twant\tyou,Do you want nothing but flour?,,It is likely that the question mark in the original example was meant by Stefánsson (1909: 226) to indicate interrogative intonation.,1442[226],,reconstructed by documentalist,pulauwȗk kissimi picuktu illuit?,,flour only want you,It is likely that the question mark in the original example was meant by Stefánsson (1909: 226) to indicate interrogative intonation.,,,13471, +1-246,1,Da no boi gudu da somma habi.,Da\tno\tboi\tgudu\tda\tsoma\thabi.,it.be\tNEG\tsmall\twealth\tDET.SG\tperson\thave,He is very wealthy.,,,1357[19],,written (dictionary),Da no boi gudu da somma habi.,Da no boi gudu da soma habi.,it.be NEG small wealth DET.SG person have,,,,13472,German: Er hat keinen kleinen Reichthum. [op.cit.] +1-247,1,Da duysi tongi joe leri.,Da\tduysi\ttongo\tyu\tleri.,it.be\tDutch\tlanguage\t2SG\tlearn,Is it the Dutch language that you are learning?,,,1527[29],,written,"Da duysi tongi joe leri.",Da duysi tongo yu leri.,it.be Dutch language 2SG learn,,,,13473,Dutch: Leer je Hollands. [op.cit.] +2-272,2,Na yu fufuru mi moni!,Na\tyu\tfufuru\tmi\tmoni!,FOC\t2SG\tsteal\tmy\tmoney,It’s you that stole my money.,,,1585[47],,naturalistic spoken,"Na yu fufuru mi moni!",,FOC 2SG steal my money,,,,13474, +2-273,2,Na leriman a man de.,Na\tleriman\ta\tman\tde.,FOC\tteacher\tDET\tman\tCOP,The man’s a TEACHER.,,,1604[277],,naturalistic spoken,"Na leriman a man de.",,FOC teacher DET man COP,,,,13475, +2-274,2,Want na tu leisi mi nanga a man meki afsprak kaba.,Want\tna\ttu\tleisi\tmi\tnanga\ta\tman\tmeki\tafsprak\tkaba.,because\tFOC\ttwo\ttime\t1SG\tand\tDET\tman\tmake\tappointment\talready,Because it’s twice that the guy and I made an appointment already.,,"EXAMPLES 120, 272 and 273 REPRESENT CASES OF CONTRASTIVE OR IDENTIFICATIONAL FOCUS. THERE ARE ALSO CASES OF PRESENTATIONAL OR INFORMATION FOCUS, SUCH AS this example.",1609[27],,naturalistic spoken,"Want na tu leisi mi nanga a man meki afsprak kaba.",,because FOC two time 1SG and DET man make appointment already,"EXAMPLES 120, 272 and 273 REPRESENT CASES OF CONTRASTIVE OR IDENTIFICATIONAL FOCUS. THERE ARE ALSO CASES OF PRESENTATIONAL OR INFORMATION FOCUS, SUCH AS this example.",,,13476, +4-175,4,Na a sama de gi mi en.,Na\ta\tsama\tde\tgi\tmi\ten.,COP/FOC\tDET.SG\tperson\tthere\tgive\tme\tit,It was the person there who gave it to me.,,,661[315],,naturalistic spoken,Na a sama de gi mi en.,,COP/FOC DET.SG person there give me it,,,,13477, +5-174,5,a da a wa mi se,a\tda\ta\twa\tmi\tse,FOC\tthat\tEQ.COP\twhat\t1SG\tsay,It is that that I said. OR: That is what I said.,,,"1281[147, line 351]",,naturalistic spoken,"a da a wa mi se",,FOC that EQ.COP what 1SG say,,,,13478, +6-111,6,Is John to buy papers today.,Is\tJohn\tto\tbuy\tpapers\ttoday.,FOC\tJohn\tto\tbuy\tpapers\ttoday,It’s John who is supposed to buy the papers today.,,,1431[77],,constructed by linguist,Is John to buy papers today.,,FOC John to buy papers today,,,,13479, +6-112,6,All the hunt he does hunt ne never catch nothing.,All\tthe\thunt\the\tdoes\thunt\tne\tnever\tcatch\tnothing.,all\tDET\thunt\t3SG.M\tHAB\thunt\t3SG.M\tnever\tcatch\tnothing,"However much he hunts, he has never caught anything.",,,1431[77],,constructed by linguist,All the hunt he does hunt ne never catch nothing.,,all DET hunt 3SG.M HAB hunt 3SG.M never catch nothing,,,,13480, +7-249,7,A mi ruhn dis hous ya.,A\tmi\truhn\tdis\thous\tya.,COP\t1SG\trun\tDEM\thouse\there,I am the one in charge of this house.,,The copula (a or iz) precedes the focused pronoun or full NP.,1244[264],,naturalistic spoken,A mi ruhn dis hous ya.,,COP 1SG run DEM house here,"The copula (a or iz) precedes the focused pronoun or full NP.",,,13481, +7-250,7,Di man iz hu se so.,Di\tman\tiz\thu\tse\tso.,ART\tman\tFOC\tREL\tsay\tso,The man is the one who said that.,,The focused NP precedes the copula (iz -mesolectal type or a basilectal type).,1244[228],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di man iz hu se so.,,ART man FOC REL say so,"The focused NP precedes the copula (iz -mesolectal type or a basilectal type).",,,13482, +8-156,8,A di piipl dem we tel di wikid lai dem get kech.,A\tdi\tpiipl\tdem\twe\ttel\tdi\twikid\tlai\tdem\tget\tkech.,FOC\tDET\tpeople\tPL\tREL\ttell\tDET\twicked\tlie\tPL\tget\tcatch,It is the people who told the dreadful lies who got caught.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"A di piipl dem we tel di wikid lai dem get kech.",,FOC DET people PL REL tell DET wicked lie PL get catch,,Own knowledge,,13483, +9-192,9,Habat da me di kapn.,Habat\tda\tme\tdi\tkapn.,Herbert\tFOC\tANT\tthe\tcaptain,Herbert was the captain. OR: It was Herbert who was the captain.,,"Da ocurs in copula position, but is a common focusing particle.",439[237],,naturalistic spoken,Habat da me di kapn.,,Herbert FOC ANT the captain,"Da ocurs in copula position, but is a common focusing particle.",,,13484, +9-193,9,Da ʃɛl haya di bowt fra djimi.,Da\tʃɛl\thaya\tdi\tbowt\tfra\tdjimi.,FOC\tShell\thire\tthe\tboat\tfrom\tJimmy,It's Shell that rented Jimmy's boat.,,,439[234],,naturalistic spoken,Da ʃɛl haya di bowt fra djimi.,,FOC Shell hire the boat from Jimmy,,,,13485, +9-194,9,Da im mek a da tatabuhende mek yu get ʧap.,Da\tim\tmek\ta\tda\ttatabuhende\tmek\tyu\tget\tʧap.,FOC\thim\tmake\tit\tFOC\tTatabuhende\tmake\tyou\tget\tchop,"It's him who does it, it's Tatabuhende who causes you to get hurt.",,,432[42],,naturalistic spoken,Da im mek a da tatabuhende mek yu get ʧap.,,FOC him make it FOC Tatabuhende make you get chop,,,,13486, +10-241,10,Da John mi waahn fi go kech guana.,Da\tJohn\tmi\twaahn\tfi\tgo\tkech\tguana.,FOC\tJohn\t1SG\twant\tCOMP\tgo\tcatch\tiguana,It is John who I want to go and catch iguanas.,,,113[133],,elicited from speaker,Da John mi waahn fi go kech guana.,,FOC John 1SG want COMP go catch iguana,,,,13487, +10-242,10,Da uman him de luk.,Da\tuman\thim\tde\tluk.,FOC\twoman\t3SG\tPROG\tlook,It is a wife he is looking for.,,,113[133],,elicited from speaker,Da uman him de luk.,,FOC woman 3SG PROG look,,,,13488, +11-317,11,Dem iz huu woz marginated.,Dem\tiz\thuu\twoz\tmarginat-ed.,3PL\tCOP.PRS\tREL\tCOP.PST\tmarginate-PTCP,It is/was them who were marginated.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Dem iz huu woz marginated.,Dem iz huu woz marginat-ed.,3PL COP.PRS REL COP.PST marginate-PTCP,,,,13489, +12-260,12,Is all my generation live round here.,Is\tall\tmy\tgeneration\tlive\tround\there.,FOC\tall\t1SG.POSS\tgeneration\tlive\taround\there,It’s only people of my generation that live around here.,,,634[111],,naturalistic spoken,Is all my generation live round here.,,FOC all 1SG.POSS generation live around here,,,,13490, +12-261,12,"We got 'bout five or six niggers - here - or seven niggers right now, big - people who been in Parliament - [Oh yeah, were involved?] They - uh-huh - [...] drugs, they get rich off 'em. [And they're in government right now?] No, they - it's government pe- used to be in government, it - it - it's not the people what been in the government, but it's they son. It's they son.","[...]\tit-'s\tnot\tthe\tpeople\twhat\tbeen\tin\tthe\tgovernment,\tbut\tit's\tthey\tson.\tIt-'s\tthey\tson.",[...]\t3SG.N.SBJ-COP\tNEG\tART\tpeople\tREL\tCOP\tLOC\tART\tgovernment\tbut\t3SG.N.SBJ\tCOP\tREL\t3SG.N.SBJ-COP\t3PL.POSS\tson,[...] It’s not government people but their sons [who were involved in a drug scandal].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"We got 'bout five or six niggers - here - or seven niggers right now, big - people who been in Parliament - [Oh yeah, were involved?] They - uh-huh - [...] drugs, they get rich off 'em. [And they're in government right now?] No, they - it's government pe- used to be in government, it - it - it's not the people what been in the government, but it's they son. It's they son.","[...] it-'s not the people what been in the government, but it's they son. It-'s they son.",[...] 3SG.N.SBJ-COP NEG ART people REL COP LOC ART government but 3SG.N.SBJ COP REL 3SG.N.SBJ-COP 3PL.POSS son,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13491, +13-189,13,"Moses bring we de Law, bot Jedus Christ de one wa bring we God blessin an mek we know wa true.","Moses\tbring\twe\tde\tLaw,\tbot\tJedus\tChrist\tde\tone\twa\tbring\twe\tGod\tblessin\tan\tmek\twe\tknow\twa\ttrue.",Moses\tbring\tus\tthe\tlaw\tbut\tJesus\tChrist\tthe\tone\tREL\tbring\tus\tGod\tblessing\tand\tmake\tus\tknow\tfor\ttrue,"Moses brought us the law, but Jesus Christ is the one who brings us God's blessing and makes us know for sure. OR: For the law was given by Moses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ. (Jn 1.17)",,,357[315],,bible translation,"Moses bring we de Law, bot Jedus Christ de one wa bring we God blessin an mek we know wa true.",,Moses bring us the law but Jesus Christ the one REL bring us God blessing and make us know for true,,,,13492, +13-190,13,Duh Sara we duh talk about.,Duh\tSara\twe\tduh\ttalk\tabout.,HL\tSara\twe\tIPFV\ttalk\tabout,It's Sara we are talking about.,,The non-copula highlighter duh appears to be homophonous with the progressive aspect marker.,1005[368],,naturalistic spoken,"Duh Sara we duh talk about.",,HL Sara we IPFV talk about,"The non-copula highlighter duh appears to be homophonous with the progressive aspect marker.",,,13493, +15-134,15,na ʤɔn wi bin si,na\tʤɔn\twi\tbin\tsi,FOC\tJohn\t1PL\tPST\tsee,It was John that we saw.,,,518,,naturalistic written,na ʤɔn wi bin si,,FOC John 1PL PST see,,,,13494, +16-151,16,ì bì dɛm we dè kam briŋ dɛ blaŋkɛs,ì\tbì\tdɛm\t[(we\tdè)\tkam\tbriŋ\tdɛ\tblaŋkɛs],3SG\tCOP\t3PL\t[(COMP\t3PL)\tcome\tbring\tART\tblanket.PL],It was them who brought the blankets.,,The complementizer/relativizer and the resumptive pronoun in the background sentence are optional and are mostly omitted (see Huber (1999: 186–187) for figures and discussion).,656[196],,naturalistic spoken,ì bì dɛm we dè kam briŋ dɛ blaŋkɛs,ì bì dɛm [(we dè) kam briŋ dɛ blaŋkɛs],3SG COP 3PL [(COMP 3PL) come bring ART blanket.PL],The complementizer/relativizer and the resumptive pronoun in the background sentence are optional and are mostly omitted (see Huber (1999: 186–187) for figures and discussion).,,,13495, +16-152,16,ì bì puɔ puɔ dè mek jù dè go bus,ì\tbì\tpuɔ~puɔ\t[dè\tmek\tjù\tdè\tgo\tbus],3SG\tCOP\tpoor~poor\t[HAB\tCAUS\t2SG\tHAB\tgo\tbooze],It is poverty that makes you go and drink.,,"The complementizer/relativizer and the resumptive pronoun in the background sentence are optional and are mostly omitted, as in this example (see Huber (1999: 186–187) for figures and discussion).",656[242],,naturalistic spoken,ì bì puɔ puɔ dè mek jù dè go bus,ì bì puɔ~puɔ [dè mek jù dè go bus],3SG COP poor~poor [HAB CAUS 2SG HAB go booze],"The complementizer/relativizer and the resumptive pronoun in the background sentence are optional and are mostly omitted, as in this example (see Huber (1999: 186–187) for figures and discussion).",,,13496, +17-180,17,Nà mà fada (shà) we̱ byud dì haws.,Nà\tmà\tfada\t(shà)\twe̱\tbyud\tdì\thaws.,HL\t1S.POSS\tfather\t(PCL)\tREL\tbuild\tART.DEF\thouse,It is my father who built the house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Nà mà fada (shà) we̱ byud dì haws.,,HL 1S.POSS father (PCL) REL build ART.DEF house,,Own knowledge,,13497, +17-181,17,Mà fada shà we̱ byud dì haws.,Mà\tfada\tshà\twe̱\tbyud\tdì\thaws.,1S.POSS\tfather\tPCL\tREL\tbuild\tART.DEF\thouse,It is my father who built the house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mà fada shà we̱ byud dì haws.,,1S.POSS father PCL REL build ART.DEF house,,Own knowledge,,13498, +17-182,17,Ì bì mà fada (shà) we̱ byud dì haws.,Ì\tbì\tmà\tfada\t(shà)\twe̱\tbyud\tdì\thaws.,3SG.SBJ.EXPL\tCOP\t1S.POSS\tfather\t(PCL)\tREL\tbuild\tART.DEF\thouse,It is my father who built the house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ì bì mà fada (shà) we̱ byud dì haws.,,3SG.SBJ.EXPL COP 1S.POSS father (PCL) REL build ART.DEF house,,Own knowledge,,13499, +17-183,17,Mà fada we̱ byud dì haws.,Mà\tfada\twe̱\tbyud\tdì\thaws.,1S.POSS\tfather\tREL\tbuild\tART.DEF\thouse,It is my father who built the house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Mà fada we̱ byud dì haws.,,1S.POSS father REL build ART.DEF house,,Own knowledge,,13500, +17-216,17,Nà mà fada (shà) byud dì haws.,Nà\tmà\tfada\t(shà)\tbyud\tdì\thaws.,HL\t1S.POSS\tfather\t(PCL)\tbuild\tART.DEF\thouse,It is my father who built the house.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Nà mà fada (shà) byud dì haws.,,HL 1S.POSS father (PCL) build ART.DEF house,,Own knowledge,,13501, +18-167,18,Na 'king go 'tek-am.,Na\t'king\tgo\t'tek-am.,COP\tking\tFUT\ttake-3SG.OBJ,It's the king who will take him.,,,352[142],,published source,"Na 'king go 'tek-am.",,COP king FUT take-3SG.OBJ,,,,13502, +19-198,19,Nà gɔvna bìn gi mi dan beca sɛf.,Nà\tgɔvna\tbìn\tgi\tmi\tdan\tbeca\tsɛf.,FOC/COP\tgovernment\tPST\tgive\t1SG.EMPH\tthat\tscholarship\tEMPH,It’s actually the government that gave me that scholarship.,,This example additionally features clausal focus by means of sef [EMPH] 'self'.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Nà gɔvna bìn gi mi dan beca sɛf.",,FOC/COP government PST give 1SG.EMPH that scholarship EMPH,"This example additionally features clausal focus by means of sef [EMPH] 'self'.",Field data,,13503, +20-143,20,Alla pidgin you give my hand.,Alla\tpidgin\tyou\tgive\tmy\thand.,all\tbusiness\t2SG\tgive\t1SG.POSS\thand,You leave it entirely to me.,,,1489[IV.33],,naturalistic written,"Alla pidgin you give my hand.",,all business 2SG give 1SG.POSS hand,,,椏鏬卑剪㕭刦米慳,13504, +21-145,21,It was my father who built the house.,It\twas\tmy\tfather\twho\tbuilt\tthe\thouse.,it\tbe.PST\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tPRO\tbuild.PST\tDET\thouse,It was my father who built the house.,,"The nominal cleft construction is more acrolectal/higher-mesolectal, cf. My father build the house one.",,,constructed by linguist,It was my father who built the house.,,it be.PST 1SG.POSS father PRO build.PST DET house,"The nominal cleft construction is more acrolectal/higher-mesolectal, cf. My father build the house one.",Own knowledge,,13505, +22-181,22,Wanpela man long ples yet em bin sa tanim osem tevel.,Wanpela\tman\tlong\tples\tyet\tem\tbin\tsa\ttan-im\tosem\ttevel.,one\tman\tPREP\tvillage\tFOC\t3SG\tPST\tHAB\tturn-TR\tlike\tspirit,A man from this village turned into a spirit.,,,584,,naturalistic spoken,"Wanpela man long ples yet em bin sa tanim osem tevel.","Wanpela man long ples yet em bin sa tan-im osem tevel.",one man PREP village FOC 3SG PST HAB turn-TR like spirit,,,,13506, +23-161,23,ol papa blong mi nomo oli bildim haos ia,ol\tpapa\tblong\tmi\tnomo\toli\tbildim\thaos\tia,PL\tfather\tPOSS\t1SG\tonly/FOC\tAGR\tbuild\thouse\tDEF,It was my father and uncles who built the house.,,Ol papa blong mi refers to father and uncles.,,,constructed by linguist,"ol papa blong mi nomo oli bildim haos ia",,PL father POSS 1SG only/FOC AGR build house DEF,"Ol papa blong mi refers to father and uncles.",Own knowledge,,13507, +24-186,24,Wos ucklun break ar window.,Wos\tucklun\tbreak\tar\twindow.,was\twe\tbreak\tDET.DEF\twindow,It was us who broke the window.,,Ucklun refers to the insider-Pitcairn bloodline.,,,naturalistic written,Wos ucklun break ar window.,,was we break DET.DEF window,"Ucklun refers to the insider-Pitcairn bloodline.",Own fieldwork,,13508, +25-327,25,Oni melabat na bin seif theya la Top Kemp.,Oni\tmelabat\tna\tbin\tseif\ttheya\tla\tTop\tKemp.,only\t1PL\tnow/FOC\tPST\tsafe\tthere\tLOC\tTop\tCamp,[It was] only us [who] were safe there at the Top Camp.,,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the use of the particle na as a focus marker.,40,,naturalistic spoken,Oni melabat na bin seif theya la Top Kemp.,,only 1PL now/FOC PST safe there LOC Top Camp,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the use of the particle na as a focus marker.",,,13509, +25-328,25,Thas tha wan gada kili wi. Im itha tharran ja o thet flu na.,Thas\ttha\twan\tgada\tkili\twi.\tIm\titha\ttharran\tja\to\tthet\tflu\tna.,DEM:EQ.COP\tDET\tone\tFUT/OBLIG\tkill:TR\t1PL\t3SG\teither\tDEM\tthere\tor\tDEM\tflu\tnow/FOC,That's the one [that] will kill us. It's either that one or the flu.,,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a cleft construction as well as the use of the particle na as a focus marker.,41,,naturalistic spoken,Thas tha wan gada kili wi. Im itha tharran ja o thet flu na.,Thas tha wan gada kili wi. Im itha tharran ja o thet flu na.,DEM:EQ.COP DET one FUT/OBLIG kill:TR 1PL 3SG either DEM there or DEM flu now/FOC,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates a cleft construction as well as the use of the particle na as a focus marker.",,,13510, +27-129,27,Di a wes ēn haləf cheese bi nabini di pit.,Di\ta\twes\tēn\thaləf\tcheese\tbi\tnabini\tdi\tpit.,DET\tPST\tbe\ta\thalf\tcheese\tbe\tinside\tDET\twell,It was a half cheese that was inside the well.,,,355[53],,naturalistic spoken,Di a wes ēn haləf cheese bi nabini di pit.,,DET PST be a half cheese be inside DET well,,,,13511, +28-181,28,"da orsə da di, watjə rupa nau, domni","da\tori\tso\tda\tdi,\twati\tju\trupu-a\tnau,\tdomni",COP\t3SG\tFOC\tCOP\tthe\twhat\t2SG\tcall-IPFV\tnow\tpastor,"(It) is he who is the, what do you call (it), pastor.",,,737[425],,naturalistic spoken,"da orsə da di, watjə rupa nau, domni","da ori so da di, wati ju rupu-a nau, domni",COP 3SG FOC COP the what 2SG call-IPFV now pastor,,,,13512, +28-182,28,di gugujap en bi ha,di\tgu-gu-jɛ-apu\teni\tbi\thabu,the\tbig-big-NMLZ-PL\t3PL\tsay\thave,The big ones they say do have (it).,,,737[425],,naturalistic spoken,di gugujap en bi ha,di gu-gu-jɛ-apu eni bi habu,the big-big-NMLZ-PL 3PL say have,,,,13513, +28-183,28,én kal glaʃo pitɛk,en\tkali\tglaʃi\to\tpi-tɛ\tɛkɛ,one\tsmall\tglass\t3SG\tgive-PFV\t1SG,One tiny glass she gave me.,,,737[426],,naturalistic spoken,én kal glaʃo pitɛk,en kali glaʃi o pi-tɛ ɛkɛ,one small glass 3SG give-PFV 1SG,,,,13514, +29-205,29,Dis my pa wat hierdie huis laat bou het.,Dis\tmy\tpa\twat\thierdie\thuis\tlaat\tbou\thet.,3SG.N=COP\t1SG.POSS\tfather\tREL\tPROX.DEM\thouse\tlet\tbuild\tPST,It's my father who had this house built.,,"Dis is the contracted form of dit is ('it is') which is also natural in this construction, particularly in the written language.",,,naturalistic spoken,Dis my pa wat hierdie huis laat bou het.,,3SG.N=COP 1SG.POSS father REL PROX.DEM house let build PST,"Dis is the contracted form of dit is ('it is') which is also natural in this construction, particularly in the written language.",Own knowledge,,13515, +29-206,29,HULLE is dit wat so hard gewerk het. — MARIE is dit/die ene wat so hard gewerk het.,HULLE is dit wat so hard ge-werk het. — MARIE is dit/die ene wat so hard ge-werk het.,3PL.NOM is it what so hard PTCP-work PST   Marie is 3SG.N/DEF.ART one what so hard PTCP-work PST,They're the ones who worked so hard. — Mary is the one who worked so hard.,,The pronoun (or equivalent) is necessarily stressed in structures of this type.,,,naturalistic spoken,HULLE is dit wat so hard gewerk het. — MARIE is dit/die ene wat so hard gewerk het.,HULLE is dit wat so hard ge-werk het. — MARIE is dit/die ene wat so hard ge-werk het.,3PL.NOM is it what so hard PTCP-work PST Marie is 3SG.N/DEF.ART one what so hard PTCP-work PST,The pronoun (or equivalent) is necessarily stressed in structures of this type.,Own knowledge,,13516, +30-218,30,Ê nha pai ki fase-l.,ê\tnha=pai\tki=fase=l.,be\tmy=father\tCOMP=do=3SG,It was my father who did it.,,,108,,constructed by linguist,Ê nha pai ki fase-l.,ê nha=pai ki=fase=l.,be my=father COMP=do=3SG,,,,13517, +30-219,30,E kes midida injustu di goberno k'es ta protesta kontr'el.,E\tkes=midida\tinjustu\tdi=goberno\tk=es=ta=protesta\tkontr\tel.,be\tDEM.PL=measure\tunjust\tof=government\tCOMP=3PL=IPFV=protest\tagainst\t3SG.INDP,It is these unjust measures of the government that they protest against.,,,106[151],,naturalistic spoken,E kes midida injustu di goberno k'es ta protesta kontr'el.,E kes=midida injustu di=goberno k=es=ta=protesta kontr el.,be DEM.PL=measure unjust of=government COMP=3PL=IPFV=protest against 3SG.INDP,,,,13518,"German: Es sind diese ungerechten Maßnahmen der Regierung, gegen die sie protestieren." +30-250,30,Nha pai ki fase-l.,Nha=pai\tki=fase=l.,my=father\tCOMP=do=3SG,It was my father who did it.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Nha pai ki fase-l.,Nha=pai ki=fase=l.,my=father COMP=do=3SG,,Baptista 2006,,13519, +31-172,31,E se madrinha ki skapa-l.,E\tse\tmadrinha\tki\tskapa-l.,COP\this\tgodmother\twho\tsave-him,It's his god-mother who saved him.,,The morpheme e in Cape Verdean Creole is ambiguous between a copula and a pronoun. To gloss it as a copula may not be accurate but this annotation is used here for convenience.,839,,naturalistic spoken,E se madrinha ki skapa-l.,,COP his godmother who save-him,"The morpheme e in Cape Verdean Creole is ambiguous between a copula and a pronoun. To gloss it as a copula may not be accurate but this annotation is used here for convenience.",,,13520, +32-171,32,Bo pai e k no oiá.,Bo\tpai\te\tk\tno\toiá.,POSS.2SG\tfather\tCOP\tREL\t1PL\tsee,It was your father that we saw.,,,1456,,constructed by native speaker,"Bo pai e k no oiá.",,POSS.2SG father COP REL 1PL see,,,,13521,Portuguese: O teu pai é que vimos. +32-172,32,Éra mi k é primer.,Éra\tmi\tk\té\tprimer.,COP\t1SG\tREL\tCOP.PST\tfirst,It was me who was the first (child).,,Éra and é are variants of the past form of the copula 'to be'.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Éra mi k é primer.",,COP 1SG REL COP.PST first,"Éra and é are variants of the past form of the copula 'to be'.",,,13522,Portuguese: Éra eu quem fui o primeiro (filho). +32-173,32,Foi bo pai k no oiá.,Foi\tbo\tpai\tk\tno\toiá.,COP.PST\t2SG.POSS\tfather\tREL\t2PL\tsee,It was your father that we saw.,,,1456,,constructed by native speaker,"Foi bo pai k no oiá.",,COP.PST 2SG.POSS father REL 2PL see,,,,13523,Portuguese: Foi o teu pai que vimos. +32-174,32,Foi bosê marid e k fazê es káza.,Foi\tbosê\tmarid\te\tk\tfazê\tes\tkáza.,COP.PST\t2SG.POSS.POL\thusband\tCOP\tREL\tmake\tDEM.SG\thouse,It was your husband who built this house.,,,1456,,constructed by linguist,Foi bosê marid e k fazê es káza.,,COP.PST 2SG.POSS.POL husband COP REL make DEM.SG house,,,,13524,Portuguese: Foi o seu marido é que construiu essa casa. +33-201,33,I nha pape kin ki kumpu ba kasa.,I\tnha\tpape\tkin\tki\tkumpu\tba\tkasa.,COP\tmy\tfather\twho\tREL\tbuild\tPST\thouse,It was my father who built the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I nha pape kin ki kumpu ba kasa.",,COP my father who REL build PST house,,Own knowledge,,13525,Portuguese: Foi o meu pai que construiu a casa. +33-202,33,Nha pape ki kumpu kasa.,Nha\tpape\tki\tkumpu\tkasa.,my\tfather\tthat\tbuild\thouse,It was my father who built the house.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Nha pape ki kumpu kasa.,,my father that build house,,Own knowledge,,13526,Portuguese: O meu pai é que construiu a casa. +34-162,34,I Mariya ku no wojá.,I\tMariya\tku\tno\tø\twojá.,COP\tMary\tREL.OBJ\t1PL.SBJ\tPFV\tsee,It is Mary that we saw.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I Mariya ku no wojá.","I Mariya ku no ø wojá.",COP Mary REL.OBJ 1PL.SBJ PFV see,,Own knowledge,,13527, +34-163,34,Mariya ku no wojá.,Mariya\tku\tno\tø\twojá.,Mary\tREL.OBJ\t1PL.SBJ\tPFV\tsee,It is Mary that we saw.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya ku no wojá.","Mariya ku no ø wojá.",Mary REL.OBJ 1PL.SBJ PFV see,,Own knowledge,,13528, +35-228,35,Ôtlô mwala so n ska vivê ku ê.,Ôtlô\tmwala\tso\tn\tska\tvivê\tku\tê.,other\twoman\tFOC\t1SG\tPROG\tlive\twith\t3SG,It's with another woman I live.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ôtlô mwala so n ska vivê ku ê.,,other woman FOC 1SG PROG live with 3SG,,Own data,,13529, +35-229,35,Punda ôtlô ngê so da mu êlê.,Punda\tôtlô\tngê\tso\tda\tmu\têlê.,because\tanother\tperson\tFOC\tgive\tme\t3SG,Because somebody else gave it to me.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Punda ôtlô ngê so da mu êlê.,,because another person FOC give me 3SG,,Own data,,13530, +36-141,36,Am thô m'me.,Am\tthô\tm'me.,I\tFOC\teat,It is me who ate it.,,,901[135],,naturalistic spoken,"Am thô m'me.",,I FOC eat,,,,13531,French: C'est moi qui l'ai mangé. +36-142,36,Balele thô ki tê vungu si ma a ka kata [...].,Balele\tthô\tki\ttê\tvungu\tsi\tma\ta\tka\tkata\t[...].,kind.of.dance\tFOC\tREL\thave\tmelody\tDEM\tREL\tINDF\tHAB\tsing\t[...],It is the balele that has this melody that they would sing [...].,,,901[135],,naturalistic spoken,"Balele thô ki tê vungu si ma a ka kata [...].",,kind.of.dance FOC REL have melody DEM REL INDF HAB sing [...],,,,13532, +37-180,37,Livu sê êli ki n kopa.,Livu\tsê\têli\tki\tn\tkopa.,book\tDEM\tFOC\tREL\t1SG\tbuy,It is this book that I bought.,,,905[143],,elicited from speaker,"Livu sê êli ki n kopa.",,book DEM FOC REL 1SG buy,,,,13533, +37-210,37,Mene ki xiga.,Mene\tki\txiga.,Mene\tREL\tarrive,It is Mene who arrived.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mene ki xiga.,,Mene REL arrive,,Maurer 2009,,13534, +37-211,37,Mene êli xiga.,Mene\têli\txiga.,Mene\tFOC\tarrive,It is Mene who arrived.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mene êli xiga.,,Mene FOC arrive,,Maurer 2009,,13535, +38-187,38,"Xa tudu, amse inei xa da pimelu.",Xa\ttudu\tamu-se\tineni\txa\tda\tpimelu.,thing\tall\t1SG-DEM\t3PL\tEVID\tgive\tfirst,"Everything, it is me they give first.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Xa tudu, amse inei xa da pimelu.",Xa tudu amu-se ineni xa da pimelu.,thing all 1SG-DEM 3PL EVID give first,,Own fieldwork 1993,,13536, +39-173,39,Yo ki fez es.,Yo\tki\tfez\tes.,1SG\tREL\tmake.PST\tDEM,It was me who did that. OR: I did that myself.,,,221[214],,naturalistic spoken,Yo ki fez es.,,1SG REL make.PST DEM,,,,13537, +40-138,40,"Tər akə piken irmãʋ ki ti, su amig su kosid yafoj sata kume.","Tər\takə\tpiken\tirmãʋ\tki\tti,\tsu\tamig\tsu\tkosid\tyafoj\tsata\tkume.",so\tthat\tlittle\tbrother\tREL\tCOP.PST\t3SG.POSS\tfriend\tGEN\twith\twent\tbegin\teat,"So, it was the little brother, with his friend he went and began to eat.",,This sentence is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Tər akə piken irmãʋ ki ti, su amig su kosid yafoj sata kume.",,so that little brother REL COP.PST 3SG.POSS friend GEN with went begin eat,This sentence is taken from a story told by Francis Martis.,Unpublished story,,13538, +41-169,41,miɲa meʃiinntu mee isti poɖiyaas fuula kibotaa,miɲa\tmeʃiin-ntu\tmee\tisti\tpoɖiyaas\tfuula\tki-botaa,1SG.GEN\tmachine-LOC\tFOC\tthis\tchildren\tflower\tNMLZ-put,It is on MY machine that these children are doing decorative stitching (lit. It is on MY machine that these children are putting flowers).,,"The cleft interpretation comes from left dislocation of the focused constituent, presence of the focus marker /mee/, and the nominalized verb.",1416[5295],,naturalistic spoken,"miɲa meʃiinntu mee isti poɖiyaas fuula kibotaa",miɲa meʃiin-ntu mee isti poɖiyaas fuula ki-botaa,1SG.GEN machine-LOC FOC this children flower NMLZ-put,"The cleft interpretation comes from left dislocation of the focused constituent, presence of the focus marker /mee/, and the nominalized verb.",,,13539, +42-189,42,"teng bos sa krensa ki yo ta lantá, retu?","teng\tbos\tsa\tkrensa\tki\tyo\tta\tlantá,\tretu?",be\t2SG\tGEN\tchild\tthat\t1SG\tPROG\tcarry\ttrue,"It is your child I am carrying, isn’t it?",,,122[210],,naturalistic spoken,"teng bos sa krensa ki yo ta lantá, retu?",,be 2SG GEN child that 1SG PROG carry true,,,,13540, +43-120,43,Sertu ile teng sorti. Nos ki teng mofinedja.,Sertu\tile\tteng\tsorti.\tNos\tki\tteng\tmofinedja.,sure\t3SG\thave\tluck\t1PL\tREL\thave\tbad.luck,He certainly is lucky. It is us who are unlucky.,,,906[94],,pedagogical grammar,"Sertu ile teng sorti. Nos ki teng mofinedja.",,sure 3SG have luck 1PL REL have bad.luck,,,,13541, +44-177,44,Mi táta kel yasé kel kása.,Mi\ttáta\tkel\tya-asé\tkel\tkása.,1SG.POSS\tfather\tREL\tPFV-make\tDEF\thouse,It is my father that built the house.,,"Kel, which has the functions of demonstrative and of definite article, and ke are used in relative clauses. Their distribution still needs to be studied.",,,elicited from speaker,Mi táta kel yasé kel kása.,Mi táta kel ya-asé kel kása.,1SG.POSS father REL PFV-make DEF house,"Kel, which has the functions of demonstrative and of definite article, and ke are used in relative clauses. Their distribution still needs to be studied.",Own data,,13542, +45-142,45,Un manzanas que ya come yo.,Un\tmanzanas\tque\tya\tcome\tyo.,INDF\tapple\tREL\tPFV\teat\t1SG,It was an apple that I ate.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Un manzanas que ya come yo.,,INDF apple REL PFV eat 1SG,,"Enrique Escalante, p.c.",,13543, +46-188,46,Amó!,Amó!,FOC.COP,(This is) correct!,,Amó functions both as a copula and a focus particle. It is a Philippine item as for example in Hiligaynon.,,,naturalistic spoken,Amó!,,FOC.COP,"Amó functions both as a copula and a focus particle. It is a Philippine item as for example in Hiligaynon.",Own knowledge,,13544, +47-212,47,Bo buki mi a lesa.,Bo\tbuki\tmi\ta\tlesa.,2SG\tbook\t1SG\tPFV\tread,(It is) your book I read.,,The translation is mine.,1024[109],,published source,Bo buki mi a lesa.,,2SG book 1SG PFV read,The translation is mine.,,,13545, +47-213,47,Un florin ela fia Leo.,Un\tflorin\tel\ta\tfia\tLeo.,INDF\tguilder\t3SG\tPFV\tlend\tLeo,A guilder (is what) he lent Leo.,,The translation is mine.,1024[135],,published source,Un florin ela fia Leo.,Un florin el a fia Leo.,INDF guilder 3SG PFV lend Leo,The translation is mine.,,,13546, +47-214,47,Ta un florin ela fia Leo.,Ta\tun\tflorin\tel\ta\tfia\tLeo.,COP\tINDF\tguilder\t3SG\tPFV\tlend\tLeo,(It is) a guilder (that) he lent Leo.,,The translation is mine.,1024[136],,published source,"Ta un florin ela fia Leo.",Ta un florin el a fia Leo.,COP INDF guilder 3SG PFV lend Leo,The translation is mine.,,,13547, +47-215,47,Ta e kakalaka e vruminganan a kome.,Ta\te\tkakalaka\te\tvruminga\tnan\ta\tkome.,COP\tDEF\tcockroach\tDEF\tant\tPL\tPFV\teat,It is the cockroach that the ants have eaten.,,,1022[43],,published source,"Ta e kakalaka e vruminganan a kome.",Ta e kakalaka e vruminga nan a kome.,COP DEF cockroach DEF ant PL PFV eat,,,,13548, +48-185,48,Era Huan kiene asé-ba asé eso.,Era\tHuan\tkiene\tasé-ba\tasé\teso.,be.PST\tJuan\twho\tdo-PST.HAB\tdo\tthis,It was Juan who used to do that.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Era Huan kiene asé-ba asé eso.,,be.PST Juan who do-PST.HAB do this,,Own knowledge,,13549,Spanish: Era Juan quien hacía eso. +49-319,49,Se papa m ki di m sa.,Se\tpapa\tm\tki\tdi\tm\tsa.,HL\tfather\t1SG.POSS\tREL\tsay\t1SG\tthat,It was my father who told me about it.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Se papa m ki di m sa.,,HL father 1SG.POSS REL say 1SG that,,Own knowledge,,13550,French: C'est mon père qui m'a dit ça. +49-320,49,Papa ki di m sa.,Papa\tki\tdi\tm\tsa.,father\t1SG\tREL\tsay\tthat,It was my father who told me about it.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Papa ki di m sa.,,father 1SG REL say that,,Own knowledge,,13551,French: C'est mon père qui m'a dit ça. +49-321,49,Se atè l donnen.,Se\tatè\tl\tdonnen.,HL\tto.ground\t3SG\tgive,It is to the ground that she gives (fruit).,,,483[159],,naturalistic spoken,Se atè l donnen.,,HL to.ground 3SG give,,,,13552,French: C'est à terre qu'elle donne (du fruit). +49-322,49,Atè l donnen.,Atè\tl\tdonnen.,to.ground\t3SG\tgive,It is to the ground that she gives (fruit).,,,483[159],,naturalistic spoken,Atè l donnen.,,to.ground 3SG give,,,,13553,French: C'est à terre qu'elle donne (du fruit). +50-196,50,Papa ki fè kaz-la.,Papa\tki\tfè\tkaz=la.,father\tREL\tdo\thouse=DEF,It is my father who built the house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Papa ki fè kaz-la.,Papa ki fè kaz=la.,father REL do house=DEF,,Own fieldwork,,13554, +50-197,50,Sé papa ki fè kaz-la.,Sé\tpapa\tki\tfè\tkaz=la.,FOC\tfather\tREL\tdo\thouse=DEF,It is my father who built the house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sé papa ki fè kaz-la.",Sé papa ki fè kaz=la.,FOC father REL do house=DEF,,Own fieldwork,,13555, +51-167,51,Sé papa ki fè kay-la.,Sé\tpapa\tki\tfè\tkay-la.,FOC\tfather\tREL\tdo\thouse-DEF,It is my father who built the house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sé papa ki fè kay-la.",,FOC father REL do house-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,13556, +51-168,51,Papa ki fè kay-la,Papa\tki\tfè\tkay-la,father\tREL\tdo\thouse-DEF,It is my father who built the house.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Papa ki fè kay-la,,father REL do house-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,13557, +52-107,52,a Georges ki di mo sa bèt-a,a\tGeorges\tki\tdi\tmo\tsa\tbèt-a,HL\tGeorge\tREL\tsay\tme\tDEM\tthing-DEM,It is George who told me that.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"a Georges ki di mo sa bèt-a",,HL George REL say me DEM thing-DEM,,Own knowledge,,13558, +53-381,53,Se li ki te sonye le mile.,Se\tli\tki\tte\tsonye\tle\tmile.,HL\t3SG\tREL\tPST\tfeed\tART.DEF.PL\tmule,It was he who fed the mules. OR: He was the one who fed the mules.,,,1048[339],,naturalistic spoken,"Se li ki te sonye le mile.",,HL 3SG REL PST feed ART.DEF.PL mule,,,,13559,French: C'est lui qui soignait les mulets. +53-382,53,Se mo popa k te konne di sa.,Se\tmo\tpopa\tk\tte\tkonne\tdi\tsa.,HL\t1SG\tfather\tREL\tPST\tHAB\tsay\tDEM,It was my father who used to say that.,,,722[226],,naturalistic spoken,Se mo popa k te konne di sa.,,HL 1SG father REL PST HAB say DEM,,,,13560, +53-383,53,Se sotchèn latè fose-la pase ann.,Se\tso-tchèn\tlatè\tfose-la\tpase\tann.,HL\t3SG.POSS-POSS\tland\tditch-ART.DEF.SG\tpass\ton,It's her land the ditch passes through.,,,722[229],,naturalistic spoken,Se sotchèn latè fose-la pase ann.,Se so-tchèn latè fose-la pase ann.,HL 3SG.POSS-POSS land ditch-ART.DEF.SG pass on,,,,13561, +54-226,54,"Bin, vréman, sé Pti Zan lé an ler laba.","Bin,\tvreman,\tse\tPti\tZan\tle\tanler\tlaba.",well\treally\tHL\tPti\tZan\tCOP.PRS\tup\tthere,"Well, really, it’s Pti Zan up there.",,Pti Zan is the main character in many local stories.,110[55],,naturalistic spoken,"Bin, vréman, sé Pti Zan lé an ler laba.","Bin, vreman, se Pti Zan le anler laba.",well really HL Pti Zan COP.PRS up there,Pti Zan is the main character in many local stories.,,,13562,"French: Eh bien, vraiment, c'est Petit Jean qui est là-haut ." +54-227,54,Sé lé zanfan ki souf.,Se\tle\tzanfan\tki\tsouf.,HL\tDEF.PL\tchild\tREL\tsuffer.,It's the children who suffer.,,,229[44],,naturalistic spoken,Sé lé zanfan ki souf.,Se le zanfan ki souf.,HL DEF.PL child REL suffer.,,,,13563,French: Ce sont les enfants qui souffrent. +55-192,55,mo papa mem ki ti dir mwa sa,mo\tpapa\tmem\tki\tti\tdir\tmwa\tsa,1SG\tfather\tHL\tREL\tPST\ttell\t1SG\tthat,It is my father who told me that. OR: My father told me that.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo papa mem ki ti dir mwa sa",,1SG father HL REL PST tell 1SG that,,Own knowledge,,13564, +55-193,55,se li ki ti fer sa,se\tli\tki\tti\tfer\tsa,COP\t3SG\tREL\tPST\tdo\tthat,It is s/he who did that.,,This structure is a recent calque from French but its use is rather marginal.,,,constructed by linguist,se li ki ti fer sa,,COP 3SG REL PST do that,This structure is a recent calque from French but its use is rather marginal.,Own knowledge,,13565, +55-194,55,se sa ki guverner labaṅk DE MAURICE mesye Indur Ramphal fin deklar MBC,se\tsa\tki\tguverner\tlabaṅk\tDE\tMAURICE\tmesye\tIndur\tRamphal\tfin\tdeklar\tMBC,COP\tDEM\tREL\tgovernor\tbank\tof\tMauritius\tMister\tIndur\tRamphal\tCOMPL\tdeclare\tMBC,That is what the governor of the bank of Mauritius Mr Indur Ramphal declared to MBC (Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation).,,,760,,naturalistic spoken,se sa ki guverner labaṅk DE MAURICE mesye Indur Ramphal fin deklar MBC,,COP DEM REL governor bank of Mauritius Mister Indur Ramphal COMPL declare MBC,,,,13566,"French: C'est ce qu'a déclaré le gouverneur de la banque de Maurice, M. Indur Ramphal, à la MBC." +55-196,55,mwa ki pu géj sa,mwa\tki\tpu\tgéj\tsa,1SG\tREL\tFUT\tget\tthis,That's me who will be blamed.,,,854[220],,naturalistic spoken,mwa ki pu géj sa,,1SG REL FUT get this,,,,13567,French: C'est moi qui vais tout prendre (à leur place). (Ludwig et al. 2001: 235) +56-200,56,Bann zonm ki danse sa tinge.,Bann\tzonm\tki\tdanse\tsa\ttinge.,PL\tman\tREL\tdance\tDEM\ttinge,It is/was only the men who danced the tinge (a kind of traditional dance).,,Here the non-marked verb has past reference because it is in a narrative context.,955[183],,naturalistic spoken,Bann zonm ki danse sa tinge.,,PL man REL dance DEM tinge,Here the non-marked verb has past reference because it is in a narrative context.,,,13568, +56-201,56,Se Pol (menm) ki 'n pran sa liv.,Se\tPol\t(menm)\tki\t'n\tpran\tsa\tliv.,HL\tPaul\t(himself)\tREL\tPRF\ttake\tDEM\tbook,It is Paul (himself) who has taken the book.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Se Pol (menm) ki 'n pran sa liv.",,HL Paul (himself) REL PRF take DEM book,,Own knowledge,,13569, +56-202,56,Sa Pol ki 'n pran sa liv.,Sa\tPol\tki\t'n\tpran\tsa\tliv.,HL\tPaul\tREL\tPRF\ttake\tDEM\tbook,It is Paul who took the book.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Sa Pol ki 'n pran sa liv.",,HL Paul REL PRF take DEM book,,Own knowledge,,13570, +56-203,56,Mon papa sa ki ti fer sa lakaz.,Mon\tpapa\tsa\tki\tti\tfer\tsa\tlakaz.,POSS\tfather\tHL\tREL\tPST\tmake\tDEM\thouse,It is really my father who constructed this/the house.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Mon papa sa ki ti fer sa lakaz.",,POSS father HL REL PST make DEM house,,Own knowledge,,13571, +56-204,56,Martin menm ki pe travay plis.,Martin\tmenm\tki\tpe\ttravay\tplis.,Martin\tHL\tREL\tPROG\twork\tmost,It is really Martin who is working most.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Martin menm ki pe travay plis.",,Martin HL REL PROG work most,,Own knowledge,,13572, +58-129,58,Si mukanda yayi ya yandi sumb-aka.,Si\tmukanda\tyayi\tya\tyandi\tsumb-aka.,FOC\tbook\tthis\tREL\the\tbuy-PST,It is this book he bought.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Si mukanda yayi ya yandi sumb-aka.",,FOC book this REL he buy-PST,,Own knowledge,,13573, +59-334,59,eski mbi laa mbi tene na mo tene?,eski\tmbi\tlaa\tmbi\ttene\tna\tmo\ttene?,Q\t1SG\tFOC\t1SG\tsay\tPREP\t2SG\tword,Is it I who said it to you?,,Eski is borrowed from French est-ce que.,,,naturalistic spoken,"eski mbi laa mbi tene na mo tene?",,Q 1SG FOC 1SG say PREP 2SG word,"Eski is borrowed from French est-ce que.",Samarin corpus 1994,,13574, +59-335,59,ni laa mbi kpe mbi ga so,ni\tlaa\tmbi\tkpe\tmbi\tga\tso,DET\tFOC\t1SG\trun\t1SG\tcome\tthus,That's the reason I ran here.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"ni laa mbi kpe mbi ga so",,DET FOC 1SG run 1SG come thus,,Samarin corpus 1994,,13575, +59-336,59,amafuta ta azo laa amu na lo,amafuta\tti\tazo\tlaa\tamu\tna\tlo,PL.fat\tof\tPL.person\tFOC\tSM.give\tPREP\t3SG,It was pieces of fatty human flesh that he gave to her.,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"amafuta ta azo laa amu na lo",amafuta ti azo laa amu na lo,PL.fat of PL.person FOC SM.give PREP 3SG,,,,13576, +59-337,59,kwe gi kwa laa?!,kwe\tgi\tkwa\tlaa?!,everything\tonly\twork\tFOC,Is everything just work?!,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"kwe gi kwa laa?!",,everything only work FOC,,,,13577, +59-338,59,ake melenge ti lo so adui na ya ti da ti kogaar ti lo aninga laa asigi na nda ni,ake\tmelenge\tti\tlo\tso\tduti\tna\tya\tti\tda\tti\tkogara\tti\tlo\taninga\tlaa\tasigi\tna\tnda\tni,SM.COP\tchild\tof\t3SG\tREL\tSM.sit\tPREP\tinside\tof\thouse\tof\tin-law\tof\t3SG\tSM.be.long.time\tFOC\tSM.come.out\tPREP\texplanation\tDET,It was her child who lived in her in-law's house for a long time who explained the situation. OR: ... who explained what had happened.,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,"ake melenge ti lo so adui na ya ti da ti kogaar ti lo aninga laa asigi na nda ni",ake melenge ti lo so duti na ya ti da ti kogara ti lo aninga laa asigi na nda ni,SM.COP child of 3SG REL SM.sit PREP inside of house of in-law of 3SG SM.be.long.time FOC SM.come.out PREP explanation DET,,,,13578, +59-339,59,(ake) baba ti mbi si amu na mbi,(a-ke)\tbaba\tti\tmbi\tsi\ta-mu\tna\tmbi,(PM-COP)\tfather\tof\t1SG\tFOC\tPM-give\tPREP\t1SG,It was my father who gave it to me.,,"As indicated in 'primary text', the predicate 'it is/was' can be omitted.",,,constructed by linguist,"(ake) baba ti mbi si amu na mbi",(a-ke) baba ti mbi si a-mu na mbi,(PM-COP) father of 1SG FOC PM-give PREP 1SG,"As indicated in 'primary text', the predicate 'it is/was' can be omitted.",Own knowledge,,13579, +59-340,59,so veni si i ken',so\tveni\tsi\ti\tken',DEM\titself\tFOC\t1PL\treject,It's this that we reject.,,,1320[107],,naturalistic spoken,"so veni si i ken'",,DEM itself FOC 1PL reject,,,,13580, +59-342,59,koli ti mbi la ape,koli\tti\tmbi\tla\tape,man\tof\t1SG\tFOC\tNEG,It's not my man (husband).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"koli ti mbi la ape",,man of 1SG FOC NEG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,13581, +59-343,59,zo wa la atene mo ga zo wa?!,zo\twa\tla\ta-tene\tmo\tga\tzo\twa?!,person\twhat\tFOC\tPM-say\t2SG\tcome\tperson\twhat,Who in the world told you to come?!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"zo wa la atene mo ga zo wa?!",zo wa la a-tene mo ga zo wa?!,person what FOC PM-say 2SG come person what,,Samarin corpus 1994,,13582, +60-149,60,Pierre moto abétákí Paul,Pierre\tmoto\ta-bét-ákí\tPaul,Pierre\tHL\t3SG-hit-PST\tPaul,It was Pierre who hit Paul.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"Pierre moto abétákí Paul",Pierre moto a-bét-ákí Paul,Pierre HL 3SG-hit-PST Paul,,Own knowledge,,13583, +60-150,60,Paul moto Pierre abétákí,Paul\tmoto\tPierre\ta-bét-ákí,Paul\tHL\tPierre\t3SG-hit-PST,It is Paul whom Pierre hit.,,,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"Paul moto Pierre abétákí",Paul moto Pierre a-bét-ákí,Paul HL Pierre 3SG-hit-PST,,Own knowledge,,13584, +62-99,62,si mzemó akutí?i haráza,si\tm-zeu-mó\ta-ku-ti?i\tharaza,NEG.COP\t1-herd-NMLZ\t3SG-COND-carry\tin.river,It is not the herdsman who brought them to the river.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,si mzemó akutí?i haráza,si m-zeu-mó a-ku-ti?i haraza,NEG.COP 1-herd-NMLZ 3SG-COND-carry in.river,,Own field data 1993,,13585, +63-194,63,ána ya al ásuru kurá tái dé,ána\tya\tal\tásuru\tkurá\ttái\tdé,1SG\tFOC\tREL\ttie.up\tleg\tmine\tDEF,I am the one who tied up my leg.,,,1574[257],,naturalistic spoken,"ána ya al ásuru kurá tái dé",,1SG FOC REL tie.up leg mine DEF,,,,13586, +63-195,63,dé rábana yá kútu je dé,dé\trábana\tyá\tkútu\tje\tdé,DEF\tGod\tFOC\tput\tlike\tthis,God is the one who is putting it like this.,,,1574[258],,naturalistic spoken,"dé rábana yá kútu je dé",,DEF God FOC put like this,,,,13587, +64-212,64,anína yáwu birówa géru haját del,anína\tyáwu\tbi=rówa\tgéru\thaj-át\tdel,1PL\tTOP\tIRR=go\tchange\tthing-PL\tDEM.PROX.PL,It's us that will change these things.,,,874[112],,naturalistic spoken,"anína yáwu birówa géru haját del","anína yáwu bi=rówa géru haj-át del",1PL TOP IRR=go change thing-PL DEM.PROX.PL,,,,13588, +64-214,64,yawú de ke,yawú\tde\tke,FOC\tDEM.PROX\tlike.this,It is like that.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"yawú de ke",,FOC DEM.PROX like.this,,Own knowledge,,13589, +66-120,66,Go aayər jo miinung.,Go\taayər\tjo\tmiinung.,1SG\twater\tFOC\tdrink,It’s water that I am drinking.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Go aayər jo miinung.",Go aayər jo miinung.,1SG water FOC drink,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,13590, +67-212,67,Itu selalu tinggal sini punya orang pakai ini pasar ah.,Itu\tselalu\ttinggal\tsini\tpunya\torang\tpakai\tini\tpasar\tah.,HL\talways\tlive\there\tREL\tperson\tuse\tDEM\tmarket\tEMPH,It is the people living here [who] use this market.,,,708[341],,naturalistic spoken,Itu selalu tinggal sini punya orang pakai ini pasar ah.,,HL always live here REL person use DEM market EMPH,,,,13591, +68-124,68,"Baru dong ketauan itu daun, bukan uang yang di situ.","Baru\tdong\tketauan\titu\tdaun,\tbukan\tuang\tyang\tdi\tsitu.",just\t3PL\trealize\tDEM\tleaf\tNEG\tmoney\tREL\tLOC\tover.there,"Only then did they realize that it was leaves, not money, that was over there.",,,1178[631],,naturalistic spoken,"Baru dong ketauan itu daun, bukan uang yang di situ.",,just 3PL realize DEM leaf NEG money REL LOC over.there,,,,13592, +71-185,71,Bia no kela mea maua inu.,Bia\tno\t[kela\tmea\tmaua\tinu].,beer\tINTENS\t[DET\tthing\t1DU\tdrink],Beer is what we drank.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Bia no kela mea maua inu.",Bia no [kela mea maua inu].,beer INTENS [DET thing 1DU drink],,Own data 1897,,13593, +71-186,71,Oe ka mea pepehi kela wahine oe.,Oe\t[ka\tmea\tpepehi\tkela\twahine\toe].,2SG\t[DEF\tthing\tbeat\tDET\twife\t2SG.POSS],You're the one who beat your wife.,,,,,naturalistic written,Oe ka mea pepehi kela wahine oe.,Oe [ka mea pepehi kela wahine oe].,2SG [DEF thing beat DET wife 2SG.POSS],,own data 1900,,13594, +72-157,72,Bat datsda karungku i bin pangkily im.,Bat\tdatsda\tkaru-ngku\ti\tbin\tpangkily\tim.,but\tFOC\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\thit.on.head\t3SG.OBJ,But it was the child who hit him on the head.,,,583,8d4c71362d6d5071b9107b8bee642ad2,naturalistic spoken,Bat datsda karungku i bin pangkily im.,Bat datsda karu-ngku i bin pangkily im.,but FOC child-ERG 3SG.SBJ PST hit.on.head 3SG.OBJ,,,,13595, +73-110,73,bosmu todo platami dasha,bos-mu\ttodo\tplata-mi\tda-sha,2SG-ALL\tall\tmoney-AFF\tgive-1SG.FUT,I will give you all the money.,,The non-canonical non-first constituent position of -mi affirmative marks focus.,,,elicited from speaker,bosmu todo platami dasha,bos-mu todo plata-mi da-sha,2SG-ALL all money-AFF give-1SG.FUT,"The non-canonical non-first constituent position of -mi affirmative marks focus.",Field notes,,13596, +75-266,75,Mu nipaenglet awa kaawanihak.,Mu\tnipaenglet\tawa\tkaa-wanih-ak.,1.POSS\tclasp\tthis.ANIM.PROX.SG\tREL-lose.him-1.SBJ.3.OBJ,It is this clasp of mine that I lost.,,,789[62],,naturalistic written,Mu nipaenglet awa kaawanihak.,Mu nipaenglet awa kaa-wanih-ak.,1.POSS clasp this.ANIM.PROX.SG REL-lose.him-1.SBJ.3.OBJ,,,,13597, +1-248,1,Da koksi ju koksi mi.,Da\tkoksi\tyu\tkoksi\tmi.,it.be\tmock\t2SG\tmock\t1SG,You are really mocking me.,,,1357[84],,written (dictionary),"Da koksi ju koksi mi.",Da koksi yu koksi mi.,it.be mock 2SG mock 1SG,,,,13598,German: Du hast recht deinen Spott mit mir. [op.cit.] +2-275,2,"A musu de feti den ben feti, yu sabi.","A\tmusu\tde\tfeti\tden\tben\tfeti,\tyu\tsabi.",3SG\tmust\tCOP\tfight\t3PL\tPST\tfight\t2SG\tknow,"They must have been fighting, you know.",,,1606[98],,naturalistic spoken,"A musu de feti den ben feti, yu sabi.",,3SG must COP fight 3PL PST fight 2SG know,,,,13599, +2-276,2,A stik yu o stik a pikin.,A\tstik\tyu\to\tstik\ta\tpikin.,FOC\tstifle\t2SG\tFUT\tstifle\tDET\tchild,You’ll suffocate the child this way.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"A stik yu o stik a pikin.",,FOC stifle 2SG FUT stifle DET child,,"Winford data, Tape 13-a",,13600, +2-277,2,Na kon yu e kon fu teki a moni kba?,Na\tkon\tyu\te\tkon\tfu\tteki\ta\tmoni\tkba?,FOC\tcome\t2SG\tIPFV\tcome\tfor\ttake\tDET\tmoney\talready,You’ve come already to take the money?,,,1585[47],,naturalistic spoken,"Na kon yu e kon fu teki a moni kba?",,FOC come 2SG IPFV come for take DET money already,,,,13601, +3-148,3,Síki dí wómi síki.,Síki\tdí\twómi\tsíki.,be.sick\tDEF.SG\tman\tbe.sick,The man is really sick.,,,1539[20],,naturalistic spoken,Síki dí wómi síki.,,be.sick DEF.SG man be.sick,,,,13602, +4-176,4,Na sutu a musu e sutu en anga nefi.,Na\tsutu\ta\tmusu\te\tsutu\ten\tanga\tnefi.,COP/FOC\tshoot\the\tmust\tIPFV\tshoot\thim\twith\tknife,What he must be doing is stabbing him with a knife.,,,661[322],,naturalistic spoken,Na sutu a musu e sutu en anga nefi.,,COP/FOC shoot he must IPFV shoot him with knife,,,,13603, +5-175,5,"a ron di baai ron, a no waak ii waak","a\tron\tdi\tbaai\tron,\ta\tno\twaak\tii\twaak",FOC\trun\tthe\tboy\trun\tFOC\tNEG\twalk\t3SG\twalk,"The boy RAN, he didn't walk.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"a ron di baai ron, a no waak ii waak",,FOC run the boy run FOC NEG walk 3SG walk,,Own knowledge,,13604, +6-110,6,Is lash he lash me.,Is\tlash\the\tlash\tme.,FOC\tstrike\t3SG.M\tstrike\t1SG.OBJ,What he really did was strike me.,,,1431[77],,constructed by linguist,Is lash he lash me.,,FOC strike 3SG.M strike 1SG.OBJ,,,,13605, +6-113,6,Iz walk he walkin.,Iz\twalk\the\twalkin.,is\twalk.PROG\t3SG.M\twalk.PROG,He really is walking (and not taking the bus).,,,1431[77],,constructed by linguist,Iz walk he walkin.,,is walk.PROG 3SG.M walk.PROG,,,,13606, +7-251,7,A tiif i tiif mek dem faiya uhm.,A\ttiif\ti\ttiif\tmek\tdem\tfaiya\tuhm.,FOC\tthief\t3SG\tthief\tmake\t3PL\tfire\t3SG,It was because he committed theft that they fired him.,,A causal relationship can be highlighted by the doubling of the verb using focus particle and mek ('make').,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,A tiif i tiif mek dem faiya uhm.,,FOC thief 3SG thief make 3PL fire 3SG,"A causal relationship can be highlighted by the doubling of the verb using focus particle and mek ('make').",Own knowledge,,13607, +7-252,7,A sing yo a sing?,A\tsing\tyo\ta\tsing?,FOC\tsing\t2SG\tPROG\tsing,Are you really singing?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,A sing yo a sing?,,FOC sing 2SG PROG sing,,Own knowledge,,13608, +8-157,8,"A swel it swel, luk da. A bigfut dem gi mi.","A\tswel\tit\tswel,\tluk\tda.\tA\tbigfut\tdem\tgi\tmi.",FOC\tswell\t3SG\tswell\tlook\tthere\tFOC\tbigfoot\t3PL\tgive\t1SG,"It really swelled up, look there. Someone caused me to have elephantiasis. OR: It really swelled up, look there. Someone gave me the bigfoot.",,"The first translation is mine, while the other translation is that given by Patrick (2007: 138).",1188[138],,naturalistic spoken,"A swel it swel, luk da. A bigfut dem gi mi.",,FOC swell 3SG swell look there FOC bigfoot 3PL give 1SG,"The first translation is mine, while the other translation is that given by Patrick (2007: 138).",,,13609, +8-158,8,A tiif Piita tiif di yam.,A\ttiif\tPiita\ttiif\tdi\tyam.,FOC\tsteal\tPeter\tsteal\tDET\tyam,Steal the yam is what Peter did.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,A tiif Piita tiif di yam.,,FOC steal Peter steal DET yam,,Own knowledge,,13610, +9-195,9,Da dril dey me de dril.,Da\tdril\tdey\tme\tde\tdril.,TOP\tdrill\t3PL\tANT\tPROG\tdrill,What they did was to drill (for oil).,,,429,,naturalistic spoken,Da dril dey me de dril.,,TOP drill 3PL ANT PROG drill,,,,13611, +10-243,10,"Francy breda staat laaf, an se da faam ihn wende faam.","Francy\tbreda\tstaat\tlaaf,\tan\tse\tda\tfaam\tihn\twende\tfaam.",Francy\tbrother\tstart\tlaugh\tand\tsay\tFOC\tpretend\t3SG\tANT.PROG\tpretend,"Francy's brother started to laugh, and said that Francy was just pretending.",,Original translation from ABC Stuoriz (p. 51).,,,naturalistic written,"Francy breda staat laaf, an se da faam ihn wende faam.",,Francy brother start laugh and say FOC pretend 3SG ANT.PROG pretend,Original translation from ABC Stuoriz (p. 51).,ABC Stuoriz,,13612, +10-244,10,Da kliin ihn wehn de kliin an no de kuk.,Da\tkliin\tihn\twehn\tde\tkliin\tan\tno\tde\tkuk.,FOC\tclean\t3SG\tANT\tPROG\tclean\tand\tNEG\tPROG\tcook,She was cleaning and not cooking.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Da kliin ihn wehn de kliin an no de kuk.",,FOC clean 3SG ANT PROG clean and NEG PROG cook,,Field notes 2008,,13613, +11-318,11,Shi jos mi de faam.,Shi\tjos\tmi\tde\tfaam.,3SG.F\tjust\tPST\tPROG\tpretend,She was just pretending.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Shi jos mi de faam.",,3SG.F just PST PROG pretend,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,13614, +12-262,12,What - why I believe whe- where it d- where - where it actually come from is by trusting God.,[...]\twhere\tit\tactually\tcome\tfrom\tis\tby\ttrusting\tGod.,[...]\twhere\t3SG.N.SBJ\tactually\tcome\tfrom\tCOP\tby\ttrust.PROG\tGod,[...] where it actually comes from is trust in God.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,What - why I believe whe- where it d- where - where it actually come from is by trusting God.,[...] where it actually come from is by trusting God.,[...] where 3SG.N.SBJ actually come from COP by trust.PROG God,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13615, +15-135,15,na waka nɔmɔ dɛm bin de waka,na\twaka\tnɔmɔ\tdɛm\tbin\tde\twaka,FOC\twalk\tonly\t3PL\tPST\tPROG\twalk,They were just walking.,,,518[70],,naturalistic written,na waka nɔmɔ dɛm bin de waka,,FOC walk only 3PL PST PROG walk,,,,13616, +16-153,16,ì bì bus è gò bus,ì\tbì\tbus\t[è\tgò\tbus],3SG\tCOP\tbooze\t[3SG\tFUT\tbooze],It is drunk that he will get (by all means).,,,656[187],,naturalistic spoken,ì bì bus è gò bus,ì bì bus [è gò bus],3SG COP booze [3SG FUT booze],,,,13617, +17-184,17,Nà wàka we̱ à wàka.,Nà\twàka\twe̱\tà\twàka.,HL\twalk\tREL\t1SG.SBJ\twalk,It is walking that I did.,,,462[120],,naturalistic spoken,Nà wàka we̱ à wàka.,,HL walk REL 1SG.SBJ walk,,,,13618, +18-168,18,"Na waka we a waka, a no bin run.","Na\twaka\twe\ta\twaka,\ta\tno\tbin\trun.",FOC.COP\twalk\tREL\t1SG.SBJ\twalk\t1SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPST\trun,"It was walking that I did, not running.",,,97,,elicited from speaker,"Na waka we a waka, a no bin run.",,FOC.COP walk REL 1SG.SBJ walk 1SG.SBJ NEG PST run,,,,13619, +19-199,19,Nà go à dè go ò.,Nà\tgo\tà\tdè\tgo\tò.,FOC\tgo\t1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\tgo\tSENT.PCL,"Mind you, I'm going.",,,1634[298],,naturalistic spoken,"Nà go à dè go ò.",,FOC go 1SG.SBJ IPFV go SENT.PCL,,,,13620, +25-329,25,Theya na yu bringim na!,Theya\tna\tyu\tbring-im\tna!,there\tnow\t2SG\tbring-TR\tnow,"There, you bring it!",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of na 'now' as a verb focus particle.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Theya na yu bringim na!",Theya na yu bring-im na!,there now 2SG bring-TR now,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of na 'now' as a verb focus particle.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,13621, +26-115,26,deɪ plɛin ɔ faɪtin? deɪ plɛin,deɪ\tplɛ-in\tɔ\tfaɪt-in,3PL\tplay-PROG\tor\tfight-PROG,Are they playing or fighting? They are playing.,,The verb is not doubled.,,,constructed by linguist,deɪ plɛin ɔ faɪtin? deɪ plɛin,deɪ plɛ-in ɔ faɪt-in,3PL play-PROG or fight-PROG,The verb is not doubled.,Own knowledge,,13622, +27-130,27,[...] a lak am lo lak!,[...]\ta\tlak\tam\tlo\tlak!,[...]\tCOP\tlaugh\t3SG\tPROG\tlaugh,[...] he was laughing!,,,355[63],,naturalistic spoken,[...] a lak am lo lak!,,[...] COP laugh 3SG PROG laugh,,,,13623, +28-184,28,da muso wa mutɛ,da\tmu\tso\to\twa\tmu-tɛ,COP\tgo\tFOC\t3SG\tPST\tgo-PFV,He had really gone.,,,737[438],,naturalistic spoken,"da muso wa mutɛ",da mu so o wa mu-tɛ,COP go FOC 3SG PST go-PFV,,,,13624, +28-185,28,"di potman, da blɛndso bigintɛ blɛndɛ","di\tpotɛ-man,\tda\tblɛndɛ\tso\to\tbigin-tɛ\tblɛndɛ",the\told-man\tCOP\tblind\tFOC\t3SG\tbegin-PFV\tblind,"The father, he began to really get blind.",,,750[40],,naturalistic spoken,"di potman, da blɛndso bigintɛ blɛndɛ","di potɛ-man, da blɛndɛ so o bigin-tɛ blɛndɛ",the old-man COP blind FOC 3SG begin-PFV blind,,,,13625, +29-207,29,Sukkel sal hy sukkel!,Sukkel\tsal\thy\tsukkel!,struggle\tshall\t3SG.M.NOM\tstruggle,He will jolly well struggle!,,"Verb-doubling is emphatic and, in the above case, expresses an inevitability of which the speaker is very convinced (and by which (s)he is rather pleased, i.e. there is an affective component to the meaning expressed here).",,,naturalistic spoken,Sukkel sal hy sukkel!,,struggle shall 3SG.M.NOM struggle,"Verb-doubling is emphatic and, in the above case, expresses an inevitability of which the speaker is very convinced (and by which (s)he is rather pleased, i.e. there is an affective component to the meaning expressed here).",Own knowledge,,13626, +29-208,29,Wen sal hy nie wen nie!,Wen\tsal\thy\tnie\twen\tnie!,win\tshall\t3SG.M.NOM\tNEG\twin\tNEG,He certainly won't be winning!,,Compare Example 207.,,,naturalistic written,Wen sal hy nie wen nie!,,win shall 3SG.M.NOM NEG win NEG,Compare Example 207.,Own knowledge,,13627, +29-209,29,Oefen OEFEN hy!,Oefen\tOEFEN\thy!,practise\tpractise\t3SG.M.NOM,Practise he certainly does! / There's no doubt he's practising!,,This is another emphatic structure; interpretation very similar to the English form ('Practice he certainly does!'). The stress pattern is necessarily as indicated.,,,naturalistic spoken,Oefen OEFEN hy!,,practise practise 3SG.M.NOM,This is another emphatic structure; interpretation very similar to the English form ('Practice he certainly does!'). The stress pattern is necessarily as indicated.,Own knowledge,,13628, +29-210,29,SKRYF skryf hy NIE!,SKRYF\tskryf\thy\tNIE!,write\twrite\t3SG.M.NOM\tNEG,He just won't WRITE! / He's certainly not writing!,,The initial verb and the negator are necessarily stressed here. This structure expresses exasperation.,,,naturalistic spoken,SKRYF skryf hy NIE!,,write write 3SG.M.NOM NEG,The initial verb and the negator are necessarily stressed here. This structure expresses exasperation.,Own knowledge,,13629, +32-175,32,"Tánia so andá, el ka korrê.","Tánia\tso\tandá,\tel\tka\tkorrê.",Tánia\tonly\twalk\t3SG\tNEG\trun,"Tánia only walked, she didn't run.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"Tánia so andá, el ka korrê.",,Tánia only walk 3SG NEG run,,Own knowledge,,13630,"Portuguese: A Tánia só andou, não correu." +33-228,33,"Kuri ku i na kuri, i ka na bua.","Kuri\tku\ti\tna\tkuri,\ti\tka\tna\tbua.",run\tREL\t3SG\tPROG\trun\t3SG\tNEG\tPROG\tfly,"He is running, he is not flying.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Kuri ku i na kuri, i ka na bua.",,run REL 3SG PROG run 3SG NEG PROG fly,,Own knowledge,,13631, +34-194,34,I kumé ku N sá ku yel.,Ø\ti\tkumé\tku\tN\tØ\tsá\tku\tyel.,PFV\tCOP\teat\tREL.OBJ\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\tCOP\twith\t3SG.INDP,I am EATING [and not doing something else]. OR: What I'm doing is eating.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I kumé ku N sá ku yel.,Ø i kumé ku N Ø sá ku yel.,PFV COP eat REL.OBJ 1SG.SBJ PFV COP with 3SG.INDP,,Own knowledge,,13632, +35-230,35,"Bô ska bêbê! – Inô, kume so n ska kume.","Bô\tska\tbêbê!\t–\tInô,\tkume\tso\tn\tska\tkume.",2SG\tPROG\tdrink\t–\tno\teat\tFOC\t1SG\tPROG\teat,"You are drinking! – No, I am eating.",,,,77da7ef46bba93ab8afb10df51b2d17d,elicited from speaker,"Bô ska bêbê! – Inô, kume so n ska kume.",,2SG PROG drink – no eat FOC 1SG PROG eat,,Own data,,13633, +35-231,35,"Mosu ska nda. Inô, kôlê so ê ska kôlê.","Mosu\tska\tnda.\tInô,\tkôlê\tso\tê\tska\tkôlê.",boy\tPROG\twalk\tno\trun\tFOC\t3SG\tPROG\trun,"The boy is walking. No, he is running.",,,,03262071d51c5a2f1567dd8242a90225,elicited from speaker,"Mosu ska nda. Inô, kôlê so ê ska kôlê.",,boy PROG walk no run FOC 3SG PROG run,,Own data,,13634, +36-143,36,"Ô thêka m’me? – Inga, bêbê thô ma n thêka bêbê.","Ô\tthêka\tm’me?\t–\tInga,\tbêbê\tthô\tma\tn\tthêka\tbêbê.",2SG\tPROG\teat\t–\tno\tdrink\tFOC\tREL\t1SG\tPROG\tdrink,"Are you eating? – No, I'm drinking.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ô thêka m’me? – Inga, bêbê thô ma n thêka bêbê.",,2SG PROG eat – no drink FOC REL 1SG PROG drink,,Own fieldwork data 2008,,13635, +37-181,37,"Txi sa kume a? – Ade ô, bêbê êli ki n sa bêbê.","Txi\tsa\tkume\ta?\t–\tAde\tô,\tbêbê\têli\tki\tn\tsa\tbêbê.",2SG\tPROG\teat\tQ\t–\tno\tVAL\tdrink\tFOC\tREL\t1SG\tPROG\tdrink,"Are you eating? – No, I am drinking.",,,905[144],,elicited from speaker,"Txi sa kume a? – Ade ô, bêbê êli ki n sa bêbê.",,2SG PROG eat Q – no VAL drink FOC REL 1SG PROG drink,,,,13636, +40-139,40,"Khure-n el nu ti khure-n, el ti marʧa-n.","Khure-n\tel\tnu\tti\tkhure-n,\tel\tti\tmarʧa-n.",run-PROG\t3SG\tNEG\tPST\trun-PROG\t3SG\tPST\twalk-PROG,"S/he wasn't running, s/he was walking.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"Khure-n el nu ti khure-n, el ti marʧa-n.",,run-PROG 3SG NEG PST run-PROG 3SG PST walk-PROG,,Own knowledge,,13637, +41-170,41,"tandaa see, eev mesandaa, senaa maay mesandaa, senaa sara kisantaa mee","ta-andaa\tsee,\teev\tmes-andaa,\tsenaa\tmaay\tmes-andaa,\tsenaa\tsara\tki-santaa\tmee",PRS-go\tCOND\t1SG\tOBLIG-go\tor\tmother\tOBLIG-go\tor\tCOND\tNMLZ-sit\tFOC,"If she goes, I must go or her mother must go, otherwise she has to sit here. [i.e. the daughter is not allowed to leave the home unaccompanied.]",,"This example shows that verb focus is achieved using the focus particle, not by verb doubling.",1416[5257],,naturalistic spoken,"tandaa see, eev mesandaa, senaa maay mesandaa, senaa sara kisantaa mee","ta-andaa see, eev mes-andaa, senaa maay mes-andaa, senaa sara ki-santaa mee",PRS-go COND 1SG OBLIG-go or mother OBLIG-go or COND NMLZ-sit FOC,"This example shows that verb focus is achieved using the focus particle, not by verb doubling.",,,13638, +42-190,42,"Juang ja andá seja, eli ńgka kuré lá","Juang\tja\tandá\tseja,\teli\tńgka\tkuré\tlá",Juang\tPFV\twalk\tjust\t3SG\tNEG\trun\tEMPH,"Juang just walked, he didn't run.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Juang ja andá seja, eli ńgka kuré lá",,Juang PFV walk just 3SG NEG run EMPH,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,13639, +44-178,44,"Ya kaminá numá Tʃéri, no ya kohré.","Ya\tkaminá\tnumá\tTʃéri,\tno\tya\tkohré.",PFV\twalk\tjust\tCherry\tNEG\tPFV\trun,"Cherry was walking, not running.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ya kaminá numá Tʃéri, no ya kohré.",,PFV walk just Cherry NEG PFV run,,Own data,,13640, +45-143,45,"Ta camina Juan, no ta curri na plaza.","Ta\tcamina\tJuan,\tno\tta\tcurri\tna\tplaza.",IPFV\twalk\tJuan\tNEG\tIPFV\trun\tLOC\tmarket,"It was walking that Juan did in the market, not running.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta camina Juan, no ta curri na plaza.",,IPFV walk Juan NEG IPFV run LOC market,,Own data,,13641, +47-216,47,Ta tin mes mi no tin!,Ta\ttin\tmes\tmi\tno\ttin!,COP\thave\tEMPH\t1SG\tNEG\thave,I really don't have it.,,,1022[49],,published source,"Ta tin mes mi no tin!",,COP have EMPH 1SG NEG have,,,,13642, +47-217,47,Bini lo mi bini sigur.,Bini\tlo\tmi\tbini\tsigur.,come\tMOOD\t1SG\tcome\tcertain,I will certainly come.,,,1022[49],,published source,"Bini lo mi bini sigur.",,come MOOD 1SG come certain,,,,13643, +47-218,47,Ta djis fia ma fiabo e buki.,Ta\tdjis\tfia\tmi\ta\tfia\tbo\te\tbuki.,COP\tjust\tlend\t1SG\tPFV\tlend\t2SG\tDEF\tbook,I have merely lent you the book (not given it).,,,732[212],,published source,Ta djis fia ma fiabo e buki.,Ta djis fia mi a fia bo e buki.,COP just lend 1SG PFV lend 2SG DEF book,,,,13644, +49-323,49,Se chire Siltana te chire rad la.,Se\tchire\tSiltana\tte\tchire\trad\tla.,HL\ttear\tSultana\tANT\ttear\tclothes\tDEF,Sultana had torn the clothes.,,,371[42],,naturalistic spoken,Se chire Siltana te chire rad la.,,HL tear Sultana ANT tear clothes DEF,,,,13645,French: Sultana avait déchiré le vêtement. +49-324,49,Se dòmi Mari ta domi.,Se\tdòmi\tMari\tta\tdomi.,HL\tsleep\tMarie\tCOND\tsleep,Marie would like to sleep.,,,371[42],,naturalistic spoken,Se dòmi Mari ta domi.,,HL sleep Marie COND sleep,,,,13646,French: Marie voudrait bien dormir. +49-325,49,Se vini pou lapli a vini.,Se\tvini\tpou\tlapli\ta\tvini.,HL\tcome\tMOD\train\tDEF\tcome,It's about time that it starts raining.,,,371[42],,naturalistic spoken,Se vini pou lapli a vini.,,HL come MOD rain DEF come,,,,13647,French: Il faudrait que la pluie vienne. +50-199,50,Achté mwen achté'y.,Achté\tmwen\tachté='y.,buy\t1SG\tbuy=3SG,I did buy it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Achté mwen achté'y.,Achté mwen achté='y.,buy 1SG buy=3SG,,Own fieldwork,,13648, +50-200,50,Bat Ijénie ka bat Ijenn.,Bat\tIjénie\tka\tbat\tIjenn.,beat\tIjénie\tPROG\tbeat\tIjenn,It's beating what Ijénie does with Ijenn. OR: Ijénie is really beating Ijenn.,,This sentence presupposes Ka Ijénie ka fè?,848[95],,naturalistic spoken,Bat Ijénie ka bat Ijenn.,,beat Ijénie PROG beat Ijenn,"This sentence presupposes Ka Ijénie ka fè?",,,13649, +50-201,50,Sé bat Ijéni ka bat Ijenn.,Sé\tbat\tIjéni\tka\tbat\tIjenn.,FOC\tbeat\tIjéni\tPROG\tbeat\tIjenn,It's beating which Ijéni does/is doing with Ijenn.,,,848[95],,constructed by author and approved by speaker,Sé bat Ijéni ka bat Ijenn.,,FOC beat Ijéni PROG beat Ijenn,,,,13650, +50-202,50,Sé bat menm Ijéni ka bat Ijenn.,Sé\tbat\tmenm\tIjéni\tka\tbat\tIjenn.,FOC\tbeat\tINTENS\tIjéni\tPROG\tbeat\tIjenn,It's really beating what Ijéni does/is doing with Ijenn.,,"This sentence presupposes: ""Or does she do other things with him?"".",853,,naturalistic spoken,Sé bat menm Ijéni ka bat Ijenn.,,FOC beat INTENS Ijéni PROG beat Ijenn,"This sentence presupposes: ""Or does she do other things with him?"".",,,13651, +51-169,51,Achté man achté'y.,Achté\tman\tachté'y.,buy\t1SG\tbuy.3SG,I did buy it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Achté man achté'y.",,buy 1SG buy.3SG,,Own fieldwork,,13652, +58-130,58,Ku-dia yayi ya yandi ke dia.,Ku-dia\tyayi\tya\tyandi\tke\tdia.,INF-eat\tthis\tCONN\the\tbe\teat,(It's) the (particular) way he is eating.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ku-dia yayi ya yandi ke dia.",,INF-eat this CONN he be eat,,Own knowledge,,13653, +59-344,59,mbi vo vongo pepe,mbi\tvo\tvo-ngo\tpepe,1SG\tbuy\tbuy-NMLZ\tNEG,I didn't buy it (because someone gave it to me).,,,1320[134],,naturalistic spoken,mbi vo vongo pepe,mbi vo vo-ngo pepe,1SG buy buy-NMLZ NEG,,,,13654, +59-345,59,Azo avo gi vongo.,a-zo\ta-vo\tgi\tvo-ngo,PL-person\tPM-buy\tonly\tbuy-NMLZ,People just buy it (without subscribing to the newspaper).,,,1320[134],,naturalistic written,Azo avo gi vongo.,a-zo a-vo gi vo-ngo,PL-person PM-buy only buy-NMLZ,,,,13655, +60-151,60,"adéfísákí yó yangó kodéfisa, akabélákí yó té","a-défís-ákí\tyó\tyangó\tko-défis-a,\ta-kabél-ákí\tyó\tté",3SG-lend-PST\t2SG\t3SG.INAN\tINF-lend-FV\t3SG-offer-PST\t2SG\tNEG,"She LENT it to you, she didn't GIVE it.",,"Capitalized words indicate stress. FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",1273,,elicited from speaker,"adéfísákí yó yangó kodéfisa, akabélákí yó té","a-défís-ákí yó yangó ko-défis-a, a-kabél-ákí yó té",3SG-lend-PST 2SG 3SG.INAN INF-lend-FV 3SG-offer-PST 2SG NEG,"Capitalized words indicate stress. FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,13656, +67-214,67,Saya tak ada makan.,Saya\ttak\tada\tmakan.,1SG\tNEG\tbe\teat,I really did not eat.,,,708[174],,naturalistic spoken,Saya tak ada makan.,,1SG NEG be eat,,,,13657, +1-249,1,"Hede hatti joe, rasi za hati joe toe.","Hede\thati\tyu,\trasi\tsa\thati\tyu\ttu.",head\thurt\t2SG\tarse\tFUT\thurt\t2SG\ttoo,Does your head hurt you? Your arse too will hurt you.,,,1527[50],,written,"Hede hatti joe, rasi za hati joe toe.","Hede hati yu, rasi sa hati yu tu.",head hurt 2SG arse FUT hurt 2SG too,,,,13658,"Dutch: Doed je Hoofd Zeer, je Gat zal je Zeer doen. [ op.cit.]" +2-278,2,I mu yepi wroko tu.,I\tmu\tyepi\twroko\ttu.,2SG\tmust\thelp\twork\ttoo,"You, too, must help with the work.",,,1585[66],,naturalistic spoken,"I mu yepi wroko tu. ",,2SG must help work too,,,,13659, +2-279,2,"Yu srefi tu musu dyompu nanga wan, yu begrijp.","Yu\tsrefi\ttu\tmusu\tdyompu\tnanga\twan,\tyu\tbegrijp.",2SG\tself\ttoo\tmust\tjump\twith\tone\t2SG\tunderstand,"You too must jump with one [foot], you understand.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Yu srefi tu musu dyompu nanga wan, yu begrijp.",,2SG self too must jump with one 2SG understand,,"Winford data, Tape 1-a",,13660, +2-280,2,"Mi tu no erken, dati meki mi e tyari Miller.","Mi\ttu\tno\terken,\tdati\tmeki\tmi\te\ttyari\tMiller.",1SG\talso\tNEG\tadmit\tthat\tmake\t1SG\tIPFV\tcarry\tMiller,"I too wasn’t acknowledged (as someone’s child), that’s why I go by the name of Miller.",,Erken is taken from Dutch.,,,elicited from speaker,"Mi tu no erken, dati meki mi e tyari Miller.",,1SG also NEG admit that make 1SG IPFV carry Miller,"Erken is taken from Dutch.","Winford data, Tape 13-a",,13661, +2-281,2,Na so mi ben tyari mi srefi tu.,Na\tso\tmi\tben\ttyari\tmi\tsrefi\ttu.,FOC\tso\t1SG\tPST\tcarry\tmy\tself\ttoo,"That’s how I, too, behaved.",,,,,elicited from speaker,Na so mi ben tyari mi srefi tu.,,FOC so 1SG PST carry my self too,,"Winford data, Tape 1-a",,13662, +3-149,3,"Ju tu bì túe sitónu gó a mi wósu líba, ó?","Ju\ttu\tbì\ttúe\tsitónu\tgó\ta\tmi\twósu\tlíba,\tó?",2SG\ttoo\tTNS\tthrow\tstone\tgo\tLOC\t1SG\thouse\ttop\tQ.TAG,Did you also throw stones onto my house?,,,354[220],,naturalistic written,"Ju tu bì túe sitónu gó a mi wósu líba, ó?",,2SG too TNS throw stone go LOC 1SG house top Q.TAG,,,,13663, +4-177,4,En den seefi abi a denki tu.,En\tden\tseefi\tabi\ta\tdenki\ttu.,and\tthem\tself\thave\tDET\tthink\ttoo,And they themselves had the same thinking/thought.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"En den seefi abi a denki tu.",,and them self have DET think too,,Recording 1PM 19,,13664, +5-176,5,hii an aal doz gu de?,hii\tan\taal\tdoz\tgu\tde?,he\talso\talso\tHAB\tgo\tthere,Does he too go there? OR: Even he goes there?,,,,,constructed by linguist,"hii an aal doz gu de?",,he also also HAB go there,,Own knowledge,,13665, +5-177,5,hii doz go de tu?,hii\tdoz\tgo\tde\ttu?,3SG\tHAB\tgo\tthere\talso,Does he go there too (in addition to other people). OR: Does he go there too (in addition to other places)?,,The use of the non-adjacent 'also' equivalent opens the possibility that the 'also' applies not to the NP hii but to the predicate.,,,constructed by linguist,"hii doz go de tu?",,3SG HAB go there also,"The use of the non-adjacent 'also' equivalent opens the possibility that the 'also' applies not to the NP hii but to the predicate.",Own knowledge,,13666, +6-114,6,Doh let d bubble buss on allyuh too.,Doh\tlet\td\tbubble\tbuss\ton\tallyuh\ttoo.,don't\tlet\tthe\tbubble\tburst\ton\tyou.PL\ttoo,Don't let the bubble (here: housing market) burst on you(PL) too.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Doh let d bubble buss on allyuh too.",,don't let the bubble burst on you.PL too,,Own corpus data,,13667, +7-253,7,Hi biit evri wan hi pikni an dem duhng tu i beibi an aal.,Hi\tbiit\tevri\twan\thi\tpikni\tan\tdem\tduhng\ttu\ti\tbeibi\tan\taal.,3SG\tbeat\tevery\tone\t3SG.POSS\tchild\tand\tPL\tdown\tto\tART\tbaby\tand\tall,He flogged all his children including the baby.,,The same duhng tu + NP + an aal structure will hold if this NP is the subject of the sentence.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi biit evri wan hi pikni an dem duhng tu i beibi an aal.,,3SG beat every one 3SG.POSS child and PL down to ART baby and all,"The same duhng tu + NP + an aal structure will hold if this NP is the subject of the sentence.",Own knowledge,,13668, +7-254,7,Hi biit evri wan hi pikni an dem ivn i beibi.,Hi\tbiit\tevri\twan\thi\tpikni\tan\tdem\tivn\ti\tbeibi.,3SG\tbeat\tevery\tone\t3SG.POSS\tchild\tand\tPL\teven\tART\tbaby,He flogged all his children including the baby.,,The same ivn + NP structure will hold if this NP is the subject of the sentence.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi biit evri wan hi pikni an dem ivn i beibi.,,3SG beat every one 3SG.POSS child and PL even ART baby,"The same ivn + NP structure will hold if this NP is the subject of the sentence.",Own knowledge,,13669, +7-255,7,Hi biit evri wan hi pikni an dem an i beibi tu.,Hi\tbiit\tevri\twan\thi\tpikni\tan\tdem\tan\ti\tbeibi\ttu.,3SG\tbeat\tevery\tone\t3SG.POSS\tchild\tand\tPL\tand\tART\tbaby\ttoo,He flogged all his children including the baby.,,If tu is used it is generally placed post-nominally except if the noun is subject of the sentence in which case tu comes after the verb (Example 256).,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Hi biit evri wan hi pikni an dem an i beibi tu.",,3SG beat every one 3SG.POSS child and PL and ART baby too,"If tu is used it is generally placed post-nominally except if the noun is subject of the sentence in which case tu comes after the verb (Example 256).",Own knowledge,,13670, +7-256,7,Hi biit evri wan hi pikni an dem an i beibi get liks tu.,Hi\tbiit\tevri\twan\thi\tpikni\tan\tdem\tan\ti\tbeibi\tget\tliks\ttu.,3SG\tbeat\tevery\tone\t3SG.POSS\tchild\tand\tPL\tand\tART\tbaby\tget\tflogging\ttoo,He flogged all his children including the baby.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Hi biit evri wan hi pikni an dem an i beibi get liks tu.",,3SG beat every one 3SG.POSS child and PL and ART baby get flogging too,,Own knowledge,,13671, +8-159,8,A no wan smadi dem kil. Dem kil Mieri tu.,A\tno\twan\tsmadi\tdem\tkil.\tDem\tkil\tMieri\ttu.,FOC\tNEG\tone\tsomebody\t3PL\tkill\t3PL\tkill\tMary\ttoo,They did not kill one person only. They killed Mary also.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"A no wan smadi dem kil. Dem kil Mieri tu.",,FOC NEG one somebody 3PL kill 3PL kill Mary too,,Own knowledge,,13672, +9-67,9,Di owl man gat i rum n̩ i son gat i own rum tu.,Di\towl\tman\tgat\ti\trum\tn̩\ti\tson\tgat\ti\town\trum\ttu.,the\told\tman\tgot\this\troom\tand\tthe\tson\tgot\this\town\troom\ttoo,"The old man got his room and the son got his own room, too.",,,429,,naturalistic spoken,"Di owl man gat i rum n̩ i son gat i own rum tu.",,the old man got his room and the son got his own room too,,,,13673, +9-196,9,Ina len da den dey de kum awt dey tuw.,Ina\tlen\tda\tden\tdey\tde\tkum\tawt\tdey\ttuw.,in\tLent\tTOP\tthen\t3PL\tPROG\tcome\tout\tday\ttoo,"That’s around Lent that they are coming out, during the day, too.",,,432[42],,naturalistic spoken,"Ina len da den dey de kum awt dey tuw.",,in Lent TOP then 3PL PROG come out day too,,,,13674, +10-245,10,"On tap a dat wi gat som posuol, tu.","On\ttap\ta\tdat\twi\tgat\tsom\tposuol,\ttu.",on\ttop\tof\tDEM\t1PL\tget\tsome\tposoli\ttoo.,"In addition to that we will have some posoli, too.",,Posoli is a spicy broth soup of Mexican origin.,,,naturalistic spoken,"On tap a dat wi gat som posuol, tu.",,on top of DEM 1PL get some posoli too.,"Posoli is a spicy broth soup of Mexican origin.",Unpublished field recordings,,13675, +10-246,10,Beda Taiga tek di neks wan egen.,Beda\tTaiga\ttek\tdi\tneks\twan\tegen.,Brother\tTiger\ttake\tART.DEF\tnext\tone\tagain,Brother Tiger took the second one as well.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Beda Taiga tek di neks wan egen.",,Brother Tiger take ART.DEF next one again,,Unpublished field recordings,,13676, +10-247,10,Mi waahn plie tu!,Mi\twaahn\tplie\ttu!,1SG\twant\tplay\ttoo,"I want to play, too!",,,,,naturalistic written,Mi waahn plie tu!,,1SG want play too,,ABC Stuoriz,,13677, +10-248,10,"Mary kom, tu.","Mary\tkom,\ttu.",Mary\tcome\ttoo,Mary too came.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Mary kom, tu.",,Mary come too,,Own knowledge,,13678, +11-319,11,Yu kan aalso mek yuor rondon wid miit.,Yu\tkan\taalso\tmek\tyuor\trondon\twid\tmiit.,2SG\tcan\talso\tmake\t2SG.POSS\trundown\tINS\tmeat,You can also make your rundown with meat.,,,,,written,"Yu kan aalso mek yuor rondon wid miit.",,2SG can also make 2SG.POSS rundown INS meat,,Kukin Buk,,13679, +11-320,11,"Wi so praud fa dat bikaa nou wi gat lait, tu.","Wi\tso\tpraud\tfa\tdat\tbikaa\tnou\twi\tgat\tlait,\ttu.",1PL\tso\tproud\tfor\tDEM\tbecause\tnow\t1PL\tget\tlight\ttoo,"We are so proud of that because now we have electricity, too.",,"Lait ‘light, electricity’ is a calque from Spanish luz ‘light, electricity’.",1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Wi so praud fa dat bikaa nou wi gat lait, tu.",,1PL so proud for DEM because now 1PL get light too,"Lait ‘light, electricity’ is a calque from Spanish luz ‘light, electricity’.",,,13680, +11-321,11,Som ov di piipl gat famali aalso.,Som\tov\tdi\tpiipl\tgat\tfamali\taalso.,some\tof\tART.DEF\tpeople\tget\tfamily\talso,Some of the people also have family.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Som ov di piipl gat famali aalso.",,some of ART.DEF people get family also,,,,13681, +11-322,11,Mary kom tu.,Mary\tkom\ttu.,Mary\tcome\ttoo,Mary too came.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mary kom tu.,,Mary come too,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,13682, +12-263,12,"[...] like if you go to the bank, too, if me and you go to the bank [...].","[...]\tif\tyou\tgo\tto\tthe\tbank,\ttoo\t[...].",[...]\tif\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\tto\tthe\tbank\tFOC\t[...],"[...] if you go to the bank, too, [if we both go to the bank] [...].",,The focused element is you.,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] like if you go to the bank, too, if me and you go to the bank [...].","[...] if you go to the bank, too [...].",[...] if 2SG.SBJ go to the bank FOC [...],"The focused element is you.",Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13683, +12-264,12,"And then you got bills, too. And then only him-one working.","And\tthen\tyou\tgot\tbills,\ttoo.",and\tthen\t2SG.SBJ\tgot\tbill.PL\tFOC,"And then you have bills, too. [And then only he is working.]",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And then you got bills, too. And then only him-one working.","And then you got bills, too.",and then 2SG.SBJ got bill.PL FOC,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,13684, +13-191,13,De wine gwine waste an de old bottle gwine git ruint too.,De\twine\tgwine\twaste\tan\tde\told\tbottle\tgwine\tgit\truint\ttoo.,the\twine\tgoing\twaste\tand\tthe\told\tbottle\tgoing\tget\truined\tFOC,The wine is going to waste and the old bottle will get ruined too. (Mt 9.17),,,357[30],,bible translation,"De wine gwine waste an de old bottle gwine git ruint too.",,the wine going waste and the old bottle going get ruined FOC,,,,13685, +13-192,13,Dey nail two tief too pon dey own cross.,Dey\tnail\ttwo\ttief\ttoo\tpon\tdey\town\tcross.,they\tnail\ttwo\tthieves\tFOC\tupon\ttheir\town\tcross,They also nailed two thieves on their own cross. (Mt 27.38),,It appears that the NP 'two thieves' is in focus.,357[111],,bible translation,Dey nail two tief too pon dey own cross.,,they nail two thieves FOC upon their own cross,It appears that the NP 'two thieves' is in focus.,,,13686, +13-193,13,Dat man da lib een sin too.,Dat\tman\tda\tlib\teen\tsin\ttoo.,that\tman\tPROG\tlive\tin\tsin\ttoo,"That man is living in sin, too. (Mt 5.32)",,,357[15],,bible translation,"Dat man da lib een sin too.",,that man PROG live in sin too,,,,13687, +14-145,14,He bought a banana too.,He\tbought\ta\tbanana\ttoo.,he\tbought\ta\tbanana\talso,He bought a banana also.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He bought a banana too.,,he bought a banana also,,Own knowledge,,13688, +14-146,14,He bought a banana also.,He\tbought\ta\tbanana\talso.,he\tbought\ta\tbanana\talso,He bought a banana also.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,He bought a banana also.,,he bought a banana also,,Own knowledge,,13689, +15-136,15,meri sɛf bin de na di pati,meri\tsɛf\tbin\tde\tna\tdi\tpati,Mary\tself\tPST\tthere\tLOC\tART\tparty,Mary too was present at the party. OR: Mary was also at the party.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"meri sɛf bin de na di pati",,Mary self PST there LOC ART party,,Own knowledge,,13690, +16-154,16,dagɔmba ʧif tu ĩ tu de dɛ,dagɔmba\tʧif\ttu\tĩ\ttu\tde\tdɛ,Dagomba\tchief\tFOC\t3SG\tFOC\tCOP\tthere,The Dagomba chief was also there.,,Dagomba chief and i are both focused by postposed tu.,656[249],,naturalistic spoken,dagɔmba ʧif tu ĩ tu de dɛ,,Dagomba chief FOC 3SG FOC COP there,"Dagomba chief and i are both focused by postposed tu.",,,13691, +16-155,16,dis auà man tu we de fɔ tɔp tu ĩ tu ì make wì dè fiɛr àm nau,dis\tauà\tman\ttu\t[we\tde\tfɔ\ttɔp]\ttu\tĩ\ttu\tì\tmake\twì\tdè\tfiɛr\tàm\tnau,DEM\t1PL.POSS\tman\tFOC\t[COMP\tCOP\tfor\ttop]\tFOC\t3SG\tFOC\t3SG\tmake\t1PL\tHAB\tfear\t3SG.OBJ\tnow,Our man who is at the top (i.e. who rules us) makes us fear him now.,,"The focused constituents here are dis auà man and the relative clause we de fɔ tɔp. +The focus particle tu can be repeated when material such as relative clauses follows the focused noun (see first underlined tu in gloss). Such repetition of tu is also common in independent + dependent pronoun constructions, cf. ĩ tu ì make ... [3SG.INDP FOC 3SG.DEP make] in the example.",,,naturalistic spoken,dis auà man tu we de fɔ tɔp tu ĩ tu ì make wì dè fiɛr àm nau,dis auà man tu [we de fɔ tɔp] tu ĩ tu ì make wì dè fiɛr àm nau,DEM 1PL.POSS man FOC [COMP COP for top] FOC 3SG FOC 3SG make 1PL HAB fear 3SG.OBJ now,"The focused constituents here are dis auà man and the relative clause we de fɔ tɔp. +The focus particle tu can be repeated when material such as relative clauses follows the focused noun (see first underlined tu in gloss). Such repetition of tu is also common in independent + dependent pronoun constructions, cf. ĩ tu ì make ... [3SG.INDP FOC 3SG.DEP make] in the example.",Own fieldwork,,13692, +17-185,17,Dè̱m cho̱p gàri tù.,Dè̱m\tcho̱p\tgàri\ttù.,3PL.SBJ\teat\tgari\tFOC,They ate gari too.,,,462[59-62],,naturalistic spoken,"Dè̱m cho̱p gàri tù.",,3PL.SBJ eat gari FOC,,,,13693, +17-186,17,Dè̱m tù cho̱p gàri.,Dè̱m\ttù\tcho̱p\tgàri.,3PL.SBJ\tFOC\teat\tgari,They too ate gari.,,,,,unknown,"Dè̱m tù cho̱p gàri.",,3PL.SBJ FOC eat gari,,,,13694, +18-169,18,Dem chop fufu tu.,Dem\tchop\tfufu\ttu.,3PL.SBJ\teat\tfufu\ttoo,They also ate fufu.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"Dem chop fufu tu.",,3PL.SBJ eat fufu too,,,,13695, +18-170,18,Dem tu dem bin chop fufu.,Dem\ttu\tdem\tbin\tchop\tfufu.,3PL.SBJ\ttoo\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\teat\tfufu,They also ate fufu.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,"Dem tu dem bin chop fufu.",,3PL.SBJ too 3PL.SBJ PST eat fufu,,,,13696, +19-200,19,Mi sɛf à gɛt fɔ̀ go nà hos.,Mi\tsɛf\tà\tgɛt\tfɔ̀\tgo\tnà\thos.,1SG.EMPH\tEMPH\t1SG.SBJ\thave\tASSOC\tgo\tLOC\thouse,I myself/too have to go home.,,The focus/emphasis particles sɛf and senwe both express 'also' and emphasis/focus. There is no commonly used etymon of the English word too in Pichi.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi sɛf à gɛt fɔ̀ go nà hos.",,1SG.EMPH EMPH 1SG.SBJ have ASSOC go LOC house,"The focus/emphasis particles sɛf and senwe both express 'also' and emphasis/focus. There is no commonly used etymon of the English word too in Pichi.",Field data,,13697, +19-201,19,"Di wan, yu senwe yù dè go.","Di\twan,\tyu\tsenwe\tyù\tdè\tgo.",This\tone\t2SG\tEMPH\t2SG\tIPFV\tgo,"This time, you yourself/too are going (i.e. dying).",,The focus/emphasis particles sɛf and /senwe/ both express 'also' and emphasis/focus. There is no commonly used etymon of the English word 'too' in Pichi.,1634[41],,naturalistic spoken,"Di wan, yu senwe yù dè go.",,This one 2SG EMPH 2SG IPFV go,The focus/emphasis particles sɛf and /senwe/ both express 'also' and emphasis/focus. There is no commonly used etymon of the English word 'too' in Pichi.,,,13698, +20-144,20,"My tinkee so, that number one pleeseeman hab got too.","My\ttinkee\tso,\tthat\tnumber\tone\tpleeseeman\thab\tgot\ttoo.",1SG\tthink\tso\tDEM\tnumber\tone\tpoliceman\thas\tgot\ttoo,I think that top policeman has one too.,,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,255[190],,naturalistic written,"My tinkee so, that number one pleeseeman hab got too.",,1SG think so DEM number one policeman has got too,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,,,13699, +21-146,21,Everyone going movies ah? I also go.,Everyone\tgo-ing\tmovies\tah?\tI\talso\tgo.,everyone\tgo-PROG\tmovies\tPCL\t1SG\talso\tgo,Is everyone going to the movies? I'm going too.,,,,,own knowledge,"Everyone going movies ah? I also go.",Everyone go-ing movies ah? I also go.,everyone go-PROG movies PCL 1SG also go,,Own knowledge,,13700, +21-147,21,Everyone going movies ah? I'm going also.,Everyone\tgo-ing\tmovies\tah?\tI'm\tgo-ing\talso.,everyone\tgo-PROG\tmovies\tPCL\t1SG.be\tgo-PROG\talso,Is everyone going to the movies? I'm going too.,,,,,own knowledge,"Everyone going movies ah? I'm going also.",Everyone go-ing movies ah? I'm go-ing also.,everyone go-PROG movies PCL 1SG.be go-PROG also,,Own knowledge,,13701, +22-182,22,Em tu i kam.,Em\ttu\ti\tkam.,3SG\tFOC\tPM\tcome,He also came.,,,967[198],,naturalistic written,"Em tu i kam.",,3SG FOC PM come,,,,13702, +23-164,23,mi tu mi wantem muvum hem ia,mi\ttu\tmi\twantem\tmuvum\them\tia,1SG\ttoo\t1SG\twant\tmove\t3SG\tDEF,"Me too, I want to move that one.",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"mi tu mi wantem muvum hem ia",,1SG too 1SG want move 3SG DEF,,,,13703, +24-187,24,Yorlye comen tuu.,Yorlye\tcomen\ttuu.,2PL\tcome.CONT\ttoo,You (plural) are coming as well.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yorlye comen tuu.",,2PL come.CONT too,,Own fieldwork,,13704, +25-330,25,Hajbanwan binij gigen from grog.,Hajban-wan\tbinij\tgigen\tfrom\tgrog.,husband-ADJ\tfinish\talso\tfrom\talcohol,"[Since the wife had stopped drinking], the husband too stopped with the alcohol.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the use of the focus particle gigen 'again, also'. In the context it is clear that the focus particle has scope over 'husband' (everything else is part of the presupposition).",,,naturalistic spoken,"Hajbanwan binij gigen from grog.",Hajban-wan binij gigen from grog.,husband-ADJ finish also from alcohol,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the use of the focus particle gigen 'again, also'. In the context it is clear that the focus particle has scope over 'husband' (everything else is part of the presupposition).",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,13705, +25-331,25,Ya gumilan igen mibala kolim.,Ya\tgumilan\tigen\tmibala\tkol-im.,yes\tpalm.species\ttoo\t1PL\tcall-TR,"Yes, we also call it (a palm species) gumilan (in addition to a name in a neighbouring language).",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of the focus particle igen 'also'. Gumilan is a Ngaliwurru word for a specific palm, Livistona victoriae.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Ya gumilan igen mibala kolim.",Ya gumilan igen mibala kol-im.,yes palm.species too 1PL call-TR,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the use of the focus particle igen 'also'. Gumilan is a Ngaliwurru word for a specific palm, Livistona victoriae.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,13706, +25-332,25,E. ken tel yu thet stori tu.,E.\tken\ttel\tyu\tthet\tstori\ttu.,E.\tcan\ttell\t2SG\tDEM\tstory\ttoo,E. can tell you that story too! OR: E. too can tell you that story.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the focus particle tu 'too, also' (which here has scope over the subject).",,,naturalistic spoken,E. ken tel yu thet stori tu.,,E. can tell 2SG DEM story too,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The example illustrates the focus particle tu 'too, also' (which here has scope over the subject).",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,13707, +26-116,26,ʃi ɔso wɛn gɔ,ʃi\tɔso\twɛn\tgɔ,3SG\talso\tPST.PFV\tgo,She also went.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ʃi ɔso wɛn gɔ",,3SG also PST.PFV go,,Own knowledge,,13708, +27-131,27,[...] dan am sa tumbl amsél oka kini di gat [...].,[...]\tdan\tam\tsa\ttumbl\tam-sél\toka\tbini\tdi\tgat\t[...].,[...]\tthen\t3SG\tFUT\tthrow\t3SG-self\ttoo\tinto\tDET\thole\t[...],"[...] then he will throw himself, too, into the hole [...].",,"In the text it says kini, which means 'knee', but that makes no sense. The word probably mentioned is bini ('inside, into').",355[52],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] dan am sa tumbl amsél oka kini di gat [...].",[...] dan am sa tumbl am-sél oka bini di gat [...].,[...] then 3SG FUT throw 3SG-self too into DET hole [...],"In the text it says kini, which means 'knee', but that makes no sense. The word probably mentioned is bini ('inside, into').",,,13709, +27-132,27,Sin mā ha bitji stibu oka.,Sin\tmā\tha\tbitji\tstibu\toka.,3SG.POSS\tmother\thave\tbit\tmoney\ttoo,"His mother has little money, too.",,,355[45],,naturalistic spoken,"Sin mā ha bitji stibu oka.",,3SG.POSS mother have bit money too,,,,13710, +28-186,28,or oko das bihi datʃ,ori\toko\tdas\tbifi\tdatʃ,3SG\ttoo\tHAB\tspeak\tDutch,He too speaks Berbice Dutch.,,,737[648],,naturalistic spoken,"or oko das bihi datʃ",ori oko das bifi datʃ,3SG too HAB speak Dutch,,,,13711, +29-211,29,Ook JAN het haar hoor sing.,Ook\tJAN\thet\thaar\thoor\tsing.,also\tJohn\tPST\t3SG.F.OBL\thear\tsing.INF,John too heard her sing.,,The NP following ook is necessarily stressed.,,,naturalistic written,Ook JAN het haar hoor sing.,,also John PST 3SG.F.OBL hear sing.INF,"The NP following ook is necessarily stressed.",Own knowledge,,13712, +29-212,29,Jan het haar ook hoor sing.,Jan\thet\thaar\took\thoor\tsing.,John\tPST\t3SG.F.OBL\talso\thear\tsing.INF,John heard her sing too.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Jan het haar ook hoor sing.,,John PST 3SG.F.OBL also hear sing.INF,,Own knowledge,,13713, +29-213,29,Hulle OOK sal haar ondersteun.,Hulle\tOOK\tsal\thaar\tondersteun.,3PL.NOM\talso\tshall\t3SG.F.OBL\tsupport,They too will support her.,,"This is strictly a colloquial form, which necessarily requires focus on ook.",,,naturalistic spoken,Hulle OOK sal haar ondersteun.,,3PL.NOM also shall 3SG.F.OBL support,"This is strictly a colloquial form, which necessarily requires focus on ook.",Own knowledge,,13714, +30-221,30,"Komu el ka sabeba skrebe, e txoma si fidju pa skrebe-l kel kárta. Djonzinhu tuntunhi, tuntunhi, pamodi el tanbe e ka sabeba náda, nen skrebe si nómi.","Komu\tel=ka=sabe-ba\tskrebe,\te=txoma\tsi=fidju\tpa=skrebe=l\tkel=kárta.\tDjon-zinhu\ttuntunhi,\ttuntunhi,\tpamodi\tel\ttanbe\te=ka=sabe-ba\tnáda,\tnen\tskrebe\tsi=nómi.",as\t3SG=NEG=know-ANT\twrite\t3SG=call\t3SG.POSS=son\tfor=write=3SG\tDEM.SG=letter\tJohn-little\tbecome.uncertain\tbecome.uncertain\tbecause\t3SG.INDP\ttoo\t3SG.DEP=NEG=know-ANT\tnothing\tnot.even\twrite\t3SG.POSS=name,"Since he couldn't write, he called his son, so that he would write the letter for him. Little John dilly-dallied and dithered because he couldn't do anything either, not even write his name.",,,1407[56],,naturalistic spoken,"Komu el ka sabeba skrebe, e txoma si fidju pa skrebe-l kel kárta. Djonzinhu tuntunhi, tuntunhi, pamodi el tanbe e ka sabeba náda, nen skrebe si nómi.","Komu el=ka=sabe-ba skrebe, e=txoma si=fidju pa=skrebe=l kel=kárta. Djon-zinhu tuntunhi, tuntunhi, pamodi el tanbe e=ka=sabe-ba náda, nen skrebe si=nómi.",as 3SG=NEG=know-ANT write 3SG=call 3SG.POSS=son for=write=3SG DEM.SG=letter John-little become.uncertain become.uncertain because 3SG.INDP too 3SG.DEP=NEG=know-ANT nothing not.even write 3SG.POSS=name,,,,13715,"German: Da er nicht schreiben konnte, rief er seinen Sohn, damit er ihm den Brief schreibe. Hänschen zauderte und zauderte, denn auch er konnte nichts, nicht einmal seinen Namen schreiben." +30-222,30,Tánbi na Káuberdi ta kumedu txeu midju.,Tánbi\tna=Káuberdi\tta=kume-du\ttxeu\tmidju.,also\tin=Cape.Verde\tIPFV=eat-PASS\tmuch\tsweetcorn,Also in Cape Verde they eat a lot of sweetcorn.,,,784[s.v. tanbê],,naturalistic spoken,"Tánbi na Káuberdi ta kumedu txeu midju.",Tánbi na=Káuberdi ta=kume-du txeu midju.,also in=Cape.Verde IPFV=eat-PASS much sweetcorn,,,,13716,German: Auch auf den Kapverden wird viel Mais gegessen. +31-173,31,El ben more tanbe.,El\tben\tmore\ttanbe.,he\tcome\tdie\ttoo,"He came to die, too.",,,61,,naturalistic spoken,"El ben more tanbe.",,he come die too,,,,13717, +31-174,31,"Mudjer tanbe, era kuma avo.","Mudjer\ttanbe,\tera\tkuma\tavo.",woman\ttoo\twas\tlike\tgrandmother,"The woman too, she was like a grand-mother.",,,839,,naturalistic spoken,"Mudjer tanbe, era kuma avo.",,woman too was like grandmother,,,,13718, +32-176,32,El tanben el ben morá má Iolanda.,El\ttanben\tel\tben\tmorá\tmá\tIolanda.,3SG\talso\t3SG\tcome\tlive\twith\tIolanda,He also came to live with Iolanda.,,Tanben 'also' immediately follows focused pronoun. Iolanda is a proper name.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"El tanben el ben morá má Iolanda.",,3SG also 3SG come live with Iolanda,"Tanben 'also' immediately follows focused pronoun. Iolanda is a proper name.",,,13719,Portuguese: Ele também veio morar com a Iolanda. +32-177,32,Es mnin ta gostá d'ijgá ring tanben na féria.,Es\tmnin\tta\tgostá\tde\tijgá\tring\ttanben\tna\tféria.,DEM.PL\tchild\tPRS\tlike\tof\tplay\tring\talso\tduring\tholiday,These kids like to play the game ring also during the holiday.,,Tanben 'also' immediatelly precedes the focused prepositional phrase.,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Es mnin ta gostá d'ijgá ring tanben na féria.","Es mnin ta gostá de ijgá ring tanben na féria.",DEM.PL child PRS like of play ring also during holiday,"Tanben 'also' immediatelly precedes the focused prepositional phrase.",,,13720,Portuguese: Esses meninos gostam de jogar ring também durante as férias. +33-204,33,N tene fidju. Maria tene tambi.,N\ttene\tfidju.\tMaria\ttene\ttambi.,1SG\thave.PRS\tchild\tMaria\thave.PRS\tFOC,I have children. Maria also has children.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N tene fidju. Maria tene tambi.",,1SG have.PRS child Maria have.PRS FOC,,Own knowledge,,13721,Portuguese: Tenho filhos. A Maria também tem filhos. +33-205,33,N tene fidju. Maria tambi tene.,N\ttene\tfidju.\tMaria\ttambi\ttene.,1SG\thave.PRS\tchild\tMaria\tFOC\thave.PRS,I have children. Maria also has children.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N tene fidju. Maria tambi tene.",,1SG have.PRS child Maria FOC have.PRS,,Own knowledge,,13722,Portuguese: Tenho filhos. A Maria também tem filhos. +34-164,34,"E bay Sicor, Pidru tambeŋ. ~ E bay Sicor, Pidru tambeŋ bay.","E ø bay Sicor, Pidru tambeŋ. ~ E ø bay Sicor, Pidru tambeŋ ø bay.",3PL.SBJ PFV go Ziguinchor Peter too   3PL.SBJ PFV go Ziguinchor Peter too PFV go,They went to Ziguinchor [and] Peter too.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"E bay Sicor, Pidru tambeŋ. ~ E bay Sicor, Pidru tambeŋ bay.","E ø bay Sicor, Pidru tambeŋ. ~ E ø bay Sicor, Pidru tambeŋ ø bay.",3PL.SBJ PFV go Ziguinchor Peter too 3PL.SBJ PFV go Ziguinchor Peter too PFV go,,Own knowledge,,13723, +34-165,34,"E bay Sicor, Pidru bay tambeŋ.","E\tø\tbay\tSicor,\tPidru\tø\tbay\ttambeŋ.",3PL.SBJ\tPFV\tgo\tZiguinchor\tPeter\tPFV\tgo\ttoo,They went to Ziguinchor [and] Peter too.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"E bay Sicor, Pidru bay tambeŋ.","E ø bay Sicor, Pidru ø bay tambeŋ.",3PL.SBJ PFV go Ziguinchor Peter PFV go too,,Own knowledge,,13724, +35-232,35,Bô ten sêbê txila vinpema ô?,Bô\tten\tsêbê\ttxila\tvinpema\tô?,2SG\talso\tknow\textract\tpalm.wine\tPCL,"Do you, too, know how to extract palm wine?",,Note that ten also has a long form: tembeten. (PCL = discourse particle),,,naturalistic spoken,"Bô ten sêbê txila vinpema ô?",,2SG also know extract palm.wine PCL,"Note that ten also has a long form: tembeten. (PCL = discourse particle)",Own data,,13725, +35-233,35,Ami tudaxi sêbê kontaji se.,Ami\ttudaxi\tsêbê\tkontaji\tse.,1SG\talso\tknow\tstory\tDEM,"I, too, know that story.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Ami tudaxi sêbê kontaji se.",,1SG also know story DEM,,Own data,,13726, +36-144,36,"Ê tunda, ate am te tunda.","Ê\ttunda,\tate\tam\tte\ttunda.",he\tget.tired\tuntil\tI\talso\tget.tired,"He got tired, and I got tired, too.",,,901[180],,naturalistic spoken,"Ê tunda, ate am te tunda.",,he get.tired until I also get.tired,,,,13727,"French: Il s'est fatigué; moi aussi, je me suis fatigué." +37-182,37,Ê bê we lala.,Ê\tbê\twe\tlala.,3SG\talso\tgo\tthere,He too went there.,,,905[62],,elicited from speaker,"Ê bê we lala.",,3SG also go there,,,,13728, +38-188,38,M’ ten sxabay.,Amu\ttan\tsxa-ba-iai.,1SG\ttoo\tTMA-go-there,I also go there.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"M’ ten sxabay.",Amu tan sxa-ba-iai.,1SG too TMA-go-there,,Own fieldwork 1993,,13729, +39-174,39,Yo timẽ nã kɛr.,Yo\ttimẽ\tnã\tkɛr.,1SG\talso\tNEG\twant.INF,I also don't want to.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,"Yo timẽ nã kɛr.",,1SG also NEG want.INF,,,,13730, +39-175,39,Fabian timẽ vay kaza.,Fabian\ttimẽ\tvay\tkaz-a.,Fabian\talso\tgo.NPST\tmarry-INF,Fabian too is going to get married.,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,"Fabian timẽ vay kaza.","Fabian timẽ vay kaz-a.",Fabian also go.NPST marry-INF,,,,13731, +40-140,40,ũ ti ap ani fig. Tər akə mulɛr pən ti.,ũ\tti\tap\tani\tfig.\tTər\takə\tmulɛr\tpən\tti.,one\tCOP.PST\thand.bread\tand\tbanana\tso\tthat\twoman\talso\tCOP.PST,Once there was a hand bread and a banana. There was also this woman.,,"This is taken from a story told my Dayna Martis. In the story, the hand bread (rice flour chapatti) and banana are personified.",,,naturalistic spoken,"ũ ti ap ani fig. Tər akə mulɛr pən ti.",,one COP.PST hand.bread and banana so that woman also COP.PST,"This is taken from a story told my Dayna Martis. In the story, the hand bread (rice flour chapatti) and banana are personified.",Unpublished story,,13732, +42-191,42,Maria taming ja beng kaza sedu,Maria\ttaming\tja\tbeng\tkaza\tsedu,Maria\ttoo\tPFV\tcome\thouse\tearly,"Mary, too, came home early.",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Maria taming ja beng kaza sedu",,Maria too PFV come house early,,"Own fieldwork 1980-1981, 2009",,13733, +44-179,44,Mi náy tambyén tasé tyénda peskáw ayá na Maníla.,Mi\tnáy\ttambyén\ttasé\ttyénda\tpeskáw\tayá\tna\tManíla.,1SG.POSS\tmother\talso\tIPFV.make\tshop\tfish\tthere\tLOC\tManila,My mother also sells fish there in Manila.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi náy tambyén tasé tyénda peskáw ayá na Maníla.",,1SG.POSS mother also IPFV.make shop fish there LOC Manila,,Own data,,13734, +45-144,45,Ya pode eli tambien caba su curso.,Ya\tpode\teli\ttambien\tcaba\tsu\tcurso.,PFV\tcan\t3SG\talso\tfinish\t3SG.POSS\tcourse,He too was able to finish his course.,,,426[174],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ya pode eli tambien caba su curso.",,PFV can 3SG also finish 3SG.POSS course,,,,13735, +45-145,45,Luego ya anda rin alla Domingo.,Luego\tya\tanda\trin\talla\tDomingo.,later\tPFV\tgo\talso\tthere\tDomingo,"Later on Domingo, too, came there.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Luego ya anda rin alla Domingo.",,later PFV go also there Domingo,,Own data,,13736, +46-189,46,(Pati) si Mary tamén ya-andá.,(Pati)\tsi\tMary\ttamén\tya-andá.,(and)\tAG\tMary\ttoo\tPRF-go,(And) Mary went also.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"(Pati) si Mary tamén ya-andá.",,(and) AG Mary too PRF-go,,Own knowledge,,13737, +47-219,47,Omo J tambe a manda mi un karchi.,Omo\tJ\ttambe\ta\tmanda\tmi\tun\tkarchi.,uncle\tJ\talso\tPFV\tsend\t1SG\tINDF\tcard,Uncle J. too has sent me a card.,,,755,,naturalistic spoken,Omo J tambe a manda mi un karchi.,,uncle J also PFV send 1SG INDF card,,,,13738, +47-220,47,E boto na kual bo ta mará ta kore rònt i asina bo tambe ta kore rònt na laira.,E\tboto\tna\tkual\tbo\tta\tmará\tta\tkore\trònt\ti\tasina\tbo\ttambe\tta\tkore\trònt\tna\tlaira.,DEF\tboat\tLOC\twhich\t2SG\tTNS\ttied\tTNS\trun\tround\tand\tthus\t2SG\ttoo\tTNS\trun\tround\tLOC\tsky,The boat that you are tied to moves around and in that way you too move around in the sky.,,,755,,naturalistic written,"E boto na kual bo ta mará ta kore rònt i asina bo tambe ta kore rònt na laira.",,DEF boat LOC which 2SG TNS tied TNS run round and thus 2SG too TNS run round LOC sky,,,,13739, +47-221,47,[...] i ku e lès nan ku mi ta duna tambe ta bai bon.,[...]\ti\tku\te\tlès\tnan\tku\tmi\tta\tduna\ttambe\tta\tbai\tbon.,[...]\tand\twith\tINDF\tlesson\tPL\tCOMP\t1SG\tTNS\tgive\talso\tTNS\tgo\tgood,[...] and with the classes that I teach too it is going well.,,,755,,naturalistic written,"[...] i ku e lès nan ku mi ta duna tambe ta bai bon.",,[...] and with INDF lesson PL COMP 1SG TNS give also TNS go good,,,,13740, +48-187,48,Suto ku ele a salí pa kaye. Ana tambié a miní ku suto.,Suto\tku\tele\ta\tsalí\tpa\tkaye.\tAna\ttambié\ta\tminí\tku\tsuto.,we\twith\thim/her\tPST\tleave\tfor\tstreet\tAna\talso\tPST\tcome\twith\tus,"We and he/she went out into the street. Ana, too, came along (with us).",,,,,constructed by linguist,"Suto ku ele a salí pa kaye. Ana tambié a miní ku suto.",,we with him/her PST leave for street Ana also PST come with us,,Own knowledge,,13741,Spanish: (Nosotros) y él/ella salimos a la calle. Ana también vino con nosotros. +49-326,49,"Tout moun pral nan sinema, m prale tou.","Tout\tmoun\tpral\tnan\tsinema,\tm\tprale\ttou.",every\tperson\tgo\tPREP\tcinema\t1SG\tgo\ttoo,"Everyone goes to the movie theatre; I go there, too.",,,473[949],,naturalistic spoken,"Tout moun pral nan sinema, m prale tou.",,every person go PREP cinema 1SG go too,,,,13742,"French: Tout le monde va au cinéma, j'y vais aussi." +49-327,49,"Tout moun pral nan sinema, mwen menm tou m ap soti.","Tout\tmoun\tpral\tnan\tsinema,\tmwen\tmenm\ttou\tm\tap\tsoti.",every\tperson\tgo\tto\tcinema\tI\tself\ttoo\t1SG\tINACC\tgo.out,"Everyone is going to the movie theatre, I will go out, too.",,"The particle pral refers to the definite future (""futur certain""). +Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998: 268, volume 6, map 2176).",473[949],,naturalistic spoken,"Tout moun pral nan sinema, mwen menm tou m ap soti.",,every person go to cinema I self too 1SG INACC go.out,"The particle pral refers to the definite future (""futur certain""). +Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998: 268, volume 6, map 2176).",,,13743,"French: Tout le monde va au cinéma, moi aussi je vais sortir." +49-328,49,Yo arete l tou.,Yo\tarete\tl\ttou.,3PL\tarrest\t3SG\talso,"They have stopped/arrested her, too.",,The focus is on 'her'.,"473[vol. 6, 268]",,naturalistic spoken,"Yo arete l tou.",,3PL arrest 3SG also,The focus is on 'her'.,,,13744,French: Ils l'ont aussi arrêtée. +49-329,49,Yo arete ti danm nan tou.,Yo\tarete\tti\tdanm\tnan\ttou.,3PL\tarrest\tsmall\tlady\tDEF\talso,They have also stopped/arrested the young lady.,,,"473[vol. 6, p. 2175]",,naturalistic spoken,"Yo arete ti danm nan tou.",,3PL arrest small lady DEF also,,,,13745,French: Ils ont également arrêté la petite dame. +49-330,49,Yo tou arete m tou.,Yo\ttou\tarete\tm\ttou.,3PL\timmediately\tarrest\t1SG\talso,"They arrested me, too (in addition to arresting others), right away.",,,"473[vol. 6, p. 268]",,naturalistic spoken,Yo tou arete m tou.,,3PL immediately arrest 1SG also,,,,13746,French: Ils m'ont également arrêté. +49-331,49,Yo tou arete l tou.,Yo\ttou\tarete\tl\ttou.,3PL\timmediately\tarrest\t3SG\talso,"They arrested him/her, too (in addition to arresting others), right away.",,,"473[vol. 6, p. 268]",,naturalistic spoken,Yo tou arete l tou.,,3PL immediately arrest 3SG also,,,,13747,French: Ils l'ont également arrêté. +49-332,49,M tou arete l.,M\ttou\tarete\tl.,1SG\talso\tstop\t3SG,"I, too, have stopped him.",,,,,constructed by linguist,M tou arete l.,,1SG also stop 3SG,,Own knowledge,,13748,French: Je l'ai arrêté moi aussi. +50-203,50,Mwen alé osi.,Mwen\talé\tosi.,1SG\tgo\ttoo,I went too.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mwen alé osi.,,1SG go too,,Own fieldwork,,13749, +50-204,50,Mwen osi alé.,Mwen\tosi\talé.,1SG\tgo\ttoo,I went too.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mwen osi alé.,,1SG go too,,Own fieldwork,,13750, +51-170,51,Man alé tou.,Man\talé\ttou.,1SG\tgo\ttoo,I went too.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Man alé tou.",,1SG go too,,Own fieldwork,,13751, +51-171,51,Yo alé sinéma. Piè tou.,Yo\talé\tsinéma.\tPiè\ttou.,3PL\tgo\tcinema\tPeter\ttoo,They went to the movies. Peter too (went).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yo alé sinéma. Piè tou.,,3PL go cinema Peter too,,Own fieldwork,,13752, +52-109,52,Marie osi ké vin,Marie\tosi\tké\tvin,Mary\ttoo\tFUT\tcome,Also Mary will come.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Marie osi ké vin",,Mary too FUT come,,Own knowledge,,13753, +52-110,52,Marie ké vin osi,Marie\tké\tvin\tosi,Mary\tFUT\tcome\talso,"Mary will come, too.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"Marie ké vin osi",,Mary FUT come also,,Own knowledge,,13754, +53-384,53,Mo itu!,Mo\titu!,1SG\talso,Me too!,,,1048[362],,naturalistic spoken,Mo itu!,,1SG also,,,,13755, +53-385,53,Monmon te gen vini li osit.,Monmon\tte\tgen\tvini\tli\tosit.,Mother\tPST\tmust\tcome\t3SG\talso,"Mother had to come, too.",,,722[439],,naturalistic spoken,"Monmon te gen vini li osit.",,Mother PST must come 3SG also,,,,13756, +53-386,53,Fronswa te kone la chach itou.,Fronswa\tte\tkone\tla\tchach\titou.,François\tPST\tIPFV\tART.DEF.SG\thunt\talso,"François used to go hunting, too. OR: François, too, used to go hunting.",,,1048[434],,naturalistic spoken,"Fronswa te kone la chach itou.",,François PST IPFV ART.DEF.SG hunt also,,,,13757,"French: François, lui, avait aussi l'habitude d'aller à la chasse." +54-228,54,Ou va voir sarbon osi i vand byin.,Ou\tva\tvwar\tsarbon\tosi\ti\tvann\tbyen.,2SG\tFUT\tsee\tcoal\talso\tFIN\tsell\twell,"You will see that coal sells well, too.",,,110[54],,naturalistic spoken,"Ou va voir sarbon osi i vand byin.",Ou va vwar sarbon osi i vann byen.,2SG FUT see coal also FIN sell well,,,,13758,French: Tu vas voir que le charbon aussi se vend bien. +55-199,55,Zaṅ osi ti vini,Zaṅ\tosi\tti\tvini,John\talso\tPST\tcome,John also came.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Zaṅ osi ti vini",,John also PST come,,Own knowledge,,13759, +56-205,56,Fou osi i ponn menm sezon?,Fou\tosi\ti\tponn\tmenm\tsezon?,Fou\talso\tPM\tbreed\tsame\tseason,Does the Fou (bird species) also breed in the same season?,,,158[text 6],,naturalistic spoken,"Fou osi i ponn menm sezon?",,Fou also PM breed same season,,,,13760, +56-206,56,Mon tou mon kontan voyaze.,Mon\ttou\tmon\tkontan\tvoyaze.,1SG\tFOC\t1SG\tlike\ttravel,"I, too, like to travel.",,,,,constructed by native speaker,"Mon tou mon kontan voyaze.",,1SG FOC 1SG like travel,,Own knowledge,,13761, +57-104,57,la arive e pi la mwaʃe osi,la\tarive\te\tpi\tla\tmwaʃe\tosi,3SG\tcome\tCONJ\tCONJ\t3SG\teat\ttoo,He came and he also ate (i.e. in addition to coming).,,Context: We are sitting at the eating table.,,,constructed by linguist,"la arive e pi la mwaʃe osi",,3SG come CONJ CONJ 3SG eat too,Context: We are sitting at the eating table.,own knowledge Ehrhart,,13762, +57-165,57,"ma osi, ma tro ko:ta nde wajaʃ sa nu fe","ma\tosi,\tma\ttro\tko:ta\tnde\twajaʃ\tsa\tnu\tfe",1SG\talso\t1SG\tINTENS\tpleased\tPREP\tjourney\tREL\t1PL\tmake,"Me too, I am very pleased with the journey that we made.",,,423[213],,naturalistic spoken,"ma osi, ma tro ko:ta nde wajaʃ sa nu fe",,1SG also 1SG INTENS pleased PREP journey REL 1PL make,,,,13763, +58-131,58,yandi mpi,yandi\tmpi,him/her\talso/too,he/she too,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"yandi mpi",,him/her also/too,,Own knowledge,,13764, +58-132,58,Petelo mpi,Petelo\tmpi,Peter\talso/even,Peter too OR: even Peter,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Petelo mpi",,Peter also/even,,Own knowledge,,13765, +58-133,58,Ataa Petelo kwis-aka ve.,Ataa\tPetelo\tkwis-aka\tve.,even\tPeter\tcome-PST\tNEG,Even Peter did not come.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ataa Petelo kwis-aka ve.",,even Peter come-PST NEG,,Own knowledge,,13766, +59-347,59,"akota zo aeke na mbage osi ti te nga, na akoli aeke na mbage osi ti te ti ala nga","a-kota\tzo\ta-eke\tna\tmbage\tosi\tti\tte\tnga,\tna\ta-koli\ta-eke\tna\tmbage\tosi\tti\tte\tti\tala\tnga",PL-big\tperson\tPM-COP\tPREP\tside\talso\tto\teat\talso\tand\tPL-man\tPM-COP\tPREP\tside\talso\tto\teat\tof\t3PL\talso,"The elders were to one side to eat also, and men were also on one side to eat theirs also.",,The second clause might be a revision of the first: 'Men sat at one side to eat.' Osi is borrowed from French aussi.,,,naturalistic spoken,"akota zo aeke na mbage osi ti te nga, na akoli aeke na mbage osi ti te ti ala nga","a-kota zo a-eke na mbage osi ti te nga, na a-koli a-eke na mbage osi ti te ti ala nga",PL-big person PM-COP PREP side also to eat also and PL-man PM-COP PREP side also to eat of 3PL also,"The second clause might be a revision of the first: 'Men sat at one side to eat.' Osi is borrowed from French aussi.",Own knowledge,,13767, +59-348,59,"mo nga, Kamara, mbi ke mu na mo nginza ti gwe na ni na wali ti mo","mo\tnga,\tKamara,\tmbi\tke\tmu\tna\tmo\tnginza\tti\tgwe\tna\tni\tna\twali\tti\tmo",2SG\talso\tKamara\t1SG\tCOP\tgive\tPREP\t2SG\tmoney\tof\tgo\tPREP\tDET\tPREP\twife\tof\t2SG,"You also, Kamara, I'm going to give you money to take it to your wife.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"mo nga, Kamara, mbi ke mu na mo nginza ti gwe na ni na wali ti mo",,2SG also Kamara 1SG COP give PREP 2SG money of go PREP DET PREP wife of 2SG,,Radio broadcaster on Radio Bangui (circa 1962),,13768, +59-349,59,mbi wara nga bongo mbi yu ma,mbi\twara\tnga\tbongo\tmbi\tyu\tma,1SG\tget\talso\tcloth\t1SG\twear\tCL,I also get dresses to wear for sure.,,,1320[237],,naturalistic spoken,mbi wara nga bongo mbi yu ma,,1SG get also cloth 1SG wear CL,,,,13769, +59-350,59,ala nga ala hinga yanga ti kodoro ti i,ala\tnga\tala\thinga\tyanga\tti\tkodoro\tti\ti,3PL\talso\t3PL\tknow\tlanguage\tof\tvillage\tof\t1PL,They also know our indigenous language.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ala nga ala hinga yanga ti kodoro ti i,,3PL also 3PL know language of village of 1PL,,Own knowledge,,13770, +59-351,59,"mo nga Kamara, mbi ke mu na mo nginza","mo\tnga\tKamara,\tmbi\tke\tmu\tna\tmo\tnginza",2SG\talso\tKamara\t1SG\tCOP\tgive\tPREP\t2SG\tmoney,"You also Kamara, I'm going to give you money.",,,702,,naturalistic spoken,"mo nga Kamara, mbi ke mu na mo nginza",,2SG also Kamara 1SG COP give PREP 2SG money,,,,13771, +60-152,60,aliákí pé lípa,a-li-ákí\tpé\tlípa,3SG-eat-PST\talso\tbread,He also ate bread.,,The focus is on lípa 'bread'.,,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"aliákí pé lípa",a-li-ákí pé lípa,3SG-eat-PST also bread,"The focus is on lípa 'bread'.",Own knowledge,,13772, +60-153,60,aliákí lípa pé,a-li-ákí\tlípa\tpé,3SG-eat-PST\tbread\talso,He also ate bread.,,The focus is on lípa 'bread',,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"aliákí lípa pé",a-li-ákí lípa pé,3SG-eat-PST bread also,"The focus is on lípa 'bread'",Own knowledge,,13773, +60-154,60,yé pé aliákí lípa,yé\tpé\ta-li-ákí\tlípa,3SG\talso\t3SG-eat-PST\tbread,He too ate bread.,,"The only way to focus on the subject 'he' is to break the prodrop rule, i.e. explicate the subject marker by means of a pronoun, and put the 'also' particle after this pronoun.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,"yé pé aliákí lípa",yé pé a-li-ákí lípa,3SG also 3SG-eat-PST bread,"The only way to focus on the subject 'he' is to break the prodrop rule, i.e. explicate the subject marker by means of a pronoun, and put the 'also' particle after this pronoun.",Own knowledge,,13774, +61-110,61,Zonke lo tombazana hamba lapa stolo; wena futhi hamba.,Zonke\tlo\ttombazana\thamb-a\tlapa\tstolo;\twena\tfuthi\thamb-a.,all\tDEF.ART\tgirl\tgo-V\tLOC.PREP\tshop\tyou\ttoo\tgo-IMP,All the girls are going to the shop; you too go!,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Zonke lo tombazana hamba lapa stolo; wena futhi hamba.",Zonke lo tombazana hamb-a lapa stolo; wena futhi hamb-a.,all DEF.ART girl go-V LOC.PREP shop you too go-IMP,,Field notes Mesthrie,,13775, +63-196,63,dúkuru Ingilis-íya kamán já,dúkuru\tIngilis-íya\tkamán\tjá,then\tEnglish-PL\ttoo\tcome,Then the English came too.,,,856[41],,naturalistic spoken,"dúkuru Ingilis-íya kamán já",,then English-PL too come,,,,13776, +63-197,63,"tákum bi-kátul úmun, káman úmun bi-kátul","tákum\tbi-kátul\túmun,\tkáman\túmun\tbi-kátul",2PL\tTAM-kill\t3PL\ttoo\t3PL\tTAM-kill,"If you fight them, they will fight you too.",,,856[45],,naturalistic spoken,"tákum bi-kátul úmun, káman úmun bi-kátul",,2PL TAM-kill 3PL too 3PL TAM-kill,,,,13777, +63-198,63,fí bágara u kaman fí ngamía,fí\tbágara\tu\tkaman\tfí\tngamía,EXIST\tcow\tand\ttoo\tEXIST\tcamel,There are cows and camels too.,,,857[204],,naturalistic spoken,"fí bágara u kaman fí ngamía",,EXIST cow and too EXIST camel,,,,13778, +64-215,64,kamán nesibát bijáhizu háfla kebír,kamán\tnesib-át\tbi=jáhizu\tháfla\tkebír,also\tsister.in.law-PL\tIRR=prepare\tparty\tbig,The sisters-in-law also prepare a big party.,,Here kamán refers to 'big party'.,874[238],,naturalistic spoken,"kamán nesibát bijáhizu háfla kebír",kamán nesib-át bi=jáhizu háfla kebír,also sister.in.law-PL IRR=prepare party big,"Here kamán refers to 'big party'.",,,13779, +64-216,64,íta éndu márhala bárdo taalím,íta\téndu\tmárhala\tbárdo\ttaalím,2SG\thave\tlevel\talso\teducation,You (can) also have an educational degree (lit. You have level also education).,,,874[250],,naturalistic spoken,"íta éndu márhala bárdo taalím",,2SG have level also education,,,,13780, +67-216,67,Di sini Singapore juga.,Di\tsini\tSingapore\tjuga.,In\there\tSingapore\talso,[It is] also here in Singapore.,,,708[70],,naturalistic spoken,"Di sini Singapore juga.",,In here Singapore also,,,,13781, +68-125,68,Bisa bera-bera ni. Beta rasa mo konto lei!,Bisa\tbera~bera\tni.\tBeta\trasa\tmo\tkonto\tlei!,can\tdefecate~defecate\tDEM\t1SG\tfeel\tFUT\tfart\talso,I could get diarrhea. I feel like farting too.,,The reduplicated form bera~bera (from bera 'defecate') means 'to have diarrhea'.,1528[255],,naturalistic spoken,"Bisa bera-bera ni. Beta rasa mo konto lei!","Bisa bera~bera ni. Beta rasa mo konto lei!",can defecate~defecate DEM 1SG feel FUT fart also,"The reduplicated form bera~bera (from bera 'defecate') means 'to have diarrhea'.",,,13782, +69-72,69,mambi yanan kumbut kandək,mambi\tya-nan\tkumbut\tkandək,again\tcame-NONFUT\tvillage\tOBL,They again came to the village.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mambi yanan kumbut kandək,mambi ya-nan kumbut kandək,again came-NONFUT village OBL,,Own field notes 1985,,13783, +69-73,69,"awkura-mpi mambi, mənakən manan kandək apiɳan","awkura-mpi\tmambi,\tmə-nakən\tmanan\tkandək\tapi-ɳan",gather-DEP\tagain\t3SG-POSS\tcult.house\tOBL\tput.in-NONFUT,"Gathering (them) again, (he) put (them) inside his cult house.",,"There is no word 'too', but 'again' functions in a parallel way.",,,naturalistic spoken,"awkura-mpi mambi, mənakən manan kandək apiɳan","awkura-mpi mambi, mə-nakən manan kandək api-ɳan",gather-DEP again 3SG-POSS cult.house OBL put.in-NONFUT,"There is no word 'too', but 'again' functions in a parallel way.",Own field notes 1985,,13784, +71-188,71,"Henry akahi kiaha me hapa, wau like pu no.","Henry\takahi\tkiaha\tme\thapa,\twau\tlikepu\tno.",Henry\tone\tglass\twith\thalf\t1SG\talso\tINTENS,"Henry had a glass and a half (of beer), I too [had a glass and a half].",,"like pu is always spelled with a space, but functionally it is a unit.",,,naturalistic written,"Henry akahi kiaha me hapa, wau like pu no.","Henry akahi kiaha me hapa, wau likepu no.",Henry one glass with half 1SG also INTENS,"like pu is always spelled with a space, but functionally it is a unit.",Own data 1897,,13785, +72-158,72,Dat warlaku igin i bin jakim im ngawangkirri.,Dat\twarlaku\tigin\ti\tbin\tjak-im\tim\tngawa-ngkirri.,the\tdog\ttoo\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tthrow-TR\t3SG\twater-ALL,He threw the dog into the water as well.,,,583,8d74ac476d41bc3e797d2af9677ef75f,narrative,"Dat warlaku igin i bin jakim im ngawangkirri.",Dat warlaku igin i bin jak-im im ngawa-ngkirri.,the dog too 3SG.SBJ PST throw-TR 3SG water-ALL,,,,13786, +73-111,73,otro muchachogunash bininakuxunmi,otro\tmuchacho-guna-sh\tbini-naku-xu-n-mi,other\tboy-PL-ADD\tcome-RECP-PROG-3-AFF,Other boys come as well.,,Additive -sh is added to the first consituent.,1033[54],,elicited from speaker,"otro muchachogunash bininakuxunmi",otro muchacho-guna-sh bini-naku-xu-n-mi,other boy-PL-ADD come-RECP-PROG-3-AFF,"Additive -sh is added to the first consituent.",,,13787, +74-155,74,pi Sáli yáka cáku,pi\tSáli\tyáka\tcáku,and\tSally\t3SG\tcome,"Sally came, too.",,Pi means 'also' in addition to being the coordinating conjunction 'and'.,,,constructed by linguist,pi Sáli yáka cáku,,and Sally 3SG come,"Pi means 'also' in addition to being the coordinating conjunction 'and'.",Own knowledge,,13788, +74-156,74,"álta lilú mílayt tánas, pi t’álapas yáka wêXt mílayt tánas","álta\tlilú\tmílayt\ttánas,\tpi\tt’álapas\tyáka\twêXt\tmílayt\ttánas",now\twolf\tsit\tsmall\tand\tcoyote\the\tagain\tsit\tsmall,"Now the wolf was small, and the coyote was also small.",,,1641[59],,narrative,"álta lilú mílayt tánas, pi t’álapas yáka wêXt mílayt tánas",,now wolf sit small and coyote he again sit small,,,,13789, +75-267,75,John pi Lea dan mon partii peetuhteewak. Mary wiishta peetuhteew.,John\tpi\tLea\tdan\tmon\tpartii\tpeetuhtee-w-ak.\tMary\twiishta\tpeetuhtee-w.,John\tand\tLea\tLOC\tmy.M\tparty\tcome-3-PL\tMary\t3SG.also\tcome-3,John and Lea come to my party; Mary too comes.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,"John pi Lea dan mon partii peetuhteewak. Mary wiishta peetuhteew.",John pi Lea dan mon partii peetuhtee-w-ak. Mary wiishta peetuhtee-w.,John and Lea LOC my.M party come-3-PL Mary 3SG.also come-3,,,,13790, +75-268,75,Li shyaen wishta kiihtwam mishchikopayiw aan shyaen.,li\tshyaen\twishta\tkiihtwam\tmishchiko-payi-w\taan\tshyaen.,ART.M.SG\tdog\the.too\tagain\tturn-MOVE-3\tin\tdog,The dog too had turned into a dog again.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"Li shyaen wishta kiihtwam mishchikopayiw aan shyaen.",li shyaen wishta kiihtwam mishchiko-payi-w aan shyaen.,ART.M.SG dog he.too again turn-MOVE-3 in dog,,,,13791, +75-269,75,Aen nut peer di suyii dayaan miina.,Aen\tnut\tpeer\tdi\tsuyii\tdayaa-n\tmiina.,ART.M.SG\tother\tpair\tof\tshoe\t1have-1\talso,I also have another pair of shoes.,,,789[21],,naturalistic written,"Aen nut peer di suyii dayaan miina.",Aen nut peer di suyii dayaa-n miina.,ART.M.SG other pair of shoe 1have-1 also,,,,13792, +75-270,75,La Sandrieuz opaapaawa miina kiiwaniheew.,La\tSandrieuz\to-paapaa-wa\tmiina\tkii-wanih-eew.,ART\tCinderella\t3-father-OBV\talso\tPST-lose-3.SBJ.3OBJ.,Cinderella lost her father as well.,,,522,,naturalistic written,"La Sandrieuz opaapaawa miina kiiwaniheew.",La Sandrieuz o-paapaa-wa miina kii-wanih-eew.,ART Cinderella 3-father-OBV also PST-lose-3.SBJ.3OBJ.,,,,13793, +76-69,76,kapi suli pĭcuktu awoña,kapi\tsuli\tpĭcuktu\tawoña,coffee\tmore\twant\tI,I want coffee also. OR: I want some more coffee.,,,1442[230],,reconstructed by documentalist,"kapi suli pĭcuktu awoña",,coffee more want I,,,,13794, +1-250,1,"O une tannfuru somma, hufa une hatti de lesi va bribi alladasanni, dissi dem Prophet ben takki!","O\tunu\ttanfuru\tsoma,\to=fa\tunu\thati\tde\tlesi\tfu\tbribi\taladasani,\tdisi\tden\tProfeiti\tben\ttaki!",oh\t2PL\tfoolish\tperson\tQ=manner\t2PL\theart\tASP\tlazy\tfor\tbelieve\teverything\tREL\t3PL\tprophet\tPST\tsay,"Oh you foolish people, why are you so hesitant to believe everything the Prophets have been saying!",,,1355[291],,written,"O une tannfuru somma, hufa une hatti de lesi va bribi alladasanni, dissi dem Prophet ben takki!","O unu tanfuru soma, o=fa unu hati de lesi fu bribi aladasani, disi den Profeiti ben taki!",oh 2PL foolish person Q=manner 2PL heart ASP lazy for believe everything REL 3PL prophet PST say,,,,13795, +1-251,1,"O Gado, sari mi.","O\tGado,\tsari\tmi.",oh\tGod\thave.pity\t1SG,Oh God! Take pity on me!,,,1357[150],,written (dictionary),"O Gado, sari mi.","O Gado, sari mi.",oh God have.pity 1SG,,,,13796,"German: Gott, erbarme dich meiner! [op.cit.]" +2-282,2,"We, yere dya.","We,\tyere\tdya.",hey\thear\there,"Hey, listen here.",,Wilner (1992: 68) describes we as a “sentence introducer or attention getter”.,1585[68],,naturalistic spoken,"We, yere dya.",,hey hear here,"Wilner (1992: 68) describes we as a “sentence introducer or attention getter”.",,,13797, +2-283,2,"Gilly, kon yere.","Gilly,\tkon\tyere.",Gilly\tcome\thear,"Gilly, come hear [this].",,,1606[88],,naturalistic spoken,"Gilly, kon yere.",,Gilly come hear,,,,13798, +3-150,3,ey womi,ey\twomi,VOC\tman,hey man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ey womi,,VOC man,,Fieldwork data,,13799, +4-178,4,Kabiten Sinfo oo!,Kabiten\tSinfo\too!,village.head\tSinfo\tEMPH,"Excuse me, village head Sinfo!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kabiten Sinfo oo!,,village.head Sinfo EMPH,,Own observation,,13800, +5-178,5,Nenen Jeenii oo?,Nenen\tJeenii\too?,Nenen\tJeenii\tVOC,Nenen Jeenii (where are you) ?,,"The following vocative particle is the one which is traditional and still in use, though largely regarded as old fashioned. It is different from the preceding vocative particle in that it is used to call to people who are out of sight, as, for example, inside a house or behind a clump of trees. We might deem this a 'distal vocative'.",,,constructed by linguist,Nenen Jeenii oo?,,Nenen Jeenii VOC,"The following vocative particle is the one which is traditional and still in use, though largely regarded as old fashioned. It is different from the preceding vocative particle in that it is used to call to people who are out of sight, as, for example, inside a house or behind a clump of trees. We might deem this a 'distal vocative'.",Own knowledge,,13801, +5-179,5,eey baai,eey\tbaai,VOC\tboy,"You, boy!",,"The preceding vocative marker is perhaps the most common form used in modern Creolese. In its usage, it might be designated a 'proximal vocative' because it tends to be used for people who are within sight of the caller.",,,constructed by linguist,eey baai,,VOC boy,"The preceding vocative marker is perhaps the most common form used in modern Creolese. In its usage, it might be designated a 'proximal vocative' because it tends to be used for people who are within sight of the caller.",Own knowledge,,13802, +7-257,7,Meivis oy!,Meivis\toy!,Mavis\tEXCLAM,Hey Mavis!,,The exclamatory particle oy can be used following person names (i.e. proper nouns) but also other nouns as shown in Example 258.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Meivis oy!,,Mavis EXCLAM,"The exclamatory particle oy can be used following person names (i.e. proper nouns) but also other nouns as shown in Example 258.",Own knowledge,,13803, +7-258,7,Faiya oy!,Faiya\toy!,fire\tEXCLAM,Fire!,,The exclamatory particle can be used after naming an event (usually for dramatic effect).,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Faiya oy!,,fire EXCLAM,The exclamatory particle can be used after naming an event (usually for dramatic effect).,Own knowledge,,13804, +8-160,8,Mieri-oi! Wichapaat yu de?,Mieri-oi!\tWich-a-paat\tyu\tde?,Mary-VOC\twhich-LINK-part\t2SG\tbe,Hey Mary! Where are you?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mieri-oi! Wichapaat yu de?,Mieri-oi! Wich-a-paat yu de?,Mary-VOC which-LINK-part 2SG be,,Own knowledge,,13805, +8-161,8,Mieri! Wichapaat yu de?,Mieri!\tWich-a-paat\tyu\tde?,Mary\twhich-LINK-part\t2SG\tbe,"Mary, where are you?",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mieri! Wichapaat yu de?,Mieri! Wich-a-paat yu de?,Mary which-LINK-part 2SG be,,Own knowledge,,13806, +9-197,9,Ey Jeni yu now wen i mos hapn da ina Len.,Ey\tJeni\tyu\tnow\twen\ti\tmos\thapn\tda\tina\tLen.,VOC\tJeni\tyou\tknow\twhen\tit\tmost\thappen\tTOP\tin\tLent,"Hey Jenny, you know, it usually happens around Lent.",,,432[42],,naturalistic spoken,Ey Jeni yu now wen i mos hapn da ina Len.,,VOC Jeni you know when it most happen TOP in Lent,,,,13807, +10-249,10,Ma-yo!,Ma-yo!,mother-VOC,"Hey, old lady!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ma-yo!,,mother-VOC,,Unpublished field recordings,,13808, +10-250,10,Alma-oi!,Alma-oi!,Alma-VOC,Hey Alma!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Alma-oi!,,Alma-VOC,,Field notes 2008,,13809, +11-323,11,"Oo Laad, mi oubia spail!","Oo\tLaad,\tmi\toubia\tspail!",oh\tLord\t1SG.POSS\tobeah\tspoil,"Oh Lord, my witchcraft got spoiled!",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"Oo Laad, mi oubia spail!",,oh Lord 1SG.POSS obeah spoil,,,,13810, +11-324,11,Di shii monki seh: “Ei bwai kom ya”.,Di\tshii\tmonki\tseh:\t“Ei\tbwai\tkom\tya”.,ART.DEF\t3SG.F\tmonkey\tsay\tVOC\tboy\tcome\tDEM.LOC,"The female monkey said: ""Hey, boy, come here!""",,,,,naturalistic written,Di shii monki seh: “Ei bwai kom ya”.,,ART.DEF 3SG.F monkey say VOC boy come DEM.LOC,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,13811, +12-265,12,"Eh, bullah?","Eh,\tbullah?",hey\tbrother,"Hey, brother?",,,634[102],,naturalistic written,"Eh, bullah?",,hey brother,,,,13812, +13-194,13,O ɡɒd.,O\tɡɒd.,VOC\tGod,Oh God.,,,1500[270],,naturalistic spoken,O ɡɒd.,,VOC God,,,,13813, +13-195,13,Hey Frank!,Hey\tFrank!,VOC\tFrank,"Hey, Frank!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hey Frank!,,VOC Frank,,Own fieldwork 2008-2009,,13814, +14-147,14,Hey Bruce!,Hey\tBruce!,VOC\tBruce,Hey Bruce!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hey Bruce!,,VOC Bruce,,Own knowledge,,13815, +15-137,15,a se ʤɔn!,a\tse\tʤɔn!,1SG\tsay\tJohn,Hey John!,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,a se ʤɔn!,,1SG say John,,Own knowledge,,13816, +17-187,17,"Àdé (o), haw bò̱di?","Àdé\t(o),\thaw\tbò̱di?",Àdé\t(VOC)\thow\tbody,"Hey Àdé, how are you?",,,462[27],,naturalistic spoken,"Àdé (o), haw bò̱di?",,Àdé (VOC) how body,,,,13817, +18-171,18,"Mohning o, ma sista!","Mohning\to,\tma\tsista!",morning\tVOC\t1SG.POSS\tsister,"Good morning, my sister/ my friend!",,,1488[8],,published source,"Mohning o, ma sista!",,morning VOC 1SG.POSS sister,,,,13818, +18-172,18,"Mary-o, hau nau?","Mary-o,\thau\tnau?",Mary-VOC\thow\tnow,"Hey Mary, how are you?",,,97,,elicited from speaker,"Mary-o, hau nau?",,Mary-VOC how now,,,,13819, +19-202,19,"Paquita o, Maura o, ùna dè siàn?","Paquita\to,\tMaura\to,\tùna\tdè\tsi=àn?",Paquita\tSENT.PCL\tMaura\tSENT.PCL\t2PL\tIPFV\tsee=3SG.OBJ,"Paquita, Maura, do you see it?",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Paquita o, Maura o, ùna dè siàn?","Paquita o, Maura o, ùna dè si=àn?",Paquita SENT.PCL Maura SENT.PCL 2PL IPFV see=3SG.OBJ,,Field data,,13820, +21-148,21,"Eh Gerard, finish eating or not?","Eh\tGerard,\tfinish\teat-ing\tor\tnot?",INTERJ\tGerard\tfinish\teat-PROG\tor\tnot,"Hey Gerard, have you finished eating?",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Eh Gerard, finish eating or not?","Eh Gerard, finish eat-ing or not?",INTERJ Gerard finish eat-PROG or not,,Own knowledge,,13821, +23-162,23,"hem i se ""e, yu nao, mama blong yu i stap long nambangga?""","hem\ti\tse\t""e,\tyu\tnao,\tmama\tblong\tyu\ti\tstap\tlong\tnambangga?""",3SG\tAGR\tsay\they\t2SG\tnow/FOC\tmother\tPOSS\t2SG\tAGR\tstay\tin\tbanyan,"She said ""Hey, is it you whose mother is in the banyan tree?""",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"hem i se ""e, yu nao, mama blong yu i stap long nambangga?""",,3SG AGR say hey 2SG now/FOC mother POSS 2SG AGR stay in banyan,,,,13822, +23-165,23,"nakatoa i talem se ""oi mi ia""","nakatoa\ti\ttalem\tse\t""oi\tmi\tia""",Nakatoa\tAGR\ttell\tCOMP\tEXCLAM\t1SG\tDEF,"Nakatao said ""Hoi, it's me"".",,,942,,naturalistic spoken,"nakatoa i talem se ""oi mi ia""",,Nakatoa AGR tell COMP EXCLAM 1SG DEF,,,,13823, +26-117,26,ɔ mak,ɔ\tmak,INTERJ\tMark,"Hey, Mark!",,INTERJ = interjection,,,naturalistic spoken,ɔ mak,,INTERJ Mark,INTERJ = interjection,Own fieldwork recording,,13824, +29-214,29,"(Haai) ou man, stap hier links!","(Haai)\tou\tman,\tstap\thier\tlinks!",(hey)\told\tman\twalk\there\tleft,"Hey old chap, walk left here!",,,1226[505],,naturalistic spoken,"(Haai) ou man, stap hier links!",,(hey) old man walk here left,,,,13825, +30-223,30,O Manel! Bénka! N kre flá-u un kusa!,O\tManel!\tBénka!\tN=kre\tflá=u\tun=kusa!,VOC\tEmmanuel\there\t1SG=want\ttell=2SG\tART.INDF=thing,Hey Emmanuel! Come here! I want to tell you something!,,,784[s.v. o interj.],,naturalistic spoken,O Manel! Bénka! N kre flá-u un kusa!,O Manel! Bénka! N=kre flá=u un=kusa!,VOC Emmanuel here 1SG=want tell=2SG ART.INDF=thing,,,,13826,German: He Emmanuel! Hierher! Ich will dir was sagen! +32-178,32,"O Miriam, ben li!","O\tMiriam,\tben\tli!",VOC\tMiriam\tcome\there,"Hey Miriam, come here!",,,,,constructed by linguist,"O Miriam, ben li!",,VOC Miriam come here,,Own knowledge,,13827,"Portuguese: Ó Miriam, vem cá!" +33-206,33,"O Ana, bin de.","O\tAna,\tbin\tde.",VOC\tAna\tcome\tplease,"Oh Ana, please come.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"O Ana, bin de.",,VOC Ana come please,,Own knowledge,,13828,"Portuguese: Ó Ana, venha cá se faz favor!" +34-166,34,Mariya — Mariy-o beŋ judá-m!,Mariya — Mariy-o ø beŋ judá-m!,Mary   Mary-VOC 2SG.SBJ come.IMP help-1SG.OBJ,"Mary — Mary, come here to help me!",,Here the vocative marker follows the noun.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Mariya — Mariy-o beŋ judá-m!","Mariya — Mariy-o ø beŋ judá-m!",Mary Mary-VOC 2SG.SBJ come.IMP help-1SG.OBJ,Here the vocative marker follows the noun.,Own knowledge,,13829, +34-167,34,"(H)ey Pidru, beŋ!","(H)ey\tPidru,\tø\tbeŋ!",VOC\tPeter\t2SG.SBJ\tcome.IMP,"Hey Peter, come (here)!",,Here the vocative marker precedes the noun.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"(H)ey Pidru, beŋ!","(H)ey Pidru, ø beŋ!",VOC Peter 2SG.SBJ come.IMP,Here the vocative marker precedes the noun.,Own knowledge,,13830, +35-234,35,"Mana mu ê, sangê klaga bega.","Mana\tmu\tê,\tsangê\tklaga\tbega.",sister\t1SG.POSS\tVOC\t3SG\tcarry\tbelly,"Hey sis, she is pregnant.",,Note that vocative ê is also used in clause-final position with an intensifying interpretation.,,,naturalistic spoken,"Mana mu ê, sangê klaga bega.",,sister 1SG.POSS VOC 3SG carry belly,"Note that vocative ê is also used in clause-final position with an intensifying interpretation.",Own data,,13831, +35-235,35,"Sun Sabino ê, kuma ku a ka sama kwa se ni santome?","Sun\tSabino\tê,\tkuma\tku\ta\tka\tsama\tkwa\tse\tni\tsantome?","Mr.\tSabino\tVOC\thow\t""ku""\tIMPRS\tIPFV\tcall\tthing\tDEM\tin\tSantome","Mr. Sabino, how do you call that in Santome?",,"IMPRS = impersonal pronoun. Ku, which we see in this example, occurs typically with fronted wh-constituents (here: kuma 'how').",,,naturalistic spoken,"Sun Sabino ê, kuma ku a ka sama kwa se ni santome?",,"Mr. Sabino VOC how ""ku"" IMPRS IPFV call thing DEM in Santome","IMPRS = impersonal pronoun. Ku, which we see in this example, occurs typically with fronted wh-constituents (here: kuma 'how').",Own data,,13832, +36-145,36,"Têtêuga ê, ma n thêka riedha ra kwa e, bô tha n'e a!","Têtêuga\tê,\tma\tn\tthêka\triedha\tra\tkwa\te,\tbô\ttha\tn'=e\ta!",turtle\tVOC\tREL\tI\tPROG\tthink\tgive\tthing\tDEM\tyou\tbe\tin=it\tEMPH,"Turtle, when I think about that, you were here, weren't you!",,,901[151],,naturalistic spoken,"Têtêuga ê, ma n thêka riedha ra kwa e, bô tha n'e a!","Têtêuga ê, ma n thêka riedha ra kwa e, bô tha n'=e a!",turtle VOC REL I PROG think give thing DEM you be in=it EMPH,,,,13833,"French: Tortue, lorsque je pense à ceci, tu étais là, hein!" +37-183,37,Sun me ê!,Sun\tme\tê!,Sir\tPOSS.1SG\tVOC,Sir!,,,905[169],,elicited from speaker,"Sun me ê!",,Sir POSS.1SG VOC,,,,13834, +39-176,39,"Are Ashley, use tə fika med də cockroach?","Are\tAshley,\tuse\ttə\tfik-a\tmed\tdə\t.",VOC\tAshley\t2SG\tIPFV.NPST\tbecome-INF\tfear\tof\tcockroach,"Hey Ashley, are you scared of cockroaches?",,Cockroach is taken from English.,221[210],,naturalistic spoken,"Are Ashley, use tə fika med də cockroach?","Are Ashley, use tə fik-a med də <cockroach>.",VOC Ashley 2SG IPFV.NPST become-INF fear of cockroach,"Cockroach is taken from English.",,,13835, +39-177,39,ɔy Neville use ɔn vay?,ɔy\tNeville\tuse\tɔn\tvay?,VOC\tNeville\t2SG\twhere\tgo.NPST,"Hey Neville, where are you going?",,,218,,naturalistic spoken,ɔy Neville use ɔn vay?,,VOC Neville 2SG where go.NPST,,,,13836, +39-178,39,"ɛ Jacob, a mĩ time vẽy i sigəra.","ɛ\tJacob,\ta\tmĩ\ttime\tvẽy\ti\tsigər-a.",VOC\tJacob\tDAT\t1SG.OBL\talso\tcome.NPST\tand\tcatch-INF,"Hey Jacob, come and catch me too.",,,221[137],,naturalistic spoken,"ɛ Jacob, a mĩ time vẽy i sigəra.","ɛ Jacob, a mĩ time vẽy i sigər-a.",VOC Jacob DAT 1SG.OBL also come.NPST and catch-INF,,,,13837, +40-141,40,"O paitiʋ, kɔr lə ʋi?","O\tpaitiʋ,\tkɔr\tlə\tʋi?",VOC\tuncle\twhen\tFUT\tcome,"Hey uncle, when will you come?",,Vocative o is used to get the attention of the hearer. It is optional.,,,elicited from speaker,"O paitiʋ, kɔr lə ʋi?",,VOC uncle when FUT come,"Vocative o is used to get the attention of the hearer. It is optional.",Own fieldwork materials,,13838, +41-171,41,fiiyane,fiiya-ne,daughter-ADR.F,dear daughter,,-ne is an addressive indicating a close relationship between speaker and addressee.,1416[4507],,elicited from speaker,fiiyane,fiiya-ne,daughter-ADR.F,"-ne is an addressive indicating a close relationship between speaker and addressee.",,,13839, +41-172,41,"kiine, nukuandaa?","kii-ne,\tnuku-andaa",what-ADR.F\tNEG-go,"What, dear, you didn’t go?",,,1416[4509],,naturalistic spoken,"kiine, nukuandaa?","kii-ne, nuku-andaa",what-ADR.F NEG-go,,,,13840, +44-180,44,Dindá ya yo tyang Lóling.,di-indá\tya\tyo\ttyang\tLoling,CTPL-go\talready\t1SG\taunt\tLoling,"I’ll go now, aunt Loling.",,"Usually a form of address, such as aunt, is used.",,,naturalistic spoken,Dindá ya yo tyang Lóling.,di-indá ya yo tyang Loling,CTPL-go already 1SG aunt Loling,"Usually a form of address, such as aunt, is used.",Own data,,13841, +44-181,44,hoy neng,hoy\tneng,hey\tgirl,hey girl,,,,,naturalistic spoken,hoy neng,,hey girl,,Own data,,13842,Tagalog: hoy neneg +45-146,45,"Hoy, Ana y Jose, ya anda ustedes na aplaya ayer?","Hoy,\tAna\ty\tJose,\tya\tanda\tustedes\tna\taplaya\tayer?",hey\tAna\tand\tJose\tPFV\tgo\t2PL\tLOC\tbeach\tyesterday,"Hey Ana and Jose, did you go to the beach yesterday?",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Hoy, Ana y Jose, ya anda ustedes na aplaya ayer?",,hey Ana and Jose PFV go 2PL LOC beach yesterday,,Own data,,13843, +46-190,46,Hóy lóka!,Hóy\tlóka!,VOC\tcrazy.F,Hey crazy (woman)!,,"The example represents a joking, not despicable, manner of calling a woman.",,,naturalistic spoken,Hóy lóka!,,VOC crazy.F,"The example represents a joking, not despicable, manner of calling a woman.",Own knowledge,,13844, +48-188,48,"¡Epa, Huan! ¡miní aká!","¡Epa,\tHuan!\t¡miní\taká!",hey\tJuan\tcome\there,"Hey, Juan! Come here!",,,,,constructed by linguist,"¡Epa, Huan! ¡miní aká!",,hey Juan come here,,Own knowledge,,13845,"Spanish: ¡Epa, Juan! ¡Ven acá!" +49-333,49,Bondye o! Ala bèl bagay ou fè pou nou o!,Bondye\to!\tAla\tbèl\tbagay\tou\tfè\tpou\tnou\to!,God\tVOC\tINTERJ\tbeautiful\tthing\t2SG\tmake\tfor\t1PL\tVOC,"Oh God, what beautiful things you have done for us!",,,367[123],,naturalistic spoken,Bondye o! Ala bèl bagay ou fè pou nou o!,,God VOC INTERJ beautiful thing 2SG make for 1PL VOC,,,,13846,"French: Oh Dieu, quelles belles choses tu as faites pour nous!" +49-334,49,"Marilèn o, kote ou ye?","Marilèn\to,\tkote\tou\tye?",Marylene\tVOC\twhere\t2SG\tPRO,"Hey Marylene, where are you?",,,367[123],,naturalistic spoken,"Marilèn o, kote ou ye?",,Marylene VOC where 2SG PRO,,,,13847,"French: Hé Marylène, où tu es?" +50-205,50,Diana o!,Diana\to!,Diana\toh,Hey Diana!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Diana o!,,Diana oh,,Own fieldwork,,13848, +50-206,50,Wé Diana!,Wé\tDiana!,oh\tDiana,Hey Diana!,,This vocative expression is considered as informal.,,,naturalistic spoken,Wé Diana!,,oh Diana,This vocative expression is considered as informal.,Own fieldwork,,13849, +51-172,51,Joj o!,Joj\to!,George\toh,Hey George!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Joj o!,,George oh,,Own fieldwork,,13850, +51-173,51,Wé Joj!,Wé\tJoj!,oh\tGeorge,Hey George!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Wé Joj!,,oh George,,Own fieldwork,,13851, +52-111,52,Joseph o!,Joseph\to!,Joseph\they,Hey Joseph!,,,,,elicited from speaker,Joseph o!,,Joseph hey,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,13852, +53-387,53,E twa!,E\ttwa!,VOC\t2SG,Hey there! OR: Hey you!,,,1048[343],,naturalistic spoken,E twa!,,VOC 2SG,,,,13853, +53-388,53,"Hè M., en bon file!","Hè\tM.,\ten\tbon\tfile!",VOC\tM.\tART.INDF\tgood\tshot,"Hey M., (give me) a good shot (of whiskey)!",,,722[389],,naturalistic spoken,"Hè M., en bon file!",,VOC M. ART.INDF good shot,,,,13854, +53-389,53,"He K., mo piti!","He\tK.,\tmo\tpiti!",VOC\tK.\t1SG.POSS\tchild,"Hey K., my child!",,,722[389],,naturalistic spoken,"He K., mo piti!",,VOC K. 1SG.POSS child,,,,13855, +54-229,54,Oté vien done amoin in kou dmin!,Ote\tvyen\tdonn\tamwen\ten\tkoudmen!,VOC\tcome\tgive\tme\tINDF\thelping.hand,"Hey, come and give me a hand!",,,229[59],,naturalistic spoken,Oté vien done amoin in kou dmin!,Ote vyen donn amwen en koudmen!,VOC come give me INDF helping.hand,,,,13856,French: Hé! viens me donner un coup de main! +54-230,54,Oté! Kosa ou la fé?,Ote!\tKosa\tou\tla\tfe?,VOC\twhat\t2SG\tPRF\tdo,Hey! What have you done?,,,110[24],,naturalistic spoken,Oté! Kosa ou la fé?,Ote! Kosa ou la fe?,VOC what 2SG PRF do,,,,13857,French: Hé! Qu'est-ce que tu as fait? +55-200,55,lik-o,lik-o,Luc-VOC,Luc!,,,,,constructed by linguist,lik-o,,Luc-VOC,,Own knowledge,,13858, +59-352,59,"mama ti mbi o, ala kwi ngbangati nyen'","mama\tti\tmbi\to,\tala\tkwi\tngbangati\tnyen'",mother\tof\t1SG\tPCL\t2PL\tdie\tfor\twhat,"Mom, why did you die?",,Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.,,,constructed by linguist,"mama ti mbi o, ala kwi ngbangati nyen'",,mother of 1SG PCL 2PL die for what,"Ala is also used for both second and third persons singular (‘you’ and ‘he’ or ‘she’) in a respectful or deferential manner.",Own knowledge,,13859, +60-155,60,Cathy o!,Cathy\to!,Cathy\they,Hey Cathy!,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,Cathy o!,,Cathy hey,,,,13860, +61-111,61,We John!,We\tJohn!,oh\tJohn,Oh John!,,This is a rare form which is more common in Zulu. A more brusque idiom is hey wena 'hey you' (hey is based on English; wena is the pronoun 'you').,,,constructed by linguist,We John!,,oh John,"This is a rare form which is more common in Zulu. A more brusque idiom is hey wena 'hey you' (hey is based on English; wena is the pronoun 'you').",Own knowledge,,13861, +62-100,62,há túmú?ó kázi nne,haa\ttu-H-mu-?o\tkazi\tnne,haa\t1PL-SBJ-OBJ.2PL-give\twork\twe,"Haa, we should give you work, we!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,há túmú?ó kázi nne,haa tu-H-mu-?o kazi nne,haa 1PL-SBJ-OBJ.2PL-give work we,,Own field data 1993,,13862, +63-199,63,ya mária taál íni,ya\tmária\ttaál\tíni,VOC\twoman\tcome.IMP\there,"Woman, come here!",,,857[383],,naturalistic spoken,ya mária taál íni,,VOC woman come.IMP here,,,,13863, +63-200,63,"íta, ána g-álim íta ma kasída tá-kia","íta,\tána\tg-álim\títa\tma\tkasída\ttá-kia",2SG\t1SG\tTAM-teach\t2SG\twith\tpoem\tGEN-your,"You, I will teach you your poem.",,,856[56],,naturalistic spoken,"íta, ána g-álim íta ma kasída tá-kia",,2SG 1SG TAM-teach 2SG with poem GEN-your,,,,13864, +64-217,64,ya jamá,ya\tjamá,VOC\tpeople,Oh People!,,,874[240],,naturalistic spoken,ya jamá,,VOC people,,,,13865, +64-218,64,yesúa kélim le úo gále ya Zakéo,yesúa\tkélim\tle\túo\tgále\tya\tZakéo,Jesus\tspeak\tto\t3SG\tsay\tVOC\tZacchaeus,"Jesus said to him, oh Zacchaeus!",,,874[192],,naturalistic spoken,yesúa kélim le úo gále ya Zakéo,,Jesus speak to 3SG say VOC Zacchaeus,,,,13866, +65-155,65,"Stərəlaj ninada! Maja liudi! Səpasiba, kapitan!","Stərəlaj\tninada!\tMaja\tliudi!\tSəpasiba,\tkapitan!",shoot\tNEG.IMP\t1SG\tperson\tthank.you\tcaptain,"Do not shoot! I am human! Thank you, captain!",,'Captain' (kapitan) was the usual form of a polite address to a man of European origin.,60[21],,citation in fiction,"Stərəlaj ninada! Maja liudi! Səpasiba, kapitan!",,shoot NEG.IMP 1SG person thank.you captain,"'Captain' (kapitan) was the usual form of a polite address to a man of European origin.",,"Стреляй не надо! Моя люди!.. Спасибо, капитан.",13867, +66-121,66,"Rihan-ka(ka), mari nasi məmakan na.","Rihan-ka(ka),\tmari\tnasi\tmə-makan-na.",Rihan-VOC\tlet’s\trice\tINF-eat-DAT,"Brother Rihan, come eat rice.",,"In the Kirinda dialect, there are kinship vocative suffixes. Other dialect areas have not yet been investigated for this feature.",,,elicited from speaker,"Rihan-ka(ka), mari nasi məmakan na.","Rihan-ka(ka), mari nasi mə-makan-na.",Rihan-VOC let’s rice INF-eat-DAT,"In the Kirinda dialect, there are kinship vocative suffixes. Other dialect areas have not yet been investigated for this feature.","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,13868, +66-122,66,"Riyasa aðε, go cuppat na adatang.","Riyasa-aðε,\tgo\tcuppat-DAT\ta-datang.",Riyasa-VOC\t1SG\tquick-DAT\tPRS-come,"Sister Riyasa, I am coming soon.",,"In the Kirinda dialect, there are kinship vocative suffixes. Other dialect areas have not yet been investigated for this feature.",,,elicited from speaker,"Riyasa aðε, go cuppat na adatang.","Riyasa-aðε, go cuppat-DAT a-datang.",Riyasa-VOC 1SG quick-DAT PRS-come,"In the Kirinda dialect, there are kinship vocative suffixes. Other dialect areas have not yet been investigated for this feature.","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,13869, +66-123,66,"Musba-mama, atto-yang ambε-bawa.","Musba-mama,\tatto-yang\tambε-bawa.",Musba-VOC\ttrishaw-ACC/DEF\ttake-bring,"Uncle Musba, bring the trishaw.",,"In the Kirinda dialect, there are kinship vocative suffixes. Other dialect are as yet not investigated for this feature.",,,elicited from speaker,"Musba-mama, atto-yang ambε-bawa.","Musba-mama, atto-yang ambε-bawa.",Musba-VOC trishaw-ACC/DEF take-bring,"In the Kirinda dialect, there are kinship vocative suffixes. Other dialect are as yet not investigated for this feature.","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,13870, +66-124,66,"Fauzul bibi, anak səgəran na aðuðung sin?","Fauzul-bibi,\tanak\tsəgəran-na\ta-ðuðung\tsin?",Fauzul-VOC\tchild\thealth-DAT\tPRS-stay\tQ,"Aunt Fauzul, how is (the health of) your child doing?",,,,,elicited from speaker,"Fauzul bibi, anak səgəran na aðuðung sin?","Fauzul-bibi, anak səgəran-na a-ðuðung sin?",Fauzul-VOC child health-DAT PRS-stay Q,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,13871, +67-218,67,"Hey lu tahu Melayu. – Tahu la, ala campo Melayu.","Hey\tlu\ttahu\tMelayu.\t–\tTahu\tla,\tala\tcampo\tMelayu.",VOC\t2SG\tknow\tMalay\t–\tknow\tEMPH\thave\tmix\tMalay,"Hey, [do] you know Malay? – [Yes], I know, [as I am] interacting with Malay.",,,708[416],,naturalistic spoken,"Hey lu tahu Melayu. – Tahu la, ala campo Melayu.",,VOC 2SG know Malay – know EMPH have mix Malay,,,,13872, +67-219,67,Hey Andari ada itu besar?,Hey\tAndari\tada\titu\tbesar?,VOC\tAndari\thave\tDEM\tbig,"Hey, Andari, is that [place] big?",,,708[497],,naturalistic spoken,Hey Andari ada itu besar?,,VOC Andari have DEM big,,,,13873, +68-126,68,"Ana dua tu manangis, manangis, manangis: ""Mama e!""","Ana\tdua\ttu\tmanangis,\tmanangis,\tmanangis:\t""Mama\te!""",child\ttwo\tDEM\tcry\tcry\tcry\tmother\tVOC,"The two children cried and cried and cried: ""Hey, Mama!""",,,1528[256],,naturalistic spoken,"Ana dua tu manangis, manangis, manangis: ""Mama e!""",,child two DEM cry cry cry mother VOC,,,,13874, +69-74,69,"Paput a, paymban awkurambi məndəkənan","Paput\ta,\tpaymban\tawkura-mbi\tməndəkə-nan",Paput\tVOC\teagle\tgather-DEP\tfinish-NONFUT,"Paput, the eagle has already got us!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Paput a, paymban awkurambi məndəkənan","Paput a, paymban awkura-mbi məndəkə-nan",Paput VOC eagle gather-DEP finish-NONFUT,,Own field notes 1985,,13875, +71-189,71,"E Joe, pimai nana kela lio oe!","E\tJoe,\tpimai\tnana\tkela\tlio\toe!",VOC\tJoe\tcome\tlook\tDET\thorse\t2SG.POSS,"Joe, come look at your horse!",,,,,naturalistic written,"E Joe, pimai nana kela lio oe!","E Joe, pimai nana kela lio oe!",VOC Joe come look DET horse 2SG.POSS,,Own data 1892,,13876, +74-157,74,Ben,Ben,Ben,Ben OR: Ben!,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ben,,Ben,,Own knowledge,,13877, +75-271,75,Ah muujeu!,Ah\tmuujeu!,Oh\tmy.god,O gosh!,,,789[114],,naturalistic written,Ah muujeu!,,Oh my.god,,,,13878, +2-284,2,"A kon, a langa en mofo, a man meki wan tyuri, dan a gwe.","A\tkon,\ta\tlanga\ten\tmofo,\ta\tman\tmeki\twan\ttyuri,\tdan\ta\tgwe.",3SG\tcome\t3SG\tlengthen\t2SG\tmouth\tDET\tman\tmake\tART\tsmack\tthen\t3SG\tgo.away,"He came, he pouted?, the guy made a ‘suck teeth’ and went away.",,"One type of click sound is SUCK TEETH, used throughout the Caribbean to express a variety of affective meanings ranging from annoyance to exasperation to insult.",,,elicited from speaker,"A kon, a langa en mofo, a man meki wan tyuri, dan a gwe.",,3SG come 3SG lengthen 2SG mouth DET man make ART smack then 3SG go.away,"One type of click sound is SUCK TEETH, used throughout the Caribbean to express a variety of affective meanings ranging from annoyance to exasperation to insult.","Winford data, Tape 45-a",,13879, +2-285,2,"Ma fosi, yu ben abi wan wan sma di o du a sani dati, ma te yu meki a tyuri now, dan a bigi sma kan teki yu gewoon dan a fon yu.","Ma\tfosi,\tyu\tben\tabi\twan\twan\tsma\tdi\to\tdu\ta\tsani\tdati,\tma\tte\tyu\tmeki\ta\ttyuri\tnow,\tdan\ta\tbigi\tsma\tkan\tteki\tyu\tgewoon\tdan\ta\tfon\tyu.","but\tbefore\t2SG\tANT\thave\ta\ta\tperson\twho\tFUT\tdo\tthe\tthing\tthat\tbut\tif\t2SG\tmake\tthe\t""smack!""\tnow\tthen\tthe\told\tperson\tcan\ttake\t2SG\tjust\tthen\t3SG\tbeat\t2SG","But before, you had a few people who did that, but if you made the ""sucking_sound_with_your_lips"" now then the older person would just take you and give you a beating.",,"One type of click sound is SUCK TEETH, used throughout the Caribbean to express a variety of affective meanings ranging from annoyance to exasperation to insult. +Gewoon is taken from Dutch.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Ma fosi, yu ben abi wan wan sma di o du a sani dati, ma te yu meki a tyuri now, dan a bigi sma kan teki yu gewoon dan a fon yu.",,"but before 2SG ANT have a a person who FUT do the thing that but if 2SG make the ""smack!"" now then the old person can take 2SG just then 3SG beat 2SG","One type of click sound is SUCK TEETH, used throughout the Caribbean to express a variety of affective meanings ranging from annoyance to exasperation to insult. +Gewoon is taken from Dutch.","Winford data, Tape 45A",,13880, +5-180,5,"Speaker 1: Kom, na? – Speaker 2: Schuups!","Speaker\t1:\tKom,\tna?\t–\tSpeaker\t2:\tSchuups!",Speaker\t1:\tcome\tno\t–\tSpeaker\t2:\tno,Speaker 1: Won't you come? – Speaker 2: No!,," is the conventional way in Creolese of representing the ingressive click, commonly referred to as 'suck-teeth'.",,,constructed by linguist,"Speaker 1: Kom, na? – Speaker 2: Schuups!",,Speaker 1: come no – Speaker 2: no,"<Schuups> is the conventional way in Creolese of representing the ingressive click, commonly referred to as 'suck-teeth'.",Own knowledge,,13881, +5-181,5,Speaker 1: Gyal mi laik di wee yu waak. – Speaker 2: Schuups!,Speaker\t1:\tGyal\tmi\tlaik\tdi\twee\tyu\twaak.\t–\tSpeaker\t2:\tSchuups!,Speaker\t1:\tGirl\tI\tlike\tthe\tway\tyou\twalk.\t–\tSpeaker\t2:\tGo.away,"Speaker 1: Girl, I like the way you walk. – Speaker 2: Leave me alone!",," is the conventional way in Creolese of representing the ingressive click, commonly referred to as 'suck-teeth'.",,,constructed by linguist,Speaker 1: Gyal mi laik di wee yu waak. – Speaker 2: Schuups!,,Speaker 1: Girl I like the way you walk. – Speaker 2: Go.away,"<Schuups> is the conventional way in Creolese of representing the ingressive click, commonly referred to as 'suck-teeth'.",Own knowledge,,13882, +7-259,7,tuh,tuh,INTERJ,I disapprove.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,tuh,,INTERJ,,Own knowledge,,13883, +10-251,10,Unu hia di stuori? – Choo!,Unu\thia\tdi\tstuori?\t–\tChoo!,2PL\thear\tART.DEF\tstory\t–\tChoo,Have you heard the story? – Choo! (pejorative evaluation),,"In the literature, the paralinguistic click also called ""suck-teeth"" which widely occurs in the African diaspora and Africa is sometimes spelled {choo}.",,,naturalistic spoken,Unu hia di stuori? – Choo!,,2PL hear ART.DEF story – Choo,"In the literature, the paralinguistic click also called ""suck-teeth"" which widely occurs in the African diaspora and Africa is sometimes spelled {choo}.",Unpublished field recordings,,13884, +10-252,10,"An wen ihn kom, ihn sei: “Cho! Unu nuo se ai gat trobl shitin an ai kyaan gou paati.”","An\twen\tihn\tkom,\tihn\tsei:\t“Cho!\tUnu\tnuo\tse\tAi\tgat\ttrobl\tshit-in\tan\tAi\tkyaan\tgou\tpaati.”",and\twhen\t3SG\tcome\t3SG\tsay\tcho\t2PL\tknow\tCOMP\t1SG\tget\ttrouble\tshit-ting\tand\t1SG\tcannot\tgo\tparty,"And when he came, he said: ""Cho! You know I have such a hard time shitting that I can't go to the party.""",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"An wen ihn kom, ihn sei: “Cho! Unu nuo se ai gat trobl shitin an ai kyaan gou paati.”","An wen ihn kom, ihn sei: “Cho! Unu nuo se Ai gat trobl shit-in an Ai kyaan gou paati.”",and when 3SG come 3SG say cho 2PL know COMP 1SG get trouble shit-ting and 1SG cannot go party,,Unpublished field recordings,,13885, +11-325,11,Wuupa! Cho! Dis taim nou yu hav tu pie wan nainti a poun!,Wuupa!\tCho!\tDis\ttaim\tnou\tyu\thav\ttu\tpie\twan\tnainti\ta\tpoun!,humpf\tcho\tDEM\ttime\tnow\t2SG\thave\tto\tpay\tone\tninety\ta\tpound,Humpf! Cho! Nowadays you have to pay C$1.90 a pound!,,"{Cho!} has been employed in the literature on Caribbean creoles to represent the click also called ""suck-teeth"".",636[233],,naturalistic spoken,Wuupa! Cho! Dis taim nou yu hav tu pie wan nainti a poun!,,humpf cho DEM time now 2SG have to pay one ninety a pound,"{Cho!} has been employed in the literature on Caribbean creoles to represent the click also called ""suck-teeth"".",,,13886, +16-156,16,dɛ fait no bì smɔ fait o; no bì smɔ fait; blɔd we dè dè kɔmɔt àm - | | | | |,dɛ fait no bì smɔ fait o; no bì smɔ fait; blɔd we dè dè kɔmɔt àm - | | | | |,ART fight NEG COP small fight NEG COP small fight blood COMP 3PL PROG come.out 3SG.OBJ -   ts ts ts ts ts,It was no small fight. No small fight. The blood that was shed - tststststs.,,"This is a dental click which is slightly affricated. But it is more a click than the prolongued sucking sound of ""suck teeth"" described for creoles in the Caribbean and elsewhere (cf. Rickford 1999: 165–166).",,,naturalistic spoken,dɛ fait no bì smɔ fait o; no bì smɔ fait; blɔd we dè dè kɔmɔt àm - | | | | |,,ART fight NEG COP small fight NEG COP small fight blood COMP 3PL PROG come.out 3SG.OBJ - ts ts ts ts ts,"This is a dental click which is slightly affricated. But it is more a click than the prolongued sucking sound of ""suck teeth"" described for creoles in the Caribbean and elsewhere (cf. Rickford 1999: 165–166).",Own fieldwork,,13887, +17-188,17,Haw bò̱di? /lateral click/ – Nà manejmé̱nt.,Haw\tbò̱di?\t/lateral.click/\t–\tNà\tmanejmé̱nt.,how\tbody\tdisapproval\t–\tHL\tmanagement,How are you? – I'm (barely) managing.,,,462[50],,naturalistic spoken,Haw bò̱di? /lateral click/ – Nà manejmé̱nt.,Haw bò̱di? /lateral.click/ – Nà manejmé̱nt.,how body disapproval – HL management,,,,13888, +17-189,17,Àbì yù go make̱t? – /alveolar click/,Àbì\tyù\tgo\tmake̱t?\t–\t/alveolar_click/,Q\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\tmarket\t–\tNEG,Did you go to the market? – No.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Àbì yù go make̱t? – /alveolar click/,Àbì yù go make̱t? – /alveolar_click/,Q 2SG.SBJ go market – NEG,,Own knowledge,,13889, +18-197,18,Ma fada don dai. – Ashia (with sucking the teeth).,Ma fada don dai. – Ashia (with sucking the teeth).,1SG.POSS father PFV die – ashia,My father died. – I feel very sorry.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Ma fada don dai. – Ashia (with sucking the teeth).,,1SG.POSS father PFV die – ashia,,Own knowledge,,13890, +19-203,19,"È gɛt ɔda human [chip], wì bìn gɛt bɔ̀kú problema [...].","È\tgɛt\tɔda\thuman\t[chip],\twì\tbìn\tgɛt\tbɔ̀kú\tproblema\t[...].",3SG.SBJ\tget\tother\twoman\t[chip]\t1PL\tPST\thave\tmany\tproblem\t[...],"He got another woman [chip], we had many problems [...].",,The most common click is 'kiss teeth' or 'suck teeth' [chip] which is widely attested throughout Africa and Africa-descended communities in the Americas. The sound is a paralinguistic gesture with a range of usually negative expressive and affective meanings.,,,naturalistic spoken,"È gɛt ɔda human [chip], wì bìn gɛt bɔ̀kú problema [...].",,3SG.SBJ get other woman [chip] 1PL PST have many problem [...],The most common click is 'kiss teeth' or 'suck teeth' [chip] which is widely attested throughout Africa and Africa-descended communities in the Americas. The sound is a paralinguistic gesture with a range of usually negative expressive and affective meanings.,Field data,,13891, +19-204,19,"[chip] muv, kɔ̀mɔ́t ya!","[chip]\tmuv,\tkɔ̀mɔ́t\tya!",[chip]\tmove\tgo.out\there,"[chip] move, get away from here!",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[chip] muv, kɔ̀mɔ́t ya!",,[chip] move go.out here,,Field data,,13892, +22-183,22,Gutpela tru! Tst tst!,Gut-pela\ttru!\tTst\ttst!,good-ADJ\tvery\tclick\tclick,Very good tut tut!,,"Sounds like a disapproving tut! tut! in English, but is used to express wonder.",,,constructed by linguist,Gutpela tru! Tst tst!,Gut-pela tru! Tst tst!,good-ADJ very click click,"Sounds like a disapproving tut! tut! in English, but is used to express wonder.",Own knowledge,,13893, +23-166,23,ǀ i nogud we,ǀ\ti\tnogud\twe,\tAGR\tno.good\tCOMP,Tsk! That's terrible.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ǀ i nogud we,,<click> AGR no.good COMP,,Own knowledge,,13894, +26-118,26,Speaker_A: dɛn hi waɪp hiz aɪ laɪg hi ws kɹaɪn bat hiz læfin sɔ – Speaker_B: tut-tut-tut,Speaker_A:\tdɛn\thi\twaɪp\thiz\taɪ\tlaɪg\thi\tws\tkɹa-ɪn\tbat\thi-z\tlæf-in\tsɔ\t–\tSpeaker_B:\ttut-tut-tut,Speaker_A:\tthen\t3SG\twipe\t3SG.POSS\teye\tlike\t3SG\twas\tcry-PROG\tbut\t3SG-is\tlaugh-PROG\tso\t–\tSpeaker_B:\ttut-tut-tut,"Speaker A: Then he wiped his eyes like he was crying but he was laughing, so... – Speaker B: tut-tuts.",,,1545[184],,naturalistic spoken,Speaker_A: dɛn hi waɪp hiz aɪ laɪg hi ws kɹaɪn bat hiz læfin sɔ – Speaker_B: tut-tut-tut,Speaker_A: dɛn hi waɪp hiz aɪ laɪg hi ws kɹa-ɪn bat hi-z læf-in sɔ – Speaker_B: tut-tut-tut,Speaker_A: then 3SG wipe 3SG.POSS eye like 3SG was cry-PROG but 3SG-is laugh-PROG so – Speaker_B: tut-tut-tut,,,,13895, +29-215,29,Speaker_A: Is jy siek? – Speaker_B: Tsk [either alveolar or lateral],Speaker_A: Is jy siek? – Speaker_B: Tsk [either alveolar or lateral],Speaker_A: be 2SG ill – Speaker_B: Tsk,Speaker A: Are you ill? – Speaker B: Stupid question! / Can't you see? I am visibly ill/fine.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Speaker_A: Is jy siek? – Speaker_B: Tsk [either alveolar or lateral],,Speaker_A: be 2SG ill – Speaker_B: Tsk,,Own data,,13896, +29-216,29,Speaker_A: Hy is alweer laat. – Speaker_B: Tsk!,Speaker_A:\tHy\tis\talweer\tlaat.\t–\tSpeaker_B:\tTsk!,Speaker_A:\t3SG.M.NOM\tis\tagain\tlate\t–\tSpeaker_B:\ttsk,Speaker A : He's late again. – Speaker B: How annoying! / Typical!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Speaker_A: Hy is alweer laat. – Speaker_B: Tsk!,,Speaker_A: 3SG.M.NOM is again late – Speaker_B: tsk,,Own knowledge,,13897, +31-175,31,"Tsk, N ka sabe s'el ta ben.","Tsk,\tN\tka\tsabe\ts'el\tta\tben.",tsk\tI\tNEG\tknow\tif-he\tFUT\tcome,"Tsk, I wonder if he will come.",,This expresses doubt.,,,constructed by linguist,"Tsk, N ka sabe s'el ta ben.",,tsk I NEG know if-he FUT come,This expresses doubt.,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,13898, +33-207,33,/apical-dental click/,/apical-dental\tclick/,/apical-dental\tclick/,(disapproval/annoyance),,This click expresses disapproval or annoyance.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,/apical-dental click/,,/apical-dental click/,This click expresses disapproval or annoyance.,Own knowledge,,13899, +34-168,34,Bu wojá-l? – [yes_click] / [no_click],Bu\tø\twojá-l?\t–\t[yes_click]\t/\t[no_click],2SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsee-3SG.OBJ\t–\t[click_produced_with_the_apex_of_the\ttongue_on_the_roof_of_the_mouth]\t[purely_labial_click],Did you see him/her? – Yes/No.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Bu wojá-l? – [yes_click] / [no_click]","Bu ø wojá-l? – [yes_click] / [no_click]",2SG.SBJ PFV see-3SG.OBJ – [click_produced_with_the_apex_of_the tongue_on_the_roof_of_the_mouth] [purely_labial_click],,Own knowledge,,13900, +34-169,34,[disapproval_click] Si manera ka sabi-mi nada.,[disapproval_click]\tSi\tmanera\tka\tø\tsabi-mi\tnada.,[disapproval_click]\tPOSS.3SG\tmanners\tNEG\tPFV\tnice-1SG.INDP\tnothing,(My god!) I do not like his manners at all.,,This click consists of aspiration of the air with the apex of the tongue behind supeior teeth on the alveoli. The action of performing this special click has a designation in Casamancese: the verb kiyá ~ ciyá. (There is also a similar verb in Capeverdean.),,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"[disapproval_click] Si manera ka sabi-mi nada.","[disapproval_click] Si manera ka ø sabi-mi nada.",[disapproval_click] POSS.3SG manners NEG PFV nice-1SG.INDP nothing,"This click consists of aspiration of the air with the apex of the tongue behind supeior teeth on the alveoli. The action of performing this special click has a designation in Casamancese: the verb kiyá ~ ciyá. (There is also a similar verb in Capeverdean.)",Own knowledge,,13901, +35-236,35,tsk!,tsk!,tsk,"click expressing disapproval, indignation",,"In (Santomean) Portuguese, this click sound receives the popular designation chocho (which can also mean 'kiss').",,bf920b55281fe3d74106f21d49ce2f6b,elicited from speaker,tsk!,,tsk,"In (Santomean) Portuguese, this click sound receives the popular designation chocho (which can also mean 'kiss').",Own data,,13902, +35-237,35,tsk!,tsk!,tsk,click to express contempt,,,,7815005bec2edab0d4bcff4453586725,elicited from speaker,tsk!,,tsk,,Own data,,13903, +46-191,46,ts-ts,ts-ts,ts-ts,calling a person,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ts-ts,,ts-ts,,Own knowledge,,13904, +50-207,50,ts,ts,tsk,(disapproval),,,,,naturalistic spoken,ts,,tsk,,Own fieldwork,,13905, +50-208,50,tsss,tsss,tsk,(irritation),,,,,naturalistic spoken,tsss,,tsk,,Own fieldwork,,13906, +50-209,50,hm,hm,tsk,(disgust/disdain),,,,,naturalistic spoken,hm,,tsk,,Own fieldwork,,13907, +51-174,51,ts,ts,tsk,(disapproval),,,,,naturalistic spoken,ts,,tsk,,Own fieldwork,,13908, +51-175,51,tsss,tsss,tsk,(irritation),,,,,naturalistic spoken,tsss,,tsk,,Own fieldwork,,13909, +57-103,57,ta vja ndema? – [click],ta\tvja\tndema?\t–\t[click],2SG\tcome\ttomorrow\t–\t[click],Are you coming tomorrow? – No.,,"The click as an answer might be interpreted as a negative or dubitative answer. It would be interesting to study the use of clicks in greater detail, especially as in a number of Kanak languages the click has a rather important function.",,,constructed by linguist,ta vja ndema? – [click],,2SG come tomorrow – [click],"The click as an answer might be interpreted as a negative or dubitative answer. It would be interesting to study the use of clicks in greater detail, especially as in a number of Kanak languages the click has a rather important function.",own knowledge Ehrhart,,13910, +59-353,59,"ff, vene ti mo la","ff,\tvene\tti\tmo\tla",shit\tlie\tof\t2SG\tTOP,Shit! That's a lie of yours.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"ff, vene ti mo la",,shit lie of 2SG TOP,,Own knowledge,,13911, +60-156,60,Oomóní yé? – [dental click and head shake],o-món-í,2SG-see-PRS.PRF,Have you seen her? – No.,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,Oomóní yé? – [dental click and head shake],o-món-í,2SG-see-PRS.PRF,,,,13912, +60-157,60,[dental click],[dental\tclick],[dental\tclick],"disapproval of behavior, for instance reprimanding children",,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,[dental click],,[dental click],,,,13913, +60-158,60,[bilabial click],[bilabial\tclick],[bilabial\tclick],used to attract someone's attention,,,1272,,naturalistic spoken,[bilabial click],,[bilabial click],,,,13914, +66-125,66,"Ts, ittu kuluung, tərkəmauan.","Ts,\tittu\tkuluung,\ttər-kəmauan.",AFF\tDEM\tif\tNEG-need,"Tsk, as for that, I don't want it.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ts, ittu kuluung, tərkəmauan.","Ts, ittu kuluung, tər-kəmauan.",AFF DEM if NEG-need,,Own knowledge,,13915, +68-127,68,[tsk],"(ingressive single click, tongue behind alveolar ridge)",tsk,(indicates disappointment or frustration),,,,,constructed by linguist,[tsk],"(ingressive single click, tongue behind alveolar ridge)",tsk,,Own knowledge,,13916, +72-159,72,dats da wan na /click/.,dats\tda\twan\tna\t/click/.,that\tthe\tone\tnow\t/click/,That's what I mean.,,In this case this click indicates agreement and approval.,,,constructed by linguist,dats da wan na /click/.,,that the one now /click/,In this case this click indicates agreement and approval.,Own knowledge,,13917, +1-252,1,mi pikien,mi\tpikin,1SG\tchild,my child,,,1527[18],,written,mi pikien,mi pikin,1SG child,,,,13918,Dutch: myn Kind [op.cit.] +2-286,2,pikin,pikin,small,"small, young, a little, child, girl, animal baby",,,1587,,unknown,pikin,,small,,,,13919, +3-151,3,pikí,pikí,small,small,,,354[154],,naturalistic written,pikí,,small,,,,13920, +4-179,4,Wan tata ná o fom en pikin.,Wan\ttata\tná\to\tfom\ten\tpikin.,ART.INDF\tfather\tNEG\tFUT\tbeat\this\tchild,A father does not hit his child.,,,284,,naturalistic spoken,Wan tata ná o fom en pikin.,,ART.INDF father NEG FUT beat his child,,,,13921, +4-180,4,Mi o nati wan pikin kwaka.,Mi\to\tnati\twan\tpikin\tkwaka.,1SG\tFUT\twet\tART.INDF\tlittle\tcassava.staple,I'll wet a little bit of the baked cassava. OR: I'll eat a little bit.,,,284,,naturalistic spoken,Mi o nati wan pikin kwaka.,,1SG FUT wet ART.INDF little cassava.staple,,,,13922, +5-182,5,piknii/piknin,piknii/piknin,child,child/offspring,,,401[56],,naturalistic spoken,piknii/piknin,,child,,,,13923, +6-115,6,pickney,pickney,child,child,,,1594,,naturalistic written,pickney,,child,,,,13924, +7-260,7,pikni,pikni,child/children,child OR: children,,,1244[185],,naturalistic spoken,pikni,,child/children,,,,13925, +7-261,7,pikinani,pikinani,child,child OR: children,,This expression is not very common. Pikni is more common.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,pikinani,,child,"This expression is not very common. Pikni is more common.",Own knowledge,,13926, +8-162,8,Di pikini jos staat waak.,Di\tpikini\tjos\tstaat\twaak.,DET\tchild\tjust\tstart\twalk,The child has just started walking.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di pikini jos staat waak.",,DET child just start walk,,Own knowledge,,13927, +8-163,8,Haad-iez pikni ded a son-at.,Haad-iez\tpikni\tded\ta\tson-at.,hard-ear(s)\tchild\tdie\tat\tsun-hot,Disobedient children die at midday.,,"This example is a proverb which suggests a punishment, possibly by sun-stroke, for disobedient children.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Haad-iez pikni ded a son-at.,,hard-ear(s) child die at sun-hot,"This example is a proverb which suggests a punishment, possibly by sun-stroke, for disobedient children.",Own knowledge,,13928, +9-198,9,I wayf n̩ pikni dem me liv hay.,I\twayf\tn̩\tpikni\tdem\tme\tliv\thay.,his\twife\tand\tchild\tthem\tANT\tlive\thigh,His wife and children lived high.,,,432[46],,naturalistic spoken,I wayf n̩ pikni dem me liv hay.,,his wife and child them ANT live high,,,,13929, +10-253,10,Aafta di pikniny dem get big [...].,Aafta\tdi\tpikniny\tdem\tget\tbig\t[...].,after\tART.DEF\tchild\tPL\tget\tbig\t[...],When the children grew up [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Aafta di pikniny dem get big [...].",,after ART.DEF child PL get big [...],,Unpublished field recordings,,13930, +11-326,11,di piknini dem,di\tpiknini\tdem,ART.DEF\tchild\tPL,the children,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"di piknini dem",,ART.DEF child PL,,,,13931, +12-266,12,"The Haitian baby’s call pickaninny, not no Bahamian baby.","The\tHaitian\tbaby’s\tcall\tpickaninny,\tnot\tno\tBahamian\tbaby.",ART\tHaitian\tbaby[PL?].COP\tcall\tpickaninny\tNEG\tNEG\tBahamian\tbaby,"A Haitian baby is called pickaninny, not a Bahamian one.",,"The gloss given in Holm and Shilling (1982: 154) is baby (old term, now used with Haitians), or Spanish baby (among white speakers), or girl baby (on various so-called ""Out Islands“); the latter also occurs as ninny (and may then apparently also refer to a 'silly girl'). Pickaninny, in turn, also appears to be used for '[from its small size] a small gray bird with yellow wings'.",634[154],,naturalistic spoken,"The Haitian baby’s call pickaninny, not no Bahamian baby.",,ART Haitian baby[PL?].COP call pickaninny NEG NEG Bahamian baby,"The gloss given in Holm and Shilling (1982: 154) is baby (old term, now used with Haitians), or Spanish baby (among white speakers), or girl baby (on various so-called ""Out Islands“); the latter also occurs as ninny (and may then apparently also refer to a 'silly girl'). Pickaninny, in turn, also appears to be used for '[from its small size] a small gray bird with yellow wings'.",,,13932, +13-197,13,pickaninny/pickney,pickaninny/pickney,child,"child, little one",,"This is extremely derogatory, certainly if used by outsiders (see Allen 1983: 49).",328[100],,unspecified,pickaninny/pickney,,child,"This is extremely derogatory, certainly if used by outsiders (see Allen 1983: 49).",,,13933, +15-138,15,pikin,pikin,child,child,,,601[121],,naturalistic written,pikin,,child,,,,13934, +16-157,16,pikín,pikín,child,"small one, child, offspring",,,,,naturalistic spoken,pikín,,child,,Own fieldwork,,13935, +17-190,17,pìkín,pìkín,child,child,,,462[285-289],,naturalistic spoken,pìkín,,child,,,,13936, +19-205,19,pìkín,pìkín,child,child; member of the group specified by the preceding modifier noun,,,,,elicited from speaker,pìkín,,child,,Field data,,13937, +20-145,20,pickenini,pickenini,small,small,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a).The translation is ours.,1070[240],,naturalistic written,pickenini,,small,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a).The translation is ours.,,,13938, +20-146,20,pequenini,pequenini,small,small,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1490[237-8],,naturalistic written,pequenini,,small,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,13939, +22-184,22,Em no sa lukautim dispela tupela pikinini.,Em\tno\tsa\tlukautim\tdispela\ttupela\tpikinini.,3SG\tNEG\tHAB\tlook.after\tthis\ttwo\tchild,He did not look after these two children.,,"Pikinini is also used for 'son/daughter', even though the individuals may be adults. It is also used with animals and plants to show that they are young or only seeds yet.","584[12 year old boy, Enga Province]",,naturalistic spoken,Em no sa lukautim dispela tupela pikinini.,,3SG NEG HAB look.after this two child,"Pikinini is also used for 'son/daughter', even though the individuals may be adults. It is also used with animals and plants to show that they are young or only seeds yet.",,,13940, +23-167,23,bae ol pikinini i jas dring long baket,bae\tol\tpikinini\ti\tjas\tdring\tlong\tbaket,IRR\tPL\tchild\tAGR\tjust\tdrink\tLOC\tbucket,The children will just have to drink from [the] bucket.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,bae ol pikinini i jas dring long baket,,IRR PL child AGR just drink LOC bucket,,,,13941, +23-168,23,"very good, you give him piccaninny one name?","very\tgood,\tyou\tgive\thim\tpiccaninny\tone\tname?",very\tgood\t2SG\tgive\t3SG\tchild\tone\tname,"Very good, what do you call the child?",,This example was collected by Philip Baker.,1474[259],,historical representation of speech,"very good, you give him piccaninny one name?",,very good 2SG give 3SG child one name,This example was collected by Philip Baker.,,,13942, +24-188,24,pikinini,pikinini,child,little child,,This word is rare and was probably introduced after World War II.,,,elicited from speaker,pikinini,,child,This word is rare and was probably introduced after World War II.,Own fieldwork,,13943, +24-189,24,nini,nini,child/drink,little child; to drink on the sly,,Nini is most commonly used to mean 'to drink on the sly'. It rarely refers to 'little child'.,,,naturalistic spoken,nini,,child/drink,"Nini is most commonly used to mean 'to drink on the sly'. It rarely refers to 'little child'.",Own fieldwork,,13944, +25-333,25,Eni piginini mani bin gaman bla mela?,Eni\tpiginini\tmani\tbin\tgaman\tbla\tmela?,any\tchild\tmoney\tPST\tcome\tDAT/POSS\t1PL,Did any child endowment come for us?,,Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates the term piginini 'child'.,1332[53],,unknown,Eni piginini mani bin gaman bla mela?,,any child money PST come DAT/POSS 1PL,"Variety: Roper River. The example illustrates the term piginini 'child'.",,,13945, +29-217,29,"piekanien, piekenien, pikkenien","piekanien,\tpiekenien,\tpikkenien",piccanin(ny)\tpiccanin(ny)\tpiccanin(ny),piccaninny; young black boy; farm labourer,,"This form is now archaic and is only used on farms and by those living in rural areas to refer, mostly, to young black boys and sometimes, by extension, to the volkies [nation.DIM.PL] 'farm labourers' more generally. Piekanien picked up racist connotations during the Apartheid era, although this was never the case across-the-board. A popular children's lullaby is called Slaap Piekanien ('Sleep piekanien'), and the way in which piekanien has been borrowed into South African English does not reflect any necessary bias (it is used neutrally to refer to black children who have not yet undergone an initiation ceremony, after which they number among the men of their community). It is also common to hear people referring to a piekanien helping an ousie ('old one', usually an old woman), where the latter carries connotations of wisdom.",,,naturalistic spoken,"piekanien, piekenien, pikkenien",,piccanin(ny) piccanin(ny) piccanin(ny),"This form is now archaic and is only used on farms and by those living in rural areas to refer, mostly, to young black boys and sometimes, by extension, to the volkies [nation.DIM.PL] 'farm labourers' more generally. Piekanien picked up racist connotations during the Apartheid era, although this was never the case across-the-board. A popular children's lullaby is called Slaap Piekanien ('Sleep piekanien'), and the way in which piekanien has been borrowed into South African English does not reflect any necessary bias (it is used neutrally to refer to black children who have not yet undergone an initiation ceremony, after which they number among the men of their community). It is also common to hear people referring to a piekanien helping an ousie ('old one', usually an old woman), where the latter carries connotations of wisdom.",Own knowledge,,13946, +30-224,30,pikénu; pikinóti; pikininu; pikéna.,pikénu;\tpikinóti;\tpikininu;\tpikéna.,small\tsmall.child\tsmall\tgirlfriend/female.lover,"small; small, child; small; girl friend, female lover",,"Pikénu 'small' is acrolectal; pikinóti 'small, child', pikininu 'small' and pikéna 'girl friend, female lover' are used in all styles.","784[s.v. pikénu, pikininu, pikinóti, pikéna]",,naturalistic spoken,pikénu; pikinóti; pikininu; pikéna.,,small small.child small girlfriend/female.lover,"Pikénu 'small' is acrolectal; pikinóti 'small, child', pikininu 'small' and pikéna 'girl friend, female lover' are used in all styles.",,,13947, +31-176,31,"Kantu N saba pikinoti, N kriaba ku nha mai.","Kantu\tN\tsaba\tpikinoti,\tN\tkriaba\tku\tnha\tmai.",when\tI\twas\tsmall\tI\traise.ANT\twith\tmy\tmother,"When I was small, I grew up with my mother.",,,670,,naturalistic spoken,"Kantu N saba pikinoti, N kriaba ku nha mai.",,when I was small I raise.ANT with my mother,,,,13948, +32-179,32,El éra un kazinha piknin.,El\téra\tun\tkazinha\tpiknin.,3SG\tCOP.PST\tDET\thouse.small\tlittle,It was a small house.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"El éra un kazinha piknin.",,3SG COP.PST DET house.small little,,,,13949,Portuguese: Era uma casinha pequenina. +32-180,32,Kond mi éra piknin [...].,Kond\tmi\téra\tpiknin\t[...].,when\t1SG\tCOP.PST\tlittle\t[...],When I was little [...].,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Kond mi éra piknin [...].",,when 1SG COP.PST little [...],,,,13950,Portuguese: Quando eu era pequenina [...]. +33-208,33,E pikininu i nha fidju.,E\tpikininu\ti\tnha\tfidju.,ART\tsmall\tCOP\tmy\tson,The little boy is my son.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"E pikininu i nha fidju.",,ART small COP my son,,Own knowledge,,13951,Portuguese: O miudo é meu filho. +34-170,34,Ña aldiya sabi ma i pikininu.,Ña\taldiya\tø\tsabi\tma\ti\tø\tpikininu.,POSS.1SG\tvillage\tPFV\tnice\tbut\t3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsmall,My village is nice but it is small.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ña aldiya sabi ma i pikininu.","Ña aldiya ø sabi ma i ø pikininu.",POSS.1SG village PFV nice but 3SG.SBJ PFV small,,Own knowledge,,13952, +35-238,35,N tê pikina-pikina.,N\ttê\tpikina-pikina.,1SG\thave\tlittle-little,I have a little bit.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,N tê pikina-pikina.,,1SG have little-little,,Own data,,13953, +35-239,35,Sel'ê sêbê pikina.,Sel'=ê\tsêbê\tpikina.,MOOD=3SG\tknow\tlittle,He must know a little.,,Sela is a grammaticalized mood particle that occurs at the beginning of clauses.,,,naturalistic spoken,Sel'ê sêbê pikina.,Sel'=ê sêbê pikina.,MOOD=3SG know little,"Sela is a grammaticalized mood particle that occurs at the beginning of clauses.",Own data,,13954, +36-146,36,ũa mbedha txororo,ũa\tmbedha\ttxororo,one\ttable\tsmall,a small table,,,901[248],,elicited from speaker,ũa mbedha txororo,,one table small,,,,13955, +36-147,36,txo pinini,txo\tpinini,small\tIDEO,very small,,,901[270],,elicited from speaker,"txo pinini",,small IDEO,,,,13956, +37-184,37,kêtê,kêtê,small,small,,Kitxi also means 'small'; the word for 'child' is minu.,905[223],,naturalistic spoken,kêtê,,small,"Kitxi also means 'small'; the word for 'child' is minu.",,,13957, +39-179,39,pikənin,pikənin,small,small,,,221[177],,naturalistic spoken,pikənin,,small,,,,13958, +41-173,41,pikiniim,pikiniim,small,small,,,1416[0370],,elicited from speaker,pikiniim,,small,,,,13959, +42-192,42,kəninu,kəninu,small,small,,,120[47],,elicited from speaker,kəninu,,small,,,,13960, +43-121,43,kadera pikninu,kadera\tpikninu,seat\tsmall,small seat,,,906[246],,pedagogical grammar,"kadera pikninu",,seat small,,,,13961, +47-239,47,"juw, mucha; chiki(tu); pokito","juw,\tmucha;\tchiki(tu);\tpokito","child,\tchild;\tsmall;\tlittle",child; small; little,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"juw, mucha; chiki(tu); pokito",,"child, child; small; little",,Own knowledge,,13962, +61-112,61,pikanin(i),pikanin(i),child,child OR: small,,,,,elicited from speaker,pikanin(i),,child,,Field notes Mesthrie,,13963, +63-201,63,nyerekú,nyerekú,child,child,,,,,naturalistic spoken,nyerekú,,child,,Personal data,,13964, +71-190,71,Urero oe wau Bikanene hiki no oe pono wero wau bikanene.,Olelo\toe\twau\tpikanene\thikino\toe\tpono\tolelo\twau\tpikanene.,speak\t2SG\t1SG\tchild\talright\t2SG\tshould\tspeak\t1SG\tchild,"You called me a child, okay you should call me a child.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Urero oe wau Bikanene hiki no oe pono wero wau bikanene.",Olelo oe wau pikanene hikino oe pono olelo wau pikanene.,speak 2SG 1SG child alright 2SG should speak 1SG child,,own data 1865,,13965, +72-160,72,Jintaku karungku i bin gedim kengkaru mirlarrangyawung.,Jintaku\tkaru-ngku\ti\tbin\tged-im\tkengkaru\tmirlarrang-yawung.,one\tchild-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tshoot-TR\tkangaroo\tspear-COM,One kid got a kangaroo with a spear.,,,583,4a984e96654f45787fb8ef74b47a3202,peer elicitation,Jintaku karungku i bin gedim kengkaru mirlarrangyawung.,Jintaku karu-ngku i bin ged-im kengkaru mirlarrang-yawung.,one child-ERG 3SG.SBJ PST shoot-TR kangaroo spear-COM,,,,13966, +74-158,74,tánas,tánas,small,small,,The original source for this example is Hale (1890: 51).,1641[52],,narrative,tánas,,small,The original source for this example is Hale (1890: 51).,,,13967, +76-70,76,mikaninni,mikaninni,small,"small, little, child",,"This word has a dual origin: Portuguese nautical pidgin pikaninni 'child, small' and the Eskimo verb root miki- 'small'.",1442[227],,reconstructed by documentalist,mikaninni,,small,"This word has a dual origin: Portuguese nautical pidgin pikaninni 'child, small' and the Eskimo verb root miki- 'small'.",,,13968, +76-71,76,añaninni,añaninni,big,"big, much, very",,"This word was created on the basis of the Eskimo verb stem angi- 'to be big', in analogy with the word mikaninni 'small', which derives from both the Portuguese nautical pidgin pikaninni 'child, small' and the Eskimo verb root miki- 'small'. Note that añaninni and mikaninni are not the result of a productive word-formation process in Eskimo Pidgin, and that their etymological constituents cannot be distinguished as morphemes in the pidgin.",1442[223],,reconstructed by documentalist,añaninni,,big,"This word was created on the basis of the Eskimo verb stem angi- 'to be big', in analogy with the word mikaninni 'small', which derives from both the Portuguese nautical pidgin pikaninni 'child, small' and the Eskimo verb root miki- 'small'. Note that añaninni and mikaninni are not the result of a productive word-formation process in Eskimo Pidgin, and that their etymological constituents cannot be distinguished as morphemes in the pidgin.",,,13969, +1-253,1,sabi,sabi,know/knowledge,"know, understand; knowledge",,,1357[146],,written (dictionary),sabi,,know/knowledge,,,,13970,"German: wissen; kennen; verstehen; erkennen; das Wissen, die Erkentniss [op.cit.]" +2-287,2,sabi,sabi,know,"know, knowledge, wisdom",,,1587,,unknown,sabi,,know,,,,13971, +3-152,3,sabi,sabi,know,know,,,354[358],,naturalistic written,sabi,,know,,,,13972, +4-181,4,Mi án sabi a moni a ero.,Mi\tán\tsabi\ta\tmoni\ta\tero.,1SG\tNEG\tknow\tDET.SG\tmoney\tLOC\tEuro,I don't know how much that is in Euro.,,,284,,naturalistic spoken,Mi án sabi a moni a ero.,,1SG NEG know DET.SG money LOC Euro,,,,13973, +5-183,5,sabii,sabii,know,know,,This is somewhat archaic.,"1436[217, 221]",,naturalistic spoken,sabii,,know,This is somewhat archaic.,,,13974, +6-116,6,savvy,savvy,know,know,,,1594[792],,naturalistic written,savvy,,know,,,,13975, +8-164,8,sabi-so,sabi-so,know-so,understanding; wisdom,,,224[389],,naturalistic written,sabi-so,,know-so,,,,13976, +10-254,10,Beda Taiga no nuo how fi sing di song.,Beda\tTaiga\tno\tnuo\thow\tfi\tsing\tdi\tsong.,Brother\tTiger\tNEG\tknow\thow\tCOMP\tsing\tART.DEF\tsong,Brother Tiger did not know how to sing the song.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Beda Taiga no nuo how fi sing di song.",,Brother Tiger NEG know how COMP sing ART.DEF song,,Unpublished field recordings,,13977, +11-327,11,Yu haftu nou tu aansa di kwestyon.,Yu\thaf-tu\tnou\ttu\taansa\tdi\tkwestyon.,2SG\thave-to\tknow\tCOMP\tanswer\tART.DEF\tquestion,You must know how to answer the question.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,Yu haftu nou tu aansa di kwestyon.,Yu haf-tu nou tu aansa di kwestyon.,2SG have-to know COMP answer ART.DEF question,,,,13978, +13-198,13,sabe,sabe,know,to know,,,685[189],,written (dictionary),sabe,,know,,,,13979, +15-139,15,sabi,sabi,know,know,,,601[119],,naturalistic written,sabi,,know,,,,13980, +16-158,16,sabi,sabi,know,know,,,,,naturalistic spoken,sabi,,know,,Own fieldwork,,13981, +17-191,17,sàbi,sàbi,know,know,,,462[285-289],,naturalistic spoken,sàbi,,know,,,,13982, +19-206,19,sàbí,sàbí,know,know (how to),,,,,elicited from speaker,sàbí,,know,,Field data,,13983, +20-147,20,He savvy Englishee?,He\tsavvy\tEnglishee?,3SG\tknow\tEnglish,Do you speak English?,,,1489[IV.51],,naturalistic written,"He savvy Englishee?",,3SG know English,,,㕭沙比英忌(竹+厘)士,13984, +22-185,22,Mi save liklik tasol.,Mi\tsave\tliklik\ttasol.,1SG\tknow\tlittle\tonly,I only know a little.,,,"584[Male, 18, East New Britain]",,naturalistic spoken,Mi save liklik tasol.,,1SG know little only,,,,13985, +22-186,22,Papa na mama save go long gaden.,Papa\tna\tmama\tsave\tgo\tlong\tgaden.,father\tand\tmother\tHAB\tgo\tPREP\tgarden,The parents would go to the garden.,,"Save, usually shortened to sa, is very widely used as a habitual marker before verbs.","584[Male, 18, East New Britain]",,naturalistic spoken,Papa na mama save go long gaden.,,father and mother HAB go PREP garden,"Save, usually shortened to sa, is very widely used as a habitual marker before verbs.",,,13986, +23-169,23,tanna man no save work [...] he too much lazy,tanna\tman\tno\tsave\twork\t[...]\the\ttoo\tmuch\tlazy,Tanna\tman\tNEG\tcan\twork\t[...]\t3SG\ttoo\tmuch\tlazy,Tanna men can't work [...] they're too lazy.,,This example was collected by Terry Crowley.,911[106],,historical representation of speech,tanna man no save work [...] he too much lazy,,Tanna man NEG can work [...] 3SG too much lazy,This example was collected by Terry Crowley.,,,13987, +25-335,25,Yu jabi wel na langguij.,Yu\tjabi\twel\tna\tlangguij.,2SG\tknow\twell\tnow\tlanguage,You know the language well now.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the verb of knowing sabi followed by a nominal complement.",,,naturalistic spoken,Yu jabi wel na langguij.,,2SG know well now language,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the verb of knowing sabi followed by a nominal complement.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,13988, +30-225,30,Mi N sabe más txeu ki nhos [...].,Mi\tN=sabe\tmás\ttxeu\tki\tnhos\t[...].,1SG\t1SG=know\tmore\tmuch\tthan\t2PL\t[...],I know much more than you [...].,,,1407[126],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi N sabe más txeu ki nhos [...].",Mi N=sabe más txeu ki nhos [...].,1SG 1SG=know more much than 2PL [...],,,,13989, +30-226,30,Ami N stába na un lugár sábi!,A-mi\tN=stá-ba\tna=un=lugár\tsábi!,TOP-1SG.INDP\t1SG.DEP=be-ANT\tin=ART.INDF=place\tpleasant,I was at a pleasant place.,,,1407[25],,naturalistic spoken,Ami N stába na un lugár sábi!,A-mi N=stá-ba na=un=lugár sábi!,TOP-1SG.INDP 1SG.DEP=be-ANT in=ART.INDF=place pleasant,,,,13990,German: Ich befand mich an einem angenehmen Ort! +31-177,31,Nu ka sabe s'el pode ben po-l mas dianti.,Nu\tka\tsabe\ts'el\tpode\tben\tpo-l\tmas\tdianti.,we\tNEG\tknow\tif-he\tcan\tcome\tput-it\tmore\tin.front,We do not know whether he can come and put it forward.,,,689,,naturalistic spoken,"Nu ka sabe s'el pode ben po-l mas dianti.",,we NEG know if-he can come put-it more in.front,,,,13991, +32-181,32,"Mi, N ka sabê náda.","Mi,\tN\tka\tsabê\tnáda.",1SG\t1SG\tNEG\tknow\tnothing,I don't know anything.,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"Mi, N ka sabê náda.",,1SG 1SG NEG know nothing,,,,13992,Portuguese: Não sei nada. +33-209,33,N sibi.,N\tsibi.,1SG\tknow,I know.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N sibi.,,1SG know,,Own knowledge,,13993,Portuguese: Eu sei. +34-171,34,Womi ki sebé tudu ka di fiyá.,Womi\tki\tø\tsebé\ttudu\tka\tdi\tfiyá.,man\tREL.SBJ\tPFV\tknow\tall\tNEG\tto\trely/trust,You shoud not trust someone who knows too much. OR: A man who knows everything is not to trust.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Womi ki sebé tudu ka di fiyá.","Womi ki ø sebé tudu ka di fiyá.",man REL.SBJ PFV know all NEG to rely/trust,,Own knowledge,,13994, +35-240,35,Bô sêbê punda kamanda ô?,Bô\tsêbê\tpunda\tkamanda\tô?,2SG\tknow\twhy\twhy\tPCL,Do you know why?,,PCL = discourse particle,,,naturalistic spoken,Bô sêbê punda kamanda ô?,,2SG know why why PCL,PCL = discourse particle,Own data,,13995, +35-241,35,"Sêbê sê sotxi, ê na ka valê fa.","Sêbê\tsê\tsotxi,\tê\tna\tka\tvalê\tfa.",knowledge\twithout\tluck\t3SG\tNEG\tIPFV\tbe.worth\tNEG,Knowledge without luck isn’t useful.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Sêbê sê sotxi, ê na ka valê fa.",,knowledge without luck 3SG NEG IPFV be.worth NEG,,Own data,,13996, +36-148,36,eta/ta,eta/ta,know,"to know (something, a person)",,,901[216],,elicited from speaker,eta/ta,,know,,,,13997, +37-185,37,sêbê,sêbê,know,to know,,,905[235],,naturalistic spoken,sêbê,,know,,,,13998, +38-189,38,sebe,sebe,know,to know,,,,,naturalistic spoken,sebe,,know,,Own fieldwork 1990,,13999, +38-190,38,se,se,know,to know,,,,,naturalistic spoken,se,,know,,Own fieldwork 1990,,14000, +39-180,39,sabe,sab-e,know-INF,to know,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,sabe,sab-e,know-INF,,,,14001, +39-181,39,sab,sab,know.NPST,know(s),,,221[193],,naturalistic spoken,sab,,know.NPST,,,,14002, +39-182,39,sabiŋ,sab-iŋ,know-PST,knew,,"The form sabiŋ is by far the most common Past form of the verb sabe 'to know'. The distribution of the Past suffix -iŋ, on the other hand, is highly constrained, as it has been recorded for only four high-frequency verbs (tiŋ 'had/AUX.PST', kiriŋ/keriŋ 'wanted', pudiŋ 'could', and sabiŋ 'knew'). Regular sound correspondences with Standard Portuguese suggest this suffix to be derived from the sequence -inha present in Ptg. tinha '`have.PST.IMP.1/3sg' - the ancestor of the Diu Indo-Portuguese form tiŋ. Its extension onto the paradigm of the other three verbs was probably facilitated by the fact that the 1/3sg Past Imperfective forms of their corresponding Portuguese etyma end in -ia (queria 'want.PST.IMP.1/3sg', podia 'can.PST.IMP.1/3sg', and sabia 'know.PST.IMP.1/3sg'). It is therefore not surprising that in acrolectal Diu Indo-Portuguese speech the form sabi sometimes competes with sabiŋ.",221[111],,naturalistic spoken,sabiŋ,sab-iŋ,know-PST,"The form sabiŋ is by far the most common Past form of the verb sabe 'to know'. The distribution of the Past suffix -iŋ, on the other hand, is highly constrained, as it has been recorded for only four high-frequency verbs (tiŋ 'had/AUX.PST', kiriŋ/keriŋ 'wanted', pudiŋ 'could', and sabiŋ 'knew'). Regular sound correspondences with Standard Portuguese suggest this suffix to be derived from the sequence -inha present in Ptg. tinha '`have.PST.IMP.1/3sg' - the ancestor of the Diu Indo-Portuguese form tiŋ. Its extension onto the paradigm of the other three verbs was probably facilitated by the fact that the 1/3sg Past Imperfective forms of their corresponding Portuguese etyma end in -ia (queria 'want.PST.IMP.1/3sg', podia 'can.PST.IMP.1/3sg', and sabia 'know.PST.IMP.1/3sg'). It is therefore not surprising that in acrolectal Diu Indo-Portuguese speech the form sabi sometimes competes with sabiŋ.",,,14003, +42-193,42,yo sabé eli teng akí,yo\tsabé\teli\tteng\takí,1SG\tknow\t3SG\tBE\there,I know that he is here.,,,122[201],,naturalistic spoken,yo sabé eli teng akí,,1SG know 3SG BE here,,,,14004, +43-122,43,sabe,sabe,know,to know,,,906[291],,pedagogical grammar,sabe,,know,,,,14005, +44-182,44,Kósa pa kyéri sabé?,Kósa\tpa\tkyéri\tsabé?,what\tmore\twant\tknow,What else do you want to know?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kósa pa kyéri sabé?,,what more want know,,Own data,,14006,Spanish: ¿Qué más quieres saber? +45-147,45,Sabe ba tu si cosa ya pasa?,Sabe\tba\ttu\tsi\tcosa\tya\tpasa?,know\tQ\t2SG\tif\twhat\tPFV\thappen,Do you know what happened?,,Si introduces indirect questions.,426[159],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Sabe ba tu si cosa ya pasa?,,know Q 2SG if what PFV happen,"Si introduces indirect questions.",,,14007,Spanish: ¿Sabes qué pasó? +48-189,48,"Pero ele a-sabé toká tambié tambó, ¿belá?","Pero\tele\ta-sabé\ttoká\ttambié\ttambó,\t¿belá?",but\the/she\t?-HAB\tplay\talso\tdrum\tright,"But he/she used to also play the drum, right?",,,1359[280],,naturalistic spoken,"Pero ele a-sabé toká tambié tambó, ¿belá?",,but he/she ?-HAB play also drum right,,,,14008,"Spanish: Pero él/ella solía también tocar el tambor, ¿verdad?" +50-210,50,An sav/savé.,An\tsav/savé.,1SG\tknow,I know.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An sav/savé.,,1SG know,,Own fieldwork,,14009, +51-176,51,Man sav.,Man\tsav.,1SG\tknow,I know.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man sav.,,1SG know,,Own fieldwork,,14010, +52-112,52,nou savé sa i di,nou\tsavé\tsa\ti\tdi,we\tknow\tthat\the\tsay,We knew what he said.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"nou savé sa i di",,we know that he say,,,,14011, +53-391,53,M. le Page li diable li sabai tout.,M.\tle\tPage\tli\tdiable\tli\tsabai\ttout.,Mister\tle\tPage\t3SG\tdevil\t3SG\tknow\teverything,"Mister le Page is a devil, he knows everything.",,,794[304-317],,naturalistic written,M. le Page li diable li sabai tout.,,Mister le Page 3SG devil 3SG know everything,,,,14012, +55-201,55,mo kon li; mo kon naze,mo\tkon\tli;\tmo\tkon\tnaze,1SG\tknow\t3SG\t1SG\tknow\tswim,I know him/her/it. I know how to swim.,,,73[156],,constructed by linguist,mo kon li; mo kon naze,,1SG know 3SG 1SG know swim,,,,14013, +72-161,72,Im nou gurindji FMngkuma.,Im\tnou\tgurindji\tFM-ngku-ma.,3SG.SBJ\tknow\tGurindji\tNAME-ERG-TOP,"She knows Gurindji, FM does.",,,8,96e426771c319556afc1877a61a68d80,naturalistic spoken,Im nou gurindji FMngkuma.,Im nou gurindji FM-ngku-ma.,3SG.SBJ know Gurindji NAME-ERG-TOP,,,,14014, +73-112,73,no sabinichu,no\tsabi-ni-chu,NEG\tknow-1SG-NEG,I don't know.,,,,,elicited from speaker,no sabinichu,no sabi-ni-chu,NEG know-1SG-NEG,,Field notes,,14015, +74-159,74,kámtaks,kámtaks,know,know,,The original source for this example is Hale (1890: 45).,1641[26],,narrative,kámtaks,,know,The original source for this example is Hale (1890: 45).,,,14016, +1-254,1,Watra-Hay,watra-ai,water-eye,tears,,Note that the compound is left-headed: 'water'-'eye'.,1576[19],,written,Watra-Hay,watra-ai,water-eye,Note that the compound is left-headed: 'water'-'eye'.,,,14017,Dutch: Traanen [op.cit.] +1-255,1,watra va hai,watra\tfu\tai,water\tof\teye,tears,,,1357[198],,written (dictionary),watra va hai,watra fu ai,water of eye,,,,14018,German: Thränen [op.cit.] +1-256,1,A kreh watra na hai.,A\tkrei\twatra\tna\tai.,3SG.SBJ\tcry\twater\tLOC\teye,He's crying (lit. He's crying water from his eyes).,,,1357[90],,written (dictionary),A kreh watra na hai.,A krei watra na ai.,3SG.SBJ cry water LOC eye,,,,14019,German: Er weint. [op.cit.] +1-257,1,Watra pisi na hem hai.,Watra\tpisi\tna\ten\tai.,water\trun\tLOC\t3SG\teye,He is crying (lit. Water is running from his eyes).,,,1357[139],,written (dictionary),Watra pisi na hem hai.,Watra pisi na en ai.,water run LOC 3SG eye,,,,14020,German: Er weint. [op.cit.] +2-288,2,watra-ai,watra-ai,water-eye,tears,,,1587,,unknown,watra-ai,,water-eye,,,,14021, +3-153,3,wátá-wóyo,wátá-wóyo,water-eye,tear,,,354[302],,naturalistic written,wátá-wóyo,,water-eye,,,,14022, +3-154,3,wóyó-wáta,wóyó-wáta,eye-water,tear,,,586[237],,naturalistic spoken,wóyó-wáta,,eye-water,,,,14023, +4-182,4,ain wata(a),ain\twata(a),eye\twater,tear,,,,,elicited from speaker,ain wata(a),,eye water,,Own fieldwork,,14024, +5-184,5,ai-waata,ai-waata,eye-water,tears,,,,,constructed by linguist,ai-waata,,eye-water,,Own knowledge,,14025, +6-117,6,tear,tear,tear,tear,,,,,constructed by linguist,tear,,tear,,Own knowledge,,14026, +6-118,6,cry living eye water,cry\tliving\teye\twater,cry\tliving\teye\twater,to cry tears that are not genuine,,This is an idiomatic expression.,30[221],,naturalistic spoken,cry living eye water,,cry living eye water,This is an idiomatic expression.,,,14027, +7-262,7,Aal mi ai waata duhn.,Aal\tmi\tai\twaata\tduhn.,all\t1SG\teye\twater\tdone,I have no more tears left.,,From a popular Vincentian Creole song.,209,,written (poetic),Aal mi ai waata duhn.,,all 1SG eye water done,From a popular Vincentian Creole song.,,,14028, +7-263,7,Waip yo teiz.,Waip\tyo\ttei-z.,wipe\t2.POSS\ttear-PL,Wipe your tears.,,The morpheme teiz does not have a singular form in Vincentian Creole.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Waip yo teiz.,Waip yo tei-z.,wipe 2.POSS tear-PL,"The morpheme teiz does not have a singular form in Vincentian Creole.",Own knowledge,,14029, +7-264,7,Shi krai lang waata out shi ai.,Shi\tkrai\tlang\twaata\tout\tshi\tai.,3SG\tcry\tlong\twater\tout\t3SG\teye,She cried long tears.,,"The construction here is of a phrasal/analytical type, which refers to water from the eyes.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Shi krai lang waata out shi ai.,,3SG cry long water out 3SG eye,"The construction here is of a phrasal/analytical type, which refers to water from the eyes.",Own knowledge,,14030, +8-165,8,"Wen Mieri get di mechiz, di yai-waata jos staat fi drap outa ar yai.","Wen\tMieri\tget\tdi\tmechiz,\tdi\tyai-waata\tjos\tstaat\tfi\tdrap\touta\tar\tyai.",when\tMary\tget\tDET\tmessage\tDET\teye-water\tjust\tstart\tINF\tdrop\tout\t3SG.F\teye,"When Mary heard the news, the tears started to fall from her eyes.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Wen Mieri get di mechiz, di yai-waata jos staat fi drap outa ar yai.",,when Mary get DET message DET eye-water just start INF drop out 3SG.F eye,,Own knowledge,,14031, +8-166,8,A suoso yai-waata ful-op mi yai.,A\tsuoso\tyai-waata\tful-op\tmi\tyai.,FOC\tonly\teye-water\tfill-up\t1SG\teye,My eyes were filled with nothing but tears.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,A suoso yai-waata ful-op mi yai.,,FOC only eye-water fill-up 1SG eye,,Own knowledge,,14032, +9-199,9,"Wan taym a kuda me wɛt dis tiŋ wid kak, bot tode a kud onli wɛt a wid ay wata.","Wan\ttaym\ta\tkuda\tme\twɛt\tdis\ttiŋ\twid\tkak,\tbot\ttode\ta\tkud\tonli\twɛt\ta\twid\tay\twata.",one\ttime\t1SG\tcan\tANT\twet\tthis\tthing\twith\tcock\tbut\ttoday\t1SG\tcan\tonly\twet\tit\twith\teye\twater,"Once I would have used my penis, but I have to resort to tears.",,,429,,naturalistic spoken,"Wan taym a kuda me wɛt dis tiŋ wid kak, bot tode a kud onli wɛt a wid ay wata.",,one time 1SG can ANT wet this thing with cock but today 1SG can only wet it with eye water,,,,14033, +9-214,9,tears,tear-s,tear-PL,tears,,,,,constructed by linguist,tears,tear-s,tear-PL,,Own knowledge,,14034, +10-255,10,ai waata,ai\twaata,eye\twater,tears,,,113[150],,naturalistic spoken,ai waata,,eye water,,,,14035, +11-328,11,ai waata,ai\twaata,eye\twater,tears,,,,,elicited from speaker,ai waata,,eye water,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,14036, +12-267,12,He stood and watch while the eye-water drain down her face.,[...]\twhile\tthe\teye-water\tdrain\tdown\t[...].,[...]\twhile\tART\teye-water\tdrain\tdown\t[...],[He stood and watched] while the tears ran down [her face].,,,634[71],,naturalistic spoken,"He stood and watch while the eye-water drain down her face.","[...] while the eye-water drain down [...].",[...] while ART eye-water drain down [...],,,,14037, +12-268,12,"And sometime, he's look like he dead, and then only tears is be coming out my eye. You know, 'cause then that's my child.","And\tsometime,\the's\tlook\tlike\the\tdead,\tand\tthen\tonly\ttears\tis\tbe\tcoming\tout\tmy\teye.",and\tsometimes\t3SG.M.SBJ.HAB\tlook\tlike\t3SG.M.SBJ\tdead\tand\tthen\tonly\ttear.PL\tHAB\tCOP\tcome.PROG\tout\tmy\teye[PL],"Sometimes he looks dead, and then I can't help crying.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"And sometime, he's look like he dead, and then only tears is be coming out my eye. You know, 'cause then that's my child.","And sometime, he's look like he dead, and then only tears is be coming out my eye.",and sometimes 3SG.M.SBJ.HAB look like 3SG.M.SBJ dead and then only tear.PL HAB COP come.PROG out my eye[PL],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14038, +13-199,13,Dey een dat place e gwine cry bitta teah an bite e tongue.,Dey\teen\tdat\tplace\te\tgwine\tcry\tbitta\tteah\tan\tbite\te\ttongue.,there\tin\tthat\tplace\the\tgoing\tcry\tbitter\ttears\tand\tbite\this\ttongue,There in that place he is going to cry bitter tears and bite his tongue. (Mt 24.51),,,357[95],,bible translation,"Dey een dat place e gwine cry bitta teah an bite e tongue.",,there in that place he going cry bitter tears and bite his tongue,,,,14039, +13-200,13,wid de eyewata da ron down me face,wid\tde\teyewata\tda\tron\tdown\tme\tface,with\tthe\teyewater\tPROG\trun\tdown\tme\tface,with tears running down my face (Acts 20.31),,,357[479],,bible translation,"wid de eyewata da ron down me face",,with the eyewater PROG run down me face,,,,14040, +14-148,14,tears,tears,tears,tears,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,tears,,tears,,Own knowledge,,14041, +15-140,15,wata di kɔmɔt na ĩ yai,wata\tdi\tkɔmɔt\tna\tĩ\tyai,water\tPROG\tcome\tLOC\tPOSS\teye,He/She is crying. OR: Tears are running down his/her cheeks.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,wata di kɔmɔt na ĩ yai,,water PROG come LOC POSS eye,,Own knowledge,,14042, +16-159,16,tiɛ,tiɛ,tear,"tear (n., v.)",,,,,naturalistic spoken,tiɛ,,tear,,Own fieldwork,,14043, +17-192,17,Wòta de mì fò̱r ay.,Wòta\tde\tmì\tfò̱r\tay.,water\tCOP\t1SG.SBJ\tLOC\teye,Water is in my eyes.,,,462[285-289],,naturalistic spoken,Wòta de mì fò̱r ay.,,water COP 1SG.SBJ LOC eye,,,,14044, +18-173,18,wata fo ay,wata\tfo\tay,water\tfor\teye,tears,,,97,,elicited from speaker,wata fo ay,,water for eye,,,,14045, +18-174,18,Wata dey fo mi ay.,Wata\tdey\tfo\tmi\tay.,water\tCOP\tfor\t1SG.POSS\teye,There are tears in my eyes.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Wata dey fo mi ay.,,water COP for 1SG.POSS eye,,,,14046, +19-207,19,yay wàtá,yay\twàtá,eye\twater,tear(s),,,,,elicited from speaker,yay wàtá,,eye water,,Field data,,14047, +19-208,19,Wàtá de na ìn yay.,Wàtá\tde\tna\tìn\tyay.,water\tCOP\tLOC\t3SG.POSS\teye,He has tears in his eyes.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Wàtá de na ìn yay.,,water COP LOC 3SG.POSS eye,,Field data,,14048, +21-149,21,tears,tears,tears,tears,,,,,own knowledge,tears,,tears,,Own knowledge,,14049, +22-187,22,"Em karai nau, ai wara bilong em ran olsem wara.","Em\tkarai\tnau,\tai\twara\tbilong\tem\tran\tolsem\twara.",3SG\tcry\tnow\teye\twater\tPOSS\t3SG\trun\tlike\twater,She cried and her tears flowed like water.,,,584[WSP F15],,naturalistic spoken,"Em karai nau, ai wara bilong em ran olsem wara.",,3SG cry now eye water POSS 3SG run like water,,,,14050, +23-171,23,Plante i serem tears from hemi no save stap blong luk hard wok blong hem.,Plante\ti\tserem\ttears\tfrom\themi\tno\tsave\tstap\tblong\tluk\thard\twok\tblong\them.,plenty\tAGR\tshare\ttears\tbecause\t3SG.AGR\tNEG\tcan\tstay\tPURP\tlook\thard\twork\tPOSS\t3SG,Many people shared a tear because he could not be there to see his hard work (completed).,,,,,naturalistic written,Plante i serem tears from hemi no save stap blong luk hard wok blong hem.,,plenty AGR share tears because 3SG.AGR NEG can stay PURP look hard work POSS 3SG,,"Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 20 June 1998",,14051, +24-190,24,tears,tears,tear,tear OR: tears,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tears,,tear,,Own fieldwork,,14052, +26-119,26,tɛaz,tɛaz,tears,tears,,,,,constructed by linguist,tɛaz,,tears,,Own knowledge,,14053, +28-187,28,toromingi,toro-mingi,eye-water,tears,,,737[668],,elicited from speaker,toromingi,toro-mingi,eye-water,,,,14054, +29-218,29,traan - trane,traan\t-\ttran-e,tear\t-\ttear-PL,tear - tears,,,,,naturalistic spoken,traan - trane,traan - tran-e,tear - tear-PL,,Own knowledge,,14055, +30-227,30,Bu lágua ta kema-m!,Bu=lágua\tta=kema=m!,POSS.2SG=tear\tIPFV=burn=1SG,Your tears are burning me!,,,1407[180],,naturalistic spoken,"Bu lágua ta kema-m!",Bu=lágua ta=kema=m!,POSS.2SG=tear IPFV=burn=1SG,,,,14056,German: Deine Tränen verbrennen mich! +30-228,30,"Minina, seka bu águ d'odju, bu namorádu ta torna ben.","Minina,\tseka\tbu=águ\td=odju,\tbu=namorádu\tta=torna\tben.",girl\tdry\t2SG.POSS=water\tof=eye\t2SG.POSS=boyfriend\tIPFV=again\tcome,"Girl, dry your tears, your lover will come back.",,,786,,constructed by linguist,"Minina, seka bu águ d'odju, bu namorádu ta torna ben.","Minina, seka bu=águ d=odju, bu=namorádu ta=torna ben.",girl dry 2SG.POSS=water of=eye 2SG.POSS=boyfriend IPFV=again come,,,,14057,"German: Mädchen, trockne deine Tränen, dein Geliebter wird zurückkommen." +31-178,31,agu di odju,agu\tdi\todju,water\tof\teye,tears,,,,,constructed by linguist,agu di odju,,water of eye,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14058, +32-182,32,lágrima,lágrima,tear,tears,,Lágrima is a recent loan from Portuguese.,,,constructed by linguist,lágrima,,tear,"Lágrima is a recent loan from Portuguese.",Own knowledge,,14059,Portuguese: lágrimas +32-183,32,Ága táva ta korrê-l pa kára bóx.,Ága\ttáva\tta\tkorrê-l\tpa\tkára\tbóx.,water\tPST.IPFV\tPROG\trun-3SG\ton\tface\tdown,Tears were running down her face.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ága táva ta korrê-l pa kára bóx.",,water PST.IPFV PROG run-3SG on face down,,Own knowledge,,14060,Portuguese: As lágrimas escorriam-lhe pela cara abaixo. +32-184,32,Ben-m ága na oi kond N oiá-l bai.,Ben-m\tága\tna\toi\tkond\tN\toiá-l\tbai.,come-1SG\twater\tin\teye\twhen\t1SG\tsee-3SG\tgo,Tears came into my eyes when I saw him go.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Ben-m ága na oi kond N oiá-l bai.",,come-1SG water in eye when 1SG see-3SG go,,Own knowledge,,14061,Portuguese: Lágrimas vieram-me aos olhos quando o vi partir. +32-185,32,El ta k'oi xei d'ága.,El\tta\tk\toi\txei\tde\tága.,1SG\tCOP\tCOM\teye\tfull\tof\twater,He has eyes full of tears.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"El ta k'oi xei d'ága.",El ta k oi xei de ága.,1SG COP COM eye full of water,,Own knowledge,,14062,Portuguese: Tem os olhos cheios de lágrimas. +33-210,33,larma,larma,tear,tears,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,larma,,tear,,Own knowledge,,14063,Portuguese: lágrimas +34-172,34,lárguma,lárguma,tear(s),tear(s),,This item can be traced directly to Portuguese lágrima (also monomorphemic).,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,lárguma,,tear(s),"This item can be traced directly to Portuguese lágrima (also monomorphemic).",Own knowledge,,14064, +35-242,35,awa wê,awa\twê,water\teye,tear(s),,,,,naturalistic spoken,awa wê,,water eye,,Own data,,14065, +36-149,36,awa wê,awa\twê,water\teye,tears,,,901[211],,elicited from speaker,awa wê,,water eye,,,,14066, +37-186,37,aw'uwê,awa\tuwê,water\teye,tears,,,905[214],,elicited from speaker,aw'uwê,awa uwê,water eye,,,,14067, +38-191,38,a d’oyo,awa\tde-oio,water\tof-eye,tear,,,,,elicited from speaker,a d’oyo,awa de-oio,water of-eye,,Own fieldwork 1993,,14068, +39-183,39,lag,lag,tear,tear(s),,,218,,naturalistic spoken,lag,,tear,,,,14069, +40-142,40,lag,lag,tear,tear,,ʧor 'crying' is also found. The corrsponding verb is ʧura.,,,constructed by linguist,lag,,tear,"ʧor 'crying' is also found. The corrsponding verb is ʧura.",Own knowledge,,14070, +42-194,42,lagri,lagri,tear,tear(s),,,120[54],,elicited from speaker,lagri,,tear,,,,14071, +43-123,43,olu su lagër,olu\tsu\tlagër,eye\tPOSS\ttear,tears,,,906[274],,naturalistic written,olu su lagër,,eye POSS tear,,,,14072, +44-183,44,lagrimas,lagrimas,tears,a tear OR: tears,,,1064[94],,written (dictionary),lagrimas,,tears,,,,14073,Spanish: lágrima +45-148,45,Mucho lagrimas ya cae con el viuda.,Mucho\tlagrimas\tya\tcae\tcon\tel\tviuda.,many\ttears\tPFV\tfall\tOBJ\tDEF\twidow,The widow shed many tears.,,,426[79],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mucho lagrimas ya cae con el viuda.,,many tears PFV fall OBJ DEF widow,,,,14074, +46-192,46,lágrimas,lágrimas,tear,tear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lágrimas,,tear,,Own knowledge,,14075, +46-193,46,lúhaq,lúhaq,tear,tear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lúhaq,,tear,,Own knowledge,,14076, +47-222,47,lagrima,lagrima,tear,tear(s),,,,,own knowledge,lagrima,,tear,,Own knowledge,,14077, +47-223,47,aw'i wowo,awa\tdi\twowo,water\tof\teye,tears,,,694,,published source,aw'i wowo,awa di wowo,water of eye,,,,14078, +48-190,48,lágrima,lágrima,tear(s),tear(s),,The word is derived from Spanish lágrima(s) 'idem'.,,,naturalistic spoken,lágrima,,tear(s),"The word is derived from Spanish lágrima(s) 'idem'.",Recorded by author,,14079, +49-335,49,Li mouye liv la nèt ak dlo je l.,Li\tmouye\tliv\tla\tnèt\tak\tdlo\tje\tl.,3SG\tsoak\tbook\tDEF\tcompletely\twith\twater\teye\t3SG.POSS,She soaked the book completely with her tears.,,,1514[359],,elicited from speaker,Li mouye liv la nèt ak dlo je l.,,3SG soak book DEF completely with water eye 3SG.POSS,,,,14080,French: Elle a trempé complètement le livre avec ses larmes. +50-211,50,dlo,dlo,water,"water, tears",,,,,naturalistic spoken,dlo,,water,,Own fieldwork,,14081, +51-177,51,dlo,dlo,water,tear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dlo,,water,,Own fieldwork,,14082, +52-113,52,dlo-wey,dlo-wey,water-eye,tear(s),,,,,elicited from speaker,dlo-wey,,water-eye,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,14083, +53-392,53,Li te gen dolo tou partou an so figir.,Li\tte\tgen\tdolo\ttou\tpartou\tan\tso\tfigir.,3SG\tPST\thave\twater\tall\tall.over\ton\t3SG.POSS\tface,He had tears all over his face.,,,1515[129],,naturalistic spoken,Li te gen dolo tou partou an so figir.,,3SG PST have water all all.over on 3SG.POSS face,,,,14084, +53-393,53,Li te gen de larm ape degoute.,Li\tte\tgen\tde\tlarm\tape\tdegoute.,3SG\tPST\thave\tART.INDF.PL\ttear\tPROG\tfall,He had tears dripping down.,,,1515[276],,naturalistic spoken,Li te gen de larm ape degoute.,,3SG PST have ART.INDF.PL tear PROG fall,,,,14085, +54-231,54,larm,larm,tear,tear(s),,,,,constructed by linguist,larm,,tear,,Own knowledge,,14086, +55-202,55,larm,larm,tear(s),tear(s),,,,,constructed by linguist,larm,,tear(s),,Own knowledge,,14087, +56-207,56,larm,larm,tear,a tear/tears,,,1439[172],,written (dictionary),larm,,tear,,,,14088, +56-208,56,delo/dilo,delo/dilo,water,water OR: tear,,"Delo i marse dan son lizye. 'Tears started to form.' (own knowledge), Mon de delo i koule [POSS two tears PRED drop] 'My tears drop'.",,,constructed by native speaker,delo/dilo,,water,"Delo i marse dan son lizye. 'Tears started to form.' (own knowledge), Mon de delo i koule [POSS two tears PRED drop] 'My tears drop'.",Own knowledge,,14089, +56-209,56,Mon de delo i koule.,Mon\tde\tdelo\ti\tkoule.,POSS\ttwo\ttear\tPM\tdrop,My tears drop.,,,,,constructed by native speaker,Mon de delo i koule.,,POSS two tear PM drop,,Own knowledge,,14090, +57-105,57,larm,larm,tear,"tear, tears",,,,,naturalistic spoken,larm,,tear,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,14091, +58-134,58,nsanga,nsanga,tears,tears,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,nsanga,,tears,,Own knowledge,,14092, +59-354,59,ngu ti le ayuru na le ti lo,ngu\tti\tle\ta-yuru\tna\tle\tti\tlo,water\tof\teye\tPM-flow\tPREP\tface\tof\t3SG,Tears flow on his/her face.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ngu ti le ayuru na le ti lo,ngu ti le a-yuru na le ti lo,water of eye PM-flow PREP face of 3SG,,Own knowledge,,14093, +60-159,60,pínzolí,pínzolí,tear,tear,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,pínzolí,,tear,,,,14094, +60-160,60,mái ya míso,mái\tya\tmíso,water\tof\teyes,tear(s),,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,mái ya míso,,water of eyes,,,,14095, +61-113,61,manzi ga mehlo,manzi\tga\tmehlo,water\tPOSS\teyes,eye-water OR: tears,,Manzi ga mehlo is not a common word.,,,elicited from speaker,manzi ga mehlo,,water POSS eyes,"Manzi ga mehlo is not a common word.",Field notes Mesthrie,,14096, +61-114,61,nymbezi,nymbezi,tears,tears,,Nymbezi is not widely known by non-Zulu speakers.,157,,written,nymbezi,,tears,"Nymbezi is not widely known by non-Zulu speakers.",,,14097, +62-101,62,ma?ililma,ma-'ililma,6-tear,tears,,No singular exists; -'ilima is a monomorphemic stem.,,,elicited from speaker,ma?ililma,ma-'ililma,6-tear,"No singular exists; -'ilima is a monomorphemic stem.",Own field data 1993,,14098, +63-202,63,móy éna,móy\téna,water\teye,tears,,,622[81],,naturalistic spoken,móy éna,,water eye,,,,14099, +64-219,64,móya éna,móya\téna,water\teye,tears,,,972[158],,naturalistic spoken,móya éna,,water eye,,,,14100, +66-126,66,kannir,kan-nir,eye-water,tears,,,,,elicited from speaker,kannir,kan-nir,eye-water,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,14101, +67-221,67,air mata,air\tmata,water\teye,tear,,,708[92],,elicited from speaker,air mata,,water eye,,,,14102, +68-128,68,aer mata,aer\tmata,water\teye,tears,,,,,constructed by linguist,aer mata,,water eye,,Own knowledge,,14103, +72-162,72,Mikarayawung yet i bin kutij nganta.,Mikara-yawung\tyet\ti\tbin\tkutij\tnganta.,tears-COM\tyet\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tstand\tDOUBT,"He was still standing there with tears in his eyes, I think.",,,583,8a0708bee1a441741059ad965596ec3a,naturalistic spoken,Mikarayawung yet i bin kutij nganta.,Mikara-yawung yet i bin kutij nganta.,tears-COM yet 3SG.SBJ PST stand DOUBT,,,,14104, +74-160,74,síxwst yáka čak,síxwst\tyáka\tčak,eye\t3SG\twater,tears,,,,,constructed by linguist,síxwst yáka čak,,eye 3SG water,,Own knowledge,,14105, +75-272,75,Sii zhuu suuntee plaen d trosh di laerm.,Sii\tzhuu\tsuuntee\tplaen\td\ttrosh\tdi\tlaerm.,3.POSS.PL\tcheek\tthey.were\tfull\tof\tstain\tof\ttear,Her cheeks were tear stained. OR: Her cheeks were full of stains of tears.,,,789[328],,naturalistic written,Sii zhuu suuntee plaen d trosh di laerm.,Sii zhuu suuntee plaen d trosh di laerm.,3.POSS.PL cheek they.were full of stain of tear,,,,14106, +1-258,1,hann,anu,hand,"hand, arm",,,1357[58],,written (dictionary),hann,anu,hand,,,,14107,"German: die Hand; der ganze Arm; ein Ast, Zweig, Rebe; die Forderfüsse eines Thiers; Henkel, Handhabe [op.cit.]" +1-259,1,Gi mi joe han.,Gi\tmi\tyu\tanu.,give\t1SG\t2SG\tarm/hand,Give me your arm/hand.,,The Dutch translation is 'arm' here.,1527[41],,written,Gi mi joe han.,Gi mi yu anu.,give 1SG 2SG arm/hand,The Dutch translation is 'arm' here.,,,14108,Dutch: Geef my u Arm. [op.cit.] +1-260,1,"Alla krabbu habi wan biggi hann nanga wan pikinwan; kaba dem habi futu tu, wan siksi effi aiti.","Ala\tkrabu\thabi\twan\tbigi\tanu\tnanga\twan\tpikinwan;\tkaba\tden\thabi\tfutu\ttu,\twan\tsiksi\tefi\taiti.",all\tcrab\thave\tone\tbig\thand/arm\tand\tone\tlittle.one\tand/but\t3PL\thave\tfoot/leg\ttoo\tINDF.SG\tsix\tor\teight,"All crabs have one big hand/arm and one little one, but they also have feet/legs, six or eight.",,,1357[90],,written (dictionary),"Alla krabbu habi wan biggi hann nanga wan pikinwan; kaba dem habi futu tu, wan siksi effi aiti.","Ala krabu habi wan bigi anu nanga wan pikinwan; kaba den habi futu tu, wan siksi efi aiti.",all crab have one big hand/arm and one little.one and/but 3PL have foot/leg too INDF.SG six or eight,,,,14109, +2-289,2,ini-anu,ini-anu,in-hand,palm (of the hand),,,1587,,unknown,ini-anu,,in-hand,,,,14110, +2-290,2,Mi broko mi anu di mi dyompo kmopo fu a bon.,Mi\tbroko\tmi\tanu\tdi\tmi\tdyompo\tkmopo\tfu\ta\tbon.,I\tbreak\tmy\tarm\twhen\tI\tjump\tcome.from\tof\tART\ttree,I broke my arm when I jumped out of the tree.,,,1587[47],,unknown,"Mi broko mi anu di mi dyompo kmopo fu a bon.",,I break my arm when I jump come.from of ART tree,,,,14111, +3-155,3,maun,maun,hand/arm,hand/arm,,,354[120],,naturalistic written,maun,,hand/arm,,,,14112, +4-183,4,Den naki ana gi mi gwlapgwlapgwlap.,Den\tnaki\tana\tgi\tmi\tgwlapgwlapgwlap.,they\thit\thand\tgive\tme\tIDEO,They clapped for me.,,,284,,naturalistic spoken,Den naki ana gi mi gwlapgwlapgwlap.,,they hit hand give me IDEO,,,,14113, +4-184,4,ala en ondoo ana fuu tjafutjafu kwakwakwaa.,ala\ten\tondoo\tana\tfuu\ttjafutjafu\tkwakwakwaa.,all\this\tunder\tarm\tfull\tIDEO\tIDEO,All of his lower arm is full with boils.,,,285,,naturalistic spoken,ala en ondoo ana fuu tjafutjafu kwakwakwaa.,,all his under arm full IDEO IDEO,,,,14114, +5-185,5,han,han,hand/arm,hand/arm,,,,,constructed by linguist,han,,hand/arm,,Own knowledge,,14115, +6-119,6,"He get chop in he hand, just below the shoulder.","He\tget\tchop\tin\the\thand,\tjust\tbelow\tthe\tshoulder.",3SG.M\tget\tcut\tPREP\t3SG.POSS\tarm\tjust\tbelow\tDET\tshoulder,"He was cut in his arm, just below the shoulder.",,,1594[418],,naturalistic written,"He get chop in he hand, just below the shoulder.",,3SG.M get cut PREP 3SG.POSS arm just below DET shoulder,,,,14116, +6-131,6,"a:ks, kya:dz, liks, krips, plums /mz/, gloves /vz/, hands /nz/,","a:ks, kya:dz, liks, krips, plums /mz/, gloves /vz/, hands /nz/,",ask cards beatings crisp plums gloves hands,"ask, cards, beatings, crisp, plums, gloves hands",,,,,unspecified,"a:ks, kya:dz, liks, krips, plums /mz/, gloves /vz/, hands /nz/,",,ask cards beatings crisp plums gloves hands,,,,14117, +7-265,7,Yo han fini fini.,Yo\than\tfini\tfini.,2SG\tarm/hand\tfeeble\tfeeble,Your arm/hand is very feeble (handicapped).,,,1244[139],,naturalistic spoken,Yo han fini fini.,,2SG arm/hand feeble feeble,,,,14118, +8-167,8,Im lik mi pan mi han rait tap-said mi elbo.,Im\tlik\tmi\tpan\tmi\than\trait\ttap-said\tmi\telbo.,3SG\tlick\t1SG\ton\t1SG\thand\tright\ttop-side\t1SG\telbow,He hit me on my arm just above my elbow.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Im lik mi pan mi han rait tap-said mi elbo.,,3SG lick 1SG on 1SG hand right top-side 1SG elbow,,Own knowledge,,14119, +9-200,9,han,han,hand,"hand, arm",,,,,constructed by linguist,han,,hand,,Own knowledge,,14120, +10-256,10,han,han,hand,"hand, arm",,,,,elicited from speaker,han,,hand,,Field notes 2008,,14121, +11-329,11,han,han,hand,"hand, arm",,,,,elicited from speaker,han,,hand,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,14122, +11-330,11,arm,arm,arm,"armpit, upper arm",,I assume Holm elicited the item.,636[Appendix p. 2],,elicited from speaker,arm,,arm,I assume Holm elicited the item.,,,14123, +12-269,12,He can reach across the table because he has long hands.,He\tcan\treach\tacross\tthe\ttable\tbecause\the\thas\tlong\thands.,3SG.M.SBJ\tMOD.AUX\treach\tacross\tART\ttable\tbecause\t3SG.M.SBJ\thave.3SG\tlong\tarm.PL,He can reach across the table because he has long arms.,,,634[98],,naturalistic spoken,He can reach across the table because he has long hands.,,3SG.M.SBJ MOD.AUX reach across ART table because 3SG.M.SBJ have.3SG long arm.PL,,,,14124, +12-270,12,"[...] he did fall out one tree, and he had this hand from here to here break, yeah, and then he had from here to here break. [No way - both arms?] And - yeah, the two hand [...].",[...]\the\thad\tthis\thand\tfrom\there\tto\there\tbreak\t[...].,[...]\t3SG.M.SBJ\thave.PST\tDEM\tarm\tfrom\there\tto\there\tbreak\t[...],"[...] he had this arm broken from here to here [...] [yeah, both of his arms] [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] he did fall out one tree, and he had this hand from here to here break, yeah, and then he had from here to here break. [No way - both arms?] And - yeah, the two hand [...].",[...] he had this hand from here to here break [...].,[...] 3SG.M.SBJ have.PST DEM arm from here to here break [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14125, +12-271,12,"I had a Lifebuoy soap in my pocket, wrap up in a tissue. Yeah, to wash my hand when I finish.",[...]\tto\twash\tmy\thand\twhen\tI\tfinish.,[...]\tto\twash\tmy\thand[PL]\twhen\tI\tfinish,"[I had a piece of soap in my pocket, wrapped up in tissue,] to wash my hands after I had finished.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I had a Lifebuoy soap in my pocket, wrap up in a tissue. Yeah, to wash my hand when I finish.",[...] to wash my hand when I finish.,[...] to wash my hand[PL] when I finish,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14126, +13-201,13,One man been dey an e han been flicted.,One\tman\tbeen\tdey\tan\te\than\tbeen\tflicted.,one\tman\tbeen\tthere\tand\this\thand\tbeen\tafflicted,One man was there and his hand had been afflicted. (Mt 12.10),,,357[41],,bible translation,"One man been dey an e han been flicted.",,one man been there and his hand been afflicted,,,,14127, +13-202,13,E done show de great scrent een e aam.,E\tdone\tshow\tde\tgreat\tscrent\teen\te\taam.,3SG\tdone\tshow\tthe\tgreat\tstrength\tin\this\tarm,He had shown great strength in his arm. (Lk 1.51),,,357[194],,bible translation,"E done show de great scrent een e aam.",,3SG done show the great strength in his arm,,,,14128, +14-149,14,hand,hand,hand,hand,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,hand,,hand,,Own knowledge,,14129, +14-150,14,arm,arm,arm,arm,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,arm,,arm,,Own knowledge,,14130, +15-141,15,an,an,hand,the whole arm; hand,,,545[11],,naturalistic written,an,,hand,,,,14131, +16-160,16,han,han,hand/arm,hand/arm,,,,,naturalistic spoken,han,,hand/arm,,Own fieldwork,,14132, +16-161,16,am,am,arm,arm,,,,,naturalistic spoken,am,,arm,,Own fieldwork,,14133, +17-193,17,hand,hand,hand/arm,hand/arm,,,462[285-289],,naturalistic spoken,hand,,hand/arm,,,,14134, +18-175,18,han,han,hand,hand/arm/sleeve,,,1488[9],,published source,han,,hand,,,,14135, +19-209,19,han,han,hand/arm,hand; arm,,,,,elicited from speaker,han,,hand/arm,,Field data,,14136, +20-148,20,[...] some have three hand [...],[...]\tsome\thave\tthree\thand\t[...],[...]\tsome\thave\tthree\thand\t[...],[...] some have three arms [...].,,"This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours. +Talking about Chinese gods, this may be a reference to the goddess Kwun Yam who is also represented as having multiple arms. If so, this would imply that the word hand can include the arm, like the Cantonese sáu.",985[unknown],,naturalistic written,[...] some have three hand [...],,[...] some have three hand [...],"This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours. +Talking about Chinese gods, this may be a reference to the goddess Kwun Yam who is also represented as having multiple arms. If so, this would imply that the word hand can include the arm, like the Cantonese sáu.",,,14137, +20-149,20,"This one very fine thing for you, to have make well my arm this fashion.","This\tone\tvery\tfine\tthing\tfor\tyou,\tto\thave\tmake\twell\tmy\tarm\tthis\tfashion.",DEM\tone\tvery\tfine\tthing\tfor\t2SG\tto\tPFV\tmake\twell\t1SG.POSS\tarm\tthis\tway,"This thing is good for you, (it) has healed my arm.",,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1310[288],,naturalistic written,"This one very fine thing for you, to have make well my arm this fashion.",,DEM one very fine thing for 2SG to PFV make well 1SG.POSS arm this way,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,14138, +20-172,20,washu your hands,washu\tyour\thand-s,wash\t2SG.POSS\thand-PL,Wash your hands,,,1489[IV.46],,naturalistic written,washu your hands,washu your hand-s,wash 2SG.POSS hand-PL,,,,14139, +21-150,21,hand,hand,hand,hand,,,,,constructed by linguist,hand,,hand,,Own knowledge,,14140, +21-151,21,arm,arm,arm,arm,,,,,constructed by linguist,arm,,arm,,Own knowledge,,14141, +22-188,22,Papa bilong em wok long karim em long han bilong em.,Papa\tbilong\tem\twok\tlong\tkarim\tem\tlong\than\tbilong\tem.,father\tPOSS\t3SG\twork\tPREP\tcarry\t3SG\tPREP\tarm\tPOSS\t3SG,His father was carrying him on his arm.,,,584[Manus F14],,naturalistic spoken,"Papa bilong em wok long karim em long han bilong em.",,father POSS 3SG work PREP carry 3SG PREP arm POSS 3SG,,,,14142, +22-189,22,Sista bilong em ia kisim han bilong dispela brata bilong em.,Sista\tbilong\tem\tia\tkisim\than\tbilong\tdispela\tbrata\tbilong\tem.,sister\tPOSS\t3SG\tFOC\tget\thand\tPOSS\tthis\tbrother\tPOSS\t3SG,His sister took her brother’s hand.,,,584[Morobe F13],,naturalistic spoken,"Sista bilong em ia kisim han bilong dispela brata bilong em.",,sister POSS 3SG FOC get hand POSS this brother POSS 3SG,,,,14143, +24-191,24,"harn, arm","harn,\tarm",hand\tarm,"hand, arm",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"harn, arm",,hand arm,,Own fieldwork,,14144, +25-336,25,Thei ken geta broken nek o am o leg.,Thei\tken\tgeta\tbroken\tnek\to\tam\to\tleg.,3PL\tcan\tget\tbroken\tneck\tor\tarm\tor\tleg,They can get a broken neck or arm or leg.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation; possibly acrolectal. The example illustrates the use of the body part term am 'arm'.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Thei ken geta broken nek o am o leg.",,3PL can get broken neck or arm or leg,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation; possibly acrolectal. The example illustrates the use of the body part term am 'arm'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,14145, +26-120,26,hæn,hæn,hand,hand,,,,,constructed by linguist,hæn,,hand,,Own knowledge,,14146, +26-121,26,am,am,arm,arm,,,,,constructed by linguist,am,,arm,,Own knowledge,,14147, +27-133,27,han,han,hand,hand,,,355[21],,naturalistic spoken,han,,hand,,,,14148, +27-134,27,erəm,erəm,arm,arm,,,355[78],,naturalistic spoken,erəm,,arm,,,,14149, +28-188,28,bara,bara,hand/arm,"hand, arm",,,737[564],,naturalistic spoken,bara,,hand/arm,,,,14150, +29-219,29,hand,hand,hand,hand,,,,,naturalistic spoken,hand,,hand,,Own knowledge,,14151, +29-220,29,arm,arm,arm,arm,,,,,naturalistic spoken,arm,,arm,,Own knowledge,,14152, +30-229,30,Ka nhos linpa mo.,Ka\tnhos=linpa\tmo.,NEG\t2PL=wash\thand,Don't wash your hands.,,,1407[50],,naturalistic spoken,"Ka nhos linpa mo.","Ka nhos=linpa mo.",NEG 2PL=wash hand,,,,14153, +30-230,30,"[...], prinséza sai, ku mininu na brásu, [...].","[...],\tprinséza\tsai,\tku=mininu\tna=brásu,\t[...].",[...]\tprincess\tcome.out\twith=child\tin=arm\t[...],"[...], the princess came out with the child in her arms, [...].",,,1407[381],,naturalistic spoken,"[...], prinséza sai, ku mininu na brásu, [...].","[...], prinséza sai, ku=mininu na=brásu, [...].",[...] princess come.out with=child in=arm [...],,,,14154,"German: [...], die Prinzessin kam heraus, mit dem Kind in den Armen, [...]." +31-179,31,mon,mon,hand,hand,,,,,constructed by linguist,mon,,hand,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14155, +31-180,31,brasu,brasu,arm,arm,,,,,constructed by linguist,brasu,,arm,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14156, +32-186,32,N kebrá bros skerd y mon dreita.,N\tkebrá\tbros\tskerd\ty\tmon\tdreita.,1SG\tbreak\tarm\tleft\tand\thand\tright,I have broken my left arm and right hand.,,Note however that bros is understood as upperarm and forearm.,,,constructed by linguist,"N kebrá bros skerd y mon dreita.",,1SG break arm left and hand right,"Note however that bros is understood as upperarm and forearm.",Own knowledge,,14157,Portuguese: Parti o braço esquerdo e a mão direita. +32-187,32,El po mnin na mon.,El\tpo\tmnin\tna\tmon.,3SG\tput\tchild\tin\thand,She took the child into her arms.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"El po mnin na mon.",,3SG put child in hand,,Own knowledge,,14158,Portuguese: Ela pôs a criança no colo. +33-211,33,nha mon,nha\tmon,1SG.POSS\thand/arm,my hand/arm,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,nha mon,,1SG.POSS hand/arm,,Own knowledge,,14159,Portuguese: a minha mão/braço +34-173,34,Ña moŋ teŋ siŋku dedu.,Ña\tmoŋ\tø\tteŋ\tsiŋku\tdedu.,POSS.1SG\thand\tPFV\thave\tfive\tfinger,My hand has five fingers.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ña moŋ teŋ siŋku dedu.","Ña moŋ ø teŋ siŋku dedu.",POSS.1SG hand PFV have five finger,,Own knowledge,,14160, +34-174,34,Lutador kebrá moŋ.,Lutador\tø\tkebrá\tmoŋ.,wrestler\tPFV\tbreak\thand/arm,The wrestler broke his hand/arm.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Lutador kebrá moŋ.","Lutador ø kebrá moŋ.",wrestler PFV break hand/arm,,Own knowledge,,14161, +35-244,35,"Anzu se, n fleg'e dôsu mon za.","Anzu\tse,\tn\tfleg'=e\tdôsu\tmon\tza.",baby\tDEM\t1SG\tmassage=3SG\ttwo\tarm\talready,"This baby, I have already massaged both his arms.",,"In some cases, mon may refer to the whole arm.",,,naturalistic spoken,"Anzu se, n fleg'e dôsu mon za.","Anzu se, n fleg'=e dôsu mon za.",baby DEM 1SG massage=3SG two arm already,"In some cases, mon may refer to the whole arm.",Own data,,14162, +35-245,35,A da mon ba ke.,A\tda\tmon\tba\tke.,IMPRS\tgive\thand\tgo\thouse,They shook hands and went home.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,A da mon ba ke.,,IMPRS give hand go house,,Own data,,14163, +35-246,35,Sun kluza mon pê pêtu.,Sun\tkluza\tmon\tpê\tpêtu.,3SG\tcross\tarm\tput\tchest,He crossed his arms over his chest.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sun kluza mon pê pêtu.,,3SG cross arm put chest,,Own data,,14164, +36-150,36,mo/mon,mo/mon,hand/arm,"hand, arm",,,901[231],,elicited from speaker,mo/mon,,hand/arm,,,,14165, +36-151,36,"kosi mo, mbogo mo","kosi\tmo,\tmbogo\tmo",bottom\thand\tsalient.bone\thand,"armpit, elbow",,These compound nouns show that the word mo (< Portuguese mão 'hand') refers to the hand and the whole arm.,901[231],,elicited from speaker,"kosi mo, mbogo mo",,bottom hand salient.bone hand,"These compound nouns show that the word mo (< Portuguese mão 'hand') refers to the hand and the whole arm.",,,14166, +37-187,37,uman,uman,hand,hand and arm up to the elbow,,,905[240],,elicited from speaker,uman,,hand,,,,14167, +37-188,37,ubaasu,ubaasu,arm,upper part of the arm,,,905[238],,elicited from speaker,ubaasu,,arm,,,,14168, +38-192,38,báasu,básu,arm,arm,,,,,elicited from speaker,báasu,básu,arm,,Own fieldwork 1993,,14169, +38-193,38,omá,omá,hand,hand,,,,,elicited from speaker,omá,,hand,,Own fieldwork 1993,,14170, +39-184,39,mãw,mãw,hand/arm,hand/arm,,,221[270],,naturalistic spoken,mãw,,hand/arm,,,,14171, +40-143,40,mãʋ,mãʋ,hand/hand.and.arm,hand; hand and arm,,,265[265],,elicited from speaker,mãʋ,,hand/hand.and.arm,,,,14172, +41-174,41,maam braasu,maam-braasu,hand/arm ?arm,arm above the hand,,This example is a hapax from an elicitation session focusing on lexicon. There is no naturalistic or contextualized example. Possibly this is a unit of measure.,1416[1823],,elicited from speaker,maam braasu,maam-braasu,hand/arm ?arm,This example is a hapax from an elicitation session focusing on lexicon. There is no naturalistic or contextualized example. Possibly this is a unit of measure.,,,14173, +41-175,41,"suuran peesi deer jakoma see, maam pee lokosaa","suuran\tpeesi\tdeer\tjaa-koma\tsee,\tmaam\tpee\tlo-kosaa",suuran\tfish\tdaily\tPST-eat\tCOND\tarm\tleg\tFUT-itch,"If you eat 'suuran' fish every day, your arms and legs will itch.",,,1416[3152],,elicited from speaker,"suuran peesi deer jakoma see, maam pee lokosaa","suuran peesi deer jaa-koma see, maam pee lo-kosaa",suuran fish daily PST-eat COND arm leg FUT-itch,,,,14174, +42-195,42,mang,mang,hand,hand and forearm,,,120[58],,elicited from speaker,mang,,hand,,,,14175, +43-124,43,maw vs. brasu,maw\tvs.\tbrasu,hand\tvs.\tarm,hand vs. arm,,,"906[264, 219]",,pedagogical grammar,maw vs. brasu,,hand vs. arm,,,,14176, +44-184,44,máno,máno,hand,hand,,,,,elicited from speaker,máno,,hand,,Own data,,14177,"Spanish: mano, Tagalog: kamay" +44-185,44,bráso,bráso,arm,arm,,,,,elicited from speaker,bráso,,arm,,Own data,,14178,"Spanish: brazo. Tagalog: braso, bisig." +45-149,45,Debe laba tu el mano bago come.,Debe\tlaba\ttu\tel\tmano\tbago\tcome.,should\twash\t2SG\tDEF\thand\tbefore\teat,You should wash your hands before eating.,,,426[99],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Debe laba tu el mano bago come.",,should wash 2SG DEF hand before eat,,,,14179, +45-150,45,Tiene eli tattoo na su brazo.,Tiene\teli\ttattoo\tna\tsu\tbrazo.,have\t3SG\ttattoo\tLOC\t3SG.POSS\tarm,He has a tattoo on his arm.,,,426[16],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Tiene eli tattoo na su brazo.",,have 3SG tattoo LOC 3SG.POSS arm,,,,14180, +46-194,46,máno,máno,hand,hand,,,,,naturalistic spoken,máno,,hand,,Own knowledge,,14181, +46-195,46,bráso,bráso,arm,arm,,,,,naturalistic spoken,bráso,,arm,,Own knowledge,,14182, +47-224,47,man; brasa,man;\tbrasa,hand\tarm,hand; arm,,,,,own knowledge,man; brasa,,hand arm,,Own knowledge,,14183, +48-191,48,mano,mano,hand,hand,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mano,,hand,,Recorded by author,,14184,Spanish: mano +48-192,48,blaso,blaso,arm,arm,,,,,naturalistic spoken,blaso,,arm,,Recorded by author,,14185,Spanish: brazo +49-336,49,Se de men m genyen.,Se\tde\tmen\tm\tgenyen.,TOP\ttwo\thand\t1SG\thave,I only have two hands.,,,1514[166],,naturalistic spoken,Se de men m genyen.,,TOP two hand 1SG have,,,,14186,French: Je n'ai que deux mains. +49-337,49,M tonbe sou bra m.,M\ttonbe\tsou\tbra\tm.,1SG\tfall\ton\tarm\t1SG.POSS,I fell on my arm.,,,1514[19],,elicited from speaker,M tonbe sou bra m.,,1SG fall on arm 1SG.POSS,,,,14187,French: Je suis tombé sur le bras. +49-338,49,Yo kase ponyèt li.,Yo\tkase\tponyèt\tli.,3PL\tbreak\tarm\t3SG.POSS,They broke his arm.,,,1514[19],,elicited from speaker,Yo kase ponyèt li.,,3PL break arm 3SG.POSS,,,,14188,French: On lui a cassé le bras. +50-212,50,men,men,hand,hand,,,,,naturalistic spoken,men,,hand,,Own fieldwork,,14189, +50-213,50,bra,bra,arm,arm,,,,,naturalistic spoken,bra,,arm,,Own fieldwork,,14190, +51-178,51,lanmen,lanmen,hand,hand,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lanmen,,hand,,Own fieldwork,,14191, +51-179,51,bra,bra,arm,arm,,,,,naturalistic spoken,bra,,arm,,Own fieldwork,,14192, +52-114,52,men,men,hand,hand,,,117,,elicited from speaker,men,,hand,,,,14193, +52-115,52,bra,bra,arm,arm,,,117,,elicited from speaker,bra,,arm,,,,14194, +53-394,53,Li brile so lamen.,Li\tbrile\tso\tlamen.,3SG\tburn\t3SG.POSS\thand,He burnt his hand.,,,1515[305],,naturalistic spoken,Li brile so lamen.,,3SG burn 3SG.POSS hand,,,,14195, +53-395,53,Mo te ap menen mo ti bebe an mo bra.,Mo\tte\tap\tmenen\tmo\tti\tbebe\tan\tmo\tbra.,1SG\tPST\tPROG\tcarry\t1SG.POSS\tlittle\tbaby\tin\t1SG.POSS\tarm,I was carrying my baby in my arms.,,,1515[85],,naturalistic spoken,Mo te ap menen mo ti bebe an mo bra.,,1SG PST PROG carry 1SG.POSS little baby in 1SG.POSS arm,,,,14196, +54-232,54,la men,la\tmen,DEF\thand,the hand,,,214[90N],,naturalistic spoken,la men,,DEF hand,,,,14197,French: la main +54-233,54,lë bra,lë\tbra,DEF\tarm,the arm,,,214[90N],,naturalistic spoken,lë bra,,DEF arm,,,,14198,French: le bras +55-203,55,lame,lame,hand,hand,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lame,,hand,,Own knowledge,,14199, +55-204,55,lebra,lebra,arm,arm,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lebra,,arm,,Own knowledge,,14200, +56-210,56,lebra,lebra,arm,arm,,,1439[179],,written (dictionary),lebra,,arm,,,,14201, +56-211,56,lanmen,lanmen,hand,hand,,,1439[164f.],,written (dictionary),lanmen,,hand,,,,14202, +57-106,57,ma; mbra,ma;\tmbra,hand\tarm,hand; arm,,"Bra is used more rarely. There might be some overlap in some circumstances. +Lama is a variant of ma.",,,naturalistic spoken,ma; mbra,,hand arm,"Bra is used more rarely. There might be some overlap in some circumstances. +Lama is a variant of ma.",Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,14203, +58-135,58,"diboko, maboko","diboko,\tmaboko",hand/arm\thands/arms,"hand/arm, hands/arms",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"diboko, maboko",,hand/arm hands/arms,,Own knowledge,,14204, +59-355,59,lo mu zembe na maboko ti lo,lo\tmu\tzembe\tna\tmaboko\tti\tlo,3SG\ttake\tknife\tPREP\thand\tof\t3SG,He took a knife.,,"One is surprised by na maboko ti lo 'with his hand' when the context makes it clear that the man simply took a knife. This may be an example of the kind of explicitness that is required by the language, but the phrase may have a rhetorical purpose also: to encourage the audience to see the man with his knife in hand on his way to kill the woman.",,,naturalistic spoken,lo mu zembe na maboko ti lo,,3SG take knife PREP hand of 3SG,"One is surprised by na maboko ti lo 'with his hand' when the context makes it clear that the man simply took a knife. This may be an example of the kind of explicitness that is required by the language, but the phrase may have a rhetorical purpose also: to encourage the audience to see the man with his knife in hand on his way to kill the woman.",Samarin corpus 1994,,14205, +59-356,59,yoro maboko ti ala na nduzu,yoro\tmaboko\tti\tala\tna\tnduzu,stretch.out\tarm\tof\t2PL\tPREP\tupward,Raise your arms.,,,,,constructed by linguist,yoro maboko ti ala na nduzu,,stretch.out arm of 2PL PREP upward,,Own knowledge,,14206, +59-357,59,mbi te kobe na maboko ti lo,mbi\tte\tkobe\tna\tmaboko\tti\tlo,1SG\teat\tfood\tPREP\thand\tof\t3SG,I eat because of her/his kindness.,,,1320,,naturalistic spoken,mbi te kobe na maboko ti lo,,1SG eat food PREP hand of 3SG,,,,14207, +59-358,59,mbi suru maboko ti lo,mbi\tsuru\tmaboko\tti\tlo,1SG\tsplit\tarm\tof\t3SG,I vaccinated his arm.,,,1463,,naturalistic spoken,mbi suru maboko ti lo,,1SG split arm of 3SG,,,,14208, +60-161,60,lobóko,lobóko,arm/hand,arm/hand,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,lobóko,,arm/hand,,,,14209, +61-115,61,sandla,sandla,hand/arm,"hand, arm",,,,,elicited from speaker,sandla,,hand/arm,,Field notes Mesthrie,,14210, +62-102,62,mharégha,mharégha,3.arm,arm/hand,,,,,elicited from speaker,mharégha,,3.arm,,Own field data 1993,,14211, +63-203,63,ída,ída,arm,"arm, hand",,,622[64],,naturalistic spoken,ída,,arm,,,,14212, +64-220,64,ma kwes rája be ída áʃara,ma\tkwes\trája\tbe\tída\táʃara,NEG\tgood\tcome.back\tby\thand\tten,It’s not good to come back empty-handed.,,,874[193],,naturalistic spoken,"ma kwes rája be ída áʃara",,NEG good come.back by hand ten,,,,14213, +64-221,64,ida,ida,arm,arm,,,1417[3],,unknown,"ida",,arm,,,,14214, +65-156,65,Na ruka belin'ki kusoka periviazywaj esa.,Na\truka\tbelin'ki\tkusoka\tperiviazywaj\tesa.,on\thand\twhite\tpiece\ttie\tHAB,They tie pieces of white cloth to their hands.,,This is a description of the cuffs (detail of a suit). The example is originally from Cherepanov (1853: 376).,1045[376],,constructed by linguist,Na ruka belin'ki kusoka periviazywaj esa.,,on hand white piece tie HAB,This is a description of the cuffs (detail of a suit). The example is originally from Cherepanov (1853: 376).,,На рука беленьки кусока перевязывай еса.,14215, +65-162,65,Wo tso perwəj ruki,Wo\ttso\tperwəj\truki,1SG\twork\tfirst\thand,'I work as a first hand (the best worker)',,,1561,,naturalistic spoken,Wo tso perwəj ruki,Wo tso perwəj ruki,1SG work first hand,,,Во цзо первой руки,14216, +66-127,66,tangang,tangang,hand,hand,,,,,elicited from speaker,tangang,,hand,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,14217, +67-222,67,"Wah, sekali malau ni kasi tangan ni pegang saya pinya jeremin.","Wah,\tsekali\tmalau\tni\tkasi\ttangan\tni\tpegang\tsaya\tpinya\tjeremin.",INTERJ\tonce\tmonkey\tDEM\tgive\thand\tDEM\tgrasp\t1SG\tPOSS\tspectacles,"Wah, the monkey used its fingers to grasp my spectacles.",,,708[344],,naturalistic spoken,"Wah, sekali malau ni kasi tangan ni pegang saya pinya jeremin.",,INTERJ once monkey DEM give hand DEM grasp 1SG POSS spectacles,,,,14218, +68-129,68,tangang,tangang,hand/arm,hand/arm,,,,,constructed by linguist,tangang,,hand/arm,,Own knowledge,,14219, +69-75,69,maŋgaŋ,maŋgaŋ,hand/arm,hand OR: arm,,,,,elicited from speaker,maŋgaŋ,,hand/arm,,Own field notes 1985,,14220, +71-191,71,"Iaia lawe kela opiuma, komo ka paiki wau, nanao no kela lima iaia loaa no kela opiuma.","Iaia\tlawe\tkela\topiuma,\tkomo\tka\tpaiki\twau,\tnanao\tno\tkela\tlima\tiaia\tloaa\tno\tkela\topiuma.",3SG\ttake\tDET\topium\tenter\tDEF\tpocket\t1SG\tthrust.into.opening\tINTENS\tDET\thand\t3SG.POSS\tbe.found\tINTENS\tDET\topium,"He took my opium; he entered my pocket by thrusting his hand inside, finding the opium.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Iaia lawe kela opiuma, komo ka paiki wau, nanao no kela lima iaia loaa no kela opiuma.",,3SG take DET opium enter DEF pocket 1SG thrust.into.opening INTENS DET hand 3SG.POSS be.found INTENS DET opium,,Own data 1892,,14221, +71-192,71,"Mahope wau moe malalo puhi, aole nae hiki, onioni kela lima (hoolulu).","Mahope\twau\tmoe\tmalalo\tpuhi,\taole\tnae\thiki,\tonioni\tkela\tlima\t(hoolulu).",later\t1SG\trest\tbelow\tsmoke\tNEG\tyet\tarise\tstretch\tDET\tarm\t(lie.quietly),"Then I reclined down to smoke (opium), and did not yet arise, having my arms outstretched (lying in repose).",,"The parenthetical gloss of ho'olulu 'to lie quietly in stillness' is to disambiguate the two different lexemes potentially represented by the graphemic onioni: onioni 'stretch out, extend' and 'oni'oni 'squirm, move in a frenzy'. The gloss indicates that the former is intended.",,,naturalistic written,"Mahope wau moe malalo puhi, aole nae hiki, onioni kela lima (hoolulu).",,later 1SG rest below smoke NEG yet arise stretch DET arm (lie.quietly),"The parenthetical gloss of ho'olulu 'to lie quietly in stillness' is to disambiguate the two different lexemes potentially represented by the graphemic onioni: onioni 'stretch out, extend' and 'oni'oni 'squirm, move in a frenzy'. The gloss indicates that the former is intended.",own data 1899,,14222, +72-174,72,Laitning bin straikim im wartanta,Laitning\tbin\tstraik-im\tim\twartan-ta,Lightning\tPST\tstrike-TR\t3SG.OBJ\tarm-LOC,Lightning struck him on the arm.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Laitning bin straikim im wartanta,Laitning bin straik-im im wartan-ta,Lightning PST strike-TR 3SG.OBJ arm-LOC,,,,14223, +73-113,73,manu,manu,hand/arm,"hand, arm",,,1038[421],,naturalistic spoken,manu,,hand/arm,,,,14224, +74-161,74,limá,limá,hand/arm,"hand, arm",,The original source for this example is Hale (1890: 47).,1641[32],,narrative,limá,,hand/arm,The original source for this example is Hale (1890: 47).,,,14225, +75-273,75,maen dret,maen\tdret,hand\tright,right hand,,,,,constructed by linguist,maen dret,,hand right,,Own knowledge,,14226, +75-274,75,Zhan soo bra kiipakamaham.,Zhan\tsoo\tbra\tkii-pakamah-am.,John\t3.POSS.M\tarm\tPST-hit.INAN-3.SBJ.3OBJ,John hits his arm.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Zhan soo bra kiipakamaham.,Zhan soo bra kii-pakamah-am.,John 3.POSS.M arm PST-hit.INAN-3.SBJ.3OBJ,,,,14227, +75-275,75,Aen chiihchiikum daa sa maen ayaaweew.,Aen\tchiihchiikum\tdaa\tsa\tmaen\tayaaw-eew.,INDF.ART.M.SG\twart\tLOC\t3.POSS.F\thand\thave.ANIM-3.SBJ.3OBJ,She has a wart on her hand.,,,789[351],,naturalistic written,Aen chiihchiikum daa sa maen ayaaweew.,Aen chiihchiikum daa sa maen ayaaw-eew.,INDF.ART.M.SG wart LOC 3.POSS.F hand have.ANIM-3.SBJ.3OBJ,,,,14228, +1-261,1,den Fienga; Fienga foe Foetoe,den\tfinga;\tfinga\tfu\tfutu,DET.PL\tfinger\tfinger\tof\tfoot,the fingers; toes,,,1576[17f],,written,den Fienga; Fienga foe Foetoe,den finga; finga fu futu,DET.PL finger finger of foot,,,,14229,Dutch: de Vingeren; de Tonnen. [op.cit.] +1-262,1,finga; finga na hann; finga na futu; wan finga banna,finga;\tfinga\tna\tanu;\tfinga\tna\tfutu;\twan\tfinga\tbana,finger\tfinger\tLOC\thand\tfinger\tLOC\tfoot\tINDF.SG\tfinger\tbanana,Digit; finger; toe; a single banana,,,1357[42],,written (dictionary),finga; finga na hann; finga na futu; wan finga banna,finga; finga na anu; finga na futu; wan finga bana,finger finger LOC hand finger LOC foot INDF.SG finger banana,,,,14230,"German: Finger; Zehe; Klaue, Kralle; Finger; Zehe; eine einzelne Bananne [op.cit.]" +2-291,2,"Fa mi broko mi finga, mi no man knopo mi empi.","Fa\tmi\tbroko\tmi\tfinga,\tmi\tno\tman\tknopo\tmi\tempi.",because\tI\tbreak\tmy\tfinger\tI\tNEG\tcan\tbutton\tmy\tshirt,"Because I broke my finger, I cannot button my shirt.",,,1587[76],,unknown,"Fa mi broko mi finga, mi no man knopo mi empi.",,because I break my finger I NEG can button my shirt,,,,14231, +2-292,2,futu-finga,futu-finga,foot-finger,toe,,,1587,,unknown,futu-finga,,foot-finger,,,,14232, +3-156,3,finga u futu,finga\tu\tfutu,finger\tfor\tfoot,toe,,,,,naturalistic spoken,finga u futu,,finger for foot,,Fieldwork data,,14233, +3-157,3,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,,,elicited from speaker,finga,,finger,,Fieldwork data,,14234, +4-185,4,"A njan wan sani ye, luku a finga fi en seefi.","A\tnjan\twan\tsani\tye,\tluku\ta\tfinga\tfi\ten\tseefi.",he\teat\ta\tthing\tINSIST\tlook\tDET.SG\tfinger\tPOSS\thim\tself,He ate something! Look at his fingers even.,,,284,,naturalistic spoken,"A njan wan sani ye, luku a finga fi en seefi.",,he eat a thing INSIST look DET.SG finger POSS him self,,,,14235, +4-186,4,A naki en futu booko tu fu den finga fi en.,A\tnaki\ten\tfutu\tbooko\ttu\tfu\tden\tfinga\tfi\ten.,he\thit\this\tfoot\tbreak\ttwo\tof\tDET.PL\tfinger\tPOSS\thim,He hit his foot and as a result two of his toes broke.,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,"A naki en futu booko tu fu den finga fi en.",,he hit his foot break two of DET.PL finger POSS him,,Own knowledge,,14236, +5-186,5,fingga,fingga,finger,finger,,,,,constructed by linguist,fingga,,finger,,Own knowledge,,14237, +5-187,5,too,too,toe,toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,too,,toe,,Own knowledge,,14238, +6-120,6,finga – toe,finga – toe,finger   toe,finger – toe,,,,,elicited from speaker,finga – toe,,finger toe,,Informant A.K.,,14239, +7-266,7,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,finga,,finger,,Own knowledge,,14240, +7-267,7,to,to,toe,toe,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,to,,toe,,Own knowledge,,14241, +8-168,8,"A no mi fingga di stuon lik, a mi tuo.","A\tno\tmi\tfingga\tdi\tstuon\tlik,\ta\tmi\ttuo.",FOC\tNEG\t1SG.POSS\tfinger\tDET\tstone\thit\tFOC\t1SG.POSS\ttoe,The stone hit my TOE not my finger.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"A no mi fingga di stuon lik, a mi tuo.",,FOC NEG 1SG.POSS finger DET stone hit FOC 1SG.POSS toe,,Own knowledge,,14242, +8-169,8,Di hama jap pahn mi tuo.,Di\thama\tjap\tpahn\tmi\ttuo.,DET\thammer\tdrop\ton\t1SG\ttoe,The hammer fell on my toe.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di hama jap pahn mi tuo.,,DET hammer drop on 1SG toe,,Own knowledge,,14243, +9-201,9,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,,,constructed by linguist,finga,,finger,,Own knowledge,,14244, +9-202,9,to,to,toe,toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,to,,toe,,Own knowledge,,14245, +10-257,10,Di finga jomp bak aan.,Di\tfinga\tjomp\tbak\taan.,ART.DEF\tfinger\tjump\tback\ton,The finger jumped back on.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di finga jomp bak aan.,,ART.DEF finger jump back on,,Unpublished field recordings,,14246, +10-258,10,Ihn tek di chisel an chisel out di tuoniel egen.,Ihn\ttek\tdi\tchisel\tan\tchisel\tout\tdi\ttuo-niel\tegen.,3SG\ttake\tART.DEF\tchisel\tand\tchisel\tout\tART.DEF\ttoe-nail\tagain,He took the chisel and chiselled out the toenails as well.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ihn tek di chisel an chisel out di tuoniel egen.,Ihn tek di chisel an chisel out di tuo-niel egen.,3SG take ART.DEF chisel and chisel out ART.DEF toe-nail again,,Unpublished field recordings,,14247, +11-331,11,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,finga,,finger,,,,14248, +11-332,11,tuo,tuo,toe,toe,,,,,elicited from speaker,tuo,,toe,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,14249, +12-272,12,"Yeah, boy, a big - big white crab bite me on my finger. [And what happened? How did that happen?] By I - I put my hand through the crab hole. And I didn't know no crab was in the hole, and when I - like when I gone to hold it by the back, the crab yuck on my finger and bite me. And I bite him back!",[...]\ta\tbig\t[...]\twhite\tcrab\tbite\tme\ton\tmy\tfinger.,[...]\tART\tbig\t[...]\twhite\tcrab\tbite[PFV]\t1SG.OBJ\ton\t1SG.POSS\tfinger,[...] a big white crab bit me on my finger. [...] [I’d put my hand in the crab hole].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, boy, a big - big white crab bite me on my finger. [And what happened? How did that happen?] By I - I put my hand through the crab hole. And I didn't know no crab was in the hole, and when I - like when I gone to hold it by the back, the crab yuck on my finger and bite me. And I bite him back!",[...] a big [...] white crab bite me on my finger.,[...] ART big [...] white crab bite[PFV] 1SG.OBJ on 1SG.POSS finger,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14250, +12-273,12,"I can't cut bush. All the sickness, see, right on these toe - dark. The sickness lef' the body and they gone - down in the toe.",[...]\tright\ton\tthese\ttoe\t[...]\tdown\tin\tthe\ttoe.,[...]\tright\ton\tDEM\ttoe[PL]\t[...]\tdown\tin\tART\ttoe[PL],[...] look at these toes [- dark. The sickness left the body and went] down into the toes.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I can't cut bush. All the sickness, see, right on these toe - dark. The sickness lef' the body and they gone - down in the toe.",[...] right on these toe [...] down in the toe.,[...] right on DEM toe[PL] [...] down in ART toe[PL],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14251, +13-203,13,way eh toe orter be,way\teh\ttoe\torter\tbe,where\t3SG\ttoe\tought.to\tbe,where his toe should be,,,685[172],,naturalistic written,way eh toe orter be,,where 3SG toe ought.to be,,,,14252, +13-204,13,pint dem finger,pint\tdem\tfinger,point\t3PL.POSS\tfinger,point their fingers,,,685[172],,naturalistic written,pint dem finger,,point 3PL.POSS finger,,,,14253, +14-151,14,finger,finger,finger,finger,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,finger,,finger,,Own knowledge,,14254, +14-152,14,toe,toe,toe,toe,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,toe,,toe,,Own knowledge,,14255, +15-142,15,fiŋga,fiŋga,finger,finger,,,545[104],,naturalistic written,fiŋga,,finger,,,,14256, +15-143,15,to,to,toe,toe,,,545[369],,naturalistic written,to,,toe,,,,14257, +16-162,16,fiŋga,fiŋga,finger,finger,,,,,naturalistic spoken,fiŋga,,finger,,Own fieldwork,,14258, +16-163,16,to,to,toe,toe,,,,,naturalistic spoken,to,,toe,,Own fieldwork,,14259, +17-194,17,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,462[285-289],,naturalistic spoken,finga,,finger,,,,14260, +17-195,17,finga fò̱r le̱g,finga\tfò̱r\tle̱g,finger\tLOC\tleg/foot,toe,,,462[285-289],,naturalistic spoken,finga fò̱r le̱g,,finger LOC leg/foot,,,,14261, +18-176,18,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,97,,elicited from speaker,finga,,finger,,,,14262, +18-177,18,to,to,toe,toe,,,97,,elicited from speaker,to,,toe,,,,14263, +19-210,19,finga,finga,finger,finger,,,,,elicited from speaker,finga,,finger,,Field data,,14264, +19-211,19,to,to,toe,toe,,,,,elicited from speaker,to,,toe,,Field data,,14265, +21-152,21,finger,finger,finger,finger,,,,,constructed by linguist,finger,,finger,,Own knowledge,,14266, +21-153,21,toe,toe,toe,toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,toe,,toe,,Own knowledge,,14267, +22-190,22,Em lukim pingga bilong brada bilong em.,Em\tlukim\tpingga\tbilong\tbrada\tbilong\tem.,3SG\tsee\tfinger\tPOSS\tbrother\tPOSS\t3SG,He looked at his brother’s fingers.,,,584[ESP M16],,naturalistic spoken,Em lukim pingga bilong brada bilong em.,,3SG see finger POSS brother POSS 3SG,,,,14268, +22-191,22,pingga bilong lek,pingga\tbilong\tlek,finger\tPOSS\tleg/foot,toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,pingga bilong lek,,finger POSS leg/foot,,Own knowledge,,14269, +23-172,23,"hem i aksidong long trak, afta oli mas katemaot to blong hem","hem\ti\taksidong\tlong\ttrak,\tafta\toli\tmas\tkatemaot\tto\tblong\them",3SG\tAGR\taccident\tLOC\ttruck\tthen\tAGR\tmust\tcut.out\ttoe\tPOSS\t3SG,He had an accident in the car and they had to amputate his toe.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"hem i aksidong long trak, afta oli mas katemaot to blong hem",,3SG AGR accident LOC truck then AGR must cut.out toe POSS 3SG,,Own knowledge,,14270, +24-192,24,"finger, toe","finger,\ttoe",finger\ttoe,"finger, toe",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"finger, toe",,finger toe,,Own fieldwork,,14271, +25-337,25,Im jidan putim fut.,Im\tjidan\tput-im\tfut.,3SG\tsit\tput-TR\tfoot/toe,"He is sitting and putting a toe [to the ground]. (Context: wooden doll sitting, with tip of toe touching the ground)",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a use of the body part term for 'foot/toe'.",,,elicited from speaker,Im jidan putim fut.,Im jidan put-im fut.,3SG sit put-TR foot/toe,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a use of the body part term for 'foot/toe'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,14272, +26-122,26,fiŋga,fiŋga,finger,finger,,,,,constructed by linguist,fiŋga,,finger,,Own knowledge,,14273, +26-123,26,to,to,toe,toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,to,,toe,,Own knowledge,,14274, +27-135,27,finggu,finggu,finger,finger,,,355[80],,naturalistic spoken,finggu,,finger,,,,14275, +27-136,27,tetsi,tetsi,toe,toe,,,355[103],,naturalistic spoken,tetsi,,toe,,,,14276, +28-189,28,fingri; bwa fingri,fingri;\tbwa\tfingri,finger\tfoot\tfinger,finger; toe,,,737[597],,naturalistic spoken,fingri; bwa fingri,,finger foot finger,,,,14277, +29-221,29,vinger,vinger,finger,finger,,,,,naturalistic spoken,vinger,,finger,,Own knowledge,,14278, +29-222,29,toon,toon,toe,toe,,,,,naturalistic spoken,toon,,toe,,Own knowledge,,14279, +30-231,30,Ómi ten dés dédu na mo ku dés [dédu] na pé.,Omi\tten\tdés\tdédu\tna=mo\tku=dés\tna=pé.,man\thave\tten\tfinger\tin=hand\twith=ten\tin=foot,Humans have ten fingers and ten toes.,,,784[s.v. dédu],,naturalistic spoken,"Ómi ten dés dédu na mo ku dés [dédu] na pé.",Omi ten dés dédu na=mo ku=dés na=pé.,man have ten finger in=hand with=ten in=foot,,,,14280,German: Der Mensch hat zehn Finger an den Händen und zehn Zehen an den Füßen. +30-232,30,"Inton, kes ómi mizura na txon, beja dédu-l pé di Nha Bédja, [...].","Inton,\tkes=ómi\tmizura\tna=txon,\tbeja\tdédu=l\tpé\tdi=Nha\tBédja,\t[...].",then\tDEM.PL=man\tbow\tto=ground\tkiss\tfinger=of\tfoot\tof=Nha\tBédja\t[...],"Thereupon, the men bowed down to their feet and kissed Nha Bédja's toes, [...].",,,1407[256],,naturalistic spoken,"Inton, kes ómi mizura na txon, beja dédu-l pé di Nha Bédja, [...].","Inton, kes=ómi mizura na=txon, beja dédu=l pé di=Nha Bédja, [...].",then DEM.PL=man bow to=ground kiss finger=of foot of=Nha Bédja [...],,,,14281,"German: Daraufhin verbeugten sich die Männer bis auf den Boden und küssten Nha Bédja die Zehen, [...]." +31-181,31,dedu,dedu,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,dedu,,finger/toe,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14282, +31-182,31,dedu di pe,dedu\tdi\tpe,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,dedu di pe,,finger of foot,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14283, +32-188,32,N tinha so kel ded tród.,N\ttinha\tso\tkel\tded\ttród.,1SG\thave.PST\tonly\tDEM\ttoe\ttake.away.PTCP,I had only this toe amputated.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"N tinha so kel ded tród.",,1SG have.PST only DEM toe take.away.PTCP,,Own knowledge,,14284,Portuguese: Tive só aquele dedo do pé amputado. +32-189,32,Lá k N partí es dos ded.,Lá\tk\tN\tpartí\tes\tdos\tded.,there\tthat\t1SG\tbreak\tDEM.PL\ttwo\tfinger,It was there that I broke these two fingers.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Lá k N partí es dos ded.",,there that 1SG break DEM.PL two finger,,Swolkien 2011 fieldwork,,14285,Portuguese: Foi lá que eu parti estes dois dedos. +32-190,32,[...] na kel ded d'pe.,[...]\tna\tkel\tded\tde\tpe.,[...]\ton\tDEM\ttoe\tof\tfoot,[...] on this toe.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"[...] na kel ded d'pe.",[...] na kel ded de pe.,[...] on DEM toe of foot,,Swolkien 2011 fieldwork,,14286,Portuguese: [...] nesse dedo do pé. +33-212,33,dedu,dedu,finger/toe,finger OR: toe,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dedu,,finger/toe,,Own knowledge,,14287,Portuguese: dedo da mão OR: dedo do pé +33-232,33,dedu di mon,dedu\tdi\tmon,finger\tof\thand,finger,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dedu di mon,,finger of hand,,Own knowledge,,14288, +33-233,33,dedu di pé,dedu\tdi\tpé,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dedu di pé,,finger of foot,,Own knowledge,,14289, +34-175,34,Ña dedu-s ka masiyá ŋútur.,Ña\tdedu-s\tka\tø\tmasiyá\tŋútur.,POSS.1SG\tfinger-PL\tNEG\tPFV\tbe.equally-sized\teach.other,My fingers are not of the same size.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ña dedu-s ka masiyá ŋútur.","Ña dedu-s ka ø masiyá ŋútur.",POSS.1SG finger-PL NEG PFV be.equally-sized each.other,,Own knowledge,,14290, +34-176,34,Si dedu-s braŋku na fandaŋ.,Si\tdedu-s\tø\tbraŋku\tna\tfandaŋ.,POSS.3SG\tfinger-PL\tPFV\twhite\tASS\tvery.,His fingers and toes are totally clean.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Si dedu-s braŋku na fandaŋ.","Si dedu-s ø braŋku na fandaŋ.",POSS.3SG finger-PL PFV white ASS very.,,Own knowledge,,14291, +34-177,34,Ña dedu-s di pe dalgadu dimás.,Ña\tdedu-s\tdi\tpe\tø\tdalgadu\tdimás.,POSS.1SG\tfinger-PL\tof\tfoot\tPFV\tthin\tvery,My toes are very thin.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ña dedu-s di pe dalgadu dimás.","Ña dedu-s di pe ø dalgadu dimás.",POSS.1SG finger-PL of foot PFV thin very,,Own knowledge,,14292, +35-247,35,dedu,dedu,finger; toe,finger; toe,,A toe can be specified as dedu d’ope [finger of-foot] ‘toe’.,,,elicited from speaker,dedu,,finger; toe,"A toe can be specified as dedu d’ope [finger of-foot] ‘toe’.",Own data,,14293, +35-248,35,dedu d’ope,dedu\td’=ope,finger\tof=foot,toe,,,,,elicited from speaker,dedu d’ope,dedu d’=ope,finger of=foot,,Own data,,14294, +36-152,36,Reru m thêka ruê motxiru.,Reru\tm\tthêka\truê\tmotxiru.,finger/toe\tmy\tPROG\thurt\ta.lot,My finger/my toe is hurting a lot.,,"The word reru 'finger, toe' can be specified by mo 'hand/arm' or ope 'foot' in order to disambiguate it.",,,elicited from speaker,Reru m thêka ruê motxiru.,,finger/toe my PROG hurt a.lot,"The word reru 'finger, toe' can be specified by mo 'hand/arm' or ope 'foot' in order to disambiguate it.",Own fieldwork data 2008,,14295, +37-189,37,udedu,udedu,finger/toe,"finger, toe",,,905[239],,elicited from speaker,udedu,,finger/toe,,,,14296, +37-190,37,udedu uman,udedu\tuman,finger\thand,finger,,,905[239],,elicited from speaker,udedu uman,,finger hand,,,,14297, +37-191,37,udedu ope,udedu\tope,finger\tfoot,toe,,,905[239],,elicited from speaker,udedu ope,,finger foot,,,,14298, +38-194,38,dedu omá,dedu\tomá,finger\thand,finger,,,,,elicited from speaker,dedu omá,,finger hand,,Own fieldwork 1993,,14299, +38-195,38,dedu opé,dedu\topé,finger\tfoot,toe,,,,,elicited from speaker,dedu opé,,finger foot,,Own fieldwork 1993,,14300, +38-214,38,dedu,dedu,finger/toe,finger; toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,dedu,,finger/toe,,Own knowledge,,14301, +40-144,40,ded; mãw su ded; ded mãw su,ded;\tmãw\tsu\tded;\tded\tmãw\tsu,finger/digit\thand\tGEN\tdigit\tdigit\thand\tGEN,finger; finger; finger,,"For 'finger' ded is the default. When called for by the context, mãw su ded or ded mãw su is used.",265[265],,elicited from speaker,ded; mãw su ded; ded mãw su,,finger/digit hand GEN digit digit hand GEN,"For 'finger' ded is the default. When called for by the context, mãw su ded or ded mãw su is used.",,,14302, +40-145,40,pɛ su ded; ded pɛ su,pɛ\tsu\tded;\tded\tpɛ\tsu,foot\tGEN\tdigit\tdigit\tfoot\tGEN,toe,,"For 'toe', pɛ su ded or ded pɛ su is used. However, ded alone is not used as 'toe'. See entry for 'big toe' in Clements (1996: 264).",265[264],,elicited from speaker,pɛ su ded; ded pɛ su,,foot GEN digit digit foot GEN,"For 'toe', pɛ su ded or ded pɛ su is used. However, ded alone is not used as 'toe'. See entry for 'big toe' in Clements (1996: 264).",,,14303, +41-176,41,deedu,deedu,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,1416[0002],,elicited from speaker,deedu,,finger/toe,,,,14304, +41-177,41,peesu deedu,pee-su\tdeedu,foot/leg-GEN\tfinger/toe,toe,,,1416[0019],,elicited from speaker,peesu deedu,pee-su deedu,foot/leg-GEN finger/toe,,,,14305, +41-178,41,maansu deedu,maam-su\tdeedu,hand/arm-GEN\tfinger/toe,finger,,This example was constructed on the basis of (a) recollection; (b) Tamil kay viral [hand/arm finger/toe] 'finger'.,1435,,constructed by linguist,maansu deedu,maam-su deedu,hand/arm-GEN finger/toe,"This example was constructed on the basis of (a) recollection; (b) Tamil kay viral [hand/arm finger/toe] 'finger'.",,,14306, +42-196,42,dedu,dedu,digit,finger/toe,,,120[24],,elicited from speaker,dedu,,digit,,,,14307, +42-197,42,dedu di mang,dedu\tdi\tmang,digit\tof\thand,finger,,,120[24],,naturalistic spoken,dedu di mang,,digit of hand,,,,14308, +42-198,42,dedu di peu,dedu\tdi\tpeu,digit\tof\tfoot,toe,,,120[24],,naturalistic spoken,dedu di peu,,digit of foot,,,,14309, +43-125,43,dedu,dedu,finger,finger,,,906[224],,pedagogical grammar,dedu,,finger,,,,14310, +43-126,43,dedu di peo,dedu\tdi\tpeo,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,906[224],,pedagogical grammar,"dedu di peo",,finger of foot,,,,14311, +44-186,44,"dédo, dedíto","dédo,\tdedíto",finger\tfinger,finger,,,,,elicited from speaker,"dédo, dedíto",,finger finger,,Own data,,14312,Spanish: dedo +44-187,44,dedíto del pyés,dedíto\tdel\tpyés,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,,elicited from speaker,dedíto del pyés,,finger of foot,,Own data,,14313, +45-151,45,Largo su mga dedo.,Largo\tsu\tmga\tdedo.,long\t3SG.POSS\tPL\tfinger,Her fingers are long. OR: Her fingers are tapering.,,,426[39],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Largo su mga dedo.,,long 3SG.POSS PL finger,,,,14314, +45-152,45,Sucio el mga dedo de su pies.,Sucio\tel\tmga\tdedo\tde\tsu\tpies.,dirty\tDEF\tPL\tfinger\tof\t3SG.POSS\tfoot,His toes are dirty.,,,426[39],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Sucio el mga dedo de su pies.,,dirty DEF PL finger of 3SG.POSS foot,,,,14315, +45-167,45,dedo,dedo,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,dedo,,finger/toe,,Own knowledge,,14316, +46-196,46,dédo,dédo,finger/toe,finger OR: toe,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dédo,,finger/toe,,Own knowledge,,14317, +46-209,46,dédo del máno,dédo\tdel\tmáno,finger\tof\thand,finger,,,,,constructed by linguist,dédo del máno,,finger of hand,,Own knowledge,,14318, +46-210,46,dédo del pyes,dédo\tdel\tpyes,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,dédo del pyes,,finger of foot,,Own knowledge,,14319, +47-225,47,dede; ded'i pia,dede;\tdede\tdi\tpia,finger/toe\tfinger\tof\tfoot,finger(s)/toe(s); toe(s),,,,,own knowledge,dede; ded'i pia,dede; dede di pia,finger/toe finger of foot,,Own knowledge,,14320, +48-193,48,lelo,lelo,finger/toe,finger/toe,,"Normally, lelo refers (first and foremost) to 'finger'. Lelo can also refer to 'toe', but lelo ri pie (lit. 'finger of foot') is more explicit.",,,naturalistic spoken,lelo,,finger/toe,"Normally, lelo refers (first and foremost) to 'finger'. Lelo can also refer to 'toe', but lelo ri pie (lit. 'finger of foot') is more explicit.",Recorded by author,,14321,Spanish: dedos +48-210,48,lelo ri pie,lelo\tri\tpie,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lelo ri pie,,finger of foot,,Own knowledge,,14322, +49-339,49,"zòtèy, dwèt pye","zòtèy,\tdwèt\tpye","toe,\tfinger\tfoot",toe,,,473[113],,naturalistic spoken,"zòtèy, dwèt pye",,"toe, finger foot",,,,14323,French: orteil ~ doigt de pied +49-340,49,"dwèt men, dwèt","dwèt\tmen,\tdwèt","finger\thand,\tfinger",finger,,In French it is common to say doigts for 'fingers' (and doigts de pied [fingers of foot] for 'toes').,473[113],,naturalistic spoken,"dwèt men, dwèt",,"finger hand, finger","In French it is common to say doigts for 'fingers' (and doigts de pied [fingers of foot] for 'toes').",,,14324,French: doigt (doigt de la main) +50-214,50,dwèt,dwèt,finger,finger,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dwèt,,finger,,Own fieldwork,,14325, +50-215,50,zòtèy,zòtèy,toe,toe,,,,,naturalistic spoken,zòtèy,,toe,,Own fieldwork,,14326, +51-180,51,dwet,dwet,finger,finger,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dwet,,finger,,Own fieldwork,,14327, +51-181,51,zòtey,zòtey,toe,toe,,,,,naturalistic spoken,zòtey,,toe,,Own fieldwork,,14328, +52-116,52,dwa,dwa,finger,finger,,,117,,elicited from speaker,dwa,,finger,,,,14329, +52-117,52,dwa pyé,dwa\tpyé,finger\tfoot,toe,,,,,elicited from speaker,dwa pyé,,finger foot,,Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,14330, +53-396,53,Mo gen kat dwa pi en pous.,Mo\tgen\tkat\tdwa\tpi\ten\tpous.,1SG\thave\tfour\tfinger\tand\tART.INDF\tthumb,I have four fingers and a thumb.,,,1515[134],,naturalistic spoken,Mo gen kat dwa pi en pous.,,1SG have four finger and ART.INDF thumb,,,,14331, +53-397,53,La to gen senk zòrtèy.,La\tto\tgen\tsenk\tzòrtèy.,there\t2SG\thave\tfive\ttoe,You have five toes.,,,1515[498],,naturalistic spoken,La to gen senk zòrtèy.,,there 2SG have five toe,,,,14332, +54-234,54,dwa d men,dwa\td\tmen,finger\tof\thand,finger,,,214[90N],,naturalistic spoken,dwa d men,,finger of hand,,,,14333,French: doigt +54-235,54,dwa d pye,dwa\td\tpye,finger\tof\tfoot,toe,,,214[90N],,naturalistic spoken,dwa d pye,,finger of foot,,,,14334,"French: orteil, doigt de pied (Chaudenson 2003: 228-229)" +54-251,54,dwa,dwa,finger/toe,'finger/toe',,,58,,unspecified,dwa,,finger/toe,,,,14335, +55-205,55,ledwa,ledwa,finger/toe,finger or toe,,,73[195],,naturalistic spoken,ledwa,,finger/toe,,,,14336, +55-206,55,ledwa lipye,ledwa\tlipye,finger\tfoot,toe,,,73[195],,naturalistic spoken,ledwa lipye,,finger foot,,,,14337, +56-212,56,ledwa,ledwa,finger,finger,,,1439[179],,written (dictionary),ledwa,,finger,,,,14338, +56-213,56,pous lipye,pous\tlipye,toe\tfoot,toe,,,,,constructed by native speaker,pous lipye,,toe foot,,Own knowledge,,14339, +57-107,57,ndwa; ndwa nde pje,ndwa;\tndwa\tnde\tpje,finger/toe\tfinger\tof\tfoot,finger; toe,,"ndwa can be used for both 'finger' and 'toe', but in most cases nde pje is specified for the toes (finger of the foot).",,,naturalistic spoken,ndwa; ndwa nde pje,,finger/toe finger of foot,"ndwa can be used for both 'finger' and 'toe', but in most cases nde pje is specified for the toes (finger of the foot).",Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,14340, +58-136,58,musapi (ya diboko/ ya dikulu),musapi\t(ya\tdiboko/\tya\tdikulu),CL3.finger/toe\t(CONN\thand\tCONN\tfoot),finger / toe,,Reference is clarified by adding ya diboko 'of hand' for ‘finger’ and ya dikulu 'of leg' for 'toe’.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"musapi (ya diboko/ ya dikulu)",,CL3.finger/toe (CONN hand CONN foot),"Reference is clarified by adding ya diboko 'of hand' for ‘finger’ and ya dikulu 'of leg' for 'toe’.",Own knowledge,,14341, +59-359,59,"li ti maboko, kete maboko; li ti gere, kete gere","li\tti\tmaboko,\tkete\tmaboko;\tli\tti\tgere,\tkete\tgere",head/limit\tof\thand\tsmall\thand\tlimit\tof\tleg\tsmall\tleg,finger; toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,"li ti maboko, kete maboko; li ti gere, kete gere",,head/limit of hand small hand limit of leg small leg,,Own knowledge,,14342, +60-162,60,mosapi,mosapi,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,mosapi,,finger/toe,,,,14343, +60-163,60,mosapi ya lokolo,mosapi\tya\tlokolo,finger\tof\tfoot/leg,toe,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,mosapi ya lokolo,,finger of foot/leg,,,,14344, +60-176,60,mosapi ya lobóko,mosapi\tya\tlobóko,finger\tof\thand/arm,finger,,,,,constructed by linguist,mosapi ya lobóko,,finger of hand/arm,,Own knowledge,,14345, +61-116,61,munwe vs. zwane,munwe\tvs.\tzwane,finger\tvs.\ttoe,finger vs. toe,,,157[54],,constructed by linguist,munwe vs. zwane,,finger vs. toe,,,,14346, +62-103,62,kihlatú,kihlatú,finger,"finger, toe",,,,,constructed by linguist,kihlatú,,finger,,Own field data 1993,,14347, +64-222,64,asbá,asbá,finger,"finger, toe",,,,,constructed by linguist,asbá,,finger,,Own knowledge,,14348, +66-138,66,jirji,jirji,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,jirji,,finger/toe,,Own knowledge,,14349, +66-139,66,tangan jirji,tangan\tjirji,hand\tfinger,finger,,,,,constructed by linguist,tangan jirji,,hand finger,,Own knowledge,,14350, +66-140,66,kaki jirji,kaki\tjirji,foot\tfinger,toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,kaki jirji,,foot finger,,Own knowledge,,14351, +67-223,67,jari,jari,finger/toe,finger/toe,,,,,elicited from speaker,jari,,finger/toe,,Own knowledge,,14352, +67-224,67,jari kaki,jari\tkaki,finger\tfoot,toe,,,,,elicited from speaker,jari kaki,,finger foot,,Own knowledge,,14353, +67-239,67,jari tangan,jari\ttangan,finger\thand,finger,,,,,elicited from speaker,jari tangan,,finger hand,,Own knowledge,,14354, +68-130,68,jari,jari,finger,finger,,,,,constructed by linguist,jari,,finger,,Own knowledge,,14355, +68-131,68,jari kaki,jari\tkaki,finger\tfoot,toe,,,,,constructed by linguist,jari kaki,,finger foot,,Own knowledge,,14356, +71-193,71,Iaia eha kela manamana kela mahina September [...] kokoke akahi mahina eha kela lima.,Iaia\teha\tkela\tmanamana\tkela\tmahina\tSeptember\t[...]\tkokoke\takahi\tmahina\teha\tkela\tlima.,3SG\thurt\tDET\tappendage\tDET\tmonth\tSeptember\t[...]\tnear\tone\tmonth\thurt\tDET\thand,He hurt his fingers back in September [...] almost for a month his hand hurt.,,The context makes it clear that fingers are what manamana denotes here.,,,naturalistic written,"Iaia eha kela manamana kela mahina September [...] kokoke akahi mahina eha kela lima.",,3SG hurt DET appendage DET month September [...] near one month hurt DET hand,"The context makes it clear that fingers are what manamana denotes here.",Own data 1896,,14357, +72-163,72,Jinektu bin baitim nantanantangka.,Jinek-tu\tbin\tbait-im\tnantananta-ngka.,snake-ERG\tPST\tbite-TR\ttoe/finger-LOC,The snake bit him/her on the toe/finger.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Jinektu bin baitim nantanantangka.,Jinek-tu bin bait-im nantananta-ngka.,snake-ERG PST bite-TR toe/finger-LOC,,Own knowledge,,14358, +72-175,72,wartan,wartan,upper.limb.below.elbow,'finger' (or 'hand' or 'forearm'),,This derives from Gurindji.,,,constructed by linguist,wartan,,upper.limb.below.elbow,This derives from Gurindji.,Own knowledge,,14359, +72-176,72,fut,fut,lower.limb.below.the.knee,'toe' (or 'foot' or 'lower leg'),,,,,constructed by linguist,fut,,lower.limb.below.the.knee,,Own knowledge,,14360, +74-162,74,Lidú kápa lêpí,Lidú\tkápa\tlêpí,finger\tPREP\tfoot,toe,,,595[45],,narrative,Lidú kápa lêpí,,finger PREP foot,,,,14361, +74-163,74,lidú,lidú,finger,finger,,,595[45],,narrative,lidú,,finger,,,,14362, +75-276,75,Kiipaashtenam li pake avek sii dwee.,Kii-paashten-am\tli\tpake\tavek\tsii\tdwe.,PST-open-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tparcel\twith\t3.POSS.PL\tfinger,She opened the parcel with her fingers.,,,522,,elicited from speaker,Kiipaashtenam li pake avek sii dwee.,Kii-paashten-am li pake avek sii dwe.,PST-open-3.SBJ.3.OBJ DEF.ART.M.SG parcel with 3.POSS.PL finger,,,,14363, +75-277,75,Giiwiishakahwaaw moon nartee.,Gii-wiishak-ahw-aaw\tmoon\tnartee.,PST-hurt-with.tool-3\t1.POSS\ttoe,I hurt my toe.,,,789[335],,naturalistic written,Giiwiishakahwaaw moon nartee.,Gii-wiishak-ahw-aaw moon nartee.,PST-hurt-with.tool-3 1.POSS toe,,,,14364, +1-263,1,wirriwirri,wiwiri,leaf/grass/herb/hair/fur/feather,"leaves, grasses, herbs, hair, fur, feathers",,,1357[203],,written (dictionary),wirriwirri,wiwiri,leaf/grass/herb/hair/fur/feather,,,,14365,"German: Blätter von Bäumen u. allen Gewächsen; alles Gras, Kraut, Blättchen Gras; Haare von Menschen u. Thieren; Borsten; Federn von Vögeln; Stroh; ein Halm [op.cit.]" +1-264,1,"heddiwirriwirri, aguwirriwirri, vool-wirriwirri",hede-wiwiri;\tagu-wiwiri;\tfowru-wiwiri,head-hair\tpig-hair/fur\tbird-feather,hair; hair/fur (of pig); feathers (of bird),,,1357[203f],,written (dictionary),"heddiwirriwirri, aguwirriwirri, vool-wirriwirri",hede-wiwiri; agu-wiwiri; fowru-wiwiri,head-hair pig-hair/fur bird-feather,,,,14366,German: Haupthaar; Schweinsborsten; Federn [op.cit.] +2-293,2,Mi e kan mi wiwiri mamanten yuru fosi mi e go na doro.,Mi\te\tkan\tmi\twiwiri\tmamanten\tyuru\tfosi\tmi\te\tgo\tna\tdoro.,I\tASP\tcomb\tmy\thair\tmorning\thour\tbefore\tI\tASP\tgo\tLOC\tdoor,I comb my hair in the morning before going out.,,,1587[97],,unknown,"Mi e kan mi wiwiri mamanten yuru fosi mi e go na doro.",,I ASP comb my hair morning hour before I ASP go LOC door,,,,14367, +2-294,2,fowru-wiwiri,fowru-wiwiri,bird-hair,feather,,,1587,,unknown,fowru-wiwiri,,bird-hair,,,,14368, +3-158,3,puuma,puuma,body.hair/feather,body hair/feather,,,354[118],,naturalistic written,puuma,,body.hair/feather,,,,14369, +4-187,4,Da den koti ala en ede uwii fiya anga sesei puu ne en ede.,Da\tden\tkoti\tala\ten\tede\tuwii\tfiya\tanga\tsesei\tpuu\tne\ten\tede.,then\tthey\tcut\tall\ther\thead\thair\tIDEO\twith\tscissors\tpull\tLOC\ther\thead,Then they completely cut off all of her hair with scissors.,,,285,,naturalistic spoken,Da den koti ala en ede uwii fiya anga sesei puu ne en ede.,,then they cut all her head hair IDEO with scissors pull LOC her head,,,,14370, +4-188,4,Tukan abi moy uwii.,Tukan\tabi\tmoy\tuwii.,toucan.bird\thave\tnice\thair,Toucans have nice feathers.,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,Tukan abi moy uwii.,,toucan.bird have nice hair,,Own knowledge,,14371, +4-201,4,foo uwii,foo\tuwii,bird\thair/feather,feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,foo uwii,,bird hair/feather,,Own knowledge,,14372, +5-188,5,heer,heer,body.hair/head.hair,hair,,,,,constructed by linguist,heer,,body.hair/head.hair,,Own knowledge,,14373, +5-189,5,feda,feda,feather,feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,feda,,feather,,Own knowledge,,14374, +6-121,6,"(1) Shi kot shi hair. (2) di parrot feaders (3) Me son gettin big, he gettin feathers.","(1)\tShi\tkot\tshi\thair.\t(2)\tdi\tparrot\tfeaders\t(3)\tMe\tson\tgettin\tbig,\the\tgettin\tfeathers.",(1)\t3SG.F\tcut\t3SG.F.POSS\thair\t(2)\tDET\tparrot\tfeather.PL\t(3)\t1SG.POSS\tson\tget.PROG\tbig\t3SG.M\tget.PROG\tfeather.PL,"(1) She cut her hair. (2) the parrot's feathers (3) My son is getting big, he is growing a first moustache (feathers here: fine body hair).",,,1594[339],,naturalistic written,"(1) Shi kot shi hair. (2) di parrot feaders (3) Me son gettin big, he gettin feathers.",,(1) 3SG.F cut 3SG.F.POSS hair (2) DET parrot feather.PL (3) 1SG.POSS son get.PROG big 3SG.M get.PROG feather.PL,,,,14375, +7-268,7,Shi ha shaat hei.,Shi\tha\tshaat\thei.,3SG\thave\tshort\thair,She has short hair.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Shi ha shaat hei.,,3SG have short hair,,Own knowledge,,14376, +7-269,7,foul feda,foul\tfeda,fowl\tfeather,fowl feather,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,foul feda,,fowl feather,,Own knowledge,,14377, +8-170,8,Di foul gat nof feda.,Di\tfoul\tgat\tnof\tfeda.,DET\tfowl\thave\tmany\tfeather,The chicken has many feathers.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di foul gat nof feda.,,DET fowl have many feather,,Own knowledge,,14378, +8-171,8,Daag a swet bot lang hier kova it.,Daag\ta\tswet\tbot\tlang\thier\tkova\tit.,dog\tPROG\tsweat\tbut\tlong\thair\tcover\t3SG,Some people's trials are not always known to the world.,,"This is a proverb which translated literally means 'Although dogs sweat, it is concealed by their long hair'.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Daag a swet bot lang hier kova it.,,dog PROG sweat but long hair cover 3SG,"This is a proverb which translated literally means 'Although dogs sweat, it is concealed by their long hair'.",Own knowledge,,14379, +9-203,9,hɛ,hɛ,hair,hair OR: feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,hɛ,,hair,,Own knowledge,,14380, +10-259,10,di bood feda,di\tbood\tfeda,ART.DEF\tbird\tfeather,the bird's feathers,,,,,naturalistic spoken,di bood feda,,ART.DEF bird feather,,Unpublished field recordings,,14381, +10-260,10,heer,heer,hair,body hair,,,,,constructed by linguist,heer,,hair,,Own knowledge,,14382, +11-333,11,hiar,hiar,hair,hair,,"Holm (1978, Appendix p. 18) lists hed hier but there is no entry, for instance, for ‘body hair’. Nevertheless, I consider it very unlikely that there be two distinct lexemes.",,,elicited from speaker,hiar,,hair,"Holm (1978, Appendix p. 18) lists hed hier but there is no entry, for instance, for ‘body hair’. Nevertheless, I consider it very unlikely that there be two distinct lexemes.",Nicaragua project questionnaire,,14383, +11-334,11,feda,feda,feather,feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,feda,,feather,,Own knowledge,,14384, +12-274,12,Those chicks beginning to feather.,Those\tchicks\tbeginning\tto\tfeather.,DEM\tchick.PL\tbegin.PROG\tto\tfeather,Those chickens are getting feathers.,,,634[73],,naturalistic spoken,Those chicks beginning to feather.,,DEM chick.PL begin.PROG to feather,,,,14385, +12-275,12,He getting little feathers.,He\tgetting\tlittle\tfeathers.,3SG.M.SBJ\tget.PROG\tlittle\tfeather.PL,He’s getting facial and body hair (i.e. he’s entering puberty).,,,634[74],,naturalistic spoken,He getting little feathers.,,3SG.M.SBJ get.PROG little feather.PL,,,,14386, +12-292,12,hair,hair,hair,(body) hair,,,,,naturalistic spoken,hair,,hair,,Own knowledge,,14387, +13-205,13,I don have much body hair.,I\tdon\thave\tmuch\tbody\thair.,I\tdon't\thave\tmuch\tbody\thair,I don't have much body hair.,,,,,elicited from speaker,I don have much body hair.,,I don't have much body hair,,Own fieldwork 2008-2009,,14388, +13-206,13,fedder,fedder,feather,feather,,,685[186],,written (dictionary),fedder,,feather,,,,14389, +14-153,14,hair,hair,hair,hair,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,hair,,hair,,Own knowledge,,14390, +14-154,14,feather,feather,feather,feather,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,feather,,feather,,Own knowledge,,14391, +15-144,15,ia,ia,hair,hair,,,545[152],,naturalistic written,ia,,hair,,,,14392, +15-145,15,fɛda,fɛda,feather,feather,,,545[102],,naturalistic written,fɛda,,feather,,,,14393, +16-164,16,hɛa,hɛa,hair,hair,,,,,naturalistic spoken,hɛa,,hair,,Own fieldwork,,14394, +16-165,16,fɛda,fɛda,feather,feather,,,,,naturalistic spoken,fɛda,,feather,,Own fieldwork,,14395, +17-196,17,he̱ vs. fe̱da,he̱\tvs.\tfe̱da,hair\tvs.\tfeather,hair vs. feather,,,462[285-289],,naturalistic spoken,he̱ vs. fe̱da,,hair vs. feather,,,,14396, +17-197,17,"Pe̱sin ge̱t he̱, be̱d ge̱t fe̱da.","Pe̱sin\tge̱t\the̱,\tbe̱d\tge̱t\tfe̱da.",person\thave\thair\tbird\thave\tfeather,"People have hair, birds have feathers.",,,,,constructed by linguist,"Pe̱sin ge̱t he̱, be̱d ge̱t fe̱da.",,person have hair bird have feather,,Own knowledge,,14397, +18-178,18,biye-biye,biye~biye,beard~beard,hair,,,97,,elicited from speaker,biye-biye,biye~biye,beard~beard,,,,14398, +18-179,18,feda,feda,feather,feather,,,97,,elicited from speaker,feda,,feather,,,,14399, +19-212,19,hia,hia,hair,(body) hair,,,,,elicited from speaker,hia,,hair,,Field data,,14400, +19-213,19,fɛda,fɛda,feather,feather,,,,,elicited from speaker,fɛda,,feather,,Field data,,14401, +21-154,21,hair,hair,hair,hair,,,,,constructed by linguist,hair,,hair,,Own knowledge,,14402, +21-155,21,feather,feather,feather,feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,feather,,feather,,Own knowledge,,14403, +22-192,22,Gras bilong pisin ia kam daun long wara.,Gras\tbilong\tpisin\tia\tkam\tdaun\tlong\twara.,feather\tPOSS\tbird\tFOC\tcome\tdown\tPREP\triver,The bird’s feather fell into the river.,,,584[Madang F14],,naturalistic spoken,Gras bilong pisin ia kam daun long wara.,,feather POSS bird FOC come down PREP river,,,,14404, +22-193,22,Gras bilong mi bin braun.,Gras\tbilong\tmi\tbin\tbraun.,hair\tPOSS\t1SG\tPST\tbrown,My hair was brown.,,,584[Simbu F14],,naturalistic spoken,Gras bilong mi bin braun.,,hair POSS 1SG PST brown,,,,14405, +22-204,22,gras,gras,grass,"grass, hair, fur, feather",,,411[364],,written (dictionary),gras,,grass,,,,14406, +22-205,22,gras bilong bodi,gras\tbilong\tbodi,hair/feather\tbelong\tbody,body hair,,,1844[57],,written (dictionary),gras bilong bodi,,hair/feather belong body,,,,14407, +23-173,23,i pulum wan hea long leg blong hem,i\tpulum\twan\thea\tlong\tleg\tblong\them,AGR\tpull\tINDF\thair\tLOC\tleg\tPOSS\t3SG,She pulled a hair from her leg.,,,,,constructed by linguist,i pulum wan hea long leg blong hem,,AGR pull INDF hair LOC leg POSS 3SG,,Own knowledge,,14408, +23-174,23,oli wokem long feda,oli\twokem\tlong\tfeda,AGR\twork\tLOC\tfeather,[They] make it out of feathers.,,,,,constructed by linguist,oli wokem long feda,,AGR work LOC feather,,Own knowledge,,14409, +23-175,23,gras blong ae,gras\tblong\tae,grass\tof\teye,eyebrow/eyelash,,"The entry for gras notes any body hair (a vernacular derived lexeme also exists for pubic hair, viz. nakorom). The entry also says gras may refer to feathers, in addition to feta. The latter is more common in my experience.",323[87],,constructed by linguist,gras blong ae,,grass of eye,"The entry for gras notes any body hair (a vernacular derived lexeme also exists for pubic hair, viz. nakorom). The entry also says gras may refer to feathers, in addition to feta. The latter is more common in my experience.",,,14410, +24-193,24,hair,hair,hair,hair,,,,,naturalistic spoken,hair,,hair,,Own fieldwork,,14411, +24-194,24,feather,feather,feather,feather,,,,,naturalistic spoken,feather,,feather,,Own fieldwork,,14412, +24-195,24,brestles,brestles,bristles,pubic hair,,,,,naturalistic spoken,brestles,,bristles,,Own fieldwork,,14413, +25-347,25,beja,beja,feather,feather,,,,,naturalistic spoken,beja,,feather,,own fieldwork,,14414, +26-124,26,hɛa,hɛa,hair,hair,,Hɛa denotes both hair on head and on body.,,,constructed by linguist,hɛa,,hair,"Hɛa denotes both hair on head and on body.",Own knowledge,,14415, +26-125,26,feða,feða,feather,feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,feða,,feather,,Own knowledge,,14416, +28-190,28,hari; plim,hari;\tplim,hair\tfeather,hair; feather,,,737[596],,naturalistic spoken,hari; plim,,hair feather,,,,14417, +29-223,29,haar,haar,hair,hair,,,,,naturalistic spoken,haar,,hair,,Own knowledge,,14418, +29-224,29,veer,veer,feather,feather,,,,,naturalistic spoken,veer,,feather,,Own knowledge,,14419, +30-233,30,"Kunpra láimi, bu ráspa kabélu di pérna purki ê feiu.","Kunpra\tláimi,\tbu=ráspa\tkabélu\tdi=pérna\tpurki\tê\tfeiu.",buy\trazor.blade\t2SG=shave\thair\tof=foot\tbecause\tbe\tugly,Buy a razor blade and shave off the hair from your legs because it is ugly.,,,784[s.v. ráspa],,naturalistic spoken,"Kunpra láimi, bu ráspa kabélu di pérna purki ê feiu.","Kunpra láimi, bu=ráspa kabélu di=pérna purki ê feiu.",buy razor.blade 2SG=shave hair of=foot because be ugly,,,,14420,"German: Kauf eine Rasierklinge und rasier dir die Beinhaare ab, denn das ist hässlich." +30-234,30,Bu pai korta ponba péna di ása p'e ka bua.,Bu=pai\tkorta\tponba\tpéna\tdi=ása\tp=e=ka=bua.,2SG.POSS=father\tcut\tpigeon\tfeather\tof=wing\tfor=3SG=NEG=fly,Your father cut the pigeon's wing feathers so that it doesn't fly away.,,,784[s.v. péna],,naturalistic spoken,"Bu pai korta ponba péna di ása p'e ka bua.",Bu=pai korta ponba péna di=ása p=e=ka=bua.,2SG.POSS=father cut pigeon feather of=wing for=3SG=NEG=fly,,,,14421,"German: Dein Vater hat der Taube die Federn der Flügel abgeschnitten, damit sie nicht davonfliegt." +30-235,30,Pamodi ki bu sta ku txeu kabélu bránku si?,Pamodi\tki=bu=sta\tku=txeu\tkabélu\tbránku\tsi?,why\tCOMP=2SG=be\twith=much\thair\twhite\tso,Why do you have so much white hair?,,,784[s.v. kabélu],,naturalistic spoken,Pamodi ki bu sta ku txeu kabélu bránku si?,Pamodi ki=bu=sta ku=txeu kabélu bránku si?,why COMP=2SG=be with=much hair white so,,,,14422,German: Warum hast du so viele weiße Haare? +31-183,31,kabelu,kabelu,hair,head hair and body hair,,,,,constructed by linguist,kabelu,,hair,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14423, +31-184,31,pena,pena,feather,feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,pena,,feather,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14424, +32-191,32,El ten txeu kabel na peit.,El\tten\ttxeu\tkabel\tna\tpeit.,3SG\thave\tmany\thair\ton\tchest,He has a lot of hair on his chest.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"El ten txeu kabel na peit.",,3SG have many hair on chest,,Own knowledge,,14425,Portuguese: Tem muitos pelos no peito. +32-192,32,Kel galinha ten péna pret.,Kel\tgalinha\tten\tpéna\tpret.,DEM\then\thave\tfeather\tblack,This hen has black feathers.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Kel galinha ten péna pret.",,DEM hen have feather black,,Own knowledge,,14426,Portuguese: Essa galinha tem penas pretas. +33-213,33,N korta kabelu.,N\tkorta\tkabelu.,1SG\tcut\thair,I had my hair cut.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N korta kabelu.,,1SG cut hair,,Own knowledge,,14427,Portuguese: Cortei o cabelo. +33-214,33,Galinha tene pena.,Galinha\ttene\tpena.,hen\thave\tfeather,Hens have feathers.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Galinha tene pena.,,hen have feather,,Own knowledge,,14428,Portuguese: As galinhas têm penas. +34-178,34,I ka teŋ kabelu na kurpu.,I\tka\tø\tteŋ\tkabelu\tna\tkurpu.,3SG.SBJ\tNEG\tPFV\thave\thair\ton\tbody,He has no hair on his body.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I ka teŋ kabelu na kurpu.","I ka ø teŋ kabelu na kurpu.",3SG.SBJ NEG PFV have hair on body,,Own knowledge,,14429, +34-179,34,Ña galu teŋ pena burmeju.,Ña\tgalu\tø\tteŋ\tpena\tburmeju.,POSS.1SG\tcock\tPFV\thave\tfeather\tred,My cock has red feathers.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Ña galu teŋ pena burmeju.","Ña galu ø teŋ pena burmeju.",POSS.1SG cock PFV have feather red,,Own knowledge,,14430, +35-249,35,pena,pena,body.hair/feather,feather,,,,,elicited from speaker,pena,,body.hair/feather,,Own data,,14431, +35-250,35,fi kabelu,fi\tkabelu,thread\thair,(a) hair,,Kabelu has the collective meaning ‘hair’.,,,elicited from speaker,fi kabelu,,thread hair,"Kabelu has the collective meaning ‘hair’.",Own data,,14432, +35-251,35,pena d’ubwê,pena\td’=ubwê,feather\tof=body,body-hair,,,,,elicited from speaker,pena d’ubwê,pena d’=ubwê,feather of=body,,Own data,,14433, +36-153,36,n'dhumbu riba boka,n'dhumbu\triba\tboka,hair\ttop\tmouth,moustache,,The word n'dhumbu is only used in this context.,901[232],,elicited from speaker,n'dhumbu riba boka,,hair top mouth,"The word n'dhumbu is only used in this context.",,,14434, +36-154,36,"pena (situ), pena (n'tê), pena (ôngê)","pena\t(situ),\tpena\t(n'tê),\tpena\t(ôngê)",feather\t(bird)\tfeather\t(head)\tfeather\t(body),"feather, head hair, body hair",,,901[238],,elicited from speaker,"pena (situ), pena (n'tê), pena (ôngê)",,feather (bird) feather (head) feather (body),,,,14435, +37-192,37,kabelu,kabelu,hair.of.head,hair,,,905[221],,elicited from speaker,kabelu,,hair.of.head,,,,14436, +37-193,37,pene,pene,feather,feather / body hair,,,905[232],,elicited from speaker,pene,,feather,,,,14437, +38-196,38,xabelu,xabelu,hair,hair,,,,,elicited from speaker,xabelu,,hair,,Own fieldwork 1990,,14438, +38-197,38,péna,péna,feather,feather,,,,,elicited from speaker,péna,,feather,,Own fieldwork 1993,,14439, +39-185,39,kabel,kabel,(body).hair,(body) hair,,,221[257],,naturalistic spoken,kabel,,(body).hair,,,,14440, +39-186,39,pɛn,pɛn,feather,feather,,,218,,elicited from speaker,pɛn,,feather,,,,14441, +40-146,40,kabel,kabel,hair,hair,,,265[250-51],,constructed by linguist,kabel,,hair,,,,14442, +40-147,40,pɛn,pɛn,feather,feather,,,265[250],,elicited from speaker,pɛn,,feather,,,,14443, +41-179,41,pavaam soltaa pɛɛna viida paastru mudaa kloor,pavaam\tsoltaa\tpɛɛna\tviida\tpaastru\tmudaa\tkloor,peacock\tundo\tfeather\tbecause\tbird\tchange\tcolour,"Because the peacock spread its feathers, the bird changed colour.",,Pɛɛna is also attested as a modern lexical item in field notes.,1416[5675-5676],,written (poetic),"pavaam soltaa pɛɛna viida paastru mudaa kloor",,peacock undo feather because bird change colour,"Pɛɛna is also attested as a modern lexical item in field notes.",,,14444, +42-199,42,kabelu,kabelu,hair,"hair on the head and body hair in general, but not pubic hair",,Pubic hair is pintelu or kabelu pintelu.,120[42],,elicited from speaker,kabelu,,hair,"Pubic hair is pintelu or kabelu pintelu.",,,14445, +42-200,42,pena,pena,feather,feather,,,120[71],,elicited from speaker,pena,,feather,,,,14446, +43-127,43,kabelu,kabelu,hair,hair,,,906[245],,pedagogical grammar,kabelu,,hair,,,,14447, +43-128,43,pena,pena,feather,feather,,,906[281],,pedagogical grammar,pena,,feather,,,,14448, +43-129,43,kabelu,kabelu,head.hair/body.hair,hair,,,906[245],,naturalistic written,kabelu,,head.hair/body.hair,,,,14449, +43-130,43,kabelu pastër,kabelu\tpastër,hair\tbird,feather,,,906[245],,naturalistic written,kabelu pastër,,hair bird,,,,14450, +44-188,44,el pélo pryéto,el\tpélo\tpryéto,DEF\thair\tblack,the black hair,,,,,naturalistic spoken,el pélo pryéto,,DEF hair black,,Own data,,14451, +44-189,44,pilyého del páhro,pilyého\tdel\tpáhro,feather\tof\tbird,feather of bird,,"Pilyého (written pillejo) ‘hair’ is taken from a manuscript by Evangelino Nigoza. Riego de Dios (1989: 133) gives pelleho ‘skin, referring to human skin, fruit skin, or animal hide’ for Ternate Chabacano.",,,elicited from speaker,pilyého del páhro,,feather of bird,"Pilyého (written pillejo) ‘hair’ is taken from a manuscript by Evangelino Nigoza. Riego de Dios (1989: 133) gives pelleho ‘skin, referring to human skin, fruit skin, or animal hide’ for Ternate Chabacano.",Own data,,14452, +44-190,44,pélo,pélo,feather/hair,feather OR: hair,,,,,elicited from speaker,pélo,,feather/hair,,"Evangelino Nigoza, p.c.",,14453, +45-153,45,Manda ya tu corta tu pelo; masyao largo ya.,Manda\tya\ttu\tcorta\ttu\tpelo;\tmasyao\tlargo\tya.,order\talready\t2SG\tcut\t2SG.POSS\thair\tINTENS\tlong\talready,Have your hair cut; it is already quite long.,,,426[136],,naturalistic written,Manda ya tu corta tu pelo; masyao largo ya.,,order already 2SG cut 2SG.POSS hair INTENS long already,,,,14454, +46-197,46,pélo,pélo,hair/feather,hair OR: feather,,,,,naturalistic spoken,pélo,,hair/feather,,Own knowledge,,14455, +46-198,46,pélo de páharo,pélo\tde\tpáharo,hair/feather\tof\tbird,a bird's feather,,,,,elicited from speaker,pélo de páharo,,hair/feather of bird,,Own knowledge,,14456, +47-226,47,kabei; pluma,kabei;\tpluma,hair\tfeather,hair(s); feather(s),,,,,own knowledge,kabei; pluma,,hair feather,,Own knowledge,,14457, +48-194,48,kabeo,kabeo,hair,hair,,"Note that in the Spanish of Palenque, the word pelo is used. Pelo is not normally used in the creole, as kabeo is given preference. Kabeo is likely to have been derived from Portuguese cabelo 'hair' and not from Spanish cabello 'hair', since this latter form would not have given rise (phonetically) to /kabeo/ but to /kabeyo/.",,,naturalistic spoken,kabeo,,hair,"Note that in the Spanish of Palenque, the word pelo is used. Pelo is not normally used in the creole, as kabeo is given preference. Kabeo is likely to have been derived from Portuguese cabelo 'hair' and not from Spanish cabello 'hair', since this latter form would not have given rise (phonetically) to /kabeo/ but to /kabeyo/.",Recorded by author,,14458, +48-195,48,pluma,pluma,feather,feather,,,,,naturalistic spoken,pluma,,feather,,Recorded by author,,14459,Spanish: pluma +49-341,49,Li gen bèl cheve.,Li\tgen\tbèl\tcheve.,3SG\thave\tbeautiful\thair,She has beautiful hair.,,,1514[165],,naturalistic spoken,Li gen bèl cheve.,,3SG have beautiful hair,,,,14460,French: Il/Elle a de beaux cheveux. +49-342,49,Sa yo se plim poul.,Sa\tyo\tse\tplim\tpoul.,DEM\tDEF.PL\tSE\tfeather\then,These are hens' feathers.,,,1514[125],,naturalistic spoken,Sa yo se plim poul.,,DEM DEF.PL SE feather hen,,,,14461,French: Ça ce sont des plumes de poule. +49-343,49,plim - plim zesèl - pwal - pwal kò - pwal bwa - cheve,plim\t-\tplim\tzesèl\t-\tpwal\t-\tpwal\tkò\t-\tpwal\tbwa\t-\tcheve,hair\t-\tarmpit\thair\t-\thair\t-\tbody\thair\t-\tarm\thair\t-\thair,armpit hair,,"There are numerous variants in the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), which are not all cited here. There is a dominance of forms with plim and a lower frequency of forms with pwal. Out of all the cited forms, there are only two forms with cheve.","473[vol. 3, 214]",,naturalistic spoken,plim - plim zesèl - pwal - pwal kò - pwal bwa - cheve,,hair - armpit hair - hair - body hair - arm hair - hair,"There are numerous variants in the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), which are not all cited here. There is a dominance of forms with plim and a lower frequency of forms with pwal. Out of all the cited forms, there are only two forms with cheve.",,,14462,French: poil d'aisselle +49-344,49,Tout plim sou do m kanpe.,Tout\tplim\tsou\tdo\tm\tkanpe.,all\thair\ton\tback\t1SG.POSS\tbe.upright,I've got goosebumps.,,,381[70],,naturalistic written,Tout plim sou do m kanpe.,,all hair on back 1SG.POSS be.upright,,,,14463,French: J'ai la chair de poule. OR: Tous mes poils sont dressés. +50-216,50,chivé,chivé,hair,hair/feather,,,,,naturalistic spoken,chivé,,hair,,Own fieldwork,,14464, +50-217,50,pwèl,pwèl,feather,feather,,,,,naturalistic spoken,pwèl,,feather,,Own fieldwork,,14465, +51-182,51,chivé,chivé,hair,hair/feather,,,,,naturalistic spoken,chivé,,hair,,Own fieldwork,,14466, +51-183,51,pwel,pwel,feather,feather,,,,,naturalistic spoken,pwel,,feather,,Own fieldwork,,14467, +52-118,52,chivé,chivé,hair,hair,,,117,,elicited from speaker,chivé,,hair,,,,14468, +52-119,52,plim,plim,feather,feather,,,117,,elicited from speaker,plim,,feather,,,,14469, +53-398,53,"Sa, men sa gen cheve drwat men li li gen so cheve-ye frize.","Sa,\tmen\tsa\tgen\tcheve\tdrwat\tmen\tli\tli\tgen\tso\tcheve-ye\tfrize.",DEM\tbut\tDEM\thave\thair\tstraight\tbut\t3SG\t3SG\thave\t3SG.POSS\thair-PL\tkinky,"That one has straight hair, but HE has kinky hair.",,,722[217],,naturalistic spoken,"Sa, men sa gen cheve drwat men li li gen so cheve-ye frize.",,DEM but DEM have hair straight but 3SG 3SG have 3SG.POSS hair-PL kinky,,,,14470, +53-399,53,"Zozo-la, li gen en ta plim an so latèt.","Zozo-la,\tli\tgen\ten\tta\tplim\tan\tso\tlatèt.",bird-ART.DEF.SG\t3SG\thave\tART.INDF\tpile\tfeather\ton\t3SG.POSS\thead,"The bird, it's got a bunch of feathers on its head.",,,1515[373],,naturalistic spoken,"Zozo-la, li gen en ta plim an so latèt.",,bird-ART.DEF.SG 3SG have ART.INDF pile feather on 3SG.POSS head,,,,14471, +54-236,54,"lé pwal , là/lé plim, là swà, lë gengen","le\tpwal,\tla/le\tplim,\tla\tswa,\tlë\tgengen",DEF.PL\thair\tDEF/DEF.PL\tfeather\tDEF\tsilk\tDEF\thair.under.armpit,hair under one's armpit,,Each of these synonyms was given by several informants.,214[89],,naturalistic spoken,"lé pwal , là/lé plim, là swà, lë gengen","le pwal, la/le plim, la swa, lë gengen",DEF.PL hair DEF/DEF.PL feather DEF silk DEF hair.under.armpit,Each of these synonyms was given by several informants.,,,14472,French: poils sous le bras +54-237,54,Li fé sé/lé plim (en zenn kòk).,Li\tfe\tse/le\tplim\t(en\tzenn\tkok).,3SG.FIN\tmake\tPOSS.3PL/DEF.PL\tfeather\t(INDF\tyoung\trooster),His feathers grow (said of a young rooster).,,,214[310],,naturalistic spoken,Li fé sé/lé plim (en zenn kòk).,Li fe se/le plim (en zenn kok).,3SG.FIN make POSS.3PL/DEF.PL feather (INDF young rooster),,,,14473,French: Il fait ses plumes (un jeune coq). +55-207,55,pwal,pwal,(body)hair,hair,,,73,,constructed by linguist,pwal,,(body)hair,,,,14474, +55-208,55,plim,plim,feather,feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,plim,,feather,,Own knowledge,,14475, +56-214,56,pwal,pwal,body.hair/pubic.hair,"body hair, pubic hair",,Cf. swa 'body hair other than pubic hair'.,,,constructed by native speaker,pwal,,body.hair/pubic.hair,"Cf. swa 'body hair other than pubic hair'.",Own knowledge,,14476, +56-215,56,swa,swa,body.hair,body hair (other than pubic hair),,Cf. pwal referring to 'pubic hair'.,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),swa,,body.hair,"Cf. pwal referring to 'pubic hair'.",,,14477, +56-216,56,plim,plim,feather,"feather, body hair",,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),plim,,feather,,,,14478, +57-108,57,ʃeve,ʃeve,body.hair,body hair,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ʃeve,,body.hair,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,14479, +57-109,57,plim,plim,feather,feather,,,,,naturalistic spoken,plim,,feather,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,14480, +58-137,58,mika,mika,4.body.hair,body hair,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mika,,4.body.hair,,Own knowledge,,14481, +58-138,58,"disala, masala","disala,\tmasala",5.feather\t6.feather,"feather, feathers",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"disala, masala",,5.feather 6.feather,,Own knowledge,,14482, +59-360,59,kwa (ti) li,kwa\t(ti)\tli,hair\t(of)\thead,head hair,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kwa (ti) li,,hair (of) head,,Samarin corpus 1994,,14483, +59-361,59,kwa (ti) ndeke,kwa\t(ti)\tndeke,feather\t(of)\tbird,bird feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,kwa (ti) ndeke,,feather (of) bird,,Own knowledge,,14484, +59-386,59,kwa,kwa,hair/feather,hair/feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,kwa,,hair/feather,,Own knowledge,,14485, +60-164,60,súki,súki,hair/feather,hair/feather,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,súki,,hair/feather,,,,14486, +61-117,61,phape,phape,feather,feather,,,,,elicited from speaker,phape,,feather,,Field notes Mesthrie,,14487, +61-118,61,nwele,nwele,hair.on.head,hair,,,,,constructed by linguist,nwele,,hair.on.head,,Own knowledge,,14488, +62-104,62,lu-zoyá,lu-zoyá,feather,feather,,,,,elicited from speaker,lu-zoyá,,feather,,Own field data 1993,,14489, +62-105,62,ahlú,ahlú,hair,hair,,,,,elicited from speaker,ahlú,,hair,,Own field data 1993,,14490, +63-204,63,ris,ris,feather,feather,,,856[88],,naturalistic spoken,ris,,feather,,,,14491, +63-205,63,su,su,hair,hair,,,622[75],,naturalistic spoken,su,,hair,,,,14492, +63-206,63,su-rás,su-rás,hair-head,hair,,,,,naturalistic spoken,su-rás,,hair-head,,Personal data,,14493, +63-207,63,su-téri,su-téri,hair-bird,feather,,,622[74],,naturalistic spoken,su-téri,,hair-bird,,,,14494, +64-223,64,suf,suf,hair/feather,"hair, feather",,,,,constructed by linguist,suf,,hair/feather,,Own knowledge,,14495, +66-129,66,Itu oorangna tangang ka punnung rambut aða.,Itu\toorang-na\ttangang\tka\tpunnung\trambut\taða.,that\tperson-DAT\thand/arm\tin\tmuch\thair\tEXIST,That man has a lot of hair on his arms.,,"'Full' is the persistent etymological meaning of punnung, but it has come to be used as a quantifier (much, many) in Sri Lankan Malay.",,,elicited from speaker,"Itu oorangna tangang ka punnung rambut aða.",Itu oorang-na tangang ka punnung rambut aða.,that person-DAT hand/arm in much hair EXIST,"'Full' is the persistent etymological meaning of punnung, but it has come to be used as a quantifier (much, many) in Sri Lankan Malay.","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,14496, +66-141,66,rambut,rambut,hair,(head/body) hair,,,,,constructed by linguist,rambut,,hair,,Own knowledge,,14497, +66-142,66,buluu,buluu,hair/feather,"(head/body) hair, feather",,,,,constructed by linguist,buluu,,hair/feather,,Own knowledge,,14498, +67-225,67,bulu,bulu,hair,[body] hair / feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,bulu,,hair,,Own knowledge,,14499, +68-132,68,bulu,bulu,body.hair/fur/feather,body hair/fur/feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,bulu,,body.hair/fur/feather,,Own knowledge,,14500, +71-194,71,Poakahi aole loaa hulu moa ma kela hale oe?,Poakahi\taole\tloaa\thulu\tmoa\tma\tkela\thale\toe?,Monday\tNEG\tfound\tfeather\tchicken\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t2SG.POSS,On Monday were any chicken feathers found at your house?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Poakahi aole loaa hulu moa ma kela hale oe?",,Monday NEG found feather chicken LOC DET house 2SG.POSS,,Own data 1908,,14501, +71-195,71,Laua huki ka lauoho laua.,Laua\thuki\tka\tlauoho\tlaua.,3DU\tpull\tDEF\thair\t3DU,They pulled each other's hair.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Laua huki ka lauoho laua.",,3DU pull DEF hair 3DU,,Own data 1889,,14502, +71-206,71,hulu,hulu,hair,body hair/feathers,,"Unfortunately, there are no clear references to body hair in the corpus, just head hair. The lexifier however has a distinct term for head hair (lauoho) and the same term for body hair and feathers (hulu), so it is possible that this overlap was retained in Pidgin Hawaiian.",,,constructed by linguist,hulu,,hair,"Unfortunately, there are no clear references to body hair in the corpus, just head hair. The lexifier however has a distinct term for head hair (lauoho) and the same term for body hair and feathers (hulu), so it is possible that this overlap was retained in Pidgin Hawaiian.",Own knowledge,,14503, +72-164,72,Leyton jikirrijmarraj deya kartpi i garram.,Leyton\tjikirrij-marraj\tdeya\tkartpi\ti\tgarram.,Leyton\twilly.wagtail-COMP\tthere\thair\t3SG.SBJ\thave,Leyton's got his hair sticking up like a willy wagtail!,,"This example can only mean 'hair', though it is drawing comparison to bird feathers.",920[392],,naturalistic spoken,"Leyton jikirrijmarraj deya kartpi i garram.","Leyton jikirrij-marraj deya kartpi i garram.",Leyton willy.wagtail-COMP there hair 3SG.SBJ have,"This example can only mean 'hair', though it is drawing comparison to bird feathers.",,,14504, +72-177,72,pirnkirr; feja,pirnkirr;\tfeja,feather\tfeather,feather,,,,,constructed by linguist,pirnkirr; feja,,feather feather,,Own knowledge,,14505, +74-164,74,tipsu,tipsu,hair/feathers,hair OR: feathers,,Older form yaksu is unattested in this variety.,,,constructed by linguist,tipsu,,hair/feathers,"Older form yaksu is unattested in this variety.",Own knowledge,,14506, +74-165,74,típsu,típsu,hair/feather,feather,,"Típsu was increasingly used for 'hair' in post-1850 works on Chinuk Wawa. +The original source for this example is Hale (1890: 51).",1641[54],,narrative,típsu,,hair/feather,"Típsu was increasingly used for 'hair' in post-1850 works on Chinuk Wawa. +The original source for this example is Hale (1890: 51).",,,14507, +74-166,74,Yáksu,Yáksu,hair,hair,,The original source for this example is Hale (1890: 52).,1641[62],,narrative,Yáksu,,hair,The original source for this example is Hale (1890: 52).,,,14508, +75-278,75,"Ekoshpi kahkiyaw kiikishkamwak, lii gros reuban dan leu zhveu.","Ekoshpi\tkahkiyaw\tkii-kishkam-w-ak,\tlii\tgros\treuban\tdan\tleu\tzhveu.",then\tall\tPST-wear-3-PL\tPL\tbig.F\tribbon\tLOC\t3PL.POSS\thair,"At that time they wore everything, big ribbons in their hair.",,,522,,naturalistic spoken,"Ekoshpi kahkiyaw kiikishkamwak, lii gros reuban dan leu zhveu.","Ekoshpi kahkiyaw kii-kishkam-w-ak, lii gros reuban dan leu zhveu.",then all PST-wear-3-PL PL big.F ribbon LOC 3PL.POSS hair,,,,14509, +75-279,75,Enn pleum giimishkawaaw.,Enn\tpleum\tgii-mishkaw-aaw.,INDF.ART.F.SG\tfeather\t1.PST-find.ANIM-3.ANIM.OBJ,I found a feather.,,,789[93],,naturalistic written,Enn pleum giimishkawaaw.,Enn pleum gii-mishkaw-aaw.,INDF.ART.F.SG feather 1.PST-find.ANIM-3.ANIM.OBJ,,,,14510, +1-265,1,Mi no smeri wan santi na da zoepe.,Mi\tno\tsmeri\twan\tsani\tna\tda\tsupu.,1SG\tNEG\tsmell\ta\tthing\tLOC\tDET.SG\tsoup,I don't smell anything in the soup.,,,1527[61],,written,Mi no smeri wan santi na da zoepe.,Mi no smeri wan sani na da supu.,1SG NEG smell a thing LOC DET.SG soup,,,,14511,Dutch: Myn Heer ik ruik niemendal aan de Soep. [op.cit.] +1-266,1,Takki myki mi jerri.,Taki\tmeki\tmi\tyere.,speak\tmake\t1SG\thear,"Speak, let me hear (it).",,,1527[65],,written,Takki myki mi jerri.,Taki meki mi yere.,speak make 1SG hear,,,,14512,"Dutch: Spreek op, laat ik hooren. [op.cit.]" +2-295,2,Smeri a nyanyan gi mi efu a no swa.,Smeri\ta\tnyanyan\tgi\tmi\tefu\ta\tno\tswa.,smell\tART\tfood\tfor\tme\tif\tit\tNEG\tsour,Smell the food for me to see if it is spoiled.,,,1587[136],,unknown,Smeri a nyanyan gi mi efu a no swa.,,smell ART food for me if it NEG sour,,,,14513, +2-296,2,I n'e yere?,I\tn'e\tyere?,you\tNEG.ASP\thear,Can't you hear?,,,1587[165],,unknown,I n'e yere?,,you NEG.ASP hear,,,,14514, +3-159,3,jéi,jéi,hear,hear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,jéi,,hear,,Fieldwork data,,14515, +3-160,3,sumée,sumée,smell,smell,,,,,naturalistic spoken,sumée,,smell,,Fieldwork data,,14516, +4-189,4,I yee sa mi taki go na a papa?,I\tyee\tsa\tmi\ttaki\tgo\tna\ta\tpapa?,you\thear\twhat\tI\tsay\tgo\tLOC\tDET.SG\telder,Did you hear what I said to the elder?,,,284,,naturalistic spoken,"I yee sa mi taki go na a papa?",,you hear what I say go LOC DET.SG elder,,,,14517, +4-190,4,"Wisi a o wasi en seefi, a o sumee lala.","Wisi\ta\to\twasi\ten\tseefi,\ta\to\tsumee\tlala.",even\tshe\tFUT\twash\tit\tself\tshe\tFUT\tsmell\traw,"Even if she washes it, it will smell bad.",,,280,,naturalistic spoken,"Wisi a o wasi en seefi, a o sumee lala.",,even she FUT wash it self she FUT smell raw,,,,14518, +5-190,5,heer,heer,hear,hear,,,,,constructed by linguist,heer,,hear,,Own knowledge,,14519, +5-191,5,smel,smel,smel,smel,,,,,constructed by linguist,smel,,smel,,Own knowledge,,14520, +6-122,6,hia – smel,hia – smel,hear   smell,hear – smell,,,,,elicited from speaker,hia – smel,,hear smell,,Informant A.K.,,14521, +7-270,7,A kod hei dem.,A\tkod\thei\tdem.,1SG\tcould\thear\t3PL,I can hear them. OR: I could hear them.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,A kod hei dem.,,1SG could hear 3PL,,Own knowledge,,14522, +7-271,7,A kod smel uhm.,A\tkod\tsmel\tuhm.,1SG\tcould\tsmell\t3.OBJ,I can smell him/her/it. OR: I could smell him/her/it.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,A kod smel uhm.,,1SG could smell 3.OBJ,,Own knowledge,,14523, +8-172,8,Mi yer di myuuzik.,Mi\tyer\tdi\tmyuuzik.,1SG\thear\tDET\tmusic,I hear the music.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi yer di myuuzik.,,1SG hear DET music,,Own knowledge,,14524, +8-173,8,Mi smel di gyaabij frahn for.,Mi\tsmel\tdi\tgyaabij\tfrahn\tfor.,1SG\tsmell\tDET\tgarbage\tfrom\tfar,I smelt the garbage from afar.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi smel di gyaabij frahn for.,,1SG smell DET garbage from far,,Own knowledge,,14525, +9-204,9,Yu hia wan li 'kilin-kilin'.,Yu\thia\twan\tli\t'kilin-kilin'.,2SG\thear\ta\tlittle\t'kilin-kilin',You hear a noise that sounds like 'kilin-kilin'.,,Reduplication of noise indicates attenuating function.,432[34],,naturalistic spoken,"Yu hia wan li 'kilin-kilin'.",,2SG hear a little 'kilin-kilin',Reduplication of noise indicates attenuating function.,,,14526, +10-261,10,So wan man wehn de paas an hia an sei [...].,So\twan\tman\twehn\tde\tpaas\tan\thia\tan\tsei\t[...].,so\tone\tman\tANT\tPROG\tpass\tand\thear\tand\tsay\t[...],So one man was passing and heard it and said [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"So wan man wehn de paas an hia an sei [...].",,so one man ANT PROG pass and hear and say [...],,Unpublished field recordings,,14527, +10-262,10,Di suup smel gud.,Di\tsuup\tsmel\tgud.,ART.DEF\tsoup\tsmell\tgood,The soup smells good.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Di suup smel gud.,,ART.DEF soup smell good,,Own knowledge,,14528, +11-335,11,A hier it in San Andres.,A\thier\tit\tin\tSan\tAndres.,1SG\thear\t3SG.N\tin\tSan\tAndres,I heard it in San Andrés.,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"A hier it in San Andres.",,1SG hear 3SG.N in San Andres,,,,14529, +11-336,11,smel,smel,smell,smell,,,,,elicited from speaker,smel,,smell,,Nicaragua project questionnaire,,14530, +12-276,12,They have some bush what my granddaddy used to - Pip! - it smell like worm medicine - like the worm medicine.,[...]\tit\tsmell\tlike\tworm\tmedicine\t[...].,[...]\t3SG.N.SBJ\tsmell\tlike\tworm\tmedicine\t[...],[There is this plant] [...] it smells like worm medicine [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"They have some bush what my granddaddy used to - Pip! - it smell like worm medicine - like the worm medicine.","[...] it smell like worm medicine [...] .",[...] 3SG.N.SBJ smell like worm medicine [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14531, +12-277,12,"I hear 'bout - I hear people say they is see one horse be riding, too. One ghost horse. Ghost horse. In the night time. Child, like - like mus'e race horse, but say they's be riding backwards, but I never see none of them.",I hear 'bout - I hear people say [...],1SG.SBJ hear about   1SG.SBJ hear people say [...],I know people who say [they’ve seen a horse riding. A ghost horse.],,Hear can be interpreted as 'know' in this example.,,,naturalistic spoken,"I hear 'bout - I hear people say they is see one horse be riding, too. One ghost horse. Ghost horse. In the night time. Child, like - like mus'e race horse, but say they's be riding backwards, but I never see none of them.","I hear 'bout - I hear people say [...]",1SG.SBJ hear about 1SG.SBJ hear people say [...],"Hear can be interpreted as 'know' in this example.",Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14532, +12-278,12,"Because like the slang is come off they tongue when they reach to Nassau, but if you meet someone what just come from Eleuthera, then you hear.",[...]\tthen\tyou\thear.,[...]\tthen\t2SG.SBJ\thear,"[...] [when you meet someone who’s just come from Eleuthera (an Out Island),] you hear (that they speak another dialect).",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Because like the slang is come off they tongue when they reach to Nassau, but if you meet someone what just come from Eleuthera, then you hear.","[...] then you hear.",[...] then 2SG.SBJ hear,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14533, +13-207,13,yɛr(ɪ)/yɛ,yɛr(ɪ)/yɛ,hear,to hear,,,1500[247],,naturalistic spoken,yɛr(ɪ)/yɛ,,hear,,,,14534, +13-208,13,All de people een de house beena smell de sweet scent ob dat pafume.,All\tde\tpeople\teen\tde\thouse\tbeen-a\tsmell\tde\tsweet\tscent\tob\tdat\tpafume.,all\tthe\tpeople\tin\tthe\thouse\tPST-PROG\tsmell\tthe\tsweet\tscent\tof\tthat\tperfume,Everybody in the house could smell the sweet scent of that perfume. (Jn 12.3),,,357[362],,bible translation,"All de people een de house beena smell de sweet scent ob dat pafume.","All de people een de house been-a smell de sweet scent ob dat pafume.",all the people in the house PST-PROG smell the sweet scent of that perfume,,,,14535, +14-155,14,hear,hear,hear,to hear,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,hear,,hear,,Own knowledge,,14536, +14-156,14,smell,smell,smell,to smell,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,smell,,smell,,Own knowledge,,14537, +15-146,15,yɛri,yɛri,hear,"hear, smell",,,545[402],,naturalistic written,yɛri,,hear,,,,14538, +15-147,15,smɛl,smɛl,smell,smell,,,545[342],,naturalistic written,smɛl,,smell,,,,14539, +16-166,16,wì hiɛ se junaitɛd neʃɛn dè volɔntiɛ sɔm mɔni,wì\thiɛ\tse\tjunaitɛd\tneʃɛn\tdè\tvolɔntiɛ\tsɔm\tmɔni,1PL\thear\tCOMP\tUnited\tNation\t3PL\tvolunteer\tsome\tmoney,We hear that the U.N. provided some money.,,,656[176],,naturalistic spoken,wì hiɛ se junaitɛd neʃɛn dè volɔntiɛ sɔm mɔni,,1PL hear COMP United Nation 3PL volunteer some money,,,,14540, +16-167,16,dɛ we dè smɛl ì bì laik sɔm ʃit ɔ sɔm tɔitɛl,dɛ\twe\tdè\tsmɛl\tì\tbì\tlaik\tsɔm\tʃit\tɔ\tsɔm\ttɔitɛl,ART\tway\t3PL\tsmell\t3SG\tCOP\tlike\tsome\tshit\tor\tsome\ttoilet,They smelt of shit or toilet.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,dɛ we dè smɛl ì bì laik sɔm ʃit ɔ sɔm tɔitɛl,,ART way 3PL smell 3SG COP like some shit or some toilet,,Own fieldwork,,14541, +17-198,17,À hyar/sme̱l dì se̱nt.,À\thyar/sme̱l\tdì\tse̱nt.,1SG.SBJ\thear/smell\tART.DEF\tperfume,I smell the perfume.,,,,,constructed by linguist,À hyar/sme̱l dì se̱nt.,,1SG.SBJ hear/smell ART.DEF perfume,,Own knowledge,,14542, +17-199,17,À hyar dì myuzik.,À\thyar\tdì\tmyuzik.,1SG.SBJ\thear\tART.DEF\tmusic,I hear the music.,,,,,constructed by linguist,À hyar dì myuzik.,,1SG.SBJ hear ART.DEF music,,Own knowledge,,14543, +18-180,18,A di hia di music.,A\tdi\thia\tdi\tmusic.,1SG.SBJ\tIPFV\thear\tDEF.ART\tmusic,I hear the music.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,A di hia di music.,,1SG.SBJ IPFV hear DEF.ART music,,,,14544, +18-181,18,A di smel di sup.,A\tdi\tsmel\tdi\tsup.,1SG.SBJ\tsmell\tDEF.ART\tIPFV\tsoup,I smell the soup.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,A di smel di sup.,,1SG.SBJ smell DEF.ART IPFV soup,,,,14545, +19-214,19,hia,hia,hear,hear,,,,,elicited from speaker,hia,,hear,,Field data,,14546, +19-215,19,smɛl,smɛl,smell,smell,,,,,elicited from speaker,smɛl,,smell,,Field data,,14547, +20-150,20,My can smellee.,My\tcan\tsmellee.,1SG\tcan\tsmell,I can tell by the smell.,,,1489[VI.25],,naturalistic written,My can smellee.,,1SG can smell,,,米(口件)士咩厘,14548, +21-156,21,hear; smell,hear;\tsmell,hear\tsmell,hear; smell,,,,,constructed by linguist,hear; smell,,hear smell,,Own knowledge,,14549, +22-194,22,Em smelim olsem meri ia i smel nais.,Em\tsmelim\tolsem\tmeri\tia\ti\tsmel\tnais.,3SG\tsmell\tthus\tgirl\tFOC\tPM\tsmell\tnice,He noticed that the girl smelled nice.,,,584[ESP M17],,naturalistic spoken,"Em smelim olsem meri ia i smel nais.",,3SG smell thus girl FOC PM smell nice,,,,14550, +22-195,22,Ol i harim alam i stat long karai.,Ol\ti\tharim\talam\ti\tstat\tlong\tkarai.,3PL\tPM\thear\talarm\tPM\tstart\tPREP\tcry,They heard the alarm start to ring.,,,584[Manus M13],,naturalistic spoken,"Ol i harim alam i stat long karai.",,3PL PM hear alarm PM start PREP cry,,,,14551, +23-176,23,mi smelem mit i sting,mi\tsmelem\tmit\ti\tsting,1SG\tsmell\tmeat\tAGR\tstink,I can smell the meat has gone off.,,This is based on sentences constructed (with native speakers) to test complementizers.,,,constructed by linguist,"mi smelem mit i sting",,1SG smell meat AGR stink,This is based on sentences constructed (with native speakers) to test complementizers.,Own knowledge,,14552, +23-177,23,mifala i harem bigfala noes yestedei long neat,mifala\ti\tharem\tbigfala\tnoes\tyestedei\tlong\tneat,1PL.EXCL\tAGR\thear\tbig\tnoise\tyesterday\tLOC\tnight,We heard a really loud noise yesterday night.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mifala i harem bigfala noes yestedei long neat",,1PL.EXCL AGR hear big noise yesterday LOC night,,Own knowledge,,14553, +24-196,24,ya,ya,hear,to hear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ya,,hear,,Own fieldwork,,14554, +24-197,24,smael,smael,smell,to smell,,,,,naturalistic spoken,smael,,smell,,Own fieldwork,,14555, +26-126,26,hia,hia,hear,hear,,,,,constructed by linguist,hia,,hear,,Own knowledge,,14556, +26-127,26,ju hə˞d ɹaɪd dɛa?,ju\thə˞d\tɹaɪd\tdɛa?,2SG\theard\tright\tthere,Did you hear right there?,,,1545[72],,naturalistic spoken,"ju hə˞d ɹaɪd dɛa?",,2SG heard right there,,,,14557, +26-128,26,smɛo,smɛo,smell,smell,,,,,naturalistic spoken,smɛo,,smell,,Own fieldwork,,14558, +27-137,27,Anā́nshi mā leiki nu kā hōr am.,Anā́nshi\tmā\tleiki\tnu\tkā\thōr\tam.,Anā́nshi\tmake\tas\tNEG\tCOMPL\thear\t3SG,Anā́nshi acts as if he hadn't heard him.,,,355[54],,naturalistic spoken,Anā́nshi mā leiki nu kā hōr am.,,Anā́nshi make as NEG COMPL hear 3SG,,,,14559, +27-138,27,"Rikfrāi fo lo fo rik, wapi sinu bi.","Rik-frāi\tfo\tlo\tfo\trik,\twapi\tsinu\tbi.",Smell-good\tfor\tgo\tfor\tsmell\twhere\t3PL\tbe,Smell-well has to go and smell where they are.,,"This is a line from a story based on a Grimm fairytale (""Sechse kommen durch die ganze Welt""). Rikfraai ('Smell-well') is a character who has the ability to smell very well.",355[44],,naturalistic spoken,"Rikfrāi fo lo fo rik, wapi sinu bi.","Rik-frāi fo lo fo rik, wapi sinu bi.",Smell-good for go for smell where 3PL be,"This is a line from a story based on a Grimm fairytale (""Sechse kommen durch die ganze Welt""). Rikfraai ('Smell-well') is a character who has the ability to smell very well.",,,14560, +28-191,28,horo; ruku,horo;\truku,hear\tsmell,to hear; to smell,,,737[553-677],,naturalistic spoken,horo; ruku,horo; ruku,hear smell,,,,14561, +29-225,29,hoor,hoor,hear,hear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,hoor,,hear,,Own knowledge,,14562, +29-226,29,ruik,ruik,smell,smell,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ruik,,smell,,Own knowledge,,14563, +30-236,30,[...] brisi N obi un vós nha trás: [...].,[...]\tbrisi\tN=obi\tun=vós\tnha=trás:\t[...].,[...]\tsuddenly\t1SG=hear\tART.INDF=voice\t1SG.POSS=behind\t[...],[...] suddenly I heard a voice behind me: [...].,,,106[44],,naturalistic spoken,"[...] brisi N obi un vós nha trás: [...].",[...] brisi N=obi un=vós nha=trás: [...].,[...] suddenly 1SG=hear ART.INDF=voice 1SG.POSS=behind [...],,,,14564,German: [...] plötzlich hörte ich eine Stimme hinter mir: [...]. +30-237,30,Tomé txera leti ki sta na jilera y fla m'e sta dretu inda.,Tomé\ttxera\tleti\tki=sta\tna=jilera\ty\tfla\tm=e=sta\tdretu\tinda.,Tomé\tsmell\tmilk\tCOMP=be\tin=fridge\tand\tsay\tCOMP=3SG=be\to.k\tstill,"Tomé smelled the milk, which was in the freezer, and said it was still good.",,,784[s.v. txera],,naturalistic spoken,"Tomé txera leti ki sta na jilera y fla m'e sta dretu inda.",Tomé txera leti ki=sta na=jilera y fla m=e=sta dretu inda.,Tomé smell milk COMP=be in=fridge and say COMP=3SG=be o.k still,,,,14565,"German: Tomé roch an der Milch, die im Eisschrank stand, und sagte, sie sei noch o.k." +31-185,31,ubi,ubi,hear,to hear,,,,,constructed by linguist,ubi,,hear,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14566, +31-186,31,txera,txera,smell,to smell,,,,,constructed by linguist,txera,,smell,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14567, +32-193,32,N ka uví.,N\tka\tuví.,1SG\tNEG\thear,I didn't hear.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"N ka uví.",,1SG NEG hear,,Own knowledge,,14568,Portuguese: Não ouvi. +32-194,32,El ta txerê sáb.,El\tta\ttxerê\tsáb.,3SG\tPRS\tsmell\tnice,It smells nice.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"El ta txerê sáb.",,3SG PRS smell nice,,Own knowledge,,14569,Portuguese: Cheira bem. +33-215,33,N obi barudju.,N\tobi\tbarudju.,1SG\thear\tnoise,I hear noise.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N obi barudju.,,1SG hear noise,,Own knowledge,,14570,Portuguese: Ouço barulho. +33-216,33,N tcera mangu.,N\ttcera\tmangu.,1SG\tsmell.PST\tmango,I smelled the mango.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N tcera mangu.,,1SG smell.PST mango,,Own knowledge,,14571,Portuguese: Cheirei a manga. +34-181,34,"Di kwarti, N wobí añju na corá fora.","Di\tkwarti,\tN\tø\twobí\tañju\tna\tcorá\tfora.",from\tindoors/room\t1SG.SBJ\tPFV\thear\tchild\tPROG\tcry\toutside,"From inside the house, I hear the child crying.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Di kwarti, N wobí añju na corá fora.","Di kwarti, N ø wobí añju na corá fora.",from indoors/room 1SG.SBJ PFV hear child PROG cry outside,,Own knowledge,,14572, +34-182,34,I kerá keru di tabaku.,I\tø\tkerá\tkeru\tdi\ttabaku.,3SG.SBJ\tPFV\tsmell[V]\tsmell[NOUN]\tof\ttobacco,He/she smelt the/a smell of tobacco.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"I kerá keru di tabaku.","I ø kerá keru di tabaku.",3SG.SBJ PFV smell[V] smell[NOUN] of tobacco,,Own knowledge,,14573, +35-252,35,têndê,têndê,hear,to hear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,têndê,,hear,,Own data,,14574, +35-269,35,sela,sela,smell,to smell,,,,,naturalistic spoken,sela,,smell,,own data,,14575, +36-155,36,Êndê dhumba r'ê [...].,Êndê\tdhumba\tri=ê\t[...].,hear\todour\tof=her\t[...],Smell her [body] odour [...].,,,901[196],,naturalistic spoken,Êndê dhumba r'ê [...].,Êndê dhumba ri=ê [...].,hear odour of=her [...],,,,14576, +37-194,37,N têndê fidô.,N\ttêndê\tfidô.,1SG\thear\tstench,I smelled the stench.,,,905[237],,elicited from speaker,"N têndê fidô.",,1SG hear stench,,,,14577, +37-195,37,N xintxi fidô.,N\txintxi\tfidô.,1SG\tsmell\tstench,I smelled the stench.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"N xintxi fidô.",,1SG smell stench,,Own data,,14578, +37-196,37,N têndê txi fa.,N\ttêndê\ttxi\tfa.,1SG\thear\t2SG\tNEG,I didn't hear you. OR: I didn't understand you.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"N têndê txi fa.",,1SG hear 2SG NEG,,Own knowledge,,14579, +38-198,38,tende,tende,hear,to hear,,,,,elicited from speaker,tende,,hear,,Own fieldwork 1993,,14580, +38-199,38,fende,fende,smell,smell,,,,,elicited from speaker,fende,,smell,,Own fieldwork 1993,,14581, +39-187,39,uvi,uv-i,hear-INF,to hear,,,221[241],,naturalistic spoken,uvi,uv-i,hear-INF,,,,14582, +39-188,39,chira,chir-a,smell-INF,to smell,,,218,,naturalistic spoken,chira,chir-a,smell-INF,,,,14583, +40-148,40,uʋi,uʋi,hear,hear,,,265[251],,elicited from speaker,uʋi,,hear,,,,14584, +40-149,40,ʧer ʋi,ʧer\tʋi,smell\tcome,to smell something,,"For example ʧer taʋin [smell come.PRS.PROG] translates as 'There's a smell', or 'X smell(s) something', where X is the experiencer.",265[253],,elicited from speaker,ʧer ʋi,,smell come,"For example ʧer taʋin [smell come.PRS.PROG] translates as 'There's a smell', or 'X smell(s) something', where X is the experiencer.",,,14585, +41-180,41,osiir kikombersaa mee mestaoviiski,osiir\tki-kombersaa\tmee\tmesta-ovii=ski,3SG.HON\tNMLZ-talk\tFOC\tOBLIG-hear=REPORT,Apparently he only wants to hear [us] talking.,,,1416[2369],,naturalistic spoken,osiir kikombersaa mee mestaoviiski,osiir ki-kombersaa mee mesta-ovii=ski,3SG.HON NMLZ-talk FOC OBLIG-hear=REPORT,,,,14586, +42-201,42,ubí,ubí,hear,to hear,,,120[89],,elicited from speaker,ubí,,hear,,,,14587, +42-202,42,cherá,cherá,smell,to smell,,,120[21],,elicited from speaker,cherá,,smell,,,,14588, +43-131,43,chera,chera,smell,to smell,,,906[221],,naturalistic written,chera,,smell,,,,14589, +43-132,43,obi,obi,hear,hear,,,906[273],,naturalistic written,obi,,hear,,,,14590, +44-191,44,ta uwí mótro,ta\tuwí\tmótro,IPFV\thear\t1PL,we hear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ta uwí mótro,,IPFV hear 1PL,,Own data,,14591, +44-192,44,Ta olé oleróso.,Ta\tolé\toleróso.,IPFV\tsmell\tfragrant,It smells fragrant. OR: There is a fragrant smell.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta olé oleróso.,,IPFV smell fragrant,,Own data,,14592, +45-154,45,Platica nga tu mas recio para puede niso oi.,Platica\tnga\ttu\tmas\trecio\tpara\tpuede\tniso\toi.,speak\tEMPH\t2SG\tmore\tloud\tfor\tcan\t1PL\thear,Please speak louder so we can hear.,,,426[123],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Platica nga tu mas recio para puede niso oi.",,speak EMPH 2SG more loud for can 1PL hear,,,,14593, +45-155,45,Quiere yo ole el mga flores na jardin.,Quiere\tyo\tole\tel\tmga\tflores\tna\tjardin.,want\t1SG\tsmell\tDEF\tPL\tflower\tLOC\tgarden,I want to smell the flowers in the garden.,,,426[124],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Quiere yo ole el mga flores na jardin.",,want 1SG smell DEF PL flower LOC garden,,,,14594, +46-199,46,Ta-ulí yo basúra.,Ta-ulí\tyo\tbasúra.,IPFV-smell\t1SG\tlitter,I smell (the) trash.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Ta-ulí yo basúra.",,IPFV-smell 1SG litter,,Own knowledge,,14595, +47-227,47,tende; hole,tende;\thole,hear\tsmell,hear; smell,,,694,,own knowledge,tende; hole,,hear smell,,,,14596, +48-196,48,sindí,sindí,smell,smell,,Sindí is derived from Spanish sentir. The syllable division is sin-dí.,,,naturalistic spoken,sindí,,smell,"Sindí is derived from Spanish sentir. The syllable division is sin-dí.",Recorded by author,,14597, +48-197,48,kuchá,kuchá,hear/listen/understand,hear/listen/understand,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kuchá,,hear/listen/understand,,Recorded by author,,14598,Spanish: escuchar/oír/entender +49-345,49,M pa tande byen.,M\tpa\ttande\tbyen.,1SG\tNEG\thear\twell,I don't hear well.,,,1514[173],,naturalistic spoken,"M pa tande byen.",,1SG NEG hear well,,,,14599,French: Je n'entends pas bien. +49-346,49,M renmen santi flè sa a.,M\trenmen\tsanti\tflè\tsa\ta.,1SG\tlove\tsmell\tflower\tDEM\tSG,I love to smell this flower.,,,1514[325],,naturalistic spoken,"M renmen santi flè sa a.",,1SG love smell flower DEM SG,,,,14600,French: J'aime sentir cette fleur. +49-347,49,Kay la santi bon.,Kay\tla\tsanti\tbon.,house\tDEF\tsmell\tgood,The house smells good.,,,1514[325],,naturalistic spoken,"Kay la santi bon.",,house DEF smell good,,,,14601,French: La maison sent bon. +50-218,50,tann/tandé,tann/tandé,hear,hear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tann/tandé,,hear,,Own fieldwork,,14602, +50-219,50,santi,santi,smell,to smell,,,,,naturalistic spoken,santi,,smell,,Own fieldwork,,14603, +51-184,51,tann,tann,hear,hear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tann,,hear,,Own fieldwork,,14604, +51-185,51,santi,santi,smell,smell,,,,,naturalistic spoken,santi,,smell,,Own fieldwork,,14605, +52-120,52,tandé,tandé,hear,hear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tandé,,hear,,Own knowledge,,14606, +52-121,52,senti,senti,smell,smell,,,,,naturalistic spoken,senti,,smell,,Own knowledge,,14607, +53-400,53,Li pa tande byen.,Li\tpa\ttande\tbyen.,3SG\tNEG\thear\twell,He doesn't hear well.,,,1515[448],,naturalistic spoken,Li pa tande byen.,,3SG NEG hear well,,,,14608, +53-401,53,"Mo te santi pi, wi, mo te lèd.","Mo\tte\tsanti\tpi,\twi,\tmo\tte\tlèd.",1SG\tPST\tsmell\tstink\tyes\t1SG\tPST\tugly,"I stank, yes, I was ugly.",,,1048[366],,naturalistic spoken,"Mo te santi pi, wi, mo te lèd.",,1SG PST smell stink yes 1SG PST ugly,,,,14609, +54-238,54,"antann, antandi","antann,\tantandi",hear.INF\thear.PTCP,"to hear, heard",,,65[17],,naturalistic spoken,"antann, antandi",,hear.INF hear.PTCP,,,,14610,"French: entendre, entendu" +54-239,54,"san, santi(r)","san,\tsanti(r)",smell\tsmell.INF,to smell,,,65,,naturalistic spoken,"san, santi(r)",,smell smell.INF,,,,14611,French: sentir +54-240,54,Mmmmm! I san loder la vyand fres.,Mmmmm!\tI\tsan\tloder\tla\tvyann\tfres.,Mmmmm\tFIN\tsmell\tsmell\tDEF\tmeat\tfresh,Mmmmm! You smell the smell of fresh meat.,,,110[45],,naturalistic spoken,Mmmmm! I san loder la vyand fres.,Mmmmm! I san loder la vyann fres.,Mmmmm FIN smell smell DEF meat fresh,,,,14612,French: Mmmmm! On sent l'odeur de viande fraîche. +55-209,55,tan/taṅde,tan/taṅde,hear,to hear,,"Tan is the short form, while taṅde is the long form.",,,constructed by linguist,tan/taṅde,,hear,"Tan is the short form, while taṅde is the long form.",Own knowledge,,14613, +55-210,55,saṅti,saṅti,smell,to smell,,,73,,constructed by linguist,saṅti,,smell,,,,14614, +56-217,56,"(an)tann, (e)koute","(an)tann,\t(e)koute",hear\tlisten,"hear, listen",,,1439[24],,written (dictionary),"(an)tann, (e)koute",,hear listen,,,,14615, +56-218,56,santi,santi,smell,smell,,,1439[267],,written (dictionary),santi,,smell,,,,14616, +57-110,57,ma pa sa:ti le frwa,ma\tpa\tsa:ti\tle\tfrwa,1SG\tNEG\tto.feel\tDEF.ART\tcold,I did not feel the cold.,,,423[213],,naturalistic spoken,ma pa sa:ti le frwa,,1SG NEG to.feel DEF.ART cold,,,,14617, +57-166,57,[...] sola pa ule ekute sa tule per le ndi,[...]\tsola\tpa\tule\tekute\tsa\ttule\tper\tle\tndi,[...]\t3PL\tNEG\twant\tlisten\tREL\tPL\tFather\tSI\tsay,[...] they did not want to listen to what the Fathers said,,There is no difference between 'hear' and 'listen' in Tayo.,423[243],,naturalistic spoken,[...] sola pa ule ekute sa tule per le ndi,,[...] 3PL NEG want listen REL PL Father SI say,There is no difference between 'hear' and 'listen' in Tayo.,,,14618, +57-172,57,le sa: move,le\tsa:\tmove,3SG\tsmell\tbad,It smells bad.,,,,,elicited from speaker,le sa: move,,3SG smell bad,,Naturalistic spoken,,14619, +58-139,58,Mono kele wa mpasi.,Mono\tkele\twa\tmpasi.,1SG\tbe\tperceive\tpain,I am in pain.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono kele wa mpasi.,,1SG be perceive pain,,Own knowledge,,14620, +58-140,58,Mono kele wa nzala.,Mono\tkele\twa\tnzala.,1SG\tbe\tperceive\thunger,I am hungry.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono kele wa nzala.,,1SG be perceive hunger,,Own knowledge,,14621, +58-141,58,Mono mene wa makelele.,Mono\tmene\twa\tmakelele.,1SG\tPRF\tperceive\tnoise,I have heard noise.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono mene wa makelele.,,1SG PRF perceive noise,,Own knowledge,,14622, +58-159,58,Mono mene wa nsudi,Mono\tmene\twa\tnsudi,1SG\tPRF\tperceive\tsmell,I have smelt (sth.),,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mono mene wa nsudi,,1SG PRF perceive smell,,Own knowledge,,14623, +59-363,59,mbi ma fen' ti zo,mbi\tma\tfen'\tti\tzo,1SG\tsmell\tscent\tof\thuman.being,I smell the scent of a human being.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mbi ma fen' ti zo,,1SG smell scent of human.being,,Samarin corpus 1994,,14624, +59-364,59,"mama na ate, melenge ti mbi, mbi ma aw","mama\tni\ta-tene,\tmelenge\tti\tmbi,\tmbi\tma\tawe",mother\tDEF\tPM-say\tchild\tof\t1SG\t1SG\thear\talready,"The mother said, ""My child, I've understood.""",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"mama na ate, melenge ti mbi, mbi ma aw","mama ni a-tene, melenge ti mbi, mbi ma awe",mother DEF PM-say child of 1SG 1SG hear already,,Samarin corpus 1994,,14625, +60-165,60,koyóka,ko-yók-a,INF-hear/smell-FV,hear/smell,,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",1273,,naturalistic spoken,koyóka,ko-yók-a,INF-hear/smell-FV,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future.",,,14626, +61-119,61,izwa,izwa,to.hear,"to hear, to perceive a smell",,'To perceive a smell' is paraphrased by izwa 'to hear'. 'To smell' (intransitive) uses the Zulu verb nuka.,,,elicited from speaker,izwa,,to.hear,"'To perceive a smell' is paraphrased by izwa 'to hear'. 'To smell' (intransitive) uses the Zulu verb nuka.",Field notes Mesthrie,,14627, +62-106,62,kó,kó,hear,hear,,,,,elicited from speaker,kó,,hear,,Own field data 1993,,14628, +62-107,62,héfya,héfya,smell,smell something,,,,,elicited from speaker,héfya,,smell,,Own field data 1993,,14629, +63-208,63,súmu,súmu,smell,to smell,,,622[80],,naturalistic spoken,súmu,,smell,,,,14630, +63-209,63,ásma,ásma,hear,to hear,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ásma,,hear,,Own fieldwork,,14631, +64-224,64,súmu,súmu,smell,to smell,,,1417[65],,unknown,súmu,,smell,,,,14632, +65-157,65,Maja ʒapaxə dymə naidi esi.,Maja\tʒapaxə\tdymə\tnaidi\tesi.,1SG\tsmell\tsmoke\tfind\tPFV,I smell the smoke.,,,60[468],,unknown,Maja ʒapaxə dymə naidi esi.,,1SG smell smoke find PFV,,,Моя запах дыма найди есть.,14633, +65-158,65,Mine uxə pəloxə səlyshit.,Mine\tuxə\tpəloxə\tsəlyshit.,1SG\tear\tbadly\thear.3SG,I hear badly.,,,1195[261],,unknown,Mine uxə pəloxə səlyshit.,,1SG ear badly hear.3SG,,,Мине ухо плохо слышит.,14634, +66-131,66,Kumbang wanging akinna (Rihanring).,Kumbang\twanging\ta-kinna\t(Rihan-ring).,flower\tsmell\tPRS-PASS.AUX\tRihan-ABL,The flower is smelled (by Rihan).,,Only the passive form of this construction is possible.,,,elicited from speaker,Kumbang wanging akinna (Rihanring).,Kumbang wanging a-kinna (Rihan-ring).,flower smell PRS-PASS.AUX Rihan-ABL,Only the passive form of this construction is possible.,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,14635, +67-226,67,"OK, saya atas bau macam suda bakar.","OK,\tsaya\tatas\tbau\tmacam\tsuda\tbakar.",okay\t1SG\tup\tsmell\tlike\tPFV\tburn,"Okay, from upstairs, I got the smell as if something got burnt.",,,708[461],,naturalistic spoken,"OK, saya atas bau macam suda bakar.",,okay 1SG up smell like PFV burn,,,,14636, +67-227,67,Di sini tinggal punya orang pun bole jauh pergi beli dia lengar [...] itu tempat mewah.,Di\tsini\ttinggal\tpunya\torang\tpun\tbole\tjauh\tpergi\tbeli\tdia\tlengar\t[...]\titu\ttempat\tmewah.,in\there\tlive\tREL\tperson\teven\tcan\tfar\tgo\tbuy\t3SG\thear\t[...]\tDEM\tplace\tabundant,Even someone living here may go far to buy [if] he hears [...] the place is abundant.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Di sini tinggal punya orang pun bole jauh pergi beli dia lengar [...] itu tempat mewah.",,in here live REL person even can far go buy 3SG hear [...] DEM place abundant,,Own knowledge,,14637, +68-133,68,dengar,dengar,hear,to hear,,,1178[629],,naturalistic spoken,dengar,,hear,,,,14638, +68-134,68,ciom,ciom,smell/kiss,to smell/to kiss,,,,,constructed by linguist,ciom,,smell/kiss,,Own knowledge,,14639, +70-80,70,U suŋo.,U\tsuŋo.,3SG\tsmell,It (the dog) smelled it (a pig).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,U suŋo.,,3SG smell,,Siegel-field recording,,14640, +70-81,70,Kali ham suno cilao cilao.,Kali\tham\tsuno\tcilao\tcilao.,only\t1SG\thear\tcry.out\tcry.out,I just heard it crying out.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kali ham suno cilao cilao.,,only 1SG hear cry.out cry.out,,Siegel-field recording,,14641, +71-196,71,honi,honi,smell,smell,,,,,constructed by linguist,"honi",,smell,,Own data,,14642, +71-197,71,Wau lohe kela wai nuinui walaau.,Wau\tlohe\tkela\twai\tnuinui\twalaau.,1SG\thear\tDET\twater\tmuch\tchatter,I heard the water make a chattering sound.,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau lohe kela wai nuinui walaau.",,1SG hear DET water much chatter,,Own data 1886,,14643, +72-165,72,Imin ngapuk dat manyanyi.,Im-in\tngapuk\tdat\tmanyanyi.,3SG-PST\tsmell\tthe\tbush.medicine.plant,She smelt the manyanyi.,,This example shows a transitive use of ngapuk.,8,7721d3f915f19d81791ea0e8d7bc62f6,naturalistic spoken,"Imin ngapuk dat manyanyi.",Im-in ngapuk dat manyanyi.,3SG-PST smell the bush.medicine.plant,"This example shows a transitive use of ngapuk.",,,14644, +72-166,72,Yeah im lijin yu nyilangku.,Yeah\tim\tlijin\tyu\tnyila-ngku.,yes\t3SG\thear\t2SG\tthat-ERG,"Yes she's listening to you, that one.",,This example shows a transitive use of lijin.,8,af6e83741b07ba6bf2c24bf236afbe52,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah im lijin yu nyilangku.",Yeah im lijin yu nyila-ngku.,yes 3SG hear 2SG that-ERG,"This example shows a transitive use of lijin.",,,14645, +73-114,73,uya-,uya-,hear,hear,,,"1038[421, 422]",,naturalistic spoken,uya-,,hear,,,,14646, +73-115,73,sinti-,sinti-,feel/smell,"feel, smell",,,1038[421],,elicited from speaker,sinti-,,feel/smell,,,,14647, +74-167,74,kámtaks kápa q’walên,kámtaks\tkápa\tq’walên,know\tPREP\tear,to hear,,,595[45],,narrative,kámtaks kápa q’walên,,know PREP ear,,,,14648, +74-168,74,kámtaks kápa nus,kámtaks\tkápa\tnus,know\tPREP\tnose,to smell,,,,,constructed by linguist,kámtaks kápa nus,,know PREP nose,,Own knowledge,,14649, +75-280,75,Peehtaaweew li praens.,Peehtaaw-eew\tli\tpraens.,hear.ANIM-3.SBJ.3OBJ\tDEF.ART.M.SG\tprince,The prince heard him.,,,522,,naturalistic spoken,Peehtaaweew li praens.,Peehtaaw-eew li praens.,hear.ANIM-3.SBJ.3OBJ DEF.ART.M.SG prince,,,,14650, +75-281,75,Beestaen pimusteehk.,Beest-aen\tpimustee-hk.,1.hear-3.OBJ.INAN\twalk-INDF.ACTOR,I hear someone is walking. OR: I hear footsteps.,,,789[100],,naturalistic written,Beestaen pimusteehk.,Beest-aen pimustee-hk.,1.hear-3.OBJ.INAN walk-INDF.ACTOR,,,,14651, +75-282,75,Nimiyaastaen lii ruuz eewiihkimaakwahki.,Ni-miyaast-aen lii ruuz ee-wiihkimaakw-ahki.,1-smell.INAN-3OBJ ART.PL COMP-smell.good-3PL.INAN-PL,I smell the fragrance of roses. OR: I smell it if the roses spread a nice smell.,,,789[103],,naturalistic written,Nimiyaastaen lii ruuz eewiihkimaakwahki.,Ni-miyaast-aen lii ruuz ee-wiihkimaakw-ahki.,1-smell.INAN-3OBJ ART.PL COMP-smell.good-3PL.INAN-PL,,,,14652, +75-283,75,Nimiyaamaanaan aen shikaak.,Ni-miyaam-aanaan\taen\tshikaak.,1-smell.ANIM-PL\tINDF.ART.M.SG\tskunk,We smell a skunk.,,,789[234],,naturalistic written,Nimiyaamaanaan aen shikaak.,Ni-miyaam-aanaan aen shikaak.,1-smell.ANIM-PL INDF.ART.M.SG skunk,,,,14653, +76-72,76,tipi ŏktcȗk,tipi\tŏktcȗk,smell\tfat,kerosene,,"The Eskimo noun tipi means 'odour', 'smell' and as a verb root it may mean 'to stink'. Stefánsson (1909: 228) translates this example literally also as 'evil-smelling oil'.",1442[228],,reconstructed by documentalist,tipi ŏktcȗk,,smell fat,"The Eskimo noun tipi means 'odour', 'smell' and as a verb root it may mean 'to stink'. Stefánsson (1909: 228) translates this example literally also as 'evil-smelling oil'.",,,14654, +1-267,1,lala hudu,lala\thudu,green\twood,green wood,,"Lala also means 'unripe; fresh'. It belongs to the Ningretongo variety of Early Sranan. Schumann (1783) lists grun as its Bakratongo equivalent, and glua/grua as its Djutongo equivalent.",1357[97],,written (dictionary),lala hudu,lala hudu,green wood,"Lala also means 'unripe; fresh'. It belongs to the Ningretongo variety of Early Sranan. Schumann (1783) lists grun as its Bakratongo equivalent, and glua/grua as its Djutongo equivalent.",,,14655,"German: noch grünes Holz, dissi no dre jette [German; op.cit.]" +1-268,1,blakka/brakka,blakka/brakka,black/blue/murky,black; blue; caliginous; be black; to blacken,,"In addition to blakka, blau meaning 'blue' (< Dutch blauw 'blue') is found in one source (Weygandt 1798). The former is Ningretongo, the latter is Bakratongo.",1357[18],,written (dictionary),blakka/brakka,,black/blue/murky,"In addition to blakka, blau meaning 'blue' (< Dutch blauw 'blue') is found in one source (Weygandt 1798). The former is Ningretongo, the latter is Bakratongo.",,,14656,"German: schwarz; blau; trüb; schwarz seyn; schwärzen, schwarz machen [op.cit.]" +2-297,2,blaw,blaw,blue,blue,,,1587,,unknown,blaw,,blue,,,,14657, +2-298,2,grun,grun,green,green,,,1587,,unknown,grun,,green,,,,14658, +3-161,3,guuun,guuun,green/blue,green/blue,,N.B. Haabo (2002) distinguishes between 'green' and 'blue' as guúun versus baáu.,354[115],,naturalistic written,guuun,,green/blue,"N.B. Haabo (2002) distinguishes between 'green' and 'blue' as guúun versus baáu.",,,14659, +4-191,4,En impi guun.,En\timpi\tguun.,her\tshirt\tgreen,Her shirt is green.,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,En impi guun.,,her shirt green,,Own knowledge,,14660, +4-192,4,Den baau buuku moy.,Den\tbaau\tbuuku\tmoy.,DET.PL\tblue\ttrousers\tnice,The blue trousers are nice.,,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,Den baau buuku moy.,,DET.PL blue trousers nice,,Own knowledge,,14661, +5-192,5,bluu,bluu,blue,blue,,,,,constructed by linguist,bluu,,blue,,Own knowledge,,14662, +5-193,5,griin,griin,green,green,,,,,constructed by linguist,griin,,green,,Own knowledge,,14663, +6-123,6,blue – green,blue – green,blue   green,blue – green,,,,,elicited from speaker,blue – green,,blue green,,Informant A.K.,,14664, +7-272,7,griin,griin,green,green,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,griin,,green,,Own knowledge,,14665, +7-273,7,blu,blu,blue,blue,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,blu,,blue,,Own knowledge,,14666, +8-174,8,Im go bai wahn bluu frak.,Im\tgo\tbai\twahn\tbluu\tfrak.,3SG\tgo\tbuy\tINDF\tblue\tfrock,She went and bought a blue dress.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Im go bai wahn bluu frak.,,3SG go buy INDF blue frock,,Own knowledge,,14667, +8-175,8,"Fos i bluu, den i ton griin.","Fos\ti\tbluu,\tden\ti\tton\tgriin.",first\t3SG\tblue\tthen\t3SG\tturn\tgreen,"First it was blue, then it became green.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Fos i bluu, den i ton griin.",,first 3SG blue then 3SG turn green,,Own knowledge,,14668, +9-205,9,(Bra Anansi) i tek wan grin wan de en op wid di grin wan en i daʃ an rayt ina tayga mowt.,(Bra\tAnansi)\ti\ttek\twan\tgrin\twan\tde\ten\top\twid\tdi\tgrin\twan\ten\ti\tdaʃ\tan\trayt\tina\ttayga\tmowt.,(Bra\tAnansi)\t3SG\ttake\ta\tgreen\tone\tthere\tand\tup\twith\tthe\tgreen\tone\tand\t3SG\tdash\tit\tright\tinto\ttiger\tmouth,"(Bra Anansi,) he took a green one (mame fruit), raised it and threw it right into Tiger's mouth.",,,445[CD],,naturalistic spoken,"(Bra Anansi) i tek wan grin wan de en op wid di grin wan en i daʃ an rayt ina tayga mowt.",,(Bra Anansi) 3SG take a green one there and up with the green one and 3SG dash it right into tiger mouth,,,,14669, +9-206,9,blu,blu,blue,blue,,,,,constructed by linguist,blu,,blue,,Own knowledge,,14670, +10-263,10,Ihn bail som bush tii til ih griin.,Ihn\tbail\tsom\tbush\ttii\ttil\tih\tgriin.,3SG\tboil\tsome\tbush\ttea\tuntil\t3SG.N\tgreen,She boiled some bush tea until it was green.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ihn bail som bush tii til ih griin.,,3SG boil some bush tea until 3SG.N green,,ABC Stuoriz,,14671, +10-264,10,Nancy liv iina di blu an wait buod hous.,Nancy\tliv\tiina\tdi\tblu\tan\twait\tbuod\thous.,Nancy\tlive\tin\tART.DEF\tblue\tand\twhite\tboard\thouse,Nancy lived in the blue and white board house.,,,,,naturalistic written,Nancy liv iina di blu an wait buod hous.,,Nancy live in ART.DEF blue and white board house,,ABC Stuoriz,,14672, +11-337,11,di griin torkl,di\tgriin\ttorkl,ART.DEF\tgreen\tturtle,the green turtles,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,di griin torkl,,ART.DEF green turtle,,,,14673, +11-338,11,Ih baas man woz a wait man wid bluu ai.,Ih\tbaas\tman\twoz\ta\twait\tman\twid\tbluu\tai.,3SG.POSS\tboss\tman\tCOP.PST\tART.INDF\twhite\tman\twith\tblue\teye,His boss was a white man with blue eyes.,,,,,naturalistic written,Ih baas man woz a wait man wid bluu ai.,,3SG.POSS boss man COP.PST ART.INDF white man with blue eye,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,14674, +11-339,11,bluu kien,bluu\tkien,blue\tcane,variety of sugar-cane with blue-striped stem,,,636[Appendix p. 6],,naturalistic spoken,bluu kien,,blue cane,,,,14675, +12-279,12,She start throwing up her liver - her inside - she start throwing up all kind of green stuff.,She\tstart\tthrow-ing\tup\t[...]\tall\tkind\tof\tgreen\tstuff.,3SG.F.SBJ\tstart[PFV]\tthrow-PROG\tup\t[...]\tall\tkind[PL]\tof\tgreen\tstuff,She started to throw up [...] all kinds of green stuff.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"She start throwing up her liver - her inside - she start throwing up all kind of green stuff.","She start throw-ing up [...] all kind of green stuff.",3SG.F.SBJ start[PFV] throw-PROG up [...] all kind[PL] of green stuff,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14676, +12-280,12,"Grouper, snapper, yeah - all kind of fish - turpid [?] - turpid [?] is a fish - uh - it's yellow, purple, blue - blue - it get a little streak of pink, yeah.","[...] all kind of fish - turpid [?] [...] is a fish [...] it's yellow, purple, blue [...].",[...] all kind[PL] of fish   turpid [?] [...] COP ART fish [...] 3SG.N.SBJ.COP yellow purple blue [...],"[...] it's yellow, purple, and blue [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Grouper, snapper, yeah - all kind of fish - turpid [?] - turpid [?] is a fish - uh - it's yellow, purple, blue - blue - it get a little streak of pink, yeah.","[...] all kind of fish - turpid [?] [...] is a fish [...] it's yellow, purple, blue [...] .",[...] all kind[PL] of fish turpid [?] [...] COP ART fish [...] 3SG.N.SBJ.COP yellow purple blue [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14677, +13-209,13,Chaage all de people fa seddown by group pon de green grass.,Chaage\tall\tde\tpeople\tfa\tseddown\tby\tgroup\tpon\tde\tgreen\tgrass.,charge\tall\tthe\tpeople\tfor\tsit.down\tby\tgroup\tupon\tthe\tgreen\tgrass,Tell all the people to sit down by companies on the green grass. (Mk 6.39),,,357[140],,bible translation,"Chaage all de people fa seddown by group pon de green grass.",,charge all the people for sit.down by group upon the green grass,,,,14678, +13-210,13,"An de iron been red jes like fire, an daak blue, an yella jes like sulfa.","An\tde\tiron\tbeen\tred\tjes\tlike\tfire,\tan\tdaak\tblue,\tan\tyella\tjes\tlike\tsulfa.",and\tthe\tiron\tbeen\tred\tjust\tlike\tfire\tand\tdark\tblue\tand\tyellow\tjust\tlike\tsulphur,"And the iron was red just like fire, and dark blue and yellow just like sulphur. OR: [...] having breastplates of fire, and of jacinth, and brimstone (Rv 9.17)",,,357[863],,bible translation,"An de iron been red jes like fire, an daak blue, an yella jes like sulfa.",,"and the iron been red just like fire and dark blue and yellow just like sulphur",,,,14679, +14-157,14,blue,blue,blue,blue,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,blue,,blue,,Own knowledge,,14680, +14-158,14,green,green,green,green,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,green,,green,,Own knowledge,,14681, +15-148,15,grin,grin,green,"green, to grin",,,545[137],,naturalistic written,grin,,green,,,,14682, +15-149,15,blu,blu,blue,blue,,,545[41],,naturalistic written,blu,,blue,,,,14683, +16-168,16,mek jù giv mì dɛ blu ʃɛt,mek\tjù\tgiv\tmì\tdɛ\tblu\tʃɛt,IMP\t2SG\tgive\t1SG\tDEF\tblue\tshirt,Give me the blue shirt.,,,,,elicited from speaker,mek jù giv mì dɛ blu ʃɛt,,IMP 2SG give 1SG DEF blue shirt,,Own fieldwork,,14684, +16-169,16,grin lif,grin\tlif,green\tleaf,green leaf,,,,,elicited from speaker,grin lif,,green leaf,,Own fieldwork,,14685, +17-200,17,grin,grin,green/blue,green/blue,,,,,constructed by linguist,grin,,green/blue,,Own knowledge,,14686, +17-201,17,blu,blu,blue,blue,,,,,constructed by linguist,blu,,blue,,Own knowledge,,14687, +18-182,18,grin,grin,green,green,,,97,,elicited from speaker,grin,,green,,,,14688, +18-183,18,blu,blu,blue,blue,,,97,,elicited from speaker,blu,,blue,,,,14689, +19-216,19,verde,verde,green,green,,The Spanish colour adjective verde is more commonly employed than the Pichi verb /grin/.,,,elicited from speaker,verde,,green,"The Spanish colour adjective verde is more commonly employed than the Pichi verb /grin/.",Field data,,14690, +19-217,19,azul,azul,be.blue,blue,,The Spanish colour adjective azul is more commonly employed to denote 'blue' than the Pichi equivalent /blu/.,,,elicited from speaker,azul,,be.blue,"The Spanish colour adjective azul is more commonly employed to denote 'blue' than the Pichi equivalent /blu/.",Field data,,14691, +19-218,19,blu,blu,be.blue,(be) blue,,The more common term for 'blue' is the Spanish adjective /azul/.,,,elicited from speaker,blu,,be.blue,The more common term for 'blue' is the Spanish adjective /azul/.,Field data,,14692, +19-219,19,grin,grin,be.green,(be) green,,The more common equivalent of English 'green' is the Spanish colour term /verde/.,,,elicited from speaker,grin,,be.green,The more common equivalent of English 'green' is the Spanish colour term /verde/.,Field data,,14693, +20-151,20,Green tea black tea alla hap got.,Green\ttea\tblack\ttea\talla\thap\tgot.,green\ttea\tblack\ttea\tall\thave\tgot,I have both green and black tea.,,,1489[VI.13],,naturalistic written,Green tea black tea alla hap got.,,green tea black tea all have got,,,忌連地布力地椏鏬合吉,14694, +20-152,20,[...] that blue all same before time; litty that led colour [...],[...]\tthat\tblue\tall\tsame\tbefore\ttime;\tlitty\tthat\tled\tcolour\t[...],[...]\tDEM\tblue\tall\tsame\tbefore\ttime\tlittle\tDEM\tred\tcolour\t[...],[...] the blue one like (I used) before; the one with a little red colour [...].,,This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,45[160],,naturalistic written,[...] that blue all same before time; litty that led colour [...],,[...] DEM blue all same before time little DEM red colour [...],This example is from the CPE2 corpus (Baker 2003b). The translation is ours.,,,14695, +21-157,21,blue; green,blue;\tgreen,blue\tgreen,blue; green,,,,,constructed by linguist,blue; green,,blue green,,Own knowledge,,14696, +22-196,22,"Ston i stap nau, blupela ston.","Ston\ti\tstap\tnau,\tblu-pela\tston.",stone\tPM\tstay\tnow\tblu-MOD\tstone,"There was a stone, a blue stone.",,,584[ESP M16],,naturalistic spoken,"Ston i stap nau, blupela ston.","Ston i stap nau, blu-pela ston.",stone PM stay now blu-MOD stone,,,,14697, +22-197,22,Salim wanpla grinpla kam daun.,Salim\twan-pla\tgrin-pla\tkam\tdaun.,send\tone-MOD\tgreen-MOD\tcome\tdown,Send a green one down.,,,584[ESP M16],,naturalistic spoken,"Salim wanpla grinpla kam daun.",Salim wan-pla grin-pla kam daun.,send one-MOD green-MOD come down,,,,14698, +23-178,23,mi laekem hem i werem aelan dres ia we i bluwan,mi\tlaekem\them\ti\twerem\taelan\tdres\tia\twe\ti\tbluwan,1SG\tlike\t3SG\tAGR\twear\tisland\tdress\tDEF\tCOMP\tAGR\tblue,I like her wearing that blue Mother Hubbard dress.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mi laekem hem i werem aelan dres ia we i bluwan,,1SG like 3SG AGR wear island dress DEF COMP AGR blue,,Own knowledge,,14699, +24-198,24,griin paerot,griin\tpaerot,green\tparrot,green parrot,,,,,naturalistic spoken,griin paerot,,green parrot,,Own fieldwork,,14700, +24-199,24,blu/bloo,blu/bloo,blue,blue,,,,,naturalistic spoken,blu/bloo,,blue,,Own fieldwork,,14701, +25-338,25,Hiya luk hiya! Thiswan hiya not grinwan!,Hiya\tluk\thiya!\tThiswan\thiya\tnot\tgrin-wan!,here\tlook\there\tPROX:ADJ\there\tNEG\tgreen-ADJ,"Here, look here! This is not green!",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a use of the colour term 'green'.",,,naturalistic spoken,Hiya luk hiya! Thiswan hiya not grinwan!,Hiya luk hiya! Thiswan hiya not grin-wan!,here look here PROX:ADJ here NEG green-ADJ,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a use of the colour term 'green'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,14702, +25-339,25,Thet bluwan ba-ngu!,Thet\tblu-wan\tba-ngu!,DEM\tblue-ADJ\tIMP-get,Get that blue one!,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a use of the colour term 'blue'. The verb bangu is Jaminjung.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,Thet bluwan ba-ngu!,Thet blu-wan ba-ngu!,DEM blue-ADJ IMP-get,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates a use of the colour term 'blue'. The verb bangu is Jaminjung.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,14703, +26-129,26,am so mæd abaʊd dɛ dæm pɹapɛɾi a ɾɔnɔ wat tu du aɹɛdi; pə˞pɔl æn blu,a-m\tso\tmæd\tabaʊd\tdɛ\tdæm\tpɹapɛɾi\ta\tɾɔnɔ\twat\ttu\tdu\taɹɛdi;\tpə˞pɔl\tæn\tblu,1SG-am\tso\tmad\tabout\tART\tdamn\tproperty\t1SG\tNEG.know\twhat\tto\tdo\talready\tpurple\tand\tblue,I'm so mad about that damn property I really don't know what to do. Purple and blue.,,,1545[64],,naturalistic spoken,am so mæd abaʊd dɛ dæm pɹapɛɾi a ɾɔnɔ wat tu du aɹɛdi; pə˞pɔl æn blu,a-m so mæd abaʊd dɛ dæm pɹapɛɾi a ɾɔnɔ wat tu du aɹɛdi; pə˞pɔl æn blu,1SG-am so mad about ART damn property 1SG NEG.know what to do already purple and blue,,,,14704, +26-130,26,blu,blu,blue,blue,,,,,constructed by linguist,blu,,blue,,Own knowledge,,14705, +26-131,26,grin,grin,green,green,,,,,constructed by linguist,grin,,green,,Own knowledge,,14706, +27-139,27,grun,grun,green,green,,,355[83],,naturalistic spoken,grun,,green,,,,14707, +27-140,27,blou,blou,blue,blue,,,355[74],,naturalistic spoken,blou,,blue,,,,14708, +28-192,28,grun; blau,grun;\tblau,green\tblue,green; blue,,,737[553-677],,naturalistic spoken,grun; blau,,green blue,,,,14709, +29-227,29,groen,groen,green,green,,,,,naturalistic spoken,groen,,green,,Own knowledge,,14710, +29-228,29,blou,blou,blue,blue,,,,,naturalistic spoken,blou,,blue,,Own knowledge,,14711, +30-238,30,Káuberdi éra berdi so di nómi.,Káuberdi\téra\tberdi\tso\tdi=nómi.,Cape.Verde\tbe.ANT\tgreen\tonly\tof=name,Cape Verde was green only by name.,,,1543[58],,naturalistic written,"Káuberdi éra berdi so di nómi.","Káuberdi éra berdi so di=nómi.",Cape.Verde be.ANT green only of=name,,,,14712,German: Kapverde war nur dem Namen nach grün. +30-239,30,"N ka gosta d'es kor, N kre djobe un azul más kláru, sima séu.","N=ka=gosta\td=es=kor\tN=kre\tdjobe\tun=azul\tmás\tkláru,\tsima\tséu.",1SG=NEG=like\tof=DEM=colour\t1SG=want\tsearch\tART.INDF=blue\tmore\tbright\tas\tsky,"I don't like this colour, I want to look for a brighter blue, like the sky.",,,784[s.v. azul],,naturalistic spoken,"N ka gosta d'es kor, N kre djobe un azul más kláru, sima séu.","N=ka=gosta d=es=kor N=kre djobe un=azul más kláru, sima séu.",1SG=NEG=like of=DEM=colour 1SG=want search ART.INDF=blue more bright as sky,,,,14713,"German: Diese Farbe gefällt mir nicht, ich möchte eine helleres Blau suchen, wie der Himmel." +30-240,30,"Odipos, el intrega-l un kartuxu burmedju, un azul, un berdi, y un barinha di kondon, [...].","Odipos,\tel=intrega=l\tun=kartuxu\tburmedju,\tun=azul,\tun=berdi,\ty\tun=barinha.di.kondon\t[...].",thereafter\t3SG=hand.over=3SG\tART.INDF=bag\tred\tART.INDF=blue\tART.INDF=green\tand\tART.INDF=magic.wand\t[...],"Then she gave him a red bag, a blue one, a green one, and a magic wand, [...].",,,1407[262],,naturalistic spoken,"Odipos, el intrega-l un kartuxu burmedju, un azul, un berdi, y un barinha di kondon, [...].","Odipos, el=intrega=l un=kartuxu burmedju, un=azul, un=berdi, y un=barinha.di.kondon [...].",thereafter 3SG=hand.over=3SG ART.INDF=bag red ART.INDF=blue ART.INDF=green and ART.INDF=magic.wand [...],,,,14714,"German: Danach übergab sie ihm eine rote Tüte, eine blaue, eine grüne und einen Zauberstab, [...]." +31-187,31,azul,azul,blue,blue,,,,,constructed by linguist,azul,,blue,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14715, +31-188,31,verdi,verdi,green,green,,,,,constructed by linguist,verdi,,green,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14716, +32-195,32,un káza azul,un\tkáza\tazul,DET\thouse\tblue,a blue house,,,,,constructed by linguist,"un káza azul",,DET house blue,,Own knowledge,,14717,Portuguese: uma casa azul +32-196,32,Es órta éra verd.,Es\tórta\téra\tverd.,DEM.SG\tgarden\tCOP.PST\tgreen,This garden was green.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Es órta éra verd.",,DEM.SG garden COP.PST green,,Own knowledge,,14718,Portuguese: Esta horta era verde. +33-217,33,verdi,verdi,green,green,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,verdi,,green,,Own knowledge,,14719,Portuguese: verde +33-218,33,azul,azul,blue,blue,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,azul,,blue,,Own knowledge,,14720,Portuguese: azul +34-183,34,N teŋ kamisa berdu.,N\tø\tteŋ\tkamisa\tberdu.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\thave\tshirt\tgreen/dark.blue,I have a green shirt. OR: I have a dark blue shirt.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N teŋ kamisa berdu.","N ø teŋ kamisa berdu.",1SG.SBJ PFV have shirt green/dark.blue,,Own knowledge,,14721, +34-184,34,N teŋ kamisa kor di sew.,N\tø\tteŋ\tkamisa\tkor\tdi\tsew.,1SG.SBJ\tPFV\thave\tshirt\tcolour\tof\tsky,I have a light blue shirt.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N teŋ kamisa kor di sew.","N ø teŋ kamisa kor di sew.",1SG.SBJ PFV have shirt colour of sky,,Own knowledge,,14722, +35-253,35,vêdê,vêdê,green,green,,,,,elicited from speaker,vêdê,,green,,Own data,,14723, +35-254,35,zulu,zulu,blue,blue,,,,,elicited from speaker,zulu,,blue,,Own data,,14724, +36-157,36,dhulu,dhulu,blue/green,"blue, green",,"Dhulu is derived from the Portuguese word for 'blue', azul.",901[215],,elicited from speaker,dhulu,,blue/green,"Dhulu is derived from the Portuguese word for 'blue', azul.",,,14725, +37-197,37,zulu,zulu,blue,blue,,,905[243],,elicited from speaker,zulu,,blue,,,,14726, +37-198,37,vêdê,vêdê,green,green,,,905[241],,elicited from speaker,vêdê,,green,,,,14727, +38-200,38,vedyi,vedyi,green,green/blue,,,,,naturalistic spoken,vedyi,,green,,Own fieldwork 1990,,14728, +39-189,39,azul,azul,blue,blue,,,221[264],,naturalistic spoken,azul,,blue,,,,14729, +39-190,39,verd,verd,green,green,,,221[264],,naturalistic spoken,verd,,green,,,,14730, +40-150,40,verd,verd,green,green,,,265[250-51],,elicited from speaker,verd,,green,,,,14731, +40-151,40,shahi,shahi,blue,blue,,"Note: shahi comes from Marathi. Also, pret 'black, dark' is often used to refer to blue, especially dark blue.",,,constructed by linguist,shahi,,blue,"Note: shahi comes from Marathi. Also, pret 'black, dark' is often used to refer to blue, especially dark blue.",Own knowledge,,14732, +41-182,41,miɲa graandi veerdi rabaana,miɲa\tgraandi\tveerdi\trabaana,my\tbig\tgreen\tdrum,my big green drum,,,1416[0968],,elicited from speaker,miɲa graandi veerdi rabaana,,my big green drum,,,,14733, +41-183,41,o azul fite,o\tazul\tfite,DEF\tblue\tribbon,the blue ribbon,,"The citation is from O Bruffador, January 1884, original orthography. +The blue ribbon was the symbol of the temperance movement. +19th-century texts are written in a missionary-inspired diglossic high and do not represent the spoken vernacular of the time. So this is only an indication that there might be a separate word for 'blue'. Unfortunately this word was not elicited during fieldwork.",337[149],,naturalistic written,o azul fite,,DEF blue ribbon,"The citation is from O Bruffador, January 1884, original orthography. +The blue ribbon was the symbol of the temperance movement. +19th-century texts are written in a missionary-inspired diglossic high and do not represent the spoken vernacular of the time. So this is only an indication that there might be a separate word for 'blue'. Unfortunately this word was not elicited during fieldwork.",,,14734, +42-203,42,azul,azul,blue,blue,,,120[10],,elicited from speaker,azul,,blue,,,,14735, +42-204,42,bedri,bedri,green,green,,,120[13],,elicited from speaker,bedri,,green,,,,14736, +43-133,43,berdi,berdi,green,green,,,906[215],,pedagogical grammar,berdi,,green,,,,14737, +43-134,43,adjul/blaw,adjul/blaw,blue,blue,,"The word adjul is of Portuguese origin, and blaw of Dutch origin.","906[201, 217]",,pedagogical grammar,adjul/blaw,,blue,"The word adjul is of Portuguese origin, and blaw of Dutch origin.",,,14738, +44-193,44,Bérde el kúlay de mansánas.,Bérde\tel\tkúlay\tde\tmansánas.,green\tDEF\tcolor\tof\tapple,The color of the apple(s) is green.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Bérde el kúlay de mansánas.,,green DEF color of apple,,Own data,,14739, +44-194,44,azul,azul,blue,blue,,,1064[88],,written (dictionary),azul,,blue,,,,14740, +45-156,45,berde,berde,green,green,,,1285[69],,written (dictionary),berde,,green,,,,14741, +45-157,45,Azul el cielo.,Azul\tel\tcielo.,blue\tDEF\tsky,The sky is blue.,,,426[11],,written,Azul el cielo.,,blue DEF sky,,,,14742, +46-200,46,Tyéne páharo azúl.,Tyéne\tpáharo\tazúl.,EXIST\tbird\tblue,There is a blue bird.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Tyéne páharo azúl.,,EXIST bird blue,,Own knowledge,,14743, +46-201,46,Tyéne páharo byérde.,Tyéne\tpáharo\tbyérde.,EXIST\tbird\tgreen,There is a green bird.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Tyéne páharo byérde.,,EXIST bird green,,Own knowledge,,14744, +47-228,47,bèrdè; blau,bèrdè;\tblau,green\tblue,green; blue,,,,,own knowledge,bèrdè; blau,,green blue,,Own knowledge,,14745, +48-198,48,asú,asú,blue,blue,,This word is also pronounced asul (due to superstrate pressure from Spanish azul).,,,naturalistic spoken,asú,,blue,"This word is also pronounced asul (due to superstrate pressure from Spanish azul).",Recorded by author,,14746, +48-199,48,bedde,bedde,green,green,,,,,naturalistic spoken,bedde,,green,,Recorded by author,,14747,Spanish: verde +49-348,49,Limyè a te vèt lè m pase a.,Limyè\ta\tte\tvèt\tlè\tm\tpase\ta.,light\tDEF\tANT\tgreen\twhen\t1SG\tgo.through\tDEF,The light was green when I went through.,,,1514[161],,elicited from speaker,Limyè a te vèt lè m pase a.,,light DEF ANT green when 1SG go.through DEF,,,,14748,French: Le feu était vert quand je suis passé. +49-349,49,ble,ble,blue,blue,,,1514[42],,elicited from speaker,ble,,blue,,,,14749,French: bleu +50-220,50,vèr,vèr,green,green,,,,,naturalistic spoken,vèr,,green,,Own fieldwork,,14750, +50-221,50,blé,blé,blue,blue,,,,,naturalistic spoken,blé,,blue,,Own fieldwork,,14751, +51-186,51,ver,ver,green,green,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ver,,green,,Own fieldwork,,14752, +51-187,51,blé,blé,blue,blue,,,,,naturalistic spoken,blé,,blue,,Own fieldwork,,14753, +52-122,52,ver,ver,green,green,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ver,,green,,Own knowledge,,14754, +52-123,52,blé,blé,blue,blue,,"This word is often heard in rounded ""French"" pronounciation, just as in French bleu.",,,naturalistic spoken,blé,,blue,"This word is often heard in rounded ""French"" pronounciation, just as in French bleu.",Own knowledge,,14755, +53-402,53,Narb-la [...] rèste vèr tou livèr.,Narb-la\t[...]\trèste\tvèr\ttou\tlivèr.,tree-ART.DEF.SG\t[...]\tstay\tgreen\tall\twinter,The tree [...] stayed green all winter long.,,,1515[480],,naturalistic spoken,Narb-la [...] rèste vèr tou livèr.,,tree-ART.DEF.SG [...] stay green all winter,,,,14756, +53-403,53,Char bleu-la se pou mon.,Char\tbleu-la\tse\tpou\tmon.,car\tblue-ART.DEF.SG\tCOP\tfor\tme,The blue car is mine.,,,1515[73],,elicited from speaker,Char bleu-la se pou mon.,,car blue-ART.DEF.SG COP for me,,,,14757, +54-241,54,vèr,ver,green,green,,,65[340],,naturalistic spoken,vèr,ver,green,,,,14758,French: vert +54-242,54,blé,ble,blue,blue,,,65[45],,naturalistic spoken,blé,ble,blue,,,,14759,French: bleu +55-211,55,ble,ble,blue,blue,,,,,constructed by linguist,ble,,blue,,Own knowledge,,14760, +55-212,55,ver,ver,green,green,,,73,,constructed by linguist,ver,,green,,,,14761, +56-219,56,ver,ver,green,green,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),ver,,green,,,,14762, +56-220,56,ble,ble,blue,blue,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),ble,,blue,,,,14763, +57-111,57,vert,vert,green,green,,,,,naturalistic spoken,vert,,green,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,14764, +57-112,57,mble,mble,blue,blue,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mble,,blue,,Ehrhart fieldwork 1990,,14765, +58-142,58,lele ya mpembe/bule,lele\tya\tmpembe/bule,garment\tCONN\twhite/blue,white/blue garment,,"The basic colour terms are mpembe 'white', ndombe 'black', and mbwaki 'red'. They are all used with the connective ya when modifying a head noun. For 'blue', the word bule (< FR bleu) is used. It is the same word that is used for a blue dye sold during the colonial period to dye police uniforms after washing them.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,lele ya mpembe/bule,,garment CONN white/blue,"The basic colour terms are mpembe 'white', ndombe 'black', and mbwaki 'red'. They are all used with the connective ya when modifying a head noun. For 'blue', the word bule (< FR bleu) is used. It is the same word that is used for a blue dye sold during the colonial period to dye police uniforms after washing them.",Own knowledge,,14766, +58-143,58,lele ya kuler ya saka-saka,lele\tya\tkuler\tya\tsaka~saka,garment\tCONN\tcolor\tCONN\tcassava.leaf,green garment,,For 'green' a comparison is made to the colour of cassava leaves. Even the word 'colour' is borrowed from French in the construction.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,lele ya kuler ya saka-saka,lele ya kuler ya saka~saka,garment CONN color CONN cassava.leaf,For 'green' a comparison is made to the colour of cassava leaves. Even the word 'colour' is borrowed from French in the construction.,Own knowledge,,14767, +59-365,59,vuko/voko (H L tones); vuko/voko (L M tones),vuko/voko (H L tones); vuko/voko (L M tones),be.dark/black/blue/green.etc.,"be dark, black, blue, green, etc.",,"There are three basic colours, as there are in other Ubangian languages. Colours are differentiated with ideophones and by other means, but there are few ideophones in Sango.",172[352],,unknown,vuko/voko (H L tones); vuko/voko (L M tones),,be.dark/black/blue/green.etc.,"There are three basic colours, as there are in other Ubangian languages. Colours are differentiated with ideophones and by other means, but there are few ideophones in Sango.",,,14768, +60-166,60,elambá ya mái ya pondú,elambá\tya\tmái\tya\tpondú,cloth\tof\twater\tof\tcassava.leaves,a green cloth,,The notion 'green' is expressed by 'water of cassava leaves' (mái ya pondú).,1273,,naturalistic spoken,elambá ya mái ya pondú,,cloth of water of cassava.leaves,"The notion 'green' is expressed by 'water of cassava leaves' (mái ya pondú).",,,14769, +60-167,60,elambá ya bulé,elambá\tya\tbulé,cloth\tof\tblue,a blue cloth,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,elambá ya bulé,,cloth of blue,,,,14770, +61-120,61,luhlaza vs. bluwan,luhlaza\tvs.\tbluwan,green/blue\tvs.\tblue,green/blue vs. blue,,Zulu doesn't differentiate 'green' from 'blue'; but English influence may result in differentiation in the pidgin via the English derivative bluwan.,,,elicited from speaker,luhlaza vs. bluwan,,green/blue vs. blue,"Zulu doesn't differentiate 'green' from 'blue'; but English influence may result in differentiation in the pidgin via the English derivative bluwan.",Field notes Mesthrie,,14771, +63-210,63,ákadar,ákadar,green,green,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ákadar,,green,,Personal data,,14772, +63-211,63,ázrag,ázrag,blue,blue,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ázrag,,blue,,Personal data,,14773, +64-225,64,áhadar,áhadar,green,green,,,874[93],,elicited from speaker,áhadar,,green,,,,14774, +64-226,64,ázrag,ázrag,blue,blue,,,874[93],,elicited from speaker,ázrag,,blue,,,,14775, +66-132,66,ijo,ijo,green,green,,,,,own knowledge,ijo,,green,,Own knowledge,,14776, +66-133,66,niila,niila,blue,blue,,,,,own knowledge,niila,,blue,,Own knowledge,,14777, +67-228,67,hijau,hijau,green,green,,,,,elicited from speaker,hijau,,green,,Own knowledge,,14778, +67-229,67,bilu/biru,bilu/biru,blue,blue,,,,,elicited from speaker,bilu/biru,,blue,,Own knowledge,,14779, +68-135,68,ijo,ijo,green,green,,,,,constructed by linguist,ijo,,green,,Own knowledge,,14780, +68-136,68,biru,biru,blue,blue,,Biru is probably a loanword from Dutch (occurring in all varieties of Malay).,,,constructed by linguist,biru,,blue,"Biru is probably a loanword from Dutch (occurring in all varieties of Malay).",Own knowledge,,14781, +71-198,71,"Kela wa pau hakaka, iaia pii mai no kela hale maomao.","Kela\twa\tpau\thakaka,\tiaia\tpiimai\tno\tkela\thale\tmaomao.",DET\ttime\tCOMPL\tfight\t3SG\tcome\tINTENS\tDET\thouse\tgreen,"When [he] was done fighting, he came to the green house.",,"This is probably not a reference to a greenhouse (the term for which in the lexifier is hale ho'oūlu mea kanu), but it is not impossible.",,,naturalistic written,"Kela wa pau hakaka, iaia pii mai no kela hale maomao.","Kela wa pau hakaka, iaia piimai no kela hale maomao.",DET time COMPL fight 3SG come INTENS DET house green,"This is probably not a reference to a greenhouse (the term for which in the lexifier is hale ho'oūlu mea kanu), but it is not impossible.",Own data 1896,,14782, +71-199,71,uliuli,uliuli,"blue, green","blue, green",,,,,constructed by linguist,"uliuli",,"blue, green",,Own data,,14783, +72-167,72,Nyawa na bluwan.,Nyawa\tna\tblu-wan.,this\tFOC\tblue-NMLZ,This one is blue.,,,8,bbdba44facd606e0adb2dfc40269689f,naturalistic spoken,Nyawa na bluwan.,Nyawa na blu-wan.,this FOC blue-NMLZ,,,,14784, +72-168,72,palkiny na yapakayi palkiny na dat grinwan,palki-ny\tna\tyapakayi\tpalki-ny\tna\tdat\tgrin-wan,flat-NMLZ\tFOC\tsmall\tblanket-NMLZ\tFOC\tthe\tgreen-NMLZ,"the small blanket, the green blanket",,,8,24f730f7add942d2da6456a001056d2f,naturalistic spoken,palkiny na yapakayi palkiny na dat grinwan,palki-ny na yapakayi palki-ny na dat grin-wan,flat-NMLZ FOC small blanket-NMLZ FOC the green-NMLZ,,,,14785, +73-116,73,birdi,birdi,green,geen,,,1038[421],,elicited from speaker,birdi,,green,,,,14786, +73-117,73,ásul,ásul,blue,blue,,,1038[421],,elicited from speaker,ásul,,blue,,,,14787, +74-169,74,pčəχ,pčəχ,green/blue,"green, blue",,,1641[43],,narrative,pčəχ,,green/blue,,,,14788, +75-284,75,(li)veer,(li)veer,(the)green,green,,,,,constructed by linguist,(li)veer,,(the)green,,Own knowledge,,14789, +75-285,75,(li)bleu,(li)bleu,(the)blue,blue,,,,,constructed by linguist,(li)bleu,,(the)blue,,Own knowledge,,14790, +75-286,75,Si li boon maazhii la vyaand di torcheu veer.,Si\tli\tboon\tmaazhii\tla\tvyaand\tdi\ttorcheu\tveer.,it\tis\tgood.M\tfood\tART.F.SG\tmeat\tof\tturtle\tgree,The green turtle is esteemed as food. OR: Meat of the green turtle is good food.,,,789[117],,naturalistic written,Si li boon maazhii la vyaand di torcheu veer.,,it is good.M food ART.F.SG meat of turtle gree,,,,14791, +75-287,75,Giikashkihaw aen rubaan bleu pur mii shuupaek.,Gii-kashkih-aw\taen\trubaan\tbleu\tpur\tmii\tshuupaek.,1.PST-win.ANIM-3OBJ\tART.M.SG\tribbon\tblue\tfor\tmy.PL\tmocassin,I won a blue ribbon for my moccasins.,,,789[46],,naturalistic written,Giikashkihaw aen rubaan bleu pur mii shuupaek.,Gii-kashkih-aw aen rubaan bleu pur mii shuupaek.,1.PST-win.ANIM-3OBJ ART.M.SG ribbon blue for my.PL mocassin,,,,14792, +1-269,1,dago; manndago; umandago,dagu;\tmandagu;\tumadagu,dog\tmale.dog\tfemale.dog,dog; male dog; bitch,,,1357[26],,written (dictionary),dago; manndago; umandago,dagu; mandagu; umadagu,dog male.dog female.dog,,,,14793,German: ein Hund [op.cit.] +2-299,2,mandoksi,man-doksi,drake,drake,,,1587,,unknown,mandoksi,man-doksi,drake,,,,14794, +2-300,2,umapikin,uma-pikin,woman-child,girl,,,1587,,unknown,umapikin,uma-pikin,woman-child,,,,14795, +3-162,3,wómi-ganía,wómi-ganía,man-chicken,cock,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wómi-ganía,,man-chicken,,Fieldwork data,,14796, +4-193,4,a man dagu; a uman dagu,a\tman\tdagu;\ta\tuman\tdagu,DET.SG\tman\tdog\tDET.SG\twoman\tdog,the male dog; the female dog,,,568[66],,elicited from speaker,a man dagu; a uman dagu,,DET.SG man dog DET.SG woman dog,,,,14797, +5-194,5,man haas,man\thaas,man\thorse,man horse,,,,,constructed by linguist,man haas,,man horse,,Own knowledge,,14798, +6-124,6,shi-lion; he-lion; man-rat,shi-lion;\the-lion;\tman-rat,she-lion\the-lion\tman-rat,female lion; male lion; male rat,,,,,elicited from speaker,shi-lion; he-lion; man-rat,,she-lion he-lion man-rat,,Informant A.K.,,14799, +7-274,7,man laiyan,man\tlaiyan,man\tlion,(male) lion,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,man laiyan,,man lion,,Own knowledge,,14800, +7-275,7,oman laiyan,oman\tlaiyan,woman\tlion,lioness,,,1244[77],,naturalistic spoken,oman laiyan,,woman lion,,,,14801, +8-176,8,man-kou,man-kou,man-cow,bull,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,man-kou,,man-cow,,Own knowledge,,14802, +8-177,8,uman-kou,uman-kou,woman-cow,cow,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,uman-kou,,woman-cow,,Own knowledge,,14803, +8-178,8,man-taiga,man-taiga,man-tiger,(male) tiger,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,man-taiga,,man-tiger,,Own knowledge,,14804, +8-179,8,uman-taiga,uman-taiga,woman-tiger,tigress,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,uman-taiga,,woman-tiger,,Own knowledge,,14805, +8-180,8,man-dangki,man-dangki,man-donkey,jackass,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,man-dangki,,man-donkey,,Own knowledge,,14806, +8-181,8,uman-dangki,uman-dangki,woman-donkey,jenny-ass,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,uman-dangki,,woman-donkey,,Own knowledge,,14807, +9-207,9,uman layan,uman\tlayan,woman\tlion,lioness,,,,,constructed by linguist,uman layan,,woman lion,,Own knowledge,,14808, +10-265,10,"shi daag, hi daag","shi\tdaag,\thi\tdaag",3SG.F\tdog\t3SG.M\tdog,"female dog, male dog",,,,,elicited from speaker,"shi daag, hi daag",,3SG.F dog 3SG.M dog,,Field notes 2008,,14809, +11-340,11,"Wen di monki komin bak fram di shap, ih si wan shii monki an ih get in lov [...].","Wen\tdi\tmonki\tkom-in\tbak\tfram\tdi\tshap,\tih\tsi\twan\tshii\tmonki\tan\tih\tget\tin\tlov\t[...].",when\tART.DEF\tmonkey\tcome-PROG\tback\tfrom\tART.DEF\tshop\t3SG\tsee\tART.INDF\t3SG.F\tmonkey\tand\t3SG\tget\tin\tlove\t[...],"When the (male) monkey was coming back from the shop, he saw a female monkey and he fell in love with her [...].",,"Note that the sex of the male monkey is not mentioned. This does not necessarily mean that all animals are male unless otherwise specified. However, animal story characters tend to be male (cf. comment for San Andrés Creole English Feature 117 ""Female and male animals""). The example occurs in the middle part of the animal story in question.",,,naturalistic written,"Wen di monki komin bak fram di shap, ih si wan shii monki an ih get in lov [...].","Wen di monki kom-in bak fram di shap, ih si wan shii monki an ih get in lov [...].",when ART.DEF monkey come-PROG back from ART.DEF shop 3SG see ART.INDF 3SG.F monkey and 3SG get in love [...],"Note that the sex of the male monkey is not mentioned. This does not necessarily mean that all animals are male unless otherwise specified. However, animal story characters tend to be male (cf. comment for San Andrés Creole English Feature 117 ""Female and male animals""). The example occurs in the middle part of the animal story in question.",Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,14810, +12-281,12,The he row of corn is next to the she row.,The\the\trow\tof\tcorn\tis\tnext\tto\tthe\tshe\trow.,ART\t3SG.M.SBJ\trow\tof\tcorn\tCOP\tnext\tto\tART\t3SG.F.SBJ\trow,The male row of corn is next to the female one.,,,634[101],,naturalistic spoken,"The he row of corn is next to the she row.",,ART 3SG.M.SBJ row of corn COP next to ART 3SG.F.SBJ row,,,,14811, +12-282,12,man papaw,man\tpapaw,man\tpapaya,male papaya,,,634[130],,unspecified,man papaw,,man papaya,,,,14812, +12-284,12,man cat,man\tcat,man\tcat,male cat,,,,,elicited from speaker,man cat,,man cat,,Own field notes,,14813, +12-285,12,he cat,he\tcat,3SG.SBJ\tcat,male cat,,,,,elicited from speaker,he cat,,3SG.SBJ cat,,Own field notes,,14814, +13-211,13,man chicken,man\tchicken,man\tchicken,rooster,,,1500[230],,naturalistic spoken,man chicken,,man chicken,,,,14815, +13-212,13,ooman hog,ooman\thog,woman\thog,sow,,,1500[230],,naturalistic spoken,ooman hog,,woman hog,,,,14816, +14-159,14,lioness,lioness,lioness,lioness,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,lioness,,lioness,,Own knowledge,,14817, +15-150,15,layɔn; uman-layɔn,layɔn;\tuman-layɔn,lion\twoman-lion,lion; lioness,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,layɔn; uman-layɔn,,lion woman-lion,,Own knowledge,,14818, +17-202,17,man got,man\tgot,man\tgoat,he-goat,,,,,constructed by linguist,man got,,man goat,,Own knowledge,,14819, +17-203,17,wuman got,wuman\tgot,woman\tgoat,she-goat,,,462[67-72],,naturalistic spoken,wuman got,,woman goat,,,,14820, +18-184,18,man got,man\tgot,man\tgoat,he-goat,,,,,constructed by linguist,man got,,man goat,,Own knowledge,,14821, +18-185,18,wuman got,wuman\tgot,woman\tgoat,she-goat,,,,,constructed by linguist,wuman got,,woman goat,,Own knowledge,,14822, +19-220,19,human fɔl; man fɔl,human\tfɔl;\tman\tfɔl,woman\tfowl\tman\tfowl,hen; cock,,,,,elicited from speaker,"human fɔl; man fɔl",,woman fowl man fowl,,Field data,,14823, +20-153,20,Den young mandulin man make send he sarmant boy for see she sarmant girl.,Den\tyoung\tmandulin\tman\tmake\tsend\the\tsarmant\tboy\tfor\tsee\tshe\tsarmant\tgirl.,then\tyoung\tmandarin\tman\tmake\tsend\t3SG.POSS\tservant\tboy\tfor\tsee\t3SG.POSS\tservant\tgirl,Then the young mandarin sent his male servant to see her female servant.,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,1481[767],,naturalistic written,Den young mandulin man make send he sarmant boy for see she sarmant girl.,,then young mandarin man make send 3SG.POSS servant boy for see 3SG.POSS servant girl,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,14824, +21-158,21,lion; lioness,lion;\tlioness,lion\tlioness,lion; lioness,,,,,constructed by linguist,lion; lioness,,lion lioness,,Own knowledge,,14825, +22-198,22,Tupla kamap wanpla dok man na wanpla dok meri.,Tupla\tkamap\twan-pla\tdok\tman\tna\twan-pla\tdok\tmeri.,3DU\tbecome\tone-MOD\tdog\tman\tand\tone-MOD\tdog\twoman,The two turned into a male and a female dog.,,,584[Manus F14],,naturalistic spoken,"Tupla kamap wanpla dok man na wanpla dok meri.",Tupla kamap wan-pla dok man na wan-pla dok meri.,3DU become one-MOD dog man and one-MOD dog woman,,,,14826, +23-179,23,man buluk; woman buluk,man\tbuluk;\twoman\tbuluk,man\tcow\twoman\tcow,bull; cow,,,323[143],,written (dictionary),man buluk; woman buluk,,man cow woman cow,,,,14827, +23-180,23,buluk man; buluk woman,buluk\tman;\tbuluk\twoman,cow\tman\tcow\twoman,bull; cow,,,323[58],,written (dictionary),buluk man; buluk woman,,cow man cow woman,,,,14828, +24-200,24,bull and cow,bull\tand\tcow,bull\tand\tcow,bull and cow,,,,,naturalistic written,bull and cow,,bull and cow,,Own fieldwork,,14829, +25-346,25,"boiwan ship, gelwan buligi","boi-wan\tship,\tgel-wan\tbuligi","male-ADJ\tsheep,\tgirl-ADJ\tcattle","ram, heifer",,,1836[Nambas 29.2. Labidakas 22.28],,naturalistic written,"boiwan ship, gelwan buligi","boi-wan ship, gel-wan buligi","male-ADJ sheep, girl-ADJ cattle",,,,14830, +26-132,26,fimæɔ laɪan,fimæɔ\tlaɪan,female\tlion,female lion,,,,,constructed by linguist,fimæɔ laɪan,,female lion,,Own knowledge,,14831, +26-133,26,ʃigɔt,ʃi-gɔt,3SG.F-goat,she-goat,,,,,constructed by linguist,ʃigɔt,ʃi-gɔt,3SG.F-goat,,Own knowledge,,14832, +27-141,27,frou parat; he-parat,frou\tparat;\the-parat,woman\tparrot\the-parrot,she-parrot; he-parrot,,he = from English,355[42],,naturalistic spoken,frou parat; he-parat,,woman parrot he-parrot,"he = from English",,,14833, +28-193,28,"fenmama, fenpapa, fentoko","feni-mama,\tfeni-papa,\tfeni-toko",bird-mother\tbird-father\tbird-child,"female bird, male bird, baby bird",,,737[269],,elicited from speaker,"fenmama, fenpapa, fentoko","feni-mama, feni-papa, feni-toko",bird-mother bird-father bird-child,,,,14834, +28-194,28,"mama feni, papa feni","mama\tfeni,\tpapa\tfeni",mother\tbird\tfather\tbird,"female bird, male bird",,,737[269],,elicited from speaker,"mama feni, papa feni",,mother bird father bird,,,,14835, +29-229,29,mannetjie(s)leeu vs. wyfieleeu,man-netjie-(s)-leeu\tvs.\twyf-ie-leeu,man-DIM-(s)-lion\tvs.\twife-DIM-lion,male lion vs. lioness,,Witness the optional s: mannetjie(s)+Noun must be a compound.,,,naturalistic spoken,mannetjie(s)leeu vs. wyfieleeu,man-netjie-(s)-leeu vs. wyf-ie-leeu,man-DIM-(s)-lion vs. wife-DIM-lion,"Witness the optional s: mannetjie(s)+Noun must be a compound.",Own knowledge,,14836, +29-230,29,leeumannetjie vs. leeuwyfie,leeu-man-netjie\tvs.\tleeu-wyf-ie,lion-man-DIM\tvs.\tlion-wife-DIM,lion vs. lioness,,This is the more common form (cf. Example 229).,,,naturalistic spoken,leeumannetjie vs. leeuwyfie,leeu-man-netjie vs. leeu-wyf-ie,lion-man-DIM vs. lion-wife-DIM,This is the more common form (cf. Example 229).,Own knowledge,,14837, +29-231,29,danser vs. danseres,dans-er\tvs.\tdans-er-es,dance-er\tvs.\tdance-er-ess,dancer (m) vs. dancer (f),,"-es is a very common feminizing suffix - cf. also eienaar ('owner') vs. eienares ('female owner'), prins ('prince') vs. prinses ('princess').",,,naturalistic spoken,danser vs. danseres,dans-er vs. dans-er-es,dance-er vs. dance-er-ess,"-es is a very common feminizing suffix - cf. also eienaar ('owner') vs. eienares ('female owner'), prins ('prince') vs. prinses ('princess').",Own knowledge,,14838, +29-232,29,bakker vs. bakster,bak-er\tvs.\tbak-ster,bake-er\tvs.\tbake-F.er,baker (m) vs. baker (f),,"-ster is also a common feminizing suffix - cf. skrywer ('writer') vs. skryfster ('female writer'), tikker ('typer' - very unusual!) vs. tikster ('typist'), etc.",,,naturalistic spoken,bakker vs. bakster,bak-er vs. bak-ster,bake-er vs. bake-F.er,"-ster is also a common feminizing suffix - cf. skrywer ('writer') vs. skryfster ('female writer'), tikker ('typer' - very unusual!) vs. tikster ('typist'), etc.",Own knowledge,,14839, +29-233,29,eggenoot vs. eggenote,eggenoot\tvs\teggenot-e,spouse\tvs.\tspouse-F,spouse (male) vs. spouse (female),,This is a less productive suffix.,,,naturalistic spoken,eggenoot vs. eggenote,eggenoot vs eggenot-e,spouse vs. spouse-F,This is a less productive suffix.,Own knowledge,,14840, +29-234,29,god vs. godin,god\tvs.\tgod-in,god\tvs.\tgod-F,god vs. goddess,,This is also a less productive suffix.,,,naturalistic spoken,god vs. godin,god vs. god-in,god vs. god-F,This is also a less productive suffix.,Own knowledge,,14841, +29-243,29,"leeu, leeuin","leeu,\tleeu-in","lion,\tlion-F","lion, lioness",,,,,unspecified,"leeu, leeuin","leeu, leeu-in","lion, lion-F",,Own knowledge,,14842, +30-241,30,"N kre ránja un katxor, más N kre mátxu, purki fémia ta traze más katxor pa li.","N=kre\tránja\tun=katxor,\tmás\tN=kre\tmátxu,\tpurki\tfémia\tta=traze\tmás\tkatxor\tpa=li.",1SG=want\tget\ta=dog\tbut\t1SG=want\tmale\tbecause\tfemale\tIPFV=attract\tmore\tdog\tto=here,"I want to get myself a dog, but I want a male (dog), because a female (dog) would attract other dogs.",,,784[s.v. mátxu],,naturalistic spoken,"N kre ránja un katxor, más N kre mátxu, purki fémia ta traze más katxor pa li.","N=kre ránja un=katxor, más N=kre mátxu, purki fémia ta=traze más katxor pa=li.",1SG=want get a=dog but 1SG=want male because female IPFV=attract more dog to=here,,,,14843, +30-242,30,"Pátu mátxu bu ta konxe fáxi, purki es ê más grándi di ki fémia.","Pátu\tmátxu\tbu=ta=konxe\tfáxi,\tpurki\tes\tê\tmás\tgrándi\tdi=ki=fémia.",duck\tmale\t2SG=IPFV=recognize\teasily\tbecause\t3PL\tbe\tmore\tbig\tof=than=female,"Male ducks are recognized easily, because they are bigger than females.",,,784[s.v. mátxu],,naturalistic spoken,"Pátu mátxu bu ta konxe fáxi, purki es ê más grándi di ki fémia.","Pátu mátxu bu=ta=konxe fáxi, purki es ê más grándi di=ki=fémia.",duck male 2SG=IPFV=recognize easily because 3PL be more big of=than=female,,,,14844,"German: Entenmännchen erkennt man leicht, denn sie sind größer als die Weibchen." +31-189,31,un gato matchu,un\tgato\tmatchu,a\tcat\tmale,a male cat,,,,,constructed by linguist,un gato matchu,,a cat male,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14845, +31-190,31,un gatu femia,un\tgatu\tfemia,a\tcat\tfemale,a female cat,,,,,constructed by linguist,un gatu femia,,a cat female,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,14846, +32-197,32,"un elefant féma, un elefant mótx","un\telefant\tféma,\tun\telefant\tmótx",DET\telephant\tfemale\tDET\telephant\tmale,"a female elephant, a bull elephant",,,1456,,elicited from speaker,"un elefant féma, un elefant mótx",,DET elephant female DET elephant male,,,,14847,"Portuguese: uma elefanta, um elefante" +32-198,32,"un txukin féma, un txukin mótx","un\ttxukin\tféma,\tun\ttxukin\tmótx",DET\tpiglet\tfemale\tDET\tpiglet\tmale,"a female piglet, a male piglet",,,1456,,elicited from speaker,"un txukin féma, un txukin mótx",,DET piglet female DET piglet male,,,,14848,"Portuguese: uma porquinha, um porquinho" +33-219,33,lion matcu,lion\tmatcu,lion\tmale,lion,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,lion matcu,,lion male,,Own knowledge,,14849,Portuguese: leão +33-220,33,lion femia,lion\tfemia,lion\tfemale,lioness,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,lion femia,,lion female,,Own knowledge,,14850,Portuguese: leoa +34-185,34,karnedu - karnedu macu - karnedu fémiya,karnedu\t-\tkarnedu\tmacu\t-\tkarnedu\tfémiya,sheep\t-\tsheep\tmale\t-\tsheep\tfemale,sheep - ram - ewe,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"karnedu - karnedu macu - karnedu fémiya",,sheep - sheep male - sheep female,,Own knowledge,,14851, +35-255,35,bwê ome; bwê mwala,bwê\tome;\tbwê\tmwala,cow\tman\tcow\twoman,bull; cow,,,,,elicited from speaker,bwê ome; bwê mwala,,cow man cow woman,,Own data,,14852, +35-256,35,makaku ome; makaku mwala,makaku\tome;\tmakaku\tmwala,monkey\tman\tmonkey\twoman,male monkey; female monkey,,,,,elicited from speaker,makaku ome; makaku mwala,,monkey man monkey woman,,Own data,,14853, +35-257,35,lyon ome; lyon mwala,lyon\tome;\tlyon\tmwala,lion\tman\tlion\twoman,lion; lioness,,,,,elicited from speaker,lyon ome; lyon mwala,,lion man lion woman,,Own data,,14854, +36-158,36,buê mengai,buê\tmengai,ox\twoman,cow,,,901[40],,elicited from speaker,buê mengai,,ox woman,,,,14855, +36-159,36,buê ome,buê\tome,ox\tman,bull,,,901[40],,elicited from speaker,buê ome,,ox man,,,,14856, +36-160,36,n'kombo pata,n'kombo\tpata,rooster\tduck,drake,,,901[40],,elicited from speaker,n'kombo pata,,rooster duck,,,,14857, +37-199,37,ugatu omi vs. ugatu mye,ugatu\tomi\tvs.\tugatu\tmye,cat\tman\tvs.\tcat\twoman,male cat vs. female cat,,,905[30],,elicited from speaker,ugatu omi vs. ugatu mye,,cat man vs. cat woman,,,,14858, +38-201,38,xasolo miela,xasolo\tmiela,dog\tfemale,female dog,,,,,elicited from speaker,xasolo miela,,dog female,,Own fieldwork 1993,,14859, +40-152,40,liãw ɔ̃m; liãw mulɛr,liãw\tɔ̃m;\tliãw\tmulɛr,lion\tman\tlion\twoman,lion; lioness,,,,,elicited from speaker,liãw ɔ̃m; liãw mulɛr,,lion man lion woman,,Own fieldwork materials,,14860, +42-205,42,baka machu,baka\tmachu,bovine\tmale,bull,,,122[50],,elicited from speaker,baka machu,,bovine male,,,,14861, +42-206,42,baka femi,baka\tfemi,bovine\tfemale,cow,,,122[50],,elicited from speaker,baka femi,,bovine female,,,,14862, +43-135,43,kabra moler,kabra\tmoler,goat\twoman,she-goat,,,906[22],,pedagogical grammar,"kabra moler",,goat woman,,,,14863, +44-195,44,liyón; liyón muhér,liyón;\tliyón\tmuhér,lion\tlion\twoman,lion; lioness,,,,,elicited from speaker,liyón; liyón muhér,,lion lion woman,,Own data,,14864, +45-158,45,Mas bonito el pavo hombre que el (pavo) mujer.,Mas\tbonito\tel\tpavo\thombre\tque\tel\t(pavo)\tmujer.,more\tbeautiful\tDEF\tturkey\tman\tthan\tDEF\t(turkey)\twoman,The male turkey is more beautiful than the female.,,,426[134],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mas bonito el pavo hombre que el (pavo) mujer.,,more beautiful DEF turkey man than DEF (turkey) woman,,,,14865,Spanish: El pavo es más bonito que la pava. +45-160,45,"caballo, caballo mujer","caballo,\tcaballo\tmujer",horse\thorse\twoman,"horse, mare",,The marking of sex with mujer ‘woman’ is also used for humans: piloto ‘pilot' vs. piloto mujer ‘female pilot’ (Llamado 1972: 71).,835[71],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"caballo, caballo mujer",,horse horse woman,"The marking of sex with mujer ‘woman’ is also used for humans: piloto ‘pilot' vs. piloto mujer ‘female pilot’ (Llamado 1972: 71).",,,14866, +46-202,46,karabáw ómbre; karabáw muhér,karabáw\tómbre;\tkarabáw\tmuhér,water.buffalo\tman\twater.buffalo\twoman,male water buffalo; female water buffalo,,,,,naturalistic spoken,karabáw ómbre; karabáw muhér,,water.buffalo man water.buffalo woman,,Own knowledge,,14867, +47-229,47,kacho hòmber; kacho muhé,kacho\thòmber;\tkacho\tmuhé,dog\tman\tdog\twoman,male dog; bitch,,,,,own knowledge,kacho hòmber; kacho muhé,,dog man dog woman,,Own knowledge,,14868, +48-200,48,páharo hembra,páharo\thembra,bird\twoman/female,female bird,,"This is a somewhat artifical construct. See my general note to Feature 117 ""Female and male animals"".",,,naturalistic spoken,páharo hembra,,bird woman/female,"This is a somewhat artifical construct. See my general note to Feature 117 ""Female and male animals"".",Recorded by author,,14869,Spanish: pájaro hembra +48-201,48,páharo baróng,páharo\tbaróng,bird\tmale,male bird,,"This is a somewhat artifical construct. See my general note to Feature 117 ""Female and male animals"".",,,naturalistic spoken,páharo baróng,,bird male,"This is a somewhat artifical construct. See my general note to Feature 117 ""Female and male animals"".",Recorded by author,,14870, +49-350,49,manman lyon,manman\tlyon,mother\tlion,lioness,,,541[484],,naturalistic spoken,manman lyon,,mother lion,,,,14871,French: lionne +49-351,49,mal lyon,mal\tlyon,male\tlion,lion,,,,,constructed by linguist,mal lyon,,male lion,,Own knowledge,,14872,French: lion +49-352,49,mal bèt,mal\tbèt,male\tanimal,male animal,,,473[751],,naturalistic spoken,mal bèt,,male animal,,,,14873,French: animal mâle +49-353,49,bèt mal,bèt\tmal,animal\tmale,male animal,,,473[751],,naturalistic spoken,bèt mal,,animal male,,,,14874,French: animal mâle +49-354,49,femèl bèt,femèl\tbèt,female\tanimal,female animal,,,473[751],,naturalistic spoken,femèl bèt,,female animal,,,,14875,French: animal femelle +50-222,50,on fimèl-chyen,on\tfimèl-chyen,INDF\tfemale-dog,a female dog,,,,,naturalistic spoken,on fimèl-chyen,,INDF female-dog,,Own fieldwork,,14876, +50-223,50,on mal-chat,on\tmal-chat,INDF\tmale-cat,a tomcat,,,,,naturalistic spoken,on mal-chat,,INDF male-cat,,Own fieldwork,,14877, +51-188,51,an fimel-chien,an\tfimel-chien,INDF\tfemale-dog,a female dog,,,,,naturalistic spoken,an fimel-chien,,INDF female-dog,,Own fieldwork,,14878, +51-189,51,an mal-chat,an\tmal-chat,INDF\tmale-cat,A tom cat,,,,,naturalistic spoken,an mal-chat,,INDF male-cat,,Own fieldwork,,14879, +52-124,52,"manman poul, fimèl chat","manman\tpoul,\tfimèl\tchat",mother\then\tfemale\tcat,"hen, cat",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"manman poul, fimèl chat",,mother hen female cat,,Own knowledge,,14880, +52-125,52,"mouché chyen, mal chyen","mouché\tchyen,\tmal\tchyen",mister\tdog\tmale\tdog,male dog,,,487,,elicited from speaker,"mouché chyen, mal chyen",,mister dog male dog,,,,14881, +53-404,53,en femel chyen,en\tfemel\tchyen,ART.INDF\tfemale\tdog,a female dog,,,1048[158],,elicited from speaker,en femel chyen,,ART.INDF female dog,,,,14882, +53-405,53,fimel chval; mal mile; mal chyen,fimel\tchval;\tmal\tmile;\tmal\tchyen,female\thorse\tmale\tmule\tmale\tdog,female horse; male mule; male dog,,,720[272-273],,elicited from speaker,fimel chval; mal mile; mal chyen,,female horse male mule male dog,,,,14883, +53-406,53,moman chyen; popa chyen; momon poul; moman pwason,moman\tchyen;\tpopa\tchyen;\tmomon\tpoul;\tmoman\tpwason,mother\tdog\tfather\tdog\tmother\tchicken\tmother\tfish,female dog; male dog; hen; female fish,,,720[272],,elicited from speaker,moman chyen; popa chyen; momon poul; moman pwason,,mother dog father dog mother chicken mother fish,,,,14884, +54-243,54,"en mal lapen, en femel lapen","en\tmal\tlapen,\ten\tfemel\tlapen",INDF\tmale\trabbit\tINDF\tfemale\trabbit,"a rabbit, a doe (of rabbit)",,,236[352],,naturalistic spoken,"en mal lapen, en femel lapen",,INDF male rabbit INDF female rabbit,,,,14885,"French: un lapin, une lapine" +54-244,54,"en mal koson, en femel koson","en\tmal\tkoson,\ten\tfemel\tkoson",INDF\tmale\tpig\tINDF\tfemale\tpig,"a boar, a sow",,"For 'boar', vera is also used. See Carayol et al. (1984–1995: 727).",236[352],,naturalistic spoken,"en mal koson, en femel koson",,INDF male pig INDF female pig,"For 'boar', vera is also used. See Carayol et al. (1984–1995: 727).",,,14886,"French: un verrat, une truie" +55-213,55,en sat mal; en kabri femel,en\tsat\tmal;\ten\tkabri\tfemel,INDF.ART\tcat\tmale\tINDF.ART\tgoat\tfemale,a male cat; a female goat,,,,,constructed by linguist,en sat mal; en kabri femel,,INDF.ART cat male INDF.ART goat female,,Own knowledge,,14887, +56-221,56,en femel bourik,en\tfemel\tbourik,a\tfemale\tdonkey,a female donkey,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),"en femel bourik",,a female donkey,,,,14888, +56-222,56,en mal bourik,en\tmal\tbourik,a\tmale\tdonkey,a male donkey,,,1439[196],,written (dictionary),"en mal bourik",,a male donkey,,,,14889, +58-144,58,mwana ya bakala/nkento,mwana\tya\tbakala/nkento,child\tCONN\tmale/female,boy/girl,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mwana ya bakala/nkento,,child CONN male/female,,Own knowledge,,14890, +58-145,58,nkombo ya bakala/nkento,nkombo\tya\tbakala/nkento,goat\tCONN\tmale/female,he-goat/she-goat,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,nkombo ya bakala/nkento,,goat CONN male/female,,Own knowledge,,14891, +59-366,59,koli ngasa,koli\tngasa,male\tgoat,"male goat, buck",,,1463,,naturalistic spoken,koli ngasa,,male goat,,,,14892, +59-367,59,koli bamara,koli\tbamara,male\tlion,male lion,,,1463,,naturalistic spoken,koli bamara,,male lion,,,,14893, +60-168,60,sósó ya mobáli,sósó\tya\tmobáli,chicken\tof\tman,rooster,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,sósó ya mobáli,,chicken of man,,,,14894, +60-169,60,sósó ya mwásí,sósó\tya\tmwásí,chicken\tof\twoman,hen,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,sósó ya mwásí,,chicken of woman,,,,14895, +61-121,61,inja vs. injakazi,inja\tvs.\tinjakazi,dog\tvs.\tbitch,dog vs. bitch,,-kazi is a suffix form Zulu that may be added to Fanakalo words to emphasize female gender. It is not very common and used by more advanced speakers.,157[47],,constructed by linguist,inja vs. injakazi,,dog vs. bitch,"-kazi is a suffix form Zulu that may be added to Fanakalo words to emphasize female gender. It is not very common and used by more advanced speakers.",,,14896, +63-213,63,"korú, korú rági","korú,\tkorú\trági",sheep\tsheep\tman,"sheep, ram",,,622[65],,naturalistic spoken,"korú, korú rági",,sheep sheep man,,,,14897, +63-214,63,"korú mária, korú rági","korú\tmária,\tkorú\trági",sheep\twoman\tsheep\tman,"ewe, ram",,,1574[81],,naturalistic spoken,"korú mária, korú rági",,sheep woman sheep man,,,,14898, +64-227,64,mára kedís,mára\tkedís,woman\tcat,cat (female),,,,,constructed by linguist,mára kedís,,woman cat,,Own knowledge,,14899, +64-228,64,mára kélib,mára\tkélib,woman\tdog,dog (female),,,,,constructed by linguist,mára kélib,,woman dog,,Own knowledge,,14900, +66-134,66,klakikucing,klaki-kucing,male-cat,tomcat,,,,,own knowledge,klakikucing,klaki-kucing,male-cat,,Own knowledge,,14901, +66-135,66,pompangkucing,pompang-kucing,female-cat,female cat,,,,,own knowledge,pompangkucing,pompang-kucing,female-cat,,Own knowledge,,14902, +67-230,67,"Wa, itu betina la bukan sula kawin bukan.","Wa,\titu\tbetina\tla\tbukan\tsula\tkawin\tbukan.",INTERJ\tDEM\tfemale\tEMPH\tNEG\tPFV\tmarry\tNEG,"Wah, that woman was not a married one.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Wa, itu betina la bukan sula kawin bukan.",,INTERJ DEM female EMPH NEG PFV marry NEG,,Own knowledge,,14903, +67-231,67,"Saya ada dua anak, satu jantan, satu perempuan.","Saya\tada\tdua\tanak,\tsatu\tjantan,\tsatu\tperempuan.",1SG\thave\ttwo\tchild\tone\tmale\tone\tfemale,"I have two children, one son [and] one daughter.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Saya ada dua anak, satu jantan, satu perempuan.",,1SG have two child one male one female,,Own knowledge,,14904, +67-238,67,"anjing jantan, anjing betina","anjing\tjantan,\tanjing\tbetina","dog\tmale,\tdog\tfemale","male dog, bitch",,,,,constructed by linguist,"anjing jantan, anjing betina",,"dog male, dog female",,Own knowledge,,14905, +68-137,68,babi paramapuang,babi\tparamapuang,pig\twoman,female pig,,,,,constructed by linguist,babi paramapuang,,pig woman,,Own knowledge,,14906, +71-200,71,Nana kela moa wahine eleele malalo o ka hale o Lau Chee.,Nana\tkela\tmoa\twahine\teleele\tmalalo\to\tka\thale\to\tLau\tChee.,look\tDET\tchicken\tfemale\tblack\tunder\tPOSS\tDEF\thouse\tPOSS\tLau\tChee,I saw that black hen under Lau Chee’s house. (official court translation),,,,,naturalistic written,"Nana kela moa wahine eleele malalo o ka hale o Lau Chee.",,look DET chicken female black under POSS DEF house POSS Lau Chee,,Own data 1909,,14907, +71-201,71,"Owau olelo Kaluaokahaku hana papapala no, lio keokeo wahine kuai me ka haole.","Owau\tolelo\tKaluaokahaku\thana\tpapapala\tno,\tlio\tkeokeo\twahine\tkuai\tme\tka\thaole.",1SG\tspeak\tKaluaokahaku\tmake\tdocument\tINTENS\thorse\twhite\tfemale\tsell\twith\tDEF\twhite.person,I told Kaluaokahaku to make a document (regarding) the white mare (which) would be sold to the white person. OR: I told Kaluaokahaku to make a deed for the sale of my white mare to the haole. (official court translation),,,,,naturalistic written,"Owau olelo Kaluaokahaku hana papapala no, lio keokeo wahine kuai me ka haole.",,1SG speak Kaluaokahaku make document INTENS horse white female sell with DEF white.person,,Own data 1898,,14908, +72-169,72,An nyanuny lidulwan ngakparn boiwan i bin top marrat.,An\tnyanuny\tlidl-wan\tngakparn\tboi-wan\ti\tbin\ttop\tmarrat.,and\t3SG.DAT\tlittle-NMLZ\tfrog\tmale-NMLZ\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tbe\tmarry,And his little male frog was married.,,The male term is postposed to the animal name in this example.,583,2bc687689adfb67cc92c96911c9c9ceb,narrative,"An nyanuny lidulwan ngakparn boiwan i bin top marrat.",An nyanuny lidl-wan ngakparn boi-wan i bin top marrat.,and 3SG.DAT little-NMLZ frog male-NMLZ 3SG.SBJ PST be marry,The male term is postposed to the animal name in this example.,,,14909, +72-170,72,"Dij karntingkama dei bin faindim ngakparn an nyanuny waip nyantu, gelwan ngakparn.","Dij\tkarnti-ngka-ma\tdei\tbin\tfaind-im\tngakparn\tan\tnyanuny\twaip\tnyantu,\tgel-wan\tngakparn.",this\tbranch-LOC-TOP\t3PL.SBJ\tPST\tfind-TR\tfrog\tand\t3SG.DAT\twife\t3SG\tfemale-NMLZ\tfrog,"They found the frog and his wife, a female frog, under the log.",,The female term is preposed to the animal name in this example.,583,7a0c45385ce029d880ec26da6cd2300d,narrative,"Dij karntingkama dei bin faindim ngakparn an nyanuny waip nyantu, gelwan ngakparn.","Dij karnti-ngka-ma dei bin faind-im ngakparn an nyanuny waip nyantu, gel-wan ngakparn.",this branch-LOC-TOP 3PL.SBJ PST find-TR frog and 3SG.DAT wife 3SG female-NMLZ frog,The female term is preposed to the animal name in this example.,,,14910, +74-170,74,man kámuks,man\tkámuks,man\tdog,male dog,,,,,constructed by linguist,man kámuks,,man dog,,Own knowledge,,14911, +74-171,74,tlúčman kámuks,tlúčman\tkámuks,woman\tdog,bitch,,,,,constructed by linguist,tlúčman kámuks,,woman dog,,Own knowledge,,14912, +75-288,75,Li maal shevr niikaaniiw pur lii mutuun.,Li\tmaal\tshevr\tniikaanii-w\tpur\tlii\tmutuun.,DEF.ART.M.SG\tmale\tgoat\tbe.ahead-3\tfor\tART.PL\tsheep,The billy goat leads the sheep.,,,789[42],,naturalistic written,Li maal shevr niikaaniiw pur lii mutuun.,Li maal shevr niikaanii-w pur lii mutuun.,DEF.ART.M.SG male goat be.ahead-3 for ART.PL sheep,,,,14913, +75-289,75,Li maal pi la femel karibuu lii korn ayaaweewak.,Li maal pi la femel karibuu lii korn ayaaweewak.,DEF.ART.M.SG male and DEF.ART.F.SG female cariboo have.ANIM-3-PL,Male and female caribou have antlers.,,,789[56],,naturalistic written,Li maal pi la femel karibuu lii korn ayaaweewak.,Li maal pi la femel karibuu lii korn ayaaweewak.,DEF.ART.M.SG male and DEF.ART.F.SG female cariboo have.ANIM-3-PL,,,,14914, +1-270,1,tori,tori,story,story; to betray,,,1357[184],,written (dictionary),tori,tori,story,,,,14915, +1-271,1,arátta,alata,rat,rat,,,1357[6],,written (dictionary),arátta,alata,rat,,,,14916, +1-272,1,pleti,preti,plate,plate,,,1357[140],,written (dictionary),pleti,preti,plate,,,,14917, +1-273,1,smoko,smoko,smoke,"smoke (V, N)",,,1357[158],,written (dictionary),smoko,smoko,smoke,,,,14918, +1-274,1,skrifi,skrifi,write,write,,Onset s + obstruent + sonorant is rare.,1357[157],,written (dictionary),skrifi,,write,"Onset s + obstruent + sonorant is rare.",,,14919, +2-301,2,skin,skin,skin,skin,,,1587,,unknown,skin,,skin,,,,14920, +2-302,2,skreki,skreki,frighten,frighten,,,1587,,unknown,skreki,,frighten,,,,14921, +2-303,2,sipi,sipi,ship,ship,,,1587,,unknown,sipi,,ship,,,,14922, +2-304,2,ston,ston,stone,stone,,,1587,,unknown,ston,,stone,,,,14923, +2-305,2,skrifi,skrifi,write,write,,,1587,,unknown,skrifi,,write,,,,14924, +2-306,2,strepi,strepi,stripe,stripe,,,1587,,unknown,strepi,,stripe,,,,14925, +2-307,2,dri,dri,three,three,,,1587,,unknown,dri,,three,,,,14926, +2-308,2,nanga,nanga,and/with,"and, with",,,1587,,unknown,nanga,,and/with,,,,14927, +2-309,2,smoko,smoko,smoke,smoke,,,1587,,unknown,smoko,,smoke,,,,14928, +2-310,2,kmopo,kmopo,come.from,"come from, come out",,,1587,,unknown,kmopo,,come.from,,,,14929, +3-163,3,féífi,féífi,five,five,,,,,elicited from speaker,féífi,,five,,Fieldwork data,,14930, +3-164,3,mbéti,mbéti,animal/meat,"animal, meat",,"This, while it is usually analyzed as a complex (pre-nasalized) segment, is probably really better analyzed as a cluster of a nasal + stop. Only /mb/, /nd/, /ndj/, and /ng/ occur as onsets.",,,elicited from speaker,mbéti,,animal/meat,"This, while it is usually analyzed as a complex (pre-nasalized) segment, is probably really better analyzed as a cluster of a nasal + stop. Only /mb/, /nd/, /ndj/, and /ng/ occur as onsets.",Fieldwork data,,14931, +4-194,4,"kwikwi, switi, mboma, nyan","kwikwi,\tswiti,\tmboma,\tnyan",fish.sp.\tsweet\tboa.constrictor\teat,"fish sp., sweet, boa constrictor, eat",,,,,unknown,"kwikwi, switi, mboma, nyan",,fish.sp. sweet boa.constrictor eat,,Own knowledge,,14932, +4-195,4,"kan, pikin, pen","kan,\tpikin,\tpen",mug\tchild\tpain/pen,"mug, child, pain/pen",,,,,constructed by author and approved by speaker,"kan, pikin, pen",,mug child pain/pen,,Own knowledge,,14933, +5-195,5,sʧraa,sʧraa,straw,straw,,,,,constructed by linguist,sʧraa,,straw,,Own knowledge,,14934, +5-196,5,smaal,smaal,small,small,,,,,constructed by linguist,smaal,,small,,Own knowledge,,14935, +5-197,5,stee,stee,remain,stay,,,,,constructed by linguist,stee,,remain,,Own knowledge,,14936, +6-127,6,tek - pan,tek - pan,"take,   steelpan","take, steelpan",,,1431[20],,naturalistic spoken,tek - pan,,"take, steelpan",,,,14937, +6-128,6,"kyat, kyari, tshrii, dzhraiv, stap","kyat,\tkyari,\ttshrii,\tdzhraiv,\tstap","cat,\tcarry,\tthree,\tdrive,\tstop","cat, carry, three, drive, stop",,,1431[20],,naturalistic spoken,"kyat, kyari, tshrii, dzhraiv, stap",,"cat, carry, three, drive, stop",,,,14938, +7-276,7,spwail,spwail,spoil,spoil,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,spwail,,spoil,,Own knowledge,,14939, +7-277,7,strang,strang,strong,strong,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,strang,,strong,,Own knowledge,,14940, +7-278,7,"aal, taal","aal,\ttaal",all\ttall,"all, tall",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"aal, taal",,all tall,,Own knowledge,,14941, +7-279,7,sneik,sneik,snake,snake,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,sneik,,snake,,Own knowledge,,14942, +8-182,8,ton.tid,ton.tid,stunted,"stunned, dizzy",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ton.tid,,stunted,,Own knowledge,,14943, +8-183,8,plaa.tn,plaa.tn,plantain,plantain,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,plaa.tn,,plantain,,Own knowledge,,14944, +8-184,8,skuul,skuul,school,school,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,skuul,,school,,Own knowledge,,14945, +9-208,9,Yu strayk dem wid a haapun.,Yu\tstrayk\tdem\twid\ta\thaapun.,2SG\tstrike\t3PL\twith\ta\tharpoon,You strike them with a harpoon.,,The cluster [str] occurs.,441[49],,naturalistic spoken,Yu strayk dem wid a haapun.,,2SG strike 3PL with a harpoon,The cluster [str] occurs.,,,14946, +9-209,9,Dey wan sok di sprat til dey dɛd.,Dey\twan\tsok\tdi\tsprat\ttil\tdey\tdɛd.,3PL\tFUT\tsuck\tthe\tsprat\ttill\t3PL\tdead,They (manta rays) will suck on the sprat (fish) until they die.,,There is a [spr] cluster in sprat.,434,,naturalistic spoken,Dey wan sok di sprat til dey dɛd.,,3PL FUT suck the sprat till 3PL dead,"There is a [spr] cluster in sprat.",,,14947, +10-266,10,strang,strang,strand,strand (e.g. of hair),,,,,naturalistic spoken,strang,,strand,,Unpublished field recordings,,14948, +10-267,10,shriet,shriet,straight,straight,, is pronounced /ʃ/.,,,naturalistic spoken,shriet,,straight,<sh> is pronounced /ʃ/.,Unpublished field recordings,,14949, +10-268,10,skiel,skiel,scale,scale,,,,,naturalistic spoken,skiel,,scale,,Unpublished field recordings,,14950, +10-269,10,plog,plog,plug,plug,,,,,naturalistic spoken,plog,,plug,,Unpublished field recordings,,14951, +10-270,10,sliip; pliis; kraas; gyal; bwai,sliip;\tpliis;\tkraas;\tgyal;\tbwai,sleep\tplease\tcross\tgirl\tboy,sleep; please; cross; girl; boy,,,,,naturalistic spoken,sliip; pliis; kraas; gyal; bwai,,sleep please cross girl boy,,Unpublished field recordings,,14952, +10-271,10,skaapion; skuul,skaapion;\tskuul,scorpion\tschool,scorpion; school,,,,,naturalistic spoken,skaapion; skuul,,scorpion school,,Unpublished field recordings,,14953, +10-272,10,aal; taim; gud; luk,aal;\ttaim;\tgud;\tluk,all\ttime\tgood\tlook,all; time; good; look,,,,,naturalistic spoken,aal; taim; gud; luk,,all time good look,,Unpublished field recordings,,14954, +11-341,11,rait,rait,write,write,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,rait,,write,,,,14955, +11-342,11,tradishan,tradishan,tradition,tradition,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,tradishan,,tradition,,,,14956, +11-343,11,bwai,bwai,boy,boy,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,bwai,,boy,,,,14957, +11-344,11,skuul,skuul,school,school,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,skuul,,school,,,,14958, +11-345,11,strogl,strogl,struggle,struggle,,,,,naturalistic written,strogl,,struggle,,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz I,,14959, +11-346,11,tink,tink,think,think,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,tink,,think,,,,14960, +11-347,11,shraik,shraik,strike,strike,, is pronounced /ʃ/.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,shraik,,strike,<sh> is pronounced /ʃ/.,,,14961, +12-286,12,I come to Nassau from I was small like [...].,I\tcome\tto\tNassau\tfrom\tI\twas\tsmall\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\tcome[PFV]\tto\tNassau\tfrom\t1SG.SBJ\tCOP.PST\tsmall\t[...],I came to Nassau when I was still a child [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I come to Nassau from I was small like [...].","I come to Nassau from I was small [...].",1SG.SBJ come[PFV] to Nassau from 1SG.SBJ COP.PST small [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14962, +12-287,12,"[...] between Blue Hill Road and Market Street, you know?",[...]\tbetween\tBlue\tHill\tRoad\tand\tMarket\tStreet\t[...]?,[...]\tbetween\tBlue\tHill\tRoad\tand\tMarket\tStreet\t[...],[...] between Blue Hill Road and Market Street [...]?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] between Blue Hill Road and Market Street, you know?","[...] between Blue Hill Road and Market Street [...]?",[...] between Blue Hill Road and Market Street [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14963, +12-288,12,They try to stop me dry his clothes.,They\ttry\tto\tstop\tme\tdry\this\tclothes.,3PL.SBJ\ttry[HAB.PST]\tto\tstop\t1SG.OBJ\tdry\t3SG.M.POSS\tclothes,They tried to stop me from drying his clothes.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"They try to stop me dry his clothes.",,3PL.SBJ try[HAB.PST] to stop 1SG.OBJ dry 3SG.M.POSS clothes,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,14964, +13-213,13,skrit,skrit,street,street,,,,,naturalistic spoken,skrit,,street,,Own fieldwork 2008-2009,,14965, +13-214,13,scruction,scruction,destruction,destruction,,,357[380],,bible translation,scruction,,destruction,,,,14966, +13-215,13,ʊmə,ʊmə,woman,woman,,,1500[230],,naturalistic spoken,ʊmə,,woman,,,,14967, +13-216,13,bʌ.krə,bʌ.krə,buckra,white man,,,1500[262],,naturalistic spoken,bʌ.krə,,buckra,,,,14968, +13-217,13,tru,tru,through,through,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tru,,through,,Own fieldwork 2008-2009,,14969, +13-218,13,tide,tide,today,today,,,1500,,naturalistic spoken,tide,,today,,,,14970, +14-160,14,straight,straight,straight,straight,,"For some speakers, the sound is produced as /skr/.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,straight,,straight,"For some speakers, the sound is produced as /skr/.",Own knowledge,,14971, +14-161,14,"pink, paint","pink,\tpaint",pink\tpaint,"pink, paint",,"African American English has consonant cluster reduction, so some final consonant combinations are not allowed. One generalization is that clusters formed with consonants with the same voicing value are reduced. Also, final -mps is allowed.",576[107-116],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"pink, paint",,pink paint,"African American English has consonant cluster reduction, so some final consonant combinations are not allowed. One generalization is that clusters formed with consonants with the same voicing value are reduced. Also, final -mps is allowed.",,,14972, +15-151,15,krep,krep,scrape,scrape,,,519[202],,naturalistic written,krep,,scrape,,,,14973, +15-152,15,plit,plit,split,split,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,plit,,split,,Own knowledge,,14974, +15-155,15,fádá; fádà; fàdá,fádá;\tfádà;\tfàdá,father\tfather\tfather,God; Father; Catholic priest,,,545[95-96],,naturalistic written,fádá; fádà; fàdá,,father father father,,,,14975, +16-170,16,"sprɛd, split, strit, stjudɛn","sprɛd,\tsplit,\tstrit,\tstjudɛn",spread\tsplit\tstreet\tstudent,"spread, split, street, student",,"Like Standard English, Ghanaian Pidgin English onsets also allow some combinations of s + p/t/k + r/l/j/w.",,,naturalistic spoken,"sprɛd, split, strit, stjudɛn",,spread split street student,"Like Standard English, Ghanaian Pidgin English onsets also allow some combinations of s + p/t/k + r/l/j/w.",Own fieldwork,,14976, +16-172,16,stik,stik,stick,stick,,,656[238],,naturalistic spoken,stik,,stick,,,,14977, +16-176,16,se,se,say,say,,There is no consonant in the coda.,,,naturalistic spoken,se,,say,There is no consonant in the coda.,Own fieldwork,,14978, +17-204,17,wo̱n,wo̱n,one,one,,,462[264],,naturalistic spoken,wo̱n,,one,,,,14979, +17-205,17,plant,plant,plant,plant,,,462[264],,naturalistic spoken,plant,,plant,,,,14980, +17-206,17,ston,ston,stone,stone,,,462[264],,naturalistic spoken,ston,,stone,,,,14981, +17-207,17,strayk,strayk,strike,strike,,,462[264],,naturalistic spoken,strayk,,strike,,,,14982, +18-186,18,wan,wan,one,one,,,938[141],,published source,wan,,one,,,,14983, +18-187,18,skul,skul,school,school,,,938[142],,published source,skul,,school,,,,14984, +18-188,18,big,big,big,big,,,938[140],,published source,big,,big,,,,14985, +19-221,19,skrach,skrach,scratch,scratch,,The initial /s/ in triconsonantal sequences may optionally be deleted.,,,elicited from speaker,skrach,,scratch,The initial /s/ in triconsonantal sequences may optionally be deleted.,Field data,,14986, +19-222,19,spun,spun,spoon,spoon,,,,,elicited from speaker,spun,,spoon,,Field data,,14987, +19-223,19,ton,ton,stone,stone; testicle,,,,,elicited from speaker,ton,,stone,,Field data,,14988, +20-154,20,bà làt bà pou làai sih,bàlàtbà\tpoulàaisih,proper\tprice,the proper price,,"The words 'proper' and 'price' are each expressed using three syllables: bà làt bà and pou làai sih. Since the Chinese syllables used do not allow any consonant clusters, it is not clear whether such examples demonstrate vowel epenthesis or merely orthographic necessity.",1489[VI.2],,naturalistic written,bà làt bà pou làai sih,bàlàtbà poulàaisih,proper price,"The words 'proper' and 'price' are each expressed using three syllables: bà làt bà and pou làai sih. Since the Chinese syllables used do not allow any consonant clusters, it is not clear whether such examples demonstrate vowel epenthesis or merely orthographic necessity.",,巴笠巴舖孻士,14989, +20-155,20,My sabee proper price.,My\tsabee\tproper\tprice.,1SG\tknow\tproper\tprice,I know the proper price.,,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,389[301],,naturalistic written,My sabee proper price.,,1SG know proper price,This example is from the CPE1 corpus (Baker 2003a). The translation is ours.,,,14990, +21-159,21,stret,stret,straight,straight,,,820[31],,naturalistic spoken,stret,,straight,,,,14991, +21-160,21,stil,stil,still,still,,,820[31],,naturalistic spoken,stil,,still,,,,14992, +21-161,21,tauzən/θauzən,tauzən/θauzən,thousand,thousand,,,820[30],,naturalistic spoken,tauzən/θauzən,,thousand,,,,14993, +21-162,21,slip,slip,sleep,sleep,,,,,constructed by linguist,slip,,sleep,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,14994, +22-199,22,ples,ples,place,"place, village",,,,,constructed by linguist,ples,,place,,Own knowledge,,14995, +22-200,22,stap,stap,stay,"stop, stay",,,,,constructed by linguist,stap,,stay,,Own knowledge,,14996, +22-201,22,stret,stret,straight,straight,,,,,constructed by linguist,stret,,straight,,Own knowledge,,14997, +22-202,22,han,han,hand,"hand, branch",,,,,constructed by linguist,han,,hand,,Own knowledge,,14998, +23-181,23,splin blong hem stap foldaon oltaem,splin\tblong\them\tstap\tfoldaon\toltaem,spleen\tPOSS\t3SG\tstay\tfall.down\talways,He keeps getting hernias (lit. His spleen always falls down).,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,splin blong hem stap foldaon oltaem,,spleen POSS 3SG stay fall.down always,,,,14999, +23-182,23,oli kwik blong kakae,oli\tkwik\tblong\tkakae,AGR\tquick\tPURP\teat,[They] eat quickly.,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,oli kwik blong kakae,,AGR quick PURP eat,,,,15000, +23-183,23,yu no luk hem longwe long haos?,yu\tno\tluk\them\tlongwe\tlong\thaos?,2SG\tNEG\tlook\t3SG\tthere\tLOC\thouse,Didn't you see him over at the house?,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,yu no luk hem longwe long haos?,,2SG NEG look 3SG there LOC house,,,,15001, +24-201,24,klaai,klaai,cry,to cry,,,,,naturalistic spoken,klaai,,cry,,Own fieldwork,,15002, +24-202,24,kwiin,kwiin,queen,queen,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kwiin,,queen,,Own fieldwork,,15003, +24-203,24,plieh,plieh,play,to play,,,,,naturalistic spoken,plieh,,play,,Own fieldwork,,15004, +24-204,24,striet,striet,strait,straight,,,,,naturalistic spoken,striet,,strait,,Own fieldwork,,15005, +24-205,24,springkaat,springkaat,spring.cart,sprung horse-drawn cart,,,,,naturalistic written,springkaat,,spring.cart,,Own fieldwork,,15006, +24-206,24,maen,maen,man,man,,,,,naturalistic spoken,maen,,man,,Own fieldwork,,15007, +25-340,25,krokadail; trai; brij; brom,krokadail;\ttrai;\tbrij;\tbrom,crocodile\ttry\tbridge\tfrom,crocodile; try; bridge; from,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. These words illustrate word-initial consonant clusters consisting of a plosive and a rhotic sonorant.",,,naturalistic spoken,krokadail; trai; brij; brom,,crocodile try bridge from,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. These words illustrate word-initial consonant clusters consisting of a plosive and a rhotic sonorant.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,15008, +25-341,25,blanga,blanga,DAT/POSS,for,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This word illustrates a word-initial consonant cluster consisting of a plosive and a lateral sonorant.",,,naturalistic spoken,blanga,,DAT/POSS,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This word illustrates a word-initial consonant cluster consisting of a plosive and a lateral sonorant.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,15009, +25-342,25,stori/tori; streit/treit; stilimbat/tilimbat,stori/tori;\tstreit/treit;\tstil-im-bat/til-im-bat,story\tstraight\tsteal-TR-PROG/steal-TR-PROG,story; straight; stealing,,Variety: Roper River. These words illustrate variation in word-initial consonant clusters involving an initial alveo-dental fricative /s/ - these are only used in acrolectal speech and reduced in more basilectal variants.,1332[61. 63],,unknown,stori/tori; streit/treit; stilimbat/tilimbat,stori/tori; streit/treit; stil-im-bat/til-im-bat,story straight steal-TR-PROG/steal-TR-PROG,Variety: Roper River. These words illustrate variation in word-initial consonant clusters involving an initial alveo-dental fricative /s/ - these are only used in acrolectal speech and reduced in more basilectal variants.,,,15010, +25-343,25,kwait,kwait,quiet,quiet,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The word illustrates a syllable onset consisting of a plosive and an approximant.",,,naturalistic spoken,kwait,,quiet,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. The word illustrates a syllable onset consisting of a plosive and an approximant.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,15011, +25-344,25,En beibi bin oldei bon treit.,En\tbeibi\tbin\toldei\tbon\ttreit.,and\tbaby\tPST\talways\tborn\tstraight,And babies used to be born straight. (i.e. with straight bones),,Variety: Spoken Victoria River. The example illustrates a word with initial consonant cluster (treit 'straight').,,,naturalistic spoken,En beibi bin oldei bon treit.,,and baby PST always born straight,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River. The example illustrates a word with initial consonant cluster (treit 'straight').",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,15012, +26-134,26,spɹiʔ,spɹiʔ,spirit,spirit,,,1545[48],,naturalistic spoken,spɹiʔ,,spirit,,,,15013, +26-135,26,ʤɹiŋk,ʤɹiŋk,drink,drink,,,1545[59],,naturalistic spoken,ʤɹiŋk,,drink,,,,15014, +26-136,26,klin,klin,clean,clean,,,1545[64],,naturalistic spoken,klin,,clean,,,,15015, +27-142,27,am,am,3SG,"he, she",,,355[21],,naturalistic spoken,am,,3SG,,,,15016, +27-143,27,frāg,frāg,ask,ask,,,355[57],,naturalistic spoken,frāg,,ask,,,,15017, +27-144,27,strom,strom,current,"current, waves",,,355[103],,naturalistic spoken,strom,,current,,,,15018, +28-195,28,springhan; strafu; skrifu; astranti,springhan;\tstrafu;\tskrifu;\tastranti,grasshopper\tpunish\twrite\tmischievous,grasshopper; punish; write; mischievous,,,737[294],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,springhan; strafu; skrifu; astranti,,grasshopper punish write mischievous,,,,15019, +28-196,28,plɛkɛ; prusinti; blutu; bwaru; trou; twentiki; drai; glofu; klup; kreu; kwɛkɛ; grun; gwama; floiti; frifu; slem,plɛkɛ;\tprusinti;\tblutu;\tbwaru;\ttrou;\ttwentiki;\tdrai;\tglofu;\tklup;\tkreu;\tkwɛkɛ;\tgrun;\tgwama;\tfloiti;\tfrifu;\tslem,place\tpresent\tblood\tkeep\tmarry\ttwenty\tturn\tbelieve\tknock\tcry\tbasket\tgreen\tmix\twhistle\trub\tcleverness,place; present; blood; keep; marry; twenty; turn; believe; knock; cry; basket; green; mix; whistle; rub; cleverness,,,737[553-677],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,plɛkɛ; prusinti; blutu; bwaru; trou; twentiki; drai; glofu; klup; kreu; kwɛkɛ; grun; gwama; floiti; frifu; slem,,place present blood keep marry twenty turn believe knock cry basket green mix whistle rub cleverness,,,,15020, +29-235,29,as; sak; kat,as;\tsak;\tkat,if/ash\tbag\tcat,if/ash; bag; cat,,,,,naturalistic spoken,as; sak; kat,,if/ash bag cat,,Own knowledge,,15021, +29-236,29,kla; kry; twak,kla;\tkry;\ttwak,complain\tget\tnonsense,complain; get; nonsense,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kla; kry; twak,,complain get nonsense,,Own knowledge,,15022, +29-237,29,straf; splinter; skrikkeljaar,straf;\tsplinter;\tskrikkel-jaar,punishment\tsplinter\tleap-year,punishment; splinter; leap-year,,,,,naturalistic spoken,straf; splinter; skrikkeljaar,straf; splinter; skrikkel-jaar,punishment splinter leap-year,,Own knowledge,,15023, +30-243,30,"maridu, ngánu, mudjer, rusponde, duenti","maridu,\tngánu,\tmudjer,\trusponde,\tduenti",husband\terror\twomen\tanswer\till,"husband, error, women, answer, ill",,,"784[s.v. maridu, ngánu, mudjer, rusponde, duenti]",,naturalistic spoken,"maridu, ngánu, mudjer, rusponde, duenti",,husband error women answer ill,,,,15024,"Portuguese: marido, engano, mulher, responder, doente" +30-244,30,"fla, kre, prontu, lenbra","fla,\tkre,\tprontu,\tlenbra",speak\tbelieve\thealthy\tremember,"speak, believe, healthy, remember",,,"784[s.v. fla, kre, prontu, lenbra]",,naturalistic spoken,"fla, kre, prontu, lenbra",,speak believe healthy remember,,,,15025,"Portuguese: falar, crer, pronto, lembrar" +30-245,30,"spértu, stángu, skese, sgota, smáia","spértu,\tstángu,\tskese,\tsgota,\tsmáia",clever\tstomach\tto.forget\tto.run.out\tto.faint,"clever, stomach, to forget, to run out/to use up, to faint",,,"784[s.v. spértu, stángu, skese, sgota, smáia]",,naturalistic spoken,"spértu, stángu, skese, sgota, smáia",,clever stomach to.forget to.run.out to.faint,,,,15026,"Portuguese: esperto, estômago, esquecer, esgotar(-se), esmaiar" +30-246,30,"spreme, stráda, skrebe","spreme,\tstráda,\tskrebe",press\tstreet\twrite,"to press, street, to write",,,"784[s.v. spreme, stráda, skrebe]",,naturalistic spoken,"spreme, stráda, skrebe",,press street write,,,,15027, +31-191,31,stroba,stroba,disrupt,to disrupt,,,,,constructed by linguist,stroba,,disrupt,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,15028, +31-192,31,"kalor, bebe, kume","kalor,\tbebe,\tkume",heat\tdrink\teat,"heat, to drink, to eat",,,,,constructed by linguist,"kalor, bebe, kume",,heat drink eat,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,15029, +31-193,31,praia,praia,beach,beach,,,,,constructed by linguist,praia,,beach,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,15030, +31-194,31,spanta,spanta,startle,to startle,,,,,constructed by linguist,spanta,,startle,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,15031, +31-195,31,strada,strada,road,road,,,,,constructed by linguist,strada,,road,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,15032, +31-196,31,straga,straga,spoil,to spoil,,,,,constructed by linguist,straga,,spoil,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,15033, +32-200,32,káza,káza,house,house,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,káza,,house,,,,15034,Portuguese: casa +32-201,32,trá,trá,take.away,to take away,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,trá,,take.away,,,,15035,Portuguese: tirar +32-202,32,skóla,skóla,school,school,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,skóla,,school,,,,15036,Portuguese: escola +32-203,32,stragód,stragód,spoilt,spoilt,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,stragód,,spoilt,,,,15037,Portuguese: estragado +32-204,32,bnit,bnit,beatiful,beautiful,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,bnit,,beatiful,,,,15038,Portuguese: bonito +32-205,32,ptin,ptin,chicken,chicken,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,ptin,,chicken,,,,15039,Portuguese: pinto +32-207,32,"spitál, bzot","spitál,\tbzot",hospital\t2PL,"hospital, you",,,1456,,elicited from speaker,"spitál, bzot",,hospital 2PL,,,,15040,"Portuguese: hospital, vocês" +33-221,33,branku,branku,white,white,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,branku,,white,,Own knowledge,,15041,Portuguese: branco +33-222,33,flor,flor,flower,flower,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,flor,,flower,,Own knowledge,,15042,Portuguese: flor +33-223,33,stritu,stritu,narrow,narrow,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,stritu,,narrow,,Own knowledge,,15043,Portuguese: estreito +33-224,33,patu,patu,duck,duck,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,patu,,duck,,Own knowledge,,15044,Portuguese: pato +34-186,34,kuku,kuku,coconut,coconut,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"kuku",,coconut,,Own knowledge,,15045, +34-187,34,"klaru, pratu, spiju","klaru,\tpratu,\tspiju",clear\tplate\tmirror,"clear, plate, mirror",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"klaru, pratu, spiju",,clear plate mirror,,Own knowledge,,15046, +34-188,34,strada,strada,road,road,,"This is a clear case of complex onset, but almost the only one available in the language.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"strada",,road,"This is a clear case of complex onset, but almost the only one available in the language.",Own knowledge,,15047, +35-258,35,stlivi; stluvisu,stlivi;\tstluvisu,to.serve\tjob,"to serve, to work for, to function; job, work",,,,b32cc1588c1a6f94fb7616443e82dd92,naturalistic spoken,stlivi; stluvisu,,to.serve job,,Own data,,15048, +35-259,35,tlaba; vlegonha,tlaba;\tvlegonha,to.work\tshame,to work; shame,,,,,naturalistic spoken,tlaba; vlegonha,,to.work shame,,Own data,,15049, +35-260,35,bali; suba,bali;\tsuba,to.sweep\train,to sweep; rain,,,,,naturalistic spoken,bali; suba,,to.sweep rain,,Own data,,15050, +36-161,36,"ô-u, n'-tê, ndji-be-la","ô-u,\tn'-tê,\tndji-be-la",thread\thead\tpocket,"thread, head, pocket",,,901[34ff.],,naturalistic spoken,"ô-u, n'-tê, ndji-be-la",,thread head pocket,,,,15051, +37-200,37,u-gbô-gô-dô,u-gbô-gô-dô,valley,"valley, precipice",,,905[13],,elicited from speaker,u-gbô-gô-dô,,valley,,,,15052, +38-202,38,skeve,skeve,write,write,,,,,naturalistic spoken,skeve,,write,,Own fieldwork 1990,,15053, +38-203,38,skeve,skeve,write,to write,,,,,elicited from speaker,skeve,,write,,Own fieldwork 1990,,15054, +38-204,38,tyintyin,tyin_tyin,shit,shit,,,,,elicited from speaker,tyintyin,tyin_tyin,shit,,Own fieldwork 1990,,15055, +38-205,38,opá,opá,tree,tree,,,,,naturalistic spoken,opá,,tree,,Own fieldwork 1993,,15056, +39-191,39,ru,ru,street,street,,,221[98],,naturalistic spoken,ru,,street,,,,15057, +39-192,39,pork,pork,pig,pig,,,221[98],,naturalistic spoken,pork,,pig,,,,15058, +39-193,39,pret,pret,black,black,,,221[98],,naturalistic spoken,pret,,black,,,,15059, +39-194,39,gray,gray,crow,crow,,,221[265],,naturalistic spoken,gray,,crow,,,,15060, +39-195,39,sikwẽt,sikwẽt,fifty,fifty,,,221[258],,naturalistic spoken,sikwẽt,,fifty,,,,15061, +40-153,40,brãk; gros; kʋise; kutʋel,brãk;\tgros;\tkʋise;\tkutʋel,white\tthick\tbecome.acquainted.with\telbow,"whilte; thick; become acquainted with, get to know; elbow",,,,,constructed by linguist,brãk; gros; kʋise; kutʋel,,white thick become.acquainted.with elbow,,Own knowledge,,15062, +40-154,40,mata; tuma; baʃa; leʋo,mata;\ttuma;\tbaʃa;\tleʋo,kill\ttake\tgo/get.down\tcarry.PST,kill; take; go/get down; carried,,,,,constructed by linguist,mata; tuma; baʃa; leʋo,,kill take go/get.down carry.PST,,Own knowledge,,15063, +41-184,41,"triipa, dreetu, graaja, friiv, klaar, flɛɛma, slɛkta, kvɛɛntru, svaar","triipa,\tdreetu,\tgraaja,\tfriiv,\tklaar,\tflɛɛma,\tslɛkta,\tkvɛɛntru,\tsvaar",tripe\tright\tcrow\tcold\tclear\tphlegm\tbad\tcoriander\t?excessive,"tripe, right, crow, cold, clear, phlegm, bad, coriander, ?excessive",,,1419[45],,elicited from speaker,"triipa, dreetu, graaja, friiv, klaar, flɛɛma, slɛkta, kvɛɛntru, svaar",,tripe right crow cold clear phlegm bad coriander ?excessive,,,,15064, +41-185,41,"spaɲɔɔl, stam, skarniil, sanspiira, kap$staay, kom$fsaa","spaɲɔɔl,\tstam,\tskarniil,\tsanspiira,\tkap$staay,\tkom$fsaa",Spanish\tstem\thinge\tsunfish\tability\tconfess,"Spanish, stem, hinge, sunfish, ability, confess",,,1419[45-51],,elicited from speaker,"spaɲɔɔl, stam, skarniil, sanspiira, kap$staay, kom$fsaa",,Spanish stem hinge sunfish ability confess,,,,15065, +41-186,41,"stronaay, frviita, ladrviisa, banskruu","stronaay,\tfrviita,\tladrviisa,\tbanskruu",bridesmaid\tfruit\tdishonesty\tvise,"bridesmaid (strumentu di skribang",,instrument of writer,,,,15071, +43-137,43,grala,grala,raven,raven,,,906[17],,pedagogical grammar,grala,,raven,,,,15072, +43-138,43,a-ba-na,a-ba-na,fan,fan,,,906[199],,pedagogical grammar,a-ba-na,,fan,,,,15073, +44-196,44,trabahá,trabahá,work,to work,,,,,constructed by linguist,trabahá,,work,,Own knowledge,,15074, +44-197,44,tyéni,tyéni,have,have,,,,,constructed by linguist,tyéni,,have,,Own knowledge,,15075, +44-198,44,prío,prío,cold,cold,,,,,constructed by linguist,prío,,cold,,Own knowledge,,15076, +45-161,45,"pinta, calabasa","pin-tá,\tka-la-bá-sa",paint\tsquash,"to paint, (a) squash",,,"426[19,140]",,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"pinta, calabasa","pin-tá, ka-la-bá-sa",paint squash,,,,15077, +45-162,45,"claro, trabaja, platica","klá-ru,\ttra-ba-há,\tpla-ti-ká",clear\twork\ttalk,"clear, to work, to talk",,,"426[28,141, 181]",,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"claro, trabaja, platica","klá-ru, tra-ba-há, pla-ti-ká",clear work talk,,,,15078, +46-203,46,skríma,skríma,fence,fence,,,531[80],,naturalistic spoken,skríma,,fence,,,,15079, +46-204,46,trwényo,trwényo,thunder,thunder,,,531[80],,naturalistic spoken,trwényo,,thunder,,,,15080, +46-205,46,Ketál?,Ketál?,how.are.you,How are you?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ketál?,,how.are.you,,Own knowledge,,15081, +47-230,47,splika; strepi; sklabitut,splika;\tstrepi;\tsklabitut,explain\tline\tslavery,"explain; stripe, line; slavery",,The translation is mine.,694[10],,written (dictionary),splika; strepi; sklabitut,,explain line slavery,The translation is mine.,,,15082, +47-231,47,preba; kuarto; stoba; zueif,preba;\tkuarto;\tstoba;\tzueif,proof\troom\tstew\tfloat,proof; room; stew; float,,"The translation is mine; note that the spelling system prescribes the use of vowel symbols for semivowels, hence kuarto and zueif.",694,,own knowledge,preba; kuarto; stoba; zueif,,proof room stew float,"The translation is mine; note that the spelling system prescribes the use of vowel symbols for semivowels, hence kuarto and zueif.",,,15083, +47-232,47,kas; yena; hopi; midi,kas;\tyena;\thopi;\tmidi,house\tto.fill\tmuch\tto.measure,house; to fill; much; to measure,,The translation is mine.,694,,own knowledge,kas; yena; hopi; midi,,house to.fill much to.measure,The translation is mine.,,,15084, +48-202,48,flende,flende,front/forehead,front/forehead,,The syllable division is flen-de.,,,naturalistic spoken,flende,,front/forehead,"The syllable division is flen-de.",Recorded by author,,15085, +48-203,48,kumblá,kumblá,buy,to buy,,The syllable division is kum-blá.,,,naturalistic spoken,kumblá,,buy,"The syllable division is kum-blá.",Recorded by author,,15086,Spanish: comprar +48-204,48,kuatro,kuatro,four,four,,The syallble division is kua-tro.,,,naturalistic spoken,kuatro,,four,"The syallble division is kua-tro.",Recorded by author,,15087,Spanish: cuatro +48-205,48,imposible,imposible,impossible,impossible,,The syllable division is im-po-si-ble.,,,naturalistic spoken,imposible,,impossible,"The syllable division is im-po-si-ble.",Recorded by author,,15088,Spanish: imposible +49-356,49,pran,pran,take,take,,,208[4-41],,constructed by linguist,pran,,take,,,,15089,French: prendre +49-357,49,anplwaye,anplwaye,employ,employ,,,208[4-41],,constructed by linguist,anplwaye,,employ,,,,15090,French: employer +49-358,49,esplwatè,esplwatè,exploiter,exploiter,,,208[4-41],,constructed by linguist,esplwatè,,exploiter,,,,15091,French: exploiteur +49-359,49,pye,pye,foot,foot,,,208[4-41],,constructed by linguist,pye,,foot,,,,15092,French: pied +49-360,49,lwen,lwen,far,far,,,208[4-41],,constructed by linguist,lwen,,far,,,,15093,French: loin +49-361,49,L ap bay blag.,L\tap\tbay\tblag.,3SG\tPROG\tgive\tjoke,He is telling jokes.,,,,,constructed by linguist,L ap bay blag.,,3SG PROG give joke,,Own knowledge,,15094,French: Il est en train de raconter des blagues. +49-367,49,strik/estrik,strik/estrik,strict,"strict, rigorous",,,,,constructed by linguist,strik/estrik,,strict,,Own knowledge,,15095, +50-224,50,kras,kras,grime,grime,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kras,,grime,,Own fieldwork,,15096, +50-225,50,klè,klè,bright,bright,,,,,naturalistic spoken,klè,,bright,,Own fieldwork,,15097, +50-226,50,lò,lò,gold,gold,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,lò,,gold,,Own knowledge,,15098, +51-190,51,kras,kras,grime,grime,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kras,,grime,,Own fieldwork,,15099, +51-191,51,klè,klè,bright,bright,,,,,naturalistic spoken,klè,,bright,,Own fieldwork,,15100, +51-192,51,lò,lò,gold,gold,,,,,naturalistic spoken,lò,,gold,,Own fieldwork,,15101, +53-407,53,tab,tab,table,table,,,1048[479],,naturalistic spoken,tab,,table,,,,15102, +53-408,53,kler,kler,clear,clear,,,1048[457],,naturalistic spoken,kler,,clear,,,,15103, +53-409,53,krake,krake,crack,to crack,,,1048[458],,naturalistic spoken,krake,,crack,,,,15104,"French: gercer, craquer" +53-410,53,stor,stor,store,store,,,1048[477],,naturalistic spoken,stor,,store,,,,15105, +53-411,53,stropye,stropye,mutilate/cripple,to mutilate / to cripple,,,1048[282],,naturalistic spoken,stropye,,mutilate/cripple,,,,15106,French: estropier +53-412,53,swe/sue,swe/sue,sweat,to sweat,,,1515[440],,naturalistic spoken,swe/sue,,sweat,,,,15107, +54-245,54,trwa fler,trwa\tfler,three\tflowers,three flowers,,,,,constructed by linguist,trwa fler,,three flowers,,Own knowledge,,15108,French: trois fleurs +54-246,54,vnir,vnir,come.INF,to come,,,,,constructed by linguist,vnir,,come.INF,,Own knowledge,,15109,French: venir +54-247,54,dsou,dsou,underneath,underneath,,,,,constructed by linguist,dsou,,underneath,,Own knowledge,,15110,French: dessous +54-248,54,bokou,bokou,much,much,,,,,constructed by linguist,bokou,,much,,Own knowledge,,15111, +54-250,54,pti,pti,small,small,,,,,constructed by linguist,pti,,small,,Own knowledge,,15112, +55-214,55,"skriteṅ, sproket, stratezi, trwa, laglwar","skriteṅ,\tsproket,\tstratezi,\ttrwa,\tlaglwar",counting.of.votes\tsprocket\tstrategy\tthree\tglory,"counting of votes, sprocket, strategy, three, glory",,"The s-initial examples above are rendered less complex by the insertion of i or e initially by many speakers, turning e.g. the three syllables of stratezi into four syllables: is tra te zi.",73[299],,naturalistic spoken,"skriteṅ, sproket, stratezi, trwa, laglwar",,counting.of.votes sprocket strategy three glory,"The s-initial examples above are rendered less complex by the insertion of i or e initially by many speakers, turning e.g. the three syllables of stratezi into four syllables: is tra te zi.",,,15113, +55-215,55,"sak, kot; kri, klas","sak,\tkot;\tkri,\tklas",bag\trib\tcry\tclass,"bag, rib; cry [n.], class",,"Early texts include examples with vowels inserted to break up consonant clusters. A few of these still survive, e.g. kulu 'nail' (< Fr. clou) and the corresponding verb kulut/e 'to nail'.",73,,naturalistic spoken,"sak, kot; kri, klas",,bag rib cry class,"Early texts include examples with vowels inserted to break up consonant clusters. A few of these still survive, e.g. kulu 'nail' (< Fr. clou) and the corresponding verb kulut/e 'to nail'.",,,15114, +56-223,56,vre,vre,true,true,,,1439[307],,written (dictionary),vre,,true,,,,15115, +56-224,56,pliferans,pliferans,preference,preference,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),pliferans,,preference,,,,15116,French: préférence +56-225,56,abstre,abstre,abstract,abstract,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),abstre,,abstract,,,,15117, +56-226,56,strik,strik,strict,strict,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),strik,,strict,,,,15118,French: stricte +56-227,56,pti gin,pti\tgin,little\tbit,a little bit,,The etymology of gin is not clear.,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),pti gin,,little bit,"The etymology of gin is not clear.",,,15119, +57-113,57,krwa,krwa,cross,cross,,,423[95],,naturalistic spoken,krwa,,cross,,,,15120, +57-114,57,plja,pu\tlja,for\thim,his,,,423[95],,naturalistic spoken,plja,pu lja,for him,,,,15121, +57-115,57,ta,ta,2SG,you,,,,,constructed by linguist,ta,,2SG,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,15122, +58-146,58,ntinu/ kwenda ntinu,ntinu/\tkwenda\tntinu,speed\tgo\tfast,speed/ go fast,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ntinu/ kwenda ntinu,,speed go fast,,Own knowledge,,15123, +58-147,58,mbwa,mbwa,dog,dog,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mbwa,,dog,,Own knowledge,,15124, +58-148,58,kwenda,kwenda,go,go,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,kwenda,,go,,Own knowledge,,15125, +58-149,58,mwana,mwana,child,child,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mwana,,child,,Own knowledge,,15126, +59-368,59,da,da,house,house,,,172[433],,naturalistic spoken,da,,house,,,,15127, +59-369,59,mbo,mbo,dog,dog,,,,,constructed by linguist,mbo,,dog,,Own knowledge,,15128, +59-370,59,kpo,kpo,stab,to stab,,,,,constructed by linguist,kpo,,stab,,Own knowledge,,15129, +59-371,59,mleenge/melenge/menge,melenge,child,child,,The /m/ here is not syllablic.,,,constructed by linguist,mleenge/melenge/menge,melenge,child,The /m/ here is not syllablic.,Own knowledge,,15130, +59-372,59,ngia/ngya,ngia/ngya,game,"game, pleasure",,,,,constructed by linguist,ngia/ngya,,game,,Own knowledge,,15131, +59-373,59,kwe/gwe,kwe/gwe,all/go,all/go,,,,,constructed by linguist,kwe/gwe,,all/go,,Own knowledge,,15132, +60-170,60,mbólókó,mbó-ló-kó,antelope,antelope,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,mbólókó,mbó-ló-kó,antelope,,,,15133, +61-122,61,skwam,skwam,pocket,pocket,,,,,constructed by linguist,skwam,,pocket,,Own knowledge,,15134, +61-123,61,streyit,streyit,straight,straight OR: completely,,,,,constructed by linguist,streyit,,straight,,Own knowledge,,15135, +61-124,61,majistret,majistret,magistrate,magistrate,,This word ends in C.,,,constructed by linguist,majistret,,magistrate,This word ends in C.,Own knowledge,,15136, +62-108,62,hwa.'a,hwa.'a,return,return,,,,,elicited from speaker,hwa.'a,,return,,Own field data 1993,,15137, +62-109,62,hé.fya,hé.fya,smell,smell something,,,988[105],,elicited from speaker,hé.fya,,smell,,,,15138, +63-215,63,fulús,fulús,money,money,,,,,naturalistic spoken,fulús,,money,,Own fieldwork,,15139, +63-216,63,flús,flús,money,money,,,857[69],,naturalistic spoken,flús,,money,,,,15140, +63-217,63,stágal,stágal,to.work,to work,,,857[69],,naturalistic spoken,stágal,,to.work,,,,15141, +64-229,64,sítimu,sítimu,offend,to offend,,,874[75],,naturalistic spoken,sítimu,,offend,,,,15142, +64-230,64,sabalúka,sabalúka,gutter,gutter,,,1417[141],,naturalistic written,sabalúka,,gutter,,,,15143, +64-231,64,ábiyad,ábiyad,white,white,,,874[76],,naturalistic spoken,ábiyad,,white,,,,15144, +64-232,64,ákil,ákil,food,food,,,874[75],,naturalistic spoken,ákil,,food,,,,15145, +65-159,65,Wuʧila boliʃolə.,Wuʧila\tboliʃo-lə.,yesterday\tcome-PFV,[I/you/he] came yesterday.,,,141[5],,elicited from speaker,Wuʧila boliʃolə.,Wuʧila boliʃo-lə.,yesterday come-PFV,,,Вучила болишелэ.,15146, +66-136,66,Nyari langit ka agluðuk. Gluðuk baatupəðə jaato suba jo jaði.,Nyari\tlangit\tka\ta-gluðuk.\tGluðuk\tbaatu-pəðə\tjaato\tsuba\tjo\tjaði.,today\tsky\tin\tPRS-thunder\tthunder\tstone-PL\tfall\tlike\tFOC\thappen,Today it is thundering. Thunder sounds like falling stones.,,Suba also means ‘because’.,,,elicited from speaker,"Nyari langit ka agluðuk. Gluðuk baatupəðə jaato suba jo jaði.",Nyari langit ka a-gluðuk. Gluðuk baatu-pəðə jaato suba jo jaði.,today sky in PRS-thunder thunder stone-PL fall like FOC happen,"Suba also means ‘because’.","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,15147, +67-232,67,ɓaʧa; pasa,ɓaʧa;\tpasa,read\tmarket,read; market,,,,,elicited from speaker,ɓaʧa; pasa,,read market,,Own knowledge,,15148, +67-233,67,umur; ini,umur;\tini,age\tthis,age; this,,,708[55],,naturalistic spoken,umur; ini,,age this,,,,15149, +68-138,68,seng,seng,no/not,no/not,,,1528[54],,elicited from speaker,seng,,no/not,,,,15150, +68-139,68,spet,spet,spray/squirt,to spray/to squirt,,,1528[54],,elicited from speaker,spet,,spray/squirt,,,,15151, +68-140,68,strep,strep,stripe,stripe,,,1528[54],,elicited from speaker,strep,,stripe,,,,15152, +69-76,69,"arəŋ, yankwara, trəŋ","arəŋ,\tyankwara,\ttrəŋ",yesterday\ttree\ttooth,yesterday tree tooth,,,,,elicited from speaker,"arəŋ, yankwara, trəŋ",,yesterday tree tooth,,Own field notes 1985,,15153, +71-202,71,Mahea oe waiho kela eke palani oe?,Mahea\toe\twaiho\tkela\teke\tpalani\toe?,where\t2SG\tleave\tDET\tsack\tbran\t2SG.POSS,Where did you leave your sack of bran?,,,,,naturalistic written,"Mahea oe waiho kela eke palani oe?",,where 2SG leave DET sack bran 2SG.POSS,,Own data 1892,,15154, +73-119,73,pwir-ta,pwir-ta,door,door,,,1038[381],,naturalistic spoken,pwir-ta,,door,,,,15155, +73-120,73,prishta-,prishta-,loan,to loan,,,1038[382],,naturalistic spoken,prishta-,,loan,,,,15156, +73-121,73,sabi-,sabi-,know,know,,,1033[68],,naturalistic spoken,sabi-,,know,,,,15157, +74-172,74,mun,mun,moon,moon,,,,,constructed by linguist,mun,,moon,,Own knowledge,,15158, +74-173,74,aw,aw,sibling,sibling,,,,,constructed by linguist,aw,,sibling,,Own knowledge,,15159, +74-174,74,gris,gris,grease,grease,,,,,constructed by linguist,gris,,grease,,Own knowledge,,15160, +74-175,74,q'wlan,q'wlan,ear,ear,,,,,constructed by linguist,q'wlan,,ear,,Own knowledge,,15161, +74-176,74,ínapu,ínapu,louse,louse,,,595,,narrative,ínapu,,louse,,,,15162, +74-177,74,pil,pil,blood,blood,,,595,,narrative,pil,,blood,,,,15163, +74-178,74,spuX,spuX,pale/faded,"pale, faded",,,595,,narrative,spuX,,pale/faded,,,,15164, +75-290,75,dret,dret,right,"right, correct",,,,,naturalistic spoken,dret,,right,,Own knowledge,,15165, +76-73,76,ababa,ababa,say,"say, speak, give orders, speech",,,1442[222],,reconstructed by documentalist,ababa,,say,,,,15166, +76-74,76,adla,adla,other,"another, the other",,"The word originates from Eskimo alla or atla 'other'. The
represents a voiceless lateral fricative. When pronounced by Inuit, the syllable division in this example is probably a-dla, whereas in the Westerners' pronunciation
was probably regarded as biconsonantal, and divided accordingly as ad-la.",1442[223],,reconstructed by documentalist,adla,,other,"The word originates from Eskimo alla or atla 'other'. The <dl> represents a voiceless lateral fricative. When pronounced by Inuit, the syllable division in this example is probably a-dla, whereas in the Westerners' pronunciation <dl> was probably regarded as biconsonantal, and divided accordingly as ad-la.",,,15167, +76-75,76,aklūña,aklūña,rope,"rope, thread, string, chain",,"The word originates from Iñupiaq or Inuktun akɬunaaq 'rope'. Apparently, the combination of a [k] with a voiceless lateral fricative [ɬ] was reinterpreted by non-Inuit speakers of the pidgin as a [kl] combination. In this word it probably forms the onset of the second syllable.",1442[223],,reconstructed by documentalist,aklūña,,rope,"The word originates from Iñupiaq or Inuktun akɬunaaq 'rope'. Apparently, the combination of a [k] with a voiceless lateral fricative [ɬ] was reinterpreted by non-Inuit speakers of the pidgin as a [kl] combination. In this word it probably forms the onset of the second syllable.",,,15168, +76-76,76,mȗkpra,mȗkpra,paper,"paper, letter, book",,The onset of the second syllable is /pr/.,1442[228],,reconstructed by documentalist,mȗkpra,,paper,The onset of the second syllable is /pr/.,,,15169, +76-77,76,pau'dlū,pau'dlū,gunpowder,gunpowder,,"This is probably a word of dual origin. Stefánsson (1909: 229) relates it to English 'powder', but it is also relatable to the Western Eskimo root paula 'soot'. Van der Voort (1996: 184) found the same root in 18th century Greenlandic Pidgin where it also has the meaning 'gunpowder'.",1442[229],,reconstructed by documentalist,pau'dlū,,gunpowder,"This is probably a word of dual origin. Stefánsson (1909: 229) relates it to English 'powder', but it is also relatable to the Western Eskimo root paula 'soot'. Van der Voort (1996: 184) found the same root in 18th century Greenlandic Pidgin where it also has the meaning 'gunpowder'.",,,15170, +1-275,1,drem,dren,dream,"dream, to dream",,Nasal in coda is common. Cf. Modern Sranan dren.,1357[36],,written (dictionary),drem,dren,dream,"Nasal in coda is common. Cf. Modern Sranan dren.",,,15171, +1-276,1,skop,skopu,shovel,shovel,,Obstruent in coda is rare. Cf. Modern Sranan: skopu.,1357[157],,written (dictionary),skop,skopu,shovel,"Obstruent in coda is rare. Cf. Modern Sranan: skopu.",,,15172, +1-277,1,koors/koorse,korsu,fever,fever,,Liquid or nasal and obstruent in coda (Value 3) does occur but marginally; mainly Dutch borrowings not (yet) adapted; ignored for value assignment. Cf. Modern Sranan: korsu.,1357[87],,written (dictionary),koors/koorse,korsu,fever,"Liquid or nasal and obstruent in coda (Value 3) does occur but marginally; mainly Dutch borrowings not (yet) adapted; ignored for value assignment. Cf. Modern Sranan: korsu.",,,15173, +2-311,2,sol.fru,sol.fru,silver,silver,,,1587,,unknown,sol.fru,,silver,,,,15174, +2-312,2,Sra.nan,Sra.nan,Surinam,"Surinamese, Surinamese, name of the language",,,1587,,unknown,Sra.nan,,Surinam,,,,15175, +2-313,2,frok.tu,frok.tu,fruit,fruit,,,1587,,unknown,frok.tu,,fruit,,,,15176, +2-314,2,mar.ki,mar.ki,mark/sign,"mark, sign",,,1587,,unknown,mar.ki,,mark/sign,,,,15177, +2-315,2,mas.pasi,mas.pasi,emancipation,emancipation,,,1587,,unknown,mas.pasi,,emancipation,,,,15178, +2-316,2,ta.ki,ta.ki,say,say,,,1587,,unknown,ta.ki,,say,,,,15179, +2-317,2,ye.re,ye.re,hear,hear,,,1587,,unknown,ye.re,,hear,,,,15180, +5-198,5,kyamp,kyamp,camp,camp,,,384[77],,naturalistic spoken,kyamp,,camp,,,,15181, +5-199,5,hont,hont,hunt,hunt,,,384[77],,naturalistic spoken,hont,,hunt,,,,15182, +5-200,5,hoks,hoks,husk,husk,,,384[77],,naturalistic spoken,hoks,,husk,,,,15183, +5-201,5,de,de,LOC,be located at,,,"1281[163, line 556]",,naturalistic spoken,de,,LOC,,,,15184, +5-202,5,ron,ron,run,run,,,"1281[153, line 421]",,naturalistic spoken,ron,,run,,,,15185, +7-280,7,ein,ein,NEG,isn’t/aren’t,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ein,,NEG,,Own knowledge,,15186, +7-281,7,mek,mek,CAUS,"why, literally ‘make’",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mek,,CAUS,,Own knowledge,,15187, +7-282,7,tank,tank,thank,thank OR: tank,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,tank,,thank,,Own knowledge,,15188, +7-283,7,"liks, glimps, ants","liks,\tglimps,\tants",licks\tglimpse\tants,"licks, glimpse, ants",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"liks, glimps, ants",,licks glimpse ants,,Own knowledge,,15189, +8-185,8,tangks,tangks,thanks,thanks,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,tangks,,thanks,,Own knowledge,,15190, +8-186,8,mamps,mamps,fat.woman,fat woman,,This word is a familiar form for mampi 'very fat woman'.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mamps,,fat.woman,"This word is a familiar form for mampi 'very fat woman'.",Own knowledge,,15191, +8-187,8,rent,rent,rent,rent,,Rent here is either noun or verb (Example of Value 3).,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,rent,,rent,Rent here is either noun or verb (Example of Value 3).,Own knowledge,,15192, +8-188,8,fens,fens,fence,fence,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,fens,,fence,,Own knowledge,,15193, +8-189,8,ma.ka,ma.ka,thorn,thorn,,,563[84],,naturalistic spoken,ma.ka,,thorn,,,,15194, +8-190,8,skyan.dal,skyan.dal,scandal,scandal,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,skyan.dal,,scandal,,Own knowledge,,15195, +8-191,8,ran.stid,ran.stid,rancid,rancid,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,ran.stid,,rancid,,Own knowledge,,15196, +8-192,8,belt,belt,belt,belt,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,belt,,belt,,Own knowledge,,15197, +8-193,8,banz,banz,band.PL,"a great many, a great deal",,"This form does occur in naturalistic spoken ""text"" but it is marked here as naturalistic written because Cassidy & Le Page (1967: 25), which is the source of my data for the example, only have written sources as illustrative quotations.",224[25],,naturalistic written,banz,,band.PL,"This form does occur in naturalistic spoken ""text"" but it is marked here as naturalistic written because Cassidy & Le Page (1967: 25), which is the source of my data for the example, only have written sources as illustrative quotations.",,,15198, +8-194,8,bangk,bangk,bank,bank,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,bangk,,bank,,Own knowledge,,15199, +9-210,9,Di dans had tu brok op.,Di\tdans\thad\ttu\tbrok\top.,the\tdance\thad\tto\tbreak\tup,The dance had to stop.,,nasal + fricative cluster in dans,442[178],,naturalistic spoken,Di dans had tu brok op.,,the dance had to break up,"nasal + fricative cluster in dans",,,15200, +9-211,9,"pap, krab, lɛf, tiyf, hiyv, staat, bɛd, pleys, mows, soprayz, biʧ, baadj, jowk, karɛk, dɔg","pap,\tkrab,\tlɛf,\ttiyf,\thiyv,\tstaat,\tbɛd,\tpleys,\tmows,\tsoprayz,\tbiʧ,\tbaadj,\tjowk,\tkarɛk,\tdɔg",pop\tcrab\tleave\tsteal\theave\tstart\tbed\tplace\tmost\tsurprised\tbitch\tbarge\tjoke\tcorrect\tdog,"pop, crab, leave, steal, heave, start, bed, place, most, surprised, bitch, barge, joke,contract, correct, dog",,These are examples of obstruent syllable codas.,,,constructed by linguist,"pap, krab, lɛf, tiyf, hiyv, staat, bɛd, pleys, mows, soprayz, biʧ, baadj, jowk, karɛk, dɔg",,pop crab leave steal heave start bed place most surprised bitch barge joke correct dog,These are examples of obstruent syllable codas.,Own knowledge,,15201, +9-212,9,ʃrimp,ʃrimp,shrimp,shrimp,,"These are rare CC codas, e.g. sonorants followed by obstruents.",,,constructed by linguist,ʃrimp,,shrimp,"These are rare CC codas, e.g. sonorants followed by obstruents.",Own knowledge,,15202, +10-273,10,milk,milk,milk,milk,,,113[37],,naturalistic spoken,milk,,milk,,,,15203, +10-274,10,likl,likl,little,little,,,,,naturalistic spoken,likl,,little,,Unpublished field recordings,,15204, +10-275,10,aks,aks,ask,ask,,,,,naturalistic spoken,aks,,ask,,Unpublished field recordings,,15205, +10-276,10,bikaa,bikaa,because,because,,The variant bikaaz is more acrolectal.,,,naturalistic spoken,bikaa,,because,"The variant bikaaz is more acrolectal.",Unpublished field recordings,,15206, +10-277,10,aal; sen; buk; shuuz,aal;\tsen;\tbuk;\tshuuz,all\tsend\tbook\tshoe,all; send; book; shoe,,,,,naturalistic spoken,aal; sen; buk; shuuz,,all send book shoe,,Unpublished field recordings,,15207, +11-348,11,nomba,nomba,number,number,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,nomba,,number,,,,15208, +11-349,11,grani,grani,granny,granny,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,grani,,granny,,,,15209, +11-350,11,huol,huol,hole,hole,,Most speakers of Nicaraguan Creole English use the acrolectal variant houl.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,huol,,hole,"Most speakers of Nicaraguan Creole English use the acrolectal variant houl.",,,15210, +11-351,11,gaan,gaan,go.PST,"went, gone",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,gaan,,go.PST,,,,15211, +11-352,11,fut,fut,foot,"foot, leg",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,fut,,foot,,,,15212, +11-353,11,bak an fuort,bak\tan\tfuort,back\tand\tforth,back and forth,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,bak an fuort,,back and forth,,,,15213, +11-354,11,far instant,far\tinstant,for\tinstance,for instance,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,far instant,,for instance,,,,15214, +11-355,11,"miks, aks","miks,\taks",mix\task,"mix, ask",,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"miks, aks",,mix ask,,,,15215, +11-356,11,likl,likl,little,little,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,likl,,little,,,,15216, +12-289,12,I see plen-ty people [...].,I\tsee\tplen-ty\tpeople\t[...].,1SG.SBJ\tsee[PFV]\tplenty\tpeople\t[...],I saw many people [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"I see plen-ty people [...].",,1SG.SBJ see[PFV] plenty people [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,15217, +12-290,12,One of them ax me before [...].,One\tof\tthem\tax\tme\tbefore\t[...].,one\tof\t3PL.OBJ\task[PFV]\tme\tbefore\t[...],One of them asked me before [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"One of them ax me before [...].",,one of 3PL.OBJ ask[PFV] me before [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,15218, +12-291,12,[...] and cassa-va and things [...].,[...]\tand\tcassa-va\tand\tthings\t[...].,[...]\tand\tcassava\tand\tthing.PL\t[...],[...] and cassava and so on [...].,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"[...] and cassa-va and things [...].",,[...] and cassava and thing.PL [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,15219, +13-219,13,ək.sɛp,ək.sɛp,accept,accept,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ək.sɛp,,accept,,Own fieldwork 2008-2009,,15220, +13-220,13,sɪŋ,sɪŋ,sing,sing,,,,,naturalistic spoken,sɪŋ,,sing,,Own fieldwork 2008-2009,,15221, +14-162,14,"*cold, *spend","*cold,\t*spend",cold\tspend,"NOT: cold, spend",,These sequences may be ruled out due to the voicing value of the consonants. 'cold' and 'spend' are realized col and spen.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"*cold, *spend",,cold spend,"These sequences may be ruled out due to the voicing value of the consonants. 'cold' and 'spend' are realized col and spen.",Own knowledge,,15222, +14-163,14,col,col,cold,cold,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,col,,cold,,Own knowledge,,15223, +14-164,14,bumps,bumps,bump.PL,bumps,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,bumps,,bump.PL,,Own knowledge,,15224, +15-153,15,blɛn,blɛn,blind,blind,,,519[40],,naturalistic written,blɛn,,blind,,,,15225, +15-154,15,grɔn,grɔn,ground,"ground, floor",,,519[138],,naturalistic written,grɔn,,ground,,,,15226, +16-173,16,"hɛlp, plant","hɛlp,\tplant",help\tplant,"help, plant",,This example shows a liquid/nasal plus obstruent in the coda.,,,naturalistic spoken,"hɛlp, plant",,help plant,This example shows a liquid/nasal plus obstruent in the coda.,Own fieldwork,,15227, +16-174,16,aks/ask,aks/ask,ask,ask,,This example shows two obstruents in the coda.,656[171],,naturalistic spoken,aks/ask,,ask,This example shows two obstruents in the coda.,,,15228, +16-175,16,ʃɔts,ʃɔts,shorts,shorts,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ʃɔts,,shorts,,Own fieldwork,,15229, +16-177,16,"kɔl, bɔn, bit","kɔl,\tbɔn,\tbit",call\tgive.birth\tbeat,"call, give birth, beat",,"There is a liquid, nasal or obstruent in the coda.",,,naturalistic spoken,"kɔl, bɔn, bit",,call give.birth beat,"There is a liquid, nasal or obstruent in the coda.",Own fieldwork,,15230, +17-208,17,si,si,see,see,,,462[264],,naturalistic spoken,si,,see,,,,15231, +17-209,17,klyar,klyar,clear,clear,,,462[264],,naturalistic spoken,klyar,,clear,,,,15232, +17-210,17,be̱d,be̱d,bird,bird,,,462[277],,naturalistic spoken,be̱d,,bird,,,,15233, +17-211,17,plant,plant,plant,plant,,,462[264],,naturalistic spoken,plant,,plant,,,,15234, +17-212,17,ko̱st,ko̱st,cost,cost,,,,,constructed by linguist,ko̱st,,cost,,Own knowledge,,15235, +18-189,18,vehks,veks,vex,anger,,,1488[105],,published source,vehks,veks,vex,,,,15236, +18-190,18,slip,slip,sleep,sleep,,,938[142],,published source,slip,,sleep,,,,15237, +18-191,18,han,han,hand,hand,,,938[146],,published source,han,,hand,,,,15238, +18-192,18,si,si,see,see,,,938[139],,naturalistic spoken,si,,see,,,,15239, +19-224,19,want,want,want,want,,,,,elicited from speaker,want,,want,,Field data,,15240, +19-225,19,spɛtikul,spɛtikul,spectacles,spectacles,,,,,elicited from speaker,spɛtikul,,spectacles,,Field data,,15241, +19-226,19,po,po,be.poor,be poor,,,,,elicited from speaker,po,,be.poor,,Field data,,15242, +20-156,20,"long, cook","long,\tcook",BEN/COM\tcook,"along, cook",,,1489,,naturalistic written,"long, cook",,BEN/COM cook,,,"郎, 曲",15243, +21-163,21,depɛns,depɛns,depends,depends,,,820[34],,naturalistic spoken,depɛns,,depends,,,,15244, +21-164,21,laisən,laisən,license,license,,,820[33],,naturalistic spoken,laisən,,license,,,,15245, +21-165,21,disai,disai,decide,decide,,,820[32],,naturalistic spoken,disai,,decide,,,,15246, +22-203,22,bet,bet,bed,"bed, shelf, platfrom",,,,,constructed by linguist,bet,,bed,,Own knowledge,,15247, +23-184,23,no gat masis tojlaet,no\tgat\tmasis\ttojlaet,NEG\thave\tmatches\ttorch.light,didn't have any matches or a torch,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,no gat masis tojlaet,,NEG have matches torch.light,,,,15248, +24-207,24,gehl,gehl,woman,woman,,,,,naturalistic spoken,gehl,,woman,,Own fieldwork,,15249, +24-208,24,Sleps!,Sleps!,slip.AFFLICTION,Who farted?,,"Sleps is an exclamation said to a person who has just let off. The status of -s is unclear, but it could be interpreted as an affliction marker.",,,naturalistic spoken,Sleps!,,slip.AFFLICTION,"Sleps is an exclamation said to a person who has just let off. The status of -s is unclear, but it could be interpreted as an affliction marker.",Own fieldwork,,15250, +24-209,24,melk,melk,milk,milk,,,,,naturalistic spoken,melk,,milk,,Own fieldwork,,15251, +24-210,24,baenk,baenk,bank,bank,,,,,unknown,baenk,,bank,,Own fieldwork,,15252, +24-211,24,Shanks,Shank-s,Shank-GEN,Shanks,,Shanks is the genitive of Shank (proper name).,,,unknown,Shanks,Shank-s,Shank-GEN,Shanks is the genitive of Shank (proper name).,Own fieldwork,,15253, +25-345,25,siks,siks,six,six,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This word illustrates the occurrence of two obstruents in a coda – this is rare, as coda clusters tend to be reduced.",,,naturalistic spoken,siks,,six,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This word illustrates the occurrence of two obstruents in a coda – this is rare, as coda clusters tend to be reduced.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,15254, +26-137,26,kwɛʃʧɛns,kwɛʃʧɛns,questions,questions,,,1545[23],,naturalistic spoken,kwɛʃʧɛns,,questions,,,,15255, +27-145,27,futu,futu,foot,foot,,,355[52],,naturalistic spoken,futu,,foot,,,,15256, +27-146,27,dak,dak,day,day,,,355[52],,naturalistic spoken,dak,,day,,,,15257, +27-147,27,anturt,anturt,answer,answer,,,355[53],,naturalistic spoken,anturt,,answer,,,,15258, +28-197,28,bru.ku; spoi.ti; ti.me.ʃi; o.bo.ko; fru.fe.li ~ fur.fe.li,bruku;\tspoiti;\ttimeʃi;\toboko;\tfrufeli/furfeli,trousers\tinject\tperhaps\then\ttire,trousers; inject; perhaps; hen; tire,,These forms illustrate word-medial and final open syllables.,737[553-677],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,bru.ku; spoi.ti; ti.me.ʃi; o.bo.ko; fru.fe.li ~ fur.fe.li,bruku; spoiti; timeʃi; oboko; frufeli/furfeli,trousers inject perhaps hen tire,These forms illustrate word-medial and final open syllables.,,,15259, +28-198,28,kur.ku.ru; kul.he.ri; krom.bu; kɛs.rɛ; kap.tin; bakʃi; ondro,kurkuru;\tkulher;\tkrombu;\tkɛsrɛ;\tkaptin;\tbakʃi;\tondro,black\tsmoke\twriggle\tyesterday\tcaptain\tbox\tunder,black; smoke; wriggle; yesterday; captain; box; under,,"Syllable breaks are indicated by dots in the primary text; these forms illustrate word-medial codas, including nasals, liquids, and a voiceless stop.",737[553-677],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,kur.ku.ru; kul.he.ri; krom.bu; kɛs.rɛ; kap.tin; bakʃi; ondro,kurkuru; kulher; krombu; kɛsrɛ; kaptin; bakʃi; ondro,black smoke wriggle yesterday captain box under,"Syllable breaks are indicated by dots in the primary text; these forms illustrate word-medial codas, including nasals, liquids, and a voiceless stop.",,,15260, +29-238,29,wa; ken; stem; vel; ster,wa;\tken;\tstem;\tvel;\tster,waggon\tchin/know\tvoice\tskin\tstar,waggon; chin/know; voice; skin; star,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wa; ken; stem; vel; ster,,waggon chin/know voice skin star,,Own knowledge,,15261, +29-239,29,geld; dink; hark,geld;\tdink;\thark,money\tthink\trake,money; think; rake,,,,,naturalistic spoken,geld; dink; hark,,money think rake,,Own knowledge,,15262, +29-240,29,niks,niks,nothing,nothing,,,,,naturalistic spoken,niks,,nothing,,Own knowledge,,15263, +30-247,30,"sálta, portu, ráspa, (kánta)","sálta,\tportu,\tráspa,\t(kánta)",jump\tport\tscratch.off\t(sing),"to jump, port, to scratch off, (to sing)",,"Three words have one consonant in the coda of their stressed syllable; kánta has no consonant in the coda of its stressed syllable, according to my analysis: phonologically, the first syllable ends with a nasalized vowel and the second starts with a prenasalized consonant.",784[s. v.],,naturalistic spoken,"sálta, portu, ráspa, (kánta)",,jump port scratch.off (sing),"Three words have one consonant in the coda of their stressed syllable; kánta has no consonant in the coda of its stressed syllable, according to my analysis: phonologically, the first syllable ends with a nasalized vowel and the second starts with a prenasalized consonant.",,,15264, +30-248,30,"Kántu ómi obi kel kusa la, e ka spéra más náda.","Kántu\tómi\tobi\tkel=kusa\tla,\te=ka=spéra\tmás\tnáda.",when\tman\thear\tDEM.SG=thing\tthere\t3SG=NEG=wait\tmore\tnothing,"When the man heard this, he didn't wait any longer.",,This sentence contains 15 syllables without a consonant in the coda and 2 syllables with one consonant in the coda.,1407[55],,naturalistic spoken,"Kántu ómi obi kel kusa la, e ka spéra más náda.","Kántu ómi obi kel=kusa la, e=ka=spéra más náda.",when man hear DEM.SG=thing there 3SG=NEG=wait more nothing,This sentence contains 15 syllables without a consonant in the coda and 2 syllables with one consonant in the coda.,,,15265,"German: Als der Mann das hörte, wartete er nicht mehr länger." +30-249,30,"kása, fidju, leti, bakan","kása,\tfidju,\tleti,\tbakan",house\tson\tmilk\tstupid,"house, son, milk, stupid",,Each of the four words consists of two syllables without consonant in the coda; -an represents a nasalized vowel.,"784[s.v. kása, fidju, leti, bakan]",,naturalistic spoken,"kása, fidju, leti, bakan",,house son milk stupid,"Each of the four words consists of two syllables without consonant in the coda; -an represents a nasalized vowel.",,,15266, +31-197,31,ngana,ngana,deceive,to deceive,,,,,constructed by linguist,ngana,,deceive,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,15267, +31-198,31,irmon,irmon,brother,brother,,,,,constructed by linguist,irmon,,brother,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,15268, +31-199,31,nada,nada,nothing,nothing,,,,,constructed by linguist,nada,,nothing,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,15269, +31-200,31,bon,bon,good,good,,,,,constructed by linguist,bon,,good,,own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista),,15270, +32-206,32,kama,kama,bed,bed,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,kama,,bed,,,,15271,Portuguese: cama +32-208,32,"ólt, dialékt","ólt,\tdialékt",tall\tdialect,"tall, dialect",,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,"ólt, dialékt",,tall dialect,,,,15272,"Portuguese: alto, dialecto" +32-209,32,porks,porks,pig.PL,pigs,,,1456,,naturalistic spoken,porks,,pig.PL,,,,15273,Portuguese: porcos +33-225,33,jornal,jornal,newspaper,newspaper,,"Final consonants must be liquids. Final obstruents are only found in proper nouns like Fulup, an ethnic group, or foreign borrowings like Jacob.",,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,jornal,,newspaper,"Final consonants must be liquids. Final obstruents are only found in proper nouns like Fulup, an ethnic group, or foreign borrowings like Jacob.",Own knowledge,,15274,Portuguese: jornal +33-226,33,jardin,jardin,garden,garden,,Final is a a velar nasal consonant.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,jardin,,garden,Final <n> is a a velar nasal consonant.,Own knowledge,,15275,Portuguese: jardim +34-189,34,dé [empty coda],dé [empty coda],hurt,hurt,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dé [empty coda],,hurt,,Own knowledge,,15276, +34-190,34,"kutrin, kóbur","kutrin,\tkóbur",small.of.the.back/loins\tmoney,"small of the back, money",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"kutrin, kóbur",,small.of.the.back/loins money,,Own knowledge,,15277, +34-191,34,"pabomp, koŋkoloñc","pabomp,\tkoŋkoloñc",bird.sp.\tuvula,"bird species, uvula",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"pabomp, koŋkoloñc",,bird.sp. uvula,,Own knowledge,,15278, +35-261,35,kaplisu; sape; bwe,kaplisu;\tsape;\tbwe,caprice\that\tox/cow,caprice; hat; ox/cow,,,498[26],df58cc438942afc20af5c221b9f335c9,naturalistic written,kaplisu; sape; bwe,,caprice hat ox/cow,,,,15279, +36-162,36,"an-da, an-dji","an-da,\tan-dji",chew\twhere,"to chew, where",,,901[34f.],,naturalistic spoken,"an-da, an-dji",,chew where,,,,15280, +37-202,37,o-ke-re,o-ke-re,corner,corner,,,905[13],,elicited from speaker,o-ke-re,,corner,,,,15281, +38-206,38,navin,navin,boat,boat,,,,,naturalistic spoken,navin,,boat,,Own fieldwork 1993,,15282, +38-207,38,fuga kát,fuga\tkát,play\tcard,to play cards,,,,,elicited from speaker,fuga kát,,play card,,Own fieldwork 1993,,15283, +38-208,38,revist,revist,magazine,magazine,,"Revist is not an Annobonese word, but one borrowed from Spanish.",,,elicited from speaker,revist,,magazine,"Revist is not an Annobonese word, but one borrowed from Spanish.",Own fieldwork 1993,,15284, +38-209,38,revist,revist,magazine,magazine,,"Revist is not an Annobonese word, but one borrowed from Spanish.",,,elicited from speaker,revist,,magazine,"Revist is not an Annobonese word, but one borrowed from Spanish.",Own fieldwork 1990,,15285, +38-210,38,nda,nda,walk,to walk,,,,,elicited from speaker,nda,,walk,,Own fieldwork 1990,,15286, +39-196,39,fors,fors,strength/speed,strength/speed,,,221[99],,naturalistic spoken,fors,,strength/speed,,,,15287, +39-197,39,korp,korp,body,body,,,221[99],,naturalistic spoken,korp,,body,,,,15288, +39-198,39,alt,alt,tall,tall,,,221[99],,naturalistic spoken,alt,,tall,,,,15289, +39-199,39,piken,piken,small,small,,,221[99],,naturalistic spoken,piken,,small,,,,15290, +39-200,39,ap,ap,flatbread,flatbread,,,221[99],,naturalistic spoken,ap,,flatbread,,,,15291, +39-201,39,pex,pex,fish,fish,,"In the orthography adopted here, the grapheme stands for a palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/.",221[185],,naturalistic spoken,pex,,fish,"In the orthography adopted here, the grapheme <x> stands for a palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/.",,,15292, +39-202,39,mar,mar,sea,sea,,,221[184],,naturalistic spoken,mar,,sea,,,,15293, +39-203,39,karn,karn,meat,meat,,"This word (derived from Portuguese carne 'meat') occurs in this form only in the output of some speakers. An alternative form is simply kar. In its fuller version, it is the only word so far recorded in Indo-Portuguese to prepose a liquid segment to a nasal in coda position.",221[99],,naturalistic spoken,karn,,meat,"This word (derived from Portuguese carne 'meat') occurs in this form only in the output of some speakers. An alternative form is simply kar. In its fuller version, it is the only word so far recorded in Indo-Portuguese to prepose a liquid segment to a nasal in coda position.",,,15294, +39-204,39,janɛl,janɛl,window,window,,,221[105],,naturalistic spoken,janɛl,,window,,,,15295, +40-155,40,dal; mat; nob; fig; fak; kɔr,dal;\tmat;\tnob;\tfig;\tfak;\tkɔr,beat\tforest\tnew\tbanana\tknife\twhen,beat; forest; body; new; banana; knife,,,,,constructed by linguist,dal; mat; nob; fig; fak; kɔr,,beat forest new banana knife when,,Own knowledge,,15296, +40-156,40,korp; kald; kurt,korp;\tkald;\tkurt,body\tbroth\tshort,body; broth; short,,,,,constructed by linguist,korp; kald; kurt,,body broth short,,Own knowledge,,15297, +41-187,41,rɔnt; gavrtaa; bayldoor; dayn; avrsaa,rɔnt;\tgavr$taa;\tbayl$door;\tdayn;\tavr$saa,round\tdig/investigate\tdancer\tinch\thug,"round; dig, investigate; dancer; inch; hug",,"Rɔnt, a Dutch loan, is the only example of a nasal + obstruent cluster coda. Note: avrsaa is sourced from song lyrics. Syllable boundaries are indicated by $.",1419[51-52],,elicited from speaker,rɔnt; gavrtaa; bayldoor; dayn; avrsaa,rɔnt; gavr$taa; bayl$door; dayn; avr$saa,round dig/investigate dancer inch hug,"Rɔnt, a Dutch loan, is the only example of a nasal + obstruent cluster coda. Note: avrsaa is sourced from song lyrics. Syllable boundaries are indicated by $.",,,15298, +42-211,42,bong,bong,good,good,,,120[18],,elicited from speaker,bong,,good,,,,15299, +42-212,42,mal,mal,bad,bad,,,122[33],,elicited from speaker,mal,,bad,,,,15300, +42-213,42,klor,klor,colour,colour,,,120[49],,elicited from speaker,klor,,colour,,,,15301, +42-214,42,mas,mas,but,but,,,122[37],,elicited from speaker,mas,,but,,,,15302, +43-139,43,ung kwart d’ora,ung\tkwart\td’ora,a\tquarter\tof.hour,a quarter of an hour,,,906[258],,pedagogical grammar,"ung kwart d’ora",,a quarter of.hour,,,,15303, +43-140,43,a-das,a-das,dill,dill,,,906[199],,pedagogical grammar,"a-das",,dill,,,,15304, +43-142,43,borst-rok,borst-rok,waistcoat,waistcoat,,,906[18],,written,"borst-rok",,waistcoat,,,,15305, +44-199,44,tamyén,tamyén,also,also,,,,,constructed by linguist,tamyén,,also,,Own knowledge,,15306, +44-200,44,muhér,muhér,woman,woman,,,,,constructed by linguist,muhér,,woman,,Own knowledge,,15307, +44-201,44,oréhas,oréhas,ear.PL,ears,,,,,constructed by linguist,oréhas,,ear.PL,,Own knowledge,,15308, +45-163,45,mesa,mé-sa,table,table,,Utterance final syllables tend to be closed and words ending with a vowel are often followed by a glottal stop or a glottal fricative.,426[106],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mesa,mé-sa,table,Utterance final syllables tend to be closed and words ending with a vowel are often followed by a glottal stop or a glottal fricative.,,,15309, +45-164,45,"mamon, sol, dolor, masipag","mamon,\tsol,\tdolor,\tmasipag",cake\tsun\tpain\thardworking,"cake, sun, pain, hardworking",,,"426[98, 168, 43,103]",,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"mamon, sol, dolor, masipag",,cake sun pain hardworking,,,,15310, +46-206,46,ságing,sá-ging,banana,banana,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ságing,sá-ging,banana,,Own knowledge,,15311, +46-207,46,t(am)én,t(am)én,also,also OR: too,,Ten is the short form occuring in allegro speech.,,,naturalistic spoken,t(am)én,,also,"Ten is the short form occuring in allegro speech.",Own knowledge,,15312, +46-208,46,ga(yó)t,ga(yó)t,PCL,particle strengthening an assertion,,Gat is the short form in allegro speech.,,,naturalistic spoken,ga(yó)t,,PCL,"Gat is the short form in allegro speech.",Own knowledge,,15313, +47-233,47,djaweps; stèns; wèrp; bals,djaweps;\tstèns;\twèrp;\tbals,Thursday\tcount.on\tdrop.young\tchewing.gum,Thursday; count on; drop young; chewing gum,,The translation is mine. These forms illustrate complex codas.,694,,own knowledge,djaweps; stèns; wèrp; bals,,Thursday count.on drop.young chewing.gum,The translation is mine. These forms illustrate complex codas.,,,15314, +47-234,47,duel; felis; bon,duel;\tfelis;\tbon,regret\thappy\tgood,regret; happy; good,,The translation is mine; these forms illustrate simple codas.,694,,own knowledge,duel; felis; bon,,regret happy good,The translation is mine; these forms illustrate simple codas.,,,15315, +47-235,47,tata; sushi; muhé; ataká,tata;\tsushi;\tmuhé;\tataká,father\tdirty\twoman\tattack,father; dirty; woman; attack,,These forms illustrate open syllables.,694,,own knowledge,tata; sushi; muhé; ataká,,father dirty woman attack,These forms illustrate open syllables.,,,15316, +48-206,48,hende,hende,people,people,,The syllable division is hen-de.,,,naturalistic spoken,hende,,people,"The syllable division is hen-de.",Recorded by author,,15317,Spanish: gente +49-362,49,taks,taks,tax,tax,,,1505[690],,naturalistic spoken,taks,,tax,,,,15318,French: taxe +49-363,49,bòn,bòn,landmark,landmark,,,,,constructed by linguist,bòn,,landmark,,Own knowledge,,15319,French: borne +49-364,49,M sot fè on dal travay la.,M\tsot\tfè\ton\tdal\ttravay\tla.,1SG\tjust\tdo\tINDF\tmany\twork\tthere,I just did a lot of work.,,,1505[131],,naturalistic spoken,M sot fè on dal travay la.,,1SG just do INDF many work there,,,,15320,French: Je viens de faire un gros travail là. +50-227,50,bèl,bèl,beautiful,beautiful,,,,,naturalistic spoken,bèl,,beautiful,,Own fieldwork,,15321, +50-228,50,kòn,kòn,horn,horn,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kòn,,horn,,Own fieldwork,,15322, +50-229,50,sourit,sourit,mouse,mouse,,,,,naturalistic spoken,sourit,,mouse,,Own fieldwork,,15323, +50-230,50,lò,lò,gold,gold,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,lò,,gold,,Own knowledge,,15324, +51-3,51,I pran liv-la.,I\tpran\tliv-la.,he\ttake\tbook-DEF,He took the book.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I pran liv-la.,,he take book-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,15325, +51-193,51,bel,bel,beautiful,beautiful,,,,,naturalistic spoken,bel,,beautiful,,Own fieldwork,,15326, +51-194,51,kòn,kòn,horn,horn,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kòn,,horn,,Own fieldwork,,15327, +53-413,53,dile,dile,milk,milk,,,1048[448],,naturalistic spoken,dile,,milk,,,,15328, +53-414,53,bal,bal,dance,dance,,,1048[44],,naturalistic spoken,bal,,dance,,,,15329, +53-415,53,batis,batis,building,building,,,1048[444],,naturalistic spoken,batis,,building,,,,15330, +53-416,53,nepeng,nepeng,pin,pin,,,1048[465],,naturalistic spoken,nepeng,,pin,,,,15331, +54-249,54,mal; fanm; pat; sak,mal;\tfanm;\tpat;\tsak,bad\twoman\tpaw\tbag,bad; woman; paw; bag,,,,,constructed by linguist,mal; fanm; pat; sak,,bad woman paw bag,,Own knowledge,,15332,French: mal; femme; patte; sac +55-216,55,"map, disab, bat, fad, lak, bag, laf","map,\tdisab,\tbat,\tfad,\tlak,\tbag,\tlaf",map\tsand\thit.V\tlacking.in.taste\tlake\tring\tfish.sp.,"map, sand, hit (V), lacking in taste, lake, ring, fish species",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"map, disab, bat, fad, lak, bag, laf",,map sand hit.V lacking.in.taste lake ring fish.sp.,,Own knowledge,,15333, +55-217,55,"ba, de, li, mo, nu","ba,\tde,\tli,\tmo,\tnu",kiss\ttwo\the/she/him/her/it\tI/me/my\twe/us/our,"kiss, two, he/she/him/her/it, I/me/my, we/us/our",,,,,constructed by linguist,"ba, de, li, mo, nu",,kiss two he/she/him/her/it I/me/my we/us/our,,Own knowledge,,15334, +56-228,56,mo,mo,word,word,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),mo,,word,,,,15335, +56-229,56,mil,mil,thousand,thousand,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),mil,,thousand,,,,15336, +56-230,56,mesaz,mesaz,message,message,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),mesaz,,message,,,,15337, +56-231,56,konnesans,konnesans,knowledge,knowledge,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),konnesans,,knowledge,,,,15338, +56-232,56,kompleks,kompleks,complex,complex,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),kompleks,,complex,,,,15339, +56-233,56,senk,senk,five,five,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),senk,,five,,,,15340, +56-234,56,mang,mang,mango,mango,,,1439[s.v.],,written (dictionary),mang,,mango,,,,15341, +57-116,57,fitʃ,fitʃ,tired,tired,,,423[167],,naturalistic spoken,fitʃ,,tired,,,,15342, +57-167,57,sek,sek,dry,dry,,,423[228],,naturalistic spoken,sek,,dry,,,,15343, +58-150,58,mono,mono,1SG,I,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,mono,,1SG,,Own knowledge,,15344, +59-374,59,tere ti lo / ter r lo,tere\tti\tlo,body\tof\t3SG,his/her body,,In contracted speech of young people r carries high tone and is one of the variants of the preposition ti.,,,constructed by linguist,tere ti lo / ter r lo,tere ti lo,body of 3SG,"In contracted speech of young people r carries high tone and is one of the variants of the preposition ti.",Own knowledge,,15345, +59-375,59,wa l lo,wali\tti\tlo,wife\tof\t3SG,his wife,,"The l carries the high tone of the preposition ti, one of the many variants.",172[77],,naturalistic spoken,wa l lo,wali ti lo,wife of 3SG,"The l carries the high tone of the preposition ti, one of the many variants.",,,15346, +59-376,59,wall ni,wali\tni,woman\tDET,the woman,,The second l is syllabified and carries the mid tone of wali.,172[173],,unknown,wall ni,wali ni,woman DET,"The second l is syllabified and carries the mid tone of wali.",,,15347, +59-377,59,kir,kiri,return,to return,,,,,naturalistic spoken,kir,kiri,return,,Samarin corpus 1994,,15348, +59-384,59,gbako,gbako,forest,forest,,,,,constructed by linguist,gbako,,forest,,Own knowledge,,15349, +59-385,59,nzoni,nzoni,good,good,,,,,constructed by linguist,nzoni,,good,,Own knowledge,,15350, +60-171,60,(1) lípa (2) mbanda,(1)\tlí-pa\t(2)\tmba-nda,(1)\tbread\t(2)\trival,(1) bread (2) rival,,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,(1) lípa (2) mbanda,(1) lí-pa (2) mba-nda,(1) bread (2) rival,,,,15351, +62-110,62,i.no.o,i.no.o,whetstone,whetstone,,,,,elicited from speaker,i.no.o,,whetstone,,Own field data 1993,,15352, +62-111,62,káy,káy,three,three,,The only possible complexity in the coda is this word with a diphthong.,988[195],,elicited from speaker,káy,,three,The only possible complexity in the coda is this word with a diphthong.,,,15353, +63-218,63,béle,béle,country,country,,,,,naturalistic spoken,béle,,country,,Own fieldwork,,15354, +63-219,63,iyál,iyál,child.PL,children,,,,,naturalistic spoken,iyál,,child.PL,,Own fieldwork,,15355, +63-220,63,enák,enák,there,there,,,,,naturalistic spoken,enák,,there,,Own fieldwork,,15356, +63-221,63,ust,ust,centre,centre,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ust,,centre,,Own fieldwork,,15357, +64-233,64,tái,tái,POSS.1SG,my,,,874[79],,naturalistic spoken,tái,,POSS.1SG,,,,15358, +64-234,64,tála,tála,go.out,go out,,,874[115],,naturalistic spoken,tála,,go.out,,,,15359, +64-235,64,múmkin,múmkin,possible,possible,,,874[75],,naturalistic spoken,múmkin,,possible,,,,15360, +64-236,64,dom,dom,blood,blood,,,874[75],,naturalistic spoken,dom,,blood,,,,15361, +64-237,64,alf,alf,one.thousand,one thousand,,,874[75],,naturalistic spoken,alf,,one.thousand,,,,15362, +65-160,65,Ti mala-mala bulibəjwəj.,Ti\tmala-mala\tbulibəjwəj.,2SG\ta.little\tadd,Add a little.,,This was said when bargaining about the price.,141[5],,elicited from speaker,Ti mala-mala bulibəjwəj.,,2SG a.little add,This was said when bargaining about the price.,,Ти мала мала булибэйвэй.,15363, +65-161,65,Xulaoʃi duwal ədaj.,Xulaoʃi\tduwal\tədaj.,good\tmerchandise\tsell,Sell me merchandise of good quality.,,,141[5],,elicited from speaker,Xulaoʃi duwal ədaj.,,good merchandise sell,,,Хулаоши дувал эдай.,15364, +66-137,66,Appa asal makanang amakang?,Appa\tasal\tmakanang\ta-makang?,what\ttype\tfood\tPRS-eat,What type of food are you eating?,,"Liquid codas and nasal codas, respectively, are quite frequent. Nasal stops in syllable coda position are frequently velarized. A range of obstruents appear in codas.",,,constructed by linguist,Appa asal makanang amakang?,Appa asal makanang a-makang?,what type food PRS-eat,"Liquid codas and nasal codas, respectively, are quite frequent. Nasal stops in syllable coda position are frequently velarized. A range of obstruents appear in codas.",Own knowledge,,15365, +67-234,67,sədəp; dapat/lapat; baŋaʔ,sədəp;\tdapat/lapat;\tbaŋaʔ,tasty\tget\tmany/much,tasty; get; many/much,,,1412[57],,naturalistic spoken,sədəp; dapat/lapat; baŋaʔ,,tasty get many/much,,,,15366, +67-235,67,bagus; suda; kəʧil/kəʧiʔ,bagus;\tsuda;\tkəʧil/kəʧiʔ,good\talready\tsmall,good; already; small,,,708[57],,elicited from speaker,bagus; suda; kəʧil/kəʧiʔ,,good already small,,,,15367, +68-141,68,bu,bu,older.brother,(term of address for) older brother,,,1528[54],,elicited from speaker,bu,,older.brother,,,,15368, +68-142,68,fols,fols,wrist,wrist,,,1528[54],,elicited from speaker,fols,,wrist,,,,15369, +69-77,69,"ama, namban, tarpwa, anduk, patn","ama,\tnamban,\ttarpwa,\tanduk,\tpatn",1SG\tDAT\tbelly\tmouth\tbetelnut,"I, DAT, belly, mouth, betelnut",,,,,elicited from speaker,"ama, namban, tarpwa, anduk, patn",,1SG DAT belly mouth betelnut,,Own field notes 1985,,15370, +71-203,71,Iaia aole loaa akahi balota.,Iaia\taole\tloaa\takahi\tbalota.,3SG\tNEG\treceive\tone\tvote,He won't receive a single vote (in the election).,,,,,naturalistic written,"Iaia aole loaa akahi balota.",,3SG NEG receive one vote,,own data 1906,,15371, +71-204,71,Wau makemake kue Pake hanahana hamabuga.,Wau\tmakemake\tkue\tPake\thanahana\thamabuga.,1SG\twant\toppose\tChinese\tmake\ttrouble,I want to oppose the Chinese by making trouble. OR: I want to oppose the Chinese who make trouble.,,"Hamabuga is a borrowing from Hawai'i Pidgin English and it takes the place of Hawaiian pilikia. It was rare in Pidgin Hawaiian and it also is rare in Hawai'i Pidgin English, where pilikia was the dominant word for indicating 'trouble, problem'.",,,naturalistic written,"Wau makemake kue Pake hanahana hamabuga.",,1SG want oppose Chinese make trouble,"Hamabuga is a borrowing from Hawai'i Pidgin English and it takes the place of Hawaiian pilikia. It was rare in Pidgin Hawaiian and it also is rare in Hawai'i Pidgin English, where pilikia was the dominant word for indicating 'trouble, problem'.",Own data 1894,,15372, +72-70,72,Mantu i bin jampurlk im det kajirri na.,Man-tu\ti\tbin\tjampurlk\tim\tdet\tkajirri\tna.,man-ERG\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\tsquash\t3SG\tthe\told.woman\tFOC,The man squashed the old woman.,,The tense marker bin precedes the verb.,583,54902276b26224599f8c5acf3855f633,peer elicitation,Mantu i bin jampurlk im det kajirri na.,Man-tu i bin jampurlk im det kajirri na.,man-ERG 3SG.SBJ PST squash 3SG the old.woman FOC,"The tense marker bin precedes the verb.",,,15373, +72-172,72,Karntingku turrp im futta lungkarrak.,Karnti-ngku\tturrp\tim\tfut-ta\tlungkarra-k.,tree-ERG\tpoke\t3SG\tfoot-LOC\tcry-INC,The stick goes through his foot and makes him cry.,,,920[392],,peer elicitation,Karntingku turrp im futta lungkarrak.,Karnti-ngku turrp im fut-ta lungkarra-k.,tree-ERG poke 3SG foot-LOC cry-INC,,,,15374, +73-122,73,risin,risin,recently,recently,,,1038[381],,elicited from speaker,risin,,recently,,,,15375, +73-123,73,birnis,birnis,Friday,Friday,,,,,naturalistic spoken,birnis,,Friday,,Field notes,,15376, +73-124,73,amida,a.mi-da,1SG.OBJ-ACC,me,,,1033[58],,naturalistic spoken,amida,a.mi-da,1SG.OBJ-ACC,,,,15377, +74-179,74,snu,snu,snow,snow,,,,,constructed by linguist,snu,,snow,,Own knowledge,,15378, +74-180,74,pil,pil,red,red,,,,,constructed by linguist,pil,,red,,Own knowledge,,15379, +74-181,74,kul,kul,cold,cold,,,,,constructed by linguist,kul,,cold,,Own knowledge,,15380, +74-182,74,makwst,makwst,two,two,,,595,,constructed by linguist,makwst,,two,,,,15381, +74-183,74,mun,mun,moon,moon,,,,,constructed by linguist,mun,,moon,,Own knowledge,,15382, +74-184,74,mimlust,mimlust,die,to die,,,,,constructed by linguist,mimlust,,die,,Own knowledge,,15383, +74-190,74,kálakala,kálakala,bird,bird,,,595,,narrative,kálakala,,bird,,,,15384, +74-191,74,man,man,man,man,,,595,,narrative,man,,man,,,,15385, +74-192,74,sáliks,sáliks,angry,angry,,,595,,narrative,sáliks,,angry,,,,15386, +75-291,75,Soo wiichihiweeshk daa la pital ayaayiw.,Soo\twiichih-iwee-shk\tdaa\tla\tpital\tayaa-yi-w.,3.POSS.M\thelp-INDF.OBJ-NMLZ\tLOC\tDEF.ART.F.SG\thospital\tbe-POSS-3,Her helper is in the hospital.,,The -yi- suffix indicates that the subject is a possessed noun. The -iwee- suffix indicates that the object is indefinite ('he helps people') and it makes the verb intransitive. The suffix -shk is a nominalizer indicating 'one who frequently...'.,789[151],,naturalistic written,Soo wiichihiweeshk daa la pital ayaayiw.,Soo wiichih-iwee-shk daa la pital ayaa-yi-w.,3.POSS.M help-INDF.OBJ-NMLZ LOC DEF.ART.F.SG hospital be-POSS-3,"The -yi- suffix indicates that the subject is a possessed noun. The -iwee- suffix indicates that the object is indefinite ('he helps people') and it makes the verb intransitive. The suffix -shk is a nominalizer indicating 'one who frequently...'.",,,15387, +75-292,75,Kayaash maana aen binder kiiaapataen li graen eemanishust.,Kayaash\tmaana\taen\tbinder\tkii-aapataen\tli\tgraen\tee-manishu-st.,long.ago\tusually\tINDF.ART.M.SG\tbinder\tPST-use\tART.M.SG\tgrain\tCOMP-cut-INDF.ACTOR,Long ago a binder was used to cut grain.,,,789[42],,naturalistic written,Kayaash maana aen binder kiiaapataen li graen eemanishust.,Kayaash maana aen binder kii-aapataen li graen ee-manishu-st.,long.ago usually INDF.ART.M.SG binder PST-use ART.M.SG grain COMP-cut-INDF.ACTOR,,,,15388, +75-293,75,Niikinaahk kaaashamiht.,Niikinaahk\tkaa-asham-iht.,in.our.house\tREL-feed-INDF.ACTOR,He is being fed at home. OR: He boards at home.,,,789[47],,naturalistic written,Niikinaahk kaaashamiht.,Niikinaahk kaa-asham-iht.,in.our.house REL-feed-INDF.ACTOR,,,,15389, +75-294,75,Miyuaashin waapinuhk eemiitshuhk.,Miyuaashi-n\twaapinuhk\tee-miitshu-hk.,be.good-3\tin.morning\tCOMP-eat-INDF.ACTOR,It's nice to eat breakfast.,,,789[53],,naturalistic written,Miyuaashin waapinuhk eemiitshuhk.,Miyuaashi-n waapinuhk ee-miitshu-hk.,be.good-3 in.morning COMP-eat-INDF.ACTOR,,,,15390, +75-295,75,Pakama la port.,Pakama\tla\tport.,knock.IMP\tart.F.SG\tdoor,Knock on the door.,,,789[133],,naturalistic written,Pakama la port.,,knock.IMP art.F.SG door,,,,15391, +76-78,76,a'pun,a'pun,snow,snow,,,1442[223],,reconstructed by documentalist,a'pun,,snow,,,,15392, +76-79,76,mani,mani,here,here,,,1442[226],,reconstructed by documentalist,mani,,here,,,,15393, +76-80,76,mĭt'kū,mĭt'kū,hair,"hair, beard",,,1442[227],,reconstructed by documentalist,mĭt'kū,,hair,,,,15394, +3-166,3,"jaa, jáa, jaá, jáá","jaa,\tjáa,\tjaá,\tjáá",scatter\tyear\tyou.have\tyou.haven't,"scatter, year, you have, you haven't",,,,,elicited from speaker,"jaa, jáa, jaá, jáá",,scatter year you.have you.haven't,,Fieldwork data,,15395, +4-196,4,"bukú vs. búku, na vs. ná","bukú\tvs.\tbúku,\tna\tvs.\tná",mold\tvs.\tbook\tCOP/FOC\tvs.\tNEG,"mold vs. book, COP/FOC vs. NEG",,,661[566],,elicited from speaker,"bukú vs. búku, na vs. ná",,mold vs. book COP/FOC vs. NEG,,,,15396, +5-203,5,pákìit vs. pàkít,pákìit\tvs.\tpàkít,packet\tvs.\tpocket,packet vs. pocket,,,384[94],,naturalistic spoken,pákìit vs. pàkít,,packet vs. pocket,,,,15397, +5-204,5,flówà vs. flòwá,flówà\tvs.\tflòwá,flour\tvs.\tflower,flour vs. flower,,,384[94],,naturalistic written,flówà vs. flòwá,,flour vs. flower,,,,15398, +5-205,5,ánsà vs. ànsá,ánsà\tvs.\tànsá,answer\tvs.\tanswer,answer (verb) vs. answer (noun),,,,,constructed by linguist,ánsà vs. ànsá,,answer vs. answer,,Own knowledge,,15399, +6-130,6,"tèa-chér, pò-líce, fàr-mér vs. fàr-mèr, bétt-èr","tèa-chér,\tpò-líce,\tfàr-mér\tvs.\tfàr-mèr,\tbétt-èr",teacher\tpolice\tfarmer\tvs.\tFarmer\tbetter,"teacher, police, Farmer (name) vs. farmer (profession), better",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"tèa-chér, pò-líce, fàr-mér vs. fàr-mèr, bétt-èr",,teacher police farmer vs. Farmer better,,Solomon,,15400, +7-286,7,pláastá/plàastà; káaná/kàanà,pláastá/plàastà;\tkáaná/kàanà,to.plaster/the.plaster\tto.corner/the.corner,plaster (V) / plaster (N); corner (V) / corner (N),,Some two-syllable lexical and grammatical elements may be distinguished based on pitch contrast.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,pláastá/plàastà; káaná/kàanà,,to.plaster/the.plaster to.corner/the.corner,Some two-syllable lexical and grammatical elements may be distinguished based on pitch contrast.,Own knowledge,,15401, +7-287,7,bróòdá/bròdà,bróòdá/bròdà,brother/brother,brother (member of the religious order) / brother (sibling),,Some two-syllable lexical elements may be distinguished based on pitch contrast.,1245[194],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,bróòdá/bròdà,,brother/brother,Some two-syllable lexical elements may be distinguished based on pitch contrast.,,,15402, +10-278,10,kyàn,kyàn,can,can,,Kyàn has a falling tone.,,,naturalistic spoken,kyàn,,can,"Kyàn has a falling tone.",Unpublished field recordings,,15403, +10-279,10,kyáán,kyáán,can.NEG,cannot,,Kyáán has a rising tone.,,,naturalistic spoken,kyáán,,can.NEG,"Kyáán has a rising tone.",Unpublished field recordings,,15404, +10-280,10,huól,huól,hold,hold,,Huól has a rising tone.,,,naturalistic spoken,huól,,hold,"Huól has a rising tone.",Unpublished field recordings,,15405, +10-281,10,huòl,huòl,whole,whole,,Huòl has a falling tone.,,,naturalistic spoken,huòl,,whole,"Huòl has a falling tone.",Unpublished field recordings,,15406, +10-282,10,no,no,NEG,no,,No has a falling tone.,,,naturalistic spoken,no,,NEG,"No has a falling tone.",Unpublished field recordings,,15407, +10-283,10,noo,noo,NEG.EMPH,no!,,Noo has a rising tone.,,,naturalistic spoken,noo,,NEG.EMPH,Noo has a rising tone.,Unpublished field recordings,,15408, +11-357,11,"kan, kyan","kan,\tkyan",can\tcan,can,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"kan, kyan",,can can,,,,15409, +11-358,11,"kaan, kyaan","kaan,\tkyaan",can.NEG\tcan.NEG,cannot,,,1054,,naturalistic spoken,"kaan, kyaan",,can.NEG can.NEG,,,,15410, +15-156,15,gó; gò,gó;\tgò,go\tFUT,go (lexical verb); will (auxiliary verb),,,545[128],,naturalistic written,gó; gò,,go FUT,,,,15411, +16-178,16,"if jù go si mà haus, ju jɔ̀sɛf jù gò sɔri","if\tjù\tgo\tsi\tmà\thaus,\tju\tjɔ̀sɛf\tjù\tgò\tsɔri",if\t2SG.SBJ\tgo\tsee\t1SG.POSS\thouse\t2SG.SBJ\t2SG.REFL\t2SG.SBJ\tFUT\tbe.sorry,"If you go and see my house, even you will be sorry.",,"The main verb go carries a high tone, the future marker gò is low-toned. Similarly: de (cop.loc) vs. dè (prog, hab, 3pl), fo (prep) vs. fò (deontic modal), bi 'bee' vs. bì (cop existential), we 'way' vs. wè (compl).",656[221],,naturalistic spoken,"if jù go si mà haus, ju jɔ̀sɛf jù gò sɔri",,if 2SG.SBJ go see 1SG.POSS house 2SG.SBJ 2SG.REFL 2SG.SBJ FUT be.sorry,"The main verb go carries a high tone, the future marker gò is low-toned. Similarly: de (cop.loc) vs. dè (prog, hab, 3pl), fo (prep) vs. fò (deontic modal), bi 'bee' vs. bì (cop existential), we 'way' vs. wè (compl).",,,15412, +17-213,17,sista vs. sìsta,sista\tvs.\tsìsta,sister\tvs.\tnurse,sister vs. nurse,,,462[270-275],,naturalistic spoken,sista vs. sìsta,,sister vs. nurse,,,,15413, +17-214,17,de vs. dè,de\tvs.\tdè,COP\tvs.\tNCOMPL,be vs. INCOMPLETIVE AUXILIARY,,,462[270-275],,naturalistic spoken,de vs. dè,,COP vs. NCOMPL,,,,15414, +18-193,18,bábà vs. bàbá,bábà\tvs.\tbàbá,barber\tvs.\tpapa,barber vs. father,,,938[147],,published source,bábà vs. bàbá,,barber vs. papa,,,,15415, +18-194,18,gó vs. gò,gó\tvs.\tgò,go\tvs.\tFUT,to go vs. future marker,,,938[147],,published source,gó vs. gò,,go vs. FUT,,,,15416, +19-227,19,dì vs. di,dì\tvs.\tdi,DEF.ART\tvs.\tthis.DEM,the vs. this,,"The corpus contains a handful of minimal pairs opposing content words with grammatical words or grammatical words with each other. What is more important is that every Pichi content or function word has at least one lexically specified tone linked to a particular syllable. There are also diverse tonal process through which lexical tones may spread, be floated or change in pitch.",,,elicited from speaker,dì vs. di,,DEF.ART vs. this.DEM,"The corpus contains a handful of minimal pairs opposing content words with grammatical words or grammatical words with each other. What is more important is that every Pichi content or function word has at least one lexically specified tone linked to a particular syllable. There are also diverse tonal process through which lexical tones may spread, be floated or change in pitch.",Field data,,15417, +19-228,19,dé vs. dè,dé\tvs.\tdè,LOC.EXIST.COP\tvs.\tIPFV,locative-existential copula vs. imperfective marker,,,,,elicited from speaker,dé vs. dè,,LOC.EXIST.COP vs. IPFV,,Field data,,15418, +19-229,19,sò vs. só,sò\tvs.\tsó,so\tvs.\tsew,so vs. sew,,,,,elicited from speaker,sò vs. só,,so vs. sew,,Field data,,15419, +19-230,19,tif; man; tìfman,tif;\tman;\ttìf-man,steal\tman\tsteal.CPD-man,steal; man; thief,,"Pichi makes use of tonal derivation in order to derive compound nouns and verbs. The lexical high tone over the initial component(s) of a compound is (are) deleted and replaced by a default low tone. +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",,,elicited from speaker,tif; man; tìfman,tif; man; tìf-man,steal man steal.CPD-man,"Pichi makes use of tonal derivation in order to derive compound nouns and verbs. The lexical high tone over the initial component(s) of a compound is (are) deleted and replaced by a default low tone. +CPD stands for deleted high tone in ComPounD.",Field data,,15420, +19-231,19,mi vs. mì; yu vs. yù; in vs. ìn; wi vs. wì; dɛn vs. dɛ̀n,mi\tvs.\tmì;\tyu\tvs.\tyù;\tin\tvs.\tìn;\twi\tvs.\twì;\tdɛn\tvs.\tdɛ̀n,1SG.EMPH\tvs.\t1SG.POSS\t2SG.EMPH\tvs.\t2SG\t3SG.EMPH\tvs.\t3SG.POSS\t1PL.EMPH\tvs.\t1PL.POSS\t3PL.EMPH\tvs.\t3PL,1SG.EMPH vs. 1SG.POSS; 2SG.EMPH vs. 2SG; 3SG.EMPH vs. 3SG.POSS; 1PL.EMPH vs. 1PL.POSS; 3PL.EMPH vs. 3PL,,Pichi makes use of tone distinctions in order to express case relations with personal pronouns.,,,elicited from speaker,mi vs. mì; yu vs. yù; in vs. ìn; wi vs. wì; dɛn vs. dɛ̀n,,1SG.EMPH vs. 1SG.POSS 2SG.EMPH vs. 2SG 3SG.EMPH vs. 3SG.POSS 1PL.EMPH vs. 1PL.POSS 3PL.EMPH vs. 3PL,Pichi makes use of tone distinctions in order to express case relations with personal pronouns.,Field data,,15421, +19-232,19,"fíba, wɔ̀tá, nyɔní, bàtà","[HL],\t[LH],\t[HH],\t[LL]",fever\twater\tant\tbuttock(s),"fever, water, ant, buttock(s)",,"We also find all possible tonal configurations with disyllabic words of the same lexical category (in this example, nouns).",,,elicited from speaker,"fíba, wɔ̀tá, nyɔní, bàtà","[HL], [LH], [HH], [LL]",fever water ant buttock(s),"We also find all possible tonal configurations with disyllabic words of the same lexical category (in this example, nouns).",Field data,,15422, +21-166,21,Then you got to do those papers again a21/a24?,Then\tyou\tgot\tto\tdo\tthose\tpaper-s\tagain\ta21/a24?,then\t2SG\tgot\tto\tdo\tDEM\tpaper-PL\tagain\tPCL/PCL,So do you have to do those papers again? (interrogative requiring response) / (interrogrative not requiring response),,a21 = low-fall tone; a24 = rise tone,821[449],,naturalistic spoken,Then you got to do those papers again a21/a24?,Then you got to do those paper-s again a21/a24?,then 2SG got to do DEM paper-PL again PCL/PCL,a21 = low-fall tone; a24 = rise tone,,,15423, +21-167,21,Let's go la21; la24,Let's\tgo\tla21;\tla24,let's\tgo\tPCL\tPCL,Let's go PRT (matter-of-fact); (persuasive),,la21 = low-fall tone; la24 = rise tone,821[448-449],,naturalistic spoken,Let's go la21; la24,,let's go PCL PCL,la21 = low-fall tone; la24 = rise tone,,,15424, +21-168,21,Then your parents lɛ55; lɛ21,Then\tyour\tparents\tlɛ55;\tlɛ21,then\t2.POSS\tparent.PL\tPCL\tPCL,The what about your parents (comparison); obviousness,,lɛ55 = high-level tone; lɛ21 = low-fall tone,821[450-451],,naturalistic spoken,Then your parents lɛ55; lɛ21,,then 2.POSS parent.PL PCL PCL,lɛ55 = high-level tone; lɛ21 = low-fall tone,,,15425, +35-262,35,Xi tudu mwala myole ká sêbê kwa se [...].,Xi\ttudu\tmwala\tmyole\tká\tsêbê\tkwa\tse\t[...].,if\tall\twoman\ttoday\tIRR\tknow\tthing\tDEM\t[...],If all today's women would know that [...].,,Mood marker ká for irrealis bears a high tone and contrasts with aspect marker ka. Compare this audio file with the audio file for Example 265.,,f11b7864f39178fead37e4cbe19a2608,naturalistic spoken,Xi tudu mwala myole ká sêbê kwa se [...].,,if all woman today IRR know thing DEM [...],"Mood marker ká for irrealis bears a high tone and contrasts with aspect marker ka. Compare this audio file with the audio file for Example 265.",Own data,,15426, +35-263,35,ôkô; ôkô,ôkô;\tôkô,calabash\thole,calabash; hole (in a tree or a stone),,,,ee104f951617a6f4234d4db5197d1e6b,elicited from speaker,ôkô; ôkô,,calabash hole,,Own data,,15427, +35-264,35,lala; lálá,lala;\tlálá,grater\tgrate,grater (LL); to grate (HH),,,904[259],bdd683831e6b6a4c9a51cb6555f226a8,elicited from speaker,lala; lálá,,grater grate,,,,15428, +35-265,35,"Bô ka kume, mwala ka kume, anzu ka kume [...].","Bô\tka\tkume,\tmwala\tka\tkume,\tanzu\tka\tkume\t[...].",2SG\tHAB\teat\twoman\tHAB\teat\tbaby\tHAB\teat\t[...],"You eat, your wife eats, the baby eats [...].",,"Unlike irrealis marker ká, aspectual ka does not bear high tone. Compare this audio file with the audio file for Example 262.",,8b9532c3d270100c8e38dc9410873671,naturalistic spoken,"Bô ka kume, mwala ka kume, anzu ka kume [...].",,2SG HAB eat woman HAB eat baby HAB eat [...],"Unlike irrealis marker ká, aspectual ka does not bear high tone. Compare this audio file with the audio file for Example 262.",Own data,,15429, +35-266,35,"mwálá, kasó, plókò, àlè","mwálá,\tkasó,\tplókò,\tàlè",woman\tdog\tpig\tking,"woman, dog, pig, king",,,,,elicited from speaker,"mwálá, kasó, plókò, àlè",,woman dog pig king,,Maurer 2008,,15430, +35-267,35,Mwálá kùmè. Plókó kùmè. Kasó kùmè. Àlè kùmè.,Mwálá\tkùmè.\tPlókó\tkùmè.\tKasó\tkùmè.\tÀlè\tkùmè.,woman\teat\tpig\teat\tdog\teat\tking\teat,The woman ate. The pig ate. The dog ate. The king ate.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mwálá kùmè. Plókó kùmè. Kasó kùmè. Àlè kùmè.,,woman eat pig eat dog eat king eat,,Maurer 2008,,15431, +35-268,35,"bóbó vs. bóbò, kúlù vs. kúlú","bóbó\tvs.\tbóbò,\tkúlù\tvs.\tkúlú",idiot\tvs.\tmulatto\tunripe\tvs.\tdard,"idiot vs. mulatto, unripe vs. dark",,,,,unspecified,"bóbó vs. bóbò, kúlù vs. kúlú",,idiot vs. mulatto unripe vs. dard,,,,15432, +36-163,36,Awa ka gaxta.,Awa\tka\tgaxta.,water\tFUT\twaste,The water will be wasted.,,Awa 'water' is realized HH.,,2d39900f933f0328173ffffa283a6a10,elicited from speaker,Awa ka gaxta.,,water FUT waste,"Awa 'water' is realized HH.",Own fieldwork data 2008,,15433, +36-164,36,Alê ka pentha.,Alê\tka\tpentha.,king\tFUT\tthink,The king will think.,,Alê 'king' is realized LL.,,4218075f4c857d91399077957d94dc81,elicited from speaker,Alê ka pentha.,,king FUT think,"Alê 'king' is realized LL.",Own fieldwork data 2008,,15434, +36-165,36,Fôtha ka kaba.,Fôtha\tka\tkaba.,strength\tFUT\tend,The strength will end.,,Fôtha [foθa] 'strength' is realized HL.,,14c37cbb6fd26e8e6b2fc3cb43846343,elicited from speaker,Fôtha ka kaba.,,strength FUT end,"Fôtha [foθa] 'strength' is realized HL.",Own fieldwork data 2008,,15435, +36-166,36,Kasô ka pêndê.,Kasô\tka\tpêndê.,dog\tFUT\tlose,The dog will get lost.,,Kasô 'dog' is realized LH.,,a944fc85037b3eda318a064344e2d502,elicited from speaker,Kasô ka pêndê.,,dog FUT lose,"Kasô 'dog' is realized LH.",Own fieldwork data 2008,,15436, +37-203,37,"máká vs. mákà, ótó vs. òtò, bóbó vs. bòbó, átxì vs. àtxí","máká\tvs.\tmákà,\tótó\tvs.\tòtò,\tbóbó\tvs.\tbòbó,\tátxì\tvs.\tàtxí",litter\tvs.\tmark\tother\tvs.\tneck\tstupid\tvs.\tmulatto\tprofession\tvs.\tyou,"litter vs. mark, other vs. neck, stupid vs. mulatto, profession vs. you (nonclitic)",,This example illustrates lexical tone.,905[18-19],,elicited from speaker,"máká vs. mákà, ótó vs. òtò, bóbó vs. bòbó, átxì vs. àtxí",,litter vs. mark other vs. neck stupid vs. mulatto profession vs. you,This example illustrates lexical tone.,,,15437, +37-204,37,kɔ́ntá vs. kɔ̀ntà,kɔ́ntá\tvs.\tkɔ̀ntà,account\tvs.\tto.count,"account, bill vs. to count",,This example illustrates grammatical tone (noun-verb distinction).,905[26],,elicited from speaker,kɔ́ntá vs. kɔ̀ntà,,account vs. to.count,This example illustrates grammatical tone (noun-verb distinction).,,,15438, +37-205,37,Kobo ka kume.,Kobo\tka\tkume.,snake\tFUT\teat,The snake will eat.,,,905[15],648bbb07447aabbc17b42e856e218f05,elicited from speaker,Kobo ka kume.,,snake FUT eat,,,,15439, +37-206,37,Pôkô ka kume.,Pôkô\tka\tkume.,pig\tFUT\teat,The pig wil eat.,,,905[15],b235b376ae28fe1374c735718a49aa87,elicited from speaker,Pôkô ka kume.,,pig FUT eat,,,,15440, +37-207,37,Arê ka kume.,Arê\tka\tkume.,king\tFUT\teat,The king will eat.,,,905[16],a5d3c2c3cbddecede1238f268e438607,elicited from speaker,Arê ka kume.,,king FUT eat,,,,15441, +37-208,37,Kasô ka kume.,Kasô\tka\tkume.,dog\tFUT\teat,The dog will eat.,,,905[16],331b343c57d5fc63a604fb161d8e2b2d,elicited from speaker,Kasô ka kume.,,dog FUT eat,,,,15442, +37-209,37,zúdá vs. zùdà,zúdá\tvs.\tzùdà,help\tvs.\tto.help,help (N) vs. to help (V),,,905[26],,elicited from speaker,zúdá vs. zùdà,,help vs. to.help,,,,15443, +38-211,38,pá:tu,paatu,plate,plate,,The tone is LH-H.,1236[194],,elicited from speaker,pá:tu,paatu,plate,The tone is LH-H.,,,15444, +38-212,38,pátu,patu,bird,bird,,The tone is H-H.,1236[194],,elicited from speaker,pátu,patu,bird,The tone is H-H.,,,15445, +47-236,47,kaska (LH melody); kaska (HL melody),kaska (LH melody); kaska (HL melody),peel.V peel.NOUN,peel (verb); peel (noun),,,694[354],,both elicited and naturalistic spoken,kaska (LH melody); kaska (HL melody),kaska (LH melody); kaska (HL melody),peel.V peel.NOUN,,,,15446, +58-151,58,malembe (LHL),malembe,slow,slow,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,malembe (LHL),malembe,slow,,Own knowledge,,15447, +58-152,58,munoko (LLL),munoko,mouth,mouth,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,munoko (LLL),munoko,mouth,,Own knowledge,,15448, +58-153,58,dilala/malala LHH,dilala/malala\tLHH,orange\toranges,orange/oranges,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dilala/malala LHH,,orange oranges,,Own knowledge,,15449, +58-154,58,polo-polo (LH-LH),polo-polo,indiscrete,indiscrete,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,polo-polo (LH-LH),polo-polo,indiscrete,,Own knowledge,,15450, +58-155,58,pete-pete (LL-LL),pete-pete,(very).soft,(very) soft,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,pete-pete (LL-LL),pete-pete,(very).soft,,Own knowledge,,15451, +59-378,59,samba (L L); samba (L M),samba (L L); samba (L M),beer co-wife,beer; co-wife,,,,,constructed by linguist,samba (L L); samba (L M),,beer co-wife,,Own knowledge,,15452, +59-379,59,kwa (L tone); kwa (M tone); kwa (H tone),kwa (L tone); kwa (M tone); kwa (H tone),work hair/feather death/corpse,work; hair/feather; death/corpse,,,,,constructed by linguist,kwa (L tone); kwa (M tone); kwa (H tone),,work hair/feather death/corpse,,Own knowledge,,15453, +59-380,59,mene (L L),mene (L L),swallow,to swallow,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mene (L L),,swallow,,Samarin corpus 1994,,15454, +59-381,59,mene (H M),mene (H M),blood,blood,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mene (H M),,blood,,Samarin corpus 1994,,15455, +59-382,59,ade lo ga ape,a-de\tlo\tga\tape,PM-remain\t3SG\tcome\tNEG,He/she hasn't come yet.,,The PM carries high tone instead of its usual low tone.,,,constructed by linguist,ade lo ga ape,a-de lo ga ape,PM-remain 3SG come NEG,The PM carries high tone instead of its usual low tone.,Own knowledge,,15456, +59-383,59,"lo ga fadeso, i ke sara tene ni biani","lo\tga\tfadeso,\ti\tke\tsara\ttene\tni\tbiani",3SG\tcome\tnow\t1PL\tCOP\tmake\tspeech\tDET\ttruly,"If he should come right now, we'd talk about it for sure.",,The pronoun lo carries high instead of low tone.,,,constructed by linguist,"lo ga fadeso, i ke sara tene ni biani",,3SG come now 1PL COP make speech DET truly,"The pronoun lo carries high instead of low tone.",Own knowledge,,15457, +60-172,60,(1) ngambo (2) ngámbo,(1)\tngambo\t(2)\tngámbo,(1)\tdifficulty\t(2)\topposite.side.of.river/street/etc.,"(1) difficulty (2) opposite side of river, street, etc.",,,1273,,naturalistic spoken,(1) ngambo (2) ngámbo,,(1) difficulty (2) opposite.side.of.river/street/etc.,,,,15458, +60-173,60,(1) nália (2) naliá,(1)\tná-li-a\t(2)\tna-li-á,(1)\t1SG.SBJV-eat-FV\t(2)\t1SG-eat-PRS.PRF,(1) that I eat (2) I have eaten (long ago),,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future. The high toneme on the 1SG subject morpheme na- marks the subjunctive.",,,constructed by near-native speaker linguist,(1) nália (2) naliá,(1) ná-li-a (2) na-li-á,(1) 1SG.SBJV-eat-FV (2) 1SG-eat-PRS.PRF,"FV = Final vowel; it has no specific grammatical meaning, but ensures the phonologically canonical consonant-vowel structure on forms such as the infinitive, the subjunctive and the future. The high toneme on the 1SG subject morpheme na- marks the subjunctive.",Own knowledge,,15459, +60-174,60,(1) moto (2) motó,(1)\tmoto\t(2)\tmotó,(1)\tperson\t(2)\thead,(1) person (2) head,,,930[9],,naturalistic spoken,(1) moto (2) motó,,(1) person (2) head,,,,15460, +60-175,60,(1) sango (2) sángó,(1)\tsango\t(2)\tsángó,(1)\tnews\t(2)\tpriest,(1) news (2) priest,,,930[9],,naturalistic spoken,(1) sango (2) sángó,,(1) news (2) priest,,,,15461, +62-112,62,mkóra,mkóra,in-law,in-law,,Compare LH vs. HL in Example 113 (minimal pair).,988[104],,elicited from speaker,mkóra,,in-law,Compare LH vs. HL in Example 113 (minimal pair).,,,15462, +62-113,62,mkorá,mkorá,doctor,doctor,,,988[104],,elicited from speaker,mkorá,,doctor,,,,15463, +62-114,62,kái,kái,push,push,,Compare HL vs. HH in Example 115 (minimal pair).,988[104],,elicited from speaker,kái,,push,Compare HL vs. HH in Example 115 (minimal pair).,,,15464, +62-115,62,káí,káí,if,if,,,988[104],,naturalistic spoken,káí,,if,,,,15465, +62-116,62,kipurukwa,ki-purukwa,nightjar.bird,nightjar bird,,The stem is LLL.,988[104],,elicited from speaker,kipurukwa,ki-purukwa,nightjar.bird,The stem is LLL.,,,15466, +63-222,63,sába,sába,seven,seven,,,857[74],,naturalistic spoken,sába,,seven,,,,15467, +63-223,63,sabá,sabá,morning,morning,,,857[74],,naturalistic spoken,sabá,,morning,,,,15468, +63-224,63,ákulu,ákulu,to.eat,to eat,,,857[304],,naturalistic written,ákulu,,to.eat,,,,15469, +63-225,63,akulú,akulú,eat.PASS,to be eaten,,,857[304],,naturalistic spoken,akulú,,eat.PASS,,,,15470, +1-16,1,(1a) na baka disi oso (1b) na baka fu disi oso (2a) na disi oso baka (2b) na yu baka,(1a)\tna\tbaka\tdisi\toso\t(1b)\tna\tbaka\tfu\tdisi\toso\t(2a)\tna\tdisi\toso\tbaka\t(2b)\tna\tyu\tbaka,(1a)\tLOC\tback\tthis\thouse\t(1b)\tLOC\tback\tof\tthis\thouse\t(2a)\tLOC\tthis\thouse\tback\t(2b)\tLOC\t2SG\tback,"(1a, 1b, 2a) behind this house (2b) behind you",,"Specifying locative elements such as baka 'back, behind', and ini 'in(side)', always co-occur with the general preposition na. Type (1a) is the most frequent with full NPs; type (1b) the least frequent. There does not appear to be a semantic difference between the types. With pronouns, the only option is type (2), with the specifying item following the noun phrase.",,,constructed by linguist,(1a) na baka disi oso (1b) na baka fu disi oso (2a) na disi oso baka (2b) na yu baka,,(1a) LOC back this house (1b) LOC back of this house (2a) LOC this house back (2b) LOC 2SG back,"Specifying locative elements such as baka 'back, behind', and ini 'in(side)', always co-occur with the general preposition na. Type (1a) is the most frequent with full NPs; type (1b) the least frequent. There does not appear to be a semantic difference between the types. With pronouns, the only option is type (2), with the specifying item following the noun phrase.",Own knowledge,,15471, +1-17,1,Dem fadomm na kni na hem fesi.,Den\tfadon\tna\tkni\tna\ten\tfesi.,3PL\tfall.down\tLOC\tknee\tLOC\t3SG\tface,They went down on their knees before him.,,"With pronouns, the item specifying a location (here fesi) always follows the pronoun (here hem/en), which is preceded by the general preposition na at the same time.",1355[275],,written,Dem fadomm na kni na hem fesi.,Den fadon na kni na en fesi.,3PL fall.down LOC knee LOC 3SG face,"With pronouns, the item specifying a location (here fesi) always follows the pronoun (here hem/en), which is preceded by the general preposition na at the same time.",,,15472, +2-16,2,A bedi de na a kamra ini.,A\tbedi\tde\tna\ta\tkamra\tini.,DET\tbed\tbe.at\tLOC\tDET\troom\tinside,The bed is in the room.,,The latter type of construction has parallels in Gbe languages. See Bruyn (1995: 241-253) for further discussion of this.,,,constructed by linguist,A bedi de na a kamra ini.,,DET bed be.at LOC DET room inside,The latter type of construction has parallels in Gbe languages. See Bruyn (1995: 241-253) for further discussion of this.,Winford transcripts,,15473, +2-98,2,Dus mi ben go a wan tu suma kaba.,Dus\tmi\tben\tgo\ta\twan\ttu\tsuma\tkaba.,so\tI\tPST\tgo\tLOC\tone\ttwo\tperson\talready,So I'd already gone to one or two people.,,ALL EXAMPLES FROM WINFORD (2000a) ARE FROM NATURAL CONVERSATIONS RECORDED IN 1994.,1605[434],,elicited from speaker,Dus mi ben go a wan tu suma kaba.,,so I PST go LOC one two person already,ALL EXAMPLES FROM WINFORD (2000a) ARE FROM NATURAL CONVERSATIONS RECORDED IN 1994.,,,15474, +3-94,3,Mi míi wáka.,Mi\tmíi\twáka.,1SG.POSS\tchild\twalk,My child walked.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mi míi wáka.,,1SG.POSS child walk,,Fieldwork data,,15475, +3-130,3,A kó pidí mi táa mbéi mi dá-én wan píki móni.,A\tkó\tpidí\tmi\ttáa\tmbéi\tmi\tdá-én\twan\tpíki\tmóni.,3SG\tcome\trequest\t1SG\tsay\tmake\t1SG\tgive-3SG\tDEF.SG\tsmall\tmoney,He asked me to give him some money.,,,354[331],,naturalistic written,A kó pidí mi táa mbéi mi dá-én wan píki móni.,,3SG come request 1SG say make 1SG give-3SG DEF.SG small money,,,,15476, +3-132,3,I táki táa fu a náki dí dágu.,I\ttáki\ttáa\tfu\ta\tnáki\tdí\tdágu.,2SG\tsay\tsay\tfor\t3SG\thit\tDEF.SG\tdog,You told him to hit the dog.,,,1539[156],,naturalistic spoken,I táki táa fu a náki dí dágu.,,2SG say say for 3SG hit DEF.SG dog,,,,15477, +3-136,3,M'é sábi u pidí mujée.,M'=é\tsábi\tu\tpidí\tmujée.,1SG=NEG\tknow\tfor\ttalk\twoman,I don't know how to pick up women.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,M'é sábi u pidí mujée.,M'=é sábi u pidí mujée.,1SG=NEG know for talk woman,,Fieldwork data,,15478, +3-165,3,lámpu,lámpu,lamp,lamp,,,,,elicited from speaker,lámpu,,lamp,,Fieldwork data,,15479, +4-48,4,"We den nyamasu abi gaanman, kabiten anga basia.","We\tden\tnyamasu\tabi\tgaanman,\tkabiten\tanga\tbasia.",well\tDET.PL\tvulture\thave\tchief\tcaptain\twith\tassistants,"Well, the vultures have chiefs, captains and lieutenants.",,,661[455],,elicited from speaker,"We den nyamasu abi gaanman, kabiten anga basia.",,well DET.PL vulture have chief captain with assistants,,,,15480, +4-49,4,Den dagu e nyan meti.,Den\tdagu\te\tnyan\tmeti.,DET.PL\tdog\tIPFV\teat\tmeat,Dogs eat meat.,,,,,elicited from speaker,"Den dagu e nyan meti.",,DET.PL dog IPFV eat meat,,Own data,,15481, +4-72,4,Na tu toon mi kon ya kaba ma noyti a de a osu.,Na\ttu\ttoon\tmi\tkon\tya\tkaba\tma\tnoyti\ta\tde\ta\tosu.,FOC\ttwo\ttime\tI\tcome\there\talready\tbut\tnever\the\tCOP\tDET.SG\thouse,I've already come here twice but he's never at home.,,,568[92],,naturalistic spoken,Na tu toon mi kon ya kaba ma noyti a de a osu.,,FOC two time I come here already but never he COP DET.SG house,,,,15482, +4-92,4,"Goon yuu, a pasa tuu, a tuu, ma a sa koti ete.","Goon\tyuu,\ta\tpasa\ttuu,\ta\ttuu,\tma\ta\tsa\tkoti\tete.",field\thour\tDET.SG\tpass\ttrue\tit\ttrue\tbut\tit\tEPIST\tcut\tyet,"The time for preparing fields has truly passed, it's true, but it is still possible to prepare it (lit. The time for preparing fields has truly passed, it's true, but it may still be prepared).",,,965[42],,naturalistic spoken,"Goon yuu, a pasa tuu, a tuu, ma a sa koti ete.",,field hour DET.SG pass true it true but it EPIST cut yet,,,,15483, +4-142,4,Ne a boy kon doo.,Ne\ta\tboy\tkon\tdoo.,then\tDET.SG\tboy\tcome\tarrive,Then the boy arrived [at the point of reference].,,,661[523],,naturalistic spoken,Ne a boy kon doo.,,then DET.SG boy come arrive,,,,15484, +6-6,6,di book an dem,di\tbook\tan\tdem,DET\tbook\tCONJ\tDEM.PL,the books,,,1431[49],,constructed by linguist,di book an dem,,DET book CONJ DEM.PL,,,,15485, +6-36,6,Furst time ah hearing [bout burying de chow].,Furst\ttime\tah\thearing\t[...].,ORD.NUM\ttime\t1SG\thear.PROG\t[...],This is the first time that I hear [about burying the (pepper) chow.],,,,,naturalistic written,Furst time ah hearing [bout burying de chow].,Furst time ah hearing [...].,ORD.NUM time 1SG hear.PROG [...],,Own data,,15486, +6-37,6,"[As soon as shi stop, di others pounce,] one jump high on shi back.",[...]\tone\tjump\thigh\ton\tshi\tback,[...]\tone\tjump.3SG\thigh\tPREP\t3SG.POSS\tback,"[As soon as she stopped, the others pounced,] one jumped on her back.",,,,,naturalistic written,"[As soon as shi stop, di others pounce,] one jump high on shi back.",[...] one jump high on shi back,[...] one jump.3SG high PREP 3SG.POSS back,,Own data,,15487, +6-45,6,a man as you,a\tman\tas\tyou,DET\tman\tas\t2SG,a man like you,,,1431[63],,constructed by linguist,a man as you,,DET man as 2SG,,,,15488, +6-47,6,Meri mozbi did eat.,Meri\tmozbi\tdid\teat.,Meri\tMOD\tANT.PFV\teat,Mary must have eaten.,,,1431[118],,constructed by linguist,Meri mozbi did eat.,,Meri MOD ANT.PFV eat,,,,15489, +6-49,6,Sahina does cyan stay overnight.,Sahina\tdoes\tcyan\tstay\tovernight.,Sahina\tHAB\tNEG\tstay\tovernight,Sahina (= type of food) usually does not last overnight.,,,1594[302],,naturalistic written,Sahina does cyan stay overnight.,,Sahina HAB NEG stay overnight,,,,15490, +6-89,6,Carry it give George.,Carry\tit\tgive\tGeorge.,carry\t3SG\tgive\tGeorge,Take it to George.,,,1431[147],,constructed by linguist,Carry it give George.,,carry 3SG give George,,,,15491, +7-66,7,Dem maango griin.,Dem\tmaango\tgriin.,3PL\tmango\tgreen,Those mangoes are green. OR: Their mangoes are green.,,"As illustrated in this example, preposed dem functions both as 3rd person plural possessive and plural demonstrative.",1244[152],,naturalistic spoken,"Dem maango griin.",,3PL mango green,"As illustrated in this example, preposed dem functions both as 3rd person plural possessive and plural demonstrative.",,,15492, +7-114,7,Hi bin a fait.,Hi\tbin\ta\tfait.,3SG\tPST\tPROG\tfight,He was fighting.,,,1244[219],,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi bin a fait.,,3SG PST PROG fight,,,,15493, +7-118,7,Mi go hafo duhn iit.,Mi\tgo\thafo\tduhn\tiit.,1SG\tFUT\tOBLIG\tCOMPL\teat,I will have to have finished eating.,,TAM ordering,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi go hafo duhn iit.,,1SG FUT OBLIG COMPL eat,TAM ordering,Own knowledge,,15494, +7-119,7,Mi bin hafo duhn iit.,Mi\tbin\thafo\tduhn\tiit.,1SG\tPST\tOBLIG\tCOMPL\teat,I had to have finished eating.,,TAM ordering is illustrated here.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mi bin hafo duhn iit.,,1SG PST OBLIG COMPL eat,TAM ordering is illustrated here.,Own knowledge,,15495, +7-167,7,Mi go go wid dem.,Mi\tgo\tgo\twid\tdem.,1SG\tFUT\tgo\twith\t3PL,I will go with them.,,Wid is comitative here.,1244[A17],,naturalistic spoken,Mi go go wid dem.,,1SG FUT go with 3PL,"Wid is comitative here.",,,15496, +7-169,7,Di boot mek outa baambu.,Di\tboot\tmek\tout-a\tbaambu.,ART\tboat\tmake\tout-of\tbamboo,The boat is/was made from/with/out of bamboo.,,Outa is to be interpretated only as instrumental here.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di boot mek outa baambu.,Di boot mek out-a baambu.,ART boat make out-of bamboo,"Outa is to be interpretated only as instrumental here.",Own knowledge,,15497, +7-197,7,Hi goo tel shi hou mi kaal shi.,Hi\tgoo\ttel\tshi\thou\tmi\tkaal\tshi.,3SG\tgo\ttell\t3SG\thow\t1SG\tcall\t3SG,He actually told her that I called her.,,There are two differences between IRR go and this use: 1) the IRR go tends to have a shorter ‘o’ sound. 2) From a semantic point of view the idea of ‘making an effort to do something' is associated with this serial use of ‘go’. There is nothing ‘irrealis’ about it.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Hi goo tel shi hou mi kaal shi.,,3SG go tell 3SG how 1SG call 3SG,"There are two differences between IRR go and this use: 1) the IRR go tends to have a shorter ‘o’ sound. 2) From a semantic point of view the idea of ‘making an effort to do something' is associated with this serial use of ‘go’. There is nothing ‘irrealis’ about it.",Own knowledge,,15498, +7-199,7,I tek it gaan a tuhng.,I\ttek\tit\tgaan\ta\ttuhng.,3SG\ttake\t3SG\tgone\tLOC\ttown,He took it and went to town (with it).,,The second verb is intransitive.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I tek it gaan a tuhng.,,3SG take 3SG gone LOC town,The second verb is intransitive.,Own knowledge,,15499, +7-284,7,Res i biskit pan de.,Res\ti\tbiskit\tpan\tde.,rest\tART\tbiscuit\tpan\tthere,Place the biscuit pan there. OR: Place the biscuit there.,,The phonological pattern suggests compound reading for ‘biscuit pan’.,1245[202],,naturalistic spoken,Res i biskit pan de.,,rest ART biscuit pan there,The phonological pattern suggests compound reading for ‘biscuit pan’.,,,15500, +7-285,7,Res i biskit pan de.,Res\ti\tbiskit\tpan\tde.,rest\tART\tbiscuit\ton\tthere,Place the biscuit there. OR: Place the biscuit pan there.,,"The translation will depend on pitch variation. +Pan gets its own independent stress.",1245[202],,naturalistic spoken,Res i biskit pan de.,,rest ART biscuit on there,"The translation will depend on pitch variation. +Pan gets its own independent stress.",,,15501, +8-6,8,Da gyal de aalwiez a kaal mi niem.,Da\tgyal\tde\taalwiez\ta\tkaal\tmi\tniem.,DEM\tgirl\tthere\talways\tPROG\tcall\t1SG\tname,That girl is always calling my name.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"Da gyal de aalwiez a kaal mi niem.",,DEM girl there always PROG call 1SG name,,Own knowledge,,15502, +8-67,8,Ef mi neva pik yu op aal nou yu uda ehn de tiif.,Ef\tmi\tneva\tpik\tyu\top\taal\tnou\tyu\tuda\tehn\tde\ttiif.,if\t1SG\tNEG.ANT\tpick\t2SG\tup\tall\tnow\t2SG\twould\tANT\tPROG\tsteal,"If I had not taken you in, you would have been stealing still.",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ef mi neva pik yu op aal nou yu uda ehn de tiif.,,if 1SG NEG.ANT pick 2SG up all now 2SG would ANT PROG steal,,Own knowledge,,15503, +8-68,8,Yu wehn hafi de lisn. No chuu?,Yu\twehn\thafi\tde\tlisn.\tNo\tchuu?,2SG\tANT\thave.to\tPROG\tlisten\tNEG\ttrue,You had to be listening. Didn't you?,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yu wehn hafi de lisn. No chuu?,,2SG ANT have.to PROG listen NEG true,,Own knowledge,,15504, +8-131,8,Di daag de outa duo.,Di\tdaag\tde\touta\tduo.,DET\tdog\tLOC\tout.of\tdoor,The dog is outside.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Di daag de outa duo.,,DET dog LOC out.of door,,Own knowledge,,15505, +8-132,8,Jan sen go kaal Mieri.,Jan\tsen\tgo\tkaal\tMieri.,John\tsend\tgo\tcall\tMary,John sent for Mary.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Jan sen go kaal Mieri.,,John send go call Mary,,Own knowledge,,15506, +8-146,8,"Mi tingk dem a tek kuok tuu, ya no.","Mi\ttingk\tdem\ta\ttek\tkuok\ttuu,\tya\tno.",1SG\tthink\tPL\tPROG\ttake\tcoke\ttoo\t2SG\tknow,"I think [that] they were taking coke too, y'know.",,,1188[135],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi tingk dem a tek kuok tuu, ya no.",,1SG think PL PROG take coke too 2SG know,,,,15507, +9-9,9,wan li bway baka krik,wan\tli\tbway\tbaka\tkrik,a\tlittle\tboy\tback\tCreek,a little boy at the back of (Big) Creek,,,432[41],,naturalistic spoken,wan li bway baka krik,,a little boy back Creek,,,,15508, +9-97,9,No yɛ kya paas bitwin dem.,No\tyɛ\tkya\tpaas\tbitwin\tdem.,NEG\tair\tcannot\tpass\tbetween\tthem,Air can't pass between them.,,,429,,naturalistic spoken,No yɛ kya paas bitwin dem.,,NEG air cannot pass between them,,,,15509, +9-135,9,Di taydol weyv kɛr di bowt pan tap.,Di\ttaydol\tweyv\tkɛr\tdi\tbowt\tpan\ttap.,the\ttidal\twave\tcarry\tthe\tboat\tupan\ttop,The tidal wave carried the boat to the top (of the village).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Di taydol weyv kɛr di bowt pan tap.,,the tidal wave carry the boat upan top,,Own data 1992,,15510, +9-158,9,Dey layk stedi go ron go tɛl ron go tɛl pan dis gyal.,Dey\tlayk\tstedi\tgo\tron\tgo\ttɛl\tron\tgo\ttɛl\tpan\tdis\tgyal.,3PL\tlike\tHAB\tgo\trun\tgo\ttell\trun\tgo\ttell\tupon\tthis\tgirl,They always gossiped about this girl.,,,445[533],,naturalistic spoken,Dey layk stedi go ron go tɛl ron go tɛl pan dis gyal.,,3PL like HAB go run go tell run go tell upon this girl,,,,15511, +9-159,9,Dey pas kum don dey me de meyt.,Dey\tpas\tkum\tdon\tdey\tme\tde\tmeyt.,3PL\tpass\tcome\tdown\t3PL\tANT\tPROG\tmate,[Manta rays] come close [to the coast] to mate.,,,445[757],,naturalistic spoken,Dey pas kum don dey me de meyt.,,3PL pass come down 3PL ANT PROG mate,,,,15512, +10-190,10,Kom luk!,Kom\tluk!,come\tlook,Come and see!,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Kom luk!,,come look,,Unpublished field recordings,,15513, +10-191,10,Ihn kom bring wan baks.,Ihn\tkom\tbring\twan\tbaks.,3SG\tcome\tbring\tART.INDF\tbox,He brought a box.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ihn kom bring wan baks.,,3SG come bring ART.INDF box,,Field notes 2008,,15514, +10-193,10,Ai laik go op plie futbol.,Ai\tlaik\tgo\top\tplie\tfutbol.,1SG\tlike\tgo\tup\tplay\tfootball.,I like to go up [there] and play football.,,,113[102],,naturalistic spoken,Ai laik go op plie futbol.,,1SG like go up play football.,,,,15515, +10-195,10,Naansi jomp op an ron gaan lef Beda Taiga de egen.,Naansi\tjomp\top\tan\tron\tgaan\tlef\tBeda\tTaiga\tde\tegen.,Anancy\tjump\tup\tand\trun\tgo.PFV\tleave\tBrother\tTiger\tDEM.LOC\tagain,"Anacy jumped up and run away, leaving Brother Tiger there again.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Naansi jomp op an ron gaan lef Beda Taiga de egen.,,Anancy jump up and run go.PFV leave Brother Tiger DEM.LOC again,,Unpublished field recordings,,15516, +11-84,11,I jos sii wan-wan maami.,I\tjos\tsii\twan-wan\tmaami.,3SG\tjust\tsee\tone-one\tmamee,He just saw a few mamee apples.,,Holm (p.c.) indicates that wan-wan means ‘one by one; only a few; individually’.,636[297],,naturalistic spoken,I jos sii wan-wan maami.,,3SG just see one-one mamee,"Holm (p.c.) indicates that wan-wan means ‘one by one; only a few; individually’.",,,15517, +11-85,11,[...] wan bai wan di memba dem a di famali an frenz put dem fuud aafrin aan di tiebl [...].,[...]\twan\tbai\twan\tdi\tmemba\tdem\ta\tdi\tfamali\tan\tfren-z\tput\tdem\tfuud\taafrin\taan\tdi\ttiebl\t[...].,[...]\tone\tby\tone\tART.DEF\tmember\tPL\tof\tART.DEF\tfamily\tand\tfriend-PL\tput\t3PL.POSS\tfood\toffering\ton\tART.DEF\ttable\t[...],[...] one by one the members of the family and friends put their food offerings on the table [...].,,,,,naturalistic written,[...] wan bai wan di memba dem a di famali an frenz put dem fuud aafrin aan di tiebl [...].,[...] wan bai wan di memba dem a di famali an fren-z put dem fuud aafrin aan di tiebl [...].,[...] one by one ART.DEF member PL of ART.DEF family and friend-PL put 3PL.POSS food offering on ART.DEF table [...],,Kuos Riijan Stuoriz II,,15518, +11-263,11,An shi get wan mesinja sen gaan kaal di gyal an tel di gyal: [...].,An\tshi\tget\twan\tmesinja\tsen\tgaan\tkaal\tdi\tgyal\tan\ttel\tdi\tgyal:\t[...].,and\t3SG.F\tget\tART.INDF\tmessenger\tsend\tgo.PST\tcall\tART.DEF\tgirl\tand\ttell\tART.DEF\tgirl\t[...],So she got a messenger to summon the girl and to tell her: [...].,,The original serial verb construction as attested by Holm (1978: 227) and also occurring in San Andrés Creole English is sen kaal ‘to summon’.,1054,,naturalistic spoken,An shi get wan mesinja sen gaan kaal di gyal an tel di gyal: [...].,,and 3SG.F get ART.INDF messenger send go.PST call ART.DEF girl and tell ART.DEF girl [...],"The original serial verb construction as attested by Holm (1978: 227) and also occurring in San Andrés Creole English is sen kaal ‘to summon’.",,,15519, +12-67,12,"Things - things was bad in this country. Anytime anybody come in this country to help the black - poor black, you - they l- they lost they life immediately, you don't see them no more. That's true. You see, I could tell you this history, I got this history.",[...]\tyou\tdon't\tsee\tthem\tno\tmore.,[...]\tyou\tNEG\tsee\t3PL.OBJ\tno\tmore,[...] you never saw them any more.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Things - things was bad in this country. Anytime anybody come in this country to help the black - poor black, you - they l- they lost they life immediately, you don't see them no more. That's true. You see, I could tell you this history, I got this history.",[...] you don't see them no more.,[...] you NEG see 3PL.OBJ no more,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,15520, +12-185,12,"Yeah, he spend - uh - he was a sickly child anyway. And he been in the hospital, in and out [...] - he died home [...].",[...]\the\twas\ta\tsickly\tchild\t[...]\tAnd\the\tbeen\tin\tthe\thospital\t[...].,[...]\t3SG.SBJ\tCOP.PST\tART\tsickly\tchild\t[...]\tand\t3SG.SBJ\tCOP.PST\tLOC\tthe\thospital\t[...],"Yeah, he was a sickly child, and he was in the hospital (often), in and out [...].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, he spend - uh - he was a sickly child anyway. And he been in the hospital, in and out [...] - he died home [...].","[...] he was a sickly child [...] And he been in the hospital [...].",[...] 3SG.SBJ COP.PST ART sickly child [...] and 3SG.SBJ COP.PST LOC the hospital [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,15521, +12-186,12,"This is about - this is about three, four years ago, and I been to hospital, was taking drip, 'cause my head did partly - swell.","[...]\tthis\tis\tabout\tthree,\tfour\tyears\tago\t[...]\tI\tbeen\tto\thospital",[...]\tDEM\tCOP\tabout\tNUM\tNUM\tyear.PL\tago\t[...]\t1SG.SBJ\tCOP.PST\tto\thospital,"This happened about three, four years ago. I was in the hospital, on a drip [...]",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"This is about - this is about three, four years ago, and I been to hospital, was taking drip, 'cause my head did partly - swell.","[...] this is about three, four years ago [...] I been to hospital",[...] DEM COP about NUM NUM year.PL ago [...] 1SG.SBJ COP.PST to hospital,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,15522, +12-206,12,Every vessel what go out come bring in all dead sponge.,Every\tvessel\twhat\tgo\tout\tcome\tbring\tin\tall\tdead\tsponge.,every\tvessel\tCOMP\tgo\tout\tcome\tbring\tin\tall\tdead\tsponge[PL],Every ship that had gone out came back with dead sponges only.,,,634[46],,naturalistic spoken,Every vessel what go out come bring in all dead sponge.,,every vessel COMP go out come bring in all dead sponge[PL],,,,15523, +12-207,12,"Melissa - girl, what you doing up there? I ain't get - Melissa, you know who I is? You know me? OK. Come here go see if Olga home.",Come\there\tgo\tsee\tif\tOlga\thome.,come\there\tgo\tsee\tif\tOlga\thome,Come here and check if Olga is home.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Melissa - girl, what you doing up there? I ain't get - Melissa, you know who I is? You know me? OK. Come here go see if Olga home.",Come here go see if Olga home.,come here go see if Olga home,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,15524, +12-208,12,"She say, Come help me! I say, I can't move.","She\tsay,\tCome\thelp\tme!",3SG.F.SBJ\tsay\tcome\thelp\t1SG.OBJ,"She said, Help me! [I said, I can’t move.]",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"She say, Come help me! I say, I can't move.","She say, Come help me!",3SG.F.SBJ say come help 1SG.OBJ,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,15525, +12-209,12,"Yeah, he wasn't sick, he say, What happen to all - you-all sick? He say, Let me go call the ambulance. Then he gone call the ambulance, the ambulance take so long to come.",Let\tme\tgo\tcall\tthe\tambulance.\tThen\the\tgone\tcall\tthe\tambulance\t[...],let\tme\tgo\tcall\tART\tambulance\tthen\t3SG.M.SBJ\tgo[PFV]\tcall\tART\tambulance\t[...],"[He said,] Let me call the ambulance. Then he called the ambulance, [but it took so long to come].",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Yeah, he wasn't sick, he say, What happen to all - you-all sick? He say, Let me go call the ambulance. Then he gone call the ambulance, the ambulance take so long to come.",Let me go call the ambulance. Then he gone call the ambulance [...],let me go call ART ambulance then 3SG.M.SBJ go[PFV] call ART ambulance [...],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,15526, +12-234,12,One of them ax me before say if I like Haitian.,One\tof\tthem\tax\tme\tbefore\tsay\tif\tI\tlike\tHaitian.,one\tof\tthem\task[PFV]\t1SG.OBJ\tbefore\tCOMP\tif\t1SG.SBJ\tlike\tHaitian[PL],One of them asked me whether I like the Haitians.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"One of them ax me before say if I like Haitian.",One of them ax me before say if I like Haitian.,one of them ask[PFV] 1SG.OBJ before COMP if 1SG.SBJ like Haitian[PL],,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,15527, +12-283,12,Princess Margaret Hospital,Princess\tMargaret\tHospital,prince.F\tMargaret\thospital,Princess Margaret Hospital,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Princess Margaret Hospital,,prince.F Margaret hospital,,Own sociolinguistic interviews,,15528, +13-85,13,Dɛn yu də braɡ.,Dɛn\tyu\tdə\tbraɡ.,then\t2SG\tFUT\tbrag,Then you will brag.,,,1500[213],,naturalistic spoken,"Dɛn yu də braɡ.",,then 2SG FUT brag,,,,15529, +13-196,13,"""Suck-teeth"" to express disdain","""Suck-teeth""\tto\texpress\tdisdain","""Suck-teeth""\tto\texpress\tdisdain","""Suck-teeth"" to express disdain",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"""Suck-teeth"" to express disdain",,"""Suck-teeth"" to express disdain",,Own fieldwork 2008-2009,,15530, +14-6,14,It was a lot of things going on in this lesson.,It\twas\ta\tlot\tof\tthings\tgoing\ton\tin\tthis\tlesson,EXPL\twas\ta\tlot\tof\tthings\tgoing\ton\tin\tthis\tlesson,There were a lot of things that were going on in this lesson.,,,576[81],,naturalistic spoken,It was a lot of things going on in this lesson.,It was a lot of things going on in this lesson,EXPL was a lot of things going on in this lesson,,,,15531, +14-116,14,Bruce is out the hole.,Bruce\tis\tout\tthe\thole.,Bruce\tis\tout\tthe\thole,Bruce is out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Bruce is out the hole.,,Bruce is out the hole,,Own knowledge,,15532, +14-117,14,After that we went take a nap.,After\tthat\twe\twent\ttake\ta\tnap.,after\tthat\twe\twent\ttake\ta\tnap,After that we took a nap.,,This example is not purposive (e.g. We went to take a nap).,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,After that we went take a nap.,,after that we went take a nap,"This example is not purposive (e.g. We went to take a nap).",Own knowledge,,15533, +14-144,14,It’s a whole lot of people got fire insurance.,It’s\ta\twhole\tlot\tof\tpeople\tgot\tfire\tinsurance.,EXPL\ta\twhole\tlot\tof\tpeople\tgot\tfire\tinsurance,There are a whole lot of people who have fire insurance.,,Expletive it constructions are argued to be a focused construction or cleft in works such as Tottie & Harvie (2000).,576[90],,naturalistic spoken,It’s a whole lot of people got fire insurance.,,EXPL a whole lot of people got fire insurance,"Expletive it constructions are argued to be a focused construction or cleft in works such as Tottie & Harvie (2000).",,,15534, +15-22,15,i,i,3SG,"he, she, it",,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,i,,3SG,,Own knowledge,,15535, +15-23,15,wi,wi,1PL,we,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,wi,,1PL,,Own knowledge,,15536, +15-24,15,una/unu,una/unu,2PL,you (PL),,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,una/unu,,2PL,,Own knowledge,,15537, +15-25,15,dɛn/dɛm,dɛn/dɛm,3PL,they,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,dɛn/dɛm,,3PL,,Own knowledge,,15538, +16-7,16,dɛ̀m put mì fɔ dɛ kadɛt insai,dɛ̀m\tput\tmì\tfɔ\tdɛ\tkadɛt\tinsai,3PL\tput\t1SG.OBL\tfor\tART\tcadet\tinside,They put me in the cadet (corps).,,,656[213],,naturalistic spoken,dɛ̀m put mì fɔ dɛ kadɛt insai,,3PL put 1SG.OBL for ART cadet inside,,,,15539, +16-43,16,à ɔndastan sɔm ɔf dɛ̀m wã wã wan wan wan,à\tɔndastan\tsɔm\tɔf\tdɛ̀m\twã~wã~wan~wan~wan,1SG\tunderstand\tART.INDF\tof\tdem\tone~one~one~one~one,I understand a couple of them.,,The example contains an indefinite article and a reduplicated numeral 'one'.,656[173],,naturalistic spoken,à ɔndastan sɔm ɔf dɛ̀m wã wã wan wan wan,à ɔndastan sɔm ɔf dɛ̀m wã~wã~wan~wan~wan,1SG understand ART.INDF of dem one~one~one~one~one,The example contains an indefinite article and a reduplicated numeral 'one'.,,,15540, +16-171,16,tru,tru,true,true,,,656[244],,naturalistic spoken,tru,,true,,,,15541, +17-110,17,À folo yù bay nyam.,À\tfolo\tyù\tbay\tnyam.,1SG.SBJ\tfollow.COM\t2SG.OBJ\tbuy\tyam,I bought yams with you.,,,462[142-143],,naturalistic spoken,À folo yù bay nyam.,,1SG.SBJ follow.COM 2SG.OBJ buy yam,,,,15542, +18-128,18,Mary rich fo Bamenda.,Mary\trich\tfo\tBamenda.,Mary\treach\tfor\tBamenda,Mary arrived in Bamenda.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Mary rich fo Bamenda.,,Mary reach for Bamenda,,,,15543, +18-129,18,Mary go rich Bamenda.,Mary\tgo\trich\tBamenda.,Mary\tgo\treach\tBamenda,Mary arrived in Bamenda.,,,97,,elicited from speaker,Mary go rich Bamenda.,,Mary go reach Bamenda,,,,15544, +18-195,18,Nàsò. vs. Nàsó?,Nàsò.\tvs.\tNàsó?,now.so\tvs.\tnow.so,It is so. vs. Is it so?,,,938[147],,published source,Nàsò. vs. Nàsó?,,now.so vs. now.so,,,,15545, +19-164,19,Dɛ̀n pus dì mòtó mek è ɛnta nà garaje.,Dɛ̀n\tpus\tdì\tmòtó\tmek\tè\tɛnta\tnà\tgaraje.,3PL\tpush\tDEF\tcar\tSBJV\t3SG.SBJ\tenter\tLOC\tgarage,They pushed the car into the garage.,,,1634[448],,elicited from speaker,"Dɛ̀n pus dì mòtó mek è ɛnta nà garaje.",,3PL push DEF car SBJV 3SG.SBJ enter LOC garage,,,,15546, +20-30,20,my long you go see he,my\tlong\tyou\tgo\tsee\the,1SG\talong\t2SG\tgo\tsee\t3SG,We will go together to have an interview.,,This example shows syncretism of comitative and conjunction.,493,,naturalistic written,my long you go see he,,1SG along 2SG go see 3SG,This example shows syncretism of comitative and conjunction.,,米郎㕭哥思希,15547, +20-94,20,Putee batter.,Putee\tbatter.,put\tbatter,Cover it with batter.,,"Here put is apparently being used as a paraphrase, avoiding use of an instrumental preposition.",1489[VI.43],,naturalistic written,Putee batter.,,put batter,"Here put is apparently being used as a paraphrase, avoiding use of an instrumental preposition.",,砵地八打,15548, +20-95,20,Putee houso sealee.,Putee\thouso\tsealee.,put\thouse\tseal,Seal them up with the house seal.,,,1489[VI.63],,naturalistic written,"Putee houso sealee.",,put house seal,,,砵地口素思厘,15549, +20-122,20,Go makee pay duty.,Go\tmakee\tpay\tduty.,go\tmake\tpay\tduty,Go and pay the duty.,,,1489[IV.74],,naturalistic written,Go makee pay duty.,,go make pay duty,,,哥米其跛刁底,15550, +20-124,20,Give me see.,Give\tme\tsee.,give\tme\tsee,Let me see.,,,1489[IV.46],,naturalistic written,Give me see.,,give me see,,,刼未思,15551, +21-3,21,Chilli can fry.,Chilli\tcan\tfry.,chilli\tcan\tfry,You/one can fry the chilli.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Chilli can fry.,,chilli can fry,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,15552, +21-56,21,Still rain now.,Still\train\tnow.,DUR\train\tnow,It is still raining now.,,,48[137],,naturalistic spoken,Still rain now.,,DUR rain now,,,,15553, +21-57,21,She she always doing that.,She\tshe\talways\tdoing\tthat.,she\tshe\tHAB\tdo.PROG\tthat,She always does that.,,,48[137],,naturalistic spoken,She she always doing that.,,she she HAB do.PROG that,,,,15554, +21-58,21,"So if you don’t get it, then what would happen?","So\tif\tyou\tdon’t\tget\tit,\tthen\twhat\twould\thappen?",so\tif\tyou\tdon’t\tget\tit\tthen\twhat\tIRR\thappen,"So if you don’t get it, what will happen?",,,48[137],,naturalistic spoken,"So if you don’t get it, then what would happen?",,so if you don’t get it then what IRR happen,,,,15555, +21-59,21,"Lastime got mango trees, you know.","Lastime\tgot\tmango\ttrees,\tyou\tknow.",PST\tEXIST\tmango\ttrees\tyou\tknow,"There were mango trees in the past, you know.",,,48[137],,naturalistic spoken,"Lastime got mango trees, you know.",,PST EXIST mango trees you know,,,,15556, +21-60,21,"Because they sold the house what. [...] Oh, they sold already ah?","Because\tthey\tsold\tthe\thouse\twhat.\t[...]\tOh,\tthey\tsold\talready\tah?",because\tthey\tsold\tthe\thouse\tPCL\t[...]\tOh\tthey\tsold\tPRF\tPCL,"Because they sold the house (as you know). [...] Oh, have they already sold the house?",,,48[137],,naturalistic spoken,"Because they sold the house what. [...] Oh, they sold already ah?",,because they sold the house PCL [...] Oh they sold PRF PCL,,,,15557, +21-61,21,She go school already.,She\tgo\tschool\talready.,3SG.F\tgo\tschool\tPRF,She has already gone to school. OR: She has already started going to school.,,,,,constructed by linguist,She go school already.,,3SG.F go school PRF,,Own knowledge,,15558, +21-66,21,I always like think you know.,I\talways\tlike\tthink\tyou\tknow.,1SG\talways\tlike\tthink\t2SG\tknow,"I always, like, think, you know.",,,48[137],,naturalistic spoken,I always like think you know.,,1SG always like think 2SG know,,,,15559, +21-70,21,I run three klic.,I\trun\tthree\tklic.,1SG\trun\tthree\tkilometres,I run three kilometres.,,,,,constructed by linguist,I run three klic.,,1SG run three kilometres,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,15560, +21-115,21,Gerard is outside the pool.,Gerard\tis\toutside\tthe\tpool.,Gerard\tbe\toutside\tDET\tpool,Gerard is outside the pool.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Gerard is outside the pool.,,Gerard be outside DET pool,,Own knowledge (Lisa Lim),,15561, +22-76,22,Olpela pat bilong ka i bagarap pinis.,Olpela\tpat\tbilong\tka\ti\tbagarap\tpinis.,old\tpart\tPOSS\tcar\tPM\tworn.out\tCOMPL,The old parts of the car are worn out.,,,411[51],,naturalistic spoken,Olpela pat bilong ka i bagarap pinis.,,old part POSS car PM worn.out COMPL,,,,15562, +22-77,22,"Na tupla kam raunim steshen pinis nau, ol faiarim wanpla kain misail [...].","Na\ttupla\tkam\traun-im\tsteshen\tpinis\tnau,\tol\tfaia-im\twan-pla\tkain\tmisail\t[...].",and\t3DU\tcome\tgo.around-TR\tstation\tCOMPL\tnow\t3PL\tfire-TR\tone-MOD\tkind\tmissile\t[...],"And when the two of them had come around the station, they fired a kind of missile [...].",,,584[Vanhs8\Cletus\ws\m15\momas],,naturalistic spoken,"Na tupla kam raunim steshen pinis nau, ol faiarim wanpla kain misail [...].","Na tupla kam raun-im steshen pinis nau, ol faia-im wan-pla kain misail [...].",and 3DU come go.around-TR station COMPL now 3PL fire-TR one-MOD kind missile [...],,,,15563, +23-65,23,mo wan wan i mas traehad go go,mo\twan\twan\ti\tmas\ttraehad\tgo\tgo,and\tone\tone\tAGR\tmust\ttry.hard\tgo\tgo,and every one has to work and work as hard as they can,,,942,,naturalistic spoken,mo wan wan i mas traehad go go,,and one one AGR must try.hard go go,,,,15564, +23-67,23,Each saed i mas faithful long ol promes blong hem.,Each\tsaed\ti\tmas\tfaithful\tlong\tol\tpromes\tblong\them.,each\tside\tAGR\tmust\tfaithful\tLOC\tPL\tpromise\tPOSS\t3SG,Each side must stay true to the promises they have made.,,NB English spelling of each in this 1998 text. This variant is possibly becoming more widespread and less marked as [+English].,,,naturalistic written,Each saed i mas faithful long ol promes blong hem.,,each side AGR must faithful LOC PL promise POSS 3SG,"NB English spelling of each in this 1998 text. This variant is possibly becoming more widespread and less marked as [+English].","Vanuatu Weekly Hebdomadaire, 20 June 1998",,15565, +23-163,23,"nakatoa i stap kwaet, i no save toktok","nakatoa\ti\tstap\tkwaet,\ti\tno\tsave\ttok~tok",nakatoa\tAGR\tstay\tquiet\tAGR\tNEG\tcan\ttalk~talk,"Nakatoa stays quiet, [he] can't speak.",,This is a modified sentence from field recordings.,,,constructed by linguist,"nakatoa i stap kwaet, i no save toktok","nakatoa i stap kwaet, i no save tok~tok",nakatoa AGR stay quiet AGR NEG can talk~talk,This is a modified sentence from field recordings.,Own knowledge,,15566, +24-74,24,Daa/dar es yoen.,Daa/dar\tes\tyoen.,that\tCOP\tyours,That is yours.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Daa/dar es yoen.,,that COP yours,,Own fieldwork,,15567, +24-92,24,Hi kaa bii s'dana pient.,Hi\tkaa\tbii\ts'dana\tpient.,3SG\tcan’t\tCOMPL\tCOMPL\tpaint,He can't have finished painting.,,,791,,constructed by linguist,Hi kaa bii s'dana pient.,,3SG can’t COMPL COMPL paint,,,,15568, +24-93,24,Yu ort a' bii bin ya.,Yu ort a' bii bin ya.,2SG ought COMP PST here,You should have been here.,,,,,naturalistic written,Yu ort a' bii bin ya.,,2SG ought COMP PST here,,Own fieldwork,,15569, +24-96,24,Ort a' bii dem gwen lok yuu ap.,Ort\ta'\tbii\tdem\tgwen\tlok\tyuu\tap.,ought\tto\tbe\tthey\tFUT\tlock\t2SG.OBJ\tup,They ought to lock you up.,,,,,internet chatroom,Ort a' bii dem gwen lok yuu ap.,,ought to be they FUT lock 2SG.OBJ up,,Internet chatroom,,15570, +24-142,24,ef orf ap dea,ef\torf\tap\tdea,if\toff\tup\tthere,if it is lost up there,,,,,naturalistic spoken,ef orf ap dea,,if off up there,,Own fieldwork,,15571, +24-144,24,eff se orf ap dea,eff\tse\torf\tap\tdea,If\tCOMPL\toff\tup\tthere,if it is lost up there,,,,,unknown,eff se orf ap dea,,If COMPL off up there,,Own fieldwork,,15572, +24-154,24,I se pam’l ar roed kamap.,I\tse\tpam’l\tar\troed\tkamap.,I\tCOMPL\tbeat\tDET.INDF.SG\troad\tarrive,I raced up the road and arrived.,,,,,naturalistic written,I se pam’l ar roed kamap.,,I COMPL beat DET.INDF.SG road arrive,,Own fieldwork,,15573, +25-25,25,Hu bla?,Hu\tbla?,who\tDAT/POSS,For whom? (Context: someone is shouting; the speaker addresses her to ask to whom she is calling out),,Variety: Spoken Victoria River. This example illustrates a postpositional use of the dative/possessive adposition bla(nga) which normally functions as a preposition.,,,naturalistic spoken,Hu bla?,,who DAT/POSS,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River. This example illustrates a postpositional use of the dative/possessive adposition bla(nga) which normally functions as a preposition.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,15574, +25-28,25,Hu blanga jadan waya?,Hu\tblanga\tjadan\twaya?,who\tDAT\tDIST:ADJ\twire/spear,Whose is that fishing spear?,,Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the postpositional use of the dative/possessive preposition bla(nga) with interrogatives.,1333[98],,unknown,Hu blanga jadan waya?,,who DAT DIST:ADJ wire/spear,"Variety: Roper River. This example illustrates the postpositional use of the dative/possessive preposition bla(nga) with interrogatives.",,,15575, +25-31,25,Trisa fo dedi bin kam.,Trisa\tfo\tdedi\tbin\tkam.,Theresa\tDAT/POSS\tfather\tPST\tcome,Theresa's father came.,,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a nominal possessor marked by a postposition, preceding the possessum.",659[72],,unknown,Trisa fo dedi bin kam.,,Theresa DAT/POSS father PST come,"Variety: Fitzroy Valley. This example illustrates a nominal possessor marked by a postposition, preceding the possessum.",,,15576, +25-217,25,"Dei bin dali melabat laikdat na, C-mob.","Dei\tbin\tdali\tmelabat\tlaikdat\tna,\tC-mob.",3PL\tPST\ttell:TR\t1PL.EXCL\tQUOT\tnow\tC-COLL,"That's what they told us, C's family (did).",,Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the associative plural function of the collective suffix -mob.,40,,naturalistic spoken,"Dei bin dali melabat laikdat na, C-mob.",,3PL PST tell:TR 1PL.EXCL QUOT now C-COLL,"Variety: Katherine. This example illustrates the associative plural function of the collective suffix -mob.",,,15577, +25-241,25,"Mi jidan mijelb, kukumbat.","Mi\tjidan\tmijelb,\tkuk-um-bat.",1SG\tsit\toneself\tcook-TR-PROG,"I am by myself, cooking.",,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the unmarked stative verb jidan 'be, sit, stay'.",,,translation in elicitation of other language,"Mi jidan mijelb, kukumbat.","Mi jidan mijelb, kuk-um-bat.",1SG sit oneself cook-TR-PROG,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Older Generation. This example illustrates the unmarked stative verb jidan 'be, sit, stay'.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,15578, +25-304,25,Imin go fainda hani:::.,Im=in\tgo\tfainda\thani.,3SG=PST\tgo\tfind\thoney,He went and found honey.,,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation (child). This was said while looking at Frog Story pictures.",,,naturalistic spoken,Imin go fainda hani:::.,Im=in go fainda hani.,3SG=PST go find honey,"Variety: Spoken Victoria River, Younger Generation (child). This was said while looking at Frog Story pictures.",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt,,15579, +26-104,26,deɪ nu aɹɛdi hi wz wan plæbɔoi,deɪ\tnu\taɹɛdi\thi\twz\twan\tplæbɔoi,3PL\tknew\talready\t3PL\twas\tART\tplayboy,They knew already that he was a playboy.,,,1545[182],,naturalistic spoken,deɪ nu aɹɛdi hi wz wan plæbɔoi,,3PL knew already 3PL was ART playboy,,,,15580, +27-47,27,"Mi nə ha kin, ju sal wēs mi kin.","Mi\tnə\tha\tkin,\tju\tsal\twēs\tmi\tkin.",1SG\tNEG\thave\tchild\t2SG\twill\tCOP\t1SG\tchild,"I don't have a child / children, you will be my child.",,,355[12],,naturalistic spoken,"Mi nə ha kin, ju sal wēs mi kin.",,1SG NEG have child 2SG will COP 1SG child,,,,15581, +27-63,27,Am ha twē hogo liki alga fulək.,Am\tha\ttwē\thogo\tliki\talga\tfulək.,3SG\thave\ttwo\teye\tlike\tall\tpeople,She has two eyes like everybody.,,,355[23],,naturalistic spoken,Am ha twē hogo liki alga fulək.,,3SG have two eye like all people,,,,15582, +27-64,27,Ki hoso sini kurí.,Ki\thoso\tsini\tkurí.,look\thow\t3PL\trun,Look how they run.,,,355[63],,naturalistic spoken,Ki hoso sini kurí.,,look how 3PL run,,,,15583, +27-66,27,Ons na kā wēs hungu in gehēl.,Ons\tna\tkā\twēs\thungu\tin\tgehēl.,1PL\tNEG\tCOMPL\tbe\thungry\tin\twhole,We were not hungry at all.,,,1526[72],,naturalistic spoken,Ons na kā wēs hungu in gehēl.,,1PL NEG COMPL be hungry in whole,,,,15584, +27-110,27,Ju kan nē ju duksak ko fin mi.,Ju\tkan\tnē\tju\tduksak\tko\tfin\tmi.,2SG\tcan\ttake\t2SG\tbag\tcome\tfind\t1SG,You can take your bag and find me here.,,Ko fin forms the pair in which ko is a serial verb.,355[36],,naturalistic spoken,Ju kan nē ju duksak ko fin mi.,,2SG can take 2SG bag come find 1SG,"Ko fin forms the pair in which ko is a serial verb.",,,15585, +28-160,28,[...] an pantɛkɛ kaʃu toro,[...]\tan\tpama-tɛ\tɛkɛ\tkaʃi\tju\ttoro,[...]\tand\ttell-PRF\t1SG\tshut\t2SG\teye,[...] and told me: Close your eyes.,,,737[333],,naturalistic spoken,[...] an pantɛkɛ kaʃu toro,[...] an pama-tɛ ɛkɛ kaʃi ju toro,[...] and tell-PRF 1SG shut 2SG eye,,,,15586, +29-49,29,[...] die vennootskap tussen mens en heuningvoël.,[...]\tdie\tvennoot-skap\ttussen\tmens\ten\theuning-voël.,[...]\tDEF.ART\tpartner-ship\tbetween\tMan\tand\thoney-bird,[...] the partnership between Man and honeybird.,,,1226[124],,naturalistic written,[...] die vennootskap tussen mens en heuningvoël.,[...] die vennoot-skap tussen mens en heuning-voël.,[...] DEF.ART partner-ship between Man and honey-bird,,,,15587, +29-79,29,Hy kon aan die werk gewees het.,Hy\tkon\taan\tdie\twerk\tge-wees\thet.,3SG.M\tcould\ton\tDEF.ART\tworking\tPTCP-been\tPST,He could have been working.,,,,,naturalistic written,Hy kon aan die werk gewees het.,Hy kon aan die werk ge-wees het.,3SG.M could on DEF.ART working PTCP-been PST,,Own knowledge,,15588, +29-80,29,Sy moes besig gewees het om te trek. vs. Sy moet besig wees om te trek.,Sy\tmoes\tbesig\tge-wees\thet\tom\tte\ttrek.\tvs.\tSy\tmoet\tbesig\twees\tom\tte\ttrek.,3SG.F\tmust.PST\tbusy\tPTCP-been\thave.INF\tINF.CONJ\tINF\tmove.INF\tvs.\tShe\tmust\tbusy\tbe.INF\tINF.CONJ\tto\tmove.INF,She must have been in the process of moving. vs. She must be in the process of moving.,,"INF.CONJ signals the infinitival conjunction, cognate with Dutch om and German um. +Besig wees om te is an aspectual phrase expressing the progressive (and not necessarily an agentive progressive - cf. Sy is besig om te sterf [3SG.F is busy INF.CONJ to die] 'She is dying'). +Although Mood (moes/moet) precedes Aspect (besig (ge)wees om te), which in turn precedes Tense (het vs. zero), it is clear from the form of the auxiliaries that the actual sequence is Mood-Tense-Aspect: modals select for infinitives, which means that moes above selects het (the infinitive form of the PST auxiliary - cf. om te verstaan het [INF.CONJ to understand have] 'to have understood'), which in turn selects for the past participle gewees ('been'). +The form of the Mood-expressing auxiliary is also determined by Tense: moet isn't standardly an option with het (some colloquial varieties permit Sy moet besig gewees het om te trek), while moes, under the same modal interpretation, isn't an option where het is absent (i.e. Sy moes besig wees om te trek can only mean 'She should have been busy moving (but wasn't)').",,,naturalistic spoken,Sy moes besig gewees het om te trek. vs. Sy moet besig wees om te trek.,Sy moes besig ge-wees het om te trek. vs. Sy moet besig wees om te trek.,3SG.F must.PST busy PTCP-been have.INF INF.CONJ INF move.INF vs. She must busy be.INF INF.CONJ to move.INF,"INF.CONJ signals the infinitival conjunction, cognate with Dutch om and German um. +Besig wees om te is an aspectual phrase expressing the progressive (and not necessarily an agentive progressive - cf. Sy is besig om te sterf [3SG.F is busy INF.CONJ to die] 'She is dying'). +Although Mood (moes/moet) precedes Aspect (besig (ge)wees om te), which in turn precedes Tense (het vs. zero), it is clear from the form of the auxiliaries that the actual sequence is Mood-Tense-Aspect: modals select for infinitives, which means that moes above selects het (the infinitive form of the PST auxiliary - cf. om te verstaan het [INF.CONJ to understand have] 'to have understood'), which in turn selects for the past participle gewees ('been'). +The form of the Mood-expressing auxiliary is also determined by Tense: moet isn't standardly an option with het (some colloquial varieties permit Sy moet besig gewees het om te trek), while moes, under the same modal interpretation, isn't an option where het is absent (i.e. Sy moes besig wees om te trek can only mean 'She should have been busy moving (but wasn't)').",Own knowledge,,15589, +29-132,29,Die huis staan haar aan.,Die\thuis\tstaan\thaar\taan.,DEF.ART\thouse\tstand\t3SG.F.OBL\ton,The house appeals to her.,,This is a high-register usage.,,,naturalistic written,Die huis staan haar aan.,,DEF.ART house stand 3SG.F.OBL on,This is a high-register usage.,Own knowledge,,15590, +29-142,29,Ek gaan dood van die vrees/honger.,Ek\tgaan\tdood\tvan\tdie\tvrees/honger.,1SG.NOM\tgo\tdead\tof\tDEF.ART\tfear/hunger,I am dying of fear/hunger.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ek gaan dood van die vrees/honger.,,1SG.NOM go dead of DEF.ART fear/hunger,,Own knowledge,,15591, +29-170,29,Sy het in haar kamer gaan studeer.,Sy\thet\tin\thaar\tkamer\tgaan\tstudeer.,3SG.F.NOM\tPST\tin\t3SG.F.POSS\troom\tgo\tstudy.INF,She went to study in her room.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sy het in haar kamer gaan studeer.,,3SG.F.NOM PST in 3SG.F.POSS room go study.INF,,Own knowledge,,15592, +29-171,29,Sy het die nuus kom vertel.,Sy\thet\tdie\tnuus\tkom\tvertel.,3SG.F.NOM\tPST\tDEF.ART\tnews\tcome\ttell.INF,She came and told us the news. / She came to tell us the news.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Sy het die nuus kom vertel.,,3SG.F.NOM PST DEF.ART news come tell.INF,,Own knowledge,,15593, +29-172,29,Hy loop kyk wat gebeur.,Hy\tloop\tkyk\twat\tgebeur.,3SG.M.NOM\twalk\tlook.INF\twhat\thappens,He goes to see what's happening.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy loop kyk wat gebeur.,,3SG.M.NOM walk look.INF what happens,,Own knowledge,,15594, +29-173,29,Hy laat val die byl.,Hy\tlaat\tval\tdie\tbyl.,3SG.M.NOM\tlet\tfall.INF\tDEF.ART\taxe,He drops the axe (lit. He lets the axe drop).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Hy laat val die byl.,,3SG.M.NOM let fall.INF DEF.ART axe,,Own knowledge,,15595, +30-75,30,N kré karnéru ki ta pari dós-dós.,N=kré\tkarnéru\tki=ta=pari\tdós~dós.,1SG=want\tsheep\tCOMP=IPFV=give.birth\ttwo-two,I want a sheep that (always) gives birth to twin lambs (i.e. gives birth to two lambs each pregnancy).,,,5[s.v. pari],,naturalistic spoken,"N kré karnéru ki ta pari dós-dós.",N=kré karnéru ki=ta=pari dós~dós.,1SG=want sheep COMP=IPFV=give.birth two-two,,,,15596,"German: Ich möchte ein Schaf, das paarweise wirft (d.h. je zwei Lämmer)." +30-220,30,"Trabádja, e ta trabádja ki nen buru [...]. Más kume, tanbe e ta kume ki nen pó frádu!","trabádja,\te=ta=trabádja\tki=nen\tburu\t[...]\tMás\tkume\ttanbe\te=ta=kume\tki=nen\tpó\tfrádu!",work\t3SG=IPFV=work\tCOMP=not.even\tdonkey\t[...]\tbut\teat\talso\t3SG=IPFV=eat\tCOMP=not.even\tstick\triddled,He works like a dog [...] But he also eats like a horse!,,,1407[45],,naturalistic spoken,"Trabádja, e ta trabádja ki nen buru [...]. Más kume, tanbe e ta kume ki nen pó frádu!","trabádja, e=ta=trabádja ki=nen buru [...] Más kume tanbe e=ta=kume ki=nen pó frádu!",work 3SG=IPFV=work COMP=not.even donkey [...] but eat also 3SG=IPFV=eat COMP=not.even stick riddled,,,,15597,"German: Er arbeitet wie ein Esel [...]. Aber er frisst auch wie ein Scheunendrescher! OR: Arbeiten tut er wie ein Esel [...], aber er frisst auch wie ein Scheunendrescher!" +31-10,31,kel omi riku ku kel mudjer la,kel\tomi\triku\tku\tkel\tmudjer\tla,DEM\tman\trich\twith\tDEM\twoman\there,this rich man with that woman,,,839,,naturalistic spoken,kel omi riku ku kel mudjer la,,DEM man rich with DEM woman here,,,,15598, +31-147,31,p’es torna manda-m Praia,p’es\ttorna\tmanda-m\tPraia,so.that.they\tback\tsend-me\tPraia,so that they send me back to Praia,,"Torna is a verb that is frequently found with motion verbs such as manda 'send', bai 'go', and ben 'come.'",663,,naturalistic spoken,p’es torna manda-m Praia,,so.that.they back send-me Praia,"Torna is a verb that is frequently found with motion verbs such as manda 'send', bai 'go', and ben 'come.'",,,15599, +31-148,31,N torna ben duense pake N ten problema di ursa na stongu.,N\ttorna\tben\tduense\tpake\tN\tten\tproblema\tdi\tursa\tna\tstongu.,I\tturn\tcome\tget.sick\tbecause\tI\thave\tproblem\tof\tulcer\tin\tstomach,I became sick again because of stomach ulcers.,,,690,,naturalistic spoken,N torna ben duense pake N ten problema di ursa na stongu.,,I turn come get.sick because I have problem of ulcer in stomach,,,,15600, +32-67,32,N ti ta bá pa Sint Anton.,N\tti\tta\tbá\tpa\tSint\tAnton.,1SG\tPRS\tPROG\tgo\tto\tSint\tAnton,I'm going to Santo Antão.,,Ti ta is a dissimilation of ta ta. It has future meaning here.,1456,,elicited from speaker,N ti ta bá pa Sint Anton.,,1SG PRS PROG go to Sint Anton,"Ti ta is a dissimilation of ta ta. It has future meaning here.",,,15601,Portuguese: Vou para Santo Antão. +32-79,32,No kmesá te panhá midj.,No\tkmesá\tte\tpanhá\tmidj.,2PL\tstart.PST.PFV\tPROG\tpick\tcorn,We started to pick corn.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,No kmesá te panhá midj.,,2PL start.PST.PFV PROG pick corn,,,,15602,Portuguese: Começamos a apanhar milho. +32-141,32,Se fidj ta fora d'un brok.,Se\tfidj\tta\tfora\tde\tun\tbrok.,POSS\tchild\tCOP\tout\tof\tDET\thole,Her son is out of the hole.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"Se fidj ta fora d'un brok.",Se fidj ta fora de un brok.,POSS child COP out of DET hole,,Own knowledge,,15603,Portuguese: O seu filho está fora do buraco. +32-142,32,N ben/bá txgá na káza d'not.,N\tben/bá\ttxgá\tna\tkaza\tde\tnot.,1SG\tcome/go\tarrive\tLOC\thome\tat\tnight,I arrived home at night.,,,1456,,elicited from speaker,"N ben/bá txgá na káza d'not.",N ben/bá txgá na kaza de not.,1SG come/go arrive LOC home at night,,,,15604,Portuguese: Cheguei à casa de noite. +32-199,32,leão/leoa,leão/leoa,lion/lioness,lion/lioness,,This pair (similar to tigre - tigrésa 'male tiger - female tiger') could be considered a lexicalized loan from Portuguese.,,,constructed by linguist,leão/leoa,,lion/lioness,"This pair (similar to tigre - tigrésa 'male tiger - female tiger') could be considered a lexicalized loan from Portuguese.",Own knowledge,,15605,Portuguese: leão/leoa +32-210,32,Djon e mas/ma grand diki Davidson.,Djon\te\tmas/ma\tgrand\tdiki\tDavidson.,Djon\tCOP\tmore\ttall\tthan\tDavidson,Djon is taller than Davidson.,,The particles k and duki are alternatives to the particle diki. All mean 'than'.,,,elicited from speaker,"Djon e mas/ma grand diki Davidson.",,Djon COP more tall than Davidson,"The particles k and duki are alternatives to the particle diki. All mean 'than'.",Own knowledge,,15606,Portuguese: O Djon é mais alto de que Davidson. +33-8,33,kil rapas la,kil\trapas\tla,DEM\tboy\tthere,that boy (over) there,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,kil rapas la,,DEM boy there,,Own knowledge,,15607,Portuguese: aquele rapaz ali +33-25,33,I kume.,I\tkume.,3SG\teat.PST,He/she ate.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I kume.,,3SG eat.PST,,Own knowledge,,15608,Portuguese: Ele/ela comeu. +33-142,33,Ami ku Maria no bay praya.,Ami\tku\tMaria\tno\tbay\tpraya.,1SG\tCOM\tMary\t1PL\tgo\tbeach,I go to the beach with Maria.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ami ku Maria no bay praya.,,1SG COM Mary 1PL go beach,,Own knowledge,,15609,Portuguese: Vou à praia com a Maria. +33-165,33,N' na bay na prasa.,N'\tna\tbay\tna\tprasa.,1SG\tPROG\tgo\tin\ttown,I am going to town.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,N' na bay na prasa.,,1SG PROG go in town,,Own knowledge,,15610,Portuguese: Vou à cidade. +33-171,33,I bin djudan.,I\tbin\tdjuda-n.,3SG\tcome\thelp-1SG,He came to help me.,,Bin 'come' expresses both motion towards and purpose.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I bin djudan.,I bin djuda-n.,3SG come help-1SG,"Bin 'come' expresses both motion towards and purpose.",Own knowledge,,15611,Portuguese: Ele veio ajudar-me. +33-172,33,I bay djudal.,I\tbay\tdjuda-l.,3SG\tgo\thelp-3SG,He went to help him.,,Bay 'go' expresses both motion away from and purpose.,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,I bay djudal.,I bay djuda-l.,3SG go help-3SG,"Bay 'go' expresses both motion away from and purpose.",Own knowledge,,15612,Portuguese: Ele foi ajudá-lo. +33-187,33,N puntau si i tciga.,N\tpunta-u\tsi\ti\ttciga.,1SG\task.PST-2SG\tCOMP\t3SG\tarrive.PST,I asked you if he/she/it had arrived.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,"N puntau si i tciga.",N punta-u si i tciga.,1SG ask.PST-2SG COMP 3SG arrive.PST,,Own knowledge,,15613,Portuguese: Perguntei-te se tinha chegado. +33-203,33,Kuri ku i na kuri sin ka limpu.,Kuri\tku\ti\tna\tkuri\tsin\tka\tlimpu.,run\tREL\t3SG\tPROG\trun\tEMPH\tNEG\tclean,The way he's running is not fair.,,Ku emphasizes the nominalized fronted verb.,715[182],,naturalistic written,Kuri ku i na kuri sin ka limpu.,,run REL 3SG PROG run EMPH NEG clean,"Ku emphasizes the nominalized fronted verb.",,,15614,Portuguese: A correr assim deve ter tomado algo. +35-99,35,Ê tava ka ngungunu ku Zon.,Ê\ttava\tka\tngungunu\tku\tZon.,3SG\tPST\tIPFV\tgrumble\twith\tZon,He was grumbling at Zon.,,"Note that tava also has a short form ta, with a slightly lengthened vowel.",498[83],,naturalistic written,Ê tava ka ngungunu ku Zon.,,3SG PST IPFV grumble with Zon,"Note that tava also has a short form ta, with a slightly lengthened vowel.",,,15615, +35-122,35,kunda; kundava,kunda;\tkundava,think\tthought,think; thought,,The exceptional termination -va in kundava is calqued upon the Portuguese past imperfective ending -va of the first conjugation (verbs ending in -ar).,,,naturalistic spoken,kunda; kundava,,think thought,"The exceptional termination -va in kundava is calqued upon the Portuguese past imperfective ending -va of the first conjugation (verbs ending in -ar).",Own data,,15616, +35-155,35,Pe d'inen ku men d’inen bila ve.,Pe\td'inen\tku\tmen\td’inen\tbila\tve.,father\t3PL.POSS\twith\tmother\t3PL.POSS\tbecome\told,Their father and mother became old.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Pe d'inen ku men d’inen bila ve.,,father 3PL.POSS with mother 3PL.POSS become old,,Own data,,15617, +35-243,35,Blasu balela mu.,Blasu\tbalela\tmu.,upper.arm\timprove\tme,My upper arm got better.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Blasu balela mu.,,upper.arm improve me,,Own data,,15618, +37-84,37,tava kuda vs. kudava,tava\tkuda\tvs.\tkuda-va,PST\tthink\tvs.\tthink-PST,[s/he] thought,,,905[87],,elicited from speaker,"tava kuda vs. kudava","tava kuda vs. kuda-va",PST think vs. think-PST,,,,15619, +37-129,37,N sa ki fomi.,N\tsa\tki\tfomi.,1SG\tCOP\twith\thunger,I’m hungry.,,,905,,elicited from speaker,"N sa ki fomi.",,1SG COP with hunger,,,,15620, +37-201,37,xtuda,xtuda,study,study/think,,,905[12],,naturalistic spoken,xtuda,,study,,,,15621, +38-76,38,Bi ske sa gavu masyi mindya xadyi.,Bi\tske\tsa\tgavu\tmasy\tmindya\txadyi.,ANT\tIRR\tbe\tgood\tmore\tstay\thouse,It would have been better to stay at home.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Bi ske sa gavu masyi mindya xadyi.,Bi ske sa gavu masy mindya xadyi.,ANT IRR be good more stay house,,Own fieldwork 1990,,15622, +38-94,38,I bi fa no na té zuanxaf.,Eli\tbi\tfa\tno\tna\tté\tzuanxa-f.,3SG\tANT\tspeak\t1PL\tNEG\thave\tsomething-NEG,He told us he had nothing. OR: He/she had told us already he/she had nothing.,,The first translation is identical to the sentence I asked my informants to translate. The second translation is the real meaning of the Fa d'Ambô sentence.,,,elicited from speaker,I bi fa no na té zuanxaf.,Eli bi fa no na té zuanxa-f.,3SG ANT speak 1PL NEG have something-NEG,The first translation is identical to the sentence I asked my informants to translate. The second translation is the real meaning of the Fa d'Ambô sentence.,Own fieldwork 1990,,15623, +38-98,38,M'sxa ku Pedul ske ba xadyi dinel.,Amu\tsxa\tku\tPedulu\tske\tba\txadyi\tde\tinel.,1SG\tPROG\twith\tPeter\tIRR\tgo\thouse\tof\t3SG,"Together with Peter, I am about to go to his house.",,,,,elicited from speaker,M'sxa ku Pedul ske ba xadyi dinel.,Amu sxa ku Pedulu ske ba xadyi de inel.,1SG PROG with Peter IRR go house of 3SG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,15624, +38-99,38,"Mu da bo za, isyi amaya bo ta xa da mu.",Amu\tda\tbo\tza\tisyi\tamayá\tbo\ttan\txa\tda\tmu.,1SG\tgive\t2SG\talready\tif\ttomorrow\t2SG\tITER\tEVID\tgive\t1SG,I lend it to you if you bring it back tomorrow.,,Za indicates that the owner had to be convinced to lend to the borrower; isyi ('a ver si') indicates doubt about the bringing back; xa indicates here that the return should really happen.,,,elicited from speaker,"Mu da bo za, isyi amaya bo ta xa da mu.",Amu da bo za isyi amayá bo tan xa da mu.,1SG give 2SG already if tomorrow 2SG ITER EVID give 1SG,"Za indicates that the owner had to be convinced to lend to the borrower; isyi ('a ver si') indicates doubt about the bringing back; xa indicates here that the return should really happen.",Own fieldwork 1990,,15625, +38-160,38,E ma fax da bo.,Eli\tma\tfaxa\tda\tbo.,3SG\ttake\tknive\tgive\t2SG,He brings you the knive. OR: He gives you the knife.,,,,,elicited from speaker,E ma fax da bo.,Eli ma faxa da bo.,3SG take knive give 2SG,,Own fieldwork 1990,,15626, +38-162,38,Xalasyi pono da sãn.,Xalasyi\tpono\tda\tsãn.,glass\tfall\tgive\tground,The glass fell on the ground.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Xalasyi pono da sãn.,,glass fall give ground,,Own fieldwork 1990,,15627, +38-181,38,Wansapa ineni na ten mazna pa bai-f.,Wansapa\tineni\tna\tten\tmazna\tpa\tba-iai-f.,much\t3PL\tNEG\tINTENS\tthink\tfor\tgo-there-NEG,Many never thought they would go there.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Wansapa ineni na ten mazna pa bai-f.",Wansapa ineni na ten mazna pa ba-iai-f.,much 3PL NEG INTENS think for go-there-NEG,,Own fieldwork 1993,,15628, +39-101,39,Yo vay pə mis.,Yo\tvay\tpə\tmis.,1SG\tgo.NPST\tto\tmass,I go to mass.,,"The use of preposition pə 'to' in this sentence is an acrolectal trait, modelled on Portuguese. In Diu Indo-Portuguese, destinations with a locomotional verb such as vay 'to go' usually consist of bare NPs. In other words, this sentence would more commonly be expressed yo vay mis 'I go to mass'.",221[182],,naturalistic spoken,Yo vay pə mis.,,1SG go.NPST to mass,"The use of preposition pə 'to' in this sentence is an acrolectal trait, modelled on Portuguese. In Diu Indo-Portuguese, destinations with a locomotional verb such as vay 'to go' usually consist of bare NPs. In other words, this sentence would more commonly be expressed yo vay mis 'I go to mass'.",,,15629, +39-102,39,Asĩ də maner kufɔr nɔs fal ẽ kaz.,Asĩ\tdə\tmaner\tkufɔr\tnɔs\tfal\tẽ\tkaz.,thus\tof\tmanner\tREL\t1PL\tspeak.NPST\tin\thouse,"Thus, the way we speak at home.",,,221[131],,naturalistic spoken,Asĩ də maner kufɔr nɔs fal ẽ kaz.,,thus of manner REL 1PL speak.NPST in house,,,,15630, +40-1,40,Ani pəkə ãp də mãw su nu solto.,Ani\tpəkə\tãp\tdə\tmãw\tsu\tnu\tsolto.,and\tOBJ.that\tbread\tLOC\thand\tPOSS\tNEG\tlet.go.PST,And he didn't let go of the bread in his hand.,,"Note: In this example, the subject remains unexpressed.",267[171],,naturalistic spoken,Ani pəkə ãp də mãw su nu solto.,,and OBJ.that bread LOC hand POSS NEG let.go.PST,"Note: In this example, the subject remains unexpressed.",,,15631, +40-4,40,tidoy kadz Pedru su,tidoy\tkadz\tPedru\tsu,both\thouse\tPedru\tGEN,both of Pedru's houses,,,265[167],,naturalistic spoken,tidoy kadz Pedru su,,both house Pedru GEN,,,,15632, +40-39,40,Yo sab electric welding ani gas welding.,Yo\tsab\telectric\twelding\tani\tgas\twelding.,I\tknow\telectric\twelding\tand\tgas\twelding,I know how to do electric and gas welding.,,"This sentence is taken from a narrative told by Jerome Rosario. Note that sab, as a stative verb does not appear with the particle tə. This is the norm for sab. However, in the past, sab appears with ti, as in yo ti sab 'I knew'. See Clements (2007: 154) for more information on this.",267[154],,naturalistic spoken,Yo sab electric welding ani gas welding.,,I know electric welding and gas welding,"This sentence is taken from a narrative told by Jerome Rosario. Note that sab, as a stative verb does not appear with the particle tə. This is the norm for sab. However, in the past, sab appears with ti, as in yo ti sab 'I knew'. See Clements (2007: 154) for more information on this.",,,15633, +40-115,40,Teru kadz su fɔr kere hika. Pel nikɛ ʋi dɛt.,Teru\tkadz\tsu\tfɔr\tkere\thika.\tPel\tnikɛ\tʋi\tdɛt.,Teru\thouse\tGEN\tout\twant\tbe\tOBJ.3SG\tNEG.want\tcome\tin,Teru wants to be outside. She doesn't want to come in.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Teru kadz su fɔr kere hika. Pel nikɛ ʋi dɛt.,,Teru house GEN out want be OBJ.3SG NEG.want come in,,Own fieldwork materials,,15634, +40-116,40,ʋɔ aki marʧa-n yaʋe ki khure-n yaʋe?,ʋɔ\taki\tmarʧa-n\tyaʋe\tki\tkhure-n\tyaʋe?,2SG.INFORMAL\there\twalk-PROG\tcame\tor\trun-PROG\tcame,Did you walk here or run here?,,,,,elicited from speaker,ʋɔ aki marʧa-n yaʋe ki khure-n yaʋe?,,2SG.INFORMAL here walk-PROG came or run-PROG came,,Own fieldwork materials,,15635, +41-13,41,ɛnɛɛla da ooru jakay na poosu,ɛnɛɛla\tda\tooru\tjaa-kay\tna\tpoosu,ring\tof\tgold\tPST-fall\tin\twell,Ring of gold had fallen in the well.,,"Da and na are not found in the spoken language, except in lexicalized constructions, such as field notes (Smith 1974–1975) item 1069 bɔvardaav 'watermelon' < abóbora de agua, lit. 'pumkin of water', nasaanda 'type(s) of' (< nação de) and ordinals, such as dɛɛz-da 'tenth'.",1416[2143],,written (poetic),ɛnɛɛla da ooru jakay na poosu,ɛnɛɛla da ooru jaa-kay na poosu,ring of gold PST-fall in well,"Da and na are not found in the spoken language, except in lexicalized constructions, such as field notes (Smith 1974–1975) item 1069 bɔvardaav 'watermelon' < abóbora de agua, lit. 'pumkin of water', nasaanda 'type(s) of' (< nação de) and ordinals, such as dɛɛz-da 'tenth'.",,,15636, +41-85,41,"avara kaazantu etus kustumaa jakavaa see noospa kinistaa ɔɔrasuntu nosa noov ravkiin lodaa, [etuspa] patokaa","avara\tkaaza-ntu\tetus\tkustumaa\tjaa-kavaa\tsee\tnoos-pa\tki-nistaa\tɔɔras-untu\tnosa\tnoov\travkiin\tlo-daa,\tnaa\t[etus-pa]\tpa-tokaa",now\thouse-LOC\t3PL.HON\ttrain\tPST-finish\tCOND\t1PL-DAT\tHAB-need\twhen-LOC\t1PL.GEN\tnew\tviolin\tFUT-give\tTAG\t3PL.HON-DAT\tINF-play,"Once they have finished training at home, when we need, we'll give our new violin, eh, [for them] to play (lit. If they have finished training at home, when we need, we'll give our new violin, eh, [for them] to play).",,This example illustrates the future of the dynamic verb daa 'give'.,1416[5446],,naturalistic spoken,"avara kaazantu etus kustumaa jakavaa see noospa kinistaa ɔɔrasuntu nosa noov ravkiin lodaa, [etuspa] patokaa","avara kaaza-ntu etus kustumaa jaa-kavaa see noos-pa ki-nistaa ɔɔras-untu nosa noov ravkiin lo-daa, naa [etus-pa] pa-tokaa",now house-LOC 3PL.HON train PST-finish COND 1PL-DAT HAB-need when-LOC 1PL.GEN new violin FUT-give TAG 3PL.HON-DAT INF-play,"This example illustrates the future of the dynamic verb daa 'give'.",,,15637, +41-86,41,"fereerus, karpinteerus, kustreerus. akas tudu tiraa see mee nosa tɛɛrantu kii tasusta falaatu etus lolembraa","fereeru-s,\tkarpinteeru-s,\tkustreeru-s.\taka-s\ttudu\ttiraa\tsee\tmee\tnosa\ttɛɛra-ntu\tkii\tta-susta\tfalaatu\tetus\tlo-lembraa",blacksmith-PL\tcarpenter-PL\ttailor-PL\tthat-PL\tall\ttake\tCOND\tFOC\t1PL.GEN\tcountry-LOC\twhat\tPRS-happen\tQUOT\t3PL.HON\tFUT-think,"Blacksmiths, carpenters, tailors. Only if you take all those, they will know what is going on in our country.",,This example illustrates the future of the stative lembraa 'think'.,1416[2856],,naturalistic spoken,"fereerus, karpinteerus, kustreerus. akas tudu tiraa see mee nosa tɛɛrantu kii tasusta falaatu etus lolembraa","fereeru-s, karpinteeru-s, kustreeru-s. aka-s tudu tiraa see mee nosa tɛɛra-ntu kii ta-susta falaatu etus lo-lembraa",blacksmith-PL carpenter-PL tailor-PL that-PL all take COND FOC 1PL.GEN country-LOC what PRS-happen QUOT 3PL.HON FUT-think,"This example illustrates the future of the stative lembraa 'think'.",,,15638, +41-156,41,noos oondi janasa voo deevspa mee saba,noos\toondi\tjaa-nasa\tvoo\tdeevs-pa\tmee\tsaba,1PL\twhere\tPST-be.born\tINDF\tgod-DAT\tFOC\tknow,"Where (the heck) we were born, God only knows.",,"Note that voo can only be used as a complementizer for indirect questions, not for indirect statements. It signifies that the speaker has no idea.",1416[5102],,naturalistic spoken,noos oondi janasa voo deevspa mee saba,noos oondi jaa-nasa voo deevs-pa mee saba,1PL where PST-be.born INDF god-DAT FOC know,"Note that voo can only be used as a complementizer for indirect questions, not for indirect statements. It signifies that the speaker has no idea.",,,15639, +43-54,43,Ile pertu dja logo fadji.,Ile\tpertu\tdja\tlogo\tfadji.,3SG\tnear\tPFV\tFUT\tdo,He should have done it.,,,906[53],,pedagogical grammar,"Ile pertu dja logo fadji.",,3SG near PFV FUT do,,,,15640, +44-64,44,késti eskwéla,késti\teskwéla,this\tschool,this school,,,,,naturalistic spoken,késti eskwéla,,this school,,Own data,,15641, +44-141,44,"Tayá yo na Mayníla, ya bolbé yo akí.","Ta-ayá\tyo\tna\tManila,\tya\tbolbé\tyo\takí.",LOC.be-there\t1SG\tLOC\tManila\tPFV\treturn\t1SG\there,"I was there in Manila, I came back here.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Tayá yo na Mayníla, ya bolbé yo akí.","Ta-ayá yo na Manila, ya bolbé yo akí.",LOC.be-there 1SG LOC Manila PFV return 1SG here,,Own data,,15642, +44-145,44,Mótru tandá kolektá kel sen.,Mótru\ttandá\tkolektá\tkel\tsen.,1PL\tIPFV.go\tcollect\tDEF\tmoney,We go and collect the money.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Mótru tandá kolektá kel sen.,,1PL IPFV.go collect DEF money,,Own data,,15643, +44-146,44,Akába asé kwéntu di bolbé komé séna.,Akába\tasé\tkwéntu\tdi\tbolbé\tkomé\tséna.,finish\tmake\tstory\tCTPL\treturn\teat\tdinner,After talking [I] come back and eat dinner.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Akába asé kwéntu di bolbé komé séna.,,finish make story CTPL return eat dinner,,Own data,,15644, +45-37,45,Ta escribi ele mga carta.,Ta\tescribi\tele\tmga\tcarta.,IPFV\twrite\t3SG\tPL\tletter,(S)he writes letters.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Ta escribi ele mga carta.,,IPFV write 3SG PL letter,,"Librada Llamado, p.c.",,15645, +45-88,45,Puede que llega el carta mañana.,Puede\tque\tllega\tel\tcarta\tmañana.,possible\tthat\tarrive\tDEF\tletter\ttomorrow,It is possible that the letter will arrive tomorrow.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Puede que llega el carta mañana.,,possible that arrive DEF letter tomorrow,,Own data,,15646, +45-159,45,"leon, leona","leon,\tleona",lion\tlion.F,"lion, lioness",,The sex-denoting suffix -a is rare.,,,elicited from speaker,"leon, leona",,lion lion.F,"The sex-denoting suffix -a is rare.",Own data,,15647, +46-87,46,Ya-bené 'le akí.,Ya-bené\t'le\takí.,PFV-come\ts/he\there,S/he has come here.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ya-bené 'le akí.,,PFV-come s/he here,,Own knowledge,,15648, +46-127,46,Maka-myédo kumígo.,Maka-myédo\tkumígo.,CAUS-fear\tOBJ.SG,I am afraid of myself.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Maka-myédo kumígo.,,CAUS-fear OBJ.SG,,Own knowledge,,15649, +46-137,46,Koloráw éste kása estába.,Koloráw\téste\tkása\testába.,red\tthis\thouse\twas,This house was red.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Koloráw éste kása estába.,,red this house was,,Own knowledge,,15650, +46-140,46,Está silá burácho.,Está\tsilá\tburácho.,is\tthey\tdrunk,They are drunk.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Está silá burácho.,,is they drunk,,Own knowledge,,15651, +46-144,46,Estába yo na pwéblo ayér.,Estába\tyo\tna\tpwéblo\tayér.,was\t1SG\tLOC\ttown\tyesterday,Yesterday I was in town (= Zamboanga).,,,,,elicited from speaker,Estába yo na pwéblo ayér.,,was 1SG LOC town yesterday,,Own knowledge,,15652, +47-2,47,Nèt e ora ei tabata pasa un wardadó di karné ku un tou di karné.,Nèt\te\tora\tei\ttabata\tpasa\tun\twarda-dó\tdi\tkarné\tku\tun\ttou\tdi\tkarné.,just\tDEF\ttime\tDEM.NPROX\tPST\tpass\tINDF\tkeep-er\tof\tgoat\twith\tINDF\tflock\tof\tgoat,"Just then, a shepherd passed with a flock of goats.",,The translation is mine.,898[101],,literary source,Nèt e ora ei tabata pasa un wardadó di karné ku un tou di karné.,Nèt e ora ei tabata pasa un warda-dó di karné ku un tou di karné.,just DEF time DEM.NPROX PST pass INDF keep-er of goat with INDF flock of goat,The translation is mine.,,,15653, +47-237,47,"Despues di sinta warda kasi tres ora, e polisnan ta bai kuné kaminda tabatin fiesta kantu di laman.","Despues\tdi\tsinta\twarda\tkasi\ttres\tora,\te\tpolis\tnan\tta\tbai\tku\te\tkaminda\ttabatin\tfiesta\tkantu\tdi\tlaman.","after\tof\tsit\twait\talmost\tthree\thour,\tDEF\tpolice\tPL\tTNS\tgo\twith\t3SG\twhere\tPST-have\tparty\tside\tof\tsea","After waiting for three hours, the police officers took him where the beach party had been taking place.",,,1802[2],,unspecified,"Despues di sinta warda kasi tres ora, e polisnan ta bai kuné kaminda tabatin fiesta kantu di laman.","Despues di sinta warda kasi tres ora, e polis nan ta bai ku e kaminda tabatin fiesta kantu di laman.","after of sit wait almost three hour, DEF police PL TNS go with 3SG where PST-have party side of sea",,,,15654, +47-238,47,Pusha bai dilanti pa yega na e meta.,Pusha\tbai\tdilanti\tpa\tyega\tna\te\tmeta.,push\tgo\tforward\tfor\treach\tLOC\tDEF\tgoal,Push ahead to reach the goal.,,,1803,,unspecified,Pusha bai dilanti pa yega na e meta.,,push go forward for reach LOC DEF goal,,,,15655, +48-94,48,NU se murí NU kumo ta yobé.,NU\tse\tmurí\tNU\tkumo\tta\tyobé.,NEG\tHAB\tdie\tNEG\twhen\tPROG\train,"One does not die when it rains. (When it rains, the things we plant grow well, and we have enough to eat.)",,Note that here the presence of NEG (nu) does not preclude the presence of the habitual marker se (= asé).,,,naturalistic spoken,NU se murí NU kumo ta yobé.,,NEG HAB die NEG when PROG rain,"Note that here the presence of NEG (nu) does not preclude the presence of the habitual marker se (= asé).",Recorded by author,,15656,Spanish: No suele morirse cuando llueve. +48-95,48,I ten mamá nu.,I\tten\tmamá\tnu.,I\thave.PRS\tmother\tNEG,I don't have a mother.,,"Note that here preverbal a- is not present. In the affirmative it is often used, but its true function remains a mystery. Thus: +I ten mamá. 'I have a mother' +I a-ten mamá. 'I have a mother' + +BUT: +I ten mamá nu. +*I a-ten mamá nu. --> It is not clear whether this is or is not ungrammatical (i.e. it is never used).",,,naturalistic spoken,I ten mamá nu.,,I have.PRS mother NEG,"Note that here preverbal a- is not present. In the affirmative it is often used, but its true function remains a mystery. Thus: +I ten mamá. 'I have a mother' +I a-ten mamá. 'I have a mother' + +BUT: +I ten mamá nu. +*I a-ten mamá nu. --> It is not clear whether this is or is not ungrammatical (i.e. it is never used).",Recorded by author,,15657,Spanish: (Yo) no tengo mamá. +48-96,48,¿Pelo a mini nu?,¿Pelo\ta\tmini\tnu?,Pedro\tPST\tcome\tNEG,Didn't Pedro come?,,"Note that in this example, the preverbal marker a is used in spite of the presence of a negator. More often than not, such a marker is omitted when using a negator. See Diek (2000) on this topic (I should note here, however, that I do not always agree with her analysis, nor with all of the transcriptions she presents).",,,naturalistic spoken,¿Pelo a mini nu?,,Pedro PST come NEG,"Note that in this example, the preverbal marker a is used in spite of the presence of a negator. More often than not, such a marker is omitted when using a negator. See Diek (2000) on this topic (I should note here, however, that I do not always agree with her analysis, nor with all of the transcriptions she presents).",Recorded by author,,15658,Spanish: ¿Pedro no vino? +48-167,48,Ele a ablá-mi p' i miní akí.,Ele\ta\tablá-mi\tp'\ti\tminí\takí.,he/she\tPST\ttell-me\tfor\tI\tcome\there,He/she asked me to come here.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Ele a ablá-mi p' i miní akí.,,he/she PST tell-me for I come here,,Recorded by author,,15659,Spanish: (Él/ella) me dijo que viniera aquí (lit. (Él/ella) me dijo para yo venir aquí). +48-168,48,Suto a pirí ele pa miní aká.,Suto\ta\tpirí\tele\tpa\tminí\taká.,we\tPST\task\thim/her\tfor\tcome\there,We have asked him that he come here.,,"Alternative possible construction: +Suto a pirí ele pa ele miní aká.",,,constructed by linguist,Suto a pirí ele pa miní aká.,,we PST ask him/her for come here,"Alternative possible construction: +Suto a pirí ele pa ele miní aká.",Own knowledge,,15660,Spanish: (Nosotros) le pedimos que viniera acá. +48-186,48,"¡Ese ma kusa, mahaná a asé-lo!","¡Ese\tma\tkusa,\tmahaná\ta\tasé-lo!",this\tPL\tthing\tkids\tPST\tdo-it,"These things, the kids did them!",,,,,constructed by linguist,"¡Ese ma kusa, mahaná a asé-lo!",,this PL thing kids PST do-it,,Own knowledge,,15661,"Spanish: Esas cosas, los chicos las hicieron." +49-116,49,Liv pa mwen an pi bèl.,Liv\tpa\tmwen\tan\tpi\tbèl.,book\tpart\t1SG\tDEF\tmore\tbeautiful,My book is more beautiful.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Liv pa mwen an pi bèl.,,book part 1SG DEF more beautiful,,Own knowledge,,15662,French: Mon livre est plus beau. +49-127,49,Li t ap boukannen on mayi.,Li\tt\tap\tboukannen\ton\tmayi.,3SG\tANT\tINACC\tcook.over.woodfire\tDEF\tmaize,He/She was in the process of cooking maize over the wood fire.,,"The example has been taken from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2017, point 3.",473[865],,naturalistic spoken,Li t ap boukannen on mayi.,,3SG ANT INACC cook.over.woodfire DEF maize,"The example has been taken from the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map 2017, point 3.",,,15663,French: Il/Elle était en train de faire cuire du maïs au feu de bois. +49-191,49,M si i ka ba on lapli jodi a.,M\tsi\ti\tka\tba\ton\tlapli\tjodi\ta.,1SG\tsure\t3SG\tcan\tgive\tINDF\train\ttoday\tDEF,I'm sure that it can rain today.,,The construction is a verbal phrase.,"473[vol. 6, p. 145]",,naturalistic spoken,M si i ka ba on lapli jodi a.,,1SG sure 3SG can give INDF rain today DEF,The construction is a verbal phrase.,,,15664,French: Je suis sûr qu'il peut pleuvoir aujourd'hui. +49-212,49,"Ane 1969 la, lè m te an Frans lan, m rankontre ak Pòl-Antwàn.","Ane\t1969\tla,\tlè\tm\tte\tan\tFrans\tlan,\tm\trankontre\tak\tPòl-Antwàn.",year\t1969\tDEF\twhen\t1SG\tANT\tin\tFrance\tDEF\t1SG\tmeet\tCOM\tPaul-Antoine,"In 1969, while I was in France, I met Paul-Antoine.",,,371[49],,naturalistic spoken,"Ane 1969 la, lè m te an Frans lan, m rankontre ak Pòl-Antwàn.",,year 1969 DEF when 1SG ANT in France DEF 1SG meet COM Paul-Antoine,,,,15665,"French: En 1969, alors que j'étais en France, j'ai rencontré Paul-Antoine." +49-213,49,M koupe vyann nan ak yon kouto ki pa file.,M\tkoupe\tvyann\tnan\tak\tyon\tkouto\tki\tpa\tfile.,1SG\tcut\tmeat\tDEF\tINS\tINDF\tknife\tCOMP\tNEG\tsharpen,I cut the meat with a knife that was unsharpened.,,,371[55],,naturalistic spoken,"M koupe vyann nan ak yon kouto ki pa file.",,1SG cut meat DEF INS INDF knife COMP NEG sharpen,,,,15666,French: J'ai coupé la viande avec un couteau qui n'était pas aiguisé. +49-216,49,Se avè m li prale.,Se\tavè\tm\tli\tprale.,HL\tCOM\t1SG\t3SG\tFUT.go,It is me that he goes with.,,"Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998: 135, volume 6, map 2056, point 14).",473[893],,naturalistic spoken,Se avè m li prale.,,HL COM 1SG 3SG FUT.go,"Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998: 135, volume 6, map 2056, point 14).",,,15667,French: C’est avec moi qu’il part. +49-220,49,Tan lontan ak tan alèkile pa menm.,Tan\tlontan\tak\ttan\talèkile\tpa\tmenm.,times\tlong.time\tCONJ\ttimes\ttoday\tNEG\tsame,The old times and the modern times are not the same.,,,"473[vol. 1, p. 894]",,naturalistic spoken,Tan lontan ak tan alèkile pa menm.,,times long.time CONJ times today NEG same,,,,15668,French: Les temps anciens et les temps nouveaux ne sont pas semblables. +49-355,49,lyon; lyòn,lyon;\tlyòn,lion\tlioness,lion; lioness,,This example illustrates inflection.,1505[439],,elicited from speaker,lyon; lyòn,,lion lioness,This example illustrates inflection.,,,15669,French: lion; lionne +50-4,50,zanmi an mwen,zanmi\tan\tmwen,friend\tof\t3SG,my friend,,,,,naturalistic spoken,zanmi an mwen,,friend of 3SG,,Own fieldwork,,15670, +50-74,50,An ka travay.,An\tka\ttravay.,1SG\tPROG\twork,I'm working.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,An ka travay.,,1SG PROG work,,Own fieldwork,,15671, +50-198,50,Ijéni menm ka bat Ijenn.,Ijéni\tmenm\tka\tbat\tIjenn.,Eugénie\tINTENS\tPROG\tbeat\tEugène,It's Eugénie who is beating Eugène.,,Presupposition: Kimoun ka bat Ijenn? 'Who is beating Ijenn?',853,,naturalistic spoken,Ijéni menm ka bat Ijenn.,,Eugénie INTENS PROG beat Eugène,"Presupposition: Kimoun ka bat Ijenn? 'Who is beating Ijenn?'",,,15672, +51-71,51,Man ka travay.,Man\tka\ttravay.,1SG\tPROG\twork,I am working.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Man ka travay.,,1SG PROG work,,Own fieldwork,,15673, +51-139,51,I halé Mari andéwò tou-a.,I\thalé\tMari\tandéwò\ttou-a.,3SG\tpull\tMary\tout\thole-DEF,He pulled Mary out of the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,I halé Mari andéwò tou-a.,,3SG pull Mary out hole-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,15674, +51-140,51,Mari andéwò tou-a.,Mari\tandéwò\ttou-a.,Mary\tout\thole-DEF,Mary is out of the hole.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Mari andéwò tou-a.,,Mary out hole-DEF,,Own fieldwork,,15675, +52-47,52,mo ba to'l kaba,mo\tba\tto\t'l\t,I\tgive\tyou\tit\tPRF,I have given it to you.,,Kaba is taken from Portuguese.,,,elicited from speaker,mo ba to'l kaba,mo ba to 'l <kaba>,I give you it PRF,"Kaba is taken from Portuguese.",Own fieldwork 1995 & 2009,,15676, +52-48,52,mo té ka palé ké yé,mo\tté\tka\tpalé\tké\tyé,I\tPST\tIPFV\ttalk\twith\tthem,I was talking to them.,,,1211,,naturalistic spoken,"mo té ka palé ké yé",,I PST IPFV talk with them,,,,15677, +52-85,52,mo frè kouri alé laplaj,mo\tfrè\tkouri\talé\tlaplaj,my\tbrother\trun\tgo\tbeach,My brother runs quickly to the beach.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo frè kouri alé laplaj,,my brother run go beach,,Own knowledge,,15679, +53-183,53,Mo te tou esoufle.,Mo\tte\ttou\tesoufle.,1SG\tPST\tall\tout.of.breath,I was all out of breath.,,,1048[203],,naturalistic spoken,Mo te tou esoufle.,,1SG PST all out.of.breath,,,,15680, +53-305,53,Li pike an poul.,Li\tpike\tan\tpoul.,3SG\tstick.knife\tinto\tchicken,He stuck a knife into the chicken.,,,1515[40],,naturalistic spoken,Li pike an poul.,,3SG stick.knife into chicken,,,,15681, +53-359,53,Mo te p ole ke ye te kòne mo te parle.,Mo\tte\tp\tole\tke\tye\tte\tkòne\tmo\tte\tparle.,1SG\tPST\tNEG\twant\tCOMP\t3PL\tPST\tknow\t1SG\tPST\tspeak,I didn't want them to know that I spoke (Creole).,,,1048[321],,naturalistic spoken,Mo te p ole ke ye te kòne mo te parle.,,1SG PST NEG want COMP 3PL PST know 1SG PST speak,,,,15682, +54-114,54,"La fam i ariv, pran lalé, kas son banann.","La\tfam\ti\tariv,\tpran\tlale,\tkas\tson\tbanann.",DEF\twoman\tFIN\tarrive\ttake\tpath\tpick\tPOSS.3SG\tbanana,"The woman arrives, takes the path, picks her bananas.",,,110[14],,naturalistic spoken,"La fam i ariv, pran lalé, kas son banann.","La fam i ariv, pran lale, kas son banann.",DEF woman FIN arrive take path pick POSS.3SG banana,,,,15683,"French: La femme arrive, prend le sentier, cueille ses bananes." +54-224,54,[...] enn po bef moin la pa vand.,[...]\tenn\tpo\tbef\tmwen\tla\tpa\tvann.,[...]\tone\thide\tox\t1SG\tPRF\tNEG\tsell,[...] I did not sell one single ox hide.,,,110[54],,naturalistic spoken,[...] enn po bef moin la pa vand.,[...] enn po bef mwen la pa vann.,[...] one hide ox 1SG PRF NEG sell,,,,15684,French: [...] Pas une seule peau de boeuf j'ai vendue. +54-225,54,"Bin, larzan, moi nana.","Ben,\tlarzan,\tmwa\tnana.",well\tmoney\t1SG\thave,"Well, I have enough money.",,,110[54],,naturalistic spoken,"Bin, larzan, moi nana.","Ben, larzan, mwa nana.",well money 1SG have,,,,15685,"French: Bien, de l'argent, j'en ai (assez)." +55-76,55,"Lontan, ki ou ti pe fer?","Lontan,\tki\tou\tti\tpe\tfer?",long.time\twhat\t2SG\tPST\tPROG\tdo,"In the past, what did you do?",,,766,,naturalistic spoken,"Lontan, ki ou ti pe fer?",,long.time what 2SG PST PROG do,,,,15686,"French: Autrefois, que faisiez-vous?" +55-85,55,Pyer koṅtaṅ Mari,Pyer\tkoṅtaṅ\tMari,Peter\tlove\tMary,Peter loves Mary.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pyer koṅtaṅ Mari,,Peter love Mary,,"Philip Baker, p.c.",,15687, +55-86,55,Pyer ba Mari,Pyer\tba\tMari,Peter\tkiss\tMary,Peter kisses Mary.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Pyer ba Mari,,Peter kiss Mary,,Own knowledge,,15688, +55-155,55,mo lakle daṅ mo sak,mo\tlakle\tø\tdaṅ\tmo\tsak,1SG.POSS\tkey\tCOP\tin\t1SG.POSS\tbag,My key is in my bag.,,,,,constructed by linguist,mo lakle daṅ mo sak,mo lakle ø daṅ mo sak,1SG.POSS key COP in 1SG.POSS bag,,Own knowledge,,15689, +55-195,55,premye zafer pu plaṅt sa kan-la mem u bizeṅ met [...],premye\tzafer\tpu\tplaṅt\tsa\tkan-la\tmem\tu\tbizeṅ\tmet\t[...],first\tthing\tfor\tplant\tDEM\tcane\tHL\t2SG\tMOD\tput\t[...],The first thing to do if you plant this sugar cane is that you have to put [...].,,,760,,naturalistic spoken,"premye zafer pu plaṅt sa kan-la mem u bizeṅ met [...]",,first thing for plant DEM cane HL 2SG MOD put [...],,,,15690,"French: La première chose (à faire) pour planter cette canne-à-sucre là, c'est qu'il faut que vous mettiez [...]" +55-197,55,li maṅze maṅze,li\tmaṅze\tmaṅze,3SG\teat\teat,He does nothing but eat. OR: He keeps on eating.,,"For verbs with both short and long forms, the long form must be repeated and the first syllable stressed on both occasions to have an augmentative meaning (unstressed short form + long form with stressed first syllable would have attenuated reading).",86[211-213],,constructed by linguist,li maṅze maṅze,,3SG eat eat,"For verbs with both short and long forms, the long form must be repeated and the first syllable stressed on both occasions to have an augmentative meaning (unstressed short form + long form with stressed first syllable would have attenuated reading).",,,15691, +55-198,55,li maṅze mem; li nek maṅze; li nek maṅze mem,li\tmaṅze\tmem;\tli\tnek\tmaṅze;\tli\tnek\tmaṅze\tmem,s/he\teat\tFOC\ts/he\tmerely\teat\ts/he\tmerely\teat\tFOC,S/he does nothing but eat.,,Mem is a focus marker which can follow words of any major class. All three means of focussing/emphasizing can be combined as in li nek maṅze maṅze mem.,,,constructed by linguist,li maṅze mem; li nek maṅze; li nek maṅze mem,,s/he eat FOC s/he merely eat s/he merely eat FOC,"Mem is a focus marker which can follow words of any major class. All three means of focussing/emphasizing can be combined as in li nek maṅze maṅze mem.",Own knowledge,,15692, +55-220,55,mo papa mem ti dir mwa sa,mo\tpapa\tmem\tti\tdir\tmwa\tsa,1SG\tfather\tHL\tPST\ttell\t1SG\tthat,It is my father who told me that.,,,,,constructed by linguist,"mo papa mem ti dir mwa sa",,1SG father HL PST tell 1SG that,,Own knowledge,,15693, +56-235,56,"Be zot ti annan tanbour ler zot ti pe dans sa, kwa?","Be\tzot\tti\tannan\ttanbour\tler\tzot\tti\tpe\tdans\tsa,\tkwa?",but\t3PL\tPST\thave\tdrum\twhen\t3PL\tPST\tPROG\tdance\tDEM\twhat,But did they have (their) drums when they were dancing this (dance)?,,,158[250],,naturalistic spoken,"Be zot ti annan tanbour ler zot ti pe dans sa, kwa?",,but 3PL PST have drum when 3PL PST PROG dance DEM what,,,,15694,"French: Est-ce qu'elles avaient leurs tambours quand elles dansaient ça, quoi?" +56-236,56,[...] mon plere akoz mon abitye avek mon ser.,[...]\tmon\tplere\takoz\tmon\tabitye\tavek\tmon\tser.,[...]\t1SG\tcry\tbecause\t1SG\tused\twith\tmy\tsister,[...] I am crying because I am used to (being with) my sister.,,,159[102],,naturalistic written,[...] mon plere akoz mon abitye avek mon ser.,,[...] 1SG cry because 1SG used with my sister,,,,15695,French: [...] je pleure parce que je suis habituée à ma sœur. (Bollée 1977: 103) +56-237,56,Ozordi ki ganny tou sord kalite lakol.,Ozordi\tki\tganny\ttou\tsord\tkalite\tlakol.,today\tREL\thave\tall\tkinds\tkinds\tglue,Today [you] have all sorts of glue.,,,158[86],,naturalistic spoken,Ozordi ki ganny tou sord kalite lakol.,,today REL have all kinds kinds glue,,,,15696,French: Aujourd'hui on a toutes sortes de colle. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 87) +56-238,56,ou ganny en malad dan vant,ou\tganny\ten\tmalad\tdan\tvant,2SG\thave\tART\tpain\tin\tbelly,You had a stomach ache,,,158[68],,naturalistic spoken,ou ganny en malad dan vant,,2SG have ART pain in belly,,,,15697,French: (...) on avait mal au ventre. (Bollée & Rosalie 1994: 67) +57-47,57,nu pa kone se ki le tape lja,nu\tpa\tkone\tse\tki\tle\ttape\tlja,1PL\tNEG\tknow\tPRESV\twho\tSI\thit\thim,We don't know who hit him.,,,1453,,naturalistic spoken,nu pa kone se ki le tape lja,,1PL NEG know PRESV who SI hit him,,,,15698, +57-48,57,[...] le ndʃa vja,[...]\tle\tndʃa\tvja,[...]\t3SG\talready\tcome,[...] he has already come.,,,,,constructed by linguist,[...] le ndʃa vja,,[...] 3SG already come,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,15699, +57-49,57,ma kone,ma\tkone,1SG\tcan,I can. OR: I could.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ma kone,,1SG can,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,15700, +57-50,57,ma ʃate,ma\tʃate,1SG\tsing,I sing. / I am singing. / I sang. / I was singing.,,,,,constructed by linguist,ma ʃate,,1SG sing,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,15701, +57-92,57,Brigitte le eme lja e pi lja le eme Brigitte,Brigitte\tle\teme\tlja\te\tpi\tlja\tle\teme\tBrigitte,Brigitte\tSI\tlove\t3SG\tCONJ\tCONJ\t3SG\tSI\tlove\tBrigitte,Brigitte loves him and he loves Brigitte.,,,,,constructed by linguist,Brigitte le eme lja e pi lja le eme Brigitte,,Brigitte SI love 3SG CONJ CONJ 3SG SI love Brigitte,,own knowledge Ehrhart,,15702, +57-144,57,fo komase kuver nde lao,fo\tkomase\tkuver\tnde\tlao,OBLIG\tbegin\tcover\tfrom\ttop,You have to begin covering it from the top.,,The obligation marker fo immediately precedes the verb.,423[240],,naturalistic spoken,fo komase kuver nde lao,,OBLIG begin cover from top,"The obligation marker fo immediately precedes the verb.",,,15703, +57-164,57,se mwa le ule war loto,se\tmwa\tle\tule\twar\tloto,PRESV\t1SG\tSI\twant\tsee\tcar,I want to see the car (Lit. It is I who want to see the car).,,,423[174],,naturalistic spoken,se mwa le ule war loto,,PRESV 1SG SI want see car,,,,15704, +58-83,58,Mvula ke(le) noka.,Mvula\tke(le)\tnoka.,rain\tbe\tdrip,It's raining.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Mvula ke(le) noka.,,rain be drip,,Own knowledge,,15705, +58-84,58,Ntangu ke(le) ngolo/makasi.,Ntangu\tke(le)\tngolo/makasi.,sun\tbe\tstrong/sharp,It's hot.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Ntangu ke(le) ngolo/makasi.,,sun be strong/sharp,,Own knowledge,,15706, +58-100,58,Yandi fwete kwenda.,Yandi\tfwete\tkwenda.,he/she\tmust\tgo,He/She must go.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi fwete kwenda.,,he/she must go,,Own knowledge,,15707, +58-103,58,Yandi benda mono na ntwala.,Yandi\tbenda\tmono\tna\tntwala.,he\tpull.NARR\tme\tCONN\tfront,He pulled me to the front.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi benda mono na ntwala.,,he pull.NARR me CONN front,,Own knowledge,,15708, +58-105,58,Yandi telema kwisa/kwenda.,Yandi\ttelema\tkwisa/kwenda.,3SG\tget.up\tcome/go,He/She got up and left.,,,,,constructed by native-speaker linguist,Yandi telema kwisa/kwenda.,,3SG get.up come/go,,Own knowledge,,15709, +59-107,59,hunda wali si,hunda\twali\tsi,ask\twoman\tthen,Ask a woman then (you'll get the information you want).,,,,,constructed by linguist,hunda wali si,,ask woman then,,Own knowledge,,15710, +59-108,59,i bongbi tere na afrancais,i\tbongbi\ttere\tna\tafrancais,1PL\tgather\tbody\tPREP\tPL.French,We unite with the French.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,i bongbi tere na afrancais,,1PL gather body PREP PL.French,,Own knowledge,,15711, +59-110,59,Ayi ti vundu ati na ndo (ti) mbi [...] mingi.,a-yi\tti\tvundu\ta-ti\tna\tndo\t(ti)\tmbi\t[...]\tmingi,PL-thing\tof\tgrief\tPM-fall\ton\ttop\t(of)\t1SG\t[...]\tmany,Many grievous things fell on me.,,,1320[135],,naturalistic written,Ayi ti vundu ati na ndo (ti) mbi [...] mingi.,a-yi ti vundu a-ti na ndo (ti) mbi [...] mingi,PL-thing of grief PM-fall on top (of) 1SG [...] many,,,,15712, +59-111,59,akozo zo,a-kozo\tzo,PL-first\tperson,the first people OR: the first ones (i.e. persons),,This comes from a radio broadcaster who also speaks French. I cannot retrieve the whole sentence.,1320[136],,elicited from speaker,akozo zo,a-kozo zo,PL-first person,This comes from a radio broadcaster who also speaks French. I cannot retrieve the whole sentence.,,,15713, +59-125,59,zo oko oko ake ga,zo\toko\toko\ta-ke\tga,person\tone\tone\tPM-COP\tcome,Each and every person is coming.,,,1320,,naturalistic spoken,zo oko oko ake ga,zo oko oko a-ke ga,person one one PM-COP come,,,,15714, +59-144,59,melenge ti mo akono ahon' melenge ti mbi,melenge\tti\tmo\ta-kono\ta-hon'\tmelenge\tti\tmbi,child\tof\t2SG\tPM-be.large\tPM-pass\tchild\tof\t1SG,Your child is larger than my child.,,,,,constructed by linguist,melenge ti mo akono ahon' melenge ti mbi,melenge ti mo a-kono a-hon' melenge ti mbi,child of 2SG PM-be.large PM-pass child of 1SG,,Own knowledge,,15715, +59-160,59,"aa duti fatso, akoze kwe; lo ga lo mu holengo nyama, lo mu ato na kogara ti lo ni","ala\tduti\tfadeso,\ta-koze\tkwe;\tlo\tga\tlo\tmu\tholengo\tnyama,\tlo\tmu\ta-to\tna\tkogara\tti\tlo\tni",3PL\tsit\tnow\tPM-converse\tall\t3SG\tcome\t3SG\ttake\tdried\tmeat\t3SG\ttake\tPM-cook\tPREP\tin-law\tof\t3SG\tDET,"So they sat and chatted until finished. He then took some dried meat, he took it and (had it) cooked it for his mother-in-law.",,"I take duti to be a stative verb. The word fadeso does not mean 'now' here but is used rhetorically in narratives to mean 'and then'. I think that the adverb awe 'already, finished' could have been used instead of kwe. If the first clause ended with a different pitch it would mean 'after they had chatted'. Koze is borrowed from French causer.",,,naturalistic spoken,"aa duti fatso, akoze kwe; lo ga lo mu holengo nyama, lo mu ato na kogara ti lo ni","ala duti fadeso, a-koze kwe; lo ga lo mu holengo nyama, lo mu a-to na kogara ti lo ni",3PL sit now PM-converse all 3SG come 3SG take dried meat 3SG take PM-cook PREP in-law of 3SG DET,"I take duti to be a stative verb. The word fadeso does not mean 'now' here but is used rhetorically in narratives to mean 'and then'. I think that the adverb awe 'already, finished' could have been used instead of kwe. If the first clause ended with a different pitch it would mean 'after they had chatted'. Koze is borrowed from French causer.",Samarin corpus 1994,,15716, +59-161,59,"wali ni, lo oko la ake lango na a ti da","wali\tni,\tlo\toko\tlaa\ta-ke\tlango\tna\tya\tti\tda",woman\tDET\t3SG\tone\tFOC\tPM-COP\tsleep\tPREP\tbelly\tof\thouse,"The wife, she only slept (habitually) in the house.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"wali ni, lo oko la ake lango na a ti da","wali ni, lo oko laa a-ke lango na ya ti da",woman DET 3SG one FOC PM-COP sleep PREP belly of house,,Samarin corpus 1994,,15717, +59-163,59,ndo ni avoko toon’so [...],ndo\tni\ta-voko\ttongaso\t[...],place\tDET\tPM-be.dark\tthus\t[...],When it had become dark [...]. OR: When night had come [...].,,I see no reason for the DET being used here.,,,naturalistic spoken,ndo ni avoko toon’so [...],ndo ni a-voko tongaso [...],place DET PM-be.dark thus [...],I see no reason for the DET being used here.,Samarin corpus 1994,,15718, +59-164,59,"lo ga so, kogara tl lo na alango","lo\tga\tso,\tkogara\tti\tlo\tni\ta-lango",3SG\tcome\tthus\tin-law\tof\t3SG\tDET\tPM-sleep,"When he came, his mother-in-law was sleeping. OR: On his arrival his mother-in-law was sleeping.",,In another context the second clause would mean 'His mother-in-law is asleep' or even 'is lying down'.,,,naturalistic spoken,"lo ga so, kogara tl lo na alango","lo ga so, kogara ti lo ni a-lango",3SG come thus in-law of 3SG DET PM-sleep,In another context the second clause would mean 'His mother-in-law is asleep' or even 'is lying down'.,Samarin corpus 1994,,15719, +59-197,59,"i ke de ba da nga, amanke pepe","i\tke\tde\tba\tda\tnga,\ta-manke\tpepe",1PL\tCOP\tmake\toath\tthere\talso\tPM-lack\tNEG,We're also going to take an oath over that for sure.,,The French verb manquer was adopted in Sango long ago (perhaps Africanized before coming to the Central African Republic) as a clause complementing the principal one. For others see Samarin (1967: 209).,1320[142],,naturalistic spoken,"i ke de ba da nga, amanke pepe","i ke de ba da nga, a-manke pepe",1PL COP make oath there also PM-lack NEG,"The French verb manquer was adopted in Sango long ago (perhaps Africanized before coming to the Central African Republic) as a clause complementing the principal one. For others see Samarin (1967: 209).",,,15720, +59-198,59,asi na be ti bi [...],asi\tna\tbe\tti\tbi\t[...],SM.arrive\tPREP\theart\tof\tnight\t[...],"When it was in the middle of the night, [...].",,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,asi na be ti bi [...],,SM.arrive PREP heart of night [...],,,,15721, +59-214,59,na kodoro ti mbi ambeni mingi ahinga ti to ngunza pepe,na\tkodoro\tti\tmbi\tambeni\tmingi\tahinga\tti\tto\tngunza\tpepe,PREP\tvillage\tof\t1SG\tPL.some\tmany\tSM.know\tof\tcook\tmanioc.greens\tNEG,In my village quite a few (women) don't know how to cook manioc greens.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,na kodoro ti mbi ambeni mingi ahinga ti to ngunza pepe,,PREP village of 1SG PL.some many SM.know of cook manioc.greens NEG,,Own knowledge,,15722, +59-215,59,mo kpaka tere ti mbi na ni,mo\tkpaka\ttere\tti\tmbi\tna\tni,2SG\tscratch\tbody\tof\t1SG\tPREP\tDET,Scratch me with it.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,mo kpaka tere ti mbi na ni,,2SG scratch body of 1SG PREP DET,,Own knowledge,,15723, +59-233,59,yoro ake na ala,yoro\take\tna\tala,medicine\tSM.COP\tPREP\t3PL,They have charms.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,yoro ake na ala,,medicine SM.COP PREP 3PL,,Own knowledge,,15724, +59-246,59,ala ke pusu koli ni titene lo ti na ya ti du ni,ala\tyeke\tpusu\tkoli\tni\ttitene\tlo\tti\tna\tya\tti\tdu\tni,3PL\tCOP\tpush\tman\tDET\tso.that\t3SG\tfall\tPREP\tinside\tof\thole\tDET,They're pushing the man (so that he would fall) into the hole.,,This example introduces purpose in the event described.,,,constructed by linguist,ala ke pusu koli ni titene lo ti na ya ti du ni,ala yeke pusu koli ni titene lo ti na ya ti du ni,3PL COP push man DET so.that 3SG fall PREP inside of hole DET,This example introduces purpose in the event described.,Own knowledge,,15725, +59-253,59,i ga (i) si na gala,i\tga\t(i)\tsi\tna\tgala,1PL\tcome\t(1PL)\tarrive\tPREP\tmarket,We arrived at the market.,,,1320[207],,naturalistic spoken,i ga (i) si na gala,,1PL come (1PL) arrive PREP market,,,,15726, +59-254,59,mbi gwe (mbi) duti ka,mbi\tgwe\t(mbi)\tduti\tka,1SG\tgo\t(1SG)\tstay\tthere,I went and stayed there.,,,1320[207],,naturalistic spoken,mbi gwe (mbi) duti ka,,1SG go (1SG) stay there,,,,15727, +59-255,59,i kiri i tene mo kwe,i\tkiri\ti\tna\tmo\tkwe,1PL\treturn\t1PL\tsay\t2SG\tall,We repeat it all for you.,,"This is the usual to express 'say again'. -- Note the absence of /na/ here. Because this was said in a radio broadcast, I would suspect that the speaker was of Ngbandi origin, but it could be a gloss on French 'nous te disons'. Kwe would apply to ala [2PL]; here it seems to refer to what has been said.",,,naturalistic spoken,i kiri i tene mo kwe,i kiri i na mo kwe,1PL return 1PL say 2SG all,"This is the usual to express 'say again'. -- Note the absence of /na/ here. Because this was said in a radio broadcast, I would suspect that the speaker was of Ngbandi origin, but it could be a gloss on French 'nous te disons'. Kwe would apply to ala [2PL]; here it seems to refer to what has been said.",Own knowledge,,15728, +59-256,59,lo mu lege akiri,lo\tmu\tlege\takiri,3SG\ttake\tpath\tSM.return,She returned.,,The idea here is that the return is to another place away from where one is.,,,naturalistic spoken,lo mu lege akiri,,3SG take path SM.return,The idea here is that the return is to another place away from where one is.,Own knowledge,,15729, +59-257,59,mbeni fini fille ni alondo aga na ecole,mbeni\tfini\t\tni\talondo\taga\tna\t,certain\tnew\tgirl\tDET\tSM.arise\tSM.come\tPREP\tschool,A certain new girl came to school.,,Fille and ecole are French words.,,,naturalistic spoken,mbeni fini fille ni alondo aga na ecole,mbeni fini <fille> ni alondo aga na <ecole>,certain new girl DET SM.arise SM.come PREP school,"Fille and ecole are French words.",Own knowledge,,15730, +59-260,59,lo mu ato na kogara ti lo ni,lo\tmu\tato\tna\tkogara\tti\tlo\tni,3SG\tgive\tSM.prepare\tPREP\tin-law\tof\t3SG\tDET,He gave it (the meat) to be prepared for his mother-in-law.,,,1326,,naturalistic spoken,lo mu ato na kogara ti lo ni,,3SG give SM.prepare PREP in-law of 3SG DET,,,,15731, +59-262,59,amu mafuta ti zo ni amu na lo,a-mu\tmafuta\tti\tzo\tni\ta-mu\tna\tlo,PM-take\tfat\tof\thuman\tDET\tPM-give\tPREP\t3SG,He gave her (his mother-in-law) the fatty meat of a human being.,,Note that the verb mu means both 'take' and 'give'.,,,naturalistic spoken,amu mafuta ti zo ni amu na lo,a-mu mafuta ti zo ni a-mu na lo,PM-take fat of human DET PM-give PREP 3SG,"Note that the verb mu means both 'take' and 'give'.",Samarin corpus 1994,,15732, +59-263,59,"lo mu samba, lo mu na lo","lo\tmu\tsamba,\tlo\tmu\tna\tlo",3SG\ttake\tbeer\t3SG\tgive\tPREP\t3SG,He gave her beer.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,"lo mu samba, lo mu na lo",,3SG take beer 3SG give PREP 3SG,,Samarin corpus 1994,,15733, +59-264,59,"toon' lo mu na mo samba, mo nyon' pepe","tongana\tlo\tmu\tna\tmo\tsamba,\tmo\tnyon'\tpepe",if\t3SG\tgive\tPREP\t2SG\tbeer\t2SG\tdrink\tNEG,"If he gives you beer, don't drink it.",,This is just to illustrate the ordinary use of mu.,,,naturalistic spoken,"toon' lo mu na mo samba, mo nyon' pepe","tongana lo mu na mo samba, mo nyon' pepe",if 3SG give PREP 2SG beer 2SG drink NEG,"This is just to illustrate the ordinary use of mu.",Samarin corpus 1994,,15734, +59-265,59,amu nyama ti zo so ato amu na lo,a-mu\tnyama\tti\tzo\tso\ta-to\ta-mu\tna\tlo,SM-take\tmeat\tof\thuman\tDEM\tSM-prepare\tSM-give\tPREP\t3SG,He gave the meat (to his wife) to prepare for her (the girl's mother). OR: He took this human flesh and had it prepared and given to her (the mother).,,Nyama ti zo so can mean both 'this human flesh' and 'the flesh of this person.' I see the first as being appropriate here.,1326,,naturalistic spoken,amu nyama ti zo so ato amu na lo,a-mu nyama ti zo so a-to a-mu na lo,SM-take meat of human DEM SM-prepare SM-give PREP 3SG,"Nyama ti zo so can mean both 'this human flesh' and 'the flesh of this person.' I see the first as being appropriate here.",,,15735, +59-266,59,ala mu ngombe ti mbi na mbi,ala\tmu\tngombe\tti\tmbi\tna\tmbi,3PL\tgive\tgun\tof\t1SG\tPREP\t1SG,They gave me my gun.,,I do not want to imply that possession makes a difference: one can say ala mu ngombe na mbi 'they gave me a gun'.,,,constructed by linguist,ala mu ngombe ti mbi na mbi,,3PL give gun of 1SG PREP 1SG,"I do not want to imply that possession makes a difference: one can say ala mu ngombe na mbi 'they gave me a gun'.",Own knowledge,,15736, +59-278,59,gango ti ni la ni ga so,ga-ngo\tti\tni\tla\tni\tga\tso,come-NMLZ\tof\t1SG.LOG\tTOP\t1SG.LOG\tcome\tthus,"(She said), ""This is my arrival (coming)."" OR: This arrival just now is my arrival; What you see is my arrival.",,"This is by no means a relative clause, but it is close to one in function.",,,naturalistic spoken,gango ti ni la ni ga so,ga-ngo ti ni la ni ga so,come-NMLZ of 1SG.LOG TOP 1SG.LOG come thus,"This is by no means a relative clause, but it is close to one in function.",Samarin corpus 1994,,15737, +59-341,59,ba koli ti mbi so mbi yi ti mu lo so la lo ga awe so,ba\tkoli\tti\tmbi\tso\tmbi\tyi\tti\tmu\tlo\tso\tla\tlo\tga\tawe\tso,see\tman\tof\t1SG\tREL\t1SG\twant\tto\ttake\t3SG\tREL\tTOP\t3SG\tcome\talready\tthus,See my man I want to marry who has just come.,,The second REL makes this an example of the bracketing of a relative clause.,,,naturalistic spoken,ba koli ti mbi so mbi yi ti mu lo so la lo ga awe so,,see man of 1SG REL 1SG want to take 3SG REL TOP 3SG come already thus,The second REL makes this an example of the bracketing of a relative clause.,Samarin corpus 1994,,15738, +59-346,59,"gongo so mbi gwe so, mbi wara lo na lege","go-ngo\tso\tmbi\tgwe\tso,\tmbi\twara\tlo\tna\tlege",go-NMLZ\tREL\t1SG\tgo\tthus\t1SG\tfind\t3SG\tPREP\tway,"When I was going, I met her/him on the path.",,"This is the way I would translate this kind of construction, which I certainly have heard, but it might be a focussing strategy.",,,constructed by linguist,"gongo so mbi gwe so, mbi wara lo na lege","go-ngo so mbi gwe so, mbi wara lo na lege",go-NMLZ REL 1SG go thus 1SG find 3SG PREP way,"This is the way I would translate this kind of construction, which I certainly have heard, but it might be a focussing strategy.",Own knowledge,,15739, +59-362,59,nyama so afun' sioni,nyama\tso\ta-fun'\tsioni,meat\tthis\tPM-smell\tbad,This meat smells awful.,,,,,constructed by linguist,nyama so afun' sioni,nyama so a-fun' sioni,meat this PM-smell bad,,Own knowledge,,15740, +61-74,61,Lo John na lo Jane yena hambile Thegwin.,Lo\tJohn\tna\tlo\tJane\tyena\thamb-ile\tlapha\tThegwin.,DEF.ART\tJohn\tCOM\tDEF.ART\tJane\tthey\tgo-PST\tDAT\tDurban,John and Jane went to Durban. OR: John went with Jane to Durban. OR: John went to Durban with Jane.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Lo John na lo Jane yena hambile Thegwin.,Lo John na lo Jane yena hamb-ile lapha Thegwin.,DEF.ART John COM DEF.ART Jane they go-PST DAT Durban,,Field notes Mesthrie,,15741, +62-75,62,hé-ló i'azé i-wé,hé-ló\ti'azé\ti-wé,16-have\tday\t5-one,On a certain day (once upon a time).,,,,,naturalistic spoken,hé-ló i'azé i-wé,,16-have day 5-one,,Own field data 1993,,15742, +62-81,62,vézázéu váazóko ma?azé mángi,vé-zazeu\tvé-áa-zoko\tma?aze\tmá-ingi,2-herd\t2-PST-sit\tdays\t6-many,They went to herd and they stayed many days.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,vézázéu váazóko ma?azé mángi,vé-zazeu vé-áa-zoko ma?aze má-ingi,2-herd 2-PST-sit days 6-many,,Own field data 1993,,15743, +62-119,62,é-háhóye hódi tó ní ha-kuhló,é-háhóye\thódi\ttó\tní\tha-kuhló,1-16.see.PRF\tplace\tthere\tCOP\t16-good,He saw the place was good.,,,,,elicited from speaker,é-háhóye hódi tó ní ha-kuhló,,1-16.see.PRF place there COP 16-good,,Mous 2003,,15744, +63-81,63,ána gi-kumbúka wázi,ána\tgi-kumbúka\twázi,1SG\tTAM-remember\twell,I remember well.,,,857[284],,naturalistic spoken,ána gi-kumbúka wázi,,1SG TAM-remember well,,,,15745, +63-82,63,ína bi-mútu íni,ína\tbi-mútu\tíni,1PL\tTAM-die\there,We will die here.,,,857[286],,naturalistic spoken,ína bi-mútu íni,,1PL TAM-die here,,,,15746, +63-84,63,nyerekú de bi-gi-rúa fi bé,nyerekú\tde\tbi-gi-rúa\tfi\tbé,boy\tDEM\tFUT-IPFV-go\tin\thouse,The child will be going home.,,,622[38],,naturalistic spoken,nyerekú de bi-gi-rúa fi bé,,boy DEM FUT-IPFV-go in house,,,,15747, +63-153,63,ya shída de éndis fi Mombása,ya\tshída\tde\téndis\tfi\tMombása,TOP\tproblem\tDEM\thave\tin\tMombasa,That’s the problem in Mombasa.,,,857[315],,naturalistic spoken,ya shída de éndis fi Mombása,,TOP problem DEM have in Mombasa,,,,15748, +63-163,63,ása já gésim grúp taláta,ása\tjá\tgésim\tgrúp\ttaláta,then\tcome\tdivide\tgroup\tthree,Then they were divided in three groups.,,,856[16],,naturalistic spoken,ása já gésim grúp taláta,,then come divide group three,,,,15749, +63-164,63,rután de gu-rúo wóduru,rután\tde\tgu-rúo\twóduru,language\tDEM\tTAM-go\tdisappear,The language will disappear.,,,857[298],,naturalistic spoken,rután de gu-rúo wóduru,,language DEM TAM-go disappear,,,,15750, +63-212,63,"tor, bágara","tor,\tbágara",bull\tcow,"bull, cow",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"tor, bágara",,bull cow,,Own fieldwork,,15751, +64-213,64,bagarát de zátu num fi bet henák,bagar-át\tde\tzátu\tnum\tfi\tbet\thenák,cow-PL\tDEM.PROX\tTOP\tsleep\tin\thouse\tthere,The same cows slept there in the house.,,,874[112],,naturalistic spoken,bagarát de zátu num fi bet henák,bagar-át de zátu num fi bet henák,cow-PL DEM.PROX TOP sleep in house there,,,,15752, +65-55,65,Tam pabol'sə d'esi - takoj kuʧa.,Tam pabol'sə d'esi - takoj kuʧa.,there more here   so heap,I have more [relatives] there than here - the whole heap [of people].,,"The speaker compares the number of his relatives in China with the number of his relatives in Russia. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",1195[274],,naturalistic spoken,Tam pabol'sə d'esi - takoj kuʧa.,,there more here so heap,"The speaker compares the number of his relatives in China with the number of his relatives in Russia. +The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).",,Там побольсе деси - такой куча.,15753, +65-56,65,Minia eta peləvy synə.,Minia\teta\tpeləvy\tsynə.,1SG\tthis\tfirst\tson,This is my first son.,,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,1195[274],,naturalistic spoken,Minia eta peləvy synə.,,1SG this first son,The example was recorded by E. Perekhvalskaya and V. Belikov in 1991 (Khabarovskij region).,,Меня эта пелвы сын.,15754, +65-57,65,"Njet, tibe perəvyj kaʒi, kak moʒəna, tibe starʃinka.","Njet,\ttibe\tperəvyj\tkaʒi,\tkak\tmoʒəna,\ttibe\tstarʃinka.",no\t2SG\tfirst\tspeak\thow\tpossible\t2SG\telder,"No, you have to speak first, how can it be otherwise, you are the oldest.",,,458[11],,citation in fiction,"Njet, tibe perəvyj kaʒi, kak moʒəna, tibe starʃinka.",,no 2SG first speak how possible 2SG elder,,,"Нет, тебе первый кажи, – как можно, тебе старшинка.",15755, +65-72,65,"Xeʧzu lisa kupila, ʧaʧika pusəkajla.","Xeʧzu\tlisa\tkupi-la,\tʧaʧika\tpusəkaj-la.",Xeczu\trice\tbuy-PFV\tnet\tlet.flow-PFV,Xeczu bought some rice and let it flow into a net.,,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,1195[221],,naturalistic spoken,"Xeʧzu lisa kupila, ʧaʧika pusəkajla.","Xeʧzu lisa kupi-la, ʧaʧika pusəkaj-la.",Xeczu rice buy-PFV net let.flow-PFV,The example is taken from the archives of A. Shprintsyn.,,"Хэцзю лиса купи-ла, чачыка пусыкайла.",15756, +66-69,66,Anak aayər viiduyang sipicaking.,Anak\taayər\tviidu-yang\tsi-piça-king.,child\twater\tglass-ACC\tPST-break-CAUS,The child broke the water glass.,,No ergative marking of transitive subject. Object is accusative-marked.,,,elicited from speaker,Anak aayər viiduyang sipicaking.,Anak aayər viidu-yang si-piça-king.,child water glass-ACC PST-break-CAUS,No ergative marking of transitive subject. Object is accusative-marked.,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,15757, +66-84,66,Gope kuttalipəðə dempe buuka pakeanyale gantung suppang.,Go-pe\tkuttali-pəðə\tderang-pe\tbuuka\tpakean-yang-le\tgantung\tsuppang.,1SG-POSS\tfriend-PL\t3PL-POSS\topen\tclothing-ACC.DEF-COM\thang\tput,My friends unpacked and hung up their clothing.,,,,,elicited from speaker,Gope kuttalipəðə dempe buuka pakeanyale gantung suppang.,Go-pe kuttali-pəðə derang-pe buuka pakean-yang-le gantung suppang.,1SG-POSS friend-PL 3PL-POSS open clothing-ACC.DEF-COM hang put,,"M.T.M. Rihan, p.c.",,15758, +67-113,67,Apa-apa wa pun ikut dia ah apa sal sini.,Apa~apa\twa\tpun\tikut\tdia\tah\tapa\tsal\tsini.,what~what\t2SG\talso\tfollow\t3SG\tEMPH\twhat\tmatter\there,"Whatever [it is], I follow him (his advice) to deal with any matter here.",,,708[167],,naturalistic spoken,Apa-apa wa pun ikut dia ah apa sal sini.,Apa~apa wa pun ikut dia ah apa sal sini.,what~what 2SG also follow 3SG EMPH what matter here,,,,15759, +67-114,67,Dia penat.,Dia\tpenat.,3SG\ttired,He was/is tired.,,,708[487],,naturalistic spoken,Dia penat.,,3SG tired,,,,15760, +67-115,67,Semalam cikgu kasi dia satu buku.,Semalam\tcikgu\tkasi\tdia\tsatu\tbuku.,last.night\tteacher\tgive\t3SG\tone\tbook,"Last night, the teacher gave him a book.",,,708[468],,naturalistic spoken,Semalam cikgu kasi dia satu buku.,,last.night teacher give 3SG one book,,,,15761, +67-117,67,Dia kata pigi tengok dia tak ada nampak ini puanpuan ada tarik ini anjing.,Dia\tkata\tpigi\ttengok\tdia\ttak\tada\tnampak\tini\tpuanpuan\tada\ttarik\tini\tanjing.,3SG\tsay\tgo\tsee\t3SG\tNEG\tEMPH\tsee\tDEM\twoman\tPROG\tpull\tDEM\tdog,"He said [to himself] to go and see [them], [but] he did not see that this lady was pulling a dog.",,,708[382],,elicited from speaker,Dia kata pigi tengok dia tak ada nampak ini puanpuan ada tarik ini anjing.,,3SG say go see 3SG NEG EMPH see DEM woman PROG pull DEM dog,,,,15762, +67-170,67,Awak laki-laki apasal datang Singapore?,Awak\tlaki-laki\tapasal\tdatang\tSingapore?,2SG\tman-man\twhy\tcome\tSingapore,Why did your husband come to Singapore?,,,708[407],,naturalistic spoken,Awak laki-laki apasal datang Singapore?,,2SG man-man why come Singapore,,,,15763, +67-173,67,"Diaorang selalu datang sini cari murah punya barang makan-makan, pakai-pakai semainlah.","Diaorang\tselalu\tdatang\tsini\tcari\tmurah\tpunya\tbarang\tmakan~makan,\tpakai~pakai\tsemainlah.",3PL\talways\tcome\there\tlook.for\tcheap\tATTR\tthing\teat~eat\tuse~use\tetc.,"They always come here to look for cheap food and things, etc.",,,,,naturalistic spoken,"Diaorang selalu datang sini cari murah punya barang makan-makan, pakai-pakai semainlah.","Diaorang selalu datang sini cari murah punya barang makan~makan, pakai~pakai semainlah.",3PL always come here look.for cheap ATTR thing eat~eat use~use etc.,,Own knowledge,,15764, +67-174,67,"Teacher panggil, kita pergi tolong tolong sama dia.","Teacher\tpanggil,\tkita\tpergi\ttolong\ttolong\tsama\tdia.",teacher\tcall\t1PL\tgo\thelp\thelp\twith\t3SG,"[When] the teacher called, we went and helped her/him.",,,708[431],,naturalistic spoken,"Teacher panggil, kita pergi tolong tolong sama dia.",,teacher call 1PL go help help with 3SG,,,,15765, +67-176,67,Lu tengok pergi sana lah ah?,Lu\ttengok\tpergi\tsana\tlah\tah?,2SG\tlook.at\tgo\tthere\tPCL\tQ,Will you go there and look [at it]?,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Lu tengok pergi sana lah ah?,,2SG look.at go there PCL Q,,Own knowledge,,15766, +67-215,67,Saya kecil punya lama ah ada orang jahat ah lawan-lawan.,Saya\tkecil\tpunya\tlama\tah\tada\torang\tjahat\tah\tlawan~lawan.,1SG\tsmall\tREL\tlong\tPCL\thave\tperson\tbad\tPCL\tattack~attack,"Long ago when I was young, there were bad people fighting all the time.",,,708[101],,naturalistic spoken,Saya kecil punya lama ah ada orang jahat ah lawan-lawan.,Saya kecil punya lama ah ada orang jahat ah lawan~lawan.,1SG small REL long PCL have person bad PCL attack~attack,,,,15767, +68-7,68,itu tampa tinggal antua itu,itu\ttampa\ttinggal\tantua\titu,DEM\tplace\tlive\t3SG.FORMAL\tDEM,that residence of hers,,,1178[409],,naturalistic spoken,"itu tampa tinggal antua itu",,DEM place live 3SG.FORMAL DEM,,,,15768, +68-103,68,"Pada saat orang dalam susa, dong pi belanja di toko.","Pada\tsaat\torang\tdalam\tsusa,\tdong\tpi\tbelanja\tdi\ttoko.",at\ttime\tperson\tin\tdifficulty\t3PL\tgo\tshop\tLOC\tstore,"When people were in trouble, they went shopping at the store.",,,1178[630],,naturalistic spoken,"Pada saat orang dalam susa, dong pi belanja di toko.",,at time person in difficulty 3PL go shop LOC store,,,,15769, +69-3,69,wut kandək mənda kra-nan taŋgut mən,wut\tkandək\tmənda\tkra-nan\ttaŋgut\tmən,night\tOBL\tand.then\tcut-NONFUT\trope\tthat,Then at night they cut the rope.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,wut kandək mənda kra-nan taŋgut mən,,night OBL and.then cut-NONFUT rope that,,Own field notes 1985,,15770, +69-55,69,kumbut kandək wanan,kumbut\tkandək\twa-nan,village\tOBL\tgo-NONFUT,(He) went to the village.,,"No oblique comitative uses are attested in the corpus, but tahe adposition kandək is a general oblique marker.",,,naturalistic spoken,kumbut kandək wanan,kumbut kandək wa-nan,village OBL go-NONFUT,"No oblique comitative uses are attested in the corpus, but tahe adposition kandək is a general oblique marker.",Own field notes 1985,,15771, +70-79,70,Uwala bat ham-log nai puco.,Uwala\tbat\tham-log\tnai\tpuco.,that\ttalk\t1-PL\tNEG\task,"That talk, we didn't ask (about).",,,,,naturalistic spoken,Uwala bat ham-log nai puco.,,that talk 1-PL NEG ask,,Siegel-field recording,,15772, +71-5,71,"Akolu pake wau aha ma kela hale, makou limalima kela rumi, Aiau kela hale.","Akolu\tpake\twau\taha\tma\tkela\thale,\tmakou\tlimalima\tkela\trumi,\tAiau\tkela\thale.",three\tChinese\t1SG\tfour\tLOC\tDET\thouse\t1PL\trent\tDET\troom\tAiau\tDET\thouse,"Three Chinese and I, four total, were in that house; we rented rooms at Aiau's house.",,,,,naturalistic written,"Akolu pake wau aha ma kela hale, makou limalima kela rumi, Aiau kela hale.",,three Chinese 1SG four LOC DET house 1PL rent DET room Aiau DET house,,Own data 1894,,15773, +71-78,71,Wau lohe no kani [...] wau holoi lole kela manawa.,Wau\tlohe\tno\tkani\t[...]\twau\tholoi\tlole\tkela\tmanawa.,1SG\thear\tINTENS\tsound\t[...]\t1SG\twash\tclothes\tDET\ttime,I heard a sound [...] I was washing clothes at the time (i.e. at the time when I heard a sound).,,,,,naturalistic written,"Wau lohe no kani [...] wau holoi lole kela manawa.",,1SG hear INTENS sound [...] 1SG wash clothes DET time,,Own data 1897,,15774, +71-84,71,Oe hiki no nana iaia a kamailio kela manao oe.,Oe\thiki\tno\tnana\tiaia\ta\tkamailio\tkela\tmanao\toe.,2SG\tcould\tINTENS\tlook\t3SG\tand\tconverse\tDET\tthought\t2SG.POSS,You could see him and tell [him] your thoughts.,,,,,naturalistic written,Oe hiki no nana iaia a kamailio kela manao oe.,,2SG could INTENS look 3SG and converse DET thought 2SG.POSS,,Own data 1892,,15775, +71-85,71,Wau paa mamua halepaahao.,Wau\tpaa\tmamua\thalepaahao.,1SG\theld\tbefore\tprison,I was previously imprisoned.,,"Paa is a neuter verb, the default value of which is stative (less often it expresses changes of state). Here the verb has past reference.",,,naturalistic written,"Wau paa mamua halepaahao.",,1SG held before prison,"Paa is a neuter verb, the default value of which is stative (less often it expresses changes of state). Here the verb has past reference.",own data 1899,,15776, +71-86,71,Pehea oe paa keia koi?,Pehea\toe\tpaa\tkeia\tkoi?,why\t2SG\thold\tthis\tfishing-pole,Why are you holding this fishing pole?,,"Paa is a neuter verb, which most often is stative. Here the temporal reference is non-past.",,,naturalistic written,"Pehea oe paa keia koi?",,why 2SG hold this fishing-pole,"Paa is a neuter verb, which most often is stative. Here the temporal reference is non-past.",own data 1881,,15777, +71-87,71,Aie akahi dala.,Aie\takahi\tdala.,borrow\tone\tdollar,[I want to] borrow a dollar [from you].,,"Aie is a dynamic verb, and here it is used with non-past reference.",,,naturalistic written,"Aie akahi dala.",,borrow one dollar,"Aie is a dynamic verb, and here it is used with non-past reference.",own data 1881,,15778, +71-187,71,Kela haole maluna kela moku kela (mea) wau kokua.,Kela\thaole\tmaluna\tkela\tmoku\t[kela\tmea\twau\tkokua].,DET\twhite.person\tupon\tDET\tship\t[DET\tthing\t1SG\thelp],It was the white person aboard the ship whom I helped.,,"In my notes, kela occurs without mea. This could represent either a reduction from kela mea or an omission on the part of the court reporter.",,,naturalistic written,Kela haole maluna kela moku kela (mea) wau kokua.,Kela haole maluna kela moku [kela mea wau kokua].,DET white.person upon DET ship [DET thing 1SG help],"In my notes, kela occurs without mea. This could represent either a reduction from kela mea or an omission on the part of the court reporter.",Own data 1898,,15779, +72-2,72,An kengkaru i bin kilim kurrupartuyawung dat karungku.,An\tkengkaru\ti\tbin\tkil-im\tkurrupartu-yawung\tdat\tkaru-ngku.,and\tkangaroo\t3SG.SBJ\tPST\thit-TR\tboomerang-COM\tthe\tchild-ERG,And it was the kangaroo that the kid hit with a boomerang.,,"The pronoun-verb order is SVO; however, the nominal-verb order is OVS. The -COM refers to a comitative marker to be interpreted as 'with' or 'having'.",920[283],,peer elicitation,An kengkaru i bin kilim kurrupartuyawung dat karungku.,An kengkaru i bin kil-im kurrupartu-yawung dat karu-ngku.,and kangaroo 3SG.SBJ PST hit-TR boomerang-COM the child-ERG,"The pronoun-verb order is SVO; however, the nominal-verb order is OVS. The -COM refers to a comitative marker to be interpreted as 'with' or 'having'.",,,15780, +72-9,72,Dei bin kayikayi ngayu dem karuwalijangku nyawarrattu.,Dei\tbin\tkayikayi\tngayu\tdem\tkaru-walija-ngku\tnyawa-rrat-tu.,3PL.SBJ\tPST\tchase\t1SG\tthose\tchild-PAUC-ERG\tthis-PL-ERG,"They chased me, that mob of kids.",,The order in this example is noun-demonstrative.,920[406],,narrative,Dei bin kayikayi ngayu dem karuwalijangku nyawarrattu.,Dei bin kayikayi ngayu dem karu-walija-ngku nyawa-rrat-tu.,3PL.SBJ PST chase 1SG those child-PAUC-ERG this-PL-ERG,The order in this example is noun-demonstrative.,,,15781, +72-133,72,Jirribala malyju dei gon warlakap jurlakayu.,Jirribala\tmalyju\tdei\tgon\twarlakap\tjurlaka-yu.,three\tboy\t3PL.SBJ\tgo\tlook.around\tbird-DAT,"The three boys, they go looking around for birds.",,,8,,naturalistic spoken,Jirribala malyju dei gon warlakap jurlakayu.,Jirribala malyju dei gon warlakap jurlaka-yu.,"three boy 3PL.SBJ go look.around bird-DAT",,,,15782, +72-134,72,LS im gon jarrpip KBjawung.,LS\tim\tgon\tjarrpip\tKB-jawung.,LS\t3SG\tgo\tpick.up\tKB-COM,Lisa is walking with Kayne in her arms.,,"In this example, gon is used to decrease the valency of jarrpip 'pick up', which is a transitive verb, such that the object appears as a comitative-marked adjunct.",400,2a242024123a4295a342da833ddf3f46,naturalistic spoken,LS im gon jarrpip KBjawung.,LS im gon jarrpip KB-jawung.,LS 3SG go pick.up KB-COM,"In this example, gon is used to decrease the valency of jarrpip 'pick up', which is a transitive verb, such that the object appears as a comitative-marked adjunct.",,,15783, +73-46,73,isti,isti,this,this,,,1036[207],,naturalistic spoken,isti,,this,,,,15784, +73-74,73,"sikyera kargabullaish, pero komingabullaish dachun, sikyera para komir","sikyera\tkarga-bu-lla-ish,\tpero\tkomi-nga-bu-lla-ish\tda-chun,\tsikyera\tpara\tkomir",perhaps\tload-BEN-DELIM-ADD\tbut\teat-NMLZ-BEN-DELIM-ADD\tgive-3.HORT\tperhaps\tfor\teat,"Let them give the food for a load or to eat, perhaps to eat.",,,1038[396],,naturalistic spoken,"sikyera kargabullaish, pero komingabullaish dachun, sikyera para komir","sikyera karga-bu-lla-ish, pero komi-nga-bu-lla-ish da-chun, sikyera para komir",perhaps load-BEN-DELIM-ADD but eat-NMLZ-BEN-DELIM-ADD give-3.HORT perhaps for eat,,,,15785, +73-98,73,kuyigunada enkargachun zindo binini,kuyi-guna-da\tenkarga-chun\tzi-ndo\tbini-ni,guinea.pig-PL-ACC\thand.over-3.HORT\tsay-SUBORD\tcome-1SG,I come wanting him to hand over the guinea pigs (to me). OR: I come saying let him hand over the guinea pigs.,,Zi-ndo 'saying' functions as a purposive subordinator or a quotative complementizer here.,1038[390],,naturalistic spoken,"kuyigunada enkargachun zindo binini","kuyi-guna-da enkarga-chun zi-ndo bini-ni",guinea.pig-PL-ACC hand.over-3.HORT say-SUBORD come-1SG,"Zi-ndo 'saying' functions as a purposive subordinator or a quotative complementizer here.",,,15786, +73-118,73,waka,waka,cow,cow,,,,,naturalistic spoken,waka,,cow,,Field notes,,15787, +74-45,74,latáb,latáb,table,"table, the table",,,,,constructed by linguist,latáb,,table,,Own knowledge,,15788, +74-46,74,uk-man ya-tl'kup lup,uk-man\tya-tl'kup\tlup,the-man\t3SG-cut\trope,The man cuts a rope.,,,,,constructed by linguist,uk-man ya-tl'kup lup,,the-man 3SG-cut rope,,Own knowledge,,15789, +74-47,74,uk-man,uk-man,that-man,"the man, the men",,,,,constructed by linguist,uk-man,,that-man,,Own knowledge,,15790, +74-56,74,ixt man,ixt\tman,one\tman,one man,,,,,constructed by linguist,ixt man,,one man,,Own knowledge,,15791, +74-57,74,ílëp man,ílëp\tman,in.front\tman,the first man,,,,,constructed by linguist,ílëp man,,in.front man,,Own knowledge,,15792, +74-72,74,álta náyka mákmak,álta\tnáyka\tmákmak,now\t1SG\teat,I'm eating (at the moment).,,,,,constructed by linguist,álta náyka mákmak,,now 1SG eat,,Own knowledge,,15793, +74-74,74,álta náyka mákmak,álta\tnáyka\tmákmak,now\t1SG\teat,I’m eating (at the moment).,,,,,constructed by linguist,álta náyka mákmak,,now 1SG eat,,Own knowledge,,15794, +74-86,74,wik,wik,NEG,"don’t, not",,The original source for this example is Hale (1980:52).,1641[59],,narrative,wik,,NEG,The original source for this example is Hale (1980:52).,,,15795, +74-101,74,latít sik,latít\tsik,head\tsick,headache,,,1641[31],,narrative,latít sik,,head sick,,,,15796, +74-102,74,tq’iX,tq’iX,like/want/wish,to want,,,1641[29],,narrative,tq’iX,,like/want/wish,,,,15797, +74-104,74,kwas,kwas,fear,to fear,,,1641[52],,narrative,kwas,,fear,,,,15798, +74-117,74,kápa uk ílihi,kápa\tuk\tílihi,PREP\tthe\tearth,on the ground,,,673[40],,narrative,kápa uk ílihi,,PREP the earth,,,,15799, +74-131,74,hal,hal,pull,to pull,,,595[40],,narrative,hal,,pull,,,,15800, +74-154,74,man t'kup rup,man\tt'kup\trup,man\tcut\trope,The man cuts the ROPE (with emphasis in voice).,,,,,constructed by linguist,man t'kup rup,,man cut rope,,Own knowledge,,15801, +74-188,74,munk hêm,munk\thêm,smell\tsmell,to smell,,,1641[19],,narrative,munk hêm,,smell smell,,,,15802, +75-130,75,Kiiatoshkaheewak parey skom aen nisklaav.,Kii-atoshka-h-eew-ak\tparey\tskom\taen\tnisklaav.,PST-work-CAUS-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-PL\tlike\tas\ta\tslave,They made her work like a slave.,,Atoshkaheewakparey skom aen nisklaav would have a present tense meaning: 'They make her work like a slave.',522,,naturalistic spoken,Kiiatoshkaheewak parey skom aen nisklaav.,Kii-atoshka-h-eew-ak parey skom aen nisklaav.,PST-work-CAUS-3.SBJ.3.OBJ-PL like as a slave,"Atoshkaheewakparey skom aen nisklaav would have a present tense meaning: 'They make her work like a slave.'",,,15803, +75-198,75,La bwet mishaw.,La\tbwet\tmisha-w.,DEF.ART.F.SG\tbox\tbe.big.INAN-3,The box is big.,,,789[41],,naturalistic written,La bwet mishaw.,La bwet misha-w.,DEF.ART.F.SG box be.big.INAN-3,,,,15804, +75-214,75,"Namoya, niya nipaapaa kaapeekiyokeet.","Namoya, niya ni-paapaa kaa-pee-kiyokee-t.",no (C) 1SG (C) 1SG-father (C) COMP-come-visit.TR.ANIM-3 (C),"No, MY father came to visit.",,"Pee means 'in this direction'. +F = from French; C = from Cree.",522,,elicited from speaker,"Namoya, niya nipaapaa kaapeekiyokeet.","Namoya, niya ni-paapaa kaa-pee-kiyokee-t.",no (C) 1SG (C) 1SG-father (C) COMP-come-visit.TR.ANIM-3 (C),"Pee means 'in this direction'. +F = from French; C = from Cree.",,,15805, +75-215,75,Asheehkiiweepahtaw aan baa aendookitotaat onhin.,Ashee-kiiwee-pahta-w\taan\tbaa\taen-doo-kitot-aat\tonhin.,back-go.home-run-3\tLOC\tdown\tCOMP-go.and-speak-3.SBJ.3.OBJ\tDEM.PL,"She ran back downstairs, to go and talk to them.",,"The doo element is a bound morpheme which means 'go and', 'movement away from'.",522,,naturalistic spoken,Asheehkiiweepahtaw aan baa aendookitotaat onhin.,Ashee-kiiwee-pahta-w aan baa aen-doo-kitot-aat onhin.,back-go.home-run-3 LOC down COMP-go.and-speak-3.SBJ.3.OBJ DEM.PL,"The doo element is a bound morpheme which means 'go and', 'movement away from'.",,,15806, +76-39,76,ōmē'lik aipaña,ōmē'lik\taipaña,captain\tsecond,the first mate,,"As Stefánsson (1909: 223) explains: 'the first mate (i. e. the captain's second, or rather, the second, therefore lesser, captain)'.",1442[223],,reconstructed by documentalist,ōmē'lik aipaña,,captain second,"As Stefánsson (1909: 223) explains: 'the first mate (i. e. the captain's second, or rather, the second, therefore lesser, captain)'.",,,15807, +2-318,2,Yu musu abi wan sani fu e gi en fu a hori en srefi bezig.,Yu musu abi wan sani fu e gi en fu a hori en srefi bezig.,2SG must have one thing to IPFV give 3SG for 3SG keep herself busy,You must have something to keep giving her so that she can keep busy'.,,,,,naturalistic spoken,Yu musu abi wan sani fu e gi en fu a hori en srefi bezig.,,2SG must have one thing to IPFV give 3SG for 3SG keep herself busy,,Winford transcripts,,15808, +36-171,36,thamano,,,six,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-293,12,happen,,,happen,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-294,12,doc,,,doc(tor),,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-295,12,"picnic, pray",,,"picnic, pray",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-296,12,belly,,,belly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-297,12,bit,,,bit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-298,12,"time, tree, ting",,,"time, tree, thing",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-299,12,"doc, de",,,"doc(tor), the",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-300,12,"come, cry",,,"come, cry",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-301,12,grow,,,grow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-302,12,child,,,child,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-303,12,bridge,,,bridge,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-304,12,four,,,four,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-305,12,"dive, vine",,,"dive, vine",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-306,12,that,,,that,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-307,12,see,,,see,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-308,12,nose,,,nose,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-309,12,she,,,she,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-310,12,television,,,television,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-311,12,he,,,he,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-312,12,sometime,,,sometimes,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-313,12,drown,,,drown,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-314,12,bring,,,bring,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-315,12,laugh,,,laugh,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-316,12,"yes, cyan",,,"yes, can't",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-317,12,water,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-318,12,"tip, happy",,,"tip, happy",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-319,12,ain't,,,hasn't/isn't etc.,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-320,12,"yet, dead",,,"yet, dead",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-321,12,rap,,,rap,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-322,12,"happen, the",,,"happen, the",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-323,12,rap,,,rap,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-324,12,"put, look",,,"put, look",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-325,12,"probably, pump",,,"probably, pump",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-326,12,water,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-327,12,thing,,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-328,12,beach,,,beach,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-329,12,"laugh, start",,,"laugh, start",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-330,12,scoop,,,scoop,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-331,12,"gone, John",,,"gone, John",,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-332,12,rap,,,rap,,,,,,,,,,,,, +12-333,12,"nurse, bird, earl",,,"nurse, bird, earl",,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-215,9,prizn,,,prison,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-216,9,krab; taak,,,"crab, talk",,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-217,9,bawt,,,about,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-218,9,sista,,,sister,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-219,9,disgos,,,disgust,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-220,9,gud,,,good,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-221,9,ʧap,,,chop,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-222,9,baʤ,,,barge,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-223,9,fayn,,,find,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-224,9,liv,,,live,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-225,9,si,,,see,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-226,9,ʃrimp,,,shrimp,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-227,9,trezha,,,treasure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-228,9,man; taym,,,man; time,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-229,9,fayn; no,,,find; NEG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-230,9,stiŋre,,,stingray,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-231,9,laya; ayl,,,lawyer; oil,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-232,9,laya; yu,,,lawyer; you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-233,9,bway,,,boy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-234,9,finga,,,finger,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-235,9,gen,,,against,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-236,9,dɛ,,,LOC,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-237,9,sikat,,,seacat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-238,9,yu,,,you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-239,9,ova,,,over,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-194,74,pi,,,and,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-195,74,kanim,,,canoe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-196,74,phumphum - pumpum,,,drum,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-197,74,but,,,boat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-198,74,tulu,,,to win,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-199,74,thi- ti,,,tea,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-200,74,dilay,,,dry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-201,74,makwst,,,two,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-202,74,khilay - kilay,,,to weep,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-203,74,gris,,,grease,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-204,74,qiluq,,,swan,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-205,74,'aw (also aw),,,sibling,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-206,74,p'akpak,,,to thump,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-207,74,t'amanawas,,,guardian spirit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-208,74,k'aw,,,to tie,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-209,74,uputs,,,tail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-210,74,tSis,,,cold,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-211,74,tShis,,,cold,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-212,74,lidZab,,,devil,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-213,74,tS'uqan,,,to kick,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-214,74,self,,,self,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-215,74,san,,,"day, sun",,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-216,74,tikshu,,,shoe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-217,74,xuxu,,,to cough,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-218,74,Xawq'wal,,,impossible,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-219,74,hihi,,,to laugh,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-220,74,man,,,man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-221,74,nus,,,nose,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-222,74,lalang,,,tongue,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-223,74,rup - lup,,,rope,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-224,74,lili,,,long time,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-225,74,jaka,,,"she, he",,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-226,74,wam,,,warm,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-227,74,ina,,,beaver,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-228,74,bet,,,bed,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-229,74,ts'Em,,,to paint,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-230,74,qa,,,where?,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-231,74,pu,,,"to shoot, explode",,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-232,74,sno,,,snow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-233,74,kw'itkw'it,,,to pluck flowers,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-234,74,q'al,,,hard,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-235,74,ats,,,younger sister,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-236,74,ts'i,,,sweet,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-237,74,xwim,,,to fall down,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-238,74,Lun,,,three,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-239,74,ts'i: - ts'i,,,sweet,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-240,74,wa:m,,,warm,,,,,,,,,,,,, +74-241,74,inapu:,,,louse,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-82,76,punipuni,,,coitus,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-83,76,keruk,,,wood,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-84,76,ababa,,,say,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-85,76,tautuk,,,"see, visit, hunt",,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-86,76,teregandia,,,fox,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-87,76,artegi,,,coat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-88,76,qaili,,,"come, bring",,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-89,76,pit͡ʃuk,,,"no, not",,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-90,76,tereva,,,"enough, finished",,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-91,76,suli,,,"more, also, besides",,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-92,76,ʃavik,,,knife,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-93,76,hanahana,,,to sew,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-94,76,mani,,,"here, hither",,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-95,76,inuk,,,man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-96,76,awoŋa,,,I,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-97,76,tusara,,,"understand, know",,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-98,76,kilamik,,,quickly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-99,76,mugwa,,,"this, these",,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-100,76,iglu,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-101,76,elekta,,,"go, travel, run, fly",,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-102,76,anauta,,,axe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-103,76,tuktu,,,caribou,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-104,76,okio,,,winter,,,,,,,,,,,,, +76-105,76,akɬuna,,,"steal, thief",,,,,,,,,,,,, +38-215,38,pátu,,,bird,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-181,16,tɔp,,,top,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-182,16,stik,,,stick,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-183,16,phɔt,,,pot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-184,16,bus,,,booze,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-185,16,pɔt,,,pot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-186,16,thɔp,,,top,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-187,16,daũ,,,down,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-188,16,cif,,,chief,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-189,16,ɟɔb,,,job,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-190,16,khil,,,kill,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-191,16,giv,,,give,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-192,16,ʧɔp,,,"food, eat",,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-193,16,ʤɔb,,,job,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-194,16,frɛn,,,friend,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-195,16,vat,,,VAT,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-196,16,soɟamã,,,soldier,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-197,16,zu,,,zoo,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-198,16,ʃit,,,shit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-199,16,hɛlp,,,help,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-200,16,mɔda,,,mother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-201,16,nɔt,,,north,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-202,16,ɲama,,,spoilt,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-203,16,briŋ,,,bring,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-204,16,rot,,,road,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-205,16,lait,,,light,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-206,16,jɛs,,,yes,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-207,16,wuman,,,woman,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-208,16,bi,,,"be, bee",,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-209,16,bĩ,,,bean,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-210,16,nem,,,name,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-211,16,bɛd,,,bed,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-212,16,tɛ̃,,,ten,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-213,16,ka,,,car,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-214,16,kã,,,come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-215,16,spũ,,,spoon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-216,16,bot,,,boat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-217,16,bɔn,,,give.birth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-218,16,kp͡lɛ̃,,,IDEOPHONE,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-219,16,gb͡ɔsɔŋ,,,Gborsong (name),,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-220,16,gɔ̃,,,gun,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-221,16,siː,,,"see, sea",,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-222,16,suːp,,,soup,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-223,16,ɹot,,,road,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-224,16,ʨɔp,,,"food, eat",,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-225,16,ʥɔb,,,job,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-222,13,pis,,,piece,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-223,13,kʊk,,,cook,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-224,13,pʰis,,,piece,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-225,13,bin,,,bean,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-226,13,tu; trut,,,two; truth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-227,13,thu,,,two,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-228,13,dadɪ; dɛ,,,daddy; there,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-229,13,baɖl,,,battle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-230,13,cif; cɪlən,,,chief; children,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-231,13,ɟadn; ɟizəs,,,garden; Jesus,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-232,13,khʊk,,,cook,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-233,13,go,,,go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-234,13,p’ɑɪn,,,pine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-235,13,t’ɛk,,,take,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-236,13,k’ʊk,,,cook,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-237,13,tʃɛtʃ,,,church,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-238,13,iedʒ,,,age/edge,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-239,13,ɸɑl,,,fall,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-240,13,βeβ,,,wave,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-241,13,fɑl,,,fall,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-242,13,βev,,,wave,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-243,13,krɑs,,,cross,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-244,13,zamɪn,,,examine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-245,13,ʃo; ʃoda,,,show; soda,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-246,13,hom,,,home,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-247,13,min,,,mean,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-248,13,no,,,know,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-249,13,ɲu; ɲɒŋ,,,new; young,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-250,13,lɑŋ,,,"long, along",,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-251,13,brɑɾə; mɪɾl,,,brother; middle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-252,13,liɾə,,,leader,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-253,13,jɛɾɪ,,,hear,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-254,13,pipl,,,people,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-255,13,pɪk,,,pick,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-256,13,neʃən,,,nation,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-257,13,hɛd,,,head,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-258,13,læs,,,last,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-259,13,mɪstə,,,Mister,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-260,13,flat,,,flat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-261,13,jus,,,use,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-262,13,pʊt,,,put,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-263,13,mo,,,more,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-264,13,kɔnə,,,corner,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-265,13,hɑl,,,hall,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-266,13,mbila,,,(personal name),,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-267,13,k͡paŋga,,,the remains after some destructive force,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-268,13,g͡bla,,,near,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-269,13,dɔ̃,,,down,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-270,13,bʌkɪt,,,bucket,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-271,13,ɲɒŋ,,,young,,,,,,,,,,,,, +13-272,13,ɹɛd,,,red,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-368,49,pye,,,foot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-369,49,kabann,,,bed,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-370,49,bay,,,to give,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-371,49,tonton,,,uncle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-372,49,dezafi,,,cockfight,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-373,49,lougawou,,,werewolf,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-374,49,tsetse,,,tsetse fly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-375,49,tchoul; tchatcha,,,"tourist guide, servant; maracas",,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-376,49,djak,,,"mess, disorder",,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-377,49,fanmi; saf,,,immediate family; glutonnous,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-378,49,vant,,,"belly, stomach",,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-379,49,saf; sezi; masisi,,,glutonnous; astonished; male homosexual,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-380,49,zòtolan,,,Cuban ground dove,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-381,49,chat; charitab; chapo,,,cat; generous; hat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-382,49,jaden; jako; janm,,,cultivated field; parrot; leg,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-383,49,rat; mari; vre; frè,,,rat; husband; true; brother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-384,49,hoholi; hèl; hou,,,sesame; scream; hoe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-385,49,lanm; mango; lafimen,,,wave; mango; smoke,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-386,49,nanm; nyaj; nouri; lanni,,,soul; cloud; wet nurse; anise,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-387,49,long; lang,,,long; tongue,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-388,49,lam; mal; maladi,,,wave; male; disease,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-389,49,peye; benyen; chay; yè,,,to pay (for); to bathe; load; yesterday,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-390,49,wè; nwè; fwèt,,,"to see; black, dark; whip",,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-391,49,rayi; Inesko; jijiri,,,to hate; UNESCO; sesame,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-392,49,pinga,,,watch out for,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-393,49,uit; uisan,,,eight; eight hundred,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-394,49,bebe; lanbe,,,baby; to lick,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-395,49,pen; diven; renmen,,,bread; wine; to love,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-396,49,mè; pèz; bè; vè; vèt; lèd,,,mother superior; weight; butter; glass; green; ugly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-397,49,chabrak,,,saddle blanket,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-398,49,zanmi; lanman,,,friend; nightshade (common med. plant),,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-399,49,poupou; foufou; oungan; oubyen,,,stool; pufferfish; voodoo priest; or else (conj.),,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-400,49,ounsi,,,"consecrated assistant to an ""oungan""",,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-401,49,ochan; bokit,,,anthem; bucket,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-402,49,bafon; vonvon; vonvonnen,,,hollow; flying beetle; to buzz,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-403,49,pòch; wòch; lòk,,,pocket; stone; strong purgative,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-404,49,tonton,,,uncle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-142,26,papa,,,papa,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-143,26,nɛk,,,neck,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-144,26,papa,,,papa,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-145,26,baɾɪ,,,body,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-146,26,dat,,,that,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-147,26,tu,,,to,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-148,26,dat,,,that,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-149,26,gaɪ,,,guy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-150,26,raɪʔ,,,write,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-151,26,ʧip,,,chip,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-152,26,ʤriŋk,,,drink,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-153,26,fiʃ,,,fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-154,26,vɔlkænɔ,,,volcano,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-155,26,wið,,,with,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-156,26,ɾis,,,this,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-157,26,diz,,,this,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-158,26,fiʃ,,,fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-159,26,hu:,,,who,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-160,26,mama,,,mama,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-161,26,wɛn,,,when,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-162,26,ʤriŋk,,,drink,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-163,26,raɪʔ,,,write,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-164,26,ɾis,,,this,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-165,26,lav,,,love,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-166,26,ji,,,you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-167,26,wɛn,,,when,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-168,26,ɾis,,,this,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-169,26,raɪʔ,,,write,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-170,26,keɪm,,,came,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-171,26,wɛn,,,when,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-172,26,læn,,,land,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-173,26,fə˞s,,,first,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-174,26,da,,,the,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-175,26,ulua,,,ulua (type of fish),,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-176,26,haʊs,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-177,26,ago,,,ago,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-178,26,dɔg,,,dog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-179,26,bɛli:v,,,believe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-180,26,wɛ:,,,where,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-181,26,hæpɛn,,,happen,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-182,26,a:r,,,our,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-183,26,hu:,,,who,,,,,,,,,,,,, +26-184,26,rɔ:,,,raw,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-198,8,pudn,,,pudding,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-199,8,kalij,,,college,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-200,8,bami,,,a cassava bread,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-201,8,tiks,,,a tick,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-202,8,dopi,,,ghost,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-203,8,goli,,,gully,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-204,8,botn,,,button,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-205,8,choch,,,church,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-206,8,mieja,,,to measure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-207,8,feda,,,feather,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-208,8,van,,,van,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-209,8,sinieli,,,snail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-210,8,zela,,,a wake for the dead,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-211,8,shaachij,,,shortage,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-212,8,plezha,,,pleasure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-213,8,hit,,,to hit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-214,8,magij,,,maggot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-215,8,nomba,,,number,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-216,8,nyam,,,to eat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-217,8,sang,,,song,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-218,8,laiyad,,,liar,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-219,8,yampi,,,a small variety of yam,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-220,8,wala,,,wallow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-221,8,ihn,,,"he, she",,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-222,8,migl,,,middle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-223,8,ded,,,dead,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-224,8,wehn,,,anterior marker,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-225,8,wan,,,one,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-226,8,pahn,,,(up)on,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-227,8,suhn,,,soon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-228,8,dukunu,,,a kind of pudding,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-229,8,ogli,,,ugly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-230,8,sohn,,,some,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-231,8,miin,,,mean,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-232,8,baat,,,bath,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-233,8,buut,,,boot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-239,64,bit ~ pit,,,girl,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-240,64,kalám,,,"word, speech, language, discourse",,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-241,64,nesibát ~ nesipát,,,sisters-in-law,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-242,64,táni,,,"second, again",,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-243,64,béled [’belet],,,country,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-244,64,iʈa,,,2SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-245,64,hája [’haɟa],,,"thing, stuff",,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-246,64,gálam,,,pen,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-247,64,kuɓá,,,sister-in-law,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-248,64,zówju [’zowd͡ʒu],,,to marry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-249,64,fáham,,,coal,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-250,64,sába,,,seven,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-251,64,zaríba,,,cattle fence,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-252,64,kamsa [’xamsa],,,five,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-253,64,tagalíd [taɣa’lid],,,tradition,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-254,64,henák [e’nak],,,over there,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-255,64,molódo,,,hoe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-256,64,nádi,,,club,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-257,64,ɲerkúk,,,"child, boy",,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-258,64,ŋelí,,,ŋelí,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-259,64,rájil,,,"man, husband",,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-260,64,lon,,,color,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-261,64,yába ['jaba],,,old man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-262,64,wáhid,,,one,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-263,64,bi,,,mood marker,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-264,64,kabír [kab’ɪr],,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-265,64,be,,,by (instrumental),,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-266,64,medéresa [mɛ’dɛrɛsa],,,school,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-267,64,kúruju [’kərəju],,,to cultivate,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-268,64,wa,,,and,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-269,64,úo,,,"he, she",,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-270,64,kom,,,heap,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-271,64,kóre [’kɔre],,,to cy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-272,64,kwesín [kwes’iːn],,,"fine, good (pl.)",,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-273,64,de [deː],,,demonstrative pronoun,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-274,64,zéy [’zɛːy],,,like,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-275,64,insán [in’sːan],,,human being,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-276,64,kúra [’kuːra],,,ball,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-277,64,yom [yoːm],,,day,,,,,,,,,,,,, +64-278,64,kóre [kɔːre],,,to cry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-177,60,penzá,,,really,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-178,60,mókó,,,one,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-179,60,básí,,,women,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-180,60,tóngó,,,morning,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-181,60,ndáko,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-182,60,kogúmba,,,ko-gúmb-a (to fold),,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-183,60,kofúta,,,to pay,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-184,60,kovímba,,,to swell,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-185,60,sósó,,,chicken,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-186,60,zándo,,,market,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-187,60,Kinshása [kinʃasa],,,Kinshasa,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-188,60,Jean,,,Jean,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-189,60,litáma,,,cheek,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-190,60,komóna,,,ko-món-a (to see),,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-191,60,ko-bóng-a [koboŋga],,,INF-be.in.order-FV (to be in order),,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-192,60,barrage,,,dam,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-193,60,lopángo,,,parcel,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-194,60,kokwéya,,,to fall,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-195,60,kodóndwa,,,to jump,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-196,60,kofínga,,,to insult,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-197,60,ebendé,,,iron bar,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-198,60,lopángo,,,parcel,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-199,60,mosuni,,,meat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-200,60,lopángo,,,parcel,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-201,60,mbóka,,,village,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-202,60,ndáko,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-203,60,mongóngó,,,throat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-204,60,nzoku,,,elephant,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-418,53,piti; trape; sip,,,child; to catch; cypress tree,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-419,53,kat,,,four,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-420,53,to; piti; bat,,,you; child; to beat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-421,53,done; gade; kad,,,to give; to look at; frame,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-422,53,gou,,,taste,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-423,53,piti [pitsi],,,child,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-424,53,tchòkòt,,,hair bun,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-425,53,djab,,,devil,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-426,53,fen,,,hunger/hungry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-427,53,vè,,,green,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-428,53,sè,,,sister,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-429,53,dezè,,,field,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-430,53,chyen,,,dog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-431,53,jenn,,,young,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-432,53,hale,,,"pull, haul",,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-433,53,mo,,,1SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-434,53,nouzòt,,,1PL,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-435,53,lalign,,,fishing line,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-436,53,nepenng,,,pin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-437,53,rouj,,,red,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-438,53,li,,,3SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-439,53,paye,,,"spread, scatter",,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-440,53,wawaron,,,bullfrog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-441,53,piti,,,child,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-442,53,siyen,,,to sign,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-443,53,puni,,,punish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-444,53,"kidni, ich",,,"kidney, just",,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-445,53,fe,,,"do, make",,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-446,53,frè,,,brother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-447,53,fen,,,hunger/hungry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-448,53,pæ,,,father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-449,53,sa,,,this/that,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-450,53,disan,,,blood,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-451,53,kou,,,neck,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-452,53,mounn,,,person,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-453,53,do,,,back,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-454,53,fò,,,strong,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-455,53,mwa,,,month,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-456,53,diri [dziri],,,rice,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-457,53,pon,,,bridge,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-458,53,peu,,,small quantity,,,,,,,,,,,,, +53-459,53,soeur,,,sister,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-202,4,peeti,,,plate,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-203,4,kalu,,,corn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-204,4,bata(a),,,bottle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-205,4,tetei,,,rope,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-206,4,doki,,,dive,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-207,4,kwinsi,,,press out,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-208,4,goni,,,gun,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-209,4,tyobo,,,dirty,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-210,4,dyombo,,,jump,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-211,4,faya,,,fire,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-212,4,avo,,,ancestor,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-213,4,sautu,,,salt,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-214,4,mazonzon,,,brain,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-215,4,pasi,,,path,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-216,4,how,,,machete,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-217,4,mofu,,,mouth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-218,4,nangaa,,,nail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-219,4,nyan,,,eat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-220,4,lon,,,run,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-221,4,lutu,,,root,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-222,4,yali,,,year,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-223,4,wata(a),,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-224,4,igi,,,egg,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-225,4,te,,,"until, when",,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-226,4,ana,,,arm/hand,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-227,4,uku,,,fishing rod,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-228,4,ogi(i),,,"ugly, bad",,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-229,4,mboma,,,type of snake,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-230,4,kpolon,,,finish (ideophone),,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-231,4,gbagba,,,regenerated forest,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-232,4,dii,,,three,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-233,4,tee,,,tail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-234,4,bakaa,,,European,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-235,4,buulu,,,blood,,,,,,,,,,,,, +4-236,4,foo,,,bird,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-217,17,pìkín,,,child,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-218,17,àkàrá,,,bean fritter,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-219,17,àbí,,,POLAR QUESTION PARTICLE,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-220,17,kpàtàkpátá,,,completely,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-221,17,dòdó,,,fried ripe plantain,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-222,17,kwanu,,,PCL,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-223,17,Kay!,,,INTERJ,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-224,17,gàri,,,dried grated fermented cassava,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-225,17,A’a!,,,expression of dissaproval,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-226,17,chuk,,,to pierce,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-227,17,Chay!,,,INTERJ,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-228,17,jàgbàjántis,,,junk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-229,17,nyàfùnyáfú,,,to be plenty,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-230,17,muv,,,to move,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-231,17,sàbi,,,to know,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-232,17,zàwáy,,,sharply (ideophone),,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-233,17,shèbí,,,POLAR QUESTION PARTICLE,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-234,17,ògógòrògó,,,bootleg whisky,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-235,17,hyar,,,to hear,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-236,17,àkàmú,,,pap,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-237,17,ógbònó,,,seed for making soup,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-238,17,nyash,,,buttocks,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-239,17,tong,,,tongue,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-240,17,rays,,,rice,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-241,17,folo,,,to accompany someone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-242,17,yabas,,,cleverness,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-243,17,waya,,,be difficult,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-244,17,ti,,,any hot drink,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-245,17,sing,,,to sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-246,17,jìbìtí,,,cunning,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-247,17,se,,,COMP,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-248,17,rìmén,,,remain,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-249,17,bèle,,,belly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-250,17,Ehen!,,,expression of affirmation,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-251,17,kàtàkátá,,,mess,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-252,17,nyam,,,yam,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-253,17,chyu,,,consume protein,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-254,17,mun,,,moon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-255,17,nyàfùnyàfú,,,to be plenty,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-256,17,òkpòrókpó,,,dried fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-257,17,bon,,,bone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-258,17,kòni,,,cunning,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-259,17,kukamba,,,cucumber,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-260,17,kpákpá,,,COMPL,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-261,17,àgbà,,,lady,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-262,17,kom,,,REALIS,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-263,17,Nà mi!,,,HL 1SG ‘It is I!’,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-264,17,Nà mà pe!,,,HL 1SG.POSS pay ‘It’s my pay!’,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-265,17,I get bèle!,,,3SG.SBJ have belly ‘She is pregnant!’,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-266,17,Nà wa!,,,HL INTERJ ‘Wow!’,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-267,17,Nà yu!,,,HL 2SG ‘It is you!’,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-268,17,Nà wa o!,,,HL INTERJ REALIS ‘Wow!’,,,,,,,,,,,,, +17-269,17,Nà wo!,,,HL war ‘It’s war!’,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-212,48,ripué,,,afterwords,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-213,48,loko,,,crazy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-214,48,akabá,,,to finish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-215,48,mandá,,,to send,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-216,48,kwando,,,when,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-217,48,mango,,,mango,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-218,48,laggo,,,"long, far",,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-219,48,China,,,China,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-220,48,yo,,,I,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-221,48,fuego,,,fire,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-222,48,labio,,,lips,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-223,48,familia,,,family,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-224,48,adió,,,goodbye,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-225,48,kasa,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-226,48,jamá,,,never,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-227,48,lago,,,lake,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-228,48,hecho,,,"done, made",,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-229,48,kama,,,bed,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-230,48,sona,,,"zone, area",,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-231,48,año,,,year,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-232,48,sin,,,without,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-233,48,perro rabioso,,,dog angry 'angry dog',,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-234,48,karo,,,expensive,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-235,48,kala,,,face,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-236,48,yamá,,,to call,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-237,48,webo,,,egg,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-238,48,pila,,,pile,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-239,48,pie,,,foot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-240,48,pelo,,,dog (Sp. perro),,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-241,48,kala,,,face (Sp. cara),,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-242,48,kusa,,,thing (Sp. cosa),,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-243,48,suelo,,,ground,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-244,48,lo,,,it,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-245,48,mboka,,,mouth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-246,48,ngato,,,cat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-247,48,ndá,,,to give,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-248,48,seddo,,,pig (Sp. cerdo),,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-249,48,kabbo,,,bald (Sp. calvo),,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-250,48,laggo,,,"long, large (Sp. largo)",,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-251,48,kalma,,,calm,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-252,48,Kalla,,,Carla,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-253,48,Matta,,,Marta,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-254,48,kappa,,,carp,,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-255,48,takko,,,"tinsel, talcum",,,,,,,,,,,,, +48-256,48,Minna,,,Mirna,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-83,70,pio,,,drink,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-84,70,kana,,,food,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-85,70,banao,,,make,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-86,70,tum,,,2SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-87,70,deo,,,give,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-88,70,gora,,,horse,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-89,70,aca,,,good,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-90,70,jao,,,go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-91,70,fiftin,,,fifteen,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-92,70,soco,,,think,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-93,70,ciz,,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-94,70,ham,,,1SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-95,70,nai,,,NEG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-96,70,loŋ,,,"people, PL",,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-97,70,karo,,,do,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-98,70,larika,,,boy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-99,70,yar,,,"friend, mate",,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-100,70,wari,,,worry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-101,70,kitna,,,"how many, how much",,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-102,70,ek,,,one,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-103,70,bat,,,talk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-104,70,tum,,,2SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-105,70,kon,,,who,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-213,37,posan,,,town,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-214,37,kaxi,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-215,37,baa,,,to burn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-216,37,utabu,,,"plank, board",,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-217,37,udedu,,,finger,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-218,37,gunia,,,agony,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-219,37,uɓuɗu,,,stone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-220,37,tximbi,,,hatred,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-221,37,fêzê,,,to do,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-222,37,vani,,,to winnow (e.g. rice),,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-223,37,usuva,,,rain,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-224,37,kaza,,,to marry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-225,37,xinku,,,five,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-226,37,mêsê,,,to want,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-227,37,nina,,,to hurt (of teeth),,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-228,37,nhen,,,to press,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-229,37,lunge,,,language,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-230,37,ôrôkô,,,small mouse,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-231,37,lêlê,,,to follow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-232,37,yôlô,,,"to untie (shoes), to undo",,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-233,37,wanga,,,"to drizzle, to spill",,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-234,37,iku,,,garbage,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-235,37,imin,,,corn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-236,37,gêêza,,,church,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-237,37,akpên,,,kind of small turtle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-238,37,afe,,,faith,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-239,37,umwen,,,sea,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-240,37,ufaka,,,knife,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-241,37,posan,,,city,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-242,37,udumu,,,mortar,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-243,37,sun,,,mister,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-244,37,pôtô,,,"port, harbour",,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-245,37,bôn,,,good,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-246,37,poto,,,door,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-247,37,ukpaka,,,"skin, bark",,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-248,37,igbê,,,body,,,,9aebb334fe7ab89fd6d091e1f47c320c,,,,,,,,, +37-249,37,gomon,,,to germinate,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-252,54,papa,,,father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-253,54,ker,,,heart,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-254,54,baba,,,baby,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-255,54,tonton,,,uncle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-256,54,dan,,,tooth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-257,54,garson,,,son,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-258,54,'ale,,,to pull,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-259,54,tsi,,,small,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-260,54,fasil,,,easy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-261,54,vit,,,quickly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-262,54,sante,,,to sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-263,54,zanvye,,,January,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-264,54,chante,,,to sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-265,54,janvye,,,January,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-266,54,manze,,,to eat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-267,54,naze,,,to swim,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-268,54,manyer,,,manner(s),,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-269,54,mang,,,mango,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-270,54,larm,,,tear,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-271,54,pye,,,foot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-272,54,dwa,,,finger,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-273,54,li,,,bed,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-274,54,lun,,,moon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-275,54,me,,,May,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-276,54,syel,,,sky,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-277,54,men,,,hand,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-278,54,lë zour,,,the day,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-279,54,ka,,,case,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-280,54,kan,,,when,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-281,54,zou,,,cheek,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-282,54,mo,,,word,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-283,54,kol,,,glue,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-284,54,dzir,,,hard,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-285,54,mon,,,my,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-286,54,lir,,,to read,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-287,54,dur,,,hard,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-288,54,mer,,,sea,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-289,54,zour,,,day,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-290,54,mor,,,dead,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-291,54,kar,,,quarter,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-292,54,rouz,,,red,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-293,54,cheuveu,,,hair,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-294,54,un kapor,,,a strong man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +54-295,54,asteur,,,now,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-387,59,papa,,,spoon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-388,59,ka,,,"wound, sore",,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-389,59,be,,,"liver, heart",,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-390,59,ta,,,pot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-391,59,da,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-392,59,kwe,,,all,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-393,59,gwe,,,to go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-394,59,hinga,,,know,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-395,59,ti,,,of,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-396,59,zo,,,"person, human being",,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-397,59,fa,,,to show,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-398,59,vo,,,to buy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-399,59,sese,,,"earth, ground",,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-400,59,ze,,,leopard,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-401,59,sioni,,,bad,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-402,59,zia,,,"to put, leave",,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-403,59,hinga,,,to know,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-404,59,me,,,ear,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-405,59,na,,,"on, at, etc.",,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-406,59,nyon',,,to drink,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-407,59,tongana,,,when,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-408,59,giriri,,,a long time ago,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-409,59,tere,,,body,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-410,59,lo,,,3SG 'he/she',,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-411,59,yi,,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-412,59,wa,,,fire,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-413,59,bi,,,night,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-414,59,inon',,,urine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-415,59,keke,,,tree,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-416,59,leke,,,"to fix, make",,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-417,59,fen',,,odor,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-418,59,tongana,,,when,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-419,59,bamara,,,lion,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-420,59,han',,,to ponder,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-421,59,du,,,hole,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-422,59,fun',,,"to give off an odour, to smell",,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-423,59,bongbi,,,"to gather, meet",,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-424,59,toh,,,to cook by boiling,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-425,59,mbo,,,dog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-426,59,kpo,,,"to stab, spear",,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-427,59,gbi,,,to burn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-428,59,diko,,,"to read, count",,,,,,,,,,,,, +59-429,59,nyon',,,to drink,,,,,,,,,,,,, +35-270,35,poto; klupa,,,door; guilt,,,,b1747b8ccaad662271985bb1a049a1e9,,,,,,,,, +35-271,35,ôkô; kêsê,,,calabash; to forget,,,,94fb1c5846be4c68b9cf66c817301aca,,,,,,,,, +35-272,35,têndê; mata,,,"to listen, to hear; to kill",,,,534c116fad85f7cfef20b4483b1f64eb,,,,,,,,, +35-273,35,gôgô; angu,,,"to like, to love; mashed bananas",,,,e588fcef07c48accc64ecfc353cbd94f,,,,,,,,, +35-274,35,bêbê; ôbô,,,to drink; wilderness,,,,37e0aced3868e97462f741e3ab05ab74,,,,,,,,, +35-275,35,xintxi; txila,,,to feel; to take (out),,,,074a5078bc5fa107ba261570435cd24b,,,,,,,,, +35-276,35,djandjan; mundja,,,quickly; to stop,,,,7450303769743782592293771625e1d1,,,,,,,,, +35-277,35,fôfô; afe,,,to blow; faith,,,,3bcdcd78a9d1173ae4c6681af94f22e5,,,,,,,,, +35-278,35,vin; vivê,,,wine; to live,,,,60c1345a65c57ff896d8e13e67708cca,,,,,,,,, +35-279,35,sêbê; losa,,,to know; plantation,,,,85c07687b37d6123532e58384c21c230,,,,,,,,, +35-280,35,zeme; izê,,,to moan; river shrimp,,,,f26e106517c3341378336fe7b2327848,,,,,,,,, +35-281,35,xina; pixi,,,"to teach, to learn; fish",,,,338b5fd0a8bb48ec1dc7f40991bfa912,,,,,,,,, +35-282,35,jijimpli; piji,,,"gums, ginger; to ask, to request",,,,4f513cb964fe4892c7a07217da498507,,,,,,,,, +35-283,35,mêsê; lemu,,,"to want, to need; paddle",,,,9736afef8e29fbce88aa1136a343d0d0,,,,,,,,, +35-284,35,nansê; unu,,,they; naked,,,,159d4d70f3b0952c6b414004acd67db3,,,,,,,,, +35-285,35,panha; inhe,,,to catch; nail,,,,c0747c6e5b869aa970e56c04d460ba91,,,,,,,,, +35-286,35,karu,,,car,,,,0fb84946c90e738dd77d6588ff2bab6c,,,,,,,,, +35-287,35,lanta; mele,,,to stand up; honey,,,,ed81ab293a6878309732bd4922ec87f9,,,,,,,,, +35-288,35,fya; tlapaya,,,leaf; to confuse,,,,25897e7ac2a6f258545330ffb719e8d7,,,,,,,,, +35-289,35,wanga; bwê,,,"to scatter, to disperse; cow",,,,440efadd2ae54a7fad25c9e5bd5dde70,,,,,,,,, +35-290,35,ikili; ligi,,,pad; to lift up',,,,bbd01e96d7c8398ac60bcfa39fa7774a,,,,,,,,, +35-291,35,xintxi; min,,,to feel; maize,,,,30350a21c9c7e6c8cdf75774097b4541,,,,,,,,, +35-292,35,Dêsu; kêlê,,,God; to believe,,,,e3296a37f02efde7ebd9b95b8a6fdb0e,,,,,,,,, +35-293,35,bêndê,,,to sell,,,,9f771954c75497761e94d2e9dc9a8e91,,,,,,,,, +35-294,35,eku; kume,,,echo; to eat,,,,599334b9ede5029b3ae44c834f8b9292,,,,,,,,, +35-295,35,awa; mata,,,"water, river; to kill",,,,73cba98f3a09e94ee5c82cd839bbf13c,,,,,,,,, +35-296,35,antê; tantan,,,until; grasshopper,,,,7fe81d250bfc416472993d89a81df113,,,,,,,,, +35-297,35,uku; dumu,,,dirt; to pound,,,,e35d8029eab6a0cd3212530482328b61,,,,,,,,, +35-298,35,untwe; mundja,,,fruit sp.; to stop,,,,c29b2423139d99dd920b1b19949a2572,,,,,,,,, +35-299,35,ômê; fôlô,,,"middle; person of forro ethnicity, alternative name for the creole language",,,,43d1ad90f1bff9d47c8766d4dce374ef,,,,,,,,, +35-300,35,kôkônja; kôndê,,,coco palm; to hide,,,,171b46b1293aa918dd9615090dbeade9,,,,,,,,, +35-301,35,ome; golo,,,"man; to look for, to search",,,,0eab3b3ea0746c1fbb7916963010c841,,,,,,,,, +35-302,35,mbila; mblôlô,,,grave; a fish species,,,,,,,,,,,,, +35-303,35,gbagbô; gbêgbê,,,carapace of fish sp.; snail,,,,350140d75e178b9a2c3ac44b4bcb8523,,,,,,,,, +35-304,35,dudu; gwada,,,jug 'to wait',,,,1b99a41f40e5fb0842fc092aee99fc11,,,,,,,,, +35-305,35,alha; balha,,,"sand; to shake, to shuffle",,,,ef1af1d390b28f62b402787f7db8794c,,,,,,,,, +56-239,56,pake,,,parcel,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-240,56,kontan,,,happy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-241,56,bliye,,,to forget,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-242,56,zabitan,,,"inhabitant, neighbour",,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-243,56,enterdi,,,forbidden,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-244,56,gra,,,fat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-245,56,tinge,,,kind of dance,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-246,56,aca,,,good,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-247,56,jao,,,go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-248,56,vilaz,,,village,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-249,56,zistwar,,,story,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-250,56,zannimo,,,animal,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-251,56,rouz,,,red,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-252,56,sa later > [h]a later,,,this soil,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-253,56,mizer,,,poor,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-254,56,nouvo,,,new,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-255,56,diny,,,dignified,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-256,56,long,,,long,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-257,56,esansyel,,,necessary,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-258,56,pye,,,foot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-259,56,week-end,,,week-end,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-260,56,tris,,,sad,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-261,56,gete,,,to watch,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-262,56,byen,,,well,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-263,56,faks,,,fax,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-264,56,gran,,,"tall, large",,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-265,56,ou,,,you (2SG),,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-266,56,okipe,,,to take care of,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-267,56,tronpet,,,trombone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-268,56,dir,,,to say,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-269,56,biy,,,"bullet, pellet, ball",,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-270,56,per,,,afraid,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-271,56,tar,,,late,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-272,56,four,,,oven,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-273,56,bor,,,"border, side",,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-240,67,pagi; apa; sedap,,,morning; what; tasty,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-241,67,kuda; pakai; banyak,,,horse; wear/use; many/much,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-242,67,baru/balu; lebeh/lebe,,,new/recently; more,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-243,67,tak/taʔ; tahan; dapat/lapat,,,not; endure; come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-244,67,dapat/lapat; ada/ala; suda/sula,,,get; exist; already,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-245,67,gula; bagus,,,sugar; good,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-246,67,balik; duduk; tak,,,return; live; not,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-247,67,cari; aca,,,look for; pickles,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-248,67,jari; ajar,,,finger; teach/learn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-249,67,suka; pasar; bagus,,,like; market; good,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-250,67,hantu; mahal; lebeh,,,ghost; expensive; more,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-251,67,mak; meja; jumpa; dalam,,,mother; table; meet; inside,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-252,67,nasi; enam; jantan; sabun,,,rice; six; male; soap,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-253,67,nyanyi; banyak,,,sing; many/much,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-254,67,ngantuk; bangsa; nangis; pusing,,,sleepy; nation; cry; revolve,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-255,67,ruma/luma; lari/lali,,,house; run,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-256,67,lama; lawan,,,old; attack,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-257,67,ya; dia,,,yes; he/she,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-258,67,wa; wang; dua,,,I; money; two,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-259,67,ini; sini; bintang; balik,,,this/these; here; star; return,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-260,67,esok; tengok; sate,,,tomorrow; look; stay,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-261,67,emas; belum; senang,,,gold; not yet; easy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-262,67,ayam; apa; dapat,,,chicken; what; get,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-263,67,umur; sudah; itu; tunggu,,,age; already; this/those; wait,,,,,,,,,,,,, +67-264,67,orang; boleh; tengok; bodo(h),,,person; can; look; stupid,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-202,44,pehro,,,dog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-203,44,kása,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-204,44,bahra,,,Ternate,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-205,44,tentá,,,"to tease, to joke",,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-206,44,kedá,,,"become, stay",,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-207,44,agóra,,,now,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-208,44,úno,,,one,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-209,44,chabacano,,,Chabacano,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-210,44,jeep,,,jeep,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-211,44,sábe,,,"to know, intelligence",,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-212,44,hugá,,,to play,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-213,44,mótro,,,we,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-214,44,biní,,,come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-215,44,sunyá,,,to dream,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-216,44,mánga,,,PL,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-217,44,óru,,,gold,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-218,44,dáli,,,give,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-219,44,yo,,,1SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-220,44,wésu,,,bone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-221,44,íha,,,daughter,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-222,44,pélo,,,hair,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-223,44,platiká,,,speak,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-224,44,únyas,,,"nail, nails",,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-225,44,bo,,,2SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +44-226,44,pélu,,,hair,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-206,22,pik,,,pig,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-207,22,kaikai,,,"food, eat",,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-208,22,bikpela,,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-209,22,tok,,,talk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-210,22,dok,,,dog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-211,22,givim,,,give,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-212,22,ticha,,,teacher,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-213,22,fis,,,fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-214,22,givim,,,give,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-215,22,saksak,,,sago,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-216,22,shop,,,shop,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-217,22,haus,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-218,22,mama,,,mother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-219,22,nait,,,night,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-220,22,samting,,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-221,22,rot,,,road,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-222,22,liklik,,,"small, little",,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-223,22,yu,,,you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +22-224,22,wanem,,,what,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-291,7,piiplo,,,people,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-292,7,kyalalu,,,calalloo,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-293,7,bada,,,worse; bother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-294,7,tabangka,,,cuckolded,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-295,7,bada,,,worse; bother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-296,7,goot,,,goat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-297,7,buh,,,but,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-298,7,chi,,,tree,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-299,7,juhs,,,just,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-300,7,fait,,,fight,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-301,7,liiv,,,leave,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-302,7,sool,,,soul,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-303,7,iiz,,,ease,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-304,7,shaat,,,short,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-305,7,mezha,,,measure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-306,7,houdi,,,howdy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-307,7,mezha,,,measure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-308,7,nyuuz,,,news,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-309,7,nyuuz,,,news,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-310,7,ting,,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-311,7,riid,,,read,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-312,7,miil,,,meal,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-313,7,yuuz,,,use,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-314,7,weit,,,wait,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-315,7,siin,,,scene,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-316,7,sik,,,sick,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-317,7,pe,,,pay,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-318,7,ein,,,isn’t that so,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-319,7,pen,,,pen,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-320,7,pan,,,on; pan,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-321,7,waan,,,want,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-322,7,nyu,,,new,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-323,7,bok,,,book,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-324,7,piis,,,piece,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-325,7,deiz,,,days,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-326,7,paat,,,path; part,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-327,7,shuuz,,,shoes,,,,,,,,,,,,, +7-328,7,shoo,,,sure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-143,43,porku,,,pig,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-144,43,bong,,,good,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-145,43,fita,,,ribbon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-146,43,ondi,,,where,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-147,43,kadju,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-148,43,boga,,,heron,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-149,43,karanggedju,,,crab,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-150,43,kana,,,"reed, cane",,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-151,43,kama,,,bed,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-152,43,oru,,,gold,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-153,43,kedju,,,cheese,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-154,43,dos,,,two,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-155,43,fala,,,to speak,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-156,43,kabelu,,,hair,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-157,43,irmang,,,"brother, sister",,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-158,43,bos,,,you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-159,43,oru,,,gold,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-160,43,chang,,,soil,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-161,43,faka,,,knife,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-162,43,korvu,,,jackdaw,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-163,43,finyu,,,fine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-164,43,olu,,,eye,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-165,43,albër goyaba,,,guava tree,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-166,43,friw,,,cold,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-167,43,palabër,,,word,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-186,23,pem,,,pay,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-187,23,kukum,,,cook,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-188,23,buk,,,book,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-189,23,tanem,,,turn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-190,23,danis,,,dance,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-191,23,garen,,,garden,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-192,23,jaj,,,judge,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-193,23,faev,,,five,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-194,23,daeva,,,dive,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-195,23,sarem,,,shut,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-196,23,resa,,,razor,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-197,23,ʃus,,,shoes,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-198,23,haos,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-199,23,masis,,,matches,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-200,23,nao,,,now,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-201,23,singsing,,,song; sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-202,23,ron,,,run,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-203,23,resis,,,race,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-204,23,luk,,,"see, look",,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-205,23,yufala,,,you (plural),,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-206,23,wota,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-207,23,tim,,,team,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-208,23,pisɪs,,,piece,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-209,23,fes,,,face; first,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-210,23,kafsaedɛm,,,over turn (< capsize),,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-211,23,apɨl,,,apple,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-212,23,kukum,,,cook,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-213,23,rusʊm,,,roast,,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-214,23,solwota,,,"ocean, sea (< salt water)",,,,,,,,,,,,, +23-215,23,mɑmɑ,,,"mother, mama",,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-253,30,pai,,,father [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-254,30,kánta,,,to sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-255,30,bádju,,,dance [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-256,30,tartaruga,,,turtle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-257,30,dédu,,,finger [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-258,30,txuba,,,rain [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-259,30,djondjo,,,"to tie together, to connect",,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-260,30,gádu,,,livestock,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-261,30,fésta,,,party [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-262,30,verdádi,,,truth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-263,30,sabóla,,,onion,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-264,30,zóna,,,region,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-265,30,xinti,,,feel [v],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-266,30,jardin,,,garden [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-267,30,masan,,,apple [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-268,30,náda,,,nothing [indf pro],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-269,30,nheme,,,to chew,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-270,30,ngánu,,,error,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-271,30,raspósta,,,answer [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-272,30,léntu,,,slow [adj],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-273,30,máiu,,,May,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-274,30,káu,,,place [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-275,30,filis,,,lucky,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-276,30,fin,,,end [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-277,30,meiu,,,middle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-278,30,ben,,,to come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-279,30,médu,,,fear [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-280,30,lénsu,,,cloth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-281,30,sabe,,,know [v],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-282,30,kása,,,house [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-283,30,masan,,,apple,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-284,30,kusa,,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-285,30,un,,,"[num] one, not a single",,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-286,30,posa,,,well [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-287,30,bon,,,good,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-288,30,kóre,,,to run,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-289,30,nbrudja,,,to wrap,,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-290,30,kónxa,,,shell [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +30-291,30,ilha,,,island,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-212,32,pai,,,father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-213,32,bo,,,you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-214,32,ten,,,to have,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-215,32,moska,,,fly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-216,32,txorá,,,to cry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-217,32,nunka,,,never,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-218,32,dju,,,stingy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-219,32,kunkí,,,to knock,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-220,32,grand,,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-221,32,sentá,,,to sit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-222,32,mexê,,,to move,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-223,32,janéla,,,a window,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-224,32,fadiga,,,weariness,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-225,32,vaka,,,a cow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-226,32,nha,,,my,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-227,32,lula,,,a squid,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-228,32,midj,,,corn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-229,32,kabésa,,,a head,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-230,32,muzga,,,music,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-231,32,mon,,,hand,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-232,32,tres,,,three,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-233,32,mund,,,world,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-234,32,po,,,dust,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-235,32,rióla,,,gossip,,,,,,,,,,,,, +32-236,32,káza,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-173,20,makee,,,make,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-174,20,number,,,number,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-175,20,sendee,,,send,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-176,20,look-see,,,look-see,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-177,20,belong,,,belong,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-178,20,houso,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-179,20,fashion,,,way,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-180,20,wantchee,,,want,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-181,20,you,,,you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-182,20,piecee,,,piece,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-183,20,placee,,,place,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-184,20,tea,,,tea,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-185,20,talkee,,,talk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-186,20,coolie,,,coolie,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-187,20,cook,,,cook,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-188,20,day,,,day,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-189,20,pidgin,,,pidgin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-190,20,chit,,,chit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-191,20,my,,,my,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-192,20,how,,,how,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-193,20,so,,,so,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-194,20,stap,,,stop,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-195,20,dollar,,,dollar,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-196,20,think,,,think,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-197,20,that,,,that,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-198,20,very,,,very,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-199,20,spoilum,,,spoil,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-200,20,talkee,,,talk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-201,20,fashion,,,way,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-202,20,rice,,,rice,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-203,20,ship,,,ship,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-204,20,pleasure?,,,pleasure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-205,20,well,,,well,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-206,20,you,,,you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-207,20,he,,,he,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-208,20,can,,,can,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-209,20,pheasant,,,pheasant,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-210,20,belong,,,belong,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-211,20,go,,,go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-212,20,pidgin,,,pidgin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +20-213,20,chit,,,chit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-163,65,paməpusəkə,,,Chinese steamed bread,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-164,65,baba,,,grandmother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-165,65,madama,,,madam,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-166,65,palauotzy,,,locomotive,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-167,65,taskaj,,,"to drag, to carry",,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-168,65,mantou,,,steamed bread struffed with meat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-169,65,párkəm,,,with the help of a stick (to lock a door),,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-170,65,rabotəj,,,to work,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-171,65,lyba,,,fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-172,65,nasha,,,1PL,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-173,65,domə,,,"house, home",,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-174,65,dawaj,,,let us,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-175,65,vada,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-176,65,kərichaj,,,"to cry, to shout",,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-177,65,tsena,,,"price, money",,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-178,65,kupi,,,buy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-179,65,washa,,,"you (PL), your (PL)",,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-180,65,kupeʒa,,,merchant,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-181,65,sadi,,,plant,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-182,65,zabyla,,,forget.PFV,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-183,65,fanʒa,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-184,65,ßidili,,,see.PFV,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-185,65,xadi,,,go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-186,65,kapeka,,,kopeck,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-187,65,dzesia,,,here,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-188,65,chiwo,,,what,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-189,65,dʒiwi,,,live,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-190,65,gawali,,,speak,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-191,65,qapusa,,,cabbage,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-192,65,xudə,,,bad,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-193,65,nichiwo,,,nothing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-194,65,kaŋka,,,see,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-195,65,kəlasiwə,,,beautiful,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-196,65,lamajla,,,break,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-197,65,kunia,,,girl,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-198,65,byla,,,COP.PFV,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-199,65,iskaj,,,look.for,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-200,65,akəno,,,window,,,,,,,,,,,,, +65-201,65,netula,,,NEG.PFV,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-206,39,pat,,,duck,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-207,39,kabrit,,,goat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-208,39,buf,,,buffalo,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-209,39,tud,,,all,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-210,39,dẽt,,,"inside, tooth",,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-211,39,fuʈbɔl,,,football,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-212,39,bəɖka,,,easily.scared,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-213,39,gran,,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-214,39,churis,,,sausage,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-215,39,janɛl,,,window,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-216,39,fɛs,,,party,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-217,39,sim,,,top,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-218,39,zasey,,,sixteen,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-219,39,dixa,,,to leave,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-220,39,oj,,,today,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-221,39,moyr,,,muslim,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-222,39,nad,,,nothing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-223,39,apiŋa,,,"to find, to get",,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-224,39,rat,,,mouse,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-225,39,brãk,,,white,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-226,39,lãbe,,,to lick,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-227,39,gray,,,crow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-228,39,diw,,,Diu,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-229,39,isim,,,on top,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-230,39,sĩ,,,yes,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-231,39,es,,,this,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-232,39,dẽt,,,"tooth, inside",,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-233,39,pɛd,,,stone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-234,39,sikwẽt,,,fifty,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-235,39,ikəl,,,that [DEM],,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-236,39,ap,,,flatbread,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-237,39,ãt,,,before,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-238,39,uva,,,to fly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-239,39,jũt,,,together/with,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-240,39,ov,,,egg,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-241,39,õt,,,yesterday,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-242,39,ɔm,,,man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-243,39,kwõt,,,how much/many,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-244,39,vɛy,,,old,,,,,,,,,,,,, +39-245,39,nə,,,"in, on",,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-152,27,bran,,,burn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-153,27,man,,,man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-154,27,spe:l,,,to play,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-155,27,spel,,,needle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-156,27,bring,,,to bring,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-157,27,kri,,,get,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-158,27,bot,,,but,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-159,27,ju,,,2SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-160,27,kryb,,,crawl,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-161,27,dröpl,,,drop,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-162,27,beedəl,,,beg,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-163,27,gesè,,,face,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-164,27,moruk,,,tomorrow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-165,27,ons,,,1PL,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-166,27,meenshi,,,girl,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-167,27,rabbit,,,rabbit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-168,27,ape,,,where,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-169,27,man,,,man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-170,27,taa,,,father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-171,27,draai,,,turn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-172,27,an,,,3SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-173,27,jin,,,2PL,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-174,27,noli,,,donkey,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-175,27,roo,,,red,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-176,27,zee,,,sea,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-177,27,sini,,,3PL,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-178,27,frou,,,woman,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-179,27,lelik,,,"ugly, bad",,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-180,27,dzhindzhambu,,,ginger,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-181,27,tshakful,,,chock-ful,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-182,27,shiní,,,cut,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-183,27,zhi,,,3SG.POSS,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-184,27,kabái,,,horse,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-185,27,groot,,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-186,27,hon,,,dog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-187,27,wel,,,like,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-188,27,jit,,,eat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-189,27,jung,,,boy; young,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-190,27,venstu,,,window,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-191,27,ma:n,,,moon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +27-192,27,bo:t,,,boat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-359,11,puol,,,pole,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-360,11,kier,,,"to take, carry",,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-361,11,bot,,,but,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-362,11,taim,,,time,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-363,11,ded,,,dead; to die,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-364,11,kyan,,,can,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-365,11,gyal,,,girl,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-366,11,go,,,to go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-367,11,‘op,,,up,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-368,11,chiip,,,cheap,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-369,11,jos,,,just,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-370,11,if,,,if,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-371,11,bihiev,,,behave,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-372,11,that,,,that,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-373,11,sing,,,sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-374,11,woz,,,was,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-375,11,shrang,,,strong,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-376,11,vakiezhan,,,vacation,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-377,11,José,,,José,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-378,11,hous,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-379,11,miebi,,,maybe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-380,11,nou,,,now,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-381,11,nyam,,,eat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-382,11,sing,,,sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-383,11,rispek,,,respect,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-384,11,red,,,red,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-385,11,likl,,,little,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-386,11,yaam,,,yam,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-387,11,wen,,,when,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-388,11,rich,,,rich,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-389,11,ishili,,,lizard,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-390,11,get,,,get,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-391,11,sen,,,send,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-392,11,aks,,,to ask,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-393,11,tu,,,to,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-394,11,ful,,,full; to fill,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-395,11,op,,,up,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-396,11,kom,,,come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-397,11,think,,,think,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-398,11,riich,,,"reach, arrive",,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-399,11,deer,,,there,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-400,11,paat,,,part,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-401,11,tuu,,,two,,,,,,,,,,,,, +11-402,11,kool,,,cold,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-284,10,plie,,,to play,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-285,10,keri,,,"to take, to carry",,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-286,10,bok op,,,"to run into, to come across, to have a fight",,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-287,10,ded,,,dead; to die,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-288,10,kyan,,,can,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-289,10,gyal,,,girl,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-290,10,go,,,to go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-291,10,‘op,,,up,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-292,10,chiip,,,cheap,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-293,10,jos,,,just,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-294,10,flitaz,,,fritter(s),,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-295,10,vais,,,voice,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-296,10,sing,,,sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-297,10,briiz,,,"breeze, wind",,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-298,10,shiem,,,"ashamed, timid",,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-299,10,okiezhan,,,occasion,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-300,10,José,,,José,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-301,10,hous,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-302,10,migl,,,middle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-303,10,nuo,,,know,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-304,10,nyam,,,eat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-305,10,sing,,,sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-306,10,ruop,,,rope,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-307,10,red,,,red,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-308,10,laa,,,"custom, law",,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-309,10,yaam,,,yam,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-310,10,wentaim,,,when,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-311,10,wi,,,we,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-312,10,ihn,,,s/he,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-313,10,ishili,,,lizard,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-314,10,get,,,get,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-315,10,sen,,,send,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-316,10,wehn,,,ANT,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-317,10,aks,,,to ask,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-318,10,faahn,,,from,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-319,10,fut,,,foot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-320,10,ful,,,full; to fill,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-321,10,kot,,,to cut,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-322,10,dong de,,,down there,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-323,10,shiip,,,sheep,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-324,10,teebl,,,table,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-325,10,paat,,,part,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-326,10,fuul,,,fool,,,,,,,,,,,,, +10-327,10,hoom,,,home,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-320,2,patu,,,pot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-321,2,bigi,,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-322,2,taki,,,say,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-323,2,dagu,,,dog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-324,2,tjari,,,carry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-325,2,djari,,,garden,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-326,2,kaw,,,cow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-327,2,gron,,,ground,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-328,2,syobu,,,shove,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-329,2,memre,,,remember,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-330,2,nanga,,,and,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-331,2,nyofi,,,tiny,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-332,2,tongo,,,1. tongue 2. language,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-333,2,sabi,,,know,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-334,2,futu,,,foot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-335,2,wasi,,,wash,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-336,2,yuru,,,hour,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-337,2,redi,,,red,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-338,2,hati,,,hot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-339,2,skin,,,"skin, body",,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-340,2,ten,,,time,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-341,2,bun,,,good,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-342,2,man,,,man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-343,2,odi,,,hello,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-344,2,bron,,,burn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-345,2,dri,,,three,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-346,2,bedi,,,bed,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-347,2,fatu,,,fat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-348,2,sutu,,,shoot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-349,2,poti,,,poor,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-350,2,nafu,,,don't have to,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-351,2,pi,,,"very quiet, silent",,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-352,2,golu,,,guilder,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-353,2,ai,,,yes,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-354,2,kaw,,,cow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-355,2,eilanti,,,island,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-356,2,noiti,,,never,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-357,2,nownow,,,immediately,,,,,,,,,,,,, +2-358,2,bemui,,,"meddle, pry into",,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-189,41,peesi,,,fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-190,41,kaatru,,,four,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-191,41,beesu,,,lip,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-192,41,taav,,,"plank, board",,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-193,41,deenti,,,tooth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-194,41,peeʈi,,,box,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-195,41,uppoɖa,,,Uppodai (place name),,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-196,41,gaalu,,,cock (male chicken),,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-197,41,caam,,,ground,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-198,41,juustu,,,correct,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-199,41,ɛbɛɛrtu,,,open,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-200,41,fraaku,,,weak,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-201,41,viraadu,,,wrong,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-202,41,peesi,,,fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-203,41,kaaza,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-204,41,meʃiin,,,machine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-205,41,laargu,,,wide,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-206,41,haaba,,,harbour,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-207,41,luumi,,,light,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-208,41,kanay,,,rogue,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-209,41,tɔɔna,,,next; afterwards,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-210,41,uuɲa,,,(finger/toe)nail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-211,41,uŋa,,,one; a,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-212,41,tɛɛnru,,,young cocoanut,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-213,41,araa,,,"go wrong, escape",,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-214,41,luumi,,,light,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-215,41,falaa,,,say,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-216,41,ayaa,,,"clean (rice, pulse, etc.)",,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-217,41,kruuva,,,raw,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-218,41,isti,,,this (speaker-proximal),,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-219,41,eli,,,3SG.M.NHON 'he',,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-220,41,ɛla,,,3SG.F 'she',,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-221,41,kaartu,,,quarter,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-222,41,capa,,,hat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-223,41,kunsa,,,recognize,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-224,41,bosa,,,"your, yours",,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-225,41,rɔnt,,,round,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-226,41,fiiyu,,,son,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-227,41,greeja,,,church,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-228,41,vɛɛya,,,old woman,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-229,41,cuuva,,,rain,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-230,41,moovis,,,clouds,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-231,41,mɔɔli,,,soft,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-232,41,graaja,,,crow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-233,41,vii,,,come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +41-234,41,bəəga,,,Burgher,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-173,57,paske,,,because,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-174,57,kas,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-175,57,tam,,,stamp,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-176,57,fini,,,"finish, COMPL",,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-177,57,lavjan,,,meat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-178,57,som,,,sombre,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-179,57,ʃef,,,chief,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-180,57,xa,,,EXCLAM,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-181,57,koma,,,how,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-182,57,nom,,,number,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-183,57,swaɲe,,,take care of,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-184,57,ŋgra,,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-185,57,lim,,,free,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-186,57,jer,,,yesterday,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-187,57,wawa,,,grandma,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-188,57,fini,,,"finish, COMPL",,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-189,57,peti,,,child,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-190,57,ale,,,to go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-191,57,tru,,,hole,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-192,57,koma,,,how,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-193,57,ʃaːndarm,,,gendarme,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-194,57,moːte,,,go up,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-195,57,nd̥ʒu,,,always,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-196,57,uⁿde,,,2DU ‘you two’,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-197,57,ŋga,,,come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +57-198,57,mboku,,,much,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-148,68,paku,,,nail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-149,68,baru,,,new,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-150,68,taku,,,afraid,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-151,68,dari,,,from,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-152,68,mani,,,bead,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-153,68,nani,,,bamboo hoe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-154,68,kaki,,,"foot, leg",,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-155,68,garu,,,to scratch,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-156,68,inga,,,to remember,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-157,68,fam,,,clan-name,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-158,68,seng,,,"no, not",,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-159,68,lalu,,,then,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-160,68,hahalang,,,carrying pole,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-161,68,idong,,,nose,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-162,68,ekor,,,tail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-163,68,antua,,,3SG pronoun (formal),,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-164,68,umpang,,,bait,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-165,68,orang,,,person,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-166,68,cari,,,to search,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-167,68,jari,,,"finger, toe",,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-168,68,tanya,,,to ask,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-169,68,kaluyu,,,shark,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-170,68,wela,,,certain phase in growth of sago palm,,,,,,,,,,,,, +68-171,68,ribu,,,thousand,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-244,29,pad,,,road,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-245,29,kok,,,cook,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-246,29,bad,,,bath,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-247,29,tak,,,branch,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-248,29,dak,,,roof,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-249,29,kies,,,choose,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-250,29,gholf; berge,,,golf; mountains,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-251,29,tsaar,,,czar,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-252,29,tjank,,,yelp,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-253,29,jellie,,,jelly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-254,29,ver,,,far,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-255,29,water,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-256,29,sop,,,soup,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-257,29,Zulu,,,Zulu,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-258,29,sjiek,,,chic,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-259,29,genre,,,"kind, genre",,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-260,29,gat,,,hole,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-261,29,huis,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-262,29,mond,,,mouth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-263,29,nat,,,wet,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-264,29,hondjie,,,little dog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-265,29,ding,,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-266,29,rond,,,round,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-267,29,leeu,,,lion,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-268,29,jag,,,"hunt, chase",,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-269,29,kwaal,,,ailment,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-270,29,skiet,,,shoot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-271,29,nuut,,,new,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-272,29,reputasie,,,reputation,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-273,29,mes,,,knife,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-274,29,mens,,,human being,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-275,29,ek,,,I,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-276,29,dinge,,,things,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-277,29,pas,,,passport,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-278,29,moet,,,must,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-279,29,tonaal,,,tonal,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-280,29,pot,,,pot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-281,29,ons,,,"we, us, our",,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-282,29,bier,,,beer,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-283,29,muur,,,wall,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-284,29,see,,,sea,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-285,29,"ver, sê",,,"far, say",,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-286,29,ver,,,far,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-287,29,boer,,,farmer,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-288,29,boom,,,tree,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-289,29,môre,,,tomorrow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-290,29,maan,,,moon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-291,29,giet,,,pour,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-292,29,goud,,,gold,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-293,29,lui,,,lazy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +29-294,29,klein,,,small,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-161,58,mpóso,,,week,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-162,58,kíma,,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-163,58,béno,,,2PL,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-164,58,kóta,,,enter,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-165,58,jándi,,,3SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-166,58,ngé,,,2SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-167,58,fyóti,,,small,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-168,58,vé,,,NEG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-169,58,dísù,,,eye,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-170,58,zába,,,know,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-171,58,móno,,,1SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-172,58,móno,,,1SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-173,58,kokoríko,,,cockadoodledoo,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-174,58,bakála,,,"male, man",,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-175,58,jandi,,,3SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-176,58,wápi,,,where,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-177,58,nzilá,,,"road, way",,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-178,58,màlémbè,,,slow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-179,58,mbàlà,,,time,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-180,58,muntu,,,person,,,,,,,,,,,,, +58-181,58,mbóte,,,hello,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-221,55,tete,,,breast,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-222,55,papa,,,father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-223,55,baba,,,baby,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-224,55,mama,,,mother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-225,55,fofil,,,tacking thread,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-226,55,viv,,,to live,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-227,55,dodo,,,dodo,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-228,55,nene,,,nose,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-229,55,susu,,,chocho (a vegetable),,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-230,55,zuzu,,,toy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-231,55,lili,,,bed,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-232,55,kaka,,,excrement,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-233,55,gaga,,,speechless,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-234,55,ruz,,,red,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-235,55,wewe,,,African,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-236,55,yoyo [jojo],,,yo-yo,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-237,55,tipti [t͡͡sipt͡͡si] ~ [cipci],,,tiny,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-238,55,dile [d͡zile] ~ [ɟile],,,milk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-239,55,tipti [cipci] ~ [t͡͡sipt͡͡si],,,tiny,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-240,55,colo [t͡ʃolo],,,lout,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-241,55,jos [d͡ʒɔs],,,ecstasy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-242,55,kot [kɔt],,,where,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-243,55,pany [paɲ],,,saree,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-244,55,sang [saŋ],,,belt,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-245,55,Hindi,,,Hindi,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-246,55,piti,,,child,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-247,55,ale,,,go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-248,55,leker [lekɛə̯],,,heart,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-249,55,met [mɛt],,,put [short form of verb],,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-250,55,byeṅ [bjɛ̃],,,"well, good",,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-251,55,sat,,,cat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-252,55,bar [bɑː],,,bar,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-253,55,kaṅ [kɑ̃],,,when,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-254,55,dir,,,"say, tell",,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-255,55,lulu,,,wolf,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-256,55,koko,,,coconut,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-257,55,burs [buə̯s],,,purse,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-258,55,dormi,,,sleep,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-259,55,dëmen [dəmɛ̃],,,tomorrow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-260,55,toṅtoṅ [tɔ̃tɔ̃],,,uncle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-125,73,piga-,,,hit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-126,73,bibi-,,,live,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-127,73,tini-,,,hold,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-128,73,da-,,,give,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-129,73,p'ruta,,,fruit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-130,73,manu,,,hand,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-131,73,fruta,,,fruit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-132,73,sinku,,,five,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-133,73,miza,,,mass,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-134,73,yirba,,,grass,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-135,73,no,,,"no, not",,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-136,73,laba-,,,wash,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-137,73,kin,,,who,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-138,73,kin,,,who,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-139,73,k'uchi,,,pig,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-140,73,gusanu,,,worm,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-141,73,bi-n,,,see-3SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-142,73,moxa-shka,,,wet-NMLZ 'wet',,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-143,73,muhir,,,woman,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-144,73,añu,,,year,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-145,73,chiri,,,cold,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-146,73,tsuntsu,,,skinny,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-147,73,nustru,,,our,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-148,73,mishki,,,sweet,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-149,73,wawa,,,child,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-150,73,yirba,,,grass,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-151,73,nuchi,,,night,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-152,73,tres,,,three,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-153,73,dos,,,two,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-154,73,anda-,,,walk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-227,63,pésa,,,money,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-228,63,kúlu,,,all,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-229,63,bé,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-230,63,íta,,,you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-231,63,dé,,,this,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-232,63,gén,,,to stay,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-233,63,quran,,,Coran,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-234,63,tςái,,,tea,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-235,63,ja,,,to come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-236,63,fi,,,in,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-237,63,víta,,,war,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-238,63,árδi,,,ground,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-239,63,sába,,,seven,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-240,63,azól,,,man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-241,63,máši,,,go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-242,63,xámsa,,,five,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-243,63,hamsín,,,fifty,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-244,63,móyo,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-245,63,ána,,,I,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-246,63,ngamia,,,camel,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-247,63,rúo,,,to go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-248,63,lakín,,,but,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-249,63,móyo,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-250,63,wedé,,,this,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-251,63,fi,,,in,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-252,63,bé,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-253,63,ma,,,not,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-254,63,úwo,,,he,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-255,63,úwo,,,he,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-256,63,keθír,,,many,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-257,63,mbele,,,in front,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-258,63,mwiko,,,taboo,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-259,63,chumvi,,,salt,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-260,63,'arabi,,,arabic,,,,,,,,,,,,, +63-261,63,ghéru,,,to change,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-348,25,pipul,,,people,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-349,25,krai; laik-im; tok,,,cry; like-TR; talk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-350,25,bek; yundubala,,,back; 2DU,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-351,25,trai; oletaim; rait,,,try; always; right,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-352,25,daga; drimin; jidan,,,food; dreaming; sit/stay,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-353,25,gaʈ-im ~ gat-im; marti ~ maidi ~ maitbi,,,have-TR; maybe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-354,25,hard-im,,,hurt-TR,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-355,25,buc,,,bush,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-356,25,jabi [ɟabi]; waj-im [waɟɪm],,,know; wash-TR,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-357,25,kwait,,,quiet,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-358,25,gel; bagi,,,girl; buggy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-359,25,krej-im [kret͡ʃim],,,scratch-TR,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-360,25,from ~ brom; faindim ~ baindim; waif ~ waip,,,from; find:TR; wife,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-361,25,theya [ðea] ~ jeya ~ deya; matha ~ maja [maða] ~ maja,,,there; mother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-362,25,sainim ~ jainim; lisen ~ lijen,,,sign:TR; listen,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-363,25,yusdu [juzdu] ~ yustu,,,HAB,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-364,25,bush [buʃ] ~ buj [buc]; washim [waʃim] ~ wajim [waɟim],,,bush; wash:TR,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-365,25,haiding; hiya,,,beating; here,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-366,25,men; nomo; idim,,,"man, NEG; eat:TR",,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-367,25,najawan; mani,,,another; money,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-368,25,garndi [gaɳdi],,,tree (Ngarinyman),,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-369,25,kam-ing [kamɪŋ]; bingga [biŋga],,,come-PROG2; finger/hand,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-370,25,barrik [barik],,,fence (< Engl. paddock),,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-371,25,garrim [gaɾim],,,have:TR,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-372,25,laia; buliki; gel,,,lie [n]; cattle; girl,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-373,25,garlagarla [gaɭagaɭla],,,playing (Jaminjung),,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-374,25,wail; goawei,,,wild; go.away,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-375,25,ki; lisen; sabi,,,key; listen; know,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-376,25,get-im [getɪm],,,get/catch-TR,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-377,25,bel; gel,,,bell; girl,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-378,25,ken [kɛn]; len-im [lɛnɪm],,,can; learn/teach-TR,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-379,25,jat [ɟæt],,,that,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-380,25,hit-im [hɨtɨm],,,hit-TR,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-381,25,lisen [lɪsən],,,listen,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-382,25,kat-im [katɪm]; bratha [bɻad̪a],,,cut-TR; brother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-383,25,yubala; kukum,,,2PL; cook:TR,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-384,25,put-im [pʊtɪm],,,put-TR,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-385,25,brom; olmen,,,from; older.man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-386,25,brom [bɻɔm]; got-im [gɔtɪm],,,from; have-TR,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-387,25,thing [θɪŋ],,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-388,25,lin-ing [liːnɪŋ],,,lean-PROG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-389,25,len-ing [leːnɪŋ] or [lenɪŋ],,,learn-PROG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-390,25,len/lan [læːn] or [læn],,,land,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-391,25,kan [ka:n] or [kan],,,can't (can.NEG),,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-392,25,but [bu:t] or [but],,,boot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-393,25,go [go:] or [go],,,go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-394,25,tharran [t̪aɾan]; thil [t̪ɪl],,,DEM; still,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-395,25,tharran [d̪aɾan]; thea [d̪ea],,,DEM; there,,,,,,,,,,,,, +25-396,25,rait [ɻait]; bratha [bɻad̪a],,,right; brother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-234,19,pepa,,,paper,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-235,19,bon,,,bone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-236,19,tit,,,tooth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-237,19,dis,,,this,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-238,19,cham,,,to chew,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-239,19,jel,,,jail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-240,19,kasara,,,cassava,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-241,19,grab,,,get.up,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-242,19,kpu,,,with a dull impact (IDEO),,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-243,19,gbogbogbo,,,with precipitous hurry (IDEO),,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-244,19,mekes,,,to hurry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-245,19,nem,,,name,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-246,19,nyu,,,be.new,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-247,19,fling,,,to fling,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-248,19,fiba,,,to resemble,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-249,19,vomit,,,to vomit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-250,19,fisin,,,to fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-251,19,hol,,,hole,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-252,19,liba,,,liver,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-253,19,yàndá,,,(over) there,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-254,19,ros,,,to burn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-255,19,wahala,,,trouble,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-256,19,hib,,,to throw,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-257,19,tùmbú,,,worm,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-258,19,òkóbó,,,impotent man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-259,19,yes,,,ear,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-260,19,yɛs,,,yes,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-261,19,kɔba,,,to cover,,,,,,,,,,,,, +19-262,19,wàtá,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-160,40,pal,,,straw,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-161,40,kal,,,which,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-162,40,bal,,,dance [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-163,40,mudhan,,,whore,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-164,40,tɛr,,,earth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-165,40,thɛr,,,"tender, unripe",,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-166,40,doj,,,two,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-167,40,ʈal,,,natural fertilizer (burned underbrush),,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-168,40,ɖal,,,peeled legumes,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-169,40,kharm,,,meat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-170,40,gal,,,rooster,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-171,40,kats,,,glass,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-172,40,piʧa,,,throw away,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-173,40,peʤad,,,pregnant,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-174,40,fin,,,"small, thin, slim",,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-175,40,sed,,,early,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-176,40,kaza,,,marry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-177,40,baʃ,,,down,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-178,40,haro,,,rice,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-179,40,mar,,,"sea, ocean",,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-180,40,nad,,,nothing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-181,40,kar,,,expensive,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-182,40,lam,,,mud,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-183,40,"paj, jo",,,"father, I",,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-184,40,siti,,,"feel, believe",,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-185,40,ʋĩ,,,drinking alcohol,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-186,40,sed,,,early,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-187,40,sɛt,,,seven,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-188,40,kɛ̃,,,who,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-189,40,məj,,,"exclamation, as in 'oh dear'",,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-190,40,kas,,,peel [n],,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-191,40,brãk,,,white,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-192,40,un,,,where,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-193,40,ũ,,,"one, a",,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-194,40,sog,,,father-in-law,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-195,40,sɔg,,,mother-in-law,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-196,40,kadz,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-197,40,ɔ̃m,,,man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-198,40,bharig,,,belly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-199,40,rhej,,,king,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-200,40,ʋi,,,come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +40-201,40,ʈhoku,,,knock [v],,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-211,46,pwéde,,,can,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-212,46,kása,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-213,46,byen,,,very,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-214,46,táta,,,father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-215,46,dále,,,give,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-216,46,chóngo,,,monkey,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-217,46,kwándo,,,when,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-218,46,ganá,,,win,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-219,46,bátaq,,,child,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-220,46,chóngo,,,monkey,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-221,46,chóngo,,,monkey,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-222,46,Dyos,,,God,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-223,46,ofisína,,,office,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-224,46,bes,,,instance,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-225,46,ságing,,,banana,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-226,46,informasyón,,,information,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-227,46,dyénte,,,tooth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-228,46,hénte,,,person,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-229,46,mareháda,,,wave(s),,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-230,46,nasé,,,be born,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-231,46,ányo,,,year,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-232,46,mga,,,PL,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-233,46,ríko,,,rich,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-234,46,ríko,,,rich,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-235,46,lamúk,,,mosquito,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-236,46,yéde,,,stink,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-237,46,wébos,,,egg,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-238,46,librá,,,free,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-239,46,bené,,,come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-240,46,máma,,,female breast,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-241,46,úmo,,,smoke,,,,,,,,,,,,, +46-242,46,ótro,,,other,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-79,69,tarpwa,,,belly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-80,69,tarpwa,,,belly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-81,69,aykum,,,woman,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-82,69,mambi,,,again,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-83,69,kundamwin,,,two,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-84,69,kamgun,,,crocodile,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-85,69,miria,,,moon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-86,69,yankwara,,,tree,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-87,69,wiɲak!,,,call!,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-88,69,awŋ,,,egg,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-89,69,yarasəkən,,,white,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-90,69,wara,,,what,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-91,69,aljkamuŋ,,,bushknife,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-92,69,jat,,,blood,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-93,69,waram,,,boy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-94,69,kika,,,rat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-95,69,aykum,,,woman,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-96,69,tanəm,,,bone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +69-97,69,ama,,,I,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-130,52,pran,,,take,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-131,52,ki,,,which,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-132,52,ba,,,give,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-133,52,to,,,you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-134,52,dronmi,,,sleep,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-135,52,grand,,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-136,52,tchò,,,heart,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-137,52,djokoti,,,go down onto one's knees,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-138,52,fala,,,speak,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-139,52,vini,,,come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-140,52,sot,,,silly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-141,52,zwazo,,,bird,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-142,52,chanté,,,sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-143,52,manjé,,,eat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-144,52,mari,,,husband,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-145,52,ròt,,,other,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-146,52,mo,,,my,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-147,52,nou,,,we,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-148,52,kopannyen,,,friend,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-149,52,kompannyen,,,friend,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-150,52,la,,,there,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-151,52,yé,,,they,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-152,52,wonm,,,man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-153,52,i,,,"he, she",,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-154,52,palé,,,"speak, talk",,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-155,52,chantè,,,singer,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-156,52,gen,,,there is,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-157,52,chwit,,,tasty,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-158,52,a,,,it is,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-159,52,chanté,,,sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-160,52,ba ou,,,for you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-161,52,nou,,,we,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-162,52,mo,,,my,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-163,52,sot,,,silly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +52-164,52,son,,,"tone, sound",,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-157,15,pus,,,cat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-158,15,kil,,,kill,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-159,15,bil,,,build,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-160,15,tik,,,stick,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-161,15,dak,,,dark,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-162,15,gyap,,,yawn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-163,15,t͡ʃam,,,chew,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-164,15,d͡ʒud͡ʒu,,,Black Magic,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-165,15,fala,,,"follow, accompany",,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-166,15,vɛks,,,"angry, upset",,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-167,15,kres,,,"crazy, mad",,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-168,15,sizas,,,scissors,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-169,15,ʃub,,,"shove, move",,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-170,15,mɛʒɔ,,,measure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-171,15,gari,,,gari (a food item),,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-172,15,mumu,,,dumb,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-173,15,san,,,sun,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-174,15,bunja,,,little extra given over the full measure to secure the goodwill of a customer,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-175,15,boŋga,,,a type of fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-176,15,lili,,,little,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-177,15,jɛri,,,hear,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-178,15,wap,,,hit something hard,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-179,15,pit,,,spit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-180,15,bed,,,bed,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-181,15,dɛm,,,them,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-182,15,dɛ̃,,,they,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-183,15,bat,,,bat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-184,15,bãfa,,,sickly or malnourished child,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-185,15,mumu,,,dumb,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-186,15,kũkũ,,,a woman's private parts,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-187,15,kola,,,Kola nut,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-188,15,kõko,,,a type of house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-189,15,kɔpɔ,,,money,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-190,15,k͡pɛk͡pɛk͡pɛ,,,small bits of food,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-191,15,gbagbati,,,show of force,,,,,,,,,,,,, +15-192,15,kɔ̃kɔ̃kɔ̃,,,knock-knock,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-122,62,mbúru,,,tail of a goat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-123,62,pó,,,shine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-124,62,ká,,,"get up, stand",,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-125,62,búre,,,short rainy season,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-126,62,téli,,,"chase, drive cattle",,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-127,62,dára,,,seize,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-128,62,churú,,,bull,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-129,62,ji'í,,,just,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-130,62,girú,,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-131,62,i'í,,,here,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-132,62,bomé,,,snake,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-133,62,fí,,,finish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-134,62,vika,,,pray,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-135,62,sú,,,pour,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-136,62,zeméra,,,front,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-137,62,shugha,,,keep livestock,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-138,62,xá,,,"leave, get up",,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-139,62,gheré,,,few,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-140,62,huru,,,pull,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-141,62,máso,,,abdomen,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-142,62,nihí,,,"meat, flesh, animal",,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-143,62,nyamálo,,,work,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-144,62,ŋé,,,bite,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-145,62,rú,,,get sick,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-146,62,ló,,,have,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-147,62,yá,,,this,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-148,62,wa'ú,,,tobacco,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-149,62,zi,,,forget,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-150,62,zéu,,,herd,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-151,62,zá,,,inside,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-152,62,úgí,,,true,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-153,62,zó,,,cry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-154,62,hlí,,,refuse,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-155,62,ndaté,,,stick,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-156,62,ngilé,,,bee,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-157,62,mhpúno,,,"dikdik, gazelle sp.",,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-158,62,fúnhtu,,,pour,,,,,,,,,,,,, +62-159,62,nhkimé,,,monkey,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-212,24,spail,,,spoil,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-213,24,kat,,,cut,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-214,24,bat,,,but,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-215,24,faadh,,,father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-216,24,taun,,,Kingston,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-217,24,thaenk,,,thank,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-218,24,daun,,,down,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-219,24,gat,,,"exist, got",,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-220,24,aʔu,,,spawn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-221,24,t͡ʃies,,,chase,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-222,24,d͡ʒes,,,just,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-223,24,fain,,,find,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-224,24,vail,,,vile,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-225,24,si,,,see,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-226,24,"sip, zip",,,a zip,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-227,24,ʃi,,,she,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-228,24,hulu,,,scratch around,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-229,24,mais,,,"mouse, mine",,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-230,24,nais,,,nice,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-231,24,long,,,long,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-232,24,rok,,,rock,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-233,24,loks,,,lock,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-234,24,faaja,,,further,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-235,24,wanda,,,wonder,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-236,24,iwi,,,small,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-237,24,inkebuss,,,I think not!,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-238,24,etu,,,kernel of cocoanut,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-239,24,dem,,,they,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-240,24,aene,,,vegetable dish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-241,24,cully,,,cuirly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-242,24,buuka,,,light spots on a pregnant woman's belly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-243,24,oop,,,unwilling to tell,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-244,24,sambohdi,,,someone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-245,24,tiisa,,,teacher,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-246,24,glehd,,,glad,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-247,24,dea,,,there,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-248,24,karli,,,to carry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-297,75,prænses - pee-kiyookee,,,princess - come and visit!,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-298,75,keekway - kaapoo,,,something - coat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-299,75,puck,,,puck,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-300,75,babinn - beyakon,,,lip - I am alone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-301,75,taande - tuuruu,,,where - pemmican,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-302,75,vyand - dilet - dishinihkaashon,,,meat - milk - my name is...,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-303,75,kwashoon - kwayesh,,,pig - right,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-304,75,khompyuter,,,computer,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-305,75,dzhig - gipaham,,,jig - I close it,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-306,75,psit,,,little (F),,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-307,75,michif - maachii,,,Metis - hunt!,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-308,75,dzhimaansh - dzahkush,,,sunday - my sister-in-law,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-309,75,feu,,,fire,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-310,75,vaesh,,,cow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-311,75,sup,,,soup,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-312,75,zitwel,,,star,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-313,75,shaanbr - ekushi,,,room - that's it,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-314,75,laenzh - zheekihaw,,,cloth - I scare him,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-315,75,haesh - anihi,,,axe - those,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-316,75,mikarjii - mistahi,,,Wednesday - much,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-317,75,pineez - naandaw,,,bed bug - somewhere,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-318,75,zuŋg,,,nail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-319,75,rababuu,,,rabbit soup,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-320,75,liiv - kii-li-move-h-ii-w,,,book - he moved,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-321,75,mujii - niya,,,"wet - I, me",,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-322,75,wil - wiiweew,,,oil - he marries,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-323,75,anihiin,,,those,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-324,75,pleu,,,more,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-325,75,pi - ishi,,,and - until,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-326,75,dwee - kitipeehteenaan,,,finger - we (incl.) own it,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-327,75,shenn - chi-atushkeeyen,,,oak - that you will work,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-328,75,fwen - en-waapamaat,,,grass - when she sees him,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-329,75,vaesh,,,cow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-330,75,Edmonton,,,Edmonton,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-331,75,kav - apiw,,,"cellar - he, she sits",,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-332,75,didã,,,in,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-333,75,kuto - mituni,,,knife - very,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-334,75,wichihikuw/wichihikʊw,,,They are helping him.,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-335,75,bulo - potaachikeew,,,birch - he blows,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-336,75,parson,,,person,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-337,75,paviyon - onhin,,,"flag - this, these",,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-338,75,zhurnii - kiiweew,,,day - he goes home,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-339,75,peekiiwee,,,come home,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-340,75,yeer,,,yesterday,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-341,75,ruuzh - puuniniimiw,,,red - he quit dancing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-342,75,kaab - waapamaaaw,,,rope - he sees him,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-343,75,paahpiw,,,he laughs,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-344,75,kahkiyaw,,,all,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-345,75,pimbahtaaw,,,he runs,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-346,75,uhchi,,,from,,,,,,,,,,,,, +75-347,75,boer - myoestam,,,butter - he likes it,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-168,45,pan,,,bread,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-169,45,casa,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-170,45,baja,,,to go down,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-171,45,tienda,,,store,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-172,45,dale,,,to give,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-173,45,gato,,,cat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-174,45,abáʔ,,,wow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-175,45,leche,,,milk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-176,45,jeep,,,jeepney,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-177,45,familia,,,family,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-178,45,vianda,,,viand,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-179,45,sal,,,salt,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-180,45,cielo [ʃjelo],,,"heaven, sky",,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-181,45,hojas [ohas],,,"leaf, leaves",,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-182,45,mata,,,kill,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-183,45,negro,,,black,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-184,45,ñor,,,mister,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-185,45,nga,,,emphatic marker,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-186,45,perro,,,dog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-187,45,pero,,,but,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-188,45,loco,,,crazy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-189,45,yo,,,I,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-190,45,daw,,,"QUOT, it is said",,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-191,45,ilos,,,they,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-192,45,peso,,,peso,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-193,45,mano,,,hand,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-194,45,usa,,,use,,,,,,,,,,,,, +45-195,45,todo,,,all,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-206,5,phupa,,,father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-207,5,luk,,,"look, notice, see",,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-208,5,phaku,,,"a variety of fish , an incompetent person",,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-209,5,leba-lip,,,a heavy lower lip,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-210,5,dha:l,,,split-peas,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-211,5,phati,,,a form of pastry with meat inside,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-212,5,tha:,,,a marble used in children's game,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-213,5,bodi:,,,brother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-214,5,ca:ɹ,,,car,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-215,5,ɟa:f,,,chat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-216,5,kʰa:l,,,call,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-217,5,goot,,,goat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-218,5,ba:la,,,a ball of string used for flying kites,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-219,5,chip,,,cut in fine pieces,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-220,5,d͡ʒe:l,,,jail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-221,5,ɸan,,,on,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-222,5,aβi,,,we,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-223,5,fiyu,,,your,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-224,5,voot,,,vote,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-225,5,sik,,,sick,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-226,5,adawaiz,,,otherwise,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-227,5,mashiin,,,machine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-228,5,mezho,,,measure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-229,5,hool,,,old,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-230,5,maan,,,man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-231,5,kombain,,,combined harvester,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-232,5,ɲãm,,,eat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-233,5,rong,,,"around, round",,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-234,5,ruut,,,root,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-235,5,pʰɾapa,,,very,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-236,5,lang,,,long,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-237,5,yong,,,young,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-238,5,wiid,,,weed,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-239,5,brik,,,stone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-240,5,luutĩn,,,looting,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-241,5,dɪ,,,the,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-242,5,le,,,let; allow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-243,5,dẽn,,,then,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-244,5,lɛd,,,lead (pencil),,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-245,5,dɛ̃m,,,them,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-246,5,bak,,,back,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-247,5,ãn,,,and,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-248,5,gatu,,,had to,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-249,5,sũn,,,soon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-250,5,fʊt,,,foot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-251,5,bot,,,bought,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-252,5,hõn,,,hone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-253,5,kɔt,,,cut,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-254,5,ᵐbaad,,,bad,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-255,5,kɔ̃m,,,come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-256,5,fliːs,,,fleece,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-257,5,fees,,,face,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-258,5,brɛːd,,,bread,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-259,5,shaap,,,sharp,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-260,5,buut,,,boot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +5-261,5,stoori,,,story,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-201,28,skapu,,,sheep,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-202,28,kɛnɛ,,,person,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-203,28,bionto,,,remember/believe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-204,28,toko,,,child,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-205,28,duei,,,spirit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-206,28,gui,,,throw,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-207,28,oflaru,,,everywhere,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-208,28,suku,,,want/seek,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-209,28,ʃigi,,,shake,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-210,28,ixi,,,1PL,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-211,28,holwatri,,,wave,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-212,28,hɛlɛmali,,,completely,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-213,28,kɛnɛ,,,person,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-214,28,baŋki,,,bench,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-215,28,langi,,,long,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-216,28,jɛrma,,,woman,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-217,28,wiri,,,curse,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-218,28,fini,,,fire,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-219,28,feni,,,bird,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-220,28,kampɛlɛ,,,butterfly,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-221,28,stati,,,tail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-222,28,suti,,,quiet,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-223,28,poʃi,,,squeeze/press,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-224,28,toko [tɔkɔ],,,child,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-234,33,pape,,,father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-235,33,karu,,,car,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-236,33,buru,,,donkey,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-237,33,tiu,,,uncle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-238,33,dinheru,,,money,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-239,33,gatu,,,cat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-240,33,tcuba,,,rain,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-241,33,djuda,,,to help,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-242,33,baba,,,to drool,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-243,33,fatu,,,suit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-244,33,vivi,,,to live,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-245,33,seku,,,dry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-246,33,aza,,,wing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-247,33,cha,,,tea,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-248,33,janela,,,window,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-249,33,mame,,,mother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-250,33,nobu,,,new,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-251,33,nha,,,mine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-252,33,N,,,I,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-253,33,karu,,,car,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-254,33,livru,,,book,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-255,33,iagu,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-256,33,uaga,,,to plant,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-257,33,bonitu,,,handsome,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-258,33,pinta,,,to paint,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-259,33,sera,,,wax,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-260,33,pensa,,,to think,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-261,33,mesa,,,table,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-262,33,masa,,,pasta,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-263,33,kanta,,,to sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-264,33,lagua,,,lagoon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-265,33,un,,,one,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-266,33,bota,,,to put,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-267,33,pon,,,bread,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-268,33,bota,,,boot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +33-269,33,konta,,,bill,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-216,42,pai,,,father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-217,42,kabá,,,finish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-218,42,bai,,,go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-219,42,teng,,,have,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-220,42,dia,,,day,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-221,42,gabá,,,to praise,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-222,42,chua,,,rain,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-223,42,jeru,,,son-in-law,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-224,42,fila,,,daughter,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-225,42,novi,,,nine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-226,42,basu,,,"beneath, under",,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-227,42,bazá,,,to pour,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-228,42,mai,,,mother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-229,42,nomi,,,name,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-230,42,nyami,,,tapioca,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-231,42,pang,,,bread,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-232,42,rua,,,street,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-233,42,fola,,,leaf,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-234,42,ila,,,island,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-235,42,belu,,,old man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-236,42,bela,,,old woman,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-237,42,rëdonu,,,round,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-238,42,alu,,,garlic,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-239,42,undi,,,where,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-240,42,lo,,,future particle,,,,,,,,,,,,, +42-241,42,dó,,,mourning,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-170,21,pin,,,pin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-171,21,kin,,,kin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-172,21,pin,,,pin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-173,21,bin,,,bin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-174,21,"tin, tin",,,"tin, thin",,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-175,21,"tin, thin",,,"tin, thin",,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-176,21,"din, dis",,,"din, this",,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-177,21,kin,,,kin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-178,21,gan,,,gun,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-179,21,"wa?, ske?",,,"what, scared",,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-180,21,chin,,,chin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-181,21,gin,,,gin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-182,21,fain,,,fine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-183,21,vain,,,vine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-184,21,this,,,this,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-185,21,su,,,sue,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-186,21,zu,,,zoo,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-187,21,shoot,,,shoot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-188,21,leisure,,,leisure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-189,21,sim,,,seem,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-190,21,sin,,,sin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-191,21,sing,,,sing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-192,21,correct,,,correct,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-193,21,very,,,very,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-194,21,sit,,,"sit, seat",,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-195,21,leg,,,leg,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-196,21,"sweat, pamphlet",,,"sweat, pamphlet",,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-197,21,pamphlet,,,pamphlet,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-198,21,"bird, about",,,"bird, about",,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-199,21,"as, laki",,,"ask, lucky",,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-200,21,"put, pul",,,"put, pool",,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-201,21,got,,,goat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-202,21,"not, sauce",,,"not, sauce",,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-203,21,thing,,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +21-204,21,chin,,,chin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-231,50,tou,,,hole,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-232,50,pè,,,afraid,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-233,50,bèf,,,cow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-234,50,dou,,,sweet,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-235,50,tjòk,,,punch,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-236,50,djòk,,,vigorous,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-237,50,kòk,,,cock,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-238,50,gwo,,,"big, fat",,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-239,50,mòn,,,hill,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-240,50,nòz,,,dare,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-241,50,chanpagn,,,champagne,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-242,50,ling,,,line,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-243,50,fo,,,false,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-244,50,vré,,,true,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-245,50,san,,,blood,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-246,50,zo,,,bone,,,,d25868b0ab1eb6f5cf608ab5d021df36,,,,,,,,, +50-247,50,chè,,,hot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-248,50,jou,,,day,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-249,50,ravèt,,,cockroach,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-250,50,halé,,,pull,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-251,50,lou,,,heavy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-252,50,yanm,,,big foot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-253,50,wè,,,yes,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-254,50,luil,,,oil,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-255,50,diri,,,rice,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-256,50,pé,,,can,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-257,50,chè,,,expensive,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-258,50,pa,,,not,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-259,50,pen,,,bread,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-260,50,pò,,,port,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-261,50,pon,,,bridge,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-262,50,fo,,,false,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-263,50,jou,,,day,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-264,50,ju,,,juce,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-265,50,zeu,,,egg,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-266,50,geul,,,mouth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-267,50,yanm,,,big foot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +50-268,50,lundi,,,monday,,,,,,,,,,,,, +51-198,51,pè,,,afraid,,,,,,,,,,,,, +51-199,51,bef,,,cow,,,,3867a0e40d10c536603f418b7f3f70b5,,,,,,,,, +51-200,51,tou,,,hole,,,,1b41013f2c396988e8160d445550a891,,,,,,,,, +51-201,51,dou,,,sweet,,,,3a1342ea7acf9cf8d0bb98b852b6c55d,,,,,,,,, +51-202,51,tjok,,,punch,,,,0be185821e41f820f1cd5866b3712c62,,,,,,,,, +51-203,51,djok,,,vigorous,,,,f34c69012fa725236fc219cf4c9e3e05,,,,,,,,, +51-204,51,kok,,,cock,,,,33fa71e1cb5d770d7737db752c619b94,,,,,,,,, +51-205,51,gwo,,,big/fat,,,,a906eb673e52fedf68fd755e1d134fc1,,,,,,,,, +51-206,51,mòn,,,hill,,,,6d7a42f75f484f3f5363523513e61538,,,,,,,,, +51-207,51,noz,,,dare,,,,f355a22cb59f5260a3895f4a7ea501f6,,,,,,,,, +51-208,51,chanpagn,,,champagne,,,,250dc31463566dc096870e5b15232e68,,,,,,,,, +51-209,51,ling,,,line,,,,7e14fe19360a5144a6ce466768346d65,,,,,,,,, +51-210,51,fò,,,strong/powerful,,,,196fd7651be6830dd0ef0730d9f32313,,,,,,,,, +51-211,51,vré,,,true,,,,3ce4f0111f2191a19770a5c2525beef6,,,,,,,,, +51-212,51,sésé,,,sister,,,,6b19402637127d9b409a240c08348180,,,,,,,,, +51-213,51,zo,,,bone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +51-214,51,chè,,,expensive,,,,b725f8771f4c42eb28a968ee986bd1ac,,,,,,,,, +51-215,51,jou,,,day,,,,e940d2ef69f46550a568975ccbb775a0,,,,,,,,, +51-216,51,ravet,,,cockroach,,,,075c1c35590879e2a417f4819788a217,,,,,,,,, +51-217,51,halé,,,pull,,,,5bcb27b17907add7d5942e01d39922db,,,,,,,,, +51-218,51,lou,,,heavy,,,,8d39b9a1eef65f84536b99ee781d6c98,,,,,,,,, +51-219,51,yanm,,,yam,,,,d7bc136f414647df8809184f5b294f66,,,,,,,,, +51-220,51,wè,,,see,,,,5ab14f4481c4cb37d6a5e033083aaf71,,,,,,,,, +51-221,51,diri,,,rice,,,,f52a6c2c4819d55cc007096426f878b5,,,,,,,,, +51-222,51,pé,,,can,,,,976845808eefeae88ace6b6f2e5a06da,,,,,,,,, +51-223,51,pè,,,afraid,,,,bdaf8ea347665cdc215a49a382bdaf40,,,,,,,,, +51-224,51,pa,,,not,,,,e210716ff36091886127d2e4327d3654,,,,,,,,, +51-225,51,pò,,,harbour,,,,4690a6a810d1d22c3c66d042eb35671a,,,,,,,,, +51-226,51,fo,,,false,,,,cd30591d22e03c65498bc22bf0561396,,,,,,,,, +51-227,51,pou,,,"louse, lice",,,,6bac98226f74282ba135a076cd67c701,,,,,,,,, +51-228,51,ju,,,juice,,,,5cb000cc8720b69bad9c77587439090b,,,,,,,,, +51-229,51,pen,,,bread,,,,f71a39185e2a3577860232ac5a43e30c,,,,,,,,, +51-230,51,san,,,blood,,,,7938d8366e800b139db637f2c65a6d3f,,,,,,,,, +51-231,51,pon,,,bridge,,,,3a0aaa5f2ee13881b3a5fd19b7c80e94,,,,,,,,, +51-232,51,zeu,,,egg,,,,6310f0b0bbf70adf1d09489d346fe1aa,,,,,,,,, +51-233,51,geul,,,mouth,,,,8759571305dc54bd809997f829bc71c5,,,,,,,,, +51-234,51,luil,,,oil,,,,323177bd76a6378ff321c7cee66f38d7,,,,,,,,, +51-235,51,lundi,,,monday,,,,cc9a0fded6a87ebbac4ec8f8b61de5d7,,,,,,,,, +47-240,47,pèrkurá,,,to take care of,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-241,47,kònòlchi,,,radish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-242,47,dibidibi,,,dividivi tree (Caesalpinia coriaria),,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-243,47,trabou,,,work,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-244,47,despensa,,,apology,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-245,47,lagadishi,,,lizard,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-246,47,chapi,,,hoe / hoe blade used as musical instrument,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-247,47,djaka,,,rat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-248,47,fada,,,"be bored, be fed up",,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-249,47,vota,,,to vote,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-250,47,bals,,,chewing-gum,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-251,47,zoya,,,"to swing, to rock",,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-252,47,shinishi,,,ashes,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-253,47,zjozjolí,,,sweet made from sesame,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-254,47,lèg,,,to lie down,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-255,47,muhé,,,woman,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-256,47,midi,,,measure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-257,47,nada,,,nothing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-258,47,ñetu,,,grandchild,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-259,47,bòn,,,good,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-260,47,ruman,,,sibling,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-261,47,lubidá,,,to forget,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-262,47,yabi,,,key,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-263,47,wega,,,game,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-264,47,stima,,,to love,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-265,47,hür,,,to rent,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-266,47,debe,,,debt,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-267,47,prèkè,,,safety-pin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-268,47,òrgel,,,organ,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-269,47,papia,,,to speak,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-270,47,kurpa,,,body,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-271,47,ohochi,,,twin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-272,47,pòtmòni,,,wallet,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-167,3,pɛ́pɛ,,,pepper,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-168,3,kési,,,coffin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-169,3,bígi,,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-170,3,tú,,,two,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-171,3,dú,,,do,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-172,3,kwéfa,,,baby's cap,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-173,3,gí,,,give,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-174,3,tjái,,,carry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-175,3,djái,,,yard,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-176,3,fája,,,fire,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-177,3,véntu,,,wind,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-178,3,súsu,,,shoe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-179,3,zonká,,,charcoal,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-180,3,héi,,,high,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-181,3,kámba,,,room,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-182,3,véntu,,,wind,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-183,3,njúnju,,,new,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-184,3,zonká,,,charcoal,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-185,3,lépi,,,ripe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-186,3,jési,,,ear,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-187,3,wósu,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-188,3,ɓía,,,beard,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-189,3,lín,,,long fishing line,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-190,3,jési,,,ear,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-191,3,tén,,,time,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-192,3,ɓɛ,,,red,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-193,3,fɛn,,,tear off,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-194,3,ɓía,,,beard,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-195,3,daán,,,rum,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-196,3,tú,,,two,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-197,3,puún,,,fart [v],,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-198,3,gó,,,go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-199,3,fón,,,beat up,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-200,3,fɔ́,,,four,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-201,3,kpan,,,cut off,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-202,3,gbɔlɔ,,,lukewarm,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-203,3,hɔn,,,uproot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-204,3,uwii,,,hair,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-205,3,mujɛɛ,,,woman,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-206,3,ɓaaku,,,hole,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-207,3,duumi,,,sleep,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-208,3,wooko,,,work,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-209,3,gwamba,,,meat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-210,3,ahwámáun,,,shoulder,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-211,3,ɓɛ,,,red,,,,,,,,,,,,, +3-212,3,ɗí,,,the,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-165,14,spin,,,spin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-166,14,skin,,,skin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-167,14,pin,,,pin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-168,14,bin,,,bin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-169,14,stop,,,stop,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-170,14,top,,,top,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-171,14,keg,,,keg,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-172,14,get,,,get,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-173,14,oh-oh!,,,oh-oh!,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-174,14,chip,,,chip,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-175,14,judge,,,judge,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-176,14,fine,,,fine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-177,14,vine,,,vine,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-178,14,those,,,those,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-179,14,sock,,,sock,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-180,14,zipper,,,zipper,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-181,14,ship,,,ship,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-182,14,measure,,,measure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-183,14,hat,,,hat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-184,14,moon,,,moon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-185,14,note,,,note,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-186,14,song,,,song,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-187,14,butter,,,butter,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-188,14,lake,,,lake,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-189,14,use,,,use,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-190,14,wish,,,wish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-191,14,feet,,,feet,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-192,14,bean,,,bean,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-193,14,fit,,,fit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-194,14,fate,,,fate,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-195,14,tame,,,tame,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-196,14,bet,,,bet,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-197,14,pen,,,pen,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-198,14,map,,,map,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-199,14,padded (vowel in suffix),,,padded,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-200,14,about,,,about,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-201,14,boot,,,boot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-202,14,spoon,,,spoon,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-203,14,bush,,,bush,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-204,14,open,,,open,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-205,14,only,,,only,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-206,14,caught,,,caught,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-207,14,pot,,,pot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-208,14,thing,,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-209,14,bead,,,bead,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-210,14,made,,,made,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-211,14,bed,,,bed,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-212,14,pad,,,pad,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-213,14,tube,,,tube,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-214,14,code,,,code,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-215,14,log,,,log,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-216,14,pod,,,pod,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-132,61,palish,,,porridge,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-133,61,kala,,,cry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-134,61,phakati,,,inside,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-135,61,bamba,,,catch,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-136,61,thula,,,be quiet (IMP),,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-137,61,thanda,,,to love,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-138,61,doba,,,to fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-139,61,khala,,,to cry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-140,61,gula,,,to be sick,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-141,61,chela,,,to tell,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-142,61,jiga,,,"to turn, to dance",,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-143,61,fana,,,like,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-144,61,vula,,,open,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-145,61,sula,,,to wipe,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-146,61,zala,,,to be born,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-147,61,shaya,,,to beat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-148,61,idla,,,eat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-149,61,hamba,,,to go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-150,61,mama,,,mother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-151,61,namhla,,,today,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-152,61,tenga,,,to buy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-153,61,radishi,,,radish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-154,61,lambile,,,hungry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-155,61,yeka,,,"to leave, to yield",,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-156,61,wena,,,you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-157,61,idla,,,to eat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-158,61,enza,,,to do,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-159,61,lala,,,to sleep,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-160,61,mubi,,,bad,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-161,61,bopa,,,to tie,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-162,61,mbila,,,maize,,,,,,,,,,,,, +61-163,61,hlala,,,"to stay, sit",,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-198,18,put,,,to put,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-199,18,gon,,,gun,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-200,18,kuk,,,to cook,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-201,18,tchuk,,,to pierce,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-202,18,dsham,,,scarcity,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-203,18,fam,,,farm,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-204,18,vot,,,to vote,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-205,18,si,,,to see,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-206,18,zip,,,to zip,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-207,18,shem,,,shame,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-208,18,hama,,,hammer,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-209,18,man,,,man,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-210,18,nek,,,neck,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-211,18,nyus,,,news,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-212,18,ting,,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-213,18,riva,,,river,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-214,18,long,,,long,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-215,18,big,,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-216,18,yam,,,yam,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-217,18,wan,,,one,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-218,18,si,,,to see,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-219,18,tek,,,to take,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-220,18,de,,,there,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-221,18,fada,,,father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-222,18,put,,,to put,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-223,18,ti,,,tea,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-224,18,lo,,,low,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-225,18,god,,,God,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-226,18,mbanga,,,palm-kernel,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-227,18,dig,,,to dig,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-207,71,pilikia,,,trouble,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-208,71,kela,,,that,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-209,71,bia,,,beer,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-210,71,tera,,,that,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-211,71,dala,,,money,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-212,71,'a'ole,,,NEG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-213,71,ɸuɸu,,,angry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-214,71,sifa,,,chee fah (a kind of gambling ticket),,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-215,71,sifa,,,chee fah (a kind of gambling ticket),,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-216,71,hele,,,go,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-217,71,momona,,,fat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-218,71,nana,,,look,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-219,71,tera,,,that,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-220,71,kara,,,money,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-221,71,lauoho,,,hair,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-222,71,iaia,,,3SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-223,71,wau,,,1SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-224,71,inaha,,,break,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-225,71,make,,,dead,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-226,71,eha,,,painful,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-227,71,makemake,,,want,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-228,71,ala,,,road,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-229,71,ua,,,rain,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-230,71,o,,,of,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-231,71,pi mai,,,come,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-232,71,bēbē,,,baby,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-233,71,hūhū,,,angry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +71-234,71,pō,,,night,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-198,34,papé,,,father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-199,34,bebé,,,to drink,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-200,34,mama,,,breast,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-201,34,mbera,,,"sun deck, veranda",,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-202,34,mpinycu,,,eczema,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-203,34,cor,,,mourning,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-204,34,ntendé,,,understand,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-205,34,ndoriña,,,swallow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-206,34,konkoloñc,,,uvula,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-207,34,ñotá,,,to parade,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-208,34,ñjujá,,,to mend (a rope),,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-209,34,jobé,,,to look at,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-210,34,ŋkuñá,,,to lean with one's back against something,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-211,34,ŋolí,,,to look at someone from the corner of one's eye,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-212,34,ŋgratu,,,ungrateful,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-213,34,jiŋɐŋ,,,ghost sp.,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-214,34,terenu,,,plot of land,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-215,34,daná,,,to damage,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-216,34,nada,,,nothing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-217,34,zeró,,,zero,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-218,34,bixa,,,queue,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-219,34,voté,,,to vote,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-220,34,fomi,,,hunger,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-221,34,rostu,,,face,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-222,34,losa,,,shop,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-223,34,yagu,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-224,34,wamá,,,to cradle (baby in one's arms),,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-225,34,kudadi,,,care,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-226,34,garandi,,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-227,34,sintí,,,to feel,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-228,34,perdé,,,to get lost,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-229,34,lɔpɛ́,,,swaddling clothes,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-230,34,jɔtɔ́,,,fish sp.,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-231,34,susu,,,dirty,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-232,34,buru,,,donkey,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-233,34,fonti,,,spring/well,,,,,,,,,,,,, +34-234,34,saká,,,to accuse someone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-172,36,tamba,,,to fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-173,36,thon,,,ground,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-174,36,baburu,,,kind of fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-175,36,"j̃oki , maj̃a",,,"bee, to bind",,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-176,36,m'puna,,,knee,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-177,36,dôthu,,,two,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-178,36,vitxa,,,arrive,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-179,36,mama,,,mother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-180,36,kai,,,house,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-181,36,dhenga,,,dirt,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-182,36,zina,,,grandmother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-183,36,singô,,,neck,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-184,36,taafa,,,fishing net,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-185,36,yêrê,,,to burn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-186,36,awa,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-278,1,pattu,,,pot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-279,1,krassi,,,itch,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-280,1,búku,,,book,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-281,1,teki,,,take,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-282,1,de,,,be,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-283,1,gretti,,,grate,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-284,1,tjarri,,,carry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-285,1,djompo,,,jump,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-286,1,futu,,,foot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-287,1,awò,,,grandparent,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-288,1,sopu,,,soap,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-289,1,sheki,,,shake,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-290,1,honi,,,honey,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-291,1,moni,,,money,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-292,1,nefi,,,knife,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-293,1,nju,,,new,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-294,1,tingi,,,stink,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-295,1,bronn,,,burn,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-296,1,leri,,,"learn, teach",,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-297,1,jessi,,,ear,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-298,1,wippi,,,whip,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-299,1,wippi,,,whip,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-300,1,hei,,,hare,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-301,1,habi,,,have,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-302,1,nju,,,new,,,,,,,,,,,,, +1-303,1,boli,,,boil,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-202,31,amigu,,,friend,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-203,31,ningen,,,nobody,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-204,31,São Tomé,,,São Tomé,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-205,31,mutu,,,much,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-206,31,piskador,,,fisherman,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-207,31,bóka,,,mouth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-208,31,bikwáyt,,,be quiet,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-209,31,padrinhu,,,god-father,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-210,31,sabidu,,,intelligent,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-211,31,minizu,,,children,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-212,31,kafe,,,coffee,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-213,31,vizinhu,,,neighbour,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-214,31,tres,,,three,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-215,31,merkadu,,,market,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-216,31,dona,,,grandmother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-217,31,piskador,,,fisherman,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-218,31,pasu,,,bird,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-219,31,kuza,,,thing,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-220,31,libru,,,book,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-221,31,vizinhu,,,neighbour,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-222,31,pexi,,,fish,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-223,31,kruja,,,owl,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-224,31,matxu,,,male,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-225,31,fidju,,,son,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-226,31,kaza,,,home,,,,,,,,,,,,, +31-227,31,gosi,,,now,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-133,6,play mas,,,participate in Carnival,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-134,6,krab,,,crab,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-135,6,phagwa,,,Hindu festival,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-136,6,basodi,,,confuse,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-137,6,dhoti,,,"loin cloth, wrapped pants",,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-138,6,Trinbagonian,,,citizen of the twin-island nation of Trinidad and Tobago,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-139,6,tawa,,,baking stone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-140,6,doubles,,,Trinidadian dish: bread with curried chickpea filling,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-141,6,croisee; Quackie,,,"intersection, white man",,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-142,6,ketch,,,catch,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-143,6,gran,,,grandchild,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-144,6,priich,,,preach,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-145,6,channa,,,chickpea,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-146,6,jumbie,,,"ghost, spirit of a dead person",,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-147,6,fete,,,party,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-148,6,vendor,,,"seller, merchant",,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-149,6,saga-boy,,,man who dresses in a stylish manner,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-150,6,zig-zag,,,"unpredictable, unreliable",,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-151,6,shabeen,,,person with light complexion,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-152,6,measure,,,measure,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-153,6,hops bread,,,hops bread,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-154,6,mamaguy,,,tease,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-155,6,nancy story,,,folktale,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-156,6,morning,,,morning (greeting),,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-157,6,rumshop,,,"liquor shop, bar",,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-158,6,letta,,,letter,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-159,6,yard,,,"yard, garden",,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-160,6,wata,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-161,6,happy,,,happy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-162,6,happy,,,happy,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-163,6,pay,,,pay,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-164,6,tear,,,tear,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-165,6,fire,,,fire,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-166,6,walk,,,walk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-167,6,soup,,,soup,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-168,6,fut,,,foot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-169,6,goat,,,goat,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-170,6,walk,,,walk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-171,6,walk,,,walk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-172,6,tiif,,,thief,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-173,6,eight,,,eight,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-174,6,square,,,square,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-175,6,start,,,start,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-176,6,boot,,,boot,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-177,6,low,,,low,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-178,6,force,,,force,,,,,,,,,,,,, +6-179,6,talk,,,talk,,,,,,,,,,,,, +49-405,49,uit [ɥit],,,eight,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-249,24,thaenkyu,,,thank you,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-250,24,them,,,they,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-251,24,baes,,,best,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-252,24,pota,,,taro leaf,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-253,24,kwiin,,,queen,,,,,,,,,,,,, +24-254,24,moomoo,,,beast,,,,,,,,,,,,, +8-234,8,redi,,,ready,,,,,,,,,,,,, +14-217,14,red,,,red,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-228,18,ŋgmbi,,,spirit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-229,18,nsɔ,,,Nso (a place name and language),,,,,,,,,,,,, +18-230,18,ŋkanda,,,skin,,,,,,,,,,,,, +35-306,35,mpon; mpavu,,,bread; roof made of palm leaves,,,,,,,,,,,,, +35-307,35,ndala; ndonkli,,,palm leaf; ideophone of sourness,,,,,,,,,,,,, +35-308,35,ntelu; ntenu,,,burial; pan,,,,,,,,,,,,, +35-309,35,ngandu; ngembu; nganha,,,shark; bat; to arrive,,,,,,,,,,,,, +35-310,35,nkome,,,blow with the fist,,,,,,,,,,,,, +35-311,35,nfenu,,,hell,,,,,,,,,,,,, +35-312,35,nzali; nzolo; nzuku,,,worm; fishhook; faeces,,,,,,,,,,,,, +73-155,73,kuchillu,,,knife,,,,,,,,,,,,, +35-313,35,njenson; njinzu,,,injection; fasting,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-178,72,partaj,,,climb,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-179,72,kutij,,,stand,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-180,72,ngapuju,,,father's mother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-181,72,turrp,,,poke,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-182,72,kutij,,,stand,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-183,72,partaj,,,climb,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-184,72,partaj,,,climb,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-185,72,partaj,,,climb,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-186,72,partaj,,,climb,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-187,72,kutij,,,stand,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-188,72,folou,,,follow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-189,72,folou,,,follow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-190,72,dat,,,the,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-191,72,jidan,,,sit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-192,72,jidan,,,sit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-193,72,dat,,,the,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-194,72,martiya,,,bush gum,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-195,72,nalija,,,tea,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-196,72,ngakparn,,,frog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-197,72,nyarrulu,,,they,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-198,72,ngapulu,,,milk/breast,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-199,72,rarraj,,,run,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-200,72,rarraj,,,run,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-201,72,nalija,,,tea,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-202,72,ngarlaka,,,head,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-203,72,kalyja,,,shallow,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-204,72,warlaku,,,dog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-205,72,pirlpirlji,,,grasshopper,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-206,72,leg,,,leg,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-207,72,kap,,,cup,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-208,72,warlaku,,,dog,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-209,72,ngapulu,,,milk/breast,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-210,72,putim,,,put,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-211,72,talwan,,,tall,,,,,,,,,,,,, +72-212,72,dat,,,the,,,,,,,,,,,,, +28-225,28,rekti,,,right,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-273,47,wendrùif,,,grape,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-187,36,kwin,,,ten,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-188,36,sikêvê,,,to write,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-189,36,sikêvê,,,to write,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-190,36,theku,,,dry,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-191,36,thudhu,,,dirty,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-192,36,thô,,,only,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-193,36,thono,,,sleep,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-194,36,awa,,,water,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-195,36,ũa,,,one,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-196,36,pega,,,nail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-197,36,zina,,,grandmother,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-198,36,ngai,,,big,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-199,36,mpêlu,,,turkey,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-200,36,ndatxi,,,root,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-201,36,ngaba,,,praise,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-202,36,ndjibela,,,pocket,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-203,36,alê,,,king,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-204,36,txororo,,,small,,,,,,,,,,,,, +36-205,36,mbedha,,,table,,,,,,,,,,,,, +43-168,43,koelyu,,,rabbit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +16-226,16,ɕit,,,shit,,,,,,,,,,,,, +38-216,38,pátu,,,bird,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-274,56,mannyen,,,"kind, manner",,,,,,,,,,,,, +55-261,55,vaṅde,,,sell,,,,,,,,,,,,, +38-217,38,pátu,,,bird,,,,,,,,,,,,, +38-218,38,déntʃi,,,tooth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +38-219,38,ke:sé,,,grow up,,,,,,,,,,,,, +38-220,38,pátu,,,bird,,,,,,,,,,,,, +38-221,38,déntʃi,,,tooth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +38-222,38,ke:sé,,,grow up,,,,,,,,,,,,, +38-223,38,ke:sé,,,grow up,,,,,,,,,,,,, +38-224,38,déntʃi,,,tooth,,,,,,,,,,,,, +70-106,70,ham,,,1SG,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-250,37,uɓuɗu,,,stone,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-251,37,pilha,,,a lot of,,,,,,,,,,,,, +9-240,9,prizn,,,prison,,,,,,,,,,,,, +37-252,37,maj̃a,,,craftiness,,,,,,,,,,,,, +47-274,47,ũj̃a,,,nail,,,,,,,,,,,,, +56-275,56,froder,,,thief,,,,,,,,,,,,, +60-205,60,Bilóko óyo kit´ko,Bilóko\tóyo\tkit´ko,things\tDEM\tnice,This food is nice.,,,,,constructed by linguist,,,,,,,15809, diff --git a/cldf/languages.csv b/cldf/languages.csv index f1eca4a..72dc338 100644 --- a/cldf/languages.csv +++ b/cldf/languages.csv @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ -ID,Name,Macroarea,Latitude,Longitude,Glottocode,ISO639P3code,Description,Data_Contributor_ID,Survey_Contributor_ID,Survey_Title,Source,Ethnologue_Name,Glossed_Text_PDF,Glossed_Text_Audio,Metadata,Region,Default_Lect_ID -1,Early Sranan,,5.833333,-55.6,sran1240,,"Over the years multiple historical documents in and on the English-base creole language of Suriname known as Sranan or Sranantongo have been uncovered, resulting in a substantial digitized corpus of eighteenth-century texts. These texts, stored in the Suriname Creole Archive at the Radboud University, Nijmegen, provide a unique window on the Sranan language as it was spoken in the eighteenth century, that is, at earlier stages of its development. In several historical sources phonological, grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic differences between varieties of the creole language are acknowledged, and some varieties appear to have been so different that they are known under distinct names. For example, in Schumann’s Sranan–German dictionary of 1783, we find references to Plantasi tongo (Plantation language), Foto tongo (City language), Ningre tongo (Black’s language) as well as English tongo (English language). Early Sranan is used as cover term for these 18th century creole varieties. Detailed comparisons of the historical creole data with their equivalents in contemporary varieties of Sranantongo and the Surinamese Maroon languages have further refined our understanding of language variation and language change in Early Sranan. The default lect documented in APiCS is the variety of Early Sranan that was used for interethnic out-group communication. When available, examples of diachronic, social, stylistic and geographical variation are included.",vandenbergmargotc bruynadrienne,vandenbergmargotc smithnorvalsh,"Early Sranan. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1044;11;1218;1219;1355;1357;1422;1437;1519;1520;1521;1522;1527;1576;181;183;185;186;187;188;190;191;192;193;194;310;313;314;449;524;53;54;55;56;625;1876[survey],,a9e3060ff8c20a905525e265c7c565b2,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Ningri tongo (18th century)"", ""Other names"": ""Bastert Engels, Neeger Engels (18th c. Dutch; obsolete, pejorative)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 55,000 \u00a0in 1783 (L1 as well as L2)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""European (Dutch, Portuguese, etc.); West African (Kwa, Kikongo, etc.); Amerindian (Arawakan; Cariban)"", ""Location"": ""Suriname"", ""Official language of 18th-century Suriname"": ""Dutch""}",Caribbean, +ID,Name,Macroarea,Latitude,Longitude,Glottocode,ISO639P3code,Description,Data_Contributor_ID,Survey_Contributor_ID,Survey_Title,Source,Ethnologue_Name,Glossed_Text_PDF,Glossed_Text_Audio,Metadata,Region,Default_Lect_ID,Lexifier +1,Early Sranan,,5.833333,-55.6,sran1240,,"Over the years multiple historical documents in and on the English-base creole language of Suriname known as Sranan or Sranantongo have been uncovered, resulting in a substantial digitized corpus of eighteenth-century texts. These texts, stored in the Suriname Creole Archive at the Radboud University, Nijmegen, provide a unique window on the Sranan language as it was spoken in the eighteenth century, that is, at earlier stages of its development. In several historical sources phonological, grammatical, semantic, and pragmatic differences between varieties of the creole language are acknowledged, and some varieties appear to have been so different that they are known under distinct names. For example, in Schumann’s Sranan–German dictionary of 1783, we find references to Plantasi tongo (Plantation language), Foto tongo (City language), Ningre tongo (Black’s language) as well as English tongo (English language). Early Sranan is used as cover term for these 18th century creole varieties. Detailed comparisons of the historical creole data with their equivalents in contemporary varieties of Sranantongo and the Surinamese Maroon languages have further refined our understanding of language variation and language change in Early Sranan. The default lect documented in APiCS is the variety of Early Sranan that was used for interethnic out-group communication. When available, examples of diachronic, social, stylistic and geographical variation are included.",vandenbergmargotc bruynadrienne,vandenbergmargotc smithnorvalsh,"Early Sranan. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1044;11;1218;1219;1355;1357;1422;1437;1519;1520;1521;1522;1527;1576;181;183;185;186;187;188;190;191;192;193;194;310;313;314;449;524;53;54;55;56;625;1876[survey],,a9e3060ff8c20a905525e265c7c565b2,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Ningri tongo (18th century)"", ""Other names"": ""Bastert Engels, Neeger Engels (18th c. Dutch; obsolete, pejorative)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 55,000 \u00a0in 1783 (L1 as well as L2)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""European (Dutch, Portuguese, etc.); West African (Kwa, Kikongo, etc.); Amerindian (Arawakan; Cariban)"", ""Location"": ""Suriname"", ""Official language of 18th-century Suriname"": ""Dutch""}",Caribbean,,English 10,San Andres Creole English,,13.35,-81.366669,sana1297,icr,"San Andres Creole English is spoken in the archipelago of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina, Colombia, by no more but possibly considerably fewer than 20,000 speakers. The language is also spoken by diaspora communities located, most importantly, in mainland Colombia and, in second place, on the Central American Caribbean Coast, especially in Panama, and in the United States. The numbers of speakers and the extent to which the language is maintained in the diaspora is not known. The two main varieties of the language are San Andres Creole proper (or Saintandrewan, as language activists call it) and Providence Creole English. At first sight, the distinguishing criterion appears to be geographical. However, we are dealing with structurally distinct varieties, and I believe that sociolectal variation in terms of a hypothetical creole continuum constitutes an even more important criterion: Providence Creole English is clearly a more acrolectal variety of Western Caribbean Creole English than San Andres Creole English. Unless otherwise specified, basilectal San Andres Creole English, i.e., the creole of the island of San Andres, constitutes the default lect described here. Occasionally, reference is being made to Providence Creole English and a written lect ocurring in the very few teaching materials devised for San Andres Creole English. -San Andres Creole English constitutes a minority as well as a minorized language on the island. Over the past fifteen years, the little presence it had in the media has faded away and efforts by the Colombian Ministry of Education to start a nation-wide move towards bilingual education in Spanish and (Standard) English in San Andres and Providence further jeopardizes the timid pro-creole action taken since the 1980s and especially during the 1990s. Providence Creole English speakers never really embraced the idea of their creole being an autonomous variety, let alone a distinct language. I consider both San Andres and Providence Creole English to be more or less highly endangered.",bartensangela,bartensangela,"San Andres Creole English. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",113;1224;1581;1601;243;416;726;727;984;1912[survey],Islander Creole English,3081dc1f5d3643cc21913e3d96342fcb,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Saintandrewan"", ""Other names"": ""San Andres Creole English , Islander Creole English, Bende 1"", ""Number of speakers"": ""20,000\u201330,000? 2"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Western Kwa languages, especially Twi-Fante"", ""Location"": ""San Andres, Providence, and diaspora communities in continental Colombia, the Central American Caribbean Coast, especially Panama, and the United States"", ""Official languages of the Colombian Department of San Andres, Providence and Santa Catalina"": ""Spanish and English""}",Caribbean, -1021,Sranan (Dutch-influenced),,5.833333,-55,,,,,,,1604;1609,,,,{},,2 -1071,Vincentian Creole (Mesolectal variety),,13.133333,-61.216667,,,,,,,,,,,{},,7 -1081,Jamaican (Jamaican Mesolect),,18,-77.5,,,,,,,,,,,{},,8 +San Andres Creole English constitutes a minority as well as a minorized language on the island. Over the past fifteen years, the little presence it had in the media has faded away and efforts by the Colombian Ministry of Education to start a nation-wide move towards bilingual education in Spanish and (Standard) English in San Andres and Providence further jeopardizes the timid pro-creole action taken since the 1980s and especially during the 1990s. Providence Creole English speakers never really embraced the idea of their creole being an autonomous variety, let alone a distinct language. I consider both San Andres and Providence Creole English to be more or less highly endangered.",bartensangela,bartensangela,"San Andres Creole English. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",113;1224;1581;1601;243;416;726;727;984;1912[survey],Islander Creole English,3081dc1f5d3643cc21913e3d96342fcb,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Saintandrewan"", ""Other names"": ""San Andres Creole English , Islander Creole English, Bende 1"", ""Number of speakers"": ""20,000\u201330,000? 2"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Western Kwa languages, especially Twi-Fante"", ""Location"": ""San Andres, Providence, and diaspora communities in continental Colombia, the Central American Caribbean Coast, especially Panama, and the United States"", ""Official languages of the Colombian Department of San Andres, Providence and Santa Catalina"": ""Spanish and English""}",Caribbean,,English +1021,Sranan (Dutch-influenced),,5.833333,-55,,,,,,,1604;1609,,,,{},,2,English +1071,Vincentian Creole (Mesolectal variety),,13.133333,-61.216667,,,,,,,,,,,{},,7,English +1081,Jamaican (Jamaican Mesolect),,18,-77.5,,,,,,,,,,,{},,8,English 11,Nicaraguan Creole English,,12,-83.75,nica1251,bzk,"Nicaraguan Creole English (or Miskito Coast Creole English) is spoken as a first language by several groups of people: ethnic Creoles, the Rama, Nicaraguan Garifuna, and some Miskitos, and as a second language by other Miskitos and some Mestizos. It is mainly spoken (nowadays as a minority language) in the two Nicaraguan Autonomous Regions of the Atlantic Coast but also elsewhere in Nicaragua, the United States, and other small diaspora communities. Estimates of speaker numbers vary between 35,000 and 50,000. Nicaraguan Creole English can be considered one of the oldest English-based varieties in the Americas. Belizean Creole constitutes a direct off-shoot of Nicaraguan Creole English which, on the other hand, has undergone influence from several other Western Caribbean Creoles, obscuring the genetic relationships of the creoles of the region in question. @@ -16,146 +16,146 @@ Speakers themselves identify at least the variants of Bluefields, the Corn Islan The default lect in APiCS is constituted by data gathered in Bluefields and surrounding locations in 2006-2007. It appears quite clear that Nicaraguan Creole English constitutes a genuine instance of decreolization when compared to materials collected in the early 1970s. -Unless otherwise specified, all examples in APiCS were recorded in Nicaragua in 2006-2007 (see Nicaragua project recordings CD).",bartensangela,bartensangela,"Nicaraguan Creole English. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1054;113;115;116;1184;636;638;1903[survey],Nicaragua Creole English,4a8d010ca97f673e3e448a8e380f12b4,09609ad2f0e0b6a36c5b33bfb571eba3,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Creole"", ""Other name"": ""Miskito Coast Creole English"", ""Number of speakers"": ""35,000\u201350,000 first-language speakers"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Western Kwa languages, especially Twi-Fante"", ""Location"": ""Autonomous Regions of the Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast; diaspora communities in Nicaragua (Managua) and the United States"", ""Official language of Nicaragua"": ""Spanish""}",Caribbean, -1161,Ghanaian Pidgin English (Student Pidgin),,5.558582,-0.20874,,,,,,,656,,,,{},,16 -1162,Ghanaian Pidgin English (Acrolectal Ghanaian Pidgin English),,5.558582,-0.20874,,,,,,,656,,,,{},,16 -12,Bahamian Creole,,25.053879,-77.33963,baha1260,bah,"Bahamian Creole (locally termed “Dialect”) is spoken by about 250,000 speakers in The Commonwealth of The Bahamas and by an unknown number of speakers constituting a small diaspora community in the United States (Florida). It may be classified as an “intermediate creole” (Winford 1992: 314) with close historical links with Gullah (Hackert & Huber 2007). The variety described in APiCS (default lect) is urban Bahamian Creole as currently spoken in the capital, Nassau. Even though Bahamians themselves often claim that “Nassau people don’t speak the Dialect,” this variety must be considered most representative of the creole at large, as roughly two thirds of all Bahamians now reside in Nassau. The data were recorded by myself in sociolinguistic interviews with mostly working-class speakers in the late 1990s. I also elicited a number of examples from five highly educated bidialectal speakers with the help of Dahl’s tense-mood-aspect questionnaire (1985). Finally, I drew on Holm & Shilling (1982).",hackertstephanie,hackertstephanie,"Bahamian Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1224;1268;1392;1581;1601;1607;316;405;554;587;634;726;727;729;984;1862[survey],Bahamas Creole English,1ef51a42c91d0ec24f22a82c78f9b032,d863a469ceb3a64051ef8df649033f36,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""(Bahamian) Dialect, Bahamianese"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 250,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""unknown"", ""Location"": ""Bahamas and diaspora communities in the United States (Florida)"", ""Official language of The Commonwealth of The Bahamas"": ""English"", ""Other languages spoken"": ""Haitian Creole""}",North America, -1201,Chinese Pidgin English (European),,23.079733,113.334961,,,,,,,1310;1481;1483;1650;350;389;613;838;99,,,,{},,20 -1251,Kriol (Roper River Lect),,-14.833333,135,,,,,,,1026;39,,,,{},,25 +Unless otherwise specified, all examples in APiCS were recorded in Nicaragua in 2006-2007 (see Nicaragua project recordings CD).",bartensangela,bartensangela,"Nicaraguan Creole English. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1054;113;115;116;1184;636;638;1903[survey],Nicaragua Creole English,4a8d010ca97f673e3e448a8e380f12b4,09609ad2f0e0b6a36c5b33bfb571eba3,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Creole"", ""Other name"": ""Miskito Coast Creole English"", ""Number of speakers"": ""35,000\u201350,000 first-language speakers"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Western Kwa languages, especially Twi-Fante"", ""Location"": ""Autonomous Regions of the Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast; diaspora communities in Nicaragua (Managua) and the United States"", ""Official language of Nicaragua"": ""Spanish""}",Caribbean,,English +1161,Ghanaian Pidgin English (Student Pidgin),,5.558582,-0.20874,,,,,,,656,,,,{},,16,English +1162,Ghanaian Pidgin English (Acrolectal Ghanaian Pidgin English),,5.558582,-0.20874,,,,,,,656,,,,{},,16,English +12,Bahamian Creole,,25.053879,-77.33963,baha1260,bah,"Bahamian Creole (locally termed “Dialect”) is spoken by about 250,000 speakers in The Commonwealth of The Bahamas and by an unknown number of speakers constituting a small diaspora community in the United States (Florida). It may be classified as an “intermediate creole” (Winford 1992: 314) with close historical links with Gullah (Hackert & Huber 2007). The variety described in APiCS (default lect) is urban Bahamian Creole as currently spoken in the capital, Nassau. Even though Bahamians themselves often claim that “Nassau people don’t speak the Dialect,” this variety must be considered most representative of the creole at large, as roughly two thirds of all Bahamians now reside in Nassau. The data were recorded by myself in sociolinguistic interviews with mostly working-class speakers in the late 1990s. I also elicited a number of examples from five highly educated bidialectal speakers with the help of Dahl’s tense-mood-aspect questionnaire (1985). Finally, I drew on Holm & Shilling (1982).",hackertstephanie,hackertstephanie,"Bahamian Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1224;1268;1392;1581;1601;1607;316;405;554;587;634;726;727;729;984;1862[survey],Bahamas Creole English,1ef51a42c91d0ec24f22a82c78f9b032,d863a469ceb3a64051ef8df649033f36,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""(Bahamian) Dialect, Bahamianese"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 250,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""unknown"", ""Location"": ""Bahamas and diaspora communities in the United States (Florida)"", ""Official language of The Commonwealth of The Bahamas"": ""English"", ""Other languages spoken"": ""Haitian Creole""}",North America,,English +1201,Chinese Pidgin English (European),,23.079733,113.334961,,,,,,,1310;1481;1483;1650;350;389;613;838;99,,,,{},,20,English +1251,Kriol (Roper River Lect),,-14.833333,135,,,,,,,1026;39,,,,{},,25,English 13,Gullah,,31,-81.5,gull1241,gul,"Gullah, also known as Geechee, is primarily an oral and rural phenomenon. It is largely confined to a corridor along the coast of Southeastern North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Northeastern Florida in the United States. There is a small diaspora elsewhere in Florida and in Texas. Gullah is in a continuum relation with surrounding varieties of American English. It is not part of any official census and functions primarily in a close-knit community so that it is difficult to come up with precise speaker numbers. There are quite certainly no more than 10,000 monolinguals, but perhaps as many as a couple hundred thousand persons with some competency in the language in addition to varieties of English. The basilectal end of the spectrum is the default lect documented in APiCS. Linguistic material for the default lect description is taken mainly from Turner (1949) but also from Cunningham (1992) and the 2005 New Testament translation (De Nyew Testament). Data from the works of Hopkins (1994), Mufwene (2004), and Weldon (2003) were used as well, supplemented by examples from the author’s field research. Acknowledgements -I am grateful to the APiCS editors for critical peer commentary and to the Faculty Development Committee at Georgia Southern University for financial support to participate in the First APiCS Conference (5-8 November 2009).",kleinthomasb,kleinthomasb,"Gullah. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1000;1001;1003;1005;1059;1060;1282;1447;1449;1500;1572;1573;1581;1687;226;227;328;329;330;357;560;604;638;651;685;719;915;981;984;992;994;998;999;1883[survey],Sea Island Creole English,287b403d219a8018158d142b4ca15f82,8578b06e6b040ebca1ce16ef3d6fa5b7,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Gullah, Geechee, \u201cbroken English\u201d"", ""Other name"": ""Sea Island Creole"", ""Number of speakers"": ""no more than ca. 10,000 monolinguals"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Fula, Kongo, Mende, Vai, Yoruba"", ""Location"": ""SE corner of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and NE corner of Florida; Sea Islands and adjacent coastal areas"", ""Official language of the United States"": ""English (de facto)""}",North America, -1301,Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago (acrolect (close to Portuguese)),,15.083333,-22.616667,,,,,,,106,,,,{},,30 -1331,Guinea-Bissau Kriyol (older generation),,11.9,-15,,,,,,,,,,,{},,33 -1332,Guinea-Bissau Kriyol (acrolect),,11.9,-15,,,,,,,,,,,{},,33 -1333,Guinea-Bissau Kriyol (basilect),,11.9,-15,,,,,,,,,,,{},,33 -1371,Principense (younger generation),,1.616667,7.366667,,,,,,,905,,,,{},,37 -1391,Diu Indo-Portuguese (older lect),,20.713087,70.984726,,,,,,,221,,,,{},,39 -14,African American English,,37.282795,-85.12207,afri1269,,"African American English is spoken by some, not all, African Americans in the United States, as well as by some non-African Americans who have close contact with African American English-speaking communities. The many speakers who use the variety are on a continuum ranging from those for who use it as their native variety to those who use a limited subset of African American English patterns in limited contexts. The grammatical patterns of African American English are uniform across African American English-speaking communities; however, there may be regional variation across varieties, especially in the sound patterns. African American English, an oral variety, is commonly studied such that descriptions of patterns and constructions associated with it have been described although there are no formal grammars or conventions for representing or writing the variety. The default lect represented in APiCS is based on data from adolescents and adult speakers in an African American English-speaking community in southwestern Louisiana. Some examples were also taken from published works on African American English if they were used by speakers in the Louisiana community.",greenlisa,greenlisa,"African American English. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1002;1228;1283;1464;1496;1686;1804;398;419;465;535;576;606;68;834;855;892;893;984;989;1858[survey],< English,8adb7e052e5eb48b085aa34e369eed31,701de2bdf1dd5172dec9200325ad7432,"{""Other names"": ""African American Vernacular English, African American Language, Ebonics"", ""Number of speakers"": ""many millions of speakers"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""various African languages"", ""Location"": ""United States, some diaspora communities"", ""Main languages of the United States"": ""English, Spanish""}",North America, -1431,Batavia Creole (Tugu),,-6.716667,107.183334,,,,,,,906,,,,{},,43 +I am grateful to the APiCS editors for critical peer commentary and to the Faculty Development Committee at Georgia Southern University for financial support to participate in the First APiCS Conference (5-8 November 2009).",kleinthomasb,kleinthomasb,"Gullah. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1000;1001;1003;1005;1059;1060;1282;1447;1449;1500;1572;1573;1581;1687;226;227;328;329;330;357;560;604;638;651;685;719;915;981;984;992;994;998;999;1883[survey],Sea Island Creole English,287b403d219a8018158d142b4ca15f82,8578b06e6b040ebca1ce16ef3d6fa5b7,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Gullah, Geechee, \u201cbroken English\u201d"", ""Other name"": ""Sea Island Creole"", ""Number of speakers"": ""no more than ca. 10,000 monolinguals"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Fula, Kongo, Mende, Vai, Yoruba"", ""Location"": ""SE corner of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and NE corner of Florida; Sea Islands and adjacent coastal areas"", ""Official language of the United States"": ""English (de facto)""}",North America,,English +1301,Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago (acrolect (close to Portuguese)),,15.083333,-22.616667,,,,,,,106,,,,{},,30,Portuguese +1331,Guinea-Bissau Kriyol (older generation),,11.9,-15,,,,,,,,,,,{},,33,Portuguese +1332,Guinea-Bissau Kriyol (acrolect),,11.9,-15,,,,,,,,,,,{},,33,Portuguese +1333,Guinea-Bissau Kriyol (basilect),,11.9,-15,,,,,,,,,,,{},,33,Portuguese +1371,Principense (younger generation),,1.616667,7.366667,,,,,,,905,,,,{},,37,Portuguese +1391,Diu Indo-Portuguese (older lect),,20.713087,70.984726,,,,,,,221,,,,{},,39,Portuguese +14,African American English,,37.282795,-85.12207,afri1269,,"African American English is spoken by some, not all, African Americans in the United States, as well as by some non-African Americans who have close contact with African American English-speaking communities. The many speakers who use the variety are on a continuum ranging from those for who use it as their native variety to those who use a limited subset of African American English patterns in limited contexts. The grammatical patterns of African American English are uniform across African American English-speaking communities; however, there may be regional variation across varieties, especially in the sound patterns. African American English, an oral variety, is commonly studied such that descriptions of patterns and constructions associated with it have been described although there are no formal grammars or conventions for representing or writing the variety. The default lect represented in APiCS is based on data from adolescents and adult speakers in an African American English-speaking community in southwestern Louisiana. Some examples were also taken from published works on African American English if they were used by speakers in the Louisiana community.",greenlisa,greenlisa,"African American English. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1002;1228;1283;1464;1496;1686;1804;398;419;465;535;576;606;68;834;855;892;893;984;989;1858[survey],< English,8adb7e052e5eb48b085aa34e369eed31,701de2bdf1dd5172dec9200325ad7432,"{""Other names"": ""African American Vernacular English, African American Language, Ebonics"", ""Number of speakers"": ""many millions of speakers"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""various African languages"", ""Location"": ""United States, some diaspora communities"", ""Main languages of the United States"": ""English, Spanish""}",North America,,English +1431,Batavia Creole (Tugu),,-6.716667,107.183334,,,,,,,906,,,,{},,43,Portuguese 15,Krio,,8.483333,-13.2,krio1253,kri,"Krio (or Sierra Leone Krio) is used natively primarily by residents of the Western Area Peninsula (including Freetown) and as a lingua franca by more than 4 million of the approximately 5.5 million residents of Sierra Leone in general. It is additionally used as a lingua franca by an indeterminate number of speakers of Sierra Leone origin living outside of Sierra Leone. The default lect documented in APiCS is reflective of standard usage by me and other native Krio speakers residing in Freetown and supported by my and their intuitions as native Krio speakers. Additional examples used in the data set were from a variety of published sources (including A Krio–English dictionary by Clifford Fyle and Eldred Jones, 1980). -The use of Krio in Sierra Leone has become more widespread since it was incorporated into the educational curriculum and is now one of the most popular languages taught in schools. Krio grammar has further been influenced by input from non-native Krio speakers (formerly residents in the provinces, where Krio was used non-natively as a lingua franca) who were displaced by the civil war in the 1990s and resettled in Freetown. Krio became the language used almost exclusively by most of the new Freetown residents who produced some variant Krio grammatical forms (possibly due to transfer from their primary languages) that were incorporated into Krio grammar and now coexist as parallels to the original Krio forms and expressions. The APiCS data do not reflect these variant forms.",finneymalcolmawadajin,finneymalcolmawadajin,"Krio. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1021;1072;1074;1075;1076;1079;1183;1580;253;385;517;518;519;545;601;603;605;606;686;687;1916[survey],Krio,bde0751ab1b19d0a491362c1f01222bc,b1df1e6f245e7dfc8f8f5611c3d4bdd4,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Krio"", ""Number of speakers"": ""Native speakers: approx. 350,000 Use as lingua franca: approx. 4 million"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Yoruba, other West African languages"", ""Location"": ""primarily in Freetown and in other cities in Sierra Leone"", ""Official language of Sierra Leone"": ""English""}",West Africa, -1501,Guadeloupean Creole (older generation),,15.933333,-61.266666,,,,,,,,,,,{},,50 -1521,Guyanais (costal),,3.922142,-51.792297,,,,,,,,,,,{},,52 -1531,Louisiana Creole (old texts),,30.166668,-91.833336,,,,,,,1048;1049;794,,,,{},,53 -1532,Louisiana Creole (geographical (Pointe Coupee)),,30.166668,-91.833336,,,,,,,720;722,,,,{},,53 -1551,Mauritian Creole (Bhojpuri-influenced Mauritian Creole),,-20,58,,,,,,,770,,,,{},,55 -1561,Seychelles Creole (older generation),,-4.75,55.5,,,,,,,,,,,{},,56 -1562,Seychelles Creole (French-influenced),,-4.75,55.5,,,,,,,159,,,,{},,56 -1563,Seychelles Creole (written),,-4.75,55.5,,,,,,,159;763,,,,{},,56 -1591,Sango (written),,5,18,,,,,,,1330,,,,{},,59 -16,Ghanaian Pidgin English,,5.558582,-0.20874,ghan1244,,"Ghanaian Pidgin English is used by roughly a fifth of Ghana’s more than 25 million inhabitants (2012) in a variety of situations. It is a predominantly oral and urban phenomenon, spoken in the south of Ghana, especially in the capital Accra. It is confined to a smaller (though growing) section of society than Pidgin English in other anglophone West African countries, its functional domain is more restricted and the language is more stigmatized. There are two main varieties: ""Uneducated"" Pidgin is associated with the less educated sections of society, while ""educated"" Pidgin (also called ""Student Pidgin"") is usually spoken by Ghanaians who have at least progressed to the upper forms of secondary school. The uneducated variety is the default lect documented in APiCS. This variety can be heard e.g. in the so-called zongos, quarters in the bigger southern cities which are home to migrants from Ghana’s north but also from neighbouring countries like Mali and Burkina Faso. At times, reference is made in the database to alternative structures in Student Pidgin, which is spoken mostly by male speakers in informal settings in the secondary schools and universities, but increasingly also outside these institutions. In one case (Feature 5 ""Order of demonstrative and noun) the database provides information on a more acrolectal variety of the default lect (uneducated Pidgin).",hubermagnus,hubermagnus,"Ghanaian Pidgin English. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1712;385;655;656;657;1880[survey],,865abf00f94869a7fb5c182b5671df73,c195595f41d92ce7263f0b00ab2f875c,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Broken , Pidgin (English) , ( Kru English and the Akan equivalent kroo brofo are both obsolete)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 5 million"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Western Kwa and Gur languages"", ""Location"": ""Ghana"", ""Official languages of Ghana"": ""English (de facto); Akan, Ewe, Dangme, Ga, Nzema, Dagaare, Gonja, Kasem, Dagbani (national languages)""}",West Africa, -1641,Juba Arabic (Arabic interference),,4.266667,31.016666,,,,,,,1089,,,,{},,64 -1642,Juba Arabic (basilectal),,4.266667,31.016666,,,,,,,,,,,{},,64 -1651,Chinese Pidgin Russian (depidginized),,48,134,,,,,,,1195,,,,{},,65 -17,Nigerian Pidgin,,6.358975,5.564575,nige1257,pcm,"With over 75 million speakers, Nigerian Pidgin has become by far the most widely spoken and fastest growing language in Nigeria today. Nigerian Pidgin is the first language, or one of the first languages, learned by tens of millions of people across southern Nigeria and in urban areas throughout the entire country. For those who do not learn Nigerian Pidgin as one of their first languages, it is learned informally as a second language in one or a number of venues for interethnic contact, including marketplaces, workplaces, schools, universities, military and police barracks, etc. Many of those who learn Nigerian Pidgin as one of their first languages, as well as a considerable number of those who learn Nigerian Pidgin as a second language, eventually end up using it as their main language of day-to-day communication. Proficiency in Nigerian Pidgin ranges from the ‘deep’ varieties spoken by those who have learned it as their mother tongue for generations in Warri and Sapele, to varieties heavily influenced by other ancestral Nigerian languages spoken by those who have learned Nigerian Pidgin as a second language and who use it only for trading in the marketplace, to varieties heavily influenced by Standard English spoken by those who have learned Nigerian Pidgin as a second language and who use it only with classmates at university, etc. Unless otherwise specified, the lect of Nigerian Pidgin utilized for the descriptions and examples of features, lexical items, and constructions provided in this work (default lect) is that used by the millions of people who have learned Nigerian Pidgin as a first language and who use it as one of their main languages of daily communication in the metropolitan area of the city of Port Harcourt at the mouth of the delta of the Niger River in the southeast of Nigeria.",faraclasnicholas,faraclasnicholas,"Nigerian Pidgin. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1082;1083;1183;1230;1394;1466;1849;19;20;382;385;459;460;461;462;463;490;606;870;878;915;1904[survey],"Pidgin, Nigerian",64f6c14f326ed250e874b652d9d90120,26d95798abc97cb346c3022122f7850b,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Broken, Pidgin"", ""Number of speakers"": ""approximately 75 million"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""primarily Benue-Kwa languages of the Niger-Congo family"", ""Location"": ""Nigeria and the Nigerian diaspora"", ""Official languages of Nigeria"": ""English, Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba""}",West Africa, -1731,Media Lengua (Imbabura Media Lengua (data Gómez Rendón)),,-1.816667,-78.199997,,,,,,,1038;557,,,,{},,73 -1741,Chinuk Wawa (Grand Ronde CW),,53.700001,-127.73333,,,,,,,673;675,,,,{},,74 +The use of Krio in Sierra Leone has become more widespread since it was incorporated into the educational curriculum and is now one of the most popular languages taught in schools. Krio grammar has further been influenced by input from non-native Krio speakers (formerly residents in the provinces, where Krio was used non-natively as a lingua franca) who were displaced by the civil war in the 1990s and resettled in Freetown. Krio became the language used almost exclusively by most of the new Freetown residents who produced some variant Krio grammatical forms (possibly due to transfer from their primary languages) that were incorporated into Krio grammar and now coexist as parallels to the original Krio forms and expressions. The APiCS data do not reflect these variant forms.",finneymalcolmawadajin,finneymalcolmawadajin,"Krio. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1021;1072;1074;1075;1076;1079;1183;1580;253;385;517;518;519;545;601;603;605;606;686;687;1916[survey],Krio,bde0751ab1b19d0a491362c1f01222bc,b1df1e6f245e7dfc8f8f5611c3d4bdd4,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Krio"", ""Number of speakers"": ""Native speakers: approx. 350,000 Use as lingua franca: approx. 4 million"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Yoruba, other West African languages"", ""Location"": ""primarily in Freetown and in other cities in Sierra Leone"", ""Official language of Sierra Leone"": ""English""}",West Africa,,English +1501,Guadeloupean Creole (older generation),,15.933333,-61.266666,,,,,,,,,,,{},,50,French +1521,Guyanais (costal),,3.922142,-51.792297,,,,,,,,,,,{},,52,French +1531,Louisiana Creole (old texts),,30.166668,-91.833336,,,,,,,1048;1049;794,,,,{},,53,French +1532,Louisiana Creole (geographical (Pointe Coupee)),,30.166668,-91.833336,,,,,,,720;722,,,,{},,53,French +1551,Mauritian Creole (Bhojpuri-influenced Mauritian Creole),,-20,58,,,,,,,770,,,,{},,55,French +1561,Seychelles Creole (older generation),,-4.75,55.5,,,,,,,,,,,{},,56,French +1562,Seychelles Creole (French-influenced),,-4.75,55.5,,,,,,,159,,,,{},,56,French +1563,Seychelles Creole (written),,-4.75,55.5,,,,,,,159;763,,,,{},,56,French +1591,Sango (written),,5,18,,,,,,,1330,,,,{},,59,Other +16,Ghanaian Pidgin English,,5.558582,-0.20874,ghan1244,,"Ghanaian Pidgin English is used by roughly a fifth of Ghana’s more than 25 million inhabitants (2012) in a variety of situations. It is a predominantly oral and urban phenomenon, spoken in the south of Ghana, especially in the capital Accra. It is confined to a smaller (though growing) section of society than Pidgin English in other anglophone West African countries, its functional domain is more restricted and the language is more stigmatized. There are two main varieties: ""Uneducated"" Pidgin is associated with the less educated sections of society, while ""educated"" Pidgin (also called ""Student Pidgin"") is usually spoken by Ghanaians who have at least progressed to the upper forms of secondary school. The uneducated variety is the default lect documented in APiCS. This variety can be heard e.g. in the so-called zongos, quarters in the bigger southern cities which are home to migrants from Ghana’s north but also from neighbouring countries like Mali and Burkina Faso. At times, reference is made in the database to alternative structures in Student Pidgin, which is spoken mostly by male speakers in informal settings in the secondary schools and universities, but increasingly also outside these institutions. In one case (Feature 5 ""Order of demonstrative and noun) the database provides information on a more acrolectal variety of the default lect (uneducated Pidgin).",hubermagnus,hubermagnus,"Ghanaian Pidgin English. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1712;385;655;656;657;1880[survey],,865abf00f94869a7fb5c182b5671df73,c195595f41d92ce7263f0b00ab2f875c,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Broken , Pidgin (English) , ( Kru English and the Akan equivalent kroo brofo are both obsolete)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 5 million"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Western Kwa and Gur languages"", ""Location"": ""Ghana"", ""Official languages of Ghana"": ""English (de facto); Akan, Ewe, Dangme, Ga, Nzema, Dagaare, Gonja, Kasem, Dagbani (national languages)""}",West Africa,,English +1641,Juba Arabic (Arabic interference),,4.266667,31.016666,,,,,,,1089,,,,{},,64,Arabic +1642,Juba Arabic (basilectal),,4.266667,31.016666,,,,,,,,,,,{},,64,Arabic +1651,Chinese Pidgin Russian (depidginized),,48,134,,,,,,,1195,,,,{},,65,Other +17,Nigerian Pidgin,,6.358975,5.564575,nige1257,pcm,"With over 75 million speakers, Nigerian Pidgin has become by far the most widely spoken and fastest growing language in Nigeria today. Nigerian Pidgin is the first language, or one of the first languages, learned by tens of millions of people across southern Nigeria and in urban areas throughout the entire country. For those who do not learn Nigerian Pidgin as one of their first languages, it is learned informally as a second language in one or a number of venues for interethnic contact, including marketplaces, workplaces, schools, universities, military and police barracks, etc. Many of those who learn Nigerian Pidgin as one of their first languages, as well as a considerable number of those who learn Nigerian Pidgin as a second language, eventually end up using it as their main language of day-to-day communication. Proficiency in Nigerian Pidgin ranges from the ‘deep’ varieties spoken by those who have learned it as their mother tongue for generations in Warri and Sapele, to varieties heavily influenced by other ancestral Nigerian languages spoken by those who have learned Nigerian Pidgin as a second language and who use it only for trading in the marketplace, to varieties heavily influenced by Standard English spoken by those who have learned Nigerian Pidgin as a second language and who use it only with classmates at university, etc. Unless otherwise specified, the lect of Nigerian Pidgin utilized for the descriptions and examples of features, lexical items, and constructions provided in this work (default lect) is that used by the millions of people who have learned Nigerian Pidgin as a first language and who use it as one of their main languages of daily communication in the metropolitan area of the city of Port Harcourt at the mouth of the delta of the Niger River in the southeast of Nigeria.",faraclasnicholas,faraclasnicholas,"Nigerian Pidgin. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1082;1083;1183;1230;1394;1466;1849;19;20;382;385;459;460;461;462;463;490;606;870;878;915;1904[survey],"Pidgin, Nigerian",64f6c14f326ed250e874b652d9d90120,26d95798abc97cb346c3022122f7850b,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Broken, Pidgin"", ""Number of speakers"": ""approximately 75 million"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""primarily Benue-Kwa languages of the Niger-Congo family"", ""Location"": ""Nigeria and the Nigerian diaspora"", ""Official languages of Nigeria"": ""English, Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba""}",West Africa,,English +1731,Media Lengua (Imbabura Media Lengua (data Gómez Rendón)),,-1.816667,-78.199997,,,,,,,1038;557,,,,{},,73,Spanish +1741,Chinuk Wawa (Grand Ronde CW),,53.700001,-127.73333,,,,,,,673;675,,,,{},,74,Other 18,Cameroon Pidgin English,,3.383333,9.966667,came1254,wes,"Cameroon Pidgin English is spoken in the Republic of Cameroon and in many diaspora communities, e.g. in France, the UK, Germany, the USA, and South Africa. The number of speakers is difficult to determine as it is spoken by different people with varying degrees of competence: these range from L1 speakers and fluent L2 speakers to people who use it only sporadically as a rudimentary and ad hoc means of communication in trade situations. In Cameroon, in addition to the two official languages French and English, there are approximately 280 indigenous languages spoken at the local level, out of which 7 or 8 as well as Cameroon Pidgin English have attained the status of regional lingua francas. Of these, Cameroon Pidgin English is probably the most important one. All these languages (indigenous and official) exert an influence on Cameroon Pidgin English, and therefore variation in this language is determined by varying degrees of approximation to Cameroon English and to French at the acrolectal end (usually associated with educated speakers in urban environments) and varying degrees of influence from the indigenous languages at the basilectal end (usually associated with less educated speakers and rural areas). The variety taken as the default lect for the features in APiCS ranges between the two ends of this gradatum and is usually described as ‘broad variety’. All examples are either taken from published descriptions of the language (as indicated in the dataset) or constructed with the help of Dr. Balbina Ebong, a native speaker of Cameroon Pidgin English. Acknowledgement: -I would like to thank Dr. Balbina Ebong, who - as a native speaker of Cameroon Pidgin English - crosschecked all constructed examples in this survey",schroderanne,schroderanne,"Cameroon Pidgin English. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1175;125;1343;1344;1345;1346;1347;1487;1488;352;63;908;938;97;1868[survey],"Pidgin, Cameroon",d01c68a56941c1e26851399da2944f9d,f287a7dac36861dc0ecbb44954d8045b,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Kamtok"", ""Other name"": ""Cam(eroon) talk"", ""Number of speakers"": ""unknown"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""French, many indigenous Cameroonian languages"", ""Location"": ""Cameroon and diaspora communities worldwide"", ""Official languages of Cameroon"": ""French, English""}",West Africa, -19,Pichi,,3.754634,8.779449,fern1234,fpe,"Pichi is used as a home or vernacular language by the vast majority of the old-established population of the island of Bioko. It is most often used as a primary home language in the Equatoguinean capital Malabo (located on Bioko), as well as in Luba (the second largest agglomeration of Bioko). There are no language-specific census data on Equatorial Guinea. By extrapolation from population figures it may however be safe to assume that at least seventy percent of the population of Bioko, hence more than 150,000 people, use Pichi regularly. On one end, the lectal continuum of Pichi features a variety rather close to Sierra Leone Krio in terms of phonology, morphosyntax, lexicon and idiomatic usage. This variety tends to be characteristic of older speakers, who grew up in the centre of Malabo in the ambit of Fernandino creole culture. On the other end, we find a variety characterized by phonological and morphosyntactic innovation, the absence of older layers of Krio-derived vocabulary, some convergence with West African English lexifier creoles like Nigerian Pidgin, and considerable lexical and structural admixture from Spanish. This variety, which is the default lect documented in APiCS, tends to be spoken by the younger urban working-class population of Malabo, often with a Bubi cultural background, who have adopted Pichi as a primary language, and whose families have been accultured in more recent decades into the Pichi-speaking urban culture of Malabo. The former variety is spoken by much fewer people than the latter one and continues shrinking at the expense of the latter variety.",yakpokofi,yakpokofi,"Pichi. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1634;385;1907[survey],Fernando Po Creole English,60003bffaaab4d7cdddfd075a1698c10,8818c8f5d038c5e5e79ab7ae78cd0762,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Pichi, Pichin, Pichinglis, Krio"", ""Other names"": ""English: Fernando Po Creole English, Fernando Po Krio, Pidgin, Broken English Spanish: Pichi, Pichinglis"", ""Number of speakers"": ""100,000 upwards"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Spanish (major), Yoruba, Portuguese, Bube, French"", ""Location"": ""Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) and emigrant communities in Rio Muni, neighbouring countries and Spain"", ""Official languages of Equatorial Guinea"": ""Spanish and French""}",West Africa, -2,Sranan,,5.833333,-55,sran1240,srn,"Sranan, also known as Sranan Tongo, Taki-Taki, and Suriname Creole English, is used as the lingua franca of Suriname, and is one of 20 languages spoken in that country, among which are six other creoles. Sranan is spoken both as a first language and a lingua franca throughout the country and in western French Guiana. It is currently the native language of about 126,000 Surinamese, and a second (or third) language for most of the rest of the population of about 400,000. It is also estimated that most of the 200,000 people of Surinamese descent who now live in the Netherlands also speak Sranan. The varieties used by speakers there as well as by Dutch-dominant Surinamese have been influenced to varying degrees by Dutch. The varieties used by groups of Asian descent as well as by Amerindians also appear to have been influenced by the respective ethnic languages, though little research has been done to investigate such influences. There is also a great deal of variation in the language according to social class and status. In general, two primary varieties can be identified. One is the more conservative variety learnt as a first language by members of the working classes in poorer neighborhoods in Paramaribo, as well as in former plantation areas such as the Para District, Coronie, etc. These speakers are for the most part Afro-Surinamese, and refer to their vernacular as “Nengre” (Black Talk). This is the default lect selected for APiCS. The other main variety of Sranan has been more heavily influenced by Dutch since it is mostly used as second language by Dutch-dominant speakers, and is referred to as Dutch-influenced.",winforddonald plagingo,winforddonald plagingo,"Sranan. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",10;1021;1062;11;1216;1217;1218;1220;1337;1356;1357;1373;1375;1376;1380;1381;1422;1426;1429;1432;1438;147;1556;1557;1559;1584;1585;1587;1596;1597;1601;1603;1604;1605;1606;1608;1609;174;1810;1812;1813;183;186;188;189;194;198;201;21;404;414;450;451;489;53;54;606;626;728;744;757;817;915;959;984;1918[survey],Sranan,9d04a82a1f7c09921234ae768910c667,f1608d81249d2cba288d0f13e3923504,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Sranan tongo"", ""Other names"": ""Sranan, Taki-Taki, Surinaams, Suriname Creole English, Surinamese"", ""Number of speakers"": ""126,000 (1993)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Dutch, Portuguese"", ""Location"": ""Suriname"", ""Official language of Suriname"": ""Dutch""}",Caribbean, -20,Chinese Pidgin English,,23.079733,113.334961,chin1253,cpi,"Chinese Pidgin English is represented in two kinds of sources from the China trade period: (i) western texts such as memoirs and travelogues which give examples of pidgin phrases and dialogue, and (ii) phrasebooks in which pidgin words and phrases are represented using Chinese characters. The language represented in these sources differs in ways which are systematic, leading scholars to believe that Chinese Pidgin English as spoken by Chinese speakers differed from that used by speakers of English and other European languages (Ansaldo, Matthews & Smith 2011). The default lect for the Chinese Pidgin English dataset is the variety used by Chinese speakers as represented in the phrasebooks, from which the majority of examples are drawn (see Li, Matthews & Smith 2005). The alternate European lect referred to in the entries for certain features is the variety used by speakers of European languages as represented in the memoirs and similar western texts.",limichelle matthewsstephen,matthewsstephen limichelle,"Chinese Pidgin English. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1020;1063;1070;1264;1310;1391;1402;1427;1476;1481;1482;1483;1489;1490;1640;1642;1643;1650;1651;1653;1654;1655;1656;1657;167;168;255;269;348;350;389;42;424;43;45;493;540;597;613;646;660;80;827;828;838;93;985;99;1872[survey],Chinese Pidgin English (extinct),ebd89b3fd1ad12b9e1b9a9797cc7819f,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Pidgin, Pidgin English"", ""Other name"": ""Chinese Coast Pidgin , Cantonese:_\u5ee3\u6771\u756a\u8a71 (Gw\u00f3ngd\u016bng f\u0101anw\u00e1a)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""rememberers only (formerly in the 1,000s)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Cantonese, Portuguese"", ""Location"": ""Formerly in Canton (Guangzhou), Hong Kong, Shanghai and other treaty ports"", ""Official languages of Hong Kong: Official language of the People\u2019s Republic of China"": ""English, Cantonese and Putonghua (Mandarin) Putonghua (Mandarin)""}",East Asia, -21,Singlish,,1.33,101.7,sing1262,,"Singapore English or Singlish is the variety used increasingly for everyday communication in Singapore, in particular in the younger generation. It functions within a complex multilingual ecology: while Mandarin Chinese, Malay and Tamil are the three other official languages in addition to English, numerous other languages are also used by the ethnically heterogeneous population, including southern Chinese languages such as Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka and Hainanese, and South Asian languages such as Punjabi, Bengali, Malayalam, and Telegu. Singlish exists on a lectal continuum, where basilectal and mesolectal varieties combine strong elements of Chinese grammar with a lexicon of English origin, with rich Malay and Hokkien contribution, while at the acrolectal end convergence to standard – often British, increasingly American – English is sought. Influence from other varieties of English during the British colonial period such as Indian English and Peranakan English, significant elements in the early days of English-medium education, is also observable. The basilectal/mesolectal variety, which comprises both the varieties of those without English-medium education (in older generations) and the colloquial variety of Singapore English of the English-educated, is often referred to as Singlish, and is the default lect documented in APiCS. Code-mixing between Standard English, Singlish, and some Asian language(s) – Mandarin and sometimes Hokkien, or Malay, or Tamil or other Indian language – is a dominant linguistic practice in the Chinese, Malay and Indian communities respectively. Two recent observations are of note, significant in the light of Singlish being officially stigmatised in Singapore: The gap between the more acrolectal Standard Singapore English and the more mesolectal-basilectal Singlish appears to be diminishing, with the variety used in the more formal domains showing features – certainly in phonology but also morphosyntax – usually ascribed to Singlish. And even in classroom discourse of both students and teachers, systematic mixing of acrolectal and mesolectal/basilectal varieties is documented.",limlisa ansaldoumberto,,,100;101;1221;1468;1568;1569;1570;1571;1830;32;33;48;49;529;581;582;819;820;821;822;824;1917[survey],< English,,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Singlish, Singapore Colloquial English, Singapore English"", ""Number of speakers"": ""Ca. 4 million"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Hokkien, Malay, Cantonese, Mandarin"", ""Location"": ""Singapore"", ""Official languages of Singapore"": ""English, Mandarin, Malay""}",Southeast Asia, +I would like to thank Dr. Balbina Ebong, who - as a native speaker of Cameroon Pidgin English - crosschecked all constructed examples in this survey",schroderanne,schroderanne,"Cameroon Pidgin English. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1175;125;1343;1344;1345;1346;1347;1487;1488;352;63;908;938;97;1868[survey],"Pidgin, Cameroon",d01c68a56941c1e26851399da2944f9d,f287a7dac36861dc0ecbb44954d8045b,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Kamtok"", ""Other name"": ""Cam(eroon) talk"", ""Number of speakers"": ""unknown"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""French, many indigenous Cameroonian languages"", ""Location"": ""Cameroon and diaspora communities worldwide"", ""Official languages of Cameroon"": ""French, English""}",West Africa,,English +19,Pichi,,3.754634,8.779449,fern1234,fpe,"Pichi is used as a home or vernacular language by the vast majority of the old-established population of the island of Bioko. It is most often used as a primary home language in the Equatoguinean capital Malabo (located on Bioko), as well as in Luba (the second largest agglomeration of Bioko). There are no language-specific census data on Equatorial Guinea. By extrapolation from population figures it may however be safe to assume that at least seventy percent of the population of Bioko, hence more than 150,000 people, use Pichi regularly. On one end, the lectal continuum of Pichi features a variety rather close to Sierra Leone Krio in terms of phonology, morphosyntax, lexicon and idiomatic usage. This variety tends to be characteristic of older speakers, who grew up in the centre of Malabo in the ambit of Fernandino creole culture. On the other end, we find a variety characterized by phonological and morphosyntactic innovation, the absence of older layers of Krio-derived vocabulary, some convergence with West African English lexifier creoles like Nigerian Pidgin, and considerable lexical and structural admixture from Spanish. This variety, which is the default lect documented in APiCS, tends to be spoken by the younger urban working-class population of Malabo, often with a Bubi cultural background, who have adopted Pichi as a primary language, and whose families have been accultured in more recent decades into the Pichi-speaking urban culture of Malabo. The former variety is spoken by much fewer people than the latter one and continues shrinking at the expense of the latter variety.",yakpokofi,yakpokofi,"Pichi. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1634;385;1907[survey],Fernando Po Creole English,60003bffaaab4d7cdddfd075a1698c10,8818c8f5d038c5e5e79ab7ae78cd0762,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Pichi, Pichin, Pichinglis, Krio"", ""Other names"": ""English: Fernando Po Creole English, Fernando Po Krio, Pidgin, Broken English Spanish: Pichi, Pichinglis"", ""Number of speakers"": ""100,000 upwards"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Spanish (major), Yoruba, Portuguese, Bube, French"", ""Location"": ""Bioko (Equatorial Guinea) and emigrant communities in Rio Muni, neighbouring countries and Spain"", ""Official languages of Equatorial Guinea"": ""Spanish and French""}",West Africa,,English +2,Sranan,,5.833333,-55,sran1240,srn,"Sranan, also known as Sranan Tongo, Taki-Taki, and Suriname Creole English, is used as the lingua franca of Suriname, and is one of 20 languages spoken in that country, among which are six other creoles. Sranan is spoken both as a first language and a lingua franca throughout the country and in western French Guiana. It is currently the native language of about 126,000 Surinamese, and a second (or third) language for most of the rest of the population of about 400,000. It is also estimated that most of the 200,000 people of Surinamese descent who now live in the Netherlands also speak Sranan. The varieties used by speakers there as well as by Dutch-dominant Surinamese have been influenced to varying degrees by Dutch. The varieties used by groups of Asian descent as well as by Amerindians also appear to have been influenced by the respective ethnic languages, though little research has been done to investigate such influences. There is also a great deal of variation in the language according to social class and status. In general, two primary varieties can be identified. One is the more conservative variety learnt as a first language by members of the working classes in poorer neighborhoods in Paramaribo, as well as in former plantation areas such as the Para District, Coronie, etc. These speakers are for the most part Afro-Surinamese, and refer to their vernacular as “Nengre” (Black Talk). This is the default lect selected for APiCS. The other main variety of Sranan has been more heavily influenced by Dutch since it is mostly used as second language by Dutch-dominant speakers, and is referred to as Dutch-influenced.",winforddonald plagingo,winforddonald plagingo,"Sranan. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",10;1021;1062;11;1216;1217;1218;1220;1337;1356;1357;1373;1375;1376;1380;1381;1422;1426;1429;1432;1438;147;1556;1557;1559;1584;1585;1587;1596;1597;1601;1603;1604;1605;1606;1608;1609;174;1810;1812;1813;183;186;188;189;194;198;201;21;404;414;450;451;489;53;54;606;626;728;744;757;817;915;959;984;1918[survey],Sranan,9d04a82a1f7c09921234ae768910c667,f1608d81249d2cba288d0f13e3923504,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Sranan tongo"", ""Other names"": ""Sranan, Taki-Taki, Surinaams, Suriname Creole English, Surinamese"", ""Number of speakers"": ""126,000 (1993)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Dutch, Portuguese"", ""Location"": ""Suriname"", ""Official language of Suriname"": ""Dutch""}",Caribbean,,English +20,Chinese Pidgin English,,23.079733,113.334961,chin1253,cpi,"Chinese Pidgin English is represented in two kinds of sources from the China trade period: (i) western texts such as memoirs and travelogues which give examples of pidgin phrases and dialogue, and (ii) phrasebooks in which pidgin words and phrases are represented using Chinese characters. The language represented in these sources differs in ways which are systematic, leading scholars to believe that Chinese Pidgin English as spoken by Chinese speakers differed from that used by speakers of English and other European languages (Ansaldo, Matthews & Smith 2011). The default lect for the Chinese Pidgin English dataset is the variety used by Chinese speakers as represented in the phrasebooks, from which the majority of examples are drawn (see Li, Matthews & Smith 2005). The alternate European lect referred to in the entries for certain features is the variety used by speakers of European languages as represented in the memoirs and similar western texts.",limichelle matthewsstephen,matthewsstephen limichelle,"Chinese Pidgin English. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1020;1063;1070;1264;1310;1391;1402;1427;1476;1481;1482;1483;1489;1490;1640;1642;1643;1650;1651;1653;1654;1655;1656;1657;167;168;255;269;348;350;389;42;424;43;45;493;540;597;613;646;660;80;827;828;838;93;985;99;1872[survey],Chinese Pidgin English (extinct),ebd89b3fd1ad12b9e1b9a9797cc7819f,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Pidgin, Pidgin English"", ""Other name"": ""Chinese Coast Pidgin , Cantonese:_\u5ee3\u6771\u756a\u8a71 (Gw\u00f3ngd\u016bng f\u0101anw\u00e1a)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""rememberers only (formerly in the 1,000s)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Cantonese, Portuguese"", ""Location"": ""Formerly in Canton (Guangzhou), Hong Kong, Shanghai and other treaty ports"", ""Official languages of Hong Kong: Official language of the People\u2019s Republic of China"": ""English, Cantonese and Putonghua (Mandarin) Putonghua (Mandarin)""}",East Asia,,English +21,Singlish,,1.33,101.7,sing1262,,"Singapore English or Singlish is the variety used increasingly for everyday communication in Singapore, in particular in the younger generation. It functions within a complex multilingual ecology: while Mandarin Chinese, Malay and Tamil are the three other official languages in addition to English, numerous other languages are also used by the ethnically heterogeneous population, including southern Chinese languages such as Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Hakka and Hainanese, and South Asian languages such as Punjabi, Bengali, Malayalam, and Telegu. Singlish exists on a lectal continuum, where basilectal and mesolectal varieties combine strong elements of Chinese grammar with a lexicon of English origin, with rich Malay and Hokkien contribution, while at the acrolectal end convergence to standard – often British, increasingly American – English is sought. Influence from other varieties of English during the British colonial period such as Indian English and Peranakan English, significant elements in the early days of English-medium education, is also observable. The basilectal/mesolectal variety, which comprises both the varieties of those without English-medium education (in older generations) and the colloquial variety of Singapore English of the English-educated, is often referred to as Singlish, and is the default lect documented in APiCS. Code-mixing between Standard English, Singlish, and some Asian language(s) – Mandarin and sometimes Hokkien, or Malay, or Tamil or other Indian language – is a dominant linguistic practice in the Chinese, Malay and Indian communities respectively. Two recent observations are of note, significant in the light of Singlish being officially stigmatised in Singapore: The gap between the more acrolectal Standard Singapore English and the more mesolectal-basilectal Singlish appears to be diminishing, with the variety used in the more formal domains showing features – certainly in phonology but also morphosyntax – usually ascribed to Singlish. And even in classroom discourse of both students and teachers, systematic mixing of acrolectal and mesolectal/basilectal varieties is documented.",limlisa ansaldoumberto,,,100;101;1221;1468;1568;1569;1570;1571;1830;32;33;48;49;529;581;582;819;820;821;822;824;1917[survey],< English,,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Singlish, Singapore Colloquial English, Singapore English"", ""Number of speakers"": ""Ca. 4 million"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Hokkien, Malay, Cantonese, Mandarin"", ""Location"": ""Singapore"", ""Official languages of Singapore"": ""English, Mandarin, Malay""}",Southeast Asia,,English 22,Tok Pisin,,-9.5,147.166672,tokp1240,tpi,"Tok Pisin is an English-lexified pidgin/creole spoken in Papua New Guinea which has developed over the past 150 years or so. Sister dialects are spoken in neighbouring countries: Solomons Pijin in the Solomon Islands and Bislama in Vanuatu. The number of speakers of the language is difficult to determine accurately (as is the population of the country), but it is estimated that at least half of the approximately 6 million people of Papua New Guinea have at least a working knowledge of the language. The term Tok Pisin covers a wide range of both second and first language varieties, including some that are heavily influenced by English - especially in urban areas – or by indigenous languages. Nationally, Tok Pisin is predominantly spoken as a language in addition to either indigenous languages or English, and so bilingual effects in spoken language are commonplace. For many years Tok Pisin was spoken almost exclusively as a second language and used for a limited range of functions in this intensely multilingual area. In the past few decades, the number of speakers of creolized first language Tok Pisin has been rising steadily. Geoff Smith's own research was based on a corpus of transcribed speech of adolescents who spoke Tok Pisin as their first language, and this is the default lect used for judgements in APiCS. However, it should be noted that within this corpus there are significant regional differences. Most of the published accounts of Tok Pisin are based on rural second language Tok Pisin, and much of the early work referred to the Madang area of north-east New Guinea. These sources have also occasionally been used for illustrative purposes. -Varieties of Tok Pisin are regularly used in radio and television broadcasts, in government and NGO communications and in commercial advertising as well as in the weekly published Wantok newspaper. While the spoken language of children and adults is generally as represented here, formal and informal written varieties can show considerable differences both in the regularity of grammar and in the admixture of English from this default lect.",smithgeoffp siegeljeff,smithgeoffp siegeljeff,"Tok Pisin. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1014;1015;1016;1017;1018;1019;1020;1021;1183;1294;1335;1336;1337;1338;1425;1547;1548;1564;1631;1632;1844;319;321;322;411;461;463;540;584;596;702;704;864;967;986;1923[survey],Tok Pisin,c55c6a9fc8a287c8cbb0e008961d0181,31c1d42e6fa2bf668f11220cfc127535,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Tok Pisin"", ""Other name"": ""New Guinea Pidgin"", ""Number of speakers"": ""3\u20135 million (estimated)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Melanesian, Austronesian languages"", ""Location"": ""Papua New Guinea"", ""Official languages of Papua New Guinea"": ""English, Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu""}",Pacific, -23,Bislama,,-16,168,bisl1239,bis,"Bislama is the national language and lingua franca in Vanuatu. Most of the nation’s c. 260,000 residents can use the language and increasing numbers of people speak it as their home language (either as L1 or co-L1 with a vernacular). This is particularly common in the main towns, but families using Bislama amongst themselves are found in many smaller villages too. It is not formally used as a medium of education but is widely used in public life and government. There are some suggestions that different regional dialects of Bislama are stabilising in the country: the data represented in APiCS (default lect) is largely based on fieldwork recording spontaneous speech among friends in the northern region (Sanma Province) in the mid-1990s, supplemented with printed materials in the newspapers (mainly the now defunct Vanuatu Hebdomadaire Weekly) and some national radio broadcasts in 1998 and isolated examples from print or native speaker intuitions collected between 1998-2010.",meyerhoffmiriam,meyerhoffmiriam,"Bislama. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1020;1021;1183;1215;1474;1498;1499;1532;1533;1723;210;234;262;317;318;319;320;321;322;323;324;325;326;540;585;596;864;865;911;942;943;944;945;946;947;948;949;950;951;983;1867[survey],Bislama,5cc95b4c0f71f93797dcd8da13991859,aba41214d59e1aa7caa5412d79cac42c,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Bislama"", ""Other names"": ""Biche-la-mar, bislaman"", ""Number of speakers"": ""widely spoken among a total population of c. 218,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""French Vanuatu vernaculars (Eastern Oceanic, some Polynesian)"", ""Location"": ""Vanuatu"", ""Official languages of Vanuatu"": ""Bislama (national language), English, French (languages of education)""}",Pacific, +Varieties of Tok Pisin are regularly used in radio and television broadcasts, in government and NGO communications and in commercial advertising as well as in the weekly published Wantok newspaper. While the spoken language of children and adults is generally as represented here, formal and informal written varieties can show considerable differences both in the regularity of grammar and in the admixture of English from this default lect.",smithgeoffp siegeljeff,smithgeoffp siegeljeff,"Tok Pisin. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1014;1015;1016;1017;1018;1019;1020;1021;1183;1294;1335;1336;1337;1338;1425;1547;1548;1564;1631;1632;1844;319;321;322;411;461;463;540;584;596;702;704;864;967;986;1923[survey],Tok Pisin,c55c6a9fc8a287c8cbb0e008961d0181,31c1d42e6fa2bf668f11220cfc127535,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Tok Pisin"", ""Other name"": ""New Guinea Pidgin"", ""Number of speakers"": ""3\u20135 million (estimated)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Melanesian, Austronesian languages"", ""Location"": ""Papua New Guinea"", ""Official languages of Papua New Guinea"": ""English, Tok Pisin, Hiri Motu""}",Pacific,,English +23,Bislama,,-16,168,bisl1239,bis,"Bislama is the national language and lingua franca in Vanuatu. Most of the nation’s c. 260,000 residents can use the language and increasing numbers of people speak it as their home language (either as L1 or co-L1 with a vernacular). This is particularly common in the main towns, but families using Bislama amongst themselves are found in many smaller villages too. It is not formally used as a medium of education but is widely used in public life and government. There are some suggestions that different regional dialects of Bislama are stabilising in the country: the data represented in APiCS (default lect) is largely based on fieldwork recording spontaneous speech among friends in the northern region (Sanma Province) in the mid-1990s, supplemented with printed materials in the newspapers (mainly the now defunct Vanuatu Hebdomadaire Weekly) and some national radio broadcasts in 1998 and isolated examples from print or native speaker intuitions collected between 1998-2010.",meyerhoffmiriam,meyerhoffmiriam,"Bislama. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1020;1021;1183;1215;1474;1498;1499;1532;1533;1723;210;234;262;317;318;319;320;321;322;323;324;325;326;540;585;596;864;865;911;942;943;944;945;946;947;948;949;950;951;983;1867[survey],Bislama,5cc95b4c0f71f93797dcd8da13991859,aba41214d59e1aa7caa5412d79cac42c,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Bislama"", ""Other names"": ""Biche-la-mar, bislaman"", ""Number of speakers"": ""widely spoken among a total population of c. 218,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""French Vanuatu vernaculars (Eastern Oceanic, some Polynesian)"", ""Location"": ""Vanuatu"", ""Official languages of Vanuatu"": ""Bislama (national language), English, French (languages of education)""}",Pacific,,English 24,Norf'k,,-29.033209,167.957947,norf1243,,"Norf’k is spoken by about 800 speakers, mainly residents of Norfolk Island with a growing diaspora in Sydney and Brisbane (Australia). Norf’k is not a standardized language and there is a great deal of variation. Family differences play an important part and, although the island occupies fewer than 40 square kilometres there are some regional differences between Cascade, Steels Point and Anson Bay varieties. -The principal differences, however, are determined by the proximity of the language to English. Speakers of the older generation (50+) grew up in a stable diglossic situation. For most speakers under 50 the domains and functions of English and Norf’k are no longer clearly separated and traditional Broad Norf’k is increasingly replaced by a more anglicized Norf’k. Many of the youngest generation do not acquire Norf’k at home but through formal teaching at the school or deliberate relearning in later life. Some speakers employ an instant Norf’k by adding a small number of Norf’k words, vowel pronunciations and idiomatic expressions to their English. The examples in the APiCS dataset (default lect) were obtained from conservative older speakers wherever possible.",muhlhauslerpeter,muhlhauslerpeter,"Norf’k. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1302;1411;1589;610;699;791;792;9;1929[survey],< Pitcairn-Norfolk,5696803bb620dc8feed5883921105317,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Norf\u2019k, Norfolk"", ""Other names"": ""Norfolkese, Norfolk Language"", ""Number of speakers"": ""800"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Tahitian, St.Kitts Creole"", ""Location"": ""Norfolk Island, Australia, New Zealand"", ""Official languages of Norfolk Island"": ""Norf\u2019k and English""}",Pacific, +The principal differences, however, are determined by the proximity of the language to English. Speakers of the older generation (50+) grew up in a stable diglossic situation. For most speakers under 50 the domains and functions of English and Norf’k are no longer clearly separated and traditional Broad Norf’k is increasingly replaced by a more anglicized Norf’k. Many of the youngest generation do not acquire Norf’k at home but through formal teaching at the school or deliberate relearning in later life. Some speakers employ an instant Norf’k by adding a small number of Norf’k words, vowel pronunciations and idiomatic expressions to their English. The examples in the APiCS dataset (default lect) were obtained from conservative older speakers wherever possible.",muhlhauslerpeter,muhlhauslerpeter,"Norf’k. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1302;1411;1589;610;699;791;792;9;1929[survey],< Pitcairn-Norfolk,5696803bb620dc8feed5883921105317,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Norf\u2019k, Norfolk"", ""Other names"": ""Norfolkese, Norfolk Language"", ""Number of speakers"": ""800"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Tahitian, St.Kitts Creole"", ""Location"": ""Norfolk Island, Australia, New Zealand"", ""Official languages of Norfolk Island"": ""Norf\u2019k and English""}",Pacific,,English 25,Kriol,,-14.833333,135,krio1252,rop,"Kriol is spoken as a first or second language by over 20,000 indigenous people across the north of Australia from the Gulf of Carpentaria in the East to the Kimberley area in the West, and from Darwin (North) to Tennant Creek (South). Like other English-lexified creole languages of the Pacific, Kriol originates in the English-based pidgin used between the first colonizers and the indigenous inhabitants of the Sydney area, which subsequently spread inland and north. Many authors assume that creolization occurred abruptly early in the 20th century at an Anglican mission at Roper River (close to the present-day Ngukurr) through children from different language backgrounds who had been brought together in dormitories; for this reason Kriol is often referred to as Roper River Kriol. There is however evidence that the pidgin had already stabilized and linguistically expanded at that time, due to the need for communication between the increasing numbers of Aboriginal people working on cattle stations, the (primarily) English-speaking pastoralists, and the non-English-speaking (e.g. Chinese) colonists in a wider area. Kriol is mainly used in oral communication and only has a limited role in other domains. -While the lects spoken at Roper River and nearby Bamyili (Barunga) remain the best documented, the description in APiCS (default lect) aims to be representative of all documented lects. In addition to Roper River Kriol these include Kriol spoken in the township of Katherine, Westside Kriol spoken in the northern Victoria River District, and Kimberley Kriol further west around Fitzroy Crossing and Halls Creek. These varieties mostly do not exhibit differences with respect to the APiCS features; where they do, this is stated explicitly (e.g. Roper River Lect). The region is also indicated for each example.",schultzeberndteva angelodenise,schultzeberndteva meakinsfelicity angelodenise,"Kriol. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1026;1027;1055;1056;1057;128;1331;1332;1333;175;1836;347;39;40;41;511;546;570;631;659;795;1911[survey],Kriol,46fc7fe4694b9901259a4a521f05de6b,916f82cdddfaf0abebd82ce0992d5d03,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""often referred to as English"", ""Other names"": ""Roper River Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Northern Australian Creole, Aboriginal English"", ""Number of speakers"": ""over 20,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Alawa, Marra, Ngalakgan, Wandarrang, Mangarrayi, Ngandi and Nunggubuyu (Roper River); Jawoyn, Dalabon, Rembarrnga, (Barunga/ Beswick); Jaminjung, Ngarinyman, Wardaman (Westside); Walmatjari, Jaru, Miriwoong, Gija (Kimberley)"", ""Location"": ""northern Australia"", ""Official language of Australia"": ""English""}",Australia, -26,Hawai‘i Creole,,21.5,-158,hawa1247,hwc,"Hawai‘i Creole is the mother tongue of about 600,000 speakers, i.e. roughly half of the population, on the islands of Hawai‘i, which are located in the Pacific Ocean. An additional 100,000 (approximately) can be found on the US mainland, primarily on the West Coast, in Las Vegas (Nevada) and Orlando (Florida). It is used widely on all islands in all informal situations, both at home and in the work place. While it is primarily used as an oral language, literature (fiction, drama, poetry) in Hawai‘i Creole has been published for many decades. Hawai’i Creole is not a recognized language and is generally seen as an obstacle for advancement, although the language is now slowly gaining acceptance thanks to targeted awareness programs. The default lect documented in APiCS is naturalistic speech by adults between the ages 22 and 95 at the time of recording, all belonging to the working or lower middle class social strata.",velupillaiviveka,velupillaiviveka,"Hawai‘i Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1290;1314;1315;1418;1545;1546;1635;333;351;606;817;96;1888[survey],Hawai’i Creole English,2cf95567615e06407aef4673c70082eb,ddd30b07c53f3cbee093a1076b2946ba,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Pidgin"", ""Other names"": ""Hawai\u02bbi Creole English, Hawaiian Creole"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 700,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Hawaiian, Chinese, Portuguese"", ""Location"": ""Hawaiian Islands and the US mainland (predominantly the West Coast)"", ""Official languages of Hawai\u02bbi"": ""English, Hawaiian""}",Pacific, -27,Negerhollands,,18.333332,-64.75,nege1244,dcr,"Negerhollands (or Virgin Islands Dutch Creole) is a Dutch-based creole language that is currently extinct. It used to be spoken on the islands of St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix, the current US Virgin Islands, a former Danish colony. It was primarily spoken by the slave population labouring in the plantations. In the 19th century, there was a great drift to the town where English and English Creole were spoken Negerhollands became restricted to the decreased population of the rural areas. By the 20th century it was only generally spoken by the older generations. Occasional transfer still produced a handful of speakers up into the 1970s. The last speaker passed away in 1987. The default lect described in APiCS is the variety spoken in the 1920s by 60 – 81 year old speakers from St. Thomas and St. John, as documented by De Josselin de Jong (1926). Other documented varieties of Negerhollands are the acrolect spoken by white colonists in the 18th century, often referred to as “Hochkreol”(“High creole”), and the missionary variety used by the missionaries in their liturgical material, primers, and bible translations. The missionaries used Dutch creole in their sermons, services, and literature until the end of the first half of the 19th century.",vansluijsrobbert,vansluijsrobbert,"Negerhollands. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1450;1526;1531;355;375;872;1901[survey],Negerhollands,7bd8a8832eb551fdda01866331f1ecb7,,"{""Number of speakers"": ""none (extinct)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Zealandic Dutch"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Danish, Portuguese/Spanish (possibly through Papiamentu), Papiamentu"", ""Location"": ""the islands of St. John, St. Croix, and St. Thomas: the three main islands of the current US Virgin Islands"", ""Official language of the US Virgin Islands"": ""English""}",Caribbean, -28,Berbice Dutch,,5.611373,-57.870827,berb1259,brc,"Berbice Dutch is extinct, its last speakers having died in the first decade of the twentyfirst century. The fieldwork on which the APiCS description of this language is based was carried out in the period 1986-1991 by the author and in the mid 1970s by Ian E. Robertson with speakers on the Berbice River and the Wiruni Creek, the latter a tributary of the Berbice River, in Guyana. Some minor differences exist between Berbice River and Wiruni Creek speakers, notably in the form of the 1PL and 3PL pronouns and in the loss of final unstressed vowels in some forms used by Berbice River speakers. Whether these differences are of recent vintage or represent the continuation of older dialect differences cannot be ascertained, given that an older corpus does not exist. In the description, data from Berbice River and Wiruni Creek speakers are used without distinction.",kouwenbergsilvia,kouwenbergsilvia,"Berbice Dutch. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1183;1292;1428;180;194;733;735;736;737;738;739;740;741;742;743;746;749;750;754;1866[survey],Berbice Creole Dutch,6019898f53deb5306df8e2edd2133161,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""di lan\u0283i (\u2018the language\u2019)"", ""Other name"": ""Berbice Dutch Creole"", ""Number of speakers"": ""none"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Dutch"", ""Other contributing language"": ""Eastern Ijo"", ""Location"": ""Berbice River (upriver locations), Guyana"", ""Official language of Guyana"": ""English""}",Caribbean, -29,Afrikaans,,-33.866669,18.6,afri1274,afr,"Afrikaans is the first language of more than 6 million speakers in South-Africa, Namibia, and the south of Botswana, and second language to many more. There are three main varieties of Afrikaans: Kaaps Afrikaans (Cape Afrikaans) is spoken by coloured people in the South Western part of South Africa, roughly in a circle of around 200-250 km around Cape Town. Oranjerivier-Afrikaans (Orange River Afrikaans) is mainly spoken by coloured people in the south of Free State, the North-Western Cape, and Namibia. Oranjerivier-Afrikaans has much more Khoekhoe influence than Kaaps Afrikaans. Oosgrens-Afrikaans (Eastern Cape Afrikaans) is the variety on which Standard Afrikaans is based. It is spoken by white people in the North Eastern part of South Africa. Standard Afrikaans is spoken throughout South Africa and is the language that most of the white people speak. The default lect used for the description in APiCS is Standard Afrikaans.",denbestenhans biberauertheresa,vansluijsrobbert,"Afrikaans. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1183;1226;1227;140;170;1770;1771;1772;1773;1774;1775;1776;1777;1778;1779;1780;180;261;373;374;376;402;539;551;975;1859[survey],Afrikaans,2e1371cdcbfdb061f1cdd992d02c2320,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Afrikaans"", ""Number of speakers"": ""over 6 million"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Dutch"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Khoekhoe, South African Malay, Portuguese Creole"", ""Location"": ""South Africa, Namibia, Botswana"", ""Official languages of South Africa"": ""Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu""}",Southern Africa, -3,Saramaccan,,4.5,-55.5,sara1340,srm,"Saramaccan is one of the maroon creole languages of Surinam. It is spoken by the Saramaccan and Matawai tribes. The sociolinguistic situation of Saramaccan at the present is unclear, as a significant part of the population has moved away from the original maroon settlements on the Suriname River to the following three main locations for different reasons: Paramaribo, the capital of Surinam, for reasons of employment, and as a refuge from the civil war; French Guiana also as a refuge because of the war; and the Netherlands as an emigrant destination. The total number of speakers (in Surinam and in the diaspora) has been estimated as up to 50.000. Little detailed work has been done on internal variation in Saramaccan. Upriver (líbase) and downriver (básuse) dialects can be distinguished, as well as a separate Matawai dialect spoken on the Saramacca River. The default lect chosen for the description in APiCS is roughly the Básuse-dialect, due to the fact that the authors have first-hand experience with this variety.",abohenocho veenstratonjes smithnorvalsh,abohenocho smithnorvalsh veenstratonjes,"Saramaccan. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1001;1021;1035;1183;1307;1308;1352;1354;1406;1422;148;1517;1538;1539;1540;1541;1558;1596;196;197;199;200;201;202;27;334;354;451;489;586;599;6;606;626;728;744;796;91;914;915;917;94;984;1914[survey],Saramaccan,9c929b079bdfd20c8c52cdba7b6c21cf,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Saam\u00e1k\u00e1 T\u0254\u0301\u014b\u0261\u0254"", ""Other name"": ""English: Saamaka, Dutch: Saramakaans"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 50,000"", ""Major lexifiers"": ""English, Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Gbe, Dutch, Kikongo, Wayana"", ""Location"": ""Suriname River and Saramacca River, Surinam"", ""Official language of Surinam"": ""Dutch, Sranan (Tongo) is the lingua franca.""}",Caribbean, -30,Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago,,15.083333,-22.616667,kabu1256,kea,"Cape Verdean Creole is a Portuguese-based creole language spoken by about one million people in and outside the archipelago of Cape Verde, which since 1975 has been independent from Portugal, and since 1981 separated from Guinea-Bissau. About half of the Cape Verdeans speak the Santiago variety, some 250 000 on Santiago island and another 250 000 Cape Verdean emigrants in different countries bordering on the Atlantic Ocean (mainly in the Boston region of the United States and in Lisbon, but also in Brazil, Angola, Senegal etc.). Not all diaspora members have a complete command of the language. On Santiago, everybody speaks Santiago Creole in daily life except for some immigrants from the other islands who have moved to the capital Praia for professional reasons. Nevertheless, Portuguese is still the only official language and the only one used in teaching. The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is a variety equally well accepted in the capital and in the rural regions of the interior. In the interior (concelho de Santa Catarina) it competes with more conservative varieties, in which a women may still be addressed as nhára (< Portuguese senhora) instead of nha etc. In town it competes with varieties and registers more or less influenced by Portuguese, in the dataset indicated as acrolect (close to Portuguese), which has adjectives varying according to sex (minina bunita 'pretty girl' instead of minina bunitu) or even according to the gender of Portuguese nouns, etc.",langjurgen,langjurgen,"Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",106;107;108;1192;1255;1256;1293;1407;1408;1473;1542;1543;31;495;497;5;621;624;639;641;780;781;782;784;786;841;844;845;1870[survey],,a9cddf80c59f8c8fce17af20d19a4d64,1042467d532489dad95fd0ddcce6132a,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""bad\u00edu, kriolu"", ""Other name"": ""English: Santiago Creole, Portuguese: crioulo da ilha de Sant i ago (Cabo Verde)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""450,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Atlantic (Wolof, Temne) and Mande (Mandinka) languages"", ""Location"": ""Santiago, and diaspora communities in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, the USA (New England Coast, Boston), Angola, Senegal, Portugal, the Netherlands"", ""Official language of Cape Verde"": ""Portuguese""}",West Africa, -31,Cape Verdean Creole of Brava,,14.833333,-24.8,kabu1256,kea,"Cape Verdean Creole is spoken in Cape Verde on nine inhabited islands, including Brava, Fogo, Santiago and Maio to the South and Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau, Boa Vista, and Sal to the North. The Brava lect is spoken by about 6000 speakers on the smallest, most densely populated island. The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is representative of the basilectal variety and is illustrated mostly by field work data collected in the towns of Furna, Cachaço and Nova Sintra.",baptistamarlyse,baptistamarlyse,"Cape Verdean Creole of Brava. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1028;103;106;107;1259;126;1293;1408;1473;1543;1639;211;270;31;425;452;495;497;5;57;59;61;624;641;663;670;689;690;692;698;780;839;841;844;845;880;882;885;886;887;937;1869[survey],Kabuverdianu,193eb7530ec2c512b65b08a8ac185505,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Kriolu di Dja Braba, Crioulo, Kriolu, Bravense"", ""Other name"": ""Portuguese: Crioulo da ilha de Brava (Cabo Verde)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""6,043 inhabitants (2010) on the island"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Atlantic (Wolof, Temne) and Mande (Mandinka) languages"", ""Location"": ""Brava and diaspora communities in Angola, France, Italy, Mozambique, Netherlands, Portugal, Senegal, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, United States (New England area, Florida, California)"", ""Official language of Cape Verde"": ""Portuguese""}",West Africa, +While the lects spoken at Roper River and nearby Bamyili (Barunga) remain the best documented, the description in APiCS (default lect) aims to be representative of all documented lects. In addition to Roper River Kriol these include Kriol spoken in the township of Katherine, Westside Kriol spoken in the northern Victoria River District, and Kimberley Kriol further west around Fitzroy Crossing and Halls Creek. These varieties mostly do not exhibit differences with respect to the APiCS features; where they do, this is stated explicitly (e.g. Roper River Lect). The region is also indicated for each example.",schultzeberndteva angelodenise,schultzeberndteva meakinsfelicity angelodenise,"Kriol. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1026;1027;1055;1056;1057;128;1331;1332;1333;175;1836;347;39;40;41;511;546;570;631;659;795;1911[survey],Kriol,46fc7fe4694b9901259a4a521f05de6b,916f82cdddfaf0abebd82ce0992d5d03,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""often referred to as English"", ""Other names"": ""Roper River Kriol, Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Northern Australian Creole, Aboriginal English"", ""Number of speakers"": ""over 20,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Alawa, Marra, Ngalakgan, Wandarrang, Mangarrayi, Ngandi and Nunggubuyu (Roper River); Jawoyn, Dalabon, Rembarrnga, (Barunga/ Beswick); Jaminjung, Ngarinyman, Wardaman (Westside); Walmatjari, Jaru, Miriwoong, Gija (Kimberley)"", ""Location"": ""northern Australia"", ""Official language of Australia"": ""English""}",Australia,,English +26,Hawai‘i Creole,,21.5,-158,hawa1247,hwc,"Hawai‘i Creole is the mother tongue of about 600,000 speakers, i.e. roughly half of the population, on the islands of Hawai‘i, which are located in the Pacific Ocean. An additional 100,000 (approximately) can be found on the US mainland, primarily on the West Coast, in Las Vegas (Nevada) and Orlando (Florida). It is used widely on all islands in all informal situations, both at home and in the work place. While it is primarily used as an oral language, literature (fiction, drama, poetry) in Hawai‘i Creole has been published for many decades. Hawai’i Creole is not a recognized language and is generally seen as an obstacle for advancement, although the language is now slowly gaining acceptance thanks to targeted awareness programs. The default lect documented in APiCS is naturalistic speech by adults between the ages 22 and 95 at the time of recording, all belonging to the working or lower middle class social strata.",velupillaiviveka,velupillaiviveka,"Hawai‘i Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1290;1314;1315;1418;1545;1546;1635;333;351;606;817;96;1888[survey],Hawai’i Creole English,2cf95567615e06407aef4673c70082eb,ddd30b07c53f3cbee093a1076b2946ba,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Pidgin"", ""Other names"": ""Hawai\u02bbi Creole English, Hawaiian Creole"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 700,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Hawaiian, Chinese, Portuguese"", ""Location"": ""Hawaiian Islands and the US mainland (predominantly the West Coast)"", ""Official languages of Hawai\u02bbi"": ""English, Hawaiian""}",Pacific,,English +27,Negerhollands,,18.333332,-64.75,nege1244,dcr,"Negerhollands (or Virgin Islands Dutch Creole) is a Dutch-based creole language that is currently extinct. It used to be spoken on the islands of St. Thomas, St. John, and St. Croix, the current US Virgin Islands, a former Danish colony. It was primarily spoken by the slave population labouring in the plantations. In the 19th century, there was a great drift to the town where English and English Creole were spoken Negerhollands became restricted to the decreased population of the rural areas. By the 20th century it was only generally spoken by the older generations. Occasional transfer still produced a handful of speakers up into the 1970s. The last speaker passed away in 1987. The default lect described in APiCS is the variety spoken in the 1920s by 60 – 81 year old speakers from St. Thomas and St. John, as documented by De Josselin de Jong (1926). Other documented varieties of Negerhollands are the acrolect spoken by white colonists in the 18th century, often referred to as “Hochkreol”(“High creole”), and the missionary variety used by the missionaries in their liturgical material, primers, and bible translations. The missionaries used Dutch creole in their sermons, services, and literature until the end of the first half of the 19th century.",vansluijsrobbert,vansluijsrobbert,"Negerhollands. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1450;1526;1531;355;375;872;1901[survey],Negerhollands,7bd8a8832eb551fdda01866331f1ecb7,,"{""Number of speakers"": ""none (extinct)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Zealandic Dutch"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Danish, Portuguese/Spanish (possibly through Papiamentu), Papiamentu"", ""Location"": ""the islands of St. John, St. Croix, and St. Thomas: the three main islands of the current US Virgin Islands"", ""Official language of the US Virgin Islands"": ""English""}",Caribbean,,Dutch +28,Berbice Dutch,,5.611373,-57.870827,berb1259,brc,"Berbice Dutch is extinct, its last speakers having died in the first decade of the twentyfirst century. The fieldwork on which the APiCS description of this language is based was carried out in the period 1986-1991 by the author and in the mid 1970s by Ian E. Robertson with speakers on the Berbice River and the Wiruni Creek, the latter a tributary of the Berbice River, in Guyana. Some minor differences exist between Berbice River and Wiruni Creek speakers, notably in the form of the 1PL and 3PL pronouns and in the loss of final unstressed vowels in some forms used by Berbice River speakers. Whether these differences are of recent vintage or represent the continuation of older dialect differences cannot be ascertained, given that an older corpus does not exist. In the description, data from Berbice River and Wiruni Creek speakers are used without distinction.",kouwenbergsilvia,kouwenbergsilvia,"Berbice Dutch. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1183;1292;1428;180;194;733;735;736;737;738;739;740;741;742;743;746;749;750;754;1866[survey],Berbice Creole Dutch,6019898f53deb5306df8e2edd2133161,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""di lan\u0283i (\u2018the language\u2019)"", ""Other name"": ""Berbice Dutch Creole"", ""Number of speakers"": ""none"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Dutch"", ""Other contributing language"": ""Eastern Ijo"", ""Location"": ""Berbice River (upriver locations), Guyana"", ""Official language of Guyana"": ""English""}",Caribbean,,Dutch +29,Afrikaans,,-33.866669,18.6,afri1274,afr,"Afrikaans is the first language of more than 6 million speakers in South-Africa, Namibia, and the south of Botswana, and second language to many more. There are three main varieties of Afrikaans: Kaaps Afrikaans (Cape Afrikaans) is spoken by coloured people in the South Western part of South Africa, roughly in a circle of around 200-250 km around Cape Town. Oranjerivier-Afrikaans (Orange River Afrikaans) is mainly spoken by coloured people in the south of Free State, the North-Western Cape, and Namibia. Oranjerivier-Afrikaans has much more Khoekhoe influence than Kaaps Afrikaans. Oosgrens-Afrikaans (Eastern Cape Afrikaans) is the variety on which Standard Afrikaans is based. It is spoken by white people in the North Eastern part of South Africa. Standard Afrikaans is spoken throughout South Africa and is the language that most of the white people speak. The default lect used for the description in APiCS is Standard Afrikaans.",denbestenhans biberauertheresa,vansluijsrobbert,"Afrikaans. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1183;1226;1227;140;170;1770;1771;1772;1773;1774;1775;1776;1777;1778;1779;1780;180;261;373;374;376;402;539;551;975;1859[survey],Afrikaans,2e1371cdcbfdb061f1cdd992d02c2320,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Afrikaans"", ""Number of speakers"": ""over 6 million"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Dutch"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Khoekhoe, South African Malay, Portuguese Creole"", ""Location"": ""South Africa, Namibia, Botswana"", ""Official languages of South Africa"": ""Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu""}",Southern Africa,,Dutch +3,Saramaccan,,4.5,-55.5,sara1340,srm,"Saramaccan is one of the maroon creole languages of Surinam. It is spoken by the Saramaccan and Matawai tribes. The sociolinguistic situation of Saramaccan at the present is unclear, as a significant part of the population has moved away from the original maroon settlements on the Suriname River to the following three main locations for different reasons: Paramaribo, the capital of Surinam, for reasons of employment, and as a refuge from the civil war; French Guiana also as a refuge because of the war; and the Netherlands as an emigrant destination. The total number of speakers (in Surinam and in the diaspora) has been estimated as up to 50.000. Little detailed work has been done on internal variation in Saramaccan. Upriver (líbase) and downriver (básuse) dialects can be distinguished, as well as a separate Matawai dialect spoken on the Saramacca River. The default lect chosen for the description in APiCS is roughly the Básuse-dialect, due to the fact that the authors have first-hand experience with this variety.",abohenocho veenstratonjes smithnorvalsh,abohenocho smithnorvalsh veenstratonjes,"Saramaccan. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1001;1021;1035;1183;1307;1308;1352;1354;1406;1422;148;1517;1538;1539;1540;1541;1558;1596;196;197;199;200;201;202;27;334;354;451;489;586;599;6;606;626;728;744;796;91;914;915;917;94;984;1914[survey],Saramaccan,9c929b079bdfd20c8c52cdba7b6c21cf,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Saam\u00e1k\u00e1 T\u0254\u0301\u014b\u0261\u0254"", ""Other name"": ""English: Saamaka, Dutch: Saramakaans"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 50,000"", ""Major lexifiers"": ""English, Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Gbe, Dutch, Kikongo, Wayana"", ""Location"": ""Suriname River and Saramacca River, Surinam"", ""Official language of Surinam"": ""Dutch, Sranan (Tongo) is the lingua franca.""}",Caribbean,,English +30,Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago,,15.083333,-22.616667,kabu1256,kea,"Cape Verdean Creole is a Portuguese-based creole language spoken by about one million people in and outside the archipelago of Cape Verde, which since 1975 has been independent from Portugal, and since 1981 separated from Guinea-Bissau. About half of the Cape Verdeans speak the Santiago variety, some 250 000 on Santiago island and another 250 000 Cape Verdean emigrants in different countries bordering on the Atlantic Ocean (mainly in the Boston region of the United States and in Lisbon, but also in Brazil, Angola, Senegal etc.). Not all diaspora members have a complete command of the language. On Santiago, everybody speaks Santiago Creole in daily life except for some immigrants from the other islands who have moved to the capital Praia for professional reasons. Nevertheless, Portuguese is still the only official language and the only one used in teaching. The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is a variety equally well accepted in the capital and in the rural regions of the interior. In the interior (concelho de Santa Catarina) it competes with more conservative varieties, in which a women may still be addressed as nhára (< Portuguese senhora) instead of nha etc. In town it competes with varieties and registers more or less influenced by Portuguese, in the dataset indicated as acrolect (close to Portuguese), which has adjectives varying according to sex (minina bunita 'pretty girl' instead of minina bunitu) or even according to the gender of Portuguese nouns, etc.",langjurgen,langjurgen,"Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",106;107;108;1192;1255;1256;1293;1407;1408;1473;1542;1543;31;495;497;5;621;624;639;641;780;781;782;784;786;841;844;845;1870[survey],,a9cddf80c59f8c8fce17af20d19a4d64,1042467d532489dad95fd0ddcce6132a,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""bad\u00edu, kriolu"", ""Other name"": ""English: Santiago Creole, Portuguese: crioulo da ilha de Sant i ago (Cabo Verde)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""450,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Atlantic (Wolof, Temne) and Mande (Mandinka) languages"", ""Location"": ""Santiago, and diaspora communities in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, the USA (New England Coast, Boston), Angola, Senegal, Portugal, the Netherlands"", ""Official language of Cape Verde"": ""Portuguese""}",West Africa,,Portuguese +31,Cape Verdean Creole of Brava,,14.833333,-24.8,kabu1256,kea,"Cape Verdean Creole is spoken in Cape Verde on nine inhabited islands, including Brava, Fogo, Santiago and Maio to the South and Santo Antão, São Vicente, São Nicolau, Boa Vista, and Sal to the North. The Brava lect is spoken by about 6000 speakers on the smallest, most densely populated island. The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is representative of the basilectal variety and is illustrated mostly by field work data collected in the towns of Furna, Cachaço and Nova Sintra.",baptistamarlyse,baptistamarlyse,"Cape Verdean Creole of Brava. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1028;103;106;107;1259;126;1293;1408;1473;1543;1639;211;270;31;425;452;495;497;5;57;59;61;624;641;663;670;689;690;692;698;780;839;841;844;845;880;882;885;886;887;937;1869[survey],Kabuverdianu,193eb7530ec2c512b65b08a8ac185505,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Kriolu di Dja Braba, Crioulo, Kriolu, Bravense"", ""Other name"": ""Portuguese: Crioulo da ilha de Brava (Cabo Verde)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""6,043 inhabitants (2010) on the island"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Atlantic (Wolof, Temne) and Mande (Mandinka) languages"", ""Location"": ""Brava and diaspora communities in Angola, France, Italy, Mozambique, Netherlands, Portugal, Senegal, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, United States (New England area, Florida, California)"", ""Official language of Cape Verde"": ""Portuguese""}",West Africa,,Portuguese 32,Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente,,16.866667,-24.983334,kabu1256,kea,"Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente is spoken by 76,107 (2010) inhabitants of São Vicente island (Barlavento group), in the Atlantic Ocean (west of Senegal), and an unknown number of diaspora speakers (in Europe and the United States). Although an official alphabet for Cape Verdean Creole exists, there is no standard orthography and the language is predominantly oral. Though its use in media, new technologies and formal situations (courts, banks, professional meetings) is increasing, the lexifier Portuguese, used as L2, continues to be the only official language and the language of formal schooling and writing. The level of literacy in São Vicente is 86.3% (2010) and nowadays roughly 60% of São Vicente youth complete secondary education (12 years). -The small size of the island (approximately 227 km2) and the fact that over 90% of its population live in the port-city of Mindelo contribute to the relative homogeneity of the lect. The São Vicente variety is spoken on a daily basis by all social classes, including resident foreigners, and the differences between the speech of the city dwellers and the speech of the inhabitant of a few interior oases and fishing villages are minor and affect mostly the lexicon. The default lect documented in APiCS is based on extensive field-work and participant observation and is intended to be representative of the entire speech community. Constructed examples are from Dirceu Rocha, a young urban native speaker of Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente, who has a university degree and training in linguistics.",swolkiendominika,swolkiendominika,"Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1456;1871[survey],,b735950253d8a9122f9c179e1d99ba28,6b217e243404ea5d3413f81ec7fddf12,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""kriol, kriol d\u2019Sonsent"", ""Other name"": ""S\u00e3o Vicente Creole Portuguese: crioulo da ilha de S\u00e3o Vicente (Cabo Verde)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""approx. 76,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Sotavento varieties of Cape Verdean Creole (especially the variety of Fogo in the 18th century); Barlavento varieties of Cape Verdean Creole (especially the variety of Santo Ant\u00e3o); English due to port related economic activities and modern globalization"", ""Location"": ""S\u00e3o Vicente island and diaspora communities in Western Europe and the United States"", ""Official language of Cape Verde"": ""Portuguese""}",West Africa, -33,Guinea-Bissau Kriyol,,11.9,-15,uppe1455,pov,"Guinea-Bissau Kriyol is a creole language lexically based on Portuguese which is spoken by over half the population of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, which totaled 1,520,830 people in 2009. The creole is normally used in urban areas and in commerce in rural areas, where local languages predominate. There is a triglossic situation in which Guinea-Bissau Kriyol occupies the middle position in a pyramid between Portuguese at the top with fewer speakers but with more prestige, and with the African languages at the bottom with the greatest total number of speakers but with the least prestige. Researchers such as Alain Kihm and Jean-Louis Rougé agree that Guinea-Bissau Kriyol has regional varieties, the main ones being that of Cacheu and São Domingos in the north, that of Bissau and Bolama in the center and that of Bafatá and Geba in the east. The variety spoken in Cacheu and São Domingos seems to be the most conservative, maintaining structural features today found in the variety spoken in Casamance in Senegal (which lost contact with the superstrate in the nineteenth century; Casamancese Creole is treated as a separate APiCS language). The variety of Bissau and Bolama is the most progressive (having remained in contact with the superstrate as well as its substrate languages). Guinea-Bissau Kriyol was essentially an oral language but written texts gradually began to appear as vehicles of literature, science and religion. It is used in news programs on radio and television, in business, in daily life, and in churches and mosques. Beyond the regional varieties mentioned above, there are others varieties that have developed due to the influence of specific African languages or which reflect an individual speaker’s level of education. The variety which we have described in APiCS (default lect) is that used by speakers with a higher level of education. It is the variety used by teachers and students and it shares many more similarities with Portuguese than do the basilectal varieties spoken by people with little education. It is the variety most often heard in Bissau and the other major urban centers, characterized by Portuguese rules of agreement between elements in the noun phrase and by conjugated forms of certain frequent verb s such as ser ‘to be (permanently)’, estar ‘to be (temporarily)’, or ter ‘to have’.",intumboincanha invernoliliana holmjohn,intumboincanha invernoliliana holmjohn,"Guinea-Bissau Kriyol. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1190;1304;1305;1306;1340;1350;1452;1588;1733;1793;253;399;403;668;669;709;711;712;713;714;715;717;826;909;1882[survey],Upper Guinea Crioulo,164fab2711665b1945ab30d6d6c42154,04635ae44a6cc741a98f48e203c29bf1,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Kriyol"", ""Other names"": ""Portuguese: crioulo, guineense English: Guinea-Bissau Creole Portuguese"", ""Number of speakers"": ""600"", ""Location"": ""Guinea-Bissau, southern Senegal"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Balanta, Fula, Mandinga, Manjaku, Mankanya, Pepel"", ""Major languages of Guinea-Bissau"": ""Portuguese (official language), Kriyol, Balanta, Fula, Manjaku, Mandinga, Pepel, Mankanya, Biafada, Bijag\u00f3, Diola + 11 minor languages""}",West Africa, +The small size of the island (approximately 227 km2) and the fact that over 90% of its population live in the port-city of Mindelo contribute to the relative homogeneity of the lect. The São Vicente variety is spoken on a daily basis by all social classes, including resident foreigners, and the differences between the speech of the city dwellers and the speech of the inhabitant of a few interior oases and fishing villages are minor and affect mostly the lexicon. The default lect documented in APiCS is based on extensive field-work and participant observation and is intended to be representative of the entire speech community. Constructed examples are from Dirceu Rocha, a young urban native speaker of Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente, who has a university degree and training in linguistics.",swolkiendominika,swolkiendominika,"Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1456;1871[survey],,b735950253d8a9122f9c179e1d99ba28,6b217e243404ea5d3413f81ec7fddf12,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""kriol, kriol d\u2019Sonsent"", ""Other name"": ""S\u00e3o Vicente Creole Portuguese: crioulo da ilha de S\u00e3o Vicente (Cabo Verde)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""approx. 76,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Sotavento varieties of Cape Verdean Creole (especially the variety of Fogo in the 18th century); Barlavento varieties of Cape Verdean Creole (especially the variety of Santo Ant\u00e3o); English due to port related economic activities and modern globalization"", ""Location"": ""S\u00e3o Vicente island and diaspora communities in Western Europe and the United States"", ""Official language of Cape Verde"": ""Portuguese""}",West Africa,,Portuguese +33,Guinea-Bissau Kriyol,,11.9,-15,uppe1455,pov,"Guinea-Bissau Kriyol is a creole language lexically based on Portuguese which is spoken by over half the population of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, which totaled 1,520,830 people in 2009. The creole is normally used in urban areas and in commerce in rural areas, where local languages predominate. There is a triglossic situation in which Guinea-Bissau Kriyol occupies the middle position in a pyramid between Portuguese at the top with fewer speakers but with more prestige, and with the African languages at the bottom with the greatest total number of speakers but with the least prestige. Researchers such as Alain Kihm and Jean-Louis Rougé agree that Guinea-Bissau Kriyol has regional varieties, the main ones being that of Cacheu and São Domingos in the north, that of Bissau and Bolama in the center and that of Bafatá and Geba in the east. The variety spoken in Cacheu and São Domingos seems to be the most conservative, maintaining structural features today found in the variety spoken in Casamance in Senegal (which lost contact with the superstrate in the nineteenth century; Casamancese Creole is treated as a separate APiCS language). The variety of Bissau and Bolama is the most progressive (having remained in contact with the superstrate as well as its substrate languages). Guinea-Bissau Kriyol was essentially an oral language but written texts gradually began to appear as vehicles of literature, science and religion. It is used in news programs on radio and television, in business, in daily life, and in churches and mosques. Beyond the regional varieties mentioned above, there are others varieties that have developed due to the influence of specific African languages or which reflect an individual speaker’s level of education. The variety which we have described in APiCS (default lect) is that used by speakers with a higher level of education. It is the variety used by teachers and students and it shares many more similarities with Portuguese than do the basilectal varieties spoken by people with little education. It is the variety most often heard in Bissau and the other major urban centers, characterized by Portuguese rules of agreement between elements in the noun phrase and by conjugated forms of certain frequent verb s such as ser ‘to be (permanently)’, estar ‘to be (temporarily)’, or ter ‘to have’.",intumboincanha invernoliliana holmjohn,intumboincanha invernoliliana holmjohn,"Guinea-Bissau Kriyol. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1190;1304;1305;1306;1340;1350;1452;1588;1733;1793;253;399;403;668;669;709;711;712;713;714;715;717;826;909;1882[survey],Upper Guinea Crioulo,164fab2711665b1945ab30d6d6c42154,04635ae44a6cc741a98f48e203c29bf1,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Kriyol"", ""Other names"": ""Portuguese: crioulo, guineense English: Guinea-Bissau Creole Portuguese"", ""Number of speakers"": ""600"", ""Location"": ""Guinea-Bissau, southern Senegal"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Balanta, Fula, Mandinga, Manjaku, Mankanya, Pepel"", ""Major languages of Guinea-Bissau"": ""Portuguese (official language), Kriyol, Balanta, Fula, Manjaku, Mandinga, Pepel, Mankanya, Biafada, Bijag\u00f3, Diola + 11 minor languages""}",West Africa,,Portuguese 34,Casamancese Creole,,12.7,-16.274,uppe1455,,"Casamancese Creole is the mother tongue of about 10,000 people living in or around the Senegalese city of Ziguinchor (Basse-Casamance, Southern Senegal). It is also spoken with various degrees of proficiency by several tens of thousands of second language speakers living in the same region. The language seems to be quite homogeneous. However, language variation exists and seems to be linked with several factors. First, there is a contrast between urban Casamancese (spoken in Ziguinchor), more exposed to the influence of Wolof, French and Guinea-Bissau Kriyol vs. rural Casamancese, generally more conservative and also more influenced by several local adstrates (mostly Ñun, Joola, and Mandinka). Second, there are differences between native and non-native varieties of Casamancese Creole. In the Casamancese-speaking sections of Ziguinchor and in some neighbouring villages (e.g. Sindone), Casamancese is spoken by many people as a first language whereas in other villages (e.g. Djifanghor), Casamancese is used on a daily basis but as a second language alongside with a native language (e.g. a local variety of Ñun in Djifanghor). As regards Djifanghor (and this surely applies to other bilingual communities), the Casamancese spoken by Ñun-speakers, although being very similar to native Casamancese, displays some idiosyncratic developments, e.g. it allows analogical synthetic causatives for mas ‘more’ > masintí ‘surpass, have a bigger share than’ or bas ‘underneath’ > basintí ‘surpass, be better than’, which are refused by native Casamancese speakers. Third, together with urban vs. rural and first vs. second language, there also exists diatopic variation (e.g. the word for ‘cloud’ is nuybu in some villages and nirbu/nírbu/nibu in other places). Unless otherwise specified, the default lect illustrated in APiCS is the variety of Casamancese Creole spoken in the village of Sindone (some 30 km East of Ziguinchor). This rural variety is the native lect of Noël Bernard Biagui, who co-authored this contribution and it is today the main vernacular (and also the first vehicular) language in Sindone. Acknowledgement: « cet article a été réalisé grâce au soutien de l’ANR dans le cadre du projet Sénélangues Projet ANR-09-BLAN-0326 » - ""this contribution was realised thanks to the support of the ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) within the scope of the project Sénélangues (Projet ANR-09-BLAN-0326)""",biaguinoelbernard quintnicolas,biaguinoelbernard quintnicolas,"Casamancese Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1933[survey],,b643f4098406d134275e1db756ef539c,0b9cec0ad8b740f465311e7bbef1110b,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""kriyol, li\u014bgu kristo\u014b"", ""Other names"": ""French: cr\u00e9ole casaman\u00e7ais, creole afro-portugais de Casamance, casaman\u00e7ais"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 10,000 (native), between 20,000 and 50,000 (including 2nd language speakers)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Mandinka (Manding, both substrate and adstrate), Wolof (substrate), Nyun (adstrate)"", ""Location"": ""Senegalese Province of Lower Casamance (in and around the city of Ziguinchor) and diaspora communities (mostly in Dakar)"", ""Official language of Senegal"": ""French""}",West Africa, -35,Santome,,0.33285,6.88,saot1239,cri,"Santome is a Portuguese-related creole language spoken primarily on the island of S. Tomé in the Democratic Republic of S. Tomé e Príncipe by some 60.000 people (2012), which corresponds roughly to one third of its population, and by an unknown number of speakers in the diaspora (e.g. Portugal and Angola). Compared to previous censuses (1991, 2001), the number of speakers appears to be dropping quickly, which is related to the ongoing shift to Portuguese, the official language. In fact, monolingual speakers of Santome are nowadays hard to find. As a non-official language, Santome is essentially an informally used spoken language that is growingly confined from a geographical, generational and functional perspective, which means it is more likely to find fluent speakers in non-urban settings and among older generations. Music is the one of the few domains where the language is still thriving. The data used in APiCS (default lect) were generally drawn from transcriptions of mostly 40 to 80 year old native speakers from different non-urban areas of S. Tomé who were recorded in 1997 and 2001. A few written sources were used as well. Whenever necessary, the data for the atlas were double-checked or elicited with the help of other native speakers. The speech varieties of the recorded L1 speakers and the consultants are relatively homogeneous but should be seen within a wider picture of L1/L2 variation, language attrition and change.",hagemeijertjerk,hagemeijertjerk,"Santome. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1257;23;24;25;498;588;589;590;591;592;593;594;776;904;1895[survey],Sãotomense,683604df20a712336edcc2b4758a5813,2cd43e48e024fe75f2d25df7c5cc2a23,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Santome, Lungwa Santome, F\u00f4l\u00f4, Dioletu"", ""Other names"": ""English: S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 Creole, S\u00e3o-Tomense, Santomense Portuguese: Forro, Crioulo Forro, Dialecto, S\u00e3o-Tomense"", ""Number of speakers"": ""100,000 (2001)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""mainly Edo and Kikongo"", ""Location"": ""islands of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, and diaspora (especially Portugal)"", ""Official language of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe"": ""Portuguese""}",West Africa, + ""this contribution was realised thanks to the support of the ANR (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) within the scope of the project Sénélangues (Projet ANR-09-BLAN-0326)""",biaguinoelbernard quintnicolas,biaguinoelbernard quintnicolas,"Casamancese Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1933[survey],,b643f4098406d134275e1db756ef539c,0b9cec0ad8b740f465311e7bbef1110b,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""kriyol, li\u014bgu kristo\u014b"", ""Other names"": ""French: cr\u00e9ole casaman\u00e7ais, creole afro-portugais de Casamance, casaman\u00e7ais"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 10,000 (native), between 20,000 and 50,000 (including 2nd language speakers)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Mandinka (Manding, both substrate and adstrate), Wolof (substrate), Nyun (adstrate)"", ""Location"": ""Senegalese Province of Lower Casamance (in and around the city of Ziguinchor) and diaspora communities (mostly in Dakar)"", ""Official language of Senegal"": ""French""}",West Africa,,Portuguese +35,Santome,,0.33285,6.88,saot1239,cri,"Santome is a Portuguese-related creole language spoken primarily on the island of S. Tomé in the Democratic Republic of S. Tomé e Príncipe by some 60.000 people (2012), which corresponds roughly to one third of its population, and by an unknown number of speakers in the diaspora (e.g. Portugal and Angola). Compared to previous censuses (1991, 2001), the number of speakers appears to be dropping quickly, which is related to the ongoing shift to Portuguese, the official language. In fact, monolingual speakers of Santome are nowadays hard to find. As a non-official language, Santome is essentially an informally used spoken language that is growingly confined from a geographical, generational and functional perspective, which means it is more likely to find fluent speakers in non-urban settings and among older generations. Music is the one of the few domains where the language is still thriving. The data used in APiCS (default lect) were generally drawn from transcriptions of mostly 40 to 80 year old native speakers from different non-urban areas of S. Tomé who were recorded in 1997 and 2001. A few written sources were used as well. Whenever necessary, the data for the atlas were double-checked or elicited with the help of other native speakers. The speech varieties of the recorded L1 speakers and the consultants are relatively homogeneous but should be seen within a wider picture of L1/L2 variation, language attrition and change.",hagemeijertjerk,hagemeijertjerk,"Santome. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1257;23;24;25;498;588;589;590;591;592;593;594;776;904;1895[survey],Sãotomense,683604df20a712336edcc2b4758a5813,2cd43e48e024fe75f2d25df7c5cc2a23,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Santome, Lungwa Santome, F\u00f4l\u00f4, Dioletu"", ""Other names"": ""English: S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 Creole, S\u00e3o-Tomense, Santomense Portuguese: Forro, Crioulo Forro, Dialecto, S\u00e3o-Tomense"", ""Number of speakers"": ""100,000 (2001)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""mainly Edo and Kikongo"", ""Location"": ""islands of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, and diaspora (especially Portugal)"", ""Official language of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe"": ""Portuguese""}",West Africa,,Portuguese 36,Angolar,,0.134582,6.48,ango1258,aoa,"The Portuguese-based language Angolar is spoken by approximatively 5,000 people in the southwestern and the southeastern part of the island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea. It is a maroon creole, that is, a creole that was spoken by slaves who escaped from slavery and rebuilt their own society in regions where they were free from the slave owners. Some Angolar speakers also live on Principe Island as well as in Portugal, especially in Lisbon. It is not clear whether the language is still being passed on to the newer generations; the pressure from Santome, the other creole language spoken on the island, and from Portuguese is very strong. Though Angolar is not mutually intelligible with Santome, it is closely related to and most probably derived from it (as the other two creole languages of the Gulf of Guinea, Principense and Fa d’Ambô). What characterizes Angolar is that an important part of its vocabulary is of Bantu, especially of Kimbundu origin. Note, however, that this influence concerns mostly the lexicon and not the morphosyntax of the language. -The default lect chosen for APiCS is the variety of speakers who at the time of my main fieldwork (in the early 1990s) were 50 years or older.",maurerphilippe,maurerphilippe,"Angolar. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1183;1348;495;497;498;776;901;1861[survey],Angolar,bbd6d16d760a998eeac2f22e0f587d0d,ba4205d223798d4318f7a34d2ca98ed3,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""lunga Ngola"", ""Other names"": ""Portuguese: angolar ; Regional Portuguese: angolar, dioletu"", ""Number of speakers"": ""about 5,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Kimbundu, Santome"", ""Location"": ""S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and diaspora community on Pr\u00edncipe and in Portugal"", ""Official language of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe"": ""Portuguese""}",West Africa, +The default lect chosen for APiCS is the variety of speakers who at the time of my main fieldwork (in the early 1990s) were 50 years or older.",maurerphilippe,maurerphilippe,"Angolar. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1183;1348;495;497;498;776;901;1861[survey],Angolar,bbd6d16d760a998eeac2f22e0f587d0d,ba4205d223798d4318f7a34d2ca98ed3,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""lunga Ngola"", ""Other names"": ""Portuguese: angolar ; Regional Portuguese: angolar, dioletu"", ""Number of speakers"": ""about 5,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Kimbundu, Santome"", ""Location"": ""S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and diaspora community on Pr\u00edncipe and in Portugal"", ""Official language of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe"": ""Portuguese""}",West Africa,,Portuguese 37,Principense,,1.616667,7.366667,prin1242,pre,"Principense, a Portuguese-based language called Lung’Ie (the language of the island) by its speakers, is an endangered language. On the island of Principe (Gulf of Guinea), there are maybe still twenty native speakers who speak the language fluently; however, a teritorially homogeneous linguistic community does not exist any more. The dominant languages of Principe are regional varieties of Portuguese as well as Cape Verdean Creole; the latter is spoken by more than half of the population of the island, due to the important immigration of Cape Verdeans from the beginning of the 20th century. Some efforts have been made to teach Principense in school, but these efforts have not been successful. Printed media do not exist on the island of Principe, but radio news are broadcast five times a week (sometimes less). Outside Principe, Principense is spoken on the neighbouring island São Tomé; a fairly numerous community of Principense speakers live in Lisbon (Portugal); however, it is impossible to determine the exact number of these native speakers. -The default lect described in APiCS is the lect spoken by people aged sixty or more; younger generation refers to some extremely rare speakers between thirty and fifty years who possess a good command of the language.",maurerphilippe,maurerphilippe,"Principense. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1183;1473;1494;496;497;580;776;845;902;905;1909[survey],Principense,ee7c49e7b559639f9490886ff058d962,7ed448b285031ba8ba1e3fe0b661ec56,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""lung\u2019Ie, f\u00f4r\u00f4"", ""Other names"": ""Portuguese: dialeto, dioleto"", ""Number of speakers"": ""less than 100"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Edo, Yoruba, Kikongo"", ""Location"": ""Pr\u00edncipe and diaspora communities in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Portugal"", ""Official language of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe"": ""Portuguese""}",West Africa, -38,Fa d’Ambô,,-1.433333,5.633333,fada1250,fab,"Fa d’Ambô is the language of the island of Annobón in the Gulf of Guinea. It probably developed from the creole of São Tomé as it was spoken at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Most of the c. 5,000 speakers live on the island of Annobón and in Malabo, the capital of Equatorial Guinea. On Annobón, people speak Fa d’Ambô most of the time, while they speak Spanish, the official language of the country, only in formal contexts, e.g. in the educational system. In Malabo the situation is much more complicated as it is a melting pot of languages, including the vernacular language Pichi, an English-based creole. Probably close to 100% of the men are at least bilingual, as they usually go to Malabo to work. For women this percentage is lower. Some of them have never left the island and have used Spanish only in school.",postmarike,postmarike,"Fa d’Ambô. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1231;1233;1235;1236;1237;1238;1239;1240;1241;1786;315;1878[survey],Fa d'Ambu (wohl falsch),728941b9dee7fc42f25f9546d8767f70,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Fa d\u2019Amb\u00f4"", ""Other names"": ""Spanish: Annobonense English: Annobonese, Fa d\u2019Ambu"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 4,500\u20135,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Edo, Yoruba, Kikongo"", ""Location"": ""Equatorial Guinea, mainly Annob\u00f3n and Malabo"", ""Official language of Equatorial Guinea"": ""Spanish""}",West Africa, -39,Diu Indo-Portuguese,,20.713087,70.984726,dama1278,,"With a small and close-knit population of around 180 speakers, Diu Indo-Portuguese is not characterized by regional variants, although an unspecified number of speakers have indeed migrated to other parts of the world. However, this is not to say there is no variation: the most relevant type is contextual, caused by the variable integration of features of Portuguese (e.g., some person marking on verb forms, some phonetic specificities, some lexemes...), in which a section of the speech community is fluent to differing degrees; in addition, the presence of speakers of the related Indo-Portuguese creole of Daman and speakers of other languages for whom Indo-Portuguese is an L2 also implies some variation. The description of the language in Cardoso (2009) and APiCS is based on recordings made in Diu between 2004 and 2008, with native speakers of all ages whose immediate family hailed from the territory and in contexts as free as possible from the normative pressure of Portuguese - this constitutes the default lect in this publication, in which variation is duly reported. Occasionally, reference is made to an older lect, which draws mostly on a short corpus published by Hugo Schuchardt in 1883 and, when they coincide, on the speech of the elder speakers.",cardosohugoc,cardosohugoc,"Diu Indo-Portuguese. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1736;218;220;221;1875[survey],< Indo-Portuguese,5732188f6293b5f5eef61920eb6fdda6,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""purt\u0259gez d\u0259 diw , l\u0129g d\u0259 diw, purt\u0259gez"", ""Other names"": ""Portuguese: Norteiro, Portugu\u00eas dos Norteiros, Indo-Portugu\u00eas"", ""Number of speakers"": ""c. 180"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Gujarati (dominant), English, Hindi, Konkani"", ""Location"": ""Diu (India)"", ""Main language of Diu"": ""Gujarati""}",South Asia, -4,Nengee,,4.302591,-54.415283,neng1239,,"The different varieties of Nengee (Aluku, Ndyuka and Pamaka) emerged during the 18th century as the result of maroonage. Although they ultimately have their origin in the contact varieties that emerged on the plantation of Suriname, they developed into distinct varieties, having undergone separate development after their founders’ settlement in the interior of the Surinamese/French Guianese rainforst. There has always been some contact between Maroons and the coastal population through Maroon men’s commercial activities and seasonal cash labor. However, contact has gradually intensified since the 1950s with Maroons’ greater integration into Surinamese and recently also French Guianese society due to both migration and, to a much lesser extent, social change in the village setting. Today, both many Maroon men and women live in or regularly spend time in urban contexts and are in contact with members of other Maroon communities and non-Maroons. In this new context, code alternation practices involving the regional lingua franca Sranan (also Sranantongo), but also other languages such as Dutch and to a lesser extent French and English have become quite frequent in both out-group and in-group speech among younger people and new social varieties (e.g. wakaman/yunkuman tongo) have emerged besides other existing ones such as respect speech (cf. Migge 2004). In addition, non-Maroons in French Guiana have been acquiring these newly emerging multilingual practices often referred to as Takitaki locally (Cf. Migge & van den Berg 2009; Migge & Léglise 2011, 2013; Léglise & Migge 2007). The description of linguistics features in APiCS (default lect) are predominantly based on typical monolingual everyday speech that is associated with the village context (Huttar & Huttar 1994; Goury & Migge 2003; and other articles by these authors). However, where necessary reference is made to other varieties such as respect speech and contemporary speech associated with the urban context. The speech samples/texts provided are also representative of conservative village practices. Modern urban-associated practices are documented in Migge 2005a, 2005b, 2007, 2011, and in Migge & Léglise 2013.",miggebettina,miggebettina,"Nengee. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1250;1271;1390;1596;1726;188;279;280;281;282;283;284;285;286;568;569;661;662;810;813;959;960;961;962;964;965;966;984;1902[survey],"Aukan (d: Aukan, Aluku, Paramaccan)",167f9a571dc08df068e8bdf928535ba0,abc88c3fae81677865ee1af01243936e,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Nenge, Nengee, Businenge Tongo ; names of the dialectal varieties: Aluku, Ndyuka or Okanisi, Pamaka, Kotika"", ""Other names"": ""English: Eastern Maroon Creole, Ndyuka (dialectal varieties: Ndyuka or Aucan, Aluku or Boni, Paramaccan(s) or Paramakan(s)) French: takitaki, businenge tongo Dutch: Auccaans (dialectal varieties: Ndyuka or Auccaans, Aluku or Boni, Paramaccaans)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""66,500 (Price 2002)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Portuguese, Amerindian languages, Gbe, Kikongo"", ""Location"": ""Suriname, French Guiana and diaspora communities in Netherlands, France"", ""Official language of Suriname: of French Guiana"": ""Dutch French""}",Caribbean, -40,Korlai,,18.516666,72.900002,korl1238,vkp,"Korlai is a Portuguese-based creole spoken by the 780 inhabitants (2010 census) of the coastal village of Korlai, located about 150 km south of Mumbai in the state of Maharashtra. In this state, and the surrounding states of Gujarat and Karnataka, there is also a small diaspora of Korlai speakers. Korlai is used as the village language for all personal interaction. With the exception of a play written in the creole, Korlai is an oral language. In more formal contexts, Marathi (the regional language) is often used. Up to the early 1960s, Portuguese was the language of the church in Korlai. Around 1964, Marathi was introduced into the church liturgy and it has been the church language ever since. As more Korlai children are finishing high school (Marathi medium) and seeking employment outside of their tradition profession of agriculture, the influence of Marathi is becoming increasingly stronger. The default lect of Korlai described in APiCS is that of children and adult Korlai speakers whose speech was analyzed between 1986 and 2005.",clementsjclancy,clementsjclancy,"Korlai. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",263;265;267;681;1892[survey],Korlai Creole Portuguese,828083096837058619beb973b49a8ef2,dcb7444bd02560ea9b01a1a4836c747a,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""n\u0254 li\u014b"", ""Other name"": ""Portuguese: o crioulo de Korlai"", ""Number of speakers"": ""800+"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing language"": ""Marathi"", ""Location"": ""Korlai village and small enclaves in Mumbai and Bassein"", ""Official language of Korlai area"": ""Marathi (regional) and Hindi (national)""}",South Asia, -41,Sri Lanka Portuguese,,8.5,81.686096,mala1544,,"Sri Lanka Portuguese is spoken by a dwindling number of the island’s Burgher ethnic group, descendants of unions between (primarily) Portuguese and Dutch men and local women. Speakers are still found in the Tamil-dominant east coast towns of Batticaloa and Trincomalee. The spoken varieties of these two towns exhibit only minor differences. Many of the South Asian characteristics of these varieties were also exhibited by speakers in the Sinhala-dominant region of the island. In addition, there existed a formal register displaying more European than South Asian morphosyntax. This register can be found in the 19th century literature, but by the 1970s, it was only poorly known by a very small number of speakers. Its origin is moot: was it a holdover of an earlier spoken variety or (my view) an artificial norm created by Anglophone missionaries, who began to use the language for evangelical purposes in the early 1800’s? The default lect documented in APiCS is the spoken variety of Batticaloa in the 1970s. Examples are taken mostly from my field notes of 1974-5.",smithianr,smithianr,"Sri Lanka Portuguese. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1416;1419;1420;1421;1423;1424;1435;1471;337;672;681;1920[survey],Indo-Portuguese,ad09302c08515aaeec42d255d2b130f7,dd61b6f21dbad65583ca0f529e77af2f,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""portugees, purtugees"", ""Other name"": ""Tamil: parangi paasai (derogatory)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""unknown"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Tamil, Sinhala, Dutch, English"", ""Location"": ""Sri Lanka"", ""Official languages of Sri Lanka"": ""Sinhala, Tamil""}",South Asia, -42,Papiá Kristang,,2.225545,102.251129,mala1533,mcm,"Papiá Kristang is a Portuguese-based creole spoken by approximatey 800 people in Malacca, West Malaysia, and by smaller numbers of descendents of Malacca creoles in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore, and an unknown number who migrated to Australia (principally Perth), New Zealand and the United Kingdom in the second half of the 20th century. Its core speech community is in the Portuguese Settlement, a housing development established in the 1930s, in a coastal setting at the south of Malacca town, on land where only Kristangs are permitted to reside. Papiá Kristang is constantly used in this setting. It is overwhelmingly oral, although there have been a number of initiatives over the years to write the language and, currently, a voluntary vernacular school is operating in the Portuguese Settlement. The language today is under threat from a strong shift towards English within the creole community. The default lect described in APICS is that of the Portuguese Settlement, corresponding to the speech of people in the 50-80 year age range, who have provided recordings, and judgements on structures extracted from field recordings, at various times over three decades. While another lect of Papiá Kristang is reported to have existed in Malacca earlier in the 20th century, in the Trankera suburb of the town, this lect was not observable in the late 20th century.",baxteralann,baxteralann,"Papiá Kristang. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1021;1073;1183;120;121;122;1274;1479;1708;1709;1710;47;600;602;681;877;1906[survey],Malaccan Creole Portuguese,1d936ce2bdbf0d85208db0b70c81cbc1,98956cd8c1ea182129069617f6cad263,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""(Papi\u00e1) Kristang,"", ""Other names"": ""Kristang, Malacca (Creole) Portuguese; Portuguese: Malaqueiro, Malaquenho, Malaquense, Malaqu\u00eas, dialecto portugu\u00eas de Malaca"", ""Number of speakers"": ""about 800"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Malay, Hokkien Chinese"", ""Location"": ""Malacca and diaspora communities in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore"", ""Official language of Malaysia"": ""Malay""}",Southeast Asia, +The default lect described in APiCS is the lect spoken by people aged sixty or more; younger generation refers to some extremely rare speakers between thirty and fifty years who possess a good command of the language.",maurerphilippe,maurerphilippe,"Principense. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1183;1473;1494;496;497;580;776;845;902;905;1909[survey],Principense,ee7c49e7b559639f9490886ff058d962,7ed448b285031ba8ba1e3fe0b661ec56,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""lung\u2019Ie, f\u00f4r\u00f4"", ""Other names"": ""Portuguese: dialeto, dioleto"", ""Number of speakers"": ""less than 100"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Edo, Yoruba, Kikongo"", ""Location"": ""Pr\u00edncipe and diaspora communities in S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Portugal"", ""Official language of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe"": ""Portuguese""}",West Africa,,Portuguese +38,Fa d’Ambô,,-1.433333,5.633333,fada1250,fab,"Fa d’Ambô is the language of the island of Annobón in the Gulf of Guinea. It probably developed from the creole of São Tomé as it was spoken at the beginning of the sixteenth century. Most of the c. 5,000 speakers live on the island of Annobón and in Malabo, the capital of Equatorial Guinea. On Annobón, people speak Fa d’Ambô most of the time, while they speak Spanish, the official language of the country, only in formal contexts, e.g. in the educational system. In Malabo the situation is much more complicated as it is a melting pot of languages, including the vernacular language Pichi, an English-based creole. Probably close to 100% of the men are at least bilingual, as they usually go to Malabo to work. For women this percentage is lower. Some of them have never left the island and have used Spanish only in school.",postmarike,postmarike,"Fa d’Ambô. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1231;1233;1235;1236;1237;1238;1239;1240;1241;1786;315;1878[survey],Fa d'Ambu (wohl falsch),728941b9dee7fc42f25f9546d8767f70,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Fa d\u2019Amb\u00f4"", ""Other names"": ""Spanish: Annobonense English: Annobonese, Fa d\u2019Ambu"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 4,500\u20135,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Edo, Yoruba, Kikongo"", ""Location"": ""Equatorial Guinea, mainly Annob\u00f3n and Malabo"", ""Official language of Equatorial Guinea"": ""Spanish""}",West Africa,,Portuguese +39,Diu Indo-Portuguese,,20.713087,70.984726,dama1278,,"With a small and close-knit population of around 180 speakers, Diu Indo-Portuguese is not characterized by regional variants, although an unspecified number of speakers have indeed migrated to other parts of the world. However, this is not to say there is no variation: the most relevant type is contextual, caused by the variable integration of features of Portuguese (e.g., some person marking on verb forms, some phonetic specificities, some lexemes...), in which a section of the speech community is fluent to differing degrees; in addition, the presence of speakers of the related Indo-Portuguese creole of Daman and speakers of other languages for whom Indo-Portuguese is an L2 also implies some variation. The description of the language in Cardoso (2009) and APiCS is based on recordings made in Diu between 2004 and 2008, with native speakers of all ages whose immediate family hailed from the territory and in contexts as free as possible from the normative pressure of Portuguese - this constitutes the default lect in this publication, in which variation is duly reported. Occasionally, reference is made to an older lect, which draws mostly on a short corpus published by Hugo Schuchardt in 1883 and, when they coincide, on the speech of the elder speakers.",cardosohugoc,cardosohugoc,"Diu Indo-Portuguese. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1736;218;220;221;1875[survey],< Indo-Portuguese,5732188f6293b5f5eef61920eb6fdda6,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""purt\u0259gez d\u0259 diw , l\u0129g d\u0259 diw, purt\u0259gez"", ""Other names"": ""Portuguese: Norteiro, Portugu\u00eas dos Norteiros, Indo-Portugu\u00eas"", ""Number of speakers"": ""c. 180"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Gujarati (dominant), English, Hindi, Konkani"", ""Location"": ""Diu (India)"", ""Main language of Diu"": ""Gujarati""}",South Asia,,Portuguese +4,Nengee,,4.302591,-54.415283,neng1239,,"The different varieties of Nengee (Aluku, Ndyuka and Pamaka) emerged during the 18th century as the result of maroonage. Although they ultimately have their origin in the contact varieties that emerged on the plantation of Suriname, they developed into distinct varieties, having undergone separate development after their founders’ settlement in the interior of the Surinamese/French Guianese rainforst. There has always been some contact between Maroons and the coastal population through Maroon men’s commercial activities and seasonal cash labor. However, contact has gradually intensified since the 1950s with Maroons’ greater integration into Surinamese and recently also French Guianese society due to both migration and, to a much lesser extent, social change in the village setting. Today, both many Maroon men and women live in or regularly spend time in urban contexts and are in contact with members of other Maroon communities and non-Maroons. In this new context, code alternation practices involving the regional lingua franca Sranan (also Sranantongo), but also other languages such as Dutch and to a lesser extent French and English have become quite frequent in both out-group and in-group speech among younger people and new social varieties (e.g. wakaman/yunkuman tongo) have emerged besides other existing ones such as respect speech (cf. Migge 2004). In addition, non-Maroons in French Guiana have been acquiring these newly emerging multilingual practices often referred to as Takitaki locally (Cf. Migge & van den Berg 2009; Migge & Léglise 2011, 2013; Léglise & Migge 2007). The description of linguistics features in APiCS (default lect) are predominantly based on typical monolingual everyday speech that is associated with the village context (Huttar & Huttar 1994; Goury & Migge 2003; and other articles by these authors). However, where necessary reference is made to other varieties such as respect speech and contemporary speech associated with the urban context. The speech samples/texts provided are also representative of conservative village practices. Modern urban-associated practices are documented in Migge 2005a, 2005b, 2007, 2011, and in Migge & Léglise 2013.",miggebettina,miggebettina,"Nengee. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1250;1271;1390;1596;1726;188;279;280;281;282;283;284;285;286;568;569;661;662;810;813;959;960;961;962;964;965;966;984;1902[survey],"Aukan (d: Aukan, Aluku, Paramaccan)",167f9a571dc08df068e8bdf928535ba0,abc88c3fae81677865ee1af01243936e,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Nenge, Nengee, Businenge Tongo ; names of the dialectal varieties: Aluku, Ndyuka or Okanisi, Pamaka, Kotika"", ""Other names"": ""English: Eastern Maroon Creole, Ndyuka (dialectal varieties: Ndyuka or Aucan, Aluku or Boni, Paramaccan(s) or Paramakan(s)) French: takitaki, businenge tongo Dutch: Auccaans (dialectal varieties: Ndyuka or Auccaans, Aluku or Boni, Paramaccaans)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""66,500 (Price 2002)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Portuguese, Amerindian languages, Gbe, Kikongo"", ""Location"": ""Suriname, French Guiana and diaspora communities in Netherlands, France"", ""Official language of Suriname: of French Guiana"": ""Dutch French""}",Caribbean,,English +40,Korlai,,18.516666,72.900002,korl1238,vkp,"Korlai is a Portuguese-based creole spoken by the 780 inhabitants (2010 census) of the coastal village of Korlai, located about 150 km south of Mumbai in the state of Maharashtra. In this state, and the surrounding states of Gujarat and Karnataka, there is also a small diaspora of Korlai speakers. Korlai is used as the village language for all personal interaction. With the exception of a play written in the creole, Korlai is an oral language. In more formal contexts, Marathi (the regional language) is often used. Up to the early 1960s, Portuguese was the language of the church in Korlai. Around 1964, Marathi was introduced into the church liturgy and it has been the church language ever since. As more Korlai children are finishing high school (Marathi medium) and seeking employment outside of their tradition profession of agriculture, the influence of Marathi is becoming increasingly stronger. The default lect of Korlai described in APiCS is that of children and adult Korlai speakers whose speech was analyzed between 1986 and 2005.",clementsjclancy,clementsjclancy,"Korlai. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",263;265;267;681;1892[survey],Korlai Creole Portuguese,828083096837058619beb973b49a8ef2,dcb7444bd02560ea9b01a1a4836c747a,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""n\u0254 li\u014b"", ""Other name"": ""Portuguese: o crioulo de Korlai"", ""Number of speakers"": ""800+"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing language"": ""Marathi"", ""Location"": ""Korlai village and small enclaves in Mumbai and Bassein"", ""Official language of Korlai area"": ""Marathi (regional) and Hindi (national)""}",South Asia,,Portuguese +41,Sri Lanka Portuguese,,8.5,81.686096,mala1544,,"Sri Lanka Portuguese is spoken by a dwindling number of the island’s Burgher ethnic group, descendants of unions between (primarily) Portuguese and Dutch men and local women. Speakers are still found in the Tamil-dominant east coast towns of Batticaloa and Trincomalee. The spoken varieties of these two towns exhibit only minor differences. Many of the South Asian characteristics of these varieties were also exhibited by speakers in the Sinhala-dominant region of the island. In addition, there existed a formal register displaying more European than South Asian morphosyntax. This register can be found in the 19th century literature, but by the 1970s, it was only poorly known by a very small number of speakers. Its origin is moot: was it a holdover of an earlier spoken variety or (my view) an artificial norm created by Anglophone missionaries, who began to use the language for evangelical purposes in the early 1800’s? The default lect documented in APiCS is the spoken variety of Batticaloa in the 1970s. Examples are taken mostly from my field notes of 1974-5.",smithianr,smithianr,"Sri Lanka Portuguese. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1416;1419;1420;1421;1423;1424;1435;1471;337;672;681;1920[survey],Indo-Portuguese,ad09302c08515aaeec42d255d2b130f7,dd61b6f21dbad65583ca0f529e77af2f,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""portugees, purtugees"", ""Other name"": ""Tamil: parangi paasai (derogatory)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""unknown"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Tamil, Sinhala, Dutch, English"", ""Location"": ""Sri Lanka"", ""Official languages of Sri Lanka"": ""Sinhala, Tamil""}",South Asia,,Portuguese +42,Papiá Kristang,,2.225545,102.251129,mala1533,mcm,"Papiá Kristang is a Portuguese-based creole spoken by approximatey 800 people in Malacca, West Malaysia, and by smaller numbers of descendents of Malacca creoles in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore, and an unknown number who migrated to Australia (principally Perth), New Zealand and the United Kingdom in the second half of the 20th century. Its core speech community is in the Portuguese Settlement, a housing development established in the 1930s, in a coastal setting at the south of Malacca town, on land where only Kristangs are permitted to reside. Papiá Kristang is constantly used in this setting. It is overwhelmingly oral, although there have been a number of initiatives over the years to write the language and, currently, a voluntary vernacular school is operating in the Portuguese Settlement. The language today is under threat from a strong shift towards English within the creole community. The default lect described in APICS is that of the Portuguese Settlement, corresponding to the speech of people in the 50-80 year age range, who have provided recordings, and judgements on structures extracted from field recordings, at various times over three decades. While another lect of Papiá Kristang is reported to have existed in Malacca earlier in the 20th century, in the Trankera suburb of the town, this lect was not observable in the late 20th century.",baxteralann,baxteralann,"Papiá Kristang. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1021;1073;1183;120;121;122;1274;1479;1708;1709;1710;47;600;602;681;877;1906[survey],Malaccan Creole Portuguese,1d936ce2bdbf0d85208db0b70c81cbc1,98956cd8c1ea182129069617f6cad263,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""(Papi\u00e1) Kristang,"", ""Other names"": ""Kristang, Malacca (Creole) Portuguese; Portuguese: Malaqueiro, Malaquenho, Malaquense, Malaqu\u00eas, dialecto portugu\u00eas de Malaca"", ""Number of speakers"": ""about 800"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Malay, Hokkien Chinese"", ""Location"": ""Malacca and diaspora communities in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore"", ""Official language of Malaysia"": ""Malay""}",Southeast Asia,,Portuguese 43,Batavia Creole,,-6.716667,107.183334,mala1533,,"Batavia Creole is an extinct Portuguese-based creole once spoken in the city of Batavia (now Jakarta), on the island of Java (now Indonesia). Batavia Creole originated after 1619, the year when the Dutch occupied the city; the decline of the language started in the second half of the eighteenth century (when it started to be replaced by Malay), and the language was extinct by the end of the nineteenth century. Since the Portuguese never occupied Batavia, this creole must have been brought to Batavia from outside. Strong structural similarities point to Papiá Kristang spoken in Malacca as its source, but the language has also been influenced by southern Indo-Portuguese varieties. Note that from the first half of the seventeenth century onwards, both Malacca and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) were occupied by the Dutch. The default lect chosen for APiCS is based on one single written source: the Nieuwe Woordenschat, uyt het Nedertuitsch in het gemeene Maleidsch en Portugeesch, zeer gemakkelyk vor die eerst op Batavia komen (‘New vocabulary, From Dutch to Common Malay and Portuguese, very convenient for those coming to Batavia for the first time’), which was published in 1780 in Batavia. This source contains a narrative texts, dialogues, and about 1,400 lexical entries. -The other lect which is dealt with in APiCS, called Batavia Creole (Tugu), refers to Tugu Creole, which is an offshoot of Batavia Creole brought during the 1660 to Batavia’s hinterland by about 150 members of Batavia’s Portuguese community which were slaves who were freed and who were given land because they converted from Catholicism to Calvinism. Nowadays, the small village of Tugu is a neighbourhood of North Jakarta called Kampung Tugu. Tugu Creole became obsolete in the first half of the twentieth century. This Portuguese creole variety is characterized by a strong influence from spoken Malay at all levels of its grammar, an influence which is not that strong in Batavia Creole.",maurerphilippe,maurerphilippe,"Batavia Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1351;606;903;906;1863[survey],,b1215a2cfaa4b706bc90f1cbc0559fda,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""(unknown)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""(no information; extinct since end of 19th century)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Malay, Javanese, Dutch, Indo-Portuguese, South Asian languages"", ""Location"": ""Batavia (now Jakarta), Java (now part of Indonesia)""}",Southeast Asia, -44,Ternate Chabacano,,13.269707,120.675201,tern1248,,"Ternate Chabacano is spoken by some 3,000 people in the town of Ternate, Cavite province, Philippines. It is one of the Spanish contact varieties that are spoken in the Philippines and known collectively as Chabacano. There are also some diaspora speakers in the United States and other migrant worker destinations. Chabacano is a minority language in the town associated with the traditional local community. All the Chabacano speakers in Ternate are multilingual in Chabacano and Tagalog, as well as other languages. Trends in existing domains can be characterized as multilingualism with dwindling domains: Tagalog and English dominate in many communication contexts. Spanish is no longer commonly spoken in Ternate. Chabacano is mainly used at home and in the neighbourhoods together with Tagalog. Chabacano is not part of the school curriculum in Ternate, but some teachers of the first grades use Chabacano unofficially. Ternate Chabacano is a spoken variety and it is rather difficult to find written samples in printed media, but personal letters and new media are one domain where the written form of the language can be found. Chabacano is written in different ways by different age groups. The default lect chosen for description in APiCS is the speech of older Ternateños living in the central barangays or neighbourhoods of Ternate. The language of the younger speakers of Chabacano has especially been influenced by English and Tagalog. Examples are from a spoken language corpus collected in Ternate between 2003 and 2006. Examples from other, written sources are indicated in the dataset, mainly Nigoza’s (2007) collection of folk tales and legends.",sippolaeeva,sippolaeeva,"Ternate Chabacano. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1064;111;1284;1414;1415;1446;1553;1579;976;1922[survey],(Chavacano:Ternateño),55251c2cdda72185e1c038e2d003885f,aee968fa316055e3d028b2cb8bd66b03,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""bahra"", ""Other names"": ""Spanish: ternate\u00f1o, chabacano, chavacano"", ""Number of speakers"": ""~ 3,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Spanish"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Tagalog"", ""Location"": ""Ternate, Cavite Province, The Philippines"", ""Official languages of the Philippines"": ""Filipino, English""}",Southeast Asia, -45,Cavite Chabacano,,14.7,120.9,chav1241,,"Cavite Chabacano is spoken in Cavite City, 35 kilometers southwest from Manila in the Philippines. It is one of the Spanish contact varieties that are spoken in the Philippines and known collectively as Chabacano. Cavite Chabacano is severely endangered, with less than 4,000 speakers in a city of 100,000. There are also some speakers in the United States and other migrant worker destinations. All speakers of Cavite Chabacano are bilingual in Chabacano and Tagalog and most are also fluent in English. The functional domains of Cavite Chabacano are highly restricted. It is mainly used at home and the majority of fluent speakers are of the grandparental generation or older. English and Filipino (based on Tagalog) are the national languages and are used in Cavite in the educational system, the media and in local communication. Spanish is no longer commonly spoken in Cavite City. Cavite City residents generally have a positive attitude toward Chabacano and there is no stigma associated with those who speak it, but socioeconomic conditions make learning English and Tagalog more favorable. Speakers of all socioeconomic backgrounds can still be found in different areas of the city, especially in the San Roque and Caridad districts. The default lect described in the database is almost entirely written Cavite Chabacano produced by language activists engaged in the promotion of the language. The examples are from literary sources and written elicitation collected between 2006-2010 in Cavite City. The study of sociolectal variation for Cavite Chabacano is ongoing and notes on variation are not included in the APiCS description.",sippolaeeva,sippolaeeva,"Cavite Chabacano. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1071;1084;1285;1295;137;1415;426;829;831;835;1932[survey],,6a6fc5cc098d974239d1970c2f95dc1c,00347852fef07d57f000d9a358be8a91,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Chabacano, Chavacano"", ""Other names"": ""English: Philippine Creole Spanish Spanish: cavite\u00f1o"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 4,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Spanish"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Tagalog"", ""Location"": ""Cavite City, Cavite Province, the Philippines"", ""Official languages of the Philippines"": ""Filipino, English""}",Southeast Asia, +The other lect which is dealt with in APiCS, called Batavia Creole (Tugu), refers to Tugu Creole, which is an offshoot of Batavia Creole brought during the 1660 to Batavia’s hinterland by about 150 members of Batavia’s Portuguese community which were slaves who were freed and who were given land because they converted from Catholicism to Calvinism. Nowadays, the small village of Tugu is a neighbourhood of North Jakarta called Kampung Tugu. Tugu Creole became obsolete in the first half of the twentieth century. This Portuguese creole variety is characterized by a strong influence from spoken Malay at all levels of its grammar, an influence which is not that strong in Batavia Creole.",maurerphilippe,maurerphilippe,"Batavia Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1351;606;903;906;1863[survey],,b1215a2cfaa4b706bc90f1cbc0559fda,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""(unknown)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""(no information; extinct since end of 19th century)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Portuguese"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Malay, Javanese, Dutch, Indo-Portuguese, South Asian languages"", ""Location"": ""Batavia (now Jakarta), Java (now part of Indonesia)""}",Southeast Asia,,Portuguese +44,Ternate Chabacano,,13.269707,120.675201,tern1248,,"Ternate Chabacano is spoken by some 3,000 people in the town of Ternate, Cavite province, Philippines. It is one of the Spanish contact varieties that are spoken in the Philippines and known collectively as Chabacano. There are also some diaspora speakers in the United States and other migrant worker destinations. Chabacano is a minority language in the town associated with the traditional local community. All the Chabacano speakers in Ternate are multilingual in Chabacano and Tagalog, as well as other languages. Trends in existing domains can be characterized as multilingualism with dwindling domains: Tagalog and English dominate in many communication contexts. Spanish is no longer commonly spoken in Ternate. Chabacano is mainly used at home and in the neighbourhoods together with Tagalog. Chabacano is not part of the school curriculum in Ternate, but some teachers of the first grades use Chabacano unofficially. Ternate Chabacano is a spoken variety and it is rather difficult to find written samples in printed media, but personal letters and new media are one domain where the written form of the language can be found. Chabacano is written in different ways by different age groups. The default lect chosen for description in APiCS is the speech of older Ternateños living in the central barangays or neighbourhoods of Ternate. The language of the younger speakers of Chabacano has especially been influenced by English and Tagalog. Examples are from a spoken language corpus collected in Ternate between 2003 and 2006. Examples from other, written sources are indicated in the dataset, mainly Nigoza’s (2007) collection of folk tales and legends.",sippolaeeva,sippolaeeva,"Ternate Chabacano. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1064;111;1284;1414;1415;1446;1553;1579;976;1922[survey],(Chavacano:Ternateño),55251c2cdda72185e1c038e2d003885f,aee968fa316055e3d028b2cb8bd66b03,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""bahra"", ""Other names"": ""Spanish: ternate\u00f1o, chabacano, chavacano"", ""Number of speakers"": ""~ 3,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Spanish"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Tagalog"", ""Location"": ""Ternate, Cavite Province, The Philippines"", ""Official languages of the Philippines"": ""Filipino, English""}",Southeast Asia,,Spanish +45,Cavite Chabacano,,14.7,120.9,chav1241,,"Cavite Chabacano is spoken in Cavite City, 35 kilometers southwest from Manila in the Philippines. It is one of the Spanish contact varieties that are spoken in the Philippines and known collectively as Chabacano. Cavite Chabacano is severely endangered, with less than 4,000 speakers in a city of 100,000. There are also some speakers in the United States and other migrant worker destinations. All speakers of Cavite Chabacano are bilingual in Chabacano and Tagalog and most are also fluent in English. The functional domains of Cavite Chabacano are highly restricted. It is mainly used at home and the majority of fluent speakers are of the grandparental generation or older. English and Filipino (based on Tagalog) are the national languages and are used in Cavite in the educational system, the media and in local communication. Spanish is no longer commonly spoken in Cavite City. Cavite City residents generally have a positive attitude toward Chabacano and there is no stigma associated with those who speak it, but socioeconomic conditions make learning English and Tagalog more favorable. Speakers of all socioeconomic backgrounds can still be found in different areas of the city, especially in the San Roque and Caridad districts. The default lect described in the database is almost entirely written Cavite Chabacano produced by language activists engaged in the promotion of the language. The examples are from literary sources and written elicitation collected between 2006-2010 in Cavite City. The study of sociolectal variation for Cavite Chabacano is ongoing and notes on variation are not included in the APiCS description.",sippolaeeva,sippolaeeva,"Cavite Chabacano. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1071;1084;1285;1295;137;1415;426;829;831;835;1932[survey],,6a6fc5cc098d974239d1970c2f95dc1c,00347852fef07d57f000d9a358be8a91,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Chabacano, Chavacano"", ""Other names"": ""English: Philippine Creole Spanish Spanish: cavite\u00f1o"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 4,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Spanish"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Tagalog"", ""Location"": ""Cavite City, Cavite Province, the Philippines"", ""Official languages of the Philippines"": ""Filipino, English""}",Southeast Asia,,Spanish 46,Zamboanga Chabacano,,7,122.083336,chav1241,,"Zamboanga Chabacano (Zamboangueño) is a Spanish-based creole language spoken by around 450,000 people in the Republic of the Philippines in South-East Asia, and by an unknown number of diaspora speakers in Malaysia (Province of Sabah), the United States of America, Canada and elsewhere. Chabacano is the native language of about 50 per cent of the population of the city of Zamboanga and the surrounding area in the extreme western part of the island of Mindanao (approximately 300,000 speakers). A subvariety of Zamboanga Chabacano is also spoken in the town of Cotabato (Mindanao). The creole is also used here as a lingua franca by diverse ethno-linguistic groups. It is codified for public and private purposes with a Hispanic orthography mixed with English and Philippine traditions; there are Bible translations, literary writings, and until recently also press publications. Public oral use has recently been increasing in broadcasting and television, in church, and in some public schools. It lost some of its former significance to Philippine languages (Tagalog and Cebuano) and English. -The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is roughly the speech of 20-40 year old people living in city of Zamboanga. Nearly all constructed examples are from different native speakers instructed for fieldwork on Chabacano at the Ateneo of Zamboanga. Examples which come from other lects/sources are indicated in the dataset: own fieldwork data (spontaneous speech) or sources from other authors (especially from Forman 1972). If these lects do not deviate from our default lect, examples from these sources are also cited under default lect. There are nearly no examples from the written lect which is partly very hispanicized (e.g. in the Bible translation).",steinkrugerpatricko,steinkrugerpatricko,"Zamboanga Chabacano. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",111;112;1835;242;51;52;530;531;830;1927[survey],Chavacano:Zamboangueño,5791e2fcba4e61d82133fd415b0d7a4a,31f015b04b24eb50b8193df15891ee31,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Chabacano, Chavacano, Chabakano"", ""Other names"": ""Spanish: Zamboangue\u00f1o, Chabacano de Zamboanga, espa\u00f1ol quebrao (\u2018broken Spanish\u2019) English: Southern Mindanao Creole"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 300,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Spanish"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Tagalog, English, Hokkien Chinese, Portuguese (marginal)"", ""Location"": ""Philippines (Mindanao), Malaysia (Borneo)"", ""Official languages of the Philippines"": ""Tagalog (Pilipino), English; \u201coptional languages\u201dare Arabic and Spanish); officially recognized languages of the area are Cebuano and Hiligaynon""}",Southeast Asia, +The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is roughly the speech of 20-40 year old people living in city of Zamboanga. Nearly all constructed examples are from different native speakers instructed for fieldwork on Chabacano at the Ateneo of Zamboanga. Examples which come from other lects/sources are indicated in the dataset: own fieldwork data (spontaneous speech) or sources from other authors (especially from Forman 1972). If these lects do not deviate from our default lect, examples from these sources are also cited under default lect. There are nearly no examples from the written lect which is partly very hispanicized (e.g. in the Bible translation).",steinkrugerpatricko,steinkrugerpatricko,"Zamboanga Chabacano. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",111;112;1835;242;51;52;530;531;830;1927[survey],Chavacano:Zamboangueño,5791e2fcba4e61d82133fd415b0d7a4a,31f015b04b24eb50b8193df15891ee31,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Chabacano, Chavacano, Chabakano"", ""Other names"": ""Spanish: Zamboangue\u00f1o, Chabacano de Zamboanga, espa\u00f1ol quebrao (\u2018broken Spanish\u2019) English: Southern Mindanao Creole"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 300,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Spanish"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Tagalog, English, Hokkien Chinese, Portuguese (marginal)"", ""Location"": ""Philippines (Mindanao), Malaysia (Borneo)"", ""Official languages of the Philippines"": ""Tagalog (Pilipino), English; \u201coptional languages\u201dare Arabic and Spanish); officially recognized languages of the area are Cebuano and Hiligaynon""}",Southeast Asia,,Spanish 47,Papiamentu,,12.25,-69,papi1253,pap,"Papiamentu is the first language of more than 70% of the populations of the ABC islands (Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao), and has communities of speakers also in the Netherlands, St. Maarten, and elsewhere. It has official language status in Aruba since 2003, alongside Dutch. In the Netherlands Antilles, Papiamentu is an official language since 2007, alongside Dutch and English. With the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010, the official status of Papiamentu was maintained. Although speakers insist that there are significant differences between the varieties of Aruba and Curaçao, work on these varieties has only established minor differences. Similar claims have been made by urban Curaçaoan speakers about more rural varieties, but there is really no evidence to suggest that mutual intelligibility is in any way compromised. -Where there is a significant difference is in the spelling conventions adopted in the different islands: where Aruba opted to use an etymological spelling method, Curaçao and Bonaire adopted the phonemic system developed by the late Raul Römer. As a result, texts produced in the different islands are visually very different and easily give an impression of unintelligibility. In this description of Papiamentu, the orthography of examples has been normalized to Römer’s phonemic spelling system regardless of their original spelling. Unless an explicit indication is given of the island-origin of the data, examples and their discussion are to be interpreted to represent Papiamentu as spoken in any of the ABC islands.",kouwenbergsilvia,maurerphilippe,"Papiamentu. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1021;1022;1023;1024;1031;1034;1037;111;118;1183;1214;1253;127;1275;1279;1288;1297;1298;1311;136;151;1529;1530;1560;1629;1630;18;1802;1803;194;36;37;390;392;394;395;396;453;525;555;556;669;676;679;694;705;728;730;731;732;734;744;745;746;748;751;752;755;800;801;802;815;832;869;894;896;897;898;899;1930[survey],Papiamento,1bf256dfa35398dea3287cb729cd191a,d3ad47985c7212be291a8c846951de44,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Papiamentu (Cura\u00e7ao and Bonaire), Papiamento (Aruba)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""c. 300,000"", ""Major lexifiers"": ""(Afro)Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, French"", ""Location"": ""Aruba, Bonaire, Cura\u00e7ao (former leeward islands of the Netherlands Antilles), diaspora communities in Sint Maarten, the Netherlands, Belgium, the USA, and elsewhere"", ""Official languages of Cura\u00e7ao, Bonaire, and Aruba"": ""Dutch, Papiamentu""}",Caribbean, +Where there is a significant difference is in the spelling conventions adopted in the different islands: where Aruba opted to use an etymological spelling method, Curaçao and Bonaire adopted the phonemic system developed by the late Raul Römer. As a result, texts produced in the different islands are visually very different and easily give an impression of unintelligibility. In this description of Papiamentu, the orthography of examples has been normalized to Römer’s phonemic spelling system regardless of their original spelling. Unless an explicit indication is given of the island-origin of the data, examples and their discussion are to be interpreted to represent Papiamentu as spoken in any of the ABC islands.",kouwenbergsilvia,maurerphilippe,"Papiamentu. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1021;1022;1023;1024;1031;1034;1037;111;118;1183;1214;1253;127;1275;1279;1288;1297;1298;1311;136;151;1529;1530;1560;1629;1630;18;1802;1803;194;36;37;390;392;394;395;396;453;525;555;556;669;676;679;694;705;728;730;731;732;734;744;745;746;748;751;752;755;800;801;802;815;832;869;894;896;897;898;899;1930[survey],Papiamento,1bf256dfa35398dea3287cb729cd191a,d3ad47985c7212be291a8c846951de44,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Papiamentu (Cura\u00e7ao and Bonaire), Papiamento (Aruba)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""c. 300,000"", ""Major lexifiers"": ""(Afro)Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, French"", ""Location"": ""Aruba, Bonaire, Cura\u00e7ao (former leeward islands of the Netherlands Antilles), diaspora communities in Sint Maarten, the Netherlands, Belgium, the USA, and elsewhere"", ""Official languages of Cura\u00e7ao, Bonaire, and Aruba"": ""Dutch, Papiamentu""}",Caribbean,,Spanish 48,Palenquero,,10.10318,-75.198807,pale1260,pln,"Palenquero (“Lengua”) is used actively on a daily basis only in the village of Palenque (also known as San Basilio de Palenque), where it co-exists with Caribbean Spanish. Prior to its recent revival (around the year 2000), the creole was generally shunned by younger generations. Occasionally, Palenquero can also be heard in the nearby city of Cartagena, and the more distant Barranquilla, where about half of the total population of Palenqueros have been residing for many decades. To date, Palenquero remains a mostly oral language. Written Palenquero (used locally in school) has emerged during this millennium; agreed upon spelling conventions do not exist yet. Traditionally, Palenquero tended to be confined to in-group situations, so much so that the language was generally not spoken in front of outsiders. Around the year 2000, changing local and regional attitudes began to reduce the heavy stigma once attached to Lengua, and as a result Palenqueros now feel far more comfortable speaking their local lect in front of outsiders (the recent fame of Palenque has generated a substantial amount of local academic tourism —both national and international—, which has greatly increased contact with the outside world). -As argued in Schwegler (2001), prior to the year 2000, in Palenque there used to be no apparent lectal differences (basilect, mesolect or acrolect). In this small speech community, old and young bilinguals employed a virtually identical creole grammar, that is, there was no continuum, no “in-between” in terms of lects. This situation appears to have changed since then, as some of the younger generations may be employing a somewhat restructured variety of the creole as their main lect. However, to date no extensive study of current Palenquero has been undertaken (but see Lipski 2012), and it remains to be seen whether the recent adaptations by Palenquero youths will stabilize and have a long-lasting effect. The Palenquero data collected for the APiCS (default lect) are all from the traditional (older) lect.",schweglerarmin,schweglerarmin,"Palenquero. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",111;1185;1196;1358;1359;1360;1361;1362;1363;1364;1365;1366;1367;1369;1371;142;1454;1455;1607;1684;1685;353;387;388;654;816;897;934;935;936;979;980;1905[survey],Palenquero,35645cf136ea3143cdf1a3407fddbb7d,522e827d60c8e54e5eb638b1631d2a42,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Lengua"", ""Other name"": ""Spanish: Palenquero"", ""Number of speakers"": ""2,000 (?) full knowledge 4,000 (?) passive knowledge only (comprehension)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Spanish"", ""Other contributing languages (substrate)"": ""Kikongo, and possibly also other Bantu languages. To date, substrate influence from West African (rather than Central West African) languages has not been shown."", ""Location"": ""Colombia"", ""Official languages of Colombia"": ""Spanish""}",Caribbean, +As argued in Schwegler (2001), prior to the year 2000, in Palenque there used to be no apparent lectal differences (basilect, mesolect or acrolect). In this small speech community, old and young bilinguals employed a virtually identical creole grammar, that is, there was no continuum, no “in-between” in terms of lects. This situation appears to have changed since then, as some of the younger generations may be employing a somewhat restructured variety of the creole as their main lect. However, to date no extensive study of current Palenquero has been undertaken (but see Lipski 2012), and it remains to be seen whether the recent adaptations by Palenquero youths will stabilize and have a long-lasting effect. The Palenquero data collected for the APiCS (default lect) are all from the traditional (older) lect.",schweglerarmin,schweglerarmin,"Palenquero. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",111;1185;1196;1358;1359;1360;1361;1362;1363;1364;1365;1366;1367;1369;1371;142;1454;1455;1607;1684;1685;353;387;388;654;816;897;934;935;936;979;980;1905[survey],Palenquero,35645cf136ea3143cdf1a3407fddbb7d,522e827d60c8e54e5eb638b1631d2a42,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Lengua"", ""Other name"": ""Spanish: Palenquero"", ""Number of speakers"": ""2,000 (?) full knowledge 4,000 (?) passive knowledge only (comprehension)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Spanish"", ""Other contributing languages (substrate)"": ""Kikongo, and possibly also other Bantu languages. To date, substrate influence from West African (rather than Central West African) languages has not been shown."", ""Location"": ""Colombia"", ""Official languages of Colombia"": ""Spanish""}",Caribbean,,Spanish 49,Haitian Creole,,19,-72.5,hait1244,hat,"Haitian Creole is a French-based creole spoken by about 9.5 million people in Haiti. It is the creole language with the largest number of speakers worldwide. While all Haitians speak Creole, only a minority of the population (about 7%) are bilingual and also speak French. It is difficult to estimate the precise number of speakers among Haitians living in diaspora communities, i.e. the about 2 million people that emigrated mainly to the USA, Canada (Québec), Dominican Republic and French Overseas territories (Lesser Antilles, Guiana). The Haitian Constitution of 1987 granted Haitian Creole the status of an official language next to French (official language since 1918). The language of the schools had long been exclusively in French, but opened up to Creole from 1979 onwards. In that year an official phonologically based orthography was implemented for Haitian Creole. In the following the Creole was used in an increasing number of domains and in the mass media (especially radio and internet). -The Creole of rural monolinguals that is used all over Haiti was documented in a linguistic atlas (Fattier 1998). The global description of each variety allows us to distinguish the forms that are specific to each variety from those that are common to all dialects. It is the forms that are “common to all dialects” that represent the default lect described in APiCS. Additionally we have occasionally noted some specific forms while clearly marking the geographic variety they represent.",fattierdominique,fattierdominique,"Haitian Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1021;1050;1066;1183;1224;1225;129;1433;1434;1462;147;1484;1505;1509;1510;1511;1513;1514;1549;1554;1581;1607;178;179;204;205;206;207;208;216;236;26;277;287;339;340;341;342;343;344;360;361;362;363;364;366;367;370;371;372;377;378;379;380;381;407;46;466;467;469;470;471;473;476;477;478;479;480;481;482;483;484;485;494;541;598;608;620;628;629;691;723;724;726;727;798;799;803;804;805;806;807;808;809;81;859;860;861;862;1887[survey],Haitian; Haitian Creole,d987f3adb5d9dace57795fbeec753d39,efbfc64fd4bb921b60f8376050911925,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""krey\u00f2l"", ""Other name"": ""French: cr\u00e9ole ha\u00eftien"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 11,000,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""languages from the Kwa group of West Africa, Bantu languages of Central Africa, Spanish, English, Amerindian languages (e.g. Arawak-Ta\u00edno, Tupi)"", ""Location"": ""Haiti and diaspora in USA, Canada, Dominican Republic, France"", ""Official languages of Haiti"": ""Haitian Creole, French""}",Caribbean, -5,Creolese,,6.8,-58.166668,creo1235,gyn,"Creolese, also referred to in the literature as Guyanese Creole, is a widely-used vernacular language variety which co-exists with Standard Guyanese English, the sole official language of the Republic of Guyana, which is normally acquired through formal schooling. It is the native tongue of the majority of the over 700, 000 inhabitants of the Republic of Guyana, and also widely spoken by several hundred thousand other Guyanese, scattered in the diaspora communities worldwide. Contributing languages to Creolese have included English, Arawak (Lokono), Carib (Karina), Bhojpuri, Akan, Kikongo, Yoruba and Dutch. Due to an ever-present, ongoing contact with its major contributing lexifier English, the Creolese language variety has developed a high degree of variability. Linguists such as Bickerton (1975) and Rickford (1979, 1987) and other scholars have used the term “Creole continuum” to describe this language variety. This continuum includes at one end of the spectrum a basilectal or more conservative language variety and on the other end an acrolectal language variety, more closely allied to Standard English, with a mesolectal or an infinite number of varieties existing in between. In order to provide the user with a more global understanding of the variation context within which Creolese speakers generally operate, the default lect for APiCS incorporates both basilectal and mesolectal varieties of the language. Published sources for some of the examples used in the Creolese APiCS dataset include Dolphin (1996), Monar (1985), Rickford (1979, 1987), Bickerton (1975), Devonish (1974) and Persaud (1970).",devonishhubert thompsondahlia,devonishhubert thompsondahlia,"Creolese. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1197;1250;1280;1281;1397;1399;143;1436;1600;1603;198;223;28;327;384;386;401;417;418;419;548;549;550;606;632;915;984;991;993;1886[survey],Guyanese Creole English,4ee37676e2635e6d008876b4e9b83cd5,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Kriyoliiz"", ""Other names"": ""Guyanese (English) Creole, Guyanese Creole English"", ""Number of speakers"": ""approximately 700,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Twi, Akan (Rickford 1987: 45, 46), Dutch, Hindi, Arawak (Lokono)"", ""Location"": ""Republic of Guyana and diaspora communities"", ""Official language of the Republic of Guyana"": ""Standard Guyanese English""}",Caribbean, -50,Guadeloupean Creole,,15.933333,-61.266666,guad1242,,"Guadeloupean Creole is spoken by some 400,000 people in Guadeloupe, and approximately 200,000 diaspora speakers mainly established in France, French Guiana, Montreal and Panama. Guadeloupean Creole is widely spoken throughout the different islands of the archipelago and is used in a variety of situations, ranging from the less to the more formal. Although it is not systematically used in formal speech situations, the use of the language has been increasing since the identity claim movement that grew in the 1980s, to the extent that the local authorities are now designing a set of measures to promote and enhance the use of Creole in all spheres of activity of the Guadeloupean society. The default lect for Guadeloupean Creole represented in the Atlas is a quite homogeneous variety spoken by 30-60 year old speakers and is close to the basilect. Most examples are constructed by the authors (Serge Colot being a native speaker), and some examples are from written sources taken from the most up-to-date body of scientific literature available on the Lesser Antillean Creoles.",colotserge ludwigralph,colotserge ludwigralph,"Guadeloupean and Martinican Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1050;1263;132;134;135;1434;1509;273;331;346;484;614;615;616;848;849;850;851;853;854;873;1881[survey],Guadeloupean Creole French,43229cc962ce15a302a3583103c7c9c8,dcf729c5d86266bcd47cce22638ece68,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""kr\u00e9y\u00f2l Gwadloup"", ""Other name"": ""French: cr\u00e9ole guadeloup\u00e9en"", ""Number of speakers"": ""600,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Spanish, Latin, West African languages, Cariban, Tamil"", ""Location"": ""Guadeloupean archipelago (Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, les Saintes, la D\u00e9sirade), Saint Martin, Saint Barth\u00e9lemy, diaspora communities in France, French Guiana, Montreal, Panama"", ""Official language of Guadeloupe"": ""French""}",Caribbean, -51,Martinican Creole,,14.633333,-60.983334,guad1242,,"Martinican Creole is spoken by some 400,000 speakers in Martinique, and approximately 200,000 diaspora speakers. The use of the language varies a lot according to geographical and social factors. It is predominantly spoken in the northern and southern countryside of Martinique, where most people are socially disadvantaged and use a variety close to the basilect. By contrast, the variety spoken in central Martinique (which is the island’s economic hub) is more acrolectal and is used by almost half of the population, mainly from the middle and upper class. As a consequence, Martinican Creole is rather heterogeneous. The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is the variety closer to the basilect, spoken by 30-60 year old people from the countryside. Most examples are constructed by the authors, and some examples are from written sources taken from the most up-to-date body of scientific literature available on the Lesser Antillean Creoles.",colotserge ludwigralph,colotserge ludwigralph,"Guadeloupean and Martinican Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",132;134;272;346;850;851;1896[survey],,43229cc962ce15a302a3583103c7c9c8,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""kr\u00e9yol Matinik"", ""Other name"": ""French: cr\u00e9ole martiniquais"", ""Number of speakers"": ""600,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Spanish, Latin, West African languages, Cariban, Tamil"", ""Location"": ""Martinique, diaspora communities in France, French Guiana, Montreal, Panama"", ""Official language of Martinique"": ""French""}",Caribbean, +The Creole of rural monolinguals that is used all over Haiti was documented in a linguistic atlas (Fattier 1998). The global description of each variety allows us to distinguish the forms that are specific to each variety from those that are common to all dialects. It is the forms that are “common to all dialects” that represent the default lect described in APiCS. Additionally we have occasionally noted some specific forms while clearly marking the geographic variety they represent.",fattierdominique,fattierdominique,"Haitian Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1021;1050;1066;1183;1224;1225;129;1433;1434;1462;147;1484;1505;1509;1510;1511;1513;1514;1549;1554;1581;1607;178;179;204;205;206;207;208;216;236;26;277;287;339;340;341;342;343;344;360;361;362;363;364;366;367;370;371;372;377;378;379;380;381;407;46;466;467;469;470;471;473;476;477;478;479;480;481;482;483;484;485;494;541;598;608;620;628;629;691;723;724;726;727;798;799;803;804;805;806;807;808;809;81;859;860;861;862;1887[survey],Haitian; Haitian Creole,d987f3adb5d9dace57795fbeec753d39,efbfc64fd4bb921b60f8376050911925,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""krey\u00f2l"", ""Other name"": ""French: cr\u00e9ole ha\u00eftien"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 11,000,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""languages from the Kwa group of West Africa, Bantu languages of Central Africa, Spanish, English, Amerindian languages (e.g. Arawak-Ta\u00edno, Tupi)"", ""Location"": ""Haiti and diaspora in USA, Canada, Dominican Republic, France"", ""Official languages of Haiti"": ""Haitian Creole, French""}",Caribbean,,French +5,Creolese,,6.8,-58.166668,creo1235,gyn,"Creolese, also referred to in the literature as Guyanese Creole, is a widely-used vernacular language variety which co-exists with Standard Guyanese English, the sole official language of the Republic of Guyana, which is normally acquired through formal schooling. It is the native tongue of the majority of the over 700, 000 inhabitants of the Republic of Guyana, and also widely spoken by several hundred thousand other Guyanese, scattered in the diaspora communities worldwide. Contributing languages to Creolese have included English, Arawak (Lokono), Carib (Karina), Bhojpuri, Akan, Kikongo, Yoruba and Dutch. Due to an ever-present, ongoing contact with its major contributing lexifier English, the Creolese language variety has developed a high degree of variability. Linguists such as Bickerton (1975) and Rickford (1979, 1987) and other scholars have used the term “Creole continuum” to describe this language variety. This continuum includes at one end of the spectrum a basilectal or more conservative language variety and on the other end an acrolectal language variety, more closely allied to Standard English, with a mesolectal or an infinite number of varieties existing in between. In order to provide the user with a more global understanding of the variation context within which Creolese speakers generally operate, the default lect for APiCS incorporates both basilectal and mesolectal varieties of the language. Published sources for some of the examples used in the Creolese APiCS dataset include Dolphin (1996), Monar (1985), Rickford (1979, 1987), Bickerton (1975), Devonish (1974) and Persaud (1970).",devonishhubert thompsondahlia,devonishhubert thompsondahlia,"Creolese. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1197;1250;1280;1281;1397;1399;143;1436;1600;1603;198;223;28;327;384;386;401;417;418;419;548;549;550;606;632;915;984;991;993;1886[survey],Guyanese Creole English,4ee37676e2635e6d008876b4e9b83cd5,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Kriyoliiz"", ""Other names"": ""Guyanese (English) Creole, Guyanese Creole English"", ""Number of speakers"": ""approximately 700,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Twi, Akan (Rickford 1987: 45, 46), Dutch, Hindi, Arawak (Lokono)"", ""Location"": ""Republic of Guyana and diaspora communities"", ""Official language of the Republic of Guyana"": ""Standard Guyanese English""}",Caribbean,,English +50,Guadeloupean Creole,,15.933333,-61.266666,guad1242,,"Guadeloupean Creole is spoken by some 400,000 people in Guadeloupe, and approximately 200,000 diaspora speakers mainly established in France, French Guiana, Montreal and Panama. Guadeloupean Creole is widely spoken throughout the different islands of the archipelago and is used in a variety of situations, ranging from the less to the more formal. Although it is not systematically used in formal speech situations, the use of the language has been increasing since the identity claim movement that grew in the 1980s, to the extent that the local authorities are now designing a set of measures to promote and enhance the use of Creole in all spheres of activity of the Guadeloupean society. The default lect for Guadeloupean Creole represented in the Atlas is a quite homogeneous variety spoken by 30-60 year old speakers and is close to the basilect. Most examples are constructed by the authors (Serge Colot being a native speaker), and some examples are from written sources taken from the most up-to-date body of scientific literature available on the Lesser Antillean Creoles.",colotserge ludwigralph,colotserge ludwigralph,"Guadeloupean and Martinican Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1050;1263;132;134;135;1434;1509;273;331;346;484;614;615;616;848;849;850;851;853;854;873;1881[survey],Guadeloupean Creole French,43229cc962ce15a302a3583103c7c9c8,dcf729c5d86266bcd47cce22638ece68,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""kr\u00e9y\u00f2l Gwadloup"", ""Other name"": ""French: cr\u00e9ole guadeloup\u00e9en"", ""Number of speakers"": ""600,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Spanish, Latin, West African languages, Cariban, Tamil"", ""Location"": ""Guadeloupean archipelago (Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, les Saintes, la D\u00e9sirade), Saint Martin, Saint Barth\u00e9lemy, diaspora communities in France, French Guiana, Montreal, Panama"", ""Official language of Guadeloupe"": ""French""}",Caribbean,,French +51,Martinican Creole,,14.633333,-60.983334,guad1242,,"Martinican Creole is spoken by some 400,000 speakers in Martinique, and approximately 200,000 diaspora speakers. The use of the language varies a lot according to geographical and social factors. It is predominantly spoken in the northern and southern countryside of Martinique, where most people are socially disadvantaged and use a variety close to the basilect. By contrast, the variety spoken in central Martinique (which is the island’s economic hub) is more acrolectal and is used by almost half of the population, mainly from the middle and upper class. As a consequence, Martinican Creole is rather heterogeneous. The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is the variety closer to the basilect, spoken by 30-60 year old people from the countryside. Most examples are constructed by the authors, and some examples are from written sources taken from the most up-to-date body of scientific literature available on the Lesser Antillean Creoles.",colotserge ludwigralph,colotserge ludwigralph,"Guadeloupean and Martinican Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",132;134;272;346;850;851;1896[survey],,43229cc962ce15a302a3583103c7c9c8,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""kr\u00e9yol Matinik"", ""Other name"": ""French: cr\u00e9ole martiniquais"", ""Number of speakers"": ""600,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Spanish, Latin, West African languages, Cariban, Tamil"", ""Location"": ""Martinique, diaspora communities in France, French Guiana, Montreal, Panama"", ""Official language of Martinique"": ""French""}",Caribbean,,French 52,Guyanais,,3.922142,-51.792297,guia1246,gcr,"Guyanais (also créole guyanais, créole de Guyane) is spoken by about 60.000 people in the French overseas department Guyane française and by about 4.000 speakers in neighbouring Brazil. French Guiana Creole is listed as one of the langues de France. Today all creole-speakers seem to be bilingual Creole-French, whereas in the late 90s of the past century some of the older speakers of Guyanais had only a passive competence of French. Two main varieties may be distinguished, a basilectal variety spoken in the communities of Makouria, Tonate, Roura, Ouanary and Saint-Georges and a mesolectal variety spoken on the coast (i.e. Cayenne, Rémire and Kourou). The basilectal variety is the default lect documented in APiCS. All examples are taken from or constructed on the basis of two corpora recorded from 1995-99 and 2006-12 respectively. Two of the recordings have been published in Ludwig & Telchid & Bruneau-Ludwig 2001, a greater sample of recordings will be published in Jennings & Pfänder (to appear). - Some divergent features in the costal variety have been mentioned in the description of the tense and aspect markers. Some of the divergences may be due to the fact that a great number of the coastal speakers are in fact second-language speakers of Guyanais and have another creole language as their first language (Haitian, Martinican and Guadeloupean Creoles).",pfanderstefan,pfanderstefan,"Guyanais. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1050;117;1206;1207;1208;1209;1211;1254;1265;1276;1313;1509;418;484;487;488;550;617;618;653;682;683;684;769;788;81;812;847;1885[survey],Guianese Creole French,ef47f1c02b1b1a2d46857109b27dec5f,aad1d5015188363d1bd7b12bc4638c7f,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""guyanais, kr\u00e9y\u00f2l, cr\u00e9ole"", ""Other names"": ""English: French Guianese Creole French: cr\u00e9ole guyanais"", ""Number of speakers"": ""64,000 (estimated)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Gbe, Arawak, Portuguese"", ""Location"": ""French Guiana, Brazil"", ""Official language of French Guiana: Official language of Brazil"": ""French Portuguese""}",Caribbean, -53,Louisiana Creole,,30.166668,-91.833336,loui1240,lou,"Louisiana Creole is an endangered French creole spoken by Blacks, Whites, and Creoles of Color in several disparate locations in south Louisiana. While no reliable figures exist, we estimate that there are today well under 10,000 speakers of the language; we are not aware of any remaining monolingual speakers. The most fluent speakers are generally elderly, and younger speakers often have gaps in their lexicon and practice frequent codeswitching between Creole and English. We have chosen as the default lect the variety spoken in and around the town of Breaux Bridge, first, because a detailed description of this variety exists (Neumann 1985), and second, because it is in this area that the largest concentration of Louisiana Creole speakers is to be found. The APiCS description of Louisiana Creole also includes two additional lects, identified as geographical (Pointe Coupee) and old texts. Geographical (Pointe Coupee) refers to the variety spoken in and around the town of New Roads in Pointe Coupee Parish as described in Klingler (2003), while old texts refers to the basilectal variety of the language that is represented in nineteenth-century texts such as those found in Neumann-Holzschuh (1987), our main source for this lect. Louisiana Creole co-exists with a regional variety of French (commonly called “Cajun French”) and, especially, English. Both languages have had profound effects on the way that Creole is spoken. Borrowing and codeswitching are common, and it seems likely that contact with regional French is at least partly responsible for the differences that can be observed between the default lect described here and the more basilectal variety found in the old texts lect.",neumannholzschuhingrid klinglerthomasa,klinglerthomasa neumannholzschuhingrid,"Louisiana Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1046;1047;1048;1049;1050;1267;1303;1507;1512;1515;177;203;288;409;533;534;720;721;722;779;794;889;890;891;1894[survey],Louisiana Creole French,e852cf302096bc50f7e557cac1ac3ae5,57f3f07c83fe193ac048c83bbc1e28dc,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""krey\u00f2l, franse"", ""Number of speakers"": ""fewer than 10,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Spanish, Algonquian, West African languages"", ""Location"": ""Louisiana (United States)"", ""Official language of Louisiana"": ""de facto English""}",North America, + Some divergent features in the costal variety have been mentioned in the description of the tense and aspect markers. Some of the divergences may be due to the fact that a great number of the coastal speakers are in fact second-language speakers of Guyanais and have another creole language as their first language (Haitian, Martinican and Guadeloupean Creoles).",pfanderstefan,pfanderstefan,"Guyanais. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1050;117;1206;1207;1208;1209;1211;1254;1265;1276;1313;1509;418;484;487;488;550;617;618;653;682;683;684;769;788;81;812;847;1885[survey],Guianese Creole French,ef47f1c02b1b1a2d46857109b27dec5f,aad1d5015188363d1bd7b12bc4638c7f,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""guyanais, kr\u00e9y\u00f2l, cr\u00e9ole"", ""Other names"": ""English: French Guianese Creole French: cr\u00e9ole guyanais"", ""Number of speakers"": ""64,000 (estimated)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Gbe, Arawak, Portuguese"", ""Location"": ""French Guiana, Brazil"", ""Official language of French Guiana: Official language of Brazil"": ""French Portuguese""}",Caribbean,,French +53,Louisiana Creole,,30.166668,-91.833336,loui1240,lou,"Louisiana Creole is an endangered French creole spoken by Blacks, Whites, and Creoles of Color in several disparate locations in south Louisiana. While no reliable figures exist, we estimate that there are today well under 10,000 speakers of the language; we are not aware of any remaining monolingual speakers. The most fluent speakers are generally elderly, and younger speakers often have gaps in their lexicon and practice frequent codeswitching between Creole and English. We have chosen as the default lect the variety spoken in and around the town of Breaux Bridge, first, because a detailed description of this variety exists (Neumann 1985), and second, because it is in this area that the largest concentration of Louisiana Creole speakers is to be found. The APiCS description of Louisiana Creole also includes two additional lects, identified as geographical (Pointe Coupee) and old texts. Geographical (Pointe Coupee) refers to the variety spoken in and around the town of New Roads in Pointe Coupee Parish as described in Klingler (2003), while old texts refers to the basilectal variety of the language that is represented in nineteenth-century texts such as those found in Neumann-Holzschuh (1987), our main source for this lect. Louisiana Creole co-exists with a regional variety of French (commonly called “Cajun French”) and, especially, English. Both languages have had profound effects on the way that Creole is spoken. Borrowing and codeswitching are common, and it seems likely that contact with regional French is at least partly responsible for the differences that can be observed between the default lect described here and the more basilectal variety found in the old texts lect.",neumannholzschuhingrid klinglerthomasa,klinglerthomasa neumannholzschuhingrid,"Louisiana Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1046;1047;1048;1049;1050;1267;1303;1507;1512;1515;177;203;288;409;533;534;720;721;722;779;794;889;890;891;1894[survey],Louisiana Creole French,e852cf302096bc50f7e557cac1ac3ae5,57f3f07c83fe193ac048c83bbc1e28dc,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""krey\u00f2l, franse"", ""Number of speakers"": ""fewer than 10,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Spanish, Algonquian, West African languages"", ""Location"": ""Louisiana (United States)"", ""Official language of Louisiana"": ""de facto English""}",North America,,French 54,Reunion Creole,,-20.950001,55.650002,reun1238,rcf,"Reunion Creole is a French-based creole language spoken by about 90 percent of a population of more than 800,000 people on Reunion Island, a French Overseas Department, and by a considerable number of diaspora speakers in metropolitan France. Most speakers are bilingual in Creole and French, although some of them are ‘passive bilinguals’ who understand French, but only have a limited active command. The traditional situation of diglossia with Creole as the ‘low variety’ is gradually changing towards a “bilinguisme français–créole harmonieux”. Creole has been used by poets and novelists since the nineteenth century; in 2000 it gained official recognition as a regional language, and in 2002 it found its place in education as an optional subject in secondary schools. Reunion Creole is unique among French-based creoles in forming a continuum from basilect to acrolect, with intermediate fluctuating varieties. The default lect chosen for description in APiCS comprises basilectal varieties; variants from acrolectal varieties are occasionally mentioned. Data are taken from the Atlas linguistique et ethnographique de la Réunion (1984-1995), collected between 1975 and 1981 from mostly 40 to 80 year old speakers, as well as from recordings of extensive conversations and traditional stories made with some of the informants of the Atlas during field work. Acknowledgements -I am very grateful to Axel Gauvin for providing detailed information on the sociolinguistic situation in Reunion and on the extremely complex lectal variation which characterizes Reunion Creole.",bolleeannegret,bolleeannegret,"Reunion Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1021;1042;1050;1081;110;1180;1181;119;1440;1441;160;165;166;173;212;213;214;229;230;231;232;233;236;238;239;241;292;294;295;305;520;577;58;65;71;72;777;81;87;1910[survey],Réunion Creole French,b4a951fe3e99591241051442bd1874b9,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""kreol renyone, kreol reyon, reyone"", ""Other name"": ""French: cr\u00e9ole r\u00e9unionnais"", ""Number of speakers"": ""800,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Malagasy, Indo-Portuguese"", ""Location"": ""Reunion Island, Indian Ocean; diaspora in France"", ""Official languageof Reunion"": ""French""}",Indian Ocean, -55,Mauritian Creole,,-20,58,mori1278,mfe,"Mauritian Creole is spoken by almost all the island’s ca. 1,250,000 population as a first, second, or additional language. Censuses since 1944 indicate a remarkable shift to Creole as the home language from 35.6% in 1944 to 86.5% in 2011 (with a further 1.2% claiming bilingual use of Creole with either Bhojpuri or French). This reflects the decline in Bhojpuri which was the home language of perhaps 40% as recently as 1972 to merely 5.3% in 2011. Although French remains dominant in the media, it is claimed as the home language by only 4.1%. Chinese, Indian languages (other than Bhojpuri), and English (the only official language!) were collectively reported as the home languages of less than 3%. For our default lect, we have used oral and written data mainly from people in urban areas whose home language is exclusively Creole. Exceptionally, we give a few examples, signalled as Bhojpuri lect, of certain features which clearly reflect Bhojpuri influence, but which are not exclusively limited to the Creole of people who are, or were formerly, speakers of Bhojpuri. While there are many local publications and advertisements in Creole, the Mauritian population as a whole has not yet shown much inclination to adopt the officially approved spelling for this language now used to a limited extent in primary schools.",bakerphilip kriegelsibylle,bakerphilip kriegelsibylle,"Mauritian Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1021;1050;1181;1183;1383;1443;1444;1445;1457;1458;1460;1480;1492;15;1504;1551;1552;1555;1562;1563;16;162;165;17;1827;215;217;233;236;237;238;239;289;290;291;294;295;296;297;298;307;308;358;528;578;612;618;62;69;70;71;72;73;74;75;758;759;76;760;761;762;764;766;768;769;77;770;777;78;81;83;84;85;852;854;86;87;873;1897[survey],Morisyen,191493f3507ebda9a9631cb88e7681ef,6cba12ed271bad4311fb14ad04ba3efe,"{""Number of speakers"": ""more than 1,300,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""(in chronological order:) Malagasy, Tamil, Wolof, Mandinka, various Bantu languages of East Africa, Bhojpuri, English"", ""Location"": ""Mauritius in the western Indian Ocean"", ""Official language of Mauritius"": ""English""}",Indian Ocean, +I am very grateful to Axel Gauvin for providing detailed information on the sociolinguistic situation in Reunion and on the extremely complex lectal variation which characterizes Reunion Creole.",bolleeannegret,bolleeannegret,"Reunion Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1021;1042;1050;1081;110;1180;1181;119;1440;1441;160;165;166;173;212;213;214;229;230;231;232;233;236;238;239;241;292;294;295;305;520;577;58;65;71;72;777;81;87;1910[survey],Réunion Creole French,b4a951fe3e99591241051442bd1874b9,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""kreol renyone, kreol reyon, reyone"", ""Other name"": ""French: cr\u00e9ole r\u00e9unionnais"", ""Number of speakers"": ""800,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Malagasy, Indo-Portuguese"", ""Location"": ""Reunion Island, Indian Ocean; diaspora in France"", ""Official languageof Reunion"": ""French""}",Indian Ocean,,French +55,Mauritian Creole,,-20,58,mori1278,mfe,"Mauritian Creole is spoken by almost all the island’s ca. 1,250,000 population as a first, second, or additional language. Censuses since 1944 indicate a remarkable shift to Creole as the home language from 35.6% in 1944 to 86.5% in 2011 (with a further 1.2% claiming bilingual use of Creole with either Bhojpuri or French). This reflects the decline in Bhojpuri which was the home language of perhaps 40% as recently as 1972 to merely 5.3% in 2011. Although French remains dominant in the media, it is claimed as the home language by only 4.1%. Chinese, Indian languages (other than Bhojpuri), and English (the only official language!) were collectively reported as the home languages of less than 3%. For our default lect, we have used oral and written data mainly from people in urban areas whose home language is exclusively Creole. Exceptionally, we give a few examples, signalled as Bhojpuri lect, of certain features which clearly reflect Bhojpuri influence, but which are not exclusively limited to the Creole of people who are, or were formerly, speakers of Bhojpuri. While there are many local publications and advertisements in Creole, the Mauritian population as a whole has not yet shown much inclination to adopt the officially approved spelling for this language now used to a limited extent in primary schools.",bakerphilip kriegelsibylle,bakerphilip kriegelsibylle,"Mauritian Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1021;1050;1181;1183;1383;1443;1444;1445;1457;1458;1460;1480;1492;15;1504;1551;1552;1555;1562;1563;16;162;165;17;1827;215;217;233;236;237;238;239;289;290;291;294;295;296;297;298;307;308;358;528;578;612;618;62;69;70;71;72;73;74;75;758;759;76;760;761;762;764;766;768;769;77;770;777;78;81;83;84;85;852;854;86;87;873;1897[survey],Morisyen,191493f3507ebda9a9631cb88e7681ef,6cba12ed271bad4311fb14ad04ba3efe,"{""Number of speakers"": ""more than 1,300,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""(in chronological order:) Malagasy, Tamil, Wolof, Mandinka, various Bantu languages of East Africa, Bhojpuri, English"", ""Location"": ""Mauritius in the western Indian Ocean"", ""Official language of Mauritius"": ""English""}",Indian Ocean,,French 56,Seychelles Creole,,-4.75,55.5,sese1246,crs,"Seychelles Creole (autoglossonym: kreol (seselwa)) is a French-based creole language spoken by some 80,000 people in the Republic of the Seychelles in the Indian Ocean (east of Kenya), and by an unknown number of diaspora speakers in Kenya, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand. Since 1978 Seychelles Creole has been one of the three official languages besides English and French. Creole is the native language of about 95 per cent of the population. In 1982 it was introduced as a language of instruction in primary schools and has been used in different formal communication contexts, for example, in the media (television, radio, newspapers) and in court. But during the last 15 years, the use of written varieties of Seychelles Creole has lost much of its former significance to English. -The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is roughly the speech of 40-60 year old educated Seychelles people living in the capital of Victoria. All constructed examples are given by Marcel Rosalie, a native speaker of Seychelles Creole. Examples which come from other lects/sources are indicated in the dataset: French-influenced, older generation, and written. The main source for the older-generation lect is Bollée & Rosalie (1994). If this lect does not deviate from our default lect, examples from this source are also cited under default lect. Examples from the written lect come from the online journal Seychelles Nation (http://www.nation.sc). Some rare examples are French-influenced. Even though French as the lexifier language of Seychelles Creole lost its major significance vis a vis the creole language (in 1814, the Seychelles became a British colony after the Napoleonic Wars), one certainly can detect a certain impact of French on the written varieties of Seychelles Creole.",michaelissusannemaria rosaliemarcel,michaelissusannemaria rosaliemarcel,"Seychelles Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1021;1050;1180;1181;1382;1439;146;158;159;162;164;165;17;201;233;290;292;293;294;299;308;486;552;71;72;758;759;762;763;769;777;873;952;953;954;955;956;1915[survey],Seselwa Creole French,2cfd7f12d5d612ad7846ae0152b3c179,f4ec9878172eca0c078dc700c999d4be,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""kreol (seselwa)"", ""Other name"": ""French: cr\u00e9ole seychellois"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 100,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""varieties of Mauritian Creole, eastern Bantu languages, Malagasy, English, Tamil"", ""Location"": ""Seychelles and diaspora communities in Kenya, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand"", ""Official languages of the Seychelles"": ""Seychelles Creole, English, French""}",Indian Ocean, -57,Tayo,,-22,166.333328,tayo1238,cks,"Tayo is a French-based creole spoken by around 3000 people in and around Saint-Louis in Southern New Caledonia, a Pacific Island politically linked to France as a collectivité française d'Outre-mer. It is one of the oldest and probably the best known example of a whole range of contact varieties that emerged between French and other languages of Melanesian, Polynesian, Asian or Indo-European origin throughout New Caledonia. It is spoken by less than 1% of the inhabitants of the country, but it is understood by the majority of the autochthons, through mechanisms of inter-comprehension between Tayo and the local varieties of New Caledonian French. Our description of the linguistic system stems mainly from the 1980s and 1990s. The data collection was conducted over a period of several years by Sabine Ehrhart, with the help of three generations of a family situated holding a core position within the Saint-Louis tribe (children, parents and grand-parents). However, the majority of the features presented in Ehrhart’s publications and also in the default lect for APiCS stem from the older generation, with Vianney Wamytan being the main informant. Examples come from the publications indicated and for some of them from Sabine Ehrhart herself who after ten years of almost daily contact with the people from Saint-Louis has obtained sufficient knowledge of the grammar in order to be able to give this kind of information. However, her lect has stayed traditional as she left the place in 1999 and during her visits in 2003 and 2006, she noticed that there had been developments and structural changes. The innovative features of the speech used by the younger generations are not represented here as we have taken the decision not to mix the data and to present a homogeneous corpus from the temporal point of view.",ehrhartsabine revismelanie,ehrhartsabine revismelanie,"Tayo. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1050;1405;1453;301;302;303;304;305;306;421;422;423;716;1921[survey],Tayo,1519d5c7b29fe398a6076ad9b8b975dc,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Tayo , Patois (de St Louis)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""about 3,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Nyel\u00e2yu, Caaw\u00e0c, C\u00e8muh\u00ee, Drub\u00e9a, Num\u00e8\u00e8"", ""Location"": ""Saint-Louis (New Caledonia)"", ""Official language of \u00a0New Caledonia"": ""French, to some extent Melanesian languages are used at school""}",Pacific, -58,Kikongo-Kituba,,-4.565474,17.666016,kitu1246,ktu,"Kikongo-Kituba is spoken by over 10 million people in the provinces of Bas-Congo and Bandundu in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and in the southern part of the Republic of Congo. Whether or not it is regarded as a creole depends on whether or not one associates creoles exclusively with European lexifiers in plantation settlement colonies. It was lexified by Kimanyanga, one of the languages in the Kikongo cluster. It dates from the late 19th or early 20th century, after the Belgian colonial administration of the then Congo Free State imported laborers speaking diverse Bantu languages from various parts of central Africa to build the railroad between the Atlantic coast and the capital city, Kinshasa (then called Léopoldville). It has also been associated with the colonial auxiliaries brought from West Africa by the Belgian administrators to serve as intermediaries and interpreters. Both the laborers and auxiliaries adopted Kimanyanga, which had served as a trade lingua franca from the Atlantic coast to the interior, for communication with the locals and among themselves, while they lived segregated from both the Europeans and the locals. The particular settings in which these populations were brought to co-exist were designated as ""centres extra-coutumiers"" ‘non-traditional centers’, the ancestors of present-day cities, associated with modern economic activities. As the colonial administration expanded into the interior, beyond the lower Congo River area, the restructured Kimanyanga spread with it. Functioning at first as a lingua franca, it evolved into an urban vernacular. Bearing influence from the various Bantu languages it came in contact with, it speciated into a new language. From these new urban centers, it spread as a regional lingua franca. Regarding regional variation, which does not impede mutual intelligibility, see Mufwene (1997). The data for the default lect in APiCS are from the Bandundu area.",mufwenesalikokos,mufwenesalikokos,"Kikongo-Kituba. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1001;1004;1321;491;995;996;997;1928[survey],Kituba,98af58cde616fc1609c5823e9cc7382a,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Kituba , Kileta , etc. (see Survey chapter \u00a72)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""about 6\u20138 million"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Kikongo-Kimanyanga (Bantu)"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Kiteke, Bobangi, Kiyansi, Gimbala, Kimpende, Kiyaka, Kisuku, Kihungan, among many other Bantu languages of groups H and B"", ""Location"": ""southern Republic of Congo, southwestern Democratic Republic of Congo, northern Angola""}",Central and East Africa, +The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is roughly the speech of 40-60 year old educated Seychelles people living in the capital of Victoria. All constructed examples are given by Marcel Rosalie, a native speaker of Seychelles Creole. Examples which come from other lects/sources are indicated in the dataset: French-influenced, older generation, and written. The main source for the older-generation lect is Bollée & Rosalie (1994). If this lect does not deviate from our default lect, examples from this source are also cited under default lect. Examples from the written lect come from the online journal Seychelles Nation (http://www.nation.sc). Some rare examples are French-influenced. Even though French as the lexifier language of Seychelles Creole lost its major significance vis a vis the creole language (in 1814, the Seychelles became a British colony after the Napoleonic Wars), one certainly can detect a certain impact of French on the written varieties of Seychelles Creole.",michaelissusannemaria rosaliemarcel,michaelissusannemaria rosaliemarcel,"Seychelles Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1021;1050;1180;1181;1382;1439;146;158;159;162;164;165;17;201;233;290;292;293;294;299;308;486;552;71;72;758;759;762;763;769;777;873;952;953;954;955;956;1915[survey],Seselwa Creole French,2cfd7f12d5d612ad7846ae0152b3c179,f4ec9878172eca0c078dc700c999d4be,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""kreol (seselwa)"", ""Other name"": ""French: cr\u00e9ole seychellois"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 100,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""varieties of Mauritian Creole, eastern Bantu languages, Malagasy, English, Tamil"", ""Location"": ""Seychelles and diaspora communities in Kenya, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand"", ""Official languages of the Seychelles"": ""Seychelles Creole, English, French""}",Indian Ocean,,French +57,Tayo,,-22,166.333328,tayo1238,cks,"Tayo is a French-based creole spoken by around 3000 people in and around Saint-Louis in Southern New Caledonia, a Pacific Island politically linked to France as a collectivité française d'Outre-mer. It is one of the oldest and probably the best known example of a whole range of contact varieties that emerged between French and other languages of Melanesian, Polynesian, Asian or Indo-European origin throughout New Caledonia. It is spoken by less than 1% of the inhabitants of the country, but it is understood by the majority of the autochthons, through mechanisms of inter-comprehension between Tayo and the local varieties of New Caledonian French. Our description of the linguistic system stems mainly from the 1980s and 1990s. The data collection was conducted over a period of several years by Sabine Ehrhart, with the help of three generations of a family situated holding a core position within the Saint-Louis tribe (children, parents and grand-parents). However, the majority of the features presented in Ehrhart’s publications and also in the default lect for APiCS stem from the older generation, with Vianney Wamytan being the main informant. Examples come from the publications indicated and for some of them from Sabine Ehrhart herself who after ten years of almost daily contact with the people from Saint-Louis has obtained sufficient knowledge of the grammar in order to be able to give this kind of information. However, her lect has stayed traditional as she left the place in 1999 and during her visits in 2003 and 2006, she noticed that there had been developments and structural changes. The innovative features of the speech used by the younger generations are not represented here as we have taken the decision not to mix the data and to present a homogeneous corpus from the temporal point of view.",ehrhartsabine revismelanie,ehrhartsabine revismelanie,"Tayo. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based Languages",1050;1405;1453;301;302;303;304;305;306;421;422;423;716;1921[survey],Tayo,1519d5c7b29fe398a6076ad9b8b975dc,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Tayo , Patois (de St Louis)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""about 3,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""French"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Nyel\u00e2yu, Caaw\u00e0c, C\u00e8muh\u00ee, Drub\u00e9a, Num\u00e8\u00e8"", ""Location"": ""Saint-Louis (New Caledonia)"", ""Official language of \u00a0New Caledonia"": ""French, to some extent Melanesian languages are used at school""}",Pacific,,French +58,Kikongo-Kituba,,-4.565474,17.666016,kitu1246,ktu,"Kikongo-Kituba is spoken by over 10 million people in the provinces of Bas-Congo and Bandundu in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and in the southern part of the Republic of Congo. Whether or not it is regarded as a creole depends on whether or not one associates creoles exclusively with European lexifiers in plantation settlement colonies. It was lexified by Kimanyanga, one of the languages in the Kikongo cluster. It dates from the late 19th or early 20th century, after the Belgian colonial administration of the then Congo Free State imported laborers speaking diverse Bantu languages from various parts of central Africa to build the railroad between the Atlantic coast and the capital city, Kinshasa (then called Léopoldville). It has also been associated with the colonial auxiliaries brought from West Africa by the Belgian administrators to serve as intermediaries and interpreters. Both the laborers and auxiliaries adopted Kimanyanga, which had served as a trade lingua franca from the Atlantic coast to the interior, for communication with the locals and among themselves, while they lived segregated from both the Europeans and the locals. The particular settings in which these populations were brought to co-exist were designated as ""centres extra-coutumiers"" ‘non-traditional centers’, the ancestors of present-day cities, associated with modern economic activities. As the colonial administration expanded into the interior, beyond the lower Congo River area, the restructured Kimanyanga spread with it. Functioning at first as a lingua franca, it evolved into an urban vernacular. Bearing influence from the various Bantu languages it came in contact with, it speciated into a new language. From these new urban centers, it spread as a regional lingua franca. Regarding regional variation, which does not impede mutual intelligibility, see Mufwene (1997). The data for the default lect in APiCS are from the Bandundu area.",mufwenesalikokos,mufwenesalikokos,"Kikongo-Kituba. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1001;1004;1321;491;995;996;997;1928[survey],Kituba,98af58cde616fc1609c5823e9cc7382a,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Kituba , Kileta , etc. (see Survey chapter \u00a72)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""about 6\u20138 million"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Kikongo-Kimanyanga (Bantu)"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Kiteke, Bobangi, Kiyansi, Gimbala, Kimpende, Kiyaka, Kisuku, Kihungan, among many other Bantu languages of groups H and B"", ""Location"": ""southern Republic of Congo, southwestern Democratic Republic of Congo, northern Angola""}",Central and East Africa,,Bantu 59,Sango,,5,18,sang1328,sag,"Sango is the national language of the Central African Republic and co-official with French. It is certainly the vernacular (the most common language of every-day use) of Bangui, the nation’s capital, with more than half a million inhabitants. In 1994 69 per cent of pre-school children of different ethnicities spoke only Sango; among school children 10 to 16 years of age 31 per cent were similarly Sangophone. For Protestant adults, the figure was 26 per cent. Sango is probably spoken by most of Central African Republic’s indigenous population out of a total number of three to four million. The number of people not competent in Sango has probably increased in recent years as people fled social and political upheavals in neighbouring Chad and Sudan, the most recent one being the Islamist invasion and conquest in April 2013. As a vernacular, it is more important than French, which is the written language, even in popular political discourse. Sango literature is entirely religious. Though there are radio broadcasts in Sango, much of them extemporaneous translations of French texts, this must be considered a separate lect because of its extreme francification. The default lect used for this project is characteristic of young inhabitants in Bangui in the 1990s as found in tape recordings of extemporaneous speech. Another lect, which I call written, is extemporaneous speech with a great deal of French. This lect is also used in the Sango of personal letters and in publications of religious literature.Plans three decades ago for the standardization of Sango and its implementation in the educational system came to nought very quickly. For the future, the most certain prediction is that Sango will continue to change under the influence of ‘broken French.’ @@ -163,39 +163,39 @@ great deal of French. This lect is also used in the Sango of personal letters an The persons to whom I am indebted for having been able to study Sango from a scholarly point of view are too numerous to name in their entirety, but special note must be given to Louise (deceased) and Antoine Depeyre for their hospitality in France and Jeannine Gerbault for her various kinds of help in Bangui. Among the institutions that provided research grants are these: the United States Department of Education, the International Studies Program of the University of Toronto, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, the Canada Council, the University of Toronto, and Centre national de la Recherche scientifique (CNRS) of France. The Congrégation du Saint-Esprit provided hospitality in Paris and enabled me to consult the archives of its mission in Oubangui-Chari/Central African Republic. The International Grace Brethren Missions (USA) (known as Mission Evangélique des Frères in the Central African Republic) also provided housing and a vehicle. The Ministry of Education of the Central African Republic opened its country to me to travel and conduct research, and Célestin Kanzi-Soussou and Lamine Ndocko transcribed some of the tape recordings. -",samarinwilliamj,samarinwilliamj,"Sango. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1320;1321;1322;1324;1325;1326;1330;1339;1463;1478;172;1735;397;702;814;93;1913[survey],Sango,e99e268b9668829a8cbe6ce80347bfb1,312248210d365402f85144414e1ea089,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Sango"", ""Other name"": ""French: sango standard"", ""Number of speakers"": ""2,500,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Ngbandi"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""French"", ""Location"": ""Central African Republic"", ""Official languages of the Central African Republic"": ""French and Sango""}",Central and East Africa, -6,Trinidad English Creole,,10.633333,-61.283333,trin1276,trf,"Trinidad English Creole is used by approximately 1,000,000 of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago’s ca. 1,300,000 inhabitants (2011) as well as by members of diaspora communities in Britain, Canada, and the United States. It is the de facto language of national identity in Trinidad and is used in functional distribution with the official language English. Trinidad English Creole serves as means of informal communication across all ethnic and socio-economic groups. Its functional domain restrictions have decreased in the last decades: in 1975, the Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Education recognized Trinidad English Creole as a legitimate vehicle for oral and written expression in schools and educators were encouraged to use teaching strategies based on the differences between Trinidad English Creole and standard English. Trinidad English Creole use can also be found increasingly in the media (radio, television). Some formerly stigmatized features of Trinidad English Creole have now become accepted acrolectal use. There is no basilectal variety of Trinidad English Creole. The most conservative speakers can be found in the rural Indo-Trinidadian population. The mesolectal/acrolectal variety is the default lect documented in APiCS. Constructed examples were taken from the following sources: a) several UWI students (male and female) in their early twenties, b) a female middle-aged native speaker of Trinidad English Creole. Written examples were taken from either literary sources or from a Web-corpus of Trinidad English Creole.",muhleisensusanne,muhleisensusanne,"Trinidad English Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1007;1008;1009;1010;1011;1012;1431;1590;1591;1592;1593;1594;1601;1602;1636;1737;1848;3;30;516;606;7;984;1924[survey],Trinidadian Creole English,1a2841d3a077dc778fbdb74cef240483,415f142437fdcb2a7acd95079f5d7645,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""dialect, Trini talk"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 1,200,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""West Bantu languages, French, Caribbean French Creoles, Spanish, Bhojpuri"", ""Location"": ""Trinidad and Tobago; diaspora communities in the United Kingdom, Canada and USA"", ""Official language of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago"": ""English""}",Caribbean, -60,Lingala,,-1.675176,16.671753,ling1263,lin,"Lingala has its origins in a process of pidginization that took place in the early 1880s involving the Central African language Bobangi as main lexifier. In 1884, the resulting pidgin was taken to the colonial state post Bangala Station (today, Mankanza), where it underwent expanding influence from the local languages and where it received its first glossonym, “Bangala”. From the late 1880s onwards, the language spread from the station in north-eastward direction, as far as the Sudanese border, and in southward direction, as far as Léopoldville (now, Kinshasa). In each place, influence from local languages further expanded the language along independent trajectories. On top of this, in the first decade of the 20th century, missionaries working in the Bangala Station area (then renamed Nouvelle-Anvers) embarked on a vast project of prescriptive corpus planning, also suggesting the new glossonym “Lingala”. The engineered variant gained ground in the north-western region of the Belgian Congo, where the language as spoken today still very much resembles the way the missionaries designed it to be. But in Léopoldville its functions were restricted to church and school contexts, while for routine communication Bangala remained in use, following its own path of linguistic development (particularly marked by influence from Kikongo) and, in the first half of the 20th century, spilling over to Brazzaville. The new language name was more successful, soon receiving acceptance in Léopoldville, too. But in the north-eastern parts of the Congo, the old glossonym Bangala survived and, in fact, continues to be used until today. Since the late colonial and post-colonial eras, the variety spoken in the politically important and culturally vanguard capital Léopoldville -Kinshasa has been the most influential and popular one, encroaching on the varieties spoken in the north-west of the DR Congo, in the north-east, and in Brazzaville. This is the variant covered in the present Atlas.",meeuwismichael,meeuwismichael,"Lingala. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1272;1273;176;927;928;929;930;931;932;933;1893[survey],,becc65d1e62a96a946987397459ab92c,b1127d0da1b0f48feb86005b3e97a440,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Lingala"", ""Number of speakers"": ""15 million native speakers, 10 million lingua franca users"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Bobangi (Bantu)"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""- West African pidgins, creoles, and ethnic languages - Northwestern Congolese languages such as Iboko, Libinza, Mabale, Boloki, Losengo, and others - Kikongo, Kiswahili, French"", ""Location"": ""West-Central Africa, West-Central African diaspora"", ""Official language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"": ""French"", ""National languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"": ""Kikongo, Lingala, Kiswahili, and Ciluba""}",Central and East Africa, -61,Fanakalo,,-28.532656,30.855103,fana1235,fng,"The use of Fanakalo pidgin was one of the ways in which inter-ethnic communication was achieved in 19th Century South Africa, first among speakers of Zulu, Xhosa, English and Afrikaans in different contexts in the Eastern Cape and Natal. It later spread to incoming Indian migrants from the 1860s onwards and was used in the gold mines of the 1880s and became closely associated with the mining industry. Grammatical and lexical differences across the country are minor, though there is some phonetic variation according to speakers’ L1s. The grammatical descriptions in the APiCS contribution draw on a variety of written and oral sources, including the academic writings of Trapp (1908), Cole (1953), Mesthrie (1989), and Adendorff (1995) as well as descriptions in handbooks put out by the mining houses or by authors aiming to promulgate the pidgin in contexts of domestic or farming employment. Where necessary the intuitions of Mesthrie and his farming relatives were used, supplemented by recordings of White, Zulu and Indian speakers by Clarissa Surek-Clark. The sample of Fanakalo speech provided for the APiCS contribution is drawn from two Indian women in a rural context who had no other common means of speaking. This Indian variety may thus at a pinch be considered the default Fanakalo lect in the APiCS contribution. In this regard it is noteworthy that some authors had earlier considered Fanakalo an Indian invention or characteristically Indian phenomenon (Trapp 1908, Cole 1953).",mesthrierajend,mesthrierajend surekclarkclarissa,"Fanakalo. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1;1021;1052;1086;1262;13;14;1495;157;1575;253;271;408;499;650;837;93;940;941;1879[survey],Fanagalo,30966766d294dea5385821cb96225509,c0e9c0e76948a383f427b1ef20bb9aac,"{""Other names"": ""Fanagalo, Chilapalapa"", ""Number of speakers"": ""probably 3 million or so, but now declining"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Zulu"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Afrikaans, English"", ""Location"": ""South Africa, also neighbouring countries"", ""Official languages of South Africa"": ""Afrikaans , English , Ndebele , Northern Sotho , Sotho , Swazi , Tswana , Tsonga , Venda , Xhosa , and Zulu""}",Southern Africa, -62,Mixed Ma’a/Mbugu,,-4.533333,38.366669,mbug1240,mhd,"Ma’á/Mbugu is a mixed language based on a Bantu language with the same name. The mixed variety and the Bantu language share the same grammar and have two parallel lexicons. The language is spoken in the Usambara mountains of Tanzania. Speakers of Ma’á/Mbugu also speak Shambaa, the dominant language of the area, and Swahili, the national and official language of the country. Ethnologue reports 7000 speakers among 32000 ethnic Mbugu. The people are more or less concentrated in three different locations which also show some dialect variation: Rangwi, Bumbuli and Magamba. The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is that of Magamba.",mousmaarten,mousmaarten,"Mixed Ma’a/Mbugu. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",988;1898[survey],Mbugu,1ec6a861ff5d8e1a2f789fd2f21f36f4,2a536d1703b7418e0efde52240982c40,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""(Inner) Ma\u2019\u00e1, Inner Mbugu"", ""Other name"": ""Mbugu"", ""Number of speakers"": ""7,000"", ""Major lexifiers"": ""Southern Cushitic, Eastern Cushitic, Maasai"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Shambaa, Pare"", ""Location"": ""Usambara Mountains, Tanzania"", ""Official languages of Tanzania"": ""Swahili, English""}",Central and East Africa, +",samarinwilliamj,samarinwilliamj,"Sango. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1320;1321;1322;1324;1325;1326;1330;1339;1463;1478;172;1735;397;702;814;93;1913[survey],Sango,e99e268b9668829a8cbe6ce80347bfb1,312248210d365402f85144414e1ea089,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Sango"", ""Other name"": ""French: sango standard"", ""Number of speakers"": ""2,500,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Ngbandi"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""French"", ""Location"": ""Central African Republic"", ""Official languages of the Central African Republic"": ""French and Sango""}",Central and East Africa,,Other +6,Trinidad English Creole,,10.633333,-61.283333,trin1276,trf,"Trinidad English Creole is used by approximately 1,000,000 of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago’s ca. 1,300,000 inhabitants (2011) as well as by members of diaspora communities in Britain, Canada, and the United States. It is the de facto language of national identity in Trinidad and is used in functional distribution with the official language English. Trinidad English Creole serves as means of informal communication across all ethnic and socio-economic groups. Its functional domain restrictions have decreased in the last decades: in 1975, the Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Education recognized Trinidad English Creole as a legitimate vehicle for oral and written expression in schools and educators were encouraged to use teaching strategies based on the differences between Trinidad English Creole and standard English. Trinidad English Creole use can also be found increasingly in the media (radio, television). Some formerly stigmatized features of Trinidad English Creole have now become accepted acrolectal use. There is no basilectal variety of Trinidad English Creole. The most conservative speakers can be found in the rural Indo-Trinidadian population. The mesolectal/acrolectal variety is the default lect documented in APiCS. Constructed examples were taken from the following sources: a) several UWI students (male and female) in their early twenties, b) a female middle-aged native speaker of Trinidad English Creole. Written examples were taken from either literary sources or from a Web-corpus of Trinidad English Creole.",muhleisensusanne,muhleisensusanne,"Trinidad English Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1007;1008;1009;1010;1011;1012;1431;1590;1591;1592;1593;1594;1601;1602;1636;1737;1848;3;30;516;606;7;984;1924[survey],Trinidadian Creole English,1a2841d3a077dc778fbdb74cef240483,415f142437fdcb2a7acd95079f5d7645,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""dialect, Trini talk"", ""Number of speakers"": ""ca. 1,200,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""West Bantu languages, French, Caribbean French Creoles, Spanish, Bhojpuri"", ""Location"": ""Trinidad and Tobago; diaspora communities in the United Kingdom, Canada and USA"", ""Official language of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago"": ""English""}",Caribbean,,English +60,Lingala,,-1.675176,16.671753,ling1263,lin,"Lingala has its origins in a process of pidginization that took place in the early 1880s involving the Central African language Bobangi as main lexifier. In 1884, the resulting pidgin was taken to the colonial state post Bangala Station (today, Mankanza), where it underwent expanding influence from the local languages and where it received its first glossonym, “Bangala”. From the late 1880s onwards, the language spread from the station in north-eastward direction, as far as the Sudanese border, and in southward direction, as far as Léopoldville (now, Kinshasa). In each place, influence from local languages further expanded the language along independent trajectories. On top of this, in the first decade of the 20th century, missionaries working in the Bangala Station area (then renamed Nouvelle-Anvers) embarked on a vast project of prescriptive corpus planning, also suggesting the new glossonym “Lingala”. The engineered variant gained ground in the north-western region of the Belgian Congo, where the language as spoken today still very much resembles the way the missionaries designed it to be. But in Léopoldville its functions were restricted to church and school contexts, while for routine communication Bangala remained in use, following its own path of linguistic development (particularly marked by influence from Kikongo) and, in the first half of the 20th century, spilling over to Brazzaville. The new language name was more successful, soon receiving acceptance in Léopoldville, too. But in the north-eastern parts of the Congo, the old glossonym Bangala survived and, in fact, continues to be used until today. Since the late colonial and post-colonial eras, the variety spoken in the politically important and culturally vanguard capital Léopoldville -Kinshasa has been the most influential and popular one, encroaching on the varieties spoken in the north-west of the DR Congo, in the north-east, and in Brazzaville. This is the variant covered in the present Atlas.",meeuwismichael,meeuwismichael,"Lingala. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1272;1273;176;927;928;929;930;931;932;933;1893[survey],,becc65d1e62a96a946987397459ab92c,b1127d0da1b0f48feb86005b3e97a440,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Lingala"", ""Number of speakers"": ""15 million native speakers, 10 million lingua franca users"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Bobangi (Bantu)"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""- West African pidgins, creoles, and ethnic languages - Northwestern Congolese languages such as Iboko, Libinza, Mabale, Boloki, Losengo, and others - Kikongo, Kiswahili, French"", ""Location"": ""West-Central Africa, West-Central African diaspora"", ""Official language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"": ""French"", ""National languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"": ""Kikongo, Lingala, Kiswahili, and Ciluba""}",Central and East Africa,,Bantu +61,Fanakalo,,-28.532656,30.855103,fana1235,fng,"The use of Fanakalo pidgin was one of the ways in which inter-ethnic communication was achieved in 19th Century South Africa, first among speakers of Zulu, Xhosa, English and Afrikaans in different contexts in the Eastern Cape and Natal. It later spread to incoming Indian migrants from the 1860s onwards and was used in the gold mines of the 1880s and became closely associated with the mining industry. Grammatical and lexical differences across the country are minor, though there is some phonetic variation according to speakers’ L1s. The grammatical descriptions in the APiCS contribution draw on a variety of written and oral sources, including the academic writings of Trapp (1908), Cole (1953), Mesthrie (1989), and Adendorff (1995) as well as descriptions in handbooks put out by the mining houses or by authors aiming to promulgate the pidgin in contexts of domestic or farming employment. Where necessary the intuitions of Mesthrie and his farming relatives were used, supplemented by recordings of White, Zulu and Indian speakers by Clarissa Surek-Clark. The sample of Fanakalo speech provided for the APiCS contribution is drawn from two Indian women in a rural context who had no other common means of speaking. This Indian variety may thus at a pinch be considered the default Fanakalo lect in the APiCS contribution. In this regard it is noteworthy that some authors had earlier considered Fanakalo an Indian invention or characteristically Indian phenomenon (Trapp 1908, Cole 1953).",mesthrierajend,mesthrierajend surekclarkclarissa,"Fanakalo. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1;1021;1052;1086;1262;13;14;1495;157;1575;253;271;408;499;650;837;93;940;941;1879[survey],Fanagalo,30966766d294dea5385821cb96225509,c0e9c0e76948a383f427b1ef20bb9aac,"{""Other names"": ""Fanagalo, Chilapalapa"", ""Number of speakers"": ""probably 3 million or so, but now declining"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Zulu"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Afrikaans, English"", ""Location"": ""South Africa, also neighbouring countries"", ""Official languages of South Africa"": ""Afrikaans , English , Ndebele , Northern Sotho , Sotho , Swazi , Tswana , Tsonga , Venda , Xhosa , and Zulu""}",Southern Africa,,Bantu +62,Mixed Ma’a/Mbugu,,-4.533333,38.366669,mbug1240,mhd,"Ma’á/Mbugu is a mixed language based on a Bantu language with the same name. The mixed variety and the Bantu language share the same grammar and have two parallel lexicons. The language is spoken in the Usambara mountains of Tanzania. Speakers of Ma’á/Mbugu also speak Shambaa, the dominant language of the area, and Swahili, the national and official language of the country. Ethnologue reports 7000 speakers among 32000 ethnic Mbugu. The people are more or less concentrated in three different locations which also show some dialect variation: Rangwi, Bumbuli and Magamba. The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is that of Magamba.",mousmaarten,mousmaarten,"Mixed Ma’a/Mbugu. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",988;1898[survey],Mbugu,1ec6a861ff5d8e1a2f789fd2f21f36f4,2a536d1703b7418e0efde52240982c40,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""(Inner) Ma\u2019\u00e1, Inner Mbugu"", ""Other name"": ""Mbugu"", ""Number of speakers"": ""7,000"", ""Major lexifiers"": ""Southern Cushitic, Eastern Cushitic, Maasai"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Shambaa, Pare"", ""Location"": ""Usambara Mountains, Tanzania"", ""Official languages of Tanzania"": ""Swahili, English""}",Central and East Africa,,Other 63,Kinubi,,0.666667,32.083332,nubi1253,kcn,"Kinubi is an Arabic-based creole spoken today mainly in Uganda and in Kenya. It is spoken as a first language by the Nubi. According to some sources, it is also spoken as a lingua franca by non-Nubi in some towns of western Uganda. Most of the Nubi, especially the male population, also speak Swahili – which has influenced Kinubi at many levels – and English. Formerly, there were some Nubi communities in Tanzania and Somalia too, but it seems that Tanzanian Nubi do not speak the language anymore, while the Nubi of Somalia accompanied the British and settled down in Kenya in 1921. Apparently, some Nubi communities also live in the Democratic Republic of Congo, mainly in the cities close to the Ugandan border. -Kinubi is closely related to Juba Arabic (and to Bongor Arabic, spoken today in Chad), but it also includes many words borrowed from Swahili and English. There are two main varieties of Kinubi: Ugandan Kinubi and Kenyan Kinubi, though both forms are very close to each other. Though it is mainly a spoken language, it is also written in Latin characters, mainly in correspondence. The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is roughly the speech of 20-70 years old male and female people living in Bombo, Kampala (Uganda), Kibera and Mombasa (Kenya).",luffinxavier,luffinxavier,"Kinubi. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1183;1574;1845;622;856;857;974;1891[survey],Nubi,f2aa343217d31445fd9f46402c031b7f,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Kin\u00fabi, Rut\u00e1n n\u00fabi"", ""Number of speakers"": ""unknown"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Sudanese Arabic"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Egyptian Arabic; Swahili, English (contemporary prestige languages)"", ""Location"": ""Uganda and Kenya; communities in DR Congo and South Sudan; formerly spoken in Somalia and Tanzania"", ""Official languages of Kenya and Uganda"": ""English and Swahili""}",Central and East Africa, +Kinubi is closely related to Juba Arabic (and to Bongor Arabic, spoken today in Chad), but it also includes many words borrowed from Swahili and English. There are two main varieties of Kinubi: Ugandan Kinubi and Kenyan Kinubi, though both forms are very close to each other. Though it is mainly a spoken language, it is also written in Latin characters, mainly in correspondence. The default lect that we chose for description in APiCS is roughly the speech of 20-70 years old male and female people living in Bombo, Kampala (Uganda), Kibera and Mombasa (Kenya).",luffinxavier,luffinxavier,"Kinubi. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1183;1574;1845;622;856;857;974;1891[survey],Nubi,f2aa343217d31445fd9f46402c031b7f,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Kin\u00fabi, Rut\u00e1n n\u00fabi"", ""Number of speakers"": ""unknown"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Sudanese Arabic"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Egyptian Arabic; Swahili, English (contemporary prestige languages)"", ""Location"": ""Uganda and Kenya; communities in DR Congo and South Sudan; formerly spoken in Somalia and Tanzania"", ""Official languages of Kenya and Uganda"": ""English and Swahili""}",Central and East Africa,,Arabic 64,Juba Arabic,,4.266667,31.016666,suda1237,pga,"Juba Arabic is an Arabic-based pidgincreole spoken in the Republic of South Sudan. At present, Juba Arabic is the major lingua franca of South Sudan as well as of large diaspora communities in Sudan, Egypt, the United States, and Australia. As Juba Arabic has many second- and third-language speakers, it is difficult to estimate the number of its speakers. Since 2005, Juba Arabic has been recognized as ""national language"", whereas English is the only ""official language"" of South Sudan. While it does not possess an established standard orthography, Juba Arabic is widely written in the Latin script. -It is doubtful whether we can speak of a continuum in the case of Juba Arabic and its Sudanese Arabic lexifier. The prolonged coexistence of Juba Arabic with Sudanese Arabic has resulted in increasing structural affinity between this pidgincreole and its lexifier (labeled as ""Arabic interference"" in the data set). The structural effects of this contact situation vary a great deal according to sociolinguistic variables such as the speakers' residence and their degree of education. Urban speakers and people educated in Arabic generally speak acrolectal varieties, while rural and recently urbanized people tend to speak basilectal varieties. Polylectal variation may be entirely a matter of lexical switching (e.g. the basilectal/mesolectal ta/bita against the acrolectal ḥagg as possessive marker) or else may include variation affecting phonological rules as well (e.g. the absence of pharyngeal sounds in basilectal varieties against the integration of etymological [ʕ] and [ʔ] in acrolectal/mesolectal varieties). The default lect documented in APiCS is a mesolectal variety spoken by young and middle-aged English-educated male speakers born in Juba and displaced in Khartoum in the late 1990s. In the case of our informants, knowledge of Sudanese Arabic correlates with awareness of separateness and ability to keep it apart from Juba Arabic.",manfredistefano petrollinosara,manfredistefano petrollinosara,"Juba Arabic. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1089;1205;1417;1491;1567;700;874;968;969;970;971;972;973;974;1890[survey],"Arabic, Sudanese Creole",184443fbe6d10c2d9c04e41ed4f19e43,232d470795f99cf4a695fdcd7f6b9d47,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""arabi juba"", ""Other names"": ""\u0295arabi juba (Sudanese Arabic) Juba Arabic (English)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""unknown"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Sudanese Arabic"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Egyptian Arabic, Bari, Pojulu, Dinka, Shilluk"", ""Location"": ""South Sudan and diaspora communities in Sudan, Egypt, Britain, United States, Canada and Australia"", ""Official language of South Sudan"": ""English (since 2005, earlier Arabic)""}",Central and East Africa, -65,Chinese Pidgin Russian,,48,134,kjac1234,,"Chinese Pidgin Russian has been extinct for several decades. The default lect that is described in APiCS is based on written sources; it was typical for speakers recorded in the 1980s. Some senior (over 70 years old) representatives of Siberian minorities can still be considered semi-speakers of Chinese Pidgin Russian, but they live in a Russian-speaking milieu, so their Pidgin is influenced by Standard Russian; it is referred to as the depidginized lect. The number of Pidgin semi-speakers is probably about 30 people now.",perekhvalskayaelena,perekhvalskayaelena,"Chinese Pidgin Russian. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1045;1061;1193;1194;1195;1393;1395;141;1561;22;244;458;60;671;707;895;1873[survey],,3d62f1251e9be998e50316a0787d314d,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""loman\u0259j jazyk, loman\u0259j ruskij"", ""Other names"": ""Russian-Chinese language, Kyahta language, Maimachin dialect"", ""Number of speakers"": ""full speakers: none; semi-speakers: 50"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Russian"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Chinese, Mongolian, Tungusic languages"", ""Location"": ""southern Siberia, Russian Far East (Russia), Manchuria (China)"", ""Official language of Russian Federation"": ""Russian"", ""Official language of China"": ""Mandarin Chinese""}",East Asia, -66,Sri Lankan Malay,,7,81.25,sril1245,sci,"Sri Lankan Malay (SLM) is spoken by approximately 40,000 people. There has so far been no attempt to establish the precise numbers of speakers. In urban areas, it has become increasingly common over the last (approximately) forty years for many younger native speakers to be less fluent and less expressive in SLM than in other languages that they may have acquired as second languages in childhood or simultaneously with SLM, including Sinhala, English, and in a number of areas, Tamil/Shonam. This intergenerational decline in fluency is less evident in several smaller up-country (highland) communities. By contrast, the Malay residents of the southeastern coastal village of Kirinda, consisting of four hundred families, have thus far experienced no intergenerational decline whatsoever, and are effectively SLM-dominant from earliest childhood. There is strong dialect differentiation between (1) the western coastal area including Colombo, (2) the up-country area including Kandy, and (3) the southeastern area including Kirinda and Hambantota. Most of the data I have used in this APiCS contribution, with the exception of a small number of references to Colombo Malay, come from the variety of SLM spoken daily by all generations in Kirinda. This variety is ordinarily referred to by its speakers as Java (""Javanese""). It is the default lect in APiCS. While speakers of the Kirinda variety understand SLM varieties spoken elsewhere on the island, speakers from outside the southeastern region will find some of its vocabulary, functional morphology, and constructions to be unfamiliar or opaque, although rarely to the point of communicative breakdown.",slomansonpeter,slomansonpeter,"Sri Lankan Malay. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1317;867;1919[survey],Sri Lankan Creole Malay,2e0da7e19e90f8c7bbccf805ede303f5,7fcce31fa082e63f55f2fe2c74e137ab,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Melayu, Sri Lanka pe Melayu, Java"", ""Other names"": ""English: Sri Lanka Malay Sinhala: Ja basawa Tamil: Java mozhi"", ""Number of speakers"": ""30,000\u201340,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Malay"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Shonam (Sri Lanka Muslim Tamil), Sinhala"", ""Location"": ""Sri Lanka"", ""Official languages of Sri Lanka"": ""Sinhala, Tamil""}",South Asia, +It is doubtful whether we can speak of a continuum in the case of Juba Arabic and its Sudanese Arabic lexifier. The prolonged coexistence of Juba Arabic with Sudanese Arabic has resulted in increasing structural affinity between this pidgincreole and its lexifier (labeled as ""Arabic interference"" in the data set). The structural effects of this contact situation vary a great deal according to sociolinguistic variables such as the speakers' residence and their degree of education. Urban speakers and people educated in Arabic generally speak acrolectal varieties, while rural and recently urbanized people tend to speak basilectal varieties. Polylectal variation may be entirely a matter of lexical switching (e.g. the basilectal/mesolectal ta/bita against the acrolectal ḥagg as possessive marker) or else may include variation affecting phonological rules as well (e.g. the absence of pharyngeal sounds in basilectal varieties against the integration of etymological [ʕ] and [ʔ] in acrolectal/mesolectal varieties). The default lect documented in APiCS is a mesolectal variety spoken by young and middle-aged English-educated male speakers born in Juba and displaced in Khartoum in the late 1990s. In the case of our informants, knowledge of Sudanese Arabic correlates with awareness of separateness and ability to keep it apart from Juba Arabic.",manfredistefano petrollinosara,manfredistefano petrollinosara,"Juba Arabic. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1089;1205;1417;1491;1567;700;874;968;969;970;971;972;973;974;1890[survey],"Arabic, Sudanese Creole",184443fbe6d10c2d9c04e41ed4f19e43,232d470795f99cf4a695fdcd7f6b9d47,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""arabi juba"", ""Other names"": ""\u0295arabi juba (Sudanese Arabic) Juba Arabic (English)"", ""Number of speakers"": ""unknown"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Sudanese Arabic"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Egyptian Arabic, Bari, Pojulu, Dinka, Shilluk"", ""Location"": ""South Sudan and diaspora communities in Sudan, Egypt, Britain, United States, Canada and Australia"", ""Official language of South Sudan"": ""English (since 2005, earlier Arabic)""}",Central and East Africa,,Arabic +65,Chinese Pidgin Russian,,48,134,kjac1234,,"Chinese Pidgin Russian has been extinct for several decades. The default lect that is described in APiCS is based on written sources; it was typical for speakers recorded in the 1980s. Some senior (over 70 years old) representatives of Siberian minorities can still be considered semi-speakers of Chinese Pidgin Russian, but they live in a Russian-speaking milieu, so their Pidgin is influenced by Standard Russian; it is referred to as the depidginized lect. The number of Pidgin semi-speakers is probably about 30 people now.",perekhvalskayaelena,perekhvalskayaelena,"Chinese Pidgin Russian. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1045;1061;1193;1194;1195;1393;1395;141;1561;22;244;458;60;671;707;895;1873[survey],,3d62f1251e9be998e50316a0787d314d,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""loman\u0259j jazyk, loman\u0259j ruskij"", ""Other names"": ""Russian-Chinese language, Kyahta language, Maimachin dialect"", ""Number of speakers"": ""full speakers: none; semi-speakers: 50"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Russian"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Chinese, Mongolian, Tungusic languages"", ""Location"": ""southern Siberia, Russian Far East (Russia), Manchuria (China)"", ""Official language of Russian Federation"": ""Russian"", ""Official language of China"": ""Mandarin Chinese""}",East Asia,,Other +66,Sri Lankan Malay,,7,81.25,sril1245,sci,"Sri Lankan Malay (SLM) is spoken by approximately 40,000 people. There has so far been no attempt to establish the precise numbers of speakers. In urban areas, it has become increasingly common over the last (approximately) forty years for many younger native speakers to be less fluent and less expressive in SLM than in other languages that they may have acquired as second languages in childhood or simultaneously with SLM, including Sinhala, English, and in a number of areas, Tamil/Shonam. This intergenerational decline in fluency is less evident in several smaller up-country (highland) communities. By contrast, the Malay residents of the southeastern coastal village of Kirinda, consisting of four hundred families, have thus far experienced no intergenerational decline whatsoever, and are effectively SLM-dominant from earliest childhood. There is strong dialect differentiation between (1) the western coastal area including Colombo, (2) the up-country area including Kandy, and (3) the southeastern area including Kirinda and Hambantota. Most of the data I have used in this APiCS contribution, with the exception of a small number of references to Colombo Malay, come from the variety of SLM spoken daily by all generations in Kirinda. This variety is ordinarily referred to by its speakers as Java (""Javanese""). It is the default lect in APiCS. While speakers of the Kirinda variety understand SLM varieties spoken elsewhere on the island, speakers from outside the southeastern region will find some of its vocabulary, functional morphology, and constructions to be unfamiliar or opaque, although rarely to the point of communicative breakdown.",slomansonpeter,slomansonpeter,"Sri Lankan Malay. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1317;867;1919[survey],Sri Lankan Creole Malay,2e0da7e19e90f8c7bbccf805ede303f5,7fcce31fa082e63f55f2fe2c74e137ab,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Melayu, Sri Lanka pe Melayu, Java"", ""Other names"": ""English: Sri Lanka Malay Sinhala: Ja basawa Tamil: Java mozhi"", ""Number of speakers"": ""30,000\u201340,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Malay"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Shonam (Sri Lanka Muslim Tamil), Sinhala"", ""Location"": ""Sri Lanka"", ""Official languages of Sri Lanka"": ""Sinhala, Tamil""}",South Asia,,Malay 67,Singapore Bazaar Malay,,1.329226,104.9,baba1267,,"Singapore Bazaar Malay was spoken by fewer than 10,000 Singaporeans in the island state of Singapore in 2002-2004 when the research was carried out. This contact variety is under threat of extinction in the Singapore context as it has lost its former role as a lingua franca to English, especially among the younger generation. Consequently, Singapore Bazaar Malay speakers nowadays are mostly the elderly Singaporeans and some middle-aged Singaporeans who need to be in occupational contact with the older generation who do not speak English and with whom they do not share any common language other than this contact variety. It is used only orally, although it may occur in written form, for example, in the cartoons in Malay. This contact language is normally confined to market places, shop houses, hawker centres and wherever people with no other common language meet and have to communicate. Like other contact languages, Singapore Bazaar Malay is not a single unified variety with a multitude of variations corresponding to the speakers’ ethnic and linguistic background, age, education, exposure and frequency of use just to mention few. -The default lect described in APiCS is that of elderly people and those middle-aged Singaporeans whose age ranged from 49 to 77 and who came from different ethnic backgrounds. Some of them were formerly immigrants who had been in Singapore for more than 30 years.",khinkhinayenone,khinkhinayenone,"Singapore Bazaar Malay. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1412;1700;1701;1703;2;708;1864[survey],< Sabah Malay (MSI),c401292ba9441f90556437f937d7787e,f7d4227b47357c64ddefc18232e4d2fe,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Pasar Malay"", ""Other name"": ""Market Malay"", ""Number of speakers"": ""less than 10,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Malay"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Hokkien, Tamil"", ""Location"": ""Singapore"", ""Official languages of Singapore"": ""English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil""}",Southeast Asia, -68,Ambon Malay,,-3.7,128.149994,ambo1250,abs,"Ambon Malay is spoken in the central and southern Molouccas islands in eastern Indonesia, by about 200,000 native speakers located on the island of Ambon and neighboring islands, as well as in urban locations in the southern Moluccas. In addition, it is widely used as a second language throughout the central and southern Moluccas, by as many as a million speakers. There are also significant communities of speakers of Ambon Malay in Jakarta (the capital of Indonesia) and in the Netherlands (where it is known as Melajoe Sini ‘Malay here’). Ambon Malay is known as Malayu Ambong by its speakers, who often view it as an inferior variety of Indonesian (which is also a language also derived from an older variety of Malay). Since Ambon Malay is seen as a low form of Indonesian, there is wide-scale variation in the language, from a basilectal variant to something closer to Indonesian, but still retaining features of the basilectal variety. This variation is caused by the formality of the domain, the education of the speakers, and the degree to which they identify with the community. There is also variation between the speech of native speakers and second language speakers, who may be influenced by their native languages to varying degrees. Among native speakers, there are two primary variants, one spoken by Muslims, and located mainly on the northern Hitu peninsula of the island, and another spoken by Christians, spoken on the southern Lei Timor peninsula, including the city of Ambon. The description in APiCS is based on both of these variants. The variety spoken in the Netherlands has diverged significantly from the Ambon Malay spoken in the homeland over the past 60 years.",paauwscott,paauwscott,"Ambon Malay. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1178;1528;1860[survey],Ambonese Malay,b5b5a41dca0b5021341cc3bcfa474f34,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Malayu Ambong"", ""Other names"": ""Indonesian: Bahasa Melayu Ambon; English: Ambon Malay, Ambonese Malay"", ""Number of speakers"": ""up to 1,000,000 speakers, including \u00b1200,000 native speakers"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Vehicular Malay"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Portuguese, Dutch, vernacular languages of the Moluccas"", ""Location"": ""central and southern Moluccas Islands"", ""Official language of Indonesia"": ""Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia)""}",Southeast Asia, -69,Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin,,-4.666667,143.550003,yima1244,,Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin is a trade language used between men of certain clans in Yimas village and the Arafundi speaking village of Auwim in their trade interactions up until its largely falling out of use in the 1950s. Its function has been replaced by Tok Pisin and it is now extremely moribund or more likely extinct. The default lect described here is that remembered by men in their 50s from both villages in the mid 1980s. All data was collected in situ in the mid 1980s by working directly with the few men who could still remember the language by both direct elicitation and the collection of a few narrative texts.,foleywilliama,foleywilliama,"Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",93;1926[survey],,7005354ea199bea9818880be79fd1e62,477fd5ed8da57be9590da6ab1fbbede1,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""kar\u0259m ta\u014bgwapasambi malak\u0259k \u2018turned talk\u2019"", ""Other name"": ""Tok Pisin: tainim tok"", ""Number of speakers"": ""< 5, very moribund, probably already extinct"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Yimas"", ""Other contributing language"": ""Arafundi"", ""Location"": ""Arafundi River, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea"", ""Official languages of Papua New Guinea"": ""English, Tok Pisin""}",Pacific, -7,Vincentian Creole,,13.133333,-61.216667,vinc1243,svc,"The creole variety spoken on St. Vincent and the Grenadines is English-based. It has neither official nor national status in these territories but is diffused nationwide. The APiCS documents one mesolectal attestation for Vincentian in the feature “Raining constructions”, but the default lect featured in APiCS is the basilectal variety of Vincentian Creole. This variety can be heard in urban and rural communities on mainland St. Vincent as well as on the Grenadines. No language survey has been conducted nationwide nor in the diaspora communities in North America, Britain and other Caribbean territories to indicate what percentage of the Vincentian population uses this lect. What can be ascertained, however, is that the basilectal varieties are also given airplay during interactive radio-shows, radio-diffused or televised drama festivals and carnival song competitions. Although the variety is mainly oral, there have been attempts at representing this lect in writing, particularly in folk poetry.",prescodpaula,prescodpaula,"Vincentian Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1085;1244;1245;1246;1247;1248;1249;209;420;984;1925[survey],Vincentian Creole English,ecedc2df4c81b72e09046b75daac6a87,61b30feaa466f348f3c76e94332a993b,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Vincy , Dialect"", ""Number of speakers"": ""117, 000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""varieties of English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Atlantic-Congo languages"", ""Location"": ""Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and diaspora communities in North America, Britain and other Caribbean territories"", ""Official language of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"": ""English""}",Caribbean, -70,Pidgin Hindustani,,-17.905569,178.088379,,,"Pidgin Hindustani is a medium of inter-ethnic communication in Fiji. Along with Pidgin Fijian (and now more commonly, Fiji English), it has been widely used for informal interactions between indigenous Fijians and Fiji Indians (or Indo-Fijians), and to some extent between Chinese shopkeepers and Fiji Indians. The default lect documented in APiCS is the one spoken by rural Fijians who interact frequently with Fiji Indians. It is based on recordings made in 1983 in villages in the Nadi district of western Viti Levu. All examples come from Seci Bola of Vatutu village and Risidriu of Numbuta village (now both deceased).",siegeljeff,siegeljeff,"Pidgin Hindustani. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1401;1402;93;1908[survey],,b620290d51eb654bb345516b1bee1d29,56e379fd7bf8304798310c069d9f3922,"{""Number of speakers"": ""unknown"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Fiji Hindi"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Fijian, English"", ""Location"": ""Fiji"", ""Official languages of Fiji"": ""English, Fijian, Hindustani""}",Pacific, -71,Pidgin Hawaiian,,19.8,-156.85,pidg1249,,"Pidgin Hawaiian is an extinct contact language spoken mainly in the Kingdom of Hawai'i in the last quarter of the 19th century, derived from earlier L2 varieties of Hawaiian. It was the primary means of communication in the sugar industry (primarily between speakers of Hawaiian, English, Chinese, Portuguese, and Japanese) prior to the rise of Hawai'i Pidgin English (the forerunner of Hawai'i Creole, described in APiCS by Viveka Velupillai) in that social context. The growing utility of the Anglophone pidgin eventually restricted Pidgin Hawaiian to interactions involving native speakers of Hawaiian by the second quarter of the 20th century. Because this is an extinct language, lectal boundaries are unclear. However data utilized in the documentation of Pidgin Hawaiian in APiCS reflect clear stylistic differences. Pidgin Hawaiian when used as the medium of court testimony tended to be more formal than the form appearing in newspapers (which more frequently attested salient basilectal features and reflected a much more reduced vocabulary). Since court testimony was much more prolific than other written sources, the representation of Pidgin Hawaiian in APiCS is skewed towards more mesolectal or acrolectal varieties. Newspaper sources on the other hand may have employed basilectal exaggeration, increasing the frequency of distinctive pidgin features. Also the Pidgin Hawaiian spoken when Chinese dominated the immigrant population (before 1890) had certain rare grammatical features generally absent in the later period (between 1890 and 1920). The default lect in the APiCS representation is the pidgin attested in the 1880s and 1890s in court testimony.",robertssarahj,robertssarahj,"Pidgin Hawaiian. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1289;1503;1931[survey],,ccbcfe99c80ccaaf648e06b15d031685,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""\u2018\u014clelo pa\u2018i \u2018ai"", ""Number of speakers"": ""none (extinct)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Hawaiian (Austronesian family)"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Cantonese, Hakka, Portuguese"", ""Location"": ""Hawaiian Islands"", ""Official languages of Hawai\u2018i"": ""Hawaiian, English""}",Pacific, -72,Gurindji Kriol,,-17.450001,130.983337,guri1249,,"Gurindji Kriol is a mixed language derived from Gurindji (Pama-Nyungan) and Kriol (English-lexifier). It is spoken in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory (Australia) by around 1000 people, mostly Gurindji people under the age of 40 who live in the Aboriginal community of Kalkaringi, but also Bilinarra and Ngarinyman people who live in the neighbouring communities of Pigeon Hole and Yarralin to the north of Kalkaringi. It is also spoken by diaspora groups living in the towns of Katherine (480km north-east of Kalkaringi) and Darwin (900km north-east of Kalkaringi). The default lect described in APiCS is the speech of 20-30 year old Gurindji women living in Kalkaringi. All examples are derived from a corpus collected by Felicity Meakins from 2004-2009. Gurindji Kriol remains an oral language only, with schooling, media and government services almost entirely in Standard Australian English (with provisions for interpreters). Older Gurindji people continue to speak traditional Gurindji, often in code-switching with Kriol. Kriol is the main language spoken by Aboriginal people across northern Australia including in Katherine and Darwin, and has a continuing influence on Gurindji Kriol, particularly in these towns.",meakinsfelicity,meakinsfelicity,"Gurindji Kriol. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1740;1741;1742;1743;1744;1745;400;583;8;918;919;920;922;923;924;1884[survey],Gurindji,6cdd6dcb408b34f60695a37829e67a01,d3ad82b8226870699cd072d6d518135c,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Gurindji , miksimap"", ""Number of speakers"": ""1,000"", ""Major lexifiers"": ""Gurindji, Kriol"", ""Other contributing language"": ""English"", ""Location"": ""Victoria River District in northern Australia"", ""Official language of Australia"": ""English""}",Australia, -73,Media Lengua,,-1.816667,-78.199997,medi1245,mue,"Media Lengua, a mixed language with mostly Quechua syntax, morphology, phonology, and semantics and Spanish lexical shapes, is or was used in several distinct areas of Ecuador. My own research was mostly focused on the variety used outside of Salcedo (Cotopaxi) and this is the variety primarily cited in APiCS (the default lect). I have also discovered varieties spoken near Saraguro (Loja) and Cañar (Cañar). Subsequently, Jorge Gomez Rendón (Quito) and Jesse Stewart (Manitoba) have been exploring varieties of Media Lengua spoken mostly north of the capital Quito in the province of Imbabura which is referred to as the lect of Imbabura Media Lengua (data Gómez Rendón) in APiCS. Earlier reports suggest that Media Lengua was also spoken in Zámbiza, near Quito. It is hard to generalize across all these communities, but perhaps something like “indigenous Quechua speakers with frequent contacts with the Spanish-speaking world” comes closest. This description now holds for a great many indigenous highland people in Ecuador, and there may be varieties of Media Lengua so far unnoticed. Also speakers will not always openly acknowledge using Media Lengua. This makes it hard to give exact numbers of Media Lengua speakers. Media Lengua has not been reported outside of Ecuador, e.g. in the Peruvian or Bolivian highlands. However, forms of mixing resembling Media Lengua may be found there in special registers, e.g. bilingual songs. Also, Spanish loans with Quechua suffixes have been incorporated into Amazonian languages such as Cocama-Cocamilla, suggesting a possible earlier Media Lengua-like pidgin in the Upper Amazon basin.",muyskenpieter,muyskenpieter,"Media Lengua. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1032;1033;1036;1038;557;558;1899[survey],,712865f7bfd9d18d7fdbcf1096a049c5,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Chaupi Lengua, Catalangu, Utilla Ingiru, Quechua\u00f1ol"", ""Number of speakers"": ""unknown ca. 200 in Cotopaxi province pockets of speakers of other varieties"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Spanish"", ""Other contributing language"": ""Quechua"", ""Location"": ""Cotopaxi and Imbabura throughout the Ecuadorian highlands"", ""Official languages spoken in Ecuador"": ""Spanish, Quichua""}",South America, +The default lect described in APiCS is that of elderly people and those middle-aged Singaporeans whose age ranged from 49 to 77 and who came from different ethnic backgrounds. Some of them were formerly immigrants who had been in Singapore for more than 30 years.",khinkhinayenone,khinkhinayenone,"Singapore Bazaar Malay. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1412;1700;1701;1703;2;708;1864[survey],< Sabah Malay (MSI),c401292ba9441f90556437f937d7787e,f7d4227b47357c64ddefc18232e4d2fe,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Pasar Malay"", ""Other name"": ""Market Malay"", ""Number of speakers"": ""less than 10,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Malay"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Hokkien, Tamil"", ""Location"": ""Singapore"", ""Official languages of Singapore"": ""English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil""}",Southeast Asia,,Malay +68,Ambon Malay,,-3.7,128.149994,ambo1250,abs,"Ambon Malay is spoken in the central and southern Molouccas islands in eastern Indonesia, by about 200,000 native speakers located on the island of Ambon and neighboring islands, as well as in urban locations in the southern Moluccas. In addition, it is widely used as a second language throughout the central and southern Moluccas, by as many as a million speakers. There are also significant communities of speakers of Ambon Malay in Jakarta (the capital of Indonesia) and in the Netherlands (where it is known as Melajoe Sini ‘Malay here’). Ambon Malay is known as Malayu Ambong by its speakers, who often view it as an inferior variety of Indonesian (which is also a language also derived from an older variety of Malay). Since Ambon Malay is seen as a low form of Indonesian, there is wide-scale variation in the language, from a basilectal variant to something closer to Indonesian, but still retaining features of the basilectal variety. This variation is caused by the formality of the domain, the education of the speakers, and the degree to which they identify with the community. There is also variation between the speech of native speakers and second language speakers, who may be influenced by their native languages to varying degrees. Among native speakers, there are two primary variants, one spoken by Muslims, and located mainly on the northern Hitu peninsula of the island, and another spoken by Christians, spoken on the southern Lei Timor peninsula, including the city of Ambon. The description in APiCS is based on both of these variants. The variety spoken in the Netherlands has diverged significantly from the Ambon Malay spoken in the homeland over the past 60 years.",paauwscott,paauwscott,"Ambon Malay. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1178;1528;1860[survey],Ambonese Malay,b5b5a41dca0b5021341cc3bcfa474f34,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""Malayu Ambong"", ""Other names"": ""Indonesian: Bahasa Melayu Ambon; English: Ambon Malay, Ambonese Malay"", ""Number of speakers"": ""up to 1,000,000 speakers, including \u00b1200,000 native speakers"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Vehicular Malay"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Portuguese, Dutch, vernacular languages of the Moluccas"", ""Location"": ""central and southern Moluccas Islands"", ""Official language of Indonesia"": ""Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia)""}",Southeast Asia,,Malay +69,Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin,,-4.666667,143.550003,yima1244,,Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin is a trade language used between men of certain clans in Yimas village and the Arafundi speaking village of Auwim in their trade interactions up until its largely falling out of use in the 1950s. Its function has been replaced by Tok Pisin and it is now extremely moribund or more likely extinct. The default lect described here is that remembered by men in their 50s from both villages in the mid 1980s. All data was collected in situ in the mid 1980s by working directly with the few men who could still remember the language by both direct elicitation and the collection of a few narrative texts.,foleywilliama,foleywilliama,"Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",93;1926[survey],,7005354ea199bea9818880be79fd1e62,477fd5ed8da57be9590da6ab1fbbede1,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""kar\u0259m ta\u014bgwapasambi malak\u0259k \u2018turned talk\u2019"", ""Other name"": ""Tok Pisin: tainim tok"", ""Number of speakers"": ""< 5, very moribund, probably already extinct"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Yimas"", ""Other contributing language"": ""Arafundi"", ""Location"": ""Arafundi River, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea"", ""Official languages of Papua New Guinea"": ""English, Tok Pisin""}",Pacific,,Other +7,Vincentian Creole,,13.133333,-61.216667,vinc1243,svc,"The creole variety spoken on St. Vincent and the Grenadines is English-based. It has neither official nor national status in these territories but is diffused nationwide. The APiCS documents one mesolectal attestation for Vincentian in the feature “Raining constructions”, but the default lect featured in APiCS is the basilectal variety of Vincentian Creole. This variety can be heard in urban and rural communities on mainland St. Vincent as well as on the Grenadines. No language survey has been conducted nationwide nor in the diaspora communities in North America, Britain and other Caribbean territories to indicate what percentage of the Vincentian population uses this lect. What can be ascertained, however, is that the basilectal varieties are also given airplay during interactive radio-shows, radio-diffused or televised drama festivals and carnival song competitions. Although the variety is mainly oral, there have been attempts at representing this lect in writing, particularly in folk poetry.",prescodpaula,prescodpaula,"Vincentian Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1085;1244;1245;1246;1247;1248;1249;209;420;984;1925[survey],Vincentian Creole English,ecedc2df4c81b72e09046b75daac6a87,61b30feaa466f348f3c76e94332a993b,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Vincy , Dialect"", ""Number of speakers"": ""117, 000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""varieties of English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Atlantic-Congo languages"", ""Location"": ""Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and diaspora communities in North America, Britain and other Caribbean territories"", ""Official language of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"": ""English""}",Caribbean,,English +70,Pidgin Hindustani,,-17.905569,178.088379,,,"Pidgin Hindustani is a medium of inter-ethnic communication in Fiji. Along with Pidgin Fijian (and now more commonly, Fiji English), it has been widely used for informal interactions between indigenous Fijians and Fiji Indians (or Indo-Fijians), and to some extent between Chinese shopkeepers and Fiji Indians. The default lect documented in APiCS is the one spoken by rural Fijians who interact frequently with Fiji Indians. It is based on recordings made in 1983 in villages in the Nadi district of western Viti Levu. All examples come from Seci Bola of Vatutu village and Risidriu of Numbuta village (now both deceased).",siegeljeff,siegeljeff,"Pidgin Hindustani. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1401;1402;93;1908[survey],,b620290d51eb654bb345516b1bee1d29,56e379fd7bf8304798310c069d9f3922,"{""Number of speakers"": ""unknown"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Fiji Hindi"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Fijian, English"", ""Location"": ""Fiji"", ""Official languages of Fiji"": ""English, Fijian, Hindustani""}",Pacific,,Other +71,Pidgin Hawaiian,,19.8,-156.85,pidg1249,,"Pidgin Hawaiian is an extinct contact language spoken mainly in the Kingdom of Hawai'i in the last quarter of the 19th century, derived from earlier L2 varieties of Hawaiian. It was the primary means of communication in the sugar industry (primarily between speakers of Hawaiian, English, Chinese, Portuguese, and Japanese) prior to the rise of Hawai'i Pidgin English (the forerunner of Hawai'i Creole, described in APiCS by Viveka Velupillai) in that social context. The growing utility of the Anglophone pidgin eventually restricted Pidgin Hawaiian to interactions involving native speakers of Hawaiian by the second quarter of the 20th century. Because this is an extinct language, lectal boundaries are unclear. However data utilized in the documentation of Pidgin Hawaiian in APiCS reflect clear stylistic differences. Pidgin Hawaiian when used as the medium of court testimony tended to be more formal than the form appearing in newspapers (which more frequently attested salient basilectal features and reflected a much more reduced vocabulary). Since court testimony was much more prolific than other written sources, the representation of Pidgin Hawaiian in APiCS is skewed towards more mesolectal or acrolectal varieties. Newspaper sources on the other hand may have employed basilectal exaggeration, increasing the frequency of distinctive pidgin features. Also the Pidgin Hawaiian spoken when Chinese dominated the immigrant population (before 1890) had certain rare grammatical features generally absent in the later period (between 1890 and 1920). The default lect in the APiCS representation is the pidgin attested in the 1880s and 1890s in court testimony.",robertssarahj,robertssarahj,"Pidgin Hawaiian. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1289;1503;1931[survey],,ccbcfe99c80ccaaf648e06b15d031685,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""\u2018\u014clelo pa\u2018i \u2018ai"", ""Number of speakers"": ""none (extinct)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Hawaiian (Austronesian family)"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Cantonese, Hakka, Portuguese"", ""Location"": ""Hawaiian Islands"", ""Official languages of Hawai\u2018i"": ""Hawaiian, English""}",Pacific,,Other +72,Gurindji Kriol,,-17.450001,130.983337,guri1249,,"Gurindji Kriol is a mixed language derived from Gurindji (Pama-Nyungan) and Kriol (English-lexifier). It is spoken in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory (Australia) by around 1000 people, mostly Gurindji people under the age of 40 who live in the Aboriginal community of Kalkaringi, but also Bilinarra and Ngarinyman people who live in the neighbouring communities of Pigeon Hole and Yarralin to the north of Kalkaringi. It is also spoken by diaspora groups living in the towns of Katherine (480km north-east of Kalkaringi) and Darwin (900km north-east of Kalkaringi). The default lect described in APiCS is the speech of 20-30 year old Gurindji women living in Kalkaringi. All examples are derived from a corpus collected by Felicity Meakins from 2004-2009. Gurindji Kriol remains an oral language only, with schooling, media and government services almost entirely in Standard Australian English (with provisions for interpreters). Older Gurindji people continue to speak traditional Gurindji, often in code-switching with Kriol. Kriol is the main language spoken by Aboriginal people across northern Australia including in Katherine and Darwin, and has a continuing influence on Gurindji Kriol, particularly in these towns.",meakinsfelicity,meakinsfelicity,"Gurindji Kriol. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1740;1741;1742;1743;1744;1745;400;583;8;918;919;920;922;923;924;1884[survey],Gurindji,6cdd6dcb408b34f60695a37829e67a01,d3ad82b8226870699cd072d6d518135c,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Gurindji , miksimap"", ""Number of speakers"": ""1,000"", ""Major lexifiers"": ""Gurindji, Kriol"", ""Other contributing language"": ""English"", ""Location"": ""Victoria River District in northern Australia"", ""Official language of Australia"": ""English""}",Australia,,Other +73,Media Lengua,,-1.816667,-78.199997,medi1245,mue,"Media Lengua, a mixed language with mostly Quechua syntax, morphology, phonology, and semantics and Spanish lexical shapes, is or was used in several distinct areas of Ecuador. My own research was mostly focused on the variety used outside of Salcedo (Cotopaxi) and this is the variety primarily cited in APiCS (the default lect). I have also discovered varieties spoken near Saraguro (Loja) and Cañar (Cañar). Subsequently, Jorge Gomez Rendón (Quito) and Jesse Stewart (Manitoba) have been exploring varieties of Media Lengua spoken mostly north of the capital Quito in the province of Imbabura which is referred to as the lect of Imbabura Media Lengua (data Gómez Rendón) in APiCS. Earlier reports suggest that Media Lengua was also spoken in Zámbiza, near Quito. It is hard to generalize across all these communities, but perhaps something like “indigenous Quechua speakers with frequent contacts with the Spanish-speaking world” comes closest. This description now holds for a great many indigenous highland people in Ecuador, and there may be varieties of Media Lengua so far unnoticed. Also speakers will not always openly acknowledge using Media Lengua. This makes it hard to give exact numbers of Media Lengua speakers. Media Lengua has not been reported outside of Ecuador, e.g. in the Peruvian or Bolivian highlands. However, forms of mixing resembling Media Lengua may be found there in special registers, e.g. bilingual songs. Also, Spanish loans with Quechua suffixes have been incorporated into Amazonian languages such as Cocama-Cocamilla, suggesting a possible earlier Media Lengua-like pidgin in the Upper Amazon basin.",muyskenpieter,muyskenpieter,"Media Lengua. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1032;1033;1036;1038;557;558;1899[survey],,712865f7bfd9d18d7fdbcf1096a049c5,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Chaupi Lengua, Catalangu, Utilla Ingiru, Quechua\u00f1ol"", ""Number of speakers"": ""unknown ca. 200 in Cotopaxi province pockets of speakers of other varieties"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Spanish"", ""Other contributing language"": ""Quechua"", ""Location"": ""Cotopaxi and Imbabura throughout the Ecuadorian highlands"", ""Official languages spoken in Ecuador"": ""Spanish, Quichua""}",South America,,Spanish 74,Chinuk Wawa,,53.700001,-127.73333,chin1272,chn,"Chinuk Wawa or Chinook Jargon was spoken in Oregon, Washington, much of British Columbia, and after the mid-nineteenth century also parts of Idaho, southeastern Alaska and the far northwest of California. A knowledge of the language declined rapidly after World War II but several enthusiasts have learnt it from books and remaining speakers since the 1960s. The default lect used in this database is that which is attested in most of the available data on the language from c. 1840 onwards, and represents a variety which has spread in all directions from the mouth of the Columbia River, where it probably originated at an as yet unestablished time and which has been used by speakers of all ethnicities. Structurally and lexically it is fairly stable (apart from increasing relexification from English), although few sources capture the complexity of the phonological system with which it was spoken by many Native Americans and maybe some others. Hale (1890) documents much of the lexicon; the texts in Jacobs 1936 not collected from Victoria Howard and also Boas (1933) represent some of the narratives produced. -Grand(e) Ronde CW developed at Grand Ronde Reservation, Oregon in the late 19th century and its speakers continued having contact with speakers of Chinookan languages. Nativized in a multilingual setting, it differed phonologically and especially morphologically and lexically from the default lect; as of 2010, one speaker remained, though it is being passed on to tribal members. Confederated Tribes (2011) is a comprehensive account of the language, and the texts from Victoria Howard in Jacobs 1936 also represent this variety. Data from both these lects are presented where possible and where they differ.",grantanthonyp,grantanthonyp,"Chinuk Wawa. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1001;1409;1475;153;154;1641;561;574;595;673;675;93;1874[survey],Chinook jargon,2f50f4f058dce266bad87220c22fdb7c,873a4e148444b5c3e0aa9ec0f5cc59ff,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""( \u010din\u00fak ) w\u00e1wa (no Chinookan name for it seems to have been recorded)"", ""Other names"": ""Chinook Jargon, Jargon, Chinook Pidgin"", ""Number of speakers"": ""1 native speaker of Grand Ronde variety (2009); maybe 1000 people with L2 knowledge (via oral or written means)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Coastal Chinook"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Nuuchahnulth, French"", ""Location"": ""Western Coastal Canada and US from SE Alaska to far northern California"", ""Official language of the USA: Canada"": ""English (de facto) English, French""}",North America, -75,Michif,,48.833332,-99.800003,mich1243,crg,"Michif is a highly endangered, perhaps moribund language, despite efforts to keep the language alive. In 2013, the number of speakers is probably below 100 – including a handful of young people who learnt it through a master-apprentice program. Michif is spoken by few people in a vast area, covering three Canadian provinces and two US states, and probably never by more than a few thousand people. The language is relatively homogenous. The default lect represented in APiCS is the one spoken on both sides of the Manitoba-North Dakota border, in and around the Turtle Mountain Reservation and in southwestern Manitoba. Two deviant lects are known to have existed, one in Camperville (a town in Manitoba where also speakers of the default lect migrated to) influenced by Ojibwe, and one in southeastern Saskatchewan, close to Cypress Hills. Most speakers in Saskatchewan, Montana and probably also Alberta (where no speakers could be found in the field survey) spoke the default lect, whereas a different variety, undocumented, may have been spoken in Minnesota until recently.",bakkerpeter,bakkerpeter,"Michif. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1277;1299;1300;1578;235;521;522;523;789;92;94;1900[survey],Michif,3543cb7abf629c23b5441ce1064f2f1e,d2d0e9af27c9606115ff0f23eef0e40a,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Michif, (aan) krii"", ""Other names"": ""Mitchif, M\u00e9tchif, Mitif, Cree, Turtle Mountain Chippewa Cree"", ""Number of speakers"": ""200\u20132,000"", ""Major lexifiers"": ""French and Plains Cree"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Saulteaux (Ojibwe), English, Assiniboine"", ""Location"": ""Western Canada (Manitoba and Saskatchewan) and adjacent areas in the United States (North Dakota, Montana)"", ""Official languages of Canada and United States"": ""English and French""}",North America, -76,Eskimo Pidgin,,70.110481,-152.006836,eski1266,,"Eskimo Pidgin refers to a range of pidgins based on Eskimo languages all over the east Siberian and north American Arctic. These pidgin languages emerged from contacts between the Inuit and Western sailors that visited the Arctic during the whaling era from the early 17th century in the northern Atlantic to the 20th century in the northern Pacific and Arctic Oceans. In principle, the different Eskimo Pidgins emerged independently from one another in different places, but there are many structural and lexical correspondences between them due to similar circumstances of emergence and use. Most Eskimo Pidgins were documented very fragmentarily by interested laymen and occasional travellers and apparently none of them are spoken today. The lect chosen for the APiCS (default lect) is the Herschel Island Trade Jargon. With Stefánsson´s contemporary (1909) description, it is the best documented Eskimo Pidgin known so far. The characteristic features of the Herschel Island Trade Jargon can also be observed in scraps of documentation of Eskimo Pidgins from different times and regions.",vandervoorthein,vandervoorthein,"Eskimo Pidgin. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1266;1442;1525;1633;455;1877[survey],,1eb1ffda043dd1f60ab8d56d9d0e6d95,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""unknown"", ""Other names"": ""English: (in general) Eskimo Pidgin; (depending on region) Herschel Island Trade Jargon, Whaler, K\u00f8kkengr\u00f8nlandsk, etc."", ""Number of speakers"": ""unknown"", ""Major lexifier (depending on region)"": ""different Eskimo languages, English"", ""Other contributing languages (depending on region and period)"": ""Hawaiian Pidgin, Chinook Jargon, Chukchi, Algonquian, Athabaskan, Norse, Danish, Portuguese, Russian, Dutch, English, French"", ""Location"": ""Northeastern Siberia, Northern Alaska, Northern Canada, West Greenland; 17th-20th centuries"", ""Official languages of the region (depending on region and period)"": ""Russian, Danish, French, English""}",North America, +Grand(e) Ronde CW developed at Grand Ronde Reservation, Oregon in the late 19th century and its speakers continued having contact with speakers of Chinookan languages. Nativized in a multilingual setting, it differed phonologically and especially morphologically and lexically from the default lect; as of 2010, one speaker remained, though it is being passed on to tribal members. Confederated Tribes (2011) is a comprehensive account of the language, and the texts from Victoria Howard in Jacobs 1936 also represent this variety. Data from both these lects are presented where possible and where they differ.",grantanthonyp,grantanthonyp,"Chinuk Wawa. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1001;1409;1475;153;154;1641;561;574;595;673;675;93;1874[survey],Chinook jargon,2f50f4f058dce266bad87220c22fdb7c,873a4e148444b5c3e0aa9ec0f5cc59ff,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""( \u010din\u00fak ) w\u00e1wa (no Chinookan name for it seems to have been recorded)"", ""Other names"": ""Chinook Jargon, Jargon, Chinook Pidgin"", ""Number of speakers"": ""1 native speaker of Grand Ronde variety (2009); maybe 1000 people with L2 knowledge (via oral or written means)"", ""Major lexifier"": ""Coastal Chinook"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""English, Nuuchahnulth, French"", ""Location"": ""Western Coastal Canada and US from SE Alaska to far northern California"", ""Official language of the USA: Canada"": ""English (de facto) English, French""}",North America,,Other +75,Michif,,48.833332,-99.800003,mich1243,crg,"Michif is a highly endangered, perhaps moribund language, despite efforts to keep the language alive. In 2013, the number of speakers is probably below 100 – including a handful of young people who learnt it through a master-apprentice program. Michif is spoken by few people in a vast area, covering three Canadian provinces and two US states, and probably never by more than a few thousand people. The language is relatively homogenous. The default lect represented in APiCS is the one spoken on both sides of the Manitoba-North Dakota border, in and around the Turtle Mountain Reservation and in southwestern Manitoba. Two deviant lects are known to have existed, one in Camperville (a town in Manitoba where also speakers of the default lect migrated to) influenced by Ojibwe, and one in southeastern Saskatchewan, close to Cypress Hills. Most speakers in Saskatchewan, Montana and probably also Alberta (where no speakers could be found in the field survey) spoke the default lect, whereas a different variety, undocumented, may have been spoken in Minnesota until recently.",bakkerpeter,bakkerpeter,"Michif. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1277;1299;1300;1578;235;521;522;523;789;92;94;1900[survey],Michif,3543cb7abf629c23b5441ce1064f2f1e,d2d0e9af27c9606115ff0f23eef0e40a,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Michif, (aan) krii"", ""Other names"": ""Mitchif, M\u00e9tchif, Mitif, Cree, Turtle Mountain Chippewa Cree"", ""Number of speakers"": ""200\u20132,000"", ""Major lexifiers"": ""French and Plains Cree"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Saulteaux (Ojibwe), English, Assiniboine"", ""Location"": ""Western Canada (Manitoba and Saskatchewan) and adjacent areas in the United States (North Dakota, Montana)"", ""Official languages of Canada and United States"": ""English and French""}",North America,,Other +76,Eskimo Pidgin,,70.110481,-152.006836,eski1266,,"Eskimo Pidgin refers to a range of pidgins based on Eskimo languages all over the east Siberian and north American Arctic. These pidgin languages emerged from contacts between the Inuit and Western sailors that visited the Arctic during the whaling era from the early 17th century in the northern Atlantic to the 20th century in the northern Pacific and Arctic Oceans. In principle, the different Eskimo Pidgins emerged independently from one another in different places, but there are many structural and lexical correspondences between them due to similar circumstances of emergence and use. Most Eskimo Pidgins were documented very fragmentarily by interested laymen and occasional travellers and apparently none of them are spoken today. The lect chosen for the APiCS (default lect) is the Herschel Island Trade Jargon. With Stefánsson´s contemporary (1909) description, it is the best documented Eskimo Pidgin known so far. The characteristic features of the Herschel Island Trade Jargon can also be observed in scraps of documentation of Eskimo Pidgins from different times and regions.",vandervoorthein,vandervoorthein,"Eskimo Pidgin. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 3: Contact Languages Based on Languages from Africa, Asia, Australia, and the Americas",1266;1442;1525;1633;455;1877[survey],,1eb1ffda043dd1f60ab8d56d9d0e6d95,,"{""Autoglossonym"": ""unknown"", ""Other names"": ""English: (in general) Eskimo Pidgin; (depending on region) Herschel Island Trade Jargon, Whaler, K\u00f8kkengr\u00f8nlandsk, etc."", ""Number of speakers"": ""unknown"", ""Major lexifier (depending on region)"": ""different Eskimo languages, English"", ""Other contributing languages (depending on region and period)"": ""Hawaiian Pidgin, Chinook Jargon, Chukchi, Algonquian, Athabaskan, Norse, Danish, Portuguese, Russian, Dutch, English, French"", ""Location"": ""Northeastern Siberia, Northern Alaska, Northern Canada, West Greenland; 17th-20th centuries"", ""Official languages of the region (depending on region and period)"": ""Russian, Danish, French, English""}",North America,,Other 8,Jamaican,,18,-77.5,jama1262,jam,"Jamaican (Creole), also called (Jamaican) Patwa is spoken by the majority of Jamaica's 2.7 million inhabitants, in addition to hundreds of thousands of Jamaicans or people of Jamaican descent in diaspora communities, especially in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America. Although the language has had a long history of writing, writing was mainly done in the past by professional writers, especially in the field of literature. The internet and social media have drastically increased the number of ordinary persons who are now writing Jamaican. There is an official writing system (Cassidy-JLU orthography) for the language, but it is mostly used by linguists and a few other language enthusiasts. The ordinary folk continue to use an English etymological style to represent the language in writing. There is some local programming on radio and television in Jamaican and many advertisements across various media make extensive use of Jamaican. The language has several descriptions of its syntax and phonology (e.g. Bailey 1966, Akers (1981), Patrick 2007, Durrleman-Tame 2008), a dictionary (Cassidy & Le Page 1967/1980) and a recent translation of the New Testament done by the Bible Society of the West Indies (2012). -The default lect documented in APiCS Online is commonly referred to as basilectal Jamaican. Basilectal Jamaican is characterized by the categorical use of preverbal markers to express tense, mood, and aspect. Since most of the examples reflect my (Joseph T. Farquharson) native speaker competence, they represent a western dialect of Jamaican that is not often referenced in the linguistics literature. The distinguishing features of this variety is the use of wehn as anterior marker where eastern varieties use en, or min (highly restricted), and the use of de as progressive aspect marker where non-western dialects use a. It is assumed that most of the features of the western basilectal variety of Jamaican captured in APiCS Online are the same as or very close to basilectal varieties islandwide. Mesolectal Jamaican, the only other lect identified in the APiCS database is characterized by the use of preverbal did as anterior marker, the suffix -in to mark progressive aspect, and the variable occurrence of the -s suffix to mark plural, sometimes along with the prototypical basilectal marker dem (e.g. di gorlz [dem] 'the girls').",farquharsonjosepht,farquharsonjosepht,"Jamaican. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1186;1188;1224;1581;1601;1607;188;198;224;225;258;259;383;410;550;563;564;606;630;66;67;728;729;744;756;774;775;778;793;817;915;984;991;993;1889[survey],Jamaican Creole English,a95b0e4acb31f5bfb529e11d1eb5100c,9e2a9fd252b993e1d7f04841bab834a5,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Patwa, Jamaican Patwa"", ""English names"": ""Jamaican, Jamaican Creole, Jamaican Dialect"", ""Number of speakers"": ""circa 3,000,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Akan, Koongo, Gbe"", ""Location"": ""Jamaica (also spoken in the USA, the UK, Canada); daughter languages in Costa Rica, London Jamaican"", ""Official language of Jamaica"": ""English""}",Caribbean, -9,Belizean Creole,,17.533333,-88.25,beli1259,bzj,"Belizean Creole (English-based) is used natively by members of the ethnic Creole group and fluently as a lingua franca (as well as sometimes natively) by most of the remaining ethnically diverse population of Belize (including Garinagu, Mestizo and Maya/Kekchi people). It is also likely to be spoken by at least some of the older emigrants of the Belizean diaspora in the United States, albeit only in intragroup contexts. The data represented in APiCS (default lect) were all produced in the majority Creole districts of Belize by native speakers in spontaneous contexts, but there was no attempt at documenting the creole varieties used by the diaspora. Practically all speakers of Belizean Creole shift constantly and seamlessly into mesolects and acrolects across the language spectrum, as determined by elements of the social context (speaker status, style, setting, sex of speaker or audience, etc.), and it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a given feature is basilectal or other. I have sometimes assumed in APiCS discussions of specific features that mesolectal and even acrolectal features have in fact been integrated into the basilect, a normal process of language change which can be readily observed in many language situations representative of the creole continuum.",escuregenevieve,escuregenevieve,"Belizean Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1224;1601;1607;428;429;430;432;433;434;435;436;437;438;439;440;441;442;443;444;445;565;606;726;727;915;957;958;984;1865[survey],,f2088aebbd63074fcd402c600215cb66,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Kriol, broken English"", ""Number of speakers"": ""150,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Akan, also Cross River (Ibibio), Bantoid (Kituba, Swahili)"", ""Location"": ""Belize (and diaspora in the United States and other Central American countries)"", ""Official language of Belize"": ""English""}",Caribbean, +The default lect documented in APiCS Online is commonly referred to as basilectal Jamaican. Basilectal Jamaican is characterized by the categorical use of preverbal markers to express tense, mood, and aspect. Since most of the examples reflect my (Joseph T. Farquharson) native speaker competence, they represent a western dialect of Jamaican that is not often referenced in the linguistics literature. The distinguishing features of this variety is the use of wehn as anterior marker where eastern varieties use en, or min (highly restricted), and the use of de as progressive aspect marker where non-western dialects use a. It is assumed that most of the features of the western basilectal variety of Jamaican captured in APiCS Online are the same as or very close to basilectal varieties islandwide. Mesolectal Jamaican, the only other lect identified in the APiCS database is characterized by the use of preverbal did as anterior marker, the suffix -in to mark progressive aspect, and the variable occurrence of the -s suffix to mark plural, sometimes along with the prototypical basilectal marker dem (e.g. di gorlz [dem] 'the girls').",farquharsonjosepht,farquharsonjosepht,"Jamaican. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1186;1188;1224;1581;1601;1607;188;198;224;225;258;259;383;410;550;563;564;606;630;66;67;728;729;744;756;774;775;778;793;817;915;984;991;993;1889[survey],Jamaican Creole English,a95b0e4acb31f5bfb529e11d1eb5100c,9e2a9fd252b993e1d7f04841bab834a5,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Patwa, Jamaican Patwa"", ""English names"": ""Jamaican, Jamaican Creole, Jamaican Dialect"", ""Number of speakers"": ""circa 3,000,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Akan, Koongo, Gbe"", ""Location"": ""Jamaica (also spoken in the USA, the UK, Canada); daughter languages in Costa Rica, London Jamaican"", ""Official language of Jamaica"": ""English""}",Caribbean,,English +9,Belizean Creole,,17.533333,-88.25,beli1259,bzj,"Belizean Creole (English-based) is used natively by members of the ethnic Creole group and fluently as a lingua franca (as well as sometimes natively) by most of the remaining ethnically diverse population of Belize (including Garinagu, Mestizo and Maya/Kekchi people). It is also likely to be spoken by at least some of the older emigrants of the Belizean diaspora in the United States, albeit only in intragroup contexts. The data represented in APiCS (default lect) were all produced in the majority Creole districts of Belize by native speakers in spontaneous contexts, but there was no attempt at documenting the creole varieties used by the diaspora. Practically all speakers of Belizean Creole shift constantly and seamlessly into mesolects and acrolects across the language spectrum, as determined by elements of the social context (speaker status, style, setting, sex of speaker or audience, etc.), and it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a given feature is basilectal or other. I have sometimes assumed in APiCS discussions of specific features that mesolectal and even acrolectal features have in fact been integrated into the basilect, a normal process of language change which can be readily observed in many language situations representative of the creole continuum.",escuregenevieve,escuregenevieve,"Belizean Creole. In ""The survey of pidgin and creole languages"". Volume 1: English-based and Dutch-based Languages",1224;1601;1607;428;429;430;432;433;434;435;436;437;438;439;440;441;442;443;444;445;565;606;726;727;915;957;958;984;1865[survey],,f2088aebbd63074fcd402c600215cb66,,"{""Autoglossonyms"": ""Kriol, broken English"", ""Number of speakers"": ""150,000"", ""Major lexifier"": ""English"", ""Other contributing languages"": ""Akan, also Cross River (Ibibio), Bantoid (Kituba, Swahili)"", ""Location"": ""Belize (and diaspora in the United States and other Central American countries)"", ""Official language of Belize"": ""English""}",Caribbean,,English diff --git a/cldf/parameters.csv b/cldf/parameters.csv index b3cc348..3e40eb3 100644 --- a/cldf/parameters.csv +++ b/cldf/parameters.csv @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -ID,Name,Description,Contributor_ID,Chapter,Type,PHOIBLE_Segment_ID,PHOIBLE_Segment_Name,Multivalued,WALS_ID,WALS_Representation,Area,Map_Gall_Peters +ID,Name,Description,Contributor_ID,Chapter,Type,PHOIBLE_Segment_ID,PHOIBLE_Segment_Name,Multivalued,WALS_ID,WALS_Representation,Area,Map_Gall_Peters,metadata 0,Lexifier language for atlas map,"To help the reader’s orientation, we have classified our languages into English-based, Dutch-based, Portuguese-based, and so on. This classification is not entirely uncontroversial. On the one hand, contact languages are characterized by strong influence from multiple languages, so saying, for @@ -13,446 +13,447 @@ than that the bulk of the language’s lexicon is derived from English. On the other hand, the notion of being based on a language is problematic in the case of languages with several lexifiers, especially Gurindji Kriol and Michif. These are shown as having two -lexifiers. There are also a few other cases where it is not fully clear what the primary lexifier -is. Saramaccan’s vocabulary has a very large Portuguese component, but for simplicity we classify -it as English-based here. Papiamentu is often thought to be originally (Afro-)Portuguese-based, -but as it has long been influenced much more by Spanish, we classify it as Spanish-based. ",,,primary,,,true,,,,100d93e3979d1c185744133c5e5cbd03 +lexifiers (or lexifier ""other""). There are also a few other cases where it is not fully clear what +the primary lexifier is. Saramaccan’s vocabulary has a very large Portuguese component, but for +simplicity we classify it as English-based here. Papiamentu is often thought to be originally +(Afro-)Portuguese-based, but as it has long been influenced much more by Spanish, we classify it +as Spanish-based.",,,primary,,,true,,,,100d93e3979d1c185744133c5e5cbd03,{} 1,"Order of subject, object, and verb","This feature (based on WALS feature 81, by Matthew S. Dryer) concerns the ordering of subject, object and verb in non-contrastive, non-focussed transitive clauses without special topicalization, more specifically declarative clauses with both the subject and object realized as full nouns (not as pronouns). We use subject and object in a semantic sense, to refer to the agent-like and patient-like constituents in a monotransitive clause, as in e.g. French [Les souris] mangent [le fromage] 'The mice eat the cheese'. As can be seen from this example, French has SVO order (Subject-Verb-Object), because the subject les souris 'the mice' precedes the verb and the object le fromage 'the cheese' follows it. Since we only consider non-contrastive, non-focussed, non-topicalized clauses, cases like English It is the cheese that the mice eat (=OSV) are disregarded here. - There are six logically possible orders of subject, object and verb, as shown in the list of feature values. Languages can have several word orders (e.g. German is SVO and VSO in main clauses and SOV in subordinate clauses), so several values can be true for this feature.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,true,81A,1377,Word order,1cbe1c9000e6c4f88dea85d24621072c -10,Position of indefinite article in the noun phrase,"An element is considered an indefinite article if it occurs commonly with indefinite noun phrases and signals that the noun phrase is indefinite (not definite, not uniquely not identifiable by the hearer). Indefinite articles are often identical to the numeral 'one'.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Word order,b3b366e85c7cfa6e505423a580d4db8d -100,Negative morpheme types,"This feature (based on WALS feature 112, by Matthew S. Dryer) deals with types of negative morphemes: affixes, particles, and auxiliaries. A fourth type is represented by languages with bipartite negation. Affixes and particles are difficult to distinguish, and the classification does not use consistent criteria, unfortunately. Negative auxiliaries are forms that distinguish tense. Many of them them are derived from English negative auxiliaries. Past-tense never in Atlantic English-based languages is also regarded as a negative auxiliary.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,112A,1159,"Negation, questions, and focusing",07a3c78e1626b0f4104eeafd4062a6c0 + There are six logically possible orders of subject, object and verb, as shown in the list of feature values. Languages can have several word orders (e.g. German is SVO and VSO in main clauses and SOV in subordinate clauses), so several values can be true for this feature.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,true,81A,1377,Word order,1cbe1c9000e6c4f88dea85d24621072c,{} +10,Position of indefinite article in the noun phrase,"An element is considered an indefinite article if it occurs commonly with indefinite noun phrases and signals that the noun phrase is indefinite (not definite, not uniquely not identifiable by the hearer). Indefinite articles are often identical to the numeral 'one'.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Word order,b3b366e85c7cfa6e505423a580d4db8d,{} +100,Negative morpheme types,"This feature (based on WALS feature 112, by Matthew S. Dryer) deals with types of negative morphemes: affixes, particles, and auxiliaries. A fourth type is represented by languages with bipartite negation. Affixes and particles are difficult to distinguish, and the classification does not use consistent criteria, unfortunately. Negative auxiliaries are forms that distinguish tense. Many of them them are derived from English negative auxiliaries. Past-tense never in Atlantic English-based languages is also regarded as a negative auxiliary.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,112A,1159,"Negation, questions, and focusing",07a3c78e1626b0f4104eeafd4062a6c0,{} 101,Position of standard negation,"Standard negation refers to the negative marker that is used for sentential negation in declarative main clauses (i.e. constituent negation, negation in subordinate clauses and in imperatives or questions is disregarded for this feature). We ask where the negative marker is located with respect to the main verb (auxiliaries and copulas are ignored for this feature). It does not matter whether the negative marker is a free word (=particle) or an affix. -(WALS 2013 has a closely related feature, feature 144A, ""Position of negative word with respect to subject, object, and verb"", by Matthew S. Dryer).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,"Negation, questions, and focusing",d2588b959d2e31dd38ca1994e5af2576 -102,Negation and indefinite pronouns,"This feature (based on WALS feature 115, by Martin Haspelmath) concerns the expression of negative sentences with indefinite pronouns such as ‘I didn’t see anything’ or ‘Nobody came to my house’. The question asked here is whether in such sentences the indefinite pronoun co-occurs with predicate negation (e.g. English I did not see anybody), or whether the indefinite pronoun precludes it (i.e. does not allow negation to be used, e.g. English I saw nobody/*I did not see nobody). Note that in this feature, we are not interested in whether the indefinite pronoun itself carries negative meaning, i.e. the issue of “double negation” is left aside. Sentences like I didn’t see anybody and I didn’t see nobody have the same status (indefinites cooccur with predicate negation). The reason for this is that in many languages it is hard to tell whether an indefinite pronoun is “inherently negative”. The indefinite words used in such sentences are not always special pronouns, but are sometimes generic nouns like ‘person’, or ‘thing’ (as in Feature 21).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,115A,206,"Negation, questions, and focusing",f3656c67a695350d60189b2c78eb2b43 -103,Polar questions,"This feature (based on WALS feature 116, by Matthew S. Dryer) concerns the way in which polar questions (also called yes-no questions) are coded. The most common coding types are intonational coding and segmental coding (by a particle or by an affix on the verb). In addition to segmental and intonational marking, polar questions may be marked by special word order (as in English) and by an A-not-A pattern (as in Mandarin Chinese). ""Only interrogative intonation"" means that a polar differs from a declarative sentence only by intonation.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,116A,954,"Negation, questions, and focusing",dac7c040cc13dbc6faff1f776cbe0a39 -104,Focusing of the noun phrase,"A noun or a noun phrase can be focused (contrastively) by different means. Among the most commonly used strategies in the APiCS languages, we find cleft constructions. A cleft construction is a biclausal construction consisting of a focus clause and a background clause. The focus clause consists of the focus (i.e. the focused noun phrase) and normally a highlighter, either a copula or a focus particle).",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,"Negation, questions, and focusing",1146d83f3880ad475a28fe35ddbff0ac +(WALS 2013 has a closely related feature, feature 144A, ""Position of negative word with respect to subject, object, and verb"", by Matthew S. Dryer).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,"Negation, questions, and focusing",d2588b959d2e31dd38ca1994e5af2576,{} +102,Negation and indefinite pronouns,"This feature (based on WALS feature 115, by Martin Haspelmath) concerns the expression of negative sentences with indefinite pronouns such as ‘I didn’t see anything’ or ‘Nobody came to my house’. The question asked here is whether in such sentences the indefinite pronoun co-occurs with predicate negation (e.g. English I did not see anybody), or whether the indefinite pronoun precludes it (i.e. does not allow negation to be used, e.g. English I saw nobody/*I did not see nobody). Note that in this feature, we are not interested in whether the indefinite pronoun itself carries negative meaning, i.e. the issue of “double negation” is left aside. Sentences like I didn’t see anybody and I didn’t see nobody have the same status (indefinites cooccur with predicate negation). The reason for this is that in many languages it is hard to tell whether an indefinite pronoun is “inherently negative”. The indefinite words used in such sentences are not always special pronouns, but are sometimes generic nouns like ‘person’, or ‘thing’ (as in Feature 21).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,115A,206,"Negation, questions, and focusing",f3656c67a695350d60189b2c78eb2b43,{} +103,Polar questions,"This feature (based on WALS feature 116, by Matthew S. Dryer) concerns the way in which polar questions (also called yes-no questions) are coded. The most common coding types are intonational coding and segmental coding (by a particle or by an affix on the verb). In addition to segmental and intonational marking, polar questions may be marked by special word order (as in English) and by an A-not-A pattern (as in Mandarin Chinese). ""Only interrogative intonation"" means that a polar differs from a declarative sentence only by intonation.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,116A,954,"Negation, questions, and focusing",dac7c040cc13dbc6faff1f776cbe0a39,{} +104,Focusing of the noun phrase,"A noun or a noun phrase can be focused (contrastively) by different means. Among the most commonly used strategies in the APiCS languages, we find cleft constructions. A cleft construction is a biclausal construction consisting of a focus clause and a background clause. The focus clause consists of the focus (i.e. the focused noun phrase) and normally a highlighter, either a copula or a focus particle).",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,"Negation, questions, and focusing",1146d83f3880ad475a28fe35ddbff0ac,{} 105,Verb doubling and focus,"This feature is about the possibility of doubling the verb in order to focus on the situation referred to by the verb. -There are two main kinds of verb doubling constructions: the fronting of the verb with a copy of the verb left in the background clause, and the reduplication of the verb within the matrix clause. The first is illustrated by Trinidad English Creole Iz walk he walkin. ‘He really is walking (and not taking the bus).’ The second is illustrated by Sango A-zo a-vo gi vo-ngo. ‘People just buy it (without subscribing to the newspaper).’",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,"Negation, questions, and focusing",d560e12726a706c38d5f011937650c59 -106,Focus particle ‘also’,"This feature is about the position of a particle that corresponds to the English also or too. The focus particle indicates that its referent is added to a previously mentioned set of referents. The effect of such particles is to focus on a certain constituent, normally a noun phrase or adverbial phrase. (Focus on verbs involves additional complexity and is disregarded in this feature.) For example: John and Lea came to my party; Mary too came. Here Mary is the focused element.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,"Negation, questions, and focusing",f29e2a08428e8830be0452c04b10d7c8 -107,Vocative markers,"A vocative phrase may contain a vocative marker in addition to the address term (e.g. hey Ben!), and here we ask whether the vocative marker precedes or follows the address term, and whether it is optional or obligatory.",michaelissusannemaria haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,e64f884d1b6b21578ad30b3425249aaf +There are two main kinds of verb doubling constructions: the fronting of the verb with a copy of the verb left in the background clause, and the reduplication of the verb within the matrix clause. The first is illustrated by Trinidad English Creole Iz walk he walkin. ‘He really is walking (and not taking the bus).’ The second is illustrated by Sango A-zo a-vo gi vo-ngo. ‘People just buy it (without subscribing to the newspaper).’",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,"Negation, questions, and focusing",d560e12726a706c38d5f011937650c59,{} +106,Focus particle ‘also’,"This feature is about the position of a particle that corresponds to the English also or too. The focus particle indicates that its referent is added to a previously mentioned set of referents. The effect of such particles is to focus on a certain constituent, normally a noun phrase or adverbial phrase. (Focus on verbs involves additional complexity and is disregarded in this feature.) For example: John and Lea came to my party; Mary too came. Here Mary is the focused element.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,"Negation, questions, and focusing",f29e2a08428e8830be0452c04b10d7c8,{} +107,Vocative markers,"A vocative phrase may contain a vocative marker in addition to the address term (e.g. hey Ben!), and here we ask whether the vocative marker precedes or follows the address term, and whether it is optional or obligatory.",michaelissusannemaria haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,e64f884d1b6b21578ad30b3425249aaf,{} 108,Para-linguistic usages of clicks,"While only a few languages in southern Africa have click sounds (velaric ingressive consonants) in ordinary words, many languages can use clicks as para-linguistic, interjection-like gestures. This feature follows WALS feature 142, by David Gil. Such usages of clicks are not systematically described by linguists, but they show interesting patterns. In some languages, clicks may have only logical meanings, i.e. ‘no’ or ‘yes’. In others, they may have only affective meanings, i.e. meanings such as disapproval, surprise, or disdain. English is such a language (the alveolar click is sometimes spelled “tsk” or “tut”). There are also languages where clicks can have both logical and affective meanings, and finally, some languages do not have para-linguistic clicks at all. -(Click sounds are consonants that are articulated with two closures in the oral cavity. After the pocket of air enclosed between these two closures is rarefied by a sucking action of the tongue, the release of the forward closure produces the characteristic click sound; phoneticians describe clicks as having velaric ingressive airstream mechanism.)",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,142A,143,Lexicon,fe0d4f8e7660348e221f572b98561885 -109,Pequenino,"Many pidgins and creoles around the world have a word such as piccaninny , pikin or pickney for ‘child; offspring; small; little’ or similar meanings. It is commonly supposed that these words go back to Portuguese pequeno/-a , pequenino/-a or even pequenininho/-a (with double diminutive marking), all meaning ‘small’. This feature looks at whether or not pequenino is attested in the APiCS languages.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,7f368e40f23dfa0d81274c4dac94fb7d +(Click sounds are consonants that are articulated with two closures in the oral cavity. After the pocket of air enclosed between these two closures is rarefied by a sucking action of the tongue, the release of the forward closure produces the characteristic click sound; phoneticians describe clicks as having velaric ingressive airstream mechanism.)",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,142A,143,Lexicon,fe0d4f8e7660348e221f572b98561885,{} +109,Pequenino,"Many pidgins and creoles around the world have a word such as piccaninny , pikin or pickney for ‘child; offspring; small; little’ or similar meanings. It is commonly supposed that these words go back to Portuguese pequeno/-a , pequenino/-a or even pequenininho/-a (with double diminutive marking), all meaning ‘small’. This feature looks at whether or not pequenino is attested in the APiCS languages.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,7f368e40f23dfa0d81274c4dac94fb7d,{} 11,"Order of frequency adverb, verb, and object","A word order parameter that has been prominent in generative grammar is the order of frequency adverbs and the verb in a transitive sentence. Here we limit ourselves to adverbs that translate ‘often’ (or ‘usually’, ‘mostly’, ‘a lot’, ‘many times’, ‘all the time’, ‘always’). In the values, the order of the subject is ignored, and we only consider full-NP direct objects (not pronominal direct objects). Moreover, we only consider the position of the main verb, ignoring any auxiliary verbs. -By adverb we mean any fixed expression for frequency that is not clearly an argument noun phrase or a verb (phrase). Thus, we include not only single word expressions like often and always, but also fixed phrasal expressions like all the time. However, freely created phrasal expressions (e.g. with high frequency) do not count as adverbs.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Word order,a75dd4a836cbfdf5697781e37760aba9 -110,Savvy,"Many contact languages have words like save , savvy or sabi with the meaning ‘know’ (or similar), deriving ultimately from forms of Portuguese saber or from the etymologically closely related words saber and savoir in Spanish and French. This feature looks at whether or not savvy is attested in the APiCS languages. Note that the feature values only record the lexical meaning ‘know’, not grammaticalized modal, copular or other meanings.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,82ef39609fe0dc9a3c62a24c84d0f0af +By adverb we mean any fixed expression for frequency that is not clearly an argument noun phrase or a verb (phrase). Thus, we include not only single word expressions like often and always, but also fixed phrasal expressions like all the time. However, freely created phrasal expressions (e.g. with high frequency) do not count as adverbs.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Word order,a75dd4a836cbfdf5697781e37760aba9,{} +110,Savvy,"Many contact languages have words like save , savvy or sabi with the meaning ‘know’ (or similar), deriving ultimately from forms of Portuguese saber or from the etymologically closely related words saber and savoir in Spanish and French. This feature looks at whether or not savvy is attested in the APiCS languages. Note that the feature values only record the lexical meaning ‘know’, not grammaticalized modal, copular or other meanings.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,82ef39609fe0dc9a3c62a24c84d0f0af,{} 111,'Tears',"Several contact languages around the world have a bimorphemic word for ‘tear(s)’, literally meaning ‘eye + water’ or something similar. In others, there is no separate word for tears and reference to the phenomenon is made via phrasal expressions or circumlocution. Feature 111 looks at the distribution of lexical or phrasal choices that APiCS languages make to express the concept of tears and has three values: – Monomorphemic: the language has a synchronically monomorphemic word like English tear or French larme. – Bimorphemic: the language has a bimorphemic compound like eye+water. -– Phrase/circumlocution: the language uses phrases (e.g. water in eye or eye's water) or circulocutions (e.g. water is in the eye).",hubermagnus,,primary,,,true,,,Lexicon,57c23eed27ab1da2bc1fd93af418ff6c +– Phrase/circumlocution: the language uses phrases (e.g. water in eye or eye's water) or circulocutions (e.g. water is in the eye).",hubermagnus,,primary,,,true,,,Lexicon,57c23eed27ab1da2bc1fd93af418ff6c,{} 112,'Hand' and 'arm',"This feature (based on WALS feature 129, by Cecil H. Brown) concerns the semantic identity or differentiation between the words meaning ‘hand’ (from the fingertips to the wrist) and ‘arm’ (from the wrist upwards). For the purposes of this feature, we consider only the forearm, from the wrist to the elbow. Of the several logical possibilities to partition the semantic space of the upper limb, the following are attested in the APiCS languages: Identity: ‘Hand’ and ‘arm’ are not differentiated lexically, the same word is used to refer to both body parts and there is no word that denotes only ‘hand’ or only ‘arm’. Differentiation: One word denotes 'hand' and another (possibly related) word denotes 'arm'. - Overlap: This covers cases of semantic overlap, where there are two different (possibly related) words, but one of them denotes ‘hand and arm’ and the other only ‘hand’ or only ‘arm’.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,129A,617,Lexicon,188cdfae07b5a02bc43712a6bceeaa10 + Overlap: This covers cases of semantic overlap, where there are two different (possibly related) words, but one of them denotes ‘hand and arm’ and the other only ‘hand’ or only ‘arm’.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,129A,617,Lexicon,188cdfae07b5a02bc43712a6bceeaa10,{} 113,'Finger' and 'toe',"This feature concerns the identity or differentiation between the expressions (words, compounds, or phrases) referring to ‘finger’ and ‘toe’. Words/phrases referring to ‘finger’ and ‘toe’ are counted as separate expressions even if there is formal overlap between them, as in e.g. Nigerian Pidgin finga ‘finger’ and finga fòr leg ‘toe’. In some languages the words meaning ‘finger’ and/or ‘toe’ include larger segments of the limbs, e.g. Gurindji Kriol wartan ‘upper limb below elbow’ is used to refer to ‘finger’. In such cases these semantically wider words were taken as a basis for classification. This feature has four values: Differentiation: One word denotes ‘finger’ and another (possibly related) word denotes ‘toe’. Identity and differentiation: There are at least three (possibly related) words; one denotes ‘finger’, one denotes ‘toe’, and the third denotes ‘digit’ (i.e. 'finger/toe'). Overlap: This covers cases of semantic overlap, where there are two different (possibly related) words, but one of them denotes ‘digit’, and the other one denotes only ‘finger’ or only ‘toe’. - Identity: There is a single word, which denotes 'digit' and no word that denotes only ‘finger’ or only ‘toe’.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,d05dd955055bcfa95f351bcf6ff31ca2 + Identity: There is a single word, which denotes 'digit' and no word that denotes only ‘finger’ or only ‘toe’.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,d05dd955055bcfa95f351bcf6ff31ca2,{} 114,'Body hair' and 'feather',"This feature considers the formal identity or differentiation between the terms referring to ‘(body) hair’ and ‘feather’. No difference is made between words, compounds, or phrases. This means that the Ternate Chabacano phrase pilyého del páhro (lit. ‘hide of bird’) is considered equivalent to the Sranan compound fowru-wiwiri (lit. ‘bird hair’) or the Norf’k monomorphemic feather . Also, words/phrases referring to ‘(body) hair’ and ‘feather’ are counted as separate expressions even if there is formal overlap between them, as in e.g. Kinubi su-rás ‘hair’ (lit. ‘hair head’) and su-téri ‘feather’ (lit. ‘hair bird’). This feature has four values: Differentiation: One word denotes ‘(body) hair’ and another (possibly related) word denotes ‘feather’. Identity: A single word denotes both ‘(body) hair’ or ’feather’ and no word denotes only ‘(body) hair’ or only ‘feather’. Overlap: This covers cases of semantic overlap, where there are two different (possibly related) words, but one of them denotes ‘(body) hair or feather’, and the other one denotes only ‘(body) hair’ or only ‘feather’. - Identity and differentiation: There are at least three words; one denotes ‘(body) hair’, one denotes ‘feather’, and the third denotes ‘(body) hair or feather’.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,c466d445f737398580749da253d5afcc + Identity and differentiation: There are at least three words; one denotes ‘(body) hair’, one denotes ‘feather’, and the third denotes ‘(body) hair or feather’.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,c466d445f737398580749da253d5afcc,{} 115,'Hear' and 'smell',"This feature is about the identity or differentiation of the words expressing the meanings ‘to hear’ and ‘to smell’, the latter used transitively. There are four values: Differentiation: We speak of differentiation if one word denotes ‘to hear’ and another word denotes ‘to smell’. Note that this value also covers cases of (accidental) phonological overlap, as illustrated by Pidgin Hindustani suno ‘to hear’ vs. suŋo ‘to smell’, because they constitute separate words even though they are partially identical. Identity: There is identity if a single word is used to express ‘to hear’ or ‘to smell’ and no word exists that denotes only ‘to hear’ or only ‘to smell’. Overlap: This refers to cases where there are two different (possibly related) words, but one of them denotes ‘to hear’ and ‘to smell’, and the other one denotes only ‘to hear’ or only ‘to smell’. - Identity and differentiation: This constellation is a combination of the first two values: There are at least three (possibly related) words; one denotes only ‘to hear’, one denotes only ‘to smell’ (differentiation), and the third denotes ‘to hear’ or ‘to smell’ (identity).",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,855edaaca34d467438b69deda87df67b + Identity and differentiation: This constellation is a combination of the first two values: There are at least three (possibly related) words; one denotes only ‘to hear’, one denotes only ‘to smell’ (differentiation), and the third denotes ‘to hear’ or ‘to smell’ (identity).",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,855edaaca34d467438b69deda87df67b,{} 116,'Green' and 'blue',"This feature concerns the identity or differentiation of basic colour terms referring to the green and the blue sensation. By basic colour terms we mean words whose “meaning is not predictable from the meaning of [their] parts”, whose “signification is not included in any other color term”, whose “application must not be restricted to a narrow class of objects”, and which are “psychologically salient for informants” (Berlin & Kay 1969: 6). – Differentiation: One basic colour term denotes ‘green’ and another denotes ‘blue’. – Identity: A single basic colour term denotes either ‘green’ or ’blue’ and there is no term that denotes only ‘blue’ or only ‘green’. – Overlap: This covers cases of semantic overlap, where there are two different basic colour terms, but one of them denotes ‘green/blue’, and the other one denotes only ‘green’ or only ‘blue’. – Not applicable: The language does not have a basic colour term for 'green' or for 'blue', or both. -The last logically possible constellation, identity and differentiation (there are at least three basic colour terms; one denotes ‘green’, one denotes ‘blue’, and the third denotes ‘green/blue’) is not attested in the APiCS sample.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,5fad2749421805ca88bc7cc5884359ed +The last logically possible constellation, identity and differentiation (there are at least three basic colour terms; one denotes ‘green’, one denotes ‘blue’, and the third denotes ‘green/blue’) is not attested in the APiCS sample.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,false,,,Lexicon,5fad2749421805ca88bc7cc5884359ed,{} 117,Female and male animals,"Feature 117 is about the strategies chosen to specify whether animals are female or male. Only productive, non-lexicalized patterns like lion-lioness are considered here. Lexicalized pairs such as English bull-cow are disregarded, as are unproductive patterns like fox-vixen, even if they are etymologically related. The question whether the base word, apart from the generic meaning, can also denote only the female or only the male animal (like English tiger meaning ‘male and female tiger’ or only ’male tiger’) is irrelevant for this feature. Also irrelevant is the token frequency of the element, that is, sex-denoting elements for animals that are rarely referred to count the same as those for animals that speakers talk about more frequently. As to the type frequency, as long as there is at least one word among all the words for animals that can receive a sex-denoting element, this suffices for a value to be set to “true”, the actual frequency of the particular pattern in comparison to other patterns attested in the same language is indicated in the relative importance field in the APiCS database. - We distinguish between sex-denoting words and affixes, which can either be preposed or postposed. Sex-denoting words can include 3SG pronouns (‘he’, ‘she’), nouns (e.g. ‘man’, ’woman’) or adjectives (e.g. ‘male’, ‘female’).",hubermagnus,,primary,,,true,,,Lexicon,5134d26a3915eb21b7fa55f8017a90ca -118,Syllable onsets,"Syllable onsets, i.e the initial parts of syllables which precede the vowel, may show different degrees of complexity. The three values distinguished in this feature represent the increasing complexity of syllable onsets. On an implicational scale, languages with more complex onset types seem to also have all the less complex types.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,9fd33bed1195aca6d41ba11e5d796bf4 -119,Syllable codas,"The syllable coda is the final part of a syllable which follows the vowel. The four values distinguished in this feature represent the increasing complexity of syllable codas, and languages with more complex coda types also have all the less complex types.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,8e6248abedd2f7ef9ef796a2ced12204 -12,Position of interrogative phrases in content questions,"This feature (based on WALS feature 93, by Matthew S. Dryer) concerns the position of interrogative phrases (or ""wh-phrases"") in the clause. In many languages, the interrogative phrase is normally or obligatorily fronted in content questions, i.e. occurs initially in the clause. This is normal in English (e.g. What did you see?) and most other European languages. But in other languages, the interrogative phrase can occur in the position in which it would occur in the corresponding declarative (”in situ”), or in another special position (e.g. a preverbal focus position). Here we only distinguish two possibilities: initial and non-initial (i.e. in situ or in some other non-initial position)",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,93A,901,Word order,69ebac115639708d56f6eaa87b2dc297 -120,Tone,"Tone refers to pitch contrasts that distinguish different words, either different lexeme stems or different grammatical forms, as e.g. singular vs. plural, or different tenses of the verb. (Tone is also the topic of WALS feature 13, by Ian Maddieson.)",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,13A,527,Phonology,adaee18aad8a6d97f33d7c4bb439fd59 -121,Vowel height distinctions,"This feature asks how many distinctions of vowel height (or aperture) are made in a language. The most typical vowel system has five vowels and three degrees of height (i, e, a, o, u), but systems with four degrees (i, e, ɛ, a, ɔ, o, u) are not uncommon either, and even five degrees (i, ɪ, e, ɛ, a, ɔ, o, ʊ, u) are possible.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,82fb496c32100107134ed0c8d41b8ee2 -122,Nasal vowels,"This feature concerns nasal vowels, which are generally written with ""n"" or ""m"" following the vowel letter. Nasal vowels are said to be present in a prominent way if there are nasal vowels as major allophones in at least three different heights (e.g. ĩ, ɛ̃, ã). Otherwise, they are said to be present in a limited way. (Nasal vowels are also the topic of WALS feature 10, by John Hajek.)",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,10A,244,Phonology,213629e9898c6ef920761b2aa79ab3e6 -123,The schwa vowel,"This feature concerns the schwa vowel [ə], typically written ""e"", as in English asleep [ə'sli:p], or French fenêtre [fə'nɛtr(ə)] 'window'.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,bb5cfe2131e2e25503c13034786c8d8e -124,Labiodental fricatives,This feature concerns the labiodental fricative obstruents [f] and [v].,haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,fef33f164952cba747f508c50339402e -125,Palato-alveolar sibilants,"This feature concerns the hushing subilants [ʃ] (""sh"") and [ʒ] (""zh"").",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,c3fc299b9441eee521a1b7ed3531d051 -126,The voiced sibilant [z],"This feature concerns the sibilant [z], the voiced counterpart of [s].",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,e1cbf6e7c6569e3ee8ad490f03b19a91 -127,Interdental fricatives,"This feature concerns the interdental fricatives [θ] (voiceless, as in English thumb) and [ð] (voiced, as in English that).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,5501f849d4a4ef7195d4abce2bf4622d -128,The palatal nasal,"This feature concerns the palatal nasal [ɲ] (often written ""ñ"" or ""ny"", and sometimes written ""gn"", or ""nh"", or ""nj"").",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,22636d861622a5f8ee096441d12a5b57 -129,Prenasalized consonants,"Prenasalized consonants are consonants (generally obstruents, most often plosives) which are preceded by nasalization, as in syllables such as [ⁿda], [ ͫbi]. They are generally treated as special complex segments because they involve nasal elements preceding a word-initial obstruent.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,3347ea887c140c90c1ca71f1f44ecc30 -13,Gender distinctions in personal pronouns,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 44, by Anna Siewierska), we look at gender distinctions in independent personal pronouns. Although most European languages (and others) display such gender distinctions, many APiCS languages lexically based on these languages do not, whether they are dependent (i.e. bound to the verb, as in Papiamentu Mi ta traha. ‘I am working’) or independent (i.e. potentially standing alone as, for instance, in elliptical answers; e.g. Papiamentu Ken ta traha? – Ami. ‘Who is working? – Me.’).",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,44A,378,Nominal categories,e379e2992864ea555445d415c1c7e4a6 -130,The segment [h],"This feature concerns the segment [h], which tends to be unstable in all languages and is absent in most Romance languages.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,91c89fcfa1d70821c4ebfd93faa95b3c -131,p - voiceless bilabial plosive,,,,segment,2D6FB64B3CDC3549EF11DB98A66A9EAD,p,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -132,b - voiced bilabial plosive,,,,segment,694212B746622E482E0E58D50036100E,b,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -133,t - voiceless dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,9F90F95459807624A486F03FE5A89978,t,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -134,d - voiced dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,E6253384902D489FDB1FE487B7ED4AB2,d,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -135,t̪ - voiceless interdental plosive,,,,segment,2DA484FF3408444AF11E01960C9C893A,t̪,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -136,d̪ - voiced interdental plosive,,,,segment,198E3EBE25854A256D6C67EF286FA260,d̪,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -137,t͡s - voiceless dental/alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,106C7FE93D986D037407524D08F3599A,ts,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -138,d͡z - voiced dental/alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,17B1CFA69C0C6AB5362FFDB585C0C7DC,dz,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -139,t͡ʃ - voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,1348048F53951A5E29ABA6D5360925BA,t̠ʃ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -14,Dual in independent personal pronouns,"This feature asks whether a language has a grammaticalized dual-plural distinction, e.g. Tok Pisin yu 'you (SG)', yupela 'you (PL)', yutupela 'you (DU)'. In some languages, such a special form occurs in all three persons, and in one language, it occurs only in the first person.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal categories,4086c35c40b322e8a2db1895ce7d2351 -140,d͡ʒ - voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,C7364BE7F76504D8DE329FFF30C42424,d̠ʒ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -141,ʨ - voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate,,,,segment,8AD5C612764E127E084477DD1C52B817,cç,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -142,ʥ - voiced alveolo-palatal affricate,,,,segment,F326C3A9DEC331359D3C189A02B5F7E5,ɟʝ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -143,ʈ - voiceless retroflex plosive,,,,segment,64EABC4FDF5DE0BE02E889701FD34147,ʈ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -144,ɖ - voiced retroflex plosive,,,,segment,BE81A18FCCFFEDC9ACF3B18F14E766BD,ɖ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -145,c - voiceless palatal plosive,,,,segment,852A220443D41F0A63671A2F4DEC9788,c,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -146,ɟ - voiced palatal plosive,,,,segment,320B62404207303F61B0F772296C9545,ɟ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -147,k - voiceless velar plosive,,,,segment,5A838FF4DABE1950734CFAFAB9383903,k,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -148,kʷ - labialized voiceless velar plosive,,,,segment,AC7F42D0CB30C73616ABDC71149FEC44,kʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -149,g - voiced velar plosive,,,,segment,ECC959553F23387998DAF88D69D7736C,ɡ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -15,Inclusive/exclusive distinction in independent personal pronouns,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 39, by Michael Cysouw), we ask whether a language has an inclusive/exclusive distinction in independent personal pronouns. An inclusive pronouns means 'we including the hearer', and an exclusive pronoun means 'we excluding the hearer'.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,39A,200,Nominal categories,8fb0e5c31578f3761b851219eb92bc93 -150,gʷ - labialized voiced velar plosive,,,,segment,B95529318452F7E00AE69C18EBE1E0F2,ɡʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -151,k͡p - voiceless labial-velar plosive,,,,segment,3BE9D8AA68FB8CA25C1D8EE2091DC6D0,kp,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -152,g͡b - voiced labial-velar plosive,,,,segment,1F27FEFCD8402C09E00300258B5A7EE2,ɡb,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -153,q - voiceless uvular plosive,,,,segment,4AC7382217172B3821AE54CD38BD8698,q,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -154,qʷ - labialized voiceless uvular plosive,,,,segment,0CE464BCDDF6D25FC3C1DF3C67CE1C91,qʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -155,ʔ - glottal plosive,,,,segment,0844E3AEAF1C8E3837465942B92FE4C5,ʔ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -156,pʰ - voiceless aspirated bilabial plosive,,,,segment,6E065D8A2F199BCBC7CA7074EC4DE834,pʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -157,bʰ - voiced aspirated bilabial plosive,,,,segment,1F0B39C9E43EDAD4E4E4BCEC2A2C955D,bʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -158,tʰ - voiceless aspirated dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,4EEF82037BC182F6353941401E583F45,tʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -159,dʰ - voiced aspirated dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,DBED9DB479620441E03A12BD24F52B18,dʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -16,Person syncretism in independent personal pronouns,"In most languages, there are distinct forms for the three persons in both singular and plural (and in the dual as well, if there is one), e.g. French moi, toi, lui/elle, nous, vous, eux/elles. But in some languages, there is person syncretism, i.e. there is a form in the paradigm of independent personal pronouns that serves for more than one person. For instance, some languages have the same form in the 1st and 2nd person plural (e.g. Haitian Creole nou), and some languages have the same form in the 2nd and 3rd person plural (e.g. Seychelles Creole zot). Note that we are not concerned with pure number syncretism here (e.g. English you for 2sg/2pl).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal categories,083acbccc5b7d8428d01db42617c455b -160,t͡sʰ - voiceless aspirated dental/alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,C6880E4D32532681166EBA4D7D3AA2E0,tsʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -161,t͡ʃʰ - voiceless aspirated palato-alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,9C6117430968F42700ACD02E4E7442F7,t̠ʃʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -162,ʈʰ - voiceless aspirated retroflex plosive,,,,segment,4364823B8F03525E91440277AEC22689,ʈʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -163,kʰ - voiceless aspirated velar plosive,,,,segment,BD29F40254AA0996800A773122397C28,kʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -164,kʰʷ - labialized voiceless aspirated velar plosive,,,,segment,22C1B780E3D66A22FC325480E79344F5,kʰʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -165,gʰ - voiced aspirated velar plosive,,,,segment,6AA3FEA3758FF09B65D27B20D04B0660,ɡʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -166,qʰ - voiceless aspirated uvular plosive,,,,segment,871B92989C5EC420B7D61B05731D1E83,qʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -167,qʰʷ - labialized voiceless aspirated uvular plosive,,,,segment,371CBFDF45EF7940161892D54B8E1342,qʷʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -168,pʼ - voiceless bilabial ejective plosive,,,,segment,646674CE0AF099A6E69FB25363B53313,pʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -169,tʼ - voiceless dental/alveolar ejective plosive,,,,segment,11D5EDE5CF43EE6FA131900D77195344,tʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, + We distinguish between sex-denoting words and affixes, which can either be preposed or postposed. Sex-denoting words can include 3SG pronouns (‘he’, ‘she’), nouns (e.g. ‘man’, ’woman’) or adjectives (e.g. ‘male’, ‘female’).",hubermagnus,,primary,,,true,,,Lexicon,5134d26a3915eb21b7fa55f8017a90ca,{} +118,Syllable onsets,"Syllable onsets, i.e the initial parts of syllables which precede the vowel, may show different degrees of complexity. The three values distinguished in this feature represent the increasing complexity of syllable onsets. On an implicational scale, languages with more complex onset types seem to also have all the less complex types.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,9fd33bed1195aca6d41ba11e5d796bf4,{} +119,Syllable codas,"The syllable coda is the final part of a syllable which follows the vowel. The four values distinguished in this feature represent the increasing complexity of syllable codas, and languages with more complex coda types also have all the less complex types.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,8e6248abedd2f7ef9ef796a2ced12204,{} +12,Position of interrogative phrases in content questions,"This feature (based on WALS feature 93, by Matthew S. Dryer) concerns the position of interrogative phrases (or ""wh-phrases"") in the clause. In many languages, the interrogative phrase is normally or obligatorily fronted in content questions, i.e. occurs initially in the clause. This is normal in English (e.g. What did you see?) and most other European languages. But in other languages, the interrogative phrase can occur in the position in which it would occur in the corresponding declarative (”in situ”), or in another special position (e.g. a preverbal focus position). Here we only distinguish two possibilities: initial and non-initial (i.e. in situ or in some other non-initial position)",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,93A,901,Word order,69ebac115639708d56f6eaa87b2dc297,{} +120,Tone,"Tone refers to pitch contrasts that distinguish different words, either different lexeme stems or different grammatical forms, as e.g. singular vs. plural, or different tenses of the verb. (Tone is also the topic of WALS feature 13, by Ian Maddieson.)",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,13A,527,Phonology,adaee18aad8a6d97f33d7c4bb439fd59,{} +121,Vowel height distinctions,"This feature asks how many distinctions of vowel height (or aperture) are made in a language. The most typical vowel system has five vowels and three degrees of height (i, e, a, o, u), but systems with four degrees (i, e, ɛ, a, ɔ, o, u) are not uncommon either, and even five degrees (i, ɪ, e, ɛ, a, ɔ, o, ʊ, u) are possible.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,82fb496c32100107134ed0c8d41b8ee2,{} +122,Nasal vowels,"This feature concerns nasal vowels, which are generally written with ""n"" or ""m"" following the vowel letter. Nasal vowels are said to be present in a prominent way if there are nasal vowels as major allophones in at least three different heights (e.g. ĩ, ɛ̃, ã). Otherwise, they are said to be present in a limited way. (Nasal vowels are also the topic of WALS feature 10, by John Hajek.)",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,10A,244,Phonology,213629e9898c6ef920761b2aa79ab3e6,{} +123,The schwa vowel,"This feature concerns the schwa vowel [ə], typically written ""e"", as in English asleep [ə'sli:p], or French fenêtre [fə'nɛtr(ə)] 'window'.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,bb5cfe2131e2e25503c13034786c8d8e,{} +124,Labiodental fricatives,This feature concerns the labiodental fricative obstruents [f] and [v].,haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,fef33f164952cba747f508c50339402e,{} +125,Palato-alveolar sibilants,"This feature concerns the hushing subilants [ʃ] (""sh"") and [ʒ] (""zh"").",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,c3fc299b9441eee521a1b7ed3531d051,{} +126,The voiced sibilant [z],"This feature concerns the sibilant [z], the voiced counterpart of [s].",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,e1cbf6e7c6569e3ee8ad490f03b19a91,{} +127,Interdental fricatives,"This feature concerns the interdental fricatives [θ] (voiceless, as in English thumb) and [ð] (voiced, as in English that).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,5501f849d4a4ef7195d4abce2bf4622d,{} +128,The palatal nasal,"This feature concerns the palatal nasal [ɲ] (often written ""ñ"" or ""ny"", and sometimes written ""gn"", or ""nh"", or ""nj"").",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,22636d861622a5f8ee096441d12a5b57,{} +129,Prenasalized consonants,"Prenasalized consonants are consonants (generally obstruents, most often plosives) which are preceded by nasalization, as in syllables such as [ⁿda], [ ͫbi]. They are generally treated as special complex segments because they involve nasal elements preceding a word-initial obstruent.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,3347ea887c140c90c1ca71f1f44ecc30,{} +13,Gender distinctions in personal pronouns,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 44, by Anna Siewierska), we look at gender distinctions in independent personal pronouns. Although most European languages (and others) display such gender distinctions, many APiCS languages lexically based on these languages do not, whether they are dependent (i.e. bound to the verb, as in Papiamentu Mi ta traha. ‘I am working’) or independent (i.e. potentially standing alone as, for instance, in elliptical answers; e.g. Papiamentu Ken ta traha? – Ami. ‘Who is working? – Me.’).",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,44A,378,Nominal categories,e379e2992864ea555445d415c1c7e4a6,{} +130,The segment [h],"This feature concerns the segment [h], which tends to be unstable in all languages and is absent in most Romance languages.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Phonology,91c89fcfa1d70821c4ebfd93faa95b3c,{} +131,p - voiceless bilabial plosive,,,,segment,2D6FB64B3CDC3549EF11DB98A66A9EAD,p,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 1, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""2D6FB64B3CDC3549EF11DB98A66A9EAD"", ""segment"": ""p""}, ""symbol"": ""p"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +132,b - voiced bilabial plosive,,,,segment,694212B746622E482E0E58D50036100E,b,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 5, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""694212B746622E482E0E58D50036100E"", ""segment"": ""b""}, ""symbol"": ""b"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +133,t - voiceless dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,9F90F95459807624A486F03FE5A89978,t,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 7, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""9F90F95459807624A486F03FE5A89978"", ""segment"": ""t""}, ""symbol"": ""t"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +134,d - voiced dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,E6253384902D489FDB1FE487B7ED4AB2,d,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 9, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""E6253384902D489FDB1FE487B7ED4AB2"", ""segment"": ""d""}, ""symbol"": ""d"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +135,t̪ - voiceless interdental plosive,,,,segment,2DA484FF3408444AF11E01960C9C893A,t̪,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 119, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""2DA484FF3408444AF11E01960C9C893A"", ""segment"": ""t\u032a""}, ""symbol"": ""t\u032a"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +136,d̪ - voiced interdental plosive,,,,segment,198E3EBE25854A256D6C67EF286FA260,d̪,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 383, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""198E3EBE25854A256D6C67EF286FA260"", ""segment"": ""d\u032a""}, ""symbol"": ""d\u032a"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +137,t͡s - voiceless dental/alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,106C7FE93D986D037407524D08F3599A,ts,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 24, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""106C7FE93D986D037407524D08F3599A"", ""segment"": ""ts""}, ""symbol"": ""t\u0361s"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +138,d͡z - voiced dental/alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,17B1CFA69C0C6AB5362FFDB585C0C7DC,dz,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 80, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""17B1CFA69C0C6AB5362FFDB585C0C7DC"", ""segment"": ""dz""}, ""symbol"": ""d\u0361z"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +139,t͡ʃ - voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,1348048F53951A5E29ABA6D5360925BA,t̠ʃ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 25, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""1348048F53951A5E29ABA6D5360925BA"", ""segment"": ""t\u0320\u0283""}, ""symbol"": ""t\u0361\u0283"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +14,Dual in independent personal pronouns,"This feature asks whether a language has a grammaticalized dual-plural distinction, e.g. Tok Pisin yu 'you (SG)', yupela 'you (PL)', yutupela 'you (DU)'. In some languages, such a special form occurs in all three persons, and in one language, it occurs only in the first person.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal categories,4086c35c40b322e8a2db1895ce7d2351,{} +140,d͡ʒ - voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,C7364BE7F76504D8DE329FFF30C42424,d̠ʒ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 27, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""C7364BE7F76504D8DE329FFF30C42424"", ""segment"": ""d\u0320\u0292""}, ""symbol"": ""d\u0361\u0292"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +141,ʨ - voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate,,,,segment,8AD5C612764E127E084477DD1C52B817,cç,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 193, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""8AD5C612764E127E084477DD1C52B817"", ""segment"": ""cc\u0327""}, ""symbol"": ""\u02a8"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +142,ʥ - voiced alveolo-palatal affricate,,,,segment,F326C3A9DEC331359D3C189A02B5F7E5,ɟʝ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 201, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""F326C3A9DEC331359D3C189A02B5F7E5"", ""segment"": ""\u025f\u029d""}, ""symbol"": ""\u02a5"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +143,ʈ - voiceless retroflex plosive,,,,segment,64EABC4FDF5DE0BE02E889701FD34147,ʈ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 11, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""64EABC4FDF5DE0BE02E889701FD34147"", ""segment"": ""\u0288""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0288"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +144,ɖ - voiced retroflex plosive,,,,segment,BE81A18FCCFFEDC9ACF3B18F14E766BD,ɖ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 12, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""BE81A18FCCFFEDC9ACF3B18F14E766BD"", ""segment"": ""\u0256""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0256"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +145,c - voiceless palatal plosive,,,,segment,852A220443D41F0A63671A2F4DEC9788,c,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 13, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""852A220443D41F0A63671A2F4DEC9788"", ""segment"": ""c""}, ""symbol"": ""c"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +146,ɟ - voiced palatal plosive,,,,segment,320B62404207303F61B0F772296C9545,ɟ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 14, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""320B62404207303F61B0F772296C9545"", ""segment"": ""\u025f""}, ""symbol"": ""\u025f"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +147,k - voiceless velar plosive,,,,segment,5A838FF4DABE1950734CFAFAB9383903,k,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 2, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""5A838FF4DABE1950734CFAFAB9383903"", ""segment"": ""k""}, ""symbol"": ""k"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +148,kʷ - labialized voiceless velar plosive,,,,segment,AC7F42D0CB30C73616ABDC71149FEC44,kʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 15, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""AC7F42D0CB30C73616ABDC71149FEC44"", ""segment"": ""k\u02b7""}, ""symbol"": ""k\u02b7"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +149,g - voiced velar plosive,,,,segment,ECC959553F23387998DAF88D69D7736C,ɡ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 17, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""ECC959553F23387998DAF88D69D7736C"", ""segment"": ""\u0261""}, ""symbol"": ""g"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +15,Inclusive/exclusive distinction in independent personal pronouns,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 39, by Michael Cysouw), we ask whether a language has an inclusive/exclusive distinction in independent personal pronouns. An inclusive pronouns means 'we including the hearer', and an exclusive pronoun means 'we excluding the hearer'.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,39A,200,Nominal categories,8fb0e5c31578f3761b851219eb92bc93,{} +150,gʷ - labialized voiced velar plosive,,,,segment,B95529318452F7E00AE69C18EBE1E0F2,ɡʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 137, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""B95529318452F7E00AE69C18EBE1E0F2"", ""segment"": ""\u0261\u02b7""}, ""symbol"": ""g\u02b7"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +151,k͡p - voiceless labial-velar plosive,,,,segment,3BE9D8AA68FB8CA25C1D8EE2091DC6D0,kp,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 75, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""3BE9D8AA68FB8CA25C1D8EE2091DC6D0"", ""segment"": ""kp""}, ""symbol"": ""k\u0361p"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +152,g͡b - voiced labial-velar plosive,,,,segment,1F27FEFCD8402C09E00300258B5A7EE2,ɡb,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 76, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""1F27FEFCD8402C09E00300258B5A7EE2"", ""segment"": ""\u0261b""}, ""symbol"": ""g\u0361b"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +153,q - voiceless uvular plosive,,,,segment,4AC7382217172B3821AE54CD38BD8698,q,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 18, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""4AC7382217172B3821AE54CD38BD8698"", ""segment"": ""q""}, ""symbol"": ""q"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +154,qʷ - labialized voiceless uvular plosive,,,,segment,0CE464BCDDF6D25FC3C1DF3C67CE1C91,qʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 142, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""0CE464BCDDF6D25FC3C1DF3C67CE1C91"", ""segment"": ""q\u02b7""}, ""symbol"": ""q\u02b7"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +155,ʔ - glottal plosive,,,,segment,0844E3AEAF1C8E3837465942B92FE4C5,ʔ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 19, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""0844E3AEAF1C8E3837465942B92FE4C5"", ""segment"": ""\u0294""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0294"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +156,pʰ - voiceless aspirated bilabial plosive,,,,segment,6E065D8A2F199BCBC7CA7074EC4DE834,pʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 4, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""6E065D8A2F199BCBC7CA7074EC4DE834"", ""segment"": ""p\u02b0""}, ""symbol"": ""p\u02b0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +157,bʰ - voiced aspirated bilabial plosive,,,,segment,1F0B39C9E43EDAD4E4E4BCEC2A2C955D,bʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 136, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""1F0B39C9E43EDAD4E4E4BCEC2A2C955D"", ""segment"": ""b\u02b0""}, ""symbol"": ""b\u02b0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +158,tʰ - voiceless aspirated dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,4EEF82037BC182F6353941401E583F45,tʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 8, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""4EEF82037BC182F6353941401E583F45"", ""segment"": ""t\u02b0""}, ""symbol"": ""t\u02b0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +159,dʰ - voiced aspirated dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,DBED9DB479620441E03A12BD24F52B18,dʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 6, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""DBED9DB479620441E03A12BD24F52B18"", ""segment"": ""d\u02b0""}, ""symbol"": ""d\u02b0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +16,Person syncretism in independent personal pronouns,"In most languages, there are distinct forms for the three persons in both singular and plural (and in the dual as well, if there is one), e.g. French moi, toi, lui/elle, nous, vous, eux/elles. But in some languages, there is person syncretism, i.e. there is a form in the paradigm of independent personal pronouns that serves for more than one person. For instance, some languages have the same form in the 1st and 2nd person plural (e.g. Haitian Creole nou), and some languages have the same form in the 2nd and 3rd person plural (e.g. Seychelles Creole zot). Note that we are not concerned with pure number syncretism here (e.g. English you for 2sg/2pl).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal categories,083acbccc5b7d8428d01db42617c455b,{} +160,t͡sʰ - voiceless aspirated dental/alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,C6880E4D32532681166EBA4D7D3AA2E0,tsʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 79, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""C6880E4D32532681166EBA4D7D3AA2E0"", ""segment"": ""ts\u02b0""}, ""symbol"": ""t\u0361s\u02b0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +161,t͡ʃʰ - voiceless aspirated palato-alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,9C6117430968F42700ACD02E4E7442F7,t̠ʃʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 26, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""9C6117430968F42700ACD02E4E7442F7"", ""segment"": ""t\u0320\u0283\u02b0""}, ""symbol"": ""t\u0361\u0283\u02b0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +162,ʈʰ - voiceless aspirated retroflex plosive,,,,segment,4364823B8F03525E91440277AEC22689,ʈʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 174, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""4364823B8F03525E91440277AEC22689"", ""segment"": ""\u0288\u02b0""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0288\u02b0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +163,kʰ - voiceless aspirated velar plosive,,,,segment,BD29F40254AA0996800A773122397C28,kʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 16, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""BD29F40254AA0996800A773122397C28"", ""segment"": ""k\u02b0""}, ""symbol"": ""k\u02b0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +164,kʰʷ - labialized voiceless aspirated velar plosive,,,,segment,22C1B780E3D66A22FC325480E79344F5,kʰʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 192, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""22C1B780E3D66A22FC325480E79344F5"", ""segment"": ""k\u02b0\u02b7""}, ""symbol"": ""k\u02b0\u02b7"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +165,gʰ - voiced aspirated velar plosive,,,,segment,6AA3FEA3758FF09B65D27B20D04B0660,ɡʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 191, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""6AA3FEA3758FF09B65D27B20D04B0660"", ""segment"": ""\u0261\u02b0""}, ""symbol"": ""g\u02b0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +166,qʰ - voiceless aspirated uvular plosive,,,,segment,871B92989C5EC420B7D61B05731D1E83,qʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 167, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""871B92989C5EC420B7D61B05731D1E83"", ""segment"": ""q\u02b0""}, ""symbol"": ""q\u02b0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +167,qʰʷ - labialized voiceless aspirated uvular plosive,,,,segment,371CBFDF45EF7940161892D54B8E1342,qʷʰ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 182, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""371CBFDF45EF7940161892D54B8E1342"", ""segment"": ""q\u02b7\u02b0""}, ""symbol"": ""q\u02b0\u02b7"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +168,pʼ - voiceless bilabial ejective plosive,,,,segment,646674CE0AF099A6E69FB25363B53313,pʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 20, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""646674CE0AF099A6E69FB25363B53313"", ""segment"": ""p\u02bc""}, ""symbol"": ""p\u02bc"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +169,tʼ - voiceless dental/alveolar ejective plosive,,,,segment,11D5EDE5CF43EE6FA131900D77195344,tʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 21, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""11D5EDE5CF43EE6FA131900D77195344"", ""segment"": ""t\u02bc""}, ""symbol"": ""t\u02bc"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" 17,Special dependent person forms for subject and object,"All languages have independent personal pronouns (words like 'I', 'you, 'he', 'we', etc.) that can occur on their own or in constructions in which they are singled out (focus constructions, coordination constructions). In addition, some languages have a special set of dependent person forms, which only occur together with a verb. They may be clitics or affixes, but the crucial characteristic is that they cannot be focused, coordinated or occur as an independent utterance. Thus, the weak French subject pronouns (je, tu, il, etc.), the Spanish clitic object pronouns (me, te, lo, nos, etc.), and also the Spanish subject person markers or verbs (quiér-o 'I want', quiér-es 'you want') count as dependent person foorms. -Not uncommonly, a distinction between independent and dependent pronouns is made only in some forms of the paradigm (e.g. in Kriol, only the 1SG and the 3PL have distinct dependent and independent subject forms). Such partially differentiated paradigms are lumped together with fully differentiated paradigms here.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal categories,6935a6d8552b43e156a598521565851f -170,t͡sʼ - voiceless dental/alveolar sibilant ejective affricate,,,,segment,BAC70456E8C04CEFDCAC8240DAFE192F,tsʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -171,t͡ʃʼ - voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant ejective affricate,,,,segment,73C29ACCE17EFB4239E53D799AD7C696,t̠ʃʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -172,kʼ - voiceless velar ejective plosive,,,,segment,B9C749831BC59B5585B5AE2159F32788,kʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -173,kʼʷ - labialized voiceless velar ejective plosive,,,,segment,47303B91809D8C773EF93A156FA2A180,kʼʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -174,qʼ - voiceless uvular ejective plosive,,,,segment,F004A6DF8DC34AB3759000D0EEA099AC,qʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -175,qʼʷ - labialized voiceless uvular ejective plosive,,,,segment,11925EC0B8A2A72E2C5C8869A02ECCF4,qʼʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -176,ɓ - voiced bilabial implosive plosive,,,,segment,CFA86CE56605194A2F338BA3E3974EA3,ɓ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -177,ɗ - voiced dental/alveolar implosive plosive,,,,segment,192EEEA914E770D60BEC3F86DAED50AA,ɗ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -178,m - voiced bilabial nasal,,,,segment,5AE9663626770D1D4B97AAE5769AB83C,m,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -179,n - voiced dental/alveolar nasal,,,,segment,E03DA215BAB0A158BA5D1CB5C4D5D6FD,n,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -18,Politeness distinctions in second-person pronouns,"This feature (based on WALS feature 45, by Johannes Helmbrecht) is concerned with second-person pronouns, which in some languages make a politeness distinction. A binary politeness distinction is a contrast such as tu/vous in French or tú/Usted in Spanish. Some languages even distinguish more than two degrees of politeness, by having distinct forms for intimate address, for neutral address, and for polite address. Finally, some languages use titles (as well as similar expressions such as kinship terms or names) as second-person forms. Although this option is in principle compatible with the other three values, it is distinguished as a fourth value here.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,45A,207,Nominal categories,fd6821c435b0c8a6d8829c9a882e91f2 -180,ɳ - voiced retroflex nasal,,,,segment,6838968A8DAA29313F3FD0EF4CE0AF3C,ɳ,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -181,ɲ - voiced palatal nasal,,,,segment,1AD6D96C35E6ADA62F1EAF5B167F75F7,ɲ,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -182,ŋ - voiced velar nasal,,,,segment,941ED37AAF5E9C4E1B40D85008C6B2D9,ŋ,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -183,r - voiced dental/alveolar trill,,,,segment,5D1D7FB69E1A3C0C60001FBC0C19ED87,r,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -184,ɾ - voiced dental/alveolar flap,,,,segment,795215076D89B5B17C0D147BE5C341E3,ɾ,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -185,ɹ - voiced dental/alveolar approximant,,,,segment,BF93B485560325B98EACB69D278AD493,ɹ,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -186,ɻ - voiced retroflex approximant,,,,segment,A226BAACF325CDDFA1D1D7C55D9EA781,ɻ,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -187,ɸ - voiceless bilabial fricative,,,,segment,E9F92ED438311DEF47430F2DC3038C22,ɸ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -188,β - voiced bilabial fricative,,,,segment,A2DFF488C07B9A11B5DF5EA37214750D,β,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -189,f - voiceless labio-dental fricative,,,,segment,86E80A7DA80F7F58CA76F85BACA48F86,f,false,,,Obstruent consonants, +Not uncommonly, a distinction between independent and dependent pronouns is made only in some forms of the paradigm (e.g. in Kriol, only the 1SG and the 3PL have distinct dependent and independent subject forms). Such partially differentiated paradigms are lumped together with fully differentiated paradigms here.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal categories,6935a6d8552b43e156a598521565851f,{} +170,t͡sʼ - voiceless dental/alveolar sibilant ejective affricate,,,,segment,BAC70456E8C04CEFDCAC8240DAFE192F,tsʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 81, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""BAC70456E8C04CEFDCAC8240DAFE192F"", ""segment"": ""ts\u02bc""}, ""symbol"": ""t\u0361s\u02bc"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +171,t͡ʃʼ - voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant ejective affricate,,,,segment,73C29ACCE17EFB4239E53D799AD7C696,t̠ʃʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 28, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""73C29ACCE17EFB4239E53D799AD7C696"", ""segment"": ""t\u0320\u0283\u02bc""}, ""symbol"": ""t\u0361\u0283\u02bc"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +172,kʼ - voiceless velar ejective plosive,,,,segment,B9C749831BC59B5585B5AE2159F32788,kʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 22, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""B9C749831BC59B5585B5AE2159F32788"", ""segment"": ""k\u02bc""}, ""symbol"": ""k\u02bc"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +173,kʼʷ - labialized voiceless velar ejective plosive,,,,segment,47303B91809D8C773EF93A156FA2A180,kʼʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 77, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""47303B91809D8C773EF93A156FA2A180"", ""segment"": ""k\u02bc\u02b7""}, ""symbol"": ""k\u02bc\u02b7"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +174,qʼ - voiceless uvular ejective plosive,,,,segment,F004A6DF8DC34AB3759000D0EEA099AC,qʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 78, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""F004A6DF8DC34AB3759000D0EEA099AC"", ""segment"": ""q\u02bc""}, ""symbol"": ""q\u02bc"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +175,qʼʷ - labialized voiceless uvular ejective plosive,,,,segment,11925EC0B8A2A72E2C5C8869A02ECCF4,qʼʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 158, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""11925EC0B8A2A72E2C5C8869A02ECCF4"", ""segment"": ""q\u02bc\u02b7""}, ""symbol"": ""q\u02bc\u02b7"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +176,ɓ - voiced bilabial implosive plosive,,,,segment,CFA86CE56605194A2F338BA3E3974EA3,ɓ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 23, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""CFA86CE56605194A2F338BA3E3974EA3"", ""segment"": ""\u0253""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0253"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +177,ɗ - voiced dental/alveolar implosive plosive,,,,segment,192EEEA914E770D60BEC3F86DAED50AA,ɗ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 128, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""192EEEA914E770D60BEC3F86DAED50AA"", ""segment"": ""\u0257""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0257"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +178,m - voiced bilabial nasal,,,,segment,5AE9663626770D1D4B97AAE5769AB83C,m,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 42, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""5AE9663626770D1D4B97AAE5769AB83C"", ""segment"": ""m""}, ""symbol"": ""m"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +179,n - voiced dental/alveolar nasal,,,,segment,E03DA215BAB0A158BA5D1CB5C4D5D6FD,n,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 43, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""E03DA215BAB0A158BA5D1CB5C4D5D6FD"", ""segment"": ""n""}, ""symbol"": ""n"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +18,Politeness distinctions in second-person pronouns,"This feature (based on WALS feature 45, by Johannes Helmbrecht) is concerned with second-person pronouns, which in some languages make a politeness distinction. A binary politeness distinction is a contrast such as tu/vous in French or tú/Usted in Spanish. Some languages even distinguish more than two degrees of politeness, by having distinct forms for intimate address, for neutral address, and for polite address. Finally, some languages use titles (as well as similar expressions such as kinship terms or names) as second-person forms. Although this option is in principle compatible with the other three values, it is distinguished as a fourth value here.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,45A,207,Nominal categories,fd6821c435b0c8a6d8829c9a882e91f2,{} +180,ɳ - voiced retroflex nasal,,,,segment,6838968A8DAA29313F3FD0EF4CE0AF3C,ɳ,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 44, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""6838968A8DAA29313F3FD0EF4CE0AF3C"", ""segment"": ""\u0273""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0273"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +181,ɲ - voiced palatal nasal,,,,segment,1AD6D96C35E6ADA62F1EAF5B167F75F7,ɲ,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 45, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""1AD6D96C35E6ADA62F1EAF5B167F75F7"", ""segment"": ""\u0272""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0272"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +182,ŋ - voiced velar nasal,,,,segment,941ED37AAF5E9C4E1B40D85008C6B2D9,ŋ,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 46, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""941ED37AAF5E9C4E1B40D85008C6B2D9"", ""segment"": ""\u014b""}, ""symbol"": ""\u014b"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +183,r - voiced dental/alveolar trill,,,,segment,5D1D7FB69E1A3C0C60001FBC0C19ED87,r,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 47, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""5D1D7FB69E1A3C0C60001FBC0C19ED87"", ""segment"": ""r""}, ""symbol"": ""r"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +184,ɾ - voiced dental/alveolar flap,,,,segment,795215076D89B5B17C0D147BE5C341E3,ɾ,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 48, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""795215076D89B5B17C0D147BE5C341E3"", ""segment"": ""\u027e""}, ""symbol"": ""\u027e"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +185,ɹ - voiced dental/alveolar approximant,,,,segment,BF93B485560325B98EACB69D278AD493,ɹ,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 108, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""BF93B485560325B98EACB69D278AD493"", ""segment"": ""\u0279""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0279"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +186,ɻ - voiced retroflex approximant,,,,segment,A226BAACF325CDDFA1D1D7C55D9EA781,ɻ,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 163, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""A226BAACF325CDDFA1D1D7C55D9EA781"", ""segment"": ""\u027b""}, ""symbol"": ""\u027b"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +187,ɸ - voiceless bilabial fricative,,,,segment,E9F92ED438311DEF47430F2DC3038C22,ɸ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 29, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""E9F92ED438311DEF47430F2DC3038C22"", ""segment"": ""\u0278""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0278"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +188,β - voiced bilabial fricative,,,,segment,A2DFF488C07B9A11B5DF5EA37214750D,β,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 30, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""A2DFF488C07B9A11B5DF5EA37214750D"", ""segment"": ""\u03b2""}, ""symbol"": ""\u03b2"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +189,f - voiceless labio-dental fricative,,,,segment,86E80A7DA80F7F58CA76F85BACA48F86,f,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 31, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""86E80A7DA80F7F58CA76F85BACA48F86"", ""segment"": ""f""}, ""symbol"": ""f"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" 19,Interrogative pronouns,"Here we look at the four interrogative pronouns ‘who’, ‘where’, ‘when’, and ‘how’ and ask whether they are expressed as simple, monomorphemic words as in the European lexifiers, or as compound expressions consisting of a generic noun and an adnominal interrogative word. -Compound interrogatives translate literally as 'which person', 'what place', 'what hour', 'what manner' or similar. From the first through the last value, languages show an increasing amount of compound expressions, and thus an increasing degree of distance from the European lexifiers.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal categories,3f5c8bc35eb55266cd6aef97d2a468f4 -190,v - voiced labio-dental fricative,,,,segment,033ACAA664F151FC56BC9595526BCFA4,v,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -191,θ - voiceless dental fricative,,,,segment,7D184A6DCDA3EB154F9CB34651E02EEE,θ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -192,ð - voiced dental fricative,,,,segment,C74BECEC6C9DBC95D2C92E893F72A8AD,ð,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -193,s - voiceless dental/alveolar sibilant fricative,,,,segment,7FF174469DAC4E61520F4E1610B2F088,s,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -194,z - voiced dental/alveolar sibilant fricative,,,,segment,E77FDA2EAABA78B3E55A968B2257CF26,z,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -195,ʃ - voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant fricative,,,,segment,9E7CDEEE9F0DE43C10181AE483F62CBD,ʃ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -196,ʒ - voiced palato-alveolar sibilant fricative,,,,segment,DAC6AC8BCA2D24EFF188A7129D280801,ʒ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -197,ɕ - voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative,,,,segment,5B46730211D403D44939C20A4D77EACA,ɕ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -198,ç - voiceless palatal fricative,,,,segment,A933E2A015DCF1AB1B946DBA04C1958C,ç,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -199,x - voiceless velar fricative,,,,segment,F62AFB705D2A2D30BB41CF3FBE917891,x,false,,,Obstruent consonants, +Compound interrogatives translate literally as 'which person', 'what place', 'what hour', 'what manner' or similar. From the first through the last value, languages show an increasing amount of compound expressions, and thus an increasing degree of distance from the European lexifiers.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal categories,3f5c8bc35eb55266cd6aef97d2a468f4,{} +190,v - voiced labio-dental fricative,,,,segment,033ACAA664F151FC56BC9595526BCFA4,v,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 32, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""033ACAA664F151FC56BC9595526BCFA4"", ""segment"": ""v""}, ""symbol"": ""v"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +191,θ - voiceless dental fricative,,,,segment,7D184A6DCDA3EB154F9CB34651E02EEE,θ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 82, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""7D184A6DCDA3EB154F9CB34651E02EEE"", ""segment"": ""\u03b8""}, ""symbol"": ""\u03b8"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +192,ð - voiced dental fricative,,,,segment,C74BECEC6C9DBC95D2C92E893F72A8AD,ð,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 33, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""C74BECEC6C9DBC95D2C92E893F72A8AD"", ""segment"": ""\u00f0""}, ""symbol"": ""\u00f0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +193,s - voiceless dental/alveolar sibilant fricative,,,,segment,7FF174469DAC4E61520F4E1610B2F088,s,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 34, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""7FF174469DAC4E61520F4E1610B2F088"", ""segment"": ""s""}, ""symbol"": ""s"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +194,z - voiced dental/alveolar sibilant fricative,,,,segment,E77FDA2EAABA78B3E55A968B2257CF26,z,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 35, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""E77FDA2EAABA78B3E55A968B2257CF26"", ""segment"": ""z""}, ""symbol"": ""z"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +195,ʃ - voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant fricative,,,,segment,9E7CDEEE9F0DE43C10181AE483F62CBD,ʃ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 36, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""9E7CDEEE9F0DE43C10181AE483F62CBD"", ""segment"": ""\u0283""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0283"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +196,ʒ - voiced palato-alveolar sibilant fricative,,,,segment,DAC6AC8BCA2D24EFF188A7129D280801,ʒ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 37, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""DAC6AC8BCA2D24EFF188A7129D280801"", ""segment"": ""\u0292""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0292"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +197,ɕ - voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative,,,,segment,5B46730211D403D44939C20A4D77EACA,ɕ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 209, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""5B46730211D403D44939C20A4D77EACA"", ""segment"": ""\u0255""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0255"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +198,ç - voiceless palatal fricative,,,,segment,A933E2A015DCF1AB1B946DBA04C1958C,ç,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 133, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""A933E2A015DCF1AB1B946DBA04C1958C"", ""segment"": ""c\u0327""}, ""symbol"": ""\u00e7"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +199,x - voiceless velar fricative,,,,segment,F62AFB705D2A2D30BB41CF3FBE917891,x,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 38, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""F62AFB705D2A2D30BB41CF3FBE917891"", ""segment"": ""x""}, ""symbol"": ""x"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" 2,Order of possessor and possessum,"This feature (based on WALS feature 86, by Matthew S. Dryer) concerns the word order within attributive possessive constructions, i.e. the order of the possessor noun phrase with respect to the head noun (or possessum). We restrict ourselves to the position of possessive noun phrases containing (full) nouns, rather than those involving only a pronominal word or affix. This is because in some languages pronominal possessors occur in different positions than nominal ones. Whether or not the construction involves other words or affixes on the head or the possessor noun is irrelevant for this feature. For example, in a number of pidgins and creoles a third person possessive pronoun is placed between the possessor and the possessum (cf. Feature 38 “Marking of possessor noun phrases”). - The term possession is used in this context in a broad sense, including of course ownership like the old lady’s dog but also (a) kinship relations and possession of body parts, as in Mary’s mother and Mary’s foot, and (b) the subjective and objective genitive with action nominals, where the possessor would be the subject or object in a sentential paraphrase, e.g. the teacher’s efforts or the pupil’s detention.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,true,86A,1248,Word order,b3dc0ab56d33ff4c6a47b8ec6e2a17fa -20,Pronoun conjunction,"Here we ask how a language treats notional conjunction of singular personal pronoun and full noun phrase, as in 'Mary and I', or 'you and your brother'. Most commonly, languages use a singular pronoun that is overtly conjoined (by an 'and' word) with the full noun phrase. But they may also use an inclusory pronoun which denotes the entire set and that is combined with a subset NP that denotes a proper subset, e.g. ""we # Mary"" means 'we including Mary', i.e. 'Mary and I'. The inclusory pronoun can be simply juxtaposed, or combined with the subset NP by a marker, or or followed by a numeral. Finally, the singular pronoun may be simply juxtaposed with the other conjunct.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal categories,33077f3f771a249545a5afbafc7e3c04 -200,xʷ - labialized voiceless velar fricative,,,,segment,CC1E157E56BC1B4B281FF3ACD292F7DF,xʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -201,ɣ - voiced velar fricative,,,,segment,1832D7834F81DD97E33C58D9F70EC5C6,ɣ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -202,χ - voiceless uvular fricative,,,,segment,24934115EB451EB20C91AC9D2AD62537,χ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -203,χʷ - labialized voiceless uvular fricative,,,,segment,26770129337E78245F6006266F845267,χʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -204,ʁ - voiced uvular fricative,,,,segment,B8654231A8D23801B38D10EE554ACBD5,ʁ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -205,h - voiceless glottal fricative,,,,segment,E7FBD92350B3CA8B7B5D77E36A607068,h,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -206,hʷ - labialized voiceless glottal fricative,,,,segment,4E454EFC24409956D610FB858C201318,hʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -207,ħ - voiceless pharyngeal fricative,,,,segment,C699D862DAE3202097065A59720E60BC,ħ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -208,ʕ - voiced pharyngeal fricative,,,,segment,55F94F929CDB58CDE9BE8333787E3A31,ʕ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -209,l - voiced dental/alveolar lateral approximant,,,,segment,03413638BD1DFC7AEF53192FEF71F017,l,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -21,Indefinite pronouns,"In the feature (based on WALS feature 46, by Martin Haspelmath, we look at the form of indefinite pronouns, i.e. expressions rendering 'something' and 'somebody'. These can be expressed by special pronoun forms such as Papiamentu or Spanish algo 'something', or by interrogative-based forms such as Chinuk Wawa íkta 'what; something', or by generic-noun-based forms such as Guinea-Bissau Kriyol un kusa 'a thing, something', or by old generic-noun-based indefinites that continue the English forms something and somebody (e.g. Kriol jamjing, sambadi) but are no longer synchronically analyzable. Finally, languages may use a special existential construction instead of an indefinite pronoun in argument position ('There is who came' for 'Someone came').",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,46A,326,Nominal categories,89b05d96031d04272b4b79d5e93933f7 -210,lː - geminate voiced lateral approximant,,,,segment,02CD835C8B5754AB3DB22940C8405C85,lː,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -211,lʲ - palatalized voiced lateral approximant,,,,segment,548D8E709B3C8F7FFB5983EA5E033D11,lʲ,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -212,ɬ - voiceless dental/alveolar lateral fricative,,,,segment,1F0C89A7E99CD5113AA994AD2CC86CBC,ɬ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -213,tɬ - voiceless lateral affricate,,,,segment,5685FEAEF0E34B92C6562FDE7687D3DA,tɬ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -214,tɬʼ - voiceless lateral ejective affricate,,,,segment,2DB690B58A1A825334598BDE8BE44D7D,tɬʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -215,ʎ - voiced palatal lateral approximant,,,,segment,1C7F2960BE4EDD840C01C94930F1D932,ʎ,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -216,ɮ - voiced lateral fricative,,,,segment,8AB7F55EAB4F34299B9887A4F4BCF42F,ɮ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -217,ɭ - voiced retroflex lateral approximant,,,,segment,512D7E3344FCD21B1EE47971D72DB39A,ɭ,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -218,j - voiced palatal glide,,,,segment,ADF56B8E4119266843033E723A149AE2,j,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -219,ȷ̃ - nasalized voiced palatal glide,,,,segment,8E5C34586795133BB63747F3E0FE57B9,j̃,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -22,Occurrence of nominal plural markers,"Here we look at the variable occurrence of nominal plural forms (as in WALS feature 34, by Martin Haspelmath). Some languages plurals entirely, but those languages that have plural forms often use them optionally, or under certain conditions (such as animacy and definiteness). Especially human nouns tend to show plural marking when plural marking is not invariant in the language. Languages with the second value have optional plural marking but restrict it to human nouns. Languages with the third value have optional plural marking of all nouns. Finally, some languages are like the European lexifiers in requiring invariant plural marking.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,34A,291,Nominal categories,02fc22369a7c5abb6aa1fdc2eb2127aa -220,ɥ - voiced labiopalatal glide,,,,segment,1D99DEE96BB19529DC9E5ED7FA7BF68B,ɥ,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -221,w - voiced labial-velar glide,,,,segment,501394D0E2658752D9DA624E7DEBE14B,w,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -222,ʋ - voiced labio-dental approximant,,,,segment,5B8A0392206611F78C6A5ABCF5A4952F,ʋ,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -223,pː - geminate voiceless bilabial plosive,,,,segment,DAA293A200C8597396725116EC9D5654,pː,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -224,bː - geminate voiced bilabial plosive,,,,segment,97DED3C2CA0EB378AC531C0752A6906F,bː,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -225,tː - geminate voiceless dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,2FF610B79450F21F9661BCDB08BDC4BC,tː,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -226,dː - geminate voiced dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,AF55984F7DCE6CC6910C605F97C59E55,dː,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -227,kː - geminate voiceless velar plosive,,,,segment,35B6E18B055F7621FA32D24600C7EDC6,kː,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -228,gː - geminate voiced velar plosive,,,,segment,A1959D41630316B7022C7F211D6599D9,ɡː,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -229,mː - geminate voiced bilabial nasal,,,,segment,30165CD7CBD456AD23965FFF9324A6E9,mː,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -23,Expression of nominal plural meaning,"This feature (based on WALS feature 33, by Matthew S. Dryer) considers the way in which the plural is marked if a language has overt plural marking: by a prefix, a suffix, a stem change, a tone or stress change, reduplication, or a plural word, which may precede or follow the noun (or noun phrase). The first value means that the language has no nominal plural marking",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,33A,1066,Nominal categories,282bb4427b20c062569c6b18d5ef0cd3 -230,n: - geminate dental/alveolar nasal,,,,segment,0A6EAA5C52B5FA8BF685047F7CE47780,nː,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -231,mb - prenasalized voiced bilabial plosive,,,,segment,8DEC1745406483DE6A8030A28A69B646,mb,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -232,ⁿd - prenasalized voiced dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,6910328C2AAA6011720FA21FFE1665D8,nd,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -233,ⁿd͡ʒ - prenasalized voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,E8A9FEC9A1B502D54358B0FE53449BE1,n̠d̠ʒ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -234,ɲɟ - prenasalized voiced palatal plosive,,,,segment,E849BE91DF350F760A79E17668E93092,ɲɟ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -235,ŋg - prenasalized voiced velar plosive,,,,segment,95A609A900A52E93F9252FD72E8D136F,ŋɡ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -236,mp - prenasalized voiceless bilabial plosive,,,,segment,BF12DE184C2966E2D5F83A7F25285B98,mp,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -237,ⁿt - prenasalized voiceless dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,85724A21B8DBE4FE9B73D6508EFC00D9,nt,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -238,ɲc - prenasalized voiceless palatal plosive,,,,segment,8C70D620A1A2D179E7D9923C5FED605D,ɲc,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -239,ŋk - prenasalized voiceless velar plosive,,,,segment,E627208937A56F5A8C1A5994DE4D9C8A,ŋk,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -24,The associative plural,"An associative plural construction consists of a noun N (typically denoting a human) plus a marker, with the meaning 'N and others associated with N'. The others can be family, friends or simply people in N's company. Associative plurals are thus referentially heterogenous, and they contrast with additive plurals, which are referentially homogeneous: While N + additive plural means 'several people of type N', N + associative plural has the meaning 'several people who are associated with N, including N'.",michaelissusannemaria haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal categories,bd138d61a230d78b0741cbddf5fb4132 -240,ⁿf - prenasalized voiceless labiodental fricative,,,,segment,A8DF5DEC65F0B364A2F94B522E976B58,ɱf,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -241,mv - prenasalized voiced labiodental fricative,,,,segment,78ECCEC98B7CCA643E9C420750F7D4B1,ɱv,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -242,ⁿs - prenasalized voiceless dental/alveolar sibilant fricative,,,,segment,6DDDC3022EB17BD848620F246D867FD1,ns,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -243,ⁿz - prenasalized voiced dental/alveolar sibilant fricative,,,,segment,B6A183CD49975B9F63B7F4EA8CE885F6,nz,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -244,ⁿʒ - prenasalized voiced palato-alveolar fricative,,,,segment,FE6A58B9950260BB1AAF84C38DFA86DE,n̠ʒ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -245,ŋx - prenasalized voiceless velar fricative,,,,segment,,,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -246,mw - prenasalized voiced labial-velar glide,,,,segment,6E7E5112EA50273566906EBBFD1997B2,mw,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -247,ʰp - voiceless preaspirated bilabilal plosive,,,,segment,9FED89EEE43DE85C7702215EBDAC51D7,ʰp,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -248,ʰt - voiceless preaspirated dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,7037C2C03FEF7F234269EC33D2741B4A,ʰt,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -249,ʰtʃ - voiceless preaspirated palato-alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,863F89B15D4B4BE3721A1C1A1960A2AE,ʰt̠ʃ,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -25,Nominal plural marker and third-person-plural pronoun,"In quite a few languages, the nominal plural marker is identical to the (independent) 3rd person plural pronoun. This can of course be the case only in languages that have plural words. Identity means that there is only one word for the two functions, differentiation means that there are two words for the two functions, and in overlap, there are two words, whereby one form functions e.g. only as a pronoun and the other as a pronoun as well as a nominal plural marker.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal categories,2f04a2df2d5ee1d8a5d6c279966b64c8 -250,ʰk - voiceless preaspirated velar plosive,,,,segment,F4025DC937C3599D3F8836714D8F0F54,ʰk,false,,,Obstruent consonants, -251,ʰr - pre-breathy voice rhotic,,,,segment,,,false,,,Sonorant consonants, -252,i - high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,F0585BB57111C322D6E7DABB0D01F9EA,i,false,,,Vowels, -253,e - higher mid front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,199408E3D0668F10F475143F0E8CC0CB,e,false,,,Vowels, -254,ɛ - lower mid front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,8A61A9B6039DB852CE150BEC6198AFE5,ɛ,false,,,Vowels, -255,æ - raised low front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,B6D180EA250E6FBDE82C3D1F1BB4A39C,æ,false,,,Vowels, -256,a - low central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,72FB536ACFF408163656BBCDAFCAC6F6,a,false,,,Vowels, -257,u - high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,58EB693AE523323410326D60806B9ADF,u,false,,,Vowels, -258,o - higher mid back rounded vowel,,,,segment,5AC0158A367D59E8C16A876321E578AB,o,false,,,Vowels, -259,ɔ - lower mid back rounded vowel,,,,segment,55C328C4539D138964636333EABA3949,ɔ,false,,,Vowels, -26,Functions of reduplication,"Here we ask what semantic-grammatical functions productive reduplication can have in the language. Reduplication differs from word repetition (”very very very good”, “yes, yes, yes!”, “he worked and worked and worked”) in that it is strictly grammatically determined. Reduplication may be total (e.g. Principense dôsu dôsu ‘two each’) or partial (dô-dôsu); these two cases are not distinguished here. The semantic-grammatical functions of reduplication are grouped into three classes: iconic (intensitiy, iteration, plurality, distributivity), attenuating (i.e. to a reduced degree), and word-class-changing.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal categories,40906b8cc22cefe0313552d483ca9eae -260,ɑ - low back unrounded vowel,,,,segment,F55CF3619FAF770147652F0FDB9F146F,ɑ,false,,,Vowels, -261,y - high front rounded vowel,,,,segment,27E498422242BAF54775C75A8C884CF7,y,false,,,Vowels, -262,ɒ - low back rounded vowel,,,,segment,5745AAC70E7A7B7175204204FFBE639F,ɒ,false,,,Vowels, -263,ɪ - lowered high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,CF50E15F866A7B9698A8F95C5C9B48B2,ɪ,false,,,Vowels, -264,ʏ - lowered high front rounded vowel,,,,segment,E5FFAC40D2833CD8D510BB9907413E4F,ʏ,false,,,Vowels, -265,ø - higher mid front rounded oral vowel,,,,segment,5D97E1AF6BCE612603ABA26C7DDB941F,ø,false,,,Vowels, -266,œ - lower mid front rounded oral vowel,,,,segment,389AD3D35B8C71D1C73ABD769FAF15EB,œ,false,,,Vowels, -267,ɨ - high central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,3A3393BDCDC64FE0B39793147F9DBA7D,ɨ,false,,,Vowels, -268,ə - mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,D9B28B2D674EBA4B03C38B36D77E563E,ə,false,,,Vowels, -269,ɜ - lower mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,E9816BABF98BFDAB39019D860D8C458F,ɜ,false,,,Vowels, -27,Antidual of paired body-part terms,"This feature concerns the expression of the singular of paired body-part terms (eyes, ears, hands, arms, feet, legs etc.). In some languages, the singular of such words often occurs with an overt singular-marking element, e.g. Seychelles Creole en kote lipye **56-65** ‘a leg’, lit. ‘a side of leg’. The normal way to say ‘legs’ is lipye (i.e. no plural marker is used). In other languages, words like ‘grain’ or ‘half’, are used in this way. Such a singular-marking element can be called “antidual” marker (this term is not standard and is used here for the first time).",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal categories,02b186885f789b2d2b499902dcf92dd1 -270,ʌ - lower central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,18DCAF1C4880F45D5B402E7D776A91D0,ʌ,false,,,Vowels, -271,ɐ - near-open central vowel,,,,segment,7D5E23AD8E7FC92894F94CEB664FBE7C,ɐ,false,,,Vowels, -272,ɯ - high back unrounded vowel,,,,segment,A61CD1A0C549D454DFFCEB62F61318E5,ɯ,false,,,Vowels, -273,ʊ - lowered high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,10FD223095BD60FD89BEC828E5FD0A26,ʊ,false,,,Vowels, -274,iː - long high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,D7A90868F42885077FD3F44A8440B3BB,iː,false,,,Vowels, -275,eː - long higher mid front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,6DD56E3A80E90C3B1F5AC7AC45CE8180,eː,false,,,Vowels, -276,ɛː - long lower mid front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,E12BC6D5BBF9272E866810A376DEEF52,ɛː,false,,,Vowels, -277,æː - long raised low front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,CB37024CEAE9409F30FC756C0578E93C,æː,false,,,Vowels, -278,aː - long low central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,2F272C9C5FA2DA70706B565B2DC46DE8,aː,false,,,Vowels, -279,uː - long high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,3A9677F59A8D4980D4DEADD51C55FF1C,uː,false,,,Vowels, + The term possession is used in this context in a broad sense, including of course ownership like the old lady’s dog but also (a) kinship relations and possession of body parts, as in Mary’s mother and Mary’s foot, and (b) the subjective and objective genitive with action nominals, where the possessor would be the subject or object in a sentential paraphrase, e.g. the teacher’s efforts or the pupil’s detention.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,true,86A,1248,Word order,b3dc0ab56d33ff4c6a47b8ec6e2a17fa,{} +20,Pronoun conjunction,"Here we ask how a language treats notional conjunction of singular personal pronoun and full noun phrase, as in 'Mary and I', or 'you and your brother'. Most commonly, languages use a singular pronoun that is overtly conjoined (by an 'and' word) with the full noun phrase. But they may also use an inclusory pronoun which denotes the entire set and that is combined with a subset NP that denotes a proper subset, e.g. ""we # Mary"" means 'we including Mary', i.e. 'Mary and I'. The inclusory pronoun can be simply juxtaposed, or combined with the subset NP by a marker, or or followed by a numeral. Finally, the singular pronoun may be simply juxtaposed with the other conjunct.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal categories,33077f3f771a249545a5afbafc7e3c04,{} +200,xʷ - labialized voiceless velar fricative,,,,segment,CC1E157E56BC1B4B281FF3ACD292F7DF,xʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 84, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""CC1E157E56BC1B4B281FF3ACD292F7DF"", ""segment"": ""x\u02b7""}, ""symbol"": ""x\u02b7"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +201,ɣ - voiced velar fricative,,,,segment,1832D7834F81DD97E33C58D9F70EC5C6,ɣ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 39, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""1832D7834F81DD97E33C58D9F70EC5C6"", ""segment"": ""\u0263""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0263"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +202,χ - voiceless uvular fricative,,,,segment,24934115EB451EB20C91AC9D2AD62537,χ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 40, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""24934115EB451EB20C91AC9D2AD62537"", ""segment"": ""\u03c7""}, ""symbol"": ""\u03c7"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +203,χʷ - labialized voiceless uvular fricative,,,,segment,26770129337E78245F6006266F845267,χʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 200, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""26770129337E78245F6006266F845267"", ""segment"": ""\u03c7\u02b7""}, ""symbol"": ""\u03c7\u02b7"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +204,ʁ - voiced uvular fricative,,,,segment,B8654231A8D23801B38D10EE554ACBD5,ʁ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 118, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""B8654231A8D23801B38D10EE554ACBD5"", ""segment"": ""\u0281""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0281"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +205,h - voiceless glottal fricative,,,,segment,E7FBD92350B3CA8B7B5D77E36A607068,h,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 41, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""E7FBD92350B3CA8B7B5D77E36A607068"", ""segment"": ""h""}, ""symbol"": ""h"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +206,hʷ - labialized voiceless glottal fricative,,,,segment,4E454EFC24409956D610FB858C201318,hʷ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 153, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""4E454EFC24409956D610FB858C201318"", ""segment"": ""h\u02b7""}, ""symbol"": ""h\u02b7"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +207,ħ - voiceless pharyngeal fricative,,,,segment,C699D862DAE3202097065A59720E60BC,ħ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 135, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""C699D862DAE3202097065A59720E60BC"", ""segment"": ""\u0127""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0127"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +208,ʕ - voiced pharyngeal fricative,,,,segment,55F94F929CDB58CDE9BE8333787E3A31,ʕ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 197, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""55F94F929CDB58CDE9BE8333787E3A31"", ""segment"": ""\u0295""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0295"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +209,l - voiced dental/alveolar lateral approximant,,,,segment,03413638BD1DFC7AEF53192FEF71F017,l,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 49, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""03413638BD1DFC7AEF53192FEF71F017"", ""segment"": ""l""}, ""symbol"": ""l"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +21,Indefinite pronouns,"In the feature (based on WALS feature 46, by Martin Haspelmath, we look at the form of indefinite pronouns, i.e. expressions rendering 'something' and 'somebody'. These can be expressed by special pronoun forms such as Papiamentu or Spanish algo 'something', or by interrogative-based forms such as Chinuk Wawa íkta 'what; something', or by generic-noun-based forms such as Guinea-Bissau Kriyol un kusa 'a thing, something', or by old generic-noun-based indefinites that continue the English forms something and somebody (e.g. Kriol jamjing, sambadi) but are no longer synchronically analyzable. Finally, languages may use a special existential construction instead of an indefinite pronoun in argument position ('There is who came' for 'Someone came').",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,46A,326,Nominal categories,89b05d96031d04272b4b79d5e93933f7,{} +210,lː - geminate voiced lateral approximant,,,,segment,02CD835C8B5754AB3DB22940C8405C85,lː,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 202, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""02CD835C8B5754AB3DB22940C8405C85"", ""segment"": ""l\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""l\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +211,lʲ - palatalized voiced lateral approximant,,,,segment,548D8E709B3C8F7FFB5983EA5E033D11,lʲ,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 134, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""548D8E709B3C8F7FFB5983EA5E033D11"", ""segment"": ""l\u02b2""}, ""symbol"": ""l\u02b2"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +212,ɬ - voiceless dental/alveolar lateral fricative,,,,segment,1F0C89A7E99CD5113AA994AD2CC86CBC,ɬ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 85, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""1F0C89A7E99CD5113AA994AD2CC86CBC"", ""segment"": ""\u026c""}, ""symbol"": ""\u026c"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +213,tɬ - voiceless lateral affricate,,,,segment,5685FEAEF0E34B92C6562FDE7687D3DA,tɬ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 205, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""5685FEAEF0E34B92C6562FDE7687D3DA"", ""segment"": ""t\u026c""}, ""symbol"": ""t\u026c"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +214,tɬʼ - voiceless lateral ejective affricate,,,,segment,2DB690B58A1A825334598BDE8BE44D7D,tɬʼ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 210, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""2DB690B58A1A825334598BDE8BE44D7D"", ""segment"": ""t\u026c\u02bc""}, ""symbol"": ""t\u026c\u02bc"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +215,ʎ - voiced palatal lateral approximant,,,,segment,1C7F2960BE4EDD840C01C94930F1D932,ʎ,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 114, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""1C7F2960BE4EDD840C01C94930F1D932"", ""segment"": ""\u028e""}, ""symbol"": ""\u028e"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +216,ɮ - voiced lateral fricative,,,,segment,8AB7F55EAB4F34299B9887A4F4BCF42F,ɮ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 144, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""8AB7F55EAB4F34299B9887A4F4BCF42F"", ""segment"": ""\u026e""}, ""symbol"": ""\u026e"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +217,ɭ - voiced retroflex lateral approximant,,,,segment,512D7E3344FCD21B1EE47971D72DB39A,ɭ,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 50, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""512D7E3344FCD21B1EE47971D72DB39A"", ""segment"": ""\u026d""}, ""symbol"": ""\u026d"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +218,j - voiced palatal glide,,,,segment,ADF56B8E4119266843033E723A149AE2,j,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 51, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""ADF56B8E4119266843033E723A149AE2"", ""segment"": ""j""}, ""symbol"": ""j"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +219,ȷ̃ - nasalized voiced palatal glide,,,,segment,8E5C34586795133BB63747F3E0FE57B9,j̃,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 143, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""8E5C34586795133BB63747F3E0FE57B9"", ""segment"": ""j\u0303""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0237\u0303"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +22,Occurrence of nominal plural markers,"Here we look at the variable occurrence of nominal plural forms (as in WALS feature 34, by Martin Haspelmath). Some languages plurals entirely, but those languages that have plural forms often use them optionally, or under certain conditions (such as animacy and definiteness). Especially human nouns tend to show plural marking when plural marking is not invariant in the language. Languages with the second value have optional plural marking but restrict it to human nouns. Languages with the third value have optional plural marking of all nouns. Finally, some languages are like the European lexifiers in requiring invariant plural marking.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,34A,291,Nominal categories,02fc22369a7c5abb6aa1fdc2eb2127aa,{} +220,ɥ - voiced labiopalatal glide,,,,segment,1D99DEE96BB19529DC9E5ED7FA7BF68B,ɥ,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 121, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""1D99DEE96BB19529DC9E5ED7FA7BF68B"", ""segment"": ""\u0265""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0265"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +221,w - voiced labial-velar glide,,,,segment,501394D0E2658752D9DA624E7DEBE14B,w,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 52, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""501394D0E2658752D9DA624E7DEBE14B"", ""segment"": ""w""}, ""symbol"": ""w"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +222,ʋ - voiced labio-dental approximant,,,,segment,5B8A0392206611F78C6A5ABCF5A4952F,ʋ,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 115, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""5B8A0392206611F78C6A5ABCF5A4952F"", ""segment"": ""\u028b""}, ""symbol"": ""\u028b"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +223,pː - geminate voiceless bilabial plosive,,,,segment,DAA293A200C8597396725116EC9D5654,pː,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 211, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""DAA293A200C8597396725116EC9D5654"", ""segment"": ""p\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""p\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +224,bː - geminate voiced bilabial plosive,,,,segment,97DED3C2CA0EB378AC531C0752A6906F,bː,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 169, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""97DED3C2CA0EB378AC531C0752A6906F"", ""segment"": ""b\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""b\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +225,tː - geminate voiceless dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,2FF610B79450F21F9661BCDB08BDC4BC,tː,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 206, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""2FF610B79450F21F9661BCDB08BDC4BC"", ""segment"": ""t\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""t\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +226,dː - geminate voiced dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,AF55984F7DCE6CC6910C605F97C59E55,dː,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 161, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""AF55984F7DCE6CC6910C605F97C59E55"", ""segment"": ""d\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""d\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +227,kː - geminate voiceless velar plosive,,,,segment,35B6E18B055F7621FA32D24600C7EDC6,kː,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 213, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""35B6E18B055F7621FA32D24600C7EDC6"", ""segment"": ""k\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""k\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +228,gː - geminate voiced velar plosive,,,,segment,A1959D41630316B7022C7F211D6599D9,ɡː,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 183, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""A1959D41630316B7022C7F211D6599D9"", ""segment"": ""\u0261\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""g\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +229,mː - geminate voiced bilabial nasal,,,,segment,30165CD7CBD456AD23965FFF9324A6E9,mː,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 194, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""30165CD7CBD456AD23965FFF9324A6E9"", ""segment"": ""m\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""m\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +23,Expression of nominal plural meaning,"This feature (based on WALS feature 33, by Matthew S. Dryer) considers the way in which the plural is marked if a language has overt plural marking: by a prefix, a suffix, a stem change, a tone or stress change, reduplication, or a plural word, which may precede or follow the noun (or noun phrase). The first value means that the language has no nominal plural marking",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,33A,1066,Nominal categories,282bb4427b20c062569c6b18d5ef0cd3,{} +230,n: - geminate dental/alveolar nasal,,,,segment,0A6EAA5C52B5FA8BF685047F7CE47780,nː,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 107, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""0A6EAA5C52B5FA8BF685047F7CE47780"", ""segment"": ""n\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""n:"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +231,mb - prenasalized voiced bilabial plosive,,,,segment,8DEC1745406483DE6A8030A28A69B646,mb,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 74, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""8DEC1745406483DE6A8030A28A69B646"", ""segment"": ""mb""}, ""symbol"": ""mb"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +232,ⁿd - prenasalized voiced dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,6910328C2AAA6011720FA21FFE1665D8,nd,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 109, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""6910328C2AAA6011720FA21FFE1665D8"", ""segment"": ""nd""}, ""symbol"": ""\u207fd"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +233,ⁿd͡ʒ - prenasalized voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,E8A9FEC9A1B502D54358B0FE53449BE1,n̠d̠ʒ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 132, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""E8A9FEC9A1B502D54358B0FE53449BE1"", ""segment"": ""n\u0320d\u0320\u0292""}, ""symbol"": ""\u207fd\u0361\u0292"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +234,ɲɟ - prenasalized voiced palatal plosive,,,,segment,E849BE91DF350F760A79E17668E93092,ɲɟ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 190, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""E849BE91DF350F760A79E17668E93092"", ""segment"": ""\u0272\u025f""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0272\u025f"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +235,ŋg - prenasalized voiced velar plosive,,,,segment,95A609A900A52E93F9252FD72E8D136F,ŋɡ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 110, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""95A609A900A52E93F9252FD72E8D136F"", ""segment"": ""\u014b\u0261""}, ""symbol"": ""\u014bg"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +236,mp - prenasalized voiceless bilabial plosive,,,,segment,BF12DE184C2966E2D5F83A7F25285B98,mp,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 164, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""BF12DE184C2966E2D5F83A7F25285B98"", ""segment"": ""mp""}, ""symbol"": ""mp"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +237,ⁿt - prenasalized voiceless dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,85724A21B8DBE4FE9B73D6508EFC00D9,nt,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 122, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""85724A21B8DBE4FE9B73D6508EFC00D9"", ""segment"": ""nt""}, ""symbol"": ""\u207ft"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +238,ɲc - prenasalized voiceless palatal plosive,,,,segment,8C70D620A1A2D179E7D9923C5FED605D,ɲc,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 180, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""8C70D620A1A2D179E7D9923C5FED605D"", ""segment"": ""\u0272c""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0272c"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +239,ŋk - prenasalized voiceless velar plosive,,,,segment,E627208937A56F5A8C1A5994DE4D9C8A,ŋk,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 123, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""E627208937A56F5A8C1A5994DE4D9C8A"", ""segment"": ""\u014bk""}, ""symbol"": ""\u014bk"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +24,The associative plural,"An associative plural construction consists of a noun N (typically denoting a human) plus a marker, with the meaning 'N and others associated with N'. The others can be family, friends or simply people in N's company. Associative plurals are thus referentially heterogenous, and they contrast with additive plurals, which are referentially homogeneous: While N + additive plural means 'several people of type N', N + associative plural has the meaning 'several people who are associated with N, including N'.",michaelissusannemaria haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal categories,bd138d61a230d78b0741cbddf5fb4132,{} +240,ⁿf - prenasalized voiceless labiodental fricative,,,,segment,A8DF5DEC65F0B364A2F94B522E976B58,ɱf,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 208, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""A8DF5DEC65F0B364A2F94B522E976B58"", ""segment"": ""\u0271f""}, ""symbol"": ""\u207ff"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +241,mv - prenasalized voiced labiodental fricative,,,,segment,78ECCEC98B7CCA643E9C420750F7D4B1,ɱv,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 186, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""78ECCEC98B7CCA643E9C420750F7D4B1"", ""segment"": ""\u0271v""}, ""symbol"": ""mv"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +242,ⁿs - prenasalized voiceless dental/alveolar sibilant fricative,,,,segment,6DDDC3022EB17BD848620F246D867FD1,ns,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": null, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 156, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""6DDDC3022EB17BD848620F246D867FD1"", ""segment"": ""ns""}, ""symbol"": ""\u207fs"", ""obstruent"": null, ""consonant"": null}" +243,ⁿz - prenasalized voiced dental/alveolar sibilant fricative,,,,segment,B6A183CD49975B9F63B7F4EA8CE885F6,nz,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 111, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""B6A183CD49975B9F63B7F4EA8CE885F6"", ""segment"": ""nz""}, ""symbol"": ""\u207fz"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +244,ⁿʒ - prenasalized voiced palato-alveolar fricative,,,,segment,FE6A58B9950260BB1AAF84C38DFA86DE,n̠ʒ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 215, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""FE6A58B9950260BB1AAF84C38DFA86DE"", ""segment"": ""n\u0320\u0292""}, ""symbol"": ""\u207f\u0292"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": false}" +245,ŋx - prenasalized voiceless velar fricative,,,,segment,,,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 198, ""symbol"": ""\u014bx"", ""consonant"": true, ""obstruent"": true}" +246,mw - prenasalized voiced labial-velar glide,,,,segment,6E7E5112EA50273566906EBBFD1997B2,mw,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 173, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""6E7E5112EA50273566906EBBFD1997B2"", ""segment"": ""mw""}, ""symbol"": ""mw"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": true}" +247,ʰp - voiceless preaspirated bilabilal plosive,,,,segment,9FED89EEE43DE85C7702215EBDAC51D7,ʰp,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 138, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""9FED89EEE43DE85C7702215EBDAC51D7"", ""segment"": ""\u02b0p""}, ""symbol"": ""\u02b0p"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +248,ʰt - voiceless preaspirated dental/alveolar plosive,,,,segment,7037C2C03FEF7F234269EC33D2741B4A,ʰt,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 165, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""7037C2C03FEF7F234269EC33D2741B4A"", ""segment"": ""\u02b0t""}, ""symbol"": ""\u02b0t"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +249,ʰtʃ - voiceless preaspirated palato-alveolar sibilant affricate,,,,segment,863F89B15D4B4BE3721A1C1A1960A2AE,ʰt̠ʃ,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 178, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""863F89B15D4B4BE3721A1C1A1960A2AE"", ""segment"": ""\u02b0t\u0320\u0283""}, ""symbol"": ""\u02b0t\u0283"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +25,Nominal plural marker and third-person-plural pronoun,"In quite a few languages, the nominal plural marker is identical to the (independent) 3rd person plural pronoun. This can of course be the case only in languages that have plural words. Identity means that there is only one word for the two functions, differentiation means that there are two words for the two functions, and in overlap, there are two words, whereby one form functions e.g. only as a pronoun and the other as a pronoun as well as a nominal plural marker.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal categories,2f04a2df2d5ee1d8a5d6c279966b64c8,{} +250,ʰk - voiceless preaspirated velar plosive,,,,segment,F4025DC937C3599D3F8836714D8F0F54,ʰk,false,,,Obstruent consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 155, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""F4025DC937C3599D3F8836714D8F0F54"", ""segment"": ""\u02b0k""}, ""symbol"": ""\u02b0k"", ""obstruent"": true, ""consonant"": true}" +251,ʰr - pre-breathy voice rhotic,,,,segment,,,false,,,Sonorant consonants,,"{""vowel"": false, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 152, ""symbol"": ""\u02b0r"", ""consonant"": true, ""obstruent"": false}" +252,i - high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,F0585BB57111C322D6E7DABB0D01F9EA,i,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 53, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""F0585BB57111C322D6E7DABB0D01F9EA"", ""segment"": ""i""}, ""symbol"": ""i"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +253,e - higher mid front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,199408E3D0668F10F475143F0E8CC0CB,e,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 57, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""199408E3D0668F10F475143F0E8CC0CB"", ""segment"": ""e""}, ""symbol"": ""e"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +254,ɛ - lower mid front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,8A61A9B6039DB852CE150BEC6198AFE5,ɛ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 59, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""8A61A9B6039DB852CE150BEC6198AFE5"", ""segment"": ""\u025b""}, ""symbol"": ""\u025b"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +255,æ - raised low front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,B6D180EA250E6FBDE82C3D1F1BB4A39C,æ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 61, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""B6D180EA250E6FBDE82C3D1F1BB4A39C"", ""segment"": ""\u00e6""}, ""symbol"": ""\u00e6"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +256,a - low central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,72FB536ACFF408163656BBCDAFCAC6F6,a,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 64, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""72FB536ACFF408163656BBCDAFCAC6F6"", ""segment"": ""a""}, ""symbol"": ""a"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +257,u - high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,58EB693AE523323410326D60806B9ADF,u,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 67, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""58EB693AE523323410326D60806B9ADF"", ""segment"": ""u""}, ""symbol"": ""u"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +258,o - higher mid back rounded vowel,,,,segment,5AC0158A367D59E8C16A876321E578AB,o,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 70, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""5AC0158A367D59E8C16A876321E578AB"", ""segment"": ""o""}, ""symbol"": ""o"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +259,ɔ - lower mid back rounded vowel,,,,segment,55C328C4539D138964636333EABA3949,ɔ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 72, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""55C328C4539D138964636333EABA3949"", ""segment"": ""\u0254""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0254"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +26,Functions of reduplication,"Here we ask what semantic-grammatical functions productive reduplication can have in the language. Reduplication differs from word repetition (”very very very good”, “yes, yes, yes!”, “he worked and worked and worked”) in that it is strictly grammatically determined. Reduplication may be total (e.g. Principense dôsu dôsu ‘two each’) or partial (dô-dôsu); these two cases are not distinguished here. The semantic-grammatical functions of reduplication are grouped into three classes: iconic (intensitiy, iteration, plurality, distributivity), attenuating (i.e. to a reduced degree), and word-class-changing.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal categories,40906b8cc22cefe0313552d483ca9eae,{} +260,ɑ - low back unrounded vowel,,,,segment,F55CF3619FAF770147652F0FDB9F146F,ɑ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 73, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""F55CF3619FAF770147652F0FDB9F146F"", ""segment"": ""\u0251""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0251"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +261,y - high front rounded vowel,,,,segment,27E498422242BAF54775C75A8C884CF7,y,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 55, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""27E498422242BAF54775C75A8C884CF7"", ""segment"": ""y""}, ""symbol"": ""y"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +262,ɒ - low back rounded vowel,,,,segment,5745AAC70E7A7B7175204204FFBE639F,ɒ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 147, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""5745AAC70E7A7B7175204204FFBE639F"", ""segment"": ""\u0252""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0252"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +263,ɪ - lowered high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,CF50E15F866A7B9698A8F95C5C9B48B2,ɪ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 56, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""CF50E15F866A7B9698A8F95C5C9B48B2"", ""segment"": ""\u026a""}, ""symbol"": ""\u026a"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +264,ʏ - lowered high front rounded vowel,,,,segment,E5FFAC40D2833CD8D510BB9907413E4F,ʏ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 130, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""E5FFAC40D2833CD8D510BB9907413E4F"", ""segment"": ""\u028f""}, ""symbol"": ""\u028f"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +265,ø - higher mid front rounded oral vowel,,,,segment,5D97E1AF6BCE612603ABA26C7DDB941F,ø,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 112, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""5D97E1AF6BCE612603ABA26C7DDB941F"", ""segment"": ""\u00f8""}, ""symbol"": ""\u00f8"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +266,œ - lower mid front rounded oral vowel,,,,segment,389AD3D35B8C71D1C73ABD769FAF15EB,œ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 113, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""389AD3D35B8C71D1C73ABD769FAF15EB"", ""segment"": ""\u0153""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0153"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +267,ɨ - high central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,3A3393BDCDC64FE0B39793147F9DBA7D,ɨ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 62, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""3A3393BDCDC64FE0B39793147F9DBA7D"", ""segment"": ""\u0268""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0268"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +268,ə - mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,D9B28B2D674EBA4B03C38B36D77E563E,ə,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 63, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""D9B28B2D674EBA4B03C38B36D77E563E"", ""segment"": ""\u0259""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0259"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +269,ɜ - lower mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,E9816BABF98BFDAB39019D860D8C458F,ɜ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 154, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""E9816BABF98BFDAB39019D860D8C458F"", ""segment"": ""\u025c""}, ""symbol"": ""\u025c"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +27,Antidual of paired body-part terms,"This feature concerns the expression of the singular of paired body-part terms (eyes, ears, hands, arms, feet, legs etc.). In some languages, the singular of such words often occurs with an overt singular-marking element, e.g. Seychelles Creole en kote lipye **56-65** ‘a leg’, lit. ‘a side of leg’. The normal way to say ‘legs’ is lipye (i.e. no plural marker is used). In other languages, words like ‘grain’ or ‘half’, are used in this way. Such a singular-marking element can be called “antidual” marker (this term is not standard and is used here for the first time).",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal categories,02b186885f789b2d2b499902dcf92dd1,{} +270,ʌ - lower central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,18DCAF1C4880F45D5B402E7D776A91D0,ʌ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 126, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""18DCAF1C4880F45D5B402E7D776A91D0"", ""segment"": ""\u028c""}, ""symbol"": ""\u028c"", ""obstruent"": null, ""consonant"": null}" +271,ɐ - near-open central vowel,,,,segment,7D5E23AD8E7FC92894F94CEB664FBE7C,ɐ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 116, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""7D5E23AD8E7FC92894F94CEB664FBE7C"", ""segment"": ""\u0250""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0250"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +272,ɯ - high back unrounded vowel,,,,segment,A61CD1A0C549D454DFFCEB62F61318E5,ɯ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 66, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""A61CD1A0C549D454DFFCEB62F61318E5"", ""segment"": ""\u026f""}, ""symbol"": ""\u026f"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +273,ʊ - lowered high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,10FD223095BD60FD89BEC828E5FD0A26,ʊ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 69, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""10FD223095BD60FD89BEC828E5FD0A26"", ""segment"": ""\u028a""}, ""symbol"": ""\u028a"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +274,iː - long high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,D7A90868F42885077FD3F44A8440B3BB,iː,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 87, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""D7A90868F42885077FD3F44A8440B3BB"", ""segment"": ""i\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""i\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +275,eː - long higher mid front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,6DD56E3A80E90C3B1F5AC7AC45CE8180,eː,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 89, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""6DD56E3A80E90C3B1F5AC7AC45CE8180"", ""segment"": ""e\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""e\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +276,ɛː - long lower mid front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,E12BC6D5BBF9272E866810A376DEEF52,ɛː,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 90, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""E12BC6D5BBF9272E866810A376DEEF52"", ""segment"": ""\u025b\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""\u025b\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +277,æː - long raised low front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,CB37024CEAE9409F30FC756C0578E93C,æː,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 91, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""CB37024CEAE9409F30FC756C0578E93C"", ""segment"": ""\u00e6\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""\u00e6\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +278,aː - long low central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,2F272C9C5FA2DA70706B565B2DC46DE8,aː,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 92, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""2F272C9C5FA2DA70706B565B2DC46DE8"", ""segment"": ""a\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""a\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +279,uː - long high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,3A9677F59A8D4980D4DEADD51C55FF1C,uː,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 93, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""3A9677F59A8D4980D4DEADD51C55FF1C"", ""segment"": ""u\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""u\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" 28,Definite articles,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 37, by Matthew S. Dryer), we look at definite articles, i.e. elements which accompany nouns and which code definiteness, like the in English. Definite articles need not be obligatory. Definite NPs are NPs whose referent can be uniquely identified by the hearer, as in anaphoric situations, to refer back to something mentioned in the preceding discourse (e.g. I bought a new bicycle... My husband likes the bicycle), or in associative contexts, to refer to something that is not mentioned in the preceding discourse but that is identifiable because of an associative relationship (e.g. I bought a new bicycle. The saddle is very comfortable). -A demonstrative is a word that can be used with a pointing gesture. Demonstratives are often diachronically extended to definite articles, so quite a few languages have words that can be used both to express definiteness (even in associative contexts) and as demonstratives. This feature also notes the existence of indefinite articles for languages lacking definite articles.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,37A,620,Nominal categories,6425040c8d28677ebade63c229314ef5 -280,oː - long higher mid back rounded vowel,,,,segment,08F6CE9332919F91E699096D433AC8BB,oː,false,,,Vowels, -281,ɔː - long lower mid back rounded vowel,,,,segment,7D4AEC4169D5DB682621A0F86C706FC9,ɔː,false,,,Vowels, -282,ɑː - long low back unrounded vowel,,,,segment,88AC5CE19511786367C819D16739C6E1,ɑː,false,,,Vowels, -283,əː - long mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,ED921AC9F6C2ABBAC1602F39891DADCF,əː,false,,,Vowels, -284,yː - long high front rounded vowel,,,,segment,218729C2F787B39322EDB9220D365A1F,yː,false,,,Vowels, -285,ĩ - nasalized high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,A9F45477DAC8AB8BB14C84275ED3690F,ĩ,false,,,Vowels, -286,ẽ - nasalized higher mid front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,1507B68E1E3108371C1F882C40902AA5,ẽ,false,,,Vowels, -287,ɛ̃ - nasalized lower mid front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,0893FE8A6560A9B5DFA0A58647DB558E,ɛ̃,false,,,Vowels, -288,ã - nasalized low central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,8E32B519FFFA1D3336C36200F8060969,ã,false,,,Vowels, -289,ũ - nasalized high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,1520751621DE93DB6E03975E1867106A,ũ,false,,,Vowels, +A demonstrative is a word that can be used with a pointing gesture. Demonstratives are often diachronically extended to definite articles, so quite a few languages have words that can be used both to express definiteness (even in associative contexts) and as demonstratives. This feature also notes the existence of indefinite articles for languages lacking definite articles.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,37A,620,Nominal categories,6425040c8d28677ebade63c229314ef5,{} +280,oː - long higher mid back rounded vowel,,,,segment,08F6CE9332919F91E699096D433AC8BB,oː,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 94, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""08F6CE9332919F91E699096D433AC8BB"", ""segment"": ""o\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""o\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +281,ɔː - long lower mid back rounded vowel,,,,segment,7D4AEC4169D5DB682621A0F86C706FC9,ɔː,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 95, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""7D4AEC4169D5DB682621A0F86C706FC9"", ""segment"": ""\u0254\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0254\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +282,ɑː - long low back unrounded vowel,,,,segment,88AC5CE19511786367C819D16739C6E1,ɑː,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 96, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""88AC5CE19511786367C819D16739C6E1"", ""segment"": ""\u0251\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0251\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +283,əː - long mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,ED921AC9F6C2ABBAC1602F39891DADCF,əː,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 150, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""ED921AC9F6C2ABBAC1602F39891DADCF"", ""segment"": ""\u0259\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0259\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +284,yː - long high front rounded vowel,,,,segment,218729C2F787B39322EDB9220D365A1F,yː,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 88, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""218729C2F787B39322EDB9220D365A1F"", ""segment"": ""y\u02d0""}, ""symbol"": ""y\u02d0"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +285,ĩ - nasalized high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,A9F45477DAC8AB8BB14C84275ED3690F,ĩ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 54, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""A9F45477DAC8AB8BB14C84275ED3690F"", ""segment"": ""i\u0303""}, ""symbol"": ""i\u0303"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +286,ẽ - nasalized higher mid front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,1507B68E1E3108371C1F882C40902AA5,ẽ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 58, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""1507B68E1E3108371C1F882C40902AA5"", ""segment"": ""e\u0303""}, ""symbol"": ""e\u0303"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +287,ɛ̃ - nasalized lower mid front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,0893FE8A6560A9B5DFA0A58647DB558E,ɛ̃,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 60, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""0893FE8A6560A9B5DFA0A58647DB558E"", ""segment"": ""\u025b\u0303""}, ""symbol"": ""\u025b\u0303"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +288,ã - nasalized low central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,8E32B519FFFA1D3336C36200F8060969,ã,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 65, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""8E32B519FFFA1D3336C36200F8060969"", ""segment"": ""a\u0303""}, ""symbol"": ""a\u0303"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +289,ũ - nasalized high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,1520751621DE93DB6E03975E1867106A,ũ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 68, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""1520751621DE93DB6E03975E1867106A"", ""segment"": ""u\u0303""}, ""symbol"": ""u\u0303"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" 29,Indefinite articles,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 38, by Matthew S. Dryer), we look at indefinite articles, elements that frequently occur in noun phrases and signal that the referent is not identifiable by the hearer, as in We have a dog. Indefinite articles typically originate in the numeral ‘one’, and as a result they are very often restricted to count nouns and to singular nouns. Indefinite articles are often synchronically identical to the numeral 'one' (e.g. French un). When a form identical to the numeral 'one' is used often where English would use its indefinite article (in particular in contexts where emphasizing the cardinality would be pointless), this is regarded as an indefinite article. -If a language has several forms of the indefinite article, and at least one of them is distinct from the numeral, the first value is chosen, even if the segmental difference is small. However, if the only difference is stress, the language has the second value.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,38A,534,Nominal categories,20b38ffc8b2d0b87246e40f338a0d412 -290,õ - nasalized higher mid back rounded vowel,,,,segment,DF648A2DB863191981CA66654BFF6BF4,õ,false,,,Vowels, -291,ɔ̃ - nasalized lower mid back rounded vowel,,,,segment,E8929F8B062DC2469EEDA96A98BD8D3A,ɔ̃,false,,,Vowels, -292,ɑ̃ - nasalized low back unrounded vowel,,,,segment,55FDF5C7AED74ADA223A64EC6859373F,ɑ̃,false,,,Vowels, -293,ə̃ - nasalized mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,1709B3BEA8703B449759CCDB8CB0DE22,ə̃,false,,,Vowels, -294,œ̃ - nasalized lower mid front rounded vowel,,,,segment,06AD3EFFCE1EA6B31D8D6D91B820E116,œ̃,false,,,Vowels, -295,ai - diphthong falling from low central unrounded vowel to high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,5E12425DA8E8C8FD24F187BE6A56D20F,ai,false,,,Vowels, -296,ei - diphthong falling from higher mid front unrounded vowel to high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,3649FB0AF894ECF74399C9B5AE4EFB3A,ei,false,,,Vowels, -297,oi - diphthong falling from higher mid back rounded vowel to high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,F9AF7F69BAF784734B0A933BC629BCCA,oi,false,,,Vowels, -298,ɔi - diphthong falling from lower mid back rounded vowel to high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,5CB65BAFE5AF67F18E1AA6A8DE42F618,ɔi,false,,,Vowels, -299,ui - diphthong going from high back rounded vowel to high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,BE3730A853FBA861E9A26303281AD485,ui,false,,,Vowels, +If a language has several forms of the indefinite article, and at least one of them is distinct from the numeral, the first value is chosen, even if the segmental difference is small. However, if the only difference is stress, the language has the second value.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,38A,534,Nominal categories,20b38ffc8b2d0b87246e40f338a0d412,{} +290,õ - nasalized higher mid back rounded vowel,,,,segment,DF648A2DB863191981CA66654BFF6BF4,õ,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 71, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""DF648A2DB863191981CA66654BFF6BF4"", ""segment"": ""o\u0303""}, ""symbol"": ""o\u0303"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +291,ɔ̃ - nasalized lower mid back rounded vowel,,,,segment,E8929F8B062DC2469EEDA96A98BD8D3A,ɔ̃,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": true, ""number"": 86, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""E8929F8B062DC2469EEDA96A98BD8D3A"", ""segment"": ""\u0254\u0303""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0254\u0303"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +292,ɑ̃ - nasalized low back unrounded vowel,,,,segment,55FDF5C7AED74ADA223A64EC6859373F,ɑ̃,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 214, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""55FDF5C7AED74ADA223A64EC6859373F"", ""segment"": ""\u0251\u0303""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0251\u0303"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +293,ə̃ - nasalized mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,1709B3BEA8703B449759CCDB8CB0DE22,ə̃,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 141, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""1709B3BEA8703B449759CCDB8CB0DE22"", ""segment"": ""\u0259\u0303""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0259\u0303"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +294,œ̃ - nasalized lower mid front rounded vowel,,,,segment,06AD3EFFCE1EA6B31D8D6D91B820E116,œ̃,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 120, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""06AD3EFFCE1EA6B31D8D6D91B820E116"", ""segment"": ""\u0153\u0303""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0153\u0303"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +295,ai - diphthong falling from low central unrounded vowel to high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,5E12425DA8E8C8FD24F187BE6A56D20F,ai,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 129, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""5E12425DA8E8C8FD24F187BE6A56D20F"", ""segment"": ""ai""}, ""symbol"": ""ai"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +296,ei - diphthong falling from higher mid front unrounded vowel to high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,3649FB0AF894ECF74399C9B5AE4EFB3A,ei,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 162, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""3649FB0AF894ECF74399C9B5AE4EFB3A"", ""segment"": ""ei""}, ""symbol"": ""ei"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +297,oi - diphthong falling from higher mid back rounded vowel to high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,F9AF7F69BAF784734B0A933BC629BCCA,oi,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 171, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""F9AF7F69BAF784734B0A933BC629BCCA"", ""segment"": ""oi""}, ""symbol"": ""oi"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +298,ɔi - diphthong falling from lower mid back rounded vowel to high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,5CB65BAFE5AF67F18E1AA6A8DE42F618,ɔi,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 203, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""5CB65BAFE5AF67F18E1AA6A8DE42F618"", ""segment"": ""\u0254i""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0254i"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +299,ui - diphthong going from high back rounded vowel to high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,BE3730A853FBA861E9A26303281AD485,ui,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 196, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""BE3730A853FBA861E9A26303281AD485"", ""segment"": ""ui""}, ""symbol"": ""ui"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" 3,Order of adjective and noun,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 87, by Matthew S. Dryer) we consider the two possible orders of attributive (or modifying) adjective and noun: adjective-noun, with the adjective preceding the noun, as in English stupid question, and noun-adjective, with the adjective following the noun, as in French la maison rouge [the house red] 'the red house'. The feature is not concerned with predicative adjectives (in clauses where the noun is the subject and the adjective is the predicate), as in English The man is stupid. -The term adjective is used here in a semantic sense, as a word with a lexical meaning such as 'hot', 'old', or 'blue'. We thus disregard demonstratives, numerals, or words meaning 'other'. In languages like French, or English, adjectives belong to a distinct class of words, while in other languages they are a subclass of nouns or verbs. We treat a word as an adjective as long as it denotes a property or quality, irrespective of its word class in the language.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,true,87A,1366,Word order,da1138fb05027015c5176b6967617b8d -30,Generic noun phrases in subject function,"Here we consider the expression of generic noun phrases in subject position. Only sentences where both the subject and the situation to which the verb refers are generic are considered; sentences where only the subject, but not the verb phrase, is generic are disregarded. In many creole languages, noun phrases in generic sentences occur without any article, as in Bahamian Creole When cockroach give dance, he don’t ask fowl.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal categories,35c5e80e958d443f8034074609bb607b -300,ǝi - diphthong falling from mid central unrounded vowel to high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,20FC839FE1D89514B132E8CEFDE8C8E8,əi,false,,,Vowels, -301,au - diphthong falling from low central unrounded vowel to to high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,25061B1A6BE5A4214D5C675C56B92574,au,false,,,Vowels, -302,ɔu - diphthong falling from lower mid back rounded vowel to high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,2F5AF75D2EEF66E3D102C24ECE9D7EF6,ɔu,false,,,Vowels, -303,ou - diphthong falling from higher mid back rounded vowel to high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,BD43B88339559C4112037A751DD12AD5,ou,false,,,Vowels, -304,œy - diphthong falling from lower mid front rounded vowel to high front rounded vowel,,,,segment,9300F7C9F65BC87BF5A751D649FF5951,œy,false,,,Vowels, -305,ɛə - diphthong with lower mid front unrounded vowel and nonsyllabic mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,B0C1D216DB9B516FE4132BCA592DDAC3,ɛə,false,,,Vowels, -306,iə - diphthong with high front unrounded vowel and nonsyllabic mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,B17EC46468FB57F4D6758BFC0073C14D,iə,false,,,Vowels, -307,uə - diphthong with high back rounded vowel and nonsyllabic mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,4AC20DDBE7F50AB0A361E2FE58A1C3B4,uə,false,,,Vowels, -308,Lexifier language,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -309,Proportion of native speakers,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -31,Co-occurrence of demonstrative and definite article,"This feature asks whether noun phrases with adnominal demonstratives (e.g. ‘this book’, ‘that house’) also contain a definite article. Noun phrases with an adnominal demonstrative are necessarily definite, so the definite article is redundant. Thus, some languages with an otherwise obligatory definite article (e.g. English) do not allow the article to occur when a demonstrative is present (*this the book), but others allow or require the definite article to co-occur with the demonstrative (e.g. Haitian Creole kandida sa a [candidate this the] ‘this candidate’). If a language allows both co-occurrence and non-co-occurrence with different demonstrative constructions, it has several different values.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal categories,8b1d185fa131b9a1d057b0dd2096dc19 -310,Ongoing creolization of pidgins,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -311,Increasing use,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -312,Language abandonment,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -313,Size of speaker community,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -314,Gender-related use,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -315,Domains of use: radio and TV news,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -316,Domains of use: radio and TV call-ins/discussions,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -317,Domains of use: music,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -318,Domains of use: literature,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -319,Domains of use: newspaper editorials,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -32,Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives,"This feature (based on WALS feature 42, by Holger Diessel) asks whether pronominal and adnominal demonstratives have the same form. Pronominal demonstratives (like English this one, French celui-ci) replace a noun or noun phrase, and adnominal demonstratives (lik English this, French ce .. -ci) determine a noun.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,42A,201,Nominal categories,958735f2eb05de34cb80d856f57e65b1 -320,Domains of use: other newspaper items,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -321,Domains of use: public contexts,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -322,Domains of use: court,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -323,Domains of use: parliament,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -324,Domains of use: school,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -325,Domains of use: electronic media,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -326,Contact with other languages,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -327,Geographic variation: phonology,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -328,Geographic variation: morphosyntax,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -329,Geographic variation: lexicon,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -33,Distance contrasts in demonstratives,"This feature (based on WALS feature 41, by Holger Diessel) is about distance contrasts expressed by demonstratives, i.e. deictic expressions such as English this and that. Demonstratives indicate the relative distance of a referent in the speech situation vis-à-vis the deictic center (origo), roughly equivalent to the speaker’s location. When this and that are used contrastively, this denotes a referent in relative proximity to the deictic center and that denotes a referent at a greater distance, as in English This is my pen and that one is yours. Some languages have further distance contrasts.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,41A,234,Nominal categories,20e94d4032311652628c3d497dc22e3f -330,Urban/rural variation: phonology,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -331,Urban/rural variation: morphosyntax,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -332,Urban/rural variation: lexicon,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -333,Social variation: phonology,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -334,Social variation: morphosyntax,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -335,Social variation: lexicon,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic, -34,Adnominal distributive numerals,"This feature (closely related to WALS feature 54, by David Gil) considers adnominal distributive numerals. Distributive numerals are special numerals that express distributive relations as in German Die Männer trugen je drei Koffer. ‘The men carried three suitcases each.’ English lacks distributive numerals, because in a sentence like They carried three suitcases each, the numeral does not form a continuous constituent with the distributive word each, i.e. three...each does not qualify as a numeral. In the APiCS languages, they are often marked by reduplication, e.g. Principense dôsu dôsu 'two each'.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,54A,251,Nominal categories,7d316d1533c8bd3d5251ac31fb52ad9f +The term adjective is used here in a semantic sense, as a word with a lexical meaning such as 'hot', 'old', or 'blue'. We thus disregard demonstratives, numerals, or words meaning 'other'. In languages like French, or English, adjectives belong to a distinct class of words, while in other languages they are a subclass of nouns or verbs. We treat a word as an adjective as long as it denotes a property or quality, irrespective of its word class in the language.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,true,87A,1366,Word order,da1138fb05027015c5176b6967617b8d,{} +30,Generic noun phrases in subject function,"Here we consider the expression of generic noun phrases in subject position. Only sentences where both the subject and the situation to which the verb refers are generic are considered; sentences where only the subject, but not the verb phrase, is generic are disregarded. In many creole languages, noun phrases in generic sentences occur without any article, as in Bahamian Creole When cockroach give dance, he don’t ask fowl.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal categories,35c5e80e958d443f8034074609bb607b,{} +300,ǝi - diphthong falling from mid central unrounded vowel to high front unrounded vowel,,,,segment,20FC839FE1D89514B132E8CEFDE8C8E8,əi,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 207, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""20FC839FE1D89514B132E8CEFDE8C8E8"", ""segment"": ""\u0259i""}, ""symbol"": ""\u01ddi"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +301,au - diphthong falling from low central unrounded vowel to to high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,25061B1A6BE5A4214D5C675C56B92574,au,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 195, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""25061B1A6BE5A4214D5C675C56B92574"", ""segment"": ""au""}, ""symbol"": ""au"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +302,ɔu - diphthong falling from lower mid back rounded vowel to high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,2F5AF75D2EEF66E3D102C24ECE9D7EF6,ɔu,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 172, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""2F5AF75D2EEF66E3D102C24ECE9D7EF6"", ""segment"": ""\u0254u""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0254u"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +303,ou - diphthong falling from higher mid back rounded vowel to high back rounded vowel,,,,segment,BD43B88339559C4112037A751DD12AD5,ou,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 170, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""BD43B88339559C4112037A751DD12AD5"", ""segment"": ""ou""}, ""symbol"": ""ou"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +304,œy - diphthong falling from lower mid front rounded vowel to high front rounded vowel,,,,segment,9300F7C9F65BC87BF5A751D649FF5951,œy,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 185, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""9300F7C9F65BC87BF5A751D649FF5951"", ""segment"": ""\u0153y""}, ""symbol"": ""\u0153y"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +305,ɛə - diphthong with lower mid front unrounded vowel and nonsyllabic mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,B0C1D216DB9B516FE4132BCA592DDAC3,ɛə,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 188, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""B0C1D216DB9B516FE4132BCA592DDAC3"", ""segment"": ""\u025b\u0259""}, ""symbol"": ""\u025b\u0259"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +306,iə - diphthong with high front unrounded vowel and nonsyllabic mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,B17EC46468FB57F4D6758BFC0073C14D,iə,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 177, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""B17EC46468FB57F4D6758BFC0073C14D"", ""segment"": ""i\u0259""}, ""symbol"": ""i\u0259"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +307,uə - diphthong with high back rounded vowel and nonsyllabic mid central unrounded vowel,,,,segment,4AC20DDBE7F50AB0A361E2FE58A1C3B4,uə,false,,,Vowels,,"{""vowel"": true, ""core_list"": false, ""number"": 212, ""phoible"": {""id"": ""4AC20DDBE7F50AB0A361E2FE58A1C3B4"", ""segment"": ""u\u0259""}, ""symbol"": ""u\u0259"", ""obstruent"": false, ""consonant"": false}" +308,Lexifier language,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +309,Proportion of native speakers,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +31,Co-occurrence of demonstrative and definite article,"This feature asks whether noun phrases with adnominal demonstratives (e.g. ‘this book’, ‘that house’) also contain a definite article. Noun phrases with an adnominal demonstrative are necessarily definite, so the definite article is redundant. Thus, some languages with an otherwise obligatory definite article (e.g. English) do not allow the article to occur when a demonstrative is present (*this the book), but others allow or require the definite article to co-occur with the demonstrative (e.g. Haitian Creole kandida sa a [candidate this the] ‘this candidate’). If a language allows both co-occurrence and non-co-occurrence with different demonstrative constructions, it has several different values.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal categories,8b1d185fa131b9a1d057b0dd2096dc19,{} +310,Ongoing creolization of pidgins,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +311,Increasing use,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +312,Language abandonment,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +313,Size of speaker community,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +314,Gender-related use,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +315,Domains of use: radio and TV news,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +316,Domains of use: radio and TV call-ins/discussions,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +317,Domains of use: music,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +318,Domains of use: literature,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +319,Domains of use: newspaper editorials,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +32,Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives,"This feature (based on WALS feature 42, by Holger Diessel) asks whether pronominal and adnominal demonstratives have the same form. Pronominal demonstratives (like English this one, French celui-ci) replace a noun or noun phrase, and adnominal demonstratives (lik English this, French ce .. -ci) determine a noun.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,42A,201,Nominal categories,958735f2eb05de34cb80d856f57e65b1,{} +320,Domains of use: other newspaper items,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +321,Domains of use: public contexts,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +322,Domains of use: court,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +323,Domains of use: parliament,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +324,Domains of use: school,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +325,Domains of use: electronic media,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +326,Contact with other languages,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +327,Geographic variation: phonology,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +328,Geographic variation: morphosyntax,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +329,Geographic variation: lexicon,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +33,Distance contrasts in demonstratives,"This feature (based on WALS feature 41, by Holger Diessel) is about distance contrasts expressed by demonstratives, i.e. deictic expressions such as English this and that. Demonstratives indicate the relative distance of a referent in the speech situation vis-à-vis the deictic center (origo), roughly equivalent to the speaker’s location. When this and that are used contrastively, this denotes a referent in relative proximity to the deictic center and that denotes a referent at a greater distance, as in English This is my pen and that one is yours. Some languages have further distance contrasts.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,41A,234,Nominal categories,20e94d4032311652628c3d497dc22e3f,{} +330,Urban/rural variation: phonology,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +331,Urban/rural variation: morphosyntax,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +332,Urban/rural variation: lexicon,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +333,Social variation: phonology,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +334,Social variation: morphosyntax,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +335,Social variation: lexicon,,,,sociolinguistic,,,false,,,Sociolinguistic,,{} +34,Adnominal distributive numerals,"This feature (closely related to WALS feature 54, by David Gil) considers adnominal distributive numerals. Distributive numerals are special numerals that express distributive relations as in German Die Männer trugen je drei Koffer. ‘The men carried three suitcases each.’ English lacks distributive numerals, because in a sentence like They carried three suitcases each, the numeral does not form a continuous constituent with the distributive word each, i.e. three...each does not qualify as a numeral. In the APiCS languages, they are often marked by reduplication, e.g. Principense dôsu dôsu 'two each'.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,54A,251,Nominal categories,7d316d1533c8bd3d5251ac31fb52ad9f,{} 35,Ordinal numerals,"This feature compares ordinal numerals (’first, second, third ...’) with adnominal cardinal numerals (’one, two, three ...’). There are different ways in which ordinal numerals are formed, especially with regard to ‘first’ and ‘second’, which are often irregular. -Since we are considering only synchrony, words like English third and fifth are not considered derived from three and five, although from a diachronic perspective they are of course derived.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,53A,321,Nominal categories,ac6b6249125808b5e6ed73d58a8f035a -36,Sortal numeral classifiers,"This feature (based on WALS feature 55, by David Gil) is about sortal numeral classifiers, which divide the inventory of count nouns into semantic classes, each of which is associated with a different classifier. An example is Chinese Pidgin English two piecee coolie 'two coolies'.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,55A,400,Nominal categories,4e4758585a4cb5a54df2cf6f50641603 +Since we are considering only synchrony, words like English third and fifth are not considered derived from three and five, although from a diachronic perspective they are of course derived.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,53A,321,Nominal categories,ac6b6249125808b5e6ed73d58a8f035a,{} +36,Sortal numeral classifiers,"This feature (based on WALS feature 55, by David Gil) is about sortal numeral classifiers, which divide the inventory of count nouns into semantic classes, each of which is associated with a different classifier. An example is Chinese Pidgin English two piecee coolie 'two coolies'.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,55A,400,Nominal categories,4e4758585a4cb5a54df2cf6f50641603,{} 37,Marking of pronominal possessors,"This feature concerns the expression of adnominal possession when the possessor is a (non-focused, non-contrastive) personal pronoun (e.g. ‘my book’, ‘her mother’, ‘your hair’). Possessive relations are defined as comprising ownership, body-part relations and kinship relations (and of course normally other abstract relations as well, but these three are criterial.) - Personal pronouns expressing possessors may be separate words (preceding or following the possessum), or affixes (prefixes or suffixes) on the possessum). Another possibility is that pronominal possessors are linked to the possessum by an adposition, with the adpositional phrase preceding or following the possessum.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal syntax,9355df16eaf2d7af41c26c638192843e + Personal pronouns expressing possessors may be separate words (preceding or following the possessum), or affixes (prefixes or suffixes) on the possessum). Another possibility is that pronominal possessors are linked to the possessum by an adposition, with the adpositional phrase preceding or following the possessum.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal syntax,9355df16eaf2d7af41c26c638192843e,{} 38,Marking of possessor noun phrases,"In this feature (closely related to WALS feature 24, by Johanna Nichols and Balthasar Bickel), the question is how the possessor noun phrase is marked in an adnominal possessive construction (’the man’s house’, ‘the bird’s wing’, ‘the roof of my house’). Possession is defined broadly as comprising ownership, part-whole relations and kinship relations (and of course normally other abstract relations as well, but these three are criterial.) -Often pronominal possessors are treated differently from full noun phrases. Here we only look at (non-pronominal) full noun phrases. (For pronominal possessors, see Feature 37.) Note that we ignore word order here. (For word order, see Feature 2.)",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,24A,236,Nominal syntax,f58f8eae88d7bd8e5e32f698f7640414 -39,Independent pronominal possessors,"Here we ask how a possessor is expressed when it occurs independently, i.e. when the possessum noun is not present because it can be inferred from the context, e.g.Whose book is this? Mine (elliptical answer), or This book is yours (predicative use), or Your book is cheaper than hers (anaphoric use). We are in particular interested in the relation of the independent pronominal possessor to the dependent pronominal possessor (as in my book, your book, her book).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal syntax,b09089e4b181414f03e6b3d2beff23e2 -4,Order of adposition and noun phrase,"For this feature (based on WALS feature 85, by Matthew S. Dryer), an adposition is defined as a separate free word that stands before, inside or after a noun phrase and establishes a grammatical or semantic relationship between the noun phrase and a verb in the same clause. Three types of adpositions occur in our languages: prepositions stand before, postpositions after, circumpositions both before and after a noun phrase. Since our criterion is that an adposition indicates some kind of relationship between a noun phrase and a verb, as in speak of the devil, attributive possessive constructions like the tail of the dog are disregarded here because they only establish a relationship between the nouns tail and dog, but not between either of them and a verb. Note that we also disregard case affixes on nouns, which in some languages have functions that are similar to adpositions in European languages. On the other hand, cliticized relation markers, which are phonologically integrated into the noun but whose position depends on syntax do count as adpositions for the purposes of this feature.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,true,85A,1185,Word order,52fa7df9a643b33cd387985bea631a19 -40,Gender agreement of adnominal adjectives,"Gender may be subdivided into two types: sex-based distinctions vs. grammatical gender. Sex-based distinctions are probably found in all languages of the world; in Papiamentu (Caribbean, Ibero-Romance-based), for example, there is a contrast between mama ‘mother’ and tata ‘father’. This contrast, however, is a matter of lexical semantics. By contrast, grammatical gender requires syntactic evidence, called agreement. Agreement may be exhibited, for example, by verbs, adjectives, determiners, or numerals. An example of a language displaying agreement is French, as in un grand clocher ‘a (m.) big (m.) church steeple’ vs. une grande table ‘a (f.) big (f.) table’. In these examples, both the indefinite article and the adjective agree with their noun in gender.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal syntax,4d6c246284bf695f89b2f69e41c77a5a +Often pronominal possessors are treated differently from full noun phrases. Here we only look at (non-pronominal) full noun phrases. (For pronominal possessors, see Feature 37.) Note that we ignore word order here. (For word order, see Feature 2.)",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,24A,236,Nominal syntax,f58f8eae88d7bd8e5e32f698f7640414,{} +39,Independent pronominal possessors,"Here we ask how a possessor is expressed when it occurs independently, i.e. when the possessum noun is not present because it can be inferred from the context, e.g.Whose book is this? Mine (elliptical answer), or This book is yours (predicative use), or Your book is cheaper than hers (anaphoric use). We are in particular interested in the relation of the independent pronominal possessor to the dependent pronominal possessor (as in my book, your book, her book).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal syntax,b09089e4b181414f03e6b3d2beff23e2,{} +4,Order of adposition and noun phrase,"For this feature (based on WALS feature 85, by Matthew S. Dryer), an adposition is defined as a separate free word that stands before, inside or after a noun phrase and establishes a grammatical or semantic relationship between the noun phrase and a verb in the same clause. Three types of adpositions occur in our languages: prepositions stand before, postpositions after, circumpositions both before and after a noun phrase. Since our criterion is that an adposition indicates some kind of relationship between a noun phrase and a verb, as in speak of the devil, attributive possessive constructions like the tail of the dog are disregarded here because they only establish a relationship between the nouns tail and dog, but not between either of them and a verb. Note that we also disregard case affixes on nouns, which in some languages have functions that are similar to adpositions in European languages. On the other hand, cliticized relation markers, which are phonologically integrated into the noun but whose position depends on syntax do count as adpositions for the purposes of this feature.",hubermagnus,,primary,,,true,85A,1185,Word order,52fa7df9a643b33cd387985bea631a19,{} +40,Gender agreement of adnominal adjectives,"Gender may be subdivided into two types: sex-based distinctions vs. grammatical gender. Sex-based distinctions are probably found in all languages of the world; in Papiamentu (Caribbean, Ibero-Romance-based), for example, there is a contrast between mama ‘mother’ and tata ‘father’. This contrast, however, is a matter of lexical semantics. By contrast, grammatical gender requires syntactic evidence, called agreement. Agreement may be exhibited, for example, by verbs, adjectives, determiners, or numerals. An example of a language displaying agreement is French, as in un grand clocher ‘a (m.) big (m.) church steeple’ vs. une grande table ‘a (f.) big (f.) table’. In these examples, both the indefinite article and the adjective agree with their noun in gender.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Nominal syntax,4d6c246284bf695f89b2f69e41c77a5a,{} 41,Comparative adjective marking,"In this feature, we investigate the marking of degree on adjectives in comparative constructions of inequality such as English Mary is taller than Peter, where a comparee NP (Mary) is compared with a standard NP (Peter) with respect to a parameter (tallness). In such constructions, many (especially European) languages mark the adjective either by a suffix, e.g. English -er in tall-er, or by a degree word, e.g. French plus 'more' in plus grand 'bigger'. We use adjective here in a semantic sense to refer to gradable property concepts, e.g. 'big', 'small', 'short', 'long' (cf. also Feature 3 on order of adjective and noun). Morphosyntactically these property concepts can be encoded as verbs, nouns, or as a separate word class (adjectives). - In comparative constructions, the standard can be marked in various ways (see Feature 42 on comparative standard marking). For the present feature, we only consider constructions in which the standard is present (e.g. Peter in Mary is taller than Peter), not constructions in which the standard is contextually omitted (e.g. Mary is taller), because some languages use a different construction when the standard is not expressed.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal syntax,dfafe84fc33e5b16c6739a0b599cf3b3 + In comparative constructions, the standard can be marked in various ways (see Feature 42 on comparative standard marking). For the present feature, we only consider constructions in which the standard is present (e.g. Peter in Mary is taller than Peter), not constructions in which the standard is contextually omitted (e.g. Mary is taller), because some languages use a different construction when the standard is not expressed.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Nominal syntax,dfafe84fc33e5b16c6739a0b599cf3b3,{} 42,Comparative standard marking,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 212, by Leon Stassen), we consider the marking of the standard in comparative constructions. In a construction such as English John is taller than Peter, the standard is the entity Y (Peter) to which the topic X (John) is compared, marked by the particle than in English (see also Feature 41, “Comparative Adjective Marking”). Here we consider only comparative constructions involving adjectives. (We use adjective in a semantic sense, as in Feature 3, ”Order of adjective and noun”, to refer to words denoting gradable property concepts.) -The standard markers are classified by the salient other meanings that they have in addition to that of marking the standard. Surpass markers also occur as (or are closely related to) a verb meaning ‘surpass’ or ‘exceed’. Locational markers have a locational sense (ablative, allative, locative), or a dative sense. Particle markers are specialized for standard marking, or at least have no ‘surpass’ or locational meaning (English than and French que belong here). Primary surpass marking refers to constructions such as 'John surpasses Peter in tallness', while secondary surpass marking refers to constructions such as 'John is tall, surpassing Peter'. In conjoined constructions, there are two separate predications ('John is tall, Peter is short').",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,121A,167,Nominal syntax,926ee5bb77bfd9eba1225c7e23dd4382 +The standard markers are classified by the salient other meanings that they have in addition to that of marking the standard. Surpass markers also occur as (or are closely related to) a verb meaning ‘surpass’ or ‘exceed’. Locational markers have a locational sense (ablative, allative, locative), or a dative sense. Particle markers are specialized for standard marking, or at least have no ‘surpass’ or locational meaning (English than and French que belong here). Primary surpass marking refers to constructions such as 'John surpasses Peter in tallness', while secondary surpass marking refers to constructions such as 'John is tall, surpassing Peter'. In conjoined constructions, there are two separate predications ('John is tall, Peter is short').",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,121A,167,Nominal syntax,926ee5bb77bfd9eba1225c7e23dd4382,{} 43,"Position of tense, aspect, and mood markers in relation to the verb","This feature asks about the position of tense, aspect, and mood (TAM) markers in relation to the verb. Where a language is shown with different values, this is because different TAM markers occur in different positions. Note that he term aspect is used in a restricted way (as in feature 49), referring only to the distinction between imperfective and perfective aspect, leaving aside other aspectual categories such as completive, resultative, or iterative. -By ""leftward position"", we mean that elements such as object pronouns, negators, or lexical items may occur between the TAM marker(s) and the verb. By ""rightward position"", we mean that elements such as object can occur between the verb and the TAM marker(s).",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Verbal categories,88279b155c7e6fcf91493aa2c536ba8b -44,"Internal order of tense, aspect, and mood markers","In this feature we ask about the order of tense, aspect, and mood markers (TAM markers) with respect to each other. To qualify for this feature, it is important that the three markers be adjacent to each other. A context which favours the combination of the TAM markers are counterfactual conditional clauses, where the tense marker usually corresponds to a past marker, the aspect marker to an imperfective marker, and the mood marker to a future marker (used modally).",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Verbal categories,1fe25932599eb7f4aeda67b1e7fa57f2 -45,Tightness of the link between the past marker and the verb,"This feature asks how tightly combined the overt past marker and the verb form are, especially which elements (if any) may intervene between the past marker and the verb.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,94afb3b82c32abd09f4a3baa1ff3c6fc -46,Tightness of the link between the progressive marker and the verb,"This feature asks how tightly linked the (overt) progressive marker and the verb are, and especially asks which elements (if any) may intervene between the progressive marker and the verb.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,2f188e99edb0c83ac6d67cf7fa4a8ab8 -47,Uses of the progressive marker,"An overt marker which fulfills the function of the progressive, i.e. which refers to ongoing activities, often fulfills other functions as well. Among them are current states, habitual situations, and future situations. This feature asks which of these three other functions a progressive marker may fulfill.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Verbal categories,4693e3cc37e576ae08f33e2a1c3be720 -48,Uses of the habitual marker,"An overt marker which fulfills the function of the habitual often fulfills other functions as well. This feature asks which additional functions a habitual marker may have. It is parallels the preceding Feature 47 (""Uses of the progressive parker"").",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Verbal categories,1f81031864cd925b98a79238bf0b77bb +By ""leftward position"", we mean that elements such as object pronouns, negators, or lexical items may occur between the TAM marker(s) and the verb. By ""rightward position"", we mean that elements such as object can occur between the verb and the TAM marker(s).",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Verbal categories,88279b155c7e6fcf91493aa2c536ba8b,{} +44,"Internal order of tense, aspect, and mood markers","In this feature we ask about the order of tense, aspect, and mood markers (TAM markers) with respect to each other. To qualify for this feature, it is important that the three markers be adjacent to each other. A context which favours the combination of the TAM markers are counterfactual conditional clauses, where the tense marker usually corresponds to a past marker, the aspect marker to an imperfective marker, and the mood marker to a future marker (used modally).",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Verbal categories,1fe25932599eb7f4aeda67b1e7fa57f2,{} +45,Tightness of the link between the past marker and the verb,"This feature asks how tightly combined the overt past marker and the verb form are, especially which elements (if any) may intervene between the past marker and the verb.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,94afb3b82c32abd09f4a3baa1ff3c6fc,{} +46,Tightness of the link between the progressive marker and the verb,"This feature asks how tightly linked the (overt) progressive marker and the verb are, and especially asks which elements (if any) may intervene between the progressive marker and the verb.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,2f188e99edb0c83ac6d67cf7fa4a8ab8,{} +47,Uses of the progressive marker,"An overt marker which fulfills the function of the progressive, i.e. which refers to ongoing activities, often fulfills other functions as well. Among them are current states, habitual situations, and future situations. This feature asks which of these three other functions a progressive marker may fulfill.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Verbal categories,4693e3cc37e576ae08f33e2a1c3be720,{} +48,Uses of the habitual marker,"An overt marker which fulfills the function of the habitual often fulfills other functions as well. This feature asks which additional functions a habitual marker may have. It is parallels the preceding Feature 47 (""Uses of the progressive parker"").",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Verbal categories,1f81031864cd925b98a79238bf0b77bb,{} 49,Tense-aspect systems,"Languages may have different kinds of tense-aspect systems. Regarding tense, we look only at present and past situations; in the aspectual domain, we restrict ourselves to the opposition of perfective vs. imperfective. A purely aspectual system only has a perfective aspect marker (possibly realized as a zero morpheme) that normally refers to perfective past situations, and an imperfective marker, which can be used both in present and past situations (ongoing process, current state or habitual situation). A purely temporal system only marks past, present, and future situations, regardless of aspect. A mixed tense-aspect system possesses both tense and aspect markers, as happens in most Romance languages (cf. French passé composé/passé simple vs. imparfait). For this value, it is not important whether tense marking is obligatory, optional or bound to certain contexts. The difference between a purely aspect system and a mixed tense-aspect system lies above all in the domain of the imperfective aspect. In contrast to a mixed tense-aspect system, a purely aspectual system cannot mark the difference between present and past imperfective (i.e. between 'she is working' and 'she was working'). - The last value is reserved for languages which do not mark tense or aspect morphologically, but lexically (usually with time adverbs), or to languages that possess only one tense or aspect marker.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,b04a821d17d906cff14833eafc71d550 + The last value is reserved for languages which do not mark tense or aspect morphologically, but lexically (usually with time adverbs), or to languages that possess only one tense or aspect marker.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,b04a821d17d906cff14833eafc71d550,{} 5,Order of demonstrative and noun,"This feature (based on WALS feature 88, by Matthew S. Dryer) considers the order of adnominal demonstrative and noun -Demonstratives are deictic expressions such as English this and that which are used to point to referents and which typically indicate the relative distance of a referent in the speech situation in relation to the speaker’s location.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,88A,1223,Word order,296c72149854a9fc180b78bb6d7ba815 -50,"Negation and tense, aspect, and mood marking","Some APiCS languages do not allow the standard negator to co-occur with one or more tense, aspect, or mood markers. In some languages, the TAM marker is deleted, in other languages, the marker is replaced by another TAM marker, and in still other languages, the TAM marker is replaced by a special marker (or negator) which does not belong to the set of markers which occur in affirmative sentences.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,2802f4b575bef4dd4f5955e4acb8e9d6 -51,Present reference of stative verbs and past perfective reference of dynamic verbs,"Bickerton and others have claimed that in creole languages, the zero-marked verb refers to a present situation with stative verbs and has a past perfective function with dynamic verbs (which corresponds to the first value ""Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are both unmarked""). This feature examines how verbs referring to permanent states like ‘can’, ‘know’, ‘love’, or ‘want’ are marked for present reference and how dynamic verbs are marked for past perfective aspect (or past reference, if the language has no dedicated perfective aspect marker).",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,20dcb2f6bd7eeed6ef91924883bc413a -52,Aspect markers and inchoative meaning,"In quite a few creole languages, when words (verbs or adjectives) denoting physical and psychological states such as ‘ripe’, ‘sick’, ‘fat’, ‘red’ are combined with progressive or completive aspect markers, they can take on an inchoative meaning (i.e. a sense of 'becoming'). Thus, an expression that is literally 'is being ripe' (using a progressive marker)means 'is becoming ripe', and 'finished being sick' (using a completive marker) means 'has become sick'.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,dd0e870e0f9887d54dd18f41683c139a +Demonstratives are deictic expressions such as English this and that which are used to point to referents and which typically indicate the relative distance of a referent in the speech situation in relation to the speaker’s location.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,88A,1223,Word order,296c72149854a9fc180b78bb6d7ba815,{} +50,"Negation and tense, aspect, and mood marking","Some APiCS languages do not allow the standard negator to co-occur with one or more tense, aspect, or mood markers. In some languages, the TAM marker is deleted, in other languages, the marker is replaced by another TAM marker, and in still other languages, the TAM marker is replaced by a special marker (or negator) which does not belong to the set of markers which occur in affirmative sentences.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,2802f4b575bef4dd4f5955e4acb8e9d6,{} +51,Present reference of stative verbs and past perfective reference of dynamic verbs,"Bickerton and others have claimed that in creole languages, the zero-marked verb refers to a present situation with stative verbs and has a past perfective function with dynamic verbs (which corresponds to the first value ""Stative verbs with present reference and dynamic verbs with past perfective reference are both unmarked""). This feature examines how verbs referring to permanent states like ‘can’, ‘know’, ‘love’, or ‘want’ are marked for present reference and how dynamic verbs are marked for past perfective aspect (or past reference, if the language has no dedicated perfective aspect marker).",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,20dcb2f6bd7eeed6ef91924883bc413a,{} +52,Aspect markers and inchoative meaning,"In quite a few creole languages, when words (verbs or adjectives) denoting physical and psychological states such as ‘ripe’, ‘sick’, ‘fat’, ‘red’ are combined with progressive or completive aspect markers, they can take on an inchoative meaning (i.e. a sense of 'becoming'). Thus, an expression that is literally 'is being ripe' (using a progressive marker)means 'is becoming ripe', and 'finished being sick' (using a completive marker) means 'has become sick'.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,dd0e870e0f9887d54dd18f41683c139a,{} 53,Aspect change in verb chains,"Aspect change in verb chains concerns the possibility of marking the second verb in a chain for imperfective aspect (usually with a progressive function) in spite of the fact that the first verb in the chain is marked – or zero-marked, as in many creoles – for perfective aspect. In these cases, the first verb refers to a story-line event, and the second verb refers to a backgrounded event. -Note that in this context, verb chain is understood as being similar to serial verb constructions (absence of overt marker of coordination, subor¬di¬nation, or syntactic dependency of any sort); but, in contrast to serial verb constructions, verb chains refer to two (or more) consecutive actions whereby the second verb does not modify the other verb in any way.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,40becf880279bd646a2beda99bf0cf88 +Note that in this context, verb chain is understood as being similar to serial verb constructions (absence of overt marker of coordination, subor¬di¬nation, or syntactic dependency of any sort); but, in contrast to serial verb constructions, verb chains refer to two (or more) consecutive actions whereby the second verb does not modify the other verb in any way.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,40becf880279bd646a2beda99bf0cf88,{} 54,Suppletion according to tense and aspect,"For this feature (based on WALS feature 79, by Ljuba Veselinova), we ask whether verbs exhibit suppletion (different stems in different grammatical contexts) depending on different tense or aspect forms. We distinguish two degrees of suppletion. In strong suppletion, there are two different stems that share no phonological material at all (as English go vs. went), whereas in weak suppletion, the two irregularly related stems share some phonological material (as English think vs. thought). -Formal irregularity is determined by synchronic, not by diachronic criteria; therefore, the historical origin of the suppletive forms and their etymologies are not taken into account here.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,79A,193,Verbal categories,92a7c10bb95dc26878e27af506d8df8f +Formal irregularity is determined by synchronic, not by diachronic criteria; therefore, the historical origin of the suppletive forms and their etymologies are not taken into account here.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,79A,193,Verbal categories,92a7c10bb95dc26878e27af506d8df8f,{} 55,Ability verb and epistemic possibility,"In this feature, we ask whether epistemic possibility (”perhaps, possibly”) can be expressed by the same verb as ability. This is the case in quite a few languages, e.g. German kann: Er kann morgen kommen (i) (ability) ‘He can come tomorrow’, (ii) (epistemic possibility) ‘He will possibly come tomorrow’. But in many other languages, this is not the case. - By ability, we refer broadly to various non-epistemic possibility types comprising mental participant-internal ability (French savoir: Il sait nager ‘He can swim’), physical participant-internal ability (”He can lift 100 kilos”), and participant-external possibility (”She can go to town by bus”, i.e. because there is a bus connection). (Note that this excludes permission, as in “You may leave now.”)",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,5eaebdceca50b82a0f31578a318f5a70 + By ability, we refer broadly to various non-epistemic possibility types comprising mental participant-internal ability (French savoir: Il sait nager ‘He can swim’), physical participant-internal ability (”He can lift 100 kilos”), and participant-external possibility (”She can go to town by bus”, i.e. because there is a bus connection). (Note that this excludes permission, as in “You may leave now.”)",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Verbal categories,5eaebdceca50b82a0f31578a318f5a70,{} 56,The prohibitive,"This feature deals with the prohibitive and is based on WALS feature 71, by Johan van der Auwera & Ludo Lejeune (with Valentin Goussev). The prohibitive is the negated counterpart of the affirmative imperative, as in Papiamentu No bai! ‘Don't go!’. Only the singular prohibitive is considered here. Prohibitives often have special negators that are not used in declaratives, e.g. Tok Pisin maski 'don't!'. -They may also use a special imperative construction that is not used with affirmative imperatives, e.g. Pichi mek yù no laf **19-104** 'Don't laugh!' (using the special imperative/subjunctive marker mek).",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,71A,495,Verbal categories,806225816eea97779f9f496227d22946 +They may also use a special imperative construction that is not used with affirmative imperatives, e.g. Pichi mek yù no laf **19-104** 'Don't laugh!' (using the special imperative/subjunctive marker mek).",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,71A,495,Verbal categories,806225816eea97779f9f496227d22946,{} 57,Marking of patient noun phrases,"Here we look at the marking of the patient argument in typical transitive clauses (’David killed Goliath’, ‘The girl picked the flower’, etc.), i.e. what is often called direct object. We restrict our attention to full noun phrases, as pronouns are often treated in a special way. - We ask whether patient noun phrases may have case-marking or adpositional marking that distinguishes them from agents (i.e. accusative marking), and if so, under what conditions it occurs. (Of course, fixed word order may also distinguish agents and patients, but this is not considered patient marking here.) Note that by presence of marking, we mean possibility of marking. In many languages, patient marking is optional and need not occur where it can occur.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Argument marking,eb24ca24436a3300b40b828e04bb3cf3 -58,Alignment of case marking of full noun phrases,"Here we look at alignment of case marking of full noun phrases, following WALS feature 58, by Bernard Comrie. Alignment refers to the comparison between the marking of the A (transitive agent/subject) argument and the P (transitive patient/object) argument with the marking of the S (intransitive subject) argument. Here only the alignment of case/adpositions is considered, and only the marking of full NPs (person forms are treated in Feature 59). Neutral alignment refers to situations where both A and P are coded like the S. In accusative alignment, A is coded like the S and P is coded in a special way (by accusative case). In ergative alignment, P is coded like the S and A is coded in a special way (by ergative case).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,98A,190,Argument marking,4d4c4797d1a3e2e666f876d1d4d915f3 -59,Alignment of case marking of personal pronouns,"Here we look at alignment of case marking of personal pronouns, following WALS feature 59, by Bernard Comrie. Alignment refers to the comparison between the marking of the A (transitive agent/subject) argument and the P (transitive patient/object) argument with the marking of the S (intransitive subject) argument. Here only the alignment of case/adpositions is considered, and only the marking of (dependent) person forms (full NPs are treated in Feature 58). Neutral alignment refers to situations where both A and P are coded like the S. In accusative alignment, A is coded like the S and P is coded in a special way (by accusative case). In ergative alignment, P is coded like the S and A is coded in a special way (by ergative case).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,99A,172,Argument marking,9937432f147b91a4388456d9cd6e59fb -6,Order of cardinal numeral and noun,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 89, by Matthew S. Dryer), we look at the order of the cardinal numeral with respect to the noun that it modifies, whether it precedes the noun ('five houses') or follows the noun ('houses five'). Cardinal numerals are words that denote the number of things that are referred to by the noun phrase, and they contrast with ordinal numerals, which specify the rank in some order of objects, as in 'fifth chair' (see Feature 35).",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,89A,1154,Word order,4da39e5f2f51e8d2388ca875baccb655 -60,Ditransitive constructions with ‘give’,"Ditransitive constructions with the verb ‘give’ have an agent, a recipient and a theme argument. Here we ask how the adpositional or case coding of the recipient and theme compare with the coding of the patient of the ordinary transitive (monotransitive) construction (following WALS feature 105, by Martin Haspelmath). If the recipient receives special marking (generally by a preposition, or by a serial verb), and the theme is coded like the monotransitive patient, we are dealing with an indirect-object construction (something like “I gave book to John”, cf. monotransitive “I bought book”). If the theme receives special marking, and the recipient is coded like the monotransitive patient, we are dealing with a secondary-object construction (something like “I gave John with book”, cf. monotransitive “I saw John”). If neither the recipient nor the theme receive special marking, and both are coded like the monotransitive patient, we have the double-object construction (something like “I gave John book”). Only full NP recipients and themes are taken into account for this feature.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,105A,378,Argument marking,671b9b0d3ac8f5420003773520d7ca70 -61,Order of recipient and theme in ditransitive constructions,"This feature primarily concerns the ordering of the recipient and the theme objects of a ditransitive construction, i.e. a construction involving a verb of physical transfer of possession or mental transfer of experience ('give', 'show'). Only full noun phrases are taken into account, as pronouns often show differnt behaviour. The position of the objects with respect to the subject and the verb is also taken into account, although this is analogous to the order in monotransitive clauses.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,2d5f543a13e2d4270a3ca41455edbe68 -62,Expression of pronominal subjects,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 101, by Matthew S. Dryer), we ask how subjects are expressed when they refer to the speaker ('I', 'we'), to the hearer ('you'), or to a highly activated other referent ('he', 'she', 'it', 'they'). Usually the forms used in such circumstances are person forms. Many languages require subject pronouns which are words, but subject person forms may also be affixes, and in quite a few languages they are option. In two languages subject pronouns occur in a different position from subject full noun phrases.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,101A,711,Argument marking,0906b909b2c1acb87622b5774256ad25 + We ask whether patient noun phrases may have case-marking or adpositional marking that distinguishes them from agents (i.e. accusative marking), and if so, under what conditions it occurs. (Of course, fixed word order may also distinguish agents and patients, but this is not considered patient marking here.) Note that by presence of marking, we mean possibility of marking. In many languages, patient marking is optional and need not occur where it can occur.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Argument marking,eb24ca24436a3300b40b828e04bb3cf3,{} +58,Alignment of case marking of full noun phrases,"Here we look at alignment of case marking of full noun phrases, following WALS feature 58, by Bernard Comrie. Alignment refers to the comparison between the marking of the A (transitive agent/subject) argument and the P (transitive patient/object) argument with the marking of the S (intransitive subject) argument. Here only the alignment of case/adpositions is considered, and only the marking of full NPs (person forms are treated in Feature 59). Neutral alignment refers to situations where both A and P are coded like the S. In accusative alignment, A is coded like the S and P is coded in a special way (by accusative case). In ergative alignment, P is coded like the S and A is coded in a special way (by ergative case).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,98A,190,Argument marking,4d4c4797d1a3e2e666f876d1d4d915f3,{} +59,Alignment of case marking of personal pronouns,"Here we look at alignment of case marking of personal pronouns, following WALS feature 59, by Bernard Comrie. Alignment refers to the comparison between the marking of the A (transitive agent/subject) argument and the P (transitive patient/object) argument with the marking of the S (intransitive subject) argument. Here only the alignment of case/adpositions is considered, and only the marking of (dependent) person forms (full NPs are treated in Feature 58). Neutral alignment refers to situations where both A and P are coded like the S. In accusative alignment, A is coded like the S and P is coded in a special way (by accusative case). In ergative alignment, P is coded like the S and A is coded in a special way (by ergative case).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,99A,172,Argument marking,9937432f147b91a4388456d9cd6e59fb,{} +6,Order of cardinal numeral and noun,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 89, by Matthew S. Dryer), we look at the order of the cardinal numeral with respect to the noun that it modifies, whether it precedes the noun ('five houses') or follows the noun ('houses five'). Cardinal numerals are words that denote the number of things that are referred to by the noun phrase, and they contrast with ordinal numerals, which specify the rank in some order of objects, as in 'fifth chair' (see Feature 35).",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,89A,1154,Word order,4da39e5f2f51e8d2388ca875baccb655,{} +60,Ditransitive constructions with ‘give’,"Ditransitive constructions with the verb ‘give’ have an agent, a recipient and a theme argument. Here we ask how the adpositional or case coding of the recipient and theme compare with the coding of the patient of the ordinary transitive (monotransitive) construction (following WALS feature 105, by Martin Haspelmath). If the recipient receives special marking (generally by a preposition, or by a serial verb), and the theme is coded like the monotransitive patient, we are dealing with an indirect-object construction (something like “I gave book to John”, cf. monotransitive “I bought book”). If the theme receives special marking, and the recipient is coded like the monotransitive patient, we are dealing with a secondary-object construction (something like “I gave John with book”, cf. monotransitive “I saw John”). If neither the recipient nor the theme receive special marking, and both are coded like the monotransitive patient, we have the double-object construction (something like “I gave John book”). Only full NP recipients and themes are taken into account for this feature.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,105A,378,Argument marking,671b9b0d3ac8f5420003773520d7ca70,{} +61,Order of recipient and theme in ditransitive constructions,"This feature primarily concerns the ordering of the recipient and the theme objects of a ditransitive construction, i.e. a construction involving a verb of physical transfer of possession or mental transfer of experience ('give', 'show'). Only full noun phrases are taken into account, as pronouns often show differnt behaviour. The position of the objects with respect to the subject and the verb is also taken into account, although this is analogous to the order in monotransitive clauses.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,2d5f543a13e2d4270a3ca41455edbe68,{} +62,Expression of pronominal subjects,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 101, by Matthew S. Dryer), we ask how subjects are expressed when they refer to the speaker ('I', 'we'), to the hearer ('you'), or to a highly activated other referent ('he', 'she', 'it', 'they'). Usually the forms used in such circumstances are person forms. Many languages require subject pronouns which are words, but subject person forms may also be affixes, and in quite a few languages they are option. In two languages subject pronouns occur in a different position from subject full noun phrases.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,101A,711,Argument marking,0906b909b2c1acb87622b5774256ad25,{} 63,Expletive subject in ‘seem’ constructions,"In this feature, we ask whether there is an expletive subject in a ‘seem’ construction, as in English It seems (that) we have stayed long enough/ It looks like…/ It appears that it is going to rain. An expletive subject is a pronoun-like element in subject position that has no reference and that functions primarily as a placeholder. A ‘seem’ construction is a construction with a matrix verb denoting a propositional attitude ('seem', 'look like', 'resemble') and a complement clause that is its notional subject, as in Pichi È fiba se Bòyé gɛt mɔ̀ní. **19-115** ‘It seems that Boye has money.’ The experiencer of the attitude may be absent as in this Pichi example, or present as an object or oblique (It seems to me that...), as in Casamancese Creole I parsí-m kumá i na cobé awosi. **34-98** ‘It seems to me that it will rain today.’ - Not all languages have a ‘seem’ construction in the narrow sense intended in this feature, this construction apparently being more typical of European (standard) languages. Some APiCS languages only have experiencer-subject propositional attitude constructions like 'I think that...', or they may use adverbs meaning ‘apparently, seemingly’.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,4975c796e718202fcd449f1223c7760e -64,Expletive subject of existential verb,"By existential verb, we refer to the element corresponding to English there is in existential clauses like There is food on the table. An expletive subject is any element (word or affix) occurring with the existential verb that occupies the structural position of the subject but has no reference of its own. Typical examples are French il in il y a, German es in es gibt, English there in there is, or Nigerian Pidgin ì in ì get ‘there is’.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,46672f3df3e3e2daa23d57711464a822 -65,Raining constructions,"Meteorological events are not expressed uniformly across languages, and they also exhibit interesting variation in the APiCS languages, which is the focus of the present feature. Since languages often code different meteorological events ('the sun in shining', 'it is raining', 'there is a thunderstorm', etc.) with different syntactic constructions, we consider exclusively the situation 'it is raining'.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,69c4298d5f88d25fb7c9372bebb69645 + Not all languages have a ‘seem’ construction in the narrow sense intended in this feature, this construction apparently being more typical of European (standard) languages. Some APiCS languages only have experiencer-subject propositional attitude constructions like 'I think that...', or they may use adverbs meaning ‘apparently, seemingly’.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,4975c796e718202fcd449f1223c7760e,{} +64,Expletive subject of existential verb,"By existential verb, we refer to the element corresponding to English there is in existential clauses like There is food on the table. An expletive subject is any element (word or affix) occurring with the existential verb that occupies the structural position of the subject but has no reference of its own. Typical examples are French il in il y a, German es in es gibt, English there in there is, or Nigerian Pidgin ì in ì get ‘there is’.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,46672f3df3e3e2daa23d57711464a822,{} +65,Raining constructions,"Meteorological events are not expressed uniformly across languages, and they also exhibit interesting variation in the APiCS languages, which is the focus of the present feature. Since languages often code different meteorological events ('the sun in shining', 'it is raining', 'there is a thunderstorm', etc.) with different syntactic constructions, we consider exclusively the situation 'it is raining'.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,69c4298d5f88d25fb7c9372bebb69645,{} 66,Experiencer constructions with ‘headache’,"In this and the following two features, we will look at different kinds of experiencer constructions, expressing situations involving 'headache' (Feature 66), 'liking' (Feature 67), and 'fear' (Feature 68). There is little systematic typological literature on experiencer constructions. In the questionnaire, we asked for the expression of 'headache', but some contributors could not provide a ‘headache’ example from their language. In this case, examples expressing similar pain experiences were also accepted. So this feature is about the type of constructions expressing pain, and more specifically headache, as in English She has a headache. Such headache-constructions involve three participants, an experiencer who experiences the pain sensation ('she'), the sensation itself ('ache'), and potentially a body-part ('head') to which this sensation is related. There is a lot of interesting variation in such constructions. However in this feature, we mainly focus on the question which of the three participants is coded in subject position. Subject is defined here as an argument that is coded like the typical agent in a monotransitive clause, or the single argument of an intransitive clause. - Many languages are reported to have several different ‘headache’ constructions.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,fe03079435fd3f74a8696649c5f68ff4 -67,Experiencer constructions with ‘like’,"Here we ask about the expressions of situations corresponding to English I like mangoes. 'Like' constructions involve two participants, an experiencer ('I') and a stimulus ('mangoes'). For this feature, we focus on the question whether the experiencer is expressed in the subject position (as in 'I like mangoes'), in the object position (as in 'Mangoes please me'), or if it is coded like a dative recipient (as in 'Magoes are pleasing to me'). In one language, both experiencer and stimulus are coded like objects.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,81db2b6ce63224934a506d3a20513501 -68,Experiencer constructions with ‘fear’,"This feature deals with experiencer constructions corresponding to English The child is afraid, which may involve three semantic entities: the experiencer ('the child'), the sensation ('fear'), and the ""body-part"" ('my heart/my soul'). We ask which entity is expressed in the subject position, whether we are dealing with a verbal/non-verbal or transitive/intransitive construction, and whether the experiencer is subject, object, dative, or oblique. We disregard 'fear' constructions in which the stimulus is expressed overtly, i.e. we are looking at 'The child is afraid', but not at 'The child is afraid of the dog.'",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,a26ef2769c3ec7d23d7e9f2131395c71 + Many languages are reported to have several different ‘headache’ constructions.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,fe03079435fd3f74a8696649c5f68ff4,{} +67,Experiencer constructions with ‘like’,"Here we ask about the expressions of situations corresponding to English I like mangoes. 'Like' constructions involve two participants, an experiencer ('I') and a stimulus ('mangoes'). For this feature, we focus on the question whether the experiencer is expressed in the subject position (as in 'I like mangoes'), in the object position (as in 'Mangoes please me'), or if it is coded like a dative recipient (as in 'Magoes are pleasing to me'). In one language, both experiencer and stimulus are coded like objects.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,81db2b6ce63224934a506d3a20513501,{} +68,Experiencer constructions with ‘fear’,"This feature deals with experiencer constructions corresponding to English The child is afraid, which may involve three semantic entities: the experiencer ('the child'), the sensation ('fear'), and the ""body-part"" ('my heart/my soul'). We ask which entity is expressed in the subject position, whether we are dealing with a verbal/non-verbal or transitive/intransitive construction, and whether the experiencer is subject, object, dative, or oblique. We disregard 'fear' constructions in which the stimulus is expressed overtly, i.e. we are looking at 'The child is afraid', but not at 'The child is afraid of the dog.'",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,a26ef2769c3ec7d23d7e9f2131395c71,{} 69,Instrumental expressions,"Instruments such as a knife, hammer, finger, water in ‘cut with a knife’, ‘hit with a hammer’, ‘open with her fingers’ or ‘extinguish with water’ are expressend in five main ways, which are the five values of this feature: – by an instrumental adposition, – by an instrumental serial verb, – by an instrumentral non-serial verb, – by an instrumental non-serial verb, or -– by an instrumental case.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,e7af287bda5ec5bdba4aa797fe1dfc0e +– by an instrumental case.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Argument marking,e7af287bda5ec5bdba4aa797fe1dfc0e,{} 7,Order of relative clause and noun,"As in WALS feature 90 (by Matthew S. Dryer), we define a relative clause as a clause that helps narrow the reference of a noun (the head) and in which the referent of the noun head has a semantic role. This feature is concerned with the order of ordinary attributive relative clauses, and with some special subtypes of relative clauses: Internally headed relative clauses are not adjacent to the notional head, but contain it inside them. The head of a correlative relative clause occurs inside the relative clause together with a relative marker and is taken up by a resumptive demonstrative-like element in the main clause. -An adjoined relative clause is one which does not occur adjacent to the head noun and is not specially marked as relative clause.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,90A,825,Word order,e9ad820bf5be3a4758a0e1d2b568ca6a +An adjoined relative clause is one which does not occur adjacent to the head noun and is not specially marked as relative clause.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,90A,825,Word order,e9ad820bf5be3a4758a0e1d2b568ca6a,{} 70,Comitatives and instrumentals,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 52, by Thomas Stolz, Cornelia Stroh and Aina Urdze), we ask whether the concept ‘together with’ (comitative) is expressed in the same way or differently from the concept ‘with’ (instrumental). -Serial verb constructions are not taken into account unless they are the only way to express comitatives or instrumentals.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,52A,322,Argument marking,c2f798f613bef9261d35b138497de75c -71,Noun phrase conjunction and comitative,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 63, by Leon Stassen), we ask whether a language uses a different marker for noun phrase conjunction (e.g. English John and Mary went to the movies) and comitative phrases (e.g. John went to the movies with Mary), as is the case in English (and vs. with), or whether the language has the same marker for noun phrase conjunction and comitative phrases, as e.g. in Principense (ki renders both 'and' and 'with').",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,63A,234,Argument marking,2c68b6b49f90a6f1eb18a82048e752e2 -72,Nominal and verbal conjunction,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 64, by Martin Haspelmath), we ask whether nominal conjunction ('Pat and Kim') and verbal (or clausal) conjunction ('The kids are playing and the parents are talking') are expressed in the same way or differently. While European languages generally have the same conjunction marker for both functions, African languages typically use different markers for these two situations. Overlap means that one marker has both functions and another marker has just one of the functions. If a language has three markers, two can differentiate and the third can lump the two functions, so that there is overlap and differentiation.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,64A,301,Argument marking,18713cf69a0e49c727714d83d8068be6 +Serial verb constructions are not taken into account unless they are the only way to express comitatives or instrumentals.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,52A,322,Argument marking,c2f798f613bef9261d35b138497de75c,{} +71,Noun phrase conjunction and comitative,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 63, by Leon Stassen), we ask whether a language uses a different marker for noun phrase conjunction (e.g. English John and Mary went to the movies) and comitative phrases (e.g. John went to the movies with Mary), as is the case in English (and vs. with), or whether the language has the same marker for noun phrase conjunction and comitative phrases, as e.g. in Principense (ki renders both 'and' and 'with').",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,63A,234,Argument marking,2c68b6b49f90a6f1eb18a82048e752e2,{} +72,Nominal and verbal conjunction,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 64, by Martin Haspelmath), we ask whether nominal conjunction ('Pat and Kim') and verbal (or clausal) conjunction ('The kids are playing and the parents are talking') are expressed in the same way or differently. While European languages generally have the same conjunction marker for both functions, African languages typically use different markers for these two situations. Overlap means that one marker has both functions and another marker has just one of the functions. If a language has three markers, two can differentiate and the third can lump the two functions, so that there is overlap and differentiation.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,64A,301,Argument marking,18713cf69a0e49c727714d83d8068be6,{} 73,Predicative noun phrases,"This feature (based on WALS feature 120, by Leon Stassen) is about the presence or absence of a copula in clauses with predicative noun phrases with class-inclusion function . Thus we study how a situation like ‘Mary is a singer’ is expressed in the APiCS languages. In class-inclusion constructions, the predicative noun phrase (‘a singer’) is indefinite and non-referential. We are disregarding predicative noun phrases with identification function as in ‘My sister is the woman next to the singer’, where the predicative noun phrase is definite and referential. Moreover, we restrict our comparison to stative situations, i.e. we leave aside situations like ‘Mary became a singer’. - A copula is defined as any overt element that occurs in such clauses apart from the subject and the predicative noun phrase and that does not normally occur in verbal clauses.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,120A,386,Clausal syntax,52e8c3198250724678d53698d9e07ec7 + A copula is defined as any overt element that occurs in such clauses apart from the subject and the predicative noun phrase and that does not normally occur in verbal clauses.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,120A,386,Clausal syntax,52e8c3198250724678d53698d9e07ec7,{} 74,Predicative adjectives,"This feature is about the presence or absence of a copula in clauses with predicative adjectives. We ask how a situation such as ‘Mary is old’ is expressed. Note that “adjective” is defined purely semantically: a word that denotes a property, such as ‘red’, ‘big’, ‘old’, ‘bad’. The issue whether such words are “really verbs” or belong to a separate word class “adjective” is left aside for the purposes of this feature (see also Feature 3, ""Order of adjective and noun""). As in Feature 73 (""Predicative noun phrases""), a copula is defined as any overt element that occurs in such clauses apart from the subject and the predicative adjective and that does not normally occur in clauses with action verbs. -Similarly, as in the preceding feature, only present-tense clauses are taken into account. Moreover, we only look at stative predicative adjectives, so we do not consider inchoative situations like ‘Peter got angry’ (cf. Feature 52 on aspect markers and inchoative meaning).",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Clausal syntax,eb07237a9b7196c69d82a3c791506243 +Similarly, as in the preceding feature, only present-tense clauses are taken into account. Moreover, we only look at stative predicative adjectives, so we do not consider inchoative situations like ‘Peter got angry’ (cf. Feature 52 on aspect markers and inchoative meaning).",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Clausal syntax,eb07237a9b7196c69d82a3c791506243,{} 75,Predicative locative phrases,"In this feature we consider a third kind of predicate phrases, focusing on the presence or absence of a copula in clauses with predicative locative phrases. We ask how a situation like 'Mary is in town' or 'The bird is on the tree' is expressed. - As in Features 73 and 74, a copula is defined as any overt element that occurs in such clauses apart from the subject and the predicative locative phrase and that does not normally occur in verbal clauses. Again, as for predicative noun phrases, only present-tense clauses are taken into account.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Clausal syntax,951b42e61b347260f51320632af727c7 + As in Features 73 and 74, a copula is defined as any overt element that occurs in such clauses apart from the subject and the predicative locative phrase and that does not normally occur in verbal clauses. Again, as for predicative noun phrases, only present-tense clauses are taken into account.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Clausal syntax,951b42e61b347260f51320632af727c7,{} 76,Predicative noun phrases and predicative locative phrases,"After having looked at the presence and absence of copulas with predicative noun phrases (Feature 73) and predicative locative phrases (Feature 75), we here compare the two constructions (following WALS feature 119, by Leon Stassen). The question is whether sentences corresponding to ‘I am a teacher’ and ‘I am in town’ are coded in a different or identical way. - If one or the two strategies involve zero coding (i.e. no copula is used), this zero-coding also counts as a strategy and is part of the comparison.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,119A,386,Clausal syntax,6367e174f9ce9b0e4375746059efde90 + If one or the two strategies involve zero coding (i.e. no copula is used), this zero-coding also counts as a strategy and is part of the comparison.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,119A,386,Clausal syntax,6367e174f9ce9b0e4375746059efde90,{} 77,Predicative possession,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 117, by Leon Stassen), we study how predicative possession is expressed. We consider only constructions in which the possessed NP has an indefinite reading, like English John has a horse. In this study, the difference between temporary and permanent possession, for which languages may have different constructions, is irrelevant, so both types of possession situations are included. -A language may have several predicative possession constructions.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,117A,240,Clausal syntax,2de34317e7e6409b937e6316e32b8971 -78,Existential verb and transitive possession verb,"This feature investigates whether the existential verb (‘there is’) is identical to the transitive verb of possession ‘have’ (cf. the first value in Feature 77 and Feature 64 on expletive subject of existential verb), as in Seychelles Creole (i annan koudvan **56-145** 'there is a hurricane', ou annan en zoli lakaz 'you have a nice house'). By “existential verb” we refer to the element corresponding to English there is in existential clauses like There is food on the table. If the existential verb is not identical to the transitive possession verb, it is identical to a copula verb or includes an additional fixed element such as there in English. Some languages have multiple predicative possession constructions, not just a transitive predicative verb like ‘have’. In such languages, we only consider the transitive possession verb, not the other predicative possession constructions. Other languages lack a transitive possession verb. They are classified under the last value (no transitive possession verb).",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Clausal syntax,22f81235eac5373276ed53a4aea36357 +A language may have several predicative possession constructions.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,117A,240,Clausal syntax,2de34317e7e6409b937e6316e32b8971,{} +78,Existential verb and transitive possession verb,"This feature investigates whether the existential verb (‘there is’) is identical to the transitive verb of possession ‘have’ (cf. the first value in Feature 77 and Feature 64 on expletive subject of existential verb), as in Seychelles Creole (i annan koudvan **56-145** 'there is a hurricane', ou annan en zoli lakaz 'you have a nice house'). By “existential verb” we refer to the element corresponding to English there is in existential clauses like There is food on the table. If the existential verb is not identical to the transitive possession verb, it is identical to a copula verb or includes an additional fixed element such as there in English. Some languages have multiple predicative possession constructions, not just a transitive predicative verb like ‘have’. In such languages, we only consider the transitive possession verb, not the other predicative possession constructions. Other languages lack a transitive possession verb. They are classified under the last value (no transitive possession verb).",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Clausal syntax,22f81235eac5373276ed53a4aea36357,{} 79,Going to named places,"This is the first of several features investigating intransitive and transitive motion constructions. In the present feature, we study the different means to express the action of going to named places, as in English She went to Leipzig. Here the named place, Leipzig (the goal), is preceded by the preposition to which expresses a particular orientation. We call this orientation 'motion-to' in the relevant APiCS features, as opposed to 'motion-from' and 'at-rest' orientations. As we can see, different languages use different means to express orientation in directed motion events. -We restrict ourselves to goals which are named places, e.g. names of villages, cities, or countries (for the highly frequent goal/source 'market', see Feature 81 on motion-to and motion-from) because in many languages different kinds of goals are expressed in different ways.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,e4d550d2ecb3042fe6202a6603fa7bed -8,Order of degree word and adjective,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 91, by Matthew S. Dryer), we look at the order of degree words (adverbial modifiers) such as 'very', 'a little' and 'more', with respect to an attributive or predicative adjective. A language may have multiple values if different degree words occur in different positions. One language has a degree modifier that simultaneously precedes and follows the adjactive.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,91A,481,Word order,0580d51febd2ea585d40d40baa73854e -80,Coming from named places,"This feature examines ‘motion-from’ constructions. As different kinds of sources can be marked differently, we only take named places into account, e.g. names of villages, cities. In expressions like ‘My mother returned from Belair’, many languages do not use a spatial adposition or case. Other languages use adpositions (prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions). Serial verb constructions may also express ‘motion-from’.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,203103a2a7a04ae0fe3ab01c97a685fb +We restrict ourselves to goals which are named places, e.g. names of villages, cities, or countries (for the highly frequent goal/source 'market', see Feature 81 on motion-to and motion-from) because in many languages different kinds of goals are expressed in different ways.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,e4d550d2ecb3042fe6202a6603fa7bed,{} +8,Order of degree word and adjective,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 91, by Matthew S. Dryer), we look at the order of degree words (adverbial modifiers) such as 'very', 'a little' and 'more', with respect to an attributive or predicative adjective. A language may have multiple values if different degree words occur in different positions. One language has a degree modifier that simultaneously precedes and follows the adjactive.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,91A,481,Word order,0580d51febd2ea585d40d40baa73854e,{} +80,Coming from named places,"This feature examines ‘motion-from’ constructions. As different kinds of sources can be marked differently, we only take named places into account, e.g. names of villages, cities. In expressions like ‘My mother returned from Belair’, many languages do not use a spatial adposition or case. Other languages use adpositions (prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions). Serial verb constructions may also express ‘motion-from’.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,203103a2a7a04ae0fe3ab01c97a685fb,{} 81,Motion-to and motion-from,"While Features 79 and 80 deal with motion-to and motion-from constructions, respectively, in this feature we compare the coding of the two kinds of motion constructions: we investigate whether languages use the same strategy of different strategies to express the two opposite orientations. However in this feature, the goal/source element is not a named place, but a highly frequent place like 'home', 'town', 'village', ‘the market’ or 'the woods'. All European base languages have different constructions for motion-to and motion-from a place in that different prepositions are used: English to town/from town, French à la maison/de la maison, Portuguese ao mercado/do mercado. - But in APiCS, it is striking to see that many European-based languages do not follow the European pattern and instead mark goal and source identically. Thus in Krio the preposition na occurs in both contexts, in a motion-to context like a di go na di makit **15-104** 'I am going to the market', and a motion-from context like a jɛs kɔmɔt na di makit **15-105**'I just came back from the market.' The hearer has to infer the relevant orientation from the meaning of the verb.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Clausal syntax,9fe4c36bb9dedff5ca975554c8560523 + But in APiCS, it is striking to see that many European-based languages do not follow the European pattern and instead mark goal and source identically. Thus in Krio the preposition na occurs in both contexts, in a motion-to context like a di go na di makit **15-104** 'I am going to the market', and a motion-from context like a jɛs kɔmɔt na di makit **15-105**'I just came back from the market.' The hearer has to infer the relevant orientation from the meaning of the verb.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Clausal syntax,9fe4c36bb9dedff5ca975554c8560523,{} 82,Transitive motion verbs: ‘push’,"Features 79 and 80 dealt with intransitive motion-to and motion-from constructions (e.g. 'I go to Leipzig', 'I come from Leipzig'). The present and the following features parallel these two features in that they also analyze motion-to and motion-from constructions, but this time transitive motion constructions with 'push' and 'pull'. In this feature, we investigate constructions with the verb 'push' (or semantically very similar transitive motion verbs), as in Lea pushed Maria into the hole. We are especially interested in how orientation or motion-to in this transitive motion verb is expressed in comparison to the corresponding at-rest situation (’to be at a place’). Do we find a special motion-to preposition, such as into in the English example cited above, which cannot be used in at-rest contexts (*Lea is into the hole)? Or does the language use the at-rest preposition also for motion-to, which is for instance the case in Seychelles Creole? (cf. motion-to: Lea ti pus Mari dan trou ‘Lea pushed Maria into the hole’, at-rest: Lea ti dan trou. ‘Lea was in the hole’). -Some languages may use serial verb constructions (with or without a preposition) to express the transitive motion construction in question.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,86ae895b14b0ef5d3ca26473ea5adf52 +Some languages may use serial verb constructions (with or without a preposition) to express the transitive motion construction in question.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,86ae895b14b0ef5d3ca26473ea5adf52,{} 83,Transitive motion verbs: ‘pull’,"This feature complements the previous features on transitive motion verbs like 'push'. It deals with transitive motion verbs like 'pull' as in Lea pulled Gabriel out of the hole, where the theme (Gabriel) is moved away from a source (hole). In the English construction, the source is marked by a combination of two prepositions, out of. Other languages, however, have the same preposition in motion-from contexts and in at-rest contexts, e.g. Reunion Creole (motion-from:) tir le ros dan la ter **54-184** 'to pull the stones out of the ground', (at-rest:) Nana tro d ros dan la ter. **54-185** 'There are too many stones in the ground.' This kind of polysemous use of the preposition dan in Reunion Creole is strikingly different from the situation in its European base language French. In French, transitive motion-from constructions obligatorily show the ablative preposition de, as in tirer des pierres de la terre 'to pull stones out/from the ground', not the at-rest prepositions dans or sur (Les pierres sont dans la terre 'The stones are in the soil'). When we speak of at-rest situations, we refer – as in Feature 82 – only to the spatial relations of containment ('in') and attachment ('at') and compare the motion-from constructions with these two kinds of at-rest constructions. The English sentence Gabriel is out of the hole may also be regarded as a kind of at-rest situation, but here it is implied that the location of Gabriel is a derived one, the result of precisely a motion out of some other location. So if we included all kinds of spatial relations, then even English would have the same marking for at-rest and motion-from. - As in Feature 82, there are different means to express transitive motion-from situations, and languages may show several construction types.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,4cf5f62d642ea6853a84bc5d91590f2e -84,Directional serial verb constructions with 'come' and 'go',This feature is about serial verb constructions in which the second verb (‘come’ or ‘go’) specifies the direction of the action that the first verb refers to. The first verb of a directional serial verb construction may be either an intransitive or a transitive verb.,maurerphilippe michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Clausal syntax,e51436ff915a472d63ce8367c0ad1aaf -85,‘Take’ serial verb constructions,"In this feature, we consider serial verb constructions in which one of the two verbs means ‘take’ (or has a closely related meaning such as ‘raise’) and expresses instrumental role or theme role.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,bddc4cb7d2eac52cbdda345b9173b99e -86,'Give' serial verb constructions,"In serializing languages, the verb 'give' may be used as a serial verb, introducing a recipient or a beneficiary.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Clausal syntax,99c37f71d2587624995cccc09db7937b -87,Reflexive constructions,"This feature describes how reflexive situations such as 'He hates himself', 'She sees herself in the mirror', 'He killed himself' are expressed, i.e. ordinary transitive constructions in which the patient is coreferential with the agent.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,0f2e453ece8fe24947bebbba377044ad + As in Feature 82, there are different means to express transitive motion-from situations, and languages may show several construction types.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,4cf5f62d642ea6853a84bc5d91590f2e,{} +84,Directional serial verb constructions with 'come' and 'go',This feature is about serial verb constructions in which the second verb (‘come’ or ‘go’) specifies the direction of the action that the first verb refers to. The first verb of a directional serial verb construction may be either an intransitive or a transitive verb.,maurerphilippe michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Clausal syntax,e51436ff915a472d63ce8367c0ad1aaf,{} +85,‘Take’ serial verb constructions,"In this feature, we consider serial verb constructions in which one of the two verbs means ‘take’ (or has a closely related meaning such as ‘raise’) and expresses instrumental role or theme role.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,bddc4cb7d2eac52cbdda345b9173b99e,{} +86,'Give' serial verb constructions,"In serializing languages, the verb 'give' may be used as a serial verb, introducing a recipient or a beneficiary.",maurerphilippe,,primary,,,false,,,Clausal syntax,99c37f71d2587624995cccc09db7937b,{} +87,Reflexive constructions,"This feature describes how reflexive situations such as 'He hates himself', 'She sees herself in the mirror', 'He killed himself' are expressed, i.e. ordinary transitive constructions in which the patient is coreferential with the agent.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,0f2e453ece8fe24947bebbba377044ad,{} 88,Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns,"This feature (based on WALS feature 47, by Ekkehard König & Peter Siemund (with Stephan Töpper)) deals with reflexive pronouns. Such pronouns are used to indicate that a non-subject argument of a transitive predicate is coreferential with (or bound by) the subject, i.e. expressions like English him-self: John1 saw himself1 in the mirror. (If a noun like ‘head’ is used in such contexts, or if the ordinary personal pronoun is used, this also counts as a “reflexive pronoun” for present purposes.) Intensifiers are expressions like him-self, which can be adjoined to either NPs or VPs, are invariably focused and thus are prosodically prominent. The main function of intensifiers can be seen in the evoking of alternatives to the referent of the NP they relate to: The director himself opened the letter (e.g. not his secretary). -Here we ask whether intensifiers and reflexives are identical or different. If the reflexive pronoun contains the intensifier (as in Creolese, where ii-self is the reflexive pronoun and self is the intensifier), this also counts as identity.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,47A,168,Clausal syntax,de7ff990d2552f4d4e852aca34ac84b3 -89,Reciprocal constructions,"This feature (based on WALS feature 106, by Elen Malsova and Vladimir P. Nedjalkov) considers reciprocal constructions (constructions translated with ‘each other’) and compares them in particular to reflexive constructions. Reciprocals may be coded just like reflexives (identity), they may be coded in one of thee subtypes of ""special"" constructions, or there may be both reflexive-like and special reciprocal constructions (overlap, second value). Finally, some languages have no special reciprocal construction and have to use two clauses (“iconic coding”, last value).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,106A,175,Clausal syntax,731b82ede19b5f34bd774e3440886c11 -9,Position of definite article in the noun phrase,"A definite article is an element which accompanies nouns and which codes definiteness, like the in English. Definite articles need not be obligatory. Definite NPs are NPs whose referent can be uniquely identified by the hearer, as in anaphoric situations, to refer back to something mentioned in the preceding discourse (e.g. I bought a new bicycle... My husband likes the bicycle), or in associative contexts, to refer to something that is not mentioned in the preceding discourse but that is identifiable because of an associative relationship (e.g. I bought a new bicycle. The saddle is very comfortable).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Word order,d5b8afdc4f3332350b5f61ddd7a0989b -90,Passive constructions,"A typical passive construction contrasts with a basic active construction, its subject corresponds to the object of the active and the active subject is expressed as an oblique phrase or dropped, it is pragmatically restricted vis-à-vis the active, and it is marked on the verb by an affix or auxiliary. Passives that lack verbal coding (e.g. Bahamian Creole I christen in that church) also occur quite widely. Passives may also be atypical in other ways, e.g. Singlish John give his boss scold 'John was scolded by his boss', where the active subject becomes the object of the passive auxiliary give.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,7942d5bafdfc5356e86f8d8e75b86cbb -91,Applicative constructions,"In an applicative construction, there is an additional (direct) object argument compared to the basic non-applicative construction, and there is an overt marker on the verb. Some languages only allow applicative constructions with transitive bases. The applicative object can have a variety of functions, especially benefactive, instrumental and locative function. This feature is based on WALS feature 109, by Maria Polinsky.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,109A,183,Clausal syntax,7ed7e19f52451c450553995624aa5feb -92,Subject relative clauses,"This feature (based on WALS feature 122, by Bernard Comrie and Tania Kuteva)concerns the expression of relative clauses whose head has the subject role in the relative clause. A relative clause is defined as a clause that helps narrow the reference of a noun (the head) and in which the referent of the noun head has a semantic role. Relative clauses can be marked by a particle or be left unmarked (zero). The role of the head inside the relative clause can be indicated by a gap (no overt expression), or by a resumptive pronoun. The relative clause and the head’s role may also be marked by the same element a relative pronoun. Relative pronouns are forms that have different subject/object forms or can be combined with an adposition. The non-reduction type subsumes the three minor types of Feature 7 (internally headed, correlative, adjoined).",michaelissusannemaria haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,122A,166,Complex sentences,a954c5ac1a122d7d6db4cc824e742c1b -93,Object relative clauses,"This feature concerns the expression of relative clauses whose head has the object role in the relative clause. A relative clause is defined as a clause that helps narrow the reference of a noun (the head) and in which the referent of the noun head has a semantic role. Relative clauses can be marked by a particle or be left unmarked (zero). The role of the head inside the relative clause can be indicated by a gap (no overt expression), or by a resumptive pronoun. The relative clause and the head’s role may also be marked by the same element a relative pronoun. Relative pronouns are forms that have different subject/object forms or can be combined with an adposition. The non-reduction type subsumes the three minor types of Feature 7 (internally headed, correlative, adjoined).",michaelissusannemaria haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Complex sentences,7f52d112fa61b0aeb61d34851e870ed0 -94,Instrument relative clauses,"This feature concerns the expression of relative clauses whose head has the instrumental role in the relative clause. A relative clause is defined as a clause that helps narrow the reference of a noun (the head) and in which the referent of the noun head has a semantic role. Relative clauses can be marked by a particle or be left unmarked (zero). The role of the head inside the relative clause can be indicated by a gap (no overt expression), or by a resumptive pronoun. The relative clause and the head’s role may also be marked by the same element a relative pronoun. Relative pronouns are forms that have different subject/object forms or can be combined with an adposition.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Complex sentences,35c4af1ca5efd968acdc7b5d0a08cf65 +Here we ask whether intensifiers and reflexives are identical or different. If the reflexive pronoun contains the intensifier (as in Creolese, where ii-self is the reflexive pronoun and self is the intensifier), this also counts as identity.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,47A,168,Clausal syntax,de7ff990d2552f4d4e852aca34ac84b3,{} +89,Reciprocal constructions,"This feature (based on WALS feature 106, by Elen Malsova and Vladimir P. Nedjalkov) considers reciprocal constructions (constructions translated with ‘each other’) and compares them in particular to reflexive constructions. Reciprocals may be coded just like reflexives (identity), they may be coded in one of thee subtypes of ""special"" constructions, or there may be both reflexive-like and special reciprocal constructions (overlap, second value). Finally, some languages have no special reciprocal construction and have to use two clauses (“iconic coding”, last value).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,106A,175,Clausal syntax,731b82ede19b5f34bd774e3440886c11,{} +9,Position of definite article in the noun phrase,"A definite article is an element which accompanies nouns and which codes definiteness, like the in English. Definite articles need not be obligatory. Definite NPs are NPs whose referent can be uniquely identified by the hearer, as in anaphoric situations, to refer back to something mentioned in the preceding discourse (e.g. I bought a new bicycle... My husband likes the bicycle), or in associative contexts, to refer to something that is not mentioned in the preceding discourse but that is identifiable because of an associative relationship (e.g. I bought a new bicycle. The saddle is very comfortable).",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Word order,d5b8afdc4f3332350b5f61ddd7a0989b,{} +90,Passive constructions,"A typical passive construction contrasts with a basic active construction, its subject corresponds to the object of the active and the active subject is expressed as an oblique phrase or dropped, it is pragmatically restricted vis-à-vis the active, and it is marked on the verb by an affix or auxiliary. Passives that lack verbal coding (e.g. Bahamian Creole I christen in that church) also occur quite widely. Passives may also be atypical in other ways, e.g. Singlish John give his boss scold 'John was scolded by his boss', where the active subject becomes the object of the passive auxiliary give.",haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Clausal syntax,7942d5bafdfc5356e86f8d8e75b86cbb,{} +91,Applicative constructions,"In an applicative construction, there is an additional (direct) object argument compared to the basic non-applicative construction, and there is an overt marker on the verb. Some languages only allow applicative constructions with transitive bases. The applicative object can have a variety of functions, especially benefactive, instrumental and locative function. This feature is based on WALS feature 109, by Maria Polinsky.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,109A,183,Clausal syntax,7ed7e19f52451c450553995624aa5feb,{} +92,Subject relative clauses,"This feature (based on WALS feature 122, by Bernard Comrie and Tania Kuteva)concerns the expression of relative clauses whose head has the subject role in the relative clause. A relative clause is defined as a clause that helps narrow the reference of a noun (the head) and in which the referent of the noun head has a semantic role. Relative clauses can be marked by a particle or be left unmarked (zero). The role of the head inside the relative clause can be indicated by a gap (no overt expression), or by a resumptive pronoun. The relative clause and the head’s role may also be marked by the same element a relative pronoun. Relative pronouns are forms that have different subject/object forms or can be combined with an adposition. The non-reduction type subsumes the three minor types of Feature 7 (internally headed, correlative, adjoined).",michaelissusannemaria haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,122A,166,Complex sentences,a954c5ac1a122d7d6db4cc824e742c1b,{} +93,Object relative clauses,"This feature concerns the expression of relative clauses whose head has the object role in the relative clause. A relative clause is defined as a clause that helps narrow the reference of a noun (the head) and in which the referent of the noun head has a semantic role. Relative clauses can be marked by a particle or be left unmarked (zero). The role of the head inside the relative clause can be indicated by a gap (no overt expression), or by a resumptive pronoun. The relative clause and the head’s role may also be marked by the same element a relative pronoun. Relative pronouns are forms that have different subject/object forms or can be combined with an adposition. The non-reduction type subsumes the three minor types of Feature 7 (internally headed, correlative, adjoined).",michaelissusannemaria haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,,,Complex sentences,7f52d112fa61b0aeb61d34851e870ed0,{} +94,Instrument relative clauses,"This feature concerns the expression of relative clauses whose head has the instrumental role in the relative clause. A relative clause is defined as a clause that helps narrow the reference of a noun (the head) and in which the referent of the noun head has a semantic role. Relative clauses can be marked by a particle or be left unmarked (zero). The role of the head inside the relative clause can be indicated by a gap (no overt expression), or by a resumptive pronoun. The relative clause and the head’s role may also be marked by the same element a relative pronoun. Relative pronouns are forms that have different subject/object forms or can be combined with an adposition.",haspelmathmartin michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Complex sentences,35c4af1ca5efd968acdc7b5d0a08cf65,{} 95,Complementizer with verbs of speaking,"This feature deals with complementizers (like English that) used with verbs of speaking such as ‘say’, ‘tell’, ‘ask’, ‘shout’, ‘whisper’, in a reported speech construction such as She told me that she knew it. In general, the constructions that interest us are indirect-speech constructions (with person shift), but when a language does not have a special indirect-speech construction, we also consider direct-speech constructions. Complementizers are defined here as elements that do not belong either to the verb of speaking or to the text of the reported speech and link the reported speech to the verb of speaking, normally marking what follows (or precedes) as a complement of the verb of speaking. In quite a few languages, a form of the verb 'say' is used as a complementizer with verbs of speaking. If the 'say' form is a bare stem, the pattern is often considered as a kind of serial verb construction. In this feature, we investigate asserted reported speech sentences like 'She said that the boy did not feel well', not sentences with directive modality like 'She told the boy to stay in bed', because these latter constructions often yield different syntactic structures. - Languages often show several different complementizer constructions.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Complex sentences,9036a1019abcfa4a44501f38b3e5f29d -96,Complementizer with verbs of knowing,"This feature asks about the complementizer used with the verb ‘know’, or similar factive verbs of cognition such as ‘learn’ or ‘forget’. The complementizer is often related to 'say' (either identical to bare 'say' or 'say' plus some other marker), but it may be unrelated to 'say'.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Complex sentences,bd99683ee41b9b6a8e00724b2b1b4e8c -97,‘Want’ complement subjects,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 124, by Martin Haspelmath), we look at same-subject complement clauses of ‘want’ (e.g. She wants to go home). The main question is whether the ‘want’ complement clause, whose subject is referentially identical with the ‘want’ subject, contains an overt subject pronoun, or is left implicit. Some languages do not use a ‘want’ verb, but instead have a desiderative affix on the verb, or an uninflected adverb-like particle meaning ‘want’.",michaelissusannemaria haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,124A,283,Complex sentences,40e41cdb99468982292942dacf9a10ab + Languages often show several different complementizer constructions.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Complex sentences,9036a1019abcfa4a44501f38b3e5f29d,{} +96,Complementizer with verbs of knowing,"This feature asks about the complementizer used with the verb ‘know’, or similar factive verbs of cognition such as ‘learn’ or ‘forget’. The complementizer is often related to 'say' (either identical to bare 'say' or 'say' plus some other marker), but it may be unrelated to 'say'.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,true,,,Complex sentences,bd99683ee41b9b6a8e00724b2b1b4e8c,{} +97,‘Want’ complement subjects,"In this feature (based on WALS feature 124, by Martin Haspelmath), we look at same-subject complement clauses of ‘want’ (e.g. She wants to go home). The main question is whether the ‘want’ complement clause, whose subject is referentially identical with the ‘want’ subject, contains an overt subject pronoun, or is left implicit. Some languages do not use a ‘want’ verb, but instead have a desiderative affix on the verb, or an uninflected adverb-like particle meaning ‘want’.",michaelissusannemaria haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,true,124A,283,Complex sentences,40e41cdb99468982292942dacf9a10ab,{} 98,Complements of 'think' and 'want',"In the present feature, we consider the similarities and differences between two complement clause types. On the one hand, we consider complement clauses which depend on the verb ‘think’ and where the subject of the main clause is different from the subject in the complement clause (e.g. English She thinks that her son is at home). On the other hand, we look at complement clauses of ‘want’ where the subject of the matrix clause is again different from the subject in the complement clause (e.g. English She wants her son to come home). For same-subject complement clauses of ‘want’, see Feature 97 (“Want complement subjects”). In comparing these two complement clause types, two separate parameters are relevant: (i) whether there is an overt complementizer, and - (ii) if so, whether both complement types show the same complementizer or different complementizers.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Complex sentences,60b55fdfe2b0124f92f7b12169a45315 -99,Verb doubling in temporal clauses,"In some creole languages, a verb doubling construction can be used to express temporal adverbial clauses, and sometimes other types of subordinate clauses as well. An example from Haitian Creole is: Rive Jan rive (epi) Mari pati. ‘As soon as Jean arrived, Marie left.’",michaelissusannemaria haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Complex sentences,8ab0666b47c686e4ad331344d560cff6 + (ii) if so, whether both complement types show the same complementizer or different complementizers.",michaelissusannemaria,,primary,,,false,,,Complex sentences,60b55fdfe2b0124f92f7b12169a45315,{} +99,Verb doubling in temporal clauses,"In some creole languages, a verb doubling construction can be used to express temporal adverbial clauses, and sometimes other types of subordinate clauses as well. An example from Haitian Creole is: Rive Jan rive (epi) Mari pati. ‘As soon as Jean arrived, Marie left.’",michaelissusannemaria haspelmathmartin,,primary,,,false,,,Complex sentences,8ab0666b47c686e4ad331344d560cff6,{} diff --git a/cldf/values.csv b/cldf/values.csv index a5ecf63..88e27ea 100644 --- a/cldf/values.csv +++ b/cldf/values.csv @@ -1,86 +1,86 @@ -ID,Language_ID,Parameter_ID,Value,Code_ID,Comment,Source,Example_ID,Frequency,Confidence -1-0-1,1,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -1-1-2,1,1,2,1-2,,,1-1 1-2,100.0,Very certain -1-10-1,1,10,1,10-1,Note that the indefinite article wan is not always present.,191,1-28 1-35,100.0,Very certain -1-100-4,1,100,4,100-4,,1521[243ff],1-241,100.0,Very certain -1-101-1,1,101,1,101-1,,1521[243ff],1-212,100.0,Very certain -1-102-3,1,102,3,102-3,Negative indefinite pronouns except noti 'nothing' preclude predicate negation; predicate negation cooccurs with non-negative indefinite pronouns.,1521[246],1-242 1-243 1-244,100.0,Certain -1-103-7,1,103,7,103-7,,1521[247-8],1-245,100.0,Very certain +ID,Language_ID,Parameter_ID,Value,Code_ID,Comment,Source,Example_ID,Frequency,Confidence,Metadata,source_comment +1-0-1,1,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +1-1-2,1,1,2,1-2,,,1-1 1-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +1-10-1,1,10,1,10-1,Note that the indefinite article wan is not always present.,191,1-28 1-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1-100-4,1,100,4,100-4,,1521[243ff],1-241,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1-101-1,1,101,1,101-1,,1521[243ff],1-212,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-102-3,1,102,3,102-3,Negative indefinite pronouns except noti 'nothing' preclude predicate negation; predicate negation cooccurs with non-negative indefinite pronouns.,1521[246],1-242 1-243 1-244,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +1-103-7,1,103,7,103-7,,1521[247-8],1-245,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", 1-104-1,1,104,1,104-1,"The highlighter is the copula da. In general there is no element separating the clefted constituent from the rest of the clause. -Occasionally (particularly in Weygandt 1798 and Schumann 1781) the relativizer disi appears in cleft-like constructions; such cases can sometimes but not always receive an alternative analysis involving a true relative clause.",1521[292ff],1-246 1-247,100.0,Very certain -1-105-1,1,105,1,105-1,,54[100ff],1-248,100.0,Very certain -1-106-3,1,106,3,106-3,,,1-174 1-249,100.0,Very certain -1-107-1,1,107,1,107-1,,1521[297],1-250 1-251,100.0,Very certain +Occasionally (particularly in Weygandt 1798 and Schumann 1781) the relativizer disi appears in cleft-like constructions; such cases can sometimes but not always receive an alternative analysis involving a true relative clause.",1521[292ff],1-246 1-247,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-105-1,1,105,1,105-1,,54[100ff],1-248,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-106-3,1,106,3,106-3,,,1-174 1-249,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +1-107-1,1,107,1,107-1,,1521[297],1-250 1-251,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 1-109-1,1,109,1,109-1,"pikin 'child', 'small', 'a little'; variants: pekin (Herlein 1718) pinkinine ('a little', Herlein 1718) -pekinini (Nepveu 1765)",,1-252,100.0,Very certain -1-11-3,1,11,3,11-3,,,1-36 1-37,90.0,Very certain -1-11-1,1,11,1,11-1,,,1-38,10.0,Certain -1-110-1,1,110,1,110-1,The item sabi is both a verb and a noun.,,1-175 1-253 1-82,100.0,Very certain +pekinini (Nepveu 1765)",,1-252,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1-11-3,1,11,3,11-3,,,1-36 1-37,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-800080-90-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-11-1,1,11,1,11-1,,,1-38,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-800080-90-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-110-1,1,110,1,110-1,The item sabi is both a verb and a noun.,,1-175 1-253 1-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 1-111-3,1,111,3,111-3,"Value 2: Note that the compound is left-headed: 'water'-'eye' Value 3: -See the examples for an analytic variant and examples of circumlocution.",181,1-255 1-256 1-257,50.0,Certain +See the examples for an analytic variant and examples of circumlocution.",181,1-255 1-256 1-257,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", 1-111-2,1,111,2,111-2,"Value 2: Note that the compound is left-headed: 'water'-'eye' Value 3: -See the examples for an analytic variant and examples of circumlocution.",181,1-254,50.0,Certain -1-112-1,1,112,1,112-1,,,1-258 1-259 1-260,100.0,Very certain -1-113-4,1,113,4,113-4,"Although Schumann (1783) includes 'toe' with the meanings for plain finga, it appears that when 'toe' is meant rather than 'finger', the specification 'at foot' is added.",,1-261 1-262,100.0,Certain -1-114-4,1,114,4,114-4,"Wiriwiri (< English weed) is the general term for leaves, grasses, herbs, and also for hair, fur, feathers, etc. When combined with a particular noun, it conveys a more specific meaning.",,1-263 1-264,100.0,Very certain -1-115-2,1,115,2,115-2,,,1-265 1-266,100.0,Certain -1-116-2,1,116,2,116-2,,1521[93-95],1-267 1-268,100.0,Very certain -1-117-1,1,117,1,117-1,,181;1520,1-269,100.0,Very certain -1-118-3,1,118,3,118-3,Complex onset: s + obstruent + sonorant is rare.,,1-270 1-271 1-272 1-273 1-274,100.0,Certain +See the examples for an analytic variant and examples of circumlocution.",181,1-254,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +1-112-1,1,112,1,112-1,,,1-258 1-259 1-260,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +1-113-4,1,113,4,113-4,"Although Schumann (1783) includes 'toe' with the meanings for plain finga, it appears that when 'toe' is meant rather than 'finger', the specification 'at foot' is added.",,1-261 1-262,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +1-114-4,1,114,4,114-4,"Wiriwiri (< English weed) is the general term for leaves, grasses, herbs, and also for hair, fur, feathers, etc. When combined with a particular noun, it conveys a more specific meaning.",,1-263 1-264,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +1-115-2,1,115,2,115-2,,,1-265 1-266,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1-116-2,1,116,2,116-2,,1521[93-95],1-267 1-268,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-117-1,1,117,1,117-1,,181;1520,1-269,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-118-3,1,118,3,118-3,Complex onset: s + obstruent + sonorant is rare.,,1-270 1-271 1-272 1-273 1-274,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 1-119-2,1,119,2,119-2,"Obstruent in coda is rare. -Liquid or nasal and obstruent in coda (Value 3) does occur but marginally; mainly Dutch borrowings not (yet) adapted; these have been ignored for value assignment.",1422,1-271 1-275 1-276 1-277,100.0,Certain -1-12-1,1,12,1,12-1,,183[145ff],1-39 1-40 1-41 1-42,100.0,Very certain -1-121-2,1,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -1-122-4,1,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -1-123-4,1,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -1-124-1,1,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -1-125-3,1,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -1-126-4,1,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -1-127-6,1,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -1-128-1,1,128,1,128-1,,,1-293,100.0, -1-129-2,1,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -1-13-1,1,13,1,13-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -1-130-1,1,130,1,130-1,,,1-290,100.0, -1-131,1,131,1,131-1,,,1-278,100.0, -1-132,1,132,1,132-1,,,1-280,100.0, -1-133,1,133,1,133-1,,,1-281,100.0, -1-134,1,134,1,134-1,,,1-282,100.0, -1-137,1,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -1-138,1,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -1-139,1,139,1,139-1,,,1-284,100.0, -1-14-1,1,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -1-140,1,140,1,140-1,,,1-285,100.0, -1-143,1,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -1-144,1,144,3,144-3,,,,100.0, -1-145,1,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -1-146,1,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -1-147,1,147,1,147-1,,,1-279,100.0, -1-148,1,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -1-149,1,149,1,149-1,,,1-283,100.0, -1-15-1,1,15,1,15-1,"In (some varieties of) modern Sranan, unu can, apart from 2PL, be 1PL exclusive when in contrast with wi which is then inclusive (Wilner 1994); we did not encounter clear instances of such an inclusive/exlusive distinction in the available 18th-century sources however.",,1-43 1-44,100.0,Intermediate -1-151,1,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -1-152,1,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -1-153,1,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -1-155,1,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -1-156,1,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -1-158,1,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -1-159,1,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -1-16-1,1,16,1,16-1,"In (some varieties of) modern Sranan, unu can be an (exclusive) 1PL pronoun as well as 2PL (Wilner 1994); we did not encounter clear instances of unu as 1PL pronoun in the available 18th-century sources, however.",1521[45],1-45,100.0,Uncertain -1-160,1,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -1-161,1,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -1-163,1,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -1-168,1,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -1-169,1,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, +Liquid or nasal and obstruent in coda (Value 3) does occur but marginally; mainly Dutch borrowings not (yet) adapted; these have been ignored for value assignment.",1422,1-271 1-275 1-276 1-277,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-12-1,1,12,1,12-1,,183[145ff],1-39 1-40 1-41 1-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1-121-2,1,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1-122-4,1,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1-123-4,1,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-124-1,1,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-125-3,1,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1-126-4,1,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-127-6,1,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-128-1,1,128,1,128-1,,,1-293,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-129-2,1,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-13-1,1,13,1,13-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +1-130-1,1,130,1,130-1,,,1-290,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-131,1,131,1,131-1,,,1-278,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-132,1,132,1,132-1,,,1-280,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-133,1,133,1,133-1,,,1-281,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-134,1,134,1,134-1,,,1-282,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-137,1,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-138,1,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-139,1,139,1,139-1,,,1-284,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-14-1,1,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-140,1,140,1,140-1,,,1-285,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-143,1,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-144,1,144,3,144-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +1-145,1,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-146,1,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-147,1,147,1,147-1,,,1-279,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-148,1,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-149,1,149,1,149-1,,,1-283,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-15-1,1,15,1,15-1,"In (some varieties of) modern Sranan, unu can, apart from 2PL, be 1PL exclusive when in contrast with wi which is then inclusive (Wilner 1994); we did not encounter clear instances of such an inclusive/exlusive distinction in the available 18th-century sources however.",,1-43 1-44,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +1-151,1,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-152,1,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-153,1,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-155,1,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-156,1,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-158,1,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-159,1,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-16-1,1,16,1,16-1,"In (some varieties of) modern Sranan, unu can be an (exclusive) 1PL pronoun as well as 2PL (Wilner 1994); we did not encounter clear instances of unu as 1PL pronoun in the available 18th-century sources, however.",1521[45],1-45,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-160,1,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-161,1,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-163,1,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-168,1,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-169,1,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 1-17-2,1,17,2,17-2,"The existence of a dependent subject form is very certain: 3SG a vs. independent hem occurring as emphatic subject, co-referential subject, object. 2SG jie may be a dependent variant of yu; attested as subject in one source. @@ -89,116 +89,116 @@ Writing as one word sometimes seems to indicate dependency. E.g., when followed By contrast, dependent object pronouns are uncertain. Attested as indirect object: 2SG -u (vs. yu) dependent indirect object of gi 'give' (not attested with other verbs). Perhaps reduced variants of pronouns did occur as dependent direct object but were not differentiated from the full forms in the writing. -See Examples & Comments.",1521[38-45];183[95];1422[271],1-46 1-47 1-48 1-49 1-50 1-51 1-52 1-53 1-54 1-55 1-56,100.0,Intermediate -1-170,1,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -1-171,1,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -1-172,1,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -1-173,1,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -1-174,1,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -1-176,1,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -1-178,1,178,1,178-1,,,1-291,100.0, -1-179,1,179,1,179-1,,,1-292,100.0, -1-18-2,1,18,2,18-2,"In addition to the second person pronoun, the third person pronoun is used as well as polite term of address - see Example 57.","1521[44, 385ff]",1-57 1-58,100.0,Certain -1-180,1,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -1-181,1,181,1,181-1,,,1-293,100.0, -1-182,1,182,2,182-2,"The digraph probably represented biphonemic /ng/, with the nasal pronounced as a verlar.",,1-294,100.0, -1-183,1,183,1,183-1,,,1-295,100.0, -1-184,1,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -1-187,1,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -1-188,1,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -1-189,1,189,1,189-1,,,1-286,100.0, -1-19-5,1,19,5,19-5,"Interrogative pronouns are compound expressions; the question element hu or o may be absent with 'who', 'what', and, exceptionally, 'how' however.",1521[251ff],1-39 1-40 1-41 1-42 1-59 1-60 1-61 1-62 1-63 1-64,100.0,Very certain -1-190,1,190,1,190-1,,,1-287,100.0, -1-191,1,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -1-192,1,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -1-193,1,193,1,193-1,,,1-288,100.0, -1-194,1,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -1-195,1,195,1,195-1,,,1-289,100.0, -1-196,1,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -1-199,1,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -1-2-1,1,2,1,2-1,"The order possessor-possessum appears to be restricted to cases where the possessor is human, so indicating a quantitative relative importance is problematic. With human possessors, juxtaposition in this order is quite frequent, however.",181[48ff],1-3 1-4,30.0,Very certain -1-2-2,1,2,2,2-2,"The order possessor-possessum appears to be restricted to cases where the possessor is human, so indicating a quantitative relative importance is problematic. With human possessors, juxtaposition in this order is quite frequent, however.",181[48ff],1-5 1-6,70.0,Very certain -1-20-1,1,20,1,20-1,,1521[134ff],1-43 1-65,100.0,Very certain -1-200,1,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -1-201,1,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -1-202,1,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -1-205,1,205,1,205-1,,,1-290,100.0, -1-209,1,209,1,209-1,,,1-296,100.0, -1-21-2,1,21,2,21-2,"The forms soma (< English somebody) 'person' and sani (< English something) 'thing' can express the indefinite pronouns 'someone' and 'something' by themselves, or are preceded by the INDF.SG article wan. In case of the latter, the combination is sometimes written as one word. It can be difficult to distinguish between a nominal and a pronominal interpretation.",1521[56ff],1-66 1-67 1-68 1-69,100.0,Very certain -1-212,1,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -1-217,1,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -1-218,1,218,1,218-1,,,1-297,100.0, -1-22-4,1,22,4,22-4,"Plural is never marked on the noun itself. As there is no indefinite plural determiner, indefinite plurals always remain unmarked. Definite plurals may but need not be marked by the plural determiner den. (Cf. Feature 28 ""Definite articles"".)",191,1-70 1-71 1-72,100.0,Very certain -1-221,1,221,1,221-1,,,1-298,100.0, +See Examples & Comments.",1521[38-45];183[95];1422[271],1-46 1-47 1-48 1-49 1-50 1-51 1-52 1-53 1-54 1-55 1-56,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1-170,1,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-171,1,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-172,1,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-173,1,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-174,1,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-176,1,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-178,1,178,1,178-1,,,1-291,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-179,1,179,1,179-1,,,1-292,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-18-2,1,18,2,18-2,"In addition to the second person pronoun, the third person pronoun is used as well as polite term of address - see Example 57.","1521[44, 385ff]",1-57 1-58,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1-180,1,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-181,1,181,1,181-1,,,1-293,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-182,1,182,2,182-2,"The digraph probably represented biphonemic /ng/, with the nasal pronounced as a verlar.",,1-294,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +1-183,1,183,1,183-1,,,1-295,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-184,1,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-187,1,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-188,1,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-189,1,189,1,189-1,,,1-286,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-19-5,1,19,5,19-5,"Interrogative pronouns are compound expressions; the question element hu or o may be absent with 'who', 'what', and, exceptionally, 'how' however.",1521[251ff],1-39 1-40 1-41 1-42 1-59 1-60 1-61 1-62 1-63 1-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +1-190,1,190,1,190-1,,,1-287,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-191,1,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-192,1,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-193,1,193,1,193-1,,,1-288,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-194,1,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-195,1,195,1,195-1,,,1-289,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-196,1,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-199,1,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-2-1,1,2,1,2-1,"The order possessor-possessum appears to be restricted to cases where the possessor is human, so indicating a quantitative relative importance is problematic. With human possessors, juxtaposition in this order is quite frequent, however.",181[48ff],1-3 1-4,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1-2-2,1,2,2,2-2,"The order possessor-possessum appears to be restricted to cases where the possessor is human, so indicating a quantitative relative importance is problematic. With human possessors, juxtaposition in this order is quite frequent, however.",181[48ff],1-5 1-6,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1-20-1,1,20,1,20-1,,1521[134ff],1-43 1-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-200,1,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-201,1,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-202,1,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-205,1,205,1,205-1,,,1-290,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-209,1,209,1,209-1,,,1-296,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-21-2,1,21,2,21-2,"The forms soma (< English somebody) 'person' and sani (< English something) 'thing' can express the indefinite pronouns 'someone' and 'something' by themselves, or are preceded by the INDF.SG article wan. In case of the latter, the combination is sometimes written as one word. It can be difficult to distinguish between a nominal and a pronominal interpretation.",1521[56ff],1-66 1-67 1-68 1-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1-212,1,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-217,1,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-218,1,218,1,218-1,,,1-297,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-22-4,1,22,4,22-4,"Plural is never marked on the noun itself. As there is no indefinite plural determiner, indefinite plurals always remain unmarked. Definite plurals may but need not be marked by the plural determiner den. (Cf. Feature 28 ""Definite articles"".)",191,1-70 1-71 1-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1-221,1,221,1,221-1,,,1-298,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 1-23-7,1,23,7,23-7,"Plural is never marked morphologically on the noun itself. There is a (non-obligatory) definite plural determiner (see also Feature 28 ""Definite articles""); indefinite plurals are not marked at all. -The reduplication of nouns to express multitude is rare; it may be typical of the European variety (Bakratongo). Relatively more frequent is reduplication expressing a distributive plural.",181[61-62];1521[177],1-72 1-75,90.0,Very certain +The reduplication of nouns to express multitude is rare; it may be typical of the European variety (Bakratongo). Relatively more frequent is reduplication expressing a distributive plural.",181[61-62];1521[177],1-72 1-75,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-800080-90-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", 1-23-6,1,23,6,23-6,"Plural is never marked morphologically on the noun itself. There is a (non-obligatory) definite plural determiner (see also Feature 28 ""Definite articles""); indefinite plurals are not marked at all. -The reduplication of nouns to express multitude is rare; it may be typical of the European variety (Bakratongo). Relatively more frequent is reduplication expressing a distributive plural.",181[61-62];1521[177],1-73 1-74,10.0,Certain -1-231,1,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -1-24-4,1,24,4,24-4,,183[104],,100.0,Very certain -1-25-2,1,25,2,25-2,"The form written as or is both 3PL pronoun and determiner expressing plural and at the same time definiteness or, sometimes, deixis.",183[104],1-33 1-65 1-72 1-76,100.0,Very certain -1-252,1,252,1,252-1,,,1-299,100.0, -1-253,1,253,1,253-1,,,1-300,100.0, -1-254,1,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -1-255,1,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -1-256,1,256,1,256-1,,,1-301,100.0, -1-257,1,257,1,257-1,,,1-302,100.0, -1-258,1,258,1,258-1,,,1-303,100.0, -1-259,1,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -1-26-6,1,26,6,26-6,,183[93];181,1-73 1-77 1-78 1-79 1-80,100.0,Very certain -1-260,1,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -1-261,1,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -1-263,1,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -1-267,1,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -1-268,1,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -1-27-2,1,27,2,27-2,,,1-81,100.0,Very certain -1-272,1,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -1-273,1,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -1-274,1,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -1-275,1,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -1-276,1,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -1-277,1,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -1-278,1,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -1-279,1,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -1-28-2,1,28,2,28-2,"The determiners da (SG) and den (PL) function as definite articles but, on the one hand, they are not always present in definite contexts, and, on the other hand, they can have demonstrative force.",192;193,1-23 1-24 1-82 1-83,100.0,Very certain -1-280,1,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -1-281,1,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -1-282,1,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -1-284,1,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -1-285,1,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -1-286,1,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -1-287,1,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -1-288,1,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -1-289,1,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -1-29-2,1,29,2,29-2,"The indefinite singular article is wan, which is also the numeral 'one'. The article is more frequent than a numeral would be but less so than e.g. a in English.",192;193,1-12 1-84 1-85,100.0,Very certain -1-290,1,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -1-291,1,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -1-3-1,1,3,1,3-1,,,1-7,100.0,Very certain +The reduplication of nouns to express multitude is rare; it may be typical of the European variety (Bakratongo). Relatively more frequent is reduplication expressing a distributive plural.",181[61-62];1521[177],1-73 1-74,10.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-800080-90-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +1-231,1,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-24-4,1,24,4,24-4,,183[104],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-25-2,1,25,2,25-2,"The form written as or is both 3PL pronoun and determiner expressing plural and at the same time definiteness or, sometimes, deixis.",183[104],1-33 1-65 1-72 1-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1-252,1,252,1,252-1,,,1-299,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-253,1,253,1,253-1,,,1-300,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-254,1,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-255,1,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-256,1,256,1,256-1,,,1-301,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-257,1,257,1,257-1,,,1-302,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-258,1,258,1,258-1,,,1-303,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +1-259,1,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-26-6,1,26,6,26-6,,183[93];181,1-73 1-77 1-78 1-79 1-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +1-260,1,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-261,1,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-263,1,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-267,1,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-268,1,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-27-2,1,27,2,27-2,,,1-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-272,1,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-273,1,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-274,1,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-275,1,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-276,1,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-277,1,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-278,1,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-279,1,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-28-2,1,28,2,28-2,"The determiners da (SG) and den (PL) function as definite articles but, on the one hand, they are not always present in definite contexts, and, on the other hand, they can have demonstrative force.",192;193,1-23 1-24 1-82 1-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1-280,1,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-281,1,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-282,1,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-284,1,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-285,1,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-286,1,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-287,1,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-288,1,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-289,1,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-29-2,1,29,2,29-2,"The indefinite singular article is wan, which is also the numeral 'one'. The article is more frequent than a numeral would be but less so than e.g. a in English.",192;193,1-12 1-84 1-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1-290,1,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-291,1,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-3-1,1,3,1,3-1,,,1-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 1-30-8,1,30,8,30-8,"Value 2 (& 5): As number is never marked on the noun itself, bare nouns, lacking an article, are neutral with regard to number. Although we do not exclude the possibility, we did not find a proper example with a singular definite article (Value 4) -The definite plural article (Value 7) is extremely rare in this context; the indefinite singular article (Value 8) less so.",191,1-79,11.1111111111111,Very certain +The definite plural article (Value 7) is extremely rare in this context; the indefinite singular article (Value 8) less so.",191,1-79,11.1111111111111,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-78-FF0000-12-800080-12-964B00.png""}", 1-30-2,1,30,2,30-2,"Value 2 (& 5): As number is never marked on the noun itself, bare nouns, lacking an article, are neutral with regard to number. Although we do not exclude the possibility, we did not find a proper example with a singular definite article (Value 4) -The definite plural article (Value 7) is extremely rare in this context; the indefinite singular article (Value 8) less so.",191,1-86 1-87 1-88,77.7777777777778,Very certain +The definite plural article (Value 7) is extremely rare in this context; the indefinite singular article (Value 8) less so.",191,1-86 1-87 1-88,77.7777777777778,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-78-FF0000-12-800080-12-964B00.png""}", 1-30-7,1,30,7,30-7,"Value 2 (& 5): As number is never marked on the noun itself, bare nouns, lacking an article, are neutral with regard to number. Although we do not exclude the possibility, we did not find a proper example with a singular definite article (Value 4) -The definite plural article (Value 7) is extremely rare in this context; the indefinite singular article (Value 8) less so.",191,1-89,11.1111111111111,Very certain -1-308-1,1,308,1,308-1,,1422,,100.0,Very certain +The definite plural article (Value 7) is extremely rare in this context; the indefinite singular article (Value 8) less so.",191,1-89,11.1111111111111,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-78-FF0000-12-800080-12-964B00.png""}", +1-308-1,1,308,1,308-1,,1422,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 1-31-3,1,31,3,31-3,"Value 1: When disi appears postnominally (as it does increasingly over time), it cooccurs with a prenominal definite article; the same applies to the single 18th-century instance of adnominal dati. @@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ Value 2: When disi appears prenominally, it does not cooccur with a definite article. Value 3: The determiners da (SG) and den (PL) function as definite articles and as adnominal demonstratives in Early Sranan. -In the latter function, they have a deictic value similar to dati, which is not used adnominally for most of the 18th century. When disi and dati appear after the noun and coocur with da or den, the latter are articles. Over time, these forms lost their demonstrative value, concurrent with the rise of adnominal dati.",191[357-360],1-23 1-24,27.2727272727273,Very certain +In the latter function, they have a deictic value similar to dati, which is not used adnominally for most of the 18th century. When disi and dati appear after the noun and coocur with da or den, the latter are articles. Over time, these forms lost their demonstrative value, concurrent with the rise of adnominal dati.",191[357-360],1-23 1-24,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-0000FF-46-FF0000-28-FFFF00.png""}", 1-31-2,1,31,2,31-2,"Value 1: When disi appears postnominally (as it does increasingly over time), it cooccurs with a prenominal definite article; the same applies to the single 18th-century instance of adnominal dati. @@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ Value 2: When disi appears prenominally, it does not cooccur with a definite article. Value 3: The determiners da (SG) and den (PL) function as definite articles and as adnominal demonstratives in Early Sranan. -In the latter function, they have a deictic value similar to dati, which is not used adnominally for most of the 18th century. When disi and dati appear after the noun and coocur with da or den, the latter are articles. Over time, these forms lost their demonstrative value, concurrent with the rise of adnominal dati.",191[357-360],1-20 1-90,45.4545454545455,Very certain +In the latter function, they have a deictic value similar to dati, which is not used adnominally for most of the 18th century. When disi and dati appear after the noun and coocur with da or den, the latter are articles. Over time, these forms lost their demonstrative value, concurrent with the rise of adnominal dati.",191[357-360],1-20 1-90,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-0000FF-46-FF0000-28-FFFF00.png""}", 1-31-1,1,31,1,31-1,"Value 1: When disi appears postnominally (as it does increasingly over time), it cooccurs with a prenominal definite article; the same applies to the single 18th-century instance of adnominal dati. @@ -222,57 +222,57 @@ Value 2: When disi appears prenominally, it does not cooccur with a definite article. Value 3: The determiners da (SG) and den (PL) function as definite articles and as adnominal demonstratives in Early Sranan. -In the latter function, they have a deictic value similar to dati, which is not used adnominally for most of the 18th century. When disi and dati appear after the noun and coocur with da or den, the latter are articles. Over time, these forms lost their demonstrative value, concurrent with the rise of adnominal dati.",191[357-360],1-21 1-22 1-91,27.2727272727273,Very certain -1-310-4,1,310,4,310-4,"To the extent that a pidgin variety existed alongside the creole, it can be assumed to have acquired native speakers.",,,100.0,Certain -1-311-1,1,311,1,311-1,"Given the numbers of imported slaves over the course of the 18th century, it can be assumed that a considerable number of adults acquired Sranan. Whether the process should be characterized as ""quickly"" is a matter of interpretation.",56,,100.0,Intermediate -1-312-3,1,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain -1-313-4,1,313,4,313-4,"By the end of the 18th century, the total population of Suriname (free, enslaved, European as well as African, mixed) is conservatively estimated at some 55,000 persons. We assume that all of these people mastered a variety of Sranan, albeit in varying degrees of profiency and fluency.",,,100.0, -1-314-3,1,314,3,314-3,We have no evidence to support that Sranan was prefered or predominantly used by one gender or the other.,,,100.0,Certain -1-315-4,1,315,4,315-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -1-316-4,1,316,4,316-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -1-317-1,1,317,1,317-1,"The 18th century sources on Sranan include information on songs in Sranan of various kinds, ranging from funeral songs to Moravian church hymns.",,,100.0,Intermediate -1-318-2,1,318,2,318-2,"The Sranan instruction manual that was written and published by G. C. Weygandt in Paramaribo in 1798 clearly has literary aspirations as it includes a Sranan version of a well-known Dutch poem by P. F. Roos (van den Berg 2007). But a better example of a literary work may be Hendrik van Schouten's poem '‘Een huishoudelyke twist’. It is a dialogue between a (European) man and a woman (of African descent), that is written in Dutch and Sranan in an A-B-A-B rhyme scheme. While the man directs his speech in Dutch to the woman, she replies in Sranan. The author Hendrik van Schouten was a member of the literary society 'De Surinaamsche Lettervrinden' (1785-1795).",,,100.0,Certain -1-319-4,1,319,4,319-4,"Newspapers appeared in Suriname only from the late 18th century onwards, see for example 'Algemeene Nieuwstijdingen' (1795-1805) and 'de Surinaamsche Courant' (from 1804 onwards). They were mainly in Dutch, although they appeared in both Dutch and English during the English period (1804-1816).",,,100.0,Very certain +In the latter function, they have a deictic value similar to dati, which is not used adnominally for most of the 18th century. When disi and dati appear after the noun and coocur with da or den, the latter are articles. Over time, these forms lost their demonstrative value, concurrent with the rise of adnominal dati.",191[357-360],1-21 1-22 1-91,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-0000FF-46-FF0000-28-FFFF00.png""}", +1-310-4,1,310,4,310-4,"To the extent that a pidgin variety existed alongside the creole, it can be assumed to have acquired native speakers.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +1-311-1,1,311,1,311-1,"Given the numbers of imported slaves over the course of the 18th century, it can be assumed that a considerable number of adults acquired Sranan. Whether the process should be characterized as ""quickly"" is a matter of interpretation.",56,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-312-3,1,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-313-4,1,313,4,313-4,"By the end of the 18th century, the total population of Suriname (free, enslaved, European as well as African, mixed) is conservatively estimated at some 55,000 persons. We assume that all of these people mastered a variety of Sranan, albeit in varying degrees of profiency and fluency.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-314-3,1,314,3,314-3,We have no evidence to support that Sranan was prefered or predominantly used by one gender or the other.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-315-4,1,315,4,315-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +1-316-4,1,316,4,316-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +1-317-1,1,317,1,317-1,"The 18th century sources on Sranan include information on songs in Sranan of various kinds, ranging from funeral songs to Moravian church hymns.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-318-2,1,318,2,318-2,"The Sranan instruction manual that was written and published by G. C. Weygandt in Paramaribo in 1798 clearly has literary aspirations as it includes a Sranan version of a well-known Dutch poem by P. F. Roos (van den Berg 2007). But a better example of a literary work may be Hendrik van Schouten's poem '‘Een huishoudelyke twist’. It is a dialogue between a (European) man and a woman (of African descent), that is written in Dutch and Sranan in an A-B-A-B rhyme scheme. While the man directs his speech in Dutch to the woman, she replies in Sranan. The author Hendrik van Schouten was a member of the literary society 'De Surinaamsche Lettervrinden' (1785-1795).",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-319-4,1,319,4,319-4,"Newspapers appeared in Suriname only from the late 18th century onwards, see for example 'Algemeene Nieuwstijdingen' (1795-1805) and 'de Surinaamsche Courant' (from 1804 onwards). They were mainly in Dutch, although they appeared in both Dutch and English during the English period (1804-1816).",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge 1-32-2,1,32,2,32-2,"Some forms are the same in both functions, some are limited to adnominal use: - disi: both pronominal and adnominal; - dati: pronominal and, marginally, adnominal (1 instance); -- da, den: only adnominal (den is also the 3PL pronoun).",187;191,1-21 1-23 1-24 1-46 1-90 1-92,100.0,Very certain -1-320-4,1,320,4,320-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -1-321-2,1,321,2,321-2,"We assume that Dutch and French were the dominant languages in formal commercial settings on the basis of written evidence thereof, though this doesn't exclude Sranan from being spoken in those contexts, as Sranan was one of the languages that was spoken by the Europeans in Suriname.",,,100.0,Intermediate +- da, den: only adnominal (den is also the 3PL pronoun).",187;191,1-21 1-23 1-24 1-46 1-90 1-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1-320-4,1,320,4,320-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +1-321-2,1,321,2,321-2,"We assume that Dutch and French were the dominant languages in formal commercial settings on the basis of written evidence thereof, though this doesn't exclude Sranan from being spoken in those contexts, as Sranan was one of the languages that was spoken by the Europeans in Suriname.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 1-322-2,1,322,2,322-2,"Sranan was used in depositions, statements, -testimonies, and examinations in court cases involving people of African descent.",1519,,100.0,Very certain -1-323-3,1,323,3,323-3,"Although (European) dignitaries participated in several councils and government bodies from the 17th century onwards, the first representative body of the Surinamese people was founded in 1866. While Dutch was the dominant language in this domain, Sranan may also have spoken there occassionally.",,,100.0,Certain -1-324-2,1,324,2,324-2,"Sranan was used as medium of instruction by the Moravion missionaries, who converted Maroons as well as free and enslaved Africans and creoles to christianity and occasionally trained them to read and write. The few schools that were officially recognized by the government used Dutch and French as instruction languages.",,,100.0,Certain -1-325-4,1,325,4,325-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -1-326-4,1,326,4,326-4,"While Dutch contributed to the lexicon, various African languages (Gbe languages, Kikongo)had influence on the phonological and morpho-syntactic levels.",1422,,100.0,Certain -1-327-1,1,327,1,327-1,We assume there must have been significant dialectal variation in the domain of phonology as well as the other domains given the socio-historic and demographic context.,,,100.0,Uncertain -1-328-1,1,328,1,328-1,"There are several instances of morphosyntactic variation in the sources that can be interpreted along a geographic dimension, distinguishing between English, Portuguese and Dutch plantations in terms of their location. These varieties are also acknowledged in the sources. Examples include conjunctions as welll as verbs and their argument structure, and the way numberals are derived (-tentin vs. -ti(e)n) etc.",1521,,100.0,Certain +testimonies, and examinations in court cases involving people of African descent.",1519,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1-323-3,1,323,3,323-3,"Although (European) dignitaries participated in several councils and government bodies from the 17th century onwards, the first representative body of the Surinamese people was founded in 1866. While Dutch was the dominant language in this domain, Sranan may also have spoken there occassionally.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-324-2,1,324,2,324-2,"Sranan was used as medium of instruction by the Moravion missionaries, who converted Maroons as well as free and enslaved Africans and creoles to christianity and occasionally trained them to read and write. The few schools that were officially recognized by the government used Dutch and French as instruction languages.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-325-4,1,325,4,325-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +1-326-4,1,326,4,326-4,"While Dutch contributed to the lexicon, various African languages (Gbe languages, Kikongo)had influence on the phonological and morpho-syntactic levels.",1422,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-327-1,1,327,1,327-1,We assume there must have been significant dialectal variation in the domain of phonology as well as the other domains given the socio-historic and demographic context.,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1-328-1,1,328,1,328-1,"There are several instances of morphosyntactic variation in the sources that can be interpreted along a geographic dimension, distinguishing between English, Portuguese and Dutch plantations in terms of their location. These varieties are also acknowledged in the sources. Examples include conjunctions as welll as verbs and their argument structure, and the way numberals are derived (-tentin vs. -ti(e)n) etc.",1521,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 1-329-1,1,329,1,329-1,"Some words are specific to the old English plantations, others to the variety referred to as Djutongo. -There are also some lexical differences between the varieties as spoken on the plantations and that of Paramaribo.",1521[380ff];1357,,100.0,Certain +There are also some lexical differences between the varieties as spoken on the plantations and that of Paramaribo.",1521[380ff];1357,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 1-33-2,1,33,2,33-2,"- disi: proximate; - da (SG), den (PL): neutral, or non-proximate when in contrast with disi: -- dati (used adnominally only once): neutral, or non-proximate when in contrast with disi.",183[99ff],1-21 1-22 1-23 1-24 1-46 1-93,100.0,Certain -1-330-1,1,330,1,330-1,,,,100.0,Uncertain -1-331-1,1,331,1,331-1,,1521;1357,,100.0,Certain -1-332-1,1,332,1,332-1,,1521;1357,,100.0,Certain -1-333-1,1,333,1,333-1,,,,100.0,Uncertain -1-334-1,1,334,1,334-1,"The historical sources present ample evidence of the existence of a European variety of Sranan that differed from the variety of Sranan spoken by the enslaved (van den Berg 2007). They differed for example with regard to body-state expressions, weather expressions, comparative constructions, posessive constructions, verbs and their argument structure, etc.",1521,,100.0,Certain -1-335-1,1,335,1,335-1,,1519;1357,,100.0,Certain -1-34-1,1,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -1-35-3,1,35,3,35-3,"With pronominal ordinal numerals other than fosiwan 'first', one option is di fu ..., the other is disi fu meki ....",187,1-94 1-95 1-96 1-97,100.0,Very certain -1-36-1,1,36,1,36-1,,,1-25,100.0,Very certain -1-37-6,1,37,6,37-6,,1521[36],1-65 1-98 1-99,41.6666666666667,Very certain -1-37-1,1,37,1,37-1,,1521[36],1-1 1-33,58.3333333333333,Very certain +- dati (used adnominally only once): neutral, or non-proximate when in contrast with disi.",183[99ff],1-21 1-22 1-23 1-24 1-46 1-93,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1-330-1,1,330,1,330-1,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-331-1,1,331,1,331-1,,1521;1357,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-332-1,1,332,1,332-1,,1521;1357,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-333-1,1,333,1,333-1,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-334-1,1,334,1,334-1,"The historical sources present ample evidence of the existence of a European variety of Sranan that differed from the variety of Sranan spoken by the enslaved (van den Berg 2007). They differed for example with regard to body-state expressions, weather expressions, comparative constructions, posessive constructions, verbs and their argument structure, etc.",1521,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-335-1,1,335,1,335-1,,1519;1357,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-34-1,1,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +1-35-3,1,35,3,35-3,"With pronominal ordinal numerals other than fosiwan 'first', one option is di fu ..., the other is disi fu meki ....",187,1-94 1-95 1-96 1-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +1-36-1,1,36,1,36-1,,,1-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +1-37-6,1,37,6,37-6,,1521[36],1-65 1-98 1-99,41.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-FF0000-42-ADD8E6.png""}", +1-37-1,1,37,1,37-1,,1521[36],1-1 1-33,58.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-FF0000-42-ADD8E6.png""}", 1-38-2,1,38,2,38-2,"The person-indexing construction (Possessor-pronoun-possessum) is rare. Since the 3SG pronoun is gender-neutral, and since there are no instances with a 3PL pronoun in the data, agreement of the pronoun with the possessor cannot actually be established. -Juxtaposition of possessor-possessum appears to be restricted to cases where the possessor is human.",1521[35];183[219],1-100 1-75,60.0,Very certain +Juxtaposition of possessor-possessum appears to be restricted to cases where the possessor is human.",1521[35];183[219],1-100 1-75,60.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-60-0000FF-34-FFFFFF-7-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", 1-38-1,1,38,1,38-1,"The person-indexing construction (Possessor-pronoun-possessum) is rare. Since the 3SG pronoun is gender-neutral, and since there are no instances with a 3PL pronoun in the data, agreement of the pronoun with the possessor cannot actually be established. -Juxtaposition of possessor-possessum appears to be restricted to cases where the possessor is human.",1521[35];183[219],1-4,6.66666666666667,Certain +Juxtaposition of possessor-possessum appears to be restricted to cases where the possessor is human.",1521[35];183[219],1-4,6.66666666666667,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-60-0000FF-34-FFFFFF-7-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", 1-38-4,1,38,4,38-4,"The person-indexing construction (Possessor-pronoun-possessum) is rare. Since the 3SG pronoun is gender-neutral, and since there are no instances with a 3PL pronoun in the data, agreement of the pronoun with the possessor cannot actually be established. -Juxtaposition of possessor-possessum appears to be restricted to cases where the possessor is human.",1521[35];183[219],1-101 1-3,33.3333333333333,Very certain -1-39-1,1,39,1,39-1,"The pronoun is marked by the preposition fu; this corresponds to one of the options with the dependent pronominal possessor (cf. Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"", Value 6).",,1-102,100.0,Certain +Juxtaposition of possessor-possessum appears to be restricted to cases where the possessor is human.",1521[35];183[219],1-101 1-3,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-60-0000FF-34-FFFFFF-7-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +1-39-1,1,39,1,39-1,"The pronoun is marked by the preposition fu; this corresponds to one of the options with the dependent pronominal possessor (cf. Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"", Value 6).",,1-102,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 1-4-2,1,4,2,4-2,"Adpositional phrases always contain a preposition. With locative and, occasionally, temporal meanings, an additional specifying element such as baka 'back, behind' or ini 'in(side)' may appear either before or after the noun. The specifying items cannot function as preposition or postposition by themselves, but always co-occurs with the general preposition na: Cf. the case of baka in the following examples: (1a) na baka disi oso @@ -295,710 +295,710 @@ LOC 2SG back 'behind you' Type (1a) is the most frequent with full NPs; type (1b) the least frequent. There does not appear to be a semantic difference between the types. With pronouns, the only option is type (2b), with the specifying item following the noun phrase. -The relative importance provided for Value 5 (Minority) regards cases where a specifying item follows a noun phrase containing a full noun.",186,1-10 1-11 1-13 1-14 1-18 1-19 1-8,100.0,Very certain -1-40-1,1,40,1,40-1,,,1-103 1-104 1-105,100.0,Very certain -1-41-1,1,41,1,41-1,"When moro follows a property item such as langa 'long', it functions as a pass/exceed verb that marks the standard. The standard cannot be omitted. In the construction ju langa, langa can be assigned a nominal reading ('your tallness') as well as a predicative adjective status ('you are tall'). When moro preceeds the property item, several readings are possible. Here it can be a verb marked by the imperfective aspect marker de, or it can be a degree word that modifies langa. In the latter case de is a copula.",54[80ff],1-106,70.0,Very certain -1-41-2,1,41,2,41-2,"When moro follows a property item such as langa 'long', it functions as a pass/exceed verb that marks the standard. The standard cannot be omitted. In the construction ju langa, langa can be assigned a nominal reading ('your tallness') as well as a predicative adjective status ('you are tall'). When moro preceeds the property item, several readings are possible. Here it can be a verb marked by the imperfective aspect marker de, or it can be a degree word that modifies langa. In the latter case de is a copula.",54[80ff],1-107,30.0,Very certain -1-42-3,1,42,3,42-3,The syntax and semantics of moro in comparative constructions is complicated. Depending on the context it behaves as a verb or as a degree word.,54[80ff],1-107,33.3333333333333,Very certain -1-42-2,1,42,2,42-2,The syntax and semantics of moro in comparative constructions is complicated. Depending on the context it behaves as a verb or as a degree word.,54[80ff],1-110,33.3333333333333,Very certain -1-42-1,1,42,1,42-1,The syntax and semantics of moro in comparative constructions is complicated. Depending on the context it behaves as a verb or as a degree word.,54[80ff],1-106 1-108 1-109,33.3333333333333,Very certain -1-43-1,1,43,1,43-1,,1521[185ff],1-111,100.0,Certain -1-44-1,1,44,1,44-1,"We only find combinations of three different TAM markers (in the strict APiCS sense) in Weygandt (1798), see Example 114. Here, all instances involve property items (verlegie 'shy', leesie 'lazy') or complex verbs such as de wan nanga, meaning 'be in agreement with' or de baka, meaning 'be back'. Since the imperfective aspect marker de is homophonous with the copula de in Early Sranan, the categorial status of the property item (verb or predicative adjective) cannot be determined with 100% certainty. But the combination sa de is attested with verbs such as wroko 'work' (example 328). Since in contemporary Sranan and in Eastern Maroon Creole combinations of the three TAM markers are attested, we can infer that Early Sranan must have had TMA ordering of the TAM markers.",1521[221ff],1-112 1-113 1-114 1-115,100.0,Certain -1-45-3,1,45,3,45-3,,1521[196ff],1-112,100.0,Very certain -1-46-2,1,46,2,46-2,,,1-116,100.0,Certain -1-47-6,1,47,6,47-6,"In addition to marking a habitual, continuous or progressive occurence of the state or event denoted by the main verb, the marker de can further convey the sense of ingressive/inchoative/inceptive aspect (Van den Berg 2007: 200).",1521[200ff],1-116 1-117 1-118 1-119 1-9,100.0,Certain -1-48-6,1,48,6,48-6,,1521[200ff],1-116 1-120 1-121 1-122 1-9,100.0,Certain -1-49-3,1,49,3,49-3,,1521,1-123 1-124 1-129,100.0,Certain -1-5-1,1,5,1,5-1,"The demonstrative disi can appear before or after the noun; over time, it shifted from pre- to postnominal position. The demonstrative dati is not used adnominally in the 18th century except for one instance in the latest source taken into account (Weygandt 1798), where it occurs after the noun. The determiners da (SG) and den (PL), which sometimes function as demonstratives, always precede the noun.",183[111ff];187;191,1-20 1-23 1-24,70.0,Very certain -1-5-2,1,5,2,5-2,"The demonstrative disi can appear before or after the noun; over time, it shifted from pre- to postnominal position. The demonstrative dati is not used adnominally in the 18th century except for one instance in the latest source taken into account (Weygandt 1798), where it occurs after the noun. The determiners da (SG) and den (PL), which sometimes function as demonstratives, always precede the noun.",183[111ff];187;191,1-21 1-22,30.0,Very certain -1-50-1,1,50,1,50-1,,,1-125 1-126,100.0,Intermediate -1-51-3,1,51,3,51-3,"The meaning of the unmarked verb depends largely on the discourse context. However, by default, stative verbs such as lobi meaning 'like, love' have present time reference when they are not preceded by a tense marker. Unmarked non-statives such as puru meaning 'remove' have past time reference, as long as the point of reference is speech time. However, all sources of Early Sranan have examples of unmarked non-statives with present tense reference, see Example 133 (Van den Berg 2007: 186).",1521[186],1-1 1-127 1-128 1-129 1-130,100.0,Certain -1-52-2,1,52,2,52-2,,1521[82ff],1-31,100.0,Certain -1-54-7,1,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -1-55-2,1,55,2,55-2,"The lexical verb sabi (fu) can be used to express mental ability, whereas kan is used to express physical ability, general ability, root possibility, and permissibility. In addition, man fu can be used to express ability in late 18th- century Sranan. They cannot be used for epistemic possibility; epistemic possibility is expressed by sa.",1521[213ff],1-131 1-132 1-133 1-134,100.0,Certain -1-56-1,1,56,1,56-1,"The second person singular pronoun yu and the second person plural pronoun unu can be used in sentence-initial position for extra emphasis on the addressee(s), or as a politeness marker. The basic prohibitive clause is not obligatorily marked for singular or plural person reference (Van den Berg 2007: 257).",1521[256ff],1-135 1-136 1-137,100.0,Certain -1-57-1,1,57,1,57-1,,,1-81,100.0,Very certain -1-58-1,1,58,1,58-1,,,1-138 1-139 1-140,100.0,Very certain +The relative importance provided for Value 5 (Minority) regards cases where a specifying item follows a noun phrase containing a full noun.",186,1-10 1-11 1-13 1-14 1-18 1-19 1-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1-40-1,1,40,1,40-1,,,1-103 1-104 1-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-41-1,1,41,1,41-1,"When moro follows a property item such as langa 'long', it functions as a pass/exceed verb that marks the standard. The standard cannot be omitted. In the construction ju langa, langa can be assigned a nominal reading ('your tallness') as well as a predicative adjective status ('you are tall'). When moro preceeds the property item, several readings are possible. Here it can be a verb marked by the imperfective aspect marker de, or it can be a degree word that modifies langa. In the latter case de is a copula.",54[80ff],1-106,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-41-2,1,41,2,41-2,"When moro follows a property item such as langa 'long', it functions as a pass/exceed verb that marks the standard. The standard cannot be omitted. In the construction ju langa, langa can be assigned a nominal reading ('your tallness') as well as a predicative adjective status ('you are tall'). When moro preceeds the property item, several readings are possible. Here it can be a verb marked by the imperfective aspect marker de, or it can be a degree word that modifies langa. In the latter case de is a copula.",54[80ff],1-107,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +1-42-3,1,42,3,42-3,The syntax and semantics of moro in comparative constructions is complicated. Depending on the context it behaves as a verb or as a degree word.,54[80ff],1-107,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-0000FF-34-FFFF00.png""}", +1-42-2,1,42,2,42-2,The syntax and semantics of moro in comparative constructions is complicated. Depending on the context it behaves as a verb or as a degree word.,54[80ff],1-110,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-0000FF-34-FFFF00.png""}", +1-42-1,1,42,1,42-1,The syntax and semantics of moro in comparative constructions is complicated. Depending on the context it behaves as a verb or as a degree word.,54[80ff],1-106 1-108 1-109,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-0000FF-34-FFFF00.png""}", +1-43-1,1,43,1,43-1,,1521[185ff],1-111,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-44-1,1,44,1,44-1,"We only find combinations of three different TAM markers (in the strict APiCS sense) in Weygandt (1798), see Example 114. Here, all instances involve property items (verlegie 'shy', leesie 'lazy') or complex verbs such as de wan nanga, meaning 'be in agreement with' or de baka, meaning 'be back'. Since the imperfective aspect marker de is homophonous with the copula de in Early Sranan, the categorial status of the property item (verb or predicative adjective) cannot be determined with 100% certainty. But the combination sa de is attested with verbs such as wroko 'work' (example 328). Since in contemporary Sranan and in Eastern Maroon Creole combinations of the three TAM markers are attested, we can infer that Early Sranan must have had TMA ordering of the TAM markers.",1521[221ff],1-112 1-113 1-114 1-115,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +1-45-3,1,45,3,45-3,,1521[196ff],1-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-46-2,1,46,2,46-2,,,1-116,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-47-6,1,47,6,47-6,"In addition to marking a habitual, continuous or progressive occurence of the state or event denoted by the main verb, the marker de can further convey the sense of ingressive/inchoative/inceptive aspect (Van den Berg 2007: 200).",1521[200ff],1-116 1-117 1-118 1-119 1-9,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +1-48-6,1,48,6,48-6,,1521[200ff],1-116 1-120 1-121 1-122 1-9,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +1-49-3,1,49,3,49-3,,1521,1-123 1-124 1-129,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1-5-1,1,5,1,5-1,"The demonstrative disi can appear before or after the noun; over time, it shifted from pre- to postnominal position. The demonstrative dati is not used adnominally in the 18th century except for one instance in the latest source taken into account (Weygandt 1798), where it occurs after the noun. The determiners da (SG) and den (PL), which sometimes function as demonstratives, always precede the noun.",183[111ff];187;191,1-20 1-23 1-24,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1-5-2,1,5,2,5-2,"The demonstrative disi can appear before or after the noun; over time, it shifted from pre- to postnominal position. The demonstrative dati is not used adnominally in the 18th century except for one instance in the latest source taken into account (Weygandt 1798), where it occurs after the noun. The determiners da (SG) and den (PL), which sometimes function as demonstratives, always precede the noun.",183[111ff];187;191,1-21 1-22,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1-50-1,1,50,1,50-1,,,1-125 1-126,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-51-3,1,51,3,51-3,"The meaning of the unmarked verb depends largely on the discourse context. However, by default, stative verbs such as lobi meaning 'like, love' have present time reference when they are not preceded by a tense marker. Unmarked non-statives such as puru meaning 'remove' have past time reference, as long as the point of reference is speech time. However, all sources of Early Sranan have examples of unmarked non-statives with present tense reference, see Example 133 (Van den Berg 2007: 186).",1521[186],1-1 1-127 1-128 1-129 1-130,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-52-2,1,52,2,52-2,,1521[82ff],1-31,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1-54-7,1,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +1-55-2,1,55,2,55-2,"The lexical verb sabi (fu) can be used to express mental ability, whereas kan is used to express physical ability, general ability, root possibility, and permissibility. In addition, man fu can be used to express ability in late 18th- century Sranan. They cannot be used for epistemic possibility; epistemic possibility is expressed by sa.",1521[213ff],1-131 1-132 1-133 1-134,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +1-56-1,1,56,1,56-1,"The second person singular pronoun yu and the second person plural pronoun unu can be used in sentence-initial position for extra emphasis on the addressee(s), or as a politeness marker. The basic prohibitive clause is not obligatorily marked for singular or plural person reference (Van den Berg 2007: 257).",1521[256ff],1-135 1-136 1-137,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1-57-1,1,57,1,57-1,,,1-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-58-1,1,58,1,58-1,,,1-138 1-139 1-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 1-59-2,1,59,2,59-2,"Only the 3SG pronoun shows a nominative-accusative distinction (a/hem), the others are neutral. -(Dependent pronouns other than 3SG are ignored here; cf. Feature 17 ""Special dependent personal pronouns"".)",,1-141 1-142 1-37 1-8,100.0,Very certain -1-6-1,1,6,1,6-1,,1521[96ff],1-25,100.0,Very certain -1-60-1,1,60,1,60-1,The relative frequency of the two types of construction varies widely from source to source.,1521[231ff],1-14 1-144 1-146,50.0,Very certain -1-60-2,1,60,2,60-2,The relative frequency of the two types of construction varies widely from source to source.,1521[231ff],1-143 1-145,50.0,Very certain -1-61-1,1,61,1,61-1,S-V-R-T includes cases where R is marked by a preposition.,1521[231ff],1-143 1-144 1-145,50.0,Very certain -1-61-2,1,61,2,61-2,S-V-R-T includes cases where R is marked by a preposition.,1521[231ff],1-14 1-146,50.0,Very certain +(Dependent pronouns other than 3SG are ignored here; cf. Feature 17 ""Special dependent personal pronouns"".)",,1-141 1-142 1-37 1-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +1-6-1,1,6,1,6-1,,1521[96ff],1-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1-60-1,1,60,1,60-1,The relative frequency of the two types of construction varies widely from source to source.,1521[231ff],1-14 1-144 1-146,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1-60-2,1,60,2,60-2,The relative frequency of the two types of construction varies widely from source to source.,1521[231ff],1-143 1-145,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1-61-1,1,61,1,61-1,S-V-R-T includes cases where R is marked by a preposition.,1521[231ff],1-143 1-144 1-145,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +1-61-2,1,61,2,61-2,S-V-R-T includes cases where R is marked by a preposition.,1521[231ff],1-14 1-146,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", 1-62-1,1,62,1,62-1,"The subject can be a dependent pronoun which may be clitic-like: a=no [3SG.SBJ=NEG] (cf. Feature 17 ""Special dependent personal pronouns""). -Nominal predication can be expressed by clause-introducing da [it.be] which combines pronominal and copular function.",183[94ff],1-147 1-148 1-149 1-47 1-48 1-85,100.0,Certain -1-63-1,1,63,1,63-1,Construction occurs very rarely in the available data; no cases where interpretation of Subject as referential can be excluded (cf. Example 150). The other example is from a 19th-century source.,1521[61-63],1-150 1-151,100.0,Intermediate -1-64-2,1,64,2,64-2,The subject is in its canonical pre-verbal position.,1521[266-270];54[33ff],1-152 1-153 1-154 1-155 1-156 1-28,100.0,Very certain -1-65-1,1,65,1,65-1,,1521[59-60],1-157,100.0,Very certain +Nominal predication can be expressed by clause-introducing da [it.be] which combines pronominal and copular function.",183[94ff],1-147 1-148 1-149 1-47 1-48 1-85,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +1-63-1,1,63,1,63-1,Construction occurs very rarely in the available data; no cases where interpretation of Subject as referential can be excluded (cf. Example 150). The other example is from a 19th-century source.,1521[61-63],1-150 1-151,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1-64-2,1,64,2,64-2,The subject is in its canonical pre-verbal position.,1521[266-270];54[33ff],1-152 1-153 1-154 1-155 1-156 1-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-65-1,1,65,1,65-1,,1521[59-60],1-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 1-66-3,1,66,3,66-3,"Value 1 is attested for the 19th century, but not in the 18th-century sources. With other situations, the experiencer is found in subject position in the 18th-century sources as well; e.g. Cato kiesie koorsoe [Cato get fever] 'Cato got a fever' (Weygandt 1798:127) With 'fever', the sensation can also be in the subject position (Value 2), e.g. koorsze de na mi [fever COP at 1SG] 'I've got fever' (van Dyk c1765:74). We did not find similar cases with 'headache' though. -See also Examples 190, 191, 192, 193 with Feature 77 ""Predicative possession"".",1521[63ff],1-158,90.0,Very certain +See also Examples 190, 191, 192, 193 with Feature 77 ""Predicative possession"".",1521[63ff],1-158,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png""}", 1-66-1,1,66,1,66-1,"Value 1 is attested for the 19th century, but not in the 18th-century sources. With other situations, the experiencer is found in subject position in the 18th-century sources as well; e.g. Cato kiesie koorsoe [Cato get fever] 'Cato got a fever' (Weygandt 1798:127) With 'fever', the sensation can also be in the subject position (Value 2), e.g. koorsze de na mi [fever COP at 1SG] 'I've got fever' (van Dyk c1765:74). We did not find similar cases with 'headache' though. -See also Examples 190, 191, 192, 193 with Feature 77 ""Predicative possession"".",1521[63ff],1-159,10.0,Uncertain -1-67-1,1,67,1,67-1,,,1-160,70.0,Very certain -1-67-6,1,67,6,67-6,,,1-161,30.0,Very certain -1-68-1,1,68,1,68-1,,,1-165,50.0,Very certain -1-68-2,1,68,2,68-2,,,1-164,7.14285714285714,Very certain -1-68-3,1,68,3,68-3,,,1-162,35.7142857142857,Very certain -1-68-5,1,68,5,68-5,,,1-163,7.14285714285714,Very certain -1-69-1,1,69,1,69-1,A serial construction with teki 'take' existed in all likelihood but is not attested in the available sources.,"1521[134, 349]",1-11 1-166,100.0,Very certain -1-7-5,1,7,5,7-5,"Value 5, Adjoined relative clause, concerns cases where the antecedent is in subject position and the relative clause appears to the right of the predicate, e.g. a copula.",185,1-28 1-29,30.0,Certain -1-7-1,1,7,1,7-1,"Value 5, Adjoined relative clause, concerns cases where the antecedent is in subject position and the relative clause appears to the right of the predicate, e.g. a copula.",185,1-26 1-27,70.0,Very certain -1-70-1,1,70,1,70-1,The form langa (< English along) alternates with nanga. Nanga is found exclusively in the late 18th century sources. In one mid-18th century source both forms co-occur. In the remaining early and mid-18th century sources langa is encountered (Van den Berg 2007: 135).,1521[134],1-11 1-166 1-167 1-168,100.0,Very certain +See also Examples 190, 191, 192, 193 with Feature 77 ""Predicative possession"".",1521[63ff],1-159,10.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png""}", +1-67-1,1,67,1,67-1,,,1-160,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +1-67-6,1,67,6,67-6,,,1-161,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +1-68-1,1,68,1,68-1,,,1-165,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-8-FF7F00-36-0000FF-8-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-68-2,1,68,2,68-2,,,1-164,7.14285714285714,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-8-FF7F00-36-0000FF-8-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-68-3,1,68,3,68-3,,,1-162,35.7142857142857,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-8-FF7F00-36-0000FF-8-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-68-5,1,68,5,68-5,,,1-163,7.14285714285714,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-8-FF7F00-36-0000FF-8-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-69-1,1,69,1,69-1,A serial construction with teki 'take' existed in all likelihood but is not attested in the available sources.,"1521[134, 349]",1-11 1-166,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +1-7-5,1,7,5,7-5,"Value 5, Adjoined relative clause, concerns cases where the antecedent is in subject position and the relative clause appears to the right of the predicate, e.g. a copula.",185,1-28 1-29,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1-7-1,1,7,1,7-1,"Value 5, Adjoined relative clause, concerns cases where the antecedent is in subject position and the relative clause appears to the right of the predicate, e.g. a copula.",185,1-26 1-27,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1-70-1,1,70,1,70-1,The form langa (< English along) alternates with nanga. Nanga is found exclusively in the late 18th century sources. In one mid-18th century source both forms co-occur. In the remaining early and mid-18th century sources langa is encountered (Van den Berg 2007: 135).,1521[134],1-11 1-166 1-167 1-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 1-71-3,1,71,3,71-3,"The primary noun phrase conjunctor is nanga, which is identical with the comitative marker. In some sources, however, also en functions in nominal conjunction. Schumann (1783) notes that en is Bakratongo, 'white man's language'. There are some instances of en as nominal conjunctor in the 1783 dictionary, and quite a few in Schumann (1781). Otherwise, it is rare or non-occurring. -See Examples, and cf. Feature 72 ""Nominal and verbal conjunction"".",1521[134],1-167 1-168 1-169 1-170 1-171 1-172,100.0,Certain -1-72-5,1,72,5,72-5,"The verbal conjunctor en is different from the nominal conjunctor nanga; en also functions as nominal conjunctor in some sources (see Feature 71 ""Noun phrase conjunction and comitative""). While Schumann (1783) notes that en is Bakratongo, it occurs more generally in verbal than in nominal conjunction in sources by other authors. The alternative kaba appears as verbal conjunctor or sentence-initial connective ('and, but'); it does not function as nominal conjunctor.",190,1-170 1-171 1-173 1-174,100.0,Certain +See Examples, and cf. Feature 72 ""Nominal and verbal conjunction"".",1521[134],1-167 1-168 1-169 1-170 1-171 1-172,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-72-5,1,72,5,72-5,"The verbal conjunctor en is different from the nominal conjunctor nanga; en also functions as nominal conjunctor in some sources (see Feature 71 ""Noun phrase conjunction and comitative""). While Schumann (1783) notes that en is Bakratongo, it occurs more generally in verbal than in nominal conjunction in sources by other authors. The alternative kaba appears as verbal conjunctor or sentence-initial connective ('and, but'); it does not function as nominal conjunctor.",190,1-170 1-171 1-173 1-174,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 1-73-3,1,73,3,73-3,"There are three possibilities: - copula da (< English that); this cannot be preceded by a negator, TAM marker or auxiliary; it is also clause-introducing [it.be], with pronominal as well as copular functions, in accord with its pronominal origin; - copula de (< English there); -- no copula.",53,1-149 1-175 1-176 1-177 1-178 1-179 1-180 1-85,100.0,Very certain -1-74-3,1,74,3,74-3,"The choice between Value 2 and 3 depends to some extent on the analysis of predicative property items (adjectives) as verbal, and of de (< English there) as aspect marker vs. copula when preceding predicative property items. An analysis of de as aspect marker often seems appropriate. Combined with the many cases where de is not present at all, this means that copula-less predication forms the large majority. Alongside equivocal cases, sometimes de appears to be the copula however, in particular in Weygandt (1798).",1521[82ff];54[48ff];55,1-181 1-182 1-183 1-184 1-185 1-32 1-79,100.0,Certain +- no copula.",53,1-149 1-175 1-176 1-177 1-178 1-179 1-180 1-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +1-74-3,1,74,3,74-3,"The choice between Value 2 and 3 depends to some extent on the analysis of predicative property items (adjectives) as verbal, and of de (< English there) as aspect marker vs. copula when preceding predicative property items. An analysis of de as aspect marker often seems appropriate. Combined with the many cases where de is not present at all, this means that copula-less predication forms the large majority. Alongside equivocal cases, sometimes de appears to be the copula however, in particular in Weygandt (1798).",1521[82ff];54[48ff];55,1-181 1-182 1-183 1-184 1-185 1-32 1-79,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 1-75-3,1,75,3,75-3,"Normally there is a copula, de (< English there) (cf. Value 1). However, in interrogative clauses involving a predicative locative phrase, de is often not present. Such copula-less interrogatives are found in various sources. The copula de does not appear before the adverb dya 'there', a fusion of de (< English there) and ya 'here'. Nepveu (1770) and Weygandt (1798) occasionally use dya as a copula followed by a locative phrase (ignored with respect to Feature 76 ""Predicative noun phrases and predicative locative phrases"") -(Note that Modern Sranan is classified as value 1, although in fact the conditions for non-use of the copula may be similar.)",54[33ff],1-15 1-152 1-153 1-186 1-187 1-188 1-6,100.0,Certain +(Note that Modern Sranan is classified as value 1, although in fact the conditions for non-use of the copula may be similar.)",54[33ff],1-15 1-152 1-153 1-186 1-187 1-188 1-6,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 1-76-3,1,76,3,76-3,"Overlap: - the copula may be absent with noun phrases and with locative phrases; - de appears with noun phrases and with locative phrases; - da appears with noun phrases but not with locative phrases. -Here we ignore the use of dya as locative copula in Nepveu (1770) and Weygandt (1798) (see Feature 75 ""Predicative locative phrases"").","1521[261ff];54[25ff, 59ff]",1-15 1-175 1-176 1-179 1-6,100.0,Certain -1-77-1,1,77,1,77-1,"With experiential situations, there are constructions similar to locational possessive constructions (Value 2, see ex. 191, 192 ) and comitative possessive constructions (Value 4, see ex. 193). See examples.",1521[272ff],1-131 1-189 1-190 1-191 1-192 1-193 1-28 1-73,100.0,Very certain -1-78-2,1,78,2,78-2,The possession verb is habi 'have'. The copula de functions as existential verb. It is not present before locative adverb dya 'here'.,54[33ff];1521[266-270],1-131 1-152 1-153 1-154 1-155 1-156 1-189 1-28 1-73,100.0,Very certain -1-79-6,1,79,6,79-6,The general preposition na is neutral with regard to 'motion(-to/from)' vs. 'position-at'.,,1-13 1-8,10.0,Very certain -1-79-2,1,79,2,79-2,The general preposition na is neutral with regard to 'motion(-to/from)' vs. 'position-at'.,,1-197,90.0,Very certain +Here we ignore the use of dya as locative copula in Nepveu (1770) and Weygandt (1798) (see Feature 75 ""Predicative locative phrases"").","1521[261ff];54[25ff, 59ff]",1-15 1-175 1-176 1-179 1-6,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1-77-1,1,77,1,77-1,"With experiential situations, there are constructions similar to locational possessive constructions (Value 2, see ex. 191, 192 ) and comitative possessive constructions (Value 4, see ex. 193). See examples.",1521[272ff],1-131 1-189 1-190 1-191 1-192 1-193 1-28 1-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +1-78-2,1,78,2,78-2,The possession verb is habi 'have'. The copula de functions as existential verb. It is not present before locative adverb dya 'here'.,54[33ff];1521[266-270],1-131 1-152 1-153 1-154 1-155 1-156 1-189 1-28 1-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1-79-6,1,79,6,79-6,The general preposition na is neutral with regard to 'motion(-to/from)' vs. 'position-at'.,,1-13 1-8,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-79-2,1,79,2,79-2,The general preposition na is neutral with regard to 'motion(-to/from)' vs. 'position-at'.,,1-197,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge 1-8-2,1,8,2,8-2,"With property items (adjectives) in attributive position, the degree word precedes it; with property items that are used predicatively, the degree word follows (as with verbs). -The relative frequency results from the fact that degree words appear more often with predicative than with attributive property items (rough impression).",1521[81ff],1-31 1-32,70.0,Very certain +The relative frequency results from the fact that degree words appear more often with predicative than with attributive property items (rough impression).",1521[81ff],1-31 1-32,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 1-8-1,1,8,1,8-1,"With property items (adjectives) in attributive position, the degree word precedes it; with property items that are used predicatively, the degree word follows (as with verbs). -The relative frequency results from the fact that degree words appear more often with predicative than with attributive property items (rough impression).",1521[81ff],1-30,30.0,Very certain +The relative frequency results from the fact that degree words appear more often with predicative than with attributive property items (rough impression).",1521[81ff],1-30,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 1-80-2,1,80,2,80-2,"The 'named place' source is marked by the all-purpose preposition na which does not contribute anything to the meaning of the predicate. -Apart from a few exceptional cases, the preposition fu is not used to express 'from',",,1-198 1-199 1-200,100.0,Very certain +Apart from a few exceptional cases, the preposition fu is not used to express 'from',",,1-198 1-199 1-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 1-81-1,1,81,1,81-1,"The general preposition na appears with both source and goal complements. -Although conveying a meaning slightly different from the one at issue here, it may be noted that in addition to na, ini 'in(side)' may appear, not only with goals but also with the source complement of the verbs puru 'remove' and komoto 'come from/out of' (see Examples 206, 19).",1521[341ff],1-19 1-194 1-195 1-196,100.0,Certain +Although conveying a meaning slightly different from the one at issue here, it may be noted that in addition to na, ini 'in(side)' may appear, not only with goals but also with the source complement of the verbs puru 'remove' and komoto 'come from/out of' (see Examples 206, 19).",1521[341ff],1-19 1-194 1-195 1-196,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 1-82-2,1,82,2,82-2,"Motion-to is expressed by the verb. The goal is marked by the all-purpose prepositon na which is neutral with regard to 'motion(-to/from)' vs. 'position-at', plus ini 'in(side)'; na ini may be preceded by te 'until'. We did not find any clear instances of na used without ini 'in(side) in this context in the 18th-century sources. Value 4: -Even though there are no examples with 'push into' in the available sources, a serial verb construction plus preposition appears with other meanings. It was probably a possibility with 'push into' as well. The example provided for 'push into' is a constructed one.",449,1-10 1-201 1-202,90.0,Very certain +Even though there are no examples with 'push into' in the available sources, a serial verb construction plus preposition appears with other meanings. It was probably a possibility with 'push into' as well. The example provided for 'push into' is a constructed one.",449,1-10 1-201 1-202,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge 1-82-4,1,82,4,82-4,"Motion-to is expressed by the verb. The goal is marked by the all-purpose prepositon na which is neutral with regard to 'motion(-to/from)' vs. 'position-at', plus ini 'in(side)'; na ini may be preceded by te 'until'. We did not find any clear instances of na used without ini 'in(side) in this context in the 18th-century sources. Value 4: -Even though there are no examples with 'push into' in the available sources, a serial verb construction plus preposition appears with other meanings. It was probably a possibility with 'push into' as well. The example provided for 'push into' is a constructed one.",449,1-203 1-86,10.0,Uncertain +Even though there are no examples with 'push into' in the available sources, a serial verb construction plus preposition appears with other meanings. It was probably a possibility with 'push into' as well. The example provided for 'push into' is a constructed one.",449,1-203 1-86,10.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge 1-83-4,1,83,4,83-4,"Motion-from is expressed by the verb. The source is marked by the all-purpose prepositon na which is neutral with regard to 'motion(-to/from)' vs. 'position-at'. In addition to na, ini 'in(side)' may appear. The use of ini in this context resembles the Gbe substrate. -Even though there are no examples with 'pull out of' in the available sources, a serial verb construction plus preposition appears with other meanings. It was probably a possibility with 'pull out of' as well. The example provided for 'pull out of' is a constructed one.",449,1-204 1-207 1-208 1-86,10.0,Intermediate +Even though there are no examples with 'pull out of' in the available sources, a serial verb construction plus preposition appears with other meanings. It was probably a possibility with 'pull out of' as well. The example provided for 'pull out of' is a constructed one.",449,1-204 1-207 1-208 1-86,10.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge 1-83-2,1,83,2,83-2,"Motion-from is expressed by the verb. The source is marked by the all-purpose prepositon na which is neutral with regard to 'motion(-to/from)' vs. 'position-at'. In addition to na, ini 'in(side)' may appear. The use of ini in this context resembles the Gbe substrate. -Even though there are no examples with 'pull out of' in the available sources, a serial verb construction plus preposition appears with other meanings. It was probably a possibility with 'pull out of' as well. The example provided for 'pull out of' is a constructed one.",449,1-202 1-205 1-206 1-51,90.0,Very certain -1-84-2,1,84,2,84-2,,1521[341-2],1-209 1-210 1-211 1-8 1-86,100.0,Very certain -1-86-2,1,86,2,86-2,,194,1-212 1-213 1-214,100.0,Very certain -1-87-1,1,87,1,87-1,"When a pronoun is followed by srefi 'self', the latter may be analyzed as reflexive; a reading as intensifier is often difficult to exclude however.",181,1-216 1-217 1-218,38.4615384615385,Certain -1-87-2,1,87,2,87-2,"When a pronoun is followed by srefi 'self', the latter may be analyzed as reflexive; a reading as intensifier is often difficult to exclude however.",181,1-219 1-220,23.0769230769231,Certain -1-87-3,1,87,3,87-3,"When a pronoun is followed by srefi 'self', the latter may be analyzed as reflexive; a reading as intensifier is often difficult to exclude however.",181,1-215 1-221 1-222,38.4615384615385,Certain -1-88-1,1,88,1,88-1,"""Personal pronoun"" + srefi can be used as a reflexive pronoun or as an intensifier. In some cases, it is unclear whether it should be seen as a reflexive pronoun or as an intensifier.",1522,1-215 1-221 1-222 1-223,100.0,Unspecified -1-89-3,1,89,3,89-3,Reciprocal constructions involving reflexive-like srefi 'self' are attested in Weygandt (1798) only.,1521[50-51],1-222 1-224 1-225,100.0,Certain -1-9-1,1,9,1,9-1,"The forms da and den — glossed as DET.SG and DET.PL respectively — may function as demonstratives as well as as definite articles (cf. Feature 28 ""Definite articles"").",191,1-33 1-34,100.0,Very certain -1-90-3,1,90,3,90-3,The type illustrated by Example 226 is quite limited.,1521[239ff],1-226,100.0,Certain -1-91-8,1,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -1-92-1,1,92,1,92-1,"The status of the relativizer disi is difficult to establish. Case-marking is not at issue, but it may be preceded by a preposition; see Feature 94 ""Instrument relative clauses"". A pronominal status is also suggested by the occurrence of disi in relativized possessive constructions such as Wan pikien disi Mama lange tatá lassi. 'A child whose mother and father are dead' (van Dyk c1765: 11).",183[213ff],1-227 1-228 1-27 1-28 1-29,90.0,Certain -1-92-4,1,92,4,92-4,"The status of the relativizer disi is difficult to establish. Case-marking is not at issue, but it may be preceded by a preposition; see Feature 94 ""Instrument relative clauses"". A pronominal status is also suggested by the occurrence of disi in relativized possessive constructions such as Wan pikien disi Mama lange tatá lassi. 'A child whose mother and father are dead' (van Dyk c1765: 11).",183[213ff],1-139 1-148,10.0,Very certain -1-93-1,1,93,1,93-1,"The status of the relativizer disi is difficult to establish. Case-marking is not at issue, but it may be preceded by a preposition; see Feature 94 ""Instrument relative clauses"". A pronominal status is also suggested by the occurrence of disi in relativized possessive constructions such as Wan pikien disi Mama lange tatá lassi. 'A child whose mother and father are dead' (van Dyk c1765: 11).",185,1-227 1-231 1-26,90.0,Certain -1-93-4,1,93,4,93-4,"The status of the relativizer disi is difficult to establish. Case-marking is not at issue, but it may be preceded by a preposition; see Feature 94 ""Instrument relative clauses"". A pronominal status is also suggested by the occurrence of disi in relativized possessive constructions such as Wan pikien disi Mama lange tatá lassi. 'A child whose mother and father are dead' (van Dyk c1765: 11).",185,1-229 1-230,10.0,Very certain +Even though there are no examples with 'pull out of' in the available sources, a serial verb construction plus preposition appears with other meanings. It was probably a possibility with 'pull out of' as well. The example provided for 'pull out of' is a constructed one.",449,1-202 1-205 1-206 1-51,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +1-84-2,1,84,2,84-2,,1521[341-2],1-209 1-210 1-211 1-8 1-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-86-2,1,86,2,86-2,,194,1-212 1-213 1-214,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1-87-1,1,87,1,87-1,"When a pronoun is followed by srefi 'self', the latter may be analyzed as reflexive; a reading as intensifier is often difficult to exclude however.",181,1-216 1-217 1-218,38.4615384615385,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-39-FFFFFF-24-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}", +1-87-2,1,87,2,87-2,"When a pronoun is followed by srefi 'self', the latter may be analyzed as reflexive; a reading as intensifier is often difficult to exclude however.",181,1-219 1-220,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-39-FFFFFF-24-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}", +1-87-3,1,87,3,87-3,"When a pronoun is followed by srefi 'self', the latter may be analyzed as reflexive; a reading as intensifier is often difficult to exclude however.",181,1-215 1-221 1-222,38.4615384615385,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-39-FFFFFF-24-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}", +1-88-1,1,88,1,88-1,"""Personal pronoun"" + srefi can be used as a reflexive pronoun or as an intensifier. In some cases, it is unclear whether it should be seen as a reflexive pronoun or as an intensifier.",1522,1-215 1-221 1-222 1-223,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1-89-3,1,89,3,89-3,Reciprocal constructions involving reflexive-like srefi 'self' are attested in Weygandt (1798) only.,1521[50-51],1-222 1-224 1-225,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +1-9-1,1,9,1,9-1,"The forms da and den — glossed as DET.SG and DET.PL respectively — may function as demonstratives as well as as definite articles (cf. Feature 28 ""Definite articles"").",191,1-33 1-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1-90-3,1,90,3,90-3,The type illustrated by Example 226 is quite limited.,1521[239ff],1-226,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1-91-8,1,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +1-92-1,1,92,1,92-1,"The status of the relativizer disi is difficult to establish. Case-marking is not at issue, but it may be preceded by a preposition; see Feature 94 ""Instrument relative clauses"". A pronominal status is also suggested by the occurrence of disi in relativized possessive constructions such as Wan pikien disi Mama lange tatá lassi. 'A child whose mother and father are dead' (van Dyk c1765: 11).",183[213ff],1-227 1-228 1-27 1-28 1-29,90.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1-92-4,1,92,4,92-4,"The status of the relativizer disi is difficult to establish. Case-marking is not at issue, but it may be preceded by a preposition; see Feature 94 ""Instrument relative clauses"". A pronominal status is also suggested by the occurrence of disi in relativized possessive constructions such as Wan pikien disi Mama lange tatá lassi. 'A child whose mother and father are dead' (van Dyk c1765: 11).",183[213ff],1-139 1-148,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1-93-1,1,93,1,93-1,"The status of the relativizer disi is difficult to establish. Case-marking is not at issue, but it may be preceded by a preposition; see Feature 94 ""Instrument relative clauses"". A pronominal status is also suggested by the occurrence of disi in relativized possessive constructions such as Wan pikien disi Mama lange tatá lassi. 'A child whose mother and father are dead' (van Dyk c1765: 11).",185,1-227 1-231 1-26,90.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-0000FF.png""}", +1-93-4,1,93,4,93-4,"The status of the relativizer disi is difficult to establish. Case-marking is not at issue, but it may be preceded by a preposition; see Feature 94 ""Instrument relative clauses"". A pronominal status is also suggested by the occurrence of disi in relativized possessive constructions such as Wan pikien disi Mama lange tatá lassi. 'A child whose mother and father are dead' (van Dyk c1765: 11).",185,1-229 1-230,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-0000FF.png""}", 1-94-1,1,94,1,94-1,"Pied-piping with relative clauses is attested in the Schumann sources only. In the other sources relativized prepositional phrases do not occur. -A pronominal status is also suggested by the occurrence of disi in relativized possessive constructions such as Wan pikien disi Mama lange tatá lassi. 'A child whose mother and father are dead' (van Dyk c1765: 11).",185,1-232 1-233,100.0,Unspecified -1-95-3,1,95,3,95-3,The fact that taki is the primary verb of speaking as well as the 'say'-complementizer may to some extent account for the scarcity of instances representing Value 1.,1521[316ff];1219;1218,1-235,9.09090909090909,Very certain -1-95-1,1,95,1,95-1,The fact that taki is the primary verb of speaking as well as the 'say'-complementizer may to some extent account for the scarcity of instances representing Value 1.,1521[316ff];1219;1218,1-234,9.09090909090909,Certain -1-95-4,1,95,4,95-4,The fact that taki is the primary verb of speaking as well as the 'say'-complementizer may to some extent account for the scarcity of instances representing Value 1.,1521[316ff];1219;1218,1-47,81.8181818181818,Very certain -1-96-1,1,96,1,96-1,,1521[326ff];1219;1218,1-82,27.2727272727273,Very certain -1-96-3,1,96,3,96-3,,1521[326ff];1219;1218,1-236,9.09090909090909,Very certain -1-96-4,1,96,4,96-4,,1521[326ff];1219;1218,1-147,63.6363636363636,Very certain -1-97-1,1,97,1,97-1,,,1-237 1-238,100.0,Certain +A pronominal status is also suggested by the occurrence of disi in relativized possessive constructions such as Wan pikien disi Mama lange tatá lassi. 'A child whose mother and father are dead' (van Dyk c1765: 11).",185,1-232 1-233,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1-95-3,1,95,3,95-3,The fact that taki is the primary verb of speaking as well as the 'say'-complementizer may to some extent account for the scarcity of instances representing Value 1.,1521[316ff];1219;1218,1-235,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-10-0000FF-82-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-95-1,1,95,1,95-1,The fact that taki is the primary verb of speaking as well as the 'say'-complementizer may to some extent account for the scarcity of instances representing Value 1.,1521[316ff];1219;1218,1-234,9.09090909090909,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-10-0000FF-82-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-95-4,1,95,4,95-4,The fact that taki is the primary verb of speaking as well as the 'say'-complementizer may to some extent account for the scarcity of instances representing Value 1.,1521[316ff];1219;1218,1-47,81.8181818181818,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-10-0000FF-82-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-96-1,1,96,1,96-1,,1521[326ff];1219;1218,1-82,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-10-0000FF-64-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-96-3,1,96,3,96-3,,1521[326ff];1219;1218,1-236,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-10-0000FF-64-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-96-4,1,96,4,96-4,,1521[326ff];1219;1218,1-147,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-10-0000FF-64-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-97-1,1,97,1,97-1,,,1-237 1-238,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 1-98-5,1,98,5,98-5,"Value 1 is selected on the basis of zero-marking which is the dominant option both with 'think' and with 'want'. The complements of both verbs are sometimes introduced by dati. -The complementizer taki occurs with 'think' (as in Example 148) but not with 'want'.",1521[331],1-239 1-240,100.0,Very certain -1-99-2,1,99,2,99-2,,54[103],,100.0,Very certain -10-0-1,10,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -10-1-2,10,1,2,1-2,,113[203],10-1,100.0,Very certain -10-10-1,10,10,1,10-1,,113[36],10-11,100.0,Very certain -10-100-4,10,100,4,100-4,"In the past, neva is used instead of no. It does not have the same meaning as its English source item never but can be considered a genuine negation marker. ataal is frequently used to emphasize negation. I don't think speakers segment ataal into 'at + all'. At least the division into syllables is a-taal.",113[100],10-235 10-236,100.0,Very certain -10-101-1,10,101,1,101-1,,113[100-101],10-237,100.0,Very certain -10-102-1,10,102,1,102-1,,113[101],10-238 10-239,100.0,Very certain -10-103-7,10,103,7,103-7,,113[118],10-240,100.0,Very certain -10-104-6,10,104,6,104-6,,113[133],10-241 10-242,100.0,Very certain -10-105-1,10,105,1,105-1,,113[133],10-243 10-244,100.0,Very certain -10-106-2,10,106,2,106-2,"San Andres Creole English uses tu < English too and egen < English again, while English also is not part of the language system. Note that these elements are used to a lesser extent than in English.",,10-245 10-246 10-247 10-248,100.0,Very certain -10-107-2,10,107,2,107-2,The postposed vocative marker oi (sometimes yo) is getting increasingly rare in present-day San Andres Creole English.,,10-249 10-250,100.0,Very certain -10-108-2,10,108,2,108-2,,,10-251 10-252,100.0,Very certain -10-109-1,10,109,1,109-1,,,10-253,100.0,Very certain -10-11-3,10,11,3,11-3,,,10-12,100.0,Very certain -10-110-2,10,110,2,110-2,,,10-254,100.0,Very certain -10-111-2,10,111,2,111-2,,113[150],10-255,100.0,Very certain -10-112-1,10,112,1,112-1,,,10-256,100.0,Very certain -10-113-2,10,113,2,113-2,,,10-257 10-258,100.0,Very certain -10-114-2,10,114,2,114-2,,,10-259 10-260,100.0,Very certain -10-115-2,10,115,2,115-2,,,10-261 10-262,100.0,Very certain -10-116-2,10,116,2,116-2,The sea is often said to be ‘green’ when English speakers might use the term ‘turqoise’.,,10-263 10-264,100.0,Very certain -10-117-1,10,117,1,117-1,"Many animal names are lexicalized as in English, e.g. kou ‘cow’ – bul ‘bull’. In stories, it becomes clear from the context whether a female or male animal is meant in case this is relevant for the story. The main characters of animal stories are all ‘Brother’ + animal name, thus male.",,10-265,100.0,Very certain -10-118-3,10,118,3,118-3,,,10-266 10-267 10-268 10-269 10-270 10-271 10-272,100.0,Very certain -10-119-3,10,119,3,119-3,In the acrolect we may find /r/ or /r/ + plosive or nasal + plosive in the coda. Two plosives never occur in a coda.,,10-273 10-274 10-275 10-276 10-277,100.0,Very certain -10-12-1,10,12,1,12-1,,113[119],10-13 10-14 10-15,100.0,Very certain -10-120-2,10,120,2,120-2,"On the grammatical and pragmatic level, the tonal opposition affects very few minimal pairs. Besides 'can' - 'cannot', the low-high opposition affects for instance non-emphatic vs. emphatic negation (I qualify this latter opposition as pragmatic). There are also lexical pairs which are distinguished by tone only.",,10-278 10-279 10-280 10-281 10-282 10-283,100.0,Very certain -10-121-2,10,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -10-122-1,10,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, -10-123-4,10,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -10-124-1,10,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -10-125-2,10,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -10-126-1,10,126,1,126-1,The phonemic status of /z/ is somewhat dubious. There are minimal pairs like zuon 'zone' - luon 'loan' where I would argue that zuon is a word which does not belong to the basilect.,,10-297,100.0, -10-127-6,10,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -10-128-3,10,128,3,128-3,This depends in part on whether African-derived words are considered loanwords.,,10-304,100.0, -10-129-2,10,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -10-13-2,10,13,2,13-2,The feminine shi appears to be used for emphasis in the mesolect but is essentially an acrolectal form which nevertheless may occur even in the speech production of fairly basilectal speakers.,113[43-44],10-16 10-17 10-18,100.0,Very certain -10-130-1,10,130,1,130-1,,,10-301,100.0, -10-131,10,131,1,131-1,,,10-284,100.0, -10-132,10,132,1,132-1,,,10-286,100.0, -10-133,10,133,1,133-1,,,,100.0, -10-134,10,134,1,134-1,"This plosive is alveolar, not dental.",,10-287,100.0, -10-137,10,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -10-138,10,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -10-139,10,139,1,139-1,,,10-292,100.0, -10-14-1,10,14,1,14-1,,,10-19 10-20,100.0,Very certain -10-140,10,140,1,140-1,,,10-293,100.0, -10-143,10,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -10-144,10,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -10-145,10,145,1,145-1,,,10-288,100.0, -10-146,10,146,1,146-1,,,10-289,100.0, -10-147,10,147,1,147-1,,,10-285,100.0, -10-148,10,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -10-149,10,149,1,149-1,,,10-290,100.0, -10-15-1,10,15,1,15-1,,,10-21,100.0,Very certain -10-151,10,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -10-152,10,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -10-153,10,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -10-155,10,155,2,155-2,,,10-291,100.0, -10-156,10,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -10-158,10,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -10-159,10,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -10-16-1,10,16,1,16-1,,113[43],10-22,100.0,Very certain -10-160,10,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -10-161,10,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -10-163,10,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -10-168,10,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -10-169,10,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -10-17-1,10,17,1,17-1,,,10-22 10-23 10-24,100.0,Very certain -10-170,10,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -10-171,10,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -10-172,10,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -10-173,10,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -10-174,10,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -10-176,10,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -10-178,10,178,1,178-1,,,10-302,100.0, -10-179,10,179,1,179-1,,,10-303,100.0, -10-18-1,10,18,1,18-1,"Politiness is encoded in nominal terms of address like sa ‘sir’, mis ‘miss’, ma’am ‘madam’. However, their use is optional, and they are not used as second person pronouns.",,10-25 10-26,100.0,Very certain -10-180,10,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -10-181,10,181,3,181-3,This depends in part on whether African-derived words are considered loanwords.,,10-304,100.0, -10-182,10,182,1,182-1,,,10-305,100.0, -10-183,10,183,1,183-1,,,10-306,100.0, -10-184,10,184,2,184-2,"The alveolar trill may also be realized as a tap or occasionally as an approximant (cf. Bartens 2003: 19). Sometimes, retroflex pronunciations occur, probably due to the influence of American English. This occurs much more frequently in Nicaraguan Creole than in San Andres. This pronunciation may carry over into L2-Spanish.",,10-307,100.0, -10-187,10,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -10-188,10,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -10-189,10,189,1,189-1,,,10-294,100.0, -10-19-1,10,19,1,19-1,"In present-day San Andres Creole English, the most common equivalents are single words: huu, we, wen, hou. However, compund expressions such as wapaat and wentaim also exist (as well as we ... fa, wa mek alongside wai).","113[56, 70-71]",10-27 10-28 10-29 10-30 10-31,100.0,Very certain -10-190,10,190,1,190-1,,,10-295,100.0, -10-191,10,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -10-192,10,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -10-193,10,193,1,193-1,,,10-296,100.0, -10-194,10,194,1,194-1,The phonemic status of /z/ is somewhat dubious. There are minimal pairs like zuon 'zone' - luon 'loan' where I would argue that zuon is a word which does not belong to the basilect.,,10-297,100.0, -10-195,10,195,1,195-1,,,10-298,100.0, -10-196,10,196,2,196-2,"I doubt there are any minimal pairs involving this sound and it also appears to be more frequent in words which are more likely to be used in an acrolectal register, e.g. okiezhan ‘occasion’.",,10-299,100.0, -10-199,10,199,3,199-3,,,10-300,100.0, -10-2-1,10,2,1,2-1,,113[32],10-2 10-44,100.0,Very certain -10-20-1,10,20,1,20-1,,,10-32 10-33,100.0,Very certain -10-200,10,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -10-201,10,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -10-202,10,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -10-205,10,205,1,205-1,,,10-301,100.0, -10-209,10,209,1,209-1,,,10-308,100.0, -10-21-5,10,21,5,21-5,,113[61-63],10-34 10-35 10-36,100.0,Very certain -10-212,10,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -10-217,10,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -10-218,10,218,1,218-1,,,10-309,100.0, -10-22-4,10,22,4,22-4,"Plural marking is very frequent but not obligatory. Factors favouring plural marking are animacity, especially humanness, and definiteness. Plural marking of the same noun in the preceding sentence disfavours marking it again. Quantifiers and demonstratives may replace the nominal plural marker.",113[30-31],10-37 10-38 10-39 10-40,100.0,Very certain -10-221,10,221,1,221-1,,,10-310,100.0, -10-23-8,10,23,8,23-8,"Plural suffixes become a bit more frequent when moving towards the acrolect. Note that the basilect has certain fossilized English plural forms which function both as singular and plural, e.g. iaz 'ear, ears', shuuz 'shoe, shoes'. English stem changes have not been preserved.",113[30],10-42 10-43,87.5,Very certain -10-23-3,10,23,3,23-3,"Plural suffixes become a bit more frequent when moving towards the acrolect. Note that the basilect has certain fossilized English plural forms which function both as singular and plural, e.g. iaz 'ear, ears', shuuz 'shoe, shoes'. English stem changes have not been preserved.",113[30],10-41 10-44 10-45,12.5,Very certain -10-231,10,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -10-24-1,10,24,1,24-1,,113[31],10-46 10-47 10-48 10-49,100.0,Very certain -10-25-4,10,25,4,25-4,"While the personal pronoun has the variants dem, dehn, the plural marker is almost always always dem.",113[30],10-50 10-51 10-52,100.0,Very certain -10-252,10,252,1,252-1,,,10-311,100.0, -10-253,10,253,1,253-1,,,10-314,100.0, -10-254,10,254,2,254-2,,,10-315,100.0, -10-255,10,255,4,255-4,/æ/ only exists only in acrolectal varieties very close to English.,,,100.0, -10-256,10,256,1,256-1,,,10-317,100.0, -10-257,10,257,1,257-1,,,10-319,100.0, -10-258,10,258,1,258-1,,,10-321,100.0, -10-259,10,259,2,259-2,Its occurrence is conditioned by the phonetic environment.,,10-322,100.0, -10-26-2,10,26,2,26-2,Emphasis or intensity is the only function assumed by reduplication.,113[40],10-53,100.0,Very certain -10-260,10,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -10-261,10,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -10-263,10,263,2,263-2,,,10-313,100.0, -10-267,10,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -10-268,10,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -10-27-2,10,27,2,27-2,,,10-54 10-55 10-56 10-57,100.0,Very certain -10-272,10,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -10-273,10,273,2,273-2,,,10-320,100.0, -10-274,10,274,1,274-1,,,10-323,100.0, -10-275,10,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -10-276,10,276,2,276-2,/ɛː/ replaces the diphthong /ie/ when speakers move from the basilect towards the acrolect.,,10-324,100.0, -10-277,10,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -10-278,10,278,1,278-1,,,10-325,100.0, -10-279,10,279,1,279-1,,,10-326,100.0, -10-28-1,10,28,1,28-1,,113[36-37],10-58 10-59 10-60 10-61,100.0,Very certain -10-280,10,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -10-281,10,281,2,281-2,/ɔː/ replaces the diphthong /uo/ when speakers move from the basi- to the acrolect.,,10-327,100.0, -10-282,10,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -10-284,10,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -10-285,10,285,1,285-1,"I qualify this as a major allophone based on the fact that there is at least one minimal pair in basilectal varieties, ihn ‘s/he’ (one of the variants) vs. ih ‘it’. However, the number of minimal pairs with any nasalized vowel is very limited.",,10-312,100.0, -10-286,10,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -10-287,10,287,1,287-1,,,10-316,100.0, -10-288,10,288,1,288-1,"As with the other nasal vowels, it is difficult to come up with a minimal pair but at least there is e.g. faahn ‘from’ (one variant, also fram) vs. faam ‘to pretend’.",,10-318,100.0, -10-289,10,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -10-29-2,10,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article wan is identical with the numeral ‘one’. The variant a is acrolectal in San Andres Creole English and excludes any idea of countability. It is invariable before vowels.,113[36],10-62 10-63,100.0,Very certain -10-290,10,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -10-291,10,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -10-3-1,10,3,1,3-1,,113[33],10-3,100.0,Very certain -10-30-7,10,30,7,30-7,,113[37],10-64,100.0,Very certain -10-308-1,10,308,1,308-1,,113,,100.0,Very certain -10-309-1,10,309,1,309-1,Few immigrants from the Colombian mainland learn to speak the creole although many understand it. Some Hispanics born and raised on the island have acquired a near-native competence but are usually reluctant to speak in Creole.,,,100.0,Very certain -10-31-2,10,31,2,31-2,,,10-65 10-66 10-67 10-68,100.0,Very certain -10-310-4,10,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -10-311-3,10,311,3,311-3,The language is endagered although it is unclear how severely.,,,100.0,Very certain +The complementizer taki occurs with 'think' (as in Example 148) but not with 'want'.",1521[331],1-239 1-240,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1-99-2,1,99,2,99-2,,54[103],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-0-1,10,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +10-1-2,10,1,2,1-2,,113[203],10-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +10-10-1,10,10,1,10-1,,113[36],10-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +10-100-4,10,100,4,100-4,"In the past, neva is used instead of no. It does not have the same meaning as its English source item never but can be considered a genuine negation marker. ataal is frequently used to emphasize negation. I don't think speakers segment ataal into 'at + all'. At least the division into syllables is a-taal.",113[100],10-235 10-236,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +10-101-1,10,101,1,101-1,,113[100-101],10-237,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-102-1,10,102,1,102-1,,113[101],10-238 10-239,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-103-7,10,103,7,103-7,,113[118],10-240,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +10-104-6,10,104,6,104-6,,113[133],10-241 10-242,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +10-105-1,10,105,1,105-1,,113[133],10-243 10-244,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-106-2,10,106,2,106-2,"San Andres Creole English uses tu < English too and egen < English again, while English also is not part of the language system. Note that these elements are used to a lesser extent than in English.",,10-245 10-246 10-247 10-248,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-107-2,10,107,2,107-2,The postposed vocative marker oi (sometimes yo) is getting increasingly rare in present-day San Andres Creole English.,,10-249 10-250,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-108-2,10,108,2,108-2,,,10-251 10-252,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +10-109-1,10,109,1,109-1,,,10-253,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-11-3,10,11,3,11-3,,,10-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +10-110-2,10,110,2,110-2,,,10-254,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-111-2,10,111,2,111-2,,113[150],10-255,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-112-1,10,112,1,112-1,,,10-256,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +10-113-2,10,113,2,113-2,,,10-257 10-258,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-114-2,10,114,2,114-2,,,10-259 10-260,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-115-2,10,115,2,115-2,,,10-261 10-262,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-116-2,10,116,2,116-2,The sea is often said to be ‘green’ when English speakers might use the term ‘turqoise’.,,10-263 10-264,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-117-1,10,117,1,117-1,"Many animal names are lexicalized as in English, e.g. kou ‘cow’ – bul ‘bull’. In stories, it becomes clear from the context whether a female or male animal is meant in case this is relevant for the story. The main characters of animal stories are all ‘Brother’ + animal name, thus male.",,10-265,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-118-3,10,118,3,118-3,,,10-266 10-267 10-268 10-269 10-270 10-271 10-272,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-119-3,10,119,3,119-3,In the acrolect we may find /r/ or /r/ + plosive or nasal + plosive in the coda. Two plosives never occur in a coda.,,10-273 10-274 10-275 10-276 10-277,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-12-1,10,12,1,12-1,,113[119],10-13 10-14 10-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-120-2,10,120,2,120-2,"On the grammatical and pragmatic level, the tonal opposition affects very few minimal pairs. Besides 'can' - 'cannot', the low-high opposition affects for instance non-emphatic vs. emphatic negation (I qualify this latter opposition as pragmatic). There are also lexical pairs which are distinguished by tone only.",,10-278 10-279 10-280 10-281 10-282 10-283,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +10-121-2,10,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +10-122-1,10,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-123-4,10,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-124-1,10,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-125-2,10,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +10-126-1,10,126,1,126-1,The phonemic status of /z/ is somewhat dubious. There are minimal pairs like zuon 'zone' - luon 'loan' where I would argue that zuon is a word which does not belong to the basilect.,,10-297,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-127-6,10,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-128-3,10,128,3,128-3,This depends in part on whether African-derived words are considered loanwords.,,10-304,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +10-129-2,10,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-13-2,10,13,2,13-2,The feminine shi appears to be used for emphasis in the mesolect but is essentially an acrolectal form which nevertheless may occur even in the speech production of fairly basilectal speakers.,113[43-44],10-16 10-17 10-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +10-130-1,10,130,1,130-1,,,10-301,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-131,10,131,1,131-1,,,10-284,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-132,10,132,1,132-1,,,10-286,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-133,10,133,1,133-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-134,10,134,1,134-1,"This plosive is alveolar, not dental.",,10-287,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-137,10,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-138,10,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-139,10,139,1,139-1,,,10-292,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-14-1,10,14,1,14-1,,,10-19 10-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-140,10,140,1,140-1,,,10-293,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-143,10,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-144,10,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-145,10,145,1,145-1,,,10-288,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-146,10,146,1,146-1,,,10-289,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-147,10,147,1,147-1,,,10-285,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-148,10,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-149,10,149,1,149-1,,,10-290,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-15-1,10,15,1,15-1,,,10-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +10-151,10,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-152,10,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-153,10,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-155,10,155,2,155-2,,,10-291,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +10-156,10,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-158,10,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-159,10,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-16-1,10,16,1,16-1,,113[43],10-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-160,10,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-161,10,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-163,10,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-168,10,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-169,10,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-17-1,10,17,1,17-1,,,10-22 10-23 10-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-170,10,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-171,10,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-172,10,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-173,10,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-174,10,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-176,10,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-178,10,178,1,178-1,,,10-302,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-179,10,179,1,179-1,,,10-303,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-18-1,10,18,1,18-1,"Politiness is encoded in nominal terms of address like sa ‘sir’, mis ‘miss’, ma’am ‘madam’. However, their use is optional, and they are not used as second person pronouns.",,10-25 10-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +10-180,10,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-181,10,181,3,181-3,This depends in part on whether African-derived words are considered loanwords.,,10-304,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +10-182,10,182,1,182-1,,,10-305,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-183,10,183,1,183-1,,,10-306,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-184,10,184,2,184-2,"The alveolar trill may also be realized as a tap or occasionally as an approximant (cf. Bartens 2003: 19). Sometimes, retroflex pronunciations occur, probably due to the influence of American English. This occurs much more frequently in Nicaraguan Creole than in San Andres. This pronunciation may carry over into L2-Spanish.",,10-307,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +10-187,10,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-188,10,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-189,10,189,1,189-1,,,10-294,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-19-1,10,19,1,19-1,"In present-day San Andres Creole English, the most common equivalents are single words: huu, we, wen, hou. However, compund expressions such as wapaat and wentaim also exist (as well as we ... fa, wa mek alongside wai).","113[56, 70-71]",10-27 10-28 10-29 10-30 10-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-190,10,190,1,190-1,,,10-295,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-191,10,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-192,10,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-193,10,193,1,193-1,,,10-296,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-194,10,194,1,194-1,The phonemic status of /z/ is somewhat dubious. There are minimal pairs like zuon 'zone' - luon 'loan' where I would argue that zuon is a word which does not belong to the basilect.,,10-297,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-195,10,195,1,195-1,,,10-298,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-196,10,196,2,196-2,"I doubt there are any minimal pairs involving this sound and it also appears to be more frequent in words which are more likely to be used in an acrolectal register, e.g. okiezhan ‘occasion’.",,10-299,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +10-199,10,199,3,199-3,,,10-300,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +10-2-1,10,2,1,2-1,,113[32],10-2 10-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-20-1,10,20,1,20-1,,,10-32 10-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-200,10,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-201,10,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-202,10,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-205,10,205,1,205-1,,,10-301,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-209,10,209,1,209-1,,,10-308,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-21-5,10,21,5,21-5,,113[61-63],10-34 10-35 10-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +10-212,10,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-217,10,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-218,10,218,1,218-1,,,10-309,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-22-4,10,22,4,22-4,"Plural marking is very frequent but not obligatory. Factors favouring plural marking are animacity, especially humanness, and definiteness. Plural marking of the same noun in the preceding sentence disfavours marking it again. Quantifiers and demonstratives may replace the nominal plural marker.",113[30-31],10-37 10-38 10-39 10-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +10-221,10,221,1,221-1,,,10-310,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-23-8,10,23,8,23-8,"Plural suffixes become a bit more frequent when moving towards the acrolect. Note that the basilect has certain fossilized English plural forms which function both as singular and plural, e.g. iaz 'ear, ears', shuuz 'shoe, shoes'. English stem changes have not been preserved.",113[30],10-42 10-43,87.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-0000FF-88-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +10-23-3,10,23,3,23-3,"Plural suffixes become a bit more frequent when moving towards the acrolect. Note that the basilect has certain fossilized English plural forms which function both as singular and plural, e.g. iaz 'ear, ears', shuuz 'shoe, shoes'. English stem changes have not been preserved.",113[30],10-41 10-44 10-45,12.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-0000FF-88-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +10-231,10,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-24-1,10,24,1,24-1,,113[31],10-46 10-47 10-48 10-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-25-4,10,25,4,25-4,"While the personal pronoun has the variants dem, dehn, the plural marker is almost always always dem.",113[30],10-50 10-51 10-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +10-252,10,252,1,252-1,,,10-311,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-253,10,253,1,253-1,,,10-314,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-254,10,254,2,254-2,,,10-315,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +10-255,10,255,4,255-4,/æ/ only exists only in acrolectal varieties very close to English.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-256,10,256,1,256-1,,,10-317,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-257,10,257,1,257-1,,,10-319,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-258,10,258,1,258-1,,,10-321,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-259,10,259,2,259-2,Its occurrence is conditioned by the phonetic environment.,,10-322,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +10-26-2,10,26,2,26-2,Emphasis or intensity is the only function assumed by reduplication.,113[40],10-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +10-260,10,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-261,10,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-263,10,263,2,263-2,,,10-313,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +10-267,10,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-268,10,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-27-2,10,27,2,27-2,,,10-54 10-55 10-56 10-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-272,10,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-273,10,273,2,273-2,,,10-320,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +10-274,10,274,1,274-1,,,10-323,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-275,10,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-276,10,276,2,276-2,/ɛː/ replaces the diphthong /ie/ when speakers move from the basilect towards the acrolect.,,10-324,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +10-277,10,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-278,10,278,1,278-1,,,10-325,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-279,10,279,1,279-1,,,10-326,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-28-1,10,28,1,28-1,,113[36-37],10-58 10-59 10-60 10-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-280,10,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-281,10,281,2,281-2,/ɔː/ replaces the diphthong /uo/ when speakers move from the basi- to the acrolect.,,10-327,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +10-282,10,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-284,10,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-285,10,285,1,285-1,"I qualify this as a major allophone based on the fact that there is at least one minimal pair in basilectal varieties, ihn ‘s/he’ (one of the variants) vs. ih ‘it’. However, the number of minimal pairs with any nasalized vowel is very limited.",,10-312,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-286,10,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-287,10,287,1,287-1,,,10-316,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-288,10,288,1,288-1,"As with the other nasal vowels, it is difficult to come up with a minimal pair but at least there is e.g. faahn ‘from’ (one variant, also fram) vs. faam ‘to pretend’.",,10-318,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +10-289,10,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-29-2,10,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article wan is identical with the numeral ‘one’. The variant a is acrolectal in San Andres Creole English and excludes any idea of countability. It is invariable before vowels.,113[36],10-62 10-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +10-290,10,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-291,10,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-3-1,10,3,1,3-1,,113[33],10-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-30-7,10,30,7,30-7,,113[37],10-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +10-308-1,10,308,1,308-1,,113,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +10-309-1,10,309,1,309-1,Few immigrants from the Colombian mainland learn to speak the creole although many understand it. Some Hispanics born and raised on the island have acquired a near-native competence but are usually reluctant to speak in Creole.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-31-2,10,31,2,31-2,,,10-65 10-66 10-67 10-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-310-4,10,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +10-311-3,10,311,3,311-3,The language is endagered although it is unclear how severely.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 10-312-1,10,312,1,312-1,"Language abandonment became more widespread after the creation of a Free Port in 1953 although Hispanization measures go back to the early 20th century. Language promotion activities from the 1990s onwards may have somewhat slowed down the tendency. A sociolinguistic survey of the complete school-aged -population is badly needed.",,,100.0,Very certain -10-313-4,10,313,4,313-4,"A sociolinguistic survey is very much needed in order to elucidate this type of question. Community leaders believe there are approximately 30,000 Native people but this does not mean there is the same amount of There might be about 20,000, I estimate.",,,100.0,Very certain -10-314-3,10,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -10-315-3,10,315,3,315-3,The local TV station broadcasts only a few hours of its own programming and there are no Creole newscasts. There is more Creole and/or English programming on radio but no news shows.,,,100.0,Very certain -10-316-2,10,316,2,316-2,"On radio, Creole is mostly used in call-ins but it is mixed with Standard English, usually resulting in creolized English rather than Creole.",,,100.0,Very certain -10-317-1,10,317,1,317-1,The use of the language is widespread in terms of the modest volume of local music production.,,,100.0,Very certain -10-318-2,10,318,2,318-2,Use in the domain of literature is very limited.,,,100.0,Very certain -10-319-3,10,319,3,319-3,"There were some editorials or short columns in local newspapers when I started working on the island in 1999. By 2008, they had all vanished.",,,100.0,Very certain -10-32-2,10,32,2,32-2,,113[58],10-69 10-70 10-71,100.0,Very certain -10-320-3,10,320,3,320-3,"There were some editorials or short columns in local newspapers when I started working on the island in 1999. By 2008, they had all vanished.",,,100.0,Very certain -10-321-3,10,321,3,321-3,"In 2008, I took a photo of a small poster outside of the San Andres Secretary of Education encouraging school enrollment in Creole because it was such a rarity. According to me, one small poster does not justify speaking of limited use.",,,100.0,Very certain -10-322-3,10,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -10-323-3,10,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -10-324-2,10,324,2,324-2,"There have been some educational pilot programmes introducing Creole into the classroom but none have been widely implemented and all were discontinued at some point. However, teachers may use Creole as an auxiliary medium of instruction.",,,100.0,Very certain -10-325-3,10,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain +population is badly needed.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-313-4,10,313,4,313-4,"A sociolinguistic survey is very much needed in order to elucidate this type of question. Community leaders believe there are approximately 30,000 Native people but this does not mean there is the same amount of There might be about 20,000, I estimate.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-314-3,10,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-315-3,10,315,3,315-3,The local TV station broadcasts only a few hours of its own programming and there are no Creole newscasts. There is more Creole and/or English programming on radio but no news shows.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-316-2,10,316,2,316-2,"On radio, Creole is mostly used in call-ins but it is mixed with Standard English, usually resulting in creolized English rather than Creole.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +10-317-1,10,317,1,317-1,The use of the language is widespread in terms of the modest volume of local music production.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-318-2,10,318,2,318-2,Use in the domain of literature is very limited.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +10-319-3,10,319,3,319-3,"There were some editorials or short columns in local newspapers when I started working on the island in 1999. By 2008, they had all vanished.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-32-2,10,32,2,32-2,,113[58],10-69 10-70 10-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +10-320-3,10,320,3,320-3,"There were some editorials or short columns in local newspapers when I started working on the island in 1999. By 2008, they had all vanished.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-321-3,10,321,3,321-3,"In 2008, I took a photo of a small poster outside of the San Andres Secretary of Education encouraging school enrollment in Creole because it was such a rarity. According to me, one small poster does not justify speaking of limited use.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-322-3,10,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-323-3,10,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-324-2,10,324,2,324-2,"There have been some educational pilot programmes introducing Creole into the classroom but none have been widely implemented and all were discontinued at some point. However, teachers may use Creole as an auxiliary medium of instruction.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +10-325-3,10,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 10-326-2,10,326,2,326-2,"Contact with manifests itself e.g. in the form of massive calquing. -In the language contact situation with English, Creole tends to influence English, not vice versa.",,,100.0,Very certain -10-327-3,10,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -10-328-2,10,328,2,328-2,"There is some morphosyntactic variation in the community but it is really hard to tell what it is due to - at least to a certain extent, geographical location correlates with social status and the urban/rural divide.",,,100.0,Very certain -10-329-2,10,329,2,329-2,Geographic variation probably correlates with social status and the urban/rural divide.,,,100.0,Very certain -10-33-2,10,33,2,33-2,"There is a two-way contrast: dis 'this' - dis-ya 'this very' - da(t) 'that' - dat-de 'that very'. The emphatic demonstratives can be used discontinually. However, the preverbal variant (e.g. disya hous, datde hous) are preferred and while the discontinual variant dat ... de sounds naturalistic according to native speakers, the discontinual variant dis ... ya does not, although they admit it is grammatical.",113[59],10-72 10-73 10-74 10-75,100.0,Very certain -10-330-3,10,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -10-331-2,10,331,2,331-2,"There is some morphosyntactic variation in the community but it is really hard to tell what it is due to - at least to a certain extent, geographical location correlates with social status and the urban/rural divide.",,,100.0,Very certain -10-332-2,10,332,2,332-2,Geographic variation probably correlates with social status and the urban/rural divide.,,,100.0,Very certain -10-333-3,10,333,3,333-3,"obviously as far as Creole speakers are concerned, not speakers of Creolized English",,,100.0,Very certain -10-334-2,10,334,2,334-2,"There is some morphosyntactic variation in the community but it is really hard to tell what it is due to - at least to a certain extent, geographical location correlates with social status and the urban/rural divide.",,,100.0,Very certain -10-335-2,10,335,2,335-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -10-34-2,10,34,2,34-2,"In the acrolect, distributive numerals are eroded by English constructions of the type ‘one by one’, ‘two each’. These constructions are not part of the original San Andres Creole English language system.",113[65],10-76 10-77,100.0,Very certain -10-35-7,10,35,7,35-7,Ordinal numerals different from cardinals exist up to ‘the fifth’. Neks is frequently used for ‘the second; the other’. The other ordinal numbers are identical to the cardinal numbers or are derived by nomba 'number'.,113[64],10-78 10-81,50.0,Very certain -10-35-8,10,35,8,35-8,Ordinal numerals different from cardinals exist up to ‘the fifth’. Neks is frequently used for ‘the second; the other’. The other ordinal numbers are identical to the cardinal numbers or are derived by nomba 'number'.,113[64],10-78 10-79 10-80,50.0,Very certain -10-36-1,10,36,1,36-1,,,10-82,100.0,Very certain +In the language contact situation with English, Creole tends to influence English, not vice versa.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-327-3,10,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-328-2,10,328,2,328-2,"There is some morphosyntactic variation in the community but it is really hard to tell what it is due to - at least to a certain extent, geographical location correlates with social status and the urban/rural divide.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +10-329-2,10,329,2,329-2,Geographic variation probably correlates with social status and the urban/rural divide.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +10-33-2,10,33,2,33-2,"There is a two-way contrast: dis 'this' - dis-ya 'this very' - da(t) 'that' - dat-de 'that very'. The emphatic demonstratives can be used discontinually. However, the preverbal variant (e.g. disya hous, datde hous) are preferred and while the discontinual variant dat ... de sounds naturalistic according to native speakers, the discontinual variant dis ... ya does not, although they admit it is grammatical.",113[59],10-72 10-73 10-74 10-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +10-330-3,10,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-331-2,10,331,2,331-2,"There is some morphosyntactic variation in the community but it is really hard to tell what it is due to - at least to a certain extent, geographical location correlates with social status and the urban/rural divide.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +10-332-2,10,332,2,332-2,Geographic variation probably correlates with social status and the urban/rural divide.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +10-333-3,10,333,3,333-3,"obviously as far as Creole speakers are concerned, not speakers of Creolized English",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-334-2,10,334,2,334-2,"There is some morphosyntactic variation in the community but it is really hard to tell what it is due to - at least to a certain extent, geographical location correlates with social status and the urban/rural divide.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +10-335-2,10,335,2,335-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +10-34-2,10,34,2,34-2,"In the acrolect, distributive numerals are eroded by English constructions of the type ‘one by one’, ‘two each’. These constructions are not part of the original San Andres Creole English language system.",113[65],10-76 10-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +10-35-7,10,35,7,35-7,Ordinal numerals different from cardinals exist up to ‘the fifth’. Neks is frequently used for ‘the second; the other’. The other ordinal numbers are identical to the cardinal numbers or are derived by nomba 'number'.,113[64],10-78 10-81,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-964B00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +10-35-8,10,35,8,35-8,Ordinal numerals different from cardinals exist up to ‘the fifth’. Neks is frequently used for ‘the second; the other’. The other ordinal numbers are identical to the cardinal numbers or are derived by nomba 'number'.,113[64],10-78 10-79 10-80,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-964B00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +10-36-1,10,36,1,36-1,,,10-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 10-37-1,10,37,1,37-1,"Adpositional marking with fi + possessor is not restricted to topicalized contexts, although some speakers use the construction only in them. Those speakers who use the construction even when the focus particle da does not occur in the sentence say it is more emphatic than the construction with a preposed possessive only. -In the 3rd person plural, some speakers perceive dehn to express collectivity as opposed to dem (individuality).",113[51-52],10-83 10-84 10-85,70.0,Very certain +In the 3rd person plural, some speakers perceive dehn to express collectivity as opposed to dem (individuality).",113[51-52],10-83 10-84 10-85,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png""}", 10-37-5,10,37,5,37-5,"Adpositional marking with fi + possessor is not restricted to topicalized contexts, although some speakers use the construction only in them. Those speakers who use the construction even when the focus particle da does not occur in the sentence say it is more emphatic than the construction with a preposed possessive only. -In the 3rd person plural, some speakers perceive dehn to express collectivity as opposed to dem (individuality).",113[51-52],10-86 10-87 10-88,30.0,Very certain -10-38-4,10,38,4,38-4,,113[32],10-89 10-90,100.0,Very certain -10-39-1,10,39,1,39-1,,113[52-53],10-86 10-91 10-92,100.0,Very certain -10-4-2,10,4,2,4-2,,113[103],10-4,100.0,Very certain -10-40-1,10,40,1,40-1,,,10-93 10-94,100.0,Very certain -10-41-1,10,41,1,41-1,,113[39-40],10-95 10-96,100.0,Very certain -10-42-2,10,42,2,42-2,,113[39-40],10-97,100.0,Very certain -10-43-1,10,43,1,43-1,,113[98],10-98,100.0,Very certain -10-44-8,10,44,8,44-8,"The combination of three TAM markers is extremely rare, probably virtually inexistent, but not ungrammatical according to native speakers. Nevertheless, the order TAM has to be inferred from different combinations. One or two markers preposed to the verb stem are the norm.",113[98],10-100 10-99,100.0,Very certain -10-45-3,10,45,3,45-3,,113[98],10-101 10-102,100.0,Very certain -10-46-2,10,46,2,46-2,,113[98],10-103,100.0,Very certain -10-47-2,10,47,2,47-2,,"113[75, 86]",10-104,100.0,Very certain -10-48-2,10,48,2,48-2,"The habitual marker has two allomorphs: stody in the present, yuuztu in the past/anterior.",113[87-88],10-105 10-106,100.0,Very certain -10-49-3,10,49,3,49-3,,113[81-89],10-107 10-108 10-109 10-110 10-111,100.0,Very certain -10-5-1,10,5,1,5-1,,113[59],10-5 10-6,100.0,Very certain +In the 3rd person plural, some speakers perceive dehn to express collectivity as opposed to dem (individuality).",113[51-52],10-86 10-87 10-88,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png""}", +10-38-4,10,38,4,38-4,,113[32],10-89 10-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +10-39-1,10,39,1,39-1,,113[52-53],10-86 10-91 10-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +10-4-2,10,4,2,4-2,,113[103],10-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +10-40-1,10,40,1,40-1,,,10-93 10-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-41-1,10,41,1,41-1,,113[39-40],10-95 10-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-42-2,10,42,2,42-2,,113[39-40],10-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +10-43-1,10,43,1,43-1,,113[98],10-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-44-8,10,44,8,44-8,"The combination of three TAM markers is extremely rare, probably virtually inexistent, but not ungrammatical according to native speakers. Nevertheless, the order TAM has to be inferred from different combinations. One or two markers preposed to the verb stem are the norm.",113[98],10-100 10-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-45-3,10,45,3,45-3,,113[98],10-101 10-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-46-2,10,46,2,46-2,,113[98],10-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +10-47-2,10,47,2,47-2,,"113[75, 86]",10-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +10-48-2,10,48,2,48-2,"The habitual marker has two allomorphs: stody in the present, yuuztu in the past/anterior.",113[87-88],10-105 10-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +10-49-3,10,49,3,49-3,,113[81-89],10-107 10-108 10-109 10-110 10-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +10-5-1,10,5,1,5-1,,113[59],10-5 10-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 10-50-3,10,50,3,50-3,"The past negator neva conflates the categories PST and NEG. As a result, it does not cooccur with wehn which ist ANT. It probably cannot cooccur with the completive marker don, either. At least no such examples occur in my data. I have decided to call neva a PST, not ANT, negator, because this indeed seems the meaning (see Example 112). -In an appropriate context, no can likewise be used to negate past actions, usually with an aspectual value of relevance for the present (a perfective reading; see Example 113).",113[98],10-112 10-113 10-114,100.0,Very certain -10-51-3,10,51,3,51-3,"The tendency is for dynamic verbs to have a past perfective reading as opposed to the present interpretation of stative predicates. Especially in narratives, stative predicates may have a past reading, too. Unmarked verbs can also express future events but then they are obligatorily accompanied by a corresponding adverb.",113[80],10-115 10-116 10-117,100.0,Very certain -10-52-1,10,52,1,52-1,In the acrolect staat is followed by the complementizer tu.,,10-118 10-119 10-120 10-121 10-122 10-123,100.0,Very certain -10-53-1,10,53,1,53-1,,,10-124,100.0,Very certain -10-54-3,10,54,3,54-3,"Suppletion according to aspect or tense is extremely rare, mainly concerning go - gaan (Engl. 'go - gone'; aspect). In the acrolect, the suppletive copulas iz - waz can be heard (tense). Note also that many verb stems are seemingly derived from an English past tense form (in reality, most of them are British dialectal forms), e.g. marid ‘to marry’, lef ‘to leave’, etc.",,10-125,100.0,Very certain -10-55-2,10,55,2,55-2,,113[91],10-126 10-127,100.0,Very certain -10-56-1,10,56,1,56-1,"If the prohibitive is directed at more than one person, the 2nd person plural pronoun unu is preposed.",113[114],10-128 10-129 10-130,100.0,Very certain -10-57-1,10,57,1,57-1,,,10-131 10-132 10-133,100.0,Very certain -10-58-1,10,58,1,58-1,,,10-134 10-135,100.0,Very certain -10-59-2,10,59,2,59-2,"In the basilect, subject and object pronouns are identical, usually with the exception of the third persons: as subject pronouns, there is alternation between ihn ~ (h)im and dehn ~ dem but only the latter variants ((h)im, dem) occur as object pronouns. When moving towards the acrolect, shi and har surface as feminine forms of the singular subject and object pronouns, respectively.","113[43, 47]",10-136 10-137,100.0,Very certain -10-6-1,10,6,1,6-1,,,10-7,100.0,Very certain -10-60-2,10,60,2,60-2,Indirect-object constructions are not part of the San Andres system but occasionally occur in English-influenced speech.,113[47],10-138 10-139 10-140,100.0,Very certain -10-61-1,10,61,1,61-1,,113[47],10-141,100.0,Very certain -10-62-1,10,62,1,62-1,"There are some rare cases of omission of pronominal subjects (e.g. Example 351). Most of them are due to sequencing (the pronoun is not repeated, especially when the verb is the same) or calquing of Spanish constructions.",113[45],10-142 10-143,100.0,Very certain -10-63-1,10,63,1,63-1,,,10-144 10-145,100.0,Very certain -10-64-2,10,64,2,64-2,An expletive subject is not used in constructions which correspond to English existential clauses. Such constructions are avoided and frequently replaced with active constructions.,113[45-46],10-146 10-147 10-148 10-149,100.0,Very certain -10-65-4,10,65,4,65-4,,113[45],10-150,100.0,Very certain -10-66-3,10,66,3,66-3,,,10-151,100.0,Very certain -10-67-1,10,67,1,67-1,,,10-152,100.0,Very certain -10-68-1,10,68,1,68-1,,,10-153 10-154,100.0,Very certain -10-69-1,10,69,1,69-1,,,10-155 10-156,100.0,Very certain -10-7-1,10,7,1,7-1,,113[127],10-8,100.0,Very certain -10-70-1,10,70,1,70-1,,113[104],10-157 10-158,100.0,Very certain -10-71-2,10,71,2,71-2,"Based on the situation described by Holm (1978) for Nicaraguan Creole English, there may have been a stage where ‘and’ and ‘with’ were identical in San Andres Creole as well. In present-day San Andres Creole English, which in many respects is more basilectal than Nicaraguan Creole English, this identity no longer exists.",113[104],10-159 10-160,100.0,Very certain -10-72-1,10,72,1,72-1,,,10-161 10-162,100.0,Very certain -10-73-1,10,73,1,73-1,"From a language-particular perspective, da is a focus particle, not a copula as I claimed in Bartens (2003: 76). This is the case of the basilect whereas the acrolect employs iz, woz (< English is, was) and occasionally even bii. However, for the cross-linguistic purposes of APiCS, it is classified as as value 1 (cf. the similar situation in Belizean Creole).",113[76],10-163,100.0,Very certain -10-74-2,10,74,2,74-2,The occurrence of predicative adjectives with a copula is restricted to acrolectal varieties. Here I describe the basilect. So-called zero copulas filter even into the English spoken by Islanders.,"113[38, 76]",10-164 10-165,100.0,Very certain -10-75-3,10,75,3,75-3,Sentences with a copula are more frequent than sentences without. It seems that the decisive factor which makes the use of the copula obligatory in some sentences and optional in others is sentence rhythm.,113[76],10-166 10-167 10-168 10-169,100.0,Very certain -10-76-2,10,76,2,76-2,"From a language-particular perspective, da is a focus particle, not a copula as I claimed in Bartens (2003: 76).However, for the cross-linguistic purposes of APiCS, it is classified as equative copula (cf. the similar situation in Belizean Creole).",113[76],10-163 10-170 10-171 10-172,100.0,Very certain -10-77-1,10,77,1,77-1,"In the acrolect, traditional get/gat is being replaced by hav.",,10-173,100.0,Very certain -10-78-1,10,78,1,78-1,,113[45-46],10-174 10-175 10-176,100.0,Very certain -10-79-1,10,79,1,79-1,,113[105],10-180,100.0,Very certain -10-8-1,10,8,1,8-1,,,10-9,100.0,Very certain -10-80-2,10,80,2,80-2,,,10-181 10-182,100.0,Very certain -10-81-2,10,81,2,81-2,,,10-177 10-178 10-179,100.0,Very certain -10-82-2,10,82,2,82-2,"Iina has both meanings ‘in, into’ (occassionnally also 'to'; cf. Bartens 2003: 103). Whereas it might appear a reflex of either Engl. into or in a, there are examples in which iina co-occurs for instance with the indefinite article wan (Example 186). Above all as a postposition (as well as in the acrolect), the form is iin.",113[203],10-183 10-184 10-185 10-186,100.0,Very certain -10-83-1,10,83,1,83-1,,,10-187 10-188 10-189,100.0,Very certain -10-84-2,10,84,2,84-2,Serial verb constructions with ‘go’ are more common than those with ‘come’. Gaan 'go.PFV' frequently follows the other verb. In the very rare construction ron gaan lef it is unclear (to me) what other options exist.,113[102],10-192 10-194 10-196,100.0,Very certain -10-85-1,10,85,1,85-1,,,10-197 10-198 10-199,100.0,Very certain -10-86-5,10,86,5,86-5,,,10-200,100.0,Very certain -10-87-3,10,87,3,87-3,"Note that a number of English reflexive verbs are not reflexive in San Andres Creole English, e.g. bied ‘to bathe, wash oneself’. Body part reflexives may have occurred at an earlier stage but are not attested in my data.",113[49],10-201 10-202 10-203,100.0,Very certain -10-88-3,10,88,3,88-3,"The use of the entire reflexive as an intensifier is not part of the San Andres Creole English system. Instead, its second part self may be used for emphasis. More common strategies are the use of the simple personal pronouns with more prominent stress or the postposing of the intensifier wan to a simple pronoun. However, this combination frequently has the meaning ‘all by X-self’.",,10-204 10-205 10-206,100.0,Very certain -10-89-2,10,89,2,89-2,,113[50],10-207 10-208,100.0,Very certain -10-9-1,10,9,1,9-1,,113[36],10-10,100.0,Very certain -10-90-3,10,90,3,90-3,,113[93],10-210,50.0,Very certain -10-90-1,10,90,1,90-1,,113[93],10-209,50.0,Very certain -10-91-8,10,91,8,91-8,The examples show how benefactive meaning may be expressed.,,10-211 10-212,100.0,Very certain -10-92-2,10,92,2,92-2,,"113[53, 127]",10-213 10-214,100.0,Very certain -10-93-2,10,93,2,93-2,,113[53-55],10-215 10-216,100.0,Very certain -10-94-2,10,94,2,94-2,,,10-217 10-218,100.0,Very certain -10-95-4,10,95,4,95-4,After the (near-)homophonous verb se(i) the complementizer is usually omitted.,113[122],10-220 10-222,10.0,Very certain -10-95-1,10,95,1,95-1,After the (near-)homophonous verb se(i) the complementizer is usually omitted.,113[122],10-219 10-221 10-223,90.0,Very certain -10-96-1,10,96,1,96-1,,113[122],10-224 10-225,100.0,Very certain -10-97-1,10,97,1,97-1,,,10-226,100.0,Very certain -10-98-6,10,98,6,98-6,,,10-227 10-228 10-229 10-230 10-231,100.0,Very certain -10-99-2,10,99,2,99-2,,,10-232 10-233 10-234,100.0,Very certain +In an appropriate context, no can likewise be used to negate past actions, usually with an aspectual value of relevance for the present (a perfective reading; see Example 113).",113[98],10-112 10-113 10-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-51-3,10,51,3,51-3,"The tendency is for dynamic verbs to have a past perfective reading as opposed to the present interpretation of stative predicates. Especially in narratives, stative predicates may have a past reading, too. Unmarked verbs can also express future events but then they are obligatorily accompanied by a corresponding adverb.",113[80],10-115 10-116 10-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-52-1,10,52,1,52-1,In the acrolect staat is followed by the complementizer tu.,,10-118 10-119 10-120 10-121 10-122 10-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-53-1,10,53,1,53-1,,,10-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Field notes 2008 +10-54-3,10,54,3,54-3,"Suppletion according to aspect or tense is extremely rare, mainly concerning go - gaan (Engl. 'go - gone'; aspect). In the acrolect, the suppletive copulas iz - waz can be heard (tense). Note also that many verb stems are seemingly derived from an English past tense form (in reality, most of them are British dialectal forms), e.g. marid ‘to marry’, lef ‘to leave’, etc.",,10-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +10-55-2,10,55,2,55-2,,113[91],10-126 10-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +10-56-1,10,56,1,56-1,"If the prohibitive is directed at more than one person, the 2nd person plural pronoun unu is preposed.",113[114],10-128 10-129 10-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-57-1,10,57,1,57-1,,,10-131 10-132 10-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-58-1,10,58,1,58-1,,,10-134 10-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +10-59-2,10,59,2,59-2,"In the basilect, subject and object pronouns are identical, usually with the exception of the third persons: as subject pronouns, there is alternation between ihn ~ (h)im and dehn ~ dem but only the latter variants ((h)im, dem) occur as object pronouns. When moving towards the acrolect, shi and har surface as feminine forms of the singular subject and object pronouns, respectively.","113[43, 47]",10-136 10-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +10-6-1,10,6,1,6-1,,,10-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +10-60-2,10,60,2,60-2,Indirect-object constructions are not part of the San Andres system but occasionally occur in English-influenced speech.,113[47],10-138 10-139 10-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +10-61-1,10,61,1,61-1,,113[47],10-141,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +10-62-1,10,62,1,62-1,"There are some rare cases of omission of pronominal subjects (e.g. Example 351). Most of them are due to sequencing (the pronoun is not repeated, especially when the verb is the same) or calquing of Spanish constructions.",113[45],10-142 10-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-63-1,10,63,1,63-1,,,10-144 10-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-64-2,10,64,2,64-2,An expletive subject is not used in constructions which correspond to English existential clauses. Such constructions are avoided and frequently replaced with active constructions.,113[45-46],10-146 10-147 10-148 10-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +10-65-4,10,65,4,65-4,,113[45],10-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-66-3,10,66,3,66-3,,,10-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +10-67-1,10,67,1,67-1,,,10-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-68-1,10,68,1,68-1,,,10-153 10-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-69-1,10,69,1,69-1,,,10-155 10-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-7-1,10,7,1,7-1,,113[127],10-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-70-1,10,70,1,70-1,,113[104],10-157 10-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-71-2,10,71,2,71-2,"Based on the situation described by Holm (1978) for Nicaraguan Creole English, there may have been a stage where ‘and’ and ‘with’ were identical in San Andres Creole as well. In present-day San Andres Creole English, which in many respects is more basilectal than Nicaraguan Creole English, this identity no longer exists.",113[104],10-159 10-160,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-72-1,10,72,1,72-1,,,10-161 10-162,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +10-73-1,10,73,1,73-1,"From a language-particular perspective, da is a focus particle, not a copula as I claimed in Bartens (2003: 76). This is the case of the basilect whereas the acrolect employs iz, woz (< English is, was) and occasionally even bii. However, for the cross-linguistic purposes of APiCS, it is classified as as value 1 (cf. the similar situation in Belizean Creole).",113[76],10-163,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-74-2,10,74,2,74-2,The occurrence of predicative adjectives with a copula is restricted to acrolectal varieties. Here I describe the basilect. So-called zero copulas filter even into the English spoken by Islanders.,"113[38, 76]",10-164 10-165,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-75-3,10,75,3,75-3,Sentences with a copula are more frequent than sentences without. It seems that the decisive factor which makes the use of the copula obligatory in some sentences and optional in others is sentence rhythm.,113[76],10-166 10-167 10-168 10-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +10-76-2,10,76,2,76-2,"From a language-particular perspective, da is a focus particle, not a copula as I claimed in Bartens (2003: 76).However, for the cross-linguistic purposes of APiCS, it is classified as equative copula (cf. the similar situation in Belizean Creole).",113[76],10-163 10-170 10-171 10-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +10-77-1,10,77,1,77-1,"In the acrolect, traditional get/gat is being replaced by hav.",,10-173,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +10-78-1,10,78,1,78-1,,113[45-46],10-174 10-175 10-176,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +10-79-1,10,79,1,79-1,,113[105],10-180,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-8-1,10,8,1,8-1,,,10-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +10-80-2,10,80,2,80-2,,,10-181 10-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-81-2,10,81,2,81-2,,,10-177 10-178 10-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-82-2,10,82,2,82-2,"Iina has both meanings ‘in, into’ (occassionnally also 'to'; cf. Bartens 2003: 103). Whereas it might appear a reflex of either Engl. into or in a, there are examples in which iina co-occurs for instance with the indefinite article wan (Example 186). Above all as a postposition (as well as in the acrolect), the form is iin.",113[203],10-183 10-184 10-185 10-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +10-83-1,10,83,1,83-1,,,10-187 10-188 10-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-84-2,10,84,2,84-2,Serial verb constructions with ‘go’ are more common than those with ‘come’. Gaan 'go.PFV' frequently follows the other verb. In the very rare construction ron gaan lef it is unclear (to me) what other options exist.,113[102],10-192 10-194 10-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-85-1,10,85,1,85-1,,,10-197 10-198 10-199,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-86-5,10,86,5,86-5,,,10-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-87-3,10,87,3,87-3,"Note that a number of English reflexive verbs are not reflexive in San Andres Creole English, e.g. bied ‘to bathe, wash oneself’. Body part reflexives may have occurred at an earlier stage but are not attested in my data.",113[49],10-201 10-202 10-203,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +10-88-3,10,88,3,88-3,"The use of the entire reflexive as an intensifier is not part of the San Andres Creole English system. Instead, its second part self may be used for emphasis. More common strategies are the use of the simple personal pronouns with more prominent stress or the postposing of the intensifier wan to a simple pronoun. However, this combination frequently has the meaning ‘all by X-self’.",,10-204 10-205 10-206,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +10-89-2,10,89,2,89-2,,113[50],10-207 10-208,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +10-9-1,10,9,1,9-1,,113[36],10-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +10-90-3,10,90,3,90-3,,113[93],10-210,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +10-90-1,10,90,1,90-1,,113[93],10-209,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +10-91-8,10,91,8,91-8,The examples show how benefactive meaning may be expressed.,,10-211 10-212,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +10-92-2,10,92,2,92-2,,"113[53, 127]",10-213 10-214,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +10-93-2,10,93,2,93-2,,113[53-55],10-215 10-216,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +10-94-2,10,94,2,94-2,,,10-217 10-218,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +10-95-4,10,95,4,95-4,After the (near-)homophonous verb se(i) the complementizer is usually omitted.,113[122],10-220 10-222,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-95-1,10,95,1,95-1,After the (near-)homophonous verb se(i) the complementizer is usually omitted.,113[122],10-219 10-221 10-223,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +10-96-1,10,96,1,96-1,,113[122],10-224 10-225,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +10-97-1,10,97,1,97-1,,,10-226,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +10-98-6,10,98,6,98-6,,,10-227 10-228 10-229 10-230 10-231,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +10-99-2,10,99,2,99-2,,,10-232 10-233 10-234,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 1021-41-1,1021,41,1,41-1,"There are two patterns involving the order of comparative degree words and adjectives in Sranan, which relate to differences between two dialects. Dialect A is the default lect in the present Sranan data set and is spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and Dialect B is spoken primarily by Dutch dominant speakers (Winford 1997). In cases where only the item being compared is mentioned, as in mi brada moro langa ‘my brother is taller’, or mi brada na a moro langa wan ‘my brother is the tallest’, the comparative marker moro precedes the adjective, and can be interpreted as marking the adjective. This pattern is found in both dialects. In cases where both the item being compared and the standard are present, the degree word (moro or pasa) can either follow the property item, or, in case of moro, precede it, or even both precede and follow it. When moro precedes the property item, it can be interpreted as a comparative marker. When it follows the property item, it can be interpreted as a standard marker. The latter also applies to pasa, which can only follow the property item (Winford 1997). -See also my comments on Feature 8 ""Order of degree word and adjective"".",,2-24 2-91,50.0,Certain +See also my comments on Feature 8 ""Order of degree word and adjective"".",,2-24 2-91,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 1021-41-2,1021,41,2,41-2,"There are two patterns involving the order of comparative degree words and adjectives in Sranan, which relate to differences between two dialects. Dialect A is the default lect in the present Sranan data set and is spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and Dialect B is spoken primarily by Dutch dominant speakers (Winford 1997). In cases where only the item being compared is mentioned, as in mi brada moro langa ‘my brother is taller’, or mi brada na a moro langa wan ‘my brother is the tallest’, the comparative marker moro precedes the adjective, and can be interpreted as marking the adjective. This pattern is found in both dialects. In cases where both the item being compared and the standard are present, the degree word (moro or pasa) can either follow the property item, or, in case of moro, precede it, or even both precede and follow it. When moro precedes the property item, it can be interpreted as a comparative marker. When it follows the property item, it can be interpreted as a standard marker. The latter also applies to pasa, which can only follow the property item (Winford 1997). -See also my comments on Feature 8 ""Order of degree word and adjective"".",,2-92,50.0,Certain +See also my comments on Feature 8 ""Order of degree word and adjective"".",,2-92,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 1021-42-1,1021,42,1,42-1,"There are two patterns involving the order of comparative degree words and adjectives in Sranan, -which relate to differences between two dialects. Dialect A is the default lect in the present Sranan data set and is spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and Dialect B is spoken primarily by Dutch dominant speakers (Winford 1997). In cases where only the item being compared is mentioned, as in mi brada moro langa ‘my brother is taller’, or mi brada na a moro langa wan ‘my brother is the tallest’, the comparative marker moro precedes the adjective, and can be interpreted as marking the adjective. This pattern is found in both dialects. In cases where both the item being compared and the standard are present, the degree word (moro or pasa) can either follow the property item, or, in case of moro, precede it, or even both precede and follow it. When moro precedes the property item, it can be interpreted as a comparative marker. When it follows the property item, it can be interpreted as a standard marker. The latter also applies to pasa, which can only follow the property item (Winford 1997).",1609,2-94 2-95,10.0,Very certain +which relate to differences between two dialects. Dialect A is the default lect in the present Sranan data set and is spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and Dialect B is spoken primarily by Dutch dominant speakers (Winford 1997). In cases where only the item being compared is mentioned, as in mi brada moro langa ‘my brother is taller’, or mi brada na a moro langa wan ‘my brother is the tallest’, the comparative marker moro precedes the adjective, and can be interpreted as marking the adjective. This pattern is found in both dialects. In cases where both the item being compared and the standard are present, the degree word (moro or pasa) can either follow the property item, or, in case of moro, precede it, or even both precede and follow it. When moro precedes the property item, it can be interpreted as a comparative marker. When it follows the property item, it can be interpreted as a standard marker. The latter also applies to pasa, which can only follow the property item (Winford 1997).",1609,2-94 2-95,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 1021-42-2,1021,42,2,42-2,"There are two patterns involving the order of comparative degree words and adjectives in Sranan, -which relate to differences between two dialects. Dialect A is the default lect in the present Sranan data set and is spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and Dialect B is spoken primarily by Dutch dominant speakers (Winford 1997). In cases where only the item being compared is mentioned, as in mi brada moro langa ‘my brother is taller’, or mi brada na a moro langa wan ‘my brother is the tallest’, the comparative marker moro precedes the adjective, and can be interpreted as marking the adjective. This pattern is found in both dialects. In cases where both the item being compared and the standard are present, the degree word (moro or pasa) can either follow the property item, or, in case of moro, precede it, or even both precede and follow it. When moro precedes the property item, it can be interpreted as a comparative marker. When it follows the property item, it can be interpreted as a standard marker. The latter also applies to pasa, which can only follow the property item (Winford 1997).",1609,2-91 2-96,90.0,Very certain -1021-8-1,1021,8,1,8-1,"There are two patterns involving the order of degree words and adjectives in Sranan, one in which the degree word follows the adjectival item, and another in which it precedes it. These different patterns correspond to a general difference between two dialects, Dialect A, spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and Dialect B, spoken by Dutch-dominant speakers (Winford 1997).",1604,2-28 2-29 2-30,100.0,Certain -1071-85-1,1071,85,1,85-1,Example 201 does not qualify as an SVC since it bears an overt marker of coordination an in the mesolectal variety.,,7-201,100.0,Very certain -1081-13-2,1081,13,2,13-2,,,8-16 8-17,100.0,Very certain -11-0-1,11,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -11-1-2,11,1,2,1-2,,,11-1 11-8,100.0,Very certain -11-10-1,11,10,1,10-1,,,11-18,100.0,Very certain -11-100-4,11,100,4,100-4,"As in San Andres Creole English, neva is a past negator and at least in the basilect, it does not have the meaning ‘never’. However, the (present) negator no(u) is used at the expense of neva more frequently than in San Andres Creole English. The English-derived negations don, doun are quite frequent in spoken Nicaraguan Creole English. Ataal is used to emphasize negation as it is in San Andres Creole English.",,11-306 11-307 11-308 11-309 11-310,100.0,Very certain -11-101-1,11,101,1,101-1,,,11-311,100.0,Very certain -11-102-1,11,102,1,102-1,,,11-312 11-313 11-314 11-315,100.0,Very certain -11-103-7,11,103,7,103-7,,,11-316,100.0,Very certain -11-104-2,11,104,2,104-2,,,11-317,100.0,Very certain -11-105-3,11,105,3,105-3,,,11-318,100.0,Certain -11-106-3,11,106,3,106-3,"Nicaraguan Creole English uses two different elements, tu < English too and aalso/aalsuo < English also. By making use of the latter item, Nicarguan Creole English reveals its more acroletal character vis-à-vis San Andres Creole English since especially preposed also is an English structure.",,11-320 11-322,46.6666666666667,Certain -11-106-2,11,106,2,106-2,"Nicaraguan Creole English uses two different elements, tu < English too and aalso/aalsuo < English also. By making use of the latter item, Nicarguan Creole English reveals its more acroletal character vis-à-vis San Andres Creole English since especially preposed also is an English structure.",,11-321,46.6666666666667,Very certain -11-106-4,11,106,4,106-4,"Nicaraguan Creole English uses two different elements, tu < English too and aalso/aalsuo < English also. By making use of the latter item, Nicarguan Creole English reveals its more acroletal character vis-à-vis San Andres Creole English since especially preposed also is an English structure.",,11-319,6.66666666666667,Unspecified -11-107-1,11,107,1,107-1,,,11-323 11-324,100.0,Very certain -11-108-2,11,108,2,108-2,,,11-325,100.0,Very certain -11-109-1,11,109,1,109-1,"Especially in the plural, piknini ‘child’ is gradually being ousted by chilren.",,11-326,100.0,Very certain -11-11-3,11,11,3,11-3,,,11-19,30.0,Very certain -11-11-2,11,11,2,11-2,,,11-20,70.0,Very certain -11-110-2,11,110,2,110-2,,,11-160 11-327,100.0,Very certain -11-111-2,11,111,2,111-2,,,11-328,100.0,Very certain -11-112-1,11,112,1,112-1,"Holm (1978, Appendix p. 19) claims that the meaning of han is 'hand, lower arm'. However, those Nicaraguan informants who specified the cut-off point in the questionnaire said han is used for the whole arm from the shoulder down to the fingers as is the case in San Andres Creole English.",,11-329 11-330,100.0,Very certain -11-113-2,11,113,2,113-2,,,11-331 11-332,100.0,Certain -11-114-2,11,114,2,114-2,,,11-333 11-334,100.0,Very certain -11-115-2,11,115,2,115-2,,,11-335 11-336,100.0,Very certain -11-116-2,11,116,2,116-2,,,11-337 11-338 11-339,100.0,Very certain -11-117-1,11,117,1,117-1,"As in San Andres Creole English, most animal names are either lexicalized or sex neutral. However, there are also instances of Value 1.",,11-340,100.0,Very certain -11-118-3,11,118,3,118-3,"As in the case of San Andres Creole English, single consonants predominate in the onset. However, in Nicaraguan Creole English the reduction of two-consonant clusters is less advanced than in San Andres Creole English which is due to the more acrolectal nature of Nicaraguan. On the other hand, three-consonant onsets are rarer than in San Andres Creole English and indeed marginal as in most cases the English initial cluster str- has been palatalized to shr- as in the Creole English of Providence.",,11-341 11-342 11-343 11-344 11-345 11-346 11-347,100.0,Very certain -11-119-3,11,119,3,119-3,English codas have been simplified to some extent as a result of creolization but not as much as in San Andres Creole English. Two plosives will not occur in a coda: rispek 'respect'.,,11-348 11-349 11-350 11-351 11-352 11-353 11-354 11-355 11-356,100.0,Very certain -11-12-1,11,12,1,12-1,,,11-21 11-22,100.0,Very certain -11-120-1,11,120,1,120-1,"Speakers of Nicaraguan Creole English tend to make a vowel quantity distinction between 'can' and 'cannot', not a tonal one as in San Andres Creole English. In addition, the traditional palatalization of initial /k/ is disappearing.",,11-357 11-358,100.0,Certain -11-121-2,11,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -11-122-4,11,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -11-123-4,11,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -11-124-1,11,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -11-125-2,11,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -11-126-1,11,126,1,126-1,,,11-374,100.0, -11-127-2,11,127,2,127-2,,,,100.0, -11-128-3,11,128,3,128-3,This depends in part on whether African-derived words are considered loanwords.,,11-381,100.0, -11-129-2,11,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -11-13-2,11,13,2,13-2,"Holm (1978: 282) reports that him and its variants im, i, and (nasalized) i are used for masculine and feminine alike. Nowadays these gender-neutral forms are the exception rather than the norm.",,11-23 11-24,100.0,Very certain -11-130-1,11,130,1,130-1,,,11-378,100.0, -11-131,11,131,1,131-1,,,11-359,100.0, -11-132,11,132,1,132-1,,,11-361,100.0, -11-133,11,133,1,133-1,,,11-362,100.0, -11-134,11,134,1,134-1,This plosive is alveolar.,,11-363,100.0, -11-137,11,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -11-138,11,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -11-139,11,139,1,139-1,,,11-368,100.0, -11-14-1,11,14,1,14-1,,,11-25,100.0,Very certain -11-140,11,140,1,140-1,,,11-369,100.0, -11-143,11,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -11-144,11,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -11-145,11,145,1,145-1,/c/ is increasingly being depalatalized to a voiceless velar plosive in Nicaraguan Creole English.,,11-364,100.0, -11-146,11,146,1,146-1,At least in the high-frequency lexical item gyal it is maintained whereas Nicaraguan Creole English otherwise tends to depalatalize (cf. Segement 15: /c/).,,11-365,100.0, -11-147,11,147,1,147-1,,,11-360,100.0, -11-148,11,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -11-149,11,149,1,149-1,,,11-366,100.0, -11-15-1,11,15,1,15-1,,,11-26,100.0,Very certain -11-151,11,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -11-152,11,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -11-153,11,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -11-155,11,155,2,155-2,,,11-367,100.0, -11-156,11,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -11-158,11,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -11-159,11,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -11-16-1,11,16,1,16-1,,,11-27,100.0,Very certain -11-160,11,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -11-161,11,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -11-163,11,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -11-168,11,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -11-169,11,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -11-17-4,11,17,4,17-4,,,11-28 11-29,100.0,Certain -11-170,11,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -11-171,11,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -11-172,11,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -11-173,11,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -11-174,11,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -11-176,11,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -11-178,11,178,1,178-1,,,11-379,100.0, -11-179,11,179,1,179-1,,,11-380,100.0, -11-18-1,11,18,1,18-1,"As in San Andres Creole English, politeness may be conveyed by means of nominal address terms, not pronouns.",,11-30,100.0,Very certain -11-180,11,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -11-181,11,181,3,181-3,This depends in part on whether African-derived words are considered loanwords.,,11-381,100.0, -11-182,11,182,1,182-1,,,11-382,100.0, -11-183,11,183,1,183-1,,,11-383,100.0, -11-184,11,184,2,184-2,"The alveolar trill may also be realized as a tap or occasionally as an approximant (cf. Bartens 2003: 19 for San Andrés Creole English). Sometimes retroflex pronunciations occur, probably due to the influence of American English. This occurs much more frequently in Nicaraguan Creole English than in San Andrés Creole English. This pronunciation may carry over into L2-Spanish.",113,11-384,100.0, -11-187,11,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -11-188,11,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -11-189,11,189,1,189-1,,,11-370,100.0, -11-19-1,11,19,1,19-1,"Single-word interrogatives derived from their English counterparts appear to have virtually ousted compound expressions which were current for three of the four interrogatives listed when Holm wrote his dissertation: húuda(t) ‘who’, wich paat, wich/wat said ‘where’, wen taim ‘when’.",,11-31 11-32 11-33 11-34 11-35 11-36,100.0,Very certain -11-190,11,190,1,190-1,,,11-371,100.0, -11-191,11,191,2,191-2,"As its voiced counterpart, this sound exists only as a minor allophone arising from decreolization in Nicaraguan Creole English.",,11-397,100.0, -11-192,11,192,2,192-2,,,11-372,100.0, -11-193,11,193,1,193-1,,,11-373,100.0, -11-194,11,194,1,194-1,,,11-374,100.0, -11-195,11,195,1,195-1,,,11-375,100.0, -11-196,11,196,2,196-2,"As in San Andrés Creole English, this sound seems to occur only in the acrolect as a result of English influence.",,11-376,100.0, -11-199,11,199,3,199-3,,,11-377,100.0, -11-2-1,11,2,1,2-1,"For the time being, the occurrence of English genitive ‘s is not too common in Nicaraguan Creole English.",,11-2 11-3,100.0,Very certain -11-20-1,11,20,1,20-1,"In the constructions where Mary and I are conjoined with and, the original (cf. San Andres Creole English) order I and Mary seems to predominate over the English order Mary and I.",,11-37 11-38 11-39 11-40,100.0,Very certain -11-200,11,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -11-201,11,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -11-202,11,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -11-205,11,205,1,205-1,,,11-378,100.0, -11-209,11,209,1,209-1,,,11-385,100.0, -11-21-5,11,21,5,21-5,Somwan is more acrolectal than sombadi.,,11-41 11-42,100.0,Very certain -11-212,11,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -11-217,11,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -11-218,11,218,1,218-1,,,11-386,100.0, -11-22-4,11,22,4,22-4,"There is less plural marking by means of dem than in San Andres Creole English and much more by means of -s/-z. Nevertheless, in a substantial number of cases, plurality has to be inferred from the context.",,11-43 11-44 11-45 11-46 11-47 11-48,100.0,Very certain -11-221,11,221,1,221-1,,,11-387,100.0, -11-23-8,11,23,8,23-8,"See comment on Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers"". The main difference vis-à-vis San Andres Creole English is the relatively frequent use of the plural suffix -s/-z retained or reborrowed (depending on the case) from English and the scarcer use of dem as a pluralizing word.",,11-50,70.0,Very certain -11-23-3,11,23,3,23-3,"See comment on Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers"". The main difference vis-à-vis San Andres Creole English is the relatively frequent use of the plural suffix -s/-z retained or reborrowed (depending on the case) from English and the scarcer use of dem as a pluralizing word.",,11-49,30.0,Very certain -11-231,11,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -11-24-1,11,24,1,24-1,,,11-51 11-52 11-53 11-54,100.0,Very certain -11-25-4,11,25,4,25-4,"In traditional Nicaraguan Creole English, the personal pronoun has the variants dem, deh and neh (the last one is quite rare). In present-day Creole, dei is at least as frequent as dem. If the derived nominal plural marker is used (and not the English-derived suffixes -s/-z), it is virtually always dem.",,11-55 11-56 11-57,100.0,Very certain -11-252,11,252,1,252-1,,,11-388,100.0, -11-253,11,253,1,253-1,,,11-390,100.0, -11-254,11,254,2,254-2,[ɛ] is an allophone that is triggered by the phonetic environment.,,11-391,100.0, -11-255,11,255,4,255-4,This sound exists only in acrolectal varieties very close to English.,,,100.0, -11-256,11,256,1,256-1,,,11-392,100.0, -11-257,11,257,1,257-1,,,11-393,100.0, -11-258,11,258,1,258-1,,,11-395,100.0, -11-259,11,259,2,259-2,Its occurrence is conditioned by the phonetic environment.,,11-396,100.0, -11-26-2,11,26,2,26-2,,,11-58 11-59 11-60 11-61,100.0,Very certain -11-260,11,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -11-261,11,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -11-263,11,263,2,263-2,,,11-389,100.0, -11-267,11,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -11-268,11,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -11-27-2,11,27,2,27-2,,,11-62 11-63 11-64 11-65 11-66,100.0,Very certain -11-272,11,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -11-273,11,273,2,273-2,,,11-394,100.0, -11-274,11,274,1,274-1,,,11-398,100.0, -11-275,11,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -11-276,11,276,2,276-2,This long vowel replaces the diphthong /ie/ when speakers move from the basi- towards the acrolect.,,11-399,100.0, -11-277,11,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -11-278,11,278,1,278-1,,,11-400,100.0, -11-279,11,279,1,279-1,,,11-401,100.0, -11-28-1,11,28,1,28-1,,,11-67,100.0,Very certain -11-280,11,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -11-281,11,281,2,281-2,This long vowel replaces the diphthong /uo/ when speakers move from the basi- to the acrolect.,,11-402,100.0, -11-282,11,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -11-284,11,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -11-285,11,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -11-286,11,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -11-287,11,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -11-288,11,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -11-289,11,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -11-29-1,11,29,1,29-1,"The indefinite article wan, which is homophonous with the numeral ‘one’, has lost more ground to the English-derived indefinite article a than in San Andres Creole English. As in San Andres Creole English, a is invariant before vowels.",,11-68 11-69 11-70,100.0,Very certain -11-290,11,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -11-291,11,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -11-3-1,11,3,1,3-1,,,11-4 11-5,100.0,Very certain -11-30-2,11,30,2,30-2,,636[277],11-71 11-72 11-73,100.0,Very certain -11-308-1,11,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -11-309-2,11,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -11-31-2,11,31,2,31-2,,,11-74 11-75,100.0,Very certain -11-310-4,11,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain +which relate to differences between two dialects. Dialect A is the default lect in the present Sranan data set and is spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and Dialect B is spoken primarily by Dutch dominant speakers (Winford 1997). In cases where only the item being compared is mentioned, as in mi brada moro langa ‘my brother is taller’, or mi brada na a moro langa wan ‘my brother is the tallest’, the comparative marker moro precedes the adjective, and can be interpreted as marking the adjective. This pattern is found in both dialects. In cases where both the item being compared and the standard are present, the degree word (moro or pasa) can either follow the property item, or, in case of moro, precede it, or even both precede and follow it. When moro precedes the property item, it can be interpreted as a comparative marker. When it follows the property item, it can be interpreted as a standard marker. The latter also applies to pasa, which can only follow the property item (Winford 1997).",1609,2-91 2-96,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1021-8-1,1021,8,1,8-1,"There are two patterns involving the order of degree words and adjectives in Sranan, one in which the degree word follows the adjectival item, and another in which it precedes it. These different patterns correspond to a general difference between two dialects, Dialect A, spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and Dialect B, spoken by Dutch-dominant speakers (Winford 1997).",1604,2-28 2-29 2-30,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1071-85-1,1071,85,1,85-1,Example 201 does not qualify as an SVC since it bears an overt marker of coordination an in the mesolectal variety.,,7-201,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1081-13-2,1081,13,2,13-2,,,8-16 8-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +11-0-1,11,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +11-1-2,11,1,2,1-2,,,11-1 11-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +11-10-1,11,10,1,10-1,,,11-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-100-4,11,100,4,100-4,"As in San Andres Creole English, neva is a past negator and at least in the basilect, it does not have the meaning ‘never’. However, the (present) negator no(u) is used at the expense of neva more frequently than in San Andres Creole English. The English-derived negations don, doun are quite frequent in spoken Nicaraguan Creole English. Ataal is used to emphasize negation as it is in San Andres Creole English.",,11-306 11-307 11-308 11-309 11-310,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +11-101-1,11,101,1,101-1,,,11-311,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-102-1,11,102,1,102-1,,,11-312 11-313 11-314 11-315,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-103-7,11,103,7,103-7,,,11-316,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +11-104-2,11,104,2,104-2,,,11-317,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-105-3,11,105,3,105-3,,,11-318,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-106-3,11,106,3,106-3,"Nicaraguan Creole English uses two different elements, tu < English too and aalso/aalsuo < English also. By making use of the latter item, Nicarguan Creole English reveals its more acroletal character vis-à-vis San Andres Creole English since especially preposed also is an English structure.",,11-320 11-322,46.6666666666667,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-47-0000FF-7-FFFF00-47-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +11-106-2,11,106,2,106-2,"Nicaraguan Creole English uses two different elements, tu < English too and aalso/aalsuo < English also. By making use of the latter item, Nicarguan Creole English reveals its more acroletal character vis-à-vis San Andres Creole English since especially preposed also is an English structure.",,11-321,46.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-47-0000FF-7-FFFF00-47-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +11-106-4,11,106,4,106-4,"Nicaraguan Creole English uses two different elements, tu < English too and aalso/aalsuo < English also. By making use of the latter item, Nicarguan Creole English reveals its more acroletal character vis-à-vis San Andres Creole English since especially preposed also is an English structure.",,11-319,6.66666666666667,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-47-0000FF-7-FFFF00-47-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +11-107-1,11,107,1,107-1,,,11-323 11-324,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-108-2,11,108,2,108-2,,,11-325,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +11-109-1,11,109,1,109-1,"Especially in the plural, piknini ‘child’ is gradually being ousted by chilren.",,11-326,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-11-3,11,11,3,11-3,,,11-19,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-11-2,11,11,2,11-2,,,11-20,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-110-2,11,110,2,110-2,,,11-160 11-327,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-111-2,11,111,2,111-2,,,11-328,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-112-1,11,112,1,112-1,"Holm (1978, Appendix p. 19) claims that the meaning of han is 'hand, lower arm'. However, those Nicaraguan informants who specified the cut-off point in the questionnaire said han is used for the whole arm from the shoulder down to the fingers as is the case in San Andres Creole English.",,11-329 11-330,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-113-2,11,113,2,113-2,,,11-331 11-332,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-114-2,11,114,2,114-2,,,11-333 11-334,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-115-2,11,115,2,115-2,,,11-335 11-336,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-116-2,11,116,2,116-2,,,11-337 11-338 11-339,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-117-1,11,117,1,117-1,"As in San Andres Creole English, most animal names are either lexicalized or sex neutral. However, there are also instances of Value 1.",,11-340,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-118-3,11,118,3,118-3,"As in the case of San Andres Creole English, single consonants predominate in the onset. However, in Nicaraguan Creole English the reduction of two-consonant clusters is less advanced than in San Andres Creole English which is due to the more acrolectal nature of Nicaraguan. On the other hand, three-consonant onsets are rarer than in San Andres Creole English and indeed marginal as in most cases the English initial cluster str- has been palatalized to shr- as in the Creole English of Providence.",,11-341 11-342 11-343 11-344 11-345 11-346 11-347,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-119-3,11,119,3,119-3,English codas have been simplified to some extent as a result of creolization but not as much as in San Andres Creole English. Two plosives will not occur in a coda: rispek 'respect'.,,11-348 11-349 11-350 11-351 11-352 11-353 11-354 11-355 11-356,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-12-1,11,12,1,12-1,,,11-21 11-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-120-1,11,120,1,120-1,"Speakers of Nicaraguan Creole English tend to make a vowel quantity distinction between 'can' and 'cannot', not a tonal one as in San Andres Creole English. In addition, the traditional palatalization of initial /k/ is disappearing.",,11-357 11-358,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-121-2,11,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +11-122-4,11,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +11-123-4,11,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-124-1,11,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +11-125-2,11,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +11-126-1,11,126,1,126-1,,,11-374,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +11-127-2,11,127,2,127-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +11-128-3,11,128,3,128-3,This depends in part on whether African-derived words are considered loanwords.,,11-381,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +11-129-2,11,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-13-2,11,13,2,13-2,"Holm (1978: 282) reports that him and its variants im, i, and (nasalized) i are used for masculine and feminine alike. Nowadays these gender-neutral forms are the exception rather than the norm.",,11-23 11-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +11-130-1,11,130,1,130-1,,,11-378,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +11-131,11,131,1,131-1,,,11-359,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-132,11,132,1,132-1,,,11-361,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-133,11,133,1,133-1,,,11-362,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-134,11,134,1,134-1,This plosive is alveolar.,,11-363,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-137,11,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-138,11,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-139,11,139,1,139-1,,,11-368,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-14-1,11,14,1,14-1,,,11-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-140,11,140,1,140-1,,,11-369,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-143,11,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-144,11,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-145,11,145,1,145-1,/c/ is increasingly being depalatalized to a voiceless velar plosive in Nicaraguan Creole English.,,11-364,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-146,11,146,1,146-1,At least in the high-frequency lexical item gyal it is maintained whereas Nicaraguan Creole English otherwise tends to depalatalize (cf. Segement 15: /c/).,,11-365,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-147,11,147,1,147-1,,,11-360,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-148,11,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-149,11,149,1,149-1,,,11-366,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-15-1,11,15,1,15-1,,,11-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +11-151,11,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-152,11,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-153,11,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-155,11,155,2,155-2,,,11-367,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +11-156,11,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-158,11,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-159,11,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-16-1,11,16,1,16-1,,,11-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-160,11,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-161,11,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-163,11,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-168,11,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-169,11,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-17-4,11,17,4,17-4,,,11-28 11-29,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-170,11,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-171,11,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-172,11,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-173,11,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-174,11,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-176,11,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-178,11,178,1,178-1,,,11-379,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-179,11,179,1,179-1,,,11-380,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-18-1,11,18,1,18-1,"As in San Andres Creole English, politeness may be conveyed by means of nominal address terms, not pronouns.",,11-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-180,11,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-181,11,181,3,181-3,This depends in part on whether African-derived words are considered loanwords.,,11-381,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +11-182,11,182,1,182-1,,,11-382,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-183,11,183,1,183-1,,,11-383,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-184,11,184,2,184-2,"The alveolar trill may also be realized as a tap or occasionally as an approximant (cf. Bartens 2003: 19 for San Andrés Creole English). Sometimes retroflex pronunciations occur, probably due to the influence of American English. This occurs much more frequently in Nicaraguan Creole English than in San Andrés Creole English. This pronunciation may carry over into L2-Spanish.",113,11-384,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +11-187,11,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-188,11,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-189,11,189,1,189-1,,,11-370,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-19-1,11,19,1,19-1,"Single-word interrogatives derived from their English counterparts appear to have virtually ousted compound expressions which were current for three of the four interrogatives listed when Holm wrote his dissertation: húuda(t) ‘who’, wich paat, wich/wat said ‘where’, wen taim ‘when’.",,11-31 11-32 11-33 11-34 11-35 11-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-190,11,190,1,190-1,,,11-371,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-191,11,191,2,191-2,"As its voiced counterpart, this sound exists only as a minor allophone arising from decreolization in Nicaraguan Creole English.",,11-397,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +11-192,11,192,2,192-2,,,11-372,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +11-193,11,193,1,193-1,,,11-373,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-194,11,194,1,194-1,,,11-374,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-195,11,195,1,195-1,,,11-375,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-196,11,196,2,196-2,"As in San Andrés Creole English, this sound seems to occur only in the acrolect as a result of English influence.",,11-376,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +11-199,11,199,3,199-3,,,11-377,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +11-2-1,11,2,1,2-1,"For the time being, the occurrence of English genitive ‘s is not too common in Nicaraguan Creole English.",,11-2 11-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-20-1,11,20,1,20-1,"In the constructions where Mary and I are conjoined with and, the original (cf. San Andres Creole English) order I and Mary seems to predominate over the English order Mary and I.",,11-37 11-38 11-39 11-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-200,11,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-201,11,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-202,11,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-205,11,205,1,205-1,,,11-378,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-209,11,209,1,209-1,,,11-385,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-21-5,11,21,5,21-5,Somwan is more acrolectal than sombadi.,,11-41 11-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +11-212,11,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-217,11,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-218,11,218,1,218-1,,,11-386,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-22-4,11,22,4,22-4,"There is less plural marking by means of dem than in San Andres Creole English and much more by means of -s/-z. Nevertheless, in a substantial number of cases, plurality has to be inferred from the context.",,11-43 11-44 11-45 11-46 11-47 11-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +11-221,11,221,1,221-1,,,11-387,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-23-8,11,23,8,23-8,"See comment on Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers"". The main difference vis-à-vis San Andres Creole English is the relatively frequent use of the plural suffix -s/-z retained or reborrowed (depending on the case) from English and the scarcer use of dem as a pluralizing word.",,11-50,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +11-23-3,11,23,3,23-3,"See comment on Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers"". The main difference vis-à-vis San Andres Creole English is the relatively frequent use of the plural suffix -s/-z retained or reborrowed (depending on the case) from English and the scarcer use of dem as a pluralizing word.",,11-49,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +11-231,11,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-24-1,11,24,1,24-1,,,11-51 11-52 11-53 11-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-25-4,11,25,4,25-4,"In traditional Nicaraguan Creole English, the personal pronoun has the variants dem, deh and neh (the last one is quite rare). In present-day Creole, dei is at least as frequent as dem. If the derived nominal plural marker is used (and not the English-derived suffixes -s/-z), it is virtually always dem.",,11-55 11-56 11-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-252,11,252,1,252-1,,,11-388,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-253,11,253,1,253-1,,,11-390,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-254,11,254,2,254-2,[ɛ] is an allophone that is triggered by the phonetic environment.,,11-391,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +11-255,11,255,4,255-4,This sound exists only in acrolectal varieties very close to English.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-256,11,256,1,256-1,,,11-392,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-257,11,257,1,257-1,,,11-393,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-258,11,258,1,258-1,,,11-395,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-259,11,259,2,259-2,Its occurrence is conditioned by the phonetic environment.,,11-396,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +11-26-2,11,26,2,26-2,,,11-58 11-59 11-60 11-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-260,11,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-261,11,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-263,11,263,2,263-2,,,11-389,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +11-267,11,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-268,11,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-27-2,11,27,2,27-2,,,11-62 11-63 11-64 11-65 11-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-272,11,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-273,11,273,2,273-2,,,11-394,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +11-274,11,274,1,274-1,,,11-398,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-275,11,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-276,11,276,2,276-2,This long vowel replaces the diphthong /ie/ when speakers move from the basi- towards the acrolect.,,11-399,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +11-277,11,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-278,11,278,1,278-1,,,11-400,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-279,11,279,1,279-1,,,11-401,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +11-28-1,11,28,1,28-1,,,11-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-280,11,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-281,11,281,2,281-2,This long vowel replaces the diphthong /uo/ when speakers move from the basi- to the acrolect.,,11-402,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +11-282,11,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-284,11,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-285,11,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-286,11,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-287,11,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-288,11,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-289,11,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-29-1,11,29,1,29-1,"The indefinite article wan, which is homophonous with the numeral ‘one’, has lost more ground to the English-derived indefinite article a than in San Andres Creole English. As in San Andres Creole English, a is invariant before vowels.",,11-68 11-69 11-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-290,11,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-291,11,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-3-1,11,3,1,3-1,,,11-4 11-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-30-2,11,30,2,30-2,,636[277],11-71 11-72 11-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +11-308-1,11,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-309-2,11,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-31-2,11,31,2,31-2,,,11-74 11-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-310-4,11,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge 11-311-2,11,311,2,311-2,"Diverse language standardization efforts have been made over the past years. It remains to be seen how effective the implementation of the creole in new domains such as the educational system will be in the long run. -Creole English is also acquiring speakers (L1 or L2) from other ethnic groups. Nevertheless, it is a long-term process rather than a matter of rapid shift.",,,100.0,Very certain -11-312-3,11,312,3,312-3,"Whereas some creole speakers may shift to Spanish or English (as a result of emigration), Creole is gaining new speakers as a result of language abandonment in other ethnic groups of the Coast.",,,100.0,Very certain -11-313-4,11,313,4,313-4,There are 35.000-50.000 speakers of Nicaraguan Creole English.,,,100.0,Very certain -11-314-2,11,314,2,314-2,"The private sphere of rural women constitutes the stronghold of Nicaraguan Creole English usage. In urban areas, most importantly Bluefields, gender affects language usage to a lesser extent.",1184[86],,100.0,Very certain +Creole English is also acquiring speakers (L1 or L2) from other ethnic groups. Nevertheless, it is a long-term process rather than a matter of rapid shift.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-312-3,11,312,3,312-3,"Whereas some creole speakers may shift to Spanish or English (as a result of emigration), Creole is gaining new speakers as a result of language abandonment in other ethnic groups of the Coast.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-313-4,11,313,4,313-4,There are 35.000-50.000 speakers of Nicaraguan Creole English.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-314-2,11,314,2,314-2,"The private sphere of rural women constitutes the stronghold of Nicaraguan Creole English usage. In urban areas, most importantly Bluefields, gender affects language usage to a lesser extent.",1184[86],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", 11-315-3,11,315,3,315-3,"National Nicaraguan (Spanish-language) TV channels are less easily received than international (mostly English-language) satellite channels. Pasanen (2004: 85) states that there are local radio channels which broadcast in Spanish and English. -The ""English"" broadcasting most likely includes some Creole programming but I am under the impression that Creole is more likely to be used in call-in radio shows than for newscasts. For instance, people on San Andrés listen to Nicaraguan call-in programmes conducted in Creole and creolized English.",1184[85],,100.0,Certain +The ""English"" broadcasting most likely includes some Creole programming but I am under the impression that Creole is more likely to be used in call-in radio shows than for newscasts. For instance, people on San Andrés listen to Nicaraguan call-in programmes conducted in Creole and creolized English.",1184[85],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 11-316-2,11,316,2,316-2,"National Nicaraguan (Spanish-language) TV channels are less easily received than international (mostly English-language) satellite channels. Pasanen (2004: 85) states that there are local radio channels which broadcast in Spanish and English. -The ""English"" broadcasting most likely includes some Creole programming but I am under the impression that Creole is more likely to be used in call-in radio shows than for newscasts. For instance, people on San Andrés listen to Nicaraguan call-in programmes conducted in Creole and creolized English.",1184[85],,100.0,Very certain -11-317-2,11,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Very certain +The ""English"" broadcasting most likely includes some Creole programming but I am under the impression that Creole is more likely to be used in call-in radio shows than for newscasts. For instance, people on San Andrés listen to Nicaraguan call-in programmes conducted in Creole and creolized English.",1184[85],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-317-2,11,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 11-318-2,11,318,2,318-2,"Some authors write in Creole but rarely get their work published. -The magazine WANI has published some poems in Nicaraguan Creole English.",,,100.0,Very certain -11-319-3,11,319,3,319-3,The newspapers are Spanish-language newspapers. They are flown into Bluefields from Managua daily and distributed to other communities on the Atlantic Coast in a less regular manner.,,,100.0,Very certain -11-32-1,11,32,1,32-1,,,11-76 11-77 11-78 11-79,100.0,Very certain -11-320-3,11,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -11-321-2,11,321,2,321-2,"Creole is used between ethnic creoles or creole speakers. Most commercial establishments, post offices and banks are located in urban areas, e.g. Bluefields, where there are also many Spanish-speaking Mestizos and speakers of other languages. That is why I would not consider the use of Creole in these settings to be widespread.",,,100.0,Very certain -11-322-3,11,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -11-323-3,11,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain +The magazine WANI has published some poems in Nicaraguan Creole English.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-319-3,11,319,3,319-3,The newspapers are Spanish-language newspapers. They are flown into Bluefields from Managua daily and distributed to other communities on the Atlantic Coast in a less regular manner.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-32-1,11,32,1,32-1,,,11-76 11-77 11-78 11-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-320-3,11,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-321-2,11,321,2,321-2,"Creole is used between ethnic creoles or creole speakers. Most commercial establishments, post offices and banks are located in urban areas, e.g. Bluefields, where there are also many Spanish-speaking Mestizos and speakers of other languages. That is why I would not consider the use of Creole in these settings to be widespread.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-322-3,11,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-323-3,11,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 11-324-1,11,324,1,324-1,"There have been pilot programmes for the implementation of Creole as a medium of instruction in the school system since the late 1990s. The Finnish Foreign Ministry funded a comprehensive bilingual education programme on the Atlantic Coast of Nicaragua with a total of 2,5 million euros from 2000-2004. Besides Creole, Miskito and Sumu-Mayagna were implemented as media of instruction. -""Widespread"" does not, however, mean pervasive. Bilingual programmes are not available to all children needing them and in addition, Miskitu-speaking children, for instance, have been enrolled in Creole programmes, etc.",,,100.0,Very certain -11-325-3,11,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -11-326-2,11,326,2,326-2,"Spanish, Nicaragua's official language and the L1 of the Mestizos who are increasingly immigrating into the two autonomous regions of the Caribbean Coast.",,,100.0,Very certain +""Widespread"" does not, however, mean pervasive. Bilingual programmes are not available to all children needing them and in addition, Miskitu-speaking children, for instance, have been enrolled in Creole programmes, etc.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-325-3,11,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-326-2,11,326,2,326-2,"Spanish, Nicaragua's official language and the L1 of the Mestizos who are increasingly immigrating into the two autonomous regions of the Caribbean Coast.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 11-327-3,11,327,3,327-3,"Phonological variation is not due to geographical factors but to the specific languages involved in the formation of some variants of Nicaraguan Creole English. Up to the present day, Rama Cay Creole English is felt to be the most idiosyncratic variety (Bartens 2009: 302). -As far as the phonology of Rama Cay Creole English is concerned, Holm (1983: 115) mentions flapped or trilled /r/ as opposed to the ""English"" /r/ or other varieties of Nicaraguan Creole English as well as markedly different intonational contours and stress patterns. The German missionaries who lived among the Rama in the mid-nineteenth century have been held responsible for the peculiarities in the intonation and stress patterns in Rama Cay Creole English (Holm 1983: 115).",638[115];116[302],,100.0,Very certain -11-328-3,11,328,3,328-3,"Any possible geographic variation (which is not well documented for the time being in spite of efforts to do so within the Finnish Academy research project 2006-2009) appears to be due to variation among the languages involved in the language contact situation (see comments on Feature ""Geographic variation: phonology"").",,,100.0,Certain -11-329-3,11,329,3,329-3,"Variation appears to be due to the input in the language contact situation, not geographical differenciation (see also Feature ""Geographic variation: phonology"" and Feature ""Geographic variation: morphosyntax""). Holm (1983:115) indicates that certain words and phrases in Rama Cay Creole English are probably loans and calques from German, e.g. for three days 'three days ago' (cf. German vor drei Tagen), puuti 'partridge' (German Pute), etc.",,,100.0,Very certain -11-33-2,11,33,2,33-2,"According to Holm (1978: 279), the emphatic demonstrative pronouns (or adjectives) dis-ya and dat-de may both be used both prenominally and discontinually.",636[279],11-80 11-81 11-82 11-83,100.0,Very certain -11-330-2,11,330,2,330-2,It is difficult to quantify the extent of urban/rural phonological variation - which occurs along the acrolectal/basilectal continuum - because there seems to be quite a lot of variation within individual speech communities and even the speech production of a single speaker (cf. Bartens 2008; Bartens 2009).,115;116,,100.0,Very certain -11-331-2,11,331,2,331-2,,115;116,,100.0,Very certain -11-332-2,11,332,2,332-2,"As a result of decreolization, some words are no longer used in urban settings.",,,100.0,Very certain -11-333-2,11,333,2,333-2,Social and urban/rural or basilectal/acrolectal variation correlate with each other.,,,100.0,Very certain -11-334-2,11,334,2,334-2,Social and urban/rural or basilectal/acrolectal variation correlate with each other.,,,100.0,Very certain -11-335-2,11,335,2,335-2,Social and urban/rural or basilectal/acrolectal variation correlate with each other.,,,100.0,Very certain -11-34-2,11,34,2,34-2,"As in San Andres Creole English, the original distributive numerals formed by means of reduplication are increasingly being eroded by constructions calqued on or borrowed from English.",,11-86 11-87,100.0,Very certain -11-35-8,11,35,8,35-8,Nicaraguan Creole English has ordinal numbers different from cardinals up to ‘the fifth’ and neks is frequently used for ‘the second’. The other ordinal numbers are identical to the cardinal numbers.,,11-88 11-89 11-90 11-91 11-92,100.0,Very certain -11-36-1,11,36,1,36-1,,,11-93,100.0,Very certain -11-37-1,11,37,1,37-1,,,11-94 11-95 11-96,100.0,Very certain -11-38-2,11,38,2,38-2,"Typically, the possessor has no marking, as in San Andres Creole English. However, under the influence of English, a number of cases of “genitive ‘s” have crept into spoken Nicaraguan Creole English.",,11-97,5.0,Very certain -11-38-4,11,38,4,38-4,"Typically, the possessor has no marking, as in San Andres Creole English. However, under the influence of English, a number of cases of “genitive ‘s” have crept into spoken Nicaraguan Creole English.",,11-98,95.0,Very certain -11-39-2,11,39,2,39-2,"While the preposition plus dependent (basilectal) pronominal possessor-construction that we know from San Andres Creole English still exists, acrolectal possessive pronouns which do not require a preposition are ousting the first construction.",,11-101 11-99,70.0,Very certain -11-39-4,11,39,4,39-4,"While the preposition plus dependent (basilectal) pronominal possessor-construction that we know from San Andres Creole English still exists, acrolectal possessive pronouns which do not require a preposition are ousting the first construction.",,11-100 11-102,30.0,Very certain -11-4-2,11,4,2,4-2,,,11-6 11-7,100.0,Very certain -11-40-1,11,40,1,40-1,,,11-103 11-104 11-105,100.0,Very certain -11-41-1,11,41,1,41-1,,,11-106 11-107 11-108 11-109 11-110 11-14,100.0,Very certain -11-42-2,11,42,2,42-2,,,11-111 11-112 11-113,100.0,Very certain -11-43-1,11,43,1,43-1,"Post-verbal marking is restricted to the progressive -in, which is increasingly replacing the preverbal marker de.",,11-114 11-115 11-116 11-118,75.0,Very certain -11-43-2,11,43,2,43-2,"Post-verbal marking is restricted to the progressive -in, which is increasingly replacing the preverbal marker de.",,11-117,25.0,Very certain -11-44-8,11,44,8,44-8,"It appears that Nicaraguan Creole English does not permit the co-occurrence of three preverbal TAM-markers. In the present-day variety, the postverbal progressive marker -in (derived from the English present participle ending) is much more frequent than preverbal de. As for the past/anterior, more and more English past tense forms occur. Holm (1978: 251–254) indicates that mi and di(d) are allomorphs and does not make any further comments on their distribution. On the basis of recent data, it seems clear that mi is more basilectal than di(d). In combination with the past/anterior marker mi, the progressive marker may become di, probably as a result of vowel harmony.",,11-119 11-120 11-121 11-122 11-123 11-124 11-125 11-126,100.0,Certain -11-45-2,11,45,2,45-2,,,11-127 11-128 11-129,100.0,Very certain -11-46-1,11,46,1,46-1,"Next to the suffix -in, there is also a progressive marker deh.",,11-130 11-131,100.0,Very certain -11-47-2,11,47,2,47-2,,,11-132 11-133 11-134 11-135,100.0,Very certain -11-48-2,11,48,2,48-2,"The distribution of the three habitual markers is as follows: doz only refers to the present and yuuztu only to the past, whereas stodi can occur in both contexts in Nicaraguan Creole English (but only in the present in San Andres Creole English).",,11-136 11-137 11-138,100.0,Very certain -11-49-3,11,49,3,49-3,,,11-139 11-140 11-141 11-142 11-143,100.0,Very certain -11-5-1,11,5,1,5-1,,,11-8 11-9,100.0,Very certain -11-50-1,11,50,1,50-1,,,11-144 11-145 11-146 11-147,100.0,Very certain +As far as the phonology of Rama Cay Creole English is concerned, Holm (1983: 115) mentions flapped or trilled /r/ as opposed to the ""English"" /r/ or other varieties of Nicaraguan Creole English as well as markedly different intonational contours and stress patterns. The German missionaries who lived among the Rama in the mid-nineteenth century have been held responsible for the peculiarities in the intonation and stress patterns in Rama Cay Creole English (Holm 1983: 115).",638[115];116[302],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +11-328-3,11,328,3,328-3,"Any possible geographic variation (which is not well documented for the time being in spite of efforts to do so within the Finnish Academy research project 2006-2009) appears to be due to variation among the languages involved in the language contact situation (see comments on Feature ""Geographic variation: phonology"").",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-329-3,11,329,3,329-3,"Variation appears to be due to the input in the language contact situation, not geographical differenciation (see also Feature ""Geographic variation: phonology"" and Feature ""Geographic variation: morphosyntax""). Holm (1983:115) indicates that certain words and phrases in Rama Cay Creole English are probably loans and calques from German, e.g. for three days 'three days ago' (cf. German vor drei Tagen), puuti 'partridge' (German Pute), etc.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-33-2,11,33,2,33-2,"According to Holm (1978: 279), the emphatic demonstrative pronouns (or adjectives) dis-ya and dat-de may both be used both prenominally and discontinually.",636[279],11-80 11-81 11-82 11-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +11-330-2,11,330,2,330-2,It is difficult to quantify the extent of urban/rural phonological variation - which occurs along the acrolectal/basilectal continuum - because there seems to be quite a lot of variation within individual speech communities and even the speech production of a single speaker (cf. Bartens 2008; Bartens 2009).,115;116,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +11-331-2,11,331,2,331-2,,115;116,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +11-332-2,11,332,2,332-2,"As a result of decreolization, some words are no longer used in urban settings.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-333-2,11,333,2,333-2,Social and urban/rural or basilectal/acrolectal variation correlate with each other.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-334-2,11,334,2,334-2,Social and urban/rural or basilectal/acrolectal variation correlate with each other.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-335-2,11,335,2,335-2,Social and urban/rural or basilectal/acrolectal variation correlate with each other.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-34-2,11,34,2,34-2,"As in San Andres Creole English, the original distributive numerals formed by means of reduplication are increasingly being eroded by constructions calqued on or borrowed from English.",,11-86 11-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +11-35-8,11,35,8,35-8,Nicaraguan Creole English has ordinal numbers different from cardinals up to ‘the fifth’ and neks is frequently used for ‘the second’. The other ordinal numbers are identical to the cardinal numbers.,,11-88 11-89 11-90 11-91 11-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +11-36-1,11,36,1,36-1,,,11-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-37-1,11,37,1,37-1,,,11-94 11-95 11-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-38-2,11,38,2,38-2,"Typically, the possessor has no marking, as in San Andres Creole English. However, under the influence of English, a number of cases of “genitive ‘s” have crept into spoken Nicaraguan Creole English.",,11-97,5.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-5-0000FF-95-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +11-38-4,11,38,4,38-4,"Typically, the possessor has no marking, as in San Andres Creole English. However, under the influence of English, a number of cases of “genitive ‘s” have crept into spoken Nicaraguan Creole English.",,11-98,95.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-5-0000FF-95-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +11-39-2,11,39,2,39-2,"While the preposition plus dependent (basilectal) pronominal possessor-construction that we know from San Andres Creole English still exists, acrolectal possessive pronouns which do not require a preposition are ousting the first construction.",,11-101 11-99,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFB6C1-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-39-4,11,39,4,39-4,"While the preposition plus dependent (basilectal) pronominal possessor-construction that we know from San Andres Creole English still exists, acrolectal possessive pronouns which do not require a preposition are ousting the first construction.",,11-100 11-102,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFB6C1-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-4-2,11,4,2,4-2,,,11-6 11-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +11-40-1,11,40,1,40-1,,,11-103 11-104 11-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-41-1,11,41,1,41-1,,,11-106 11-107 11-108 11-109 11-110 11-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-42-2,11,42,2,42-2,,,11-111 11-112 11-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +11-43-1,11,43,1,43-1,"Post-verbal marking is restricted to the progressive -in, which is increasingly replacing the preverbal marker de.",,11-114 11-115 11-116 11-118,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-43-2,11,43,2,43-2,"Post-verbal marking is restricted to the progressive -in, which is increasingly replacing the preverbal marker de.",,11-117,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-44-8,11,44,8,44-8,"It appears that Nicaraguan Creole English does not permit the co-occurrence of three preverbal TAM-markers. In the present-day variety, the postverbal progressive marker -in (derived from the English present participle ending) is much more frequent than preverbal de. As for the past/anterior, more and more English past tense forms occur. Holm (1978: 251–254) indicates that mi and di(d) are allomorphs and does not make any further comments on their distribution. On the basis of recent data, it seems clear that mi is more basilectal than di(d). In combination with the past/anterior marker mi, the progressive marker may become di, probably as a result of vowel harmony.",,11-119 11-120 11-121 11-122 11-123 11-124 11-125 11-126,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-45-2,11,45,2,45-2,,,11-127 11-128 11-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-46-1,11,46,1,46-1,"Next to the suffix -in, there is also a progressive marker deh.",,11-130 11-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-47-2,11,47,2,47-2,,,11-132 11-133 11-134 11-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-48-2,11,48,2,48-2,"The distribution of the three habitual markers is as follows: doz only refers to the present and yuuztu only to the past, whereas stodi can occur in both contexts in Nicaraguan Creole English (but only in the present in San Andres Creole English).",,11-136 11-137 11-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-49-3,11,49,3,49-3,,,11-139 11-140 11-141 11-142 11-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-5-1,11,5,1,5-1,,,11-8 11-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-50-1,11,50,1,50-1,,,11-144 11-145 11-146 11-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 11-51-3,11,51,3,51-3,"Holm (1978: 251) cautions that “the corresponding English tense for an unmarked MCC [Nicaraguan Creole English] verb can only be determined from the context” although he admits (ibid.) that statistically, unmarked non-stative verbs tend to correspond to the English past, unmarked statives to the English present tense. -It seems to me that Nicaraguan Creole English is moving in a direction where 1) PST and not ANT is being marked, 2) that PST is marked much more frequently than ANT is in San Andres Creole English, and 3) that this marking occurs less and less by means of preverbal markers and more and more by means of inflected verbs.",,11-148 11-149 11-150 11-151 11-152 11-153 11-154 11-155,100.0,Very certain -11-52-1,11,52,1,52-1,"The completive marker don can perhaps be combined with raip 'ripe' and similar adjectives (cf. example 165), but this is marginal.",,11-156 11-157 11-158 11-159 11-160 11-161 11-162 11-163 11-164 11-165,100.0,Very certain -11-53-1,11,53,1,53-1,,,11-166 11-167,100.0,Very certain +It seems to me that Nicaraguan Creole English is moving in a direction where 1) PST and not ANT is being marked, 2) that PST is marked much more frequently than ANT is in San Andres Creole English, and 3) that this marking occurs less and less by means of preverbal markers and more and more by means of inflected verbs.",,11-148 11-149 11-150 11-151 11-152 11-153 11-154 11-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-52-1,11,52,1,52-1,"The completive marker don can perhaps be combined with raip 'ripe' and similar adjectives (cf. example 165), but this is marginal.",,11-156 11-157 11-158 11-159 11-160 11-161 11-162 11-163 11-164 11-165,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-53-1,11,53,1,53-1,,,11-166 11-167,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 11-54-2,11,54,2,54-2,"Nicaraguan Creole English has a few more verb forms featuring suppletion according to tense than San Andres Creole English. While Holm (1978: 249–250) states that sie/sed, tel/tuol, kyaan/kun, iz/woz are equivalent forms in the basilect, this no longer seems to hold for present-day Nicaraguan Creole where English conjugated past tense forms abound and the latter variants are past tense forms of the former. The same applies to go/gaan. -As in San Andres Creole English, some basic verb forms look as if they were derived from the English past tense but sometimes actually continue British dialectal forms, e.g. brook, draundid, laas, lef, luodid, marid, wuundid. Basic verbs derived from the English present participle are fishin, gwain, kuortin (cf. Holm 1978: 130; at present, gwain is however used as a progressive form). All of these forms occur in San Andres Creole English as well.",,11-168 11-169 11-170 11-171 11-21 11-34 11-71,100.0,Very certain -11-55-2,11,55,2,55-2,,,11-172 11-173 11-174,100.0,Very certain -11-56-1,11,56,1,56-1,,,11-175 11-176 11-177,100.0,Very certain -11-57-1,11,57,1,57-1,,,11-178 11-179,100.0,Very certain -11-58-1,11,58,1,58-1,,,11-180 11-181 11-182,100.0,Very certain -11-59-2,11,59,2,59-2,Nicaraguan Creole English is rapidly moving from the traditional neutral system (as exemplified in Example 185) to a pronominal system where the accusative is marked.,,11-183 11-184 11-185 11-186,100.0,Very certain -11-6-1,11,6,1,6-1,,,11-10 11-11,100.0,Very certain -11-60-2,11,60,2,60-2,"Whereas indirect object constructions are not (yet) part of the San Andres system, in Nicaraguan Creole English they are at present possibly even more frequent than the original double-object constructions.",,11-189 11-190 11-192,30.0,Very certain -11-60-1,11,60,1,60-1,"Whereas indirect object constructions are not (yet) part of the San Andres system, in Nicaraguan Creole English they are at present possibly even more frequent than the original double-object constructions.",,11-187 11-188 11-191,70.0,Very certain -11-61-1,11,61,1,61-1,,,11-194 11-196,30.0,Very certain -11-61-2,11,61,2,61-2,,,11-193 11-195,70.0,Very certain -11-62-1,11,62,1,62-1,,,11-197 11-198 11-199,100.0,Very certain -11-63-1,11,63,1,63-1,,,11-200,100.0,Very certain -11-64-1,11,64,1,64-1,"Although expletive subjects are not used in traditional Nicaraguan Creole English (which is also the case of San Andres Creole English), it seems that some English-type contructions are entering the language.",,11-201 11-205,30.0,Very certain -11-64-2,11,64,2,64-2,"Although expletive subjects are not used in traditional Nicaraguan Creole English (which is also the case of San Andres Creole English), it seems that some English-type contructions are entering the language.",,11-202 11-203 11-204 11-206,70.0,Very certain -11-65-4,11,65,4,65-4,,1054,11-207,100.0,Very certain -11-66-3,11,66,3,66-3,,,11-210,30.0,Very certain -11-66-1,11,66,1,66-1,,,11-208 11-209,70.0,Very certain -11-67-1,11,67,1,67-1,,,11-211 11-212 11-213,100.0,Very certain -11-68-1,11,68,1,68-1,"This value assignment presupposes that e.g. freed is a stative verb (freed is a more acrolectal form than fried). This analysis is supported by the fact that the same is the case in San Andres Creole English and that the item in question combines with the past negator neva. However, as English copulas are becoming more and more frequent in Nicaraguan Creole English, this analysis may no longer hold in the future.",,11-214 11-215,100.0,Very certain -11-69-1,11,69,1,69-1,,,11-216 11-217 11-218,100.0,Very certain -11-7-1,11,7,1,7-1,,,11-12 11-13,100.0,Very certain -11-70-1,11,70,1,70-1,,,11-219 11-220,100.0,Very certain -11-71-3,11,71,3,71-3,,,11-221 11-222 11-223 11-224,100.0,Very certain -11-72-1,11,72,1,72-1,,,11-225 11-226,100.0,Very certain -11-73-1,11,73,1,73-1,,,11-227 11-228,100.0,Very certain -11-74-3,11,74,3,74-3,"The occurrence of predicative adjectives with a copula is definitely more common than in San Andres Creole English but constructions without a copula still abound, too.",,11-229 11-230 11-231,100.0,Very certain -11-75-3,11,75,3,75-3,Constructions with English-derived copulas appear to be ousting both constructions without any copula and with the locative copula de.,,11-232 11-233 11-234 11-235 11-236 11-237 11-238,100.0,Very certain -11-76-3,11,76,3,76-3,The overlap is constituted by the use of English-derived copulas.,,11-239 11-240 11-241 11-242 11-243,100.0,Very certain -11-77-1,11,77,1,77-1,"In NIcaraguan Creole English, hav is more common than it is in San Andres Creole English but gat (rather than get) also occurs.",,11-244 11-245,100.0,Very certain -11-78-1,11,78,1,78-1,,,11-244 11-245 11-246 11-247 11-248,100.0,Very certain -11-79-1,11,79,1,79-1,,,11-252,100.0,Very certain -11-8-1,11,8,1,8-1,,,11-14 11-15,100.0,Very certain -11-80-2,11,80,2,80-2,,,11-253,100.0,Very certain -11-81-2,11,81,2,81-2,,,11-249 11-250 11-251,100.0,Very certain -11-82-2,11,82,2,82-2,"Under the influence of English, Nicaraguan Creole English appears to be acquiring a special motion-to preposition, iina, which is not used for at-rest meanings in this variety.",,11-254 11-255 11-256 11-257 11-259,70.0,Very certain -11-82-1,11,82,1,82-1,"Under the influence of English, Nicaraguan Creole English appears to be acquiring a special motion-to preposition, iina, which is not used for at-rest meanings in this variety.",,11-258 11-259,30.0,Very certain -11-83-1,11,83,1,83-1,,,11-260 11-261 11-262,100.0,Very certain -11-84-2,11,84,2,84-2,Serial verbs with go/gaan are much more common than with kom.,636[226-227],11-264,100.0,Very certain -11-85-1,11,85,1,85-1,,,11-265 11-266 11-267,100.0,Very certain -11-86-5,11,86,5,86-5,,,11-268,100.0,Very certain -11-87-3,11,87,3,87-3,Body part reflexives were documented by Holm (1978: 230) but their use in present-day Nicaraguan Creole English must be marginal.,,11-271 11-272,87.5,Very certain -11-87-2,11,87,2,87-2,Body part reflexives were documented by Holm (1978: 230) but their use in present-day Nicaraguan Creole English must be marginal.,,11-269 11-270,12.5,Very certain -11-88-3,11,88,3,88-3,"Whereas it might seem that the English pattern (intensifiers and reflexives are identical) is ousting the creole intensifying structures formed with bare self and wan, at least the latter structure persists in present-day Nicaraguan Creole English.",,11-272 11-273 11-274 11-275 11-276 11-277,100.0,Very certain -11-89-2,11,89,2,89-2,,,11-278 11-279 11-280,100.0,Very certain -11-9-1,11,9,1,9-1,,,11-16 11-17,100.0,Very certain -11-90-3,11,90,3,90-3,"In present-day Nicaraguan Creole English, even English passive constructions occur.",,11-281 11-282,30.0,Very certain -11-90-1,11,90,1,90-1,"In present-day Nicaraguan Creole English, even English passive constructions occur.",,11-283 11-284,70.0,Very certain -11-91-8,11,91,8,91-8,The examples show how benefactive meanings may be expressed.,,11-285 11-286,100.0,Very certain -11-92-2,11,92,2,92-2,"The relative marker huu is a more acrolectal form. (Probably as a result of decreolization over the last few decades, it seems virtually impossible to neatly separate different lects from each other.)",,11-287 11-288 11-289,100.0,Very certain -11-93-2,11,93,2,93-2,"The particle we is the basilectal form, dat a more acrolectal one.",,11-290 11-291,100.0,Very certain -11-94-2,11,94,2,94-2,,,11-292,100.0,Certain -11-95-3,11,95,3,95-3,"According to Holm (1978: 247) the Nicaraguan Creole English complementizer with verbs of speaking, perception and judgement se can 1) follow the verb se ‘to say’ and 2) co-occur with dat as a sequence: se dat (e.g. after the verb tel 'to tell'). There is no evidence for these structures in my present-day data in which dat or zero increasingly replace se. It is difficult to estimate relative frequencies.",,11-294,27.2727272727273,Very certain -11-95-1,11,95,1,95-1,"According to Holm (1978: 247) the Nicaraguan Creole English complementizer with verbs of speaking, perception and judgement se can 1) follow the verb se ‘to say’ and 2) co-occur with dat as a sequence: se dat (e.g. after the verb tel 'to tell'). There is no evidence for these structures in my present-day data in which dat or zero increasingly replace se. It is difficult to estimate relative frequencies.",,11-293,45.4545454545455,Very certain -11-95-4,11,95,4,95-4,"According to Holm (1978: 247) the Nicaraguan Creole English complementizer with verbs of speaking, perception and judgement se can 1) follow the verb se ‘to say’ and 2) co-occur with dat as a sequence: se dat (e.g. after the verb tel 'to tell'). There is no evidence for these structures in my present-day data in which dat or zero increasingly replace se. It is difficult to estimate relative frequencies.",,11-295,27.2727272727273,Very certain -11-96-4,11,96,4,96-4,"Se is the original complementizer for verbs of knowing. Again, it is difficult to estimate relative frequencies.",,11-297,27.2727272727273,Very certain -11-96-3,11,96,3,96-3,"Se is the original complementizer for verbs of knowing. Again, it is difficult to estimate relative frequencies.",,11-298,27.2727272727273,Very certain -11-96-1,11,96,1,96-1,"Se is the original complementizer for verbs of knowing. Again, it is difficult to estimate relative frequencies.",,11-296,45.4545454545455,Very certain -11-97-1,11,97,1,97-1,,,11-299,100.0,Very certain -11-98-6,11,98,6,98-6,"Nicaraguan Creole English tink 'to think' traditionally takes the complementizer se as in San Andrés Creole English and nowadays also the zero complementizer. Nicaraguan Creole English waa 'to want' usually takes a zero complementizer and occasionally fa/fu, the Nicaraguan Creole English equivalent of San Andres Creole English fi. This latter original Creole construction is different from the think-construction.",,11-300 11-301 11-302 11-303,100.0,Very certain +As in San Andres Creole English, some basic verb forms look as if they were derived from the English past tense but sometimes actually continue British dialectal forms, e.g. brook, draundid, laas, lef, luodid, marid, wuundid. Basic verbs derived from the English present participle are fishin, gwain, kuortin (cf. Holm 1978: 130; at present, gwain is however used as a progressive form). All of these forms occur in San Andres Creole English as well.",,11-168 11-169 11-170 11-171 11-21 11-34 11-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-55-2,11,55,2,55-2,,,11-172 11-173 11-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-56-1,11,56,1,56-1,,,11-175 11-176 11-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-57-1,11,57,1,57-1,,,11-178 11-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-58-1,11,58,1,58-1,,,11-180 11-181 11-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-59-2,11,59,2,59-2,Nicaraguan Creole English is rapidly moving from the traditional neutral system (as exemplified in Example 185) to a pronominal system where the accusative is marked.,,11-183 11-184 11-185 11-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +11-6-1,11,6,1,6-1,,,11-10 11-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-60-2,11,60,2,60-2,"Whereas indirect object constructions are not (yet) part of the San Andres system, in Nicaraguan Creole English they are at present possibly even more frequent than the original double-object constructions.",,11-189 11-190 11-192,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-60-1,11,60,1,60-1,"Whereas indirect object constructions are not (yet) part of the San Andres system, in Nicaraguan Creole English they are at present possibly even more frequent than the original double-object constructions.",,11-187 11-188 11-191,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-61-1,11,61,1,61-1,,,11-194 11-196,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-61-2,11,61,2,61-2,,,11-193 11-195,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-62-1,11,62,1,62-1,,,11-197 11-198 11-199,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-63-1,11,63,1,63-1,,,11-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-64-1,11,64,1,64-1,"Although expletive subjects are not used in traditional Nicaraguan Creole English (which is also the case of San Andres Creole English), it seems that some English-type contructions are entering the language.",,11-201 11-205,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-64-2,11,64,2,64-2,"Although expletive subjects are not used in traditional Nicaraguan Creole English (which is also the case of San Andres Creole English), it seems that some English-type contructions are entering the language.",,11-202 11-203 11-204 11-206,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-65-4,11,65,4,65-4,,1054,11-207,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +11-66-3,11,66,3,66-3,,,11-210,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-66-1,11,66,1,66-1,,,11-208 11-209,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-67-1,11,67,1,67-1,,,11-211 11-212 11-213,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-68-1,11,68,1,68-1,"This value assignment presupposes that e.g. freed is a stative verb (freed is a more acrolectal form than fried). This analysis is supported by the fact that the same is the case in San Andres Creole English and that the item in question combines with the past negator neva. However, as English copulas are becoming more and more frequent in Nicaraguan Creole English, this analysis may no longer hold in the future.",,11-214 11-215,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-69-1,11,69,1,69-1,,,11-216 11-217 11-218,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-7-1,11,7,1,7-1,,,11-12 11-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-70-1,11,70,1,70-1,,,11-219 11-220,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-71-3,11,71,3,71-3,,,11-221 11-222 11-223 11-224,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-72-1,11,72,1,72-1,,,11-225 11-226,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-73-1,11,73,1,73-1,,,11-227 11-228,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-74-3,11,74,3,74-3,"The occurrence of predicative adjectives with a copula is definitely more common than in San Andres Creole English but constructions without a copula still abound, too.",,11-229 11-230 11-231,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +11-75-3,11,75,3,75-3,Constructions with English-derived copulas appear to be ousting both constructions without any copula and with the locative copula de.,,11-232 11-233 11-234 11-235 11-236 11-237 11-238,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +11-76-3,11,76,3,76-3,The overlap is constituted by the use of English-derived copulas.,,11-239 11-240 11-241 11-242 11-243,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +11-77-1,11,77,1,77-1,"In NIcaraguan Creole English, hav is more common than it is in San Andres Creole English but gat (rather than get) also occurs.",,11-244 11-245,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +11-78-1,11,78,1,78-1,,,11-244 11-245 11-246 11-247 11-248,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-79-1,11,79,1,79-1,,,11-252,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-8-1,11,8,1,8-1,,,11-14 11-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-80-2,11,80,2,80-2,,,11-253,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-81-2,11,81,2,81-2,,,11-249 11-250 11-251,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-82-2,11,82,2,82-2,"Under the influence of English, Nicaraguan Creole English appears to be acquiring a special motion-to preposition, iina, which is not used for at-rest meanings in this variety.",,11-254 11-255 11-256 11-257 11-259,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-82-1,11,82,1,82-1,"Under the influence of English, Nicaraguan Creole English appears to be acquiring a special motion-to preposition, iina, which is not used for at-rest meanings in this variety.",,11-258 11-259,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-83-1,11,83,1,83-1,,,11-260 11-261 11-262,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-84-2,11,84,2,84-2,Serial verbs with go/gaan are much more common than with kom.,636[226-227],11-264,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-85-1,11,85,1,85-1,,,11-265 11-266 11-267,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-86-5,11,86,5,86-5,,,11-268,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-87-3,11,87,3,87-3,Body part reflexives were documented by Holm (1978: 230) but their use in present-day Nicaraguan Creole English must be marginal.,,11-271 11-272,87.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-87-2,11,87,2,87-2,Body part reflexives were documented by Holm (1978: 230) but their use in present-day Nicaraguan Creole English must be marginal.,,11-269 11-270,12.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-88-3,11,88,3,88-3,"Whereas it might seem that the English pattern (intensifiers and reflexives are identical) is ousting the creole intensifying structures formed with bare self and wan, at least the latter structure persists in present-day Nicaraguan Creole English.",,11-272 11-273 11-274 11-275 11-276 11-277,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-89-2,11,89,2,89-2,,,11-278 11-279 11-280,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +11-9-1,11,9,1,9-1,,,11-16 11-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-90-3,11,90,3,90-3,"In present-day Nicaraguan Creole English, even English passive constructions occur.",,11-281 11-282,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-90-1,11,90,1,90-1,"In present-day Nicaraguan Creole English, even English passive constructions occur.",,11-283 11-284,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +11-91-8,11,91,8,91-8,The examples show how benefactive meanings may be expressed.,,11-285 11-286,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +11-92-2,11,92,2,92-2,"The relative marker huu is a more acrolectal form. (Probably as a result of decreolization over the last few decades, it seems virtually impossible to neatly separate different lects from each other.)",,11-287 11-288 11-289,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +11-93-2,11,93,2,93-2,"The particle we is the basilectal form, dat a more acrolectal one.",,11-290 11-291,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-94-2,11,94,2,94-2,,,11-292,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +11-95-3,11,95,3,95-3,"According to Holm (1978: 247) the Nicaraguan Creole English complementizer with verbs of speaking, perception and judgement se can 1) follow the verb se ‘to say’ and 2) co-occur with dat as a sequence: se dat (e.g. after the verb tel 'to tell'). There is no evidence for these structures in my present-day data in which dat or zero increasingly replace se. It is difficult to estimate relative frequencies.",,11-294,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FFFF00-28-0000FF-28-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-95-1,11,95,1,95-1,"According to Holm (1978: 247) the Nicaraguan Creole English complementizer with verbs of speaking, perception and judgement se can 1) follow the verb se ‘to say’ and 2) co-occur with dat as a sequence: se dat (e.g. after the verb tel 'to tell'). There is no evidence for these structures in my present-day data in which dat or zero increasingly replace se. It is difficult to estimate relative frequencies.",,11-293,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FFFF00-28-0000FF-28-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-95-4,11,95,4,95-4,"According to Holm (1978: 247) the Nicaraguan Creole English complementizer with verbs of speaking, perception and judgement se can 1) follow the verb se ‘to say’ and 2) co-occur with dat as a sequence: se dat (e.g. after the verb tel 'to tell'). There is no evidence for these structures in my present-day data in which dat or zero increasingly replace se. It is difficult to estimate relative frequencies.",,11-295,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FFFF00-28-0000FF-28-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-96-4,11,96,4,96-4,"Se is the original complementizer for verbs of knowing. Again, it is difficult to estimate relative frequencies.",,11-297,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FFFF00-28-0000FF-28-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-96-3,11,96,3,96-3,"Se is the original complementizer for verbs of knowing. Again, it is difficult to estimate relative frequencies.",,11-298,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FFFF00-28-0000FF-28-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-96-1,11,96,1,96-1,"Se is the original complementizer for verbs of knowing. Again, it is difficult to estimate relative frequencies.",,11-296,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FFFF00-28-0000FF-28-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +11-97-1,11,97,1,97-1,,,11-299,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +11-98-6,11,98,6,98-6,"Nicaraguan Creole English tink 'to think' traditionally takes the complementizer se as in San Andrés Creole English and nowadays also the zero complementizer. Nicaraguan Creole English waa 'to want' usually takes a zero complementizer and occasionally fa/fu, the Nicaraguan Creole English equivalent of San Andres Creole English fi. This latter original Creole construction is different from the think-construction.",,11-300 11-301 11-302 11-303,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 11-99-2,11,99,2,99-2,"Present-day Nicaraguan Creole English does not appear to admit verb doubling. But Holm (1978: 235) cites the following example: -di kom yu kom [PST come 2SG come] 'as soon as you come'. None of the informants presented with Holm's example recognized it as a construction that was any longer in use.",,,100.0,Certain -1161-20-1,1161,20,1,20-1,"Just like the basilectal variety, Student Pidgin overtly conjoins the pronoun with the name, but in addtion to εn(d) has a variety conjunctions: plus, cum, dεn.",,16-28,100.0,Very certain -1161-24-2,1161,24,2,24-2,,656,16-38,100.0,Uncertain -1161-38-1,1161,38,1,38-1,,656,,70.0,Certain -1161-38-4,1161,38,4,38-4,,656,,30.0,Certain +di kom yu kom [PST come 2SG come] 'as soon as you come'. None of the informants presented with Holm's example recognized it as a construction that was any longer in use.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1161-20-1,1161,20,1,20-1,"Just like the basilectal variety, Student Pidgin overtly conjoins the pronoun with the name, but in addtion to εn(d) has a variety conjunctions: plus, cum, dεn.",,16-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +1161-24-2,1161,24,2,24-2,,656,16-38,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +1161-38-1,1161,38,1,38-1,,656,,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1161-38-4,1161,38,4,38-4,,656,,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 1161-4-1,1161,4,1,4-1,"In the student variety of Ghanaian Pidgin English, constructions like dɛ̀m put mì fɔ dɛ kadɛt insai @@ -1013,7 +1013,7 @@ However, there is also another way of looking at these constructions: fɔ dɛ ka 1sg come prep art house inside 'I came into the house.' -from which the preposition fɔ was elided. Seen this way, the student variety has neither circum- nor postpositions.",656[210-215],16-5,50.0,Very certain +from which the preposition fɔ was elided. Seen this way, the student variety has neither circum- nor postpositions.",656[210-215],16-5,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 1161-4-2,1161,4,2,4-2,"In the student variety of Ghanaian Pidgin English, constructions like dɛ̀m put mì fɔ dɛ kadɛt insai @@ -1028,525 +1028,525 @@ However, there is also another way of looking at these constructions: fɔ dɛ ka 1sg come prep art house inside 'I came into the house.' -from which the preposition fɔ was elided. Seen this way, the student variety has neither circum- nor postpositions.",656[210-215],16-6,50.0,Very certain -1161-70-3,1161,70,3,70-3,,,16-94 16-95 16-96,100.0,Very certain -1161-71-2,1161,71,2,71-2,"Ghanaian Student Pidgin varies between wit and plas for comitative, while noun phrase conjunction is marked with (d)εn.",,16-94 16-96 16-97,100.0,Very certain -1161-87-2,1161,87,2,87-2,,656[201-202],16-125,50.0,Very certain -1161-87-3,1161,87,3,87-3,,656[201-202],16-126,50.0,Very certain +from which the preposition fɔ was elided. Seen this way, the student variety has neither circum- nor postpositions.",656[210-215],16-6,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1161-70-3,1161,70,3,70-3,,,16-94 16-95 16-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own fieldwork +1161-71-2,1161,71,2,71-2,"Ghanaian Student Pidgin varies between wit and plas for comitative, while noun phrase conjunction is marked with (d)εn.",,16-94 16-96 16-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +1161-87-2,1161,87,2,87-2,,656[201-202],16-125,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +1161-87-3,1161,87,3,87-3,,656[201-202],16-126,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", 1161-88-2,1161,88,2,88-2,"The student variety of Ghanaian Pidgin English has two ways of expressing reflexivity: - possessive pronoun + skin - reflexive pronoun xxx-sεf. -The intensifier, however, is sεf, i.e. it is only partially identical with the reflexive pronoun. The two are therefore counted as formally differentiated.",656[201-202],16-125 16-126 16-129,100.0,Very certain -1162-5-1,1162,5,1,5-1,"Acrolectal Ghanaian Pidgin English has a distal plural demonstrative dos ~ doz (< those), varying with (singular and plural) dis. Whether or not there is also a proximal plural demonstrative in acrolectal Ghanaian Pidgin English is hard to say, since vowel length neutralization and final devoicing result in a loss of contrast between this and these in most of the cases, both being realized as dis.",656[193-195],16-10,100.0,Very certain -12-0-1,12,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -12-1-2,12,1,2,1-2,,,12-1,100.0,Very certain -12-10-1,12,10,1,10-1,,,12-13,100.0,Very certain -12-100-4,12,100,4,100-4,"According to Holm & Shilling (1982: 143), no as a ""simple negator before [the] verb“ is ""considered archaic or rustic"" and is ""also used by [Bahamian] Haitians speaking English.“ The distribution of ain’t, don’t and didn’t is governed not only by tense and aspect of the verb situation but also by the stative/non-stative distinction (Shilling 1978: 92–103) as well as by social factors; however, there is much variation in this area of grammar, too. Just as in Jamaican (Patrick 1999: 199–202), never functions as a simple past negator in Bahamian Creole English (cf. Feature 50 ""Negation and tense-aspect-mood marking""); thus, at least for some speakers, never has not only a 'not at any time (up to now)’ meaning but appears to be equivalent to didn’t (Hackert 2004: 134–135). There is debate as to whether never should be classified as a negative adverb (Shilling 1978: 100–103).",,12-236 12-249 12-250,50.0,Very certain -12-100-3,12,100,3,100-3,"According to Holm & Shilling (1982: 143), no as a ""simple negator before [the] verb“ is ""considered archaic or rustic"" and is ""also used by [Bahamian] Haitians speaking English.“ The distribution of ain’t, don’t and didn’t is governed not only by tense and aspect of the verb situation but also by the stative/non-stative distinction (Shilling 1978: 92–103) as well as by social factors; however, there is much variation in this area of grammar, too. Just as in Jamaican (Patrick 1999: 199–202), never functions as a simple past negator in Bahamian Creole English (cf. Feature 50 ""Negation and tense-aspect-mood marking""); thus, at least for some speakers, never has not only a 'not at any time (up to now)’ meaning but appears to be equivalent to didn’t (Hackert 2004: 134–135). There is debate as to whether never should be classified as a negative adverb (Shilling 1978: 100–103).",,12-116 12-251,50.0,Certain -12-101-1,12,101,1,101-1,,,12-249 12-250,100.0,Certain -12-102-1,12,102,1,102-1,,"1268[400, 404]",12-252 12-253 12-254 12-255 12-256,100.0,Very certain -12-103-7,12,103,7,103-7,,,12-257 12-258 12-259,100.0,Very certain -12-104-1,12,104,1,104-1,,,12-260 12-261,100.0,Certain -12-105-3,12,105,3,105-3,,,12-262,100.0,Very certain -12-106-2,12,106,2,106-2,"It seems that too tends to appear at the end of the sentence, which is sometimes after the focused element and sometimes not adjacent to the focused element.",,12-264,50.0,Intermediate -12-106-3,12,106,3,106-3,"It seems that too tends to appear at the end of the sentence, which is sometimes after the focused element and sometimes not adjacent to the focused element.",,12-263,50.0,Intermediate -12-107-1,12,107,1,107-1,"In Bahamian Creole, hey functions both as a vocative marker in expressions such as Hey girl! (cf. Example 265) and as a sentence-final tag, ""often inviting assent to the sentiment expressed"" (Holm & Shilling 1982: 102), as in I think that's bad, hey.",,12-127 12-265,100.0,Intermediate -12-108-2,12,108,2,108-2,"Kiss teeth is a frequent gesture. Its basic meaning appears to be disagreement, reproach, exasperation, or annoyance. It is often considered ill-mannered; its use by children in the presence of their parents or other adults is regarded as very rude.",,,100.0,Very certain -12-109-1,12,109,1,109-1,,634[154],12-266,100.0,Very certain -12-11-2,12,11,2,11-2,,,12-14,90.0,Certain -12-11-3,12,11,3,11-3,,,12-15,10.0,Certain -12-110-2,12,110,2,110-2,"I have never encountered it myself, and it is not listed in Holm & Shilling (1982), either. Bahamians have told me that they do know the word, but not from the Bahamas.",634,,100.0,Very certain -12-111-1,12,111,1,111-1,,,12-268,70.0,Very certain -12-111-2,12,111,2,111-2,,,12-267,30.0,Very certain -12-112-3,12,112,3,112-3,Hand means both 'hand' and 'arm'. Arm exists (as in Example 239) but might be restricted to more acrolectal speakers.,,12-239 12-269 12-270 12-271,100.0,Very certain +The intensifier, however, is sεf, i.e. it is only partially identical with the reflexive pronoun. The two are therefore counted as formally differentiated.",656[201-202],16-125 16-126 16-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +1162-5-1,1162,5,1,5-1,"Acrolectal Ghanaian Pidgin English has a distal plural demonstrative dos ~ doz (< those), varying with (singular and plural) dis. Whether or not there is also a proximal plural demonstrative in acrolectal Ghanaian Pidgin English is hard to say, since vowel length neutralization and final devoicing result in a loss of contrast between this and these in most of the cases, both being realized as dis.",656[193-195],16-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +12-0-1,12,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +12-1-2,12,1,2,1-2,,,12-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +12-10-1,12,10,1,10-1,,,12-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-100-4,12,100,4,100-4,"According to Holm & Shilling (1982: 143), no as a ""simple negator before [the] verb“ is ""considered archaic or rustic"" and is ""also used by [Bahamian] Haitians speaking English.“ The distribution of ain’t, don’t and didn’t is governed not only by tense and aspect of the verb situation but also by the stative/non-stative distinction (Shilling 1978: 92–103) as well as by social factors; however, there is much variation in this area of grammar, too. Just as in Jamaican (Patrick 1999: 199–202), never functions as a simple past negator in Bahamian Creole English (cf. Feature 50 ""Negation and tense-aspect-mood marking""); thus, at least for some speakers, never has not only a 'not at any time (up to now)’ meaning but appears to be equivalent to didn’t (Hackert 2004: 134–135). There is debate as to whether never should be classified as a negative adverb (Shilling 1978: 100–103).",,12-236 12-249 12-250,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-100-3,12,100,3,100-3,"According to Holm & Shilling (1982: 143), no as a ""simple negator before [the] verb“ is ""considered archaic or rustic"" and is ""also used by [Bahamian] Haitians speaking English.“ The distribution of ain’t, don’t and didn’t is governed not only by tense and aspect of the verb situation but also by the stative/non-stative distinction (Shilling 1978: 92–103) as well as by social factors; however, there is much variation in this area of grammar, too. Just as in Jamaican (Patrick 1999: 199–202), never functions as a simple past negator in Bahamian Creole English (cf. Feature 50 ""Negation and tense-aspect-mood marking""); thus, at least for some speakers, never has not only a 'not at any time (up to now)’ meaning but appears to be equivalent to didn’t (Hackert 2004: 134–135). There is debate as to whether never should be classified as a negative adverb (Shilling 1978: 100–103).",,12-116 12-251,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-101-1,12,101,1,101-1,,,12-249 12-250,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-102-1,12,102,1,102-1,,"1268[400, 404]",12-252 12-253 12-254 12-255 12-256,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-103-7,12,103,7,103-7,,,12-257 12-258 12-259,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +12-104-1,12,104,1,104-1,,,12-260 12-261,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-105-3,12,105,3,105-3,,,12-262,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-106-2,12,106,2,106-2,"It seems that too tends to appear at the end of the sentence, which is sometimes after the focused element and sometimes not adjacent to the focused element.",,12-264,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +12-106-3,12,106,3,106-3,"It seems that too tends to appear at the end of the sentence, which is sometimes after the focused element and sometimes not adjacent to the focused element.",,12-263,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +12-107-1,12,107,1,107-1,"In Bahamian Creole, hey functions both as a vocative marker in expressions such as Hey girl! (cf. Example 265) and as a sentence-final tag, ""often inviting assent to the sentiment expressed"" (Holm & Shilling 1982: 102), as in I think that's bad, hey.",,12-127 12-265,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-108-2,12,108,2,108-2,"Kiss teeth is a frequent gesture. Its basic meaning appears to be disagreement, reproach, exasperation, or annoyance. It is often considered ill-mannered; its use by children in the presence of their parents or other adults is regarded as very rude.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +12-109-1,12,109,1,109-1,,634[154],12-266,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +12-11-2,12,11,2,11-2,,,12-14,90.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFFF00.png""}",Own sociolinguistic interviews +12-11-3,12,11,3,11-3,,,12-15,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFFF00.png""}",Own sociolinguistic interviews +12-110-2,12,110,2,110-2,"I have never encountered it myself, and it is not listed in Holm & Shilling (1982), either. Bahamians have told me that they do know the word, but not from the Bahamas.",634,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-111-1,12,111,1,111-1,,,12-268,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-111-2,12,111,2,111-2,,,12-267,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-112-3,12,112,3,112-3,Hand means both 'hand' and 'arm'. Arm exists (as in Example 239) but might be restricted to more acrolectal speakers.,,12-239 12-269 12-270 12-271,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 12-113-2,12,113,2,113-2,"It appears that toe can also assume a 'leg' interpretation in Bahamian Creole, as in the following example: The body is have the toe - you take the toe, you'll bite the toe, and you take the meat. -'The body [of boiled crabs] has the legs [attached to it] - you take the legs, bite them [open] and take the meat [out].'",,12-272 12-273,100.0,Very certain -12-114-3,12,114,3,114-3,"According to Holm & Shilling (1982: 73–74), to feather refers not only to the process of chickens getting feathers but also to the beginning of puberty in humans. Thus, by extension, feather may refer to ""facial and body hair, especially of adolescents“ (1982: 74).",634[73-4],12-274 12-275 12-292,100.0,Certain -12-115-2,12,115,2,115-2,"Hear may have an extended meaning 'to understand', but it does not appear to be used in the sense of 'to smell' in Bahamian Creole. (see Example 277)",,12-276 12-277 12-278,100.0,Certain -12-116-2,12,116,2,116-2,,,12-279 12-280,100.0,Very certain -12-117-1,12,117,1,117-1,"Princess Margaret Hospital appears to contain about the only suffix -ess in Bahamian Creole; thus, except among very acrolectal speakers, it does not appear to be productive.","634[101, 130]",12-281 12-282 12-284 12-285,100.0,Very certain -12-118-3,12,118,3,118-3,,,12-286 12-287 12-288,100.0,Very certain -12-119-3,12,119,3,119-3,"Bahamian Creole English is characterized by extensive syllable-final consonant cluster reduction; cf. Childs, Reaser & Wolfram (2003) and Childs & Wolfram (2004).",,12-289 12-290 12-291,100.0,Very certain -12-12-1,12,12,1,12-1,,,12-16 12-17,100.0,Very certain -12-120-1,12,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Certain -12-121-3,12,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -12-122-2,12,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0, -12-123-1,12,123,1,123-1,,,12-322,100.0, -12-124-1,12,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -12-125-1,12,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -12-126-1,12,126,1,126-1,,,12-308,100.0, -12-127-2,12,127,2,127-2,,,,100.0, -12-128-4,12,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -12-129-2,12,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -12-13-2,12,13,2,13-2,"In basilectal Bahamian Creole English, pronouns may be uninflected for gender. Thus, (h)e may mean either 'he’, 'she’ (as in Example 18), or 'it’. In mesolectal and acrolectal varieties, gender is usually marked.",,12-18 12-19 12-20 12-21,100.0,Very certain -12-130-1,12,130,1,130-1,"The voiceless glottal fricative may be deleted syllable-initially, as in harm > arm. It may also be inserted, however, as in itch > hitch.",,12-311,100.0, -12-131,12,131,1,131-1,,,12-293,100.0, -12-132,12,132,1,132-1,,,12-296,100.0, -12-133,12,133,1,133-1,,,12-297,100.0, -12-134,12,134,1,134-1,,,12-299,100.0, -12-137,12,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -12-138,12,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -12-139,12,139,1,139-1,,,12-302,100.0, -12-14-1,12,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Certain -12-140,12,140,1,140-1,,,12-303,100.0, -12-143,12,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -12-144,12,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -12-145,12,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -12-146,12,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -12-147,12,147,1,147-1,,,12-294,100.0, -12-148,12,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -12-149,12,149,1,149-1,,,12-301,100.0, -12-15-1,12,15,1,15-1,,,12-22,100.0,Certain -12-151,12,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -12-152,12,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -12-153,12,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -12-155,12,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -12-156,12,156,2,156-2,,,12-295,100.0, -12-158,12,158,2,158-2,,,12-298,100.0, -12-159,12,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -12-16-1,12,16,1,16-1,"According to Holm & Shilling (1982: 101), he, i.e. the 3SG form of the personal pronoun, can also function as 3PL, as in After he ... finish beatin' him, dey let him go, i.e., in addition to number syncretism involving 2SG/2PL, as in English, Bahamian Creole also appears to have number syncretism involving 3SG/3PL. This feature appears to be either marginal and/or archaic, however.",,12-23 12-24 12-25 12-26 12-27 12-28,100.0,Certain -12-160,12,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -12-161,12,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -12-163,12,163,2,163-2,,,12-300,100.0, -12-168,12,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -12-169,12,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -12-17-3,12,17,3,17-3,"The form um functions as dependent object pronoun for both 3SG (all genders), i.e. 'him', 'her', 'it' and 3PL, i.e. 'them'.",,12-29,100.0,Intermediate -12-170,12,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -12-171,12,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -12-172,12,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -12-173,12,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -12-174,12,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -12-176,12,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -12-178,12,178,1,178-1,,,12-312,100.0, -12-179,12,179,1,179-1,,,12-313,100.0, -12-18-2,12,18,2,18-2,"You may be used in both polite and intimate situations, for both singular and plural. As an alternative 2PL form, yinna appears to be excluded from polite use (and restricted to more basilectal speech). The same holds for you-all, which is considered the more ""educated"" equivalent of yinna (cf. Holm & Shilling 1981: 227). According to one of my Bahamian consultants, ""yinna and you-all are for friends and brothers and sisters but not for older people like uncles and aunts, unless, of course, you wish to be boxed on the ear.""",,12-30 12-31,100.0,Certain -12-180,12,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -12-181,12,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -12-182,12,182,1,182-1,,,12-314,100.0, -12-183,12,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -12-184,12,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -12-185,12,185,1,185-1,,,12-332,100.0, -12-187,12,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -12-188,12,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -12-189,12,189,1,189-1,,,12-304,100.0, -12-19-3,12,19,3,19-3,"In addition to where (as in Which way you going?), which way occasionally also appears to be used to express 'how', in which case we would be dealing with three compound expressions. Consider the following example from my sociolinguistic interviews: I don't care what color you is. We are one anyway. Any which way you put it! Even you little white - you little brighter than me, but we're still one! However, according to one of my Bahamian consultants, how is the default expression in this case.",,12-32 12-33 12-34 12-35,100.0,Intermediate -12-190,12,190,1,190-1,"In words like vine, speakers may substitute the voiced labio-dental fricative by the voiced labio-velar approximant and vice versa; thus, minimal pairs like vine - wine may become homophonous.",,12-305,100.0, -12-191,12,191,2,191-2,[θ] exists only among acrolectal speakers.,,12-327,100.0, -12-192,12,192,2,192-2,[ð] exists only among acrolectal speakers.,,12-306,100.0, -12-193,12,193,1,193-1,,,12-307,100.0, -12-194,12,194,1,194-1,,,12-308,100.0, -12-195,12,195,1,195-1,,,12-309,100.0, -12-196,12,196,1,196-1,,,12-310,100.0, -12-199,12,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -12-2-1,12,2,1,2-1,,,12-2 12-3,100.0,Very certain -12-20-1,12,20,1,20-1,,,12-36,100.0,Very certain -12-200,12,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -12-201,12,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -12-202,12,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -12-205,12,205,1,205-1,"The voiceless glottal fricative may be deleted syllable-initially, as in harm > arm. It may also be inserted, however, as in itch > hitch.",,12-311,100.0, -12-209,12,209,1,209-1,,,12-315,100.0, -12-21-5,12,21,5,21-5,,,12-37 12-38,100.0,Very certain -12-212,12,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -12-217,12,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -12-218,12,218,1,218-1,,,12-316,100.0, -12-22-4,12,22,4,22-4,"Plural marking is highly variable in Bahamian Creole English. If an expression indicating quantity (including the demonstrative determiner them) precedes the noun, the plural is usually not marked on the noun itself. Other ways of indicating plurality are post-nominal them, which sometimes combines with the -s suffix.",,12-39 12-40 12-41 12-42,100.0,Certain -12-221,12,221,1,221-1,,,12-317,100.0, -12-23-3,12,23,3,23-3,"The plural suffix is variable in Bahamian Creole English (cf. Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers""). It need not be expressed overtly at all and tends to be absent when a quantifying expression is present, but becomes more frequent as one moves toward the acrolect. The plural word them variably combines with the -s suffix. Stem change occurs as in English but is even more marginal (men, women).",,12-43,55.5555555555556,Very certain -12-23-8,12,23,8,23-8,"The plural suffix is variable in Bahamian Creole English (cf. Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers""). It need not be expressed overtly at all and tends to be absent when a quantifying expression is present, but becomes more frequent as one moves toward the acrolect. The plural word them variably combines with the -s suffix. Stem change occurs as in English but is even more marginal (men, women).",,12-40,33.3333333333333,Certain -12-23-4,12,23,4,23-4,"The plural suffix is variable in Bahamian Creole English (cf. Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers""). It need not be expressed overtly at all and tends to be absent when a quantifying expression is present, but becomes more frequent as one moves toward the acrolect. The plural word them variably combines with the -s suffix. Stem change occurs as in English but is even more marginal (men, women).",,12-44,11.1111111111111,Certain -12-231,12,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -12-24-1,12,24,1,24-1,"The plural word them (as in Example 40) also functions as the associative plural marker (as in Example 45), sometimes introduced by and (as in Examples 46). Speakers aiming at a more acrolectal level may substitute them by the Standard English demonstrative, those, in which case and usually precedes the associative plural (as in Examples 47 and 48).",,12-40 12-45 12-46 12-47 12-48,100.0,Very certain +'The body [of boiled crabs] has the legs [attached to it] - you take the legs, bite them [open] and take the meat [out].'",,12-272 12-273,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-114-3,12,114,3,114-3,"According to Holm & Shilling (1982: 73–74), to feather refers not only to the process of chickens getting feathers but also to the beginning of puberty in humans. Thus, by extension, feather may refer to ""facial and body hair, especially of adolescents“ (1982: 74).",634[73-4],12-274 12-275 12-292,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +12-115-2,12,115,2,115-2,"Hear may have an extended meaning 'to understand', but it does not appear to be used in the sense of 'to smell' in Bahamian Creole. (see Example 277)",,12-276 12-277 12-278,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-116-2,12,116,2,116-2,,,12-279 12-280,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-117-1,12,117,1,117-1,"Princess Margaret Hospital appears to contain about the only suffix -ess in Bahamian Creole; thus, except among very acrolectal speakers, it does not appear to be productive.","634[101, 130]",12-281 12-282 12-284 12-285,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +12-118-3,12,118,3,118-3,,,12-286 12-287 12-288,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-119-3,12,119,3,119-3,"Bahamian Creole English is characterized by extensive syllable-final consonant cluster reduction; cf. Childs, Reaser & Wolfram (2003) and Childs & Wolfram (2004).",,12-289 12-290 12-291,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-12-1,12,12,1,12-1,,,12-16 12-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-120-1,12,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-121-3,12,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +12-122-2,12,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +12-123-1,12,123,1,123-1,,,12-322,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +12-124-1,12,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +12-125-1,12,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +12-126-1,12,126,1,126-1,,,12-308,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +12-127-2,12,127,2,127-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +12-128-4,12,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-129-2,12,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-13-2,12,13,2,13-2,"In basilectal Bahamian Creole English, pronouns may be uninflected for gender. Thus, (h)e may mean either 'he’, 'she’ (as in Example 18), or 'it’. In mesolectal and acrolectal varieties, gender is usually marked.",,12-18 12-19 12-20 12-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +12-130-1,12,130,1,130-1,"The voiceless glottal fricative may be deleted syllable-initially, as in harm > arm. It may also be inserted, however, as in itch > hitch.",,12-311,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +12-131,12,131,1,131-1,,,12-293,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-132,12,132,1,132-1,,,12-296,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-133,12,133,1,133-1,,,12-297,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-134,12,134,1,134-1,,,12-299,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-137,12,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-138,12,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-139,12,139,1,139-1,,,12-302,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-14-1,12,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-140,12,140,1,140-1,,,12-303,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-143,12,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-144,12,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-145,12,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-146,12,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-147,12,147,1,147-1,,,12-294,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-148,12,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-149,12,149,1,149-1,,,12-301,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-15-1,12,15,1,15-1,,,12-22,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +12-151,12,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-152,12,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-153,12,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-155,12,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-156,12,156,2,156-2,,,12-295,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +12-158,12,158,2,158-2,,,12-298,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +12-159,12,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-16-1,12,16,1,16-1,"According to Holm & Shilling (1982: 101), he, i.e. the 3SG form of the personal pronoun, can also function as 3PL, as in After he ... finish beatin' him, dey let him go, i.e., in addition to number syncretism involving 2SG/2PL, as in English, Bahamian Creole also appears to have number syncretism involving 3SG/3PL. This feature appears to be either marginal and/or archaic, however.",,12-23 12-24 12-25 12-26 12-27 12-28,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-160,12,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-161,12,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-163,12,163,2,163-2,,,12-300,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +12-168,12,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-169,12,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-17-3,12,17,3,17-3,"The form um functions as dependent object pronoun for both 3SG (all genders), i.e. 'him', 'her', 'it' and 3PL, i.e. 'them'.",,12-29,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-170,12,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-171,12,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-172,12,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-173,12,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-174,12,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-176,12,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-178,12,178,1,178-1,,,12-312,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-179,12,179,1,179-1,,,12-313,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-18-2,12,18,2,18-2,"You may be used in both polite and intimate situations, for both singular and plural. As an alternative 2PL form, yinna appears to be excluded from polite use (and restricted to more basilectal speech). The same holds for you-all, which is considered the more ""educated"" equivalent of yinna (cf. Holm & Shilling 1981: 227). According to one of my Bahamian consultants, ""yinna and you-all are for friends and brothers and sisters but not for older people like uncles and aunts, unless, of course, you wish to be boxed on the ear.""",,12-30 12-31,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +12-180,12,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-181,12,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-182,12,182,1,182-1,,,12-314,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-183,12,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-184,12,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-185,12,185,1,185-1,,,12-332,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-187,12,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-188,12,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-189,12,189,1,189-1,,,12-304,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-19-3,12,19,3,19-3,"In addition to where (as in Which way you going?), which way occasionally also appears to be used to express 'how', in which case we would be dealing with three compound expressions. Consider the following example from my sociolinguistic interviews: I don't care what color you is. We are one anyway. Any which way you put it! Even you little white - you little brighter than me, but we're still one! However, according to one of my Bahamian consultants, how is the default expression in this case.",,12-32 12-33 12-34 12-35,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-190,12,190,1,190-1,"In words like vine, speakers may substitute the voiced labio-dental fricative by the voiced labio-velar approximant and vice versa; thus, minimal pairs like vine - wine may become homophonous.",,12-305,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-191,12,191,2,191-2,[θ] exists only among acrolectal speakers.,,12-327,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +12-192,12,192,2,192-2,[ð] exists only among acrolectal speakers.,,12-306,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +12-193,12,193,1,193-1,,,12-307,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-194,12,194,1,194-1,,,12-308,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-195,12,195,1,195-1,,,12-309,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-196,12,196,1,196-1,,,12-310,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-199,12,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-2-1,12,2,1,2-1,,,12-2 12-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-20-1,12,20,1,20-1,,,12-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-200,12,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-201,12,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-202,12,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-205,12,205,1,205-1,"The voiceless glottal fricative may be deleted syllable-initially, as in harm > arm. It may also be inserted, however, as in itch > hitch.",,12-311,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-209,12,209,1,209-1,,,12-315,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-21-5,12,21,5,21-5,,,12-37 12-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +12-212,12,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-217,12,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-218,12,218,1,218-1,,,12-316,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-22-4,12,22,4,22-4,"Plural marking is highly variable in Bahamian Creole English. If an expression indicating quantity (including the demonstrative determiner them) precedes the noun, the plural is usually not marked on the noun itself. Other ways of indicating plurality are post-nominal them, which sometimes combines with the -s suffix.",,12-39 12-40 12-41 12-42,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +12-221,12,221,1,221-1,,,12-317,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-23-3,12,23,3,23-3,"The plural suffix is variable in Bahamian Creole English (cf. Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers""). It need not be expressed overtly at all and tends to be absent when a quantifying expression is present, but becomes more frequent as one moves toward the acrolect. The plural word them variably combines with the -s suffix. Stem change occurs as in English but is even more marginal (men, women).",,12-43,55.5555555555556,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-56-0000FF-12-FFFF00-34-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +12-23-8,12,23,8,23-8,"The plural suffix is variable in Bahamian Creole English (cf. Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers""). It need not be expressed overtly at all and tends to be absent when a quantifying expression is present, but becomes more frequent as one moves toward the acrolect. The plural word them variably combines with the -s suffix. Stem change occurs as in English but is even more marginal (men, women).",,12-40,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-56-0000FF-12-FFFF00-34-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +12-23-4,12,23,4,23-4,"The plural suffix is variable in Bahamian Creole English (cf. Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers""). It need not be expressed overtly at all and tends to be absent when a quantifying expression is present, but becomes more frequent as one moves toward the acrolect. The plural word them variably combines with the -s suffix. Stem change occurs as in English but is even more marginal (men, women).",,12-44,11.1111111111111,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-56-0000FF-12-FFFF00-34-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +12-231,12,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-24-1,12,24,1,24-1,"The plural word them (as in Example 40) also functions as the associative plural marker (as in Example 45), sometimes introduced by and (as in Examples 46). Speakers aiming at a more acrolectal level may substitute them by the Standard English demonstrative, those, in which case and usually precedes the associative plural (as in Examples 47 and 48).",,12-40 12-45 12-46 12-47 12-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 12-25-4,12,25,4,25-4,"In Bahamian Creole English, them functions not only as a demonstrative determiner and a third-person plural pronoun for subject, object, and possessive (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 204), but also as a plural marker following the noun. --s also functions as a plural marker; the combination of both, as fellow-s-them in example 50, is very frequent.",,12-45 12-49 12-50 12-51,100.0,Very certain -12-252,12,252,4,252-4,,,,100.0, -12-253,12,253,4,253-4,,,,100.0, -12-254,12,254,1,254-1,,,12-320,100.0, -12-255,12,255,1,255-1,"In words like rap, trap, etc. there is variation between the raised low front unrounded vowel and the low central unrounded vowel.",,12-321,100.0, -12-256,12,256,1,256-1,,,12-323,100.0, -12-257,12,257,4,257-4,,,,100.0, -12-258,12,258,4,258-4,,,,100.0, -12-259,12,259,1,259-1,The use of the lower mid back rounded vowel in words like pump is typical of Bahamian Creole.,,12-325,100.0, -12-26-2,12,26,2,26-2,"""Intensifying adjectives: don’t use words like very or extremely, just repeat the adjective. If a Bahamian wants to say that a girl is 'Miss Universe’ material, he will that [sic] she is pretty-pretty"" (Glinton-Meicholas 1995: 11).",,12-52 12-53,100.0,Certain -12-260,12,260,1,260-1,,,12-326,100.0, -12-261,12,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -12-263,12,263,1,263-1,,,12-318,100.0, -12-267,12,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -12-268,12,268,1,268-1,,,12-322,100.0, -12-269,12,269,1,269-1,"This vowel exists among more acrolectal speakers; more basilectal ones typically employ a diphthong (Bahamian Creole is non-rhotic) consisting of the schwa and the lowered high front unrounded vowel. A stereotype of Bahamian speech is the realization of earl as oil, for example.",,12-333,100.0, -12-27-2,12,27,2,27-2,,,12-54,100.0,Certain -12-272,12,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -12-273,12,273,1,273-1,,,12-324,100.0, -12-274,12,274,1,274-1,,,12-328,100.0, -12-275,12,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -12-276,12,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -12-277,12,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -12-278,12,278,1,278-1,,,12-329,100.0, -12-279,12,279,1,279-1,,,12-330,100.0, -12-28-1,12,28,1,28-1,,,12-55 12-56 12-57,100.0,Very certain -12-280,12,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -12-281,12,281,1,281-1,,,12-331,100.0, -12-282,12,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -12-284,12,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -12-285,12,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -12-286,12,286,1,286-1,,,12-319,100.0, -12-287,12,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -12-288,12,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -12-289,12,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -12-29-1,12,29,1,29-1,"Both a and one are commonly used as indefinite articles, with one probably considered the more basilectal variant.",,12-5 12-58 12-59 12-60,100.0,Intermediate -12-290,12,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -12-291,12,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -12-3-1,12,3,1,3-1,,,12-4 12-5,100.0,Very certain -12-30-2,12,30,2,30-2,,,12-61 12-62,100.0,Very certain -12-308-1,12,308,1,308-1,,634[iv],,100.0,Very certain -12-309-1,12,309,1,309-1,,587[61],,100.0,Very certain -12-31-2,12,31,2,31-2,,,12-63 12-64,100.0,Very certain -12-310-4,12,310,4,310-4,,587[33-44],,100.0,Very certain +-s also functions as a plural marker; the combination of both, as fellow-s-them in example 50, is very frequent.",,12-45 12-49 12-50 12-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-252,12,252,4,252-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-253,12,253,4,253-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-254,12,254,1,254-1,,,12-320,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-255,12,255,1,255-1,"In words like rap, trap, etc. there is variation between the raised low front unrounded vowel and the low central unrounded vowel.",,12-321,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-256,12,256,1,256-1,,,12-323,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-257,12,257,4,257-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-258,12,258,4,258-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-259,12,259,1,259-1,The use of the lower mid back rounded vowel in words like pump is typical of Bahamian Creole.,,12-325,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-26-2,12,26,2,26-2,"""Intensifying adjectives: don’t use words like very or extremely, just repeat the adjective. If a Bahamian wants to say that a girl is 'Miss Universe’ material, he will that [sic] she is pretty-pretty"" (Glinton-Meicholas 1995: 11).",,12-52 12-53,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-260,12,260,1,260-1,,,12-326,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-261,12,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-263,12,263,1,263-1,,,12-318,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-267,12,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-268,12,268,1,268-1,,,12-322,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-269,12,269,1,269-1,"This vowel exists among more acrolectal speakers; more basilectal ones typically employ a diphthong (Bahamian Creole is non-rhotic) consisting of the schwa and the lowered high front unrounded vowel. A stereotype of Bahamian speech is the realization of earl as oil, for example.",,12-333,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-27-2,12,27,2,27-2,,,12-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-272,12,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-273,12,273,1,273-1,,,12-324,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-274,12,274,1,274-1,,,12-328,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-275,12,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-276,12,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-277,12,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-278,12,278,1,278-1,,,12-329,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-279,12,279,1,279-1,,,12-330,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-28-1,12,28,1,28-1,,,12-55 12-56 12-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-280,12,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-281,12,281,1,281-1,,,12-331,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-282,12,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-284,12,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-285,12,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-286,12,286,1,286-1,,,12-319,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +12-287,12,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-288,12,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-289,12,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-29-1,12,29,1,29-1,"Both a and one are commonly used as indefinite articles, with one probably considered the more basilectal variant.",,12-5 12-58 12-59 12-60,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-290,12,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-291,12,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-3-1,12,3,1,3-1,,,12-4 12-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-30-2,12,30,2,30-2,,,12-61 12-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-308-1,12,308,1,308-1,,634[iv],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +12-309-1,12,309,1,309-1,,587[61],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +12-31-2,12,31,2,31-2,,,12-63 12-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-310-4,12,310,4,310-4,,587[33-44],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", 12-311-2,12,311,2,311-2,"Since the 1960s, the Bahamas has been home to a large community of Haitians. -Current population estimates set their number between roughly 20,000 and close to 80,000, if illegal immigrants are included. Whether Haitian adults are acquiring Bahamian Creole appears doubtful to me, but the so-called ""Bahaitians,"" i.e., Bahamians of Haitian descent, surely constitute a group among which the language is spreading.",587[32],,100.0,Uncertain -12-312-2,12,312,2,312-2,"Just like other Caribbean (English-lexifier) creoles, Bahamian Creole appears to be losing (or have lost) its most basilectal varieties, which used to be spoken on the rural Out Islands. However, there is no sign of large-scale language abandonment, as the mesolectal varieties of the language have lost a lot of the stigma formerly attached to them and are now used even in domains which were formerly reserved entirely for Standard English, such as politics, the media, or the educational system (where their use is nevertheless still limited and closely circumscribed).",587[54-64],,100.0,Certain -12-313-5,12,313,5,313-5,"The Commonwealth of the Bahamas currently has some 300,000 inhabitants, a sizeable number of which may not be speakers of Bahamian but of Haitian Creole (cf. Feature ""Increasing use""). However, there are also expatriate communities of Bahamian Creole speakers in the United States (Florida, New York City).",587[32],,100.0,Very certain -12-314-3,12,314,3,314-3,,587[209-16],,100.0,Very certain -12-315-2,12,315,2,315-2,"Even though Standard English is officially endorsed as the appropriate medium of communication in the mass media, Bahamian Creole has made considerable inroads into this domain in the past decades. However, in the news, its occurrence is restricted to interviews with creole speakers, which are comparatively infrequent.",587[58-9],,100.0,Very certain -12-316-1,12,316,1,316-1,,587[58-9],,100.0,Very certain -12-317-2,12,317,2,317-2,"To my knowledge, the use of Bahamian Creole in music is very limited. Traditional sprituals, gospel hymns, or anthems are sung in English, as is more modern popular music. (I don't know about the latest trends in Bahamian music, though.) If creole features occur, they are mostly limited to phonology (e.g. de for the) or to widespread non-standard morphological features such as ain't.",,,100.0,Intermediate -12-318-1,12,318,1,318-1,"In literary works, Bahamian Creole occurs mostly in dialogue, where it is employed to convey realism and authenticity.",587[54-64],,100.0,Very certain -12-319-3,12,319,3,319-3,,587[58-9],,100.0,Very certain -12-32-1,12,32,1,32-1,,,12-65 12-66 12-68,100.0,Certain -12-320-1,12,320,1,320-1,,587[58-9],,100.0,Very certain -12-321-2,12,321,2,321-2,"From my own observation, Bahamian Creole does occur in such contexts if the participants know each other, which makes the situation more private and informal than usual. Moreover, limited competence in Standard English on the part of one participant (usually the customer) may also cause Bahamian Creole to occur in public contexts (cf. Feature ""Domains of use: court"").",,,100.0,Intermediate -12-322-2,12,322,2,322-2,"From what I have been told, Bahamian Creole is actually used in the courtroom, mostly by defendants who are (more or less) monolingual speakers of the creole (or by judges who want to drive a point home to such a defendant, for example). In other words, competence in Standard English and intelligibility determine the use of English vs. creole in the courtroom.",,,100.0,Intermediate -12-323-2,12,323,2,323-2,"Generally, parliament is the domain of Standard English, but if the debate gets heated, some creole (features) may slip in.",,,100.0,Very certain -12-324-2,12,324,2,324-2,Cf. Hackert (2004: 59-64).,587[59-64],,100.0,Very certain -12-325-2,12,325,2,325-2,"As far as I have seen so far, the use of Bahamian Creole in electronic media is very, very limited.",,,100.0,Intermediate -12-326-1,12,326,1,326-1,"Cf. Hackert (2004: 54-64). Whether and in what way the presence of thousands of speakers of Haitian Creole (cf. Feature ""Increasing use"") is influencing Bahamian Creole is unclear to me.",587[54-64],,100.0,Very certain -12-327-1,12,327,1,327-1,"The various Bahamian islands have long been known for their distinctive speech patterns, which are attested in comments such as ""Eleuthera people is talk bad"".",,,100.0,Very certain -12-328-2,12,328,2,328-2,"In the Bahamas, geographical variation correlates with social variation in that a number of the more remote islands have been subject to severe depopulation and are now inhabited primarily by older people who use more conservative or basilectal forms of the creole than Nassauvians or younger speakers. From what I have been told, very conservative morphological forms such as preverbal no, for example, still occur among old Out Island speakers. I have never heard them myself in Nassau.",,,100.0,Intermediate -12-329-2,12,329,2,329-2,"In the Bahamas, geographical variation correlates with social variation in that a number of the more remote islands have been subject to severe depopulation and are now inhabited primarily by older people who use more conservative or basilectal forms of the creole than Nassauvians or younger speakers. From what I have been told, very conservative morphological forms such as preverbal no, for example, still occur among old Out Island speakers. I have never heard them myself in Nassau.",,,100.0,Uncertain -12-33-2,12,33,2,33-2,,,12-69 12-70,100.0,Certain -12-330-1,12,330,1,330-1,"The various Bahamian islands have long been known for their distinctive speech patterns, which are attested in comments such as ""Eleuthera people is talk bad"".",,,100.0,Intermediate -12-331-2,12,331,2,331-2,"In the Bahamas, geographical variation correlates with social variation in that a number of the more remote islands have been subject to severe depopulation and are now inhabited primarily by older people who use more conservative or basilectal forms of the creole than Nassauvians or younger speakers. From what I have been told, very conservative morphological forms such as preverbal no, for example, still occur among old Out Island speakers. I have never heard them myself in Nassau.",,,100.0,Intermediate -12-332-2,12,332,2,332-2,"In the Bahamas, geographical variation correlates with social variation in that a number of the more remote islands have been subject to severe depopulation and are now inhabited primarily by older people who use more conservative or basilectal forms of the creole than Nassauvians or younger speakers. From what I have been told, very conservative morphological forms such as preverbal no, for example, still occur among old Out Island speakers. I have never heard them myself in Nassau.",,,100.0,Intermediate -12-333-2,12,333,2,333-2,"In Bahamian Creole, variation appears to be less influenced by a speaker's social class than by his or her age and geographical background (cf. Features ""Geographic variation: phonology"", ""Geographic variation: morphosyntax"", ""Geographic variation: lexicon"", ""Urban/rural variation: phonology"", ""Urban/rural variation: morphosyntax"", ""Urban/rural variation: lexicon""). It is true that competence in Standard English is more widespread among the higher social classes (education, of course, being the crucial parameter here), but the reverse is not true. According to Glinton-Meicholas (1995: 7-8), Bahamian Creole ""is the variety of English the majority of Bahamians use daily as their main tongue, and which all of us understand. BD [i.e. Bahamian Dialect, which is what Bahamians themselves call the creole] at its most basic is the language of the marketplaces and the streets, but is used by the 'upper crust' when they want to 'identify' with their roots.""",,,100.0,Intermediate -12-334-2,12,334,2,334-2,"In Bahamian Creole, variation appears to be less influenced by a speaker's social class than by his or her age and geographical background (cf. Features ""Geographic variation: phonology"", ""Geographic variation: morphosyntax"", ""Geographic variation: lexicon"", ""Urban/rural variation: phonology"", ""Urban/rural variation: morphosyntax"", ""Urban/rural variation: lexicon""). It is true that competence in Standard English is more widespread among the higher social classes (education, of course, being the crucial parameter here), but the reverse is not true. According to Glinton-Meicholas (1995: 7-8), Bahamian Creole ""is the variety of English the majority of Bahamians use daily as their main tongue, and which all of us understand. BD [i.e. Bahamian Dialect, which is what Bahamians themselves call the creole] at its most basic is the language of the marketplaces and the streets, but is used by the 'upper crust' when they want to 'identify' with their roots.""",,,100.0,Intermediate -12-335-2,12,335,2,335-2,"In Bahamian Creole, variation appears to be less influenced by a speaker's social class than by his or her age and geographical background (cf. Features ""Geographic variation: phonology"", ""Geographic variation: morphosyntax"", ""Geographic variation: lexicon"", ""Urban/rural variation: phonology"", ""Urban/rural variation: morphosyntax"", ""Urban/rural variation: lexicon""). It is true that competence in Standard English is more widespread among the higher social classes (education, of course, being the crucial parameter here), but the reverse is not true. According to Glinton-Meicholas (1995: 7-8), Bahamian Creole ""is the variety of English the majority of Bahamians use daily as their main tongue, and which all of us understand. BD [i.e. Bahamian Dialect, which is what Bahamians themselves call the creole] at its most basic is the language of the marketplaces and the streets, but is used by the 'upper crust' when they want to 'identify' with their roots.""",,,100.0,Intermediate -12-34-1,12,34,1,34-1,,,12-71,100.0,Intermediate -12-35-7,12,35,7,35-7,,,12-72 12-73 12-74,100.0,Very certain -12-36-1,12,36,1,36-1,,,12-8,100.0,Certain -12-37-1,12,37,1,37-1,"For more basilectal speakers, pronominal possessors are not necessarily case-marked (as in Examples 78 and 79).",,12-75 12-76 12-77 12-78 12-79,100.0,Very certain -12-38-4,12,38,4,38-4,"The English possessive suffix is used variably in Bahamian Creole English but tends to become more frequent as one moves toward the acrolect. In more basilectal forms of Bahamian Creole English, simple juxtaposition of possessor and possessed is the norm.",,12-80 12-81,50.0,Very certain -12-38-2,12,38,2,38-2,"The English possessive suffix is used variably in Bahamian Creole English but tends to become more frequent as one moves toward the acrolect. In more basilectal forms of Bahamian Creole English, simple juxtaposition of possessor and possessed is the norm.",,12-82,50.0,Very certain -12-39-4,12,39,4,39-4,"The first person form of the independent pronominal possessor also occurs as mines; the second person is sometimes yourns (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 132, 228). The independent pronominal possessor may also be formed via the addition of own (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 150). A construction involving prepositional marking is for who 'whose', as in For who they are? However, this seems to be the only case in which prepositions are involved in the marking of pronominal possessors in Bahamian Creole English (cf. Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"").",,12-83 12-84 12-85 12-86,100.0,Very certain -12-4-2,12,4,2,4-2,,,12-6,100.0,Very certain -12-40-1,12,40,1,40-1,,,12-87 12-88,100.0,Very certain -12-41-1,12,41,1,41-1,"In Bahamian Creole English, both ways of expressing the comparative may occur in a single construction.",,12-89 12-90 12-91 12-92 12-93,100.0,Very certain -12-42-2,12,42,2,42-2,"It is common for older people to say She pass me for 'She has grown taller than me', but pass only works in this (adjective-less) construction.",,12-94 12-95,100.0,Very certain -12-43-3,12,43,3,43-3,"Whereas particles such as did or done precede the verb, past inflection and the progressive marker -ing follow. The majority of (past-reference) verbs, however, simply remain unmarked.",,12-104,23.0769230769231,Very certain -12-43-2,12,43,2,43-2,"Whereas particles such as did or done precede the verb, past inflection and the progressive marker -ing follow. The majority of (past-reference) verbs, however, simply remain unmarked.",,12-97,53.8461538461538,Very certain -12-43-1,12,43,1,43-1,"Whereas particles such as did or done precede the verb, past inflection and the progressive marker -ing follow. The majority of (past-reference) verbs, however, simply remain unmarked.",,12-96 12-98,23.0769230769231,Very certain -12-44-8,12,44,8,44-8,"Even though there are preverbal markers for every category (i.e. tense, mood, and aspect) in Bahamian Creole English, three-part combinations of adjacent markers do not appear to be used. However, in my data, the tense marker did always precedes aspect markers and modals, and modals precede, e.g., aspectual done (as in Example 100); thus, a T-M-A order appears most plausible. McPhee (2003: 34) further states that the aspect marker is always ""nearest to the verb"" and that ""modals follow did, producing TM ordering"" (2003: 33).",,12-100 12-101 12-102 12-99,100.0,Certain -12-45-4,12,45,4,45-4,"In general, only other tense-mood-aspect markers intervene between did and the (uninflected) verb; occasionally adverbs may come in between as well.",,12-103 12-104 12-105,100.0,Certain +Current population estimates set their number between roughly 20,000 and close to 80,000, if illegal immigrants are included. Whether Haitian adults are acquiring Bahamian Creole appears doubtful to me, but the so-called ""Bahaitians,"" i.e., Bahamians of Haitian descent, surely constitute a group among which the language is spreading.",587[32],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +12-312-2,12,312,2,312-2,"Just like other Caribbean (English-lexifier) creoles, Bahamian Creole appears to be losing (or have lost) its most basilectal varieties, which used to be spoken on the rural Out Islands. However, there is no sign of large-scale language abandonment, as the mesolectal varieties of the language have lost a lot of the stigma formerly attached to them and are now used even in domains which were formerly reserved entirely for Standard English, such as politics, the media, or the educational system (where their use is nevertheless still limited and closely circumscribed).",587[54-64],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +12-313-5,12,313,5,313-5,"The Commonwealth of the Bahamas currently has some 300,000 inhabitants, a sizeable number of which may not be speakers of Bahamian but of Haitian Creole (cf. Feature ""Increasing use""). However, there are also expatriate communities of Bahamian Creole speakers in the United States (Florida, New York City).",587[32],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +12-314-3,12,314,3,314-3,,587[209-16],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-315-2,12,315,2,315-2,"Even though Standard English is officially endorsed as the appropriate medium of communication in the mass media, Bahamian Creole has made considerable inroads into this domain in the past decades. However, in the news, its occurrence is restricted to interviews with creole speakers, which are comparatively infrequent.",587[58-9],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +12-316-1,12,316,1,316-1,,587[58-9],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +12-317-2,12,317,2,317-2,"To my knowledge, the use of Bahamian Creole in music is very limited. Traditional sprituals, gospel hymns, or anthems are sung in English, as is more modern popular music. (I don't know about the latest trends in Bahamian music, though.) If creole features occur, they are mostly limited to phonology (e.g. de for the) or to widespread non-standard morphological features such as ain't.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-318-1,12,318,1,318-1,"In literary works, Bahamian Creole occurs mostly in dialogue, where it is employed to convey realism and authenticity.",587[54-64],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +12-319-3,12,319,3,319-3,,587[58-9],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +12-32-1,12,32,1,32-1,,,12-65 12-66 12-68,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-320-1,12,320,1,320-1,,587[58-9],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +12-321-2,12,321,2,321-2,"From my own observation, Bahamian Creole does occur in such contexts if the participants know each other, which makes the situation more private and informal than usual. Moreover, limited competence in Standard English on the part of one participant (usually the customer) may also cause Bahamian Creole to occur in public contexts (cf. Feature ""Domains of use: court"").",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-322-2,12,322,2,322-2,"From what I have been told, Bahamian Creole is actually used in the courtroom, mostly by defendants who are (more or less) monolingual speakers of the creole (or by judges who want to drive a point home to such a defendant, for example). In other words, competence in Standard English and intelligibility determine the use of English vs. creole in the courtroom.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-323-2,12,323,2,323-2,"Generally, parliament is the domain of Standard English, but if the debate gets heated, some creole (features) may slip in.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-324-2,12,324,2,324-2,Cf. Hackert (2004: 59-64).,587[59-64],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +12-325-2,12,325,2,325-2,"As far as I have seen so far, the use of Bahamian Creole in electronic media is very, very limited.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-326-1,12,326,1,326-1,"Cf. Hackert (2004: 54-64). Whether and in what way the presence of thousands of speakers of Haitian Creole (cf. Feature ""Increasing use"") is influencing Bahamian Creole is unclear to me.",587[54-64],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +12-327-1,12,327,1,327-1,"The various Bahamian islands have long been known for their distinctive speech patterns, which are attested in comments such as ""Eleuthera people is talk bad"".",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-328-2,12,328,2,328-2,"In the Bahamas, geographical variation correlates with social variation in that a number of the more remote islands have been subject to severe depopulation and are now inhabited primarily by older people who use more conservative or basilectal forms of the creole than Nassauvians or younger speakers. From what I have been told, very conservative morphological forms such as preverbal no, for example, still occur among old Out Island speakers. I have never heard them myself in Nassau.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-329-2,12,329,2,329-2,"In the Bahamas, geographical variation correlates with social variation in that a number of the more remote islands have been subject to severe depopulation and are now inhabited primarily by older people who use more conservative or basilectal forms of the creole than Nassauvians or younger speakers. From what I have been told, very conservative morphological forms such as preverbal no, for example, still occur among old Out Island speakers. I have never heard them myself in Nassau.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-33-2,12,33,2,33-2,,,12-69 12-70,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +12-330-1,12,330,1,330-1,"The various Bahamian islands have long been known for their distinctive speech patterns, which are attested in comments such as ""Eleuthera people is talk bad"".",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-331-2,12,331,2,331-2,"In the Bahamas, geographical variation correlates with social variation in that a number of the more remote islands have been subject to severe depopulation and are now inhabited primarily by older people who use more conservative or basilectal forms of the creole than Nassauvians or younger speakers. From what I have been told, very conservative morphological forms such as preverbal no, for example, still occur among old Out Island speakers. I have never heard them myself in Nassau.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-332-2,12,332,2,332-2,"In the Bahamas, geographical variation correlates with social variation in that a number of the more remote islands have been subject to severe depopulation and are now inhabited primarily by older people who use more conservative or basilectal forms of the creole than Nassauvians or younger speakers. From what I have been told, very conservative morphological forms such as preverbal no, for example, still occur among old Out Island speakers. I have never heard them myself in Nassau.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-333-2,12,333,2,333-2,"In Bahamian Creole, variation appears to be less influenced by a speaker's social class than by his or her age and geographical background (cf. Features ""Geographic variation: phonology"", ""Geographic variation: morphosyntax"", ""Geographic variation: lexicon"", ""Urban/rural variation: phonology"", ""Urban/rural variation: morphosyntax"", ""Urban/rural variation: lexicon""). It is true that competence in Standard English is more widespread among the higher social classes (education, of course, being the crucial parameter here), but the reverse is not true. According to Glinton-Meicholas (1995: 7-8), Bahamian Creole ""is the variety of English the majority of Bahamians use daily as their main tongue, and which all of us understand. BD [i.e. Bahamian Dialect, which is what Bahamians themselves call the creole] at its most basic is the language of the marketplaces and the streets, but is used by the 'upper crust' when they want to 'identify' with their roots.""",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-334-2,12,334,2,334-2,"In Bahamian Creole, variation appears to be less influenced by a speaker's social class than by his or her age and geographical background (cf. Features ""Geographic variation: phonology"", ""Geographic variation: morphosyntax"", ""Geographic variation: lexicon"", ""Urban/rural variation: phonology"", ""Urban/rural variation: morphosyntax"", ""Urban/rural variation: lexicon""). It is true that competence in Standard English is more widespread among the higher social classes (education, of course, being the crucial parameter here), but the reverse is not true. According to Glinton-Meicholas (1995: 7-8), Bahamian Creole ""is the variety of English the majority of Bahamians use daily as their main tongue, and which all of us understand. BD [i.e. Bahamian Dialect, which is what Bahamians themselves call the creole] at its most basic is the language of the marketplaces and the streets, but is used by the 'upper crust' when they want to 'identify' with their roots.""",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-335-2,12,335,2,335-2,"In Bahamian Creole, variation appears to be less influenced by a speaker's social class than by his or her age and geographical background (cf. Features ""Geographic variation: phonology"", ""Geographic variation: morphosyntax"", ""Geographic variation: lexicon"", ""Urban/rural variation: phonology"", ""Urban/rural variation: morphosyntax"", ""Urban/rural variation: lexicon""). It is true that competence in Standard English is more widespread among the higher social classes (education, of course, being the crucial parameter here), but the reverse is not true. According to Glinton-Meicholas (1995: 7-8), Bahamian Creole ""is the variety of English the majority of Bahamians use daily as their main tongue, and which all of us understand. BD [i.e. Bahamian Dialect, which is what Bahamians themselves call the creole] at its most basic is the language of the marketplaces and the streets, but is used by the 'upper crust' when they want to 'identify' with their roots.""",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-34-1,12,34,1,34-1,,,12-71,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-35-7,12,35,7,35-7,,,12-72 12-73 12-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +12-36-1,12,36,1,36-1,,,12-8,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-37-1,12,37,1,37-1,"For more basilectal speakers, pronominal possessors are not necessarily case-marked (as in Examples 78 and 79).",,12-75 12-76 12-77 12-78 12-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-38-4,12,38,4,38-4,"The English possessive suffix is used variably in Bahamian Creole English but tends to become more frequent as one moves toward the acrolect. In more basilectal forms of Bahamian Creole English, simple juxtaposition of possessor and possessed is the norm.",,12-80 12-81,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +12-38-2,12,38,2,38-2,"The English possessive suffix is used variably in Bahamian Creole English but tends to become more frequent as one moves toward the acrolect. In more basilectal forms of Bahamian Creole English, simple juxtaposition of possessor and possessed is the norm.",,12-82,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +12-39-4,12,39,4,39-4,"The first person form of the independent pronominal possessor also occurs as mines; the second person is sometimes yourns (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 132, 228). The independent pronominal possessor may also be formed via the addition of own (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 150). A construction involving prepositional marking is for who 'whose', as in For who they are? However, this seems to be the only case in which prepositions are involved in the marking of pronominal possessors in Bahamian Creole English (cf. Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"").",,12-83 12-84 12-85 12-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-4-2,12,4,2,4-2,,,12-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +12-40-1,12,40,1,40-1,,,12-87 12-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-41-1,12,41,1,41-1,"In Bahamian Creole English, both ways of expressing the comparative may occur in a single construction.",,12-89 12-90 12-91 12-92 12-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-42-2,12,42,2,42-2,"It is common for older people to say She pass me for 'She has grown taller than me', but pass only works in this (adjective-less) construction.",,12-94 12-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +12-43-3,12,43,3,43-3,"Whereas particles such as did or done precede the verb, past inflection and the progressive marker -ing follow. The majority of (past-reference) verbs, however, simply remain unmarked.",,12-104,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-54-0000FF-24-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +12-43-2,12,43,2,43-2,"Whereas particles such as did or done precede the verb, past inflection and the progressive marker -ing follow. The majority of (past-reference) verbs, however, simply remain unmarked.",,12-97,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-54-0000FF-24-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +12-43-1,12,43,1,43-1,"Whereas particles such as did or done precede the verb, past inflection and the progressive marker -ing follow. The majority of (past-reference) verbs, however, simply remain unmarked.",,12-96 12-98,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-54-0000FF-24-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +12-44-8,12,44,8,44-8,"Even though there are preverbal markers for every category (i.e. tense, mood, and aspect) in Bahamian Creole English, three-part combinations of adjacent markers do not appear to be used. However, in my data, the tense marker did always precedes aspect markers and modals, and modals precede, e.g., aspectual done (as in Example 100); thus, a T-M-A order appears most plausible. McPhee (2003: 34) further states that the aspect marker is always ""nearest to the verb"" and that ""modals follow did, producing TM ordering"" (2003: 33).",,12-100 12-101 12-102 12-99,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-45-4,12,45,4,45-4,"In general, only other tense-mood-aspect markers intervene between did and the (uninflected) verb; occasionally adverbs may come in between as well.",,12-103 12-104 12-105,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge 12-46-1,12,46,1,46-1,"The progressive marker, -ing, generally occurs without the copula in present contexts. However, the more acrolectal a speaker, the more likely he or she is to employ a form of be (often leveled to is). In past contexts, was is often present, even among more basilectal speakers (cf. Hackert 2004: 72–73). Just like many other creoles, Bahamian Creole English also possesses a preverbal particle, de/da/duh, to indicate progressive meaning. However, this form is exceedingly „infrequent except in isolated communities among older people now“ (Holm and Shilling 1982: 59); there, it occurs in expressions such as Pain an’ ache da rock dis old body. [Pain and ache PROG rock this old body] -'Pain and ache are rocking this old body.'",,12-106 12-107 12-108,100.0,Very certain -12-47-9,12,47,9,47-9,"Even though progressive situations are, of course, its prototypical use, current-state, habitual, and future situations (as well as statives) may take the progressive marker as well; cf. Hackert (2004: 72–76).",,12-109 12-110 12-111 12-112,100.0,Very certain -12-48-9,12,48,9,48-9,"The habitual markers does/is/’s (present) and used to (past) are restricted to habitual situations. Occasionally, -ing occurs in such situations as well, as do a number of other forms (cf. Hackert 2004: 73–76).",,12-109 12-110 12-111 12-112,50.0,Very certain -12-48-2,12,48,2,48-2,"The habitual markers does/is/’s (present) and used to (past) are restricted to habitual situations. Occasionally, -ing occurs in such situations as well, as do a number of other forms (cf. Hackert 2004: 73–76).",,12-113 12-114,50.0,Very certain -12-49-3,12,49,3,49-3,,,12-1 12-115 12-24 12-7,100.0,Very certain -12-5-1,12,5,1,5-1,,,12-7,100.0,Very certain -12-50-2,12,50,2,50-2,"As in Jamaican Creole (Patrick 1999: 199–202), Bahamian Creole employs never not just as an adverb meaning 'not at any time' (as in Example 118), but also as a negative past marker referring to a single, bounded verb situation, in which case never becomes interchangeable with didn't (as in Example 116). At least in my data, such uses of never are rare, though. For a brief account of negation and past marking in Bahamian Creole, cf. also McPhee (2003: 34–36).",,12-116 12-117 12-118 12-228 12-62,100.0,Certain -12-51-3,12,51,3,51-3,"The unmarked verb functions as the realization of the perfective aspect in Bahamian Creole English. Non-stative verbs typically receive a past interpretation; stative ones a non-past one. However, unmarked statives may also have past reference if the context is clearly past (as in Example 121). The unmarked verb also occurs in habitual and generic sentences, in both non-past and past contexts, as in Example 122 (cf. Hackert 2004: 66–71).",,12-119 12-120 12-121 12-122,100.0,Very certain -12-52-1,12,52,1,52-1,"In Bahamian Creole, inchoative meaning is expressed lexically, e.g. get ripe, take sick, etc.",,12-123 12-124 12-125,100.0,Intermediate -12-53-1,12,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Uncertain -12-54-2,12,54,2,54-2,"As in English, strong suppletion according to tense exists in a few irregular verbs and the copula.",,12-126 12-127 12-128 12-129,100.0,Very certain -12-55-1,12,55,1,55-1,,,12-130 12-131 12-132 12-133,100.0,Certain -12-56-1,12,56,1,56-1,,,12-134 12-135 12-136,100.0,Very certain -12-57-1,12,57,1,57-1,,,12-137 12-138,100.0,Very certain -12-58-1,12,58,1,58-1,,,12-139 12-140 12-141,100.0,Very certain -12-59-2,12,59,2,59-2,"Among basilectal speakers, a single pronoun covers all cases, at least for the first person plural (as in Example 143). Otherwise, P is marked differently (as in Example 144).",,12-142 12-143 12-144,100.0,Certain -12-6-1,12,6,1,6-1,,,12-8,100.0,Very certain -12-60-2,12,60,2,60-2,,,12-145,70.0,Certain -12-60-1,12,60,1,60-1,,,12-146,30.0,Certain -12-61-1,12,61,1,61-1,,,12-145,70.0,Very certain -12-61-2,12,61,2,61-2,,,12-146,30.0,Certain -12-62-1,12,62,1,62-1,,,12-147,100.0,Certain -12-63-1,12,63,1,63-1,,,12-148,100.0,Certain -12-64-2,12,64,2,64-2,"There are basically three types of existential sentences in Bahamian Creole English; they are described in Shilling (1978: 145–149): (1) get/got or have with a zero subject; (2) they get/got or have ""where the anaphoric reference for they is vague"", as in Example 150; and (3) a form of be, often also with a zero subject (or with it or there).",,12-151 12-152 12-153,30.0,Very certain -12-64-1,12,64,1,64-1,"There are basically three types of existential sentences in Bahamian Creole English; they are described in Shilling (1978: 145–149): (1) get/got or have with a zero subject; (2) they get/got or have ""where the anaphoric reference for they is vague"", as in Example 150; and (3) a form of be, often also with a zero subject (or with it or there).",,12-149 12-150,70.0,Very certain -12-65-4,12,65,4,65-4,,,12-154 12-155,100.0,Very certain -12-66-1,12,66,1,66-1,,,12-157 12-159 12-160,50.0,Certain -12-66-3,12,66,3,66-3,,,12-156 12-158,50.0,Certain -12-67-2,12,67,2,67-2,,,12-163,10.0,Uncertain -12-67-1,12,67,1,67-1,,,12-161 12-162,90.0,Very certain -12-68-1,12,68,1,68-1,"In Bahamian Creole English, 'fear' constructions may be based on scared, which is slotted into a copula + ADJ construction among more acrolectal speakers.",,12-164 12-165,100.0,Intermediate -12-69-1,12,69,1,69-1,,,12-166 12-167,100.0,Very certain -12-7-1,12,7,1,7-1,,,12-9,100.0,Very certain -12-70-1,12,70,1,70-1,,,12-168 12-169,100.0,Very certain -12-71-2,12,71,2,71-2,,,12-170 12-171,100.0,Very certain -12-72-1,12,72,1,72-1,,,12-172 12-173,100.0,Very certain -12-73-3,12,73,3,73-3,"As in the case of adjective and locative phrases, the occurrence of the copula in front of predicative noun phrases is variable in Bahamian Creole English. The form is usually is, regardless of person and number, even though am and are occur as well. All three forms are usually contracted. Of the three following grammatical environments adjective phrase, locative phrase, and noun phrase, copula absence is rarest with noun phrases (cf. Shilling 1978: 29, 31). Thus, according to Shilling (1978: 47), ""one of the copula environments, that before +NP complement, has surface copula in non-past positive contexts in the vast majority of cases."" Interestingly, am appears to be absent more frequently than is (cf. Reaser & Torbert 2004: 393).",,12-174 12-175 12-176 12-177,100.0,Very certain -12-74-3,12,74,3,74-3,"The occurrence of a copula with predicative adjectives is variable in Bahamian Creole; however, as in African American English, the copula is very frequently absent in front of predicative adjectives. In non-past contexts, the overt realization of the copula is usually is, with am and are seldom occurring. Rates of copula absence depend on both linguistic (e.g. type of subject, i.e. pronoun vs. full NP) and extralinguistic factors (e.g. age).",,12-178 12-179 12-180,100.0,Very certain -12-75-3,12,75,3,75-3,"Copula occurrence is variable with predicative locative phrases. In general, the form of choice is is, with am and are seldom appearing. Shilling (1978: 59) indicates, however, that ""more important in +LOC environment than the few examples of is are substantial numbers of sentences with de, be, does ... be, and, in the past, bin."" De, however, is exclusively basilectal and occurs mostly on the so-called Out Islands rather than in Nassau (cf. Shilling 1978: 60); even in the basilect, however, its frequency is low, and speakers ""far more frequently have zero + LOC"". For other conditioning factors, cf. Feature 74 ""Predicative adjectives"".",,12-181 12-182 12-183 12-184,100.0,Very certain -12-76-3,12,76,3,76-3,"Predicative noun and predicative locative phrases tend to be encoded differently in the past, with a form of was favoured in predicative noun phrases and been favoured in predicative locative phrases. The distinction also appears to be related, however, to the phenomenon of grounding in discourse and the boundedness and/or stativity of verb situations; cf. Hackert (2004: 114). In present contexts, the form of the verb employed is usually is (thus, nominal and locational predication may be encoded in the same way there); however, as in African American English, the copula tends to be absent much more frequently before a locational expression than before a nominal one; cf. e.g. Shilling (1978: 29, 31). Finally, alternative forms (cf. Feature 75 ""Predicative locative phrases"") such as de are restricted to locative contexts.",,12-175 12-176 12-177 12-181 12-183 12-184 12-187 12-188 12-189,100.0,Very certain -12-77-1,12,77,1,77-1,Both have/had and get/got occur in predicative possessive constructions.,,12-190 12-191,100.0,Very certain -12-78-3,12,78,3,78-3,"As already indicated for Feature 64 ""Expletive subject of existential verb"", there are basically three types of existential sentences in Bahamian Creole English; they are described in Shilling (1978: 145–149): (1) get/got or have with a zero subject; (2) they get/got or have ""where the anaphoric reference for they is vague“, and (3) a form of be, often also with a zero subject (or with it or there). Both get and have may also be employed in constructions indicating transitive possession (as in Examples 151 and 194); thus, there are two verbs meaning 'there is' and 'have' and another one which can only mean 'there is' (is).",,12-149 12-150 12-151 12-192 12-193 12-194 12-83,100.0,Intermediate -12-79-2,12,79,2,79-2,The option without a preposition is considered more basilectal.,,12-198,50.0,Very certain -12-79-1,12,79,1,79-1,The option without a preposition is considered more basilectal.,,12-197,50.0,Very certain -12-8-2,12,8,2,8-2,"Preposed degree words are the default case. So may occasionally follow the adjective (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 188); the construction seems to be restricted to this degree word, however.",,12-11,10.0,Certain -12-8-1,12,8,1,8-1,"Preposed degree words are the default case. So may occasionally follow the adjective (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 188); the construction seems to be restricted to this degree word, however.",,12-10,90.0,Very certain -12-80-2,12,80,2,80-2,,,12-199,100.0,Certain -12-81-2,12,81,2,81-2,,,12-195 12-196,100.0,Very certain -12-82-2,12,82,2,82-2,,,12-200 12-201 12-202,100.0,Certain -12-83-1,12,83,1,83-1,,,12-203 12-204 12-205,100.0,Intermediate -12-84-3,12,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -12-85-1,12,85,1,85-1,"Holm & Shilling (1982) do not list take as a serial verb, either.",,12-210,100.0,Certain -12-86-1,12,86,1,86-1,Serial give is rare in Bahamian Creole English. The example given introduces a recipient; whether a benefactive use of give exists is unclear to me.,634[87],12-211,100.0,Certain -12-87-2,12,87,2,87-2,"Head can function as something like a reflexive pronoun in phrases such as trouble your head, worry your head, etc. (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 101).",,12-213,10.0,Very certain -12-87-3,12,87,3,87-3,"Head can function as something like a reflexive pronoun in phrases such as trouble your head, worry your head, etc. (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 101).",,12-212,90.0,Very certain -12-88-1,12,88,1,88-1,"In intensifier function, self can be used on its own (as in Example 216); it then corresponds to stressed pronunciation (Holm & Shilling 1982: 179) or has a meaning similar to 'even’ or 'alone’.",,12-214 12-215 12-216,100.0,Very certain -12-89-2,12,89,2,89-2,,,12-212 12-217 12-218,100.0,Certain -12-9-1,12,9,1,9-1,,,12-12,100.0,Very certain -12-90-3,12,90,3,90-3,"There are a number of passive constructions in Bahamian Creole English: (1) what Winford (1993: 118) labels ""basic passive“; this type involves no agent phrase, no morphological marking to indicate that the verb is passive, and no copula (as in Examples 220 and 221); (2) the get-passive, which consists of the auxiliary get and an unmarked form of the transitive verb as its complement (as in Example 219) (more acrolectal speakers employ got, and the transitive verb is usually marked, as in Example 176); (3) the be-passive (as in Example 223), which, however, only occurs among very acrolectal speakers. Based on my own informal observation, the ""basic passive“ is the most basilectal form.",,12-220 12-221,30.0,Certain -12-90-1,12,90,1,90-1,"There are a number of passive constructions in Bahamian Creole English: (1) what Winford (1993: 118) labels ""basic passive“; this type involves no agent phrase, no morphological marking to indicate that the verb is passive, and no copula (as in Examples 220 and 221); (2) the get-passive, which consists of the auxiliary get and an unmarked form of the transitive verb as its complement (as in Example 219) (more acrolectal speakers employ got, and the transitive verb is usually marked, as in Example 176); (3) the be-passive (as in Example 223), which, however, only occurs among very acrolectal speakers. Based on my own informal observation, the ""basic passive“ is the most basilectal form.",,12-219 12-222 12-223,70.0,Certain -12-91-8,12,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -12-92-2,12,92,2,92-2,"The relative markers who, what, and that are not distributed according to case in Bahamian Creole but according to the human/non-human distinction. Thus, who is used for human referents, in both subject and object (cf. Example 225) function, whereas what and that are used primarily for non-human referents, also in subject and object function. However, what can also be employed for human referents (cf. Example 227).",,12-225 12-226 12-227 12-228,70.0,Very certain -12-92-4,12,92,4,92-4,"The relative markers who, what, and that are not distributed according to case in Bahamian Creole but according to the human/non-human distinction. Thus, who is used for human referents, in both subject and object (cf. Example 225) function, whereas what and that are used primarily for non-human referents, also in subject and object function. However, what can also be employed for human referents (cf. Example 227).",,12-224,30.0,Very certain -12-93-2,12,93,2,93-2,"For the distribution of relative particles according to the human/non-human distinction, cf. Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"".",,12-229,70.0,Very certain -12-93-4,12,93,4,93-4,"For the distribution of relative particles according to the human/non-human distinction, cf. Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"".",,12-230,30.0,Very certain -12-94-4,12,94,4,94-4,,,12-232,70.0,Certain -12-94-2,12,94,2,94-2,,,12-231 12-233,30.0,Certain -12-95-4,12,95,4,95-4,"The serial say construction is frequent in Bahamian Creole English. Possibly in extension of its complementizer function, say also frequently occurs on its own as a ""quotation marker"" indicating the continuance of quoted matter (cf. Hackert 2004: 131).",,12-235 12-236,46.6666666666667,Certain -12-95-1,12,95,1,95-1,"The serial say construction is frequent in Bahamian Creole English. Possibly in extension of its complementizer function, say also frequently occurs on its own as a ""quotation marker"" indicating the continuance of quoted matter (cf. Hackert 2004: 131).",,12-238,46.6666666666667,Very certain -12-95-3,12,95,3,95-3,"The serial say construction is frequent in Bahamian Creole English. Possibly in extension of its complementizer function, say also frequently occurs on its own as a ""quotation marker"" indicating the continuance of quoted matter (cf. Hackert 2004: 131).",,12-237,6.66666666666667,Certain -12-96-4,12,96,4,96-4,"Say meaning 'that’ is described by Holm & Shilling (1982: 176) as ""introducing subordinate clauses after verbs of perception, etc.; rare in Nassau“ (i.e., the Bahamian capital). That may even be rarer and appears to be restricted to more acrolectal speakers.",,12-243 12-244,63.6363636363636,Very certain -12-96-1,12,96,1,96-1,"Say meaning 'that’ is described by Holm & Shilling (1982: 176) as ""introducing subordinate clauses after verbs of perception, etc.; rare in Nassau“ (i.e., the Bahamian capital). That may even be rarer and appears to be restricted to more acrolectal speakers.",,12-240 12-241 12-242,27.2727272727273,Very certain -12-96-3,12,96,3,96-3,"Say meaning 'that’ is described by Holm & Shilling (1982: 176) as ""introducing subordinate clauses after verbs of perception, etc.; rare in Nassau“ (i.e., the Bahamian capital). That may even be rarer and appears to be restricted to more acrolectal speakers.",,12-239,9.09090909090909,Intermediate -12-97-1,12,97,1,97-1,,,12-12 12-63,100.0,Very certain -12-98-5,12,98,5,98-5,Both verbs usually take a zero complementizer.,,12-245 12-246 12-247 12-248,100.0,Certain -12-99-2,12,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain -1201-13-2,1201,13,2,13-2,In the English sources both he and she are used to refer to female referents.,1481[767];350[272],20-12 20-23,100.0,Intermediate -1201-19-5,1201,19,5,19-5,"In English sources, the single expressions alternate with compound expressions. For example, both where and what side are used.",389[301];1310[II: 223];1650[331];613[374],20-157 20-158 20-159 20-160 20-161 20-162 20-163 20-164 20-165 20-166,100.0,Unspecified -1201-35-4,1201,35,4,35-4,"The suppletive forms first and second occur alongside the regular forms number one, number two, etc.",838[121];99[118];1481[834],20-48 20-50,50.0,Certain -1201-35-7,1201,35,7,35-7,"The suppletive forms first and second occur alongside the regular forms number one, number two, etc.",838[121];99[118];1481[834],20-49,50.0,Certain -1201-50-1,1201,50,1,50-1,"English sources contain examples of [no + have + V], a combination which is not attested in Chinese sources.",1310[288],20-118 20-167 20-62,100.0,Certain -1201-7-1,1201,7,1,7-1,Only one example is attested in English sources.,1310[289],20-13,100.0,Intermediate -1201-79-2,1201,79,2,79-2,,99[118];1483[917],20-119,30.0,Certain -1201-79-1,1201,79,1,79-1,,99[118];1483[917],20-49,70.0,Certain -1201-92-2,1201,92,2,92-2,Only one clear example is attested.,1310[289],20-13,100.0,Uncertain -1251-89-2,1251,89,2,89-2,"This is a feature with respect to which there is regional variation in Kriol. In the Roper River (Ngukurr) variety, the invariable reflexive, like in the Victoria River variety, is mijelp. The reciprocal marker, however, is different; it is gija (from English together).",39;1026[94],25-307 25-310,100.0,Certain -13-0-1,13,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -13-1-2,13,1,2,1-2,,,13-1,100.0,Very certain -13-10-1,13,10,1,10-1,,,13-14 13-15,100.0,Very certain -13-100-4,13,100,4,100-4,Aint is classed as a negative auxiliary verb because it can occur sentence-initially to introduce a polar negative questions as in Example 178 Aint you know say comin back rebel time? This is not possible with na.,,13-179 13-180,50.0,Certain -13-100-3,13,100,3,100-3,Aint is classed as a negative auxiliary verb because it can occur sentence-initially to introduce a polar negative questions as in Example 178 Aint you know say comin back rebel time? This is not possible with na.,,13-178 13-181 13-182,50.0,Certain -13-101-1,13,101,1,101-1,,,13-182 13-183 13-184,100.0,Certain -13-102-1,13,102,1,102-1,,,13-185 13-186,100.0,Certain -13-103-7,13,103,7,103-7,Interrogative word order seems to be possible only with ain't.,1500[218],13-187,53.8461538461538,Certain -13-103-5,13,103,5,103-5,Interrogative word order seems to be possible only with ain't.,1500[218],13-178,23.0769230769231,Certain -13-103-2,13,103,2,103-2,Interrogative word order seems to be possible only with ain't.,1500[218],13-188,23.0769230769231,Certain -13-104-6,13,104,6,104-6,"It seems that the focus construction N the one wa ___ often takes the place of cleft-constructions of the 'It is N who ___' type; the latter has been reported in Mufwene (2004: 368). This is an obvious calque on the English focus construction of the type 'John is the one who has your book (not Jack).' In this case the one could be called a dummy NP predicate. This construction would not normally be called a cleft, but it qualifies as one under the definition given for this feature.",1005[368],13-190,50.0, -13-104-5,13,104,5,104-5,"It seems that the focus construction N the one wa ___ often takes the place of cleft-constructions of the 'It is N who ___' type; the latter has been reported in Mufwene (2004: 368). This is an obvious calque on the English focus construction of the type 'John is the one who has your book (not Jack).' In this case the one could be called a dummy NP predicate. This construction would not normally be called a cleft, but it qualifies as one under the definition given for this feature.",1005[368],13-189,50.0,Certain -13-105-3,13,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -13-106-3,13,106,3,106-3,,,13-193,50.0,Certain -13-106-2,13,106,2,106-2,,,13-191 13-192,50.0,Certain -13-107-1,13,107,1,107-1,,,13-194 13-195,100.0,Certain -13-108-2,13,108,2,108-2,"The ""suck-teeth"" gesture can be used to express disdain.",,,100.0,Intermediate -13-109-1,13,109,1,109-1,,328[100],13-197,100.0,Certain -13-11-2,13,11,2,11-2,,,13-16,100.0,Very certain -13-110-1,13,110,1,110-1,,685[189],13-198,100.0,Certain -13-111-1,13,111,1,111-1,,,13-199,70.0,Certain -13-111-2,13,111,2,111-2,,,13-200,30.0,Intermediate -13-112-2,13,112,2,112-2,,,13-201 13-202,100.0,Certain -13-113-2,13,113,2,113-2,,,13-203 13-204,100.0,Certain -13-114-2,13,114,2,114-2,,,13-205 13-206,100.0,Certain -13-115-2,13,115,2,115-2,,,13-207 13-208,100.0,Certain -13-116-2,13,116,2,116-2,,,13-209 13-210,100.0,Certain -13-117-1,13,117,1,117-1,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 230) reports on this in his analysis, but it doesn’t seem to occur in any of the interviews (’texts’) that he presents.",1500[230],13-211 13-212,100.0,Certain -13-118-3,13,118,3,118-3,,719[61],13-213 13-214 13-215 13-216 13-217 13-218,100.0,Very certain -13-119-2,13,119,2,119-2,"We also find more complex codas, even in the narratives in Turner ([1949] 2002), e.g. tβɛlβ 'twelve'. See Klein 2009 for an analysis of syllabification in Gullah.",719[58],13-216 13-219 13-220 13-41,100.0,Certain -13-12-1,13,12,1,12-1,,,13-17 13-18 13-19,100.0,Very certain -13-120-1,13,120,1,120-1,"Turner ([1949] 2002) transcribes tones with a fair number of African-derived basket names, but tone does not appear to be lexically distinctive in any of these words. It is not distinctive grammatically. Tone is not described to occur in the English-based vocabulary.",1500[30],,100.0,Certain -13-121-4,13,121,4,121-4,,,,100.0, -13-122-3,13,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0, -13-123-1,13,123,1,123-1,,,13-259,100.0, -13-124-2,13,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0, -13-125-3,13,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -13-126-1,13,126,1,126-1,,,13-244,100.0, -13-127-6,13,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -13-128-1,13,128,1,128-1,,,13-249,100.0, -13-129-1,13,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -13-13-1,13,13,1,13-1,There are no pronominal gender distinctions in basilectal Gullah. Mesolectal and acrolectal varieties variably have gender distinctions in the 3rd person singular using the English system.,,13-20 13-21,100.0,Certain -13-130-1,13,130,1,130-1,,,13-246,100.0, -13-131,13,131,1,131-1,,,13-222,100.0, -13-132,13,132,1,132-1,,,13-225,100.0, -13-133,13,133,1,133-1,,,13-226,100.0, -13-134,13,134,1,134-1,,,13-228,100.0, -13-137,13,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -13-138,13,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -13-139,13,139,1,139-1,This sound only occurs among younger speakers according to Turner ([1949] 2002: 27). It is described as a major allophone in Jones-Jackson (1978: 112).,1500,13-237,100.0, -13-14-1,13,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -13-140,13,140,1,140-1,This sound only occurs among younger speakers according to Turner ([1949] 2002: 27). It is described as major allophone in Jones-Jackson (1978: 113).,1500,13-238,100.0, -13-143,13,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -13-144,13,144,2,144-2,,,13-229,100.0, -13-145,13,145,1,145-1,,,13-230,100.0, -13-146,13,146,1,146-1,,,13-231,100.0, -13-147,13,147,1,147-1,Why no entry for wedge vowel?,,13-223,100.0, -13-148,13,148,4,148-4,"Turner ([1949] 2002) transcribes [kw] in African-derived words, but seems to interpret it biphonemically.",1500,,100.0, -13-149,13,149,1,149-1,,,13-233,100.0, -13-15-1,13,15,1,15-1,,,13-22,100.0,Very certain -13-151,13,151,3,151-3,See Klein (2009) for a discusssion of the marginal status of labio-velars in Gullah.,719,13-267,100.0, -13-152,13,152,3,152-3,See Klein (2009) for a discusssion of the marginal status of labio-velars in Gullah.,719,13-268,100.0, -13-153,13,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -13-155,13,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -13-156,13,156,2,156-2,,,13-224,100.0, -13-158,13,158,2,158-2,,,13-227,100.0, -13-159,13,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -13-16-1,13,16,1,16-1,,,13-23 13-24 13-25,100.0,Very certain -13-160,13,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -13-161,13,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -13-163,13,163,2,163-2,,,13-232,100.0, -13-168,13,168,2,168-2,,,13-234,100.0, -13-169,13,169,2,169-2,,,13-235,100.0, -13-17-4,13,17,4,17-4,The only dependent object pronoun is um [3.OBJ].,,13-26 13-27,100.0,Intermediate -13-170,13,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -13-171,13,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -13-172,13,172,2,172-2,,,13-236,100.0, -13-173,13,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -13-174,13,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -13-176,13,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -13-178,13,178,1,178-1,,,13-247,100.0, -13-179,13,179,1,179-1,,,13-248,100.0, -13-18-1,13,18,1,18-1,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 227) gives unna for 2nd person singular and plural. You is found pervasively in his texts as 2nd person singular pronoun, however. Cunningham's (1992: 18) pronoun paradigm confirms the distinction between you [2PL] and unna [2PL]. Turner's texts are transcriptions of semi-structured interviews between himself and his informants. There is no indication of a politeness distinction between the two.",,13-28 13-5,100.0,Very certain -13-180,13,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -13-181,13,181,1,181-1,,,13-249,100.0, -13-182,13,182,1,182-1,,,13-250,100.0, -13-183,13,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -13-184,13,184,1,184-1,Turner ([1949] 2002: 28) describes this as a retroflex flap.,1500,13-251,100.0, -13-185,13,185,1,185-1,/r/ is a voiced post-alveolar fricative according to Turner ([1949] 2002: 28). /ɹ/ is used throughout in Jones-Jackson (1978).,1500,13-272,100.0, -13-187,13,187,1,187-1,,,13-239,100.0, -13-188,13,188,1,188-1,,,13-240,100.0, -13-189,13,189,2,189-2,,,13-241,100.0, -13-19-1,13,19,1,19-1,"The only compound expression is who-dat, but it does not consit of 'which' and 'person'.",,13-29 13-30 13-31 13-32 13-33,100.0,Certain -13-190,13,190,2,190-2,,,13-242,100.0, -13-191,13,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -13-192,13,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -13-193,13,193,1,193-1,,,13-243,100.0, -13-194,13,194,1,194-1,,,13-244,100.0, -13-195,13,195,1,195-1,,,13-245,100.0, -13-196,13,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -13-199,13,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -13-2-2,13,2,2,2-2,,,13-3,25.0,Very certain -13-2-1,13,2,1,2-1,,,13-2,75.0,Very certain +'Pain and ache are rocking this old body.'",,12-106 12-107 12-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-47-9,12,47,9,47-9,"Even though progressive situations are, of course, its prototypical use, current-state, habitual, and future situations (as well as statives) may take the progressive marker as well; cf. Hackert (2004: 72–76).",,12-109 12-110 12-111 12-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-48-9,12,48,9,48-9,"The habitual markers does/is/’s (present) and used to (past) are restricted to habitual situations. Occasionally, -ing occurs in such situations as well, as do a number of other forms (cf. Hackert 2004: 73–76).",,12-109 12-110 12-111 12-112,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-48-2,12,48,2,48-2,"The habitual markers does/is/’s (present) and used to (past) are restricted to habitual situations. Occasionally, -ing occurs in such situations as well, as do a number of other forms (cf. Hackert 2004: 73–76).",,12-113 12-114,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-49-3,12,49,3,49-3,,,12-1 12-115 12-24 12-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-5-1,12,5,1,5-1,,,12-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-50-2,12,50,2,50-2,"As in Jamaican Creole (Patrick 1999: 199–202), Bahamian Creole employs never not just as an adverb meaning 'not at any time' (as in Example 118), but also as a negative past marker referring to a single, bounded verb situation, in which case never becomes interchangeable with didn't (as in Example 116). At least in my data, such uses of never are rare, though. For a brief account of negation and past marking in Bahamian Creole, cf. also McPhee (2003: 34–36).",,12-116 12-117 12-118 12-228 12-62,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-51-3,12,51,3,51-3,"The unmarked verb functions as the realization of the perfective aspect in Bahamian Creole English. Non-stative verbs typically receive a past interpretation; stative ones a non-past one. However, unmarked statives may also have past reference if the context is clearly past (as in Example 121). The unmarked verb also occurs in habitual and generic sentences, in both non-past and past contexts, as in Example 122 (cf. Hackert 2004: 66–71).",,12-119 12-120 12-121 12-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-52-1,12,52,1,52-1,"In Bahamian Creole, inchoative meaning is expressed lexically, e.g. get ripe, take sick, etc.",,12-123 12-124 12-125,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-53-1,12,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-54-2,12,54,2,54-2,"As in English, strong suppletion according to tense exists in a few irregular verbs and the copula.",,12-126 12-127 12-128 12-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-55-1,12,55,1,55-1,,,12-130 12-131 12-132 12-133,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-56-1,12,56,1,56-1,,,12-134 12-135 12-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-57-1,12,57,1,57-1,,,12-137 12-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-58-1,12,58,1,58-1,,,12-139 12-140 12-141,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-59-2,12,59,2,59-2,"Among basilectal speakers, a single pronoun covers all cases, at least for the first person plural (as in Example 143). Otherwise, P is marked differently (as in Example 144).",,12-142 12-143 12-144,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +12-6-1,12,6,1,6-1,,,12-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-60-2,12,60,2,60-2,,,12-145,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +12-60-1,12,60,1,60-1,,,12-146,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +12-61-1,12,61,1,61-1,,,12-145,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-61-2,12,61,2,61-2,,,12-146,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-62-1,12,62,1,62-1,,,12-147,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-63-1,12,63,1,63-1,,,12-148,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-64-2,12,64,2,64-2,"There are basically three types of existential sentences in Bahamian Creole English; they are described in Shilling (1978: 145–149): (1) get/got or have with a zero subject; (2) they get/got or have ""where the anaphoric reference for they is vague"", as in Example 150; and (3) a form of be, often also with a zero subject (or with it or there).",,12-151 12-152 12-153,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-64-1,12,64,1,64-1,"There are basically three types of existential sentences in Bahamian Creole English; they are described in Shilling (1978: 145–149): (1) get/got or have with a zero subject; (2) they get/got or have ""where the anaphoric reference for they is vague"", as in Example 150; and (3) a form of be, often also with a zero subject (or with it or there).",,12-149 12-150,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-65-4,12,65,4,65-4,,,12-154 12-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-66-1,12,66,1,66-1,,,12-157 12-159 12-160,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-66-3,12,66,3,66-3,,,12-156 12-158,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-67-2,12,67,2,67-2,,,12-163,10.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-67-1,12,67,1,67-1,,,12-161 12-162,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-68-1,12,68,1,68-1,"In Bahamian Creole English, 'fear' constructions may be based on scared, which is slotted into a copula + ADJ construction among more acrolectal speakers.",,12-164 12-165,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-69-1,12,69,1,69-1,,,12-166 12-167,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-7-1,12,7,1,7-1,,,12-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-70-1,12,70,1,70-1,,,12-168 12-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-71-2,12,71,2,71-2,,,12-170 12-171,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-72-1,12,72,1,72-1,,,12-172 12-173,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-73-3,12,73,3,73-3,"As in the case of adjective and locative phrases, the occurrence of the copula in front of predicative noun phrases is variable in Bahamian Creole English. The form is usually is, regardless of person and number, even though am and are occur as well. All three forms are usually contracted. Of the three following grammatical environments adjective phrase, locative phrase, and noun phrase, copula absence is rarest with noun phrases (cf. Shilling 1978: 29, 31). Thus, according to Shilling (1978: 47), ""one of the copula environments, that before +NP complement, has surface copula in non-past positive contexts in the vast majority of cases."" Interestingly, am appears to be absent more frequently than is (cf. Reaser & Torbert 2004: 393).",,12-174 12-175 12-176 12-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +12-74-3,12,74,3,74-3,"The occurrence of a copula with predicative adjectives is variable in Bahamian Creole; however, as in African American English, the copula is very frequently absent in front of predicative adjectives. In non-past contexts, the overt realization of the copula is usually is, with am and are seldom occurring. Rates of copula absence depend on both linguistic (e.g. type of subject, i.e. pronoun vs. full NP) and extralinguistic factors (e.g. age).",,12-178 12-179 12-180,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +12-75-3,12,75,3,75-3,"Copula occurrence is variable with predicative locative phrases. In general, the form of choice is is, with am and are seldom appearing. Shilling (1978: 59) indicates, however, that ""more important in +LOC environment than the few examples of is are substantial numbers of sentences with de, be, does ... be, and, in the past, bin."" De, however, is exclusively basilectal and occurs mostly on the so-called Out Islands rather than in Nassau (cf. Shilling 1978: 60); even in the basilect, however, its frequency is low, and speakers ""far more frequently have zero + LOC"". For other conditioning factors, cf. Feature 74 ""Predicative adjectives"".",,12-181 12-182 12-183 12-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +12-76-3,12,76,3,76-3,"Predicative noun and predicative locative phrases tend to be encoded differently in the past, with a form of was favoured in predicative noun phrases and been favoured in predicative locative phrases. The distinction also appears to be related, however, to the phenomenon of grounding in discourse and the boundedness and/or stativity of verb situations; cf. Hackert (2004: 114). In present contexts, the form of the verb employed is usually is (thus, nominal and locational predication may be encoded in the same way there); however, as in African American English, the copula tends to be absent much more frequently before a locational expression than before a nominal one; cf. e.g. Shilling (1978: 29, 31). Finally, alternative forms (cf. Feature 75 ""Predicative locative phrases"") such as de are restricted to locative contexts.",,12-175 12-176 12-177 12-181 12-183 12-184 12-187 12-188 12-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +12-77-1,12,77,1,77-1,Both have/had and get/got occur in predicative possessive constructions.,,12-190 12-191,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +12-78-3,12,78,3,78-3,"As already indicated for Feature 64 ""Expletive subject of existential verb"", there are basically three types of existential sentences in Bahamian Creole English; they are described in Shilling (1978: 145–149): (1) get/got or have with a zero subject; (2) they get/got or have ""where the anaphoric reference for they is vague“, and (3) a form of be, often also with a zero subject (or with it or there). Both get and have may also be employed in constructions indicating transitive possession (as in Examples 151 and 194); thus, there are two verbs meaning 'there is' and 'have' and another one which can only mean 'there is' (is).",,12-149 12-150 12-151 12-192 12-193 12-194 12-83,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-79-2,12,79,2,79-2,The option without a preposition is considered more basilectal.,,12-198,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-79-1,12,79,1,79-1,The option without a preposition is considered more basilectal.,,12-197,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-8-2,12,8,2,8-2,"Preposed degree words are the default case. So may occasionally follow the adjective (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 188); the construction seems to be restricted to this degree word, however.",,12-11,10.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-8-1,12,8,1,8-1,"Preposed degree words are the default case. So may occasionally follow the adjective (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 188); the construction seems to be restricted to this degree word, however.",,12-10,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-80-2,12,80,2,80-2,,,12-199,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-81-2,12,81,2,81-2,,,12-195 12-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-82-2,12,82,2,82-2,,,12-200 12-201 12-202,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-83-1,12,83,1,83-1,,,12-203 12-204 12-205,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +12-84-3,12,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-85-1,12,85,1,85-1,"Holm & Shilling (1982) do not list take as a serial verb, either.",,12-210,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-86-1,12,86,1,86-1,Serial give is rare in Bahamian Creole English. The example given introduces a recipient; whether a benefactive use of give exists is unclear to me.,634[87],12-211,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +12-87-2,12,87,2,87-2,"Head can function as something like a reflexive pronoun in phrases such as trouble your head, worry your head, etc. (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 101).",,12-213,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-87-3,12,87,3,87-3,"Head can function as something like a reflexive pronoun in phrases such as trouble your head, worry your head, etc. (cf. Holm & Shilling 1982: 101).",,12-212,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-88-1,12,88,1,88-1,"In intensifier function, self can be used on its own (as in Example 216); it then corresponds to stressed pronunciation (Holm & Shilling 1982: 179) or has a meaning similar to 'even’ or 'alone’.",,12-214 12-215 12-216,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-89-2,12,89,2,89-2,,,12-212 12-217 12-218,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +12-9-1,12,9,1,9-1,,,12-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-90-3,12,90,3,90-3,"There are a number of passive constructions in Bahamian Creole English: (1) what Winford (1993: 118) labels ""basic passive“; this type involves no agent phrase, no morphological marking to indicate that the verb is passive, and no copula (as in Examples 220 and 221); (2) the get-passive, which consists of the auxiliary get and an unmarked form of the transitive verb as its complement (as in Example 219) (more acrolectal speakers employ got, and the transitive verb is usually marked, as in Example 176); (3) the be-passive (as in Example 223), which, however, only occurs among very acrolectal speakers. Based on my own informal observation, the ""basic passive“ is the most basilectal form.",,12-220 12-221,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-90-1,12,90,1,90-1,"There are a number of passive constructions in Bahamian Creole English: (1) what Winford (1993: 118) labels ""basic passive“; this type involves no agent phrase, no morphological marking to indicate that the verb is passive, and no copula (as in Examples 220 and 221); (2) the get-passive, which consists of the auxiliary get and an unmarked form of the transitive verb as its complement (as in Example 219) (more acrolectal speakers employ got, and the transitive verb is usually marked, as in Example 176); (3) the be-passive (as in Example 223), which, however, only occurs among very acrolectal speakers. Based on my own informal observation, the ""basic passive“ is the most basilectal form.",,12-219 12-222 12-223,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +12-91-8,12,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +12-92-2,12,92,2,92-2,"The relative markers who, what, and that are not distributed according to case in Bahamian Creole but according to the human/non-human distinction. Thus, who is used for human referents, in both subject and object (cf. Example 225) function, whereas what and that are used primarily for non-human referents, also in subject and object function. However, what can also be employed for human referents (cf. Example 227).",,12-225 12-226 12-227 12-228,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +12-92-4,12,92,4,92-4,"The relative markers who, what, and that are not distributed according to case in Bahamian Creole but according to the human/non-human distinction. Thus, who is used for human referents, in both subject and object (cf. Example 225) function, whereas what and that are used primarily for non-human referents, also in subject and object function. However, what can also be employed for human referents (cf. Example 227).",,12-224,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +12-93-2,12,93,2,93-2,"For the distribution of relative particles according to the human/non-human distinction, cf. Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"".",,12-229,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-93-4,12,93,4,93-4,"For the distribution of relative particles according to the human/non-human distinction, cf. Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"".",,12-230,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-94-4,12,94,4,94-4,,,12-232,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-94-2,12,94,2,94-2,,,12-231 12-233,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-95-4,12,95,4,95-4,"The serial say construction is frequent in Bahamian Creole English. Possibly in extension of its complementizer function, say also frequently occurs on its own as a ""quotation marker"" indicating the continuance of quoted matter (cf. Hackert 2004: 131).",,12-235 12-236,46.6666666666667,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-47-FFFF00-7-0000FF-47-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-95-1,12,95,1,95-1,"The serial say construction is frequent in Bahamian Creole English. Possibly in extension of its complementizer function, say also frequently occurs on its own as a ""quotation marker"" indicating the continuance of quoted matter (cf. Hackert 2004: 131).",,12-238,46.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-47-FFFF00-7-0000FF-47-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-95-3,12,95,3,95-3,"The serial say construction is frequent in Bahamian Creole English. Possibly in extension of its complementizer function, say also frequently occurs on its own as a ""quotation marker"" indicating the continuance of quoted matter (cf. Hackert 2004: 131).",,12-237,6.66666666666667,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-47-FFFF00-7-0000FF-47-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-96-4,12,96,4,96-4,"Say meaning 'that’ is described by Holm & Shilling (1982: 176) as ""introducing subordinate clauses after verbs of perception, etc.; rare in Nassau“ (i.e., the Bahamian capital). That may even be rarer and appears to be restricted to more acrolectal speakers.",,12-243 12-244,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-10-0000FF-64-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-96-1,12,96,1,96-1,"Say meaning 'that’ is described by Holm & Shilling (1982: 176) as ""introducing subordinate clauses after verbs of perception, etc.; rare in Nassau“ (i.e., the Bahamian capital). That may even be rarer and appears to be restricted to more acrolectal speakers.",,12-240 12-241 12-242,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-10-0000FF-64-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-96-3,12,96,3,96-3,"Say meaning 'that’ is described by Holm & Shilling (1982: 176) as ""introducing subordinate clauses after verbs of perception, etc.; rare in Nassau“ (i.e., the Bahamian capital). That may even be rarer and appears to be restricted to more acrolectal speakers.",,12-239,9.09090909090909,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-10-0000FF-64-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-97-1,12,97,1,97-1,,,12-12 12-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +12-98-5,12,98,5,98-5,Both verbs usually take a zero complementizer.,,12-245 12-246 12-247 12-248,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +12-99-2,12,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1201-13-2,1201,13,2,13-2,In the English sources both he and she are used to refer to female referents.,1481[767];350[272],20-12 20-23,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +1201-19-5,1201,19,5,19-5,"In English sources, the single expressions alternate with compound expressions. For example, both where and what side are used.",389[301];1310[II: 223];1650[331];613[374],20-157 20-158 20-159 20-160 20-161 20-162 20-163 20-164 20-165 20-166,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +1201-35-4,1201,35,4,35-4,"The suppletive forms first and second occur alongside the regular forms number one, number two, etc.",838[121];99[118];1481[834],20-48 20-50,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1201-35-7,1201,35,7,35-7,"The suppletive forms first and second occur alongside the regular forms number one, number two, etc.",838[121];99[118];1481[834],20-49,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1201-50-1,1201,50,1,50-1,"English sources contain examples of [no + have + V], a combination which is not attested in Chinese sources.",1310[288],20-118 20-167 20-62,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +1201-7-1,1201,7,1,7-1,Only one example is attested in English sources.,1310[289],20-13,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1201-79-2,1201,79,2,79-2,,99[118];1483[917],20-119,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}", +1201-79-1,1201,79,1,79-1,,99[118];1483[917],20-49,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}", +1201-92-2,1201,92,2,92-2,Only one clear example is attested.,1310[289],20-13,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1251-89-2,1251,89,2,89-2,"This is a feature with respect to which there is regional variation in Kriol. In the Roper River (Ngukurr) variety, the invariable reflexive, like in the Victoria River variety, is mijelp. The reciprocal marker, however, is different; it is gija (from English together).",39;1026[94],25-307 25-310,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +13-0-1,13,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +13-1-2,13,1,2,1-2,,,13-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +13-10-1,13,10,1,10-1,,,13-14 13-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-100-4,13,100,4,100-4,Aint is classed as a negative auxiliary verb because it can occur sentence-initially to introduce a polar negative questions as in Example 178 Aint you know say comin back rebel time? This is not possible with na.,,13-179 13-180,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-100-3,13,100,3,100-3,Aint is classed as a negative auxiliary verb because it can occur sentence-initially to introduce a polar negative questions as in Example 178 Aint you know say comin back rebel time? This is not possible with na.,,13-178 13-181 13-182,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-101-1,13,101,1,101-1,,,13-182 13-183 13-184,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-102-1,13,102,1,102-1,,,13-185 13-186,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-103-7,13,103,7,103-7,Interrogative word order seems to be possible only with ain't.,1500[218],13-187,53.8461538461538,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-54-FFFFFF-24-FF0000-24-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +13-103-5,13,103,5,103-5,Interrogative word order seems to be possible only with ain't.,1500[218],13-178,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-54-FFFFFF-24-FF0000-24-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +13-103-2,13,103,2,103-2,Interrogative word order seems to be possible only with ain't.,1500[218],13-188,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-54-FFFFFF-24-FF0000-24-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +13-104-6,13,104,6,104-6,"It seems that the focus construction N the one wa ___ often takes the place of cleft-constructions of the 'It is N who ___' type; the latter has been reported in Mufwene (2004: 368). This is an obvious calque on the English focus construction of the type 'John is the one who has your book (not Jack).' In this case the one could be called a dummy NP predicate. This construction would not normally be called a cleft, but it qualifies as one under the definition given for this feature.",1005[368],13-190,50.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +13-104-5,13,104,5,104-5,"It seems that the focus construction N the one wa ___ often takes the place of cleft-constructions of the 'It is N who ___' type; the latter has been reported in Mufwene (2004: 368). This is an obvious calque on the English focus construction of the type 'John is the one who has your book (not Jack).' In this case the one could be called a dummy NP predicate. This construction would not normally be called a cleft, but it qualifies as one under the definition given for this feature.",1005[368],13-189,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +13-105-3,13,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-106-3,13,106,3,106-3,,,13-193,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +13-106-2,13,106,2,106-2,,,13-191 13-192,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +13-107-1,13,107,1,107-1,,,13-194 13-195,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-108-2,13,108,2,108-2,"The ""suck-teeth"" gesture can be used to express disdain.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +13-109-1,13,109,1,109-1,,328[100],13-197,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +13-11-2,13,11,2,11-2,,,13-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-110-1,13,110,1,110-1,,685[189],13-198,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +13-111-1,13,111,1,111-1,,,13-199,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-111-2,13,111,2,111-2,,,13-200,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-112-2,13,112,2,112-2,,,13-201 13-202,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +13-113-2,13,113,2,113-2,,,13-203 13-204,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-114-2,13,114,2,114-2,,,13-205 13-206,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-115-2,13,115,2,115-2,,,13-207 13-208,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-116-2,13,116,2,116-2,,,13-209 13-210,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-117-1,13,117,1,117-1,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 230) reports on this in his analysis, but it doesn’t seem to occur in any of the interviews (’texts’) that he presents.",1500[230],13-211 13-212,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +13-118-3,13,118,3,118-3,,719[61],13-213 13-214 13-215 13-216 13-217 13-218,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +13-119-2,13,119,2,119-2,"We also find more complex codas, even in the narratives in Turner ([1949] 2002), e.g. tβɛlβ 'twelve'. See Klein 2009 for an analysis of syllabification in Gullah.",719[58],13-216 13-219 13-220 13-41,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +13-12-1,13,12,1,12-1,,,13-17 13-18 13-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-120-1,13,120,1,120-1,"Turner ([1949] 2002) transcribes tones with a fair number of African-derived basket names, but tone does not appear to be lexically distinctive in any of these words. It is not distinctive grammatically. Tone is not described to occur in the English-based vocabulary.",1500[30],,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-121-4,13,121,4,121-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +13-122-3,13,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +13-123-1,13,123,1,123-1,,,13-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +13-124-2,13,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +13-125-3,13,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +13-126-1,13,126,1,126-1,,,13-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +13-127-6,13,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-128-1,13,128,1,128-1,,,13-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +13-129-1,13,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +13-13-1,13,13,1,13-1,There are no pronominal gender distinctions in basilectal Gullah. Mesolectal and acrolectal varieties variably have gender distinctions in the 3rd person singular using the English system.,,13-20 13-21,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +13-130-1,13,130,1,130-1,,,13-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +13-131,13,131,1,131-1,,,13-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-132,13,132,1,132-1,,,13-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-133,13,133,1,133-1,,,13-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-134,13,134,1,134-1,,,13-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-137,13,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-138,13,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-139,13,139,1,139-1,This sound only occurs among younger speakers according to Turner ([1949] 2002: 27). It is described as a major allophone in Jones-Jackson (1978: 112).,1500,13-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-14-1,13,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-140,13,140,1,140-1,This sound only occurs among younger speakers according to Turner ([1949] 2002: 27). It is described as major allophone in Jones-Jackson (1978: 113).,1500,13-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-143,13,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-144,13,144,2,144-2,,,13-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-145,13,145,1,145-1,,,13-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-146,13,146,1,146-1,,,13-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-147,13,147,1,147-1,Why no entry for wedge vowel?,,13-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-148,13,148,4,148-4,"Turner ([1949] 2002) transcribes [kw] in African-derived words, but seems to interpret it biphonemically.",1500,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-149,13,149,1,149-1,,,13-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-15-1,13,15,1,15-1,,,13-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +13-151,13,151,3,151-3,See Klein (2009) for a discusssion of the marginal status of labio-velars in Gullah.,719,13-267,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +13-152,13,152,3,152-3,See Klein (2009) for a discusssion of the marginal status of labio-velars in Gullah.,719,13-268,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +13-153,13,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-155,13,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-156,13,156,2,156-2,,,13-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-158,13,158,2,158-2,,,13-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-159,13,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-16-1,13,16,1,16-1,,,13-23 13-24 13-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-160,13,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-161,13,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-163,13,163,2,163-2,,,13-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-168,13,168,2,168-2,,,13-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-169,13,169,2,169-2,,,13-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-17-4,13,17,4,17-4,The only dependent object pronoun is um [3.OBJ].,,13-26 13-27,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-170,13,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-171,13,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-172,13,172,2,172-2,,,13-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-173,13,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-174,13,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-176,13,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-178,13,178,1,178-1,,,13-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-179,13,179,1,179-1,,,13-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-18-1,13,18,1,18-1,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 227) gives unna for 2nd person singular and plural. You is found pervasively in his texts as 2nd person singular pronoun, however. Cunningham's (1992: 18) pronoun paradigm confirms the distinction between you [2PL] and unna [2PL]. Turner's texts are transcriptions of semi-structured interviews between himself and his informants. There is no indication of a politeness distinction between the two.",,13-28 13-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-180,13,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-181,13,181,1,181-1,,,13-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-182,13,182,1,182-1,,,13-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-183,13,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-184,13,184,1,184-1,Turner ([1949] 2002: 28) describes this as a retroflex flap.,1500,13-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-185,13,185,1,185-1,/r/ is a voiced post-alveolar fricative according to Turner ([1949] 2002: 28). /ɹ/ is used throughout in Jones-Jackson (1978).,1500,13-272,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-187,13,187,1,187-1,,,13-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-188,13,188,1,188-1,,,13-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-189,13,189,2,189-2,,,13-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-19-1,13,19,1,19-1,"The only compound expression is who-dat, but it does not consit of 'which' and 'person'.",,13-29 13-30 13-31 13-32 13-33,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-190,13,190,2,190-2,,,13-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-191,13,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-192,13,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-193,13,193,1,193-1,,,13-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-194,13,194,1,194-1,,,13-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-195,13,195,1,195-1,,,13-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-196,13,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-199,13,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-2-2,13,2,2,2-2,,,13-3,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-0000FF-25-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-2-1,13,2,1,2-1,,,13-2,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-0000FF-25-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 13-20-1,13,20,1,20-1,"Cunningham (1992: 145f.; fn. 22, p. 174) writes that conjoined subjects are possible in Gullah, but much rarer than in Standard English. The more frequent construction is to conjoin whole sentences as in I never sleep out my house, and she never sleep out my house. -'She and I never sleep away from home.'",330,13-34,100.0,Intermediate -13-200,13,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -13-201,13,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -13-202,13,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -13-205,13,205,1,205-1,,,13-246,100.0, -13-209,13,209,1,209-1,,,13-252,100.0, -13-21-5,13,21,5,21-5,,,13-35 13-36,100.0,Very certain -13-212,13,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -13-217,13,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -13-218,13,218,1,218-1,,,13-253,100.0, -13-22-4,13,22,4,22-4,Turner ([1949] 2002) reports that there is “practically” no plural marking on nouns. He reports no semantic criteria for the availability of morphological plural. Plural with dem as marker is very common in De Nyew Testament 2005. See also Mufwene (1986b).,1500[223],13-37 13-38 13-39,100.0,Certain -13-221,13,221,4,221-4,,,,100.0, -13-23-4,13,23,4,23-4,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 223) reports that there is “practically” no plural marking on nouns. Plural marking is found occasionally using -s, the regular plural marker in English. Items corresponding to irregular plurals in English such as chillen for 'children' (see also Example 39) are found throughout. Plural with dem as marker is very common in De Nyew Testament 2005 (see also Mufwene 1986b), however.",1500[223],13-41,33.3333333333333,Certain -13-23-8,13,23,8,23-8,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 223) reports that there is “practically” no plural marking on nouns. Plural marking is found occasionally using -s, the regular plural marker in English. Items corresponding to irregular plurals in English such as chillen for 'children' (see also Example 39) are found throughout. Plural with dem as marker is very common in De Nyew Testament 2005 (see also Mufwene 1986b), however.",1500[223],13-40,33.3333333333333,Certain -13-23-3,13,23,3,23-3,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 223) reports that there is “practically” no plural marking on nouns. Plural marking is found occasionally using -s, the regular plural marker in English. Items corresponding to irregular plurals in English such as chillen for 'children' (see also Example 39) are found throughout. Plural with dem as marker is very common in De Nyew Testament 2005 (see also Mufwene 1986b), however.",1500[223],13-38,33.3333333333333,Certain -13-231,13,231,3,231-3,This sound is occasionally found in Turner’s ([1949] 2002) African-derived personal names.,1500,13-266,100.0, -13-24-1,13,24,1,24-1,Plural with dem is commonly used as an associative marker and for additive plurals in De Nyew Testament 2005 and elsewhere.,,13-40 13-42,100.0,Certain -13-25-4,13,25,4,25-4,,,13-40 13-43 13-44,100.0,Certain -13-252,13,252,1,252-1,,,13-254,100.0, -13-253,13,253,1,253-1,,,13-256,100.0, -13-254,13,254,1,254-1,,,13-257,100.0, -13-255,13,255,2,255-2,"This sound is attested in Weldon (2004), but not in Turner ([1949] 2002) or Jones-Jackson (1978). Weldon also describes a lowered allophone of /æ/ in the TRAP, BATH, and PALM lexical sets (Weldon 2004: 404).",1500,13-258,100.0, -13-256,13,256,1,256-1,Turner ([1949] 2002: 16) describes /a/ as a low front vowel.,1500,13-260,100.0, -13-257,13,257,1,257-1,,,13-261,100.0, -13-258,13,258,1,258-1,,,13-263,100.0, -13-259,13,259,1,259-1,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 18) writes that ""[ɔ] is seldom heard in Gullah"". This is correct if we mean by [ɔ] the aw sound in RP law. However, this vowel clearly exists as the lax (lower), back, round, mid vowel known from West African languages (see Jones-Jackson 1978: 103).",1500,13-264,100.0, -13-26-2,13,26,2,26-2,,1500[235],13-45 13-46,100.0,Certain -13-260,13,260,1,260-1,,,13-265,100.0, -13-261,13,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -13-262,13,262,2,262-2,"[ɒ] is a described as a frequent allophone of /ɑ/ in Turner ([1949] 2002: 18, 246).",1500,13-271,100.0, -13-263,13,263,1,263-1,,,13-255,100.0, -13-267,13,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -13-268,13,268,1,268-1,,,13-259,100.0, -13-27-2,13,27,2,27-2,,,13-47,100.0,Certain -13-270,13,270,1,270-1,This sound is described in Turner ([1949] 2002: 20).,1500,13-270,100.0, -13-272,13,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -13-273,13,273,1,273-1,,,13-262,100.0, -13-274,13,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -13-275,13,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -13-276,13,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -13-277,13,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -13-278,13,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -13-279,13,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -13-28-1,13,28,1,28-1,,,13-48 13-49,100.0,Very certain -13-280,13,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -13-281,13,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -13-282,13,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -13-284,13,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -13-285,13,285,2,285-2,Nasalization is not described by Turner ([1949] 2002) but likely to exist.,1500,,100.0, -13-286,13,286,2,286-2,Nasalization is not described by Turner ([1949] 2002) but likely to exist.,1500,,100.0, -13-287,13,287,2,287-2,Nasalization is not described by Turner ([1949] 2002) but likely to exist.,1500,,100.0, -13-288,13,288,2,288-2,Nasalization is not described by Turner ([1949] 2002) but likely to exist.,1500,,100.0, -13-289,13,289,2,289-2,Nasalization is not described by Turner ([1949] 2002) but likely to exist.,1500,,100.0, -13-29-1,13,29,1,29-1,,,13-50 13-51,100.0,Very certain -13-290,13,290,2,290-2,Nasalization is not described by Turner ([1949] 2002) but likely to exist.,1500,,100.0, -13-291,13,291,2,291-2,This sound is described in Jones-Jackson (1978: 103).,1687,13-269,100.0, -13-3-1,13,3,1,3-1,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 217) claims that modifying adjectives can follow nouns, but he does not provide sufficient material to make the point unambiguously.",,13-4,100.0,Certain -13-30-5,13,30,5,30-5,"The suffixal plural marker in Example 53 is a bit surprising given its rarity elsewhere in earlier Gullah. Mufwene (1986b: 42) writes that generic uses of nouns can be in the singular or the plural, but provides no example of the kind called for here, that is, where both the subject and the situation to which the verb refers are generic.",,13-53,23.0769230769231,Intermediate -13-30-4,13,30,4,30-4,"The suffixal plural marker in Example 53 is a bit surprising given its rarity elsewhere in earlier Gullah. Mufwene (1986b: 42) writes that generic uses of nouns can be in the singular or the plural, but provides no example of the kind called for here, that is, where both the subject and the situation to which the verb refers are generic.",,13-52,23.0769230769231,Intermediate -13-30-2,13,30,2,30-2,"The suffixal plural marker in Example 53 is a bit surprising given its rarity elsewhere in earlier Gullah. Mufwene (1986b: 42) writes that generic uses of nouns can be in the singular or the plural, but provides no example of the kind called for here, that is, where both the subject and the situation to which the verb refers are generic.",,13-54 13-55 13-56,53.8461538461538,Certain -13-308-1,13,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -13-309-1,13,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Certain -13-31-2,13,31,2,31-2,,,13-57,100.0,Very certain -13-310-4,13,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -13-311-3,13,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -13-312-2,13,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -13-313-3,13,313,3,313-3,"The estimate of less than 10,000 speakers refers to monolinguals; estimates of bilinguals range significantly higher.",,,100.0,Intermediate -13-314-3,13,314,3,314-3,"Nichols (1983) and Weldon (2003, 2007) have found a preference for women to use more creole-like structures in certain grammatical domains of Gullah, but the results would not warrant to say that Gullah is used ‘predominantly’ or ‘exclusively’ by women.",1060;1573,,100.0,Intermediate -13-315-3,13,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Certain -13-316-2,13,316,2,316-2,Gullah is heard on radio and TV only if leaders of the Gullah community are interviewed and they are asked to provide a sample of the language.,,,100.0,Certain -13-317-2,13,317,2,317-2,Gullah-influenced lyrics are used by indigenous folklore groups preserving the tradition of shouting or in traditional gospel music.,,,100.0,Certain -13-318-2,13,318,2,318-2,"Use of renditions of Gullah speech in literature by white non-native speakers was wide-spread from the later 1800s up until about the 1940s, most famously in the brand of Gullah folktales presented by Joel Chandler Harris in his Uncle Remus tales. Black authors have used Gullah in works set in the South Carolina and Georgia Sea Islands such as Julie Dash’s ‘Daughters of the Dust’ and Gloria Naylor’s ‘Mama Day.’ Gullah is used only to represent Gullah characters in these works. The only book published in Gullah for native speakers with the crucial involvement of native speakers is the 2005 translation of the New Testament as 'De Nyew Testament'. This ‘Gullah Bible’ is bilingual in the King James version and Gullah.",,,100.0,Certain -13-319-3,13,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain -13-32-1,13,32,1,32-1,,,13-58 13-59,100.0,Very certain -13-320-3,13,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Certain -13-321-3,13,321,3,321-3,"Gullah is a community language not typically spoken by adults to outsiders (Turner [1949] 2002, among others). It may be overheard by others, however, when Gullah speakers interact with each other in public contexts such as shopping in supermarkets.",1500[11],,100.0,Certain -13-322-3,13,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Certain -13-323-3,13,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain -13-324-3,13,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Certain -13-325-2,13,325,2,325-2,The community organization ‘Gullah/Geechee Nation’ maintains a bilingual website in Gullah and English and puts out a bilingual electronic newsletter called ‘De Conch’.,,,100.0,Certain -13-326-1,13,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -13-327-2,13,327,2,327-2,"There clearly is phonological variation: for example, robust vowel insertion in English-derived sC clusters is reported for Wadmalaw Island, South Carolina (Jones-Jackson 1978), but not elsewhere. Native speakers have reported that they can tell from the ‘accent’ which island a given speaker is from, but further investigations on the question of areal variation in phonology are lacking.",,,100.0,Certain -13-328-2,13,328,2,328-2,"Montgomery (1994) has done important spadework in tracing morphosyntactic variation by area/island based on Lorenzo Dow Turner’s early records from 1933. Native speakers have reported that they can tell from the ‘accent’ which island a given speaker is from, but further investigations on the question of areal variation in morphosyntax are lacking.",981,,100.0,Certain -13-329-2,13,329,2,329-2,"It would be surprising if there was no areal variation in the lexicon. Native speakers have reported that they can tell from the ‘accent’ which island a given speaker is from, but systematic, professional investigations on the question of areal variation in the lexicon are lacking.",,,100.0,Intermediate -13-33-2,13,33,2,33-2,It's not clear if there is a semantic difference between dis 'this' and disya 'this here'.,330[25],13-60 13-61 13-62,100.0,Certain -13-333-4,13,333,4,333-4,Gullah communities in rural settings are fairly egalitarian so that the concept of social class may not apply as it does in the stratified mainstream society.,,,100.0,Intermediate -13-334-4,13,334,4,334-4,Gullah communities in rural settings are fairly egalitarian so that the concept of social class may not apply as it does in the stratified mainstream society.,,,100.0,Intermediate -13-335-4,13,335,4,335-4,Gullah communities in rural settings are fairly egalitarian so that the concept of social class may not apply as it does in the stratified mainstream society.,,,100.0,Intermediate -13-34-1,13,34,1,34-1,,,13-63,100.0,Certain -13-35-7,13,35,7,35-7,,,13-64 13-65 13-66 13-67 13-68,100.0,Certain -13-36-2,13,36,2,36-2,"Mufwene (1986b: 43) writes that ""nonindividuated nouns may occasionally call for the use of a classifier."" The numeral classifier 'head of' is frequently used with the concept of offspring, in particular with 'children', and with other nouns referring to humans such as 'man'.",994[43],13-69,100.0,Intermediate -13-37-6,13,37,6,37-6,,,13-71,30.0,Certain -13-37-1,13,37,1,37-1,,,13-70,70.0,Very certain -13-38-4,13,38,4,38-4,,1500[229],13-72 13-73,90.0,Very certain -13-38-2,13,38,2,38-2,,1500[229],13-3,10.0,Intermediate -13-39-4,13,39,4,39-4,"Cunningham (1992: 19) writes that special forms for independent pronominal possessors do not exist. Yet, Example 74, from Cunningham (1992: 19), shows an occurrence of the form mine.",330,13-74,30.0,Intermediate -13-39-3,13,39,3,39-3,"Cunningham (1992: 19) writes that special forms for independent pronominal possessors do not exist. Yet, Example 74, from Cunningham (1992: 19), shows an occurrence of the form mine.",330,13-75,70.0,Certain -13-4-2,13,4,2,4-2,,,13-5,100.0,Very certain -13-40-1,13,40,1,40-1,,,13-15,100.0,Very certain -13-41-2,13,41,2,41-2,,1500[214],13-76,50.0,Certain -13-41-1,13,41,1,41-1,,1500[214],13-221,50.0,Certain -13-42-1,13,42,1,42-1,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 306 fn. 5) writes concerning the comparative marker na in Example 78 ""[i]n several of the British dialects, na 'than' frequently occurs as a variant of nor.""",1500[214],13-77,50.0,Certain -13-42-2,13,42,2,42-2,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 306 fn. 5) writes concerning the comparative marker na in Example 78 ""[i]n several of the British dialects, na 'than' frequently occurs as a variant of nor.""",1500[214],13-78,50.0,Certain -13-43-1,13,43,1,43-1,,1500[213],13-79,50.0,Very certain -13-43-3,13,43,3,43-3,,1500[213],13-81,50.0,Certain +'She and I never sleep away from home.'",330,13-34,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +13-200,13,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-201,13,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-202,13,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-205,13,205,1,205-1,,,13-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-209,13,209,1,209-1,,,13-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-21-5,13,21,5,21-5,,,13-35 13-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +13-212,13,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-217,13,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-218,13,218,1,218-1,,,13-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-22-4,13,22,4,22-4,Turner ([1949] 2002) reports that there is “practically” no plural marking on nouns. He reports no semantic criteria for the availability of morphological plural. Plural with dem as marker is very common in De Nyew Testament 2005. See also Mufwene (1986b).,1500[223],13-37 13-38 13-39,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +13-221,13,221,4,221-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-23-4,13,23,4,23-4,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 223) reports that there is “practically” no plural marking on nouns. Plural marking is found occasionally using -s, the regular plural marker in English. Items corresponding to irregular plurals in English such as chillen for 'children' (see also Example 39) are found throughout. Plural with dem as marker is very common in De Nyew Testament 2005 (see also Mufwene 1986b), however.",1500[223],13-41,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-FFFF00-34-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +13-23-8,13,23,8,23-8,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 223) reports that there is “practically” no plural marking on nouns. Plural marking is found occasionally using -s, the regular plural marker in English. Items corresponding to irregular plurals in English such as chillen for 'children' (see also Example 39) are found throughout. Plural with dem as marker is very common in De Nyew Testament 2005 (see also Mufwene 1986b), however.",1500[223],13-40,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-FFFF00-34-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +13-23-3,13,23,3,23-3,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 223) reports that there is “practically” no plural marking on nouns. Plural marking is found occasionally using -s, the regular plural marker in English. Items corresponding to irregular plurals in English such as chillen for 'children' (see also Example 39) are found throughout. Plural with dem as marker is very common in De Nyew Testament 2005 (see also Mufwene 1986b), however.",1500[223],13-38,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-FFFF00-34-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +13-231,13,231,3,231-3,This sound is occasionally found in Turner’s ([1949] 2002) African-derived personal names.,1500,13-266,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +13-24-1,13,24,1,24-1,Plural with dem is commonly used as an associative marker and for additive plurals in De Nyew Testament 2005 and elsewhere.,,13-40 13-42,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-25-4,13,25,4,25-4,,,13-40 13-43 13-44,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-252,13,252,1,252-1,,,13-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-253,13,253,1,253-1,,,13-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-254,13,254,1,254-1,,,13-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-255,13,255,2,255-2,"This sound is attested in Weldon (2004), but not in Turner ([1949] 2002) or Jones-Jackson (1978). Weldon also describes a lowered allophone of /æ/ in the TRAP, BATH, and PALM lexical sets (Weldon 2004: 404).",1500,13-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-256,13,256,1,256-1,Turner ([1949] 2002: 16) describes /a/ as a low front vowel.,1500,13-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-257,13,257,1,257-1,,,13-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-258,13,258,1,258-1,,,13-263,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-259,13,259,1,259-1,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 18) writes that ""[ɔ] is seldom heard in Gullah"". This is correct if we mean by [ɔ] the aw sound in RP law. However, this vowel clearly exists as the lax (lower), back, round, mid vowel known from West African languages (see Jones-Jackson 1978: 103).",1500,13-264,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-26-2,13,26,2,26-2,,1500[235],13-45 13-46,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +13-260,13,260,1,260-1,,,13-265,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-261,13,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-262,13,262,2,262-2,"[ɒ] is a described as a frequent allophone of /ɑ/ in Turner ([1949] 2002: 18, 246).",1500,13-271,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-263,13,263,1,263-1,,,13-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-267,13,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-268,13,268,1,268-1,,,13-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-27-2,13,27,2,27-2,,,13-47,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-270,13,270,1,270-1,This sound is described in Turner ([1949] 2002: 20).,1500,13-270,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-272,13,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-273,13,273,1,273-1,,,13-262,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +13-274,13,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-275,13,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-276,13,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-277,13,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-278,13,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-279,13,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-28-1,13,28,1,28-1,,,13-48 13-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-280,13,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-281,13,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-282,13,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-284,13,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-285,13,285,2,285-2,Nasalization is not described by Turner ([1949] 2002) but likely to exist.,1500,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-286,13,286,2,286-2,Nasalization is not described by Turner ([1949] 2002) but likely to exist.,1500,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-287,13,287,2,287-2,Nasalization is not described by Turner ([1949] 2002) but likely to exist.,1500,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-288,13,288,2,288-2,Nasalization is not described by Turner ([1949] 2002) but likely to exist.,1500,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-289,13,289,2,289-2,Nasalization is not described by Turner ([1949] 2002) but likely to exist.,1500,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-29-1,13,29,1,29-1,,,13-50 13-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-290,13,290,2,290-2,Nasalization is not described by Turner ([1949] 2002) but likely to exist.,1500,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-291,13,291,2,291-2,This sound is described in Jones-Jackson (1978: 103).,1687,13-269,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-3-1,13,3,1,3-1,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 217) claims that modifying adjectives can follow nouns, but he does not provide sufficient material to make the point unambiguously.",,13-4,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-30-5,13,30,5,30-5,"The suffixal plural marker in Example 53 is a bit surprising given its rarity elsewhere in earlier Gullah. Mufwene (1986b: 42) writes that generic uses of nouns can be in the singular or the plural, but provides no example of the kind called for here, that is, where both the subject and the situation to which the verb refers are generic.",,13-53,23.0769230769231,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-0000FF-24-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-30-4,13,30,4,30-4,"The suffixal plural marker in Example 53 is a bit surprising given its rarity elsewhere in earlier Gullah. Mufwene (1986b: 42) writes that generic uses of nouns can be in the singular or the plural, but provides no example of the kind called for here, that is, where both the subject and the situation to which the verb refers are generic.",,13-52,23.0769230769231,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-0000FF-24-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-30-2,13,30,2,30-2,"The suffixal plural marker in Example 53 is a bit surprising given its rarity elsewhere in earlier Gullah. Mufwene (1986b: 42) writes that generic uses of nouns can be in the singular or the plural, but provides no example of the kind called for here, that is, where both the subject and the situation to which the verb refers are generic.",,13-54 13-55 13-56,53.8461538461538,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-0000FF-24-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-308-1,13,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-309-1,13,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-31-2,13,31,2,31-2,,,13-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-310-4,13,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +13-311-3,13,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-312-2,13,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-313-3,13,313,3,313-3,"The estimate of less than 10,000 speakers refers to monolinguals; estimates of bilinguals range significantly higher.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-314-3,13,314,3,314-3,"Nichols (1983) and Weldon (2003, 2007) have found a preference for women to use more creole-like structures in certain grammatical domains of Gullah, but the results would not warrant to say that Gullah is used ‘predominantly’ or ‘exclusively’ by women.",1060;1573,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-315-3,13,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-316-2,13,316,2,316-2,Gullah is heard on radio and TV only if leaders of the Gullah community are interviewed and they are asked to provide a sample of the language.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-317-2,13,317,2,317-2,Gullah-influenced lyrics are used by indigenous folklore groups preserving the tradition of shouting or in traditional gospel music.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-318-2,13,318,2,318-2,"Use of renditions of Gullah speech in literature by white non-native speakers was wide-spread from the later 1800s up until about the 1940s, most famously in the brand of Gullah folktales presented by Joel Chandler Harris in his Uncle Remus tales. Black authors have used Gullah in works set in the South Carolina and Georgia Sea Islands such as Julie Dash’s ‘Daughters of the Dust’ and Gloria Naylor’s ‘Mama Day.’ Gullah is used only to represent Gullah characters in these works. The only book published in Gullah for native speakers with the crucial involvement of native speakers is the 2005 translation of the New Testament as 'De Nyew Testament'. This ‘Gullah Bible’ is bilingual in the King James version and Gullah.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-319-3,13,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-32-1,13,32,1,32-1,,,13-58 13-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-320-3,13,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-321-3,13,321,3,321-3,"Gullah is a community language not typically spoken by adults to outsiders (Turner [1949] 2002, among others). It may be overheard by others, however, when Gullah speakers interact with each other in public contexts such as shopping in supermarkets.",1500[11],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-322-3,13,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-323-3,13,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-324-3,13,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-325-2,13,325,2,325-2,The community organization ‘Gullah/Geechee Nation’ maintains a bilingual website in Gullah and English and puts out a bilingual electronic newsletter called ‘De Conch’.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-326-1,13,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-327-2,13,327,2,327-2,"There clearly is phonological variation: for example, robust vowel insertion in English-derived sC clusters is reported for Wadmalaw Island, South Carolina (Jones-Jackson 1978), but not elsewhere. Native speakers have reported that they can tell from the ‘accent’ which island a given speaker is from, but further investigations on the question of areal variation in phonology are lacking.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-328-2,13,328,2,328-2,"Montgomery (1994) has done important spadework in tracing morphosyntactic variation by area/island based on Lorenzo Dow Turner’s early records from 1933. Native speakers have reported that they can tell from the ‘accent’ which island a given speaker is from, but further investigations on the question of areal variation in morphosyntax are lacking.",981,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +13-329-2,13,329,2,329-2,"It would be surprising if there was no areal variation in the lexicon. Native speakers have reported that they can tell from the ‘accent’ which island a given speaker is from, but systematic, professional investigations on the question of areal variation in the lexicon are lacking.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +13-33-2,13,33,2,33-2,It's not clear if there is a semantic difference between dis 'this' and disya 'this here'.,330[25],13-60 13-61 13-62,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +13-333-4,13,333,4,333-4,Gullah communities in rural settings are fairly egalitarian so that the concept of social class may not apply as it does in the stratified mainstream society.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +13-334-4,13,334,4,334-4,Gullah communities in rural settings are fairly egalitarian so that the concept of social class may not apply as it does in the stratified mainstream society.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +13-335-4,13,335,4,335-4,Gullah communities in rural settings are fairly egalitarian so that the concept of social class may not apply as it does in the stratified mainstream society.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +13-34-1,13,34,1,34-1,,,13-63,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-35-7,13,35,7,35-7,,,13-64 13-65 13-66 13-67 13-68,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +13-36-2,13,36,2,36-2,"Mufwene (1986b: 43) writes that ""nonindividuated nouns may occasionally call for the use of a classifier."" The numeral classifier 'head of' is frequently used with the concept of offspring, in particular with 'children', and with other nouns referring to humans such as 'man'.",994[43],13-69,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +13-37-6,13,37,6,37-6,,,13-71,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +13-37-1,13,37,1,37-1,,,13-70,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +13-38-4,13,38,4,38-4,,1500[229],13-72 13-73,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +13-38-2,13,38,2,38-2,,1500[229],13-3,10.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +13-39-4,13,39,4,39-4,"Cunningham (1992: 19) writes that special forms for independent pronominal possessors do not exist. Yet, Example 74, from Cunningham (1992: 19), shows an occurrence of the form mine.",330,13-74,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +13-39-3,13,39,3,39-3,"Cunningham (1992: 19) writes that special forms for independent pronominal possessors do not exist. Yet, Example 74, from Cunningham (1992: 19), shows an occurrence of the form mine.",330,13-75,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +13-4-2,13,4,2,4-2,,,13-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +13-40-1,13,40,1,40-1,,,13-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-41-2,13,41,2,41-2,,1500[214],13-76,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-41-1,13,41,1,41-1,,1500[214],13-221,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +13-42-1,13,42,1,42-1,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 306 fn. 5) writes concerning the comparative marker na in Example 78 ""[i]n several of the British dialects, na 'than' frequently occurs as a variant of nor.""",1500[214],13-77,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +13-42-2,13,42,2,42-2,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 306 fn. 5) writes concerning the comparative marker na in Example 78 ""[i]n several of the British dialects, na 'than' frequently occurs as a variant of nor.""",1500[214],13-78,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +13-43-1,13,43,1,43-1,,1500[213],13-79,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-43-3,13,43,3,43-3,,1500[213],13-81,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", 13-44-8,13,44,8,44-8,"Gullah allows a modal verb before the anterior tense marker and the completive aspect marker as in She might been done cook 'She may have cooked [already]' (Cunningham 1992: 51). Frank (2007: 161) reports as follows: The following is the standard set of preverbal TAM markers in Gullah: @@ -1560,37 +1560,37 @@ done completive aspect All four of these TAM markers would rarely, if ever, co-occur in the same verb phrase, but the relative order is as follows: (2) -done + been + da + gwine + VERB",330[51],13-80,100.0,Intermediate -13-45-5,13,45,5,45-5,,,13-81 13-82,100.0,Certain -13-46-2,13,46,2,46-2,,651[71],13-83,100.0,Certain -13-47-9,13,47,9,47-9,Hopkins (1994: 74 ff) observes additional functions of da including iterative and perfective with stative verbs.,651[74],13-84 13-86 13-87 13-88,100.0,Certain -13-48-9,13,48,9,48-9,,1005[366],13-84 13-86 13-87 13-88,50.0,Very certain -13-48-2,13,48,2,48-2,,1005[366],13-89 13-90,50.0,Certain -13-49-3,13,49,3,49-3,Been da [PST PROG] is rendered as beena (Cunningham 1992: 51 and Frank 2007: 161).,330[50-51],13-84 13-91 13-92 13-93,100.0,Certain -13-5-1,13,5,1,5-1,,,13-6 13-7,100.0,Certain -13-50-1,13,50,1,50-1,,,13-94 13-95 13-96 13-97 13-98,100.0,Certain -13-51-3,13,51,3,51-3,,,13-100 13-99,100.0,Certain -13-52-1,13,52,1,52-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate +done + been + da + gwine + VERB",330[51],13-80,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-45-5,13,45,5,45-5,,,13-81 13-82,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-46-2,13,46,2,46-2,,651[71],13-83,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-47-9,13,47,9,47-9,Hopkins (1994: 74 ff) observes additional functions of da including iterative and perfective with stative verbs.,651[74],13-84 13-86 13-87 13-88,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-48-9,13,48,9,48-9,,1005[366],13-84 13-86 13-87 13-88,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}", +13-48-2,13,48,2,48-2,,1005[366],13-89 13-90,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}", +13-49-3,13,49,3,49-3,Been da [PST PROG] is rendered as beena (Cunningham 1992: 51 and Frank 2007: 161).,330[50-51],13-84 13-91 13-92 13-93,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +13-5-1,13,5,1,5-1,,,13-6 13-7,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-50-1,13,50,1,50-1,,,13-94 13-95 13-96 13-97 13-98,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-51-3,13,51,3,51-3,,,13-100 13-99,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-52-1,13,52,1,52-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 13-53-3,13,53,3,53-3,"I constructed the following sentence and presented it to a native speaker. It was judged to be ungrammatical. *I done lef da walk to the store, but dog done bark till I get back. -[I PFV leave PROG walk to the store but dog PFV bark until I got back]",,,100.0,Intermediate -13-54-7,13,54,7,54-7,,1500[225],13-101,100.0,Certain -13-55-2,13,55,2,55-2,,,13-102 13-103,100.0,Intermediate -13-56-1,13,56,1,56-1,,,13-104 13-105 13-106,100.0,Very certain -13-57-1,13,57,1,57-1,,,13-107,100.0,Very certain -13-58-1,13,58,1,58-1,,,13-108 13-109 13-110,100.0,Very certain -13-59-2,13,59,2,59-2,,,13-111 13-112 13-113 13-114,100.0,Certain -13-6-1,13,6,1,6-1,,,13-8,100.0,Very certain -13-60-2,13,60,2,60-2,,,13-115 13-116,100.0,Certain -13-61-1,13,61,1,61-1,,,13-115 13-116,100.0,Certain -13-62-1,13,62,1,62-1,,,13-117,100.0,Very certain -13-63-1,13,63,1,63-1,,,13-118 13-119,100.0,Certain -13-64-1,13,64,1,64-1,,,13-120,100.0,Certain -13-65-4,13,65,4,65-4,,,13-122,50.0,Certain -13-65-1,13,65,1,65-1,,,13-121,50.0,Certain -13-66-1,13,66,1,66-1,,,13-123,100.0,Intermediate -13-67-1,13,67,1,67-1,,,13-124,100.0,Certain +[I PFV leave PROG walk to the store but dog PFV bark until I got back]",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-54-7,13,54,7,54-7,,1500[225],13-101,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +13-55-2,13,55,2,55-2,,,13-102 13-103,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-56-1,13,56,1,56-1,,,13-104 13-105 13-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-57-1,13,57,1,57-1,,,13-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-58-1,13,58,1,58-1,,,13-108 13-109 13-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-59-2,13,59,2,59-2,,,13-111 13-112 13-113 13-114,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +13-6-1,13,6,1,6-1,,,13-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-60-2,13,60,2,60-2,,,13-115 13-116,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +13-61-1,13,61,1,61-1,,,13-115 13-116,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-62-1,13,62,1,62-1,,,13-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-63-1,13,63,1,63-1,,,13-118 13-119,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-64-1,13,64,1,64-1,,,13-120,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-65-4,13,65,4,65-4,,,13-122,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-65-1,13,65,1,65-1,,,13-121,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-66-1,13,66,1,66-1,,,13-123,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-67-1,13,67,1,67-1,,,13-124,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 13-68-1,13,68,1,68-1,"When the stimulus is expressed, there is variation with respect to the construction that can be invoked. A further example for a verbal construction, again against the English etymology, can be found in [D]ey gwine fraid good fashion wen dey see how de people ob dat city suffa. @@ -1601,961 +1601,961 @@ The following example appears to invoke a non-verbal construction: I ain fraid about a dark night [I ain't afraid about a dark night] -'I am not afraid of a dark night.' (Turner [1949] 2002: 264)",,13-125 13-126,100.0,Certain -13-69-1,13,69,1,69-1,,1500[211],13-128 13-129,70.0,Certain -13-69-2,13,69,2,69-2,,1500[211],13-127,30.0,Certain -13-7-1,13,7,1,7-1,,,13-10 13-9,100.0,Very certain -13-70-1,13,70,1,70-1,,,13-129 13-130,100.0,Very certain -13-71-2,13,71,2,71-2,,,13-130 13-34,100.0,Very certain -13-72-1,13,72,1,72-1,,330[146],13-131 13-34,100.0,Very certain -13-73-3,13,73,3,73-3,The frequency distributions of third person singular variants before noun phrases in the Gullah data reported in Weldon (2003: 182) is 40/55 (73%) with a copula and 15/55 (27%) without a copula.,1572[181-182],13-132 13-133 13-134,100.0,Certain -13-74-3,13,74,3,74-3,The frequency distributions of third person singular variants before adjectives in the Gullah data reported in Weldon (2003: 182) is 34/58 (59%) with a copula and 24/58 (41%) without a copula.,1572[181-182],13-135 13-136,100.0,Certain -13-75-3,13,75,3,75-3,The frequency distributions of third person singular variants before locative in the Gullah data reported in Weldon (2003: 182) is 6/12 (50%) with a copula and 6/12 (50%) without a copula.,330,13-137 13-138,100.0,Certain -13-76-2,13,76,2,76-2,,330[32],13-138 13-139,100.0,Certain -13-77-1,13,77,1,77-1,,,13-140,100.0,Certain -13-78-2,13,78,2,78-2,,,13-140 13-141,100.0,Certain -13-79-2,13,79,2,79-2,,,13-144 13-145 13-146,100.0,Certain -13-8-1,13,8,1,8-1,,,13-11,100.0,Very certain -13-80-2,13,80,2,80-2,,,13-147,100.0,Certain -13-81-2,13,81,2,81-2,,,13-142 13-143,100.0,Certain -13-82-2,13,82,2,82-2,,330[29],13-148 13-149,100.0,Certain -13-83-1,13,83,1,83-1,,330[29],13-149 13-150,100.0,Certain -13-84-2,13,84,2,84-2,,1500[210],13-151,100.0,Certain +'I am not afraid of a dark night.' (Turner [1949] 2002: 264)",,13-125 13-126,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-69-1,13,69,1,69-1,,1500[211],13-128 13-129,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-69-2,13,69,2,69-2,,1500[211],13-127,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-7-1,13,7,1,7-1,,,13-10 13-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-70-1,13,70,1,70-1,,,13-129 13-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-71-2,13,71,2,71-2,,,13-130 13-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-72-1,13,72,1,72-1,,330[146],13-131 13-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-73-3,13,73,3,73-3,The frequency distributions of third person singular variants before noun phrases in the Gullah data reported in Weldon (2003: 182) is 40/55 (73%) with a copula and 15/55 (27%) without a copula.,1572[181-182],13-132 13-133 13-134,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +13-74-3,13,74,3,74-3,The frequency distributions of third person singular variants before adjectives in the Gullah data reported in Weldon (2003: 182) is 34/58 (59%) with a copula and 24/58 (41%) without a copula.,1572[181-182],13-135 13-136,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +13-75-3,13,75,3,75-3,The frequency distributions of third person singular variants before locative in the Gullah data reported in Weldon (2003: 182) is 6/12 (50%) with a copula and 6/12 (50%) without a copula.,330,13-137 13-138,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +13-76-2,13,76,2,76-2,,330[32],13-138 13-139,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +13-77-1,13,77,1,77-1,,,13-140,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +13-78-2,13,78,2,78-2,,,13-140 13-141,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-79-2,13,79,2,79-2,,,13-144 13-145 13-146,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-8-1,13,8,1,8-1,,,13-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-80-2,13,80,2,80-2,,,13-147,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-81-2,13,81,2,81-2,,,13-142 13-143,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-82-2,13,82,2,82-2,,330[29],13-148 13-149,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-83-1,13,83,1,83-1,,330[29],13-149 13-150,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +13-84-2,13,84,2,84-2,,1500[210],13-151,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 13-85-2,13,85,2,85-2,"Resumptive pronouns appear to be impossible with instruments. Thus, *E take stick kill um wid um. [3SG.SBJ take stick kill 3SG.OBJ with 3SG.OBJ] -is judged to be ungrammatical.",,13-153,50.0,Certain +is judged to be ungrammatical.",,13-153,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 13-85-5,13,85,5,85-5,"Resumptive pronouns appear to be impossible with instruments. Thus, *E take stick kill um wid um. [3SG.SBJ take stick kill 3SG.OBJ with 3SG.OBJ] -is judged to be ungrammatical.",,13-152,50.0,Certain -13-86-1,13,86,1,86-1,,,13-154,100.0,Intermediate -13-87-3,13,87,3,87-3,,,13-155 13-156,100.0,Certain -13-88-1,13,88,1,88-1,,,13-157 13-158,100.0,Certain -13-89-2,13,89,2,89-2,,,13-159 13-160 13-161,100.0,Certain -13-9-1,13,9,1,9-1,,,13-12 13-13,100.0,Very certain -13-90-3,13,90,3,90-3,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 209) insists that ""there is no distinction of voice"" in Gullah. Yet Cunningham (1992: 96) makes a good case for a passive.",330[96],13-162 13-163,100.0,Certain -13-91-8,13,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -13-92-4,13,92,4,92-4,,330[153],13-165,30.0,Certain -13-92-2,13,92,2,92-2,,330[153],13-164,70.0,Certain -13-93-2,13,93,2,93-2,,330[153],13-166,50.0,Certain -13-93-4,13,93,4,93-4,,330[153],13-167,50.0,Certain -13-94-2,13,94,2,94-2,,,13-168,100.0,Certain -13-95-1,13,95,1,95-1,,1500[211],13-169 13-170 13-171,75.0,Very certain -13-95-4,13,95,4,95-4,,1500[211],13-172,25.0,Certain -13-96-1,13,96,1,96-1,,330[128],13-173,50.0,Certain -13-96-4,13,96,4,96-4,,330[128],13-174,50.0,Certain -13-97-1,13,97,1,97-1,,,13-175,100.0,Certain -13-98-6,13,98,6,98-6,,,13-175 13-176 13-177,100.0,Certain -13-99-2,13,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain -1301-40-2,1301,40,2,40-2,In acrolectal varieties adnominal adjectives may agree (-a instead of -u) with the female sex of the person designated by the noun or even - exceptionally - with the gender of the Portuguese etymon of a noun designating an inanimate.,106[65-70],30-87 30-88,100.0,Certain -1331-40-1,1331,40,1,40-1,In basilectal varieties no non-nuclear elements in the noun phrase agree in gender with the head noun.,,33-80 33-81,100.0,Very certain -1332-41-1,1332,41,1,41-1,,,33-83,100.0,Very certain -1332-65-4,1332,65,4,65-4,,,33-131,100.0,Very certain -1332-79-2,1332,79,2,79-2,,,33-160,100.0,Certain -1333-42-5,1333,42,5,42-5,,,33-85,100.0,Very certain -1371-115-2,1371,115,2,115-2,,"905[237, 242]",37-195 37-196,100.0,Very certain -1391-22-2,1391,22,2,22-2,"Nominal reduplication used to be the normal (though variable) strategy to mark plurality, as attested in late 19th-century accounts of Diu Indo-Portuguese (Schuchardt 1883). The examples recently encountered were recorded in the speech of an old lady and a poorly educated middle-aged man, and they were rare even in the speech of these consultants. All examples encountered involved animate (human and non-human) referents, but the truth of the matter is that the corpus of occurrences (both 19th-century and modern data) is too reduced to discard the possibility that pluralizing reduplication has ever applied to inanimate referents.",221,39-15 39-5,100.0,Certain -1391-23-6,1391,23,6,23-6,"Pluralization through nominal reduplication is mostly found on a 19th century corpus of Diu Indo-Portuguese (Schuchardt 1883). The present-day corpus contains very few such examples, confined to the speech of one of the oldest members of the community and a poorly educated middle-aged man (whose deceased parents were described by their peers as having been among the last to speak what was perceived as an ""older"" stage of the language).",221,39-15 39-5,100.0,Certain -14-0-1,14,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -14-1-2,14,1,2,1-2,,892[11-36],14-1 14-2 14-7,100.0,Very certain -14-10-1,14,10,1,10-1,,,14-13,100.0,Very certain -14-100-3,14,100,3,100-3,,,14-137,50.0,Very certain -14-100-4,14,100,4,100-4,,,14-138,50.0,Very certain -14-101-1,14,101,1,101-1,,,14-139,100.0,Very certain -14-102-1,14,102,1,102-1,,,14-140 14-19,100.0,Very certain -14-103-7,14,103,7,103-7,,,14-141 14-143,50.0,Very certain -14-103-5,14,103,5,103-5,,,14-142,50.0,Very certain -14-105-3,14,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-106-2,14,106,2,106-2,,,14-145 14-146,100.0,Certain -14-107-1,14,107,1,107-1,,,14-147,100.0,Very certain -14-108-2,14,108,2,108-2,"The act of drawing air into the mouth to produce a sucking noise indicates anger, annoyance, or exasperation. This gesture is discussed by Rickford (1999).",,,100.0,Very certain -14-109-2,14,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-11-2,14,11,2,11-2,,,14-14 14-15,100.0,Certain -14-110-2,14,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-111-1,14,111,1,111-1,,,14-148,100.0,Very certain -14-112-2,14,112,2,112-2,,,14-149 14-150,100.0,Very certain -14-113-2,14,113,2,113-2,,,14-151 14-152,100.0,Very certain -14-114-2,14,114,2,114-2,,,14-153 14-154,100.0,Very certain -14-115-2,14,115,2,115-2,,,14-155 14-156,100.0,Very certain -14-116-2,14,116,2,116-2,,,14-157 14-158,100.0,Very certain -14-117-4,14,117,4,117-4,,,14-159,100.0,Certain -14-118-3,14,118,3,118-3,,,14-158 14-160 14-161,100.0,Very certain -14-119-4,14,119,4,119-4,,,14-152 14-161 14-162 14-163 14-164,100.0,Very certain -14-12-1,14,12,1,12-1,,,14-16,100.0,Very certain -14-120-1,14,120,1,120-1,"While AAE does not make tone distinctions, I note that stress does play a role with aspectual markers (stressed) 'BIN' and (unstressed) 'done', especially. The stress helps to distinguish them from verbs 'been' and 'done.'",,,100.0,Very certain -14-121-4,14,121,4,121-4,,,,100.0, -14-122-3,14,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0, -14-123-1,14,123,1,123-1,,,14-200,100.0, -14-124-1,14,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -14-125-1,14,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -14-126-1,14,126,1,126-1,,,14-180,100.0, -14-127-1,14,127,1,127-1,,,,100.0, -14-128-4,14,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -14-129-2,14,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -14-13-2,14,13,2,13-2,,,14-17,100.0,Very certain -14-130-1,14,130,1,130-1,,,14-183,100.0, -14-131,14,131,1,131-1,,,14-165,100.0, -14-132,14,132,1,132-1,,,14-168,100.0, -14-133,14,133,1,133-1,,,14-169,100.0, -14-134,14,134,1,134-1,,,,100.0, -14-137,14,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -14-138,14,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -14-139,14,139,1,139-1,,,14-174,100.0, -14-14-1,14,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-140,14,140,1,140-1,,,14-175,100.0, -14-143,14,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -14-144,14,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -14-145,14,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -14-146,14,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -14-147,14,147,1,147-1,,,14-166,100.0, -14-148,14,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -14-149,14,149,1,149-1,,,14-172,100.0, -14-15-1,14,15,1,15-1,,,14-18,100.0,Very certain -14-151,14,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -14-152,14,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -14-153,14,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -14-155,14,155,2,155-2,,,14-173,100.0, -14-156,14,156,2,156-2,,,14-167,100.0, -14-158,14,158,2,158-2,,,14-170,100.0, -14-159,14,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -14-16-1,14,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-160,14,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -14-161,14,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -14-163,14,163,2,163-2,,,14-171,100.0, -14-168,14,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -14-169,14,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -14-17-1,14,17,1,17-1,,,14-1 14-17,100.0,Certain -14-170,14,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -14-171,14,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -14-172,14,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -14-173,14,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -14-174,14,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -14-176,14,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -14-178,14,178,1,178-1,,,14-184,100.0, -14-179,14,179,1,179-1,,,14-185,100.0, -14-18-1,14,18,1,18-1,,,14-19,100.0,Very certain -14-180,14,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -14-181,14,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -14-182,14,182,1,182-1,,,14-186,100.0, -14-183,14,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -14-184,14,184,2,184-2,,,14-187,100.0, -14-185,14,185,1,185-1,,,14-217,100.0, -14-187,14,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -14-188,14,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -14-189,14,189,1,189-1,,,14-176,100.0, -14-19-1,14,19,1,19-1,,,14-20 14-21 14-22 14-23,100.0,Very certain -14-190,14,190,1,190-1,,,14-177,100.0, -14-191,14,191,1,191-1,[θ] may vary with [f] in medial position and with [f] and [t] in final position.,,14-208,100.0, -14-192,14,192,1,192-1,[ð] may vary with [d] in initial position and with [v] in medial and final position.,,14-178,100.0, -14-193,14,193,1,193-1,,,14-179,100.0, -14-194,14,194,1,194-1,,,14-180,100.0, -14-195,14,195,1,195-1,,,14-181,100.0, -14-196,14,196,1,196-1,,,14-182,100.0, -14-199,14,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -14-2-1,14,2,1,2-1,,,14-11 14-3 14-4,100.0,Very certain -14-20-1,14,20,1,20-1,,,14-24,100.0,Very certain -14-200,14,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -14-201,14,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -14-202,14,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -14-205,14,205,1,205-1,,,14-183,100.0, -14-209,14,209,1,209-1,,,14-188,100.0, -14-21-5,14,21,5,21-5,,,14-25 14-26 14-27,100.0,Very certain -14-212,14,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -14-217,14,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -14-218,14,218,1,218-1,,,14-189,100.0, -14-22-6,14,22,6,22-6,,,14-28 14-29,100.0,Certain -14-221,14,221,1,221-1,,,14-190,100.0, -14-23-4,14,23,4,23-4,,,,10.0,Very certain -14-23-3,14,23,3,23-3,,,14-30,90.0,Very certain -14-231,14,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -14-24-2,14,24,2,24-2,,,14-31 14-32,100.0,Very certain -14-25-1,14,25,1,25-1,,,14-8 14-9,100.0,Very certain -14-252,14,252,1,252-1,,,14-191,100.0, -14-253,14,253,1,253-1,,,14-194,100.0, -14-254,14,254,1,254-1,,,14-196,100.0, -14-255,14,255,1,255-1,,,14-198,100.0, -14-256,14,256,4,256-4,,,,100.0, -14-257,14,257,1,257-1,,,14-201,100.0, -14-258,14,258,1,258-1,,,14-204,100.0, -14-259,14,259,1,259-1,"As noted in Bailey & Thomas (1991), there is a merger between this allophone and the higher mid rounded back vowel before [r].",1686,14-206,100.0, -14-26-1,14,26,1,26-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-260,14,260,1,260-1,,,14-207,100.0, -14-261,14,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -14-263,14,263,1,263-1,,,14-193,100.0, -14-267,14,267,2,267-2,,,14-199,100.0, -14-268,14,268,1,268-1,,,14-200,100.0, -14-27-2,14,27,2,27-2,,,14-33 14-34 14-35,100.0,Very certain -14-272,14,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -14-273,14,273,1,273-1,,,14-203,100.0, -14-274,14,274,2,274-2,,,14-209,100.0, -14-275,14,275,2,275-2,,,14-210,100.0, -14-276,14,276,2,276-2,,,14-211,100.0, -14-277,14,277,2,277-2,,,14-212,100.0, -14-278,14,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -14-279,14,279,2,279-2,,,14-213,100.0, -14-28-1,14,28,1,28-1,,,14-36 14-37,100.0,Very certain -14-280,14,280,2,280-2,,,14-214,100.0, -14-281,14,281,2,281-2,,,14-215,100.0, -14-282,14,282,2,282-2,,,14-216,100.0, -14-284,14,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -14-285,14,285,2,285-2,,,14-192,100.0, -14-286,14,286,2,286-2,,,14-195,100.0, -14-287,14,287,2,287-2,There is a merger between this allophone and the lowered high front unrounded vowel before nasals: e.g. pen sounds like pin in some regions.,,14-197,100.0, -14-288,14,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -14-289,14,289,2,289-2,,,14-202,100.0, -14-29-1,14,29,1,29-1,,,14-38,100.0,Very certain -14-290,14,290,2,290-2,,,14-205,100.0, -14-291,14,291,2,291-2,,,,100.0, -14-3-1,14,3,1,3-1,,,14-5,100.0,Very certain -14-30-5,14,30,5,30-5,,,14-39,100.0,Very certain -14-308-1,14,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-309-2,14,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0, -14-31-2,14,31,2,31-2,,,14-40,100.0,Very certain -14-310-4,14,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0, -14-311-3,14,311,3,311-3,"I have no solid information here, but my assumption is that the variety is not acquiring adult speakers.",,,100.0,Intermediate -14-312-2,14,312,2,312-2,There seems to be a move toward codeshifting from African American English to general American English in some communities.,,,100.0,Intermediate -14-313-4,14,313,4,313-4,"Given social factors and linguistic factors, there is no documentation of the size of the African American English-speaking community. I have read — I think — that someone gave the number of 80,000, but I am not clear about the criteria, etc.",,,100.0,Uncertain -14-314-3,14,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0, -14-315-2,14,315,2,315-2,"""Limited"" refers to shows that are targeted to certain African American communities.",,,100.0, -14-316-2,14,316,2,316-2,"""Limited"" refers to shows that are targeted to certain African American communities.",,,100.0, -14-317-1,14,317,1,317-1,This refers to some old spiritual as well as language in the popular culture.,,,100.0,Unspecified -14-318-1,14,318,1,318-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified -14-319-3,14,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0, -14-32-1,14,32,1,32-1,,,14-41 14-42,100.0,Very certain -14-320-2,14,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0, -14-321-3,14,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0, -14-322-3,14,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0, -14-323-3,14,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0, -14-324-3,14,324,3,324-3,Some school districts have recognized that children use the variety as their native language and have begun to incorporate it in lessons — but not as the main medium of instruction.,,,100.0, -14-326-1,14,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified -14-327-1,14,327,1,327-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified -14-328-2,14,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0, -14-329-2,14,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0, -14-33-2,14,33,2,33-2,,,14-43 14-44,100.0,Very certain -14-330-2,14,330,2,330-2,,,,100.0, -14-331-2,14,331,2,331-2,"I am not certain about this, but Walt Wolfram and Erik Thomas talk about varieties used in rural areas of North Carolina in comparison to features in other varieties of African American English.",1804,,100.0,Uncertain -14-332-2,14,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0, -14-34-1,14,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-35-7,14,35,7,35-7,,,14-45 14-46 14-47,100.0,Very certain -14-36-1,14,36,1,36-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-37-1,14,37,1,37-1,,,14-4,100.0,Very certain -14-38-4,14,38,4,38-4,,,14-48,100.0,Certain -14-39-4,14,39,4,39-4,,,14-49,100.0,Very certain -14-4-2,14,4,2,4-2,,,14-10,100.0,Very certain -14-40-1,14,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-41-1,14,41,1,41-1,,,14-50 14-51 14-52,100.0,Certain -14-42-2,14,42,2,42-2,,,14-53,100.0,Very certain -14-43-1,14,43,1,43-1,,,14-54 14-55,100.0,Very certain -14-44-8,14,44,8,44-8,,,14-56,100.0,Very certain -14-45-1,14,45,1,45-1,,,14-57,100.0,Very certain -14-46-1,14,46,1,46-1,,,14-58,100.0,Very certain -14-47-2,14,47,2,47-2,,,14-59 14-60,100.0,Very certain -14-48-2,14,48,2,48-2,The habitual marker can also have a generic reading.,,14-61 14-62,100.0,Very certain -14-49-3,14,49,3,49-3,,,14-63,100.0,Very certain -14-5-1,14,5,1,5-1,,,14-10,100.0,Very certain -14-50-1,14,50,1,50-1,,,14-56 14-64,100.0,Very certain -14-51-1,14,51,1,51-1,,,14-13 14-24 14-65,100.0,Very certain -14-52-1,14,52,1,52-1,,,14-66,100.0,Very certain -14-53-1,14,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-54-2,14,54,2,54-2,,,14-67 14-68,100.0,Very certain -14-55-2,14,55,2,55-2,,,14-69,100.0,Very certain -14-56-1,14,56,1,56-1,,,14-54 14-70 14-71,100.0,Very certain -14-57-1,14,57,1,57-1,,,14-72,100.0,Very certain -14-58-1,14,58,1,58-1,,,14-73 14-74,100.0,Very certain -14-59-2,14,59,2,59-2,,,14-75 14-76,100.0,Very certain -14-6-1,14,6,1,6-1,,,14-8 14-9,100.0,Very certain -14-60-1,14,60,1,60-1,"It is also possible to use the ditransitive verb give with only one object, as in Give my phone. 'Give me my phone'.",,14-77,50.0,Very certain -14-60-2,14,60,2,60-2,"It is also possible to use the ditransitive verb give with only one object, as in Give my phone. 'Give me my phone'.",,14-78,50.0,Very certain -14-61-2,14,61,2,61-2,,,14-77,50.0,Very certain -14-61-1,14,61,1,61-1,,,14-78,50.0,Very certain -14-62-1,14,62,1,62-1,,,14-79,100.0,Very certain -14-63-1,14,63,1,63-1,,,14-80,100.0,Very certain -14-64-1,14,64,1,64-1,,,14-81,75.0,Very certain -14-64-2,14,64,2,64-2,,,14-82,25.0,Very certain -14-65-4,14,65,4,65-4,,,14-83,100.0,Very certain -14-66-3,14,66,3,66-3,,,14-85,50.0,Very certain -14-66-1,14,66,1,66-1,,,14-84,50.0,Very certain -14-67-1,14,67,1,67-1,,,14-86,100.0,Very certain -14-68-2,14,68,2,68-2,,,14-87,100.0,Very certain -14-69-1,14,69,1,69-1,,,14-88,100.0,Very certain -14-7-1,14,7,1,7-1,,,14-10 14-11,100.0,Very certain -14-70-1,14,70,1,70-1,,,14-88 14-89,100.0,Very certain -14-71-2,14,71,2,71-2,,,14-89 14-90,100.0,Very certain -14-72-1,14,72,1,72-1,,,14-91,100.0,Very certain -14-73-3,14,73,3,73-3,,,14-92 14-93 14-94 14-95 14-96,100.0,Very certain -14-74-3,14,74,3,74-3,,,14-95 14-97 14-98 14-99,100.0,Very certain -14-75-3,14,75,3,75-3,,,14-100 14-101,100.0,Very certain -14-76-1,14,76,1,76-1,,,14-100 14-101 14-92 14-93,100.0,Very certain -14-77-1,14,77,1,77-1,,,14-102 14-103,100.0,Very certain -14-78-1,14,78,1,78-1,,,14-104 14-105 14-106 14-107,100.0,Very certain -14-79-2,14,79,2,79-2,,,14-110,100.0,Very certain -14-8-1,14,8,1,8-1,,,14-12,100.0,Very certain -14-80-2,14,80,2,80-2,,,14-111,100.0,Very certain -14-81-2,14,81,2,81-2,,,14-108 14-109,100.0,Very certain -14-82-1,14,82,1,82-1,,,14-113,30.0,Certain -14-82-2,14,82,2,82-2,,,14-100 14-112,70.0,Certain -14-83-1,14,83,1,83-1,,,14-114 14-115,100.0,Certain -14-84-3,14,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-85-1,14,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-86-5,14,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-87-3,14,87,3,87-3,,,14-118 14-119,100.0,Very certain -14-88-1,14,88,1,88-1,,,14-120 14-121,100.0,Very certain -14-89-2,14,89,2,89-2,,,14-118 14-122,100.0,Very certain -14-9-1,14,9,1,9-1,,,14-7,100.0,Very certain -14-90-1,14,90,1,90-1,,,14-123,100.0,Very certain -14-91-8,14,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -14-92-4,14,92,4,92-4,,,14-124 14-125,50.0,Very certain -14-92-2,14,92,2,92-2,,,14-126,50.0,Very certain -14-93-2,14,93,2,93-2,,,14-127,50.0,Very certain -14-93-4,14,93,4,93-4,,,14-128,50.0,Very certain -14-94-4,14,94,4,94-4,,,14-129,58.3333333333333,Certain -14-94-2,14,94,2,94-2,,,14-130,41.6666666666667,Certain -14-95-4,14,95,4,95-4,,,14-132,75.0,Very certain -14-95-1,14,95,1,95-1,,,14-131,25.0,Very certain -14-96-4,14,96,4,96-4,,,14-133,100.0,Very certain -14-97-1,14,97,1,97-1,,,14-134,100.0,Very certain -14-98-6,14,98,6,98-6,,,14-135 14-136,100.0,Very certain -14-99-2,14,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -1431-111-3,1431,111,3,111-3,"The expression olu su lagër is bimorphemic; however, it does not contain the word for 'water', but the word for tears (lagër).",906[274],43-123,100.0,Intermediate -1431-114-2,1431,114,2,114-2,,906[245],43-129 43-130,100.0,Very certain -1431-115-2,1431,115,2,115-2,,"906[221, 273]",43-131 43-132,100.0,Certain -1431-21-1,1431,21,1,21-1,"In the Tugu corpus, there is no positive indefinite, in contrast to the Batavia corpus, where there are examples of positive indefinites, but not of negated ones; see the record for Batavia ('my default lect') under ""More lects"".",906[33-34],43-29,100.0,Very certain -1431-28-2,1431,28,2,28-2,"Example 14 illustrates the use of aka in a generic context, and Example 15 shows the use of aka in an associative context.",906[24f.],43-14 43-15,100.0,Very certain -1431-30-2,1431,30,2,30-2,,906[39f.],43-35,70.0,Very certain -1431-30-4,1431,30,4,30-4,,906[39f.],43-14,30.0,Very certain -1431-31-3,1431,31,3,31-3,,906[24ff.],43-14,100.0,Very certain -1431-34-2,1431,34,2,34-2,,906[36],43-40,100.0,Very certain -1431-38-4,1431,38,4,38-4,,906[43-46],43-45,90.0,Very certain -1431-38-2,1431,38,2,38-2,,906[43-46],43-46,10.0,Very certain -1431-42-3,1431,42,3,42-3,"The ablative preposition dari, which marks the standard in Tugu, is of Malay origin.",906[42f.],43-52,100.0,Very certain -1431-5-1,1431,5,1,5-1,It is not clear if there is a pragmatic difference between pre- and postnominal demonstratives in the Tugu variety.,906[25-27],43-7,50.0,Very certain -1431-5-2,1431,5,2,5-2,It is not clear if there is a pragmatic difference between pre- and postnominal demonstratives in the Tugu variety.,906[25-27],43-8,50.0,Very certain +is judged to be ungrammatical.",,13-152,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-86-1,13,86,1,86-1,,,13-154,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-87-3,13,87,3,87-3,,,13-155 13-156,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-88-1,13,88,1,88-1,,,13-157 13-158,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-89-2,13,89,2,89-2,,,13-159 13-160 13-161,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +13-9-1,13,9,1,9-1,,,13-12 13-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +13-90-3,13,90,3,90-3,"Turner ([1949] 2002: 209) insists that ""there is no distinction of voice"" in Gullah. Yet Cunningham (1992: 96) makes a good case for a passive.",330[96],13-162 13-163,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +13-91-8,13,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +13-92-4,13,92,4,92-4,,330[153],13-165,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +13-92-2,13,92,2,92-2,,330[153],13-164,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +13-93-2,13,93,2,93-2,,330[153],13-166,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-93-4,13,93,4,93-4,,330[153],13-167,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-94-2,13,94,2,94-2,,,13-168,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +13-95-1,13,95,1,95-1,,1500[211],13-169 13-170 13-171,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-95-4,13,95,4,95-4,,1500[211],13-172,25.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-96-1,13,96,1,96-1,,330[128],13-173,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-96-4,13,96,4,96-4,,330[128],13-174,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-97-1,13,97,1,97-1,,,13-175,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +13-98-6,13,98,6,98-6,,,13-175 13-176 13-177,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +13-99-2,13,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1301-40-2,1301,40,2,40-2,In acrolectal varieties adnominal adjectives may agree (-a instead of -u) with the female sex of the person designated by the noun or even - exceptionally - with the gender of the Portuguese etymon of a noun designating an inanimate.,106[65-70],30-87 30-88,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1331-40-1,1331,40,1,40-1,In basilectal varieties no non-nuclear elements in the noun phrase agree in gender with the head noun.,,33-80 33-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1332-41-1,1332,41,1,41-1,,,33-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1332-65-4,1332,65,4,65-4,,,33-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1332-79-2,1332,79,2,79-2,,,33-160,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1333-42-5,1333,42,5,42-5,,,33-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1371-115-2,1371,115,2,115-2,,"905[237, 242]",37-195 37-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1391-22-2,1391,22,2,22-2,"Nominal reduplication used to be the normal (though variable) strategy to mark plurality, as attested in late 19th-century accounts of Diu Indo-Portuguese (Schuchardt 1883). The examples recently encountered were recorded in the speech of an old lady and a poorly educated middle-aged man, and they were rare even in the speech of these consultants. All examples encountered involved animate (human and non-human) referents, but the truth of the matter is that the corpus of occurrences (both 19th-century and modern data) is too reduced to discard the possibility that pluralizing reduplication has ever applied to inanimate referents.",221,39-15 39-5,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1391-23-6,1391,23,6,23-6,"Pluralization through nominal reduplication is mostly found on a 19th century corpus of Diu Indo-Portuguese (Schuchardt 1883). The present-day corpus contains very few such examples, confined to the speech of one of the oldest members of the community and a poorly educated middle-aged man (whose deceased parents were described by their peers as having been among the last to speak what was perceived as an ""older"" stage of the language).",221,39-15 39-5,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +14-0-1,14,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +14-1-2,14,1,2,1-2,,892[11-36],14-1 14-2 14-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +14-10-1,14,10,1,10-1,,,14-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-100-3,14,100,3,100-3,,,14-137,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-100-4,14,100,4,100-4,,,14-138,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-101-1,14,101,1,101-1,,,14-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-102-1,14,102,1,102-1,,,14-140 14-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-103-7,14,103,7,103-7,,,14-141 14-143,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +14-103-5,14,103,5,103-5,,,14-142,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +14-105-3,14,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-106-2,14,106,2,106-2,,,14-145 14-146,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-107-1,14,107,1,107-1,,,14-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-108-2,14,108,2,108-2,"The act of drawing air into the mouth to produce a sucking noise indicates anger, annoyance, or exasperation. This gesture is discussed by Rickford (1999).",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +14-109-2,14,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-11-2,14,11,2,11-2,,,14-14 14-15,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-110-2,14,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-111-1,14,111,1,111-1,,,14-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-112-2,14,112,2,112-2,,,14-149 14-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +14-113-2,14,113,2,113-2,,,14-151 14-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-114-2,14,114,2,114-2,,,14-153 14-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-115-2,14,115,2,115-2,,,14-155 14-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-116-2,14,116,2,116-2,,,14-157 14-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-117-4,14,117,4,117-4,,,14-159,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +14-118-3,14,118,3,118-3,,,14-158 14-160 14-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-119-4,14,119,4,119-4,,,14-152 14-161 14-162 14-163 14-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-12-1,14,12,1,12-1,,,14-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-120-1,14,120,1,120-1,"While AAE does not make tone distinctions, I note that stress does play a role with aspectual markers (stressed) 'BIN' and (unstressed) 'done', especially. The stress helps to distinguish them from verbs 'been' and 'done.'",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-121-4,14,121,4,121-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +14-122-3,14,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +14-123-1,14,123,1,123-1,,,14-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +14-124-1,14,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +14-125-1,14,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +14-126-1,14,126,1,126-1,,,14-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +14-127-1,14,127,1,127-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +14-128-4,14,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-129-2,14,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-13-2,14,13,2,13-2,,,14-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +14-130-1,14,130,1,130-1,,,14-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +14-131,14,131,1,131-1,,,14-165,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-132,14,132,1,132-1,,,14-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-133,14,133,1,133-1,,,14-169,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-134,14,134,1,134-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-137,14,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-138,14,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-139,14,139,1,139-1,,,14-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-14-1,14,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-140,14,140,1,140-1,,,14-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-143,14,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-144,14,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-145,14,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-146,14,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-147,14,147,1,147-1,,,14-166,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-148,14,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-149,14,149,1,149-1,,,14-172,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-15-1,14,15,1,15-1,,,14-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +14-151,14,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-152,14,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-153,14,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-155,14,155,2,155-2,,,14-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-156,14,156,2,156-2,,,14-167,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-158,14,158,2,158-2,,,14-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-159,14,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-16-1,14,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-160,14,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-161,14,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-163,14,163,2,163-2,,,14-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-168,14,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-169,14,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-17-1,14,17,1,17-1,,,14-1 14-17,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-170,14,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-171,14,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-172,14,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-173,14,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-174,14,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-176,14,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-178,14,178,1,178-1,,,14-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-179,14,179,1,179-1,,,14-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-18-1,14,18,1,18-1,,,14-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-180,14,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-181,14,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-182,14,182,1,182-1,,,14-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-183,14,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-184,14,184,2,184-2,,,14-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-185,14,185,1,185-1,,,14-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-187,14,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-188,14,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-189,14,189,1,189-1,,,14-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-19-1,14,19,1,19-1,,,14-20 14-21 14-22 14-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-190,14,190,1,190-1,,,14-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-191,14,191,1,191-1,[θ] may vary with [f] in medial position and with [f] and [t] in final position.,,14-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-192,14,192,1,192-1,[ð] may vary with [d] in initial position and with [v] in medial and final position.,,14-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-193,14,193,1,193-1,,,14-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-194,14,194,1,194-1,,,14-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-195,14,195,1,195-1,,,14-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-196,14,196,1,196-1,,,14-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-199,14,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-2-1,14,2,1,2-1,,,14-11 14-3 14-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-20-1,14,20,1,20-1,,,14-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-200,14,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-201,14,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-202,14,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-205,14,205,1,205-1,,,14-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-209,14,209,1,209-1,,,14-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-21-5,14,21,5,21-5,,,14-25 14-26 14-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +14-212,14,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-217,14,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-218,14,218,1,218-1,,,14-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-22-6,14,22,6,22-6,,,14-28 14-29,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +14-221,14,221,1,221-1,,,14-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-23-4,14,23,4,23-4,,,,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +14-23-3,14,23,3,23-3,,,14-30,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +14-231,14,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-24-2,14,24,2,24-2,,,14-31 14-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-25-1,14,25,1,25-1,,,14-8 14-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-252,14,252,1,252-1,,,14-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-253,14,253,1,253-1,,,14-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-254,14,254,1,254-1,,,14-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-255,14,255,1,255-1,,,14-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-256,14,256,4,256-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-257,14,257,1,257-1,,,14-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-258,14,258,1,258-1,,,14-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-259,14,259,1,259-1,"As noted in Bailey & Thomas (1991), there is a merger between this allophone and the higher mid rounded back vowel before [r].",1686,14-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-26-1,14,26,1,26-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-260,14,260,1,260-1,,,14-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-261,14,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-263,14,263,1,263-1,,,14-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-267,14,267,2,267-2,,,14-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-268,14,268,1,268-1,,,14-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-27-2,14,27,2,27-2,,,14-33 14-34 14-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-272,14,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-273,14,273,1,273-1,,,14-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +14-274,14,274,2,274-2,,,14-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-275,14,275,2,275-2,,,14-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-276,14,276,2,276-2,,,14-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-277,14,277,2,277-2,,,14-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-278,14,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-279,14,279,2,279-2,,,14-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-28-1,14,28,1,28-1,,,14-36 14-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-280,14,280,2,280-2,,,14-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-281,14,281,2,281-2,,,14-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-282,14,282,2,282-2,,,14-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-284,14,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-285,14,285,2,285-2,,,14-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-286,14,286,2,286-2,,,14-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-287,14,287,2,287-2,There is a merger between this allophone and the lowered high front unrounded vowel before nasals: e.g. pen sounds like pin in some regions.,,14-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-288,14,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +14-289,14,289,2,289-2,,,14-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-29-1,14,29,1,29-1,,,14-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-290,14,290,2,290-2,,,14-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-291,14,291,2,291-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +14-3-1,14,3,1,3-1,,,14-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-30-5,14,30,5,30-5,,,14-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-308-1,14,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-309-2,14,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-31-2,14,31,2,31-2,,,14-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-310-4,14,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +14-311-3,14,311,3,311-3,"I have no solid information here, but my assumption is that the variety is not acquiring adult speakers.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-312-2,14,312,2,312-2,There seems to be a move toward codeshifting from African American English to general American English in some communities.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-313-4,14,313,4,313-4,"Given social factors and linguistic factors, there is no documentation of the size of the African American English-speaking community. I have read — I think — that someone gave the number of 80,000, but I am not clear about the criteria, etc.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +14-314-3,14,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-315-2,14,315,2,315-2,"""Limited"" refers to shows that are targeted to certain African American communities.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-316-2,14,316,2,316-2,"""Limited"" refers to shows that are targeted to certain African American communities.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-317-1,14,317,1,317-1,This refers to some old spiritual as well as language in the popular culture.,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-318-1,14,318,1,318-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-319-3,14,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-32-1,14,32,1,32-1,,,14-41 14-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-320-2,14,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-321-3,14,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-322-3,14,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-323-3,14,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-324-3,14,324,3,324-3,Some school districts have recognized that children use the variety as their native language and have begun to incorporate it in lessons — but not as the main medium of instruction.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-326-1,14,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-327-1,14,327,1,327-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-328-2,14,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-329-2,14,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-33-2,14,33,2,33-2,,,14-43 14-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +14-330-2,14,330,2,330-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-331-2,14,331,2,331-2,"I am not certain about this, but Walt Wolfram and Erik Thomas talk about varieties used in rural areas of North Carolina in comparison to features in other varieties of African American English.",1804,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +14-332-2,14,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-34-1,14,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-35-7,14,35,7,35-7,,,14-45 14-46 14-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +14-36-1,14,36,1,36-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-37-1,14,37,1,37-1,,,14-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-38-4,14,38,4,38-4,,,14-48,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +14-39-4,14,39,4,39-4,,,14-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-4-2,14,4,2,4-2,,,14-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +14-40-1,14,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-41-1,14,41,1,41-1,,,14-50 14-51 14-52,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-42-2,14,42,2,42-2,,,14-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +14-43-1,14,43,1,43-1,,,14-54 14-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-44-8,14,44,8,44-8,,,14-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-45-1,14,45,1,45-1,,,14-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-46-1,14,46,1,46-1,,,14-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-47-2,14,47,2,47-2,,,14-59 14-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-48-2,14,48,2,48-2,The habitual marker can also have a generic reading.,,14-61 14-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-49-3,14,49,3,49-3,,,14-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-5-1,14,5,1,5-1,,,14-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-50-1,14,50,1,50-1,,,14-56 14-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-51-1,14,51,1,51-1,,,14-13 14-24 14-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-52-1,14,52,1,52-1,,,14-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-53-1,14,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-54-2,14,54,2,54-2,,,14-67 14-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-55-2,14,55,2,55-2,,,14-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-56-1,14,56,1,56-1,,,14-54 14-70 14-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-57-1,14,57,1,57-1,,,14-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-58-1,14,58,1,58-1,,,14-73 14-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-59-2,14,59,2,59-2,,,14-75 14-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +14-6-1,14,6,1,6-1,,,14-8 14-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-60-1,14,60,1,60-1,"It is also possible to use the ditransitive verb give with only one object, as in Give my phone. 'Give me my phone'.",,14-77,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +14-60-2,14,60,2,60-2,"It is also possible to use the ditransitive verb give with only one object, as in Give my phone. 'Give me my phone'.",,14-78,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +14-61-2,14,61,2,61-2,,,14-77,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-61-1,14,61,1,61-1,,,14-78,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-62-1,14,62,1,62-1,,,14-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-63-1,14,63,1,63-1,,,14-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-64-1,14,64,1,64-1,,,14-81,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-64-2,14,64,2,64-2,,,14-82,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-65-4,14,65,4,65-4,,,14-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-66-3,14,66,3,66-3,,,14-85,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-66-1,14,66,1,66-1,,,14-84,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-67-1,14,67,1,67-1,,,14-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-68-2,14,68,2,68-2,,,14-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-69-1,14,69,1,69-1,,,14-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-7-1,14,7,1,7-1,,,14-10 14-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-70-1,14,70,1,70-1,,,14-88 14-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-71-2,14,71,2,71-2,,,14-89 14-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-72-1,14,72,1,72-1,,,14-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-73-3,14,73,3,73-3,,,14-92 14-93 14-94 14-95 14-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +14-74-3,14,74,3,74-3,,,14-95 14-97 14-98 14-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +14-75-3,14,75,3,75-3,,,14-100 14-101,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +14-76-1,14,76,1,76-1,,,14-100 14-101 14-92 14-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +14-77-1,14,77,1,77-1,,,14-102 14-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +14-78-1,14,78,1,78-1,,,14-104 14-105 14-106 14-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-79-2,14,79,2,79-2,,,14-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-8-1,14,8,1,8-1,,,14-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-80-2,14,80,2,80-2,,,14-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-81-2,14,81,2,81-2,,,14-108 14-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-82-1,14,82,1,82-1,,,14-113,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-82-2,14,82,2,82-2,,,14-100 14-112,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-83-1,14,83,1,83-1,,,14-114 14-115,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-84-3,14,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-85-1,14,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-86-5,14,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-87-3,14,87,3,87-3,,,14-118 14-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-88-1,14,88,1,88-1,,,14-120 14-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-89-2,14,89,2,89-2,,,14-118 14-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +14-9-1,14,9,1,9-1,,,14-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +14-90-1,14,90,1,90-1,,,14-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +14-91-8,14,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +14-92-4,14,92,4,92-4,,,14-124 14-125,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +14-92-2,14,92,2,92-2,,,14-126,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +14-93-2,14,93,2,93-2,,,14-127,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-93-4,14,93,4,93-4,,,14-128,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-94-4,14,94,4,94-4,,,14-129,58.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-42-FF0000-59-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-94-2,14,94,2,94-2,,,14-130,41.6666666666667,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-42-FF0000-59-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-95-4,14,95,4,95-4,,,14-132,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-95-1,14,95,1,95-1,,,14-131,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-96-4,14,96,4,96-4,,,14-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-97-1,14,97,1,97-1,,,14-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +14-98-6,14,98,6,98-6,,,14-135 14-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +14-99-2,14,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1431-111-3,1431,111,3,111-3,"The expression olu su lagër is bimorphemic; however, it does not contain the word for 'water', but the word for tears (lagër).",906[274],43-123,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1431-114-2,1431,114,2,114-2,,906[245],43-129 43-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1431-115-2,1431,115,2,115-2,,"906[221, 273]",43-131 43-132,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1431-21-1,1431,21,1,21-1,"In the Tugu corpus, there is no positive indefinite, in contrast to the Batavia corpus, where there are examples of positive indefinites, but not of negated ones; see the record for Batavia ('my default lect') under ""More lects"".",906[33-34],43-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1431-28-2,1431,28,2,28-2,"Example 14 illustrates the use of aka in a generic context, and Example 15 shows the use of aka in an associative context.",906[24f.],43-14 43-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1431-30-2,1431,30,2,30-2,,906[39f.],43-35,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +1431-30-4,1431,30,4,30-4,,906[39f.],43-14,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +1431-31-3,1431,31,3,31-3,,906[24ff.],43-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1431-34-2,1431,34,2,34-2,,906[36],43-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1431-38-4,1431,38,4,38-4,,906[43-46],43-45,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1431-38-2,1431,38,2,38-2,,906[43-46],43-46,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1431-42-3,1431,42,3,42-3,"The ablative preposition dari, which marks the standard in Tugu, is of Malay origin.",906[42f.],43-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1431-5-1,1431,5,1,5-1,It is not clear if there is a pragmatic difference between pre- and postnominal demonstratives in the Tugu variety.,906[25-27],43-7,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +1431-5-2,1431,5,2,5-2,It is not clear if there is a pragmatic difference between pre- and postnominal demonstratives in the Tugu variety.,906[25-27],43-8,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", 1431-56-2,1431,56,2,56-2,"The prohibitive numiste correspond to the negated verb miste 'need, have to'. -Notice that there is some morphologic variation in the negator of modal verbs (nungsabe vs. nungku sabe 'don't know'; nungkere vs. ningkere 'don't want', etc.).",906[98],43-65 43-66 43-67,100.0,Very certain -1431-69-1,1431,69,1,69-1,,906[86f.],43-80,70.0,Certain -1431-69-4,1431,69,4,69-4,,906[86f.],43-79,30.0,Certain -1431-73-3,1431,73,3,73-3,"In Tugu, the absence of copula with predicative noun phrases is frequent.",906[66],43-86 43-87,100.0,Very certain -1431-74-3,1431,74,3,74-3,,906[66ff.],43-89 43-90,100.0,Very certain -1431-75-3,1431,75,3,75-3,,906[66ff.],43-92 43-93,100.0,Very certain -1431-76-1,1431,76,1,76-1,,906[66ff.],43-86 43-87 43-92 43-93,100.0,Very certain -1431-79-1,1431,79,1,79-1,,906[80-83],43-98,50.0,Very certain -1431-79-2,1431,79,2,79-2,,906[80-83],43-99,50.0,Very certain -1431-8-1,1431,8,1,8-1,,906[41f.],43-12,50.0,Very certain -1431-8-2,1431,8,2,8-2,,906[41f.],43-13,50.0,Very certain +Notice that there is some morphologic variation in the negator of modal verbs (nungsabe vs. nungku sabe 'don't know'; nungkere vs. ningkere 'don't want', etc.).",906[98],43-65 43-66 43-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1431-69-1,1431,69,1,69-1,,906[86f.],43-80,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +1431-69-4,1431,69,4,69-4,,906[86f.],43-79,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +1431-73-3,1431,73,3,73-3,"In Tugu, the absence of copula with predicative noun phrases is frequent.",906[66],43-86 43-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1431-74-3,1431,74,3,74-3,,906[66ff.],43-89 43-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +1431-75-3,1431,75,3,75-3,,906[66ff.],43-92 43-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +1431-76-1,1431,76,1,76-1,,906[66ff.],43-86 43-87 43-92 43-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1431-79-1,1431,79,1,79-1,,906[80-83],43-98,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}", +1431-79-2,1431,79,2,79-2,,906[80-83],43-99,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}", +1431-8-1,1431,8,1,8-1,,906[41f.],43-12,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +1431-8-2,1431,8,2,8-2,,906[41f.],43-13,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", 1431-9-2,1431,9,2,9-2,"Example 15 in Value 1 illustrates the use of aka in an associative context, and generic context, and example 14 in Value 2 shows the use of aka in a generic context. -Note that the use of aka is not obligatory.",906[25-28],43-14,50.0,Very certain +Note that the use of aka is not obligatory.",906[25-28],43-14,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png""}", 1431-9-1,1431,9,1,9-1,"Example 15 in Value 1 illustrates the use of aka in an associative context, and generic context, and example 14 in Value 2 shows the use of aka in a generic context. -Note that the use of aka is not obligatory.",906[25-28],43-15,50.0,Very certain -1431-90-1,1431,90,1,90-1,"In the Tugu corpus, there are examples with an overt agent for the two values. In the example for a prototypical passive (Value 1), the agent NP is headed by the preposition di 'of', and in the non-prototypical passive example (Value 3), the agent noun is marked by the preposition ku 'with'.",906[99-101],43-108,50.0,Very certain -1431-90-3,1431,90,3,90-3,"In the Tugu corpus, there are examples with an overt agent for the two values. In the example for a prototypical passive (Value 1), the agent NP is headed by the preposition di 'of', and in the non-prototypical passive example (Value 3), the agent noun is marked by the preposition ku 'with'.",906[99-101],43-109 43-110,50.0,Very certain -15-0-1,15,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -15-1-2,15,1,2,1-2,Krio does have Serial Verb Constructions which could have multiple word orders depending on the type of construction.,,15-1,100.0,Very certain -15-10-1,15,10,1,10-1,,,15-12 15-13,100.0,Very certain -15-100-4,15,100,4,100-4,,,15-131,100.0,Very certain -15-101-1,15,101,1,101-1,,,15-72,100.0,Very certain -15-102-1,15,102,1,102-1,,,15-132,100.0,Very certain -15-103-7,15,103,7,103-7,,,15-133,100.0,Very certain -15-104-1,15,104,1,104-1,,518,15-134,100.0,Very certain -15-105-1,15,105,1,105-1,,518,15-135,100.0,Very certain -15-106-2,15,106,2,106-2,,,15-136,100.0,Very certain -15-107-1,15,107,1,107-1,,,15-137,100.0,Very certain -15-108-4,15,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -15-109-1,15,109,1,109-1,,601,15-138,100.0,Very certain -15-11-2,15,11,2,11-2,The choices selected here are for the adverb of frequency 'often'. The adverb of frequency all tehm meaning 'always' can additionally be used at the beginning of the sentence.,,15-15,25.0,Certain -15-11-3,15,11,3,11-3,The choices selected here are for the adverb of frequency 'often'. The adverb of frequency all tehm meaning 'always' can additionally be used at the beginning of the sentence.,,15-14,75.0,Very certain -15-110-1,15,110,1,110-1,,601,15-139,100.0,Very certain -15-111-3,15,111,3,111-3,,,15-140,100.0,Very certain -15-112-1,15,112,1,112-1,,545,15-141,100.0,Very certain -15-113-2,15,113,2,113-2,,545,15-142 15-143,100.0,Very certain -15-114-2,15,114,2,114-2,,545,15-144 15-145,100.0,Very certain -15-115-3,15,115,3,115-3,,545,15-146 15-147,100.0,Very certain -15-116-2,15,116,2,116-2,,545,15-148 15-149,100.0,Very certain -15-117-1,15,117,1,117-1,,,15-150,100.0,Very certain -15-118-2,15,118,2,118-2,,519,15-151 15-152 15-155,100.0,Very certain -15-119-2,15,119,2,119-2,,519,15-149 15-153 15-154,100.0,Very certain -15-12-1,15,12,1,12-1,"Like in English, a sentence-final interrogative is usually pronounced with a rising intonation.",686[81],15-16,90.0,Very certain -15-12-2,15,12,2,12-2,"Like in English, a sentence-final interrogative is usually pronounced with a rising intonation.",686[81],15-17,10.0,Very certain -15-120-5,15,120,5,120-5,,545,15-155 15-156,100.0,Very certain -15-121-3,15,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -15-122-3,15,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0, -15-123-4,15,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -15-124-1,15,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -15-125-2,15,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -15-126-1,15,126,1,126-1,,,15-168,100.0, -15-127-6,15,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -15-128-2,15,128,2,128-2, = voiced palatal nasal,,15-174,100.0, -15-129-2,15,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -15-13-1,15,13,1,13-1,,,15-18,100.0,Very certain -15-130-4,15,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -15-131,15,131,1,131-1,,,15-157,100.0, -15-132,15,132,1,132-1,,,15-159,100.0, -15-133,15,133,1,133-1,,,15-160,100.0, -15-134,15,134,2,134-2,,,15-161,100.0, -15-137,15,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -15-138,15,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -15-139,15,139,1,139-1,,,15-163,100.0, -15-14-1,15,14,1,14-1,,,15-19,100.0,Very certain -15-140,15,140,1,140-1,,,15-164,100.0, -15-143,15,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -15-144,15,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -15-145,15,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -15-146,15,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -15-147,15,147,1,147-1,,,15-158,100.0, -15-148,15,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -15-149,15,149,1,149-1,,,15-162,100.0, -15-15-1,15,15,1,15-1,,,15-20,100.0,Very certain -15-151,15,151,2,151-2,,,15-190,100.0, -15-152,15,152,2,152-2,,,15-191,100.0, -15-153,15,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -15-155,15,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -15-156,15,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -15-158,15,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -15-159,15,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -15-16-1,15,16,1,16-1,,,15-21,100.0,Very certain -15-160,15,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -15-161,15,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -15-163,15,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -15-168,15,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -15-169,15,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -15-17-4,15,17,4,17-4,,,15-21 15-26 15-27 15-28,100.0,Very certain -15-170,15,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -15-171,15,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -15-172,15,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -15-173,15,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -15-174,15,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -15-176,15,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -15-178,15,178,1,178-1,,,15-172,100.0, -15-179,15,179,1,179-1,,,15-173,100.0, -15-18-1,15,18,1,18-1,,,15-29,100.0,Very certain -15-180,15,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -15-181,15,181,2,181-2, = voiced palatal nasal,,15-174,100.0, -15-182,15,182,1,182-1,,,15-175,100.0, -15-183,15,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -15-184,15,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -15-187,15,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -15-188,15,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -15-189,15,189,1,189-1,,,15-165,100.0, -15-19-3,15,19,3,19-3,"The derivation of the interrogative pronoun /udat/ 'who' is debatable. It seems like a combination of /u/ 'who' and /dat/ 'that'. However, /dat/ exists on its own but /u/ is not used in isolation. So, it is listed as a single word.",686[81],15-30 15-31 15-32 15-33,100.0,Certain -15-190,15,190,1,190-1,,,15-166,100.0, -15-191,15,191,4,191-4,This sound is generally substituted with /t/ in words of English origin in Krio.,,,100.0, -15-192,15,192,4,192-4,This sound is generally substituted with /d/ in words of English origin in Krio.,,,100.0, -15-193,15,193,1,193-1,,,15-167,100.0, -15-194,15,194,1,194-1,,,15-168,100.0, -15-195,15,195,1,195-1,,,15-169,100.0, -15-196,15,196,2,196-2,,,15-170,100.0, -15-199,15,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -15-2-1,15,2,1,2-1,,,15-2,100.0,Very certain -15-20-1,15,20,1,20-1,,,15-34,100.0,Very certain -15-200,15,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -15-201,15,201,1,201-1,The 'r' sound in Krio is more like a voiced velar fricative - /R/.,,15-171,100.0, -15-202,15,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -15-205,15,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -15-209,15,209,1,209-1,,,15-176,100.0, -15-21-5,15,21,5,21-5,,,15-35 15-36,100.0,Very certain -15-212,15,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -15-217,15,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -15-218,15,218,1,218-1,,,15-177,100.0, -15-22-4,15,22,4,22-4,,,15-37 15-38,100.0,Very certain -15-221,15,221,1,221-1,,,15-178,100.0, -15-23-6,15,23,6,23-6,,,15-40,10.0,Certain -15-23-8,15,23,8,23-8,,,15-39,90.0,Very certain -15-231,15,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -15-24-4,15,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -15-25-2,15,25,2,25-2,The pronunciation of the nasal is slightly different in most cases. It is /m/ for plural and /n/ for the pronoun.,,15-41 15-42,100.0,Very certain -15-252,15,252,1,252-1,,,15-179,100.0, -15-253,15,253,1,253-1,,,15-180,100.0, -15-254,15,254,1,254-1,,,15-181,100.0, -15-255,15,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -15-256,15,256,1,256-1,,,15-183,100.0, -15-257,15,257,1,257-1,,,15-185,100.0, -15-258,15,258,1,258-1,,,15-187,100.0, -15-259,15,259,1,259-1,,,15-189,100.0, -15-26-6,15,26,6,26-6,This exemplifies word-class-changing reduplication.,517[25],15-43 15-44,100.0,Very certain -15-260,15,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -15-261,15,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -15-263,15,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -15-267,15,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -15-268,15,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -15-27-2,15,27,2,27-2,,,15-45,100.0,Very certain -15-272,15,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -15-273,15,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -15-274,15,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -15-275,15,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -15-276,15,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -15-277,15,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -15-278,15,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -15-279,15,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -15-28-1,15,28,1,28-1,,545[xxx],15-1 15-46,100.0,Very certain -15-280,15,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -15-281,15,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -15-282,15,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -15-284,15,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -15-285,15,285,2,285-2,,,,100.0, -15-286,15,286,2,286-2,,,,100.0, -15-287,15,287,2,287-2,Use of this form is limited and is generally restricted to the 3rd person nomination plural.,,15-182,100.0, -15-288,15,288,2,288-2,This form is present in very few words in Krio.,,15-184,100.0, -15-289,15,289,2,289-2,,,15-186,100.0, -15-29-2,15,29,2,29-2,,545[xxx],15-47 15-48,100.0,Very certain -15-290,15,290,2,290-2,,,15-188,100.0, -15-291,15,291,2,291-2,This sound exists only in very few words.,,15-192,100.0, -15-3-1,15,3,1,3-1,"The adjective may appear immediately after a noun in a linking sentence containing the copula, which is zero in Krio. For example: di pikin lili [the child 0-copula little] 'The child is little'. But this case is expressly excluded in this feature.",,15-3,100.0,Very certain -15-30-2,15,30,2,30-2,,,15-49,100.0,Very certain -15-308-1,15,308,1,308-1,,545,,100.0,Very certain -15-309-4,15,309,4,309-4,,686,,100.0,Very certain -15-31-2,15,31,2,31-2,,,15-50,100.0,Very certain -15-310-4,15,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -15-311-3,15,311,3,311-3,"As the lingua franca of Sierra Leone, Krio has been and is still used widely across the country.",,,100.0,Certain -15-312-3,15,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain -15-313-6,15,313,6,313-6,"As the lingua franca of Sierra Leone with an estimated population of 5-6 million, I believe that the number of Krio speakers is more than 1,000,000.",,,100.0,Very certain -15-314-3,15,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -15-315-1,15,315,1,315-1,"Krio is used in programmes, commercials, and to deliver the news on radio and TV.",,,100.0,Very certain -15-316-1,15,316,1,316-1,"Krio is used in programmes, commercials, and to deliver the news on radio and TV.",,,100.0,Very certain -15-317-1,15,317,1,317-1,It is the most popular language used by Sierra Leone music artists.,,,100.0,Very certain -15-318-2,15,318,2,318-2,"There are a few documents translated from English into Krio, including ""The New Testament Bible"".",,,100.0,Very certain -15-319-3,15,319,3,319-3,English is generally the medium of communication in the print media.,,,100.0,Intermediate -15-32-2,15,32,2,32-2,,,15-51 15-52,100.0,Very certain -15-320-1,15,320,1,320-1,Use is more widespread in cartoons than in columns.,,,100.0,Intermediate -15-321-3,15,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -15-322-1,15,322,1,322-1,"The medium of communication in the courtroom is English, but Krio interpreters facilitate communication with individuals who cannot follow proceedings in English.",,,100.0,Very certain -15-323-3,15,323,3,323-3,"English is the official language of Sierra Leone and is used to conduct official business, including parliamentary proceedings.",,,100.0,Certain -15-324-2,15,324,2,324-2,,,,100.0,Certain -15-325-1,15,325,1,325-1,"Use is widespread in internet communication, including email and internet discussion groups or networks. I'm not sure that it is that widespread in text messaging.",,,100.0,Very certain -15-326-4,15,326,4,326-4,"Several languages, including English and other local languages, currently have contact influence on Krio.",,,100.0,Certain -15-327-3,15,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Certain -15-328-3,15,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0,Certain -15-329-2,15,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Certain -15-33-2,15,33,2,33-2,The form /da man/ without the locative /de/ can be used but less frequently.,,15-53 15-54,100.0,Very certain -15-330-3,15,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Certain -15-331-3,15,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Certain -15-332-2,15,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Certain -15-333-3,15,333,3,333-3,,,,100.0,Certain -15-334-3,15,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0,Certain -15-335-2,15,335,2,335-2,,,,100.0,Certain -15-34-1,15,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain -15-35-2,15,35,2,35-2,,545[xxxi],15-55 15-56,100.0,Very certain -15-36-1,15,36,1,36-1,,,15-57,100.0,Very certain -15-37-1,15,37,1,37-1,,,15-58,100.0,Very certain -15-38-1,15,38,1,38-1,,,15-59,100.0,Very certain -15-39-3,15,39,3,39-3,,545[xxx],15-60 15-61,100.0,Very certain -15-4-2,15,4,2,4-2,,,15-4,100.0,Very certain -15-40-1,15,40,1,40-1,,,15-62 15-63,100.0,Very certain -15-41-2,15,41,2,41-2,,,15-64,100.0,Very certain -15-42-1,15,42,1,42-1,,,15-65,100.0,Very certain -15-43-3,15,43,3,43-3,,,15-68,50.0,Very certain -15-43-1,15,43,1,43-1,,,15-66,50.0,Very certain -15-44-1,15,44,1,44-1,,,15-67,100.0,Very certain -15-45-4,15,45,4,45-4,Aspect and Mood markers can intervene between the past marker and the verb form but the negative marker cannot intervene. The negative marker precedes all verbal markers.,,15-68,100.0,Very certain -15-46-2,15,46,2,46-2,,686,15-69,100.0,Very certain -15-47-2,15,47,2,47-2,,686,15-69,100.0,Very certain -15-48-2,15,48,2,48-2,,,15-70,100.0,Very certain -15-49-3,15,49,3,49-3,,,15-67 15-71,100.0,Very certain -15-5-1,15,5,1,5-1,"The emphasis is generally stronger when the demonstrative occurs simultaneously before and after the noun. It is also used when the noun in question has been referred to before during the conversation. If the noun has not yet been mentioned, then the demonstrative generally precedes the noun only.",686[80],15-5,50.0,Very certain -15-5-5,15,5,5,5-5,"The emphasis is generally stronger when the demonstrative occurs simultaneously before and after the noun. It is also used when the noun in question has been referred to before during the conversation. If the noun has not yet been mentioned, then the demonstrative generally precedes the noun only.",686[80],15-6,50.0,Very certain -15-50-1,15,50,1,50-1,,,15-72 15-73,100.0,Very certain -15-51-3,15,51,3,51-3,,,15-74 15-75,100.0,Very certain -15-52-2,15,52,2,52-2,,,15-76,100.0,Very certain -15-53-3,15,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Certain -15-54-7,15,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain -15-55-2,15,55,2,55-2,,,15-77 15-78,100.0,Very certain -15-56-1,15,56,1,56-1,,,15-72 15-79 15-80 15-81,100.0,Certain -15-57-1,15,57,1,57-1,,,15-82,100.0,Very certain -15-58-1,15,58,1,58-1,,,15-82 15-83,100.0,Very certain -15-59-2,15,59,2,59-2,The nominative-accusative distinction is made only for the first person singular and the third person singular pronouns. The others remain unchanged regardless of case.,,15-84 15-85,100.0,Very certain -15-6-1,15,6,1,6-1,,,15-7,100.0,Very certain -15-60-2,15,60,2,60-2,,686,15-5 15-86,100.0,Very certain -15-61-1,15,61,1,61-1,,,15-86,100.0,Very certain -15-62-1,15,62,1,62-1,,,15-87,100.0,Very certain -15-63-1,15,63,1,63-1,,,15-88,100.0,Very certain -15-64-1,15,64,1,64-1,,,15-89,50.0,Certain -15-64-2,15,64,2,64-2,,,15-90,50.0,Certain -15-65-1,15,65,1,65-1,,,15-91,100.0,Very certain -15-66-3,15,66,3,66-3,,,15-92,100.0,Very certain -15-67-1,15,67,1,67-1,,,15-93,100.0,Very certain -15-68-1,15,68,1,68-1,,,15-94,100.0,Certain -15-69-2,15,69,2,69-2,,518,15-96,50.0,Certain -15-69-1,15,69,1,69-1,,518,15-95,50.0,Certain -15-7-1,15,7,1,7-1,,686[82],15-8,100.0,Very certain -15-70-1,15,70,1,70-1,,,15-95 15-97,100.0,Very certain -15-71-2,15,71,2,71-2,,,15-98 15-99,100.0,Very certain -15-72-1,15,72,1,72-1,,,15-100 15-98,100.0,Very certain -15-73-1,15,73,1,73-1,,545,15-101,100.0,Very certain -15-74-2,15,74,2,74-2,,545,15-102,100.0,Very certain -15-75-1,15,75,1,75-1,,545,15-103,100.0,Very certain -15-76-2,15,76,2,76-2,,545[xliii],15-101 15-103,100.0,Very certain -15-77-1,15,77,1,77-1,,,15-74,100.0,Very certain -15-78-1,15,78,1,78-1,,,15-74 15-89,100.0,Very certain -15-79-2,15,79,2,79-2,,,15-107,50.0,Very certain -15-79-1,15,79,1,79-1,,,15-106,50.0,Very certain -15-8-1,15,8,1,8-1,,,15-9,50.0,Very certain -15-8-2,15,8,2,8-2,,,15-10,50.0,Very certain -15-80-1,15,80,1,80-1,,,15-109,50.0,Certain -15-80-2,15,80,2,80-2,,,15-108,50.0,Certain -15-81-1,15,81,1,81-1,,,15-104 15-105,100.0,Very certain -15-82-4,15,82,4,82-4,,,15-110,100.0,Certain -15-83-4,15,83,4,83-4,,,15-112,50.0,Very certain -15-83-2,15,83,2,83-2,,,15-111 15-113,50.0,Very certain -15-84-2,15,84,2,84-2,,1074,15-114,100.0,Very certain -15-85-5,15,85,5,85-5,,518[72],15-115,75.0,Very certain -15-85-2,15,85,2,85-2,,518[72],15-116,25.0,Very certain -15-86-1,15,86,1,86-1,,518[72],15-117 15-118,100.0,Very certain -15-87-3,15,87,3,87-3,,,15-119,100.0,Very certain -15-88-1,15,88,1,88-1,,,15-120 15-121,100.0,Very certain -15-89-1,15,89,1,89-1,,,15-122 15-123,100.0,Very certain -15-9-1,15,9,1,9-1,,,15-11,100.0,Very certain -15-90-2,15,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -15-91-8,15,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -15-92-2,15,92,2,92-2,,,15-124,100.0,Very certain -15-93-2,15,93,2,93-2,,,15-125,100.0,Very certain -15-94-2,15,94,2,94-2,,,15-126,100.0,Very certain -15-95-1,15,95,1,95-1,,,15-127,100.0,Very certain -15-96-1,15,96,1,96-1,,,15-128,100.0,Very certain -15-98-6,15,98,6,98-6,,518,15-129 15-130,100.0,Very certain -15-99-2,15,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -1501-41-1,1501,41,1,41-1,,,50-71,100.0,Very certain -1521-47-4,1521,47,4,47-4,,,52-52 52-54,100.0,Certain -1531-101-2,1531,101,2,101-2,,1049[20],53-374,12.5,Certain -1531-101-1,1531,101,1,101-1,,1049[20],53-371,87.5,Certain -1531-109-2,1531,109,2,109-2,"In the old texts picayune is used in the sense of a coin worth five cents (a nickel in modern American money) (Valdman et al. 1998: 364). It is not attested in modern-day Creole. According to the Petit Robert this word derives from French picaillon 'petite pièce de monnaie en cuivre' (small copper coin), and probably is not related to pequeninho.",1049[102],53-390,100.0,Very certain -1531-110-1,1531,110,1,110-1,"This comes from the earliest available attestation of something resembling Louisiana Creole. However, the text was published as a memoir some 27 years after the events described, and the authenticity of the examples of ""Creole"" may be questioned. Nothing resembling sabai or save appears in later attestations of Louisiana Creole or exists in the language today.",794[304-317],53-391,100.0,Very uncertain -1531-13-1,1531,13,1,13-1,,1049[10],,100.0,Very certain -1531-14-1,1531,14,1,14-1,,1049,,100.0,Very certain -1531-2-2,1531,2,2,2-2,,1049[10],53-3,60.0,Certain -1531-2-1,1531,2,1,2-1,,1049[10],53-6,40.0,Certain -1531-22-4,1531,22,4,22-4,In the 19th century the plural morpheme was only used to mark specificity (Neumann 1985: 116; Neumann-Holzschuh 1987: 9).,1049[9],53-76 53-77,100.0,Certain -1531-23-8,1531,23,8,23-8,,1049[9],53-85 53-86,100.0,Certain -1531-28-1,1531,28,1,28-1,,1049[9],53-98,100.0,Certain -1531-30-2,1531,30,2,30-2,,,53-108 53-109 53-110 53-111,100.0,Very certain -1531-31-2,1531,31,2,31-2,,1049[11],53-113 53-86,100.0,Very certain -1531-32-1,1531,32,1,32-1,,"1049[11, 13]",53-121 53-123,100.0,Certain -1531-38-4,1531,38,4,38-4,,1049[10],53-3,70.0,Very certain -1531-38-2,1531,38,2,38-2,,1049[10],53-143,30.0,Very certain -1531-39-3,1531,39,3,39-3,,1049[14],53-145,100.0,Unspecified -1531-40-1,1531,40,1,40-1,,1049[10],53-153 53-161 53-162,100.0,Very certain -1531-41-1,1531,41,1,41-1,,1049[14],53-165,50.0,Very certain -1531-41-2,1531,41,2,41-2,,1049[14],53-166,50.0,Very certain -1531-42-1,1531,42,1,42-1,,1049[14],53-165 53-166,100.0,Very certain -1531-45-4,1531,45,4,45-4,,1049[20],53-180 53-181,100.0,Very certain -1531-5-2,1531,5,2,5-2,,1049[11],53-13 53-15,100.0,Very certain -1531-51-3,1531,51,3,51-3,"While modern-day Louisiana Creole shows an alternation between short and long verb forms, in the Old lect only long forms are found.",1049[16],53-196 53-197,100.0,Certain -1531-56-1,1531,56,1,56-1,,1049[20-21],53-217 53-220 53-221,100.0,Certain -1531-64-2,1531,64,2,64-2,,1049[21],53-245 53-247 53-248 53-249,100.0,Very certain -1531-71-1,1531,71,1,71-1,,1048[344],53-180 53-270,100.0,Certain -1531-73-3,1531,73,3,73-3,The copula is only obligatory if the subject is a noun.,1049[17],53-278 53-280,100.0,Certain -1531-74-2,1531,74,2,74-2,In the Old lect the copula is only used if the predicate is a noun.,1049[17-18],53-287,100.0,Certain -1531-75-2,1531,75,2,75-2,,1049[17-18],53-291,100.0,Intermediate -1531-77-1,1531,77,1,77-1,,1049[19],53-296,100.0,Certain -1531-79-2,1531,79,2,79-2,"In the old texts, a and de are rare. There is either no preposition or preferably the prepositions kote and dan. There are no examples with place names.",1048[304sq],53-308 53-310,100.0,Intermediate -1531-87-2,1531,87,2,87-2,,1049[18-19],53-321,12.5,Certain -1531-87-1,1531,87,1,87-1,,1049[18-19],53-318,87.5,Certain -1531-88-3,1531,88,3,88-3,,1049[18],53-321 53-326 53-327,100.0,Very certain -1531-9-2,1531,9,2,9-2,,1049[9],53-30 53-32,100.0,Very certain -1531-92-1,1531,92,1,92-1,"In the old texts, the subject pronoun is always ki, the object pronoun is zero.",,53-344 53-345,100.0,Very certain -1531-96-4,1531,96,4,96-4,,1049[31],53-360,100.0,Certain -1531-97-1,1531,97,1,97-1,,1049[27],53-364,100.0,Certain -1532-117-1,1532,117,1,117-1,,720[272-273],53-405 53-406,100.0,Very certain -1532-19-2,1532,19,2,19-2,"The Creole of Pointe Coupee has the same interrogative pronouns as that of Breaux Bridge, but in the meaning of 'who(m)' it also has the compound ki-mounn which, though probably less common than ki and sa-ki, is not infrequent in occurrence.",722[330-331],53-67 53-68 53-69,100.0,Very certain -1532-22-4,1532,22,4,22-4,,722[174],53-78 53-79 53-80 53-81 53-82 53-83,100.0,Very certain -1532-30-7,1532,30,7,30-7,,722,53-107,33.3333333333333,Very certain -1532-30-2,1532,30,2,30-2,,722,53-104 53-105 53-82,20.0,Certain -1532-30-8,1532,30,8,30-8,,722,53-106,46.6666666666667,Very certain -1532-31-2,1532,31,2,31-2,"The (preposed) definite article cooccurs with the (postposed) definite article in the plural, but such cooccurence is not attested in the singular.",722[182],53-117 53-119,10.0,Very certain -1532-31-1,1532,31,1,31-1,"The (preposed) definite article cooccurs with the (postposed) definite article in the plural, but such cooccurence is not attested in the singular.",722[182],53-118,90.0,Very certain -1532-32-1,1532,32,1,32-1,,722,53-125 53-126 53-127 53-128 53-16 53-17,100.0,Very certain -1532-35-6,1532,35,6,35-6,,722,53-134,70.0,Very certain -1532-35-7,1532,35,7,35-7,,722,53-135,30.0,Certain -1532-41-2,1532,41,2,41-2,,722,53-164,10.0,Very certain -1532-41-1,1532,41,1,41-1,,722,53-163,90.0,Very certain -1532-42-2,1532,42,2,42-2,,722,53-171,90.0,Very certain -1532-42-1,1532,42,1,42-1,,722,53-169 53-170,10.0,Very certain -1532-5-2,1532,5,2,5-2,,722[182-183],53-16 53-17 53-18,100.0,Very certain -1532-55-1,1532,55,1,55-1,,722,53-213 53-215,100.0,Very certain -1532-56-1,1532,56,1,56-1,"In the Creole of Pointe Coupee, the negator precedes imperative verbs in the long form and follows verbs in the short form. It also precedes the verbs di 'say' and et 'be'.",722[313-315],53-222 53-223 53-224 53-225 53-226 53-227 53-228 53-229 53-230 53-231 53-232,100.0,Very certain -1532-60-1,1532,60,1,60-1,,722[362],53-240,100.0,Very certain -1532-64-1,1532,64,1,64-1,,722[307-309],53-250 53-251 53-252,30.0,Very certain -1532-64-2,1532,64,2,64-2,,722[307-309],53-254,70.0,Very certain -1532-71-1,1532,71,1,71-1,,722[361-362],53-266 53-267 53-268 53-269 53-271,100.0,Very certain -1532-73-3,1532,73,3,73-3,"Unlike in the default lect, in the Pointe Coupee lect, the copula se is not obligatory in affirmative clauses with predicative noun phrases, although its absence is rare. In neither lect se is obligatory in negative clauses.",722,53-281 53-282 53-283 53-284 53-285,100.0,Very certain -1532-78-3,1532,78,3,78-3,"Ena is used exclusively as an existential verb, whereas gen is used in both functions.",722,53-253 53-299 53-300 53-301,100.0,Very certain -1532-79-1,1532,79,1,79-1,,,53-311,50.0,Very certain -1532-79-2,1532,79,2,79-2,,,53-312 53-313,50.0,Very certain -1532-9-3,1532,9,3,9-3,,,53-43,9.09090909090909,Unspecified -1532-9-2,1532,9,2,9-2,,,53-37 53-38 53-39 53-40 53-41 53-42,63.6363636363636,Unspecified -1532-9-1,1532,9,1,9-1,,,53-35 53-36,27.2727272727273,Unspecified -1532-92-4,1532,92,4,92-4,"In Pointe Coupee Creole the vowel of ki may drop before a vowel, before the consonant t, and, occasionally, before other consonants.",722,53-337 53-338,30.0,Very certain -1532-92-2,1532,92,2,92-2,"In Pointe Coupee Creole the vowel of ki may drop before a vowel, before the consonant t, and, occasionally, before other consonants.",722,53-339 53-340 53-343,70.0,Intermediate -1532-93-4,1532,93,4,93-4,,722,53-348 53-349,70.0,Very certain -1532-93-2,1532,93,2,93-2,,722,53-346 53-347,30.0,Certain -1532-95-3,1532,95,3,95-3,,722[367-368],53-357,30.0,Certain -1532-95-4,1532,95,4,95-4,,722[367-368],53-358,70.0,Very certain -1551-81-2,1551,81,2,81-2,,770[182],55-142 55-143,100.0,Certain -1551-83-2,1551,83,2,83-2,,770[182],55-151 55-152,50.0,Intermediate -1551-83-1,1551,83,1,83-1,,770[182],55-153 55-154,50.0,Intermediate -1561-37-6,1561,37,6,37-6,,,56-81 56-82,30.0,Very certain -1561-37-1,1561,37,1,37-1,,,56-80,70.0,Very certain -1561-42-5,1561,42,5,42-5,,,56-89,100.0,Certain -1561-52-2,1561,52,2,52-2,,,56-109,100.0,Very certain +Note that the use of aka is not obligatory.",906[25-28],43-15,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png""}", +1431-90-1,1431,90,1,90-1,"In the Tugu corpus, there are examples with an overt agent for the two values. In the example for a prototypical passive (Value 1), the agent NP is headed by the preposition di 'of', and in the non-prototypical passive example (Value 3), the agent noun is marked by the preposition ku 'with'.",906[99-101],43-108,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +1431-90-3,1431,90,3,90-3,"In the Tugu corpus, there are examples with an overt agent for the two values. In the example for a prototypical passive (Value 1), the agent NP is headed by the preposition di 'of', and in the non-prototypical passive example (Value 3), the agent noun is marked by the preposition ku 'with'.",906[99-101],43-109 43-110,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +15-0-1,15,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +15-1-2,15,1,2,1-2,Krio does have Serial Verb Constructions which could have multiple word orders depending on the type of construction.,,15-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +15-10-1,15,10,1,10-1,,,15-12 15-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-100-4,15,100,4,100-4,,,15-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +15-101-1,15,101,1,101-1,,,15-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-102-1,15,102,1,102-1,,,15-132,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-103-7,15,103,7,103-7,,,15-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +15-104-1,15,104,1,104-1,,518,15-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-105-1,15,105,1,105-1,,518,15-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-106-2,15,106,2,106-2,,,15-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-107-1,15,107,1,107-1,,,15-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-108-4,15,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +15-109-1,15,109,1,109-1,,601,15-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-11-2,15,11,2,11-2,The choices selected here are for the adverb of frequency 'often'. The adverb of frequency all tehm meaning 'always' can additionally be used at the beginning of the sentence.,,15-15,25.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-75-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-11-3,15,11,3,11-3,The choices selected here are for the adverb of frequency 'often'. The adverb of frequency all tehm meaning 'always' can additionally be used at the beginning of the sentence.,,15-14,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-75-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-110-1,15,110,1,110-1,,601,15-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-111-3,15,111,3,111-3,,,15-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-112-1,15,112,1,112-1,,545,15-141,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +15-113-2,15,113,2,113-2,,545,15-142 15-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-114-2,15,114,2,114-2,,545,15-144 15-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-115-3,15,115,3,115-3,,545,15-146 15-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +15-116-2,15,116,2,116-2,,545,15-148 15-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-117-1,15,117,1,117-1,,,15-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-118-2,15,118,2,118-2,,519,15-151 15-152 15-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-119-2,15,119,2,119-2,,519,15-149 15-153 15-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +15-12-1,15,12,1,12-1,"Like in English, a sentence-final interrogative is usually pronounced with a rising intonation.",686[81],15-16,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-12-2,15,12,2,12-2,"Like in English, a sentence-final interrogative is usually pronounced with a rising intonation.",686[81],15-17,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-120-5,15,120,5,120-5,,545,15-155 15-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +15-121-3,15,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-122-3,15,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +15-123-4,15,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-124-1,15,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-125-2,15,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +15-126-1,15,126,1,126-1,,,15-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-127-6,15,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-128-2,15,128,2,128-2, = voiced palatal nasal,,15-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-129-2,15,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-13-1,15,13,1,13-1,,,15-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +15-130-4,15,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-131,15,131,1,131-1,,,15-157,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-132,15,132,1,132-1,,,15-159,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-133,15,133,1,133-1,,,15-160,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-134,15,134,2,134-2,,,15-161,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-137,15,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-138,15,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-139,15,139,1,139-1,,,15-163,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-14-1,15,14,1,14-1,,,15-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-140,15,140,1,140-1,,,15-164,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-143,15,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-144,15,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-145,15,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-146,15,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-147,15,147,1,147-1,,,15-158,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-148,15,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-149,15,149,1,149-1,,,15-162,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-15-1,15,15,1,15-1,,,15-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +15-151,15,151,2,151-2,,,15-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-152,15,152,2,152-2,,,15-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-153,15,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-155,15,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-156,15,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-158,15,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-159,15,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-16-1,15,16,1,16-1,,,15-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-160,15,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-161,15,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-163,15,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-168,15,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-169,15,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-17-4,15,17,4,17-4,,,15-21 15-26 15-27 15-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-170,15,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-171,15,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-172,15,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-173,15,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-174,15,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-176,15,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-178,15,178,1,178-1,,,15-172,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-179,15,179,1,179-1,,,15-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-18-1,15,18,1,18-1,,,15-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-180,15,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-181,15,181,2,181-2, = voiced palatal nasal,,15-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-182,15,182,1,182-1,,,15-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-183,15,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-184,15,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-187,15,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-188,15,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-189,15,189,1,189-1,,,15-165,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-19-3,15,19,3,19-3,"The derivation of the interrogative pronoun /udat/ 'who' is debatable. It seems like a combination of /u/ 'who' and /dat/ 'that'. However, /dat/ exists on its own but /u/ is not used in isolation. So, it is listed as a single word.",686[81],15-30 15-31 15-32 15-33,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +15-190,15,190,1,190-1,,,15-166,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-191,15,191,4,191-4,This sound is generally substituted with /t/ in words of English origin in Krio.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-192,15,192,4,192-4,This sound is generally substituted with /d/ in words of English origin in Krio.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-193,15,193,1,193-1,,,15-167,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-194,15,194,1,194-1,,,15-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-195,15,195,1,195-1,,,15-169,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-196,15,196,2,196-2,,,15-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-199,15,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-2-1,15,2,1,2-1,,,15-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-20-1,15,20,1,20-1,,,15-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-200,15,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-201,15,201,1,201-1,The 'r' sound in Krio is more like a voiced velar fricative - /R/.,,15-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-202,15,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-205,15,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-209,15,209,1,209-1,,,15-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-21-5,15,21,5,21-5,,,15-35 15-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +15-212,15,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-217,15,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-218,15,218,1,218-1,,,15-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-22-4,15,22,4,22-4,,,15-37 15-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +15-221,15,221,1,221-1,,,15-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-23-6,15,23,6,23-6,,,15-40,10.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-800080-90-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +15-23-8,15,23,8,23-8,,,15-39,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-800080-90-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +15-231,15,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-24-4,15,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-25-2,15,25,2,25-2,The pronunciation of the nasal is slightly different in most cases. It is /m/ for plural and /n/ for the pronoun.,,15-41 15-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-252,15,252,1,252-1,,,15-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-253,15,253,1,253-1,,,15-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-254,15,254,1,254-1,,,15-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-255,15,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-256,15,256,1,256-1,,,15-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-257,15,257,1,257-1,,,15-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-258,15,258,1,258-1,,,15-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-259,15,259,1,259-1,,,15-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +15-26-6,15,26,6,26-6,This exemplifies word-class-changing reduplication.,517[25],15-43 15-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +15-260,15,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-261,15,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-263,15,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-267,15,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-268,15,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-27-2,15,27,2,27-2,,,15-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-272,15,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-273,15,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-274,15,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-275,15,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-276,15,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-277,15,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-278,15,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-279,15,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-28-1,15,28,1,28-1,,545[xxx],15-1 15-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +15-280,15,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-281,15,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-282,15,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-284,15,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-285,15,285,2,285-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-286,15,286,2,286-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-287,15,287,2,287-2,Use of this form is limited and is generally restricted to the 3rd person nomination plural.,,15-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-288,15,288,2,288-2,This form is present in very few words in Krio.,,15-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-289,15,289,2,289-2,,,15-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-29-2,15,29,2,29-2,,545[xxx],15-47 15-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +15-290,15,290,2,290-2,,,15-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-291,15,291,2,291-2,This sound exists only in very few words.,,15-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +15-3-1,15,3,1,3-1,"The adjective may appear immediately after a noun in a linking sentence containing the copula, which is zero in Krio. For example: di pikin lili [the child 0-copula little] 'The child is little'. But this case is expressly excluded in this feature.",,15-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-30-2,15,30,2,30-2,,,15-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-308-1,15,308,1,308-1,,545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +15-309-4,15,309,4,309-4,,686,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +15-31-2,15,31,2,31-2,,,15-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-310-4,15,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +15-311-3,15,311,3,311-3,"As the lingua franca of Sierra Leone, Krio has been and is still used widely across the country.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-312-3,15,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-313-6,15,313,6,313-6,"As the lingua franca of Sierra Leone with an estimated population of 5-6 million, I believe that the number of Krio speakers is more than 1,000,000.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-314-3,15,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-315-1,15,315,1,315-1,"Krio is used in programmes, commercials, and to deliver the news on radio and TV.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-316-1,15,316,1,316-1,"Krio is used in programmes, commercials, and to deliver the news on radio and TV.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-317-1,15,317,1,317-1,It is the most popular language used by Sierra Leone music artists.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-318-2,15,318,2,318-2,"There are a few documents translated from English into Krio, including ""The New Testament Bible"".",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-319-3,15,319,3,319-3,English is generally the medium of communication in the print media.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-32-2,15,32,2,32-2,,,15-51 15-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +15-320-1,15,320,1,320-1,Use is more widespread in cartoons than in columns.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-321-3,15,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-322-1,15,322,1,322-1,"The medium of communication in the courtroom is English, but Krio interpreters facilitate communication with individuals who cannot follow proceedings in English.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-323-3,15,323,3,323-3,"English is the official language of Sierra Leone and is used to conduct official business, including parliamentary proceedings.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-324-2,15,324,2,324-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-325-1,15,325,1,325-1,"Use is widespread in internet communication, including email and internet discussion groups or networks. I'm not sure that it is that widespread in text messaging.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-326-4,15,326,4,326-4,"Several languages, including English and other local languages, currently have contact influence on Krio.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-327-3,15,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-328-3,15,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-329-2,15,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-33-2,15,33,2,33-2,The form /da man/ without the locative /de/ can be used but less frequently.,,15-53 15-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +15-330-3,15,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-331-3,15,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-332-2,15,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-333-3,15,333,3,333-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-334-3,15,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-335-2,15,335,2,335-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-34-1,15,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-35-2,15,35,2,35-2,,545[xxxi],15-55 15-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +15-36-1,15,36,1,36-1,,,15-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-37-1,15,37,1,37-1,,,15-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-38-1,15,38,1,38-1,,,15-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-39-3,15,39,3,39-3,,545[xxx],15-60 15-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-4-2,15,4,2,4-2,,,15-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +15-40-1,15,40,1,40-1,,,15-62 15-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-41-2,15,41,2,41-2,,,15-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-42-1,15,42,1,42-1,,,15-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +15-43-3,15,43,3,43-3,,,15-68,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +15-43-1,15,43,1,43-1,,,15-66,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +15-44-1,15,44,1,44-1,,,15-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-45-4,15,45,4,45-4,Aspect and Mood markers can intervene between the past marker and the verb form but the negative marker cannot intervene. The negative marker precedes all verbal markers.,,15-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-46-2,15,46,2,46-2,,686,15-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +15-47-2,15,47,2,47-2,,686,15-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +15-48-2,15,48,2,48-2,,,15-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-49-3,15,49,3,49-3,,,15-67 15-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-5-1,15,5,1,5-1,"The emphasis is generally stronger when the demonstrative occurs simultaneously before and after the noun. It is also used when the noun in question has been referred to before during the conversation. If the noun has not yet been mentioned, then the demonstrative generally precedes the noun only.",686[80],15-5,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +15-5-5,15,5,5,5-5,"The emphasis is generally stronger when the demonstrative occurs simultaneously before and after the noun. It is also used when the noun in question has been referred to before during the conversation. If the noun has not yet been mentioned, then the demonstrative generally precedes the noun only.",686[80],15-6,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +15-50-1,15,50,1,50-1,,,15-72 15-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-51-3,15,51,3,51-3,,,15-74 15-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-52-2,15,52,2,52-2,,,15-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-53-3,15,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-54-7,15,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +15-55-2,15,55,2,55-2,,,15-77 15-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-56-1,15,56,1,56-1,,,15-72 15-79 15-80 15-81,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-57-1,15,57,1,57-1,,,15-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-58-1,15,58,1,58-1,,,15-82 15-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-59-2,15,59,2,59-2,The nominative-accusative distinction is made only for the first person singular and the third person singular pronouns. The others remain unchanged regardless of case.,,15-84 15-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +15-6-1,15,6,1,6-1,,,15-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-60-2,15,60,2,60-2,,686,15-5 15-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +15-61-1,15,61,1,61-1,,,15-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-62-1,15,62,1,62-1,,,15-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-63-1,15,63,1,63-1,,,15-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-64-1,15,64,1,64-1,,,15-89,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-64-2,15,64,2,64-2,,,15-90,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-65-1,15,65,1,65-1,,,15-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-66-3,15,66,3,66-3,,,15-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-67-1,15,67,1,67-1,,,15-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-68-1,15,68,1,68-1,,,15-94,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-69-2,15,69,2,69-2,,518,15-96,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +15-69-1,15,69,1,69-1,,518,15-95,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +15-7-1,15,7,1,7-1,,686[82],15-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +15-70-1,15,70,1,70-1,,,15-95 15-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-71-2,15,71,2,71-2,,,15-98 15-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-72-1,15,72,1,72-1,,,15-100 15-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-73-1,15,73,1,73-1,,545,15-101,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +15-74-2,15,74,2,74-2,,545,15-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +15-75-1,15,75,1,75-1,,545,15-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-76-2,15,76,2,76-2,,545[xliii],15-101 15-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-77-1,15,77,1,77-1,,,15-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +15-78-1,15,78,1,78-1,,,15-74 15-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-79-2,15,79,2,79-2,,,15-107,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-79-1,15,79,1,79-1,,,15-106,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-8-1,15,8,1,8-1,,,15-9,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +15-8-2,15,8,2,8-2,,,15-10,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +15-80-1,15,80,1,80-1,,,15-109,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-80-2,15,80,2,80-2,,,15-108,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-81-1,15,81,1,81-1,,,15-104 15-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-82-4,15,82,4,82-4,,,15-110,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-83-4,15,83,4,83-4,,,15-112,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-83-2,15,83,2,83-2,,,15-111 15-113,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-84-2,15,84,2,84-2,,1074,15-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +15-85-5,15,85,5,85-5,,518[72],15-115,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-FF0000.png""}", +15-85-2,15,85,2,85-2,,518[72],15-116,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-FF0000.png""}", +15-86-1,15,86,1,86-1,,518[72],15-117 15-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-87-3,15,87,3,87-3,,,15-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-88-1,15,88,1,88-1,,,15-120 15-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +15-89-1,15,89,1,89-1,,,15-122 15-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +15-9-1,15,9,1,9-1,,,15-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-90-2,15,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +15-91-8,15,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +15-92-2,15,92,2,92-2,,,15-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +15-93-2,15,93,2,93-2,,,15-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-94-2,15,94,2,94-2,,,15-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +15-95-1,15,95,1,95-1,,,15-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-96-1,15,96,1,96-1,,,15-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +15-98-6,15,98,6,98-6,,518,15-129 15-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +15-99-2,15,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1501-41-1,1501,41,1,41-1,,,50-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1521-47-4,1521,47,4,47-4,,,52-52 52-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1531-101-2,1531,101,2,101-2,,1049[20],53-374,12.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FF0000-13-0000FF.png""}", +1531-101-1,1531,101,1,101-1,,1049[20],53-371,87.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FF0000-13-0000FF.png""}", +1531-109-2,1531,109,2,109-2,"In the old texts picayune is used in the sense of a coin worth five cents (a nickel in modern American money) (Valdman et al. 1998: 364). It is not attested in modern-day Creole. According to the Petit Robert this word derives from French picaillon 'petite pièce de monnaie en cuivre' (small copper coin), and probably is not related to pequeninho.",1049[102],53-390,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1531-110-1,1531,110,1,110-1,"This comes from the earliest available attestation of something resembling Louisiana Creole. However, the text was published as a memoir some 27 years after the events described, and the authenticity of the examples of ""Creole"" may be questioned. Nothing resembling sabai or save appears in later attestations of Louisiana Creole or exists in the language today.",794[304-317],53-391,100.0,Very uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1531-13-1,1531,13,1,13-1,,1049[10],,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +1531-14-1,1531,14,1,14-1,,1049,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1531-2-2,1531,2,2,2-2,,1049[10],53-3,60.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-40-0000FF-60-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +1531-2-1,1531,2,1,2-1,,1049[10],53-6,40.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-40-0000FF-60-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +1531-22-4,1531,22,4,22-4,In the 19th century the plural morpheme was only used to mark specificity (Neumann 1985: 116; Neumann-Holzschuh 1987: 9).,1049[9],53-76 53-77,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1531-23-8,1531,23,8,23-8,,1049[9],53-85 53-86,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +1531-28-1,1531,28,1,28-1,,1049[9],53-98,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1531-30-2,1531,30,2,30-2,,,53-108 53-109 53-110 53-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1531-31-2,1531,31,2,31-2,,1049[11],53-113 53-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1531-32-1,1531,32,1,32-1,,"1049[11, 13]",53-121 53-123,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1531-38-4,1531,38,4,38-4,,1049[10],53-3,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1531-38-2,1531,38,2,38-2,,1049[10],53-143,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1531-39-3,1531,39,3,39-3,,1049[14],53-145,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1531-40-1,1531,40,1,40-1,,1049[10],53-153 53-161 53-162,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1531-41-1,1531,41,1,41-1,,1049[14],53-165,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +1531-41-2,1531,41,2,41-2,,1049[14],53-166,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +1531-42-1,1531,42,1,42-1,,1049[14],53-165 53-166,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1531-45-4,1531,45,4,45-4,,1049[20],53-180 53-181,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +1531-5-2,1531,5,2,5-2,,1049[11],53-13 53-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1531-51-3,1531,51,3,51-3,"While modern-day Louisiana Creole shows an alternation between short and long verb forms, in the Old lect only long forms are found.",1049[16],53-196 53-197,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1531-56-1,1531,56,1,56-1,,1049[20-21],53-217 53-220 53-221,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1531-64-2,1531,64,2,64-2,,1049[21],53-245 53-247 53-248 53-249,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +1531-71-1,1531,71,1,71-1,,1048[344],53-180 53-270,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1531-73-3,1531,73,3,73-3,The copula is only obligatory if the subject is a noun.,1049[17],53-278 53-280,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1531-74-2,1531,74,2,74-2,In the Old lect the copula is only used if the predicate is a noun.,1049[17-18],53-287,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1531-75-2,1531,75,2,75-2,,1049[17-18],53-291,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1531-77-1,1531,77,1,77-1,,1049[19],53-296,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +1531-79-2,1531,79,2,79-2,"In the old texts, a and de are rare. There is either no preposition or preferably the prepositions kote and dan. There are no examples with place names.",1048[304sq],53-308 53-310,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1531-87-2,1531,87,2,87-2,,1049[18-19],53-321,12.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFFFF-13-FF0000.png""}", +1531-87-1,1531,87,1,87-1,,1049[18-19],53-318,87.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFFFF-13-FF0000.png""}", +1531-88-3,1531,88,3,88-3,,1049[18],53-321 53-326 53-327,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1531-9-2,1531,9,2,9-2,,1049[9],53-30 53-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +1531-92-1,1531,92,1,92-1,"In the old texts, the subject pronoun is always ki, the object pronoun is zero.",,53-344 53-345,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +1531-96-4,1531,96,4,96-4,,1049[31],53-360,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +1531-97-1,1531,97,1,97-1,,1049[27],53-364,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1532-117-1,1532,117,1,117-1,,720[272-273],53-405 53-406,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1532-19-2,1532,19,2,19-2,"The Creole of Pointe Coupee has the same interrogative pronouns as that of Breaux Bridge, but in the meaning of 'who(m)' it also has the compound ki-mounn which, though probably less common than ki and sa-ki, is not infrequent in occurrence.",722[330-331],53-67 53-68 53-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1532-22-4,1532,22,4,22-4,,722[174],53-78 53-79 53-80 53-81 53-82 53-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1532-30-7,1532,30,7,30-7,,722,53-107,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-20-FF0000-34-800080-47-964B00.png""}", +1532-30-2,1532,30,2,30-2,,722,53-104 53-105 53-82,20.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-20-FF0000-34-800080-47-964B00.png""}", +1532-30-8,1532,30,8,30-8,,722,53-106,46.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-20-FF0000-34-800080-47-964B00.png""}", +1532-31-2,1532,31,2,31-2,"The (preposed) definite article cooccurs with the (postposed) definite article in the plural, but such cooccurence is not attested in the singular.",722[182],53-117 53-119,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png""}", +1532-31-1,1532,31,1,31-1,"The (preposed) definite article cooccurs with the (postposed) definite article in the plural, but such cooccurence is not attested in the singular.",722[182],53-118,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png""}", +1532-32-1,1532,32,1,32-1,,722,53-125 53-126 53-127 53-128 53-16 53-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1532-35-6,1532,35,6,35-6,,722,53-134,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +1532-35-7,1532,35,7,35-7,,722,53-135,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +1532-41-2,1532,41,2,41-2,,722,53-164,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +1532-41-1,1532,41,1,41-1,,722,53-163,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +1532-42-2,1532,42,2,42-2,,722,53-171,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1532-42-1,1532,42,1,42-1,,722,53-169 53-170,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1532-5-2,1532,5,2,5-2,,722[182-183],53-16 53-17 53-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1532-55-1,1532,55,1,55-1,,722,53-213 53-215,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1532-56-1,1532,56,1,56-1,"In the Creole of Pointe Coupee, the negator precedes imperative verbs in the long form and follows verbs in the short form. It also precedes the verbs di 'say' and et 'be'.",722[313-315],53-222 53-223 53-224 53-225 53-226 53-227 53-228 53-229 53-230 53-231 53-232,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1532-60-1,1532,60,1,60-1,,722[362],53-240,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1532-64-1,1532,64,1,64-1,,722[307-309],53-250 53-251 53-252,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}", +1532-64-2,1532,64,2,64-2,,722[307-309],53-254,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}", +1532-71-1,1532,71,1,71-1,,722[361-362],53-266 53-267 53-268 53-269 53-271,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1532-73-3,1532,73,3,73-3,"Unlike in the default lect, in the Pointe Coupee lect, the copula se is not obligatory in affirmative clauses with predicative noun phrases, although its absence is rare. In neither lect se is obligatory in negative clauses.",722,53-281 53-282 53-283 53-284 53-285,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1532-78-3,1532,78,3,78-3,"Ena is used exclusively as an existential verb, whereas gen is used in both functions.",722,53-253 53-299 53-300 53-301,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +1532-79-1,1532,79,1,79-1,,,53-311,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1532-79-2,1532,79,2,79-2,,,53-312 53-313,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +1532-9-3,1532,9,3,9-3,,,53-43,9.09090909090909,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-64-800080-10-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +1532-9-2,1532,9,2,9-2,,,53-37 53-38 53-39 53-40 53-41 53-42,63.6363636363636,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-64-800080-10-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +1532-9-1,1532,9,1,9-1,,,53-35 53-36,27.2727272727273,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-64-800080-10-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +1532-92-4,1532,92,4,92-4,"In Pointe Coupee Creole the vowel of ki may drop before a vowel, before the consonant t, and, occasionally, before other consonants.",722,53-337 53-338,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1532-92-2,1532,92,2,92-2,"In Pointe Coupee Creole the vowel of ki may drop before a vowel, before the consonant t, and, occasionally, before other consonants.",722,53-339 53-340 53-343,70.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +1532-93-4,1532,93,4,93-4,,722,53-348 53-349,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}", +1532-93-2,1532,93,2,93-2,,722,53-346 53-347,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}", +1532-95-3,1532,95,3,95-3,,722[367-368],53-357,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +1532-95-4,1532,95,4,95-4,,722[367-368],53-358,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +1551-81-2,1551,81,2,81-2,,770[182],55-142 55-143,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +1551-83-2,1551,83,2,83-2,,770[182],55-151 55-152,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +1551-83-1,1551,83,1,83-1,,770[182],55-153 55-154,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +1561-37-6,1561,37,6,37-6,,,56-81 56-82,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +1561-37-1,1561,37,1,37-1,,,56-80,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +1561-42-5,1561,42,5,42-5,,,56-89,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1561-52-2,1561,52,2,52-2,,,56-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 1561-92-2,1561,92,2,92-2,"After verbs of perception in the main clause, the progressive particle pe can introduce a kind of relative clause with the object of the main clause functioning as the ""semantic"" subject of the relative clause: Mon vwar Lea pe danse. (constructed by linguist) [1SG see Lea PROG dance] -'I see Lea dancing.' OR: 'I see Lea who dances.'",,56-169,70.0,Very certain +'I see Lea dancing.' OR: 'I see Lea who dances.'",,56-169,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 1561-92-4,1561,92,4,92-4,"After verbs of perception in the main clause, the progressive particle pe can introduce a kind of relative clause with the object of the main clause functioning as the ""semantic"" subject of the relative clause: Mon vwar Lea pe danse. (constructed by linguist) [1SG see Lea PROG dance] -'I see Lea dancing.' OR: 'I see Lea who dances.'",,56-168,30.0,Certain -1562-40-2,1562,40,2,40-2,,159[33],56-87,100.0,Very certain -1563-103-1,1563,103,1,103-1,,,56-199,100.0,Very certain -1563-90-3,1563,90,3,90-3,,159,56-167,30.0,Very certain -1563-90-1,1563,90,1,90-1,,159,56-162 56-165,70.0,Very certain -1563-95-3,1563,95,3,95-3,,,56-177,90.0,Very certain -1563-95-4,1563,95,4,95-4,,,56-178,10.0,Very certain -1563-96-3,1563,96,3,96-3,,763,56-185,50.0,Very certain -1563-96-4,1563,96,4,96-4,,763,56-189,50.0,Very certain -1563-98-1,1563,98,1,98-1,,159,56-193 56-194,100.0,Very certain +'I see Lea dancing.' OR: 'I see Lea who dances.'",,56-168,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +1562-40-2,1562,40,2,40-2,,159[33],56-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1563-103-1,1563,103,1,103-1,,,56-199,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +1563-90-3,1563,90,3,90-3,,159,56-167,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +1563-90-1,1563,90,1,90-1,,159,56-162 56-165,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +1563-95-3,1563,95,3,95-3,,,56-177,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1563-95-4,1563,95,4,95-4,,,56-178,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1563-96-3,1563,96,3,96-3,,763,56-185,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1563-96-4,1563,96,4,96-4,,763,56-189,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1563-98-1,1563,98,1,98-1,,159,56-193 56-194,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 1591-119-2,1591,119,2,119-2,"In the 1950s there was at least one word with a final /n/, the contraction of tene 'affair' in /tenti/ from /tene ti/ 'because.' In Example 377 /r/ is trilled unless it is followed by a vowel: /kiri a kodro/ 'returned to the village'. This should be seen as contextual conditioning. In contracted speech of young people /l/, /m/, and /r/ (Examples 374 and 375) carry high tone as assimilated variants of the preposition /ti/ 'of'. -The second /l/ in Example 376 is syllabified and carries the mid tone of the vowel /i/ in /wali/. The phonology of contracted speech is much more complex than what has been suggested here. My recordings and transcriptions in my archives of the University of Toronto constitute a corpus for the study of phonological change in Sango.",1330,59-374 59-375 59-376 59-377,100.0,Very certain -16-0-1,16,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -16-1-2,16,1,2,1-2,,656[176],16-1 16-179,100.0,Very certain -16-10-1,16,10,1,10-1,,656[190-193],16-17,100.0,Very certain -16-100-4,16,100,4,100-4,,,16-136,100.0,Very certain -16-101-1,16,101,1,101-1,,656[215-217],16-147,100.0,Very certain -16-102-3,16,102,3,102-3,"Ghanaian Pidgin English has the Standard English system of co-occurrence with any-indefinites, preclusion with no-indefinites, but also allows co-occurrence with no-indefinites.",656[215-217],16-147 16-148 16-149,100.0,Certain -16-103-7,16,103,7,103-7,,656[177],16-150,100.0,Very certain -16-104-1,16,104,1,104-1,,"656[185-187, 247-252]",16-151 16-152,100.0,Very certain -16-105-1,16,105,1,105-1,,656[187],16-153,100.0,Very certain -16-106-2,16,106,2,106-2,,656[247-252],16-154 16-155,100.0,Very certain -16-107-7,16,107,7,107-7,"There is no vocative marker in Ghanaian Pidgin English, the particle o only has focusing function.",,,100.0,Certain -16-108-2,16,108,2,108-2,,,16-156,100.0,Very certain -16-109-1,16,109,1,109-1,,,16-157,100.0,Very certain -16-11-3,16,11,3,11-3,Sentence-initial adverbs are ignored here.,,16-18,100.0,Very certain -16-110-1,16,110,1,110-1,,,16-158,100.0,Very certain -16-111-1,16,111,1,111-1,,,16-159,100.0,Very certain -16-112-3,16,112,3,112-3,,,16-160 16-161,100.0,Intermediate -16-113-2,16,113,2,113-2,,,16-162 16-163,100.0,Very certain -16-114-2,16,114,2,114-2,,,16-164 16-165,100.0,Very certain +The second /l/ in Example 376 is syllabified and carries the mid tone of the vowel /i/ in /wali/. The phonology of contracted speech is much more complex than what has been suggested here. My recordings and transcriptions in my archives of the University of Toronto constitute a corpus for the study of phonological change in Sango.",1330,59-374 59-375 59-376 59-377,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +16-0-1,16,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +16-1-2,16,1,2,1-2,,656[176],16-1 16-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +16-10-1,16,10,1,10-1,,656[190-193],16-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +16-100-4,16,100,4,100-4,,,16-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +16-101-1,16,101,1,101-1,,656[215-217],16-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-102-3,16,102,3,102-3,"Ghanaian Pidgin English has the Standard English system of co-occurrence with any-indefinites, preclusion with no-indefinites, but also allows co-occurrence with no-indefinites.",656[215-217],16-147 16-148 16-149,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +16-103-7,16,103,7,103-7,,656[177],16-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +16-104-1,16,104,1,104-1,,"656[185-187, 247-252]",16-151 16-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-105-1,16,105,1,105-1,,656[187],16-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-106-2,16,106,2,106-2,,656[247-252],16-154 16-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +16-107-7,16,107,7,107-7,"There is no vocative marker in Ghanaian Pidgin English, the particle o only has focusing function.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +16-108-2,16,108,2,108-2,,,16-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +16-109-1,16,109,1,109-1,,,16-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-11-3,16,11,3,11-3,Sentence-initial adverbs are ignored here.,,16-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-110-1,16,110,1,110-1,,,16-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-111-1,16,111,1,111-1,,,16-159,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-112-3,16,112,3,112-3,,,16-160 16-161,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +16-113-2,16,113,2,113-2,,,16-162 16-163,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-114-2,16,114,2,114-2,,,16-164 16-165,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork 16-115-3,16,115,3,115-3,"Hiɛ can also mean 'understand': ɔnlɛs ì tɔk fɔ ausa bifɔ à gò fit hiɛ unless 3SG talk PREP Hausa before 1SG FUT ABI hear 'It is only when he speaks Hausa that I will understand' -(fieldwork Huber).",,16-166 16-167 16-54,100.0,Very certain -16-116-2,16,116,2,116-2,,,16-168 16-169,100.0,Certain -16-117-5,16,117,5,117-5,"My own knowledge of Ghanaian Pidgin English would indicate something like wuman laion but elicitation did not yield any such construction. In fact, the speaker claimed there are no sex denoting elements.",,,100.0,Uncertain -16-118-3,16,118,3,118-3,,656[172],16-163 16-170 16-172 16-176,100.0,Very certain -16-119-3,16,119,3,119-3,,656[171],16-173 16-174 16-175 16-176 16-177,100.0,Very certain +(fieldwork Huber).",,16-166 16-167 16-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-116-2,16,116,2,116-2,,,16-168 16-169,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-117-5,16,117,5,117-5,"My own knowledge of Ghanaian Pidgin English would indicate something like wuman laion but elicitation did not yield any such construction. In fact, the speaker claimed there are no sex denoting elements.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-118-3,16,118,3,118-3,,656[172],16-163 16-170 16-172 16-176,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-119-3,16,119,3,119-3,,656[171],16-173 16-174 16-175 16-176 16-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 16-12-2,16,12,2,12-2,"Ghanaian Pidgin English has the following doublets of mono- and bimorphemic wh-words: who~whichman/-person, which~whichkind, what~wetin (< what thing), where~whichplace, when~whattime. -Both mono- and bimorphemic question words can occur either initially or non-initially.",656[178-179],16-20,50.0,Very certain +Both mono- and bimorphemic question words can occur either initially or non-initially.",656[178-179],16-20,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", 16-12-1,16,12,1,12-1,"Ghanaian Pidgin English has the following doublets of mono- and bimorphemic wh-words: who~whichman/-person, which~whichkind, what~wetin (< what thing), where~whichplace, when~whattime. -Both mono- and bimorphemic question words can occur either initially or non-initially.",656[178-179],16-19,50.0,Very certain -16-120-2,16,120,2,120-2,,656,16-178,100.0,Certain -16-121-3,16,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -16-122-1,16,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, -16-123-4,16,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -16-124-1,16,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -16-125-3,16,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -16-126-1,16,126,1,126-1,,,16-197,100.0, -16-127-6,16,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -16-128-3,16,128,3,128-3,ɲ only occurs in loans from Ghanaian/African languages.,,16-202,100.0, -16-129-2,16,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -16-13-1,16,13,1,13-1,"Ghanaian Pidgin English has a marginally occurring gender distinction in 3SG dependent pronouns. However, no instance of gender distinction in independent pronouns was found.",656[195-199],16-21,100.0,Very certain -16-130-1,16,130,1,130-1,,,16-199,100.0, -16-131,16,131,1,131-1,The allophonic distribution of aspirated and non aspirated plosives is roughly as in Standard British English.,,16-181,100.0, -16-132,16,132,1,132-1,,,16-184,100.0, -16-133,16,133,1,133-1,The allophonic distribution of aspirated and non aspirated plosives is roughly as in Standard British English.,,16-185,100.0, -16-134,16,134,1,134-1,,,16-187,100.0, -16-137,16,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -16-138,16,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -16-139,16,139,1,139-1,"ʧ ~ ʨ and ʤ ~ ʥ are in free variation, ʨ and ʥ being the phonetic realization in a number of Ghanaian languages.",,16-192,100.0, -16-14-1,16,14,1,14-1,,656[195-202],,100.0,Very certain -16-140,16,140,1,140-1,"ʧ ~ ʨ and ʤ ~ ʥ are in free variation, ʨ and ʥ being the phonetic realization in a number of Ghanaian languages.",,16-193,100.0, -16-141,16,141,2,141-2,"ʧ ~ ʨ and ʤ ~ ʥ are in free variation, ʨ and ʥ being the phonetic realization in a number of Ghanaian languages.",,16-224,100.0, -16-142,16,142,2,142-2,"ʧ ~ ʨ and ʤ ~ ʥ are in free variation, ʨ and ʥ being the phonetic realization in a number of Ghanaian languages.",,16-225,100.0, -16-143,16,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -16-144,16,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -16-145,16,145,2,145-2,"The allophonic distribution of k~c and g~ɟ is as in Standard English, with k, g preceding back vowels and c, ɟ prededing front vowels.",,16-188,100.0, -16-146,16,146,2,146-2,"The allophonic distribution of k~c and g~ɟ is as in Standard English, with k, g preceding back vowels and c, ɟ prededing front vowels.",,16-189,100.0, +Both mono- and bimorphemic question words can occur either initially or non-initially.",656[178-179],16-19,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +16-120-2,16,120,2,120-2,,656,16-178,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +16-121-3,16,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-122-1,16,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +16-123-4,16,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-124-1,16,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-125-3,16,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +16-126-1,16,126,1,126-1,,,16-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-127-6,16,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-128-3,16,128,3,128-3,ɲ only occurs in loans from Ghanaian/African languages.,,16-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +16-129-2,16,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-13-1,16,13,1,13-1,"Ghanaian Pidgin English has a marginally occurring gender distinction in 3SG dependent pronouns. However, no instance of gender distinction in independent pronouns was found.",656[195-199],16-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +16-130-1,16,130,1,130-1,,,16-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-131,16,131,1,131-1,The allophonic distribution of aspirated and non aspirated plosives is roughly as in Standard British English.,,16-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-132,16,132,1,132-1,,,16-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-133,16,133,1,133-1,The allophonic distribution of aspirated and non aspirated plosives is roughly as in Standard British English.,,16-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-134,16,134,1,134-1,,,16-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-137,16,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-138,16,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-139,16,139,1,139-1,"ʧ ~ ʨ and ʤ ~ ʥ are in free variation, ʨ and ʥ being the phonetic realization in a number of Ghanaian languages.",,16-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-14-1,16,14,1,14-1,,656[195-202],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-140,16,140,1,140-1,"ʧ ~ ʨ and ʤ ~ ʥ are in free variation, ʨ and ʥ being the phonetic realization in a number of Ghanaian languages.",,16-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-141,16,141,2,141-2,"ʧ ~ ʨ and ʤ ~ ʥ are in free variation, ʨ and ʥ being the phonetic realization in a number of Ghanaian languages.",,16-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +16-142,16,142,2,142-2,"ʧ ~ ʨ and ʤ ~ ʥ are in free variation, ʨ and ʥ being the phonetic realization in a number of Ghanaian languages.",,16-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +16-143,16,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-144,16,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-145,16,145,2,145-2,"The allophonic distribution of k~c and g~ɟ is as in Standard English, with k, g preceding back vowels and c, ɟ prededing front vowels.",,16-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +16-146,16,146,2,146-2,"The allophonic distribution of k~c and g~ɟ is as in Standard English, with k, g preceding back vowels and c, ɟ prededing front vowels.",,16-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 16-147,16,147,1,147-1,"The allophonic distribution of aspirated and non aspirated plosives is roughly as in Standard British English. -The allophonic distribution of k~c and g~ɟ is as in Standard English, with k, g preceding back vowels and c, ɟ prededing front vowels.",,16-182,100.0, -16-148,16,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -16-149,16,149,1,149-1,"The allophonic distribution of k~c and g~ɟ is as in Standard English, with k, g preceding back vowels and c, ɟ prededing front vowels.",,16-191,100.0, -16-15-1,16,15,1,15-1,,656[195-202],16-22 16-23,100.0,Very certain -16-151,16,151,3,151-3,kp͡ and gb͡ only occur in loans from Ghanaian/African languages.,,16-218,100.0, -16-152,16,152,3,152-3,kp͡ and gb͡ only occur in loans from Ghanaian/African languages.,,16-219,100.0, -16-153,16,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -16-155,16,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -16-156,16,156,2,156-2,The allophonic distribution of aspirated and non aspirated plosives is roughly as in Standard British English.,,16-183,100.0, -16-158,16,158,2,158-2,The allophonic distribution of aspirated and non aspirated plosives is roughly as in Standard British English.,,16-186,100.0, -16-159,16,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -16-16-1,16,16,1,16-1,Ghanaian Pidgin English only has number syncretism.,656[195-202],,100.0,Very certain -16-160,16,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -16-161,16,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -16-163,16,163,2,163-2,The allophonic distribution of aspirated and non aspirated plosives is roughly as in Standard British English.,,16-190,100.0, -16-168,16,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -16-169,16,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -16-17-4,16,17,4,17-4,"Dependent pronouns carry a low tone, while independent pronouns are high-toned.",656[195-199],16-24 16-25,100.0,Very certain -16-170,16,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -16-171,16,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -16-172,16,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -16-173,16,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -16-174,16,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -16-176,16,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -16-178,16,178,1,178-1,,,16-200,100.0, -16-179,16,179,1,179-1,,,16-201,100.0, -16-18-1,16,18,1,18-1,,656[195-199],,100.0,Very certain -16-180,16,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -16-181,16,181,3,181-3,ɲ only occurs in loans from Ghanaian/African languages.,,16-202,100.0, -16-182,16,182,1,182-1,,,16-203,100.0, -16-183,16,183,1,183-1,"ɹ and r are in free variation, the latter being the more basilectal realization.",,16-204,100.0, -16-184,16,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -16-185,16,185,2,185-2,"ɹ and r are in free variation, the latter being the more basilectal realization.",,16-223,100.0, -16-187,16,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -16-188,16,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -16-189,16,189,1,189-1,,,16-194,100.0, -16-19-4,16,19,4,19-4,"The Ghanaian Pidgin English compound interrogatives all have monomorphemic counterparts, derived from the corresponding English etyma. The monomorphemic question words are more frequent than their bimorphemic counterparts. There is no bimorphemic alternative for hau 'how'.",656[178-179],16-26,100.0,Very certain -16-190,16,190,1,190-1,,,16-195,100.0, -16-191,16,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -16-192,16,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -16-193,16,193,1,193-1,,,16-196,100.0, -16-194,16,194,1,194-1,,,16-197,100.0, -16-195,16,195,1,195-1,"ʃ~ɕ are in free variation, ɕ being the phonetic realization in some Ghanaian languages.",,16-198,100.0, -16-196,16,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -16-197,16,197,2,197-2,"ʃ~ɕ are in free variation, ɕ being the phonetic realization in some Ghanaian languages.",,16-226,100.0, -16-199,16,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, +The allophonic distribution of k~c and g~ɟ is as in Standard English, with k, g preceding back vowels and c, ɟ prededing front vowels.",,16-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-148,16,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-149,16,149,1,149-1,"The allophonic distribution of k~c and g~ɟ is as in Standard English, with k, g preceding back vowels and c, ɟ prededing front vowels.",,16-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-15-1,16,15,1,15-1,,656[195-202],16-22 16-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +16-151,16,151,3,151-3,kp͡ and gb͡ only occur in loans from Ghanaian/African languages.,,16-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +16-152,16,152,3,152-3,kp͡ and gb͡ only occur in loans from Ghanaian/African languages.,,16-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +16-153,16,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-155,16,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-156,16,156,2,156-2,The allophonic distribution of aspirated and non aspirated plosives is roughly as in Standard British English.,,16-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +16-158,16,158,2,158-2,The allophonic distribution of aspirated and non aspirated plosives is roughly as in Standard British English.,,16-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +16-159,16,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-16-1,16,16,1,16-1,Ghanaian Pidgin English only has number syncretism.,656[195-202],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-160,16,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-161,16,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-163,16,163,2,163-2,The allophonic distribution of aspirated and non aspirated plosives is roughly as in Standard British English.,,16-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +16-168,16,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-169,16,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-17-4,16,17,4,17-4,"Dependent pronouns carry a low tone, while independent pronouns are high-toned.",656[195-199],16-24 16-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +16-170,16,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-171,16,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-172,16,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-173,16,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-174,16,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-176,16,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-178,16,178,1,178-1,,,16-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-179,16,179,1,179-1,,,16-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-18-1,16,18,1,18-1,,656[195-199],,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +16-180,16,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-181,16,181,3,181-3,ɲ only occurs in loans from Ghanaian/African languages.,,16-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +16-182,16,182,1,182-1,,,16-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-183,16,183,1,183-1,"ɹ and r are in free variation, the latter being the more basilectal realization.",,16-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-184,16,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-185,16,185,2,185-2,"ɹ and r are in free variation, the latter being the more basilectal realization.",,16-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +16-187,16,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-188,16,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-189,16,189,1,189-1,,,16-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-19-4,16,19,4,19-4,"The Ghanaian Pidgin English compound interrogatives all have monomorphemic counterparts, derived from the corresponding English etyma. The monomorphemic question words are more frequent than their bimorphemic counterparts. There is no bimorphemic alternative for hau 'how'.",656[178-179],16-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-190,16,190,1,190-1,,,16-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-191,16,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-192,16,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-193,16,193,1,193-1,,,16-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-194,16,194,1,194-1,,,16-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-195,16,195,1,195-1,"ʃ~ɕ are in free variation, ɕ being the phonetic realization in some Ghanaian languages.",,16-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-196,16,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-197,16,197,2,197-2,"ʃ~ɕ are in free variation, ɕ being the phonetic realization in some Ghanaian languages.",,16-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +16-199,16,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 16-2-1,16,2,1,2-1,"The possessor-possessum construction either involves simple juxtaposition or an intervening 3SG possessive pronoun. -The very few examples of the possessum-possessor order in my corpus are all ambiguous. For example, in ɔ mà bus fɔ mà fes [all 1SG.POSS booze for 1SG.POSS face] 'all the mucus of my face' could also be interpreted as 'all the mucus in my face'. The status of such constructions as possessive is therefore doubtful.",656,16-180 16-2,100.0,Very certain -16-20-1,16,20,1,20-1,,,16-27,100.0,Very certain -16-200,16,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -16-201,16,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -16-202,16,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -16-205,16,205,1,205-1,,,16-199,100.0, -16-209,16,209,1,209-1,,,16-205,100.0, -16-21-5,16,21,5,21-5,,656[202-203],16-29 16-30,100.0,Very certain -16-212,16,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -16-217,16,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -16-218,16,218,1,218-1,,,16-206,100.0, -16-22-4,16,22,4,22-4,"-s is the most common pluralization strategy, but both animates and inanimates may occur unmarked in plural contexts. Nominal plurality can also be expressed through reduplication of the noun.",656[203-206],16-31 16-32 16-33 16-34,100.0,Very certain -16-221,16,221,1,221-1,,,16-207,100.0, -16-23-4,16,23,4,23-4,,656[203-206],16-36,11.1111111111111,Very certain -16-23-6,16,23,6,23-6,,656[203-206],16-37,33.3333333333333,Very certain -16-23-3,16,23,3,23-3,,656[203-206],16-35,55.5555555555556,Very certain -16-231,16,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -16-24-4,16,24,4,24-4,,656[205-206],,100.0,Certain +The very few examples of the possessum-possessor order in my corpus are all ambiguous. For example, in ɔ mà bus fɔ mà fes [all 1SG.POSS booze for 1SG.POSS face] 'all the mucus of my face' could also be interpreted as 'all the mucus in my face'. The status of such constructions as possessive is therefore doubtful.",656,16-180 16-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +16-20-1,16,20,1,20-1,,,16-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +16-200,16,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-201,16,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-202,16,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-205,16,205,1,205-1,,,16-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-209,16,209,1,209-1,,,16-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-21-5,16,21,5,21-5,,656[202-203],16-29 16-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +16-212,16,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-217,16,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-218,16,218,1,218-1,,,16-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-22-4,16,22,4,22-4,"-s is the most common pluralization strategy, but both animates and inanimates may occur unmarked in plural contexts. Nominal plurality can also be expressed through reduplication of the noun.",656[203-206],16-31 16-32 16-33 16-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +16-221,16,221,1,221-1,,,16-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-23-4,16,23,4,23-4,,656[203-206],16-36,11.1111111111111,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-56-0000FF-12-FFFF00-34-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +16-23-6,16,23,6,23-6,,656[203-206],16-37,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-56-0000FF-12-FFFF00-34-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +16-23-3,16,23,3,23-3,,656[203-206],16-35,55.5555555555556,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-56-0000FF-12-FFFF00-34-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +16-231,16,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-24-4,16,24,4,24-4,,656[205-206],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 16-25-1,16,25,1,25-1,"Nominal plural does not have to be overtly marked in Ghanaian Pidgin English but it can be expressed by an -s suffix (the most common option) or through reduplication of the noun (faktri-faktri 'factories') or even of an attributive adjective. Cf. the following example, where the context makes it unambiguously clear that reference is made to several babies, not a very small baby (the other possible reading): ì kari smɔ-smɔ bebi 3SG carry small~small baby -'It carried small babies away.'",656,,100.0,Very certain -16-252,16,252,1,252-1,,,16-208,100.0, -16-253,16,253,1,253-1,,,16-210,100.0, -16-254,16,254,1,254-1,,,16-211,100.0, -16-255,16,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -16-256,16,256,1,256-1,,,16-213,100.0, -16-257,16,257,1,257-1,,,,100.0, -16-258,16,258,1,258-1,,,16-216,100.0, -16-259,16,259,1,259-1,,,16-217,100.0, -16-26-6,16,26,6,26-6,,657,16-39 16-40,100.0,Very certain -16-260,16,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -16-261,16,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -16-263,16,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -16-267,16,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -16-268,16,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -16-27-2,16,27,2,27-2,,,16-41,100.0,Certain -16-272,16,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -16-273,16,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -16-274,16,274,2,274-2,Standard British English length distinctions are generally neutralized but are sometimes retained in the close vowels.,,16-221,100.0, -16-275,16,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -16-276,16,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -16-277,16,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -16-278,16,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -16-279,16,279,2,279-2,Standard British English length distinctions are generally neutralized but are sometimes retained in the close vowels.,,16-222,100.0, -16-28-1,16,28,1,28-1,,656[190-195],16-42,100.0,Very certain -16-280,16,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -16-281,16,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -16-282,16,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -16-284,16,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -16-285,16,285,1,285-1,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,16-209,100.0, -16-286,16,286,4,286-4,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,,100.0, -16-287,16,287,1,287-1,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,16-212,100.0, -16-288,16,288,1,288-1,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,16-214,100.0, -16-289,16,289,1,289-1,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,16-215,100.0, -16-29-1,16,29,1,29-1,,656[190-195],16-17 16-65,100.0,Very certain -16-290,16,290,4,290-4,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,,100.0, -16-291,16,291,1,291-1,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,16-220,100.0, -16-3-1,16,3,1,3-1,,656[231-233],16-3,100.0,Very certain -16-30-2,16,30,2,30-2,,656[190-193],16-1 16-44,100.0,Very certain -16-308-1,16,308,1,308-1,,656;1712,,100.0,Very certain -16-309-4,16,309,4,309-4,"A few (priviledged) Ghanaian children learn the Student Pidgin variety at home from their fathers who went to secondary school/university. All of these children acquire at least one other language at the same time (an African language or, more rarely, English).",656[151-152],,100.0,Very certain -16-31-2,16,31,2,31-2,,656[190-195],16-8,100.0,Very certain -16-310-2,16,310,2,310-2,"In comparison to the pidgins in Nigeria or Cameroon, the acquisition of Ghanaian Pidgin English as a first language is still a very marginal phenomenon and only just about starting. A few (priviledged) Ghanaian children learn the Student Pidgin variety at home from their fathers who went to secondary school/university. All of these children acquire at least one other language at the same time (an African language or, more rarely, English).",656[151-152],,100.0,Very certain -16-311-1,16,311,1,311-1,"The Student variety in particular is spreading fast. Male Ghanaians acquire this variety in the secondary schools and universities. Up to the mid-1990s, females did not generally use Student Pidgin, but the percentage of females using Pidgin is growing now.",656[151-152],,100.0,Very certain -16-312-3,16,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -16-313-6,16,313,6,313-6,,,,100.0,Certain -16-314-2,16,314,2,314-2,"Ghanaian Pidgin English is predominantly to (near)-exclusively spoken by males. Up to the mid-1990s, females did not generally use Student Pidgin, but the percentage of females using Pidgin is growing now.",656[148-149],,100.0,Very certain -16-315-3,16,315,3,315-3,"Because Ghanaian Pidgin English is still rather stigmatized and seen as a mark of illiteracy, it is not used in formal domains or settings.",656[154-156];1712[869],,100.0,Very certain -16-316-2,16,316,2,316-2,Pidgin is mostly used to add an ironic flavour or for bonding purposes in these settings. It is still rather stigmatized and seen as a mark of illiteracy.,656[154-156],,100.0,Very certain -16-317-2,16,317,2,317-2,"Some Highlife music uses Pidgin, often influenced by Nigerian Pidgin variety.",,,100.0,Very certain -16-318-2,16,318,2,318-2,"The use of Ghanaian Pidgin English in literature is very limited, but following the increase in the number of speakers since the 1990s, Pidgin can also be observed to be employed in direct speech in literary works.",,,100.0,Very certain -16-319-3,16,319,3,319-3,"Because Ghanaian Pidgin English is still rather stigmatized and seen as a mark of illiteracy, it is not used in formal domains or settings.",656[154-155],,100.0,Very certain -16-32-2,16,32,2,32-2,,,16-45 16-46 16-47,100.0,Very certain -16-320-2,16,320,2,320-2,"The use of Ghanaian Pidgin English in humorous or popular columns is still marginal, though some increase can be observed. It is a little more frequent in cartoons.",656[154-155],,100.0,Very certain -16-321-2,16,321,2,321-2,"Because Ghanaian Pidgin English is still rather stigmatized and seen as a mark of illiteracy, it is not generally used in banks or the post office. However, because of the face-to-face character of linguistic interaction in these institutions, Pidgin probably has a somewhat limited frequency in these settings, depending on the educational background of the customer and on how well the customer and the clerk know each other (since one of the main functions of the educated variety of Ghanaian Pidgin English is that of a bonding device).",656[156-157],,100.0,Intermediate -16-322-2,16,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Certain -16-323-3,16,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain +'It carried small babies away.'",656,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-252,16,252,1,252-1,,,16-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-253,16,253,1,253-1,,,16-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-254,16,254,1,254-1,,,16-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-255,16,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-256,16,256,1,256-1,,,16-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-257,16,257,1,257-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-258,16,258,1,258-1,,,16-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-259,16,259,1,259-1,,,16-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-26-6,16,26,6,26-6,,657,16-39 16-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +16-260,16,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-261,16,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-263,16,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-267,16,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-268,16,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-27-2,16,27,2,27-2,,,16-41,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +16-272,16,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-273,16,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-274,16,274,2,274-2,Standard British English length distinctions are generally neutralized but are sometimes retained in the close vowels.,,16-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +16-275,16,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-276,16,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-277,16,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-278,16,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-279,16,279,2,279-2,Standard British English length distinctions are generally neutralized but are sometimes retained in the close vowels.,,16-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +16-28-1,16,28,1,28-1,,656[190-195],16-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +16-280,16,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-281,16,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-282,16,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-284,16,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-285,16,285,1,285-1,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,16-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-286,16,286,4,286-4,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-287,16,287,1,287-1,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,16-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-288,16,288,1,288-1,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,16-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-289,16,289,1,289-1,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,16-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-29-1,16,29,1,29-1,,656[190-195],16-17 16-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +16-290,16,290,4,290-4,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-291,16,291,1,291-1,"In vowel + nasal sequences, the vowel is often nasalized and the nasal elided. This is particularly frequent with vowel + /n/, but less common with vowel + /m/ or /ŋ/.",,16-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +16-3-1,16,3,1,3-1,,656[231-233],16-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +16-30-2,16,30,2,30-2,,656[190-193],16-1 16-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-308-1,16,308,1,308-1,,656;1712,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +16-309-4,16,309,4,309-4,"A few (priviledged) Ghanaian children learn the Student Pidgin variety at home from their fathers who went to secondary school/university. All of these children acquire at least one other language at the same time (an African language or, more rarely, English).",656[151-152],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +16-31-2,16,31,2,31-2,,656[190-195],16-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-310-2,16,310,2,310-2,"In comparison to the pidgins in Nigeria or Cameroon, the acquisition of Ghanaian Pidgin English as a first language is still a very marginal phenomenon and only just about starting. A few (priviledged) Ghanaian children learn the Student Pidgin variety at home from their fathers who went to secondary school/university. All of these children acquire at least one other language at the same time (an African language or, more rarely, English).",656[151-152],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +16-311-1,16,311,1,311-1,"The Student variety in particular is spreading fast. Male Ghanaians acquire this variety in the secondary schools and universities. Up to the mid-1990s, females did not generally use Student Pidgin, but the percentage of females using Pidgin is growing now.",656[151-152],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-312-3,16,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own observation +16-313-6,16,313,6,313-6,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own estimate +16-314-2,16,314,2,314-2,"Ghanaian Pidgin English is predominantly to (near)-exclusively spoken by males. Up to the mid-1990s, females did not generally use Student Pidgin, but the percentage of females using Pidgin is growing now.",656[148-149],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Huber 2004a +16-315-3,16,315,3,315-3,"Because Ghanaian Pidgin English is still rather stigmatized and seen as a mark of illiteracy, it is not used in formal domains or settings.",656[154-156];1712[869],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-316-2,16,316,2,316-2,Pidgin is mostly used to add an ironic flavour or for bonding purposes in these settings. It is still rather stigmatized and seen as a mark of illiteracy.,656[154-156],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +16-317-2,16,317,2,317-2,"Some Highlife music uses Pidgin, often influenced by Nigerian Pidgin variety.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own observation +16-318-2,16,318,2,318-2,"The use of Ghanaian Pidgin English in literature is very limited, but following the increase in the number of speakers since the 1990s, Pidgin can also be observed to be employed in direct speech in literary works.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own observation +16-319-3,16,319,3,319-3,"Because Ghanaian Pidgin English is still rather stigmatized and seen as a mark of illiteracy, it is not used in formal domains or settings.",656[154-155],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Huber 2004a +16-32-2,16,32,2,32-2,,,16-45 16-46 16-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +16-320-2,16,320,2,320-2,"The use of Ghanaian Pidgin English in humorous or popular columns is still marginal, though some increase can be observed. It is a little more frequent in cartoons.",656[154-155],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +16-321-2,16,321,2,321-2,"Because Ghanaian Pidgin English is still rather stigmatized and seen as a mark of illiteracy, it is not generally used in banks or the post office. However, because of the face-to-face character of linguistic interaction in these institutions, Pidgin probably has a somewhat limited frequency in these settings, depending on the educational background of the customer and on how well the customer and the clerk know each other (since one of the main functions of the educated variety of Ghanaian Pidgin English is that of a bonding device).",656[156-157],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +16-322-2,16,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own estimate +16-323-3,16,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own observation 16-324-3,16,324,3,324-3,"Because Ghanaian Pidgin English is still rather stigmatized and seen as a mark of illiteracy, it is not used as a language of instruction in schools. -Note, however, that secondary schools, especially the boarding schools, and tertiary educational institutions are the main settings where male students acquire Pidgin through interaction with other pupils or students.",,,100.0,Very certain -16-325-1,16,325,1,325-1,"Ghanaian Pidgin English is used in informal settings, so the electronic media are the written domain where the pidgin is found.",,,100.0,Very certain -16-326-1,16,326,1,326-1,"Ghanaian Pidgin English is in contact with its main lexifier, English being the official language of Ghana. It is also in contact with several presumed substrates, since Ewe, Akan, etc. are the first languages of virtually all speakers of Ghanaian Pidgin and thus function as adstrates of Ghanaian Pidgin English.",656[135-139],,100.0,Very certain -16-327-2,16,327,2,327-2,"Since 50-80 African languages are spoken in Ghana and the L1 phonologies must have an influence on the pronunciation of Ghanaian Pidgin English, geographic variation is to be expected. However, this has not yet been studied systematically.",,,100.0,Intermediate -16-328-2,16,328,2,328-2,"Since 50-80 African languages are spoken in Ghana and the L1 morphosyntax must have an influence on the structure of Ghanaian Pidgin English, geographic variation is to be expected. However, this has not yet been studied systematically.",,,100.0,Intermediate -16-329-2,16,329,2,329-2,"Since 50-80 African languages are spoken in Ghana and the L1 lexicons must have an influence on the word stock of Ghanaian Pidgin English, geographic variation is to be expected. However, this has not yet been studied systematically.",,,100.0,Intermediate -16-33-2,16,33,2,33-2,,656[193-195],16-35 16-45,100.0,Very certain -16-330-4,16,330,4,330-4,Ghanaian Pidgin English is a predominantly urban phenomenon. The only places where it is spoken in a rural area is in secondary (boarding) schools.,,,100.0,Certain -16-331-4,16,331,4,331-4,Ghanaian Pidgin English is a predominantly urban phenomenon. The only places where it is spoken in a rural area is in secondary (boarding) schools.,,,100.0,Certain -16-332-4,16,332,4,332-4,Ghanaian Pidgin English is a predominantly urban phenomenon. The only places where it is spoken in a rural area is in secondary (boarding) schools.,,,100.0,Certain -16-333-2,16,333,2,333-2,"There are two main varieties of Ghanaian Pidgin English. Basilectal varieties are associated with the less educated sections of society, while more mesolectal/acrolectal forms are usually spoken by speakers who have at least progressed to the upper forms of secondary school. The phonology of the 'educated/student' variety is more influenced by Ghanaian (Standard) English, while the 'uneducated' variety is closer to the speakers' L1 varieties. The differences have not yet been studied systematically but are probably not too pronounced.",,,100.0,Intermediate -16-334-2,16,334,2,334-2,"There are two main varieties of Ghanaian Pidgin English. Basilectal varieties are associated with the less educated sections of society, while more mesolectal/acrolectal forms are usually spoken by speakers who have at least progressed to the upper forms of secondary school. The morphosyntax of the 'educated/student' variety is more influenced by Ghanaian (Standard) English, while the 'uneducated' variety is closer to the speakers' L1 varieties. The differences have not yet been studied systematically but they include the 1PL and 3PL possessive pronouns, where the student variety has wana and dema instead of aua or dem/dea or the position of adpositions, which in the student variety may also be postposed or circumposed (see Feature 4 ""Order of adposition and noun phrase"").",656[139-141],,100.0,Certain -16-335-2,16,335,2,335-2,"There are two main varieties of Ghanaian Pidgin English. Basilectal varieties are associated with the less educated sections of society, while more mesolectal/acrolectal forms are usually spoken by speakers who have at least progressed to the upper forms of secondary school. Because the main function of the student variety is that of a peer group binder, its lexicon contains a large number of items that are not found in the uneducated variety. Also, there is a lot of variability and change in the lexicon of Student Pidgin.",,,100.0,Certain -16-34-2,16,34,2,34-2,,,16-48,100.0,Very certain +Note, however, that secondary schools, especially the boarding schools, and tertiary educational institutions are the main settings where male students acquire Pidgin through interaction with other pupils or students.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own observation +16-325-1,16,325,1,325-1,"Ghanaian Pidgin English is used in informal settings, so the electronic media are the written domain where the pidgin is found.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own observation +16-326-1,16,326,1,326-1,"Ghanaian Pidgin English is in contact with its main lexifier, English being the official language of Ghana. It is also in contact with several presumed substrates, since Ewe, Akan, etc. are the first languages of virtually all speakers of Ghanaian Pidgin and thus function as adstrates of Ghanaian Pidgin English.",656[135-139],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-327-2,16,327,2,327-2,"Since 50-80 African languages are spoken in Ghana and the L1 phonologies must have an influence on the pronunciation of Ghanaian Pidgin English, geographic variation is to be expected. However, this has not yet been studied systematically.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own observation +16-328-2,16,328,2,328-2,"Since 50-80 African languages are spoken in Ghana and the L1 morphosyntax must have an influence on the structure of Ghanaian Pidgin English, geographic variation is to be expected. However, this has not yet been studied systematically.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own observation +16-329-2,16,329,2,329-2,"Since 50-80 African languages are spoken in Ghana and the L1 lexicons must have an influence on the word stock of Ghanaian Pidgin English, geographic variation is to be expected. However, this has not yet been studied systematically.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own observation +16-33-2,16,33,2,33-2,,656[193-195],16-35 16-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +16-330-4,16,330,4,330-4,Ghanaian Pidgin English is a predominantly urban phenomenon. The only places where it is spoken in a rural area is in secondary (boarding) schools.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own observation +16-331-4,16,331,4,331-4,Ghanaian Pidgin English is a predominantly urban phenomenon. The only places where it is spoken in a rural area is in secondary (boarding) schools.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own observation +16-332-4,16,332,4,332-4,Ghanaian Pidgin English is a predominantly urban phenomenon. The only places where it is spoken in a rural area is in secondary (boarding) schools.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own observation +16-333-2,16,333,2,333-2,"There are two main varieties of Ghanaian Pidgin English. Basilectal varieties are associated with the less educated sections of society, while more mesolectal/acrolectal forms are usually spoken by speakers who have at least progressed to the upper forms of secondary school. The phonology of the 'educated/student' variety is more influenced by Ghanaian (Standard) English, while the 'uneducated' variety is closer to the speakers' L1 varieties. The differences have not yet been studied systematically but are probably not too pronounced.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own observation +16-334-2,16,334,2,334-2,"There are two main varieties of Ghanaian Pidgin English. Basilectal varieties are associated with the less educated sections of society, while more mesolectal/acrolectal forms are usually spoken by speakers who have at least progressed to the upper forms of secondary school. The morphosyntax of the 'educated/student' variety is more influenced by Ghanaian (Standard) English, while the 'uneducated' variety is closer to the speakers' L1 varieties. The differences have not yet been studied systematically but they include the 1PL and 3PL possessive pronouns, where the student variety has wana and dema instead of aua or dem/dea or the position of adpositions, which in the student variety may also be postposed or circumposed (see Feature 4 ""Order of adposition and noun phrase"").",656[139-141],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +16-335-2,16,335,2,335-2,"There are two main varieties of Ghanaian Pidgin English. Basilectal varieties are associated with the less educated sections of society, while more mesolectal/acrolectal forms are usually spoken by speakers who have at least progressed to the upper forms of secondary school. Because the main function of the student variety is that of a peer group binder, its lexicon contains a large number of items that are not found in the uneducated variety. Also, there is a lot of variability and change in the lexicon of Student Pidgin.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +16-34-2,16,34,2,34-2,,,16-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork 16-35-7,16,35,7,35-7,"For 1 to 3, there is variation between ordinals derived from cardinal numbers and suppletive forms (borrowed from Standard English). -Nɔmba wan is sometimes used as 'the first (and foremost)' or 'the biggest'.",,16-49 16-50 16-51,70.0,Very certain +Nɔmba wan is sometimes used as 'the first (and foremost)' or 'the biggest'.",,16-49 16-50 16-51,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own fieldwork 16-35-4,16,35,4,35-4,"For 1 to 3, there is variation between ordinals derived from cardinal numbers and suppletive forms (borrowed from Standard English). -Nɔmba wan is sometimes used as 'the first (and foremost)' or 'the biggest'.",,16-52,30.0,Very certain -16-36-1,16,36,1,36-1,,,16-11,100.0,Very certain -16-37-1,16,37,1,37-1,,656[200-201],16-53,100.0,Very certain -16-38-1,16,38,1,38-1,,656[210-211],16-54,50.0,Certain -16-38-4,16,38,4,38-4,,656[210-211],16-2,50.0,Certain -16-39-3,16,39,3,39-3,,,16-55 16-56,100.0,Very certain -16-4-2,16,4,2,4-2,,656[211-215],16-4,100.0,Very certain -16-40-1,16,40,1,40-1,,656[231-233],16-57 16-58,100.0,Very certain -16-41-2,16,41,2,41-2,,"656[231-233, 239-240]",16-59 16-60,100.0,Very certain -16-42-1,16,42,1,42-1,,656,16-59,100.0,Very certain -16-43-1,16,43,1,43-1,"Completive finiʃ follows the verb, but this is not considered an aspect marker in terms of this feature.",656[218-229],16-61,100.0,Very certain -16-44-8,16,44,8,44-8,Ghanaian Pidgin English has no tense marker.,656[227-229],,100.0,Certain -16-45-6,16,45,6,45-6,,656[218-220],,100.0,Very certain -16-46-3,16,46,3,46-3,,656[227-229],16-62 16-63,100.0,Very certain -16-47-6,16,47,6,47-6,"Current state can be expressed by the PROG/HAB marker dè, but this is rather infrequent. It seems to me that the ""current state"" in constructions involving a PROG/HAB marker results from the semantics of the verb rather than from the marker itself.","656[225-227, 229-233]",16-64 16-65 16-66 16-67,100.0,Very certain -16-48-6,16,48,6,48-6,,"656[225-227, 229-233]",16-64 16-65 16-66 16-67,100.0,Very certain -16-49-1,16,49,1,49-1,,,16-19 16-2 16-92,100.0,Very certain -16-5-1,16,5,1,5-1,,656[193-195],16-8 16-9,100.0,Very certain -16-50-3,16,50,3,50-3,"Ghanaian Pidgin English TAM markers are the same in sentences of positive and negative polarity, except for past perfective nεva, which contrasts with zero in positive sentences.",656[215-229],16-49 16-68,100.0,Very certain +Nɔmba wan is sometimes used as 'the first (and foremost)' or 'the biggest'.",,16-52,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own fieldwork +16-36-1,16,36,1,36-1,,,16-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +16-37-1,16,37,1,37-1,,656[200-201],16-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-38-1,16,38,1,38-1,,656[210-211],16-54,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +16-38-4,16,38,4,38-4,,656[210-211],16-2,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +16-39-3,16,39,3,39-3,,,16-55 16-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-4-2,16,4,2,4-2,,656[211-215],16-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +16-40-1,16,40,1,40-1,,656[231-233],16-57 16-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-41-2,16,41,2,41-2,,"656[231-233, 239-240]",16-59 16-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-42-1,16,42,1,42-1,,656,16-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +16-43-1,16,43,1,43-1,"Completive finiʃ follows the verb, but this is not considered an aspect marker in terms of this feature.",656[218-229],16-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-44-8,16,44,8,44-8,Ghanaian Pidgin English has no tense marker.,656[227-229],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-45-6,16,45,6,45-6,,656[218-220],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-46-3,16,46,3,46-3,,656[227-229],16-62 16-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-47-6,16,47,6,47-6,"Current state can be expressed by the PROG/HAB marker dè, but this is rather infrequent. It seems to me that the ""current state"" in constructions involving a PROG/HAB marker results from the semantics of the verb rather than from the marker itself.","656[225-227, 229-233]",16-64 16-65 16-66 16-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +16-48-6,16,48,6,48-6,,"656[225-227, 229-233]",16-64 16-65 16-66 16-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +16-49-1,16,49,1,49-1,,,16-19 16-2 16-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +16-5-1,16,5,1,5-1,,656[193-195],16-8 16-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +16-50-3,16,50,3,50-3,"Ghanaian Pidgin English TAM markers are the same in sentences of positive and negative polarity, except for past perfective nεva, which contrasts with zero in positive sentences.",656[215-229],16-49 16-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 16-51-3,16,51,3,51-3,"When uttered in isolation, unmarked stative verbs have present reference; unmarked dynamic verbs have past (perfective) reference. -Ghanaian Pidgin English’s tense system conforms to Bickerton’s Creole prototype only as far as absolute tense is concerned, i.e. when a situation is located on the time axis relative to the moment of speaking: unmarked state verbs can express nonpast and unmarked action verbs past. However, when it comes to relative tense, which locates a situation not in relation to the time of speaking but in relation to another moment on the time axis (anteriority), Ghanaian Pidgin English departs from the creole prototype. Bickerton (1980: 5)says that an anterior tense marker be present to signal past for state verbs and past-before-past for action verbs. Ghanaian Pidgin English does not have such an anterior tense marker (which takes the form bìn in Krio, NigPE, and CamPE). Therefore, unmarked verbs may also refer to an anterior situation. Note that the anterior interpretation of such sentences is entirely dependent on co(n)textual clues or time adverbials, which may optionally be inserted for disambiguation. In sum, then, a distinction between Ghanaian Pidgin English stative and active verbs cannot be made on the grounds of temporal reference of unmarked verbs: both types of verbs may refer to anterior or non-anterior situations when unmarked. That said, unmarked action verbs tend to be interpreted as past in isolation.",656[229-231],16-48 16-69,100.0,Very certain +Ghanaian Pidgin English’s tense system conforms to Bickerton’s Creole prototype only as far as absolute tense is concerned, i.e. when a situation is located on the time axis relative to the moment of speaking: unmarked state verbs can express nonpast and unmarked action verbs past. However, when it comes to relative tense, which locates a situation not in relation to the time of speaking but in relation to another moment on the time axis (anteriority), Ghanaian Pidgin English departs from the creole prototype. Bickerton (1980: 5)says that an anterior tense marker be present to signal past for state verbs and past-before-past for action verbs. Ghanaian Pidgin English does not have such an anterior tense marker (which takes the form bìn in Krio, NigPE, and CamPE). Therefore, unmarked verbs may also refer to an anterior situation. Note that the anterior interpretation of such sentences is entirely dependent on co(n)textual clues or time adverbials, which may optionally be inserted for disambiguation. In sum, then, a distinction between Ghanaian Pidgin English stative and active verbs cannot be made on the grounds of temporal reference of unmarked verbs: both types of verbs may refer to anterior or non-anterior situations when unmarked. That said, unmarked action verbs tend to be interpreted as past in isolation.",656[229-231],16-48 16-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 16-52-2,16,52,2,52-2,"Note that PROG + so-called state verb does not automatically trigger an inchoative meaning. Rather, the inchoative meaning seems to be generated by the context. Verbs like andastan ‘understand’ which are clearly stative in English can either be used as an active or a stative verb in Ghanaian Pidgin English. Therefore, when andastan is preceded by the PROG marker dè, it is no longer a stative verb but means something like 'actively understanding'. -However, my consultants did not agree on the meaning of PROG+STATIVE VERB constructions, one claiming that an inchoative reading is possible (see Example 71 à dè taia), the other that it is impossible (à dè hɔŋ [1SG PROG be.hungry] can only mean 'I am hungry', not 'I am getting hungry').",656[229-231],16-70 16-71,100.0,Intermediate -16-53-3,16,53,3,53-3,,656[236-240],,100.0,Certain -16-54-7,16,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -16-55-2,16,55,2,55-2,"Epistemic possibility can be expressed by the ability marker fit, but only if it occurs in conjunction with the future/irrealis marker gò. It is doubtful, therefore, that the ability marker itself triggers an epistemic possibility meaning, which rather seems to be imparted by the future/irrealis marker.",656[222-223],16-72,100.0,Intermediate +However, my consultants did not agree on the meaning of PROG+STATIVE VERB constructions, one claiming that an inchoative reading is possible (see Example 71 à dè taia), the other that it is impossible (à dè hɔŋ [1SG PROG be.hungry] can only mean 'I am hungry', not 'I am getting hungry').",656[229-231],16-70 16-71,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +16-53-3,16,53,3,53-3,,656[236-240],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +16-54-7,16,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +16-55-2,16,55,2,55-2,"Epistemic possibility can be expressed by the ability marker fit, but only if it occurs in conjunction with the future/irrealis marker gò. It is doubtful, therefore, that the ability marker itself triggers an epistemic possibility meaning, which rather seems to be imparted by the future/irrealis marker.",656[222-223],16-72,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 16-56-1,16,56,1,56-1,"Ghanaian Pidgin English has two ways of expressing the imperative - 1. bare verb, or 2. mek jù + bare verb: (mek jù) go @@ -2566,96 +2566,96 @@ However, the prohibitive is only attested in the form mek jù no + bare verb: mek jù no go [CAUS 2SG NEG go] -'Don't go!' (prohibitive).","656[180, 240]",16-73 16-74 16-75,100.0,Very certain -16-57-1,16,57,1,57-1,,,16-76,100.0,Very certain -16-58-1,16,58,1,58-1,,,16-69 16-77,100.0,Very certain -16-59-2,16,59,2,59-2,,,16-32 16-78,100.0,Very certain -16-6-1,16,6,1,6-1,Cardinal numbers may follow the noun to indicate the distributive.,,16-11,87.5,Very certain -16-6-2,16,6,2,6-2,Cardinal numbers may follow the noun to indicate the distributive.,,16-12,12.5,Very certain -16-60-2,16,60,2,60-2,,656[239],16-79 16-80 16-81,100.0,Very certain -16-61-1,16,61,1,61-1,,657[239],16-80,50.0,Very certain -16-61-2,16,61,2,61-2,,657[239],16-79,50.0,Very certain -16-62-1,16,62,1,62-1,,656[195-198],16-82,100.0,Very certain -16-63-1,16,63,1,63-1,"Ì bì laik se structures are common in Ghanaian Pidgin English, but in most cases they do not mean 'it seems that ...' but are used as discourse markers similar to English 'it was like ...'",,16-83,100.0,Intermediate -16-64-1,16,64,1,64-1,,,16-84,100.0,Very certain -16-65-4,16,65,4,65-4,,,16-85,50.0,Very certain -16-65-1,16,65,1,65-1,,,16-86,50.0,Very certain -16-66-3,16,66,3,66-3,,,16-87,100.0,Very certain -16-67-2,16,67,2,67-2,,,16-89,50.0,Very certain -16-67-1,16,67,1,67-1,,,16-69 16-88,50.0,Very certain -16-68-1,16,68,1,68-1,,,16-90,100.0,Very certain -16-69-2,16,69,2,69-2,,656[238-239],16-91,50.0,Very certain -16-69-1,16,69,1,69-1,,656[238-239],16-92,50.0,Very certain -16-7-1,16,7,1,7-1,,656[180-185],16-13,100.0,Very certain -16-70-1,16,70,1,70-1,,656[238-239],16-92 16-93,100.0,Very certain -16-71-2,16,71,2,71-2,,,16-76 16-93,100.0,Very certain -16-72-1,16,72,1,72-1,"The conjunction is realized as either εn(d) (< and) or εn dεn (< and then), both used with about equal frequency.",,16-100 16-98 16-99,100.0,Very certain -16-73-1,16,73,1,73-1,,656[234-236],16-101,100.0,Very certain -16-74-3,16,74,3,74-3,,656[231-233],16-102 16-103,100.0,Very certain -16-75-1,16,75,1,75-1,,656[234-236],16-104 16-115,100.0,Very certain -16-76-2,16,76,2,76-2,,656[234-236],16-101 16-104 16-115,100.0,Very certain -16-77-1,16,77,1,77-1,,,16-105,100.0,Very certain -16-78-2,16,78,2,78-2,Existence of an entity is expressed by the existential copula de.,656[234],16-104 16-105,100.0,Certain -16-79-5,16,79,5,79-5,It seems that the use of the preposition fɔ (< for) is predominantly found in older speakers.,656[211-215],16-109,38.4615384615385,Very certain -16-79-2,16,79,2,79-2,It seems that the use of the preposition fɔ (< for) is predominantly found in older speakers.,656[211-215],16-110,23.0769230769231,Very certain -16-79-1,16,79,1,79-1,It seems that the use of the preposition fɔ (< for) is predominantly found in older speakers.,656[211-215],16-111,38.4615384615385,Very certain -16-8-2,16,8,2,8-2,,,16-15,30.0,Very certain -16-8-1,16,8,1,8-1,,,16-14,70.0,Very certain -16-80-2,16,80,2,80-2,,,16-112,100.0,Very certain +'Don't go!' (prohibitive).","656[180, 240]",16-73 16-74 16-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +16-57-1,16,57,1,57-1,,,16-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +16-58-1,16,58,1,58-1,,,16-69 16-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +16-59-2,16,59,2,59-2,,,16-32 16-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +16-6-1,16,6,1,6-1,Cardinal numbers may follow the noun to indicate the distributive.,,16-11,87.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +16-6-2,16,6,2,6-2,Cardinal numbers may follow the noun to indicate the distributive.,,16-12,12.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +16-60-2,16,60,2,60-2,,656[239],16-79 16-80 16-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +16-61-1,16,61,1,61-1,,657[239],16-80,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +16-61-2,16,61,2,61-2,,657[239],16-79,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +16-62-1,16,62,1,62-1,,656[195-198],16-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +16-63-1,16,63,1,63-1,"Ì bì laik se structures are common in Ghanaian Pidgin English, but in most cases they do not mean 'it seems that ...' but are used as discourse markers similar to English 'it was like ...'",,16-83,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-64-1,16,64,1,64-1,,,16-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-65-4,16,65,4,65-4,,,16-85,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-65-1,16,65,1,65-1,,,16-86,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-66-3,16,66,3,66-3,,,16-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-67-2,16,67,2,67-2,,,16-89,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-67-1,16,67,1,67-1,,,16-69 16-88,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-68-1,16,68,1,68-1,,,16-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-69-2,16,69,2,69-2,,656[238-239],16-91,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-69-1,16,69,1,69-1,,656[238-239],16-92,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-7-1,16,7,1,7-1,,656[180-185],16-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +16-70-1,16,70,1,70-1,,656[238-239],16-92 16-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +16-71-2,16,71,2,71-2,,,16-76 16-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +16-72-1,16,72,1,72-1,"The conjunction is realized as either εn(d) (< and) or εn dεn (< and then), both used with about equal frequency.",,16-100 16-98 16-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +16-73-1,16,73,1,73-1,,656[234-236],16-101,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +16-74-3,16,74,3,74-3,,656[231-233],16-102 16-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +16-75-1,16,75,1,75-1,,656[234-236],16-104 16-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-76-2,16,76,2,76-2,,656[234-236],16-101 16-104 16-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +16-77-1,16,77,1,77-1,,,16-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own fieldwork +16-78-2,16,78,2,78-2,Existence of an entity is expressed by the existential copula de.,656[234],16-104 16-105,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-79-5,16,79,5,79-5,It seems that the use of the preposition fɔ (< for) is predominantly found in older speakers.,656[211-215],16-109,38.4615384615385,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-39-FFFFFF-24-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}", +16-79-2,16,79,2,79-2,It seems that the use of the preposition fɔ (< for) is predominantly found in older speakers.,656[211-215],16-110,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-39-FFFFFF-24-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}", +16-79-1,16,79,1,79-1,It seems that the use of the preposition fɔ (< for) is predominantly found in older speakers.,656[211-215],16-111,38.4615384615385,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-39-FFFFFF-24-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}", +16-8-2,16,8,2,8-2,,,16-15,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +16-8-1,16,8,1,8-1,,,16-14,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +16-80-2,16,80,2,80-2,,,16-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork 16-81-2,16,81,2,81-2,"Motion-to can be expressed in at least three different ways: 1. go 2. go fɔ 3. serialized go -but in all three cases this is different from the motion-from construction.",,16-106 16-107 16-108,100.0,Certain -16-82-1,16,82,1,82-1,,,16-113 16-115,45.4545454545455,Very certain -16-82-3,16,82,3,82-3,,,16-114,9.09090909090909,Very certain -16-82-2,16,82,2,82-2,,,16-113 16-115,45.4545454545455,Very certain -16-83-2,16,83,2,83-2,,,16-115 16-116,50.0,Very certain -16-83-1,16,83,1,83-1,,,16-115 16-116,50.0,Very certain -16-84-2,16,84,2,84-2,,656[236-238],16-117 16-118,100.0,Very certain -16-85-3,16,85,3,85-3,,656[238-239],16-120,33.3333333333333,Very certain -16-85-2,16,85,2,85-2,,656[238-239],16-119,33.3333333333333,Very certain -16-85-5,16,85,5,85-5,,656[238-239],16-91,33.3333333333333,Very certain -16-86-2,16,86,2,86-2,,656[239],16-121 16-122 16-79,100.0,Very certain -16-87-2,16,87,2,87-2,,656[201-202],16-124,12.5,Intermediate -16-87-3,16,87,3,87-3,,656[201-202],16-123,87.5,Very certain -16-88-3,16,88,3,88-3,"""Pronoun + sɛf"" can be used as an intensifier and as a reflexive pronoun; bɔdi is only used as a reflexive pronoun. As explained in Feature 87 (""Reflexive constructions""), the status of bɔdi 'body' as a reflexive pronoun is marginal. (If one disregarded such marginal cases involving bɔdi, Value 1 ""Formal identity"" would be the appropriate choice.)","656[201-202,]",16-124 16-127 16-128,100.0,Very certain -16-89-3,16,89,3,89-3,,656[201-202],16-123 16-128 16-130,100.0,Very certain -16-9-1,16,9,1,9-1,,656[190-193],16-16,100.0,Very certain -16-90-2,16,90,2,90-2,Quasi-passive meanings may be encoded through impersonal constructions which have the 2SG or 3PL bound pronouns as their subject. Causative mek followed by these pronouns can also be interpreted as passive at times (see Huber 1999: 215).,656[215],,100.0,Very certain -16-91-8,16,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain +but in all three cases this is different from the motion-from construction.",,16-106 16-107 16-108,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-82-1,16,82,1,82-1,,,16-113 16-115,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-82-3,16,82,3,82-3,,,16-114,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-82-2,16,82,2,82-2,,,16-113 16-115,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-83-2,16,83,2,83-2,,,16-115 16-116,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-83-1,16,83,1,83-1,,,16-115 16-116,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-84-2,16,84,2,84-2,,656[236-238],16-117 16-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-85-3,16,85,3,85-3,,656[238-239],16-120,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-ADD8E6-34-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-85-2,16,85,2,85-2,,656[238-239],16-119,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-ADD8E6-34-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-85-5,16,85,5,85-5,,656[238-239],16-91,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-ADD8E6-34-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-86-2,16,86,2,86-2,,656[239],16-121 16-122 16-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +16-87-2,16,87,2,87-2,,656[201-202],16-124,12.5,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-FFFF00.png""}", +16-87-3,16,87,3,87-3,,656[201-202],16-123,87.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-FFFF00.png""}", +16-88-3,16,88,3,88-3,"""Pronoun + sɛf"" can be used as an intensifier and as a reflexive pronoun; bɔdi is only used as a reflexive pronoun. As explained in Feature 87 (""Reflexive constructions""), the status of bɔdi 'body' as a reflexive pronoun is marginal. (If one disregarded such marginal cases involving bɔdi, Value 1 ""Formal identity"" would be the appropriate choice.)","656[201-202,]",16-124 16-127 16-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +16-89-3,16,89,3,89-3,,656[201-202],16-123 16-128 16-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own fieldwork +16-9-1,16,9,1,9-1,,656[190-193],16-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +16-90-2,16,90,2,90-2,Quasi-passive meanings may be encoded through impersonal constructions which have the 2SG or 3PL bound pronouns as their subject. Causative mek followed by these pronouns can also be interpreted as passive at times (see Huber 1999: 215).,656[215],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-91-8,16,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own fieldwork 16-92-3,16,92,3,92-3,"Zero + gap constructions (Value 4) are not found in relative clauses, but this construction is rather common in clefts, which otherwise have the same structure as relative clauses: ì be atʃampɔŋ [ opin dis haiwe ] 3SG COP Acheampong [ open this highway ] -'It was Acheampong who opened this highway.'",656[180-185],16-132,53.8461538461538,Very certain +'It was Acheampong who opened this highway.'",656[180-185],16-132,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-54-FFB6C1-24-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", 16-92-2,16,92,2,92-2,"Zero + gap constructions (Value 4) are not found in relative clauses, but this construction is rather common in clefts, which otherwise have the same structure as relative clauses: ì be atʃampɔŋ [ opin dis haiwe ] 3SG COP Acheampong [ open this highway ] -'It was Acheampong who opened this highway.'",656[180-185],16-131,23.0769230769231,Very certain +'It was Acheampong who opened this highway.'",656[180-185],16-131,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-54-FFB6C1-24-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", 16-92-5,16,92,5,92-5,"Zero + gap constructions (Value 4) are not found in relative clauses, but this construction is rather common in clefts, which otherwise have the same structure as relative clauses: ì be atʃampɔŋ [ opin dis haiwe ] 3SG COP Acheampong [ open this highway ] -'It was Acheampong who opened this highway.'",656[180-185],16-133,23.0769230769231,Very certain -16-93-4,16,93,4,93-4,,656[180-185],16-136,8.33333333333333,Very certain -16-93-5,16,93,5,93-5,,656[180-185],16-137,25.0,Very certain -16-93-2,16,93,2,93-2,,656[180-185],16-134,25.0,Very certain -16-93-3,16,93,3,93-3,,656[180-185],16-135,41.6666666666667,Very certain -16-94-3,16,94,3,94-3,,,16-138,70.0,Intermediate -16-94-5,16,94,5,94-5,,,16-139,30.0,Intermediate -16-95-1,16,95,1,95-1,,656[188-190],16-140,70.0,Very certain -16-95-4,16,95,4,95-4,,656[188-190],16-141,30.0,Very certain -16-96-1,16,96,1,96-1,,656[188-190],16-143,87.5,Very certain -16-96-4,16,96,4,96-4,,656[188-190],16-142,12.5,Uncertain -16-97-1,16,97,1,97-1,,,16-144,100.0,Very certain -16-98-1,16,98,1,98-1,,656[188-190],16-145 16-146,100.0,Very certain -16-99-2,16,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -1641-17-4,1641,17,4,17-4,,,64-33 64-34,100.0,Very certain -1641-40-2,1641,40,2,40-2,,,64-76,100.0,Very certain +'It was Acheampong who opened this highway.'",656[180-185],16-133,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-54-FFB6C1-24-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +16-93-4,16,93,4,93-4,,656[180-185],16-136,8.33333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-42-FFB6C1-9-0000FF-25-ADD8E6.png""}", +16-93-5,16,93,5,93-5,,656[180-185],16-137,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-42-FFB6C1-9-0000FF-25-ADD8E6.png""}", +16-93-2,16,93,2,93-2,,656[180-185],16-134,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-42-FFB6C1-9-0000FF-25-ADD8E6.png""}", +16-93-3,16,93,3,93-3,,656[180-185],16-135,41.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-42-FFB6C1-9-0000FF-25-ADD8E6.png""}", +16-94-3,16,94,3,94-3,,,16-138,70.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFB6C1-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +16-94-5,16,94,5,94-5,,,16-139,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFB6C1-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +16-95-1,16,95,1,95-1,,656[188-190],16-140,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-95-4,16,95,4,95-4,,656[188-190],16-141,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-96-1,16,96,1,96-1,,656[188-190],16-143,87.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-96-4,16,96,4,96-4,,656[188-190],16-142,12.5,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-FFFFFF.png""}", +16-97-1,16,97,1,97-1,,,16-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +16-98-1,16,98,1,98-1,,656[188-190],16-145 16-146,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +16-99-2,16,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1641-17-4,1641,17,4,17-4,,,64-33 64-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +1641-40-2,1641,40,2,40-2,,,64-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 1641-60-1,1641,60,1,60-1,"Secondary-object construction are also induced by the Arabic interference. Sudanese Arabic: @@ -2664,7 +2664,7 @@ addí=ni le=ha [give\IMP.2SG.M=OBJ.1SG to=OBJ.3SG.F] (Bound object pronoun) lit: give me to it -'Give it to me'",1089,64-126 64-187,90.0,Certain +'Give it to me'",1089,64-126 64-187,90.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 1641-60-3,1641,60,3,60-3,"Secondary-object construction are also induced by the Arabic interference. Sudanese Arabic: @@ -2673,915 +2673,915 @@ addí=ni le=ha [give\IMP.2SG.M=OBJ.1SG to=OBJ.3SG.F] (Bound object pronoun) lit: give me to it -'Give it to me'",1089,64-33,10.0,Certain -1642-92-5,1642,92,5,92-5,,,64-185,50.0,Very certain -1642-92-4,1642,92,4,92-4,,,64-186,50.0,Very certain -1642-98-5,1642,98,5,98-5,In basilectal registers we also find a zero complementizer after the verb 'think'.,,64-201 64-204,100.0,Very certain -1651-1-2,1651,1,2,1-2,The depidginized lect is a somewhat Russified speech of those speakers who had a lot of contact with Russian.,1195[180],65-6,30.0,Certain -1651-1-1,1651,1,1,1-1,The depidginized lect is a somewhat Russified speech of those speakers who had a lot of contact with Russian.,1195[180],65-4,70.0,Very certain -1651-20-3,1651,20,3,20-3,There are very few cases of such a construction; Example 40 is an example of a depidginized form.,,65-40,100.0,Intermediate -17-0-1,17,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -17-1-2,17,1,2,1-2,,462[71-73],17-1 17-96,100.0,Very certain -17-10-1,17,10,1,10-1,,462[70-73],17-12,100.0,Very certain -17-100-4,17,100,4,100-4,"The negative particle no is used in most cases, but the negative completive auxiliary ne̱va always replaces no + the completive auxiliary do̱n and normally replaces no with the other completive auxiliaries finish, taya, kpákpá, etc.",462[89-93],17-172,70.0,Very certain -17-100-3,17,100,3,100-3,"The negative particle no is used in most cases, but the negative completive auxiliary ne̱va always replaces no + the completive auxiliary do̱n and normally replaces no with the other completive auxiliaries finish, taya, kpákpá, etc.",462[89-93],17-173,30.0,Very certain -17-101-1,17,101,1,101-1,,462[89-93],17-174,100.0,Very certain -17-102-3,17,102,3,102-3,,462[89-93],17-175 17-176 17-177,100.0,Certain -17-103-7,17,103,7,103-7,Final rising intonation (with or without a particle) is used to signal yes-no questions.,462[8-10],17-178,70.0,Very certain -17-103-1,17,103,1,103-1,Final rising intonation (with or without a particle) is used to signal yes-no questions.,462[8-10],17-179,30.0,Very certain -17-104-4,17,104,4,104-4,"The item nà, which straddles the boundary between copular and non-copular highlighter is frequently used to introduce a focused item in a cleft construction. The constituent final particles bà, kwà, and shà may follow the focused item and precede the background clause to signal predicate clefting.","462[46-51, 115-124]",17-181,13.0434782608696,Very certain -17-104-5,17,104,5,104-5,"The item nà, which straddles the boundary between copular and non-copular highlighter is frequently used to introduce a focused item in a cleft construction. The constituent final particles bà, kwà, and shà may follow the focused item and precede the background clause to signal predicate clefting.","462[46-51, 115-124]",17-183,4.34782608695652,Very certain -17-104-6,17,104,6,104-6,"The item nà, which straddles the boundary between copular and non-copular highlighter is frequently used to introduce a focused item in a cleft construction. The constituent final particles bà, kwà, and shà may follow the focused item and precede the background clause to signal predicate clefting.","462[46-51, 115-124]",17-216,39.1304347826087, -17-104-1,17,104,1,104-1,"The item nà, which straddles the boundary between copular and non-copular highlighter is frequently used to introduce a focused item in a cleft construction. The constituent final particles bà, kwà, and shà may follow the focused item and precede the background clause to signal predicate clefting.","462[46-51, 115-124]",17-182,4.34782608695652,Very certain -17-104-3,17,104,3,104-3,"The item nà, which straddles the boundary between copular and non-copular highlighter is frequently used to introduce a focused item in a cleft construction. The constituent final particles bà, kwà, and shà may follow the focused item and precede the background clause to signal predicate clefting.","462[46-51, 115-124]",17-180,39.1304347826087,Very certain -17-105-1,17,105,1,105-1,,462[120-123],17-184,100.0,Very certain -17-106-2,17,106,2,106-2,"The focus particle tù 'also’ normally follows the focused element, but it very infrequently precedes the focused element as well.",462[59-62],17-185,95.0,Very certain -17-106-1,17,106,1,106-1,"The focus particle tù 'also’ normally follows the focused element, but it very infrequently precedes the focused element as well.",462[59-62],17-186,5.0,Certain -17-107-2,17,107,2,107-2,"A number of phrase/clause final markers such as o, ba, sha, kwa, naw, etc. occur at an extremely high frequency. O may follow a form of address as part of a vocative expression, but the use of o is not restricted to a purely vocative function.",462[27],17-187,100.0,Very certain -17-108-3,17,108,3,108-3,Alveolar and palatal clicks are used with logical meaning (’no’/negation) and lateral clicks are used with affective meaning (’suck teeth’/disgust).,,17-188 17-189,100.0,Very certain -17-109-1,17,109,1,109-1,,462[285-289],17-190,100.0,Very certain -17-11-2,17,11,2,11-2,"Most adverbs follow the verb and its object, but these may optionally precede the subject as well. A few adverbs obligatorily intervene between the subject and the verb.","462[61-61, 72-73]",17-14,30.0,Very certain -17-11-3,17,11,3,11-3,"Most adverbs follow the verb and its object, but these may optionally precede the subject as well. A few adverbs obligatorily intervene between the subject and the verb.","462[61-61, 72-73]",17-13,70.0,Very certain -17-110-1,17,110,1,110-1,,462[285-289],17-191,100.0,Very certain -17-111-3,17,111,3,111-3,"A number of different ways exist to refer to tears, none of which seems to be more than a circumlocution.",,17-192,100.0,Certain -17-112-1,17,112,1,112-1,,462[285-289],17-193,100.0,Very certain -17-113-2,17,113,2,113-2,To 'toe' can be used in acrolectal Nigerian Pidgin.,462[285-289],17-194 17-195,100.0,Certain -17-114-2,17,114,2,114-2,,462[285-289],17-196 17-197,100.0,Very certain -17-115-3,17,115,3,115-3,"Hyar ‘hear’ can be used to refer to stimuli detected by any of the senses, whereas the use of sme̱l ‘smell’ is normally restricted to olfactory stimuli.",462[285-289],17-198 17-199,100.0,Very certain -17-116-3,17,116,3,116-3,"Formerly, the stative verb blak was used to refer to the spectrum from black to purple to blue to green, but now the separate stative verbs blu ‘be blue’ and grin ‘be blue/green’ are much more commonly used.",462[286],17-200 17-201,100.0,Intermediate -17-117-1,17,117,1,117-1,,"462[69-72, 221-230, 242-243]",17-202 17-203,100.0,Very certain -17-118-3,17,118,3,118-3,,462[263-265],17-204 17-205 17-206 17-207,100.0,Very certain -17-119-3,17,119,3,119-3,"Codas are partially or completely deleted in most environments, but word final codas often resurface before vowels and almost always resurface before certain items, such as the 3S.OBJ suffix -am or the particle o.","462[257-258, 263-265]",17-208 17-209 17-210 17-211 17-212,100.0,Very certain -17-12-2,17,12,2,12-2,"All interrogative phrases can occur in situ, but in most cases they are fronted.",462[11-20],17-15,25.0,Very certain -17-12-1,17,12,1,12-1,"All interrogative phrases can occur in situ, but in most cases they are fronted.",462[11-20],17-16,75.0,Very certain -17-120-5,17,120,5,120-5,"In Nigerian Pidgin's simple tone system with derived complex tones, tones are used for both lexical and grammatical distinctions. There is basically a two-tone system plus a rare (in most cases post-lexical) downstepped high tone. Most lexical items have a single underlying tone that interacts with phrasal stress. Falling and rising contour tones occur as the result of the interaction between phrasal stress and tone (a stressed H becomes HL and a stressed L becomes LH). There is a large set of lexical items, all of which come from African languages, all of whose syllables are specified for tone underlyingly and none of which undergo any modification in pitch due to phrasal stress.",462[270-275],17-213 17-214,100.0,Very certain -17-121-3,17,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -17-122-3,17,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0, -17-123-4,17,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -17-124-1,17,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -17-125-3,17,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -17-126-1,17,126,1,126-1,,,17-232,100.0, -17-127-6,17,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -17-128-1,17,128,1,128-1,,,17-238,100.0, -17-129-1,17,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -17-13-1,17,13,1,13-1,Gender distinctions (masculine vs. feminine) are sporadically made in third person singular subject pronouns in more acrolectal speech.,462[179],17-17,100.0,Very certain -17-130-1,17,130,1,130-1,,,17-235,100.0, -17-131,17,131,1,131-1,,,17-217,100.0, -17-132,17,132,1,132-1,,,17-219,100.0, -17-133,17,133,1,133-1,,,17-220,100.0, -17-134,17,134,1,134-1,,,17-221,100.0, -17-137,17,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -17-138,17,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -17-139,17,139,1,139-1,,,17-226,100.0, -17-14-1,17,14,1,14-1,,462[174-180],17-18,100.0,Very certain -17-140,17,140,1,140-1,,,17-228,100.0, -17-143,17,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -17-144,17,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -17-145,17,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -17-146,17,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -17-147,17,147,1,147-1,,,17-218,100.0, -17-148,17,148,1,148-1,,,17-222,100.0, -17-149,17,149,1,149-1,,,17-224,100.0, -17-15-1,17,15,1,15-1,,462[174-180],17-18,100.0,Very certain -17-151,17,151,1,151-1,,,17-260,100.0, -17-152,17,152,1,152-1,,,17-261,100.0, -17-153,17,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -17-155,17,155,2,155-2,,,17-225,100.0, -17-156,17,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -17-158,17,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -17-159,17,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -17-16-1,17,16,1,16-1,,462[174],,100.0,Very certain -17-160,17,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -17-161,17,161,2,161-2,,,17-227,100.0, -17-163,17,163,2,163-2,,,17-223,100.0, -17-168,17,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -17-169,17,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -17-17-4,17,17,4,17-4,Independent and dependent pronouns are distinguished from each other mainly by tone (e.g. independent yú vs. dependent yù) except in the case of the first person singular subject pronouns (independent mí vs. dependent à).,462[174-180],17-19 17-20,100.0,Very certain -17-170,17,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -17-171,17,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -17-172,17,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -17-173,17,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -17-174,17,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -17-176,17,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -17-178,17,178,1,178-1,,,17-236,100.0, -17-179,17,179,1,179-1,,,17-237,100.0, -17-18-1,17,18,1,18-1,,462[174-180],17-21,100.0,Very certain -17-180,17,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -17-181,17,181,1,181-1,,,17-238,100.0, -17-182,17,182,1,182-1,,,17-239,100.0, -17-183,17,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -17-184,17,184,1,184-1,,,17-240,100.0, -17-187,17,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -17-188,17,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -17-189,17,189,1,189-1,,,17-229,100.0, -17-19-4,17,19,4,19-4,"Both simple and complex forms exist for ‘who’, ‘where’, and ‘how’, but only complex forms are utilized for ‘when’. In the case of ‘how’, the simple form is used much more frequently than the complex forms.","462[11-21, 252]",17-22 17-23 17-24,100.0,Unspecified -17-190,17,190,1,190-1,,,17-230,100.0, -17-191,17,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -17-192,17,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -17-193,17,193,1,193-1,,,17-231,100.0, -17-194,17,194,1,194-1,,,17-232,100.0, -17-195,17,195,1,195-1,,,17-233,100.0, -17-196,17,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -17-199,17,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -17-2-1,17,2,1,2-1,,"462[72-73, 114, 144]",17-2,100.0,Very certain -17-20-1,17,20,1,20-1,Either ànd ‘and’ or wìt ‘with’ may be used here.,462[74-86],17-25,100.0,Very certain -17-200,17,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -17-201,17,201,2,201-2,,,17-234,100.0, -17-202,17,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -17-205,17,205,1,205-1,,,17-235,100.0, -17-209,17,209,1,209-1,,,17-241,100.0, -17-21-5,17,21,5,21-5,"Indefinite pronouns take the form of high-toned compounds which include generic nouns such as wo̱n 'one’, bò̱di ‘body’, ting ‘thing’, ples ‘place’, taym ‘time’, etc.",462[251-252],17-26 17-27,100.0,Very certain -17-212,17,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -17-217,17,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -17-218,17,218,1,218-1,,,17-242,100.0, -17-22-4,17,22,4,22-4,"Nouns are normally unmarked for plurality, but several plural markers can be sporadically and optionally used on any noun.",462[168-171],17-28 17-29,100.0,Very certain -17-221,17,221,1,221-1,,,17-243,100.0, -17-23-6,17,23,6,23-6,"Besides the options listed, a variety of other means are also utilized to express nominal plurality, including: quantifiers, the use of verbs such as planti ‘be plenty’, the use of serialized verbs such as tròwé ‘overflow,’ and reduplication of quantifiers, adverbials and ideophones.",462[168-171],17-34,18.75,Very certain -17-23-4,17,23,4,23-4,"Besides the options listed, a variety of other means are also utilized to express nominal plurality, including: quantifiers, the use of verbs such as planti ‘be plenty’, the use of serialized verbs such as tròwé ‘overflow,’ and reduplication of quantifiers, adverbials and ideophones.",462[168-171],17-32,18.75,Very certain -17-23-3,17,23,3,23-3,"Besides the options listed, a variety of other means are also utilized to express nominal plurality, including: quantifiers, the use of verbs such as planti ‘be plenty’, the use of serialized verbs such as tròwé ‘overflow,’ and reduplication of quantifiers, adverbials and ideophones.",462[168-171],17-33,18.75,Very certain -17-23-8,17,23,8,23-8,"Besides the options listed, a variety of other means are also utilized to express nominal plurality, including: quantifiers, the use of verbs such as planti ‘be plenty’, the use of serialized verbs such as tròwé ‘overflow,’ and reduplication of quantifiers, adverbials and ideophones.",462[168-171],17-30 17-31,43.75,Very certain -17-231,17,231,2,231-2,,,17-259,100.0, -17-24-1,17,24,1,24-1,"The main overt plural marker dè̱m, which is identical to the third person plural pronoun, follows a proper noun to show the associative plural.",462[179],17-28 17-35,100.0,Very certain -17-25-2,17,25,2,25-2,"The main overt plural marker dè̱m is identical to the third person plural pronoun. A variety of other plural markers, however, are available.",462[168-171],17-36 17-37 17-38,100.0,Very certain -17-252,17,252,1,252-1,,,17-244,100.0, -17-253,17,253,1,253-1,,,17-247,100.0, -17-254,17,254,1,254-1,,,17-249,100.0, -17-255,17,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -17-256,17,256,1,256-1,,,17-251,100.0, -17-257,17,257,1,257-1,,,17-253,100.0, -17-258,17,258,1,258-1,,,17-256,100.0, -17-259,17,259,1,259-1,,,17-258,100.0, -17-26-8,17,26,8,26-8,"Reduplication has dozens of functions, including the derivation of nouns from verbs, adverbs, ideophones, and other nouns, the derivation of verbs from nouns, adverbs, ideophones, and other verbs, the derivation of adverbs from ideophones and other adverbs, and the derivation of ideophones from all word classes. Reduplication can be used to signal any one, or any combination of the following meanings: plurality, abundance, repetition, high quality, distributivity, frequentality, iteration, duration, habituality, intensity, speed, reciprocity (and others).","462[146, 161-165, 169-170, 228, 235, 239, 243-254]",17-39 17-40 17-41,100.0,Certain -17-260,17,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -17-261,17,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -17-263,17,263,2,263-2,,,17-246,100.0, -17-267,17,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -17-268,17,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -17-27-2,17,27,2,27-2,,462[171],17-42 17-43,100.0,Very certain -17-272,17,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -17-273,17,273,2,273-2,,,17-255,100.0, -17-274,17,274,2,274-2,,,17-263,100.0, -17-275,17,275,2,275-2,,,17-264,100.0, -17-276,17,276,2,276-2,,,17-265,100.0, -17-277,17,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -17-278,17,278,2,278-2,,,17-266,100.0, -17-279,17,279,2,279-2,,,17-267,100.0, -17-28-1,17,28,1,28-1,The definite article dì is used optionally.,462[172-173],17-44 17-45,100.0,Very certain -17-280,17,280,2,280-2,,,17-268,100.0, -17-281,17,281,2,281-2,,,17-269,100.0, -17-282,17,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -17-284,17,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -17-285,17,285,2,285-2,,,17-245,100.0, -17-286,17,286,2,286-2,,,17-248,100.0, -17-287,17,287,3,287-3,,,17-250,100.0, -17-288,17,288,2,288-2,,,17-252,100.0, -17-289,17,289,2,289-2,,,17-254,100.0, -17-29-2,17,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article wo̱n is used optionally.,462[173-174],17-46 17-47,100.0,Very certain -17-290,17,290,2,290-2,,,17-257,100.0, -17-291,17,291,2,291-2,,,17-262,100.0, -17-3-1,17,3,1,3-1,"Adjectives as a separate word class do not exist. Instead stative verbs are used to convey meanings equivalent to those conveyed by adjectives in languages such as English. In constructions which are roughly the semantic equivalents to [adjective + noun] constructions in languages like English, a deverbalized attributive noun precedes the noun that it modifies in an associative noun phrase construction.","462[69, 72-73, 221-230]",17-3,100.0,Very certain -17-30-5,17,30,5,30-5,Articles are not used in generic noun phrases. Either singular noun phrases or plural noun phrases (either unmarked or bearing the plural marker dè̱m) can be used to convey generic meanings.,"462[168-175, 196]",17-49,50.0,Very certain -17-30-2,17,30,2,30-2,Articles are not used in generic noun phrases. Either singular noun phrases or plural noun phrases (either unmarked or bearing the plural marker dè̱m) can be used to convey generic meanings.,"462[168-175, 196]",17-48,50.0,Very certain -17-308-1,17,308,1,308-1,Over eighty per cent of the vocabulary is derived from English. The next most important souces of vocabulary are other Nigerian languages.,462,,100.0,Very certain -17-309-3,17,309,3,309-3,"Millions of people across the south of Nigeria (and increasingly in the North as well) learn Nigerian Pidgin as one of their first languages,and many millions more throughout the country speak it as one of their main languages of daily communication.",878,,100.0,Very certain -17-31-2,17,31,2,31-2,"Normally the demonstrative does not occur with the definite article, but when the demonstrative takes on a pronominal value, it may precede the definite article.",462[72-73],17-50,95.0,Very certain -17-31-1,17,31,1,31-1,"Normally the demonstrative does not occur with the definite article, but when the demonstrative takes on a pronominal value, it may precede the definite article.",462[72-73],17-51,5.0,Very certain -17-310-1,17,310,1,310-1,"For decades, a growing number of children have been learning Nigerian Pidgin as their first or one of their first languages. Initially, this phenomenon was limited to a few million children in urban centers in the greater Niger Delta area (from just west of Benin City to just east of Port Harcourt) but at present there are millions more children all over the country who are learning Nigerian Pidgin as their first or one of their first languages .",878,,100.0,Very certain -17-311-1,17,311,1,311-1,"Given the fact that Nigeria has a population of approximately 150 million, the majority of whom are below 25 years of age, and the fact that Nigerian Pidgin has become the de facto lingua franca of the country, Nigerian Pidgin has been acquiring speakers, both young and old, extremely rapidly. While the estimates stood at some 50 million Nigerian Pidgin speakers in 1985, the estimate in 2010 is well over 75 million speakers. Nigerian Pidgin is therefore the African language with the greatest number of speakers, the pidgin/creole language with the greatest number of speakers, and the fastest growing pidgin/creole language in the world.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-312-3,17,312,3,312-3,"Given that a large and growing number of Nigerians depend on Nigerian Pidgin for their daily communication needs, there is no sign of abandonment of the language. Research indicates that Nigerians who speak other Nigerian languages and/or English are able to retain and cultivate fluency in Nigerian Pidgin as well, with little in the way of interference or 'decreolization' (Deuber 2005). The minority of Nigerians who have fluency in English are often some of the most fluent and prolific speakers of Nigerian Pidgin.",462;382,,100.0,Very certain -17-313-6,17,313,6,313-6,"While the estimates stood at some 50 million Nigerian Pidgin speakers in 1985, the estimate in 2010 is well over 75 million speakers. Nigerian Pidgin is therefore the African language with the greatest number of speakers, the pidgin/creole language with the greatest number of speakers, and the fastest growing pidgin/creole language in the world.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-314-3,17,314,3,314-3,"In general, Nigerian Pidgin is used to the same extent by all gender groups. However, certain traditionally (but more recently less) male-dominated sectors of the population such as police, soldiers and university students, have led the way in the spread of the language both in Nigeria as well as throughout West Africa. Nonetheless, certain traditionally female-dominated sectors, such as merchants and market traders, have also played an important role in both the geographic spread and the intergenerational transmission of the language.",382;462,,100.0,Very certain -17-315-1,17,315,1,315-1,"For decades, Nigerian Pidgin has been used alongside other Nigerian languages and English several times each day for both radio and television newscasts, especially in the south of the country. Usually, the newscast is first given in English, then a translation of the same newscast is given in Nigerian Pidgin and other Nigerian languages, such as Yoruba, Igbo, Edo, Efik/Ibibio, dialects of Ijo,etc.",382,,100.0,Very certain -17-316-2,17,316,2,316-2,"In the south of Nigeria, there are regular radio call-in shows where Nigerian Pidgin is used (normally alongside English) by both emcees and callers. This is a more recent development than radio and television newscasts in Nigerian Pidgin.",382,,100.0,Certain -17-317-1,17,317,1,317-1,"Pioneered by such musicians as Fela Anikpo Kuti in the 1970s and 1980s, the use of Nigerian Pidgin is now common in popular music.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-318-2,17,318,2,318-2,"While some attempts have been made by major authors such as Ken Saro-Wiwo and Ola Rotimi to write plays in Nigerian Pidgin, the use of Nigerian Pidgin in literature has generally remained limited to intermittent lines of spoken text in novels, etc.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-319-3,17,319,3,319-3,"Use of Nigerian Pidgin in newspapers is usually limited to a single daily or weekly column and/or cartoon, often on the editorial pages. The tone of the column is often humorous and/or gossipy.",462,,100.0,Intermediate -17-32-2,17,32,2,32-2,"As in English, the demonstratives dis ‘this/these’ and dat ‘that/those’ can be used both adnominally and pronominally, but in the latter case, the high toned compounds diswo̱n and datwo̱n are sometimes used.","462[70-73, 95-97, 250-254]",17-50 17-52 17-53,100.0,Very certain -17-320-2,17,320,2,320-2,"Use of Nigerian Pidgin in newspapers is usually limited to a single daily or weekly column and/or cartoon, often on the editorial pages. The tone of the column is often humorous and/or gossipy.",,,100.0,Certain -17-321-1,17,321,1,321-1,"While government and bank employees usually use English to initiate interactions, as soon as their interlocutor makes it clear that they would prefer to speak Nigerian Pidgin, these employees usually switch over to Nigerian Pidgin.",462;382,,100.0,Very certain -17-322-1,17,322,1,322-1,"While Nigerian Pidgin is not one of the official languages of Nigeria, its use is so widespread that there are many instances where it must be used in the courts in order ensure that effective communication takes place. This phenomenon would, however, probably not be readily admitted to by court officials.",462,,100.0,Intermediate -17-323-2,17,323,2,323-2,"While Nigerian Pidgin is not one of the official languages of Nigeria, its use is so widespread that there are some instances where it must be used in parliament in order ensure that effective communication takes place. This phenomenon would, however, probably not be readily admitted to by government officials.",462,,100.0,Intermediate -17-324-1,17,324,1,324-1,"While Nigerian Pidgin is not one of the official languages of Nigeria, its use is so widespread that there are many instances where it must be used in the classroom in order ensure that effective communication takes place. This phenomenon would, however, probably not be readily admitted to by teachers and other school officials. Among students from primary level to university level, Nigerian Pidgin is often the language of choice, not only because it is the most useful language for communication, but because it is also a marker of student identity. University students have traditionally been some of the most prolific and innovative speakers of Nigerian Pidgin.",462,,100.0,Certain -17-325-1,17,325,1,325-1,,462,,100.0,Very certain -17-326-4,17,326,4,326-4,Nigerian Pidgin is being continuously influenced by other Nigerian languages and English.,462,,100.0,Very certain -17-327-2,17,327,2,327-2,"While there is significant regional variation in the phonology of basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and significant social variation in the phonology of acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, phonological variation does not normally impede mutual intelligibility among mesolectal speakers of the language.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-328-2,17,328,2,328-2,"While there is limited regional variation in the morphosyntax of basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and limited social variation in the morphosyntax of acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, morphosyntactic variation rarely impedes mutual intelligibility among mesolectal speakers of the language.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-329-2,17,329,2,329-2,"While there is significant regional variation in the lexicon of basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and significant social variation in the lexicon of acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, lexical variation rarely impedes mutual intelligibility among mesolectal speakers of the language.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-33-2,17,33,2,33-2,,462[70],17-50 17-52,100.0,Very certain -17-330-2,17,330,2,330-2,"While there is significant variation in the phonology of rural and other basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and significant variation in the phonology of urban and acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, phonological variation does not normally impede mutual intelligibility between rural and urban mesolectal speakers of the language.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-331-2,17,331,2,331-2,"While there is limited variation in the morphosyntax of rural and other basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and limited variation in the morphosyntax of urban and other acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, morphosyntactic variation rarely impedes mutual intelligibility between rural and urban mesolectal speakers of the language.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-332-2,17,332,2,332-2,"While there is significant variation in the lexicon of rural and other basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and significant variation in the lexicon of urban and other acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, lexical variation rarely impedes mutual intelligibility between rural and urban mesolectal speakers of the language.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-333-2,17,333,2,333-2,"While there is significant regional variation in the phonology of basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and significant social variation in the phonology of acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, phonological variation does not normally impede mutual intelligibility among mesolectal speakers of the language. Speakers of Nigerian Pidgin from more privileged class backgrounds usually have greater opportunities for learning English, and sometimes use English-influenced phonology in their Nigerian Pidgin discourse.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-334-2,17,334,2,334-2,"While there is limited regional variation in the morphosyntax of basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and limited social variation in the morphosyntax of acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, morphosyntactic variation rarely impedes mutual intelligibility among mesolectal speakers of the language. Speakers of Nigerian Pidgin from more privileged class backgrounds usually have greater opportunities for learning English, and occasionally use English-influenced morphosyntax in their Nigerian Pidgin discourse.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-335-1,17,335,1,335-1,"While there is significant regional variation in the lexicon of basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and significant social variation in the lexicon of acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, lexical variation does not usually impede mutual intelligibility among mesolectal speakers of the language. Speakers of Nigerian Pidgin from more privileged class backgrounds usually have greater opportunities for learning English, and thus are able to access a larger number of English content words to inegrate into the lexical slots in their Nigerian Pidgin discourse.",462,,100.0,Very certain -17-34-2,17,34,2,34-2,,"462[99, 236]",17-54,100.0,Very certain -17-35-4,17,35,4,35-4,"Both Value 3 and Value 6 apply. There is a small set of non-derived ordinal numbers: fe̱st ‘first’, se̱kon ‘second’, and te̱d ‘third’, but any cardinal number can be preceded by no̱mba ‘number’ to form the corresponding ordinal number: no̱mba wo̱n ‘first’, etc.",462[232],17-56,50.0,Very certain -17-35-7,17,35,7,35-7,"Both Value 3 and Value 6 apply. There is a small set of non-derived ordinal numbers: fe̱st ‘first’, se̱kon ‘second’, and te̱d ‘third’, but any cardinal number can be preceded by no̱mba ‘number’ to form the corresponding ordinal number: no̱mba wo̱n ‘first’, etc.",462[232],17-55,50.0,Very certain -17-36-1,17,36,1,36-1,,462[231-236],17-7,100.0,Very certain -17-37-1,17,37,1,37-1,,"462[113-114, 174-180]",17-57,100.0,Very certain -17-38-4,17,38,4,38-4,"Two constructions are available here: (1) non-pronominal possessor + possessum, and (2) non-pronominal possessor + possessive modifier + possessum.","462[103, 144]",17-58,50.0,Very certain -17-38-1,17,38,1,38-1,"Two constructions are available here: (1) non-pronominal possessor + possessum, and (2) non-pronominal possessor + possessive modifier + possessum.","462[103, 144]",17-2,50.0,Unspecified -17-39-3,17,39,3,39-3,The possessive modifier + on ‘own’ construction is used here.,462[101],17-2 17-59,100.0,Very certain -17-4-1,17,4,1,4-1,,"462[73-74, 141-164]",17-4,10.0,Certain -17-4-2,17,4,2,4-2,,"462[73-74, 141-164]",17-5,90.0,Very certain -17-40-1,17,40,1,40-1,"There are no adjectives, but even those words which are the functional equivalents of adjectives in languages such as English do not agree in gender with any noun.",462[221-225],17-3 17-60 17-61,100.0,Very certain -17-41-2,17,41,2,41-2,Comparison is expressed by serialized verb constructions consisting of a stative verb followed by the verb pas ‘surpass’.,462[108-111],17-62,100.0,Very certain -17-42-1,17,42,1,42-1,Comparison is expressed by serialized verb constructions consisting of a stative verb followed by the verb pas ‘surpass’.,462[108-111],17-63,100.0,Very certain -17-43-3,17,43,3,43-3,,"462[73, 188-190, 195-200]",17-66,10.0,Very certain -17-43-1,17,43,1,43-1,,"462[73, 188-190, 195-200]",17-64,90.0,Very certain +'Give it to me'",1089,64-33,10.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1642-92-5,1642,92,5,92-5,,,64-185,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +1642-92-4,1642,92,4,92-4,,,64-186,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +1642-98-5,1642,98,5,98-5,In basilectal registers we also find a zero complementizer after the verb 'think'.,,64-201 64-204,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1651-1-2,1651,1,2,1-2,The depidginized lect is a somewhat Russified speech of those speakers who had a lot of contact with Russian.,1195[180],65-6,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1651-1-1,1651,1,1,1-1,The depidginized lect is a somewhat Russified speech of those speakers who had a lot of contact with Russian.,1195[180],65-4,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +1651-20-3,1651,20,3,20-3,There are very few cases of such a construction; Example 40 is an example of a depidginized form.,,65-40,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own data +17-0-1,17,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +17-1-2,17,1,2,1-2,,462[71-73],17-1 17-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-10-1,17,10,1,10-1,,462[70-73],17-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-100-4,17,100,4,100-4,"The negative particle no is used in most cases, but the negative completive auxiliary ne̱va always replaces no + the completive auxiliary do̱n and normally replaces no with the other completive auxiliaries finish, taya, kpákpá, etc.",462[89-93],17-172,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-100-3,17,100,3,100-3,"The negative particle no is used in most cases, but the negative completive auxiliary ne̱va always replaces no + the completive auxiliary do̱n and normally replaces no with the other completive auxiliaries finish, taya, kpákpá, etc.",462[89-93],17-173,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-101-1,17,101,1,101-1,,462[89-93],17-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-102-3,17,102,3,102-3,,462[89-93],17-175 17-176 17-177,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +17-103-7,17,103,7,103-7,Final rising intonation (with or without a particle) is used to signal yes-no questions.,462[8-10],17-178,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-103-1,17,103,1,103-1,Final rising intonation (with or without a particle) is used to signal yes-no questions.,462[8-10],17-179,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-104-4,17,104,4,104-4,"The item nà, which straddles the boundary between copular and non-copular highlighter is frequently used to introduce a focused item in a cleft construction. The constituent final particles bà, kwà, and shà may follow the focused item and precede the background clause to signal predicate clefting.","462[46-51, 115-124]",17-181,13.0434782608696,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-5-FF0000-40-FFB6C1-14-ADD8E6-5-FFFFFF-40-800080.png""}", +17-104-5,17,104,5,104-5,"The item nà, which straddles the boundary between copular and non-copular highlighter is frequently used to introduce a focused item in a cleft construction. The constituent final particles bà, kwà, and shà may follow the focused item and precede the background clause to signal predicate clefting.","462[46-51, 115-124]",17-183,4.34782608695652,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-5-FF0000-40-FFB6C1-14-ADD8E6-5-FFFFFF-40-800080.png""}", +17-104-6,17,104,6,104-6,"The item nà, which straddles the boundary between copular and non-copular highlighter is frequently used to introduce a focused item in a cleft construction. The constituent final particles bà, kwà, and shà may follow the focused item and precede the background clause to signal predicate clefting.","462[46-51, 115-124]",17-216,39.1304347826087,,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-5-FF0000-40-FFB6C1-14-ADD8E6-5-FFFFFF-40-800080.png""}", +17-104-1,17,104,1,104-1,"The item nà, which straddles the boundary between copular and non-copular highlighter is frequently used to introduce a focused item in a cleft construction. The constituent final particles bà, kwà, and shà may follow the focused item and precede the background clause to signal predicate clefting.","462[46-51, 115-124]",17-182,4.34782608695652,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-5-FF0000-40-FFB6C1-14-ADD8E6-5-FFFFFF-40-800080.png""}", +17-104-3,17,104,3,104-3,"The item nà, which straddles the boundary between copular and non-copular highlighter is frequently used to introduce a focused item in a cleft construction. The constituent final particles bà, kwà, and shà may follow the focused item and precede the background clause to signal predicate clefting.","462[46-51, 115-124]",17-180,39.1304347826087,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-5-FF0000-40-FFB6C1-14-ADD8E6-5-FFFFFF-40-800080.png""}", +17-105-1,17,105,1,105-1,,462[120-123],17-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-106-2,17,106,2,106-2,"The focus particle tù 'also’ normally follows the focused element, but it very infrequently precedes the focused element as well.",462[59-62],17-185,95.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-5-FF0000-95-0000FF.png""}", +17-106-1,17,106,1,106-1,"The focus particle tù 'also’ normally follows the focused element, but it very infrequently precedes the focused element as well.",462[59-62],17-186,5.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-5-FF0000-95-0000FF.png""}", +17-107-2,17,107,2,107-2,"A number of phrase/clause final markers such as o, ba, sha, kwa, naw, etc. occur at an extremely high frequency. O may follow a form of address as part of a vocative expression, but the use of o is not restricted to a purely vocative function.",462[27],17-187,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +17-108-3,17,108,3,108-3,Alveolar and palatal clicks are used with logical meaning (’no’/negation) and lateral clicks are used with affective meaning (’suck teeth’/disgust).,,17-188 17-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +17-109-1,17,109,1,109-1,,462[285-289],17-190,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-11-2,17,11,2,11-2,"Most adverbs follow the verb and its object, but these may optionally precede the subject as well. A few adverbs obligatorily intervene between the subject and the verb.","462[61-61, 72-73]",17-14,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +17-11-3,17,11,3,11-3,"Most adverbs follow the verb and its object, but these may optionally precede the subject as well. A few adverbs obligatorily intervene between the subject and the verb.","462[61-61, 72-73]",17-13,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +17-110-1,17,110,1,110-1,,462[285-289],17-191,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-111-3,17,111,3,111-3,"A number of different ways exist to refer to tears, none of which seems to be more than a circumlocution.",,17-192,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}","Charles Mann, p.c." +17-112-1,17,112,1,112-1,,462[285-289],17-193,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-113-2,17,113,2,113-2,To 'toe' can be used in acrolectal Nigerian Pidgin.,462[285-289],17-194 17-195,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-114-2,17,114,2,114-2,,462[285-289],17-196 17-197,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-115-3,17,115,3,115-3,"Hyar ‘hear’ can be used to refer to stimuli detected by any of the senses, whereas the use of sme̱l ‘smell’ is normally restricted to olfactory stimuli.",462[285-289],17-198 17-199,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +17-116-3,17,116,3,116-3,"Formerly, the stative verb blak was used to refer to the spectrum from black to purple to blue to green, but now the separate stative verbs blu ‘be blue’ and grin ‘be blue/green’ are much more commonly used.",462[286],17-200 17-201,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +17-117-1,17,117,1,117-1,,"462[69-72, 221-230, 242-243]",17-202 17-203,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-118-3,17,118,3,118-3,,462[263-265],17-204 17-205 17-206 17-207,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-119-3,17,119,3,119-3,"Codas are partially or completely deleted in most environments, but word final codas often resurface before vowels and almost always resurface before certain items, such as the 3S.OBJ suffix -am or the particle o.","462[257-258, 263-265]",17-208 17-209 17-210 17-211 17-212,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-12-2,17,12,2,12-2,"All interrogative phrases can occur in situ, but in most cases they are fronted.",462[11-20],17-15,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-12-1,17,12,1,12-1,"All interrogative phrases can occur in situ, but in most cases they are fronted.",462[11-20],17-16,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-120-5,17,120,5,120-5,"In Nigerian Pidgin's simple tone system with derived complex tones, tones are used for both lexical and grammatical distinctions. There is basically a two-tone system plus a rare (in most cases post-lexical) downstepped high tone. Most lexical items have a single underlying tone that interacts with phrasal stress. Falling and rising contour tones occur as the result of the interaction between phrasal stress and tone (a stressed H becomes HL and a stressed L becomes LH). There is a large set of lexical items, all of which come from African languages, all of whose syllables are specified for tone underlyingly and none of which undergo any modification in pitch due to phrasal stress.",462[270-275],17-213 17-214,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-121-3,17,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-122-3,17,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-123-4,17,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-124-1,17,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-125-3,17,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-126-1,17,126,1,126-1,,,17-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-127-6,17,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-128-1,17,128,1,128-1,,,17-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-129-1,17,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-13-1,17,13,1,13-1,Gender distinctions (masculine vs. feminine) are sporadically made in third person singular subject pronouns in more acrolectal speech.,462[179],17-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +17-130-1,17,130,1,130-1,,,17-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-131,17,131,1,131-1,,,17-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-132,17,132,1,132-1,,,17-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-133,17,133,1,133-1,,,17-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-134,17,134,1,134-1,,,17-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-137,17,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-138,17,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-139,17,139,1,139-1,,,17-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-14-1,17,14,1,14-1,,462[174-180],17-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-140,17,140,1,140-1,,,17-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-143,17,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-144,17,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-145,17,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-146,17,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-147,17,147,1,147-1,,,17-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-148,17,148,1,148-1,,,17-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-149,17,149,1,149-1,,,17-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-15-1,17,15,1,15-1,,462[174-180],17-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +17-151,17,151,1,151-1,,,17-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-152,17,152,1,152-1,,,17-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-153,17,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-155,17,155,2,155-2,,,17-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-156,17,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-158,17,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-159,17,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-16-1,17,16,1,16-1,,462[174],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-160,17,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-161,17,161,2,161-2,,,17-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-163,17,163,2,163-2,,,17-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-168,17,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-169,17,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-17-4,17,17,4,17-4,Independent and dependent pronouns are distinguished from each other mainly by tone (e.g. independent yú vs. dependent yù) except in the case of the first person singular subject pronouns (independent mí vs. dependent à).,462[174-180],17-19 17-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +17-170,17,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-171,17,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-172,17,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-173,17,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-174,17,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-176,17,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-178,17,178,1,178-1,,,17-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-179,17,179,1,179-1,,,17-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-18-1,17,18,1,18-1,,462[174-180],17-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-180,17,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-181,17,181,1,181-1,,,17-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-182,17,182,1,182-1,,,17-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-183,17,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-184,17,184,1,184-1,,,17-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-187,17,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-188,17,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-189,17,189,1,189-1,,,17-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-19-4,17,19,4,19-4,"Both simple and complex forms exist for ‘who’, ‘where’, and ‘how’, but only complex forms are utilized for ‘when’. In the case of ‘how’, the simple form is used much more frequently than the complex forms.","462[11-21, 252]",17-22 17-23 17-24,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-190,17,190,1,190-1,,,17-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-191,17,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-192,17,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-193,17,193,1,193-1,,,17-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-194,17,194,1,194-1,,,17-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-195,17,195,1,195-1,,,17-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-196,17,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-199,17,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-2-1,17,2,1,2-1,,"462[72-73, 114, 144]",17-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-20-1,17,20,1,20-1,Either ànd ‘and’ or wìt ‘with’ may be used here.,462[74-86],17-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +17-200,17,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-201,17,201,2,201-2,,,17-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-202,17,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-205,17,205,1,205-1,,,17-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-209,17,209,1,209-1,,,17-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-21-5,17,21,5,21-5,"Indefinite pronouns take the form of high-toned compounds which include generic nouns such as wo̱n 'one’, bò̱di ‘body’, ting ‘thing’, ples ‘place’, taym ‘time’, etc.",462[251-252],17-26 17-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-212,17,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-217,17,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-218,17,218,1,218-1,,,17-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-22-4,17,22,4,22-4,"Nouns are normally unmarked for plurality, but several plural markers can be sporadically and optionally used on any noun.",462[168-171],17-28 17-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +17-221,17,221,1,221-1,,,17-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-23-6,17,23,6,23-6,"Besides the options listed, a variety of other means are also utilized to express nominal plurality, including: quantifiers, the use of verbs such as planti ‘be plenty’, the use of serialized verbs such as tròwé ‘overflow,’ and reduplication of quantifiers, adverbials and ideophones.",462[168-171],17-34,18.75,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-19-0000FF-19-FFFF00-19-800080-44-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +17-23-4,17,23,4,23-4,"Besides the options listed, a variety of other means are also utilized to express nominal plurality, including: quantifiers, the use of verbs such as planti ‘be plenty’, the use of serialized verbs such as tròwé ‘overflow,’ and reduplication of quantifiers, adverbials and ideophones.",462[168-171],17-32,18.75,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-19-0000FF-19-FFFF00-19-800080-44-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +17-23-3,17,23,3,23-3,"Besides the options listed, a variety of other means are also utilized to express nominal plurality, including: quantifiers, the use of verbs such as planti ‘be plenty’, the use of serialized verbs such as tròwé ‘overflow,’ and reduplication of quantifiers, adverbials and ideophones.",462[168-171],17-33,18.75,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-19-0000FF-19-FFFF00-19-800080-44-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +17-23-8,17,23,8,23-8,"Besides the options listed, a variety of other means are also utilized to express nominal plurality, including: quantifiers, the use of verbs such as planti ‘be plenty’, the use of serialized verbs such as tròwé ‘overflow,’ and reduplication of quantifiers, adverbials and ideophones.",462[168-171],17-30 17-31,43.75,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-19-0000FF-19-FFFF00-19-800080-44-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +17-231,17,231,2,231-2,,,17-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-24-1,17,24,1,24-1,"The main overt plural marker dè̱m, which is identical to the third person plural pronoun, follows a proper noun to show the associative plural.",462[179],17-28 17-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-25-2,17,25,2,25-2,"The main overt plural marker dè̱m is identical to the third person plural pronoun. A variety of other plural markers, however, are available.",462[168-171],17-36 17-37 17-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-252,17,252,1,252-1,,,17-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-253,17,253,1,253-1,,,17-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-254,17,254,1,254-1,,,17-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-255,17,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-256,17,256,1,256-1,,,17-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-257,17,257,1,257-1,,,17-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-258,17,258,1,258-1,,,17-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-259,17,259,1,259-1,,,17-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +17-26-8,17,26,8,26-8,"Reduplication has dozens of functions, including the derivation of nouns from verbs, adverbs, ideophones, and other nouns, the derivation of verbs from nouns, adverbs, ideophones, and other verbs, the derivation of adverbs from ideophones and other adverbs, and the derivation of ideophones from all word classes. Reduplication can be used to signal any one, or any combination of the following meanings: plurality, abundance, repetition, high quality, distributivity, frequentality, iteration, duration, habituality, intensity, speed, reciprocity (and others).","462[146, 161-165, 169-170, 228, 235, 239, 243-254]",17-39 17-40 17-41,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +17-260,17,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-261,17,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-263,17,263,2,263-2,,,17-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-267,17,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-268,17,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-27-2,17,27,2,27-2,,462[171],17-42 17-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-272,17,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-273,17,273,2,273-2,,,17-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-274,17,274,2,274-2,,,17-263,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-275,17,275,2,275-2,,,17-264,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-276,17,276,2,276-2,,,17-265,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-277,17,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-278,17,278,2,278-2,,,17-266,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-279,17,279,2,279-2,,,17-267,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-28-1,17,28,1,28-1,The definite article dì is used optionally.,462[172-173],17-44 17-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-280,17,280,2,280-2,,,17-268,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-281,17,281,2,281-2,,,17-269,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-282,17,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-284,17,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-285,17,285,2,285-2,,,17-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-286,17,286,2,286-2,,,17-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-287,17,287,3,287-3,,,17-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +17-288,17,288,2,288-2,,,17-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-289,17,289,2,289-2,,,17-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-29-2,17,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article wo̱n is used optionally.,462[173-174],17-46 17-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-290,17,290,2,290-2,,,17-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-291,17,291,2,291-2,,,17-262,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-3-1,17,3,1,3-1,"Adjectives as a separate word class do not exist. Instead stative verbs are used to convey meanings equivalent to those conveyed by adjectives in languages such as English. In constructions which are roughly the semantic equivalents to [adjective + noun] constructions in languages like English, a deverbalized attributive noun precedes the noun that it modifies in an associative noun phrase construction.","462[69, 72-73, 221-230]",17-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-30-5,17,30,5,30-5,Articles are not used in generic noun phrases. Either singular noun phrases or plural noun phrases (either unmarked or bearing the plural marker dè̱m) can be used to convey generic meanings.,"462[168-175, 196]",17-49,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +17-30-2,17,30,2,30-2,Articles are not used in generic noun phrases. Either singular noun phrases or plural noun phrases (either unmarked or bearing the plural marker dè̱m) can be used to convey generic meanings.,"462[168-175, 196]",17-48,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +17-308-1,17,308,1,308-1,Over eighty per cent of the vocabulary is derived from English. The next most important souces of vocabulary are other Nigerian languages.,462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +17-309-3,17,309,3,309-3,"Millions of people across the south of Nigeria (and increasingly in the North as well) learn Nigerian Pidgin as one of their first languages,and many millions more throughout the country speak it as one of their main languages of daily communication.",878,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +17-31-2,17,31,2,31-2,"Normally the demonstrative does not occur with the definite article, but when the demonstrative takes on a pronominal value, it may precede the definite article.",462[72-73],17-50,95.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-5-0000FF-95-FF0000.png""}", +17-31-1,17,31,1,31-1,"Normally the demonstrative does not occur with the definite article, but when the demonstrative takes on a pronominal value, it may precede the definite article.",462[72-73],17-51,5.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-5-0000FF-95-FF0000.png""}", +17-310-1,17,310,1,310-1,"For decades, a growing number of children have been learning Nigerian Pidgin as their first or one of their first languages. Initially, this phenomenon was limited to a few million children in urban centers in the greater Niger Delta area (from just west of Benin City to just east of Port Harcourt) but at present there are millions more children all over the country who are learning Nigerian Pidgin as their first or one of their first languages .",878,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-311-1,17,311,1,311-1,"Given the fact that Nigeria has a population of approximately 150 million, the majority of whom are below 25 years of age, and the fact that Nigerian Pidgin has become the de facto lingua franca of the country, Nigerian Pidgin has been acquiring speakers, both young and old, extremely rapidly. While the estimates stood at some 50 million Nigerian Pidgin speakers in 1985, the estimate in 2010 is well over 75 million speakers. Nigerian Pidgin is therefore the African language with the greatest number of speakers, the pidgin/creole language with the greatest number of speakers, and the fastest growing pidgin/creole language in the world.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-312-3,17,312,3,312-3,"Given that a large and growing number of Nigerians depend on Nigerian Pidgin for their daily communication needs, there is no sign of abandonment of the language. Research indicates that Nigerians who speak other Nigerian languages and/or English are able to retain and cultivate fluency in Nigerian Pidgin as well, with little in the way of interference or 'decreolization' (Deuber 2005). The minority of Nigerians who have fluency in English are often some of the most fluent and prolific speakers of Nigerian Pidgin.",462;382,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-313-6,17,313,6,313-6,"While the estimates stood at some 50 million Nigerian Pidgin speakers in 1985, the estimate in 2010 is well over 75 million speakers. Nigerian Pidgin is therefore the African language with the greatest number of speakers, the pidgin/creole language with the greatest number of speakers, and the fastest growing pidgin/creole language in the world.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +17-314-3,17,314,3,314-3,"In general, Nigerian Pidgin is used to the same extent by all gender groups. However, certain traditionally (but more recently less) male-dominated sectors of the population such as police, soldiers and university students, have led the way in the spread of the language both in Nigeria as well as throughout West Africa. Nonetheless, certain traditionally female-dominated sectors, such as merchants and market traders, have also played an important role in both the geographic spread and the intergenerational transmission of the language.",382;462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-315-1,17,315,1,315-1,"For decades, Nigerian Pidgin has been used alongside other Nigerian languages and English several times each day for both radio and television newscasts, especially in the south of the country. Usually, the newscast is first given in English, then a translation of the same newscast is given in Nigerian Pidgin and other Nigerian languages, such as Yoruba, Igbo, Edo, Efik/Ibibio, dialects of Ijo,etc.",382,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-316-2,17,316,2,316-2,"In the south of Nigeria, there are regular radio call-in shows where Nigerian Pidgin is used (normally alongside English) by both emcees and callers. This is a more recent development than radio and television newscasts in Nigerian Pidgin.",382,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal data +17-317-1,17,317,1,317-1,"Pioneered by such musicians as Fela Anikpo Kuti in the 1970s and 1980s, the use of Nigerian Pidgin is now common in popular music.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-318-2,17,318,2,318-2,"While some attempts have been made by major authors such as Ken Saro-Wiwo and Ola Rotimi to write plays in Nigerian Pidgin, the use of Nigerian Pidgin in literature has generally remained limited to intermittent lines of spoken text in novels, etc.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-319-3,17,319,3,319-3,"Use of Nigerian Pidgin in newspapers is usually limited to a single daily or weekly column and/or cartoon, often on the editorial pages. The tone of the column is often humorous and/or gossipy.",462,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-32-2,17,32,2,32-2,"As in English, the demonstratives dis ‘this/these’ and dat ‘that/those’ can be used both adnominally and pronominally, but in the latter case, the high toned compounds diswo̱n and datwo̱n are sometimes used.","462[70-73, 95-97, 250-254]",17-50 17-52 17-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-320-2,17,320,2,320-2,"Use of Nigerian Pidgin in newspapers is usually limited to a single daily or weekly column and/or cartoon, often on the editorial pages. The tone of the column is often humorous and/or gossipy.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal data +17-321-1,17,321,1,321-1,"While government and bank employees usually use English to initiate interactions, as soon as their interlocutor makes it clear that they would prefer to speak Nigerian Pidgin, these employees usually switch over to Nigerian Pidgin.",462;382,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-322-1,17,322,1,322-1,"While Nigerian Pidgin is not one of the official languages of Nigeria, its use is so widespread that there are many instances where it must be used in the courts in order ensure that effective communication takes place. This phenomenon would, however, probably not be readily admitted to by court officials.",462,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-323-2,17,323,2,323-2,"While Nigerian Pidgin is not one of the official languages of Nigeria, its use is so widespread that there are some instances where it must be used in parliament in order ensure that effective communication takes place. This phenomenon would, however, probably not be readily admitted to by government officials.",462,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-324-1,17,324,1,324-1,"While Nigerian Pidgin is not one of the official languages of Nigeria, its use is so widespread that there are many instances where it must be used in the classroom in order ensure that effective communication takes place. This phenomenon would, however, probably not be readily admitted to by teachers and other school officials. Among students from primary level to university level, Nigerian Pidgin is often the language of choice, not only because it is the most useful language for communication, but because it is also a marker of student identity. University students have traditionally been some of the most prolific and innovative speakers of Nigerian Pidgin.",462,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-325-1,17,325,1,325-1,,462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +17-326-4,17,326,4,326-4,Nigerian Pidgin is being continuously influenced by other Nigerian languages and English.,462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-327-2,17,327,2,327-2,"While there is significant regional variation in the phonology of basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and significant social variation in the phonology of acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, phonological variation does not normally impede mutual intelligibility among mesolectal speakers of the language.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-328-2,17,328,2,328-2,"While there is limited regional variation in the morphosyntax of basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and limited social variation in the morphosyntax of acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, morphosyntactic variation rarely impedes mutual intelligibility among mesolectal speakers of the language.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-329-2,17,329,2,329-2,"While there is significant regional variation in the lexicon of basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and significant social variation in the lexicon of acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, lexical variation rarely impedes mutual intelligibility among mesolectal speakers of the language.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-33-2,17,33,2,33-2,,462[70],17-50 17-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-330-2,17,330,2,330-2,"While there is significant variation in the phonology of rural and other basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and significant variation in the phonology of urban and acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, phonological variation does not normally impede mutual intelligibility between rural and urban mesolectal speakers of the language.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-331-2,17,331,2,331-2,"While there is limited variation in the morphosyntax of rural and other basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and limited variation in the morphosyntax of urban and other acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, morphosyntactic variation rarely impedes mutual intelligibility between rural and urban mesolectal speakers of the language.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-332-2,17,332,2,332-2,"While there is significant variation in the lexicon of rural and other basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and significant variation in the lexicon of urban and other acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, lexical variation rarely impedes mutual intelligibility between rural and urban mesolectal speakers of the language.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-333-2,17,333,2,333-2,"While there is significant regional variation in the phonology of basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and significant social variation in the phonology of acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, phonological variation does not normally impede mutual intelligibility among mesolectal speakers of the language. Speakers of Nigerian Pidgin from more privileged class backgrounds usually have greater opportunities for learning English, and sometimes use English-influenced phonology in their Nigerian Pidgin discourse.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-334-2,17,334,2,334-2,"While there is limited regional variation in the morphosyntax of basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and limited social variation in the morphosyntax of acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, morphosyntactic variation rarely impedes mutual intelligibility among mesolectal speakers of the language. Speakers of Nigerian Pidgin from more privileged class backgrounds usually have greater opportunities for learning English, and occasionally use English-influenced morphosyntax in their Nigerian Pidgin discourse.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-335-1,17,335,1,335-1,"While there is significant regional variation in the lexicon of basilectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from local languages, and significant social variation in the lexicon of acrolectal varieties of Nigerian Pidgin due to influence from English, lexical variation does not usually impede mutual intelligibility among mesolectal speakers of the language. Speakers of Nigerian Pidgin from more privileged class backgrounds usually have greater opportunities for learning English, and thus are able to access a larger number of English content words to inegrate into the lexical slots in their Nigerian Pidgin discourse.",462,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-34-2,17,34,2,34-2,,"462[99, 236]",17-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-35-4,17,35,4,35-4,"Both Value 3 and Value 6 apply. There is a small set of non-derived ordinal numbers: fe̱st ‘first’, se̱kon ‘second’, and te̱d ‘third’, but any cardinal number can be preceded by no̱mba ‘number’ to form the corresponding ordinal number: no̱mba wo̱n ‘first’, etc.",462[232],17-56,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +17-35-7,17,35,7,35-7,"Both Value 3 and Value 6 apply. There is a small set of non-derived ordinal numbers: fe̱st ‘first’, se̱kon ‘second’, and te̱d ‘third’, but any cardinal number can be preceded by no̱mba ‘number’ to form the corresponding ordinal number: no̱mba wo̱n ‘first’, etc.",462[232],17-55,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +17-36-1,17,36,1,36-1,,462[231-236],17-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-37-1,17,37,1,37-1,,"462[113-114, 174-180]",17-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-38-4,17,38,4,38-4,"Two constructions are available here: (1) non-pronominal possessor + possessum, and (2) non-pronominal possessor + possessive modifier + possessum.","462[103, 144]",17-58,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +17-38-1,17,38,1,38-1,"Two constructions are available here: (1) non-pronominal possessor + possessum, and (2) non-pronominal possessor + possessive modifier + possessum.","462[103, 144]",17-2,50.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +17-39-3,17,39,3,39-3,The possessive modifier + on ‘own’ construction is used here.,462[101],17-2 17-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-4-1,17,4,1,4-1,,"462[73-74, 141-164]",17-4,10.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-4-2,17,4,2,4-2,,"462[73-74, 141-164]",17-5,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-40-1,17,40,1,40-1,"There are no adjectives, but even those words which are the functional equivalents of adjectives in languages such as English do not agree in gender with any noun.",462[221-225],17-3 17-60 17-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-41-2,17,41,2,41-2,Comparison is expressed by serialized verb constructions consisting of a stative verb followed by the verb pas ‘surpass’.,462[108-111],17-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-42-1,17,42,1,42-1,Comparison is expressed by serialized verb constructions consisting of a stative verb followed by the verb pas ‘surpass’.,462[108-111],17-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-43-3,17,43,3,43-3,,"462[73, 188-190, 195-200]",17-66,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-43-1,17,43,1,43-1,,"462[73, 188-190, 195-200]",17-64,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}", 17-44-8,17,44,8,44-8,"Excluding the ambiguous past tense/anterior sequence marker bin and the controversial realis modality marker ko̱m, the general order is mood + aspect. When all markers are considered, however, a more complex pattern emerges: IRR mood + anterior sequence + COMPL aspect 1 + realis mood + N-COMPL aspect + VERB + COMPL aspect 2. -Note, however, that the IRR mood marker precedes the negator no, so the three markers fò, bin, and dè are not adjacent.","462[73, 188-189, 195-200]",17-65 17-73,100.0,Very certain -17-45-4,17,45,4,45-4,"If bin is considered to be a past tense auxiliary, then several other mood and aspect markers, as well as some adverbials can intervene between it and the lexical verb that it specifies.","462[73, 188-190, 195-200]",17-66,100.0,Certain -17-46-2,17,46,2,46-2,The auxiliary dè is refered to as an incompletive aspect marker in Faraclas (1996).,"462[73, 188-190, 195-200]",17-67,100.0,Very certain -17-47-4,17,47,4,47-4,The auxiliary dè is refered to as an incompletive aspect marker in Faraclas (1996).,462[202-205],17-65 17-68 17-69 17-70,100.0,Very certain -17-48-4,17,48,4,48-4,"There is no special habitual marker. The incompletive auxiliary marker dè is used to signal progressive, continuous, and/or habitual meanings.",462[202-205],17-69 17-71,100.0,Certain -17-49-3,17,49,3,49-3,"If the marker bin is considered to be an anterior sequence marker, then Value 1 applies and the system can be considered to be aspectual, with a marginal sequential component. If bin is considered to be a past tense marker instead, then Value 3 applies and the system is basically aspectual with a marginal tense component.","462[73, 188-190, 195-200]",17-215 17-65 17-70,100.0,Certain -17-5-1,17,5,1,5-1,,462[70-73],17-6,100.0,Very certain -17-50-3,17,50,3,50-3,,"462[73, 89-93]",17-72 17-73 17-74,100.0,Very certain -17-51-3,17,51,3,51-3,"Factative (unmarked) tense-aspect normally assigns [+past] [+completive] values to unmarked non-stative verbs, and [-past] [-completive] values to unmarked stative verbs. Discourse features, adverbials of time, etc. can assign [-past] and/or [-completive] values to unmarked non-stative verbs and [+past] and/or [+completive] values to unmarked stative verbs.","462[188-190, 195-200]",17-75 17-76 17-77,100.0,Very certain -17-52-4,17,52,4,52-4,"To refer to the ongoing entry into a particular state, the incompletive aspect auxiliary dè is used with a stative verb. To refer to the result of the entry into a particular state, a completive aspect auxiliary such as do̱n or the realis mood auxiliary ko̱m is used.","462[199-205, 221]",17-68 17-72 17-78,100.0,Very certain -17-53-2,17,53,2,53-2,,462[73-75],17-79,100.0,Very certain -17-54-7,17,54,7,54-7,,"462[188-190, 195-200]",17-72,100.0,Very certain -17-55-1,17,55,1,55-1,Auxiliaries of mood such as fit ‘be able’ are used to express situational possibility.,462[208-216],17-80 17-81,100.0,Intermediate -17-56-1,17,56,1,56-1,Negated forms both of the second person singular imperative construction as well as of the subjunctive construction are used to express the prohibitive.,462[24-26],17-82 17-83 17-84 17-85 17-86,100.0,Very certain -17-57-1,17,57,1,57-1,,"462[55-58, 179]",17-87,100.0,Very certain -17-58-1,17,58,1,58-1,"While some pronouns are marked for case, full nominals are not.","462[135-140, 179, 217-218]",17-88 17-89 17-90,100.0,Very certain -17-59-2,17,59,2,59-2,,"462[179, 217]",17-91 17-92 17-93,100.0,Very certain -17-6-1,17,6,1,6-1,,"462[72-73, 231-233]",17-7,100.0,Very certain -17-60-2,17,60,2,60-2,,462[58-59],17-1 17-94,100.0,Very certain -17-61-1,17,61,1,61-1,,462[58-59],17-95,100.0,Very certain -17-62-1,17,62,1,62-1,"Dependent subject pronouns are always used, except when the subject is specified by a full noun phrase or an emphatic subject pronoun, in which case they may optionally not occur.","462[54-55, 217-218]",17-86 17-92 17-96,100.0,Very certain -17-63-1,17,63,1,63-1,"When used as an expletive subject, the third person singular dependent subject pronoun is always used in its shortened form ì rather than in its full form ìm.",462[52-55],17-97,100.0,Very certain -17-64-1,17,64,1,64-1,"When used as an expletive subject, the third person singular dependent subject pronoun is always used in its shortened form ì rather than in its full form ìm. When the verb ge̱t ‘have’ is preceded by an expletive subject, it has an existential meaning.",462[52-55],17-98,100.0,Very certain -17-65-1,17,65,1,65-1,,462[191-192],17-99,100.0,Very certain -17-66-2,17,66,2,66-2,,"462[139-142, 191-192]",17-100,30.0,Certain -17-66-3,17,66,3,66-3,,"462[139-142, 191-192]",17-101,70.0,Certain -17-67-2,17,67,2,67-2,,"462[139-142, 191-192, 221-222]",17-103,70.0,Very certain -17-67-1,17,67,1,67-1,,"462[139-142, 191-192, 221-222]",17-102,30.0,Very certain -17-68-3,17,68,3,68-3,,"462[139-142, 191-192, 221-222]",17-105,50.0,Very certain -17-68-1,17,68,1,68-1,,"462[139-142, 191-192, 221-222]",17-104,50.0,Very certain -17-69-4,17,69,4,69-4,"Instrumental relations are usually expressed by serialized verb constructions using the verb tek ‘take’. Less frequently, the secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ is also used for the same purpose. More rarely, a double object construction can express instrumentality as well.","462[75-80, 142]",17-108,9.09090909090909,Very certain -17-69-2,17,69,2,69-2,"Instrumental relations are usually expressed by serialized verb constructions using the verb tek ‘take’. Less frequently, the secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ is also used for the same purpose. More rarely, a double object construction can express instrumentality as well.","462[75-80, 142]",17-106,68.1818181818182,Very certain -17-69-1,17,69,1,69-1,"Instrumental relations are usually expressed by serialized verb constructions using the verb tek ‘take’. Less frequently, the secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ is also used for the same purpose. More rarely, a double object construction can express instrumentality as well.","462[75-80, 142]",17-107,22.7272727272727,Very certain -17-7-1,17,7,1,7-1,,"462[35-41, 72-73]",17-8,100.0,Very certain -17-70-1,17,70,1,70-1,"The secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ can be used with both a comitative and an instrumental function, but serialized verb constructions utilizing tek ‘take’ are used to show the instrumental, while serialized verb constructions utilizing folo ‘follow’ are used to show the comitative.",462[142-143],17-107 17-109 17-111 17-112,100.0,Intermediate -17-71-3,17,71,3,71-3,"While both ànd ‘and’ and wìt ‘with’ can be used to conjoin noun phrases, only wìt and the serialized verb folo ‘follow’ are utilized with a comitative function.",462[74-86],17-113 17-114 17-115,100.0,Very certain -17-72-4,17,72,4,72-4,"The conjunction ànd ‘and’ can be used to conjoin both noun phrases and verb phrases, but serialized verb constructions are most often used for the latter purpose. The serialized verb folo can be used for nominal conjunction.",462[74-86],17-106 17-113 17-116 17-117,100.0,Certain -17-73-1,17,73,1,73-1,"Alongside the use of the identity/class membership copula bì, the item nà, which straddles the boundary between copular and non-copular highlighter, is also used to introduce predicative noun phrases.",1849,17-118 17-119,100.0,Very certain -17-74-3,17,74,3,74-3,"Normally constituents with meanings equivalent to predicate adjectives in languages such as English are expressed by stative verbs and therefore do not require a copula. A stative verb may be nominalized, however, and placed after the existential/locative copula dé.",462[221-226],17-120 17-121,100.0,Very certain -17-75-1,17,75,1,75-1,,462[46-52],17-122 17-123,100.0,Very certain -17-76-2,17,76,2,76-2,Copular functions are strictly divided between the identity class membership copula bì and the locative/existential copula dé.,462[46-52],17-124 17-125,100.0,Very certain -17-77-1,17,77,1,77-1,,"462[114-115, 144]",17-126,90.0,Very certain -17-77-3,17,77,3,77-3,,"462[114-115, 144]",17-127,10.0,Very certain -17-78-1,17,78,1,78-1,,462[52-53],17-128 17-129,100.0,Very certain -17-79-2,17,79,2,79-2,,"462[55, 152]",17-136,18.75,Very certain -17-79-1,17,79,1,79-1,,"462[55, 152]",17-136,43.75,Very certain -17-79-6,17,79,6,79-6,,"462[55, 152]",17-135,18.75,Very certain -17-79-5,17,79,5,79-5,,"462[55, 152]",17-134,18.75,Very certain -17-8-2,17,8,2,8-2,"Adjectives as a separate word class do not exist. Instead stative verbs are used to convey meanings equivalent to those conveyed by adjectives in languages such as English. Serialized verb constructions are used to express degree with stative verbs. Otherwise, adverbials such as wé̱lwé̱l ‘very, thoroughly’ can follow a stative verb that has an adjectival meaning.",462[221-230],17-9,70.0,Very certain -17-8-1,17,8,1,8-1,"Adjectives as a separate word class do not exist. Instead stative verbs are used to convey meanings equivalent to those conveyed by adjectives in languages such as English. Serialized verb constructions are used to express degree with stative verbs. Otherwise, adverbials such as wé̱lwé̱l ‘very, thoroughly’ can follow a stative verb that has an adjectival meaning.",462[221-230],17-10,30.0,Very certain -17-80-5,17,80,5,80-5,"Motion-from, including from named places, is normally expressed by the secondary preposition/ serialized verb frò̱m used in a variety of constructions.","462[75-81, 151-153]",17-137,20.0,Very certain -17-80-6,17,80,6,80-6,"Motion-from, including from named places, is normally expressed by the secondary preposition/ serialized verb frò̱m used in a variety of constructions.","462[75-81, 151-153]",17-137 17-138,46.6666666666667,Very certain -17-80-1,17,80,1,80-1,"Motion-from, including from named places, is normally expressed by the secondary preposition/ serialized verb frò̱m used in a variety of constructions.","462[75-81, 151-153]",17-139 17-140,6.66666666666667,Unspecified -17-80-2,17,80,2,80-2,"Motion-from, including from named places, is normally expressed by the secondary preposition/ serialized verb frò̱m used in a variety of constructions.","462[75-81, 151-153]",17-139 17-140,20.0,Very certain -17-80-3,17,80,3,80-3,"Motion-from, including from named places, is normally expressed by the secondary preposition/ serialized verb frò̱m used in a variety of constructions.","462[75-81, 151-153]",17-4,6.66666666666667,Certain -17-81-3,17,81,3,81-3,"Although most local semantic functions, including motion-to and motion-from, can be expressed by the general preposition fò̱r, motion-from is one of the few that is more commonly signalled by a secondary preposition/serialized verb frò̱m.",462[151-153],17-130 17-131 17-132 17-133,100.0,Very certain -17-82-3,17,82,3,82-3,After the verb push ‘push’ a serialized verb construction containing enta ‘enter’ may be used alone or together with the general preposition fò̱r and the locational noun insayd ‘inside’.,"462[75-81, 156]",17-141,70.0,Very certain -17-82-4,17,82,4,82-4,After the verb push ‘push’ a serialized verb construction containing enta ‘enter’ may be used alone or together with the general preposition fò̱r and the locational noun insayd ‘inside’.,"462[75-81, 156]",17-142,30.0,Very certain -17-83-4,17,83,4,83-4,Motion-from involving a verb such as pul ‘pull’ is normally expressed by the secondary preposition/serialized verb frò̱m used together with the serialized verb kò̱mót ‘leave’.,"462[75-81, 156-157]",17-143 17-144,100.0,Certain -17-84-2,17,84,2,84-2,,462[75-81],17-145 17-17,100.0,Very certain -17-85-2,17,85,2,85-2,"In serialized verb constructions, the verb tek ‘take’ is very frequently used with an object to refer to the theme, the instrument, or the setting of the event referred to by the following verb(s) in the series.","462[75-80, 141-150]",17-146,35.0,Very certain -17-85-3,17,85,3,85-3,"In serialized verb constructions, the verb tek ‘take’ is very frequently used with an object to refer to the theme, the instrument, or the setting of the event referred to by the following verb(s) in the series.","462[75-80, 141-150]",17-147,15.0,Very certain -17-85-4,17,85,4,85-4,"In serialized verb constructions, the verb tek ‘take’ is very frequently used with an object to refer to the theme, the instrument, or the setting of the event referred to by the following verb(s) in the series.","462[75-80, 141-150]",17-148,25.0,Very certain -17-85-5,17,85,5,85-5,"In serialized verb constructions, the verb tek ‘take’ is very frequently used with an object to refer to the theme, the instrument, or the setting of the event referred to by the following verb(s) in the series.","462[75-80, 141-150]",17-42,25.0,Very certain -17-86-2,17,86,2,86-2,"Although the verb giv ‘give’ is most often used in serialized verb constructions to introduce a recipient, it can be utilized to introduce a beneficiary as well.","462[75-80, 141-150]",17-149 17-150,100.0,Very certain -17-87-2,17,87,2,87-2,,"462[102-108, 116, 176-183]",17-152,50.0,Very certain -17-87-3,17,87,3,87-3,,"462[102-108, 116, 176-183]",17-151,50.0,Very certain -17-88-3,17,88,3,88-3,"Possessive modifiers plus se̱f ‘self’ can have both reflexive and intensifier functions, but possessive modifier plus bò̱di ‘body’ forms can only be utilized for the reflexive. Subject/object pronouns plus se̱f can only be used as intensifiers.","462[116-117, 176-177, 182]",17-151 17-152 17-153,100.0,Very certain -17-89-3,17,89,3,89-3,Special reciprocal pronouns ìchó̱da and wò̱nànó̱da exist and can be used interchangeably. Reflexive se̱f (but not reflexive bò̱di) constructions may also be utilized to express reciprocity.,"462[102-108, 116-117, 176-183]",17-154 17-155 17-156,100.0,Very certain -17-9-1,17,9,1,9-1,,462[70-73],17-11,100.0,Very certain -17-90-2,17,90,2,90-2,"While there is no prototypical passive construction, some marginally passive-like constructions exist.",462[191-193],,100.0,Very certain -17-91-8,17,91,8,91-8,,462[136-140],,100.0,Very certain -17-92-3,17,92,3,92-3,"The relativizer we̱ may be followed by a subject pronoun, by the expletive subject pronoun ì, or more rarely, by a gap.","462[35-46, 97-98]",17-157 17-69,90.0,Very certain -17-92-2,17,92,2,92-2,"The relativizer we̱ may be followed by a subject pronoun, by the expletive subject pronoun ì, or more rarely, by a gap.","462[35-46, 97-98]",17-158,10.0,Very certain -17-93-3,17,93,3,93-3,,"462[35-46, 97-98]",17-159 17-161,58.3333333333333,Very certain -17-93-2,17,93,2,93-2,,"462[35-46, 97-98]",17-160 17-161,25.0,Very certain -17-93-5,17,93,5,93-5,,"462[35-46, 97-98]",17-161,8.33333333333333,Certain -17-93-4,17,93,4,93-4,,"462[35-46, 97-98]",17-161,8.33333333333333,Certain -17-94-3,17,94,3,94-3,"Instrumental relations are usually expressed by serialized verb constructions using the verb tek ‘take’. The object of tek can be relativized by any of the strategies listed under Values 3 and 5. Serialized verb constructions containing tek can also be combined with the secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ to signal the instrumental. In such sentences, the instrumental object of tek can be relativized by any of the strategies listed under Values 3 and 5, while the object of wìt can only be relativized by the strategies listed under Value 3.","462[35-46, 75-80, 97-102]",17-162 17-163,90.0,Very certain -17-94-5,17,94,5,94-5,"Instrumental relations are usually expressed by serialized verb constructions using the verb tek ‘take’. The object of tek can be relativized by any of the strategies listed under Values 3 and 5. Serialized verb constructions containing tek can also be combined with the secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ to signal the instrumental. In such sentences, the instrumental object of tek can be relativized by any of the strategies listed under Values 3 and 5, while the object of wìt can only be relativized by the strategies listed under Value 3.","462[35-46, 75-80, 97-102]",17-164,10.0,Very certain -17-95-4,17,95,4,95-4,,"462[6-8, 28-46]",17-166,10.0,Very certain -17-95-1,17,95,1,95-1,,"462[6-8, 28-46]",17-165,90.0,Very certain -17-96-1,17,96,1,96-1,"Generally, the explicit complementizer se is used, but it may optionally be replaced by a zero complementizer, except after copulas (such as bì identity copula and bì layk 'be like') and some stative verbs (fyar 'fear'), where the use of se is obligatory.",462[28-34],17-167,90.0,Very certain -17-96-4,17,96,4,96-4,"Generally, the explicit complementizer se is used, but it may optionally be replaced by a zero complementizer, except after copulas (such as bì identity copula and bì layk 'be like') and some stative verbs (fyar 'fear'), where the use of se is obligatory.",462[28-34],17-167,10.0,Very certain -17-97-1,17,97,1,97-1,,462[208-216],17-168,70.0,Very certain -17-97-2,17,97,2,97-2,,462[208-216],17-169,30.0,Very certain -17-98-1,17,98,1,98-1,"While both tink ‘think’ and want ‘want’ take se as a complementizer, the object clause that follows tink is in the indicative, while the object clause that follows want is in the subjunctive.","462[24-46, 193-195, 208-216]",17-170 17-171,100.0,Very certain -17-99-2,17,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain -1731-13-4,1731,13,4,13-4,,1038;557[95],73-21 73-22,100.0,Very certain -1731-18-2,1731,18,2,18-2,,1038,73-27 73-28,100.0,Very certain -1741-1-2,1741,1,2,1-2,,,74-2,100.0,Very certain -1741-114-1,1741,114,1,114-1,,,74-164,100.0,Very certain -1741-17-4,1741,17,4,17-4,,673[41-42],74-29 74-30,100.0,Certain -1741-26-2,1741,26,2,26-2,,675[33],74-185,100.0,Certain -1741-28-2,1741,28,2,28-2,,673[40],74-42 74-43,100.0,Certain -1741-32-1,1741,32,1,32-1,,,74-186 74-6 74-66,100.0,Unspecified -1741-34-1,1741,34,1,34-1,"This is the only distinctive distributive numeral used, and derives from makwst 'two'.",,74-187,100.0,Unspecified -1741-46-2,1741,46,2,46-2,,,74-73,100.0,Certain -1741-48-1,1741,48,1,48-1,,,74-75,100.0,Certain -1741-49-4,1741,49,4,49-4,Chinuk Wawa has no tense or aspect markers; tense is expressed by adverbs like álta 'now'.,,74-77 74-78,100.0,Certain -1741-71-2,1741,71,2,71-2,,,74-189,100.0,Unspecified -1741-90-4,1741,90,4,90-4,"This construction is available in Grand Ronde Chinuk Wawa, but not in the more widely used variety.",,74-137,100.0,Certain -18-0-1,18,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -18-1-2,18,1,2,1-2,,1488[56],18-1 18-39 18-75,100.0,Very certain -18-10-1,18,10,1,10-1,,1175,18-16,100.0,Very certain -18-100-3,18,100,3,100-3,,352[141f.],18-70,30.0,Very certain -18-100-4,18,100,4,100-4,,352[141f.],18-159,70.0,Very certain -18-101-1,18,101,1,101-1,,352[141],18-159,100.0,Very certain -18-102-3,18,102,3,102-3,,352[141ff.],18-160 18-161 18-162 18-163 18-164,100.0,Very certain -18-103-7,18,103,7,103-7,,1175,18-165 18-166,100.0,Very certain -18-104-1,18,104,1,104-1,,352[143ff.],18-167,100.0,Very certain -18-105-1,18,105,1,105-1,,1175,18-168,100.0,Very certain -18-106-2,18,106,2,106-2,,1175,18-169 18-170,100.0,Very certain -18-107-2,18,107,2,107-2,,1175,18-171 18-172,100.0,Certain -18-108-3,18,108,3,108-3,,1175,18-197,100.0,Certain -18-109-1,18,109,1,109-1,,1488[9],18-12 18-7,100.0,Very certain -18-11-3,18,11,3,11-3,,1488[22],18-17,70.0,Very certain -18-11-2,18,11,2,11-2,,1488[22],18-18,30.0,Certain -18-110-1,18,110,1,110-1,,1488[11],18-71,100.0,Very certain -18-111-3,18,111,3,111-3,,1175,18-173 18-174,100.0,Certain -18-112-1,18,112,1,112-1,,1488[9],18-175,100.0,Very certain -18-113-2,18,113,2,113-2,There might be areas in Cameroon in which the form finga fo fut may be used.,1175,18-176 18-177,100.0,Certain -18-114-2,18,114,2,114-2,,1175,18-178 18-179,100.0,Very certain -18-115-2,18,115,2,115-2,,1175,18-180 18-181,100.0,Certain -18-116-2,18,116,2,116-2,,1175,18-182 18-183,100.0,Very certain -18-117-1,18,117,1,117-1,,1175,18-184 18-185,100.0,Very certain -18-118-2,18,118,2,118-2,,938,18-186 18-187 18-188,100.0,Very certain -18-119-3,18,119,3,119-3,,938,18-189 18-190 18-191 18-192,100.0,Very certain -18-12-1,18,12,1,12-1,,125[9],18-19,50.0,Very certain -18-12-2,18,12,2,12-2,,125[9],18-20,50.0,Very certain -18-120-2,18,120,2,120-2,,125[iii],18-193 18-194,100.0,Intermediate -18-121-3,18,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -18-122-4,18,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -18-123-4,18,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -18-124-1,18,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -18-125-3,18,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -18-126-1,18,126,1,126-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-206,100.0, -18-127-3,18,127,3,127-3,,,,100.0, -18-128-2,18,128,2,128-2,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-211,100.0, -18-129-1,18,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -18-13-1,18,13,1,13-1,,352[93];1488[10],18-21,100.0,Very certain -18-130-1,18,130,1,130-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-208,100.0, -18-131,18,131,1,131-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-198,100.0, -18-132,18,132,1,132-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-215,100.0, -18-133,18,133,1,133-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-223,100.0, -18-134,18,134,1,134-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-227,100.0, -18-137,18,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -18-138,18,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -18-139,18,139,1,139-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-201,100.0, -18-14-1,18,14,1,14-1,,1175,,100.0,Very certain -18-140,18,140,1,140-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-202,100.0, -18-143,18,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -18-144,18,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -18-145,18,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -18-146,18,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -18-147,18,147,1,147-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-200,100.0, -18-148,18,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -18-149,18,149,1,149-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-199,100.0, -18-15-1,18,15,1,15-1,,1175,18-22 18-23,100.0,Very certain -18-151,18,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -18-152,18,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -18-153,18,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -18-155,18,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -18-156,18,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -18-158,18,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -18-159,18,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -18-16-1,18,16,1,16-1,,125[9],18-24,100.0,Very certain -18-160,18,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -18-161,18,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -18-163,18,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -18-168,18,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -18-169,18,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -18-17-4,18,17,4,17-4,,1175,18-17 18-21 18-25,100.0,Very certain -18-170,18,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -18-171,18,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -18-172,18,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -18-173,18,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -18-174,18,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -18-176,18,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -18-178,18,178,1,178-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-209,100.0, -18-179,18,179,1,179-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-210,100.0, -18-18-1,18,18,1,18-1,,1175,18-20,100.0,Very certain -18-180,18,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -18-181,18,181,2,181-2,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-211,100.0, -18-182,18,182,1,182-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-212,100.0, -18-183,18,183,1,183-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-213,100.0, -18-184,18,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -18-187,18,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -18-188,18,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -18-189,18,189,1,189-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-203,100.0, -18-19-4,18,19,4,19-4,,63[446],18-26 18-27 18-28 18-29 18-30,100.0,Certain -18-190,18,190,1,190-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-204,100.0, -18-191,18,191,3,191-3,"This sound is ""increasingly resurfacing in the speech of English-Kamtok [Cameroon Pidgin English] bilinguals, particularly in recent loans from English."" (Menang 2008: 146)",938,,100.0, -18-192,18,192,3,192-3,"This sound is ""increasingly resurfacing in the speech of English-Kamtok [Cameroon Pidgin English] bilinguals, particularly in recent loans from English."" (Menang 2008: 146)",938,,100.0, -18-193,18,193,1,193-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-205,100.0, -18-194,18,194,1,194-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-206,100.0, -18-195,18,195,1,195-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-207,100.0, -18-196,18,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -18-199,18,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -18-2-2,18,2,2,2-2,,1175,18-4,30.0,Certain -18-2-1,18,2,1,2-1,,1175,18-2 18-3,70.0,Very certain -18-20-1,18,20,1,20-1,,1175,18-31 18-32,100.0,Very certain -18-200,18,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -18-201,18,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -18-202,18,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -18-205,18,205,1,205-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-208,100.0, -18-209,18,209,1,209-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-214,100.0, -18-21-5,18,21,5,21-5,,1175,18-33 18-34,100.0,Certain -18-212,18,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -18-217,18,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -18-218,18,218,1,218-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-216,100.0, -18-22-4,18,22,4,22-4,,125[12];1488[16],18-35 18-7,100.0,Very certain -18-221,18,221,1,221-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-217,100.0, -18-23-6,18,23,6,23-6,,63[431],18-36,30.0,Very certain -18-23-8,18,23,8,23-8,,63[431],18-7,70.0,Very certain -18-231,18,231,3,231-3,See Menang (2008: 142).,938,18-226,100.0, -18-235,18,235,3,235-3,,,18-228,100.0, -18-239,18,239,3,239-3,,,18-230,100.0, -18-24-1,18,24,1,24-1,,1175,18-37 18-38,100.0,Certain -18-242,18,242,3,242-3,,,18-229,100.0, -18-25-2,18,25,2,25-2,,1488[10],18-26 18-7,100.0,Very certain -18-252,18,252,1,252-1,See Menang (2008: 139; 143).,938,18-218,100.0, -18-253,18,253,1,253-1,See Menang (2008: 139; 143).,938,18-219,100.0, -18-254,18,254,2,254-2,See Menang (2008: 143).,938,18-220,100.0, -18-255,18,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -18-256,18,256,1,256-1,See Menang (2008: 139; 143).,938,18-221,100.0, -18-257,18,257,1,257-1,See Menang (2008: 139; 143).,938,18-222,100.0, -18-258,18,258,1,258-1,See Menang (2008: 139; 143).,938,18-224,100.0, -18-259,18,259,1,259-1,See Menang (2008: 139; 143).,938,18-225,100.0, -18-26-6,18,26,6,26-6,,1488[22],18-39 18-40 18-41,100.0,Very certain -18-260,18,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -18-261,18,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -18-263,18,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -18-267,18,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -18-268,18,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -18-27-2,18,27,2,27-2,,1488[9],18-42,100.0,Certain -18-272,18,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -18-273,18,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -18-274,18,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -18-275,18,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -18-276,18,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -18-277,18,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -18-278,18,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -18-279,18,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -18-28-1,18,28,1,28-1,,1175,18-12 18-8 18-9,100.0,Very certain -18-280,18,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -18-281,18,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -18-282,18,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -18-284,18,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -18-285,18,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -18-286,18,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -18-287,18,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -18-288,18,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -18-289,18,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -18-29-2,18,29,2,29-2,,1175,18-16 18-43,100.0,Very certain -18-290,18,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -18-291,18,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -18-3-1,18,3,1,3-1,,1175,18-5,100.0,Very certain -18-30-5,18,30,5,30-5,,1175,18-38,100.0,Very certain -18-308-1,18,308,1,308-1,,938[133];63[428],,100.0,Very certain -18-309-3,18,309,3,309-3,"Approximately one fifth to one quarter of the Cameroonian population claims Cameroon Pidgin English to be their L1. However, numbers vary significantly, depending on whether one is in the anglophone part (up to 40% of self-reported L1 speakers) or in the francophone part (in some places less than 2% L1 speakers). See Schröder (2003b: 85) for details.",1346[86],,100.0,Certain -18-31-2,18,31,2,31-2,,1175,18-8 18-9,100.0,Certain -18-310-2,18,310,2,310-2,Creolization is occuring primarily in the anglophone part of the country.,1346[85ff.],,100.0,Certain -18-311-1,18,311,1,311-1,"The use is increasing in the anglophone part. In the francophone part, it seems as if a rudimentary French is taking over many traditional functions of Cameroon Pidgin English (see e.g. Schröder 2003b: 182).",1346[82ff.],,100.0,Certain -18-312-2,18,312,2,312-2,Especially the educated (francophone) population seems to be abandoning Cameroon Pidgin English for the official languages English and French (see e.g. Schröder 2003b: 182).,1346[183],,100.0,Certain -18-313-6,18,313,6,313-6,,1346,,100.0,Intermediate -18-314-3,18,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain -18-315-2,18,315,2,315-2,The use of Cameroon Pidgin English in the media is primarily restricted to the anglophone part of the country.,1346[144],,100.0,Certain -18-316-2,18,316,2,316-2,"The use of Cameroon Pidgin English in the media is primarily restricted to the anglophone part of the country. However, in this domain its use seems to be increasing.",1346[144],,100.0,Intermediate -18-317-2,18,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain -18-318-2,18,318,2,318-2,Cameroon Pidgin English is primarily used to render passages of direct speech more realistically.,1346[158ff.],,100.0,Certain -18-319-2,18,319,2,319-2,,1346[144],,100.0,Intermediate -18-32-2,18,32,2,32-2,,1175,18-44 18-9,100.0,Very certain -18-320-2,18,320,2,320-2,"In the newspapers, Cameroon Pidgin English is used for example in a supposedly comic daily column in the Cameroon Tribune, where a limited variety of topics are treated (cf. Schröder 2003b: 144).",1346[144],,100.0,Very certain -18-321-2,18,321,2,321-2,I assume this takes place in the anglophone part of the country.,,,100.0,Intermediate +Note, however, that the IRR mood marker precedes the negator no, so the three markers fò, bin, and dè are not adjacent.","462[73, 188-189, 195-200]",17-65 17-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-45-4,17,45,4,45-4,"If bin is considered to be a past tense auxiliary, then several other mood and aspect markers, as well as some adverbials can intervene between it and the lexical verb that it specifies.","462[73, 188-190, 195-200]",17-66,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +17-46-2,17,46,2,46-2,The auxiliary dè is refered to as an incompletive aspect marker in Faraclas (1996).,"462[73, 188-190, 195-200]",17-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +17-47-4,17,47,4,47-4,The auxiliary dè is refered to as an incompletive aspect marker in Faraclas (1996).,462[202-205],17-65 17-68 17-69 17-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-48-4,17,48,4,48-4,"There is no special habitual marker. The incompletive auxiliary marker dè is used to signal progressive, continuous, and/or habitual meanings.",462[202-205],17-69 17-71,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-49-3,17,49,3,49-3,"If the marker bin is considered to be an anterior sequence marker, then Value 1 applies and the system can be considered to be aspectual, with a marginal sequential component. If bin is considered to be a past tense marker instead, then Value 3 applies and the system is basically aspectual with a marginal tense component.","462[73, 188-190, 195-200]",17-215 17-65 17-70,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-5-1,17,5,1,5-1,,462[70-73],17-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-50-3,17,50,3,50-3,,"462[73, 89-93]",17-72 17-73 17-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-51-3,17,51,3,51-3,"Factative (unmarked) tense-aspect normally assigns [+past] [+completive] values to unmarked non-stative verbs, and [-past] [-completive] values to unmarked stative verbs. Discourse features, adverbials of time, etc. can assign [-past] and/or [-completive] values to unmarked non-stative verbs and [+past] and/or [+completive] values to unmarked stative verbs.","462[188-190, 195-200]",17-75 17-76 17-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-52-4,17,52,4,52-4,"To refer to the ongoing entry into a particular state, the incompletive aspect auxiliary dè is used with a stative verb. To refer to the result of the entry into a particular state, a completive aspect auxiliary such as do̱n or the realis mood auxiliary ko̱m is used.","462[199-205, 221]",17-68 17-72 17-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +17-53-2,17,53,2,53-2,,462[73-75],17-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-54-7,17,54,7,54-7,,"462[188-190, 195-200]",17-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +17-55-1,17,55,1,55-1,Auxiliaries of mood such as fit ‘be able’ are used to express situational possibility.,462[208-216],17-80 17-81,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-56-1,17,56,1,56-1,Negated forms both of the second person singular imperative construction as well as of the subjunctive construction are used to express the prohibitive.,462[24-26],17-82 17-83 17-84 17-85 17-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-57-1,17,57,1,57-1,,"462[55-58, 179]",17-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-58-1,17,58,1,58-1,"While some pronouns are marked for case, full nominals are not.","462[135-140, 179, 217-218]",17-88 17-89 17-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-59-2,17,59,2,59-2,,"462[179, 217]",17-91 17-92 17-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-6-1,17,6,1,6-1,,"462[72-73, 231-233]",17-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-60-2,17,60,2,60-2,,462[58-59],17-1 17-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-61-1,17,61,1,61-1,,462[58-59],17-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +17-62-1,17,62,1,62-1,"Dependent subject pronouns are always used, except when the subject is specified by a full noun phrase or an emphatic subject pronoun, in which case they may optionally not occur.","462[54-55, 217-218]",17-86 17-92 17-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-63-1,17,63,1,63-1,"When used as an expletive subject, the third person singular dependent subject pronoun is always used in its shortened form ì rather than in its full form ìm.",462[52-55],17-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-64-1,17,64,1,64-1,"When used as an expletive subject, the third person singular dependent subject pronoun is always used in its shortened form ì rather than in its full form ìm. When the verb ge̱t ‘have’ is preceded by an expletive subject, it has an existential meaning.",462[52-55],17-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-65-1,17,65,1,65-1,,462[191-192],17-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +17-66-2,17,66,2,66-2,,"462[139-142, 191-192]",17-100,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-0000FF.png""}", +17-66-3,17,66,3,66-3,,"462[139-142, 191-192]",17-101,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-0000FF.png""}", +17-67-2,17,67,2,67-2,,"462[139-142, 191-192, 221-222]",17-103,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}", +17-67-1,17,67,1,67-1,,"462[139-142, 191-192, 221-222]",17-102,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}", +17-68-3,17,68,3,68-3,,"462[139-142, 191-192, 221-222]",17-105,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +17-68-1,17,68,1,68-1,,"462[139-142, 191-192, 221-222]",17-104,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +17-69-4,17,69,4,69-4,"Instrumental relations are usually expressed by serialized verb constructions using the verb tek ‘take’. Less frequently, the secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ is also used for the same purpose. More rarely, a double object construction can express instrumentality as well.","462[75-80, 142]",17-108,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-23-0000FF-69-FF0000-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-69-2,17,69,2,69-2,"Instrumental relations are usually expressed by serialized verb constructions using the verb tek ‘take’. Less frequently, the secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ is also used for the same purpose. More rarely, a double object construction can express instrumentality as well.","462[75-80, 142]",17-106,68.1818181818182,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-23-0000FF-69-FF0000-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-69-1,17,69,1,69-1,"Instrumental relations are usually expressed by serialized verb constructions using the verb tek ‘take’. Less frequently, the secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ is also used for the same purpose. More rarely, a double object construction can express instrumentality as well.","462[75-80, 142]",17-107,22.7272727272727,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-23-0000FF-69-FF0000-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-7-1,17,7,1,7-1,,"462[35-41, 72-73]",17-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-70-1,17,70,1,70-1,"The secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ can be used with both a comitative and an instrumental function, but serialized verb constructions utilizing tek ‘take’ are used to show the instrumental, while serialized verb constructions utilizing folo ‘follow’ are used to show the comitative.",462[142-143],17-107 17-109 17-111 17-112,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-71-3,17,71,3,71-3,"While both ànd ‘and’ and wìt ‘with’ can be used to conjoin noun phrases, only wìt and the serialized verb folo ‘follow’ are utilized with a comitative function.",462[74-86],17-113 17-114 17-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +17-72-4,17,72,4,72-4,"The conjunction ànd ‘and’ can be used to conjoin both noun phrases and verb phrases, but serialized verb constructions are most often used for the latter purpose. The serialized verb folo can be used for nominal conjunction.",462[74-86],17-106 17-113 17-116 17-117,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-73-1,17,73,1,73-1,"Alongside the use of the identity/class membership copula bì, the item nà, which straddles the boundary between copular and non-copular highlighter, is also used to introduce predicative noun phrases.",1849,17-118 17-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-74-3,17,74,3,74-3,"Normally constituents with meanings equivalent to predicate adjectives in languages such as English are expressed by stative verbs and therefore do not require a copula. A stative verb may be nominalized, however, and placed after the existential/locative copula dé.",462[221-226],17-120 17-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +17-75-1,17,75,1,75-1,,462[46-52],17-122 17-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-76-2,17,76,2,76-2,Copular functions are strictly divided between the identity class membership copula bì and the locative/existential copula dé.,462[46-52],17-124 17-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-77-1,17,77,1,77-1,,"462[114-115, 144]",17-126,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +17-77-3,17,77,3,77-3,,"462[114-115, 144]",17-127,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +17-78-1,17,78,1,78-1,,462[52-53],17-128 17-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-79-2,17,79,2,79-2,,"462[55, 152]",17-136,18.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-44-FFFFFF-19-FF0000-19-FFFF00-19-FF7F00.png""}", +17-79-1,17,79,1,79-1,,"462[55, 152]",17-136,43.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-44-FFFFFF-19-FF0000-19-FFFF00-19-FF7F00.png""}", +17-79-6,17,79,6,79-6,,"462[55, 152]",17-135,18.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-44-FFFFFF-19-FF0000-19-FFFF00-19-FF7F00.png""}", +17-79-5,17,79,5,79-5,,"462[55, 152]",17-134,18.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-44-FFFFFF-19-FF0000-19-FFFF00-19-FF7F00.png""}", +17-8-2,17,8,2,8-2,"Adjectives as a separate word class do not exist. Instead stative verbs are used to convey meanings equivalent to those conveyed by adjectives in languages such as English. Serialized verb constructions are used to express degree with stative verbs. Otherwise, adverbials such as wé̱lwé̱l ‘very, thoroughly’ can follow a stative verb that has an adjectival meaning.",462[221-230],17-9,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-8-1,17,8,1,8-1,"Adjectives as a separate word class do not exist. Instead stative verbs are used to convey meanings equivalent to those conveyed by adjectives in languages such as English. Serialized verb constructions are used to express degree with stative verbs. Otherwise, adverbials such as wé̱lwé̱l ‘very, thoroughly’ can follow a stative verb that has an adjectival meaning.",462[221-230],17-10,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +17-80-5,17,80,5,80-5,"Motion-from, including from named places, is normally expressed by the secondary preposition/ serialized verb frò̱m used in a variety of constructions.","462[75-81, 151-153]",17-137,20.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-7-FFFFFF-20-FF0000-7-0000FF-20-FFFF00-47-FF7F00.png""}", +17-80-6,17,80,6,80-6,"Motion-from, including from named places, is normally expressed by the secondary preposition/ serialized verb frò̱m used in a variety of constructions.","462[75-81, 151-153]",17-137 17-138,46.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-7-FFFFFF-20-FF0000-7-0000FF-20-FFFF00-47-FF7F00.png""}", +17-80-1,17,80,1,80-1,"Motion-from, including from named places, is normally expressed by the secondary preposition/ serialized verb frò̱m used in a variety of constructions.","462[75-81, 151-153]",17-139 17-140,6.66666666666667,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-7-FFFFFF-20-FF0000-7-0000FF-20-FFFF00-47-FF7F00.png""}", +17-80-2,17,80,2,80-2,"Motion-from, including from named places, is normally expressed by the secondary preposition/ serialized verb frò̱m used in a variety of constructions.","462[75-81, 151-153]",17-139 17-140,20.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-7-FFFFFF-20-FF0000-7-0000FF-20-FFFF00-47-FF7F00.png""}", +17-80-3,17,80,3,80-3,"Motion-from, including from named places, is normally expressed by the secondary preposition/ serialized verb frò̱m used in a variety of constructions.","462[75-81, 151-153]",17-4,6.66666666666667,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-7-FFFFFF-20-FF0000-7-0000FF-20-FFFF00-47-FF7F00.png""}", +17-81-3,17,81,3,81-3,"Although most local semantic functions, including motion-to and motion-from, can be expressed by the general preposition fò̱r, motion-from is one of the few that is more commonly signalled by a secondary preposition/serialized verb frò̱m.",462[151-153],17-130 17-131 17-132 17-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +17-82-3,17,82,3,82-3,After the verb push ‘push’ a serialized verb construction containing enta ‘enter’ may be used alone or together with the general preposition fò̱r and the locational noun insayd ‘inside’.,"462[75-81, 156]",17-141,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-FF7F00.png""}", +17-82-4,17,82,4,82-4,After the verb push ‘push’ a serialized verb construction containing enta ‘enter’ may be used alone or together with the general preposition fò̱r and the locational noun insayd ‘inside’.,"462[75-81, 156]",17-142,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-FF7F00.png""}", +17-83-4,17,83,4,83-4,Motion-from involving a verb such as pul ‘pull’ is normally expressed by the secondary preposition/serialized verb frò̱m used together with the serialized verb kò̱mót ‘leave’.,"462[75-81, 156-157]",17-143 17-144,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +17-84-2,17,84,2,84-2,,462[75-81],17-145 17-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-85-2,17,85,2,85-2,"In serialized verb constructions, the verb tek ‘take’ is very frequently used with an object to refer to the theme, the instrument, or the setting of the event referred to by the following verb(s) in the series.","462[75-80, 141-150]",17-146,35.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-35-0000FF-15-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +17-85-3,17,85,3,85-3,"In serialized verb constructions, the verb tek ‘take’ is very frequently used with an object to refer to the theme, the instrument, or the setting of the event referred to by the following verb(s) in the series.","462[75-80, 141-150]",17-147,15.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-35-0000FF-15-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +17-85-4,17,85,4,85-4,"In serialized verb constructions, the verb tek ‘take’ is very frequently used with an object to refer to the theme, the instrument, or the setting of the event referred to by the following verb(s) in the series.","462[75-80, 141-150]",17-148,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-35-0000FF-15-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +17-85-5,17,85,5,85-5,"In serialized verb constructions, the verb tek ‘take’ is very frequently used with an object to refer to the theme, the instrument, or the setting of the event referred to by the following verb(s) in the series.","462[75-80, 141-150]",17-42,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-35-0000FF-15-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +17-86-2,17,86,2,86-2,"Although the verb giv ‘give’ is most often used in serialized verb constructions to introduce a recipient, it can be utilized to introduce a beneficiary as well.","462[75-80, 141-150]",17-149 17-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +17-87-2,17,87,2,87-2,,"462[102-108, 116, 176-183]",17-152,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +17-87-3,17,87,3,87-3,,"462[102-108, 116, 176-183]",17-151,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +17-88-3,17,88,3,88-3,"Possessive modifiers plus se̱f ‘self’ can have both reflexive and intensifier functions, but possessive modifier plus bò̱di ‘body’ forms can only be utilized for the reflexive. Subject/object pronouns plus se̱f can only be used as intensifiers.","462[116-117, 176-177, 182]",17-151 17-152 17-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +17-89-3,17,89,3,89-3,Special reciprocal pronouns ìchó̱da and wò̱nànó̱da exist and can be used interchangeably. Reflexive se̱f (but not reflexive bò̱di) constructions may also be utilized to express reciprocity.,"462[102-108, 116-117, 176-183]",17-154 17-155 17-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +17-9-1,17,9,1,9-1,,462[70-73],17-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-90-2,17,90,2,90-2,"While there is no prototypical passive construction, some marginally passive-like constructions exist.",462[191-193],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-91-8,17,91,8,91-8,,462[136-140],,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}", +17-92-3,17,92,3,92-3,"The relativizer we̱ may be followed by a subject pronoun, by the expletive subject pronoun ì, or more rarely, by a gap.","462[35-46, 97-98]",17-157 17-69,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +17-92-2,17,92,2,92-2,"The relativizer we̱ may be followed by a subject pronoun, by the expletive subject pronoun ì, or more rarely, by a gap.","462[35-46, 97-98]",17-158,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +17-93-3,17,93,3,93-3,,"462[35-46, 97-98]",17-159 17-161,58.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-59-FFB6C1-9-0000FF-9-ADD8E6.png""}", +17-93-2,17,93,2,93-2,,"462[35-46, 97-98]",17-160 17-161,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-59-FFB6C1-9-0000FF-9-ADD8E6.png""}", +17-93-5,17,93,5,93-5,,"462[35-46, 97-98]",17-161,8.33333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-59-FFB6C1-9-0000FF-9-ADD8E6.png""}", +17-93-4,17,93,4,93-4,,"462[35-46, 97-98]",17-161,8.33333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-59-FFB6C1-9-0000FF-9-ADD8E6.png""}", +17-94-3,17,94,3,94-3,"Instrumental relations are usually expressed by serialized verb constructions using the verb tek ‘take’. The object of tek can be relativized by any of the strategies listed under Values 3 and 5. Serialized verb constructions containing tek can also be combined with the secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ to signal the instrumental. In such sentences, the instrumental object of tek can be relativized by any of the strategies listed under Values 3 and 5, while the object of wìt can only be relativized by the strategies listed under Value 3.","462[35-46, 75-80, 97-102]",17-162 17-163,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFB6C1-10-ADD8E6.png""}", +17-94-5,17,94,5,94-5,"Instrumental relations are usually expressed by serialized verb constructions using the verb tek ‘take’. The object of tek can be relativized by any of the strategies listed under Values 3 and 5. Serialized verb constructions containing tek can also be combined with the secondary preposition wìt ‘with’ to signal the instrumental. In such sentences, the instrumental object of tek can be relativized by any of the strategies listed under Values 3 and 5, while the object of wìt can only be relativized by the strategies listed under Value 3.","462[35-46, 75-80, 97-102]",17-164,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFB6C1-10-ADD8E6.png""}", +17-95-4,17,95,4,95-4,,"462[6-8, 28-46]",17-166,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-95-1,17,95,1,95-1,,"462[6-8, 28-46]",17-165,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-96-1,17,96,1,96-1,"Generally, the explicit complementizer se is used, but it may optionally be replaced by a zero complementizer, except after copulas (such as bì identity copula and bì layk 'be like') and some stative verbs (fyar 'fear'), where the use of se is obligatory.",462[28-34],17-167,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-96-4,17,96,4,96-4,"Generally, the explicit complementizer se is used, but it may optionally be replaced by a zero complementizer, except after copulas (such as bì identity copula and bì layk 'be like') and some stative verbs (fyar 'fear'), where the use of se is obligatory.",462[28-34],17-167,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +17-97-1,17,97,1,97-1,,462[208-216],17-168,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +17-97-2,17,97,2,97-2,,462[208-216],17-169,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +17-98-1,17,98,1,98-1,"While both tink ‘think’ and want ‘want’ take se as a complementizer, the object clause that follows tink is in the indicative, while the object clause that follows want is in the subjunctive.","462[24-46, 193-195, 208-216]",17-170 17-171,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +17-99-2,17,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1731-13-4,1731,13,4,13-4,,1038;557[95],73-21 73-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1731-18-2,1731,18,2,18-2,,1038,73-27 73-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1741-1-2,1741,1,2,1-2,,,74-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +1741-114-1,1741,114,1,114-1,,,74-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +1741-17-4,1741,17,4,17-4,,673[41-42],74-29 74-30,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +1741-26-2,1741,26,2,26-2,,675[33],74-185,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +1741-28-2,1741,28,2,28-2,,673[40],74-42 74-43,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +1741-32-1,1741,32,1,32-1,,,74-186 74-6 74-66,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +1741-34-1,1741,34,1,34-1,"This is the only distinctive distributive numeral used, and derives from makwst 'two'.",,74-187,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +1741-46-2,1741,46,2,46-2,,,74-73,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +1741-48-1,1741,48,1,48-1,,,74-75,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1741-49-4,1741,49,4,49-4,Chinuk Wawa has no tense or aspect markers; tense is expressed by adverbs like álta 'now'.,,74-77 74-78,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +1741-71-2,1741,71,2,71-2,,,74-189,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +1741-90-4,1741,90,4,90-4,"This construction is available in Grand Ronde Chinuk Wawa, but not in the more widely used variety.",,74-137,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +18-0-1,18,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +18-1-2,18,1,2,1-2,,1488[56],18-1 18-39 18-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-10-1,18,10,1,10-1,,1175,18-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-100-3,18,100,3,100-3,,352[141f.],18-70,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-100-4,18,100,4,100-4,,352[141f.],18-159,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-101-1,18,101,1,101-1,,352[141],18-159,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-102-3,18,102,3,102-3,,352[141ff.],18-160 18-161 18-162 18-163 18-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +18-103-7,18,103,7,103-7,,1175,18-165 18-166,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +18-104-1,18,104,1,104-1,,352[143ff.],18-167,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-105-1,18,105,1,105-1,,1175,18-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-106-2,18,106,2,106-2,,1175,18-169 18-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +18-107-2,18,107,2,107-2,,1175,18-171 18-172,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +18-108-3,18,108,3,108-3,,1175,18-197,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-109-1,18,109,1,109-1,,1488[9],18-12 18-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-11-3,18,11,3,11-3,,1488[22],18-17,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +18-11-2,18,11,2,11-2,,1488[22],18-18,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +18-110-1,18,110,1,110-1,,1488[11],18-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-111-3,18,111,3,111-3,,1175,18-173 18-174,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-112-1,18,112,1,112-1,,1488[9],18-175,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-113-2,18,113,2,113-2,There might be areas in Cameroon in which the form finga fo fut may be used.,1175,18-176 18-177,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-114-2,18,114,2,114-2,,1175,18-178 18-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-115-2,18,115,2,115-2,,1175,18-180 18-181,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-116-2,18,116,2,116-2,,1175,18-182 18-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-117-1,18,117,1,117-1,,1175,18-184 18-185,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-118-2,18,118,2,118-2,,938,18-186 18-187 18-188,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +18-119-3,18,119,3,119-3,,938,18-189 18-190 18-191 18-192,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-12-1,18,12,1,12-1,,125[9],18-19,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +18-12-2,18,12,2,12-2,,125[9],18-20,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +18-120-2,18,120,2,120-2,,125[iii],18-193 18-194,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-121-3,18,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-122-4,18,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-123-4,18,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-124-1,18,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-125-3,18,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-126-1,18,126,1,126-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-127-3,18,127,3,127-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-128-2,18,128,2,128-2,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +18-129-1,18,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-13-1,18,13,1,13-1,,352[93];1488[10],18-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +18-130-1,18,130,1,130-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-131,18,131,1,131-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-132,18,132,1,132-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-133,18,133,1,133-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-134,18,134,1,134-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-137,18,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-138,18,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-139,18,139,1,139-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-14-1,18,14,1,14-1,,1175,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-140,18,140,1,140-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-143,18,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-144,18,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-145,18,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-146,18,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-147,18,147,1,147-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-148,18,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-149,18,149,1,149-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-15-1,18,15,1,15-1,,1175,18-22 18-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +18-151,18,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-152,18,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-153,18,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-155,18,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-156,18,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-158,18,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-159,18,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-16-1,18,16,1,16-1,,125[9],18-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-160,18,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-161,18,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-163,18,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-168,18,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-169,18,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-17-4,18,17,4,17-4,,1175,18-17 18-21 18-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +18-170,18,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-171,18,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-172,18,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-173,18,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-174,18,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-176,18,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-178,18,178,1,178-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-179,18,179,1,179-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-18-1,18,18,1,18-1,,1175,18-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-180,18,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-181,18,181,2,181-2,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +18-182,18,182,1,182-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-183,18,183,1,183-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-184,18,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-187,18,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-188,18,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-189,18,189,1,189-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-19-4,18,19,4,19-4,,63[446],18-26 18-27 18-28 18-29 18-30,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-190,18,190,1,190-1,See Menang (2008: 140).,938,18-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-191,18,191,3,191-3,"This sound is ""increasingly resurfacing in the speech of English-Kamtok [Cameroon Pidgin English] bilinguals, particularly in recent loans from English."" (Menang 2008: 146)",938,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +18-192,18,192,3,192-3,"This sound is ""increasingly resurfacing in the speech of English-Kamtok [Cameroon Pidgin English] bilinguals, particularly in recent loans from English."" (Menang 2008: 146)",938,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +18-193,18,193,1,193-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-194,18,194,1,194-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-195,18,195,1,195-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-196,18,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-199,18,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-2-2,18,2,2,2-2,,1175,18-4,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-2-1,18,2,1,2-1,,1175,18-2 18-3,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-20-1,18,20,1,20-1,,1175,18-31 18-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +18-200,18,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-201,18,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-202,18,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-205,18,205,1,205-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-209,18,209,1,209-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-21-5,18,21,5,21-5,,1175,18-33 18-34,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-212,18,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-217,18,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-218,18,218,1,218-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-22-4,18,22,4,22-4,,125[12];1488[16],18-35 18-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +18-221,18,221,1,221-1,See Menang (2008: 141).,938,18-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-23-6,18,23,6,23-6,,63[431],18-36,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-800080-70-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +18-23-8,18,23,8,23-8,,63[431],18-7,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-800080-70-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +18-231,18,231,3,231-3,See Menang (2008: 142).,938,18-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +18-235,18,235,3,235-3,,,18-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +18-239,18,239,3,239-3,,,18-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +18-24-1,18,24,1,24-1,,1175,18-37 18-38,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-242,18,242,3,242-3,,,18-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +18-25-2,18,25,2,25-2,,1488[10],18-26 18-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-252,18,252,1,252-1,See Menang (2008: 139; 143).,938,18-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-253,18,253,1,253-1,See Menang (2008: 139; 143).,938,18-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-254,18,254,2,254-2,See Menang (2008: 143).,938,18-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +18-255,18,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-256,18,256,1,256-1,See Menang (2008: 139; 143).,938,18-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-257,18,257,1,257-1,See Menang (2008: 139; 143).,938,18-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-258,18,258,1,258-1,See Menang (2008: 139; 143).,938,18-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-259,18,259,1,259-1,See Menang (2008: 139; 143).,938,18-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +18-26-6,18,26,6,26-6,,1488[22],18-39 18-40 18-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +18-260,18,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-261,18,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-263,18,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-267,18,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-268,18,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-27-2,18,27,2,27-2,,1488[9],18-42,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-272,18,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-273,18,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-274,18,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-275,18,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-276,18,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-277,18,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-278,18,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-279,18,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-28-1,18,28,1,28-1,,1175,18-12 18-8 18-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-280,18,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-281,18,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-282,18,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-284,18,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-285,18,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-286,18,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-287,18,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-288,18,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-289,18,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-29-2,18,29,2,29-2,,1175,18-16 18-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-290,18,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-291,18,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-3-1,18,3,1,3-1,,1175,18-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-30-5,18,30,5,30-5,,1175,18-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-308-1,18,308,1,308-1,,938[133];63[428],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +18-309-3,18,309,3,309-3,"Approximately one fifth to one quarter of the Cameroonian population claims Cameroon Pidgin English to be their L1. However, numbers vary significantly, depending on whether one is in the anglophone part (up to 40% of self-reported L1 speakers) or in the francophone part (in some places less than 2% L1 speakers). See Schröder (2003b: 85) for details.",1346[86],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +18-31-2,18,31,2,31-2,,1175,18-8 18-9,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-310-2,18,310,2,310-2,Creolization is occuring primarily in the anglophone part of the country.,1346[85ff.],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-311-1,18,311,1,311-1,"The use is increasing in the anglophone part. In the francophone part, it seems as if a rudimentary French is taking over many traditional functions of Cameroon Pidgin English (see e.g. Schröder 2003b: 182).",1346[82ff.],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-312-2,18,312,2,312-2,Especially the educated (francophone) population seems to be abandoning Cameroon Pidgin English for the official languages English and French (see e.g. Schröder 2003b: 182).,1346[183],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-313-6,18,313,6,313-6,,1346,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +18-314-3,18,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-315-2,18,315,2,315-2,The use of Cameroon Pidgin English in the media is primarily restricted to the anglophone part of the country.,1346[144],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-316-2,18,316,2,316-2,"The use of Cameroon Pidgin English in the media is primarily restricted to the anglophone part of the country. However, in this domain its use seems to be increasing.",1346[144],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-317-2,18,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-318-2,18,318,2,318-2,Cameroon Pidgin English is primarily used to render passages of direct speech more realistically.,1346[158ff.],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-319-2,18,319,2,319-2,,1346[144],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-32-2,18,32,2,32-2,,1175,18-44 18-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-320-2,18,320,2,320-2,"In the newspapers, Cameroon Pidgin English is used for example in a supposedly comic daily column in the Cameroon Tribune, where a limited variety of topics are treated (cf. Schröder 2003b: 144).",1346[144],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-321-2,18,321,2,321-2,I assume this takes place in the anglophone part of the country.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 18-324-2,18,324,2,324-2,"Officially, Cameroon Pidgin English is not used as a medium of instruction and its use is prohibited on most campuses. -However, some teachers or lecturers do use it in class occasionally (see Schröder 2003: 139ff).",1346[139ff.],,100.0,Certain -18-326-1,18,326,1,326-1,,1346[229ff.],,100.0,Very certain +However, some teachers or lecturers do use it in class occasionally (see Schröder 2003: 139ff).",1346[139ff.],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-326-1,18,326,1,326-1,,1346[229ff.],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 18-327-1,18,327,1,327-1,"There are phonological differences between anglophone and francophone speakers of Cameroon Pidgin English. -Anglophone pronunciation is generally closer to English than francophone pronunciation.",352[43];1346[90ff.],,100.0,Certain +Anglophone pronunciation is generally closer to English than francophone pronunciation.",352[43];1346[90ff.],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 18-328-1,18,328,1,328-1,"There seems to be a difference between anglophone and francophone Cameroon Pidgin English with regard to tense and aspect marking. -While anglophones combine bin + di to indicate a past imperfective, francophones use bin bi(n).",352[120ff.];1347,,100.0,Very certain -18-329-1,18,329,1,329-1,,1346[93ff.],,100.0,Very certain -18-33-2,18,33,2,33-2,,1175,18-8 18-9,100.0,Very certain -18-330-1,18,330,1,330-1,,1346[100ff.],,100.0,Very certain -18-331-1,18,331,1,331-1,,1346[100ff.],,100.0,Very certain -18-332-1,18,332,1,332-1,,1346[100ff.],,100.0,Very certain -18-333-1,18,333,1,333-1,,1346[105f.],,100.0,Very certain -18-334-1,18,334,1,334-1,,1346[108],,100.0,Very certain -18-335-1,18,335,1,335-1,,1346[106ff.],,100.0,Very certain -18-34-2,18,34,2,34-2,,1488[20],18-45,100.0,Very certain -18-35-4,18,35,4,35-4,The use of fes and sekend probably depends on the educational background of the speaker. These variants are definitely more acrolectal.,1175,18-46 18-48,70.0,Very certain -18-35-7,18,35,7,35-7,The use of fes and sekend probably depends on the educational background of the speaker. These variants are definitely more acrolectal.,1175,18-47 18-49 18-50,30.0,Very certain -18-36-1,18,36,1,36-1,,1175,18-10,100.0,Very certain -18-37-1,18,37,1,37-1,,352[100],18-51 18-52,100.0,Very certain -18-38-4,18,38,4,38-4,"Value 4 seems possible but it is rare and regarded as an archaic or even ""broken"" or ""uneducated"" Cameroon Pidgin form; possibly it is not used much anymore.",125[20],18-53,30.0,Intermediate -18-38-1,18,38,1,38-1,"Value 4 seems possible but it is rare and regarded as an archaic or even ""broken"" or ""uneducated"" Cameroon Pidgin form; possibly it is not used much anymore.",125[20],18-3,70.0,Very certain -18-39-3,18,39,3,39-3,,63[436f.],18-2 18-54,100.0,Very certain -18-4-2,18,4,2,4-2,,63[444],18-6 18-7,100.0,Very certain -18-40-1,18,40,1,40-1,,1175,18-55 18-56,100.0,Very certain -18-41-2,18,41,2,41-2,,63[447f.];125[13],18-57,100.0,Very certain -18-42-1,18,42,1,42-1,,63[447f.];125[13],18-57,100.0,Very certain -18-43-1,18,43,1,43-1,,1488[17];1345,18-1 18-13 18-30 18-58 18-59 18-6,100.0,Very certain -18-44-8,18,44,8,44-8,,1175,,100.0,Intermediate -18-45-3,18,45,3,45-3,,1347,18-60 18-61,100.0,Very certain -18-46-2,18,46,2,46-2,,63[442],18-62,100.0,Certain -18-47-4,18,47,4,47-4,,1345;1347,18-64 18-65,100.0,Certain -18-48-4,18,48,4,48-4,,1347;1345,18-65 18-66,100.0,Certain -18-49-3,18,49,3,49-3,,1347,18-1 18-13 18-58 18-66 18-67 18-68,100.0,Very certain -18-5-1,18,5,1,5-1,,1175,18-8 18-9,100.0,Very certain -18-50-3,18,50,3,50-3,,1488[57],18-69 18-70,100.0,Very certain -18-51-3,18,51,3,51-3,,352[127],18-71 18-72 18-73,100.0,Very certain -18-52-4,18,52,4,52-4,,1345[89ff.],18-63 18-74,100.0,Certain -18-54-7,18,54,7,54-7,,1175,,100.0,Certain -18-55-2,18,55,2,55-2,,63[439];352[133],18-22 18-75 18-76,100.0,Certain -18-56-1,18,56,1,56-1,,1487[79],18-77 18-78 18-79,100.0,Certain -18-57-1,18,57,1,57-1,,352[65],18-1,100.0,Very certain -18-58-1,18,58,1,58-1,,352[65ff.],18-80 18-81,100.0,Very certain -18-59-2,18,59,2,59-2,,1175,18-25 18-82 18-83,100.0,Very certain -18-6-1,18,6,1,6-1,,1175,18-10,100.0,Very certain -18-60-2,18,60,2,60-2,,352[67],18-85,30.0,Certain -18-60-1,18,60,1,60-1,,352[67],18-1 18-84,70.0,Certain -18-61-1,18,61,1,61-1,,97,18-86,30.0,Very certain -18-61-2,18,61,2,61-2,,97,18-87,70.0,Intermediate -18-62-1,18,62,1,62-1,,63[435],18-88,100.0,Very certain -18-63-1,18,63,1,63-1,,1175,18-89,100.0,Very certain -18-64-2,18,64,2,64-2,,1175,18-90 18-91,100.0,Certain -18-65-1,18,65,1,65-1,,1175,18-41 18-92,100.0,Very certain -18-66-3,18,66,3,66-3,,1175,18-93,100.0,Very certain -18-67-1,18,67,1,67-1,,1175,18-94,70.0,Very certain -18-67-2,18,67,2,67-2,,1175,18-95,30.0,Very certain -18-68-1,18,68,1,68-1,,1175,18-96,100.0,Certain -18-69-1,18,69,1,69-1,,1175,18-98,30.0,Certain -18-69-2,18,69,2,69-2,,1175,18-97,70.0,Very certain -18-7-1,18,7,1,7-1,,63[435f.],18-11,100.0,Very certain -18-70-1,18,70,1,70-1,,1175,18-98 18-99,100.0,Certain -18-71-3,18,71,3,71-3,,352[113f.],18-100 18-101 18-102 18-103,100.0,Very certain -18-72-1,18,72,1,72-1,,1175,18-104 18-31 18-32,100.0,Certain -18-73-1,18,73,1,73-1,,63[438],18-105 18-106,100.0,Very certain -18-74-3,18,74,3,74-3,,1488[23],18-107 18-108,100.0,Very certain -18-75-1,18,75,1,75-1,,352[78],18-109 18-110,100.0,Certain +While anglophones combine bin + di to indicate a past imperfective, francophones use bin bi(n).",352[120ff.];1347,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-329-1,18,329,1,329-1,,1346[93ff.],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-33-2,18,33,2,33-2,,1175,18-8 18-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-330-1,18,330,1,330-1,,1346[100ff.],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-331-1,18,331,1,331-1,,1346[100ff.],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-332-1,18,332,1,332-1,,1346[100ff.],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-333-1,18,333,1,333-1,,1346[105f.],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-334-1,18,334,1,334-1,,1346[108],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-335-1,18,335,1,335-1,,1346[106ff.],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-34-2,18,34,2,34-2,,1488[20],18-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-35-4,18,35,4,35-4,The use of fes and sekend probably depends on the educational background of the speaker. These variants are definitely more acrolectal.,1175,18-46 18-48,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +18-35-7,18,35,7,35-7,The use of fes and sekend probably depends on the educational background of the speaker. These variants are definitely more acrolectal.,1175,18-47 18-49 18-50,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +18-36-1,18,36,1,36-1,,1175,18-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-37-1,18,37,1,37-1,,352[100],18-51 18-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-38-4,18,38,4,38-4,"Value 4 seems possible but it is rare and regarded as an archaic or even ""broken"" or ""uneducated"" Cameroon Pidgin form; possibly it is not used much anymore.",125[20],18-53,30.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-38-1,18,38,1,38-1,"Value 4 seems possible but it is rare and regarded as an archaic or even ""broken"" or ""uneducated"" Cameroon Pidgin form; possibly it is not used much anymore.",125[20],18-3,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-39-3,18,39,3,39-3,,63[436f.],18-2 18-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-4-2,18,4,2,4-2,,63[444],18-6 18-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-40-1,18,40,1,40-1,,1175,18-55 18-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-41-2,18,41,2,41-2,,63[447f.];125[13],18-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-42-1,18,42,1,42-1,,63[447f.];125[13],18-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-43-1,18,43,1,43-1,,1488[17];1345,18-1 18-13 18-30 18-58 18-59 18-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-44-8,18,44,8,44-8,,1175,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-45-3,18,45,3,45-3,,1347,18-60 18-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-46-2,18,46,2,46-2,,63[442],18-62,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +18-47-4,18,47,4,47-4,,1345;1347,18-64 18-65,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-48-4,18,48,4,48-4,,1347;1345,18-65 18-66,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-49-3,18,49,3,49-3,,1347,18-1 18-13 18-58 18-66 18-67 18-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-5-1,18,5,1,5-1,,1175,18-8 18-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-50-3,18,50,3,50-3,,1488[57],18-69 18-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-51-3,18,51,3,51-3,,352[127],18-71 18-72 18-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-52-4,18,52,4,52-4,,1345[89ff.],18-63 18-74,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +18-54-7,18,54,7,54-7,,1175,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +18-55-2,18,55,2,55-2,,63[439];352[133],18-22 18-75 18-76,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +18-56-1,18,56,1,56-1,,1487[79],18-77 18-78 18-79,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-57-1,18,57,1,57-1,,352[65],18-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-58-1,18,58,1,58-1,,352[65ff.],18-80 18-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-59-2,18,59,2,59-2,,1175,18-25 18-82 18-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-6-1,18,6,1,6-1,,1175,18-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-60-2,18,60,2,60-2,,352[67],18-85,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-60-1,18,60,1,60-1,,352[67],18-1 18-84,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-61-1,18,61,1,61-1,,97,18-86,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}", +18-61-2,18,61,2,61-2,,97,18-87,70.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}", +18-62-1,18,62,1,62-1,,63[435],18-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-63-1,18,63,1,63-1,,1175,18-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-64-2,18,64,2,64-2,,1175,18-90 18-91,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +18-65-1,18,65,1,65-1,,1175,18-41 18-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +18-66-3,18,66,3,66-3,,1175,18-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-67-1,18,67,1,67-1,,1175,18-94,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +18-67-2,18,67,2,67-2,,1175,18-95,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +18-68-1,18,68,1,68-1,,1175,18-96,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-69-1,18,69,1,69-1,,1175,18-98,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}", +18-69-2,18,69,2,69-2,,1175,18-97,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}", +18-7-1,18,7,1,7-1,,63[435f.],18-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-70-1,18,70,1,70-1,,1175,18-98 18-99,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-71-3,18,71,3,71-3,,352[113f.],18-100 18-101 18-102 18-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +18-72-1,18,72,1,72-1,,1175,18-104 18-31 18-32,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-73-1,18,73,1,73-1,,63[438],18-105 18-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +18-74-3,18,74,3,74-3,,1488[23],18-107 18-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +18-75-1,18,75,1,75-1,,352[78],18-109 18-110,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 18-76-4,18,76,4,76-4,"There seems to be an overlap with the copula bi which can function as a copula in predicative noun phrases and in predicative locative phrases, possibly under the influence of English be. -However, de does not seem to function as an equative copula, and na does not seem to function as a locative copula.",352[78],18-105 18-106 18-109 18-110,100.0,Certain -18-77-1,18,77,1,77-1,,125[13],18-111 18-112,100.0,Very certain -18-78-2,18,78,2,78-2,,1175,18-113 18-114,100.0,Certain -18-79-2,18,79,2,79-2,,1175,18-83,53.8461538461538,Very certain -18-79-6,18,79,6,79-6,,1175,18-118,23.0769230769231,Uncertain -18-79-5,18,79,5,79-5,,1175,18-117,23.0769230769231,Uncertain -18-8-1,18,8,1,8-1,,125[91],18-14,50.0,Very certain -18-8-2,18,8,2,8-2,,125[91],18-12 18-13,50.0,Very certain -18-80-2,18,80,2,80-2,,1175,18-119,100.0,Very certain -18-81-3,18,81,3,81-3,,1175,18-115 18-116 18-23,100.0,Certain -18-82-2,18,82,2,82-2,,1175,18-120 18-122 18-123 18-16,70.0,Very certain -18-82-4,18,82,4,82-4,,1175,18-121,30.0,Very certain -18-83-4,18,83,4,83-4,,1175,18-124,100.0,Very certain -18-84-2,18,84,2,84-2,,1175,18-125 18-126 18-127,100.0,Very certain -18-85-4,18,85,4,85-4,,1175,18-132,50.0,Certain -18-85-2,18,85,2,85-2,,1175,18-130 18-131,50.0,Very certain -18-86-5,18,86,5,86-5,,97,18-133 18-196,100.0,Very certain -18-87-2,18,87,2,87-2,,1175,18-134,87.5,Very certain -18-87-3,18,87,3,87-3,,1175,18-135,12.5,Very uncertain -18-88-2,18,88,2,88-2,,63[437],18-134 18-136 18-137,100.0,Intermediate -18-89-1,18,89,1,89-1,"With some verbs, the pronoun is not required: According to my informant, 'The boys are hitting each other' is translated without a reflexive pronoun: Di boi dem di fait.",1175,18-134 18-135 18-138,100.0,Intermediate -18-9-1,18,9,1,9-1,,1175,18-12 18-15,100.0,Very certain -18-90-2,18,90,2,90-2,,1175,18-139,100.0,Intermediate -18-91-8,18,91,8,91-8,,1175,,100.0,Very certain -18-92-2,18,92,2,92-2,,352[147ff.];1488[26],18-142,30.0,Certain -18-92-3,18,92,3,92-3,,352[147ff.];1488[26],18-140 18-141,70.0,Very certain -18-93-3,18,93,3,93-3,,352[147ff];1488[26],18-144,41.1764705882353,Very certain -18-93-2,18,93,2,93-2,,352[147ff];1488[26],18-143,41.1764705882353,Very certain -18-93-4,18,93,4,93-4,,352[147ff];1488[26],18-145,17.6470588235294,Certain -18-94-3,18,94,3,94-3,,1175,18-146 18-147,100.0,Certain -18-95-1,18,95,1,95-1,,125[44];352[151ff],18-148 18-149 18-150,100.0,Very certain -18-96-1,18,96,1,96-1,,1175,18-151,100.0,Very certain -18-97-1,18,97,1,97-1,,63[439],18-152 18-154 18-155,87.5,Very certain -18-97-2,18,97,2,97-2,,63[439],18-153,12.5,Uncertain -18-98-1,18,98,1,98-1,,125[44],18-156 18-157 18-158,100.0,Certain -18-99-2,18,99,2,99-2,,1175,,100.0,Certain -19-0-1,19,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -19-1-2,19,1,2,1-2,,,19-1,100.0,Very certain -19-10-1,19,10,1,10-1,,1634,19-17,100.0,Very certain -19-100-4,19,100,4,100-4,,1634,19-194 19-195,100.0,Very certain -19-101-1,19,101,1,101-1,,1634,19-196,100.0,Very certain -19-102-1,19,102,1,102-1,,1634,19-196,100.0,Very certain -19-103-7,19,103,7,103-7,,1634,19-197,100.0,Very certain -19-104-1,19,104,1,104-1,"For a variety of reasons, I analyze the Pichi focus particle nà as a highlighter which functions as a copula in specific contexts. The Pichi nominal cleft construction could therefore also be seen to conform with Value 3.",,19-198,100.0,Very certain -19-105-1,19,105,1,105-1,,1634,19-199,100.0,Very certain -19-106-2,19,106,2,106-2,The focus/emphasis particles sɛf and senwe both express 'also' and emphasis/focus. There is no commonly used etymon of the English words too and also in Pichi.,,19-200 19-201,100.0,Very certain -19-107-2,19,107,2,107-2,,,19-202,100.0,Very certain -19-108-2,19,108,2,108-2,,,19-203 19-204,100.0,Very certain -19-109-1,19,109,1,109-1,,,19-205,100.0,Very certain -19-11-3,19,11,3,11-3,,,19-18,100.0,Very certain -19-110-1,19,110,1,110-1,,,19-206,100.0,Very certain -19-111-3,19,111,3,111-3,The concept may also be expressed by circumlocution.,,19-208,50.0,Very certain -19-111-2,19,111,2,111-2,The concept may also be expressed by circumlocution.,,19-207,50.0,Very certain -19-112-1,19,112,1,112-1,,,19-209,100.0,Very certain -19-113-2,19,113,2,113-2,,,19-210 19-211,100.0,Very certain -19-114-2,19,114,2,114-2,,,19-212 19-213,100.0,Very certain -19-115-2,19,115,2,115-2,,,19-214 19-215,100.0,Certain -19-116-2,19,116,2,116-2,,,19-216 19-217 19-218 19-219,100.0,Very certain -19-117-1,19,117,1,117-1,,,19-220,100.0,Very certain -19-118-3,19,118,3,118-3,,,19-221 19-222 19-223,100.0,Very certain -19-119-3,19,119,3,119-3,,,19-224 19-225 19-226,100.0,Very certain -19-12-2,19,12,2,12-2,,1634,19-20,50.0,Very certain -19-12-1,19,12,1,12-1,,1634,19-19,50.0,Very certain -19-120-5,19,120,5,120-5,Pichi features a mixed suprasegmental system in which individual words may be classified as pitch-accented (one high tone per root) or tonal (several high or low tones per root). The tonal component of the lexicon is considerably smaller (approx. 5%) than the pitch-accented one (approx. 95%).,,19-227 19-228 19-229 19-230 19-231 19-232,100.0,Very certain -19-121-3,19,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -19-122-4,19,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -19-123-4,19,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -19-124-2,19,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0, -19-125-4,19,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -19-126-4,19,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -19-127-6,19,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -19-128-2,19,128,2,128-2,"This segment is phonemic in a few words. In other instances, it is encountered in optionally prenasalized words with an initial /y/.",,19-246,100.0, -19-129-2,19,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -19-13-1,19,13,1,13-1,,1634,19-21,100.0,Very certain -19-130-2,19,130,2,130-2,"This segment is distinctive in a few minimal pairs. It is however, found in free variation with zero at the beginning of many vowel-initial words.",,19-251,100.0, -19-131,19,131,1,131-1,,,19-234,100.0, -19-132,19,132,1,132-1,,,19-235,100.0, -19-133,19,133,1,133-1,,,19-236,100.0, -19-134,19,134,1,134-1,,,19-237,100.0, -19-137,19,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -19-138,19,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -19-139,19,139,1,139-1,,,19-238,100.0, -19-14-2,19,14,2,14-2,Dual pronouns are formed by compounding and use of the quantifier ɔl 'all' (optional) and the numeral tu 'two'. They therefore also involve the tonal derivation as other compound words. Their use is not obligatory but very frequent.,1634,19-22 19-23 19-24,100.0,Very certain -19-140,19,140,1,140-1,,,19-239,100.0, -19-143,19,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -19-144,19,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -19-145,19,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -19-146,19,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -19-147,19,147,1,147-1,,,19-240,100.0, -19-148,19,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -19-149,19,149,2,149-2,,,19-241,100.0, -19-15-1,19,15,1,15-1,,1634[x],19-25,100.0,Very certain -19-151,19,151,2,151-2,This phoneme is only encountered in ideophones.,,19-242,100.0, -19-152,19,152,2,152-2,,,19-243,100.0, -19-153,19,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -19-155,19,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -19-156,19,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -19-158,19,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -19-159,19,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -19-16-1,19,16,1,16-1,,,19-26,100.0,Very certain -19-160,19,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -19-161,19,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -19-163,19,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -19-168,19,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -19-169,19,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -19-17-4,19,17,4,17-4,,1634,19-27 19-28,100.0,Very certain -19-170,19,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -19-171,19,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -19-172,19,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -19-173,19,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -19-174,19,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -19-176,19,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -19-178,19,178,1,178-1,,,19-244,100.0, -19-179,19,179,1,179-1,,,19-245,100.0, -19-18-1,19,18,1,18-1,,1634,19-29,100.0,Very certain -19-180,19,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -19-181,19,181,2,181-2,"This segment is phonemic in a few words. In other instances, it is encountered in optionally prenasalized words with an initial /y/.",,19-246,100.0, -19-182,19,182,1,182-1,,,19-247,100.0, -19-183,19,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -19-184,19,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -19-187,19,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -19-188,19,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -19-189,19,189,1,189-1,,,19-248,100.0, -19-19-3,19,19,3,19-3,"All four interrogative pronouns may optionally be expressed as bimorphemic expressions without any difference in meaning. However, 'who' and 'how' are far more commonly expressed through monomorphemic expressions.",1634,19-30 19-31 19-32 19-33,100.0,Very certain -19-190,19,190,2,190-2,There is free variation between /v/ and /b/ in most words. Only a few words are always encountered with /v/.,,19-249,100.0, -19-191,19,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -19-192,19,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -19-193,19,193,1,193-1,,,19-250,100.0, -19-194,19,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -19-195,19,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -19-196,19,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -19-199,19,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -19-2-2,19,2,2,2-2,,1634,19-4,50.0,Very certain -19-2-1,19,2,1,2-1,,1634,19-2 19-3,50.0,Very certain -19-20-1,19,20,1,20-1,,1634,19-34,100.0,Very certain -19-200,19,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -19-201,19,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -19-202,19,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -19-204,19,204,1,204-1,"There is quite some free variation in the realization of this phoneme (as in the Krio language). Instead of this uvular fricative, speakers may employ the alveolar tap [r] or the corresponding velar fricative. It may therefore be a matter of debate which of these segments is actually the central form.",,19-254,100.0, -19-205,19,205,2,205-2,"This segment is distinctive in a few minimal pairs. It is however, found in free variation with zero at the beginning of many vowel-initial words.",,19-251,100.0, -19-209,19,209,1,209-1,,,19-252,100.0, -19-21-2,19,21,2,21-2,,1634,19-35 19-36,100.0,Very certain -19-212,19,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -19-217,19,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -19-218,19,218,1,218-1,,,19-253,100.0, -19-22-4,19,22,4,22-4,,,19-37 19-38,100.0,Very certain -19-221,19,221,1,221-1,,,19-255,100.0, -19-23-8,19,23,8,23-8,,1634,19-39,90.0,Very certain -19-23-3,19,23,3,23-3,,1634,19-40,10.0,Very certain -19-231,19,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -19-24-1,19,24,1,24-1,,1634,19-41 19-42,100.0,Very certain -19-25-2,19,25,2,25-2,,1634,19-43 19-44,100.0,Very certain -19-252,19,252,1,252-1,,,19-256,100.0, -19-253,19,253,1,253-1,,,19-259,100.0, -19-254,19,254,2,254-2,"Many, if not most speakers collapse the phonemic contrast between /ɛ/ and /e/ by raising the former phoneme towards the latter.",,19-260,100.0, -19-255,19,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -19-256,19,256,1,256-1,,,19-262,100.0, -19-257,19,257,1,257-1,,,19-257,100.0, -19-258,19,258,1,258-1,,,19-258,100.0, -19-259,19,259,1,259-1,"Many speakers collapse the phonemic contrast between /ɔ/ and /o/ in many words by raising the former phoneme towards the latter. The neutralisation of this contrast is, however, not as widespread as that between /ɛ/ and /e/.",,19-261,100.0, -19-26-2,19,26,2,26-2,"There are two types of iteration in Pichi. Reduplication is only attested with dynamic verbs and expresses verbal number, hence notions such as iterative aspect, and is very often found in clauses involving more than one participant. Reduplication involves the tonal derivation characteristic of compounding. It is formally no different from compounding, except that the left component is a copy of the head (base). Repetition, the second type, is found with all major word classes. It renders emphatic and intensifying meanings. It involves syntactic concatenation rather than a morphological process. The word in question can be repeated more than once for increased emphasis and dramatic effect.",1634,19-45 19-46,100.0,Certain -19-260,19,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -19-261,19,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -19-263,19,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -19-267,19,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -19-268,19,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -19-27-2,19,27,2,27-2,"Although a bare noun may express the pair, the normal way of expressing the English equivalent of 'legs' is by using the Pichi plural equivalent with the postposed plural marker, e.g. /fut dɛn/ 'legs'.",,19-47,100.0,Certain -19-272,19,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -19-273,19,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -19-274,19,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -19-275,19,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -19-276,19,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -19-277,19,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -19-278,19,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -19-279,19,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -19-28-1,19,28,1,28-1,The definite article is the low-toned form /di/ (written with a grave accent over /i/). This form must be distinguished from the high-toned demonstrative pronoun /di/ (written without a diacritic mark like all high-toned monosyllables).,1634,19-48,100.0,Very certain -19-280,19,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -19-281,19,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -19-282,19,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -19-284,19,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -19-285,19,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -19-286,19,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -19-287,19,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -19-288,19,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -19-289,19,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -19-29-1,19,29,1,29-1,,1634,19-49 19-50 19-51,100.0,Very certain -19-290,19,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -19-291,19,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -19-3-1,19,3,1,3-1,,1634,19-5,100.0,Very certain -19-30-2,19,30,2,30-2,,1634,19-52,100.0,Very certain -19-308-1,19,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified -19-309-3,19,309,3,309-3,"Pichi is the target of an ongoing language shift, chiefly from the Bantu language Bubi, spoken on Bioko island. The original native speaker community, the Fernandinos (also referred to as Krios), today make up only a small percentage of the total number of native speakers. Furthermore, there are no monolinguial speakers. Pichi is always acquired and spoken alongside other languages.",,,100.0, -19-31-2,19,31,2,31-2,,,19-53,100.0,Very certain -19-310-4,19,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0, -19-311-1,19,311,1,311-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified -19-312-3,19,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0, -19-313-4,19,313,4,313-4,This is a rough estimate. There are no language-specific census data on the population of Equatorial Guinea.,,,100.0, -19-314-3,19,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0, -19-315-3,19,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0, -19-316-2,19,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0, -19-317-2,19,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0, -19-318-3,19,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0, -19-319-3,19,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0, -19-32-2,19,32,2,32-2,,,19-54 19-55,100.0,Very certain -19-320-3,19,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0, -19-321-3,19,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0, -19-322-2,19,322,2,322-2,I have never had the chance to observe a court hearing. It is very likely that Pichi is allowed for giving testimony if knowledge of Spanish is insufficient.,,,100.0, -19-323-3,19,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0, -19-324-3,19,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0, -19-325-2,19,325,2,325-2,"During my last field research in 2007, I observed a limited use of Pichi in text messaging, usually in a heavily code-mixed Spanish.",,,100.0, -19-326-2,19,326,2,326-2,"There is extensive contact and code-mixing with Spanish, the official language of Equatorial Guinea.",,,100.0, -19-327-3,19,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0, -19-328-3,19,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0, -19-329-3,19,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0, -19-33-2,19,33,2,33-2,,,19-56 19-57,100.0,Very certain -19-330-3,19,330,3,330-3,"Impressionistic data suggests there is no urban/rural variation, but there is no hard data to corroborate this.",,,100.0, -19-331-3,19,331,3,331-3,"Impressionistic data suggests there is no urban/rural variation, but there is no hard data to corroborate this.",,,100.0, -19-332-3,19,332,3,332-3,"Impressionistic data suggests there is no urban/rural variation, but there is no hard data to corroborate this.",,,100.0, -19-333-2,19,333,2,333-2,The Fernandinos/Krios and speakers who grew up in the ambit of Fernandino/Krio culture have some phonological features in their speech that are somewhat closer to those found in the lexifier English.,,,100.0, -19-334-2,19,334,2,334-2,Younger speakers (up to 30 years) tend to use a limited number of probably recently grammaticalized morphosyntactic features that older speakers (above 50) do not use.,,,100.0, -19-335-2,19,335,2,335-2,Younger speakers (up to 30 years) tend to use Spanish-derived lexicon in certain domains where older speakers (above 50) use Krio-derived lexicon.,,,100.0, -19-34-1,19,34,1,34-1,The corpus contains no distributive use of adnominal numerals. Numerals are encountered with a distributive sense as depictive adjuncts of the type provided in Example 58.,1634,19-58,100.0,Intermediate -19-35-7,19,35,7,35-7,,,19-60 19-61,10.0,Very certain -19-35-6,19,35,6,35-6,,,19-59 19-62,90.0,Very certain -19-36-1,19,36,1,36-1,,1634,19-63,100.0,Very certain -19-37-1,19,37,1,37-1,,,19-64,100.0,Very certain -19-38-4,19,38,4,38-4,All three constructions are equally important since each is specialized to the expression of a particular semantic relation.,1634,19-67,33.3333333333333,Very certain -19-38-2,19,38,2,38-2,All three constructions are equally important since each is specialized to the expression of a particular semantic relation.,1634,19-66,33.3333333333333,Very certain -19-38-1,19,38,1,38-1,All three constructions are equally important since each is specialized to the expression of a particular semantic relation.,1634,19-65,33.3333333333333,Very certain -19-39-3,19,39,3,39-3,,1634,19-68 19-69,100.0,Very certain -19-4-2,19,4,2,4-2,"Serial verb constructions are employed (usually in combination with the general locative preposition nà) to express locative roles like Goal, Source, motion outwards, motion up to and non-locative roles like Instrument, Comitative and Comparative. See example 7.",1634,19-6 19-7 19-8,100.0,Very certain -19-40-1,19,40,1,40-1,,,19-70 19-71,100.0,Very certain -19-41-1,19,41,1,41-1,,1634,19-72,50.0,Very certain -19-41-2,19,41,2,41-2,,1634,19-73,50.0,Very certain -19-42-7,19,42,7,42-7,,,19-75,30.0,Certain -19-42-1,19,42,1,42-1,,,19-74,70.0,Certain -19-43-3,19,43,3,43-3,,1634,19-78 19-79,50.0,Very certain -19-43-1,19,43,1,43-1,,1634,19-76,50.0,Very certain -19-44-1,19,44,1,44-1,,,19-77,100.0,Very certain -19-45-4,19,45,4,45-4,,,19-78,100.0,Very certain -19-46-4,19,46,4,46-4,"In the overwhelming majority of cases, the use of a preverbal temporal adverb immediately after the IPFV marker goes along with 'resumptive IPFV marking', i.e. the IPFV marker is repeated after the temporal adverb. The syntagmatic relation between the IPFV marker and the verb therefore appears to be tighter than that between other TAM markers and the verb, as in Example 79.",1634,19-79 19-80,100.0,Very certain -19-47-9,19,47,9,47-9,"In Example 82, the imperfective marker is employed with a stative verb (i.e. /want/) and expresses current state by default. The use of the imperfective marker with stative verbs is however considered ungrammatical by most speakers.",1634,19-233 19-81 19-82 19-83 19-84,100.0,Very certain +However, de does not seem to function as an equative copula, and na does not seem to function as a locative copula.",352[78],18-105 18-106 18-109 18-110,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-77-1,18,77,1,77-1,,125[13],18-111 18-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +18-78-2,18,78,2,78-2,,1175,18-113 18-114,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-79-2,18,79,2,79-2,,1175,18-83,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFFF00-24-FF7F00.png""}", +18-79-6,18,79,6,79-6,,1175,18-118,23.0769230769231,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFFF00-24-FF7F00.png""}", +18-79-5,18,79,5,79-5,,1175,18-117,23.0769230769231,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFFF00-24-FF7F00.png""}", +18-8-1,18,8,1,8-1,,125[91],18-14,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +18-8-2,18,8,2,8-2,,125[91],18-12 18-13,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +18-80-2,18,80,2,80-2,,1175,18-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-81-3,18,81,3,81-3,,1175,18-115 18-116 18-23,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +18-82-2,18,82,2,82-2,,1175,18-120 18-122 18-123 18-16,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF7F00.png""}", +18-82-4,18,82,4,82-4,,1175,18-121,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF7F00.png""}", +18-83-4,18,83,4,83-4,,1175,18-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +18-84-2,18,84,2,84-2,,1175,18-125 18-126 18-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +18-85-4,18,85,4,85-4,,1175,18-132,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +18-85-2,18,85,2,85-2,,1175,18-130 18-131,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +18-86-5,18,86,5,86-5,,97,18-133 18-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-87-2,18,87,2,87-2,,1175,18-134,87.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FF0000-13-FFFF00.png""}", +18-87-3,18,87,3,87-3,,1175,18-135,12.5,Very uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FF0000-13-FFFF00.png""}", +18-88-2,18,88,2,88-2,,63[437],18-134 18-136 18-137,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +18-89-1,18,89,1,89-1,"With some verbs, the pronoun is not required: According to my informant, 'The boys are hitting each other' is translated without a reflexive pronoun: Di boi dem di fait.",1175,18-134 18-135 18-138,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +18-9-1,18,9,1,9-1,,1175,18-12 18-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-90-2,18,90,2,90-2,,1175,18-139,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +18-91-8,18,91,8,91-8,,1175,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}", +18-92-2,18,92,2,92-2,,352[147ff.];1488[26],18-142,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +18-92-3,18,92,3,92-3,,352[147ff.];1488[26],18-140 18-141,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +18-93-3,18,93,3,93-3,,352[147ff];1488[26],18-144,41.1764705882353,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-42-FF0000-42-FFB6C1-18-0000FF.png""}", +18-93-2,18,93,2,93-2,,352[147ff];1488[26],18-143,41.1764705882353,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-42-FF0000-42-FFB6C1-18-0000FF.png""}", +18-93-4,18,93,4,93-4,,352[147ff];1488[26],18-145,17.6470588235294,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-42-FF0000-42-FFB6C1-18-0000FF.png""}", +18-94-3,18,94,3,94-3,,1175,18-146 18-147,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +18-95-1,18,95,1,95-1,,125[44];352[151ff],18-148 18-149 18-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-96-1,18,96,1,96-1,,1175,18-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-97-1,18,97,1,97-1,,63[439],18-152 18-154 18-155,87.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +18-97-2,18,97,2,97-2,,63[439],18-153,12.5,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +18-98-1,18,98,1,98-1,,125[44],18-156 18-157 18-158,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +18-99-2,18,99,2,99-2,,1175,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-0-1,19,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +19-1-2,19,1,2,1-2,,,19-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Field data +19-10-1,19,10,1,10-1,,1634,19-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +19-100-4,19,100,4,100-4,,1634,19-194 19-195,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +19-101-1,19,101,1,101-1,,1634,19-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +19-102-1,19,102,1,102-1,,1634,19-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-103-7,19,103,7,103-7,,1634,19-197,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +19-104-1,19,104,1,104-1,"For a variety of reasons, I analyze the Pichi focus particle nà as a highlighter which functions as a copula in specific contexts. The Pichi nominal cleft construction could therefore also be seen to conform with Value 3.",,19-198,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-105-1,19,105,1,105-1,,1634,19-199,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +19-106-2,19,106,2,106-2,The focus/emphasis particles sɛf and senwe both express 'also' and emphasis/focus. There is no commonly used etymon of the English words too and also in Pichi.,,19-200 19-201,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Field data +19-107-2,19,107,2,107-2,,,19-202,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Field data +19-108-2,19,108,2,108-2,,,19-203 19-204,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Field data +19-109-1,19,109,1,109-1,,,19-205,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-11-3,19,11,3,11-3,,,19-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Field data +19-110-1,19,110,1,110-1,,,19-206,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-111-3,19,111,3,111-3,The concept may also be expressed by circumlocution.,,19-208,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Field data +19-111-2,19,111,2,111-2,The concept may also be expressed by circumlocution.,,19-207,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Field data +19-112-1,19,112,1,112-1,,,19-209,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Field data +19-113-2,19,113,2,113-2,,,19-210 19-211,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-114-2,19,114,2,114-2,,,19-212 19-213,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-115-2,19,115,2,115-2,,,19-214 19-215,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-116-2,19,116,2,116-2,,,19-216 19-217 19-218 19-219,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-117-1,19,117,1,117-1,,,19-220,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-118-3,19,118,3,118-3,,,19-221 19-222 19-223,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-119-3,19,119,3,119-3,,,19-224 19-225 19-226,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-12-2,19,12,2,12-2,,1634,19-20,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +19-12-1,19,12,1,12-1,,1634,19-19,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +19-120-5,19,120,5,120-5,Pichi features a mixed suprasegmental system in which individual words may be classified as pitch-accented (one high tone per root) or tonal (several high or low tones per root). The tonal component of the lexicon is considerably smaller (approx. 5%) than the pitch-accented one (approx. 95%).,,19-227 19-228 19-229 19-230 19-231 19-232,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Field data +19-121-3,19,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +19-122-4,19,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +19-123-4,19,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-124-2,19,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +19-125-4,19,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-126-4,19,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-127-6,19,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-128-2,19,128,2,128-2,"This segment is phonemic in a few words. In other instances, it is encountered in optionally prenasalized words with an initial /y/.",,19-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +19-129-2,19,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-13-1,19,13,1,13-1,,1634,19-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +19-130-2,19,130,2,130-2,"This segment is distinctive in a few minimal pairs. It is however, found in free variation with zero at the beginning of many vowel-initial words.",,19-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +19-131,19,131,1,131-1,,,19-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-132,19,132,1,132-1,,,19-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-133,19,133,1,133-1,,,19-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-134,19,134,1,134-1,,,19-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-137,19,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-138,19,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-139,19,139,1,139-1,,,19-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-14-2,19,14,2,14-2,Dual pronouns are formed by compounding and use of the quantifier ɔl 'all' (optional) and the numeral tu 'two'. They therefore also involve the tonal derivation as other compound words. Their use is not obligatory but very frequent.,1634,19-22 19-23 19-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +19-140,19,140,1,140-1,,,19-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-143,19,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-144,19,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-145,19,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-146,19,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-147,19,147,1,147-1,,,19-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-148,19,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-149,19,149,2,149-2,,,19-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +19-15-1,19,15,1,15-1,,1634[x],19-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +19-151,19,151,2,151-2,This phoneme is only encountered in ideophones.,,19-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +19-152,19,152,2,152-2,,,19-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +19-153,19,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-155,19,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-156,19,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-158,19,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-159,19,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-16-1,19,16,1,16-1,,,19-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Field data +19-160,19,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-161,19,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-163,19,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-168,19,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-169,19,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-17-4,19,17,4,17-4,,1634,19-27 19-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +19-170,19,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-171,19,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-172,19,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-173,19,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-174,19,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-176,19,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-178,19,178,1,178-1,,,19-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-179,19,179,1,179-1,,,19-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-18-1,19,18,1,18-1,,1634,19-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-180,19,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-181,19,181,2,181-2,"This segment is phonemic in a few words. In other instances, it is encountered in optionally prenasalized words with an initial /y/.",,19-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +19-182,19,182,1,182-1,,,19-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-183,19,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-184,19,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-187,19,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-188,19,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-189,19,189,1,189-1,,,19-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-19-3,19,19,3,19-3,"All four interrogative pronouns may optionally be expressed as bimorphemic expressions without any difference in meaning. However, 'who' and 'how' are far more commonly expressed through monomorphemic expressions.",1634,19-30 19-31 19-32 19-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +19-190,19,190,2,190-2,There is free variation between /v/ and /b/ in most words. Only a few words are always encountered with /v/.,,19-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +19-191,19,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-192,19,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-193,19,193,1,193-1,,,19-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-194,19,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-195,19,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-196,19,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-199,19,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-2-2,19,2,2,2-2,,1634,19-4,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +19-2-1,19,2,1,2-1,,1634,19-2 19-3,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +19-20-1,19,20,1,20-1,,1634,19-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +19-200,19,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-201,19,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-202,19,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-204,19,204,1,204-1,"There is quite some free variation in the realization of this phoneme (as in the Krio language). Instead of this uvular fricative, speakers may employ the alveolar tap [r] or the corresponding velar fricative. It may therefore be a matter of debate which of these segments is actually the central form.",,19-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-205,19,205,2,205-2,"This segment is distinctive in a few minimal pairs. It is however, found in free variation with zero at the beginning of many vowel-initial words.",,19-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +19-209,19,209,1,209-1,,,19-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-21-2,19,21,2,21-2,,1634,19-35 19-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +19-212,19,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-217,19,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-218,19,218,1,218-1,,,19-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-22-4,19,22,4,22-4,,,19-37 19-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +19-221,19,221,1,221-1,,,19-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-23-8,19,23,8,23-8,,1634,19-39,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +19-23-3,19,23,3,23-3,,1634,19-40,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +19-231,19,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-24-1,19,24,1,24-1,,1634,19-41 19-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +19-25-2,19,25,2,25-2,,1634,19-43 19-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +19-252,19,252,1,252-1,,,19-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-253,19,253,1,253-1,,,19-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-254,19,254,2,254-2,"Many, if not most speakers collapse the phonemic contrast between /ɛ/ and /e/ by raising the former phoneme towards the latter.",,19-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +19-255,19,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-256,19,256,1,256-1,,,19-262,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-257,19,257,1,257-1,,,19-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-258,19,258,1,258-1,,,19-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-259,19,259,1,259-1,"Many speakers collapse the phonemic contrast between /ɔ/ and /o/ in many words by raising the former phoneme towards the latter. The neutralisation of this contrast is, however, not as widespread as that between /ɛ/ and /e/.",,19-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +19-26-2,19,26,2,26-2,"There are two types of iteration in Pichi. Reduplication is only attested with dynamic verbs and expresses verbal number, hence notions such as iterative aspect, and is very often found in clauses involving more than one participant. Reduplication involves the tonal derivation characteristic of compounding. It is formally no different from compounding, except that the left component is a copy of the head (base). Repetition, the second type, is found with all major word classes. It renders emphatic and intensifying meanings. It involves syntactic concatenation rather than a morphological process. The word in question can be repeated more than once for increased emphasis and dramatic effect.",1634,19-45 19-46,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +19-260,19,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-261,19,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-263,19,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-267,19,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-268,19,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-27-2,19,27,2,27-2,"Although a bare noun may express the pair, the normal way of expressing the English equivalent of 'legs' is by using the Pichi plural equivalent with the postposed plural marker, e.g. /fut dɛn/ 'legs'.",,19-47,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +19-272,19,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-273,19,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-274,19,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-275,19,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-276,19,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-277,19,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-278,19,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-279,19,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-28-1,19,28,1,28-1,The definite article is the low-toned form /di/ (written with a grave accent over /i/). This form must be distinguished from the high-toned demonstrative pronoun /di/ (written without a diacritic mark like all high-toned monosyllables).,1634,19-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-280,19,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-281,19,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-282,19,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-284,19,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-285,19,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-286,19,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-287,19,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-288,19,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-289,19,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-29-1,19,29,1,29-1,,1634,19-49 19-50 19-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-290,19,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-291,19,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-3-1,19,3,1,3-1,,1634,19-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-30-2,19,30,2,30-2,,1634,19-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +19-308-1,19,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Yakpo 2009b +19-309-3,19,309,3,309-3,"Pichi is the target of an ongoing language shift, chiefly from the Bantu language Bubi, spoken on Bioko island. The original native speaker community, the Fernandinos (also referred to as Krios), today make up only a small percentage of the total number of native speakers. Furthermore, there are no monolinguial speakers. Pichi is always acquired and spoken alongside other languages.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Yakpo 2009b +19-31-2,19,31,2,31-2,,,19-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +19-310-4,19,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Yakpo 2009b +19-311-1,19,311,1,311-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Yakpo 2009b +19-312-3,19,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Yakpo 2009b +19-313-4,19,313,4,313-4,This is a rough estimate. There are no language-specific census data on the population of Equatorial Guinea.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Yakpo 2009b +19-314-3,19,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-315-3,19,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-316-2,19,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +19-317-2,19,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +19-318-3,19,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-319-3,19,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-32-2,19,32,2,32-2,,,19-54 19-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Field data +19-320-3,19,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-321-3,19,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-322-2,19,322,2,322-2,I have never had the chance to observe a court hearing. It is very likely that Pichi is allowed for giving testimony if knowledge of Spanish is insufficient.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +19-323-3,19,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-324-3,19,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-325-2,19,325,2,325-2,"During my last field research in 2007, I observed a limited use of Pichi in text messaging, usually in a heavily code-mixed Spanish.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +19-326-2,19,326,2,326-2,"There is extensive contact and code-mixing with Spanish, the official language of Equatorial Guinea.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Yakpo 2009b +19-327-3,19,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-328-3,19,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-329-3,19,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-33-2,19,33,2,33-2,,,19-56 19-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +19-330-3,19,330,3,330-3,"Impressionistic data suggests there is no urban/rural variation, but there is no hard data to corroborate this.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-331-3,19,331,3,331-3,"Impressionistic data suggests there is no urban/rural variation, but there is no hard data to corroborate this.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-332-3,19,332,3,332-3,"Impressionistic data suggests there is no urban/rural variation, but there is no hard data to corroborate this.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +19-333-2,19,333,2,333-2,The Fernandinos/Krios and speakers who grew up in the ambit of Fernandino/Krio culture have some phonological features in their speech that are somewhat closer to those found in the lexifier English.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Yakpo 2009b +19-334-2,19,334,2,334-2,Younger speakers (up to 30 years) tend to use a limited number of probably recently grammaticalized morphosyntactic features that older speakers (above 50) do not use.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Yakpo 2009b +19-335-2,19,335,2,335-2,Younger speakers (up to 30 years) tend to use Spanish-derived lexicon in certain domains where older speakers (above 50) use Krio-derived lexicon.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Yakpo 2009b +19-34-1,19,34,1,34-1,The corpus contains no distributive use of adnominal numerals. Numerals are encountered with a distributive sense as depictive adjuncts of the type provided in Example 58.,1634,19-58,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Field data +19-35-7,19,35,7,35-7,,,19-60 19-61,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +19-35-6,19,35,6,35-6,,,19-59 19-62,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +19-36-1,19,36,1,36-1,,1634,19-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-37-1,19,37,1,37-1,,,19-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +19-38-4,19,38,4,38-4,All three constructions are equally important since each is specialized to the expression of a particular semantic relation.,1634,19-67,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF-34-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +19-38-2,19,38,2,38-2,All three constructions are equally important since each is specialized to the expression of a particular semantic relation.,1634,19-66,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF-34-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +19-38-1,19,38,1,38-1,All three constructions are equally important since each is specialized to the expression of a particular semantic relation.,1634,19-65,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF-34-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +19-39-3,19,39,3,39-3,,1634,19-68 19-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +19-4-2,19,4,2,4-2,"Serial verb constructions are employed (usually in combination with the general locative preposition nà) to express locative roles like Goal, Source, motion outwards, motion up to and non-locative roles like Instrument, Comitative and Comparative. See example 7.",1634,19-6 19-7 19-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +19-40-1,19,40,1,40-1,,,19-70 19-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Field data +19-41-1,19,41,1,41-1,,1634,19-72,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-41-2,19,41,2,41-2,,1634,19-73,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-42-7,19,42,7,42-7,,,19-75,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF7F00-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Field data +19-42-1,19,42,1,42-1,,,19-74,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF7F00-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Field data +19-43-3,19,43,3,43-3,,1634,19-78 19-79,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +19-43-1,19,43,1,43-1,,1634,19-76,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +19-44-1,19,44,1,44-1,,,19-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Field data +19-45-4,19,45,4,45-4,,,19-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Field data +19-46-4,19,46,4,46-4,"In the overwhelming majority of cases, the use of a preverbal temporal adverb immediately after the IPFV marker goes along with 'resumptive IPFV marking', i.e. the IPFV marker is repeated after the temporal adverb. The syntagmatic relation between the IPFV marker and the verb therefore appears to be tighter than that between other TAM markers and the verb, as in Example 79.",1634,19-79 19-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +19-47-9,19,47,9,47-9,"In Example 82, the imperfective marker is employed with a stative verb (i.e. /want/) and expresses current state by default. The use of the imperfective marker with stative verbs is however considered ungrammatical by most speakers.",1634,19-233 19-81 19-82 19-83 19-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", 19-48-9,19,48,9,48-9,"There are two means of expressing habitual aspect. 1) The habitual marker /kìn/ may express iterative aspect with dynamic verbs and habitual aspect with verbs from all three lexical aspect classes. The habitual marker may optionally be followed by the imperfective marker /dè/ when the verb specified by it is not stative (Value 3). -2) The imperfective marker /dè/ may alone express habitual aspect as part of a broad range of imperfective meanings (Value 9).",1634,19-81 19-82 19-84 19-88,50.0,Very uncertain +2) The imperfective marker /dè/ may alone express habitual aspect as part of a broad range of imperfective meanings (Value 9).",1634,19-81 19-82 19-84 19-88,50.0,Very uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}", 19-48-2,19,48,2,48-2,"There are two means of expressing habitual aspect. 1) The habitual marker /kìn/ may express iterative aspect with dynamic verbs and habitual aspect with verbs from all three lexical aspect classes. The habitual marker may optionally be followed by the imperfective marker /dè/ when the verb specified by it is not stative (Value 3). -2) The imperfective marker /dè/ may alone express habitual aspect as part of a broad range of imperfective meanings (Value 9).",1634,19-85 19-86 19-87,50.0,Very certain -19-49-3,19,49,3,49-3,,1634,19-79 19-89 19-90,100.0,Very certain -19-5-1,19,5,1,5-1,,1634,19-10 19-9,100.0,Very certain -19-50-3,19,50,3,50-3,The expression of perfect tense/aspect is asymmetrical. Affirmative and negative perfect are expressed by different forms.,,19-91 19-92,100.0,Very certain -19-51-3,19,51,3,51-3,,1634,19-93 19-94,100.0,Very certain -19-52-4,19,52,4,52-4,,,19-95 19-96,100.0,Very certain -19-53-3,19,53,3,53-3,,1634,,100.0,Certain -19-54-2,19,54,2,54-2,The identity copula is suppletive with respect to affirmative and negative polarity (nà vs. noto) and with respect to tense/aspect (nà/noto vs. bi).,,19-97 19-98 19-99,100.0,Very certain -19-55-1,19,55,1,55-1,,1634,19-100 19-101,100.0,Very certain -19-56-1,19,56,1,56-1,,,19-102 19-103 19-105,50.0,Very certain -19-56-3,19,56,3,56-3,,,19-102 19-104 19-105,50.0,Very certain -19-57-1,19,57,1,57-1,,1634,19-106,100.0,Very certain -19-58-1,19,58,1,58-1,,,19-107 19-108,100.0,Very certain -19-59-2,19,59,2,59-2,,,19-109 19-110,100.0,Very certain -19-6-1,19,6,1,6-1,,1634,19-11,100.0,Very certain -19-60-2,19,60,2,60-2,,,19-111 19-112,100.0,Very certain -19-61-1,19,61,1,61-1,,,19-112,100.0,Very certain -19-62-1,19,62,1,62-1,,,19-113,100.0,Very certain -19-63-1,19,63,1,63-1,,1634,19-114 19-115 19-116 19-117,100.0,Very certain -19-64-1,19,64,1,64-1,"Two constructions are equally common: One involves the verb get 'have', an expletive subject and the existing entity in object position. The other involves the copular de 'be at' and the existing entity in subject position.",1634,19-118,50.0,Very certain -19-64-2,19,64,2,64-2,"Two constructions are equally common: One involves the verb get 'have', an expletive subject and the existing entity in object position. The other involves the copular de 'be at' and the existing entity in subject position.",1634,19-119,50.0,Very certain -19-65-4,19,65,4,65-4,,1634,19-121,50.0,Very certain -19-65-3,19,65,3,65-3,,1634,19-120,50.0,Very certain -19-66-3,19,66,3,66-3,"Pichi has the greatest variety of constructions with body states like 'be hungry', 'be thirsty' or 'be tired'.",1634,19-122 19-123,100.0,Very certain -19-67-2,19,67,2,67-2,,,19-125 19-126,30.0,Very certain -19-67-1,19,67,1,67-1,,,19-124,70.0,Very certain -19-68-5,19,68,5,68-5,,,19-129,30.0,Very certain -19-68-1,19,68,1,68-1,,,19-127 19-128,70.0,Very certain -19-69-2,19,69,2,69-2,A third type of instrumental expression features an associative object - a syntactic object that expresses an Instrument semantic role.,1634,19-130,23.0769230769231,Very certain -19-69-1,19,69,1,69-1,A third type of instrumental expression features an associative object - a syntactic object that expresses an Instrument semantic role.,1634,19-131,53.8461538461538,Very certain -19-69-4,19,69,4,69-4,A third type of instrumental expression features an associative object - a syntactic object that expresses an Instrument semantic role.,1634,19-132,23.0769230769231,Very certain -19-7-1,19,7,1,7-1,,1634,19-12,100.0,Very certain -19-70-1,19,70,1,70-1,,1634,19-131 19-133,100.0,Very certain -19-71-3,19,71,3,71-3,,,19-134 19-135 19-136,100.0,Very certain -19-72-5,19,72,5,72-5,"The coordinator an may be used for NP coordination and clausal coordination. The use of àn 'and' is however marginal. wìt 'with; and' is preferred for NP coordination, while we is usually employed as a clausal coordinator.",1634,19-135 19-137 19-138 19-139 19-140,100.0,Very certain -19-73-1,19,73,1,73-1,,1634[305],19-141,100.0,Very certain -19-74-3,19,74,3,74-3,The corpus only contains three unequivocal adjectives. When these appear as complements to the locative-existential copula de they denote a transient body state. When they are employed as stative verbs they denote an intrinsic value. Words employed in this way are fayn 'fine; be beautiful'; gud 'well; be good'; bad 'ill; be bad'.,1634,19-142 19-143 19-144,100.0,Very certain -19-75-1,19,75,1,75-1,,,19-145,100.0,Very certain -19-76-2,19,76,2,76-2,,1634,19-141 19-145,100.0,Very certain -19-77-1,19,77,1,77-1,,1634,19-146 19-147,90.0,Very certain -19-77-2,19,77,2,77-2,,1634,19-148 19-149,10.0,Very certain -19-78-1,19,78,1,78-1,,1634,19-146 19-150,100.0,Very certain -19-79-6,19,79,6,79-6,,,19-158,10.0,Very certain -19-79-5,19,79,5,79-5,,,19-157,10.0,Very certain -19-79-2,19,79,2,79-2,,,19-156,70.0,Very certain -19-79-1,19,79,1,79-1,,,19-155,10.0,Very certain -19-8-2,19,8,2,8-2,,1634,19-13 19-14,50.0,Very certain -19-8-1,19,8,1,8-1,,1634,19-15,50.0,Very certain -19-80-6,19,80,6,80-6,,,19-161,9.09090909090909,Very certain -19-80-2,19,80,2,80-2,,,19-160,63.6363636363636,Very certain -19-80-1,19,80,1,80-1,,,19-159,27.2727272727273,Very certain -19-81-3,19,81,3,81-3,,,19-113 19-151 19-152 19-153 19-154,100.0,Very certain +2) The imperfective marker /dè/ may alone express habitual aspect as part of a broad range of imperfective meanings (Value 9).",1634,19-85 19-86 19-87,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}", +19-49-3,19,49,3,49-3,,1634,19-79 19-89 19-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +19-5-1,19,5,1,5-1,,1634,19-10 19-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-50-3,19,50,3,50-3,The expression of perfect tense/aspect is asymmetrical. Affirmative and negative perfect are expressed by different forms.,,19-91 19-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +19-51-3,19,51,3,51-3,,1634,19-93 19-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +19-52-4,19,52,4,52-4,,,19-95 19-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Field data +19-53-3,19,53,3,53-3,,1634,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +19-54-2,19,54,2,54-2,The identity copula is suppletive with respect to affirmative and negative polarity (nà vs. noto) and with respect to tense/aspect (nà/noto vs. bi).,,19-97 19-98 19-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Field data +19-55-1,19,55,1,55-1,,1634,19-100 19-101,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +19-56-1,19,56,1,56-1,,,19-102 19-103 19-105,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Field data +19-56-3,19,56,3,56-3,,,19-102 19-104 19-105,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Field data +19-57-1,19,57,1,57-1,,1634,19-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-58-1,19,58,1,58-1,,,19-107 19-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Field data +19-59-2,19,59,2,59-2,,,19-109 19-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Field data +19-6-1,19,6,1,6-1,,1634,19-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-60-2,19,60,2,60-2,,,19-111 19-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Field data +19-61-1,19,61,1,61-1,,,19-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Field data +19-62-1,19,62,1,62-1,,,19-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Field data +19-63-1,19,63,1,63-1,,1634,19-114 19-115 19-116 19-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +19-64-1,19,64,1,64-1,"Two constructions are equally common: One involves the verb get 'have', an expletive subject and the existing entity in object position. The other involves the copular de 'be at' and the existing entity in subject position.",1634,19-118,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +19-64-2,19,64,2,64-2,"Two constructions are equally common: One involves the verb get 'have', an expletive subject and the existing entity in object position. The other involves the copular de 'be at' and the existing entity in subject position.",1634,19-119,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +19-65-4,19,65,4,65-4,,1634,19-121,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FF0000.png""}", +19-65-3,19,65,3,65-3,,1634,19-120,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FF0000.png""}", +19-66-3,19,66,3,66-3,"Pichi has the greatest variety of constructions with body states like 'be hungry', 'be thirsty' or 'be tired'.",1634,19-122 19-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +19-67-2,19,67,2,67-2,,,19-125 19-126,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Field data +19-67-1,19,67,1,67-1,,,19-124,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Field data +19-68-5,19,68,5,68-5,,,19-129,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Field data +19-68-1,19,68,1,68-1,,,19-127 19-128,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Field data +19-69-2,19,69,2,69-2,A third type of instrumental expression features an associative object - a syntactic object that expresses an Instrument semantic role.,1634,19-130,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-0000FF-24-FF0000-24-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-69-1,19,69,1,69-1,A third type of instrumental expression features an associative object - a syntactic object that expresses an Instrument semantic role.,1634,19-131,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-0000FF-24-FF0000-24-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-69-4,19,69,4,69-4,A third type of instrumental expression features an associative object - a syntactic object that expresses an Instrument semantic role.,1634,19-132,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-0000FF-24-FF0000-24-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-7-1,19,7,1,7-1,,1634,19-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-70-1,19,70,1,70-1,,1634,19-131 19-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-71-3,19,71,3,71-3,,,19-134 19-135 19-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Field data +19-72-5,19,72,5,72-5,"The coordinator an may be used for NP coordination and clausal coordination. The use of àn 'and' is however marginal. wìt 'with; and' is preferred for NP coordination, while we is usually employed as a clausal coordinator.",1634,19-135 19-137 19-138 19-139 19-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-73-1,19,73,1,73-1,,1634[305],19-141,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-74-3,19,74,3,74-3,The corpus only contains three unequivocal adjectives. When these appear as complements to the locative-existential copula de they denote a transient body state. When they are employed as stative verbs they denote an intrinsic value. Words employed in this way are fayn 'fine; be beautiful'; gud 'well; be good'; bad 'ill; be bad'.,1634,19-142 19-143 19-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +19-75-1,19,75,1,75-1,,,19-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-76-2,19,76,2,76-2,,1634,19-141 19-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-77-1,19,77,1,77-1,,1634,19-146 19-147,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +19-77-2,19,77,2,77-2,,1634,19-148 19-149,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +19-78-1,19,78,1,78-1,,1634,19-146 19-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +19-79-6,19,79,6,79-6,,,19-158,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFFFF-70-FF0000-10-FFFF00-10-FF7F00.png""}",Field data +19-79-5,19,79,5,79-5,,,19-157,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFFFF-70-FF0000-10-FFFF00-10-FF7F00.png""}",Field data +19-79-2,19,79,2,79-2,,,19-156,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFFFF-70-FF0000-10-FFFF00-10-FF7F00.png""}",Field data +19-79-1,19,79,1,79-1,,,19-155,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFFFF-70-FF0000-10-FFFF00-10-FF7F00.png""}",Field data +19-8-2,19,8,2,8-2,,1634,19-13 19-14,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +19-8-1,19,8,1,8-1,,1634,19-15,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +19-80-6,19,80,6,80-6,,,19-161,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFFFF-64-FF0000-10-FF7F00.png""}",Field data +19-80-2,19,80,2,80-2,,,19-160,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFFFF-64-FF0000-10-FF7F00.png""}",Field data +19-80-1,19,80,1,80-1,,,19-159,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFFFF-64-FF0000-10-FF7F00.png""}",Field data +19-81-3,19,81,3,81-3,,,19-113 19-151 19-152 19-153 19-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Field data 19-82-2,19,82,2,82-2,"The state of affairs involving caused location verbs like 'push' may also be expressed by circumlocution featuring an adverbial manner clause or a (subjunctive-marked) purpose clause: Dɛ̀n pus dì mòtó mek è ɛnta nà garaje. [3PL push DEF car SBJV 3SG.SBJ enter LOC garage] -'They pushed the car into the garage.'",,19-162 19-163,100.0,Very certain -19-83-2,19,83,2,83-2,"The verb pul means 'pull' and 'remove'. It conflates causation, motion and direction. Hence there is no need to specify direction by other means.",1634,19-165 19-166,100.0,Very certain -19-84-2,19,84,2,84-2,,1634,19-167 19-168,100.0,Very certain -19-85-5,19,85,5,85-5,"Regarding instrumentals, non-serial alternatives involving prepositional phrases introduced by /wèt/ 'with' are preferred in all instances.",1634,19-171,9.09090909090909,Very certain -19-85-2,19,85,2,85-2,"Regarding instrumentals, non-serial alternatives involving prepositional phrases introduced by /wèt/ 'with' are preferred in all instances.",1634,19-169,63.6363636363636,Very certain -19-85-3,19,85,3,85-3,"Regarding instrumentals, non-serial alternatives involving prepositional phrases introduced by /wèt/ 'with' are preferred in all instances.",1634,19-170,27.2727272727273,Very certain -19-86-5,19,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Certain -19-87-2,19,87,2,87-2,,,19-172 19-174,10.0,Very certain -19-87-3,19,87,3,87-3,,,19-173,90.0,Very certain -19-88-3,19,88,3,88-3,Only the reflexives with sɛf (< self) can be used as intensifiers.,1634,19-172 19-173 19-175,100.0,Very certain -19-89-1,19,89,1,89-1,,1634,19-173 19-176 19-177,100.0,Very certain -19-9-1,19,9,1,9-1,,1634[x],19-16,100.0,Very certain -19-90-2,19,90,2,90-2,,1634,19-178 19-179,100.0,Very certain -19-91-8,19,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -19-92-3,19,92,3,92-3,,,19-180,75.0,Very certain -19-92-2,19,92,2,92-2,,,19-181,25.0,Very certain -19-93-4,19,93,4,93-4,,1634,19-184,9.09090909090909,Certain -19-93-3,19,93,3,93-3,,1634,19-183,45.4545454545455,Very certain -19-93-2,19,93,2,93-2,,1634,19-182,45.4545454545455,Very certain -19-94-3,19,94,3,94-3,The most common way of forming instrument relative clauses is by 'prepositional phrase chopping' - the preposition and the resumptive pronoun remain altogether unexpressed.,1634,19-185,30.0,Very certain -19-94-9,19,94,9,94-9,The most common way of forming instrument relative clauses is by 'prepositional phrase chopping' - the preposition and the resumptive pronoun remain altogether unexpressed.,1634,19-186,70.0, -19-95-4,19,95,4,95-4,,1634,19-188,10.0,Very certain -19-95-1,19,95,1,95-1,,1634,19-187,90.0,Very certain -19-96-1,19,96,1,96-1,,1634,19-189,100.0,Very certain -19-97-2,19,97,2,97-2,,1634,19-191,10.0,Very certain -19-97-1,19,97,1,97-1,,1634,19-190,90.0,Very certain -19-98-6,19,98,6,98-6,,1634,19-192 19-193,100.0,Very certain -19-99-2,19,99,2,99-2,"Verb doubling is common. But it is only employed for the purpose of emphasis, not for the expression of temporal notions.",,,100.0,Certain -2-0-1,2,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -2-1-2,2,1,2,1-2,,,2-1 2-2,100.0,Very certain -2-10-1,2,10,1,10-1,,1062[35],2-33 2-34,100.0,Very certain -2-100-4,2,100,4,100-4,,1605[412],2-262 2-263,100.0,Very certain -2-101-1,2,101,1,101-1,,1605,2-118 2-264,100.0,Very certain -2-102-1,2,102,1,102-1,,1606,2-265 2-266 2-267,100.0,Very certain -2-103-2,2,103,2,103-2,,1605,2-268 2-269,25.0,Certain -2-103-7,2,103,7,103-7,,1605,2-270 2-271,75.0,Very certain +'They pushed the car into the garage.'",,19-162 19-163,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge; Field data +19-83-2,19,83,2,83-2,"The verb pul means 'pull' and 'remove'. It conflates causation, motion and direction. Hence there is no need to specify direction by other means.",1634,19-165 19-166,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +19-84-2,19,84,2,84-2,,1634,19-167 19-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +19-85-5,19,85,5,85-5,"Regarding instrumentals, non-serial alternatives involving prepositional phrases introduced by /wèt/ 'with' are preferred in all instances.",1634,19-171,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-0000FF-28-ADD8E6-10-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-85-2,19,85,2,85-2,"Regarding instrumentals, non-serial alternatives involving prepositional phrases introduced by /wèt/ 'with' are preferred in all instances.",1634,19-169,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-0000FF-28-ADD8E6-10-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-85-3,19,85,3,85-3,"Regarding instrumentals, non-serial alternatives involving prepositional phrases introduced by /wèt/ 'with' are preferred in all instances.",1634,19-170,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-0000FF-28-ADD8E6-10-FF0000.png""}",Field data +19-86-5,19,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Field data +19-87-2,19,87,2,87-2,,,19-172 19-174,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png""}",Field data +19-87-3,19,87,3,87-3,,,19-173,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png""}",Field data +19-88-3,19,88,3,88-3,Only the reflexives with sɛf (< self) can be used as intensifiers.,1634,19-172 19-173 19-175,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +19-89-1,19,89,1,89-1,,1634,19-173 19-176 19-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +19-9-1,19,9,1,9-1,,1634[x],19-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +19-90-2,19,90,2,90-2,,1634,19-178 19-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-91-8,19,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +19-92-3,19,92,3,92-3,,,19-180,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-75-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Field data +19-92-2,19,92,2,92-2,,,19-181,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-75-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Field data +19-93-4,19,93,4,93-4,,1634,19-184,9.09090909090909,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-FFB6C1-10-0000FF.png""}", +19-93-3,19,93,3,93-3,,1634,19-183,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-FFB6C1-10-0000FF.png""}", +19-93-2,19,93,2,93-2,,1634,19-182,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-FFB6C1-10-0000FF.png""}", +19-94-3,19,94,3,94-3,The most common way of forming instrument relative clauses is by 'prepositional phrase chopping' - the preposition and the resumptive pronoun remain altogether unexpressed.,1634,19-185,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFB6C1-70-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +19-94-9,19,94,9,94-9,The most common way of forming instrument relative clauses is by 'prepositional phrase chopping' - the preposition and the resumptive pronoun remain altogether unexpressed.,1634,19-186,70.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFB6C1-70-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +19-95-4,19,95,4,95-4,,1634,19-188,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-95-1,19,95,1,95-1,,1634,19-187,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +19-96-1,19,96,1,96-1,,1634,19-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +19-97-2,19,97,2,97-2,,1634,19-191,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +19-97-1,19,97,1,97-1,,1634,19-190,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +19-98-6,19,98,6,98-6,,1634,19-192 19-193,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +19-99-2,19,99,2,99-2,"Verb doubling is common. But it is only employed for the purpose of emphasis, not for the expression of temporal notions.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +2-0-1,2,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +2-1-2,2,1,2,1-2,,,2-1 2-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +2-10-1,2,10,1,10-1,,1062[35],2-33 2-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +2-100-4,2,100,4,100-4,,1605[412],2-262 2-263,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +2-101-1,2,101,1,101-1,,1605,2-118 2-264,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-102-1,2,102,1,102-1,,1606,2-265 2-266 2-267,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-103-2,2,103,2,103-2,,1605,2-268 2-269,25.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFFFF-25-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-103-7,2,103,7,103-7,,1605,2-270 2-271,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFFFF-25-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 2-104-1,2,104,1,104-1,"The examples 272, 273 and 120 represent cases of contrastive or identificational focus. there are also cases of presentational or information focus, such as example 274. There are also cases of left dislocation (with use of resumptive pronoun) and topicalization of constituents without a focus marker. these are not focus constructions, however. oh, wan kronto srefi oom n. no man kapu? [oh one coconut self uncle n neg can cut] -‘oh, even a coconut uncle n. can’t cut?’ (Winford & Migge 2008: 705)",1604,2-120 2-272 2-273 2-274,100.0,Very certain -2-105-1,2,105,1,105-1,,1606,2-275 2-276 2-277,100.0,Very certain -2-106-2,2,106,2,106-2,,1585,2-279 2-280,50.0,Certain -2-106-3,2,106,3,106-3,,1585,2-278 2-281,50.0,Very certain -2-107-1,2,107,1,107-1,Wilner (1992: 68) describes we as a “sentence introducer or attention getter.”,1585[68],2-282 2-283,100.0,Uncertain -2-108-2,2,108,2,108-2,"One type of ‘click’ sound is ""suck teeth"", used throughout the Caribbean (and common in West African languages) to express a variety of affective meanings ranging from annoyance to exasperation to insult.",,2-284 2-285,100.0,Certain +‘oh, even a coconut uncle n. can’t cut?’ (Winford & Migge 2008: 705)",1604,2-120 2-272 2-273 2-274,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-105-1,2,105,1,105-1,,1606,2-275 2-276 2-277,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-106-2,2,106,2,106-2,,1585,2-279 2-280,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +2-106-3,2,106,3,106-3,,1585,2-278 2-281,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +2-107-1,2,107,1,107-1,Wilner (1992: 68) describes we as a “sentence introducer or attention getter.”,1585[68],2-282 2-283,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-108-2,2,108,2,108-2,"One type of ‘click’ sound is ""suck teeth"", used throughout the Caribbean (and common in West African languages) to express a variety of affective meanings ranging from annoyance to exasperation to insult.",,2-284 2-285,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 2-109-1,2,109,1,109-1,"The meanings and word-classes of pikin are: 1. small ADJ @@ -3589,194 +3589,194 @@ oh, wan kronto srefi oom n. no man kapu? 3. a little QUANT 4. child N 5. girl N -6. animal baby N",1587,2-286,100.0,Very certain -2-11-2,2,11,2,11-2,"Adverbials like ala ten ‘always’, noiti ‘never’ etc. tend to be placed in clause-initial position, not necessarily immediately before the verb.",,2-35 2-38,50.0,Certain -2-11-3,2,11,3,11-3,"Adverbials like ala ten ‘always’, noiti ‘never’ etc. tend to be placed in clause-initial position, not necessarily immediately before the verb.",,2-36 2-37,50.0,Certain +6. animal baby N",1587,2-286,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-11-2,2,11,2,11-2,"Adverbials like ala ten ‘always’, noiti ‘never’ etc. tend to be placed in clause-initial position, not necessarily immediately before the verb.",,2-35 2-38,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +2-11-3,2,11,3,11-3,"Adverbials like ala ten ‘always’, noiti ‘never’ etc. tend to be placed in clause-initial position, not necessarily immediately before the verb.",,2-36 2-37,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 2-110-1,2,110,1,110-1,"The meanings and word-classes of sabi are: 1. V 'know' -2. N 'knowledge, wisdom'",1587,2-287,100.0,Very certain -2-111-2,2,111,2,111-2,,1587,2-288,100.0,Very certain -2-112-1,2,112,1,112-1,,1587,2-289 2-290,100.0,Very certain -2-113-2,2,113,2,113-2,,1587,2-291 2-292,100.0,Very certain +2. N 'knowledge, wisdom'",1587,2-287,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-111-2,2,111,2,111-2,,1587,2-288,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-112-1,2,112,1,112-1,,1587,2-289 2-290,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-113-2,2,113,2,113-2,,1587,2-291 2-292,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 2-114-3,2,114,3,114-3,"Wiriwiri is polysemous and has three basic meanings: 1) n. hair 2) n. feather. SYN: fowruwiwiri. -3) n. leaves, herbs; also refers to some kinds of green leafy vegetables.",1587,2-293 2-294,100.0,Intermediate -2-115-2,2,115,2,115-2,,1587,2-295 2-296,100.0,Very certain -2-116-2,2,116,2,116-2,,1587,2-297 2-298,100.0,Very certain -2-117-3,2,117,3,117-3,The analysis of man- and uma- as prefixes or words is controversial (see Braun 2009 for discussion).,1587;174,2-299 2-300,100.0,Intermediate -2-118-3,2,118,3,118-3,Value 3 was chosen because there are some pertinent forms with three initial consonants attested already in the 18th century. Those with /t/ as second consonant all seem to be younger.,1216,2-301 2-302 2-303 2-304 2-305 2-306 2-307 2-308 2-309 2-310,100.0,Very certain -2-119-2,2,119,2,119-2,"Non-nasal coda consonants only occur in medial position, never in word-final position.",21;1357;1587,2-311 2-312 2-313 2-314 2-315 2-316 2-317,100.0,Very certain -2-12-1,2,12,1,12-1,,1062[18],2-39 2-40,100.0,Very certain -2-120-1,2,120,1,120-1,There are some marginal tonal phenomena that occur in contexts having to do with intensification (particularly in reduplication and ideophones). The nature of these phenomena is largely unclear.,10;1429,,100.0,Uncertain -2-121-2,2,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -2-122-3,2,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0, -2-123-4,2,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -2-124-3,2,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0, -2-125-3,2,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -2-126-4,2,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -2-127-6,2,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -2-128-1,2,128,1,128-1,,,2-331,100.0, -2-129-2,2,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -2-13-1,2,13,1,13-1,"The oblique form of the 3rd person singular pronoun functions as the subject of the equative copula, and also as an emphatic form in cleft constructions.",1604[282],2-41 2-42 2-43,100.0,Very certain -2-130-1,2,130,1,130-1,,,2-338,100.0, -2-131,2,131,1,131-1,,,2-320,100.0, -2-132,2,132,1,132-1,,,2-321,100.0, -2-133,2,133,1,133-1,,,2-322,100.0, -2-134,2,134,1,134-1,,,2-323,100.0, -2-137,2,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -2-138,2,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -2-139,2,139,1,139-1,The same sound occurs also as an optional realization of the voiceless velar plosive before front vowels as in /kisi/ 'catch'.,,2-324,100.0, -2-14-1,2,14,1,14-1,,404;1584,,100.0,Very certain -2-140,2,140,1,140-1,The same sound occurs also as an optional realization of the voiced velar plosive before front vowels as in /gi/ 'give'.,,2-325,100.0, -2-143,2,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -2-144,2,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -2-145,2,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -2-146,2,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -2-147,2,147,1,147-1,,,2-326,100.0, -2-148,2,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -2-149,2,149,1,149-1,,,2-327,100.0, -2-15-2,2,15,2,15-2,,1584[47],2-44 2-45,100.0,Very certain -2-151,2,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -2-152,2,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -2-153,2,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -2-155,2,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -2-156,2,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -2-158,2,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -2-159,2,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -2-16-2,2,16,2,16-2,,1587,2-45,100.0,Very certain -2-160,2,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -2-161,2,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -2-163,2,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -2-168,2,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -2-169,2,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -2-17-2,2,17,2,17-2,"The dependent form of the 3rd person singular pronoun is a (when used as subject of a verb), while the form en (also the object form) is used as the independent form when used as an elliptical answer. (Compare English him.)",,,100.0,Certain -2-170,2,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -2-171,2,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -2-172,2,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -2-173,2,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -2-174,2,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -2-176,2,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -2-178,2,178,1,178-1,,,2-329,100.0, -2-179,2,179,1,179-1,,,2-330,100.0, -2-18-1,2,18,1,18-1,,1587,2-46,100.0,Intermediate -2-180,2,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -2-181,2,181,1,181-1,,,2-331,100.0, +3) n. leaves, herbs; also refers to some kinds of green leafy vegetables.",1587,2-293 2-294,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +2-115-2,2,115,2,115-2,,1587,2-295 2-296,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-116-2,2,116,2,116-2,,1587,2-297 2-298,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-117-3,2,117,3,117-3,The analysis of man- and uma- as prefixes or words is controversial (see Braun 2009 for discussion).,1587;174,2-299 2-300,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +2-118-3,2,118,3,118-3,Value 3 was chosen because there are some pertinent forms with three initial consonants attested already in the 18th century. Those with /t/ as second consonant all seem to be younger.,1216,2-301 2-302 2-303 2-304 2-305 2-306 2-307 2-308 2-309 2-310,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-119-2,2,119,2,119-2,"Non-nasal coda consonants only occur in medial position, never in word-final position.",21;1357;1587,2-311 2-312 2-313 2-314 2-315 2-316 2-317,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +2-12-1,2,12,1,12-1,,1062[18],2-39 2-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-120-1,2,120,1,120-1,There are some marginal tonal phenomena that occur in contexts having to do with intensification (particularly in reduplication and ideophones). The nature of these phenomena is largely unclear.,10;1429,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-121-2,2,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +2-122-3,2,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +2-123-4,2,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-124-3,2,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +2-125-3,2,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +2-126-4,2,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-127-6,2,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-128-1,2,128,1,128-1,,,2-331,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-129-2,2,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-13-1,2,13,1,13-1,"The oblique form of the 3rd person singular pronoun functions as the subject of the equative copula, and also as an emphatic form in cleft constructions.",1604[282],2-41 2-42 2-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +2-130-1,2,130,1,130-1,,,2-338,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-131,2,131,1,131-1,,,2-320,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-132,2,132,1,132-1,,,2-321,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-133,2,133,1,133-1,,,2-322,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-134,2,134,1,134-1,,,2-323,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-137,2,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-138,2,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-139,2,139,1,139-1,The same sound occurs also as an optional realization of the voiceless velar plosive before front vowels as in /kisi/ 'catch'.,,2-324,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-14-1,2,14,1,14-1,,404;1584,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-140,2,140,1,140-1,The same sound occurs also as an optional realization of the voiced velar plosive before front vowels as in /gi/ 'give'.,,2-325,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-143,2,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-144,2,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-145,2,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-146,2,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-147,2,147,1,147-1,,,2-326,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-148,2,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-149,2,149,1,149-1,,,2-327,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-15-2,2,15,2,15-2,,1584[47],2-44 2-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +2-151,2,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-152,2,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-153,2,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-155,2,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-156,2,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-158,2,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-159,2,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-16-2,2,16,2,16-2,,1587,2-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-160,2,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-161,2,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-163,2,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-168,2,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-169,2,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-17-2,2,17,2,17-2,"The dependent form of the 3rd person singular pronoun is a (when used as subject of a verb), while the form en (also the object form) is used as the independent form when used as an elliptical answer. (Compare English him.)",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +2-170,2,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-171,2,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-172,2,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-173,2,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-174,2,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-176,2,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-178,2,178,1,178-1,,,2-329,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-179,2,179,1,179-1,,,2-330,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-18-1,2,18,1,18-1,,1587,2-46,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-180,2,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-181,2,181,1,181-1,,,2-331,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 2-182,2,182,1,182-1,"Engma does not necessarioly co-occur with a following /g/ pronounced. For example, while bongo is pronounced with engma and [g] (i.e. [boŋgo]), tongo has no [g] (i.e. [toŋo]). -Engma also occurs as an allophone of word-final nasals, as in the name of the language, Sranan.",,2-332,100.0, -2-183,2,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, +Engma also occurs as an allophone of word-final nasals, as in the name of the language, Sranan.",,2-332,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-183,2,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 2-184,2,184,1,184-1,"The phonological status of l vs. r is not entirely clear. -There seem to be some minimal pairs, but word-initially and in second position in clusters the two are in near-complementary distribution. Initially [r] is rare, and [l] is frequent, while in clusters [r], but not [l], occurs frequently, as in drai, or broko.",,2-337,100.0, -2-187,2,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -2-188,2,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -2-189,2,189,1,189-1,,,2-334,100.0, +There seem to be some minimal pairs, but word-initially and in second position in clusters the two are in near-complementary distribution. Initially [r] is rare, and [l] is frequent, while in clusters [r], but not [l], occurs frequently, as in drai, or broko.",,2-337,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-187,2,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-188,2,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-189,2,189,1,189-1,,,2-334,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 2-19-3,2,19,3,19-3,"who = suma where = (o-)pe when = (o-)ten how = fa -The variant ope is archaic, pe is the normally used form. Compound status of oten ist questionable, since similar forms exist with o fara 'how far', o bradi 'how wide', o langa 'how long', o hei 'how high'.",1587,2-47 2-48 2-49 2-50 2-51,100.0,Very certain -2-190,2,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -2-191,2,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -2-192,2,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -2-193,2,193,1,193-1,,,2-333,100.0, -2-194,2,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -2-195,2,195,1,195-1,The same sound occurs also as an optional realization of the alveolar unvoiced fricative /s/ before /i/ or /w/ as in /swen/ 'swim' or /si/ 'see'.,,2-328,100.0, -2-196,2,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -2-199,2,199,3,199-3,"This sound is very rare, and only found in more recent loans from Dutch. Variants with [k] exist, e.g. kolu.",,2-352,100.0, -2-2-2,2,2,2,2-2,,,2-6 2-7,50.0,Very certain -2-2-1,2,2,1,2-1,,,2-3 2-4 2-5,50.0,Very certain -2-20-1,2,20,1,20-1,,1587,2-52,100.0,Very certain -2-200,2,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -2-201,2,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -2-202,2,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -2-205,2,205,1,205-1,,,2-338,100.0, +The variant ope is archaic, pe is the normally used form. Compound status of oten ist questionable, since similar forms exist with o fara 'how far', o bradi 'how wide', o langa 'how long', o hei 'how high'.",1587,2-47 2-48 2-49 2-50 2-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +2-190,2,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-191,2,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-192,2,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-193,2,193,1,193-1,,,2-333,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-194,2,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-195,2,195,1,195-1,The same sound occurs also as an optional realization of the alveolar unvoiced fricative /s/ before /i/ or /w/ as in /swen/ 'swim' or /si/ 'see'.,,2-328,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-196,2,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-199,2,199,3,199-3,"This sound is very rare, and only found in more recent loans from Dutch. Variants with [k] exist, e.g. kolu.",,2-352,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +2-2-2,2,2,2,2-2,,,2-6 2-7,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +2-2-1,2,2,1,2-1,,,2-3 2-4 2-5,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +2-20-1,2,20,1,20-1,,1587,2-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +2-200,2,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-201,2,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-202,2,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-205,2,205,1,205-1,,,2-338,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 2-209,2,209,1,209-1,"The phonological status of l vs. r is not entirely clear. -There seem to be some minimal pairs, but word-initially and in second position in clusters the two are in near-complementary distribution. Initially [r] is rare, and [l] is frequent, while in clusters [r], but not [l], occurs frequently, as in drai, or broko.",,,100.0, -2-21-2,2,21,2,21-2,,1587,2-53 2-54,100.0,Very certain -2-212,2,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -2-217,2,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -2-218,2,218,1,218-1,,,2-336,100.0, -2-22-4,2,22,4,22-4,This analysis only holds under an analysis which considers the use of a plural definite article as nominal plural marking.,189[177ff],2-55 2-56,100.0,Very certain -2-221,2,221,1,221-1,,,2-335,100.0, -2-23-7,2,23,7,23-7,The plural definite article is considered as nominal plural marking for the purposes of this feature.,189,2-55,100.0,Very certain -2-231,2,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -2-24-4,2,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Intermediate -2-25-2,2,25,2,25-2,This analysis only holds under an analysis which considers the use of a plural definfite article as nominal plural marking.,189,2-55 2-57,100.0,Very certain -2-252,2,252,1,252-1,,,2-345,100.0, -2-253,2,253,1,253-1,,,2-346,100.0, -2-254,2,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -2-255,2,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -2-256,2,256,1,256-1,,,2-347,100.0, -2-257,2,257,1,257-1,,,2-348,100.0, -2-258,2,258,1,258-1,,,2-343,100.0, -2-259,2,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -2-26-8,2,26,8,26-8,,1426;174,2-58 2-59 2-60,100.0,Very certain -2-260,2,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -2-261,2,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -2-263,2,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -2-267,2,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -2-268,2,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -2-27-2,2,27,2,27-2,,1587,2-61,100.0,Very certain -2-272,2,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -2-273,2,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -2-274,2,274,2,274-2,"Long vowels are rare, but do exist, and some minimal pairs can be found (e.g. poti 'poor' vs. pooti).",,2-351,100.0, -2-275,2,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -2-276,2,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -2-277,2,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -2-278,2,278,2,278-2,,,2-350,100.0, -2-279,2,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, +There seem to be some minimal pairs, but word-initially and in second position in clusters the two are in near-complementary distribution. Initially [r] is rare, and [l] is frequent, while in clusters [r], but not [l], occurs frequently, as in drai, or broko.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-21-2,2,21,2,21-2,,1587,2-53 2-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +2-212,2,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-217,2,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-218,2,218,1,218-1,,,2-336,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-22-4,2,22,4,22-4,This analysis only holds under an analysis which considers the use of a plural definite article as nominal plural marking.,189[177ff],2-55 2-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +2-221,2,221,1,221-1,,,2-335,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-23-7,2,23,7,23-7,The plural definite article is considered as nominal plural marking for the purposes of this feature.,189,2-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +2-231,2,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-24-4,2,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +2-25-2,2,25,2,25-2,This analysis only holds under an analysis which considers the use of a plural definfite article as nominal plural marking.,189,2-55 2-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +2-252,2,252,1,252-1,,,2-345,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-253,2,253,1,253-1,,,2-346,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-254,2,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-255,2,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-256,2,256,1,256-1,,,2-347,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-257,2,257,1,257-1,,,2-348,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-258,2,258,1,258-1,,,2-343,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-259,2,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-26-8,2,26,8,26-8,,1426;174,2-58 2-59 2-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +2-260,2,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-261,2,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-263,2,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-267,2,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-268,2,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-27-2,2,27,2,27-2,,1587,2-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-272,2,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-273,2,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-274,2,274,2,274-2,"Long vowels are rare, but do exist, and some minimal pairs can be found (e.g. poti 'poor' vs. pooti).",,2-351,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +2-275,2,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-276,2,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-277,2,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-278,2,278,2,278-2,,,2-350,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +2-279,2,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 2-28-1,2,28,1,28-1,"The definite article is (n)a (singular) and den (plural). -The demonstratives are disi ‘this’ and dati ‘that’.",1597[721],2-62 2-63,100.0,Very certain -2-280,2,280,2,280-2,"Long vowels are rare, but do exist, and some minimal pairs can be found (e.g. poti vs. pooti).",,2-349,100.0, -2-281,2,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -2-282,2,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -2-284,2,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -2-285,2,285,2,285-2,"Word-final vowel-nasal combinations can be pronounced with a nasalized vowel, mostly followed by a velar nasal.",,2-339,100.0, -2-286,2,286,2,286-2,"Word-final vowel-nasal combinations can be pronounced with a nasalized vowel, mostly followed by a velar nasal.",,2-340,100.0, -2-287,2,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -2-288,2,288,2,288-2,"Word-final vowel-nasal combinations can be pronounced with a nasalized vowel, mostly followed by a velar nasal.",,2-342,100.0, -2-289,2,289,2,289-2,"Word-final vowel-nasal combinations can be pronounced with a nasalized vowel, mostly followed by a velar nasal.",,2-341,100.0, -2-29-2,2,29,2,29-2,,1062,2-64 2-65 2-66 2-67,100.0,Very certain -2-290,2,290,2,290-2,"Word-final vowel-nasal combinations can be pronounced with a nasalized vowel, mostly followed by a velar nasal.",,2-344,100.0, -2-291,2,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -2-295,2,295,1,295-1,,,2-353,100.0, -2-296,2,296,1,296-1,,,2-355,100.0, -2-297,2,297,1,297-1,,,2-356,100.0, -2-299,2,299,3,299-3,,,2-358,100.0, -2-3-1,2,3,1,3-1,,,2-8 2-9,100.0,Very certain -2-30-2,2,30,2,30-2,,1605,2-68,100.0,Very certain -2-301,2,301,1,301-1,,,2-354,100.0, -2-303,2,303,1,303-1,,,2-357,100.0, -2-308-1,2,308,1,308-1,English was the principal lexifier language during creole formation. Dutch has increasingly been a major source of vocabulary since the 17th century. Portuguese also supplied some vocabulary items.,,,100.0,Certain +The demonstratives are disi ‘this’ and dati ‘that’.",1597[721],2-62 2-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-280,2,280,2,280-2,"Long vowels are rare, but do exist, and some minimal pairs can be found (e.g. poti vs. pooti).",,2-349,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +2-281,2,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-282,2,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-284,2,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-285,2,285,2,285-2,"Word-final vowel-nasal combinations can be pronounced with a nasalized vowel, mostly followed by a velar nasal.",,2-339,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +2-286,2,286,2,286-2,"Word-final vowel-nasal combinations can be pronounced with a nasalized vowel, mostly followed by a velar nasal.",,2-340,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +2-287,2,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-288,2,288,2,288-2,"Word-final vowel-nasal combinations can be pronounced with a nasalized vowel, mostly followed by a velar nasal.",,2-342,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +2-289,2,289,2,289-2,"Word-final vowel-nasal combinations can be pronounced with a nasalized vowel, mostly followed by a velar nasal.",,2-341,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +2-29-2,2,29,2,29-2,,1062,2-64 2-65 2-66 2-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +2-290,2,290,2,290-2,"Word-final vowel-nasal combinations can be pronounced with a nasalized vowel, mostly followed by a velar nasal.",,2-344,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +2-291,2,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-295,2,295,1,295-1,,,2-353,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-296,2,296,1,296-1,,,2-355,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-297,2,297,1,297-1,,,2-356,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-299,2,299,3,299-3,,,2-358,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +2-3-1,2,3,1,3-1,,,2-8 2-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +2-30-2,2,30,2,30-2,,1605,2-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-301,2,301,1,301-1,,,2-354,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-303,2,303,1,303-1,,,2-357,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +2-308-1,2,308,1,308-1,English was the principal lexifier language during creole formation. Dutch has increasingly been a major source of vocabulary since the 17th century. Portuguese also supplied some vocabulary items.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 2-309-2,2,309,2,309-2,"A full survey of language use has yet to be done. But in a survey of school children conducted by Léglise & Migge (2010), many children declared Sranan to be their L2. -Virtually all speakers seem to acquire Sranan Tongo as small children, but many acquire it as a second language, after acquiring Dutch or one of the maroon creoles or ethnic languages as a first language.",1810,,100.0,Intermediate -2-31-1,2,31,1,31-1,"See Feature 5 ""Order of demonstrative and noun"".",,2-69 2-70,100.0,Very certain -2-310-4,2,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Certain -2-311-3,2,311,3,311-3,"Since most Surinamese learn Sranan Tongo either as a first, second or even third language, most adults can speak the language to some extent. But it’s difficult to say whether and to what extent the language is acquiring new adult speakers now. Note however that Sranan is becoming much more widely used in the public domain though usually speakers tend to mix it with Dutch; there is also more activity on the Radio. (Bettina Migge, pc 2011).",1812,,100.0,Uncertain -2-312-2,2,312,2,312-2,"Based on the survey of language use among schoolchildren done by Léglise & Migge (2010), it would seem that Sranan is being abandoned/denied as an L1 quite heavily. Most parents do not speak it to their children. Only some groups such as the Javanese show a strong tendency to have Sranan as an L1 (Bettina Migge pc 2011). Dutch is identified in the survey as the L1 of most children and also as the most widely spoken language (99%), with Sranan second (79%). Sranan is overwhelmingly cited as L2 and L3 (Léglise & Migge 2010). The current situation is very different from that reported by Eersel (1971), who claimed that “the number of truly monolingual Dutch-speaking native adults is negligible”, while “by contrast, monolingualism is very common among Sranan speakers” (Eersel 1971: 318).",1810;1813,,100.0,Intermediate -2-313-5,2,313,5,313-5,"The precise number of speakers is difficult to judge. According to Ethnologue, there were 120,000 (native?) speakers in Suriname (1993) and a total of 126,400 for all countries, including Aruba, the Netherlands, and the Netherlands Antilles. But those figures may not include speakers who learned Sranan as a second, third, or even fourth language. According to Ethnologue, Sranan is used as a language of wider communication by 300,000 L2 speakers, and is the lingua franca of 80% of the population of the country, including the Hindustanis, Javanese, Chinese, American Indians, and Bush Negroes.",817[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=SR],,100.0,Intermediate -2-314-2,2,314,2,314-2,"Males seem to use the language more than females. There are strong negative attitudes toward Sranan, and it is widely considered to be a vulgar language. Hence women are reluctant to openly align with it. In the survey by Léglise & Migge (2010), many girls went so far as to deny using it. Javanese and Hindustani boys aligned more positively with it.",1810,,100.0,Uncertain -2-315-2,2,315,2,315-2,"Generally, radio and tv stations broadcast primarily in Dutch, but present some kinds of news, e.g., death notices or religious discussions in Sranan. Sky News seems to broadcast in Sranan more than other radio stations.",,,100.0,Intermediate -2-316-1,2,316,1,316-1,"Many call-in discussions are conducted in Sranan. Many are also conducted in Dutch, but with frequent code-switching into Sranan, which most people don't seem to be that aware of.",,,100.0,Very certain -2-317-1,2,317,1,317-1,Sranan is among the languages used in certain forms of popular music such as kawina and kaseko.,1812,,100.0,Certain -2-318-1,2,318,1,318-1,"Sranan is widely used in poetry as well as in plays (theater). There is a rich tradition of orally transmitted texts such as stories, songs and riddles in Sranan as well as the other ethnic languages. In addition, every month there is torio oso – a get together to share poety/local literature, where people narrate in Sranan or Dutch (Bettina Migge, pc 2011).",1812,,100.0,Certain -2-319-2,2,319,2,319-2,Use of Sranan in newspaper editorials is rare. Dutch is the normal choice. Radio is the main domain for languages other than Dutch.,,,100.0,Very certain -2-32-1,2,32,1,32-1,,,2-70 2-71 2-72 2-73,100.0,Very certain -2-320-2,2,320,2,320-2,Sranan is often used in jokes.,,,100.0,Intermediate -2-321-2,2,321,2,321-2,"In public domains such as a post office or bank, the usual choice appears to be Dutch, but Sranan can also be used, especially if someone is not a speaker of Dutch. Note also that Sranan is frequently used in political campaigns.",,,100.0,Intermediate -2-325-1,2,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified -2-326-4,2,326,4,326-4,"The main influence comes from Dutch, which is neither a major world language nor a neighboring language, nor the main lexifier. In addition, other immigrant languages (Hindustani and Chinese) and other creole languages are influential.",,,100.0, -2-33-2,2,33,2,33-2,Disi is proximal; dati is distal.,,2-74 2-75,100.0,Very certain -2-35-6,2,35,6,35-6,Cardinal numbers from 'two' upwards are derived by di fu + numeral.,,2-76 2-77 2-78,100.0,Very certain -2-36-1,2,36,1,36-1,,,2-20,100.0,Certain -2-37-1,2,37,1,37-1,,1604,2-79 2-80 2-81,58.3333333333333,Very certain -2-37-6,2,37,6,37-6,,1604,2-82 2-83 2-84,41.6666666666667,Certain -2-38-2,2,38,2,38-2,,1606,2-6 2-85 2-86,50.0,Certain -2-38-4,2,38,4,38-4,,1606,2-87 2-88,50.0,Certain -2-39-1,2,39,1,39-1,,,2-89 2-90,100.0,Certain +Virtually all speakers seem to acquire Sranan Tongo as small children, but many acquire it as a second language, after acquiring Dutch or one of the maroon creoles or ethnic languages as a first language.",1810,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-31-1,2,31,1,31-1,"See Feature 5 ""Order of demonstrative and noun"".",,2-69 2-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +2-310-4,2,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +2-311-3,2,311,3,311-3,"Since most Surinamese learn Sranan Tongo either as a first, second or even third language, most adults can speak the language to some extent. But it’s difficult to say whether and to what extent the language is acquiring new adult speakers now. Note however that Sranan is becoming much more widely used in the public domain though usually speakers tend to mix it with Dutch; there is also more activity on the Radio. (Bettina Migge, pc 2011).",1812,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}","Bettina Migge, p. c. (2011)" +2-312-2,2,312,2,312-2,"Based on the survey of language use among schoolchildren done by Léglise & Migge (2010), it would seem that Sranan is being abandoned/denied as an L1 quite heavily. Most parents do not speak it to their children. Only some groups such as the Javanese show a strong tendency to have Sranan as an L1 (Bettina Migge pc 2011). Dutch is identified in the survey as the L1 of most children and also as the most widely spoken language (99%), with Sranan second (79%). Sranan is overwhelmingly cited as L2 and L3 (Léglise & Migge 2010). The current situation is very different from that reported by Eersel (1971), who claimed that “the number of truly monolingual Dutch-speaking native adults is negligible”, while “by contrast, monolingualism is very common among Sranan speakers” (Eersel 1971: 318).",1810;1813,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}","Bettina Migge, p. c. (2011)" +2-313-5,2,313,5,313-5,"The precise number of speakers is difficult to judge. According to Ethnologue, there were 120,000 (native?) speakers in Suriname (1993) and a total of 126,400 for all countries, including Aruba, the Netherlands, and the Netherlands Antilles. But those figures may not include speakers who learned Sranan as a second, third, or even fourth language. According to Ethnologue, Sranan is used as a language of wider communication by 300,000 L2 speakers, and is the lingua franca of 80% of the population of the country, including the Hindustanis, Javanese, Chinese, American Indians, and Bush Negroes.",817[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=SR],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +2-314-2,2,314,2,314-2,"Males seem to use the language more than females. There are strong negative attitudes toward Sranan, and it is widely considered to be a vulgar language. Hence women are reluctant to openly align with it. In the survey by Léglise & Migge (2010), many girls went so far as to deny using it. Javanese and Hindustani boys aligned more positively with it.",1810,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +2-315-2,2,315,2,315-2,"Generally, radio and tv stations broadcast primarily in Dutch, but present some kinds of news, e.g., death notices or religious discussions in Sranan. Sky News seems to broadcast in Sranan more than other radio stations.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}","Bettina Migge, p. c. (2011)" +2-316-1,2,316,1,316-1,"Many call-in discussions are conducted in Sranan. Many are also conducted in Dutch, but with frequent code-switching into Sranan, which most people don't seem to be that aware of.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}","Bettina Migge, p. c. (2011)" +2-317-1,2,317,1,317-1,Sranan is among the languages used in certain forms of popular music such as kawina and kaseko.,1812,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-318-1,2,318,1,318-1,"Sranan is widely used in poetry as well as in plays (theater). There is a rich tradition of orally transmitted texts such as stories, songs and riddles in Sranan as well as the other ethnic languages. In addition, every month there is torio oso – a get together to share poety/local literature, where people narrate in Sranan or Dutch (Bettina Migge, pc 2011).",1812,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}","Bettina Migge, p. c. (2011)" +2-319-2,2,319,2,319-2,Use of Sranan in newspaper editorials is rare. Dutch is the normal choice. Radio is the main domain for languages other than Dutch.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}","Bettina Migge, p. c. (2011)" +2-32-1,2,32,1,32-1,,,2-70 2-71 2-72 2-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Winford transcripts +2-320-2,2,320,2,320-2,Sranan is often used in jokes.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}","Bettina Migge, p. c. (2011)" +2-321-2,2,321,2,321-2,"In public domains such as a post office or bank, the usual choice appears to be Dutch, but Sranan can also be used, especially if someone is not a speaker of Dutch. Note also that Sranan is frequently used in political campaigns.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}","Bettina Migge, p. c. (2011)" +2-325-1,2,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-326-4,2,326,4,326-4,"The main influence comes from Dutch, which is neither a major world language nor a neighboring language, nor the main lexifier. In addition, other immigrant languages (Hindustani and Chinese) and other creole languages are influential.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +2-33-2,2,33,2,33-2,Disi is proximal; dati is distal.,,2-74 2-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Winford transcripts +2-35-6,2,35,6,35-6,Cardinal numbers from 'two' upwards are derived by di fu + numeral.,,2-76 2-77 2-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +2-36-1,2,36,1,36-1,,,2-20,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Winford transcripts +2-37-1,2,37,1,37-1,,1604,2-79 2-80 2-81,58.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-FF0000-42-ADD8E6.png""}", +2-37-6,2,37,6,37-6,,1604,2-82 2-83 2-84,41.6666666666667,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-FF0000-42-ADD8E6.png""}", +2-38-2,2,38,2,38-2,,1606,2-6 2-85 2-86,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +2-38-4,2,38,4,38-4,,1606,2-87 2-88,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +2-39-1,2,39,1,39-1,,,2-89 2-90,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 2-4-2,2,4,2,4-2,"As Nickel & Wilner (1984: 40) note, location phrases are formed with the locational preposition na, which may then be followed by another locational marker such as ondro ‘under’, ini ‘in’, tapu ‘top’, etc. (cf. examples 12 and 15). The latter items can also be used independently of na. Na used by itself simply marks location or a goal, as in: Mi de na mi mama oso. @@ -3797,41 +3797,41 @@ A bedi de na a karma ini. [DET bed be-at LOC DET room inside] ‘The bed is in the room’ (constructed by Don Winford) -The latter type of construction has parallels in Gbe languages. See Bryun, Adrienne. 1995. Grammaticalization in Creoles: The development of determiners and relative clauses in Sranan. Dortrecht: ICG printing, 241-253 for further discussion of this.",186,2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15,100.0,Very certain -2-40-1,2,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain +The latter type of construction has parallels in Gbe languages. See Bryun, Adrienne. 1995. Grammaticalization in Creoles: The development of determiners and relative clauses in Sranan. Dortrecht: ICG printing, 241-253 for further discussion of this.",186,2-10 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-14 2-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +2-40-1,2,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Winford transcripts 2-41-1,2,41,1,41-1,"There are two patterns involving the order of comparative degree words and adjectives in Sranan, which relate to differences between two dialects. The default lect of the present Sranan data set is spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and the Dutch-influenced lect is spoken primarily by Dutch dominant speakers (Winford 1997). In cases where only the item being compared is mentioned, as in mi brada moro langa ‘my brother is taller’, or mi brada na a moro langa wan ‘my brother is the tallest’, the comparative marker moro precedes the adjective, and can be interpreted as marking the adjective. This pattern is found in both dialects. In cases where both the item being compared and the standard are present, the degree word (moro or pasa) can either follow the property item, or, in case of moro, precede it, or even both precede and follow it. When moro precedes the property item, it can be interpreted as a comparative marker. When it follows the property item, it can be interpreted as a standard marker. The latter also applies to pasa, which can only follow the property item (Winford 1997). -See also my comments on Feature 8 ""Order of degree word and adjective"".",,2-24 2-91,50.0,Certain +See also my comments on Feature 8 ""Order of degree word and adjective"".",,2-24 2-91,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 2-41-2,2,41,2,41-2,"There are two patterns involving the order of comparative degree words and adjectives in Sranan, which relate to differences between two dialects. The default lect of the present Sranan data set is spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and the Dutch-influenced lect is spoken primarily by Dutch dominant speakers (Winford 1997). In cases where only the item being compared is mentioned, as in mi brada moro langa ‘my brother is taller’, or mi brada na a moro langa wan ‘my brother is the tallest’, the comparative marker moro precedes the adjective, and can be interpreted as marking the adjective. This pattern is found in both dialects. In cases where both the item being compared and the standard are present, the degree word (moro or pasa) can either follow the property item, or, in case of moro, precede it, or even both precede and follow it. When moro precedes the property item, it can be interpreted as a comparative marker. When it follows the property item, it can be interpreted as a standard marker. The latter also applies to pasa, which can only follow the property item (Winford 1997). -See also my comments on Feature 8 ""Order of degree word and adjective"".",,2-92,50.0,Certain +See also my comments on Feature 8 ""Order of degree word and adjective"".",,2-92,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 2-42-1,2,42,1,42-1,"There are two patterns involving the order of comparative degree words and adjectives in Sranan, -which relate to differences between two dialects. Dialect A is the default lect in the present Sranan data set and is spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and Dialect B is spoken primarily by Dutch dominant speakers (Winford 1997). In cases where only the item being compared is mentioned, as in mi brada moro langa ‘my brother is taller’, or mi brada na a moro langa wan ‘my brother is the tallest’, the comparative marker moro precedes the adjective, and can be interpreted as marking the adjective. This pattern is found in both dialects. In cases where both the item being compared and the standard are present, the degree word (moro or pasa) can either follow the property item, or, in case of moro, precede it, or even both precede and follow it. When moro precedes the property item, it can be interpreted as a comparative marker. When it follows the property item, it can be interpreted as a standard marker. The latter also applies to pasa, which can only follow the property item (Winford 1997).",1604,2-92 2-93 2-94 2-95,56.25,Very certain +which relate to differences between two dialects. Dialect A is the default lect in the present Sranan data set and is spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and Dialect B is spoken primarily by Dutch dominant speakers (Winford 1997). In cases where only the item being compared is mentioned, as in mi brada moro langa ‘my brother is taller’, or mi brada na a moro langa wan ‘my brother is the tallest’, the comparative marker moro precedes the adjective, and can be interpreted as marking the adjective. This pattern is found in both dialects. In cases where both the item being compared and the standard are present, the degree word (moro or pasa) can either follow the property item, or, in case of moro, precede it, or even both precede and follow it. When moro precedes the property item, it can be interpreted as a comparative marker. When it follows the property item, it can be interpreted as a standard marker. The latter also applies to pasa, which can only follow the property item (Winford 1997).",1604,2-92 2-93 2-94 2-95,56.25,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-57-FF0000-44-FFFF00.png""}", 2-42-2,2,42,2,42-2,"There are two patterns involving the order of comparative degree words and adjectives in Sranan, -which relate to differences between two dialects. Dialect A is the default lect in the present Sranan data set and is spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and Dialect B is spoken primarily by Dutch dominant speakers (Winford 1997). In cases where only the item being compared is mentioned, as in mi brada moro langa ‘my brother is taller’, or mi brada na a moro langa wan ‘my brother is the tallest’, the comparative marker moro precedes the adjective, and can be interpreted as marking the adjective. This pattern is found in both dialects. In cases where both the item being compared and the standard are present, the degree word (moro or pasa) can either follow the property item, or, in case of moro, precede it, or even both precede and follow it. When moro precedes the property item, it can be interpreted as a comparative marker. When it follows the property item, it can be interpreted as a standard marker. The latter also applies to pasa, which can only follow the property item (Winford 1997).",1604,2-96,43.75,Certain -2-43-1,2,43,1,43-1,,1605,2-97,100.0,Very certain -2-44-4,2,44,4,44-4,"Younger speakers claim that only older people use the combination ben + sa + e, but that is just their impression. Note also that combinations of Past + Future + IPFV (ben o e/ bio e/ bo e) are ungrammatical in Sranan.",1608,2-102,30.0,Certain -2-44-1,2,44,1,44-1,"Younger speakers claim that only older people use the combination ben + sa + e, but that is just their impression. Note also that combinations of Past + Future + IPFV (ben o e/ bio e/ bo e) are ungrammatical in Sranan.",1608,2-100 2-101 2-99,70.0,Very certain -2-45-3,2,45,3,45-3,,1605[434],2-103,100.0,Very certain -2-46-2,2,46,2,46-2,,1605[426],2-104 2-105,100.0,Very certain +which relate to differences between two dialects. Dialect A is the default lect in the present Sranan data set and is spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and Dialect B is spoken primarily by Dutch dominant speakers (Winford 1997). In cases where only the item being compared is mentioned, as in mi brada moro langa ‘my brother is taller’, or mi brada na a moro langa wan ‘my brother is the tallest’, the comparative marker moro precedes the adjective, and can be interpreted as marking the adjective. This pattern is found in both dialects. In cases where both the item being compared and the standard are present, the degree word (moro or pasa) can either follow the property item, or, in case of moro, precede it, or even both precede and follow it. When moro precedes the property item, it can be interpreted as a comparative marker. When it follows the property item, it can be interpreted as a standard marker. The latter also applies to pasa, which can only follow the property item (Winford 1997).",1604,2-96,43.75,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-57-FF0000-44-FFFF00.png""}", +2-43-1,2,43,1,43-1,,1605,2-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-44-4,2,44,4,44-4,"Younger speakers claim that only older people use the combination ben + sa + e, but that is just their impression. Note also that combinations of Past + Future + IPFV (ben o e/ bio e/ bo e) are ungrammatical in Sranan.",1608,2-102,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}", +2-44-1,2,44,1,44-1,"Younger speakers claim that only older people use the combination ben + sa + e, but that is just their impression. Note also that combinations of Past + Future + IPFV (ben o e/ bio e/ bo e) are ungrammatical in Sranan.",1608,2-100 2-101 2-99,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}", +2-45-3,2,45,3,45-3,,1605[434],2-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-46-2,2,46,2,46-2,,1605[426],2-104 2-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", 2-47-6,2,47,6,47-6,"Future use is marginal. This is a ‘secondary’ discourse-based interpretation, similar to the use of the English progressive in “I’m coming to see you tonight”. Example: En efu a man dati wini en, a kondre e kon bun zeker. [and if the man that win it the country IPFV come good surely] 'And if that man wins it [the election], the country will surely improve.' -(Winford 2000a: 397)",1605,2-106 2-107 2-108 2-109 2-110 2-111 2-68,100.0,Very certain -2-48-6,2,48,6,48-6,,1605,2-109 2-110 2-112 2-116 2-117 2-118 2-119 2-9,100.0,Unspecified -2-49-3,2,49,3,49-3,,,2-113 2-114 2-115 2-116,100.0,Very certain -2-5-2,2,5,2,5-2,Wilner notes that only abbreviated disi can precede the noun. This pattern may be restricted to set expressions such as 'this week'.,1585[19],2-18 2-19,90.0,Very certain -2-5-1,2,5,1,5-1,Wilner notes that only abbreviated disi can precede the noun. This pattern may be restricted to set expressions such as 'this week'.,1585[19],2-17,10.0,Very certain -2-50-1,2,50,1,50-1,,1605,2-117 2-118 2-119 2-120,100.0,Very certain -2-51-3,2,51,3,51-3,,1605,2-121 2-122,100.0,Very certain -2-52-2,2,52,2,52-2,,1380[1048],2-123 2-124 2-125,100.0,Very certain +(Winford 2000a: 397)",1605,2-106 2-107 2-108 2-109 2-110 2-111 2-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +2-48-6,2,48,6,48-6,,1605,2-109 2-110 2-112 2-116 2-117 2-118 2-119 2-9,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +2-49-3,2,49,3,49-3,,,2-113 2-114 2-115 2-116,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +2-5-2,2,5,2,5-2,Wilner notes that only abbreviated disi can precede the noun. This pattern may be restricted to set expressions such as 'this week'.,1585[19],2-18 2-19,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +2-5-1,2,5,1,5-1,Wilner notes that only abbreviated disi can precede the noun. This pattern may be restricted to set expressions such as 'this week'.,1585[19],2-17,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +2-50-1,2,50,1,50-1,,1605,2-117 2-118 2-119 2-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +2-51-3,2,51,3,51-3,,1605,2-121 2-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-52-2,2,52,2,52-2,,1380[1048],2-123 2-124 2-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 2-53-3,2,53,3,53-3,"It’s common to have two verbs in a chain marked by the imperfective marker, but in this case the two events are seen as simultaneous, eg. A e waka na foto e seri krosi [3SG IPFV walk LOC town IPFV sell clothes] -‘He walks around in town selling clothes.’ (constructed by Don Winford)",,2-126,100.0,Uncertain -2-54-7,2,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain +‘He walks around in town selling clothes.’ (constructed by Don Winford)",,2-126,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +2-54-7,2,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 2-55-1,2,55,1,55-1,"The epistemic reading of kan seems possible only with progressives, and perhaps statives, including the copula de. There are differences in judgments of acceptability even in these cases. Speakers of more conservative Sranan (Nengre or dipi tongo) prefer to use the periphrastic expression a kan de (taki) or the adverb kande ‘perhaps’ to express epistemic meaning. E.g., A kan de taki Jan ben sribi kaba @@ -3840,1261 +3840,1261 @@ A kan de taki Jan ben sribi kaba Kande Jan ben sribi kaba. [perhaps John PST sleep already] -'Perhaps John was already asleep.'",1604[92],2-127 2-128 2-129,100.0,Certain -2-56-1,2,56,1,56-1,"Nickel & Wilner (1984) note that the subject of an imperative is always deleted, unless it is plural.",1062[19],2-130 2-131 2-132 2-133,100.0,Certain -2-57-1,2,57,1,57-1,,,2-134 2-135,100.0,Very certain -2-58-1,2,58,1,58-1,,,2-136 2-137,100.0,Very certain -2-59-2,2,59,2,59-2,"The distinction applies only to the 3rd person singular pronoun. Note also that the oblique form of the 3rd person singular pronoun is used as the subject in equational sentences, in coordinate NPs, and when followed by intensive srefi ‘self’.",1062,2-138 2-139 2-140 2-141 2-142,100.0,Very certain -2-6-1,2,6,1,6-1,,1062[33],2-20,100.0,Very certain -2-60-2,2,60,2,60-2,"Apparently the indirect-object construction was possible with gi ‘give’ in earlier Sranan, though less common than the double-object construction (Bruyn et al. 1999: 344).",194,2-143 2-144 2-145,100.0,Very certain -2-61-1,2,61,1,61-1,,,2-146 2-147 2-148,100.0,Very certain -2-62-1,2,62,1,62-1,,1604,2-149 2-150 2-41,100.0,Very certain -2-63-1,2,63,1,63-1,,1606[96],2-151 2-152,100.0,Very certain -2-64-2,2,64,2,64-2,,1062,2-154,100.0,Very certain -2-65-1,2,65,1,65-1,,,2-155 2-156 2-157,100.0,Very certain -2-66-3,2,66,3,66-3,,,2-159,10.0,Intermediate -2-66-2,2,66,2,66-2,,,2-158,90.0,Certain -2-67-1,2,67,1,67-1,,1605,2-160 2-161 2-162,100.0,Very certain -2-68-1,2,68,1,68-1,,,2-163 2-164 2-165,100.0,Very certain -2-69-2,2,69,2,69-2,"Most of these ‘take’ verb chains seem to be cases of coordination, involving two events.",,2-169 2-170 2-171,30.0,Intermediate -2-69-1,2,69,1,69-1,"Most of these ‘take’ verb chains seem to be cases of coordination, involving two events.",,2-166 2-167 2-168,70.0,Very certain -2-7-1,2,7,1,7-1,"As Nickel & Wilner (1984: 24) note, “Relative clauses may be used to specify a human character (using di or dati), a non-human character (using di or san), a location (using pe [‘where’]), or a manner (using fa [‘how’]).""",1062[24],2-21 2-22,100.0,Very certain -2-70-1,2,70,1,70-1,"Nanga seems to be the preferred way of expressing comitative meaning. It’s also possible to use a ‘take’ svc, but this is less common, and teki here seems to mean literally ‘take’.",1585,2-172 2-173 2-174 2-175 2-176,100.0,Very certain -2-71-1,2,71,1,71-1,,1597[708],2-177 2-178 2-179 2-36,100.0,Very certain -2-72-3,2,72,3,72-3,,1597,2-180 2-181,100.0,Certain -2-73-1,2,73,1,73-1,,1062[22],2-182 2-183,100.0,Very certain +'Perhaps John was already asleep.'",1604[92],2-127 2-128 2-129,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-56-1,2,56,1,56-1,"Nickel & Wilner (1984) note that the subject of an imperative is always deleted, unless it is plural.",1062[19],2-130 2-131 2-132 2-133,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-57-1,2,57,1,57-1,,,2-134 2-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +2-58-1,2,58,1,58-1,,,2-136 2-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +2-59-2,2,59,2,59-2,"The distinction applies only to the 3rd person singular pronoun. Note also that the oblique form of the 3rd person singular pronoun is used as the subject in equational sentences, in coordinate NPs, and when followed by intensive srefi ‘self’.",1062,2-138 2-139 2-140 2-141 2-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +2-6-1,2,6,1,6-1,,1062[33],2-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-60-2,2,60,2,60-2,"Apparently the indirect-object construction was possible with gi ‘give’ in earlier Sranan, though less common than the double-object construction (Bruyn et al. 1999: 344).",194,2-143 2-144 2-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +2-61-1,2,61,1,61-1,,,2-146 2-147 2-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +2-62-1,2,62,1,62-1,,1604,2-149 2-150 2-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-63-1,2,63,1,63-1,,1606[96],2-151 2-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-64-2,2,64,2,64-2,,1062,2-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +2-65-1,2,65,1,65-1,,,2-155 2-156 2-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +2-66-3,2,66,3,66-3,,,2-159,10.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +2-66-2,2,66,2,66-2,,,2-158,90.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +2-67-1,2,67,1,67-1,,1605,2-160 2-161 2-162,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-68-1,2,68,1,68-1,,,2-163 2-164 2-165,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +2-69-2,2,69,2,69-2,"Most of these ‘take’ verb chains seem to be cases of coordination, involving two events.",,2-169 2-170 2-171,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +2-69-1,2,69,1,69-1,"Most of these ‘take’ verb chains seem to be cases of coordination, involving two events.",,2-166 2-167 2-168,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +2-7-1,2,7,1,7-1,"As Nickel & Wilner (1984: 24) note, “Relative clauses may be used to specify a human character (using di or dati), a non-human character (using di or san), a location (using pe [‘where’]), or a manner (using fa [‘how’]).""",1062[24],2-21 2-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-70-1,2,70,1,70-1,"Nanga seems to be the preferred way of expressing comitative meaning. It’s also possible to use a ‘take’ svc, but this is less common, and teki here seems to mean literally ‘take’.",1585,2-172 2-173 2-174 2-175 2-176,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-71-1,2,71,1,71-1,,1597[708],2-177 2-178 2-179 2-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +2-72-3,2,72,3,72-3,,1597,2-180 2-181,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +2-73-1,2,73,1,73-1,,1062[22],2-182 2-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 2-74-3,2,74,3,74-3,"Use of the copula is restricted to a small class of adjectives, most of which are relatively recent borrowings from Dutch, such as enthoesiast ‘enthusiastic’, bezig ‘busy’, ernstig ‘serious’, vrij ‘free’, etc. (Winford 1997: 283) The majority of predicate adjectives CANNOT occur with a copula. -See our comments on Features 8 ""Order of degree word and adjective"" and 42 ""Comparative standard marking"".",1604[238],2-184 2-185 2-186 2-187 2-188 2-41,100.0,Very certain -2-75-1,2,75,1,75-1,The copula may sometimes be absent before drape/dape ‘there’.,1597[702],2-189 2-190 2-191,100.0,Very certain -2-76-2,2,76,2,76-2,"The two copulas are differentiated ONLY when the time reference is present time (see Examples for Features 73 ""Predicative noun phrases"" and 75 ""Predicative locative phrases""). In other tense-aspect specifications, as well as after modal auxiliaries, the same copula, de, is used in both predicative noun phrase and predicative locative constructions.",1597[701],2-182 2-183 2-189 2-190 2-192 2-193 2-194,100.0,Very certain -2-77-1,2,77,1,77-1,,1605,2-195 2-196 2-197,100.0,Very certain -2-78-3,2,78,3,78-3,"In general, existential de and transitive possessive abi ‘have’ are quite distinct. But the latter is also used to express a kind of existential meaning.",1605[413],2-198 2-199 2-200 2-201 2-202,100.0,Very certain -2-79-6,2,79,6,79-6,"Value 6 is not marginal. Once you have an serial verb construction with a motion verb as verb 1, it must be followed by ‘go, come’ etc. As verb 2, and you must use the preposition too. Value 2 is pervasive when the only motion verb is ‘go/come’ etc, value 6 is pervasive when you have both a verb of motion and ‘go/come’ etc.",1605[408],2-209,50.0,Very certain -2-79-2,2,79,2,79-2,"Value 6 is not marginal. Once you have an serial verb construction with a motion verb as verb 1, it must be followed by ‘go, come’ etc. As verb 2, and you must use the preposition too. Value 2 is pervasive when the only motion verb is ‘go/come’ etc, value 6 is pervasive when you have both a verb of motion and ‘go/come’ etc.",1605[408],2-206 2-207 2-208,50.0,Very certain -2-8-2,2,8,2,8-2,"There are two patterns involving the order of degree words and adjectives in Sranan, one in which the degree word follows the adjectival item, and another in which it precedes it. These different patterns correspond to a general difference between two dialects, the default lect in this dataset spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and the Dutch-influenced dialect, spoken by Dutch-dominant speakers (Winford 1997).",1604[279-281],2-25 2-26 2-27,50.0,Very certain -2-8-1,2,8,1,8-1,"There are two patterns involving the order of degree words and adjectives in Sranan, one in which the degree word follows the adjectival item, and another in which it precedes it. These different patterns correspond to a general difference between two dialects, the default lect in this dataset spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and the Dutch-influenced dialect, spoken by Dutch-dominant speakers (Winford 1997).",1604[279-281],2-23 2-24,50.0,Very certain -2-80-6,2,80,6,80-6,"I suspect that fu is also used in serial verb constructions with a motion verb as verb 1 and ‘go/come’ etc. as verb 2. You also have structures like the following, which are probably not examples of coming from a place in the strict sense.",1585,2-211,50.0,Uncertain -2-80-2,2,80,2,80-2,"I suspect that fu is also used in serial verb constructions with a motion verb as verb 1 and ‘go/come’ etc. as verb 2. You also have structures like the following, which are probably not examples of coming from a place in the strict sense.",1585,2-210,50.0,Intermediate -2-81-3,2,81,3,81-3,,1585[29],2-203 2-204 2-205,100.0,Very certain -2-82-4,2,82,4,82-4,,,2-212 2-213,100.0,Very certain -2-83-4,2,83,4,83-4,,1376,2-214 2-215,100.0,Very certain -2-84-2,2,84,2,84-2,,1606[80],2-216 2-217,100.0,Very certain -2-85-2,2,85,2,85-2,The examples for value 3 seem to be marginal uses of teki.,,2-218 2-219,47.3684210526316,Very certain -2-85-3,2,85,3,85-3,The examples for value 3 seem to be marginal uses of teki.,,2-220 2-221,5.26315789473684,Intermediate -2-85-5,2,85,5,85-5,The examples for value 3 seem to be marginal uses of teki.,,2-169,47.3684210526316,Very certain -2-86-2,2,86,2,86-2,,1062[39],2-222 2-223 2-224,100.0,Very certain -2-87-3,2,87,3,87-3,,1062,2-225 2-226,100.0,Very certain -2-88-1,2,88,1,88-1,,1062[47],2-225 2-227 2-228 2-229,100.0,Very certain -2-89-3,2,89,3,89-3,,,2-230 2-231 2-232,100.0,Certain -2-9-1,2,9,1,9-1,,1062[34],2-31 2-32,100.0,Very certain -2-90-3,2,90,3,90-3,,1604[255],2-233 2-234 2-235,100.0,Very certain -2-91-8,2,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -2-92-2,2,92,2,92-2,"Nickel & Wilner (1984: 24) claim that “Relative clauses may be used to specify a human character (using di or dati), a non-human character (using di or san), a location (using pe), or a manner (using fa).” It seems, however, that either di or san may be used with both human and non-human referents.",1606[71],2-21 2-238 2-239,47.3684210526316,Very certain -2-92-1,2,92,1,92-1,"Nickel & Wilner (1984: 24) claim that “Relative clauses may be used to specify a human character (using di or dati), a non-human character (using di or san), a location (using pe), or a manner (using fa).” It seems, however, that either di or san may be used with both human and non-human referents.",1606[71],2-236 2-237,47.3684210526316, -2-92-4,2,92,4,92-4,"Nickel & Wilner (1984: 24) claim that “Relative clauses may be used to specify a human character (using di or dati), a non-human character (using di or san), a location (using pe), or a manner (using fa).” It seems, however, that either di or san may be used with both human and non-human referents.",1606[71],2-240,5.26315789473684,Uncertain -2-93-4,2,93,4,93-4,,1609[41],2-245,13.6363636363636,Intermediate -2-93-5,2,93,5,93-5,,1609[41],2-246,4.54545454545455,Intermediate -2-93-1,2,93,1,93-1,,1609[41],2-22 2-241,40.9090909090909, -2-93-2,2,93,2,93-2,,1609[41],2-242 2-243 2-244,40.9090909090909,Very certain -2-94-3,2,94,3,94-3,"In general, in Sranan, functions such as subject and object, which are high on the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy (Keenan & Comrie 1977) lend themselves more readily to the type of relativization that leaves a gap at the site of the relativized noun. When the relativized element has a function lower on the scale, Sranan requires that a resumptive pronoun occupy the original position of the element. (See Winford 2008: 42)",1609[42],2-319,50.0,Certain -2-94-1,2,94,1,94-1,"In general, in Sranan, functions such as subject and object, which are high on the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy (Keenan & Comrie 1977) lend themselves more readily to the type of relativization that leaves a gap at the site of the relativized noun. When the relativized element has a function lower on the scale, Sranan requires that a resumptive pronoun occupy the original position of the element. (See Winford 2008: 42)",1609[42],2-247 2-248,50.0,Uncertain -2-95-3,2,95,3,95-3,,1218[36-53];1587[148],2-251,33.3333333333333,Very certain -2-95-1,2,95,1,95-1,,1218[36-53];1587[148],2-250,33.3333333333333,Very certain -2-95-4,2,95,4,95-4,,1218[36-53];1587[148],2-249,33.3333333333333,Very certain +See our comments on Features 8 ""Order of degree word and adjective"" and 42 ""Comparative standard marking"".",1604[238],2-184 2-185 2-186 2-187 2-188 2-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +2-75-1,2,75,1,75-1,The copula may sometimes be absent before drape/dape ‘there’.,1597[702],2-189 2-190 2-191,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-76-2,2,76,2,76-2,"The two copulas are differentiated ONLY when the time reference is present time (see Examples for Features 73 ""Predicative noun phrases"" and 75 ""Predicative locative phrases""). In other tense-aspect specifications, as well as after modal auxiliaries, the same copula, de, is used in both predicative noun phrase and predicative locative constructions.",1597[701],2-182 2-183 2-189 2-190 2-192 2-193 2-194,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-77-1,2,77,1,77-1,,1605,2-195 2-196 2-197,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +2-78-3,2,78,3,78-3,"In general, existential de and transitive possessive abi ‘have’ are quite distinct. But the latter is also used to express a kind of existential meaning.",1605[413],2-198 2-199 2-200 2-201 2-202,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +2-79-6,2,79,6,79-6,"Value 6 is not marginal. Once you have an serial verb construction with a motion verb as verb 1, it must be followed by ‘go, come’ etc. As verb 2, and you must use the preposition too. Value 2 is pervasive when the only motion verb is ‘go/come’ etc, value 6 is pervasive when you have both a verb of motion and ‘go/come’ etc.",1605[408],2-209,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}", +2-79-2,2,79,2,79-2,"Value 6 is not marginal. Once you have an serial verb construction with a motion verb as verb 1, it must be followed by ‘go, come’ etc. As verb 2, and you must use the preposition too. Value 2 is pervasive when the only motion verb is ‘go/come’ etc, value 6 is pervasive when you have both a verb of motion and ‘go/come’ etc.",1605[408],2-206 2-207 2-208,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}", +2-8-2,2,8,2,8-2,"There are two patterns involving the order of degree words and adjectives in Sranan, one in which the degree word follows the adjectival item, and another in which it precedes it. These different patterns correspond to a general difference between two dialects, the default lect in this dataset spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and the Dutch-influenced dialect, spoken by Dutch-dominant speakers (Winford 1997).",1604[279-281],2-25 2-26 2-27,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +2-8-1,2,8,1,8-1,"There are two patterns involving the order of degree words and adjectives in Sranan, one in which the degree word follows the adjectival item, and another in which it precedes it. These different patterns correspond to a general difference between two dialects, the default lect in this dataset spoken primarily by Surinamese of African descent in poorer areas of Paramaribo and in rural areas, and the Dutch-influenced dialect, spoken by Dutch-dominant speakers (Winford 1997).",1604[279-281],2-23 2-24,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +2-80-6,2,80,6,80-6,"I suspect that fu is also used in serial verb constructions with a motion verb as verb 1 and ‘go/come’ etc. as verb 2. You also have structures like the following, which are probably not examples of coming from a place in the strict sense.",1585,2-211,50.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}", +2-80-2,2,80,2,80-2,"I suspect that fu is also used in serial verb constructions with a motion verb as verb 1 and ‘go/come’ etc. as verb 2. You also have structures like the following, which are probably not examples of coming from a place in the strict sense.",1585,2-210,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}", +2-81-3,2,81,3,81-3,,1585[29],2-203 2-204 2-205,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +2-82-4,2,82,4,82-4,,,2-212 2-213,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +2-83-4,2,83,4,83-4,,1376,2-214 2-215,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +2-84-2,2,84,2,84-2,,1606[80],2-216 2-217,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-85-2,2,85,2,85-2,The examples for value 3 seem to be marginal uses of teki.,,2-218 2-219,47.3684210526316,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-0000FF-6-ADD8E6-48-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +2-85-3,2,85,3,85-3,The examples for value 3 seem to be marginal uses of teki.,,2-220 2-221,5.26315789473684,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-0000FF-6-ADD8E6-48-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +2-85-5,2,85,5,85-5,The examples for value 3 seem to be marginal uses of teki.,,2-169,47.3684210526316,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-0000FF-6-ADD8E6-48-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +2-86-2,2,86,2,86-2,,1062[39],2-222 2-223 2-224,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +2-87-3,2,87,3,87-3,,1062,2-225 2-226,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +2-88-1,2,88,1,88-1,,1062[47],2-225 2-227 2-228 2-229,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +2-89-3,2,89,3,89-3,,,2-230 2-231 2-232,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +2-9-1,2,9,1,9-1,,1062[34],2-31 2-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +2-90-3,2,90,3,90-3,,1604[255],2-233 2-234 2-235,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +2-91-8,2,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +2-92-2,2,92,2,92-2,"Nickel & Wilner (1984: 24) claim that “Relative clauses may be used to specify a human character (using di or dati), a non-human character (using di or san), a location (using pe), or a manner (using fa).” It seems, however, that either di or san may be used with both human and non-human referents.",1606[71],2-21 2-238 2-239,47.3684210526316,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-FFFF00-48-FF0000-6-0000FF.png""}", +2-92-1,2,92,1,92-1,"Nickel & Wilner (1984: 24) claim that “Relative clauses may be used to specify a human character (using di or dati), a non-human character (using di or san), a location (using pe), or a manner (using fa).” It seems, however, that either di or san may be used with both human and non-human referents.",1606[71],2-236 2-237,47.3684210526316,,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-FFFF00-48-FF0000-6-0000FF.png""}", +2-92-4,2,92,4,92-4,"Nickel & Wilner (1984: 24) claim that “Relative clauses may be used to specify a human character (using di or dati), a non-human character (using di or san), a location (using pe), or a manner (using fa).” It seems, however, that either di or san may be used with both human and non-human referents.",1606[71],2-240,5.26315789473684,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-FFFF00-48-FF0000-6-0000FF.png""}", +2-93-4,2,93,4,93-4,,1609[41],2-245,13.6363636363636,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-41-FFFF00-41-FF0000-14-0000FF-5-ADD8E6.png""}", +2-93-5,2,93,5,93-5,,1609[41],2-246,4.54545454545455,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-41-FFFF00-41-FF0000-14-0000FF-5-ADD8E6.png""}", +2-93-1,2,93,1,93-1,,1609[41],2-22 2-241,40.9090909090909,,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-41-FFFF00-41-FF0000-14-0000FF-5-ADD8E6.png""}", +2-93-2,2,93,2,93-2,,1609[41],2-242 2-243 2-244,40.9090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-41-FFFF00-41-FF0000-14-0000FF-5-ADD8E6.png""}", +2-94-3,2,94,3,94-3,"In general, in Sranan, functions such as subject and object, which are high on the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy (Keenan & Comrie 1977) lend themselves more readily to the type of relativization that leaves a gap at the site of the relativized noun. When the relativized element has a function lower on the scale, Sranan requires that a resumptive pronoun occupy the original position of the element. (See Winford 2008: 42)",1609[42],2-319,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +2-94-1,2,94,1,94-1,"In general, in Sranan, functions such as subject and object, which are high on the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy (Keenan & Comrie 1977) lend themselves more readily to the type of relativization that leaves a gap at the site of the relativized noun. When the relativized element has a function lower on the scale, Sranan requires that a resumptive pronoun occupy the original position of the element. (See Winford 2008: 42)",1609[42],2-247 2-248,50.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +2-95-3,2,95,3,95-3,,1218[36-53];1587[148],2-251,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-95-1,2,95,1,95-1,,1218[36-53];1587[148],2-250,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-95-4,2,95,4,95-4,,1218[36-53];1587[148],2-249,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF.png""}", 2-96-4,2,96,4,96-4,"I have searched quite a few sources but could not find a single clear example of zero complementizer (Value 4) with sabi 'know'. We found, however, an example of zero complementizer with bribi 'believe'. Mi bribi a man gwe na Holland volgens mi, yere. [1SG believe the.SG man go.away LOC Holland according.to me okay] -'I believe he’s gone to Holland.'",1218[46-49];1587,2-254,5.26315789473684,Intermediate +'I believe he’s gone to Holland.'",1218[46-49];1587,2-254,5.26315789473684,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-FFFF00-48-0000FF-6-FFFFFF.png""}", 2-96-1,2,96,1,96-1,"I have searched quite a few sources but could not find a single clear example of zero complementizer (Value 4) with sabi 'know'. We found, however, an example of zero complementizer with bribi 'believe'. Mi bribi a man gwe na Holland volgens mi, yere. [1SG believe the.SG man go.away LOC Holland according.to me okay] -'I believe he’s gone to Holland.'",1218[46-49];1587,2-252,47.3684210526316,Very certain +'I believe he’s gone to Holland.'",1218[46-49];1587,2-252,47.3684210526316,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-FFFF00-48-0000FF-6-FFFFFF.png""}", 2-96-3,2,96,3,96-3,"I have searched quite a few sources but could not find a single clear example of zero complementizer (Value 4) with sabi 'know'. We found, however, an example of zero complementizer with bribi 'believe'. Mi bribi a man gwe na Holland volgens mi, yere. [1SG believe the.SG man go.away LOC Holland according.to me okay] -'I believe he’s gone to Holland.'",1218[46-49];1587,2-253,47.3684210526316,Very certain -2-97-1,2,97,1,97-1,,1218,2-255,100.0,Very certain +'I believe he’s gone to Holland.'",1218[46-49];1587,2-253,47.3684210526316,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-FFFF00-48-0000FF-6-FFFFFF.png""}", +2-97-1,2,97,1,97-1,,1218,2-255,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 2-98-1,2,98,1,98-1,"The situation is more complex than the given categories suggest. We have four kinds of possible complementizers (dati, taki, zero and fu) and find the same constructions with the first three complementizers, but for 'want' we also find a fourth construction, with fu. -My value choice and confidence are therefore not entirely satisfactory.",1218,2-117 2-256 2-257 2-258,100.0,Certain -2-99-2,2,99,2,99-2,‘as soon as’ is expressed by fa.,1605[405],2-259 2-260 2-261,100.0,Certain -20-0-1,20,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -20-1-2,20,1,2,1-2,"Topicalization of objects is common, resulting in O(S)V clauses.",1489[VI.1],20-1 20-69,100.0,Very certain -20-10-1,20,10,1,10-1,,1489[VI.42],20-17,100.0,Very certain -20-100-4,20,100,4,100-4,,1489[IV.47],20-138,100.0,Very certain -20-101-1,20,101,1,101-1,,1489[VI.26],20-138 20-139,100.0,Very certain -20-102-1,20,102,1,102-1,Both indefinite pronouns and negative indefinite pronouns are attested in the same text.,1489[IV.55],20-140 20-141,100.0,Certain -20-103-9,20,103,9,103-9,"No inversion is involved. Most polar questions lack overt marking, but are assumed to have been spoken with rising intonation. Evidence for this comes from Hall's (1944: 97)description: ""When no specifically interrogative word or phrase is present, pitch rises to the highest point on the stressed syllable of the last word in the sentence."" The Chinese A-not-A pattern is occasionally used, as in Can no can?",597[97],20-142,30.0,Certain -20-103-7,20,103,7,103-7,"No inversion is involved. Most polar questions lack overt marking, but are assumed to have been spoken with rising intonation. Evidence for this comes from Hall's (1944: 97)description: ""When no specifically interrogative word or phrase is present, pitch rises to the highest point on the stressed syllable of the last word in the sentence."" The Chinese A-not-A pattern is occasionally used, as in Can no can?",597[97],20-91,70.0,Very certain -20-104-8,20,104,8,104-8,Noun phrases are focussed by fronting.,1489[IV.33],20-143,100.0,Certain -20-105-3,20,105,3,105-3,,1489[IV.33],,100.0,Intermediate -20-106-3,20,106,3,106-3,,255[190],20-144,100.0,Intermediate -20-109-1,20,109,1,109-1,The word was not attested in texts after these dates. Tong (1862) consistently uses children. The word small is used in later texts.,1489[VI.81],20-145 20-146 20-33,100.0,Certain -20-11-2,20,11,2,11-2,The order matches both English and Chinese.,1489[IV.55],20-18 20-19,100.0,Very certain -20-110-1,20,110,1,110-1,,1489[IV.51],20-147,100.0,Very certain -20-112-3,20,112,3,112-3,Cantonese uses the same word sau for 'hand' and 'arm'. At least one pidgin example suggests that hand could be used as 'arm'.,985[unknown];1310[288],20-148 20-149 20-172,100.0,Uncertain -20-115-2,20,115,2,115-2,,1489[VI.25],20-150 20-64,100.0,Certain -20-116-2,20,116,2,116-2,"'Green' and 'blue' are differentiated, as in Cantonese.",1489[VI.13];45[160],20-151 20-152,100.0,Certain -20-117-1,20,117,1,117-1,"Data is lacking for animal terms, but the pattern used for children suggests Value 1. The expressions sarmant boy and sarmant girl could be analyzed as instantiating Value 2.",1481[767],20-98,50.0,Uncertain -20-117-2,20,117,2,117-2,"Data is lacking for animal terms, but the pattern used for children suggests Value 1. The expressions sarmant boy and sarmant girl could be analyzed as instantiating Value 2.",1481[767],20-153,50.0,Uncertain +My value choice and confidence are therefore not entirely satisfactory.",1218,2-117 2-256 2-257 2-258,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Winford transcripts +2-99-2,2,99,2,99-2,‘as soon as’ is expressed by fa.,1605[405],2-259 2-260 2-261,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-0-1,20,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +20-1-2,20,1,2,1-2,"Topicalization of objects is common, resulting in O(S)V clauses.",1489[VI.1],20-1 20-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-10-1,20,10,1,10-1,,1489[VI.42],20-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-100-4,20,100,4,100-4,,1489[IV.47],20-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-101-1,20,101,1,101-1,,1489[VI.26],20-138 20-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-102-1,20,102,1,102-1,Both indefinite pronouns and negative indefinite pronouns are attested in the same text.,1489[IV.55],20-140 20-141,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-103-9,20,103,9,103-9,"No inversion is involved. Most polar questions lack overt marking, but are assumed to have been spoken with rising intonation. Evidence for this comes from Hall's (1944: 97)description: ""When no specifically interrogative word or phrase is present, pitch rises to the highest point on the stressed syllable of the last word in the sentence."" The Chinese A-not-A pattern is occasionally used, as in Can no can?",597[97],20-142,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +20-103-7,20,103,7,103-7,"No inversion is involved. Most polar questions lack overt marking, but are assumed to have been spoken with rising intonation. Evidence for this comes from Hall's (1944: 97)description: ""When no specifically interrogative word or phrase is present, pitch rises to the highest point on the stressed syllable of the last word in the sentence."" The Chinese A-not-A pattern is occasionally used, as in Can no can?",597[97],20-91,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +20-104-8,20,104,8,104-8,Noun phrases are focussed by fronting.,1489[IV.33],20-143,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +20-105-3,20,105,3,105-3,,1489[IV.33],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-106-3,20,106,3,106-3,,255[190],20-144,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +20-109-1,20,109,1,109-1,The word was not attested in texts after these dates. Tong (1862) consistently uses children. The word small is used in later texts.,1489[VI.81],20-145 20-146 20-33,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-11-2,20,11,2,11-2,The order matches both English and Chinese.,1489[IV.55],20-18 20-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-110-1,20,110,1,110-1,,1489[IV.51],20-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-112-3,20,112,3,112-3,Cantonese uses the same word sau for 'hand' and 'arm'. At least one pidgin example suggests that hand could be used as 'arm'.,985[unknown];1310[288],20-148 20-149 20-172,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-115-2,20,115,2,115-2,,1489[VI.25],20-150 20-64,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-116-2,20,116,2,116-2,"'Green' and 'blue' are differentiated, as in Cantonese.",1489[VI.13];45[160],20-151 20-152,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-117-1,20,117,1,117-1,"Data is lacking for animal terms, but the pattern used for children suggests Value 1. The expressions sarmant boy and sarmant girl could be analyzed as instantiating Value 2.",1481[767],20-98,50.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +20-117-2,20,117,2,117-2,"Data is lacking for animal terms, but the pattern used for children suggests Value 1. The expressions sarmant boy and sarmant girl could be analyzed as instantiating Value 2.",1481[767],20-153,50.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", 20-118-2,20,118,2,118-2,"Tong (1862) uses Chinese characters which when pronounced allow no consonant clusters. Conversely, English sources appear to represent consonant clusters, but sometimes show epenthesis as in sitop. The only available phonetic transcriptions are by Hall (1944) who comments: -""Chinese speakers simplify certain clusters."" (page 96) However, Hall lists a number of two-consonant onset clusters in material dictated by his American informant. It is likely that European speakers used more clusters than Chinese speakers.",389[301],20-154 20-155,100.0,Uncertain -20-119-2,20,119,2,119-2,"Those consonants which occur as coda in Cantonese are used in Chinese Pidgin English, namely /p/, /t/, /k/ and /ng/. Consonant clusters are avoided in coda position by means of epenthesis, as in wantchee 'want'.",1489[VI.1],20-1 20-156,100.0,Intermediate -20-12-1,20,12,1,12-1,"Chinese sources show both options, while English sources show initial placement almost invariably. A few cases of partial wh-movement (intermediate placement) occur in embedded questions.",1489[IV.73];1489[VI.8],20-20,70.0,Very certain -20-12-2,20,12,2,12-2,"Chinese sources show both options, while English sources show initial placement almost invariably. A few cases of partial wh-movement (intermediate placement) occur in embedded questions.",1489[IV.73];1489[VI.8],20-21 20-22,30.0,Very certain -20-120-1,20,120,1,120-1,Words derived from Cantonese may have been pronounced with Cantonese tone contours by Cantonese speakers. Hall (1944) mentions stress but not tone.,1489,,100.0,Intermediate -20-121-4,20,121,4,121-4,,,,100.0, -20-122-4,20,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -20-123-2,20,123,2,123-2,"This vowel does not exist in Cantonese, and Chinese sources such as Tong (1862) represent it with characters pronounced /ɑ/.",1489,20-201,100.0, -20-124-2,20,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0, -20-125-2,20,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -20-126-2,20,126,2,126-2,"There is no evidence for this segment in Tong (1862), which may be because it cannot be represented using Chinese characters. Hall (1944) uses it in transcribing words such as 'crazy'.",1489,20-209,100.0, -20-127-2,20,127,2,127-2,,,,100.0, -20-128-4,20,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -20-129-2,20,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -20-13-1,20,13,1,13-1,"She is not attested in Tong (1862), but appears in some English language sources.",,,100.0,Intermediate -20-130-1,20,130,1,130-1,,,20-178,100.0, -20-131,20,131,1,131-1,,,20-182,100.0, -20-132,20,132,2,132-2,The voiced stops are used in transcription in Hall (1944). It is doubtful whether they were used by Chinese speakers.,597,20-210,100.0, -20-133,20,133,1,133-1,,,20-184,100.0, -20-134,20,134,2,134-2,The voiced stops are used in transcription in Hall (1944). It is doubtful whether they were used by Chinese speakers.,597,20-195,100.0, -20-137,20,137,1,137-1,,,20-189,100.0, -20-138,20,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -20-139,20,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -20-14-1,20,14,1,14-1,,1489,,100.0,Very certain -20-140,20,140,2,140-2,The voiced stops are used in transcription in Hall (1944). It is doubtful whether they were used by Chinese speakers.,597,20-212,100.0, -20-143,20,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -20-144,20,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -20-145,20,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -20-146,20,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -20-147,20,147,1,147-1,,,20-186,100.0, -20-148,20,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -20-149,20,149,2,149-2,The voiced stops are used in transcription in Hall (1944). It is doubtful whether they were used by Chinese speakers.,597,20-211,100.0, -20-15-1,20,15,1,15-1,"We occurs sporadically in Tong (1862). When the English translation has 'we', the pidgin texts translate it variously as my, my long you or two man. There are also attestations of we in the English sources. There is no inclusive/exclusive 'we' in Cantonese.",1489[VI.76],20-24,100.0,Very certain -20-151,20,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -20-152,20,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -20-153,20,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -20-155,20,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -20-156,20,156,1,156-1,,,20-183,100.0, -20-158,20,158,1,158-1,,,20-185,100.0, -20-159,20,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -20-16-1,20,16,1,16-1,,1489,20-25,100.0,Very certain +""Chinese speakers simplify certain clusters."" (page 96) However, Hall lists a number of two-consonant onset clusters in material dictated by his American informant. It is likely that European speakers used more clusters than Chinese speakers.",389[301],20-154 20-155,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +20-119-2,20,119,2,119-2,"Those consonants which occur as coda in Cantonese are used in Chinese Pidgin English, namely /p/, /t/, /k/ and /ng/. Consonant clusters are avoided in coda position by means of epenthesis, as in wantchee 'want'.",1489[VI.1],20-1 20-156,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +20-12-1,20,12,1,12-1,"Chinese sources show both options, while English sources show initial placement almost invariably. A few cases of partial wh-movement (intermediate placement) occur in embedded questions.",1489[IV.73];1489[VI.8],20-20,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-12-2,20,12,2,12-2,"Chinese sources show both options, while English sources show initial placement almost invariably. A few cases of partial wh-movement (intermediate placement) occur in embedded questions.",1489[IV.73];1489[VI.8],20-21 20-22,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-120-1,20,120,1,120-1,Words derived from Cantonese may have been pronounced with Cantonese tone contours by Cantonese speakers. Hall (1944) mentions stress but not tone.,1489,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-121-4,20,121,4,121-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +20-122-4,20,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-123-2,20,123,2,123-2,"This vowel does not exist in Cantonese, and Chinese sources such as Tong (1862) represent it with characters pronounced /ɑ/.",1489,20-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-124-2,20,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +20-125-2,20,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +20-126-2,20,126,2,126-2,"There is no evidence for this segment in Tong (1862), which may be because it cannot be represented using Chinese characters. Hall (1944) uses it in transcribing words such as 'crazy'.",1489,20-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-127-2,20,127,2,127-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-128-4,20,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-129-2,20,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-13-1,20,13,1,13-1,"She is not attested in Tong (1862), but appears in some English language sources.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +20-130-1,20,130,1,130-1,,,20-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-131,20,131,1,131-1,,,20-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-132,20,132,2,132-2,The voiced stops are used in transcription in Hall (1944). It is doubtful whether they were used by Chinese speakers.,597,20-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-133,20,133,1,133-1,,,20-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-134,20,134,2,134-2,The voiced stops are used in transcription in Hall (1944). It is doubtful whether they were used by Chinese speakers.,597,20-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-137,20,137,1,137-1,,,20-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-138,20,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-139,20,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-14-1,20,14,1,14-1,,1489,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-140,20,140,2,140-2,The voiced stops are used in transcription in Hall (1944). It is doubtful whether they were used by Chinese speakers.,597,20-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-143,20,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-144,20,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-145,20,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-146,20,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-147,20,147,1,147-1,,,20-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-148,20,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-149,20,149,2,149-2,The voiced stops are used in transcription in Hall (1944). It is doubtful whether they were used by Chinese speakers.,597,20-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-15-1,20,15,1,15-1,"We occurs sporadically in Tong (1862). When the English translation has 'we', the pidgin texts translate it variously as my, my long you or two man. There are also attestations of we in the English sources. There is no inclusive/exclusive 'we' in Cantonese.",1489[VI.76],20-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +20-151,20,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-152,20,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-153,20,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-155,20,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-156,20,156,1,156-1,,,20-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-158,20,158,1,158-1,,,20-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-159,20,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-16-1,20,16,1,16-1,,1489,20-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 20-160,20,160,1,160-1,"This segment is implied by the transcription in Tong (1862) and may have been used by Cantonese speakers. English speakers may have used the palatalized t͡ʃʰ in such words, as transcribed by Hall (1944). -It is also used in the word chop.",1489,20-190,100.0, -20-161,20,161,2,161-2,"English speakers probably used this segment, as transcribed by Hall (1944). Chinese speakers may have used t͡sʰ in such words, as implied by the characters used in Tong (1862).",597,20-213,100.0, -20-163,20,163,1,163-1,This word is represented in Tong (1862) sometimes with a character pronounced with initial /kʰ/ and sometimes with a character pronounced with initial /k/.,1489,20-187,100.0, -20-168,20,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -20-169,20,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -20-17-1,20,17,1,17-1,"There is no distinction between dependent and independent pronouns. I and my alternate as 1st person subject pronouns. Such alternation is more obvious with verbs like 'want' and 'think'. In fixed expressions such as 'I don't know', I is always used.",1489[VI.54],20-1 20-170 20-3,100.0,Certain -20-170,20,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -20-171,20,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -20-172,20,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -20-173,20,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -20-174,20,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -20-176,20,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -20-178,20,178,1,178-1,,,20-173,100.0, -20-179,20,179,1,179-1,,,20-174,100.0, -20-18-1,20,18,1,18-1,No such distinction is made in Cantonese.,1489,20-20,100.0,Very certain -20-180,20,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -20-181,20,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -20-182,20,182,1,182-1,,,20-177,100.0, -20-183,20,183,1,183-1,"According to Hall (1944), English speakers used /r/ while Chinese speakers substittuted /l/.",597,20-202,100.0, -20-184,20,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -20-187,20,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -20-188,20,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -20-189,20,189,1,189-1,,,20-179,100.0, -20-19-5,20,19,5,19-5,"The simple form who is also attested in Tong (1862). Other simple form such as where, when and how can be found in some English sources.",1489[VI.42],20-26 20-27 20-28 20-29 20-75,100.0,Very certain -20-190,20,190,2,190-2,"According to Hall (1944), this sound is used by English speakers, while Chinese speakers substitute /b/. Other sources show substitution of /w/.",597,20-198,100.0, -20-191,20,191,2,191-2,"According to Hall (1944), this sound is used by English speakers, while Chinese speakers substitute /t/.",597,20-196,100.0, -20-192,20,192,2,192-2,"According to Hall (1944), this sound is used by English speakers, while Chinese speakers substitute /d/.",597,20-197,100.0, -20-193,20,193,1,193-1,,,20-175,100.0, -20-194,20,194,2,194-2,"There is no evidence for this segment in Tong (1862), which may be because it cannot be represented using Chinese characters. Hall (1944) uses it in transcribing words such as 'crazy'.",1489,20-209,100.0, -20-195,20,195,2,195-2,"According to Hall (1944), English speakers used /ʃ/ while Chinese speakers substittuted /s/.",597,20-203,100.0, -20-196,20,196,2,196-2,"According to Hall (1944), English speakers used /ʒ/ while Chinese speakers substittuted /z/. However, no such words are attested.",597,20-204,100.0, -20-199,20,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -20-2-1,20,2,1,2-1,The order matches English and Chinese.,1489[VI.54],20-2 20-3,100.0,Very certain -20-20-1,20,20,1,20-1,,1489[VI.79],20-97,100.0,Certain -20-200,20,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -20-201,20,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -20-202,20,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -20-205,20,205,1,205-1,,,20-178,100.0, -20-209,20,209,1,209-1,,,20-176,100.0, -20-21-2,20,21,2,21-2,,1489[IV.72],20-32,50.0,Certain -20-21-5,20,21,5,21-5,,1489[IV.72],20-31,50.0,Certain -20-212,20,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -20-217,20,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -20-218,20,218,1,218-1,,,20-181,100.0, -20-22-2,20,22,2,22-2,"No -s plurals are found in Chinese sources, but irregular plurals exist. Sporadic -s plurals in English-language sources may be anglicisms. Plurals are attested only for animate nouns.",1651[150],20-168 20-33 20-8,100.0,Certain -20-221,20,221,1,221-1,,,20-180,100.0, -20-23-3,20,23,3,23-3,The use of plural markers or stem-change derived from English is marginal. Most of the time plural is not indicated (see Example 71).,1489,20-168 20-50 20-71,50.0,Intermediate -20-23-4,20,23,4,23-4,The use of plural markers or stem-change derived from English is marginal. Most of the time plural is not indicated (see Example 71).,1489,20-33,50.0,Intermediate -20-231,20,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -20-25-1,20,25,1,25-1,,1489,,100.0,Certain -20-252,20,252,1,252-1,,,20-207,100.0, -20-253,20,253,1,253-1,,,20-188,100.0, -20-254,20,254,1,254-1,,,20-205,100.0, -20-255,20,255,1,255-1,,,20-208,100.0, -20-256,20,256,1,256-1,,,20-194,100.0, -20-257,20,257,1,257-1,,,20-206,100.0, -20-258,20,258,1,258-1,,,20-193,100.0, -20-259,20,259,1,259-1,,,20-200,100.0, -20-26-2,20,26,2,26-2,,1489[VI.27],20-34 20-35,100.0,Certain -20-260,20,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -20-261,20,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -20-263,20,263,1,263-1,,,,100.0, -20-267,20,267,1,267-1,,,,100.0, -20-268,20,268,2,268-2,"This vowel does not exist in Cantonese, and Chinese sources such as Tong (1862) represent it with characters pronounced /ɑ/.",1489,20-201,100.0, -20-27-2,20,27,2,27-2,,1489[VI.25],20-36,100.0,Certain -20-272,20,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -20-273,20,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -20-274,20,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -20-275,20,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -20-276,20,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -20-277,20,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -20-278,20,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -20-279,20,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -20-28-2,20,28,2,28-2,"Most of the definite articles in the English texts of Tong (1862) are not rendered in the Chinese Pidgin English versions, showing that bare noun phrases can be interpreted as definite. The demonstrative that/dat is occasionally used as a definite article.",1489[IV.51],20-37,100.0,Certain -20-280,20,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -20-281,20,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -20-282,20,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -20-284,20,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -20-285,20,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -20-286,20,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -20-287,20,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -20-288,20,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -20-289,20,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -20-29-2,20,29,2,29-2,"As in Chinese, one calls for a classifier before the noun (one piecee capon).",1489[VI.39],20-38 20-39 20-76,100.0,Certain -20-290,20,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -20-291,20,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -20-295,20,295,1,295-1,,,20-191,100.0, -20-298,20,298,1,298-1,,,20-199,100.0, -20-3-1,20,3,1,3-1,,1489[VI.23],20-4 20-5,100.0,Very certain -20-30-2,20,30,2,30-2,,1489[VI.25],20-40 20-41,100.0,Certain -20-301,20,301,1,301-1,,,20-192,100.0, -20-303,20,303,4,303-4,,,,100.0, -20-308-1,20,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain +It is also used in the word chop.",1489,20-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-161,20,161,2,161-2,"English speakers probably used this segment, as transcribed by Hall (1944). Chinese speakers may have used t͡sʰ in such words, as implied by the characters used in Tong (1862).",597,20-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-163,20,163,1,163-1,This word is represented in Tong (1862) sometimes with a character pronounced with initial /kʰ/ and sometimes with a character pronounced with initial /k/.,1489,20-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-168,20,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-169,20,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-17-1,20,17,1,17-1,"There is no distinction between dependent and independent pronouns. I and my alternate as 1st person subject pronouns. Such alternation is more obvious with verbs like 'want' and 'think'. In fixed expressions such as 'I don't know', I is always used.",1489[VI.54],20-1 20-170 20-3,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-170,20,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-171,20,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-172,20,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-173,20,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-174,20,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-176,20,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-178,20,178,1,178-1,,,20-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-179,20,179,1,179-1,,,20-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-18-1,20,18,1,18-1,No such distinction is made in Cantonese.,1489,20-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-180,20,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-181,20,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-182,20,182,1,182-1,,,20-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-183,20,183,1,183-1,"According to Hall (1944), English speakers used /r/ while Chinese speakers substittuted /l/.",597,20-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-184,20,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-187,20,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-188,20,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-189,20,189,1,189-1,,,20-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-19-5,20,19,5,19-5,"The simple form who is also attested in Tong (1862). Other simple form such as where, when and how can be found in some English sources.",1489[VI.42],20-26 20-27 20-28 20-29 20-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +20-190,20,190,2,190-2,"According to Hall (1944), this sound is used by English speakers, while Chinese speakers substitute /b/. Other sources show substitution of /w/.",597,20-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-191,20,191,2,191-2,"According to Hall (1944), this sound is used by English speakers, while Chinese speakers substitute /t/.",597,20-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-192,20,192,2,192-2,"According to Hall (1944), this sound is used by English speakers, while Chinese speakers substitute /d/.",597,20-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-193,20,193,1,193-1,,,20-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-194,20,194,2,194-2,"There is no evidence for this segment in Tong (1862), which may be because it cannot be represented using Chinese characters. Hall (1944) uses it in transcribing words such as 'crazy'.",1489,20-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-195,20,195,2,195-2,"According to Hall (1944), English speakers used /ʃ/ while Chinese speakers substittuted /s/.",597,20-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-196,20,196,2,196-2,"According to Hall (1944), English speakers used /ʒ/ while Chinese speakers substittuted /z/. However, no such words are attested.",597,20-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-199,20,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-2-1,20,2,1,2-1,The order matches English and Chinese.,1489[VI.54],20-2 20-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-20-1,20,20,1,20-1,,1489[VI.79],20-97,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +20-200,20,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-201,20,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-202,20,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-205,20,205,1,205-1,,,20-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-209,20,209,1,209-1,,,20-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-21-2,20,21,2,21-2,,1489[IV.72],20-32,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +20-21-5,20,21,5,21-5,,1489[IV.72],20-31,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +20-212,20,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-217,20,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-218,20,218,1,218-1,,,20-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-22-2,20,22,2,22-2,"No -s plurals are found in Chinese sources, but irregular plurals exist. Sporadic -s plurals in English-language sources may be anglicisms. Plurals are attested only for animate nouns.",1651[150],20-168 20-33 20-8,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-221,20,221,1,221-1,,,20-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-23-3,20,23,3,23-3,The use of plural markers or stem-change derived from English is marginal. Most of the time plural is not indicated (see Example 71).,1489,20-168 20-50 20-71,50.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +20-23-4,20,23,4,23-4,The use of plural markers or stem-change derived from English is marginal. Most of the time plural is not indicated (see Example 71).,1489,20-33,50.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +20-231,20,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-25-1,20,25,1,25-1,,1489,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-252,20,252,1,252-1,,,20-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-253,20,253,1,253-1,,,20-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-254,20,254,1,254-1,,,20-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-255,20,255,1,255-1,,,20-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-256,20,256,1,256-1,,,20-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-257,20,257,1,257-1,,,20-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-258,20,258,1,258-1,,,20-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-259,20,259,1,259-1,,,20-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-26-2,20,26,2,26-2,,1489[VI.27],20-34 20-35,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-260,20,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-261,20,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-263,20,263,1,263-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-267,20,267,1,267-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-268,20,268,2,268-2,"This vowel does not exist in Cantonese, and Chinese sources such as Tong (1862) represent it with characters pronounced /ɑ/.",1489,20-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-27-2,20,27,2,27-2,,1489[VI.25],20-36,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-272,20,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-273,20,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-274,20,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-275,20,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-276,20,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-277,20,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-278,20,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-279,20,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-28-2,20,28,2,28-2,"Most of the definite articles in the English texts of Tong (1862) are not rendered in the Chinese Pidgin English versions, showing that bare noun phrases can be interpreted as definite. The demonstrative that/dat is occasionally used as a definite article.",1489[IV.51],20-37,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-280,20,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-281,20,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-282,20,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-284,20,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-285,20,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-286,20,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-287,20,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-288,20,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-289,20,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-29-2,20,29,2,29-2,"As in Chinese, one calls for a classifier before the noun (one piecee capon).",1489[VI.39],20-38 20-39 20-76,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-290,20,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-291,20,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-295,20,295,1,295-1,,,20-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-298,20,298,1,298-1,,,20-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-3-1,20,3,1,3-1,,1489[VI.23],20-4 20-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-30-2,20,30,2,30-2,,1489[VI.25],20-40 20-41,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-301,20,301,1,301-1,,,20-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +20-303,20,303,4,303-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-308-1,20,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 20-309-4,20,309,4,309-4,"Goldmann (1899: 151) states that the children of foreigners in Shanghai were looked after by Chinese amahs who spoke Pidgin English, which is therefore ""the first language which the children learnt"". Hall (1944: 95) states that one of his informants, Mrs. Helen Groff-Smith, ""learned C[hinese] P[idgin English] as first language"", apparently in similar circumstances. -It is likely that such children had multilingual childhoods: Willens (2010: 91), who grew up in Shanghai in the 1930s, recalls switching from Pidgin English to Russian at age 4.",597[95];1654[151];1655[91],,100.0,Intermediate -20-31-3,20,31,3,31-3,,1489[VI.40],20-37 20-42,100.0,Certain -20-310-3,20,310,3,310-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -20-311-3,20,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -20-312-4,20,312,4,312-4,,,,100.0,Certain -20-313-2,20,313,2,313-2,"At the time of writing, some elderly 'rememberers' are alive, most having used or heard the language in Hong Kong in the 1950s or 1960s. Some such as Willens (2010) used the language in colonial Shanghai in the 1930s.",168,,100.0,Uncertain -20-314-2,20,314,2,314-2,"Most attestations involve male users in the China trade context. But two of Hall's (1944) informants were American women. Zhang (2009) argues that Chinese Pidgin English must have been used by Chinese mistresses of Europeans living in Hong Kong. Women used Chinese Pidgin English in the household, notably with Chinese domestic servants (amahs) as described by Willens (2010: 33). Among the last users of Chinese Pidgin English were the 'black and white amahs', female servants working in European households in Hong Kong as late as the 1960s (Booth 2004).",597;1655[33],,100.0,Uncertain -20-315-3,20,315,3,315-3,No evidence for use of Chinese Pidgin English in broadcast media is available.,,,100.0, -20-316-3,20,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0, -20-317-2,20,317,2,317-2,There are sailors' songs which include Chinese Pidgin English phrases.,660[297],,100.0,Certain -20-318-2,20,318,2,318-2,"Chinese Pidgin English was used as a medium for humorous poetry written in both English and Chinese during the 19th century. The best known example is Leland (1876), which, however, is not based on first-hand knowledge of the language. Several more poems are anthologized in Elder (1999). In Chinese, some verses published in the Shanghai newspaper Shen Bao by Yang (1873) incorporate and comment on pidgin expressions.",1656;1657,,100.0,Certain -20-319-3,20,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0, -20-32-1,20,32,1,32-1,,1489[IV.53],20-43 20-44,100.0,Very certain +It is likely that such children had multilingual childhoods: Willens (2010: 91), who grew up in Shanghai in the 1930s, recalls switching from Pidgin English to Russian at age 4.",597[95];1654[151];1655[91],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-31-3,20,31,3,31-3,,1489[VI.40],20-37 20-42,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-310-3,20,310,3,310-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-311-3,20,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-312-4,20,312,4,312-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +20-313-2,20,313,2,313-2,"At the time of writing, some elderly 'rememberers' are alive, most having used or heard the language in Hong Kong in the 1950s or 1960s. Some such as Willens (2010) used the language in colonial Shanghai in the 1930s.",168,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-314-2,20,314,2,314-2,"Most attestations involve male users in the China trade context. But two of Hall's (1944) informants were American women. Zhang (2009) argues that Chinese Pidgin English must have been used by Chinese mistresses of Europeans living in Hong Kong. Women used Chinese Pidgin English in the household, notably with Chinese domestic servants (amahs) as described by Willens (2010: 33). Among the last users of Chinese Pidgin English were the 'black and white amahs', female servants working in European households in Hong Kong as late as the 1960s (Booth 2004).",597;1655[33],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +20-315-3,20,315,3,315-3,No evidence for use of Chinese Pidgin English in broadcast media is available.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-316-3,20,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-317-2,20,317,2,317-2,There are sailors' songs which include Chinese Pidgin English phrases.,660[297],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-318-2,20,318,2,318-2,"Chinese Pidgin English was used as a medium for humorous poetry written in both English and Chinese during the 19th century. The best known example is Leland (1876), which, however, is not based on first-hand knowledge of the language. Several more poems are anthologized in Elder (1999). In Chinese, some verses published in the Shanghai newspaper Shen Bao by Yang (1873) incorporate and comment on pidgin expressions.",1656;1657,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-319-3,20,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-32-1,20,32,1,32-1,,1489[IV.53],20-43 20-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 20-320-2,20,320,2,320-2,"Some verses containing pidgin expressions were published in the Shanghai newspaper Shen Bao (Yang 1873, see Zhou 1996 for commentary and transcription). -Hong Kong newspaper columns of the 1950s sometimes featured commentary on pidgin usage.",1476,,100.0,Very certain -20-322-2,20,322,2,322-2,"Direct evidence is not available. However, the first section in Tong (1862) for which pidgin equivalents are provided is entitled 'Law suit'. It involves a lawyer addressing a potential client. The fact that the author chose to provide a pidgin version for this section implies that pidgin could have been used in legal proceedings.",1489[IV.32],,100.0,Uncertain -20-323-3,20,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0, -20-324-2,20,324,2,324-2,Zhang (2009) cites 19th century writers as having witnessed Chinese Pidgin English being used as a language of instruction. Phrasebooks such as Tong (1862) may have been used in schools.,1642[321-2],,100.0,Uncertain -20-325-4,20,325,4,325-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -20-326-1,20,326,1,326-1,"Most vocabulary is of English origin. There is also demonstrable influence from Portuguese, Swedish, Danish, Malay and Hindi.",167[275-87],,100.0,Very certain -20-33-2,20,33,2,33-2,The value matches English and Cantonese.,1489[IV.51],20-43 20-45,100.0,Very certain -20-34-1,20,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified -20-35-5,20,35,5,35-5,"Number one is used to mean 'top quality', based on the corresponding Cantonese expression daih yat.",1489[VI.82];1489[VI.14],20-171 20-46 20-47,100.0,Unspecified -20-36-2,20,36,2,36-2,"Whereas Chinese has a rich system of classifiers, Chinese Pidgin English essentially uses piecee as a default classifier. One more item, chop appears in the position of the classifier.",1489[VI.15],20-51 20-8,100.0,Very certain -20-37-1,20,37,1,37-1,Pronominal possessor has the same forms as object pronouns (e.g. my/he/you).,1489[IV.47],20-52,100.0,Very certain -20-38-4,20,38,4,38-4,,1489[VI.44],20-2,100.0,Very certain -20-39-1,20,39,1,39-1,Possession can be marked by belong which has been argued to be a copular verb.,348[iii],20-44 20-53,100.0, -20-4-2,20,4,2,4-2,Prepositional phrase may precede (as in Example 7) or follow the verb (as in Example 8).,1489[VI.51];1489[VI.55],20-7 20-8,90.0,Very certain -20-4-1,20,4,1,4-1,Prepositional phrase may precede (as in Example 7) or follow the verb (as in Example 8).,1489[VI.51];1489[VI.55],20-116 20-6,10.0,Uncertain -20-40-1,20,40,1,40-1,,1489,,100.0,Very certain -20-41-1,20,41,1,41-1,,1489[VI.12],20-54 20-55,100.0,Certain -20-42-5,20,42,5,42-5,"Cantonese has ""surpass"" type but no equivalents are attested in Chinese Pidgin English. Sometimes the standard is not expressed.",1489[VI.12];827[80],20-55 20-56,100.0,Certain -20-43-3,20,43,3,43-3,,1489[IV.32],20-58,100.0,Very certain -20-44-8,20,44,8,44-8,"The only tense/aspect marker is the perfect or perfective marker hab/hap, hence no such combinations are possible. No combinations of hab/hap with modals are attested.",1489,,100.0,Certain -20-45-4,20,45,4,45-4,Rare examples suggest that an adverb may intervene between hap and the verb. This is also the case in Cantonese.,45[213],20-169 20-58,100.0,Intermediate -20-46-6,20,46,6,46-6,,1489,,100.0,Certain -20-47-1,20,47,1,47-1,,1489[VI.39],20-59,100.0,Certain -20-48-1,20,48,1,48-1,,1489,,100.0,Certain -20-49-4,20,49,4,49-4,The only tense and aspect marker is hap marking perfect/past perfective. No imperfective marker exists.,1489[VI.39],20-37 20-59,100.0,Certain -20-5-1,20,5,1,5-1,,1489[VI.44],20-9,100.0,Very certain -20-50-2,20,50,2,50-2,"In Chinese sources hap does not combine with no, just as in Cantonese yáuh meaning 'have' does not combine with negation (a suppletive form, móuh is used).",1489[IV.49];1489[VI.67],20-37 20-60 20-61,100.0,Intermediate +Hong Kong newspaper columns of the 1950s sometimes featured commentary on pidgin usage.",1476,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-322-2,20,322,2,322-2,"Direct evidence is not available. However, the first section in Tong (1862) for which pidgin equivalents are provided is entitled 'Law suit'. It involves a lawyer addressing a potential client. The fact that the author chose to provide a pidgin version for this section implies that pidgin could have been used in legal proceedings.",1489[IV.32],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-323-3,20,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-324-2,20,324,2,324-2,Zhang (2009) cites 19th century writers as having witnessed Chinese Pidgin English being used as a language of instruction. Phrasebooks such as Tong (1862) may have been used in schools.,1642[321-2],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-325-4,20,325,4,325-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +20-326-1,20,326,1,326-1,"Most vocabulary is of English origin. There is also demonstrable influence from Portuguese, Swedish, Danish, Malay and Hindi.",167[275-87],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-33-2,20,33,2,33-2,The value matches English and Cantonese.,1489[IV.51],20-43 20-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-34-1,20,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-35-5,20,35,5,35-5,"Number one is used to mean 'top quality', based on the corresponding Cantonese expression daih yat.",1489[VI.82];1489[VI.14],20-171 20-46 20-47,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +20-36-2,20,36,2,36-2,"Whereas Chinese has a rich system of classifiers, Chinese Pidgin English essentially uses piecee as a default classifier. One more item, chop appears in the position of the classifier.",1489[VI.15],20-51 20-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-37-1,20,37,1,37-1,Pronominal possessor has the same forms as object pronouns (e.g. my/he/you).,1489[IV.47],20-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-38-4,20,38,4,38-4,,1489[VI.44],20-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +20-39-1,20,39,1,39-1,Possession can be marked by belong which has been argued to be a copular verb.,348[iii],20-44 20-53,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-4-2,20,4,2,4-2,Prepositional phrase may precede (as in Example 7) or follow the verb (as in Example 8).,1489[VI.51];1489[VI.55],20-7 20-8,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-4-1,20,4,1,4-1,Prepositional phrase may precede (as in Example 7) or follow the verb (as in Example 8).,1489[VI.51];1489[VI.55],20-116 20-6,10.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-40-1,20,40,1,40-1,,1489,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-41-1,20,41,1,41-1,,1489[VI.12],20-54 20-55,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-42-5,20,42,5,42-5,"Cantonese has ""surpass"" type but no equivalents are attested in Chinese Pidgin English. Sometimes the standard is not expressed.",1489[VI.12];827[80],20-55 20-56,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-43-3,20,43,3,43-3,,1489[IV.32],20-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +20-44-8,20,44,8,44-8,"The only tense/aspect marker is the perfect or perfective marker hab/hap, hence no such combinations are possible. No combinations of hab/hap with modals are attested.",1489,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-45-4,20,45,4,45-4,Rare examples suggest that an adverb may intervene between hap and the verb. This is also the case in Cantonese.,45[213],20-169 20-58,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +20-46-6,20,46,6,46-6,,1489,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-47-1,20,47,1,47-1,,1489[VI.39],20-59,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-48-1,20,48,1,48-1,,1489,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-49-4,20,49,4,49-4,The only tense and aspect marker is hap marking perfect/past perfective. No imperfective marker exists.,1489[VI.39],20-37 20-59,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-5-1,20,5,1,5-1,,1489[VI.44],20-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-50-2,20,50,2,50-2,"In Chinese sources hap does not combine with no, just as in Cantonese yáuh meaning 'have' does not combine with negation (a suppletive form, móuh is used).",1489[IV.49];1489[VI.67],20-37 20-60 20-61,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 20-51-1,20,51,1,51-1,"It is not clear whether hap can be used with stative verbs. -My hap sick occurs, but may have a possessive sense (glossed 'I am sick', probably calqued on the Cantonese ngóh yáuh behng 'I have sick').",1489[IV.40],20-57 20-63,100.0,Uncertain -20-52-1,20,52,1,52-1,No clear examples are attested of hap with stative verbs/adjectives giving an inchoative sense.,1489,,100.0,Intermediate -20-53-3,20,53,3,53-3,There is no imperfective marker.,1489,,100.0,Very certain -20-54-7,20,54,7,54-7,Suppletive forms such as was and went are not attested.,1489,,100.0,Intermediate -20-55-2,20,55,2,55-2,,1489[IV.71],20-64 20-65,100.0,Intermediate -20-56-1,20,56,1,56-1,Note the frequent use of makee in imperatives as well as prohibitives.,1489[IV.46];1489[VI.21],20-17 20-60 20-66 20-67,100.0,Very certain -20-57-1,20,57,1,57-1,,1489[VI.25],20-68,100.0,Very certain -20-58-1,20,58,1,58-1,,1489[VI.39];1489[VI.55],20-69 20-70 20-71,100.0,Very certain +My hap sick occurs, but may have a possessive sense (glossed 'I am sick', probably calqued on the Cantonese ngóh yáuh behng 'I have sick').",1489[IV.40],20-57 20-63,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +20-52-1,20,52,1,52-1,No clear examples are attested of hap with stative verbs/adjectives giving an inchoative sense.,1489,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-53-3,20,53,3,53-3,There is no imperfective marker.,1489,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +20-54-7,20,54,7,54-7,Suppletive forms such as was and went are not attested.,1489,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +20-55-2,20,55,2,55-2,,1489[IV.71],20-64 20-65,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +20-56-1,20,56,1,56-1,Note the frequent use of makee in imperatives as well as prohibitives.,1489[IV.46];1489[VI.21],20-17 20-60 20-66 20-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-57-1,20,57,1,57-1,,1489[VI.25],20-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-58-1,20,58,1,58-1,,1489[VI.39];1489[VI.55],20-69 20-70 20-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 20-59-2,20,59,2,59-2,"Neutral marking is the dominant strategy especially in the Chinese sources, but occasional distinctions are made following nominative-accusative alignment. -Usage varies considerably with both English and Chinese sources. I and my are both used in subject position, while both he and him are used in object position. See Smith (2008) for discussion.",1489[VI.70],20-32 20-72 20-73 20-74,100.0,Certain -20-6-1,20,6,1,6-1,"The order matches both English and Chinese. A numeral typically calls for the classifer piecee, with certain exceptions such as time words which (as in Chinese) do not take a classifier, e.g. ten year in Example 11.",1489[VI.4];1489[VI.76],20-10 20-11,100.0,Very certain -20-60-2,20,60,2,60-2,,1489[VI.11],20-69 20-75 20-76,100.0,Certain +Usage varies considerably with both English and Chinese sources. I and my are both used in subject position, while both he and him are used in object position. See Smith (2008) for discussion.",1489[VI.70],20-32 20-72 20-73 20-74,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-6-1,20,6,1,6-1,"The order matches both English and Chinese. A numeral typically calls for the classifer piecee, with certain exceptions such as time words which (as in Chinese) do not take a classifier, e.g. ten year in Example 11.",1489[VI.4];1489[VI.76],20-10 20-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-60-2,20,60,2,60-2,,1489[VI.11],20-69 20-75 20-76,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 20-61-1,20,61,1,61-1,"The order of objects is generally recipient before theme, as in English, but the reverse order (as in Cantonese) is also attested. -The theme or recipient may also be null, as in Cantonese (see examples 78, 79).",1489[VI.4];1489[VI.39];1489[VI.16],20-77 20-78 20-79 20-80,75.0,Very certain +The theme or recipient may also be null, as in Cantonese (see examples 78, 79).",1489[VI.4];1489[VI.39];1489[VI.16],20-77 20-78 20-79 20-80,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-0000FF-25-FF0000.png""}", 20-61-2,20,61,2,61-2,"The order of objects is generally recipient before theme, as in English, but the reverse order (as in Cantonese) is also attested. -The theme or recipient may also be null, as in Cantonese (see examples 78, 79).",1489[VI.4];1489[VI.39];1489[VI.16],20-69 20-81,25.0,Intermediate -20-62-5,20,62,5,62-5,,1489[VI.42];1489[IV.55],20-82 20-83 20-84,100.0,Very certain -20-63-3,20,63,3,63-3,,1489,,100.0,Certain -20-64-2,20,64,2,64-2,,1489[VI.43],20-85,100.0,Certain -20-65-5,20,65,5,65-5,,1483[945];348[iii],20-86 20-87,100.0,Intermediate -20-66-3,20,66,3,66-3,,1391[553],20-88 20-89,100.0,Certain -20-67-1,20,67,1,67-1,,1489[VI.43],20-90 20-91,100.0,Very certain -20-68-1,20,68,1,68-1,,1489[IV.66],20-92,100.0,Very certain -20-70-2,20,70,2,70-2,Long is used to indicate comitative or conjunction; with is used for the comitative sense in English sources. Clear cases of instrumental 'with' and of instrumental serial constructions are lacking.,1310[2223];1063[169],20-59 20-96,100.0,Certain -20-71-3,20,71,3,71-3,"Long is used as a comitative preposition and as a conjunction, like Cantonese tung4; and is used for NP conjunction in English sources only, whereas Chinese sources as represented by Tong (1862) generally use juxtaposition.",646,20-59 20-72 20-97 20-98,100.0,Certain -20-72-4,20,72,4,72-4,"The preposition long is used for nominal conjunction only, while and is used for nominal and verbal conjunction. Juxtaposition may also be used for both types.",646;1481,20-100 20-101 20-102 20-72 20-98 20-99,100.0,Certain -20-73-3,20,73,3,73-3,"Belong is used as a copula only in a subset of copular constructions where it corresponds to the verb suhkyù in Cantonese, meaning 'belong to a certain category'.",1489[VI.14];1489[IV.50];1489[IV.39],20-103 20-104 20-105 20-47,100.0,Certain -20-74-2,20,74,2,74-2,"Velly appears to be used as default intensifers for gradable adjectives, like hóu in Cantonese, as in velly well which is used to translate Standard English 'well'.",1489[VI.72],20-106 20-15,100.0,Very certain -20-75-1,20,75,1,75-1,"The existential verb got serves as locative copula. Occasionally, stop is used. Neither usage is directly modelled on Cantonese. We have not found clear examples of locative phrases without a copula.",1489[VI.38];348[iii];1489[IV.50],20-107 20-108 20-109 20-110,100.0,Intermediate -20-76-2,20,76,2,76-2,"There is differentiation between zero or belong for NP as in Examples 103 and 47 respectively, and got for locative phrases. See comments on Features 73 ""Predicative noun phrases"" and 75 ""Predicative locative phrases"".",1489[VI.64];1489[VI.14],20-103 20-107 20-47,100.0,Intermediate +The theme or recipient may also be null, as in Cantonese (see examples 78, 79).",1489[VI.4];1489[VI.39];1489[VI.16],20-69 20-81,25.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-0000FF-25-FF0000.png""}", +20-62-5,20,62,5,62-5,,1489[VI.42];1489[IV.55],20-82 20-83 20-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +20-63-3,20,63,3,63-3,,1489,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-64-2,20,64,2,64-2,,1489[VI.43],20-85,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +20-65-5,20,65,5,65-5,,1483[945];348[iii],20-86 20-87,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-66-3,20,66,3,66-3,,1391[553],20-88 20-89,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-67-1,20,67,1,67-1,,1489[VI.43],20-90 20-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-68-1,20,68,1,68-1,,1489[IV.66],20-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-70-2,20,70,2,70-2,Long is used to indicate comitative or conjunction; with is used for the comitative sense in English sources. Clear cases of instrumental 'with' and of instrumental serial constructions are lacking.,1310[2223];1063[169],20-59 20-96,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-71-3,20,71,3,71-3,"Long is used as a comitative preposition and as a conjunction, like Cantonese tung4; and is used for NP conjunction in English sources only, whereas Chinese sources as represented by Tong (1862) generally use juxtaposition.",646,20-59 20-72 20-97 20-98,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +20-72-4,20,72,4,72-4,"The preposition long is used for nominal conjunction only, while and is used for nominal and verbal conjunction. Juxtaposition may also be used for both types.",646;1481,20-100 20-101 20-102 20-72 20-98 20-99,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-73-3,20,73,3,73-3,"Belong is used as a copula only in a subset of copular constructions where it corresponds to the verb suhkyù in Cantonese, meaning 'belong to a certain category'.",1489[VI.14];1489[IV.50];1489[IV.39],20-103 20-104 20-105 20-47,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +20-74-2,20,74,2,74-2,"Velly appears to be used as default intensifers for gradable adjectives, like hóu in Cantonese, as in velly well which is used to translate Standard English 'well'.",1489[VI.72],20-106 20-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-75-1,20,75,1,75-1,"The existential verb got serves as locative copula. Occasionally, stop is used. Neither usage is directly modelled on Cantonese. We have not found clear examples of locative phrases without a copula.",1489[VI.38];348[iii];1489[IV.50],20-107 20-108 20-109 20-110,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-76-2,20,76,2,76-2,"There is differentiation between zero or belong for NP as in Examples 103 and 47 respectively, and got for locative phrases. See comments on Features 73 ""Predicative noun phrases"" and 75 ""Predicative locative phrases"".",1489[VI.64];1489[VI.14],20-103 20-107 20-47,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 20-77-1,20,77,1,77-1,"Got and hap got appear to be variants in expressing predicative possession: -The negative of (hap) got is no got. Hap got is not used in the sense of obligation.",1489[VI.30],20-111 20-112 20-113,100.0,Certain -20-78-1,20,78,1,78-1,"Got and hap got appear to be variants in expressing both possession (Feature 77 ""Predicative possession"") and existence.",1489[VI.48];1489[VI.57],20-111 20-112 20-114 20-115,100.0,Very certain -20-79-1,20,79,1,79-1,The preposition 'to' is not attested in Tong (1862).,1489[IV.40],20-120,100.0,Very certain -20-8-1,20,8,1,8-1,,1489[VI.25],20-14 20-15,100.0,Very certain -20-80-1,20,80,1,80-1,Note the use of side in these examples to specify a locative expression. This usage appears to be calqued on the Cantonese bihn 'side' as in Yinggwok go bihn 'over in England'.,269[310],20-116,50.0,Certain -20-80-2,20,80,2,80-2,Note the use of side in these examples to specify a locative expression. This usage appears to be calqued on the Cantonese bihn 'side' as in Yinggwok go bihn 'over in England'.,269[310],20-118,50.0,Certain -20-81-4,20,81,4,81-4,Zero marking is used for both 'to' and 'from'. The two orientations are sometimes differentiated by using 'to' and 'from'.,1483[917];269[310],20-116 20-117 20-118 20-119 20-57,100.0,Certain -20-82-2,20,82,2,82-2,Examples are given using put since data are lacking for push.,1489[VI.28];1489[VI.41],20-121 20-125 20-93,100.0,Intermediate -20-84-2,20,84,2,84-2,,1489[VI.39];1489[VI.30],20-123 20-39,100.0,Certain -20-85-2,20,85,2,85-2,The serial construction with 'give' as the second verb corresponds closely to the equivalent construction in Cantonese.,1489[VI.41],20-45,100.0,Certain -20-86-5,20,86,5,86-5,These constructions are based on Cantonese.,1489[IV.46],,100.0, -20-87-3,20,87,3,87-3,,43[36],20-125,100.0,Intermediate -20-88-1,20,88,1,88-1,,1489[VI.68],20-125 20-126 20-127 20-128,100.0,Intermediate -20-9-1,20,9,1,9-1,"Most of the definite articles in the English texts of Tong (1862) are not rendered in the Chinese Pidgin English versions, showing that bare noun phrases can be interpreted as definite. The demonstrative that/dat is occasionally used in place of the.",1489[VI.55],20-16,100.0,Intermediate -20-90-1,20,90,1,90-1,"As in Chinese, there are sentences in which the initial NP is understood as the object of the following verb, without any passive marking. Such sentences can be analyzed either as unmarked passive or as instances of topicalization of the object, with the subject being null. In one example, got may have been used as a passive marker.",1489[IV.72],20-130,10.0,Very certain -20-90-3,20,90,3,90-3,"As in Chinese, there are sentences in which the initial NP is understood as the object of the following verb, without any passive marking. Such sentences can be analyzed either as unmarked passive or as instances of topicalization of the object, with the subject being null. In one example, got may have been used as a passive marker.",1489[IV.72],20-129 20-32,90.0,Certain -20-91-8,20,91,8,91-8,,1489,,100.0,Very certain -20-95-4,20,95,4,95-4,,838[144],20-131 20-132,100.0,Very certain -20-96-4,20,96,4,96-4,,1489[VI.11],20-133,100.0,Certain -20-97-1,20,97,1,97-1,,1489[VI.49],20-134,100.0,Very certain -20-98-5,20,98,5,98-5,"In general, no complementizer was used with either 'think' or 'want'. However, so is occasionally used with 'think'.",1264[21],20-135 20-136,100.0,Intermediate -20-99-2,20,99,2,99-2,,1489,,100.0,Very certain -21-0-1,21,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -21-1-6,21,1,6,1-6,,,21-2,50.0,Very certain -21-1-2,21,1,2,1-2,,,21-1 21-10 21-37,50.0,Very certain -21-10-1,21,10,1,10-1,"Indefinite articles have been observed to be optional in usage, but the conditions for this are unclear.",1568[58-60],21-16 21-8,100.0,Very certain -21-100-4,21,100,4,100-4,,529[89],21-139,100.0,Very certain -21-101-1,21,101,1,101-1,,529[89],21-139,100.0,Very certain -21-102-5,21,102,5,102-5,,,21-140 21-141,100.0,Certain -21-103-7,21,103,7,103-7,,820[39-49],21-144,14.2857142857143,Certain -21-103-5,21,103,5,103-5,,820[39-49],21-143,42.8571428571429,Very certain -21-103-2,21,103,2,103-2,,820[39-49],21-13 21-142,42.8571428571429,Very certain -21-104-1,21,104,1,104-1,,,21-145,100.0,Certain -21-105-3,21,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-106-3,21,106,3,106-3,"The above applied generally to nominal constituents. There are also semi-grammaticalized verbal usages, e.g. V also can meaning a certain action V is also possible.",,21-147,50.0,Very certain -21-106-2,21,106,2,106-2,"The above applied generally to nominal constituents. There are also semi-grammaticalized verbal usages, e.g. V also can meaning a certain action V is also possible.",,21-146,50.0,Very certain -21-107-1,21,107,1,107-1,,,21-148,100.0,Very certain -21-108-2,21,108,2,108-2,The dental click expresses disapproval.,,,100.0,Very certain -21-109-2,21,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-11-3,21,11,3,11-3,,,21-18,50.0,Very certain -21-11-2,21,11,2,11-2,,,21-17,50.0,Very certain -21-110-2,21,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-111-1,21,111,1,111-1,,,21-149,100.0,Very certain -21-112-2,21,112,2,112-2,,,21-150 21-151,100.0,Very certain -21-113-2,21,113,2,113-2,,,21-152 21-153,100.0,Very certain -21-114-2,21,114,2,114-2,,,21-154 21-155,100.0,Very certain -21-115-2,21,115,2,115-2,,,21-156,100.0,Very certain -21-116-2,21,116,2,116-2,,,21-157,100.0,Very certain -21-117-4,21,117,4,117-4,,,21-158,100.0,Very certain -21-118-3,21,118,3,118-3,,820,21-159 21-160 21-161 21-162,100.0,Very certain -21-119-3,21,119,3,119-3,,820[32-34],21-163 21-164 21-165,100.0,Very certain -21-12-1,21,12,1,12-1,,529[91],21-19,50.0,Very certain -21-12-2,21,12,2,12-2,,529[91],21-20,50.0,Very certain -21-120-1,21,120,1,120-1,Tonal distinctions only occur in discourse particles.,821[446-473],21-166 21-167,100.0,Unspecified -21-121-3,21,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -21-122-4,21,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -21-123-1,21,123,1,123-1,,,21-198,100.0, -21-124-1,21,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -21-125-1,21,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -21-126-1,21,126,1,126-1,,,21-186,100.0, -21-127-2,21,127,2,127-2,,,,100.0, -21-128-4,21,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -21-129-2,21,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -21-13-2,21,13,2,13-2,,,21-17 21-9,100.0,Very certain -21-130-1,21,130,1,130-1,,,,100.0, -21-131,21,131,1,131-1,,,21-170,100.0, -21-132,21,132,1,132-1,,,21-173,100.0, -21-133,21,133,1,133-1,,,21-174,100.0, -21-134,21,134,1,134-1,,,21-176,100.0, -21-137,21,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -21-138,21,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -21-139,21,139,1,139-1,,,21-204,100.0, -21-14-1,21,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-140,21,140,1,140-1,,,21-181,100.0, -21-143,21,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -21-144,21,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -21-145,21,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -21-146,21,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -21-147,21,147,1,147-1,,,21-171,100.0, -21-148,21,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -21-149,21,149,1,149-1,,,21-178,100.0, -21-15-1,21,15,1,15-1,,,21-21,100.0,Very certain -21-151,21,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -21-152,21,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -21-153,21,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -21-155,21,155,2,155-2,"The glottal stop occurs in syllable-final position, reinforcing or replacing (usually voiceless) plosives.",,21-179,100.0, -21-156,21,156,2,156-2,,,21-172,100.0, -21-158,21,158,2,158-2,The voiceless dental fricative is sometimes realized as a voiceless aspirated alveolar plosive.,,21-175,100.0, -21-159,21,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -21-16-1,21,16,1,16-1,,,21-22,100.0,Very certain -21-160,21,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -21-161,21,161,2,161-2,,,21-180,100.0, -21-163,21,163,2,163-2,,,21-177,100.0, -21-168,21,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -21-169,21,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -21-17-1,21,17,1,17-1,,,21-1 21-23 21-9,100.0,Very certain -21-170,21,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -21-171,21,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -21-172,21,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -21-173,21,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -21-174,21,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -21-176,21,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -21-178,21,178,1,178-1,,,21-189,100.0, -21-179,21,179,1,179-1,,,21-190,100.0, -21-18-1,21,18,1,18-1,,,21-8,100.0,Very certain -21-180,21,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -21-181,21,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -21-182,21,182,1,182-1,,,21-191,100.0, -21-183,21,183,1,183-1,,,21-192,100.0, -21-184,21,184,2,184-2,,,21-193,100.0, -21-187,21,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -21-188,21,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -21-189,21,189,1,189-1,,,21-182,100.0, -21-19-1,21,19,1,19-1,,,21-24,100.0,Very certain -21-190,21,190,1,190-1,,,21-183,100.0, -21-191,21,191,2,191-2,,,21-203,100.0, -21-192,21,192,2,192-2,,,21-184,100.0, -21-193,21,193,1,193-1,,,21-185,100.0, -21-194,21,194,1,194-1,,,21-186,100.0, -21-195,21,195,1,195-1,,,21-187,100.0, -21-196,21,196,1,196-1,,,21-188,100.0, -21-199,21,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -21-2-2,21,2,2,2-2,,,21-6,30.0,Very certain -21-2-1,21,2,1,2-1,,,21-4 21-5,70.0,Very certain -21-20-1,21,20,1,20-1,,,21-25,100.0,Very certain -21-200,21,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -21-201,21,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -21-202,21,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -21-205,21,205,1,205-1,,,,100.0, -21-209,21,209,4,209-4,,,,100.0, -21-21-5,21,21,5,21-5,,,21-26,100.0,Very certain -21-212,21,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -21-217,21,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -21-218,21,218,1,218-1,,,,100.0, -21-22-4,21,22,4,22-4,Plural marker for both human and inanimate nouns would be -s.,1568,21-27 21-28,100.0,Very certain -21-221,21,221,1,221-1,,,,100.0, -21-23-4,21,23,4,23-4,"In the basilect, the plural -s is often omitted.",,21-30,10.0,Very certain -21-23-3,21,23,3,23-3,"In the basilect, the plural -s is often omitted.",,21-29,90.0,Very certain -21-231,21,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -21-24-4,21,24,4,24-4,,,21-31 21-32,100.0,Very certain -21-25-1,21,25,1,25-1,,,21-33,100.0,Very certain -21-252,21,252,1,252-1,,,21-194,100.0, -21-253,21,253,1,253-1,,,21-195,100.0, -21-254,21,254,1,254-1,,,21-196,100.0, -21-255,21,255,2,255-2,,,21-197,100.0, -21-256,21,256,1,256-1,"in Singlish, [a] is not a low front but a low central realization.",,21-199,100.0, -21-257,21,257,1,257-1,,,21-200,100.0, -21-258,21,258,1,258-1,,,21-201,100.0, -21-259,21,259,1,259-1,,,21-202,100.0, -21-26-5,21,26,5,26-5,,48[133-135],21-34 21-35,100.0,Very certain -21-260,21,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -21-261,21,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -21-263,21,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -21-267,21,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -21-268,21,268,1,268-1,,,21-198,100.0, -21-27-2,21,27,2,27-2,,,21-36,100.0,Very certain -21-272,21,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -21-273,21,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -21-274,21,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -21-275,21,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -21-276,21,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -21-277,21,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -21-278,21,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -21-279,21,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -21-28-1,21,28,1,28-1,The definite article is not obligatory.,1568[60-61],21-37 21-9,100.0,Very certain -21-280,21,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -21-281,21,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -21-282,21,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -21-284,21,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -21-285,21,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -21-286,21,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -21-287,21,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -21-288,21,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -21-289,21,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -21-29-1,21,29,1,29-1,The indefinite article is highly optional.,1568[58-60],21-38 21-8,100.0,Very certain -21-290,21,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -21-291,21,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -21-3-1,21,3,1,3-1,,,21-7,100.0,Very certain -21-30-5,21,30,5,30-5,,1568,21-39,31.25,Very certain -21-30-4,21,30,4,30-4,,1568,21-42,18.75,Very certain -21-30-7,21,30,7,30-7,,1568,21-41,18.75,Very certain -21-30-2,21,30,2,30-2,,1568,21-13 21-40,31.25,Very certain -21-308-1,21,308,1,308-1,,819[1-7];824[fc],,100.0,Very certain -21-309-3,21,309,3,309-3,"Most Singaporeans in their 30s (born from the mid/late 1970s onwards) would have acquired Singlish as small children, e.g. in playgrounds or through peers at school, even if English was not a dominant home language for them. This would comprise about half of Singapore's population.",581,,100.0,Very certain -21-31-2,21,31,2,31-2,,,21-9,100.0,Very certain -21-310-4,21,310,4,310-4,,48[127-149],,100.0,Very certain -21-311-3,21,311,3,311-3,"The speech community is growing not because of the acquisition of new adult speakers, at least not in any significant way, but because of Singlish being acquired as small children.",,,100.0,Certain -21-312-3,21,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-313-6,21,313,6,313-6,"There are no published figures for the number of Singlish speakers. If we assume that most Singaporeans in their 30s and below (i.e. born from the mid/late 1970s onwards, when Singlish was present and evolving) would have acquired Singlish as small children, e.g. in the playground or from peers in school, this would comprise about half of Singapore's 4 million inhabitants. Add to that many Singlish users in the age range of 40-50, this would take the estimation of the number of Singlish speakers up to some 2-3 million.",824[fc],,100.0,Very certain -21-314-3,21,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain -21-315-3,21,315,3,315-3,,1570[106],,100.0,Very certain -21-316-2,21,316,2,316-2,,1570[106],,100.0,Certain -21-317-2,21,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Certain -21-318-2,21,318,2,318-2,,1468[270-286],,100.0,Certain -21-319-3,21,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-32-1,21,32,1,32-1,,,21-17 21-9,100.0,Very certain -21-320-2,21,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Certain -21-321-3,21,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-322-3,21,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-323-3,21,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-324-3,21,324,3,324-3,"Singlish is not used as a medium of instruction in school, since a more standard variety of (Singapore) English is used. However there is evidence of robust code switching/mixing of Standard English and Singlish by both teachers and students in classroom discourse.",33[fc],,100.0,Very certain -21-325-1,21,325,1,325-1,,582[19-37],,100.0,Very certain -21-326-4,21,326,4,326-4,"The various important languages that have a contact influence include a major world language (Mandarin, because of its important 'mother tongue' status in Singapore, as well as because of the increase in immigrants from the Chinese mainland) and a number of neighbouring languages (Malay, Cantonese).",824[fc],,100.0,Very certain -21-327-4,21,327,4,327-4,,820[19-56],,100.0,Very certain -21-328-4,21,328,4,328-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-329-4,21,329,4,329-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-33-2,21,33,2,33-2,,,21-43 21-44,100.0,Very certain -21-330-4,21,330,4,330-4,"There is no urban-rural distinction in Singapore, which is all urban.",,,100.0,Very certain -21-331-4,21,331,4,331-4,"There is no urban-rural distinction in Singapore, which is all urban.",,,100.0,Very certain -21-332-4,21,332,4,332-4,"There is no urban-rural distinction in Singapore, which is all urban.",,,100.0,Very certain -21-333-2,21,333,2,333-2,,1571[fc],,100.0,Intermediate -21-334-2,21,334,2,334-2,,1571[fc],,100.0,Intermediate -21-335-2,21,335,2,335-2,,1571[fc],,100.0,Intermediate -21-34-1,21,34,1,34-1,,,21-45 21-46 21-47,100.0,Very certain -21-35-7,21,35,7,35-7,"In enumeration, ordinal numbers can also appear as number one, number two, etc.",,21-48,100.0,Very certain -21-36-1,21,36,1,36-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-37-1,21,37,1,37-1,,,21-49,100.0,Very certain -21-38-2,21,38,2,38-2,,,21-50,100.0,Very certain -21-39-4,21,39,4,39-4,,1568[70],21-52,41.6666666666667,Very certain -21-39-3,21,39,3,39-3,,1568[70],21-51 21-53,58.3333333333333,Very certain -21-4-2,21,4,2,4-2,"In basilectal Singlish, directional verbs allow for preposition 'to' to be omitted, e.g. I go station. 'I go to the station.'",,21-8,100.0,Very certain -21-40-1,21,40,1,40-1,,,21-54,100.0,Very certain -21-41-1,21,41,1,41-1,,1568[62],21-40,100.0,Very certain -21-42-2,21,42,2,42-2,,,21-40,100.0,Very certain -21-43-2,21,43,2,43-2,,48[138-140],21-9,100.0, -21-44-8,21,44,8,44-8,,,21-62,100.0,Very certain +The negative of (hap) got is no got. Hap got is not used in the sense of obligation.",1489[VI.30],20-111 20-112 20-113,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +20-78-1,20,78,1,78-1,"Got and hap got appear to be variants in expressing both possession (Feature 77 ""Predicative possession"") and existence.",1489[VI.48];1489[VI.57],20-111 20-112 20-114 20-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-79-1,20,79,1,79-1,The preposition 'to' is not attested in Tong (1862).,1489[IV.40],20-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-8-1,20,8,1,8-1,,1489[VI.25],20-14 20-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-80-1,20,80,1,80-1,Note the use of side in these examples to specify a locative expression. This usage appears to be calqued on the Cantonese bihn 'side' as in Yinggwok go bihn 'over in England'.,269[310],20-116,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}", +20-80-2,20,80,2,80-2,Note the use of side in these examples to specify a locative expression. This usage appears to be calqued on the Cantonese bihn 'side' as in Yinggwok go bihn 'over in England'.,269[310],20-118,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}", +20-81-4,20,81,4,81-4,Zero marking is used for both 'to' and 'from'. The two orientations are sometimes differentiated by using 'to' and 'from'.,1483[917];269[310],20-116 20-117 20-118 20-119 20-57,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +20-82-2,20,82,2,82-2,Examples are given using put since data are lacking for push.,1489[VI.28];1489[VI.41],20-121 20-125 20-93,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +20-84-2,20,84,2,84-2,,1489[VI.39];1489[VI.30],20-123 20-39,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +20-85-2,20,85,2,85-2,The serial construction with 'give' as the second verb corresponds closely to the equivalent construction in Cantonese.,1489[VI.41],20-45,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +20-86-5,20,86,5,86-5,These constructions are based on Cantonese.,1489[IV.46],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-87-3,20,87,3,87-3,,43[36],20-125,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-88-1,20,88,1,88-1,,1489[VI.68],20-125 20-126 20-127 20-128,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-9-1,20,9,1,9-1,"Most of the definite articles in the English texts of Tong (1862) are not rendered in the Chinese Pidgin English versions, showing that bare noun phrases can be interpreted as definite. The demonstrative that/dat is occasionally used in place of the.",1489[VI.55],20-16,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +20-90-1,20,90,1,90-1,"As in Chinese, there are sentences in which the initial NP is understood as the object of the following verb, without any passive marking. Such sentences can be analyzed either as unmarked passive or as instances of topicalization of the object, with the subject being null. In one example, got may have been used as a passive marker.",1489[IV.72],20-130,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png""}", +20-90-3,20,90,3,90-3,"As in Chinese, there are sentences in which the initial NP is understood as the object of the following verb, without any passive marking. Such sentences can be analyzed either as unmarked passive or as instances of topicalization of the object, with the subject being null. In one example, got may have been used as a passive marker.",1489[IV.72],20-129 20-32,90.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png""}", +20-91-8,20,91,8,91-8,,1489,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}", +20-95-4,20,95,4,95-4,,838[144],20-131 20-132,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-96-4,20,96,4,96-4,,1489[VI.11],20-133,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-97-1,20,97,1,97-1,,1489[VI.49],20-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +20-98-5,20,98,5,98-5,"In general, no complementizer was used with either 'think' or 'want'. However, so is occasionally used with 'think'.",1264[21],20-135 20-136,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +20-99-2,20,99,2,99-2,,1489,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-0-1,21,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +21-1-6,21,1,6,1-6,,,21-2,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge (Lisa Lim) +21-1-2,21,1,2,1-2,,,21-1 21-10 21-37,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge (Lisa Lim) +21-10-1,21,10,1,10-1,"Indefinite articles have been observed to be optional in usage, but the conditions for this are unclear.",1568[58-60],21-16 21-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +21-100-4,21,100,4,100-4,,529[89],21-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +21-101-1,21,101,1,101-1,,529[89],21-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-102-5,21,102,5,102-5,,,21-140 21-141,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +21-103-7,21,103,7,103-7,,820[39-49],21-144,14.2857142857143,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-15-FFFFFF-43-FF0000-43-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +21-103-5,21,103,5,103-5,,820[39-49],21-143,42.8571428571429,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-15-FFFFFF-43-FF0000-43-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +21-103-2,21,103,2,103-2,,820[39-49],21-13 21-142,42.8571428571429,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-15-FFFFFF-43-FF0000-43-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +21-104-1,21,104,1,104-1,,,21-145,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-105-3,21,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-106-3,21,106,3,106-3,"The above applied generally to nominal constituents. There are also semi-grammaticalized verbal usages, e.g. V also can meaning a certain action V is also possible.",,21-147,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +21-106-2,21,106,2,106-2,"The above applied generally to nominal constituents. There are also semi-grammaticalized verbal usages, e.g. V also can meaning a certain action V is also possible.",,21-146,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +21-107-1,21,107,1,107-1,,,21-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-108-2,21,108,2,108-2,The dental click expresses disapproval.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +21-109-2,21,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-11-3,21,11,3,11-3,,,21-18,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +21-11-2,21,11,2,11-2,,,21-17,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +21-110-2,21,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-111-1,21,111,1,111-1,,,21-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-112-2,21,112,2,112-2,,,21-150 21-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +21-113-2,21,113,2,113-2,,,21-152 21-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-114-2,21,114,2,114-2,,,21-154 21-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-115-2,21,115,2,115-2,,,21-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-116-2,21,116,2,116-2,,,21-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-117-4,21,117,4,117-4,,,21-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +21-118-3,21,118,3,118-3,,820,21-159 21-160 21-161 21-162,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge (Lisa Lim) +21-119-3,21,119,3,119-3,,820[32-34],21-163 21-164 21-165,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-12-1,21,12,1,12-1,,529[91],21-19,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +21-12-2,21,12,2,12-2,,529[91],21-20,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +21-120-1,21,120,1,120-1,Tonal distinctions only occur in discourse particles.,821[446-473],21-166 21-167,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +21-121-3,21,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-122-4,21,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +21-123-1,21,123,1,123-1,,,21-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-124-1,21,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-125-1,21,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-126-1,21,126,1,126-1,,,21-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-127-2,21,127,2,127-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +21-128-4,21,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-129-2,21,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-13-2,21,13,2,13-2,,,21-17 21-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +21-130-1,21,130,1,130-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-131,21,131,1,131-1,,,21-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-132,21,132,1,132-1,,,21-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-133,21,133,1,133-1,,,21-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-134,21,134,1,134-1,,,21-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-137,21,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-138,21,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-139,21,139,1,139-1,,,21-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-14-1,21,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-140,21,140,1,140-1,,,21-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-143,21,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-144,21,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-145,21,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-146,21,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-147,21,147,1,147-1,,,21-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-148,21,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-149,21,149,1,149-1,,,21-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-15-1,21,15,1,15-1,,,21-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +21-151,21,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-152,21,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-153,21,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-155,21,155,2,155-2,"The glottal stop occurs in syllable-final position, reinforcing or replacing (usually voiceless) plosives.",,21-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +21-156,21,156,2,156-2,,,21-172,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +21-158,21,158,2,158-2,The voiceless dental fricative is sometimes realized as a voiceless aspirated alveolar plosive.,,21-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +21-159,21,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-16-1,21,16,1,16-1,,,21-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-160,21,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-161,21,161,2,161-2,,,21-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +21-163,21,163,2,163-2,,,21-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +21-168,21,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-169,21,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-17-1,21,17,1,17-1,,,21-1 21-23 21-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-170,21,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-171,21,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-172,21,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-173,21,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-174,21,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-176,21,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-178,21,178,1,178-1,,,21-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-179,21,179,1,179-1,,,21-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-18-1,21,18,1,18-1,,,21-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-180,21,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-181,21,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-182,21,182,1,182-1,,,21-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-183,21,183,1,183-1,,,21-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-184,21,184,2,184-2,,,21-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +21-187,21,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-188,21,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-189,21,189,1,189-1,,,21-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-19-1,21,19,1,19-1,,,21-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-190,21,190,1,190-1,,,21-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-191,21,191,2,191-2,,,21-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +21-192,21,192,2,192-2,,,21-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +21-193,21,193,1,193-1,,,21-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-194,21,194,1,194-1,,,21-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-195,21,195,1,195-1,,,21-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-196,21,196,1,196-1,,,21-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-199,21,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-2-2,21,2,2,2-2,,,21-6,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-2-1,21,2,1,2-1,,,21-4 21-5,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-20-1,21,20,1,20-1,,,21-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-200,21,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-201,21,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-202,21,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-205,21,205,1,205-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-209,21,209,4,209-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-21-5,21,21,5,21-5,,,21-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +21-212,21,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-217,21,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-218,21,218,1,218-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-22-4,21,22,4,22-4,Plural marker for both human and inanimate nouns would be -s.,1568,21-27 21-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +21-221,21,221,1,221-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-23-4,21,23,4,23-4,"In the basilect, the plural -s is often omitted.",,21-30,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +21-23-3,21,23,3,23-3,"In the basilect, the plural -s is often omitted.",,21-29,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +21-231,21,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-24-4,21,24,4,24-4,,,21-31 21-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-25-1,21,25,1,25-1,,,21-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-252,21,252,1,252-1,,,21-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-253,21,253,1,253-1,,,21-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-254,21,254,1,254-1,,,21-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-255,21,255,2,255-2,,,21-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +21-256,21,256,1,256-1,"in Singlish, [a] is not a low front but a low central realization.",,21-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-257,21,257,1,257-1,,,21-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-258,21,258,1,258-1,,,21-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-259,21,259,1,259-1,,,21-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-26-5,21,26,5,26-5,,48[133-135],21-34 21-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-260,21,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-261,21,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-263,21,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-267,21,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-268,21,268,1,268-1,,,21-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +21-27-2,21,27,2,27-2,,,21-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-272,21,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-273,21,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-274,21,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-275,21,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-276,21,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-277,21,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-278,21,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-279,21,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-28-1,21,28,1,28-1,The definite article is not obligatory.,1568[60-61],21-37 21-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +21-280,21,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-281,21,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-282,21,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-284,21,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-285,21,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-286,21,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-287,21,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-288,21,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-289,21,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-29-1,21,29,1,29-1,The indefinite article is highly optional.,1568[58-60],21-38 21-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +21-290,21,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-291,21,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-3-1,21,3,1,3-1,,,21-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-30-5,21,30,5,30-5,,1568,21-39,31.25,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-32-FF0000-19-0000FF-32-FFFF00-19-800080.png""}", +21-30-4,21,30,4,30-4,,1568,21-42,18.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-32-FF0000-19-0000FF-32-FFFF00-19-800080.png""}", +21-30-7,21,30,7,30-7,,1568,21-41,18.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-32-FF0000-19-0000FF-32-FFFF00-19-800080.png""}", +21-30-2,21,30,2,30-2,,1568,21-13 21-40,31.25,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-32-FF0000-19-0000FF-32-FFFF00-19-800080.png""}", +21-308-1,21,308,1,308-1,,819[1-7];824[fc],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +21-309-3,21,309,3,309-3,"Most Singaporeans in their 30s (born from the mid/late 1970s onwards) would have acquired Singlish as small children, e.g. in playgrounds or through peers at school, even if English was not a dominant home language for them. This would comprise about half of Singapore's population.",581,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +21-31-2,21,31,2,31-2,,,21-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-310-4,21,310,4,310-4,,48[127-149],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +21-311-3,21,311,3,311-3,"The speech community is growing not because of the acquisition of new adult speakers, at least not in any significant way, but because of Singlish being acquired as small children.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-312-3,21,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-313-6,21,313,6,313-6,"There are no published figures for the number of Singlish speakers. If we assume that most Singaporeans in their 30s and below (i.e. born from the mid/late 1970s onwards, when Singlish was present and evolving) would have acquired Singlish as small children, e.g. in the playground or from peers in school, this would comprise about half of Singapore's 4 million inhabitants. Add to that many Singlish users in the age range of 40-50, this would take the estimation of the number of Singlish speakers up to some 2-3 million.",824[fc],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-314-3,21,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-315-3,21,315,3,315-3,,1570[106],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-316-2,21,316,2,316-2,,1570[106],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +21-317-2,21,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +21-318-2,21,318,2,318-2,,1468[270-286],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +21-319-3,21,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-32-1,21,32,1,32-1,,,21-17 21-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-320-2,21,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +21-321-3,21,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-322-3,21,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-323-3,21,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-324-3,21,324,3,324-3,"Singlish is not used as a medium of instruction in school, since a more standard variety of (Singapore) English is used. However there is evidence of robust code switching/mixing of Standard English and Singlish by both teachers and students in classroom discourse.",33[fc],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +21-325-1,21,325,1,325-1,,582[19-37],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-326-4,21,326,4,326-4,"The various important languages that have a contact influence include a major world language (Mandarin, because of its important 'mother tongue' status in Singapore, as well as because of the increase in immigrants from the Chinese mainland) and a number of neighbouring languages (Malay, Cantonese).",824[fc],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +21-327-4,21,327,4,327-4,,820[19-56],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +21-328-4,21,328,4,328-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +21-329-4,21,329,4,329-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +21-33-2,21,33,2,33-2,,,21-43 21-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +21-330-4,21,330,4,330-4,"There is no urban-rural distinction in Singapore, which is all urban.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +21-331-4,21,331,4,331-4,"There is no urban-rural distinction in Singapore, which is all urban.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +21-332-4,21,332,4,332-4,"There is no urban-rural distinction in Singapore, which is all urban.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +21-333-2,21,333,2,333-2,,1571[fc],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +21-334-2,21,334,2,334-2,,1571[fc],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +21-335-2,21,335,2,335-2,,1571[fc],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +21-34-1,21,34,1,34-1,,,21-45 21-46 21-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-35-7,21,35,7,35-7,"In enumeration, ordinal numbers can also appear as number one, number two, etc.",,21-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +21-36-1,21,36,1,36-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-37-1,21,37,1,37-1,,,21-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-38-2,21,38,2,38-2,,,21-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +21-39-4,21,39,4,39-4,,1568[70],21-52,41.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-FF0000-42-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-39-3,21,39,3,39-3,,1568[70],21-51 21-53,58.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-FF0000-42-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-4-2,21,4,2,4-2,"In basilectal Singlish, directional verbs allow for preposition 'to' to be omitted, e.g. I go station. 'I go to the station.'",,21-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +21-40-1,21,40,1,40-1,,,21-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-41-1,21,41,1,41-1,,1568[62],21-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-42-2,21,42,2,42-2,,,21-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +21-43-2,21,43,2,43-2,,48[138-140],21-9,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +21-44-8,21,44,8,44-8,,,21-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 21-45-1,21,45,1,45-1,"(i) The past tense marker -ed is often not realized. -(ii) Lastime is a time adverbial that is also used as a past tense marker.",529[80],21-63,100.0,Very certain -21-46-1,21,46,1,46-1,,529[85-86],21-64,100.0,Very certain -21-47-4,21,47,4,47-4,,,21-65 21-9,100.0,Very certain -21-48-4,21,48,4,48-4,,48[137],21-65 21-9,100.0,Very certain -21-49-3,21,49,3,49-3,,48[138-140],21-16 21-19 21-55,100.0,Very certain -21-5-1,21,5,1,5-1,,,21-9,100.0,Very certain -21-50-1,21,50,1,50-1,,,21-67 21-68,100.0,Unspecified -21-51-1,21,51,1,51-1,,,21-63 21-69,100.0,Very certain -21-52-3,21,52,3,52-3,,1830,21-169 21-71,100.0,Very certain -21-53-1,21,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-54-7,21,54,7,54-7,,,21-21 21-72,100.0,Very certain -21-55-2,21,55,2,55-2,,,21-73 21-74,100.0,Very certain -21-56-1,21,56,1,56-1,,,21-75 21-76 21-77,100.0,Very certain -21-57-1,21,57,1,57-1,,,21-15,100.0,Very certain -21-58-1,21,58,1,58-1,,,21-78,100.0,Very certain -21-59-2,21,59,2,59-2,,,21-79,100.0,Very certain -21-6-1,21,6,1,6-1,,1568[68],21-10,100.0,Very certain -21-60-2,21,60,2,60-2,,,21-81,50.0,Very certain -21-60-1,21,60,1,60-1,,,21-80,50.0,Very certain -21-61-1,21,61,1,61-1,,,21-81,50.0,Very certain -21-61-2,21,61,2,61-2,,,21-80,50.0,Very certain -21-62-5,21,62,5,62-5,,1568[71],21-82,100.0,Very certain -21-63-2,21,63,2,63-2,,,21-84,50.0,Very certain -21-63-1,21,63,1,63-1,,,21-83,50.0,Very certain -21-64-1,21,64,1,64-1,,,21-85,35.7142857142857,Very certain -21-64-2,21,64,2,64-2,,,21-86,64.2857142857143,Very certain -21-65-4,21,65,4,65-4,,,21-87,50.0,Very certain -21-65-5,21,65,5,65-5,,,21-88,50.0,Very certain -21-66-1,21,66,1,66-1,,,21-89,100.0,Very certain -21-67-1,21,67,1,67-1,,,21-90,100.0,Very certain -21-68-2,21,68,2,68-2,,,21-91,100.0,Unspecified -21-69-1,21,69,1,69-1,,,21-92,100.0,Very certain -21-7-1,21,7,1,7-1,,1568[66-71];32,21-11 21-12,100.0,Very certain -21-70-1,21,70,1,70-1,,,21-92 21-93,100.0,Very certain -21-71-2,21,71,2,71-2,,,21-25 21-93,100.0,Very certain -21-72-1,21,72,1,72-1,,,21-94 21-95,100.0,Very certain -21-73-3,21,73,3,73-3,Variation is not systematic.,529[82-85],21-96 21-97,100.0,Very certain -21-74-3,21,74,3,74-3,Variation is not systematic.,49[140],21-49 21-98 21-99,100.0,Very certain -21-75-3,21,75,3,75-3,,,21-100,100.0,Very certain -21-76-1,21,76,1,76-1,,,21-100 21-101 21-96,100.0,Very certain -21-77-1,21,77,1,77-1,,,21-102 21-103,100.0,Very certain -21-78-2,21,78,2,78-2,,,21-104 21-105,100.0,Very certain -21-79-1,21,79,1,79-1,,,21-108,50.0,Very certain -21-79-2,21,79,2,79-2,,,21-109,50.0,Very certain -21-8-1,21,8,1,8-1,,,21-13,100.0,Very certain -21-80-2,21,80,2,80-2,,,21-110,100.0,Very certain -21-81-2,21,81,2,81-2,,,21-106 21-107,100.0,Very certain -21-82-1,21,82,1,82-1,,,21-111,50.0,Very certain -21-82-2,21,82,2,82-2,,,21-112 21-113,50.0,Certain -21-83-1,21,83,1,83-1,,,21-113 21-114,100.0,Very certain -21-84-2,21,84,2,84-2,,,21-116 21-117,100.0,Certain -21-85-1,21,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -21-86-1,21,86,1,86-1,,,21-118,100.0,Certain -21-87-3,21,87,3,87-3,,,21-119,100.0,Very certain -21-88-1,21,88,1,88-1,,,21-120,100.0,Very certain -21-89-2,21,89,2,89-2,,,21-121 21-122,100.0,Very certain -21-9-1,21,9,1,9-1,"Definite articles have been observed to be optional in usage, but the conditions for this are unclear.",1568[60-61],21-14 21-15,100.0,Very certain +(ii) Lastime is a time adverbial that is also used as a past tense marker.",529[80],21-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +21-46-1,21,46,1,46-1,,529[85-86],21-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +21-47-4,21,47,4,47-4,,,21-65 21-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-48-4,21,48,4,48-4,,48[137],21-65 21-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-49-3,21,49,3,49-3,,48[138-140],21-16 21-19 21-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +21-5-1,21,5,1,5-1,,,21-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-50-1,21,50,1,50-1,,,21-67 21-68,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-51-1,21,51,1,51-1,,,21-63 21-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-52-3,21,52,3,52-3,,1830,21-169 21-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +21-53-1,21,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-54-7,21,54,7,54-7,,,21-21 21-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +21-55-2,21,55,2,55-2,,,21-73 21-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-56-1,21,56,1,56-1,,,21-75 21-76 21-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-57-1,21,57,1,57-1,,,21-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-58-1,21,58,1,58-1,,,21-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-59-2,21,59,2,59-2,,,21-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +21-6-1,21,6,1,6-1,,1568[68],21-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +21-60-2,21,60,2,60-2,,,21-81,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +21-60-1,21,60,1,60-1,,,21-80,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +21-61-1,21,61,1,61-1,,,21-81,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-61-2,21,61,2,61-2,,,21-80,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-62-5,21,62,5,62-5,,1568[71],21-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +21-63-2,21,63,2,63-2,,,21-84,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-63-1,21,63,1,63-1,,,21-83,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-64-1,21,64,1,64-1,,,21-85,35.7142857142857,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-36-FF0000-65-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-64-2,21,64,2,64-2,,,21-86,64.2857142857143,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-36-FF0000-65-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-65-4,21,65,4,65-4,,,21-87,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +21-65-5,21,65,5,65-5,,,21-88,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +21-66-1,21,66,1,66-1,,,21-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-67-1,21,67,1,67-1,,,21-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-68-2,21,68,2,68-2,,,21-91,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +21-69-1,21,69,1,69-1,,,21-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-7-1,21,7,1,7-1,,1568[66-71];32,21-11 21-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +21-70-1,21,70,1,70-1,,,21-92 21-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-71-2,21,71,2,71-2,,,21-25 21-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-72-1,21,72,1,72-1,,,21-94 21-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-73-3,21,73,3,73-3,Variation is not systematic.,529[82-85],21-96 21-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +21-74-3,21,74,3,74-3,Variation is not systematic.,49[140],21-49 21-98 21-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +21-75-3,21,75,3,75-3,,,21-100,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +21-76-1,21,76,1,76-1,,,21-100 21-101 21-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +21-77-1,21,77,1,77-1,,,21-102 21-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +21-78-2,21,78,2,78-2,,,21-104 21-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-79-1,21,79,1,79-1,,,21-108,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-79-2,21,79,2,79-2,,,21-109,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-8-1,21,8,1,8-1,,,21-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-80-2,21,80,2,80-2,,,21-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-81-2,21,81,2,81-2,,,21-106 21-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-82-1,21,82,1,82-1,,,21-111,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-82-2,21,82,2,82-2,,,21-112 21-113,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-83-1,21,83,1,83-1,,,21-113 21-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-84-2,21,84,2,84-2,,,21-116 21-117,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-85-1,21,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-86-1,21,86,1,86-1,,,21-118,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-87-3,21,87,3,87-3,,,21-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +21-88-1,21,88,1,88-1,,,21-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-89-2,21,89,2,89-2,,,21-121 21-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +21-9-1,21,9,1,9-1,"Definite articles have been observed to be optional in usage, but the conditions for this are unclear.",1568[60-61],21-14 21-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 21-90-4,21,90,4,90-4,"(1) Kena, from Malay 'to suffer', marks a non-prototypical passive-like construction, which may simply indicate non-volitional actors. -(2) The 'give' passive is a calque on Hokkien.",529[97-99];100[31-41],21-126,50.0,Very certain +(2) The 'give' passive is a calque on Hokkien.",529[97-99];100[31-41],21-126,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", 21-90-1,21,90,1,90-1,"(1) Kena, from Malay 'to suffer', marks a non-prototypical passive-like construction, which may simply indicate non-volitional actors. -(2) The 'give' passive is a calque on Hokkien.",529[97-99];100[31-41],21-123 21-124 21-125,50.0,Very certain -21-91-8,21,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -21-92-2,21,92,2,92-2,,,21-127 21-128,100.0,Very certain -21-93-2,21,93,2,93-2,"There is often no case distinction, since whom is often replaced by who, or is omitted.",,21-130,50.0,Very certain -21-93-4,21,93,4,93-4,"There is often no case distinction, since whom is often replaced by who, or is omitted.",,21-129,50.0,Very certain -21-94-2,21,94,2,94-2,,,21-131,100.0,Very certain -21-95-3,21,95,3,95-3,,,21-133,50.0,Very certain -21-95-4,21,95,4,95-4,,,21-132,50.0,Very certain -21-96-3,21,96,3,96-3,,,21-134,50.0,Very certain -21-96-4,21,96,4,96-4,,,21-135,50.0,Very certain -21-97-1,21,97,1,97-1,,,21-136,100.0,Very certain -21-98-6,21,98,6,98-6,,,21-137 21-138,100.0,Very certain -21-99-2,21,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-0-1,22,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -22-1-2,22,1,2,1-2,,,22-1 22-3 22-4,100.0,Very certain -22-10-1,22,10,1,10-1,Wanpela is not yet completely grammaticalized as an indefinite pronoun (see Sankoff & Mazzie 1991).,,22-25,100.0,Intermediate -22-100-4,22,100,4,100-4,,,22-172,100.0,Very certain -22-101-1,22,101,1,101-1,,,22-173 22-174,100.0,Very certain -22-102-1,22,102,1,102-1,,,22-175,100.0,Certain -22-103-2,22,103,2,103-2,"The question tags are common: a, o, o nogat (see Examples 176, 177, 178, 179).",,22-176 22-177 22-178 22-179,50.0,Certain -22-103-7,22,103,7,103-7,"The question tags are common: a, o, o nogat (see Examples 176, 177, 178, 179).",,22-180 22-42,50.0,Certain -22-104-7,22,104,7,104-7,,,22-181,100.0,Intermediate -22-105-3,22,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-106-2,22,106,2,106-2,,,22-182,100.0,Very certain -22-107-7,22,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Certain -22-108-2,22,108,2,108-2,"The tsk tsk used for disapproval in English is widely used in Tok Pisin, but to show appreciation for something impressive(however, no examples in data).",,22-183,100.0,Very certain -22-109-1,22,109,1,109-1,,,22-184,100.0,Very certain -22-11-3,22,11,3,11-3,,,22-26,50.0,Very certain -22-11-2,22,11,2,11-2,,,22-12,50.0,Very certain -22-110-1,22,110,1,110-1,,,22-185 22-186,100.0,Very certain -22-111-2,22,111,2,111-2,,,22-187,100.0,Very certain -22-112-1,22,112,1,112-1,,,22-188 22-189,100.0,Very certain -22-113-2,22,113,2,113-2,,,22-190 22-191,100.0,Intermediate -22-114-4,22,114,4,114-4,,,22-192 22-193 22-204 22-205,100.0,Very certain -22-115-2,22,115,2,115-2,"In earlier times, the verb harim was reported to cover both 'hear' and 'smell', and is still in marginal use, although stigmatized by today's younger speakers as an unsophisticated or ""bush"" feature.",,22-194 22-195,100.0,Certain -22-116-2,22,116,2,116-2,,,22-196 22-197,100.0,Certain -22-117-2,22,117,2,117-2,,,22-198,100.0,Very certain -22-118-3,22,118,3,118-3,,,22-199 22-200 22-201 22-202,100.0,Very certain -22-119-2,22,119,2,119-2,,,22-202 22-203 22-29,100.0,Very certain -22-12-2,22,12,2,12-2,,,22-5 22-7,50.0,Very certain -22-12-1,22,12,1,12-1,,,22-27 22-28,50.0,Very certain -22-120-1,22,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-121-2,22,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -22-122-4,22,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -22-123-4,22,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -22-124-4,22,124,4,124-4,,,,100.0, -22-125-3,22,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -22-126-4,22,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -22-127-6,22,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -22-128-4,22,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -22-129-2,22,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -22-13-1,22,13,1,13-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-130-1,22,130,1,130-1,,,22-217,100.0, -22-131,22,131,1,131-1,,,22-206,100.0, -22-132,22,132,1,132-1,,,22-208,100.0, -22-133,22,133,1,133-1,,,22-209,100.0, -22-134,22,134,1,134-1,,,22-210,100.0, -22-137,22,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -22-138,22,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -22-139,22,139,3,139-3,"/t͡ʃ/ may occur in loanwords, but is normally replaced by /s/.",,22-212,100.0, -22-14-2,22,14,2,14-2,,,22-29 22-30 22-31 22-32,100.0,Very certain -22-140,22,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -22-143,22,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -22-144,22,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -22-145,22,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -22-146,22,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -22-147,22,147,1,147-1,,,22-207,100.0, -22-148,22,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -22-149,22,149,1,149-1,,,22-211,100.0, -22-15-2,22,15,2,15-2,,,22-33 22-34,100.0,Very certain -22-151,22,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -22-152,22,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -22-153,22,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -22-155,22,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -22-156,22,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -22-158,22,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -22-159,22,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -22-16-1,22,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-160,22,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -22-161,22,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -22-163,22,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -22-168,22,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -22-169,22,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -22-17-1,22,17,1,17-1,,,22-12 22-3 22-35 22-36,100.0,Very certain -22-170,22,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -22-171,22,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -22-172,22,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -22-173,22,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -22-174,22,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -22-176,22,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -22-178,22,178,1,178-1,,,22-218,100.0, -22-179,22,179,1,179-1,,,22-219,100.0, -22-18-1,22,18,1,18-1,,,22-7,100.0,Very certain -22-180,22,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -22-181,22,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -22-182,22,182,1,182-1,,,22-220,100.0, -22-183,22,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -22-184,22,184,1,184-1,,,22-221,100.0, -22-187,22,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -22-188,22,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -22-189,22,189,4,189-4,"/f/ exists as a variant of /p/ in some varieties, such as Bougainville.",,22-213,100.0, -22-19-3,22,19,3,19-3,,,22-37 22-38 22-39 22-5,100.0,Very certain -22-190,22,190,1,190-1,/v/ occurs only word-medially.,,22-214,100.0, -22-191,22,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -22-192,22,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -22-193,22,193,1,193-1,,,22-215,100.0, -22-194,22,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -22-195,22,195,3,195-3,"/ʃ/ may occur in loanwords, but is normally replaced by /s/.",,22-216,100.0, -22-196,22,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -22-199,22,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -22-2-2,22,2,2,2-2,,967,22-5 22-6 22-7 22-8 22-9,100.0,Very certain -22-20-2,22,20,2,20-2,,967,22-40,30.0,Very certain -22-20-1,22,20,1,20-1,,967,22-41,70.0,Very certain -22-200,22,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -22-201,22,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -22-202,22,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -22-205,22,205,1,205-1,,,22-217,100.0, -22-209,22,209,1,209-1,,,22-222,100.0, -22-21-5,22,21,5,21-5,,,22-166,30.0,Unspecified -22-21-2,22,21,2,21-2,,,22-42 22-43,70.0,Certain -22-212,22,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -22-217,22,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -22-218,22,218,1,218-1,,,22-223,100.0, -22-22-4,22,22,4,22-4,,,22-19 22-44 22-45 22-46,100.0,Very certain -22-221,22,221,1,221-1,,,22-224,100.0, -22-23-7,22,23,7,23-7,"Plural nouns are often marked with -s in the speech of some speakers, but this is interpreted as code-switching to English.",,22-45 22-47,100.0,Very certain -22-231,22,231,4,231-4,"This sound occurs in some varieties, such as Western Highlands.",,,100.0, -22-24-1,22,24,1,24-1,,,22-45 22-48 22-49,100.0,Certain -22-25-2,22,25,2,25-2,,,22-19 22-50 22-51,100.0,Very certain -22-252,22,252,1,252-1,,,,100.0, -22-253,22,253,1,253-1,,,,100.0, -22-254,22,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -22-255,22,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -22-256,22,256,1,256-1,,,,100.0, -22-257,22,257,1,257-1,,,,100.0, -22-258,22,258,1,258-1,,,,100.0, -22-259,22,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -22-26-2,22,26,2,26-2,Reduplication expresses mainly iteration.,,22-52 22-53 22-54,100.0,Certain -22-260,22,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -22-261,22,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -22-263,22,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -22-267,22,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -22-268,22,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -22-27-2,22,27,2,27-2,,,22-55,100.0,Very certain -22-272,22,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -22-273,22,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -22-274,22,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -22-275,22,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -22-276,22,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -22-277,22,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -22-278,22,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -22-279,22,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -22-28-4,22,28,4,28-4,"Sankoff & Mazzie (1991) investigate the extent to which prenominal wanpela 'one' and dispela 'this' have become grammaticalized as articles. While they find little evidence, Smith (2002: 149–150) demonstrates phonological reduction of dispela in his corpus which may indicate grammaticalization is occurring. He also points out (p.148) that the use of postnominal ia (or ya) is becoming obligatory to mark known human referents, at least in his data.",,22-25,100.0,Intermediate -22-280,22,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -22-281,22,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -22-282,22,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -22-284,22,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -22-285,22,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -22-286,22,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -22-287,22,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -22-288,22,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -22-289,22,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -22-29-2,22,29,2,29-2,See comment for 16.,,22-25 22-56,100.0,Certain -22-290,22,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -22-291,22,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, +(2) The 'give' passive is a calque on Hokkien.",529[97-99];100[31-41],21-123 21-124 21-125,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +21-91-8,21,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +21-92-2,21,92,2,92-2,,,21-127 21-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +21-93-2,21,93,2,93-2,"There is often no case distinction, since whom is often replaced by who, or is omitted.",,21-130,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-93-4,21,93,4,93-4,"There is often no case distinction, since whom is often replaced by who, or is omitted.",,21-129,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-94-2,21,94,2,94-2,,,21-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +21-95-3,21,95,3,95-3,,,21-133,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-95-4,21,95,4,95-4,,,21-132,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-96-3,21,96,3,96-3,,,21-134,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-96-4,21,96,4,96-4,,,21-135,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-97-1,21,97,1,97-1,,,21-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +21-98-6,21,98,6,98-6,,,21-137 21-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +21-99-2,21,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-0-1,22,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +22-1-2,22,1,2,1-2,,,22-1 22-3 22-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +22-10-1,22,10,1,10-1,Wanpela is not yet completely grammaticalized as an indefinite pronoun (see Sankoff & Mazzie 1991).,,22-25,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-100-4,22,100,4,100-4,,,22-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +22-101-1,22,101,1,101-1,,,22-173 22-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-102-1,22,102,1,102-1,,,22-175,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-103-2,22,103,2,103-2,"The question tags are common: a, o, o nogat (see Examples 176, 177, 178, 179).",,22-176 22-177 22-178 22-179,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-103-7,22,103,7,103-7,"The question tags are common: a, o, o nogat (see Examples 176, 177, 178, 179).",,22-180 22-42,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-104-7,22,104,7,104-7,,,22-181,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-105-3,22,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-106-2,22,106,2,106-2,,,22-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-107-7,22,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-108-2,22,108,2,108-2,"The tsk tsk used for disapproval in English is widely used in Tok Pisin, but to show appreciation for something impressive(however, no examples in data).",,22-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +22-109-1,22,109,1,109-1,,,22-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-11-3,22,11,3,11-3,,,22-26,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-11-2,22,11,2,11-2,,,22-12,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-110-1,22,110,1,110-1,,,22-185 22-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-111-2,22,111,2,111-2,,,22-187,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-112-1,22,112,1,112-1,,,22-188 22-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-113-2,22,113,2,113-2,,,22-190 22-191,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-114-4,22,114,4,114-4,,,22-192 22-193 22-204 22-205,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-115-2,22,115,2,115-2,"In earlier times, the verb harim was reported to cover both 'hear' and 'smell', and is still in marginal use, although stigmatized by today's younger speakers as an unsophisticated or ""bush"" feature.",,22-194 22-195,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-116-2,22,116,2,116-2,,,22-196 22-197,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-117-2,22,117,2,117-2,,,22-198,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-118-3,22,118,3,118-3,,,22-199 22-200 22-201 22-202,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-119-2,22,119,2,119-2,,,22-202 22-203 22-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-12-2,22,12,2,12-2,,,22-5 22-7,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +22-12-1,22,12,1,12-1,,,22-27 22-28,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +22-120-1,22,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-121-2,22,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +22-122-4,22,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +22-123-4,22,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-124-4,22,124,4,124-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +22-125-3,22,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +22-126-4,22,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-127-6,22,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-128-4,22,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-129-2,22,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-13-1,22,13,1,13-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +22-130-1,22,130,1,130-1,,,22-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +22-131,22,131,1,131-1,,,22-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-132,22,132,1,132-1,,,22-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-133,22,133,1,133-1,,,22-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-134,22,134,1,134-1,,,22-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-137,22,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-138,22,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-139,22,139,3,139-3,"/t͡ʃ/ may occur in loanwords, but is normally replaced by /s/.",,22-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +22-14-2,22,14,2,14-2,,,22-29 22-30 22-31 22-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-140,22,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-143,22,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-144,22,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-145,22,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-146,22,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-147,22,147,1,147-1,,,22-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-148,22,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-149,22,149,1,149-1,,,22-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-15-2,22,15,2,15-2,,,22-33 22-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +22-151,22,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-152,22,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-153,22,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-155,22,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-156,22,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-158,22,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-159,22,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-16-1,22,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-160,22,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-161,22,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-163,22,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-168,22,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-169,22,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-17-1,22,17,1,17-1,,,22-12 22-3 22-35 22-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-170,22,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-171,22,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-172,22,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-173,22,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-174,22,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-176,22,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-178,22,178,1,178-1,,,22-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-179,22,179,1,179-1,,,22-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-18-1,22,18,1,18-1,,,22-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-180,22,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-181,22,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-182,22,182,1,182-1,,,22-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-183,22,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-184,22,184,1,184-1,,,22-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-187,22,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-188,22,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-189,22,189,4,189-4,"/f/ exists as a variant of /p/ in some varieties, such as Bougainville.",,22-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-19-3,22,19,3,19-3,,,22-37 22-38 22-39 22-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-190,22,190,1,190-1,/v/ occurs only word-medially.,,22-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-191,22,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-192,22,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-193,22,193,1,193-1,,,22-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-194,22,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-195,22,195,3,195-3,"/ʃ/ may occur in loanwords, but is normally replaced by /s/.",,22-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +22-196,22,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-199,22,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-2-2,22,2,2,2-2,,967,22-5 22-6 22-7 22-8 22-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +22-20-2,22,20,2,20-2,,967,22-40,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png""}", +22-20-1,22,20,1,20-1,,967,22-41,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png""}", +22-200,22,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-201,22,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-202,22,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-205,22,205,1,205-1,,,22-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-209,22,209,1,209-1,,,22-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-21-5,22,21,5,21-5,,,22-166,30.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +22-21-2,22,21,2,21-2,,,22-42 22-43,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +22-212,22,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-217,22,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-218,22,218,1,218-1,,,22-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-22-4,22,22,4,22-4,,,22-19 22-44 22-45 22-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +22-221,22,221,1,221-1,,,22-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-23-7,22,23,7,23-7,"Plural nouns are often marked with -s in the speech of some speakers, but this is interpreted as code-switching to English.",,22-45 22-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +22-231,22,231,4,231-4,"This sound occurs in some varieties, such as Western Highlands.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-24-1,22,24,1,24-1,,,22-45 22-48 22-49,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-25-2,22,25,2,25-2,,,22-19 22-50 22-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-252,22,252,1,252-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-253,22,253,1,253-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-254,22,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-255,22,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-256,22,256,1,256-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-257,22,257,1,257-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-258,22,258,1,258-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +22-259,22,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-26-2,22,26,2,26-2,Reduplication expresses mainly iteration.,,22-52 22-53 22-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-260,22,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-261,22,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-263,22,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-267,22,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-268,22,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-27-2,22,27,2,27-2,,,22-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-272,22,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-273,22,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-274,22,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-275,22,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-276,22,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-277,22,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-278,22,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-279,22,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-28-4,22,28,4,28-4,"Sankoff & Mazzie (1991) investigate the extent to which prenominal wanpela 'one' and dispela 'this' have become grammaticalized as articles. While they find little evidence, Smith (2002: 149–150) demonstrates phonological reduction of dispela in his corpus which may indicate grammaticalization is occurring. He also points out (p.148) that the use of postnominal ia (or ya) is becoming obligatory to mark known human referents, at least in his data.",,22-25,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +22-280,22,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-281,22,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-282,22,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-284,22,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-285,22,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-286,22,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-287,22,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-288,22,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-289,22,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-29-2,22,29,2,29-2,See comment for 16.,,22-25 22-56,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +22-290,22,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-291,22,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 22-3-1,22,3,1,3-1,"Adjectives with the MODIFIER suffix -pela (e.g. bikpela 'big') precede the noun. A small set of adjectives not ending in -pela also precede the noun – e.g. liklik 'small', lapun 'old, elderly'. Other adjectives follow the noun – e.g. nogut 'bad', malomalo 'soft', aipas 'blind'. --pela, from English fellow, is often reduced to -pla or -la. It has a dual role in forming plural form of pronouns (mi - sing; mipela - pl) and as an adjectiveal suffix on (mainly) monosyllabic adjectives.",,22-1 22-10,60.0,Very certain +-pela, from English fellow, is often reduced to -pla or -la. It has a dual role in forming plural form of pronouns (mi - sing; mipela - pl) and as an adjectiveal suffix on (mainly) monosyllabic adjectives.",,22-1 22-10,60.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-60-FFFF00-40-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge 22-3-2,22,3,2,3-2,"Adjectives with the MODIFIER suffix -pela (e.g. bikpela 'big') precede the noun. A small set of adjectives not ending in -pela also precede the noun – e.g. liklik 'small', lapun 'old, elderly'. Other adjectives follow the noun – e.g. nogut 'bad', malomalo 'soft', aipas 'blind'. --pela, from English fellow, is often reduced to -pla or -la. It has a dual role in forming plural form of pronouns (mi - sing; mipela - pl) and as an adjectiveal suffix on (mainly) monosyllabic adjectives.",,22-11,40.0,Very certain -22-30-6,22,30,6,30-6,,,22-57,100.0,Certain -22-308-1,22,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-309-3,22,309,3,309-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-31-4,22,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-310-1,22,310,1,310-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-311-1,22,311,1,311-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-312-3,22,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain -22-313-6,22,313,6,313-6,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-314-3,22,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-315-1,22,315,1,315-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-316-2,22,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -22-317-1,22,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-318-1,22,318,1,318-1,Examples include the Baibel or the popular weekly newspaper Wantok Niuspepa.,,,100.0,Very certain -22-319-2,22,319,2,319-2,"In newspaper editorials Tok Pisin is only used in Wantok Niuspepa, which has a circulation of approx. 20,000.",,,100.0,Certain -22-32-1,22,32,1,32-1,"The form dispela is sometimes reduced, especially in rapid speech, to displa, dilsa or sla.",,22-58 22-59,100.0,Very certain -22-320-2,22,320,2,320-2,"Tok Pisin is only used in such contexts in Wantok Niuspepa, which has a circulation of approx. 20,000.",,,100.0,Very certain -22-321-1,22,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-322-1,22,322,1,322-1,,,,100.0,Certain -22-323-1,22,323,1,323-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -22-324-2,22,324,2,324-2,"Tok Pisin is only used in elementary schools (in the first three years of formal education) where the communitiy has chosen it as the medium of instruction, usually because the students come to school speaking many different languages.",,,100.0,Very certain -22-325-1,22,325,1,325-1,"The langauge is, for example, used on tokpisin.net",,,100.0,Certain -22-326-1,22,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Certain -22-327-1,22,327,1,327-1,,1425,,100.0,Certain -22-328-2,22,328,2,328-2,,1425,,100.0,Certain -22-329-2,22,329,2,329-2,,1425,,100.0,Very certain -22-33-1,22,33,1,33-1,,,22-60,100.0,Certain -22-330-2,22,330,2,330-2,Urban/rural variation in the domain of phonology mainly expresses itself in the different degree of anglicization.,1425,,100.0,Very certain -22-331-2,22,331,2,331-2,Urban/rural variation in the domain of morphosyntax mainly expresses itself in the different degree of anglicisation.,1425,,100.0,Very certain -22-332-2,22,332,2,332-2,Urban/rural variation in the lexicon mainly expresses itself in the different degree of anglicisation.,1425,,100.0,Very certain -22-333-2,22,333,2,333-2,"Social class as a concept is problematic in the Papua New Guinea context. If it is relevant, then variation would mainly consist of the degree of anglicisation.",1425,,100.0,Uncertain -22-334-2,22,334,2,334-2,"Social class as a concept is problematic in the Papua New Guinea context. If it is relevant, then variation would mainly consist of the degree of anglicisation.",1425,,100.0,Uncertain -22-335-2,22,335,2,335-2,"Social class as a concept is problematic in the Papua New Guinea context. If it is relevant, then variation would mainly consist of the degree of anglicisation.",1425,,100.0,Uncertain -22-34-2,22,34,2,34-2,,1548[410],22-61,100.0,Certain -22-35-4,22,35,4,35-4,The prefix namba- is added to the cardinal numeral.,,22-62 22-63,100.0,Very certain -22-36-1,22,36,1,36-1,,,22-64,100.0,Very certain +-pela, from English fellow, is often reduced to -pla or -la. It has a dual role in forming plural form of pronouns (mi - sing; mipela - pl) and as an adjectiveal suffix on (mainly) monosyllabic adjectives.",,22-11,40.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-60-FFFF00-40-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +22-30-6,22,30,6,30-6,,,22-57,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-308-1,22,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-309-3,22,309,3,309-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-31-4,22,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-310-1,22,310,1,310-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-311-1,22,311,1,311-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-312-3,22,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-313-6,22,313,6,313-6,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-314-3,22,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-315-1,22,315,1,315-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-316-2,22,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-317-1,22,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-318-1,22,318,1,318-1,Examples include the Baibel or the popular weekly newspaper Wantok Niuspepa.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-319-2,22,319,2,319-2,"In newspaper editorials Tok Pisin is only used in Wantok Niuspepa, which has a circulation of approx. 20,000.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-32-1,22,32,1,32-1,"The form dispela is sometimes reduced, especially in rapid speech, to displa, dilsa or sla.",,22-58 22-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-320-2,22,320,2,320-2,"Tok Pisin is only used in such contexts in Wantok Niuspepa, which has a circulation of approx. 20,000.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-321-1,22,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-322-1,22,322,1,322-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-323-1,22,323,1,323-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-324-2,22,324,2,324-2,"Tok Pisin is only used in elementary schools (in the first three years of formal education) where the communitiy has chosen it as the medium of instruction, usually because the students come to school speaking many different languages.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-325-1,22,325,1,325-1,"The langauge is, for example, used on tokpisin.net",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-326-1,22,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-327-1,22,327,1,327-1,,1425,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +22-328-2,22,328,2,328-2,,1425,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +22-329-2,22,329,2,329-2,,1425,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +22-33-1,22,33,1,33-1,,,22-60,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-330-2,22,330,2,330-2,Urban/rural variation in the domain of phonology mainly expresses itself in the different degree of anglicization.,1425,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +22-331-2,22,331,2,331-2,Urban/rural variation in the domain of morphosyntax mainly expresses itself in the different degree of anglicisation.,1425,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +22-332-2,22,332,2,332-2,Urban/rural variation in the lexicon mainly expresses itself in the different degree of anglicisation.,1425,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +22-333-2,22,333,2,333-2,"Social class as a concept is problematic in the Papua New Guinea context. If it is relevant, then variation would mainly consist of the degree of anglicisation.",1425,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +22-334-2,22,334,2,334-2,"Social class as a concept is problematic in the Papua New Guinea context. If it is relevant, then variation would mainly consist of the degree of anglicisation.",1425,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +22-335-2,22,335,2,335-2,"Social class as a concept is problematic in the Papua New Guinea context. If it is relevant, then variation would mainly consist of the degree of anglicisation.",1425,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +22-34-2,22,34,2,34-2,,1548[410],22-61,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +22-35-4,22,35,4,35-4,The prefix namba- is added to the cardinal numeral.,,22-62 22-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +22-36-1,22,36,1,36-1,,,22-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 22-37-6,22,37,6,37-6,"Possession is indicated by the possessive marker bilong/blong/blo: -i.e. buk bilong mi [book POSS me] 'my book'",,22-65 22-66,100.0,Very certain -22-38-2,22,38,2,38-2,,,22-67,100.0,Certain +i.e. buk bilong mi [book POSS me] 'my book'",,22-65 22-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +22-38-2,22,38,2,38-2,,,22-67,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 22-39-1,22,39,1,39-1,"Adposition bilong plus independent pronoun: e.g. -Buk bilong husat? Bilong mi. Or Buk bilong mi.",,22-68 22-69,100.0,Very certain -22-4-2,22,4,2,4-2,,,22-12 22-13 22-14 22-6,100.0,Very certain -22-40-1,22,40,1,40-1,,584,22-70,100.0,Very certain -22-41-2,22,41,2,41-2,,,22-72,50.0,Certain -22-41-1,22,41,1,41-1,,,22-71,50.0,Certain -22-42-1,22,42,1,42-1,,584,22-73,50.0,Certain -22-42-3,22,42,3,42-3,,584,22-74,50.0,Certain +Buk bilong husat? Bilong mi. Or Buk bilong mi.",,22-68 22-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-4-2,22,4,2,4-2,,,22-12 22-13 22-14 22-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +22-40-1,22,40,1,40-1,,584,22-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +22-41-2,22,41,2,41-2,,,22-72,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-41-1,22,41,1,41-1,,,22-71,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-42-1,22,42,1,42-1,,584,22-73,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +22-42-3,22,42,3,42-3,,584,22-74,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", 22-43-3,22,43,3,43-3,"Bin [PST] precedes the verb and -bai [FUT/IRR] precedes the subject or comes before the predicate marker.",411,22-78 22-79 22-80,33.3333333333333,Certain +bai [FUT/IRR] precedes the subject or comes before the predicate marker.",411,22-78 22-79 22-80,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFB6C1-34-ADD8E6.png""}", 22-43-1,22,43,1,43-1,"Bin [PST] precedes the verb and -bai [FUT/IRR] precedes the subject or comes before the predicate marker.",411,22-75,33.3333333333333,Certain +bai [FUT/IRR] precedes the subject or comes before the predicate marker.",411,22-75,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFB6C1-34-ADD8E6.png""}", 22-43-4,22,43,4,43-4,"Bin [PST] precedes the verb and -bai [FUT/IRR] precedes the subject or comes before the predicate marker.",411,22-81,33.3333333333333,Certain -22-44-8,22,44,8,44-8,"The future marker 'bai' does not co-occur with the past marker 'bin', but it may precede aspect markers.",,,100.0,Certain -22-45-3,22,45,3,45-3,,,22-44,100.0,Very certain -22-46-5,22,46,5,46-5,"Progressive is indicated with the postverbal serial verb i stap or with the preverbal phrase wok long. Nothing can intervene between wok long and the verb, unlike the situation with i stap.",,22-81 22-82 22-83,100.0,Certain -22-47-2,22,47,2,47-2,Progressive is indicated with the postverbal serial verb i stap or with the preverbal phrase wok long (see Examples 81 and 84).,,22-81 22-84,100.0,Certain -22-48-2,22,48,2,48-2,"The habitual marker is save (often reduced to sae or sa); save (usually the full form) also indicates competence (see Examples 85, 86 and 2).",,22-2 22-85 22-86,100.0,Certain -22-49-3,22,49,3,49-3,,,22-87 22-88 22-89,100.0,Certain -22-5-1,22,5,1,5-1,"The clearest example of a demonstrative is prenominal dispela, often reduced to displa or most commonly, disla. Postnominal ia is generally considered to be a focus or emphatic marker, but Smith (2002: 155–156) observes that in his data, it most often has an anaphoric function. It can also be used to direct the hearer's attention to a referent in the environment.",,22-17,75.0,Very certain -22-5-2,22,5,2,5-2,"The clearest example of a demonstrative is prenominal dispela, often reduced to displa or most commonly, disla. Postnominal ia is generally considered to be a focus or emphatic marker, but Smith (2002: 155–156) observes that in his data, it most often has an anaphoric function. It can also be used to direct the hearer's attention to a referent in the environment.",,22-15 22-16,25.0,Intermediate -22-50-1,22,50,1,50-1,Verbs with the post-verbal completive marker pinis are not negated. Rather a serial verb construction in which pinis is negated is used. This may be some indication that pinis has not completely grammaticalized as an aspect marker.,,22-90 22-91,100.0,Very certain -22-51-1,22,51,1,51-1,,,22-27 22-93,100.0,Certain -22-52-1,22,52,1,52-1,,,22-94,100.0,Very certain -22-53-3,22,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Certain -22-54-7,22,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain -22-55-2,22,55,2,55-2,,,22-95 22-96,100.0,Certain -22-56-1,22,56,1,56-1,"Value 1 occurs, but is rare. Much more common is the use of the negated permissive marker no ken (see Example 102) or the use of the prohibitive maski.",,22-100 22-103 22-97,12.5,Certain -22-56-2,22,56,2,56-2,"Value 1 occurs, but is rare. Much more common is the use of the negated permissive marker no ken (see Example 102) or the use of the prohibitive maski.",,22-101 22-102 22-98 22-99,87.5,Certain -22-57-1,22,57,1,57-1,,,22-92,100.0,Very certain -22-58-1,22,58,1,58-1,,,22-104 22-105,100.0,Certain -22-59-1,22,59,1,59-1,,,22-106 22-107,100.0,Very certain -22-6-1,22,6,1,6-1,,,22-18,100.0,Very certain -22-60-1,22,60,1,60-1,,,22-108 22-13,100.0,Very certain -22-61-2,22,61,2,61-2,,,22-109,100.0,Very certain -22-62-1,22,62,1,62-1,,,22-16,100.0,Certain -22-63-2,22,63,2,63-2,,,22-110 22-111,100.0,Very certain -22-64-1,22,64,1,64-1,,,22-112 22-113,100.0,Certain -22-65-1,22,65,1,65-1,,,22-114 22-115,100.0,Very certain -22-66-1,22,66,1,66-1,,,22-116 22-117,30.0,Very certain -22-66-3,22,66,3,66-3,,,22-118 22-55,70.0,Very certain -22-67-1,22,67,1,67-1,,,22-119,100.0,Very certain -22-68-1,22,68,1,68-1,,,22-120 22-50,100.0,Very certain -22-69-1,22,69,1,69-1,,,22-121 22-6,100.0,Very certain -22-7-1,22,7,1,7-1,,,22-19 22-20 22-21,100.0,Very certain -22-70-3,22,70,3,70-3,The general preposition long is most commonly used for instrumental and wantaim for comitative. But the use of wantaim for instrumental is increasing as a result of the effect of English.,,22-122 22-123 22-124,100.0,Certain -22-71-3,22,71,3,71-3,"Wantaim 'with' is used for both comitative and Noun Phrase conjunction, whereas na 'and' is only used for Noun Phrase conjunction.",,22-124 22-125 22-126,100.0,Certain -22-72-1,22,72,1,72-1,,,22-127 22-128,100.0,Very certain -22-73-2,22,73,2,73-2,,,22-129 22-130,100.0,Very certain -22-74-2,22,74,2,74-2,,,22-131 22-132 22-15 22-162 22-22,100.0,Very certain -22-75-1,22,75,1,75-1,,,22-133 22-134,100.0,Certain -22-76-2,22,76,2,76-2,,,22-135 22-136,100.0,Very certain -22-77-1,22,77,1,77-1,,,22-1 22-137,100.0,Very certain -22-78-1,22,78,1,78-1,,,22-137 22-138,100.0,Very certain -22-79-6,22,79,6,79-6,,,22-141,50.0,Very certain -22-79-2,22,79,2,79-2,,,22-142,50.0,Very certain -22-8-2,22,8,2,8-2,"When the adjective precedes the noun, the degree word follows the noun (see Examples 22 and 10).",,22-10 22-22,100.0,Very certain -22-80-2,22,80,2,80-2,,,22-14 22-143,100.0,Very certain -22-81-1,22,81,1,81-1,,,22-139 22-140,100.0,Very certain -22-82-4,22,82,4,82-4,,,22-144 22-145,100.0,Certain -22-83-4,22,83,4,83-4,,967,22-146 22-147,70.0,Certain -22-83-2,22,83,2,83-2,,967,22-60 22-80,30.0,Certain -22-84-2,22,84,2,84-2,,,22-148 22-149 22-150 22-151,100.0,Very certain -22-85-1,22,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Certain -22-86-5,22,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Certain -22-87-3,22,87,3,87-3,The particle yet following a pronoun is used to indicate reflexivity.,,22-152,100.0,Certain -22-88-1,22,88,1,88-1,Tok Pisin uses the intensifier yet after a personal pronoun to indicate reflexivity.,,22-152 22-153 22-154 22-155,100.0,Unspecified -22-89-1,22,89,1,89-1,,,22-156 22-157,100.0,Very certain -22-9-4,22,9,4,9-4,But see 16.,,22-23 22-24,100.0,Very certain -22-90-2,22,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -22-91-8,22,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -22-92-2,22,92,2,92-2,,,22-159,11.1111111111111,Certain -22-92-4,22,92,4,92-4,,,22-160,55.5555555555556,Certain -22-92-5,22,92,5,92-5,,,22-158,33.3333333333333,Certain -22-93-2,22,93,2,93-2,,,22-163,9.09090909090909,Intermediate -22-93-4,22,93,4,93-4,,,22-162,63.6363636363636,Intermediate -22-93-5,22,93,5,93-5,,,22-161,27.2727272727273,Certain -22-94-5,22,94,5,94-5,,,22-23,100.0,Intermediate -22-95-4,22,95,4,95-4,,,22-165,12.5,Certain -22-95-3,22,95,3,95-3,,,22-164,87.5,Certain -22-96-1,22,96,1,96-1,The use of the se complementizer is restricted to East New Britain. It could also be a shortened form of olsem.,,22-167,9.09090909090909,Uncertain -22-96-3,22,96,3,96-3,The use of the se complementizer is restricted to East New Britain. It could also be a shortened form of olsem.,,22-166,63.6363636363636,Certain -22-96-4,22,96,4,96-4,The use of the se complementizer is restricted to East New Britain. It could also be a shortened form of olsem.,,22-168,27.2727272727273,Certain -22-97-1,22,97,1,97-1,,,22-169,100.0,Very certain -22-98-6,22,98,6,98-6,,,22-170 22-171,100.0,Intermediate -22-99-2,22,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -23-0-1,23,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -23-1-2,23,1,2,1-2,,942,23-1,100.0,Very certain -23-10-1,23,10,1,10-1,,942;326,23-18,100.0,Very certain -23-100-4,23,100,4,100-4,,320,23-39,100.0,Very certain -23-101-1,23,101,1,101-1,,320,23-99,100.0,Very certain -23-102-1,23,102,1,102-1,,326,23-158 23-159,100.0,Very certain -23-103-7,23,103,7,103-7,,942;326,23-160,100.0,Very certain -23-104-7,23,104,7,104-7,,942,23-161,100.0,Certain -23-105-3,23,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -23-106-2,23,106,2,106-2,,,23-164,100.0,Very certain -23-107-7,23,107,7,107-7,"People can call out to each other (though usually they would use a click, see Feature 108) but in the examples, oi and e are not used with address terms.",942,23-162 23-165,100.0,Certain -23-108-2,23,108,2,108-2,Also very widespread in Vanuatu is the use of tightly pursed-lipped ingressives and dental fricatives as a means of summonsing people.,,23-166,100.0,Certain -23-109-1,23,109,1,109-1,Pikinini ‘child’ was attested as early as 1886. It has no affective connotations.,323,23-167 23-168,100.0,Very certain -23-11-3,23,11,3,11-3,,1533,23-19,100.0,Very certain +bai [FUT/IRR] precedes the subject or comes before the predicate marker.",411,22-81,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFB6C1-34-ADD8E6.png""}", +22-44-8,22,44,8,44-8,"The future marker 'bai' does not co-occur with the past marker 'bin', but it may precede aspect markers.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-45-3,22,45,3,45-3,,,22-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-46-5,22,46,5,46-5,"Progressive is indicated with the postverbal serial verb i stap or with the preverbal phrase wok long. Nothing can intervene between wok long and the verb, unlike the situation with i stap.",,22-81 22-82 22-83,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-47-2,22,47,2,47-2,Progressive is indicated with the postverbal serial verb i stap or with the preverbal phrase wok long (see Examples 81 and 84).,,22-81 22-84,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-48-2,22,48,2,48-2,"The habitual marker is save (often reduced to sae or sa); save (usually the full form) also indicates competence (see Examples 85, 86 and 2).",,22-2 22-85 22-86,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-49-3,22,49,3,49-3,,,22-87 22-88 22-89,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-5-1,22,5,1,5-1,"The clearest example of a demonstrative is prenominal dispela, often reduced to displa or most commonly, disla. Postnominal ia is generally considered to be a focus or emphatic marker, but Smith (2002: 155–156) observes that in his data, it most often has an anaphoric function. It can also be used to direct the hearer's attention to a referent in the environment.",,22-17,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-5-2,22,5,2,5-2,"The clearest example of a demonstrative is prenominal dispela, often reduced to displa or most commonly, disla. Postnominal ia is generally considered to be a focus or emphatic marker, but Smith (2002: 155–156) observes that in his data, it most often has an anaphoric function. It can also be used to direct the hearer's attention to a referent in the environment.",,22-15 22-16,25.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-50-1,22,50,1,50-1,Verbs with the post-verbal completive marker pinis are not negated. Rather a serial verb construction in which pinis is negated is used. This may be some indication that pinis has not completely grammaticalized as an aspect marker.,,22-90 22-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-51-1,22,51,1,51-1,,,22-27 22-93,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-52-1,22,52,1,52-1,,,22-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-53-3,22,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-54-7,22,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +22-55-2,22,55,2,55-2,,,22-95 22-96,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-56-1,22,56,1,56-1,"Value 1 occurs, but is rare. Much more common is the use of the negated permissive marker no ken (see Example 102) or the use of the prohibitive maski.",,22-100 22-103 22-97,12.5,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-0000FF-88-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +22-56-2,22,56,2,56-2,"Value 1 occurs, but is rare. Much more common is the use of the negated permissive marker no ken (see Example 102) or the use of the prohibitive maski.",,22-101 22-102 22-98 22-99,87.5,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-0000FF-88-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +22-57-1,22,57,1,57-1,,,22-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-58-1,22,58,1,58-1,,,22-104 22-105,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-59-1,22,59,1,59-1,,,22-106 22-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-6-1,22,6,1,6-1,,,22-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-60-1,22,60,1,60-1,,,22-108 22-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-61-2,22,61,2,61-2,,,22-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-62-1,22,62,1,62-1,,,22-16,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-63-2,22,63,2,63-2,,,22-110 22-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-64-1,22,64,1,64-1,,,22-112 22-113,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-65-1,22,65,1,65-1,,,22-114 22-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-66-1,22,66,1,66-1,,,22-116 22-117,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-66-3,22,66,3,66-3,,,22-118 22-55,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-67-1,22,67,1,67-1,,,22-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-68-1,22,68,1,68-1,,,22-120 22-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-69-1,22,69,1,69-1,,,22-121 22-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-7-1,22,7,1,7-1,,,22-19 22-20 22-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-70-3,22,70,3,70-3,The general preposition long is most commonly used for instrumental and wantaim for comitative. But the use of wantaim for instrumental is increasing as a result of the effect of English.,,22-122 22-123 22-124,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +22-71-3,22,71,3,71-3,"Wantaim 'with' is used for both comitative and Noun Phrase conjunction, whereas na 'and' is only used for Noun Phrase conjunction.",,22-124 22-125 22-126,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-72-1,22,72,1,72-1,,,22-127 22-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-73-2,22,73,2,73-2,,,22-129 22-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +22-74-2,22,74,2,74-2,,,22-131 22-132 22-15 22-162 22-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-75-1,22,75,1,75-1,,,22-133 22-134,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-76-2,22,76,2,76-2,,,22-135 22-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-77-1,22,77,1,77-1,,,22-1 22-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +22-78-1,22,78,1,78-1,,,22-137 22-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-79-6,22,79,6,79-6,,,22-141,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-79-2,22,79,2,79-2,,,22-142,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-8-2,22,8,2,8-2,"When the adjective precedes the noun, the degree word follows the noun (see Examples 22 and 10).",,22-10 22-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +22-80-2,22,80,2,80-2,,,22-14 22-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-81-1,22,81,1,81-1,,,22-139 22-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-82-4,22,82,4,82-4,,,22-144 22-145,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-83-4,22,83,4,83-4,,967,22-146 22-147,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF7F00.png""}", +22-83-2,22,83,2,83-2,,967,22-60 22-80,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF7F00.png""}", +22-84-2,22,84,2,84-2,,,22-148 22-149 22-150 22-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +22-85-1,22,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-86-5,22,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-87-3,22,87,3,87-3,The particle yet following a pronoun is used to indicate reflexivity.,,22-152,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +22-88-1,22,88,1,88-1,Tok Pisin uses the intensifier yet after a personal pronoun to indicate reflexivity.,,22-152 22-153 22-154 22-155,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-89-1,22,89,1,89-1,,,22-156 22-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +22-9-4,22,9,4,9-4,But see 16.,,22-23 22-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-90-2,22,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-91-8,22,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +22-92-2,22,92,2,92-2,,,22-159,11.1111111111111,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-12-FF0000-56-0000FF-34-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +22-92-4,22,92,4,92-4,,,22-160,55.5555555555556,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-12-FF0000-56-0000FF-34-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +22-92-5,22,92,5,92-5,,,22-158,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-12-FF0000-56-0000FF-34-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +22-93-2,22,93,2,93-2,,,22-163,9.09090909090909,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-64-0000FF-28-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +22-93-4,22,93,4,93-4,,,22-162,63.6363636363636,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-64-0000FF-28-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +22-93-5,22,93,5,93-5,,,22-161,27.2727272727273,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-64-0000FF-28-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +22-94-5,22,94,5,94-5,,,22-23,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +22-95-4,22,95,4,95-4,,,22-165,12.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-95-3,22,95,3,95-3,,,22-164,87.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-96-1,22,96,1,96-1,The use of the se complementizer is restricted to East New Britain. It could also be a shortened form of olsem.,,22-167,9.09090909090909,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-64-0000FF-28-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-96-3,22,96,3,96-3,The use of the se complementizer is restricted to East New Britain. It could also be a shortened form of olsem.,,22-166,63.6363636363636,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-64-0000FF-28-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-96-4,22,96,4,96-4,The use of the se complementizer is restricted to East New Britain. It could also be a shortened form of olsem.,,22-168,27.2727272727273,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-64-0000FF-28-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-97-1,22,97,1,97-1,,,22-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +22-98-6,22,98,6,98-6,,,22-170 22-171,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +22-99-2,22,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-0-1,23,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +23-1-2,23,1,2,1-2,,942,23-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +23-10-1,23,10,1,10-1,,942;326,23-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-100-4,23,100,4,100-4,,320,23-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +23-101-1,23,101,1,101-1,,320,23-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-102-1,23,102,1,102-1,,326,23-158 23-159,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +23-103-7,23,103,7,103-7,,942;326,23-160,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +23-104-7,23,104,7,104-7,,942,23-161,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-105-3,23,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-106-2,23,106,2,106-2,,,23-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-107-7,23,107,7,107-7,"People can call out to each other (though usually they would use a click, see Feature 108) but in the examples, oi and e are not used with address terms.",942,23-162 23-165,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-108-2,23,108,2,108-2,Also very widespread in Vanuatu is the use of tightly pursed-lipped ingressives and dental fricatives as a means of summonsing people.,,23-166,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +23-109-1,23,109,1,109-1,Pikinini ‘child’ was attested as early as 1886. It has no affective connotations.,323,23-167 23-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-11-3,23,11,3,11-3,,1533,23-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 23-110-1,23,110,1,110-1,"Save is both a lexical verb ‘to know’ and also an auxiliary verb marking ability or habitual. -The first attested use of save with the meaning 'know' is 1872; the first attested use of it as a verbal auxiliary (ability) is in 1859 [published in 1873].",323,23-169 23-170 23-24,100.0,Very certain -23-111-1,23,111,1,111-1,,1533,23-171,100.0,Certain -23-112-1,23,112,1,112-1,,323,23-55,100.0,Very certain -23-113-2,23,113,2,113-2,,323,23-114 23-172,100.0,Very certain -23-114-2,23,114,2,114-2,,323,23-173 23-174 23-175,100.0,Intermediate -23-115-2,23,115,2,115-2,"Harem meaning ‘smell’ was attested in 1907, but is not commonly used with this sense now. Harem is both ‘hear’ and ‘feel’.",323,23-176 23-177,100.0,Very certain -23-116-2,23,116,2,116-2,,942,23-178 23-74,100.0,Very certain -23-117-2,23,117,2,117-2,"Crowley's (1995) dictionary of Bislama gives no indication of the relative frequency of the different options. The dictionary also has entries for dog man, dog woman possibly suggesting that this order is slightly more frequent. This would indeed be consistent with what we know is the older variant of N-N compounding, where the head N precedes the modifier, e.g. glas daeva 'diving mask', man Malo 'man/person from Malo island'.",,23-180,50.0,Uncertain -23-117-1,23,117,1,117-1,"Crowley's (1995) dictionary of Bislama gives no indication of the relative frequency of the different options. The dictionary also has entries for dog man, dog woman possibly suggesting that this order is slightly more frequent. This would indeed be consistent with what we know is the older variant of N-N compounding, where the head N precedes the modifier, e.g. glas daeva 'diving mask', man Malo 'man/person from Malo island'.",,23-179,50.0,Uncertain -23-118-3,23,118,3,118-3,"Complex onsets are not favoured by speakers from some areas: they will use an epenthetic vowel to break up clusters, e.g. spun 'spoon' > sipun.",942;326,23-181 23-182 23-183,100.0,Very certain -23-119-2,23,119,2,119-2,"This value assignment ignores dialect differences. Some dialects/speakers can have /-ks/ in basic vocabulary, though for other speakers this cluster is broken up with an epenthetic vowel, e.g. nekis ('next'). Also the increasing use of English plural /-s, -z/ in town Bislama means there's some variation between Value 2 and 3.",326,23-184 23-55,100.0,Very certain -23-12-2,23,12,2,12-2,Fronting of the interrogative phrase is interpreted as rude and/or aggressive/accusatory.,942,23-22,75.0,Very certain -23-12-1,23,12,1,12-1,Fronting of the interrogative phrase is interpreted as rude and/or aggressive/accusatory.,942,23-20 23-21,25.0,Very certain -23-120-1,23,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -23-121-2,23,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -23-122-4,23,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -23-123-4,23,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -23-124-1,23,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -23-125-3,23,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -23-126-1,23,126,1,126-1,The frequency of [z] is low compared to the frequency of [s].,,23-196,100.0, -23-127-6,23,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -23-128-4,23,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -23-129-2,23,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -23-13-1,23,13,1,13-1,,,23-23 23-24 23-25,100.0,Very certain +The first attested use of save with the meaning 'know' is 1872; the first attested use of it as a verbal auxiliary (ability) is in 1859 [published in 1873].",323,23-169 23-170 23-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-111-1,23,111,1,111-1,,1533,23-171,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +23-112-1,23,112,1,112-1,,323,23-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +23-113-2,23,113,2,113-2,,323,23-114 23-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-114-2,23,114,2,114-2,,323,23-173 23-174 23-175,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-115-2,23,115,2,115-2,"Harem meaning ‘smell’ was attested in 1907, but is not commonly used with this sense now. Harem is both ‘hear’ and ‘feel’.",323,23-176 23-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-116-2,23,116,2,116-2,,942,23-178 23-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-117-2,23,117,2,117-2,"Crowley's (1995) dictionary of Bislama gives no indication of the relative frequency of the different options. The dictionary also has entries for dog man, dog woman possibly suggesting that this order is slightly more frequent. This would indeed be consistent with what we know is the older variant of N-N compounding, where the head N precedes the modifier, e.g. glas daeva 'diving mask', man Malo 'man/person from Malo island'.",,23-180,50.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-117-1,23,117,1,117-1,"Crowley's (1995) dictionary of Bislama gives no indication of the relative frequency of the different options. The dictionary also has entries for dog man, dog woman possibly suggesting that this order is slightly more frequent. This would indeed be consistent with what we know is the older variant of N-N compounding, where the head N precedes the modifier, e.g. glas daeva 'diving mask', man Malo 'man/person from Malo island'.",,23-179,50.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-118-3,23,118,3,118-3,"Complex onsets are not favoured by speakers from some areas: they will use an epenthetic vowel to break up clusters, e.g. spun 'spoon' > sipun.",942;326,23-181 23-182 23-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-119-2,23,119,2,119-2,"This value assignment ignores dialect differences. Some dialects/speakers can have /-ks/ in basic vocabulary, though for other speakers this cluster is broken up with an epenthetic vowel, e.g. nekis ('next'). Also the increasing use of English plural /-s, -z/ in town Bislama means there's some variation between Value 2 and 3.",326,23-184 23-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +23-12-2,23,12,2,12-2,Fronting of the interrogative phrase is interpreted as rude and/or aggressive/accusatory.,942,23-22,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-75-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +23-12-1,23,12,1,12-1,Fronting of the interrogative phrase is interpreted as rude and/or aggressive/accusatory.,942,23-20 23-21,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-75-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +23-120-1,23,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +23-121-2,23,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +23-122-4,23,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +23-123-4,23,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-124-1,23,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-125-3,23,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +23-126-1,23,126,1,126-1,The frequency of [z] is low compared to the frequency of [s].,,23-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-127-6,23,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-128-4,23,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-129-2,23,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-13-1,23,13,1,13-1,,,23-23 23-24 23-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge 23-130-1,23,130,1,130-1,"Some speakers lenite [h] word-initially or word-finally, e.g. [em] hem '3SG pronoun'; [biaenem] bihaenem 'to follow (< behind)'. -Conversely, it is possible to hear speakers insert initial [h] with words that are normally vowel initial, e.g. [hek] eg 'egg' (Meyerhoff 1994-1995 field recordings in Malo).",942,23-198,100.0, -23-131,23,131,1,131-1,"[p] may be voiced when it occurs word-medially followed by a homorganic nasal, e.g. [stamba] < 'stump'",,23-186,100.0, -23-132,23,132,1,132-1,,,23-188,100.0, -23-133,23,133,1,133-1,"[t] may be voiced when it occurs word-medially followed by a homorganic nasal, e.g. [senda] < 'scent'.",,23-189,100.0, -23-134,23,134,1,134-1,"/d/ is often devoiced in word-final position, e.g. glad 'happy, glad' [glat].",,23-190,100.0, -23-137,23,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -23-138,23,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, +Conversely, it is possible to hear speakers insert initial [h] with words that are normally vowel initial, e.g. [hek] eg 'egg' (Meyerhoff 1994-1995 field recordings in Malo).",942,23-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-131,23,131,1,131-1,"[p] may be voiced when it occurs word-medially followed by a homorganic nasal, e.g. [stamba] < 'stump'",,23-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-132,23,132,1,132-1,,,23-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-133,23,133,1,133-1,"[t] may be voiced when it occurs word-medially followed by a homorganic nasal, e.g. [senda] < 'scent'.",,23-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-134,23,134,1,134-1,"/d/ is often devoiced in word-final position, e.g. glad 'happy, glad' [glat].",,23-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-137,23,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-138,23,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 23-139,23,139,1,139-1,"Bislama uses for the palato-alveolar affricate. -Crowley (2004: 11) says slightly fronted variants with [ts] are sometimes heard.",326,23-192,100.0, -23-14-2,23,14,2,14-2,,,23-26 23-27 23-28 23-29 23-30 23-79,100.0,Very certain -23-140,23,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -23-143,23,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -23-144,23,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -23-145,23,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -23-146,23,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -23-147,23,147,1,147-1,,,23-187,100.0, -23-148,23,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -23-149,23,149,1,149-1,"/g/ is often devoiced in word-final position, e.g. dog 'dog' pronounced [dok], eg 'egg' pronounced [ek].",,23-191,100.0, -23-15-2,23,15,2,15-2,Inclusives are also used metaphorically and as politeness strategy.,942,23-25 23-31,100.0,Very certain -23-151,23,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -23-152,23,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -23-153,23,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -23-155,23,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -23-156,23,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -23-158,23,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -23-159,23,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -23-16-1,23,16,1,16-1,The examples only give the paradigm for singular and plural (dual and trial pronouns subjects are not provided — all are transparently based on 1SG and 2SG pronouns and numerals; all use the i agreement marker).,945,23-32 23-33 23-34 23-35 23-36 23-37 23-38,100.0,Very certain -23-160,23,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -23-161,23,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -23-163,23,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -23-168,23,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -23-169,23,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -23-17-1,23,17,1,17-1,"There are no dependent pronouns. The closest to this is a restricted ""set of markers with person information"". They are glossed as ""agreement"" (AGR) throughout in the examples. Only oli (3PL) uniquely identifies a person/number combination though, the other forms Ø and i are underspecified for person or number.",326,23-32 23-33 23-34 23-35 23-36 23-37 23-38,100.0,Very certain -23-170,23,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -23-171,23,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -23-172,23,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -23-173,23,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -23-174,23,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -23-176,23,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -23-178,23,178,1,178-1,,,23-199,100.0, -23-179,23,179,1,179-1,,,23-200,100.0, -23-18-2,23,18,2,18-2,"The use of the 2PL form yufala for polite address is only attested with certain traditional respect relationships, e.g. addressing mother’s (classificatory) brother.",942,23-39 23-40,100.0,Certain -23-180,23,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -23-181,23,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -23-182,23,182,1,182-1,,,23-201,100.0, -23-183,23,183,2,183-2,,,23-202,100.0, -23-184,23,184,1,184-1,,,23-203,100.0, -23-187,23,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -23-188,23,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -23-189,23,189,1,189-1,,,23-193,100.0, -23-19-3,23,19,3,19-3,"(i) hu ‘who’; (ii) wea ‘where’; (iii) (long) wanem taem ‘(at) what time’; (iv) olsem wanem ‘(lit. like what) how’. Some speakers use hao (nao) ‘how’. This was heard in Bislama on Malo (village) in 1995 and in Vila (urban) in 2004. This use of hao is probably widespread.There is variability in the system, which may indicate a change in progress.",942,23-21 23-22 23-30 23-41 23-42 23-43,100.0,Certain -23-190,23,190,1,190-1,The frequency of [v] is low compared to the frequency of [f].,,23-194,100.0, -23-191,23,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -23-192,23,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -23-193,23,193,1,193-1,,,23-195,100.0, -23-194,23,194,1,194-1,The frequency of [z] is low compared to the frequency of [s].,,23-196,100.0, -23-195,23,195,3,195-3,"This may be a feature that indexes higher education, or greater exposure to English and French. Typically, English/French [ʃ] is realized as [s].",,23-197,100.0, -23-196,23,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -23-199,23,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -23-2-2,23,2,2,2-2,,944;951;950;942,23-2,100.0,Very certain -23-20-3,23,20,3,20-3,,942,23-44,50.0,Very certain -23-20-1,23,20,1,20-1,,942,23-45,50.0,Certain -23-200,23,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -23-201,23,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -23-202,23,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, +Crowley (2004: 11) says slightly fronted variants with [ts] are sometimes heard.",326,23-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-14-2,23,14,2,14-2,,,23-26 23-27 23-28 23-29 23-30 23-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-140,23,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-143,23,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-144,23,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-145,23,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-146,23,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-147,23,147,1,147-1,,,23-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-148,23,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-149,23,149,1,149-1,"/g/ is often devoiced in word-final position, e.g. dog 'dog' pronounced [dok], eg 'egg' pronounced [ek].",,23-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-15-2,23,15,2,15-2,Inclusives are also used metaphorically and as politeness strategy.,942,23-25 23-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +23-151,23,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-152,23,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-153,23,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-155,23,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-156,23,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-158,23,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-159,23,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-16-1,23,16,1,16-1,The examples only give the paradigm for singular and plural (dual and trial pronouns subjects are not provided — all are transparently based on 1SG and 2SG pronouns and numerals; all use the i agreement marker).,945,23-32 23-33 23-34 23-35 23-36 23-37 23-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-160,23,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-161,23,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-163,23,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-168,23,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-169,23,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-17-1,23,17,1,17-1,"There are no dependent pronouns. The closest to this is a restricted ""set of markers with person information"". They are glossed as ""agreement"" (AGR) throughout in the examples. Only oli (3PL) uniquely identifies a person/number combination though, the other forms Ø and i are underspecified for person or number.",326,23-32 23-33 23-34 23-35 23-36 23-37 23-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-170,23,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-171,23,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-172,23,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-173,23,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-174,23,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-176,23,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-178,23,178,1,178-1,,,23-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-179,23,179,1,179-1,,,23-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-18-2,23,18,2,18-2,"The use of the 2PL form yufala for polite address is only attested with certain traditional respect relationships, e.g. addressing mother’s (classificatory) brother.",942,23-39 23-40,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +23-180,23,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-181,23,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-182,23,182,1,182-1,,,23-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-183,23,183,2,183-2,,,23-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +23-184,23,184,1,184-1,,,23-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-187,23,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-188,23,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-189,23,189,1,189-1,,,23-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-19-3,23,19,3,19-3,"(i) hu ‘who’; (ii) wea ‘where’; (iii) (long) wanem taem ‘(at) what time’; (iv) olsem wanem ‘(lit. like what) how’. Some speakers use hao (nao) ‘how’. This was heard in Bislama on Malo (village) in 1995 and in Vila (urban) in 2004. This use of hao is probably widespread.There is variability in the system, which may indicate a change in progress.",942,23-21 23-22 23-30 23-41 23-42 23-43,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +23-190,23,190,1,190-1,The frequency of [v] is low compared to the frequency of [f].,,23-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-191,23,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-192,23,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-193,23,193,1,193-1,,,23-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-194,23,194,1,194-1,The frequency of [z] is low compared to the frequency of [s].,,23-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-195,23,195,3,195-3,"This may be a feature that indexes higher education, or greater exposure to English and French. Typically, English/French [ʃ] is realized as [s].",,23-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +23-196,23,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-199,23,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-2-2,23,2,2,2-2,,944;951;950;942,23-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +23-20-3,23,20,3,20-3,,942,23-44,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +23-20-1,23,20,1,20-1,,942,23-45,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +23-200,23,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-201,23,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-202,23,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 23-205,23,205,1,205-1,"Some speakers lenite [h] word-initially or word-finally, e.g. [em] hem '3SG pronoun'; [biaenem] bihaenem 'to follow (< behind)'. -Conversely, it is possible to hear speakers insert initial [h] with words that are normally vowel initial, e.g. [hek] eg 'egg' (Meyerhoff 1994-1995 field recordings in Malo).",942,23-198,100.0, -23-209,23,209,1,209-1,,,23-204,100.0, -23-21-2,23,21,2,21-2,,,23-47,50.0,Very certain -23-21-5,23,21,5,21-5,,,23-46,50.0,Very certain -23-212,23,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -23-217,23,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -23-218,23,218,1,218-1,,,23-205,100.0, -23-22-6,23,22,6,22-6,It is increasingly possible to hear tokens of N + -s in spoken Bislama. I think this is still an index of contact with and proficiency in English but is clearly a change worth observing in the next decade or so.,948;1532,23-48 23-5,100.0,Very certain -23-221,23,221,1,221-1,,,23-206,100.0, -23-23-3,23,23,3,23-3,"Plural nouns can be either ol + N or olgeta + N, with a preceding plural word. Plural marking with suffix -s from English is marginal.",1533;942,23-50,10.0,Very certain -23-23-7,23,23,7,23-7,"Plural nouns can be either ol + N or olgeta + N, with a preceding plural word. Plural marking with suffix -s from English is marginal.",1533;942,23-13 23-49,90.0,Very certain -23-231,23,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -23-24-2,23,24,2,24-2,The marker for associative plural construction is the same as the 3PL pronoun olgeta; it is not the marker of plurality (ol).,942,23-51 23-52,100.0,Very certain -23-25-4,23,25,4,25-4,,942,23-48 23-49 23-53 23-54,100.0,Certain -23-252,23,252,1,252-1,Crowley (2004: 15) says that some rural speakers tend to lengthen stressed vowels in words of 2+ syllables. He also says that this is stigmatized.,,23-207,100.0, +Conversely, it is possible to hear speakers insert initial [h] with words that are normally vowel initial, e.g. [hek] eg 'egg' (Meyerhoff 1994-1995 field recordings in Malo).",942,23-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-209,23,209,1,209-1,,,23-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-21-2,23,21,2,21-2,,,23-47,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +23-21-5,23,21,5,21-5,,,23-46,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +23-212,23,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-217,23,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-218,23,218,1,218-1,,,23-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-22-6,23,22,6,22-6,It is increasingly possible to hear tokens of N + -s in spoken Bislama. I think this is still an index of contact with and proficiency in English but is clearly a change worth observing in the next decade or so.,948;1532,23-48 23-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +23-221,23,221,1,221-1,,,23-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-23-3,23,23,3,23-3,"Plural nouns can be either ol + N or olgeta + N, with a preceding plural word. Plural marking with suffix -s from English is marginal.",1533;942,23-50,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +23-23-7,23,23,7,23-7,"Plural nouns can be either ol + N or olgeta + N, with a preceding plural word. Plural marking with suffix -s from English is marginal.",1533;942,23-13 23-49,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +23-231,23,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-24-2,23,24,2,24-2,The marker for associative plural construction is the same as the 3PL pronoun olgeta; it is not the marker of plurality (ol).,942,23-51 23-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +23-25-4,23,25,4,25-4,,942,23-48 23-49 23-53 23-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +23-252,23,252,1,252-1,Crowley (2004: 15) says that some rural speakers tend to lengthen stressed vowels in words of 2+ syllables. He also says that this is stigmatized.,,23-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 23-253,23,253,1,253-1,"Crowley (2004: 15) says that some rural speakers tend to lengthen stressed vowels in words of 2+ syllables. He also says this is stigmatized. -Word-finally, the mid-vowels are frequently realized with high off-glides, e.g. de or dei 'day' (Crowley 2004: 16).",,23-209,100.0, -23-254,23,254,2,254-2,Crowley (2004: 16-17) says that the use of lax vowels corresponding to short vowels in the source language occurs in the speech of educated speakers. This needs more research; it may be regional and/or more widespread than his statement suggests.,,23-210,100.0, -23-255,23,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -23-256,23,256,4,256-4,,,,100.0, -23-257,23,257,1,257-1,Crowley (2004: 15) says that some rural speakers tend to lengthen stressed vowels in words of 2+ syllables. He also says this is stigmatized.,,23-212,100.0, +Word-finally, the mid-vowels are frequently realized with high off-glides, e.g. de or dei 'day' (Crowley 2004: 16).",,23-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-254,23,254,2,254-2,Crowley (2004: 16-17) says that the use of lax vowels corresponding to short vowels in the source language occurs in the speech of educated speakers. This needs more research; it may be regional and/or more widespread than his statement suggests.,,23-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +23-255,23,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-256,23,256,4,256-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-257,23,257,1,257-1,Crowley (2004: 15) says that some rural speakers tend to lengthen stressed vowels in words of 2+ syllables. He also says this is stigmatized.,,23-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 23-258,23,258,1,258-1,"Crowley (2004: 15) says that some rural speakers tend to lengthen stressed vowels in words of 2+ syllables. He also says this is stigmatized. -Word-finally, the mid-vowels are frequently realized with high off-glides, e.g. blo or blou 'blow' (Crowley 2004: 16).",,23-214,100.0, -23-259,23,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -23-26-2,23,26,2,26-2,"The semantic functions of reduplication are probably best summarized as “augmentative” (more subjects, more iterations of event, greater intensity of attribute, etc.). See Meyerhoff 2003a.",948,23-23 23-48,100.0,Very certain +Word-finally, the mid-vowels are frequently realized with high off-glides, e.g. blo or blou 'blow' (Crowley 2004: 16).",,23-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-259,23,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-26-2,23,26,2,26-2,"The semantic functions of reduplication are probably best summarized as “augmentative” (more subjects, more iterations of event, greater intensity of attribute, etc.). See Meyerhoff 2003a.",948,23-23 23-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 23-260,23,260,1,260-1,"Crowley (2004: 15) says that some rural speakers tend to lengthen stressed vowels in words of 2+ syllables. He also says this is stigmatized. -Final schwa in English or French source words (including schwas that are the result of /r/-loss in English) is generally realized as [-ɑ], e.g. [brata] brata 'brother', [moa] moa 'more'.",,23-215,100.0, -23-261,23,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -23-263,23,263,2,263-2,Crowley (2004: 16-17) says that the use of lax vowels corresponding to short vowels in the source language occurs in the speech of educated speakers. This needs more research; it may be regional and/or more widespread than his statement suggests.,,23-208,100.0, -23-267,23,267,2,267-2,"Crowley (2004: 15) says that some rural speakers ""reduce unstressed vowels in closed final syllables to a high central vowel"" and gives the example of [apɨl] instead of [apol]. He also says this is stigmatized.",,23-211,100.0, -23-268,23,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -23-27-2,23,27,2,27-2,"It is possible that this is marked though in more oblique ways, e.g. through specification of possessor, [leg-of-her] etc. (cf. Example 55). No corpus work has been done to support this one way or another.",942,23-55,100.0,Very certain -23-272,23,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -23-273,23,273,2,273-2,Crowley (2004: 16-17) says that the use of lax vowels corresponding to short vowels in the source language occurs in the speech of educated speakers. This needs more research; it may be regional and/or more widespread than his statement suggests.,,23-213,100.0, -23-274,23,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -23-275,23,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -23-276,23,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -23-277,23,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -23-278,23,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -23-279,23,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, +Final schwa in English or French source words (including schwas that are the result of /r/-loss in English) is generally realized as [-ɑ], e.g. [brata] brata 'brother', [moa] moa 'more'.",,23-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +23-261,23,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-263,23,263,2,263-2,Crowley (2004: 16-17) says that the use of lax vowels corresponding to short vowels in the source language occurs in the speech of educated speakers. This needs more research; it may be regional and/or more widespread than his statement suggests.,,23-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +23-267,23,267,2,267-2,"Crowley (2004: 15) says that some rural speakers ""reduce unstressed vowels in closed final syllables to a high central vowel"" and gives the example of [apɨl] instead of [apol]. He also says this is stigmatized.",,23-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +23-268,23,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-27-2,23,27,2,27-2,"It is possible that this is marked though in more oblique ways, e.g. through specification of possessor, [leg-of-her] etc. (cf. Example 55). No corpus work has been done to support this one way or another.",942,23-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-272,23,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-273,23,273,2,273-2,Crowley (2004: 16-17) says that the use of lax vowels corresponding to short vowels in the source language occurs in the speech of educated speakers. This needs more research; it may be regional and/or more widespread than his statement suggests.,,23-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +23-274,23,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-275,23,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-276,23,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-277,23,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-278,23,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-279,23,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 23-28-4,23,28,4,28-4,"N + ia cannot be used in associative contexts as described in the examples for this feature. -As Examples 56, 57 and 58 show, N + ia can refer to a definite/specific NP or be used as a demonstrative with accompanying demonstration.",326,23-56 23-57 23-58,100.0,Intermediate -23-280,23,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -23-281,23,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -23-282,23,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -23-284,23,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -23-285,23,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -23-286,23,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -23-287,23,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -23-288,23,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -23-289,23,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -23-29-2,23,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article is wan.,942,23-11 23-120 23-58,100.0,Very certain -23-290,23,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -23-291,23,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, +As Examples 56, 57 and 58 show, N + ia can refer to a definite/specific NP or be used as a demonstrative with accompanying demonstration.",326,23-56 23-57 23-58,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +23-280,23,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-281,23,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-282,23,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-284,23,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-285,23,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-286,23,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-287,23,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-288,23,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-289,23,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-29-2,23,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article is wan.,942,23-11 23-120 23-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +23-290,23,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-291,23,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 23-3-1,23,3,1,3-1,"Value 1: This is the default, most common, pattern. -Value 2: There is only a closed class of adjectives which may occur after the head N, they include nogud ('bad'), nating ('useless', though see detailed discussion of rum nating in examples), and place of origin, (wo)man Malo ('Malo [wo]man').",942,23-3,75.0,Very certain +Value 2: There is only a closed class of adjectives which may occur after the head N, they include nogud ('bad'), nating ('useless', though see detailed discussion of rum nating in examples), and place of origin, (wo)man Malo ('Malo [wo]man').",942,23-3,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 23-3-2,23,3,2,3-2,"Value 1: This is the default, most common, pattern. -Value 2: There is only a closed class of adjectives which may occur after the head N, they include nogud ('bad'), nating ('useless', though see detailed discussion of rum nating in examples), and place of origin, (wo)man Malo ('Malo [wo]man').",942,23-4 23-5,25.0,Very certain -23-30-2,23,30,2,30-2,,,23-59 23-60,50.0,Certain -23-30-5,23,30,5,30-5,,,23-61,50.0,Certain -23-308-1,23,308,1,308-1,,320;326,,100.0,Very certain -23-309-3,23,309,3,309-3,,,,100.0,Certain -23-31-4,23,31,4,31-4,"The postposed form ia (from English here) is used as a demonstrative and is also very similar to a definite article, but it is not regarded as a definite article here (see Chapter 28).","324[279, 285-286]",23-12 23-62 23-63,100.0,Intermediate -23-310-4,23,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -23-311-2,23,311,2,311-2,"The growth of the speech community generally corresponds to the demographic condition, with an increasing number of young speakers.",,,100.0,Uncertain -23-312-3,23,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -23-313-5,23,313,5,313-5,"In the entire population almost everyone speaks at least some Bislama. The estimated population is 218,000 (July 2009, CIA Factbook).",326,,100.0,Very certain -23-314-3,23,314,3,314-3,"Historically Bislama was predominantly used by males gendered male but was also associated with streetwise women probably from the outset. We know women went to the Queensland planatations as well, comprising a significant minority.",,,100.0,Very certain -23-315-1,23,315,1,315-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -23-316-1,23,316,1,316-1,Phone-ins can be heard on the radio staion FM107 Port Vila.,,,100.0,Very certain -23-317-1,23,317,1,317-1,There is a very active local music scene which covers a range of genres.,,,100.0,Very certain -23-318-2,23,318,2,318-2,"There are some poetry and customary stories published in Bislama. However, I am not aware of any novels written in Bislama.",,,100.0,Certain -23-319-2,23,319,2,319-2,I have interpreted this as referring to the Op-Ed page in general.,,,100.0,Very certain -23-32-1,23,32,1,32-1,,,23-59 23-62 23-64,100.0,Very certain -23-320-1,23,320,1,320-1,"It is widely used here, e.g. in local news, recipe columns, the ""women's corner"", letters to the editor and especially for sports reporting (see Feature ""Domains of use: newspaper editorials"").",,,100.0,Very certain -23-321-1,23,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -23-322-1,23,322,1,322-1,"I recorded extensive code-switching and translation between English, French and Bislama in magistrate court hearings in Luganville in 1994-1995. I have not done fieldwork in courtrooms since then.",942,,100.0,Intermediate -23-323-1,23,323,1,323-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -23-324-3,23,324,3,324-3,"Bislama is informally used for glossing and helping students out in education in the towns, but this is not officially encouraged.",326;944,,100.0,Very certain -23-325-1,23,325,1,325-1,Email and texting in Bislama are frequent. I am not aware of any Ni-Vanuatu blogs in Bislama up to this date (i.e. Sept. 2009).,,,100.0,Very certain -23-326-4,23,326,4,326-4,,326,,100.0,Very certain -23-327-1,23,327,1,327-1,There are some pronunciation shibboleths for identifying speakers from specific islands but no systematic documentation of this exists yet.,,,100.0,Uncertain -23-328-2,23,328,2,328-2,Meyerhoff 2002 mentions that there may be differences in how productively some verbs and complementisers are used.,947,,100.0,Intermediate -23-329-2,23,329,2,329-2,"Areas where French colonial influence was stronger tend to use more of the French-derived vocubulary or use it more often. There is also local variation in the borrowing from indigenous vernaculars, e.g. for referring to local plants, birds and animals.",320,,100.0,Very certain -23-33-1,23,33,1,33-1,,,23-16,100.0,Very certain +Value 2: There is only a closed class of adjectives which may occur after the head N, they include nogud ('bad'), nating ('useless', though see detailed discussion of rum nating in examples), and place of origin, (wo)man Malo ('Malo [wo]man').",942,23-4 23-5,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +23-30-2,23,30,2,30-2,,,23-59 23-60,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-30-5,23,30,5,30-5,,,23-61,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-308-1,23,308,1,308-1,,320;326,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +23-309-3,23,309,3,309-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-31-4,23,31,4,31-4,"The postposed form ia (from English here) is used as a demonstrative and is also very similar to a definite article, but it is not regarded as a definite article here (see Chapter 28).","324[279, 285-286]",23-12 23-62 23-63,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-310-4,23,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +23-311-2,23,311,2,311-2,"The growth of the speech community generally corresponds to the demographic condition, with an increasing number of young speakers.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-312-3,23,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-313-5,23,313,5,313-5,"In the entire population almost everyone speaks at least some Bislama. The estimated population is 218,000 (July 2009, CIA Factbook).",326,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +23-314-3,23,314,3,314-3,"Historically Bislama was predominantly used by males gendered male but was also associated with streetwise women probably from the outset. We know women went to the Queensland planatations as well, comprising a significant minority.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-315-1,23,315,1,315-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-316-1,23,316,1,316-1,Phone-ins can be heard on the radio staion FM107 Port Vila.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-317-1,23,317,1,317-1,There is a very active local music scene which covers a range of genres.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-318-2,23,318,2,318-2,"There are some poetry and customary stories published in Bislama. However, I am not aware of any novels written in Bislama.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-319-2,23,319,2,319-2,I have interpreted this as referring to the Op-Ed page in general.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-32-1,23,32,1,32-1,,,23-59 23-62 23-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +23-320-1,23,320,1,320-1,"It is widely used here, e.g. in local news, recipe columns, the ""women's corner"", letters to the editor and especially for sports reporting (see Feature ""Domains of use: newspaper editorials"").",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-321-1,23,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-322-1,23,322,1,322-1,"I recorded extensive code-switching and translation between English, French and Bislama in magistrate court hearings in Luganville in 1994-1995. I have not done fieldwork in courtrooms since then.",942,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-323-1,23,323,1,323-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-324-3,23,324,3,324-3,"Bislama is informally used for glossing and helping students out in education in the towns, but this is not officially encouraged.",326;944,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-325-1,23,325,1,325-1,Email and texting in Bislama are frequent. I am not aware of any Ni-Vanuatu blogs in Bislama up to this date (i.e. Sept. 2009).,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-326-4,23,326,4,326-4,,326,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +23-327-1,23,327,1,327-1,There are some pronunciation shibboleths for identifying speakers from specific islands but no systematic documentation of this exists yet.,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-328-2,23,328,2,328-2,Meyerhoff 2002 mentions that there may be differences in how productively some verbs and complementisers are used.,947,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-329-2,23,329,2,329-2,"Areas where French colonial influence was stronger tend to use more of the French-derived vocubulary or use it more often. There is also local variation in the borrowing from indigenous vernaculars, e.g. for referring to local plants, birds and animals.",320,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-33-1,23,33,1,33-1,,,23-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 23-330-3,23,330,3,330-3,"No systematic study of urban/rural phonological variation has been published to date (the same holds true for regional dialect influences). -Anecdotally, some final consonant deletions in urban Port Vila speech of young speakers has been reported. But it is not at all clear if this is due to generational change and occurring across Vanuatu, or if it is localized in urban areas.",,,100.0,Intermediate +Anecdotally, some final consonant deletions in urban Port Vila speech of young speakers has been reported. But it is not at all clear if this is due to generational change and occurring across Vanuatu, or if it is localized in urban areas.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 23-331-2,23,331,2,331-2,"No systematic study of urban/rural morphology/syntax has been published to date (like regional dialect influences). -In the 21st century, I have started to hear speakers in the towns using English-like plural marking -s on nouns. This is still very much a minority phenomenon and occurs doubled with use of the Bislama plural determiner ol.",,,100.0,Intermediate -23-332-1,23,332,1,332-1,"The use of English words, whether nativized into Bislama or not, is more widespread among speakers with more English language education. They are used correspondingly less among speakers educated in French. Ni-Vanuatu as well as linguists increasingly sense the use of town and village varieties of Bislama (thus village speakers may be unfamiliar with slang or neologisms used in town).",,,100.0,Very certain -23-333-3,23,333,3,333-3,"No systematic work on potential social class differentiation has been done. Social class differentiation may only be applicable in towns, even if the meaning of ""social class"" is extended to ""level of education"" which would have more widespread relevance.",,,100.0,Uncertain +In the 21st century, I have started to hear speakers in the towns using English-like plural marking -s on nouns. This is still very much a minority phenomenon and occurs doubled with use of the Bislama plural determiner ol.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-332-1,23,332,1,332-1,"The use of English words, whether nativized into Bislama or not, is more widespread among speakers with more English language education. They are used correspondingly less among speakers educated in French. Ni-Vanuatu as well as linguists increasingly sense the use of town and village varieties of Bislama (thus village speakers may be unfamiliar with slang or neologisms used in town).",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-333-3,23,333,3,333-3,"No systematic work on potential social class differentiation has been done. Social class differentiation may only be applicable in towns, even if the meaning of ""social class"" is extended to ""level of education"" which would have more widespread relevance.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 23-334-3,23,334,3,334-3,"No systematic work on potential social class differentiation has been done. Social class differentiation may only be applicable in towns, even if the meaning of ""social class"" is extended to ""level of education"" which would have more widespread relevance. -Whether the town-village distinction corresponds to ""social class"" variation is debatable.",,,100.0,Uncertain +Whether the town-village distinction corresponds to ""social class"" variation is debatable.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 23-335-3,23,335,3,335-3,"No systematic work on potential social class differentiation has been done. Social class differentiation may only be applicable in towns, even if the meaning of ""social class"" is extended to ""level of education"" which would have more widespread relevance. -Whether town-village distinction corresponds to ""social class"" variation is debatable.",,,100.0,Uncertain -23-34-2,23,34,2,34-2,,,23-66,100.0,Certain +Whether town-village distinction corresponds to ""social class"" variation is debatable.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-34-2,23,34,2,34-2,,,23-66,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 23-35-5,23,35,5,35-5,"Generally, ordinal numbers are namba + cardinal number. First as an option is socially marked as more ‘English’ or possibly more ‘educated’, but we need corpus/fieldwork to determine this. Nambawan as an ordinal ('first') may also be increasingly blocked by its colloquial meaning of 'best'. The more natural sense of -Samting ia i nambawan is 'That's great', not 'That's the first (in a series)'.",326,23-68 23-69 23-70,100.0,Very certain -23-36-1,23,36,1,36-1,,942,23-10,100.0,Very certain -23-37-6,23,37,6,37-6,,942,23-31 23-71,100.0,Very certain -23-38-2,23,38,2,38-2,,951;326,23-71,100.0,Very certain -23-39-1,23,39,1,39-1,,,23-72 23-73,100.0,Very certain -23-4-2,23,4,2,4-2,,942,23-6 23-7 23-8,100.0,Very certain -23-40-1,23,40,1,40-1,,942,23-74,100.0,Very certain -23-41-1,23,41,1,41-1,,942,23-56,50.0,Very certain -23-41-2,23,41,2,41-2,,942,23-75,50.0,Very certain -23-42-3,23,42,3,42-3,,,23-14,50.0,Certain -23-42-1,23,42,1,42-1,,,23-75,50.0,Very certain -23-43-3,23,43,3,43-3,Value 3: only IRR (bam)bae,942,23-8,50.0,Very certain -23-43-1,23,43,1,43-1,Value 3: only IRR (bam)bae,942,23-58,50.0,Very certain +Samting ia i nambawan is 'That's great', not 'That's the first (in a series)'.",326,23-68 23-69 23-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +23-36-1,23,36,1,36-1,,942,23-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +23-37-6,23,37,6,37-6,,942,23-31 23-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +23-38-2,23,38,2,38-2,,951;326,23-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +23-39-1,23,39,1,39-1,,,23-72 23-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-4-2,23,4,2,4-2,,942,23-6 23-7 23-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +23-40-1,23,40,1,40-1,,942,23-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-41-1,23,41,1,41-1,,942,23-56,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-41-2,23,41,2,41-2,,942,23-75,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-42-3,23,42,3,42-3,,,23-14,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-42-1,23,42,1,42-1,,,23-75,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-43-3,23,43,3,43-3,Value 3: only IRR (bam)bae,942,23-8,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +23-43-1,23,43,1,43-1,Value 3: only IRR (bam)bae,942,23-58,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", 23-44-8,23,44,8,44-8,"The marker for irrealis may be a verbal auxiliary or it may be best analyzed as an adverb (consider its position to the left of the subject in the example given). More research on its use in discourse is needed. -I can't find examples of IRR + ANT + PROG/HABIT in one clause. As Examples 76 and 77 show, IRR co-occurs with quasi-modals like go + main verb, and can co-occur with stap (PROG/HABIT). Bin (ANT) co-occurs with stap. Putting them together (e.g. in a counter-factual such as If he had been working there, he would have been paying you) is very awkward (maybe ungrammatical).",942,23-76 23-77,100.0,Certain -23-45-6,23,45,6,45-6,,,,100.0,Very certain -23-46-2,23,46,2,46-2,"Because APiCS only allows us to choose one value for this, I have selected Value 2. Only go or kam can intervene between the progressive/habitual marker and the main verb. And this option is not very frequent. Generally, the link between stap and the main verb is very tight.",,23-78 23-79 23-80,100.0,Very certain -23-47-6,23,47,6,47-6,"Note that the habitual is also expressed with save, see Feature 48 ""Uses of the habitual marker"".",942,23-58 23-81 23-82 23-83,100.0,Certain -23-48-6,23,48,6,48-6,"Note that save has only the habitual use. Stap, which expresses habitual or progressive, has more uses. See also Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"".",942,23-41 23-82 23-83 23-84,41.6666666666667,Certain -23-48-2,23,48,2,48-2,"Note that save has only the habitual use. Stap, which expresses habitual or progressive, has more uses. See also Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"".",942,23-85,58.3333333333333,Very certain -23-49-1,23,49,1,49-1,,,23-79 23-86,100.0,Certain -23-5-2,23,5,2,5-2,,326;942,23-9,100.0,Very certain -23-50-1,23,50,1,50-1,,1533;942,23-8 23-87 23-88,100.0,Certain -23-51-3,23,51,3,51-3,"In isolation there is no way of knowing whether a zero-marked dynamic verb, as in hem i karem is 's/he carries' or 's/he carried' (Example 89). Likewise, whether i gud is 'is good' or 'was good' (Example 90). Note that the larger discourse context for hem i karem bigfala spes gives an interpretation of 'he has taken' (even though there is no completive marker).",942,23-142 23-89 23-90 23-91,100.0,Intermediate -23-52-3,23,52,3,52-3,"I have found no examples of this in my corpora (spoken and written) and I'm very uncertain about my intuitions for something like this, since I'm a non-native speaker. For this reason, I have indicated an 'Uncertain' confidence level.",,23-92,100.0,Uncertain -23-53-3,23,53,3,53-3,,946,,100.0,Certain -23-54-7,23,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -23-55-2,23,55,2,55-2,,942,23-39 23-93,100.0,Very certain -23-56-1,23,56,1,56-1,"Use of an overt subject in imperatives is variable. Example 95 Givim nandao ... could also be expressed with Yu givim nandao ..., cf. Example 96 Yu go swim. Hence Example 97 Yu no mekem rabis fasin is considered to involve normal imperative and normal negator (pre-verbal no, also illustrated here).",942,23-94 23-95 23-96 23-97,100.0,Very certain -23-57-1,23,57,1,57-1,,942,23-87,100.0,Very certain -23-58-1,23,58,1,58-1,,,23-74 23-98,100.0,Very certain -23-59-1,23,59,1,59-1,,942,23-100 23-99,100.0,Very certain -23-6-1,23,6,1,6-1,,942,23-10,100.0,Very certain -23-60-1,23,60,1,60-1,Note that often one or the other of the object arguments is null (recoverable from the immediately preceding clause). Corpus work is needed to establish relative frequencies. The double object construction is maybe not a strong possibility with two full NPs.,942,23-101 23-103,70.0,Very certain -23-60-2,23,60,2,60-2,Note that often one or the other of the object arguments is null (recoverable from the immediately preceding clause). Corpus work is needed to establish relative frequencies. The double object construction is maybe not a strong possibility with two full NPs.,942,23-102 23-104,30.0,Very certain -23-61-2,23,61,2,61-2,,942,23-103,75.0,Very certain -23-61-1,23,61,1,61-1,,942,23-102,25.0,Very certain -23-62-6,23,62,6,62-6,"Meyerhoff (2000b) is a detailed discussion of the distribution of null and pronominal subjects. All subjects may be expressed overtly or may be omitted. 1st and 2nd person subjects favour overt realization of pronoun subject. 3rd subjects favour null. Oli and i (glossed as agreement in this dataset) partially identify the person and number of subjects. They are conventionally written as separate words, but are clearly preverbal clitics (no intervening adverbs possible, for instance).",945,23-105,100.0,Certain +I can't find examples of IRR + ANT + PROG/HABIT in one clause. As Examples 76 and 77 show, IRR co-occurs with quasi-modals like go + main verb, and can co-occur with stap (PROG/HABIT). Bin (ANT) co-occurs with stap. Putting them together (e.g. in a counter-factual such as If he had been working there, he would have been paying you) is very awkward (maybe ungrammatical).",942,23-76 23-77,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-45-6,23,45,6,45-6,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-46-2,23,46,2,46-2,"Because APiCS only allows us to choose one value for this, I have selected Value 2. Only go or kam can intervene between the progressive/habitual marker and the main verb. And this option is not very frequent. Generally, the link between stap and the main verb is very tight.",,23-78 23-79 23-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +23-47-6,23,47,6,47-6,"Note that the habitual is also expressed with save, see Feature 48 ""Uses of the habitual marker"".",942,23-58 23-81 23-82 23-83,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +23-48-6,23,48,6,48-6,"Note that save has only the habitual use. Stap, which expresses habitual or progressive, has more uses. See also Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"".",942,23-41 23-82 23-83 23-84,41.6666666666667,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-FFFF00-42-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-48-2,23,48,2,48-2,"Note that save has only the habitual use. Stap, which expresses habitual or progressive, has more uses. See also Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"".",942,23-85,58.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-FFFF00-42-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-49-1,23,49,1,49-1,,,23-79 23-86,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-5-2,23,5,2,5-2,,326;942,23-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +23-50-1,23,50,1,50-1,,1533;942,23-8 23-87 23-88,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +23-51-3,23,51,3,51-3,"In isolation there is no way of knowing whether a zero-marked dynamic verb, as in hem i karem is 's/he carries' or 's/he carried' (Example 89). Likewise, whether i gud is 'is good' or 'was good' (Example 90). Note that the larger discourse context for hem i karem bigfala spes gives an interpretation of 'he has taken' (even though there is no completive marker).",942,23-142 23-89 23-90 23-91,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-52-3,23,52,3,52-3,"I have found no examples of this in my corpora (spoken and written) and I'm very uncertain about my intuitions for something like this, since I'm a non-native speaker. For this reason, I have indicated an 'Uncertain' confidence level.",,23-92,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-53-3,23,53,3,53-3,,946,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +23-54-7,23,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +23-55-2,23,55,2,55-2,,942,23-39 23-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +23-56-1,23,56,1,56-1,"Use of an overt subject in imperatives is variable. Example 95 Givim nandao ... could also be expressed with Yu givim nandao ..., cf. Example 96 Yu go swim. Hence Example 97 Yu no mekem rabis fasin is considered to involve normal imperative and normal negator (pre-verbal no, also illustrated here).",942,23-94 23-95 23-96 23-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +23-57-1,23,57,1,57-1,,942,23-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-58-1,23,58,1,58-1,,,23-74 23-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +23-59-1,23,59,1,59-1,,942,23-100 23-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +23-6-1,23,6,1,6-1,,942,23-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +23-60-1,23,60,1,60-1,Note that often one or the other of the object arguments is null (recoverable from the immediately preceding clause). Corpus work is needed to establish relative frequencies. The double object construction is maybe not a strong possibility with two full NPs.,942,23-101 23-103,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +23-60-2,23,60,2,60-2,Note that often one or the other of the object arguments is null (recoverable from the immediately preceding clause). Corpus work is needed to establish relative frequencies. The double object construction is maybe not a strong possibility with two full NPs.,942,23-102 23-104,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +23-61-2,23,61,2,61-2,,942,23-103,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-FF0000.png""}", +23-61-1,23,61,1,61-1,,942,23-102,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-FF0000.png""}", +23-62-6,23,62,6,62-6,"Meyerhoff (2000b) is a detailed discussion of the distribution of null and pronominal subjects. All subjects may be expressed overtly or may be omitted. 1st and 2nd person subjects favour overt realization of pronoun subject. 3rd subjects favour null. Oli and i (glossed as agreement in this dataset) partially identify the person and number of subjects. They are conventionally written as separate words, but are clearly preverbal clitics (no intervening adverbs possible, for instance).",945,23-105,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", 23-63-2,23,63,2,63-2,"It would be pragmatically odd to put a 3SG pronoun before i luk ('it seems'), i.e. it would generate various additional implicatures (such as that the speaker wants to talk about a particular law, which is clearly not the case in this example). -There is considerable discussion in the literature on Bislama (and related languages) about what the best linguistic characterization of i (as in i luk) is. Meyerhoff (2000a) considers the various analyses that have been proposed and argues from the distribution of single pronoun, focused pronouns and null subjects that i (and oli) are not pronominal. Meyerhoff (2000a, b) calls them 'agreement', another reasonable alternative is 'predicate marker' (if it is understood that the form of the marker is related to the persona and number of the subject).",945,23-106,100.0,Very certain -23-64-2,23,64,2,64-2,"There is considerable discussion in the literature on Bislama (and related languages) about what the best linguistic characterization of i (as in i luk) is. Meyerhoff (2000a) considers the various analyses that have been proposed and argues from the distribution of single pronoun, focused pronouns and null subjects that i (and oli) are not pronominal. Meyerhoff (2000a, b) calls them ""agreement"", another reasonable alternative is ""predicate marker"" (if it is understood that the form of the marker is related to the person and number of the subject).",944,23-107,100.0,Very certain -23-65-1,23,65,1,65-1,,944,23-109,50.0,Certain -23-65-5,23,65,5,65-5,,944,23-108,50.0,Very certain -23-66-3,23,66,3,66-3,,942,23-110 23-111,100.0,Very certain -23-67-1,23,67,1,67-1,,942,23-112,100.0,Very certain -23-68-1,23,68,1,68-1,The stimulus is expressed with a prepositional phrase X fraet long Y ('X is afraid of Y').,942,23-113,100.0,Very certain +There is considerable discussion in the literature on Bislama (and related languages) about what the best linguistic characterization of i (as in i luk) is. Meyerhoff (2000a) considers the various analyses that have been proposed and argues from the distribution of single pronoun, focused pronouns and null subjects that i (and oli) are not pronominal. Meyerhoff (2000a, b) calls them 'agreement', another reasonable alternative is 'predicate marker' (if it is understood that the form of the marker is related to the persona and number of the subject).",945,23-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +23-64-2,23,64,2,64-2,"There is considerable discussion in the literature on Bislama (and related languages) about what the best linguistic characterization of i (as in i luk) is. Meyerhoff (2000a) considers the various analyses that have been proposed and argues from the distribution of single pronoun, focused pronouns and null subjects that i (and oli) are not pronominal. Meyerhoff (2000a, b) calls them ""agreement"", another reasonable alternative is ""predicate marker"" (if it is understood that the form of the marker is related to the person and number of the subject).",944,23-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +23-65-1,23,65,1,65-1,,944,23-109,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +23-65-5,23,65,5,65-5,,944,23-108,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +23-66-3,23,66,3,66-3,,942,23-110 23-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +23-67-1,23,67,1,67-1,,942,23-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-68-1,23,68,1,68-1,The stimulus is expressed with a prepositional phrase X fraet long Y ('X is afraid of Y').,942,23-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 23-69-1,23,69,1,69-1,"Wetem is comitative and instrumental; long is only instrumental. -Cf. Feature 70 ""Comitatives and instrumentals"".",942,23-114 23-115,100.0,Very certain +Cf. Feature 70 ""Comitatives and instrumentals"".",942,23-114 23-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 23-7-1,23,7,1,7-1,"Propositional/clausal information modifying a noun may be introduced in a subordinate clause or it may be expressed through parataxis (sentences juxtaposed), e.g. My friends bought the house that I told you about OR My friends bought the house. I told you about (it/the house/Ø). -Postposed position is the norm/default if a relative clause is used at all. One can also construct sentences like this Example 12, which are similar to correlative relatives, but they are discursively highly marked. They suggest a discourse focus reading, e.g. the head of the relative is a topic or is being emphasized for some reason.",326;943;942,23-11 23-12,100.0,Very certain +Postposed position is the norm/default if a relative clause is used at all. One can also construct sentences like this Example 12, which are similar to correlative relatives, but they are discursively highly marked. They suggest a discourse focus reading, e.g. the head of the relative is a topic or is being emphasized for some reason.",326;943;942,23-11 23-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 23-70-3,23,70,3,70-3,"Wetem is comitative and instrumental; long is only instrumental. -Cf. Feature 69 ""Instrumental expressions"".",942,23-114 23-115 23-52,100.0,Certain -23-71-1,23,71,1,71-1,,,23-116 23-39,100.0,Very certain -23-72-5,23,72,5,72-5,"The coordinator wetem can be used for nominal conjunction, juxtaposition can be used for verbal conjunction, and mo can be used in both ways. Examples of NP mo NP co-ordination were heard on Vila radio (2008), but it is unknown how widespread this construction is. Mo is very uncommon in the corpus of spoken texts; juxtaposition is by far the preferred option.",942,23-117 23-118 23-119 23-120,100.0,Very certain +Cf. Feature 69 ""Instrumental expressions"".",942,23-114 23-115 23-52,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +23-71-1,23,71,1,71-1,,,23-116 23-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +23-72-5,23,72,5,72-5,"The coordinator wetem can be used for nominal conjunction, juxtaposition can be used for verbal conjunction, and mo can be used in both ways. Examples of NP mo NP co-ordination were heard on Vila radio (2008), but it is unknown how widespread this construction is. Mo is very uncommon in the corpus of spoken texts; juxtaposition is by far the preferred option.",942,23-117 23-118 23-119 23-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 23-73-3,23,73,3,73-3,"Se copulas were not recorded at all in Santo/Malo in Meyerhoff's (1994–1995) fieldwork. I heard it several times in Vila in 1998, 2003. It may be regionalized or may have originated in Vila. I am not at all sure how widely se is accepted as predicate copula, so more research on this emergent construction would be valuable. -Crowley (1989) suggests the se copula originated by analogy with French c’est. If this is true, and if the functions of French c'est have influenced its grammaticalization in Bislama, se may first emerge in Bislama in predications that seem somehow 'topicalized'. If it comes from c'est, it may also be preferred by speakers with French education, but this is unknown. It may be preferred as an identificational copula but this is also uncertain.",319,23-121 23-122 23-185,100.0,Certain -23-74-2,23,74,2,74-2,"There is considerable discussion in the literature on Bislama (and related languages) about what the best linguistic characterization of i (as in i luk) is. Meyerhoff (2000a) considers the various analyses that have been proposed and argues from the distribution of single pronoun, focused pronouns and null subjects that i (and oli) are not pronominal. Meyerhoff (2000a, b) calls them 'agreement', another reasonable alternative is 'predicate marker' (if it is understood that the form of the marker is related to the person and number of the subject).",942,23-123,100.0,Very certain -23-75-1,23,75,1,75-1,,942,23-124,100.0,Certain -23-76-2,23,76,2,76-2,,942,23-121 23-122 23-124,100.0,Very certain -23-77-1,23,77,1,77-1,,942,23-125,100.0,Very certain -23-78-1,23,78,1,78-1,,942,23-126 23-127 23-128,100.0,Very certain -23-79-2,23,79,2,79-2,,942,23-131,100.0,Very certain -23-8-2,23,8,2,8-2,"To my knowledge, only veri 'very' precedes adjectives. The use of veri rather than tumas may be related to proficiency in English. Research is needed on this question.",942;1533,23-13 23-14,90.0,Very certain -23-8-1,23,8,1,8-1,"To my knowledge, only veri 'very' precedes adjectives. The use of veri rather than tumas may be related to proficiency in English. Research is needed on this question.",942;1533,23-15,10.0,Very certain -23-80-2,23,80,2,80-2,,,23-132,100.0,Very certain -23-81-1,23,81,1,81-1,,942,23-129 23-130,100.0,Very certain -23-82-4,23,82,4,82-4,,946,23-133,100.0,Certain -23-83-4,23,83,4,83-4,,946,23-134,100.0,Certain -23-84-2,23,84,2,84-2,"For substrate parallels, see also Early (2000).",325,23-135 23-136 23-137,100.0,Very certain -23-85-1,23,85,1,85-1,,325,,100.0,Certain -23-86-5,23,86,5,86-5,,325,,100.0,Very certain -23-87-1,23,87,1,87-1,,944,23-138,100.0,Very certain +Crowley (1989) suggests the se copula originated by analogy with French c’est. If this is true, and if the functions of French c'est have influenced its grammaticalization in Bislama, se may first emerge in Bislama in predications that seem somehow 'topicalized'. If it comes from c'est, it may also be preferred by speakers with French education, but this is unknown. It may be preferred as an identificational copula but this is also uncertain.",319,23-121 23-122 23-185,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +23-74-2,23,74,2,74-2,"There is considerable discussion in the literature on Bislama (and related languages) about what the best linguistic characterization of i (as in i luk) is. Meyerhoff (2000a) considers the various analyses that have been proposed and argues from the distribution of single pronoun, focused pronouns and null subjects that i (and oli) are not pronominal. Meyerhoff (2000a, b) calls them 'agreement', another reasonable alternative is 'predicate marker' (if it is understood that the form of the marker is related to the person and number of the subject).",942,23-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-75-1,23,75,1,75-1,,942,23-124,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-76-2,23,76,2,76-2,,942,23-121 23-122 23-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +23-77-1,23,77,1,77-1,,942,23-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +23-78-1,23,78,1,78-1,,942,23-126 23-127 23-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +23-79-2,23,79,2,79-2,,942,23-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-8-2,23,8,2,8-2,"To my knowledge, only veri 'very' precedes adjectives. The use of veri rather than tumas may be related to proficiency in English. Research is needed on this question.",942;1533,23-13 23-14,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +23-8-1,23,8,1,8-1,"To my knowledge, only veri 'very' precedes adjectives. The use of veri rather than tumas may be related to proficiency in English. Research is needed on this question.",942;1533,23-15,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +23-80-2,23,80,2,80-2,,,23-132,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +23-81-1,23,81,1,81-1,,942,23-129 23-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +23-82-4,23,82,4,82-4,,946,23-133,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +23-83-4,23,83,4,83-4,,946,23-134,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +23-84-2,23,84,2,84-2,"For substrate parallels, see also Early (2000).",325,23-135 23-136 23-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +23-85-1,23,85,1,85-1,,325,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-86-5,23,86,5,86-5,,325,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-87-1,23,87,1,87-1,,944,23-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 23-88-5,23,88,5,88-5,"As the (constructed) Example 140 Selena i luk hem ... shows, there is no distinct set of reflexive pronouns in Bislama (as is true in many Oceanic languages). -It is possible to intensify, or focus on, an argument with several modifiers. The example here shows hem wan (literally 's/he one') but it is also possible to use nao ('now') or nomo ('only') following a pronoun with a similar effect.",,23-139 23-140 23-141,100.0,Unspecified -23-89-4,23,89,4,89-4,"Some use of ij ('each') as a reciprocal pronoun is attested, and though this may be increasing, its use possibly still sociolinguistically indexes familiarity with English.",942,23-142,100.0,Very certain -23-9-4,23,9,4,9-4,"ia may principally mark specificity, not definiteness. Since it cannot be used in associative contexts (see Ch. 28), it is not regarded as a definite article here.",320,23-16 23-17,100.0,Very certain -23-90-2,23,90,2,90-2,,320,,100.0,Very certain -23-91-8,23,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -23-92-3,23,92,3,92-3,,942,23-120 23-144,25.0,Very certain -23-92-2,23,92,2,92-2,,942,23-143 23-145,75.0,Very certain -23-93-3,23,93,3,93-3,,942;1533,23-148,10.0,Very certain -23-93-2,23,93,2,93-2,,942;1533,23-146 23-147,90.0,Very certain -23-94-3,23,94,3,94-3,"Some prepositions can be stranded, some can't. Long and blong can't be stranded. Wetem and olsem can. It's been assumed that this is because wetem/olsem look like they are marked with the transitive suffix (-Vm), and transitive verbs need not have an overt direct object.",,23-149,100.0,Very certain -23-95-1,23,95,1,95-1,"Value 4 is possible, but there are no clear examples of it in speaking or writing in my Bislama corpora. Robert Early agrees that it is possible (though marginal) and probably more likely in Bislama spoken by people who also speak English.",947,23-150,90.0,Very certain -23-95-4,23,95,4,95-4,"Value 4 is possible, but there are no clear examples of it in speaking or writing in my Bislama corpora. Robert Early agrees that it is possible (though marginal) and probably more likely in Bislama spoken by people who also speak English.",947,23-151,10.0,Intermediate -23-96-4,23,96,4,96-4,"'Know' strongly favours se; semantic constraints on olsem have been discussed in Meyerhoff (2002, 2008).",947;951,23-154 23-170,23.0769230769231,Very certain -23-96-3,23,96,3,96-3,"'Know' strongly favours se; semantic constraints on olsem have been discussed in Meyerhoff (2002, 2008).",947;951,23-153 23-63,23.0769230769231,Very certain -23-96-1,23,96,1,96-1,"'Know' strongly favours se; semantic constraints on olsem have been discussed in Meyerhoff (2002, 2008).",947;951,23-152,53.8461538461538,Very certain -23-97-1,23,97,1,97-1,,944,23-155,100.0,Very certain -23-98-1,23,98,1,98-1,The most common complementizer is se for both these verbs. ‘Think’ may occur with olsem ('like'). The distribution of se and olsem is discussed in Meyerhoff (2008).,947;951,23-156 23-157,100.0,Very certain -23-99-2,23,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-0-1,24,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -24-1-2,24,1,2,1-2,,,24-1 24-109 24-2 24-66,100.0,Certain -24-10-1,24,10,1,10-1,"Norf'k uses both the numeral 'one' and 'a' as an indefinite article. 'A' is preferred when preceding mass nouns such as bread or sugar, which do not take the indefinite article in English, and is used in acrolectal Norf'k with most other nouns. It is not clear whether there is a semantic difference between 'a' and 'one', though it could have something to do with specificity.",,24-23 24-24 24-25,100.0,Certain -24-100-4,24,100,4,100-4,"Double negatives are quite rare in Norf'k. The grammar of negation is pretty complex and requires further research. I believe that I have heard double negative, but I don't have any records.",,24-177 24-178 24-179,100.0,Certain -24-101-1,24,101,1,101-1,The conditions for choosing nor or nort remain to be established.,,24-180,100.0,Very certain -24-102-5,24,102,5,102-5,There may be other constructions in acrolectal Norf'k.,,24-181 24-182,100.0,Intermediate -24-103-2,24,103,2,103-2,,,24-184 24-185,50.0,Certain -24-103-7,24,103,7,103-7,,,24-183,50.0,Certain -24-104-1,24,104,1,104-1,,,24-186,100.0,Very certain -24-105-3,24,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -24-106-3,24,106,3,106-3,More research on focusing in Norf'k is needed.,,24-187,100.0,Intermediate -24-107-7,24,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-108-4,24,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-109-1,24,109,1,109-1,The item is not widely known; it has been borrowed from the members of the Melanesian Mission that operated on Norfolk Island from 1864 to 1920. The meaning of nini still needs to be ascertained.,,24-188 24-189,100.0,Intermediate -24-11-2,24,11,2,11-2,,,24-26,100.0,Certain -24-110-2,24,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-111-1,24,111,1,111-1,"Norf'k has quite a few expressions meaning 'to shed tears, to cry' such as Big Jack, Lucy (derived from the names of people who were prone to shedding tears).",,24-190,100.0,Very certain -24-112-2,24,112,2,112-2,"Harn meaning 'hand and arm' (Value 1) is the older meaning, and was documented once only in a wordlist collected by a Norfolk Islander in the 1930s. In Pitkern the identity is still alive.",,24-191,100.0,Very certain -24-113-2,24,113,2,113-2,,,24-192,100.0,Very certain -24-114-2,24,114,2,114-2,,,24-193 24-194 24-195,100.0,Very certain -24-115-2,24,115,2,115-2,,,24-196 24-197,100.0,Very certain -24-116-2,24,116,2,116-2,,,24-198 24-199,100.0,Very certain -24-117-5,24,117,5,117-5,In the formative years of the language on Pitcairn Island there were very few domesticated animals other than fowl and goats. In many cases the sex-differences are lexicalized and/or unspecific. Castrated and half-castrated animals are lexically often distinguished: lehor 'male cattle with only one testicle' vs. bullock ‘castrated bull’.,,24-200,100.0,Certain -24-118-3,24,118,3,118-3,Norf'k has an abundance of consonant clusters in syllable onsets.,,24-201 24-202 24-203 24-204 24-205 24-206,100.0,Very certain -24-119-3,24,119,3,119-3,Consonant clusters in coda are more common than what one usually expects of a Creole,,24-206 24-207 24-208 24-209 24-210 24-211,100.0,Certain -24-12-1,24,12,1,12-1,"I have not found any examples with interrogatives shifted to the final position, but have a suspicion that this is possible.",,24-27 24-28 24-29,100.0,Certain -24-120-1,24,120,1,120-1,Norf'k is not a tone language.,,,100.0,Certain -24-121-4,24,121,4,121-4,,,,100.0, -24-122-4,24,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -24-123-1,24,123,1,123-1,ə appears in the second (unstressed) syllable.,,24-240,100.0, -24-124-2,24,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0, -24-125-3,24,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -24-126-3,24,126,3,126-3,"[z] is encountered in some words in free variation with [s] (e.g. sip, zip ‘a zip’) but there is no phonemic contrast. All the words with initial z in Buffett’s ‘Encyclopedia’ are peripheral.",,24-226,100.0, -24-127-1,24,127,1,127-1,,,,100.0, -24-128-4,24,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -24-129-2,24,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, +It is possible to intensify, or focus on, an argument with several modifiers. The example here shows hem wan (literally 's/he one') but it is also possible to use nao ('now') or nomo ('only') following a pronoun with a similar effect.",,23-139 23-140 23-141,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-89-4,23,89,4,89-4,"Some use of ij ('each') as a reciprocal pronoun is attested, and though this may be increasing, its use possibly still sociolinguistically indexes familiarity with English.",942,23-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +23-9-4,23,9,4,9-4,"ia may principally mark specificity, not definiteness. Since it cannot be used in associative contexts (see Ch. 28), it is not regarded as a definite article here.",320,23-16 23-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-90-2,23,90,2,90-2,,320,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +23-91-8,23,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +23-92-3,23,92,3,92-3,,942,23-120 23-144,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +23-92-2,23,92,2,92-2,,942,23-143 23-145,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +23-93-3,23,93,3,93-3,,942;1533,23-148,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}", +23-93-2,23,93,2,93-2,,942;1533,23-146 23-147,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}", +23-94-3,23,94,3,94-3,"Some prepositions can be stranded, some can't. Long and blong can't be stranded. Wetem and olsem can. It's been assumed that this is because wetem/olsem look like they are marked with the transitive suffix (-Vm), and transitive verbs need not have an overt direct object.",,23-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +23-95-1,23,95,1,95-1,"Value 4 is possible, but there are no clear examples of it in speaking or writing in my Bislama corpora. Robert Early agrees that it is possible (though marginal) and probably more likely in Bislama spoken by people who also speak English.",947,23-150,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-95-4,23,95,4,95-4,"Value 4 is possible, but there are no clear examples of it in speaking or writing in my Bislama corpora. Robert Early agrees that it is possible (though marginal) and probably more likely in Bislama spoken by people who also speak English.",947,23-151,10.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-96-4,23,96,4,96-4,"'Know' strongly favours se; semantic constraints on olsem have been discussed in Meyerhoff (2002, 2008).",947;951,23-154 23-170,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FFFF00-24-0000FF-24-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-96-3,23,96,3,96-3,"'Know' strongly favours se; semantic constraints on olsem have been discussed in Meyerhoff (2002, 2008).",947;951,23-153 23-63,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FFFF00-24-0000FF-24-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-96-1,23,96,1,96-1,"'Know' strongly favours se; semantic constraints on olsem have been discussed in Meyerhoff (2002, 2008).",947;951,23-152,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FFFF00-24-0000FF-24-FFFFFF.png""}", +23-97-1,23,97,1,97-1,,944,23-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +23-98-1,23,98,1,98-1,The most common complementizer is se for both these verbs. ‘Think’ may occur with olsem ('like'). The distribution of se and olsem is discussed in Meyerhoff (2008).,947;951,23-156 23-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +23-99-2,23,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-0-1,24,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +24-1-2,24,1,2,1-2,,,24-1 24-109 24-2 24-66,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +24-10-1,24,10,1,10-1,"Norf'k uses both the numeral 'one' and 'a' as an indefinite article. 'A' is preferred when preceding mass nouns such as bread or sugar, which do not take the indefinite article in English, and is used in acrolectal Norf'k with most other nouns. It is not clear whether there is a semantic difference between 'a' and 'one', though it could have something to do with specificity.",,24-23 24-24 24-25,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-100-4,24,100,4,100-4,"Double negatives are quite rare in Norf'k. The grammar of negation is pretty complex and requires further research. I believe that I have heard double negative, but I don't have any records.",,24-177 24-178 24-179,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +24-101-1,24,101,1,101-1,The conditions for choosing nor or nort remain to be established.,,24-180,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-102-5,24,102,5,102-5,There may be other constructions in acrolectal Norf'k.,,24-181 24-182,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +24-103-2,24,103,2,103-2,,,24-184 24-185,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-103-7,24,103,7,103-7,,,24-183,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-104-1,24,104,1,104-1,,,24-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-105-3,24,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-106-3,24,106,3,106-3,More research on focusing in Norf'k is needed.,,24-187,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",own knowledge +24-107-7,24,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-108-4,24,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +24-109-1,24,109,1,109-1,The item is not widely known; it has been borrowed from the members of the Melanesian Mission that operated on Norfolk Island from 1864 to 1920. The meaning of nini still needs to be ascertained.,,24-188 24-189,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-11-2,24,11,2,11-2,,,24-26,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-110-2,24,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-111-1,24,111,1,111-1,"Norf'k has quite a few expressions meaning 'to shed tears, to cry' such as Big Jack, Lucy (derived from the names of people who were prone to shedding tears).",,24-190,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-112-2,24,112,2,112-2,"Harn meaning 'hand and arm' (Value 1) is the older meaning, and was documented once only in a wordlist collected by a Norfolk Islander in the 1930s. In Pitkern the identity is still alive.",,24-191,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +24-113-2,24,113,2,113-2,,,24-192,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-114-2,24,114,2,114-2,,,24-193 24-194 24-195,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-115-2,24,115,2,115-2,,,24-196 24-197,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-116-2,24,116,2,116-2,,,24-198 24-199,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-117-5,24,117,5,117-5,In the formative years of the language on Pitcairn Island there were very few domesticated animals other than fowl and goats. In many cases the sex-differences are lexicalized and/or unspecific. Castrated and half-castrated animals are lexically often distinguished: lehor 'male cattle with only one testicle' vs. bullock ‘castrated bull’.,,24-200,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-118-3,24,118,3,118-3,Norf'k has an abundance of consonant clusters in syllable onsets.,,24-201 24-202 24-203 24-204 24-205 24-206,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-119-3,24,119,3,119-3,Consonant clusters in coda are more common than what one usually expects of a Creole,,24-206 24-207 24-208 24-209 24-210 24-211,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-12-1,24,12,1,12-1,"I have not found any examples with interrogatives shifted to the final position, but have a suspicion that this is possible.",,24-27 24-28 24-29,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-120-1,24,120,1,120-1,Norf'k is not a tone language.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-121-4,24,121,4,121-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +24-122-4,24,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +24-123-1,24,123,1,123-1,ə appears in the second (unstressed) syllable.,,24-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +24-124-2,24,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +24-125-3,24,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +24-126-3,24,126,3,126-3,"[z] is encountered in some words in free variation with [s] (e.g. sip, zip ‘a zip’) but there is no phonemic contrast. All the words with initial z in Buffett’s ‘Encyclopedia’ are peripheral.",,24-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +24-127-1,24,127,1,127-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +24-128-4,24,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-129-2,24,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 24-13-2,24,13,2,13-2,"There is also a very infrequently used neuter subject pronoun et, especially in the mesolectal varieties of Norf'k. Number, person, and gender are often neutralized as et in object position (counter universal): Mum gwen florg et. mother FUT beat me/you/him/her/it/us/yous/them 'Mother will beat me.' -Gender distinctions are maintained in deictic pronouns and typically neutralized in anaphoric ones.",,24-30,100.0,Very certain -24-130-1,24,130,1,130-1,,,24-228,100.0, -24-131,24,131,1,131-1,,,24-212,100.0, -24-132,24,132,1,132-1,,,24-214,100.0, -24-133,24,133,1,133-1,,,24-216,100.0, -24-134,24,134,1,134-1,,,24-218,100.0, -24-137,24,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -24-138,24,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -24-139,24,139,1,139-1,,,24-221,100.0, +Gender distinctions are maintained in deictic pronouns and typically neutralized in anaphoric ones.",,24-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +24-130-1,24,130,1,130-1,,,24-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +24-131,24,131,1,131-1,,,24-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-132,24,132,1,132-1,,,24-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-133,24,133,1,133-1,,,24-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-134,24,134,1,134-1,,,24-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-137,24,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-138,24,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-139,24,139,1,139-1,,,24-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 24-14-2,24,14,2,14-2,"The dual is only used deictically; in anaphoric function this distinction is not maintained. Some younger speakers do not make this distinction. deictic dual - anaphoric: @@ -5102,3006 +5102,3006 @@ himii (incl.) - wii mi en hem - wii mi en her (both excl.) - wii dem tuu - dem -yuutuu, yutuu - yu, yorlyi",,24-31 24-32 24-33 24-34 24-35,100.0,Very certain -24-140,24,140,1,140-1,,,24-222,100.0, -24-143,24,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -24-144,24,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -24-145,24,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -24-146,24,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -24-147,24,147,1,147-1,,,24-213,100.0, -24-148,24,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -24-149,24,149,1,149-1,,,24-219,100.0, -24-15-2,24,15,2,15-2,"There is no distinction in plural, which supports the claim by Mühlhäusler & Harré (1989) that dual is less marked in pronoun systems than plural. The inclusive/exclusive distinction is only made in deictic function and generally neutralized in anaphoric function and by young speakers.",,24-36 24-37 24-38,100.0,Very certain -24-151,24,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -24-152,24,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -24-153,24,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -24-155,24,155,1,155-1,Glottal stops occur in only a small number of words of Tahitian origin.,,24-220,100.0, -24-156,24,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -24-158,24,158,1,158-1,/dh/ and /th/ vary with /d/ and /t/ in some older words but /th/ seems a well-established phoneme in Norf'k.,,24-217,100.0, -24-159,24,159,1,159-1,/dh/ and /th/ vary with /d/ and /t/ in some older words but /th/ seems a well-established phoneme in Norf'k.,,24-215,100.0, +yuutuu, yutuu - yu, yorlyi",,24-31 24-32 24-33 24-34 24-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-140,24,140,1,140-1,,,24-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-143,24,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-144,24,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-145,24,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-146,24,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-147,24,147,1,147-1,,,24-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-148,24,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-149,24,149,1,149-1,,,24-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-15-2,24,15,2,15-2,"There is no distinction in plural, which supports the claim by Mühlhäusler & Harré (1989) that dual is less marked in pronoun systems than plural. The inclusive/exclusive distinction is only made in deictic function and generally neutralized in anaphoric function and by young speakers.",,24-36 24-37 24-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +24-151,24,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-152,24,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-153,24,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-155,24,155,1,155-1,Glottal stops occur in only a small number of words of Tahitian origin.,,24-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-156,24,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-158,24,158,1,158-1,/dh/ and /th/ vary with /d/ and /t/ in some older words but /th/ seems a well-established phoneme in Norf'k.,,24-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-159,24,159,1,159-1,/dh/ and /th/ vary with /d/ and /t/ in some older words but /th/ seems a well-established phoneme in Norf'k.,,24-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 24-16-1,24,16,1,16-1,"The subject and independent forms show no syncretism: ai, yu, hi/shi, wi, (ol) yorlye, (ol) dem. -In reduced object pronouns, person, number, and gender is syncretized to et. The singular/plural distinction in inanimates is often neutralized.",,24-2,100.0,Very certain -24-160,24,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -24-161,24,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -24-163,24,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -24-168,24,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -24-169,24,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -24-17-4,24,17,4,17-4,The distinction is only made with one personal and two possessive pronouns.,,24-39 24-40 24-41 24-42 24-43,100.0,Uncertain -24-170,24,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -24-171,24,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -24-172,24,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -24-173,24,173,1,173-1,,,24-253,100.0, -24-174,24,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -24-176,24,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -24-178,24,178,1,178-1,,,24-229,100.0, -24-179,24,179,1,179-1,,,24-230,100.0, -24-18-1,24,18,1,18-1,,,24-39,100.0,Very certain -24-180,24,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -24-181,24,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -24-182,24,182,1,182-1,,,24-231,100.0, -24-183,24,183,1,183-1,,,24-232,100.0, -24-184,24,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -24-187,24,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -24-188,24,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -24-189,24,189,1,189-1,,,24-223,100.0, -24-19-3,24,19,3,19-3,Some speakers also use the acrolectal where instead of webaut. Abbreviated baut is also heard.,,24-40 24-44 24-45 24-46,100.0,Unspecified -24-190,24,190,3,190-3,"/v/ is not traditionally used. English /v/ and /w/ are both realized as [w] in Norf'k (wasa ‘worse'; wekels ‘victuals'). The only minimal pair I have been able to find is wail ’wild’, vail ‘vile’, the latter being a marginal word of the language.",,24-224,100.0, -24-191,24,191,1,191-1,,,24-249,100.0, -24-192,24,192,1,192-1,them is a variant of dem.,,24-250,100.0, -24-193,24,193,1,193-1,,,24-225,100.0, -24-194,24,194,3,194-3,"[z] is encountered in some words in free variation with [s] (e.g. sip, zip ‘a zip’) but there is no phonemic contrast. All the words with initial z in Buffett’s ‘Encyclopedia’ are peripheral.",,24-226,100.0, -24-195,24,195,1,195-1,,,24-227,100.0, -24-196,24,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -24-199,24,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -24-2-1,24,2,1,2-1,"Both construcions are used, mostly interchangeably. They do not signal difference between alienable and inalienable possession. It looks like a coexistence of English and West Indian (St. Kitt's) grammar. The construction ""possessor-possessum"" without 's can be occasionally heard.",,24-3 24-79,50.0,Certain -24-2-2,24,2,2,2-2,"Both construcions are used, mostly interchangeably. They do not signal difference between alienable and inalienable possession. It looks like a coexistence of English and West Indian (St. Kitt's) grammar. The construction ""possessor-possessum"" without 's can be occasionally heard.",,24-4 24-5 24-6 24-7 24-81,50.0,Certain -24-200,24,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -24-201,24,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -24-202,24,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -24-205,24,205,1,205-1,,,24-228,100.0, -24-209,24,209,1,209-1,,,24-233,100.0, -24-21-5,24,21,5,21-5,Dem 'they' and sullun 'people' are also used as in dem tull or sullun tull 'one says'.,,24-47 24-48,100.0,Very certain -24-212,24,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -24-217,24,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -24-218,24,218,1,218-1,,,24-234,100.0, -24-22-4,24,22,4,22-4,"Norf'k sometimes distinguishes a straightforward from a distributive plural. Plural of nouns can be variably signalled by suffix -s or dem or em preceding noun. Em is also used for mass nouns, e.g. em faiwuud ('firewood'). The singular/plural distinction is optional. The -s in some English-derived words is part of stem: wan meggits 'a maggot'.",,24-49 24-50 24-51,100.0,Certain -24-221,24,221,1,221-1,,,24-235,100.0, -24-23-3,24,23,3,23-3,"The singular-plural distinction is optional, particularly with inanimates.",,24-52 24-53,12.5,Very certain -24-23-7,24,23,7,23-7,"The singular-plural distinction is optional, particularly with inanimates.",,24-54,87.5,Very certain -24-231,24,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -24-24-2,24,24,2,24-2,"It seems that dem (third person plural pronoun) can simply follow the proper noun to express someone and the group around them, but I don't have any clear-cut examples. Note also that the pronoun dem can follow numerals, as in ten dem ('ten of them'). More research is required.",,24-55,100.0,Certain -24-25-4,24,25,4,25-4,Pluralization in Norf'k requires further detailed study. There is a great deal of inter-individual variation.,,24-56 24-57,100.0,Certain -24-252,24,252,1,252-1,"The vowel is long in the first syllable, short in the second syllable.",,24-236,100.0, -24-253,24,253,1,253-1,,,24-238,100.0, -24-254,24,254,1,254-1,,,24-239,100.0, -24-255,24,255,2,255-2,variant form,,24-251,100.0, -24-256,24,256,1,256-1,,,24-241,100.0, -24-257,24,257,1,257-1,,,24-242,100.0, -24-258,24,258,1,258-1,,,24-244,100.0, -24-259,24,259,1,259-1,,,24-252,100.0, -24-26-2,24,26,2,26-2,Reduplication is found both with words of Tahitian and English origin. It has a very low token frequency.,,24-58 24-59,100.0,Very certain -24-260,24,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -24-261,24,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -24-263,24,263,1,263-1,,,24-237,100.0, -24-267,24,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -24-268,24,268,1,268-1,ə appears in the second (unstressed) syllable.,,24-240,100.0, -24-27-2,24,27,2,27-2,,,24-8,100.0,Intermediate -24-272,24,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -24-273,24,273,1,273-1,,,24-243,100.0, -24-274,24,274,1,274-1,Vowel length is rarely contrastive. It is a stylistic or idiolectal matter.,,24-245,100.0, -24-275,24,275,1,275-1,,,24-246,100.0, -24-276,24,276,1,276-1,,,24-247,100.0, -24-277,24,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -24-278,24,278,1,278-1,,,24-248,100.0, -24-279,24,279,1,279-1,It also exists with a short sound.,,24-254,100.0, -24-28-1,24,28,1,28-1,"There are many variants of both demonstratives and definite articles. Further study is required. Boundaries between definite articles and demonstratives are unclear in Norf'k. There is considerable variation for both. Plural em/dem is also used with mass nouns, as in em shuga 'the sugar'.",,24-60 24-61 24-62 24-63,100.0,Uncertain -24-280,24,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -24-281,24,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -24-282,24,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -24-284,24,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -24-285,24,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -24-286,24,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -24-287,24,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -24-288,24,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -24-289,24,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -24-29-1,24,29,1,29-1,"Indefinite articles are not compulsory in Norf'k. The a at times translates as 'some' or 'any'. Often, but not always, the article one indicates a specific noun.",,24-64 24-65,100.0,Certain -24-290,24,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -24-291,24,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -24-3-1,24,3,1,3-1,,,24-8 24-9,100.0,Very certain -24-30-2,24,30,2,30-2,"These constructions are not very common, and more research is required.",,24-66,100.0,Certain -24-308-1,24,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-309-3,24,309,3,309-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-31-2,24,31,2,31-2,There is considerable overlap and variation with articles and demonstratives. More research is needed.,,24-67 24-68,100.0,Uncertain -24-310-4,24,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-312-2,24,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Certain -24-313-2,24,313,2,313-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-314-3,24,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-315-2,24,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-316-4,24,316,4,316-4,There are no talk shows in Norf'k.,,,100.0,Very certain -24-317-1,24,317,1,317-1,"There is an annual song competition featuring songs in Norf'k, and the language is also used on CDs containing music for tourists.",,,100.0,Very certain -24-318-2,24,318,2,318-2,Norf'k is used mainly in poetry and children's books. There are no novels written in the language.,,,100.0,Very certain -24-319-2,24,319,2,319-2,Bilingual editorials can increasingly be found in the Norfolk Window (one of the local papers).,,,100.0,Very certain -24-32-2,24,32,2,32-2,More research needs to be done.,,24-69 24-70 24-71 24-72 24-73,100.0,Intermediate -24-320-2,24,320,2,320-2,"In newspapers, Norf'k is used in some advertisments, public notices, school reports and items on the culture page.",,,100.0,Very certain -24-321-2,24,321,2,321-2,"public welcome, some work places",,,100.0,Very certain -24-322-2,24,322,2,322-2,The use of Norf'k in court is permitted but very infrequent.,,,100.0,Intermediate -24-323-2,24,323,2,323-2,"In parliament, Norf'k is mainly employed in a symbolic function or in heated debates. It is also used in some subcommittees such as the Council of the Elders.",,,100.0,Very certain -24-324-2,24,324,2,324-2,,,,100.0,Very certain +In reduced object pronouns, person, number, and gender is syncretized to et. The singular/plural distinction in inanimates is often neutralized.",,24-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-160,24,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-161,24,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-163,24,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-168,24,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-169,24,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-17-4,24,17,4,17-4,The distinction is only made with one personal and two possessive pronouns.,,24-39 24-40 24-41 24-42 24-43,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-170,24,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-171,24,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-172,24,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-173,24,173,1,173-1,,,24-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-174,24,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-176,24,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-178,24,178,1,178-1,,,24-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-179,24,179,1,179-1,,,24-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-18-1,24,18,1,18-1,,,24-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-180,24,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-181,24,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-182,24,182,1,182-1,,,24-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-183,24,183,1,183-1,,,24-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-184,24,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-187,24,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-188,24,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-189,24,189,1,189-1,,,24-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-19-3,24,19,3,19-3,Some speakers also use the acrolectal where instead of webaut. Abbreviated baut is also heard.,,24-40 24-44 24-45 24-46,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-190,24,190,3,190-3,"/v/ is not traditionally used. English /v/ and /w/ are both realized as [w] in Norf'k (wasa ‘worse'; wekels ‘victuals'). The only minimal pair I have been able to find is wail ’wild’, vail ‘vile’, the latter being a marginal word of the language.",,24-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +24-191,24,191,1,191-1,,,24-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-192,24,192,1,192-1,them is a variant of dem.,,24-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-193,24,193,1,193-1,,,24-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-194,24,194,3,194-3,"[z] is encountered in some words in free variation with [s] (e.g. sip, zip ‘a zip’) but there is no phonemic contrast. All the words with initial z in Buffett’s ‘Encyclopedia’ are peripheral.",,24-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +24-195,24,195,1,195-1,,,24-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-196,24,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-199,24,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-2-1,24,2,1,2-1,"Both construcions are used, mostly interchangeably. They do not signal difference between alienable and inalienable possession. It looks like a coexistence of English and West Indian (St. Kitt's) grammar. The construction ""possessor-possessum"" without 's can be occasionally heard.",,24-3 24-79,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +24-2-2,24,2,2,2-2,"Both construcions are used, mostly interchangeably. They do not signal difference between alienable and inalienable possession. It looks like a coexistence of English and West Indian (St. Kitt's) grammar. The construction ""possessor-possessum"" without 's can be occasionally heard.",,24-4 24-5 24-6 24-7 24-81,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +24-200,24,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-201,24,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-202,24,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-205,24,205,1,205-1,,,24-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-209,24,209,1,209-1,,,24-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-21-5,24,21,5,21-5,Dem 'they' and sullun 'people' are also used as in dem tull or sullun tull 'one says'.,,24-47 24-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +24-212,24,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-217,24,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-218,24,218,1,218-1,,,24-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-22-4,24,22,4,22-4,"Norf'k sometimes distinguishes a straightforward from a distributive plural. Plural of nouns can be variably signalled by suffix -s or dem or em preceding noun. Em is also used for mass nouns, e.g. em faiwuud ('firewood'). The singular/plural distinction is optional. The -s in some English-derived words is part of stem: wan meggits 'a maggot'.",,24-49 24-50 24-51,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +24-221,24,221,1,221-1,,,24-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-23-3,24,23,3,23-3,"The singular-plural distinction is optional, particularly with inanimates.",,24-52 24-53,12.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-0000FF-88-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +24-23-7,24,23,7,23-7,"The singular-plural distinction is optional, particularly with inanimates.",,24-54,87.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-0000FF-88-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +24-231,24,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-24-2,24,24,2,24-2,"It seems that dem (third person plural pronoun) can simply follow the proper noun to express someone and the group around them, but I don't have any clear-cut examples. Note also that the pronoun dem can follow numerals, as in ten dem ('ten of them'). More research is required.",,24-55,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-25-4,24,25,4,25-4,Pluralization in Norf'k requires further detailed study. There is a great deal of inter-individual variation.,,24-56 24-57,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-252,24,252,1,252-1,"The vowel is long in the first syllable, short in the second syllable.",,24-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-253,24,253,1,253-1,,,24-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-254,24,254,1,254-1,,,24-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-255,24,255,2,255-2,variant form,,24-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +24-256,24,256,1,256-1,,,24-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-257,24,257,1,257-1,,,24-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-258,24,258,1,258-1,,,24-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-259,24,259,1,259-1,,,24-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-26-2,24,26,2,26-2,Reduplication is found both with words of Tahitian and English origin. It has a very low token frequency.,,24-58 24-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-260,24,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-261,24,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-263,24,263,1,263-1,,,24-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-267,24,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-268,24,268,1,268-1,ə appears in the second (unstressed) syllable.,,24-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-27-2,24,27,2,27-2,,,24-8,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-272,24,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-273,24,273,1,273-1,,,24-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-274,24,274,1,274-1,Vowel length is rarely contrastive. It is a stylistic or idiolectal matter.,,24-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-275,24,275,1,275-1,,,24-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-276,24,276,1,276-1,,,24-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-277,24,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-278,24,278,1,278-1,,,24-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-279,24,279,1,279-1,It also exists with a short sound.,,24-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +24-28-1,24,28,1,28-1,"There are many variants of both demonstratives and definite articles. Further study is required. Boundaries between definite articles and demonstratives are unclear in Norf'k. There is considerable variation for both. Plural em/dem is also used with mass nouns, as in em shuga 'the sugar'.",,24-60 24-61 24-62 24-63,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-280,24,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-281,24,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-282,24,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-284,24,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-285,24,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-286,24,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-287,24,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-288,24,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-289,24,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-29-1,24,29,1,29-1,"Indefinite articles are not compulsory in Norf'k. The a at times translates as 'some' or 'any'. Often, but not always, the article one indicates a specific noun.",,24-64 24-65,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-290,24,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-291,24,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +24-3-1,24,3,1,3-1,,,24-8 24-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-30-2,24,30,2,30-2,"These constructions are not very common, and more research is required.",,24-66,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field data +24-308-1,24,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +24-309-3,24,309,3,309-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own experience +24-31-2,24,31,2,31-2,There is considerable overlap and variation with articles and demonstratives. More research is needed.,,24-67 24-68,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-310-4,24,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +24-312-2,24,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own experience +24-313-2,24,313,2,313-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Questionnaire results submitted to UNESCO +24-314-3,24,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own experience +24-315-2,24,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +24-316-4,24,316,4,316-4,There are no talk shows in Norf'k.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +24-317-1,24,317,1,317-1,"There is an annual song competition featuring songs in Norf'k, and the language is also used on CDs containing music for tourists.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +24-318-2,24,318,2,318-2,Norf'k is used mainly in poetry and children's books. There are no novels written in the language.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +24-319-2,24,319,2,319-2,Bilingual editorials can increasingly be found in the Norfolk Window (one of the local papers).,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +24-32-2,24,32,2,32-2,More research needs to be done.,,24-69 24-70 24-71 24-72 24-73,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +24-320-2,24,320,2,320-2,"In newspapers, Norf'k is used in some advertisments, public notices, school reports and items on the culture page.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +24-321-2,24,321,2,321-2,"public welcome, some work places",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +24-322-2,24,322,2,322-2,The use of Norf'k in court is permitted but very infrequent.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +24-323-2,24,323,2,323-2,"In parliament, Norf'k is mainly employed in a symbolic function or in heated debates. It is also used in some subcommittees such as the Council of the Elders.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +24-324-2,24,324,2,324-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 24-325-1,24,325,1,325-1,"The language is much in evidence in the Norfolk Forum (a chatroom). -Some texting is also conducted in Norf'k.",,,100.0,Very certain -24-326-1,24,326,1,326-1,"In the past (1860-1920) contact with Mota through Melanesian Mission, contact with Tahitian through visits and books such as recently published Tahitian Names.",,,100.0,Very certain -24-327-4,24,327,4,327-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-328-4,24,328,4,328-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-329-4,24,329,4,329-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-33-2,24,33,2,33-2,,,24-70 24-71,100.0,Very certain -24-330-4,24,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-331-4,24,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-332-4,24,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-333-2,24,333,2,333-2,Individual and family differences are more important than social differences.,,,100.0,Certain -24-334-2,24,334,2,334-2,Individual and family differences are more important than social differences.,,,100.0,Very certain -24-335-1,24,335,1,335-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-34-1,24,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain -24-35-7,24,35,7,35-7,,,24-75 24-76,100.0,Very certain -24-36-1,24,36,1,36-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-37-2,24,37,2,37-2,The conditions under which the f possessive needs to be chosen are not well understood. The suspicion is that the Polynesian a and o possessive classes may have influenced the grammar of Norf'k. More research is required.,,24-5 24-78,50.0,Very certain -24-37-1,24,37,1,37-1,The conditions under which the f possessive needs to be chosen are not well understood. The suspicion is that the Polynesian a and o possessive classes may have influenced the grammar of Norf'k. More research is required.,,24-26 24-77,50.0,Very certain -24-38-2,24,38,2,38-2,"Norf'k has two ways of indicating possession: one by adding -s to the possessor, and the second by joining possessor and possession by means of the preposition -f. It is not clear whether they are in free variation or whether they reflect the Polynesian a or o class of possession.",,24-6 24-79 24-80 24-81 24-82,100.0,Very certain -24-39-4,24,39,4,39-4,"Norf'k has a split system with special independent possessive pronouns for third person singular feminine, first person singular and second person singular. In all other cases, they are formally identical with the pre-nominal possessives.",,24-83 24-84 24-85 24-86,100.0,Certain -24-4-2,24,4,2,4-2,"The spatial deictics (absolute, with Kingston as reference point) daun, aut, ap, raun are compulsory.",,24-10 24-100 24-11 24-16,100.0,Certain -24-40-1,24,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-41-1,24,41,1,41-1,"Note that the comparative affix -a or -ra can be attached to adjectives of any length and irrespective of their etymology. The examples illustrate words of Tahitian, English and St. Kitts origin.",,24-87 24-88 24-89,100.0,Very certain -24-42-2,24,42,2,42-2,These constructions show a low frequency in my data; there may be other possibilities to express the standard.,,24-90 24-91,100.0,Certain -24-43-1,24,43,1,43-1,,,24-94 24-95,100.0,Very certain -24-45-3,24,45,3,45-3,More research needs to be done on this construction.,,24-97,100.0,Intermediate -24-46-1,24,46,1,46-1,,,24-98,100.0,Very certain -24-47-2,24,47,2,47-2,"Since tense is not obligatory, implicit past future Shi kaien can also mean 'She was crying, she will be crying.'",,24-99,100.0,Certain -24-48-2,24,48,2,48-2,"More analysis is needed on the Norf'k habitual; see remarks on tense Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"".",,24-100,100.0,Intermediate -24-49-3,24,49,3,49-3,Value 3 comment: This area needs further investigation.,,24-101 24-115 24-98,100.0,Intermediate -24-5-1,24,5,1,5-1,,,24-12 24-13,100.0,Very certain -24-52-2,24,52,2,52-2,"-en (progressive, continuous marker) can be added to adjectives of English, St. Kitts and Tahitian origin.",,24-102,100.0,Certain -24-54-1,24,54,1,54-1,There may be some other forms identical with English suppletion in more acrolectal varieties. Haed has a very low token frequency.,,24-103 24-104,100.0,Very certain -24-55-2,24,55,2,55-2,Both the range of English 'can' and 'may' is expressed in Norf'k by means of the auxillary ell (etymologically English able).,,24-105,100.0,Intermediate -24-56-2,24,56,2,56-2,The precise conditions governing the choice of these markers and their semantic force remains to be established. They have a relatively low total frequency.,,24-106 24-107 24-108 24-116 24-170,100.0,Intermediate -24-57-1,24,57,1,57-1,,,24-109,100.0,Very certain -24-58-1,24,58,1,58-1,,,24-110 24-111 24-112,100.0,Very certain -24-59-2,24,59,2,59-2,,,24-113 24-114 24-115,100.0,Very certain -24-6-1,24,6,1,6-1,"Numerals can modify both nouns and pronouns, as Example 15 illustrates.",,24-14 24-15,100.0,Very certain -24-60-1,24,60,1,60-1,Consider the special word order and the non-inflected first person plural pronoun in Hi s' fech sam wi baket a' wielberds ieg ('He brought us some buckets of whalebird eggs'). There are a number of intricacies of the benefactive construction which require further research.,,24-116,50.0,Certain -24-60-2,24,60,2,60-2,Consider the special word order and the non-inflected first person plural pronoun in Hi s' fech sam wi baket a' wielberds ieg ('He brought us some buckets of whalebird eggs'). There are a number of intricacies of the benefactive construction which require further research.,,24-117,50.0,Certain -24-61-2,24,61,2,61-2,"Note the word order in Example 33, where the recipient is inserted between the determiner and the noun.",,24-119,50.0,Certain -24-61-1,24,61,1,61-1,"Note the word order in Example 33, where the recipient is inserted between the determiner and the noun.",,24-118,50.0,Very certain -24-62-1,24,62,1,62-1,"In rapid discourse, the pronoun can be dropped if it is totally predictable.",,24-120,100.0,Certain -24-63-3,24,63,3,63-3,Semesthing also translates 'like'.,,24-121,100.0,Very certain -24-64-2,24,64,2,64-2,,,24-122 24-123,100.0,Very certain -24-65-5,24,65,5,65-5,,,24-124,100.0,Very certain -24-66-3,24,66,3,66-3,,,24-126,10.0,Very certain -24-66-1,24,66,1,66-1,,,24-125,90.0,Very certain -24-67-1,24,67,1,67-1,,,24-127,100.0,Very certain -24-68-1,24,68,1,68-1,,,24-128,100.0,Very certain -24-69-1,24,69,1,69-1,,,24-129,100.0,Certain -24-7-1,24,7,1,7-1,Relative pronouns are often omitted. The relativizier is who; hun is mesolectal; zero is still more common.,,24-16 24-17,100.0,Certain -24-70-1,24,70,1,70-1,Comitatives have not been properly researched. With is documented in acrolectal varieties.,,24-130 24-131 24-132,100.0,Certain -24-71-2,24,71,2,71-2,,,24-131 24-132,100.0,Intermediate -24-72-1,24,72,1,72-1,"Both verbal and nominal conjuncts use en, but in many instances, the en is deleted in verbal conjuncts, and a verb chain used instead. More research is needed.",,24-133 24-134,100.0,Uncertain -24-73-1,24,73,1,73-1,"The copula is a fairly complex phenomenon in Norf'k, and there appear to be differences between speakers of different varieties that require further investigation.",,24-135 24-136,100.0,Intermediate -24-74-3,24,74,3,74-3,Acrolectal speakers at times use ess.,,24-137 24-138,100.0,Intermediate -24-75-1,24,75,1,75-1,More research is required.,,24-139 24-140,100.0,Certain -24-76-2,24,76,2,76-2,More research is required for this construction.,,24-139 24-141 24-143,100.0,Certain -24-77-1,24,77,1,77-1,,,24-145,100.0,Certain -24-78-1,24,78,1,78-1,,,24-146 24-147,100.0,Very certain -24-79-2,24,79,2,79-2,There is no spatial adposition but the absolute direction marker is required.,,24-150 24-151,100.0,Very certain -24-8-1,24,8,1,8-1,,,24-18 24-19,100.0,Certain -24-80-2,24,80,2,80-2,,,24-152,100.0,Certain -24-81-2,24,81,2,81-2,"Motion-to is always marked with one of the compulsory absolute direction markers ap, daun or aut.",,24-148 24-149,100.0,Very certain -24-82-2,24,82,2,82-2,"The English verb 'push' is translated by a number of Norf'k words, mainly shaw 'shove'. There is no difference between 'in' and 'into'.",,,100.0,Intermediate -24-83-1,24,83,1,83-1,,,24-153,100.0,Certain -24-84-3,24,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Certain -24-85-2,24,85,2,85-2,More research needs to be undertaken.,,24-155,100.0,Certain -24-86-5,24,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-87-1,24,87,1,87-1,The grammar of reflexives in Norf'k is complex and has not been fully studied. The use of self added to pronouns is found mainly among acrolectal speakers.,,24-159,11.1111111111111,Certain -24-87-3,24,87,3,87-3,The grammar of reflexives in Norf'k is complex and has not been fully studied. The use of self added to pronouns is found mainly among acrolectal speakers.,,24-156 24-157 24-158 24-161,77.7777777777778,Very certain -24-87-6,24,87,6,87-6,The grammar of reflexives in Norf'k is complex and has not been fully studied. The use of self added to pronouns is found mainly among acrolectal speakers.,,24-160,11.1111111111111,Certain -24-88-2,24,88,2,88-2,Intensification of pronouns is done by means of a focusing/fronting construction with a copula and non-subject pronoun as in ess mi se dan et [is me COP done it] 'it is me who did it'.,,24-162 24-163,100.0,Certain -24-89-2,24,89,2,89-2,The reciprocal construction is rare.,,24-158 24-164,100.0,Certain -24-9-1,24,9,1,9-1,"Norf'k has a number of forms for the definite article: ar and dar for singular, and em and dem for plural. There is also a definite article de which roughly corresponds to English 'the', which occurs mainly before noun phrases beginning with adjectives and quantifiers. Norf'k appears to have specific and non-specific, as well as definite and indefinite, items. The attempt to find consistent distinction between definite and specific have been unsuccessful. The grammar of nominal determiners requires further investigation.",,24-20 24-21 24-22,100.0,Certain -24-90-3,24,90,3,90-3,More research on the passive construction in Norf'k is required.,,24-166,30.0,Certain -24-90-1,24,90,1,90-1,More research on the passive construction in Norf'k is required.,,24-165,70.0,Certain -24-91-8,24,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -24-92-2,24,92,2,92-2,Relative clauses are not very common in Norf'k.,,24-167,70.0,Certain -24-92-4,24,92,4,92-4,Relative clauses are not very common in Norf'k.,,24-168 24-169,30.0,Certain -24-93-4,24,93,4,93-4,,,24-169 24-170,100.0,Certain -24-94-5,24,94,5,94-5,,,24-171,100.0,Certain -24-95-4,24,95,4,95-4,,,24-172,100.0,Certain -24-97-1,24,97,1,97-1,,,24-174,100.0,Certain -24-99-2,24,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain -25-0-1,25,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -25-1-2,25,1,2,1-2,"The word order in transitive declarative clauses with full subject and object noun phrases is subject-verb-object (SVO) in all varieties, except in topicalising or focussing constructions. The following example (spoken, Victoria River, Older Generation) illustrates OSV as a marked word order for object focus: Fish yu bin getim [fish 2SG PST get-TR] 'Fish you got'.",39,25-1 25-2 25-4 25-5 25-6,100.0,Very certain -25-10-1,25,10,1,10-1,"For the purposes of discussing this feature, the determiner wan(bala), identical to the numeral 'one', is considered an indefinite article. This analysis is not unproblematic, as wan(bala) is not obligatory in indefinite contexts. Sandefur (1979: 104) considers it a marker of indefinite specificity: ""There is one determiner, however, that functions somewhat like an article. Wanbala, though most often used as the number 'one', is not infrequently used in the sense of 'a certain'."" Wan(bala) always precedes the head noun.",1333[104],25-1 25-71 25-72 25-73 25-74 25-75,100.0, -25-100-3,25,100,3,100-3,"Kriol has two general invariable negative particles, no(mo) and neva. In certain contexts, specific negative auxiliaries are used – or rather, they are words such as din 'didn't' and kan 'can't' that are derived from English auxiliaries, but as they do not co-occur with TAM marking, it is unclear whether they should be considered as auxiliaries or particles in Kriol.",,25-268 25-301 25-322 25-323 25-43,30.0,Uncertain -25-100-4,25,100,4,100-4,"Kriol has two general invariable negative particles, no(mo) and neva. In certain contexts, specific negative auxiliaries are used – or rather, they are words such as din 'didn't' and kan 'can't' that are derived from English auxiliaries, but as they do not co-occur with TAM marking, it is unclear whether they should be considered as auxiliaries or particles in Kriol.",,25-134 25-135 25-159 25-193 25-232 25-324 25-325 25-91,70.0,Very certain -25-101-1,25,101,1,101-1,,,25-102 25-193 25-23 25-236 25-237 25-297 25-90,100.0,Very certain -25-102-1,25,102,1,102-1,,,25-193 25-324 25-326,100.0,Certain -25-103-7,25,103,7,103-7,"The prosody of Kriol varieties has not been described, but it is clear that polar questions are not marked by segmental means (although a tag intit is frequently used in leading questions) or by word order, and impressionistically there is a prosodic difference between declarative and interrogative clauses.",1055,25-290 25-292 25-69,100.0,Very certain +Some texting is also conducted in Norf'k.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +24-326-1,24,326,1,326-1,"In the past (1860-1920) contact with Mota through Melanesian Mission, contact with Tahitian through visits and books such as recently published Tahitian Names.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +24-327-4,24,327,4,327-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +24-328-4,24,328,4,328-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +24-329-4,24,329,4,329-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +24-33-2,24,33,2,33-2,,,24-70 24-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +24-330-4,24,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +24-331-4,24,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +24-332-4,24,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +24-333-2,24,333,2,333-2,Individual and family differences are more important than social differences.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +24-334-2,24,334,2,334-2,Individual and family differences are more important than social differences.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +24-335-1,24,335,1,335-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +24-34-1,24,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-35-7,24,35,7,35-7,,,24-75 24-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +24-36-1,24,36,1,36-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-37-2,24,37,2,37-2,The conditions under which the f possessive needs to be chosen are not well understood. The suspicion is that the Polynesian a and o possessive classes may have influenced the grammar of Norf'k. More research is required.,,24-5 24-78,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-37-1,24,37,1,37-1,The conditions under which the f possessive needs to be chosen are not well understood. The suspicion is that the Polynesian a and o possessive classes may have influenced the grammar of Norf'k. More research is required.,,24-26 24-77,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-38-2,24,38,2,38-2,"Norf'k has two ways of indicating possession: one by adding -s to the possessor, and the second by joining possessor and possession by means of the preposition -f. It is not clear whether they are in free variation or whether they reflect the Polynesian a or o class of possession.",,24-6 24-79 24-80 24-81 24-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +24-39-4,24,39,4,39-4,"Norf'k has a split system with special independent possessive pronouns for third person singular feminine, first person singular and second person singular. In all other cases, they are formally identical with the pre-nominal possessives.",,24-83 24-84 24-85 24-86,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-4-2,24,4,2,4-2,"The spatial deictics (absolute, with Kingston as reference point) daun, aut, ap, raun are compulsory.",,24-10 24-100 24-11 24-16,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +24-40-1,24,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-41-1,24,41,1,41-1,"Note that the comparative affix -a or -ra can be attached to adjectives of any length and irrespective of their etymology. The examples illustrate words of Tahitian, English and St. Kitts origin.",,24-87 24-88 24-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-42-2,24,42,2,42-2,These constructions show a low frequency in my data; there may be other possibilities to express the standard.,,24-90 24-91,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +24-43-1,24,43,1,43-1,,,24-94 24-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-45-3,24,45,3,45-3,More research needs to be done on this construction.,,24-97,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-46-1,24,46,1,46-1,,,24-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-47-2,24,47,2,47-2,"Since tense is not obligatory, implicit past future Shi kaien can also mean 'She was crying, she will be crying.'",,24-99,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-48-2,24,48,2,48-2,"More analysis is needed on the Norf'k habitual; see remarks on tense Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"".",,24-100,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-49-3,24,49,3,49-3,Value 3 comment: This area needs further investigation.,,24-101 24-115 24-98,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-5-1,24,5,1,5-1,,,24-12 24-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-52-2,24,52,2,52-2,"-en (progressive, continuous marker) can be added to adjectives of English, St. Kitts and Tahitian origin.",,24-102,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-54-1,24,54,1,54-1,There may be some other forms identical with English suppletion in more acrolectal varieties. Haed has a very low token frequency.,,24-103 24-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-55-2,24,55,2,55-2,Both the range of English 'can' and 'may' is expressed in Norf'k by means of the auxillary ell (etymologically English able).,,24-105,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-56-2,24,56,2,56-2,The precise conditions governing the choice of these markers and their semantic force remains to be established. They have a relatively low total frequency.,,24-106 24-107 24-108 24-116 24-170,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +24-57-1,24,57,1,57-1,,,24-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-58-1,24,58,1,58-1,,,24-110 24-111 24-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-59-2,24,59,2,59-2,,,24-113 24-114 24-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +24-6-1,24,6,1,6-1,"Numerals can modify both nouns and pronouns, as Example 15 illustrates.",,24-14 24-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-60-1,24,60,1,60-1,Consider the special word order and the non-inflected first person plural pronoun in Hi s' fech sam wi baket a' wielberds ieg ('He brought us some buckets of whalebird eggs'). There are a number of intricacies of the benefactive construction which require further research.,,24-116,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +24-60-2,24,60,2,60-2,Consider the special word order and the non-inflected first person plural pronoun in Hi s' fech sam wi baket a' wielberds ieg ('He brought us some buckets of whalebird eggs'). There are a number of intricacies of the benefactive construction which require further research.,,24-117,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +24-61-2,24,61,2,61-2,"Note the word order in Example 33, where the recipient is inserted between the determiner and the noun.",,24-119,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-61-1,24,61,1,61-1,"Note the word order in Example 33, where the recipient is inserted between the determiner and the noun.",,24-118,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-62-1,24,62,1,62-1,"In rapid discourse, the pronoun can be dropped if it is totally predictable.",,24-120,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-63-3,24,63,3,63-3,Semesthing also translates 'like'.,,24-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-64-2,24,64,2,64-2,,,24-122 24-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-65-5,24,65,5,65-5,,,24-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-66-3,24,66,3,66-3,,,24-126,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-66-1,24,66,1,66-1,,,24-125,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-67-1,24,67,1,67-1,,,24-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-68-1,24,68,1,68-1,,,24-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-69-1,24,69,1,69-1,,,24-129,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-7-1,24,7,1,7-1,Relative pronouns are often omitted. The relativizier is who; hun is mesolectal; zero is still more common.,,24-16 24-17,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-70-1,24,70,1,70-1,Comitatives have not been properly researched. With is documented in acrolectal varieties.,,24-130 24-131 24-132,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-71-2,24,71,2,71-2,,,24-131 24-132,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-72-1,24,72,1,72-1,"Both verbal and nominal conjuncts use en, but in many instances, the en is deleted in verbal conjuncts, and a verb chain used instead. More research is needed.",,24-133 24-134,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-73-1,24,73,1,73-1,"The copula is a fairly complex phenomenon in Norf'k, and there appear to be differences between speakers of different varieties that require further investigation.",,24-135 24-136,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-74-3,24,74,3,74-3,Acrolectal speakers at times use ess.,,24-137 24-138,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +24-75-1,24,75,1,75-1,More research is required.,,24-139 24-140,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-76-2,24,76,2,76-2,More research is required for this construction.,,24-139 24-141 24-143,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-77-1,24,77,1,77-1,,,24-145,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +24-78-1,24,78,1,78-1,,,24-146 24-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-79-2,24,79,2,79-2,There is no spatial adposition but the absolute direction marker is required.,,24-150 24-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-8-1,24,8,1,8-1,,,24-18 24-19,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-80-2,24,80,2,80-2,,,24-152,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-81-2,24,81,2,81-2,"Motion-to is always marked with one of the compulsory absolute direction markers ap, daun or aut.",,24-148 24-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-82-2,24,82,2,82-2,"The English verb 'push' is translated by a number of Norf'k words, mainly shaw 'shove'. There is no difference between 'in' and 'into'.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +24-83-1,24,83,1,83-1,,,24-153,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +24-84-3,24,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-85-2,24,85,2,85-2,More research needs to be undertaken.,,24-155,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-86-5,24,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-87-1,24,87,1,87-1,The grammar of reflexives in Norf'k is complex and has not been fully studied. The use of self added to pronouns is found mainly among acrolectal speakers.,,24-159,11.1111111111111,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-12-FFFFFF-12-ADD8E6-78-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-87-3,24,87,3,87-3,The grammar of reflexives in Norf'k is complex and has not been fully studied. The use of self added to pronouns is found mainly among acrolectal speakers.,,24-156 24-157 24-158 24-161,77.7777777777778,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-12-FFFFFF-12-ADD8E6-78-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-87-6,24,87,6,87-6,The grammar of reflexives in Norf'k is complex and has not been fully studied. The use of self added to pronouns is found mainly among acrolectal speakers.,,24-160,11.1111111111111,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-12-FFFFFF-12-ADD8E6-78-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-88-2,24,88,2,88-2,Intensification of pronouns is done by means of a focusing/fronting construction with a copula and non-subject pronoun as in ess mi se dan et [is me COP done it] 'it is me who did it'.,,24-162 24-163,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +24-89-2,24,89,2,89-2,The reciprocal construction is rare.,,24-158 24-164,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +24-9-1,24,9,1,9-1,"Norf'k has a number of forms for the definite article: ar and dar for singular, and em and dem for plural. There is also a definite article de which roughly corresponds to English 'the', which occurs mainly before noun phrases beginning with adjectives and quantifiers. Norf'k appears to have specific and non-specific, as well as definite and indefinite, items. The attempt to find consistent distinction between definite and specific have been unsuccessful. The grammar of nominal determiners requires further investigation.",,24-20 24-21 24-22,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-90-3,24,90,3,90-3,More research on the passive construction in Norf'k is required.,,24-166,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-90-1,24,90,1,90-1,More research on the passive construction in Norf'k is required.,,24-165,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +24-91-8,24,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +24-92-2,24,92,2,92-2,Relative clauses are not very common in Norf'k.,,24-167,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +24-92-4,24,92,4,92-4,Relative clauses are not very common in Norf'k.,,24-168 24-169,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +24-93-4,24,93,4,93-4,,,24-169 24-170,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-94-5,24,94,5,94-5,,,24-171,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +24-95-4,24,95,4,95-4,,,24-172,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +24-97-1,24,97,1,97-1,,,24-174,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +24-99-2,24,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +25-0-1,25,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +25-1-2,25,1,2,1-2,"The word order in transitive declarative clauses with full subject and object noun phrases is subject-verb-object (SVO) in all varieties, except in topicalising or focussing constructions. The following example (spoken, Victoria River, Older Generation) illustrates OSV as a marked word order for object focus: Fish yu bin getim [fish 2SG PST get-TR] 'Fish you got'.",39,25-1 25-2 25-4 25-5 25-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt; Fieldwork Meakins +25-10-1,25,10,1,10-1,"For the purposes of discussing this feature, the determiner wan(bala), identical to the numeral 'one', is considered an indefinite article. This analysis is not unproblematic, as wan(bala) is not obligatory in indefinite contexts. Sandefur (1979: 104) considers it a marker of indefinite specificity: ""There is one determiner, however, that functions somewhat like an article. Wanbala, though most often used as the number 'one', is not infrequently used in the sense of 'a certain'."" Wan(bala) always precedes the head noun.",1333[104],25-1 25-71 25-72 25-73 25-74 25-75,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-100-3,25,100,3,100-3,"Kriol has two general invariable negative particles, no(mo) and neva. In certain contexts, specific negative auxiliaries are used – or rather, they are words such as din 'didn't' and kan 'can't' that are derived from English auxiliaries, but as they do not co-occur with TAM marking, it is unclear whether they should be considered as auxiliaries or particles in Kriol.",,25-268 25-301 25-322 25-323 25-43,30.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-100-4,25,100,4,100-4,"Kriol has two general invariable negative particles, no(mo) and neva. In certain contexts, specific negative auxiliaries are used – or rather, they are words such as din 'didn't' and kan 'can't' that are derived from English auxiliaries, but as they do not co-occur with TAM marking, it is unclear whether they should be considered as auxiliaries or particles in Kriol.",,25-134 25-135 25-159 25-193 25-232 25-324 25-325 25-91,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-101-1,25,101,1,101-1,,,25-102 25-193 25-23 25-236 25-237 25-297 25-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-102-1,25,102,1,102-1,,,25-193 25-324 25-326,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-103-7,25,103,7,103-7,"The prosody of Kriol varieties has not been described, but it is clear that polar questions are not marked by segmental means (although a tag intit is frequently used in leading questions) or by word order, and impressionistically there is a prosodic difference between declarative and interrogative clauses.",1055,25-290 25-292 25-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-104-7,25,104,7,104-7,"There seem to be two ways of expressing nominal identification focus in Kriol: One is by a cleft construction, the other just by fronting and giving prosodic prominence to the focused constituent, which is also followed by the particle na. The cleft construction is not well attested and it is not clear whether all varieties have it. In the attested examples it involves, in the clefted clause, the recognitional demonstrative thet~jet~det (see Feature 28 ""Definite articles"") and a marker the~tha~je~da~sa which also occurs in simple equational clauses, but is restricted to this function (see e.g. Example 197). Despite having its origin in the English definite article, it is analyzed here as a copula restricted to equational clauses, following Hudson (1985): ""There is not much doubt that da is derived from the English article which has been reanalyzed. This is not surprising since the copula in English is almost elided in such sentences as 'He's a teacher' and the article has been interpreted as the linking word. (...) For this reason I have analysed da as a linking device rather than an article"" (Hudson 1985: 89). (Hudson however does not discuss clefts). -The background clause is unmarked, and exhibits the unmarked subject relative clause strategy also attested in Kriol (see Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"").",659[88-90],25-112 25-327,50.0,Intermediate +The background clause is unmarked, and exhibits the unmarked subject relative clause strategy also attested in Kriol (see Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"").",659[88-90],25-112 25-327,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-104-1,25,104,1,104-1,"There seem to be two ways of expressing nominal identification focus in Kriol: One is by a cleft construction, the other just by fronting and giving prosodic prominence to the focused constituent, which is also followed by the particle na. The cleft construction is not well attested and it is not clear whether all varieties have it. In the attested examples it involves, in the clefted clause, the recognitional demonstrative thet~jet~det (see Feature 28 ""Definite articles"") and a marker the~tha~je~da~sa which also occurs in simple equational clauses, but is restricted to this function (see e.g. Example 197). Despite having its origin in the English definite article, it is analyzed here as a copula restricted to equational clauses, following Hudson (1985): ""There is not much doubt that da is derived from the English article which has been reanalyzed. This is not surprising since the copula in English is almost elided in such sentences as 'He's a teacher' and the article has been interpreted as the linking word. (...) For this reason I have analysed da as a linking device rather than an article"" (Hudson 1985: 89). (Hudson however does not discuss clefts). -The background clause is unmarked, and exhibits the unmarked subject relative clause strategy also attested in Kriol (see Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"").",659[88-90],25-325 25-328 25-56 25-98,50.0,Intermediate -25-105-3,25,105,3,105-3,"Verb focusing is not achieved by repetition or reduplication, but by accenting and/or the use of the particle na 'now', which may have a contrastive focus marking function but, as many of the examples show, also a temporal function and indicates shifted topics (Graber 1987).",570,25-247 25-329,100.0,Certain +The background clause is unmarked, and exhibits the unmarked subject relative clause strategy also attested in Kriol (see Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"").",659[88-90],25-325 25-328 25-56 25-98,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-105-3,25,105,3,105-3,"Verb focusing is not achieved by repetition or reduplication, but by accenting and/or the use of the particle na 'now', which may have a contrastive focus marking function but, as many of the examples show, also a temporal function and indicates shifted topics (Graber 1987).",570,25-247 25-329,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-106-3,25,106,3,106-3,"Both igen ~ gigen ~ gen 'again, also' and tu 'too, also' are used as focus particles. They do not have to appear adjacent to the focused element. Igen also has a use like English 'again’ (its source) and like English 'yet’, e.g. Thets anatha lengguij igen fo mibala. -'That’s yet another way of saying it.’ (ES03_A01_02).",40,25-249 25-330 25-332,30.0,Certain +'That’s yet another way of saying it.’ (ES03_A01_02).",40,25-249 25-330 25-332,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-106-2,25,106,2,106-2,"Both igen ~ gigen ~ gen 'again, also' and tu 'too, also' are used as focus particles. They do not have to appear adjacent to the focused element. Igen also has a use like English 'again’ (its source) and like English 'yet’, e.g. Thets anatha lengguij igen fo mibala. -'That’s yet another way of saying it.’ (ES03_A01_02).",40,25-144 25-184 25-218 25-249 25-331 25-42,70.0,Very certain -25-107-1,25,107,1,107-1,"No vocative marker has been described for any of the Kriol varieties, but the data reveal the occasional use of a marker or interjection ei which precedes the noun.",,25-249 25-292,100.0,Intermediate -25-109-1,25,109,1,109-1,"Both pikanini ~piginini~biginini and kid 'child' exist in the various varieties of Kriol, although the former seems to be used more by older speakers e.g. in the Victoria River area. For Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Hudson (1985: 8)comments that piginini is understood by older people but not used. Sandefur & Sandefur (1982: 26; 55) have both piginini and skulkid 'school child'.",659[8];1332[26],25-136 25-147 25-154 25-333 25-6,100.0,Very certain -25-11-2,25,11,2,11-2,"The most frequent adverbial of frequency, oldei, is more or less grammaticalized as a marker of habituality, and its position is strictly preverbal. Its inclusion as an example of a frequency adverb is, however, questionable. Other frequency adverbs were scarce in the available data, but seem to be more variable in their position; they can be found clause-finally and also clause-initially, but in that case are often separated from the rest of the clause by a prosodic break.",659,25-76 25-77 25-78 25-80,50.0,Intermediate -25-11-3,25,11,3,11-3,"The most frequent adverbial of frequency, oldei, is more or less grammaticalized as a marker of habituality, and its position is strictly preverbal. Its inclusion as an example of a frequency adverb is, however, questionable. Other frequency adverbs were scarce in the available data, but seem to be more variable in their position; they can be found clause-finally and also clause-initially, but in that case are often separated from the rest of the clause by a prosodic break.",659,25-79 25-80,50.0,Intermediate -25-110-1,25,110,1,110-1,Kriol speakers in the Roper River and Victoria River area use sabi ~ jabi 'know’ with nominal and clausal complements. However noim 'know' is also used.,1333[177];1055[3],25-111 25-171 25-178 25-334 25-335 25-69,100.0,Very certain -25-112-2,25,112,2,112-2,"According to the existing Roper River Kriol dictionary as well as own fieldwork, 'hand' (en~hen or bingga~fingga) is distinguished from am 'arm'.",795,25-160 25-336,100.0,Uncertain -25-113-2,25,113,2,113-2,"Strictly speaking, the concepts 'finger' and 'toe' are not differentiated since the corresponding words, bingga~fingga and but~fut, denote the whole hand and foot. However, Value 2 was chosen.",795,25-160 25-337,100.0,Uncertain -25-114-2,25,114,2,114-2,"According to the existing Roper River Kriol dictionary as well as own fieldwork, the words for 'hair' and 'feather' (beja) are distinguished. So far I have only been able to find a textual example for 'hair'.",795,25-164 25-347,100.0,Certain -25-115-2,25,115,2,115-2,"According to the Roper River Kriol dictionary as well as our own fieldwork, the terms for 'hear' and 'smell' are differentiated in Kriol (as well as in the traditional languages at least in the Victoria River area).",795,25-162 25-191,100.0,Very certain -25-116-2,25,116,2,116-2,"According to the existing Roper River Kriol dictionary as well as own fieldwork, 'green' and 'blue' are distinguished in Kriol.",795,25-338 25-339,100.0,Intermediate -25-117-1,25,117,1,117-1,"The sex of animals can be differentiated by means of the adjectival nominals boiwan 'male' and gelwan 'female', or by a paraphrase using 'wife' or matha 'mother' for the female animal.",,25-346 25-8,100.0,Very certain -25-118-2,25,118,2,118-2,"Consonant clusters combining a plosive and a liquid, rhotic or glide are relatively frequent. The only other type of cluster attested in an onset are combinations of the alveolar fricative plus plosive /st/, /sk/, but they are frequently reduced to just the plosive. Three consonants in an onset are not attested.",1332,25-321 25-332 25-340 25-341 25-342 25-343 25-344 25-6,100.0,Very certain -25-119-3,25,119,3,119-3,"According to Sandefur (1979: 40), word-final consonant clusters do not exist in Kriol; clusters in the corresponding source (i.e. English) lexical items are reduced. However, in the speech of older speakers in the Victoria River District and Katherine at least the combinations /lp/ and /ks/ have been attested (although they too may be reduced).",1333[40],25-107 25-143 25-236 25-252 25-309 25-345,100.0,Very certain -25-12-1,25,12,1,12-1,Interrogative phrases in Kriol are usually fronted. In situ interrogative phrases are marginal in terms of frequency but do occur.,1333[96-98],25-81 25-82 25-83 25-84 25-85 25-87 25-89,90.0,Very certain -25-12-2,25,12,2,12-2,Interrogative phrases in Kriol are usually fronted. In situ interrogative phrases are marginal in terms of frequency but do occur.,1333[96-98],25-86 25-88,10.0,Intermediate -25-120-1,25,120,1,120-1,Kriol is not a tonal language.,1333;1027,,100.0,Very certain -25-121-2,25,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -25-122-4,25,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -25-123-2,25,123,2,123-2,,,25-381,100.0, -25-124-3,25,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0, -25-125-3,25,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -25-126-2,25,126,2,126-2,This sound only exists in somewhat acrolectal speech in places where it occurs in corresponding English words. Basilectally the corresponding words are realized with a palatal plosive (voicing not distinctive).,,25-363,100.0, -25-127-2,25,127,2,127-2,,,,100.0, -25-128-1,25,128,1,128-1,,,,100.0, -25-129-2,25,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -25-13-1,25,13,1,13-1,"Generally, no gender distinctions are made in any Kriol variety except as a strongly acrolectal feature (also illustrated in one example).",1333,25-90 25-91 25-92 25-93 25-94,100.0,Very certain -25-130-1,25,130,1,130-1,This sound occurs word-initially. In fast or very basilectal speech it is not always realized.,,25-365,100.0, -25-131,25,131,2,131-2,"In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [p] and [b] are allophones with some degree of variation between regional varieties, speakers, speech style, and phonotactic position in realization.",,25-348,100.0, -25-132,25,132,1,132-1,"In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so [p] and [b] are allophones with some degree of variation between regional varieties, speakers and speech style in realization.",,25-350,100.0, -25-133,25,133,2,133-2,"In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [t] and [d] are allophones with some degree of variation between regional varieties, speakers and speech style in realization.",,25-351,100.0, -25-134,25,134,1,134-1,"In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [t] and [d] are allophones with some degree of variation between regional varieties, speakers and speech style in realization.",,25-352,100.0, -25-135,25,135,2,135-2,"This sound (as well as the corresponding voiced interdental plosive, as voicing is not distinctive) is used by speakers in the Victoria River District (where some traditional languages have an interdental stop) in words corresponding to English words containing this sound or a palato-alveolar fricative [s]. The same words may be realized in a more acrolectal fashion by using interdental fricatives (as in English). In other Kriol varieties corresponding words are realized with a palatal voiced or voicelss stop (this is also an option for speakers in the Victoria River District).",,25-394,100.0, -25-136,25,136,2,136-2,"This sound (as well as the corresponding voiceless interdental plosive, as voicing is not distinctive) is used by speakers in the Victoria River District (where some traditional languages have an interdental stop) in words corresponding to English words containing this sound or a palato-alveolar fricative [s]. The same words may be realized in a more acrolectal fashion by using interdental fricatives (as in English). In other Kriol varieties corresponding words are realized with a palatal voiced or voicelss stop (this is also an option for speakers in the Victoria River District).",,25-395,100.0, -25-137,25,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -25-138,25,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -25-139,25,139,2,139-2,This sound exists as an allophone of [c] and [ɟ]; orthographically they all are represented as .,,25-359,100.0, -25-14-2,25,14,2,14-2,"All Kriol varieties have dual personal pronouns, distinguishing also inclusive and exclusive 1st person dual. There is some variation concerning the forms of the pronouns, both within and between regional varieties.",1026[123];659[43],25-100 25-101 25-102 25-48 25-69 25-95 25-96 25-97 25-98 25-99,100.0,Very certain -25-140,25,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -25-143,25,143,2,143-2,"In the absence of a phonetic/phonological study of Kriol, the presence of this segment as an allophone is unclear; impressionistically it may be used as an allophone of /t/ ([t], [d]) in intervocalic position.",,25-353,100.0, -25-144,25,144,2,144-2,"In the absence of a phonetic/phonological study of Kriol the presence of this segment as an allophone is unclear; impressionistically it may be used as an allophone of /t/ ([t], [d]) in intervocalic position.",,25-354,100.0, -25-145,25,145,2,145-2,"In ""heavy"" or basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [c] and [ɟ] are allophones (also in variation with [ʃ]); the voiceless allophone only occurs word-finally. In the orthography this sound is represented as .",,25-355,100.0, -25-146,25,146,1,146-1,In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [c] and [ɟ] are allophones; the voiceless allophone only occurs word-finally. In the orthography this sound is represented as .,,25-356,100.0, -25-147,25,147,2,147-2,"In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [k] and [g] are allophones with some degree of variation between regional varieties, speakers and speech style in realization.",,25-349,100.0, -25-148,25,148,4,148-4,It is unclear whether the sound sequence [kw] should be analyzed as two segments or as a labialized velar plosive - the former option is chosen here.,,25-357,100.0, -25-149,25,149,1,149-1,"In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [k] and [g] are allophones with some degree of variation between regional varieties, speakers and speech style in realization.",,25-358,100.0, -25-15-2,25,15,2,15-2,"Inclusive and exclusive 1st dual pronouns are consistently distinguished in all varieties (they are yunmi~minyu and mindubala~minbala, respectively). However, for 1st plural the forms wi and mibala (as well as, in Roper River, mela), which according to published descriptions of the Roper River variety have inclusive and exclusive reference, respectively, are used interchangeably by older speakers of the Victoria River variety. A similar tendency is reported by Hudson (1985: 44–45) for the Fitzroy Valley variety.",1332[2],25-101 25-103 25-104 25-105 25-106 25-79 25-96,100.0,Certain -25-151,25,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -25-152,25,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -25-153,25,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -25-155,25,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -25-156,25,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -25-158,25,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -25-159,25,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -25-16-1,25,16,1,16-1,"Three persons are distinguished in singular, dual and plural in all varieties. Exclusive and inclusive forms of dual and plural 1st person pronouns are also distinguished, although some overlap can be observed here (see Feature 15 ""Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Personal Pronouns""), making this the only case syncretism (in tendency only) in the paradigm. The examples provided here come from the Victoria River variety.",1026[123];659[43-45],25-104 25-107 25-108 25-109 25-110 25-111 25-23 25-24 25-34 25-49 25-76 25-96 25-97,100.0,Very certain -25-160,25,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -25-161,25,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -25-163,25,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -25-168,25,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -25-169,25,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -25-17-2,25,17,2,17-2,"A difference between dependent and independent pronoun is not made throughout the whole pronominal paradigm but it is made for the first person singular subject (ai vs. mi). In the 3rd person plural, olabat is used as independent and dependent pronoun while thei ~ dei is restricted to dependent function.",,25-101 25-112 25-113 25-114 25-115 25-116 25-117 25-118 25-119 25-120,100.0,Certain -25-170,25,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -25-171,25,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -25-172,25,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -25-173,25,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -25-174,25,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -25-176,25,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -25-178,25,178,1,178-1,,,25-366,100.0, -25-179,25,179,1,179-1,,,25-367,100.0, -25-18-1,25,18,1,18-1,No Kriol variety exhibits a politeness distinction in second person prounouns.,1026[123],25-114 25-121 25-26 25-85 25-97,100.0,Very certain -25-180,25,180,3,180-3,This sound occurs in words from traditional Australian languages borrowed into Kriol.,,25-368,100.0, -25-181,25,181,1,181-1,,,,100.0, -25-182,25,182,1,182-1,,,25-369,100.0, -25-183,25,183,1,183-1,,,25-370,100.0, -25-184,25,184,2,184-2,,,25-371,100.0, -25-186,25,186,1,186-1,,,25-396,100.0, -25-187,25,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -25-188,25,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -25-189,25,189,1,189-1,"This sound only exists in somewhat acrolectal speech in places where it occurs in corresponding English words, and sometimes by hypercorrection where English has a bilabial plosive (e.g. fut 'boot'). Basilectally the corresponding words are realized with a bilabial plosive (voicing not distinctive).",,25-360,100.0, -25-19-3,25,19,3,19-3,"The relevant interrogatives in Kriol speakers are hu 'who’, wotaim 'when, what time’, weya 'where' and wijei 'where’ (directional); the same form wijei also means 'how' but is used alternately with hau. The directional 'where' form is not considered here, but considering one variant of 'how' leaves us with two compound expressions. The second part in both of them can be considered productive: -taim in wotaim recurrently forms temporal adverbials such as reintaim 'in the wet season', moning-taim 'in the morning', dina-taim 'at lunchtime'. The suffix -wei in wijei forms other adverbials of manner, e.g. blekbala-wei 'Aboriginal way (of doing/saying things), seim-wei 'same manner/way'.",1332[1],25-122 25-123 25-124 25-27 25-81 25-82 25-83 25-88 25-89,100.0,Intermediate -25-190,25,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -25-191,25,191,2,191-2,This sound (as well as its voiced counterpart) is used as an allophone of the interdental stop by speakers in the Victoria River District (where some traditional languages have an interdental stop) in words corresponding to English words containing this phone. In other Kriol varieties corresponding words are realized with a palatal voiced or voicelss stop (this is also an option for speakers in the Victoria River District).,,25-387,100.0, -25-192,25,192,2,192-2,"This sound (as well as its voiceless counterpart, as voicing is not distinctive) is used as an allophone of the interdental stop by speakers in the Victoria River District (where some traditional languages have an interdental stop) in words corresponding to English words containing this phone. In other Kriol varieties corresponding words are realized with an alveolar or a palatal voiced or voiceless stop (this is also an option for speakers in the Victoria River District).",,25-361,100.0, -25-193,25,193,1,193-1,This sound only exists in somewhat acrolectal speech in places where it occurs in corresponding English words. Basilectally the corresponding words are realized with a palatal plosive (voicing is not distinctive).,,25-362,100.0, -25-194,25,194,2,194-2,This sound only exists in somewhat acrolectal speech in places where it occurs in corresponding English words. Basilectally the corresponding words are realized with a palatal plosive (voicing not distinctive).,,25-363,100.0, -25-195,25,195,1,195-1,This sound only exists in somewhat acrolectal speech in places where it occurs in corresponding English words. Basilectally the corresponding words are realized with a palatal plosive (voicing is not distinctive).,,25-364,100.0, -25-196,25,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -25-199,25,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -25-2-2,25,2,2,2-2,"Possessive marking is one of the most variable grammatical features of Kriol, both within and across varieties (see also Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"" for pronominal possessors). Both Possessor-Possessum and Possessum-Possessor orders are attested. Nominal possessors are usually marked with the preposition bla(nga) and in the speech of younger people in some varieties also with bo. A postpositional use of both of these prepositions is also attested, at least in the Western varieties.",1333[156];659[70-73],25-10 25-12 25-7,50.0,Very certain -25-2-1,25,2,1,2-1,"Possessive marking is one of the most variable grammatical features of Kriol, both within and across varieties (see also Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"" for pronominal possessors). Both Possessor-Possessum and Possessum-Possessor orders are attested. Nominal possessors are usually marked with the preposition bla(nga) and in the speech of younger people in some varieties also with bo. A postpositional use of both of these prepositions is also attested, at least in the Western varieties.",1333[156];659[70-73],25-11 25-13 25-14 25-5 25-8 25-9,50.0,Very certain -25-20-1,25,20,1,20-1,Both the juxtaposed inclusory construction and the conjoined construction are attested in Kriol. Both are relatively rare so the judgment of relative importance here is very impressionistic.,40,25-125 25-127,30.0,Intermediate -25-20-2,25,20,2,20-2,Both the juxtaposed inclusory construction and the conjoined construction are attested in Kriol. Both are relatively rare so the judgment of relative importance here is very impressionistic.,40,25-126 25-96,70.0,Certain -25-200,25,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -25-201,25,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -25-202,25,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -25-205,25,205,1,205-1,This sound occurs word-initially. In fast or very basilectal speech it is not always realized.,,25-365,100.0, -25-209,25,209,1,209-1,,,25-372,100.0, -25-21-5,25,21,5,21-5,"The forms of the indefinite pronouns in question are samthing~jamjing and sambadi~jambadi~sambala~ jambala. These are regarded as analyzable as the components also recur in na-jing 'nothing', enijing 'anything', nobadi 'nobody', enibadi 'anybody', samwe 'somewhere', samtaim 'sometimes', etc.The suffix in the variant sam-bala is the general adjectival suffix in NPs referring to humans, thus its status would be comparable to English one.",,25-128 25-129 25-130,100.0,Certain -25-212,25,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -25-217,25,217,3,217-3,This sound occurs in words from traditional Australian languages borrowed into Kriol.,,25-373,100.0, -25-218,25,218,1,218-1,Orthographically represented as .,,,100.0, -25-22-4,25,22,4,22-4,"Plural marking is rather variable in Kriol. Plural marking with humans – by reduplication of the head noun (rare) or a modifying adjective, the use of plural determiners ole ~ ola ~ orla ~ olda or the plural suffix -lot ~ -lat on demonstratives – is the norm. Plural marking with inanimates is rare and absence of plural marking with humans is rare, but variation is found in all categories. (Examples 136 and 145 illustrate a noun phrase with human, plural reference without a plural marker.) Plural-marked nouns do not co-occur with numeral quantification.",1026[189-191],25-113 25-116 25-131 25-132 25-133 25-134 25-135 25-136 25-137 25-138 25-139 25-140 25-141 25-142 25-143 25-144 25-145 25-22 25-45 25-80,100.0,Intermediate -25-221,25,221,1,221-1,,,25-374,100.0, -25-23-3,25,23,3,23-3,"Plural marking by reduplication is restricted to a subset of nominals denoting humans, and to adjectives which can be reduplicated to indicate multiplicity of referents irrespective of animacy. The main strategy of plural marking, which is also found with higher animates and inanimates, is the use of the plural determiners ole ~ ola ~ orla ~o lda or the plural suffix -lot ~ -lat on demonstratives (see also Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers""). Occasionally, the English plural suffix -s is found in Kriol, but it is not employed consistently and should be considered an acrolectal feature. The collective suffix -mob is not treated as a plural marker here (see Feature 24 ""The associative plural marker"").",1026[189-191],25-103 25-46,9.09090909090909,Certain -25-23-7,25,23,7,23-7,"Plural marking by reduplication is restricted to a subset of nominals denoting humans, and to adjectives which can be reduplicated to indicate multiplicity of referents irrespective of animacy. The main strategy of plural marking, which is also found with higher animates and inanimates, is the use of the plural determiners ole ~ ola ~ orla ~o lda or the plural suffix -lot ~ -lat on demonstratives (see also Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers""). Occasionally, the English plural suffix -s is found in Kriol, but it is not employed consistently and should be considered an acrolectal feature. The collective suffix -mob is not treated as a plural marker here (see Feature 24 ""The associative plural marker"").",1026[189-191],25-117 25-132 25-135 25-138 25-141 25-142 25-146 25-147 25-149,63.6363636363636,Very certain -25-23-6,25,23,6,23-6,"Plural marking by reduplication is restricted to a subset of nominals denoting humans, and to adjectives which can be reduplicated to indicate multiplicity of referents irrespective of animacy. The main strategy of plural marking, which is also found with higher animates and inanimates, is the use of the plural determiners ole ~ ola ~ orla ~o lda or the plural suffix -lot ~ -lat on demonstratives (see also Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers""). Occasionally, the English plural suffix -s is found in Kriol, but it is not employed consistently and should be considered an acrolectal feature. The collective suffix -mob is not treated as a plural marker here (see Feature 24 ""The associative plural marker"").",1026[189-191],25-113 25-116 25-143 25-148 25-18 25-22,27.2727272727273,Very certain -25-231,25,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, +'That’s yet another way of saying it.’ (ES03_A01_02).",40,25-144 25-184 25-218 25-249 25-331 25-42,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-107-1,25,107,1,107-1,"No vocative marker has been described for any of the Kriol varieties, but the data reveal the occasional use of a marker or interjection ei which precedes the noun.",,25-249 25-292,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +25-109-1,25,109,1,109-1,"Both pikanini ~piginini~biginini and kid 'child' exist in the various varieties of Kriol, although the former seems to be used more by older speakers e.g. in the Victoria River area. For Fitzroy Valley Kriol, Hudson (1985: 8)comments that piginini is understood by older people but not used. Sandefur & Sandefur (1982: 26; 55) have both piginini and skulkid 'school child'.",659[8];1332[26],25-136 25-147 25-154 25-333 25-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-11-2,25,11,2,11-2,"The most frequent adverbial of frequency, oldei, is more or less grammaticalized as a marker of habituality, and its position is strictly preverbal. Its inclusion as an example of a frequency adverb is, however, questionable. Other frequency adverbs were scarce in the available data, but seem to be more variable in their position; they can be found clause-finally and also clause-initially, but in that case are often separated from the rest of the clause by a prosodic break.",659,25-76 25-77 25-78 25-80,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-11-3,25,11,3,11-3,"The most frequent adverbial of frequency, oldei, is more or less grammaticalized as a marker of habituality, and its position is strictly preverbal. Its inclusion as an example of a frequency adverb is, however, questionable. Other frequency adverbs were scarce in the available data, but seem to be more variable in their position; they can be found clause-finally and also clause-initially, but in that case are often separated from the rest of the clause by a prosodic break.",659,25-79 25-80,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-110-1,25,110,1,110-1,Kriol speakers in the Roper River and Victoria River area use sabi ~ jabi 'know’ with nominal and clausal complements. However noim 'know' is also used.,1333[177];1055[3],25-111 25-171 25-178 25-334 25-335 25-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-112-2,25,112,2,112-2,"According to the existing Roper River Kriol dictionary as well as own fieldwork, 'hand' (en~hen or bingga~fingga) is distinguished from am 'arm'.",795,25-160 25-336,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-113-2,25,113,2,113-2,"Strictly speaking, the concepts 'finger' and 'toe' are not differentiated since the corresponding words, bingga~fingga and but~fut, denote the whole hand and foot. However, Value 2 was chosen.",795,25-160 25-337,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-114-2,25,114,2,114-2,"According to the existing Roper River Kriol dictionary as well as own fieldwork, the words for 'hair' and 'feather' (beja) are distinguished. So far I have only been able to find a textual example for 'hair'.",795,25-164 25-347,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-115-2,25,115,2,115-2,"According to the Roper River Kriol dictionary as well as our own fieldwork, the terms for 'hear' and 'smell' are differentiated in Kriol (as well as in the traditional languages at least in the Victoria River area).",795,25-162 25-191,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-116-2,25,116,2,116-2,"According to the existing Roper River Kriol dictionary as well as own fieldwork, 'green' and 'blue' are distinguished in Kriol.",795,25-338 25-339,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-117-1,25,117,1,117-1,"The sex of animals can be differentiated by means of the adjectival nominals boiwan 'male' and gelwan 'female', or by a paraphrase using 'wife' or matha 'mother' for the female animal.",,25-346 25-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-118-2,25,118,2,118-2,"Consonant clusters combining a plosive and a liquid, rhotic or glide are relatively frequent. The only other type of cluster attested in an onset are combinations of the alveolar fricative plus plosive /st/, /sk/, but they are frequently reduced to just the plosive. Three consonants in an onset are not attested.",1332,25-321 25-332 25-340 25-341 25-342 25-343 25-344 25-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-119-3,25,119,3,119-3,"According to Sandefur (1979: 40), word-final consonant clusters do not exist in Kriol; clusters in the corresponding source (i.e. English) lexical items are reduced. However, in the speech of older speakers in the Victoria River District and Katherine at least the combinations /lp/ and /ks/ have been attested (although they too may be reduced).",1333[40],25-107 25-143 25-236 25-252 25-309 25-345,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-12-1,25,12,1,12-1,Interrogative phrases in Kriol are usually fronted. In situ interrogative phrases are marginal in terms of frequency but do occur.,1333[96-98],25-81 25-82 25-83 25-84 25-85 25-87 25-89,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-12-2,25,12,2,12-2,Interrogative phrases in Kriol are usually fronted. In situ interrogative phrases are marginal in terms of frequency but do occur.,1333[96-98],25-86 25-88,10.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-120-1,25,120,1,120-1,Kriol is not a tonal language.,1333;1027,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt; Fieldwork Meakins +25-121-2,25,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +25-122-4,25,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +25-123-2,25,123,2,123-2,,,25-381,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-124-3,25,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +25-125-3,25,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +25-126-2,25,126,2,126-2,This sound only exists in somewhat acrolectal speech in places where it occurs in corresponding English words. Basilectally the corresponding words are realized with a palatal plosive (voicing not distinctive).,,25-363,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-127-2,25,127,2,127-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-128-1,25,128,1,128-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +25-129-2,25,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-13-1,25,13,1,13-1,"Generally, no gender distinctions are made in any Kriol variety except as a strongly acrolectal feature (also illustrated in one example).",1333,25-90 25-91 25-92 25-93 25-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-130-1,25,130,1,130-1,This sound occurs word-initially. In fast or very basilectal speech it is not always realized.,,25-365,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +25-131,25,131,2,131-2,"In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [p] and [b] are allophones with some degree of variation between regional varieties, speakers, speech style, and phonotactic position in realization.",,25-348,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-132,25,132,1,132-1,"In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so [p] and [b] are allophones with some degree of variation between regional varieties, speakers and speech style in realization.",,25-350,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-133,25,133,2,133-2,"In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [t] and [d] are allophones with some degree of variation between regional varieties, speakers and speech style in realization.",,25-351,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-134,25,134,1,134-1,"In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [t] and [d] are allophones with some degree of variation between regional varieties, speakers and speech style in realization.",,25-352,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-135,25,135,2,135-2,"This sound (as well as the corresponding voiced interdental plosive, as voicing is not distinctive) is used by speakers in the Victoria River District (where some traditional languages have an interdental stop) in words corresponding to English words containing this sound or a palato-alveolar fricative [s]. The same words may be realized in a more acrolectal fashion by using interdental fricatives (as in English). In other Kriol varieties corresponding words are realized with a palatal voiced or voicelss stop (this is also an option for speakers in the Victoria River District).",,25-394,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-136,25,136,2,136-2,"This sound (as well as the corresponding voiceless interdental plosive, as voicing is not distinctive) is used by speakers in the Victoria River District (where some traditional languages have an interdental stop) in words corresponding to English words containing this sound or a palato-alveolar fricative [s]. The same words may be realized in a more acrolectal fashion by using interdental fricatives (as in English). In other Kriol varieties corresponding words are realized with a palatal voiced or voicelss stop (this is also an option for speakers in the Victoria River District).",,25-395,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-137,25,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-138,25,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-139,25,139,2,139-2,This sound exists as an allophone of [c] and [ɟ]; orthographically they all are represented as .,,25-359,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-14-2,25,14,2,14-2,"All Kriol varieties have dual personal pronouns, distinguishing also inclusive and exclusive 1st person dual. There is some variation concerning the forms of the pronouns, both within and between regional varieties.",1026[123];659[43],25-100 25-101 25-102 25-48 25-69 25-95 25-96 25-97 25-98 25-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-140,25,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-143,25,143,2,143-2,"In the absence of a phonetic/phonological study of Kriol, the presence of this segment as an allophone is unclear; impressionistically it may be used as an allophone of /t/ ([t], [d]) in intervocalic position.",,25-353,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-144,25,144,2,144-2,"In the absence of a phonetic/phonological study of Kriol the presence of this segment as an allophone is unclear; impressionistically it may be used as an allophone of /t/ ([t], [d]) in intervocalic position.",,25-354,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-145,25,145,2,145-2,"In ""heavy"" or basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [c] and [ɟ] are allophones (also in variation with [ʃ]); the voiceless allophone only occurs word-finally. In the orthography this sound is represented as .",,25-355,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-146,25,146,1,146-1,In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [c] and [ɟ] are allophones; the voiceless allophone only occurs word-finally. In the orthography this sound is represented as .,,25-356,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-147,25,147,2,147-2,"In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [k] and [g] are allophones with some degree of variation between regional varieties, speakers and speech style in realization.",,25-349,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-148,25,148,4,148-4,It is unclear whether the sound sequence [kw] should be analyzed as two segments or as a labialized velar plosive - the former option is chosen here.,,25-357,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-149,25,149,1,149-1,"In basilectal Kriol there is no voicing distinction so that [k] and [g] are allophones with some degree of variation between regional varieties, speakers and speech style in realization.",,25-358,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-15-2,25,15,2,15-2,"Inclusive and exclusive 1st dual pronouns are consistently distinguished in all varieties (they are yunmi~minyu and mindubala~minbala, respectively). However, for 1st plural the forms wi and mibala (as well as, in Roper River, mela), which according to published descriptions of the Roper River variety have inclusive and exclusive reference, respectively, are used interchangeably by older speakers of the Victoria River variety. A similar tendency is reported by Hudson (1985: 44–45) for the Fitzroy Valley variety.",1332[2],25-101 25-103 25-104 25-105 25-106 25-79 25-96,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-151,25,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-152,25,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-153,25,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-155,25,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-156,25,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-158,25,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-159,25,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-16-1,25,16,1,16-1,"Three persons are distinguished in singular, dual and plural in all varieties. Exclusive and inclusive forms of dual and plural 1st person pronouns are also distinguished, although some overlap can be observed here (see Feature 15 ""Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Personal Pronouns""), making this the only case syncretism (in tendency only) in the paradigm. The examples provided here come from the Victoria River variety.",1026[123];659[43-45],25-104 25-107 25-108 25-109 25-110 25-111 25-23 25-24 25-34 25-49 25-76 25-96 25-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-160,25,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-161,25,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-163,25,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-168,25,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-169,25,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-17-2,25,17,2,17-2,"A difference between dependent and independent pronoun is not made throughout the whole pronominal paradigm but it is made for the first person singular subject (ai vs. mi). In the 3rd person plural, olabat is used as independent and dependent pronoun while thei ~ dei is restricted to dependent function.",,25-101 25-112 25-113 25-114 25-115 25-116 25-117 25-118 25-119 25-120,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-170,25,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-171,25,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-172,25,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-173,25,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-174,25,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-176,25,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-178,25,178,1,178-1,,,25-366,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-179,25,179,1,179-1,,,25-367,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-18-1,25,18,1,18-1,No Kriol variety exhibits a politeness distinction in second person prounouns.,1026[123],25-114 25-121 25-26 25-85 25-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-180,25,180,3,180-3,This sound occurs in words from traditional Australian languages borrowed into Kriol.,,25-368,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +25-181,25,181,1,181-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-182,25,182,1,182-1,,,25-369,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-183,25,183,1,183-1,,,25-370,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-184,25,184,2,184-2,,,25-371,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-186,25,186,1,186-1,,,25-396,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-187,25,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-188,25,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-189,25,189,1,189-1,"This sound only exists in somewhat acrolectal speech in places where it occurs in corresponding English words, and sometimes by hypercorrection where English has a bilabial plosive (e.g. fut 'boot'). Basilectally the corresponding words are realized with a bilabial plosive (voicing not distinctive).",,25-360,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-19-3,25,19,3,19-3,"The relevant interrogatives in Kriol speakers are hu 'who’, wotaim 'when, what time’, weya 'where' and wijei 'where’ (directional); the same form wijei also means 'how' but is used alternately with hau. The directional 'where' form is not considered here, but considering one variant of 'how' leaves us with two compound expressions. The second part in both of them can be considered productive: -taim in wotaim recurrently forms temporal adverbials such as reintaim 'in the wet season', moning-taim 'in the morning', dina-taim 'at lunchtime'. The suffix -wei in wijei forms other adverbials of manner, e.g. blekbala-wei 'Aboriginal way (of doing/saying things), seim-wei 'same manner/way'.",1332[1],25-122 25-123 25-124 25-27 25-81 25-82 25-83 25-88 25-89,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-190,25,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-191,25,191,2,191-2,This sound (as well as its voiced counterpart) is used as an allophone of the interdental stop by speakers in the Victoria River District (where some traditional languages have an interdental stop) in words corresponding to English words containing this phone. In other Kriol varieties corresponding words are realized with a palatal voiced or voicelss stop (this is also an option for speakers in the Victoria River District).,,25-387,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-192,25,192,2,192-2,"This sound (as well as its voiceless counterpart, as voicing is not distinctive) is used as an allophone of the interdental stop by speakers in the Victoria River District (where some traditional languages have an interdental stop) in words corresponding to English words containing this phone. In other Kriol varieties corresponding words are realized with an alveolar or a palatal voiced or voiceless stop (this is also an option for speakers in the Victoria River District).",,25-361,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-193,25,193,1,193-1,This sound only exists in somewhat acrolectal speech in places where it occurs in corresponding English words. Basilectally the corresponding words are realized with a palatal plosive (voicing is not distinctive).,,25-362,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-194,25,194,2,194-2,This sound only exists in somewhat acrolectal speech in places where it occurs in corresponding English words. Basilectally the corresponding words are realized with a palatal plosive (voicing not distinctive).,,25-363,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-195,25,195,1,195-1,This sound only exists in somewhat acrolectal speech in places where it occurs in corresponding English words. Basilectally the corresponding words are realized with a palatal plosive (voicing is not distinctive).,,25-364,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-196,25,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-199,25,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-2-2,25,2,2,2-2,"Possessive marking is one of the most variable grammatical features of Kriol, both within and across varieties (see also Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"" for pronominal possessors). Both Possessor-Possessum and Possessum-Possessor orders are attested. Nominal possessors are usually marked with the preposition bla(nga) and in the speech of younger people in some varieties also with bo. A postpositional use of both of these prepositions is also attested, at least in the Western varieties.",1333[156];659[70-73],25-10 25-12 25-7,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-2-1,25,2,1,2-1,"Possessive marking is one of the most variable grammatical features of Kriol, both within and across varieties (see also Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"" for pronominal possessors). Both Possessor-Possessum and Possessum-Possessor orders are attested. Nominal possessors are usually marked with the preposition bla(nga) and in the speech of younger people in some varieties also with bo. A postpositional use of both of these prepositions is also attested, at least in the Western varieties.",1333[156];659[70-73],25-11 25-13 25-14 25-5 25-8 25-9,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-20-1,25,20,1,20-1,Both the juxtaposed inclusory construction and the conjoined construction are attested in Kriol. Both are relatively rare so the judgment of relative importance here is very impressionistic.,40,25-125 25-127,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-20-2,25,20,2,20-2,Both the juxtaposed inclusory construction and the conjoined construction are attested in Kriol. Both are relatively rare so the judgment of relative importance here is very impressionistic.,40,25-126 25-96,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-200,25,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-201,25,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-202,25,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-205,25,205,1,205-1,This sound occurs word-initially. In fast or very basilectal speech it is not always realized.,,25-365,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-209,25,209,1,209-1,,,25-372,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-21-5,25,21,5,21-5,"The forms of the indefinite pronouns in question are samthing~jamjing and sambadi~jambadi~sambala~ jambala. These are regarded as analyzable as the components also recur in na-jing 'nothing', enijing 'anything', nobadi 'nobody', enibadi 'anybody', samwe 'somewhere', samtaim 'sometimes', etc.The suffix in the variant sam-bala is the general adjectival suffix in NPs referring to humans, thus its status would be comparable to English one.",,25-128 25-129 25-130,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-212,25,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-217,25,217,3,217-3,This sound occurs in words from traditional Australian languages borrowed into Kriol.,,25-373,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +25-218,25,218,1,218-1,Orthographically represented as .,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-22-4,25,22,4,22-4,"Plural marking is rather variable in Kriol. Plural marking with humans – by reduplication of the head noun (rare) or a modifying adjective, the use of plural determiners ole ~ ola ~ orla ~ olda or the plural suffix -lot ~ -lat on demonstratives – is the norm. Plural marking with inanimates is rare and absence of plural marking with humans is rare, but variation is found in all categories. (Examples 136 and 145 illustrate a noun phrase with human, plural reference without a plural marker.) Plural-marked nouns do not co-occur with numeral quantification.",1026[189-191],25-113 25-116 25-131 25-132 25-133 25-134 25-135 25-136 25-137 25-138 25-139 25-140 25-141 25-142 25-143 25-144 25-145 25-22 25-45 25-80,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-221,25,221,1,221-1,,,25-374,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-23-3,25,23,3,23-3,"Plural marking by reduplication is restricted to a subset of nominals denoting humans, and to adjectives which can be reduplicated to indicate multiplicity of referents irrespective of animacy. The main strategy of plural marking, which is also found with higher animates and inanimates, is the use of the plural determiners ole ~ ola ~ orla ~o lda or the plural suffix -lot ~ -lat on demonstratives (see also Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers""). Occasionally, the English plural suffix -s is found in Kriol, but it is not employed consistently and should be considered an acrolectal feature. The collective suffix -mob is not treated as a plural marker here (see Feature 24 ""The associative plural marker"").",1026[189-191],25-103 25-46,9.09090909090909,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-28-800080-64-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-23-7,25,23,7,23-7,"Plural marking by reduplication is restricted to a subset of nominals denoting humans, and to adjectives which can be reduplicated to indicate multiplicity of referents irrespective of animacy. The main strategy of plural marking, which is also found with higher animates and inanimates, is the use of the plural determiners ole ~ ola ~ orla ~o lda or the plural suffix -lot ~ -lat on demonstratives (see also Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers""). Occasionally, the English plural suffix -s is found in Kriol, but it is not employed consistently and should be considered an acrolectal feature. The collective suffix -mob is not treated as a plural marker here (see Feature 24 ""The associative plural marker"").",1026[189-191],25-117 25-132 25-135 25-138 25-141 25-142 25-146 25-147 25-149,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-28-800080-64-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-23-6,25,23,6,23-6,"Plural marking by reduplication is restricted to a subset of nominals denoting humans, and to adjectives which can be reduplicated to indicate multiplicity of referents irrespective of animacy. The main strategy of plural marking, which is also found with higher animates and inanimates, is the use of the plural determiners ole ~ ola ~ orla ~o lda or the plural suffix -lot ~ -lat on demonstratives (see also Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers""). Occasionally, the English plural suffix -s is found in Kriol, but it is not employed consistently and should be considered an acrolectal feature. The collective suffix -mob is not treated as a plural marker here (see Feature 24 ""The associative plural marker"").",1026[189-191],25-113 25-116 25-143 25-148 25-18 25-22,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-28-800080-64-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-231,25,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 25-24-3,25,24,3,24-3,"Kriol has a collective plural suffix -mob, usually only found in noun phrases with human reference. The host noun can be a kin term, a place name, a group designation or a demonstrative. It can also be a proper noun, in which case the resulting noun has an associative plural reading ('X and others associated with him/her'). The examples also illustrate the various other uses of the suffix. It is also lexicalized in non-singular personal pronouns and in the quantifier bigmob 'many'. It is not considered an additive plural marker here, however. With lower animates and inanimates, it is my impression that the phrases en ol 'and all' or en ebriting 'and everything' are used as an equivalent, as in Wi bin kukum ti en ebriting deya redi 'We have made tea and food, it's all ready' (Hudson 1985: 173). It is not clear whether this would make Value 3 applicable as the construction is not strictly speaking a dedicated associative plural marker, but rather a compositional phrase. -Traditional languages of the Victoria River area e.g. Jaminjung and Gurindji have a dedicated Associative plural marker used with humans, animates and inanimates.",1026[190-191],25-150 25-151 25-152 25-153,100.0,Certain -25-25-3,25,25,3,25-3,"The various plural words (see Feature 24 ""The associative plural marker"" for details and more examples) are all distinct from the third person plural personal pronouns olabat and thei~jei.",,25-117 25-120 25-147 25-154 25-60 25-91,100.0,Intermediate -25-252,25,252,1,252-1,,,25-375,100.0, -25-253,25,253,1,253-1,"Impressionistically, the realization is generally as a somewhat more open vowel than cardinal [e].",,25-377,100.0, -25-254,25,254,2,254-2,,,25-378,100.0, -25-255,25,255,2,255-2,"There is a lot of variation in the realization of vowels. The vowel in words corresponding to English words containing [æ] may be realized as [ɛ], [æ] or [a].",,25-379,100.0, -25-256,25,256,1,256-1,,,25-382,100.0, -25-257,25,257,1,257-1,,,25-383,100.0, -25-258,25,258,1,258-1,,,25-385,100.0, -25-259,25,259,2,259-2,,,25-386,100.0, -25-26-2,25,26,2,26-2,Reduplication of verbs expresses iteration of activities or plurality of participants. Reduplication of nouns and adjectives in a noun phrase expressed plurality of referents. Reduplication of predicative adjectives expresses plurality or distributivity of the subject referent. All of these are iconic functions.,1333,25-116 25-143 25-155 25-156 25-157 25-158 25-18 25-35,100.0,Certain -25-260,25,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -25-261,25,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -25-263,25,263,2,263-2,,,25-376,100.0, -25-267,25,267,2,267-2,,,25-380,100.0, -25-268,25,268,2,268-2,,,25-381,100.0, -25-27-2,25,27,2,27-2,Paired body part terms do not have an anti-dual marker in Kriol.,795,25-13 25-159 25-160 25-5,100.0,Very certain -25-272,25,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -25-273,25,273,2,273-2,,,25-384,100.0, -25-274,25,274,2,274-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,25-388,100.0, -25-275,25,275,2,275-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,25-389,100.0, -25-276,25,276,2,276-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,,100.0, -25-277,25,277,2,277-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,25-390,100.0, -25-278,25,278,2,278-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,25-391,100.0, -25-279,25,279,2,279-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,25-392,100.0, +Traditional languages of the Victoria River area e.g. Jaminjung and Gurindji have a dedicated Associative plural marker used with humans, animates and inanimates.",1026[190-191],25-150 25-151 25-152 25-153,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-25-3,25,25,3,25-3,"The various plural words (see Feature 24 ""The associative plural marker"" for details and more examples) are all distinct from the third person plural personal pronouns olabat and thei~jei.",,25-117 25-120 25-147 25-154 25-60 25-91,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-252,25,252,1,252-1,,,25-375,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-253,25,253,1,253-1,"Impressionistically, the realization is generally as a somewhat more open vowel than cardinal [e].",,25-377,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-254,25,254,2,254-2,,,25-378,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-255,25,255,2,255-2,"There is a lot of variation in the realization of vowels. The vowel in words corresponding to English words containing [æ] may be realized as [ɛ], [æ] or [a].",,25-379,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-256,25,256,1,256-1,,,25-382,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-257,25,257,1,257-1,,,25-383,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-258,25,258,1,258-1,,,25-385,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +25-259,25,259,2,259-2,,,25-386,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-26-2,25,26,2,26-2,Reduplication of verbs expresses iteration of activities or plurality of participants. Reduplication of nouns and adjectives in a noun phrase expressed plurality of referents. Reduplication of predicative adjectives expresses plurality or distributivity of the subject referent. All of these are iconic functions.,1333,25-116 25-143 25-155 25-156 25-157 25-158 25-18 25-35,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-260,25,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-261,25,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-263,25,263,2,263-2,,,25-376,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-267,25,267,2,267-2,,,25-380,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-268,25,268,2,268-2,,,25-381,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-27-2,25,27,2,27-2,Paired body part terms do not have an anti-dual marker in Kriol.,795,25-13 25-159 25-160 25-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-272,25,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-273,25,273,2,273-2,,,25-384,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-274,25,274,2,274-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,25-388,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-275,25,275,2,275-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,25-389,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-276,25,276,2,276-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-277,25,277,2,277-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,25-390,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-278,25,278,2,278-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,25-391,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-279,25,279,2,279-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,25-392,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 25-28-2,25,28,2,28-2,"The answer to the question of whether definite and indefinite articles exist in Kriol is not straightforward. Sandefur (1979) answers in the negative for both. Nicholls (2006, 2010) argues convincingly for the Roper River variety that the determiner det, derived from the English demonstrative that, has no deictic meaning component and is used as a recognitional determiner – that is, it is used in situations where the referent of a NP is considered as identifiable by the addressee, including anaphoric contexts. As such it is close in function and grammaticalization status to a definite article; however it is not used obligatorily in all ""definite"" contexts, but only if the identification of the referent is actually at stake and/or the referent is topical. The recognitional determiner also occurs with generic NPs (see Feature 30 ""Generic noun phrases in subject function"") and inherently definite NPs such as proper names. -Since this determiner, similarly to the German article, simultaneously fills a slot in the demonstrative paradigm and is used as a text-deictic demonstrative, Value 2 is chosen. As it has no spatial deictic value, it is glossed as DEM in the examples.",1056,25-12 25-161 25-162 25-163 25-164 25-165 25-166 25-167 25-168 25-169 25-35 25-40 25-69 25-78 25-98,100.0,Intermediate -25-280,25,280,2,280-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,25-393,100.0, -25-281,25,281,2,281-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,,100.0, -25-282,25,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -25-284,25,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -25-285,25,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -25-286,25,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -25-287,25,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -25-288,25,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -25-289,25,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -25-29-2,25,29,2,29-2,"For the purposes of discussing this feature, the determiner wan(bala) is considered an indefinite article. It is identical to the numeral 'one'. This analysis is not unproblematic, as wan(bala) is not obligatory in indefinite contexts. Sandefur (1979: 104) considers it a marker of indefinite specificity: ""There is one determiner, however, that functions somewhat like an article. Wanbala, though most often used as the number 'one', is not infrequently used in the sense of 'a certain'."" See Feature 10 ""Position of indefinite article in the noun phrase"" for additional examples.",1333[104],25-154 25-170 25-71 25-73 25-74 25-75,100.0,Unspecified -25-290,25,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -25-291,25,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -25-3-1,25,3,1,3-1,"In all varieties, the unmarked word order of adjective and noun in the noun phrase is adjective - noun, but the reverse order is also attested. Most adjectives in Kriol take one of the two suffixes -wan (general) or -bala (only for modifiers in NPs with animate reference and in some lexicalized expressions) which can also be used to derive adjectives from nouns. There are some exceptions, e.g. ol 'old' in Example 21.",1026[166-171],25-15 25-16 25-17 25-18 25-19 25-20 25-21,70.0,Very certain -25-3-2,25,3,2,3-2,"In all varieties, the unmarked word order of adjective and noun in the noun phrase is adjective - noun, but the reverse order is also attested. Most adjectives in Kriol take one of the two suffixes -wan (general) or -bala (only for modifiers in NPs with animate reference and in some lexicalized expressions) which can also be used to derive adjectives from nouns. There are some exceptions, e.g. ol 'old' in Example 21.",1026[166-171],25-22,30.0,Certain -25-30-4,25,30,4,30-4,"The determiner det is regarded as a definite article for the purposes of this Feature (see Feature 28 ""Definite articles""). There are two possibilities for expressing genericity, one involving a bare noun and one an NP with the recognitional determiner det~jet~thet.",1055,25-161 25-172 25-174,50.0,Certain -25-30-2,25,30,2,30-2,"The determiner det is regarded as a definite article for the purposes of this Feature (see Feature 28 ""Definite articles""). There are two possibilities for expressing genericity, one involving a bare noun and one an NP with the recognitional determiner det~jet~thet.",1055,25-171 25-173,50.0,Certain -25-308-1,25,308,1,308-1,,39;1333,,100.0,Very certain -25-309-3,25,309,3,309-3,"Many younger speakers speak Kriol as their first and main language. Older speakers also learned one or more traditional languages as children, but probably learned Kriol quite early in life as well.",,,100.0,Intermediate -25-31-3,25,31,3,31-3,"The determiner det~jet~thet has been considered a definite article for the purposes of discussing this feature. Similarly to the German article, it simultaneously fills a slot in the demonstrative paradigm and is used as a text-deictic demonstrative; therefore it is considered identical to a demonstrative (see also Feature 28 ""Definite articles""). It does not co-occur with another adnominal demonstrative form; however it may co-occur with an adverbial demonstrative ('here'/'there') in adnominal position. As it has no spatial deictic value, it is glossed as DEM in the examples.",1056,25-175 25-176 25-85,100.0,Very certain -25-310-4,25,310,4,310-4,"Although Kriol probably should not be considered a pidgin, acquisition as a first and only language by children is still becoming more widespread.",659,,100.0, -25-312-2,25,312,2,312-2,"The only likely scenario of abandonment would be a shift to Standard Australian English. While there are probably individuals who abandon Kriol for English in order to gain education and employment benefits (which would also be associated with mobility), there is currently no evidence that such a shift is taking place on a community-wide scale.",,,100.0,Uncertain -25-313-4,25,313,4,313-4,"Kriol is spoken by approximately 20,000 Aboriginal people across Northern Australia.",39[192];1026[2],,100.0,Certain -25-314-3,25,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -25-315-2,25,315,2,315-2,"Use in the media is limited, possibly to a few hours on certain community radio stations.",,,100.0,Intermediate -25-316-2,25,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -25-317-2,25,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0, -25-318-2,25,318,2,318-2,"Most Kriol speakers do not use the language in writing or reading in their daily life. Written material is restricted to a Bible translation and other religious materials, and some children's books.",,,100.0, -25-319-3,25,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0, +Since this determiner, similarly to the German article, simultaneously fills a slot in the demonstrative paradigm and is used as a text-deictic demonstrative, Value 2 is chosen. As it has no spatial deictic value, it is glossed as DEM in the examples.",1056,25-12 25-161 25-162 25-163 25-164 25-165 25-166 25-167 25-168 25-169 25-35 25-40 25-69 25-78 25-98,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-280,25,280,2,280-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,25-393,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-281,25,281,2,281-2,It is not clear whether vowel length is distinctive in Kriol as there are variable realizations of words with long or short vowels.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +25-282,25,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-284,25,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-285,25,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-286,25,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-287,25,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-288,25,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-289,25,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-29-2,25,29,2,29-2,"For the purposes of discussing this feature, the determiner wan(bala) is considered an indefinite article. It is identical to the numeral 'one'. This analysis is not unproblematic, as wan(bala) is not obligatory in indefinite contexts. Sandefur (1979: 104) considers it a marker of indefinite specificity: ""There is one determiner, however, that functions somewhat like an article. Wanbala, though most often used as the number 'one', is not infrequently used in the sense of 'a certain'."" See Feature 10 ""Position of indefinite article in the noun phrase"" for additional examples.",1333[104],25-154 25-170 25-71 25-73 25-74 25-75,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-290,25,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-291,25,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-3-1,25,3,1,3-1,"In all varieties, the unmarked word order of adjective and noun in the noun phrase is adjective - noun, but the reverse order is also attested. Most adjectives in Kriol take one of the two suffixes -wan (general) or -bala (only for modifiers in NPs with animate reference and in some lexicalized expressions) which can also be used to derive adjectives from nouns. There are some exceptions, e.g. ol 'old' in Example 21.",1026[166-171],25-15 25-16 25-17 25-18 25-19 25-20 25-21,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-3-2,25,3,2,3-2,"In all varieties, the unmarked word order of adjective and noun in the noun phrase is adjective - noun, but the reverse order is also attested. Most adjectives in Kriol take one of the two suffixes -wan (general) or -bala (only for modifiers in NPs with animate reference and in some lexicalized expressions) which can also be used to derive adjectives from nouns. There are some exceptions, e.g. ol 'old' in Example 21.",1026[166-171],25-22,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-30-4,25,30,4,30-4,"The determiner det is regarded as a definite article for the purposes of this Feature (see Feature 28 ""Definite articles""). There are two possibilities for expressing genericity, one involving a bare noun and one an NP with the recognitional determiner det~jet~thet.",1055,25-161 25-172 25-174,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-30-2,25,30,2,30-2,"The determiner det is regarded as a definite article for the purposes of this Feature (see Feature 28 ""Definite articles""). There are two possibilities for expressing genericity, one involving a bare noun and one an NP with the recognitional determiner det~jet~thet.",1055,25-171 25-173,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-308-1,25,308,1,308-1,,39;1333,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-309-3,25,309,3,309-3,"Many younger speakers speak Kriol as their first and main language. Older speakers also learned one or more traditional languages as children, but probably learned Kriol quite early in life as well.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +25-31-3,25,31,3,31-3,"The determiner det~jet~thet has been considered a definite article for the purposes of discussing this feature. Similarly to the German article, it simultaneously fills a slot in the demonstrative paradigm and is used as a text-deictic demonstrative; therefore it is considered identical to a demonstrative (see also Feature 28 ""Definite articles""). It does not co-occur with another adnominal demonstrative form; however it may co-occur with an adverbial demonstrative ('here'/'there') in adnominal position. As it has no spatial deictic value, it is glossed as DEM in the examples.",1056,25-175 25-176 25-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-310-4,25,310,4,310-4,"Although Kriol probably should not be considered a pidgin, acquisition as a first and only language by children is still becoming more widespread.",659,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-312-2,25,312,2,312-2,"The only likely scenario of abandonment would be a shift to Standard Australian English. While there are probably individuals who abandon Kriol for English in order to gain education and employment benefits (which would also be associated with mobility), there is currently no evidence that such a shift is taking place on a community-wide scale.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +25-313-4,25,313,4,313-4,"Kriol is spoken by approximately 20,000 Aboriginal people across Northern Australia.",39[192];1026[2],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +25-314-3,25,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-315-2,25,315,2,315-2,"Use in the media is limited, possibly to a few hours on certain community radio stations.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-316-2,25,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +25-317-2,25,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-318-2,25,318,2,318-2,"Most Kriol speakers do not use the language in writing or reading in their daily life. Written material is restricted to a Bible translation and other religious materials, and some children's books.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +25-319-3,25,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 25-32-2,25,32,2,32-2,"Kriol has a ""long"" set of demonstrative pronouns (proximal dijan~diswan (sg.) and dis-lot (pl.); distal tharran~jarran~jadan and that-lot~jat-lot (pl.)) and a ""short"" set of adnominal demonstratives (proximal dij~dis and distance-neutral that~jet~det, the latter also used as recognitional determiner, akin to a definite article (see Feature 28 ""Definite articles""). -While the adnominal demonstratives are only used adnominally, except for a textdeictic use of the distance-neutral form, the pronominal demonstratives have both a pronominal and an adnominal use (much more frequent for the proximal form, however). A third set of adverbial demonstratives theya 'there (distal)' and hiya 'here (proximal)' also have an adnominal use.",1333[104];1026[111-113. 154-155],25-177 25-178 25-179 25-180 25-181 25-182 25-27 25-32 25-36 25-37,100.0,Certain -25-320-3,25,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0, -25-321-2,25,321,2,321-2,"Interactions between Aboriginal speakers of Kriol and non-Aboriginal speakers of English may be conducted in the respective languages (""light"" Kriol and (possibly) simplified English) in formal commercial settings.",,,100.0,Certain -25-322-2,25,322,2,322-2,There are efforts to make Kriol interpreters available for courtroom settings.,,,100.0,Certain -25-323-3,25,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -25-324-3,25,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Certain -25-325-2,25,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain -25-326-1,25,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -25-327-2,25,327,2,327-2,"There is considerable phonological variation in Kriol, but most of it is not regional variation.",,,100.0,Certain -25-328-2,25,328,2,328-2,"Dialectal variation in Kriol has not been systematically examined, but having surveyed available materials for various varieties I have come to the conclusion that variation is in fact limited.",,,100.0,Intermediate -25-329-1,25,329,1,329-1,Dialectal variation in the lexical domain is more widespread than in the phonological or morphosyntactic domain because lexemes from regional traditional Aboriginal languages tend to be incorporated into Kriol.,,,100.0,Certain -25-33-2,25,33,2,33-2,"The pronominal demonstratives display a proximal/distal contrast (dijan 'PROX', tharran~jarran~jadan 'DIST' and correspondingly for the plural forms). In adnominal use only the proximal form dij has a spatial deictic value; the form corresponding to the pronominal distal form, thet~jet~det has the functions of a textdeictic demonstrative pronoun and a recognitional/definite article (see Features 28 ""Definite articles"" and 32 ""Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives"").",1026[154-155];1055;1333[104];1056,25-16 25-183 25-184 25-185 25-81,100.0,Certain -25-333-4,25,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Certain -25-334-4,25,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0, -25-335-4,25,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0, -25-36-1,25,36,1,36-1,"Kriol has no numeral classifiers, that is, numerals and other quantifiers can be combined with nouns without a classifier.",1333,25-40 25-46 25-71 25-72 25-74,100.0,Very certain +While the adnominal demonstratives are only used adnominally, except for a textdeictic use of the distance-neutral form, the pronominal demonstratives have both a pronominal and an adnominal use (much more frequent for the proximal form, however). A third set of adverbial demonstratives theya 'there (distal)' and hiya 'here (proximal)' also have an adnominal use.",1333[104];1026[111-113. 154-155],25-177 25-178 25-179 25-180 25-181 25-182 25-27 25-32 25-36 25-37,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-320-3,25,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-321-2,25,321,2,321-2,"Interactions between Aboriginal speakers of Kriol and non-Aboriginal speakers of English may be conducted in the respective languages (""light"" Kriol and (possibly) simplified English) in formal commercial settings.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +25-322-2,25,322,2,322-2,There are efforts to make Kriol interpreters available for courtroom settings.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +25-323-3,25,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-324-3,25,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +25-325-2,25,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +25-326-1,25,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +25-327-2,25,327,2,327-2,"There is considerable phonological variation in Kriol, but most of it is not regional variation.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +25-328-2,25,328,2,328-2,"Dialectal variation in Kriol has not been systematically examined, but having surveyed available materials for various varieties I have come to the conclusion that variation is in fact limited.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +25-329-1,25,329,1,329-1,Dialectal variation in the lexical domain is more widespread than in the phonological or morphosyntactic domain because lexemes from regional traditional Aboriginal languages tend to be incorporated into Kriol.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +25-33-2,25,33,2,33-2,"The pronominal demonstratives display a proximal/distal contrast (dijan 'PROX', tharran~jarran~jadan 'DIST' and correspondingly for the plural forms). In adnominal use only the proximal form dij has a spatial deictic value; the form corresponding to the pronominal distal form, thet~jet~det has the functions of a textdeictic demonstrative pronoun and a recognitional/definite article (see Features 28 ""Definite articles"" and 32 ""Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives"").",1026[154-155];1055;1333[104];1056,25-16 25-183 25-184 25-185 25-81,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-333-4,25,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +25-334-4,25,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +25-335-4,25,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +25-36-1,25,36,1,36-1,"Kriol has no numeral classifiers, that is, numerals and other quantifiers can be combined with nouns without a classifier.",1333,25-40 25-46 25-71 25-72 25-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-37-2,25,37,2,37-2,"Marking of pronominal possessors is rather variable; the variation seems to partly depend on the pronoun (simple pronoun preferred for 1SG, adpositional marking for other persons), but further investigation is required. -There is only one specialized possessive pronoun in most varieties (1st person singular main); unmarked pronouns are used for all other person/number combinations. Hudson (1985: 44–45) lists 2SG, 3SG, and 3PL possessive pronouns for Fitzroy Valley Kriol. Impressionistically, at least in the Victoria River variety, adpositional marking following the possessum is the most frequent. However, the relative frequencies and the factors underlying the variation require further investigation.",1055;1333,25-187 25-190 25-197,18.75,Very certain +There is only one specialized possessive pronoun in most varieties (1st person singular main); unmarked pronouns are used for all other person/number combinations. Hudson (1985: 44–45) lists 2SG, 3SG, and 3PL possessive pronouns for Fitzroy Valley Kriol. Impressionistically, at least in the Victoria River variety, adpositional marking following the possessum is the most frequent. However, the relative frequencies and the factors underlying the variation require further investigation.",1055;1333,25-187 25-190 25-197,18.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-19-FF0000-19-0000FF-19-FFB6C1-44-ADD8E6.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-37-1,25,37,1,37-1,"Marking of pronominal possessors is rather variable; the variation seems to partly depend on the pronoun (simple pronoun preferred for 1SG, adpositional marking for other persons), but further investigation is required. -There is only one specialized possessive pronoun in most varieties (1st person singular main); unmarked pronouns are used for all other person/number combinations. Hudson (1985: 44–45) lists 2SG, 3SG, and 3PL possessive pronouns for Fitzroy Valley Kriol. Impressionistically, at least in the Victoria River variety, adpositional marking following the possessum is the most frequent. However, the relative frequencies and the factors underlying the variation require further investigation.",1055;1333,25-135 25-142 25-168 25-188 25-191 25-194 25-195 25-196 25-199 25-30,18.75,Very certain +There is only one specialized possessive pronoun in most varieties (1st person singular main); unmarked pronouns are used for all other person/number combinations. Hudson (1985: 44–45) lists 2SG, 3SG, and 3PL possessive pronouns for Fitzroy Valley Kriol. Impressionistically, at least in the Victoria River variety, adpositional marking following the possessum is the most frequent. However, the relative frequencies and the factors underlying the variation require further investigation.",1055;1333,25-135 25-142 25-168 25-188 25-191 25-194 25-195 25-196 25-199 25-30,18.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-19-FF0000-19-0000FF-19-FFB6C1-44-ADD8E6.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-37-6,25,37,6,37-6,"Marking of pronominal possessors is rather variable; the variation seems to partly depend on the pronoun (simple pronoun preferred for 1SG, adpositional marking for other persons), but further investigation is required. -There is only one specialized possessive pronoun in most varieties (1st person singular main); unmarked pronouns are used for all other person/number combinations. Hudson (1985: 44–45) lists 2SG, 3SG, and 3PL possessive pronouns for Fitzroy Valley Kriol. Impressionistically, at least in the Victoria River variety, adpositional marking following the possessum is the most frequent. However, the relative frequencies and the factors underlying the variation require further investigation.",1055;1333,25-166 25-188 25-189 25-193 25-198,43.75,Very certain +There is only one specialized possessive pronoun in most varieties (1st person singular main); unmarked pronouns are used for all other person/number combinations. Hudson (1985: 44–45) lists 2SG, 3SG, and 3PL possessive pronouns for Fitzroy Valley Kriol. Impressionistically, at least in the Victoria River variety, adpositional marking following the possessum is the most frequent. However, the relative frequencies and the factors underlying the variation require further investigation.",1055;1333,25-166 25-188 25-189 25-193 25-198,43.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-19-FF0000-19-0000FF-19-FFB6C1-44-ADD8E6.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-37-5,25,37,5,37-5,"Marking of pronominal possessors is rather variable; the variation seems to partly depend on the pronoun (simple pronoun preferred for 1SG, adpositional marking for other persons), but further investigation is required. -There is only one specialized possessive pronoun in most varieties (1st person singular main); unmarked pronouns are used for all other person/number combinations. Hudson (1985: 44–45) lists 2SG, 3SG, and 3PL possessive pronouns for Fitzroy Valley Kriol. Impressionistically, at least in the Victoria River variety, adpositional marking following the possessum is the most frequent. However, the relative frequencies and the factors underlying the variation require further investigation.",1055;1333,25-192 25-200 25-53,18.75,Very certain -25-38-4,25,38,4,38-4,"The possessor in an adnominal possessive construction is marked by the preposition blanga/bla (in the speech of younger speakers in the Victoria River variety and Fitzroy Valley variety also bo) which also has various other functions (benefactive, purpose, topic of conversation). It can be used with full NPs as well as pronominal possessors, and in both alienable and inalienable relationships. At least in the Roper River variety, proper nouns can also be juxtaposed to the possessum (Munro 2005: 180). Juxtaposition as a strategy is also available for pronominals (see Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"").",659[70-74];1026[177-183],25-201,30.0,Intermediate -25-38-2,25,38,2,38-2,"The possessor in an adnominal possessive construction is marked by the preposition blanga/bla (in the speech of younger speakers in the Victoria River variety and Fitzroy Valley variety also bo) which also has various other functions (benefactive, purpose, topic of conversation). It can be used with full NPs as well as pronominal possessors, and in both alienable and inalienable relationships. At least in the Roper River variety, proper nouns can also be juxtaposed to the possessum (Munro 2005: 180). Juxtaposition as a strategy is also available for pronominals (see Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"").",659[70-74];1026[177-183],25-11 25-12 25-5 25-8 25-9,70.0,Very certain -25-39-1,25,39,1,39-1,"Independent pronominal possessors are generally marked with the preposition bla/blanga followed by the independent pronoun. This is the same strategy as for dependent possessors, although for the latter a simple juxtaposed pronoun strategy is also available. In independent possessor function, only the special possessive 1SG pronoun mai~main is also found without an adposition (see also Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"").",,25-197 25-202 25-203 25-70,100.0,Intermediate -25-4-2,25,4,2,4-2,"Kriol generally has prepositions. However, the variants of the dative/possessive adposition have both prepositional and postpositional uses; the latter appear to be more frequent in the Western varieties, and among younger speakers. A postpositional use after an interrogative pronoun has, however, also been described for Roper River Kriol (see Example 25).","1333[98, 143];659[70-73]",25-23 25-24 25-26 25-29 25-30,100.0,Very certain -25-40-1,25,40,1,40-1,"As there is no gender marking of any kind in Kriol, there is also no gender agreement.",659;1026[113],25-16 25-17 25-18 25-22,100.0,Very certain +There is only one specialized possessive pronoun in most varieties (1st person singular main); unmarked pronouns are used for all other person/number combinations. Hudson (1985: 44–45) lists 2SG, 3SG, and 3PL possessive pronouns for Fitzroy Valley Kriol. Impressionistically, at least in the Victoria River variety, adpositional marking following the possessum is the most frequent. However, the relative frequencies and the factors underlying the variation require further investigation.",1055;1333,25-192 25-200 25-53,18.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-19-FF0000-19-0000FF-19-FFB6C1-44-ADD8E6.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-38-4,25,38,4,38-4,"The possessor in an adnominal possessive construction is marked by the preposition blanga/bla (in the speech of younger speakers in the Victoria River variety and Fitzroy Valley variety also bo) which also has various other functions (benefactive, purpose, topic of conversation). It can be used with full NPs as well as pronominal possessors, and in both alienable and inalienable relationships. At least in the Roper River variety, proper nouns can also be juxtaposed to the possessum (Munro 2005: 180). Juxtaposition as a strategy is also available for pronominals (see Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"").",659[70-74];1026[177-183],25-201,30.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-38-2,25,38,2,38-2,"The possessor in an adnominal possessive construction is marked by the preposition blanga/bla (in the speech of younger speakers in the Victoria River variety and Fitzroy Valley variety also bo) which also has various other functions (benefactive, purpose, topic of conversation). It can be used with full NPs as well as pronominal possessors, and in both alienable and inalienable relationships. At least in the Roper River variety, proper nouns can also be juxtaposed to the possessum (Munro 2005: 180). Juxtaposition as a strategy is also available for pronominals (see Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"").",659[70-74];1026[177-183],25-11 25-12 25-5 25-8 25-9,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-39-1,25,39,1,39-1,"Independent pronominal possessors are generally marked with the preposition bla/blanga followed by the independent pronoun. This is the same strategy as for dependent possessors, although for the latter a simple juxtaposed pronoun strategy is also available. In independent possessor function, only the special possessive 1SG pronoun mai~main is also found without an adposition (see also Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"").",,25-197 25-202 25-203 25-70,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-4-2,25,4,2,4-2,"Kriol generally has prepositions. However, the variants of the dative/possessive adposition have both prepositional and postpositional uses; the latter appear to be more frequent in the Western varieties, and among younger speakers. A postpositional use after an interrogative pronoun has, however, also been described for Roper River Kriol (see Example 25).","1333[98, 143];659[70-73]",25-23 25-24 25-26 25-29 25-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-40-1,25,40,1,40-1,"As there is no gender marking of any kind in Kriol, there is also no gender agreement.",659;1026[113],25-16 25-17 25-18 25-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-41-1,25,41,1,41-1,"Older Kriol speakers in the Victoria River District do not use comparative constructions in the strict sense, i.e. involving comparative marking of any sort (this corresponds to the lack of such constructions in at least some of their traditional languages). Usually, the properties of two referents are compared explicitly, without marking of the adjective (see also Feature 42 ""Comparative standard marking""). Acrolectally, comparative forms involving mo 'more' plus the unmarked form of the property expression, or (lexicalized) double marking (mo beta 'better', mo haya 'higher') are used, as the examples show. The suppletive form beta 'better' is also found on its own. -Comparative constructions are not discussed in the literature on Kriol surveyed here, so presumably they are not used in ""heavy"" Kriol in the other varieties either.",,25-159 25-165 25-204 25-205,30.0,Intermediate +Comparative constructions are not discussed in the literature on Kriol surveyed here, so presumably they are not used in ""heavy"" Kriol in the other varieties either.",,25-159 25-165 25-204 25-205,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-41-2,25,41,2,41-2,"Older Kriol speakers in the Victoria River District do not use comparative constructions in the strict sense, i.e. involving comparative marking of any sort (this corresponds to the lack of such constructions in at least some of their traditional languages). Usually, the properties of two referents are compared explicitly, without marking of the adjective (see also Feature 42 ""Comparative standard marking""). Acrolectally, comparative forms involving mo 'more' plus the unmarked form of the property expression, or (lexicalized) double marking (mo beta 'better', mo haya 'higher') are used, as the examples show. The suppletive form beta 'better' is also found on its own. -Comparative constructions are not discussed in the literature on Kriol surveyed here, so presumably they are not used in ""heavy"" Kriol in the other varieties either.",,25-206,70.0,Intermediate -25-42-2,25,42,2,42-2,"Older Kriol speakers at least in the Victoria River area do not use comparative constructions in the strict sense, i.e. involving a standard of comparison (this corresponds to the lack of such constructions in at least some of their traditional languages). Usually, the properties of two referents are compared explicitly. Acrolectally, comparative forms involving mo 'more' plus the unmarked form of the property expression, or (lexicalized) double marking (mo beta 'better', mo haya 'higher') are used, as the examples show, and a particle den 'than' as marker of standard is attested but very rare. Comparative expressions without a standard are also attested (see examples given for Feature 41 ""Comparative adjective marking"").",,25-205,12.5,Intermediate -25-42-4,25,42,4,42-4,"Older Kriol speakers at least in the Victoria River area do not use comparative constructions in the strict sense, i.e. involving a standard of comparison (this corresponds to the lack of such constructions in at least some of their traditional languages). Usually, the properties of two referents are compared explicitly. Acrolectally, comparative forms involving mo 'more' plus the unmarked form of the property expression, or (lexicalized) double marking (mo beta 'better', mo haya 'higher') are used, as the examples show, and a particle den 'than' as marker of standard is attested but very rare. Comparative expressions without a standard are also attested (see examples given for Feature 41 ""Comparative adjective marking"").",,25-206 25-207,87.5,Intermediate -25-43-2,25,43,2,43-2,"Tense, aspect, and mood auxiliaries/particles generally precede the verb in Kriol. Two progressive aspectual suffixes, -in~-ing and -(a)bat, follow it.",1333[125-136];1332,25-144 25-145 25-164 25-209 25-210 25-213 25-215 25-5,36.8421052631579,Very certain -25-43-3,25,43,3,43-3,"Tense, aspect, and mood auxiliaries/particles generally precede the verb in Kriol. Two progressive aspectual suffixes, -in~-ing and -(a)bat, follow it.",1333[125-136];1332,25-166 25-24,26.3157894736842,Very certain -25-43-1,25,43,1,43-1,"Tense, aspect, and mood auxiliaries/particles generally precede the verb in Kriol. Two progressive aspectual suffixes, -in~-ing and -(a)bat, follow it.",1333[125-136];1332,25-105 25-130 25-149 25-208 25-212 25-214 25-216 25-99,36.8421052631579,Very certain -25-44-8,25,44,8,44-8,,,25-105 25-208 25-218 25-219,100.0,Intermediate -25-45-4,25,45,4,45-4,"The past particle/clitic bin~=in generally immediately precedes the main verb, but temporal and aspectual markers and other elements such as stil~til 'still' can intervene.",1333,25-102 25-144 25-166 25-208 25-218 25-219 25-220 25-221 25-222 25-223 25-224 25-24,100.0,Very certain -25-46-1,25,46,1,46-1,"The suffixes -(a)bat and -in~-ing are both considered progressive markers here (but see comments on Feature 49 ""Tense-aspect systems""). The functional difference between them is not well understood, but -(a)bat is the more frequent and more productive form. Both can be combined in which case -in~-ing precedes -(a)bat.",659[40-41],25-145 25-164 25-215 25-225 25-226 25-227 25-228 25-98,100.0,Very certain +Comparative constructions are not discussed in the literature on Kriol surveyed here, so presumably they are not used in ""heavy"" Kriol in the other varieties either.",,25-206,70.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-42-2,25,42,2,42-2,"Older Kriol speakers at least in the Victoria River area do not use comparative constructions in the strict sense, i.e. involving a standard of comparison (this corresponds to the lack of such constructions in at least some of their traditional languages). Usually, the properties of two referents are compared explicitly. Acrolectally, comparative forms involving mo 'more' plus the unmarked form of the property expression, or (lexicalized) double marking (mo beta 'better', mo haya 'higher') are used, as the examples show, and a particle den 'than' as marker of standard is attested but very rare. Comparative expressions without a standard are also attested (see examples given for Feature 41 ""Comparative adjective marking"").",,25-205,12.5,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-FFFF00-88-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-42-4,25,42,4,42-4,"Older Kriol speakers at least in the Victoria River area do not use comparative constructions in the strict sense, i.e. involving a standard of comparison (this corresponds to the lack of such constructions in at least some of their traditional languages). Usually, the properties of two referents are compared explicitly. Acrolectally, comparative forms involving mo 'more' plus the unmarked form of the property expression, or (lexicalized) double marking (mo beta 'better', mo haya 'higher') are used, as the examples show, and a particle den 'than' as marker of standard is attested but very rare. Comparative expressions without a standard are also attested (see examples given for Feature 41 ""Comparative adjective marking"").",,25-206 25-207,87.5,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-FFFF00-88-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-43-2,25,43,2,43-2,"Tense, aspect, and mood auxiliaries/particles generally precede the verb in Kriol. Two progressive aspectual suffixes, -in~-ing and -(a)bat, follow it.",1333[125-136];1332,25-144 25-145 25-164 25-209 25-210 25-213 25-215 25-5,36.8421052631579,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-37-FF0000-37-0000FF-27-FFB6C1.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-43-3,25,43,3,43-3,"Tense, aspect, and mood auxiliaries/particles generally precede the verb in Kriol. Two progressive aspectual suffixes, -in~-ing and -(a)bat, follow it.",1333[125-136];1332,25-166 25-24,26.3157894736842,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-37-FF0000-37-0000FF-27-FFB6C1.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-43-1,25,43,1,43-1,"Tense, aspect, and mood auxiliaries/particles generally precede the verb in Kriol. Two progressive aspectual suffixes, -in~-ing and -(a)bat, follow it.",1333[125-136];1332,25-105 25-130 25-149 25-208 25-212 25-214 25-216 25-99,36.8421052631579,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-37-FF0000-37-0000FF-27-FFB6C1.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-44-8,25,44,8,44-8,,,25-105 25-208 25-218 25-219,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-45-4,25,45,4,45-4,"The past particle/clitic bin~=in generally immediately precedes the main verb, but temporal and aspectual markers and other elements such as stil~til 'still' can intervene.",1333,25-102 25-144 25-166 25-208 25-218 25-219 25-220 25-221 25-222 25-223 25-224 25-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-46-1,25,46,1,46-1,"The suffixes -(a)bat and -in~-ing are both considered progressive markers here (but see comments on Feature 49 ""Tense-aspect systems""). The functional difference between them is not well understood, but -(a)bat is the more frequent and more productive form. Both can be combined in which case -in~-ing precedes -(a)bat.",659[40-41],25-145 25-164 25-215 25-225 25-226 25-227 25-228 25-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt; Fieldwork Angelo 25-47-2,25,47,2,47-2,"The suffixes -(a)bat and -in~-ing are considered progressive markers here (but see comments on Feature 49 ""Tense-aspect systems""). Both progressive markers are distinct from the habitual markers oldei~orlas~ala, yusdu and from future marking. Unmarked rather than progressive verbs tend to be used to express present habitual meanings. Future is always expressed by distinct markers. -The progressive suffix -in~-ing does not occur with stative verbs. The suffix -(a)bat does with positionals like jidan (see Example 210), but maybe these should not be considered prototypical stative verbs. It does not occur with stative verbs meaning e.g. 'know', 'have'.",659[40-41],25-209 25-210 25-229 25-230 25-52 25-95,100.0,Certain -25-48-2,25,48,2,48-2,"Two habitual markers coexist in all Kriol varieties, oldei~orlas~olwei~ala (which can be combined with the past tense marker) and yusdu~yustu (which always has past reference). They seem to be restricted to marking habitual function.","659[28-29];1026[87, 90]",25-148 25-168 25-208 25-219 25-231 25-232 25-78 25-79,100.0,Certain +The progressive suffix -in~-ing does not occur with stative verbs. The suffix -(a)bat does with positionals like jidan (see Example 210), but maybe these should not be considered prototypical stative verbs. It does not occur with stative verbs meaning e.g. 'know', 'have'.",659[40-41],25-209 25-210 25-229 25-230 25-52 25-95,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-48-2,25,48,2,48-2,"Two habitual markers coexist in all Kriol varieties, oldei~orlas~olwei~ala (which can be combined with the past tense marker) and yusdu~yustu (which always has past reference). They seem to be restricted to marking habitual function.","659[28-29];1026[87, 90]",25-148 25-168 25-208 25-219 25-231 25-232 25-78 25-79,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-49-3,25,49,3,49-3,"Kriol has a single clear tense marker, the past tense auxiliary/particle bin. (Although Hudson 1985: 29 notes a completive aspect meaning of this marker). Present tense is unmarked. Markers with future time reference also have a modal meaning. These are garra~gata~gota with a meaning of future or obligation and wana~andi~a with an optative or potential meaning (usually with future time reference, but compatible with the past tense marker). -Aspectual distinctions are expressed by the auxiliary/particle yusda 'habitual past’, the particle oldei~orlas~ala 'always; habitual’ (compatible with the past tense marker) and by two progressive verb suffixes (also compatible with past tense as well as future markers). There remains a question as to whether these should be described as fully-fledged inflectional aspectual markers. Descriptions often label the -(a)bat marker as 'continuous' or 'iterative' and stress its link with verbal pluractionality and plural participants (e.g. Hudson 1985: 40–41), which would make it more of a lexical aspect/derivational marker. However, it does seem to be correlated with prototypical progressive contexts.",659[28-34],25-131 25-177 25-208 25-232 25-233 25-234 25-235 25-51 25-77 25-85,100.0,Certain -25-5-1,25,5,1,5-1,"Both the special adnominal demonstrative and the pronominal demonstrative can be used adnominally, usually preceding the head noun. The reverse order has been attested in the Victoria River District Variety (older generation), but as in Example 34, where the head noun is actually a Jaminjung word, this may be strongly influenced by the first language of the speakers.",1026[152-156],25-20 25-32 25-33 25-35 25-36 25-37 25-38,90.0,Very certain -25-5-2,25,5,2,5-2,"Both the special adnominal demonstrative and the pronominal demonstrative can be used adnominally, usually preceding the head noun. The reverse order has been attested in the Victoria River District Variety (older generation), but as in Example 34, where the head noun is actually a Jaminjung word, this may be strongly influenced by the first language of the speakers.",1026[152-156],25-34,10.0,Uncertain -25-50-2,25,50,2,50-2,There is only one way in which tense/aspect marking is reduced in negative clauses – negation is not compatibel with the past habitual marker yusdu~yustu. The special negative marker neba without tense marking is used in habitual past contexts (although it is not restricted to habitual contexts). Combinations of mood marking and negation were not investigated in detail.,659[29],25-108 25-111 25-230 25-232 25-236 25-237,100.0,Intermediate -25-51-1,25,51,1,51-1,"In Kriol, unmarked stative and dynamic verbs have present time reference (although occurrences of unmarked dynamic verb appear to be restricted mainly to present habitual contexts). Other tense/aspect/mood values are also marked in the same way for stative and dynamic verbs.",,25-242 25-3 25-334,100.0,Certain -25-52-1,25,52,1,52-1,Inchoative meaning with states is expressed by a combination of a predicative adjective with the inchoative/passive marker get~git.,659[195-106],25-107,100.0,Intermediate -25-53-1,25,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -25-54-7,25,54,7,54-7,,1026,,100.0,Certain -25-55-2,25,55,2,55-2,"The ability verb gin~kin~ken occasionally has a permissive reading, but no examples of an epistemic reading could be found in the data surveyed. The usual way to express epistemic possibility is by use of the adverb maitbi~mairri 'maybe'.",,25-119 25-146 25-42 25-70,100.0,Intermediate -25-56-1,25,56,1,56-1,"Two prohibitive constructions are found in the speech of older generation Victoria River District Kriol speakers, one employing the general negator nomo and the standard imperative form, and one a special negator don (< Engl. don't) with the standard imperative form (in both cases, a second person pronoun may or may not be used, as in the imperative). Impressionistically, the latter construction is more acrolectal and less frequent.",,25-23 25-243 25-244 25-245 25-246 25-249,70.0,Certain -25-56-2,25,56,2,56-2,"Two prohibitive constructions are found in the speech of older generation Victoria River District Kriol speakers, one employing the general negator nomo and the standard imperative form, and one a special negator don (< Engl. don't) with the standard imperative form (in both cases, a second person pronoun may or may not be used, as in the imperative). Impressionistically, the latter construction is more acrolectal and less frequent.",,25-111 25-247 25-248 25-249,30.0,Certain -25-57-1,25,57,1,57-1,"Patient noun phrases are unmarked. Most transitive verbs have a transitivity marking suffix -im, but this is neither case-marking (because it occurs on the verb, not on the patient NP) nor head-marking, because it is invariable and therefore does not provide any information (e.g. person, number) about the patient.",1026;1333;659,25-127 25-22 25-233 25-4 25-43,100.0,Very certain -25-58-1,25,58,1,58-1,"In Kriol, the core arguments A, S and P are all unmarked in terms of case-marking or adpositional marking. S and A are usually in preverbal position, P in postverbal position.",,25-1 25-142 25-250 25-72,100.0,Very certain -25-59-2,25,59,2,59-2,"In the majority of person-number combinations S, A, and P pronouns are identical in form. A distinction is only made consistently in the 1st person singular (ai vs. mi); a distinct 1st plural object pronoun as (as opposed to more common neutral wi or mibala) and a special 3rd person plural subject pronoun thei (as opposed to neutral olabat) are also attested. At least the former may be an acrolectal feature. This pronoun system, here illustrated for the Victoria River variety, is confirmed in descriptions of other varieties.",1333[83];1026[123];659[43],25-103 25-111 25-117 25-130 25-133 25-147 25-173 25-251 25-252 25-253 25-254 25-255 25-34 25-49 25-52 25-53 25-89 25-95,100.0,Certain -25-6-1,25,6,1,6-1,"Generally, numerals precede the noun. At least in the varieties spoken in Katherine and in the Victoria River District, the numeral 'two' is also found following the noun (and it appears that it is prosodically integrated with the noun). In this case it can either be analyzed as a straightforward dual marker, or as a dual marker in an inclusory construction. In the latter case, the combination does not mean e.g. ""two X"" but ""X and someone else"". The inclusory interpretation can however also apply to a noun phrase with the nominal 'two' in prenominal position.",40,25-40 25-42 25-43 25-44 25-45 25-46 25-47,70.0,Very certain -25-6-2,25,6,2,6-2,"Generally, numerals precede the noun. At least in the varieties spoken in Katherine and in the Victoria River District, the numeral 'two' is also found following the noun (and it appears that it is prosodically integrated with the noun). In this case it can either be analyzed as a straightforward dual marker, or as a dual marker in an inclusory construction. In the latter case, the combination does not mean e.g. ""two X"" but ""X and someone else"". The inclusory interpretation can however also apply to a noun phrase with the nominal 'two' in prenominal position.",40,25-39 25-41 25-48,30.0,Certain -25-60-1,25,60,1,60-1,"Two ditransitive constructions are found with the 'give' verb in the Victoria River District variety spoken by the older generation and also the younger generation: one a double object construction and one an indirect object construction where the recipient is marked with the locative preposition langa/la. (As examples of two full NPs are rarely found in natural speech, examples with pronominal objects are added; it seems that pronominal objects show the same two patterns.)",,25-144 25-166 25-167 25-23 25-249,70.0,Very certain -25-60-2,25,60,2,60-2,"Two ditransitive constructions are found with the 'give' verb in the Victoria River District variety spoken by the older generation and also the younger generation: one a double object construction and one an indirect object construction where the recipient is marked with the locative preposition langa/la. (As examples of two full NPs are rarely found in natural speech, examples with pronominal objects are added; it seems that pronominal objects show the same two patterns.)",,25-103 25-228 25-256 25-257,30.0,Very certain -25-61-2,25,61,2,61-2,"The order recipient-theme appears to account for the majority of examples; the only example in the database of the order theme-recipient involves an animate theme. (As examples of two full NPs are rarely found in natural speech, examples with pronominal objects are added; it seems that pronominal objects show the same pattern as full NPs.)",,25-167,30.0,Certain -25-61-1,25,61,1,61-1,"The order recipient-theme appears to account for the majority of examples; the only example in the database of the order theme-recipient involves an animate theme. (As examples of two full NPs are rarely found in natural speech, examples with pronominal objects are added; it seems that pronominal objects show the same pattern as full NPs.)",,25-103 25-144 25-166 25-228 25-249 25-257,70.0,Certain -25-62-1,25,62,1,62-1,"Subject pronouns in Kriol are generally obligatory in the absence of a full NP subject, except in imperatives.",,25-193 25-221 25-258 25-259 25-260,100.0,Certain -25-64-1,25,64,1,64-1,"The verb for 'have', got/got-im/garram, is also used as existential verb, in combination with an expletive subject (see also Feature 78 ""Existential verb and transitive possession verb""). (Note that Hudson 1985: 92–93 identifies the form garra(m) with the instrumental/comitative preposition and treats these as verbless clauses).",659[92-93],25-170 25-261 25-262 25-263,100.0,Certain -25-65-4,25,65,4,65-4,"Both a construction with expletive subject and 'rain' as a verb, and a construction with 'rain (n.)' as a subject and 'fall' as a verb are attested in Kriol. The latter corresponds to the construction in at least some of the traditional languages of the area. According to Hudson (1985: 59), a construction with expletive subject is used more generally in 'ambient' expressions in Kriol.",39;659[59],25-213 25-264,70.0,Certain -25-65-1,25,65,1,65-1,"Both a construction with expletive subject and 'rain' as a verb, and a construction with 'rain (n.)' as a subject and 'fall' as a verb are attested in Kriol. The latter corresponds to the construction in at least some of the traditional languages of the area. According to Hudson (1985: 59), a construction with expletive subject is used more generally in 'ambient' expressions in Kriol.",39;659[59],25-265,30.0,Certain -25-66-1,25,66,1,66-1,"Constructions specifically involving 'headache' only seem to allow the experiencer in subject position, with 'headache' as a nominal or verb. Other expressions of pain (also illustrated here, e.g. Example 209) employ a possessor-raising construction, with the experiencer in subject position, a verb like het 'hurt' and the body part as a chomeur argument which is unmarked.",,25-121 25-209 25-266,100.0,Certain -25-67-1,25,67,1,67-1,,,25-102 25-267 25-268 25-90,100.0,Very certain -25-68-2,25,68,2,68-2,"It is not entirely certain how to distinguish between a verbal and a non-verbal construction for 'fear' constructions. The decision here was based on the form of the expression, ""verbal"" frait vs. 'adjectival"" fraiten, but this may have been influenced by the lexifer. In any case the experiencer is consistently in subject position.",,25-253 25-269 25-270 25-271 25-272,50.0,Intermediate -25-68-1,25,68,1,68-1,"It is not entirely certain how to distinguish between a verbal and a non-verbal construction for 'fear' constructions. The decision here was based on the form of the expression, ""verbal"" frait vs. 'adjectival"" fraiten, but this may have been influenced by the lexifer. In any case the experiencer is consistently in subject position.",,25-179 25-54,50.0,Intermediate -25-69-1,25,69,1,69-1,"Instruments are consistently expressed by an adpositional phrase with the adposition gota~gata~garra 'with’ (see also Feature 70 ""Comitatives and instrumentals"").",659[73-75];1333[157-158],25-211 25-215 25-226 25-273,100.0,Very certain +Aspectual distinctions are expressed by the auxiliary/particle yusda 'habitual past’, the particle oldei~orlas~ala 'always; habitual’ (compatible with the past tense marker) and by two progressive verb suffixes (also compatible with past tense as well as future markers). There remains a question as to whether these should be described as fully-fledged inflectional aspectual markers. Descriptions often label the -(a)bat marker as 'continuous' or 'iterative' and stress its link with verbal pluractionality and plural participants (e.g. Hudson 1985: 40–41), which would make it more of a lexical aspect/derivational marker. However, it does seem to be correlated with prototypical progressive contexts.",659[28-34],25-131 25-177 25-208 25-232 25-233 25-234 25-235 25-51 25-77 25-85,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt; Fieldwork Angelo +25-5-1,25,5,1,5-1,"Both the special adnominal demonstrative and the pronominal demonstrative can be used adnominally, usually preceding the head noun. The reverse order has been attested in the Victoria River District Variety (older generation), but as in Example 34, where the head noun is actually a Jaminjung word, this may be strongly influenced by the first language of the speakers.",1026[152-156],25-20 25-32 25-33 25-35 25-36 25-37 25-38,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-5-2,25,5,2,5-2,"Both the special adnominal demonstrative and the pronominal demonstrative can be used adnominally, usually preceding the head noun. The reverse order has been attested in the Victoria River District Variety (older generation), but as in Example 34, where the head noun is actually a Jaminjung word, this may be strongly influenced by the first language of the speakers.",1026[152-156],25-34,10.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-50-2,25,50,2,50-2,There is only one way in which tense/aspect marking is reduced in negative clauses – negation is not compatibel with the past habitual marker yusdu~yustu. The special negative marker neba without tense marking is used in habitual past contexts (although it is not restricted to habitual contexts). Combinations of mood marking and negation were not investigated in detail.,659[29],25-108 25-111 25-230 25-232 25-236 25-237,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt; Fieldwork Angelo +25-51-1,25,51,1,51-1,"In Kriol, unmarked stative and dynamic verbs have present time reference (although occurrences of unmarked dynamic verb appear to be restricted mainly to present habitual contexts). Other tense/aspect/mood values are also marked in the same way for stative and dynamic verbs.",,25-242 25-3 25-334,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-52-1,25,52,1,52-1,Inchoative meaning with states is expressed by a combination of a predicative adjective with the inchoative/passive marker get~git.,659[195-106],25-107,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-53-1,25,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-54-7,25,54,7,54-7,,1026,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-55-2,25,55,2,55-2,"The ability verb gin~kin~ken occasionally has a permissive reading, but no examples of an epistemic reading could be found in the data surveyed. The usual way to express epistemic possibility is by use of the adverb maitbi~mairri 'maybe'.",,25-119 25-146 25-42 25-70,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-56-1,25,56,1,56-1,"Two prohibitive constructions are found in the speech of older generation Victoria River District Kriol speakers, one employing the general negator nomo and the standard imperative form, and one a special negator don (< Engl. don't) with the standard imperative form (in both cases, a second person pronoun may or may not be used, as in the imperative). Impressionistically, the latter construction is more acrolectal and less frequent.",,25-23 25-243 25-244 25-245 25-246 25-249,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-56-2,25,56,2,56-2,"Two prohibitive constructions are found in the speech of older generation Victoria River District Kriol speakers, one employing the general negator nomo and the standard imperative form, and one a special negator don (< Engl. don't) with the standard imperative form (in both cases, a second person pronoun may or may not be used, as in the imperative). Impressionistically, the latter construction is more acrolectal and less frequent.",,25-111 25-247 25-248 25-249,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-57-1,25,57,1,57-1,"Patient noun phrases are unmarked. Most transitive verbs have a transitivity marking suffix -im, but this is neither case-marking (because it occurs on the verb, not on the patient NP) nor head-marking, because it is invariable and therefore does not provide any information (e.g. person, number) about the patient.",1026;1333;659,25-127 25-22 25-233 25-4 25-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-58-1,25,58,1,58-1,"In Kriol, the core arguments A, S and P are all unmarked in terms of case-marking or adpositional marking. S and A are usually in preverbal position, P in postverbal position.",,25-1 25-142 25-250 25-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-59-2,25,59,2,59-2,"In the majority of person-number combinations S, A, and P pronouns are identical in form. A distinction is only made consistently in the 1st person singular (ai vs. mi); a distinct 1st plural object pronoun as (as opposed to more common neutral wi or mibala) and a special 3rd person plural subject pronoun thei (as opposed to neutral olabat) are also attested. At least the former may be an acrolectal feature. This pronoun system, here illustrated for the Victoria River variety, is confirmed in descriptions of other varieties.",1333[83];1026[123];659[43],25-103 25-111 25-117 25-130 25-133 25-147 25-173 25-251 25-252 25-253 25-254 25-255 25-34 25-49 25-52 25-53 25-89 25-95,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-6-1,25,6,1,6-1,"Generally, numerals precede the noun. At least in the varieties spoken in Katherine and in the Victoria River District, the numeral 'two' is also found following the noun (and it appears that it is prosodically integrated with the noun). In this case it can either be analyzed as a straightforward dual marker, or as a dual marker in an inclusory construction. In the latter case, the combination does not mean e.g. ""two X"" but ""X and someone else"". The inclusory interpretation can however also apply to a noun phrase with the nominal 'two' in prenominal position.",40,25-40 25-42 25-43 25-44 25-45 25-46 25-47,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-6-2,25,6,2,6-2,"Generally, numerals precede the noun. At least in the varieties spoken in Katherine and in the Victoria River District, the numeral 'two' is also found following the noun (and it appears that it is prosodically integrated with the noun). In this case it can either be analyzed as a straightforward dual marker, or as a dual marker in an inclusory construction. In the latter case, the combination does not mean e.g. ""two X"" but ""X and someone else"". The inclusory interpretation can however also apply to a noun phrase with the nominal 'two' in prenominal position.",40,25-39 25-41 25-48,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-60-1,25,60,1,60-1,"Two ditransitive constructions are found with the 'give' verb in the Victoria River District variety spoken by the older generation and also the younger generation: one a double object construction and one an indirect object construction where the recipient is marked with the locative preposition langa/la. (As examples of two full NPs are rarely found in natural speech, examples with pronominal objects are added; it seems that pronominal objects show the same two patterns.)",,25-144 25-166 25-167 25-23 25-249,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-60-2,25,60,2,60-2,"Two ditransitive constructions are found with the 'give' verb in the Victoria River District variety spoken by the older generation and also the younger generation: one a double object construction and one an indirect object construction where the recipient is marked with the locative preposition langa/la. (As examples of two full NPs are rarely found in natural speech, examples with pronominal objects are added; it seems that pronominal objects show the same two patterns.)",,25-103 25-228 25-256 25-257,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-61-2,25,61,2,61-2,"The order recipient-theme appears to account for the majority of examples; the only example in the database of the order theme-recipient involves an animate theme. (As examples of two full NPs are rarely found in natural speech, examples with pronominal objects are added; it seems that pronominal objects show the same pattern as full NPs.)",,25-167,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-61-1,25,61,1,61-1,"The order recipient-theme appears to account for the majority of examples; the only example in the database of the order theme-recipient involves an animate theme. (As examples of two full NPs are rarely found in natural speech, examples with pronominal objects are added; it seems that pronominal objects show the same pattern as full NPs.)",,25-103 25-144 25-166 25-228 25-249 25-257,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-62-1,25,62,1,62-1,"Subject pronouns in Kriol are generally obligatory in the absence of a full NP subject, except in imperatives.",,25-193 25-221 25-258 25-259 25-260,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-64-1,25,64,1,64-1,"The verb for 'have', got/got-im/garram, is also used as existential verb, in combination with an expletive subject (see also Feature 78 ""Existential verb and transitive possession verb""). (Note that Hudson 1985: 92–93 identifies the form garra(m) with the instrumental/comitative preposition and treats these as verbless clauses).",659[92-93],25-170 25-261 25-262 25-263,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-65-4,25,65,4,65-4,"Both a construction with expletive subject and 'rain' as a verb, and a construction with 'rain (n.)' as a subject and 'fall' as a verb are attested in Kriol. The latter corresponds to the construction in at least some of the traditional languages of the area. According to Hudson (1985: 59), a construction with expletive subject is used more generally in 'ambient' expressions in Kriol.",39;659[59],25-213 25-264,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-65-1,25,65,1,65-1,"Both a construction with expletive subject and 'rain' as a verb, and a construction with 'rain (n.)' as a subject and 'fall' as a verb are attested in Kriol. The latter corresponds to the construction in at least some of the traditional languages of the area. According to Hudson (1985: 59), a construction with expletive subject is used more generally in 'ambient' expressions in Kriol.",39;659[59],25-265,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-66-1,25,66,1,66-1,"Constructions specifically involving 'headache' only seem to allow the experiencer in subject position, with 'headache' as a nominal or verb. Other expressions of pain (also illustrated here, e.g. Example 209) employ a possessor-raising construction, with the experiencer in subject position, a verb like het 'hurt' and the body part as a chomeur argument which is unmarked.",,25-121 25-209 25-266,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-67-1,25,67,1,67-1,,,25-102 25-267 25-268 25-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-68-2,25,68,2,68-2,"It is not entirely certain how to distinguish between a verbal and a non-verbal construction for 'fear' constructions. The decision here was based on the form of the expression, ""verbal"" frait vs. 'adjectival"" fraiten, but this may have been influenced by the lexifer. In any case the experiencer is consistently in subject position.",,25-253 25-269 25-270 25-271 25-272,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-68-1,25,68,1,68-1,"It is not entirely certain how to distinguish between a verbal and a non-verbal construction for 'fear' constructions. The decision here was based on the form of the expression, ""verbal"" frait vs. 'adjectival"" fraiten, but this may have been influenced by the lexifer. In any case the experiencer is consistently in subject position.",,25-179 25-54,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-69-1,25,69,1,69-1,"Instruments are consistently expressed by an adpositional phrase with the adposition gota~gata~garra 'with’ (see also Feature 70 ""Comitatives and instrumentals"").",659[73-75];1333[157-158],25-211 25-215 25-226 25-273,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-7-1,25,7,1,7-1,"The most frequent equivalent of a relative clause Kriol variety is probably most adequately described as an adjoined relative clause or general subordinate clause (as is the equivalent in some of the traditional languages of the area). It is marked by the subordinator we~weiya~wen~wan and can receive either a modifying or a temporal/spatial interpretation. In modifying function, it can also be separated from its (semantic) head noun although in most instances it will immediately follow it. -A minority of examples contain a relative clause without subordinator immediately following the head noun.",1332[57],25-58 25-59,30.0,Intermediate +A minority of examples contain a relative clause without subordinator immediately following the head noun.",1332[57],25-58 25-59,30.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-7-5,25,7,5,7-5,"The most frequent equivalent of a relative clause Kriol variety is probably most adequately described as an adjoined relative clause or general subordinate clause (as is the equivalent in some of the traditional languages of the area). It is marked by the subordinator we~weiya~wen~wan and can receive either a modifying or a temporal/spatial interpretation. In modifying function, it can also be separated from its (semantic) head noun although in most instances it will immediately follow it. -A minority of examples contain a relative clause without subordinator immediately following the head noun.",1332[57],25-49 25-50 25-51 25-52 25-53 25-54 25-55 25-56 25-57 25-60,70.0,Certain -25-70-1,25,70,1,70-1,"The instrumental preposition gota~gata~garra 'with’ covers comitative and instrumental uses, including language use, mode of transport, and comitative with inanimates ('proprietive'). Other strategies (a verb such as folorum 'follow'; see Example 237) and an inclusory construction ('X, the two go'; see Feature 20 ""Pronoun conjunction"" for examples) are also used to convey the notion of accompaniment by animates.",659[73-75];1333[157-158],25-194 25-210 25-221 25-250 25-273 25-274 25-275 25-276 25-30 25-47,100.0,Certain -25-71-2,25,71,2,71-2,,1333[157-158],25-194 25-210 25-277 25-69 25-75,100.0,Certain -25-72-1,25,72,1,72-1,Both nominal and verbal conjunction are expressed by en ~ an 'and' in all Kriol varieties.,1332,25-120 25-215 25-221 25-259 25-260 25-278 25-50 25-75,100.0,Very certain +A minority of examples contain a relative clause without subordinator immediately following the head noun.",1332[57],25-49 25-50 25-51 25-52 25-53 25-54 25-55 25-56 25-57 25-60,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-70-1,25,70,1,70-1,"The instrumental preposition gota~gata~garra 'with’ covers comitative and instrumental uses, including language use, mode of transport, and comitative with inanimates ('proprietive'). Other strategies (a verb such as folorum 'follow'; see Example 237) and an inclusory construction ('X, the two go'; see Feature 20 ""Pronoun conjunction"" for examples) are also used to convey the notion of accompaniment by animates.",659[73-75];1333[157-158],25-194 25-210 25-221 25-250 25-273 25-274 25-275 25-276 25-30 25-47,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-71-2,25,71,2,71-2,,1333[157-158],25-194 25-210 25-277 25-69 25-75,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-72-1,25,72,1,72-1,Both nominal and verbal conjunction are expressed by en ~ an 'and' in all Kriol varieties.,1332,25-120 25-215 25-221 25-259 25-260 25-278 25-50 25-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-73-2,25,73,2,73-2,"Predicative noun phrases occur without a copula in present tense. They do combine with the marker bin in past tense, but despite its origin in English been this is regarded as a TAM auxiliary, not a copula, here. -According to Sandefur (1979: 123), the copula bi occurs in the future tense, but examples of this type are not attested in any other available data. (Cf. also Hudson 1985: 90, who however regards bi as an acrolectal feature). Disregarding this claim, Value 2 has been chosen (and one of Sandefur's examples included).",659[79-81],25-163 25-17 25-252 25-277 25-279 25-280 25-281 25-282,100.0,Certain +According to Sandefur (1979: 123), the copula bi occurs in the future tense, but examples of this type are not attested in any other available data. (Cf. also Hudson 1985: 90, who however regards bi as an acrolectal feature). Disregarding this claim, Value 2 has been chosen (and one of Sandefur's examples included).",659[79-81],25-163 25-17 25-252 25-277 25-279 25-280 25-281 25-282,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-74-2,25,74,2,74-2,"Predicative property expressions always occur without a copula in present tense, which is why Value 2 was chosen. They do occur with the past tense marker bin in the past tense, which is not analyzed as a copula here. However, they do occur with the copula bi with future time reference, and, in the Fitzroy Valley variety of younger speakers, also in the past tense. -Another complication concerns the function of stative verbs like stap 'live, stay' or jidan 'sit, be, stay' which could be said to be taking on a copula-like function, as in jidan kwait 'be quiet!' or Wi bin jidan-abat hanggriwan nili fo thri wik. 'We were hungry for nearly three weeks.' (DA98_01_Fladwada.013)",,25-163 25-172 25-283 25-284 25-285 25-286 25-287 25-288 25-62 25-65 25-66,100.0,Certain +Another complication concerns the function of stative verbs like stap 'live, stay' or jidan 'sit, be, stay' which could be said to be taking on a copula-like function, as in jidan kwait 'be quiet!' or Wi bin jidan-abat hanggriwan nili fo thri wik. 'We were hungry for nearly three weeks.' (DA98_01_Fladwada.013)",,25-163 25-172 25-283 25-284 25-285 25-286 25-287 25-288 25-62 25-65 25-66,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt 25-75-2,25,75,2,75-2,"Predicative property expressions always occur without a copula in present tense, which is why Value 2 was chosen. They do occur with the past tense marker bin in the past tense, which is not analysed as a copula here. However, they do occur with the copula bi with future time reference. Another complication concerns the function of stative verbs like stap 'live, stay' or jidan 'sit, be, stay' which could be said to be taking on a copula-like function, as in Imin telim mi thed ... ston alabat im jidan jeya na 'he told me (that) those stones are all around there' (DA98_02_raintime) or Wi garra jidan la woda olagija. -'We may have to live in the water forever.' (Sandefur & Sandefur 1982: 61)",659[82],25-14 25-190 25-289 25-29 25-57,100.0,Very certain -25-76-1,25,76,1,76-1,"As no copula is used with either predicative noun phrases or predicative locative phrases, the strategies are identical.",,25-103 25-252 25-277 25-289,100.0,Very certain -25-77-1,25,77,1,77-1,"The marker got~gotim~garram occurring in predicative possessive clauses is regarded as a verb here. Note that Hudson (1985: 92–93) identifies the form garra(m) with the instrumental/comitative preposition and treats these as verbless clauses. In most examples, the transitive marker -(i)m is found on the verb but not on the preposition, but admittedly there is some overlap. Additional evidence comes from examples like Example 290 – prepositions are not stranded in Kriol, but the object can be in a non-adjacent position to the verb in a focus construction.",,25-239 25-290 25-291 25-292,100.0,Certain -25-78-1,25,78,1,78-1,"The verb for 'have', got~gotim~garram, is also used as existential verb. (But see also Feature 77 ""Predicative possession"" for additional comments).",,25-170 25-239 25-261 25-284 25-93,100.0,Certain -25-79-1,25,79,1,79-1,Named places as goals of motion can be either unmarked or marked with the locative/allative preposition la~langa.,"659[28, 31]",25-294 25-295 25-296,50.0,Very certain -25-79-2,25,79,2,79-2,Named places as goals of motion can be either unmarked or marked with the locative/allative preposition la~langa.,"659[28, 31]",25-214 25-223 25-229 25-29 25-297,50.0,Very certain -25-8-2,25,8,2,8-2,"Degree words precede property words in general. The degree word brabli 'properly, very' may either precede or follow the property word and may also be separated from it, while rili 'really' always precedes it. (All examples involve predicative adjectives.)",1333[167],25-62 25-67 25-68,30.0,Certain -25-8-1,25,8,1,8-1,"Degree words precede property words in general. The degree word brabli 'properly, very' may either precede or follow the property word and may also be separated from it, while rili 'really' always precedes it. (All examples involve predicative adjectives.)",1333[167],25-61 25-63 25-64 25-65 25-66,70.0,Certain -25-80-2,25,80,2,80-2,The source of motion is generally marked with the preposition brom~burrum~from; this also holds for named places as sources.,,25-298 25-299 25-300 25-60,100.0,Very certain -25-81-2,25,81,2,81-2,The source of motion is generally marked with the preposition brom~burrum~from; goals of motion are usually marked with the locative/allative preposition la~langa but may remain unmarked.,1332[63],25-251 25-258 25-293 25-38,100.0,Very certain -25-82-2,25,82,2,82-2,"A goal of (caused or self-propelled) motion and a ground in an expression of stative location are very consistently both marked with the preposition la/langa. No examples of pujim 'push' with a goal expression were found in the corpus, and it is possible that this verb cannot be used with a goal expression but rather means 'push over'. An example with the verb jakim 'chuck, throw' is provided instead, as well as an example of locative adjunct.",659[28],25-218 25-301 25-302,100.0,Very certain -25-83-1,25,83,1,83-1,"Just as with intransitive motion expressions, motion-from is distinguished from location or motion-to by the choice of preposition brom~from~burrum.",,25-301 25-303,100.0,Very certain -25-84-3,25,84,3,84-3,,1332;659,,100.0,Certain -25-85-1,25,85,1,85-1,"'Take' serial verb constructions do not occur in Kriol. The instrumental function is marked by a preposition gata~garra (see Feature 70 ""Comitatives and instrumentals"").",,,100.0,Very certain -25-86-5,25,86,5,86-5,"Beneficiaries and recipients are marked by prepositions (blanga/bla for beneficiaries, la for recipients with 'give'; see Feature 60 ""Ditransitive ('give') constructions""). No serial verb construction involving 'give' is attested in Kriol.",,25-1 25-23 25-26 25-305,100.0,Very certain -25-87-7,25,87,7,87-7,"All varieties of Kriol have an invariable reflexive marker mijelb or jelp which is used with all persons. Thus, although derived from an English word (myself) which contains a personal pronoun, it cannot be synchronically analyzed as involving a personal pronoun.",659[43];1026[91];39;40;1333[92],25-216 25-238 25-258 25-266 25-306 25-307,100.0,Very certain -25-88-1,25,88,1,88-1,"In the Victoria River District variety, the Kriol reflexive/reciprocal pronoun mijelb is also used as emphatic pronoun (as in English 'by/for herself', adjoined to a verb phrase) but not in a more grammaticalized intensifying function such as in ""the director himself opened the door"" (adjoined to a noun phrase); at least there is no attested use of mijelb in this way in the dataset. We were also not able to find relevant data in the literature and texts available for other varieties.",,25-238 25-270,100.0,Certain -25-89-3,25,89,3,89-3,"This is a feature with respect to which there is regional variation in Kriol. In the Western Varieties i.e. the Victoria River variety and the Fitzroy variety, reciprocal and reflexive constructions are marked in the same way in most cases. In the Victoria River variety, both the general reflexive/reciprocal pronoun mijelb and a specific reciprocal pronoun wan anatha can be used in reciprocal contexts; the latter is possibly more acrolectal. The invariable marker mijelb is also attested in combination with ij 'each'. In the Fitzroy variety, the invariable reflexive/reciprocal marker is jelp. In most substrate languages, reflexive and reciprocal are not formally distinguished.",1026[92],25-110 25-195 25-215 25-238 25-308 25-309,100.0,Intermediate -25-9-1,25,9,1,9-1,"For the purpose of describing this feature, the recognitional determiner of Kriol, which is close in grammaticalization status to a definite article, was considered as a definite article (see Feature 28 ""Definite articles""). This article always precedes the head noun.",1055;1026,25-19 25-35 25-51 25-69 25-70,100.0,Very certain -25-90-1,25,90,1,90-1,"Value 1 was chosen even though the passive construction may not be fully productive; in any case it is not very frequent. It is formed by combining the grammatical verb get~git with a form of the lexical verb which often appears to be a frozen form of the corresponding English participle (which does not occur in any other construction). The passive is analogous to the adjectival inchoative construction which also involves get~git, as in Wel imin git kwait na 'Well, he became quiet then.' (Example 107).",659[105-106],25-128 25-311 25-312 25-313,100.0,Intermediate -25-91-8,25,91,8,91-8,No applicative marker exists in any of the Kriol varieties surveyed here.,,,100.0,Certain -25-92-3,25,92,3,92-3,,1332[57],25-145 25-188 25-314 25-49 25-51,33.3333333333333,Intermediate -25-92-4,25,92,4,92-4,,1332[57],25-169 25-57 25-59,33.3333333333333,Intermediate -25-92-5,25,92,5,92-5,,1332[57],25-315,33.3333333333333,Intermediate -25-93-4,25,93,4,93-4,It appears that no resumptive pronoun is required with 3rd person singular heads; here the transitive marker is sufficient to mark the role of the head in the relative clause.,,25-58,33.3333333333333, -25-93-2,25,93,2,93-2,It appears that no resumptive pronoun is required with 3rd person singular heads; here the transitive marker is sufficient to mark the role of the head in the relative clause.,,25-52,33.3333333333333, -25-93-3,25,93,3,93-3,It appears that no resumptive pronoun is required with 3rd person singular heads; here the transitive marker is sufficient to mark the role of the head in the relative clause.,,25-316,33.3333333333333, -25-95-4,25,95,4,95-4,"Although the feature is about the indirect speech construction, it seems worth pointing out that in the majority of cases a speech verb is accompanied by a direct quotation; this quotation construction may or may not be marked with the quotation marker lagijat 'thus, like that' in addition. - As in indirect speech no shifting in tense/mood occurs, the only difference between the indirect speech construction and the direct speech construction is in fact the absence versus presence of distinctive quotation prosody (impressionistically, an upward shift in pitch range). Another phenomenon worth mentioning is that one verb, rekon, may be used both as a verb of speaking and a verb of thinking. All of these features are found in at least one of the traditional languages of the Victoria River Region, in Jaminjung.",,25-119 25-164 25-19 25-240 25-243 25-253 25-263 25-291 25-317,100.0,Certain -25-96-4,25,96,4,96-4,,,25-108 25-122 25-318,100.0,Intermediate -25-97-1,25,97,1,97-1,,,25-102 25-231 25-297 25-319 25-320 25-321,100.0,Very certain -25-98-5,25,98,5,98-5,"Complement clauses of reken in the sense of 'think' (or as a speech verb) and of wantim 'want (something)' do not take a complementizer. The latter are rare and possibly acrolectal; more usually, a manipulative verb like telim 'tell someone (to do something)' would be used which usually takes a quotation as a complement or (possibly acrolectally) a verb introduced by the complementizer tu.",,25-143 25-164 25-263 25-285 25-322,100.0,Intermediate -25-99-2,25,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -26-0-1,26,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -26-1-2,26,1,2,1-2,,1545[56],26-1 26-2 26-3 26-5,100.0,Very certain -26-10-1,26,10,1,10-1,,1545,26-14,100.0,Very certain -26-100-3,26,100,3,100-3,Neva [NEG.PST] behaves like a verb in that it can be marked for aspect (neva wɛn do um 'didn't do it'). In all other tenses Hawai'i Creole has a negative particle.,"1545[54, 177, 23]",26-60,50.0,Very certain -26-100-4,26,100,4,100-4,Neva [NEG.PST] behaves like a verb in that it can be marked for aspect (neva wɛn do um 'didn't do it'). In all other tenses Hawai'i Creole has a negative particle.,"1545[54, 177, 23]",26-61 26-64,50.0,Very certain -26-101-1,26,101,1,101-1,,"1545[54, 23, 177]",26-60 26-61 26-64,100.0,Very certain -26-102-1,26,102,1,102-1,,1545[177],26-113,100.0,Very certain -26-103-7,26,103,7,103-7,,1545[176],26-114,100.0,Very certain -26-104-8,26,104,8,104-8,,1545[176],26-10,100.0,Very certain -26-105-3,26,105,3,105-3,,,26-115,100.0,Very certain -26-106-2,26,106,2,106-2,,,26-116,100.0,Certain -26-107-1,26,107,1,107-1,,,26-117,100.0,Certain -26-108-2,26,108,2,108-2,"Clicks may immediately precede a 'no'-answer, but I don't have any instances of clicks alone sufficing as an answer, except in affective meanings.",1545[184],26-118,100.0,Very certain -26-109-2,26,109,2,109-2,,1545,,100.0,Very certain -26-11-3,26,11,3,11-3,,1545,26-15 26-16,100.0,Certain -26-110-1,26,110,1,110-1,"It is extremely marginal, though I seem to remember that two very old speakers born 1903 (a pidgin speaker) and 1911 (a creole speaker) used it once or twice in passing. It may have been rather prevalent in previous generations, but is now archaic and carries an extremely marked tone when used, for instance, if a speaker wants to create a kind of old-style plantation type of talk.",1545,,100.0,Intermediate -26-111-1,26,111,1,111-1,,,26-119,100.0,Very certain -26-112-2,26,112,2,112-2,,,26-120 26-121,100.0,Very certain -26-113-2,26,113,2,113-2,,,26-122 26-123,100.0,Very certain -26-114-2,26,114,2,114-2,,1545[117],26-108 26-124 26-125,100.0,Very certain -26-115-2,26,115,2,115-2,,1545[72],26-126 26-127 26-128,100.0,Very certain -26-116-2,26,116,2,116-2,,1545[64],26-129 26-130 26-131,100.0,Very certain -26-117-1,26,117,1,117-1,,,26-132 26-133,100.0,Certain -26-118-3,26,118,3,118-3,,"1545[48, 59, 64]",26-133 26-134 26-135 26-136,100.0,Certain -26-119-3,26,119,3,119-3,,"1545[23, 59, 48, 71]",26-135 26-137 26-6 26-7,100.0,Very certain -26-12-1,26,12,1,12-1,,1545,26-17,100.0,Very certain -26-120-1,26,120,1,120-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain -26-121-3,26,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -26-122-4,26,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -26-123-2,26,123,2,123-2,,,26-173,100.0, -26-124-1,26,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -26-125-3,26,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -26-126-2,26,126,2,126-2,,,26-157,100.0, -26-127-4,26,127,4,127-4,,,,100.0, -26-128-4,26,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -26-129-2,26,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -26-13-2,26,13,2,13-2,,1545,26-11 26-14 26-18,100.0,Very certain -26-130-1,26,130,1,130-1,,,26-159,100.0, -26-131,26,131,1,131-1,,,26-142,100.0, -26-132,26,132,1,132-1,,,26-145,100.0, -26-133,26,133,1,133-1,,,26-146,100.0, -26-134,26,134,1,134-1,,,26-148,100.0, -26-137,26,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -26-138,26,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -26-139,26,139,1,139-1,,,26-151,100.0, -26-14-1,26,14,1,14-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain -26-140,26,140,1,140-1,,,26-152,100.0, -26-143,26,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -26-144,26,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -26-145,26,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -26-146,26,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -26-147,26,147,1,147-1,,,26-143,100.0, -26-148,26,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -26-149,26,149,1,149-1,,,26-149,100.0, -26-15-1,26,15,1,15-1,,1545,26-8,100.0,Very certain -26-151,26,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -26-152,26,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -26-153,26,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -26-155,26,155,2,155-2,,,26-150,100.0, -26-156,26,156,2,156-2,,,26-144,100.0, -26-158,26,158,2,158-2,,,26-147,100.0, -26-159,26,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -26-16-1,26,16,1,16-1,,1545,26-16 26-18 26-19 26-20 26-21 26-8,100.0,Very certain -26-160,26,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -26-161,26,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -26-163,26,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -26-168,26,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -26-169,26,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -26-17-1,26,17,1,17-1,,1545,26-14 26-19 26-20,100.0,Very certain -26-170,26,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -26-171,26,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -26-172,26,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -26-173,26,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -26-174,26,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -26-176,26,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -26-178,26,178,1,178-1,,,26-160,100.0, -26-179,26,179,1,179-1,,,26-161,100.0, -26-18-1,26,18,1,18-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain -26-180,26,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -26-181,26,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -26-182,26,182,1,182-1,,,26-162,100.0, -26-183,26,183,1,183-1,,,26-163,100.0, -26-184,26,184,2,184-2,,,26-164,100.0, -26-187,26,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -26-188,26,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -26-189,26,189,1,189-1,,,26-153,100.0, -26-19-1,26,19,1,19-1,,1545,26-22 26-23 26-24 26-25,100.0,Very certain -26-190,26,190,1,190-1,,,26-154,100.0, -26-191,26,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -26-192,26,192,2,192-2,,,26-155,100.0, -26-193,26,193,1,193-1,,,26-156,100.0, -26-194,26,194,2,194-2,,,26-157,100.0, -26-195,26,195,1,195-1,,,26-158,100.0, -26-196,26,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -26-199,26,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -26-2-2,26,2,2,2-2,,1545[48],26-140,10.0,Intermediate -26-2-1,26,2,1,2-1,,1545[48],26-6,90.0,Certain -26-20-1,26,20,1,20-1,,,26-26,100.0,Certain -26-200,26,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -26-201,26,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -26-202,26,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -26-205,26,205,1,205-1,,,26-159,100.0, -26-209,26,209,1,209-1,,,26-165,100.0, -26-21-5,26,21,5,21-5,,1545,26-27 26-28,100.0,Very certain -26-212,26,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -26-217,26,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -26-218,26,218,1,218-1,,,26-166,100.0, -26-22-4,26,22,4,22-4,,1545[102],26-1 26-29 26-30 26-31,100.0,Certain -26-221,26,221,1,221-1,,,26-167,100.0, -26-23-4,26,23,4,23-4,,"1545[119,]",26-32,10.0,Very certain -26-23-3,26,23,3,23-3,,"1545[119,]",26-19,90.0,Very certain -26-231,26,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -26-24-2,26,24,2,24-2,,1545,26-33,100.0,Very certain -26-25-1,26,25,1,25-1,"The plural is formed with the affix -s, see e.g. Example 19.",1545,,100.0,Very certain -26-252,26,252,1,252-1,,,26-168,100.0, -26-253,26,253,1,253-1,,,26-170,100.0, -26-254,26,254,1,254-1,,,26-171,100.0, -26-255,26,255,1,255-1,,,26-172,100.0, -26-256,26,256,1,256-1,,,26-174,100.0, -26-257,26,257,1,257-1,,,26-175,100.0, -26-258,26,258,1,258-1,changed to major allophone,,26-177,100.0, -26-259,26,259,1,259-1,,,26-178,100.0, -26-26-1,26,26,1,26-1,,1546,,100.0,Very certain -26-260,26,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -26-261,26,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -26-263,26,263,2,263-2,,,26-169,100.0, -26-267,26,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -26-268,26,268,2,268-2,,,26-173,100.0, -26-27-2,26,27,2,27-2,,,26-34 26-35 26-36,100.0,Very certain -26-272,26,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -26-273,26,273,2,273-2,,,26-176,100.0, -26-274,26,274,2,274-2,,,26-179,100.0, -26-275,26,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -26-276,26,276,2,276-2,,,26-180,100.0, -26-277,26,277,2,277-2,,,26-181,100.0, -26-278,26,278,2,278-2,,,26-182,100.0, -26-279,26,279,2,279-2,,,26-183,100.0, -26-28-1,26,28,1,28-1,,1545[102],26-1,100.0,Very certain -26-280,26,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -26-281,26,281,2,281-2,,,26-184,100.0, -26-282,26,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -26-284,26,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -26-285,26,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -26-286,26,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -26-287,26,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -26-288,26,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -26-289,26,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -26-29-1,26,29,1,29-1,"The most common form of the indefinite article is the one identical to numeral 'one'. However, it can also be expressed with a unique word (a).","1545[71, 187]",26-35 26-37 26-7,100.0,Very certain -26-290,26,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -26-291,26,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -26-3-1,26,3,1,3-1,,1545[71],26-7,100.0,Very certain -26-30-7,26,30,7,30-7,,,26-38,50.0,Intermediate -26-30-4,26,30,4,30-4,,,26-39,50.0,Intermediate -26-308-1,26,308,1,308-1,,1545[12ff],,100.0,Very certain -26-309-3,26,309,3,309-3,About 50% of the population of Hawai'i are native speakers.,1545[12],,100.0,Very certain -26-31-2,26,31,2,31-2,,1545[48],26-6,100.0,Very certain -26-310-4,26,310,4,310-4,,1545[12ff],,100.0,Very certain -26-311-2,26,311,2,311-2,"While there are awareness programmes that have raised and are raising the acceptance of Hawai'i Creole, which is leading to its use in a number of official domains, my impression is that it is rare for adults who might have acquired Hawai'i Creole as a L2 to go on using it as their primary language.",817[-],,100.0,Intermediate -26-312-2,26,312,2,312-2,"Due to its still rather stigmatized status, some speakers might strive to replace their native Hawai'i Creole with Standard English, and to try to have their children acquire Standard English instead of Hawai'i Creole. However, awareness programmes are raising the status of the language.",1314[18f],,100.0,Intermediate -26-313-5,26,313,5,313-5,"There are about 600,000 speakers on the Islands of Hawai'i plus about 100,000 speakers on the US Mainland.",817[-],,100.0,Very certain -26-314-3,26,314,3,314-3,"Due to its still rather stigmatized status, there might be a slight predominace for females to prefer Standard English over Hawai'i Creole.",,,100.0,Certain -26-315-3,26,315,3,315-3,The vast majority of news programmes are in Standard English.,1314,,100.0,Intermediate -26-316-1,26,316,1,316-1,"The more local the programme, the more likely it is that callers will feel comfortable using Hawai'i Creole.",,,100.0,Intermediate -26-317-2,26,317,2,317-2,Music tends to be either in Standard English or Hawaiian.,817[-],,100.0,Intermediate -26-318-1,26,318,1,318-1,"""Widerspread"" is maybe somewhat too strong, but the body of written literary works, poetry and drama has been steadily growing for the last several decades.",1314[19];817[-],,100.0,Certain -26-319-2,26,319,2,319-2,"While there might be some editorials in Hawai'i Creole on a local level, it would rather be the exception than the norm.",,,100.0,Certain -26-32-2,26,32,2,32-2,,1545[23],26-40 26-41 26-42,100.0,Very certain -26-320-1,26,320,1,320-1,Hawai'i Creole is used in cartoons and humorous items especially.,,,100.0,Certain -26-321-1,26,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Certain -26-322-2,26,322,2,322-2,"The use is a bit more than ""limited"" but not quite ""widespread"".",817[-],,100.0,Certain -26-323-3,26,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0, -26-324-2,26,324,2,324-2,"Standard English is the preferred medium of instruction. However, with awareness programmes, the idea of allowing Hawai'i Creole into the classrooms is growing.",817;333[-],,100.0,Intermediate -26-325-1,26,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -26-326-1,26,326,1,326-1,,1545[12ff],,100.0,Certain -26-327-1,26,327,1,327-1,"I am not certain whether the variation in various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1315[736],,100.0,Uncertain -26-328-2,26,328,2,328-2,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1315[742],,100.0,Uncertain -26-329-2,26,329,2,329-2,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1314[14ff],,100.0,Uncertain -26-33-2,26,33,2,33-2,,"1545[48, 64]",26-43 26-6,100.0,Very certain -26-330-1,26,330,1,330-1,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1315[736],,100.0,Uncertain -26-331-2,26,331,2,331-2,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1315[742],,100.0,Uncertain -26-332-2,26,332,2,332-2,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1314[19f],,100.0,Uncertain -26-333-1,26,333,1,333-1,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social or geographical factors.",1315[736],,100.0,Uncertain -26-334-2,26,334,2,334-2,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1315[742],,100.0,Uncertain -26-335-2,26,335,2,335-2,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1314[19f],,100.0,Uncertain -26-34-1,26,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -26-35-7,26,35,7,35-7,,96,26-138 26-139 26-35 26-44 26-45 26-46,100.0,Very certain -26-36-1,26,36,1,36-1,,1545[71],26-7,100.0,Very certain -26-37-1,26,37,1,37-1,,1545[72],26-47,100.0,Very certain -26-38-2,26,38,2,38-2,,1545[48],26-6,100.0,Very certain -26-39-4,26,39,4,39-4,,,26-48 26-49,100.0,Very certain -26-4-2,26,4,2,4-2,,1545[85],26-8,100.0,Very certain -26-40-1,26,40,1,40-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain -26-41-1,26,41,1,41-1,"This can be either a marked or an unmarked adjective: both 'bigger' and 'more big' occurs, but it seems to me that the former might be somewhat more common.",1545[173],26-50 26-52 26-53,50.0,Certain -26-41-2,26,41,2,41-2,"This can be either a marked or an unmarked adjective: both 'bigger' and 'more big' occurs, but it seems to me that the former might be somewhat more common.",1545[173],26-51,50.0,Certain -26-42-2,26,42,2,42-2,,,26-50,100.0,Very certain -26-43-1,26,43,1,43-1,,1545[64],26-14 26-43,100.0,Very certain -26-44-8,26,44,8,44-8,"My database does not have any instances of mood+tense+aspect, though it might be too strong to say that the lg does not allow the combination. If, in theory, all three would combine, it would be MOOD+TENSE+ASPECT.",1545[76];96,26-2 26-54,100.0,Certain -26-45-3,26,45,3,45-3,,1545[61],26-33 26-55,100.0,Very certain -26-46-1,26,46,1,46-1,"Depending on focus, Progressive can be modified with a particle (stɛ); the resulting construction is also a type of Progressive. Nothing can intervene.","1545[90, 23]",26-40 26-56,100.0,Very certain -26-47-2,26,47,2,47-2,,1545[90],26-56,100.0,Very certain -26-48-2,26,48,2,48-2,An overt Habitual marker only exists for Past Habitual. Present habitual is expressed by the unmarked verb.,1545[35],26-57,100.0,Very certain -26-49-3,26,49,3,49-3,,"1545[48, 72, 47, 90, 96]",26-18 26-3 26-56 26-58 26-59,100.0,Very certain -26-5-1,26,5,1,5-1,,1545[48],26-6,100.0,Very certain -26-50-3,26,50,3,50-3,"Negative clauses behave in the same way as affirmative clauses in all instances except for the past tense, for which there is a specific negative past marker nɛva, which does not carry any aspectual meaning (i.e. it is not a perfective marker). It only combines with the base form of the verb; in my database of more than 400,000 words (written and spoken Hawai'i Creole) neither no nor nɛva combines with either wɛn (PST.PFV) or the inflected past (Velupillai 2003: 54f, 79f). Thus the aspectual dichotomy IPFV versus PFV found in past affirmative clauses is cancelled out in past negative clauses.","1545[54, 23, 165, 177]",26-60 26-61 26-62 26-63 26-64,100.0,Very certain -26-51-1,26,51,1,51-1,,"1545[119, 57]",26-14 26-19,100.0,Very certain -26-52-1,26,52,1,52-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain -26-53-1,26,53,1,53-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain -26-54-2,26,54,2,54-2,The copula in Hawai'i Creole behaves like in English: 'is' vs. 'was'.,"1545[72, 103]",26-16 26-27,100.0,Very certain -26-55-2,26,55,2,55-2,,"1545[47, 129, 128]",26-65 26-66 26-67,100.0,Very certain -26-56-1,26,56,1,56-1,,"1545[93, 23]",26-61 26-68 26-69,100.0,Very certain -26-57-1,26,57,1,57-1,,1545[57],26-20,100.0,Very certain -26-58-1,26,58,1,58-1,,1545[57],26-20 26-62,100.0,Very certain -26-59-2,26,59,2,59-2,,"1545[47, 169, 53]",26-18 26-70 26-71,100.0,Very certain -26-6-1,26,6,1,6-1,,1545[52],26-9,100.0,Very certain -26-60-1,26,60,1,60-1,,"1545[76, 64]",26-14 26-72 26-75,50.0,Certain -26-60-2,26,60,2,60-2,,"1545[76, 64]",26-43 26-73 26-74,50.0,Certain -26-61-2,26,61,2,61-2,,,26-75,50.0,Certain -26-61-1,26,61,1,61-1,,,26-74,50.0,Certain -26-62-1,26,62,1,62-1,,1545[76],26-14,100.0,Very certain -26-63-2,26,63,2,63-2,,,26-76 26-77,100.0,Certain -26-64-2,26,64,2,64-2,,1545[163],26-78,100.0,Very certain -26-65-4,26,65,4,65-4,,1545[119],26-79,100.0,Very certain -26-66-1,26,66,1,66-1,'Headache' is likely to be constructed like 'stomachache'.,,26-80,100.0,Very certain -26-67-1,26,67,1,67-1,,1545[119],26-19 26-5,100.0,Certain -26-68-2,26,68,2,68-2,"'He is afraid' would, in the past, be he was skɛd, and, in the future, be he gon be skɛd.",1545[169],26-81 26-82,100.0,Certain -26-69-1,26,69,1,69-1,,,26-84 26-85,100.0,Very certain -26-7-1,26,7,1,7-1,,1545[176],26-10 26-11,100.0,Very certain -26-70-1,26,70,1,70-1,,1545[179],26-4 26-85,100.0,Certain -26-71-2,26,71,2,71-2,The conjunction can sometimes be omitted.,"1545[179, 116]",26-26 26-4 26-86,100.0,Very certain -26-72-1,26,72,1,72-1,"The conjunction can sometimes be dropped, see Examples 86 and 88.","1545[188, 116]",26-86 26-87 26-88,100.0,Very certain -26-73-2,26,73,2,73-2,,,26-89,100.0,Very certain -26-74-3,26,74,3,74-3,The zero copula occurs in present tense only.,1545[47],26-65 26-83,100.0,Very certain -26-75-1,26,75,1,75-1,,"1545[93, 23]",26-68 26-90,100.0,Very certain -26-76-2,26,76,2,76-2,,1545[23],26-89 26-90,100.0,Very certain -26-77-1,26,77,1,77-1,,1545[58],26-22,100.0,Very certain -26-78-1,26,78,1,78-1,,1545[163],26-22 26-76 26-78,100.0,Very certain -26-79-1,26,79,1,79-1,,"1545[51,]",26-93,50.0,Certain -26-79-2,26,79,2,79-2,,"1545[51,]",26-94,50.0,Certain -26-8-1,26,8,1,8-1,,1545[66],26-12,100.0,Very certain -26-80-2,26,80,2,80-2,,1545[66],26-95 26-96,100.0,Certain -26-81-2,26,81,2,81-2,,1545[85],26-8 26-91 26-92,100.0,Very certain -26-82-1,26,82,1,82-1,,"1545[48, 185]",26-3 26-98,50.0,Certain -26-82-2,26,82,2,82-2,,"1545[48, 185]",26-63 26-97 26-98,50.0,Certain -26-83-1,26,83,1,83-1,,,26-98 26-99,100.0,Certain -26-84-3,26,84,3,84-3,,1545,,100.0,Very certain -26-85-1,26,85,1,85-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain -26-86-5,26,86,5,86-5,,1545,,100.0,Very certain -26-87-3,26,87,3,87-3,,1545[97],26-100,90.0,Intermediate -26-87-1,26,87,1,87-1,,1545[97],26-31,10.0,Intermediate -26-88-2,26,88,2,88-2,But compare Feature 87: The minority of reflexives are identical to the intensifier.,1545[97],26-100 26-101,100.0,Certain -26-89-2,26,89,2,89-2,,1545[97],26-100 26-102 26-31,100.0,Certain -26-9-1,26,9,1,9-1,,1545,26-13,100.0,Very certain -26-90-1,26,90,1,90-1,"The passive construction is not generally used, even though it is possible; speakers seem to tend to avoid prototypical passive constructions.",,26-103,100.0,Intermediate -26-91-8,26,91,8,91-8,,1545,,100.0,Very certain -26-92-2,26,92,2,92-2,,1545[176],26-10,100.0,Certain -26-93-4,26,93,4,93-4,,"1545[46, 182]",26-141,50.0,Certain -26-93-2,26,93,2,93-2,,"1545[46, 182]",26-11,50.0,Certain -26-94-4,26,94,4,94-4,,,26-105 26-107,50.0,Certain -26-94-2,26,94,2,94-2,,,26-106,50.0,Certain -26-95-3,26,95,3,95-3,,"1545[103, 116, 117]",26-109,30.0,Very certain -26-95-4,26,95,4,95-4,,"1545[103, 116, 117]",26-108 26-109 26-30,70.0,Very certain -26-96-4,26,96,4,96-4,,1545[103],26-16,100.0,Certain -26-97-1,26,97,1,97-1,,1545[132],26-110 26-73,100.0,Very certain -26-98-5,26,98,5,98-5,,1635[41-2],26-111 26-112 26-22 26-64,100.0,Very certain -26-99-2,26,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -27-0-7,27,0,7,0-7,,,,100.0, -27-1-2,27,1,2,1-2,,1450[137],27-1,100.0,Very certain -27-10-1,27,10,1,10-1,,355[16],27-12,100.0,Very certain -27-100-4,27,100,4,100-4,,1450[135],27-125,100.0,Very certain -27-101-1,27,101,1,101-1,,1450[136],27-126,100.0,Very certain -27-102-1,27,102,1,102-1,,355[61],27-127,100.0,Very certain -27-103-7,27,103,7,103-7,,1450[219],27-128,100.0,Very certain -27-104-1,27,104,1,104-1,,355[53],27-129,100.0,Very certain -27-105-1,27,105,1,105-1,,355[63],27-130,100.0,Certain -27-106-2,27,106,2,106-2,,355[11-68],27-131,50.0,Very certain -27-106-3,27,106,3,106-3,,355[11-68],27-132,50.0,Very certain -27-107-7,27,107,7,107-7,,355[11-68],,100.0,Very certain -27-109-2,27,109,2,109-2,,355[11-68],,100.0,Very certain -27-110-2,27,110,2,110-2,,355[11-68],,100.0,Very certain -27-112-2,27,112,2,112-2,,"355[21, 78, 83]",27-133 27-134,100.0,Very certain -27-113-2,27,113,2,113-2,,"355[80, 103]",27-135 27-136,100.0,Very certain -27-115-2,27,115,2,115-2,,355[44],27-137 27-138,100.0,Very certain -27-116-2,27,116,2,116-2,,"355[74, 83]",27-139 27-140,100.0,Certain -27-117-1,27,117,1,117-1,,1450[119],27-141,100.0,Very certain -27-118-3,27,118,3,118-3,,"355[21, 57, 103]",27-142 27-143 27-144,100.0,Very certain -27-119-3,27,119,3,119-3,,355[11-68],27-145 27-146 27-147,100.0,Certain -27-12-1,27,12,1,12-1,,355[21],27-13,100.0,Very certain -27-120-1,27,120,1,120-1,,1450[79],,100.0,Certain -27-121-3,27,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -27-122-3,27,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0, -27-123-2,27,123,2,123-2,,,27-162,100.0, -27-124-1,27,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -27-125-2,27,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -27-126-1,27,126,1,126-1,,,27-176,100.0, -27-127-6,27,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -27-128-4,27,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -27-129-2,27,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -27-13-1,27,13,1,13-1,,355[11],27-14,100.0,Very certain -27-130-1,27,130,1,130-1,,,27-186,100.0, -27-131,27,131,1,131-1,,,27-168,100.0, -27-132,27,132,1,132-1,,,27-152,100.0, -27-133,27,133,1,133-1,,,27-170,100.0, -27-134,27,134,1,134-1,,,27-171,100.0, -27-137,27,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -27-138,27,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -27-139,27,139,2,139-2,,,27-181,100.0, -27-14-1,27,14,1,14-1,,355[11-68],,100.0,Very certain -27-140,27,140,1,140-1,,,27-180,100.0, -27-143,27,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -27-144,27,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -27-145,27,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -27-146,27,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -27-147,27,147,1,147-1,,,27-184,100.0, -27-148,27,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -27-149,27,149,1,149-1,,,27-185,100.0, -27-15-1,27,15,1,15-1,,355[95],27-15,100.0,Very certain -27-151,27,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -27-152,27,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -27-153,27,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -27-155,27,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -27-156,27,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -27-158,27,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -27-159,27,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -27-16-1,27,16,1,16-1,,"355[70, 86, 93, 95, 99]",27-16,100.0,Very certain -27-160,27,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -27-161,27,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -27-163,27,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -27-168,27,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -27-169,27,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -27-17-1,27,17,1,17-1,,355[11-107],27-16 27-17,100.0,Very certain -27-170,27,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -27-171,27,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -27-172,27,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -27-173,27,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -27-174,27,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -27-176,27,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -27-178,27,178,1,178-1,,,27-169,100.0, -27-179,27,179,1,179-1,,,27-174,100.0, -27-18-1,27,18,1,18-1,,355[58],27-18,100.0,Very certain -27-180,27,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -27-181,27,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -27-182,27,182,1,182-1,,,27-189,100.0, -27-183,27,183,1,183-1,,,27-175,100.0, -27-184,27,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -27-187,27,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -27-188,27,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -27-189,27,189,1,189-1,,,27-178,100.0, -27-19-3,27,19,3,19-3,"Waple 'where' and wa-tit 'when' are clearly compound forms. On the basis of De Josselin de Jong (1926) I could not find out the words for 'when'. Magens (2008) does give words for 'when', so I used these, even though they are roughly 150 years older forms, because the words Magens (1770) gives for 'how', 'where' and 'who' practically didn't differ from the 1926 forms either.",355[106];872[43],27-19 27-20 27-21 27-22,100.0,Certain -27-190,27,190,1,190-1,,,27-190,100.0, -27-191,27,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -27-192,27,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -27-193,27,193,1,193-1,,,27-177,100.0, -27-194,27,194,1,194-1,,,27-176,100.0, -27-195,27,195,1,195-1,,,27-182,100.0, -27-196,27,196,2,196-2,,,27-183,100.0, -27-199,27,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -27-2-1,27,2,1,2-1,The possessor follows the possessum when it is inanimate.,"355[11, 16]",27-2,50.0,Very certain -27-2-2,27,2,2,2-2,The possessor follows the possessum when it is inanimate.,"355[11, 16]",27-3,50.0,Very certain -27-200,27,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -27-201,27,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -27-202,27,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -27-205,27,205,1,205-1,,,27-186,100.0, -27-209,27,209,1,209-1,,,27-179,100.0, -27-21-2,27,21,2,21-2,,355[11-68],27-23 27-24,100.0,Very certain -27-212,27,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -27-217,27,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -27-218,27,218,1,218-1,,,27-188,100.0, -27-22-4,27,22,4,22-4,,1450[122],27-25 27-26,100.0,Very certain -27-221,27,221,1,221-1,,,27-187,100.0, -27-222,27,222,4,222-4,,,,100.0, -27-23-8,27,23,8,23-8,,1450[122],27-27,100.0,Very certain -27-231,27,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -27-24-1,27,24,1,24-1,"The example given of an associative plural is from a variety of Negerhollands at least 150 years older than the other examples, but the use of an associative plural in the texts of De Josselin de Jong (1926), though argued by den Besten (2008: 40–41), has not yet been indisputably established.",375[40-41],27-28 27-29,100.0,Intermediate -27-25-2,27,25,2,25-2,"De Josselin de Jong (1926) cites the following forms of the 3PL pronoun/nominal plural marker, which appear to be all allomorphs of the same morpheme: sendr, senr, sinr, sen@, sin@, seni, sini, sinu, zin@, si, se & sa.",355[99],27-12 27-27,100.0,Very certain -27-252,27,252,1,252-1,,,27-157,100.0, -27-253,27,253,1,253-1,,,27-155,100.0, -27-254,27,254,1,254-1,This sound occurs only in a limited number of words.,,27-163,100.0, -27-255,27,255,3,255-3,,,27-167,100.0, -27-256,27,256,1,256-1,,,27-153,100.0, -27-257,27,257,1,257-1,,,27-159,100.0, -27-258,27,258,1,258-1,,,27-158,100.0, -27-259,27,259,2,259-2,,,27-164,100.0, -27-26-1,27,26,1,26-1,,355,,100.0,Very certain -27-260,27,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -27-261,27,261,1,261-1,,,27-160,100.0, -27-263,27,263,2,263-2,,,27-156,100.0, -27-264,27,264,1,264-1,This is a marginal segment; it appears in only three words.,,27-161,100.0, -27-267,27,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -27-268,27,268,2,268-2,,,27-162,100.0, -27-27-2,27,27,2,27-2,,355[22],27-30,100.0,Very certain -27-272,27,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -27-273,27,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -27-274,27,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -27-275,27,275,1,275-1,,,27-154,100.0, -27-276,27,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -27-277,27,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -27-278,27,278,1,278-1,,,27-191,100.0, -27-279,27,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -27-28-2,27,28,2,28-2,"Note that in the examples I have glossed the unaccented form of the demonstrative with reduced vowel as definite article, because the unaccented form with reduced vowel cannot really function as a demonstrative. Still, there does not seem to be a systematic difference between a definite article and a demonstrative (the definite article does not necessarily have a reduced vowel).",355[16],27-31,100.0,Very certain -27-280,27,280,1,280-1,,,27-192,100.0, -27-281,27,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -27-282,27,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -27-284,27,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -27-285,27,285,2,285-2,,,27-173,100.0, -27-286,27,286,2,286-2,,,27-166,100.0, -27-287,27,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -27-288,27,288,2,288-2,,,27-172,100.0, -27-289,27,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -27-29-2,27,29,2,29-2,,"355[16, 17]",27-32 27-33,100.0,Very certain -27-290,27,290,2,290-2,,,27-165,100.0, -27-291,27,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -27-3-1,27,3,1,3-1,,355[63],27-4,100.0,Very certain -27-30-4,27,30,4,30-4,,355[32],27-7,100.0,Very certain -27-308-7,27,308,7,308-7,The main lexifier language was (18th-century) Zealandic Dutch. Zealand ('Zeeland') is a south-western province of the Netherlands.,"1531[20, 21]",,100.0,Very certain -27-309-4,27,309,4,309-4,The data of De Josselin de Jong was collected in 1923. All his informants then were at least 60 years old (Van Rossem & Van der Voort 1996) and only this generation still consisted mainly of native speakers.,"1531[32, 33];355[7]",,100.0,Very certain -27-31-3,27,31,3,31-3,The prenominal article/demonstrative di is often accompanied by a postnominal deictic adverb (da 'there').,"355[19, 32, 57, 60, 75]",27-34,100.0,Certain -27-310-4,27,310,4,310-4,,355[1],,100.0,Very certain -27-311-3,27,311,3,311-3,The language is extinct now.,1531[33],,100.0,Very certain -27-312-4,27,312,4,312-4,The language is extinct.,1531[33],,100.0,Very certain -27-313-1,27,313,1,313-1,The language is extinct.,1531[33],,100.0,Very certain -27-314-3,27,314,3,314-3,"In 1881 Erik Pontopiddan wrote that Negerhollands had almost completely disappeared from the island of St. Croix (Virgin Islands), but that on St. Thomas (Virgin Islands) ""only sporadically elderly women"" were to be found who could still speak the language. Then he mentions that on the small island of St. Jan (Virgin Islands) Negerhollands ""is mother- and daily tongue of the older generation"" (Van Rossem & Van der Voort 1996). From this I conclude that the language was not exclusively or predominantly used by only one gender group. De Josselin de Jong does not give any mention about this either.","355[7, 8];1531[32]",,100.0,Certain -27-315-3,27,315,3,315-3,"Although in the era of radio and TV there were still a handful of speakers of Negerhollands, the language was so marginal, very probably restricted to the private sphere, that it is very unlikely to have ever been used on radio or TV.",1531[33],,100.0,Very certain -27-316-3,27,316,3,316-3,"Although in the era of radio and TV there were still a handful of speakers of Negerhollands, the language was so marginal then, very probably restricted to the private sphere, that it is very unlikely to have ever been used on radio or TV.",1531[33],,100.0,Very certain -27-317-2,27,317,2,317-2,There were certain songs in Negerhollands sung only at birth feasts and funeral ceremonies.,355[6],,100.0,Very certain -27-318-3,27,318,3,318-3,"Especially in the 18th century many religious texts were published in Negerhollands (including the Bible), but they were all translations. No original works in Negerhollands were published.","1531[30, 32]",,100.0,Certain -27-319-3,27,319,3,319-3,"The language was only marginal and spoken only in remote rural areas at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. After the first half of the 19th century, there were no more printed texts in Negerhollands.","1531[32, 33]",,100.0,Very certain -27-32-1,27,32,1,32-1,,"355[56, 60]",27-34 27-35,100.0,Very certain -27-320-3,27,320,3,320-3,"The language was only marginal and spoken only in remote rural areas at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. After the first half of the 19th century, there have been no more printed texts in Negerhollands.","1531[32, 33]",,100.0,Very certain +'We may have to live in the water forever.' (Sandefur & Sandefur 1982: 61)",659[82],25-14 25-190 25-289 25-29 25-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-76-1,25,76,1,76-1,"As no copula is used with either predicative noun phrases or predicative locative phrases, the strategies are identical.",,25-103 25-252 25-277 25-289,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-77-1,25,77,1,77-1,"The marker got~gotim~garram occurring in predicative possessive clauses is regarded as a verb here. Note that Hudson (1985: 92–93) identifies the form garra(m) with the instrumental/comitative preposition and treats these as verbless clauses. In most examples, the transitive marker -(i)m is found on the verb but not on the preposition, but admittedly there is some overlap. Additional evidence comes from examples like Example 290 – prepositions are not stranded in Kriol, but the object can be in a non-adjacent position to the verb in a focus construction.",,25-239 25-290 25-291 25-292,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-78-1,25,78,1,78-1,"The verb for 'have', got~gotim~garram, is also used as existential verb. (But see also Feature 77 ""Predicative possession"" for additional comments).",,25-170 25-239 25-261 25-284 25-93,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-79-1,25,79,1,79-1,Named places as goals of motion can be either unmarked or marked with the locative/allative preposition la~langa.,"659[28, 31]",25-294 25-295 25-296,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-79-2,25,79,2,79-2,Named places as goals of motion can be either unmarked or marked with the locative/allative preposition la~langa.,"659[28, 31]",25-214 25-223 25-229 25-29 25-297,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-8-2,25,8,2,8-2,"Degree words precede property words in general. The degree word brabli 'properly, very' may either precede or follow the property word and may also be separated from it, while rili 'really' always precedes it. (All examples involve predicative adjectives.)",1333[167],25-62 25-67 25-68,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-8-1,25,8,1,8-1,"Degree words precede property words in general. The degree word brabli 'properly, very' may either precede or follow the property word and may also be separated from it, while rili 'really' always precedes it. (All examples involve predicative adjectives.)",1333[167],25-61 25-63 25-64 25-65 25-66,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-80-2,25,80,2,80-2,The source of motion is generally marked with the preposition brom~burrum~from; this also holds for named places as sources.,,25-298 25-299 25-300 25-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-81-2,25,81,2,81-2,The source of motion is generally marked with the preposition brom~burrum~from; goals of motion are usually marked with the locative/allative preposition la~langa but may remain unmarked.,1332[63],25-251 25-258 25-293 25-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-82-2,25,82,2,82-2,"A goal of (caused or self-propelled) motion and a ground in an expression of stative location are very consistently both marked with the preposition la/langa. No examples of pujim 'push' with a goal expression were found in the corpus, and it is possible that this verb cannot be used with a goal expression but rather means 'push over'. An example with the verb jakim 'chuck, throw' is provided instead, as well as an example of locative adjunct.",659[28],25-218 25-301 25-302,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-83-1,25,83,1,83-1,"Just as with intransitive motion expressions, motion-from is distinguished from location or motion-to by the choice of preposition brom~from~burrum.",,25-301 25-303,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-84-3,25,84,3,84-3,,1332;659,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-85-1,25,85,1,85-1,"'Take' serial verb constructions do not occur in Kriol. The instrumental function is marked by a preposition gata~garra (see Feature 70 ""Comitatives and instrumentals"").",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-86-5,25,86,5,86-5,"Beneficiaries and recipients are marked by prepositions (blanga/bla for beneficiaries, la for recipients with 'give'; see Feature 60 ""Ditransitive ('give') constructions""). No serial verb construction involving 'give' is attested in Kriol.",,25-1 25-23 25-26 25-305,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-87-7,25,87,7,87-7,"All varieties of Kriol have an invariable reflexive marker mijelb or jelp which is used with all persons. Thus, although derived from an English word (myself) which contains a personal pronoun, it cannot be synchronically analyzed as involving a personal pronoun.",659[43];1026[91];39;40;1333[92],25-216 25-238 25-258 25-266 25-306 25-307,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-88-1,25,88,1,88-1,"In the Victoria River District variety, the Kriol reflexive/reciprocal pronoun mijelb is also used as emphatic pronoun (as in English 'by/for herself', adjoined to a verb phrase) but not in a more grammaticalized intensifying function such as in ""the director himself opened the door"" (adjoined to a noun phrase); at least there is no attested use of mijelb in this way in the dataset. We were also not able to find relevant data in the literature and texts available for other varieties.",,25-238 25-270,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-89-3,25,89,3,89-3,"This is a feature with respect to which there is regional variation in Kriol. In the Western Varieties i.e. the Victoria River variety and the Fitzroy variety, reciprocal and reflexive constructions are marked in the same way in most cases. In the Victoria River variety, both the general reflexive/reciprocal pronoun mijelb and a specific reciprocal pronoun wan anatha can be used in reciprocal contexts; the latter is possibly more acrolectal. The invariable marker mijelb is also attested in combination with ij 'each'. In the Fitzroy variety, the invariable reflexive/reciprocal marker is jelp. In most substrate languages, reflexive and reciprocal are not formally distinguished.",1026[92],25-110 25-195 25-215 25-238 25-308 25-309,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-9-1,25,9,1,9-1,"For the purpose of describing this feature, the recognitional determiner of Kriol, which is close in grammaticalization status to a definite article, was considered as a definite article (see Feature 28 ""Definite articles""). This article always precedes the head noun.",1055;1026,25-19 25-35 25-51 25-69 25-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-90-1,25,90,1,90-1,"Value 1 was chosen even though the passive construction may not be fully productive; in any case it is not very frequent. It is formed by combining the grammatical verb get~git with a form of the lexical verb which often appears to be a frozen form of the corresponding English participle (which does not occur in any other construction). The passive is analogous to the adjectival inchoative construction which also involves get~git, as in Wel imin git kwait na 'Well, he became quiet then.' (Example 107).",659[105-106],25-128 25-311 25-312 25-313,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt; Fieldwork Angelo +25-91-8,25,91,8,91-8,No applicative marker exists in any of the Kriol varieties surveyed here.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-92-3,25,92,3,92-3,,1332[57],25-145 25-188 25-314 25-49 25-51,33.3333333333333,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFB6C1-34-0000FF-34-ADD8E6.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-92-4,25,92,4,92-4,,1332[57],25-169 25-57 25-59,33.3333333333333,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFB6C1-34-0000FF-34-ADD8E6.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-92-5,25,92,5,92-5,,1332[57],25-315,33.3333333333333,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFB6C1-34-0000FF-34-ADD8E6.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-93-4,25,93,4,93-4,It appears that no resumptive pronoun is required with 3rd person singular heads; here the transitive marker is sufficient to mark the role of the head in the relative clause.,,25-58,33.3333333333333,,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFB6C1-34-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-93-2,25,93,2,93-2,It appears that no resumptive pronoun is required with 3rd person singular heads; here the transitive marker is sufficient to mark the role of the head in the relative clause.,,25-52,33.3333333333333,,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFB6C1-34-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-93-3,25,93,3,93-3,It appears that no resumptive pronoun is required with 3rd person singular heads; here the transitive marker is sufficient to mark the role of the head in the relative clause.,,25-316,33.3333333333333,,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFB6C1-34-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-95-4,25,95,4,95-4,"Although the feature is about the indirect speech construction, it seems worth pointing out that in the majority of cases a speech verb is accompanied by a direct quotation; this quotation construction may or may not be marked with the quotation marker lagijat 'thus, like that' in addition. - As in indirect speech no shifting in tense/mood occurs, the only difference between the indirect speech construction and the direct speech construction is in fact the absence versus presence of distinctive quotation prosody (impressionistically, an upward shift in pitch range). Another phenomenon worth mentioning is that one verb, rekon, may be used both as a verb of speaking and a verb of thinking. All of these features are found in at least one of the traditional languages of the Victoria River Region, in Jaminjung.",,25-119 25-164 25-19 25-240 25-243 25-253 25-263 25-291 25-317,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-96-4,25,96,4,96-4,,,25-108 25-122 25-318,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-97-1,25,97,1,97-1,,,25-102 25-231 25-297 25-319 25-320 25-321,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-98-5,25,98,5,98-5,"Complement clauses of reken in the sense of 'think' (or as a speech verb) and of wantim 'want (something)' do not take a complementizer. The latter are rare and possibly acrolectal; more usually, a manipulative verb like telim 'tell someone (to do something)' would be used which usually takes a quotation as a complement or (possibly acrolectally) a verb introduced by the complementizer tu.",,25-143 25-164 25-263 25-285 25-322,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +25-99-2,25,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork Schultze-Berndt +26-0-1,26,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +26-1-2,26,1,2,1-2,,1545[56],26-1 26-2 26-3 26-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork recording +26-10-1,26,10,1,10-1,,1545,26-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-100-3,26,100,3,100-3,Neva [NEG.PST] behaves like a verb in that it can be marked for aspect (neva wɛn do um 'didn't do it'). In all other tenses Hawai'i Creole has a negative particle.,"1545[54, 177, 23]",26-60,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +26-100-4,26,100,4,100-4,Neva [NEG.PST] behaves like a verb in that it can be marked for aspect (neva wɛn do um 'didn't do it'). In all other tenses Hawai'i Creole has a negative particle.,"1545[54, 177, 23]",26-61 26-64,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +26-101-1,26,101,1,101-1,,"1545[54, 23, 177]",26-60 26-61 26-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-102-1,26,102,1,102-1,,1545[177],26-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-103-7,26,103,7,103-7,,1545[176],26-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +26-104-8,26,104,8,104-8,,1545[176],26-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +26-105-3,26,105,3,105-3,,,26-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +26-106-2,26,106,2,106-2,,,26-116,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +26-107-1,26,107,1,107-1,,,26-117,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-108-2,26,108,2,108-2,"Clicks may immediately precede a 'no'-answer, but I don't have any instances of clicks alone sufficing as an answer, except in affective meanings.",1545[184],26-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +26-109-2,26,109,2,109-2,,1545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge; Own fieldwork recording +26-11-3,26,11,3,11-3,,1545,26-15 26-16,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-110-1,26,110,1,110-1,"It is extremely marginal, though I seem to remember that two very old speakers born 1903 (a pidgin speaker) and 1911 (a creole speaker) used it once or twice in passing. It may have been rather prevalent in previous generations, but is now archaic and carries an extremely marked tone when used, for instance, if a speaker wants to create a kind of old-style plantation type of talk.",1545,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge; Own fieldwork recording +26-111-1,26,111,1,111-1,,,26-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +26-112-2,26,112,2,112-2,,,26-120 26-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +26-113-2,26,113,2,113-2,,,26-122 26-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-114-2,26,114,2,114-2,,1545[117],26-108 26-124 26-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-115-2,26,115,2,115-2,,1545[72],26-126 26-127 26-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-116-2,26,116,2,116-2,,1545[64],26-129 26-130 26-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-117-1,26,117,1,117-1,,,26-132 26-133,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-118-3,26,118,3,118-3,,"1545[48, 59, 64]",26-133 26-134 26-135 26-136,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-119-3,26,119,3,119-3,,"1545[23, 59, 48, 71]",26-135 26-137 26-6 26-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-12-1,26,12,1,12-1,,1545,26-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-120-1,26,120,1,120-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge; Own fieldwork recording +26-121-3,26,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-122-4,26,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +26-123-2,26,123,2,123-2,,,26-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-124-1,26,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-125-3,26,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-126-2,26,126,2,126-2,,,26-157,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-127-4,26,127,4,127-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +26-128-4,26,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-129-2,26,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-13-2,26,13,2,13-2,,1545,26-11 26-14 26-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +26-130-1,26,130,1,130-1,,,26-159,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-131,26,131,1,131-1,,,26-142,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-132,26,132,1,132-1,,,26-145,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-133,26,133,1,133-1,,,26-146,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-134,26,134,1,134-1,,,26-148,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-137,26,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-138,26,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-139,26,139,1,139-1,,,26-151,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-14-1,26,14,1,14-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-140,26,140,1,140-1,,,26-152,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-143,26,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-144,26,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-145,26,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-146,26,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-147,26,147,1,147-1,,,26-143,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-148,26,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-149,26,149,1,149-1,,,26-149,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-15-1,26,15,1,15-1,,1545,26-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +26-151,26,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-152,26,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-153,26,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-155,26,155,2,155-2,,,26-150,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-156,26,156,2,156-2,,,26-144,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-158,26,158,2,158-2,,,26-147,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-159,26,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-16-1,26,16,1,16-1,,1545,26-16 26-18 26-19 26-20 26-21 26-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-160,26,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-161,26,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-163,26,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-168,26,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-169,26,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-17-1,26,17,1,17-1,,1545,26-14 26-19 26-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-170,26,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-171,26,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-172,26,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-173,26,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-174,26,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-176,26,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-178,26,178,1,178-1,,,26-160,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-179,26,179,1,179-1,,,26-161,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-18-1,26,18,1,18-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-180,26,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-181,26,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-182,26,182,1,182-1,,,26-162,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-183,26,183,1,183-1,,,26-163,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-184,26,184,2,184-2,,,26-164,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-187,26,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-188,26,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-189,26,189,1,189-1,,,26-153,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-19-1,26,19,1,19-1,,1545,26-22 26-23 26-24 26-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-190,26,190,1,190-1,,,26-154,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-191,26,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-192,26,192,2,192-2,,,26-155,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-193,26,193,1,193-1,,,26-156,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-194,26,194,2,194-2,,,26-157,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-195,26,195,1,195-1,,,26-158,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-196,26,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-199,26,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-2-2,26,2,2,2-2,,1545[48],26-140,10.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-2-1,26,2,1,2-1,,1545[48],26-6,90.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-20-1,26,20,1,20-1,,,26-26,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-200,26,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-201,26,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-202,26,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-205,26,205,1,205-1,,,26-159,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-209,26,209,1,209-1,,,26-165,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-21-5,26,21,5,21-5,,1545,26-27 26-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +26-212,26,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-217,26,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-218,26,218,1,218-1,,,26-166,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-22-4,26,22,4,22-4,,1545[102],26-1 26-29 26-30 26-31,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +26-221,26,221,1,221-1,,,26-167,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-23-4,26,23,4,23-4,,"1545[119,]",26-32,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork recording +26-23-3,26,23,3,23-3,,"1545[119,]",26-19,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork recording +26-231,26,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-24-2,26,24,2,24-2,,1545,26-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +26-25-1,26,25,1,25-1,"The plural is formed with the affix -s, see e.g. Example 19.",1545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-252,26,252,1,252-1,,,26-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-253,26,253,1,253-1,,,26-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-254,26,254,1,254-1,,,26-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-255,26,255,1,255-1,,,26-172,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-256,26,256,1,256-1,,,26-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-257,26,257,1,257-1,,,26-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-258,26,258,1,258-1,changed to major allophone,,26-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-259,26,259,1,259-1,,,26-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +26-26-1,26,26,1,26-1,,1546,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-260,26,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-261,26,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-263,26,263,2,263-2,,,26-169,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-267,26,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-268,26,268,2,268-2,,,26-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-27-2,26,27,2,27-2,,,26-34 26-35 26-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork recording; Own knowledge +26-272,26,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-273,26,273,2,273-2,,,26-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-274,26,274,2,274-2,,,26-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-275,26,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-276,26,276,2,276-2,,,26-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-277,26,277,2,277-2,,,26-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-278,26,278,2,278-2,,,26-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-279,26,279,2,279-2,,,26-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-28-1,26,28,1,28-1,,1545[102],26-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-280,26,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-281,26,281,2,281-2,,,26-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +26-282,26,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-284,26,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-285,26,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-286,26,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-287,26,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-288,26,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-289,26,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-29-1,26,29,1,29-1,"The most common form of the indefinite article is the one identical to numeral 'one'. However, it can also be expressed with a unique word (a).","1545[71, 187]",26-35 26-37 26-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-290,26,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-291,26,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-3-1,26,3,1,3-1,,1545[71],26-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-30-7,26,30,7,30-7,,,26-38,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-800080.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-30-4,26,30,4,30-4,,,26-39,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-800080.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-308-1,26,308,1,308-1,,1545[12ff],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +26-309-3,26,309,3,309-3,About 50% of the population of Hawai'i are native speakers.,1545[12],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +26-31-2,26,31,2,31-2,,1545[48],26-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-310-4,26,310,4,310-4,,1545[12ff],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +26-311-2,26,311,2,311-2,"While there are awareness programmes that have raised and are raising the acceptance of Hawai'i Creole, which is leading to its use in a number of official domains, my impression is that it is rare for adults who might have acquired Hawai'i Creole as a L2 to go on using it as their primary language.",817[-],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-312-2,26,312,2,312-2,"Due to its still rather stigmatized status, some speakers might strive to replace their native Hawai'i Creole with Standard English, and to try to have their children acquire Standard English instead of Hawai'i Creole. However, awareness programmes are raising the status of the language.",1314[18f],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +26-313-5,26,313,5,313-5,"There are about 600,000 speakers on the Islands of Hawai'i plus about 100,000 speakers on the US Mainland.",817[-],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +26-314-3,26,314,3,314-3,"Due to its still rather stigmatized status, there might be a slight predominace for females to prefer Standard English over Hawai'i Creole.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +26-315-3,26,315,3,315-3,The vast majority of news programmes are in Standard English.,1314,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +26-316-1,26,316,1,316-1,"The more local the programme, the more likely it is that callers will feel comfortable using Hawai'i Creole.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-317-2,26,317,2,317-2,Music tends to be either in Standard English or Hawaiian.,817[-],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +26-318-1,26,318,1,318-1,"""Widerspread"" is maybe somewhat too strong, but the body of written literary works, poetry and drama has been steadily growing for the last several decades.",1314[19];817[-],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-319-2,26,319,2,319-2,"While there might be some editorials in Hawai'i Creole on a local level, it would rather be the exception than the norm.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +26-32-2,26,32,2,32-2,,1545[23],26-40 26-41 26-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork recording +26-320-1,26,320,1,320-1,Hawai'i Creole is used in cartoons and humorous items especially.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-321-1,26,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-322-2,26,322,2,322-2,"The use is a bit more than ""limited"" but not quite ""widespread"".",817[-],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-323-3,26,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +26-324-2,26,324,2,324-2,"Standard English is the preferred medium of instruction. However, with awareness programmes, the idea of allowing Hawai'i Creole into the classrooms is growing.",817;333[-],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +26-325-1,26,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-326-1,26,326,1,326-1,,1545[12ff],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-327-1,26,327,1,327-1,"I am not certain whether the variation in various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1315[736],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-328-2,26,328,2,328-2,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1315[742],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-329-2,26,329,2,329-2,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1314[14ff],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-33-2,26,33,2,33-2,,"1545[48, 64]",26-43 26-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +26-330-1,26,330,1,330-1,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1315[736],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-331-2,26,331,2,331-2,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1315[742],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-332-2,26,332,2,332-2,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1314[19f],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-333-1,26,333,1,333-1,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social or geographical factors.",1315[736],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-334-2,26,334,2,334-2,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1315[742],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-335-2,26,335,2,335-2,"I am not certain whether the variation is various lects (basi-, meso- and acro-) are due to social, urban/rural or geographical factors.",1314[19f],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-34-1,26,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork recording +26-35-7,26,35,7,35-7,,96,26-138 26-139 26-35 26-44 26-45 26-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +26-36-1,26,36,1,36-1,,1545[71],26-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-37-1,26,37,1,37-1,,1545[72],26-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-38-2,26,38,2,38-2,,1545[48],26-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +26-39-4,26,39,4,39-4,,,26-48 26-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-4-2,26,4,2,4-2,,1545[85],26-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +26-40-1,26,40,1,40-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork recording; Own knowledge +26-41-1,26,41,1,41-1,"This can be either a marked or an unmarked adjective: both 'bigger' and 'more big' occurs, but it seems to me that the former might be somewhat more common.",1545[173],26-50 26-52 26-53,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork recording; Own knowledge +26-41-2,26,41,2,41-2,"This can be either a marked or an unmarked adjective: both 'bigger' and 'more big' occurs, but it seems to me that the former might be somewhat more common.",1545[173],26-51,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork recording; Own knowledge +26-42-2,26,42,2,42-2,,,26-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own fieldwork recording +26-43-1,26,43,1,43-1,,1545[64],26-14 26-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-44-8,26,44,8,44-8,"My database does not have any instances of mood+tense+aspect, though it might be too strong to say that the lg does not allow the combination. If, in theory, all three would combine, it would be MOOD+TENSE+ASPECT.",1545[76];96,26-2 26-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-45-3,26,45,3,45-3,,1545[61],26-33 26-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-46-1,26,46,1,46-1,"Depending on focus, Progressive can be modified with a particle (stɛ); the resulting construction is also a type of Progressive. Nothing can intervene.","1545[90, 23]",26-40 26-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +26-47-2,26,47,2,47-2,,1545[90],26-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-48-2,26,48,2,48-2,An overt Habitual marker only exists for Past Habitual. Present habitual is expressed by the unmarked verb.,1545[35],26-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-49-3,26,49,3,49-3,,"1545[48, 72, 47, 90, 96]",26-18 26-3 26-56 26-58 26-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-5-1,26,5,1,5-1,,1545[48],26-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-50-3,26,50,3,50-3,"Negative clauses behave in the same way as affirmative clauses in all instances except for the past tense, for which there is a specific negative past marker nɛva, which does not carry any aspectual meaning (i.e. it is not a perfective marker). It only combines with the base form of the verb; in my database of more than 400,000 words (written and spoken Hawai'i Creole) neither no nor nɛva combines with either wɛn (PST.PFV) or the inflected past (Velupillai 2003: 54f, 79f). Thus the aspectual dichotomy IPFV versus PFV found in past affirmative clauses is cancelled out in past negative clauses.","1545[54, 23, 165, 177]",26-60 26-61 26-62 26-63 26-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-51-1,26,51,1,51-1,,"1545[119, 57]",26-14 26-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +26-52-1,26,52,1,52-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +26-53-1,26,53,1,53-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +26-54-2,26,54,2,54-2,The copula in Hawai'i Creole behaves like in English: 'is' vs. 'was'.,"1545[72, 103]",26-16 26-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-55-2,26,55,2,55-2,,"1545[47, 129, 128]",26-65 26-66 26-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +26-56-1,26,56,1,56-1,,"1545[93, 23]",26-61 26-68 26-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +26-57-1,26,57,1,57-1,,1545[57],26-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-58-1,26,58,1,58-1,,1545[57],26-20 26-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork recording +26-59-2,26,59,2,59-2,,"1545[47, 169, 53]",26-18 26-70 26-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +26-6-1,26,6,1,6-1,,1545[52],26-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-60-1,26,60,1,60-1,,"1545[76, 64]",26-14 26-72 26-75,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own fieldwork recording +26-60-2,26,60,2,60-2,,"1545[76, 64]",26-43 26-73 26-74,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own fieldwork recording +26-61-2,26,61,2,61-2,,,26-75,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-61-1,26,61,1,61-1,,,26-74,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-62-1,26,62,1,62-1,,1545[76],26-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-63-2,26,63,2,63-2,,,26-76 26-77,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-64-2,26,64,2,64-2,,1545[163],26-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +26-65-4,26,65,4,65-4,,1545[119],26-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-66-1,26,66,1,66-1,'Headache' is likely to be constructed like 'stomachache'.,,26-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-67-1,26,67,1,67-1,,1545[119],26-19 26-5,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-68-2,26,68,2,68-2,"'He is afraid' would, in the past, be he was skɛd, and, in the future, be he gon be skɛd.",1545[169],26-81 26-82,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge; Own fieldwork recording +26-69-1,26,69,1,69-1,,,26-84 26-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-7-1,26,7,1,7-1,,1545[176],26-10 26-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-70-1,26,70,1,70-1,,1545[179],26-4 26-85,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork recording +26-71-2,26,71,2,71-2,The conjunction can sometimes be omitted.,"1545[179, 116]",26-26 26-4 26-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork recording +26-72-1,26,72,1,72-1,"The conjunction can sometimes be dropped, see Examples 86 and 88.","1545[188, 116]",26-86 26-87 26-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +26-73-2,26,73,2,73-2,,,26-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +26-74-3,26,74,3,74-3,The zero copula occurs in present tense only.,1545[47],26-65 26-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-75-1,26,75,1,75-1,,"1545[93, 23]",26-68 26-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +26-76-2,26,76,2,76-2,,1545[23],26-89 26-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +26-77-1,26,77,1,77-1,,1545[58],26-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +26-78-1,26,78,1,78-1,,1545[163],26-22 26-76 26-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-79-1,26,79,1,79-1,,"1545[51,]",26-93,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-79-2,26,79,2,79-2,,"1545[51,]",26-94,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +26-8-1,26,8,1,8-1,,1545[66],26-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +26-80-2,26,80,2,80-2,,1545[66],26-95 26-96,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-81-2,26,81,2,81-2,,1545[85],26-8 26-91 26-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-82-1,26,82,1,82-1,,"1545[48, 185]",26-3 26-98,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +26-82-2,26,82,2,82-2,,"1545[48, 185]",26-63 26-97 26-98,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +26-83-1,26,83,1,83-1,,,26-98 26-99,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork recording; Own knowledge +26-84-3,26,84,3,84-3,,1545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge; Own fieldwork recording +26-85-1,26,85,1,85-1,,1545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-86-5,26,86,5,86-5,,1545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-87-3,26,87,3,87-3,,1545[97],26-100,90.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFFFF-90-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +26-87-1,26,87,1,87-1,,1545[97],26-31,10.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFFFF-90-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +26-88-2,26,88,2,88-2,But compare Feature 87: The minority of reflexives are identical to the intensifier.,1545[97],26-100 26-101,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +26-89-2,26,89,2,89-2,,1545[97],26-100 26-102 26-31,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +26-9-1,26,9,1,9-1,,1545,26-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +26-90-1,26,90,1,90-1,"The passive construction is not generally used, even though it is possible; speakers seem to tend to avoid prototypical passive constructions.",,26-103,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +26-91-8,26,91,8,91-8,,1545,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +26-92-2,26,92,2,92-2,,1545[176],26-10,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +26-93-4,26,93,4,93-4,,"1545[46, 182]",26-141,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +26-93-2,26,93,2,93-2,,"1545[46, 182]",26-11,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +26-94-4,26,94,4,94-4,,,26-105 26-107,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +26-94-2,26,94,2,94-2,,,26-106,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +26-95-3,26,95,3,95-3,,"1545[103, 116, 117]",26-109,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-95-4,26,95,4,95-4,,"1545[103, 116, 117]",26-108 26-109 26-30,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-96-4,26,96,4,96-4,,1545[103],26-16,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-97-1,26,97,1,97-1,,1545[132],26-110 26-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork recording +26-98-5,26,98,5,98-5,,1635[41-2],26-111 26-112 26-22 26-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +26-99-2,26,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork recording +27-0-7,27,0,7,0-7,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +27-1-2,27,1,2,1-2,,1450[137],27-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-10-1,27,10,1,10-1,,355[16],27-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +27-100-4,27,100,4,100-4,,1450[135],27-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-101-1,27,101,1,101-1,,1450[136],27-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-102-1,27,102,1,102-1,,355[61],27-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-103-7,27,103,7,103-7,,1450[219],27-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +27-104-1,27,104,1,104-1,,355[53],27-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-105-1,27,105,1,105-1,,355[63],27-130,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-106-2,27,106,2,106-2,,355[11-68],27-131,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +27-106-3,27,106,3,106-3,,355[11-68],27-132,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +27-107-7,27,107,7,107-7,,355[11-68],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-109-2,27,109,2,109-2,,355[11-68],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-110-2,27,110,2,110-2,,355[11-68],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-112-2,27,112,2,112-2,,"355[21, 78, 83]",27-133 27-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-113-2,27,113,2,113-2,,"355[80, 103]",27-135 27-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-115-2,27,115,2,115-2,,355[44],27-137 27-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-116-2,27,116,2,116-2,,"355[74, 83]",27-139 27-140,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-117-1,27,117,1,117-1,,1450[119],27-141,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-118-3,27,118,3,118-3,,"355[21, 57, 103]",27-142 27-143 27-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-119-3,27,119,3,119-3,,355[11-68],27-145 27-146 27-147,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-12-1,27,12,1,12-1,,355[21],27-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-120-1,27,120,1,120-1,,1450[79],,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-121-3,27,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-122-3,27,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-123-2,27,123,2,123-2,,,27-162,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +27-124-1,27,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-125-2,27,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +27-126-1,27,126,1,126-1,,,27-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-127-6,27,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-128-4,27,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-129-2,27,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-13-1,27,13,1,13-1,,355[11],27-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +27-130-1,27,130,1,130-1,,,27-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-131,27,131,1,131-1,,,27-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-132,27,132,1,132-1,,,27-152,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-133,27,133,1,133-1,,,27-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-134,27,134,1,134-1,,,27-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-137,27,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-138,27,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-139,27,139,2,139-2,,,27-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +27-14-1,27,14,1,14-1,,355[11-68],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-140,27,140,1,140-1,,,27-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-143,27,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-144,27,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-145,27,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-146,27,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-147,27,147,1,147-1,,,27-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-148,27,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-149,27,149,1,149-1,,,27-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-15-1,27,15,1,15-1,,355[95],27-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +27-151,27,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-152,27,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-153,27,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-155,27,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-156,27,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-158,27,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-159,27,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-16-1,27,16,1,16-1,,"355[70, 86, 93, 95, 99]",27-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-160,27,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-161,27,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-163,27,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-168,27,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-169,27,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-17-1,27,17,1,17-1,,355[11-107],27-16 27-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-170,27,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-171,27,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-172,27,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-173,27,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-174,27,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-176,27,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-178,27,178,1,178-1,,,27-169,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-179,27,179,1,179-1,,,27-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-18-1,27,18,1,18-1,,355[58],27-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-180,27,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-181,27,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-182,27,182,1,182-1,,,27-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-183,27,183,1,183-1,,,27-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-184,27,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-187,27,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-188,27,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-189,27,189,1,189-1,,,27-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-19-3,27,19,3,19-3,"Waple 'where' and wa-tit 'when' are clearly compound forms. On the basis of De Josselin de Jong (1926) I could not find out the words for 'when'. Magens (2008) does give words for 'when', so I used these, even though they are roughly 150 years older forms, because the words Magens (1770) gives for 'how', 'where' and 'who' practically didn't differ from the 1926 forms either.",355[106];872[43],27-19 27-20 27-21 27-22,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +27-190,27,190,1,190-1,,,27-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-191,27,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-192,27,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-193,27,193,1,193-1,,,27-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-194,27,194,1,194-1,,,27-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-195,27,195,1,195-1,,,27-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-196,27,196,2,196-2,,,27-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +27-199,27,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-2-1,27,2,1,2-1,The possessor follows the possessum when it is inanimate.,"355[11, 16]",27-2,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +27-2-2,27,2,2,2-2,The possessor follows the possessum when it is inanimate.,"355[11, 16]",27-3,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +27-200,27,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-201,27,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-202,27,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-205,27,205,1,205-1,,,27-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-209,27,209,1,209-1,,,27-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-21-2,27,21,2,21-2,,355[11-68],27-23 27-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-212,27,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-217,27,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-218,27,218,1,218-1,,,27-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-22-4,27,22,4,22-4,,1450[122],27-25 27-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +27-221,27,221,1,221-1,,,27-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-222,27,222,4,222-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-23-8,27,23,8,23-8,,1450[122],27-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +27-231,27,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-24-1,27,24,1,24-1,"The example given of an associative plural is from a variety of Negerhollands at least 150 years older than the other examples, but the use of an associative plural in the texts of De Josselin de Jong (1926), though argued by den Besten (2008: 40–41), has not yet been indisputably established.",375[40-41],27-28 27-29,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-25-2,27,25,2,25-2,"De Josselin de Jong (1926) cites the following forms of the 3PL pronoun/nominal plural marker, which appear to be all allomorphs of the same morpheme: sendr, senr, sinr, sen@, sin@, seni, sini, sinu, zin@, si, se & sa.",355[99],27-12 27-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +27-252,27,252,1,252-1,,,27-157,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-253,27,253,1,253-1,,,27-155,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-254,27,254,1,254-1,This sound occurs only in a limited number of words.,,27-163,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-255,27,255,3,255-3,,,27-167,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +27-256,27,256,1,256-1,,,27-153,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-257,27,257,1,257-1,,,27-159,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-258,27,258,1,258-1,,,27-158,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-259,27,259,2,259-2,,,27-164,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +27-26-1,27,26,1,26-1,,355,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-260,27,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-261,27,261,1,261-1,,,27-160,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-263,27,263,2,263-2,,,27-156,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +27-264,27,264,1,264-1,This is a marginal segment; it appears in only three words.,,27-161,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-267,27,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-268,27,268,2,268-2,,,27-162,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +27-27-2,27,27,2,27-2,,355[22],27-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-272,27,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-273,27,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-274,27,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-275,27,275,1,275-1,,,27-154,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-276,27,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-277,27,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-278,27,278,1,278-1,,,27-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-279,27,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-28-2,27,28,2,28-2,"Note that in the examples I have glossed the unaccented form of the demonstrative with reduced vowel as definite article, because the unaccented form with reduced vowel cannot really function as a demonstrative. Still, there does not seem to be a systematic difference between a definite article and a demonstrative (the definite article does not necessarily have a reduced vowel).",355[16],27-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-280,27,280,1,280-1,,,27-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +27-281,27,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-282,27,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-284,27,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-285,27,285,2,285-2,,,27-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +27-286,27,286,2,286-2,,,27-166,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +27-287,27,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-288,27,288,2,288-2,,,27-172,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +27-289,27,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-29-2,27,29,2,29-2,,"355[16, 17]",27-32 27-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-290,27,290,2,290-2,,,27-165,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +27-291,27,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-3-1,27,3,1,3-1,,355[63],27-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-30-4,27,30,4,30-4,,355[32],27-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +27-308-7,27,308,7,308-7,The main lexifier language was (18th-century) Zealandic Dutch. Zealand ('Zeeland') is a south-western province of the Netherlands.,"1531[20, 21]",,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +27-309-4,27,309,4,309-4,The data of De Josselin de Jong was collected in 1923. All his informants then were at least 60 years old (Van Rossem & Van der Voort 1996) and only this generation still consisted mainly of native speakers.,"1531[32, 33];355[7]",,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +27-31-3,27,31,3,31-3,The prenominal article/demonstrative di is often accompanied by a postnominal deictic adverb (da 'there').,"355[19, 32, 57, 60, 75]",27-34,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +27-310-4,27,310,4,310-4,,355[1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +27-311-3,27,311,3,311-3,The language is extinct now.,1531[33],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-312-4,27,312,4,312-4,The language is extinct.,1531[33],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +27-313-1,27,313,1,313-1,The language is extinct.,1531[33],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-314-3,27,314,3,314-3,"In 1881 Erik Pontopiddan wrote that Negerhollands had almost completely disappeared from the island of St. Croix (Virgin Islands), but that on St. Thomas (Virgin Islands) ""only sporadically elderly women"" were to be found who could still speak the language. Then he mentions that on the small island of St. Jan (Virgin Islands) Negerhollands ""is mother- and daily tongue of the older generation"" (Van Rossem & Van der Voort 1996). From this I conclude that the language was not exclusively or predominantly used by only one gender group. De Josselin de Jong does not give any mention about this either.","355[7, 8];1531[32]",,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-315-3,27,315,3,315-3,"Although in the era of radio and TV there were still a handful of speakers of Negerhollands, the language was so marginal, very probably restricted to the private sphere, that it is very unlikely to have ever been used on radio or TV.",1531[33],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-316-3,27,316,3,316-3,"Although in the era of radio and TV there were still a handful of speakers of Negerhollands, the language was so marginal then, very probably restricted to the private sphere, that it is very unlikely to have ever been used on radio or TV.",1531[33],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-317-2,27,317,2,317-2,There were certain songs in Negerhollands sung only at birth feasts and funeral ceremonies.,355[6],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +27-318-3,27,318,3,318-3,"Especially in the 18th century many religious texts were published in Negerhollands (including the Bible), but they were all translations. No original works in Negerhollands were published.","1531[30, 32]",,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-319-3,27,319,3,319-3,"The language was only marginal and spoken only in remote rural areas at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. After the first half of the 19th century, there were no more printed texts in Negerhollands.","1531[32, 33]",,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-32-1,27,32,1,32-1,,"355[56, 60]",27-34 27-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-320-3,27,320,3,320-3,"The language was only marginal and spoken only in remote rural areas at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. After the first half of the 19th century, there have been no more printed texts in Negerhollands.","1531[32, 33]",,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 27-321-3,27,321,3,321-3,"I am very certain Negerhollands was not used in a formal setting such as in a post office or a bank, for it was still only spoken in rural areas in the 20th century, and only by the lower class (Van Rossem & Van der Voort 1996: 32, 33, 42). -There was only one public context were it certainly was used (at least in the 19th century): the church (Van Rossem & Van der Voort 1996: 32).","1531[32, 33, 42]",,100.0,Very certain -27-322-3,27,322,3,322-3,"In the 20th century, Negerhollands was still only spoken by the lower class, the descendants of the slaves. It was certainly not spoken in court.",1531[42],,100.0,Very certain -27-323-4,27,323,4,323-4,"I am not completely sure whether or not there was a parliament in the Virgin Islands. They were under the rule of the Danish King until 1917, so I doubt that they would have their own parliament at that time. In any case, Negerhollands was not spoken there, even if there was one, for in the 20th century it was only still spoken by the lower class, the descendants of the slaves.","1531[32, 33, 42]",,100.0,Certain -27-324-3,27,324,3,324-3,"The language was spoken mainly on plantations and only weakly represented in the towns. By the end of the 19th century, it was only still spoken in more remote rural places on the island of St. Thomas (Virgin Islands), and it was spoken on the small and somewhat neglected island of St. John (Virgin Islands) (Van Rossem & Van der Voort 1996). It does not seem to have been used on schools.",1531[32],,100.0,Very certain -27-325-4,27,325,4,325-4,"The last speaker, who had not used the language for a very long time, died in 1987.",1531[33],,100.0,Very certain -27-326-2,27,326,2,326-2,"English is the dominant language in the areas where Negerhollands was spoken in the 20th century. It is also the language the younger generations speak, who do not speak Negerhollands, or they speak a Negerhollands containing many English words (van Rossem & van der Voort 1996: 33). Lots of English words also appear in the lexicon of the older generation, who speak an a bit older and purer Negerhollands.",1531[33],,100.0,Certain -27-33-2,27,33,2,33-2,"'That house’ can only be rendered by di hus da, lit. 'the house there’; di hus without da means ‘the house’ and not ‘that house’.","355[19, 30, 60, 75]",27-36 27-6,100.0,Very certain -27-330-4,27,330,4,330-4,"In the 20th century, the language was only still spoken by old people in rural areas.",1531[33],,100.0,Very certain -27-331-4,27,331,4,331-4,"In the 20th century, the language was only still spoken by old people in rural areas.",1531[33],,100.0,Very certain -27-332-4,27,332,4,332-4,"In the 20th century, the language was only still spoken by old people in rural areas.",1531[33],,100.0,Very certain -27-333-4,27,333,4,333-4,"Though it is very probable that Negerhollands was a very variable language in the 18th century, it was only still spoken by the lower class, the descendants of the slaves, in the 20th century.",1531[42],,100.0,Very certain -27-334-4,27,334,4,334-4,"Though it is very probable that Negerhollands was a very variable language in the 18th century, it was only still spoken by the lower class, the descendants of the slaves, in the 20th century.",1531[42],,100.0,Very certain -27-335-4,27,335,4,335-4,"Though it is very probable that Negerhollands was a very variable language in the 18th century, it was only still spoken by the lower class, the descendants of the slaves, in the 20th century.",1531[42],,100.0,Very certain -27-35-6,27,35,6,35-6,,355[22],27-30 27-37 27-38 27-39,100.0,Very certain -27-36-1,27,36,1,36-1,,355[17],27-40,100.0,Very certain -27-37-1,27,37,1,37-1,,1450[126],27-41,53.8461538461538,Very certain -27-37-6,27,37,6,37-6,,1450[126],27-42,23.0769230769231,Very certain -27-37-5,27,37,5,37-5,,1450[126],27-43,23.0769230769231,Very certain -27-38-4,27,38,4,38-4,,1450[126],27-2,33.3333333333333,Very certain -27-38-1,27,38,1,38-1,,1450[126],27-45,33.3333333333333,Very certain -27-38-2,27,38,2,38-2,,1450[126],27-44,33.3333333333333,Very certain -27-39-1,27,39,1,39-1,"There is only one construction for the independent pronominal possessor, exemplified in Example 46. The independent pronominal possessor is identical to one type of dependent pronominal possessor. However, there is also another type of dependent pronominal possessor, which is more frequent, and which is not identical to the independent pronominal possessor.",1450[126],27-43 27-46,100.0,Very certain -27-4-2,27,4,2,4-2,,355[14],27-5,100.0,Very certain -27-40-1,27,40,1,40-1,,"355[18,19]",27-48 27-49,100.0,Very certain -27-41-1,27,41,1,41-1,,1450[143],27-50,100.0,Very certain -27-42-2,27,42,2,42-2,,1450[143],27-50,100.0,Very certain -27-43-1,27,43,1,43-1,,1526[71-73],27-51,100.0,Very certain -27-44-8,27,44,8,44-8,,1450[173-174],,100.0,Certain -27-45-3,27,45,3,45-3,,1526[71-73],27-52,100.0,Very certain -27-46-2,27,46,2,46-2,,1526[75],27-53,100.0,Certain -27-47-8,27,47,8,47-8,,1450[179],27-54 27-55 27-56 27-57,100.0,Very certain -27-48-2,27,48,2,48-2,,"1526[75, 76];1450[179]",27-58,90.0,Very certain -27-48-8,27,48,8,48-8,,"1526[75, 76];1450[179]",27-54 27-56 27-59,10.0,Very certain -27-49-3,27,49,3,49-3,,"1450[159,184]",27-150 27-60 27-78,100.0,Very certain +There was only one public context were it certainly was used (at least in the 19th century): the church (Van Rossem & Van der Voort 1996: 32).","1531[32, 33, 42]",,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-322-3,27,322,3,322-3,"In the 20th century, Negerhollands was still only spoken by the lower class, the descendants of the slaves. It was certainly not spoken in court.",1531[42],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-323-4,27,323,4,323-4,"I am not completely sure whether or not there was a parliament in the Virgin Islands. They were under the rule of the Danish King until 1917, so I doubt that they would have their own parliament at that time. In any case, Negerhollands was not spoken there, even if there was one, for in the 20th century it was only still spoken by the lower class, the descendants of the slaves.","1531[32, 33, 42]",,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +27-324-3,27,324,3,324-3,"The language was spoken mainly on plantations and only weakly represented in the towns. By the end of the 19th century, it was only still spoken in more remote rural places on the island of St. Thomas (Virgin Islands), and it was spoken on the small and somewhat neglected island of St. John (Virgin Islands) (Van Rossem & Van der Voort 1996). It does not seem to have been used on schools.",1531[32],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-325-4,27,325,4,325-4,"The last speaker, who had not used the language for a very long time, died in 1987.",1531[33],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +27-326-2,27,326,2,326-2,"English is the dominant language in the areas where Negerhollands was spoken in the 20th century. It is also the language the younger generations speak, who do not speak Negerhollands, or they speak a Negerhollands containing many English words (van Rossem & van der Voort 1996: 33). Lots of English words also appear in the lexicon of the older generation, who speak an a bit older and purer Negerhollands.",1531[33],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +27-33-2,27,33,2,33-2,"'That house’ can only be rendered by di hus da, lit. 'the house there’; di hus without da means ‘the house’ and not ‘that house’.","355[19, 30, 60, 75]",27-36 27-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-330-4,27,330,4,330-4,"In the 20th century, the language was only still spoken by old people in rural areas.",1531[33],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +27-331-4,27,331,4,331-4,"In the 20th century, the language was only still spoken by old people in rural areas.",1531[33],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +27-332-4,27,332,4,332-4,"In the 20th century, the language was only still spoken by old people in rural areas.",1531[33],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +27-333-4,27,333,4,333-4,"Though it is very probable that Negerhollands was a very variable language in the 18th century, it was only still spoken by the lower class, the descendants of the slaves, in the 20th century.",1531[42],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +27-334-4,27,334,4,334-4,"Though it is very probable that Negerhollands was a very variable language in the 18th century, it was only still spoken by the lower class, the descendants of the slaves, in the 20th century.",1531[42],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +27-335-4,27,335,4,335-4,"Though it is very probable that Negerhollands was a very variable language in the 18th century, it was only still spoken by the lower class, the descendants of the slaves, in the 20th century.",1531[42],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +27-35-6,27,35,6,35-6,,355[22],27-30 27-37 27-38 27-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +27-36-1,27,36,1,36-1,,355[17],27-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-37-1,27,37,1,37-1,,1450[126],27-41,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFB6C1-24-ADD8E6.png""}", +27-37-6,27,37,6,37-6,,1450[126],27-42,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFB6C1-24-ADD8E6.png""}", +27-37-5,27,37,5,37-5,,1450[126],27-43,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFB6C1-24-ADD8E6.png""}", +27-38-4,27,38,4,38-4,,1450[126],27-2,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF-34-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +27-38-1,27,38,1,38-1,,1450[126],27-45,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF-34-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +27-38-2,27,38,2,38-2,,1450[126],27-44,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF-34-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +27-39-1,27,39,1,39-1,"There is only one construction for the independent pronominal possessor, exemplified in Example 46. The independent pronominal possessor is identical to one type of dependent pronominal possessor. However, there is also another type of dependent pronominal possessor, which is more frequent, and which is not identical to the independent pronominal possessor.",1450[126],27-43 27-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +27-4-2,27,4,2,4-2,,355[14],27-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-40-1,27,40,1,40-1,,"355[18,19]",27-48 27-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-41-1,27,41,1,41-1,,1450[143],27-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-42-2,27,42,2,42-2,,1450[143],27-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +27-43-1,27,43,1,43-1,,1526[71-73],27-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-44-8,27,44,8,44-8,,1450[173-174],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-45-3,27,45,3,45-3,,1526[71-73],27-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-46-2,27,46,2,46-2,,1526[75],27-53,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +27-47-8,27,47,8,47-8,,1450[179],27-54 27-55 27-56 27-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +27-48-2,27,48,2,48-2,,"1526[75, 76];1450[179]",27-58,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-964B00.png""}", +27-48-8,27,48,8,48-8,,"1526[75, 76];1450[179]",27-54 27-56 27-59,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-964B00.png""}", +27-49-3,27,49,3,49-3,,"1450[159,184]",27-150 27-60 27-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 27-5-1,27,5,1,5-1,"The spatial adverbs are the only available demonstratives in Negerhollands, as in Papiamentu, where ‘that house’ can only be rendered by di hus da, lit. 'the house there’; di hus without da means ‘the house’ and not ‘that house’. -In Negerhollands the noun is preceded by the determiner di. The spatial adverbs hi(so) ('here') and da: ('there') can either precede or follow the determiner plus noun.",1450[131],27-6,50.0,Very certain +In Negerhollands the noun is preceded by the determiner di. The spatial adverbs hi(so) ('here') and da: ('there') can either precede or follow the determiner plus noun.",1450[131],27-6,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", 27-5-2,27,5,2,5-2,"The spatial adverbs are the only available demonstratives in Negerhollands, as in Papiamentu, where ‘that house’ can only be rendered by di hus da, lit. 'the house there’; di hus without da means ‘the house’ and not ‘that house’. -In Negerhollands the noun is preceded by the determiner di. The spatial adverbs hi(so) ('here') and da: ('there') can either precede or follow the determiner plus noun.",1450[131],27-7,50.0,Very certain -27-50-1,27,50,1,50-1,,"355[20, 55]",27-61 27-62,100.0,Very certain -27-51-1,27,51,1,51-1,,"355[23, 63]",27-12 27-123,100.0,Very certain -27-54-2,27,54,2,54-2,,1526[72],27-65,100.0,Certain -27-55-1,27,55,1,55-1,,,27-148 27-149,100.0,Unspecified -27-56-1,27,56,1,56-1,,355[11-68],27-67 27-68 27-69,100.0,Very certain -27-57-1,27,57,1,57-1,,1450[129],27-70,100.0,Very certain -27-58-1,27,58,1,58-1,,1450[129],27-71 27-72,100.0,Very certain -27-59-1,27,59,1,59-1,,355[11-68],27-73 27-74,100.0,Very certain -27-6-1,27,6,1,6-1,,355[15],27-8,100.0,Very certain -27-60-2,27,60,2,60-2,,355[11-68],27-1 27-75,70.0,Very certain -27-60-1,27,60,1,60-1,,355[11-68],27-1 27-76,30.0,Very certain -27-61-1,27,61,1,61-1,,355[11-68],27-77,70.0,Very certain -27-61-2,27,61,2,61-2,,355[11-68],27-76,30.0,Very certain -27-62-1,27,62,1,62-1,,355[11-68],27-78,100.0,Very certain -27-64-2,27,64,2,64-2,,1450[159],27-79,30.0,Very certain -27-64-1,27,64,1,64-1,,1450[159],27-80,70.0,Very certain -27-65-1,27,65,1,65-1,,355[56],27-81,100.0,Certain -27-66-1,27,66,1,66-1,,355[66],27-82,100.0,Very certain -27-67-1,27,67,1,67-1,,355[22],27-83,100.0,Very certain -27-68-1,27,68,1,68-1,,355[50],27-84,100.0,Very certain -27-69-1,27,69,1,69-1,,355[11-68],27-85,100.0,Very certain -27-7-1,27,7,1,7-1,,355[58],27-9,100.0,Very certain -27-70-1,27,70,1,70-1,,355[11-68],27-85 27-86,100.0,Very certain -27-71-3,27,71,3,71-3,,355[11-68],27-86 27-87,100.0,Very certain -27-72-1,27,72,1,72-1,,"355[13, 42, 59]",27-88 27-89 27-90,100.0,Certain -27-73-3,27,73,3,73-3,,"1450[152,153]",27-151 27-91 27-92,100.0,Very certain -27-74-3,27,74,3,74-3,Stolz (1986: 152) mentions nine occurences of a zero copula with a predicative adjective in a total of 122 sentences with a predicative adjective.,1450[152],27-93 27-94,100.0,Very certain -27-75-3,27,75,3,75-3,,1450[152],27-95 27-96,100.0,Very certain -27-76-3,27,76,3,76-3,"The copula a can be used for predicative noun phrases, but not for predicative locative phrases, while the copula we:s can be used both for predicative noun and locative phrases (Stolz 1986: 152).",1450[152],27-92 27-97 27-98,100.0,Very certain -27-77-1,27,77,1,77-1,,355[11-68],27-99,100.0,Very certain -27-78-1,27,78,1,78-1,,1450[159],27-100 27-101,100.0,Very certain -27-79-2,27,79,2,79-2,,355[16],27-104,100.0,Very certain -27-8-1,27,8,1,8-1,,355[52],27-10,100.0,Very certain -27-80-2,27,80,2,80-2,,"355[11, 31]",27-103 27-105,100.0,Very certain -27-81-2,27,81,2,81-2,,"355[11, 58]",27-102 27-103 27-104,100.0,Very certain -27-82-2,27,82,2,82-2,,"355[18, 21]",27-106 27-107,100.0,Very certain -27-83-1,27,83,1,83-1,,355[18],27-106 27-108,100.0,Very certain -27-84-2,27,84,2,84-2,,1450[216],27-109,100.0,Very certain -27-85-1,27,85,1,85-1,,355[11-68],,100.0,Certain -27-86-2,27,86,2,86-2,,355[11-68],27-111 27-58,100.0,Very certain -27-87-3,27,87,3,87-3,,355[11-68],27-112,90.0,Very certain -27-87-1,27,87,1,87-1,,355[11-68],27-113,10.0,Certain -27-88-1,27,88,1,88-1,,355[11-68],27-112 27-114,100.0,Very certain -27-9-1,27,9,1,9-1,,355[16],27-11,100.0,Very certain -27-90-3,27,90,3,90-3,,1450[199],27-36,100.0,Very certain -27-91-8,27,91,8,91-8,,355[11-68],,100.0,Very certain -27-92-2,27,92,2,92-2,,1450[227],27-115,70.0,Very certain -27-92-4,27,92,4,92-4,,1450[227],27-116,30.0,Certain -27-93-2,27,93,2,93-2,,1450[227],27-117,100.0,Certain -27-95-3,27,95,3,95-3,,355[11-68],27-119,9.09090909090909,Very certain -27-95-1,27,95,1,95-1,,355[11-68],27-120,9.09090909090909,Very certain -27-95-4,27,95,4,95-4,,355[11-68],27-118,81.8181818181818,Very certain -27-96-4,27,96,4,96-4,,355[11-68],27-121,90.0,Very certain -27-96-1,27,96,1,96-1,,355[11-68],27-122,10.0,Very certain -27-97-1,27,97,1,97-1,,355[11-68],27-123,100.0,Very certain -27-98-5,27,98,5,98-5,,1450[194],27-124 27-61,100.0,Certain -27-99-2,27,99,2,99-2,,1450[221],,100.0,Certain -28-0-7,28,0,7,0-7,,,,100.0, -28-1-2,28,1,2,1-2,,737[33-35];736,28-1 28-2,100.0,Very certain -28-10-1,28,10,1,10-1,,737[151-155];749;750[44],28-21 28-22,100.0,Very certain -28-100-4,28,100,4,100-4,"Berbice Dutch Creole standard negation takes the form of an enclitic morpheme in clause-final position. Note that its enclitic status is purely phonological rather than syntactic. Its short form, which is most frequently used, is ka. Its long form, less frequently used, is kanɛ.",737[85-100];738;743;750[37-8],28-173 28-174,100.0,Very certain -28-101-3,28,101,3,101-3,"Standard negation is clause-final. Where the main verb takes a complement clause, absolute clause-final position is frequently ambiguous, as illustrated here. Such cases may be disambiguated in one of two ways: First, by the presence of perfective aspect. Because of its unacceptability under negation, its presence signals a failure of negation to scope over the proposition that contains it. Second, right-dislocation of an embedded proposition places it overtly outside the scope of negation.",737[85-100];738,28-175 28-176 28-177,100.0,Very certain -28-102-1,28,102,1,102-1,"Indefinite pronouns and other indefinite quantifiers within the scope of negation usually attract negation, but both occasional spontaneous usage and elicited judgements show that indefinites may be referential under negation.",738;737[91-96],28-178 28-179,100.0,Very certain -28-103-7,28,103,7,103-7,,737[34-5];750[50],28-180,100.0,Very certain -28-104-1,28,104,1,104-1,"Focus of nominals is optionally introduced by a highlighter da (homophonous with the equative copula). With da present, the right edge is optionally marked by focus marker sa/so. The background clause is never introduced by a subordinating element, suggesting that it does not have the status of a relative clause.",737[423-436];750[41-2],28-118 28-181 28-35 28-7,70.0,Very certain -28-104-8,28,104,8,104-8,"Focus of nominals is optionally introduced by a highlighter da (homophonous with the equative copula). With da present, the right edge is optionally marked by focus marker sa/so. The background clause is never introduced by a subordinating element, suggesting that it does not have the status of a relative clause.",737[423-436];750[41-2],28-182 28-183,30.0,Very certain -28-105-1,28,105,1,105-1,"Similarly to focus of nominals, a focused verb is optionally introduced by a highlighter (copula da), and/or optionally followed by a focus marker (sa/so).",737[436-447];750[39-40],28-184 28-185,100.0,Very certain -28-106-2,28,106,2,106-2,,,28-186 28-34,100.0,Very certain -28-107-7,28,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-108-4,28,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-109-2,28,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain +In Negerhollands the noun is preceded by the determiner di. The spatial adverbs hi(so) ('here') and da: ('there') can either precede or follow the determiner plus noun.",1450[131],27-7,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +27-50-1,27,50,1,50-1,,"355[20, 55]",27-61 27-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +27-51-1,27,51,1,51-1,,"355[23, 63]",27-12 27-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +27-54-2,27,54,2,54-2,,1526[72],27-65,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-55-1,27,55,1,55-1,,,27-148 27-149,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +27-56-1,27,56,1,56-1,,355[11-68],27-67 27-68 27-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-57-1,27,57,1,57-1,,1450[129],27-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-58-1,27,58,1,58-1,,1450[129],27-71 27-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-59-1,27,59,1,59-1,,355[11-68],27-73 27-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-6-1,27,6,1,6-1,,355[15],27-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-60-2,27,60,2,60-2,,355[11-68],27-1 27-75,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-60-1,27,60,1,60-1,,355[11-68],27-1 27-76,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-61-1,27,61,1,61-1,,355[11-68],27-77,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}", +27-61-2,27,61,2,61-2,,355[11-68],27-76,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}", +27-62-1,27,62,1,62-1,,355[11-68],27-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-64-2,27,64,2,64-2,,1450[159],27-79,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +27-64-1,27,64,1,64-1,,1450[159],27-80,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +27-65-1,27,65,1,65-1,,355[56],27-81,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +27-66-1,27,66,1,66-1,,355[66],27-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-67-1,27,67,1,67-1,,355[22],27-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-68-1,27,68,1,68-1,,355[50],27-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-69-1,27,69,1,69-1,,355[11-68],27-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +27-7-1,27,7,1,7-1,,355[58],27-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-70-1,27,70,1,70-1,,355[11-68],27-85 27-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-71-3,27,71,3,71-3,,355[11-68],27-86 27-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +27-72-1,27,72,1,72-1,,"355[13, 42, 59]",27-88 27-89 27-90,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-73-3,27,73,3,73-3,,"1450[152,153]",27-151 27-91 27-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-74-3,27,74,3,74-3,Stolz (1986: 152) mentions nine occurences of a zero copula with a predicative adjective in a total of 122 sentences with a predicative adjective.,1450[152],27-93 27-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +27-75-3,27,75,3,75-3,,1450[152],27-95 27-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +27-76-3,27,76,3,76-3,"The copula a can be used for predicative noun phrases, but not for predicative locative phrases, while the copula we:s can be used both for predicative noun and locative phrases (Stolz 1986: 152).",1450[152],27-92 27-97 27-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +27-77-1,27,77,1,77-1,,355[11-68],27-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +27-78-1,27,78,1,78-1,,1450[159],27-100 27-101,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +27-79-2,27,79,2,79-2,,355[16],27-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-8-1,27,8,1,8-1,,355[52],27-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-80-2,27,80,2,80-2,,"355[11, 31]",27-103 27-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-81-2,27,81,2,81-2,,"355[11, 58]",27-102 27-103 27-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-82-2,27,82,2,82-2,,"355[18, 21]",27-106 27-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +27-83-1,27,83,1,83-1,,355[18],27-106 27-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-84-2,27,84,2,84-2,,1450[216],27-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-85-1,27,85,1,85-1,,355[11-68],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-86-2,27,86,2,86-2,,355[11-68],27-111 27-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-87-3,27,87,3,87-3,,355[11-68],27-112,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFFFF-90-FFFF00.png""}", +27-87-1,27,87,1,87-1,,355[11-68],27-113,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFFFF-90-FFFF00.png""}", +27-88-1,27,88,1,88-1,,355[11-68],27-112 27-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-9-1,27,9,1,9-1,,355[16],27-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +27-90-3,27,90,3,90-3,,1450[199],27-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +27-91-8,27,91,8,91-8,,355[11-68],,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}", +27-92-2,27,92,2,92-2,,1450[227],27-115,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +27-92-4,27,92,4,92-4,,1450[227],27-116,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +27-93-2,27,93,2,93-2,,1450[227],27-117,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +27-95-3,27,95,3,95-3,,355[11-68],27-119,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-10-0000FF-82-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-95-1,27,95,1,95-1,,355[11-68],27-120,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-10-0000FF-82-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-95-4,27,95,4,95-4,,355[11-68],27-118,81.8181818181818,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-10-0000FF-82-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-96-4,27,96,4,96-4,,355[11-68],27-121,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-96-1,27,96,1,96-1,,355[11-68],27-122,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-97-1,27,97,1,97-1,,355[11-68],27-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +27-98-5,27,98,5,98-5,,1450[194],27-124 27-61,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +27-99-2,27,99,2,99-2,,1450[221],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-0-7,28,0,7,0-7,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +28-1-2,28,1,2,1-2,,737[33-35];736,28-1 28-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-10-1,28,10,1,10-1,,737[151-155];749;750[44],28-21 28-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +28-100-4,28,100,4,100-4,"Berbice Dutch Creole standard negation takes the form of an enclitic morpheme in clause-final position. Note that its enclitic status is purely phonological rather than syntactic. Its short form, which is most frequently used, is ka. Its long form, less frequently used, is kanɛ.",737[85-100];738;743;750[37-8],28-173 28-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-101-3,28,101,3,101-3,"Standard negation is clause-final. Where the main verb takes a complement clause, absolute clause-final position is frequently ambiguous, as illustrated here. Such cases may be disambiguated in one of two ways: First, by the presence of perfective aspect. Because of its unacceptability under negation, its presence signals a failure of negation to scope over the proposition that contains it. Second, right-dislocation of an embedded proposition places it overtly outside the scope of negation.",737[85-100];738,28-175 28-176 28-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +28-102-1,28,102,1,102-1,"Indefinite pronouns and other indefinite quantifiers within the scope of negation usually attract negation, but both occasional spontaneous usage and elicited judgements show that indefinites may be referential under negation.",738;737[91-96],28-178 28-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-103-7,28,103,7,103-7,,737[34-5];750[50],28-180,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +28-104-1,28,104,1,104-1,"Focus of nominals is optionally introduced by a highlighter da (homophonous with the equative copula). With da present, the right edge is optionally marked by focus marker sa/so. The background clause is never introduced by a subordinating element, suggesting that it does not have the status of a relative clause.",737[423-436];750[41-2],28-118 28-181 28-35 28-7,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-808080.png""}", +28-104-8,28,104,8,104-8,"Focus of nominals is optionally introduced by a highlighter da (homophonous with the equative copula). With da present, the right edge is optionally marked by focus marker sa/so. The background clause is never introduced by a subordinating element, suggesting that it does not have the status of a relative clause.",737[423-436];750[41-2],28-182 28-183,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-808080.png""}", +28-105-1,28,105,1,105-1,"Similarly to focus of nominals, a focused verb is optionally introduced by a highlighter (copula da), and/or optionally followed by a focus marker (sa/so).",737[436-447];750[39-40],28-184 28-185,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-106-2,28,106,2,106-2,,,28-186 28-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Field recordings +28-107-7,28,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-108-4,28,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-109-2,28,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge 28-11-2,28,11,2,11-2,"There is no adverb which translates as 'often'. The native strategy is to construct adverbial expressions using idri 'every', e.g. idri titi 'every time', idri daka 'every day'. These appear in a position external to the predicate, as in the examples cited here. Additionally, adverbs such as aftn 'often' and alwes 'always' have been borrowed from Creolese. These may appear internal to the predicate. Aftn is attested in a postverbal position. Alwes appears in the data in both an immediately preverbal position, between verb and preverbal TAM material, as well as in a predicate-external position. None of these strategies are used with any great frequency. -Also of relevance is somtiti 'sometimes', the only true frequency adverb, although it is also used to mean 'perhaps, possibly'. It too is used in a peripheral position, preceding the main proposition.",737[101-116],28-23 28-24 28-25 28-26,100.0,Certain -28-110-2,28,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-111-2,28,111,2,111-2,,737[538-542],28-187,100.0,Very certain -28-112-1,28,112,1,112-1,"On the same pattern, Berbice Dutch also has bwa 'foot, leg' and toro 'eye, face'.",737[538-542],28-188,100.0,Very certain -28-113-2,28,113,2,113-2,,737[538-542],28-189,100.0,Very certain -28-114-2,28,114,2,114-2,"Of related interest is apara 'skin, bark, shell, hide'.",737[538-542],28-190,100.0,Very certain -28-115-2,28,115,2,115-2,,737,28-191,100.0,Very certain +Also of relevance is somtiti 'sometimes', the only true frequency adverb, although it is also used to mean 'perhaps, possibly'. It too is used in a peripheral position, preceding the main proposition.",737[101-116],28-23 28-24 28-25 28-26,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-110-2,28,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-111-2,28,111,2,111-2,,737[538-542],28-187,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-112-1,28,112,1,112-1,"On the same pattern, Berbice Dutch also has bwa 'foot, leg' and toro 'eye, face'.",737[538-542],28-188,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-113-2,28,113,2,113-2,,737[538-542],28-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-114-2,28,114,2,114-2,"Of related interest is apara 'skin, bark, shell, hide'.",737[538-542],28-190,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-115-2,28,115,2,115-2,,737,28-191,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 28-116-2,28,116,2,116-2,"Of related interest is bebia / biɛbiɛ 'red, yellow, light-coloured', also: 'ripe'. -Note that grun also means 'raw, unripe'.",737,28-192,100.0,Very certain -28-117-2,28,117,2,117-2,,737[266-271],28-193,50.0,Very certain -28-117-1,28,117,1,117-1,,737[266-271],28-194,50.0,Very certain +Note that grun also means 'raw, unripe'.",737,28-192,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-117-2,28,117,2,117-2,,737[266-271],28-193,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +28-117-1,28,117,1,117-1,,737[266-271],28-194,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", 28-118-3,28,118,3,118-3,"CC onset clusters consist of: (a) obstruent + liquid; (b) obstruent + glide; (c) s + voiceless stop; (d) s + sonorant. CCC onset clusters consist only of s + voiceless stop + r. -CC clusters are attested both word-initially and word-medially. It is not clear whether CCC clusters appear word-internally. For instance, it is possible that the word astranti is syllabified as.tran.ti - no judgments are available on this.",737[293-4],28-195 28-196 28-57,100.0,Very certain -28-119-2,28,119,2,119-2,"Word-final codas are severely constrained; with few exceptions, we see only a nasal consonant in a word-final coda (but note the qualification for some speakers in Kouwenberg 1994: 294). Word-medially, the prefered syllable is a closed syllable. There, only voiced stops are disallowed in codas.",737[293-4],28-197 28-198,100.0,Very certain -28-12-2,28,12,2,12-2,"In-situ questions are only very rarely attested, and only under specific discourse conditions. Fronting of wh-phrases is virtually obligatory. A fronted wh-phrase is optionally marked for focus.",737[34-47],28-30 28-31,10.0,Certain -28-12-1,28,12,1,12-1,"In-situ questions are only very rarely attested, and only under specific discourse conditions. Fronting of wh-phrases is virtually obligatory. A fronted wh-phrase is optionally marked for focus.",737[34-47],28-27 28-28 28-29,90.0,Very certain -28-120-1,28,120,1,120-1,,737,,100.0,Very certain -28-121-3,28,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -28-122-4,28,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -28-123-2,28,123,2,123-2,,,,100.0, -28-124-3,28,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0, -28-125-3,28,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -28-126-4,28,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -28-127-6,28,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -28-128-4,28,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -28-129-2,28,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -28-13-1,28,13,1,13-1,,737[169];750[47],28-32 28-33 28-34,100.0,Very certain -28-130-1,28,130,1,130-1,,,28-211,100.0, -28-131,28,131,1,131-1,,,28-201,100.0, -28-132,28,132,1,132-1,,,28-203,100.0, -28-133,28,133,1,133-1,,,28-204,100.0, -28-134,28,134,1,134-1,,,28-205,100.0, -28-137,28,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -28-138,28,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -28-139,28,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -28-14-1,28,14,1,14-1,,737[169],28-35,100.0,Very certain -28-140,28,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -28-143,28,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -28-144,28,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -28-145,28,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -28-146,28,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -28-147,28,147,1,147-1,,,28-202,100.0, -28-148,28,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -28-149,28,149,1,149-1,,,28-206,100.0, -28-15-1,28,15,1,15-1,"Whether the reference of the 1PL pronoun in inclusive or exclusive is largely determined by context. The addition of the numeral two can make an inclusive reference explicit. In Example 36, the reference is exclusive. In Example 37, the reference is intended to be inclusive, and is marked as such by the addition of twe 'two'.",737[169-177],28-36 28-37,100.0,Very certain -28-151,28,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -28-152,28,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -28-153,28,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -28-155,28,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -28-156,28,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -28-158,28,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -28-159,28,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -28-16-1,28,16,1,16-1,,737[169],28-38,100.0,Very certain -28-160,28,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -28-161,28,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -28-163,28,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -28-168,28,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -28-169,28,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -28-17-4,28,17,4,17-4,"The ""short"" 3SG pronouns are subject to distributional restrictions, which suggest that these are dependent pronouns. In particular, 3SG o (used by all speakers) is not used emphatically, does not appear in dislocated position or in focus, and cannot be conjoined or modified, in contrast with the full form ori, which is not restricted in this manner. Furthermore, the 3SG form a, whose use is idiosyncratically restricted to a single speaker, is used only as non-emphatic subject pronoun.",737[169-177],28-32 28-39,100.0,Intermediate -28-170,28,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -28-171,28,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -28-172,28,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -28-173,28,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -28-174,28,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -28-176,28,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -28-178,28,178,1,178-1,,,28-212,100.0, -28-179,28,179,1,179-1,,,28-213,100.0, -28-18-1,28,18,1,18-1,,737[169],,100.0,Very certain -28-180,28,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -28-181,28,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -28-182,28,182,2,182-2,,,28-214,100.0, -28-183,28,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -28-184,28,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -28-185,28,185,1,185-1,,,28-225,100.0, -28-187,28,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -28-188,28,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -28-189,28,189,1,189-1,,,28-207,100.0, -28-19-1,28,19,1,19-1,"Historically, wanga 'where' < wa anga [what place], but synchronically, this form is unanalyzable, as anga survives only as a semantically empty locative postposition.",737[37],28-40,100.0,Certain -28-190,28,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -28-191,28,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -28-192,28,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -28-193,28,193,1,193-1,,,28-208,100.0, -28-194,28,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -28-195,28,195,1,195-1,,,28-209,100.0, -28-196,28,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -28-199,28,199,2,199-2,,,28-210,100.0, -28-2-1,28,2,1,2-1,"Elicited judgements show that constructions of the type NP1 fan NP2 can also be used with possessive interpretations, whereby NP1 is the possessed item, NP2 the possessor. However, fan 'from' marks source rather than possession and its possessive usage is not attested in spontaneous use (Kouwenberg 1994: 160–161).",737[159-163];750[45-46],28-3 28-4,100.0,Very certain -28-20-1,28,20,1,20-1,,737[172],28-41,100.0,Very certain -28-200,28,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -28-201,28,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -28-202,28,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -28-205,28,205,1,205-1,,,28-211,100.0, -28-209,28,209,1,209-1,,,28-215,100.0, -28-21-2,28,21,2,21-2,,737,28-42 28-43,100.0,Very certain -28-212,28,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -28-217,28,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -28-218,28,218,1,218-1,,,28-216,100.0, -28-22-4,28,22,4,22-4,"When preceded by a numeral or quantifier, plurality is not normally marked on the noun, although it is certainly not unacceptable. Count nouns with nonspecific reference also optionally appear with the plural suffix. The reduplication of nouns involves a pluralizing semantic effect; this is the only context where plural marking appears to be unacceptable.",749,28-44 28-45 28-46 28-47 28-48,100.0,Very certain -28-221,28,221,1,221-1,,,28-217,100.0, -28-23-6,28,23,6,23-6,"Reduplicated nouns refer to individual occurrences of the item denoted by the noun (giving a distributive sense), in contrast with regular plurals, formed by suffixing -apu, which may refer to accumulations of an object. Reduplicated nouns are not attested with the plural suffix. The marginal status of noun reduplication is also seen in the fact that elicitation of reduplicated nouns proved impossible: Speakers invariably rejected them.",737[238-240];750[44],28-50,10.0,Very certain -28-23-3,28,23,3,23-3,"Reduplicated nouns refer to individual occurrences of the item denoted by the noun (giving a distributive sense), in contrast with regular plurals, formed by suffixing -apu, which may refer to accumulations of an object. Reduplicated nouns are not attested with the plural suffix. The marginal status of noun reduplication is also seen in the fact that elicitation of reduplicated nouns proved impossible: Speakers invariably rejected them.",737[238-240];750[44],28-49,90.0,Very certain -28-231,28,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -28-24-1,28,24,1,24-1,,737[239];750[44],28-49 28-51 28-52,100.0,Very certain +CC clusters are attested both word-initially and word-medially. It is not clear whether CCC clusters appear word-internally. For instance, it is possible that the word astranti is syllabified as.tran.ti - no judgments are available on this.",737[293-4],28-195 28-196 28-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-119-2,28,119,2,119-2,"Word-final codas are severely constrained; with few exceptions, we see only a nasal consonant in a word-final coda (but note the qualification for some speakers in Kouwenberg 1994: 294). Word-medially, the prefered syllable is a closed syllable. There, only voiced stops are disallowed in codas.",737[293-4],28-197 28-198,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +28-12-2,28,12,2,12-2,"In-situ questions are only very rarely attested, and only under specific discourse conditions. Fronting of wh-phrases is virtually obligatory. A fronted wh-phrase is optionally marked for focus.",737[34-47],28-30 28-31,10.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-12-1,28,12,1,12-1,"In-situ questions are only very rarely attested, and only under specific discourse conditions. Fronting of wh-phrases is virtually obligatory. A fronted wh-phrase is optionally marked for focus.",737[34-47],28-27 28-28 28-29,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-120-1,28,120,1,120-1,,737,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-121-3,28,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-122-4,28,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-123-2,28,123,2,123-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +28-124-3,28,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +28-125-3,28,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +28-126-4,28,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-127-6,28,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-128-4,28,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-129-2,28,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-13-1,28,13,1,13-1,,737[169];750[47],28-32 28-33 28-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +28-130-1,28,130,1,130-1,,,28-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-131,28,131,1,131-1,,,28-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-132,28,132,1,132-1,,,28-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-133,28,133,1,133-1,,,28-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-134,28,134,1,134-1,,,28-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-137,28,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-138,28,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-139,28,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-14-1,28,14,1,14-1,,737[169],28-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-140,28,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-143,28,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-144,28,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-145,28,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-146,28,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-147,28,147,1,147-1,,,28-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-148,28,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-149,28,149,1,149-1,,,28-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-15-1,28,15,1,15-1,"Whether the reference of the 1PL pronoun in inclusive or exclusive is largely determined by context. The addition of the numeral two can make an inclusive reference explicit. In Example 36, the reference is exclusive. In Example 37, the reference is intended to be inclusive, and is marked as such by the addition of twe 'two'.",737[169-177],28-36 28-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +28-151,28,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-152,28,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-153,28,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-155,28,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-156,28,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-158,28,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-159,28,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-16-1,28,16,1,16-1,,737[169],28-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-160,28,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-161,28,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-163,28,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-168,28,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-169,28,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-17-4,28,17,4,17-4,"The ""short"" 3SG pronouns are subject to distributional restrictions, which suggest that these are dependent pronouns. In particular, 3SG o (used by all speakers) is not used emphatically, does not appear in dislocated position or in focus, and cannot be conjoined or modified, in contrast with the full form ori, which is not restricted in this manner. Furthermore, the 3SG form a, whose use is idiosyncratically restricted to a single speaker, is used only as non-emphatic subject pronoun.",737[169-177],28-32 28-39,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +28-170,28,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-171,28,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-172,28,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-173,28,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-174,28,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-176,28,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-178,28,178,1,178-1,,,28-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-179,28,179,1,179-1,,,28-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-18-1,28,18,1,18-1,,737[169],,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-180,28,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-181,28,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-182,28,182,2,182-2,,,28-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +28-183,28,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-184,28,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-185,28,185,1,185-1,,,28-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-187,28,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-188,28,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-189,28,189,1,189-1,,,28-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-19-1,28,19,1,19-1,"Historically, wanga 'where' < wa anga [what place], but synchronically, this form is unanalyzable, as anga survives only as a semantically empty locative postposition.",737[37],28-40,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-190,28,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-191,28,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-192,28,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-193,28,193,1,193-1,,,28-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-194,28,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-195,28,195,1,195-1,,,28-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-196,28,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-199,28,199,2,199-2,,,28-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +28-2-1,28,2,1,2-1,"Elicited judgements show that constructions of the type NP1 fan NP2 can also be used with possessive interpretations, whereby NP1 is the possessed item, NP2 the possessor. However, fan 'from' marks source rather than possession and its possessive usage is not attested in spontaneous use (Kouwenberg 1994: 160–161).",737[159-163];750[45-46],28-3 28-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-20-1,28,20,1,20-1,,737[172],28-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +28-200,28,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-201,28,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-202,28,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-205,28,205,1,205-1,,,28-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-209,28,209,1,209-1,,,28-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-21-2,28,21,2,21-2,,737,28-42 28-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-212,28,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-217,28,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-218,28,218,1,218-1,,,28-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-22-4,28,22,4,22-4,"When preceded by a numeral or quantifier, plurality is not normally marked on the noun, although it is certainly not unacceptable. Count nouns with nonspecific reference also optionally appear with the plural suffix. The reduplication of nouns involves a pluralizing semantic effect; this is the only context where plural marking appears to be unacceptable.",749,28-44 28-45 28-46 28-47 28-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +28-221,28,221,1,221-1,,,28-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-23-6,28,23,6,23-6,"Reduplicated nouns refer to individual occurrences of the item denoted by the noun (giving a distributive sense), in contrast with regular plurals, formed by suffixing -apu, which may refer to accumulations of an object. Reduplicated nouns are not attested with the plural suffix. The marginal status of noun reduplication is also seen in the fact that elicitation of reduplicated nouns proved impossible: Speakers invariably rejected them.",737[238-240];750[44],28-50,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-23-3,28,23,3,23-3,"Reduplicated nouns refer to individual occurrences of the item denoted by the noun (giving a distributive sense), in contrast with regular plurals, formed by suffixing -apu, which may refer to accumulations of an object. Reduplicated nouns are not attested with the plural suffix. The marginal status of noun reduplication is also seen in the fact that elicitation of reduplicated nouns proved impossible: Speakers invariably rejected them.",737[238-240];750[44],28-49,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-231,28,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-24-1,28,24,1,24-1,,737[239];750[44],28-49 28-51 28-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 28-25-1,28,25,1,25-1,"Berbice Dutch uses a suffix, -apu, to mark plural number. Despite its historical derivation from a pronominal plural form with human reference in the substrate (Kouwenberg forthc.), it has not retained the pronominal characteristics of its etymon. -Note that the 3PL pronoun in Berbice Dutch is eni, derived from a similar pronoun in the substrate.",750[44],,100.0,Very certain -28-252,28,252,1,252-1,,,28-218,100.0, -28-253,28,253,1,253-1,,,28-219,100.0, -28-254,28,254,1,254-1,,,28-220,100.0, -28-255,28,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -28-256,28,256,1,256-1,,,28-221,100.0, -28-257,28,257,1,257-1,,,28-222,100.0, -28-258,28,258,1,258-1,,,28-223,100.0, -28-259,28,259,2,259-2,,,28-224,100.0, +Note that the 3PL pronoun in Berbice Dutch is eni, derived from a similar pronoun in the substrate.",750[44],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-252,28,252,1,252-1,,,28-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-253,28,253,1,253-1,,,28-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-254,28,254,1,254-1,,,28-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-255,28,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-256,28,256,1,256-1,,,28-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-257,28,257,1,257-1,,,28-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-258,28,258,1,258-1,,,28-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +28-259,28,259,2,259-2,,,28-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 28-26-2,28,26,2,26-2,"Iconic reduplication of verbs and adjectives is frequently attested in spontaneous usage and easily elicited. In contrast, iconic noun reduplication is only occasionally attested, and proved marginal also in that elicitation of noun reduplications was invariably rejected by speakers (see Feature 23 ""Expression of nominal plural meaning""). Iconic verb reduplication is accompanied by an iterative semantic effect (punctual verbs) and/or a continuative semantic effect (nonpunctual verbs), with various secondary effects such as aimlessness and object distribution. Adjective reduplication has an augmentative or intensifying effect (gradable adjectives) and an emphatic effect (all adjectives). Finally, noun reduplication carries a distributive plural interpretation. -Word-class changing reduplication is unproductive. There are two forms which involve reduplication of this kind only; both involve the derivation of an instrument noun from verb input. They are: pundipundi 'sugar cane mill' < pundi 'to press, squeeze (juice)' and bainbain 'cover' < bain 'to cover.",735;737[240-246];746,28-53 28-54 28-55,100.0,Very certain -28-260,28,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -28-261,28,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -28-263,28,263,2,263-2,,,,100.0, -28-267,28,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -28-268,28,268,2,268-2,,,,100.0, -28-27-2,28,27,2,27-2,"Body parts which come in pairs are frequently not marked for plural. As a result, the interpretation of toro ('eye'), beri ('ear'), bwa ('leg/foot') and bara ('arm/hand') is sometimes ambiguous.",,28-56 28-57,100.0,Very certain -28-272,28,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -28-273,28,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -28-274,28,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -28-275,28,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -28-276,28,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -28-277,28,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -28-278,28,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -28-279,28,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -28-28-1,28,28,1,28-1,"The anaphoric type of unique identifiability, which is discourse-based, involves the use of the prenominal definite determiner di. Where the unique identifiability of a referent is based on cultural or pragmatic knowledge, it is signalled by a null definite determiner. Finally, the definite article can also be used with generic reference. See Kouwenberg (2007) for discussion.",749,28-58,100.0,Very certain -28-280,28,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -28-281,28,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -28-282,28,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -28-284,28,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -28-285,28,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -28-286,28,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -28-287,28,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -28-288,28,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -28-289,28,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -28-29-2,28,29,2,29-2,,749;737[152-155];750[44],28-59 28-60,100.0,Very certain -28-290,28,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -28-291,28,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -28-3-1,28,3,1,3-1,,737[157-159];750[45],28-5,100.0,Very certain -28-30-2,28,30,2,30-2,,749;750[44];737[152-155],28-45,43.75,Very certain -28-30-7,28,30,7,30-7,,749;750[44];737[152-155],28-63,18.75,Very certain -28-30-5,28,30,5,30-5,,749;750[44];737[152-155],28-47,18.75,Very certain -28-30-4,28,30,4,30-4,,749;750[44];737[152-155],28-62,18.75,Very certain -28-308-7,28,308,7,308-7,The lexifier languages are Dutch and (Eastern) Ijo.,1428;754,,100.0,Very certain -28-309-2,28,309,2,309-2,This pertains only to the speakers I worked with as the language is now extinct.,,,100.0,Very certain -28-31-1,28,31,1,31-1,"The demonstratives di and dida are postnominal, and occur with definite nouns. The definite article di is prenominal.",737[155-157];750[45],28-64 28-65,100.0,Very certain -28-310-4,28,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-311-3,28,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-312-1,28,312,1,312-1,Berbice Dutch is extinct and has been added to the UNESCO list of extinct languages.,,,100.0,Very certain -28-313-1,28,313,1,313-1,There are no speakers of Berbice Dutch.,,,100.0,Very certain -28-314-3,28,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-315-4,28,315,4,315-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-316-4,28,316,4,316-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-317-3,28,317,3,317-3,"The speakers I worked with knew few songs in the language. Those were mainly work songs, which appear to have used elements from Berbice Dutch as well as Arawak, Skepi Dutch, and Guyanese Creole English. I recorded a two-line song in Berbice Dutch which would have been used in village festivities.",740,,100.0,Very certain -28-318-4,28,318,4,318-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-319-4,28,319,4,319-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-32-3,28,32,3,32-3,"The adnominal demonstratives are not inflected for number. In the case of plural reference, the plural marker is suffixed to the noun only. In contrast, the pronominal demonstratives can be inflected for number.",737[188],28-66 28-67,100.0,Very certain -28-320-4,28,320,4,320-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-321-4,28,321,4,321-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-322-4,28,322,4,322-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-323-4,28,323,4,323-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-324-3,28,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-325-4,28,325,4,325-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-326-3,28,326,3,326-3,"During the last century of its existence, Guyanese Creole English was the main contact language. It influenced BD lexicon greatly. To a lesser extent, it also had some influence on various areas of grammar. This is documented for negation, for instance, in Kouwenberg 2000.",741,,100.0,Very certain -28-327-2,28,327,2,327-2,"In the lexicon of informants who belong to the Berbice River group, apocope has applied to a number of words, resulting in consonant-final forms where Wiruni Creek speakers have vowel-final forms. Compare: pil and pili 'arrow', birbiʃ and birbiʃi 'river' or 'Berbice River'. Additionally, differences occurred in the forms gui (Berbice River) and gwei (Wiruni Creek) 'throw', and in the 1PL pronoun enʃi (Berbice River) and iʃi (Wiruni Creek).",737[294],,100.0,Very certain -28-328-3,28,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-329-3,28,329,3,329-3,One should note that the lexicon which I documented represents the accumulated knowledge of the speakers I worked with; it is unlikely that any one speaker had knowledge of all these words.,,,100.0,Very certain -28-33-2,28,33,2,33-2,"See Feature 31 ""Cooccurrence of demonstrative and definite article"".",737[155],28-68,100.0,Very certain -28-330-4,28,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-331-4,28,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-332-4,28,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-333-4,28,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-334-4,28,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-335-4,28,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-34-1,28,34,1,34-1,"Numeral reduplication is attested only for en 'one'. The reduplicated form en-en has the idiomatic interpretation 'some, a few' (Kouwenberg 2003: 261).",,,100.0,Very certain -28-35-1,28,35,1,35-1,"Eʃti 'first' contrasts with laʃti 'last' and cannot really be considered an ordinal numeral. Berbice Dutch has no devices for expressing 'second', 'third', etc.",,,100.0,Very certain -28-36-1,28,36,1,36-1,,,28-69,100.0,Very certain -28-37-1,28,37,1,37-1,"In addition to the major construction with preposed possessive pronoun, a kind of dislocated possessive construction exists, of the form ""POSSESSOR ʃi POSSESSED"". This pattern is available only where the possessor is a 3rd person referent, either a 3rd person pronoun or a noun phrase. This could possibly be a contrastive strategy, but a systematic search of occurrences is needed to ascertain this.",737[159-163];750[45-46],28-70 28-71 28-72 28-73,100.0,Very certain +Word-class changing reduplication is unproductive. There are two forms which involve reduplication of this kind only; both involve the derivation of an instrument noun from verb input. They are: pundipundi 'sugar cane mill' < pundi 'to press, squeeze (juice)' and bainbain 'cover' < bain 'to cover.",735;737[240-246];746,28-53 28-54 28-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +28-260,28,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-261,28,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-263,28,263,2,263-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +28-267,28,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-268,28,268,2,268-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +28-27-2,28,27,2,27-2,"Body parts which come in pairs are frequently not marked for plural. As a result, the interpretation of toro ('eye'), beri ('ear'), bwa ('leg/foot') and bara ('arm/hand') is sometimes ambiguous.",,28-56 28-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-272,28,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-273,28,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-274,28,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-275,28,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-276,28,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-277,28,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-278,28,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-279,28,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-28-1,28,28,1,28-1,"The anaphoric type of unique identifiability, which is discourse-based, involves the use of the prenominal definite determiner di. Where the unique identifiability of a referent is based on cultural or pragmatic knowledge, it is signalled by a null definite determiner. Finally, the definite article can also be used with generic reference. See Kouwenberg (2007) for discussion.",749,28-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-280,28,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-281,28,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-282,28,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-284,28,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-285,28,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-286,28,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-287,28,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-288,28,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-289,28,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-29-2,28,29,2,29-2,,749;737[152-155];750[44],28-59 28-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-290,28,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-291,28,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-3-1,28,3,1,3-1,,737[157-159];750[45],28-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-30-2,28,30,2,30-2,,749;750[44];737[152-155],28-45,43.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-44-FF0000-19-0000FF-19-FFFF00-19-800080.png""}", +28-30-7,28,30,7,30-7,,749;750[44];737[152-155],28-63,18.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-44-FF0000-19-0000FF-19-FFFF00-19-800080.png""}", +28-30-5,28,30,5,30-5,,749;750[44];737[152-155],28-47,18.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-44-FF0000-19-0000FF-19-FFFF00-19-800080.png""}", +28-30-4,28,30,4,30-4,,749;750[44];737[152-155],28-62,18.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-44-FF0000-19-0000FF-19-FFFF00-19-800080.png""}", +28-308-7,28,308,7,308-7,The lexifier languages are Dutch and (Eastern) Ijo.,1428;754,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +28-309-2,28,309,2,309-2,This pertains only to the speakers I worked with as the language is now extinct.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +28-31-1,28,31,1,31-1,"The demonstratives di and dida are postnominal, and occur with definite nouns. The definite article di is prenominal.",737[155-157];750[45],28-64 28-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +28-310-4,28,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-311-3,28,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +28-312-1,28,312,1,312-1,Berbice Dutch is extinct and has been added to the UNESCO list of extinct languages.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +28-313-1,28,313,1,313-1,There are no speakers of Berbice Dutch.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +28-314-3,28,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +28-315-4,28,315,4,315-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-316-4,28,316,4,316-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-317-3,28,317,3,317-3,"The speakers I worked with knew few songs in the language. Those were mainly work songs, which appear to have used elements from Berbice Dutch as well as Arawak, Skepi Dutch, and Guyanese Creole English. I recorded a two-line song in Berbice Dutch which would have been used in village festivities.",740,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-318-4,28,318,4,318-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-319-4,28,319,4,319-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-32-3,28,32,3,32-3,"The adnominal demonstratives are not inflected for number. In the case of plural reference, the plural marker is suffixed to the noun only. In contrast, the pronominal demonstratives can be inflected for number.",737[188],28-66 28-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +28-320-4,28,320,4,320-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-321-4,28,321,4,321-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-322-4,28,322,4,322-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-323-4,28,323,4,323-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-324-3,28,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +28-325-4,28,325,4,325-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-326-3,28,326,3,326-3,"During the last century of its existence, Guyanese Creole English was the main contact language. It influenced BD lexicon greatly. To a lesser extent, it also had some influence on various areas of grammar. This is documented for negation, for instance, in Kouwenberg 2000.",741,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +28-327-2,28,327,2,327-2,"In the lexicon of informants who belong to the Berbice River group, apocope has applied to a number of words, resulting in consonant-final forms where Wiruni Creek speakers have vowel-final forms. Compare: pil and pili 'arrow', birbiʃ and birbiʃi 'river' or 'Berbice River'. Additionally, differences occurred in the forms gui (Berbice River) and gwei (Wiruni Creek) 'throw', and in the 1PL pronoun enʃi (Berbice River) and iʃi (Wiruni Creek).",737[294],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +28-328-3,28,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +28-329-3,28,329,3,329-3,One should note that the lexicon which I documented represents the accumulated knowledge of the speakers I worked with; it is unlikely that any one speaker had knowledge of all these words.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +28-33-2,28,33,2,33-2,"See Feature 31 ""Cooccurrence of demonstrative and definite article"".",737[155],28-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-330-4,28,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-331-4,28,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-332-4,28,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-333-4,28,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-334-4,28,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-335-4,28,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +28-34-1,28,34,1,34-1,"Numeral reduplication is attested only for en 'one'. The reduplicated form en-en has the idiomatic interpretation 'some, a few' (Kouwenberg 2003: 261).",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-35-1,28,35,1,35-1,"Eʃti 'first' contrasts with laʃti 'last' and cannot really be considered an ordinal numeral. Berbice Dutch has no devices for expressing 'second', 'third', etc.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-36-1,28,36,1,36-1,,,28-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-37-1,28,37,1,37-1,"In addition to the major construction with preposed possessive pronoun, a kind of dislocated possessive construction exists, of the form ""POSSESSOR ʃi POSSESSED"". This pattern is available only where the possessor is a 3rd person referent, either a 3rd person pronoun or a noun phrase. This could possibly be a contrastive strategy, but a systematic search of occurrences is needed to ascertain this.",737[159-163];750[45-46],28-70 28-71 28-72 28-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 28-38-4,28,38,4,38-4,"In the less common dislocated possessive, the possessor-possessed relationship is marked by the occurrence of the 3SG possessive pronoun ʃi. -A construction which normally denotes source or a partitive relationship (DP fan DP, where fan means 'from') was readily accepted by speakers with possessive interpretations. This did not, however, occur in spontaneous usage. I have not included it here, therefore.",737[159-163];750[45-46],28-74,70.0,Very certain +A construction which normally denotes source or a partitive relationship (DP fan DP, where fan means 'from') was readily accepted by speakers with possessive interpretations. This did not, however, occur in spontaneous usage. I have not included it here, therefore.",737[159-163];750[45-46],28-74,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 28-38-1,28,38,1,38-1,"In the less common dislocated possessive, the possessor-possessed relationship is marked by the occurrence of the 3SG possessive pronoun ʃi. -A construction which normally denotes source or a partitive relationship (DP fan DP, where fan means 'from') was readily accepted by speakers with possessive interpretations. This did not, however, occur in spontaneous usage. I have not included it here, therefore.",737[159-163];750[45-46],28-75,30.0,Very certain -28-39-4,28,39,4,39-4,The nominalizing enclitic -jɛ is combined with the independent pronoun to form the independent pronominal possessor.,"737[175, 233]",28-76 28-77,100.0,Very certain +A construction which normally denotes source or a partitive relationship (DP fan DP, where fan means 'from') was readily accepted by speakers with possessive interpretations. This did not, however, occur in spontaneous usage. I have not included it here, therefore.",737[159-163];750[45-46],28-75,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +28-39-4,28,39,4,39-4,The nominalizing enclitic -jɛ is combined with the independent pronoun to form the independent pronominal possessor.,"737[175, 233]",28-76 28-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 28-4-2,28,4,2,4-2,"Prepositions: mɛtɛ 'with', fan 'from, of' (takes nominal and clausal complements), tutu 'until' (takes nominal and clausal complements), foro/foroteki 'before' (takes clausal complements only), sondro 'without' (takes nominal and clausal complements), and several prepositions borrowed from Creolese. Postpositions (all with locative or directional meaning): anga [general locative marker], atrε/atri 'behind', ben 'in', bofu 'on', foro 'in front of', kandi 'near', ofru 'over', ondro 'under', tosn 'between' -(see Kouwenberg 1994: 191–227 for detailed discussion).",737[191-227];736;750[49-50],28-6 28-7,50.0,Very certain +(see Kouwenberg 1994: 191–227 for detailed discussion).",737[191-227];736;750[49-50],28-6 28-7,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 28-4-1,28,4,1,4-1,"Prepositions: mɛtɛ 'with', fan 'from, of' (takes nominal and clausal complements), tutu 'until' (takes nominal and clausal complements), foro/foroteki 'before' (takes clausal complements only), sondro 'without' (takes nominal and clausal complements), and several prepositions borrowed from Creolese. Postpositions (all with locative or directional meaning): anga [general locative marker], atrε/atri 'behind', ben 'in', bofu 'on', foro 'in front of', kandi 'near', ofru 'over', ondro 'under', tosn 'between' -(see Kouwenberg 1994: 191–227 for detailed discussion).",737[191-227];736;750[49-50],28-8 28-9,50.0,Very certain -28-40-1,28,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-41-1,28,41,1,41-1,"Predicative comparatives have the form ""Adjective mɛrɛ aʃi ..."" or ""mɛrɛ Adjective aʃi ..."". Both are illustrated here. Creolese dɛn is frequently used instead of aʃi.",737[144-148];750[40],28-78 28-79,100.0,Very certain -28-42-2,28,42,2,42-2,Creolese dɛn is frequently used instead of aʃi.,737[144-148],28-78 28-79,100.0,Very certain -28-43-1,28,43,1,43-1,"Perfective and Imperfective Aspect are marked by way of suffixes on the verb, hence immediately following the verb. Tense and mood are marked by way of preverbal particles. Very occasional use of adverbials alwes 'always' (a loan from Guyanese Creole English) and noiti 'never' in a position between the preverbal tense marker and the verbal complex suggests separability, hence I have included the option ""in a leftward position"". But it should be noted that cases of this kind are attested only in the speech of one person. In the speech of others, alwes takes a more peripheral position, and while noiti is attested in a preverbal position for several speakers, I have no examples where it cooccurs with preverbal markers.",737[61-74];750[27-33],28-80 28-81,47.3684210526316,Very certain -28-43-2,28,43,2,43-2,"Perfective and Imperfective Aspect are marked by way of suffixes on the verb, hence immediately following the verb. Tense and mood are marked by way of preverbal particles. Very occasional use of adverbials alwes 'always' (a loan from Guyanese Creole English) and noiti 'never' in a position between the preverbal tense marker and the verbal complex suggests separability, hence I have included the option ""in a leftward position"". But it should be noted that cases of this kind are attested only in the speech of one person. In the speech of others, alwes takes a more peripheral position, and while noiti is attested in a preverbal position for several speakers, I have no examples where it cooccurs with preverbal markers.",737[61-74];750[27-33],28-82 28-83,47.3684210526316,Very certain -28-43-3,28,43,3,43-3,"Perfective and Imperfective Aspect are marked by way of suffixes on the verb, hence immediately following the verb. Tense and mood are marked by way of preverbal particles. Very occasional use of adverbials alwes 'always' (a loan from Guyanese Creole English) and noiti 'never' in a position between the preverbal tense marker and the verbal complex suggests separability, hence I have included the option ""in a leftward position"". But it should be noted that cases of this kind are attested only in the speech of one person. In the speech of others, alwes takes a more peripheral position, and while noiti is attested in a preverbal position for several speakers, I have no examples where it cooccurs with preverbal markers.",737[61-74];750[27-33],28-84 28-85,5.26315789473684,Uncertain -28-44-8,28,44,8,44-8,"Because aspect is marked via suffixation, and tense and mood via preverbal markers, the verb always separates aspect from tense and mood.",750[27-33],28-86,100.0,Very certain +(see Kouwenberg 1994: 191–227 for detailed discussion).",737[191-227];736;750[49-50],28-8 28-9,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +28-40-1,28,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-41-1,28,41,1,41-1,"Predicative comparatives have the form ""Adjective mɛrɛ aʃi ..."" or ""mɛrɛ Adjective aʃi ..."". Both are illustrated here. Creolese dɛn is frequently used instead of aʃi.",737[144-148];750[40],28-78 28-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-42-2,28,42,2,42-2,Creolese dɛn is frequently used instead of aʃi.,737[144-148],28-78 28-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +28-43-1,28,43,1,43-1,"Perfective and Imperfective Aspect are marked by way of suffixes on the verb, hence immediately following the verb. Tense and mood are marked by way of preverbal particles. Very occasional use of adverbials alwes 'always' (a loan from Guyanese Creole English) and noiti 'never' in a position between the preverbal tense marker and the verbal complex suggests separability, hence I have included the option ""in a leftward position"". But it should be noted that cases of this kind are attested only in the speech of one person. In the speech of others, alwes takes a more peripheral position, and while noiti is attested in a preverbal position for several speakers, I have no examples where it cooccurs with preverbal markers.",737[61-74];750[27-33],28-80 28-81,47.3684210526316,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-FF0000-48-0000FF-6-FFB6C1.png""}", +28-43-2,28,43,2,43-2,"Perfective and Imperfective Aspect are marked by way of suffixes on the verb, hence immediately following the verb. Tense and mood are marked by way of preverbal particles. Very occasional use of adverbials alwes 'always' (a loan from Guyanese Creole English) and noiti 'never' in a position between the preverbal tense marker and the verbal complex suggests separability, hence I have included the option ""in a leftward position"". But it should be noted that cases of this kind are attested only in the speech of one person. In the speech of others, alwes takes a more peripheral position, and while noiti is attested in a preverbal position for several speakers, I have no examples where it cooccurs with preverbal markers.",737[61-74];750[27-33],28-82 28-83,47.3684210526316,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-FF0000-48-0000FF-6-FFB6C1.png""}", +28-43-3,28,43,3,43-3,"Perfective and Imperfective Aspect are marked by way of suffixes on the verb, hence immediately following the verb. Tense and mood are marked by way of preverbal particles. Very occasional use of adverbials alwes 'always' (a loan from Guyanese Creole English) and noiti 'never' in a position between the preverbal tense marker and the verbal complex suggests separability, hence I have included the option ""in a leftward position"". But it should be noted that cases of this kind are attested only in the speech of one person. In the speech of others, alwes takes a more peripheral position, and while noiti is attested in a preverbal position for several speakers, I have no examples where it cooccurs with preverbal markers.",737[61-74];750[27-33],28-84 28-85,5.26315789473684,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-FF0000-48-0000FF-6-FFB6C1.png""}", +28-44-8,28,44,8,44-8,"Because aspect is marked via suffixation, and tense and mood via preverbal markers, the verb always separates aspect from tense and mood.",750[27-33],28-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 28-45-3,28,45,3,45-3,"See Feature 43 ""Position of tense, aspect, and mood markers in relation to the verb"" for discussion of a possible exception in the speech of one informant, who seems to allow some temporal adverbs to intervene between preverbal markers and the verb. Here we see that the irrealis markers sa and ma appear between the past tense marker wa and the verb. -I treat auxiliaries (including the negative resultative auxiliary, which incorporates a negative element) as verb forms; in other words, auxiliaries do not count as elements which intervene between the tense marker and the verb.",737[64],28-86 28-87,100.0,Very certain -28-46-1,28,46,1,46-1,"The Berbice Dutch imperfective suffix is used to mark progressives; see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"" for discussion.",737[64k],28-88,100.0,Very certain -28-47-6,28,47,6,47-6,"The imperfective category, marked by the suffix -arε or, more frequently, by the reduced form –a, includes progressive, habitual and iterative uses. Most stative verbs are unacceptable with imperfective inflection (e.g. poko ‘like, be fond of’ and glofu ‘believe’), but habu ‘have’ occasionally takes it, and suku ‘want’ appears more frequently with imperfective than without; the presence or absence of imperfective marking appears not to change the interpretation of the state described by these verbs. In contrast, where imperfective is used with a verb derived from an adjective, a process interpretation results rather than a state interpretation.",750[28-30];733,28-82 28-88 28-89,100.0,Very certain -28-48-6,28,48,6,48-6,"Berbice Dutch has borrowed two preverbal habitual markers from Creolese, das (tense-neutral habitual) and justu (past habitual). These mark habitual only. Additionally, the imperfective suffix -arɛ / -a may be used to mark habitual; see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"".",750[28-30],28-51 28-82 28-89,50.0,Very certain -28-48-2,28,48,2,48-2,"Berbice Dutch has borrowed two preverbal habitual markers from Creolese, das (tense-neutral habitual) and justu (past habitual). These mark habitual only. Additionally, the imperfective suffix -arɛ / -a may be used to mark habitual; see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"".",750[28-30],28-46 28-50,50.0,Very certain -28-49-3,28,49,3,49-3,"Preverbal wa marks a simple past tense under discourse conditions which are not completely understood. Suffixes -tε and -arε/-a mark perfective and imperfective, respectively. These may be combined with wa.",750[27-33],28-88 28-90,100.0,Very certain -28-5-2,28,5,2,5-2,,737[151-157];750[55],28-10 28-11,100.0,Very certain -28-50-2,28,50,2,50-2,Perfective inflection is unacceptable in the scope of negation unless in the context of a confirmative question. Perfective is the only TAM marker which is restricted under negation.,737[69];738;743;750[37],28-200 28-91 28-92,100.0,Very certain -28-51-1,28,51,1,51-1,"If used in a non-past discourse context, unmarked statives have present or generic reference, whereas unmarked non-statives usually have generic or habitual reference. Present reference of unmarked non-statives is attested with speech verbs, e.g. pama ‘tell’. Where other non-statives have non-past reference which is nongeneric, they appear in a modifed form.",750[25-26],28-1 28-93 28-94 28-95,100.0,Certain -28-52-4,28,52,4,52-4,"There is a class of adjectives in Berbice Dutch which, in addition to their stative adjective use and interpretation, also pattern fully with event verbs. These forms appear quite unproblematically with both the perfective and imperfective aspectual suffixes, with predictable interpretations. There are, however, also adjectives which do not accept the imperfective suffix, although they may appear with perfective. These include potɛ 'old' and moi 'good'.",737[250-260];742[31-33];750[39-40],28-96 28-97,100.0,Certain -28-53-2,28,53,2,53-2,"This construction is perhaps more accurately seen as involving covert coordination; see discussion in Kouwenberg (1994: 143, 389–393). A change in aspect in a predicate series or serial verb construction is actually rare.",737[390-393],28-98,100.0,Intermediate -28-54-7,28,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-55-1,28,55,1,55-1,"The ability verb kan almost always indicates situational possibility rather than epistemic possibility. I have, however, come across an example which seems to involve an epistemic reading.",737[74-85],28-100 28-101 28-199 28-99,100.0,Intermediate -28-56-1,28,56,1,56-1,,737[148-149],28-102 28-103 28-77,100.0,Very certain -28-57-1,28,57,1,57-1,,,28-43 28-58 28-59,100.0,Very certain -28-58-1,28,58,1,58-1,,737,28-43 28-45,100.0,Very certain -28-59-1,28,59,1,59-1,,737[169ff],28-104 28-8,100.0,Very certain -28-6-1,28,6,1,6-1,,737[158-159],28-12,100.0,Very certain -28-60-2,28,60,2,60-2,"In double object constructions, the indirect object precedes the direct object. No distinction is made between pronominals and full DPs. There is no special marking on either of the internal arguments.",194,28-105 28-22,100.0,Very certain -28-61-1,28,61,1,61-1,"See Feature 60 ""Ditransitive 'give' constructions"".",194,28-105 28-22,100.0,Very certain -28-62-1,28,62,1,62-1,"Pronominal subjects are frequently omitted in discourse, as are pronominal objects (Kouwenberg 1994: 180f). Nonetheless, pronominal arguments cannot be considered optional: They cannot be omitted in out-of-the-blue sentences, as would be the case in a pro-drop language. In Example 97, the reference of the suppressed subject pronoun is well-established in the preceding discourse. The only cases which can perhaps be considered as involving a truly empty subject are presentational constructions, such as that in Example 106, and the focus construction-following the analysis of Lumsden (1990), who argues that these constructions are biclausal.",737[178-181],28-106 28-33 28-97,100.0,Very certain -28-63-3,28,63,3,63-3,"Kɛkɛ 'like, as if' is an adverbial element rather than a verb. This cannot be considered truly equivalent to a 'seem' construction, therefore. Alternatively, a modal which expresses possibility or probability is used.",,28-107 28-87,100.0,Very certain -28-64-2,28,64,2,64-2,"The polarity-neutral existential copula jɛn(da) and the inherently negative existential copula furi(da) take their Theme argument as subject. An alternative is to use habu (or reduced ha) 'have' with existential meaning, either with a null subject, or with the 3SG pronoun as subject. This is clearly less frequent, and possibly represents Creolese influence.","737[120-126, 178-180];750[41, 42]",28-108 28-109 28-111 28-112,87.5,Very certain -28-64-1,28,64,1,64-1,"The polarity-neutral existential copula jɛn(da) and the inherently negative existential copula furi(da) take their Theme argument as subject. An alternative is to use habu (or reduced ha) 'have' with existential meaning, either with a null subject, or with the 3SG pronoun as subject. This is clearly less frequent, and possibly represents Creolese influence.","737[120-126, 178-180];750[41, 42]",28-110 28-14,12.5,Very certain -28-65-1,28,65,1,65-1,The construction does not generalize to other weather predicates.,737[176],28-113,100.0,Very certain -28-66-3,28,66,3,66-3,,,28-114 28-115,100.0,Very certain -28-67-1,28,67,1,67-1,,,28-116,100.0,Very certain -28-68-1,28,68,1,68-1,,,28-117 28-63,100.0,Certain -28-69-1,28,69,1,69-1,"Berbice Dutch has argument-introducing serial verb constructions where deki 'take' is the initial verb in the series, but this construction is not used for instrumentals.",737[194-196],28-118,100.0,Very certain -28-7-1,28,7,1,7-1,,736;737[361-387];739,28-13 28-14,100.0,Very certain +I treat auxiliaries (including the negative resultative auxiliary, which incorporates a negative element) as verb forms; in other words, auxiliaries do not count as elements which intervene between the tense marker and the verb.",737[64],28-86 28-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-46-1,28,46,1,46-1,"The Berbice Dutch imperfective suffix is used to mark progressives; see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"" for discussion.",737[64k],28-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +28-47-6,28,47,6,47-6,"The imperfective category, marked by the suffix -arε or, more frequently, by the reduced form –a, includes progressive, habitual and iterative uses. Most stative verbs are unacceptable with imperfective inflection (e.g. poko ‘like, be fond of’ and glofu ‘believe’), but habu ‘have’ occasionally takes it, and suku ‘want’ appears more frequently with imperfective than without; the presence or absence of imperfective marking appears not to change the interpretation of the state described by these verbs. In contrast, where imperfective is used with a verb derived from an adjective, a process interpretation results rather than a state interpretation.",750[28-30];733,28-82 28-88 28-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +28-48-6,28,48,6,48-6,"Berbice Dutch has borrowed two preverbal habitual markers from Creolese, das (tense-neutral habitual) and justu (past habitual). These mark habitual only. Additionally, the imperfective suffix -arɛ / -a may be used to mark habitual; see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"".",750[28-30],28-51 28-82 28-89,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-0000FF.png""}", +28-48-2,28,48,2,48-2,"Berbice Dutch has borrowed two preverbal habitual markers from Creolese, das (tense-neutral habitual) and justu (past habitual). These mark habitual only. Additionally, the imperfective suffix -arɛ / -a may be used to mark habitual; see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"".",750[28-30],28-46 28-50,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-0000FF.png""}", +28-49-3,28,49,3,49-3,"Preverbal wa marks a simple past tense under discourse conditions which are not completely understood. Suffixes -tε and -arε/-a mark perfective and imperfective, respectively. These may be combined with wa.",750[27-33],28-88 28-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +28-5-2,28,5,2,5-2,,737[151-157];750[55],28-10 28-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-50-2,28,50,2,50-2,Perfective inflection is unacceptable in the scope of negation unless in the context of a confirmative question. Perfective is the only TAM marker which is restricted under negation.,737[69];738;743;750[37],28-200 28-91 28-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +28-51-1,28,51,1,51-1,"If used in a non-past discourse context, unmarked statives have present or generic reference, whereas unmarked non-statives usually have generic or habitual reference. Present reference of unmarked non-statives is attested with speech verbs, e.g. pama ‘tell’. Where other non-statives have non-past reference which is nongeneric, they appear in a modifed form.",750[25-26],28-1 28-93 28-94 28-95,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +28-52-4,28,52,4,52-4,"There is a class of adjectives in Berbice Dutch which, in addition to their stative adjective use and interpretation, also pattern fully with event verbs. These forms appear quite unproblematically with both the perfective and imperfective aspectual suffixes, with predictable interpretations. There are, however, also adjectives which do not accept the imperfective suffix, although they may appear with perfective. These include potɛ 'old' and moi 'good'.",737[250-260];742[31-33];750[39-40],28-96 28-97,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +28-53-2,28,53,2,53-2,"This construction is perhaps more accurately seen as involving covert coordination; see discussion in Kouwenberg (1994: 143, 389–393). A change in aspect in a predicate series or serial verb construction is actually rare.",737[390-393],28-98,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-54-7,28,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-55-1,28,55,1,55-1,"The ability verb kan almost always indicates situational possibility rather than epistemic possibility. I have, however, come across an example which seems to involve an epistemic reading.",737[74-85],28-100 28-101 28-199 28-99,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-56-1,28,56,1,56-1,,737[148-149],28-102 28-103 28-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-57-1,28,57,1,57-1,,,28-43 28-58 28-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-58-1,28,58,1,58-1,,737,28-43 28-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-59-1,28,59,1,59-1,,737[169ff],28-104 28-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-6-1,28,6,1,6-1,,737[158-159],28-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-60-2,28,60,2,60-2,"In double object constructions, the indirect object precedes the direct object. No distinction is made between pronominals and full DPs. There is no special marking on either of the internal arguments.",194,28-105 28-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-61-1,28,61,1,61-1,"See Feature 60 ""Ditransitive 'give' constructions"".",194,28-105 28-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +28-62-1,28,62,1,62-1,"Pronominal subjects are frequently omitted in discourse, as are pronominal objects (Kouwenberg 1994: 180f). Nonetheless, pronominal arguments cannot be considered optional: They cannot be omitted in out-of-the-blue sentences, as would be the case in a pro-drop language. In Example 97, the reference of the suppressed subject pronoun is well-established in the preceding discourse. The only cases which can perhaps be considered as involving a truly empty subject are presentational constructions, such as that in Example 106, and the focus construction-following the analysis of Lumsden (1990), who argues that these constructions are biclausal.",737[178-181],28-106 28-33 28-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-63-3,28,63,3,63-3,"Kɛkɛ 'like, as if' is an adverbial element rather than a verb. This cannot be considered truly equivalent to a 'seem' construction, therefore. Alternatively, a modal which expresses possibility or probability is used.",,28-107 28-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-64-2,28,64,2,64-2,"The polarity-neutral existential copula jɛn(da) and the inherently negative existential copula furi(da) take their Theme argument as subject. An alternative is to use habu (or reduced ha) 'have' with existential meaning, either with a null subject, or with the 3SG pronoun as subject. This is clearly less frequent, and possibly represents Creolese influence.","737[120-126, 178-180];750[41, 42]",28-108 28-109 28-111 28-112,87.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-0000FF.png""}", +28-64-1,28,64,1,64-1,"The polarity-neutral existential copula jɛn(da) and the inherently negative existential copula furi(da) take their Theme argument as subject. An alternative is to use habu (or reduced ha) 'have' with existential meaning, either with a null subject, or with the 3SG pronoun as subject. This is clearly less frequent, and possibly represents Creolese influence.","737[120-126, 178-180];750[41, 42]",28-110 28-14,12.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-0000FF.png""}", +28-65-1,28,65,1,65-1,The construction does not generalize to other weather predicates.,737[176],28-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +28-66-3,28,66,3,66-3,,,28-114 28-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-67-1,28,67,1,67-1,,,28-116,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-68-1,28,68,1,68-1,,,28-117 28-63,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-69-1,28,69,1,69-1,"Berbice Dutch has argument-introducing serial verb constructions where deki 'take' is the initial verb in the series, but this construction is not used for instrumentals.",737[194-196],28-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +28-7-1,28,7,1,7-1,,736;737[361-387];739,28-13 28-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 28-70-1,28,70,1,70-1,"Mɛtɛ 'with' is used (a) for NP-conjoining (b) for comitatives -(c) for instrumentals.",737[194-196],28-118 28-119,100.0,Very certain -28-71-1,28,71,1,71-1,,737[194-196],28-119,100.0,Very certain -28-72-3,28,72,3,72-3,"For the conjunction of sentences or sentenced parts, an 'and' is used. For conjunction of nominals, mɛtɛ 'with' is used.",737[137-142],28-105 28-30 28-41 28-61,100.0,Very certain -28-73-1,28,73,1,73-1,,749;737[117-120],28-120,100.0,Very certain -28-74-2,28,74,2,74-2,,742,28-16,100.0,Very certain -28-75-1,28,75,1,75-1,"Jɛn(da) is the polarity neutral locative/existential copula; furi(da) is the inherently negative locative/existential copula. See Feature 64 ""Expletive subject of existential verb"" for existential use of these forms.",737[120-124],28-121 28-35,100.0,Very certain -28-76-2,28,76,2,76-2,,737[117-136];750[40-42],28-101 28-120 28-122,100.0,Very certain -28-77-1,28,77,1,77-1,,737[136],28-123,100.0,Very certain -28-78-3,28,78,3,78-3,"Despite the existence of the locative/existential copular verbs (see Feature 75 ""Predicative locative phrases""), which is the dominant pattern for existentials, o ha(bu), litterally 'it have', or just ha(bu) 'have', is also - marginally - used with existential meaning (see Feature 64 ""Expletive subject of existential verb""). This possibly represents Creolese influence.",737[136],28-108 28-110 28-124 28-125,100.0,Intermediate -28-79-5,28,79,5,79-5,,737[412-5],28-130 28-131,30.0,Very certain -28-79-1,28,79,1,79-1,,737[412-5],28-128 28-129,70.0,Very certain -28-8-2,28,8,2,8-2,"Only Deg+Adj is possible for prenominal APs. In contrast, the Adj+Deg order seems to be available for predicate adjective phrases, witness the example cited here. I could not, however, locate any other examples of this pattern. It is worth noting that verbal predicates only allow the Verb+Deg order, and that elicited judgements show clearly that verbal use of adjectives (as evidenced by the presence of inflection) conform to normal verb behaviour in this regard. This suggests that the one Adj+Deg case cited here represents an error, or idiosyncratic use of droko 'dry' as a verb by the speaker in question.",737[254-255];742[34-35],28-16,10.0,Uncertain -28-8-1,28,8,1,8-1,"Only Deg+Adj is possible for prenominal APs. In contrast, the Adj+Deg order seems to be available for predicate adjective phrases, witness the example cited here. I could not, however, locate any other examples of this pattern. It is worth noting that verbal predicates only allow the Verb+Deg order, and that elicited judgements show clearly that verbal use of adjectives (as evidenced by the presence of inflection) conform to normal verb behaviour in this regard. This suggests that the one Adj+Deg case cited here represents an error, or idiosyncratic use of droko 'dry' as a verb by the speaker in question.",737[254-255];742[34-35],28-15 28-17 28-18,90.0,Very certain -28-80-2,28,80,2,80-2,,737[196-8],28-132,100.0,Very certain +(c) for instrumentals.",737[194-196],28-118 28-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-71-1,28,71,1,71-1,,737[194-196],28-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-72-3,28,72,3,72-3,"For the conjunction of sentences or sentenced parts, an 'and' is used. For conjunction of nominals, mɛtɛ 'with' is used.",737[137-142],28-105 28-30 28-41 28-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-73-1,28,73,1,73-1,,749;737[117-120],28-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-74-2,28,74,2,74-2,,742,28-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-75-1,28,75,1,75-1,"Jɛn(da) is the polarity neutral locative/existential copula; furi(da) is the inherently negative locative/existential copula. See Feature 64 ""Expletive subject of existential verb"" for existential use of these forms.",737[120-124],28-121 28-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-76-2,28,76,2,76-2,,737[117-136];750[40-42],28-101 28-120 28-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-77-1,28,77,1,77-1,,737[136],28-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +28-78-3,28,78,3,78-3,"Despite the existence of the locative/existential copular verbs (see Feature 75 ""Predicative locative phrases""), which is the dominant pattern for existentials, o ha(bu), litterally 'it have', or just ha(bu) 'have', is also - marginally - used with existential meaning (see Feature 64 ""Expletive subject of existential verb""). This possibly represents Creolese influence.",737[136],28-108 28-110 28-124 28-125,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +28-79-5,28,79,5,79-5,,737[412-5],28-130 28-131,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FFFF00.png""}", +28-79-1,28,79,1,79-1,,737[412-5],28-128 28-129,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FFFF00.png""}", +28-8-2,28,8,2,8-2,"Only Deg+Adj is possible for prenominal APs. In contrast, the Adj+Deg order seems to be available for predicate adjective phrases, witness the example cited here. I could not, however, locate any other examples of this pattern. It is worth noting that verbal predicates only allow the Verb+Deg order, and that elicited judgements show clearly that verbal use of adjectives (as evidenced by the presence of inflection) conform to normal verb behaviour in this regard. This suggests that the one Adj+Deg case cited here represents an error, or idiosyncratic use of droko 'dry' as a verb by the speaker in question.",737[254-255];742[34-35],28-16,10.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-8-1,28,8,1,8-1,"Only Deg+Adj is possible for prenominal APs. In contrast, the Adj+Deg order seems to be available for predicate adjective phrases, witness the example cited here. I could not, however, locate any other examples of this pattern. It is worth noting that verbal predicates only allow the Verb+Deg order, and that elicited judgements show clearly that verbal use of adjectives (as evidenced by the presence of inflection) conform to normal verb behaviour in this regard. This suggests that the one Adj+Deg case cited here represents an error, or idiosyncratic use of droko 'dry' as a verb by the speaker in question.",737[254-255];742[34-35],28-15 28-17 28-18,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-80-2,28,80,2,80-2,,737[196-8],28-132,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 28-81-2,28,81,2,81-2,"Motion-from is expressed by the preposition fan, and motion-to is expressed by the postposition anga [LOC], which is used with locative and directional verbs. -An alternative is to use a directional serial verb construction, whereby either mu 'go' or kumu 'come' appear as second verb following an earlier motion verb.",737[206-211],28-126 28-127 28-132 28-149,100.0,Very certain -28-82-2,28,82,2,82-2,"The verb toto, which translates as 'push', does not appear in my data with this type of complement, but there are other verbs which express moving an object into a location as opposed to being at a location. In Berbice Dutch, location/direction is marked by the use of postpositions. There is no differentiation for location as opposed to direction, as seen here in the different uses of ben 'in(side)'. One should note that some of these postpositions also occasionally appear as prepositions, possibly as a result of prolonged contact with Creolese, which is exclusively prepositional.",737[203-227],28-133 28-51,100.0,Very certain -28-83-1,28,83,1,83-1,"The preposition fan 'from' is used to introduce ablatives. As can be seen here, it may combine with the general locative/directional postposition anga where the ablative is a location. For comparison, note also the example which shows the use of anga to express at-rest location.",737[196-198],28-134 28-135 28-136,100.0,Very certain -28-84-2,28,84,2,84-2,"The directional verbs mu 'go' and kumu 'come' may appear as second verb in a serial verb construction where the earlier verb denotes motion. It should be noted that mu 'go' is by far the commoner occurrence, and that it is not always clear that it really denotes direction away from the speaker.",737[412-415];750[42],28-137 28-138,100.0,Very certain -28-85-3,28,85,3,85-3,,737[396-402],28-140,30.0,Very certain -28-85-2,28,85,2,85-2,,737[396-402],28-139 28-141,70.0,Very certain -28-86-1,28,86,1,86-1,"The construction is acceptable only if actual transfer of an object takes place. In other words, pi 'give' always introduces a recipient in this construction.",737[394-6];750[42-3],28-142,100.0,Very certain -28-87-3,28,87,3,87-3,,737[181-7];750[47],28-143,100.0,Very certain -28-88-1,28,88,1,88-1,,737[187],28-104 28-143 28-144,100.0,Certain -28-89-6,28,89,6,89-6,"The reciprocal is usually expressed by use of mati. Since this is also the Creolese form, it is likely to have been borrowed from this source. The form makandri (Dutch-derived), although easily elicited, is rarely used.",737[183-5],28-143 28-145,100.0,Certain -28-9-1,28,9,1,9-1,,737[151-155];749;750[44],28-19 28-20,100.0,Very certain -28-90-3,28,90,3,90-3,"Berbice Dutch passives are nonprototypical in that there is no auxiliary or passive morphology. Note also that Berbice Dutch does not have the equivalent of a by-phrase. In other words, an agentive cannot be expressed in any way in a passive. Passives are of very low frequency.",737[\449-477];750[38-39],28-146 28-147,100.0,Very certain -28-91-8,28,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -28-92-2,28,92,2,92-2,"The appearance of a resumptive pronoun in relative clauses is unusual, and informants' judgements on these constructions were inconsistent.",750[48],28-148,53.8461538461538,Very certain -28-92-3,28,92,3,92-3,"The appearance of a resumptive pronoun in relative clauses is unusual, and informants' judgements on these constructions were inconsistent.",750[48],28-149,23.0769230769231,Uncertain -28-92-4,28,92,4,92-4,"The appearance of a resumptive pronoun in relative clauses is unusual, and informants' judgements on these constructions were inconsistent.",750[48],28-124,23.0769230769231,Very certain +An alternative is to use a directional serial verb construction, whereby either mu 'go' or kumu 'come' appear as second verb following an earlier motion verb.",737[206-211],28-126 28-127 28-132 28-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-82-2,28,82,2,82-2,"The verb toto, which translates as 'push', does not appear in my data with this type of complement, but there are other verbs which express moving an object into a location as opposed to being at a location. In Berbice Dutch, location/direction is marked by the use of postpositions. There is no differentiation for location as opposed to direction, as seen here in the different uses of ben 'in(side)'. One should note that some of these postpositions also occasionally appear as prepositions, possibly as a result of prolonged contact with Creolese, which is exclusively prepositional.",737[203-227],28-133 28-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +28-83-1,28,83,1,83-1,"The preposition fan 'from' is used to introduce ablatives. As can be seen here, it may combine with the general locative/directional postposition anga where the ablative is a location. For comparison, note also the example which shows the use of anga to express at-rest location.",737[196-198],28-134 28-135 28-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-84-2,28,84,2,84-2,"The directional verbs mu 'go' and kumu 'come' may appear as second verb in a serial verb construction where the earlier verb denotes motion. It should be noted that mu 'go' is by far the commoner occurrence, and that it is not always clear that it really denotes direction away from the speaker.",737[412-415];750[42],28-137 28-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +28-85-3,28,85,3,85-3,,737[396-402],28-140,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +28-85-2,28,85,2,85-2,,737[396-402],28-139 28-141,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +28-86-1,28,86,1,86-1,"The construction is acceptable only if actual transfer of an object takes place. In other words, pi 'give' always introduces a recipient in this construction.",737[394-6];750[42-3],28-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +28-87-3,28,87,3,87-3,,737[181-7];750[47],28-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +28-88-1,28,88,1,88-1,,737[187],28-104 28-143 28-144,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +28-89-6,28,89,6,89-6,"The reciprocal is usually expressed by use of mati. Since this is also the Creolese form, it is likely to have been borrowed from this source. The form makandri (Dutch-derived), although easily elicited, is rarely used.",737[183-5],28-143 28-145,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +28-9-1,28,9,1,9-1,,737[151-155];749;750[44],28-19 28-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +28-90-3,28,90,3,90-3,"Berbice Dutch passives are nonprototypical in that there is no auxiliary or passive morphology. Note also that Berbice Dutch does not have the equivalent of a by-phrase. In other words, an agentive cannot be expressed in any way in a passive. Passives are of very low frequency.",737[\449-477];750[38-39],28-146 28-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +28-91-8,28,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Field recordings and/or general knowledge +28-92-2,28,92,2,92-2,"The appearance of a resumptive pronoun in relative clauses is unusual, and informants' judgements on these constructions were inconsistent.",750[48],28-148,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFB6C1-24-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +28-92-3,28,92,3,92-3,"The appearance of a resumptive pronoun in relative clauses is unusual, and informants' judgements on these constructions were inconsistent.",750[48],28-149,23.0769230769231,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFB6C1-24-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +28-92-4,28,92,4,92-4,"The appearance of a resumptive pronoun in relative clauses is unusual, and informants' judgements on these constructions were inconsistent.",750[48],28-124,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFB6C1-24-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 28-93-3,28,93,3,93-3,"Relative clauses are most often introduced by the all-purpose relativizer wati. In Kouwenberg (1994: 370ff), I argue that wati may be a complementizer rather than a relative pronoun. One argument in favor of this analysis is provided by the occurrence of resumptive pronouns in quite a few cases. Another is the occasional use of complementizer dati in its place. -A zero-relativized clause in which the relativized element is the object is attested only for the verb rupu 'call, name'.",737[376-9],28-151,27.2727272727273,Uncertain +A zero-relativized clause in which the relativized element is the object is attested only for the verb rupu 'call, name'.",737[376-9],28-151,27.2727272727273,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-28-FFB6C1-10-0000FF.png""}", 28-93-2,28,93,2,93-2,"Relative clauses are most often introduced by the all-purpose relativizer wati. In Kouwenberg (1994: 370ff), I argue that wati may be a complementizer rather than a relative pronoun. One argument in favor of this analysis is provided by the occurrence of resumptive pronouns in quite a few cases. Another is the occasional use of complementizer dati in its place. -A zero-relativized clause in which the relativized element is the object is attested only for the verb rupu 'call, name'.",737[376-9],28-150 28-153,63.6363636363636,Very certain +A zero-relativized clause in which the relativized element is the object is attested only for the verb rupu 'call, name'.",737[376-9],28-150 28-153,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-28-FFB6C1-10-0000FF.png""}", 28-93-4,28,93,4,93-4,"Relative clauses are most often introduced by the all-purpose relativizer wati. In Kouwenberg (1994: 370ff), I argue that wati may be a complementizer rather than a relative pronoun. One argument in favor of this analysis is provided by the occurrence of resumptive pronouns in quite a few cases. Another is the occasional use of complementizer dati in its place. -A zero-relativized clause in which the relativized element is the object is attested only for the verb rupu 'call, name'.",737[376-9],28-152,9.09090909090909,Uncertain -28-94-2,28,94,2,94-2,"The preposition mɛtɛ 'with' allows both preposition-stranding and pied-piping in interrogative wh-movement, but only stranding in relativization.","737[196, 378-9]",28-154,70.0,Very certain -28-94-3,28,94,3,94-3,"The preposition mɛtɛ 'with' allows both preposition-stranding and pied-piping in interrogative wh-movement, but only stranding in relativization.","737[196, 378-9]",28-155,30.0,Uncertain -28-95-4,28,95,4,95-4,"The clausal complements of verba dicendi are introduced either by the serial verb bi(fi) 'say' (usually in the short form bi), by complementizer dati 'that', or by a null complementizer. The distribution of these complement types depends at least on the selecting verb, and on the nature of the complement (direct/indirect speech). As a result, it is not possible to generalize over this class of verbs in terms of the frequency of the different complement types. Occasional use of complementizer bi(fi) followed by a clause introduced by dati suggests that serial bi(fi) has the same subcategorization properties as its main verb counterpart, i.e. that it selects for a CP.","737[323-7, 329-336, 403-407];750[33-5, 43]",28-156,25.0,Very certain -28-95-1,28,95,1,95-1,"The clausal complements of verba dicendi are introduced either by the serial verb bi(fi) 'say' (usually in the short form bi), by complementizer dati 'that', or by a null complementizer. The distribution of these complement types depends at least on the selecting verb, and on the nature of the complement (direct/indirect speech). As a result, it is not possible to generalize over this class of verbs in terms of the frequency of the different complement types. Occasional use of complementizer bi(fi) followed by a clause introduced by dati suggests that serial bi(fi) has the same subcategorization properties as its main verb counterpart, i.e. that it selects for a CP.","737[323-7, 329-336, 403-407];750[33-5, 43]",28-157,25.0,Very certain -28-95-2,28,95,2,95-2,"The clausal complements of verba dicendi are introduced either by the serial verb bi(fi) 'say' (usually in the short form bi), by complementizer dati 'that', or by a null complementizer. The distribution of these complement types depends at least on the selecting verb, and on the nature of the complement (direct/indirect speech). As a result, it is not possible to generalize over this class of verbs in terms of the frequency of the different complement types. Occasional use of complementizer bi(fi) followed by a clause introduced by dati suggests that serial bi(fi) has the same subcategorization properties as its main verb counterpart, i.e. that it selects for a CP.","737[323-7, 329-336, 403-407];750[33-5, 43]",28-158,25.0,Very certain -28-95-3,28,95,3,95-3,"The clausal complements of verba dicendi are introduced either by the serial verb bi(fi) 'say' (usually in the short form bi), by complementizer dati 'that', or by a null complementizer. The distribution of these complement types depends at least on the selecting verb, and on the nature of the complement (direct/indirect speech). As a result, it is not possible to generalize over this class of verbs in terms of the frequency of the different complement types. Occasional use of complementizer bi(fi) followed by a clause introduced by dati suggests that serial bi(fi) has the same subcategorization properties as its main verb counterpart, i.e. that it selects for a CP.","737[323-7, 329-336, 403-407];750[33-5, 43]",28-159,25.0,Very certain -28-96-4,28,96,4,96-4,"Nimi is a process verb, more accurately translated as 'acquire knowledge'; it is glossed here and throughout as 'know' for convenience's sake. It usually takes a complement clause introduced by complementizer dati or by a null complementizer. Nimi cannot be considered representative of the larger class of psychological verbs.Thus, verbs which translate as 'forget', 'remember', 'learn' have different complementation preferences from nimi.",737[329-338],28-163,45.4545454545455,Very certain -28-96-2,28,96,2,96-2,"Nimi is a process verb, more accurately translated as 'acquire knowledge'; it is glossed here and throughout as 'know' for convenience's sake. It usually takes a complement clause introduced by complementizer dati or by a null complementizer. Nimi cannot be considered representative of the larger class of psychological verbs.Thus, verbs which translate as 'forget', 'remember', 'learn' have different complementation preferences from nimi.",737[329-338],28-161,9.09090909090909,Intermediate -28-96-3,28,96,3,96-3,"Nimi is a process verb, more accurately translated as 'acquire knowledge'; it is glossed here and throughout as 'know' for convenience's sake. It usually takes a complement clause introduced by complementizer dati or by a null complementizer. Nimi cannot be considered representative of the larger class of psychological verbs.Thus, verbs which translate as 'forget', 'remember', 'learn' have different complementation preferences from nimi.",737[329-338],28-162,45.4545454545455,Very certain -28-97-1,28,97,1,97-1,"Suku 'want' subcategorizes for nonfinite complement clauses, as seen by the inability of the complement clause to take tense marking or be independently negated. The clause may contain an overt subject, not coreferential with the matrix subject, showing that suku is an ECM (exceptional case-marking) verb - the only such verb in Berbice Dutch (see discussion in Kouwenberg's 1994 grammar, pp. 347–353).","737[32, 347-3536-5];750[34]",28-164 28-165,100.0,Certain +A zero-relativized clause in which the relativized element is the object is attested only for the verb rupu 'call, name'.",737[376-9],28-152,9.09090909090909,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-28-FFB6C1-10-0000FF.png""}", +28-94-2,28,94,2,94-2,"The preposition mɛtɛ 'with' allows both preposition-stranding and pied-piping in interrogative wh-movement, but only stranding in relativization.","737[196, 378-9]",28-154,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png""}", +28-94-3,28,94,3,94-3,"The preposition mɛtɛ 'with' allows both preposition-stranding and pied-piping in interrogative wh-movement, but only stranding in relativization.","737[196, 378-9]",28-155,30.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png""}", +28-95-4,28,95,4,95-4,"The clausal complements of verba dicendi are introduced either by the serial verb bi(fi) 'say' (usually in the short form bi), by complementizer dati 'that', or by a null complementizer. The distribution of these complement types depends at least on the selecting verb, and on the nature of the complement (direct/indirect speech). As a result, it is not possible to generalize over this class of verbs in terms of the frequency of the different complement types. Occasional use of complementizer bi(fi) followed by a clause introduced by dati suggests that serial bi(fi) has the same subcategorization properties as its main verb counterpart, i.e. that it selects for a CP.","737[323-7, 329-336, 403-407];750[33-5, 43]",28-156,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-25-FF0000-25-0000FF-25-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-95-1,28,95,1,95-1,"The clausal complements of verba dicendi are introduced either by the serial verb bi(fi) 'say' (usually in the short form bi), by complementizer dati 'that', or by a null complementizer. The distribution of these complement types depends at least on the selecting verb, and on the nature of the complement (direct/indirect speech). As a result, it is not possible to generalize over this class of verbs in terms of the frequency of the different complement types. Occasional use of complementizer bi(fi) followed by a clause introduced by dati suggests that serial bi(fi) has the same subcategorization properties as its main verb counterpart, i.e. that it selects for a CP.","737[323-7, 329-336, 403-407];750[33-5, 43]",28-157,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-25-FF0000-25-0000FF-25-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-95-2,28,95,2,95-2,"The clausal complements of verba dicendi are introduced either by the serial verb bi(fi) 'say' (usually in the short form bi), by complementizer dati 'that', or by a null complementizer. The distribution of these complement types depends at least on the selecting verb, and on the nature of the complement (direct/indirect speech). As a result, it is not possible to generalize over this class of verbs in terms of the frequency of the different complement types. Occasional use of complementizer bi(fi) followed by a clause introduced by dati suggests that serial bi(fi) has the same subcategorization properties as its main verb counterpart, i.e. that it selects for a CP.","737[323-7, 329-336, 403-407];750[33-5, 43]",28-158,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-25-FF0000-25-0000FF-25-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-95-3,28,95,3,95-3,"The clausal complements of verba dicendi are introduced either by the serial verb bi(fi) 'say' (usually in the short form bi), by complementizer dati 'that', or by a null complementizer. The distribution of these complement types depends at least on the selecting verb, and on the nature of the complement (direct/indirect speech). As a result, it is not possible to generalize over this class of verbs in terms of the frequency of the different complement types. Occasional use of complementizer bi(fi) followed by a clause introduced by dati suggests that serial bi(fi) has the same subcategorization properties as its main verb counterpart, i.e. that it selects for a CP.","737[323-7, 329-336, 403-407];750[33-5, 43]",28-159,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-25-FF0000-25-0000FF-25-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-96-4,28,96,4,96-4,"Nimi is a process verb, more accurately translated as 'acquire knowledge'; it is glossed here and throughout as 'know' for convenience's sake. It usually takes a complement clause introduced by complementizer dati or by a null complementizer. Nimi cannot be considered representative of the larger class of psychological verbs.Thus, verbs which translate as 'forget', 'remember', 'learn' have different complementation preferences from nimi.",737[329-338],28-163,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-46-0000FF-46-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-96-2,28,96,2,96-2,"Nimi is a process verb, more accurately translated as 'acquire knowledge'; it is glossed here and throughout as 'know' for convenience's sake. It usually takes a complement clause introduced by complementizer dati or by a null complementizer. Nimi cannot be considered representative of the larger class of psychological verbs.Thus, verbs which translate as 'forget', 'remember', 'learn' have different complementation preferences from nimi.",737[329-338],28-161,9.09090909090909,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-46-0000FF-46-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-96-3,28,96,3,96-3,"Nimi is a process verb, more accurately translated as 'acquire knowledge'; it is glossed here and throughout as 'know' for convenience's sake. It usually takes a complement clause introduced by complementizer dati or by a null complementizer. Nimi cannot be considered representative of the larger class of psychological verbs.Thus, verbs which translate as 'forget', 'remember', 'learn' have different complementation preferences from nimi.",737[329-338],28-162,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-46-0000FF-46-FFFFFF.png""}", +28-97-1,28,97,1,97-1,"Suku 'want' subcategorizes for nonfinite complement clauses, as seen by the inability of the complement clause to take tense marking or be independently negated. The clause may contain an overt subject, not coreferential with the matrix subject, showing that suku is an ECM (exceptional case-marking) verb - the only such verb in Berbice Dutch (see discussion in Kouwenberg's 1994 grammar, pp. 347–353).","737[32, 347-3536-5];750[34]",28-164 28-165,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 28-98-6,28,98,6,98-6,"Bionto 'believe, remember' and glofu 'believe' are closest to meaning 'think'. Bionto is of low frequency, and attested only with full complement clauses (CPs) introduced by a null complementizer. Glofu is of somewhat higher frequency, and attested with full complement clauses introduced by the complementizer dati 'that', by the serial complementizer bi(fi) 'say', and by a null complementizer. -Suku 'want' subcategorizes for nonfinite complement clauses, where no complementizer position is available.",737[323-353],28-166 28-167 28-168 28-169 28-170,100.0,Very certain -28-99-1,28,99,1,99-1,"The ""doubled"" verb in this construction behaves like a deverbal noun: It is preceded by a definite article, and followed by a relative clause, overtly introduced by wati (all-purpose relativizer) or dati 'that', or by a null complementizer.",737[436-447];750[39-40],28-171 28-172,100.0,Very certain -29-0-7,29,0,7,0-7,,,,100.0, -29-1-2,29,1,2,1-2,Afrikaans is an SOV + V2 language and therefore exhibits a range of different word orders.,,29-2,41.1764705882353,Very certain -29-1-3,29,1,3,1-3,Afrikaans is an SOV + V2 language and therefore exhibits a range of different word orders.,,29-3,17.6470588235294,Very certain -29-1-1,29,1,1,1-1,Afrikaans is an SOV + V2 language and therefore exhibits a range of different word orders.,,29-1,41.1764705882353,Very certain -29-10-1,29,10,1,10-1,,,29-16,100.0,Very certain -29-100-5,29,100,5,100-5,"A single negative particle only occurs in cases where the two negative markers have shown up in the sequence *NEG NEG, which is not permitted (cf. den Besten 1986, Biberauer 2008).",374;140,29-197,42.8571428571429,Very certain -29-100-4,29,100,4,100-4,"A single negative particle only occurs in cases where the two negative markers have shown up in the sequence *NEG NEG, which is not permitted (cf. den Besten 1986, Biberauer 2008).",374;140,29-196,42.8571428571429,Very certain -29-100-1,29,100,1,100-1,"A single negative particle only occurs in cases where the two negative markers have shown up in the sequence *NEG NEG, which is not permitted (cf. den Besten 1986, Biberauer 2008).",374;140,29-198 29-199,14.2857142857143,Very certain +Suku 'want' subcategorizes for nonfinite complement clauses, where no complementizer position is available.",737[323-353],28-166 28-167 28-168 28-169 28-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +28-99-1,28,99,1,99-1,"The ""doubled"" verb in this construction behaves like a deverbal noun: It is preceded by a definite article, and followed by a relative clause, overtly introduced by wati (all-purpose relativizer) or dati 'that', or by a null complementizer.",737[436-447];750[39-40],28-171 28-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +29-0-7,29,0,7,0-7,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +29-1-2,29,1,2,1-2,Afrikaans is an SOV + V2 language and therefore exhibits a range of different word orders.,,29-2,41.1764705882353,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-42-FF0000-42-0000FF-18-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +29-1-3,29,1,3,1-3,Afrikaans is an SOV + V2 language and therefore exhibits a range of different word orders.,,29-3,17.6470588235294,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-42-FF0000-42-0000FF-18-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +29-1-1,29,1,1,1-1,Afrikaans is an SOV + V2 language and therefore exhibits a range of different word orders.,,29-1,41.1764705882353,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-42-FF0000-42-0000FF-18-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +29-10-1,29,10,1,10-1,,,29-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +29-100-5,29,100,5,100-5,"A single negative particle only occurs in cases where the two negative markers have shown up in the sequence *NEG NEG, which is not permitted (cf. den Besten 1986, Biberauer 2008).",374;140,29-197,42.8571428571429,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-15-ADD8E6-43-0000FF-43-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-100-4,29,100,4,100-4,"A single negative particle only occurs in cases where the two negative markers have shown up in the sequence *NEG NEG, which is not permitted (cf. den Besten 1986, Biberauer 2008).",374;140,29-196,42.8571428571429,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-15-ADD8E6-43-0000FF-43-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-100-1,29,100,1,100-1,"A single negative particle only occurs in cases where the two negative markers have shown up in the sequence *NEG NEG, which is not permitted (cf. den Besten 1986, Biberauer 2008).",374;140,29-198 29-199,14.2857142857143,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-15-ADD8E6-43-0000FF-43-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 29-101-6,29,101,6,101-6,"NEG2 always follows the main verb and is dropped if immediately adjecent to NEG1 (cf. den Besten 1986, Biberauer 2008). NEG1 precedes the main verb when it is in OV order and it follows the main verb if it is in SVO or VSO order. -Both NEG1 and NEG2 may be adjacent to the verb but they don't have to be (... dat hy nie kom nie [... that 3SG.M.NOM NEG come NEG] '... that he isn't coming'.",,29-200 29-241,100.0,Very certain -29-102-1,29,102,1,102-1,"Negative indefinites are used in response to thetic questions ('What happened?' - Niks nie. [nothing NEG] 'Nothing.'), whereas indefinites/NPIs are used where the relevant indefinite has been mentioned previously (Het jy iemand daar gesien? [PST 2SG.NOM someone there PCL-seen] 'Did you see anyone there?' - Ek het nie enige iemand gesien nie. [1SG.NOM PST NEG any someone PCL-seen NEG] 'I didn't see anyone').",,29-201 29-202,100.0,Certain -29-103-5,29,103,5,103-5,,,29-203 29-204,100.0,Very certain -29-104-2,29,104,2,104-2,"Value ""Cleft with copula before focus"" is always constructed with dit 'it’, dis being the contracted form of dit is ('it is').",,29-206,25.0,Very certain -29-104-1,29,104,1,104-1,"Value ""Cleft with copula before focus"" is always constructed with dit 'it’, dis being the contracted form of dit is ('it is').",,29-205,75.0,Very certain -29-105-3,29,105,3,105-3,"The examples of verb doubling in Africaans do not refer to contratstive focus; they rather convey a measure of affective meaning. The construction is not limited to verbal predicates - cf. Klaar maak hy KLAAR! [finished makes 3SG.M.NOM finished], i.e. 'He makes sure he finishes!' or 'He will jolly well make sure he finishes!').",,29-207 29-208 29-209 29-210,100.0,Intermediate -29-106-1,29,106,1,106-1,,,29-211,23.0769230769231,Very certain -29-106-2,29,106,2,106-2,,,29-213,23.0769230769231,Very certain -29-106-3,29,106,3,106-3,,,29-212,53.8461538461538,Unspecified -29-107-1,29,107,1,107-1,,,29-214,100.0,Very certain -29-108-2,29,108,2,108-2,,,29-215 29-216,100.0,Certain -29-109-1,29,109,1,109-1,Piekanien etc. is a noun meaning 'piccanin(ny)'. The first attestation is in Van Riebeeck's time; cf. Franken (1953: 33).,539[33],29-217,100.0,Very certain +Both NEG1 and NEG2 may be adjacent to the verb but they don't have to be (... dat hy nie kom nie [... that 3SG.M.NOM NEG come NEG] '... that he isn't coming'.",,29-200 29-241,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-102-1,29,102,1,102-1,"Negative indefinites are used in response to thetic questions ('What happened?' - Niks nie. [nothing NEG] 'Nothing.'), whereas indefinites/NPIs are used where the relevant indefinite has been mentioned previously (Het jy iemand daar gesien? [PST 2SG.NOM someone there PCL-seen] 'Did you see anyone there?' - Ek het nie enige iemand gesien nie. [1SG.NOM PST NEG any someone PCL-seen NEG] 'I didn't see anyone').",,29-201 29-202,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-103-5,29,103,5,103-5,,,29-203 29-204,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +29-104-2,29,104,2,104-2,"Value ""Cleft with copula before focus"" is always constructed with dit 'it’, dis being the contracted form of dit is ('it is').",,29-206,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-104-1,29,104,1,104-1,"Value ""Cleft with copula before focus"" is always constructed with dit 'it’, dis being the contracted form of dit is ('it is').",,29-205,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-105-3,29,105,3,105-3,"The examples of verb doubling in Africaans do not refer to contratstive focus; they rather convey a measure of affective meaning. The construction is not limited to verbal predicates - cf. Klaar maak hy KLAAR! [finished makes 3SG.M.NOM finished], i.e. 'He makes sure he finishes!' or 'He will jolly well make sure he finishes!').",,29-207 29-208 29-209 29-210,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-106-1,29,106,1,106-1,,,29-211,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-24-0000FF-54-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +29-106-2,29,106,2,106-2,,,29-213,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-24-0000FF-54-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +29-106-3,29,106,3,106-3,,,29-212,53.8461538461538,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-24-0000FF-54-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +29-107-1,29,107,1,107-1,,,29-214,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-108-2,29,108,2,108-2,,,29-215 29-216,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +29-109-1,29,109,1,109-1,Piekanien etc. is a noun meaning 'piccanin(ny)'. The first attestation is in Van Riebeeck's time; cf. Franken (1953: 33).,539[33],29-217,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 29-11-5,29,11,5,11-5,"If an adverb precedes an animate object, there is a tendency to mark the object with the adpositional element vir (cf. Molnárfi 1999). -Afrikaans has SOV + V2 word order. So in adverb-initial main clauses, the adverb precedes the verb (V). In subject-initial main clauses, by contrast, it follows the verb if V is in second position; in the presence of an auxiliary, the adverb will, however, precede the V as V will be located string-finally in this case (i.e. S-AUX-Adv-O-V). In subordinate clauses, the adverb always precedes the V (S-Adv-O-V-Aux).",975,29-20,25.0,Very certain +Afrikaans has SOV + V2 word order. So in adverb-initial main clauses, the adverb precedes the verb (V). In subject-initial main clauses, by contrast, it follows the verb if V is in second position; in the presence of an auxiliary, the adverb will, however, precede the V as V will be located string-finally in this case (i.e. S-AUX-Adv-O-V). In subordinate clauses, the adverb always precedes the V (S-Adv-O-V-Aux).",975,29-20,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-800080-25-FFFF00-25-0000FF-25-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge 29-11-4,29,11,4,11-4,"If an adverb precedes an animate object, there is a tendency to mark the object with the adpositional element vir (cf. Molnárfi 1999). -Afrikaans has SOV + V2 word order. So in adverb-initial main clauses, the adverb precedes the verb (V). In subject-initial main clauses, by contrast, it follows the verb if V is in second position; in the presence of an auxiliary, the adverb will, however, precede the V as V will be located string-finally in this case (i.e. S-AUX-Adv-O-V). In subordinate clauses, the adverb always precedes the V (S-Adv-O-V-Aux).",975,29-19,25.0,Very certain +Afrikaans has SOV + V2 word order. So in adverb-initial main clauses, the adverb precedes the verb (V). In subject-initial main clauses, by contrast, it follows the verb if V is in second position; in the presence of an auxiliary, the adverb will, however, precede the V as V will be located string-finally in this case (i.e. S-AUX-Adv-O-V). In subordinate clauses, the adverb always precedes the V (S-Adv-O-V-Aux).",975,29-19,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-800080-25-FFFF00-25-0000FF-25-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge 29-11-1,29,11,1,11-1,"If an adverb precedes an animate object, there is a tendency to mark the object with the adpositional element vir (cf. Molnárfi 1999). -Afrikaans has SOV + V2 word order. So in adverb-initial main clauses, the adverb precedes the verb (V). In subject-initial main clauses, by contrast, it follows the verb if V is in second position; in the presence of an auxiliary, the adverb will, however, precede the V as V will be located string-finally in this case (i.e. S-AUX-Adv-O-V). In subordinate clauses, the adverb always precedes the V (S-Adv-O-V-Aux).",975,29-17,25.0,Very certain +Afrikaans has SOV + V2 word order. So in adverb-initial main clauses, the adverb precedes the verb (V). In subject-initial main clauses, by contrast, it follows the verb if V is in second position; in the presence of an auxiliary, the adverb will, however, precede the V as V will be located string-finally in this case (i.e. S-AUX-Adv-O-V). In subordinate clauses, the adverb always precedes the V (S-Adv-O-V-Aux).",975,29-17,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-800080-25-FFFF00-25-0000FF-25-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge 29-11-3,29,11,3,11-3,"If an adverb precedes an animate object, there is a tendency to mark the object with the adpositional element vir (cf. Molnárfi 1999). -Afrikaans has SOV + V2 word order. So in adverb-initial main clauses, the adverb precedes the verb (V). In subject-initial main clauses, by contrast, it follows the verb if V is in second position; in the presence of an auxiliary, the adverb will, however, precede the V as V will be located string-finally in this case (i.e. S-AUX-Adv-O-V). In subordinate clauses, the adverb always precedes the V (S-Adv-O-V-Aux).",975,29-18,25.0,Very certain -29-110-2,29,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Certain -29-111-1,29,111,1,111-1,Oogwater ('eye-water') is a form sometimes used to refer to 'eye-drops' (also oogdruppels).,,29-218,100.0,Very certain -29-112-2,29,112,2,112-2,,,29-219 29-220,100.0,Very certain -29-113-2,29,113,2,113-2,,,29-221 29-222,100.0,Very certain -29-114-2,29,114,2,114-2,,,29-223 29-224,100.0,Very certain -29-115-2,29,115,2,115-2,,,29-225 29-226,100.0,Very certain -29-116-2,29,116,2,116-2,,,29-227 29-228,100.0,Very certain -29-117-2,29,117,2,117-2,,402[96-97];1227[539],29-230,45.4545454545455,Very certain -29-117-1,29,117,1,117-1,,402[96-97];1227[539],29-229,27.2727272727273,Very certain -29-117-4,29,117,4,117-4,,402[96-97];1227[539],29-231 29-232 29-233 29-234 29-243,27.2727272727273,Very certain -29-118-3,29,118,3,118-3,Value 3: /pn/ and /pt/ only in international loans.,,29-235 29-236 29-237,100.0,Very certain -29-119-3,29,119,3,119-3,Obstruent plus /t/ is not attested.,,29-238 29-239 29-240,100.0,Very certain -29-12-1,29,12,1,12-1,,,29-21 29-22,100.0,Very certain -29-120-1,29,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -29-121-3,29,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -29-122-3,29,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0, -29-123-1,29,123,1,123-1,"In Afrikaans linguistics, both vowels in dinge are supposed to be schwa. In fact the in dinge, wit 'white', etc. can be analyzed as a somewhat centralized version of the [ɪ].",,29-276,100.0, -29-124-1,29,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -29-125-2,29,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -29-126-3,29,126,3,126-3,,,29-257,100.0, -29-127-6,29,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -29-128-2,29,128,2,128-2,"Apart from a few loanwords, such as njala 'nyala', this palatal nasal only occurs in diminutives.",,29-264,100.0, -29-129-2,29,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -29-13-2,29,13,2,13-2,Only in the Khoekhoe Afrikaans dialect do we find the use of hy signifying both 'he' and 'she'.,,29-23,100.0,Very certain -29-130-1,29,130,1,130-1,,,29-261,100.0, -29-131,29,131,1,131-1,,,29-244,100.0, -29-132,29,132,1,132-1,,,29-246,100.0, -29-133,29,133,1,133-1,,,29-247,100.0, -29-134,29,134,1,134-1,,,29-248,100.0, -29-137,29,137,3,137-3,,,29-251,100.0, -29-138,29,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, +Afrikaans has SOV + V2 word order. So in adverb-initial main clauses, the adverb precedes the verb (V). In subject-initial main clauses, by contrast, it follows the verb if V is in second position; in the presence of an auxiliary, the adverb will, however, precede the V as V will be located string-finally in this case (i.e. S-AUX-Adv-O-V). In subordinate clauses, the adverb always precedes the V (S-Adv-O-V-Aux).",975,29-18,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-800080-25-FFFF00-25-0000FF-25-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +29-110-2,29,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-111-1,29,111,1,111-1,Oogwater ('eye-water') is a form sometimes used to refer to 'eye-drops' (also oogdruppels).,,29-218,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-112-2,29,112,2,112-2,,,29-219 29-220,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +29-113-2,29,113,2,113-2,,,29-221 29-222,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-114-2,29,114,2,114-2,,,29-223 29-224,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-115-2,29,115,2,115-2,,,29-225 29-226,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-116-2,29,116,2,116-2,,,29-227 29-228,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-117-2,29,117,2,117-2,,402[96-97];1227[539],29-230,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FF0000-46-0000FF-28-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +29-117-1,29,117,1,117-1,,402[96-97];1227[539],29-229,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FF0000-46-0000FF-28-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +29-117-4,29,117,4,117-4,,402[96-97];1227[539],29-231 29-232 29-233 29-234 29-243,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FF0000-46-0000FF-28-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +29-118-3,29,118,3,118-3,Value 3: /pn/ and /pt/ only in international loans.,,29-235 29-236 29-237,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-119-3,29,119,3,119-3,Obstruent plus /t/ is not attested.,,29-238 29-239 29-240,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-12-1,29,12,1,12-1,,,29-21 29-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-120-1,29,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-121-3,29,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +29-122-3,29,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +29-123-1,29,123,1,123-1,"In Afrikaans linguistics, both vowels in dinge are supposed to be schwa. In fact the in dinge, wit 'white', etc. can be analyzed as a somewhat centralized version of the [ɪ].",,29-276,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +29-124-1,29,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +29-125-2,29,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +29-126-3,29,126,3,126-3,,,29-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +29-127-6,29,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-128-2,29,128,2,128-2,"Apart from a few loanwords, such as njala 'nyala', this palatal nasal only occurs in diminutives.",,29-264,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-129-2,29,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-13-2,29,13,2,13-2,Only in the Khoekhoe Afrikaans dialect do we find the use of hy signifying both 'he' and 'she'.,,29-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +29-130-1,29,130,1,130-1,,,29-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +29-131,29,131,1,131-1,,,29-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-132,29,132,1,132-1,,,29-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-133,29,133,1,133-1,,,29-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-134,29,134,1,134-1,,,29-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-137,29,137,3,137-3,,,29-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +29-138,29,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 29-139,29,139,2,139-2,"This segment does not have to be sibilant. (A ""good"" approximation would then be [tj]). But it is usually realized as a sibilant affricate, especially in loanwords. -Note that and in diminutives is usually pronounced as [c] in Standard Afrikaans. The originally affricate pronunciation is still prevalent in the Cape dialect.",,29-252,100.0, -29-14-1,29,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -29-140,29,140,3,140-3,,,29-253,100.0, -29-143,29,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -29-144,29,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -29-145,29,145,2,145-2,,,29-249,100.0, -29-146,29,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -29-147,29,147,1,147-1,,,29-245,100.0, -29-148,29,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -29-149,29,149,2,149-2,"[g] shows up in loanwords in onsets that may be complex. In native words, the onset must be simple and the must be preceded by a sonorant segment and be followed by a schwa-initial suffix. However, if the preceding sonorant segment is a vowel, usually drops (inflected hoge (vs. predicative hoog) is much less likely than inflected hoë 'high'.)",,29-250,100.0, -29-15-1,29,15,1,15-1,"Afrikaans ons can have both an inclusive and an exclusive reading, depending on the speaker's intention. Just as in English, ons can be stressed to signify an exclusive meaning - ONS verstaan dit goed (maar jy nie), i.e. 'WE understand it well (but you don't)'.",,29-24,100.0,Very certain -29-151,29,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -29-152,29,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -29-153,29,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -29-155,29,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -29-156,29,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -29-158,29,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -29-159,29,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -29-16-1,29,16,1,16-1,,,29-25,100.0,Very certain -29-160,29,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -29-161,29,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -29-163,29,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -29-168,29,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -29-169,29,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -29-17-1,29,17,1,17-1,,,29-111,100.0,Very certain -29-170,29,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -29-171,29,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -29-172,29,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -29-173,29,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -29-174,29,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -29-176,29,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -29-178,29,178,1,178-1,,,29-262,100.0, -29-179,29,179,1,179-1,,,29-263,100.0, -29-18-5,29,18,5,18-5,"Besides jy (2SG), julle (2PL) and u (2POL), polite spoken Afrikaans also employs the Southeast Asian way of using titles as pronouns. The third person pronoun may also be used for polite address.",,29-26 29-27 29-28,100.0,Very certain -29-180,29,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -29-181,29,181,2,181-2,"Apart from a few loanwords, such as njala 'nyala', this palatal nasal only occurs in diminutives.",,29-264,100.0, -29-182,29,182,1,182-1,,,29-265,100.0, -29-183,29,183,1,183-1,,,29-266,100.0, -29-184,29,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -29-187,29,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -29-188,29,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -29-189,29,189,1,189-1,,,29-254,100.0, -29-19-1,29,19,1,19-1,,,29-29,100.0,Very certain -29-190,29,190,1,190-1," could also be represented as a labiodental approximant. However, its realization is much more fricative than in Dutch — at least in syllables of the type vV(C). In complex onsets, as in swak 'weak', is realized either as a [w] or as a labiodental approximant.",,29-255,100.0, -29-191,29,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -29-192,29,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -29-193,29,193,1,193-1,,,29-256,100.0, -29-194,29,194,3,194-3,,,29-257,100.0, -29-195,29,195,3,195-3,,,29-258,100.0, -29-196,29,196,3,196-3,,,29-259,100.0, -29-198,29,198,2,198-2,,,29-291,100.0, -29-199,29,199,1,199-1,,,29-260,100.0, -29-2-1,29,2,1,2-1,,,29-242 29-4,70.0,Very certain -29-2-2,29,2,2,2-2,,,29-5 29-67,30.0,Very certain -29-20-1,29,20,1,20-1,,,29-30,100.0,Very certain -29-200,29,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -29-201,29,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -29-202,29,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -29-205,29,205,1,205-1,,,29-261,100.0, -29-209,29,209,1,209-1,,,29-267,100.0, -29-21-2,29,21,2,21-2,"'Somebody' is iemand, which is related to the generic noun man 'man'. 'Something' is not related to a generic noun or to an interrogative: it is iets. So iets is a special indefinite. Nevertheless, both iemand and iets carry the prefix ie-, which also shows up in iewers ('somewhere').",,29-31,50.0,Very certain -29-21-3,29,21,3,21-3,"'Somebody' is iemand, which is related to the generic noun man 'man'. 'Something' is not related to a generic noun or to an interrogative: it is iets. So iets is a special indefinite. Nevertheless, both iemand and iets carry the prefix ie-, which also shows up in iewers ('somewhere').",,29-32,50.0,Very certain -29-212,29,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -29-217,29,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -29-218,29,218,1,218-1,,,29-268,100.0, -29-22-6,29,22,6,22-6,"There is one exception to the invariant plural marking: goed which may mean 'things'. Goed is an unmarked plurale tantum. Thus: twee goed = 'two things'. It also occurs in compounds, as the head noun where it assumes a collective and thus singular meaning (as in Dutch). In die kleingoed meaning 'the children', goed may be interpreted both as a plural and also as a collective marker.",,29-33,100.0,Very certain -29-221,29,221,2,221-2,This occurs as an allophone of /v/.,,29-269,100.0, -29-23-3,29,23,3,23-3,,,29-34,100.0,Certain -29-231,29,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -29-24-2,29,24,2,24-2,"In associative plurals of this type, the reading is 'X-and-one-or-more-others' if X is singular and 'X-and-zero-or-more-others' if X is plural.",,29-35,100.0,Very certain -29-25-1,29,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -29-252,29,252,1,252-1,,,29-270,100.0, -29-253,29,253,2,253-2,[e] usually occurs in syllables that do not carry main stress.,,29-272,100.0, -29-254,29,254,1,254-1,,,29-273,100.0, -29-255,29,255,2,255-2,"This is a nonstandard realization of before [l], [k], [x].",,29-275,100.0, -29-256,29,256,1,256-1,,,29-277,100.0, -29-257,29,257,1,257-1,,,29-278,100.0, -29-258,29,258,2,258-2,This occurs usually in a syllable that does not carry main stress.,,29-279,100.0, -29-259,29,259,1,259-1,,,29-280,100.0, -29-26-8,29,26,8,26-8,"In order to avoid a list of references for this rather complicated topic, reference is made to an article by den Besten et al. (2003), where the primary references can be found.",376,29-36 29-37 29-38 29-39 29-40 29-41 29-42 29-43,100.0,Certain -29-260,29,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -29-261,29,261,1,261-1,,,29-271,100.0, -29-263,29,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -29-267,29,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -29-268,29,268,1,268-1,"In Afrikaans linguistics, both vowels in dinge are supposed to be schwa. In fact the in dinge, wit 'white', etc. can be analyzed as a somewhat centralized version of the [ɪ].",,29-276,100.0, -29-27-2,29,27,2,27-2,,,29-44,100.0,Very certain -29-272,29,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -29-273,29,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -29-274,29,274,2,274-2,,,29-282,100.0, -29-275,29,275,1,275-1,This usually occurs in stressed syllables.,,29-284,100.0, -29-276,29,276,2,276-2,,,29-285,100.0, -29-277,29,277,2,277-2,This is a nonstandard pronunciation of before .,,29-286,100.0, -29-278,29,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -29-279,29,279,2,279-2,,,29-287,100.0, -29-28-1,29,28,1,28-1,"The problem is that die ('the') differs from hierdie ('this, these') and daardie ('that, those'), but is nearly homophonous with dié ('this') — the sole difference being one of strength, with the demonstrative being necessarily stressed, whereas the article is neutrally unstressed.",,29-45 29-5,100.0,Very certain -29-280,29,280,1,280-1,[o:] occurs usually in stressed syllables.,,29-288,100.0, -29-281,29,281,2,281-2,,,29-289,100.0, -29-282,29,282,1,282-1,,,29-290,100.0, -29-284,29,284,2,284-2,,,29-283,100.0, -29-285,29,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -29-286,29,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -29-287,29,287,2,287-2,,,29-274,100.0, -29-288,29,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -29-289,29,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -29-29-1,29,29,1,29-1,,,29-46,100.0,Very certain -29-290,29,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -29-291,29,291,2,291-2,,,29-281,100.0, -29-3-1,29,3,1,3-1,,,29-6,100.0,Very certain -29-30-9,29,30,9,30-9,,,29-51,6.25,Very certain -29-30-8,29,30,8,30-8,,,29-48,31.25,Certain -29-30-5,29,30,5,30-5,,,29-50,43.75,Certain -29-30-4,29,30,4,30-4,,,29-47,18.75,Certain -29-300,29,300,1,300-1,,,29-294,100.0, -29-302,29,302,1,302-1,,,29-292,100.0, -29-304,29,304,1,304-1,This is also rendered as [œi].,,29-293,100.0, -29-308-7,29,308,7,308-7,"Dutch is the main lexifier, more specifically Dutch dialectal varieties from the 17th century.",1770[84-88],,100.0,Very certain -29-309-4,29,309,4,309-4,"If I assume the 2001 Census results for number of people for whom Afrikaans is the language most used at home to approximately coincide with number of native speakers of Afrikaans (approx. 6 million speakers), and combine this with Grebe's (cited in Hinskens 2009) observation that the Census 2001 mentions there to be 16.3 million L1 and L2 speakers of Afrikaans, this means that in 2001 supposedly 38 procent of Afrikaans speakers was a native speaker of the language.",1774[17],,100.0,Intermediate -29-31-2,29,31,2,31-2,"The definite article die is formally very similar to the demonstrative dié ('this/these'), but they are regarded as different here, so value 2, not value 3 is chosen. [Note the acute accent on in the demonstrative, which signals the fact that the demonstrative is distinguished from the determiner on the basis of stress, which is obligatory for the demonstrative.] Hierdie ('this/these') and daardie ('that/those') - which do no cooccur with the definite article either - clearly differ from die and yet are both constructed around the definite article: die.",,29-52 29-53,100.0,Very certain -29-310-4,29,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -29-312-2,29,312,2,312-2,"Uncertain as to whether there really is language abandonment by native speakers or their children, but Afrikaans is certainly used less after 1994 than before in public context, public bodies, on television, on public signs, in commerce, industry and advertising etc. (Louw 2004: 45-47). Use of Afrikaans as a second language has diminished as a consequence. Louw also mentions pressures from the government to abandon Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in schools, colleges, universities.",1780[45-47],,100.0,Intermediate -29-313-6,29,313,6,313-6,"According to the 2001 Census, Afrikaans is the language most spoken at home for 5 983 426 people. Afrikaans is also spoken in Namibia, and according to their 2001 census, it is estimated that there are approx. 200 000 people (which should correspond to 38 000 households), for whom Afrikaans is the main language spoken at home.",1771[15];1772[3],,100.0,Very certain -29-314-3,29,314,3,314-3,,1773[11],,100.0,Very certain -29-315-2,29,315,2,315-2,"The national broadcaster SABC(2) has one news broadcast in Afrikaans everyday in prime time, while the completely Afrikaans channel kyknet also has one news broadcast a day (at the same time). The national Afrikaans radio station RSG has 18 news editions a day. There seem to be quite some regional radio channels in Afrikaans of which some may also have their own news broadcasts.",1777,,100.0,Very certain -29-316-1,29,316,1,316-1,"I know that Afrikaans is used in radio call-ins and discussions, and as there are television broadcasts fully in Afrikaans, there is no indication whatsoever to assume that Afrikaans would not be used in TV-call ins (it is certainly used in discussions on TV).",,,100.0,Intermediate -29-317-1,29,317,1,317-1,,1775[1],,100.0,Certain -29-318-1,29,318,1,318-1,,1774[26-29],,100.0,Certain -29-319-1,29,319,1,319-1,Newspapers in Afrikaans are completely in Afrikaans.,,,100.0,Very certain -29-32-2,29,32,2,32-2,"Pronominal use of hierdie ('this') and daardie ('that') is possible but often een ('one') is added. On the other hand, pronominal use of dié prefers the absence of een. Finally, note that the 3SG.N pronoun dit ('it, that, this') never cooccurs with een and cannot be used adnominally.",,29-54 29-55 29-56 29-57,100.0,Unspecified -29-320-1,29,320,1,320-1,Newspapers in Afrikaans are completely in Afrikaans.,,,100.0,Very certain -29-321-2,29,321,2,321-2,"Jackson (2003) mentions that nowadays one cannot expect to be able to use Afrikaans in a post office or a public institution, while this always used to be possible in the past. Whether Afrikaans can be used in public contexts depends principally, I imagine, on the persons involved and their (lack of) ability to speak the language (as there are many languages spoken in South-Africa), not because of it being considered inappropriate. The chances of it to be used in public context will probably be high in regions where many Afrikaans speaking people live, while in other areas where there are much less or hardly any Afrikaans speaking people, the chance will be very low.",1775[1],,100.0,Intermediate -29-322-1,29,322,1,322-1,Lubbe (2008) mentions that every South-African has the right to be spoken to in and use a language he/she has command of (be it with the use of an interpreter). Whether or not Afrikaans is often used in court depends on the region of South-Africa. Lubbe (2008: 77) cites a source which mentions that in the province of Noord-Kaap 72% of the trials Afrikaans is used (as he mentions in this region the majority of the people is a native speaker of Afrikaans and has no or only bad command of English).,1776[77],,100.0,Certain -29-323-2,29,323,2,323-2,"I haven't been able to find a written source stating it, but Jackson (2003) suggests that members of the parliament have the right to use Afrikaans (being one of the eleven official languages). There is also a video (possibly more) on youtube, which shows a member of the parliament speaking officially in Afrikaans (though this video is undated, it is probably at least fairly recent). This all suggests that rather than being absent, Afrikaans is used to a limited extent in parliament.",1775,,100.0,Intermediate -29-324-1,29,324,1,324-1,"It is hard to find a publication stating it, but it appears from different sources that every citizen of South-Africa has the right of instruction in school in one of the eleven official languages, of which Afrikaans is one. There are schools where the medium of instruction is Afrikaans only, but there are also parallelmedium schools, where there are parallel classes where students follow classes in their own mothertongue (if one of the eleven official languages). In principle, the use of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in schools is thus probably widespread in areas where there are many Afrikaans speakers, while logically it will be (very) limited (or absent) in regions where there are hardly any Afrikaans speakers. Louw (2004) notes that the current government programme is to discourage the use of Afrikaans as a medium in school in favour of English.",1780[55],,100.0,Intermediate -29-325-1,29,325,1,325-1,"There are websites, blogs etc in Afrikaans, where people also post reactions. As Afrikaans seems to be available in practically every domain to some extent (in specific regions), there is nothing that indicates that Afrikaans is not used for E-mails and text messaging. To suggest rather the opposite, for example, there are websites in Afrikaans, which invite people in Afrikaans to contact them or react to them via E-mail or text messaging.",,,100.0,Intermediate -29-326-2,29,326,2,326-2,English.,1774[25-26],,100.0,Very certain -29-327-1,29,327,1,327-1,"There certainly is phonological variation (especially in the vowels) in Afrikaans between different regions, according to Donaldson (1993), though I am not sure if it is more appropriate to call this variation widespread or limited, as it does not concern many different phonemes. Donaldson does mention that ""[r]egional variations in pronunciation are not uncommon"" (1993: 1).",402[1-16],,100.0,Intermediate -29-328-1,29,328,1,328-1,,1778[57],,100.0,Certain -29-33-2,29,33,2,33-2,Afrikaans seems to be on its way to becoming a language with a three-way opposition: hierdie - daardie - [new:] doerdie. The third option derives from Khoekhoe Afrikaans and is now starting to be colloquial Afrikaans.,,29-58 29-59,100.0,Very certain -29-330-2,29,330,2,330-2,Donaldson (1993:6) mentions certain phonological features as typical for the countryside of the Western Cape.,402[6],,100.0,Intermediate -29-335-2,29,335,2,335-2,"Stone (2002) discusses the lexicon of the working-class Afrikaans-speaking Cape Peninsula coloured community, deliberately constructed to deviate from middle-class speakers of Afrikaans. The confidence rating Uncertain refers to whether the social variation in lexicon is limited or widespread.",1779,,100.0,Uncertain -29-34-1,29,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -29-35-8,29,35,8,35-8,'First' and 'third' are suppletive. The other ordinal numerals are derived from the cardinal numerals.,,29-60 29-61,100.0,Very certain -29-36-1,29,36,1,36-1,,,29-62,100.0,Very certain -29-37-5,29,37,5,37-5,,,29-65,11.1111111111111,Very certain -29-37-6,29,37,6,37-6,,,29-64,11.1111111111111,Very certain -29-37-1,29,37,1,37-1,,,29-63,77.7777777777778,Very certain -29-38-2,29,38,2,38-2,,,29-66 29-67,100.0,Very certain -29-39-4,29,39,4,39-4,"In the singular, a special form of the pronoun is used. In the plural and reverential (u), it is pronoun + s’n/sinne. Pronouns of avoidance (titles) require a connecting particle se, which is expanded in the independent usage: Dis Professor s’n ([3SG=s Professor POSS] 'It's Professor's').",,29-68 29-69 29-70,100.0,Very certain -29-4-2,29,4,2,4-2,"In Afrikaans, there is a rich system of so-called circumpositions, i.e. combinations of a preposition and a postposition: in spoken Afrikaans, a structure which standardly only requires a postposition may feature an additional (semantically vacuous) preposition.",,29-7,45.4545454545455,Very certain -29-4-1,29,4,1,4-1,"In Afrikaans, there is a rich system of so-called circumpositions, i.e. combinations of a preposition and a postposition: in spoken Afrikaans, a structure which standardly only requires a postposition may feature an additional (semantically vacuous) preposition.",,29-8 29-9,9.09090909090909,Very certain -29-4-5,29,4,5,4-5,"In Afrikaans, there is a rich system of so-called circumpositions, i.e. combinations of a preposition and a postposition: in spoken Afrikaans, a structure which standardly only requires a postposition may feature an additional (semantically vacuous) preposition.",,29-9,45.4545454545455,Certain -29-40-1,29,40,1,40-1,"There is no gender and hence no gender agreement. However, there is attributive inflection depending upon the adjective (cf. Donaldson 1993: 163–170, Ponelis 1993: 364–376).",402[163-170];1227[364-376],,100.0,Very certain -29-41-1,29,41,1,41-1,,,29-71 29-72,100.0,Very certain -29-42-2,29,42,2,42-2,,,29-73,100.0,Very certain +Note that and in diminutives is usually pronounced as [c] in Standard Afrikaans. The originally affricate pronunciation is still prevalent in the Cape dialect.",,29-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-14-1,29,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-140,29,140,3,140-3,,,29-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +29-143,29,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-144,29,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-145,29,145,2,145-2,,,29-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-146,29,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-147,29,147,1,147-1,,,29-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-148,29,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-149,29,149,2,149-2,"[g] shows up in loanwords in onsets that may be complex. In native words, the onset must be simple and the must be preceded by a sonorant segment and be followed by a schwa-initial suffix. However, if the preceding sonorant segment is a vowel, usually drops (inflected hoge (vs. predicative hoog) is much less likely than inflected hoë 'high'.)",,29-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-15-1,29,15,1,15-1,"Afrikaans ons can have both an inclusive and an exclusive reading, depending on the speaker's intention. Just as in English, ons can be stressed to signify an exclusive meaning - ONS verstaan dit goed (maar jy nie), i.e. 'WE understand it well (but you don't)'.",,29-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +29-151,29,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-152,29,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-153,29,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-155,29,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-156,29,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-158,29,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-159,29,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-16-1,29,16,1,16-1,,,29-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-160,29,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-161,29,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-163,29,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-168,29,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-169,29,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-17-1,29,17,1,17-1,,,29-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-170,29,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-171,29,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-172,29,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-173,29,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-174,29,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-176,29,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-178,29,178,1,178-1,,,29-262,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-179,29,179,1,179-1,,,29-263,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-18-5,29,18,5,18-5,"Besides jy (2SG), julle (2PL) and u (2POL), polite spoken Afrikaans also employs the Southeast Asian way of using titles as pronouns. The third person pronoun may also be used for polite address.",,29-26 29-27 29-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-180,29,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-181,29,181,2,181-2,"Apart from a few loanwords, such as njala 'nyala', this palatal nasal only occurs in diminutives.",,29-264,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-182,29,182,1,182-1,,,29-265,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-183,29,183,1,183-1,,,29-266,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-184,29,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-187,29,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-188,29,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-189,29,189,1,189-1,,,29-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-19-1,29,19,1,19-1,,,29-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-190,29,190,1,190-1," could also be represented as a labiodental approximant. However, its realization is much more fricative than in Dutch — at least in syllables of the type vV(C). In complex onsets, as in swak 'weak', is realized either as a [w] or as a labiodental approximant.",,29-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-191,29,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-192,29,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-193,29,193,1,193-1,,,29-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-194,29,194,3,194-3,,,29-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +29-195,29,195,3,195-3,,,29-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +29-196,29,196,3,196-3,,,29-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +29-198,29,198,2,198-2,,,29-291,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-199,29,199,1,199-1,,,29-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-2-1,29,2,1,2-1,,,29-242 29-4,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-2-2,29,2,2,2-2,,,29-5 29-67,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-20-1,29,20,1,20-1,,,29-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-200,29,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-201,29,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-202,29,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-205,29,205,1,205-1,,,29-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-209,29,209,1,209-1,,,29-267,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-21-2,29,21,2,21-2,"'Somebody' is iemand, which is related to the generic noun man 'man'. 'Something' is not related to a generic noun or to an interrogative: it is iets. So iets is a special indefinite. Nevertheless, both iemand and iets carry the prefix ie-, which also shows up in iewers ('somewhere').",,29-31,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +29-21-3,29,21,3,21-3,"'Somebody' is iemand, which is related to the generic noun man 'man'. 'Something' is not related to a generic noun or to an interrogative: it is iets. So iets is a special indefinite. Nevertheless, both iemand and iets carry the prefix ie-, which also shows up in iewers ('somewhere').",,29-32,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +29-212,29,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-217,29,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-218,29,218,1,218-1,,,29-268,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-22-6,29,22,6,22-6,"There is one exception to the invariant plural marking: goed which may mean 'things'. Goed is an unmarked plurale tantum. Thus: twee goed = 'two things'. It also occurs in compounds, as the head noun where it assumes a collective and thus singular meaning (as in Dutch). In die kleingoed meaning 'the children', goed may be interpreted both as a plural and also as a collective marker.",,29-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +29-221,29,221,2,221-2,This occurs as an allophone of /v/.,,29-269,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-23-3,29,23,3,23-3,,,29-34,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +29-231,29,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-24-2,29,24,2,24-2,"In associative plurals of this type, the reading is 'X-and-one-or-more-others' if X is singular and 'X-and-zero-or-more-others' if X is plural.",,29-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-25-1,29,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-252,29,252,1,252-1,,,29-270,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-253,29,253,2,253-2,[e] usually occurs in syllables that do not carry main stress.,,29-272,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-254,29,254,1,254-1,,,29-273,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-255,29,255,2,255-2,"This is a nonstandard realization of before [l], [k], [x].",,29-275,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-256,29,256,1,256-1,,,29-277,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-257,29,257,1,257-1,,,29-278,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-258,29,258,2,258-2,This occurs usually in a syllable that does not carry main stress.,,29-279,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-259,29,259,1,259-1,,,29-280,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-26-8,29,26,8,26-8,"In order to avoid a list of references for this rather complicated topic, reference is made to an article by den Besten et al. (2003), where the primary references can be found.",376,29-36 29-37 29-38 29-39 29-40 29-41 29-42 29-43,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +29-260,29,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-261,29,261,1,261-1,,,29-271,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-263,29,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-267,29,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-268,29,268,1,268-1,"In Afrikaans linguistics, both vowels in dinge are supposed to be schwa. In fact the in dinge, wit 'white', etc. can be analyzed as a somewhat centralized version of the [ɪ].",,29-276,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-27-2,29,27,2,27-2,,,29-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-272,29,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-273,29,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-274,29,274,2,274-2,,,29-282,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-275,29,275,1,275-1,This usually occurs in stressed syllables.,,29-284,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-276,29,276,2,276-2,,,29-285,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-277,29,277,2,277-2,This is a nonstandard pronunciation of before .,,29-286,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-278,29,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-279,29,279,2,279-2,,,29-287,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-28-1,29,28,1,28-1,"The problem is that die ('the') differs from hierdie ('this, these') and daardie ('that, those'), but is nearly homophonous with dié ('this') — the sole difference being one of strength, with the demonstrative being necessarily stressed, whereas the article is neutrally unstressed.",,29-45 29-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-280,29,280,1,280-1,[o:] occurs usually in stressed syllables.,,29-288,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-281,29,281,2,281-2,,,29-289,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-282,29,282,1,282-1,,,29-290,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-284,29,284,2,284-2,,,29-283,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-285,29,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-286,29,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-287,29,287,2,287-2,,,29-274,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-288,29,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-289,29,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-29-1,29,29,1,29-1,,,29-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-290,29,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-291,29,291,2,291-2,,,29-281,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +29-3-1,29,3,1,3-1,,,29-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-30-9,29,30,9,30-9,,,29-51,6.25,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-19-0000FF-44-FFFF00-32-964B00-7-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-30-8,29,30,8,30-8,,,29-48,31.25,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-19-0000FF-44-FFFF00-32-964B00-7-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-30-5,29,30,5,30-5,,,29-50,43.75,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-19-0000FF-44-FFFF00-32-964B00-7-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-30-4,29,30,4,30-4,,,29-47,18.75,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-19-0000FF-44-FFFF00-32-964B00-7-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-300,29,300,1,300-1,,,29-294,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-302,29,302,1,302-1,,,29-292,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-304,29,304,1,304-1,This is also rendered as [œi].,,29-293,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +29-308-7,29,308,7,308-7,"Dutch is the main lexifier, more specifically Dutch dialectal varieties from the 17th century.",1770[84-88],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +29-309-4,29,309,4,309-4,"If I assume the 2001 Census results for number of people for whom Afrikaans is the language most used at home to approximately coincide with number of native speakers of Afrikaans (approx. 6 million speakers), and combine this with Grebe's (cited in Hinskens 2009) observation that the Census 2001 mentions there to be 16.3 million L1 and L2 speakers of Afrikaans, this means that in 2001 supposedly 38 procent of Afrikaans speakers was a native speaker of the language.",1774[17],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +29-31-2,29,31,2,31-2,"The definite article die is formally very similar to the demonstrative dié ('this/these'), but they are regarded as different here, so value 2, not value 3 is chosen. [Note the acute accent on in the demonstrative, which signals the fact that the demonstrative is distinguished from the determiner on the basis of stress, which is obligatory for the demonstrative.] Hierdie ('this/these') and daardie ('that/those') - which do no cooccur with the definite article either - clearly differ from die and yet are both constructed around the definite article: die.",,29-52 29-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-310-4,29,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-312-2,29,312,2,312-2,"Uncertain as to whether there really is language abandonment by native speakers or their children, but Afrikaans is certainly used less after 1994 than before in public context, public bodies, on television, on public signs, in commerce, industry and advertising etc. (Louw 2004: 45-47). Use of Afrikaans as a second language has diminished as a consequence. Louw also mentions pressures from the government to abandon Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in schools, colleges, universities.",1780[45-47],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +29-313-6,29,313,6,313-6,"According to the 2001 Census, Afrikaans is the language most spoken at home for 5 983 426 people. Afrikaans is also spoken in Namibia, and according to their 2001 census, it is estimated that there are approx. 200 000 people (which should correspond to 38 000 households), for whom Afrikaans is the main language spoken at home.",1771[15];1772[3],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +29-314-3,29,314,3,314-3,,1773[11],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +29-315-2,29,315,2,315-2,"The national broadcaster SABC(2) has one news broadcast in Afrikaans everyday in prime time, while the completely Afrikaans channel kyknet also has one news broadcast a day (at the same time). The national Afrikaans radio station RSG has 18 news editions a day. There seem to be quite some regional radio channels in Afrikaans of which some may also have their own news broadcasts.",1777,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +29-316-1,29,316,1,316-1,"I know that Afrikaans is used in radio call-ins and discussions, and as there are television broadcasts fully in Afrikaans, there is no indication whatsoever to assume that Afrikaans would not be used in TV-call ins (it is certainly used in discussions on TV).",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-317-1,29,317,1,317-1,,1775[1],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +29-318-1,29,318,1,318-1,,1774[26-29],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +29-319-1,29,319,1,319-1,Newspapers in Afrikaans are completely in Afrikaans.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-32-2,29,32,2,32-2,"Pronominal use of hierdie ('this') and daardie ('that') is possible but often een ('one') is added. On the other hand, pronominal use of dié prefers the absence of een. Finally, note that the 3SG.N pronoun dit ('it, that, this') never cooccurs with een and cannot be used adnominally.",,29-54 29-55 29-56 29-57,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +29-320-1,29,320,1,320-1,Newspapers in Afrikaans are completely in Afrikaans.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-321-2,29,321,2,321-2,"Jackson (2003) mentions that nowadays one cannot expect to be able to use Afrikaans in a post office or a public institution, while this always used to be possible in the past. Whether Afrikaans can be used in public contexts depends principally, I imagine, on the persons involved and their (lack of) ability to speak the language (as there are many languages spoken in South-Africa), not because of it being considered inappropriate. The chances of it to be used in public context will probably be high in regions where many Afrikaans speaking people live, while in other areas where there are much less or hardly any Afrikaans speaking people, the chance will be very low.",1775[1],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +29-322-1,29,322,1,322-1,Lubbe (2008) mentions that every South-African has the right to be spoken to in and use a language he/she has command of (be it with the use of an interpreter). Whether or not Afrikaans is often used in court depends on the region of South-Africa. Lubbe (2008: 77) cites a source which mentions that in the province of Noord-Kaap 72% of the trials Afrikaans is used (as he mentions in this region the majority of the people is a native speaker of Afrikaans and has no or only bad command of English).,1776[77],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +29-323-2,29,323,2,323-2,"I haven't been able to find a written source stating it, but Jackson (2003) suggests that members of the parliament have the right to use Afrikaans (being one of the eleven official languages). There is also a video (possibly more) on youtube, which shows a member of the parliament speaking officially in Afrikaans (though this video is undated, it is probably at least fairly recent). This all suggests that rather than being absent, Afrikaans is used to a limited extent in parliament.",1775,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +29-324-1,29,324,1,324-1,"It is hard to find a publication stating it, but it appears from different sources that every citizen of South-Africa has the right of instruction in school in one of the eleven official languages, of which Afrikaans is one. There are schools where the medium of instruction is Afrikaans only, but there are also parallelmedium schools, where there are parallel classes where students follow classes in their own mothertongue (if one of the eleven official languages). In principle, the use of Afrikaans as a medium of instruction in schools is thus probably widespread in areas where there are many Afrikaans speakers, while logically it will be (very) limited (or absent) in regions where there are hardly any Afrikaans speakers. Louw (2004) notes that the current government programme is to discourage the use of Afrikaans as a medium in school in favour of English.",1780[55],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +29-325-1,29,325,1,325-1,"There are websites, blogs etc in Afrikaans, where people also post reactions. As Afrikaans seems to be available in practically every domain to some extent (in specific regions), there is nothing that indicates that Afrikaans is not used for E-mails and text messaging. To suggest rather the opposite, for example, there are websites in Afrikaans, which invite people in Afrikaans to contact them or react to them via E-mail or text messaging.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-326-2,29,326,2,326-2,English.,1774[25-26],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +29-327-1,29,327,1,327-1,"There certainly is phonological variation (especially in the vowels) in Afrikaans between different regions, according to Donaldson (1993), though I am not sure if it is more appropriate to call this variation widespread or limited, as it does not concern many different phonemes. Donaldson does mention that ""[r]egional variations in pronunciation are not uncommon"" (1993: 1).",402[1-16],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +29-328-1,29,328,1,328-1,,1778[57],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +29-33-2,29,33,2,33-2,Afrikaans seems to be on its way to becoming a language with a three-way opposition: hierdie - daardie - [new:] doerdie. The third option derives from Khoekhoe Afrikaans and is now starting to be colloquial Afrikaans.,,29-58 29-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +29-330-2,29,330,2,330-2,Donaldson (1993:6) mentions certain phonological features as typical for the countryside of the Western Cape.,402[6],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +29-335-2,29,335,2,335-2,"Stone (2002) discusses the lexicon of the working-class Afrikaans-speaking Cape Peninsula coloured community, deliberately constructed to deviate from middle-class speakers of Afrikaans. The confidence rating Uncertain refers to whether the social variation in lexicon is limited or widespread.",1779,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +29-34-1,29,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-35-8,29,35,8,35-8,'First' and 'third' are suppletive. The other ordinal numerals are derived from the cardinal numerals.,,29-60 29-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +29-36-1,29,36,1,36-1,,,29-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-37-5,29,37,5,37-5,,,29-65,11.1111111111111,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-78-FF0000-12-FFB6C1-12-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +29-37-6,29,37,6,37-6,,,29-64,11.1111111111111,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-78-FF0000-12-FFB6C1-12-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +29-37-1,29,37,1,37-1,,,29-63,77.7777777777778,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-78-FF0000-12-FFB6C1-12-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +29-38-2,29,38,2,38-2,,,29-66 29-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +29-39-4,29,39,4,39-4,"In the singular, a special form of the pronoun is used. In the plural and reverential (u), it is pronoun + s’n/sinne. Pronouns of avoidance (titles) require a connecting particle se, which is expanded in the independent usage: Dis Professor s’n ([3SG=s Professor POSS] 'It's Professor's').",,29-68 29-69 29-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-4-2,29,4,2,4-2,"In Afrikaans, there is a rich system of so-called circumpositions, i.e. combinations of a preposition and a postposition: in spoken Afrikaans, a structure which standardly only requires a postposition may feature an additional (semantically vacuous) preposition.",,29-7,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-10-0000FF-46-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +29-4-1,29,4,1,4-1,"In Afrikaans, there is a rich system of so-called circumpositions, i.e. combinations of a preposition and a postposition: in spoken Afrikaans, a structure which standardly only requires a postposition may feature an additional (semantically vacuous) preposition.",,29-8 29-9,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-10-0000FF-46-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +29-4-5,29,4,5,4-5,"In Afrikaans, there is a rich system of so-called circumpositions, i.e. combinations of a preposition and a postposition: in spoken Afrikaans, a structure which standardly only requires a postposition may feature an additional (semantically vacuous) preposition.",,29-9,45.4545454545455,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-10-0000FF-46-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +29-40-1,29,40,1,40-1,"There is no gender and hence no gender agreement. However, there is attributive inflection depending upon the adjective (cf. Donaldson 1993: 163–170, Ponelis 1993: 364–376).",402[163-170];1227[364-376],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-41-1,29,41,1,41-1,,,29-71 29-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-42-2,29,42,2,42-2,,,29-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 29-43-3,29,43,3,43-3,"Afrikaans tense, mood, and -aspect markers are auxiliaries. When they occur in clusters in subordinate clauses, they all precede V, except for past marker het (e.g. dat sy moes kon ge-sien het [that 3SG.F.NOM must be.able PCL-seen PST] 'that she must have been able to see'). In main clauses, however, a finite auxiliary will always precede the verb, owing to the (obligatory) effects of V2.",,29-74 29-78,75.0,Very certain +aspect markers are auxiliaries. When they occur in clusters in subordinate clauses, they all precede V, except for past marker het (e.g. dat sy moes kon ge-sien het [that 3SG.F.NOM must be.able PCL-seen PST] 'that she must have been able to see'). In main clauses, however, a finite auxiliary will always precede the verb, owing to the (obligatory) effects of V2.",,29-74 29-78,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge 29-43-2,29,43,2,43-2,"Afrikaans tense, mood, and -aspect markers are auxiliaries. When they occur in clusters in subordinate clauses, they all precede V, except for past marker het (e.g. dat sy moes kon ge-sien het [that 3SG.F.NOM must be.able PCL-seen PST] 'that she must have been able to see'). In main clauses, however, a finite auxiliary will always precede the verb, owing to the (obligatory) effects of V2.",,29-75 29-76 29-77,25.0,Very certain -29-44-8,29,44,8,44-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -29-45-7,29,45,7,45-7,"Where het is non-finite, the PST auxiliary het has to be strictly adjacent to the past participle or the verbal cluster it governs. When het is finite, it necessarily surfaces in clause-second position (under the effect of V2). In this case, many elements may separate het and the verb. The same is true for optional cases of V2 in subordinate clauses.",,29-81 29-82 29-83 29-84,100.0,Very certain -29-46-5,29,46,5,46-5,"The progressive ""marker"" is a complex entity in Afrikaans (cf. Dutch and German): aan die + bare infinitive + wees (literally: [on the V be]). Aan die + V is a tight construction. It may scramble to the left edge of the verbal cluster, so that grammatical particles may interrupt the progresssive construction. However, if wees is finite, it has to undergo V2 in main clauses (and optionally so in subordinate clauses). The same is true for the besig wees om te (busy be INF.CONJ to) construction, and also for the hou aan ('carry on').",,29-85 29-86 29-87 29-88 29-89 29-90,100.0,Very certain -29-47-2,29,47,2,47-2,,,29-91,100.0,Very certain -29-48-1,29,48,1,48-1,,,,100.0,Certain -29-49-2,29,49,2,49-2,"There is some aspect in Afrikaans - cf. the ""aan die"", ""besig om te"" and ""hou aan"" progressives. Further, Afrikaans also makes use of adverbs like ""klaar"" (""finished"") and ""heeltyd"" (""whole-time"", i.e. all the time) to express perfective and iterative aspect.",,29-92 29-93 29-94 29-95 29-96,100.0,Very certain -29-5-1,29,5,1,5-1,,,29-10 29-11,100.0,Very certain -29-50-1,29,50,1,50-1,,,29-97 29-98,100.0,Very certain -29-51-1,29,51,1,51-1,"The first interpretation of the zero marked stative verb is present and the first interpretation of the zero marked dynamic verb is past. However, note the extensive use of the ""historic present"" in lively dialogues (cf. Donaldson 1993: 228–230).",402[228-230],29-100 29-99,100.0,Very certain -29-52-1,29,52,1,52-1,,,29-101,100.0,Certain -29-53-1,29,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -29-54-2,29,54,2,54-2,,,29-102,100.0,Very certain -29-55-1,29,55,1,55-1,,,29-103,100.0,Very certain -29-56-2,29,56,2,56-2,,,29-104 29-105 29-106,100.0,Very certain -29-57-4,29,57,4,57-4,"Definite and animate patient NPs are often marked by the preposition vir, which otherwise has spatial meaning (Example 108).",975,29-107 29-108,100.0,Very certain -29-58-2,29,58,2,58-2,,975;402[341-344],29-109 29-110,100.0,Very certain -29-59-2,29,59,2,59-2,Only singular pronouns have a nominative/oblique case marking distinction. But all personal pronouns may be marked with the prepositional marker most commonly used for animate patients.,,29-111 29-112 29-113,100.0,Very certain -29-6-1,29,6,1,6-1,,,29-12,100.0,Very certain -29-60-1,29,60,1,60-1,,,29-114,70.0,Very certain -29-60-2,29,60,2,60-2,,,29-115,30.0,Very certain -29-61-5,29,61,5,61-5,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-120,15.625,Very certain -29-61-4,29,61,4,61-4,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-119,15.625,Very certain -29-61-6,29,61,6,61-6,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-121,15.625,Very certain -29-61-1,29,61,1,61-1,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-116,15.625,Very certain -29-61-3,29,61,3,61-3,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-118,15.625,Very certain -29-61-2,29,61,2,61-2,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-117,15.625,Very certain -29-61-8,29,61,8,61-8,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-122,6.25,Certain -29-62-1,29,62,1,62-1,,,29-123,100.0,Very certain -29-63-1,29,63,1,63-1,"This construction, with skyn ('seem') is a high register one. And the same is true for blyk ('appear'). In the spoken language, speakers are more inclined to use lyk my [seem to.me] or lyk asof [look as.if].",,29-124,100.0,Very certain -29-64-1,29,64,1,64-1,,,29-125,100.0,Very certain -29-65-4,29,65,4,65-4,,,29-126,100.0,Very certain -29-66-3,29,66,3,66-3,,,29-128 29-129 29-130,25.0,Very certain -29-66-1,29,66,1,66-1,,,29-127,75.0,Very certain +aspect markers are auxiliaries. When they occur in clusters in subordinate clauses, they all precede V, except for past marker het (e.g. dat sy moes kon ge-sien het [that 3SG.F.NOM must be.able PCL-seen PST] 'that she must have been able to see'). In main clauses, however, a finite auxiliary will always precede the verb, owing to the (obligatory) effects of V2.",,29-75 29-76 29-77,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +29-44-8,29,44,8,44-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-45-7,29,45,7,45-7,"Where het is non-finite, the PST auxiliary het has to be strictly adjacent to the past participle or the verbal cluster it governs. When het is finite, it necessarily surfaces in clause-second position (under the effect of V2). In this case, many elements may separate het and the verb. The same is true for optional cases of V2 in subordinate clauses.",,29-81 29-82 29-83 29-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-46-5,29,46,5,46-5,"The progressive ""marker"" is a complex entity in Afrikaans (cf. Dutch and German): aan die + bare infinitive + wees (literally: [on the V be]). Aan die + V is a tight construction. It may scramble to the left edge of the verbal cluster, so that grammatical particles may interrupt the progresssive construction. However, if wees is finite, it has to undergo V2 in main clauses (and optionally so in subordinate clauses). The same is true for the besig wees om te (busy be INF.CONJ to) construction, and also for the hou aan ('carry on').",,29-85 29-86 29-87 29-88 29-89 29-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +29-47-2,29,47,2,47-2,,,29-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +29-48-1,29,48,1,48-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-49-2,29,49,2,49-2,"There is some aspect in Afrikaans - cf. the ""aan die"", ""besig om te"" and ""hou aan"" progressives. Further, Afrikaans also makes use of adverbs like ""klaar"" (""finished"") and ""heeltyd"" (""whole-time"", i.e. all the time) to express perfective and iterative aspect.",,29-92 29-93 29-94 29-95 29-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-5-1,29,5,1,5-1,,,29-10 29-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-50-1,29,50,1,50-1,,,29-97 29-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-51-1,29,51,1,51-1,"The first interpretation of the zero marked stative verb is present and the first interpretation of the zero marked dynamic verb is past. However, note the extensive use of the ""historic present"" in lively dialogues (cf. Donaldson 1993: 228–230).",402[228-230],29-100 29-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +29-52-1,29,52,1,52-1,,,29-101,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-53-1,29,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-54-2,29,54,2,54-2,,,29-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-55-1,29,55,1,55-1,,,29-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-56-2,29,56,2,56-2,,,29-104 29-105 29-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +29-57-4,29,57,4,57-4,"Definite and animate patient NPs are often marked by the preposition vir, which otherwise has spatial meaning (Example 108).",975,29-107 29-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +29-58-2,29,58,2,58-2,,975;402[341-344],29-109 29-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +29-59-2,29,59,2,59-2,Only singular pronouns have a nominative/oblique case marking distinction. But all personal pronouns may be marked with the prepositional marker most commonly used for animate patients.,,29-111 29-112 29-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +29-6-1,29,6,1,6-1,,,29-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-60-1,29,60,1,60-1,,,29-114,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-60-2,29,60,2,60-2,,,29-115,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-61-5,29,61,5,61-5,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-120,15.625,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-16-0000FF-16-FF0000-16-FFB6C1-16-ADD8E6-16-000000-16-FFFF00-7-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-61-4,29,61,4,61-4,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-119,15.625,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-16-0000FF-16-FF0000-16-FFB6C1-16-ADD8E6-16-000000-16-FFFF00-7-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-61-6,29,61,6,61-6,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-121,15.625,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-16-0000FF-16-FF0000-16-FFB6C1-16-ADD8E6-16-000000-16-FFFF00-7-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-61-1,29,61,1,61-1,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-116,15.625,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-16-0000FF-16-FF0000-16-FFB6C1-16-ADD8E6-16-000000-16-FFFF00-7-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-61-3,29,61,3,61-3,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-118,15.625,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-16-0000FF-16-FF0000-16-FFB6C1-16-ADD8E6-16-000000-16-FFFF00-7-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-61-2,29,61,2,61-2,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-117,15.625,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-16-0000FF-16-FF0000-16-FFB6C1-16-ADD8E6-16-000000-16-FFFF00-7-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-61-8,29,61,8,61-8,"The various possibilities relate closely to clause-type, with the S-V orderings being restricted to subject-initial V2 main clauses (and corresponding subordinate clauses) and the V-final options only being available in subordinate clauses. The S-T-V-R order is only possible where the Recipient has been ""leaked"", a possibility more generally available for PPs, but not NPs - cf. *omdat ons (vir) die man gegee het 'n roos [because we (to) the man given have a rose] 'because we gave the man a rose'.",,29-122,6.25,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-16-0000FF-16-FF0000-16-FFB6C1-16-ADD8E6-16-000000-16-FFFF00-7-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-62-1,29,62,1,62-1,,,29-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-63-1,29,63,1,63-1,"This construction, with skyn ('seem') is a high register one. And the same is true for blyk ('appear'). In the spoken language, speakers are more inclined to use lyk my [seem to.me] or lyk asof [look as.if].",,29-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-64-1,29,64,1,64-1,,,29-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-65-4,29,65,4,65-4,,,29-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-66-3,29,66,3,66-3,,,29-128 29-129 29-130,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +29-66-1,29,66,1,66-1,,,29-127,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 29-67-1,29,67,1,67-1,"In a higher register, the following is also possible: Die huis staan haar aan. [DEF.ART house stand 3SG.F.OBL on] -'The house appeals to her.'",,29-131,100.0,Very certain -29-68-3,29,68,3,68-3,,,29-134 29-135,20.0,Very certain -29-68-2,29,68,2,68-2,,,29-133 29-137 29-138 29-139 29-140 29-141,60.0,Very certain -29-68-5,29,68,5,68-5,,,29-136,20.0,Very certain -29-69-1,29,69,1,69-1,,,29-143,100.0,Very certain +'The house appeals to her.'",,29-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-68-3,29,68,3,68-3,,,29-134 29-135,20.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-60-FF7F00-20-0000FF-20-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +29-68-2,29,68,2,68-2,,,29-133 29-137 29-138 29-139 29-140 29-141,60.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-60-FF7F00-20-0000FF-20-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +29-68-5,29,68,5,68-5,,,29-136,20.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-60-FF7F00-20-0000FF-20-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +29-69-1,29,69,1,69-1,,,29-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 29-7-1,29,7,1,7-1,"Modern Afrikaans generally lacks the participial relative clauses found in Dutch and German, so only Value ""Relative clause follows noun"" is chosen. -Forms like 'n deur oorlog verskeurde Frankryk ([a by war torn France] - cf. Donaldson 1993: 174), which could be seen as prenominal relative clauses, are restricted to formal varieties.",,29-13,100.0,Very certain -29-70-1,29,70,1,70-1,,,29-144 29-145,100.0,Very certain -29-71-2,29,71,2,71-2,,,29-146 29-147,100.0,Very certain -29-72-1,29,72,1,72-1,There is one case where it's possible to have a nominal conjunction without en ('and') - cf. Jan-hulle sing en dans [John-3PL.NOM sing and dance] 'John and them / his group / the people with him are singing and dancing'.,,29-148,100.0,Very certain -29-73-1,29,73,1,73-1,,,29-149,100.0,Very certain -29-74-1,29,74,1,74-1,,,29-150,100.0,Very certain -29-75-1,29,75,1,75-1,,,29-151,100.0,Very certain -29-76-1,29,76,1,76-1,,,29-152 29-153,100.0,Very certain -29-77-1,29,77,1,77-1,,,29-154,100.0,Very certain -29-78-2,29,78,2,78-2,"In addition to the most commonly used 'there is' form, it is also possible in spoken Afrikaans to use a non-personal Ons het ... [1SG.PL.NOM have ...] 'We have ...' construction. There is thus overlap in colloquial varieties.",,29-155 29-156,100.0,Very certain -29-79-3,29,79,3,79-3,"The na ... toe construction is actually not that comon with place names. It's much more common with pronouns - e.g, Ek kom na jou toe [1SG.NOM. come to 2SG.OBL. to], i.e. 'I'm coming to you', where it is impossible to drop the na, although toe is still dropable. In the place-name context, na ... toe is really just a minority alternative to toe.",,29-159,45.4545454545455,Very certain -29-79-2,29,79,2,79-2,"The na ... toe construction is actually not that comon with place names. It's much more common with pronouns - e.g, Ek kom na jou toe [1SG.NOM. come to 2SG.OBL. to], i.e. 'I'm coming to you', where it is impossible to drop the na, although toe is still dropable. In the place-name context, na ... toe is really just a minority alternative to toe.",,29-160 29-161,45.4545454545455,Very certain -29-79-4,29,79,4,79-4,"The na ... toe construction is actually not that comon with place names. It's much more common with pronouns - e.g, Ek kom na jou toe [1SG.NOM. come to 2SG.OBL. to], i.e. 'I'm coming to you', where it is impossible to drop the na, although toe is still dropable. In the place-name context, na ... toe is really just a minority alternative to toe.",,29-160 29-161,9.09090909090909,Very certain -29-8-1,29,8,1,8-1,"This is true for all degree words, except genoeg ('enough'), which exhibits the same irregular behaviour as its Dutch and German cognates.",,29-14,75.0,Very certain -29-8-2,29,8,2,8-2,"This is true for all degree words, except genoeg ('enough'), which exhibits the same irregular behaviour as its Dutch and German cognates.",,,25.0,Very certain -29-80-4,29,80,4,80-4,,,29-163,43.75,Very certain -29-80-2,29,80,2,80-2,,,29-162,56.25,Very certain -29-81-2,29,81,2,81-2,,,29-157 29-158,100.0,Very certain -29-82-2,29,82,2,82-2,"In Standard Afrikaans an essive preposition is used. In nonstandard Afrikaans, also a circumposition can be used: in NP in or also by NP in.",,29-164,56.25,Very certain -29-82-5,29,82,5,82-5,"In Standard Afrikaans an essive preposition is used. In nonstandard Afrikaans, also a circumposition can be used: in NP in or also by NP in.",,29-165 29-166,43.75,Very certain -29-83-1,29,83,1,83-1,"In colloquial Afrikaans, it is not unusual to find a circumposition uit ... uit [out.of ... out] or alternatively, by ... uit.",,29-167,75.0,Very certain -29-83-5,29,83,5,83-5,"In colloquial Afrikaans, it is not unusual to find a circumposition uit ... uit [out.of ... out] or alternatively, by ... uit.",,29-168 29-169,25.0,Very certain -29-84-3,29,84,3,84-3,,1227[325-331],,100.0,Very certain -29-85-1,29,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -29-86-5,29,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -29-87-1,29,87,1,87-1,"Value ""Ordinary anaphoric pronoun"" is chosen for inherently reflexive verbs and for verbs like was 'to wash'. Otherwise Value ""Compound reflexive pronoun with emphasizer"" is chosen. Some verbs permit an alternation between the pronoun and reflexive possibilities, e.g. Jan skeer hom/homself [John shave 3SG.M.OBL/3SG.M.OBL.REFL] 'John shaves himself'; in this case, the structure with hom is ambiguous, as the pronoun could also refer to another male.",1227[255-256],29-174 29-176 29-177,25.0,Very certain -29-87-3,29,87,3,87-3,"Value ""Ordinary anaphoric pronoun"" is chosen for inherently reflexive verbs and for verbs like was 'to wash'. Otherwise Value ""Compound reflexive pronoun with emphasizer"" is chosen. Some verbs permit an alternation between the pronoun and reflexive possibilities, e.g. Jan skeer hom/homself [John shave 3SG.M.OBL/3SG.M.OBL.REFL] 'John shaves himself'; in this case, the structure with hom is ambiguous, as the pronoun could also refer to another male.",1227[255-256],29-175,75.0,Very certain -29-88-1,29,88,1,88-1,,,29-178 29-179,100.0,Very certain -29-89-2,29,89,2,89-2,,,29-180 29-181,100.0,Very certain -29-9-1,29,9,1,9-1,,,29-15,100.0,Very certain +Forms like 'n deur oorlog verskeurde Frankryk ([a by war torn France] - cf. Donaldson 1993: 174), which could be seen as prenominal relative clauses, are restricted to formal varieties.",,29-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-70-1,29,70,1,70-1,,,29-144 29-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-71-2,29,71,2,71-2,,,29-146 29-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-72-1,29,72,1,72-1,There is one case where it's possible to have a nominal conjunction without en ('and') - cf. Jan-hulle sing en dans [John-3PL.NOM sing and dance] 'John and them / his group / the people with him are singing and dancing'.,,29-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-73-1,29,73,1,73-1,,,29-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-74-1,29,74,1,74-1,,,29-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-75-1,29,75,1,75-1,,,29-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-76-1,29,76,1,76-1,,,29-152 29-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +29-77-1,29,77,1,77-1,,,29-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +29-78-2,29,78,2,78-2,"In addition to the most commonly used 'there is' form, it is also possible in spoken Afrikaans to use a non-personal Ons het ... [1SG.PL.NOM have ...] 'We have ...' construction. There is thus overlap in colloquial varieties.",,29-155 29-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-79-3,29,79,3,79-3,"The na ... toe construction is actually not that comon with place names. It's much more common with pronouns - e.g, Ek kom na jou toe [1SG.NOM. come to 2SG.OBL. to], i.e. 'I'm coming to you', where it is impossible to drop the na, although toe is still dropable. In the place-name context, na ... toe is really just a minority alternative to toe.",,29-159,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-0000FF-10-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-79-2,29,79,2,79-2,"The na ... toe construction is actually not that comon with place names. It's much more common with pronouns - e.g, Ek kom na jou toe [1SG.NOM. come to 2SG.OBL. to], i.e. 'I'm coming to you', where it is impossible to drop the na, although toe is still dropable. In the place-name context, na ... toe is really just a minority alternative to toe.",,29-160 29-161,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-0000FF-10-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-79-4,29,79,4,79-4,"The na ... toe construction is actually not that comon with place names. It's much more common with pronouns - e.g, Ek kom na jou toe [1SG.NOM. come to 2SG.OBL. to], i.e. 'I'm coming to you', where it is impossible to drop the na, although toe is still dropable. In the place-name context, na ... toe is really just a minority alternative to toe.",,29-160 29-161,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-0000FF-10-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-8-1,29,8,1,8-1,"This is true for all degree words, except genoeg ('enough'), which exhibits the same irregular behaviour as its Dutch and German cognates.",,29-14,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-8-2,29,8,2,8-2,"This is true for all degree words, except genoeg ('enough'), which exhibits the same irregular behaviour as its Dutch and German cognates.",,,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-80-4,29,80,4,80-4,,,29-163,43.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-57-FF0000-44-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-80-2,29,80,2,80-2,,,29-162,56.25,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-57-FF0000-44-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-81-2,29,81,2,81-2,,,29-157 29-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-82-2,29,82,2,82-2,"In Standard Afrikaans an essive preposition is used. In nonstandard Afrikaans, also a circumposition can be used: in NP in or also by NP in.",,29-164,56.25,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-57-0000FF-44-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-82-5,29,82,5,82-5,"In Standard Afrikaans an essive preposition is used. In nonstandard Afrikaans, also a circumposition can be used: in NP in or also by NP in.",,29-165 29-166,43.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-57-0000FF-44-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-83-1,29,83,1,83-1,"In colloquial Afrikaans, it is not unusual to find a circumposition uit ... uit [out.of ... out] or alternatively, by ... uit.",,29-167,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-83-5,29,83,5,83-5,"In colloquial Afrikaans, it is not unusual to find a circumposition uit ... uit [out.of ... out] or alternatively, by ... uit.",,29-168 29-169,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +29-84-3,29,84,3,84-3,,1227[325-331],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-85-1,29,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-86-5,29,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-87-1,29,87,1,87-1,"Value ""Ordinary anaphoric pronoun"" is chosen for inherently reflexive verbs and for verbs like was 'to wash'. Otherwise Value ""Compound reflexive pronoun with emphasizer"" is chosen. Some verbs permit an alternation between the pronoun and reflexive possibilities, e.g. Jan skeer hom/homself [John shave 3SG.M.OBL/3SG.M.OBL.REFL] 'John shaves himself'; in this case, the structure with hom is ambiguous, as the pronoun could also refer to another male.",1227[255-256],29-174 29-176 29-177,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFFFF-75-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +29-87-3,29,87,3,87-3,"Value ""Ordinary anaphoric pronoun"" is chosen for inherently reflexive verbs and for verbs like was 'to wash'. Otherwise Value ""Compound reflexive pronoun with emphasizer"" is chosen. Some verbs permit an alternation between the pronoun and reflexive possibilities, e.g. Jan skeer hom/homself [John shave 3SG.M.OBL/3SG.M.OBL.REFL] 'John shaves himself'; in this case, the structure with hom is ambiguous, as the pronoun could also refer to another male.",1227[255-256],29-175,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFFFF-75-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +29-88-1,29,88,1,88-1,,,29-178 29-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-89-2,29,89,2,89-2,,,29-180 29-181,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +29-9-1,29,9,1,9-1,,,29-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 29-90-1,29,90,1,90-1,"Note that there are two passive auxiliaries; (a) word 'become' as the basic passive auxiliary, and (b) wees 'be' for the past/perfect of the passive. In infinitival contexts, things are more complicated though (cf. Donaldson 1993: 261–262). -Like its other Germanic relatives, but unlike English, Afrikaans also has an impersonal passive (cf. Example 184).",402[257-262],29-182 29-183 29-184,100.0,Very certain -29-91-8,29,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -29-92-2,29,92,2,92-2,,,29-185,100.0,Very certain -29-93-2,29,93,2,93-2,,,29-186,100.0,Very certain -29-94-2,29,94,2,94-2,,,29-188,50.0,Very certain -29-94-1,29,94,1,94-1,,,29-187,50.0,Very certain -29-95-4,29,95,4,95-4,"Absence of the complementizer implies main clause word order in the subordinate clause, i.e. V2 order.",,29-190,50.0,Very certain -29-95-3,29,95,3,95-3,"Absence of the complementizer implies main clause word order in the subordinate clause, i.e. V2 order.",,29-189,50.0,Very certain -29-96-3,29,96,3,96-3,"If the complementizer is absent, there is main clause word order in the subordinate clause, i.e. V2.",,29-191,70.0,Very certain -29-96-4,29,96,4,96-4,"If the complementizer is absent, there is main clause word order in the subordinate clause, i.e. V2.",,29-192,30.0,Very certain -29-97-1,29,97,1,97-1,,,29-193,100.0,Very certain -29-98-1,29,98,1,98-1,"More common than Anna wil dat haar seun huis toe kom is Anna wil hê dat haar seun huis toe kom [Anna want have.INF that her son home to come], i.e. 'Anna wants to have her son come home'.",,29-194 29-195,100.0,Very certain -29-99-2,29,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-0-1,3,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -3-1-2,3,1,2,1-2,,1539[116],3-1 3-32 3-69,100.0,Very certain -3-10-1,3,10,1,10-1,,,3-15,100.0,Very certain -3-100-1,3,100,1,100-1,,1539[22],3-137 3-143,50.0,Very certain -3-100-4,3,100,4,100-4,,1539[22],3-144,50.0,Very certain -3-101-1,3,101,1,101-1,,1539[22],3-143 3-144,100.0,Very certain -3-102-1,3,102,1,102-1,,354[202],3-145 3-146,100.0,Very certain -3-103-2,3,103,2,103-2,,,3-147,100.0,Very certain -3-104-7,3,104,7,104-7,,1539[36],3-112,100.0,Very certain -3-105-1,3,105,1,105-1,,1539[20],3-148,100.0,Very certain -3-106-2,3,106,2,106-2,,354[220],3-149,100.0,Unspecified -3-107-1,3,107,1,107-1,,,3-150,100.0,Very certain -3-108-4,3,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-109-1,3,109,1,109-1,,354[154],3-151,100.0,Very certain -3-11-2,3,11,2,11-2,,1539[26],3-16,100.0,Very certain -3-110-1,3,110,1,110-1,,354[358],3-152,100.0,Very certain -3-111-2,3,111,2,111-2,,354[302],3-153 3-154,100.0,Very certain -3-112-1,3,112,1,112-1,,354[120],3-155,100.0,Very certain -3-113-2,3,113,2,113-2,,,3-156 3-157,100.0,Very certain -3-114-1,3,114,1,114-1,,354[118],3-158,100.0,Very certain -3-115-2,3,115,2,115-2,,,3-159 3-160,100.0,Very certain -3-116-1,3,116,1,116-1,,354[115],3-161,100.0,Very certain -3-117-1,3,117,1,117-1,,,3-162,100.0,Very certain -3-118-1,3,118,1,118-1,,,3-163 3-164,100.0,Very certain -3-12-1,3,12,1,12-1,,1539[17],3-17,100.0,Very certain -3-120-5,3,120,5,120-5,,,3-166,100.0,Very certain -3-121-3,3,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -3-122-1,3,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, -3-123-4,3,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -3-124-1,3,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -3-125-4,3,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -3-126-1,3,126,1,126-1,,,3-179,100.0, -3-127-6,3,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -3-128-1,3,128,1,128-1,,,3-183,100.0, -3-129-2,3,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -3-13-1,3,13,1,13-1,,,3-18,100.0,Very certain -3-130-1,3,130,1,130-1,,,3-180,100.0, -3-131,3,131,1,131-1,,,3-167,100.0, -3-132,3,132,1,132-1,,,3-169,100.0, -3-133,3,133,1,133-1,,,3-170,100.0, -3-134,3,134,1,134-1,,,3-171,100.0, -3-137,3,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -3-138,3,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -3-139,3,139,1,139-1,,,3-174,100.0, -3-14-1,3,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-140,3,140,1,140-1,,,3-175,100.0, -3-143,3,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -3-144,3,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -3-145,3,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -3-146,3,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -3-147,3,147,1,147-1,,,3-168,100.0, -3-148,3,148,1,148-1,,,3-172,100.0, -3-149,3,149,1,149-1,,,3-173,100.0, -3-15-1,3,15,1,15-1,,354[359],3-19,100.0,Very certain -3-150,3,150,1,150-1,,,3-209,100.0, -3-151,3,151,1,151-1,,,3-201,100.0, -3-152,3,152,1,152-1,,,3-202,100.0, -3-153,3,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -3-155,3,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -3-156,3,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -3-158,3,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -3-159,3,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -3-16-1,3,16,1,16-1,,1539[30],3-20,100.0,Very certain -3-160,3,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -3-161,3,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -3-163,3,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -3-168,3,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -3-169,3,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -3-17-2,3,17,2,17-2,,1539[35],3-21 3-22,100.0,Very certain -3-170,3,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -3-171,3,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -3-172,3,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -3-173,3,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -3-174,3,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -3-176,3,176,1,176-1,,,3-211,100.0, -3-177,3,177,1,177-1,,,3-212,100.0, -3-178,3,178,1,178-1,,,3-181,100.0, -3-179,3,179,1,179-1,,,3-182,100.0, -3-18-2,3,18,2,18-2,,,3-23,100.0,Very certain -3-180,3,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -3-181,3,181,1,181-1,,,3-183,100.0, -3-182,3,182,2,182-2,,,3-184,100.0, -3-183,3,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -3-184,3,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -3-187,3,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -3-188,3,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -3-189,3,189,1,189-1,,,3-176,100.0, -3-19-4,3,19,4,19-4,,354,3-24,100.0,Very certain -3-190,3,190,1,190-1,,,3-177,100.0, -3-191,3,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -3-192,3,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -3-193,3,193,1,193-1,,,3-178,100.0, -3-194,3,194,1,194-1,,,3-179,100.0, -3-195,3,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -3-196,3,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -3-199,3,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -3-2-2,3,2,2,2-2,,,3-3,50.0,Very certain -3-2-1,3,2,1,2-1,,,3-2,50.0,Very certain -3-20-1,3,20,1,20-1,,1539[35],3-25,100.0,Very certain -3-200,3,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -3-201,3,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -3-202,3,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -3-205,3,205,1,205-1,,,3-180,100.0, -3-206,3,206,1,206-1,,,3-210,100.0, -3-209,3,209,1,209-1,,,3-185,100.0, -3-21-3,3,21,3,21-3,Sɛmbɛ/sɔndi go back to somebody and something.,354,3-26,100.0,Very certain -3-212,3,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -3-217,3,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -3-218,3,218,1,218-1,,,3-186,100.0, -3-22-4,3,22,4,22-4,,,3-27,100.0,Very certain -3-221,3,221,1,221-1,,,3-187,100.0, -3-23-7,3,23,7,23-7,Plurality is solely marked on the determiner.,,3-27,100.0,Very certain -3-231,3,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -3-24-4,3,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-25-1,3,25,1,25-1,Nominal plural is marked by Agreement on the determiner.,,3-27 3-28,100.0,Very certain -3-252,3,252,1,252-1,,,3-188,100.0, -3-253,3,253,1,253-1,,,3-190,100.0, -3-254,3,254,1,254-1,,,3-192,100.0, -3-255,3,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -3-256,3,256,1,256-1,,,3-194,100.0, -3-257,3,257,1,257-1,,,3-196,100.0, -3-258,3,258,1,258-1,,,3-198,100.0, -3-259,3,259,1,259-1,,,3-200,100.0, -3-26-8,3,26,8,26-8,,94,3-29 3-30 3-31,100.0,Very certain -3-260,3,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -3-261,3,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -3-263,3,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -3-267,3,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -3-268,3,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -3-27-2,3,27,2,27-2,,354[219],3-32,100.0,Very certain -3-272,3,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -3-273,3,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -3-274,3,274,1,274-1,,,3-204,100.0, -3-275,3,275,1,275-1,,,,100.0, -3-276,3,276,1,276-1,,,3-205,100.0, -3-277,3,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -3-278,3,278,1,278-1,,,3-206,100.0, -3-279,3,279,1,279-1,,,3-207,100.0, -3-28-1,3,28,1,28-1,,,3-33,100.0,Very certain -3-280,3,280,1,280-1,,,3-208,100.0, -3-281,3,281,1,281-1,,,,100.0, -3-282,3,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -3-284,3,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -3-285,3,285,1,285-1,,,3-189,100.0, -3-286,3,286,1,286-1,,,3-191,100.0, -3-287,3,287,1,287-1,,,3-193,100.0, -3-288,3,288,1,288-1,,,3-195,100.0, -3-289,3,289,1,289-1,,,3-197,100.0, -3-29-2,3,29,2,29-2,,,3-34,100.0,Very certain -3-290,3,290,1,290-1,,,3-199,100.0, -3-291,3,291,1,291-1,,,3-203,100.0, -3-3-1,3,3,1,3-1,,,3-4,100.0,Very certain -3-30-4,3,30,4,30-4,,,3-36,50.0,Very certain -3-30-2,3,30,2,30-2,,,3-35,50.0,Very certain -3-308-1,3,308,1,308-1,English and to a lesser extent Portuguese are the main lexifiers.,,,100.0,Very certain -3-309-2,3,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-31-1,3,31,1,31-1,,,3-8,100.0,Very certain -3-310-4,3,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-311-3,3,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-312-2,3,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -3-313-4,3,313,4,313-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-314-3,3,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-315-3,3,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-316-3,3,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-317-2,3,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-318-2,3,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-319-3,3,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-32-2,3,32,2,32-2,,,3-37 3-38,100.0,Very certain -3-320-3,3,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-321-3,3,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-322-3,3,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-323-3,3,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-324-3,3,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Certain -3-325-2,3,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -3-326-4,3,326,4,326-4,,,,100.0,Certain -3-327-2,3,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Certain -3-328-2,3,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-329-2,3,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Certain -3-33-4,3,33,4,33-4,,,3-10 3-7 3-8 3-9,100.0,Very certain -3-330-2,3,330,2,330-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -3-331-2,3,331,2,331-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -3-332-2,3,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -3-34-1,3,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified -3-35-6,3,35,6,35-6,,354[305],3-39 3-40,100.0,Very certain -3-36-1,3,36,1,36-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-37-1,3,37,1,37-1,,,3-41,50.0,Very certain -3-37-6,3,37,6,37-6,,,3-42,50.0,Very certain -3-38-4,3,38,4,38-4,,,3-43,50.0,Very certain -3-38-2,3,38,2,38-2,,,3-44,50.0,Very certain -3-39-1,3,39,1,39-1,,,3-45,100.0,Very certain -3-4-2,3,4,2,4-2,,,3-36 3-5 3-6,100.0,Very certain -3-40-1,3,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-41-1,3,41,1,41-1,,354[77],3-46 3-47 3-49,50.0,Very certain -3-41-2,3,41,2,41-2,,354[77],3-50,50.0,Very certain -3-42-5,3,42,5,42-5,,1539[4],3-46 3-47,33.3333333333333,Very certain -3-42-7,3,42,7,42-7,,1539[4],3-48,33.3333333333333,Very certain -3-42-1,3,42,1,42-1,,1539[4],3-50 3-51,33.3333333333333,Very certain -3-43-1,3,43,1,43-1,,1539[20],3-52,50.0,Very certain -3-43-3,3,43,3,43-3,,1539[20],3-16,50.0,Very certain -3-44-1,3,44,1,44-1,,1539[20],3-52,100.0,Very certain -3-45-4,3,45,4,45-4,,1539[26],3-16,100.0,Very certain -3-46-2,3,46,2,46-2,,,3-53,100.0,Very certain -3-47-9,3,47,9,47-9,,,3-54 3-55 3-56 3-57,100.0,Very certain -3-48-9,3,48,9,48-9,,1517,3-54 3-55 3-56 3-57,50.0,Very certain -3-48-2,3,48,2,48-2,,1517,3-58,50.0,Very certain -3-49-3,3,49,3,49-3,,,3-131 3-53 3-59,100.0,Very certain -3-5-2,3,5,2,5-2,,,3-10 3-7 3-8 3-9,100.0,Very certain -3-50-1,3,50,1,50-1,,1539[20],3-52 3-60,100.0,Very certain -3-51-3,3,51,3,51-3,,,3-61 3-62,100.0,Very certain -3-52-2,3,52,2,52-2,,,3-63,100.0,Very certain -3-53-2,3,53,2,53-2,,1539[102],3-64,100.0,Very certain -3-54-3,3,54,3,54-3,,,3-65 3-97,100.0,Very certain -3-55-1,3,55,1,55-1,,1517,3-66 3-67,100.0,Very certain -3-56-1,3,56,1,56-1,,,3-103 3-144 3-68,100.0,Very certain -3-57-1,3,57,1,57-1,,1539[26],3-1 3-16,100.0,Very certain -3-58-1,3,58,1,58-1,,,3-69 3-70,100.0,Very certain -3-59-2,3,59,2,59-2,"The difference between subject and object pronouns is not in terms of Case, but between a syntactic clitic (3rd singular subject form a) vs phonological clitic or independent pronoun (3rd singular object form en).",1539,3-71,100.0,Very certain -3-6-1,3,6,1,6-1,,,3-11,100.0,Very certain -3-60-2,3,60,2,60-2,,,3-72,50.0,Very certain -3-60-1,3,60,1,60-1,,,3-73,50.0,Very certain -3-61-2,3,61,2,61-2,,,3-74,50.0,Very certain -3-61-1,3,61,1,61-1,,,3-72,50.0,Very certain -3-62-1,3,62,1,62-1,,1539[78],3-75,100.0,Very certain -3-63-1,3,63,1,63-1,,1538[107],3-76,100.0,Very certain -3-64-2,3,64,2,64-2,,354[67],3-77,100.0,Very certain -3-65-1,3,65,1,65-1,,1539[101],3-78,100.0,Very certain -3-66-3,3,66,3,66-3,,354[30],3-79,100.0,Very certain -3-67-1,3,67,1,67-1,,,3-80,100.0,Very certain -3-68-1,3,68,1,68-1,,,3-81,100.0,Very certain -3-69-2,3,69,2,69-2,,,3-83,50.0,Very certain -3-69-1,3,69,1,69-1,,,3-82,50.0,Very certain -3-7-1,3,7,1,7-1,,,3-12,100.0,Very certain -3-70-1,3,70,1,70-1,,,3-82 3-84,100.0,Very certain -3-71-1,3,71,1,71-1,,1539[35],3-84 3-85,100.0,Very certain +Like its other Germanic relatives, but unlike English, Afrikaans also has an impersonal passive (cf. Example 184).",402[257-262],29-182 29-183 29-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-91-8,29,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +29-92-2,29,92,2,92-2,,,29-185,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +29-93-2,29,93,2,93-2,,,29-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-94-2,29,94,2,94-2,,,29-188,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-94-1,29,94,1,94-1,,,29-187,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +29-95-4,29,95,4,95-4,"Absence of the complementizer implies main clause word order in the subordinate clause, i.e. V2 order.",,29-190,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-95-3,29,95,3,95-3,"Absence of the complementizer implies main clause word order in the subordinate clause, i.e. V2 order.",,29-189,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-96-3,29,96,3,96-3,"If the complementizer is absent, there is main clause word order in the subordinate clause, i.e. V2.",,29-191,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-96-4,29,96,4,96-4,"If the complementizer is absent, there is main clause word order in the subordinate clause, i.e. V2.",,29-192,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +29-97-1,29,97,1,97-1,,,29-193,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +29-98-1,29,98,1,98-1,"More common than Anna wil dat haar seun huis toe kom is Anna wil hê dat haar seun huis toe kom [Anna want have.INF that her son home to come], i.e. 'Anna wants to have her son come home'.",,29-194 29-195,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +29-99-2,29,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +3-0-1,3,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +3-1-2,3,1,2,1-2,,1539[116],3-1 3-32 3-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +3-10-1,3,10,1,10-1,,,3-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-100-1,3,100,1,100-1,,1539[22],3-137 3-143,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-0000FF.png""}", +3-100-4,3,100,4,100-4,,1539[22],3-144,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-0000FF.png""}", +3-101-1,3,101,1,101-1,,1539[22],3-143 3-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-102-1,3,102,1,102-1,,354[202],3-145 3-146,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +3-103-2,3,103,2,103-2,,,3-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork data +3-104-7,3,104,7,104-7,,1539[36],3-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-105-1,3,105,1,105-1,,1539[20],3-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-106-2,3,106,2,106-2,,354[220],3-149,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +3-107-1,3,107,1,107-1,,,3-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-108-4,3,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +3-109-1,3,109,1,109-1,,354[154],3-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-11-2,3,11,2,11-2,,1539[26],3-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-110-1,3,110,1,110-1,,354[358],3-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-111-2,3,111,2,111-2,,354[302],3-153 3-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-112-1,3,112,1,112-1,,354[120],3-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +3-113-2,3,113,2,113-2,,,3-156 3-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-114-1,3,114,1,114-1,,354[118],3-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-115-2,3,115,2,115-2,,,3-159 3-160,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-116-1,3,116,1,116-1,,354[115],3-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-117-1,3,117,1,117-1,,,3-162,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-118-1,3,118,1,118-1,,,3-163 3-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-12-1,3,12,1,12-1,,1539[17],3-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +3-120-5,3,120,5,120-5,,,3-166,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork data +3-121-3,3,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-122-1,3,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +3-123-4,3,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-124-1,3,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-125-4,3,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-126-1,3,126,1,126-1,,,3-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-127-6,3,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-128-1,3,128,1,128-1,,,3-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-129-2,3,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-13-1,3,13,1,13-1,,,3-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Fieldwork data +3-130-1,3,130,1,130-1,,,3-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-131,3,131,1,131-1,,,3-167,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-132,3,132,1,132-1,,,3-169,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-133,3,133,1,133-1,,,3-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-134,3,134,1,134-1,,,3-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-137,3,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-138,3,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-139,3,139,1,139-1,,,3-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-14-1,3,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-140,3,140,1,140-1,,,3-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-143,3,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-144,3,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-145,3,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-146,3,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-147,3,147,1,147-1,,,3-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-148,3,148,1,148-1,,,3-172,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-149,3,149,1,149-1,,,3-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-15-1,3,15,1,15-1,,354[359],3-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +3-150,3,150,1,150-1,,,3-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-151,3,151,1,151-1,,,3-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-152,3,152,1,152-1,,,3-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-153,3,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-155,3,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-156,3,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-158,3,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-159,3,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-16-1,3,16,1,16-1,,1539[30],3-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-160,3,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-161,3,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-163,3,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-168,3,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-169,3,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-17-2,3,17,2,17-2,,1539[35],3-21 3-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-170,3,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-171,3,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-172,3,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-173,3,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-174,3,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-176,3,176,1,176-1,,,3-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-177,3,177,1,177-1,,,3-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-178,3,178,1,178-1,,,3-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-179,3,179,1,179-1,,,3-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-18-2,3,18,2,18-2,,,3-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork data +3-180,3,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-181,3,181,1,181-1,,,3-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-182,3,182,2,182-2,,,3-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +3-183,3,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-184,3,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-187,3,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-188,3,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-189,3,189,1,189-1,,,3-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-19-4,3,19,4,19-4,,354,3-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-190,3,190,1,190-1,,,3-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-191,3,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-192,3,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-193,3,193,1,193-1,,,3-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-194,3,194,1,194-1,,,3-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-195,3,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-196,3,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-199,3,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-2-2,3,2,2,2-2,,,3-3,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Fieldwork data +3-2-1,3,2,1,2-1,,,3-2,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Fieldwork data +3-20-1,3,20,1,20-1,,1539[35],3-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +3-200,3,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-201,3,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-202,3,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-205,3,205,1,205-1,,,3-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-206,3,206,1,206-1,,,3-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-209,3,209,1,209-1,,,3-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-21-3,3,21,3,21-3,Sɛmbɛ/sɔndi go back to somebody and something.,354,3-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +3-212,3,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-217,3,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-218,3,218,1,218-1,,,3-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-22-4,3,22,4,22-4,,,3-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Fieldwork data +3-221,3,221,1,221-1,,,3-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-23-7,3,23,7,23-7,Plurality is solely marked on the determiner.,,3-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Fieldwork data +3-231,3,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-24-4,3,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +3-25-1,3,25,1,25-1,Nominal plural is marked by Agreement on the determiner.,,3-27 3-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-252,3,252,1,252-1,,,3-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-253,3,253,1,253-1,,,3-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-254,3,254,1,254-1,,,3-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-255,3,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-256,3,256,1,256-1,,,3-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-257,3,257,1,257-1,,,3-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-258,3,258,1,258-1,,,3-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-259,3,259,1,259-1,,,3-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-26-8,3,26,8,26-8,,94,3-29 3-30 3-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +3-260,3,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-261,3,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-263,3,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-267,3,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-268,3,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-27-2,3,27,2,27-2,,354[219],3-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-272,3,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-273,3,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-274,3,274,1,274-1,,,3-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-275,3,275,1,275-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-276,3,276,1,276-1,,,3-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-277,3,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-278,3,278,1,278-1,,,3-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-279,3,279,1,279-1,,,3-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-28-1,3,28,1,28-1,,,3-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork data +3-280,3,280,1,280-1,,,3-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-281,3,281,1,281-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-282,3,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-284,3,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-285,3,285,1,285-1,,,3-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-286,3,286,1,286-1,,,3-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-287,3,287,1,287-1,,,3-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-288,3,288,1,288-1,,,3-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-289,3,289,1,289-1,,,3-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-29-2,3,29,2,29-2,,,3-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork data +3-290,3,290,1,290-1,,,3-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-291,3,291,1,291-1,,,3-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +3-3-1,3,3,1,3-1,,,3-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork data +3-30-4,3,30,4,30-4,,,3-36,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-30-2,3,30,2,30-2,,,3-35,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-308-1,3,308,1,308-1,English and to a lesser extent Portuguese are the main lexifiers.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +3-309-2,3,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-31-1,3,31,1,31-1,,,3-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-310-4,3,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +3-311-3,3,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-312-2,3,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-313-4,3,313,4,313-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-314-3,3,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-315-3,3,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-316-3,3,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-317-2,3,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-318-2,3,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-319-3,3,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-32-2,3,32,2,32-2,,,3-37 3-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork data +3-320-3,3,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-321-3,3,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-322-3,3,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-323-3,3,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-324-3,3,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-325-2,3,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-326-4,3,326,4,326-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-327-2,3,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-328-2,3,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-329-2,3,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-33-4,3,33,4,33-4,,,3-10 3-7 3-8 3-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Fieldwork data +3-330-2,3,330,2,330-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-331-2,3,331,2,331-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-332-2,3,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-34-1,3,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +3-35-6,3,35,6,35-6,,354[305],3-39 3-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +3-36-1,3,36,1,36-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +3-37-1,3,37,1,37-1,,,3-41,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-37-6,3,37,6,37-6,,,3-42,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-38-4,3,38,4,38-4,,,3-43,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Fieldwork data +3-38-2,3,38,2,38-2,,,3-44,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Fieldwork data +3-39-1,3,39,1,39-1,,,3-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-4-2,3,4,2,4-2,,,3-36 3-5 3-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork data +3-40-1,3,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +3-41-1,3,41,1,41-1,,354[77],3-46 3-47 3-49,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-41-2,3,41,2,41-2,,354[77],3-50,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-42-5,3,42,5,42-5,,1539[4],3-46 3-47,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF7F00-34-FF0000-34-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-42-7,3,42,7,42-7,,1539[4],3-48,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF7F00-34-FF0000-34-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-42-1,3,42,1,42-1,,1539[4],3-50 3-51,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF7F00-34-FF0000-34-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-43-1,3,43,1,43-1,,1539[20],3-52,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +3-43-3,3,43,3,43-3,,1539[20],3-16,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +3-44-1,3,44,1,44-1,,1539[20],3-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +3-45-4,3,45,4,45-4,,1539[26],3-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +3-46-2,3,46,2,46-2,,,3-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-47-9,3,47,9,47-9,,,3-54 3-55 3-56 3-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-48-9,3,48,9,48-9,,1517,3-54 3-55 3-56 3-57,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}", +3-48-2,3,48,2,48-2,,1517,3-58,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}", +3-49-3,3,49,3,49-3,,,3-131 3-53 3-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-5-2,3,5,2,5-2,,,3-10 3-7 3-8 3-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork data +3-50-1,3,50,1,50-1,,1539[20],3-52 3-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +3-51-3,3,51,3,51-3,,,3-61 3-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-52-2,3,52,2,52-2,,,3-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-53-2,3,53,2,53-2,,1539[102],3-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-54-3,3,54,3,54-3,,,3-65 3-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Fieldwork data +3-55-1,3,55,1,55-1,,1517,3-66 3-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-56-1,3,56,1,56-1,,,3-103 3-144 3-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork data +3-57-1,3,57,1,57-1,,1539[26],3-1 3-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-58-1,3,58,1,58-1,,,3-69 3-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork data +3-59-2,3,59,2,59-2,"The difference between subject and object pronouns is not in terms of Case, but between a syntactic clitic (3rd singular subject form a) vs phonological clitic or independent pronoun (3rd singular object form en).",1539,3-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +3-6-1,3,6,1,6-1,,,3-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork data +3-60-2,3,60,2,60-2,,,3-72,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Fieldwork data +3-60-1,3,60,1,60-1,,,3-73,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Fieldwork data +3-61-2,3,61,2,61-2,,,3-74,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-61-1,3,61,1,61-1,,,3-72,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-62-1,3,62,1,62-1,,1539[78],3-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +3-63-1,3,63,1,63-1,,1538[107],3-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-64-2,3,64,2,64-2,,354[67],3-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +3-65-1,3,65,1,65-1,,1539[101],3-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +3-66-3,3,66,3,66-3,,354[30],3-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-67-1,3,67,1,67-1,,,3-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-68-1,3,68,1,68-1,,,3-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-69-2,3,69,2,69-2,,,3-83,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-69-1,3,69,1,69-1,,,3-82,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-7-1,3,7,1,7-1,,,3-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork data +3-70-1,3,70,1,70-1,,,3-82 3-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Fieldwork data +3-71-1,3,71,1,71-1,,1539[35],3-84 3-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 3-72-3,3,72,3,72-3,"Hen is used for sentences, while -ku is used for DPs.",1539[77],3-86 3-87 3-88,100.0,Very certain -3-73-1,3,73,1,73-1,,1539[36],3-89,100.0,Very certain -3-74-2,3,74,2,74-2,,,3-90,100.0,Very certain -3-75-1,3,75,1,75-1,,,3-91,100.0,Certain -3-76-3,3,76,3,76-3,,1539[36],3-89 3-91 3-92,100.0,Very certain -3-77-1,3,77,1,77-1,,,3-93,100.0,Very certain -3-78-2,3,78,2,78-2,,,3-95 3-96,100.0,Unspecified -3-79-6,3,79,6,79-6,,,3-100,50.0,Very certain -3-79-2,3,79,2,79-2,,,3-99,50.0,Very certain -3-8-1,3,8,1,8-1,,,3-14,50.0,Very certain -3-8-2,3,8,2,8-2,,,3-13,50.0,Very certain -3-80-2,3,80,2,80-2,,,3-101,100.0,Very certain -3-81-1,3,81,1,81-1,,,3-97 3-98,100.0,Very certain -3-82-4,3,82,4,82-4,,354[6],3-102,100.0,Very certain -3-83-4,3,83,4,83-4,,,3-103 3-104,100.0,Very certain -3-84-2,3,84,2,84-2,,,3-105 3-106,100.0,Very certain -3-85-2,3,85,2,85-2,,1539[85],3-107,50.0,Very certain -3-85-5,3,85,5,85-5,,1539[85],3-83,50.0,Very certain -3-86-2,3,86,2,86-2,,1539[36],3-108 3-109 3-110 3-111 3-112 3-113 3-114,100.0,Very certain -3-87-2,3,87,2,87-2,,1539[45],3-116,10.0,Very certain -3-87-3,3,87,3,87-3,,1539[45],3-115,90.0,Very certain -3-88-1,3,88,1,88-1,,1539[43],3-117 3-118,100.0,Very certain -3-89-3,3,89,3,89-3,,,3-119 3-120,100.0,Very certain -3-9-1,3,9,1,9-1,,,3-7,100.0,Very certain -3-90-3,3,90,3,90-3,,1541[276],3-121,100.0,Very certain -3-91-8,3,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -3-92-2,3,92,2,92-2,,,3-122,100.0,Unspecified -3-93-4,3,93,4,93-4,,,3-124,50.0,Unspecified -3-93-2,3,93,2,93-2,,,3-123,50.0,Unspecified -3-94-1,3,94,1,94-1,,,3-126,5.26315789473684,Very certain -3-94-3,3,94,3,94-3,,,3-125,47.3684210526316,Very certain -3-94-9,3,94,9,94-9,,,3-127,47.3684210526316,Very certain -3-95-4,3,95,4,95-4,,,3-128,33.3333333333333,Very certain -3-95-3,3,95,3,95-3,,,3-133,33.3333333333333,Very certain -3-95-1,3,95,1,95-1,,,3-129,33.3333333333333,Very certain -3-96-1,3,96,1,96-1,,1539[155],3-134,50.0,Very certain -3-96-4,3,96,4,96-4,,1539[155],3-135,50.0,Very certain -3-97-1,3,97,1,97-1,,,3-138 3-147,50.0,Very certain -3-97-2,3,97,2,97-2,,,3-139,50.0,Very certain -3-98-3,3,98,3,98-3,,,3-140 3-141,100.0,Very certain -3-99-2,3,99,2,99-2,,354[300],3-142,100.0,Unspecified -30-0-3,30,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -30-1-2,30,1,2,1-2,,106[139-144],30-1,100.0,Very certain -30-10-1,30,10,1,10-1,,786,30-20,100.0,Very certain -30-100-4,30,100,4,100-4,The negative particle is ka.,106[116-119],30-209,100.0,Very certain -30-101-1,30,101,1,101-1,"The negative particle ka precedes the verb. If the verb is preceded by (a) TAM marker(s), ka is placed in front of them/it. There is only one exception: The negative particle follows the copula ê (in its unmarked form).",106[116-119],30-210 30-212,75.0,Certain -30-101-2,30,101,2,101-2,"The negative particle ka precedes the verb. If the verb is preceded by (a) TAM marker(s), ka is placed in front of them/it. There is only one exception: The negative particle follows the copula ê (in its unmarked form).",106[116-119],30-211,25.0,Certain -30-102-1,30,102,1,102-1,,106[116-119],30-213 30-214 30-215,100.0,Certain -30-103-7,30,103,7,103-7,,106[153/154],30-216 30-217,100.0,Very certain -30-104-5,30,104,5,104-5,"The copula can be left out. In wh-questions, it hardly ever occurs: Undi ki bu bai? 'Where did you go?’ etc.",106[150-152],30-250,50.0,Very certain -30-104-1,30,104,1,104-1,"The copula can be left out. In wh-questions, it hardly ever occurs: Undi ki bu bai? 'Where did you go?’ etc.",106[150-152],30-218 30-219,50.0,Very certain -30-105-3,30,105,3,105-3,,786,,100.0,Very certain -30-106-1,30,106,1,106-1,,784[s.v. tanbê],30-222,30.0,Certain -30-106-2,30,106,2,106-2,,784[s.v. tanbê],30-221,70.0,Certain -30-107-1,30,107,1,107-1,Portuguese distinguishes the interjection Oh! with a closed vowel from the vocative particle ó with an open vowel. The Creole of Santiago uses ó (with a closed vowel) before the corresponding elements for both functions.,784[s.v. o interj.],30-223,100.0,Certain -30-108-4,30,108,4,108-4,"According to my informants, clicks don't express specific meanings in Santiago Creole.",,,100.0,Intermediate -30-109-1,30,109,1,109-1,"Although -inhu is a productive diminutive suffix in Santiago Creole, no word (neither a simplex nor a motivated product of derivation) derived from Ptg. pequeninho exists. Pikénu 'small’ exists only in acrolectal varieties. In basilectal creole 'small’ is pikininu or, more often, pikinóti. The second of these two words is also a common expression to refer to a child (’little one’), which isn’t true, as far as I know, for the first one. The noun pikéna is used in all styles, but it means 'girl-friend, (female) lover’.","784[s.v. pikéna, pikénu, pikininu, pikinóti]",30-224,100.0,Certain -30-11-3,30,11,3,11-3,"In this creole, 'often’ is expressed by the phrase txeu bes 'many times', normally placed at the beginning of the sentence, at the end of the sentence, or before or after the verb.",786,30-23,23.0769230769231,Certain -30-11-2,30,11,2,11-2,"In this creole, 'often’ is expressed by the phrase txeu bes 'many times', normally placed at the beginning of the sentence, at the end of the sentence, or before or after the verb.",786,30-21 30-22,53.8461538461538,Very certain -30-11-1,30,11,1,11-1,"In this creole, 'often’ is expressed by the phrase txeu bes 'many times', normally placed at the beginning of the sentence, at the end of the sentence, or before or after the verb.",786,30-24,23.0769230769231,Certain -30-110-1,30,110,1,110-1,"Next to the verb sabe (with a closed a), there is an adjective/noun sábi (with an open a) 'beautiful/ joy, luck'. This adjective/noun is often linked to the verb. In our dictionary we specified the etymology of the word tentatively as follows: ""do port. SUAVE, tal vez infl. por SABE(R BEM A)"" (from Ptg. SUAVE, maybe influenced by SABE(R BEM A)).",784[s.v. sabe],30-225 30-226,100.0,Very certain -30-111-1,30,111,1,111-1,"Both versions exist: águ di odju literally 'water of eye’ and lágua 'tears' (etymology: Portuguese água, with influence of Spanish el agua and/or Portuguese lágrima).","784[s.v. águ, lágua]",30-227,70.0,Very certain -30-111-3,30,111,3,111-3,"Both versions exist: águ di odju literally 'water of eye’ and lágua 'tears' (etymology: Portuguese água, with influence of Spanish el agua and/or Portuguese lágrima).","784[s.v. águ, lágua]",30-228,30.0,Very certain -30-112-2,30,112,2,112-2,"mo 'hand', brásu 'arm'","784[s.v. mo, brásu]",30-229 30-230,100.0,Very certain -30-113-3,30,113,3,113-3,"Dédu may denote either 'finger' or 'toe'. In order to avoid ambiguity, one can be more precise and use dédu-l pé, literally 'finger of foot’.",784[s.v. dédu],30-231 30-232,100.0,Certain -30-114-2,30,114,2,114-2,"kabélu 'hair', péna 'feather'","784[s.v. kabélu, péna]",30-233 30-234 30-235,100.0,Very certain -30-115-2,30,115,2,115-2,"obi 'to hear', txera 'to smell'","784[s.v. obi, txera]",30-236 30-237,100.0,Very certain -30-116-2,30,116,2,116-2,"berdi 'green', azul 'blue'","784[s.v. berdi, azul]",30-238 30-239 30-240,100.0,Very certain -30-117-2,30,117,2,117-2,Expressions like katxor mátxu 'male dog' and katxor fémia 'bitch' exist. Mátxu 'male' and fémia 'female’ are used as nouns or adjectives.,"784[s.v. mátxu, fémia]",30-241 30-242,100.0,Very certain -30-118-3,30,118,3,118-3,Syllables can have onsets of maximally three consonants. Prenasalized consonants were counted as one consonant. Syllables beginning with a vowel also exist and make up about 8% of all syllables in one text.,786,30-243 30-244 30-245 30-246,100.0,Very certain -30-119-2,30,119,2,119-2,"Consonants that may occur in the coda are /l/, /r/, and /s/. From a phonetic point of view, nasal consonants also occur. From a phonological perspective, nasal consonants only appear in the coda if the phonetically prenasalized consonants are analyzed (following do Couto & Sousa 2006) as sequences of one nasal and one other consonant. In my opinion, they are to be analyzed as monophonemic (cf. Lang 1999 and 2007).",786,30-247 30-248 30-249,100.0,Very certain -30-12-2,30,12,2,12-2,Normally interrogative pronouns are sentence-initial. In-situ position occurs especially with ê 'be' and in echo questions.,1255[216],30-27 30-28 30-29,5.0,Very certain -30-12-1,30,12,1,12-1,Normally interrogative pronouns are sentence-initial. In-situ position occurs especially with ê 'be' and in echo questions.,1255[216],30-25 30-26,95.0,Very certain -30-120-1,30,120,1,120-1,,786,,100.0,Very certain -30-121-3,30,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -30-122-1,30,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, -30-123-1,30,123,1,123-1,The mid central unrounded vowel rather resembles a closed a with the same degree of aperture as the open e and the open o.,,30-281,100.0, -30-124-1,30,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -30-125-1,30,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -30-126-1,30,126,1,126-1,/z/ is mostly found in recent loanwords.,,30-264,100.0, -30-127-6,30,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -30-128-1,30,128,1,128-1,,,30-269,100.0, -30-129-1,30,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -30-13-6,30,13,6,13-6,"There is no gender distinction in independent personal pronouns, not even in 3SG ((a)el) or in 3PL ((a)es). Only the singular personal pronouns expressing politeness have a gender distinction both as tonic (independent) pronouns, e.g. (a)nho (M)/(a)nha (F), and as atonic (proclitic) subject pronouns, e.g. nhu (M)/nha (F). (The - always optional - a- in ael, aes, anho, anha etc. indicates that the tonic pronoun is the topic of the sentence.)",106[47/48 XXXIII],30-30 30-31 30-32,100.0,Very certain -30-130-4,30,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -30-131,30,131,1,131-1,,,30-253,100.0, -30-132,30,132,1,132-1,,,30-255,100.0, -30-133,30,133,1,133-1,,,30-256,100.0, -30-134,30,134,1,134-1,,,30-257,100.0, -30-137,30,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -30-138,30,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -30-139,30,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -30-14-1,30,14,1,14-1,,786;1255[153],,100.0,Very certain -30-140,30,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -30-143,30,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -30-144,30,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -30-145,30,145,1,145-1,,,30-258,100.0, -30-146,30,146,1,146-1,,,30-259,100.0, -30-147,30,147,1,147-1,,,30-254,100.0, -30-148,30,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -30-149,30,149,1,149-1,,,30-260,100.0, -30-15-1,30,15,1,15-1,The pronoun nos (tonic)/nu (atonic) 'we’ is used in inclusive and exclusive contexts.,786;106[48],30-33 30-34,100.0,Very certain -30-151,30,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -30-152,30,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -30-153,30,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -30-155,30,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -30-156,30,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -30-158,30,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -30-159,30,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -30-16-1,30,16,1,16-1,"The element a- in ael, aes, anho, anha etc. (which is always optional) indicates that the tonic pronoun is the topic of the sentence.",786;106[48],30-35,100.0,Very certain -30-160,30,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -30-161,30,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -30-163,30,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -30-168,30,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -30-169,30,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, +ku is used for DPs.",1539[77],3-86 3-87 3-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +3-73-1,3,73,1,73-1,,1539[36],3-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +3-74-2,3,74,2,74-2,,,3-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-75-1,3,75,1,75-1,,,3-91,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-76-3,3,76,3,76-3,,1539[36],3-89 3-91 3-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +3-77-1,3,77,1,77-1,,,3-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Fieldwork data +3-78-2,3,78,2,78-2,,,3-95 3-96,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-79-6,3,79,6,79-6,,,3-100,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-79-2,3,79,2,79-2,,,3-99,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-8-1,3,8,1,8-1,,,3-14,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Fieldwork data +3-8-2,3,8,2,8-2,,,3-13,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Fieldwork data +3-80-2,3,80,2,80-2,,,3-101,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-81-1,3,81,1,81-1,,,3-97 3-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-82-4,3,82,4,82-4,,354[6],3-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +3-83-4,3,83,4,83-4,,,3-103 3-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-84-2,3,84,2,84-2,,,3-105 3-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-85-2,3,85,2,85-2,,1539[85],3-107,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +3-85-5,3,85,5,85-5,,1539[85],3-83,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +3-86-2,3,86,2,86-2,,1539[36],3-108 3-109 3-110 3-111 3-112 3-113 3-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +3-87-2,3,87,2,87-2,,1539[45],3-116,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png""}", +3-87-3,3,87,3,87-3,,1539[45],3-115,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png""}", +3-88-1,3,88,1,88-1,,1539[43],3-117 3-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +3-89-3,3,89,3,89-3,,,3-119 3-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Fieldwork data +3-9-1,3,9,1,9-1,,,3-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-90-3,3,90,3,90-3,,1541[276],3-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +3-91-8,3,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +3-92-2,3,92,2,92-2,,,3-122,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Fieldwork data +3-93-4,3,93,4,93-4,,,3-124,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-93-2,3,93,2,93-2,,,3-123,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-94-1,3,94,1,94-1,,,3-126,5.26315789473684,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-6-FFFF00-48-FFB6C1-48-964B00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-94-3,3,94,3,94-3,,,3-125,47.3684210526316,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-6-FFFF00-48-FFB6C1-48-964B00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-94-9,3,94,9,94-9,,,3-127,47.3684210526316,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-6-FFFF00-48-FFB6C1-48-964B00.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-95-4,3,95,4,95-4,,,3-128,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-95-3,3,95,3,95-3,,,3-133,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-95-1,3,95,1,95-1,,,3-129,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-96-1,3,96,1,96-1,,1539[155],3-134,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-96-4,3,96,4,96-4,,1539[155],3-135,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +3-97-1,3,97,1,97-1,,,3-138 3-147,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Fieldwork data +3-97-2,3,97,2,97-2,,,3-139,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Fieldwork data +3-98-3,3,98,3,98-3,,,3-140 3-141,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Fieldwork data +3-99-2,3,99,2,99-2,,354[300],3-142,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-0-3,30,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-1-2,30,1,2,1-2,,106[139-144],30-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-10-1,30,10,1,10-1,,786,30-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-100-4,30,100,4,100-4,The negative particle is ka.,106[116-119],30-209,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-101-1,30,101,1,101-1,"The negative particle ka precedes the verb. If the verb is preceded by (a) TAM marker(s), ka is placed in front of them/it. There is only one exception: The negative particle follows the copula ê (in its unmarked form).",106[116-119],30-210 30-212,75.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-0000FF.png""}", +30-101-2,30,101,2,101-2,"The negative particle ka precedes the verb. If the verb is preceded by (a) TAM marker(s), ka is placed in front of them/it. There is only one exception: The negative particle follows the copula ê (in its unmarked form).",106[116-119],30-211,25.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-0000FF.png""}", +30-102-1,30,102,1,102-1,,106[116-119],30-213 30-214 30-215,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-103-7,30,103,7,103-7,,106[153/154],30-216 30-217,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +30-104-5,30,104,5,104-5,"The copula can be left out. In wh-questions, it hardly ever occurs: Undi ki bu bai? 'Where did you go?’ etc.",106[150-152],30-250,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-104-1,30,104,1,104-1,"The copula can be left out. In wh-questions, it hardly ever occurs: Undi ki bu bai? 'Where did you go?’ etc.",106[150-152],30-218 30-219,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-105-3,30,105,3,105-3,,786,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-106-1,30,106,1,106-1,,784[s.v. tanbê],30-222,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}", +30-106-2,30,106,2,106-2,,784[s.v. tanbê],30-221,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}", +30-107-1,30,107,1,107-1,Portuguese distinguishes the interjection Oh! with a closed vowel from the vocative particle ó with an open vowel. The Creole of Santiago uses ó (with a closed vowel) before the corresponding elements for both functions.,784[s.v. o interj.],30-223,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-108-4,30,108,4,108-4,"According to my informants, clicks don't express specific meanings in Santiago Creole.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Native speaker information +30-109-1,30,109,1,109-1,"Although -inhu is a productive diminutive suffix in Santiago Creole, no word (neither a simplex nor a motivated product of derivation) derived from Ptg. pequeninho exists. Pikénu 'small’ exists only in acrolectal varieties. In basilectal creole 'small’ is pikininu or, more often, pikinóti. The second of these two words is also a common expression to refer to a child (’little one’), which isn’t true, as far as I know, for the first one. The noun pikéna is used in all styles, but it means 'girl-friend, (female) lover’.","784[s.v. pikéna, pikénu, pikininu, pikinóti]",30-224,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-11-3,30,11,3,11-3,"In this creole, 'often’ is expressed by the phrase txeu bes 'many times', normally placed at the beginning of the sentence, at the end of the sentence, or before or after the verb.",786,30-23,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-800080-54-FF0000-24-FFFF00.png""}", +30-11-2,30,11,2,11-2,"In this creole, 'often’ is expressed by the phrase txeu bes 'many times', normally placed at the beginning of the sentence, at the end of the sentence, or before or after the verb.",786,30-21 30-22,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-800080-54-FF0000-24-FFFF00.png""}", +30-11-1,30,11,1,11-1,"In this creole, 'often’ is expressed by the phrase txeu bes 'many times', normally placed at the beginning of the sentence, at the end of the sentence, or before or after the verb.",786,30-24,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-800080-54-FF0000-24-FFFF00.png""}", +30-110-1,30,110,1,110-1,"Next to the verb sabe (with a closed a), there is an adjective/noun sábi (with an open a) 'beautiful/ joy, luck'. This adjective/noun is often linked to the verb. In our dictionary we specified the etymology of the word tentatively as follows: ""do port. SUAVE, tal vez infl. por SABE(R BEM A)"" (from Ptg. SUAVE, maybe influenced by SABE(R BEM A)).",784[s.v. sabe],30-225 30-226,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-111-1,30,111,1,111-1,"Both versions exist: águ di odju literally 'water of eye’ and lágua 'tears' (etymology: Portuguese água, with influence of Spanish el agua and/or Portuguese lágrima).","784[s.v. águ, lágua]",30-227,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png""}", +30-111-3,30,111,3,111-3,"Both versions exist: águ di odju literally 'water of eye’ and lágua 'tears' (etymology: Portuguese água, with influence of Spanish el agua and/or Portuguese lágrima).","784[s.v. águ, lágua]",30-228,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png""}", +30-112-2,30,112,2,112-2,"mo 'hand', brásu 'arm'","784[s.v. mo, brásu]",30-229 30-230,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-113-3,30,113,3,113-3,"Dédu may denote either 'finger' or 'toe'. In order to avoid ambiguity, one can be more precise and use dédu-l pé, literally 'finger of foot’.",784[s.v. dédu],30-231 30-232,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +30-114-2,30,114,2,114-2,"kabélu 'hair', péna 'feather'","784[s.v. kabélu, péna]",30-233 30-234 30-235,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-115-2,30,115,2,115-2,"obi 'to hear', txera 'to smell'","784[s.v. obi, txera]",30-236 30-237,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-116-2,30,116,2,116-2,"berdi 'green', azul 'blue'","784[s.v. berdi, azul]",30-238 30-239 30-240,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-117-2,30,117,2,117-2,Expressions like katxor mátxu 'male dog' and katxor fémia 'bitch' exist. Mátxu 'male' and fémia 'female’ are used as nouns or adjectives.,"784[s.v. mátxu, fémia]",30-241 30-242,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +30-118-3,30,118,3,118-3,Syllables can have onsets of maximally three consonants. Prenasalized consonants were counted as one consonant. Syllables beginning with a vowel also exist and make up about 8% of all syllables in one text.,786,30-243 30-244 30-245 30-246,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-119-2,30,119,2,119-2,"Consonants that may occur in the coda are /l/, /r/, and /s/. From a phonetic point of view, nasal consonants also occur. From a phonological perspective, nasal consonants only appear in the coda if the phonetically prenasalized consonants are analyzed (following do Couto & Sousa 2006) as sequences of one nasal and one other consonant. In my opinion, they are to be analyzed as monophonemic (cf. Lang 1999 and 2007).",786,30-247 30-248 30-249,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +30-12-2,30,12,2,12-2,Normally interrogative pronouns are sentence-initial. In-situ position occurs especially with ê 'be' and in echo questions.,1255[216],30-27 30-28 30-29,5.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-95-FF0000-5-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-12-1,30,12,1,12-1,Normally interrogative pronouns are sentence-initial. In-situ position occurs especially with ê 'be' and in echo questions.,1255[216],30-25 30-26,95.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-95-FF0000-5-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-120-1,30,120,1,120-1,,786,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-121-3,30,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-122-1,30,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-123-1,30,123,1,123-1,The mid central unrounded vowel rather resembles a closed a with the same degree of aperture as the open e and the open o.,,30-281,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-124-1,30,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-125-1,30,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-126-1,30,126,1,126-1,/z/ is mostly found in recent loanwords.,,30-264,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-127-6,30,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-128-1,30,128,1,128-1,,,30-269,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-129-1,30,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-13-6,30,13,6,13-6,"There is no gender distinction in independent personal pronouns, not even in 3SG ((a)el) or in 3PL ((a)es). Only the singular personal pronouns expressing politeness have a gender distinction both as tonic (independent) pronouns, e.g. (a)nho (M)/(a)nha (F), and as atonic (proclitic) subject pronouns, e.g. nhu (M)/nha (F). (The - always optional - a- in ael, aes, anho, anha etc. indicates that the tonic pronoun is the topic of the sentence.)",106[47/48 XXXIII],30-30 30-31 30-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +30-130-4,30,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-131,30,131,1,131-1,,,30-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-132,30,132,1,132-1,,,30-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-133,30,133,1,133-1,,,30-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-134,30,134,1,134-1,,,30-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-137,30,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-138,30,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-139,30,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-14-1,30,14,1,14-1,,786;1255[153],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-140,30,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-143,30,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-144,30,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-145,30,145,1,145-1,,,30-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-146,30,146,1,146-1,,,30-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-147,30,147,1,147-1,,,30-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-148,30,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-149,30,149,1,149-1,,,30-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-15-1,30,15,1,15-1,The pronoun nos (tonic)/nu (atonic) 'we’ is used in inclusive and exclusive contexts.,786;106[48],30-33 30-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +30-151,30,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-152,30,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-153,30,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-155,30,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-156,30,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-158,30,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-159,30,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-16-1,30,16,1,16-1,"The element a- in ael, aes, anho, anha etc. (which is always optional) indicates that the tonic pronoun is the topic of the sentence.",786;106[48],30-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-160,30,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-161,30,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-163,30,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-168,30,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-169,30,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 30-17-4,30,17,4,17-4,"Morphologically, there is no distinction between the independent personal pronoun (without the topicalizing a- prefix) and the dependent subject pronoun in 2PL (nhos). But the independent pronoun carries stress, whereas the dependent does not. There are no dependent object pronouns for the polite 2SG, nor for the neutral 2PL. The tonic independent pronouns must be used instead: N ta kunpánha-nho, N ta kunpánha-nha, N ta kunpánha-nhos 'I shall accompany you'. -Furthermore, dependent object pronouns cannot be used after verb forms with an ending (there are three endings in this creole: -ba [ANT], -du [PASS] and -da [ANT + PASS]), nor can they be used as second object pronouns (the first – dependent! – functioning as an indirect object).",786,30-36 30-37 30-38,100.0,Very certain -30-170,30,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -30-171,30,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -30-172,30,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -30-173,30,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -30-174,30,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -30-176,30,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -30-178,30,178,1,178-1,,,30-267,100.0, -30-179,30,179,1,179-1,,,30-268,100.0, -30-18-2,30,18,2,18-2,"In this creole there is a binary politeness distinction limited to the singular: 2SG.M + 2SG.F independent pronoun: (a)bo, dependent: bu, but 2SG.POLITE independent pronoun (a)nho (M), (a)nha (F), dependent: nhu (M), nha (F)). In the 2PL (a)nhos (tonic when independent, atonic when dependent) is neutral with respect to politeness and sex.",786,30-39 30-40,100.0,Very certain -30-180,30,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -30-181,30,181,1,181-1,,,30-269,100.0, -30-182,30,182,1,182-1,This occurs primarily in very basilectal varieties and is replaced by [ŋg] in more acrolectal varieties.,,30-270,100.0, -30-183,30,183,1,183-1,,,30-271,100.0, -30-184,30,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -30-187,30,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -30-188,30,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -30-189,30,189,1,189-1,,,30-261,100.0, -30-19-2,30,19,2,19-2,"Three equivalents of these four interrogatives are simple pronouns: kenha or ken 'who’, undi 'where’ and mó(di) or mo(di) 'how’. The equivalent of 'when’ consists of two parts: ki ténpu (variants ki dia, ki óra etc.), literally 'what time’ ('what day’,’what hour’). These interrogative pronouns are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence. If this is the case, they are mostly followed by a focalizing ki.",1255[215-218],30-41 30-42 30-43 30-44,100.0,Very certain -30-190,30,190,1,190-1,/v/ mostly occurs in recent loanwords.,,30-262,100.0, -30-191,30,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -30-192,30,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -30-193,30,193,1,193-1,,,30-263,100.0, -30-194,30,194,1,194-1,/z/ is mostly found in recent loanwords.,,30-264,100.0, -30-195,30,195,1,195-1,,,30-265,100.0, -30-196,30,196,1,196-1,/ʒ/ is mostly found in recent loanwords.,,30-266,100.0, -30-199,30,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, +Furthermore, dependent object pronouns cannot be used after verb forms with an ending (there are three endings in this creole: -ba [ANT], -du [PASS] and -da [ANT + PASS]), nor can they be used as second object pronouns (the first – dependent! – functioning as an indirect object).",786,30-36 30-37 30-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +30-170,30,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-171,30,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-172,30,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-173,30,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-174,30,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-176,30,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-178,30,178,1,178-1,,,30-267,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-179,30,179,1,179-1,,,30-268,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-18-2,30,18,2,18-2,"In this creole there is a binary politeness distinction limited to the singular: 2SG.M + 2SG.F independent pronoun: (a)bo, dependent: bu, but 2SG.POLITE independent pronoun (a)nho (M), (a)nha (F), dependent: nhu (M), nha (F)). In the 2PL (a)nhos (tonic when independent, atonic when dependent) is neutral with respect to politeness and sex.",786,30-39 30-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-180,30,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-181,30,181,1,181-1,,,30-269,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-182,30,182,1,182-1,This occurs primarily in very basilectal varieties and is replaced by [ŋg] in more acrolectal varieties.,,30-270,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-183,30,183,1,183-1,,,30-271,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-184,30,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-187,30,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-188,30,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-189,30,189,1,189-1,,,30-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-19-2,30,19,2,19-2,"Three equivalents of these four interrogatives are simple pronouns: kenha or ken 'who’, undi 'where’ and mó(di) or mo(di) 'how’. The equivalent of 'when’ consists of two parts: ki ténpu (variants ki dia, ki óra etc.), literally 'what time’ ('what day’,’what hour’). These interrogative pronouns are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence. If this is the case, they are mostly followed by a focalizing ki.",1255[215-218],30-41 30-42 30-43 30-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-190,30,190,1,190-1,/v/ mostly occurs in recent loanwords.,,30-262,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-191,30,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-192,30,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-193,30,193,1,193-1,,,30-263,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-194,30,194,1,194-1,/z/ is mostly found in recent loanwords.,,30-264,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-195,30,195,1,195-1,,,30-265,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-196,30,196,1,196-1,/ʒ/ is mostly found in recent loanwords.,,30-266,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-199,30,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 30-2-2,30,2,2,2-2,"The order is invariably possessum-possessor. The possessor may be introduced without a preposition, by the preposition di (sometimes reduced to d' before a noun beginning with a vowel), or by -l before a noun beginning with a consonant. This -l is not a phonotactically triggered variant of the preposition di. It only appears between noun phrases or between a heavy preposition and the following noun phrase, never in other contexts where the preposition di may appear. Examples: kása-l Pedro 'Peters house', dentu-l kása 'in the house'. -Dónu di nha bandera 'the owner of my flag' is possible and has a possessor-possessum order on the semantic level due to the lexical meaning of dónu 'owner'. However, grammatically the possessor is still nha bandera 'my flag' and the possessum dónu: 'my flag has an owner'.",786,30-16 30-2 30-3 30-4,100.0,Very certain -30-20-1,30,20,1,20-1,,786,30-45,100.0,Very certain -30-200,30,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -30-201,30,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -30-202,30,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -30-205,30,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -30-209,30,209,1,209-1,"There exists a second, palatal lateral as a minor allophone. Though relatively rare, this sound is the realization of a phoneme of its own.",,30-272,100.0, -30-21-2,30,21,2,21-2,"They are the same as in Portuguese: algen ’somebody’ (< alguém), algun kusa 'something’ (< alguma coisa). But algen can also be used like English one (German man) and as a noun denoting 'man' (i.e. 'person') (un algen 'one man’, sinku algen 'five people’, tudu algen 'everyone’, etc.).",1255[187-190],30-46 30-47,100.0,Certain -30-212,30,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -30-215,30,215,2,215-2,,,30-291,100.0, -30-217,30,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -30-218,30,218,1,218-1,,,30-273,100.0, +Dónu di nha bandera 'the owner of my flag' is possible and has a possessor-possessum order on the semantic level due to the lexical meaning of dónu 'owner'. However, grammatically the possessor is still nha bandera 'my flag' and the possessum dónu: 'my flag has an owner'.",786,30-16 30-2 30-3 30-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-20-1,30,20,1,20-1,,786,30-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +30-200,30,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-201,30,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-202,30,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-205,30,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-209,30,209,1,209-1,"There exists a second, palatal lateral as a minor allophone. Though relatively rare, this sound is the realization of a phoneme of its own.",,30-272,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-21-2,30,21,2,21-2,"They are the same as in Portuguese: algen ’somebody’ (< alguém), algun kusa 'something’ (< alguma coisa). But algen can also be used like English one (German man) and as a noun denoting 'man' (i.e. 'person') (un algen 'one man’, sinku algen 'five people’, tudu algen 'everyone’, etc.).",1255[187-190],30-46 30-47,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-212,30,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-215,30,215,2,215-2,,,30-291,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +30-217,30,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-218,30,218,1,218-1,,,30-273,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 30-22-4,30,22,4,22-4,"In basilectal registers, plural markers are only used if plurality is not obvious from the context (it is obvious in sentences like 'You have sharp eyes’ or in generic expressions). If plural marking occurs in these registers, there is normally only one such marker in a noun phrase. The first word, where it is possible, takes the marker. -This can be a determiner or a preceding adjective.",781[10-16],30-48 30-49 30-50,100.0,Very certain -30-221,30,221,1,221-1,"This sound appears as the second and closer element in a diphthong. For students of Romance languages it is a 'Halbvokal'. Only in some interjections does it accur in word-initial position, functioning as a consonant (Uái!, Uáki!, Uás! etc.)",,30-274,100.0, -30-23-3,30,23,3,23-3,"When it is marked, plural is marked by a suffix (roughly speaking: -s with nouns ending with a vowel and -is with nouns ending with a consonant).",781[3-10],30-51,100.0,Very certain -30-231,30,231,1,231-1,"According to my interpretation, in Santiago Creole there exists a prenasalized consonant phoneme corresponding to each oral consonant (though I could not find occurrences of the prenasalized correspondence to the palatal lateral up to now, nor occurrences of prenasalized r in word-initial position). Of course, phonetically all prenasalized consonants can be analyzed as a sequence of two sounds. In phonological terms however, I favour a monophonemic analysis of these sequences because my informants consider such a sequence a single sound.",,30-289,100.0, -30-24-4,30,24,4,24-4,,786;1255[153/154],,100.0,Very certain -30-25-1,30,25,1,25-1,,781[7-10],30-52 30-53,100.0,Very certain -30-252,30,252,1,252-1,,,30-275,100.0, -30-253,30,253,1,253-1,,,30-277,100.0, -30-254,30,254,1,254-1,very open,,30-279,100.0, -30-255,30,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -30-256,30,256,1,256-1,,,30-282,100.0, -30-257,30,257,1,257-1,,,30-284,100.0, -30-258,30,258,1,258-1,,,30-286,100.0, -30-259,30,259,1,259-1,very open,,30-288,100.0, -30-26-2,30,26,2,26-2,"In some cases where there is no simplex, the motivation for reduplications remains opaque (cf. Example 54. In other cases where there is no simplex, the object referred to consists of several items of the same kind mostly showing at the same time (cf. Example 55). In those cases where there is also a simplex, reduplication is iconic with one of the usual meanings (iteration, plurality, distributivity, intensity).",108,30-54 30-55 30-56 30-57 30-58 30-59 30-60 30-61,100.0,Intermediate -30-260,30,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -30-261,30,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -30-263,30,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -30-267,30,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -30-268,30,268,1,268-1,The mid central unrounded vowel rather resembles a closed a with the same degree of aperture as the open e and the open o.,,30-281,100.0, -30-27-2,30,27,2,27-2,,786;781[15],30-62,100.0,Certain -30-272,30,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -30-273,30,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -30-274,30,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -30-275,30,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -30-276,30,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -30-277,30,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -30-278,30,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -30-279,30,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -30-28-2,30,28,2,28-2,"Numerous examples in which a noun without determiner shows definite reference show that the Creole of Santiago does not have a true definite article in its system. Occasionally we find a demonstrative adjective (usually kel) where languages that have a definite article would use it, also in associative contexts.",106[24-35],30-19 30-63 30-64,100.0,Certain -30-280,30,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -30-281,30,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -30-282,30,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -30-284,30,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -30-285,30,285,1,285-1,,,30-276,100.0, -30-286,30,286,1,286-1,,,30-278,100.0, -30-287,30,287,1,287-1,very open,,30-280,100.0, -30-288,30,288,1,288-1,,,30-283,100.0, -30-289,30,289,1,289-1,,,30-285,100.0, -30-29-2,30,29,2,29-2,"As in Portuguese and Spanish, the numeral un in the function of an indefinite article has a plural (uns 'some').",786,30-65 30-66,100.0,Very certain -30-290,30,290,1,290-1,,,30-287,100.0, -30-291,30,291,1,291-1,very open,,30-290,100.0, +This can be a determiner or a preceding adjective.",781[10-16],30-48 30-49 30-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +30-221,30,221,1,221-1,"This sound appears as the second and closer element in a diphthong. For students of Romance languages it is a 'Halbvokal'. Only in some interjections does it accur in word-initial position, functioning as a consonant (Uái!, Uáki!, Uás! etc.)",,30-274,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-23-3,30,23,3,23-3,"When it is marked, plural is marked by a suffix (roughly speaking: -s with nouns ending with a vowel and -is with nouns ending with a consonant).",781[3-10],30-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-231,30,231,1,231-1,"According to my interpretation, in Santiago Creole there exists a prenasalized consonant phoneme corresponding to each oral consonant (though I could not find occurrences of the prenasalized correspondence to the palatal lateral up to now, nor occurrences of prenasalized r in word-initial position). Of course, phonetically all prenasalized consonants can be analyzed as a sequence of two sounds. In phonological terms however, I favour a monophonemic analysis of these sequences because my informants consider such a sequence a single sound.",,30-289,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-24-4,30,24,4,24-4,,786;1255[153/154],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-25-1,30,25,1,25-1,,781[7-10],30-52 30-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-252,30,252,1,252-1,,,30-275,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-253,30,253,1,253-1,,,30-277,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-254,30,254,1,254-1,very open,,30-279,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-255,30,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-256,30,256,1,256-1,,,30-282,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-257,30,257,1,257-1,,,30-284,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-258,30,258,1,258-1,,,30-286,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-259,30,259,1,259-1,very open,,30-288,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-26-2,30,26,2,26-2,"In some cases where there is no simplex, the motivation for reduplications remains opaque (cf. Example 54. In other cases where there is no simplex, the object referred to consists of several items of the same kind mostly showing at the same time (cf. Example 55). In those cases where there is also a simplex, reduplication is iconic with one of the usual meanings (iteration, plurality, distributivity, intensity).",108,30-54 30-55 30-56 30-57 30-58 30-59 30-60 30-61,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-260,30,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-261,30,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-263,30,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-267,30,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-268,30,268,1,268-1,The mid central unrounded vowel rather resembles a closed a with the same degree of aperture as the open e and the open o.,,30-281,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-27-2,30,27,2,27-2,,786;781[15],30-62,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-272,30,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-273,30,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-274,30,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-275,30,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-276,30,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-277,30,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-278,30,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-279,30,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-28-2,30,28,2,28-2,"Numerous examples in which a noun without determiner shows definite reference show that the Creole of Santiago does not have a true definite article in its system. Occasionally we find a demonstrative adjective (usually kel) where languages that have a definite article would use it, also in associative contexts.",106[24-35],30-19 30-63 30-64,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-280,30,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-281,30,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-282,30,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-284,30,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-285,30,285,1,285-1,,,30-276,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-286,30,286,1,286-1,,,30-278,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-287,30,287,1,287-1,very open,,30-280,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-288,30,288,1,288-1,,,30-283,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-289,30,289,1,289-1,,,30-285,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-29-2,30,29,2,29-2,"As in Portuguese and Spanish, the numeral un in the function of an indefinite article has a plural (uns 'some').",786,30-65 30-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-290,30,290,1,290-1,,,30-287,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +30-291,30,291,1,291-1,very open,,30-290,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 30-3-2,30,3,2,3-2,"Surprisingly, the rules concerning the position of the adjective in this creole are very similar to those of the Romance languages, in which both Fr. une boisson chaude 'a hot drink' and fr. une chaude boisson is possible. As in the Romance languages, -the different position of the same adjective (N Adj vs. Adj N) may bring about a considerable difference in meaning (cf. Examples 8 and 9: un póbri bédju and un bédju póbri).",786,30-6 30-7 30-9,50.0,Certain +the different position of the same adjective (N Adj vs. Adj N) may bring about a considerable difference in meaning (cf. Examples 8 and 9: un póbri bédju and un bédju póbri).",786,30-6 30-7 30-9,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", 30-3-1,30,3,1,3-1,"Surprisingly, the rules concerning the position of the adjective in this creole are very similar to those of the Romance languages, in which both Fr. une boisson chaude 'a hot drink' and fr. une chaude boisson is possible. As in the Romance languages, -the different position of the same adjective (N Adj vs. Adj N) may bring about a considerable difference in meaning (cf. Examples 8 and 9: un póbri bédju and un bédju póbri).",786,30-5 30-8,50.0,Certain -30-30-2,30,30,2,30-2,,106[37/38],30-67 30-68 30-69,100.0,Certain -30-308-3,30,308,3,308-3,,1256[76],,100.0,Very certain -30-309-2,30,309,2,309-2,"On Santiago Island almost all speakers of Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago speak it as a mother tongue except for some immigrants from other islands. Abroad, some descendants of immigrants from Santiago, whose first language is no longer Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago, speak it as a second language and have no full command of it. In Boston (USA), some of them attend language training at the Boston Capverdian Institute.",784[XXI],,100.0,Certain -30-31-3,30,31,3,31-3,,786;1255[143],30-70,100.0,Very certain -30-310-4,30,310,4,310-4,,639[273/274],,100.0,Very certain -30-311-2,30,311,2,311-2,"The archipelago's capital, Praia, on Santiago, is attracting many people from other islands who slowly abandon their native creole variety in favour of the Santiago variety.",,,100.0,Very certain -30-312-3,30,312,3,312-3,There is no abandonment among residents but gradual loss among emigrants.,,,100.0,Certain -30-313-5,30,313,5,313-5,"In 1980, the country had some 300,000 inhabitants, half of them living on Santiago Island. Today, the country's population is estimated at some 500,000 inhabitants, and Santiago's population must be somewhere in between 200,000 and 300,000. However, more than half of the Capverdians live abroad, especially in the USA (on the New England Coast, from Providence, Rhode Island to New Bedford to Massachusetts; in total another 500,000 people). More or less half of the emigrants may be descendants of people who left Santiago. There are other Capverdian diaspora communities on São Tomé and Príncipe, in Portugal (80,000), Angola (45,000), Senegal (25,000), the Netherlands (20,000) and Italy (10,000) (cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_Verde, 12 October 2013).Many of the emigrants, though, are no longer fluent creole speakers.",784[XXI],,100.0,Uncertain -30-314-2,30,314,2,314-2,"Up to recent times, emigration was predominantly male so that, among older people, there are still more women on the island than men (cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyramide_Cap-Vert.PNG, 12 October 2013). Since language abandonment exclusively occurs in the Capverdian diaspora communities, it more frequently concerns men than women.",,,100.0,Certain -30-315-2,30,315,2,315-2,"There are a few radio- and TV-programmes in Creole. Capverdian vocal music, exclusively in Creole, is very popular and therefore very often heard on radio and TV. When interviewed, persons of humble origin will generally answer questions in Creole, even though they are asked in Portuguese.",,,100.0,Certain -30-316-1,30,316,1,316-1,,,,100.0,Certain -30-317-1,30,317,1,317-1,"Capverdian vocal music — worldwide appreciated — is exclusively in Creole, generally either in the Santiago or in the São Vicente variety.",,,100.0,Very certain -30-318-2,30,318,2,318-2,"There is still only one novel written in Capverdian Creole (Oju d'agu, by Manuel Veiga, published in 1987 in the Santiago variety). Some authors use Santiago Creole in story-writing (Tomé Varela da Silva, Danny Spínola, etc.). There has been an uninterrupted tradition of poetry-writing in Creole since the end of the 19th century.",621[150-164],,100.0,Very certain -30-319-1,30,319,1,319-1,"To my knowledge, there exists no exclusively creole newspaper at the moment, but almost all newspapers include creole editorials (generally in the Santiago variety). Such articles usually treat questions of language politics (pleading for the officialization of Crioulo) or culture.",,,100.0,Certain -30-32-1,30,32,1,32-1,,1255[183-185],30-71 30-72,100.0,Very certain -30-320-2,30,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -30-321-2,30,321,2,321-2,"Though Creole has recently been declared ""language of administration and education"", few things have changed in practice. On inland flights, announcements are sometimes made not only in English and Portuguese but also in Creole. In banks, old people who still sign with their thumb will of course adress the employees in Creole.",,,100.0,Certain -30-323-2,30,323,2,323-2,Members of parliament who speak Creole in parliament are known throughout the country for doing so.,,,100.0,Very certain -30-324-3,30,324,3,324-3,"Although Creole has recently been declared ""language of administration and education"", officially there is still no use of it as a medium of instruction (and not even as a subject of instruction) in school. This will not prevent teachers from using Creole where necessary to garantee understanding. At present, the ""Universidade de Cabo Verde"" is planning a master's-degree for the education of future teachers of the ""língua caboverdiana"".",,,100.0,Certain -30-325-1,30,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Certain -30-326-1,30,326,1,326-1,English and French are also important contact languages for Santiago Creole.,,,100.0,Very certain -30-327-2,30,327,2,327-2,"There are at least two major phonetic changes going on (loss of intervocalic -b-, as in kantába > kantá'a > kantá, and l > i in syllable codas in a preconsonantal position, as in fálta > fáita). The inventory of phonemes is not affected by these changes. However, a reduction of this inventory is brought about by the substitiution of the old velar nasal consonant (in words of African origin) by a prenasalized g in the speech of most speakers (ŋánha > ngánha).The coexistence of older and more recent forms produces dialectal variation. Implosive, preconsonantal r instead of l, as in argen instead of algen, mainly seems to characterize immigrants from the nearby island of Fogo.",786,,100.0,Very certain -30-328-2,30,328,2,328-2,"There is quite a lot of variation, but we still do not know to what degree it is really dialectal (i.e. diatopic), and to what degree it is rather diastratic, diaphasic, or 'free' variation.",786,,100.0,Certain -30-329-2,30,329,2,329-2,"There is a lot of variation in the domain of the lexicon, but we still don't know to what degree it is dialectal in the geographic sense.",784,,100.0,Certain -30-33-2,30,33,2,33-2,"There are two (ad)nominal demonstratives: kel (pl. kes) is indifferent regarding distance, es (invariable) may be used for 'proximity’ ('near speaker') only. With kel a contrast can be made by adding li 'here’ or la 'there’. With es one can emphasize the 'proximity to the speaker’ by adding li.",106[57-59],30-73 30-74,100.0,Very certain -30-330-1,30,330,1,330-1,"There is a constant population move from the rural areas to the city of Praia. And there is a considerable amount of commuters between the countryside and the town (peasants, mainly female, selling their products on the market; younsters, attending school in town; etc.). The urban-rural differences thus function simultaniously as social differences within the town. Accordingly, we have more basilectal styles, spoken in the rural areas and by lower class people in the town, and more acrolectal styles, spoken by upper class people in the town. In acrolectal styles, the intervocalic dental-alveolar sibilant is, for instance, voiced or voiceless, according to its pronunciation in the corresponding Portuguese word. In basilectal styles, it is always voiceless, etc.",786,,100.0,Very certain -30-331-1,30,331,1,331-1,"For general remarks, cf. my comment on the Feature ""Urban/rural variation: phonology"". Morphosyntax in more basilectal styles differs very much from morphosyntax in more acrolectal styles. In acrolectal styles, the anterior of verbs like ten, ben etc. tends to be tinha, binha (cf. Portuguese tinha, vinha); in basilectal varieties, it tends to be tenba, benba, i.e. regular. In acrolectal styles one may find passive constructions in which the agent is mentioned. In basilectal styles, there is no mention of the agent in passive constructions.",786,,100.0,Very certain -30-332-1,30,332,1,332-1,"For general remarks, cf. my commentary to the Feature ""Urban/rural variation: phonology"". In acrolectal Creole styles, you may hear lots of Portuguese words slightly adapted to Creole pronunciation and morphology which you never come across in more basilectal styles.",784[X],,100.0,Very certain -30-333-1,30,333,1,333-1,"Such variation can be observed in Praia, where acrolectal varieties differ heavily from more basilectal ones. Cf. Feature ""Urban/rural variation: phonology"".",786,,100.0,Very certain -30-334-1,30,334,1,334-1,"Such variation can be observed in Praia, where acrolectal varieties differ heavily from more basilectal ones. Cf. Feature ""Urban/rural variation: morphosyntax"".",786,,100.0,Very certain -30-335-1,30,335,1,335-1,"Such variation can be observed in Praia, where acrolectal varieties differ heavily from more basilectal ones. Cf. Feature ""Urban/rural variation: lexicon"".",784[X],,100.0,Very certain -30-34-1,30,34,1,34-1,,108[108/109],30-251,100.0,Very certain +the different position of the same adjective (N Adj vs. Adj N) may bring about a considerable difference in meaning (cf. Examples 8 and 9: un póbri bédju and un bédju póbri).",786,30-5 30-8,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +30-30-2,30,30,2,30-2,,106[37/38],30-67 30-68 30-69,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-308-3,30,308,3,308-3,,1256[76],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-309-2,30,309,2,309-2,"On Santiago Island almost all speakers of Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago speak it as a mother tongue except for some immigrants from other islands. Abroad, some descendants of immigrants from Santiago, whose first language is no longer Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago, speak it as a second language and have no full command of it. In Boston (USA), some of them attend language training at the Boston Capverdian Institute.",784[XXI],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-31-3,30,31,3,31-3,,786;1255[143],30-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-310-4,30,310,4,310-4,,639[273/274],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +30-311-2,30,311,2,311-2,"The archipelago's capital, Praia, on Santiago, is attracting many people from other islands who slowly abandon their native creole variety in favour of the Santiago variety.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +30-312-3,30,312,3,312-3,There is no abandonment among residents but gradual loss among emigrants.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +30-313-5,30,313,5,313-5,"In 1980, the country had some 300,000 inhabitants, half of them living on Santiago Island. Today, the country's population is estimated at some 500,000 inhabitants, and Santiago's population must be somewhere in between 200,000 and 300,000. However, more than half of the Capverdians live abroad, especially in the USA (on the New England Coast, from Providence, Rhode Island to New Bedford to Massachusetts; in total another 500,000 people). More or less half of the emigrants may be descendants of people who left Santiago. There are other Capverdian diaspora communities on São Tomé and Príncipe, in Portugal (80,000), Angola (45,000), Senegal (25,000), the Netherlands (20,000) and Italy (10,000) (cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabo_Verde, 12 October 2013).Many of the emigrants, though, are no longer fluent creole speakers.",784[XXI],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +30-314-2,30,314,2,314-2,"Up to recent times, emigration was predominantly male so that, among older people, there are still more women on the island than men (cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pyramide_Cap-Vert.PNG, 12 October 2013). Since language abandonment exclusively occurs in the Capverdian diaspora communities, it more frequently concerns men than women.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +30-315-2,30,315,2,315-2,"There are a few radio- and TV-programmes in Creole. Capverdian vocal music, exclusively in Creole, is very popular and therefore very often heard on radio and TV. When interviewed, persons of humble origin will generally answer questions in Creole, even though they are asked in Portuguese.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +30-316-1,30,316,1,316-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +30-317-1,30,317,1,317-1,"Capverdian vocal music — worldwide appreciated — is exclusively in Creole, generally either in the Santiago or in the São Vicente variety.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +30-318-2,30,318,2,318-2,"There is still only one novel written in Capverdian Creole (Oju d'agu, by Manuel Veiga, published in 1987 in the Santiago variety). Some authors use Santiago Creole in story-writing (Tomé Varela da Silva, Danny Spínola, etc.). There has been an uninterrupted tradition of poetry-writing in Creole since the end of the 19th century.",621[150-164],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-319-1,30,319,1,319-1,"To my knowledge, there exists no exclusively creole newspaper at the moment, but almost all newspapers include creole editorials (generally in the Santiago variety). Such articles usually treat questions of language politics (pleading for the officialization of Crioulo) or culture.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +30-32-1,30,32,1,32-1,,1255[183-185],30-71 30-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-320-2,30,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +30-321-2,30,321,2,321-2,"Though Creole has recently been declared ""language of administration and education"", few things have changed in practice. On inland flights, announcements are sometimes made not only in English and Portuguese but also in Creole. In banks, old people who still sign with their thumb will of course adress the employees in Creole.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +30-323-2,30,323,2,323-2,Members of parliament who speak Creole in parliament are known throughout the country for doing so.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +30-324-3,30,324,3,324-3,"Although Creole has recently been declared ""language of administration and education"", officially there is still no use of it as a medium of instruction (and not even as a subject of instruction) in school. This will not prevent teachers from using Creole where necessary to garantee understanding. At present, the ""Universidade de Cabo Verde"" is planning a master's-degree for the education of future teachers of the ""língua caboverdiana"".",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +30-325-1,30,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Native speaker information +30-326-1,30,326,1,326-1,English and French are also important contact languages for Santiago Creole.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +30-327-2,30,327,2,327-2,"There are at least two major phonetic changes going on (loss of intervocalic -b-, as in kantába > kantá'a > kantá, and l > i in syllable codas in a preconsonantal position, as in fálta > fáita). The inventory of phonemes is not affected by these changes. However, a reduction of this inventory is brought about by the substitiution of the old velar nasal consonant (in words of African origin) by a prenasalized g in the speech of most speakers (ŋánha > ngánha).The coexistence of older and more recent forms produces dialectal variation. Implosive, preconsonantal r instead of l, as in argen instead of algen, mainly seems to characterize immigrants from the nearby island of Fogo.",786,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-328-2,30,328,2,328-2,"There is quite a lot of variation, but we still do not know to what degree it is really dialectal (i.e. diatopic), and to what degree it is rather diastratic, diaphasic, or 'free' variation.",786,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-329-2,30,329,2,329-2,"There is a lot of variation in the domain of the lexicon, but we still don't know to what degree it is dialectal in the geographic sense.",784,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-33-2,30,33,2,33-2,"There are two (ad)nominal demonstratives: kel (pl. kes) is indifferent regarding distance, es (invariable) may be used for 'proximity’ ('near speaker') only. With kel a contrast can be made by adding li 'here’ or la 'there’. With es one can emphasize the 'proximity to the speaker’ by adding li.",106[57-59],30-73 30-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-330-1,30,330,1,330-1,"There is a constant population move from the rural areas to the city of Praia. And there is a considerable amount of commuters between the countryside and the town (peasants, mainly female, selling their products on the market; younsters, attending school in town; etc.). The urban-rural differences thus function simultaniously as social differences within the town. Accordingly, we have more basilectal styles, spoken in the rural areas and by lower class people in the town, and more acrolectal styles, spoken by upper class people in the town. In acrolectal styles, the intervocalic dental-alveolar sibilant is, for instance, voiced or voiceless, according to its pronunciation in the corresponding Portuguese word. In basilectal styles, it is always voiceless, etc.",786,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-331-1,30,331,1,331-1,"For general remarks, cf. my comment on the Feature ""Urban/rural variation: phonology"". Morphosyntax in more basilectal styles differs very much from morphosyntax in more acrolectal styles. In acrolectal styles, the anterior of verbs like ten, ben etc. tends to be tinha, binha (cf. Portuguese tinha, vinha); in basilectal varieties, it tends to be tenba, benba, i.e. regular. In acrolectal styles one may find passive constructions in which the agent is mentioned. In basilectal styles, there is no mention of the agent in passive constructions.",786,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-332-1,30,332,1,332-1,"For general remarks, cf. my commentary to the Feature ""Urban/rural variation: phonology"". In acrolectal Creole styles, you may hear lots of Portuguese words slightly adapted to Creole pronunciation and morphology which you never come across in more basilectal styles.",784[X],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-333-1,30,333,1,333-1,"Such variation can be observed in Praia, where acrolectal varieties differ heavily from more basilectal ones. Cf. Feature ""Urban/rural variation: phonology"".",786,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-334-1,30,334,1,334-1,"Such variation can be observed in Praia, where acrolectal varieties differ heavily from more basilectal ones. Cf. Feature ""Urban/rural variation: morphosyntax"".",786,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-335-1,30,335,1,335-1,"Such variation can be observed in Praia, where acrolectal varieties differ heavily from more basilectal ones. Cf. Feature ""Urban/rural variation: lexicon"".",784[X],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-34-1,30,34,1,34-1,,108[108/109],30-251,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 30-35-2,30,35,2,35-2,"The Portuguese ordinal numbers from 1 to 10 (apart from 9) are used in Creole with phonetically adapted forms. Actually, only the first five are generally used. From 6 onwards it is common to use the cardinal numbers instead, sometimes the kel di séti ‘the seventh’, kel di oitu ‘the eighth’, kel di nóvi ‘the ninth’ construction. From 'ten' upwards cardinal numbers must be used. -Already in Portuguese, the etymological relationship between the ordinal numbers up to 'ten' and the corresponding cardinal numbers is not transparent any longer.",1255[195/196],30-76 30-77 30-78,100.0,Intermediate -30-36-1,30,36,1,36-1,,786,30-79,100.0,Very certain -30-37-1,30,37,1,37-1,"The possessive adjectives for the six persons are: nha, bu, si, nos, nhos, ses (all atonic). The 2SG possessive adjective is identical with the atonic 2SG personal pronoun, so that bu kása can mean 'your house' or 'you married'. With polite address (with separate pronouns only in the singular) tonic and postposed di nho (M) or di nha (F) 'of you' must be used.",786,30-80,70.0,Very certain -30-37-6,30,37,6,37-6,"The possessive adjectives for the six persons are: nha, bu, si, nos, nhos, ses (all atonic). The 2SG possessive adjective is identical with the atonic 2SG personal pronoun, so that bu kása can mean 'your house' or 'you married'. With polite address (with separate pronouns only in the singular) tonic and postposed di nho (M) or di nha (F) 'of you' must be used.",786,30-81,30.0,Very certain -30-38-4,30,38,4,38-4,"The order is always possessum-possessor. Simple juxtaposition is always possible, but the preposition di may also be used. The linking element -l may appear instead of the preposition di, but only if the first (possessum) noun phrase ends with a vowel and the second (possessor) noun phrase begins with a consonant. However, these phonotactic conditions do normally prevail. Note that -l may only appear instead of di in possessor noun phrases and after heavy prepositions (dentu-l kása 'in the house').",786,30-84,30.0,Very certain -30-38-2,30,38,2,38-2,"The order is always possessum-possessor. Simple juxtaposition is always possible, but the preposition di may also be used. The linking element -l may appear instead of the preposition di, but only if the first (possessum) noun phrase ends with a vowel and the second (possessor) noun phrase begins with a consonant. However, these phonotactic conditions do normally prevail. Note that -l may only appear instead of di in possessor noun phrases and after heavy prepositions (dentu-l kása 'in the house').",786,30-82 30-83,70.0,Very certain -30-39-2,30,39,2,39-2,"The preposition di is used, followed by a pronominal element which is identical with the independent personal pronoun in 2SG, 2SG.POL.M, 2SG.POL.F, 1PL, 2PL, and different in the other cases (1SG, 3SG, 3PL). The paradigm is: di meu (1SG), di bo (2SG), di nho (2SG.POL.M), di nha (2SG.POL.F), di sel (3SG), di nos (1PL), di nhos (2PL), di ses (3PL).",1255[173],30-81 30-85 30-86,100.0,Very certain -30-4-2,30,4,2,4-2,"For the -l after the preposition in the example, see my commentary to Feature 2 ""Order of possessor and possessum"".",106[135-137],30-10,100.0,Very certain -30-40-2,30,40,2,40-2,"In my default lect, adjective agreement (-a instead of -u) with nouns designating persons of female sex is never obligatory but possible with some adjectives as for instance bunitu/bunita 'pretty'. In this (basi)lect, nouns designating things don't have gender. So there can't be any adjective agreement either.",786,30-89 30-90 30-91,100.0,Certain -30-41-1,30,41,1,41-1,,786,30-92,100.0,Very certain -30-42-8,30,42,8,42-8,The particle is ki (identical to the complementizer ki). This ki can be preceded by the preposition di. In that case it is possible to talk about a cumulation of particle marking and location marking.,106[71-73],30-94,50.0,Very certain -30-42-2,30,42,2,42-2,The particle is ki (identical to the complementizer ki). This ki can be preceded by the preposition di. In that case it is possible to talk about a cumulation of particle marking and location marking.,106[71-73],30-93,50.0,Very certain -30-43-2,30,43,2,43-2,"The particles ta (IPFV), sa ta (PROG+ IPFV) and ál (MOD) always precede the verb. In cumulation, the order is MOD + PROG + IPFV. Anteriority is expressed by adding the ending -ba, anteriority + passivity by adding the ending -da (passivity without anteriority by adding the ending -du).",1255[225-264];106[76-95],30-97 30-99,50.0,Very certain -30-43-1,30,43,1,43-1,"The particles ta (IPFV), sa ta (PROG+ IPFV) and ál (MOD) always precede the verb. In cumulation, the order is MOD + PROG + IPFV. Anteriority is expressed by adding the ending -ba, anteriority + passivity by adding the ending -da (passivity without anteriority by adding the ending -du).",1255[225-264];106[76-95],30-95 30-96 30-98,50.0,Very certain -30-44-8,30,44,8,44-8,"Cf. comments to Feature 43 ""Position of tense, aspect, and mood markers in relation to the verb"".",782[139/140],30-100,100.0,Very certain -30-45-1,30,45,1,45-1,,782[152-158],30-97,100.0,Very certain -30-46-3,30,46,3,46-3,"Progressive (marker: sa) is distinct from imperfective (marker: ta). However, progressivity logically implying imperfectivity, the progressive marker is invariably followed by the marker of imperfectivity (ta). Nothing else (beside ta) can intervene between the progressive marker and the verb.",782[150-152],30-101,100.0,Certain +Already in Portuguese, the etymological relationship between the ordinal numbers up to 'ten' and the corresponding cardinal numbers is not transparent any longer.",1255[195/196],30-76 30-77 30-78,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-36-1,30,36,1,36-1,,786,30-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-37-1,30,37,1,37-1,"The possessive adjectives for the six persons are: nha, bu, si, nos, nhos, ses (all atonic). The 2SG possessive adjective is identical with the atonic 2SG personal pronoun, so that bu kása can mean 'your house' or 'you married'. With polite address (with separate pronouns only in the singular) tonic and postposed di nho (M) or di nha (F) 'of you' must be used.",786,30-80,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +30-37-6,30,37,6,37-6,"The possessive adjectives for the six persons are: nha, bu, si, nos, nhos, ses (all atonic). The 2SG possessive adjective is identical with the atonic 2SG personal pronoun, so that bu kása can mean 'your house' or 'you married'. With polite address (with separate pronouns only in the singular) tonic and postposed di nho (M) or di nha (F) 'of you' must be used.",786,30-81,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +30-38-4,30,38,4,38-4,"The order is always possessum-possessor. Simple juxtaposition is always possible, but the preposition di may also be used. The linking element -l may appear instead of the preposition di, but only if the first (possessum) noun phrase ends with a vowel and the second (possessor) noun phrase begins with a consonant. However, these phonotactic conditions do normally prevail. Note that -l may only appear instead of di in possessor noun phrases and after heavy prepositions (dentu-l kása 'in the house').",786,30-84,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-38-2,30,38,2,38-2,"The order is always possessum-possessor. Simple juxtaposition is always possible, but the preposition di may also be used. The linking element -l may appear instead of the preposition di, but only if the first (possessum) noun phrase ends with a vowel and the second (possessor) noun phrase begins with a consonant. However, these phonotactic conditions do normally prevail. Note that -l may only appear instead of di in possessor noun phrases and after heavy prepositions (dentu-l kása 'in the house').",786,30-82 30-83,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-39-2,30,39,2,39-2,"The preposition di is used, followed by a pronominal element which is identical with the independent personal pronoun in 2SG, 2SG.POL.M, 2SG.POL.F, 1PL, 2PL, and different in the other cases (1SG, 3SG, 3PL). The paradigm is: di meu (1SG), di bo (2SG), di nho (2SG.POL.M), di nha (2SG.POL.F), di sel (3SG), di nos (1PL), di nhos (2PL), di ses (3PL).",1255[173],30-81 30-85 30-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +30-4-2,30,4,2,4-2,"For the -l after the preposition in the example, see my commentary to Feature 2 ""Order of possessor and possessum"".",106[135-137],30-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-40-2,30,40,2,40-2,"In my default lect, adjective agreement (-a instead of -u) with nouns designating persons of female sex is never obligatory but possible with some adjectives as for instance bunitu/bunita 'pretty'. In this (basi)lect, nouns designating things don't have gender. So there can't be any adjective agreement either.",786,30-89 30-90 30-91,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-41-1,30,41,1,41-1,,786,30-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-42-8,30,42,8,42-8,The particle is ki (identical to the complementizer ki). This ki can be preceded by the preposition di. In that case it is possible to talk about a cumulation of particle marking and location marking.,106[71-73],30-94,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +30-42-2,30,42,2,42-2,The particle is ki (identical to the complementizer ki). This ki can be preceded by the preposition di. In that case it is possible to talk about a cumulation of particle marking and location marking.,106[71-73],30-93,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +30-43-2,30,43,2,43-2,"The particles ta (IPFV), sa ta (PROG+ IPFV) and ál (MOD) always precede the verb. In cumulation, the order is MOD + PROG + IPFV. Anteriority is expressed by adding the ending -ba, anteriority + passivity by adding the ending -da (passivity without anteriority by adding the ending -du).",1255[225-264];106[76-95],30-97 30-99,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +30-43-1,30,43,1,43-1,"The particles ta (IPFV), sa ta (PROG+ IPFV) and ál (MOD) always precede the verb. In cumulation, the order is MOD + PROG + IPFV. Anteriority is expressed by adding the ending -ba, anteriority + passivity by adding the ending -da (passivity without anteriority by adding the ending -du).",1255[225-264];106[76-95],30-95 30-96 30-98,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +30-44-8,30,44,8,44-8,"Cf. comments to Feature 43 ""Position of tense, aspect, and mood markers in relation to the verb"".",782[139/140],30-100,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-45-1,30,45,1,45-1,,782[152-158],30-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +30-46-3,30,46,3,46-3,"Progressive (marker: sa) is distinct from imperfective (marker: ta). However, progressivity logically implying imperfectivity, the progressive marker is invariably followed by the marker of imperfectivity (ta). Nothing else (beside ta) can intervene between the progressive marker and the verb.",782[150-152],30-101,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 30-47-3,30,47,3,47-3,"Progressivity of processes or durativity of static situations is expressed by the marker sa. Sa precedes the marker of IPFV ta (kind of specification of IPFV). Accordingly, sa is always followed by ta. -Habituality and future can be expressed by the IPFV marker ta.",782[142-152],30-102 30-252,100.0,Certain -30-48-7,30,48,7,48-7,Habituality is covered by the marker of imperfectivity (ta).,782[142-152],30-103 30-104 30-105,100.0,Very certain +Habituality and future can be expressed by the IPFV marker ta.",782[142-152],30-102 30-252,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +30-48-7,30,48,7,48-7,Habituality is covered by the marker of imperfectivity (ta).,782[142-152],30-103 30-104 30-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", 30-49-3,30,49,3,49-3,"In this creole, the marker of imperfectivity (ta) -cf. N ta garanti-bu ma ka ta dura [1SG IPFV guarantee=2SG COMP NEG IPFV last] -'I garantee you that it will not take too long' (Silva 1987: 47) - can be combined with the one for anteriority (-ba). It can also be combined with both, the progressive marker (sa) and the marker for anteriority (-ba).",782[passim],30-106 30-107 30-48,100.0,Very certain +'I garantee you that it will not take too long' (Silva 1987: 47) - can be combined with the one for anteriority (-ba). It can also be combined with both, the progressive marker (sa) and the marker for anteriority (-ba).",782[passim],30-106 30-107 30-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 30-5-1,30,5,1,5-1,"Demonstratives precede the noun. With the demonstrative kel (pl. kes), the degree of physical distance to the speaker can be expressed, more or less as in French, by placing li 'here’ or la 'there’ after the noun. -With the demonstrative es, proximity to the speaker may be emphasized by placing li after the noun.",786,30-11,100.0,Very certain -30-50-1,30,50,1,50-1,,786,30-108 30-109 30-110,100.0,Certain -30-51-3,30,51,3,51-3,,"782[145/146, 147/148]",30-111 30-112,100.0,Very certain -30-52-1,30,52,1,52-1,"Physical states as 'being sick' or 'ripe' are indicated by adjectives. The copula that introduces them may take the imperfective marker. It then yields a habitual meaning, as in Túnika di nhu pádri ta sta sénpri bránku álbu sima névi [robe of our priest IPFV be always white white as snow] 'The robe of our priest is always spotlessly white, as snow' (Lang 2002: s.v. álbu) or a future meaning, as in ..., na dos dia bu ta sta boa [in two day 2SG IPFV be well] ..., within two days you will be well' (Lang 2002: s.v. ifisiénsa), rather than an inchoative one.",786,30-113,100.0,Certain -30-53-2,30,53,2,53-2,,786,30-114,100.0,Certain +With the demonstrative es, proximity to the speaker may be emphasized by placing li after the noun.",786,30-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-50-1,30,50,1,50-1,,786,30-108 30-109 30-110,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +30-51-3,30,51,3,51-3,,"782[145/146, 147/148]",30-111 30-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-52-1,30,52,1,52-1,"Physical states as 'being sick' or 'ripe' are indicated by adjectives. The copula that introduces them may take the imperfective marker. It then yields a habitual meaning, as in Túnika di nhu pádri ta sta sénpri bránku álbu sima névi [robe of our priest IPFV be always white white as snow] 'The robe of our priest is always spotlessly white, as snow' (Lang 2002: s.v. álbu) or a future meaning, as in ..., na dos dia bu ta sta boa [in two day 2SG IPFV be well] ..., within two days you will be well' (Lang 2002: s.v. ifisiénsa), rather than an inchoative one.",786,30-113,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-53-2,30,53,2,53-2,,786,30-114,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 30-54-2,30,54,2,54-2,"Three other forms exist for the copula ê: éra (+ANT), ser (after a verbal particle, after another verb and after prepositions) and sérba (+ANT, if one of the conditions for ser applies). I don’t consider the acrolectal forms foi, stevi and tevi to be perfectives of ê, sta and ten(e), but perfective partner verbs for ê, sta and ten(e). In fact, there is no formal rule for the formation of perfective forms to other stative verbs. -A lot of verbs have (along with the regular anterior with -ba) irregular, acrolectal forms, that are borrowed from Portuguese, cf. benba ~ binha (ben 'come’), debeba ~ devía (debe 'must’), kreba ~ kria (kre 'want, love’), ten(e)ba ~ tinha (ten(e) 'have’). From a synchronic point of view, these constitute cases of weak suppletion.",786,30-115 30-116,100.0,Intermediate -30-55-2,30,55,2,55-2,,"784[s.v. sabe, pode]",30-117 30-118 30-119,100.0,Very certain -30-56-3,30,56,3,56-3,"Prohibitions are constructed like 2SG assertives, i.e. using the subject pronoun, which does not appear in the imperative. However, in prohibitions, the particle expressing negation is not placed between subject pronoun and verb (like in 2SG assertives), but precedes the subject pronoun, literally [not you laugh] 'Don’t laugh!’ (assertive: [you not laugh], [you do not laugh]).",786,30-120 30-121 30-122 30-123,100.0,Very certain -30-57-1,30,57,1,57-1,"The patient argument or, more generally, the direct object is not marked. Its position is after the transitive (or transitively used) verb and – in case there is one – the recipient argument (or indirect object).",786,30-124 30-125,100.0,Very certain -30-58-1,30,58,1,58-1,,786,30-126 30-127,100.0,Very certain -30-59-2,30,59,2,59-2,"The dependent A and S pronouns are: N (1SG), bu (2SG), nhu (2SG.M.POL), nha (2SG.F.POL), e(l) (3SG), nu (1PL), nhos (2PL), es (3PL). The dependent P pronouns are: -m, -(b)u, -l, -nu, -s. However, these dependent object pronouns may also function as indirect objects. In the 2SG.POL.M, 2SG.POL.F and the 2PL, independent tonic pronouns (v.gr. -nho, -nha, -nhos) must be used instead of dependent ones for P and for indirect objects.",786,30-128 30-129,100.0,Certain -30-6-1,30,6,1,6-1,,1255[194],30-12,100.0,Very certain -30-60-2,30,60,2,60-2,,106[140/141],30-130 30-131,100.0,Very certain -30-61-1,30,61,1,61-1,,106[140/141],30-132,100.0,Very certain -30-62-1,30,62,1,62-1,,106[46-48],30-133,100.0,Certain -30-63-2,30,63,2,63-2,,784[s.v. parse],30-134,100.0,Very certain -30-64-2,30,64,2,64-2,,784[s.v. ten],30-135,100.0,Very certain -30-65-5,30,65,5,65-5,,784[s.v. txobe],30-136 30-137,100.0,Very certain -30-66-1,30,66,1,66-1,,"784[s.v. dór, due]",30-138 30-139,70.0,Very certain -30-66-3,30,66,3,66-3,,"784[s.v. dór, due]",30-140 30-141,30.0,Very certain -30-67-1,30,67,1,67-1,,784[s.v. gosta],30-142,100.0,Very certain -30-68-1,30,68,1,68-1,,784[s.v. médu],30-146,23.0769230769231,Very certain -30-68-2,30,68,2,68-2,,784[s.v. médu],30-143 30-144 30-145,53.8461538461538,Very certain -30-68-3,30,68,3,68-3,,784[s.v. médu],30-147,23.0769230769231,Very certain -30-69-1,30,69,1,69-1,,784[s.v. ku],30-148 30-149,87.5,Very certain -30-69-2,30,69,2,69-2,,784[s.v. ku],30-150,12.5,Intermediate -30-7-1,30,7,1,7-1,,1255[213-214],30-13 30-14 30-15,100.0,Very certain -30-70-1,30,70,1,70-1,,786,30-151 30-152 30-153,100.0,Certain -30-71-1,30,71,1,71-1,"Clauses are normally coordinated with y 'and’, whereas noun phrases are usually coordinated with ku 'with’.",786,30-151 30-154 30-155,100.0,Very certain -30-72-3,30,72,3,72-3,"Clauses are normally coordinated with y 'and’, while noun phrases are usually coordinated with ku 'with’.",786,30-156 30-157,100.0,Certain -30-73-1,30,73,1,73-1,,786,30-158 30-159,100.0,Certain -30-74-1,30,74,1,74-1,"There are two copulas: ê and sta. In analogy to the condition in the Ibero-Romance languages ê is used for classifications and sta in cases where one element is situated with regard to another or where a momentary feature or role is expressed. Occasionally (e.g. in exclamations), predicative adjectives occur without a copula, e.g. Désdi kel dia, kábu konpo, sábi djondjo: bariga fártu, amor ê txeu! 'Since that day the situation has improved, the pleasant things have come back: if the stomach is full, love is big’. (Lang 2002: s.v. djondjo).",106[102],30-160 30-161,100.0,Certain -30-75-1,30,75,1,75-1,There are two copulas: ê and sta. In analogy to the condition in the Ibero-Romance languages ê is used for classifications and sta in cases where one element is situated with regard to another (i.e. sta is always used with predicative locative phrases) or where a momentary feature or role is expressed.,106[103],30-162 30-163,100.0,Very certain -30-76-2,30,76,2,76-2,"In both cases, a copula is used. The copula is - in analogy to the condition in the Iberoromanic languages - ê for classifications and sta in cases where one element is situated with regard to another or where a momentary feature or role is expressed.",106[102/103],30-164 30-165 30-166,100.0,Certain -30-77-1,30,77,1,77-1,A distinction is made between permanent (ten) and momentary (tene) possession (cf. Examples 167 and 168).,1255[244-248],30-167 30-168,100.0,Very certain -30-78-1,30,78,1,78-1,"Only ten (the transitive possession verb for cases of 'essential possession'), not tene (the transitive possession verb for 'temporary possession') may be used as existential verb.",786,30-169 30-170,100.0,Very certain -30-79-2,30,79,2,79-2,,784[s.v. bá],30-176,30.0,Very certain -30-79-1,30,79,1,79-1,,784[s.v. bá],30-175,70.0,Very certain -30-8-1,30,8,1,8-1,"Mutu 'very’ and más 'more' always precede the adjective they modify; the degree adverb dimás 'very/far too’ always follows it, e.g. spértu dimás 'extraordinarily clever’. Txeu 'very', when exceptionally determining an adjective, always follows it, but never immediately. Cf. in the examples mutu grándi (Example 163), but kontenti ku el txeu (Example 162).",786,30-17 30-18,95.0,Very certain -30-8-2,30,8,2,8-2,"Mutu 'very’ and más 'more' always precede the adjective they modify; the degree adverb dimás 'very/far too’ always follows it, e.g. spértu dimás 'extraordinarily clever’. Txeu 'very', when exceptionally determining an adjective, always follows it, but never immediately. Cf. in the examples mutu grándi (Example 163), but kontenti ku el txeu (Example 162).",786,30-16,5.0,Certain -30-80-2,30,80,2,80-2,,786,30-177,100.0,Very certain -30-81-2,30,81,2,81-2,"Bá 'to walk' is mostly not followed by a preposition to indicate the destination, but sometimes the prepositions pa 'to' or na 'in, at, ...' can follow. Ben 'to come' is always followed by the preposition di to indicate the place of origin.","784[s.v. bá, ben]",30-171 30-172 30-173 30-174,100.0,Very certain -30-82-2,30,82,2,82-2,,784[s.v. bota],30-178 30-179 30-180,100.0,Certain -30-83-1,30,83,1,83-1,,784[s.v. tra],30-181 30-182,100.0,Very certain -30-84-3,30,84,3,84-3,Serial verb constructions with bá 'go' or ben 'come' specifying the direction of movement for a movement verb don't exist.,106[113-115],,100.0,Intermediate -30-85-5,30,85,5,85-5,,786,30-150,25.0,Certain -30-85-4,30,85,4,85-4,,786,30-185,25.0,Certain -30-85-3,30,85,3,85-3,,786,30-184,15.0,Certain -30-85-2,30,85,2,85-2,,786,30-183,35.0,Certain -30-86-5,30,86,5,86-5,"To my knowledge, there are no 'give' serial verb constructions in Santiago Creole.",106[113-115],,100.0,Intermediate -30-87-2,30,87,2,87-2,"Usually, kabésa 'head' is preceded by the adnominal possessive.",106[55/56 s.v. kabésa],30-186 30-187,100.0,Very certain -30-88-2,30,88,2,88-2,,786[55-57],30-187 30-188 30-189,100.0,Very certain -30-89-6,30,89,6,89-6,Reflexivity is expressed by kabésa 'head'; reciprocity is expressed by kunpaheru 'comrade'.,786,30-187 30-190,100.0,Unspecified -30-9-1,30,9,1,9-1,"As probably in most languages which have no true definite article, a stronger determiner, i.e. a demonstrative (here: kel, pl. kes), is occasionally used in Santiago Creole where other languages use their definite article (for instance, to avoid ambiguity, between a generic and a definite interpretation). But it is unclear whether we should say that the demonstrative is a definite article in such a context.",106[24-35],30-19,100.0,Very certain -30-90-1,30,90,1,90-1,Passive voice is expressed by the suffix -du.,782[158-160],30-191 30-192,100.0,Very certain -30-91-8,30,91,8,91-8,,786,,100.0,Very certain -30-92-2,30,92,2,92-2,"With a subject pronoun the interpretation is no longer the same. Cf. Fálta di ramédi agrába Rui tósi ki el bá pára ospital 'Lack of medicine worsened Rui's cough, so that he ended up in hospital.' (Example source Lang 2002: s.v. agrába).",1255[213],30-193 30-194,100.0,Certain -30-93-3,30,93,3,93-3,"Resumption of the antecedent is possible (Rapás ki bu ta odja-l la ...’The boy that you see him over there ...’). It is relatively common if the verb of the relative clause has an indirect object, too (Kárta ki N skrebe-l el ... 'The letter that I wrote it to him, ...’).",1255[213],30-198,30.0,Very certain -30-93-2,30,93,2,93-2,"Resumption of the antecedent is possible (Rapás ki bu ta odja-l la ...’The boy that you see him over there ...’). It is relatively common if the verb of the relative clause has an indirect object, too (Kárta ki N skrebe-l el ... 'The letter that I wrote it to him, ...’).",1255[213],30-195 30-196 30-197,70.0,Very certain -30-94-3,30,94,3,94-3,Preposition stranding does not occur.,786,30-199 30-200,100.0,Very certain +A lot of verbs have (along with the regular anterior with -ba) irregular, acrolectal forms, that are borrowed from Portuguese, cf. benba ~ binha (ben 'come’), debeba ~ devía (debe 'must’), kreba ~ kria (kre 'want, love’), ten(e)ba ~ tinha (ten(e) 'have’). From a synchronic point of view, these constitute cases of weak suppletion.",786,30-115 30-116,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-55-2,30,55,2,55-2,,"784[s.v. sabe, pode]",30-117 30-118 30-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +30-56-3,30,56,3,56-3,"Prohibitions are constructed like 2SG assertives, i.e. using the subject pronoun, which does not appear in the imperative. However, in prohibitions, the particle expressing negation is not placed between subject pronoun and verb (like in 2SG assertives), but precedes the subject pronoun, literally [not you laugh] 'Don’t laugh!’ (assertive: [you not laugh], [you do not laugh]).",786,30-120 30-121 30-122 30-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +30-57-1,30,57,1,57-1,"The patient argument or, more generally, the direct object is not marked. Its position is after the transitive (or transitively used) verb and – in case there is one – the recipient argument (or indirect object).",786,30-124 30-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-58-1,30,58,1,58-1,,786,30-126 30-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-59-2,30,59,2,59-2,"The dependent A and S pronouns are: N (1SG), bu (2SG), nhu (2SG.M.POL), nha (2SG.F.POL), e(l) (3SG), nu (1PL), nhos (2PL), es (3PL). The dependent P pronouns are: -m, -(b)u, -l, -nu, -s. However, these dependent object pronouns may also function as indirect objects. In the 2SG.POL.M, 2SG.POL.F and the 2PL, independent tonic pronouns (v.gr. -nho, -nha, -nhos) must be used instead of dependent ones for P and for indirect objects.",786,30-128 30-129,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-6-1,30,6,1,6-1,,1255[194],30-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-60-2,30,60,2,60-2,,106[140/141],30-130 30-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-61-1,30,61,1,61-1,,106[140/141],30-132,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +30-62-1,30,62,1,62-1,,106[46-48],30-133,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-63-2,30,63,2,63-2,,784[s.v. parse],30-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +30-64-2,30,64,2,64-2,,784[s.v. ten],30-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +30-65-5,30,65,5,65-5,,784[s.v. txobe],30-136 30-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-66-1,30,66,1,66-1,,"784[s.v. dór, due]",30-138 30-139,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}", +30-66-3,30,66,3,66-3,,"784[s.v. dór, due]",30-140 30-141,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}", +30-67-1,30,67,1,67-1,,784[s.v. gosta],30-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-68-1,30,68,1,68-1,,784[s.v. médu],30-146,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-54-FF7F00-24-0000FF.png""}", +30-68-2,30,68,2,68-2,,784[s.v. médu],30-143 30-144 30-145,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-54-FF7F00-24-0000FF.png""}", +30-68-3,30,68,3,68-3,,784[s.v. médu],30-147,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-54-FF7F00-24-0000FF.png""}", +30-69-1,30,69,1,69-1,,784[s.v. ku],30-148 30-149,87.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-FF0000.png""}", +30-69-2,30,69,2,69-2,,784[s.v. ku],30-150,12.5,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-FF0000.png""}", +30-7-1,30,7,1,7-1,,1255[213-214],30-13 30-14 30-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-70-1,30,70,1,70-1,,786,30-151 30-152 30-153,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-71-1,30,71,1,71-1,"Clauses are normally coordinated with y 'and’, whereas noun phrases are usually coordinated with ku 'with’.",786,30-151 30-154 30-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-72-3,30,72,3,72-3,"Clauses are normally coordinated with y 'and’, while noun phrases are usually coordinated with ku 'with’.",786,30-156 30-157,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-73-1,30,73,1,73-1,,786,30-158 30-159,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-74-1,30,74,1,74-1,"There are two copulas: ê and sta. In analogy to the condition in the Ibero-Romance languages ê is used for classifications and sta in cases where one element is situated with regard to another or where a momentary feature or role is expressed. Occasionally (e.g. in exclamations), predicative adjectives occur without a copula, e.g. Désdi kel dia, kábu konpo, sábi djondjo: bariga fártu, amor ê txeu! 'Since that day the situation has improved, the pleasant things have come back: if the stomach is full, love is big’. (Lang 2002: s.v. djondjo).",106[102],30-160 30-161,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-75-1,30,75,1,75-1,There are two copulas: ê and sta. In analogy to the condition in the Ibero-Romance languages ê is used for classifications and sta in cases where one element is situated with regard to another (i.e. sta is always used with predicative locative phrases) or where a momentary feature or role is expressed.,106[103],30-162 30-163,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-76-2,30,76,2,76-2,"In both cases, a copula is used. The copula is - in analogy to the condition in the Iberoromanic languages - ê for classifications and sta in cases where one element is situated with regard to another or where a momentary feature or role is expressed.",106[102/103],30-164 30-165 30-166,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-77-1,30,77,1,77-1,A distinction is made between permanent (ten) and momentary (tene) possession (cf. Examples 167 and 168).,1255[244-248],30-167 30-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +30-78-1,30,78,1,78-1,"Only ten (the transitive possession verb for cases of 'essential possession'), not tene (the transitive possession verb for 'temporary possession') may be used as existential verb.",786,30-169 30-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-79-2,30,79,2,79-2,,784[s.v. bá],30-176,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}", +30-79-1,30,79,1,79-1,,784[s.v. bá],30-175,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}", +30-8-1,30,8,1,8-1,"Mutu 'very’ and más 'more' always precede the adjective they modify; the degree adverb dimás 'very/far too’ always follows it, e.g. spértu dimás 'extraordinarily clever’. Txeu 'very', when exceptionally determining an adjective, always follows it, but never immediately. Cf. in the examples mutu grándi (Example 163), but kontenti ku el txeu (Example 162).",786,30-17 30-18,95.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-95-FFFF00-5-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-8-2,30,8,2,8-2,"Mutu 'very’ and más 'more' always precede the adjective they modify; the degree adverb dimás 'very/far too’ always follows it, e.g. spértu dimás 'extraordinarily clever’. Txeu 'very', when exceptionally determining an adjective, always follows it, but never immediately. Cf. in the examples mutu grándi (Example 163), but kontenti ku el txeu (Example 162).",786,30-16,5.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-95-FFFF00-5-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-80-2,30,80,2,80-2,,786,30-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-81-2,30,81,2,81-2,"Bá 'to walk' is mostly not followed by a preposition to indicate the destination, but sometimes the prepositions pa 'to' or na 'in, at, ...' can follow. Ben 'to come' is always followed by the preposition di to indicate the place of origin.","784[s.v. bá, ben]",30-171 30-172 30-173 30-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-82-2,30,82,2,82-2,,784[s.v. bota],30-178 30-179 30-180,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +30-83-1,30,83,1,83-1,,784[s.v. tra],30-181 30-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-84-3,30,84,3,84-3,Serial verb constructions with bá 'go' or ben 'come' specifying the direction of movement for a movement verb don't exist.,106[113-115],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-85-5,30,85,5,85-5,,786,30-150,25.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-35-0000FF-15-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +30-85-4,30,85,4,85-4,,786,30-185,25.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-35-0000FF-15-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +30-85-3,30,85,3,85-3,,786,30-184,15.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-35-0000FF-15-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +30-85-2,30,85,2,85-2,,786,30-183,35.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-35-0000FF-15-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +30-86-5,30,86,5,86-5,"To my knowledge, there are no 'give' serial verb constructions in Santiago Creole.",106[113-115],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +30-87-2,30,87,2,87-2,"Usually, kabésa 'head' is preceded by the adnominal possessive.",106[55/56 s.v. kabésa],30-186 30-187,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-88-2,30,88,2,88-2,,786[55-57],30-187 30-188 30-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-89-6,30,89,6,89-6,Reflexivity is expressed by kabésa 'head'; reciprocity is expressed by kunpaheru 'comrade'.,786,30-187 30-190,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +30-9-1,30,9,1,9-1,"As probably in most languages which have no true definite article, a stronger determiner, i.e. a demonstrative (here: kel, pl. kes), is occasionally used in Santiago Creole where other languages use their definite article (for instance, to avoid ambiguity, between a generic and a definite interpretation). But it is unclear whether we should say that the demonstrative is a definite article in such a context.",106[24-35],30-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +30-90-1,30,90,1,90-1,Passive voice is expressed by the suffix -du.,782[158-160],30-191 30-192,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-91-8,30,91,8,91-8,,786,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}", +30-92-2,30,92,2,92-2,"With a subject pronoun the interpretation is no longer the same. Cf. Fálta di ramédi agrába Rui tósi ki el bá pára ospital 'Lack of medicine worsened Rui's cough, so that he ended up in hospital.' (Example source Lang 2002: s.v. agrába).",1255[213],30-193 30-194,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +30-93-3,30,93,3,93-3,"Resumption of the antecedent is possible (Rapás ki bu ta odja-l la ...’The boy that you see him over there ...’). It is relatively common if the verb of the relative clause has an indirect object, too (Kárta ki N skrebe-l el ... 'The letter that I wrote it to him, ...’).",1255[213],30-198,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png""}", +30-93-2,30,93,2,93-2,"Resumption of the antecedent is possible (Rapás ki bu ta odja-l la ...’The boy that you see him over there ...’). It is relatively common if the verb of the relative clause has an indirect object, too (Kárta ki N skrebe-l el ... 'The letter that I wrote it to him, ...’).",1255[213],30-195 30-196 30-197,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png""}", +30-94-3,30,94,3,94-3,Preposition stranding does not occur.,786,30-199 30-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 30-95-3,30,95,3,95-3,"The complementizer after verbs of speaking, thinking and perception is ma, with the variants kuma and kumâ. Thus, it is not identical to the element ki 'that', which introduces other clauses (e.g. subject clauses). Historically, (ku)ma is linked to -Old Ptg. coma 'as'. However, it can also be linked to kuma of Guinea-Bissau Kriyol, which has the meanings 'say', 'that' (after verbs of speaking and thinking) and 'as' and which, on its part, is probably related to Mandinka kuma, which, as a noun, means 'speech' and, as a verb, 'say'.",786,30-201 30-78,90.0,Very certain +Old Ptg. coma 'as'. However, it can also be linked to kuma of Guinea-Bissau Kriyol, which has the meanings 'say', 'that' (after verbs of speaking and thinking) and 'as' and which, on its part, is probably related to Mandinka kuma, which, as a noun, means 'speech' and, as a verb, 'say'.",786,30-201 30-78,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFFFF.png""}", 30-95-4,30,95,4,95-4,"The complementizer after verbs of speaking, thinking and perception is ma, with the variants kuma and kumâ. Thus, it is not identical to the element ki 'that', which introduces other clauses (e.g. subject clauses). Historically, (ku)ma is linked to -Old Ptg. coma 'as'. However, it can also be linked to kuma of Guinea-Bissau Kriyol, which has the meanings 'say', 'that' (after verbs of speaking and thinking) and 'as' and which, on its part, is probably related to Mandinka kuma, which, as a noun, means 'speech' and, as a verb, 'say'.",786,30-202,10.0,Certain +Old Ptg. coma 'as'. However, it can also be linked to kuma of Guinea-Bissau Kriyol, which has the meanings 'say', 'that' (after verbs of speaking and thinking) and 'as' and which, on its part, is probably related to Mandinka kuma, which, as a noun, means 'speech' and, as a verb, 'say'.",786,30-202,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFFFF.png""}", 30-96-3,30,96,3,96-3,"The complementizer after verbs of speaking, thinking and perception is ma, with the variants kuma and kumâ. Thus, it is not identical to the element ki 'that', which introduces other clauses (e.g. subject clauses). Historically, (ku)ma is linked to -old Ptg. coma 'as'. However, it can also be linked to kuma of Guinea-Bissau Kriyol, which has the meanings 'say', 'that' (after verbs of speaking and thinking) and 'as' and which, on its part, is probably related to Mandinka kuma, which, as a noun, means 'speech' and, as a verb, 'say'.",786,30-203 30-204,100.0,Very certain -30-97-1,30,97,1,97-1,,784[s.v. kre],30-205,100.0,Very certain -30-98-3,30,98,3,98-3,"In varieties of the creole which are closer to Portuguese, pensa 'to think' is occasionally followed by ki instead of ma as a complementizer. However, also in those cases, a different complementizer is used than after kre 'want'.",1255[210],30-206 30-207,100.0,Very certain -30-99-1,30,99,1,99-1,,786,30-208,100.0,Very certain -31-0-3,31,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -31-1-2,31,1,2,1-2,,663;126,31-1 31-2,100.0,Very certain -31-10-1,31,10,1,10-1,,126,31-21 31-22,100.0,Very certain -31-100-4,31,100,4,100-4,,57,31-168,100.0,Very certain -31-101-1,31,101,1,101-1,,57,31-169,100.0,Very certain -31-102-1,31,102,1,102-1,,57,31-170,100.0,Very certain -31-103-7,31,103,7,103-7,,839,31-171,100.0,Very certain -31-104-1,31,104,1,104-1,,839,31-172,100.0,Very certain -31-105-3,31,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Uncertain -31-106-3,31,106,3,106-3,,839;61,31-173,56.25,Very certain -31-106-2,31,106,2,106-2,,839;61,31-174,43.75,Very certain -31-107-7,31,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Intermediate -31-108-2,31,108,2,108-2,,,31-175,100.0,Very certain -31-109-1,31,109,1,109-1,,670,31-176,100.0,Very certain -31-11-1,31,11,1,11-1,,,31-23,52.9411764705882,Very certain -31-11-2,31,11,2,11-2,,,31-24,17.6470588235294,Very certain -31-11-3,31,11,3,11-3,,,31-25,29.4117647058824,Certain -31-110-1,31,110,1,110-1,,689,31-177,100.0,Very certain -31-111-3,31,111,3,111-3,,,31-178,100.0,Very certain -31-112-2,31,112,2,112-2,,,31-179 31-180,100.0,Very certain -31-113-3,31,113,3,113-3,,,31-181 31-182,100.0,Very certain -31-114-2,31,114,2,114-2,,,31-183 31-184,100.0,Very certain -31-115-2,31,115,2,115-2,,,31-185 31-186,100.0,Very certain -31-116-2,31,116,2,116-2,,,31-187 31-188,100.0,Very certain -31-117-2,31,117,2,117-2,,,31-189 31-190,100.0,Very certain -31-118-3,31,118,3,118-3,,,31-191 31-192 31-193 31-194 31-195 31-196,100.0,Very certain -31-119-2,31,119,2,119-2,,,31-197 31-198 31-199 31-200,100.0,Very certain -31-12-1,31,12,1,12-1,,452;887,31-26 31-28,90.0,Very certain -31-12-2,31,12,2,12-2,,452;887,31-27 31-29,10.0,Very certain -31-120-1,31,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -31-121-3,31,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -31-122-1,31,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, -31-123-1,31,123,1,123-1,,,,100.0, -31-124-1,31,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -31-125-1,31,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -31-126-1,31,126,1,126-1,,,31-219,100.0, -31-127-6,31,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -31-128-1,31,128,1,128-1,,,31-221,100.0, -31-129-2,31,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -31-13-6,31,13,6,13-6,"There is no gender distinction for the third person singular independent pronoun. El can stand for 'he/she/it'. Gender distinctions exist only in polite second person pronouns, nha for feminine and nho for masculine reference.",663;61,31-30 31-31 31-32 31-33,100.0,Very certain -31-130-4,31,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -31-131,31,131,1,131-1,,,31-209,100.0, -31-132,31,132,1,132-1,,,31-210,100.0, -31-133,31,133,1,133-1,,,31-214,100.0, -31-134,31,134,1,134-1,,,31-215,100.0, -31-137,31,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -31-138,31,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -31-139,31,139,1,139-1,,,31-224,100.0, -31-14-1,31,14,1,14-1,,270,31-34 31-35,100.0,Very certain -31-140,31,140,1,140-1,,,31-225,100.0, -31-143,31,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -31-144,31,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -31-145,31,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -31-146,31,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -31-147,31,147,1,147-1,,,31-226,100.0, -31-148,31,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -31-149,31,149,1,149-1,,,31-227,100.0, -31-15-1,31,15,1,15-1,,57,31-36 31-37,100.0,Very certain -31-151,31,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -31-152,31,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -31-153,31,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -31-155,31,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -31-156,31,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -31-158,31,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -31-159,31,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -31-16-1,31,16,1,16-1,,,31-38,100.0,Very certain -31-160,31,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -31-161,31,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -31-163,31,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -31-168,31,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -31-169,31,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -31-17-4,31,17,4,17-4,,690,31-39 31-40 31-41,100.0,Very certain -31-170,31,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -31-171,31,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -31-172,31,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -31-173,31,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -31-174,31,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -31-176,31,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -31-178,31,178,1,178-1,,,31-211,100.0, -31-179,31,179,1,179-1,,,31-216,100.0, -31-18-2,31,18,2,18-2,"There is a generational gap; older people use the polite form nho and nha as 'you' as opposed to bu (informal 'you'). Younger people may say sinhor Paiva 'Mr. Paiva' addressing an individual using a third person nominal like sinhor or sinhora. The younger generation rarely uses the polite forms nho, nha.",663,31-42 31-43,100.0,Very certain -31-180,31,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -31-181,31,181,1,181-1,,,31-221,100.0, -31-182,31,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0, -31-183,31,183,1,183-1,,,31-217,100.0, -31-184,31,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -31-187,31,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -31-188,31,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -31-189,31,189,1,189-1,,,31-212,100.0, +old Ptg. coma 'as'. However, it can also be linked to kuma of Guinea-Bissau Kriyol, which has the meanings 'say', 'that' (after verbs of speaking and thinking) and 'as' and which, on its part, is probably related to Mandinka kuma, which, as a noun, means 'speech' and, as a verb, 'say'.",786,30-203 30-204,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +30-97-1,30,97,1,97-1,,784[s.v. kre],30-205,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +30-98-3,30,98,3,98-3,"In varieties of the creole which are closer to Portuguese, pensa 'to think' is occasionally followed by ki instead of ma as a complementizer. However, also in those cases, a different complementizer is used than after kre 'want'.",1255[210],30-206 30-207,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +30-99-1,30,99,1,99-1,,786,30-208,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-0-3,31,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +31-1-2,31,1,2,1-2,,663;126,31-1 31-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-10-1,31,10,1,10-1,,126,31-21 31-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +31-100-4,31,100,4,100-4,,57,31-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-101-1,31,101,1,101-1,,57,31-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-102-1,31,102,1,102-1,,57,31-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-103-7,31,103,7,103-7,,839,31-171,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +31-104-1,31,104,1,104-1,,839,31-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-105-3,31,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +31-106-3,31,106,3,106-3,,839;61,31-173,56.25,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-44-0000FF-57-ADD8E6.png""}", +31-106-2,31,106,2,106-2,,839;61,31-174,43.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-44-0000FF-57-ADD8E6.png""}", +31-107-7,31,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +31-108-2,31,108,2,108-2,,,31-175,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-109-1,31,109,1,109-1,,670,31-176,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-11-1,31,11,1,11-1,,,31-23,52.9411764705882,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-53-800080-18-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-11-2,31,11,2,11-2,,,31-24,17.6470588235294,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-53-800080-18-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-11-3,31,11,3,11-3,,,31-25,29.4117647058824,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-53-800080-18-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-110-1,31,110,1,110-1,,689,31-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-111-3,31,111,3,111-3,,,31-178,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-112-2,31,112,2,112-2,,,31-179 31-180,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-113-3,31,113,3,113-3,,,31-181 31-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-114-2,31,114,2,114-2,,,31-183 31-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-115-2,31,115,2,115-2,,,31-185 31-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-116-2,31,116,2,116-2,,,31-187 31-188,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-117-2,31,117,2,117-2,,,31-189 31-190,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-118-3,31,118,3,118-3,,,31-191 31-192 31-193 31-194 31-195 31-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-119-2,31,119,2,119-2,,,31-197 31-198 31-199 31-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-12-1,31,12,1,12-1,,452;887,31-26 31-28,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-12-2,31,12,2,12-2,,452;887,31-27 31-29,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-120-1,31,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-121-3,31,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-122-1,31,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-123-1,31,123,1,123-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-124-1,31,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-125-1,31,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-126-1,31,126,1,126-1,,,31-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-127-6,31,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-128-1,31,128,1,128-1,,,31-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-129-2,31,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-13-6,31,13,6,13-6,"There is no gender distinction for the third person singular independent pronoun. El can stand for 'he/she/it'. Gender distinctions exist only in polite second person pronouns, nha for feminine and nho for masculine reference.",663;61,31-30 31-31 31-32 31-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +31-130-4,31,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-131,31,131,1,131-1,,,31-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-132,31,132,1,132-1,,,31-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-133,31,133,1,133-1,,,31-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-134,31,134,1,134-1,,,31-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-137,31,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-138,31,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-139,31,139,1,139-1,,,31-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-14-1,31,14,1,14-1,,270,31-34 31-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-140,31,140,1,140-1,,,31-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-143,31,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-144,31,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-145,31,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-146,31,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-147,31,147,1,147-1,,,31-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-148,31,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-149,31,149,1,149-1,,,31-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-15-1,31,15,1,15-1,,57,31-36 31-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-151,31,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-152,31,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-153,31,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-155,31,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-156,31,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-158,31,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-159,31,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-16-1,31,16,1,16-1,,,31-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +31-160,31,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-161,31,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-163,31,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-168,31,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-169,31,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-17-4,31,17,4,17-4,,690,31-39 31-40 31-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +31-170,31,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-171,31,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-172,31,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-173,31,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-174,31,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-176,31,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-178,31,178,1,178-1,,,31-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-179,31,179,1,179-1,,,31-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-18-2,31,18,2,18-2,"There is a generational gap; older people use the polite form nho and nha as 'you' as opposed to bu (informal 'you'). Younger people may say sinhor Paiva 'Mr. Paiva' addressing an individual using a third person nominal like sinhor or sinhora. The younger generation rarely uses the polite forms nho, nha.",663,31-42 31-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-180,31,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-181,31,181,1,181-1,,,31-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-182,31,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-183,31,183,1,183-1,,,31-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-184,31,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-187,31,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-188,31,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-189,31,189,1,189-1,,,31-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 31-19-2,31,19,2,19-2,"Ki tenpu 'when' is the only compound pronoun. -All wh- argument and adverbial words may be accompanied by the following particle ki, but ki may also be absent.",57;886,31-29 31-44 31-45 31-46 31-47 31-48 31-49 31-50,100.0,Very certain -31-190,31,190,1,190-1,,,31-213,100.0, -31-191,31,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -31-192,31,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -31-193,31,193,1,193-1,,,31-218,100.0, -31-194,31,194,1,194-1,,,31-219,100.0, -31-195,31,195,1,195-1,,,31-222,100.0, -31-196,31,196,1,196-1,,,31-223,100.0, -31-199,31,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -31-2-2,31,2,2,2-2,,126;663,31-3 31-4,100.0,Very certain -31-20-1,31,20,1,20-1,,57,31-51 31-52,100.0,Very certain -31-200,31,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -31-201,31,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -31-202,31,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -31-205,31,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -31-209,31,209,1,209-1,,,31-220,100.0, -31-21-2,31,21,2,21-2,,,31-53 31-54,100.0,Very certain -31-212,31,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -31-217,31,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -31-218,31,218,1,218-1,,,,100.0, -31-22-4,31,22,4,22-4,,670;692,31-55 31-56,100.0,Very certain -31-221,31,221,1,221-1,,,31-208,100.0, -31-23-3,31,23,3,23-3,,670,31-56,100.0,Very certain -31-231,31,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -31-24-4,31,24,4,24-4,,689,31-57 31-58,100.0,Very certain -31-25-1,31,25,1,25-1,,670;689,31-56 31-59,100.0,Very certain -31-252,31,252,1,252-1,,,31-202,100.0, -31-253,31,253,1,253-1,,,31-203,100.0, -31-254,31,254,1,254-1,,,31-204,100.0, -31-255,31,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -31-256,31,256,4,256-4,,,,100.0, -31-257,31,257,1,257-1,,,31-205,100.0, -31-258,31,258,1,258-1,,,31-206,100.0, -31-259,31,259,1,259-1,,,31-207,100.0, -31-26-2,31,26,2,26-2,,107[180];1543[210],31-60 31-61 31-62 31-63,100.0,Certain -31-260,31,260,1,260-1,,,,100.0, -31-261,31,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -31-263,31,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -31-267,31,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -31-268,31,268,1,268-1,,,,100.0, -31-27-2,31,27,2,27-2,,886,31-64,100.0,Very certain -31-272,31,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -31-273,31,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -31-274,31,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -31-275,31,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -31-276,31,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -31-277,31,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -31-278,31,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -31-279,31,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -31-28-2,31,28,2,28-2,,,31-20 31-65,100.0,Very certain -31-280,31,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -31-281,31,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -31-282,31,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -31-284,31,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -31-285,31,285,1,285-1,,,,100.0, -31-286,31,286,1,286-1,,,,100.0, -31-287,31,287,1,287-1,,,,100.0, -31-288,31,288,1,288-1,,,,100.0, -31-289,31,289,1,289-1,,,,100.0, -31-29-2,31,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article is un.,61[25];61,31-66 31-67,100.0,Very certain -31-290,31,290,1,290-1,,,,100.0, -31-291,31,291,1,291-1,,,,100.0, -31-3-1,31,3,1,3-1,,452;690;126,31-5 31-6,25.0,Very certain -31-3-2,31,3,2,3-2,,452;690;126,31-7 31-8,75.0,Very certain -31-30-2,31,30,2,30-2,,57,31-68,100.0,Very certain -31-308-3,31,308,3,308-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-309-1,31,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-31-3,31,31,3,31-3,,57,31-69 31-70,100.0,Very certain -31-310-4,31,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-311-2,31,311,2,311-2,"There has been a major influx of Chinese immigrants to Cape Verde in the past 5 years or so. They own small shops and for the purpose of commerce, they seem to all be able to communicate in Cape Verdean Creole.",,,100.0,Very certain -31-312-3,31,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-313-4,31,313,4,313-4,"There are less than 100,000 speakers on the island of Brava because it is a small island but there are more than 450,000 speakers on the entire archipelago.",,,100.0,Very certain -31-314-3,31,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-315-1,31,315,1,315-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-316-1,31,316,1,316-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-317-1,31,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-318-1,31,318,1,318-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-319-1,31,319,1,319-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-32-1,31,32,1,32-1,,689,31-71 31-72,100.0,Very certain -31-320-1,31,320,1,320-1,The language is also being used in ads and street bill boards for local products like beer.,,,100.0,Very certain -31-321-1,31,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-322-1,31,322,1,322-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-323-1,31,323,1,323-1,The practice of using the language in Parliament is fairly recent and dates back to 10 years or so.,,,100.0,Very certain -31-324-2,31,324,2,324-2,The language of instruction remains predominantly Portuguese but Cape Verdean Creole is used to clarify matters confusing to students.,,,100.0,Very certain -31-325-1,31,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-326-1,31,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-327-1,31,327,1,327-1,There is phonological variation between rural and urban areas and between islands.,,,100.0,Very certain -31-328-1,31,328,1,328-1,"There is widespread morphosyntactic variation, most notably in the area of TMA markers.",,,100.0,Very certain -31-329-1,31,329,1,329-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-33-2,31,33,2,33-2,,689;57,31-69 31-72,100.0,Very certain -31-330-1,31,330,1,330-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-331-1,31,331,1,331-1,I cannot detect whether there is urban/rural morphosyntactic variation on the island of Brava but I know it exists between islands.,,,100.0,Intermediate -31-332-1,31,332,1,332-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -31-333-1,31,333,1,333-1,The phonology of highly educated speakers is distinct from that of illiterate speakers.,,,100.0,Very certain -31-334-1,31,334,1,334-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-335-1,31,335,1,335-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-34-1,31,34,1,34-1,,5,31-73,100.0,Unspecified +All wh- argument and adverbial words may be accompanied by the following particle ki, but ki may also be absent.",57;886,31-29 31-44 31-45 31-46 31-47 31-48 31-49 31-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +31-190,31,190,1,190-1,,,31-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-191,31,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-192,31,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-193,31,193,1,193-1,,,31-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-194,31,194,1,194-1,,,31-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-195,31,195,1,195-1,,,31-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-196,31,196,1,196-1,,,31-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-199,31,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-2-2,31,2,2,2-2,,126;663,31-3 31-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-20-1,31,20,1,20-1,,57,31-51 31-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +31-200,31,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-201,31,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-202,31,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-205,31,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-209,31,209,1,209-1,,,31-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-21-2,31,21,2,21-2,,,31-53 31-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-212,31,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-217,31,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-218,31,218,1,218-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-22-4,31,22,4,22-4,,670;692,31-55 31-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +31-221,31,221,1,221-1,,,31-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-23-3,31,23,3,23-3,,670,31-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-231,31,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-24-4,31,24,4,24-4,,689,31-57 31-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-25-1,31,25,1,25-1,,670;689,31-56 31-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-252,31,252,1,252-1,,,31-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-253,31,253,1,253-1,,,31-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-254,31,254,1,254-1,,,31-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-255,31,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-256,31,256,4,256-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-257,31,257,1,257-1,,,31-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-258,31,258,1,258-1,,,31-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-259,31,259,1,259-1,,,31-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-26-2,31,26,2,26-2,,107[180];1543[210],31-60 31-61 31-62 31-63,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +31-260,31,260,1,260-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-261,31,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-263,31,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-267,31,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-268,31,268,1,268-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-27-2,31,27,2,27-2,,886,31-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-272,31,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-273,31,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-274,31,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-275,31,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-276,31,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-277,31,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-278,31,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-279,31,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-28-2,31,28,2,28-2,,,31-20 31-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-280,31,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-281,31,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-282,31,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-284,31,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-285,31,285,1,285-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-286,31,286,1,286-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-287,31,287,1,287-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-288,31,288,1,288-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-289,31,289,1,289-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-29-2,31,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article is un.,61[25];61,31-66 31-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-290,31,290,1,290-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-291,31,291,1,291-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +31-3-1,31,3,1,3-1,,452;690;126,31-5 31-6,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-3-2,31,3,2,3-2,,452;690;126,31-7 31-8,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-30-2,31,30,2,30-2,,57,31-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-308-3,31,308,3,308-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +31-309-1,31,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-31-3,31,31,3,31-3,,57,31-69 31-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +31-310-4,31,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +31-311-2,31,311,2,311-2,"There has been a major influx of Chinese immigrants to Cape Verde in the past 5 years or so. They own small shops and for the purpose of commerce, they seem to all be able to communicate in Cape Verdean Creole.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +31-312-3,31,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +31-313-4,31,313,4,313-4,"There are less than 100,000 speakers on the island of Brava because it is a small island but there are more than 450,000 speakers on the entire archipelago.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-314-3,31,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +31-315-1,31,315,1,315-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-316-1,31,316,1,316-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-317-1,31,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-318-1,31,318,1,318-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-319-1,31,319,1,319-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-32-1,31,32,1,32-1,,689,31-71 31-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-320-1,31,320,1,320-1,The language is also being used in ads and street bill boards for local products like beer.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-321-1,31,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-322-1,31,322,1,322-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-323-1,31,323,1,323-1,The practice of using the language in Parliament is fairly recent and dates back to 10 years or so.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-324-2,31,324,2,324-2,The language of instruction remains predominantly Portuguese but Cape Verdean Creole is used to clarify matters confusing to students.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +31-325-1,31,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-326-1,31,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-327-1,31,327,1,327-1,There is phonological variation between rural and urban areas and between islands.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-328-1,31,328,1,328-1,"There is widespread morphosyntactic variation, most notably in the area of TMA markers.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-329-1,31,329,1,329-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-33-2,31,33,2,33-2,,689;57,31-69 31-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-330-1,31,330,1,330-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-331-1,31,331,1,331-1,I cannot detect whether there is urban/rural morphosyntactic variation on the island of Brava but I know it exists between islands.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-332-1,31,332,1,332-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-333-1,31,333,1,333-1,The phonology of highly educated speakers is distinct from that of illiterate speakers.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-334-1,31,334,1,334-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-335-1,31,335,1,335-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +31-34-1,31,34,1,34-1,,5,31-73,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 31-35-2,31,35,2,35-2,"All ordinals are suppletives following the Portuguese pattern: primeru 'first', segundu 'second', tersero 'third', kuartu 'fourth', ... -and are distinct from the cardinal numerals.",690,31-74 31-75,100.0,Very certain -31-36-1,31,36,1,36-1,,839,31-13,100.0,Very certain -31-37-1,31,37,1,37-1,,692;880,31-76,64.2857142857143,Very certain -31-37-6,31,37,6,37-6,,692;880,31-77,35.7142857142857,Very certain -31-38-2,31,38,2,38-2,,57,31-19 31-4 31-78,100.0,Very certain -31-39-1,31,39,1,39-1,,270;885,31-79 31-80,100.0,Very certain -31-4-2,31,4,2,4-2,,839,31-20 31-9,100.0,Very certain -31-40-2,31,40,2,40-2,"Only a few adjectives optionally agree with nouns, particularly those that modify a human's physical trait, such as colour (branku 'white (masc.)', branka 'white (feminine)'; preta 'black (fem.)'; pretu 'black (masc.)'), height (altu 'tall (masc.)', alta 'tall (fem.)') or nationality (kabuverdianu 'Cape Verdean (masc.)', kabuverdiana 'Cape Verdean (fem.)').",106[66],31-81 31-82,100.0,Very certain -31-41-1,31,41,1,41-1,,880,31-83,100.0,Very certain -31-42-2,31,42,2,42-2,,880,31-84 31-85,56.25,Very certain -31-42-8,31,42,8,42-8,,880,31-83,43.75,Very certain -31-43-3,31,43,3,43-3,,880,31-90,33.3333333333333,Very certain -31-43-2,31,43,2,43-2,,880,31-87,33.3333333333333,Very certain -31-43-1,31,43,1,43-1,,880,31-86,33.3333333333333,Very certain -31-44-8,31,44,8,44-8,,690,31-88 31-89,100.0,Very certain -31-45-1,31,45,1,45-1,,880,31-86 31-89,100.0,Very certain -31-46-4,31,46,4,46-4,,880,31-89 31-90,100.0,Very certain -31-47-2,31,47,2,47-2,,61;126,31-91 31-92,100.0,Certain -31-48-7,31,48,7,48-7,,126,31-93 31-94 31-95,100.0,Very certain -31-49-3,31,49,3,49-3,,880,31-102 31-96,100.0,Certain -31-5-1,31,5,1,5-1,Kel [...] li and kel [...] la are proximity and distal demonstratives respectively that correspond to 'this' and 'that'. Note that -li and -la do not need to be necessarily expressed for a demonstrative reading to obtain (whether proximal or distal).,690;689,31-11 31-12,100.0,Very certain -31-50-1,31,50,1,50-1,,880;57,31-97 31-98,100.0,Very certain -31-51-3,31,51,3,51-3,,887;670,31-100 31-99,100.0,Very certain -31-52-3,31,52,3,52-3,,690,31-101,100.0,Certain -31-53-3,31,53,3,53-3,,,31-102,100.0,Very certain -31-54-1,31,54,1,54-1,,839,31-103 31-104,100.0,Very certain -31-55-1,31,55,1,55-1,,57,31-105 31-106 31-201,100.0,Very certain -31-56-3,31,56,3,56-3,"In regular negative sentences, the Negator appears between the pronominal (in this case Mi'N 'I') and the verb. With negative imperatives, there is no special negator but there is a special construction in the sense that the negator must precede the subject instead of following it as in normal declarative sentences.",839,31-107 31-108 31-109,100.0,Very certain -31-57-1,31,57,1,57-1,,,31-110,100.0,Very certain -31-58-1,31,58,1,58-1,,,31-111 31-112,100.0,Very certain -31-59-2,31,59,2,59-2,,839;880,31-113 31-114,100.0,Very certain -31-6-1,31,6,1,6-1,,839;880,31-13 31-14,100.0,Very certain -31-60-2,31,60,2,60-2,,887,31-115 31-116,100.0,Very certain -31-61-1,31,61,1,61-1,,57,31-116 31-117,100.0,Very certain -31-62-1,31,62,1,62-1,"Although the use of both clitic and non-clitic pronominals is pervasive in the language, there are many instances where pronouns are omitted but are reconstructable from discourse or context. Furthermore, there are no overt non-argumental pronoun (expletives) in the language.",887,31-118,100.0,Very certain -31-63-2,31,63,2,63-2,,61,31-119,100.0,Very certain -31-64-2,31,64,2,64-2,,57,31-120,100.0,Very certain -31-65-5,31,65,5,65-5,,59;211,31-121,50.0,Very certain -31-65-3,31,65,3,65-3,,59;211,31-122,50.0,Very certain -31-66-1,31,66,1,66-1,,886,31-123,100.0,Very certain -31-67-1,31,67,1,67-1,,61,31-124,100.0,Very certain -31-68-2,31,68,2,68-2,,1028,31-125,100.0,Very certain -31-69-2,31,69,2,69-2,,,31-127,25.0,Certain -31-69-1,31,69,1,69-1,,,31-126,75.0,Very certain -31-7-1,31,7,1,7-1,,839;57,31-15 31-16,100.0,Very certain -31-70-1,31,70,1,70-1,,692,31-129 31-130,100.0,Very certain -31-71-1,31,71,1,71-1,,692;839,31-128 31-130,100.0,Very certain -31-72-3,31,72,3,72-3,,692;839,31-128 31-131,100.0,Very certain -31-73-1,31,73,1,73-1,,882,31-132,100.0,Very certain -31-74-1,31,74,1,74-1,,887,31-133,100.0,Very certain -31-75-1,31,75,1,75-1,,880,31-134,100.0,Very certain -31-76-2,31,76,2,76-2,,882;880,31-132 31-134,100.0,Very certain -31-77-4,31,77,4,77-4,,425;887,31-136,25.0,Certain -31-77-1,31,77,1,77-1,,425;887,31-135 31-137,75.0,Very certain -31-78-1,31,78,1,78-1,,425;57,31-135 31-138,100.0,Very certain -31-79-1,31,79,1,79-1,,887,31-141,56.25,Very certain -31-79-2,31,79,2,79-2,,887,31-142,43.75,Very certain -31-8-1,31,8,1,8-1,,57;880,31-17 31-18,100.0,Very certain -31-80-2,31,80,2,80-2,,839,31-143,100.0,Very certain -31-81-2,31,81,2,81-2,,670;126,31-139 31-140,100.0,Very certain -31-82-1,31,82,1,82-1,,839,31-144 31-145,100.0,Very certain -31-83-1,31,83,1,83-1,,839,31-146 31-75,100.0,Very certain -31-84-3,31,84,3,84-3,,663,,100.0,Very certain -31-85-2,31,85,2,85-2,,,31-149,100.0,Certain -31-86-5,31,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-87-2,31,87,2,87-2,,1259,31-150,100.0,Very certain -31-88-2,31,88,2,88-2,,692;1259,31-150 31-151,100.0,Certain -31-89-6,31,89,6,89-6,,57;1259,31-152,100.0,Certain -31-9-1,31,9,1,9-1,,57,31-19 31-20,100.0,Very certain -31-90-1,31,90,1,90-1,,880;690,31-153 31-154,100.0,Certain -31-91-8,31,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -31-92-2,31,92,2,92-2,,839,31-155,100.0,Very certain -31-93-2,31,93,2,93-2,,,31-156,100.0,Very certain -31-94-3,31,94,3,94-3,,,31-157,100.0,Very certain -31-95-4,31,95,4,95-4,,61,31-160,41.6666666666667,Very certain -31-95-3,31,95,3,95-3,,61,31-158 31-159 31-161,58.3333333333333,Very certain -31-96-4,31,96,4,96-4,,839,31-163,35.7142857142857,Very certain -31-96-3,31,96,3,96-3,,839,31-162,64.2857142857143,Very certain -31-97-1,31,97,1,97-1,,270,31-164,100.0,Very certain -31-98-3,31,98,3,98-3,"In some varieties, it is possible to find atxa ki 'think that' (as seen in another example listed under this feature) instead of atxa ma. It is also worth noting that there is a tense distinction between the clauses introduced by ma or ki and those introduced by pa. Ma and ki select for tensed clauses whereas pa selects for infinitival clauses.",425;698,31-165 31-166 31-167,100.0,Very certain -31-99-2,31,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -32-0-3,32,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -32-1-2,32,1,2,1-2,,1456,32-1,100.0,Very certain -32-10-1,32,10,1,10-1,,1456,32-13,100.0,Very certain -32-100-4,32,100,4,100-4,,1456,32-166,100.0,Very certain -32-101-1,32,101,1,101-1,,1456,32-167,100.0,Very certain -32-102-1,32,102,1,102-1,,1456,32-168 32-169,100.0,Very certain -32-103-7,32,103,7,103-7,,,32-170,100.0,Very certain -32-104-1,32,104,1,104-1,Value 6: Copula + Focus + Copula Highlighter,1456,32-172 32-173,23.0769230769231,Very certain -32-104-9,32,104,9,104-9,Value 6: Copula + Focus + Copula Highlighter,1456,32-174,23.0769230769231,Certain -32-104-2,32,104,2,104-2,Value 6: Copula + Focus + Copula Highlighter,1456,32-171,53.8461538461538,Intermediate -32-105-3,32,105,3,105-3,,,32-175,100.0,Very certain -32-106-1,32,106,1,106-1,,,32-177,30.0,Very certain -32-106-2,32,106,2,106-2,,,32-176,70.0,Very certain -32-107-1,32,107,1,107-1,,,32-178,100.0,Very certain -32-108-2,32,108,2,108-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -32-109-1,32,109,1,109-1,,,32-179 32-180,100.0,Very certain -32-11-1,32,11,1,11-1,,,32-14,41.1764705882353,Very certain -32-11-2,32,11,2,11-2,,,32-15,41.1764705882353,Very certain -32-11-3,32,11,3,11-3,,,32-16,17.6470588235294,Very certain -32-110-1,32,110,1,110-1,,1456,32-181,100.0,Very certain -32-111-1,32,111,1,111-1,"Apart from monomorphemic words for 'tears', various circumlocutions are used (see Examples 184 and 185 for Value 3).",,32-182 32-183,50.0,Very certain -32-111-3,32,111,3,111-3,"Apart from monomorphemic words for 'tears', various circumlocutions are used (see Examples 184 and 185 for Value 3).",,32-184 32-185,50.0,Very certain -32-112-3,32,112,3,112-3,,,32-186 32-187,100.0,Very certain -32-113-3,32,113,3,113-3,,,32-188 32-189 32-190,100.0,Very certain -32-114-2,32,114,2,114-2,,,32-191 32-192,100.0,Very certain -32-115-2,32,115,2,115-2,,,32-193 32-194,100.0,Very certain -32-116-2,32,116,2,116-2,,,32-195 32-196,100.0,Very certain -32-117-2,32,117,2,117-2,leão/leoa 'lian/lioness' exists but this pair (similar to tigre - tigrésa 'male tiger - female tiger') could be considered a lexicalized loan from Portuguese.,1456,32-197 32-198,100.0,Very certain -32-118-3,32,118,3,118-3,,1456,32-200 32-201 32-202 32-203 32-204 32-205 32-207,100.0,Very certain -32-119-4,32,119,4,119-4,,1456,32-206 32-207 32-208 32-209,100.0,Very certain -32-12-1,32,12,1,12-1,,,32-17,70.0,Very certain -32-12-2,32,12,2,12-2,,,32-18,30.0,Very certain -32-120-1,32,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -32-121-3,32,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -32-122-1,32,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, -32-123-1,32,123,1,123-1,"This vowel is written as , and generally represented in IPA as [ɐ].",,,100.0, -32-124-1,32,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -32-125-2,32,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -32-126-1,32,126,1,126-1,,,,100.0, -32-127-6,32,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -32-128-1,32,128,1,128-1,,,32-226,100.0, -32-129-2,32,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -32-13-1,32,13,1,13-1,"Contrary to the Sotavento varieties of Cape Verdean Creole, which show gender distinction in polite second person singular pronouns (nho or anho [2SG.M] ‘you’ vs. nha or anha [2SG.F] ‘you’), only one form exists in the São Vicente variety, i.e. bosê [2SG.polite] 'you'.",1456,32-19,100.0,Very certain -32-130-4,32,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -32-131,32,131,1,131-1,,,32-212,100.0, -32-132,32,132,1,132-1,,,32-213,100.0, -32-133,32,133,1,133-1,,,32-214,100.0, -32-134,32,134,1,134-1,,,,100.0, -32-137,32,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -32-138,32,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -32-139,32,139,1,139-1,"txuk, txutxa, txuftí, txuva,",,32-216,100.0, -32-14-1,32,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -32-140,32,140,2,140-2,"midj, djodjá",,32-218,100.0, -32-143,32,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -32-144,32,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -32-145,32,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -32-146,32,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -32-147,32,147,1,147-1,,,32-219,100.0, -32-148,32,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -32-149,32,149,1,149-1,,,32-220,100.0, -32-15-1,32,15,1,15-1,,1456,32-20,100.0,Very certain -32-151,32,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -32-152,32,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -32-153,32,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -32-155,32,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -32-156,32,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -32-158,32,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -32-159,32,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -32-16-1,32,16,1,16-1,,1456,32-21,100.0,Very certain -32-160,32,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -32-161,32,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -32-163,32,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -32-168,32,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -32-169,32,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -32-17-4,32,17,4,17-4,,1456,32-22 32-23,100.0,Very certain -32-170,32,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -32-171,32,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -32-172,32,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -32-173,32,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -32-174,32,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -32-176,32,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -32-178,32,178,1,178-1,,,32-215,100.0, -32-179,32,179,1,179-1,,,32-217,100.0, -32-18-2,32,18,2,18-2,,1456,32-24 32-25,100.0,Very certain -32-180,32,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -32-181,32,181,1,181-1,,,32-226,100.0, -32-182,32,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0, -32-183,32,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -32-184,32,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -32-187,32,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -32-188,32,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -32-189,32,189,1,189-1,,,32-224,100.0, -32-19-2,32,19,2,19-2,,,32-26 32-27 32-28 32-29,100.0,Certain -32-190,32,190,1,190-1,,,32-225,100.0, -32-191,32,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -32-192,32,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -32-193,32,193,1,193-1,[s] is in complementary distribution with [x].,,32-221,100.0, -32-194,32,194,1,194-1,,,,100.0, +and are distinct from the cardinal numerals.",690,31-74 31-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-36-1,31,36,1,36-1,,839,31-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-37-1,31,37,1,37-1,,692;880,31-76,64.2857142857143,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-65-FF0000-36-ADD8E6.png""}", +31-37-6,31,37,6,37-6,,692;880,31-77,35.7142857142857,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-65-FF0000-36-ADD8E6.png""}", +31-38-2,31,38,2,38-2,,57,31-19 31-4 31-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-39-1,31,39,1,39-1,,270;885,31-79 31-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +31-4-2,31,4,2,4-2,,839,31-20 31-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-40-2,31,40,2,40-2,"Only a few adjectives optionally agree with nouns, particularly those that modify a human's physical trait, such as colour (branku 'white (masc.)', branka 'white (feminine)'; preta 'black (fem.)'; pretu 'black (masc.)'), height (altu 'tall (masc.)', alta 'tall (fem.)') or nationality (kabuverdianu 'Cape Verdean (masc.)', kabuverdiana 'Cape Verdean (fem.)').",106[66],31-81 31-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +31-41-1,31,41,1,41-1,,880,31-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-42-2,31,42,2,42-2,,880,31-84 31-85,56.25,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-57-FFFF00-44-ADD8E6.png""}", +31-42-8,31,42,8,42-8,,880,31-83,43.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-57-FFFF00-44-ADD8E6.png""}", +31-43-3,31,43,3,43-3,,880,31-90,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-0000FF-34-FFB6C1.png""}", +31-43-2,31,43,2,43-2,,880,31-87,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-0000FF-34-FFB6C1.png""}", +31-43-1,31,43,1,43-1,,880,31-86,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-0000FF-34-FFB6C1.png""}", +31-44-8,31,44,8,44-8,,690,31-88 31-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-45-1,31,45,1,45-1,,880,31-86 31-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +31-46-4,31,46,4,46-4,,880,31-89 31-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-47-2,31,47,2,47-2,,61;126,31-91 31-92,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +31-48-7,31,48,7,48-7,,126,31-93 31-94 31-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +31-49-3,31,49,3,49-3,,880,31-102 31-96,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +31-5-1,31,5,1,5-1,Kel [...] li and kel [...] la are proximity and distal demonstratives respectively that correspond to 'this' and 'that'. Note that -li and -la do not need to be necessarily expressed for a demonstrative reading to obtain (whether proximal or distal).,690;689,31-11 31-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-50-1,31,50,1,50-1,,880;57,31-97 31-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +31-51-3,31,51,3,51-3,,887;670,31-100 31-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-52-3,31,52,3,52-3,,690,31-101,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-53-3,31,53,3,53-3,,,31-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-54-1,31,54,1,54-1,,839,31-103 31-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-55-1,31,55,1,55-1,,57,31-105 31-106 31-201,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-56-3,31,56,3,56-3,"In regular negative sentences, the Negator appears between the pronominal (in this case Mi'N 'I') and the verb. With negative imperatives, there is no special negator but there is a special construction in the sense that the negator must precede the subject instead of following it as in normal declarative sentences.",839,31-107 31-108 31-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-57-1,31,57,1,57-1,,,31-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-58-1,31,58,1,58-1,,,31-111 31-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-59-2,31,59,2,59-2,,839;880,31-113 31-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-6-1,31,6,1,6-1,,839;880,31-13 31-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-60-2,31,60,2,60-2,,887,31-115 31-116,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-61-1,31,61,1,61-1,,57,31-116 31-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-62-1,31,62,1,62-1,"Although the use of both clitic and non-clitic pronominals is pervasive in the language, there are many instances where pronouns are omitted but are reconstructable from discourse or context. Furthermore, there are no overt non-argumental pronoun (expletives) in the language.",887,31-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-63-2,31,63,2,63-2,,61,31-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +31-64-2,31,64,2,64-2,,57,31-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +31-65-5,31,65,5,65-5,,59;211,31-121,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FFFF00.png""}", +31-65-3,31,65,3,65-3,,59;211,31-122,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FFFF00.png""}", +31-66-1,31,66,1,66-1,,886,31-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-67-1,31,67,1,67-1,,61,31-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-68-2,31,68,2,68-2,,1028,31-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +31-69-2,31,69,2,69-2,,,31-127,25.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-0000FF-25-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-69-1,31,69,1,69-1,,,31-126,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-0000FF-25-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-7-1,31,7,1,7-1,,839;57,31-15 31-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-70-1,31,70,1,70-1,,692,31-129 31-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-71-1,31,71,1,71-1,,692;839,31-128 31-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-72-3,31,72,3,72-3,,692;839,31-128 31-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-73-1,31,73,1,73-1,,882,31-132,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-74-1,31,74,1,74-1,,887,31-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-75-1,31,75,1,75-1,,880,31-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-76-2,31,76,2,76-2,,882;880,31-132 31-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-77-4,31,77,4,77-4,,425;887,31-136,25.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +31-77-1,31,77,1,77-1,,425;887,31-135 31-137,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +31-78-1,31,78,1,78-1,,425;57,31-135 31-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +31-79-1,31,79,1,79-1,,887,31-141,56.25,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-57-FFFFFF-44-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-79-2,31,79,2,79-2,,887,31-142,43.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-57-FFFFFF-44-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-8-1,31,8,1,8-1,,57;880,31-17 31-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-80-2,31,80,2,80-2,,839,31-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-81-2,31,81,2,81-2,,670;126,31-139 31-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-82-1,31,82,1,82-1,,839,31-144 31-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-83-1,31,83,1,83-1,,839,31-146 31-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-84-3,31,84,3,84-3,,663,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-85-2,31,85,2,85-2,,,31-149,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-86-5,31,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +31-87-2,31,87,2,87-2,,1259,31-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-88-2,31,88,2,88-2,,692;1259,31-150 31-151,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-89-6,31,89,6,89-6,,57;1259,31-152,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +31-9-1,31,9,1,9-1,,57,31-19 31-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-90-1,31,90,1,90-1,,880;690,31-153 31-154,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-91-8,31,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +31-92-2,31,92,2,92-2,,839,31-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +31-93-2,31,93,2,93-2,,,31-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Maria de Fatima 2000 +31-94-3,31,94,3,94-3,,,31-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",own knowledge (Marlyse Baptista) +31-95-4,31,95,4,95-4,,61,31-160,41.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-0000FF-42-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-95-3,31,95,3,95-3,,61,31-158 31-159 31-161,58.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-0000FF-42-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-96-4,31,96,4,96-4,,839,31-163,35.7142857142857,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-65-0000FF-36-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-96-3,31,96,3,96-3,,839,31-162,64.2857142857143,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-65-0000FF-36-FFFFFF.png""}", +31-97-1,31,97,1,97-1,,270,31-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +31-98-3,31,98,3,98-3,"In some varieties, it is possible to find atxa ki 'think that' (as seen in another example listed under this feature) instead of atxa ma. It is also worth noting that there is a tense distinction between the clauses introduced by ma or ki and those introduced by pa. Ma and ki select for tensed clauses whereas pa selects for infinitival clauses.",425;698,31-165 31-166 31-167,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +31-99-2,31,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +32-0-3,32,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-1-2,32,1,2,1-2,,1456,32-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-10-1,32,10,1,10-1,,1456,32-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-100-4,32,100,4,100-4,,1456,32-166,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-101-1,32,101,1,101-1,,1456,32-167,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-102-1,32,102,1,102-1,,1456,32-168 32-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-103-7,32,103,7,103-7,,,32-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +32-104-1,32,104,1,104-1,Value 6: Copula + Focus + Copula Highlighter,1456,32-172 32-173,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-54-0000FF-24-000000.png""}", +32-104-9,32,104,9,104-9,Value 6: Copula + Focus + Copula Highlighter,1456,32-174,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-54-0000FF-24-000000.png""}", +32-104-2,32,104,2,104-2,Value 6: Copula + Focus + Copula Highlighter,1456,32-171,53.8461538461538,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-54-0000FF-24-000000.png""}", +32-105-3,32,105,3,105-3,,,32-175,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +32-106-1,32,106,1,106-1,,,32-177,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +32-106-2,32,106,2,106-2,,,32-176,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +32-107-1,32,107,1,107-1,,,32-178,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +32-108-2,32,108,2,108-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +32-109-1,32,109,1,109-1,,,32-179 32-180,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +32-11-1,32,11,1,11-1,,,32-14,41.1764705882353,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-42-800080-42-FF0000-18-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +32-11-2,32,11,2,11-2,,,32-15,41.1764705882353,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-42-800080-42-FF0000-18-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +32-11-3,32,11,3,11-3,,,32-16,17.6470588235294,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-42-800080-42-FF0000-18-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +32-110-1,32,110,1,110-1,,1456,32-181,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-111-1,32,111,1,111-1,"Apart from monomorphemic words for 'tears', various circumlocutions are used (see Examples 184 and 185 for Value 3).",,32-182 32-183,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +32-111-3,32,111,3,111-3,"Apart from monomorphemic words for 'tears', various circumlocutions are used (see Examples 184 and 185 for Value 3).",,32-184 32-185,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +32-112-3,32,112,3,112-3,,,32-186 32-187,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +32-113-3,32,113,3,113-3,,,32-188 32-189 32-190,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +32-114-2,32,114,2,114-2,,,32-191 32-192,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +32-115-2,32,115,2,115-2,,,32-193 32-194,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +32-116-2,32,116,2,116-2,,,32-195 32-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +32-117-2,32,117,2,117-2,leão/leoa 'lian/lioness' exists but this pair (similar to tigre - tigrésa 'male tiger - female tiger') could be considered a lexicalized loan from Portuguese.,1456,32-197 32-198,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +32-118-3,32,118,3,118-3,,1456,32-200 32-201 32-202 32-203 32-204 32-205 32-207,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-119-4,32,119,4,119-4,,1456,32-206 32-207 32-208 32-209,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +32-12-1,32,12,1,12-1,,,32-17,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +32-12-2,32,12,2,12-2,,,32-18,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +32-120-1,32,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +32-121-3,32,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-122-1,32,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-123-1,32,123,1,123-1,"This vowel is written as , and generally represented in IPA as [ɐ].",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-124-1,32,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-125-2,32,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +32-126-1,32,126,1,126-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-127-6,32,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-128-1,32,128,1,128-1,,,32-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-129-2,32,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-13-1,32,13,1,13-1,"Contrary to the Sotavento varieties of Cape Verdean Creole, which show gender distinction in polite second person singular pronouns (nho or anho [2SG.M] ‘you’ vs. nha or anha [2SG.F] ‘you’), only one form exists in the São Vicente variety, i.e. bosê [2SG.polite] 'you'.",1456,32-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +32-130-4,32,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-131,32,131,1,131-1,,,32-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-132,32,132,1,132-1,,,32-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-133,32,133,1,133-1,,,32-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-134,32,134,1,134-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-137,32,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-138,32,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-139,32,139,1,139-1,"txuk, txutxa, txuftí, txuva,",,32-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-14-1,32,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +32-140,32,140,2,140-2,"midj, djodjá",,32-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +32-143,32,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-144,32,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-145,32,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-146,32,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-147,32,147,1,147-1,,,32-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-148,32,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-149,32,149,1,149-1,,,32-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-15-1,32,15,1,15-1,,1456,32-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +32-151,32,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-152,32,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-153,32,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-155,32,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-156,32,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-158,32,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-159,32,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-16-1,32,16,1,16-1,,1456,32-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-160,32,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-161,32,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-163,32,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-168,32,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-169,32,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-17-4,32,17,4,17-4,,1456,32-22 32-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +32-170,32,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-171,32,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-172,32,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-173,32,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-174,32,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-176,32,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-178,32,178,1,178-1,,,32-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-179,32,179,1,179-1,,,32-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-18-2,32,18,2,18-2,,1456,32-24 32-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-180,32,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-181,32,181,1,181-1,,,32-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-182,32,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-183,32,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-184,32,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-187,32,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-188,32,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-189,32,189,1,189-1,,,32-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-19-2,32,19,2,19-2,,,32-26 32-27 32-28 32-29,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +32-190,32,190,1,190-1,,,32-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-191,32,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-192,32,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-193,32,193,1,193-1,[s] is in complementary distribution with [x].,,32-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-194,32,194,1,194-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 32-195,32,195,2,195-2,"[ʃ] may alternate with [tx] in acrolectal speakers (xuva and not txuva 'rain'). It is in complementary distribution with [s], which always precedes a voicless consoant (nassê) -minor?",,32-222,100.0, -32-196,32,196,1,196-1,,,32-223,100.0, -32-199,32,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -32-2-2,32,2,2,2-2,,1456,32-2,100.0,Very certain -32-20-1,32,20,1,20-1,,1456,32-30,100.0,Very certain -32-200,32,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -32-201,32,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -32-202,32,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -32-205,32,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -32-209,32,209,1,209-1,,,32-227,100.0, -32-21-2,32,21,2,21-2,,1456,32-31 32-32,100.0,Very certain -32-212,32,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -32-215,32,215,1,215-1,a marginal phoneme,,,100.0, -32-217,32,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -32-218,32,218,4,218-4,,,,100.0, -32-22-4,32,22,4,22-4,"While morphological plural marking on human nouns represents a stable tendency, morphological plural marking on inanimate nouns is exceptional and needs further research. Inanimate nouns marked morphologically for plural are related to, for instance, semantic fields of administration, media, and education and are often loans from the lexifier.",1456,32-33 32-34 32-35 32-36,100.0,Very certain -32-221,32,221,4,221-4,,,,100.0, -32-23-3,32,23,3,23-3,,1456,32-37,100.0,Very certain -32-231,32,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -32-24-4,32,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -32-25-1,32,25,1,25-1,,1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-252,32,252,1,252-1,,,32-228,100.0, -32-253,32,253,1,253-1,amig,,32-232,100.0, -32-254,32,254,1,254-1,"térra, gérra, janéla, péna 'feather'",,32-229,100.0, -32-255,32,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -32-256,32,256,1,256-1,"káza, pá",,32-236,100.0, -32-257,32,257,1,257-1,,,32-230,100.0, -32-258,32,258,1,258-1,"mort, pok, grog, oi, (eye)",,32-234,100.0, +minor?",,32-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +32-196,32,196,1,196-1,,,32-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-199,32,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-2-2,32,2,2,2-2,,1456,32-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-20-1,32,20,1,20-1,,1456,32-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +32-200,32,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-201,32,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-202,32,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-205,32,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-209,32,209,1,209-1,,,32-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-21-2,32,21,2,21-2,,1456,32-31 32-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-212,32,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-215,32,215,1,215-1,a marginal phoneme,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-217,32,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-218,32,218,4,218-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-22-4,32,22,4,22-4,"While morphological plural marking on human nouns represents a stable tendency, morphological plural marking on inanimate nouns is exceptional and needs further research. Inanimate nouns marked morphologically for plural are related to, for instance, semantic fields of administration, media, and education and are often loans from the lexifier.",1456,32-33 32-34 32-35 32-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +32-221,32,221,4,221-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-23-3,32,23,3,23-3,,1456,32-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-231,32,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-24-4,32,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +32-25-1,32,25,1,25-1,,1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-252,32,252,1,252-1,,,32-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-253,32,253,1,253-1,amig,,32-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-254,32,254,1,254-1,"térra, gérra, janéla, péna 'feather'",,32-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-255,32,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-256,32,256,1,256-1,"káza, pá",,32-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-257,32,257,1,257-1,,,32-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-258,32,258,1,258-1,"mort, pok, grog, oi, (eye)",,32-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 32-259,32,259,1,259-1,"senhóra stragód gót, góta -ói (garlic)",,32-235,100.0, -32-26-1,32,26,1,26-1,,1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-260,32,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -32-261,32,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -32-263,32,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -32-267,32,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -32-268,32,268,1,268-1,"This vowel is written as , and generally represented in IPA as [ɐ].",,,100.0, -32-27-2,32,27,2,27-2,,,32-38,100.0,Very certain -32-272,32,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -32-273,32,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -32-274,32,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -32-275,32,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -32-276,32,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -32-277,32,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -32-278,32,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -32-279,32,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -32-28-2,32,28,2,28-2,,1456,32-39,100.0,Very certain -32-280,32,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -32-281,32,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -32-282,32,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -32-284,32,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -32-285,32,285,1,285-1,"ptin, fin",,,100.0, -32-286,32,286,1,286-1,"senpr, tenp",,,100.0, -32-287,32,287,1,287-1,,,,100.0, -32-288,32,288,1,288-1,,,,100.0, -32-289,32,289,1,289-1,,,32-233,100.0, -32-29-2,32,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article is un.,1456,32-40 32-41,100.0,Very certain +ói (garlic)",,32-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-26-1,32,26,1,26-1,,1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-260,32,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-261,32,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-263,32,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-267,32,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-268,32,268,1,268-1,"This vowel is written as , and generally represented in IPA as [ɐ].",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-27-2,32,27,2,27-2,,,32-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +32-272,32,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-273,32,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-274,32,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-275,32,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-276,32,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-277,32,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-278,32,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-279,32,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-28-2,32,28,2,28-2,,1456,32-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-280,32,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-281,32,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-282,32,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-284,32,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-285,32,285,1,285-1,"ptin, fin",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-286,32,286,1,286-1,"senpr, tenp",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-287,32,287,1,287-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-288,32,288,1,288-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-289,32,289,1,289-1,,,32-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-29-2,32,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article is un.,1456,32-40 32-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 32-290,32,290,1,290-1,"minor/major? word initially? onze, kontrolá, onra ponta, irmon, pon, word finally may alternate with dyphtong -mão, pão irmão in acrolect, bonk,",,32-231,100.0, -32-291,32,291,1,291-1,óne,,,100.0, -32-293,32,293,1,293-1,,,,100.0, -32-3-2,32,3,2,3-2,,1456,32-3,70.0,Very certain -32-3-1,32,3,1,3-1,,1456,32-4 32-5,30.0,Very certain -32-30-5,32,30,5,30-5,,1456,32-34,9.09090909090909,Very certain -32-30-8,32,30,8,30-8,,1456,32-43,27.2727272727273,Very certain -32-30-2,32,30,2,30-2,,1456,32-42,63.6363636363636,Very certain -32-308-3,32,308,3,308-3,,1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-309-1,32,309,1,309-1,"A very limited number of parents would insist on speaking Portuguese to their babies. However, even those children would also acquire Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente as small children due to the interaction with relatives, maids and other children and adults. Children of foreigners residing on the islands (from China, from mainland Africa, America and Europe) also tend to acquire Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente before the school age of six when Portuguese is introduced.",1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-31-3,32,31,3,31-3,,1456,32-39,100.0,Very certain -32-310-4,32,310,4,310-4,,1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-311-3,32,311,3,311-3,"The speech community of Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente is fairly stable and the variety is acquired as a mother tongue by all small children. The majority of foreigners residing on São Vicente (from China, Europe, America and mainland Africa) end up acquiring the language to various degrees of proficiency. It serves as a language of their daily communication (rather than Portuguese which can only be acquired via schooling or some other kind of formal tutoring).",1456,,100.0,Certain -32-312-3,32,312,3,312-3,"There is no evidence for language abandoment. However, due to the widespread access to secondary education and much facilitated access to higher education (conducted exclusively in Portuguese) there is evidence for ongoing decreolization, especially in the areas of lexicon and phonology.",1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-313-4,32,313,4,313-4,"According to Censo 2000 (Instituto Nacional de Estatística de Cabo Verde) the population in the year 2000 was 67,163 of which 4,174 lived in rural areas. At the time of writing, the projection for the year 2010 is 81,214 inhabitants.",,,100.0,Very certain -32-314-3,32,314,3,314-3,,1456,,100.0,Very certain +mão, pão irmão in acrolect, bonk,",,32-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-291,32,291,1,291-1,óne,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-293,32,293,1,293-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +32-3-2,32,3,2,3-2,,1456,32-3,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-3-1,32,3,1,3-1,,1456,32-4 32-5,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-30-5,32,30,5,30-5,,1456,32-34,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-FFFF00-28-964B00.png""}", +32-30-8,32,30,8,30-8,,1456,32-43,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-FFFF00-28-964B00.png""}", +32-30-2,32,30,2,30-2,,1456,32-42,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-FFFF00-28-964B00.png""}", +32-308-3,32,308,3,308-3,,1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-309-1,32,309,1,309-1,"A very limited number of parents would insist on speaking Portuguese to their babies. However, even those children would also acquire Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente as small children due to the interaction with relatives, maids and other children and adults. Children of foreigners residing on the islands (from China, from mainland Africa, America and Europe) also tend to acquire Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente before the school age of six when Portuguese is introduced.",1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +32-31-3,32,31,3,31-3,,1456,32-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-310-4,32,310,4,310-4,,1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +32-311-3,32,311,3,311-3,"The speech community of Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente is fairly stable and the variety is acquired as a mother tongue by all small children. The majority of foreigners residing on São Vicente (from China, Europe, America and mainland Africa) end up acquiring the language to various degrees of proficiency. It serves as a language of their daily communication (rather than Portuguese which can only be acquired via schooling or some other kind of formal tutoring).",1456,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-312-3,32,312,3,312-3,"There is no evidence for language abandoment. However, due to the widespread access to secondary education and much facilitated access to higher education (conducted exclusively in Portuguese) there is evidence for ongoing decreolization, especially in the areas of lexicon and phonology.",1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-313-4,32,313,4,313-4,"According to Censo 2000 (Instituto Nacional de Estatística de Cabo Verde) the population in the year 2000 was 67,163 of which 4,174 lived in rural areas. At the time of writing, the projection for the year 2010 is 81,214 inhabitants.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Cabo Verde) +32-314-3,32,314,3,314-3,,1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 32-315-2,32,315,2,315-2,"There are significant differences in the use of the language in relation to radio and TV news. The São Vicente variety of the Cape Verdean Creole is generally more present on the radio (there is a local radiostation on the island) than on TV, which is broadcasted from the capital in Praia, Santiago. -There is a radio news programme in Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente and there are also other radio programmes, especially entertaintment ones, where the language is spoken. However, it is absent from the national TV news. It should be noticed that TV news are transmitted exclusivelly in Portuguese by the Cape Verdean national broadcasting company (TCV). The speakers also have access to two Portuguese private channels (broadcasted from Portugal) and one Portuguese international channel (RDP).",1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-316-2,32,316,2,316-2,There is a difference in call-ins and discussions. Anonymous speakers calling to a radio or TV studio would naturally speak the language. Radio debates and discussions are more likely to be held in Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente than television discussions as those are more likely to be held in Portuguese or the Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago unless the speakers are from São Vicente.,1456,,100.0,Certain -32-317-1,32,317,1,317-1,"Cape Verdean musical production is extremely rich, varied and internationally acknowledged. It constitutes the hallmark of Cape Verdean culture. In São Vicente, the island of the world renowned singer Cesária Évora, songs in creole constitute the norm.",1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-318-2,32,318,2,318-2,"The literary production in Cape Verdean Creole is very limited in general. The few literary positions published in Cape Verdean Creole are in the variety of Santiago. To my knowledge, literary works published in the variety of São Vicente comprise less than half a dozen.",1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-319-3,32,319,3,319-3,Newspaper editorials are written exclusively in Portuguese.,1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-32-1,32,32,1,32-1,,1456,32-44 32-45,100.0,Very certain -32-320-2,32,320,2,320-2,"The language is used in newspaper items such as cartoons or popular columns, but in these contexts the Cape Verdean Creole variety is more likely to be used is the variety of Santiago because the main newspapers are published in the capital Praia. I would say that the use of the language in these contexts is very limited.",1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-321-1,32,321,1,321-1,"It would be considered extraordinary for a native speaker of Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente to use Portuguese in a post office, bank or shop. Even at the Portuguese Consulate, the use of the São Vicente variety is widespread.",1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-322-2,32,322,2,322-2,"At court the situation is fairly complex and very interesting. In the courtroom, the judge announces sentences in Portuguese, but the defendant might speak in Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente or in Portuguese depending on the level of his/her education. The lawyer might code-switch from one language to another. Witnesses are heard in Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente and clerks and other court staff address the public exclusively in Creole, while all the documents are emitted in Portuguese. The Portuguese used in these contexts shows considerable influence from the creole and differs significantly from the norms of European Portuguese.",1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-323-2,32,323,2,323-2,"Official speeches in Parliament are given in Portuguese. Discussions, especially heated ones, might switch from Portuguese to Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago. Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente might be used if the deputies are from São Vicente but its use is limited (accomodation processes and identity markers are at stake in these situations). However, the use of Cape Verdean Creole in general is widespread among the deputies outside the main Parliament room (i.e. in corridors, cafeteria etc.).",1456,,100.0,Certain -32-324-2,32,324,2,324-2,"From nursery school onwards, educators and teachers insist on using Portuguese (their fluency in Portuguese varies and may be very limited) while addressing students during the lessons. However, students are very often disciplined in the Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente and not in Portuguese. Students converse exclusively in Creole among themselves both inside and outside the classroom. They are likely to address teachers in Creole outside the classroom unless a teacher demands otherwise. The language of the teachers' room is Creole. Meetings with parents are very likely to be held in Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente as well. It should be noted that Creole used in these contexts shows a strong influence of the lexifier.",1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-325-1,32,325,1,325-1,"Use of the São Vicente variety in electronic media represents a very complex situation and differs according to social class and education of the speaker and the formality of the context. Text messaging is more likely to be in Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente. Note that there is no standard orthography and the acceptance and knowledge of the official alphabet ALUPEC is limited. Informal e-mails are likely to be written in Creole (but not formal ones). The same could be said in relation to chats (Messenger, Skype etc.) which are in Creole due to the informality of the context. In blogs, written by upper-class bilinguals, Portuguese is more likely to be used (note, however, that commentaries in blogs are often in Creole).",,,100.0,Certain -32-326-1,32,326,1,326-1,"Apart from the lexifier Portuguese, English constitutes an important contact language for Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente, especially regarding the lexicon.",1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-327-4,32,327,4,327-4,"Given the small area (227 km²) on which the variety is spoken and the concentration of the majority of its speakers in the city of Mindelo, there is no clear geographical variation within the variety. The speech of the speakers from the fishing villages and semi-rural communities outside the city is best analyzed in terms of social rather than geographical variation.",1456,,100.0,Certain -32-328-4,32,328,4,328-4,"Given the small area (227 km²) on which the variety is spoken and the concentration of the majority of its speakers in the city of Mindelo, there is no clear geographical variation within the variety. The speech of the speakers from the fishing villages and semi-rural communities outside the city is best analyzed in terms of social rather than geographical variation.",1456,,100.0,Certain -32-329-4,32,329,4,329-4,"Given the small area (227 km²) on which the variety is spoken and the concentration of the majority of its speakers in the city of Mindelo, there is no clear geographical variation within the variety. The speech of the speakers from the fishing villages and semi-rural communities outside the city is best analysed in terms of social rather than geographical variation.",1456,,100.0,Certain -32-33-2,32,33,2,33-2,,1456,32-46 32-47,100.0,Very certain -32-330-2,32,330,2,330-2,,1456,,100.0,Certain -32-331-2,32,331,2,331-2,,,,100.0,Certain -32-332-2,32,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Certain -32-333-2,32,333,2,333-2,,,,100.0,Certain -32-334-2,32,334,2,334-2,,,,100.0,Certain -32-335-2,32,335,2,335-2,,,,100.0,Certain -32-34-1,32,34,1,34-1,,1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-35-2,32,35,2,35-2,Basic ordinal numerals are all derived from the lexifier and they are suppletive.,,32-48 32-49,100.0,Very certain -32-36-1,32,36,1,36-1,,,32-50,100.0,Very certain -32-37-1,32,37,1,37-1,,1456,32-51,70.0,Very certain -32-37-6,32,37,6,37-6,,1456,32-52,30.0,Very certain -32-38-2,32,38,2,38-2,"Contrary to the Sotavento varieties of Cape Verdean Creole, simple juxtaposition of possessor and possessum is impossible in the variety of São Vicente.",1456,32-53,100.0,Very certain -32-39-4,32,39,4,39-4,,1456,32-56 32-57,30.0,Very certain -32-39-2,32,39,2,39-2,,1456,32-54 32-55 32-58,70.0,Very certain -32-4-2,32,4,2,4-2,,1456,32-6,100.0,Very certain +There is a radio news programme in Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente and there are also other radio programmes, especially entertaintment ones, where the language is spoken. However, it is absent from the national TV news. It should be noticed that TV news are transmitted exclusivelly in Portuguese by the Cape Verdean national broadcasting company (TCV). The speakers also have access to two Portuguese private channels (broadcasted from Portugal) and one Portuguese international channel (RDP).",1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-316-2,32,316,2,316-2,There is a difference in call-ins and discussions. Anonymous speakers calling to a radio or TV studio would naturally speak the language. Radio debates and discussions are more likely to be held in Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente than television discussions as those are more likely to be held in Portuguese or the Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago unless the speakers are from São Vicente.,1456,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-317-1,32,317,1,317-1,"Cape Verdean musical production is extremely rich, varied and internationally acknowledged. It constitutes the hallmark of Cape Verdean culture. In São Vicente, the island of the world renowned singer Cesária Évora, songs in creole constitute the norm.",1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-318-2,32,318,2,318-2,"The literary production in Cape Verdean Creole is very limited in general. The few literary positions published in Cape Verdean Creole are in the variety of Santiago. To my knowledge, literary works published in the variety of São Vicente comprise less than half a dozen.",1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-319-3,32,319,3,319-3,Newspaper editorials are written exclusively in Portuguese.,1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-32-1,32,32,1,32-1,,1456,32-44 32-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-320-2,32,320,2,320-2,"The language is used in newspaper items such as cartoons or popular columns, but in these contexts the Cape Verdean Creole variety is more likely to be used is the variety of Santiago because the main newspapers are published in the capital Praia. I would say that the use of the language in these contexts is very limited.",1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-321-1,32,321,1,321-1,"It would be considered extraordinary for a native speaker of Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente to use Portuguese in a post office, bank or shop. Even at the Portuguese Consulate, the use of the São Vicente variety is widespread.",1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-322-2,32,322,2,322-2,"At court the situation is fairly complex and very interesting. In the courtroom, the judge announces sentences in Portuguese, but the defendant might speak in Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente or in Portuguese depending on the level of his/her education. The lawyer might code-switch from one language to another. Witnesses are heard in Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente and clerks and other court staff address the public exclusively in Creole, while all the documents are emitted in Portuguese. The Portuguese used in these contexts shows considerable influence from the creole and differs significantly from the norms of European Portuguese.",1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-323-2,32,323,2,323-2,"Official speeches in Parliament are given in Portuguese. Discussions, especially heated ones, might switch from Portuguese to Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago. Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente might be used if the deputies are from São Vicente but its use is limited (accomodation processes and identity markers are at stake in these situations). However, the use of Cape Verdean Creole in general is widespread among the deputies outside the main Parliament room (i.e. in corridors, cafeteria etc.).",1456,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-324-2,32,324,2,324-2,"From nursery school onwards, educators and teachers insist on using Portuguese (their fluency in Portuguese varies and may be very limited) while addressing students during the lessons. However, students are very often disciplined in the Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente and not in Portuguese. Students converse exclusively in Creole among themselves both inside and outside the classroom. They are likely to address teachers in Creole outside the classroom unless a teacher demands otherwise. The language of the teachers' room is Creole. Meetings with parents are very likely to be held in Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente as well. It should be noted that Creole used in these contexts shows a strong influence of the lexifier.",1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-325-1,32,325,1,325-1,"Use of the São Vicente variety in electronic media represents a very complex situation and differs according to social class and education of the speaker and the formality of the context. Text messaging is more likely to be in Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente. Note that there is no standard orthography and the acceptance and knowledge of the official alphabet ALUPEC is limited. Informal e-mails are likely to be written in Creole (but not formal ones). The same could be said in relation to chats (Messenger, Skype etc.) which are in Creole due to the informality of the context. In blogs, written by upper-class bilinguals, Portuguese is more likely to be used (note, however, that commentaries in blogs are often in Creole).",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-326-1,32,326,1,326-1,"Apart from the lexifier Portuguese, English constitutes an important contact language for Cape Verdean Creole of São Vicente, especially regarding the lexicon.",1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-327-4,32,327,4,327-4,"Given the small area (227 km²) on which the variety is spoken and the concentration of the majority of its speakers in the city of Mindelo, there is no clear geographical variation within the variety. The speech of the speakers from the fishing villages and semi-rural communities outside the city is best analyzed in terms of social rather than geographical variation.",1456,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +32-328-4,32,328,4,328-4,"Given the small area (227 km²) on which the variety is spoken and the concentration of the majority of its speakers in the city of Mindelo, there is no clear geographical variation within the variety. The speech of the speakers from the fishing villages and semi-rural communities outside the city is best analyzed in terms of social rather than geographical variation.",1456,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +32-329-4,32,329,4,329-4,"Given the small area (227 km²) on which the variety is spoken and the concentration of the majority of its speakers in the city of Mindelo, there is no clear geographical variation within the variety. The speech of the speakers from the fishing villages and semi-rural communities outside the city is best analysed in terms of social rather than geographical variation.",1456,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +32-33-2,32,33,2,33-2,,1456,32-46 32-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-330-2,32,330,2,330-2,,1456,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-331-2,32,331,2,331-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-332-2,32,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-333-2,32,333,2,333-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-334-2,32,334,2,334-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-335-2,32,335,2,335-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-34-1,32,34,1,34-1,,1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-35-2,32,35,2,35-2,Basic ordinal numerals are all derived from the lexifier and they are suppletive.,,32-48 32-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +32-36-1,32,36,1,36-1,,,32-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +32-37-1,32,37,1,37-1,,1456,32-51,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +32-37-6,32,37,6,37-6,,1456,32-52,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +32-38-2,32,38,2,38-2,"Contrary to the Sotavento varieties of Cape Verdean Creole, simple juxtaposition of possessor and possessum is impossible in the variety of São Vicente.",1456,32-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-39-4,32,39,4,39-4,,1456,32-56 32-57,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFB6C1-30-0000FF.png""}", +32-39-2,32,39,2,39-2,,1456,32-54 32-55 32-58,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFB6C1-30-0000FF.png""}", +32-4-2,32,4,2,4-2,,1456,32-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 32-40-2,32,40,2,40-2,"Gender agreement of adjectives is a tendency in relation to human nouns. However, gender agreement with inanimate nouns does occur; further research is needed to account for this process. -Note that the position of the adjective may affect gender agreement with human nouns and the adjective's semantics: un bon amdjer [a good.M women] vs. un amdjer boa [an attractive.F woman].",1456,32-3 32-4 32-59 32-60,100.0,Very certain -32-41-1,32,41,1,41-1,,,32-61,100.0,Very certain -32-42-8,32,42,8,42-8,The markers k and duki (from de + ki) are alternatives to the marker diki. All mean 'than'.,1456,32-61 32-62,50.0,Unspecified -32-42-2,32,42,2,42-2,The markers k and duki (from de + ki) are alternatives to the marker diki. All mean 'than'.,1456,32-61,50.0,Very certain -32-43-1,32,43,1,43-1,,1456,32-63,70.0,Very certain -32-43-3,32,43,3,43-3,,1456,32-64,30.0,Very certain -32-44-8,32,44,8,44-8,,1456,,100.0,Certain -32-45-4,32,45,4,45-4,,1456,32-64 32-65,100.0,Very certain -32-46-2,32,46,2,46-2,,1456,32-66,100.0,Intermediate -32-47-6,32,47,6,47-6,,1456,32-66 32-68 32-69,100.0,Very certain -32-48-9,32,48,9,48-9,,1456,32-70 32-71 32-72 32-73,100.0,Certain -32-49-3,32,49,3,49-3,,1456,32-65 32-74,100.0,Very certain -32-5-1,32,5,1,5-1,,1456,32-156 32-7,100.0,Very certain -32-50-1,32,50,1,50-1,,1456,32-75 32-76,100.0,Very certain -32-51-3,32,51,3,51-3,"Value 3 represents a tendency, not a rule. Many verbs traditionally considered stative and that have present reference when unmarked in the variety of Santiago receive obligatorily past (perfective) reference in the variety of São Vicente (for instance, morá 'live', gostá 'like', sintí 'feel').",1456,32-77 32-78,100.0,Very certain -32-52-1,32,52,1,52-1,,1456,,100.0,Very certain -32-53-2,32,53,2,53-2,,1456,32-211,100.0,Very certain -32-54-6,32,54,6,54-6,,1456,32-80 32-81,100.0,Very certain -32-55-1,32,55,1,55-1,,1456,32-82 32-83,100.0,Very certain -32-56-3,32,56,3,56-3,,1456,32-84 32-85 32-86,100.0,Very certain -32-57-1,32,57,1,57-1,,1456,32-87,100.0,Very certain -32-58-1,32,58,1,58-1,,,32-88 32-89,100.0,Very certain -32-59-2,32,59,2,59-2,,1456,32-90 32-91,100.0,Very certain -32-6-1,32,6,1,6-1,,1456,32-8,100.0,Very certain -32-60-1,32,60,1,60-1,,1456,32-1 32-93,10.0,Very certain -32-60-2,32,60,2,60-2,,1456,32-92 32-94,90.0,Very certain -32-61-1,32,61,1,61-1,,1456,32-95,90.0,Very certain -32-61-2,32,61,2,61-2,,1456,32-93,10.0,Very certain -32-62-1,32,62,1,62-1,,1456,32-96 32-97,100.0,Very certain -32-63-2,32,63,2,63-2,,1456,32-98,100.0,Very certain -32-64-2,32,64,2,64-2,,1456,32-99,100.0,Very certain -32-65-1,32,65,1,65-1,"Regarding Value 6, there is no subject; the verb is a general one. 'Rain' is in object position.",1456,32-100,27.2727272727273,Very certain -32-65-5,32,65,5,65-5,"Regarding Value 6, there is no subject; the verb is a general one. 'Rain' is in object position.",1456,32-102,9.09090909090909,Very certain -32-65-7,32,65,7,65-7,"Regarding Value 6, there is no subject; the verb is a general one. 'Rain' is in object position.",1456,32-101,63.6363636363636,Very certain -32-66-1,32,66,1,66-1,,1456,32-104 32-105 32-106,50.0,Very certain -32-66-3,32,66,3,66-3,,1456,32-103,50.0,Very certain -32-67-2,32,67,2,67-2,,1456,32-108,10.0,Unspecified -32-67-1,32,67,1,67-1,,1456,32-107,90.0,Very certain -32-68-2,32,68,2,68-2,,1456,32-109 32-110,87.5,Very certain -32-68-4,32,68,4,68-4,,1456,32-111,12.5,Very certain -32-69-1,32,69,1,69-1,,1456,32-112,100.0,Very certain -32-7-1,32,7,1,7-1,,,32-9,100.0,Very certain -32-70-3,32,70,3,70-3,"Má functions as comitative or conjunction but never as instrumental, whereas k functions both as comitative and isntrumental marker.",1456,32-113 32-114 32-115,100.0,Very certain -32-71-3,32,71,3,71-3,,1456,32-114 32-116 32-117,100.0,Very certain -32-72-4,32,72,4,72-4,,1456,32-118 32-119,100.0,Very certain -32-73-1,32,73,1,73-1,,1456,32-120,100.0,Very certain -32-74-1,32,74,1,74-1,,1456,32-121,100.0,Very certain -32-75-1,32,75,1,75-1,,1456,32-122,100.0,Very certain -32-76-2,32,76,2,76-2,,1456,32-123 32-124,100.0,Very certain -32-77-4,32,77,4,77-4,,1456,32-126,50.0,Very certain -32-77-1,32,77,1,77-1,,1456,32-125,50.0,Very certain -32-78-1,32,78,1,78-1,,1456,32-127 32-128,100.0,Very certain -32-79-2,32,79,2,79-2,,,32-132,70.0,Very certain -32-79-1,32,79,1,79-1,,,32-131,30.0,Very certain -32-8-1,32,8,1,8-1,,1456,32-10,100.0,Very certain -32-80-2,32,80,2,80-2,,,32-133,100.0,Very certain -32-81-2,32,81,2,81-2,,,32-129 32-130,100.0,Very certain -32-82-2,32,82,2,82-2,,,32-136 32-137,30.0,Very certain -32-82-1,32,82,1,82-1,,,32-134 32-135,70.0,Very certain -32-83-1,32,83,1,83-1,,,32-138 32-139 32-140,100.0,Certain -32-84-3,32,84,3,84-3,,1456,,100.0,Certain -32-85-1,32,85,1,85-1,,1456,,100.0,Certain -32-86-5,32,86,5,86-5,,1456,,100.0,Certain -32-87-2,32,87,2,87-2,,1456,32-143,10.0,Very certain -32-87-3,32,87,3,87-3,,1456,32-144,90.0,Very certain -32-88-4,32,88,4,88-4,Kabésa is used only as a reflexive pronoun. Prop and mesmu are used only as intensifiers. Mes is used both as intensifier and as reflexive.,1456,32-145 32-146 32-147 32-148,100.0,Very certain -32-89-6,32,89,6,89-6,,1456,32-149 32-150,100.0,Unspecified -32-9-1,32,9,1,9-1,,1456,32-11 32-12,100.0,Very certain -32-90-3,32,90,3,90-3,,1456,32-152,50.0,Certain -32-90-1,32,90,1,90-1,,1456,32-151,50.0,Very certain -32-91-8,32,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -32-92-2,32,92,2,92-2,,,32-153,100.0,Very certain -32-93-2,32,93,2,93-2,,,32-154,70.0,Very certain -32-93-4,32,93,4,93-4,,,32-155,30.0,Very certain -32-94-3,32,94,3,94-3,,,32-157,70.0,Certain -32-94-5,32,94,5,94-5,,,32-158,30.0,Certain -32-95-3,32,95,3,95-3,,1456,32-159,70.0,Very certain -32-95-4,32,95,4,95-4,,1456,32-160,30.0,Very certain -32-96-3,32,96,3,96-3,,1456,32-161,70.0,Very certain -32-96-4,32,96,4,96-4,,1456,32-162,30.0,Very certain -32-97-1,32,97,1,97-1,,1456,32-163,100.0,Very certain -32-98-3,32,98,3,98-3,,1456,32-164 32-165,100.0,Very certain -32-99-2,32,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -33-0-3,33,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -33-1-2,33,1,2,1-2,,715[22],33-1 33-17 33-60,100.0,Very certain -33-10-1,33,10,1,10-1,,,33-15,100.0,Very certain -33-100-4,33,100,4,100-4,,,33-193 33-194,100.0,Very certain -33-101-1,33,101,1,101-1,,,33-193,100.0,Very certain -33-102-1,33,102,1,102-1,,,33-195 33-196,100.0,Very certain -33-103-7,33,103,7,103-7,,,33-197,25.0,Very certain -33-103-2,33,103,2,103-2,,,33-199,25.0,Very certain -33-103-8,33,103,8,103-8,,,33-200,25.0,Certain -33-103-1,33,103,1,103-1,,,33-198,25.0,Very certain -33-104-1,33,104,1,104-1,,,33-201,50.0,Very certain -33-104-5,33,104,5,104-5,,,33-202,50.0,Very certain -33-105-1,33,105,1,105-1,,,33-228,100.0,Very certain -33-106-3,33,106,3,106-3,,,33-204,50.0,Very certain -33-106-2,33,106,2,106-2,,,33-205,50.0,Very certain +Note that the position of the adjective may affect gender agreement with human nouns and the adjective's semantics: un bon amdjer [a good.M women] vs. un amdjer boa [an attractive.F woman].",1456,32-3 32-4 32-59 32-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-41-1,32,41,1,41-1,,,32-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +32-42-8,32,42,8,42-8,The markers k and duki (from de + ki) are alternatives to the marker diki. All mean 'than'.,1456,32-61 32-62,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +32-42-2,32,42,2,42-2,The markers k and duki (from de + ki) are alternatives to the marker diki. All mean 'than'.,1456,32-61,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +32-43-1,32,43,1,43-1,,1456,32-63,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png""}", +32-43-3,32,43,3,43-3,,1456,32-64,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png""}", +32-44-8,32,44,8,44-8,,1456,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-45-4,32,45,4,45-4,,1456,32-64 32-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +32-46-2,32,46,2,46-2,,1456,32-66,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +32-47-6,32,47,6,47-6,,1456,32-66 32-68 32-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +32-48-9,32,48,9,48-9,,1456,32-70 32-71 32-72 32-73,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +32-49-3,32,49,3,49-3,,1456,32-65 32-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-5-1,32,5,1,5-1,,1456,32-156 32-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-50-1,32,50,1,50-1,,1456,32-75 32-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +32-51-3,32,51,3,51-3,"Value 3 represents a tendency, not a rule. Many verbs traditionally considered stative and that have present reference when unmarked in the variety of Santiago receive obligatorily past (perfective) reference in the variety of São Vicente (for instance, morá 'live', gostá 'like', sintí 'feel').",1456,32-77 32-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-52-1,32,52,1,52-1,,1456,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-53-2,32,53,2,53-2,,1456,32-211,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-54-6,32,54,6,54-6,,1456,32-80 32-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +32-55-1,32,55,1,55-1,,1456,32-82 32-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-56-3,32,56,3,56-3,,1456,32-84 32-85 32-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +32-57-1,32,57,1,57-1,,1456,32-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-58-1,32,58,1,58-1,,,32-88 32-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +32-59-2,32,59,2,59-2,,1456,32-90 32-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-6-1,32,6,1,6-1,,1456,32-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-60-1,32,60,1,60-1,,1456,32-1 32-93,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-60-2,32,60,2,60-2,,1456,32-92 32-94,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-61-1,32,61,1,61-1,,1456,32-95,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png""}", +32-61-2,32,61,2,61-2,,1456,32-93,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png""}", +32-62-1,32,62,1,62-1,,1456,32-96 32-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-63-2,32,63,2,63-2,,1456,32-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +32-64-2,32,64,2,64-2,,1456,32-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +32-65-1,32,65,1,65-1,"Regarding Value 6, there is no subject; the verb is a general one. 'Rain' is in object position.",1456,32-100,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-0000FF-10-FFFF00-64-000000.png""}", +32-65-5,32,65,5,65-5,"Regarding Value 6, there is no subject; the verb is a general one. 'Rain' is in object position.",1456,32-102,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-0000FF-10-FFFF00-64-000000.png""}", +32-65-7,32,65,7,65-7,"Regarding Value 6, there is no subject; the verb is a general one. 'Rain' is in object position.",1456,32-101,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-0000FF-10-FFFF00-64-000000.png""}", +32-66-1,32,66,1,66-1,,1456,32-104 32-105 32-106,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +32-66-3,32,66,3,66-3,,1456,32-103,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +32-67-2,32,67,2,67-2,,1456,32-108,10.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png""}", +32-67-1,32,67,1,67-1,,1456,32-107,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png""}", +32-68-2,32,68,2,68-2,,1456,32-109 32-110,87.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FF7F00-13-000000.png""}", +32-68-4,32,68,4,68-4,,1456,32-111,12.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FF7F00-13-000000.png""}", +32-69-1,32,69,1,69-1,,1456,32-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +32-7-1,32,7,1,7-1,,,32-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +32-70-3,32,70,3,70-3,"Má functions as comitative or conjunction but never as instrumental, whereas k functions both as comitative and isntrumental marker.",1456,32-113 32-114 32-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +32-71-3,32,71,3,71-3,,1456,32-114 32-116 32-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +32-72-4,32,72,4,72-4,,1456,32-118 32-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-73-1,32,73,1,73-1,,1456,32-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-74-1,32,74,1,74-1,,1456,32-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-75-1,32,75,1,75-1,,1456,32-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-76-2,32,76,2,76-2,,1456,32-123 32-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-77-4,32,77,4,77-4,,1456,32-126,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +32-77-1,32,77,1,77-1,,1456,32-125,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +32-78-1,32,78,1,78-1,,1456,32-127 32-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-79-2,32,79,2,79-2,,,32-132,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-70-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +32-79-1,32,79,1,79-1,,,32-131,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-70-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +32-8-1,32,8,1,8-1,,1456,32-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-80-2,32,80,2,80-2,,,32-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +32-81-2,32,81,2,81-2,,,32-129 32-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +32-82-2,32,82,2,82-2,,,32-136 32-137,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +32-82-1,32,82,1,82-1,,,32-134 32-135,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +32-83-1,32,83,1,83-1,,,32-138 32-139 32-140,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +32-84-3,32,84,3,84-3,,1456,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-85-1,32,85,1,85-1,,1456,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-86-5,32,86,5,86-5,,1456,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-87-2,32,87,2,87-2,,1456,32-143,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png""}", +32-87-3,32,87,3,87-3,,1456,32-144,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png""}", +32-88-4,32,88,4,88-4,Kabésa is used only as a reflexive pronoun. Prop and mesmu are used only as intensifiers. Mes is used both as intensifier and as reflexive.,1456,32-145 32-146 32-147 32-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-89-6,32,89,6,89-6,,1456,32-149 32-150,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +32-9-1,32,9,1,9-1,,1456,32-11 32-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +32-90-3,32,90,3,90-3,,1456,32-152,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +32-90-1,32,90,1,90-1,,1456,32-151,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +32-91-8,32,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +32-92-2,32,92,2,92-2,,,32-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +32-93-2,32,93,2,93-2,,,32-154,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +32-93-4,32,93,4,93-4,,,32-155,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +32-94-3,32,94,3,94-3,,,32-157,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFB6C1-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +32-94-5,32,94,5,94-5,,,32-158,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFB6C1-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +32-95-3,32,95,3,95-3,,1456,32-159,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-95-4,32,95,4,95-4,,1456,32-160,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-96-3,32,96,3,96-3,,1456,32-161,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-96-4,32,96,4,96-4,,1456,32-162,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +32-97-1,32,97,1,97-1,,1456,32-163,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +32-98-3,32,98,3,98-3,,1456,32-164 32-165,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +32-99-2,32,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-0-3,33,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +33-1-2,33,1,2,1-2,,715[22],33-1 33-17 33-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +33-10-1,33,10,1,10-1,,,33-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-100-4,33,100,4,100-4,,,33-193 33-194,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-101-1,33,101,1,101-1,,,33-193,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-102-1,33,102,1,102-1,,,33-195 33-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-103-7,33,103,7,103-7,,,33-197,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFFFF-25-ADD8E6-25-0000FF-25-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-103-2,33,103,2,103-2,,,33-199,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFFFF-25-ADD8E6-25-0000FF-25-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-103-8,33,103,8,103-8,,,33-200,25.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFFFF-25-ADD8E6-25-0000FF-25-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-103-1,33,103,1,103-1,,,33-198,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFFFF-25-ADD8E6-25-0000FF-25-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-104-1,33,104,1,104-1,,,33-201,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-104-5,33,104,5,104-5,,,33-202,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-105-1,33,105,1,105-1,,,33-228,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-106-3,33,106,3,106-3,,,33-204,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +33-106-2,33,106,2,106-2,,,33-205,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge 33-107-1,33,107,1,107-1,"The use of the optional vocative marker is impossible when the speaker is addressing someone who is higher in the social scale. -The vocative marker cannot occur without the address form.",,33-206,100.0,Very certain -33-108-2,33,108,2,108-2,,,33-207,100.0,Certain -33-109-1,33,109,1,109-1,,,33-208,100.0,Very certain -33-11-3,33,11,3,11-3,,,33-17,50.0,Very certain -33-11-2,33,11,2,11-2,,,33-16 33-18,50.0,Very certain -33-110-1,33,110,1,110-1,,,33-209,100.0,Very certain -33-111-1,33,111,1,111-1,,,33-210,100.0,Very certain -33-112-1,33,112,1,112-1,,,33-211,100.0,Very certain -33-113-4,33,113,4,113-4,,,33-212 33-232 33-233,100.0,Very certain -33-114-2,33,114,2,114-2,,,33-213 33-214,100.0,Very certain -33-115-2,33,115,2,115-2,Guinea-Bissau Kriyol obi means both 'hear' and 'understand'. This combination of meanings is widespread in Afro-American language varieties.,,33-215 33-216,100.0,Very certain -33-116-2,33,116,2,116-2,,,33-217 33-218,100.0,Very certain -33-117-2,33,117,2,117-2,,,33-219 33-220,100.0,Very certain -33-118-3,33,118,3,118-3,,,33-221 33-222 33-223 33-224,100.0,Very certain -33-119-2,33,119,2,119-2,,,33-224 33-225 33-226,100.0,Very certain -33-12-1,33,12,1,12-1,,403,33-19 33-20 33-21 33-22 33-23,100.0,Very certain -33-120-1,33,120,1,120-1,"See Kihm (1980 :37ff.) supporting the existence of tone distinctions in Guinea-Bissau Kriyol. As a native speaker of both languages I can detect none of the tonal distinctions in Guinea-Bissau Kriyol that are found in Balanta, a Niger Congo language.",,,100.0,Uncertain -33-121-2,33,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -33-122-1,33,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, -33-123-4,33,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -33-124-1,33,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -33-125-2,33,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -33-126-1,33,126,1,126-1,,,33-246,100.0, -33-127-6,33,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -33-128-1,33,128,1,128-1,,,33-251,100.0, -33-129-1,33,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -33-13-1,33,13,1,13-1,,,33-24,100.0,Very certain -33-130-4,33,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -33-131,33,131,1,131-1,,,33-234,100.0, -33-132,33,132,1,132-1,,,33-236,100.0, -33-133,33,133,1,133-1,,,33-237,100.0, -33-134,33,134,1,134-1,,,33-238,100.0, -33-137,33,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -33-138,33,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -33-139,33,139,1,139-1,,,33-240,100.0, -33-14-1,33,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -33-140,33,140,1,140-1,,,33-241,100.0, -33-143,33,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -33-144,33,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -33-145,33,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -33-146,33,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -33-147,33,147,1,147-1,,,33-235,100.0, -33-148,33,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -33-149,33,149,1,149-1,,,33-239,100.0, -33-15-1,33,15,1,15-1,,,33-26,100.0,Certain -33-151,33,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -33-152,33,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -33-153,33,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -33-155,33,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -33-156,33,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -33-158,33,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -33-159,33,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -33-16-1,33,16,1,16-1,,,33-27,100.0,Very certain -33-160,33,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -33-161,33,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -33-163,33,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -33-168,33,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -33-169,33,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -33-17-4,33,17,4,17-4,,,33-28 33-29 33-30 33-31,100.0,Very certain -33-170,33,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -33-171,33,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -33-172,33,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -33-173,33,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -33-174,33,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -33-176,33,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -33-178,33,178,1,178-1,,,33-249,100.0, -33-179,33,179,1,179-1,,,33-250,100.0, -33-18-2,33,18,2,18-2,,,33-32 33-33,100.0,Very certain -33-180,33,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -33-181,33,181,1,181-1,,,33-251,100.0, -33-182,33,182,1,182-1,,,33-252,100.0, -33-183,33,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -33-184,33,184,1,184-1,,,33-253,100.0, -33-187,33,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -33-188,33,188,2,188-2,/β/ exists intervocalically in acrolectal varieties influenced by Portuguese.,,33-242,100.0, -33-189,33,189,1,189-1,,,33-243,100.0, -33-19-3,33,19,3,19-3,,,33-34 33-35 33-36 33-37 33-38 33-39,100.0,Certain -33-190,33,190,1,190-1,,,33-244,100.0, -33-191,33,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -33-192,33,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -33-193,33,193,1,193-1,,,33-245,100.0, -33-194,33,194,1,194-1,,,33-246,100.0, -33-195,33,195,3,195-3,,,33-247,100.0, -33-196,33,196,3,196-3,There is an ongoing sound change in Kriyol from /dʒ/ to /ʒ/ replicating the same earlier sound change in Portuguese.,,33-248,100.0, -33-199,33,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -33-2-2,33,2,2,2-2,,,33-2 33-227,100.0,Very certain -33-20-1,33,20,1,20-1,,,33-40,100.0,Very certain -33-200,33,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -33-201,33,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -33-202,33,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -33-205,33,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -33-209,33,209,1,209-1,,,33-254,100.0, -33-21-2,33,21,2,21-2,,,33-41 33-42,100.0,Certain -33-212,33,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -33-215,33,215,1,215-1,spelled ,,,100.0, -33-217,33,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -33-218,33,218,1,218-1,,,33-255,100.0, -33-22-6,33,22,6,22-6,,,33-43 33-44 33-45 33-46 33-47 33-48,100.0,Very certain -33-221,33,221,1,221-1,,,33-256,100.0, -33-23-3,33,23,3,23-3,,,33-49 33-50,100.0,Very certain -33-231,33,231,1,231-1,,,,100.0, -33-24-3,33,24,3,24-3,,,33-51,100.0,Certain -33-25-1,33,25,1,25-1,,,33-52,100.0,Very certain -33-252,33,252,1,252-1,,,33-257,100.0, -33-253,33,253,1,253-1,,,33-259,100.0, -33-254,33,254,2,254-2,,,33-261,100.0, -33-255,33,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -33-256,33,256,1,256-1,,,33-262,100.0, -33-257,33,257,1,257-1,,,33-264,100.0, -33-258,33,258,1,258-1,,,33-266,100.0, -33-259,33,259,2,259-2,,,33-268,100.0, -33-26-2,33,26,2,26-2,,,33-53,100.0,Very certain -33-260,33,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -33-261,33,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -33-263,33,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -33-267,33,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -33-268,33,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -33-27-2,33,27,2,27-2,,,33-54 33-55,100.0,Very certain -33-272,33,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -33-273,33,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -33-274,33,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -33-275,33,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -33-276,33,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -33-277,33,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -33-278,33,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -33-279,33,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -33-28-2,33,28,2,28-2,,668,33-56 33-57,100.0,Very certain -33-280,33,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -33-281,33,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -33-282,33,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -33-284,33,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -33-285,33,285,1,285-1,,,33-258,100.0, -33-286,33,286,1,286-1,,,33-260,100.0, -33-287,33,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -33-288,33,288,1,288-1,,,33-263,100.0, -33-289,33,289,1,289-1,,,33-265,100.0, -33-29-1,33,29,1,29-1,"While Example 58 can be translated as 'one Muslim man' or 'a Muslim man', Example 59 with utru (distinct from 'one', from Portuguese outro 'other') only means 'a Muslim man'.",715[137],33-58 33-59,100.0,Very certain -33-290,33,290,1,290-1,,,33-267,100.0, -33-291,33,291,2,291-2,,,33-269,100.0, -33-3-1,33,3,1,3-1,"Adjectives in Guinea-Bissau Kriyol follow the rules as in Portuguese, French and other Romance languages; i.e. for a small group of adjectives (e.g. grande 'big', pobre 'poor', etc.) the adjective has figurative meaning if used before the noun, but literal meaning if used after the noun.",,33-4,25.0,Very certain -33-3-2,33,3,2,3-2,"Adjectives in Guinea-Bissau Kriyol follow the rules as in Portuguese, French and other Romance languages; i.e. for a small group of adjectives (e.g. grande 'big', pobre 'poor', etc.) the adjective has figurative meaning if used before the noun, but literal meaning if used after the noun.",,33-3,75.0,Very certain -33-30-2,33,30,2,30-2,,,33-60 33-61,100.0,Certain -33-308-3,33,308,3,308-3,,668;715,,100.0,Very certain -33-309-2,33,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -33-31-3,33,31,3,31-3,,,33-62,100.0,Very certain -33-310-4,33,310,4,310-4,Children are learning the normal version of the Creole.,,,100.0,Intermediate -33-311-1,33,311,1,311-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -33-312-3,33,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -33-313-5,33,313,5,313-5,,1306,,100.0,Certain -33-314-3,33,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -33-315-1,33,315,1,315-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -33-316-1,33,316,1,316-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -33-317-1,33,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -33-318-2,33,318,2,318-2,Most books written in Creole are by foreigners; most Guineans write in Portuguese.,,,100.0,Very certain -33-319-3,33,319,3,319-3,Newspaper editorials are written in Portuguese.,,,100.0,Very certain -33-32-2,33,32,2,32-2,,,33-63 33-64 33-65 33-66,100.0,Intermediate -33-320-1,33,320,1,320-1,Guinea-Bissau Kriyol is widely used in newspapers' cartoon pages.,,,100.0,Very certain -33-321-1,33,321,1,321-1,Creole is spoken in public contexts such as banks or post offices. Portuguese is spoken in school classrooms and sometimes by Portuguese priests in church.,,,100.0,Certain -33-322-1,33,322,1,322-1,"In rural contexts Creole is used almost exclusively. In Bissau, Creole is spoken in court but everything is written in Portuguese. Portuguese is only spoken in the Faculty of Law at the University.",,,100.0,Very certain -33-323-1,33,323,1,323-1,In Parliament all discussion is in Creole but everything is written in Portuguese.,,,100.0,Very certain -33-324-2,33,324,2,324-2,Portuguese is spoken in school classrooms but Creole is spoken outside the classrooms.,,,100.0,Very certain -33-325-1,33,325,1,325-1,"Text messages and e-mails are usually written in Creole or African languages. Guinea-Bissau Kriyol is also used for communication via internet messengers, and on Facebook, hi5, etc.",,,100.0,Very certain -33-326-1,33,326,1,326-1,"Creole is in contact with Portuguese, national African languages and certain foreign languages such as French, Spanish, English, Italian, Russian and Chinese.",,,100.0,Very certain -33-327-2,33,327,2,327-2,"Guinea-Bissau is a multi-ethnic country. Each ethnic group has its own language with its phonological features, which influences the Kriol spoken by these ethnic groups.",1733[2-3],,100.0,Very certain -33-328-2,33,328,2,328-2,"Even though we indicated that there are three dialectal areas (Central [Bissau and Bolama], North [Cacheu and São Domingos] and East [Geba and Bafatá]), ethnic variation is more important than geographic variation.",,,100.0,Intermediate +The vocative marker cannot occur without the address form.",,33-206,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-108-2,33,108,2,108-2,,,33-207,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-109-1,33,109,1,109-1,,,33-208,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-11-3,33,11,3,11-3,,,33-17,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-11-2,33,11,2,11-2,,,33-16 33-18,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-110-1,33,110,1,110-1,,,33-209,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-111-1,33,111,1,111-1,,,33-210,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-112-1,33,112,1,112-1,,,33-211,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-113-4,33,113,4,113-4,,,33-212 33-232 33-233,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-114-2,33,114,2,114-2,,,33-213 33-214,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-115-2,33,115,2,115-2,Guinea-Bissau Kriyol obi means both 'hear' and 'understand'. This combination of meanings is widespread in Afro-American language varieties.,,33-215 33-216,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-116-2,33,116,2,116-2,,,33-217 33-218,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-117-2,33,117,2,117-2,,,33-219 33-220,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-118-3,33,118,3,118-3,,,33-221 33-222 33-223 33-224,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-119-2,33,119,2,119-2,,,33-224 33-225 33-226,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-12-1,33,12,1,12-1,,403,33-19 33-20 33-21 33-22 33-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +33-120-1,33,120,1,120-1,"See Kihm (1980 :37ff.) supporting the existence of tone distinctions in Guinea-Bissau Kriyol. As a native speaker of both languages I can detect none of the tonal distinctions in Guinea-Bissau Kriyol that are found in Balanta, a Niger Congo language.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-121-2,33,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +33-122-1,33,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +33-123-4,33,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-124-1,33,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +33-125-2,33,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +33-126-1,33,126,1,126-1,,,33-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +33-127-6,33,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-128-1,33,128,1,128-1,,,33-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +33-129-1,33,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +33-13-1,33,13,1,13-1,,,33-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +33-130-4,33,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-131,33,131,1,131-1,,,33-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-132,33,132,1,132-1,,,33-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-133,33,133,1,133-1,,,33-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-134,33,134,1,134-1,,,33-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-137,33,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-138,33,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-139,33,139,1,139-1,,,33-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-14-1,33,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-140,33,140,1,140-1,,,33-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-143,33,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-144,33,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-145,33,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-146,33,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-147,33,147,1,147-1,,,33-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-148,33,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-149,33,149,1,149-1,,,33-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-15-1,33,15,1,15-1,,,33-26,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +33-151,33,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-152,33,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-153,33,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-155,33,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-156,33,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-158,33,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-159,33,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-16-1,33,16,1,16-1,,,33-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-160,33,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-161,33,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-163,33,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-168,33,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-169,33,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-17-4,33,17,4,17-4,,,33-28 33-29 33-30 33-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-170,33,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-171,33,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-172,33,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-173,33,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-174,33,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-176,33,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-178,33,178,1,178-1,,,33-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-179,33,179,1,179-1,,,33-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-18-2,33,18,2,18-2,,,33-32 33-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-180,33,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-181,33,181,1,181-1,,,33-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-182,33,182,1,182-1,,,33-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-183,33,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-184,33,184,1,184-1,,,33-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-187,33,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-188,33,188,2,188-2,/β/ exists intervocalically in acrolectal varieties influenced by Portuguese.,,33-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +33-189,33,189,1,189-1,,,33-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-19-3,33,19,3,19-3,,,33-34 33-35 33-36 33-37 33-38 33-39,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-190,33,190,1,190-1,,,33-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-191,33,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-192,33,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-193,33,193,1,193-1,,,33-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-194,33,194,1,194-1,,,33-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-195,33,195,3,195-3,,,33-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +33-196,33,196,3,196-3,There is an ongoing sound change in Kriyol from /dʒ/ to /ʒ/ replicating the same earlier sound change in Portuguese.,,33-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +33-199,33,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-2-2,33,2,2,2-2,,,33-2 33-227,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-20-1,33,20,1,20-1,,,33-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-200,33,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-201,33,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-202,33,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-205,33,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-209,33,209,1,209-1,,,33-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-21-2,33,21,2,21-2,,,33-41 33-42,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-212,33,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-215,33,215,1,215-1,spelled ,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-217,33,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-218,33,218,1,218-1,,,33-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-22-6,33,22,6,22-6,,,33-43 33-44 33-45 33-46 33-47 33-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +33-221,33,221,1,221-1,,,33-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-23-3,33,23,3,23-3,,,33-49 33-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-231,33,231,1,231-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-24-3,33,24,3,24-3,,,33-51,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-25-1,33,25,1,25-1,,,33-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-252,33,252,1,252-1,,,33-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-253,33,253,1,253-1,,,33-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-254,33,254,2,254-2,,,33-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +33-255,33,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-256,33,256,1,256-1,,,33-262,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-257,33,257,1,257-1,,,33-264,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-258,33,258,1,258-1,,,33-266,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-259,33,259,2,259-2,,,33-268,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +33-26-2,33,26,2,26-2,,,33-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-260,33,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-261,33,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-263,33,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-267,33,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-268,33,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-27-2,33,27,2,27-2,,,33-54 33-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-272,33,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-273,33,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-274,33,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-275,33,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-276,33,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-277,33,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-278,33,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-279,33,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-28-2,33,28,2,28-2,,668,33-56 33-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +33-280,33,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-281,33,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-282,33,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-284,33,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-285,33,285,1,285-1,,,33-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-286,33,286,1,286-1,,,33-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-287,33,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +33-288,33,288,1,288-1,,,33-263,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-289,33,289,1,289-1,,,33-265,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-29-1,33,29,1,29-1,"While Example 58 can be translated as 'one Muslim man' or 'a Muslim man', Example 59 with utru (distinct from 'one', from Portuguese outro 'other') only means 'a Muslim man'.",715[137],33-58 33-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +33-290,33,290,1,290-1,,,33-267,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +33-291,33,291,2,291-2,,,33-269,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +33-3-1,33,3,1,3-1,"Adjectives in Guinea-Bissau Kriyol follow the rules as in Portuguese, French and other Romance languages; i.e. for a small group of adjectives (e.g. grande 'big', pobre 'poor', etc.) the adjective has figurative meaning if used before the noun, but literal meaning if used after the noun.",,33-4,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-3-2,33,3,2,3-2,"Adjectives in Guinea-Bissau Kriyol follow the rules as in Portuguese, French and other Romance languages; i.e. for a small group of adjectives (e.g. grande 'big', pobre 'poor', etc.) the adjective has figurative meaning if used before the noun, but literal meaning if used after the noun.",,33-3,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-30-2,33,30,2,30-2,,,33-60 33-61,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-308-3,33,308,3,308-3,,668;715,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +33-309-2,33,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-31-3,33,31,3,31-3,,,33-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-310-4,33,310,4,310-4,Children are learning the normal version of the Creole.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-311-1,33,311,1,311-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-312-3,33,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-313-5,33,313,5,313-5,,1306,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +33-314-3,33,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-315-1,33,315,1,315-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-316-1,33,316,1,316-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-317-1,33,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-318-2,33,318,2,318-2,Most books written in Creole are by foreigners; most Guineans write in Portuguese.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-319-3,33,319,3,319-3,Newspaper editorials are written in Portuguese.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-32-2,33,32,2,32-2,,,33-63 33-64 33-65 33-66,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-320-1,33,320,1,320-1,Guinea-Bissau Kriyol is widely used in newspapers' cartoon pages.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-321-1,33,321,1,321-1,Creole is spoken in public contexts such as banks or post offices. Portuguese is spoken in school classrooms and sometimes by Portuguese priests in church.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-322-1,33,322,1,322-1,"In rural contexts Creole is used almost exclusively. In Bissau, Creole is spoken in court but everything is written in Portuguese. Portuguese is only spoken in the Faculty of Law at the University.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-323-1,33,323,1,323-1,In Parliament all discussion is in Creole but everything is written in Portuguese.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-324-2,33,324,2,324-2,Portuguese is spoken in school classrooms but Creole is spoken outside the classrooms.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-325-1,33,325,1,325-1,"Text messages and e-mails are usually written in Creole or African languages. Guinea-Bissau Kriyol is also used for communication via internet messengers, and on Facebook, hi5, etc.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-326-1,33,326,1,326-1,"Creole is in contact with Portuguese, national African languages and certain foreign languages such as French, Spanish, English, Italian, Russian and Chinese.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-327-2,33,327,2,327-2,"Guinea-Bissau is a multi-ethnic country. Each ethnic group has its own language with its phonological features, which influences the Kriol spoken by these ethnic groups.",1733[2-3],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +33-328-2,33,328,2,328-2,"Even though we indicated that there are three dialectal areas (Central [Bissau and Bolama], North [Cacheu and São Domingos] and East [Geba and Bafatá]), ethnic variation is more important than geographic variation.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience 33-329-2,33,329,2,329-2,"Even though we indicated that there are three dialectal areas (Central [Bissau and Bolama], North [Cacheu and São Domingos] and East [Geba and Bafatá]), ethnic variation is more important than geographic variation. -Ethnic varieties tend to incorporate lexical items from the relevant ethnic languages, e.g. the Kriol spoken by Balantas tends to have Balanta lexicon in certain semantic areas such as cooking, religion and in other distinct cultural spheres.",,,100.0,Intermediate -33-33-3,33,33,3,33-3,,715,33-67 33-68 33-69,100.0,Very certain -33-330-1,33,330,1,330-1,Ethnic variation is more important than urban/rural variation.,,,100.0,Certain -33-331-2,33,331,2,331-2,Ethnic variation is more important than urban/rural variation. However rural varieties are recognized as such in an urban setting.,,,100.0,Uncertain -33-332-2,33,332,2,332-2,Rural Balantas are more likely to use Balanta lexicon in their Kriol than are urban Balantas.,,,100.0,Intermediate +Ethnic varieties tend to incorporate lexical items from the relevant ethnic languages, e.g. the Kriol spoken by Balantas tends to have Balanta lexicon in certain semantic areas such as cooking, religion and in other distinct cultural spheres.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-33-3,33,33,3,33-3,,715,33-67 33-68 33-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +33-330-1,33,330,1,330-1,Ethnic variation is more important than urban/rural variation.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-331-2,33,331,2,331-2,Ethnic variation is more important than urban/rural variation. However rural varieties are recognized as such in an urban setting.,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-332-2,33,332,2,332-2,Rural Balantas are more likely to use Balanta lexicon in their Kriol than are urban Balantas.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience 33-333-2,33,333,2,333-2,"Middle and upper class speakers tend to use mesolectal and acrolectal (A) Kriol containing Portuguese phonemes which are not found in the basilect (B): A: /vinhu/ vs. -B: /binhu/",,,100.0,Certain +B: /binhu/",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience 33-334-2,33,334,2,334-2,"Acrolectal speakers: N stevi na bu kasa. @@ -8114,904 +8114,904 @@ Basilectal speakers: N stevi ba na bu kasa. [1SG be TAM in 2SG house] -'I was in your house.'",,,100.0,Certain +'I was in your house.'",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience 33-335-2,33,335,2,335-2,"Acrolectal speakers: lua 'moon' vs. Basilectal speakers: -lunga 'moon'",,,100.0,Certain -33-34-1,33,34,1,34-1,,,33-229 33-70,100.0,Very certain +lunga 'moon'",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Intumbo's personal experience +33-34-1,33,34,1,34-1,,,33-229 33-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 33-35-2,33,35,2,35-2,"The word for 'first' is only primeru. For all higer numbers, if the ordinal number is a modifier before a noun, it is suppletive like the Portuguese equivalent, e.g.desimu primeru alunu 'eleventh student' (Portuguese: décimo primeiro aluno). -However, if the ordinal number is not modifying a noun, the cardinal number is used after the preposition di 'of' e.g. ki alunu i di unzi 'that student is the eleventh'.",,33-71 33-72,100.0,Very certain -33-36-1,33,36,1,36-1,,,33-73 33-74,100.0,Very certain -33-37-1,33,37,1,37-1,,,33-75,100.0,Very certain -33-38-2,33,38,2,38-2,,,33-76,100.0,Very certain -33-39-2,33,39,2,39-2,,,33-75 33-77,100.0,Very certain -33-4-2,33,4,2,4-2,,,33-5,100.0,Very certain -33-40-2,33,40,2,40-2,In the acrolect adjectives sometimes agree in gender with the head noun when the noun refers to a human entity.,,33-78 33-79,100.0,Very certain -33-41-1,33,41,1,41-1,,,33-231 33-82,100.0,Very certain -33-42-8,33,42,8,42-8,,,33-84,100.0,Very certain -33-43-4,33,43,4,43-4,,,33-88 33-89 33-90 33-91 33-96,50.0,Very certain -33-43-1,33,43,1,43-1,,,33-86 33-87 33-88 33-89,50.0,Very certain -33-44-8,33,44,8,44-8,,,33-92 33-93,100.0,Very certain -33-45-4,33,45,4,45-4,,403[49],33-94 33-95 33-96,100.0,Very certain -33-46-3,33,46,3,46-3,,,33-97 33-98,100.0,Very certain -33-47-5,33,47,5,47-5,,715,33-100 33-99,100.0,Very certain -33-48-5,33,48,5,48-5,The marker ta has future meaning only in orders or requests.,403[37],33-101 33-102,100.0,Very certain -33-49-3,33,49,3,49-3,,,33-103 33-104 33-107,100.0,Very certain -33-5-1,33,5,1,5-1,,,33-6 33-7,100.0,Very certain -33-50-1,33,50,1,50-1,,,33-105 33-106 33-92,100.0,Very certain -33-51-3,33,51,3,51-3,,715[85],33-107 33-108,100.0,Very certain -33-52-2,33,52,2,52-2,,,33-109,100.0,Very certain -33-53-2,33,53,2,53-2,,,33-110,100.0,Very certain -33-54-2,33,54,2,54-2,,,33-111,100.0,Certain -33-55-1,33,55,1,55-1,,,33-112 33-113,100.0,Very certain -33-56-3,33,56,3,56-3,,,33-114 33-115 33-116,100.0,Very certain -33-57-1,33,57,1,57-1,,,33-117 33-118,100.0,Very certain -33-58-1,33,58,1,58-1,,,33-119 33-120,100.0,Very certain -33-59-2,33,59,2,59-2,,,33-121 33-122,100.0,Very certain -33-6-1,33,6,1,6-1,,,33-9,100.0,Very certain -33-60-2,33,60,2,60-2,,,33-123,100.0,Very certain -33-61-1,33,61,1,61-1,,,33-124,100.0,Very certain -33-62-1,33,62,1,62-1,,,33-125,100.0,Certain -33-63-2,33,63,2,63-2,,,33-126,100.0,Very certain -33-64-1,33,64,1,64-1,,,33-128 33-129,70.0,Very certain -33-64-2,33,64,2,64-2,,,33-127,30.0,Very certain -33-65-3,33,65,3,65-3,,,33-130,100.0,Very certain -33-66-3,33,66,3,66-3,,,33-133,50.0,Very certain -33-66-1,33,66,1,66-1,,,33-132,50.0,Very certain -33-67-1,33,67,1,67-1,,,33-134,100.0,Very certain -33-68-1,33,68,1,68-1,,,33-135,100.0,Very certain -33-69-1,33,69,1,69-1,,,33-136,100.0,Very certain -33-7-1,33,7,1,7-1,,715[177],33-10,100.0,Very certain -33-70-3,33,70,3,70-3,,,33-137 33-138 33-139,100.0,Very certain -33-71-1,33,71,1,71-1,,,33-140 33-141 33-143,100.0,Very certain -33-72-3,33,72,3,72-3,,,33-144 33-145 33-146,100.0,Very certain -33-73-1,33,73,1,73-1,,,33-147 33-148,100.0,Very certain -33-74-3,33,74,3,74-3,,,33-149 33-150,100.0,Very certain -33-75-1,33,75,1,75-1,,,33-151,100.0,Very certain -33-76-2,33,76,2,76-2,,,33-152 33-153,100.0,Very certain -33-77-1,33,77,1,77-1,,,33-154,100.0,Very certain -33-78-2,33,78,2,78-2,"The verb ten has an existential meaning, whereas tene expresses the idea of possession.",,33-154 33-155,100.0,Very certain -33-79-1,33,79,1,79-1,,,33-159,100.0,Very certain -33-8-1,33,8,1,8-1,"Most degree words precede the adjectives, but some follow them as in Portuguese.",,33-11,75.0,Very certain -33-8-2,33,8,2,8-2,"Most degree words precede the adjectives, but some follow them as in Portuguese.",,33-12 33-13,25.0,Very certain -33-80-2,33,80,2,80-2,,,33-161,100.0,Very certain -33-81-2,33,81,2,81-2,,,33-156 33-157 33-158,100.0,Very certain -33-82-2,33,82,2,82-2,,,33-163 33-5,50.0,Very certain -33-82-1,33,82,1,82-1,,,33-162 33-164,50.0,Certain -33-83-1,33,83,1,83-1,Neither example is more acrolectal.,,33-166 33-167 33-168 33-169 33-170,100.0,Very certain -33-84-2,33,84,2,84-2,,,33-230,100.0,Very certain -33-85-1,33,85,1,85-1,There are no 'take' serials because i (either 's/he' or 'and') is required before the second verb.,,,100.0,Very certain -33-86-5,33,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -33-87-2,33,87,2,87-2,,,33-173 33-174,100.0,Very certain -33-88-2,33,88,2,88-2,,715[165],33-175 33-176,100.0,Very certain -33-89-2,33,89,2,89-2,,403[40],33-174 33-177,100.0,Very certain -33-9-1,33,9,1,9-1,,,33-14,100.0,Very certain -33-90-1,33,90,1,90-1,,,33-178 33-179,100.0,Very certain -33-91-8,33,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -33-92-2,33,92,2,92-2,,,33-180 33-181 33-182,100.0,Very certain -33-93-2,33,93,2,93-2,,,33-183 33-184,100.0,Very certain -33-94-3,33,94,3,94-3,,,33-185,100.0,Very certain -33-95-1,33,95,1,95-1,See Jürgen Lang's comment (Feature 95) on kuma and ma in Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago.,,33-186,100.0,Very certain -33-96-1,33,96,1,96-1,See Jürgen Lang's comment (Feature 96) on kuma and ma in Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago.,,33-188,100.0,Very certain -33-97-2,33,97,2,97-2,,,33-190,12.5,Certain -33-97-1,33,97,1,97-1,,,33-189,87.5,Very certain -33-98-3,33,98,3,98-3,,,33-191 33-192,100.0,Very certain -33-99-2,33,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-0-3,34,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -34-1-2,34,1,2,1-2,,,34-1,100.0,Very certain -34-10-1,34,10,1,10-1,The use of the indefinite article in Casamancese is certainly much more reduced than in English.,,34-16,100.0,Certain -34-100-4,34,100,4,100-4,,,34-156,100.0,Very certain -34-101-1,34,101,1,101-1,,,34-157,100.0,Very certain -34-102-1,34,102,1,102-1,,,34-158 34-159,100.0,Very certain -34-103-7,34,103,7,103-7,,,34-161,70.0,Very certain -34-103-1,34,103,1,103-1,,,34-160,30.0,Very certain -34-104-1,34,104,1,104-1,,,34-162,50.0,Very certain -34-104-8,34,104,8,104-8,,,34-163,50.0,Very certain -34-105-3,34,105,3,105-3,,,34-194,100.0,Very certain -34-106-2,34,106,2,106-2,,,34-164,50.0,Very certain -34-106-3,34,106,3,106-3,,,34-165,50.0,Very certain -34-107-3,34,107,3,107-3,,,34-166 34-167,100.0,Very certain -34-108-3,34,108,3,108-3,,,34-168 34-169,100.0,Very certain -34-109-1,34,109,1,109-1,,,34-170,100.0,Very certain -34-11-1,34,11,1,11-1,,,34-18,33.3333333333333,Very certain -34-11-2,34,11,2,11-2,,,34-17,33.3333333333333,Very certain -34-11-3,34,11,3,11-3,,,34-19,33.3333333333333,Very certain -34-110-1,34,110,1,110-1,,,34-171,100.0,Very certain -34-111-1,34,111,1,111-1,,,34-172,100.0,Very certain -34-112-1,34,112,1,112-1,"Brasu exists, but only with the meaning of 'movement of the arm'.",,34-173 34-174,100.0,Very certain -34-113-3,34,113,3,113-3,,,34-175 34-176 34-177,100.0,Very certain -34-114-2,34,114,2,114-2,,,34-178 34-179,100.0,Very certain -34-115-4,34,115,4,115-4,,,34-180 34-181 34-182,100.0,Very certain -34-116-1,34,116,1,116-1,,,34-183 34-184,100.0,Very certain -34-117-2,34,117,2,117-2,,,34-185,100.0,Very certain -34-118-3,34,118,3,118-3,,,34-186 34-187 34-188,100.0,Very certain -34-119-3,34,119,3,119-3,,,34-189 34-190 34-191,100.0,Very certain -34-12-1,34,12,1,12-1,,,34-20 34-21,100.0,Very certain -34-120-1,34,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-121-2,34,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -34-122-4,34,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -34-123-4,34,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -34-124-2,34,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0, -34-125-3,34,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -34-126-3,34,126,3,126-3,/z/ occurs only in borrowings from French or Portuguese.,,34-217,100.0, -34-127-6,34,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -34-128-1,34,128,1,128-1,,,34-207,100.0, -34-129-1,34,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -34-13-1,34,13,1,13-1,,,34-22,100.0,Very certain -34-130-4,34,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -34-131,34,131,1,131-1,,,34-198,100.0, -34-132,34,132,1,132-1,,,34-199,100.0, -34-133,34,133,1,133-1,,,34-214,100.0, -34-134,34,134,1,134-1,,,34-215,100.0, -34-137,34,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -34-138,34,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -34-139,34,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -34-14-1,34,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-140,34,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -34-143,34,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -34-144,34,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -34-145,34,145,1,145-1,,,34-203,100.0, -34-146,34,146,1,146-1,,,34-209,100.0, -34-147,34,147,1,147-1,,,34-225,100.0, -34-148,34,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -34-149,34,149,1,149-1,,,34-226,100.0, -34-15-1,34,15,1,15-1,,,34-23,100.0,Very certain -34-151,34,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -34-152,34,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -34-153,34,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -34-155,34,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -34-156,34,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -34-158,34,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -34-159,34,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -34-16-1,34,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-160,34,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -34-161,34,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -34-163,34,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -34-168,34,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -34-169,34,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -34-17-4,34,17,4,17-4,,,34-24 34-25 34-26,100.0,Very certain -34-170,34,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -34-171,34,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -34-172,34,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -34-173,34,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -34-174,34,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -34-176,34,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -34-178,34,178,1,178-1,,,34-200,100.0, -34-179,34,179,1,179-1,,,34-216,100.0, -34-18-1,34,18,1,18-1,,,34-84,100.0,Very certain -34-180,34,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -34-181,34,181,1,181-1,,,34-207,100.0, -34-182,34,182,1,182-1,,,34-211,100.0, -34-183,34,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -34-184,34,184,1,184-1,,,34-221,100.0, -34-187,34,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -34-188,34,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -34-189,34,189,1,189-1,,,34-220,100.0, -34-19-2,34,19,2,19-2,,,34-27 34-28 34-29 34-30,100.0,Very certain -34-190,34,190,3,190-3,/v/ occurs only in borrowings from French or Portuguese.,,34-219,100.0, -34-191,34,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -34-192,34,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -34-193,34,193,1,193-1,,,34-231,100.0, -34-194,34,194,3,194-3,/z/ occurs only in borrowings from French or Portuguese.,,34-217,100.0, -34-195,34,195,3,195-3,/ʃ/ occurs only in borrowings from French or Portuguese.,,34-218,100.0, -34-196,34,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -34-199,34,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -34-2-2,34,2,2,2-2,,,34-180 34-3,100.0,Very certain -34-20-1,34,20,1,20-1,,,34-31,100.0,Very certain -34-200,34,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -34-201,34,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -34-202,34,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -34-205,34,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -34-209,34,209,1,209-1,,,34-222,100.0, -34-21-2,34,21,2,21-2,,,34-32 34-33,100.0,Very certain -34-212,34,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -34-217,34,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -34-218,34,218,1,218-1,,,34-223,100.0, -34-22-6,34,22,6,22-6,,,34-34 34-35,100.0,Very certain -34-221,34,221,1,221-1,,,34-224,100.0, -34-23-3,34,23,3,23-3,,,34-36,100.0,Very certain -34-231,34,231,1,231-1,,,34-201,100.0, -34-232,34,232,1,232-1,,,34-205,100.0, -34-234,34,234,1,234-1,,,34-208,100.0, -34-235,34,235,1,235-1,,,34-212,100.0, -34-236,34,236,1,236-1,,,34-202,100.0, -34-237,34,237,1,237-1,,,34-204,100.0, -34-238,34,238,1,238-1,,,34-206,100.0, -34-239,34,239,1,239-1,,,34-210,100.0, -34-24-3,34,24,3,24-3,"There is a special, preposed non-bound associative marker used together with the marker for additive plurals.",,34-37,100.0,Very certain -34-25-1,34,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-252,34,252,1,252-1,,,34-227,100.0, -34-253,34,253,1,253-1,,,34-228,100.0, -34-254,34,254,2,254-2,/ɛ/ is rare and occurs mainly (but not only) in African-derived terms.,,34-229,100.0, -34-255,34,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -34-256,34,256,1,256-1,,,34-234,100.0, -34-257,34,257,1,257-1,,,34-232,100.0, -34-258,34,258,1,258-1,,,34-233,100.0, -34-259,34,259,2,259-2,/ɔ/ is rare and occurs mainly (but not only) in African-derived terms.,,34-230,100.0, -34-26-2,34,26,2,26-2,,,34-38 34-39 34-40 34-41,100.0,Very certain -34-260,34,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -34-261,34,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -34-263,34,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -34-267,34,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -34-268,34,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -34-27-2,34,27,2,27-2,,,34-42,100.0,Very certain -34-271,34,271,2,271-2,/ɐ/ is rare and occurs only in African-derived terms.,,34-213,100.0, -34-272,34,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -34-273,34,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -34-274,34,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -34-275,34,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -34-276,34,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -34-277,34,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -34-278,34,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -34-279,34,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -34-28-4,34,28,4,28-4,,,34-43,100.0,Very certain -34-280,34,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -34-281,34,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -34-282,34,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -34-284,34,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -34-285,34,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -34-286,34,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -34-287,34,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -34-288,34,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -34-289,34,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -34-29-1,34,29,1,29-1,"In Casamancese Creole, there is a regular contrast between un, which is used exclusively as an indefinite article (similarly to English a) and un-soŋ [a-alone], which is used exclusively as the numeral 'one'. When people count, they always say : un-soŋ (not *un), dos, tres.",,34-44 34-45,100.0,Certain -34-290,34,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -34-291,34,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -34-3-2,34,3,2,3-2,,,34-5,10.0,Very certain -34-3-1,34,3,1,3-1,,,34-4,90.0,Very certain -34-30-3,34,30,3,30-3,,,34-46,100.0,Very certain -34-308-3,34,308,3,308-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-309-3,34,309,3,309-3,"There are many more Casamancese Creole second-language speakers than native-spakers, as the language had a vehicular function until the 1960s and is still used as a local vehicular in several Ñun villages (in particular along the national road Nº6, from Ziguinchor to Kougnoundou, i.e. in Niaguis district (""arrondissement"")).",,,100.0,Very certain -34-31-4,34,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Certain -34-310-4,34,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-311-3,34,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-312-2,34,312,2,312-2,"In Ziguinchor urban area, Casamancese Creole is clearly receding and, when maintained in familiar settings, is mainly used in mixed discourse (code-switching with Wolof and French). In rural Creole-speaking villages, Casamancese Creole is still being actively passed on to children (in particular in Sindone and Niaguis).",,,100.0,Very certain -34-313-4,34,313,4,313-4,"The actual number of native speakers is around 10,000; including second-language speakers, the total figure must comprise between 20,000 to 50,000 people.",,,100.0, -34-314-3,34,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-315-3,34,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-316-3,34,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-317-1,34,317,1,317-1,The language is actively used in traditional songs as well as in contemporary Casamance pop music. Songs in Casamancese are also frequent in Senegalese Catholic church services (even in non-Creole speaking areas).,,,100.0,Very certain -34-318-2,34,318,2,318-2,Some folktales and some religious texts (catechisms) and songs are published in Casamancese Creole.,,,100.0,Very certain -34-319-3,34,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-32-2,34,32,2,32-2,,,34-47 34-48,100.0,Very certain -34-320-3,34,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-321-2,34,321,2,321-2,"If both the bank employee (or the post office worker, ...) and the client are Casamance Creole speakers, then Casamancese Creole is commonly used in formal commercial settings. As Casamancese Creole still retains a vehicular function in Ziguinchor area (including the city itself), such interactions are not rare.",,,100.0,Very certain -34-322-3,34,322,3,322-3,"French is the only court language. However, a Casamancese Creole speaker who would not feel enough at ease in French can require the help of a translator (Creole - French) in order to be correctly understood by the court.",,,100.0,Very certain -34-323-3,34,323,3,323-3,"First, Casamancese Creole is not used in the Senegalese Parliament because it is spoken by a tiny minority (less than 1%) of Senegalese citizens; second, according to Senegalese law, only a codified Senegalese language (i.e. with an orthographic system aproved by the Parliament) with a national status can be used at the Senegalese Parliament and Casamancese Creole is neither codified nor does it have the status of national language in Senegal.",,,100.0,Very certain -34-324-3,34,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-325-3,34,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-326-4,34,326,4,326-4,"In Ziguinchor urban area, the main contact language (which tends to replace Creole) is Wolof; in several eastern villages (Agniack, Baghagha, Fanda, Kougnoundou, Sindone), Mandinka is the main competitor of Creole; in all Casamancese Creole communities, French also exerts a strong influence on daily use, as it is Senegal's official language and the only medium of instruction in schools.",,,100.0,Very certain -34-327-2,34,327,2,327-2,"For some items, there are phonic variants according to localities, e.g. 'cloud' = nuybu in Kandé (Ziguinchor), nirbu in Niaguis, nibu in Adéane.",,,100.0,Very certain -34-328-2,34,328,2,328-2,There seems to be at least some few geographical variants in the domain of morphosyntax: e.g. 'to pity him/her' = ten dor di sol in Fanda; ten dor di yel in Adéane.,,,100.0,Very certain -34-329-2,34,329,2,329-2,There is some lexical geographic variation: 'antlion (doodlebug)' = kukuluku in Adéane; mamá kutí or kokolekole in Sindone.,,,100.0,Very certain -34-33-2,34,33,2,33-2,,,34-192 34-9,100.0,Very certain -34-330-3,34,330,3,330-3,"The urban/rural dichotomy does not seem a relevant opposition in the domain of phonology, but we do not have enough data to be conlusive.",,,100.0,Intermediate -34-331-3,34,331,3,331-3,"The urban/rural dichotomy does not seem a relevant opposition in the domain of morphology, but we do not have enough data to be conlusive.",,,100.0,Intermediate -34-332-2,34,332,2,332-2,"There seems to be some contrast between urban and rural usage in the domain of lexicon, e.g. basiya = 'bathtub' in Ziguinchor (city) and 'chamberpot' in the eastern villages (e.g. Sindone).",,,100.0,Certain -34-333-3,34,333,3,333-3,The social layering of the Casamancese Creole speakers is very limited and therefore there cannot be real social variation within this community.,,,100.0,Very certain -34-334-3,34,334,3,334-3,The social layering of the Casamancese Creole speakers is very limited and therefore there cannot be real social variation within this community.,,,100.0,Very certain -34-335-3,34,335,3,335-3,The social layering of the Casamancese Creole speakers is very limited and therefore there cannot be real social variation within this community.,,,100.0,Very certain -34-34-1,34,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-35-6,34,35,6,35-6,,,34-49 34-50,100.0,Very certain -34-36-1,34,36,1,36-1,,,34-51,100.0,Very certain -34-37-1,34,37,1,37-1,,,34-52,70.0,Very certain -34-37-6,34,37,6,37-6,,,34-53,30.0,Very certain -34-38-4,34,38,4,38-4,The construction kaŋ + proper noun (see Example 55) is the only case we know of a lack of marker between possessor and possessum. It is therefore hard to draw any rule from this single instance.,,34-55,10.0,Certain -34-38-2,34,38,2,38-2,The construction kaŋ + proper noun (see Example 55) is the only case we know of a lack of marker between possessor and possessum. It is therefore hard to draw any rule from this single instance.,,34-54,90.0,Very certain -34-39-1,34,39,1,39-1,The pattern with the preposition is the minority pattern for dependent pronominal possessors.,,34-56 34-57,100.0,Very certain -34-4-2,34,4,2,4-2,,,34-2 34-6,100.0,Very certain -34-40-2,34,40,2,40-2,There are only two adjectives with gender agreement: dudu 'crazy'' and beju 'old'.,,34-58,100.0,Very certain -34-41-1,34,41,1,41-1,"Example 60 shows that, when the standard is not overt, ma(s) is still used to express the gradation of the adjective riku. Therefore ma(s) is necessarily the comparative adjective marker. Example 63 (semantically equivalent to Example 59) shows clearly that the sequence di ki precedes the standard (Pidru) whereas ma(s) precedes the adjective (riku) : therefore di ki is necessarily the comparative standard marker. In Example 59, the standard is inserted between the comparative adjective marker (ma(s)) and the adjective (riku), but the existence of Example 63 prevents one from analysing ma(s) as a standard comparative marker.",,34-59 34-60 34-63,100.0,Very certain -34-42-5,34,42,5,42-5,,,34-61,70.0,Very certain -34-42-8,34,42,8,42-8,,,34-62 34-63,30.0,Very certain -34-43-1,34,43,1,43-1,,,34-64,50.0,Very certain -34-43-4,34,43,4,43-4,,,34-65 34-66,50.0,Very certain -34-44-8,34,44,8,44-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-45-5,34,45,5,45-5,,,34-66 34-67,100.0,Very certain -34-46-2,34,46,2,46-2,,,34-68,100.0,Very certain -34-47-5,34,47,5,47-5,,,34-68 34-70,100.0,Very certain -34-48-2,34,48,2,48-2,,,34-69,100.0,Very certain -34-49-3,34,49,3,49-3,,,34-197 34-68 34-71,100.0,Very certain -34-5-5,34,5,5,5-5,"In Casamancese Creole, we have a double contrast. The first contrast is between e and kel (simple adnominal forms of the demonstrative with no locative deictic element), where e refers to a nearby, visible element, whereas kel has mainly an anaphoric function (refering to something previously mentioned,independently of its relative distance to the speaker). The second contrast is between e...-li (adnominal proximal demonstrative introducing an object in the immediate vicinity of the speaker) and e ...-la / ke(l) ...-la (adnominal distal demonstrative introducing an object located far away from the speaker). Simple e also has a locative function, but in order to express a contrast (proximal/distal) in the physical environment of the speaker, one must resort to the compound forms which include locative deictic elements (-li and -la). For this reason, li and la in these contexts are considered as being one of the components of discontinuous adnominal demonstratives.",,34-8,50.0,Very certain -34-5-1,34,5,1,5-1,"In Casamancese Creole, we have a double contrast. The first contrast is between e and kel (simple adnominal forms of the demonstrative with no locative deictic element), where e refers to a nearby, visible element, whereas kel has mainly an anaphoric function (refering to something previously mentioned,independently of its relative distance to the speaker). The second contrast is between e...-li (adnominal proximal demonstrative introducing an object in the immediate vicinity of the speaker) and e ...-la / ke(l) ...-la (adnominal distal demonstrative introducing an object located far away from the speaker). Simple e also has a locative function, but in order to express a contrast (proximal/distal) in the physical environment of the speaker, one must resort to the compound forms which include locative deictic elements (-li and -la). For this reason, li and la in these contexts are considered as being one of the components of discontinuous adnominal demonstratives.",,34-7,50.0,Very certain -34-50-1,34,50,1,50-1,,,34-72 34-73,100.0,Very certain -34-51-3,34,51,3,51-3,,,34-74 34-75,100.0,Very certain -34-52-4,34,52,4,52-4,,,34-76 34-77,100.0,Very certain -34-53-2,34,53,2,53-2,,,34-195,100.0,Very certain -34-54-6,34,54,6,54-6,,,34-78 34-79 34-80,100.0,Very certain -34-55-1,34,55,1,55-1,,,34-81 34-82,100.0,Very certain -34-56-3,34,56,3,56-3,"Both negator and imperative construction are normal in the prohibitive, but the place of the negator contrasts between prohibitive and affirmative sentences.",,34-83 34-84 34-85,100.0,Very certain -34-57-1,34,57,1,57-1,,,34-86,100.0,Very certain -34-58-1,34,58,1,58-1,,,34-87 34-88,100.0,Very certain -34-59-2,34,59,2,59-2,"Case-marking is not limited to 3rd person singular; it applies also to 1st person singular (N vs. -m), 1st person plural (no vs. -nos /-nu), 2nd person plural (bo vs. -bos), and 3rd person plural (e vs. -elus/-lus).",,34-89 34-90,100.0,Very certain -34-6-1,34,6,1,6-1,,,34-10,100.0,Very certain -34-60-1,34,60,1,60-1,,,34-93 34-94,30.0,Very certain -34-60-2,34,60,2,60-2,,,34-91 34-92,70.0,Very certain -34-61-2,34,61,2,61-2,,,34-96,50.0,Very certain -34-61-1,34,61,1,61-1,,,34-95,50.0,Very certain -34-62-1,34,62,1,62-1,,,34-97,100.0,Very certain -34-63-1,34,63,1,63-1,,,34-98,100.0,Very certain -34-64-1,34,64,1,64-1,,,34-99,90.0,Very certain -34-64-2,34,64,2,64-2,,,34-100,10.0,Very certain -34-65-4,34,65,4,65-4,,,34-102,50.0,Very certain -34-65-3,34,65,3,65-3,,,34-101,50.0,Very certain -34-66-1,34,66,1,66-1,,,34-103,30.0,Very certain -34-66-3,34,66,3,66-3,,,34-104,70.0,Very certain -34-67-2,34,67,2,67-2,,,34-106,50.0,Very certain -34-67-1,34,67,1,67-1,,,34-105,50.0,Very certain -34-68-1,34,68,1,68-1,,,34-107,50.0,Very certain -34-68-2,34,68,2,68-2,,,34-108,50.0,Very certain -34-69-2,34,69,2,69-2,,,34-193,50.0,Very certain -34-69-1,34,69,1,69-1,,,34-109,50.0,Very certain -34-7-1,34,7,1,7-1,,,34-11,100.0,Very certain -34-70-3,34,70,3,70-3,,,34-109 34-110 34-111,100.0,Very certain -34-71-3,34,71,3,71-3,,,34-110 34-112 34-113 34-196,100.0,Very certain -34-72-3,34,72,3,72-3,,,34-114 34-115,100.0,Very certain -34-73-1,34,73,1,73-1,"Etymologically, the i of Example 116 may well be (at least partly) derived from the Portuguese personal pronominal ele (see various publications of Kihm (on Guinea-Bissau Kriyol) and Baptista (on Capeverdean) about this topic). However, in synchrony and in such a sentence as Joŋ ø i piskador 'John is a fisherman', i behaves just as another verbal predicate or another copula: see Example 120 Joŋ ø sá piskador 'John is now (=has turned into) a fisherman'), where sa behaves syntactically exactly the same way as i in Example 116.",,34-116 34-120,100.0,Very certain -34-74-3,34,74,3,74-3,The mechanisms of the presence or absence of the copula is not fully understood.,,34-117 34-118,100.0,Very certain -34-75-1,34,75,1,75-1,,,34-119,100.0,Very certain -34-76-3,34,76,3,76-3,"Both i and sá can be translated by the English copula (to) be. However, those two elements do not express exactly the same semantic nuance. With i, we have a neutral equative relationship, with no inference about its pragmatics or contextual circumstances. With sá, the equative relationship has a resultative implication, i.e. Joŋ ø sá piskador 'John is now a fisherman' means implicitly 'Before, John had another job, now he has become a fisherman'. The contrast between i and sá probably reflects the contrast between Portuguese ser (the Casamancese copula i can probably be (partly at least) traced back to Portuguese é, 3SG.PRS.IND of ser) and estar (etymon of Casamancese sá).",,34-119 34-120 34-121,100.0,Very certain -34-77-4,34,77,4,77-4,,,34-124,33.3333333333333,Very certain -34-77-1,34,77,1,77-1,,,34-122,33.3333333333333,Very certain -34-77-2,34,77,2,77-2,,,34-123,33.3333333333333,Very certain -34-78-1,34,78,1,78-1,,,34-125 34-126,100.0,Very certain -34-79-2,34,79,2,79-2,,,34-130,30.0,Very certain -34-79-1,34,79,1,79-1,,,34-129,70.0,Very certain -34-8-2,34,8,2,8-2,,,34-12,50.0,Very certain -34-8-1,34,8,1,8-1,,,34-13,50.0,Very certain -34-80-2,34,80,2,80-2,,,34-131,100.0,Very certain -34-81-2,34,81,2,81-2,,,34-127 34-128,100.0,Very certain -34-82-2,34,82,2,82-2,,,34-132 34-133,100.0,Very certain -34-83-1,34,83,1,83-1,,,34-133 34-134,100.0,Very certain -34-84-2,34,84,2,84-2,Such constructions are far from being frequent in Casamancese.,,34-135,100.0,Certain -34-85-5,34,85,5,85-5,,,34-138,33.3333333333333,Certain -34-85-4,34,85,4,85-4,,,34-137,33.3333333333333,Certain -34-85-2,34,85,2,85-2,,,34-136,33.3333333333333,Certain -34-86-5,34,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-87-2,34,87,2,87-2,,,34-139 34-140,100.0,Very certain -34-88-2,34,88,2,88-2,,,34-141 34-142,100.0,Very certain -34-89-2,34,89,2,89-2,,,34-141 34-143,100.0,Very certain -34-9-4,34,9,4,9-4,,,34-14 34-15,100.0,Very certain -34-90-1,34,90,1,90-1,,,34-144,100.0,Very certain -34-91-8,34,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -34-92-1,34,92,1,92-1,,,34-145,100.0,Very certain -34-93-1,34,93,1,93-1,,,34-146,100.0,Very certain -34-94-7,34,94,7,94-7,relative pronoun / particle with no resumptive pronoun and no gap.,,34-147,50.0,Certain -34-94-9,34,94,9,94-9,relative pronoun / particle with no resumptive pronoun and no gap.,,34-148,50.0,Very certain -34-95-4,34,95,4,95-4,,,34-150,30.0,Very certain -34-95-3,34,95,3,95-3,,,34-149,70.0,Very certain -34-96-4,34,96,4,96-4,,,34-152,30.0,Very certain -34-96-3,34,96,3,96-3,,,34-151,70.0,Very certain -34-97-1,34,97,1,97-1,,,34-153,100.0,Very certain -34-98-3,34,98,3,98-3,,,34-154 34-155,100.0,Very certain -34-99-2,34,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -35-0-3,35,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -35-1-2,35,1,2,1-2,,,35-1,100.0,Very certain -35-10-1,35,10,1,10-1,,25,35-21,100.0,Very certain -35-100-5,35,100,5,100-5,,593[Ch. 4],35-220 35-221,100.0,Very certain -35-101-5,35,101,5,101-5,,593[Ch. 4],35-222 35-223,100.0,Very certain -35-102-1,35,102,1,102-1,,593[247-255],35-224 35-225,100.0,Very certain -35-103-7,35,103,7,103-7,"In addition to the final question particle an, which insists on the question, other sentence-final particles such as ê and ô are also common in interrogative clauses. However, the latter items are also typically found in non-interrogative clauses and should therefore not be directly associated with interrogation.",,35-227,70.0,Very certain -35-103-2,35,103,2,103-2,"In addition to the final question particle an, which insists on the question, other sentence-final particles such as ê and ô are also common in interrogative clauses. However, the latter items are also typically found in non-interrogative clauses and should therefore not be directly associated with interrogation.",,35-226,30.0,Very certain -35-104-7,35,104,7,104-7,,,35-228 35-229,100.0,Very certain -35-105-1,35,105,1,105-1,,,35-230 35-231,100.0,Very certain -35-106-2,35,106,2,106-2,,593[220-7],35-232 35-233,100.0,Very certain -35-107-2,35,107,2,107-2,,,35-234 35-235,100.0,Very certain -35-108-2,35,108,2,108-2,Sound files for both types of affective clicks are attached.,,35-236 35-237,100.0,Very certain -35-109-1,35,109,1,109-1,,,35-238 35-239,100.0,Very certain -35-11-2,35,11,2,11-2,Sentence-level adverbs occur typically in pre-subject or sentence-final position.,593[Ch. 3],35-23,50.0,Very certain -35-11-3,35,11,3,11-3,Sentence-level adverbs occur typically in pre-subject or sentence-final position.,593[Ch. 3],35-22,50.0,Very certain -35-110-1,35,110,1,110-1,,,35-240 35-241,100.0,Very certain -35-111-2,35,111,2,111-2,,,35-242,100.0,Very certain +However, if the ordinal number is not modifying a noun, the cardinal number is used after the preposition di 'of' e.g. ki alunu i di unzi 'that student is the eleventh'.",,33-71 33-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-36-1,33,36,1,36-1,,,33-73 33-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-37-1,33,37,1,37-1,,,33-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-38-2,33,38,2,38-2,,,33-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-39-2,33,39,2,39-2,,,33-75 33-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +33-4-2,33,4,2,4-2,,,33-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-40-2,33,40,2,40-2,In the acrolect adjectives sometimes agree in gender with the head noun when the noun refers to a human entity.,,33-78 33-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-41-1,33,41,1,41-1,,,33-231 33-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-42-8,33,42,8,42-8,,,33-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-43-4,33,43,4,43-4,,,33-88 33-89 33-90 33-91 33-96,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +33-43-1,33,43,1,43-1,,,33-86 33-87 33-88 33-89,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +33-44-8,33,44,8,44-8,,,33-92 33-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-45-4,33,45,4,45-4,,403[49],33-94 33-95 33-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +33-46-3,33,46,3,46-3,,,33-97 33-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-47-5,33,47,5,47-5,,715,33-100 33-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +33-48-5,33,48,5,48-5,The marker ta has future meaning only in orders or requests.,403[37],33-101 33-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +33-49-3,33,49,3,49-3,,,33-103 33-104 33-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-5-1,33,5,1,5-1,,,33-6 33-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-50-1,33,50,1,50-1,,,33-105 33-106 33-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-51-3,33,51,3,51-3,,715[85],33-107 33-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +33-52-2,33,52,2,52-2,,,33-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-53-2,33,53,2,53-2,,,33-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-54-2,33,54,2,54-2,,,33-111,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-55-1,33,55,1,55-1,,,33-112 33-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-56-3,33,56,3,56-3,,,33-114 33-115 33-116,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +33-57-1,33,57,1,57-1,,,33-117 33-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-58-1,33,58,1,58-1,,,33-119 33-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-59-2,33,59,2,59-2,,,33-121 33-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-6-1,33,6,1,6-1,,,33-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-60-2,33,60,2,60-2,,,33-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-61-1,33,61,1,61-1,,,33-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-62-1,33,62,1,62-1,,,33-125,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-63-2,33,63,2,63-2,,,33-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-64-1,33,64,1,64-1,,,33-128 33-129,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-64-2,33,64,2,64-2,,,33-127,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-65-3,33,65,3,65-3,,,33-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +33-66-3,33,66,3,66-3,,,33-133,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-66-1,33,66,1,66-1,,,33-132,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-67-1,33,67,1,67-1,,,33-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-68-1,33,68,1,68-1,,,33-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-69-1,33,69,1,69-1,,,33-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-7-1,33,7,1,7-1,,715[177],33-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +33-70-3,33,70,3,70-3,,,33-137 33-138 33-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +33-71-1,33,71,1,71-1,,,33-140 33-141 33-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-72-3,33,72,3,72-3,,,33-144 33-145 33-146,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +33-73-1,33,73,1,73-1,,,33-147 33-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-74-3,33,74,3,74-3,,,33-149 33-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +33-75-1,33,75,1,75-1,,,33-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-76-2,33,76,2,76-2,,,33-152 33-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-77-1,33,77,1,77-1,,,33-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +33-78-2,33,78,2,78-2,"The verb ten has an existential meaning, whereas tene expresses the idea of possession.",,33-154 33-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-79-1,33,79,1,79-1,,,33-159,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-8-1,33,8,1,8-1,"Most degree words precede the adjectives, but some follow them as in Portuguese.",,33-11,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-8-2,33,8,2,8-2,"Most degree words precede the adjectives, but some follow them as in Portuguese.",,33-12 33-13,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +33-80-2,33,80,2,80-2,,,33-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-81-2,33,81,2,81-2,,,33-156 33-157 33-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-82-2,33,82,2,82-2,,,33-163 33-5,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-82-1,33,82,1,82-1,,,33-162 33-164,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-83-1,33,83,1,83-1,Neither example is more acrolectal.,,33-166 33-167 33-168 33-169 33-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-84-2,33,84,2,84-2,,,33-230,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-85-1,33,85,1,85-1,There are no 'take' serials because i (either 's/he' or 'and') is required before the second verb.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-86-5,33,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +33-87-2,33,87,2,87-2,,,33-173 33-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-88-2,33,88,2,88-2,,715[165],33-175 33-176,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +33-89-2,33,89,2,89-2,,403[40],33-174 33-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +33-9-1,33,9,1,9-1,,,33-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-90-1,33,90,1,90-1,,,33-178 33-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-91-8,33,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +33-92-2,33,92,2,92-2,,,33-180 33-181 33-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +33-93-2,33,93,2,93-2,,,33-183 33-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-94-3,33,94,3,94-3,,,33-185,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +33-95-1,33,95,1,95-1,See Jürgen Lang's comment (Feature 95) on kuma and ma in Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago.,,33-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-96-1,33,96,1,96-1,See Jürgen Lang's comment (Feature 96) on kuma and ma in Cape Verdean Creole of Santiago.,,33-188,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +33-97-2,33,97,2,97-2,,,33-190,12.5,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +33-97-1,33,97,1,97-1,,,33-189,87.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +33-98-3,33,98,3,98-3,,,33-191 33-192,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +33-99-2,33,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-0-3,34,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +34-1-2,34,1,2,1-2,,,34-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-10-1,34,10,1,10-1,The use of the indefinite article in Casamancese is certainly much more reduced than in English.,,34-16,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-100-4,34,100,4,100-4,,,34-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-101-1,34,101,1,101-1,,,34-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-102-1,34,102,1,102-1,,,34-158 34-159,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-103-7,34,103,7,103-7,,,34-161,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-103-1,34,103,1,103-1,,,34-160,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-104-1,34,104,1,104-1,,,34-162,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +34-104-8,34,104,8,104-8,,,34-163,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +34-105-3,34,105,3,105-3,,,34-194,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-106-2,34,106,2,106-2,,,34-164,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +34-106-3,34,106,3,106-3,,,34-165,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +34-107-3,34,107,3,107-3,,,34-166 34-167,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-108-3,34,108,3,108-3,,,34-168 34-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-109-1,34,109,1,109-1,,,34-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-11-1,34,11,1,11-1,,,34-18,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-800080-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-11-2,34,11,2,11-2,,,34-17,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-800080-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-11-3,34,11,3,11-3,,,34-19,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-800080-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-110-1,34,110,1,110-1,,,34-171,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-111-1,34,111,1,111-1,,,34-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-112-1,34,112,1,112-1,"Brasu exists, but only with the meaning of 'movement of the arm'.",,34-173 34-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-113-3,34,113,3,113-3,,,34-175 34-176 34-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-114-2,34,114,2,114-2,,,34-178 34-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-115-4,34,115,4,115-4,,,34-180 34-181 34-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-116-1,34,116,1,116-1,,,34-183 34-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-117-2,34,117,2,117-2,,,34-185,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-118-3,34,118,3,118-3,,,34-186 34-187 34-188,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-119-3,34,119,3,119-3,,,34-189 34-190 34-191,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-12-1,34,12,1,12-1,,,34-20 34-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-120-1,34,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-121-2,34,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +34-122-4,34,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +34-123-4,34,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-124-2,34,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +34-125-3,34,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +34-126-3,34,126,3,126-3,/z/ occurs only in borrowings from French or Portuguese.,,34-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +34-127-6,34,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-128-1,34,128,1,128-1,,,34-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +34-129-1,34,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +34-13-1,34,13,1,13-1,,,34-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +34-130-4,34,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-131,34,131,1,131-1,,,34-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-132,34,132,1,132-1,,,34-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-133,34,133,1,133-1,,,34-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-134,34,134,1,134-1,,,34-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-137,34,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-138,34,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-139,34,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-14-1,34,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-140,34,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-143,34,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-144,34,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-145,34,145,1,145-1,,,34-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-146,34,146,1,146-1,,,34-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-147,34,147,1,147-1,,,34-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-148,34,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-149,34,149,1,149-1,,,34-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-15-1,34,15,1,15-1,,,34-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +34-151,34,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-152,34,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-153,34,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-155,34,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-156,34,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-158,34,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-159,34,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-16-1,34,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-160,34,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-161,34,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-163,34,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-168,34,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-169,34,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-17-4,34,17,4,17-4,,,34-24 34-25 34-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-170,34,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-171,34,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-172,34,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-173,34,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-174,34,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-176,34,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-178,34,178,1,178-1,,,34-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-179,34,179,1,179-1,,,34-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-18-1,34,18,1,18-1,,,34-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-180,34,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-181,34,181,1,181-1,,,34-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-182,34,182,1,182-1,,,34-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-183,34,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-184,34,184,1,184-1,,,34-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-187,34,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-188,34,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-189,34,189,1,189-1,,,34-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-19-2,34,19,2,19-2,,,34-27 34-28 34-29 34-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-190,34,190,3,190-3,/v/ occurs only in borrowings from French or Portuguese.,,34-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +34-191,34,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-192,34,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-193,34,193,1,193-1,,,34-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-194,34,194,3,194-3,/z/ occurs only in borrowings from French or Portuguese.,,34-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +34-195,34,195,3,195-3,/ʃ/ occurs only in borrowings from French or Portuguese.,,34-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +34-196,34,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-199,34,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-2-2,34,2,2,2-2,,,34-180 34-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-20-1,34,20,1,20-1,,,34-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-200,34,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-201,34,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-202,34,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-205,34,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-209,34,209,1,209-1,,,34-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-21-2,34,21,2,21-2,,,34-32 34-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-212,34,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-217,34,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-218,34,218,1,218-1,,,34-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-22-6,34,22,6,22-6,,,34-34 34-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +34-221,34,221,1,221-1,,,34-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-23-3,34,23,3,23-3,,,34-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-231,34,231,1,231-1,,,34-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-232,34,232,1,232-1,,,34-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-234,34,234,1,234-1,,,34-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-235,34,235,1,235-1,,,34-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-236,34,236,1,236-1,,,34-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-237,34,237,1,237-1,,,34-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-238,34,238,1,238-1,,,34-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-239,34,239,1,239-1,,,34-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-24-3,34,24,3,24-3,"There is a special, preposed non-bound associative marker used together with the marker for additive plurals.",,34-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-25-1,34,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-252,34,252,1,252-1,,,34-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-253,34,253,1,253-1,,,34-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-254,34,254,2,254-2,/ɛ/ is rare and occurs mainly (but not only) in African-derived terms.,,34-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +34-255,34,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-256,34,256,1,256-1,,,34-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-257,34,257,1,257-1,,,34-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-258,34,258,1,258-1,,,34-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +34-259,34,259,2,259-2,/ɔ/ is rare and occurs mainly (but not only) in African-derived terms.,,34-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +34-26-2,34,26,2,26-2,,,34-38 34-39 34-40 34-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-260,34,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-261,34,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-263,34,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-267,34,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-268,34,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-27-2,34,27,2,27-2,,,34-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-271,34,271,2,271-2,/ɐ/ is rare and occurs only in African-derived terms.,,34-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +34-272,34,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-273,34,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-274,34,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-275,34,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-276,34,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-277,34,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-278,34,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-279,34,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-28-4,34,28,4,28-4,,,34-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +34-280,34,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-281,34,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-282,34,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-284,34,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-285,34,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-286,34,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-287,34,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-288,34,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-289,34,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-29-1,34,29,1,29-1,"In Casamancese Creole, there is a regular contrast between un, which is used exclusively as an indefinite article (similarly to English a) and un-soŋ [a-alone], which is used exclusively as the numeral 'one'. When people count, they always say : un-soŋ (not *un), dos, tres.",,34-44 34-45,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-290,34,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-291,34,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +34-3-2,34,3,2,3-2,,,34-5,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-3-1,34,3,1,3-1,,,34-4,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-30-3,34,30,3,30-3,,,34-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +34-308-3,34,308,3,308-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-309-3,34,309,3,309-3,"There are many more Casamancese Creole second-language speakers than native-spakers, as the language had a vehicular function until the 1960s and is still used as a local vehicular in several Ñun villages (in particular along the national road Nº6, from Ziguinchor to Kougnoundou, i.e. in Niaguis district (""arrondissement"")).",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-31-4,34,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-310-4,34,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +34-311-3,34,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-312-2,34,312,2,312-2,"In Ziguinchor urban area, Casamancese Creole is clearly receding and, when maintained in familiar settings, is mainly used in mixed discourse (code-switching with Wolof and French). In rural Creole-speaking villages, Casamancese Creole is still being actively passed on to children (in particular in Sindone and Niaguis).",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-313-4,34,313,4,313-4,"The actual number of native speakers is around 10,000; including second-language speakers, the total figure must comprise between 20,000 to 50,000 people.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-314-3,34,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-315-3,34,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-316-3,34,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-317-1,34,317,1,317-1,The language is actively used in traditional songs as well as in contemporary Casamance pop music. Songs in Casamancese are also frequent in Senegalese Catholic church services (even in non-Creole speaking areas).,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-318-2,34,318,2,318-2,Some folktales and some religious texts (catechisms) and songs are published in Casamancese Creole.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-319-3,34,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-32-2,34,32,2,32-2,,,34-47 34-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-320-3,34,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-321-2,34,321,2,321-2,"If both the bank employee (or the post office worker, ...) and the client are Casamance Creole speakers, then Casamancese Creole is commonly used in formal commercial settings. As Casamancese Creole still retains a vehicular function in Ziguinchor area (including the city itself), such interactions are not rare.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-322-3,34,322,3,322-3,"French is the only court language. However, a Casamancese Creole speaker who would not feel enough at ease in French can require the help of a translator (Creole - French) in order to be correctly understood by the court.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-323-3,34,323,3,323-3,"First, Casamancese Creole is not used in the Senegalese Parliament because it is spoken by a tiny minority (less than 1%) of Senegalese citizens; second, according to Senegalese law, only a codified Senegalese language (i.e. with an orthographic system aproved by the Parliament) with a national status can be used at the Senegalese Parliament and Casamancese Creole is neither codified nor does it have the status of national language in Senegal.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-324-3,34,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-325-3,34,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-326-4,34,326,4,326-4,"In Ziguinchor urban area, the main contact language (which tends to replace Creole) is Wolof; in several eastern villages (Agniack, Baghagha, Fanda, Kougnoundou, Sindone), Mandinka is the main competitor of Creole; in all Casamancese Creole communities, French also exerts a strong influence on daily use, as it is Senegal's official language and the only medium of instruction in schools.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-327-2,34,327,2,327-2,"For some items, there are phonic variants according to localities, e.g. 'cloud' = nuybu in Kandé (Ziguinchor), nirbu in Niaguis, nibu in Adéane.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-328-2,34,328,2,328-2,There seems to be at least some few geographical variants in the domain of morphosyntax: e.g. 'to pity him/her' = ten dor di sol in Fanda; ten dor di yel in Adéane.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-329-2,34,329,2,329-2,There is some lexical geographic variation: 'antlion (doodlebug)' = kukuluku in Adéane; mamá kutí or kokolekole in Sindone.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-33-2,34,33,2,33-2,,,34-192 34-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-330-3,34,330,3,330-3,"The urban/rural dichotomy does not seem a relevant opposition in the domain of phonology, but we do not have enough data to be conlusive.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-331-3,34,331,3,331-3,"The urban/rural dichotomy does not seem a relevant opposition in the domain of morphology, but we do not have enough data to be conlusive.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-332-2,34,332,2,332-2,"There seems to be some contrast between urban and rural usage in the domain of lexicon, e.g. basiya = 'bathtub' in Ziguinchor (city) and 'chamberpot' in the eastern villages (e.g. Sindone).",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-333-3,34,333,3,333-3,The social layering of the Casamancese Creole speakers is very limited and therefore there cannot be real social variation within this community.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-334-3,34,334,3,334-3,The social layering of the Casamancese Creole speakers is very limited and therefore there cannot be real social variation within this community.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-335-3,34,335,3,335-3,The social layering of the Casamancese Creole speakers is very limited and therefore there cannot be real social variation within this community.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-34-1,34,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-35-6,34,35,6,35-6,,,34-49 34-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +34-36-1,34,36,1,36-1,,,34-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-37-1,34,37,1,37-1,,,34-52,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +34-37-6,34,37,6,37-6,,,34-53,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +34-38-4,34,38,4,38-4,The construction kaŋ + proper noun (see Example 55) is the only case we know of a lack of marker between possessor and possessum. It is therefore hard to draw any rule from this single instance.,,34-55,10.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-38-2,34,38,2,38-2,The construction kaŋ + proper noun (see Example 55) is the only case we know of a lack of marker between possessor and possessum. It is therefore hard to draw any rule from this single instance.,,34-54,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-39-1,34,39,1,39-1,The pattern with the preposition is the minority pattern for dependent pronominal possessors.,,34-56 34-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-4-2,34,4,2,4-2,,,34-2 34-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-40-2,34,40,2,40-2,There are only two adjectives with gender agreement: dudu 'crazy'' and beju 'old'.,,34-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-41-1,34,41,1,41-1,"Example 60 shows that, when the standard is not overt, ma(s) is still used to express the gradation of the adjective riku. Therefore ma(s) is necessarily the comparative adjective marker. Example 63 (semantically equivalent to Example 59) shows clearly that the sequence di ki precedes the standard (Pidru) whereas ma(s) precedes the adjective (riku) : therefore di ki is necessarily the comparative standard marker. In Example 59, the standard is inserted between the comparative adjective marker (ma(s)) and the adjective (riku), but the existence of Example 63 prevents one from analysing ma(s) as a standard comparative marker.",,34-59 34-60 34-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-42-5,34,42,5,42-5,,,34-61,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-ADD8E6-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-42-8,34,42,8,42-8,,,34-62 34-63,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-ADD8E6-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-43-1,34,43,1,43-1,,,34-64,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +34-43-4,34,43,4,43-4,,,34-65 34-66,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +34-44-8,34,44,8,44-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-45-5,34,45,5,45-5,,,34-66 34-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-46-2,34,46,2,46-2,,,34-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-47-5,34,47,5,47-5,,,34-68 34-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +34-48-2,34,48,2,48-2,,,34-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-49-3,34,49,3,49-3,,,34-197 34-68 34-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-5-5,34,5,5,5-5,"In Casamancese Creole, we have a double contrast. The first contrast is between e and kel (simple adnominal forms of the demonstrative with no locative deictic element), where e refers to a nearby, visible element, whereas kel has mainly an anaphoric function (refering to something previously mentioned,independently of its relative distance to the speaker). The second contrast is between e...-li (adnominal proximal demonstrative introducing an object in the immediate vicinity of the speaker) and e ...-la / ke(l) ...-la (adnominal distal demonstrative introducing an object located far away from the speaker). Simple e also has a locative function, but in order to express a contrast (proximal/distal) in the physical environment of the speaker, one must resort to the compound forms which include locative deictic elements (-li and -la). For this reason, li and la in these contexts are considered as being one of the components of discontinuous adnominal demonstratives.",,34-8,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +34-5-1,34,5,1,5-1,"In Casamancese Creole, we have a double contrast. The first contrast is between e and kel (simple adnominal forms of the demonstrative with no locative deictic element), where e refers to a nearby, visible element, whereas kel has mainly an anaphoric function (refering to something previously mentioned,independently of its relative distance to the speaker). The second contrast is between e...-li (adnominal proximal demonstrative introducing an object in the immediate vicinity of the speaker) and e ...-la / ke(l) ...-la (adnominal distal demonstrative introducing an object located far away from the speaker). Simple e also has a locative function, but in order to express a contrast (proximal/distal) in the physical environment of the speaker, one must resort to the compound forms which include locative deictic elements (-li and -la). For this reason, li and la in these contexts are considered as being one of the components of discontinuous adnominal demonstratives.",,34-7,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +34-50-1,34,50,1,50-1,,,34-72 34-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-51-3,34,51,3,51-3,,,34-74 34-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-52-4,34,52,4,52-4,,,34-76 34-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-53-2,34,53,2,53-2,,,34-195,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-54-6,34,54,6,54-6,,,34-78 34-79 34-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +34-55-1,34,55,1,55-1,,,34-81 34-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-56-3,34,56,3,56-3,"Both negator and imperative construction are normal in the prohibitive, but the place of the negator contrasts between prohibitive and affirmative sentences.",,34-83 34-84 34-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +34-57-1,34,57,1,57-1,,,34-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-58-1,34,58,1,58-1,,,34-87 34-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-59-2,34,59,2,59-2,"Case-marking is not limited to 3rd person singular; it applies also to 1st person singular (N vs. -m), 1st person plural (no vs. -nos /-nu), 2nd person plural (bo vs. -bos), and 3rd person plural (e vs. -elus/-lus).",,34-89 34-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-6-1,34,6,1,6-1,,,34-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-60-1,34,60,1,60-1,,,34-93 34-94,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-60-2,34,60,2,60-2,,,34-91 34-92,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-61-2,34,61,2,61-2,,,34-96,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-61-1,34,61,1,61-1,,,34-95,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-62-1,34,62,1,62-1,,,34-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-63-1,34,63,1,63-1,,,34-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-64-1,34,64,1,64-1,,,34-99,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-64-2,34,64,2,64-2,,,34-100,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-65-4,34,65,4,65-4,,,34-102,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-65-3,34,65,3,65-3,,,34-101,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-66-1,34,66,1,66-1,,,34-103,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-66-3,34,66,3,66-3,,,34-104,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-67-2,34,67,2,67-2,,,34-106,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-67-1,34,67,1,67-1,,,34-105,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-68-1,34,68,1,68-1,,,34-107,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-68-2,34,68,2,68-2,,,34-108,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-69-2,34,69,2,69-2,,,34-193,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-69-1,34,69,1,69-1,,,34-109,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-7-1,34,7,1,7-1,,,34-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-70-3,34,70,3,70-3,,,34-109 34-110 34-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +34-71-3,34,71,3,71-3,,,34-110 34-112 34-113 34-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-72-3,34,72,3,72-3,,,34-114 34-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-73-1,34,73,1,73-1,"Etymologically, the i of Example 116 may well be (at least partly) derived from the Portuguese personal pronominal ele (see various publications of Kihm (on Guinea-Bissau Kriyol) and Baptista (on Capeverdean) about this topic). However, in synchrony and in such a sentence as Joŋ ø i piskador 'John is a fisherman', i behaves just as another verbal predicate or another copula: see Example 120 Joŋ ø sá piskador 'John is now (=has turned into) a fisherman'), where sa behaves syntactically exactly the same way as i in Example 116.",,34-116 34-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-74-3,34,74,3,74-3,The mechanisms of the presence or absence of the copula is not fully understood.,,34-117 34-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +34-75-1,34,75,1,75-1,,,34-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-76-3,34,76,3,76-3,"Both i and sá can be translated by the English copula (to) be. However, those two elements do not express exactly the same semantic nuance. With i, we have a neutral equative relationship, with no inference about its pragmatics or contextual circumstances. With sá, the equative relationship has a resultative implication, i.e. Joŋ ø sá piskador 'John is now a fisherman' means implicitly 'Before, John had another job, now he has become a fisherman'. The contrast between i and sá probably reflects the contrast between Portuguese ser (the Casamancese copula i can probably be (partly at least) traced back to Portuguese é, 3SG.PRS.IND of ser) and estar (etymon of Casamancese sá).",,34-119 34-120 34-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-77-4,34,77,4,77-4,,,34-124,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00-34-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-77-1,34,77,1,77-1,,,34-122,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00-34-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-77-2,34,77,2,77-2,,,34-123,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00-34-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-78-1,34,78,1,78-1,,,34-125 34-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-79-2,34,79,2,79-2,,,34-130,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-79-1,34,79,1,79-1,,,34-129,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-8-2,34,8,2,8-2,,,34-12,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +34-8-1,34,8,1,8-1,,,34-13,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +34-80-2,34,80,2,80-2,,,34-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-81-2,34,81,2,81-2,,,34-127 34-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-82-2,34,82,2,82-2,,,34-132 34-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-83-1,34,83,1,83-1,,,34-133 34-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-84-2,34,84,2,84-2,Such constructions are far from being frequent in Casamancese.,,34-135,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-85-5,34,85,5,85-5,,,34-138,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-85-4,34,85,4,85-4,,,34-137,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-85-2,34,85,2,85-2,,,34-136,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-86-5,34,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-87-2,34,87,2,87-2,,,34-139 34-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-88-2,34,88,2,88-2,,,34-141 34-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-89-2,34,89,2,89-2,,,34-141 34-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +34-9-4,34,9,4,9-4,,,34-14 34-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-90-1,34,90,1,90-1,,,34-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-91-8,34,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +34-92-1,34,92,1,92-1,,,34-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-93-1,34,93,1,93-1,,,34-146,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-94-7,34,94,7,94-7,relative pronoun / particle with no resumptive pronoun and no gap.,,34-147,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF7F00-50-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-94-9,34,94,9,94-9,relative pronoun / particle with no resumptive pronoun and no gap.,,34-148,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF7F00-50-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +34-95-4,34,95,4,95-4,,,34-150,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-95-3,34,95,3,95-3,,,34-149,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-96-4,34,96,4,96-4,,,34-152,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-96-3,34,96,3,96-3,,,34-151,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +34-97-1,34,97,1,97-1,,,34-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +34-98-3,34,98,3,98-3,,,34-154 34-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +34-99-2,34,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-0-3,35,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-1-2,35,1,2,1-2,,,35-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +35-10-1,35,10,1,10-1,,25,35-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-100-5,35,100,5,100-5,,593[Ch. 4],35-220 35-221,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +35-101-5,35,101,5,101-5,,593[Ch. 4],35-222 35-223,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-102-1,35,102,1,102-1,,593[247-255],35-224 35-225,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +35-103-7,35,103,7,103-7,"In addition to the final question particle an, which insists on the question, other sentence-final particles such as ê and ô are also common in interrogative clauses. However, the latter items are also typically found in non-interrogative clauses and should therefore not be directly associated with interrogation.",,35-227,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +35-103-2,35,103,2,103-2,"In addition to the final question particle an, which insists on the question, other sentence-final particles such as ê and ô are also common in interrogative clauses. However, the latter items are also typically found in non-interrogative clauses and should therefore not be directly associated with interrogation.",,35-226,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +35-104-7,35,104,7,104-7,,,35-228 35-229,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-105-1,35,105,1,105-1,,,35-230 35-231,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-106-2,35,106,2,106-2,,593[220-7],35-232 35-233,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +35-107-2,35,107,2,107-2,,,35-234 35-235,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-108-2,35,108,2,108-2,Sound files for both types of affective clicks are attached.,,35-236 35-237,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +35-109-1,35,109,1,109-1,,,35-238 35-239,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-11-2,35,11,2,11-2,Sentence-level adverbs occur typically in pre-subject or sentence-final position.,593[Ch. 3],35-23,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +35-11-3,35,11,3,11-3,Sentence-level adverbs occur typically in pre-subject or sentence-final position.,593[Ch. 3],35-22,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +35-110-1,35,110,1,110-1,,,35-240 35-241,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-111-2,35,111,2,111-2,,,35-242,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 35-112-1,35,112,1,112-1,"Mon sometimes refers to the whole arm, not just the forearm. However, the common word for the upper arm is blasu: Blasu balela mu. upper.arm improve me 'My upper arm got better.' -(naturalistic spoken, own data)",,35-244 35-245 35-246,100.0,Certain -35-113-3,35,113,3,113-3,,,35-247 35-248,100.0,Very certain -35-114-3,35,114,3,114-3,,,35-249 35-250 35-251,100.0,Very certain -35-115-2,35,115,2,115-2,,,35-252 35-269,100.0,Very certain -35-116-2,35,116,2,116-2,,,35-253 35-254,100.0,Certain -35-117-2,35,117,2,117-2,,,35-255 35-256 35-257,100.0,Certain -35-118-3,35,118,3,118-3,,498[26-7],35-258 35-259 35-260,100.0,Very certain -35-119-1,35,119,1,119-1,Ferraz (1979: 26) claims that CVC only occurs in exceptional cases and is related to Portuguese syllable structure.,498[26],35-261,100.0,Very certain -35-12-2,35,12,2,12-2,"Interrogative phrases in Santome are typically moved to the initial position, but it is fairly common to find these phrases in clause-final position, for example in echo-questions.",,35-26 35-27 35-28,30.0,Very certain -35-12-1,35,12,1,12-1,"Interrogative phrases in Santome are typically moved to the initial position, but it is fairly common to find these phrases in clause-final position, for example in echo-questions.",,35-24 35-25,70.0,Very certain -35-120-5,35,120,5,120-5,"Ferraz (1979) claims that Santome lacks phonologically signficant tone, although it is used as a stylistic or emphatic device. Maurer (2008), however, argues that Santome has a simple tone system with a two-way contrast. The examples are taken from Maurer (2008).",904,35-262 35-263 35-264 35-265 35-266 35-267 35-268,100.0,Very certain -35-121-3,35,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -35-122-1,35,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, -35-123-4,35,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -35-124-1,35,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -35-125-2,35,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -35-126-1,35,126,1,126-1,,,35-280,100.0, -35-127-6,35,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -35-128-1,35,128,1,128-1,This phoneme only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-285,100.0, -35-129-1,35,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -35-13-1,35,13,1,13-1,,593[Ch. 2],35-29,100.0,Very certain -35-130-4,35,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -35-131,35,131,1,131-1,,,35-270,100.0, -35-132,35,132,4,132-4,,498,,100.0, -35-133,35,133,1,133-1,,,35-272,100.0, -35-134,35,134,4,134-4,,498,,100.0, -35-137,35,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -35-138,35,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -35-139,35,139,2,139-2,"Ferraz (1979: 22-24) shows that this palatal phoneme occurs typically before both oral and nasal high front vowels and the glide [y]. Since [s] typically occurs before other vowels, both phonemes are in complementary distribution in these cases. Ferraz also describes exceptions to this rule.",498,35-275,100.0, -35-14-1,35,14,1,14-1,,,35-30 35-31,100.0,Very certain -35-140,35,140,2,140-2,"Ferraz (1979: 22-24) shows that this palatal phoneme occurs typically before both oral and nasal high front vowels and the glide [y]. Since [z] typically occurs before other vowels, both phonemes are in complementary distribution in these cases. Ferraz also describes exceptions to this rule. Note further that this fricative and the voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate are frequently in free variation (kuji ~ kudji 'to answer', ja ~ dja 'day').",498,35-276,100.0, -35-143,35,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -35-144,35,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -35-145,35,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -35-146,35,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -35-147,35,147,1,147-1,,,35-271,100.0, -35-148,35,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -35-149,35,149,1,149-1,,,35-273,100.0, -35-15-1,35,15,1,15-1,,,35-32,100.0,Very certain -35-151,35,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -35-152,35,152,4,152-4,"The voiced labial-velar plosive exists in a very restricted set of items. These items are probably not loanwords but rather vestiges of a Niger Delta related phoneme that existed in this language and still exists in closely related Principense (gbêgbê, for instance, corresponds to Principense igbêgbê). Items that arguably have a /kp/ or /gb/ in their etymology typically exhibit /kw/ and /bw/ in Santome (e.g. Èdó ogba 'fence' > Santome ubwa 'fence'; Èdó ukpakõ 'chewstick' > Santome kwaku 'traditional tootbrush').",,35-303,100.0, -35-153,35,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -35-155,35,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -35-156,35,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -35-158,35,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -35-159,35,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -35-16-1,35,16,1,16-1,,498;593,35-33,100.0,Very certain -35-160,35,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -35-161,35,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -35-163,35,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -35-168,35,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -35-169,35,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -35-17-4,35,17,4,17-4,,593[Ch. 2],35-34 35-35,100.0,Very certain -35-170,35,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -35-171,35,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -35-172,35,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -35-173,35,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -35-174,35,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -35-176,35,176,1,176-1,Ferraz (1979: 21) claims that /b/ is normally realized as an implosive bilabial stop and that the degree of implosion is often weakened to different extents in unstressed syllables and in consonant clusters.,498,35-274,100.0, -35-177,35,177,1,177-1,Ferraz (1979: 21) claims that /d/ is normally realized as an implosive post-alveolar stop and that the degree of implosion is often weakened to different extents in unstressed syllables and in consonant clusters.,498,35-304,100.0, -35-178,35,178,1,178-1,,,35-283,100.0, -35-179,35,179,1,179-1,,,35-284,100.0, -35-18-5,35,18,5,18-5,,593[15-7],35-36 35-37,100.0,Very certain -35-180,35,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -35-181,35,181,1,181-1,This phoneme only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-285,100.0, -35-182,35,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0, -35-183,35,183,3,183-3,"Presumably due to contact with Portuguese, there is a (perhaps growing, ideolectal) tendency to replace the lateral approximant [l] by [r] when it follows a consonant (e.g. tlaba ~ traba 'to work').",,35-286,100.0, -35-184,35,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -35-187,35,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -35-188,35,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -35-189,35,189,1,189-1,,,35-277,100.0, -35-19-3,35,19,3,19-3,"Except for the item corresponding to 'when', Santome exhibits single words and compound expressions. However, the single word expression for 'who' is less common than the compound form and the frequency of compound expressions for 'where' and 'how' is very low.",,35-38 35-39 35-40 35-41,100.0,Very certain -35-190,35,190,1,190-1,,,35-278,100.0, -35-191,35,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -35-192,35,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -35-193,35,193,1,193-1,,,35-279,100.0, -35-194,35,194,1,194-1,,,35-280,100.0, -35-195,35,195,2,195-2,"Ferraz (1979: 22-24) shows that this palatal phoneme occurs typically before both oral and nasal high front vowels and the glide [y]. Since [s] typically occurs before other vowels, both phonemes are in complementary distribution in these cases. Ferraz also describes exceptions to this rule.",498,35-281,100.0, -35-196,35,196,2,196-2,"Ferraz (1979: 22-24) shows that this palatal phoneme occurs typically before both oral and nasal high front vowels and the glide [y]. Since [z] typically occurs before other vowels, both phonemes are complementary in these cases. Ferraz also describes exceptions to this rule. Note further that this fricative and the voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate are frequently in free variation (kuji ~ kudji 'to answer', ja ~ dja 'day').",498,35-282,100.0, -35-199,35,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -35-2-2,35,2,2,2-2,,25[46],35-2 35-3 35-4,100.0,Very certain -35-20-1,35,20,1,20-1,,593[Ch. 2],35-42,100.0,Very certain -35-200,35,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -35-201,35,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -35-202,35,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -35-205,35,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -35-209,35,209,1,209-1,,,35-287,100.0, -35-21-2,35,21,2,21-2,,,35-43 35-44,100.0,Very certain -35-212,35,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -35-215,35,215,1,215-1,"This sound only occurs in a limited set of items. In most cases, Portuguese lh in the etymology gave rise to glide /j/.",,35-305,100.0, -35-217,35,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -35-218,35,218,1,218-1,,,35-288,100.0, -35-22-4,35,22,4,22-4,"The plural marker inen typically modifies human nouns, with or without additional modifying material (possessives, demonstratives, etc.), although bare nouns can also be used for plural readings. Inanimate nouns, on the other hand, can only be preceded by plural inen in the presence of additional modifying material.",25,35-45 35-46 35-47 35-48,100.0,Very certain -35-221,35,221,1,221-1,,,35-289,100.0, -35-23-7,35,23,7,23-7,"As illustrated, Santome exhibits a plural/definite marker inen, but it should be noted that bare nouns with a plural interpretation are common. In the latter case, animacy, discourse and/or knowledge of the world determine the singular/plural interpretation of bare nouns.",25,35-49 35-50,100.0,Very certain -35-231,35,231,1,231-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-302,100.0, -35-232,35,232,1,232-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-307,100.0, -35-235,35,235,1,235-1,This is the most common prenasalization in Santome.,,35-309,100.0, -35-236,35,236,1,236-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-306,100.0, -35-237,35,237,1,237-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-308,100.0, -35-239,35,239,1,239-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-310,100.0, -35-24-1,35,24,1,24-1,,,35-51 35-52 35-53 35-54,100.0,Very certain -35-240,35,240,1,240-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-311,100.0, -35-243,35,243,1,243-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-312,100.0, -35-244,35,244,1,244-1,Only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-313,100.0, -35-25-2,35,25,2,25-2,,498[65-66],35-55 35-56,100.0,Very certain -35-252,35,252,1,252-1,,,35-290,100.0, -35-253,35,253,1,253-1,,,35-292,100.0, -35-254,35,254,1,254-1,,,35-294,100.0, -35-255,35,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -35-256,35,256,1,256-1,,,35-295,100.0, -35-257,35,257,1,257-1,,,35-297,100.0, -35-258,35,258,1,258-1,,,35-299,100.0, -35-259,35,259,1,259-1,,,35-301,100.0, -35-26-2,35,26,2,26-2,,776,35-57 35-58 35-59 35-60 35-61 35-62,100.0,Very certain -35-260,35,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -35-261,35,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -35-263,35,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -35-267,35,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -35-268,35,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -35-27-2,35,27,2,27-2,,,35-63,100.0,Very certain -35-272,35,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -35-273,35,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -35-274,35,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -35-275,35,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -35-276,35,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -35-277,35,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -35-278,35,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -35-279,35,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -35-28-1,35,28,1,28-1,Prenominal marker inen ~ nen bears simultaneously a plural and a definite value.,25,35-64,100.0,Very certain -35-280,35,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -35-281,35,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -35-282,35,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -35-284,35,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -35-285,35,285,1,285-1,,,35-291,100.0, -35-286,35,286,1,286-1,,,35-293,100.0, -35-287,35,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -35-288,35,288,1,288-1,,,35-296,100.0, -35-289,35,289,1,289-1,,,35-298,100.0, -35-29-2,35,29,2,29-2,,25,35-65 35-66,100.0,Very certain -35-290,35,290,1,290-1,,,35-300,100.0, -35-291,35,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, +(naturalistic spoken, own data)",,35-244 35-245 35-246,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +35-113-3,35,113,3,113-3,,,35-247 35-248,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-114-3,35,114,3,114-3,,,35-249 35-250 35-251,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-115-2,35,115,2,115-2,,,35-252 35-269,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-116-2,35,116,2,116-2,,,35-253 35-254,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-117-2,35,117,2,117-2,,,35-255 35-256 35-257,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-118-3,35,118,3,118-3,,498[26-7],35-258 35-259 35-260,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-119-1,35,119,1,119-1,Ferraz (1979: 26) claims that CVC only occurs in exceptional cases and is related to Portuguese syllable structure.,498[26],35-261,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-12-2,35,12,2,12-2,"Interrogative phrases in Santome are typically moved to the initial position, but it is fairly common to find these phrases in clause-final position, for example in echo-questions.",,35-26 35-27 35-28,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +35-12-1,35,12,1,12-1,"Interrogative phrases in Santome are typically moved to the initial position, but it is fairly common to find these phrases in clause-final position, for example in echo-questions.",,35-24 35-25,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +35-120-5,35,120,5,120-5,"Ferraz (1979) claims that Santome lacks phonologically signficant tone, although it is used as a stylistic or emphatic device. Maurer (2008), however, argues that Santome has a simple tone system with a two-way contrast. The examples are taken from Maurer (2008).",904,35-262 35-263 35-264 35-265 35-266 35-267 35-268,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-121-3,35,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-122-1,35,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +35-123-4,35,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-124-1,35,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-125-2,35,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +35-126-1,35,126,1,126-1,,,35-280,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-127-6,35,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-128-1,35,128,1,128-1,This phoneme only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-285,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-129-1,35,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-13-1,35,13,1,13-1,,593[Ch. 2],35-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +35-130-4,35,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-131,35,131,1,131-1,,,35-270,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-132,35,132,4,132-4,,498,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-133,35,133,1,133-1,,,35-272,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-134,35,134,4,134-4,,498,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-137,35,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-138,35,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-139,35,139,2,139-2,"Ferraz (1979: 22-24) shows that this palatal phoneme occurs typically before both oral and nasal high front vowels and the glide [y]. Since [s] typically occurs before other vowels, both phonemes are in complementary distribution in these cases. Ferraz also describes exceptions to this rule.",498,35-275,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +35-14-1,35,14,1,14-1,,,35-30 35-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-140,35,140,2,140-2,"Ferraz (1979: 22-24) shows that this palatal phoneme occurs typically before both oral and nasal high front vowels and the glide [y]. Since [z] typically occurs before other vowels, both phonemes are in complementary distribution in these cases. Ferraz also describes exceptions to this rule. Note further that this fricative and the voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate are frequently in free variation (kuji ~ kudji 'to answer', ja ~ dja 'day').",498,35-276,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +35-143,35,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-144,35,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-145,35,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-146,35,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-147,35,147,1,147-1,,,35-271,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-148,35,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-149,35,149,1,149-1,,,35-273,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-15-1,35,15,1,15-1,,,35-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +35-151,35,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-152,35,152,4,152-4,"The voiced labial-velar plosive exists in a very restricted set of items. These items are probably not loanwords but rather vestiges of a Niger Delta related phoneme that existed in this language and still exists in closely related Principense (gbêgbê, for instance, corresponds to Principense igbêgbê). Items that arguably have a /kp/ or /gb/ in their etymology typically exhibit /kw/ and /bw/ in Santome (e.g. Èdó ogba 'fence' > Santome ubwa 'fence'; Èdó ukpakõ 'chewstick' > Santome kwaku 'traditional tootbrush').",,35-303,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-153,35,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-155,35,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-156,35,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-158,35,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-159,35,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-16-1,35,16,1,16-1,,498;593,35-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-160,35,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-161,35,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-163,35,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-168,35,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-169,35,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-17-4,35,17,4,17-4,,593[Ch. 2],35-34 35-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +35-170,35,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-171,35,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-172,35,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-173,35,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-174,35,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-176,35,176,1,176-1,Ferraz (1979: 21) claims that /b/ is normally realized as an implosive bilabial stop and that the degree of implosion is often weakened to different extents in unstressed syllables and in consonant clusters.,498,35-274,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-177,35,177,1,177-1,Ferraz (1979: 21) claims that /d/ is normally realized as an implosive post-alveolar stop and that the degree of implosion is often weakened to different extents in unstressed syllables and in consonant clusters.,498,35-304,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-178,35,178,1,178-1,,,35-283,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-179,35,179,1,179-1,,,35-284,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-18-5,35,18,5,18-5,,593[15-7],35-36 35-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +35-180,35,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-181,35,181,1,181-1,This phoneme only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-285,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-182,35,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-183,35,183,3,183-3,"Presumably due to contact with Portuguese, there is a (perhaps growing, ideolectal) tendency to replace the lateral approximant [l] by [r] when it follows a consonant (e.g. tlaba ~ traba 'to work').",,35-286,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +35-184,35,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-187,35,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-188,35,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-189,35,189,1,189-1,,,35-277,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-19-3,35,19,3,19-3,"Except for the item corresponding to 'when', Santome exhibits single words and compound expressions. However, the single word expression for 'who' is less common than the compound form and the frequency of compound expressions for 'where' and 'how' is very low.",,35-38 35-39 35-40 35-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-190,35,190,1,190-1,,,35-278,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-191,35,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-192,35,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-193,35,193,1,193-1,,,35-279,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-194,35,194,1,194-1,,,35-280,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-195,35,195,2,195-2,"Ferraz (1979: 22-24) shows that this palatal phoneme occurs typically before both oral and nasal high front vowels and the glide [y]. Since [s] typically occurs before other vowels, both phonemes are in complementary distribution in these cases. Ferraz also describes exceptions to this rule.",498,35-281,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +35-196,35,196,2,196-2,"Ferraz (1979: 22-24) shows that this palatal phoneme occurs typically before both oral and nasal high front vowels and the glide [y]. Since [z] typically occurs before other vowels, both phonemes are complementary in these cases. Ferraz also describes exceptions to this rule. Note further that this fricative and the voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate are frequently in free variation (kuji ~ kudji 'to answer', ja ~ dja 'day').",498,35-282,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +35-199,35,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-2-2,35,2,2,2-2,,25[46],35-2 35-3 35-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-20-1,35,20,1,20-1,,593[Ch. 2],35-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +35-200,35,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-201,35,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-202,35,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-205,35,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-209,35,209,1,209-1,,,35-287,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-21-2,35,21,2,21-2,,,35-43 35-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +35-212,35,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-215,35,215,1,215-1,"This sound only occurs in a limited set of items. In most cases, Portuguese lh in the etymology gave rise to glide /j/.",,35-305,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-217,35,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-218,35,218,1,218-1,,,35-288,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-22-4,35,22,4,22-4,"The plural marker inen typically modifies human nouns, with or without additional modifying material (possessives, demonstratives, etc.), although bare nouns can also be used for plural readings. Inanimate nouns, on the other hand, can only be preceded by plural inen in the presence of additional modifying material.",25,35-45 35-46 35-47 35-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +35-221,35,221,1,221-1,,,35-289,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-23-7,35,23,7,23-7,"As illustrated, Santome exhibits a plural/definite marker inen, but it should be noted that bare nouns with a plural interpretation are common. In the latter case, animacy, discourse and/or knowledge of the world determine the singular/plural interpretation of bare nouns.",25,35-49 35-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +35-231,35,231,1,231-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-302,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-232,35,232,1,232-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-307,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-235,35,235,1,235-1,This is the most common prenasalization in Santome.,,35-309,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-236,35,236,1,236-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-306,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-237,35,237,1,237-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-308,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-239,35,239,1,239-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-310,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-24-1,35,24,1,24-1,,,35-51 35-52 35-53 35-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-240,35,240,1,240-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-311,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-243,35,243,1,243-1,This sound only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-312,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-244,35,244,1,244-1,Only occurs in a limited set of items.,,35-313,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-25-2,35,25,2,25-2,,498[65-66],35-55 35-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-252,35,252,1,252-1,,,35-290,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-253,35,253,1,253-1,,,35-292,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-254,35,254,1,254-1,,,35-294,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-255,35,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-256,35,256,1,256-1,,,35-295,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-257,35,257,1,257-1,,,35-297,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-258,35,258,1,258-1,,,35-299,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-259,35,259,1,259-1,,,35-301,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-26-2,35,26,2,26-2,,776,35-57 35-58 35-59 35-60 35-61 35-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-260,35,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-261,35,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-263,35,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-267,35,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-268,35,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-27-2,35,27,2,27-2,,,35-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-272,35,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-273,35,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-274,35,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-275,35,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-276,35,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-277,35,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-278,35,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-279,35,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-28-1,35,28,1,28-1,Prenominal marker inen ~ nen bears simultaneously a plural and a definite value.,25,35-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +35-280,35,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-281,35,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-282,35,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-284,35,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-285,35,285,1,285-1,,,35-291,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-286,35,286,1,286-1,,,35-293,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-287,35,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-288,35,288,1,288-1,,,35-296,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-289,35,289,1,289-1,,,35-298,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-29-2,35,29,2,29-2,,25,35-65 35-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-290,35,290,1,290-1,,,35-300,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +35-291,35,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 35-3-2,35,3,2,3-2,"Adjectives usually occur in postnominal position and do not inflect. There are, however, a few adjectives that obligatorily precede the noun, such as bon 'good' and ma 'bad', in examples such as bon/ma afe ‘good/bad -faith’, bon/ma ngê ‘good/bad person’, bon/ma vijan ‘good/bad neighbour'. A few adjectives can occur in both prenominal and postnominal position, such as ve 'old', as in mwala ve 'old woman' and ve tlapu 'an old rag'.",24,35-5 35-6,90.0,Very certain +faith’, bon/ma ngê ‘good/bad person’, bon/ma vijan ‘good/bad neighbour'. A few adjectives can occur in both prenominal and postnominal position, such as ve 'old', as in mwala ve 'old woman' and ve tlapu 'an old rag'.",24,35-5 35-6,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 35-3-1,35,3,1,3-1,"Adjectives usually occur in postnominal position and do not inflect. There are, however, a few adjectives that obligatorily precede the noun, such as bon 'good' and ma 'bad', in examples such as bon/ma afe ‘good/bad -faith’, bon/ma ngê ‘good/bad person’, bon/ma vijan ‘good/bad neighbour'. A few adjectives can occur in both prenominal and postnominal position, such as ve 'old', as in mwala ve 'old woman' and ve tlapu 'an old rag'.",24,35-7,10.0,Very certain -35-30-2,35,30,2,30-2,,25,35-67 35-68,100.0,Very certain -35-308-3,35,308,3,308-3,,498[5],,100.0,Very certain -35-309-3,35,309,3,309-3,"The 2001 census shows that the number of Santome speakers is dropping among the younger generations. Note that in this census, no distinction is made between L1 and L2 use of the language.",594[18],,100.0,Very certain -35-31-1,35,31,1,31-1,Alexandre & Hagemeijer (2007) refer to postnominal se as a specific marker. This marker generally refers back to items previously anchored in discourse. Preverbal inen encompasses both definiteness and plurality.,25,35-69 35-70,100.0,Very certain -35-310-4,35,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -35-311-3,35,311,3,311-3,,594[18-19],,100.0,Very certain -35-312-2,35,312,2,312-2,"The 2001 census shows that the number of Santome speakers is dropping among the younger generations. Note that in this census, no distinction is made between L1 and L2 use of the language. Portuguese is clearly the dominant language in São Tomé and Príncipe.",594[18],,100.0,Certain -35-313-4,35,313,4,313-4,"According to the 2001 census, Santome has almost 100,000 speakers, corresponding to 72,4% of the population of São Tomé and Príncipe.",594[18],,100.0,Very certain -35-314-3,35,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -35-315-2,35,315,2,315-2,,594[20-21],,100.0,Very certain -35-316-3,35,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Certain -35-317-1,35,317,1,317-1,,594[21],,100.0,Very certain -35-318-2,35,318,2,318-2,"In the past, the language has been sporadically used in newspapers and pamphlets. There is a handful of publications in Santome or partially in Santome.",594[21-23],,100.0,Very certain -35-319-3,35,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -35-32-2,35,32,2,32-2,"Whereas the adnominal demonstratives se and sala can be related to ise and isala, respectively, the form isaki does not have an adnominal counterpart.",498[74],35-71 35-72 35-73 35-74 35-75 35-76,100.0,Very certain -35-320-3,35,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -35-321-2,35,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -35-322-3,35,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Certain -35-323-3,35,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -35-324-3,35,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -35-325-2,35,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -35-326-1,35,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -35-327-2,35,327,2,327-2,"The geographic variation of phonological features has not been studied for the case of Santome. Although phonological variation is attested, there is no evidence whatsoever that there is significant dialectal variation in this domain.",,,100.0,Very certain -35-328-2,35,328,2,328-2,"The geographic variation of morphosyntactic features has not been studied for the case of Santome. However, there is no evidence whatsoever that there is significant dialectal variation in this domain.",,,100.0,Very certain -35-329-3,35,329,3,329-3,"The geographic variation of lexical features has not been studied for the case of Santome. However, there is no evidence whatsoever that there is significant dialectal variation in this domain.",,,100.0,Very certain -35-33-2,35,33,2,33-2,"The widely used deictic or demonstrative se is not a marker for proximity/distance and can be translated as 'the, this, that'. This item is especially productive in discourse sequences. Santome also has an additional adnominal demonstrative, xi, used for referents which are out of sight. The nominal counterpart of xi is ixi.",498[73-4],35-77 35-78 35-79 35-80,100.0,Very certain -35-330-2,35,330,2,330-2,"This type of variation has not been studied for Santome. Since Santome is spoken in a small geographic area with considerable social mobility, it is hard to set apart urban and rural language use. Differences are more likely related to degrees of exposure to Santome and Portuguese.",,,100.0,Very certain -35-331-2,35,331,2,331-2,"This type of variation has not been studied for Santome. Since Santome is spoken in a small geographic area with considerable social mobility, it is hard to set apart urban and rural language use. Differences are more likely related to degrees of exposure to Santome and Portuguese.",,,100.0,Very certain -35-332-2,35,332,2,332-2,"This type of variation has not been studied for Santome. Since Santome is spoken in a small geographic area with considerable social mobility, it is hard to set apart urban and rural language use. Differences are more likely related to degrees of exposure to Santome and Portuguese.",,,100.0,Very certain -35-333-2,35,333,2,333-2,This type of variation has not been studied for Santome. Some variation may exist inasmuch as lower classes tend to make greater use of Santome and upper classes greater use of Portuguese.,,,100.0,Very certain -35-334-2,35,334,2,334-2,This type of variation has not been studied for Santome. Some variation may exist inasmuch as lower classes tend to make greater use of Santome and higher classes greater use of Portuguese.,,,100.0,Very certain -35-335-2,35,335,2,335-2,This type of variation has not been studied for Santome. Some variation may exist inasmuch as lower classes tend to make greater use of Santome and higher classes greater use of Portuguese.,,,100.0,Very certain -35-34-2,35,34,2,34-2,,776[170],35-81 35-82,100.0,Certain -35-35-7,35,35,7,35-7,"The suppletive ordinal numerals corresponding to 'first', 'second' and 'third' are commonly used. As illustrated, there is an additional constructions that can be used to yield an ordinal interpretation.",,35-83 35-84 35-85,100.0,Very certain -35-36-1,35,36,1,36-1,,,35-86,100.0,Very certain -35-37-6,35,37,6,37-6,"Ferraz (1979: 69) points out that the preposition di is deleted if a possessive pronoun is consonant-initial. Therefore, the preposition is overtly realized only when the possessive pronoun is vowel-initial, which is the case of 3SG and 3PL, as shown in example 87.",498[69. 81],35-87 35-88,100.0,Very certain -35-38-2,35,38,2,38-2,"When the possessor is vowel-initial, occurrence of the preposition di becomes compulsive.",498[69],35-89 35-91,50.0,Very certain -35-38-4,35,38,4,38-4,"When the possessor is vowel-initial, occurrence of the preposition di becomes compulsive.",498[69],35-90,50.0,Very certain -35-39-2,35,39,2,39-2,,498[69],35-92 35-93,100.0,Very certain -35-4-2,35,4,2,4-2,,593,35-8 35-9,100.0,Very certain -35-40-1,35,40,1,40-1,,,35-94,100.0,Very certain -35-41-2,35,41,2,41-2,,589[104-6],35-97,30.0,Very certain -35-41-1,35,41,1,41-1,,589[104-6],35-95 35-96,70.0,Very certain -35-42-1,35,42,1,42-1,,589[104-6],35-97,30.0,Very certain -35-42-2,35,42,2,42-2,,589[104-6],35-98,70.0,Very certain -35-43-1,35,43,1,43-1,,593[Ch. 3],35-1,50.0,Very certain -35-43-3,35,43,3,43-3,,593[Ch. 3],35-101 35-104,50.0,Very certain -35-44-4,35,44,4,44-4,,593[Ch. 3],35-100,100.0,Very certain -35-45-4,35,45,4,45-4,,593[Ch. 3],35-101 35-102 35-103 35-104,100.0,Very certain -35-46-2,35,46,2,46-2,"Ska is arguably the contracted form of sa ka 'to be + ASPECT'. In the latter construction, a few adverbs, such as kwaji 'almost, about to' may intervene between sa and ka. The syntactic relation between sa and ka is similar to that between past progressive/habitual tava + ka 'TENSE+ASPECT'.",593[Ch. 3],35-105,100.0,Very certain -35-47-2,35,47,2,47-2,,593[Ch. 3],35-106,100.0,Intermediate -35-48-7,35,48,7,48-7,"It should be noted that the progressive interpretation of ka is restricted to nonfinite contexts, as illustrated in Examples 110 and 111. In this respect, Santome is identical to Angolar and Principense.",593[Ch. 3],35-107 35-108 35-109 35-110 35-111,100.0,Very certain -35-49-3,35,49,3,49-3,,593[Ch. 3],35-112 35-113,100.0,Very certain -35-5-2,35,5,2,5-2,,25,35-10,100.0,Very certain -35-50-1,35,50,1,50-1,,,35-114 35-115,100.0,Very certain -35-51-3,35,51,3,51-3,,593[Ch. 3],35-116 35-117,100.0,Very certain -35-52-2,35,52,2,52-2,,,35-118,100.0,Certain -35-53-2,35,53,2,53-2,,,35-119,100.0,Very certain -35-54-2,35,54,2,54-2,"Tinha and tava/era (past form of the copula sa) are the only cases of strong suppletion according to tense. Instead of tinha, tava tê may also be used. This construction follows the regular pattern.",,35-120 35-121,100.0,Certain -35-55-1,35,55,1,55-1,,,35-123 35-124,100.0,Very certain -35-56-1,35,56,1,56-1,,,35-125 35-126 35-127,100.0,Very certain -35-57-1,35,57,1,57-1,,,35-128 35-129,100.0,Very certain -35-58-1,35,58,1,58-1,,,35-130 35-131 35-132,100.0,Very certain -35-59-2,35,59,2,59-2,"The only distinction is found in the dependent 1SG, which is typically n (m before bilabials and velar ng before velars) in subject position and mu or mun in object position.",,35-133 35-134 35-135,100.0,Certain -35-6-2,35,6,2,6-2,,24[87-8],35-14,30.0,Very certain -35-6-1,35,6,1,6-1,,24[87-8],35-11 35-12 35-13,70.0,Very certain -35-60-2,35,60,2,60-2,,593[79-83],35-136 35-137,100.0,Very certain -35-61-1,35,61,1,61-1,,593[79-83],35-136,100.0,Very certain -35-62-1,35,62,1,62-1,"Apart from a few cases of expletive null subjects, pronominal subjects are compulsory, also in embedded environments.",593[54-71],35-138 35-139 35-140,100.0,Very certain -35-63-3,35,63,3,63-3,"Although Santome exhibits palêsê, which is etymologically related to Ptg. parecer 'to seem', it has the behaviour of an evaluative modal adverbial with the meaning 'apparently' (cf. Example 141).",593[62-3],35-141,100.0,Very certain -35-64-1,35,64,1,64-1,,593[57-9],35-142 35-143,100.0,Very certain -35-65-4,35,65,4,65-4,,593,35-145 35-146,50.0,Very certain -35-65-3,35,65,3,65-3,,593,35-144 35-147,50.0,Very certain -35-66-3,35,66,3,66-3,,,35-148,100.0,Very certain -35-67-1,35,67,1,67-1,,,35-149,100.0,Very certain -35-68-1,35,68,1,68-1,"The verbal construction expresses an intrinsic property, whereas the nonverbal construction expresses a temporary property (being afraid in a specific situation).",,35-150,50.0,Very certain -35-68-2,35,68,2,68-2,"The verbal construction expresses an intrinsic property, whereas the nonverbal construction expresses a temporary property (being afraid in a specific situation).",,35-151,50.0,Very certain -35-69-1,35,69,1,69-1,,590;588,35-153,50.0,Very certain -35-69-2,35,69,2,69-2,,590;588,35-152,50.0,Very certain -35-7-1,35,7,1,7-1,,24,35-15 35-16,100.0,Very certain -35-70-1,35,70,1,70-1,,,35-153 35-154,100.0,Very certain -35-71-1,35,71,1,71-1,,592,35-156 35-157,100.0,Very certain -35-72-3,35,72,3,72-3,,593[Ch. 2],35-158 35-159 35-160 35-161,100.0,Very certain -35-73-1,35,73,1,73-1,,,35-162,100.0,Very certain -35-74-3,35,74,3,74-3,"The pattern with the copula is dominant, but absence of the copula is allowed if special intonational properties are met.",,35-163 35-164,100.0,Very certain -35-75-1,35,75,1,75-1,,,35-165 35-166,100.0,Very certain -35-76-1,35,76,1,76-1,,,35-167 35-168,100.0,Very certain -35-77-1,35,77,1,77-1,"Tê is used mainly with permanent states, and sa ku with temporary states.",498[88],35-169 35-172,50.0,Very certain -35-77-4,35,77,4,77-4,"Tê is used mainly with permanent states, and sa ku with temporary states.",498[88],35-170 35-171,50.0,Very certain -35-78-2,35,78,2,78-2,,,35-169 35-172 35-173 35-174 35-175 35-176,100.0,Very certain -35-79-1,35,79,1,79-1,,592,35-179 35-180,100.0,Very certain -35-8-1,35,8,1,8-1,,,35-17,30.0,Very certain -35-8-2,35,8,2,8-2,,,35-18 35-19,70.0,Very certain -35-80-5,35,80,5,80-5,,588,35-181,100.0,Very certain -35-81-2,35,81,2,81-2,,588,35-177 35-178,100.0,Very certain -35-82-3,35,82,3,82-3,,590;588,35-182,100.0,Very certain -35-83-2,35,83,2,83-2,The non-serial construction is arguably a more acrolectal form.,,35-183 35-184,50.0,Very certain -35-83-3,35,83,3,83-3,The non-serial construction is arguably a more acrolectal form.,,35-185,50.0,Very certain -35-84-2,35,84,2,84-2,,590,35-186 35-187,100.0,Very certain -35-85-4,35,85,4,85-4,,23,35-192,25.0,Very certain -35-85-5,35,85,5,85-5,,23,35-188,25.0,Very certain -35-85-2,35,85,2,85-2,,23,35-190 35-193,25.0,Very certain -35-85-3,35,85,3,85-3,,23,35-189 35-191,25.0,Very certain -35-86-2,35,86,2,86-2,"Da also exists as a main verb ('to give') in the language. In the serial construction, however, syntactic testing shows that da behaves like a preposition, except for one case: when its complement is extracted (e.g. fronting), the verb is stranded without a spelled-out trace, corresponding to the 3SG pronoun. In this respect, da behaves like a verb, since the few prepositions proper are stranded with a spelled-out trace (Hagemeijer 2000).",590;588,35-194 35-195 35-196,100.0,Very certain -35-87-6,35,87,6,87-6,"In addition to body-part reflexives, Santome also exhibits reflexivity without any overt marking. Both strategies are mutually exclusive.",593[40-3],35-198 35-199,50.0,Very certain -35-87-2,35,87,2,87-2,"In addition to body-part reflexives, Santome also exhibits reflexivity without any overt marking. Both strategies are mutually exclusive.",593[40-3],35-197,50.0,Very certain -35-88-2,35,88,2,88-2,,593[40-3. 220-7],35-200 35-201 35-202 35-203,100.0,Certain -35-89-2,35,89,2,89-2,,,35-204 35-205,100.0,Very certain -35-9-1,35,9,1,9-1,,25,35-20,100.0,Very certain -35-90-2,35,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -35-91-8,35,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -35-92-2,35,92,2,92-2,,,35-206,100.0,Very certain -35-93-2,35,93,2,93-2,,,35-207,100.0,Very certain -35-94-3,35,94,3,94-3,,23,35-208,100.0,Very certain -35-95-3,35,95,3,95-3,"Value 1 exists, for example in the case of kanta fla 'sing that' lit. [sing say], but is extremely uncommon and only occurs in my elicited data, not spontaneous speech.",,35-209 35-210,50.0,Very certain -35-95-4,35,95,4,95-4,"Value 1 exists, for example in the case of kanta fla 'sing that' lit. [sing say], but is extremely uncommon and only occurs in my elicited data, not spontaneous speech.",,35-211,50.0,Very certain -35-96-3,35,96,3,96-3,,,35-212 35-213,90.0,Very certain -35-96-4,35,96,4,96-4,,,35-214,10.0,Very certain -35-97-1,35,97,1,97-1,,,35-217,50.0,Very certain -35-97-2,35,97,2,97-2,,,35-215 35-216,50.0,Very certain -35-98-3,35,98,3,98-3,,593[178],35-218 35-219,100.0,Very certain -35-99-2,35,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-0-3,36,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -36-1-2,36,1,2,1-2,,901[133f.],36-1,100.0,Very certain -36-10-1,36,10,1,10-1,,901[40],36-11,100.0,Very certain -36-100-5,36,100,5,100-5,,901[130ff.],36-138,100.0,Very certain -36-101-5,36,101,5,101-5,,901[130ff.],36-138,100.0,Very certain -36-102-1,36,102,1,102-1,,901[130f.],36-139,100.0,Very certain -36-103-7,36,103,7,103-7,,901[137],36-140,100.0,Very certain -36-104-4,36,104,4,104-4,The relative pronouns are not obligatory after the focus marker thô.,901[135ff.],36-142,50.0,Very certain -36-104-7,36,104,7,104-7,The relative pronouns are not obligatory after the focus marker thô.,901[135ff.],36-141,50.0,Very certain -36-105-1,36,105,1,105-1,,,36-143,100.0,Certain -36-106-2,36,106,2,106-2,,901[180],36-144,100.0,Very certain -36-107-2,36,107,2,107-2,,901[151],36-100 36-145,100.0,Very certain -36-109-1,36,109,1,109-1,There are two forms for 'small': txo and txororo. Pinini cannot be used on its own; it is an ideophone modifying txo.,901[248],36-146 36-147,100.0,Very certain -36-11-1,36,11,1,11-1,,,36-13,33.3333333333333,Very certain -36-11-2,36,11,2,11-2,,,36-12,33.3333333333333,Very certain -36-11-3,36,11,3,11-3,,,36-14,33.3333333333333,Very certain -36-110-2,36,110,2,110-2,I do not know the etymology of eta 'to know'.,901[216],36-148,100.0,Very certain -36-111-2,36,111,2,111-2,,901[211],36-149,100.0,Very certain -36-112-1,36,112,1,112-1,,901[231],36-150 36-151,100.0,Very certain -36-113-4,36,113,4,113-4,,,36-152,100.0,Very certain +faith’, bon/ma ngê ‘good/bad person’, bon/ma vijan ‘good/bad neighbour'. A few adjectives can occur in both prenominal and postnominal position, such as ve 'old', as in mwala ve 'old woman' and ve tlapu 'an old rag'.",24,35-7,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-30-2,35,30,2,30-2,,25,35-67 35-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-308-3,35,308,3,308-3,,498[5],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-309-3,35,309,3,309-3,"The 2001 census shows that the number of Santome speakers is dropping among the younger generations. Note that in this census, no distinction is made between L1 and L2 use of the language.",594[18],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +35-31-1,35,31,1,31-1,Alexandre & Hagemeijer (2007) refer to postnominal se as a specific marker. This marker generally refers back to items previously anchored in discourse. Preverbal inen encompasses both definiteness and plurality.,25,35-69 35-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +35-310-4,35,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +35-311-3,35,311,3,311-3,,594[18-19],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-312-2,35,312,2,312-2,"The 2001 census shows that the number of Santome speakers is dropping among the younger generations. Note that in this census, no distinction is made between L1 and L2 use of the language. Portuguese is clearly the dominant language in São Tomé and Príncipe.",594[18],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-313-4,35,313,4,313-4,"According to the 2001 census, Santome has almost 100,000 speakers, corresponding to 72,4% of the population of São Tomé and Príncipe.",594[18],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-314-3,35,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-315-2,35,315,2,315-2,,594[20-21],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-316-3,35,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-317-1,35,317,1,317-1,,594[21],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-318-2,35,318,2,318-2,"In the past, the language has been sporadically used in newspapers and pamphlets. There is a handful of publications in Santome or partially in Santome.",594[21-23],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-319-3,35,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-32-2,35,32,2,32-2,"Whereas the adnominal demonstratives se and sala can be related to ise and isala, respectively, the form isaki does not have an adnominal counterpart.",498[74],35-71 35-72 35-73 35-74 35-75 35-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-320-3,35,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-321-2,35,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-322-3,35,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-323-3,35,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-324-3,35,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-325-2,35,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-326-1,35,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-327-2,35,327,2,327-2,"The geographic variation of phonological features has not been studied for the case of Santome. Although phonological variation is attested, there is no evidence whatsoever that there is significant dialectal variation in this domain.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-328-2,35,328,2,328-2,"The geographic variation of morphosyntactic features has not been studied for the case of Santome. However, there is no evidence whatsoever that there is significant dialectal variation in this domain.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-329-3,35,329,3,329-3,"The geographic variation of lexical features has not been studied for the case of Santome. However, there is no evidence whatsoever that there is significant dialectal variation in this domain.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-33-2,35,33,2,33-2,"The widely used deictic or demonstrative se is not a marker for proximity/distance and can be translated as 'the, this, that'. This item is especially productive in discourse sequences. Santome also has an additional adnominal demonstrative, xi, used for referents which are out of sight. The nominal counterpart of xi is ixi.",498[73-4],35-77 35-78 35-79 35-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-330-2,35,330,2,330-2,"This type of variation has not been studied for Santome. Since Santome is spoken in a small geographic area with considerable social mobility, it is hard to set apart urban and rural language use. Differences are more likely related to degrees of exposure to Santome and Portuguese.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-331-2,35,331,2,331-2,"This type of variation has not been studied for Santome. Since Santome is spoken in a small geographic area with considerable social mobility, it is hard to set apart urban and rural language use. Differences are more likely related to degrees of exposure to Santome and Portuguese.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-332-2,35,332,2,332-2,"This type of variation has not been studied for Santome. Since Santome is spoken in a small geographic area with considerable social mobility, it is hard to set apart urban and rural language use. Differences are more likely related to degrees of exposure to Santome and Portuguese.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-333-2,35,333,2,333-2,This type of variation has not been studied for Santome. Some variation may exist inasmuch as lower classes tend to make greater use of Santome and upper classes greater use of Portuguese.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-334-2,35,334,2,334-2,This type of variation has not been studied for Santome. Some variation may exist inasmuch as lower classes tend to make greater use of Santome and higher classes greater use of Portuguese.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-335-2,35,335,2,335-2,This type of variation has not been studied for Santome. Some variation may exist inasmuch as lower classes tend to make greater use of Santome and higher classes greater use of Portuguese.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-34-2,35,34,2,34-2,,776[170],35-81 35-82,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-35-7,35,35,7,35-7,"The suppletive ordinal numerals corresponding to 'first', 'second' and 'third' are commonly used. As illustrated, there is an additional constructions that can be used to yield an ordinal interpretation.",,35-83 35-84 35-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +35-36-1,35,36,1,36-1,,,35-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +35-37-6,35,37,6,37-6,"Ferraz (1979: 69) points out that the preposition di is deleted if a possessive pronoun is consonant-initial. Therefore, the preposition is overtly realized only when the possessive pronoun is vowel-initial, which is the case of 3SG and 3PL, as shown in example 87.",498[69. 81],35-87 35-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +35-38-2,35,38,2,38-2,"When the possessor is vowel-initial, occurrence of the preposition di becomes compulsive.",498[69],35-89 35-91,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +35-38-4,35,38,4,38-4,"When the possessor is vowel-initial, occurrence of the preposition di becomes compulsive.",498[69],35-90,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +35-39-2,35,39,2,39-2,,498[69],35-92 35-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +35-4-2,35,4,2,4-2,,593,35-8 35-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-40-1,35,40,1,40-1,,,35-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-41-2,35,41,2,41-2,,589[104-6],35-97,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-41-1,35,41,1,41-1,,589[104-6],35-95 35-96,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-42-1,35,42,1,42-1,,589[104-6],35-97,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +35-42-2,35,42,2,42-2,,589[104-6],35-98,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +35-43-1,35,43,1,43-1,,593[Ch. 3],35-1,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +35-43-3,35,43,3,43-3,,593[Ch. 3],35-101 35-104,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +35-44-4,35,44,4,44-4,,593[Ch. 3],35-100,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-45-4,35,45,4,45-4,,593[Ch. 3],35-101 35-102 35-103 35-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +35-46-2,35,46,2,46-2,"Ska is arguably the contracted form of sa ka 'to be + ASPECT'. In the latter construction, a few adverbs, such as kwaji 'almost, about to' may intervene between sa and ka. The syntactic relation between sa and ka is similar to that between past progressive/habitual tava + ka 'TENSE+ASPECT'.",593[Ch. 3],35-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +35-47-2,35,47,2,47-2,,593[Ch. 3],35-106,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-48-7,35,48,7,48-7,"It should be noted that the progressive interpretation of ka is restricted to nonfinite contexts, as illustrated in Examples 110 and 111. In this respect, Santome is identical to Angolar and Principense.",593[Ch. 3],35-107 35-108 35-109 35-110 35-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +35-49-3,35,49,3,49-3,,593[Ch. 3],35-112 35-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-5-2,35,5,2,5-2,,25,35-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-50-1,35,50,1,50-1,,,35-114 35-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-51-3,35,51,3,51-3,,593[Ch. 3],35-116 35-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-52-2,35,52,2,52-2,,,35-118,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-53-2,35,53,2,53-2,,,35-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-54-2,35,54,2,54-2,"Tinha and tava/era (past form of the copula sa) are the only cases of strong suppletion according to tense. Instead of tinha, tava tê may also be used. This construction follows the regular pattern.",,35-120 35-121,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +35-55-1,35,55,1,55-1,,,35-123 35-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-56-1,35,56,1,56-1,,,35-125 35-126 35-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +35-57-1,35,57,1,57-1,,,35-128 35-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-58-1,35,58,1,58-1,,,35-130 35-131 35-132,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +35-59-2,35,59,2,59-2,"The only distinction is found in the dependent 1SG, which is typically n (m before bilabials and velar ng before velars) in subject position and mu or mun in object position.",,35-133 35-134 35-135,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +35-6-2,35,6,2,6-2,,24[87-8],35-14,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +35-6-1,35,6,1,6-1,,24[87-8],35-11 35-12 35-13,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +35-60-2,35,60,2,60-2,,593[79-83],35-136 35-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-61-1,35,61,1,61-1,,593[79-83],35-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +35-62-1,35,62,1,62-1,"Apart from a few cases of expletive null subjects, pronominal subjects are compulsory, also in embedded environments.",593[54-71],35-138 35-139 35-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +35-63-3,35,63,3,63-3,"Although Santome exhibits palêsê, which is etymologically related to Ptg. parecer 'to seem', it has the behaviour of an evaluative modal adverbial with the meaning 'apparently' (cf. Example 141).",593[62-3],35-141,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-64-1,35,64,1,64-1,,593[57-9],35-142 35-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-65-4,35,65,4,65-4,,593,35-145 35-146,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FF0000.png""}", +35-65-3,35,65,3,65-3,,593,35-144 35-147,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FF0000.png""}", +35-66-3,35,66,3,66-3,,,35-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-67-1,35,67,1,67-1,,,35-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-68-1,35,68,1,68-1,"The verbal construction expresses an intrinsic property, whereas the nonverbal construction expresses a temporary property (being afraid in a specific situation).",,35-150,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-68-2,35,68,2,68-2,"The verbal construction expresses an intrinsic property, whereas the nonverbal construction expresses a temporary property (being afraid in a specific situation).",,35-151,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-69-1,35,69,1,69-1,,590;588,35-153,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +35-69-2,35,69,2,69-2,,590;588,35-152,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +35-7-1,35,7,1,7-1,,24,35-15 35-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +35-70-1,35,70,1,70-1,,,35-153 35-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +35-71-1,35,71,1,71-1,,592,35-156 35-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-72-3,35,72,3,72-3,,593[Ch. 2],35-158 35-159 35-160 35-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-73-1,35,73,1,73-1,,,35-162,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +35-74-3,35,74,3,74-3,"The pattern with the copula is dominant, but absence of the copula is allowed if special intonational properties are met.",,35-163 35-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +35-75-1,35,75,1,75-1,,,35-165 35-166,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-76-1,35,76,1,76-1,,,35-167 35-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +35-77-1,35,77,1,77-1,"Tê is used mainly with permanent states, and sa ku with temporary states.",498[88],35-169 35-172,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +35-77-4,35,77,4,77-4,"Tê is used mainly with permanent states, and sa ku with temporary states.",498[88],35-170 35-171,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +35-78-2,35,78,2,78-2,,,35-169 35-172 35-173 35-174 35-175 35-176,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-79-1,35,79,1,79-1,,592,35-179 35-180,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +35-8-1,35,8,1,8-1,,,35-17,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +35-8-2,35,8,2,8-2,,,35-18 35-19,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +35-80-5,35,80,5,80-5,,588,35-181,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-81-2,35,81,2,81-2,,588,35-177 35-178,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-82-3,35,82,3,82-3,,590;588,35-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-83-2,35,83,2,83-2,The non-serial construction is arguably a more acrolectal form.,,35-183 35-184,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-83-3,35,83,3,83-3,The non-serial construction is arguably a more acrolectal form.,,35-185,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +35-84-2,35,84,2,84-2,,590,35-186 35-187,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-85-4,35,85,4,85-4,,23,35-192,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-25-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +35-85-5,35,85,5,85-5,,23,35-188,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-25-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +35-85-2,35,85,2,85-2,,23,35-190 35-193,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-25-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +35-85-3,35,85,3,85-3,,23,35-189 35-191,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-25-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +35-86-2,35,86,2,86-2,"Da also exists as a main verb ('to give') in the language. In the serial construction, however, syntactic testing shows that da behaves like a preposition, except for one case: when its complement is extracted (e.g. fronting), the verb is stranded without a spelled-out trace, corresponding to the 3SG pronoun. In this respect, da behaves like a verb, since the few prepositions proper are stranded with a spelled-out trace (Hagemeijer 2000).",590;588,35-194 35-195 35-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-87-6,35,87,6,87-6,"In addition to body-part reflexives, Santome also exhibits reflexivity without any overt marking. Both strategies are mutually exclusive.",593[40-3],35-198 35-199,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FF0000.png""}", +35-87-2,35,87,2,87-2,"In addition to body-part reflexives, Santome also exhibits reflexivity without any overt marking. Both strategies are mutually exclusive.",593[40-3],35-197,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FF0000.png""}", +35-88-2,35,88,2,88-2,,593[40-3. 220-7],35-200 35-201 35-202 35-203,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +35-89-2,35,89,2,89-2,,,35-204 35-205,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +35-9-1,35,9,1,9-1,,25,35-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +35-90-2,35,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-91-8,35,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +35-92-2,35,92,2,92-2,,,35-206,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +35-93-2,35,93,2,93-2,,,35-207,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +35-94-3,35,94,3,94-3,,23,35-208,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +35-95-3,35,95,3,95-3,"Value 1 exists, for example in the case of kanta fla 'sing that' lit. [sing say], but is extremely uncommon and only occurs in my elicited data, not spontaneous speech.",,35-209 35-210,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-95-4,35,95,4,95-4,"Value 1 exists, for example in the case of kanta fla 'sing that' lit. [sing say], but is extremely uncommon and only occurs in my elicited data, not spontaneous speech.",,35-211,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-96-3,35,96,3,96-3,,,35-212 35-213,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-96-4,35,96,4,96-4,,,35-214,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +35-97-1,35,97,1,97-1,,,35-217,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +35-97-2,35,97,2,97-2,,,35-215 35-216,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +35-98-3,35,98,3,98-3,,593[178],35-218 35-219,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +35-99-2,35,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-0-3,36,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +36-1-2,36,1,2,1-2,,901[133f.],36-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-10-1,36,10,1,10-1,,901[40],36-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +36-100-5,36,100,5,100-5,,901[130ff.],36-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +36-101-5,36,101,5,101-5,,901[130ff.],36-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +36-102-1,36,102,1,102-1,,901[130f.],36-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +36-103-7,36,103,7,103-7,,901[137],36-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +36-104-4,36,104,4,104-4,The relative pronouns are not obligatory after the focus marker thô.,901[135ff.],36-142,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FFFF00.png""}", +36-104-7,36,104,7,104-7,The relative pronouns are not obligatory after the focus marker thô.,901[135ff.],36-141,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FFFF00.png""}", +36-105-1,36,105,1,105-1,,,36-143,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-106-2,36,106,2,106-2,,901[180],36-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +36-107-2,36,107,2,107-2,,901[151],36-100 36-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +36-109-1,36,109,1,109-1,There are two forms for 'small': txo and txororo. Pinini cannot be used on its own; it is an ideophone modifying txo.,901[248],36-146 36-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-11-1,36,11,1,11-1,,,36-13,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-800080-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-11-2,36,11,2,11-2,,,36-12,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-800080-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-11-3,36,11,3,11-3,,,36-14,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-800080-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-110-2,36,110,2,110-2,I do not know the etymology of eta 'to know'.,901[216],36-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-111-2,36,111,2,111-2,,901[211],36-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-112-1,36,112,1,112-1,,901[231],36-150 36-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +36-113-4,36,113,4,113-4,,,36-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 36-114-4,36,114,4,114-4,"Angolar differentiates the following words for 'hair': pena 'hair of head/body' beba 'beard' n'dhumbu 'moustache' -kundu 'pubic hair'.","901[232,238]",36-153 36-154,100.0,Very certain -36-115-1,36,115,1,115-1,,901[216],36-155 36-156,100.0,Very certain -36-116-1,36,116,1,116-1,,901[215],36-157,100.0,Very certain -36-117-2,36,117,2,117-2,"With most animals, Angolar has postposed ome 'man' and mengai 'woman', but with male birds, preposed n'kombo 'rooster' is used. Female birds are referred to with postposed mengai 'woman'.",901[39f.],36-158 36-159,90.0,Very certain -36-117-1,36,117,1,117-1,"With most animals, Angolar has postposed ome 'man' and mengai 'woman', but with male birds, preposed n'kombo 'rooster' is used. Female birds are referred to with postposed mengai 'woman'.",901[39f.],36-160,10.0,Very certain -36-118-1,36,118,1,118-1,"There are some examples of obstruent + liquid in loans form Portuguese, as e.g. staka 'post'.",901[34f.],36-161,100.0,Very certain +kundu 'pubic hair'.","901[232,238]",36-153 36-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +36-115-1,36,115,1,115-1,,901[216],36-155 36-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +36-116-1,36,116,1,116-1,,901[215],36-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +36-117-2,36,117,2,117-2,"With most animals, Angolar has postposed ome 'man' and mengai 'woman', but with male birds, preposed n'kombo 'rooster' is used. Female birds are referred to with postposed mengai 'woman'.",901[39f.],36-158 36-159,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-0000FF.png""}", +36-117-1,36,117,1,117-1,"With most animals, Angolar has postposed ome 'man' and mengai 'woman', but with male birds, preposed n'kombo 'rooster' is used. Female birds are referred to with postposed mengai 'woman'.",901[39f.],36-160,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-0000FF.png""}", +36-118-1,36,118,1,118-1,"There are some examples of obstruent + liquid in loans form Portuguese, as e.g. staka 'post'.",901[34f.],36-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 36-119-2,36,119,2,119-2,"There are only nasals, no liquids, in syllable codas. -In Portuguese loans, the only obstruent that may occur is s, as in kus-ta 'to cost'.",901[34f.],36-161 36-162,100.0,Very certain +In Portuguese loans, the only obstruent that may occur is s, as in kus-ta 'to cost'.",901[34f.],36-161 36-162,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", 36-12-1,36,12,1,12-1,"There is one interrogative element which is situated at the end of the sentence, namely the locative bô/ô: Kikiê e ô? [fish DEM where.is] 'Where is the fish?' (Maurer 1995: 139) -This locative interrogative is of Edo origin and exists in all the Gulf of Guinea creoles (bô in Santome and Fa d'Ambô, and ba in Principense). In my view, it is a verb, but Tjerk Hagemeijer analyzes it as an interrogative pronoun.",901[137ff.],36-15,100.0,Very certain +This locative interrogative is of Edo origin and exists in all the Gulf of Guinea creoles (bô in Santome and Fa d'Ambô, and ba in Principense). In my view, it is a verb, but Tjerk Hagemeijer analyzes it as an interrogative pronoun.",901[137ff.],36-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 36-120-5,36,120,5,120-5,"Maurer (1995: 10–23) offers a very preliminary analysis of the tone system of Angolar, which has to be seriously amended. My 2008 data improve the analysis only very basically. -The audio files show disyllabic nouns in subject position followed by the future marker ka; the verbs are different but since they exhibit the same tonal structure, the frame for the disyllabic nouns can be considered the same.",,36-163 36-164 36-165 36-166,100.0,Certain -36-121-3,36,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -36-122-1,36,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, -36-123-4,36,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -36-124-1,36,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -36-125-1,36,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -36-126-2,36,126,2,126-2,"[z] is a minor allophone of /ð/. [z] occurs only before /i/, and [ð] before the other vowels.",,36-182,100.0, -36-127-1,36,127,1,127-1,,,,100.0, -36-128-4,36,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -36-129-1,36,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -36-13-1,36,13,1,13-1,,901[58ff.],36-16,100.0,Very certain -36-130-4,36,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -36-131,36,131,1,131-1,,,36-176,100.0, -36-132,36,132,4,132-4,It is not clear whether /b/ is a variant of /ɓ/ or whether it does not exist.,,,100.0, -36-133,36,133,1,133-1,,,36-172,100.0, -36-134,36,134,2,134-2,/d/ is a variant of /r/ which occurs more often in sentence-initial position.,,36-177,100.0, -36-137,36,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -36-138,36,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -36-139,36,139,1,139-1,,,36-178,100.0, -36-14-1,36,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-140,36,140,1,140-1,,,,100.0, -36-143,36,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -36-144,36,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -36-145,36,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -36-146,36,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -36-147,36,147,1,147-1,,,36-180,100.0, -36-148,36,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -36-149,36,149,1,149-1,,,36-196,100.0, -36-15-1,36,15,1,15-1,,,36-17,100.0,Very certain -36-151,36,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -36-152,36,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -36-153,36,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -36-155,36,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -36-156,36,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -36-158,36,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -36-159,36,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -36-16-1,36,16,1,16-1,,901[59],36-18,100.0,Very certain -36-160,36,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -36-161,36,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -36-163,36,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -36-168,36,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -36-169,36,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -36-17-2,36,17,2,17-2,Only two personal pronouns have different dependent and independent forms: n vs. am '1SG' and ê vs. êlê '3SG'.,901[58ff.],36-19 36-20 36-77 36-79,100.0,Very certain -36-170,36,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -36-171,36,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -36-172,36,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -36-173,36,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -36-174,36,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -36-176,36,176,1,176-1,,,36-174,100.0, -36-178,36,178,1,178-1,,,36-179,100.0, -36-179,36,179,1,179-1,,,36-197,100.0, -36-18-5,36,18,5,18-5,"Politeness is expressed through the use of names and titles as in Example 21; in some cases, the indefinite pronoun a may also be used, as in Example 22.",901[62],36-21 36-22,100.0,Very certain -36-180,36,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -36-181,36,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -36-182,36,182,1,182-1,,,36-198,100.0, -36-183,36,183,1,183-1,,,36-204,100.0, -36-184,36,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -36-187,36,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -36-188,36,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -36-189,36,189,1,189-1,,,36-184,100.0, +The audio files show disyllabic nouns in subject position followed by the future marker ka; the verbs are different but since they exhibit the same tonal structure, the frame for the disyllabic nouns can be considered the same.",,36-163 36-164 36-165 36-166,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-121-3,36,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-122-1,36,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +36-123-4,36,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-124-1,36,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-125-1,36,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-126-2,36,126,2,126-2,"[z] is a minor allophone of /ð/. [z] occurs only before /i/, and [ð] before the other vowels.",,36-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +36-127-1,36,127,1,127-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-128-4,36,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-129-1,36,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-13-1,36,13,1,13-1,,901[58ff.],36-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +36-130-4,36,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-131,36,131,1,131-1,,,36-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-132,36,132,4,132-4,It is not clear whether /b/ is a variant of /ɓ/ or whether it does not exist.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-133,36,133,1,133-1,,,36-172,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-134,36,134,2,134-2,/d/ is a variant of /r/ which occurs more often in sentence-initial position.,,36-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +36-137,36,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-138,36,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-139,36,139,1,139-1,,,36-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-14-1,36,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-140,36,140,1,140-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-143,36,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-144,36,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-145,36,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-146,36,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-147,36,147,1,147-1,,,36-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-148,36,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-149,36,149,1,149-1,,,36-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-15-1,36,15,1,15-1,,,36-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +36-151,36,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-152,36,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-153,36,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-155,36,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-156,36,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-158,36,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-159,36,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-16-1,36,16,1,16-1,,901[59],36-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-160,36,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-161,36,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-163,36,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-168,36,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-169,36,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-17-2,36,17,2,17-2,Only two personal pronouns have different dependent and independent forms: n vs. am '1SG' and ê vs. êlê '3SG'.,901[58ff.],36-19 36-20 36-77 36-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-170,36,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-171,36,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-172,36,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-173,36,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-174,36,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-176,36,176,1,176-1,,,36-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-178,36,178,1,178-1,,,36-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-179,36,179,1,179-1,,,36-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-18-5,36,18,5,18-5,"Politeness is expressed through the use of names and titles as in Example 21; in some cases, the indefinite pronoun a may also be used, as in Example 22.",901[62],36-21 36-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +36-180,36,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-181,36,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-182,36,182,1,182-1,,,36-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-183,36,183,1,183-1,,,36-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-184,36,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-187,36,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-188,36,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-189,36,189,1,189-1,,,36-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 36-19-2,36,19,2,19-2,"'Who' has two forms: ngê ('person') and ngêi. It is not clear to me where the -i comes from; it could be derived from the distal demonstrative si 'that' or from the interrogative determiner kutxi 'which' (see Maurer 1995: 225, fn. 92). -There are two compound expressions for 'when': ola kutxi [hour which] and dia kutxi [day which].",901[64],36-15 36-23 36-24 36-25,100.0,Very certain -36-190,36,190,1,190-1,,,,100.0, -36-191,36,191,1,191-1,/θ/ is a major allophone of /s/. /s/ occurs before /i/ and /θ/ before the other vowels.,,36-171,100.0, -36-192,36,192,1,192-1,"/ð/ is the major allophone of /z/. /z/ occurs only before /i/, and /ð/ before the other vowels.",,36-181,100.0, -36-193,36,193,2,193-2,"[s] is a minor allophone of /θ/. /s/ occurs before /i/, and [θ] before the other vowels.",,36-183,100.0, -36-194,36,194,2,194-2,"[z] is a minor allophone of /ð/. [z] occurs only before /i/, and [ð] before the other vowels.",,36-182,100.0, -36-195,36,195,1,195-1,,,,100.0, -36-196,36,196,1,196-1,,,,100.0, -36-199,36,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -36-2-2,36,2,2,2-2,,901[54],36-2,100.0,Very certain -36-20-3,36,20,3,20-3,,901[62f.],36-26 36-27,100.0,Very certain -36-200,36,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -36-201,36,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -36-202,36,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -36-205,36,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -36-209,36,209,1,209-1,,,36-203,100.0, -36-21-2,36,21,2,21-2,,"901[64, 45ff.]",36-28 36-29,100.0,Very certain -36-212,36,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -36-217,36,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -36-218,36,218,1,218-1,,,36-185,100.0, -36-219,36,219,1,219-1,,,36-175,100.0, -36-22-4,36,22,4,22-4,"With inanimate nouns, the NP must be overtly definite, usually through the use of a demonstrative.",,36-30 36-31,100.0,Very certain -36-221,36,221,1,221-1,,,36-186,100.0, -36-23-7,36,23,7,23-7,,901[40f.],36-32,100.0,Very certain -36-231,36,231,1,231-1,,,36-205,100.0, -36-232,36,232,1,232-1,,,36-200,100.0, -36-233,36,233,1,233-1,,,36-202,100.0, -36-235,36,235,1,235-1,,,36-201,100.0, -36-236,36,236,1,236-1,,,36-199,100.0, -36-24-1,36,24,1,24-1,,,36-31 36-33,100.0,Very certain -36-240,36,240,1,240-1,,,,100.0, -36-25-2,36,25,2,25-2,,901[40f.],36-32 36-34,100.0,Very certain -36-252,36,252,1,252-1,,,36-188,100.0, -36-253,36,253,1,253-1,,,36-189,100.0, -36-254,36,254,1,254-1,,,36-190,100.0, -36-255,36,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -36-256,36,256,1,256-1,,,36-194,100.0, -36-257,36,257,1,257-1,,,36-191,100.0, -36-258,36,258,1,258-1,,,36-192,100.0, -36-259,36,259,1,259-1,,,36-193,100.0, -36-26-6,36,26,6,26-6,,901[153f.],36-35 36-36 36-37,100.0,Very certain -36-260,36,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -36-261,36,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -36-263,36,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -36-267,36,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -36-268,36,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -36-27-2,36,27,2,27-2,,,36-38,100.0,Very certain -36-272,36,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -36-273,36,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -36-274,36,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -36-275,36,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -36-276,36,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -36-277,36,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -36-278,36,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -36-279,36,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -36-28-4,36,28,4,28-4,,901,36-11 36-39,100.0,Very certain -36-280,36,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -36-281,36,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -36-282,36,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -36-284,36,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -36-285,36,285,1,285-1,,,36-187,100.0, -36-286,36,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -36-287,36,287,1,287-1,,,,100.0, -36-288,36,288,1,288-1,,,,100.0, -36-289,36,289,1,289-1,"Nasal vowels are very rare in Angolar; they occur only in final position, with the exception of ũa 'one'",,36-195,100.0, -36-29-2,36,29,2,29-2,,"901[40, 47f.]",36-11 36-40,100.0,Very certain -36-290,36,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -36-291,36,291,1,291-1,"Nasal vowels are very rare in Angolar; they occur only in final position, with the exception of ũa 'one'",,36-173,100.0, -36-3-2,36,3,2,3-2,Only bwa/bo 'good' and ma 'bad' precede the noun.,901[49ff.],36-3,87.5,Very certain -36-3-1,36,3,1,3-1,Only bwa/bo 'good' and ma 'bad' precede the noun.,901[49ff.],36-4,12.5,Very certain -36-30-3,36,30,3,30-3,,901[49],36-41,100.0,Very certain -36-308-3,36,308,3,308-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-309-1,36,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-31-4,36,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-310-4,36,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-311-3,36,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-312-2,36,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-313-3,36,313,3,313-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-314-3,36,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-315-3,36,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-316-3,36,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-317-1,36,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-318-3,36,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-319-3,36,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-32-2,36,32,2,32-2,,"901[41ff., 63]",36-42 36-43,100.0,Very certain -36-320-3,36,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-321-3,36,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-322-3,36,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-323-3,36,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-324-3,36,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-325-3,36,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-326-4,36,326,4,326-4,Angolar is in contact with Portuguese and Santome.,,,100.0,Very certain -36-327-2,36,327,2,327-2,"The opposition between the interdentals and the sibilants /ð/ vs. /z/ and /s/ vs. /Ɵ/ is replaced by /z/ vs. /Ʒ/and /s/ vs. /ʃ/, probably due to contact with Santome.",,,100.0,Very certain -36-328-3,36,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -36-329-2,36,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Certain -36-33-3,36,33,3,33-3,,901[41ff.],36-44 36-45 36-46,100.0,Certain -36-330-4,36,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-331-4,36,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-332-4,36,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-333-4,36,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-334-4,36,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-335-4,36,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-34-2,36,34,2,34-2,,901[154],36-168 36-169,100.0,Very certain -36-35-3,36,35,3,35-3,"In my data, only the word for 'first' differs from cardinal numbers, but more research is needed.",901[48],36-47 36-48,100.0,Intermediate -36-36-1,36,36,1,36-1,,,36-7,100.0,Very certain -36-37-6,36,37,6,37-6,Only the third person singular possessive determiner is a prepositional phrase; the others occur without a preposition.,901[44f.],36-50,30.0,Very certain -36-37-2,36,37,2,37-2,Only the third person singular possessive determiner is a prepositional phrase; the others occur without a preposition.,901[44f.],36-49,70.0,Very certain -36-38-4,36,38,4,38-4,,901[54],36-51,100.0,Very certain -36-39-2,36,39,2,39-2,"The regular pattern of the independent pronominal possessor is ri 'of' + personal pronoun, as for instance ri m 'of me' = 'mine'. The 3rd person singular independent possessive has a special form: ri rê (or ri r'ê = ri ri ê [of of him]), to avoid confusion with the dependent pronominal possessor r'ê 'of him'.","901[44f.,]",36-52 36-53,100.0,Very certain -36-4-2,36,4,2,4-2,,901[125f.],36-5,100.0,Very certain -36-40-1,36,40,1,40-1,,901[49],,100.0,Very certain -36-41-1,36,41,1,41-1,,901[52ff.],36-54 36-56,100.0,Very certain -36-42-1,36,42,1,42-1,"The surpass marking as well as the particle marking are not accepted by all speakers, but they do occur in spontaneous speech.",901[52ff.],36-56,23.0769230769231,Very certain -36-42-2,36,42,2,42-2,"The surpass marking as well as the particle marking are not accepted by all speakers, but they do occur in spontaneous speech.",901[52ff.],36-55,23.0769230769231,Very certain -36-42-5,36,42,5,42-5,"The surpass marking as well as the particle marking are not accepted by all speakers, but they do occur in spontaneous speech.",901[52ff.],36-54,53.8461538461538,Very certain -36-43-1,36,43,1,43-1,,901[68],36-57,50.0,Very certain -36-43-3,36,43,3,43-3,,901[68],36-59,50.0,Very certain +There are two compound expressions for 'when': ola kutxi [hour which] and dia kutxi [day which].",901[64],36-15 36-23 36-24 36-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +36-190,36,190,1,190-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-191,36,191,1,191-1,/θ/ is a major allophone of /s/. /s/ occurs before /i/ and /θ/ before the other vowels.,,36-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-192,36,192,1,192-1,"/ð/ is the major allophone of /z/. /z/ occurs only before /i/, and /ð/ before the other vowels.",,36-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-193,36,193,2,193-2,"[s] is a minor allophone of /θ/. /s/ occurs before /i/, and [θ] before the other vowels.",,36-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +36-194,36,194,2,194-2,"[z] is a minor allophone of /ð/. [z] occurs only before /i/, and [ð] before the other vowels.",,36-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +36-195,36,195,1,195-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-196,36,196,1,196-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-199,36,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-2-2,36,2,2,2-2,,901[54],36-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-20-3,36,20,3,20-3,,901[62f.],36-26 36-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-200,36,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-201,36,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-202,36,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-205,36,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-209,36,209,1,209-1,,,36-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-21-2,36,21,2,21-2,,"901[64, 45ff.]",36-28 36-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-212,36,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-217,36,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-218,36,218,1,218-1,,,36-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-219,36,219,1,219-1,,,36-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-22-4,36,22,4,22-4,"With inanimate nouns, the NP must be overtly definite, usually through the use of a demonstrative.",,36-30 36-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-221,36,221,1,221-1,,,36-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-23-7,36,23,7,23-7,,901[40f.],36-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +36-231,36,231,1,231-1,,,36-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-232,36,232,1,232-1,,,36-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-233,36,233,1,233-1,,,36-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-235,36,235,1,235-1,,,36-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-236,36,236,1,236-1,,,36-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-24-1,36,24,1,24-1,,,36-31 36-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-240,36,240,1,240-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-25-2,36,25,2,25-2,,901[40f.],36-32 36-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +36-252,36,252,1,252-1,,,36-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-253,36,253,1,253-1,,,36-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-254,36,254,1,254-1,,,36-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-255,36,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-256,36,256,1,256-1,,,36-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-257,36,257,1,257-1,,,36-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-258,36,258,1,258-1,,,36-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-259,36,259,1,259-1,,,36-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-26-6,36,26,6,26-6,,901[153f.],36-35 36-36 36-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +36-260,36,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-261,36,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-263,36,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-267,36,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-268,36,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-27-2,36,27,2,27-2,,,36-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-272,36,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-273,36,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-274,36,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-275,36,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-276,36,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-277,36,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-278,36,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-279,36,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-28-4,36,28,4,28-4,,901,36-11 36-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +36-280,36,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-281,36,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-282,36,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-284,36,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-285,36,285,1,285-1,,,36-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-286,36,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-287,36,287,1,287-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-288,36,288,1,288-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-289,36,289,1,289-1,"Nasal vowels are very rare in Angolar; they occur only in final position, with the exception of ũa 'one'",,36-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-29-2,36,29,2,29-2,,"901[40, 47f.]",36-11 36-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-290,36,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-291,36,291,1,291-1,"Nasal vowels are very rare in Angolar; they occur only in final position, with the exception of ũa 'one'",,36-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +36-3-2,36,3,2,3-2,Only bwa/bo 'good' and ma 'bad' precede the noun.,901[49ff.],36-3,87.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-FFFF00-88-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-3-1,36,3,1,3-1,Only bwa/bo 'good' and ma 'bad' precede the noun.,901[49ff.],36-4,12.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-FFFF00-88-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-30-3,36,30,3,30-3,,901[49],36-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +36-308-3,36,308,3,308-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +36-309-1,36,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +36-31-4,36,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-310-4,36,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +36-311-3,36,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-312-2,36,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +36-313-3,36,313,3,313-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +36-314-3,36,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-315-3,36,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-316-3,36,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-317-1,36,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +36-318-3,36,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-319-3,36,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-32-2,36,32,2,32-2,,"901[41ff., 63]",36-42 36-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-320-3,36,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-321-3,36,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-322-3,36,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-323-3,36,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-324-3,36,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-325-3,36,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-326-4,36,326,4,326-4,Angolar is in contact with Portuguese and Santome.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +36-327-2,36,327,2,327-2,"The opposition between the interdentals and the sibilants /ð/ vs. /z/ and /s/ vs. /Ɵ/ is replaced by /z/ vs. /Ʒ/and /s/ vs. /ʃ/, probably due to contact with Santome.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +36-328-3,36,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-329-2,36,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +36-33-3,36,33,3,33-3,,901[41ff.],36-44 36-45 36-46,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +36-330-4,36,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +36-331-4,36,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +36-332-4,36,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +36-333-4,36,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +36-334-4,36,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +36-335-4,36,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +36-34-2,36,34,2,34-2,,901[154],36-168 36-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-35-3,36,35,3,35-3,"In my data, only the word for 'first' differs from cardinal numbers, but more research is needed.",901[48],36-47 36-48,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +36-36-1,36,36,1,36-1,,,36-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +36-37-6,36,37,6,37-6,Only the third person singular possessive determiner is a prepositional phrase; the others occur without a preposition.,901[44f.],36-50,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +36-37-2,36,37,2,37-2,Only the third person singular possessive determiner is a prepositional phrase; the others occur without a preposition.,901[44f.],36-49,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +36-38-4,36,38,4,38-4,,901[54],36-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +36-39-2,36,39,2,39-2,"The regular pattern of the independent pronominal possessor is ri 'of' + personal pronoun, as for instance ri m 'of me' = 'mine'. The 3rd person singular independent possessive has a special form: ri rê (or ri r'ê = ri ri ê [of of him]), to avoid confusion with the dependent pronominal possessor r'ê 'of him'.","901[44f.,]",36-52 36-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +36-4-2,36,4,2,4-2,,901[125f.],36-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-40-1,36,40,1,40-1,,901[49],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-41-1,36,41,1,41-1,,901[52ff.],36-54 36-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-42-1,36,42,1,42-1,"The surpass marking as well as the particle marking are not accepted by all speakers, but they do occur in spontaneous speech.",901[52ff.],36-56,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-24-FFFF00-54-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-42-2,36,42,2,42-2,"The surpass marking as well as the particle marking are not accepted by all speakers, but they do occur in spontaneous speech.",901[52ff.],36-55,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-24-FFFF00-54-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-42-5,36,42,5,42-5,"The surpass marking as well as the particle marking are not accepted by all speakers, but they do occur in spontaneous speech.",901[52ff.],36-54,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-24-FFFF00-54-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-43-1,36,43,1,43-1,,901[68],36-57,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +36-43-3,36,43,3,43-3,,901[68],36-59,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", 36-44-8,36,44,8,44-8,"The three overt tense, aspect and mood markers ka (roughly future, habitual and counterfactual), thêka (progressive) and ta (past) may only combine in the following way: ta ka (past progressive and habitual) ka thêka (future progressive, habitual progressive, modal progressive) -i.e. only two markers may combine.",901[67f.],,100.0,Very certain -36-45-3,36,45,3,45-3,"The past marker ta occurs very rarely; I have not been able to elicit an example with a word intervening between ta and the verb, except for the progressive marker ka. But maybe further research will show that ta and the verb do not form a constituent, as is the case e.g. in Principense and Santome, where some words may occur between the past marker tava and the verb.",901[81f.],36-58,100.0,Intermediate -36-46-4,36,46,4,46-4,,,36-59,100.0,Very certain -36-47-2,36,47,2,47-2,,901[78-80],36-60,100.0,Very certain -36-48-7,36,48,7,48-7,,901[72-78],36-34 36-57 36-61,100.0,Very certain -36-49-3,36,49,3,49-3,,901[67ff.],36-167 36-58 36-62,100.0,Very certain +i.e. only two markers may combine.",901[67f.],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-45-3,36,45,3,45-3,"The past marker ta occurs very rarely; I have not been able to elicit an example with a word intervening between ta and the verb, except for the progressive marker ka. But maybe further research will show that ta and the verb do not form a constituent, as is the case e.g. in Principense and Santome, where some words may occur between the past marker tava and the verb.",901[81f.],36-58,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-46-4,36,46,4,46-4,,,36-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-47-2,36,47,2,47-2,,901[78-80],36-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +36-48-7,36,48,7,48-7,,901[72-78],36-34 36-57 36-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +36-49-3,36,49,3,49-3,,901[67ff.],36-167 36-58 36-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 36-5-2,36,5,2,5-2,"The position of the demonstratives is always postnominal, but the positon of the demonstratives in relation to a noun modified by an adjective is not straightforward. Roughly speaking, the distal si precedes the adjective whereas the proximal dhe follows it: moto si ngai @@ -9021,358 +9021,358 @@ moto si ngai moto ngai dhe [motorcycle big PROX] 'this big MOTO' -(Maurer 1995: 43)",901[41ff.],36-6,100.0,Very certain -36-50-1,36,50,1,50-1,,,36-62 36-63,100.0,Very certain -36-51-3,36,51,3,51-3,,901[70-72],36-64 36-65,100.0,Very certain +(Maurer 1995: 43)",901[41ff.],36-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-50-1,36,50,1,50-1,,,36-62 36-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-51-3,36,51,3,51-3,,901[70-72],36-64 36-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 36-52-2,36,52,2,52-2,"In Angolar, two cases have to be distinguished: (a) Morphemes like rema 'be fat' have a verbal behaviour, because they can be modified by the whole range of tense, aspect and mood markers (Example 66). -(b) Morphemes like nhuka 'beautiful', which cannot be modified by the future and habitual marker ka (Example 67).",901[78-80],36-66 36-67,100.0,Very certain -36-53-2,36,53,2,53-2,,901[84],36-68,100.0,Very certain -36-54-2,36,54,2,54-2,"The only case of (strong) suppletion is the copula, tha for present reference, and ta for past reference.",901[92ff.],36-69,100.0,Very certain -36-55-1,36,55,1,55-1,,901[98],36-70 36-71,100.0,Very certain -36-56-1,36,56,1,56-1,,901[140f.],36-72 36-73 36-74,100.0,Very certain -36-57-1,36,57,1,57-1,,901[113ff.],36-75,100.0,Very certain -36-58-1,36,58,1,58-1,,901[113ff.],36-75 36-76,100.0,Very certain +(b) Morphemes like nhuka 'beautiful', which cannot be modified by the future and habitual marker ka (Example 67).",901[78-80],36-66 36-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +36-53-2,36,53,2,53-2,,901[84],36-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-54-2,36,54,2,54-2,"The only case of (strong) suppletion is the copula, tha for present reference, and ta for past reference.",901[92ff.],36-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +36-55-1,36,55,1,55-1,,901[98],36-70 36-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-56-1,36,56,1,56-1,,901[140f.],36-72 36-73 36-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +36-57-1,36,57,1,57-1,,901[113ff.],36-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-58-1,36,58,1,58-1,,901[113ff.],36-75 36-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 36-59-2,36,59,2,59-2,"The pronouns of the first person singular and plural, m and no, are used for subject and object functions; the second person singular and plural subject pronouns bô and êthê 'you' both have a short form ô and thê; as object pronouns, only these short forms are used. In the case of the third person singular pronoun, only ê can be used as a subject pronoun, but as an object pronoun, ê, e and le are used (for the rules determining which allomorph has to be used, see Maurer 1995: 90). As for the third person plural pronoun, the variants ane and ene are used for subject functions; for object function, these two forms may be used, plus the short form ne. -In other words, there can be nominative-accusative marking in some cases, but it is not always obligatory.","901[58ff., 90]",36-77 36-78 36-79,100.0,Very certain -36-6-1,36,6,1,6-1,,901[47f.],36-7,100.0,Very certain -36-60-2,36,60,2,60-2,,901[113ff.],36-75 36-80,100.0,Very certain -36-61-1,36,61,1,61-1,,901[113ff.],36-81,100.0,Very certain -36-62-1,36,62,1,62-1,,901[58f.],36-3,100.0,Very certain -36-64-2,36,64,2,64-2,"Expletive subject pronouns do exist in Angolar; however, there is no example with the existential verb tê in my data. Therefore, it is possible that further research will show the possibility of an expletive subject with existential tê.",,36-82,100.0,Intermediate -36-65-3,36,65,3,65-3,,,36-83,50.0,Very certain -36-65-1,36,65,1,65-1,,,36-84,50.0,Very certain -36-66-3,36,66,3,66-3,,,36-85 36-86,100.0,Very certain -36-67-1,36,67,1,67-1,,,36-87,100.0,Very certain -36-68-1,36,68,1,68-1,,901[230],36-88,100.0,Very certain -36-69-1,36,69,1,69-1,,,36-89,50.0,Very certain -36-69-2,36,69,2,69-2,,,36-90,50.0,Very certain -36-7-1,36,7,1,7-1,,901[55ff.],36-8,100.0,Very certain -36-70-1,36,70,1,70-1,,901[126],36-30 36-91,100.0,Very certain -36-71-1,36,71,1,71-1,,901[65],36-30 36-92,100.0,Very certain -36-72-3,36,72,3,72-3,,"901[65, 149]",36-92 36-93,100.0,Very certain -36-73-3,36,73,3,73-3,"In most cases, the construction without copula is used.",901[92ff.],36-94 36-95,100.0,Very certain -36-74-3,36,74,3,74-3,"In most cases, the construction without copula is used.",901[93f.],36-96 36-97,100.0,Very certain -36-75-1,36,75,1,75-1,,901[93],36-98,100.0,Very certain -36-76-3,36,76,3,76-3,"Locative predicators always require a copula, whereas predicative nouns may or may not have a copula; in most cases, however, the copula is absent with predicative nouns.",901[92 ff.],36-94 36-95 36-98,100.0,Very certain +In other words, there can be nominative-accusative marking in some cases, but it is not always obligatory.","901[58ff., 90]",36-77 36-78 36-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-6-1,36,6,1,6-1,,901[47f.],36-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +36-60-2,36,60,2,60-2,,901[113ff.],36-75 36-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-61-1,36,61,1,61-1,,901[113ff.],36-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +36-62-1,36,62,1,62-1,,901[58f.],36-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +36-64-2,36,64,2,64-2,"Expletive subject pronouns do exist in Angolar; however, there is no example with the existential verb tê in my data. Therefore, it is possible that further research will show the possibility of an expletive subject with existential tê.",,36-82,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-65-3,36,65,3,65-3,,,36-83,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-65-1,36,65,1,65-1,,,36-84,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-66-3,36,66,3,66-3,,,36-85 36-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-67-1,36,67,1,67-1,,,36-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-68-1,36,68,1,68-1,,901[230],36-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-69-1,36,69,1,69-1,,,36-89,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-69-2,36,69,2,69-2,,,36-90,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-7-1,36,7,1,7-1,,901[55ff.],36-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +36-70-1,36,70,1,70-1,,901[126],36-30 36-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +36-71-1,36,71,1,71-1,,901[65],36-30 36-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-72-3,36,72,3,72-3,,"901[65, 149]",36-92 36-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-73-3,36,73,3,73-3,"In most cases, the construction without copula is used.",901[92ff.],36-94 36-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-74-3,36,74,3,74-3,"In most cases, the construction without copula is used.",901[93f.],36-96 36-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +36-75-1,36,75,1,75-1,,901[93],36-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-76-3,36,76,3,76-3,"Locative predicators always require a copula, whereas predicative nouns may or may not have a copula; in most cases, however, the copula is absent with predicative nouns.",901[92 ff.],36-94 36-95 36-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 36-77-1,36,77,1,77-1,"There are three constructions: (1) tê + direct object 'have'; (2) tha ki 'be with'; -(3) tha ku ê 'be with it'.",901[102f.],36-99,30.0,Very certain +(3) tha ku ê 'be with it'.",901[102f.],36-99,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 36-77-4,36,77,4,77-4,"There are three constructions: (1) tê + direct object 'have'; (2) tha ki 'be with'; -(3) tha ku ê 'be with it'.",901[102f.],36-100 36-101,70.0,Very certain +(3) tha ku ê 'be with it'.",901[102f.],36-100 36-101,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 36-78-3,36,78,3,78-3,"Angolar has three constructions which express both transitive possession and existential situations: (1) tê 'have' (2) tha ki 'be with' (3) tha ku ê 'be with it' -whereas yet another verb is only used in an existential situation: the 'there is'.",901[103],36-102 36-103 36-104 36-82,100.0,Very certain -36-79-1,36,79,1,79-1,,901[97f.],36-105,100.0,Very certain -36-8-2,36,8,2,8-2,,901[51f.],36-9,50.0,Very certain -36-8-1,36,8,1,8-1,,901[51f.],36-10,50.0,Very certain -36-80-5,36,80,5,80-5,,,36-107,100.0,Very certain -36-81-2,36,81,2,81-2,Motion-from is expressed with the serial verb fô 'to come from'.,901[100],36-105 36-106 36-107,100.0,Very certain -36-82-3,36,82,3,82-3,,,36-108,100.0,Very certain -36-83-3,36,83,3,83-3,,,36-109,100.0,Very certain -36-84-2,36,84,2,84-2,,,36-110,100.0,Very certain -36-85-3,36,85,3,85-3,,,36-111,32.1428571428571,Very certain -36-85-2,36,85,2,85-2,,,36-113,32.1428571428571,Very certain -36-85-5,36,85,5,85-5,,,36-112,17.8571428571429,Very certain -36-85-4,36,85,4,85-4,,,36-90,17.8571428571429,Very certain -36-86-2,36,86,2,86-2,,901[111],36-114 36-170,100.0,Very certain -36-87-2,36,87,2,87-2,Both ôngê 'body' and n'tê 'head' may be used for reflexive constructions.,901[143ff.],36-115 36-116 36-117 36-118,100.0,Very certain -36-88-2,36,88,2,88-2,,"901[143f., 46]",36-118 36-119,100.0,Very certain -36-89-2,36,89,2,89-2,,901[143ff.],36-115 36-120,100.0,Very certain -36-9-4,36,9,4,9-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -36-90-3,36,90,3,90-3,,,36-121 36-122,100.0,Very certain -36-91-8,36,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain +whereas yet another verb is only used in an existential situation: the 'there is'.",901[103],36-102 36-103 36-104 36-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +36-79-1,36,79,1,79-1,,901[97f.],36-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-8-2,36,8,2,8-2,,901[51f.],36-9,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +36-8-1,36,8,1,8-1,,901[51f.],36-10,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +36-80-5,36,80,5,80-5,,,36-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-81-2,36,81,2,81-2,Motion-from is expressed with the serial verb fô 'to come from'.,901[100],36-105 36-106 36-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-82-3,36,82,3,82-3,,,36-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-83-3,36,83,3,83-3,,,36-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-84-2,36,84,2,84-2,,,36-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-85-3,36,85,3,85-3,,,36-111,32.1428571428571,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-33-0000FF-33-ADD8E6-18-FF0000-18-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-85-2,36,85,2,85-2,,,36-113,32.1428571428571,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-33-0000FF-33-ADD8E6-18-FF0000-18-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-85-5,36,85,5,85-5,,,36-112,17.8571428571429,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-33-0000FF-33-ADD8E6-18-FF0000-18-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-85-4,36,85,4,85-4,,,36-90,17.8571428571429,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-33-0000FF-33-ADD8E6-18-FF0000-18-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-86-2,36,86,2,86-2,,901[111],36-114 36-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-87-2,36,87,2,87-2,Both ôngê 'body' and n'tê 'head' may be used for reflexive constructions.,901[143ff.],36-115 36-116 36-117 36-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +36-88-2,36,88,2,88-2,,"901[143f., 46]",36-118 36-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-89-2,36,89,2,89-2,,901[143ff.],36-115 36-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +36-9-4,36,9,4,9-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +36-90-3,36,90,3,90-3,,,36-121 36-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-91-8,36,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge 36-92-1,36,92,1,92-1,"Angolar is probably unique among creole languages in having a relative pronoun ki fulfilling the function of the subject in the relative clause, and another pronoun ma which is used with all other syntactic functions. -This distinction is also maintained in case of possessor function. See examples of ma in Feature 93 ""Direct object relative clauses"".",901[55ff.],36-123 36-124,100.0,Very certain +This distinction is also maintained in case of possessor function. See examples of ma in Feature 93 ""Direct object relative clauses"".",901[55ff.],36-123 36-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 36-93-1,36,93,1,93-1,"Angolar is probably unique among creole languages in having a relative pronoun ki fulfilling the function of the subject in the relative clause, and another pronoun ma which is used with all other syntactic functions. -This distinction is also maintained in case of possessor function. See examples of ki in Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"".",901[55ff.],36-125 36-126,100.0,Very certain -36-94-7,36,94,7,94-7,"Instrument relative clauses are headed by the non-subject relative pronoun ma, whereby the relative clause contains a resumptive pronoun.",,36-127,100.0,Very certain -36-95-4,36,95,4,95-4,"Values ""Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’"" and ""Complementizer consists of ‘say’ plus some other marker"" occur only if the verb of speaking heads an indirect object.",901[112-117],36-128,25.0,Very certain -36-95-2,36,95,2,95-2,"Values ""Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’"" and ""Complementizer consists of ‘say’ plus some other marker"" occur only if the verb of speaking heads an indirect object.",901[112-117],36-131,25.0,Very certain -36-95-3,36,95,3,95-3,"Values ""Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’"" and ""Complementizer consists of ‘say’ plus some other marker"" occur only if the verb of speaking heads an indirect object.",901[112-117],36-129,25.0,Very certain -36-95-1,36,95,1,95-1,"Values ""Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’"" and ""Complementizer consists of ‘say’ plus some other marker"" occur only if the verb of speaking heads an indirect object.",901[112-117],36-130,25.0,Very certain -36-96-3,36,96,3,96-3,"Zero complementizer are only found with the non-factive verbs 'think', 'believe', and 'say', see also Feature 98 on complementizers with 'think' and 'want'.",901[114f.],36-133 36-156,100.0,Very certain -36-97-1,36,97,1,97-1,,,36-134,50.0,Very certain -36-97-2,36,97,2,97-2,,,36-135,50.0,Very certain -36-98-3,36,98,3,98-3,,,36-132 36-135 36-136 36-137,100.0,Very certain -36-99-2,36,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-0-3,37,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -37-1-2,37,1,2,1-2,,905[141],37-1 37-16 37-34,100.0,Very certain -37-10-2,37,10,2,10-2,,905[34],37-13,100.0,Very certain -37-100-4,37,100,4,100-4,,905[133ff.],37-173,100.0,Very certain -37-101-3,37,101,3,101-3,,905[133ff.],37-174,100.0,Very certain -37-102-1,37,102,1,102-1,,905,37-175 37-176 37-177,100.0,Very certain -37-103-7,37,103,7,103-7,,580[93ff.],37-179,60.0,Very certain -37-103-2,37,103,2,103-2,,580[93ff.],37-178,40.0,Very certain -37-104-7,37,104,7,104-7,The focus marker êli corresponds to the independent pronoun of the third person singular.,905[142ff.],37-211,17.6470588235294,Very certain -37-104-4,37,104,4,104-4,The focus marker êli corresponds to the independent pronoun of the third person singular.,905[142ff.],37-180,41.1764705882353,Very certain -37-104-5,37,104,5,104-5,The focus marker êli corresponds to the independent pronoun of the third person singular.,905[142ff.],37-210,41.1764705882353,Very certain -37-105-1,37,105,1,105-1,,905[144],37-181,100.0,Very certain -37-106-2,37,106,2,106-2,,905[62],37-182,100.0,Very certain -37-107-2,37,107,2,107-2,,905[169f.],37-183,100.0,Very certain -37-109-2,37,109,2,109-2,"The Principense adjective kêtê is derived from an Edo verb (xèrhé) or a Kikongo adjective (kèté), both meaning '(to be) small'.",905,37-184,100.0,Very certain +This distinction is also maintained in case of possessor function. See examples of ki in Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"".",901[55ff.],36-125 36-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +36-94-7,36,94,7,94-7,"Instrument relative clauses are headed by the non-subject relative pronoun ma, whereby the relative clause contains a resumptive pronoun.",,36-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +36-95-4,36,95,4,95-4,"Values ""Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’"" and ""Complementizer consists of ‘say’ plus some other marker"" occur only if the verb of speaking heads an indirect object.",901[112-117],36-128,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-25-FF0000-25-0000FF-25-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-95-2,36,95,2,95-2,"Values ""Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’"" and ""Complementizer consists of ‘say’ plus some other marker"" occur only if the verb of speaking heads an indirect object.",901[112-117],36-131,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-25-FF0000-25-0000FF-25-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-95-3,36,95,3,95-3,"Values ""Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’"" and ""Complementizer consists of ‘say’ plus some other marker"" occur only if the verb of speaking heads an indirect object.",901[112-117],36-129,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-25-FF0000-25-0000FF-25-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-95-1,36,95,1,95-1,"Values ""Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’"" and ""Complementizer consists of ‘say’ plus some other marker"" occur only if the verb of speaking heads an indirect object.",901[112-117],36-130,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-25-FF0000-25-0000FF-25-FFFFFF.png""}", +36-96-3,36,96,3,96-3,"Zero complementizer are only found with the non-factive verbs 'think', 'believe', and 'say', see also Feature 98 on complementizers with 'think' and 'want'.",901[114f.],36-133 36-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +36-97-1,36,97,1,97-1,,,36-134,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-97-2,36,97,2,97-2,,,36-135,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-98-3,36,98,3,98-3,,,36-132 36-135 36-136 36-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork data 2008 +36-99-2,36,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-0-3,37,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-1-2,37,1,2,1-2,,905[141],37-1 37-16 37-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-10-2,37,10,2,10-2,,905[34],37-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +37-100-4,37,100,4,100-4,,905[133ff.],37-173,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-101-3,37,101,3,101-3,,905[133ff.],37-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +37-102-1,37,102,1,102-1,,905,37-175 37-176 37-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-103-7,37,103,7,103-7,,580[93ff.],37-179,60.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-60-FFFFFF-40-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-103-2,37,103,2,103-2,,580[93ff.],37-178,40.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-60-FFFFFF-40-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-104-7,37,104,7,104-7,The focus marker êli corresponds to the independent pronoun of the third person singular.,905[142ff.],37-211,17.6470588235294,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-42-ADD8E6-42-FFFFFF-18-FFFF00.png""}", +37-104-4,37,104,4,104-4,The focus marker êli corresponds to the independent pronoun of the third person singular.,905[142ff.],37-180,41.1764705882353,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-42-ADD8E6-42-FFFFFF-18-FFFF00.png""}", +37-104-5,37,104,5,104-5,The focus marker êli corresponds to the independent pronoun of the third person singular.,905[142ff.],37-210,41.1764705882353,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-42-ADD8E6-42-FFFFFF-18-FFFF00.png""}", +37-105-1,37,105,1,105-1,,905[144],37-181,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-106-2,37,106,2,106-2,,905[62],37-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +37-107-2,37,107,2,107-2,,905[169f.],37-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +37-109-2,37,109,2,109-2,"The Principense adjective kêtê is derived from an Edo verb (xèrhé) or a Kikongo adjective (kèté), both meaning '(to be) small'.",905,37-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 37-11-2,37,11,2,11-2,"It is not possible to insert sempi 'always' between the TAM markers and the verb: -*Mene ka sempi kopa pêxi na fya, but sempi may precede the subject: Sempi Mene ka kopa pêxi na fya.",905[141f.],37-14,33.3333333333333,Very certain +*Mene ka sempi kopa pêxi na fya, but sempi may precede the subject: Sempi Mene ka kopa pêxi na fya.",905[141f.],37-14,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-800080-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}", 37-11-3,37,11,3,11-3,"It is not possible to insert sempi 'always' between the TAM markers and the verb: -*Mene ka sempi kopa pêxi na fya, but sempi may precede the subject: Sempi Mene ka kopa pêxi na fya.",905[141f.],37-16,33.3333333333333,Very certain +*Mene ka sempi kopa pêxi na fya, but sempi may precede the subject: Sempi Mene ka kopa pêxi na fya.",905[141f.],37-16,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-800080-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}", 37-11-1,37,11,1,11-1,"It is not possible to insert sempi 'always' between the TAM markers and the verb: -*Mene ka sempi kopa pêxi na fya, but sempi may precede the subject: Sempi Mene ka kopa pêxi na fya.",905[141f.],37-15,33.3333333333333,Very certain -37-110-1,37,110,1,110-1,,905[235],37-185,100.0,Very certain -37-111-2,37,111,2,111-2,,905[214],37-186,100.0,Very certain +*Mene ka sempi kopa pêxi na fya, but sempi may precede the subject: Sempi Mene ka kopa pêxi na fya.",905[141f.],37-15,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-800080-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}", +37-110-1,37,110,1,110-1,,905[235],37-185,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-111-2,37,111,2,111-2,,905[214],37-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 37-112-1,37,112,1,112-1,"Principense has differentiation in that uman refers to 'hand + arm up to the elbow', ubaasu refers to the 'upper part of the arm'. -But since only the forearm and hand are considered here, Identity was chosen.","905[238, 240]",37-187 37-188,100.0, -37-113-4,37,113,4,113-4,,905[239],37-189 37-190 37-191,100.0,Very certain -37-114-1,37,114,1,114-1,"Pene refers to body hair and feather, whereas kabelu refers to scalp hair.","905[221, 232]",37-192 37-193,100.0,Very certain -37-115-1,37,115,1,115-1,"Younger speakers of Principense do not use têndê for 'to smell'; they use xintxi 'to feel' instead. In the sense of 'to feel', xintxi is also used in my default lect.",905[127],37-194 37-196,100.0,Very certain -37-116-2,37,116,2,116-2,"Modern Principense differentiates between 'green' and 'blue'; however, only blue has a corresponding ideophone, which suggests that formerly, zulu might have referred to 'blue' as well as to 'green'.","905[241, 243]",37-197 37-198,100.0,Very certain -37-117-2,37,117,2,117-2,,905[30],37-199,100.0,Very certain -37-118-1,37,118,1,118-1,"Two or more consonants in onset appear only in loan words, as in xtuda 'study' or xplikasan 'explanation'.",905[12-13],37-200,100.0,Very certain -37-119-1,37,119,1,119-1,"There are some moderatly complex codas in recent loan words, as in kur-va 'bend' or kux-tumadu 'having the habit of'.",905[12-13],37-202,100.0,Very certain -37-12-1,37,12,1,12-1,,905[146ff.],37-17,100.0,Very certain +But since only the forearm and hand are considered here, Identity was chosen.","905[238, 240]",37-187 37-188,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-113-4,37,113,4,113-4,,905[239],37-189 37-190 37-191,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +37-114-1,37,114,1,114-1,"Pene refers to body hair and feather, whereas kabelu refers to scalp hair.","905[221, 232]",37-192 37-193,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-115-1,37,115,1,115-1,"Younger speakers of Principense do not use têndê for 'to smell'; they use xintxi 'to feel' instead. In the sense of 'to feel', xintxi is also used in my default lect.",905[127],37-194 37-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-116-2,37,116,2,116-2,"Modern Principense differentiates between 'green' and 'blue'; however, only blue has a corresponding ideophone, which suggests that formerly, zulu might have referred to 'blue' as well as to 'green'.","905[241, 243]",37-197 37-198,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-117-2,37,117,2,117-2,,905[30],37-199,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +37-118-1,37,118,1,118-1,"Two or more consonants in onset appear only in loan words, as in xtuda 'study' or xplikasan 'explanation'.",905[12-13],37-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-119-1,37,119,1,119-1,"There are some moderatly complex codas in recent loan words, as in kur-va 'bend' or kux-tumadu 'having the habit of'.",905[12-13],37-202,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-12-1,37,12,1,12-1,,905[146ff.],37-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 37-120-5,37,120,5,120-5,"All four tonal oppositions occur only in certain frames, as for instance in a frame containing the tense marker ka 'future'. In the examples, there are four sound files which illustrate the four possible tone melodies associated with disyllabic nouns, namely HH, HL, LH, LL. Grammatical tone is used for distinguishing nouns from verbs. -A different analysis of tone was proposed in Günther (1973) and in Traill & Ferraz (1981).",1494,37-203 37-204 37-205 37-206 37-207 37-208 37-209,100.0,Very certain -37-121-3,37,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -37-122-3,37,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0, -37-123-4,37,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -37-124-1,37,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -37-125-2,37,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -37-126-1,37,126,1,126-1,/z/ is in complementary distribution with /ʒ/; it is used after all vowels except i.,,37-224,100.0, -37-127-6,37,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -37-128-2,37,128,2,128-2,ɲ occurs in initial position as a minor allophone of j̃,,37-228,100.0, -37-129-2,37,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -37-13-1,37,13,1,13-1,,905[56ff.],37-18,100.0,Very certain -37-130-4,37,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -37-131,37,131,1,131-1,,,37-213,100.0, -37-132,37,132,2,132-2,It is not clear whether ɓ and b are in free variation or not.,,37-215,100.0, -37-133,37,133,1,133-1,,,37-216,100.0, -37-134,37,134,2,134-2,It is not clear whether ɗ and d are in free variation or not.,,37-217,100.0, -37-137,37,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -37-138,37,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -37-139,37,139,1,139-1,,,37-220,100.0, -37-14-1,37,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-140,37,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -37-143,37,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -37-144,37,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -37-145,37,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -37-146,37,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -37-147,37,147,1,147-1,,,37-214,100.0, -37-148,37,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -37-149,37,149,1,149-1,,,37-218,100.0, -37-15-1,37,15,1,15-1,,,37-19,100.0,Very certain -37-151,37,151,1,151-1,,,37-247,100.0, -37-152,37,152,1,152-1,,,37-248,100.0, -37-153,37,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -37-155,37,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -37-156,37,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -37-158,37,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -37-159,37,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -37-16-1,37,16,1,16-1,,,37-20,100.0,Very certain -37-160,37,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -37-161,37,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -37-163,37,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -37-168,37,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -37-169,37,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -37-17-4,37,17,4,17-4,There is a distinction between dependent and independent pronouns only in the singular.,905[56ff.],37-21 37-22 37-23 37-24,100.0,Very certain -37-170,37,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -37-171,37,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -37-172,37,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -37-173,37,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -37-174,37,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -37-176,37,176,1,176-1,It is not clear whether ɓ and b are in free variation or not.,,37-219,100.0, -37-177,37,177,1,177-1,It is not clear whether ɗ and d are in free variation or not.,,37-250,100.0, -37-178,37,178,1,178-1,,,37-226,100.0, -37-179,37,179,1,179-1,,,37-227,100.0, -37-18-5,37,18,5,18-5,"The polite form Sun 'Mister, Sir' is sometimes regarded as a pronoun. However, it can be used in a 3rd person context, and it is possible to use any proper noun or title in this function (san 'lady', arê 'king', Pedu 'Peter'). Thus, Principense is a language where title nouns and names can be used as second-person forms.",905[58],37-25,100.0,Certain -37-180,37,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -37-181,37,181,2,181-2,ɲ occurs in initial position as a minor allophone of j̃,,37-228,100.0, -37-182,37,182,2,182-2,,,37-229,100.0, -37-183,37,183,1,183-1,,,37-230,100.0, -37-184,37,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -37-187,37,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -37-188,37,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -37-189,37,189,1,189-1,,,37-221,100.0, -37-19-2,37,19,2,19-2,"Except for 'when', Principense has no compound expressions; instead, an indefinite noun (ningê 'person', kumin 'place') followed by a relative clause is used with, optionally, a sentence-final question particle.",580[93ff.],37-26 37-27 37-28 37-29,100.0,Very certain -37-190,37,190,1,190-1,,,37-222,100.0, -37-191,37,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -37-192,37,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -37-193,37,193,1,193-1,/s/ is in complementary distribution with /ʃ/; it is used after all consonants except /i/.,,37-223,100.0, -37-194,37,194,1,194-1,/z/ is in complementary distribution with /ʒ/; it is used after all vowels except i.,,37-224,100.0, -37-195,37,195,2,195-2,"This sound occurs only before i as a minor allophone of /s/, except for some loanwords.",,37-225,100.0, -37-196,37,196,2,196-2,"Occurs only before i as a minor allophone of /z/, except for some loanwords.",,,100.0, -37-199,37,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -37-2-2,37,2,2,2-2,,905[50-51],37-2 37-57,100.0,Very certain -37-20-1,37,20,1,20-1,,,37-30,100.0,Very certain -37-200,37,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -37-201,37,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -37-202,37,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -37-205,37,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -37-209,37,209,1,209-1,,,37-231,100.0, -37-21-2,37,21,2,21-2,,905[39-41],37-31 37-32,100.0,Very certain -37-212,37,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -37-215,37,215,1,215-1,,,37-251,100.0, -37-217,37,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -37-218,37,218,1,218-1,,,37-232,100.0, -37-219,37,219,1,219-1,,,37-252,100.0, +A different analysis of tone was proposed in Günther (1973) and in Traill & Ferraz (1981).",1494,37-203 37-204 37-205 37-206 37-207 37-208 37-209,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-121-3,37,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-122-3,37,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-123-4,37,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-124-1,37,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-125-2,37,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +37-126-1,37,126,1,126-1,/z/ is in complementary distribution with /ʒ/; it is used after all vowels except i.,,37-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-127-6,37,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-128-2,37,128,2,128-2,ɲ occurs in initial position as a minor allophone of j̃,,37-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-129-2,37,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-13-1,37,13,1,13-1,,905[56ff.],37-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +37-130-4,37,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-131,37,131,1,131-1,,,37-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-132,37,132,2,132-2,It is not clear whether ɓ and b are in free variation or not.,,37-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-133,37,133,1,133-1,,,37-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-134,37,134,2,134-2,It is not clear whether ɗ and d are in free variation or not.,,37-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-137,37,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-138,37,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-139,37,139,1,139-1,,,37-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-14-1,37,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-140,37,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-143,37,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-144,37,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-145,37,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-146,37,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-147,37,147,1,147-1,,,37-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-148,37,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-149,37,149,1,149-1,,,37-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-15-1,37,15,1,15-1,,,37-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +37-151,37,151,1,151-1,,,37-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-152,37,152,1,152-1,,,37-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-153,37,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-155,37,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-156,37,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-158,37,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-159,37,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-16-1,37,16,1,16-1,,,37-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-160,37,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-161,37,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-163,37,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-168,37,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-169,37,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-17-4,37,17,4,17-4,There is a distinction between dependent and independent pronouns only in the singular.,905[56ff.],37-21 37-22 37-23 37-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +37-170,37,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-171,37,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-172,37,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-173,37,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-174,37,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-176,37,176,1,176-1,It is not clear whether ɓ and b are in free variation or not.,,37-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-177,37,177,1,177-1,It is not clear whether ɗ and d are in free variation or not.,,37-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-178,37,178,1,178-1,,,37-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-179,37,179,1,179-1,,,37-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-18-5,37,18,5,18-5,"The polite form Sun 'Mister, Sir' is sometimes regarded as a pronoun. However, it can be used in a 3rd person context, and it is possible to use any proper noun or title in this function (san 'lady', arê 'king', Pedu 'Peter'). Thus, Principense is a language where title nouns and names can be used as second-person forms.",905[58],37-25,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +37-180,37,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-181,37,181,2,181-2,ɲ occurs in initial position as a minor allophone of j̃,,37-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-182,37,182,2,182-2,,,37-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-183,37,183,1,183-1,,,37-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-184,37,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-187,37,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-188,37,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-189,37,189,1,189-1,,,37-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-19-2,37,19,2,19-2,"Except for 'when', Principense has no compound expressions; instead, an indefinite noun (ningê 'person', kumin 'place') followed by a relative clause is used with, optionally, a sentence-final question particle.",580[93ff.],37-26 37-27 37-28 37-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-190,37,190,1,190-1,,,37-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-191,37,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-192,37,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-193,37,193,1,193-1,/s/ is in complementary distribution with /ʃ/; it is used after all consonants except /i/.,,37-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-194,37,194,1,194-1,/z/ is in complementary distribution with /ʒ/; it is used after all vowels except i.,,37-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-195,37,195,2,195-2,"This sound occurs only before i as a minor allophone of /s/, except for some loanwords.",,37-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-196,37,196,2,196-2,"Occurs only before i as a minor allophone of /z/, except for some loanwords.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-199,37,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-2-2,37,2,2,2-2,,905[50-51],37-2 37-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-20-1,37,20,1,20-1,,,37-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-200,37,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-201,37,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-202,37,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-205,37,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-209,37,209,1,209-1,,,37-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-21-2,37,21,2,21-2,,905[39-41],37-31 37-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-212,37,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-215,37,215,1,215-1,,,37-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-217,37,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-218,37,218,1,218-1,,,37-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-219,37,219,1,219-1,,,37-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 37-22-4,37,22,4,22-4,"With human nouns, the plural marker ine is used only if the noun phrase is definite, not if it is indefinite (cf. Example 34). It does not have to be overtly definite (cf. Example 33, where the definiteness is not overt). -With inanimate nouns, the noun phrase must be overtly definite, for instance using the demonstrative determiner sê 'this', as in Example 35. Without sê, Example 35 would be incorrect.","905[30-33, 155-159]",37-33 37-34 37-35 37-36,100.0,Very certain -37-221,37,221,1,221-1,,,37-233,100.0, -37-23-7,37,23,7,23-7,,905[30-33],37-37,100.0,Very certain -37-231,37,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -37-24-1,37,24,1,24-1,,905[33],37-37 37-38,100.0,Very certain -37-25-2,37,25,2,25-2,,905[30-33],37-37 37-39,100.0,Very certain -37-252,37,252,1,252-1,,,37-234,100.0, -37-253,37,253,1,253-1,,,37-236,100.0, -37-254,37,254,1,254-1,,,37-238,100.0, -37-255,37,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -37-256,37,256,1,256-1,,,37-240,100.0, -37-257,37,257,1,257-1,,,37-242,100.0, -37-258,37,258,1,258-1,,,37-244,100.0, -37-259,37,259,1,259-1,,,37-246,100.0, -37-26-2,37,26,2,26-2,,905[174f.],37-40 37-41,100.0,Very certain -37-260,37,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -37-261,37,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -37-263,37,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -37-267,37,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -37-268,37,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -37-27-2,37,27,2,27-2,,,37-42,100.0,Very certain -37-272,37,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -37-273,37,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -37-274,37,274,4,274-4,"While sequences of identical vowels exist, their tones do not have to be identical: cf. baabu [bàábú] 'wild, brave'. Therefore they are better analysed as sequences of short vowels.",,,100.0, -37-275,37,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -37-276,37,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -37-277,37,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -37-278,37,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -37-279,37,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -37-28-4,37,28,4,28-4,,"905[34, 46]",37-13,100.0,Very certain -37-280,37,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -37-281,37,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -37-282,37,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -37-284,37,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -37-285,37,285,2,285-2,This sound occurs only word-finally; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position.,,37-235,100.0, -37-286,37,286,2,286-2,This sound occurs only word-finally; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position.,,37-237,100.0, -37-287,37,287,2,287-2,This sound occurs only word-finally; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position.,,37-239,100.0, -37-288,37,288,2,288-2,This sound occurs only word-finally; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position.,,37-241,100.0, -37-289,37,289,2,289-2,"This sound occurs only word-finally, except in ũa 'one'; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position.",,37-243,100.0, -37-29-2,37,29,2,29-2,,"905[34, 41ff.]",37-43 37-44,100.0,Very certain -37-290,37,290,2,290-2,This sound occurs only word-finally; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position. It is not very frequent.,,37-245,100.0, -37-291,37,291,2,291-2,This sound occurs only word-finally; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position.,,37-249,100.0, +With inanimate nouns, the noun phrase must be overtly definite, for instance using the demonstrative determiner sê 'this', as in Example 35. Without sê, Example 35 would be incorrect.","905[30-33, 155-159]",37-33 37-34 37-35 37-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +37-221,37,221,1,221-1,,,37-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-23-7,37,23,7,23-7,,905[30-33],37-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +37-231,37,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-24-1,37,24,1,24-1,,905[33],37-37 37-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-25-2,37,25,2,25-2,,905[30-33],37-37 37-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-252,37,252,1,252-1,,,37-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-253,37,253,1,253-1,,,37-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-254,37,254,1,254-1,,,37-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-255,37,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-256,37,256,1,256-1,,,37-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-257,37,257,1,257-1,,,37-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-258,37,258,1,258-1,,,37-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-259,37,259,1,259-1,,,37-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +37-26-2,37,26,2,26-2,,905[174f.],37-40 37-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-260,37,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-261,37,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-263,37,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-267,37,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-268,37,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-27-2,37,27,2,27-2,,,37-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-272,37,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-273,37,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-274,37,274,4,274-4,"While sequences of identical vowels exist, their tones do not have to be identical: cf. baabu [bàábú] 'wild, brave'. Therefore they are better analysed as sequences of short vowels.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-275,37,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-276,37,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-277,37,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-278,37,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-279,37,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-28-4,37,28,4,28-4,,"905[34, 46]",37-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +37-280,37,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-281,37,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-282,37,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-284,37,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-285,37,285,2,285-2,This sound occurs only word-finally; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position.,,37-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-286,37,286,2,286-2,This sound occurs only word-finally; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position.,,37-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-287,37,287,2,287-2,This sound occurs only word-finally; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position.,,37-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-288,37,288,2,288-2,This sound occurs only word-finally; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position.,,37-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-289,37,289,2,289-2,"This sound occurs only word-finally, except in ũa 'one'; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position.",,37-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-29-2,37,29,2,29-2,,"905[34, 41ff.]",37-43 37-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-290,37,290,2,290-2,This sound occurs only word-finally; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position. It is not very frequent.,,37-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-291,37,291,2,291-2,This sound occurs only word-finally; it could be interpreted as an allophone of /n/ in word-final position.,,37-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 37-3-2,37,3,2,3-2,"The normal word order is N ADJ, although in some (very infrequent) cases, both word orders N ADJ and ADJ N are possible, as in jinku ve [zinc old] vs. ve jinku [old zinc]. -The two adjectives ma 'bad' and bôn 'good' always precede the noun.",905[47f.],37-3,90.0,Very certain +The two adjectives ma 'bad' and bôn 'good' always precede the noun.",905[47f.],37-3,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 37-3-1,37,3,1,3-1,"The normal word order is N ADJ, although in some (very infrequent) cases, both word orders N ADJ and ADJ N are possible, as in jinku ve [zinc old] vs. ve jinku [old zinc]. -The two adjectives ma 'bad' and bôn 'good' always precede the noun.",905[47f.],37-4,10.0,Very certain -37-30-3,37,30,3,30-3,,905[45-47],37-45,100.0,Very certain -37-308-3,37,308,3,308-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-309-1,37,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-31-4,37,31,4,31-4,"Example 12 shows that nouns in associative contexts are bare. Thus, there is no definite article.",905[47],37-12,100.0,Very certain -37-310-4,37,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-311-3,37,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-312-1,37,312,1,312-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-313-1,37,313,1,313-1,Principense is an endangered language.,,,100.0,Very certain -37-314-3,37,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-315-2,37,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-316-3,37,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-317-1,37,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-318-4,37,318,4,318-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-319-4,37,319,4,319-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-32-2,37,32,2,32-2,Only the proximal adnominal sê 'this' is differentiated from its pronominal counterpart. The distal ixila 'that' is used pronominally as well as adnominally.,580[58f.],37-46 37-47,100.0,Very certain -37-320-4,37,320,4,320-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-321-3,37,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-322-4,37,322,4,322-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-323-3,37,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain -37-324-3,37,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-325-3,37,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-326-4,37,326,4,326-4,"Principense is in contact with Portuguese, Santome, and Cape Verdean. Cape Verdean is spoken by immigrants and their descendants.",,,100.0,Very certain -37-327-4,37,327,4,327-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-328-4,37,328,4,328-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-329-3,37,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-33-2,37,33,2,33-2,"Principense has an additional demonstrative, xi (adnominal) and ixi (pronominal), which is used anaphorically, but not deictically.",905[34-37],37-48 37-49,100.0,Very certain -37-330-4,37,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-331-4,37,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-332-4,37,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-333-4,37,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-334-4,37,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-335-4,37,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-34-2,37,34,2,34-2,,905[43-44],37-50 37-51,100.0,Very certain -37-35-7,37,35,7,35-7,"Ordinal numerals are not frequently used, except for 'first', 'second', and 'third'. There are suppletive forms for 'one', 'two', 'three' and 'five'; 'four' is used both as a cardinal and as an ordinal number. From two on, there are several regular constructions that can be used; see Example 54 and Maurer (2009: 43–44).",580[64],37-52 37-53 37-54,100.0,Very certain -37-36-1,37,36,1,36-1,,,37-55,100.0,Very certain -37-37-2,37,37,2,37-2,,905[37-39],37-56,100.0,Very certain -37-38-4,37,38,4,38-4,"The possesive adposition (value 2) is obligatory when there is an element intervening between the possessor and the possessed; in the other cases, di-phrases are very rare in possessive constructions.",905[50-51],37-57,90.0,Very certain -37-38-2,37,38,2,38-2,"The possesive adposition (value 2) is obligatory when there is an element intervening between the possessor and the possessed; in the other cases, di-phrases are very rare in possessive constructions.",905[50-51],37-58,10.0,Very certain -37-39-3,37,39,3,39-3,"The origin of the possessive word ki is not clear to me. Its behaviour is that of a noun, because it is modified by an adnominal possessive. By contrast, the homonymous instrumental/comitative preposition ki (and its allomorph ku) combines with independent personal pronouns (cf. ku ami 'with me').",905[37-39],37-56 37-59,100.0,Very certain -37-4-2,37,4,2,4-2,,905[122ff.],37-5,100.0,Very certain -37-40-2,37,40,2,40-2,"Finu is the only example of gender agreement with adnominal adjectives; however, the gender-neutral form finu may also be used.",905[47],37-60,100.0,Very certain -37-41-2,37,41,2,41-2,,905[48-49],37-62,30.0,Very certain -37-41-1,37,41,1,41-1,,905[48-49],37-61,70.0,Very certain -37-42-1,37,42,1,42-1,,905,37-63 37-64,30.0,Very certain -37-42-2,37,42,2,42-2,,905,37-65,70.0,Very certain -37-43-1,37,43,1,43-1,,905[69ff.],37-66,30.0,Very certain -37-43-3,37,43,3,43-3,,905[69ff.],37-68 37-69,70.0,Very certain -37-44-4,37,44,4,44-4,,905[90],37-67,100.0,Very certain -37-45-4,37,45,4,45-4,There are two adverbs that may intervene between the past marker and the verb: maxi ... fa 'not yet' and kwaji 'almost'.,905[69-70],37-68,100.0,Very certain -37-46-4,37,46,4,46-4,,905[69-70],37-69,100.0,Very certain +The two adjectives ma 'bad' and bôn 'good' always precede the noun.",905[47f.],37-4,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-30-3,37,30,3,30-3,,905[45-47],37-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-308-3,37,308,3,308-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +37-309-1,37,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +37-31-4,37,31,4,31-4,"Example 12 shows that nouns in associative contexts are bare. Thus, there is no definite article.",905[47],37-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-310-4,37,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-311-3,37,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-312-1,37,312,1,312-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +37-313-1,37,313,1,313-1,Principense is an endangered language.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-314-3,37,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-315-2,37,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +37-316-3,37,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-317-1,37,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +37-318-4,37,318,4,318-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-319-4,37,319,4,319-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-32-2,37,32,2,32-2,Only the proximal adnominal sê 'this' is differentiated from its pronominal counterpart. The distal ixila 'that' is used pronominally as well as adnominally.,580[58f.],37-46 37-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-320-4,37,320,4,320-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-321-3,37,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-322-4,37,322,4,322-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-323-3,37,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-324-3,37,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-325-3,37,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-326-4,37,326,4,326-4,"Principense is in contact with Portuguese, Santome, and Cape Verdean. Cape Verdean is spoken by immigrants and their descendants.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +37-327-4,37,327,4,327-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-328-4,37,328,4,328-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-329-3,37,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +37-33-2,37,33,2,33-2,"Principense has an additional demonstrative, xi (adnominal) and ixi (pronominal), which is used anaphorically, but not deictically.",905[34-37],37-48 37-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-330-4,37,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-331-4,37,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-332-4,37,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-333-4,37,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-334-4,37,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-335-4,37,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +37-34-2,37,34,2,34-2,,905[43-44],37-50 37-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-35-7,37,35,7,35-7,"Ordinal numerals are not frequently used, except for 'first', 'second', and 'third'. There are suppletive forms for 'one', 'two', 'three' and 'five'; 'four' is used both as a cardinal and as an ordinal number. From two on, there are several regular constructions that can be used; see Example 54 and Maurer (2009: 43–44).",580[64],37-52 37-53 37-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +37-36-1,37,36,1,36-1,,,37-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +37-37-2,37,37,2,37-2,,905[37-39],37-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +37-38-4,37,38,4,38-4,"The possesive adposition (value 2) is obligatory when there is an element intervening between the possessor and the possessed; in the other cases, di-phrases are very rare in possessive constructions.",905[50-51],37-57,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +37-38-2,37,38,2,38-2,"The possesive adposition (value 2) is obligatory when there is an element intervening between the possessor and the possessed; in the other cases, di-phrases are very rare in possessive constructions.",905[50-51],37-58,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +37-39-3,37,39,3,39-3,"The origin of the possessive word ki is not clear to me. Its behaviour is that of a noun, because it is modified by an adnominal possessive. By contrast, the homonymous instrumental/comitative preposition ki (and its allomorph ku) combines with independent personal pronouns (cf. ku ami 'with me').",905[37-39],37-56 37-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-4-2,37,4,2,4-2,,905[122ff.],37-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-40-2,37,40,2,40-2,"Finu is the only example of gender agreement with adnominal adjectives; however, the gender-neutral form finu may also be used.",905[47],37-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-41-2,37,41,2,41-2,,905[48-49],37-62,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-41-1,37,41,1,41-1,,905[48-49],37-61,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-42-1,37,42,1,42-1,,905,37-63 37-64,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +37-42-2,37,42,2,42-2,,905,37-65,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +37-43-1,37,43,1,43-1,,905[69ff.],37-66,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-43-3,37,43,3,43-3,,905[69ff.],37-68 37-69,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-44-4,37,44,4,44-4,,905[90],37-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-45-4,37,45,4,45-4,There are two adverbs that may intervene between the past marker and the verb: maxi ... fa 'not yet' and kwaji 'almost'.,905[69-70],37-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +37-46-4,37,46,4,46-4,,905[69-70],37-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", 37-47-2,37,47,2,47-2,"The progressive marker sa may be used with the stative verb mêsê 'want' in order to insist on the present relevance of the wish, as in N sa mêsê sukê. 'I want sugar'; in the same situation, M mêsê sukê would also be correct. -Some speakers use sa for a habitual reference, instead of ka.",905[81-84],37-70,100.0,Very certain -37-48-7,37,48,7,48-7,,905[77-81],37-71 37-72 37-73,100.0,Very certain -37-49-3,37,49,3,49-3,"Günther (1973) proposes an analysis of the tense-aspect-mood system which has been criticized in Maurer (1997). The main point is that Günther failed to see that the form a (his aspect III, continuative) is not a tense-aspect marker on its own, but a contracted form of both sa and ka.",902[415ff.],37-74 37-75 37-76,100.0,Very certain -37-5-2,37,5,2,5-2,,905[34-37],37-6,100.0,Very certain -37-50-2,37,50,2,50-2,"The opposition between sa 'progressive' and ka 'habitual, current state and future' is neutralized in negated sentences, in the sense that ka is replaced by sa. A sentence like *Amanhan n ka kume fa is not correct.",905[83-84],37-77 37-78,100.0,Very certain -37-51-3,37,51,3,51-3,Not all stative verbs are zero-marked for present reference; about half of them are marked by ka for this function.,905[69ff.],37-79 37-80,100.0,Very certain -37-52-4,37,52,4,52-4,"In Principense, inchoative meaning with the progressive and the perfective (zero) marker is only possible with qualificative (stative) verbs. Adjectives like vêmê 'red' need an inchoative verb (vya 'to become') to yield an inchoative meaning.",905[69ff.],37-81 37-82,100.0,Very certain -37-53-2,37,53,2,53-2,,905[85-86],37-83,100.0,Very certain +Some speakers use sa for a habitual reference, instead of ka.",905[81-84],37-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-48-7,37,48,7,48-7,,905[77-81],37-71 37-72 37-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +37-49-3,37,49,3,49-3,"Günther (1973) proposes an analysis of the tense-aspect-mood system which has been criticized in Maurer (1997). The main point is that Günther failed to see that the form a (his aspect III, continuative) is not a tense-aspect marker on its own, but a contracted form of both sa and ka.",902[415ff.],37-74 37-75 37-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-5-2,37,5,2,5-2,,905[34-37],37-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-50-2,37,50,2,50-2,"The opposition between sa 'progressive' and ka 'habitual, current state and future' is neutralized in negated sentences, in the sense that ka is replaced by sa. A sentence like *Amanhan n ka kume fa is not correct.",905[83-84],37-77 37-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-51-3,37,51,3,51-3,Not all stative verbs are zero-marked for present reference; about half of them are marked by ka for this function.,905[69ff.],37-79 37-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-52-4,37,52,4,52-4,"In Principense, inchoative meaning with the progressive and the perfective (zero) marker is only possible with qualificative (stative) verbs. Adjectives like vêmê 'red' need an inchoative verb (vya 'to become') to yield an inchoative meaning.",905[69ff.],37-81 37-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +37-53-2,37,53,2,53-2,,905[85-86],37-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 37-54-6,37,54,6,54-6,"Txinha (past form of tê 'have') and tava/era (past form of the copula sa) are the only cases of strong suppletion according to tense. Instead of txinha, tava tê may also be used. This construction follows the regular pattern. -Têvê vs. Ø tê 'had (PFV)' and txinha 'had (IPFV)' is the only case of strong suppletion according to aspect; the form têvê is extremely rare.","905[69, 87, 95, 101]",37-85 37-86 37-87,100.0,Very certain -37-55-2,37,55,2,55-2,Epistemic possibility is expressed by a construction that implies the verb po 'can'; see Example 91.,905[105-107],37-88 37-89 37-90 37-91,100.0,Very certain -37-56-1,37,56,1,56-1,,905[150-151],37-92 37-93 37-94,100.0,Very certain -37-57-1,37,57,1,57-1,,905[120-122],37-95,100.0,Very certain -37-58-1,37,58,1,58-1,,905[120-122],37-96 37-97,100.0,Very certain -37-59-2,37,59,2,59-2,,905[56ff.],37-98 37-99,100.0,Very certain -37-6-2,37,6,2,6-2,"In modern Principense, only ũa 'one' follows the noun; formerly, all the numerals could follow the noun.",580[63f.],37-7,12.5,Very certain -37-6-1,37,6,1,6-1,"In modern Principense, only ũa 'one' follows the noun; formerly, all the numerals could follow the noun.",580[63f.],37-8,87.5,Very certain -37-60-2,37,60,2,60-2,,905[120-122],37-100 37-101,100.0,Very certain -37-61-1,37,61,1,61-1,,905[120-122],37-100,100.0,Very certain -37-62-1,37,62,1,62-1,,905[56ff.],37-102,100.0,Very certain -37-63-2,37,63,2,63-2,,905[58f.],37-104,50.0,Very certain -37-63-1,37,63,1,63-1,,905[58f.],37-103,50.0,Very certain -37-64-1,37,64,1,64-1,,905[58f.],37-105,50.0,Very certain -37-64-2,37,64,2,64-2,,905[58f.],37-106,50.0,Very certain -37-65-1,37,65,1,65-1,,905[59],37-107,50.0,Very certain -37-65-3,37,65,3,65-3,,905[59],37-108,50.0,Very certain -37-66-3,37,66,3,66-3,,,37-109,100.0,Very certain -37-67-1,37,67,1,67-1,,,37-110,100.0,Very certain -37-68-2,37,68,2,68-2,,905[47f.],37-111,100.0,Very certain -37-69-1,37,69,1,69-1,,905[115f.],37-112,50.0,Very certain -37-69-2,37,69,2,69-2,,905[115f.],37-113,50.0,Very certain -37-7-1,37,7,1,7-1,,905,37-9,100.0,Very certain -37-70-1,37,70,1,70-1,,"905[115,132]",37-114 37-115,100.0,Very certain -37-71-1,37,71,1,71-1,,"905[63f., 132]",37-114 37-116,100.0,Very certain -37-72-3,37,72,3,72-3,The conjunction i ’and’ is optional.,"905[63f.,160]",37-117 37-118,100.0,Very certain -37-73-3,37,73,3,73-3,"With predicative noun phrases, the copula sa 'to be' is excluded from most contexts. In some contexts, e.g. in relative clauses (and hence in focus constructions) or in complement clauses headed by pa, the presence of the copula is obligatory.",580[85],37-119 37-120 37-121,100.0,Very certain -37-74-3,37,74,3,74-3,"With predicative adjectives, the copula sa 'to be' is excluded from most contexts. It is only in complement clauses and desiderative clauses headed by pa as well as after the modal verb po 'can' that the presence of the copula is obligatory.",905[95ff.],37-122 37-123 37-124,100.0,Very certain -37-75-3,37,75,3,75-3,"The locative copula is obligatory in all cases except if the predicator is a prepositional phrase headed by na 'in, etc.', as in Example 126. Notice, however, that some native speakers do not accept sentences like the one in Example 126. They would prefer Sun arê ki san ranha sa udêntu palaxu. 'The king and the queen were in the palace.'",905[95ff.],37-125 37-126 37-212,100.0,Very certain -37-76-2,37,76,2,76-2,,580[67],37-119 37-125 37-212,100.0,Very certain -37-77-4,37,77,4,77-4,"Tê is used with permanent and temporary states, and sa ki exclusively with temporary states.",905[104f.],37-130,50.0,Very certain -37-77-1,37,77,1,77-1,"Tê is used with permanent and temporary states, and sa ki exclusively with temporary states.",905[104f.],37-127 37-128,50.0,Very certain -37-78-1,37,78,1,78-1,,905[104f.],37-131 37-132 37-133,100.0,Very certain -37-79-1,37,79,1,79-1,,905[122ff.],37-136,100.0,Very certain -37-8-1,37,8,1,8-1,,905[48f.],37-11,87.5,Very certain -37-8-2,37,8,2,8-2,,905[48f.],37-10,12.5,Very certain -37-80-5,37,80,5,80-5,,905[122ff.],37-137,100.0,Very certain -37-81-2,37,81,2,81-2,,905[122ff.],37-134 37-135,100.0,Very certain -37-82-3,37,82,3,82-3,,905[126],37-138,100.0,Very certain -37-83-3,37,83,3,83-3,,905[122ff.],37-139 37-140,100.0,Very certain -37-84-2,37,84,2,84-2,Directional serial verbs are very common in the language; not only 'come' and 'go' are used.,905[118ff.],37-141 37-142 37-143,100.0,Very certain +Têvê vs. Ø tê 'had (PFV)' and txinha 'had (IPFV)' is the only case of strong suppletion according to aspect; the form têvê is extremely rare.","905[69, 87, 95, 101]",37-85 37-86 37-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +37-55-2,37,55,2,55-2,Epistemic possibility is expressed by a construction that implies the verb po 'can'; see Example 91.,905[105-107],37-88 37-89 37-90 37-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +37-56-1,37,56,1,56-1,,905[150-151],37-92 37-93 37-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-57-1,37,57,1,57-1,,905[120-122],37-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-58-1,37,58,1,58-1,,905[120-122],37-96 37-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-59-2,37,59,2,59-2,,905[56ff.],37-98 37-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-6-2,37,6,2,6-2,"In modern Principense, only ũa 'one' follows the noun; formerly, all the numerals could follow the noun.",580[63f.],37-7,12.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-6-1,37,6,1,6-1,"In modern Principense, only ũa 'one' follows the noun; formerly, all the numerals could follow the noun.",580[63f.],37-8,87.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-60-2,37,60,2,60-2,,905[120-122],37-100 37-101,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-61-1,37,61,1,61-1,,905[120-122],37-100,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +37-62-1,37,62,1,62-1,,905[56ff.],37-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-63-2,37,63,2,63-2,,905[58f.],37-104,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +37-63-1,37,63,1,63-1,,905[58f.],37-103,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +37-64-1,37,64,1,64-1,,905[58f.],37-105,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +37-64-2,37,64,2,64-2,,905[58f.],37-106,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +37-65-1,37,65,1,65-1,,905[59],37-107,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +37-65-3,37,65,3,65-3,,905[59],37-108,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +37-66-3,37,66,3,66-3,,,37-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +37-67-1,37,67,1,67-1,,,37-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own data +37-68-2,37,68,2,68-2,,905[47f.],37-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +37-69-1,37,69,1,69-1,,905[115f.],37-112,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +37-69-2,37,69,2,69-2,,905[115f.],37-113,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +37-7-1,37,7,1,7-1,,905,37-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-70-1,37,70,1,70-1,,"905[115,132]",37-114 37-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-71-1,37,71,1,71-1,,"905[63f., 132]",37-114 37-116,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-72-3,37,72,3,72-3,The conjunction i ’and’ is optional.,"905[63f.,160]",37-117 37-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-73-3,37,73,3,73-3,"With predicative noun phrases, the copula sa 'to be' is excluded from most contexts. In some contexts, e.g. in relative clauses (and hence in focus constructions) or in complement clauses headed by pa, the presence of the copula is obligatory.",580[85],37-119 37-120 37-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-74-3,37,74,3,74-3,"With predicative adjectives, the copula sa 'to be' is excluded from most contexts. It is only in complement clauses and desiderative clauses headed by pa as well as after the modal verb po 'can' that the presence of the copula is obligatory.",905[95ff.],37-122 37-123 37-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-75-3,37,75,3,75-3,"The locative copula is obligatory in all cases except if the predicator is a prepositional phrase headed by na 'in, etc.', as in Example 126. Notice, however, that some native speakers do not accept sentences like the one in Example 126. They would prefer Sun arê ki san ranha sa udêntu palaxu. 'The king and the queen were in the palace.'",905[95ff.],37-125 37-126 37-212,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +37-76-2,37,76,2,76-2,,580[67],37-119 37-125 37-212,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-77-4,37,77,4,77-4,"Tê is used with permanent and temporary states, and sa ki exclusively with temporary states.",905[104f.],37-130,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +37-77-1,37,77,1,77-1,"Tê is used with permanent and temporary states, and sa ki exclusively with temporary states.",905[104f.],37-127 37-128,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +37-78-1,37,78,1,78-1,,905[104f.],37-131 37-132 37-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-79-1,37,79,1,79-1,,905[122ff.],37-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-8-1,37,8,1,8-1,,905[48f.],37-11,87.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-8-2,37,8,2,8-2,,905[48f.],37-10,12.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-80-5,37,80,5,80-5,,905[122ff.],37-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-81-2,37,81,2,81-2,,905[122ff.],37-134 37-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-82-3,37,82,3,82-3,,905[126],37-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-83-3,37,83,3,83-3,,905[122ff.],37-139 37-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +37-84-2,37,84,2,84-2,Directional serial verbs are very common in the language; not only 'come' and 'go' are used.,905[118ff.],37-141 37-142 37-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 37-85-2,37,85,2,85-2,"The 'take'-serial verb constructions are not obligatory. It is also possible to say, e.g. Ê daka pêxi kaxi. @@ -9381,7 +9381,7 @@ Têvê vs. Ø tê 'had (PFV)' and txinha 'had (IPFV)' is the only case of strong Ê da kompwe sê n'uwê ki lima. [he give friend his in.eye with file] -'He blew his friend in the eyes with a file.'",905[114-116],37-144 37-145,25.0,Very certain +'He blew his friend in the eyes with a file.'",905[114-116],37-144 37-145,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-25-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", 37-85-3,37,85,3,85-3,"The 'take'-serial verb constructions are not obligatory. It is also possible to say, e.g. Ê daka pêxi kaxi. @@ -9390,7 +9390,7 @@ Têvê vs. Ø tê 'had (PFV)' and txinha 'had (IPFV)' is the only case of strong Ê da kompwe sê n'uwê ki lima. [he give friend his in.eye with file] -'He blew his friend in the eyes with a file.'",905[114-116],37-148,25.0,Very certain +'He blew his friend in the eyes with a file.'",905[114-116],37-148,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-25-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", 37-85-4,37,85,4,85-4,"The 'take'-serial verb constructions are not obligatory. It is also possible to say, e.g. Ê daka pêxi kaxi. @@ -9399,7 +9399,7 @@ Têvê vs. Ø tê 'had (PFV)' and txinha 'had (IPFV)' is the only case of strong Ê da kompwe sê n'uwê ki lima. [he give friend his in.eye with file] -'He blew his friend in the eyes with a file.'",905[114-116],37-146,25.0,Very certain +'He blew his friend in the eyes with a file.'",905[114-116],37-146,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-25-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", 37-85-5,37,85,5,85-5,"The 'take'-serial verb constructions are not obligatory. It is also possible to say, e.g. Ê daka pêxi kaxi. @@ -9408,389 +9408,389 @@ Têvê vs. Ø tê 'had (PFV)' and txinha 'had (IPFV)' is the only case of strong Ê da kompwe sê n'uwê ki lima. [he give friend his in.eye with file] -'He blew his friend in the eyes with a file.'",905[114-116],37-147,25.0,Very certain -37-86-2,37,86,2,86-2,Benefactive and repicient can also be expressed by a double object construction (see Examples 150 and 151),580[87],37-149 37-150 37-151,100.0,Very certain -37-87-2,37,87,2,87-2,,905[151f.],37-153 37-154,50.0,Very certain -37-87-3,37,87,3,87-3,,905[151f.],37-152,50.0,Very certain -37-88-3,37,88,3,88-3,,"905[39ff., 151ff.]",37-153 37-155 37-156,100.0,Very certain -37-89-2,37,89,2,89-2,,"905[151f., 153]",37-156 37-157,100.0,Very certain -37-9-4,37,9,4,9-4,,905[46f.],37-12,100.0,Very certain -37-90-3,37,90,3,90-3,The non-prototypical passive construction was rejected by some native speakers.,,37-158 37-159,100.0,Certain -37-91-8,37,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -37-92-2,37,92,2,92-2,,905[51],37-160,100.0,Very certain -37-93-2,37,93,2,93-2,,905[51],37-161,100.0,Very certain -37-94-3,37,94,3,94-3,"In value 8, there is a relative particle heading the relative clause, but there is no trace of the instrumental argument in the relative clause.",905[53f.],37-162,50.0,Very certain -37-94-9,37,94,9,94-9,"In value 8, there is a relative particle heading the relative clause, but there is no trace of the instrumental argument in the relative clause.",905[53f.],37-163,50.0, -37-95-3,37,95,3,95-3,,905[160ff.],37-164,70.0,Very certain -37-95-4,37,95,4,95-4,,905[160ff.],37-165,30.0,Very certain -37-96-3,37,96,3,96-3,,905[160ff.],37-166,70.0,Very certain -37-96-4,37,96,4,96-4,,905[160ff.],37-167,30.0,Very certain -37-97-2,37,97,2,97-2,,905[163],37-168,30.0,Very certain -37-97-1,37,97,1,97-1,,905[163],37-169 37-170,70.0,Very certain -37-98-3,37,98,3,98-3,Pa is synonymous with the subordinator heading purposive clauses.,905[160ff.],37-120 37-171 37-172,100.0,Very certain -37-99-2,37,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-0-3,38,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -38-1-2,38,1,2,1-2,,,38-1 38-16,100.0,Certain -38-10-1,38,10,1,10-1,,,38-18 38-19,100.0,Very certain -38-100-5,38,100,5,100-5,,,38-100 38-182 38-183,100.0,Very certain -38-101-5,38,101,5,101-5,,,38-184,100.0,Very certain -38-102-1,38,102,1,102-1,,,38-185,100.0,Very certain -38-103-7,38,103,7,103-7,,,38-155 38-186,100.0,Very certain -38-104-7,38,104,7,104-7,,,38-187,100.0,Intermediate -38-106-2,38,106,2,106-2,,,38-188,100.0,Certain -38-109-2,38,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Certain -38-110-1,38,110,1,110-1,,,38-189 38-190,100.0,Very certain -38-111-3,38,111,3,111-3,,,38-191,100.0,Very certain -38-112-2,38,112,2,112-2,,,38-192 38-193,100.0,Certain -38-113-4,38,113,4,113-4,,,38-194 38-195 38-214,100.0,Very certain -38-114-2,38,114,2,114-2,,,38-196 38-197,100.0,Very certain -38-115-2,38,115,2,115-2,,,38-198 38-199,100.0,Very certain -38-116-1,38,116,1,116-1,,,38-200,100.0,Very certain -38-117-2,38,117,2,117-2,,,38-201,100.0,Certain -38-118-2,38,118,2,118-2,,,38-202 38-203 38-204 38-205,100.0,Certain -38-119-3,38,119,3,119-3,,,38-205 38-206 38-207 38-208 38-209 38-210,100.0,Certain -38-12-1,38,12,1,12-1,,1236[191-204],38-20 38-21 38-22,100.0,Very certain -38-120-3,38,120,3,120-3,,1236[194],38-211 38-212,100.0,Certain -38-121-2,38,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -38-122-4,38,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -38-123-4,38,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -38-124-1,38,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -38-125-3,38,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -38-126-1,38,126,1,126-1,,,,100.0, -38-127-6,38,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -38-128-1,38,128,1,128-1,,,,100.0, -38-129-1,38,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -38-13-1,38,13,1,13-1,,,38-23,100.0,Very certain -38-130-4,38,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -38-131,38,131,1,131-1,,,38-215,100.0, -38-132,38,132,1,132-1,,,,100.0, -38-133,38,133,1,133-1,,,38-216,100.0, -38-134,38,134,1,134-1,,,38-221,100.0, -38-137,38,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -38-138,38,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -38-139,38,139,1,139-1,,,38-224,100.0, -38-14-1,38,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Certain -38-140,38,140,1,140-1,,,,100.0, -38-143,38,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -38-144,38,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -38-145,38,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -38-146,38,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -38-147,38,147,1,147-1,,,38-222,100.0, -38-148,38,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -38-149,38,149,1,149-1,,,,100.0, -38-15-1,38,15,1,15-1,,,38-24,100.0,Certain -38-151,38,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -38-152,38,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -38-153,38,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -38-155,38,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -38-156,38,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -38-158,38,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -38-159,38,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -38-16-1,38,16,1,16-1,,,38-25 38-26,100.0,Very certain -38-160,38,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -38-161,38,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -38-163,38,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -38-168,38,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -38-169,38,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -38-17-4,38,17,4,17-4,"The independent full length 1SG and 3SG pronouns are amu and eli respectively. Dependent 1SG and 3SG pronouns are nearly always shortened to m’, am, mu and e, i, ‘l, li, respectively.",,38-113 38-154 38-27 38-28 38-29,100.0,Certain -38-170,38,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -38-171,38,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -38-172,38,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -38-173,38,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -38-174,38,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -38-176,38,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -38-178,38,178,1,178-1,,,,100.0, -38-179,38,179,1,179-1,,,,100.0, -38-18-1,38,18,1,18-1,,,,100.0,Certain -38-180,38,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -38-181,38,181,1,181-1,,,,100.0, -38-182,38,182,1,182-1,,,,100.0, -38-183,38,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -38-184,38,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -38-187,38,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -38-188,38,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -38-189,38,189,1,189-1,,,,100.0, -38-19-3,38,19,3,19-3,There is a stress difference between xamá 'where' and xáma 'how'.,1236[199],38-30 38-31 38-32 38-33,100.0,Very certain -38-190,38,190,1,190-1,,,,100.0, -38-191,38,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -38-192,38,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -38-193,38,193,1,193-1,,,38-223,100.0, -38-194,38,194,1,194-1,,,,100.0, -38-195,38,195,1,195-1,,,,100.0, -38-196,38,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -38-199,38,199,1,199-1,,,,100.0, -38-2-2,38,2,2,2-2,,,38-2 38-3,100.0,Very certain -38-200,38,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -38-201,38,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -38-202,38,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -38-205,38,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -38-209,38,209,4,209-4,,,,100.0, -38-21-2,38,21,2,21-2,,,38-34 38-35 38-36,100.0,Very certain -38-212,38,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -38-217,38,217,1,217-1,,,,100.0, -38-218,38,218,1,218-1,,,,100.0, -38-22-2,38,22,2,22-2,,,38-37 38-38 38-62,100.0,Very certain -38-221,38,221,4,221-4,,,,100.0, -38-23-1,38,23,1,23-1,,,38-39 38-40,100.0,Very certain -38-231,38,231,1,231-1,,,,100.0, -38-232,38,232,1,232-1,,,,100.0, -38-235,38,235,1,235-1,,,,100.0, -38-237,38,237,1,237-1,,,,100.0, -38-24-4,38,24,4,24-4,"I don't think this construction exists in Fa d'Ambô. I collected a lot of stories, very often about people's lives, and I never came accross it, although I do have examples where this construction normally would have emerged if it existed.",,,100.0,Intermediate -38-25-3,38,25,3,25-3,,,38-41 38-42,100.0,Very certain -38-252,38,252,1,252-1,,,,100.0, -38-253,38,253,1,253-1,,,38-218,100.0, -38-254,38,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -38-255,38,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -38-256,38,256,1,256-1,,,38-220,100.0, -38-257,38,257,1,257-1,,,38-217,100.0, -38-258,38,258,1,258-1,,,,100.0, -38-259,38,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -38-26-2,38,26,2,26-2,,"1240[94, 97]",38-43 38-44 38-45 38-46,100.0,Very certain -38-260,38,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -38-261,38,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -38-263,38,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -38-267,38,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -38-268,38,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -38-27-2,38,27,2,27-2,,,38-47 38-48,100.0,Very certain -38-272,38,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -38-273,38,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -38-274,38,274,1,274-1,,,,100.0, -38-275,38,275,1,275-1,,,38-219,100.0, -38-276,38,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -38-277,38,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -38-278,38,278,1,278-1,,,,100.0, -38-279,38,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -38-28-1,38,28,1,28-1,,,38-17 38-49,100.0,Certain -38-280,38,280,1,280-1,,,,100.0, -38-281,38,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -38-282,38,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -38-284,38,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -38-285,38,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -38-286,38,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -38-287,38,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -38-288,38,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -38-289,38,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -38-29-1,38,29,1,29-1,,,38-50 38-51,100.0,Very certain -38-290,38,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -38-291,38,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -38-3-2,38,3,2,3-2,,,38-4 38-5,70.0,Very certain -38-3-1,38,3,1,3-1,,,38-213,30.0,Unspecified -38-30-4,38,30,4,30-4,The construction with the article na seems to occur only in combination with humans.,,38-52,100.0,Certain -38-308-3,38,308,3,308-3,,1237[191],,100.0,Very certain -38-309-1,38,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-31-1,38,31,1,31-1,The use of na in combination with a demonstrative seems to be optional. It is far more often omitted than it is used and is found almost exclusively in combination with a human noun.,,38-53 38-54,100.0,Certain -38-310-4,38,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-311-3,38,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Certain -38-312-3,38,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain -38-313-3,38,313,3,313-3,,,,100.0,Certain -38-314-3,38,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-315-2,38,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain -38-316-3,38,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Certain -38-317-2,38,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-318-3,38,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-319-4,38,319,4,319-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-32-2,38,32,2,32-2,,,38-55 38-56,100.0,Very certain -38-320-4,38,320,4,320-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-321-4,38,321,4,321-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-322-4,38,322,4,322-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-323-4,38,323,4,323-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-324-3,38,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-325-3,38,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-326-2,38,326,2,326-2,Spanish is the official language of Equatorial Guinea and has as such its influence on Fa d'Ambô.,,,100.0,Certain -38-327-3,38,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Certain -38-328-3,38,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-329-3,38,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Certain -38-33-2,38,33,2,33-2,,,38-57 38-58,100.0,Very certain -38-330-3,38,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-331-3,38,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-332-3,38,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-333-4,38,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-334-4,38,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-335-4,38,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-34-1,38,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-35-3,38,35,3,35-3,,,38-59 38-60 38-61,100.0,Very certain -38-36-1,38,36,1,36-1,,,38-62 38-63,100.0,Very certain +'He blew his friend in the eyes with a file.'",905[114-116],37-147,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-25-ADD8E6-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png""}", +37-86-2,37,86,2,86-2,Benefactive and repicient can also be expressed by a double object construction (see Examples 150 and 151),580[87],37-149 37-150 37-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-87-2,37,87,2,87-2,,905[151f.],37-153 37-154,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +37-87-3,37,87,3,87-3,,905[151f.],37-152,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +37-88-3,37,88,3,88-3,,"905[39ff., 151ff.]",37-153 37-155 37-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +37-89-2,37,89,2,89-2,,"905[151f., 153]",37-156 37-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +37-9-4,37,9,4,9-4,,905[46f.],37-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-90-3,37,90,3,90-3,The non-prototypical passive construction was rejected by some native speakers.,,37-158 37-159,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +37-91-8,37,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +37-92-2,37,92,2,92-2,,905[51],37-160,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +37-93-2,37,93,2,93-2,,905[51],37-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-94-3,37,94,3,94-3,"In value 8, there is a relative particle heading the relative clause, but there is no trace of the instrumental argument in the relative clause.",905[53f.],37-162,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-964B00.png""}", +37-94-9,37,94,9,94-9,"In value 8, there is a relative particle heading the relative clause, but there is no trace of the instrumental argument in the relative clause.",905[53f.],37-163,50.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-964B00.png""}", +37-95-3,37,95,3,95-3,,905[160ff.],37-164,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-95-4,37,95,4,95-4,,905[160ff.],37-165,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-96-3,37,96,3,96-3,,905[160ff.],37-166,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-96-4,37,96,4,96-4,,905[160ff.],37-167,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +37-97-2,37,97,2,97-2,,905[163],37-168,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +37-97-1,37,97,1,97-1,,905[163],37-169 37-170,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +37-98-3,37,98,3,98-3,Pa is synonymous with the subordinator heading purposive clauses.,905[160ff.],37-120 37-171 37-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +37-99-2,37,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +38-0-3,38,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +38-1-2,38,1,2,1-2,,,38-1 38-16,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-10-1,38,10,1,10-1,,,38-18 38-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-100-5,38,100,5,100-5,,,38-100 38-182 38-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own fieldwork +38-101-5,38,101,5,101-5,,,38-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-102-1,38,102,1,102-1,,,38-185,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +38-103-7,38,103,7,103-7,,,38-155 38-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own fieldwork +38-104-7,38,104,7,104-7,,,38-187,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork 1993 +38-106-2,38,106,2,106-2,,,38-188,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-109-2,38,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +38-110-1,38,110,1,110-1,,,38-189 38-190,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-111-3,38,111,3,111-3,,,38-191,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-112-2,38,112,2,112-2,,,38-192 38-193,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-113-4,38,113,4,113-4,,,38-194 38-195 38-214,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-114-2,38,114,2,114-2,,,38-196 38-197,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-115-2,38,115,2,115-2,,,38-198 38-199,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-116-1,38,116,1,116-1,,,38-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-117-2,38,117,2,117-2,,,38-201,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-118-2,38,118,2,118-2,,,38-202 38-203 38-204 38-205,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own fieldwork 1990; Own fieldwork 1993 +38-119-3,38,119,3,119-3,,,38-205 38-206 38-207 38-208 38-209 38-210,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-12-1,38,12,1,12-1,,1236[191-204],38-20 38-21 38-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +38-120-3,38,120,3,120-3,,1236[194],38-211 38-212,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +38-121-2,38,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +38-122-4,38,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +38-123-4,38,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-124-1,38,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +38-125-3,38,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +38-126-1,38,126,1,126-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +38-127-6,38,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-128-1,38,128,1,128-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +38-129-1,38,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +38-13-1,38,13,1,13-1,,,38-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-130-4,38,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-131,38,131,1,131-1,,,38-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-132,38,132,1,132-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-133,38,133,1,133-1,,,38-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-134,38,134,1,134-1,,,38-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-137,38,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-138,38,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-139,38,139,1,139-1,,,38-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-14-1,38,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-140,38,140,1,140-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-143,38,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-144,38,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-145,38,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-146,38,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-147,38,147,1,147-1,,,38-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-148,38,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-149,38,149,1,149-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-15-1,38,15,1,15-1,,,38-24,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own fieldwork +38-151,38,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-152,38,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-153,38,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-155,38,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-156,38,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-158,38,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-159,38,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-16-1,38,16,1,16-1,,,38-25 38-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-160,38,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-161,38,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-163,38,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-168,38,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-169,38,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-17-4,38,17,4,17-4,"The independent full length 1SG and 3SG pronouns are amu and eli respectively. Dependent 1SG and 3SG pronouns are nearly always shortened to m’, am, mu and e, i, ‘l, li, respectively.",,38-113 38-154 38-27 38-28 38-29,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-170,38,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-171,38,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-172,38,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-173,38,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-174,38,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-176,38,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-178,38,178,1,178-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-179,38,179,1,179-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-18-1,38,18,1,18-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +38-180,38,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-181,38,181,1,181-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-182,38,182,1,182-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-183,38,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-184,38,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-187,38,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-188,38,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-189,38,189,1,189-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-19-3,38,19,3,19-3,There is a stress difference between xamá 'where' and xáma 'how'.,1236[199],38-30 38-31 38-32 38-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +38-190,38,190,1,190-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-191,38,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-192,38,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-193,38,193,1,193-1,,,38-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-194,38,194,1,194-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-195,38,195,1,195-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-196,38,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-199,38,199,1,199-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-2-2,38,2,2,2-2,,,38-2 38-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-200,38,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-201,38,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-202,38,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-205,38,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-209,38,209,4,209-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-21-2,38,21,2,21-2,,,38-34 38-35 38-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-212,38,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-217,38,217,1,217-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-218,38,218,1,218-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-22-2,38,22,2,22-2,,,38-37 38-38 38-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-221,38,221,4,221-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-23-1,38,23,1,23-1,,,38-39 38-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 9}",Own knowledge +38-231,38,231,1,231-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-232,38,232,1,232-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-235,38,235,1,235-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-237,38,237,1,237-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-24-4,38,24,4,24-4,"I don't think this construction exists in Fa d'Ambô. I collected a lot of stories, very often about people's lives, and I never came accross it, although I do have examples where this construction normally would have emerged if it existed.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +38-25-3,38,25,3,25-3,,,38-41 38-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-252,38,252,1,252-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-253,38,253,1,253-1,,,38-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-254,38,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-255,38,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-256,38,256,1,256-1,,,38-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-257,38,257,1,257-1,,,38-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-258,38,258,1,258-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-259,38,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-26-2,38,26,2,26-2,,"1240[94, 97]",38-43 38-44 38-45 38-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +38-260,38,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-261,38,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-263,38,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-267,38,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-268,38,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-27-2,38,27,2,27-2,,,38-47 38-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1993 +38-272,38,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-273,38,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-274,38,274,1,274-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-275,38,275,1,275-1,,,38-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-276,38,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-277,38,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-278,38,278,1,278-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-279,38,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-28-1,38,28,1,28-1,,,38-17 38-49,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +38-280,38,280,1,280-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +38-281,38,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-282,38,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-284,38,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-285,38,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-286,38,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-287,38,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-288,38,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-289,38,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-29-1,38,29,1,29-1,,,38-50 38-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-290,38,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-291,38,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +38-3-2,38,3,2,3-2,,,38-4 38-5,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-3-1,38,3,1,3-1,,,38-213,30.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-30-4,38,30,4,30-4,The construction with the article na seems to occur only in combination with humans.,,38-52,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-308-3,38,308,3,308-3,,1237[191],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +38-309-1,38,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-31-1,38,31,1,31-1,The use of na in combination with a demonstrative seems to be optional. It is far more often omitted than it is used and is found almost exclusively in combination with a human noun.,,38-53 38-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-310-4,38,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-311-3,38,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-312-3,38,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-313-3,38,313,3,313-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-314-3,38,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-315-2,38,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-316-3,38,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-317-2,38,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-318-3,38,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-319-4,38,319,4,319-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-32-2,38,32,2,32-2,,,38-55 38-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-320-4,38,320,4,320-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-321-4,38,321,4,321-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-322-4,38,322,4,322-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-323-4,38,323,4,323-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-324-3,38,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-325-3,38,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-326-2,38,326,2,326-2,Spanish is the official language of Equatorial Guinea and has as such its influence on Fa d'Ambô.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-327-3,38,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-328-3,38,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-329-3,38,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-33-2,38,33,2,33-2,,,38-57 38-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-330-3,38,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-331-3,38,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-332-3,38,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-333-4,38,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-334-4,38,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-335-4,38,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own fieldwork 1995 +38-34-1,38,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +38-35-3,38,35,3,35-3,,,38-59 38-60 38-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own fieldwork +38-36-1,38,36,1,36-1,,,38-62 38-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork 38-37-6,38,37,6,37-6,"Value 2: 1 and 2 SG and PL -Value 4: 3 SG and PL",,38-65,35.0,Very certain +Value 4: 3 SG and PL",,38-65,35.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-65-0000FF-35-ADD8E6.png""}",Own fieldwork 38-37-2,38,37,2,37-2,"Value 2: 1 and 2 SG and PL -Value 4: 3 SG and PL",,38-64,65.0,Very certain -38-38-4,38,38,4,38-4,,,38-140 38-2 38-66,100.0,Certain -38-39-3,38,39,3,39-3,,,38-67,100.0,Very certain -38-4-2,38,4,2,4-2,,,38-19 38-36 38-6,100.0,Very certain -38-40-1,38,40,1,40-1,,,38-68 38-69,100.0,Very certain -38-41-2,38,41,2,41-2,,,38-71,50.0,Certain -38-41-1,38,41,1,41-1,,,38-70,50.0,Certain -38-42-1,38,42,1,42-1,,,38-71,10.0,Certain -38-42-2,38,42,2,42-2,,,38-72 38-73,90.0,Certain -38-43-1,38,43,1,43-1,,1237[192-205],38-74,100.0,Very certain -38-45-3,38,45,3,45-3,,,38-77,100.0,Certain -38-46-2,38,46,2,46-2,Sxa is the progressive marker. It will always be the marker nearest to the verb and no other features can be placed in between.,,38-77 38-78,100.0,Very certain -38-47-4,38,47,4,47-4,Sxa is PROG and HAB.,,38-79 38-80 38-81,100.0,Very certain -38-48-2,38,48,2,48-2,,,38-83 38-84,100.0,Very certain -38-49-3,38,49,3,49-3,,,38-85 38-86 38-87 38-88,100.0,Certain -38-5-2,38,5,2,5-2,,,38-7 38-8,100.0,Very certain -38-50-1,38,50,1,50-1,,,38-89 38-90 38-91 38-92 38-93,100.0,Very certain -38-51-3,38,51,3,51-3,,,38-11 38-95 38-96,100.0,Certain -38-52-2,38,52,2,52-2,,,38-97,100.0,Very certain -38-54-7,38,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -38-55-2,38,55,2,55-2,,,38-100 38-101,100.0,Certain -38-56-1,38,56,1,56-1,,,38-102 38-103 38-104,100.0,Very certain -38-57-1,38,57,1,57-1,,,38-105,100.0,Very certain -38-58-1,38,58,1,58-1,,,38-106 38-107 38-108 38-109,100.0,Very certain -38-59-1,38,59,1,59-1,The subject and object pronouns are the same. Most of the time the last sound drops in initial position; at the end of the utterance the first sound of the pronoun drops. But this has nothing to do with case marking. It depends on the position in the sentence and the sounds surrounding it.,,38-110 38-111 38-112 38-113 38-21,100.0,Very certain -38-6-2,38,6,2,6-2,,,38-9,100.0,Very certain -38-60-2,38,60,2,60-2,,1236[201],38-107 38-114 38-115,35.0,Intermediate -38-60-1,38,60,1,60-1,,1236[201],38-116,65.0,Certain -38-61-1,38,61,1,61-1,,1236,38-108 38-117,58.3333333333333,Certain -38-61-2,38,61,2,61-2,,1236,38-118,41.6666666666667,Certain -38-62-1,38,62,1,62-1,,1236,38-119,100.0,Very certain -38-63-3,38,63,3,63-3,,,38-120,100.0,Very certain -38-64-2,38,64,2,64-2,,,38-121,30.0, -38-64-1,38,64,1,64-1,,,38-82,70.0,Intermediate -38-65-1,38,65,1,65-1,,,38-122 38-123 38-124,100.0,Very certain -38-66-3,38,66,3,66-3,,,38-125 38-126,100.0,Very certain -38-67-1,38,67,1,67-1,,,38-127,100.0,Very certain -38-69-1,38,69,1,69-1,,,38-128 38-129,100.0,Very certain -38-7-1,38,7,1,7-1,,1233[167-186],38-10 38-11 38-12 38-13,100.0,Very certain -38-70-1,38,70,1,70-1,,,38-130 38-131,100.0,Certain -38-71-1,38,71,1,71-1,,,38-132 38-133,100.0,Very certain -38-72-3,38,72,3,72-3,,,38-134 38-135,100.0,Very certain -38-73-3,38,73,3,73-3,,315[163],38-136 38-137 38-138,100.0,Very certain -38-74-3,38,74,3,74-3,,,38-139 38-140,100.0,Very certain -38-75-1,38,75,1,75-1,,,38-141 38-142,100.0,Very certain -38-76-1,38,76,1,76-1,,,38-143 38-144,100.0,Very certain -38-77-1,38,77,1,77-1,,,38-147,33.3333333333333,Certain -38-77-4,38,77,4,77-4,,,38-145,33.3333333333333,Certain -38-77-5,38,77,5,77-5,,,38-146,33.3333333333333,Certain -38-78-3,38,78,3,78-3,,,38-147 38-148 38-149,100.0,Certain -38-79-1,38,79,1,79-1,,,38-152,100.0,Very certain -38-8-2,38,8,2,8-2,,,38-14 38-15,100.0,Very certain -38-80-5,38,80,5,80-5,,,38-153,100.0,Certain -38-81-2,38,81,2,81-2,,,38-150 38-151 38-152 38-153,100.0,Very certain -38-82-3,38,82,3,82-3,,,38-154,100.0,Very certain -38-83-3,38,83,3,83-3,,,38-155,100.0,Certain -38-84-2,38,84,2,84-2,,,38-156,100.0,Very certain -38-85-3,38,85,3,85-3,,,38-158,50.0,Certain -38-85-2,38,85,2,85-2,,,38-157 38-159,50.0,Certain -38-86-1,38,86,1,86-1,,,38-161,100.0,Very certain -38-87-6,38,87,6,87-6,"I did not find any example of the use of reflexive pronouns. The word 'body' may be used (see Example 164), but it is generally left out.",,38-77,80.0,Certain -38-87-2,38,87,2,87-2,"I did not find any example of the use of reflexive pronouns. The word 'body' may be used (see Example 164), but it is generally left out.",,38-163 38-164,20.0,Very certain -38-88-2,38,88,2,88-2,Intensifier meaning is expressed in Fa d'Ambô by adding a demonstrative to the pronoun. Reflexive meaning is expressed with the word 'body'.,,38-164 38-165 38-166 38-167,100.0,Intermediate -38-89-5,38,89,5,89-5,,,38-168 38-169,100.0,Unspecified -38-9-1,38,9,1,9-1,The definite article is not obligatory.,,38-16 38-17,100.0,Intermediate -38-90-4,38,90,4,90-4,,1236[199],38-170 38-171,100.0,Certain -38-91-8,38,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -38-92-5,38,92,5,92-5,,,38-172,100.0,Certain -38-93-2,38,93,2,93-2,,,38-174,50.0,Certain -38-93-4,38,93,4,93-4,,,38-173,50.0,Certain -38-95-1,38,95,1,95-1,,,38-175 38-176,100.0,Very certain -38-96-1,38,96,1,96-1,,,38-177 38-178,100.0,Very certain -38-97-1,38,97,1,97-1,,,38-179,100.0,Very certain -38-98-3,38,98,3,98-3,,,38-178 38-180,100.0,Certain -39-0-3,39,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -39-1-2,39,1,2,1-2,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, SVO is the default word order in the sentence types considered in this feature, although in the actual corpus non-focused, non-topicalized, non-elliptic sentences are relatively rare. A good source for pragmatically unmarked sentences is elicited data, given that the communicative situation normally means all participants in a sentence have a comparable status.",221,39-1 39-2 39-3 39-4,100.0,Certain -39-10-1,39,10,1,10-1,"Indefiniteness is indicated by the use of the numeral ũ 'one'. It must be conceded that referents quantified with other numerals (without further grammatical indications) are often also non-identifiable; the difference is that, unlike ũ, other numerals can be preceded by the demonstratives (also markers of definiteness) ikəl and es; ũ is is admitted whenever the referent is not known to the interlocutor (e.g., when it is first introduced in discourse) or whenever quantification is not particularly relevant.",221,39-26 39-8,100.0,Certain -39-100-4,39,100,4,100-4,"The Diu Indo-Portuguese negator admits two forms, namely nã (often reduced to nə) and the emphatic form nãw. The former is highly dominant in clausal negation, while the latter is almost entirely reserved for propositional negation (i.e. as an interjection negating entire propositions, used for instance to answer polar questions). The crucial difference between the two is one of clausal embedding. Whereas the emphatic form is a stand-alone form, the reduced form integrates the structure of a clause. Consider the distribution of nãw and nə in Example 169 (which is the reply to a question demanding whether or not the interlocutor was scared of cockroaches).",221,39-167 39-168 39-169,100.0,Very certain -39-101-1,39,101,1,101-1,,221,39-168 39-170,100.0,Very certain -39-102-1,39,102,1,102-1,,221,39-171 39-4,100.0,Very certain -39-103-7,39,103,7,103-7,,221,39-172,100.0,Certain -39-104-5,39,104,5,104-5,,221,39-173 39-52,100.0,Very certain -39-105-3,39,105,3,105-3,,218,,100.0,Certain -39-106-2,39,106,2,106-2,,221,39-174 39-175,100.0,Very certain -39-107-1,39,107,1,107-1,,221,39-176 39-177 39-178,100.0,Very certain -39-108-1,39,108,1,108-1,"Among the speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese, a click is normally used to express negation in informal contexts, even though at times it appears to loosely acknowledge a question without contributing a very concrete answer. Whatever their exact meaning, it is clear that the para-linguistic usage of clicks is circumscribed to the context of replies to polar questions and, therefore, their use is restricted to the expression of logical meanings.",218,,100.0,Certain -39-109-1,39,109,1,109-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the word pikənin [from Portuguese pequenino] co-exists with piken [from Portuguese pequeno/pequena]. The former appears to be reserved for unexpectedly small referents or those which command strong affection.",221,39-16 39-179,100.0,Very certain -39-11-2,39,11,2,11-2,"The frequency adverb sẽp conflates the meanings of 'always' and 'often' or 'a lot'. Whereas this adverb always occurs in preverbal position (and normally, though not strictly, after the subject), the position of semantically equivalent adjuncts such as bastãt vez 'many times' or tud di / tudi 'everyday' is considerably more flexible.",221,39-27 39-28,100.0,Very certain -39-110-1,39,110,1,110-1,"The verb sabe (Past form sabiŋ [sometimes sabi], Non-Past form sab) 'to know' expresses both knowledge and ability.",221,39-180 39-181 39-182,100.0,Very certain -39-111-1,39,111,1,111-1,,218,39-183,100.0,Very certain -39-112-1,39,112,1,112-1,,221,39-184,100.0,Very certain -39-114-2,39,114,2,114-2,,218,39-185 39-186,100.0,Intermediate -39-115-2,39,115,2,115-2,,221,39-187 39-188,100.0,Very certain -39-116-2,39,116,2,116-2,,221,39-189 39-190,100.0,Very certain -39-118-2,39,118,2,118-2,,221,39-191 39-192 39-193 39-194 39-195,100.0,Very certain -39-119-3,39,119,3,119-3,,221,39-191 39-194 39-196 39-197 39-198 39-199 39-200 39-201 39-202 39-203 39-204,100.0,Very certain +Value 4: 3 SG and PL",,38-64,65.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-65-0000FF-35-ADD8E6.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-38-4,38,38,4,38-4,,,38-140 38-2 38-66,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own fieldwork +38-39-3,38,39,3,39-3,,,38-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-4-2,38,4,2,4-2,,,38-19 38-36 38-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-40-1,38,40,1,40-1,,,38-68 38-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-41-2,38,41,2,41-2,,,38-71,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-41-1,38,41,1,41-1,,,38-70,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-42-1,38,42,1,42-1,,,38-71,10.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own fieldwork +38-42-2,38,42,2,42-2,,,38-72 38-73,90.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own fieldwork +38-43-1,38,43,1,43-1,,1237[192-205],38-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +38-45-3,38,45,3,45-3,,,38-77,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-46-2,38,46,2,46-2,Sxa is the progressive marker. It will always be the marker nearest to the verb and no other features can be placed in between.,,38-77 38-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-47-4,38,47,4,47-4,Sxa is PROG and HAB.,,38-79 38-80 38-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-48-2,38,48,2,48-2,,,38-83 38-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-49-3,38,49,3,49-3,,,38-85 38-86 38-87 38-88,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-5-2,38,5,2,5-2,,,38-7 38-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-50-1,38,50,1,50-1,,,38-89 38-90 38-91 38-92 38-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-51-3,38,51,3,51-3,,,38-11 38-95 38-96,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-52-2,38,52,2,52-2,,,38-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-54-7,38,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own fieldwork 1993 +38-55-2,38,55,2,55-2,,,38-100 38-101,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1993 +38-56-1,38,56,1,56-1,,,38-102 38-103 38-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork 1993 +38-57-1,38,57,1,57-1,,,38-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-58-1,38,58,1,58-1,,,38-106 38-107 38-108 38-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-59-1,38,59,1,59-1,The subject and object pronouns are the same. Most of the time the last sound drops in initial position; at the end of the utterance the first sound of the pronoun drops. But this has nothing to do with case marking. It depends on the position in the sentence and the sounds surrounding it.,,38-110 38-111 38-112 38-113 38-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +38-6-2,38,6,2,6-2,,,38-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-60-2,38,60,2,60-2,,1236[201],38-107 38-114 38-115,35.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-35-0000FF-65-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +38-60-1,38,60,1,60-1,,1236[201],38-116,65.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-35-0000FF-65-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +38-61-1,38,61,1,61-1,,1236,38-108 38-117,58.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-0000FF-42-FF0000.png""}", +38-61-2,38,61,2,61-2,,1236,38-118,41.6666666666667,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-0000FF-42-FF0000.png""}", +38-62-1,38,62,1,62-1,,1236,38-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +38-63-3,38,63,3,63-3,,,38-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-64-2,38,64,2,64-2,,,38-121,30.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1993 +38-64-1,38,64,1,64-1,,,38-82,70.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1993 +38-65-1,38,65,1,65-1,,,38-122 38-123 38-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-66-3,38,66,3,66-3,,,38-125 38-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork 1993 +38-67-1,38,67,1,67-1,,,38-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork 1993 +38-69-1,38,69,1,69-1,,,38-128 38-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork 1990 +38-7-1,38,7,1,7-1,,1233[167-186],38-10 38-11 38-12 38-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +38-70-1,38,70,1,70-1,,,38-130 38-131,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +38-71-1,38,71,1,71-1,,,38-132 38-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-72-3,38,72,3,72-3,,,38-134 38-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-73-3,38,73,3,73-3,,315[163],38-136 38-137 38-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-74-3,38,74,3,74-3,,,38-139 38-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-75-1,38,75,1,75-1,,,38-141 38-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-76-1,38,76,1,76-1,,,38-143 38-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-77-1,38,77,1,77-1,,,38-147,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00-34-FF7F00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-77-4,38,77,4,77-4,,,38-145,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00-34-FF7F00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-77-5,38,77,5,77-5,,,38-146,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00-34-FF7F00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-78-3,38,78,3,78-3,,,38-147 38-148 38-149,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-79-1,38,79,1,79-1,,,38-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-8-2,38,8,2,8-2,,,38-14 38-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-80-5,38,80,5,80-5,,,38-153,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-81-2,38,81,2,81-2,,,38-150 38-151 38-152 38-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-82-3,38,82,3,82-3,,,38-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-83-3,38,83,3,83-3,,,38-155,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-84-2,38,84,2,84-2,,,38-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-85-3,38,85,3,85-3,,,38-158,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-85-2,38,85,2,85-2,,,38-157 38-159,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-86-1,38,86,1,86-1,,,38-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-87-6,38,87,6,87-6,"I did not find any example of the use of reflexive pronouns. The word 'body' may be used (see Example 164), but it is generally left out.",,38-77,80.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-80-ADD8E6-20-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-87-2,38,87,2,87-2,"I did not find any example of the use of reflexive pronouns. The word 'body' may be used (see Example 164), but it is generally left out.",,38-163 38-164,20.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-80-ADD8E6-20-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-88-2,38,88,2,88-2,Intensifier meaning is expressed in Fa d'Ambô by adding a demonstrative to the pronoun. Reflexive meaning is expressed with the word 'body'.,,38-164 38-165 38-166 38-167,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-89-5,38,89,5,89-5,,,38-168 38-169,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork +38-9-1,38,9,1,9-1,The definite article is not obligatory.,,38-16 38-17,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-90-4,38,90,4,90-4,,1236[199],38-170 38-171,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +38-91-8,38,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own fieldwork +38-92-5,38,92,5,92-5,,,38-172,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own fieldwork 1993 +38-93-2,38,93,2,93-2,,,38-174,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-93-4,38,93,4,93-4,,,38-173,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-95-1,38,95,1,95-1,,,38-175 38-176,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-96-1,38,96,1,96-1,,,38-177 38-178,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +38-97-1,38,97,1,97-1,,,38-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own fieldwork +38-98-3,38,98,3,98-3,,,38-178 38-180,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +39-0-3,39,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +39-1-2,39,1,2,1-2,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, SVO is the default word order in the sentence types considered in this feature, although in the actual corpus non-focused, non-topicalized, non-elliptic sentences are relatively rare. A good source for pragmatically unmarked sentences is elicited data, given that the communicative situation normally means all participants in a sentence have a comparable status.",221,39-1 39-2 39-3 39-4,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +39-10-1,39,10,1,10-1,"Indefiniteness is indicated by the use of the numeral ũ 'one'. It must be conceded that referents quantified with other numerals (without further grammatical indications) are often also non-identifiable; the difference is that, unlike ũ, other numerals can be preceded by the demonstratives (also markers of definiteness) ikəl and es; ũ is is admitted whenever the referent is not known to the interlocutor (e.g., when it is first introduced in discourse) or whenever quantification is not particularly relevant.",221,39-26 39-8,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +39-100-4,39,100,4,100-4,"The Diu Indo-Portuguese negator admits two forms, namely nã (often reduced to nə) and the emphatic form nãw. The former is highly dominant in clausal negation, while the latter is almost entirely reserved for propositional negation (i.e. as an interjection negating entire propositions, used for instance to answer polar questions). The crucial difference between the two is one of clausal embedding. Whereas the emphatic form is a stand-alone form, the reduced form integrates the structure of a clause. Consider the distribution of nãw and nə in Example 169 (which is the reply to a question demanding whether or not the interlocutor was scared of cockroaches).",221,39-167 39-168 39-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +39-101-1,39,101,1,101-1,,221,39-168 39-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-102-1,39,102,1,102-1,,221,39-171 39-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-103-7,39,103,7,103-7,,221,39-172,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +39-104-5,39,104,5,104-5,,221,39-173 39-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-105-3,39,105,3,105-3,,218,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-106-2,39,106,2,106-2,,221,39-174 39-175,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +39-107-1,39,107,1,107-1,,221,39-176 39-177 39-178,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-108-1,39,108,1,108-1,"Among the speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese, a click is normally used to express negation in informal contexts, even though at times it appears to loosely acknowledge a question without contributing a very concrete answer. Whatever their exact meaning, it is clear that the para-linguistic usage of clicks is circumscribed to the context of replies to polar questions and, therefore, their use is restricted to the expression of logical meanings.",218,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-109-1,39,109,1,109-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the word pikənin [from Portuguese pequenino] co-exists with piken [from Portuguese pequeno/pequena]. The former appears to be reserved for unexpectedly small referents or those which command strong affection.",221,39-16 39-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-11-2,39,11,2,11-2,"The frequency adverb sẽp conflates the meanings of 'always' and 'often' or 'a lot'. Whereas this adverb always occurs in preverbal position (and normally, though not strictly, after the subject), the position of semantically equivalent adjuncts such as bastãt vez 'many times' or tud di / tudi 'everyday' is considerably more flexible.",221,39-27 39-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-110-1,39,110,1,110-1,"The verb sabe (Past form sabiŋ [sometimes sabi], Non-Past form sab) 'to know' expresses both knowledge and ability.",221,39-180 39-181 39-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-111-1,39,111,1,111-1,,218,39-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +39-112-1,39,112,1,112-1,,221,39-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-114-2,39,114,2,114-2,,218,39-185 39-186,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-115-2,39,115,2,115-2,,221,39-187 39-188,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-116-2,39,116,2,116-2,,221,39-189 39-190,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-118-2,39,118,2,118-2,,221,39-191 39-192 39-193 39-194 39-195,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +39-119-3,39,119,3,119-3,,221,39-191 39-194 39-196 39-197 39-198 39-199 39-200 39-201 39-202 39-203 39-204,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 39-12-2,39,12,2,12-2,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, interrogative phrases immediately precede the verb group (including close-knit verb phrase modifiers, such as preverbal Tense-Aspect markers or clausal negators), i.e. they occur in preverbal focus position. Therefore, they are not by definition clause-initial, and only occur in that position in the elliptic absence of any potentially preceding constituents such as the subject or various adjuncts. -Very rarely, elements normally occurring in clause-initial position (e.g. subjects, adverbials) are displaced to postverbal position so that the interrogative phrase appears initially; this is by no means the default strategy and, at any rate, it never challenges the rule that interrogative phrases occupy the preverbal focus position.",221,39-13 39-29 39-30,100.0,Very certain -39-120-1,39,120,1,120-1,,221,,100.0,Very certain -39-121-3,39,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -39-122-1,39,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, -39-123-1,39,123,1,123-1,The mid central unrounded vowel is the strongest element in an allophonic alternation with the near-open central vowel.,,39-235,100.0, -39-124-3,39,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0, -39-125-2,39,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -39-126-1,39,126,1,126-1,,,39-218,100.0, -39-127-6,39,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -39-128-4,39,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -39-129-2,39,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, +Very rarely, elements normally occurring in clause-initial position (e.g. subjects, adverbials) are displaced to postverbal position so that the interrogative phrase appears initially; this is by no means the default strategy and, at any rate, it never challenges the rule that interrogative phrases occupy the preverbal focus position.",221,39-13 39-29 39-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +39-120-1,39,120,1,120-1,,221,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-121-3,39,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-122-1,39,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-123-1,39,123,1,123-1,The mid central unrounded vowel is the strongest element in an allophonic alternation with the near-open central vowel.,,39-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-124-3,39,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +39-125-2,39,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +39-126-1,39,126,1,126-1,,,39-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-127-6,39,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-128-4,39,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-129-2,39,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 39-13-2,39,13,2,13-2,"The gender distinction in 3rd person singular independent pronouns is clearly attested, but often not enforced in actual speech. In those cases, the form usually referring to male referents is used by default; if context and deixis are disregarded, therefore, ɛl is always unambiguously feminine while el is unclear. -Gender distinctions in 3rd person plural are even less common, but occasionally speakers will use ɛ(l)z for 3pl; in all other instances, the default pronoun e(l)z, unspecified for gender, is employed.",,39-31 39-32,100.0,Certain -39-130-4,39,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -39-131,39,131,1,131-1,,,39-206,100.0, -39-132,39,132,1,132-1,,,39-208,100.0, -39-133,39,133,1,133-1,,,39-209,100.0, -39-134,39,134,1,134-1,,,39-210,100.0, -39-137,39,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -39-138,39,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -39-139,39,139,1,139-1,,,39-214,100.0, -39-14-1,39,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -39-140,39,140,1,140-1,,,39-215,100.0, -39-143,39,143,3,143-3,"The word fuʈbɔl 'football' is an English loan, probably from Indian English, which does contain retroflex sounds. This word also occurs in the corpus with an alveolar segment [t] instead of the retroflex, thereby evidencing adaptation to the core phonological system of Diu Indo-Portuguese.",,39-211,100.0, -39-144,39,144,3,144-3,The word bəɖka is a loan from Gujarati.,,39-212,100.0, -39-145,39,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -39-146,39,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -39-147,39,147,1,147-1,,,39-207,100.0, -39-148,39,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -39-149,39,149,1,149-1,,,39-213,100.0, +Gender distinctions in 3rd person plural are even less common, but occasionally speakers will use ɛ(l)z for 3pl; in all other instances, the default pronoun e(l)z, unspecified for gender, is employed.",,39-31 39-32,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +39-130-4,39,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-131,39,131,1,131-1,,,39-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-132,39,132,1,132-1,,,39-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-133,39,133,1,133-1,,,39-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-134,39,134,1,134-1,,,39-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-137,39,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-138,39,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-139,39,139,1,139-1,,,39-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-14-1,39,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +39-140,39,140,1,140-1,,,39-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-143,39,143,3,143-3,"The word fuʈbɔl 'football' is an English loan, probably from Indian English, which does contain retroflex sounds. This word also occurs in the corpus with an alveolar segment [t] instead of the retroflex, thereby evidencing adaptation to the core phonological system of Diu Indo-Portuguese.",,39-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +39-144,39,144,3,144-3,The word bəɖka is a loan from Gujarati.,,39-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +39-145,39,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-146,39,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-147,39,147,1,147-1,,,39-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-148,39,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-149,39,149,1,149-1,,,39-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 39-15-1,39,15,1,15-1,"Whenever communicative context calls for clarification of the inclusion of the addressee in 1pl pronominal reference, speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese have the option to postpose doy 'two' to nɔs 'we'. It may well be that, if ever this language develops an inclusive/exclusive distinction in 1pl pronouns, this sequence will grammaticalize and take up the function of an inclusive pronoun. However, it seems inappropriate to describe it in those terms at present, for two main reasons: a) the sequence does not betray any degree of integration, i.e. the constituents of the sequence nɔs doy do not display any phonological reduction when compared to their isolated occurrences; b) nɔs doy is not obligatorily (or even regularly) selected whenever the addressee is subsumed under 1sg pronominal reference. -Whereas all recorded occurrences of this sequence are intended to include the addressee, it remains to be ascertained whether or not it is blocked from exclusive contexts.",221,39-30 39-33 39-34,100.0,Certain -39-151,39,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -39-152,39,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -39-153,39,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -39-155,39,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -39-156,39,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -39-158,39,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -39-159,39,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -39-16-1,39,16,1,16-1,,221,39-35 39-36 39-37 39-38 39-39 39-40,100.0,Very certain -39-160,39,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -39-161,39,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -39-163,39,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -39-168,39,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -39-169,39,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -39-17-1,39,17,1,17-1,,221,39-41 39-42,100.0,Very certain -39-170,39,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -39-171,39,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -39-172,39,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -39-173,39,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -39-174,39,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -39-176,39,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -39-178,39,178,1,178-1,,,39-221,100.0, -39-179,39,179,1,179-1,,,39-222,100.0, +Whereas all recorded occurrences of this sequence are intended to include the addressee, it remains to be ascertained whether or not it is blocked from exclusive contexts.",221,39-30 39-33 39-34,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +39-151,39,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-152,39,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-153,39,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-155,39,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-156,39,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-158,39,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-159,39,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-16-1,39,16,1,16-1,,221,39-35 39-36 39-37 39-38 39-39 39-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-160,39,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-161,39,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-163,39,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-168,39,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-169,39,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-17-1,39,17,1,17-1,,221,39-41 39-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-170,39,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-171,39,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-172,39,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-173,39,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-174,39,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-176,39,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-178,39,178,1,178-1,,,39-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-179,39,179,1,179-1,,,39-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 39-18-5,39,18,5,18-5,"Just like in Indo-Aryan languages, speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese often resort to titles and kinship terms such as the English loan uncle or Gujarati kaka 'uncle' as a means of avoiding second person pronouns when a polite form of address is required. However, as Example 44 shows, this avoidance strategy is not an absolute requirement. -Forms of address such as bai 'girl' or the English loan daddy are primarily used as vocatives (e.g. by children addressing their father, in the case of daddy) but not necessarily as replacement of second person pronouns.",221,39-43 39-44,100.0,Certain -39-180,39,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -39-181,39,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -39-182,39,182,1,182-1,"An alternative, and not uncommon, realization of this segment is as a nasalized velar approximant.",,39-223,100.0, -39-183,39,183,2,183-2,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the distribution of trills and flaps is contextual. A trill is preferred only in word-initial position, but it is dispreferred in all other contexts and entirely absent from syllable codas.",,39-224,100.0, -39-184,39,184,1,184-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the distribution of flaps and trills is contextual. A flap is preferred in every context except in word-initial position.",,39-225,100.0, -39-187,39,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -39-188,39,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -39-189,39,189,1,189-1,,,39-216,100.0, -39-19-1,39,19,1,19-1,,221,39-29 39-45 39-46 39-47,100.0,Very certain -39-190,39,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -39-191,39,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -39-192,39,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -39-193,39,193,1,193-1,,,39-217,100.0, -39-194,39,194,1,194-1,,,39-218,100.0, -39-195,39,195,1,195-1,"Apart from being the sole admitted realization of a particular phoneme, this segment is also in allophonic competition with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate [ʧ], and, in different contexts, it competes with the voiceless alveolar sibilant fricative [s].",,39-219,100.0, -39-196,39,196,2,196-2,"This segment is in allophonic competition with the voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate [ʤ]. In general terms, it is preferred only in syllable-final position, and dispreferred in onsets.",,39-220,100.0, -39-199,39,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, +Forms of address such as bai 'girl' or the English loan daddy are primarily used as vocatives (e.g. by children addressing their father, in the case of daddy) but not necessarily as replacement of second person pronouns.",221,39-43 39-44,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +39-180,39,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-181,39,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-182,39,182,1,182-1,"An alternative, and not uncommon, realization of this segment is as a nasalized velar approximant.",,39-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-183,39,183,2,183-2,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the distribution of trills and flaps is contextual. A trill is preferred only in word-initial position, but it is dispreferred in all other contexts and entirely absent from syllable codas.",,39-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +39-184,39,184,1,184-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the distribution of flaps and trills is contextual. A flap is preferred in every context except in word-initial position.",,39-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-187,39,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-188,39,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-189,39,189,1,189-1,,,39-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-19-1,39,19,1,19-1,,221,39-29 39-45 39-46 39-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-190,39,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-191,39,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-192,39,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-193,39,193,1,193-1,,,39-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-194,39,194,1,194-1,,,39-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-195,39,195,1,195-1,"Apart from being the sole admitted realization of a particular phoneme, this segment is also in allophonic competition with the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate [ʧ], and, in different contexts, it competes with the voiceless alveolar sibilant fricative [s].",,39-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-196,39,196,2,196-2,"This segment is in allophonic competition with the voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate [ʤ]. In general terms, it is preferred only in syllable-final position, and dispreferred in onsets.",,39-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +39-199,39,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 39-2-1,39,2,1,2-1,"Possessum-Possessor is the overwhelming non-pronominal possessive construction in Diu Indo-Portuguese. The marginal Possessor-Possessum construction is arguably the result of two factors: (a) analogy with the order of pronominal possessive phrases (in which the possessive pronoun precedes the head noun); and (b) adstratal pressure from Gujarati (in which the case-marked possessor precedes the possessum). In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there seems to be a weight constraint in that long possessor NPs do not occur in such a construction. @@ -9799,7 +9799,7 @@ No example containing two full nouns (rather than a noun and a proper noun) and ɛl tə fik-a med də tud koyz / (də) tud koyz med. 3f IPFV.NPST become-INF fear də all thing / də all thing fear -'She's always scared of everything.' (Cardoso 2009: 184)",221,39-6,10.0,Certain +'She's always scared of everything.' (Cardoso 2009: 184)",221,39-6,10.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 39-2-2,39,2,2,2-2,"Possessum-Possessor is the overwhelming non-pronominal possessive construction in Diu Indo-Portuguese. The marginal Possessor-Possessum construction is arguably the result of two factors: (a) analogy with the order of pronominal possessive phrases (in which the possessive pronoun precedes the head noun); and (b) adstratal pressure from Gujarati (in which the case-marked possessor precedes the possessum). In Diu Indo-Portuguese, there seems to be a weight constraint in that long possessor NPs do not occur in such a construction. @@ -9808,112 +9808,112 @@ No example containing two full nouns (rather than a noun and a proper noun) and ɛl tə fik-a med də tud koyz / (də) tud koyz med. 3f IPFV.NPST become-INF fear də all thing / də all thing fear -'She's always scared of everything.' (Cardoso 2009: 184)",221,39-5 39-7,90.0,Very certain -39-20-1,39,20,1,20-1,"In a construction of the type 'I and PN', the first person singular pronoun is employed rather than the first person plural. An overt conjoining element (be it the default coordinator i, the comitative and NP-coordinator ku/ko or the additive may) is obligatory.",221,39-48 39-49,100.0,Very certain -39-200,39,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -39-201,39,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -39-202,39,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -39-205,39,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -39-209,39,209,1,209-1,,,39-226,100.0, -39-21-2,39,21,2,21-2,"The indefinite pronouns under investigation need to be classified separately, given that one (viz. ãge 'someone') consists of a synchronically indivisible form, while the other is generic-noun-based (ãgu/kwɔlki koyz 'something', composed of an indefinite quantifier and the generic noun koyz 'thing'). This bipartite system reflects the input provided by (modern) Standard Portuguese, in which the former special indefinite for inanimate referents algo 'something' is considered archaic and pragmatically highly marked, being substituted by the generic-noun-based construction alguma coisa (and also qualquer coisa) 'something'.",221,39-51,50.0,Very certain -39-21-3,39,21,3,21-3,"The indefinite pronouns under investigation need to be classified separately, given that one (viz. ãge 'someone') consists of a synchronically indivisible form, while the other is generic-noun-based (ãgu/kwɔlki koyz 'something', composed of an indefinite quantifier and the generic noun koyz 'thing'). This bipartite system reflects the input provided by (modern) Standard Portuguese, in which the former special indefinite for inanimate referents algo 'something' is considered archaic and pragmatically highly marked, being substituted by the generic-noun-based construction alguma coisa (and also qualquer coisa) 'something'.",221,39-50,50.0,Very certain -39-212,39,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -39-217,39,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -39-218,39,218,1,218-1,,,39-227,100.0, +'She's always scared of everything.' (Cardoso 2009: 184)",221,39-5 39-7,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +39-20-1,39,20,1,20-1,"In a construction of the type 'I and PN', the first person singular pronoun is employed rather than the first person plural. An overt conjoining element (be it the default coordinator i, the comitative and NP-coordinator ku/ko or the additive may) is obligatory.",221,39-48 39-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +39-200,39,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-201,39,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-202,39,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-205,39,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-209,39,209,1,209-1,,,39-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-21-2,39,21,2,21-2,"The indefinite pronouns under investigation need to be classified separately, given that one (viz. ãge 'someone') consists of a synchronically indivisible form, while the other is generic-noun-based (ãgu/kwɔlki koyz 'something', composed of an indefinite quantifier and the generic noun koyz 'thing'). This bipartite system reflects the input provided by (modern) Standard Portuguese, in which the former special indefinite for inanimate referents algo 'something' is considered archaic and pragmatically highly marked, being substituted by the generic-noun-based construction alguma coisa (and also qualquer coisa) 'something'.",221,39-51,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +39-21-3,39,21,3,21-3,"The indefinite pronouns under investigation need to be classified separately, given that one (viz. ãge 'someone') consists of a synchronically indivisible form, while the other is generic-noun-based (ãgu/kwɔlki koyz 'something', composed of an indefinite quantifier and the generic noun koyz 'thing'). This bipartite system reflects the input provided by (modern) Standard Portuguese, in which the former special indefinite for inanimate referents algo 'something' is considered archaic and pragmatically highly marked, being substituted by the generic-noun-based construction alguma coisa (and also qualquer coisa) 'something'.",221,39-50,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +39-212,39,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-217,39,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-218,39,218,1,218-1,,,39-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 39-22-4,39,22,4,22-4,"Plural marking is achieved in Diu Portuguese through the use of a plural word tud preposed to the noun. Pluralization is only one of the functions of this element, which doubles as a universal quantifier meaning 'all'. This element can alternatively be considered a 'collectivizer' considering that, following the typology of nouns in Rijkhoff (2002), nouns in this language are ""set nouns"", i.e. neither plural nor singular but rather unspecified as to number. -Pluralization is variable for all pluralizable nouns, though favoured by specificity. As a result, pluralizing tud overwhelmingly occurs in association with a demonstrative, which is the standard marker of specificity in Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221,39-15 39-45 39-52 39-53,100.0,Certain -39-221,39,221,1,221-1,,,39-228,100.0, -39-222,39,222,1,222-1,,,39-244,100.0, -39-23-7,39,23,7,23-7,"The plural word in Diu Indo-Portuguese is tud, which occurs in prenominal position. The plural word is formally equivalent to the universal quantifier tud 'all'.",221,39-45 39-54,100.0,Certain -39-231,39,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, +Pluralization is variable for all pluralizable nouns, though favoured by specificity. As a result, pluralizing tud overwhelmingly occurs in association with a demonstrative, which is the standard marker of specificity in Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221,39-15 39-45 39-52 39-53,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +39-221,39,221,1,221-1,,,39-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-222,39,222,1,222-1,,,39-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-23-7,39,23,7,23-7,"The plural word in Diu Indo-Portuguese is tud, which occurs in prenominal position. The plural word is formally equivalent to the universal quantifier tud 'all'.",221,39-45 39-54,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +39-231,39,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 39-24-1,39,24,1,24-1,"Diu Indo-Portuguese features a particular type of plural which may be termed associative plural according to the criteria of referential heterogeneity and reference to groups, but which in fact transcends the semantics of an associative plural. This particular construction circumscribes the referential potential of the NP not so much to elements associated to a given prominent member of the group but rather to elements sharing (a) certain feature(s) with a standard. This construction is therefore most properly termed a similative plural. Its translation equivalent is not necessarily 'X and associates' but rather 'X and people/things like X'. -The similative/associative plural involves the same marker of additive plurality, viz. tud (also a universal quantifier), although in a different position relative to the head noun. Whereas tud precedes the head noun in additive plural reference, it occurs immediately after the noun in a similative/associative plural.",221,39-54 39-55 39-56,100.0,Very certain +The similative/associative plural involves the same marker of additive plurality, viz. tud (also a universal quantifier), although in a different position relative to the head noun. Whereas tud precedes the head noun in additive plural reference, it occurs immediately after the noun in a similative/associative plural.",221,39-54 39-55 39-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 39-25-3,39,25,3,25-3,"The nominal plural marker (optional) is equivalent to the universal quantifier tud 'all'. The third person plural pronoun is e(l)z. -Note that pluralizing tud is always prenominal and tends to accompany a demonstrative indicating definiteness, so that pluralising tud preferably attaches to a definite marker, with which it constitutes a syntactic unit.",221,39-45 39-54 39-57,100.0,Very certain -39-252,39,252,1,252-1,,,39-229,100.0, -39-253,39,253,1,253-1,,,39-231,100.0, -39-254,39,254,1,254-1,,,39-233,100.0, -39-255,39,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -39-256,39,256,1,256-1,,,39-236,100.0, -39-257,39,257,1,257-1,,,39-238,100.0, -39-258,39,258,1,258-1,,,39-240,100.0, -39-259,39,259,1,259-1,,,39-242,100.0, +Note that pluralizing tud is always prenominal and tends to accompany a demonstrative indicating definiteness, so that pluralising tud preferably attaches to a definite marker, with which it constitutes a syntactic unit.",221,39-45 39-54 39-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-252,39,252,1,252-1,,,39-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-253,39,253,1,253-1,,,39-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-254,39,254,1,254-1,,,39-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-255,39,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-256,39,256,1,256-1,,,39-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-257,39,257,1,257-1,,,39-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-258,39,258,1,258-1,,,39-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-259,39,259,1,259-1,,,39-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 39-26-2,39,26,2,26-2,"Reduplication as pluralization is optional and rather marginal in Diu Indo-Portuguese. The fact that its use is circumscribed to older speakers, as well as the corpus compiled for Schuchardt (1883), make it clear that reduplication was in the past a recurrent pluralization strategy. -The intensifying function of reduplication is considerably more common. Reduplication also has distributive meaning in modern Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221,39-10 39-15 39-5 39-58 39-59,100.0,Certain -39-260,39,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -39-261,39,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -39-263,39,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -39-267,39,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -39-268,39,268,1,268-1,The mid central unrounded vowel is the strongest element in an allophonic alternation with the near-open central vowel.,,39-235,100.0, -39-27-2,39,27,2,27-2,"Diu Indo-Portuguese does not mark singularity in such cases, and plurality is not required. Unless the context is known, therefore, many instances of reference to paired body parts may be ambiguous with respect to the category of number.",221,39-60 39-61 39-62,100.0,Certain -39-271,39,271,2,271-2,"The near-open central vocalic segment is in allophonic alternation with the mid central unrounded vowel, and it is the least common of the two competing realizations.",,39-245,100.0, -39-272,39,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -39-273,39,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -39-274,39,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -39-275,39,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -39-276,39,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -39-277,39,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -39-278,39,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -39-279,39,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -39-28-2,39,28,2,28-2,"Both demonstratives es and ikəl can function as markers of definiteness. Evidence comes from the fact that their use is often non-anaphoric, and also that they are consistently employed when the head noun is modified by a restrictive relative clause.",221,39-20 39-25,100.0,Very certain -39-280,39,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -39-281,39,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -39-282,39,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -39-284,39,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -39-285,39,285,1,285-1,,,39-230,100.0, -39-286,39,286,1,286-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, nasalized lower and higher mid front vowels enter allophonic competition. There are some contexts which favour one or the other (e.g. nasalized lower mid front vowels appear to be preferred when preceded by a voiced labial-velar approximant), but overall they appear to be roughly similar in terms of frequency. As such, I have classified both as major allophones, with the caveat that their phonological representation is in fact the same.",,39-232,100.0, -39-287,39,287,1,287-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, nasalized lower and higher mid front vowels enter allophonic competition. There are some contexts which favour one or the other (e.g. nasalized lower mid front vowels appear to be preferred when preceded by a voiced labial-velar approximant), but overall they appear to be roughly similar in terms of frequency. As such, I have classified both as major allophones, with the caveat that their phonological representation is in fact the same.",,39-234,100.0, -39-288,39,288,1,288-1,,,39-237,100.0, -39-289,39,289,1,289-1,,,39-239,100.0, -39-29-2,39,29,2,29-2,"The numeral ũ is used as an indefinite marker. In the overwhelming majority of occurrences, this element must be interpreted as an indefinite article rather than a numeral. The fact that it never co-occurs with the demonstrative/definite marker is additional evidence for this interpretation.",221,39-18 39-63 39-64,100.0,Very certain -39-290,39,290,1,290-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, nasalized lower and higher mid back vowels enter allophonic competition. There are some contexts which favour one or the other (e.g. nasalized lower mid back vowels appear to be preferred when preceded by a voiced labial-velar approximant), but overall they appear to be roughly similar in terms of frequency. As such, I have classified both as major allophones, with the caveat that their phonological representation is in fact the same.",,39-241,100.0, -39-291,39,291,1,291-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, nasalized lower and higher mid back vowels enter allophonic competition. There are some contexts which favour one or the other (e.g. nasalized lower mid back vowels appear to be preferred when preceded by a voiced labial-velar approximant), but overall they appear to be roughly similar in terms of frequency. As such, I have classified both as major allophones, with the caveat that their phonological representation is in fact the same.",,39-243,100.0, +The intensifying function of reduplication is considerably more common. Reduplication also has distributive meaning in modern Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221,39-10 39-15 39-5 39-58 39-59,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +39-260,39,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-261,39,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-263,39,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-267,39,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-268,39,268,1,268-1,The mid central unrounded vowel is the strongest element in an allophonic alternation with the near-open central vowel.,,39-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-27-2,39,27,2,27-2,"Diu Indo-Portuguese does not mark singularity in such cases, and plurality is not required. Unless the context is known, therefore, many instances of reference to paired body parts may be ambiguous with respect to the category of number.",221,39-60 39-61 39-62,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-271,39,271,2,271-2,"The near-open central vocalic segment is in allophonic alternation with the mid central unrounded vowel, and it is the least common of the two competing realizations.",,39-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +39-272,39,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-273,39,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-274,39,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-275,39,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-276,39,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-277,39,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-278,39,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-279,39,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-28-2,39,28,2,28-2,"Both demonstratives es and ikəl can function as markers of definiteness. Evidence comes from the fact that their use is often non-anaphoric, and also that they are consistently employed when the head noun is modified by a restrictive relative clause.",221,39-20 39-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +39-280,39,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-281,39,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-282,39,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-284,39,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-285,39,285,1,285-1,,,39-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-286,39,286,1,286-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, nasalized lower and higher mid front vowels enter allophonic competition. There are some contexts which favour one or the other (e.g. nasalized lower mid front vowels appear to be preferred when preceded by a voiced labial-velar approximant), but overall they appear to be roughly similar in terms of frequency. As such, I have classified both as major allophones, with the caveat that their phonological representation is in fact the same.",,39-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-287,39,287,1,287-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, nasalized lower and higher mid front vowels enter allophonic competition. There are some contexts which favour one or the other (e.g. nasalized lower mid front vowels appear to be preferred when preceded by a voiced labial-velar approximant), but overall they appear to be roughly similar in terms of frequency. As such, I have classified both as major allophones, with the caveat that their phonological representation is in fact the same.",,39-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-288,39,288,1,288-1,,,39-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-289,39,289,1,289-1,,,39-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-29-2,39,29,2,29-2,"The numeral ũ is used as an indefinite marker. In the overwhelming majority of occurrences, this element must be interpreted as an indefinite article rather than a numeral. The fact that it never co-occurs with the demonstrative/definite marker is additional evidence for this interpretation.",221,39-18 39-63 39-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +39-290,39,290,1,290-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, nasalized lower and higher mid back vowels enter allophonic competition. There are some contexts which favour one or the other (e.g. nasalized lower mid back vowels appear to be preferred when preceded by a voiced labial-velar approximant), but overall they appear to be roughly similar in terms of frequency. As such, I have classified both as major allophones, with the caveat that their phonological representation is in fact the same.",,39-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +39-291,39,291,1,291-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, nasalized lower and higher mid back vowels enter allophonic competition. There are some contexts which favour one or the other (e.g. nasalized lower mid back vowels appear to be preferred when preceded by a voiced labial-velar approximant), but overall they appear to be roughly similar in terms of frequency. As such, I have classified both as major allophones, with the caveat that their phonological representation is in fact the same.",,39-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 39-3-2,39,3,2,3-2,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the canonical position of an attributive adjective (or, to be precise, adjective phrase) is prenominal. The only element which intervenes in between the adjective and the noun, in our corpus, is the emphatic particle mem, which always occurs to the right of the constituent it governs. -Examples of postposed attributive adjectives are very rare. Example 11 is given here to illustrate this structure.",221,39-11,10.0,Certain +Examples of postposed attributive adjectives are very rare. Example 11 is given here to illustrate this structure.",221,39-11,10.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 39-3-1,39,3,1,3-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the canonical position of an attributive adjective (or, to be precise, adjective phrase) is prenominal. The only element which intervenes in between the adjective and the noun, in our corpus, is the emphatic particle mem, which always occurs to the right of the constituent it governs. -Examples of postposed attributive adjectives are very rare. Example 11 is given here to illustrate this structure.",221,39-10 39-8 39-9,90.0,Very certain -39-30-2,39,30,2,30-2,,221,39-65 39-66,100.0,Certain -39-308-3,39,308,3,308-3,,221[5-9],,100.0,Very certain +Examples of postposed attributive adjectives are very rare. Example 11 is given here to illustrate this structure.",221,39-10 39-8 39-9,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-30-2,39,30,2,30-2,,221,39-65 39-66,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-308-3,39,308,3,308-3,,221[5-9],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 39-309-2,39,309,2,309-2,"Most of those who use Diu Indo-Portuguese in their daily lives acquired the language as small children. Additional regular speakers include the spouses of native speakers and very few others. -Apart from the community of native speakers and those who, though non-native, make regular use of the language, there are many Diuese who have some knowledge of the language, for various reasons. These, however, tend not to use the language regularly, and some are only partially fluent.",221[13],,100.0,Certain -39-31-3,39,31,3,31-3,,221,39-20 39-25 39-54,100.0,Certain -39-310-4,39,310,4,310-4,,221[7-9],,100.0,Very certain -39-311-3,39,311,3,311-3,"Although a few adults have acquired Diu Indo-Portuguese in the past, primarily because they married native speakers of the language, this is not a very common situation.","221[13, 30-32]",,100.0,Certain -39-312-2,39,312,2,312-2,"Among the Diu Indo-Portuguese speakers residing in Diu, language abandonment is not at all an issue. However, those who migrate may either abandon the language or lose some proficiency, and a few families in which only one of the parents is a speaker of Diu Indo-Portuguese have opted for raising their children in another language (namely, English). Given that Diu is such a multilingual society, the acquisition of new languages tends to be cumulative, in the sense that it does not entail the abandonment of Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221[30-32],,100.0,Certain -39-313-2,39,313,2,313-2,"The native-speaker community, including a few highly-fluent non-native speakers who use the language in their daily lives, is presently estimated at around 170 to 200 people. This figure excludes the native speakers of the language living outside the territory, whose numbers are unknown but probably not very significant. In addition to this strictly-defined speech community, there is an undetermined number of people who have some knowledge of the language - ranging from formulaic to rather fluent - but who do not use it regularly.",221[11-15],,100.0,Very certain -39-314-3,39,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -39-315-3,39,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -39-316-3,39,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -39-317-2,39,317,2,317-2,"The use of Diu Indo-Portuguese in music is circumscribed to a few old folk songs which are part of the community's repertoire. To the best of my knowledge, no new Diu Indo-Portuguese songs have been produced recently.",1736,,100.0,Very certain -39-318-3,39,318,3,318-3,"Traditionally, Diu Indo-Portuguese has been strictly confined to the domain of orality. The only exceptions have been scattered anthropologically-oriented efforts of documentation of the language and its oral traditions (particularly songs).",221[8-9],,100.0,Very certain -39-319-3,39,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -39-32-1,39,32,1,32-1,"Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives (proximal and distal) are formally equivalent. As far as the distal demonstrative is concerned, the only possible difference between the adnominal and pronominal forms is that the former may be phonologically reduced from ikəl to kəl; this is however a reflection of the two forms' different prosodic prominence in the clause, and does not therefore suggest a lexical split.",221,39-15 39-67 39-68 39-69,100.0,Certain -39-320-3,39,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -39-321-3,39,321,3,321-3,"Diu Indo-Portuguese has no official status whatsoever in the territory. However, it is sometimes used informally between native-speakers and shopkeepers who are able to speak the language.",,,100.0,Very certain -39-322-3,39,322,3,322-3,,221[31-32],,100.0,Very certain -39-323-4,39,323,4,323-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -39-324-3,39,324,3,324-3,,"221[25-26, 31-32]",,100.0,Very certain -39-325-3,39,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -39-326-2,39,326,2,326-2,"Even though Portuguese (the main lexifier) remains active and relevant in modern-day Diu, by far the most widely used language in the territory is Gujarati, the main language of the region, which, with over 46 million speakers, is certainly a major world language. All native-speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese are bilingual (at least), as they acquire Gujarati at a very early age.",221[25-27],,100.0,Certain -39-327-4,39,327,4,327-4,"To be rigorous, one cannot speak of geographic variation involving Diu Indo-Portuguese, given that the community is very small and lives in a rather constrained physical space (a particular section of Diu Town). However, one might wish to group Diu Indo-Portuguese alongside other discrete varieties, viz. Daman Indo-Portuguese or the other Indo-Portuguese/Luso-Asian creoles, in which case one would certainly find variation.",221[29],,100.0,Certain -39-328-4,39,328,4,328-4,"To be rigorous, one cannot speak of geographic variation involving Diu Indo-Portuguese, given that the community is very small and lives in a rather constrained physical space (a particular section of Diu Town). However, one might wish to group Diu Indo-Portuguese alongside other discrete varieties, viz. Daman Indo-Portuguese or the other Indo-Portuguese/Luso-Asian creoles, in which case one would certainly find variation.",221[29],,100.0,Certain -39-329-4,39,329,4,329-4,"To be rigorous, one cannot speak of geographic variation involving Diu Indo-Portuguese, given that the community is very small and lives in a rather constrained physical space (a particular section of Diu Town). However, one might wish to group Diu Indo-Portuguese alongside other discrete varieties, viz. Daman Indo-Portuguese or the other Indo-Portuguese/Luso-Asian creoles, in which case one would certainly find variation.",221[29],,100.0,Certain -39-33-2,39,33,2,33-2,"Diu Indo-Portuguese differs considerably from its main lexifier language, Portuguese, with respect to the number of distance contrasts enforced in their demonstrative paradigms. The deictic space - which manifests itself in demonstratives as well as deictic locative adverbs - is organised with reference to the speech participants in a tripartite way in Portuguese (close to speaker + close to interlocutor + away from speaker/interlocutor), and a in bipartite way in Diu Indo-Portuguese (close to speaker + away from speaker). As far as demonstratives are concerned, then, Diu Indo-Portuguese distinguishes solely between the proximal es 'this' and the distal ikəl 'that'.",221,39-68 39-70,100.0,Very certain -39-330-4,39,330,4,330-4,"All native-speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese live in an urban setting, most of whom in a specific section of Diu Town. Until the mid-20th-century, however, there used to be pockets of native speakers outside Diu Town, in villages across the island. The population eventually converged on the town, so that nowadays one cannot speak of variation along the urban/rural divide.",221[29],,100.0,Very certain -39-331-4,39,331,4,331-4,"All native-speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese live in an urban setting, most of whom in a specific section of Diu Town. Until the mid-20th-century, however, there used to be pockets of native speakers outside Diu Town, in villages across the island. The population eventually converged on the town, so that nowadays one cannot speak of variation along the urban/rural divide.",221[29],,100.0,Very certain -39-332-4,39,332,4,332-4,"All native-speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese live in an urban setting, most of whom in a specific section of Diu Town. Until the mid-20th-century, however, there used to be pockets of native speakers outside Diu Town, in villages across the island. The population eventually converged on the town, so that nowadays one cannot speak of variation along the urban/rural divide.",221[29],,100.0,Very certain +Apart from the community of native speakers and those who, though non-native, make regular use of the language, there are many Diuese who have some knowledge of the language, for various reasons. These, however, tend not to use the language regularly, and some are only partially fluent.",221[13],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Cardoso 2006 +39-31-3,39,31,3,31-3,,221,39-20 39-25 39-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +39-310-4,39,310,4,310-4,,221[7-9],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +39-311-3,39,311,3,311-3,"Although a few adults have acquired Diu Indo-Portuguese in the past, primarily because they married native speakers of the language, this is not a very common situation.","221[13, 30-32]",,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-312-2,39,312,2,312-2,"Among the Diu Indo-Portuguese speakers residing in Diu, language abandonment is not at all an issue. However, those who migrate may either abandon the language or lose some proficiency, and a few families in which only one of the parents is a speaker of Diu Indo-Portuguese have opted for raising their children in another language (namely, English). Given that Diu is such a multilingual society, the acquisition of new languages tends to be cumulative, in the sense that it does not entail the abandonment of Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221[30-32],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +39-313-2,39,313,2,313-2,"The native-speaker community, including a few highly-fluent non-native speakers who use the language in their daily lives, is presently estimated at around 170 to 200 people. This figure excludes the native speakers of the language living outside the territory, whose numbers are unknown but probably not very significant. In addition to this strictly-defined speech community, there is an undetermined number of people who have some knowledge of the language - ranging from formulaic to rather fluent - but who do not use it regularly.",221[11-15],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Cardoso 2006 +39-314-3,39,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +39-315-3,39,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +39-316-3,39,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +39-317-2,39,317,2,317-2,"The use of Diu Indo-Portuguese in music is circumscribed to a few old folk songs which are part of the community's repertoire. To the best of my knowledge, no new Diu Indo-Portuguese songs have been produced recently.",1736,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +39-318-3,39,318,3,318-3,"Traditionally, Diu Indo-Portuguese has been strictly confined to the domain of orality. The only exceptions have been scattered anthropologically-oriented efforts of documentation of the language and its oral traditions (particularly songs).",221[8-9],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-319-3,39,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +39-32-1,39,32,1,32-1,"Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives (proximal and distal) are formally equivalent. As far as the distal demonstrative is concerned, the only possible difference between the adnominal and pronominal forms is that the former may be phonologically reduced from ikəl to kəl; this is however a reflection of the two forms' different prosodic prominence in the clause, and does not therefore suggest a lexical split.",221,39-15 39-67 39-68 39-69,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-320-3,39,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +39-321-3,39,321,3,321-3,"Diu Indo-Portuguese has no official status whatsoever in the territory. However, it is sometimes used informally between native-speakers and shopkeepers who are able to speak the language.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +39-322-3,39,322,3,322-3,,221[31-32],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-323-4,39,323,4,323-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +39-324-3,39,324,3,324-3,,"221[25-26, 31-32]",,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-325-3,39,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +39-326-2,39,326,2,326-2,"Even though Portuguese (the main lexifier) remains active and relevant in modern-day Diu, by far the most widely used language in the territory is Gujarati, the main language of the region, which, with over 46 million speakers, is certainly a major world language. All native-speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese are bilingual (at least), as they acquire Gujarati at a very early age.",221[25-27],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Cardoso 2006 +39-327-4,39,327,4,327-4,"To be rigorous, one cannot speak of geographic variation involving Diu Indo-Portuguese, given that the community is very small and lives in a rather constrained physical space (a particular section of Diu Town). However, one might wish to group Diu Indo-Portuguese alongside other discrete varieties, viz. Daman Indo-Portuguese or the other Indo-Portuguese/Luso-Asian creoles, in which case one would certainly find variation.",221[29],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +39-328-4,39,328,4,328-4,"To be rigorous, one cannot speak of geographic variation involving Diu Indo-Portuguese, given that the community is very small and lives in a rather constrained physical space (a particular section of Diu Town). However, one might wish to group Diu Indo-Portuguese alongside other discrete varieties, viz. Daman Indo-Portuguese or the other Indo-Portuguese/Luso-Asian creoles, in which case one would certainly find variation.",221[29],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +39-329-4,39,329,4,329-4,"To be rigorous, one cannot speak of geographic variation involving Diu Indo-Portuguese, given that the community is very small and lives in a rather constrained physical space (a particular section of Diu Town). However, one might wish to group Diu Indo-Portuguese alongside other discrete varieties, viz. Daman Indo-Portuguese or the other Indo-Portuguese/Luso-Asian creoles, in which case one would certainly find variation.",221[29],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +39-33-2,39,33,2,33-2,"Diu Indo-Portuguese differs considerably from its main lexifier language, Portuguese, with respect to the number of distance contrasts enforced in their demonstrative paradigms. The deictic space - which manifests itself in demonstratives as well as deictic locative adverbs - is organised with reference to the speech participants in a tripartite way in Portuguese (close to speaker + close to interlocutor + away from speaker/interlocutor), and a in bipartite way in Diu Indo-Portuguese (close to speaker + away from speaker). As far as demonstratives are concerned, then, Diu Indo-Portuguese distinguishes solely between the proximal es 'this' and the distal ikəl 'that'.",221,39-68 39-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +39-330-4,39,330,4,330-4,"All native-speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese live in an urban setting, most of whom in a specific section of Diu Town. Until the mid-20th-century, however, there used to be pockets of native speakers outside Diu Town, in villages across the island. The population eventually converged on the town, so that nowadays one cannot speak of variation along the urban/rural divide.",221[29],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Cardoso 2006 +39-331-4,39,331,4,331-4,"All native-speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese live in an urban setting, most of whom in a specific section of Diu Town. Until the mid-20th-century, however, there used to be pockets of native speakers outside Diu Town, in villages across the island. The population eventually converged on the town, so that nowadays one cannot speak of variation along the urban/rural divide.",221[29],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Cardoso 2006 +39-332-4,39,332,4,332-4,"All native-speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese live in an urban setting, most of whom in a specific section of Diu Town. Until the mid-20th-century, however, there used to be pockets of native speakers outside Diu Town, in villages across the island. The population eventually converged on the town, so that nowadays one cannot speak of variation along the urban/rural divide.",221[29],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Cardoso 2006 39-333-2,39,333,2,333-2,"From a social point of view, the native-speaker community of Diu Indo-Portuguese is comparatively homogeneous. Still, one of the most obvious indicators of social prestige is fluency in Standard Portuguese. The corpus contains some striking examples of variation along these lines which, in fact, pertain more to the domain of phonetic realisation than that of phonological representation. One of these involves the realisation of syllable-final, word-internal voiceless fricatives, which can be: (1) alveloar [s] (the most common in Diu Indo-Portuguese); or (2) post-alveolar [ʃ] (modelled on a relatively recent trend in Standard Portuguese): (1) [iskɔl] 'school' (2) [iʃkɔl] 'school' -This type of variation is particularly evident when addressing a foreigner or someone perceived as highly educated in Standard Portuguese. The extent to which such variation carries over to conversations among native speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese, or which settings would trigger it, remain to be described.",221[282];220[170-175],,100.0,Certain +This type of variation is particularly evident when addressing a foreigner or someone perceived as highly educated in Standard Portuguese. The extent to which such variation carries over to conversations among native speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese, or which settings would trigger it, remain to be described.",221[282];220[170-175],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 39-334-2,39,334,2,334-2,"From a social point of view, the native-speaker community of Diu Indo-Portuguese is comparatively homogeneous. Still, one of the most obvious indicators of social prestige is fluency in Standard Portuguese. The corpus contains some examples of morphosyntactic variation organised along these lines. One of the domains in which this is most evident is verbal morphology. Let us take the example of imperfective marking. In Diu Indo-Portuguese, imperfectivity is marked with resort to a pre-verbal auxiliary, which inflects for tense, whereas the main verb occurs in its infinitival form: (1) @@ -9928,11 +9928,11 @@ med fik-av. fear become-IPFV.PST '[X] was afraid.' -This type of variation is particularly evident when addressing a foreigner or someone perceived as highly educated in Standard Portuguese, and tends to be somewhat inconsistent. The extent to which such variation carries over to conversations among native speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese, or which settings would trigger it, remain to be described.",220[170-175];221[143],,100.0,Certain -39-335-2,39,335,2,335-2,,"221[185, 242, 260]",,100.0,Certain -39-34-2,39,34,2,34-2,"In the rare occurrences of distributive constructions in the corpus, distributive numerals involve total reduplication.",221,39-59,100.0,Certain -39-35-8,39,35,8,35-8,"Ordinals 'first' through 'third', the most common in Diu Indo-Portuguese, and often also 'fourth' through 'sixth' are not immediately derived from their corresponding cardinal numerals, i.e. they are suppletive: e.g. pimer 'first' vs. ũ 'one'. There is a strong tendency to use English ordinals (and, to a lesser extent, English numerals) in everyday speech, with the effect that non-English-derived ordinals are rather hesitantly formed and employed. A suffix -m is however part of the derivational repertoire of some speakers; -m attaches to cardinal numerals above six in order to obtain ordinals: e.g. oytm 'eighth' from oyt 'eight'.",221,39-71 39-72 39-73 39-74 39-75,100.0,Certain -39-36-1,39,36,1,36-1,,221,39-76,100.0,Very certain +This type of variation is particularly evident when addressing a foreigner or someone perceived as highly educated in Standard Portuguese, and tends to be somewhat inconsistent. The extent to which such variation carries over to conversations among native speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese, or which settings would trigger it, remain to be described.",220[170-175];221[143],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Cardoso 2006 +39-335-2,39,335,2,335-2,,"221[185, 242, 260]",,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +39-34-2,39,34,2,34-2,"In the rare occurrences of distributive constructions in the corpus, distributive numerals involve total reduplication.",221,39-59,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +39-35-8,39,35,8,35-8,"Ordinals 'first' through 'third', the most common in Diu Indo-Portuguese, and often also 'fourth' through 'sixth' are not immediately derived from their corresponding cardinal numerals, i.e. they are suppletive: e.g. pimer 'first' vs. ũ 'one'. There is a strong tendency to use English ordinals (and, to a lesser extent, English numerals) in everyday speech, with the effect that non-English-derived ordinals are rather hesitantly formed and employed. A suffix -m is however part of the derivational repertoire of some speakers; -m attaches to cardinal numerals above six in order to obtain ordinals: e.g. oytm 'eighth' from oyt 'eight'.",221,39-71 39-72 39-73 39-74 39-75,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +39-36-1,39,36,1,36-1,,221,39-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 39-37-5,39,37,5,37-5,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, pronominal possessors occur before the noun they modify (the possessum). The first person possessive pronouns are clearly separate words: the 1SG possessive pronoun is mĩ, which is formally equivalent to the oblique form of the 1SG personal pronoun; the 1PL possessive pronoun is nɔs, formally equivalent to the 1PL personal pronoun (which does not have a separate oblique form). @@ -9945,7 +9945,7 @@ Second and third person pronominal possessors are classified in this study as (p (c) although the preposed position of these elements does contrast with the typical order of non-pronominal possessors, there are various examples of (atypical) preposed non-pronominal də-PPs; the constraints against these cases seem to involve heaviness rather than categorial distinctions. -Very rarely, a pronominal possessor may be postposed to the head noun. In such cases, first person possessive pronouns are replaced with a de-PP (the typical non-pronominal possessor manifestation and position).",221,39-7 39-78 39-79 39-80,45.4545454545455,Certain +Very rarely, a pronominal possessor may be postposed to the head noun. In such cases, first person possessive pronouns are replaced with a de-PP (the typical non-pronominal possessor manifestation and position).",221,39-7 39-78 39-79 39-80,45.4545454545455,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-FFB6C1-10-ADD8E6.png""}", 39-37-6,39,37,6,37-6,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, pronominal possessors occur before the noun they modify (the possessum). The first person possessive pronouns are clearly separate words: the 1SG possessive pronoun is mĩ, which is formally equivalent to the oblique form of the 1SG personal pronoun; the 1PL possessive pronoun is nɔs, formally equivalent to the 1PL personal pronoun (which does not have a separate oblique form). @@ -9958,7 +9958,7 @@ Second and third person pronominal possessors are classified in this study as (p (c) although the preposed position of these elements does contrast with the typical order of non-pronominal possessors, there are various examples of (atypical) preposed non-pronominal də-PPs; the constraints against these cases seem to involve heaviness rather than categorial distinctions. -Very rarely, a pronominal possessor may be postposed to the head noun. In such cases, first person possessive pronouns are replaced with a de-PP (the typical non-pronominal possessor manifestation and position).",221,39-81,9.09090909090909,Certain +Very rarely, a pronominal possessor may be postposed to the head noun. In such cases, first person possessive pronouns are replaced with a de-PP (the typical non-pronominal possessor manifestation and position).",221,39-81,9.09090909090909,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-FFB6C1-10-ADD8E6.png""}", 39-37-1,39,37,1,37-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, pronominal possessors occur before the noun they modify (the possessum). The first person possessive pronouns are clearly separate words: the 1SG possessive pronoun is mĩ, which is formally equivalent to the oblique form of the 1SG personal pronoun; the 1PL possessive pronoun is nɔs, formally equivalent to the 1PL personal pronoun (which does not have a separate oblique form). @@ -9971,35 +9971,35 @@ Second and third person pronominal possessors are classified in this study as (p (c) although the preposed position of these elements does contrast with the typical order of non-pronominal possessors, there are various examples of (atypical) preposed non-pronominal də-PPs; the constraints against these cases seem to involve heaviness rather than categorial distinctions. -Very rarely, a pronominal possessor may be postposed to the head noun. In such cases, first person possessive pronouns are replaced with a de-PP (the typical non-pronominal possessor manifestation and position).",221,39-24 39-67 39-77,45.4545454545455,Very certain +Very rarely, a pronominal possessor may be postposed to the head noun. In such cases, first person possessive pronouns are replaced with a de-PP (the typical non-pronominal possessor manifestation and position).",221,39-24 39-67 39-77,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-FFB6C1-10-ADD8E6.png""}", 39-38-2,39,38,2,38-2,"Possessor noun phrases take the form of a prepositional phrase with the preposition də, which, in addition to its possessor-marking function, is a generic relator allowing the modification of a nominal head by another NP (e.g. garaf də beer [bottle of beer] 'beer bottle'). -The typical position of posessor noun phrases is postnominal (i.e. after the possessum). Occasionally, however, possessor NPs (i.e. də-PPs) are placed in prenominal position, which is usually reserved for pronominal possessors. All NPs occurring in this position are rather short (typically containing no more than two words), which suggests the constraints on these occurrences must be sensitive to heaviness.",221,39-2 39-5 39-6 39-7 39-82,100.0,Very certain +The typical position of posessor noun phrases is postnominal (i.e. after the possessum). Occasionally, however, possessor NPs (i.e. də-PPs) are placed in prenominal position, which is usually reserved for pronominal possessors. All NPs occurring in this position are rather short (typically containing no more than two words), which suggests the constraints on these occurrences must be sensitive to heaviness.",221,39-2 39-5 39-6 39-7 39-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 39-39-2,39,39,2,39-2,"Second and third person pronominal possessors take the form of prepositional phrases with də + personal pronoun, although the phonological integration of the constituents raises the question whether they have merged into special possessive pronouns. Crucially, non-pronominal possessors are also expresed through a də-PP. It is therefore no surprise that, with respect to second and third person pronominal possessors, we find no formal difference whatsoever between their dependent and independent occurrences. -First person possessive pronouns, on the other hand, are formally unrelated to də-PPs, which renders them privileged testing grounds for the question at hand. Whereas their dependent forms are mĩ 'mine' and nɔs 'our', we find that in independent occurrences they may appear as such but, more often than not, appear embedded in a də-PP. Of the three contexts under analysis, elliptical answers seem to be the ones most likely to trigger a bare possessive pronoun.",221,39-17 39-67 39-83 39-84,30.0,Certain +First person possessive pronouns, on the other hand, are formally unrelated to də-PPs, which renders them privileged testing grounds for the question at hand. Whereas their dependent forms are mĩ 'mine' and nɔs 'our', we find that in independent occurrences they may appear as such but, more often than not, appear embedded in a də-PP. Of the three contexts under analysis, elliptical answers seem to be the ones most likely to trigger a bare possessive pronoun.",221,39-17 39-67 39-83 39-84,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-FFB6C1.png""}", 39-39-1,39,39,1,39-1,"Second and third person pronominal possessors take the form of prepositional phrases with də + personal pronoun, although the phonological integration of the constituents raises the question whether they have merged into special possessive pronouns. Crucially, non-pronominal possessors are also expresed through a də-PP. It is therefore no surprise that, with respect to second and third person pronominal possessors, we find no formal difference whatsoever between their dependent and independent occurrences. -First person possessive pronouns, on the other hand, are formally unrelated to də-PPs, which renders them privileged testing grounds for the question at hand. Whereas their dependent forms are mĩ 'mine' and nɔs 'our', we find that in independent occurrences they may appear as such but, more often than not, appear embedded in a də-PP. Of the three contexts under analysis, elliptical answers seem to be the ones most likely to trigger a bare possessive pronoun.",221,39-85 39-86 39-87,70.0,Very certain +First person possessive pronouns, on the other hand, are formally unrelated to də-PPs, which renders them privileged testing grounds for the question at hand. Whereas their dependent forms are mĩ 'mine' and nɔs 'our', we find that in independent occurrences they may appear as such but, more often than not, appear embedded in a də-PP. Of the three contexts under analysis, elliptical answers seem to be the ones most likely to trigger a bare possessive pronoun.",221,39-85 39-86 39-87,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-FFB6C1.png""}", 39-4-1,39,4,1,4-1,"There are two types of adpositions in Diu Indo-Portuguese, viz. simple and complex adpositions. Complex adpositions (e.g. pɛrt də 'close to/near', frẽt də 'in front of') consist of an element which is usually adverbial in nature and the preposition də, whose prototypical semantics cover both ablative and possessive. -All adpositions in Diu Indo-Portuguese precede the NP they govern. The only recorded exception to this rule is the complex comitative adposition jũt də, 'with'. The overwhelming majority of instances of this adposition follow the expected jũt + də + NP structure, but occasionally the structure (də) + NP + jũt also occurs. Notice, however, that the də + NP is formally equivalent to a possessive PP, which normally follows the head noun but in the corpus sometimes occurs pre-nominally. The inversion of the canonical order observed for jũt də has probably come about through analogy with this type of constructions, and it remains very marginal in Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221,39-14,11.1111111111111,Certain +All adpositions in Diu Indo-Portuguese precede the NP they govern. The only recorded exception to this rule is the complex comitative adposition jũt də, 'with'. The overwhelming majority of instances of this adposition follow the expected jũt + də + NP structure, but occasionally the structure (də) + NP + jũt also occurs. Notice, however, that the də + NP is formally equivalent to a possessive PP, which normally follows the head noun but in the corpus sometimes occurs pre-nominally. The inversion of the canonical order observed for jũt də has probably come about through analogy with this type of constructions, and it remains very marginal in Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221,39-14,11.1111111111111,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-78-FF0000-12-0000FF-12-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 39-4-2,39,4,2,4-2,"There are two types of adpositions in Diu Indo-Portuguese, viz. simple and complex adpositions. Complex adpositions (e.g. pɛrt də 'close to/near', frẽt də 'in front of') consist of an element which is usually adverbial in nature and the preposition də, whose prototypical semantics cover both ablative and possessive. -All adpositions in Diu Indo-Portuguese precede the NP they govern. The only recorded exception to this rule is the complex comitative adposition jũt də, 'with'. The overwhelming majority of instances of this adposition follow the expected jũt + də + NP structure, but occasionally the structure (də) + NP + jũt also occurs. Notice, however, that the də + NP is formally equivalent to a possessive PP, which normally follows the head noun but in the corpus sometimes occurs pre-nominally. The inversion of the canonical order observed for jũt də has probably come about through analogy with this type of constructions, and it remains very marginal in Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221,39-12 39-8,77.7777777777778,Very certain +All adpositions in Diu Indo-Portuguese precede the NP they govern. The only recorded exception to this rule is the complex comitative adposition jũt də, 'with'. The overwhelming majority of instances of this adposition follow the expected jũt + də + NP structure, but occasionally the structure (də) + NP + jũt also occurs. Notice, however, that the də + NP is formally equivalent to a possessive PP, which normally follows the head noun but in the corpus sometimes occurs pre-nominally. The inversion of the canonical order observed for jũt də has probably come about through analogy with this type of constructions, and it remains very marginal in Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221,39-12 39-8,77.7777777777778,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-78-FF0000-12-0000FF-12-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 39-4-5,39,4,5,4-5,"There are two types of adpositions in Diu Indo-Portuguese, viz. simple and complex adpositions. Complex adpositions (e.g. pɛrt də 'close to/near', frẽt də 'in front of') consist of an element which is usually adverbial in nature and the preposition də, whose prototypical semantics cover both ablative and possessive. -All adpositions in Diu Indo-Portuguese precede the NP they govern. The only recorded exception to this rule is the complex comitative adposition jũt də, 'with'. The overwhelming majority of instances of this adposition follow the expected jũt + də + NP structure, but occasionally the structure (də) + NP + jũt also occurs. Notice, however, that the də + NP is formally equivalent to a possessive PP, which normally follows the head noun but in the corpus sometimes occurs pre-nominally. The inversion of the canonical order observed for jũt də has probably come about through analogy with this type of constructions, and it remains very marginal in Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221,39-205,11.1111111111111,Certain -39-40-1,39,40,1,40-1,,221,39-88 39-89,100.0,Very certain -39-41-1,39,41,1,41-1,"In comparative constructions, adjectives are always marked by a preposed degree word (may 'more', rarely also men 'less' and, in similative constructions, tãt 'as much as').",221,39-66,100.0,Very certain -39-42-8,39,42,8,42-8,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese comparative constructions, one can speak of double marking on the standard. A comparative particle ki (equivalent to the relative particle and an interrogative pronoun) is required - ommission of this particle does occur but it is very rare. In addition, the standard is also obligatorily marked by the preposition də - which is further used as an ablative preposition, sometimes also as a locative preposition, as well as a genitive marker and a generic relator.",221,39-66,100.0,Very certain +All adpositions in Diu Indo-Portuguese precede the NP they govern. The only recorded exception to this rule is the complex comitative adposition jũt də, 'with'. The overwhelming majority of instances of this adposition follow the expected jũt + də + NP structure, but occasionally the structure (də) + NP + jũt also occurs. Notice, however, that the də + NP is formally equivalent to a possessive PP, which normally follows the head noun but in the corpus sometimes occurs pre-nominally. The inversion of the canonical order observed for jũt də has probably come about through analogy with this type of constructions, and it remains very marginal in Diu Indo-Portuguese.",221,39-205,11.1111111111111,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-78-FF0000-12-0000FF-12-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +39-40-1,39,40,1,40-1,,221,39-88 39-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-41-1,39,41,1,41-1,"In comparative constructions, adjectives are always marked by a preposed degree word (may 'more', rarely also men 'less' and, in similative constructions, tãt 'as much as').",221,39-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-42-8,39,42,8,42-8,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese comparative constructions, one can speak of double marking on the standard. A comparative particle ki (equivalent to the relative particle and an interrogative pronoun) is required - ommission of this particle does occur but it is very rare. In addition, the standard is also obligatorily marked by the preposition də - which is further used as an ablative preposition, sometimes also as a locative preposition, as well as a genitive marker and a generic relator.",221,39-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 39-43-2,39,43,2,43-2,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, unmarked verb forms always have a Perfective reading. These forms code a Past/non-Past distinction, either relying on suppletion or, often, on the use of suffixes. -On the other hand, the expression of Imperfectivity involves pre-verbal markers (be they invariant particles or auxiliary verbal forms), which may themselves be inflected to indicate Tense categories. Pre-verbal markers immediately precede the main verb.",221,39-12 39-90,50.0,Very certain +On the other hand, the expression of Imperfectivity involves pre-verbal markers (be they invariant particles or auxiliary verbal forms), which may themselves be inflected to indicate Tense categories. Pre-verbal markers immediately precede the main verb.",221,39-12 39-90,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", 39-43-1,39,43,1,43-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, unmarked verb forms always have a Perfective reading. These forms code a Past/non-Past distinction, either relying on suppletion or, often, on the use of suffixes. -On the other hand, the expression of Imperfectivity involves pre-verbal markers (be they invariant particles or auxiliary verbal forms), which may themselves be inflected to indicate Tense categories. Pre-verbal markers immediately precede the main verb.",221,39-57 39-8 39-9,50.0,Very certain -39-44-8,39,44,8,44-8,,221,,100.0,Certain +On the other hand, the expression of Imperfectivity involves pre-verbal markers (be they invariant particles or auxiliary verbal forms), which may themselves be inflected to indicate Tense categories. Pre-verbal markers immediately precede the main verb.",221,39-57 39-8 39-9,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +39-44-8,39,44,8,44-8,,221,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 39-45-2,39,45,2,45-2,"To be rigourous, Past tense in Diu Indo-Portuguese is expressed through verbal inflection, viz. through the use of various verbal suffixes: e.g. @@ -10017,33 +10017,33 @@ e.g. The forms above are, however, perfective. Imperfective aspect, on the other hand, is marked by a preverbal auxiliary te, which is verbal in nature and therefore acquires past tense inflection instead of the main verb. -For the purpose of this feature, what I am treating as a 'particle' is in fact the Past form of the perfective auxiliary: tiŋ (e.g. yo tiŋ kume 'I was eating'). No grammatical markers or lexical items can intervene between tiŋ and the main verb.",221,39-30 39-48,100.0,Very certain -39-46-2,39,46,2,46-2,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, progressive aspect is construed simply with the preverbal imperfective marker (a verbal auxiliary), which I therefore interpret as the progressive marker for the purpose of this survey. No material is reported to intervene between the marker and the verb.",221,39-61 39-8,100.0,Very certain +For the purpose of this feature, what I am treating as a 'particle' is in fact the Past form of the perfective auxiliary: tiŋ (e.g. yo tiŋ kume 'I was eating'). No grammatical markers or lexical items can intervene between tiŋ and the main verb.",221,39-30 39-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +39-46-2,39,46,2,46-2,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, progressive aspect is construed simply with the preverbal imperfective marker (a verbal auxiliary), which I therefore interpret as the progressive marker for the purpose of this survey. No material is reported to intervene between the marker and the verb.",221,39-61 39-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", 39-47-6,39,47,6,47-6,"Marking progressive aspect is one of the functions of the imperfective auxiliaries te/tə and tiŋ, Non-past and Past respectively. More often than not, habitual actions involve the operation of the imperfective auxiliaries. -In general, stative verbs do not admit imperfective marking. The most notable exception is that of fika, which, in a locative construction, means both 'to stay' and 'to dwell'; crucially, in its latter sense, fika can occur both with or without the imperfective auxiliary. As of yet, it is not clear whether instances of imperfective-marked fika 'to dwell' truly imply an expectation of temporariness.",221,39-1 39-61 39-91 39-92,100.0,Intermediate -39-48-6,39,48,6,48-6,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, habitual actions are often marked with the imperfective markers te/tə and tiŋ, Non-past and Past respectively, which also construct progressive aspect. Their use to indicate current states is less widespread: in general, stative verbs do not admit imperfective marking. The most notable exception is that of fika, which, in a locative construction, means both 'to stay' and 'to dwell'; crucially, in its latter sense, fika can occur both with or without the imperfective auxiliary. As of yet, it is not clear whether instances of imperfective-marked fika 'to dwell' truly imply an expectation of temporariness.",221,39-1 39-2 39-61 39-91 39-92,100.0,Intermediate +In general, stative verbs do not admit imperfective marking. The most notable exception is that of fika, which, in a locative construction, means both 'to stay' and 'to dwell'; crucially, in its latter sense, fika can occur both with or without the imperfective auxiliary. As of yet, it is not clear whether instances of imperfective-marked fika 'to dwell' truly imply an expectation of temporariness.",221,39-1 39-61 39-91 39-92,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +39-48-6,39,48,6,48-6,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, habitual actions are often marked with the imperfective markers te/tə and tiŋ, Non-past and Past respectively, which also construct progressive aspect. Their use to indicate current states is less widespread: in general, stative verbs do not admit imperfective marking. The most notable exception is that of fika, which, in a locative construction, means both 'to stay' and 'to dwell'; crucially, in its latter sense, fika can occur both with or without the imperfective auxiliary. As of yet, it is not clear whether instances of imperfective-marked fika 'to dwell' truly imply an expectation of temporariness.",221,39-1 39-2 39-61 39-91 39-92,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 39-49-3,39,49,3,49-3,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, imperfectivity is marked periphrastically, with an infinitive main verb preceded by the auxiliary te. Bare verbal forms are therefore interpreted as perfective, irrespective of their tense. Tense marking, on the other hand, is achieved through inflection of the main verb (in the case of perfective forms) or of the imperfective auxiliary. -The imperfective auxiliary therefore provides a convenient illustration of the mixed aspectual-temporal system of Diu Indo-Portuguese: whereas te/tə are the non-Past forms of the imperfective auxiliary, tiŋ is reserved for Past tense.",221,39-93 39-94 39-95 39-96,100.0,Very certain -39-5-1,39,5,1,5-1,"In addition to their function as demonstratives, proximal es and distal ikəl also have a non-deictic use, in which case they attribute a feature of definiteness to the head of the NP they modify. In either of these functions, these elements consistently precede the head noun.",221,39-15 39-16 39-17,100.0,Very certain -39-50-1,39,50,1,50-1,,221,39-100 39-97 39-98 39-99,100.0,Very certain +The imperfective auxiliary therefore provides a convenient illustration of the mixed aspectual-temporal system of Diu Indo-Portuguese: whereas te/tə are the non-Past forms of the imperfective auxiliary, tiŋ is reserved for Past tense.",221,39-93 39-94 39-95 39-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +39-5-1,39,5,1,5-1,"In addition to their function as demonstratives, proximal es and distal ikəl also have a non-deictic use, in which case they attribute a feature of definiteness to the head of the NP they modify. In either of these functions, these elements consistently precede the head noun.",221,39-15 39-16 39-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-50-1,39,50,1,50-1,,221,39-100 39-97 39-98 39-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 39-51-1,39,51,1,51-1,"Given that, in Diu Indo-Portuguese, the expression of imperfectivity requires the presence of an auxiliary, and also that Past tense prototypically involves suffixation, I take unmarked verbs (which correspond to the morphological root of the verb) to correspond to those I classify as non-Past Perfective forms. With respect to this feature, the temporal implications of such a categorisation merit some further comment: From a morphological point of view, finite Diu Indo-Portuguese verbs only code a twofold distinction (e.g. fik 'stay, dwell, become' vs. fik-o 'stayed, dwelt, became'; kõp 'buy' vs. kõpr-o 'bought'). One category consistently and obligatorily constructs past reference, and as such it is classified as 'Past'; the remaining forms participate in the expression of various temporal-aspectual combinations (from present habitual to immediate future) which, from a temporal point of view, can only be unified as 'not making explicit reference to the Past', hence the classification as 'non-Past' [Verbal morphology does not license any comparable Future category, and future reference requires a preverbal particle a(d)]. -Having clarified the temporal categories which are relevant for Diu Indo-Portuguese, we can now compare the actual temporal value of unmarked stative and dynamic verbs. They do not differ fundamentally, in that none has Past reference. Finer differences between them (e.g. whether or not they make reference to the moment of utterance) derive from their different semantics. Crucially, the habitual reading of both unmarked stative and dynamic verbs can be described as ""present habitual"" (as opposed to ""past habitual"", which has a different expression in the language).",221,39-167 39-32,100.0,Very certain -39-52-1,39,52,1,52-1,,218,,100.0,Certain -39-53-1,39,53,1,53-1,,221,,100.0,Certain +Having clarified the temporal categories which are relevant for Diu Indo-Portuguese, we can now compare the actual temporal value of unmarked stative and dynamic verbs. They do not differ fundamentally, in that none has Past reference. Finer differences between them (e.g. whether or not they make reference to the moment of utterance) derive from their different semantics. Crucially, the habitual reading of both unmarked stative and dynamic verbs can be described as ""present habitual"" (as opposed to ""past habitual"", which has a different expression in the language).",221,39-167 39-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +39-52-1,39,52,1,52-1,,218,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-53-1,39,53,1,53-1,,221,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 39-54-2,39,54,2,54-2,"Suppletion is very conspicuous in Diu Indo-Portuguese, both of the weak (e.g. trag 'bring(s)' vs. tros 'brought') and strong type (e.g. vay 'go(es)' vs. foy 'went'). Tense is responsible for suppletive alternations (e.g. vẽy 'come.NPST.PFV' vs. vey 'come.PST.PFV'). The fact that these forms simultaneously contribute temporal and aspectual information should not mislead us, though. As a matter of fact, all finite verb forms in Diu Indo-Portuguese have a Perfective reading (i.e. Imperfectivity is not coded morphologically) and, as such, suppletive alternations rest solely on Tense alternations. On the contrary, Imperfective marking resorts to auxiliaries preposed to the nonfinite form of the main verb. There are two imperfective auxiliaries, te/tə and tiŋ, non-Past and Past respectively; these, however, are verbal in nature, so the alternation observed is, once again, motivated by Tense. -The only cases in which one might recognize suppletion according to Aspect involve suppletive alternation between finite verb forms and their nonfinite counterparts, in the sense that the former are laden with aspectual information whereas the latter are neutral in that respect. In Diu Indo-Portuguese, this type of suppletive alternation obtains only for one verb: ir 'go.INF' vs. vay 'go.NPST.PFV' vs. foy 'go.PST.PFV'. However, I have decided to disregard this instance because ir is a highly acrolectal form, taken directly from Standard Portuguese and used only by a small section of the speech community in very particular social contexts; the regular nonfinite form of this particular verb is, in fact, equivalent to the non-Past finite form: vay.",221,39-103 39-104 39-105,100.0,Very certain -39-55-2,39,55,2,55-2,"Although the data available is not vast enough to make too strong a claim, it appears that the Diu Indo-Portuguese ability verb pude 'can' is not employed to express epistemic possibility. Instead, speakers make use of the adverb pədser 'maybe/perhaps', which is different - though diachronically derived from the ability verb (and possibly still interpreted as such synchronically).",221,39-106 39-107,100.0,Intermediate -39-56-1,39,56,1,56-1,,221,39-108 39-109 39-110,100.0,Very certain +The only cases in which one might recognize suppletion according to Aspect involve suppletive alternation between finite verb forms and their nonfinite counterparts, in the sense that the former are laden with aspectual information whereas the latter are neutral in that respect. In Diu Indo-Portuguese, this type of suppletive alternation obtains only for one verb: ir 'go.INF' vs. vay 'go.NPST.PFV' vs. foy 'go.PST.PFV'. However, I have decided to disregard this instance because ir is a highly acrolectal form, taken directly from Standard Portuguese and used only by a small section of the speech community in very particular social contexts; the regular nonfinite form of this particular verb is, in fact, equivalent to the non-Past finite form: vay.",221,39-103 39-104 39-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-55-2,39,55,2,55-2,"Although the data available is not vast enough to make too strong a claim, it appears that the Diu Indo-Portuguese ability verb pude 'can' is not employed to express epistemic possibility. Instead, speakers make use of the adverb pədser 'maybe/perhaps', which is different - though diachronically derived from the ability verb (and possibly still interpreted as such synchronically).",221,39-106 39-107,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +39-56-1,39,56,1,56-1,,221,39-108 39-109 39-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 39-57-3,39,57,3,57-3,"In monotransitive constructions, animate patient NPs are obligatorily marked with the preposition pe (occasionally also a, which is functionally equivalent to pe but normally reserved for pronominal arguments). This preposition also marks recipients in ditransitive constructions, and therefore, for purely descriptive reasons, I will call it a marker of dative/accusative case. Inanimate arguments are, as a rule, unmarked; cases of dative marking on inanimate patient NPs are rather exceptional and involve the conceptualization of the argument as a target or beneficiary. To illustrate this, consider the following sentences, both of which involve the verb ve 'to see': @@ -10052,306 +10052,306 @@ Inanimate arguments are, as a rule, unmarked; cases of dative marking on inanima (b) Vay ve pə leyt. 'Go check on the milk.' -In (b), it is dative-accusative marking, normally reserved for animate patients, which determines that 'milk' is not simply looked at, but looked after.",221,39-111 39-112 39-93,100.0,Very certain +In (b), it is dative-accusative marking, normally reserved for animate patients, which determines that 'milk' is not simply looked at, but looked after.",221,39-111 39-112 39-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 39-58-2,39,58,2,58-2,"Tendentially, S and A arguments are bare, while P arguments often receive dative-accusative marking (see Feature 57 ""Marking of patient noun phrases"" for a justification of the label). Nominative-accusative alignment is the clearest in clauses containing animate arguments, given that, as a general rule, only animate P arguments are case-marked. -Having introduced the general pattern, it is important to clarify that case-marking in Diu Indo-Portuguese is highly dependent on semantic considerations and, as such, the standard alignment strategy can be contradicted: if A arguments are construed as experiencers of an event beyond their control, they are also assigned dative-accusative case.",221,39-112 39-113 39-114,100.0,Certain +Having introduced the general pattern, it is important to clarify that case-marking in Diu Indo-Portuguese is highly dependent on semantic considerations and, as such, the standard alignment strategy can be contradicted: if A arguments are construed as experiencers of an event beyond their control, they are also assigned dative-accusative case.",221,39-112 39-113 39-114,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 39-59-2,39,59,2,59-2,"Unlike full NPs, pronouns reveal no animate/inanimate distinction when it comes to case-marking. Clauses containing pronominal arguments are therefore the clearest instances of the nominative-accusative alignment governing case-marking in Diu Indo-Portuguese: pronominal P arguments are case-marked, whereas both S and A arguments are not. -However, case assignment remains highly dependent on semantic considerations. As in the case of full NPs, pronominal A arguments can also be case-marked if they are taken to be experiencers of an event beyond their control.",221,39-115 39-116,100.0,Very certain -39-6-1,39,6,1,6-1,,221,39-18 39-19,100.0,Very certain +However, case assignment remains highly dependent on semantic considerations. As in the case of full NPs, pronominal A arguments can also be case-marked if they are taken to be experiencers of an event beyond their control.",221,39-115 39-116,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +39-6-1,39,6,1,6-1,,221,39-18 39-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 39-60-1,39,60,1,60-1,"In the contexts targeted here (i.e. ditransitive clauses with an inanimate theme vs. monotransitive clauses with an inanimate patient), Diu Indo-Portuguese uses an indirect-object construction. -However, since animacy is relevant for case-assignment in Diu Indo-Portuguese, it is interesting that, when compared with monotransitive clauses with an animate (or pronominal) patient, the language adheres to a primative-secundative alignment strategy. A preposition marking what I will describe as dative-accusative case precedes animate patient arguments in monotransitive clauses. In ditransitive clauses, on the other hand, dative-accusative case is normally assigned to the recipient argument only, not to the theme (cases of double dative-accusative-marking on the theme and recipient arguments, though recorded, are not common).",221,39-53 39-93,100.0,Very certain -39-61-2,39,61,2,61-2,"Even though Diu Indo-Portuguese admits a high degree of flexibility with regard to the order of clausal constituents (mostly in response to pragmatic considerations), any order other than S-V-T-R is clearly marked. This order is also the most frequent in the language.",221,39-117 39-53,100.0,Certain -39-62-5,39,62,5,62-5,,221,39-47 39-94,100.0,Very certain -39-63-3,39,63,3,63-3,"There is no verb in Diu Indo-Portuguese covering the semantics of 'to seem'. There is, however, a sentence adverb parɛs 'apparently' which indicates weak indirect knowledge of a particular proposition.",221,39-118,100.0,Certain -39-64-2,39,64,2,64-2,,221,39-119 39-18,100.0,Certain -39-65-1,39,65,1,65-1,,221,39-121 39-122,50.0,Certain -39-65-5,39,65,5,65-5,,221,39-120,50.0,Certain -39-66-5,39,66,5,66-5,"Similarly to various South Asian languages, Diu Indo-Portuguese tends to assign dative-accusative case to the experiencer argument of sensory verbs, many mental or psychological states, or human arguments which are taken to be the experiencers of an action beyond their control; these are known in the literature as 'Dative Subject Constructions'.",221,39-123,50.0,Certain -39-66-3,39,66,3,66-3,"Similarly to various South Asian languages, Diu Indo-Portuguese tends to assign dative-accusative case to the experiencer argument of sensory verbs, many mental or psychological states, or human arguments which are taken to be the experiencers of an action beyond their control; these are known in the literature as 'Dative Subject Constructions'.",221,39-124,50.0,Intermediate -39-67-1,39,67,1,67-1,,221,39-125 39-126,100.0,Certain -39-68-2,39,68,2,68-2,"Similarly to various South Asian languages, Diu Indo-Portuguese tends to assign dative-accusative case to the experiencer argument of sensory verbs, many mental or psychological states, or human arguments which are taken to be the experiencers of an action beyond their control; these are known in the literature as 'Dative Subject Constructions'.",,39-128 39-129,30.0,Intermediate -39-68-7,39,68,7,68-7,"Similarly to various South Asian languages, Diu Indo-Portuguese tends to assign dative-accusative case to the experiencer argument of sensory verbs, many mental or psychological states, or human arguments which are taken to be the experiencers of an action beyond their control; these are known in the literature as 'Dative Subject Constructions'.",,39-127,70.0,Certain -39-69-1,39,69,1,69-1,,221,39-61,100.0,Very certain -39-7-1,39,7,1,7-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, a relative clause can be indicated by a relative particle ki or by a set of relativizers (equivalent to the set of interrogative pronouns, with the exception of uki) which are sensitive to the epistemic domain of the relativized element. The use of such relativizer is considered more acrolectal and it is much less common than the particle ki.",221,39-20 39-21 39-22,100.0,Very certain -39-70-3,39,70,3,70-3,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the word ku is both a comitative and an instrumental marker (as well as an NP coordinator). In addition, the complex preposition jũt də '(together) with' also marks comitative relations (among other functions), but not instrumental.",221,39-130 39-131 39-132 39-61,100.0,Very certain -39-71-3,39,71,3,71-3,"The element ku is both a Noun Phrase conjunction and a comitative marker in Diu Indo-Portuguese (as well as an instrumental marker). In addition, the conjunction i is also allowed to conjoin NPs but does not mark the comitative.",221,39-130 39-133 39-77,100.0,Certain -39-72-4,39,72,4,72-4,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, i is both a nominal and a verbal conjunction. On the other hand, the element ku – when it functions as a conjunction – is restricted to nominal coordination.",221,39-134 39-77 39-90,100.0,Very certain -39-73-1,39,73,1,73-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the copula selected for class-inclusion is described as an individual-level copula (as opposed to a stage-level copula, reserved for less time-stable predication). There is both a non-Past form (ɛ) and a Past form (ɛr) of the individual-level copula.",221,39-135 39-136,100.0,Certain -39-74-1,39,74,1,74-1,"As a result of the loose time-stability of their semantics, predicate adjectives admit both the individual-level copula (with the forms ɛ and ɛr, non-Past and Past respectively) and the stage-level copula (with the forms te and tiŋ, non-Past and Past respectively).",221,39-137 39-138,100.0,Certain -39-75-1,39,75,1,75-1,,221,39-139 39-140,100.0,Certain -39-76-1,39,76,1,76-1,"As a general rule, predicative noun phrases occur with the individual-level copula ɛ/ɛr, whereas the locative copula is equivalent to the stage-level copula te/tiŋ. Counterexamples are rare in the corpus, which is very telling. However, predicate locatives can occur with the ɛ/ɛr and (even more rarely) predicate noun phrases with te/tiŋ.",221,39-136 39-139 39-141,100.0,Certain +However, since animacy is relevant for case-assignment in Diu Indo-Portuguese, it is interesting that, when compared with monotransitive clauses with an animate (or pronominal) patient, the language adheres to a primative-secundative alignment strategy. A preposition marking what I will describe as dative-accusative case precedes animate patient arguments in monotransitive clauses. In ditransitive clauses, on the other hand, dative-accusative case is normally assigned to the recipient argument only, not to the theme (cases of double dative-accusative-marking on the theme and recipient arguments, though recorded, are not common).",221,39-53 39-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-61-2,39,61,2,61-2,"Even though Diu Indo-Portuguese admits a high degree of flexibility with regard to the order of clausal constituents (mostly in response to pragmatic considerations), any order other than S-V-T-R is clearly marked. This order is also the most frequent in the language.",221,39-117 39-53,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-62-5,39,62,5,62-5,,221,39-47 39-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +39-63-3,39,63,3,63-3,"There is no verb in Diu Indo-Portuguese covering the semantics of 'to seem'. There is, however, a sentence adverb parɛs 'apparently' which indicates weak indirect knowledge of a particular proposition.",221,39-118,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-64-2,39,64,2,64-2,,221,39-119 39-18,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +39-65-1,39,65,1,65-1,,221,39-121 39-122,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +39-65-5,39,65,5,65-5,,221,39-120,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +39-66-5,39,66,5,66-5,"Similarly to various South Asian languages, Diu Indo-Portuguese tends to assign dative-accusative case to the experiencer argument of sensory verbs, many mental or psychological states, or human arguments which are taken to be the experiencers of an action beyond their control; these are known in the literature as 'Dative Subject Constructions'.",221,39-123,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +39-66-3,39,66,3,66-3,"Similarly to various South Asian languages, Diu Indo-Portuguese tends to assign dative-accusative case to the experiencer argument of sensory verbs, many mental or psychological states, or human arguments which are taken to be the experiencers of an action beyond their control; these are known in the literature as 'Dative Subject Constructions'.",221,39-124,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +39-67-1,39,67,1,67-1,,221,39-125 39-126,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-68-2,39,68,2,68-2,"Similarly to various South Asian languages, Diu Indo-Portuguese tends to assign dative-accusative case to the experiencer argument of sensory verbs, many mental or psychological states, or human arguments which are taken to be the experiencers of an action beyond their control; these are known in the literature as 'Dative Subject Constructions'.",,39-128 39-129,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF7F00-70-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +39-68-7,39,68,7,68-7,"Similarly to various South Asian languages, Diu Indo-Portuguese tends to assign dative-accusative case to the experiencer argument of sensory verbs, many mental or psychological states, or human arguments which are taken to be the experiencers of an action beyond their control; these are known in the literature as 'Dative Subject Constructions'.",,39-127,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF7F00-70-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +39-69-1,39,69,1,69-1,,221,39-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +39-7-1,39,7,1,7-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, a relative clause can be indicated by a relative particle ki or by a set of relativizers (equivalent to the set of interrogative pronouns, with the exception of uki) which are sensitive to the epistemic domain of the relativized element. The use of such relativizer is considered more acrolectal and it is much less common than the particle ki.",221,39-20 39-21 39-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-70-3,39,70,3,70-3,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the word ku is both a comitative and an instrumental marker (as well as an NP coordinator). In addition, the complex preposition jũt də '(together) with' also marks comitative relations (among other functions), but not instrumental.",221,39-130 39-131 39-132 39-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +39-71-3,39,71,3,71-3,"The element ku is both a Noun Phrase conjunction and a comitative marker in Diu Indo-Portuguese (as well as an instrumental marker). In addition, the conjunction i is also allowed to conjoin NPs but does not mark the comitative.",221,39-130 39-133 39-77,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +39-72-4,39,72,4,72-4,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, i is both a nominal and a verbal conjunction. On the other hand, the element ku – when it functions as a conjunction – is restricted to nominal coordination.",221,39-134 39-77 39-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-73-1,39,73,1,73-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the copula selected for class-inclusion is described as an individual-level copula (as opposed to a stage-level copula, reserved for less time-stable predication). There is both a non-Past form (ɛ) and a Past form (ɛr) of the individual-level copula.",221,39-135 39-136,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-74-1,39,74,1,74-1,"As a result of the loose time-stability of their semantics, predicate adjectives admit both the individual-level copula (with the forms ɛ and ɛr, non-Past and Past respectively) and the stage-level copula (with the forms te and tiŋ, non-Past and Past respectively).",221,39-137 39-138,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-75-1,39,75,1,75-1,,221,39-139 39-140,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-76-1,39,76,1,76-1,"As a general rule, predicative noun phrases occur with the individual-level copula ɛ/ɛr, whereas the locative copula is equivalent to the stage-level copula te/tiŋ. Counterexamples are rare in the corpus, which is very telling. However, predicate locatives can occur with the ɛ/ɛr and (even more rarely) predicate noun phrases with te/tiŋ.",221,39-136 39-139 39-141,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 39-77-2,39,77,2,77-2,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the most common predicate possessive construction employs the transitive verb te 'to have' and treats the possessor as an unmarked subject. The possessor may also be case-marked with the dative-accusative marker, however. The exact semantic distinction between this construction and the more common transitive possessive construction (if any) is ellusive. -An additional possessive construction indicates temporary possession: the possessor is expressed as a locative phrase or, to be precise, a comitative phrase. In fact, the most common marker in such circumstances is the complex preposition jũt (də), which is both a locative preposition meaning 'near, next to' and a comitative marker meaning 'with'. This construction mirrors a similar strategy in Gujarati, which can also mark possessors as locative phrases with similar semantics. However, in Diu Indo-Portuguese, the preposition ku, which is strictly comitative and not locative, is largely interchangeable with jũt də.",221,39-142 39-143 39-144,30.0,Very certain +An additional possessive construction indicates temporary possession: the possessor is expressed as a locative phrase or, to be precise, a comitative phrase. In fact, the most common marker in such circumstances is the complex preposition jũt (də), which is both a locative preposition meaning 'near, next to' and a comitative marker meaning 'with'. This construction mirrors a similar strategy in Gujarati, which can also mark possessors as locative phrases with similar semantics. However, in Diu Indo-Portuguese, the preposition ku, which is strictly comitative and not locative, is largely interchangeable with jũt də.",221,39-142 39-143 39-144,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", 39-77-1,39,77,1,77-1,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the most common predicate possessive construction employs the transitive verb te 'to have' and treats the possessor as an unmarked subject. The possessor may also be case-marked with the dative-accusative marker, however. The exact semantic distinction between this construction and the more common transitive possessive construction (if any) is ellusive. -An additional possessive construction indicates temporary possession: the possessor is expressed as a locative phrase or, to be precise, a comitative phrase. In fact, the most common marker in such circumstances is the complex preposition jũt (də), which is both a locative preposition meaning 'near, next to' and a comitative marker meaning 'with'. This construction mirrors a similar strategy in Gujarati, which can also mark possessors as locative phrases with similar semantics. However, in Diu Indo-Portuguese, the preposition ku, which is strictly comitative and not locative, is largely interchangeable with jũt də.",221,39-145,70.0,Very certain -39-78-1,39,78,1,78-1,,221,39-119 39-133 39-146 39-18,100.0,Very certain -39-79-1,39,79,1,79-1,,221,39-149,90.0,Very certain -39-79-2,39,79,2,79-2,,221,39-150,10.0,Certain -39-8-1,39,8,1,8-1,,221,39-23 39-24,100.0,Very certain -39-80-2,39,80,2,80-2,,221,39-151,100.0,Very certain -39-81-2,39,81,2,81-2,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the goals of motion verbs are typically not case-marked at all (with very rare exceptions in which the prepositions nə 'in' or pe 'to' are used). Sources, on the other hand, must be marked with the ablative preposition də 'from'.",221,39-147 39-148,100.0,Very certain -39-82-2,39,82,2,82-2,,,39-152 39-153,100.0,Very certain -39-84-3,39,84,3,84-3,,218,,100.0,Certain -39-85-1,39,85,1,85-1,,218,,100.0,Certain -39-86-5,39,86,5,86-5,,218,,100.0,Certain -39-9-1,39,9,1,9-1,"Diu Indo-Portuguese has no dedicated definite article, but its function is taken over by either of the two demonstratives ikəl 'that' and es 'this' - the former being the most common in this function. The position of these elements, in either function, is prenominal.",221,39-20 39-25,100.0,Intermediate +An additional possessive construction indicates temporary possession: the possessor is expressed as a locative phrase or, to be precise, a comitative phrase. In fact, the most common marker in such circumstances is the complex preposition jũt (də), which is both a locative preposition meaning 'near, next to' and a comitative marker meaning 'with'. This construction mirrors a similar strategy in Gujarati, which can also mark possessors as locative phrases with similar semantics. However, in Diu Indo-Portuguese, the preposition ku, which is strictly comitative and not locative, is largely interchangeable with jũt də.",221,39-145,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +39-78-1,39,78,1,78-1,,221,39-119 39-133 39-146 39-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +39-79-1,39,79,1,79-1,,221,39-149,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFFFF-10-FF0000.png""}", +39-79-2,39,79,2,79-2,,221,39-150,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFFFF-10-FF0000.png""}", +39-8-1,39,8,1,8-1,,221,39-23 39-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-80-2,39,80,2,80-2,,221,39-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-81-2,39,81,2,81-2,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, the goals of motion verbs are typically not case-marked at all (with very rare exceptions in which the prepositions nə 'in' or pe 'to' are used). Sources, on the other hand, must be marked with the ablative preposition də 'from'.",221,39-147 39-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +39-82-2,39,82,2,82-2,,,39-152 39-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +39-84-3,39,84,3,84-3,,218,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-85-1,39,85,1,85-1,,218,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-86-5,39,86,5,86-5,,218,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-9-1,39,9,1,9-1,"Diu Indo-Portuguese has no dedicated definite article, but its function is taken over by either of the two demonstratives ikəl 'that' and es 'this' - the former being the most common in this function. The position of these elements, in either function, is prenominal.",221,39-20 39-25,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 39-90-2,39,90,2,90-2,"At present, the issue of whether Diu Indo-Portuguese contains a formal passivization strategy is not sufficiently worked out. On the one hand, it is clear that, given the language's inclination for elision, the most productive means to demote a particular argument which is deemed non-essential to the speech act is simply not to produce it. [If the agent subject of a transitive verb is ellided, the object may either occur post-verbally (the prototypical object position) or pre-verbally, which does not impair proper parsing of the sentence in the sense that context will normally clarify the role of the expressed constituent.] Attempts to elicit passive constructions, particularly those with an overt agent, met with hesitation and inconsistent output: most speakers produced a regular active sentence, while others produced constructions approaching the Standard Portuguese passive (i.e. auxiliary ser 'to be' + past participle, agent expressed in a prepositional phrase with por 'by'), consisting of a participle form preceded by a form of either the copula te or the verb vay 'to go', with the agent expressed in a prepositional phrase with prepositions pə or də. If anything, this exercise highlights the fact that speakers of Diu Indo-Portuguese do not make regular use of a passivization strategy allowing the agent to be expressed, and when pressed look towards Standard Portuguese for a model. -The spoken corpus does contain a number of instances of participles preceded by either a form of the copula/auxiliary te or the verb fika 'to become', which have been proposed as likely candidates for passive constructions. However, none of these has an exclusively passive use, and it remains to be ascertained whether or not they construct passive meaning at all. Therefore, even though I suspect none of these constructions should be interpreted as a passive construction, I admit further research may prove otherwise.",221,,100.0,Intermediate -39-91-8,39,91,8,91-8,,218,,100.0,Very certain +The spoken corpus does contain a number of instances of participles preceded by either a form of the copula/auxiliary te or the verb fika 'to become', which have been proposed as likely candidates for passive constructions. However, none of these has an exclusively passive use, and it remains to be ascertained whether or not they construct passive meaning at all. Therefore, even though I suspect none of these constructions should be interpreted as a passive construction, I admit further research may prove otherwise.",221,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-91-8,39,91,8,91-8,,218,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}", 39-92-1,39,92,1,92-1,"In a Diu Indo-Portuguese relative clause, the relativized element is almost always expressed by the relative particle ki, but there is a host of other elements (formally equivalent to interrogative pro-forms) which sometimes function as relative particles sensitive to the epistemic domain of the relativized element (e.g. whether it is a human referent, a location, a manner expression, etc.). With respect to subject relative clauses, the relevant relativizers are ki, kẽ and kwɔl. The relative particle ki is by far the most common, used with any type of referent; kẽ is reserved for human referents and, although quite rare as a relativizer, is otherwise very common as an interrogative pronoun meaning 'who'; kwɔl, even rarer as a relativizer (but common as an adnominal question word meaning 'which'), has been recorded with both human and non-human referents. -Of the three relativizers under analysis, the only one which fits the definition of a relative pronoun is kẽ, as this is the only one which admits dative/accusative case-marking. This fact is not entirely surprising, given that, in Diu Indo-Portuguese, animate referents are the only ones requiring accusative case-marking in direct object position.",221,39-155,30.0,Certain +Of the three relativizers under analysis, the only one which fits the definition of a relative pronoun is kẽ, as this is the only one which admits dative/accusative case-marking. This fact is not entirely surprising, given that, in Diu Indo-Portuguese, animate referents are the only ones requiring accusative case-marking in direct object position.",221,39-155,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 39-92-2,39,92,2,92-2,"In a Diu Indo-Portuguese relative clause, the relativized element is almost always expressed by the relative particle ki, but there is a host of other elements (formally equivalent to interrogative pro-forms) which sometimes function as relative particles sensitive to the epistemic domain of the relativized element (e.g. whether it is a human referent, a location, a manner expression, etc.). With respect to subject relative clauses, the relevant relativizers are ki, kẽ and kwɔl. The relative particle ki is by far the most common, used with any type of referent; kẽ is reserved for human referents and, although quite rare as a relativizer, is otherwise very common as an interrogative pronoun meaning 'who'; kwɔl, even rarer as a relativizer (but common as an adnominal question word meaning 'which'), has been recorded with both human and non-human referents. -Of the three relativizers under analysis, the only one which fits the definition of a relative pronoun is kẽ, as this is the only one which admits dative/accusative case-marking. This fact is not entirely surprising, given that, in Diu Indo-Portuguese, animate referents are the only ones requiring accusative case-marking in direct object position.",221,39-154 39-156 39-157 39-20,70.0,Very certain +Of the three relativizers under analysis, the only one which fits the definition of a relative pronoun is kẽ, as this is the only one which admits dative/accusative case-marking. This fact is not entirely surprising, given that, in Diu Indo-Portuguese, animate referents are the only ones requiring accusative case-marking in direct object position.",221,39-154 39-156 39-157 39-20,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 39-93-1,39,93,1,93-1,"In a Diu Indo-Portuguese relative clause, the relativized element is almost always expressed by the relative particle ki, but there is a host of other elements (formally equivalent to interrogative pro-forms) which sometimes function as relative particles sensitive to the epistemic domain of the relativised element (e.g. whether it is a human referent, a location, a manner expression, etc.). With respect to direct object relative clauses, the relevant relativizers are ki, kẽ and kwɔl. The relative particle ki is by far the most common, used for all kinds of referents; kẽ is reserved for human referents and, although quite rare as a relativizer, is otherwise very common as an interrogative pronoun meaning 'who'; kwɔl, even rarer as a relativizer (but common as an adnominal question word meaning 'which'), has been recorded with both human and non-human referents. Of the three relativizers under analysis, the only one which fits our definition of a relative pronoun is kẽ, as this is the only one which admits dative/accusative case-marking (although it may also shun the dative-marking preposition altogether). This fact is not entirely surprising, given that, in Diu Indo-Portuguese, animate referents are the only ones requiring accusative case-marking in direct object position. Whenever a relative particle is selected (i.e. ki or kwɔl), no case-marking occurs, even though these can stand for an NP which would otherwise require overt attributions of case. -The relative construction consisting of a relative particle and a resumptive pronoun is rather marginal and encountered only in elicitation.",221,39-161,27.2727272727273,Certain +The relative construction consisting of a relative particle and a resumptive pronoun is rather marginal and encountered only in elicitation.",221,39-161,27.2727272727273,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-64-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}", 39-93-3,39,93,3,93-3,"In a Diu Indo-Portuguese relative clause, the relativized element is almost always expressed by the relative particle ki, but there is a host of other elements (formally equivalent to interrogative pro-forms) which sometimes function as relative particles sensitive to the epistemic domain of the relativised element (e.g. whether it is a human referent, a location, a manner expression, etc.). With respect to direct object relative clauses, the relevant relativizers are ki, kẽ and kwɔl. The relative particle ki is by far the most common, used for all kinds of referents; kẽ is reserved for human referents and, although quite rare as a relativizer, is otherwise very common as an interrogative pronoun meaning 'who'; kwɔl, even rarer as a relativizer (but common as an adnominal question word meaning 'which'), has been recorded with both human and non-human referents. Of the three relativizers under analysis, the only one which fits our definition of a relative pronoun is kẽ, as this is the only one which admits dative/accusative case-marking (although it may also shun the dative-marking preposition altogether). This fact is not entirely surprising, given that, in Diu Indo-Portuguese, animate referents are the only ones requiring accusative case-marking in direct object position. Whenever a relative particle is selected (i.e. ki or kwɔl), no case-marking occurs, even though these can stand for an NP which would otherwise require overt attributions of case. -The relative construction consisting of a relative particle and a resumptive pronoun is rather marginal and encountered only in elicitation.",221,39-158,9.09090909090909,Certain +The relative construction consisting of a relative particle and a resumptive pronoun is rather marginal and encountered only in elicitation.",221,39-158,9.09090909090909,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-64-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}", 39-93-2,39,93,2,93-2,"In a Diu Indo-Portuguese relative clause, the relativized element is almost always expressed by the relative particle ki, but there is a host of other elements (formally equivalent to interrogative pro-forms) which sometimes function as relative particles sensitive to the epistemic domain of the relativised element (e.g. whether it is a human referent, a location, a manner expression, etc.). With respect to direct object relative clauses, the relevant relativizers are ki, kẽ and kwɔl. The relative particle ki is by far the most common, used for all kinds of referents; kẽ is reserved for human referents and, although quite rare as a relativizer, is otherwise very common as an interrogative pronoun meaning 'who'; kwɔl, even rarer as a relativizer (but common as an adnominal question word meaning 'which'), has been recorded with both human and non-human referents. Of the three relativizers under analysis, the only one which fits our definition of a relative pronoun is kẽ, as this is the only one which admits dative/accusative case-marking (although it may also shun the dative-marking preposition altogether). This fact is not entirely surprising, given that, in Diu Indo-Portuguese, animate referents are the only ones requiring accusative case-marking in direct object position. Whenever a relative particle is selected (i.e. ki or kwɔl), no case-marking occurs, even though these can stand for an NP which would otherwise require overt attributions of case. -The relative construction consisting of a relative particle and a resumptive pronoun is rather marginal and encountered only in elicitation.",221,39-159 39-160,63.6363636363636,Very certain -39-95-4,39,95,4,95-4,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, utterance complements are never expressed in indirect-speech. These complements (in direct-speech) can either be introduced by the complementizer ki or zero.",221,39-65,50.0,Certain -39-95-3,39,95,3,95-3,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, utterance complements are never expressed in indirect-speech. These complements (in direct-speech) can either be introduced by the complementizer ki or zero.",221,39-162,50.0,Certain -39-96-3,39,96,3,96-3,,221,39-163,100.0,Very certain -39-97-1,39,97,1,97-1,,221,39-164,100.0,Very certain -39-98-1,39,98,1,98-1,,221,39-165 39-166,100.0,Certain -39-99-2,39,99,2,99-2,,218,,100.0,Very certain -4-0-1,4,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -4-1-2,4,1,2,1-2,,568[135],4-1,100.0,Very certain -4-10-1,4,10,1,10-1,"Plural indefinite is unmarked, see Goury & Migge (2003: 66).",568[65];661[453],4-13 4-8,100.0,Very certain -4-100-4,4,100,4,100-4,The verbal negative morpheme is na or an (both have high tone) in the Aluku and Pamaka and na and a (both have high tone) in Ndyuka varieties of Nengee.,568[103-104],4-170,100.0,Very certain -4-101-1,4,101,1,101-1,,568[104];661[251ff],4-171,100.0,Very certain +The relative construction consisting of a relative particle and a resumptive pronoun is rather marginal and encountered only in elicitation.",221,39-159 39-160,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-64-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}", +39-95-4,39,95,4,95-4,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, utterance complements are never expressed in indirect-speech. These complements (in direct-speech) can either be introduced by the complementizer ki or zero.",221,39-65,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-95-3,39,95,3,95-3,"In Diu Indo-Portuguese, utterance complements are never expressed in indirect-speech. These complements (in direct-speech) can either be introduced by the complementizer ki or zero.",221,39-162,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +39-96-3,39,96,3,96-3,,221,39-163,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +39-97-1,39,97,1,97-1,,221,39-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +39-98-1,39,98,1,98-1,,221,39-165 39-166,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +39-99-2,39,99,2,99-2,,218,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-0-1,4,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +4-1-2,4,1,2,1-2,,568[135],4-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-10-1,4,10,1,10-1,"Plural indefinite is unmarked, see Goury & Migge (2003: 66).",568[65];661[453],4-13 4-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-100-4,4,100,4,100-4,The verbal negative morpheme is na or an (both have high tone) in the Aluku and Pamaka and na and a (both have high tone) in Ndyuka varieties of Nengee.,568[103-104],4-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-101-1,4,101,1,101-1,,568[104];661[251ff],4-171,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 4-102-3,4,102,3,102-3,"There seems to be a difference in emphasis. -If the negated constituent does not precede the verb, the negative marker na also occurs before the verb in the same clause or in the matrix clause (Huttar & Huttar 1994: 253).",661[253f],4-172 4-173,100.0,Very certain -4-103-7,4,103,7,103-7,,661[13],4-174,100.0,Very certain -4-104-1,4,104,1,104-1,"Na is historically a presentative and focus marker, but is also used to relay NPs in copula construction; see Migge (2002).",661[315f];568[162f],4-175,100.0,Certain -4-105-1,4,105,1,105-1,,661[322f];568[163],4-176,100.0,Very certain -4-106-2,4,106,2,106-2,,,4-177,100.0,Certain -4-107-2,4,107,2,107-2,,568[166],4-178,100.0,Certain -4-108-3,4,108,3,108-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -4-109-1,4,109,1,109-1,,568[252],4-179 4-180,100.0,Very certain -4-11-3,4,11,3,11-3,,568[138],4-14 4-15,100.0,Very certain -4-110-1,4,110,1,110-1,,568[253];1390,4-181,100.0,Very certain -4-111-2,4,111,2,111-2,,1390,4-182,100.0,Very certain -4-112-1,4,112,1,112-1,,1390;568[245],4-183 4-184,100.0,Very certain -4-113-1,4,113,1,113-1,,568[248],4-185 4-186,100.0,Very certain -4-114-4,4,114,4,114-4,,1390,4-187 4-188 4-201 4-40,100.0,Very certain -4-115-2,4,115,2,115-2,,"568[254, 255];1390",4-189 4-190,100.0,Very certain -4-116-2,4,116,2,116-2,,1390,4-191 4-192,100.0,Very certain -4-117-1,4,117,1,117-1,,960;568[66],4-193,100.0,Very certain -4-118-2,4,118,2,118-2,,568[43];661[553-554],4-194 4-195,100.0,Very certain -4-119-2,4,119,2,119-2,Only the velar nasal can appear in coda position.,568[43];661[553],4-194 4-195,100.0,Very certain -4-12-1,4,12,1,12-1,,568[144-149],4-16 4-17,100.0,Very certain -4-120-2,4,120,2,120-2,,568[43ff];661[566ff],4-196,100.0,Very certain -4-121-2,4,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -4-122-4,4,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -4-123-4,4,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -4-124-2,4,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0, -4-125-3,4,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -4-126-2,4,126,2,126-2,[z] occurs in very few words and a few ideophones only; it is sometimes replaced by [s] as in zonu ~ sonu (Huttar & Huttar 1994: 546),661,4-214,100.0, -4-127-6,4,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -4-128-1,4,128,1,128-1,,,4-219,100.0, -4-129-1,4,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -4-13-1,4,13,1,13-1,,568[81],4-18 4-19,100.0,Very certain -4-130-1,4,130,1,130-1,,,4-216,100.0, -4-131,4,131,1,131-1,,,4-202,100.0, -4-132,4,132,1,132-1,,,4-204,100.0, -4-133,4,133,1,133-1,,,4-205,100.0, -4-134,4,134,1,134-1,,,4-206,100.0, -4-137,4,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -4-138,4,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -4-139,4,139,1,139-1,,,4-209,100.0, -4-14-1,4,14,1,14-1,,568[81],,100.0,Very certain -4-140,4,140,1,140-1,,,4-210,100.0, -4-143,4,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -4-144,4,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -4-145,4,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -4-146,4,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -4-147,4,147,1,147-1,,,4-203,100.0, -4-148,4,148,1,148-1,,,4-207,100.0, -4-149,4,149,1,149-1,,,4-208,100.0, -4-15-1,4,15,1,15-1,,568[81];661[460],4-20,100.0,Very certain -4-151,4,151,2,151-2,It is also realized as [kw].,,4-230,100.0, -4-152,4,152,2,152-2,It is also variably realized as [gw].,,4-231,100.0, -4-153,4,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -4-155,4,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -4-156,4,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -4-158,4,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -4-159,4,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -4-16-2,4,16,2,16-2,,568[81];661[460],4-21,100.0,Very certain -4-160,4,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -4-161,4,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -4-163,4,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -4-168,4,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -4-169,4,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -4-17-2,4,17,2,17-2,"The contrast betweebn dependent and indepndent personal pronouns is quite limited: Only a, the third person singular pronoun, cannot occur under focus or as an answer to a question (where the independent form en must be used). Huttar & Huttar (1994: 459) argue that pronouns are reduced in non-emphatic position.",661[458f],4-22 4-23 4-24 4-84,100.0,Certain -4-170,4,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -4-171,4,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -4-172,4,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -4-173,4,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -4-174,4,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -4-176,4,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -4-178,4,178,1,178-1,,,4-217,100.0, -4-179,4,179,1,179-1,,,4-218,100.0, -4-18-2,4,18,2,18-2,,661[462],4-25,100.0,Certain -4-180,4,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -4-181,4,181,1,181-1,,,4-219,100.0, -4-182,4,182,2,182-2,"This allophone typically occurs in word-final position and preceding a velar consonant, as in ngonini 'Harpy Eagle'.",,4-220,100.0, -4-183,4,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -4-184,4,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -4-187,4,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -4-188,4,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -4-189,4,189,1,189-1,,,4-211,100.0, -4-19-5,4,19,5,19-5,All interrogatives used to be exclusively compound expressions (o + sama/pe/ten/fa). Only ten still requires o nowadays.,568[144];661[20],4-26,100.0,Unspecified -4-190,4,190,2,190-2,The voiced labio-dental fricative is mostly found in ideophones.,,4-212,100.0, -4-191,4,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -4-192,4,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -4-193,4,193,1,193-1,,,4-213,100.0, -4-194,4,194,2,194-2,[z] occurs in very few words and a few ideophones only; it is sometimes replaced by [s] as in zonu ~ sonu (Huttar & Huttar 1994: 546),661,4-214,100.0, -4-195,4,195,2,195-2,/s/ is realized as an palato-alvelar fricative when it precedes the high front vowel /i/ (Goury & Migge 2003: 31).,568,4-215,100.0, -4-196,4,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -4-199,4,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -4-2-1,4,2,1,2-1,Relative distribution requires further detailed investigation.,568[71-73],4-2,50.0,Very certain -4-2-2,4,2,2,2-2,Relative distribution requires further detailed investigation.,568[71-73],4-3,50.0,Very certain -4-20-1,4,20,1,20-1,,,4-27,100.0,Very certain -4-200,4,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -4-201,4,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -4-202,4,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -4-205,4,205,1,205-1,,,4-216,100.0, -4-209,4,209,1,209-1,,,4-221,100.0, -4-21-2,4,21,2,21-2,"Note: Sama and sani also function as question words. Historically, they derive from the forms o(n) sama ‘which person’ and o(n) sani 'which thing'. When used as indefinite pronouns, they may refer to one or more indefinite persons/things.",661[465],4-28 4-29 4-30 4-31,100.0,Very certain -4-212,4,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -4-217,4,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -4-218,4,218,1,218-1,,,4-222,100.0, -4-22-4,4,22,4,22-4,The plural marker den only occurs if the noun is not preceded by a number-indicating element and if the noun has definite reference.,568[64];661[452],4-32 4-33,100.0,Unspecified -4-221,4,221,1,221-1,,,4-223,100.0, -4-23-8,4,23,8,23-8,,568[64];661[452],4-34,100.0,Very certain -4-231,4,231,2,231-2,,,4-229,100.0, +If the negated constituent does not precede the verb, the negative marker na also occurs before the verb in the same clause or in the matrix clause (Huttar & Huttar 1994: 253).",661[253f],4-172 4-173,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +4-103-7,4,103,7,103-7,,661[13],4-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +4-104-1,4,104,1,104-1,"Na is historically a presentative and focus marker, but is also used to relay NPs in copula construction; see Migge (2002).",661[315f];568[162f],4-175,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-105-1,4,105,1,105-1,,661[322f];568[163],4-176,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-106-2,4,106,2,106-2,,,4-177,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +4-107-2,4,107,2,107-2,,568[166],4-178,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +4-108-3,4,108,3,108-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +4-109-1,4,109,1,109-1,,568[252],4-179 4-180,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-11-3,4,11,3,11-3,,568[138],4-14 4-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-110-1,4,110,1,110-1,,568[253];1390,4-181,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-111-2,4,111,2,111-2,,1390,4-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-112-1,4,112,1,112-1,,1390;568[245],4-183 4-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-113-1,4,113,1,113-1,,568[248],4-185 4-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-114-4,4,114,4,114-4,,1390,4-187 4-188 4-201 4-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +4-115-2,4,115,2,115-2,,"568[254, 255];1390",4-189 4-190,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-116-2,4,116,2,116-2,,1390,4-191 4-192,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-117-1,4,117,1,117-1,,960;568[66],4-193,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-118-2,4,118,2,118-2,,568[43];661[553-554],4-194 4-195,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +4-119-2,4,119,2,119-2,Only the velar nasal can appear in coda position.,568[43];661[553],4-194 4-195,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +4-12-1,4,12,1,12-1,,568[144-149],4-16 4-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-120-2,4,120,2,120-2,,568[43ff];661[566ff],4-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-121-2,4,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-122-4,4,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-123-4,4,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-124-2,4,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +4-125-3,4,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-126-2,4,126,2,126-2,[z] occurs in very few words and a few ideophones only; it is sometimes replaced by [s] as in zonu ~ sonu (Huttar & Huttar 1994: 546),661,4-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +4-127-6,4,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-128-1,4,128,1,128-1,,,4-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-129-1,4,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-13-1,4,13,1,13-1,,568[81],4-18 4-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +4-130-1,4,130,1,130-1,,,4-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-131,4,131,1,131-1,,,4-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-132,4,132,1,132-1,,,4-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-133,4,133,1,133-1,,,4-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-134,4,134,1,134-1,,,4-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-137,4,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-138,4,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-139,4,139,1,139-1,,,4-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-14-1,4,14,1,14-1,,568[81],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-140,4,140,1,140-1,,,4-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-143,4,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-144,4,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-145,4,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-146,4,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-147,4,147,1,147-1,,,4-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-148,4,148,1,148-1,,,4-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-149,4,149,1,149-1,,,4-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-15-1,4,15,1,15-1,,568[81];661[460],4-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +4-151,4,151,2,151-2,It is also realized as [kw].,,4-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +4-152,4,152,2,152-2,It is also variably realized as [gw].,,4-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +4-153,4,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-155,4,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-156,4,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-158,4,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-159,4,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-16-2,4,16,2,16-2,,568[81];661[460],4-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-160,4,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-161,4,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-163,4,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-168,4,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-169,4,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-17-2,4,17,2,17-2,"The contrast betweebn dependent and indepndent personal pronouns is quite limited: Only a, the third person singular pronoun, cannot occur under focus or as an answer to a question (where the independent form en must be used). Huttar & Huttar (1994: 459) argue that pronouns are reduced in non-emphatic position.",661[458f],4-22 4-23 4-24 4-84,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-170,4,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-171,4,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-172,4,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-173,4,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-174,4,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-176,4,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-178,4,178,1,178-1,,,4-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-179,4,179,1,179-1,,,4-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-18-2,4,18,2,18-2,,661[462],4-25,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-180,4,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-181,4,181,1,181-1,,,4-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-182,4,182,2,182-2,"This allophone typically occurs in word-final position and preceding a velar consonant, as in ngonini 'Harpy Eagle'.",,4-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +4-183,4,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-184,4,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-187,4,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-188,4,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-189,4,189,1,189-1,,,4-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-19-5,4,19,5,19-5,All interrogatives used to be exclusively compound expressions (o + sama/pe/ten/fa). Only ten still requires o nowadays.,568[144];661[20],4-26,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +4-190,4,190,2,190-2,The voiced labio-dental fricative is mostly found in ideophones.,,4-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +4-191,4,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-192,4,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-193,4,193,1,193-1,,,4-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-194,4,194,2,194-2,[z] occurs in very few words and a few ideophones only; it is sometimes replaced by [s] as in zonu ~ sonu (Huttar & Huttar 1994: 546),661,4-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +4-195,4,195,2,195-2,/s/ is realized as an palato-alvelar fricative when it precedes the high front vowel /i/ (Goury & Migge 2003: 31).,568,4-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +4-196,4,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-199,4,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-2-1,4,2,1,2-1,Relative distribution requires further detailed investigation.,568[71-73],4-2,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +4-2-2,4,2,2,2-2,Relative distribution requires further detailed investigation.,568[71-73],4-3,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +4-20-1,4,20,1,20-1,,,4-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +4-200,4,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-201,4,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-202,4,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-205,4,205,1,205-1,,,4-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-209,4,209,1,209-1,,,4-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-21-2,4,21,2,21-2,"Note: Sama and sani also function as question words. Historically, they derive from the forms o(n) sama ‘which person’ and o(n) sani 'which thing'. When used as indefinite pronouns, they may refer to one or more indefinite persons/things.",661[465],4-28 4-29 4-30 4-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-212,4,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-217,4,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-218,4,218,1,218-1,,,4-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-22-4,4,22,4,22-4,The plural marker den only occurs if the noun is not preceded by a number-indicating element and if the noun has definite reference.,568[64];661[452],4-32 4-33,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +4-221,4,221,1,221-1,,,4-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-23-8,4,23,8,23-8,,568[64];661[452],4-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +4-231,4,231,2,231-2,,,4-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 4-24-1,4,24,1,24-1,"The expression den sa Moisi can actually have two interpretations: (i) Sa Moisi and her family (ii) the family members of Sa Moisi's family (without Sa Moisi). -The interpretation depends on the context, i.e. who was actually there.",,4-35 4-36,100.0,Very certain -4-25-2,4,25,2,25-2,,"568[64, 81]",4-37 4-38,100.0,Very certain -4-252,4,252,1,252-1,,,4-224,100.0, -4-253,4,253,1,253-1,,,4-225,100.0, -4-254,4,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -4-255,4,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -4-256,4,256,1,256-1,,,4-226,100.0, -4-257,4,257,1,257-1,,,4-227,100.0, -4-258,4,258,1,258-1,,,4-228,100.0, -4-259,4,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -4-26-8,4,26,8,26-8,,"568[112];661[536, 537,];662;962",4-39 4-40 4-41,100.0,Very certain -4-260,4,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -4-261,4,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -4-263,4,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -4-267,4,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -4-268,4,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -4-27-2,4,27,2,27-2,I have the feeling that Example 43 is the traditional option and that Example 42 is a newer construction but I have no evidence for this.,,4-42,50.0,Certain -4-27-1,4,27,1,27-1,I have the feeling that Example 43 is the traditional option and that Example 42 is a newer construction but I have no evidence for this.,,4-43,50.0,Certain -4-272,4,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -4-273,4,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -4-274,4,274,1,274-1,,,4-232,100.0, -4-275,4,275,1,275-1,,,4-233,100.0, -4-276,4,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -4-277,4,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -4-278,4,278,1,278-1,,,4-234,100.0, -4-279,4,279,1,279-1,,,4-235,100.0, -4-28-1,4,28,1,28-1,,"568[64, 67];661[452,]",4-44,100.0,Very certain -4-280,4,280,1,280-1,,,4-236,100.0, -4-281,4,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -4-282,4,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -4-284,4,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -4-285,4,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -4-286,4,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -4-287,4,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -4-288,4,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -4-289,4,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -4-29-2,4,29,2,29-2,,568[65],4-45,100.0,Very certain -4-290,4,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -4-291,4,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -4-3-1,4,3,1,3-1,,568[73],4-4,100.0,Very certain -4-30-4,4,30,4,30-4,,661[454-455],4-47,30.0,Very certain -4-30-2,4,30,2,30-2,,661[454-455],4-46 4-50,70.0,Very certain -4-308-1,4,308,1,308-1,"Portuguese and Dutch have also contributed, but to a much smaller degree.",,,100.0,Unspecified -4-309-2,4,309,2,309-2,The number of L2 speakers is unclear but on the rise - particularly in western French Guiana (see for instance Leglise (2007) but also in Suriname (Migge & Léglise to appear)).,813,,100.0, -4-31-1,4,31,1,31-1,,568[67],4-51,100.0,Very certain -4-310-4,4,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0, -4-311-2,4,311,2,311-2,"It is not clear what the rate of acquisition of Nengee, particularly the Ndyuka variety, as an L2 is or what the overall frequency of use among this group is, as we lack quantitative data on this. Isabelle Léglise is currently working on this. But the rate is somewhere between slowly and quickly.",,,100.0, +The interpretation depends on the context, i.e. who was actually there.",,4-35 4-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +4-25-2,4,25,2,25-2,,"568[64, 81]",4-37 4-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-252,4,252,1,252-1,,,4-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-253,4,253,1,253-1,,,4-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-254,4,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-255,4,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-256,4,256,1,256-1,,,4-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-257,4,257,1,257-1,,,4-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-258,4,258,1,258-1,,,4-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-259,4,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-26-8,4,26,8,26-8,,"568[112];661[536, 537,];662;962",4-39 4-40 4-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +4-260,4,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-261,4,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-263,4,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-267,4,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-268,4,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-27-2,4,27,2,27-2,I have the feeling that Example 43 is the traditional option and that Example 42 is a newer construction but I have no evidence for this.,,4-42,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +4-27-1,4,27,1,27-1,I have the feeling that Example 43 is the traditional option and that Example 42 is a newer construction but I have no evidence for this.,,4-43,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +4-272,4,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-273,4,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-274,4,274,1,274-1,,,4-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-275,4,275,1,275-1,,,4-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-276,4,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-277,4,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-278,4,278,1,278-1,,,4-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-279,4,279,1,279-1,,,4-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-28-1,4,28,1,28-1,,"568[64, 67];661[452,]",4-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-280,4,280,1,280-1,,,4-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +4-281,4,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-282,4,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-284,4,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-285,4,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-286,4,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-287,4,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-288,4,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-289,4,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-29-2,4,29,2,29-2,,568[65],4-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-290,4,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-291,4,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-3-1,4,3,1,3-1,,568[73],4-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-30-4,4,30,4,30-4,,661[454-455],4-47,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +4-30-2,4,30,2,30-2,,661[454-455],4-46 4-50,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +4-308-1,4,308,1,308-1,"Portuguese and Dutch have also contributed, but to a much smaller degree.",,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +4-309-2,4,309,2,309-2,The number of L2 speakers is unclear but on the rise - particularly in western French Guiana (see for instance Leglise (2007) but also in Suriname (Migge & Léglise to appear)).,813,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-31-1,4,31,1,31-1,,568[67],4-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +4-310-4,4,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +4-311-2,4,311,2,311-2,"It is not clear what the rate of acquisition of Nengee, particularly the Ndyuka variety, as an L2 is or what the overall frequency of use among this group is, as we lack quantitative data on this. Isabelle Léglise is currently working on this. But the rate is somewhere between slowly and quickly.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 4-312-3,4,312,3,312-3,"Language abandonment only takes place to a very limited extent outside of the main settlement areas (i.e. the traditional villages, the towns of Alblina, Moengo and eastern Suriname in general, and outside of St Laurent du Maroni, Mana and western French Guiana in general). In Paramaribo (Suriname) and Cayenne (French Guiana) some children, mostly from mixed families, may not necessarily learn to speak Nengee in early childhood but only later, when they become adults (from 14 onwards). However, the rate is MUCH lower than for Sranan and Guyanais in both countries and in Europe. -For Suriname, this data is currently being collected by Migge and Léglise.",,,100.0, +For Suriname, this data is currently being collected by Migge and Léglise.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 4-313-4,4,313,4,313-4,"Price (2002) estimates that there are a total of 50,000 Ndyukas, 6,000 Aluku and 6,000 Pamaka spread across Suriname's interior, the Suriname urban centers, French Guiana's urban and interior areas and Europe (mostly the Netherlands). -The numbers are likely to be higher now due to a relatively high birth rate.",,,100.0, -4-314-3,4,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0, +The numbers are likely to be higher now due to a relatively high birth rate.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-314-3,4,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 4-315-2,4,315,2,315-2,"In recent years several radio stations and programmes that broadcast in Nengee, mostly Ndyuka, have sprung up in French Guiana and Suriname. 'Kon yee baa' is an all-day station in Suriname that broadcasts in Nengee all day. -'Loweman paansu' is a two-hour radio programme that is broadcast from Monday to Friday from 6-8pm in western French Guiana.",,,100.0, -4-316-2,4,316,2,316-2,"The programmes mentioned in the comments for the Feature ""Domains of use: radio and TV news"" have call-in features.",,,100.0, -4-317-1,4,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified -4-318-3,4,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0, -4-319-3,4,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0, -4-32-2,4,32,2,32-2,,"568[67, 68]",4-52 4-53,100.0,Very certain -4-320-3,4,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0, +'Loweman paansu' is a two-hour radio programme that is broadcast from Monday to Friday from 6-8pm in western French Guiana.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +4-316-2,4,316,2,316-2,"The programmes mentioned in the comments for the Feature ""Domains of use: radio and TV news"" have call-in features.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +4-317-1,4,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-318-3,4,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +4-319-3,4,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +4-32-2,4,32,2,32-2,,"568[67, 68]",4-52 4-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-320-3,4,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 4-321-1,4,321,1,321-1,"The language is the main means of interaction in the public and private domain in the traditional villages along the Maroni and Tapanahoni and Lawa rivers. -In western French Guiana and in Eastern Suriname, Nengee or Sranan, or a newly developing language (Léglise & Migge 2006) is used to faciliate communication with people who do not speak French/Dutch; this usage is subject to quite a bit of variation.",,,100.0,Unspecified +In western French Guiana and in Eastern Suriname, Nengee or Sranan, or a newly developing language (Léglise & Migge 2006) is used to faciliate communication with people who do not speak French/Dutch; this usage is subject to quite a bit of variation.",,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 4-322-2,4,322,2,322-2,"In the traditional villages, trials (kuutu) are obligatorily carried out in Nengee. -Nengee does not figure in court proceedings in French Guiana and Suriname. In Suriname, Sranan may be used for witness statements. In French Guiana, statements may be given in Nengee and are then translated by (non-professional) translators.",,,100.0, -4-323-1,4,323,1,323-1,"In the traditional villages, Nengee is used for all political meetings.",,,100.0,Unspecified -4-324-2,4,324,2,324-2,"Since 1999, an experimental project has been underway in western French Guiana, which is formally called 'Mediateurs culturelle Bilingue' and now referred to as 'Intervenant en langue maternelle'. Its aim is to encourage the use of mother tongues in the school setting. Nengee is one of the languages that is involved in this project. Pupils receive about 3 hours of instruction in and through Nengee per week (Migge & Léglise 2010).",1726[117-128],,100.0, -4-325-1,4,325,1,325-1,Nengee is widely used in messaging nowadays in both Suriname and French Guiana. There is no data on internet including e-mail usage.,,,100.0,Unspecified -4-326-4,4,326,4,326-4,"In the following order: Sranan, and to a much lesser extent Dutch, French or Guyanais; some lexical influence from English (cf. Migge 2007; Léglise & Migge 2006).",966;810,,100.0, -4-327-2,4,327,2,327-2,Phonological variation in terms of dialectal and social varieties is limited from a linguistic point of view but has important social meaning.,568[46-49],,100.0, -4-328-2,4,328,2,328-2,Morphosyntactical variation in terms of dialectal and social varieties is limited from a linguistic point of view but has important social meaning.,568[11-12],,100.0, -4-329-2,4,329,2,329-2,Lexical variation in terms of dialectal and social varieties is limited from a linguistic point of view but has important social meaning.,568[49-50],,100.0, -4-33-3,4,33,3,33-3,,568[67],4-54 4-55 4-56,100.0,Very certain -4-330-2,4,330,2,330-2,,966[66-68],,100.0, -4-331-2,4,331,2,331-2,,,,100.0, -4-333-3,4,333,3,333-3,,,,100.0, -4-334-3,4,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0, +Nengee does not figure in court proceedings in French Guiana and Suriname. In Suriname, Sranan may be used for witness statements. In French Guiana, statements may be given in Nengee and are then translated by (non-professional) translators.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +4-323-1,4,323,1,323-1,"In the traditional villages, Nengee is used for all political meetings.",,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +4-324-2,4,324,2,324-2,"Since 1999, an experimental project has been underway in western French Guiana, which is formally called 'Mediateurs culturelle Bilingue' and now referred to as 'Intervenant en langue maternelle'. Its aim is to encourage the use of mother tongues in the school setting. Nengee is one of the languages that is involved in this project. Pupils receive about 3 hours of instruction in and through Nengee per week (Migge & Léglise 2010).",1726[117-128],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-325-1,4,325,1,325-1,Nengee is widely used in messaging nowadays in both Suriname and French Guiana. There is no data on internet including e-mail usage.,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +4-326-4,4,326,4,326-4,"In the following order: Sranan, and to a much lesser extent Dutch, French or Guyanais; some lexical influence from English (cf. Migge 2007; Léglise & Migge 2006).",966;810,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-327-2,4,327,2,327-2,Phonological variation in terms of dialectal and social varieties is limited from a linguistic point of view but has important social meaning.,568[46-49],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-328-2,4,328,2,328-2,Morphosyntactical variation in terms of dialectal and social varieties is limited from a linguistic point of view but has important social meaning.,568[11-12],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-329-2,4,329,2,329-2,Lexical variation in terms of dialectal and social varieties is limited from a linguistic point of view but has important social meaning.,568[49-50],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-33-3,4,33,3,33-3,,568[67],4-54 4-55 4-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +4-330-2,4,330,2,330-2,,966[66-68],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-331-2,4,331,2,331-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-333-3,4,333,3,333-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-334-3,4,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 4-335-1,4,335,1,335-1,"There is greater use of Dutch or French elements among educated speakers; however, this appears to be rather a case of code-mixing. -Older (male) members of the community typically make much greater use of the variety loosely called lesipeki fasi (Migge 2004; Léglise & Migge 2007) which is mostly characterized by specific discursive and lexical forms associated with negative politeness practices.",,,100.0,Unspecified -4-34-2,4,34,2,34-2,,662[397],4-57,100.0,Certain -4-35-6,4,35,6,35-6,,661[533],4-58 4-59,100.0,Very certain -4-36-1,4,36,1,36-1,,661[452],,100.0,Very certain -4-37-6,4,37,6,37-6,The mi X construction and the X fu mi construction are not entirely interchangeable.,568[69],4-61 4-62,50.0,Very certain -4-37-1,4,37,1,37-1,The mi X construction and the X fu mi construction are not entirely interchangeable.,568[69],4-60,50.0,Very certain -4-38-4,4,38,4,38-4,,568[72],4-63,100.0,Very certain -4-39-3,4,39,3,39-3,,568[70],4-64,50.0,Certain -4-39-1,4,39,1,39-1,,568[70],4-65,50.0,Certain +Older (male) members of the community typically make much greater use of the variety loosely called lesipeki fasi (Migge 2004; Léglise & Migge 2007) which is mostly characterized by specific discursive and lexical forms associated with negative politeness practices.",,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-34-2,4,34,2,34-2,,662[397],4-57,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-35-6,4,35,6,35-6,,661[533],4-58 4-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +4-36-1,4,36,1,36-1,,661[452],,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-37-6,4,37,6,37-6,The mi X construction and the X fu mi construction are not entirely interchangeable.,568[69],4-61 4-62,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +4-37-1,4,37,1,37-1,The mi X construction and the X fu mi construction are not entirely interchangeable.,568[69],4-60,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +4-38-4,4,38,4,38-4,,568[72],4-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +4-39-3,4,39,3,39-3,,568[70],4-64,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FF0000.png""}", +4-39-1,4,39,1,39-1,,568[70],4-65,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FF0000.png""}", 4-4-2,4,4,2,4-2,"The language has very few prepositions. They are (n)a, which marks general location, fu, which marks possession, and gi, which introduces a range of semantic roles such as recipient, beneficiary, experiencer etc. (note that gi developed from a serial verb; see Migge 1998). (N)a subcategorizes for an NP consisting either of a location-denoting noun (na + NP [DET N]), e.g. @@ -10371,312 +10371,312 @@ a ini a osu (ini) LOC inside DEF house (inside) 'in the house.' -(N)a is the general locative preposition while ini, tapu etc. are locative nouns. A ini together can be translated as 'in' in English but the literal translation would be more accurately rendered as 'at-inside'. These locational nouns/prepositions are undergoing change; they are nouns that specify location but they are also moved from the phrase final position to the position just behind the general locational preposition na. It is unclear how to classify them then; in Sranan the change has gone so far that na is then omitted entirely giving rise to constructions where these items function simply as a preposition. E.g. skrifi en tapu a pampira 'write it on the paper' instead of sikrifi en na a papira tapu. This change in progress is probably propelled by contact with Dutch in the case of Sranan and contact with Sranan and Dutch in the case of Nengee. See Bryun, Adrienne. 1995. Grammaticalization in Creoles: The development of determiners and relative clauses in Sranan. Dortrecht: ICG printing. The discussion (from a historical perspective is on pp. 241-253.",959,4-106 4-5,100.0,Very certain -4-40-1,4,40,1,40-1,,568[73],4-66,100.0,Very certain +(N)a is the general locative preposition while ini, tapu etc. are locative nouns. A ini together can be translated as 'in' in English but the literal translation would be more accurately rendered as 'at-inside'. These locational nouns/prepositions are undergoing change; they are nouns that specify location but they are also moved from the phrase final position to the position just behind the general locational preposition na. It is unclear how to classify them then; in Sranan the change has gone so far that na is then omitted entirely giving rise to constructions where these items function simply as a preposition. E.g. skrifi en tapu a pampira 'write it on the paper' instead of sikrifi en na a papira tapu. This change in progress is probably propelled by contact with Dutch in the case of Sranan and contact with Sranan and Dutch in the case of Nengee. See Bryun, Adrienne. 1995. Grammaticalization in Creoles: The development of determiners and relative clauses in Sranan. Dortrecht: ICG printing. The discussion (from a historical perspective is on pp. 241-253.",959,4-106 4-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +4-40-1,4,40,1,40-1,,568[73],4-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 4-41-1,4,41,1,41-1,"If a standard of comparison is overtly expressed, moo follows the property item or it may precede and follow it. -If the standard of comparison is not overtly expressed, moo is always preposed to the property item.",661[285],4-67 4-68 4-69 4-70,50.0,Very certain +If the standard of comparison is not overtly expressed, moo is always preposed to the property item.",661[285],4-67 4-68 4-69 4-70,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", 4-41-2,4,41,2,41-2,"If a standard of comparison is overtly expressed, moo follows the property item or it may precede and follow it. -If the standard of comparison is not overtly expressed, moo is always preposed to the property item.",661[285],4-71,50.0,Certain +If the standard of comparison is not overtly expressed, moo is always preposed to the property item.",661[285],4-71,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", 4-42-1,4,42,1,42-1,"My own elicitation with speakers of Pamaka suggest that pasa 'surpass' is only possible with elements such as langa 'long', bigi 'big', satu 'short'. -Huttar & Huttar (1994: 290) say ""there are a few adjectival verbs which cannot occur in this construction, including yonkuu 'young', lontu 'round', siki 'sick', and taanga 'difficult' (but taanga in the sense of 'hard' [...] can).""",661[290],4-71,50.0,Very certain +Huttar & Huttar (1994: 290) say ""there are a few adjectival verbs which cannot occur in this construction, including yonkuu 'young', lontu 'round', siki 'sick', and taanga 'difficult' (but taanga in the sense of 'hard' [...] can).""",661[290],4-71,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", 4-42-5,4,42,5,42-5,"My own elicitation with speakers of Pamaka suggest that pasa 'surpass' is only possible with elements such as langa 'long', bigi 'big', satu 'short'. -Huttar & Huttar (1994: 290) say ""there are a few adjectival verbs which cannot occur in this construction, including yonkuu 'young', lontu 'round', siki 'sick', and taanga 'difficult' (but taanga in the sense of 'hard' [...] can).""",661[290],4-67 4-68,50.0,Very certain -4-43-1,4,43,1,43-1,,568[84],4-73,100.0,Very certain -4-44-1,4,44,1,44-1,,661[512ff],4-198 4-74,100.0,Very certain -4-45-3,4,45,3,45-3,,661[491ff],4-75,100.0,Certain -4-46-2,4,46,2,46-2,Goury (2003: 223) argues that it is closer to an affix than a particle.,569[223-225],4-76 4-77,100.0,Certain -4-47-9,4,47,9,47-9,,"661[497-501, 491];568[90--92]",4-78 4-79 4-80 4-81,100.0,Certain -4-48-9,4,48,9,48-9,,"568[90--92];661[497-501, 491]",4-78 4-79 4-80 4-81,100.0,Very certain -4-49-3,4,49,3,49-3,,568[84ff];661[489ff],4-82 4-83,100.0,Very certain -4-5-2,4,5,2,5-2,,568[67];661[472],4-6,100.0,Very certain -4-50-1,4,50,1,50-1,,568[104],4-84 4-85,100.0,Very certain -4-51-3,4,51,3,51-3,,1596[81],4-86 4-87 4-88,100.0,Very certain -4-52-4,4,52,4,52-4,,568[91],4-199 4-200 4-34 4-89,100.0,Certain -4-53-2,4,53,2,53-2,,,4-90,100.0,Intermediate -4-54-7,4,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -4-55-1,4,55,1,55-1,"Note that negative ability, permission, and general possibility are marked by man in Pamaka and Aluku and by poy in Ndyuka. These negative elements don't seem to be easily usable in (negative) epistemic contexts.",965[34],4-197 4-91,100.0,Very certain +Huttar & Huttar (1994: 290) say ""there are a few adjectival verbs which cannot occur in this construction, including yonkuu 'young', lontu 'round', siki 'sick', and taanga 'difficult' (but taanga in the sense of 'hard' [...] can).""",661[290],4-67 4-68,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-43-1,4,43,1,43-1,,568[84],4-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-44-1,4,44,1,44-1,,661[512ff],4-198 4-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +4-45-3,4,45,3,45-3,,661[491ff],4-75,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-46-2,4,46,2,46-2,Goury (2003: 223) argues that it is closer to an affix than a particle.,569[223-225],4-76 4-77,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +4-47-9,4,47,9,47-9,,"661[497-501, 491];568[90--92]",4-78 4-79 4-80 4-81,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +4-48-9,4,48,9,48-9,,"568[90--92];661[497-501, 491]",4-78 4-79 4-80 4-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +4-49-3,4,49,3,49-3,,568[84ff];661[489ff],4-82 4-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-5-2,4,5,2,5-2,,568[67];661[472],4-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-50-1,4,50,1,50-1,,568[104],4-84 4-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +4-51-3,4,51,3,51-3,,1596[81],4-86 4-87 4-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-52-4,4,52,4,52-4,,568[91],4-199 4-200 4-34 4-89,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +4-53-2,4,53,2,53-2,,,4-90,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +4-54-7,4,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +4-55-1,4,55,1,55-1,"Note that negative ability, permission, and general possibility are marked by man in Pamaka and Aluku and by poy in Ndyuka. These negative elements don't seem to be easily usable in (negative) epistemic contexts.",965[34],4-197 4-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 4-56-1,4,56,1,56-1,"Nengee has 2 negators: -a(n) and na (both with high tone). A(n) is mainly used with verbs that start with a consonant. Na is used with vowel initial verbs/auxiliaries and in emphatic contexts such as imparative phrases,","568[104-5, 143]",4-93 4-94 4-95,100.0,Very certain -4-57-1,4,57,1,57-1,,568[135],4-96,100.0,Certain -4-58-1,4,58,1,58-1,,661[374],4-97 4-98,100.0,Very certain -4-59-2,4,59,2,59-2,A subject/object contrast exists only in the 3rd person singular (a/en).,568[81],4-100 4-101 4-102 4-99,100.0,Certain -4-6-1,4,6,1,6-1,,568[70];661[533],4-7,100.0,Very certain -4-60-2,4,60,2,60-2,,568[135-136],4-102 4-103,100.0,Very certain -4-61-1,4,61,1,61-1,,568[135-136],4-104,100.0,Very certain -4-62-1,4,62,1,62-1,,661[455-456],4-105,100.0,Very certain -4-63-1,4,63,1,63-1,,,4-106,100.0,Certain -4-64-2,4,64,2,64-2,,568[108-109],4-107,100.0,Certain -4-65-1,4,65,1,65-1,,,4-108,100.0,Very certain -4-66-3,4,66,3,66-3,,568[141],4-109,100.0,Very certain -4-67-6,4,67,6,67-6,,568[131],4-110,50.0,Very certain -4-67-1,4,67,1,67-1,,568[131],4-111,50.0,Certain -4-68-5,4,68,5,68-5,,,4-113,50.0,Certain -4-68-1,4,68,1,68-1,,,4-112,50.0,Very certain -4-69-1,4,69,1,69-1,,568[130];661[390--1],4-114,75.0,Very certain -4-69-2,4,69,2,69-2,,568[130];661[390--1],4-115 4-116,25.0,Very certain -4-7-1,4,7,1,7-1,,568[157-158];661[77],4-8,100.0,Very certain -4-70-1,4,70,1,70-1,"There is also a 'take' serial construction to express instrumental, but it appears to have a stronger volitional sense to it.","661[390, 392]",4-117 4-118,100.0,Very certain -4-71-1,4,71,1,71-1,,568[130],4-119 4-120 4-121,100.0,Very certain -4-72-3,4,72,3,72-3,,568[151],4-122 4-123,100.0,Very certain -4-73-1,4,73,1,73-1,The copula (n)a is not verbal. It derives from the focus marker na (cf. Migge 2002).,961,4-124,100.0,Very certain -4-74-3,4,74,3,74-3,Ordinary adjectives make no use of a copula (Ex. 106). Temporary states are expressed by a COP + reduplicated verb construction (Ex. 40).,568[109-112],4-125 4-40,100.0,Very certain -4-75-1,4,75,1,75-1,,568[108],4-126,100.0,Very certain -4-76-2,4,76,2,76-2,,568[105ff],4-127 4-128,100.0,Very certain -4-77-1,4,77,1,77-1,,661[297],4-129,75.0,Very certain -4-77-4,4,77,4,77-4,,661[297],4-130,25.0,Certain -4-78-2,4,78,2,78-2,,568[108-109],4-131 4-132,100.0,Very certain -4-79-6,4,79,6,79-6,,568[125-126],4-136,100.0,Very certain -4-8-2,4,8,2,8-2,Such elements are postposed in the case of predicative adjectives and preposed in the case of attributive adjectives.,661[173],4-9,50.0,Very certain -4-8-1,4,8,1,8-1,Such elements are postposed in the case of predicative adjectives and preposed in the case of attributive adjectives.,661[173],4-10 4-11,50.0,Very certain -4-80-6,4,80,6,80-6,,568[127],4-135,100.0,Very certain -4-81-2,4,81,2,81-2,,568[125-127];661[523-525],4-133 4-134 4-135,100.0,Very certain -4-82-4,4,82,4,82-4,,,4-138 4-139,100.0,Very certain -4-83-4,4,83,4,83-4,,568[127],4-137 4-140 4-141,100.0,Certain -4-84-2,4,84,2,84-2,,661[523-525],4-143,100.0,Very certain -4-85-2,4,85,2,85-2,,661[390-391],4-145,50.0,Very certain -4-85-5,4,85,5,85-5,,661[390-391],4-144,50.0,Certain -4-86-2,4,86,2,86-2,"'Give' in V2 position may also express a number of other functions, see Migge 1998.",568[131-132];959,4-146 4-147,100.0,Very certain -4-87-3,4,87,3,87-3,,661[274],4-148,70.0,Very certain -4-87-2,4,87,2,87-2,,661[274],4-149,30.0,Very certain -4-88-1,4,88,1,88-1,,568[82],4-150 4-151,100.0,Very certain -4-89-1,4,89,1,89-1,,661[283],4-151 4-152,100.0,Very certain -4-9-1,4,9,1,9-1,,568[64-65];661[452],4-12,100.0,Very certain -4-90-3,4,90,3,90-3,,661[477ff];568[139],4-153 4-154 4-155,100.0,Certain -4-91-8,4,91,8,91-8,,959;568[131-132],4-156,100.0,Very certain -4-92-2,4,92,2,92-2,"The relative particle di may be variably omitted in a few contexts and there is cross-speaker variability of acceptability of such constructions. Omission happens most often with direct objects, but can also be found with subjects and indirect objects (cf. Huttar & Huttar 1994: 98).",568[157-158];661[90ff],4-157,70.0,Very certain -4-92-4,4,92,4,92-4,"The relative particle di may be variably omitted in a few contexts and there is cross-speaker variability of acceptability of such constructions. Omission happens most often with direct objects, but can also be found with subjects and indirect objects (cf. Huttar & Huttar 1994: 98).",568[157-158];661[90ff],4-158 4-159,30.0,Certain -4-93-2,4,93,2,93-2,,661[95],4-161,53.8461538461538,Very certain -4-93-3,4,93,3,93-3,,661[95],4-160,23.0769230769231,Very certain -4-93-4,4,93,4,93-4,,661[95],4-159,23.0769230769231,Very certain -4-94-9,4,94,9,94-9,"In the case of instrument relative clauses, anga 'with' is omitted and its object is replaced with the relative marker di.",661[101],4-162,100.0,Very certain -4-95-1,4,95,1,95-1,,661[1ff],4-163,100.0,Very certain -4-96-1,4,96,1,96-1,,568[157],4-164,100.0,Very certain -4-97-1,4,97,1,97-1,,661[513];568[98],4-165,100.0,Very certain -4-98-3,4,98,3,98-3,Note that fu is optional after wani.,661[513];568[157],4-166 4-167 4-168,100.0,Very certain -4-99-2,4,99,2,99-2,,,4-169,100.0,Certain -40-0-3,40,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -40-1-2,40,1,2,1-2,,"267[168, 171]",40-2,30.0,Very certain -40-1-1,40,1,1,1-1,,"267[168, 171]",40-44,70.0,Very certain -40-10-1,40,10,1,10-1,,,40-16 40-17,100.0,Very certain -40-100-4,40,100,4,100-4,,265[175],40-133 40-65,100.0,Very certain -40-101-1,40,101,1,101-1,"The negative in the present has lexicalized the auxiliary; e.g. Teru katan ‘Teru is singing’ vs. Teru nu tɛ katan ‘Teru is not singing’, whereby nu tɛ is obligatory. It cannot be nu. In the preterit, you have negation without the auxiliary: Teru kato vs. Teru nu kato.",,40-134,100.0,Very certain -40-102-1,40,102,1,102-1,,,40-135,100.0,Very certain -40-103-7,40,103,7,103-7,,,40-137,30.0,Certain -40-103-2,40,103,2,103-2,,,40-136,70.0,Certain -40-104-9,40,104,9,104-9,The focus construction in Korlai is: NP REL COP + SENTENCE. It is commonly used. An example from natural speech is given as Example 138.,,40-138,100.0,Very certain -40-105-1,40,105,1,105-1,,,40-139,100.0,Certain -40-106-2,40,106,2,106-2,,,40-140,100.0,Very certain -40-107-1,40,107,1,107-1,,,40-141,100.0,Very certain -40-108-4,40,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Certain -40-109-1,40,109,1,109-1,,,40-138,100.0,Very certain -40-11-4,40,11,4,11-4,"The placement of the adverbial kadi seems to be governed by discourse demands. I don't have a strong sense of what order of the three is the default order, but it seems to be ADV-OBJ-VERB.",,40-18,30.0,Certain -40-11-5,40,11,5,11-5,"The placement of the adverbial kadi seems to be governed by discourse demands. I don't have a strong sense of what order of the three is the default order, but it seems to be ADV-OBJ-VERB.",,40-19,70.0,Certain -40-110-1,40,110,1,110-1,,,40-67,100.0,Very certain -40-111-1,40,111,1,111-1,,,40-142,100.0,Very certain -40-112-1,40,112,1,112-1,,265[265],40-143,100.0,Very certain -40-113-4,40,113,4,113-4,,"265[264, 265]",40-144 40-145,100.0,Very certain -40-114-2,40,114,2,114-2,,265[250],40-146 40-147,100.0,Very certain -40-115-2,40,115,2,115-2,,"265[251, 253]",40-148 40-149,100.0,Very certain -40-116-2,40,116,2,116-2,,265[250],40-150 40-151,100.0,Very certain -40-117-2,40,117,2,117-2,,,40-152,100.0,Very certain -40-118-2,40,118,2,118-2,,,40-153 40-154,100.0,Very certain -40-119-3,40,119,3,119-3,"If ‘ts’ or ‘dz’ are considered two segments, these also appear in coda position in Korlai, as in kats ‘glass’ and kadz ‘house’.",,40-154 40-155 40-156,100.0,Very certain -40-12-2,40,12,2,12-2,,,40-20 40-21,100.0,Very certain -40-120-1,40,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-121-3,40,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -40-122-1,40,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, -40-123-2,40,123,2,123-2,,,40-189,100.0, -40-124-3,40,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0, -40-125-3,40,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -40-126-2,40,126,2,126-2,"This allophone is found in the speech of the oldest speakers. The more common allophone is [dz], as in kadza 'marry'.",,40-176,100.0, -40-127-6,40,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -40-128-4,40,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -40-129-2,40,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -40-13-1,40,13,1,13-1,,,40-22 40-23,100.0,Very certain -40-130-1,40,130,1,130-1,,,40-178,100.0, -40-131,40,131,1,131-1,,,40-160,100.0, -40-132,40,132,1,132-1,,,40-162,100.0, -40-133,40,133,1,133-1,,,40-164,100.0, -40-134,40,134,1,134-1,,,40-166,100.0, -40-137,40,137,1,137-1,,,40-171,100.0, -40-138,40,138,1,138-1,,,40-196,100.0, -40-139,40,139,1,139-1,,,40-172,100.0, -40-14-1,40,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-140,40,140,1,140-1,,,40-173,100.0, -40-143,40,143,3,143-3,,,40-167,100.0, -40-144,40,144,3,144-3,,,40-168,100.0, -40-145,40,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -40-146,40,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -40-147,40,147,1,147-1,,,40-161,100.0, -40-148,40,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -40-149,40,149,1,149-1,,,40-170,100.0, -40-15-1,40,15,1,15-1,,,40-24,100.0,Very certain -40-151,40,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -40-152,40,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -40-153,40,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -40-155,40,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -40-156,40,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -40-157,40,157,1,157-1,,,40-198,100.0, -40-158,40,158,1,158-1,,,40-165,100.0, -40-159,40,159,1,159-1,Mudhan contrasts with mudan (gerund form of muda 'change').,,40-163,100.0, -40-16-1,40,16,1,16-1,,265[103],40-25,100.0,Very certain -40-160,40,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -40-161,40,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -40-162,40,162,3,162-3,,,40-201,100.0, -40-163,40,163,1,163-1,,,40-169,100.0, -40-165,40,165,3,165-3,,,,100.0, -40-168,40,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -40-169,40,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -40-17-1,40,17,1,17-1,,,40-15 40-23 40-26,100.0,Very certain -40-170,40,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -40-171,40,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -40-172,40,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -40-173,40,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -40-174,40,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -40-176,40,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -40-178,40,178,1,178-1,,,40-179,100.0, -40-179,40,179,1,179-1,,,40-180,100.0, -40-18-3,40,18,3,18-3,"The most common politeness distinction is wɔ (informal) vs. use (formal). The 2nd person plural pronoun udzo is also used for respectful singular address in some cases, which is more formal than use.","265[103, 106, 108]",40-25 40-27 40-28,100.0,Very certain -40-180,40,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -40-181,40,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -40-182,40,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0, -40-183,40,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -40-184,40,184,1,184-1,"Word-initially, the flap /ɾ/ does not appear. In initial position, rhotics are realized with pre-breathy voice [hr].",,40-181,100.0, -40-187,40,187,1,187-1,,,,100.0, -40-188,40,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -40-189,40,189,1,189-1,,,40-174,100.0, -40-19-1,40,19,1,19-1,"‘When’ (kɔr < Portuguese que hora) and ‘how’ (kilɛ < Portuguese que laia) were compound interrogatives in their origin, but are not considered compound today by Korlai speakers.",,40-29 40-30 40-31 40-32,100.0,Very certain -40-190,40,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -40-191,40,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -40-192,40,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -40-193,40,193,1,193-1,,,40-175,100.0, -40-194,40,194,2,194-2,"This allophone is found in the speech of the oldest speakers. The more common allophone is [dz], as in kadza 'marry'.",,40-176,100.0, -40-195,40,195,1,195-1,,,40-177,100.0, -40-196,40,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -40-199,40,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, +a(n) and na (both with high tone). A(n) is mainly used with verbs that start with a consonant. Na is used with vowel initial verbs/auxiliaries and in emphatic contexts such as imparative phrases,","568[104-5, 143]",4-93 4-94 4-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-57-1,4,57,1,57-1,,568[135],4-96,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +4-58-1,4,58,1,58-1,,661[374],4-97 4-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-59-2,4,59,2,59-2,A subject/object contrast exists only in the 3rd person singular (a/en).,568[81],4-100 4-101 4-102 4-99,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-6-1,4,6,1,6-1,,568[70];661[533],4-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-60-2,4,60,2,60-2,,568[135-136],4-102 4-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-61-1,4,61,1,61-1,,568[135-136],4-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +4-62-1,4,62,1,62-1,,661[455-456],4-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-63-1,4,63,1,63-1,,,4-106,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +4-64-2,4,64,2,64-2,,568[108-109],4-107,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +4-65-1,4,65,1,65-1,,,4-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +4-66-3,4,66,3,66-3,,568[141],4-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-67-6,4,67,6,67-6,,568[131],4-110,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +4-67-1,4,67,1,67-1,,568[131],4-111,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +4-68-5,4,68,5,68-5,,,4-113,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +4-68-1,4,68,1,68-1,,,4-112,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +4-69-1,4,69,1,69-1,,568[130];661[390--1],4-114,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-0000FF-25-FF0000.png""}", +4-69-2,4,69,2,69-2,,568[130];661[390--1],4-115 4-116,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-0000FF-25-FF0000.png""}", +4-7-1,4,7,1,7-1,,568[157-158];661[77],4-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-70-1,4,70,1,70-1,"There is also a 'take' serial construction to express instrumental, but it appears to have a stronger volitional sense to it.","661[390, 392]",4-117 4-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-71-1,4,71,1,71-1,,568[130],4-119 4-120 4-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-72-3,4,72,3,72-3,,568[151],4-122 4-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +4-73-1,4,73,1,73-1,The copula (n)a is not verbal. It derives from the focus marker na (cf. Migge 2002).,961,4-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-74-3,4,74,3,74-3,Ordinary adjectives make no use of a copula (Ex. 106). Temporary states are expressed by a COP + reduplicated verb construction (Ex. 40).,568[109-112],4-125 4-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +4-75-1,4,75,1,75-1,,568[108],4-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-76-2,4,76,2,76-2,,568[105ff],4-127 4-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-77-1,4,77,1,77-1,,661[297],4-129,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +4-77-4,4,77,4,77-4,,661[297],4-130,25.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +4-78-2,4,78,2,78-2,,568[108-109],4-131 4-132,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-79-6,4,79,6,79-6,,568[125-126],4-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +4-8-2,4,8,2,8-2,Such elements are postposed in the case of predicative adjectives and preposed in the case of attributive adjectives.,661[173],4-9,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +4-8-1,4,8,1,8-1,Such elements are postposed in the case of predicative adjectives and preposed in the case of attributive adjectives.,661[173],4-10 4-11,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +4-80-6,4,80,6,80-6,,568[127],4-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +4-81-2,4,81,2,81-2,,568[125-127];661[523-525],4-133 4-134 4-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-82-4,4,82,4,82-4,,,4-138 4-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +4-83-4,4,83,4,83-4,,568[127],4-137 4-140 4-141,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +4-84-2,4,84,2,84-2,,661[523-525],4-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-85-2,4,85,2,85-2,,661[390-391],4-145,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +4-85-5,4,85,5,85-5,,661[390-391],4-144,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +4-86-2,4,86,2,86-2,"'Give' in V2 position may also express a number of other functions, see Migge 1998.",568[131-132];959,4-146 4-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-87-3,4,87,3,87-3,,661[274],4-148,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +4-87-2,4,87,2,87-2,,661[274],4-149,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +4-88-1,4,88,1,88-1,,568[82],4-150 4-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-89-1,4,89,1,89-1,,661[283],4-151 4-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +4-9-1,4,9,1,9-1,,568[64-65];661[452],4-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-90-3,4,90,3,90-3,,661[477ff];568[139],4-153 4-154 4-155,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-91-8,4,91,8,91-8,,959;568[131-132],4-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}", +4-92-2,4,92,2,92-2,"The relative particle di may be variably omitted in a few contexts and there is cross-speaker variability of acceptability of such constructions. Omission happens most often with direct objects, but can also be found with subjects and indirect objects (cf. Huttar & Huttar 1994: 98).",568[157-158];661[90ff],4-157,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +4-92-4,4,92,4,92-4,"The relative particle di may be variably omitted in a few contexts and there is cross-speaker variability of acceptability of such constructions. Omission happens most often with direct objects, but can also be found with subjects and indirect objects (cf. Huttar & Huttar 1994: 98).",568[157-158];661[90ff],4-158 4-159,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +4-93-2,4,93,2,93-2,,661[95],4-161,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFB6C1-24-0000FF.png""}", +4-93-3,4,93,3,93-3,,661[95],4-160,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFB6C1-24-0000FF.png""}", +4-93-4,4,93,4,93-4,,661[95],4-159,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFB6C1-24-0000FF.png""}", +4-94-9,4,94,9,94-9,"In the case of instrument relative clauses, anga 'with' is omitted and its object is replaced with the relative marker di.",661[101],4-162,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +4-95-1,4,95,1,95-1,,661[1ff],4-163,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-96-1,4,96,1,96-1,,568[157],4-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +4-97-1,4,97,1,97-1,,661[513];568[98],4-165,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +4-98-3,4,98,3,98-3,Note that fu is optional after wani.,661[513];568[157],4-166 4-167 4-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +4-99-2,4,99,2,99-2,,,4-169,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-0-3,40,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +40-1-2,40,1,2,1-2,,"267[168, 171]",40-2,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +40-1-1,40,1,1,1-1,,"267[168, 171]",40-44,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +40-10-1,40,10,1,10-1,,,40-16 40-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Unpublished story +40-100-4,40,100,4,100-4,,265[175],40-133 40-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +40-101-1,40,101,1,101-1,"The negative in the present has lexicalized the auxiliary; e.g. Teru katan ‘Teru is singing’ vs. Teru nu tɛ katan ‘Teru is not singing’, whereby nu tɛ is obligatory. It cannot be nu. In the preterit, you have negation without the auxiliary: Teru kato vs. Teru nu kato.",,40-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +40-102-1,40,102,1,102-1,,,40-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +40-103-7,40,103,7,103-7,,,40-137,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Unpublished story; Own fieldwork materials +40-103-2,40,103,2,103-2,,,40-136,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Unpublished story; Own fieldwork materials +40-104-9,40,104,9,104-9,The focus construction in Korlai is: NP REL COP + SENTENCE. It is commonly used. An example from natural speech is given as Example 138.,,40-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Unpublished story +40-105-1,40,105,1,105-1,,,40-139,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +40-106-2,40,106,2,106-2,,,40-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Unpublished story +40-107-1,40,107,1,107-1,,,40-141,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork materials +40-108-4,40,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +40-109-1,40,109,1,109-1,,,40-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Unpublished story +40-11-4,40,11,4,11-4,"The placement of the adverbial kadi seems to be governed by discourse demands. I don't have a strong sense of what order of the three is the default order, but it seems to be ADV-OBJ-VERB.",,40-18,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png""}",Unpublished story +40-11-5,40,11,5,11-5,"The placement of the adverbial kadi seems to be governed by discourse demands. I don't have a strong sense of what order of the three is the default order, but it seems to be ADV-OBJ-VERB.",,40-19,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png""}",Unpublished story +40-110-1,40,110,1,110-1,,,40-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Unpublished story +40-111-1,40,111,1,111-1,,,40-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-112-1,40,112,1,112-1,,265[265],40-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +40-113-4,40,113,4,113-4,,"265[264, 265]",40-144 40-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +40-114-2,40,114,2,114-2,,265[250],40-146 40-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +40-115-2,40,115,2,115-2,,"265[251, 253]",40-148 40-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +40-116-2,40,116,2,116-2,,265[250],40-150 40-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +40-117-2,40,117,2,117-2,,,40-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own fieldwork materials +40-118-2,40,118,2,118-2,,,40-153 40-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +40-119-3,40,119,3,119-3,"If ‘ts’ or ‘dz’ are considered two segments, these also appear in coda position in Korlai, as in kats ‘glass’ and kadz ‘house’.",,40-154 40-155 40-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +40-12-2,40,12,2,12-2,,,40-20 40-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +40-120-1,40,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +40-121-3,40,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +40-122-1,40,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +40-123-2,40,123,2,123-2,,,40-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +40-124-3,40,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +40-125-3,40,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +40-126-2,40,126,2,126-2,"This allophone is found in the speech of the oldest speakers. The more common allophone is [dz], as in kadza 'marry'.",,40-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +40-127-6,40,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-128-4,40,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-129-2,40,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-13-1,40,13,1,13-1,,,40-22 40-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Unpublished story +40-130-1,40,130,1,130-1,,,40-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +40-131,40,131,1,131-1,,,40-160,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-132,40,132,1,132-1,,,40-162,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-133,40,133,1,133-1,,,40-164,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-134,40,134,1,134-1,,,40-166,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-137,40,137,1,137-1,,,40-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-138,40,138,1,138-1,,,40-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-139,40,139,1,139-1,,,40-172,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-14-1,40,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-140,40,140,1,140-1,,,40-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-143,40,143,3,143-3,,,40-167,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +40-144,40,144,3,144-3,,,40-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +40-145,40,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-146,40,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-147,40,147,1,147-1,,,40-161,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-148,40,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-149,40,149,1,149-1,,,40-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-15-1,40,15,1,15-1,,,40-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +40-151,40,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-152,40,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-153,40,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-155,40,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-156,40,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-157,40,157,1,157-1,,,40-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-158,40,158,1,158-1,,,40-165,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-159,40,159,1,159-1,Mudhan contrasts with mudan (gerund form of muda 'change').,,40-163,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-16-1,40,16,1,16-1,,265[103],40-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-160,40,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-161,40,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-162,40,162,3,162-3,,,40-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +40-163,40,163,1,163-1,,,40-169,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-165,40,165,3,165-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +40-168,40,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-169,40,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-17-1,40,17,1,17-1,,,40-15 40-23 40-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Unpublished story +40-170,40,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-171,40,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-172,40,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-173,40,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-174,40,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-176,40,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-178,40,178,1,178-1,,,40-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-179,40,179,1,179-1,,,40-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-18-3,40,18,3,18-3,"The most common politeness distinction is wɔ (informal) vs. use (formal). The 2nd person plural pronoun udzo is also used for respectful singular address in some cases, which is more formal than use.","265[103, 106, 108]",40-25 40-27 40-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +40-180,40,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-181,40,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-182,40,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-183,40,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-184,40,184,1,184-1,"Word-initially, the flap /ɾ/ does not appear. In initial position, rhotics are realized with pre-breathy voice [hr].",,40-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-187,40,187,1,187-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-188,40,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-189,40,189,1,189-1,,,40-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-19-1,40,19,1,19-1,"‘When’ (kɔr < Portuguese que hora) and ‘how’ (kilɛ < Portuguese que laia) were compound interrogatives in their origin, but are not considered compound today by Korlai speakers.",,40-29 40-30 40-31 40-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-190,40,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-191,40,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-192,40,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-193,40,193,1,193-1,,,40-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-194,40,194,2,194-2,"This allophone is found in the speech of the oldest speakers. The more common allophone is [dz], as in kadza 'marry'.",,40-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +40-195,40,195,1,195-1,,,40-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-196,40,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-199,40,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 40-2-1,40,2,1,2-1,"With pronominal NPs, there is more flexibility for Possessum-Possessor order, as in kadz mi [house 1SG.POSS] 'my house'. With full NPs, the order is possessor-possessum. There is an (uncommon) ""afterthought"" construction, in which the possessum precedes the possessor, but the genitive marker still follows the possessor: Akə kadz, ɔ̃m su that house man GEN 'that man's house' -However, there is a break in the syntactic construction, indicated by the comma after kadz.",267[168];265[167],40-16 40-3,100.0,Very certain -40-20-1,40,20,1,20-1,,,40-33,100.0,Certain -40-200,40,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -40-201,40,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -40-202,40,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -40-205,40,205,1,205-1,,,40-178,100.0, -40-209,40,209,1,209-1,,,40-182,100.0, -40-21-3,40,21,3,21-3,"The origins of Korlai angɛ͂ and ankodz are Portuguese alguem 'someone' and alguma coisa 'some thing', respectively.",,40-34 40-35,100.0,Very certain -40-212,40,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -40-217,40,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -40-218,40,218,1,218-1,,,40-183,100.0, -40-22-1,40,22,1,22-1,"There is only one exception in Korlai: The word mulɛr has a collective muləris, which is best translated (linguistically) as ‘womenfolk’. Of note is that it occurs with an animate noun.",,,100.0,Very certain -40-221,40,221,4,221-4,,,,100.0, -40-222,40,222,1,222-1,,,40-200,100.0, -40-23-1,40,23,1,23-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-231,40,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, +However, there is a break in the syntactic construction, indicated by the comma after kadz.",267[168];265[167],40-16 40-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +40-20-1,40,20,1,20-1,,,40-33,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-200,40,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-201,40,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-202,40,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-205,40,205,1,205-1,,,40-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-209,40,209,1,209-1,,,40-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-21-3,40,21,3,21-3,"The origins of Korlai angɛ͂ and ankodz are Portuguese alguem 'someone' and alguma coisa 'some thing', respectively.",,40-34 40-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +40-212,40,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-217,40,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-218,40,218,1,218-1,,,40-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-22-1,40,22,1,22-1,"There is only one exception in Korlai: The word mulɛr has a collective muləris, which is best translated (linguistically) as ‘womenfolk’. Of note is that it occurs with an animate noun.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +40-221,40,221,4,221-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-222,40,222,1,222-1,,,40-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-23-1,40,23,1,23-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 9}",Own knowledge +40-231,40,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 40-24-3,40,24,3,24-3,"In Korlai, there is the affix bi- that is used in a rule-governed, partial-reduplication strategy, with the translation ‘and so forth’: -(See Example 36)",,40-159,100.0,Certain -40-25-1,40,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-251,40,251,1,251-1,"In Korlai orthography, the pre-breathy-voice rhotic is written as , but phonetically, the aspiration precedes the rhotic.",,40-199,100.0, -40-252,40,252,1,252-1,,,40-184,100.0, -40-253,40,253,1,253-1,,,40-186,100.0, -40-254,40,254,1,254-1,,,40-187,100.0, -40-255,40,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -40-256,40,256,1,256-1,,,40-190,100.0, -40-257,40,257,1,257-1,,,40-192,100.0, -40-258,40,258,1,258-1,,,40-194,100.0, -40-259,40,259,1,259-1,,,40-195,100.0, -40-26-2,40,26,2,26-2,,265[138],40-36,100.0,Very certain -40-260,40,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -40-261,40,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -40-263,40,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -40-267,40,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -40-268,40,268,2,268-2,,,40-189,100.0, -40-27-2,40,27,2,27-2,,265[264],40-37,100.0,Very certain -40-272,40,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -40-273,40,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -40-274,40,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -40-275,40,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -40-276,40,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -40-277,40,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -40-278,40,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -40-279,40,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -40-28-4,40,28,4,28-4,The indefinite marker is the numeral u͂ ‘one’.,,40-16 40-21,100.0,Very certain -40-280,40,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -40-281,40,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -40-282,40,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -40-284,40,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -40-285,40,285,1,285-1,,,40-185,100.0, -40-286,40,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -40-287,40,287,1,287-1,,,40-188,100.0, -40-288,40,288,1,288-1,,,40-191,100.0, -40-289,40,289,1,289-1,,,40-193,100.0, -40-29-2,40,29,2,29-2,,,40-16 40-38,100.0,Very certain -40-290,40,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -40-291,40,291,1,291-1,,,40-197,100.0, -40-3-1,40,3,1,3-1,"Descriptive and participial adjectives appear both pre-, as well as postnominally.",267[167],40-5,50.0,Certain -40-3-2,40,3,2,3-2,"Descriptive and participial adjectives appear both pre-, as well as postnominally.",267[167],40-6,50.0,Certain -40-30-3,40,30,3,30-3,,267[154],40-157 40-158,100.0,Very certain -40-308-3,40,308,3,308-3,,265[121-36],,100.0,Very certain -40-309-1,40,309,1,309-1,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain -40-31-4,40,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-310-4,40,310,4,310-4,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain -40-311-3,40,311,3,311-3,,265[ch8],,100.0,Very certain -40-312-3,40,312,3,312-3,,265[ch8],,100.0,Very certain -40-313-2,40,313,2,313-2,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain -40-314-3,40,314,3,314-3,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain -40-315-3,40,315,3,315-3,"There are no radio/TV stations in Korlai, a village of approximately 800 native Korlai speakers. Radio and TV are in Marathi, Hindi, and/or English.",265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain -40-316-3,40,316,3,316-3,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain -40-317-2,40,317,2,317-2,"Older Korlai speakers know some songs in their language, but those songs are quickly being forgotten by the younger generations.",265[chs1&8],,100.0,Very certain -40-318-4,40,318,4,318-4,"To my knowledge, only one document written in Korlai exists, a play. These days, any plays presented during festivals by the villagers are in Marathi. Korlai speakers write to me in Korlai, but among themselves, I think they either write in Marathi or in English if they live in an urban area and speak English.",265[chs1&8],,100.0,Very certain -40-319-3,40,319,3,319-3,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain -40-32-1,40,32,1,32-1,,,40-40 40-41,100.0,Very certain -40-320-3,40,320,3,320-3,,265[chs1&8],,100.0,Very certain -40-321-2,40,321,2,321-2,"Use in public contexts depends on whether the person being spoken to is from Korlai village. The norm is that if the person is from the village, a fellow villager speaks will speak to him or her in Korlai in a commercial setting.",265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain -40-322-3,40,322,3,322-3,Marathi is used in court.,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain -40-323-3,40,323,3,323-3,,265[cvh1],,100.0,Very certain -40-324-3,40,324,3,324-3,"The school in the area is a Catholic school, run by nuns. The nuns and the other teachers in the school do not speak Korlai. All formal instruction is in Marathi. However, some tutoring takes place in Korlai.",265,,100.0,Very certain -40-325-2,40,325,2,325-2,"My sense is that few people use Korlai in electronic media, but some use it at times, mostly the younger villagers.",,,100.0,Very certain -40-326-3,40,326,3,326-3,"Marathi is the main adstrate language. It's the official language of the State of Maharashtra, India.",265[ch6],,100.0,Very certain -40-327-4,40,327,4,327-4,,265[chs1&8],,100.0,Very certain -40-328-4,40,328,4,328-4,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain -40-329-4,40,329,4,329-4,"The language is relatively homogeneous. However, age-graded changes are taking place, which is more a case of register difference rather than dialect difference. As the younger generations become more educated, more Marathi lexicon is incorporated into Korlai.",,,100.0,Very certain -40-33-2,40,33,2,33-2,,265[101],40-42 40-43,100.0,Very certain -40-330-4,40,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-331-4,40,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-332-4,40,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-333-4,40,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-334-4,40,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-335-4,40,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-34-2,40,34,2,34-2,,,40-44,100.0,Very certain +(See Example 36)",,40-159,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +40-25-1,40,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-251,40,251,1,251-1,"In Korlai orthography, the pre-breathy-voice rhotic is written as , but phonetically, the aspiration precedes the rhotic.",,40-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-252,40,252,1,252-1,,,40-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-253,40,253,1,253-1,,,40-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-254,40,254,1,254-1,,,40-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-255,40,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-256,40,256,1,256-1,,,40-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-257,40,257,1,257-1,,,40-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-258,40,258,1,258-1,,,40-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-259,40,259,1,259-1,,,40-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-26-2,40,26,2,26-2,,265[138],40-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +40-260,40,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-261,40,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-263,40,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-267,40,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-268,40,268,2,268-2,,,40-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +40-27-2,40,27,2,27-2,,265[264],40-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-272,40,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-273,40,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-274,40,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-275,40,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-276,40,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-277,40,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-278,40,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-279,40,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-28-4,40,28,4,28-4,The indefinite marker is the numeral u͂ ‘one’.,,40-16 40-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Unpublished story +40-280,40,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-281,40,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-282,40,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-284,40,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-285,40,285,1,285-1,,,40-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-286,40,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-287,40,287,1,287-1,,,40-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-288,40,288,1,288-1,,,40-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-289,40,289,1,289-1,,,40-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-29-2,40,29,2,29-2,,,40-16 40-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Unpublished story +40-290,40,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-291,40,291,1,291-1,,,40-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +40-3-1,40,3,1,3-1,"Descriptive and participial adjectives appear both pre-, as well as postnominally.",267[167],40-5,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +40-3-2,40,3,2,3-2,"Descriptive and participial adjectives appear both pre-, as well as postnominally.",267[167],40-6,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +40-30-3,40,30,3,30-3,,267[154],40-157 40-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +40-308-3,40,308,3,308-3,,265[121-36],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +40-309-1,40,309,1,309-1,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +40-31-4,40,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-310-4,40,310,4,310-4,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +40-311-3,40,311,3,311-3,,265[ch8],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-312-3,40,312,3,312-3,,265[ch8],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-313-2,40,313,2,313-2,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +40-314-3,40,314,3,314-3,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-315-3,40,315,3,315-3,"There are no radio/TV stations in Korlai, a village of approximately 800 native Korlai speakers. Radio and TV are in Marathi, Hindi, and/or English.",265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-316-3,40,316,3,316-3,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-317-2,40,317,2,317-2,"Older Korlai speakers know some songs in their language, but those songs are quickly being forgotten by the younger generations.",265[chs1&8],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +40-318-4,40,318,4,318-4,"To my knowledge, only one document written in Korlai exists, a play. These days, any plays presented during festivals by the villagers are in Marathi. Korlai speakers write to me in Korlai, but among themselves, I think they either write in Marathi or in English if they live in an urban area and speak English.",265[chs1&8],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +40-319-3,40,319,3,319-3,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-32-1,40,32,1,32-1,,,40-40 40-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Unpublished story +40-320-3,40,320,3,320-3,,265[chs1&8],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-321-2,40,321,2,321-2,"Use in public contexts depends on whether the person being spoken to is from Korlai village. The norm is that if the person is from the village, a fellow villager speaks will speak to him or her in Korlai in a commercial setting.",265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +40-322-3,40,322,3,322-3,Marathi is used in court.,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-323-3,40,323,3,323-3,,265[cvh1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-324-3,40,324,3,324-3,"The school in the area is a Catholic school, run by nuns. The nuns and the other teachers in the school do not speak Korlai. All formal instruction is in Marathi. However, some tutoring takes place in Korlai.",265,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-325-2,40,325,2,325-2,"My sense is that few people use Korlai in electronic media, but some use it at times, mostly the younger villagers.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +40-326-3,40,326,3,326-3,"Marathi is the main adstrate language. It's the official language of the State of Maharashtra, India.",265[ch6],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +40-327-4,40,327,4,327-4,,265[chs1&8],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +40-328-4,40,328,4,328-4,,265[ch1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +40-329-4,40,329,4,329-4,"The language is relatively homogeneous. However, age-graded changes are taking place, which is more a case of register difference rather than dialect difference. As the younger generations become more educated, more Marathi lexicon is incorporated into Korlai.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +40-33-2,40,33,2,33-2,,265[101],40-42 40-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +40-330-4,40,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +40-331-4,40,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +40-332-4,40,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +40-333-4,40,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +40-334-4,40,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +40-335-4,40,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +40-34-2,40,34,2,34-2,,,40-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 40-35-8,40,35,8,35-8,"Primer 'first' is the only Portuguese-derived ordinal number, but it is being replaced by the Marathi-derived pahila. The rest are borrowed from Marathi, specifically the masculine singular form (ending in -a) of the paradigm: do 'two' - dusra 'second' -tin 'three' - tisra 'third'",,40-45 40-46,100.0,Very certain -40-36-1,40,36,1,36-1,,,40-47,100.0,Very certain -40-37-1,40,37,1,37-1,"It is not clear what prompts the postplacement of the possessive determiners, but my hypothesis is that it is determined by discourse factors such as emphasis. This needs to be investigated. Note also that there can be intervening material between the possessive determiner and its modified noun, as shown in Example 50.",,40-48,70.0,Very certain -40-37-2,40,37,2,37-2,"It is not clear what prompts the postplacement of the possessive determiners, but my hypothesis is that it is determined by discourse factors such as emphasis. This needs to be investigated. Note also that there can be intervening material between the possessive determiner and its modified noun, as shown in Example 50.",,40-49 40-50,30.0,Very certain -40-38-2,40,38,2,38-2,,265[139-40],40-51,100.0,Very certain -40-39-1,40,39,1,39-1,,267[168],40-52 40-53,100.0,Very certain +tin 'three' - tisra 'third'",,40-45 40-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +40-36-1,40,36,1,36-1,,,40-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +40-37-1,40,37,1,37-1,"It is not clear what prompts the postplacement of the possessive determiners, but my hypothesis is that it is determined by discourse factors such as emphasis. This needs to be investigated. Note also that there can be intervening material between the possessive determiner and its modified noun, as shown in Example 50.",,40-48,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Unpublished story +40-37-2,40,37,2,37-2,"It is not clear what prompts the postplacement of the possessive determiners, but my hypothesis is that it is determined by discourse factors such as emphasis. This needs to be investigated. Note also that there can be intervening material between the possessive determiner and its modified noun, as shown in Example 50.",,40-49 40-50,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Unpublished story +40-38-2,40,38,2,38-2,,265[139-40],40-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +40-39-1,40,39,1,39-1,,267[168],40-52 40-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 40-4-1,40,4,1,4-1,"The form of the adposition plays a role as to whether or not it can be postposed. Prepositions such as də, with its CV structure, cannot be postposed. Only adpositions with at least CVC structure can be postposed: bash alb 'under tree' can become alb su bash 'under tree'. However, not all adpositions with CVC structure can be preposed, e.g. kadz su pɛrt 'near house' cannot be expressed as pɛrt kadz. -(See Clements 1996: 143–145.)",267[171],40-7,70.0,Very certain +(See Clements 1996: 143–145.)",267[171],40-7,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 40-4-2,40,4,2,4-2,"The form of the adposition plays a role as to whether or not it can be postposed. Prepositions such as də, with its CV structure, cannot be postposed. Only adpositions with at least CVC structure can be postposed: bash alb 'under tree' can become alb su bash 'under tree'. However, not all adpositions with CVC structure can be preposed, e.g. kadz su pɛrt 'near house' cannot be expressed as pɛrt kadz. -(See Clements 1996: 143–145.)",267[171],40-7 40-8,30.0,Very certain -40-40-1,40,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-41-1,40,41,1,41-1,,265[169],40-54,100.0,Very certain -40-42-4,40,42,4,42-4,,265[169],40-55,25.0,Very certain -40-42-2,40,42,2,42-2,,265[169],40-54,75.0,Very certain -40-43-1,40,43,1,43-1,"The postposed elements (-n, -o, -d) are suffixes. The monosyllabic preposed elements are clitics in the sense that they are not stressed. The particle ater, which is bisyllabic, carries stress.",265[111],40-57,50.0,Very certain -40-43-2,40,43,2,43-2,"The postposed elements (-n, -o, -d) are suffixes. The monosyllabic preposed elements are clitics in the sense that they are not stressed. The particle ater, which is bisyllabic, carries stress.",265[111],40-56,50.0,Very certain -40-44-8,40,44,8,44-8,"Korlai only allows one pre-verbal TAM slot. The only combinations of TAM markers are preposed marker with suffix. Example: Teru ti kata-n 'Teru was singing', where ti marks the past and -n progressive aspect.",,,100.0,Very certain -40-45-1,40,45,1,45-1,,265[112],40-58 40-59,100.0,Very certain -40-46-1,40,46,1,46-1,,263[216],40-60 40-61,100.0,Very certain -40-47-2,40,47,2,47-2,,263[216],40-60 40-61,100.0,Very certain -40-48-2,40,48,2,48-2,,267[154],40-62,100.0,Very certain -40-49-3,40,49,3,49-3,,263[216],40-63 40-64,100.0,Very certain -40-5-1,40,5,1,5-1,,,40-10 40-9,100.0,Very certain +(See Clements 1996: 143–145.)",267[171],40-7 40-8,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +40-40-1,40,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-41-1,40,41,1,41-1,,265[169],40-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +40-42-4,40,42,4,42-4,,265[169],40-55,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +40-42-2,40,42,2,42-2,,265[169],40-54,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +40-43-1,40,43,1,43-1,"The postposed elements (-n, -o, -d) are suffixes. The monosyllabic preposed elements are clitics in the sense that they are not stressed. The particle ater, which is bisyllabic, carries stress.",265[111],40-57,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +40-43-2,40,43,2,43-2,"The postposed elements (-n, -o, -d) are suffixes. The monosyllabic preposed elements are clitics in the sense that they are not stressed. The particle ater, which is bisyllabic, carries stress.",265[111],40-56,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +40-44-8,40,44,8,44-8,"Korlai only allows one pre-verbal TAM slot. The only combinations of TAM markers are preposed marker with suffix. Example: Teru ti kata-n 'Teru was singing', where ti marks the past and -n progressive aspect.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-45-1,40,45,1,45-1,,265[112],40-58 40-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +40-46-1,40,46,1,46-1,,263[216],40-60 40-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +40-47-2,40,47,2,47-2,,263[216],40-60 40-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +40-48-2,40,48,2,48-2,,267[154],40-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +40-49-3,40,49,3,49-3,,263[216],40-63 40-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +40-5-1,40,5,1,5-1,,,40-10 40-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge; Unpublished story 40-50-3,40,50,3,50-3,"The following replacements, reductions, and insertions occur in Korlai: 1 affirmative: katan [PRS.PROG]; negative: nu tɛ katan @@ -10692,7 +10692,7 @@ tin 'three' - tisra 'third'",,40-45 40-46,100.0,Very certain 11 affirmative: lə kat [FUT]; negative: nu pa(d) kata (pad replaces lə, and is often reduced to pa) 12 affirmative: ter kat [COND]; negative: nu pri kata (pri replaces ter) 13 affirmative: ay/ater kata [COND]; negative: nu ater katad -14 affirmative: maši kata [DEONTIC(i.e. 'should/must')]; negative: maši nu kata",265[175],40-65 40-66,100.0,Very certain +14 affirmative: maši kata [DEONTIC(i.e. 'should/must')]; negative: maši nu kata",265[175],40-65 40-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 40-51-1,40,51,1,51-1,"Key unmarked stative verbs express present-tense function, as in (a) Yo sab. @@ -10726,13 +10726,13 @@ yo tham friw tə siti. [I always cold PRS feel] 'I always feel cold in January.' -See Clements (2007: 154).",267[154],40-67 40-68,100.0,Very certain -40-52-3,40,52,3,52-3,,,40-69,100.0,Very certain -40-53-1,40,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Certain -40-54-6,40,54,6,54-6,,265[112],40-70 40-71,100.0,Very certain -40-55-2,40,55,2,55-2,,,40-72,100.0,Very certain -40-56-2,40,56,2,56-2,"The forms nu tɛ function as a unit in the negation of present-tense forms, as shown in Example 74. For this reason, nu in the prohibitive (example 75) is considered a special negator.",265[175],40-73 40-74 40-75,100.0,Very certain -40-57-3,40,57,3,57-3,,265[160],40-26 40-76,100.0,Certain +See Clements (2007: 154).",267[154],40-67 40-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Unpublished story +40-52-3,40,52,3,52-3,,,40-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +40-53-1,40,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-54-6,40,54,6,54-6,,265[112],40-70 40-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +40-55-2,40,55,2,55-2,,,40-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Unpublished story +40-56-2,40,56,2,56-2,"The forms nu tɛ function as a unit in the negation of present-tense forms, as shown in Example 74. For this reason, nu in the prohibitive (example 75) is considered a special negator.",265[175],40-73 40-74 40-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +40-57-3,40,57,3,57-3,,265[160],40-26 40-76,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 40-58-2,40,58,2,58-2,"There are certain verbs (kere 'want/need', acha 'find, obtain') that code the logical subject as an object. In the examples (1)-(3) the experiencer is coded as the object and the object needed or found is coded as the subject. (1) @@ -10750,9 +10750,9 @@ Ku mulɛr buni parsen. [OBJ woman good perceive.PROG] 'The woman sees well.' (i.e. is able to see well) -In Korlai, there is only a small number of these verbs. All other verbs code intransitive and transitive subjects the same way and code transitive objects differently if they are animate, and only sometimes if they are inanimate.",,40-77 40-78,100.0,Very certain -40-59-2,40,59,2,59-2,,,40-79 40-80,100.0,Very certain -40-6-1,40,6,1,6-1,,265[164],40-11,100.0,Very certain +In Korlai, there is only a small number of these verbs. All other verbs code intransitive and transitive subjects the same way and code transitive objects differently if they are animate, and only sometimes if they are inanimate.",,40-77 40-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Unpublished story; Own knowledge +40-59-2,40,59,2,59-2,,,40-79 40-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +40-6-1,40,6,1,6-1,,265[164],40-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 40-60-1,40,60,1,60-1,"When the monotransitive object is inanimate, we get an indirect-object construction. But there is also a type of primary-secondary object pattern in Korlai: The monotransitive object (animate) and the ditransitive indirect object are marked with ku (full NP) or p(ə)- (pronominal NP or NP with the deictic determiner akə/əkə). Examples: @@ -10773,298 +10773,298 @@ Yo pudzo kas ku boy. Yo pudzo kas p-el. [I put.PST rind OBJ-3SG] -'I gave the rind to him/her.'",,40-81 40-82,100.0,Very certain -40-61-4,40,61,4,61-4,,265[161],40-86,43.75,Certain -40-61-1,40,61,1,61-1,,265[161],40-84,18.75,Certain -40-61-2,40,61,2,61-2,,265[161],40-83,18.75,Certain -40-61-3,40,61,3,61-3,,265[161],40-85,18.75,Certain -40-62-5,40,62,5,62-5,,,40-87,100.0,Very certain -40-63-2,40,63,2,63-2,,,40-88,100.0,Very certain -40-64-2,40,64,2,64-2,,,40-89,100.0,Very certain -40-65-1,40,65,1,65-1,,263[216],40-60 40-88,100.0,Very certain -40-66-3,40,66,3,66-3,"Not all experiencer verbs work like this in Korlai. For example, ‘I have (got) a cold’ is pari difludz hikad (lit. to me cold be/become.PTCP).",,40-90,100.0,Very certain -40-67-6,40,67,6,67-6,,,40-92,30.0,Very certain -40-67-1,40,67,1,67-1,,,40-91,70.0,Very certain -40-68-7,40,68,7,68-7,,,40-94,30.0,Certain -40-68-2,40,68,2,68-2,,,40-93,70.0,Very certain -40-69-1,40,69,1,69-1,,265[161],40-96,70.0,Certain -40-69-4,40,69,4,69-4,,265[161],40-95,30.0,Certain -40-7-1,40,7,1,7-1,"There are various strategies, but the predominant one corresponds to Value 4.",265[185],40-13,30.0, -40-7-4,40,7,4,7-4,"There are various strategies, but the predominant one corresponds to Value 4.",265[185],40-12 40-123,70.0, -40-70-2,40,70,2,70-2,,265[161],40-97 40-98,100.0,Very certain -40-71-2,40,71,2,71-2,,,40-100 40-99,100.0,Very certain -40-72-1,40,72,1,72-1,,,40-101 40-99,100.0,Very certain -40-73-1,40,73,1,73-1,"Occasionally, one finds a copula-less sentence, but it’s the exception.",,40-102,100.0,Very certain -40-74-1,40,74,1,74-1,,,40-103,100.0,Certain -40-75-1,40,75,1,75-1,,,40-104 40-105,100.0,Very certain -40-76-1,40,76,1,76-1,,265[162],40-102 40-105 40-123 40-69,100.0,Very certain -40-77-2,40,77,2,77-2,Korlai uses -su pert ‘near’ for this.,,40-106,100.0,Very certain -40-78-5,40,78,5,78-5,"In Korlai, possessive is constructed with the copula, not a transitive possession verb, which doesn’t exist in Korlai.",,40-107,100.0,Very certain -40-79-2,40,79,2,79-2,,,40-110,70.0,Very certain -40-79-1,40,79,1,79-1,,,40-111,30.0,Very certain -40-8-1,40,8,1,8-1,"One finds both orders, but degree+adjective order is prevalent.",,40-15,70.0,Very certain -40-8-2,40,8,2,8-2,"One finds both orders, but degree+adjective order is prevalent.",,40-14,30.0,Very certain -40-80-3,40,80,3,80-3,,,40-109,100.0,Very certain -40-81-2,40,81,2,81-2,,,40-108 40-109,100.0,Very certain -40-82-2,40,82,2,82-2,,,40-112 40-113 40-80,100.0,Very certain -40-83-1,40,83,1,83-1,,,40-114,100.0,Very certain -40-84-3,40,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Certain -40-85-1,40,85,1,85-1,,,40-117,100.0,Very certain -40-86-5,40,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-87-7,40,87,7,87-7,,267[169],40-118 40-119,100.0,Certain -40-88-2,40,88,2,88-2,The Korlai sota is best rendered as ‘self’ in English; Korlai mɛm (or mɛ) is an emphatic marker.,267[168];267[169],40-119 40-120,100.0,Very certain -40-89-5,40,89,5,89-5,,,40-118 40-121,100.0,Certain -40-9-4,40,9,4,9-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-90-1,40,90,1,90-1,,,40-122,100.0,Certain -40-91-8,40,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -40-92-2,40,92,2,92-2,,265[185],40-13,50.0, -40-92-6,40,92,6,92-6,,265[185],40-12,50.0, -40-93-6,40,93,6,93-6,,265[185],40-123,100.0,Certain -40-94-8,40,94,8,94-8,"Korlai does not relativize an instrument adpositional phrase such as 'with a knife'. Rather, the verb tuma is used together with korta, as shown in the Example 124.",,40-124,100.0,Certain -40-95-3,40,95,3,95-3,,,40-125 40-127 40-67,62.5,Certain -40-95-4,40,95,4,95-4,,,40-126,37.5,Intermediate -40-96-3,40,96,3,96-3,,,40-129 40-130,62.5,Very certain -40-96-4,40,96,4,96-4,,,40-128,37.5,Very certain -40-97-1,40,97,1,97-1,V+want,,40-131,100.0,Very certain -40-98-1,40,98,1,98-1,,,40-132 40-68,100.0,Very certain -40-99-2,40,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-0-3,41,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, +'I gave the rind to him/her.'",,40-81 40-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Unpublished story; Own knowledge +40-61-4,40,61,4,61-4,,265[161],40-86,43.75,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-19-0000FF-19-FF0000-19-FFB6C1-44-ADD8E6.png""}", +40-61-1,40,61,1,61-1,,265[161],40-84,18.75,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-19-0000FF-19-FF0000-19-FFB6C1-44-ADD8E6.png""}", +40-61-2,40,61,2,61-2,,265[161],40-83,18.75,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-19-0000FF-19-FF0000-19-FFB6C1-44-ADD8E6.png""}", +40-61-3,40,61,3,61-3,,265[161],40-85,18.75,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-19-0000FF-19-FF0000-19-FFB6C1-44-ADD8E6.png""}", +40-62-5,40,62,5,62-5,,,40-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Unpublished story +40-63-2,40,63,2,63-2,,,40-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-64-2,40,64,2,64-2,,,40-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-65-1,40,65,1,65-1,,263[216],40-60 40-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-66-3,40,66,3,66-3,"Not all experiencer verbs work like this in Korlai. For example, ‘I have (got) a cold’ is pari difludz hikad (lit. to me cold be/become.PTCP).",,40-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +40-67-6,40,67,6,67-6,,,40-92,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +40-67-1,40,67,1,67-1,,,40-91,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +40-68-7,40,68,7,68-7,,,40-94,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF7F00-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Unpublished story +40-68-2,40,68,2,68-2,,,40-93,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF7F00-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Unpublished story +40-69-1,40,69,1,69-1,,265[161],40-96,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-69-4,40,69,4,69-4,,265[161],40-95,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-7-1,40,7,1,7-1,"There are various strategies, but the predominant one corresponds to Value 4.",265[185],40-13,30.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +40-7-4,40,7,4,7-4,"There are various strategies, but the predominant one corresponds to Value 4.",265[185],40-12 40-123,70.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +40-70-2,40,70,2,70-2,,265[161],40-97 40-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +40-71-2,40,71,2,71-2,,,40-100 40-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Unpublished story +40-72-1,40,72,1,72-1,,,40-101 40-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Unpublished story +40-73-1,40,73,1,73-1,"Occasionally, one finds a copula-less sentence, but it’s the exception.",,40-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Unpublished story +40-74-1,40,74,1,74-1,,,40-103,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Unpublished story +40-75-1,40,75,1,75-1,,,40-104 40-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Unpublished story +40-76-1,40,76,1,76-1,,265[162],40-102 40-105 40-123 40-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Unpublished story +40-77-2,40,77,2,77-2,Korlai uses -su pert ‘near’ for this.,,40-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +40-78-5,40,78,5,78-5,"In Korlai, possessive is constructed with the copula, not a transitive possession verb, which doesn’t exist in Korlai.",,40-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-79-2,40,79,2,79-2,,,40-110,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-70-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +40-79-1,40,79,1,79-1,,,40-111,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-70-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +40-8-1,40,8,1,8-1,"One finds both orders, but degree+adjective order is prevalent.",,40-15,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Unpublished story +40-8-2,40,8,2,8-2,"One finds both orders, but degree+adjective order is prevalent.",,40-14,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Unpublished story +40-80-3,40,80,3,80-3,,,40-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-81-2,40,81,2,81-2,,,40-108 40-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +40-82-2,40,82,2,82-2,,,40-112 40-113 40-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Unpublished story +40-83-1,40,83,1,83-1,,,40-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge; Own fieldwork materials +40-84-3,40,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own fieldwork materials +40-85-1,40,85,1,85-1,,,40-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-86-5,40,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-87-7,40,87,7,87-7,,267[169],40-118 40-119,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +40-88-2,40,88,2,88-2,The Korlai sota is best rendered as ‘self’ in English; Korlai mɛm (or mɛ) is an emphatic marker.,267[168];267[169],40-119 40-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +40-89-5,40,89,5,89-5,,,40-118 40-121,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own fieldwork materials +40-9-4,40,9,4,9-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-90-1,40,90,1,90-1,,,40-122,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Unpublished story +40-91-8,40,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +40-92-2,40,92,2,92-2,,265[185],40-13,50.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-92-6,40,92,6,92-6,,265[185],40-12,50.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-93-6,40,93,6,93-6,,265[185],40-123,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +40-94-8,40,94,8,94-8,"Korlai does not relativize an instrument adpositional phrase such as 'with a knife'. Rather, the verb tuma is used together with korta, as shown in the Example 124.",,40-124,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own fieldwork materials +40-95-3,40,95,3,95-3,,,40-125 40-127 40-67,62.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-63-0000FF-38-FFFFFF.png""}",Unpublished story +40-95-4,40,95,4,95-4,,,40-126,37.5,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-63-0000FF-38-FFFFFF.png""}",Unpublished story +40-96-3,40,96,3,96-3,,,40-129 40-130,62.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-63-0000FF-38-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-96-4,40,96,4,96-4,,,40-128,37.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-63-0000FF-38-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +40-97-1,40,97,1,97-1,V+want,,40-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +40-98-1,40,98,1,98-1,,,40-132 40-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork materials +40-99-2,40,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-0-3,41,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 41-1-1,41,1,1,1-1,"Stylistically marked sentences may have S or O or both following the verb. Compare the following example, in which O is topic and S follows V: elispa inda nukutiraa noos 3.M-PL-ACC yet NEG-take 1PL -'We haven't engaged them yet.'",1420,41-188,100.0,Very certain +'We haven't engaged them yet.'",1420,41-188,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 41-10-1,41,10,1,10-1,"Specificity of a noun may be indicated by a following NP containing the numeral uŋ/uŋa, e.g. um paav uŋa 'a (certain) log'. See also Example 60. (This construction is also used as a partitive, e.g. elisu ooy uŋa 'one of his eyes'.) -Although this looks like N + postposed article, it is better treated as an appositive NP because (a) the numeral ""one"" is in nominal form, i.e. the form in which it appears as an independent NP (cf. noov graandi uŋa 'a new big one') and (b) the numeral 'one' may also occur within the first NP, as in the first example above.",1416,41-21 41-4,100.0,Very certain -41-100-4,41,100,4,100-4,"The various negative forms serve different functions; e.g. nuku- non-future, naa potential/involitive, nikara habitual and prohibitive. Naa is not treated as a prefix because the vowel does not get shortened - cf. jaa- PST, which surfaces as [ja-]. The form naa also occurs independently as the negative interjection 'no', and as a tag question marker. Nikara occurs independently as a quasi-verbal predicator meaning [NEG.want]. Nuku is found only preverbally; it cannot be stressed and nothing can intervene between it and the verb. For this reason it is treated as a prefix.",1424,41-12 41-14 41-165 41-166 41-6 41-93,50.0,Very certain -41-100-1,41,100,1,100-1,"The various negative forms serve different functions; e.g. nuku- non-future, naa potential/involitive, nikara habitual and prohibitive. Naa is not treated as a prefix because the vowel does not get shortened - cf. jaa- PST, which surfaces as [ja-]. The form naa also occurs independently as the negative interjection 'no', and as a tag question marker. Nikara occurs independently as a quasi-verbal predicator meaning [NEG.want]. Nuku is found only preverbally; it cannot be stressed and nothing can intervene between it and the verb. For this reason it is treated as a prefix.",1424,41-2 41-67,50.0,Very certain -41-101-1,41,101,1,101-1,,1416,41-14 41-166 41-2,100.0,Very certain -41-102-1,41,102,1,102-1,,1416,41-167 41-168,100.0,Very certain -41-103-2,41,103,2,103-2,"The unmarked polar question is indicated by intonation only. The indefinite particle voo is used for a ""softened"" question, which might be translated as 'Would it be that ....?'",1416,41-40 41-52,30.0,Very certain -41-103-7,41,103,7,103-7,"The unmarked polar question is indicated by intonation only. The indefinite particle voo is used for a ""softened"" question, which might be translated as 'Would it be that ....?'",1416,41-155 41-83,70.0,Very certain +Although this looks like N + postposed article, it is better treated as an appositive NP because (a) the numeral ""one"" is in nominal form, i.e. the form in which it appears as an independent NP (cf. noov graandi uŋa 'a new big one') and (b) the numeral 'one' may also occur within the first NP, as in the first example above.",1416,41-21 41-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +41-100-4,41,100,4,100-4,"The various negative forms serve different functions; e.g. nuku- non-future, naa potential/involitive, nikara habitual and prohibitive. Naa is not treated as a prefix because the vowel does not get shortened - cf. jaa- PST, which surfaces as [ja-]. The form naa also occurs independently as the negative interjection 'no', and as a tag question marker. Nikara occurs independently as a quasi-verbal predicator meaning [NEG.want]. Nuku is found only preverbally; it cannot be stressed and nothing can intervene between it and the verb. For this reason it is treated as a prefix.",1424,41-12 41-14 41-165 41-166 41-6 41-93,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-0000FF.png""}", +41-100-1,41,100,1,100-1,"The various negative forms serve different functions; e.g. nuku- non-future, naa potential/involitive, nikara habitual and prohibitive. Naa is not treated as a prefix because the vowel does not get shortened - cf. jaa- PST, which surfaces as [ja-]. The form naa also occurs independently as the negative interjection 'no', and as a tag question marker. Nikara occurs independently as a quasi-verbal predicator meaning [NEG.want]. Nuku is found only preverbally; it cannot be stressed and nothing can intervene between it and the verb. For this reason it is treated as a prefix.",1424,41-2 41-67,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-0000FF.png""}", +41-101-1,41,101,1,101-1,,1416,41-14 41-166 41-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-102-1,41,102,1,102-1,,1416,41-167 41-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +41-103-2,41,103,2,103-2,"The unmarked polar question is indicated by intonation only. The indefinite particle voo is used for a ""softened"" question, which might be translated as 'Would it be that ....?'",1416,41-40 41-52,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +41-103-7,41,103,7,103-7,"The unmarked polar question is indicated by intonation only. The indefinite particle voo is used for a ""softened"" question, which might be translated as 'Would it be that ....?'",1416,41-155 41-83,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 41-104-7,41,104,7,104-7,"Comment on value 9. The focussed constituent and focus-marker are right-dislocated, where it bears the main sentence stress and acompanying intonation drop. (This contrasts with syntactically unintegrated coda elements which appear on low pitch after the main intonation drop on the verb.) -Nominal focus can also be accomplished without clefting by leaving the focused constituent in situ and marking it with the focus particle (example 55).",1416,41-169,50.0,Very certain +Nominal focus can also be accomplished without clefting by leaving the focused constituent in situ and marking it with the focus particle (example 55).",1416,41-169,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}", 41-104-9,41,104,9,104-9,"Comment on value 9. The focussed constituent and focus-marker are right-dislocated, where it bears the main sentence stress and acompanying intonation drop. (This contrasts with syntactically unintegrated coda elements which appear on low pitch after the main intonation drop on the verb.) -Nominal focus can also be accomplished without clefting by leaving the focused constituent in situ and marking it with the focus particle (example 55).",1416,41-55 41-56,50.0,Very certain -41-105-3,41,105,3,105-3,Verbs are focused using the focus particle mee.,1416,41-170,100.0,Very certain -41-106-2,41,106,2,106-2,"The particle taam covers the semantic range 'also, too, even'.",1416,41-109 41-149 41-33 41-53,100.0,Very certain -41-107-7,41,107,7,107-7,Closest thing to a “vocative” marker is an addressive to indicate the relationship between speaker and addressee. It can be added to a variety of constituents.,1416,41-171 41-172,100.0,Very certain -41-108-2,41,108,2,108-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -41-109-1,41,109,1,109-1,"the gloss is 'small', NOT 'child'.",1416,41-173,100.0,Very certain +Nominal focus can also be accomplished without clefting by leaving the focused constituent in situ and marking it with the focus particle (example 55).",1416,41-55 41-56,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}", +41-105-3,41,105,3,105-3,Verbs are focused using the focus particle mee.,1416,41-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-106-2,41,106,2,106-2,"The particle taam covers the semantic range 'also, too, even'.",1416,41-109 41-149 41-33 41-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +41-107-7,41,107,7,107-7,Closest thing to a “vocative” marker is an addressive to indicate the relationship between speaker and addressee. It can be added to a variety of constituents.,1416,41-171 41-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-108-2,41,108,2,108-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-109-1,41,109,1,109-1,"the gloss is 'small', NOT 'child'.",1416,41-173,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 41-11-5,41,11,5,11-5,"Evidence is scant, but both Object-Adverb-Verb and Adverb-Object-Verb appear possible. Discourse factors may be relevant. The relative importance values are purely impressionistic. -Orders in which V is not final are possible in marked discourse contexts. Focused and deemphasized elements can be placed post-verbally (with different intonations).",1416,41-23,50.0,Intermediate +Orders in which V is not final are possible in marked discourse contexts. Focused and deemphasized elements can be placed post-verbally (with different intonations).",1416,41-23,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", 41-11-4,41,11,4,11-4,"Evidence is scant, but both Object-Adverb-Verb and Adverb-Object-Verb appear possible. Discourse factors may be relevant. The relative importance values are purely impressionistic. -Orders in which V is not final are possible in marked discourse contexts. Focused and deemphasized elements can be placed post-verbally (with different intonations).",1416,41-22,50.0,Intermediate -41-110-1,41,110,1,110-1,"The pronunciations saba and sava are both found. A few other items also exhibit b/v variation, but more generally the two sounds contrast.",1416,41-155 41-67,100.0,Very certain -41-111-1,41,111,1,111-1,,1416,41-59,100.0,Very certain -41-112-3,41,112,3,112-3,,1416,41-102 41-174 41-175,100.0,Certain -41-113-3,41,113,3,113-3,"There is possibly also maam-su deedu [hand/arm-GEN finger/toe] 'finger' (see example 179) but this is speculative. Thus, Sri Lanka Portuguese was classified as ""Overlap"" and not ""Identity and differentiation"".",1416,41-176 41-177 41-178,100.0,Intermediate -41-114-2,41,114,2,114-2,,1416,41-10 41-179,100.0,Very certain -41-115-2,41,115,2,115-2,,1416,41-180 41-181,100.0,Very certain -41-116-2,41,116,2,116-2,,1416,41-182 41-183,100.0,Intermediate -41-117-1,41,117,1,117-1,,,41-8,100.0,Very certain +Orders in which V is not final are possible in marked discourse contexts. Focused and deemphasized elements can be placed post-verbally (with different intonations).",1416,41-22,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +41-110-1,41,110,1,110-1,"The pronunciations saba and sava are both found. A few other items also exhibit b/v variation, but more generally the two sounds contrast.",1416,41-155 41-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-111-1,41,111,1,111-1,,1416,41-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +41-112-3,41,112,3,112-3,,1416,41-102 41-174 41-175,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +41-113-3,41,113,3,113-3,"There is possibly also maam-su deedu [hand/arm-GEN finger/toe] 'finger' (see example 179) but this is speculative. Thus, Sri Lanka Portuguese was classified as ""Overlap"" and not ""Identity and differentiation"".",1416,41-176 41-177 41-178,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +41-114-2,41,114,2,114-2,,1416,41-10 41-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-115-2,41,115,2,115-2,,1416,41-180 41-181,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-116-2,41,116,2,116-2,,1416,41-182 41-183,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-117-1,41,117,1,117-1,,,41-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 41-118-3,41,118,3,118-3,"All consonants (and zero) occur as onsets of word-initial syllables except /z/, /ñ/ and /y/. All consonants occur, without restriction, as medial syllable onsets. Moderately complex onsets:C1=obstruent s + C: This is very rare; C1=s; C2=vl. stop; one example of /fs/ -Complex onsets: This is very rare, mostly in Dutch loans. Only /str/ and /frv/ are known word-initially, /skr/ and, depending on analysis, /drv/ medially.",1419[42-51],41-184 41-185 41-186 41-67,100.0,Very certain -41-119-3,41,119,3,119-3,,1419,41-11 41-187 41-67,100.0,Very certain -41-12-2,41,12,2,12-2,"Adverbial interrogatives seem to have more freedom to occur in initial position (cf. Example 26), but this does not count as interrogative phrase movement, since adverbs have the same freedom.",,41-24 41-25 41-26,100.0,Certain -41-120-1,41,120,1,120-1,,1416,,100.0,Very certain -41-121-3,41,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -41-122-4,41,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -41-123-1,41,123,1,123-1,"This is the short counterpart of /aa/, which is rare in stressed position and transcribed as /a/. The long shwa, transcribed as /əə/, is found only in loans, such as /bəəga/ 'Burgher'",,41-222,100.0, -41-124-3,41,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0, -41-125-3,41,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -41-126-1,41,126,1,126-1,"/z/ is often devoiced, but still contrasts with /s/ by its looser constriction.",,41-203,100.0, -41-127-4,41,127,4,127-4,,,,100.0, -41-128-1,41,128,1,128-1,,,41-210,100.0, -41-129-2,41,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -41-13-4,41,13,4,13-4,"Value 4 comment: No gender distinction in honorific pronouns, sg. or pl. Data available contain no spontaneous examples of fem. pl. ɛla-s (due to lack of opportunity, rather than use of another form).",1416,41-2 41-27 41-28 41-29,100.0,Very certain -41-130-3,41,130,3,130-3,,,41-206,100.0, -41-131,41,131,1,131-1,,,41-189,100.0, -41-132,41,132,1,132-1,Some words show initial /b/ ~ /ʋ/ variation.,,41-191,100.0, -41-133,41,133,1,133-1,"Dental [t] is found in native vocabulay; alveolar [t] may be found in some loanwords, such as teacher.",,41-192,100.0, -41-134,41,134,1,134-1,,,41-193,100.0, -41-137,41,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -41-138,41,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -41-139,41,139,1,139-1,"Transcribed as , following South Asianist practice.",,41-197,100.0, -41-14-1,41,14,1,14-1,,1416,41-30,100.0,Very certain -41-140,41,140,1,140-1,Transcribed as following South Asianist practice.,,41-198,100.0, -41-143,41,143,3,143-3,,,41-194,100.0, -41-144,41,144,3,144-3,,,41-195,100.0, -41-145,41,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -41-146,41,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -41-147,41,147,1,147-1,,,41-190,100.0, -41-148,41,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -41-149,41,149,1,149-1,,,41-196,100.0, -41-15-1,41,15,1,15-1,,1416,41-2 41-30,100.0,Very certain -41-151,41,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -41-152,41,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -41-153,41,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -41-155,41,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -41-156,41,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -41-158,41,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -41-159,41,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -41-16-1,41,16,1,16-1,,,41-27 41-31,100.0,Very certain -41-160,41,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -41-161,41,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -41-163,41,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -41-168,41,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -41-169,41,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -41-17-1,41,17,1,17-1,,,41-27 41-31,100.0,Very certain -41-170,41,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -41-171,41,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -41-172,41,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -41-173,41,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -41-174,41,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -41-176,41,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -41-178,41,178,1,178-1,,,41-207,100.0, -41-179,41,179,1,179-1,,,41-208,100.0, +Complex onsets: This is very rare, mostly in Dutch loans. Only /str/ and /frv/ are known word-initially, /skr/ and, depending on analysis, /drv/ medially.",1419[42-51],41-184 41-185 41-186 41-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-119-3,41,119,3,119-3,,1419,41-11 41-187 41-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-12-2,41,12,2,12-2,"Adverbial interrogatives seem to have more freedom to occur in initial position (cf. Example 26), but this does not count as interrogative phrase movement, since adverbs have the same freedom.",,41-24 41-25 41-26,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-120-1,41,120,1,120-1,,1416,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +41-121-3,41,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-122-4,41,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +41-123-1,41,123,1,123-1,"This is the short counterpart of /aa/, which is rare in stressed position and transcribed as /a/. The long shwa, transcribed as /əə/, is found only in loans, such as /bəəga/ 'Burgher'",,41-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-124-3,41,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +41-125-3,41,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +41-126-1,41,126,1,126-1,"/z/ is often devoiced, but still contrasts with /s/ by its looser constriction.",,41-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-127-4,41,127,4,127-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +41-128-1,41,128,1,128-1,,,41-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-129-2,41,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-13-4,41,13,4,13-4,"Value 4 comment: No gender distinction in honorific pronouns, sg. or pl. Data available contain no spontaneous examples of fem. pl. ɛla-s (due to lack of opportunity, rather than use of another form).",1416,41-2 41-27 41-28 41-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +41-130-3,41,130,3,130-3,,,41-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +41-131,41,131,1,131-1,,,41-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-132,41,132,1,132-1,Some words show initial /b/ ~ /ʋ/ variation.,,41-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-133,41,133,1,133-1,"Dental [t] is found in native vocabulay; alveolar [t] may be found in some loanwords, such as teacher.",,41-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-134,41,134,1,134-1,,,41-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-137,41,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-138,41,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-139,41,139,1,139-1,"Transcribed as , following South Asianist practice.",,41-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-14-1,41,14,1,14-1,,1416,41-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-140,41,140,1,140-1,Transcribed as following South Asianist practice.,,41-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-143,41,143,3,143-3,,,41-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +41-144,41,144,3,144-3,,,41-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +41-145,41,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-146,41,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-147,41,147,1,147-1,,,41-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-148,41,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-149,41,149,1,149-1,,,41-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-15-1,41,15,1,15-1,,1416,41-2 41-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +41-151,41,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-152,41,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-153,41,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-155,41,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-156,41,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-158,41,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-159,41,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-16-1,41,16,1,16-1,,,41-27 41-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-160,41,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-161,41,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-163,41,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-168,41,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-169,41,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-17-1,41,17,1,17-1,,,41-27 41-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-170,41,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-171,41,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-172,41,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-173,41,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-174,41,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-176,41,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-178,41,178,1,178-1,,,41-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-179,41,179,1,179-1,,,41-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 41-18-5,41,18,5,18-5,"There is a distinction between boos (2SG) and botus (2PL or 2nd person polite). -It is also possible to avoid a pronoun and use a noun to refer to the addressee, as in Example 34. This strategy is possible in Tamil and is common in Sinhala, where pronoun choice can be problematic.",,41-15 41-31 41-32 41-33 41-34,100.0,Very certain -41-180,41,180,2,180-2,/ɳ/ follows low back vowels.,,41-209,100.0, -41-181,41,181,1,181-1,,,41-210,100.0, +It is also possible to avoid a pronoun and use a noun to refer to the addressee, as in Example 34. This strategy is possible in Tamil and is common in Sinhala, where pronoun choice can be problematic.",,41-15 41-31 41-32 41-33 41-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-180,41,180,2,180-2,/ɳ/ follows low back vowels.,,41-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +41-181,41,181,1,181-1,,,41-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 41-182,41,182,1,182-1,"/ŋ/ is phonemic in one very common morpheme, where it could be analyzed as underlying /ng/ with some phonological trickery. -It may occur word-finally in a larger set of items in some dialects.",,41-211,100.0, -41-183,41,183,2,183-2,This sound results from the cluster /nr/.,,41-212,100.0, -41-184,41,184,1,184-1,,,41-213,100.0, -41-187,41,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -41-188,41,188,2,188-2,[β] results from spirantization of medial /b/.,,41-199,100.0, -41-189,41,189,1,189-1,,,41-200,100.0, -41-19-3,41,19,3,19-3,"Kilaay ‘how’ may be structurally opaque, since *laay doesn’t exist on its own. On the other hand, the enclitic =ley ‘like’ could be treated as being suppletively related.",,41-32 41-35 41-36 41-37,100.0,Intermediate -41-190,41,190,4,190-4,The symbol is being used to represent a labio-dental approximant.,,,100.0, -41-191,41,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -41-192,41,192,2,192-2,[ð] results from occasional spirantization of medial /d/.,,41-201,100.0, -41-193,41,193,1,193-1,,,41-202,100.0, -41-194,41,194,1,194-1,"/z/ is often devoiced, but still contrasts with /s/ by its looser constriction.",,41-203,100.0, -41-195,41,195,3,195-3,,,41-204,100.0, -41-196,41,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -41-199,41,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -41-2-2,41,2,2,2-2,"Possessum-Possessor order is very rare, and occurs mostly in songs and probably frozen expressions.",,41-5,10.0,Very certain -41-2-1,41,2,1,2-1,"Possessum-Possessor order is very rare, and occurs mostly in songs and probably frozen expressions.",,41-3 41-4 41-6,90.0,Very certain -41-20-1,41,20,1,20-1,,,41-38,100.0,Very certain -41-200,41,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -41-201,41,201,2,201-2,[ɣ] results from spirantization of medial /g/.,,41-205,100.0, -41-202,41,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -41-205,41,205,3,205-3,,,41-206,100.0, -41-209,41,209,1,209-1,,,41-214,100.0, +It may occur word-finally in a larger set of items in some dialects.",,41-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-183,41,183,2,183-2,This sound results from the cluster /nr/.,,41-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +41-184,41,184,1,184-1,,,41-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-187,41,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-188,41,188,2,188-2,[β] results from spirantization of medial /b/.,,41-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +41-189,41,189,1,189-1,,,41-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-19-3,41,19,3,19-3,"Kilaay ‘how’ may be structurally opaque, since *laay doesn’t exist on its own. On the other hand, the enclitic =ley ‘like’ could be treated as being suppletively related.",,41-32 41-35 41-36 41-37,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +41-190,41,190,4,190-4,The symbol is being used to represent a labio-dental approximant.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-191,41,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-192,41,192,2,192-2,[ð] results from occasional spirantization of medial /d/.,,41-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +41-193,41,193,1,193-1,,,41-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-194,41,194,1,194-1,"/z/ is often devoiced, but still contrasts with /s/ by its looser constriction.",,41-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-195,41,195,3,195-3,,,41-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +41-196,41,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-199,41,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-2-2,41,2,2,2-2,"Possessum-Possessor order is very rare, and occurs mostly in songs and probably frozen expressions.",,41-5,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +41-2-1,41,2,1,2-1,"Possessum-Possessor order is very rare, and occurs mostly in songs and probably frozen expressions.",,41-3 41-4 41-6,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +41-20-1,41,20,1,20-1,,,41-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-200,41,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-201,41,201,2,201-2,[ɣ] results from spirantization of medial /g/.,,41-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +41-202,41,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-205,41,205,3,205-3,,,41-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +41-209,41,209,1,209-1,,,41-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 41-21-3,41,21,3,21-3,"There are three similar indefinite formations. (1) Interrogative + see gives an indefinite reading equivalent to English 'some X/ any X' (see is the conditional marker). (2) With the addition of the concessive marker /taam/ (in which case see is sometimes omitted) the reading is the universal 'X-ever. If a dependent verb is involved (e.g. whatever he touches'), the conditional and concessive markers usually follow the verb. (3) Interrogative + voo gives an indefinite reading some X/ some X or other' (voo is the indefinite marker, used also to soften yes/no questions). -The indefinite pronoun aluŋas 'some [people], certain people' (no singular is found.) and the related determiner aluŋ are rare outside common expressions such as aluŋ ɔɔras 'sometimes; perhaps' and aluŋ jeentis 'some people'.",,41-43,10.0,Very certain +The indefinite pronoun aluŋas 'some [people], certain people' (no singular is found.) and the related determiner aluŋ are rare outside common expressions such as aluŋ ɔɔras 'sometimes; perhaps' and aluŋ jeentis 'some people'.",,41-43,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 41-21-1,41,21,1,21-1,"There are three similar indefinite formations. (1) Interrogative + see gives an indefinite reading equivalent to English 'some X/ any X' (see is the conditional marker). (2) With the addition of the concessive marker /taam/ (in which case see is sometimes omitted) the reading is the universal 'X-ever. If a dependent verb is involved (e.g. whatever he touches'), the conditional and concessive markers usually follow the verb. (3) Interrogative + voo gives an indefinite reading some X/ some X or other' (voo is the indefinite marker, used also to soften yes/no questions). -The indefinite pronoun aluŋas 'some [people], certain people' (no singular is found.) and the related determiner aluŋ are rare outside common expressions such as aluŋ ɔɔras 'sometimes; perhaps' and aluŋ jeentis 'some people'.",,41-39 41-40 41-41 41-42,90.0,Very certain -41-212,41,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -41-217,41,217,2,217-2,[ɭ] is an allophone of /l/ following low back vowels.,,41-215,100.0, -41-218,41,218,1,218-1,"Transcribed as , following South Asianist practice.",,41-216,100.0, -41-22-4,41,22,4,22-4,,,41-17 41-21 41-44 41-45 41-46 41-47,100.0,Very certain -41-221,41,221,1,221-1,[w] is an allophone of /ʋ/ after rounded vowels.,,41-217,100.0, +The indefinite pronoun aluŋas 'some [people], certain people' (no singular is found.) and the related determiner aluŋ are rare outside common expressions such as aluŋ ɔɔras 'sometimes; perhaps' and aluŋ jeentis 'some people'.",,41-39 41-40 41-41 41-42,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +41-212,41,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-217,41,217,2,217-2,[ɭ] is an allophone of /l/ following low back vowels.,,41-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +41-218,41,218,1,218-1,"Transcribed as , following South Asianist practice.",,41-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-22-4,41,22,4,22-4,,,41-17 41-21 41-44 41-45 41-46 41-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +41-221,41,221,1,221-1,[w] is an allophone of /ʋ/ after rounded vowels.,,41-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 41-222,41,222,1,222-1,"Transcribed as , following South Asianist practice. -Some words show initial /b/ ~ /ʋ/ variation.",,41-233,100.0, -41-23-3,41,23,3,23-3,"Plural is normally marked by the suffix -s.Only one word can be analyzed as using reduplication to indicate plural, but such an analysis is tenuous at best.",,41-45 41-46 41-48,90.0,Very certain -41-23-6,41,23,6,23-6,"Plural is normally marked by the suffix -s.Only one word can be analyzed as using reduplication to indicate plural, but such an analysis is tenuous at best.",,41-49,10.0,Very uncertain -41-231,41,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -41-24-2,41,24,2,24-2,"That the construction is possible is an educated guess, based on parallel constructions in the local languages.",1435,41-50,100.0,Very uncertain -41-25-1,41,25,1,25-1,x,,41-27 41-51,100.0,Very certain -41-252,41,252,1,252-1,This sound is rare in stressed position.,,41-218,100.0, -41-253,41,253,1,253-1,This sound is rare in stressed position.,,41-219,100.0, -41-254,41,254,1,254-1,This sound is rare in stressed position. (It may be transcribed as <è> when the IPA symbol is unavailable.),,41-220,100.0, -41-255,41,255,4,255-4,,1419,,100.0, -41-256,41,256,4,256-4,,,,100.0, -41-257,41,257,1,257-1,This sound is rare in stressed position.,,41-223,100.0, -41-258,41,258,1,258-1,This sound is rare in stressed position.,,41-224,100.0, -41-259,41,259,1,259-1,"The lower mid back rounded vowel is rare in stressed position, where it is found in loans only (mostly < Dutch). (It may be transcribed as <ò> when the open-o symbol is unavailable.)",,41-225,100.0, -41-26-2,41,26,2,26-2,"Included under the rubric of reduplication are ""echo compounds"", a South Asian areal feature, in which the first part of the reduplicated word is replaced by a stock item. The size of the replaced segment and the form of the stock item vary from language to language. In Sri Lanka Portuguese and Tamil the first syllable onset and vowel are replaced by ki(i). The meaning is 'etc.'",,41-52 41-53 41-54,100.0,Very certain -41-260,41,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -41-261,41,261,4,261-4,"Following the South Asianist practice, is used to transcribe IPA [j].",,,100.0, -41-263,41,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, +Some words show initial /b/ ~ /ʋ/ variation.",,41-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-23-3,41,23,3,23-3,"Plural is normally marked by the suffix -s.Only one word can be analyzed as using reduplication to indicate plural, but such an analysis is tenuous at best.",,41-45 41-46 41-48,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-23-6,41,23,6,23-6,"Plural is normally marked by the suffix -s.Only one word can be analyzed as using reduplication to indicate plural, but such an analysis is tenuous at best.",,41-49,10.0,Very uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-231,41,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-24-2,41,24,2,24-2,"That the construction is possible is an educated guess, based on parallel constructions in the local languages.",1435,41-50,100.0,Very uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +41-25-1,41,25,1,25-1,x,,41-27 41-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-252,41,252,1,252-1,This sound is rare in stressed position.,,41-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-253,41,253,1,253-1,This sound is rare in stressed position.,,41-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-254,41,254,1,254-1,This sound is rare in stressed position. (It may be transcribed as <è> when the IPA symbol is unavailable.),,41-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-255,41,255,4,255-4,,1419,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-256,41,256,4,256-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-257,41,257,1,257-1,This sound is rare in stressed position.,,41-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-258,41,258,1,258-1,This sound is rare in stressed position.,,41-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-259,41,259,1,259-1,"The lower mid back rounded vowel is rare in stressed position, where it is found in loans only (mostly < Dutch). (It may be transcribed as <ò> when the open-o symbol is unavailable.)",,41-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-26-2,41,26,2,26-2,"Included under the rubric of reduplication are ""echo compounds"", a South Asian areal feature, in which the first part of the reduplicated word is replaced by a stock item. The size of the replaced segment and the form of the stock item vary from language to language. In Sri Lanka Portuguese and Tamil the first syllable onset and vowel are replaced by ki(i). The meaning is 'etc.'",,41-52 41-53 41-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +41-260,41,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-261,41,261,4,261-4,"Following the South Asianist practice, is used to transcribe IPA [j].",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-263,41,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 41-267,41,267,2,267-2,"[ɨ] is the usual allophone of /u/ in non-initial syllables when the preceding consonant is non-labial and the vowel of the preceding syllable is unrounded. This unrounding rule may be suppressed in careful speech. -It is transcribed as barred-u in Smith 1977, and as [ú] in Smith 1978.",1419,41-221,100.0, -41-268,41,268,1,268-1,"This is the short counterpart of /aa/, which is rare in stressed position and transcribed as /a/. The long shwa, transcribed as /əə/, is found only in loans, such as /bəəga/ 'Burgher'",,41-222,100.0, -41-27-2,41,27,2,27-2,,,41-14,100.0,Very certain -41-272,41,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -41-273,41,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, +It is transcribed as barred-u in Smith 1977, and as [ú] in Smith 1978.",1419,41-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +41-268,41,268,1,268-1,"This is the short counterpart of /aa/, which is rare in stressed position and transcribed as /a/. The long shwa, transcribed as /əə/, is found only in loans, such as /bəəga/ 'Burgher'",,41-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-27-2,41,27,2,27-2,,,41-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-272,41,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-273,41,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 41-274,41,274,1,274-1,"Surface long vowels occur only in stressed position. -The long high front unrounded vowel is transcribed as .",,41-226,100.0, +The long high front unrounded vowel is transcribed as .",,41-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 41-275,41,275,1,275-1,"Surface long vowels occur only in stressed position. -The long higher mid front unrounded vowel is transcribed as .",,41-227,100.0, -41-276,41,276,1,276-1,Surface long vowels occur only in stressed position. (It may be transcribed as <èè> when the IPA symbol is unavailable.),,41-228,100.0, -41-277,41,277,4,277-4,,1419,,100.0, -41-278,41,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, +The long higher mid front unrounded vowel is transcribed as .",,41-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-276,41,276,1,276-1,Surface long vowels occur only in stressed position. (It may be transcribed as <èè> when the IPA symbol is unavailable.),,41-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-277,41,277,4,277-4,,1419,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-278,41,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 41-279,41,279,1,279-1,"Surface long vowels occur only in stressed position. -The long high back rounded vowel is transcribed as .",,41-229,100.0, -41-28-2,41,28,2,28-2,"Demonstratives are used anaphorically - e.g. aka kaazantu in Example 55. Nonanaphoric demonstratives are not commonly used as definite markers - e.g. poɖiyaas in the Example 55 is definite but not marked. However, in Example 56, isti seems to be at most very weakly deictic; even more clearly, in Example 44 and 9 isti is neither deictic nor anaphoric. Possible distinction in the use of aka vs. isti needs to be investigated - e.g. isti seems to be used to indicate a generic.",,41-44 41-55 41-56 41-57 41-9,100.0,Very certain +The long high back rounded vowel is transcribed as .",,41-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-28-2,41,28,2,28-2,"Demonstratives are used anaphorically - e.g. aka kaazantu in Example 55. Nonanaphoric demonstratives are not commonly used as definite markers - e.g. poɖiyaas in the Example 55 is definite but not marked. However, in Example 56, isti seems to be at most very weakly deictic; even more clearly, in Example 44 and 9 isti is neither deictic nor anaphoric. Possible distinction in the use of aka vs. isti needs to be investigated - e.g. isti seems to be used to indicate a generic.",,41-44 41-55 41-56 41-57 41-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 41-280,41,280,1,280-1,"Surface long vowels occur only in stressed position. -The long higher mid back rounded vowel is transcribed as .",,41-230,100.0, -41-281,41,281,1,281-1,Surface long vowels occur only in stressed position. (It may be transcribed as <òò> when the open-o symbol is unavailable.),,41-231,100.0, +The long higher mid back rounded vowel is transcribed as .",,41-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-281,41,281,1,281-1,Surface long vowels occur only in stressed position. (It may be transcribed as <òò> when the open-o symbol is unavailable.),,41-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 41-282,41,282,1,282-1,"This is the long counterpart of schwa, not as fully back as cardinal 5. It does not contrast with [a]. -Surface long vowels occur only in stressed position.",,41-232,100.0, -41-283,41,283,3,283-3,"Short shwa is phonemically /a/, the short counterpart of /aa/",,41-234,100.0, -41-284,41,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -41-285,41,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -41-286,41,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -41-287,41,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -41-288,41,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -41-289,41,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -41-29-2,41,29,2,29-2,,,41-21 41-4 41-58,100.0,Very certain -41-290,41,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -41-291,41,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -41-3-1,41,3,1,3-1,Value 2 comment: This is found only in song lyrics and frozen constructions.,,41-7 41-8 41-9,90.0,Very certain -41-3-2,41,3,2,3-2,Value 2 comment: This is found only in song lyrics and frozen constructions.,,41-10 41-11,10.0,Certain +Surface long vowels occur only in stressed position.",,41-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +41-283,41,283,3,283-3,"Short shwa is phonemically /a/, the short counterpart of /aa/",,41-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +41-284,41,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-285,41,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-286,41,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-287,41,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-288,41,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-289,41,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-29-2,41,29,2,29-2,,,41-21 41-4 41-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-290,41,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-291,41,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-3-1,41,3,1,3-1,Value 2 comment: This is found only in song lyrics and frozen constructions.,,41-7 41-8 41-9,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +41-3-2,41,3,2,3-2,Value 2 comment: This is found only in song lyrics and frozen constructions.,,41-10 41-11,10.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 41-30-7,41,30,7,30-7,"Relative importance values are entirely impressionistic and not based on any rigorous study. The multiplicity of possibilities is partly due to the fact that plural marking is optional. -As for value 2, I have not found any examples of bare singular nouns outside songs and proverbial expressions.",,41-44,30.0,Intermediate +As for value 2, I have not found any examples of bare singular nouns outside songs and proverbial expressions.",,41-44,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-30-0000FF-30-FFFF00-30-800080.png""}",Own knowledge 41-30-4,41,30,4,30-4,"Relative importance values are entirely impressionistic and not based on any rigorous study. The multiplicity of possibilities is partly due to the fact that plural marking is optional. -As for value 2, I have not found any examples of bare singular nouns outside songs and proverbial expressions.",,41-9,30.0,Intermediate +As for value 2, I have not found any examples of bare singular nouns outside songs and proverbial expressions.",,41-9,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-30-0000FF-30-FFFF00-30-800080.png""}",Own knowledge 41-30-5,41,30,5,30-5,"Relative importance values are entirely impressionistic and not based on any rigorous study. The multiplicity of possibilities is partly due to the fact that plural marking is optional. -As for value 2, I have not found any examples of bare singular nouns outside songs and proverbial expressions.",,41-60,30.0,Certain +As for value 2, I have not found any examples of bare singular nouns outside songs and proverbial expressions.",,41-60,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-30-0000FF-30-FFFF00-30-800080.png""}",Own knowledge 41-30-2,41,30,2,30-2,"Relative importance values are entirely impressionistic and not based on any rigorous study. The multiplicity of possibilities is partly due to the fact that plural marking is optional. -As for value 2, I have not found any examples of bare singular nouns outside songs and proverbial expressions.",,41-59,10.0,Certain -41-308-3,41,308,3,308-3,,337[passim],,100.0,Very certain -41-309-1,41,309,1,309-1,"Some speakers (perhaps most), having learned Sri Lanka Portuguese in their childhood, are now Tamil-dominant.",,,100.0,Very certain -41-31-3,41,31,3,31-3,,,41-56,100.0,Very certain -41-310-4,41,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-311-3,41,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-312-1,41,312,1,312-1,This is an impressionistic judgement.,,,100.0,Intermediate -41-313-1,41,313,1,313-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -41-314-3,41,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -41-315-3,41,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-316-3,41,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-317-2,41,317,2,317-2,Traditional and non-traditional songs and music are employed within the community.,,,100.0,Certain -41-318-3,41,318,3,318-3,"Literary works (with a broad interpretation of ""literary"") were produced until the end of the 19th century.",672,,100.0,Very certain -41-319-3,41,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-32-3,41,32,3,32-3,Adnominal demonstratives are invariable. Pronominal demonstratives inflect for number and case.,,41-45 41-61 41-62,100.0,Very certain -41-320-3,41,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-321-3,41,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-322-3,41,322,3,322-3,All speakers are bilingual.,,,100.0,Very certain -41-323-3,41,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-324-3,41,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-325-3,41,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-326-2,41,326,2,326-2,The most important language currently in contact with Sri Lanka Portuguese is Tamil.,,,100.0,Very certain -41-327-2,41,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain -41-33-2,41,33,2,33-2,"In addition to marking distal location, aka is anaphoric. In additon to marking proximal location, isti can seemingly be used as a generic determiner.",,41-14 41-55,100.0,Very certain -41-330-4,41,330,4,330-4,The speakers are an urban ethnic group.,1471[70],,100.0, -41-331-4,41,331,4,331-4,The speakers are an urban ethnic group.,1471[70],,100.0, -41-332-4,41,332,4,332-4,The speakers are an urban ethnic group.,1471[70],,100.0, -41-34-2,41,34,2,34-2,The example is constructed on the basis of parallel constructions found in other local languages.,1435,41-63,100.0,Intermediate -41-35-6,41,35,6,35-6,"Two morphological formations are found: cardinal + eer for 2nd-6th and cardinal + da for 7th and beyond. The first affix occurs only with numerals; the second is found in apparently frozen constructions with a few other nouns. Traces of former suppletive forms for 2nd-6th are found in the names of the days of the week: sindafara ‘Monday’ (< segunda-feira), tɛrsafara ‘Tuesday’ (< terça-feira), kartafara ‘Wednesday’ (< quarta-feira), kintafara ‘Thursday’ (< quinta-feira), sestafara ‘Friday’ (< sesta-feira).",,41-64 41-65,100.0,Very certain -41-36-2,41,36,2,36-2,Value 2 comment: the occasional use of pesaam ‘person’ as a classifier for humans is on the model of Tamil/Sinhala.,,41-44 41-66,100.0,Intermediate -41-37-1,41,37,1,37-1,"1SG, 2SG and 1PL have suppletive possessive forms, others use the same genitive suffix as other nominals.",,41-22 41-24 41-67 41-68,100.0,Very certain -41-38-2,41,38,2,38-2,,,41-3 41-6 41-69,100.0,Very certain -41-39-1,41,39,1,39-1,"The same strategy (identity with dependent form) is used for full NPs, as in Example 70.",1416,41-70 41-71,100.0,Very certain +As for value 2, I have not found any examples of bare singular nouns outside songs and proverbial expressions.",,41-59,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-30-0000FF-30-FFFF00-30-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +41-308-3,41,308,3,308-3,,337[passim],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +41-309-1,41,309,1,309-1,"Some speakers (perhaps most), having learned Sri Lanka Portuguese in their childhood, are now Tamil-dominant.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +41-31-3,41,31,3,31-3,,,41-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +41-310-4,41,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +41-311-3,41,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-312-1,41,312,1,312-1,This is an impressionistic judgement.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +41-313-1,41,313,1,313-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-314-3,41,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-315-3,41,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-316-3,41,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-317-2,41,317,2,317-2,Traditional and non-traditional songs and music are employed within the community.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +41-318-3,41,318,3,318-3,"Literary works (with a broad interpretation of ""literary"") were produced until the end of the 19th century.",672,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-319-3,41,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-32-3,41,32,3,32-3,Adnominal demonstratives are invariable. Pronominal demonstratives inflect for number and case.,,41-45 41-61 41-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +41-320-3,41,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-321-3,41,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-322-3,41,322,3,322-3,All speakers are bilingual.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-323-3,41,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-324-3,41,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-325-3,41,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-326-2,41,326,2,326-2,The most important language currently in contact with Sri Lanka Portuguese is Tamil.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-327-2,41,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +41-33-2,41,33,2,33-2,"In addition to marking distal location, aka is anaphoric. In additon to marking proximal location, isti can seemingly be used as a generic determiner.",,41-14 41-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-330-4,41,330,4,330-4,The speakers are an urban ethnic group.,1471[70],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +41-331-4,41,331,4,331-4,The speakers are an urban ethnic group.,1471[70],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +41-332-4,41,332,4,332-4,The speakers are an urban ethnic group.,1471[70],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +41-34-2,41,34,2,34-2,The example is constructed on the basis of parallel constructions found in other local languages.,1435,41-63,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +41-35-6,41,35,6,35-6,"Two morphological formations are found: cardinal + eer for 2nd-6th and cardinal + da for 7th and beyond. The first affix occurs only with numerals; the second is found in apparently frozen constructions with a few other nouns. Traces of former suppletive forms for 2nd-6th are found in the names of the days of the week: sindafara ‘Monday’ (< segunda-feira), tɛrsafara ‘Tuesday’ (< terça-feira), kartafara ‘Wednesday’ (< quarta-feira), kintafara ‘Thursday’ (< quinta-feira), sestafara ‘Friday’ (< sesta-feira).",,41-64 41-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +41-36-2,41,36,2,36-2,Value 2 comment: the occasional use of pesaam ‘person’ as a classifier for humans is on the model of Tamil/Sinhala.,,41-44 41-66,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-37-1,41,37,1,37-1,"1SG, 2SG and 1PL have suppletive possessive forms, others use the same genitive suffix as other nominals.",,41-22 41-24 41-67 41-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +41-38-2,41,38,2,38-2,,,41-3 41-6 41-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-39-1,41,39,1,39-1,"The same strategy (identity with dependent form) is used for full NPs, as in Example 70.",1416,41-70 41-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 41-4-1,41,4,1,4-1,"Sri Lanka Portuguese has rare possessive/genitive constructions of the NP da NP type, which is found only in song lyrics and frozen constructions: fuula da rɔɔza, fɔɔya teem veerdi @@ -11072,394 +11072,394 @@ flower of rose leaf PRS.be green 'Flower of the rose, leaf is green.' Here, da could be argued to be a preposition. However, since no relationship to a verb is expressed, these examples do not qualify under the feature definition. -The da-construction has likely never been part of the colloquial language.",,41-12 41-36 41-61 41-7 41-9,100.0,Very certain -41-40-1,41,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-41-2,41,41,2,41-2,,,41-72 41-73 41-9,100.0,Very certain -41-42-2,41,42,2,42-2,,,41-72 41-73 41-9,100.0,Very certain -41-43-1,41,43,1,43-1,,,41-12 41-3 41-74,50.0,Very certain -41-43-2,41,43,2,43-2,,,41-71 41-75,50.0,Very certain -41-44-8,41,44,8,44-8,"Sri Lanka Portuguese lacks the three traditional Atlantic Creole TAM markers. In general, combinations of three tense, aspect, and mood markers don't occur. However, it is not certain that such combinations can be ruled out entirely.",,41-53 41-71 41-76 41-77 41-78 41-79,100.0,Intermediate +The da-construction has likely never been part of the colloquial language.",,41-12 41-36 41-61 41-7 41-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +41-40-1,41,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-41-2,41,41,2,41-2,,,41-72 41-73 41-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-42-2,41,42,2,42-2,,,41-72 41-73 41-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +41-43-1,41,43,1,43-1,,,41-12 41-3 41-74,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-43-2,41,43,2,43-2,,,41-71 41-75,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-44-8,41,44,8,44-8,"Sri Lanka Portuguese lacks the three traditional Atlantic Creole TAM markers. In general, combinations of three tense, aspect, and mood markers don't occur. However, it is not certain that such combinations can be ruled out entirely.",,41-53 41-71 41-76 41-77 41-78 41-79,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 41-45-1,41,45,1,45-1,"The past marker is a phonologically fused second order prefix; the only first order prefix is the perfective marker ka- (and this intervenes between the tense-marker and the verb). -The verb teem 'be' has the suppletive past form tiɲa and the verb andaa 'go' has an optional suppletive past stem: jaa-foy alongside regular jaa-andaa. Auxiliaries carry a clause's tense-marking. Tense and aspect generally are marked by separate morphemes, but when teem/ tiɲa is used as the perfect marker, tense and aspect are fused into a single form: e.g. uŋ gɔɔta jeentis-pa mee falaa tiña [one few people-DAT FOC tell be:PST] 'He had only invited a few people.'",,41-61 41-78,100.0,Very certain -41-46-1,41,46,1,46-1,"The progressive marker is analyzed as an affix because long final vowels of polysyllabic verb stems become shortened with the addition of this affix. Long vowels in monosyllabic stems do not reduce, however.",,41-76 41-77,100.0,Certain -41-47-2,41,47,2,47-2,,,41-76 41-77,100.0,Very certain -41-48-2,41,48,2,48-2,"“Only habitual” is interpreted to mean “habitual and none of the other categories mentioned.” The same marker is used for habitual marker and for verbal noun. In addition to habitual, it signals a general (timeless) state of affairs.",,41-23 41-80,100.0,Very certain +The verb teem 'be' has the suppletive past form tiɲa and the verb andaa 'go' has an optional suppletive past stem: jaa-foy alongside regular jaa-andaa. Auxiliaries carry a clause's tense-marking. Tense and aspect generally are marked by separate morphemes, but when teem/ tiɲa is used as the perfect marker, tense and aspect are fused into a single form: e.g. uŋ gɔɔta jeentis-pa mee falaa tiña [one few people-DAT FOC tell be:PST] 'He had only invited a few people.'",,41-61 41-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +41-46-1,41,46,1,46-1,"The progressive marker is analyzed as an affix because long final vowels of polysyllabic verb stems become shortened with the addition of this affix. Long vowels in monosyllabic stems do not reduce, however.",,41-76 41-77,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +41-47-2,41,47,2,47-2,,,41-76 41-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +41-48-2,41,48,2,48-2,"“Only habitual” is interpreted to mean “habitual and none of the other categories mentioned.” The same marker is used for habitual marker and for verbal noun. In addition to habitual, it signals a general (timeless) state of affairs.",,41-23 41-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 41-49-3,41,49,3,49-3,"Perfective marking can cooccur with tense markers. -A perfect aspect auxiliary (not illustrated here) is also found.",1421,41-76 41-77 41-78 41-81 41-82,100.0,Very certain -41-5-1,41,5,1,5-1,,,41-14 41-15,100.0,Very certain -41-50-4,41,50,4,50-4,"Dravidian (or Dravidian-like) influence has decoupled the positive and negative systems to some extent, so that there is not always a one-to-one correspondence between positive and negative forms. The negative markers signal aspect and modality rather than tense; they cannot be accompanied by tense markers.",1424,41-12 41-83,100.0,Very certain -41-51-1,41,51,1,51-1,"A few defective verbs, such as sava 'know' and kera 'want' may exceptionally be unmarked in the present (These two verbs have no past form.) Verbs in dependent temporal clauses have optional past and perfective marking to indicate temporal priorness (i.e. past relative to the time of the main verb). [These are the SLP versions of the South Asian “conjunctive past participle”.]",,41-154 41-181 41-89,100.0,Certain -41-52-1,41,52,1,52-1,,,41-91,100.0,Very certain -41-53-1,41,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -41-54-2,41,54,2,54-2,,,41-92,100.0,Very certain -41-55-1,41,55,1,55-1,,,41-42 41-93,100.0,Very certain -41-56-2,41,56,2,56-2,"Two prohibitives are found. numis (ta-)V and nikara (ta-)V. It is not clear if there is a meaning difference between them. Nikara(ta-) is also used as a habitual negative. The ""normal"" negators are nuku- unmarked (PRS/PST/NEARFUT) and naa(nda) marked (FUT/VOL/HAB/GENERIC/PREDICTION/CONTRARY TO EXPECTATION/POLITE Q).",,41-1 41-2 41-94 41-95,100.0,Very certain -41-57-3,41,57,3,57-3,,,41-1 41-22 41-84,100.0,Very certain -41-58-2,41,58,2,58-2,,,41-1 41-55 41-60,100.0,Very certain -41-59-2,41,59,2,59-2,,,41-12 41-2 41-75,100.0,Very certain -41-6-1,41,6,1,6-1,,,41-16 41-17,100.0,Very certain -41-60-1,41,60,1,60-1,"Dative (-pa) marking is used on the ditransitive recipient, but not on inanimate monotransitive patients. (The same marker -pa is used on animate patients, but this is left aside here.)",,41-188 41-2 41-41,100.0,Very certain -41-61-4,41,61,4,61-4,"I have no spontaneous examples in which all three arguments appear. Examples in which both recipient and theme are non-pronominal are also not common in actual language use. The only order appearing in the data is R-T, and this may be the unmarked order. In different pragmatic conditions, it would not be surprising if the order T-R were found. It may also be possible for the S to follow T or R. Note also that S and/or T and/or R may appear after the verb in a syntactically unintegrated coda characterized by low pitch (e.g. S in Example 41). Focused elements may also appear in a syntactically integrated post-verbal position. Such post-verbal elements are disregarded for the purpose of this exercise.",1416,41-41 41-57 41-58 41-96 41-97,100.0,Very certain -41-62-5,41,62,5,62-5,,1416,41-96,100.0,Very certain +A perfect aspect auxiliary (not illustrated here) is also found.",1421,41-76 41-77 41-78 41-81 41-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +41-5-1,41,5,1,5-1,,,41-14 41-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +41-50-4,41,50,4,50-4,"Dravidian (or Dravidian-like) influence has decoupled the positive and negative systems to some extent, so that there is not always a one-to-one correspondence between positive and negative forms. The negative markers signal aspect and modality rather than tense; they cannot be accompanied by tense markers.",1424,41-12 41-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +41-51-1,41,51,1,51-1,"A few defective verbs, such as sava 'know' and kera 'want' may exceptionally be unmarked in the present (These two verbs have no past form.) Verbs in dependent temporal clauses have optional past and perfective marking to indicate temporal priorness (i.e. past relative to the time of the main verb). [These are the SLP versions of the South Asian “conjunctive past participle”.]",,41-154 41-181 41-89,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-52-1,41,52,1,52-1,,,41-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-53-1,41,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-54-2,41,54,2,54-2,,,41-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +41-55-1,41,55,1,55-1,,,41-42 41-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +41-56-2,41,56,2,56-2,"Two prohibitives are found. numis (ta-)V and nikara (ta-)V. It is not clear if there is a meaning difference between them. Nikara(ta-) is also used as a habitual negative. The ""normal"" negators are nuku- unmarked (PRS/PST/NEARFUT) and naa(nda) marked (FUT/VOL/HAB/GENERIC/PREDICTION/CONTRARY TO EXPECTATION/POLITE Q).",,41-1 41-2 41-94 41-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-57-3,41,57,3,57-3,,,41-1 41-22 41-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +41-58-2,41,58,2,58-2,,,41-1 41-55 41-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-59-2,41,59,2,59-2,,,41-12 41-2 41-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-6-1,41,6,1,6-1,,,41-16 41-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +41-60-1,41,60,1,60-1,"Dative (-pa) marking is used on the ditransitive recipient, but not on inanimate monotransitive patients. (The same marker -pa is used on animate patients, but this is left aside here.)",,41-188 41-2 41-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +41-61-4,41,61,4,61-4,"I have no spontaneous examples in which all three arguments appear. Examples in which both recipient and theme are non-pronominal are also not common in actual language use. The only order appearing in the data is R-T, and this may be the unmarked order. In different pragmatic conditions, it would not be surprising if the order T-R were found. It may also be possible for the S to follow T or R. Note also that S and/or T and/or R may appear after the verb in a syntactically unintegrated coda characterized by low pitch (e.g. S in Example 41). Focused elements may also appear in a syntactically integrated post-verbal position. Such post-verbal elements are disregarded for the purpose of this exercise.",1416,41-41 41-57 41-58 41-96 41-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +41-62-5,41,62,5,62-5,,1416,41-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", 41-63-3,41,63,3,63-3,"The element =ley 'it seems' is an enclitic that can often be translated as 'like'. So syntactically here it has a clause(or maybe just a VP) as its scope, but in other contexts its scope is narrower (aka=ley jeentis 'people like that'). Also it can function syntactically as an adverbializer, like Tamil =aa. It has no verbal characteristics. -Note that in Sri Lankan English, it seems is grammaticalized as the marker of the ""reportative"" evidential, corresponding to Sri Lanka Portuguese =ski, Tamil =aam, Sinhala =lu.",,41-98,100.0,Very certain -41-64-2,41,64,2,64-2,,1416,41-15,100.0,Very certain -41-65-1,41,65,1,65-1,,1416,41-99,100.0,Very certain -41-66-3,41,66,3,66-3,"The experiencer can be in the dative. There is considerable literature on Dative ""subjects"" in South Asian languages. The conclusion is generally that although these Dative marked experiencers don't have typical subject case marking, nevertheless they possess other subject properties.",1416,41-101 41-102,50.0,Very certain -41-66-5,41,66,5,66-5,"The experiencer can be in the dative. There is considerable literature on Dative ""subjects"" in South Asian languages. The conclusion is generally that although these Dative marked experiencers don't have typical subject case marking, nevertheless they possess other subject properties.",1416,41-100 41-102,50.0,Very certain -41-67-6,41,67,6,67-6,"The scanty evidence available is not clear. One ""like-(want)"" construction has dizeey teem 'desire is' with a DAT experiencer; another has fikaa dizeey 'become desire', with a NOM experiencer. Possibly in the latter fikaa dizeey is a lexicalized compound. The experiencer can be either dative or nominative. The Stimulus is generally unmarked (which could be NOM or ACC in the case of inanimates), and not found clause initially, where subjects are usually placed. In Example 104 the (human) stimulus is in Locative case, but the construction can be construed as an NP rather than as a full clause.",1416,41-103 41-104,50.0,Certain -41-67-1,41,67,1,67-1,"The scanty evidence available is not clear. One ""like-(want)"" construction has dizeey teem 'desire is' with a DAT experiencer; another has fikaa dizeey 'become desire', with a NOM experiencer. Possibly in the latter fikaa dizeey is a lexicalized compound. The experiencer can be either dative or nominative. The Stimulus is generally unmarked (which could be NOM or ACC in the case of inanimates), and not found clause initially, where subjects are usually placed. In Example 104 the (human) stimulus is in Locative case, but the construction can be construed as an NP rather than as a full clause.",1416,41-105 41-90,50.0,Intermediate -41-68-2,41,68,2,68-2,There is insufficient evidence to provide definitive input for this feature.,1435,41-106 41-107,100.0,Uncertain -41-69-1,41,69,1,69-1,,1416,41-108 41-109 41-110 41-111,100.0,Very certain -41-7-2,41,7,2,7-2,,,41-1 41-18,100.0,Very certain -41-70-2,41,70,2,70-2,,1416,41-108 41-109 41-112 41-7,100.0,Very certain -41-71-2,41,71,2,71-2,,,41-3 41-7,100.0,Very certain +Note that in Sri Lankan English, it seems is grammaticalized as the marker of the ""reportative"" evidential, corresponding to Sri Lanka Portuguese =ski, Tamil =aam, Sinhala =lu.",,41-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +41-64-2,41,64,2,64-2,,1416,41-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +41-65-1,41,65,1,65-1,,1416,41-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +41-66-3,41,66,3,66-3,"The experiencer can be in the dative. There is considerable literature on Dative ""subjects"" in South Asian languages. The conclusion is generally that although these Dative marked experiencers don't have typical subject case marking, nevertheless they possess other subject properties.",1416,41-101 41-102,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +41-66-5,41,66,5,66-5,"The experiencer can be in the dative. There is considerable literature on Dative ""subjects"" in South Asian languages. The conclusion is generally that although these Dative marked experiencers don't have typical subject case marking, nevertheless they possess other subject properties.",1416,41-100 41-102,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +41-67-6,41,67,6,67-6,"The scanty evidence available is not clear. One ""like-(want)"" construction has dizeey teem 'desire is' with a DAT experiencer; another has fikaa dizeey 'become desire', with a NOM experiencer. Possibly in the latter fikaa dizeey is a lexicalized compound. The experiencer can be either dative or nominative. The Stimulus is generally unmarked (which could be NOM or ACC in the case of inanimates), and not found clause initially, where subjects are usually placed. In Example 104 the (human) stimulus is in Locative case, but the construction can be construed as an NP rather than as a full clause.",1416,41-103 41-104,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +41-67-1,41,67,1,67-1,"The scanty evidence available is not clear. One ""like-(want)"" construction has dizeey teem 'desire is' with a DAT experiencer; another has fikaa dizeey 'become desire', with a NOM experiencer. Possibly in the latter fikaa dizeey is a lexicalized compound. The experiencer can be either dative or nominative. The Stimulus is generally unmarked (which could be NOM or ACC in the case of inanimates), and not found clause initially, where subjects are usually placed. In Example 104 the (human) stimulus is in Locative case, but the construction can be construed as an NP rather than as a full clause.",1416,41-105 41-90,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +41-68-2,41,68,2,68-2,There is insufficient evidence to provide definitive input for this feature.,1435,41-106 41-107,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +41-69-1,41,69,1,69-1,,1416,41-108 41-109 41-110 41-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +41-7-2,41,7,2,7-2,,,41-1 41-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-70-2,41,70,2,70-2,,1416,41-108 41-109 41-112 41-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +41-71-2,41,71,2,71-2,,,41-3 41-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 41-72-3,41,72,3,72-3,"NP coordination uses kum. VP coordination uses the ""conjunctive participle"", a South Asian areal feature. The unmarked conjunctive participle in Sri Lanka Portuguese is identical to the verb stem; the perfective conjunctive participle is marked with the suffix -tu (which has no other function). -Clausal coordination is most frequently unmarked. The particle taam 'also; even' may also be used.",1416,41-10 41-113 41-3 41-44 41-54 41-98,100.0,Very certain -41-73-2,41,73,2,73-2,"The unmarked construction does not use a copula. However, very rarely a copula is found and may represent the retention of an archaic construction.",1416,41-114 41-115 41-19 41-24 41-78,100.0,Intermediate -41-74-3,41,74,3,74-3,"The unmarked construction does not use a copula. However, occasionally a copula is found and may represent the retention of an archaic construction. The adjective may take the enclitic =ley 'like'. In this case a copula is obligatory. (This construction is calqued, probably from Tamil.)",1416,41-116 41-117 41-5 41-73,100.0,Certain -41-75-1,41,75,1,75-1,,1416,41-118 41-119,100.0,Very certain -41-76-2,41,76,2,76-2,"See note to Feature 73 ""Predicative noun phrases"". The marginal possibility of a copula with an NP complement is ignored in assigning a value for this feature.",1416,41-115 41-118 41-119 41-78,100.0,Very certain -41-77-5,41,77,5,77-5,"The different constructions fulfill different functions. Dative and genitive possessor constructions seem to be used for inalienable possession and permanent possession. (No clear difference between the two emerges, except that the dative construction does not require the copula.) The locative human possessor construction is used mainly for temporary alienable possession. The nominative possessor construction seems to be used for nonhuman possession/attribution.",1416,41-122 41-123,23.0769230769231,Certain -41-77-4,41,77,4,77-4,"The different constructions fulfill different functions. Dative and genitive possessor constructions seem to be used for inalienable possession and permanent possession. (No clear difference between the two emerges, except that the dative construction does not require the copula.) The locative human possessor construction is used mainly for temporary alienable possession. The nominative possessor construction seems to be used for nonhuman possession/attribution.",1416,41-126 41-127 41-36,23.0769230769231,Certain -41-77-1,41,77,1,77-1,"The different constructions fulfill different functions. Dative and genitive possessor constructions seem to be used for inalienable possession and permanent possession. (No clear difference between the two emerges, except that the dative construction does not require the copula.) The locative human possessor construction is used mainly for temporary alienable possession. The nominative possessor construction seems to be used for nonhuman possession/attribution.",1416,41-128,7.69230769230769,Certain -41-77-3,41,77,3,77-3,"The different constructions fulfill different functions. Dative and genitive possessor constructions seem to be used for inalienable possession and permanent possession. (No clear difference between the two emerges, except that the dative construction does not require the copula.) The locative human possessor construction is used mainly for temporary alienable possession. The nominative possessor construction seems to be used for nonhuman possession/attribution.",1416,41-121 41-124,23.0769230769231,Certain -41-77-2,41,77,2,77-2,"The different constructions fulfill different functions. Dative and genitive possessor constructions seem to be used for inalienable possession and permanent possession. (No clear difference between the two emerges, except that the dative construction does not require the copula.) The locative human possessor construction is used mainly for temporary alienable possession. The nominative possessor construction seems to be used for nonhuman possession/attribution.",1416,41-120 41-125 41-129 41-130 41-131,23.0769230769231,Certain -41-78-2,41,78,2,78-2,"Several possession constructions are found. Aside from the transitive construction mentioned here, there is a copulative construction which (as Examples 146, 86 and 150 show) is not always differentiated from the existential use of the copula.",1416,41-128 41-132 41-46,100.0,Very certain -41-79-3,41,79,3,79-3,,1416,41-135,30.0,Certain -41-79-1,41,79,1,79-1,,1416,41-136,70.0,Very certain -41-8-1,41,8,1,8-1,,1416,41-19 41-20,100.0,Very certain -41-80-3,41,80,3,80-3,,1416,41-137,100.0,Very certain -41-81-2,41,81,2,81-2,,1416,41-133 41-134,100.0,Very certain -41-84-3,41,84,3,84-3,,1416,,100.0,Very certain -41-85-1,41,85,1,85-1,,1416,,100.0,Very certain -41-86-2,41,86,2,86-2,"The construction here is identical to the ""conjunctive participle"" construction (see Feature 72 ""Nominal and verbal conjunction""). In Tamil and Sinhala the conjunctive participle is clearly a subordinate verb form, but in Sri Lanka Portuguese the conjunctive participle is identical to the bare verb. In Tamil & Sinhala these benefactive/recipient constructions use the conjunctive participle. Thus the fact that this looks like a ""true"" serial verb construction in Sri Lanka Portuguese may be accidental. In conjunctive participle constructions, the nonfinal verb can usually be replaced by a perfective form, but the perfective does not seem to appear with these benefactive constructions. This is perhaps a weak argument in favour of treating these as serial verb constructions.",1416,41-138 41-139 41-140,100.0,Very certain -41-87-4,41,87,4,87-4,Examples of reflexives are rather few. The suffix -taam is also used as a self-benefactive (E.g. 'Take yourself a coconut') and is used as the progressive marker. The same is true of the Tamil counterpart koɭ.,1416,41-141 41-142,100.0,Very certain -41-88-2,41,88,2,88-2,The intensifier is mee. The reflexive marker is -taam.,,41-141 41-142 41-94,100.0,Very certain -41-89-3,41,89,3,89-3,,1416,41-141 41-143 41-144,100.0,Very certain -41-9-1,41,9,1,9-1,The demonstrative may function as definite article (marking seems optional); there are no examples of use in associative contexts.,,41-15 41-9,100.0,Certain -41-90-1,41,90,1,90-1,The productivity of this construction needs to be investigated in order to establish its status as a true passive. The verb + du form may be better analyzed as an adjective. Such forms appear prenominally. Intransitive verbs appear in this pseudo-passive construction (as in Example 6).,1416,41-145 41-146 41-147 41-6,100.0,Intermediate -41-91-8,41,91,8,91-8,,1416,,100.0,Very certain -41-92-4,41,92,4,92-4,,1416,41-1 41-119 41-139 41-18 41-80,100.0,Very certain -41-93-4,41,93,4,93-4,,1416,41-34,100.0,Very certain -41-94-9,41,94,9,94-9,Zero and gap of entire intrumental expression (no stranded postposition).,1416,41-47,100.0,Very certain +Clausal coordination is most frequently unmarked. The particle taam 'also; even' may also be used.",1416,41-10 41-113 41-3 41-44 41-54 41-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +41-73-2,41,73,2,73-2,"The unmarked construction does not use a copula. However, very rarely a copula is found and may represent the retention of an archaic construction.",1416,41-114 41-115 41-19 41-24 41-78,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +41-74-3,41,74,3,74-3,"The unmarked construction does not use a copula. However, occasionally a copula is found and may represent the retention of an archaic construction. The adjective may take the enclitic =ley 'like'. In this case a copula is obligatory. (This construction is calqued, probably from Tamil.)",1416,41-116 41-117 41-5 41-73,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +41-75-1,41,75,1,75-1,,1416,41-118 41-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-76-2,41,76,2,76-2,"See note to Feature 73 ""Predicative noun phrases"". The marginal possibility of a copula with an NP complement is ignored in assigning a value for this feature.",1416,41-115 41-118 41-119 41-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +41-77-5,41,77,5,77-5,"The different constructions fulfill different functions. Dative and genitive possessor constructions seem to be used for inalienable possession and permanent possession. (No clear difference between the two emerges, except that the dative construction does not require the copula.) The locative human possessor construction is used mainly for temporary alienable possession. The nominative possessor construction seems to be used for nonhuman possession/attribution.",1416,41-122 41-123,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-8-FF0000-24-FFFF00-24-000000-24-ADD8E6-24-FF7F00.png""}", +41-77-4,41,77,4,77-4,"The different constructions fulfill different functions. Dative and genitive possessor constructions seem to be used for inalienable possession and permanent possession. (No clear difference between the two emerges, except that the dative construction does not require the copula.) The locative human possessor construction is used mainly for temporary alienable possession. The nominative possessor construction seems to be used for nonhuman possession/attribution.",1416,41-126 41-127 41-36,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-8-FF0000-24-FFFF00-24-000000-24-ADD8E6-24-FF7F00.png""}", +41-77-1,41,77,1,77-1,"The different constructions fulfill different functions. Dative and genitive possessor constructions seem to be used for inalienable possession and permanent possession. (No clear difference between the two emerges, except that the dative construction does not require the copula.) The locative human possessor construction is used mainly for temporary alienable possession. The nominative possessor construction seems to be used for nonhuman possession/attribution.",1416,41-128,7.69230769230769,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-8-FF0000-24-FFFF00-24-000000-24-ADD8E6-24-FF7F00.png""}", +41-77-3,41,77,3,77-3,"The different constructions fulfill different functions. Dative and genitive possessor constructions seem to be used for inalienable possession and permanent possession. (No clear difference between the two emerges, except that the dative construction does not require the copula.) The locative human possessor construction is used mainly for temporary alienable possession. The nominative possessor construction seems to be used for nonhuman possession/attribution.",1416,41-121 41-124,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-8-FF0000-24-FFFF00-24-000000-24-ADD8E6-24-FF7F00.png""}", +41-77-2,41,77,2,77-2,"The different constructions fulfill different functions. Dative and genitive possessor constructions seem to be used for inalienable possession and permanent possession. (No clear difference between the two emerges, except that the dative construction does not require the copula.) The locative human possessor construction is used mainly for temporary alienable possession. The nominative possessor construction seems to be used for nonhuman possession/attribution.",1416,41-120 41-125 41-129 41-130 41-131,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 5, ""icon"": ""pie-8-FF0000-24-FFFF00-24-000000-24-ADD8E6-24-FF7F00.png""}", +41-78-2,41,78,2,78-2,"Several possession constructions are found. Aside from the transitive construction mentioned here, there is a copulative construction which (as Examples 146, 86 and 150 show) is not always differentiated from the existential use of the copula.",1416,41-128 41-132 41-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-79-3,41,79,3,79-3,,1416,41-135,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-0000FF.png""}", +41-79-1,41,79,1,79-1,,1416,41-136,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-0000FF.png""}", +41-8-1,41,8,1,8-1,,1416,41-19 41-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +41-80-3,41,80,3,80-3,,1416,41-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +41-81-2,41,81,2,81-2,,1416,41-133 41-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-84-3,41,84,3,84-3,,1416,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-85-1,41,85,1,85-1,,1416,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-86-2,41,86,2,86-2,"The construction here is identical to the ""conjunctive participle"" construction (see Feature 72 ""Nominal and verbal conjunction""). In Tamil and Sinhala the conjunctive participle is clearly a subordinate verb form, but in Sri Lanka Portuguese the conjunctive participle is identical to the bare verb. In Tamil & Sinhala these benefactive/recipient constructions use the conjunctive participle. Thus the fact that this looks like a ""true"" serial verb construction in Sri Lanka Portuguese may be accidental. In conjunctive participle constructions, the nonfinal verb can usually be replaced by a perfective form, but the perfective does not seem to appear with these benefactive constructions. This is perhaps a weak argument in favour of treating these as serial verb constructions.",1416,41-138 41-139 41-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-87-4,41,87,4,87-4,Examples of reflexives are rather few. The suffix -taam is also used as a self-benefactive (E.g. 'Take yourself a coconut') and is used as the progressive marker. The same is true of the Tamil counterpart koɭ.,1416,41-141 41-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +41-88-2,41,88,2,88-2,The intensifier is mee. The reflexive marker is -taam.,,41-141 41-142 41-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +41-89-3,41,89,3,89-3,,1416,41-141 41-143 41-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +41-9-1,41,9,1,9-1,The demonstrative may function as definite article (marking seems optional); there are no examples of use in associative contexts.,,41-15 41-9,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +41-90-1,41,90,1,90-1,The productivity of this construction needs to be investigated in order to establish its status as a true passive. The verb + du form may be better analyzed as an adjective. Such forms appear prenominally. Intransitive verbs appear in this pseudo-passive construction (as in Example 6).,1416,41-145 41-146 41-147 41-6,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +41-91-8,41,91,8,91-8,,1416,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}", +41-92-4,41,92,4,92-4,,1416,41-1 41-119 41-139 41-18 41-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +41-93-4,41,93,4,93-4,,1416,41-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +41-94-9,41,94,9,94-9,Zero and gap of entire intrumental expression (no stranded postposition).,1416,41-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", 41-95-1,41,95,1,95-1,"The bare quotative falaa is best construed as a conjunctive participle (see Feature 72 ""Nominal and verbal conjunction""), which, though expressed by the bare verb in Sri Lanka Portuguese, is a distinct form in Tamil and Sinhala. -The complementizer falaa-tu is the perfective participle of 'say'.",1416,41-150 41-48 41-94,45.4545454545455,Very certain +The complementizer falaa-tu is the perfective participle of 'say'.",1416,41-150 41-48 41-94,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FFFF00-46-FF0000-10-FFFFFF.png""}", 41-95-2,41,95,2,95-2,"The bare quotative falaa is best construed as a conjunctive participle (see Feature 72 ""Nominal and verbal conjunction""), which, though expressed by the bare verb in Sri Lanka Portuguese, is a distinct form in Tamil and Sinhala. -The complementizer falaa-tu is the perfective participle of 'say'.",1416,41-148 41-149 41-151 41-9,45.4545454545455,Very certain +The complementizer falaa-tu is the perfective participle of 'say'.",1416,41-148 41-149 41-151 41-9,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FFFF00-46-FF0000-10-FFFFFF.png""}", 41-95-4,41,95,4,95-4,"The bare quotative falaa is best construed as a conjunctive participle (see Feature 72 ""Nominal and verbal conjunction""), which, though expressed by the bare verb in Sri Lanka Portuguese, is a distinct form in Tamil and Sinhala. -The complementizer falaa-tu is the perfective participle of 'say'.",1416,41-60,9.09090909090909,Certain +The complementizer falaa-tu is the perfective participle of 'say'.",1416,41-60,9.09090909090909,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FFFF00-46-FF0000-10-FFFFFF.png""}", 41-96-4,41,96,4,96-4,"Comment on Value 1: The bare quotative complementizer falaa is best construed as a conjunctive participle (see Feature 72 ""Nominal and verbal conjunction""), which, though expressed by the bare verb in Sri Lanka Portuguese, is a distinct form in Tamil and Sinhala. Both examples for Value 1 are indirect questions; no indirect statements appear in the corpus using falaa as a complementizer, but this reflects a limitation of the corpus rather than a grammatical constraint. Comment on Value 2: The complementizer is the perfective participle of 'say'. Comment on Value 3: The indefinite particle voo can be used as a complementizer in indirect questions in order to emphasize that the speaker has no idea. noos oondi jaa-nasa voo deevs-pa mee saba [1PL where PST-be.born INDF god-DAT FOC know] 'Where (the heck) we were born, God only knows.' -The ""relative importance"" indications are impressionistic rather than empirically based.",1416,41-158,9.09090909090909,Certain +The ""relative importance"" indications are impressionistic rather than empirically based.",1416,41-158,9.09090909090909,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FFFF00-46-FF0000-10-FFFFFF.png""}", 41-96-2,41,96,2,96-2,"Comment on Value 1: The bare quotative complementizer falaa is best construed as a conjunctive participle (see Feature 72 ""Nominal and verbal conjunction""), which, though expressed by the bare verb in Sri Lanka Portuguese, is a distinct form in Tamil and Sinhala. Both examples for Value 1 are indirect questions; no indirect statements appear in the corpus using falaa as a complementizer, but this reflects a limitation of the corpus rather than a grammatical constraint. Comment on Value 2: The complementizer is the perfective participle of 'say'. Comment on Value 3: The indefinite particle voo can be used as a complementizer in indirect questions in order to emphasize that the speaker has no idea. noos oondi jaa-nasa voo deevs-pa mee saba [1PL where PST-be.born INDF god-DAT FOC know] 'Where (the heck) we were born, God only knows.' -The ""relative importance"" indications are impressionistic rather than empirically based.",1416,41-153 41-154 41-157 41-159,45.4545454545455,Very certain +The ""relative importance"" indications are impressionistic rather than empirically based.",1416,41-153 41-154 41-157 41-159,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FFFF00-46-FF0000-10-FFFFFF.png""}", 41-96-1,41,96,1,96-1,"Comment on Value 1: The bare quotative complementizer falaa is best construed as a conjunctive participle (see Feature 72 ""Nominal and verbal conjunction""), which, though expressed by the bare verb in Sri Lanka Portuguese, is a distinct form in Tamil and Sinhala. Both examples for Value 1 are indirect questions; no indirect statements appear in the corpus using falaa as a complementizer, but this reflects a limitation of the corpus rather than a grammatical constraint. Comment on Value 2: The complementizer is the perfective participle of 'say'. Comment on Value 3: The indefinite particle voo can be used as a complementizer in indirect questions in order to emphasize that the speaker has no idea. noos oondi jaa-nasa voo deevs-pa mee saba [1PL where PST-be.born INDF god-DAT FOC know] 'Where (the heck) we were born, God only knows.' -The ""relative importance"" indications are impressionistic rather than empirically based.",1416,41-152 41-155,45.4545454545455,Very certain -41-97-4,41,97,4,97-4,"The form kera is treated as a quasi-verbal particle since it does not take TAM or other markers charactersitic of verbs. It has both desiderative and intentive (translated as 'be going to V')readings, which are often indistinguishable. It also occurs as a predicator, meaning 'want/need' (seen in Examples 15 and 18), taking a dative experiencer and an NP complement. Elicitations of the type 'A wants B to Verb' yield constructions with a nominative experiencer and an infinitival or nominalized complement. E.g. eev kera boos taam pa-vii/ki-ta-vii [1SG want 2SG CONJ INF-come/NMLZ-PRS-come] 'I want you to come too.' No examples of this type are found in the spontaneous corpus. Kera has a corresponding negative form, nikara (which is also used as a prohibitive and as a habitual negative).",1416,41-160 41-161 41-162,100.0,Certain -41-98-6,41,98,6,98-6,I have no naturalistic examples of 'want' and a complement clause with a different subject. The examples are elicited and may be calqued from English.,1416,41-163 41-164 41-87 41-88,100.0,Very certain -41-99-2,41,99,2,99-2,,1416,41-165,100.0,Very certain -42-0-3,42,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -42-1-2,42,1,2,1-2,,122[176],42-1,100.0,Very certain -42-10-1,42,10,1,10-1,,122[85-87],42-19,100.0,Very certain -42-100-4,42,100,4,100-4,It should be noted that there is also a negative-future-irrealis marker: nadi. This is placed preverbally.,,42-178,100.0,Very certain -42-101-1,42,101,1,101-1,,,42-179,100.0,Very certain -42-102-1,42,102,1,102-1,,122[55],42-180 42-181 42-182 42-183,100.0,Very certain -42-103-2,42,103,2,103-2,,122[187],42-184 42-185 42-186 42-187,50.0,Very certain -42-103-7,42,103,7,103-7,,122[187],42-188,50.0,Intermediate -42-104-1,42,104,1,104-1,,122[210],42-189,100.0,Very certain -42-105-3,42,105,3,105-3,,,42-190,100.0,Very certain -42-106-2,42,106,2,106-2,,,42-191,100.0,Certain -42-107-7,42,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -42-108-4,42,108,4,108-4,There are no clicks.,,,100.0,Very certain -42-109-1,42,109,1,109-1,,120[47],42-192,100.0,Very certain -42-11-2,42,11,2,11-2,"Baxter (1988) notes that most frequency adverbs can occur in pre-subject, pre-predicate and post predicate positions. This was tested with native speakers in Malacca, October 26, 2009. This order is predominant and considered 'normal'. However, post predicate order is also possible, yet is less frequent.",,42-20,70.0,Very certain -42-11-3,42,11,3,11-3,"Baxter (1988) notes that most frequency adverbs can occur in pre-subject, pre-predicate and post predicate positions. This was tested with native speakers in Malacca, October 26, 2009. This order is predominant and considered 'normal'. However, post predicate order is also possible, yet is less frequent.",,42-21,30.0,Very certain -42-110-1,42,110,1,110-1,,122[201];120[78],42-193,100.0,Very certain -42-111-1,42,111,1,111-1,,120[54],42-194,100.0,Very certain -42-112-1,42,112,1,112-1,The same applies to foot (= foot + leg below knee) vs. leg (= leg above knee).,120[58],42-195,100.0,Very certain -42-113-4,42,113,4,113-4,,120[24],42-196 42-197 42-198,100.0,Very certain -42-114-2,42,114,2,114-2,,120[42];120[71],42-199 42-200,100.0,Very certain -42-115-2,42,115,2,115-2,,120[89];120[21],42-201 42-202,100.0,Very certain -42-116-2,42,116,2,116-2,,120[10];120[13],42-203 42-204,100.0,Very certain -42-117-2,42,117,2,117-2,,122[50],42-205 42-206,100.0,Very certain -42-118-3,42,118,3,118-3,,120[48],42-207 42-208 42-209 42-210,100.0,Very certain -42-119-2,42,119,2,119-2,Words with nasal in coda are much more frequent than with liquid in coda.,120[18],42-210 42-211 42-212 42-213 42-214,100.0,Very certain -42-12-1,42,12,1,12-1,,122[189],42-22 42-23,70.0,Very certain -42-12-2,42,12,2,12-2,,122[189],42-24,30.0,Very certain -42-120-1,42,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -42-121-3,42,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -42-122-4,42,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -42-123-2,42,123,2,123-2,The vowel /ë/ only contrasts with other vowels in medial position and never carries stress.,,42-237,100.0, -42-124-2,42,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0, -42-125-4,42,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -42-126-1,42,126,1,126-1,,,42-227,100.0, -42-127-6,42,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -42-128-1,42,128,1,128-1,,,42-230,100.0, -42-129-2,42,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -42-13-1,42,13,1,13-1,,122[53],42-25 42-26,100.0,Very certain -42-130-4,42,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -42-131,42,131,1,131-1,,,42-216,100.0, -42-132,42,132,1,132-1,,,42-218,100.0, -42-133,42,133,1,133-1,,,42-219,100.0, -42-134,42,134,1,134-1,,,42-220,100.0, -42-137,42,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -42-138,42,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -42-139,42,139,1,139-1,,,42-222,100.0, -42-14-1,42,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -42-140,42,140,1,140-1,,,42-223,100.0, -42-143,42,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -42-144,42,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -42-145,42,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -42-146,42,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -42-147,42,147,1,147-1,,,42-217,100.0, -42-148,42,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -42-149,42,149,1,149-1,,,42-221,100.0, -42-15-1,42,15,1,15-1,,122[53],42-27,100.0,Very certain -42-151,42,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -42-152,42,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -42-153,42,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -42-155,42,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -42-156,42,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -42-158,42,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -42-159,42,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -42-16-1,42,16,1,16-1,,122[53],42-28,100.0,Very certain -42-160,42,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -42-161,42,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -42-163,42,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -42-168,42,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -42-169,42,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -42-17-1,42,17,1,17-1,,,42-104 42-29,100.0,Very certain -42-170,42,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -42-171,42,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -42-172,42,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -42-173,42,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -42-174,42,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -42-176,42,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -42-178,42,178,1,178-1,,,42-228,100.0, -42-179,42,179,1,179-1,,,42-229,100.0, -42-18-1,42,18,1,18-1,,122[53],42-30,100.0,Very certain -42-180,42,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -42-181,42,181,1,181-1,,,42-230,100.0, -42-182,42,182,1,182-1,,,42-231,100.0, -42-183,42,183,1,183-1,,,42-232,100.0, -42-184,42,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -42-187,42,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -42-188,42,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -42-189,42,189,1,189-1,,,42-224,100.0, +The ""relative importance"" indications are impressionistic rather than empirically based.",1416,41-152 41-155,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FFFF00-46-FF0000-10-FFFFFF.png""}", +41-97-4,41,97,4,97-4,"The form kera is treated as a quasi-verbal particle since it does not take TAM or other markers charactersitic of verbs. It has both desiderative and intentive (translated as 'be going to V')readings, which are often indistinguishable. It also occurs as a predicator, meaning 'want/need' (seen in Examples 15 and 18), taking a dative experiencer and an NP complement. Elicitations of the type 'A wants B to Verb' yield constructions with a nominative experiencer and an infinitival or nominalized complement. E.g. eev kera boos taam pa-vii/ki-ta-vii [1SG want 2SG CONJ INF-come/NMLZ-PRS-come] 'I want you to come too.' No examples of this type are found in the spontaneous corpus. Kera has a corresponding negative form, nikara (which is also used as a prohibitive and as a habitual negative).",1416,41-160 41-161 41-162,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +41-98-6,41,98,6,98-6,I have no naturalistic examples of 'want' and a complement clause with a different subject. The examples are elicited and may be calqued from English.,1416,41-163 41-164 41-87 41-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +41-99-2,41,99,2,99-2,,1416,41-165,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-0-3,42,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +42-1-2,42,1,2,1-2,,122[176],42-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +42-10-1,42,10,1,10-1,,122[85-87],42-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +42-100-4,42,100,4,100-4,It should be noted that there is also a negative-future-irrealis marker: nadi. This is placed preverbally.,,42-178,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +42-101-1,42,101,1,101-1,,,42-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +42-102-1,42,102,1,102-1,,122[55],42-180 42-181 42-182 42-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +42-103-2,42,103,2,103-2,,122[187],42-184 42-185 42-186 42-187,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-103-7,42,103,7,103-7,,122[187],42-188,50.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-104-1,42,104,1,104-1,,122[210],42-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-105-3,42,105,3,105-3,,,42-190,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-106-2,42,106,2,106-2,,,42-191,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-107-7,42,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-108-4,42,108,4,108-4,There are no clicks.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +42-109-1,42,109,1,109-1,,120[47],42-192,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-11-2,42,11,2,11-2,"Baxter (1988) notes that most frequency adverbs can occur in pre-subject, pre-predicate and post predicate positions. This was tested with native speakers in Malacca, October 26, 2009. This order is predominant and considered 'normal'. However, post predicate order is also possible, yet is less frequent.",,42-20,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +42-11-3,42,11,3,11-3,"Baxter (1988) notes that most frequency adverbs can occur in pre-subject, pre-predicate and post predicate positions. This was tested with native speakers in Malacca, October 26, 2009. This order is predominant and considered 'normal'. However, post predicate order is also possible, yet is less frequent.",,42-21,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +42-110-1,42,110,1,110-1,,122[201];120[78],42-193,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-111-1,42,111,1,111-1,,120[54],42-194,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +42-112-1,42,112,1,112-1,The same applies to foot (= foot + leg below knee) vs. leg (= leg above knee).,120[58],42-195,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-113-4,42,113,4,113-4,,120[24],42-196 42-197 42-198,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +42-114-2,42,114,2,114-2,,120[42];120[71],42-199 42-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-115-2,42,115,2,115-2,,120[89];120[21],42-201 42-202,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-116-2,42,116,2,116-2,,120[10];120[13],42-203 42-204,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-117-2,42,117,2,117-2,,122[50],42-205 42-206,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +42-118-3,42,118,3,118-3,,120[48],42-207 42-208 42-209 42-210,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-119-2,42,119,2,119-2,Words with nasal in coda are much more frequent than with liquid in coda.,120[18],42-210 42-211 42-212 42-213 42-214,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +42-12-1,42,12,1,12-1,,122[189],42-22 42-23,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-12-2,42,12,2,12-2,,122[189],42-24,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-120-1,42,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +42-121-3,42,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-122-4,42,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +42-123-2,42,123,2,123-2,The vowel /ë/ only contrasts with other vowels in medial position and never carries stress.,,42-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +42-124-2,42,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +42-125-4,42,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-126-1,42,126,1,126-1,,,42-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-127-6,42,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-128-1,42,128,1,128-1,,,42-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-129-2,42,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-13-1,42,13,1,13-1,,122[53],42-25 42-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +42-130-4,42,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-131,42,131,1,131-1,,,42-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-132,42,132,1,132-1,,,42-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-133,42,133,1,133-1,,,42-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-134,42,134,1,134-1,,,42-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-137,42,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-138,42,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-139,42,139,1,139-1,,,42-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-14-1,42,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-140,42,140,1,140-1,,,42-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-143,42,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-144,42,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-145,42,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-146,42,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-147,42,147,1,147-1,,,42-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-148,42,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-149,42,149,1,149-1,,,42-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-15-1,42,15,1,15-1,,122[53],42-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +42-151,42,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-152,42,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-153,42,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-155,42,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-156,42,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-158,42,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-159,42,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-16-1,42,16,1,16-1,,122[53],42-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-160,42,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-161,42,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-163,42,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-168,42,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-169,42,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-17-1,42,17,1,17-1,,,42-104 42-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-170,42,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-171,42,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-172,42,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-173,42,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-174,42,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-176,42,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-178,42,178,1,178-1,,,42-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-179,42,179,1,179-1,,,42-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-18-1,42,18,1,18-1,,122[53],42-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-180,42,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-181,42,181,1,181-1,,,42-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-182,42,182,1,182-1,,,42-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-183,42,183,1,183-1,,,42-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-184,42,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-187,42,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-188,42,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-189,42,189,1,189-1,,,42-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 42-19-4,42,19,4,19-4,"There are several bimorphemic interrogative pronouns in Kristang, and in addition to the three in the examples we find: kí kauzu? [what cause] ‘why?’ kí tempo? [what time] ‘when?' -kál ngua? [which one] ‘which (one)?’",122[189],42-31 42-32 42-33,100.0,Very certain -42-190,42,190,2,190-2,This phoneme exists in only two words: novi 'nine' and vos 'voice'. The latter word is known only to some old speakers.,,42-225,100.0, -42-191,42,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -42-192,42,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -42-193,42,193,1,193-1,,,42-226,100.0, -42-194,42,194,1,194-1,,,42-227,100.0, -42-195,42,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -42-196,42,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -42-199,42,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -42-2-2,42,2,2,2-2,"Value is the principal structure, involving the GENITIVE adposition sa. Value 2 is less used, and tends to be restricted to certain word classes, and even to certain expressions.",120[78];122[93-99],42-4 42-5,5.0,Very certain -42-2-1,42,2,1,2-1,"Value is the principal structure, involving the GENITIVE adposition sa. Value 2 is less used, and tends to be restricted to certain word classes, and even to certain expressions.",120[78];122[93-99],42-2 42-3,95.0,Very certain -42-20-1,42,20,1,20-1,,122[115],42-34,100.0,Very certain -42-200,42,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -42-201,42,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -42-202,42,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -42-205,42,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -42-209,42,209,1,209-1,,,42-233,100.0, -42-21-2,42,21,2,21-2,,122[55],42-35 42-36 42-37 42-38,100.0,Very certain -42-212,42,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -42-217,42,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -42-218,42,218,4,218-4,,,,100.0, -42-22-4,42,22,4,22-4,,122[85-86],42-39 42-40,100.0,Unspecified -42-221,42,221,4,221-4,,,,100.0, -42-23-6,42,23,6,23-6,"Reduplication to indicate plural is a property of common count nouns. Some nouns also display partial reduplication. However, it is important to note that the head noun does not normally reduplicate if it is determined by a quantifier or a numeral.",122[102-103],42-40 42-41,100.0,Very certain -42-231,42,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -42-24-4,42,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -42-25-1,42,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -42-252,42,252,1,252-1,,,42-234,100.0, -42-253,42,253,1,253-1,,,42-235,100.0, -42-254,42,254,1,254-1,,,42-236,100.0, -42-255,42,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -42-256,42,256,1,256-1,,,42-238,100.0, -42-257,42,257,1,257-1,,,42-239,100.0, -42-258,42,258,1,258-1,,,42-240,100.0, -42-259,42,259,1,259-1,,,42-241,100.0, -42-26-2,42,26,2,26-2,,120[17-18],42-42 42-43 42-44 42-45,100.0,Very certain -42-260,42,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -42-261,42,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -42-263,42,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -42-267,42,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -42-268,42,268,2,268-2,The vowel /ë/ only contrasts with other vowels in medial position and never carries stress.,,42-237,100.0, -42-27-2,42,27,2,27-2,,,42-46,100.0,Very certain -42-272,42,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -42-273,42,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -42-274,42,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -42-275,42,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -42-276,42,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -42-277,42,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -42-278,42,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -42-279,42,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -42-28-2,42,28,2,28-2,"In Papiá Kristang, the form aké/akéli ‘that’ seems to have been more bleached of deictic content than the form ísti/ísi ‘this’. It is important to note that the demonstrative aké/akéli is considered a definite article because it does occur in associative contexts. Bare definite nouns are also possible.",122[87-88],42-47 42-48 42-49,100.0,Very certain -42-280,42,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -42-281,42,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -42-282,42,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -42-284,42,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -42-285,42,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -42-286,42,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -42-287,42,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -42-288,42,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -42-289,42,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -42-29-2,42,29,2,29-2,Bare nouns are also possible with indefinite reference.,122[87],42-50 42-51,100.0,Very certain -42-290,42,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -42-291,42,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -42-3-2,42,3,2,3-2,All adjectives behave in this way.,122[57],42-6,100.0,Very certain -42-30-2,42,30,2,30-2,,122[88],42-52,100.0,Very certain -42-308-3,42,308,3,308-3,,122[1];1708[211-217],,100.0,Very certain -42-309-1,42,309,1,309-1,,1709[21-23],,100.0,Very certain -42-31-3,42,31,3,31-3,"In order to clarify deictic reference, speakers will often use a locative adverb placed after the noun. For example: aké práu nalí [that boat there] ‘that boat’.",122[87],42-47,100.0,Very certain -42-310-4,42,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Certain -42-311-3,42,311,3,311-3,,1709[21-23],,100.0,Very certain -42-312-1,42,312,1,312-1,,1709[21-23],,100.0,Very certain +kál ngua? [which one] ‘which (one)?’",122[189],42-31 42-32 42-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-190,42,190,2,190-2,This phoneme exists in only two words: novi 'nine' and vos 'voice'. The latter word is known only to some old speakers.,,42-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +42-191,42,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-192,42,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-193,42,193,1,193-1,,,42-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-194,42,194,1,194-1,,,42-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-195,42,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-196,42,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-199,42,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-2-2,42,2,2,2-2,"Value is the principal structure, involving the GENITIVE adposition sa. Value 2 is less used, and tends to be restricted to certain word classes, and even to certain expressions.",120[78];122[93-99],42-4 42-5,5.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-95-0000FF-5-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-2-1,42,2,1,2-1,"Value is the principal structure, involving the GENITIVE adposition sa. Value 2 is less used, and tends to be restricted to certain word classes, and even to certain expressions.",120[78];122[93-99],42-2 42-3,95.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-95-0000FF-5-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-20-1,42,20,1,20-1,,122[115],42-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +42-200,42,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-201,42,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-202,42,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-205,42,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-209,42,209,1,209-1,,,42-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-21-2,42,21,2,21-2,,122[55],42-35 42-36 42-37 42-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +42-212,42,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-217,42,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-218,42,218,4,218-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-22-4,42,22,4,22-4,,122[85-86],42-39 42-40,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +42-221,42,221,4,221-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-23-6,42,23,6,23-6,"Reduplication to indicate plural is a property of common count nouns. Some nouns also display partial reduplication. However, it is important to note that the head noun does not normally reduplicate if it is determined by a quantifier or a numeral.",122[102-103],42-40 42-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +42-231,42,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-24-4,42,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-25-1,42,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-252,42,252,1,252-1,,,42-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-253,42,253,1,253-1,,,42-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-254,42,254,1,254-1,,,42-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-255,42,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-256,42,256,1,256-1,,,42-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-257,42,257,1,257-1,,,42-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-258,42,258,1,258-1,,,42-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-259,42,259,1,259-1,,,42-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +42-26-2,42,26,2,26-2,,120[17-18],42-42 42-43 42-44 42-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +42-260,42,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-261,42,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-263,42,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-267,42,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-268,42,268,2,268-2,The vowel /ë/ only contrasts with other vowels in medial position and never carries stress.,,42-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +42-27-2,42,27,2,27-2,,,42-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-272,42,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-273,42,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-274,42,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-275,42,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-276,42,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-277,42,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-278,42,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-279,42,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-28-2,42,28,2,28-2,"In Papiá Kristang, the form aké/akéli ‘that’ seems to have been more bleached of deictic content than the form ísti/ísi ‘this’. It is important to note that the demonstrative aké/akéli is considered a definite article because it does occur in associative contexts. Bare definite nouns are also possible.",122[87-88],42-47 42-48 42-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +42-280,42,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-281,42,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-282,42,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-284,42,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-285,42,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-286,42,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-287,42,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-288,42,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-289,42,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-29-2,42,29,2,29-2,Bare nouns are also possible with indefinite reference.,122[87],42-50 42-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +42-290,42,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-291,42,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-3-2,42,3,2,3-2,All adjectives behave in this way.,122[57],42-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +42-30-2,42,30,2,30-2,,122[88],42-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-308-3,42,308,3,308-3,,122[1];1708[211-217],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +42-309-1,42,309,1,309-1,,1709[21-23],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +42-31-3,42,31,3,31-3,"In order to clarify deictic reference, speakers will often use a locative adverb placed after the noun. For example: aké práu nalí [that boat there] ‘that boat’.",122[87],42-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +42-310-4,42,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +42-311-3,42,311,3,311-3,,1709[21-23],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-312-1,42,312,1,312-1,,1709[21-23],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 42-313-2,42,313,2,313-2,"The community in Banda Hilir, Malacca, has approximately 700-800 fluent speakers. In addition, there is an unquantified number of persons with semi-speaker fluency, and others with merely passive knowledge of the language. The total number of Kristangs living in the Banda Hilir Portuguese settlement area is close to 2000. -My comments are based on Baxter (2005), my own participant observations, and on information provided by the leadership of the Kristang community.",1709[15-16],,100.0,Very certain +My comments are based on Baxter (2005), my own participant observations, and on information provided by the leadership of the Kristang community.",1709[15-16],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 42-314-3,42,314,3,314-3,"To the best of my knowledge, no research exists addressing language use by gender. -My fieldwork observations tend to support the view that the language is used to the same extent by both genders. However, a sound answer to the question requires a quantified study.",,,100.0,Intermediate +My fieldwork observations tend to support the view that the language is used to the same extent by both genders. However, a sound answer to the question requires a quantified study.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 42-315-3,42,315,3,315-3,"This factor is not reported in any source that I know of. -My comment is based on my participant observation in fieldwork.",,,100.0,Very certain -42-316-3,42,316,3,316-3,"My comment is based on my fieldwork experience. To the best of my knowledge, no published reference exists.",,,100.0,Very certain -42-317-2,42,317,2,317-2,,1710,,100.0,Very certain -42-318-2,42,318,2,318-2,The language has had very limited use in published personal reminiscences and some poetry. I am not aware of any other creative literature in Papiá Kristang.,1710[1-65],,100.0,Very certain -42-319-3,42,319,3,319-3,Newspapers in Malacca are written in English or Malay. There is no use of Papiá Kristang in the media.,,,100.0,Very certain -42-32-1,42,32,1,32-1,"It should be noted that the short phonological form of akeli, aké, is not generally available as a pronominal.",,42-53 42-54,100.0,Very certain -42-320-3,42,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain +My comment is based on my participant observation in fieldwork.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-316-3,42,316,3,316-3,"My comment is based on my fieldwork experience. To the best of my knowledge, no published reference exists.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-317-2,42,317,2,317-2,,1710,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +42-318-2,42,318,2,318-2,The language has had very limited use in published personal reminiscences and some poetry. I am not aware of any other creative literature in Papiá Kristang.,1710[1-65],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +42-319-3,42,319,3,319-3,Newspapers in Malacca are written in English or Malay. There is no use of Papiá Kristang in the media.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-32-1,42,32,1,32-1,"It should be noted that the short phonological form of akeli, aké, is not generally available as a pronominal.",,42-53 42-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +42-320-3,42,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 42-321-4,42,321,4,321-4,"Within the Kristang residence area there are no such offices. -However, nearby the community there are such offices, but they do not use Papiá Kristang. Papiá Kristang might be used only if a Kristang worked in such an office and was attending a fellow Kristang.",122[1-14],,100.0,Very certain -42-322-3,42,322,3,322-3,There is sound documentary evidence that the language was used in the courtroom in the nineteenth century.,122[9],,100.0,Very certain -42-323-3,42,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain +However, nearby the community there are such offices, but they do not use Papiá Kristang. Papiá Kristang might be used only if a Kristang worked in such an office and was attending a fellow Kristang.",122[1-14],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +42-322-3,42,322,3,322-3,There is sound documentary evidence that the language was used in the courtroom in the nineteenth century.,122[9],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-323-3,42,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 42-324-3,42,324,3,324-3,"Nevertheless, there is some use of Papiá Kristang in the pre-school operating in the Portuguese community in Banda Hilir. -Furthermore, in recent times, the community has established classes in Papiá Kristang for children. These classes are independent of the school system and are attended only by a handful of children at this stage. The teachers are fluent speakers of Papiá Kristang who are qualified primary school teachers.",,,100.0,Very certain -42-325-2,42,325,2,325-2,"Some Kristangs are using the language in electronic communication with outside researchers who are familiar with the language. However, it is unclear whether they use it among themselves.",,,100.0,Certain +Furthermore, in recent times, the community has established classes in Papiá Kristang for children. These classes are independent of the school system and are attended only by a handful of children at this stage. The teachers are fluent speakers of Papiá Kristang who are qualified primary school teachers.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-325-2,42,325,2,325-2,"Some Kristangs are using the language in electronic communication with outside researchers who are familiar with the language. However, it is unclear whether they use it among themselves.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 42-326-4,42,326,4,326-4,"The main languages currently influencing Papiá Kristang are English and Malay, in that order. -In recent times, there has been some influence from Portuguese by way of the presence of Portuguese nationals supported by Portuguese-based cultural foundations. Whether this influence will be ongoing is debatable.","1709[18-19, 26-30.]",,100.0,Very certain +In recent times, there has been some influence from Portuguese by way of the presence of Portuguese nationals supported by Portuguese-based cultural foundations. Whether this influence will be ongoing is debatable.","1709[18-19, 26-30.]",,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 42-327-4,42,327,4,327-4,"There is phonetic variation in the language within the small community. However, this is not dialectal variation. Older speakers report that, formerly, when there was also a Kristang community in the Trankerah area of Malacca town, there was pholological variation differentiating the Trankerah variety of Kristang from that of the Banda Hilir area. -The question of dialectal variation does not apply today, as the huge majority of speakers reside in the same 28-acre area in Banda Hilir.",122[19-42];120[-],,100.0,Very certain +The question of dialectal variation does not apply today, as the huge majority of speakers reside in the same 28-acre area in Banda Hilir.",122[19-42];120[-],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", 42-328-2,42,328,2,328-2,"There is morphosyntactic variation, but it is not dialectal. Older speakers report that, formerly, when there was also a Kristang community in the Trankerah area of Malacca town, there was morphosyntactic variation differentiating the Trankerah variety of Kristang from that of the Banda Hilir area. -The question of dialectal variation does not apply today, as the huge majority of speakers reside in the same 28-acre area in Banda Hilir.",,,100.0,Very certain +The question of dialectal variation does not apply today, as the huge majority of speakers reside in the same 28-acre area in Banda Hilir.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 42-329-4,42,329,4,329-4,"There is variation in the lexicon, but it is not dialectal. Older speakers report that, formerly, when there was also a Kristang community in the Trankerah area of Malacca town, there was lexical variation differentiating the Trankerah variety of Kristang from that of the Banda Hilir area. -The question of urban variation does not apply today, as the huge majority of speakers reside in the same 28-acre area in Banda Hilir.",120[-];1709[24-29],,100.0,Very certain -42-33-2,42,33,2,33-2,,122[87-88],42-55 42-56,100.0,Very certain +The question of urban variation does not apply today, as the huge majority of speakers reside in the same 28-acre area in Banda Hilir.",120[-];1709[24-29],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +42-33-2,42,33,2,33-2,,122[87-88],42-55 42-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 42-330-4,42,330,4,330-4,"Older speakers report that, formerly, when there was also a Kristang community in the Trankerah area of Malacca town, there was some phonological variation differentiating the Trankerah variety of Kristang from that of the Banda Hilir area. -The question of urban variation does not apply today, as the huge majority of speakers reside in the same 28-acre area in Banda Hilir.",,,100.0,Very certain +The question of urban variation does not apply today, as the huge majority of speakers reside in the same 28-acre area in Banda Hilir.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge 42-331-4,42,331,4,331-4,"Older speakers report that, formerly, when there was also a Kristang community in the Trankerah area of Malacca town, there was morphosyntactic variation differentiating the Trankerah variety of Kristang from that of the Banda Hilir area. -The question of urban variation does not apply today, as the huge majority of speakers reside in the same 28-acre area in Banda Hilir.",,,100.0,Very certain +The question of urban variation does not apply today, as the huge majority of speakers reside in the same 28-acre area in Banda Hilir.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge 42-332-4,42,332,4,332-4,"Older speakers report that, formerly, when there was also a Kristang community in the Trankerah area of Malacca town, there was variation differentiating the Trankerah variety of Kristang from that of the Banda Hilir area. -The question of urban variation does not apply today, as the huge majority of speakers reside in the same 28-acre area in Banda Hilir.",,,100.0,Very certain -42-333-4,42,333,4,333-4,"There appears to be no such stratification. However, no quantified variation studies have been conducted in the community.",,,100.0,Certain -42-334-4,42,334,4,334-4,"There appears to be no such stratification. However, no quantified variation studies have been conducted in the community.",,,100.0,Certain -42-335-4,42,335,4,335-4,"There appears to be no such stratification. However, no quantified variation studies have been conducted in the community.",,,100.0,Certain -42-34-1,42,34,1,34-1,,,42-57,100.0,Very certain -42-35-4,42,35,4,35-4,Ordinals are derived from cardinals by means of the structure namba + {cardinal}.,122[108],42-58 42-59,100.0,Very certain -42-36-1,42,36,1,36-1,,,42-60 42-61 42-62,100.0,Very certain -42-37-5,42,37,5,37-5,,122[91-116],42-63 42-64,87.5,Very certain -42-37-1,42,37,1,37-1,,122[91-116],42-65,12.5,Very certain -42-38-2,42,38,2,38-2,,122[91-99];122[93-99],42-66 42-67,100.0,Very certain -42-39-1,42,39,1,39-1,,,42-68 42-69,100.0,Very certain -42-4-2,42,4,2,4-2,,122[163f.],42-7 42-8,100.0,Very certain -42-40-2,42,40,2,40-2,This feature is higly restricted and somewhat variable. Agreement in this case is agreement with a [+human] common noun.,122[58-59],42-70,100.0,Very certain -42-41-1,42,41,1,41-1,,122[184],42-71,100.0,Very certain -42-42-3,42,42,3,42-3,,122[184],42-72,100.0,Very certain -42-43-1,42,43,1,43-1,,122[128];122[119],42-73 42-74 42-75,100.0,Very certain -42-44-8,42,44,8,44-8,Papiá Kristang lacks a tense marker.,122[118-148],,100.0,Very certain -42-45-6,42,45,6,45-6,,122[119-126],,100.0,Very certain -42-46-2,42,46,2,46-2,,122[128-129],42-76,100.0,Very certain -42-47-2,42,47,2,47-2,,122[128 -129],42-77,100.0,Very certain -42-48-5,42,48,5,48-5,"Lo can occur in habitual contexts in the past. But past habituals may also be expressed without lo (i.e. with the verb devoid of any marker). In the example provided here, the circumstance is not specific. Rather, the speaker is describing a tradition.",122[118-148],42-20 42-43 42-78,100.0,Very certain -42-49-1,42,49,1,49-1,,122[118-148],42-79 42-80 42-81,100.0,Very certain -42-5-1,42,5,1,5-1,,122[87];122[88],42-10 42-9,100.0,Very certain +The question of urban variation does not apply today, as the huge majority of speakers reside in the same 28-acre area in Banda Hilir.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +42-333-4,42,333,4,333-4,"There appears to be no such stratification. However, no quantified variation studies have been conducted in the community.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +42-334-4,42,334,4,334-4,"There appears to be no such stratification. However, no quantified variation studies have been conducted in the community.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +42-335-4,42,335,4,335-4,"There appears to be no such stratification. However, no quantified variation studies have been conducted in the community.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +42-34-1,42,34,1,34-1,,,42-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +42-35-4,42,35,4,35-4,Ordinals are derived from cardinals by means of the structure namba + {cardinal}.,122[108],42-58 42-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +42-36-1,42,36,1,36-1,,,42-60 42-61 42-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +42-37-5,42,37,5,37-5,,122[91-116],42-63 42-64,87.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-FFB6C1.png""}", +42-37-1,42,37,1,37-1,,122[91-116],42-65,12.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-FFB6C1.png""}", +42-38-2,42,38,2,38-2,,122[91-99];122[93-99],42-66 42-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +42-39-1,42,39,1,39-1,,,42-68 42-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +42-4-2,42,4,2,4-2,,122[163f.],42-7 42-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +42-40-2,42,40,2,40-2,This feature is higly restricted and somewhat variable. Agreement in this case is agreement with a [+human] common noun.,122[58-59],42-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +42-41-1,42,41,1,41-1,,122[184],42-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-42-3,42,42,3,42-3,,122[184],42-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-43-1,42,43,1,43-1,,122[128];122[119],42-73 42-74 42-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-44-8,42,44,8,44-8,Papiá Kristang lacks a tense marker.,122[118-148],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-45-6,42,45,6,45-6,,122[119-126],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-46-2,42,46,2,46-2,,122[128-129],42-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +42-47-2,42,47,2,47-2,,122[128 -129],42-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +42-48-5,42,48,5,48-5,"Lo can occur in habitual contexts in the past. But past habituals may also be expressed without lo (i.e. with the verb devoid of any marker). In the example provided here, the circumstance is not specific. Rather, the speaker is describing a tradition.",122[118-148],42-20 42-43 42-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +42-49-1,42,49,1,49-1,,122[118-148],42-79 42-80 42-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-5-1,42,5,1,5-1,,122[87];122[88],42-10 42-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 42-50-4,42,50,4,50-4,"Negators and the aspect markers ta PROG and ja PFV do not co-occur. The negation of a clause that has future-irrealis reference requires the use of the negative-future-irrealis marker nádi. -In Baxter (1988: 139–141), I reported a further negator, a negator of perfective aspect, with value ‘not yet’: nenáng. It is debatable whether this item should be treated as a negator or as a negative adverb, since nenáng may occur in future contexts.",122[138-142],42-82 42-83 42-84,100.0,Very certain -42-51-1,42,51,1,51-1,"In Kristang, an unmarked dynamic verb may have two temporal interpretations: present (habitual) or past (habitual). Unmarked dynamic verbs can also be found in past contexts where they refer to a past perfective event, although it is more often the case that such verbs are marked with ja. An unmarked stative may have past (imperfective) or present (imperfective) temporal reference.",122[134-135],42-1 42-85 42-86 42-87 42-88 42-89,100.0,Very certain -42-52-3,42,52,3,52-3,The perfective marker in Papiá Kristang is the clearest and most frequent purveyor of inchoative meaning.,122[129-130];122[122-125],42-90 42-91,100.0,Intermediate -42-53-3,42,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -42-54-7,42,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -42-55-2,42,55,2,55-2,,,42-92 42-93 42-94,100.0,Very certain -42-56-2,42,56,2,56-2,,122[186],42-95 42-96 42-97,100.0,Very certain -42-57-4,42,57,4,57-4,"Definite human patient NPs are marked. Indefinite human patient NPs are optionally marked depending on whether the referent is specific or not, yet also depending on the degree of recognition that the speaker grants the patient NP. Non-human animate patients are not normally marked, unless highly definite. Inanimate patients are not marked.",122[156],42-100 42-101 42-98 42-99,100.0,Very certain -42-58-2,42,58,2,58-2,Accusative case marking mainly only applies to [+human] nouns.,,42-102 42-103,100.0,Very certain -42-59-2,42,59,2,59-2,,122[150],42-104 42-105,100.0,Very certain -42-6-1,42,6,1,6-1,,122[85],42-11,100.0,Very certain -42-60-1,42,60,1,60-1,"Because there is accusative marking with [+human] nouns, a theme may be case-marked.",122[161],42-106 42-107,100.0,Very certain -42-61-2,42,61,2,61-2,"The recipient-theme order position appears to be more frequent. This is especially so with [+human] recipients. However, the frequencies registered here are rather impressionistic.",122[161],42-109,41.6666666666667,Very certain -42-61-1,42,61,1,61-1,"The recipient-theme order position appears to be more frequent. This is especially so with [+human] recipients. However, the frequencies registered here are rather impressionistic.",122[161],42-108,58.3333333333333,Very certain -42-62-5,42,62,5,62-5,,,42-110,100.0,Very certain -42-63-2,42,63,2,63-2,,,42-111 42-112 42-113,50.0,Very certain -42-63-1,42,63,1,63-1,,,42-111 42-112,50.0,Very certain -42-64-2,42,64,2,64-2,,,42-114,100.0,Very certain -42-65-1,42,65,1,65-1,"In this construction, the subject 'rain' is always post-posed to the verb.",122[173];120[22],42-115,100.0,Very certain -42-66-1,42,66,1,66-1,,120[28],42-116,100.0,Very certain -42-67-1,42,67,1,67-1,,,42-117,100.0,Very certain -42-68-1,42,68,1,68-1,,122[63],42-118,100.0,Very certain -42-69-2,42,69,2,69-2,"The TAKE serial structure is not common in Kristang. While I have both elicited the structure and have observed it in naturalistic use, it is extremely rare. The normal means of expressing the instrumental is by means of an adposition.",122[162];122[212],42-120,5.0,Very certain -42-69-1,42,69,1,69-1,"The TAKE serial structure is not common in Kristang. While I have both elicited the structure and have observed it in naturalistic use, it is extremely rare. The normal means of expressing the instrumental is by means of an adposition.",122[162];122[212],42-119,95.0,Very certain -42-7-1,42,7,1,7-1,"Please note that Kristang has three types of post-head relative clauses: (i) a relative clause with a relativizer; (ii) a relative clause without a relativizer and without full or pronominal repetition of the head in the relative clause; (iii) a relative clause without a relativizer, yet with a pronoun representing the head (e.g. [person tell story traditional HE man] 'the person who tells traditional stories (HE) is a man'). It strikes me that the presence/absence of a relativizer, and the presence/absence of a PRO-copy of the head are important types among varieties of Creole Portuguese.",122[110f.],42-12 42-13,100.0,Very certain -42-70-1,42,70,1,70-1,,122[162];122[165],42-121 42-122,100.0,Very certain -42-71-1,42,71,1,71-1,,122[115],42-123 42-124 42-125,100.0,Very certain -42-72-3,42,72,3,72-3,"Nominal conjunction is normally expressed by a marker, generally ku. While verbal conjunction may be expressed this way, it is primarily expressed by juxtaposition (Baxter 1988: 200).",122[115],42-124 42-126 42-127,100.0,Certain +In Baxter (1988: 139–141), I reported a further negator, a negator of perfective aspect, with value ‘not yet’: nenáng. It is debatable whether this item should be treated as a negator or as a negative adverb, since nenáng may occur in future contexts.",122[138-142],42-82 42-83 42-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +42-51-1,42,51,1,51-1,"In Kristang, an unmarked dynamic verb may have two temporal interpretations: present (habitual) or past (habitual). Unmarked dynamic verbs can also be found in past contexts where they refer to a past perfective event, although it is more often the case that such verbs are marked with ja. An unmarked stative may have past (imperfective) or present (imperfective) temporal reference.",122[134-135],42-1 42-85 42-86 42-87 42-88 42-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +42-52-3,42,52,3,52-3,The perfective marker in Papiá Kristang is the clearest and most frequent purveyor of inchoative meaning.,122[129-130];122[122-125],42-90 42-91,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-53-3,42,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-54-7,42,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +42-55-2,42,55,2,55-2,,,42-92 42-93 42-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-56-2,42,56,2,56-2,,122[186],42-95 42-96 42-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +42-57-4,42,57,4,57-4,"Definite human patient NPs are marked. Indefinite human patient NPs are optionally marked depending on whether the referent is specific or not, yet also depending on the degree of recognition that the speaker grants the patient NP. Non-human animate patients are not normally marked, unless highly definite. Inanimate patients are not marked.",122[156],42-100 42-101 42-98 42-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +42-58-2,42,58,2,58-2,Accusative case marking mainly only applies to [+human] nouns.,,42-102 42-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +42-59-2,42,59,2,59-2,,122[150],42-104 42-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +42-6-1,42,6,1,6-1,,122[85],42-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-60-1,42,60,1,60-1,"Because there is accusative marking with [+human] nouns, a theme may be case-marked.",122[161],42-106 42-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-61-2,42,61,2,61-2,"The recipient-theme order position appears to be more frequent. This is especially so with [+human] recipients. However, the frequencies registered here are rather impressionistic.",122[161],42-109,41.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-0000FF-42-FF0000.png""}", +42-61-1,42,61,1,61-1,"The recipient-theme order position appears to be more frequent. This is especially so with [+human] recipients. However, the frequencies registered here are rather impressionistic.",122[161],42-108,58.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-0000FF-42-FF0000.png""}", +42-62-5,42,62,5,62-5,,,42-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +42-63-2,42,63,2,63-2,,,42-111 42-112 42-113,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-63-1,42,63,1,63-1,,,42-111 42-112,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-64-2,42,64,2,64-2,,,42-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-65-1,42,65,1,65-1,"In this construction, the subject 'rain' is always post-posed to the verb.",122[173];120[22],42-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +42-66-1,42,66,1,66-1,,120[28],42-116,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +42-67-1,42,67,1,67-1,,,42-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +42-68-1,42,68,1,68-1,,122[63],42-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-69-2,42,69,2,69-2,"The TAKE serial structure is not common in Kristang. While I have both elicited the structure and have observed it in naturalistic use, it is extremely rare. The normal means of expressing the instrumental is by means of an adposition.",122[162];122[212],42-120,5.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-95-0000FF-5-FF0000.png""}", +42-69-1,42,69,1,69-1,"The TAKE serial structure is not common in Kristang. While I have both elicited the structure and have observed it in naturalistic use, it is extremely rare. The normal means of expressing the instrumental is by means of an adposition.",122[162];122[212],42-119,95.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-95-0000FF-5-FF0000.png""}", +42-7-1,42,7,1,7-1,"Please note that Kristang has three types of post-head relative clauses: (i) a relative clause with a relativizer; (ii) a relative clause without a relativizer and without full or pronominal repetition of the head in the relative clause; (iii) a relative clause without a relativizer, yet with a pronoun representing the head (e.g. [person tell story traditional HE man] 'the person who tells traditional stories (HE) is a man'). It strikes me that the presence/absence of a relativizer, and the presence/absence of a PRO-copy of the head are important types among varieties of Creole Portuguese.",122[110f.],42-12 42-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-70-1,42,70,1,70-1,,122[162];122[165],42-121 42-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +42-71-1,42,71,1,71-1,,122[115],42-123 42-124 42-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +42-72-3,42,72,3,72-3,"Nominal conjunction is normally expressed by a marker, generally ku. While verbal conjunction may be expressed this way, it is primarily expressed by juxtaposition (Baxter 1988: 200).",122[115],42-124 42-126 42-127,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 42-73-2,42,73,2,73-2,"There is a very limited optional copular use of teng with predicative noun phrases: -bos teng yo sa mai [3SG have 1SG GEN mother] ‘You are my mother.’",122[182],42-128,100.0,Very certain -42-74-2,42,74,2,74-2,,122[135],42-129 42-130 42-131,100.0,Very certain -42-75-1,42,75,1,75-1,,122[181],42-132,100.0,Very certain -42-76-2,42,76,2,76-2,,,42-133 42-134,100.0,Very certain -42-77-1,42,77,1,77-1,,,42-135,100.0,Very certain -42-78-1,42,78,1,78-1,,,42-136 42-137,100.0,Very certain -42-79-5,42,79,5,79-5,"A serial verb expression is only used when action verbs such as andá ‘walk’, kuré ‘run’, are involved. Thus: eli já kuré bai kaza [3SG PFV run go house] ‘He ran home.’",,42-215,50.0,Certain -42-79-1,42,79,1,79-1,"A serial verb expression is only used when action verbs such as andá ‘walk’, kuré ‘run’, are involved. Thus: eli já kuré bai kaza [3SG PFV run go house] ‘He ran home.’",,42-142,50.0,Very certain -42-8-1,42,8,1,8-1,"In Kristang certain specific degree words precede the noun, while others follow the noun (see Baxter 1988: 104–105).",122[104],42-14 42-15,70.0,Very certain -42-8-2,42,8,2,8-2,"In Kristang certain specific degree words precede the noun, while others follow the noun (see Baxter 1988: 104–105).",122[104],42-16,30.0,Very certain -42-80-2,42,80,2,80-2,,122[164],42-143,100.0,Very certain +bos teng yo sa mai [3SG have 1SG GEN mother] ‘You are my mother.’",122[182],42-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +42-74-2,42,74,2,74-2,,122[135],42-129 42-130 42-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-75-1,42,75,1,75-1,,122[181],42-132,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-76-2,42,76,2,76-2,,,42-133 42-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +42-77-1,42,77,1,77-1,,,42-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +42-78-1,42,78,1,78-1,,,42-136 42-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +42-79-5,42,79,5,79-5,"A serial verb expression is only used when action verbs such as andá ‘walk’, kuré ‘run’, are involved. Thus: eli já kuré bai kaza [3SG PFV run go house] ‘He ran home.’",,42-215,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +42-79-1,42,79,1,79-1,"A serial verb expression is only used when action verbs such as andá ‘walk’, kuré ‘run’, are involved. Thus: eli já kuré bai kaza [3SG PFV run go house] ‘He ran home.’",,42-142,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +42-8-1,42,8,1,8-1,"In Kristang certain specific degree words precede the noun, while others follow the noun (see Baxter 1988: 104–105).",122[104],42-14 42-15,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +42-8-2,42,8,2,8-2,"In Kristang certain specific degree words precede the noun, while others follow the noun (see Baxter 1988: 104–105).",122[104],42-16,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +42-80-2,42,80,2,80-2,,122[164],42-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 42-81-2,42,81,2,81-2,"It should be noted that after bai ‘go’ it is very unusual to use the locative na ‘to, at’. Inanimate goals are generally expressed without a marker. -Animate goals are indicated by ku. See discussion in Baxter (1988: 165).",,42-138 42-139 42-140 42-141,100.0,Very certain -42-83-4,42,83,4,83-4,,,42-144,100.0,Very certain -42-84-2,42,84,2,84-2,,122[212],42-145 42-146,100.0,Very certain -42-85-5,42,85,5,85-5,Instrumental take-serials are quite rare in Kristang. The normal way to express instrumentals is by means of an adposition.,122[212],42-147 42-148,100.0,Very certain -42-86-3,42,86,3,86-3,,122[214],42-149,100.0,Very certain -42-87-7,42,87,7,87-7,Onsong 'alone' appears to function as a reflexive pronoun.,120[59];120[67],42-151 42-153,50.0,Very uncertain -42-87-2,42,87,2,87-2,Onsong 'alone' appears to function as a reflexive pronoun.,120[59];120[67],42-150 42-152,50.0,Very certain +Animate goals are indicated by ku. See discussion in Baxter (1988: 165).",,42-138 42-139 42-140 42-141,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +42-83-4,42,83,4,83-4,,,42-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +42-84-2,42,84,2,84-2,,122[212],42-145 42-146,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +42-85-5,42,85,5,85-5,Instrumental take-serials are quite rare in Kristang. The normal way to express instrumentals is by means of an adposition.,122[212],42-147 42-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +42-86-3,42,86,3,86-3,,122[214],42-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +42-87-7,42,87,7,87-7,Onsong 'alone' appears to function as a reflexive pronoun.,120[59];120[67],42-151 42-153,50.0,Very uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +42-87-2,42,87,2,87-2,Onsong 'alone' appears to function as a reflexive pronoun.,120[59];120[67],42-150 42-152,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", 42-88-3,42,88,3,88-3,"The word onsóng ‘alone’ is used as intensifier and may appear in disambiguating reflexive structures: éli já kotrá onsóng sa péu @@ -11474,807 +11474,807 @@ Juang mésu já kái Juáng já kái mésu [Juang PFV fall even] -‘John really did fall.’",,42-153 42-154,100.0,Unspecified -42-89-5,42,89,5,89-5,,,42-155 42-156,100.0,Unspecified -42-9-1,42,9,1,9-1,"Kristang has no dedicated definite article, but demonstratives can be used in this way. Many definite noun phrases have no determiner at all.",122[85-6];122[107],42-17 42-18,100.0,Very certain -42-90-3,42,90,3,90-3,The passive with toka is an adversity passive only.,122[195-214];122[197],42-158 42-159,30.0,Very certain -42-90-1,42,90,1,90-1,The passive with toka is an adversity passive only.,122[195-214];122[197],42-157 42-160,70.0,Very certain -42-91-8,42,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -42-92-2,42,92,2,92-2,,122[110];122[111];122[112],42-12 42-161 42-163 42-164,38.4615384615385,Very certain -42-92-4,42,92,4,92-4,,122[110];122[111];122[112],42-165,38.4615384615385,Very certain -42-92-5,42,92,5,92-5,,122[110];122[111];122[112],42-162,23.0769230769231,Very certain -42-93-2,42,93,2,93-2,,122[110];122[111],42-166 42-167,50.0,Very certain -42-93-4,42,93,4,93-4,,122[110];122[111],42-168,50.0,Very certain -42-94-8,42,94,8,94-8,Kristang uses a relative particle and gap together with a paraphrase involving the verb 'use' and a purpose adposition.,,42-169,100.0,Very certain -42-95-3,42,95,3,95-3,,122[202],42-171,30.0,Very certain -42-95-4,42,95,4,95-4,,122[202],42-170,70.0,Very certain -42-96-4,42,96,4,96-4,,122[201-202],42-172,100.0,Very certain -42-97-1,42,97,1,97-1,,,42-173,100.0,Very certain -42-98-5,42,98,5,98-5,Kristang uses zero complementizer with both these verbs.,,42-174 42-175 42-176 42-177,100.0,Very certain -42-99-2,42,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -43-0-3,43,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0, -43-1-2,43,1,2,1-2,,906[91],43-1,100.0,Very certain -43-10-1,43,10,1,10-1,,906[25],43-17,100.0,Very certain -43-100-4,43,100,4,100-4,"Note that most stative verbs have special negative forms, e.g. kere 'want' and nungkere 'not want'.",906[87-90],43-117,100.0,Very certain -43-101-1,43,101,1,101-1,,906[87-90],43-117,100.0,Very certain -43-103-1,43,103,1,103-1,,906[95-97],43-118,50.0,Very certain -43-103-7,43,103,7,103-7,,906[95-97],43-119,50.0,Very certain -43-104-5,43,104,5,104-5,There are no examples with other constructions in the corpus.,906[94],43-120,100.0,Certain -43-106-2,43,106,2,106-2,,906[28],43-48,100.0,Certain -43-109-1,43,109,1,109-1,,906[246],43-121,100.0,Very certain -43-110-1,43,110,1,110-1,,906[291],43-122,100.0,Very certain +‘John really did fall.’",,42-153 42-154,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +42-89-5,42,89,5,89-5,,,42-155 42-156,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +42-9-1,42,9,1,9-1,"Kristang has no dedicated definite article, but demonstratives can be used in this way. Many definite noun phrases have no determiner at all.",122[85-6];122[107],42-17 42-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +42-90-3,42,90,3,90-3,The passive with toka is an adversity passive only.,122[195-214];122[197],42-158 42-159,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}", +42-90-1,42,90,1,90-1,The passive with toka is an adversity passive only.,122[195-214];122[197],42-157 42-160,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}", +42-91-8,42,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +42-92-2,42,92,2,92-2,,122[110];122[111];122[112],42-12 42-161 42-163 42-164,38.4615384615385,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-39-FF0000-39-0000FF-24-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +42-92-4,42,92,4,92-4,,122[110];122[111];122[112],42-165,38.4615384615385,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-39-FF0000-39-0000FF-24-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +42-92-5,42,92,5,92-5,,122[110];122[111];122[112],42-162,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-39-FF0000-39-0000FF-24-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +42-93-2,42,93,2,93-2,,122[110];122[111],42-166 42-167,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-93-4,42,93,4,93-4,,122[110];122[111],42-168,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-94-8,42,94,8,94-8,Kristang uses a relative particle and gap together with a paraphrase involving the verb 'use' and a purpose adposition.,,42-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +42-95-3,42,95,3,95-3,,122[202],42-171,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-95-4,42,95,4,95-4,,122[202],42-170,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-96-4,42,96,4,96-4,,122[201-202],42-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +42-97-1,42,97,1,97-1,,,42-173,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +42-98-5,42,98,5,98-5,Kristang uses zero complementizer with both these verbs.,,42-174 42-175 42-176 42-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +42-99-2,42,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +43-0-3,43,0,3,0-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +43-1-2,43,1,2,1-2,,906[91],43-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-10-1,43,10,1,10-1,,906[25],43-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +43-100-4,43,100,4,100-4,"Note that most stative verbs have special negative forms, e.g. kere 'want' and nungkere 'not want'.",906[87-90],43-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-101-1,43,101,1,101-1,,906[87-90],43-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-103-1,43,103,1,103-1,,906[95-97],43-118,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-103-7,43,103,7,103-7,,906[95-97],43-119,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-104-5,43,104,5,104-5,There are no examples with other constructions in the corpus.,906[94],43-120,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-106-2,43,106,2,106-2,,906[28],43-48,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +43-109-1,43,109,1,109-1,,906[246],43-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-110-1,43,110,1,110-1,,906[291],43-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 43-112-2,43,112,2,112-2,"There are two different words in the Batavia corpus, but it is not clear whether maw denotes only the hand or the hand and the forearm. In the case of peo 'foot', expressions like peo kutu 'short legs' and bariga di peo 'calf' (lit. 'belly of the leg') show that peo (< Portuguese pé 'foot') cannot only mean 'foot', but also 'leg' or 'leg up to the knee'. -Besides this, one source for Tugu indicates that mao means 'hand and forearm'.","906[264, 219]",43-124,100.0,Uncertain -43-113-2,43,113,2,113-2,,906[224],43-125 43-126,100.0,Certain -43-114-2,43,114,2,114-2,,"906[245, 281]",43-127 43-128,100.0,Certain -43-116-2,43,116,2,116-2,,"906[215, 201]",43-133 43-134,100.0,Very certain +Besides this, one source for Tugu indicates that mao means 'hand and forearm'.","906[264, 219]",43-124,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-113-2,43,113,2,113-2,,906[224],43-125 43-126,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-114-2,43,114,2,114-2,,"906[245, 281]",43-127 43-128,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-116-2,43,116,2,116-2,,"906[215, 201]",43-133 43-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 43-117-2,43,117,2,117-2,"There is only one example for female and male animals in the whole corpus, whereby kabra is translated as 'he-goat'. -With humans, it is omi that is used for males: irmang moler 'sister' vs. irmang omi 'brother'.",906[21f.],43-135,100.0,Intermediate -43-118-3,43,118,3,118-3,,906[17f.],43-136 43-137 43-138,100.0,Very certain -43-119-4,43,119,4,119-4,Two or three consonants in coda position are very rare in the corpus. It is not clear whether the spelling represents pronunciation.,906[18],43-139 43-140 43-142,100.0,Intermediate -43-12-2,43,12,2,12-2,,"906[37f., 96]",43-18,20.0,Very certain -43-12-1,43,12,1,12-1,,"906[37f., 96]",43-19,80.0,Very certain -43-121-2,43,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -43-122-4,43,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -43-123-2,43,123,2,123-2,"The existence of ə is hypothetical. In my opinion, it occurs in words which end in -er and which I interpret to have been pronounced -ər. The (orthographic) ending -er has allomorphs with -i or -u, as in albër vs. albi (< Portuguese árvore) or otër vs. otru (< Portuguese outro).",,43-167,100.0, -43-124-1,43,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -43-125-4,43,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -43-126-4,43,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -43-127-6,43,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -43-128-1,43,128,1,128-1,,,43-163,100.0, -43-129-2,43,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -43-13-2,43,13,2,13-2,,906[49-51],43-20 43-21,100.0,Uncertain -43-130-4,43,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -43-131,43,131,1,131-1,"In some cases /p/ replaces /f/ and vice versa, as in supri 'to suffer' (< Portuguese soffrer) and fonti 'bridge' (< Portuguese ponte). This is due to adstrate influence, because Malay does not possess /f/.",,43-143,100.0, -43-132,43,132,1,132-1,"There are cases of hesitation between /b/ and /v/, as in bida ~ vida 'life', due to adstrate influence. Malay does not have /v/.",,43-144,100.0, -43-133,43,133,1,133-1,,,43-145,100.0, -43-134,43,134,1,134-1,,,43-146,100.0, -43-137,43,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -43-138,43,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -43-139,43,139,1,139-1,,,43-160,100.0, -43-140,43,140,1,140-1,"Portuguese /z/ was not retained but incorporated as /d͡ʒ/, as in Portuguese azedo > Batavia adjidu, both 'acid'.",,43-153,100.0, -43-143,43,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -43-144,43,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -43-145,43,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -43-146,43,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -43-147,43,147,1,147-1,,,43-147,100.0, -43-148,43,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -43-149,43,149,1,149-1,,,43-148,100.0, -43-15-1,43,15,1,15-1,"Although two forms for the 1st person plural coexist (nos vs. nosotër), they do not seem to match the Indonesian opposition between kami (exclusive) and kita (inclusive). Only in one source for Tugu is nos translated by kita (inclusive) and nosotër by kami (exclusive), but these examples are out of context.",906[49-51],43-22,100.0,Intermediate -43-151,43,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -43-152,43,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -43-153,43,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -43-155,43,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -43-156,43,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -43-158,43,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -43-159,43,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -43-16-1,43,16,1,16-1,"In Batavia, there is no syncretism in independent personal pronouns, but in Tugu, there is number syncretism (ele is used for third person singular and plural - Batavia has ile (sg.) vs. ilotër (pl.)).",906[49-51],43-23,100.0,Very certain -43-160,43,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -43-161,43,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -43-163,43,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -43-168,43,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -43-169,43,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -43-170,43,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -43-171,43,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -43-172,43,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -43-173,43,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -43-174,43,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -43-176,43,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -43-178,43,178,1,178-1,,,43-151,100.0, -43-179,43,179,1,179-1,,,43-150,100.0, -43-180,43,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -43-181,43,181,1,181-1,,,43-163,100.0, -43-182,43,182,2,182-2,[ŋ] occurs in coda position as an allomorph of /n/.,,43-149,100.0, -43-183,43,183,1,183-1,,,43-152,100.0, -43-184,43,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -43-187,43,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -43-188,43,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -43-189,43,189,1,189-1,"In some cases /p/ replaces /f/ and vice versa, as in supri 'to suffer' (< Portuguese soffrer) and fonti 'bridge' (< Portuguese ponte). This is due to adstrate influence, because Malay does not possess /f/.",,43-161,100.0, +With humans, it is omi that is used for males: irmang moler 'sister' vs. irmang omi 'brother'.",906[21f.],43-135,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +43-118-3,43,118,3,118-3,,906[17f.],43-136 43-137 43-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-119-4,43,119,4,119-4,Two or three consonants in coda position are very rare in the corpus. It is not clear whether the spelling represents pronunciation.,906[18],43-139 43-140 43-142,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +43-12-2,43,12,2,12-2,,"906[37f., 96]",43-18,20.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-FF0000-20-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-12-1,43,12,1,12-1,,"906[37f., 96]",43-19,80.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-FF0000-20-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-121-2,43,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +43-122-4,43,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-123-2,43,123,2,123-2,"The existence of ə is hypothetical. In my opinion, it occurs in words which end in -er and which I interpret to have been pronounced -ər. The (orthographic) ending -er has allomorphs with -i or -u, as in albër vs. albi (< Portuguese árvore) or otër vs. otru (< Portuguese outro).",,43-167,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +43-124-1,43,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-125-4,43,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-126-4,43,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-127-6,43,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-128-1,43,128,1,128-1,,,43-163,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-129-2,43,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-13-2,43,13,2,13-2,,906[49-51],43-20 43-21,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +43-130-4,43,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-131,43,131,1,131-1,"In some cases /p/ replaces /f/ and vice versa, as in supri 'to suffer' (< Portuguese soffrer) and fonti 'bridge' (< Portuguese ponte). This is due to adstrate influence, because Malay does not possess /f/.",,43-143,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-132,43,132,1,132-1,"There are cases of hesitation between /b/ and /v/, as in bida ~ vida 'life', due to adstrate influence. Malay does not have /v/.",,43-144,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-133,43,133,1,133-1,,,43-145,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-134,43,134,1,134-1,,,43-146,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-137,43,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-138,43,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-139,43,139,1,139-1,,,43-160,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-140,43,140,1,140-1,"Portuguese /z/ was not retained but incorporated as /d͡ʒ/, as in Portuguese azedo > Batavia adjidu, both 'acid'.",,43-153,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-143,43,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-144,43,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-145,43,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-146,43,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-147,43,147,1,147-1,,,43-147,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-148,43,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-149,43,149,1,149-1,,,43-148,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-15-1,43,15,1,15-1,"Although two forms for the 1st person plural coexist (nos vs. nosotër), they do not seem to match the Indonesian opposition between kami (exclusive) and kita (inclusive). Only in one source for Tugu is nos translated by kita (inclusive) and nosotër by kami (exclusive), but these examples are out of context.",906[49-51],43-22,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +43-151,43,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-152,43,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-153,43,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-155,43,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-156,43,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-158,43,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-159,43,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-16-1,43,16,1,16-1,"In Batavia, there is no syncretism in independent personal pronouns, but in Tugu, there is number syncretism (ele is used for third person singular and plural - Batavia has ile (sg.) vs. ilotër (pl.)).",906[49-51],43-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-160,43,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-161,43,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-163,43,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-168,43,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-169,43,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-170,43,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-171,43,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-172,43,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-173,43,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-174,43,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-176,43,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-178,43,178,1,178-1,,,43-151,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-179,43,179,1,179-1,,,43-150,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-180,43,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-181,43,181,1,181-1,,,43-163,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-182,43,182,2,182-2,[ŋ] occurs in coda position as an allomorph of /n/.,,43-149,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +43-183,43,183,1,183-1,,,43-152,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-184,43,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-187,43,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-188,43,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-189,43,189,1,189-1,"In some cases /p/ replaces /f/ and vice versa, as in supri 'to suffer' (< Portuguese soffrer) and fonti 'bridge' (< Portuguese ponte). This is due to adstrate influence, because Malay does not possess /f/.",,43-161,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 43-19-3,43,19,3,19-3,"There is no example of 'who' in the Batavia corpus; Tugu has the single-word expression keng. -In the Batavia corpus, kilay (literally ki lay 'what sort') is always written in one word; an allomorph klay is also used. This allomorph shows that, in spite of lay 'sort' being used independently of kilay, this interrogative pronoun was on its way to become, synchronically, a single-word expression.",906[37-39],43-24 43-25 43-26,100.0,Intermediate -43-190,43,190,1,190-1,"There are cases of hesitation between /b/ and /v/, as in bida ~ vida 'life', due to adstrate influence. Malay does not have /v/.",,43-162,100.0, -43-191,43,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -43-192,43,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -43-193,43,193,1,193-1,,,43-154,100.0, -43-194,43,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -43-195,43,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -43-196,43,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -43-199,43,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -43-2-2,43,2,2,2-2,"Example 2 contains both constructions: Value ""Possessor-possessum"" with sua and Value ""Possessum-possessor"" with di.",906[28ff.],43-2,30.0,Very certain -43-2-1,43,2,1,2-1,"Example 2 contains both constructions: Value ""Possessor-possessum"" with sua and Value ""Possessum-possessor"" with di.",906[28ff.],43-2,70.0,Very certain -43-200,43,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -43-201,43,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -43-202,43,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -43-205,43,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -43-209,43,209,1,209-1,,,43-164,100.0, -43-21-2,43,21,2,21-2,"In the Batavia corpus, there are no negative indefinite pronouns, but an example can be found in Tugu; see the record for Tugu under ""More lects"".",906[33f.],43-27 43-28,100.0,Intermediate -43-212,43,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -43-215,43,215,1,215-1,,,43-168,100.0, -43-217,43,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -43-218,43,218,1,218-1,,,43-165,100.0, -43-22-4,43,22,4,22-4,The marking of the plural is not obligatory. It is not clear to me whether there are rules for the occurrence of the plural or not.,906[22-24],43-30 43-31,100.0,Very certain -43-221,43,221,1,221-1,,,43-166,100.0, -43-23-6,43,23,6,23-6,"The reduplication can be partial, as in fil filu 'children' or total as in fruta fruta 'fruit'. Plural marking is not obligatory.",,43-30 43-31,100.0,Very certain -43-231,43,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -43-25-3,43,25,3,25-3,,906[22-24],43-30 43-32,100.0,Very certain -43-252,43,252,1,252-1,,,43-157,100.0, -43-253,43,253,1,253-1,,,43-156,100.0, -43-254,43,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -43-255,43,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -43-256,43,256,1,256-1,,,43-155,100.0, -43-257,43,257,1,257-1,,,43-159,100.0, -43-258,43,258,1,258-1,,,43-158,100.0, -43-259,43,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -43-26-2,43,26,2,26-2,,906[111f.],43-33,100.0,Intermediate -43-260,43,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -43-261,43,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -43-263,43,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -43-267,43,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -43-268,43,268,2,268-2,"The existence of ə is hypothetical. In my opinion, it occurs in words which end in -er and which I interpret to have been pronounced -ər. The (orthographic) ending -er has allomorphs with -i or -u, as in albër vs. albi (< Portuguese árvore) or otër vs. otru (< Portuguese outro).",,43-167,100.0, -43-272,43,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -43-273,43,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -43-274,43,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -43-275,43,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -43-276,43,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -43-277,43,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -43-278,43,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -43-279,43,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -43-28-2,43,28,2,28-2,,906[24f.],43-16,100.0,Very certain -43-280,43,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -43-281,43,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -43-282,43,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -43-284,43,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -43-285,43,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -43-286,43,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -43-287,43,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -43-288,43,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -43-289,43,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -43-29-2,43,29,2,29-2,,906[25],43-34,100.0,Very certain -43-290,43,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -43-291,43,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -43-3-2,43,3,2,3-2,,906[40f.],43-3,80.0,Very certain -43-3-1,43,3,1,3-1,,906[40f.],43-4,20.0,Very certain -43-30-8,43,30,8,30-8,"In Batavia Creole, there is only one example for generic noun phrases in subject function; in Tugu Creole, there are some more examples, with other values.",906[25],43-141,100.0,Certain -43-308-3,43,308,3,308-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -43-31-3,43,31,3,31-3,,906[24ff.],43-16 43-36,100.0,Very certain -43-313-1,43,313,1,313-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -43-32-1,43,32,1,32-1,,906[25ff.],43-36 43-37,100.0,Very certain -43-326-2,43,326,2,326-2,Batavia Creole was in contact with the Malay varieties spoken in Batavia/Jakarta in the 17th and 18th century.,,,100.0,Very certain -43-33-2,43,33,2,33-2,,906[25ff.],43-38 43-39,100.0,Very certain -43-36-1,43,36,1,36-1,It is highly improbable that there are numeral classifiers; all examples in the corpus containing numerals lack classifiers.,906,43-9,100.0,Intermediate +In the Batavia corpus, kilay (literally ki lay 'what sort') is always written in one word; an allomorph klay is also used. This allomorph shows that, in spite of lay 'sort' being used independently of kilay, this interrogative pronoun was on its way to become, synchronically, a single-word expression.",906[37-39],43-24 43-25 43-26,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +43-190,43,190,1,190-1,"There are cases of hesitation between /b/ and /v/, as in bida ~ vida 'life', due to adstrate influence. Malay does not have /v/.",,43-162,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-191,43,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-192,43,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-193,43,193,1,193-1,,,43-154,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-194,43,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-195,43,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-196,43,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-199,43,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-2-2,43,2,2,2-2,"Example 2 contains both constructions: Value ""Possessor-possessum"" with sua and Value ""Possessum-possessor"" with di.",906[28ff.],43-2,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-2-1,43,2,1,2-1,"Example 2 contains both constructions: Value ""Possessor-possessum"" with sua and Value ""Possessum-possessor"" with di.",906[28ff.],43-2,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-200,43,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-201,43,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-202,43,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-205,43,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-209,43,209,1,209-1,,,43-164,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-21-2,43,21,2,21-2,"In the Batavia corpus, there are no negative indefinite pronouns, but an example can be found in Tugu; see the record for Tugu under ""More lects"".",906[33f.],43-27 43-28,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-212,43,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-215,43,215,1,215-1,,,43-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-217,43,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-218,43,218,1,218-1,,,43-165,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-22-4,43,22,4,22-4,The marking of the plural is not obligatory. It is not clear to me whether there are rules for the occurrence of the plural or not.,906[22-24],43-30 43-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +43-221,43,221,1,221-1,,,43-166,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-23-6,43,23,6,23-6,"The reduplication can be partial, as in fil filu 'children' or total as in fruta fruta 'fruit'. Plural marking is not obligatory.",,43-30 43-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +43-231,43,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-25-3,43,25,3,25-3,,906[22-24],43-30 43-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-252,43,252,1,252-1,,,43-157,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-253,43,253,1,253-1,,,43-156,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-254,43,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-255,43,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-256,43,256,1,256-1,,,43-155,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-257,43,257,1,257-1,,,43-159,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-258,43,258,1,258-1,,,43-158,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +43-259,43,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-26-2,43,26,2,26-2,,906[111f.],43-33,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +43-260,43,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-261,43,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-263,43,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-267,43,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-268,43,268,2,268-2,"The existence of ə is hypothetical. In my opinion, it occurs in words which end in -er and which I interpret to have been pronounced -ər. The (orthographic) ending -er has allomorphs with -i or -u, as in albër vs. albi (< Portuguese árvore) or otër vs. otru (< Portuguese outro).",,43-167,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +43-272,43,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-273,43,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-274,43,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-275,43,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-276,43,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-277,43,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-278,43,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-279,43,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-28-2,43,28,2,28-2,,906[24f.],43-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-280,43,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-281,43,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-282,43,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-284,43,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-285,43,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-286,43,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-287,43,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-288,43,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-289,43,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-29-2,43,29,2,29-2,,906[25],43-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-290,43,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-291,43,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-3-2,43,3,2,3-2,,906[40f.],43-3,80.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-20-FFFF00-80-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-3-1,43,3,1,3-1,,906[40f.],43-4,20.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-20-FFFF00-80-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-30-8,43,30,8,30-8,"In Batavia Creole, there is only one example for generic noun phrases in subject function; in Tugu Creole, there are some more examples, with other values.",906[25],43-141,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +43-308-3,43,308,3,308-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +43-31-3,43,31,3,31-3,,906[24ff.],43-16 43-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +43-313-1,43,313,1,313-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-32-1,43,32,1,32-1,,906[25ff.],43-36 43-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-326-2,43,326,2,326-2,Batavia Creole was in contact with the Malay varieties spoken in Batavia/Jakarta in the 17th and 18th century.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +43-33-2,43,33,2,33-2,,906[25ff.],43-38 43-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-36-1,43,36,1,36-1,It is highly improbable that there are numeral classifiers; all examples in the corpus containing numerals lack classifiers.,906,43-9,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 43-37-5,43,37,5,37-5,"There are several examples of a linking element following the possessor, as in vose sua 'your (sg.)', nosotër sua 'our' or ilotër sua 'their', which synchronically has to be treated as a postposition. -Etymologically, sua goes back to Portuguese, where it corresponds to the feminine adnominal possessor of the 3rd person singular ('her').",906[28ff],43-42,70.0,Very certain +Etymologically, sua goes back to Portuguese, where it corresponds to the feminine adnominal possessor of the 3rd person singular ('her').",906[28ff],43-42,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFB6C1.png""}", 43-37-1,43,37,1,37-1,"There are several examples of a linking element following the possessor, as in vose sua 'your (sg.)', nosotër sua 'our' or ilotër sua 'their', which synchronically has to be treated as a postposition. -Etymologically, sua goes back to Portuguese, where it corresponds to the feminine adnominal possessor of the 3rd person singular ('her').",906[28ff],43-41,30.0,Very certain -43-38-1,43,38,1,38-1,"In Tugu, the possessor often has no marking (see Tugu lect).",906[28ff.],43-44,70.0,Very certain -43-38-2,43,38,2,38-2,"In Tugu, the possessor often has no marking (see Tugu lect).",906[28ff.],43-43,30.0,Very certain -43-39-2,43,39,2,39-2,"In the corpus, there is only one example in context, so there could have been other values existing in the language.",906[32f.],43-47 43-48,50.0,Certain -43-39-1,43,39,1,39-1,"In the corpus, there is only one example in context, so there could have been other values existing in the language.",906[32f.],43-49 43-50,50.0,Certain -43-4-2,43,4,2,4-2,,906[45f.],43-5,100.0,Very certain -43-40-1,43,40,1,40-1,There are no examples of gender agreement in the corpus.,906[42ff.],,100.0,Certain -43-41-1,43,41,1,41-1,"In the corpus, there is no example where the standard of comparison is present; therefore I give an example without standard. I do not think that there is a difference in comparative adjective marking with or without standard; see the Tugu example in Feature 42 ""Comparative standard marking"" where the standard is present and where the adjective is marked by mas 'more', as in Example 51 in this feature.",906[42f.],43-51,100.0,Very certain -43-43-1,43,43,1,43-1,,906[53ff.],43-53,100.0,Very certain -43-44-8,43,44,8,44-8,,906[53f.],,100.0,Certain -43-45-6,43,45,6,45-6,,906,,100.0,Very certain -43-47-6,43,47,6,47-6,"Batavia sta/ste is a general imperfective marker which also refers to past imperfective situations. It does not seem to be obligatory, because there are examples of unmarked verbs that refer to progressive and habitual/generic situations.",906[54-56],43-55 43-56 43-57,100.0,Very certain -43-48-6,43,48,6,48-6,"The unmarked verb may also refer to habitual situations, but it may also refer to future and perfective situations.",906[54-56],43-55 43-56 43-57,100.0,Certain +Etymologically, sua goes back to Portuguese, where it corresponds to the feminine adnominal possessor of the 3rd person singular ('her').",906[28ff],43-41,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFB6C1.png""}", +43-38-1,43,38,1,38-1,"In Tugu, the possessor often has no marking (see Tugu lect).",906[28ff.],43-44,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-38-2,43,38,2,38-2,"In Tugu, the possessor often has no marking (see Tugu lect).",906[28ff.],43-43,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-39-2,43,39,2,39-2,"In the corpus, there is only one example in context, so there could have been other values existing in the language.",906[32f.],43-47 43-48,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +43-39-1,43,39,1,39-1,"In the corpus, there is only one example in context, so there could have been other values existing in the language.",906[32f.],43-49 43-50,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +43-4-2,43,4,2,4-2,,906[45f.],43-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-40-1,43,40,1,40-1,There are no examples of gender agreement in the corpus.,906[42ff.],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-41-1,43,41,1,41-1,"In the corpus, there is no example where the standard of comparison is present; therefore I give an example without standard. I do not think that there is a difference in comparative adjective marking with or without standard; see the Tugu example in Feature 42 ""Comparative standard marking"" where the standard is present and where the adjective is marked by mas 'more', as in Example 51 in this feature.",906[42f.],43-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-43-1,43,43,1,43-1,,906[53ff.],43-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-44-8,43,44,8,44-8,,906[53f.],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-45-6,43,45,6,45-6,,906,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-47-6,43,47,6,47-6,"Batavia sta/ste is a general imperfective marker which also refers to past imperfective situations. It does not seem to be obligatory, because there are examples of unmarked verbs that refer to progressive and habitual/generic situations.",906[54-56],43-55 43-56 43-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +43-48-6,43,48,6,48-6,"The unmarked verb may also refer to habitual situations, but it may also refer to future and perfective situations.",906[54-56],43-55 43-56 43-57,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 43-49-1,43,49,1,49-1,"As mentioned in Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"" and 48 ""Uses of the habitual marker"", the tense and aspect markers are not obligatory. -The progressive marker ste may refer to present or past progressive situations, according to the context.",906[53ff.],43-58 43-59,100.0,Very certain -43-5-1,43,5,1,5-1,"In the Tugu variety, there are also postnominal demonstratives; see the record for Tugu under ""More lects"".",906[25-27],43-6,100.0,Certain +The progressive marker ste may refer to present or past progressive situations, according to the context.",906[53ff.],43-58 43-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-5-1,43,5,1,5-1,"In the Tugu variety, there are also postnominal demonstratives; see the record for Tugu under ""More lects"".",906[25-27],43-6,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 43-50-3,43,50,3,50-3,"Since Batavia Creole is an extinct language, it is impossible to establish whether the imperfective and the perfective aspect markers (sta/ste and dja) may occur in negated sentences or not, although in the corpus no combinations of the negator with the two aspect markers occur. -In Papiá Kristang, a language closely related to Batavia Creole, there are two different markers for future and the negator may not co-occur with the perfective and imperfective aspect marker, so maybe Batavia Creole had value 4 instead of value 3.",906[62],43-60 43-61,100.0,Certain -43-51-1,43,51,1,51-1,"Tense and aspect marking in Batavia Creole is optional, as Example 63 shows. In this example, the unmarked verbs refer to a past perfective situation. Some stative verbs like teng 'have, be' are zero-marked for non-future reference.",906[53ff.],43-59 43-62 43-63,100.0,Certain -43-52-1,43,52,1,52-1,,906[53ff.],,100.0,Certain -43-54-7,43,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Intermediate +In Papiá Kristang, a language closely related to Batavia Creole, there are two different markers for future and the negator may not co-occur with the perfective and imperfective aspect marker, so maybe Batavia Creole had value 4 instead of value 3.",906[62],43-60 43-61,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-51-1,43,51,1,51-1,"Tense and aspect marking in Batavia Creole is optional, as Example 63 shows. In this example, the unmarked verbs refer to a past perfective situation. Some stative verbs like teng 'have, be' are zero-marked for non-future reference.",906[53ff.],43-59 43-62 43-63,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +43-52-1,43,52,1,52-1,,906[53ff.],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-54-7,43,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 43-55-2,43,55,2,55-2,"There is an ability verb in Batavia, but it is impossible to say whether it can express epistemic possibility. -In the corpus, there is no example for the participant-internal ability usage.",906[71ff.],43-64,100.0,Uncertain -43-57-3,43,57,3,57-3,"The marking of the object is not obligatory with human nouns; with animate non-human and non-animate nouns, there is no example of object marking in the corpus.",906[75ff.],43-68 43-69,100.0,Intermediate -43-58-2,43,58,2,58-2,Batavia has differential object marking. Human nouns tend to be marked - as in Example 68 - but they may also be left unmarked. Nonhuman animate and inanimate nouns are always unmarked.,906[75ff.],43-68 43-70 43-71,100.0,Certain -43-59-2,43,59,2,59-2,There are two object markers in the corpus: kung and per. It is not clear to me whether they could be used with all persons or whether there were some restrictions.,906[75ff.],43-72 43-73,100.0,Very certain -43-6-1,43,6,1,6-1,,906[34-36],43-9,100.0,Certain -43-60-1,43,60,1,60-1,"There is no example of a full recipient noun phrase in the corpus, therefore I give an example of a recipient pronoun.",906[79f.],43-74,100.0,Intermediate -43-61-2,43,61,2,61-2,"There is no example of a full recipient noun phrase in the corpus, therefore I give an example of a recipient pronoun.",906[79f.],43-75,100.0,Intermediate -43-62-5,43,62,5,62-5,,906[92f.],43-24,100.0,Very certain -43-64-2,43,64,2,64-2,,906[67],43-76,100.0,Certain -43-68-2,43,68,2,68-2,,906[70],43-77,100.0,Very certain -43-69-1,43,69,1,69-1,"In the Tugu variety, the instrumental may also be realized by a noun phrase.",906[86f.],43-78,100.0,Very certain -43-7-1,43,7,1,7-1,,906[46-49],43-10,100.0,Very certain -43-70-1,43,70,1,70-1,,906[86f.],43-78 43-81,100.0,Very certain -43-71-1,43,71,1,71-1,,"906[86f., 51f.]",43-81 43-82,100.0,Very certain -43-72-3,43,72,3,72-3,,"906[51f., 90]",43-82 43-83,100.0,Very certain -43-73-3,43,73,3,73-3,"In Batavia, the absence of copula with predicative noun phrases is rare.",906[66ff.],43-84 43-85,100.0,Very certain -43-74-1,43,74,1,74-1,,906[66ff.],43-88,100.0,Very certain -43-75-1,43,75,1,75-1,,906[66ff.],43-91,100.0,Very certain -43-76-1,43,76,1,76-1,,906[66ff.],43-84 43-91,100.0,Very certain -43-77-1,43,77,1,77-1,The verb teng (< Portuguese tem 'he/she has') is also used as a copula in both Batavia and Tugu.,906[66],43-94,100.0,Very certain -43-78-1,43,78,1,78-1,,"906[66, 67]",43-62 43-95,100.0,Very certain -43-79-2,43,79,2,79-2,,906[80-83],43-96,100.0,Very certain -43-8-1,43,8,1,8-1,,906[41f.],43-11,100.0,Certain -43-80-2,43,80,2,80-2,,906[80-83],43-97,100.0,Very certain -43-81-2,43,81,2,81-2,,906[80-83],43-96 43-97,100.0,Very certain -43-85-2,43,85,2,85-2,There is only one example in the Batavia corpus.,906[73-75],43-100,100.0,Certain -43-86-3,43,86,3,86-3,,906[73-75],43-101 43-102,100.0,Very certain -43-87-3,43,87,3,87-3,"In the Batavia corpus, there are examples for typically reflexive verbs like 'to wash' and also for the reflexives asked for in this feature. The examples of the Batavia corpus show that these two categories behave differently ('body' vs. 'oneself'). It is not possible to find out whether this is a general rule.",906[98f.],43-103,50.0,Certain -43-87-2,43,87,2,87-2,"In the Batavia corpus, there are examples for typically reflexive verbs like 'to wash' and also for the reflexives asked for in this feature. The examples of the Batavia corpus show that these two categories behave differently ('body' vs. 'oneself'). It is not possible to find out whether this is a general rule.",906[98f.],43-104 43-105,50.0,Certain -43-89-2,43,89,2,89-2,,906[98f.],43-103 43-106,100.0,Certain -43-9-1,43,9,1,9-1,The definite article corresponds to the distal demonstrative.,906[25-28],43-16,100.0,Very certain +In the corpus, there is no example for the participant-internal ability usage.",906[71ff.],43-64,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +43-57-3,43,57,3,57-3,"The marking of the object is not obligatory with human nouns; with animate non-human and non-animate nouns, there is no example of object marking in the corpus.",906[75ff.],43-68 43-69,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-58-2,43,58,2,58-2,Batavia has differential object marking. Human nouns tend to be marked - as in Example 68 - but they may also be left unmarked. Nonhuman animate and inanimate nouns are always unmarked.,906[75ff.],43-68 43-70 43-71,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-59-2,43,59,2,59-2,There are two object markers in the corpus: kung and per. It is not clear to me whether they could be used with all persons or whether there were some restrictions.,906[75ff.],43-72 43-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-6-1,43,6,1,6-1,,906[34-36],43-9,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-60-1,43,60,1,60-1,"There is no example of a full recipient noun phrase in the corpus, therefore I give an example of a recipient pronoun.",906[79f.],43-74,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-61-2,43,61,2,61-2,"There is no example of a full recipient noun phrase in the corpus, therefore I give an example of a recipient pronoun.",906[79f.],43-75,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-62-5,43,62,5,62-5,,906[92f.],43-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +43-64-2,43,64,2,64-2,,906[67],43-76,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +43-68-2,43,68,2,68-2,,906[70],43-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +43-69-1,43,69,1,69-1,"In the Tugu variety, the instrumental may also be realized by a noun phrase.",906[86f.],43-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +43-7-1,43,7,1,7-1,,906[46-49],43-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-70-1,43,70,1,70-1,,906[86f.],43-78 43-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-71-1,43,71,1,71-1,,"906[86f., 51f.]",43-81 43-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-72-3,43,72,3,72-3,,"906[51f., 90]",43-82 43-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-73-3,43,73,3,73-3,"In Batavia, the absence of copula with predicative noun phrases is rare.",906[66ff.],43-84 43-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-74-1,43,74,1,74-1,,906[66ff.],43-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-75-1,43,75,1,75-1,,906[66ff.],43-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-76-1,43,76,1,76-1,,906[66ff.],43-84 43-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-77-1,43,77,1,77-1,The verb teng (< Portuguese tem 'he/she has') is also used as a copula in both Batavia and Tugu.,906[66],43-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +43-78-1,43,78,1,78-1,,"906[66, 67]",43-62 43-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +43-79-2,43,79,2,79-2,,906[80-83],43-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-8-1,43,8,1,8-1,,906[41f.],43-11,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +43-80-2,43,80,2,80-2,,906[80-83],43-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-81-2,43,81,2,81-2,,906[80-83],43-96 43-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-85-2,43,85,2,85-2,There is only one example in the Batavia corpus.,906[73-75],43-100,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +43-86-3,43,86,3,86-3,,906[73-75],43-101 43-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +43-87-3,43,87,3,87-3,"In the Batavia corpus, there are examples for typically reflexive verbs like 'to wash' and also for the reflexives asked for in this feature. The examples of the Batavia corpus show that these two categories behave differently ('body' vs. 'oneself'). It is not possible to find out whether this is a general rule.",906[98f.],43-103,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +43-87-2,43,87,2,87-2,"In the Batavia corpus, there are examples for typically reflexive verbs like 'to wash' and also for the reflexives asked for in this feature. The examples of the Batavia corpus show that these two categories behave differently ('body' vs. 'oneself'). It is not possible to find out whether this is a general rule.",906[98f.],43-104 43-105,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +43-89-2,43,89,2,89-2,,906[98f.],43-103 43-106,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +43-9-1,43,9,1,9-1,The definite article corresponds to the distal demonstrative.,906[25-28],43-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 43-90-3,43,90,3,90-3,"There is no prototypical passive in the Batavia corpus; in Example 107, the patient occurs in subject position, but there are no examples which contain an agent. -The Tugu variety, however, possesses a prototypical passive construction.",906[99-101],43-107,100.0,Very certain -43-92-2,43,92,2,92-2,,906[46-48],43-111,100.0,Very certain -43-93-2,43,93,2,93-2,,906[46-48],43-112,100.0,Very certain -43-95-3,43,95,3,95-3,,906[103-106],43-113,50.0,Very certain -43-95-4,43,95,4,95-4,,906[103-106],43-114,50.0,Very certain -43-96-3,43,96,3,96-3,,906[103-106],43-115,100.0,Very certain -43-97-1,43,97,1,97-1,,906[103-106],43-116,100.0,Very certain -44-0-4,44,0,4,0-4,,,,100.0, -44-1-3,44,1,3,1-3,The VOS order can be used if the object is indefinite.,1553[11],44-1 44-2,75.0,Very certain -44-1-4,44,1,4,1-4,The VOS order can be used if the object is indefinite.,1553[11],44-3,25.0,Very certain -44-10-1,44,10,1,10-1,,1414[45],44-16,100.0,Very certain -44-100-4,44,100,4,100-4,"The main pattern in Ternate Chabacano negation is one of the features that can be attributed to the Philippine languages, even though the labels of the negative particles quite apparently have their origins in the Iberian lexifier language, and nwáy comes from the Spanish no hay 'there is not'. The properties of the Tagalog negator wala in particular have influenced the use of nwáy in Ternate Chabacano. The Philippine languages make a distinction in negative particles between standard negation and the negatives of existence. Wala is used in existential and indefinite constructions, as well as in possessive constructions (Schachter & Otanes 1972: 521). As in Ternate Chabacano, the positive counterpart of the existential negator is a different word.",,44-108 44-171 44-172,100.0,Very certain -44-101-1,44,101,1,101-1,"As in many other Philippine languages, the negator attracts the subject (pronoun) to the second position of the phrase (Steinkrüger 2007: 372).",,44-173,100.0,Very certain -44-102-6,44,102,6,102-6,"Note that sometimes the negative indefinites co-occur with predicate negation, as in no sábi nada [NEG know nothing] 'do not know anything' or 'know nothing'.",,44-174,100.0,Very certain -44-103-7,44,103,7,103-7,"A question particle can be used, normally in the second position of the clause.",,44-176,50.0,Very certain -44-103-8,44,103,8,103-8,"A question particle can be used, normally in the second position of the clause.",,44-175,50.0,Very certain -44-104-5,44,104,5,104-5,Ternate Chabacano is a VSO language and the normal position of the subject is after the verb. Normally focussing happens when the subject is initial mi táta yasé kel kása 'my FATHER did the house'.,,44-177,100.0,Intermediate -44-105-3,44,105,3,105-3,The constrastive expression is done with the particle numá ‘just’.,,44-178,100.0,Intermediate -44-106-2,44,106,2,106-2,"In addition to the etymologically Spanish tambyén, the enclitic rin/din of Tagalog origin is also used. The focus particles occur generally after the focused element or after the first content word.",,44-179,50.0,Certain -44-106-4,44,106,4,106-4,"In addition to the etymologically Spanish tambyén, the enclitic rin/din of Tagalog origin is also used. The focus particles occur generally after the focused element or after the first content word.",,44-22,50.0,Certain -44-107-1,44,107,1,107-1,Sometimes the Tagalog hoy/oy or o is used to call the attention of the listener.,,44-180 44-181,100.0,Certain -44-108-4,44,108,4,108-4,"Clicks perhaps occur in onomatopoetic words, which imitate the sound of a click.",,,100.0,Intermediate -44-109-2,44,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Certain -44-11-2,44,11,2,11-2,,,44-18 44-19,75.0,Intermediate -44-11-1,44,11,1,11-1,,,44-17,25.0,Uncertain -44-110-1,44,110,1,110-1,,1414[49],44-182,100.0,Very certain -44-111-1,44,111,1,111-1,,1064[94],44-183,100.0,Very certain -44-112-2,44,112,2,112-2,,,44-184 44-185,100.0,Certain -44-113-2,44,113,2,113-2,"In my material there is no dedíto de máno, only dédo/dedíto is used for finger. But I suppose it is a possible construction, as in other languages.",,44-186 44-187,100.0,Certain -44-114-3,44,114,3,114-3,The feather of fowls is referred to with pilyého 'skin' (compare with Tagalog balahibo). The feathers of birds are considered animal hide.,,44-188 44-189 44-190,100.0,Intermediate -44-115-2,44,115,2,115-2,,,44-191 44-192,100.0,Very certain -44-116-2,44,116,2,116-2,,,44-193 44-194,100.0,Very certain -44-117-2,44,117,2,117-2,,,44-195,100.0,Certain -44-118-2,44,118,2,118-2,,,44-196 44-197 44-198,100.0,Certain -44-119-2,44,119,2,119-2,,,44-199 44-200 44-201,100.0,Very certain -44-12-1,44,12,1,12-1,,,44-20,100.0,Very certain -44-120-1,44,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Certain -44-121-2,44,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -44-122-4,44,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -44-123-4,44,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -44-124-5,44,124,5,124-5,,,,100.0, -44-125-4,44,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -44-126-4,44,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -44-127-6,44,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -44-128-1,44,128,1,128-1,This sound can also be analyzed as the cluster /ny/.,,44-215,100.0, -44-129-2,44,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -44-13-1,44,13,1,13-1,,1414[49],44-21 44-22,100.0,Very certain -44-130-1,44,130,1,130-1,,,44-212,100.0, -44-131,44,131,1,131-1,,,44-202,100.0, -44-132,44,132,1,132-1,,,44-204,100.0, -44-133,44,133,1,133-1,,,44-205,100.0, -44-134,44,134,1,134-1,,,44-206,100.0, -44-137,44,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -44-138,44,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -44-139,44,139,1,139-1,,,44-209,100.0, -44-14-1,44,14,1,14-1,"The distinction between dual (we two) and plural (we all) can be made by lexical means. The dual can be constructed by adding dos after the pronoun, especially for the first person plural mordós (< mótro dos) (Steinkrüger 2007: 368). However, the dual is not always used when referring to we two, so it cannot be considered as a fully grammaticalized distinction for Ternate Chabacano. See Examples 23 and 24.",1446[368],44-23 44-24,100.0,Certain -44-140,44,140,3,140-3,,,44-210,100.0, -44-143,44,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -44-144,44,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -44-145,44,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -44-146,44,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -44-147,44,147,1,147-1,,,44-203,100.0, -44-148,44,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -44-149,44,149,1,149-1,,,44-207,100.0, -44-15-1,44,15,1,15-1,"Although two forms for the first person plural coexist (mótru and mihótru), they do not match the Tagalog opposition between tayo (inclusive) and kami (exclusive).",,44-25 44-26,100.0,Certain -44-151,44,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -44-152,44,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -44-153,44,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -44-155,44,155,1,155-1,,,44-208,100.0, -44-156,44,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -44-158,44,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -44-159,44,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -44-16-1,44,16,1,16-1,,1414[49];1446[368],44-27,100.0,Very certain -44-160,44,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -44-161,44,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -44-163,44,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -44-168,44,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -44-169,44,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, +The Tugu variety, however, possesses a prototypical passive construction.",906[99-101],43-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +43-92-2,43,92,2,92-2,,906[46-48],43-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +43-93-2,43,93,2,93-2,,906[46-48],43-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +43-95-3,43,95,3,95-3,,906[103-106],43-113,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-95-4,43,95,4,95-4,,906[103-106],43-114,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +43-96-3,43,96,3,96-3,,906[103-106],43-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +43-97-1,43,97,1,97-1,,906[103-106],43-116,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +44-0-4,44,0,4,0-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +44-1-3,44,1,3,1-3,The VOS order can be used if the object is indefinite.,1553[11],44-1 44-2,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-964B00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +44-1-4,44,1,4,1-4,The VOS order can be used if the object is indefinite.,1553[11],44-3,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-964B00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +44-10-1,44,10,1,10-1,,1414[45],44-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +44-100-4,44,100,4,100-4,"The main pattern in Ternate Chabacano negation is one of the features that can be attributed to the Philippine languages, even though the labels of the negative particles quite apparently have their origins in the Iberian lexifier language, and nwáy comes from the Spanish no hay 'there is not'. The properties of the Tagalog negator wala in particular have influenced the use of nwáy in Ternate Chabacano. The Philippine languages make a distinction in negative particles between standard negation and the negatives of existence. Wala is used in existential and indefinite constructions, as well as in possessive constructions (Schachter & Otanes 1972: 521). As in Ternate Chabacano, the positive counterpart of the existential negator is a different word.",,44-108 44-171 44-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +44-101-1,44,101,1,101-1,"As in many other Philippine languages, the negator attracts the subject (pronoun) to the second position of the phrase (Steinkrüger 2007: 372).",,44-173,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-102-6,44,102,6,102-6,"Note that sometimes the negative indefinites co-occur with predicate negation, as in no sábi nada [NEG know nothing] 'do not know anything' or 'know nothing'.",,44-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +44-103-7,44,103,7,103-7,"A question particle can be used, normally in the second position of the clause.",,44-176,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-103-8,44,103,8,103-8,"A question particle can be used, normally in the second position of the clause.",,44-175,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-104-5,44,104,5,104-5,Ternate Chabacano is a VSO language and the normal position of the subject is after the verb. Normally focussing happens when the subject is initial mi táta yasé kel kása 'my FATHER did the house'.,,44-177,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-105-3,44,105,3,105-3,The constrastive expression is done with the particle numá ‘just’.,,44-178,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-106-2,44,106,2,106-2,"In addition to the etymologically Spanish tambyén, the enclitic rin/din of Tagalog origin is also used. The focus particles occur generally after the focused element or after the first content word.",,44-179,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-106-4,44,106,4,106-4,"In addition to the etymologically Spanish tambyén, the enclitic rin/din of Tagalog origin is also used. The focus particles occur generally after the focused element or after the first content word.",,44-22,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-107-1,44,107,1,107-1,Sometimes the Tagalog hoy/oy or o is used to call the attention of the listener.,,44-180 44-181,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-108-4,44,108,4,108-4,"Clicks perhaps occur in onomatopoetic words, which imitate the sound of a click.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +44-109-2,44,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-11-2,44,11,2,11-2,,,44-18 44-19,75.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-800080-75-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-11-1,44,11,1,11-1,,,44-17,25.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-800080-75-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-110-1,44,110,1,110-1,,1414[49],44-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +44-111-1,44,111,1,111-1,,1064[94],44-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +44-112-2,44,112,2,112-2,,,44-184 44-185,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +44-113-2,44,113,2,113-2,"In my material there is no dedíto de máno, only dédo/dedíto is used for finger. But I suppose it is a possible construction, as in other languages.",,44-186 44-187,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-114-3,44,114,3,114-3,The feather of fowls is referred to with pilyého 'skin' (compare with Tagalog balahibo). The feathers of birds are considered animal hide.,,44-188 44-189 44-190,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-115-2,44,115,2,115-2,,,44-191 44-192,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-116-2,44,116,2,116-2,,,44-193 44-194,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-117-2,44,117,2,117-2,,,44-195,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-118-2,44,118,2,118-2,,,44-196 44-197 44-198,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-119-2,44,119,2,119-2,,,44-199 44-200 44-201,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-12-1,44,12,1,12-1,,,44-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-120-1,44,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-121-2,44,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +44-122-4,44,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +44-123-4,44,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-124-5,44,124,5,124-5,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-125-4,44,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-126-4,44,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-127-6,44,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-128-1,44,128,1,128-1,This sound can also be analyzed as the cluster /ny/.,,44-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +44-129-2,44,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-13-1,44,13,1,13-1,,1414[49],44-21 44-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +44-130-1,44,130,1,130-1,,,44-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +44-131,44,131,1,131-1,,,44-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-132,44,132,1,132-1,,,44-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-133,44,133,1,133-1,,,44-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-134,44,134,1,134-1,,,44-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-137,44,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-138,44,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-139,44,139,1,139-1,,,44-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-14-1,44,14,1,14-1,"The distinction between dual (we two) and plural (we all) can be made by lexical means. The dual can be constructed by adding dos after the pronoun, especially for the first person plural mordós (< mótro dos) (Steinkrüger 2007: 368). However, the dual is not always used when referring to we two, so it cannot be considered as a fully grammaticalized distinction for Ternate Chabacano. See Examples 23 and 24.",1446[368],44-23 44-24,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-140,44,140,3,140-3,,,44-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +44-143,44,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-144,44,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-145,44,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-146,44,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-147,44,147,1,147-1,,,44-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-148,44,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-149,44,149,1,149-1,,,44-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-15-1,44,15,1,15-1,"Although two forms for the first person plural coexist (mótru and mihótru), they do not match the Tagalog opposition between tayo (inclusive) and kami (exclusive).",,44-25 44-26,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +44-151,44,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-152,44,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-153,44,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-155,44,155,1,155-1,,,44-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-156,44,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-158,44,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-159,44,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-16-1,44,16,1,16-1,,1414[49];1446[368],44-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-160,44,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-161,44,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-163,44,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-168,44,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-169,44,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 44-17-1,44,17,1,17-1,"See also Llamado (1972: 73–74) and Whinnom (1956: 88). -The plural pronouns have weak or unstressed forms mótru, lótru mainly occurring after the verb. This might suggest that there is a contrast between independent pronouns and dependent pronouns, but as a tendency in performance that is not yet grammaticalized.",1446[368],44-27 44-28 44-29,100.0,Certain -44-170,44,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -44-171,44,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -44-172,44,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -44-173,44,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -44-174,44,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -44-176,44,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -44-178,44,178,1,178-1,,,44-213,100.0, -44-179,44,179,1,179-1,,,44-214,100.0, -44-18-2,44,18,2,18-2,"The second person singular pronoun can make a respect distinction (see example), but the system seems to be rather unstable (see also Molony (1977: 156) and Whinnom (1956: 89) for an opposite view).",1414[49],44-30 44-31,100.0,Certain -44-180,44,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -44-181,44,181,1,181-1,This sound can also be analyzed as the cluster /ny/.,,44-215,100.0, -44-182,44,182,1,182-1,,,44-216,100.0, -44-183,44,183,1,183-1,,,44-217,100.0, -44-184,44,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -44-187,44,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -44-188,44,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -44-189,44,189,4,189-4,,,,100.0, -44-19-2,44,19,2,19-2,Kósa óras 'at which time' is a possible compound expression.,,44-32 44-33 44-34 44-35 44-36,100.0,Certain -44-190,44,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -44-191,44,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -44-192,44,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -44-193,44,193,1,193-1,,,44-211,100.0, -44-194,44,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -44-195,44,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -44-196,44,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -44-199,44,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -44-2-2,44,2,2,2-2,,,44-4 44-46,100.0,Very certain -44-20-1,44,20,1,20-1,,,44-37,50.0,Intermediate -44-20-3,44,20,3,20-3,,,44-38,50.0,Uncertain -44-200,44,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -44-201,44,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -44-202,44,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -44-205,44,205,1,205-1,,,44-212,100.0, -44-209,44,209,1,209-1,,,44-218,100.0, -44-21-4,44,21,4,21-4,The counterparts of the indefinite pronouns 'somebody' and 'something' are related to the interrogative pronouns kyén 'who' and kósa 'what' or generic-noun kósa 'thing'. They can be combined with máski 'though' or with existential tyéni. Also an existential tyéni with a free relative clause can be used.,,44-41 44-42,46.6666666666667,Certain -44-21-1,44,21,1,21-1,The counterparts of the indefinite pronouns 'somebody' and 'something' are related to the interrogative pronouns kyén 'who' and kósa 'what' or generic-noun kósa 'thing'. They can be combined with máski 'though' or with existential tyéni. Also an existential tyéni with a free relative clause can be used.,,44-40,46.6666666666667,Certain -44-21-2,44,21,2,21-2,The counterparts of the indefinite pronouns 'somebody' and 'something' are related to the interrogative pronouns kyén 'who' and kósa 'what' or generic-noun kósa 'thing'. They can be combined with máski 'though' or with existential tyéni. Also an existential tyéni with a free relative clause can be used.,,44-39,6.66666666666667,Unspecified -44-212,44,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -44-217,44,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -44-218,44,218,1,218-1,,,44-219,100.0, -44-22-4,44,22,4,22-4,"If both the speaker and hearer know that more than one object is being referred to, the plural particle can be left out. The same omission occurs in the adstrate language Tagalog.",,44-43 44-44 44-45,100.0,Intermediate -44-221,44,221,1,221-1,,,44-220,100.0, -44-23-7,44,23,7,23-7,"Suffix plurals are only found in a decreasing number of Spanish-derived words, and are not productive.",1414[46],44-46,95.0,Very certain -44-23-3,44,23,3,23-3,"Suffix plurals are only found in a decreasing number of Spanish-derived words, and are not productive.",1414[46],44-47,5.0,Certain -44-231,44,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -44-24-4,44,24,4,24-4,"There might be occasional use of sina/sana with names referring to persons or personlike beings. Compare to Zamboanga Chabacano si - kanda. This accociative plural exists in Tagalog, the adstrate; for example sina Luis 'Luis and company'.",,44-43 44-48,100.0,Uncertain -44-25-3,44,25,3,25-3,,,44-49 44-50,100.0,Very certain -44-252,44,252,1,252-1,,,44-221,100.0, -44-253,44,253,1,253-1,,,44-222,100.0, -44-254,44,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -44-255,44,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -44-256,44,256,1,256-1,,,44-223,100.0, -44-257,44,257,1,257-1,,,44-224,100.0, -44-258,44,258,1,258-1,,,44-225,100.0, -44-259,44,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -44-26-5,44,26,5,26-5,"There is also an attenuating function, as in other Chabacano varieties. See Bartens (2004: 247), and Whinnom (1956: 95–97) for additional information about the Chabacano varieties in general and the different uses of reduplication.","1414[47, 51]",44-51 44-52 44-53,100.0,Intermediate -44-260,44,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -44-261,44,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -44-263,44,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -44-267,44,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -44-268,44,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -44-27-2,44,27,2,27-2,"Here the use of the indefinite article or numeral un, una is not considered as an anti-dual marker.",,44-54 44-55,100.0,Certain -44-272,44,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -44-273,44,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -44-274,44,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -44-275,44,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -44-276,44,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -44-277,44,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -44-278,44,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -44-279,44,279,1,279-1,,,44-226,100.0, +The plural pronouns have weak or unstressed forms mótru, lótru mainly occurring after the verb. This might suggest that there is a contrast between independent pronouns and dependent pronouns, but as a tendency in performance that is not yet grammaticalized.",1446[368],44-27 44-28 44-29,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-170,44,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-171,44,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-172,44,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-173,44,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-174,44,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-176,44,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-178,44,178,1,178-1,,,44-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-179,44,179,1,179-1,,,44-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-18-2,44,18,2,18-2,"The second person singular pronoun can make a respect distinction (see example), but the system seems to be rather unstable (see also Molony (1977: 156) and Whinnom (1956: 89) for an opposite view).",1414[49],44-30 44-31,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +44-180,44,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-181,44,181,1,181-1,This sound can also be analyzed as the cluster /ny/.,,44-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-182,44,182,1,182-1,,,44-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-183,44,183,1,183-1,,,44-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-184,44,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-187,44,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-188,44,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-189,44,189,4,189-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-19-2,44,19,2,19-2,Kósa óras 'at which time' is a possible compound expression.,,44-32 44-33 44-34 44-35 44-36,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-190,44,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-191,44,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-192,44,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-193,44,193,1,193-1,,,44-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-194,44,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-195,44,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-196,44,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-199,44,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-2-2,44,2,2,2-2,,,44-4 44-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +44-20-1,44,20,1,20-1,,,44-37,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-20-3,44,20,3,20-3,,,44-38,50.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-200,44,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-201,44,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-202,44,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-205,44,205,1,205-1,,,44-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-209,44,209,1,209-1,,,44-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-21-4,44,21,4,21-4,The counterparts of the indefinite pronouns 'somebody' and 'something' are related to the interrogative pronouns kyén 'who' and kósa 'what' or generic-noun kósa 'thing'. They can be combined with máski 'though' or with existential tyéni. Also an existential tyéni with a free relative clause can be used.,,44-41 44-42,46.6666666666667,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-47-0000FF-7-FF0000-47-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +44-21-1,44,21,1,21-1,The counterparts of the indefinite pronouns 'somebody' and 'something' are related to the interrogative pronouns kyén 'who' and kósa 'what' or generic-noun kósa 'thing'. They can be combined with máski 'though' or with existential tyéni. Also an existential tyéni with a free relative clause can be used.,,44-40,46.6666666666667,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-47-0000FF-7-FF0000-47-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +44-21-2,44,21,2,21-2,The counterparts of the indefinite pronouns 'somebody' and 'something' are related to the interrogative pronouns kyén 'who' and kósa 'what' or generic-noun kósa 'thing'. They can be combined with máski 'though' or with existential tyéni. Also an existential tyéni with a free relative clause can be used.,,44-39,6.66666666666667,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-47-0000FF-7-FF0000-47-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +44-212,44,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-217,44,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-218,44,218,1,218-1,,,44-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-22-4,44,22,4,22-4,"If both the speaker and hearer know that more than one object is being referred to, the plural particle can be left out. The same omission occurs in the adstrate language Tagalog.",,44-43 44-44 44-45,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +44-221,44,221,1,221-1,,,44-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-23-7,44,23,7,23-7,"Suffix plurals are only found in a decreasing number of Spanish-derived words, and are not productive.",1414[46],44-46,95.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-5-0000FF-95-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +44-23-3,44,23,3,23-3,"Suffix plurals are only found in a decreasing number of Spanish-derived words, and are not productive.",1414[46],44-47,5.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-5-0000FF-95-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +44-231,44,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-24-4,44,24,4,24-4,"There might be occasional use of sina/sana with names referring to persons or personlike beings. Compare to Zamboanga Chabacano si - kanda. This accociative plural exists in Tagalog, the adstrate; for example sina Luis 'Luis and company'.",,44-43 44-48,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-25-3,44,25,3,25-3,,,44-49 44-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-252,44,252,1,252-1,,,44-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-253,44,253,1,253-1,,,44-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-254,44,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-255,44,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-256,44,256,1,256-1,,,44-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-257,44,257,1,257-1,,,44-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-258,44,258,1,258-1,,,44-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +44-259,44,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-26-5,44,26,5,26-5,"There is also an attenuating function, as in other Chabacano varieties. See Bartens (2004: 247), and Whinnom (1956: 95–97) for additional information about the Chabacano varieties in general and the different uses of reduplication.","1414[47, 51]",44-51 44-52 44-53,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +44-260,44,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-261,44,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-263,44,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-267,44,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-268,44,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-27-2,44,27,2,27-2,"Here the use of the indefinite article or numeral un, una is not considered as an anti-dual marker.",,44-54 44-55,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-272,44,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-273,44,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-274,44,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-275,44,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-276,44,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-277,44,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-278,44,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-279,44,279,1,279-1,,,44-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 44-28-2,44,28,2,28-2,"Both el and kel are used as definite articles in Ternate Chabacano, but only kel has a demonstrative function. -Note that Steinkrüger (2007: 369) considers késte as the only demostrative in Ternate Chabacano.",1414[44],44-43 44-56 44-57 44-58,100.0,Certain -44-280,44,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -44-281,44,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -44-282,44,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -44-284,44,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -44-285,44,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -44-286,44,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -44-287,44,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -44-288,44,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -44-289,44,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -44-29-2,44,29,2,29-2,,1414[45],44-5 44-59 44-60,100.0,Certain -44-290,44,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -44-291,44,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -44-3-2,44,3,2,3-2,,,44-5,30.0,Certain -44-3-1,44,3,1,3-1,,,44-6,70.0,Certain -44-30-4,44,30,4,30-4,,,44-62,30.0,Intermediate -44-30-7,44,30,7,30-7,,,44-61,70.0,Certain -44-308-4,44,308,4,308-4,,1579,,100.0,Very certain -44-309-2,44,309,2,309-2,Some speakers of Ternate Chabacano were not born in Ternate or into Chabacano-speaking families. Most of them have acquired the language through marriage.,976[40],,100.0,Certain -44-31-3,44,31,3,31-3,"Since kel is regarded as an article (see Feature 28), value 3 is chosen. But the differences and similarities between akél ‘that’, kel ‘that, the’ and el ‘the’ are not yet studied well enough to define their functions well.",1414[44],44-63,100.0,Certain -44-310-4,44,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Certain -44-311-3,44,311,3,311-3,,1414[43],,100.0,Certain +Note that Steinkrüger (2007: 369) considers késte as the only demostrative in Ternate Chabacano.",1414[44],44-43 44-56 44-57 44-58,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +44-280,44,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-281,44,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-282,44,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-284,44,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-285,44,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-286,44,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-287,44,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-288,44,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-289,44,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-29-2,44,29,2,29-2,,1414[45],44-5 44-59 44-60,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +44-290,44,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-291,44,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-3-2,44,3,2,3-2,,,44-5,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-3-1,44,3,1,3-1,,,44-6,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-30-4,44,30,4,30-4,,,44-62,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-30-7,44,30,7,30-7,,,44-61,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-308-4,44,308,4,308-4,,1579,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +44-309-2,44,309,2,309-2,Some speakers of Ternate Chabacano were not born in Ternate or into Chabacano-speaking families. Most of them have acquired the language through marriage.,976[40],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +44-31-3,44,31,3,31-3,"Since kel is regarded as an article (see Feature 28), value 3 is chosen. But the differences and similarities between akél ‘that’, kel ‘that, the’ and el ‘the’ are not yet studied well enough to define their functions well.",1414[44],44-63,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +44-310-4,44,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +44-311-3,44,311,3,311-3,,1414[43],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 44-312-2,44,312,2,312-2,"The speakers of Ternate Chabacano are all bilingual in Chabacano and Tagalog. Some families prefer to use Tagalog and English with their children because these languages enjoy a higher social status and are instrumental for social advancement. -Although reliable numbers are difficult to obtain, the total number of speakers seems to be decreasing. Molony (1973) mentions 8,000 speakers of Ternate Chabacano, and in the 1995 Philippine Population Census the number of Chabacano speakers in Ternate was 3,194.",,,100.0,Certain -44-313-3,44,313,3,313-3,,1414[42],,100.0,Very certain -44-314-3,44,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -44-315-3,44,315,3,315-3,No local radio or TV stations exist. National programmes use Tagalog or English.,,,100.0,Very certain -44-316-3,44,316,3,316-3,No local radio or TV stations exist. National programmes use Tagalog or English.,,,100.0,Certain -44-317-2,44,317,2,317-2,"The languages predominantly used in music are Tagalog or English, but some local singer-songwriters occasionally use Ternate Chabacano.",,,100.0,Certain -44-318-2,44,318,2,318-2,A bilingual collection of stories and proverbs in Ternate Chabacano and in English by Evangelino Nigoza was published in 2007. Other literary works include unpublished songs and poems.,1064,,100.0,Very certain -44-319-3,44,319,3,319-3,No local newspapers exist. National and regional newspapers use Tagalog or English.,,,100.0,Very certain -44-32-1,44,32,1,32-1,,1414[48],44-65 44-66,100.0,Very certain -44-320-3,44,320,3,320-3,No local newspapers exist. National and regional newspapers use Tagalog or English.,,,100.0,Very certain -44-321-2,44,321,2,321-2,The language is only used in formal commercial settings if the costumer and the employee are local Chabacano speakers.,,,100.0,Certain -44-322-4,44,322,4,322-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -44-323-3,44,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -44-324-2,44,324,2,324-2,"Some local teachers use Ternate Chabacano as an auxiliary language in the first grades. The bilingual educational model currently used in the Philippines defines Filipino and English as the media of instruction. Each language is assigned to a distinct set of subject areas. The Policy on Bilingual education (1987) states that the regional languages can be used as auxiliary media of instruction and as initial languages for literacy where needed, especially in grades I and II.",1415,,100.0,Certain -44-325-2,44,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Certain -44-326-3,44,326,3,326-3,The language that currently has a contact influence on Ternate Chabacano is Tagalog.,,,100.0,Very certain -44-327-4,44,327,4,327-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -44-328-4,44,328,4,328-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -44-329-4,44,329,4,329-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -44-33-3,44,33,3,33-3,See also Llamado (1972: 68) for Cavite Chabacano.,,44-67 44-68 44-69,100.0,Certain -44-330-4,44,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -44-331-4,44,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -44-332-4,44,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -44-333-4,44,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -44-334-4,44,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -44-335-4,44,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -44-34-1,44,34,1,34-1,,,44-70,100.0,Intermediate +Although reliable numbers are difficult to obtain, the total number of speakers seems to be decreasing. Molony (1973) mentions 8,000 speakers of Ternate Chabacano, and in the 1995 Philippine Population Census the number of Chabacano speakers in Ternate was 3,194.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-313-3,44,313,3,313-3,,1414[42],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +44-314-3,44,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-315-3,44,315,3,315-3,No local radio or TV stations exist. National programmes use Tagalog or English.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-316-3,44,316,3,316-3,No local radio or TV stations exist. National programmes use Tagalog or English.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-317-2,44,317,2,317-2,"The languages predominantly used in music are Tagalog or English, but some local singer-songwriters occasionally use Ternate Chabacano.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +44-318-2,44,318,2,318-2,A bilingual collection of stories and proverbs in Ternate Chabacano and in English by Evangelino Nigoza was published in 2007. Other literary works include unpublished songs and poems.,1064,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +44-319-3,44,319,3,319-3,No local newspapers exist. National and regional newspapers use Tagalog or English.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-32-1,44,32,1,32-1,,1414[48],44-65 44-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +44-320-3,44,320,3,320-3,No local newspapers exist. National and regional newspapers use Tagalog or English.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-321-2,44,321,2,321-2,The language is only used in formal commercial settings if the costumer and the employee are local Chabacano speakers.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-322-4,44,322,4,322-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-323-3,44,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-324-2,44,324,2,324-2,"Some local teachers use Ternate Chabacano as an auxiliary language in the first grades. The bilingual educational model currently used in the Philippines defines Filipino and English as the media of instruction. Each language is assigned to a distinct set of subject areas. The Policy on Bilingual education (1987) states that the regional languages can be used as auxiliary media of instruction and as initial languages for literacy where needed, especially in grades I and II.",1415,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +44-325-2,44,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-326-3,44,326,3,326-3,The language that currently has a contact influence on Ternate Chabacano is Tagalog.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-327-4,44,327,4,327-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-328-4,44,328,4,328-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-329-4,44,329,4,329-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-33-3,44,33,3,33-3,See also Llamado (1972: 68) for Cavite Chabacano.,,44-67 44-68 44-69,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +44-330-4,44,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-331-4,44,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-332-4,44,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-333-4,44,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-334-4,44,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-335-4,44,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-34-1,44,34,1,34-1,,,44-70,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 44-35-3,44,35,3,35-3,"Two different systems are used: - the Spanish-based in which primeru, segundo, kwártu, quinto are suppletive. This system is generally used only up until 4. - the Tagalog-based system has Value 3. -See also Escalante (2005: 222) for Cavite Chabacano.",,44-72,50.0,Very certain +See also Escalante (2005: 222) for Cavite Chabacano.",,44-72,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF7F00-50-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge 44-35-2,44,35,2,35-2,"Two different systems are used: - the Spanish-based in which primeru, segundo, kwártu, quinto are suppletive. This system is generally used only up until 4. - the Tagalog-based system has Value 3. -See also Escalante (2005: 222) for Cavite Chabacano.",,44-71,50.0,Very certain -44-36-1,44,36,1,36-1,,,44-73 44-74 44-75,100.0,Very certain -44-37-1,44,37,1,37-1,"The expression of adnominal possession with a personal pronoun has two main types - possessive pronouns mi, bus and su and di + pronoun forms. Both forms may occur preposed to the possessum, and di + pronoun forms also occur postposed. The possessive is generally formed with the preposition di and a pronoun, as in Value 6 (see also Lipski 1988: 33), but in singular Value 1 forms mi, bus and su can be used.",1414[48],44-76 44-78,23.0769230769231,Very certain -44-37-6,44,37,6,37-6,"The expression of adnominal possession with a personal pronoun has two main types - possessive pronouns mi, bus and su and di + pronoun forms. Both forms may occur preposed to the possessum, and di + pronoun forms also occur postposed. The possessive is generally formed with the preposition di and a pronoun, as in Value 6 (see also Lipski 1988: 33), but in singular Value 1 forms mi, bus and su can be used.",1414[48],44-77 44-79,53.8461538461538,Very certain -44-37-5,44,37,5,37-5,"The expression of adnominal possession with a personal pronoun has two main types - possessive pronouns mi, bus and su and di + pronoun forms. Both forms may occur preposed to the possessum, and di + pronoun forms also occur postposed. The possessive is generally formed with the preposition di and a pronoun, as in Value 6 (see also Lipski 1988: 33), but in singular Value 1 forms mi, bus and su can be used.",1414[48],44-80,23.0769230769231,Certain -44-38-2,44,38,2,38-2,,,44-81,100.0,Very certain -44-39-1,44,39,1,39-1,"The forms 3SG di éle, 1PL di mótru, 2PL di tédi, and 3PL di lótru have Value 1 identical forms, but as alternative forms of adnominal possession with a personal pronoun occur, the forms 1SG mi - di mi, 2SG bus - di bo and 3SG su - di éle also have Value 2.",,44-82 44-83,100.0,Certain -44-4-2,44,4,2,4-2,,,44-7,100.0,Very certain -44-40-2,44,40,2,40-2,"Sometimes the Spanish-derived feminine forms are used when referring to feminine sex, e.g. boníta muhér 'beautiful lady', but this is limited to a small number of adjectives and is not productive. Also religious names, such as semana santa 'holy week (Easter)' and espiritu santo 'holy spirit' have gender agreement of adjectives.",1414[47],44-84 44-85,100.0,Certain -44-41-1,44,41,1,41-1,,,44-87 44-88,70.0,Certain -44-41-2,44,41,2,41-2,,,44-86,30.0,Certain -44-42-3,44,42,3,42-3,The object marker is used. Kel péhro a-murdé kung kel muhér. 'The dog bit the woman.',,44-87,30.0,Certain -44-42-2,44,42,2,42-2,The object marker is used. Kel péhro a-murdé kung kel muhér. 'The dog bit the woman.',,44-86,70.0,Very certain -44-43-1,44,43,1,43-1,,,44-89,100.0,Very certain -44-44-8,44,44,8,44-8,,1414[49],,100.0,Certain -44-45-6,44,45,6,45-6,"Ya is a perfective aspect marker, which is naturally related to past time. Past events can have imperfective aspect marker ta.",,44-90,100.0,Very certain -44-46-2,44,46,2,46-2,"The progressive marker ta could maybe be considered as an affix, especially in tandá (ta andá), tablá (ta hablá).",,44-91,100.0,Intermediate -44-47-6,44,47,6,47-6,,,44-91 44-92 44-93,100.0,Very certain -44-48-6,44,48,6,48-6,,,44-91 44-92 44-93,100.0,Very certain -44-49-1,44,49,1,49-1,,1414[49],44-1 44-20 44-94,100.0,Very certain -44-5-1,44,5,1,5-1,,,44-9,80.0,Very certain -44-5-5,44,5,5,5-5,,,44-8,20.0,Intermediate -44-50-1,44,50,1,50-1,,,44-95 44-96,100.0,Very certain -44-51-1,44,51,1,51-1,"The verbs that are commonly left unmarked are Spanish inflected forms such as tyéni, kyéri, sábe and pwéde. They can occasionally occur with the perfective aspect marker (y)a.",,44-89 44-97,100.0,Certain -44-52-2,44,52,2,52-2,"Kedá 'become' can be left out, and in this case the IPFV-aspect marker could possibly also indicate inchoative meaning. However, the use of ta kedá is more common.",,44-98 44-99,100.0,Uncertain -44-53-3,44,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -44-54-7,44,54,7,54-7,"Sometimes the verbs keré, podé, tené and sabé occur in the 3rd person forms of the Spanish conjugation kyéri, pwéde, tyéne, sábe, but this does not express a different semantic value according to tense and aspect. Tagalog predicates in similar cases require the Tagalog infinitive or the basic form and this is reflected in the use of the Spanish 3rd person forms of Chabacano (see Ogiwara 2002: 75).",,44-100 44-101 44-102,100.0,Certain -44-55-2,44,55,2,55-2,,,44-103 44-104 44-105,100.0,Uncertain -44-56-1,44,56,1,56-1,"In the prohibitive construction, bos is not obligatory, but common. It can be used in affirmative imperatives too.",,44-106 44-107 44-108,100.0,Very certain -44-57-3,44,57,3,57-3,"Especially human patients are marked, as in Spanish.",,44-109 44-110 44-58,100.0,Certain -44-58-2,44,58,2,58-2,See also Nolasco (2005).,,44-111 44-56,100.0,Certain -44-59-2,44,59,2,59-2,,,44-112 44-113,100.0,Certain -44-6-1,44,6,1,6-1,,,44-10,100.0,Very certain -44-60-1,44,60,1,60-1,,,44-110 44-114,100.0,Very certain +See also Escalante (2005: 222) for Cavite Chabacano.",,44-71,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF7F00-50-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +44-36-1,44,36,1,36-1,,,44-73 44-74 44-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-37-1,44,37,1,37-1,"The expression of adnominal possession with a personal pronoun has two main types - possessive pronouns mi, bus and su and di + pronoun forms. Both forms may occur preposed to the possessum, and di + pronoun forms also occur postposed. The possessive is generally formed with the preposition di and a pronoun, as in Value 6 (see also Lipski 1988: 33), but in singular Value 1 forms mi, bus and su can be used.",1414[48],44-76 44-78,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-24-FFB6C1-54-ADD8E6.png""}", +44-37-6,44,37,6,37-6,"The expression of adnominal possession with a personal pronoun has two main types - possessive pronouns mi, bus and su and di + pronoun forms. Both forms may occur preposed to the possessum, and di + pronoun forms also occur postposed. The possessive is generally formed with the preposition di and a pronoun, as in Value 6 (see also Lipski 1988: 33), but in singular Value 1 forms mi, bus and su can be used.",1414[48],44-77 44-79,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-24-FFB6C1-54-ADD8E6.png""}", +44-37-5,44,37,5,37-5,"The expression of adnominal possession with a personal pronoun has two main types - possessive pronouns mi, bus and su and di + pronoun forms. Both forms may occur preposed to the possessum, and di + pronoun forms also occur postposed. The possessive is generally formed with the preposition di and a pronoun, as in Value 6 (see also Lipski 1988: 33), but in singular Value 1 forms mi, bus and su can be used.",1414[48],44-80,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-24-FFB6C1-54-ADD8E6.png""}", +44-38-2,44,38,2,38-2,,,44-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +44-39-1,44,39,1,39-1,"The forms 3SG di éle, 1PL di mótru, 2PL di tédi, and 3PL di lótru have Value 1 identical forms, but as alternative forms of adnominal possession with a personal pronoun occur, the forms 1SG mi - di mi, 2SG bus - di bo and 3SG su - di éle also have Value 2.",,44-82 44-83,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-4-2,44,4,2,4-2,,,44-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +44-40-2,44,40,2,40-2,"Sometimes the Spanish-derived feminine forms are used when referring to feminine sex, e.g. boníta muhér 'beautiful lady', but this is limited to a small number of adjectives and is not productive. Also religious names, such as semana santa 'holy week (Easter)' and espiritu santo 'holy spirit' have gender agreement of adjectives.",1414[47],44-84 44-85,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +44-41-1,44,41,1,41-1,,,44-87 44-88,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-41-2,44,41,2,41-2,,,44-86,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-42-3,44,42,3,42-3,The object marker is used. Kel péhro a-murdé kung kel muhér. 'The dog bit the woman.',,44-87,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +44-42-2,44,42,2,42-2,The object marker is used. Kel péhro a-murdé kung kel muhér. 'The dog bit the woman.',,44-86,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +44-43-1,44,43,1,43-1,,,44-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-44-8,44,44,8,44-8,,1414[49],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +44-45-6,44,45,6,45-6,"Ya is a perfective aspect marker, which is naturally related to past time. Past events can have imperfective aspect marker ta.",,44-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-46-2,44,46,2,46-2,"The progressive marker ta could maybe be considered as an affix, especially in tandá (ta andá), tablá (ta hablá).",,44-91,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-47-6,44,47,6,47-6,,,44-91 44-92 44-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-48-6,44,48,6,48-6,,,44-91 44-92 44-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-49-1,44,49,1,49-1,,1414[49],44-1 44-20 44-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +44-5-1,44,5,1,5-1,,,44-9,80.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-FFFF00-20-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-5-5,44,5,5,5-5,,,44-8,20.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-FFFF00-20-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-50-1,44,50,1,50-1,,,44-95 44-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-51-1,44,51,1,51-1,"The verbs that are commonly left unmarked are Spanish inflected forms such as tyéni, kyéri, sábe and pwéde. They can occasionally occur with the perfective aspect marker (y)a.",,44-89 44-97,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-52-2,44,52,2,52-2,"Kedá 'become' can be left out, and in this case the IPFV-aspect marker could possibly also indicate inchoative meaning. However, the use of ta kedá is more common.",,44-98 44-99,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-53-3,44,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-54-7,44,54,7,54-7,"Sometimes the verbs keré, podé, tené and sabé occur in the 3rd person forms of the Spanish conjugation kyéri, pwéde, tyéne, sábe, but this does not express a different semantic value according to tense and aspect. Tagalog predicates in similar cases require the Tagalog infinitive or the basic form and this is reflected in the use of the Spanish 3rd person forms of Chabacano (see Ogiwara 2002: 75).",,44-100 44-101 44-102,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +44-55-2,44,55,2,55-2,,,44-103 44-104 44-105,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-56-1,44,56,1,56-1,"In the prohibitive construction, bos is not obligatory, but common. It can be used in affirmative imperatives too.",,44-106 44-107 44-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-57-3,44,57,3,57-3,"Especially human patients are marked, as in Spanish.",,44-109 44-110 44-58,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-58-2,44,58,2,58-2,See also Nolasco (2005).,,44-111 44-56,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +44-59-2,44,59,2,59-2,,,44-112 44-113,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +44-6-1,44,6,1,6-1,,,44-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-60-1,44,60,1,60-1,,,44-110 44-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 44-61-6,44,61,6,61-6,"In addition to VSTR, the orders VTSR are VTRS are possible. -The order seems to be quite free, as the recipient is marked with kon. For other functions of dáli 'give' in Chabacano see Llamado (1972: 81) and Frake (1980: 292–297).",,44-114 44-115 44-116,100.0,Certain -44-62-5,44,62,5,62-5,"Ternate Chabacano allows null subjects in sequential verbal structures, when there is an overt subject with the first verb or earlier in the story. (Overt subject pronouns are never ungrammatical in sequential constructions.) This is especially typical of oral discourse, but can also be used in writing.",,44-117 44-118,100.0,Intermediate -44-64-2,44,64,2,64-2,,,44-119,100.0,Very certain -44-65-5,44,65,5,65-5,,,44-120,100.0,Very certain -44-66-3,44,66,3,66-3,,,44-121,100.0,Very certain -44-67-1,44,67,1,67-1,,,44-122,100.0,Certain -44-68-2,44,68,2,68-2,There are two ways of expressing ‘I am afraid’ with ta + myédo or tyéne + myédo (which can also make use of the TAM marker). The former is similar to the Tagalog expressions denoting feelings such as ma-takot 'to be afraid'.,,44-124,70.0,Certain -44-68-1,44,68,1,68-1,There are two ways of expressing ‘I am afraid’ with ta + myédo or tyéne + myédo (which can also make use of the TAM marker). The former is similar to the Tagalog expressions denoting feelings such as ma-takot 'to be afraid'.,,44-123,30.0,Certain -44-69-1,44,69,1,69-1,,,44-125,100.0,Very certain -44-7-3,44,7,3,7-3,,1446[376],44-12,10.0,Intermediate -44-7-1,44,7,1,7-1,,1446[376],44-11,90.0,Very certain -44-70-3,44,70,3,70-3,"Although kon can express the comitative, it is usually húnto + kon that is used to express the comitative, in order to avoid confusion with the object marker kon.",,44-125 44-126 44-127,100.0,Certain -44-71-2,44,71,2,71-2,,,44-128 44-129,100.0,Very certain -44-72-1,44,72,1,72-1,Verbal conjunction can also have juxtaposition.,,44-130 44-131,100.0,Unspecified -44-73-2,44,73,2,73-2,,,44-132,100.0,Very certain -44-74-2,44,74,2,74-2,,,44-133 44-134,100.0,Very certain -44-75-1,44,75,1,75-1,,,44-135,100.0,Very certain -44-76-2,44,76,2,76-2,,,44-132 44-135,100.0,Very certain -44-77-1,44,77,1,77-1,,,44-136,100.0,Very certain -44-78-1,44,78,1,78-1,,,44-119 44-136,100.0,Very certain -44-79-2,44,79,2,79-2,,,44-139,100.0,Very certain -44-8-1,44,8,1,8-1,,,44-13,100.0,Very certain +The order seems to be quite free, as the recipient is marked with kon. For other functions of dáli 'give' in Chabacano see Llamado (1972: 81) and Frake (1980: 292–297).",,44-114 44-115 44-116,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-62-5,44,62,5,62-5,"Ternate Chabacano allows null subjects in sequential verbal structures, when there is an overt subject with the first verb or earlier in the story. (Overt subject pronouns are never ungrammatical in sequential constructions.) This is especially typical of oral discourse, but can also be used in writing.",,44-117 44-118,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +44-64-2,44,64,2,64-2,,,44-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-65-5,44,65,5,65-5,,,44-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-66-3,44,66,3,66-3,,,44-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-67-1,44,67,1,67-1,,,44-122,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-68-2,44,68,2,68-2,There are two ways of expressing ‘I am afraid’ with ta + myédo or tyéne + myédo (which can also make use of the TAM marker). The former is similar to the Tagalog expressions denoting feelings such as ma-takot 'to be afraid'.,,44-124,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-68-1,44,68,1,68-1,There are two ways of expressing ‘I am afraid’ with ta + myédo or tyéne + myédo (which can also make use of the TAM marker). The former is similar to the Tagalog expressions denoting feelings such as ma-takot 'to be afraid'.,,44-123,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-69-1,44,69,1,69-1,,,44-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-7-3,44,7,3,7-3,,1446[376],44-12,10.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-7-1,44,7,1,7-1,,1446[376],44-11,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-70-3,44,70,3,70-3,"Although kon can express the comitative, it is usually húnto + kon that is used to express the comitative, in order to avoid confusion with the object marker kon.",,44-125 44-126 44-127,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +44-71-2,44,71,2,71-2,,,44-128 44-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-72-1,44,72,1,72-1,Verbal conjunction can also have juxtaposition.,,44-130 44-131,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-73-2,44,73,2,73-2,,,44-132,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +44-74-2,44,74,2,74-2,,,44-133 44-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-75-1,44,75,1,75-1,,,44-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-76-2,44,76,2,76-2,,,44-132 44-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-77-1,44,77,1,77-1,,,44-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +44-78-1,44,78,1,78-1,,,44-119 44-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-79-2,44,79,2,79-2,,,44-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +44-8-1,44,8,1,8-1,,,44-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 44-80-2,44,80,2,80-2,"If the named place is thematic, there is a tendency to get a biclausal expression in which the second clause makes use of the verb bolbé 'return': Ta-ayá yo na Manila, ya bolbé yo akí. [LOC.be-there 1SG LOC Manila PFV return 1SG here] -'I was there in Manila, I came back here.'",,44-140,100.0,Certain +'I was there in Manila, I came back here.'",,44-140,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 44-81-1,44,81,1,81-1,"Occasionally the Spanish preposition de 'from' is used in Ternate Chabacano, but this is not common and represents a more hispanized style. -There is a difference between Cavite Chabacano and Ternate Chabacano. In Ternate Chabacano there is identical marking with na, whereas Cavite Chabacano makes use of two different prepositions di and na.",,44-137 44-138,100.0,Certain -44-82-2,44,82,2,82-2,,,44-142 44-143,100.0,Very certain -44-83-2,44,83,2,83-2,,,44-143 44-144,100.0,Very certain -44-84-3,44,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Certain -44-85-1,44,85,1,85-1,,,44-147 44-148,100.0,Intermediate -44-86-3,44,86,3,86-3,,,44-149 44-150 44-151,100.0,Intermediate -44-87-3,44,87,3,87-3,"Note that sarili translates to 'self', but in Tagalog it also means 'private'.",,44-152,100.0,Very certain -44-88-2,44,88,2,88-2,,,44-152 44-153,100.0,Intermediate -44-89-5,44,89,5,89-5,The reciprocal construction consisting of hugá + verb is typical of Ternate Chabacano and it is not used in other Chabacano varieties.,,44-152 44-154,100.0,Certain -44-9-1,44,9,1,9-1,"When kel occurs after the noun, it indicates the topic.",1446[369],44-14,90.0,Very certain -44-9-3,44,9,3,9-3,"When kel occurs after the noun, it indicates the topic.",1446[369],44-15,10.0,Intermediate -44-90-2,44,90,2,90-2,"The agent can be left out, but the patient is still marked with kon, and there is no marking to distinguish this construction from the active.",,44-155,100.0,Certain -44-91-8,44,91,8,91-8,The example shows how benefactive meaning may be expressed.,,44-156,100.0,Uncertain -44-92-2,44,92,2,92-2,,,44-160,50.0,Certain -44-92-4,44,92,4,92-4,,,44-157 44-158 44-159,50.0,Certain -44-93-6,44,93,6,93-6,,1446[376-377],44-12,9.09090909090909,Intermediate -44-93-4,44,93,4,93-4,,1446[376-377],44-161 44-162,45.4545454545455,Certain -44-93-2,44,93,2,93-2,,1446[376-377],44-163,45.4545454545455,Certain -44-94-8,44,94,8,94-8,"Relative clauses that express the same idea as an instrumental expression use verbs sirbí, usá 'use'.",,44-164,100.0,Certain -44-95-4,44,95,4,95-4,,,44-166,75.0,Very certain -44-95-3,44,95,3,95-3,,,44-165,25.0,Very certain -44-96-3,44,96,3,96-3,,,44-167,30.0,Certain -44-96-4,44,96,4,96-4,,,44-168,70.0,Certain -44-97-1,44,97,1,97-1,,,44-139,100.0,Certain -44-98-5,44,98,5,98-5,No complementizer is used.,,44-169 44-170,100.0,Certain -44-99-2,44,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain -45-0-4,45,0,4,0-4,,,,100.0, -45-1-4,45,1,4,1-4,The VOS order can be used if the object is indefinite.,835[95],45-2,30.0,Certain -45-1-3,45,1,3,1-3,The VOS order can be used if the object is indefinite.,835[95],45-1,70.0,Certain -45-10-1,45,10,1,10-1,,,45-12,100.0,Very certain -45-100-4,45,100,4,100-4,,426[119],45-82,100.0,Certain -45-101-1,45,101,1,101-1,,426[119],45-83,100.0,Very certain +There is a difference between Cavite Chabacano and Ternate Chabacano. In Ternate Chabacano there is identical marking with na, whereas Cavite Chabacano makes use of two different prepositions di and na.",,44-137 44-138,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-82-2,44,82,2,82-2,,,44-142 44-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-83-2,44,83,2,83-2,,,44-143 44-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-84-3,44,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-85-1,44,85,1,85-1,,,44-147 44-148,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-86-3,44,86,3,86-3,,,44-149 44-150 44-151,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-87-3,44,87,3,87-3,"Note that sarili translates to 'self', but in Tagalog it also means 'private'.",,44-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +44-88-2,44,88,2,88-2,,,44-152 44-153,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +44-89-5,44,89,5,89-5,The reciprocal construction consisting of hugá + verb is typical of Ternate Chabacano and it is not used in other Chabacano varieties.,,44-152 44-154,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +44-9-1,44,9,1,9-1,"When kel occurs after the noun, it indicates the topic.",1446[369],44-14,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-ADD8E6.png""}", +44-9-3,44,9,3,9-3,"When kel occurs after the noun, it indicates the topic.",1446[369],44-15,10.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-ADD8E6.png""}", +44-90-2,44,90,2,90-2,"The agent can be left out, but the patient is still marked with kon, and there is no marking to distinguish this construction from the active.",,44-155,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-91-8,44,91,8,91-8,The example shows how benefactive meaning may be expressed.,,44-156,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +44-92-2,44,92,2,92-2,,,44-160,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +44-92-4,44,92,4,92-4,,,44-157 44-158 44-159,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +44-93-6,44,93,6,93-6,,1446[376-377],44-12,9.09090909090909,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-0000FF-10-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-93-4,44,93,4,93-4,,1446[376-377],44-161 44-162,45.4545454545455,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-0000FF-10-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-93-2,44,93,2,93-2,,1446[376-377],44-163,45.4545454545455,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF0000-46-0000FF-10-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-94-8,44,94,8,94-8,"Relative clauses that express the same idea as an instrumental expression use verbs sirbí, usá 'use'.",,44-164,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +44-95-4,44,95,4,95-4,,,44-166,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-95-3,44,95,3,95-3,,,44-165,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-96-3,44,96,3,96-3,,,44-167,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-96-4,44,96,4,96-4,,,44-168,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-97-1,44,97,1,97-1,,,44-139,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +44-98-5,44,98,5,98-5,No complementizer is used.,,44-169 44-170,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +44-99-2,44,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-0-4,45,0,4,0-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +45-1-4,45,1,4,1-4,The VOS order can be used if the object is indefinite.,835[95],45-2,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-964B00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +45-1-3,45,1,3,1-3,The VOS order can be used if the object is indefinite.,835[95],45-1,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-964B00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +45-10-1,45,10,1,10-1,,,45-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-100-4,45,100,4,100-4,,426[119],45-82,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +45-101-1,45,101,1,101-1,,426[119],45-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 45-102-6,45,102,6,102-6,"Negative indefinites can also co-occur with predicate negation, e.g. No ya parece ninguno de ilos [NEG PFV appear no.one of they] 'None of them appeared'. -Sometimes also generic nouns occur in existential constructions, e.g. No hay gente na casa ahora [NEG EXIST people LOC house now] 'There is no one at home now'.",,45-138 45-139,100.0,Certain -45-103-7,45,103,7,103-7,The question particle ba can be used in second position.,,45-141,30.0,Very certain -45-103-8,45,103,8,103-8,The question particle ba can be used in second position.,,45-140,70.0,Very certain -45-104-5,45,104,5,104-5,Cavite Chabacano is a VSO language and the normal position of the subject is after the verb. Normally focusing of a subject happens when the subject is initial.,,45-142,100.0,Certain -45-105-3,45,105,3,105-3,,,45-143,100.0,Certain -45-106-4,45,106,4,106-4,"In addition to the etymologically Spanish tambien, the enclitic rin/din of Tagalog origin is also used. The focus particles occur generally after the focused element or after the first content word.",,45-145,50.0,Unspecified -45-106-2,45,106,2,106-2,"In addition to the etymologically Spanish tambien, the enclitic rin/din of Tagalog origin is also used. The focus particles occur generally after the focused element or after the first content word.",,45-144,50.0,Certain -45-107-1,45,107,1,107-1,,1084,45-146,100.0,Certain -45-108-2,45,108,2,108-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -45-109-2,45,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Certain -45-11-1,45,11,1,11-1,,835[91],45-14,23.0769230769231,Intermediate -45-11-3,45,11,3,11-3,,835[91],45-13,23.0769230769231,Intermediate -45-11-2,45,11,2,11-2,,835[91],45-15,53.8461538461538,Certain -45-110-1,45,110,1,110-1,,426[159],45-147,100.0,Very certain -45-111-1,45,111,1,111-1,,426[79],45-148,100.0,Very certain -45-112-2,45,112,2,112-2,,"426[99, 16]",45-149 45-150,100.0,Certain -45-113-3,45,113,3,113-3,,426[39],45-151 45-152 45-167,100.0,Certain -45-114-2,45,114,2,114-2,,"1285[133, 137]",45-153 45-59,100.0,Certain -45-115-2,45,115,2,115-2,,,45-154 45-155,100.0,Very certain -45-116-2,45,116,2,116-2,,"1285[64, 69]",45-156 45-157,100.0,Certain -45-117-2,45,117,2,117-2,"The sex-denoting suffix -a is marginal. It occurs in e.g. leon, leona 'lion, lioness', but these can be considered lexicalized loans from Spanish.",835[71],45-158 45-160,100.0,Certain -45-118-2,45,118,2,118-2,,,45-161 45-162,100.0,Very certain -45-119-2,45,119,2,119-2,,,45-163 45-164,100.0,Very certain -45-12-1,45,12,1,12-1,,,45-16,100.0,Very certain -45-120-1,45,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Certain -45-121-2,45,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -45-122-4,45,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -45-123-4,45,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -45-124-2,45,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0, -45-125-3,45,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -45-126-4,45,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -45-127-6,45,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -45-128-2,45,128,2,128-2,/ɲ/ is often realized as /nj/.,,45-184,100.0, -45-129-2,45,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -45-13-1,45,13,1,13-1,,426[219],45-17 45-18,100.0,Very certain -45-130-1,45,130,1,130-1,,,45-181,100.0, -45-131,45,131,1,131-1,,,45-168,100.0, -45-132,45,132,1,132-1,,,45-170,100.0, -45-133,45,133,1,133-1,,,45-171,100.0, -45-134,45,134,1,134-1,,,45-172,100.0, -45-137,45,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -45-138,45,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -45-139,45,139,1,139-1,,,45-175,100.0, -45-14-1,45,14,1,14-1,,835[73],45-19,100.0,Certain -45-140,45,140,3,140-3,,,45-176,100.0, -45-143,45,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -45-144,45,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -45-145,45,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -45-146,45,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -45-147,45,147,1,147-1,,,45-169,100.0, -45-148,45,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -45-149,45,149,1,149-1,,,45-173,100.0, -45-15-1,45,15,1,15-1,,426[219],45-19,100.0,Very certain -45-151,45,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -45-152,45,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -45-153,45,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -45-155,45,155,1,155-1,The glottal plosive exists in words of Philippine origin.,,45-174,100.0, -45-156,45,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -45-158,45,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -45-159,45,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -45-16-1,45,16,1,16-1,,835[73],45-20,100.0,Very certain -45-160,45,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -45-161,45,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -45-163,45,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -45-168,45,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -45-169,45,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -45-17-1,45,17,1,17-1,,835,45-20,100.0,Certain -45-170,45,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -45-171,45,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -45-172,45,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -45-173,45,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -45-174,45,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -45-176,45,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -45-178,45,178,1,178-1,,,45-182,100.0, -45-179,45,179,1,179-1,,,45-183,100.0, -45-18-3,45,18,3,18-3,,835[73],45-21 45-22 45-23,100.0,Certain -45-180,45,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -45-181,45,181,2,181-2,/ɲ/ is often realized as /nj/.,,45-184,100.0, -45-182,45,182,1,182-1,,,45-185,100.0, -45-183,45,183,1,183-1,,,45-186,100.0, -45-184,45,184,2,184-2,,,45-187,100.0, -45-187,45,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -45-188,45,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -45-189,45,189,3,189-3,/f/ is often realized as /p/.,,45-177,100.0, -45-19-1,45,19,1,19-1,Cosa hora 'at which time' is another way for cuando 'when'.,426[198],45-24 45-25 45-26 45-27,100.0,Certain -45-190,45,190,3,190-3,/v/ is often realized as /b/.,,45-178,100.0, -45-191,45,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -45-192,45,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -45-193,45,193,1,193-1,,,45-179,100.0, -45-194,45,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -45-195,45,195,2,195-2,,,45-180,100.0, -45-196,45,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -45-199,45,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -45-2-2,45,2,2,2-2,,,45-3,100.0,Very certain -45-20-3,45,20,3,20-3,,,45-28,70.0,Very certain -45-20-1,45,20,1,20-1,,,45-29,30.0,Intermediate -45-200,45,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -45-201,45,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -45-202,45,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -45-205,45,205,1,205-1,,,45-181,100.0, -45-209,45,209,1,209-1,,,45-188,100.0, -45-21-3,45,21,3,21-3,,,45-31 45-33,50.0,Certain -45-21-4,45,21,4,21-4,,,45-30 45-32,50.0,Certain -45-212,45,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -45-217,45,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -45-218,45,218,1,218-1,,,45-189,100.0, +Sometimes also generic nouns occur in existential constructions, e.g. No hay gente na casa ahora [NEG EXIST people LOC house now] 'There is no one at home now'.",,45-138 45-139,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +45-103-7,45,103,7,103-7,The question particle ba can be used in second position.,,45-141,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +45-103-8,45,103,8,103-8,The question particle ba can be used in second position.,,45-140,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +45-104-5,45,104,5,104-5,Cavite Chabacano is a VSO language and the normal position of the subject is after the verb. Normally focusing of a subject happens when the subject is initial.,,45-142,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}","Enrique Escalante, p.c.; Librada Llamado, p.c." +45-105-3,45,105,3,105-3,,,45-143,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +45-106-4,45,106,4,106-4,"In addition to the etymologically Spanish tambien, the enclitic rin/din of Tagalog origin is also used. The focus particles occur generally after the focused element or after the first content word.",,45-145,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-106-2,45,106,2,106-2,"In addition to the etymologically Spanish tambien, the enclitic rin/din of Tagalog origin is also used. The focus particles occur generally after the focused element or after the first content word.",,45-144,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-107-1,45,107,1,107-1,,1084,45-146,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}","Enrique Escalante, p.c." +45-108-2,45,108,2,108-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +45-109-2,45,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-11-1,45,11,1,11-1,,835[91],45-14,23.0769230769231,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-800080-54-FF0000-24-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-11-3,45,11,3,11-3,,835[91],45-13,23.0769230769231,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-800080-54-FF0000-24-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-11-2,45,11,2,11-2,,835[91],45-15,53.8461538461538,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-800080-54-FF0000-24-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-110-1,45,110,1,110-1,,426[159],45-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +45-111-1,45,111,1,111-1,,426[79],45-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +45-112-2,45,112,2,112-2,,"426[99, 16]",45-149 45-150,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +45-113-3,45,113,3,113-3,,426[39],45-151 45-152 45-167,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +45-114-2,45,114,2,114-2,,"1285[133, 137]",45-153 45-59,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +45-115-2,45,115,2,115-2,,,45-154 45-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +45-116-2,45,116,2,116-2,,"1285[64, 69]",45-156 45-157,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +45-117-2,45,117,2,117-2,"The sex-denoting suffix -a is marginal. It occurs in e.g. leon, leona 'lion, lioness', but these can be considered lexicalized loans from Spanish.",835[71],45-158 45-160,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +45-118-2,45,118,2,118-2,,,45-161 45-162,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-119-2,45,119,2,119-2,,,45-163 45-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own data +45-12-1,45,12,1,12-1,,,45-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +45-120-1,45,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +45-121-2,45,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +45-122-4,45,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +45-123-4,45,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-124-2,45,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +45-125-3,45,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +45-126-4,45,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-127-6,45,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-128-2,45,128,2,128-2,/ɲ/ is often realized as /nj/.,,45-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +45-129-2,45,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-13-1,45,13,1,13-1,,426[219],45-17 45-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +45-130-1,45,130,1,130-1,,,45-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +45-131,45,131,1,131-1,,,45-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-132,45,132,1,132-1,,,45-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-133,45,133,1,133-1,,,45-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-134,45,134,1,134-1,,,45-172,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-137,45,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-138,45,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-139,45,139,1,139-1,,,45-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-14-1,45,14,1,14-1,,835[73],45-19,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-140,45,140,3,140-3,,,45-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +45-143,45,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-144,45,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-145,45,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-146,45,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-147,45,147,1,147-1,,,45-169,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-148,45,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-149,45,149,1,149-1,,,45-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-15-1,45,15,1,15-1,,426[219],45-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +45-151,45,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-152,45,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-153,45,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-155,45,155,1,155-1,The glottal plosive exists in words of Philippine origin.,,45-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-156,45,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-158,45,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-159,45,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-16-1,45,16,1,16-1,,835[73],45-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-160,45,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-161,45,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-163,45,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-168,45,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-169,45,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-17-1,45,17,1,17-1,,835,45-20,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-170,45,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-171,45,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-172,45,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-173,45,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-174,45,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-176,45,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-178,45,178,1,178-1,,,45-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-179,45,179,1,179-1,,,45-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-18-3,45,18,3,18-3,,835[73],45-21 45-22 45-23,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +45-180,45,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-181,45,181,2,181-2,/ɲ/ is often realized as /nj/.,,45-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +45-182,45,182,1,182-1,,,45-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-183,45,183,1,183-1,,,45-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-184,45,184,2,184-2,,,45-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +45-187,45,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-188,45,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-189,45,189,3,189-3,/f/ is often realized as /p/.,,45-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +45-19-1,45,19,1,19-1,Cosa hora 'at which time' is another way for cuando 'when'.,426[198],45-24 45-25 45-26 45-27,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-190,45,190,3,190-3,/v/ is often realized as /b/.,,45-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +45-191,45,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-192,45,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-193,45,193,1,193-1,,,45-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-194,45,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-195,45,195,2,195-2,,,45-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +45-196,45,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-199,45,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-2-2,45,2,2,2-2,,,45-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +45-20-3,45,20,3,20-3,,,45-28,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}",Own data +45-20-1,45,20,1,20-1,,,45-29,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}",Own data +45-200,45,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-201,45,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-202,45,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-205,45,205,1,205-1,,,45-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-209,45,209,1,209-1,,,45-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-21-3,45,21,3,21-3,,,45-31 45-33,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-000000-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +45-21-4,45,21,4,21-4,,,45-30 45-32,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-000000-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +45-212,45,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-217,45,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-218,45,218,1,218-1,,,45-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 45-22-4,45,22,4,22-4,"In written texts the occurrence of the nominal plural marker manga (spelled also mana and mga) is more common than the omission of the plural marker. -Llamado (1972) considers the plural to be invariant.",835[70],45-34 45-35 45-36,100.0,Certain -45-221,45,221,2,221-2,/w/ exists in diphtongs and in some words of Philippine origin.,,45-190,100.0, -45-23-7,45,23,7,23-7,"Reduplication can be used for plural meaning in addition to the plural word manga. Reduplication can also express plurality, especially with distributive meaning.",835[78],45-38,100.0,Certain -45-231,45,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -45-24-3,45,24,3,24-3,,426[162],45-39 45-41,100.0,Certain -45-25-3,45,25,3,25-3,,,45-42 45-43,100.0,Very certain -45-252,45,252,1,252-1,,,45-191,100.0, -45-253,45,253,1,253-1,,,45-192,100.0, -45-254,45,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -45-255,45,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -45-256,45,256,1,256-1,,,45-193,100.0, -45-257,45,257,1,257-1,,,45-194,100.0, -45-258,45,258,1,258-1,,,45-195,100.0, -45-259,45,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -45-26-2,45,26,2,26-2,"Reduplication is also used in forming imitations as in bahay-bahayan 'play house', tienda-tienda 'play shop', which could be interpreted as a kind of attenuating function.",426[ix],45-44 45-45,100.0,Certain -45-260,45,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -45-261,45,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -45-263,45,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -45-267,45,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -45-268,45,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -45-27-2,45,27,2,27-2,,,45-46,100.0,Certain -45-272,45,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -45-273,45,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -45-274,45,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -45-275,45,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -45-276,45,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -45-277,45,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -45-278,45,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -45-279,45,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -45-28-1,45,28,1,28-1,,"835[67, 69]",45-47 45-48 45-49 45-7,100.0,Very certain -45-280,45,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -45-281,45,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -45-282,45,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -45-284,45,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -45-285,45,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -45-286,45,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -45-287,45,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -45-288,45,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -45-289,45,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -45-29-2,45,29,2,29-2,The independent numeral is generally uno and the indefinite article or the attributive numeral is un.,,45-50 45-51 45-91,100.0,Certain -45-290,45,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -45-291,45,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -45-3-1,45,3,1,3-1,,835[95],45-4,70.0,Certain -45-3-2,45,3,2,3-2,,835[95],45-5,30.0,Certain -45-30-4,45,30,4,30-4,,,45-52,50.0,Intermediate -45-30-7,45,30,7,30-7,,,45-53,50.0,Certain -45-308-4,45,308,4,308-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-309-2,45,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Certain -45-31-2,45,31,2,31-2,,835[68],45-54 45-55,100.0,Very certain -45-310-4,45,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-311-3,45,311,3,311-3,The census figures show a significant decline in speaker numbers.,829[278],,100.0,Certain -45-312-1,45,312,1,312-1,,829[278];426[i],,100.0,Certain -45-313-3,45,313,3,313-3,,829[278],,100.0,Certain -45-314-3,45,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-315-3,45,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Certain -45-316-3,45,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Certain -45-317-2,45,317,2,317-2,The city hymn and some traditional songs are in Chabacano.,1415,,100.0,Certain -45-318-2,45,318,2,318-2,"There are a few literary works, such as poems and theatre plays, written in Chabacano.",1415,,100.0,Very certain -45-319-3,45,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain -45-32-1,45,32,1,32-1,,835[77],45-56 45-57,100.0,Very certain -45-320-2,45,320,2,320-2,The city library has published a bulletin with some Chabacano items.,1415,,100.0,Certain -45-321-2,45,321,2,321-2,Chabacano can be used if the participants know each other to be Chabacano speakers.,,,100.0,Certain -45-322-3,45,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Certain -45-323-3,45,323,3,323-3,Chabacano is a local language in Cavite. The Philippine parliament uses the official languages English and Filipino.,,,100.0,Certain -45-324-3,45,324,3,324-3,Chabacano is not used as a medium of instruction. It is taught as a subject matter as an extracurricular activity.,1295,,100.0,Very certain -45-325-2,45,325,2,325-2,Chabacano is used occasionally in e-mails and in internet pages.,,,100.0,Certain -45-326-3,45,326,3,326-3,The language is Tagalog.,,,100.0,Very certain -45-327-3,45,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-328-3,45,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-329-3,45,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-33-3,45,33,3,33-3,,,45-47 45-58 45-59,100.0,Certain -45-330-4,45,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-331-4,45,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-332-4,45,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-333-4,45,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-334-4,45,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-335-4,45,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-34-1,45,34,1,34-1,,,45-60,100.0,Certain -45-35-6,45,35,6,35-6,,426[222],45-40 45-61,70.0,Certain -45-35-7,45,35,7,35-7,,426[222],45-62,30.0,Certain -45-36-1,45,36,1,36-1,,,45-8,100.0,Very certain -45-37-1,45,37,1,37-1,"There are two ways of expressing the pronominal possessor, with pronouns preposed or postposed to the noun.",835[74],45-63 45-64,58.3333333333333,Certain -45-37-6,45,37,6,37-6,"There are two ways of expressing the pronominal possessor, with pronouns preposed or postposed to the noun.",835[74],45-65,41.6666666666667,Certain -45-38-2,45,38,2,38-2,,835[74],45-66,100.0,Very certain -45-39-1,45,39,1,39-1,,835[73],45-65 45-68 45-69,62.5,Certain -45-39-4,45,39,4,39-4,,835[73],45-67 45-70,37.5,Certain -45-4-2,45,4,2,4-2,,,45-6,100.0,Very certain -45-40-2,45,40,2,40-2,"Some adjectives agree with the noun, e.g. golda 'fat', graciosa 'charming', guapa 'beautiful', placa 'thin', vieja 'old', the nationalities e.g. española 'Spanish', and some adjectives in fixed religious expressions, e.g. virgen gloriosa 'glorious Virgin', semana santa 'Holy Week'.",,45-71,100.0,Very certain -45-41-1,45,41,1,41-1,,426[141],45-72 45-73,100.0,Certain -45-42-2,45,42,2,42-2,Que 'than' or con 'OBJ' are used.,,45-74 45-75,100.0,Certain -45-43-1,45,43,1,43-1,,835[80],45-76,100.0,Very certain -45-44-8,45,44,8,44-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -45-45-6,45,45,6,45-6,The perfective aspect marker ya is related with past time.,1084[73],,100.0,Certain -45-46-2,45,46,2,46-2,The marker ta could also be considered an affix.,831[28],45-77,100.0,Certain -45-47-6,45,47,6,47-6,,"426[33, 75, 82]",45-77 45-78 45-79,100.0,Certain -45-48-6,45,48,6,48-6,,"1084[67, 73];835[80]",45-77 45-78 45-79,100.0,Certain -45-49-1,45,49,1,49-1,,835[79],45-80 45-81,100.0,Very certain -45-5-1,45,5,1,5-1,,835[68],45-7,100.0,Certain -45-50-1,45,50,1,50-1,,,45-82 45-83 45-84,100.0,Certain -45-52-1,45,52,1,52-1,,,45-85,100.0,Certain -45-53-3,45,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -45-54-1,45,54,1,54-1,Pinsa 'think' is the only verb that shows suppletive forms.,,45-86 45-87,100.0,Intermediate -45-55-1,45,55,1,55-1,"Also posible que 'possible that', puede que 'can that', baka 'perhaps' and siguro 'perhaps' are used to express epistemic possibility.",,45-165 45-166 45-4,100.0,Very certain -45-56-3,45,56,3,56-3,,,45-82 45-89 45-90,100.0,Certain -45-57-3,45,57,3,57-3,The marking of patient NPs is related to animacy and definiteness. Generally animate NPs are marked and sometimes also definite inanimate NPs receive marking.,,45-1 45-91 45-92 45-93,100.0,Certain -45-58-2,45,58,2,58-2,,835[95],45-1 45-93 45-94 45-95,100.0,Certain -45-59-2,45,59,2,59-2,,835[74],45-96 45-97,100.0,Certain -45-6-1,45,6,1,6-1,,835[69],45-8,100.0,Very certain -45-60-1,45,60,1,60-1,,,45-98 45-99,100.0,Certain -45-61-6,45,61,6,61-6,In focused constructions the order can vary.,835[82],45-98,75.0,Certain -45-61-2,45,61,2,61-2,In focused constructions the order can vary.,835[82],45-100,25.0,Intermediate -45-62-5,45,62,5,62-5,"In written texts the pronominal subjects are generally expressed, but in spoken language they are often omitted.",,45-101,100.0,Intermediate -45-63-2,45,63,2,63-2,"Maybe the use of discourse particles is more common, for example siguro nga [maybe EMPH] 'it seems'.",,45-102,100.0,Certain -45-64-2,45,64,2,64-2,,,45-103,100.0,Very certain -45-65-5,45,65,5,65-5,,835[94],45-104,100.0,Very certain -45-66-3,45,66,3,66-3,,426[18],45-105,100.0,Very certain -45-67-1,45,67,1,67-1,,426[150],45-106 45-107,100.0,Certain -45-68-2,45,68,2,68-2,,426[107],45-108,100.0,Certain -45-69-1,45,69,1,69-1,,,45-109,100.0,Certain -45-7-1,45,7,1,7-1,,,45-9,100.0,Certain -45-70-3,45,70,3,70-3,,835[91],45-109 45-110 45-111,100.0,Certain -45-71-2,45,71,2,71-2,,,45-111 45-36,100.0,Certain -45-72-1,45,72,1,72-1,,,45-112 45-36,100.0,Certain -45-73-2,45,73,2,73-2,,835[67],45-113,100.0,Very certain -45-74-2,45,74,2,74-2,,426[117],45-3 45-51 45-63,100.0,Very certain -45-75-1,45,75,1,75-1,,835[75],45-114,100.0,Certain -45-76-2,45,76,2,76-2,,426,45-113 45-114,100.0,Very certain -45-77-1,45,77,1,77-1,,426[57],45-115,100.0,Very certain -45-78-1,45,78,1,78-1,,,45-116 45-117,100.0,Certain -45-79-2,45,79,2,79-2,,835[82],45-118,100.0,Very certain -45-8-1,45,8,1,8-1,,835[79],45-10,100.0,Certain -45-80-2,45,80,2,80-2,,,45-119,100.0,Certain -45-81-2,45,81,2,81-2,"There is a difference between Cavite Chabacano and Ternate Chabacano. In Ternate Chabacano there is identical marking with na, whereas Cavite Chabacano makes use of two different prepositions di 'from' and na 'to'.",,45-118 45-119,100.0,Certain -45-82-2,45,82,2,82-2,"The at-rest preposition is na, the motion-to meaning is expressed by the verb rempuja 'push'.",,45-116 45-120,100.0,Certain -45-83-1,45,83,1,83-1,,,45-116 45-121,100.0,Certain -45-84-3,45,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Certain -45-85-1,45,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Certain -45-86-3,45,86,3,86-3,"Other similar constructions are for example: dale hervi [give boil] 'to boil something', dale come [give eat] 'to feed', dale conoci [give know] 'to introduce', dale prende [give learn] 'to teach'.",835[82],45-122,100.0,Intermediate -45-87-1,45,87,1,87-1,,,45-123,53.8461538461538,Certain -45-87-2,45,87,2,87-2,,,45-124,23.0769230769231,Intermediate -45-87-3,45,87,3,87-3,,,45-125,23.0769230769231,Intermediate -45-88-3,45,88,3,88-3,,,45-123 45-124 45-125 45-126,100.0,Certain -45-89-5,45,89,5,89-5,,,45-123 45-127,100.0,Unspecified -45-9-1,45,9,1,9-1,,835[68],45-11,100.0,Very certain -45-90-2,45,90,2,90-2,"The agent/subject can be omitted, but the construction is not a prototypical passive.",,45-128,100.0,Very certain -45-91-8,45,91,8,91-8,,,45-129,100.0,Intermediate -45-92-2,45,92,2,92-2,,,45-130,100.0,Certain -45-93-1,45,93,1,93-1,,,45-131,50.0,Certain -45-93-2,45,93,2,93-2,,,45-132,50.0,Certain -45-94-8,45,94,8,94-8,Instrument relative clauses are not generally used.,,45-133,100.0,Intermediate -45-95-3,45,95,3,95-3,,,45-134,100.0,Very certain -45-96-3,45,96,3,96-3,,,45-135,100.0,Very certain -45-97-1,45,97,1,97-1,,,45-136,100.0,Very certain -45-98-1,45,98,1,98-1,,,45-137 45-87,100.0,Certain -45-99-2,45,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain -46-0-4,46,0,4,0-4,,,,100.0, +Llamado (1972) considers the plural to be invariant.",835[70],45-34 45-35 45-36,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +45-221,45,221,2,221-2,/w/ exists in diphtongs and in some words of Philippine origin.,,45-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +45-23-7,45,23,7,23-7,"Reduplication can be used for plural meaning in addition to the plural word manga. Reduplication can also express plurality, especially with distributive meaning.",835[78],45-38,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +45-231,45,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-24-3,45,24,3,24-3,,426[162],45-39 45-41,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +45-25-3,45,25,3,25-3,,,45-42 45-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +45-252,45,252,1,252-1,,,45-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-253,45,253,1,253-1,,,45-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-254,45,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-255,45,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-256,45,256,1,256-1,,,45-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-257,45,257,1,257-1,,,45-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-258,45,258,1,258-1,,,45-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +45-259,45,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-26-2,45,26,2,26-2,"Reduplication is also used in forming imitations as in bahay-bahayan 'play house', tienda-tienda 'play shop', which could be interpreted as a kind of attenuating function.",426[ix],45-44 45-45,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}","Enrique Escalante, p.c." +45-260,45,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-261,45,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-263,45,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-267,45,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-268,45,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-27-2,45,27,2,27-2,,,45-46,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-272,45,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-273,45,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-274,45,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-275,45,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-276,45,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-277,45,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-278,45,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-279,45,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-28-1,45,28,1,28-1,,"835[67, 69]",45-47 45-48 45-49 45-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +45-280,45,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-281,45,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-282,45,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-284,45,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-285,45,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-286,45,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-287,45,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-288,45,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-289,45,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-29-2,45,29,2,29-2,The independent numeral is generally uno and the indefinite article or the attributive numeral is un.,,45-50 45-51 45-91,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +45-290,45,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-291,45,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-3-1,45,3,1,3-1,,835[95],45-4,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +45-3-2,45,3,2,3-2,,835[95],45-5,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +45-30-4,45,30,4,30-4,,,45-52,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +45-30-7,45,30,7,30-7,,,45-53,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +45-308-4,45,308,4,308-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-309-2,45,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +45-31-2,45,31,2,31-2,,835[68],45-54 45-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +45-310-4,45,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +45-311-3,45,311,3,311-3,The census figures show a significant decline in speaker numbers.,829[278],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-312-1,45,312,1,312-1,,829[278];426[i],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +45-313-3,45,313,3,313-3,,829[278],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-314-3,45,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-315-3,45,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-316-3,45,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-317-2,45,317,2,317-2,The city hymn and some traditional songs are in Chabacano.,1415,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +45-318-2,45,318,2,318-2,"There are a few literary works, such as poems and theatre plays, written in Chabacano.",1415,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +45-319-3,45,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-32-1,45,32,1,32-1,,835[77],45-56 45-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +45-320-2,45,320,2,320-2,The city library has published a bulletin with some Chabacano items.,1415,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-321-2,45,321,2,321-2,Chabacano can be used if the participants know each other to be Chabacano speakers.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-322-3,45,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-323-3,45,323,3,323-3,Chabacano is a local language in Cavite. The Philippine parliament uses the official languages English and Filipino.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-324-3,45,324,3,324-3,Chabacano is not used as a medium of instruction. It is taught as a subject matter as an extracurricular activity.,1295,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-325-2,45,325,2,325-2,Chabacano is used occasionally in e-mails and in internet pages.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-326-3,45,326,3,326-3,The language is Tagalog.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +45-327-3,45,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-328-3,45,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-329-3,45,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-33-3,45,33,3,33-3,,,45-47 45-58 45-59,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own data +45-330-4,45,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +45-331-4,45,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +45-332-4,45,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +45-333-4,45,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +45-334-4,45,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +45-335-4,45,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +45-34-1,45,34,1,34-1,,,45-60,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +45-35-6,45,35,6,35-6,,426[222],45-40 45-61,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +45-35-7,45,35,7,35-7,,426[222],45-62,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +45-36-1,45,36,1,36-1,,,45-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +45-37-1,45,37,1,37-1,"There are two ways of expressing the pronominal possessor, with pronouns preposed or postposed to the noun.",835[74],45-63 45-64,58.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-FF0000-42-ADD8E6.png""}", +45-37-6,45,37,6,37-6,"There are two ways of expressing the pronominal possessor, with pronouns preposed or postposed to the noun.",835[74],45-65,41.6666666666667,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-59-FF0000-42-ADD8E6.png""}", +45-38-2,45,38,2,38-2,,835[74],45-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +45-39-1,45,39,1,39-1,,835[73],45-65 45-68 45-69,62.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-63-FFFF00-38-0000FF.png""}", +45-39-4,45,39,4,39-4,,835[73],45-67 45-70,37.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-63-FFFF00-38-0000FF.png""}", +45-4-2,45,4,2,4-2,,,45-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +45-40-2,45,40,2,40-2,"Some adjectives agree with the noun, e.g. golda 'fat', graciosa 'charming', guapa 'beautiful', placa 'thin', vieja 'old', the nationalities e.g. española 'Spanish', and some adjectives in fixed religious expressions, e.g. virgen gloriosa 'glorious Virgin', semana santa 'Holy Week'.",,45-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-41-1,45,41,1,41-1,,426[141],45-72 45-73,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +45-42-2,45,42,2,42-2,Que 'than' or con 'OBJ' are used.,,45-74 45-75,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +45-43-1,45,43,1,43-1,,835[80],45-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +45-44-8,45,44,8,44-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-45-6,45,45,6,45-6,The perfective aspect marker ya is related with past time.,1084[73],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-46-2,45,46,2,46-2,The marker ta could also be considered an affix.,831[28],45-77,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +45-47-6,45,47,6,47-6,,"426[33, 75, 82]",45-77 45-78 45-79,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +45-48-6,45,48,6,48-6,,"1084[67, 73];835[80]",45-77 45-78 45-79,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +45-49-1,45,49,1,49-1,,835[79],45-80 45-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +45-5-1,45,5,1,5-1,,835[68],45-7,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +45-50-1,45,50,1,50-1,,,45-82 45-83 45-84,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-52-1,45,52,1,52-1,,,45-85,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +45-53-3,45,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-54-1,45,54,1,54-1,Pinsa 'think' is the only verb that shows suppletive forms.,,45-86 45-87,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +45-55-1,45,55,1,55-1,"Also posible que 'possible that', puede que 'can that', baka 'perhaps' and siguro 'perhaps' are used to express epistemic possibility.",,45-165 45-166 45-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own data +45-56-3,45,56,3,56-3,,,45-82 45-89 45-90,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own data +45-57-3,45,57,3,57-3,The marking of patient NPs is related to animacy and definiteness. Generally animate NPs are marked and sometimes also definite inanimate NPs receive marking.,,45-1 45-91 45-92 45-93,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +45-58-2,45,58,2,58-2,,835[95],45-1 45-93 45-94 45-95,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +45-59-2,45,59,2,59-2,,835[74],45-96 45-97,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +45-6-1,45,6,1,6-1,,835[69],45-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +45-60-1,45,60,1,60-1,,,45-98 45-99,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +45-61-6,45,61,6,61-6,In focused constructions the order can vary.,835[82],45-98,75.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-75-FFFF00.png""}", +45-61-2,45,61,2,61-2,In focused constructions the order can vary.,835[82],45-100,25.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-75-FFFF00.png""}", +45-62-5,45,62,5,62-5,"In written texts the pronominal subjects are generally expressed, but in spoken language they are often omitted.",,45-101,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own data +45-63-2,45,63,2,63-2,"Maybe the use of discourse particles is more common, for example siguro nga [maybe EMPH] 'it seems'.",,45-102,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}","Librada Llamado, p.c." +45-64-2,45,64,2,64-2,,,45-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-65-5,45,65,5,65-5,,835[94],45-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +45-66-3,45,66,3,66-3,,426[18],45-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +45-67-1,45,67,1,67-1,,426[150],45-106 45-107,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +45-68-2,45,68,2,68-2,,426[107],45-108,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +45-69-1,45,69,1,69-1,,,45-109,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-7-1,45,7,1,7-1,,,45-9,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +45-70-3,45,70,3,70-3,,835[91],45-109 45-110 45-111,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +45-71-2,45,71,2,71-2,,,45-111 45-36,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +45-72-1,45,72,1,72-1,,,45-112 45-36,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +45-73-2,45,73,2,73-2,,835[67],45-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +45-74-2,45,74,2,74-2,,426[117],45-3 45-51 45-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +45-75-1,45,75,1,75-1,,835[75],45-114,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +45-76-2,45,76,2,76-2,,426,45-113 45-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +45-77-1,45,77,1,77-1,,426[57],45-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +45-78-1,45,78,1,78-1,,,45-116 45-117,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-79-2,45,79,2,79-2,,835[82],45-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +45-8-1,45,8,1,8-1,,835[79],45-10,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +45-80-2,45,80,2,80-2,,,45-119,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +45-81-2,45,81,2,81-2,"There is a difference between Cavite Chabacano and Ternate Chabacano. In Ternate Chabacano there is identical marking with na, whereas Cavite Chabacano makes use of two different prepositions di 'from' and na 'to'.",,45-118 45-119,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +45-82-2,45,82,2,82-2,"The at-rest preposition is na, the motion-to meaning is expressed by the verb rempuja 'push'.",,45-116 45-120,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-83-1,45,83,1,83-1,,,45-116 45-121,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +45-84-3,45,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-85-1,45,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-86-3,45,86,3,86-3,"Other similar constructions are for example: dale hervi [give boil] 'to boil something', dale come [give eat] 'to feed', dale conoci [give know] 'to introduce', dale prende [give learn] 'to teach'.",835[82],45-122,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +45-87-1,45,87,1,87-1,,,45-123,53.8461538461538,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FFFFFF-24-FF0000-24-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +45-87-2,45,87,2,87-2,,,45-124,23.0769230769231,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FFFFFF-24-FF0000-24-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +45-87-3,45,87,3,87-3,,,45-125,23.0769230769231,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FFFFFF-24-FF0000-24-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +45-88-3,45,88,3,88-3,,,45-123 45-124 45-125 45-126,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +45-89-5,45,89,5,89-5,,,45-123 45-127,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +45-9-1,45,9,1,9-1,,835[68],45-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +45-90-2,45,90,2,90-2,"The agent/subject can be omitted, but the construction is not a prototypical passive.",,45-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +45-91-8,45,91,8,91-8,,,45-129,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +45-92-2,45,92,2,92-2,,,45-130,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own data +45-93-1,45,93,1,93-1,,,45-131,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +45-93-2,45,93,2,93-2,,,45-132,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +45-94-8,45,94,8,94-8,Instrument relative clauses are not generally used.,,45-133,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +45-95-3,45,95,3,95-3,,,45-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-96-3,45,96,3,96-3,,,45-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +45-97-1,45,97,1,97-1,,,45-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +45-98-1,45,98,1,98-1,,,45-137 45-87,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +45-99-2,45,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge; Own data +46-0-4,46,0,4,0-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", 46-1-1,46,1,1,1-1,"Without question, VSO is the most frequent order (also judged as ""most common"" by speakers). But other orders are also possible without being ungrammatical. Analyzing a corpus of various text types (spoken discourse, stories, written texts), Aoto (2002: 85–87) finds that VSO represents 85% of the cases in spoken language. However, in written texts, especially news, 75% of the sentences show an SVO order. @@ -12282,7 +12282,7 @@ Analyzing a corpus of various text types (spoken discourse, stories, written tex Value 2 comment: In SVO order, the subject is focused (e.g. answer to a question). Especially in written texts, word-order is beeing influenced by English. SVO also occurs frequently in sentences beginning with adverbs (adjuncts). -Value 4 comment: VOS is not ungrammatical (I have checked it by elicitation) but it does not occur in my own data.",51[85-87],46-50 46-7,9.09090909090909,Very certain +Value 4 comment: VOS is not ungrammatical (I have checked it by elicitation) but it does not occur in my own data.",51[85-87],46-50 46-7,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-28-FF0000-10-0000FF-64-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge 46-1-3,46,1,3,1-3,"Without question, VSO is the most frequent order (also judged as ""most common"" by speakers). But other orders are also possible without being ungrammatical. Analyzing a corpus of various text types (spoken discourse, stories, written texts), Aoto (2002: 85–87) finds that VSO represents 85% of the cases in spoken language. However, in written texts, especially news, 75% of the sentences show an SVO order. @@ -12290,7 +12290,7 @@ Analyzing a corpus of various text types (spoken discourse, stories, written tex Value 2 comment: In SVO order, the subject is focused (e.g. answer to a question). Especially in written texts, word-order is beeing influenced by English. SVO also occurs frequently in sentences beginning with adverbs (adjuncts). -Value 4 comment: VOS is not ungrammatical (I have checked it by elicitation) but it does not occur in my own data.",51[85-87],46-1 46-10 46-11 46-2 46-3 46-5 46-9,63.6363636363636,Very certain +Value 4 comment: VOS is not ungrammatical (I have checked it by elicitation) but it does not occur in my own data.",51[85-87],46-1 46-10 46-11 46-2 46-3 46-5 46-9,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-28-FF0000-10-0000FF-64-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge 46-1-2,46,1,2,1-2,"Without question, VSO is the most frequent order (also judged as ""most common"" by speakers). But other orders are also possible without being ungrammatical. Analyzing a corpus of various text types (spoken discourse, stories, written texts), Aoto (2002: 85–87) finds that VSO represents 85% of the cases in spoken language. However, in written texts, especially news, 75% of the sentences show an SVO order. @@ -12298,274 +12298,274 @@ Analyzing a corpus of various text types (spoken discourse, stories, written tex Value 2 comment: In SVO order, the subject is focused (e.g. answer to a question). Especially in written texts, word-order is beeing influenced by English. SVO also occurs frequently in sentences beginning with adverbs (adjuncts). -Value 4 comment: VOS is not ungrammatical (I have checked it by elicitation) but it does not occur in my own data.",51[85-87],46-4 46-6 46-74,27.2727272727273,Very certain -46-10-1,46,10,1,10-1,,,46-31,100.0,Very certain -46-100-1,46,100,1,100-1,"The negative prefix no- represents a low type-frequency negation marker, but it occurrs with verbs of high frequency. The past negative marker is identical with the negative existential nuáy, and the non-past verbs are negated with the Philippine particle hendéq. The last two negators imply movement of the subject to the second position of the sentence in almost all cases. Imperatives are negated also with the prefix no-.",531[225-230],46-184,30.0,Very certain -46-100-4,46,100,4,100-4,"The negative prefix no- represents a low type-frequency negation marker, but it occurrs with verbs of high frequency. The past negative marker is identical with the negative existential nuáy, and the non-past verbs are negated with the Philippine particle hendéq. The last two negators imply movement of the subject to the second position of the sentence in almost all cases. Imperatives are negated also with the prefix no-.",531[225-230],46-111 46-96,70.0,Very certain -46-101-1,46,101,1,101-1,,,46-95,100.0,Very certain -46-102-6,46,102,6,102-6,,531[225-229],46-185 46-186,100.0,Very certain -46-103-7,46,103,7,103-7,"The particle ba is placed after the word to be questioned, mostly in the second position of the sentence. Polar questions can also be marked by intonation.",,46-180,50.0,Unspecified -46-103-8,46,103,8,103-8,"The particle ba is placed after the word to be questioned, mostly in the second position of the sentence. Polar questions can also be marked by intonation.",,46-187,50.0,Very certain -46-104-1,46,104,1,104-1,Amo is of Philippine (Visayan) origin.,52,46-156 46-188,100.0,Very certain -46-105-3,46,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -46-106-2,46,106,2,106-2,,,46-189,100.0,Certain -46-107-1,46,107,1,107-1,The use of the vocative marker before proper names does not show any respect. It is of Philippine (e.g. Tagalog) origin.,,46-190,100.0,Very certain -46-108-2,46,108,2,108-2,,,46-191,100.0,Intermediate -46-109-2,46,109,2,109-2,"An old lady from the island Basilan reports that a Japanese soldier during WWII called her pikinini. But the word itself is considered as ""foreign"" or ""unknown"" by native speakers.",242,,100.0,Very certain -46-11-3,46,11,3,11-3,"In most cases, the adverb occurs at the beginning of the construction.",,46-33,33.3333333333333,Very certain -46-11-2,46,11,2,11-2,"In most cases, the adverb occurs at the beginning of the construction.",,46-32,46.6666666666667,Very certain -46-11-1,46,11,1,11-1,"In most cases, the adverb occurs at the beginning of the construction.",,46-34,20.0,Intermediate -46-110-1,46,110,1,110-1,,,46-21,100.0,Very certain -46-111-1,46,111,1,111-1,Younger speakers prefer the Visayan word lúhaq for 'tear' instead of lágrimas with the same meaning.,,46-192 46-193,100.0,Very certain -46-112-2,46,112,2,112-2,,,46-194 46-195,100.0,Very certain -46-113-4,46,113,4,113-4,For disambiguation you have also dédo del máno 'finger' (literally 'finger of hand') and dédo del pyes (literally 'finger of foot').,,46-196 46-209 46-210,100.0,Very certain -46-114-3,46,114,3,114-3,"Pélo refers to single hairs, body hair, hair of the head, and feathers.",,46-197 46-198,100.0,Very certain -46-115-2,46,115,2,115-2,,,46-115 46-199,100.0,Very certain -46-116-2,46,116,2,116-2,,,46-200 46-201,100.0,Very certain -46-117-2,46,117,2,117-2,This construction is also common in Philippine languages.,,46-202,100.0,Very certain -46-118-3,46,118,3,118-3,The third consonant is a liquid or a glide. Complex onsets are not very frequent.,531[80-84],46-195 46-203 46-204 46-205,100.0,Certain +Value 4 comment: VOS is not ungrammatical (I have checked it by elicitation) but it does not occur in my own data.",51[85-87],46-4 46-6 46-74,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-28-FF0000-10-0000FF-64-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +46-10-1,46,10,1,10-1,,,46-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-100-1,46,100,1,100-1,"The negative prefix no- represents a low type-frequency negation marker, but it occurrs with verbs of high frequency. The past negative marker is identical with the negative existential nuáy, and the non-past verbs are negated with the Philippine particle hendéq. The last two negators imply movement of the subject to the second position of the sentence in almost all cases. Imperatives are negated also with the prefix no-.",531[225-230],46-184,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-ADD8E6-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-100-4,46,100,4,100-4,"The negative prefix no- represents a low type-frequency negation marker, but it occurrs with verbs of high frequency. The past negative marker is identical with the negative existential nuáy, and the non-past verbs are negated with the Philippine particle hendéq. The last two negators imply movement of the subject to the second position of the sentence in almost all cases. Imperatives are negated also with the prefix no-.",531[225-230],46-111 46-96,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-ADD8E6-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-101-1,46,101,1,101-1,,,46-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-102-6,46,102,6,102-6,,531[225-229],46-185 46-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +46-103-7,46,103,7,103-7,"The particle ba is placed after the word to be questioned, mostly in the second position of the sentence. Polar questions can also be marked by intonation.",,46-180,50.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-103-8,46,103,8,103-8,"The particle ba is placed after the word to be questioned, mostly in the second position of the sentence. Polar questions can also be marked by intonation.",,46-187,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-104-1,46,104,1,104-1,Amo is of Philippine (Visayan) origin.,52,46-156 46-188,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-105-3,46,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-106-2,46,106,2,106-2,,,46-189,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-107-1,46,107,1,107-1,The use of the vocative marker before proper names does not show any respect. It is of Philippine (e.g. Tagalog) origin.,,46-190,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-108-2,46,108,2,108-2,,,46-191,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-109-2,46,109,2,109-2,"An old lady from the island Basilan reports that a Japanese soldier during WWII called her pikinini. But the word itself is considered as ""foreign"" or ""unknown"" by native speakers.",242,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-11-3,46,11,3,11-3,"In most cases, the adverb occurs at the beginning of the construction.",,46-33,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-20-800080-47-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-11-2,46,11,2,11-2,"In most cases, the adverb occurs at the beginning of the construction.",,46-32,46.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-20-800080-47-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-11-1,46,11,1,11-1,"In most cases, the adverb occurs at the beginning of the construction.",,46-34,20.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-20-800080-47-FF0000-34-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-110-1,46,110,1,110-1,,,46-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-111-1,46,111,1,111-1,Younger speakers prefer the Visayan word lúhaq for 'tear' instead of lágrimas with the same meaning.,,46-192 46-193,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-112-2,46,112,2,112-2,,,46-194 46-195,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-113-4,46,113,4,113-4,For disambiguation you have also dédo del máno 'finger' (literally 'finger of hand') and dédo del pyes (literally 'finger of foot').,,46-196 46-209 46-210,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-114-3,46,114,3,114-3,"Pélo refers to single hairs, body hair, hair of the head, and feathers.",,46-197 46-198,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-115-2,46,115,2,115-2,,,46-115 46-199,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-116-2,46,116,2,116-2,,,46-200 46-201,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-117-2,46,117,2,117-2,This construction is also common in Philippine languages.,,46-202,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-118-3,46,118,3,118-3,The third consonant is a liquid or a glide. Complex onsets are not very frequent.,531[80-84],46-195 46-203 46-204 46-205,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 46-119-2,46,119,2,119-2,"According to Forman (1972: 80), ""Final consonant clusters are limited to [...] English loans."" Examples: card, link, inch, etc. -Most words end in vowel or nasal consonants.",531[80],46-205 46-206 46-207 46-208,100.0,Very certain -46-12-1,46,12,1,12-1,,,46-35,100.0,Very certain -46-120-1,46,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -46-121-2,46,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -46-122-4,46,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -46-123-4,46,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -46-124-2,46,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0, -46-125-2,46,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -46-126-4,46,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -46-127-6,46,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -46-128-1,46,128,1,128-1,The spelling is .,,46-231,100.0, -46-129-2,46,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -46-13-1,46,13,1,13-1,,,46-36,100.0,Very certain -46-130-1,46,130,1,130-1,,,46-228,100.0, -46-131,46,131,1,131-1,,,46-211,100.0, -46-132,46,132,1,132-1,,,46-213,100.0, -46-133,46,133,1,133-1,,,46-214,100.0, -46-134,46,134,1,134-1,,,46-215,100.0, -46-137,46,137,2,137-2,,,46-220,100.0, -46-138,46,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -46-139,46,139,1,139-1,This sound is spelled as or <č>.,,46-221,100.0, -46-14-1,46,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -46-140,46,140,2,140-2,,,46-222,100.0, -46-143,46,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -46-144,46,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -46-145,46,145,2,145-2,/c/ alternates especially with /č/.,,46-216,100.0, -46-146,46,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -46-147,46,147,1,147-1,,,46-212,100.0, -46-148,46,148,2,148-2,,,46-217,100.0, -46-149,46,149,1,149-1,,,46-218,100.0, -46-15-2,46,15,2,15-2,The entire forms of these pronouns are of Austronesian origin. But it is not clear if they existed in the language from the very beginning or they were borrowed through later (secondary) contact. Frake (1971) argues for a Hiligaynon (Central Philippines) source of all Austronesian pronouns in the variety of Chabacano in Zamboanga which was borrowed later.,,46-37 46-38,100.0,Very certain -46-151,46,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -46-152,46,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -46-153,46,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -46-155,46,155,3,155-3,"It only exists in words of Philippine, mostly Visayan, origin. The spelling is .",,46-219,100.0, -46-156,46,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -46-158,46,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -46-159,46,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -46-16-1,46,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -46-160,46,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -46-161,46,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -46-163,46,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -46-168,46,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -46-169,46,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -46-17-2,46,17,2,17-2,The postposed pronoun of the third person singular always behaves as an enclitic with only one syllable (instead of two). Especially young speakers use the dependent subject pronoun ka (of Philippine origin) for the second person singular.,,46-3 46-39,100.0,Very certain -46-170,46,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -46-171,46,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -46-172,46,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -46-173,46,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -46-174,46,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -46-176,46,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -46-178,46,178,1,178-1,,,46-229,100.0, -46-179,46,179,1,179-1,,,46-230,100.0, -46-18-3,46,18,3,18-3,,531[107],46-40 46-41 46-42 46-43 46-44,100.0,Very certain -46-180,46,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -46-181,46,181,1,181-1,The spelling is .,,46-231,100.0, -46-182,46,182,1,182-1,"The spelling is . Word-initial position occurs, but is seldom (Forman 1972: 292).",531,46-232,100.0, -46-183,46,183,1,183-1,"In final position of the syllable, it is frequently articulated as a retroflexive consonant. There is no phonemic opposition between a preaspirated, retroflexive, trilled or flapped /r/. The only case is /'pehro/ 'dog' vs. /'pero/ 'but'. Spelling as ; the (ancient) trilled as
(pre-asprirated).",,46-233,100.0, -46-184,46,184,2,184-2,"In final position of the syllable, it is frequently articulated as a retroflex consonant. There is no phonemic opposition between a preaspirated, retroflex, trilled or flapped /r/. The only case is /'peʰro/ 'dog' vs. /'pero/ 'but'. Spelling as ; the (ancient) trilled as
(pre-asprirated).",,46-234,100.0, -46-187,46,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -46-188,46,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -46-189,46,189,2,189-2,"[f] alternates mostly with [p] in words of Spanish and English origin. Consequently, pwénte is a form of 'fountain' (< Sp. fuente) and 'bridge' (< Sp. puente) at the same time.",,46-223,100.0, -46-19-2,46,19,2,19-2,"Diachronically, (pa)kiláya derives from two elements, namely Portuguese que 'what' and laia 'mode, manner'. We can also consider kon-kyén 'whom', kósa-kósa 'what all, whatsoever', and kyén-kyén 'who (among these)' as bimorphemic but inflected forms (see Forman 1972: 109 and Lipski & Santoro 2007: 394).",830[394],46-35 46-45 46-46 46-47 46-48,100.0,Very certain -46-190,46,190,2,190-2,"[v] alternates with [b] in words of Spanish origin, mostly in initial position.",,46-224,100.0, -46-191,46,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -46-192,46,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -46-193,46,193,1,193-1,,,46-225,100.0, -46-194,46,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -46-195,46,195,2,195-2,This sound alternates with /sj/.,,46-226,100.0, -46-196,46,196,2,196-2,This sound alternates with /dj/.,,46-227,100.0, -46-199,46,199,4,199-4,Intervocalic /k/ is often realized as such.,,,100.0, -46-2-2,46,2,2,2-2,"Forman (1972: 155) comments on the distribution of the linkers di, de and del as follows : ""Di usually marks phrases having propers of person of head, and de marks phrases having propers or place or indefinite commons as head. Del marks phrases with definite commons as head.""",531,46-12 46-14,70.0,Very certain -46-2-1,46,2,1,2-1,"Forman (1972: 155) comments on the distribution of the linkers di, de and del as follows : ""Di usually marks phrases having propers of person of head, and de marks phrases having propers or place or indefinite commons as head. Del marks phrases with definite commons as head.""",531,46-13,30.0,Very certain -46-20-1,46,20,1,20-1,There is no special conjoining form for pronouns. A comitative construction is used as in any other cases.,,46-49,100.0,Very certain -46-200,46,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -46-201,46,201,4,201-4,Intervocalic /g/ is frequently realized as such.,,,100.0, -46-202,46,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -46-205,46,205,1,205-1,,,46-228,100.0, -46-209,46,209,1,209-1,,,46-235,100.0, -46-21-4,46,21,4,21-4,There is also náda 'nothing' and nádye 'nobody' of Spanish origin but its use is restricted to written acrolectal texts. The current pattern is of Philippine Austronesian origin.,,46-50 46-51,100.0,Very certain -46-212,46,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -46-215,46,215,1,215-1,,,,100.0, -46-217,46,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -46-218,46,218,1,218-1,,,46-236,100.0, -46-22-4,46,22,4,22-4,"The plural marker mga shows different phonological realizations. Following Forman (1972: 95–96), ['maga] is a rural form, ['mana] is the form found with speakers of Spanish, and ['maŋa] – the ""Philippine way"" – the form of the younger generation.",531[95-96. 111-113],46-52 46-53,100.0,Certain -46-221,46,221,2,221-2,This sound mostly occurs in word-internal position (between vowels).,,46-237,100.0, -46-23-6,46,23,6,23-6,At least the plural word mga ['maŋa] is a Philippine feature.,,46-54,10.0,Very certain -46-23-7,46,23,7,23-7,At least the plural word mga ['maŋa] is a Philippine feature.,,46-55,90.0,Very certain -46-231,46,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -46-24-3,46,24,3,24-3,The associative plural is only used for humans (proper noun in most cases). There is no agentive marker si which goes with the noun. An alternative form is kaná.,,46-56,100.0,Very certain -46-25-3,46,25,3,25-3,,,46-57 46-58,100.0,Very certain -46-252,46,252,1,252-1,"/i/ frequently alternates with /e/, especially in unstressed syllables.",,46-238,100.0, -46-253,46,253,1,253-1,"/e/ frequently alternates with /i/, especially in unstressed syllables.",,46-239,100.0, -46-254,46,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -46-255,46,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -46-256,46,256,1,256-1,,,46-240,100.0, -46-257,46,257,1,257-1,"/u/ frequently alternates with /o/, especially in unstressed syllables.",,46-241,100.0, -46-258,46,258,1,258-1,"/o/ frequently alternates with /u/, especially in unstressed syllables.",,46-242,100.0, -46-259,46,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -46-26-2,46,26,2,26-2,"Reduplication only of entire words is quite productive. Unlike in Ternate, I have not found any instance of partial reduplication.",,46-59 46-60 46-61,100.0,Very certain -46-260,46,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -46-261,46,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -46-263,46,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -46-267,46,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -46-268,46,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -46-27-2,46,27,2,27-2,el pyérna 'the leg(s)' refers either to one or two legs. There is no formal distinction.,,46-62,100.0,Very certain -46-272,46,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -46-273,46,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -46-274,46,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -46-275,46,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -46-276,46,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -46-277,46,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -46-278,46,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -46-279,46,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -46-28-1,46,28,1,28-1,,,46-19 46-20 46-63,100.0,Certain -46-280,46,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -46-281,46,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -46-282,46,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -46-284,46,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -46-285,46,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -46-286,46,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -46-287,46,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -46-288,46,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -46-289,46,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -46-29-2,46,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article un can also have a numeral meaning (see Example 66).,,46-64 46-65 46-66,100.0,Certain -46-290,46,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -46-291,46,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -46-3-2,46,3,2,3-2,"Lipski & Santoro (2007: 390) claim that the default position is postnominal, which is not my own experience. In a larger corpus I have checked the position of gránde 'big' and in more than 90% of the instances the adjective occurs before the noun.",830[390-391],46-16 46-17,30.0,Very certain -46-3-1,46,3,1,3-1,"Lipski & Santoro (2007: 390) claim that the default position is postnominal, which is not my own experience. In a larger corpus I have checked the position of gránde 'big' and in more than 90% of the instances the adjective occurs before the noun.",830[390-391],46-15,70.0,Very certain -46-30-4,46,30,4,30-4,"As we can see in the examples, generic objects are unmarked.",,46-67 46-68,100.0,Very certain +Most words end in vowel or nasal consonants.",531[80],46-205 46-206 46-207 46-208,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-12-1,46,12,1,12-1,,,46-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-120-1,46,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-121-2,46,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +46-122-4,46,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +46-123-4,46,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-124-2,46,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +46-125-2,46,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +46-126-4,46,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-127-6,46,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-128-1,46,128,1,128-1,The spelling is .,,46-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +46-129-2,46,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-13-1,46,13,1,13-1,,,46-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +46-130-1,46,130,1,130-1,,,46-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +46-131,46,131,1,131-1,,,46-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-132,46,132,1,132-1,,,46-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-133,46,133,1,133-1,,,46-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-134,46,134,1,134-1,,,46-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-137,46,137,2,137-2,,,46-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +46-138,46,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-139,46,139,1,139-1,This sound is spelled as or <č>.,,46-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-14-1,46,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-140,46,140,2,140-2,,,46-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +46-143,46,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-144,46,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-145,46,145,2,145-2,/c/ alternates especially with /č/.,,46-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +46-146,46,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-147,46,147,1,147-1,,,46-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-148,46,148,2,148-2,,,46-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +46-149,46,149,1,149-1,,,46-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-15-2,46,15,2,15-2,The entire forms of these pronouns are of Austronesian origin. But it is not clear if they existed in the language from the very beginning or they were borrowed through later (secondary) contact. Frake (1971) argues for a Hiligaynon (Central Philippines) source of all Austronesian pronouns in the variety of Chabacano in Zamboanga which was borrowed later.,,46-37 46-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +46-151,46,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-152,46,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-153,46,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-155,46,155,3,155-3,"It only exists in words of Philippine, mostly Visayan, origin. The spelling is .",,46-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +46-156,46,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-158,46,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-159,46,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-16-1,46,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-160,46,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-161,46,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-163,46,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-168,46,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-169,46,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-17-2,46,17,2,17-2,The postposed pronoun of the third person singular always behaves as an enclitic with only one syllable (instead of two). Especially young speakers use the dependent subject pronoun ka (of Philippine origin) for the second person singular.,,46-3 46-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-170,46,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-171,46,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-172,46,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-173,46,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-174,46,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-176,46,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-178,46,178,1,178-1,,,46-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-179,46,179,1,179-1,,,46-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-18-3,46,18,3,18-3,,531[107],46-40 46-41 46-42 46-43 46-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +46-180,46,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-181,46,181,1,181-1,The spelling is .,,46-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-182,46,182,1,182-1,"The spelling is . Word-initial position occurs, but is seldom (Forman 1972: 292).",531,46-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-183,46,183,1,183-1,"In final position of the syllable, it is frequently articulated as a retroflexive consonant. There is no phonemic opposition between a preaspirated, retroflexive, trilled or flapped /r/. The only case is /'pehro/ 'dog' vs. /'pero/ 'but'. Spelling as ; the (ancient) trilled as
(pre-asprirated).",,46-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-184,46,184,2,184-2,"In final position of the syllable, it is frequently articulated as a retroflex consonant. There is no phonemic opposition between a preaspirated, retroflex, trilled or flapped /r/. The only case is /'peʰro/ 'dog' vs. /'pero/ 'but'. Spelling as ; the (ancient) trilled as
(pre-asprirated).",,46-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +46-187,46,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-188,46,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-189,46,189,2,189-2,"[f] alternates mostly with [p] in words of Spanish and English origin. Consequently, pwénte is a form of 'fountain' (< Sp. fuente) and 'bridge' (< Sp. puente) at the same time.",,46-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +46-19-2,46,19,2,19-2,"Diachronically, (pa)kiláya derives from two elements, namely Portuguese que 'what' and laia 'mode, manner'. We can also consider kon-kyén 'whom', kósa-kósa 'what all, whatsoever', and kyén-kyén 'who (among these)' as bimorphemic but inflected forms (see Forman 1972: 109 and Lipski & Santoro 2007: 394).",830[394],46-35 46-45 46-46 46-47 46-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-190,46,190,2,190-2,"[v] alternates with [b] in words of Spanish origin, mostly in initial position.",,46-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +46-191,46,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-192,46,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-193,46,193,1,193-1,,,46-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-194,46,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-195,46,195,2,195-2,This sound alternates with /sj/.,,46-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +46-196,46,196,2,196-2,This sound alternates with /dj/.,,46-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +46-199,46,199,4,199-4,Intervocalic /k/ is often realized as such.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-2-2,46,2,2,2-2,"Forman (1972: 155) comments on the distribution of the linkers di, de and del as follows : ""Di usually marks phrases having propers of person of head, and de marks phrases having propers or place or indefinite commons as head. Del marks phrases with definite commons as head.""",531,46-12 46-14,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-2-1,46,2,1,2-1,"Forman (1972: 155) comments on the distribution of the linkers di, de and del as follows : ""Di usually marks phrases having propers of person of head, and de marks phrases having propers or place or indefinite commons as head. Del marks phrases with definite commons as head.""",531,46-13,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-20-1,46,20,1,20-1,There is no special conjoining form for pronouns. A comitative construction is used as in any other cases.,,46-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-200,46,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-201,46,201,4,201-4,Intervocalic /g/ is frequently realized as such.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-202,46,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-205,46,205,1,205-1,,,46-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-209,46,209,1,209-1,,,46-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-21-4,46,21,4,21-4,There is also náda 'nothing' and nádye 'nobody' of Spanish origin but its use is restricted to written acrolectal texts. The current pattern is of Philippine Austronesian origin.,,46-50 46-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +46-212,46,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-215,46,215,1,215-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-217,46,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-218,46,218,1,218-1,,,46-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-22-4,46,22,4,22-4,"The plural marker mga shows different phonological realizations. Following Forman (1972: 95–96), ['maga] is a rural form, ['mana] is the form found with speakers of Spanish, and ['maŋa] – the ""Philippine way"" – the form of the younger generation.",531[95-96. 111-113],46-52 46-53,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +46-221,46,221,2,221-2,This sound mostly occurs in word-internal position (between vowels).,,46-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +46-23-6,46,23,6,23-6,At least the plural word mga ['maŋa] is a Philippine feature.,,46-54,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-800080-90-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +46-23-7,46,23,7,23-7,At least the plural word mga ['maŋa] is a Philippine feature.,,46-55,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-800080-90-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +46-231,46,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-24-3,46,24,3,24-3,The associative plural is only used for humans (proper noun in most cases). There is no agentive marker si which goes with the noun. An alternative form is kaná.,,46-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-25-3,46,25,3,25-3,,,46-57 46-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-252,46,252,1,252-1,"/i/ frequently alternates with /e/, especially in unstressed syllables.",,46-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-253,46,253,1,253-1,"/e/ frequently alternates with /i/, especially in unstressed syllables.",,46-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-254,46,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-255,46,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-256,46,256,1,256-1,,,46-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-257,46,257,1,257-1,"/u/ frequently alternates with /o/, especially in unstressed syllables.",,46-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-258,46,258,1,258-1,"/o/ frequently alternates with /u/, especially in unstressed syllables.",,46-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +46-259,46,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-26-2,46,26,2,26-2,"Reduplication only of entire words is quite productive. Unlike in Ternate, I have not found any instance of partial reduplication.",,46-59 46-60 46-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-260,46,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-261,46,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-263,46,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-267,46,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-268,46,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-27-2,46,27,2,27-2,el pyérna 'the leg(s)' refers either to one or two legs. There is no formal distinction.,,46-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-272,46,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-273,46,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-274,46,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-275,46,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-276,46,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-277,46,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-278,46,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-279,46,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-28-1,46,28,1,28-1,,,46-19 46-20 46-63,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-280,46,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-281,46,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-282,46,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-284,46,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-285,46,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-286,46,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-287,46,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-288,46,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-289,46,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-29-2,46,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article un can also have a numeral meaning (see Example 66).,,46-64 46-65 46-66,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-290,46,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-291,46,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +46-3-2,46,3,2,3-2,"Lipski & Santoro (2007: 390) claim that the default position is postnominal, which is not my own experience. In a larger corpus I have checked the position of gránde 'big' and in more than 90% of the instances the adjective occurs before the noun.",830[390-391],46-16 46-17,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-3-1,46,3,1,3-1,"Lipski & Santoro (2007: 390) claim that the default position is postnominal, which is not my own experience. In a larger corpus I have checked the position of gránde 'big' and in more than 90% of the instances the adjective occurs before the noun.",830[390-391],46-15,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-30-4,46,30,4,30-4,"As we can see in the examples, generic objects are unmarked.",,46-67 46-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 46-308-4,46,308,4,308-4,"Three lexemes with a relative high token frequency are of Portuguese origin: kiláya ‘how’ < Portuguese que laia ‘what kind’; ele < Portuguese ele ‘s/he’; and na, a multifunctional locative preposition, < Portuguese na, which is a merger of the preposition em ‘in’ and the feminine singular article a (see Steinkrüger, Patrick O. 2013. Zamboanga Chabacano. In Michaelis, Susanne Maria & Maurer, Philippe & Haspelmath, Martin & Huber, Magnus (eds.), The survey of pidgin and creole languages. Vol. II: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based and French-based languages, 156-162. Oxford: Oxford University Press.) - There are many borrowings from Philippine (Visayan) languages and recently from English.",,,100.0,Very certain -46-309-3,46,309,3,309-3,Around 50% of the population in Zambaonga City are native speakers of Chabacano.,1835,,100.0,Certain -46-31-1,46,31,1,31-1,,,46-69,100.0,Certain -46-310-4,46,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Certain -46-311-2,46,311,2,311-2,"As a L1 it is more or less stable, and it is increasing as a L2.",,,100.0,Certain -46-312-2,46,312,2,312-2,"Especially in families with mixed parents, in many cases the childen grow up speaking Cebuano or other languages.",,,100.0,Certain -46-313-5,46,313,5,313-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -46-314-3,46,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -46-315-2,46,315,2,315-2,There is broadcasting entirely in Chabacano(including news). In 2007 there were 2 TV channels with news in Chabacano every afternoon.,,,100.0, -46-316-2,46,316,2,316-2,There is nearly nothing at TV.,,,100.0,Certain -46-317-2,46,317,2,317-2,"Besides traditional songs (many of them are in non-creolized Spanish), there are several bands singing pop in Chabacano (e.g 'Comic Relief' or 'Maldita').",,,100.0,Certain -46-318-1,46,318,1,318-1,There all kinds of written genres but many of them are unpublished.,,,100.0,Certain -46-319-3,46,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -46-32-1,46,32,1,32-1,,,46-22 46-70,100.0,Very certain -46-320-2,46,320,2,320-2,Zamboanga Chabacano is used Irregularly in newspaper items; there are short columns in which the language is used.,,,100.0,Certain -46-321-2,46,321,2,321-2,"There are some public announcements in Zamboanga Chabacano, but mostly English is used.",,,100.0,Certain -46-323-2,46,323,2,323-2,"In the local council of Zamboanga, some statements are made in Chabacano.",,,100.0,Certain -46-324-2,46,324,2,324-2,"Mostly in public schools, Chabacano is used in the primary classes.",1835,,100.0,Certain -46-325-1,46,325,1,325-1,"There are chatrooms where Chabacano is used, and e-mails are frequently written in Chabacano, but with a strong mixture of English, Cebuano and/or Tagalog.",,,100.0,Certain -46-327-2,46,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Certain -46-328-2,46,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Certain -46-329-2,46,329,2,329-2,Most of the differences between 'Chabacano del Monte' and the variety of the City seem to belong to the domain of the lexicon.,,,100.0,Certain -46-33-3,46,33,3,33-3,"According to Forman (1972: 108), éste corresponds with akí 'here', ése with alyí 'that (near)', and akél with alyá 'that (far)'. The deictic system of Chabacano and its correspondence in relation to Spanish is the object of further investigation.",531[108-109],46-71 46-72 46-73,100.0,Very certain -46-330-1,46,330,1,330-1,There is significant variationint he domain of phonology between 'Chabacano del Monte' and 'Chabacano del Ciudad'.,,,100.0,Certain -46-34-1,46,34,1,34-1,,,46-74,100.0,Very certain -46-35-6,46,35,6,35-6,,,46-75 46-76,100.0,Very certain -46-36-1,46,36,1,36-1,,,46-77,100.0,Very certain -46-37-1,46,37,1,37-1,,,46-78,50.0,Certain -46-37-5,46,37,5,37-5,,,46-78,50.0,Certain -46-38-2,46,38,2,38-2,,,46-79,100.0,Very certain -46-39-1,46,39,1,39-1,,,46-80 46-81,100.0,Very certain -46-4-2,46,4,2,4-2,,,46-18,100.0,Very certain -46-40-2,46,40,2,40-2,"There are around one dozen of adjectives exclusively referring to human qualities that have preserved gender marking. In all the cases where they are used, agreement with the noun (depending on its natural gender) is obligatory. The adjective prenyáda 'pregant' naturally has only a feminine form.",,46-82 46-83 46-84,100.0,Unspecified -46-41-1,46,41,1,41-1,,,46-85,100.0,Very certain -46-42-3,46,42,3,42-3,The construction with kóntra 'against' exists also in some Spanish varieties.,,46-85,100.0,Very certain -46-43-1,46,43,1,43-1,The TAM-markers are all prefixes.,,46-86,100.0,Very certain -46-44-8,46,44,8,44-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -46-45-6,46,45,6,45-6,,,,100.0,Certain -46-46-1,46,46,1,46-1,,,46-88,100.0,Very certain -46-47-6,46,47,6,47-6,I consider future reference of the progressive as not very frequent.,830[378-379],46-89 46-90 46-91 46-93,100.0,Certain -46-48-6,46,48,6,48-6,There are also cases of zero-marking of the habitual (Lipski & Santoro 2007: 379).,830[379],46-35 46-67 46-91 46-93,100.0,Very certain -46-49-1,46,49,1,49-1,Ya-constructions (perfective aspect) can only refer to past events.,,46-6 46-94,100.0,Certain -46-5-5,46,5,5,5-5,,,46-23,25.0,Very certain -46-5-1,46,5,1,5-1,,,46-19 46-20 46-21 46-22,75.0,Very certain -46-50-1,46,50,1,50-1,"Propositions with past-reference are negated with the negative existential nuáy 'there is not'. This is obviosly a Visayan feature. All the rest is expressed by the Philippine particle hendéq. Forman (1972: 225): ""Nway replaces the existentials and and the tense-aspect marker ya-""; but counter examples are Examples 95 and 98. Consequently, co-occurence is possible.",531[162-165. 225-231],46-100 46-95 46-96 46-97 46-98 46-99,100.0,Certain -46-51-1,46,51,1,51-1,"In many cases, the context of the unmarked verb determines the temporal reference. ""Rarely, unmarked non-stative verbs occur with past reference."" (Lipski & Santoro 2007: 376)",830[376],46-101 46-18 46-2,100.0,Very certain -46-52-1,46,52,1,52-1,,,46-102 46-103 46-104,100.0,Certain -46-53-3,46,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Certain -46-54-7,46,54,7,54-7,,,46-105 46-106,100.0,Very certain -46-55-2,46,55,2,55-2,,,46-107 46-108 46-109,100.0,Very certain -46-56-2,46,56,2,56-2,,531[164],46-110 46-111 46-112 46-113 46-114,100.0,Very certain -46-57-5,46,57,5,57-5,"Patient marking is optional, but obligatory for definite and human arguments.",,46-1 46-2 46-34 46-67,100.0,Very certain -46-58-2,46,58,2,58-2,The accusative marking of (direct and indirect) objects depends on such factors as specificity and animacy. Proper names which are agents are marked with a preposed si. This is obviously a Philippine feature.,,46-1 46-115 46-2 46-47,100.0,Very certain -46-59-2,46,59,2,59-2,The accusative marking is not obligatory. It depends on factors such as specificity and humanness.,,46-1 46-116 46-2,100.0,Very certain -46-6-1,46,6,1,6-1,,,46-24,100.0,Very certain -46-60-1,46,60,1,60-1,"In few cases, the theme also can be marked with the object-marker kun. In these cases, the theme is topicalized.",,46-117 46-57,100.0,Very certain -46-61-6,46,61,6,61-6,,,46-118 46-89,70.0,Certain -46-61-5,46,61,5,61-5,,,46-89,30.0,Certain -46-62-5,46,62,5,62-5,,,46-119,100.0,Very certain -46-63-3,46,63,3,63-3,"'Seem' is rendered by a construction starting with the unchangeable particle daw or its variant dol. There is no 'seem' verb. In sentence-final position, it marks quotativity.",531[96-97],46-120,100.0,Very certain -46-64-2,46,64,2,64-2,,,46-121 46-122,100.0,Very certain -46-65-5,46,65,5,65-5,,,46-123 46-92,100.0,Very certain -46-66-3,46,66,3,66-3,,,46-124,100.0,Very certain -46-67-1,46,67,1,67-1,,,46-125,100.0,Very certain -46-68-2,46,68,2,68-2,There is also a construction with a causative verb and a nonsubject experiencer or stimulus: Maka-myédo kumígo. [CAUS-fear OBJ.SG] 'I am afraid of myself.',,46-126,50.0,Certain -46-68-1,46,68,1,68-1,There is also a construction with a causative verb and a nonsubject experiencer or stimulus: Maka-myédo kumígo. [CAUS-fear OBJ.SG] 'I am afraid of myself.',,46-128,50.0,Certain -46-69-1,46,69,1,69-1,,,46-1,100.0,Certain -46-7-1,46,7,1,7-1,,,46-25 46-26,100.0,Certain -46-70-2,46,70,2,70-2,,,46-1 46-129 46-49,100.0,Very certain -46-71-2,46,71,2,71-2,,,46-130 46-49,100.0,Very certain -46-72-1,46,72,1,72-1,"There are two alternative forms, namely pati (obviously of Visayan origin) und i (of Spanish origin).",,46-130 46-131,100.0,Very certain -46-73-2,46,73,2,73-2,"Most frequently, a zero-copula is used. A predicative copula exclusively occurs in the past (estába). Amó is used as a focused or/and emphatic copula and it is borrowed from a Philippinic language where it functions as a focus particle (cf. Aoto 2002).",830[387];51,46-110 46-132 46-133 46-134 46-135 46-136,100.0,Very certain -46-74-2,46,74,2,74-2,The copula occurs only in the past: Koloráw éste kása estába. [red this house was] 'This house was red' or in a focused/emphatic construction with amó.,,46-138 46-139 46-59 46-8,100.0,Very certain -46-75-3,46,75,3,75-3,,,46-141 46-142 46-143,100.0,Very certain -46-76-3,46,76,3,76-3,,,46-110 46-132 46-133 46-134 46-141 46-143,100.0,Certain -46-77-1,46,77,1,77-1,Positive predicative possession is expressed by tyéne 'there is; have' and negative predicative possession is expressed by nuáy 'there is not'.,,46-145 46-146 46-97,100.0,Very certain -46-78-1,46,78,1,78-1,"Existence is expressed by tyéne, 'there is a lot' by (tyéne) múcho and negative existence is expressed by nuáy, also with the meaning 'without'.",,46-147 46-148,100.0,Very certain -46-79-2,46,79,2,79-2,Instead of na one can say para na to indicate 'motion-to'-direction.,,46-152,100.0,Very certain -46-8-1,46,8,1,8-1,,,46-27,100.0,Very certain -46-80-2,46,80,2,80-2,"Actually, there is no special preposition form for named places. The suppletive past form of está 'dwell, be' estába together with na has also the prepositional meaning 'from' (cf. Example 154).",,46-153 46-154,100.0,Very certain -46-81-3,46,81,3,81-3,"The multifunctional preposition na means 'from' and 'to(wards)' at the same time, but pára na only means movement towards somewhere. The suppletive past form estába of está 'dwell, stay, be' has the prepositional meaning 'from'.",,46-149 46-150 46-151,100.0,Very certain -46-82-2,46,82,2,82-2,,,46-156 46-157,50.0,Certain -46-82-1,46,82,1,82-1,,,46-155 46-157,50.0,Certain -46-83-2,46,83,2,83-2,"There is no special preposition/prepositional construction with the meaning 'out of'. Instead, the multifunctional locative element na is used.",,46-158 46-52,100.0,Very certain -46-84-3,46,84,3,84-3,"To my knowledge, there is only a purposive reading of serial constructions with 'come' and 'go'.",530;531[204-213],,100.0,Certain -46-85-1,46,85,1,85-1,The verb saká 'take' is not used as an auxiliary nor as a serial verb.,530;531[204-213],46-159,100.0,Certain -46-86-3,46,86,3,86-3,Quite a few recepients in Chabacano are constructed with dále 'give'. It seems to be an areal feature occuring in many languages in Southeast Asia.,530;531[204-213],46-160 46-161,100.0,Very certain -46-87-2,46,87,2,87-2,,,46-162 46-163,100.0,Very certain -46-88-2,46,88,2,88-2,,,46-164 46-165 46-166 46-89,100.0,Very certain -46-89-5,46,89,5,89-5,"Reciprocity is generally expressed by a verbal circumfix (cf. Examples 167 and 168) and/or the fossilized Spanish construction uno y/a otro, whereas reflexivity is often expressed by 'body' (Example 164).",,46-164 46-167 46-168 46-169,100.0,Certain -46-9-3,46,9,3,9-3,The doubling of the article (before and after the noun at the same time) produces emphasis or/and identity. It can also be understood as a relative construction (see Constantino (1965: 82–83) who oberserves this Philippine pattern in the variety of Chabacano in Ternate).,,46-29 46-30,30.0,Certain -46-9-1,46,9,1,9-1,The doubling of the article (before and after the noun at the same time) produces emphasis or/and identity. It can also be understood as a relative construction (see Constantino (1965: 82–83) who oberserves this Philippine pattern in the variety of Chabacano in Ternate).,,46-28,70.0,Very certain -46-90-2,46,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -46-91-8,46,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -46-92-1,46,92,1,92-1,,,46-172,33.3333333333333,Very certain -46-92-2,46,92,2,92-2,,,46-171,33.3333333333333,Very certain -46-92-4,46,92,4,92-4,,,46-170,33.3333333333333,Very certain -46-93-1,46,93,1,93-1,,,46-174,41.6666666666667,Certain -46-93-4,46,93,4,93-4,,,46-173,58.3333333333333,Certain -46-94-1,46,94,1,94-1,,,46-175,37.5,Intermediate -46-94-5,46,94,5,94-5,,,46-176,62.5,Certain -46-95-3,46,95,3,95-3,"There are actually two complementizers: Kay is of Austronesian origin and ke(l) is of Spanish origin, which occurs frequently in written texts and songs.",531[147. 202],46-177,50.0,Very certain -46-95-4,46,95,4,95-4,"There are actually two complementizers: Kay is of Austronesian origin and ke(l) is of Spanish origin, which occurs frequently in written texts and songs.",531[147. 202],46-177,50.0,Very certain -46-96-3,46,96,3,96-3,There are actually two complementizers: Kay is of Austronesian origin and ke(l) is of Spanish origin which occurs frequently in written texts and songs.,531[202],46-178,41.6666666666667,Very certain -46-96-4,46,96,4,96-4,There are actually two complementizers: Kay is of Austronesian origin and ke(l) is of Spanish origin which occurs frequently in written texts and songs.,531[202],46-179,58.3333333333333,Very certain -46-97-1,46,97,1,97-1,,,46-180 46-181,100.0,Very certain -46-98-1,46,98,1,98-1,There are two complementizers: Kay is of Austronesian origin and ke is of Spanish origin which occurs frequently in written texts and songs. Pensá 'think' is also found with kel (Forman 1972:202). There are also instances with 'want' and kel.,531[202],46-182 46-183,100.0,Very certain -46-99-2,46,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -47-0-4,47,0,4,0-4,,,,100.0, + There are many borrowings from Philippine (Visayan) languages and recently from English.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-309-3,46,309,3,309-3,Around 50% of the population in Zambaonga City are native speakers of Chabacano.,1835,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-31-1,46,31,1,31-1,,,46-69,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-310-4,46,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +46-311-2,46,311,2,311-2,"As a L1 it is more or less stable, and it is increasing as a L2.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-312-2,46,312,2,312-2,"Especially in families with mixed parents, in many cases the childen grow up speaking Cebuano or other languages.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-313-5,46,313,5,313-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-314-3,46,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-315-2,46,315,2,315-2,There is broadcasting entirely in Chabacano(including news). In 2007 there were 2 TV channels with news in Chabacano every afternoon.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-316-2,46,316,2,316-2,There is nearly nothing at TV.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-317-2,46,317,2,317-2,"Besides traditional songs (many of them are in non-creolized Spanish), there are several bands singing pop in Chabacano (e.g 'Comic Relief' or 'Maldita').",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-318-1,46,318,1,318-1,There all kinds of written genres but many of them are unpublished.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-319-3,46,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-32-1,46,32,1,32-1,,,46-22 46-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-320-2,46,320,2,320-2,Zamboanga Chabacano is used Irregularly in newspaper items; there are short columns in which the language is used.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-321-2,46,321,2,321-2,"There are some public announcements in Zamboanga Chabacano, but mostly English is used.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-323-2,46,323,2,323-2,"In the local council of Zamboanga, some statements are made in Chabacano.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-324-2,46,324,2,324-2,"Mostly in public schools, Chabacano is used in the primary classes.",1835,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-325-1,46,325,1,325-1,"There are chatrooms where Chabacano is used, and e-mails are frequently written in Chabacano, but with a strong mixture of English, Cebuano and/or Tagalog.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-327-2,46,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-328-2,46,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-329-2,46,329,2,329-2,Most of the differences between 'Chabacano del Monte' and the variety of the City seem to belong to the domain of the lexicon.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-33-3,46,33,3,33-3,"According to Forman (1972: 108), éste corresponds with akí 'here', ése with alyí 'that (near)', and akél with alyá 'that (far)'. The deictic system of Chabacano and its correspondence in relation to Spanish is the object of further investigation.",531[108-109],46-71 46-72 46-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +46-330-1,46,330,1,330-1,There is significant variationint he domain of phonology between 'Chabacano del Monte' and 'Chabacano del Ciudad'.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-34-1,46,34,1,34-1,,,46-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-35-6,46,35,6,35-6,,,46-75 46-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +46-36-1,46,36,1,36-1,,,46-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-37-1,46,37,1,37-1,,,46-78,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +46-37-5,46,37,5,37-5,,,46-78,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +46-38-2,46,38,2,38-2,,,46-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-39-1,46,39,1,39-1,,,46-80 46-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-4-2,46,4,2,4-2,,,46-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-40-2,46,40,2,40-2,"There are around one dozen of adjectives exclusively referring to human qualities that have preserved gender marking. In all the cases where they are used, agreement with the noun (depending on its natural gender) is obligatory. The adjective prenyáda 'pregant' naturally has only a feminine form.",,46-82 46-83 46-84,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-41-1,46,41,1,41-1,,,46-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-42-3,46,42,3,42-3,The construction with kóntra 'against' exists also in some Spanish varieties.,,46-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-43-1,46,43,1,43-1,The TAM-markers are all prefixes.,,46-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-44-8,46,44,8,44-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-45-6,46,45,6,45-6,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-46-1,46,46,1,46-1,,,46-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-47-6,46,47,6,47-6,I consider future reference of the progressive as not very frequent.,830[378-379],46-89 46-90 46-91 46-93,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-48-6,46,48,6,48-6,There are also cases of zero-marking of the habitual (Lipski & Santoro 2007: 379).,830[379],46-35 46-67 46-91 46-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-49-1,46,49,1,49-1,Ya-constructions (perfective aspect) can only refer to past events.,,46-6 46-94,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-5-5,46,5,5,5-5,,,46-23,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-5-1,46,5,1,5-1,,,46-19 46-20 46-21 46-22,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-50-1,46,50,1,50-1,"Propositions with past-reference are negated with the negative existential nuáy 'there is not'. This is obviosly a Visayan feature. All the rest is expressed by the Philippine particle hendéq. Forman (1972: 225): ""Nway replaces the existentials and and the tense-aspect marker ya-""; but counter examples are Examples 95 and 98. Consequently, co-occurence is possible.",531[162-165. 225-231],46-100 46-95 46-96 46-97 46-98 46-99,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-51-1,46,51,1,51-1,"In many cases, the context of the unmarked verb determines the temporal reference. ""Rarely, unmarked non-stative verbs occur with past reference."" (Lipski & Santoro 2007: 376)",830[376],46-101 46-18 46-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-52-1,46,52,1,52-1,,,46-102 46-103 46-104,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-53-3,46,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-54-7,46,54,7,54-7,,,46-105 46-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +46-55-2,46,55,2,55-2,,,46-107 46-108 46-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-56-2,46,56,2,56-2,,531[164],46-110 46-111 46-112 46-113 46-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-57-5,46,57,5,57-5,"Patient marking is optional, but obligatory for definite and human arguments.",,46-1 46-2 46-34 46-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-58-2,46,58,2,58-2,The accusative marking of (direct and indirect) objects depends on such factors as specificity and animacy. Proper names which are agents are marked with a preposed si. This is obviously a Philippine feature.,,46-1 46-115 46-2 46-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-59-2,46,59,2,59-2,The accusative marking is not obligatory. It depends on factors such as specificity and humanness.,,46-1 46-116 46-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-6-1,46,6,1,6-1,,,46-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-60-1,46,60,1,60-1,"In few cases, the theme also can be marked with the object-marker kun. In these cases, the theme is topicalized.",,46-117 46-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-61-6,46,61,6,61-6,,,46-118 46-89,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-000000-70-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-61-5,46,61,5,61-5,,,46-89,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-000000-70-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-62-5,46,62,5,62-5,,,46-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +46-63-3,46,63,3,63-3,"'Seem' is rendered by a construction starting with the unchangeable particle daw or its variant dol. There is no 'seem' verb. In sentence-final position, it marks quotativity.",531[96-97],46-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-64-2,46,64,2,64-2,,,46-121 46-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-65-5,46,65,5,65-5,,,46-123 46-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-66-3,46,66,3,66-3,,,46-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-67-1,46,67,1,67-1,,,46-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-68-2,46,68,2,68-2,There is also a construction with a causative verb and a nonsubject experiencer or stimulus: Maka-myédo kumígo. [CAUS-fear OBJ.SG] 'I am afraid of myself.',,46-126,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-68-1,46,68,1,68-1,There is also a construction with a causative verb and a nonsubject experiencer or stimulus: Maka-myédo kumígo. [CAUS-fear OBJ.SG] 'I am afraid of myself.',,46-128,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-69-1,46,69,1,69-1,,,46-1,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-7-1,46,7,1,7-1,,,46-25 46-26,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-70-2,46,70,2,70-2,,,46-1 46-129 46-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-71-2,46,71,2,71-2,,,46-130 46-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-72-1,46,72,1,72-1,"There are two alternative forms, namely pati (obviously of Visayan origin) und i (of Spanish origin).",,46-130 46-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-73-2,46,73,2,73-2,"Most frequently, a zero-copula is used. A predicative copula exclusively occurs in the past (estába). Amó is used as a focused or/and emphatic copula and it is borrowed from a Philippinic language where it functions as a focus particle (cf. Aoto 2002).",830[387];51,46-110 46-132 46-133 46-134 46-135 46-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-74-2,46,74,2,74-2,The copula occurs only in the past: Koloráw éste kása estába. [red this house was] 'This house was red' or in a focused/emphatic construction with amó.,,46-138 46-139 46-59 46-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-75-3,46,75,3,75-3,,,46-141 46-142 46-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +46-76-3,46,76,3,76-3,,,46-110 46-132 46-133 46-134 46-141 46-143,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-77-1,46,77,1,77-1,Positive predicative possession is expressed by tyéne 'there is; have' and negative predicative possession is expressed by nuáy 'there is not'.,,46-145 46-146 46-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +46-78-1,46,78,1,78-1,"Existence is expressed by tyéne, 'there is a lot' by (tyéne) múcho and negative existence is expressed by nuáy, also with the meaning 'without'.",,46-147 46-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-79-2,46,79,2,79-2,Instead of na one can say para na to indicate 'motion-to'-direction.,,46-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-8-1,46,8,1,8-1,,,46-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-80-2,46,80,2,80-2,"Actually, there is no special preposition form for named places. The suppletive past form of está 'dwell, be' estába together with na has also the prepositional meaning 'from' (cf. Example 154).",,46-153 46-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-81-3,46,81,3,81-3,"The multifunctional preposition na means 'from' and 'to(wards)' at the same time, but pára na only means movement towards somewhere. The suppletive past form estába of está 'dwell, stay, be' has the prepositional meaning 'from'.",,46-149 46-150 46-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-82-2,46,82,2,82-2,,,46-156 46-157,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-82-1,46,82,1,82-1,,,46-155 46-157,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-83-2,46,83,2,83-2,"There is no special preposition/prepositional construction with the meaning 'out of'. Instead, the multifunctional locative element na is used.",,46-158 46-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-84-3,46,84,3,84-3,"To my knowledge, there is only a purposive reading of serial constructions with 'come' and 'go'.",530;531[204-213],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-85-1,46,85,1,85-1,The verb saká 'take' is not used as an auxiliary nor as a serial verb.,530;531[204-213],46-159,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-86-3,46,86,3,86-3,Quite a few recepients in Chabacano are constructed with dále 'give'. It seems to be an areal feature occuring in many languages in Southeast Asia.,530;531[204-213],46-160 46-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-87-2,46,87,2,87-2,,,46-162 46-163,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +46-88-2,46,88,2,88-2,,,46-164 46-165 46-166 46-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-89-5,46,89,5,89-5,"Reciprocity is generally expressed by a verbal circumfix (cf. Examples 167 and 168) and/or the fossilized Spanish construction uno y/a otro, whereas reflexivity is often expressed by 'body' (Example 164).",,46-164 46-167 46-168 46-169,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +46-9-3,46,9,3,9-3,The doubling of the article (before and after the noun at the same time) produces emphasis or/and identity. It can also be understood as a relative construction (see Constantino (1965: 82–83) who oberserves this Philippine pattern in the variety of Chabacano in Ternate).,,46-29 46-30,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +46-9-1,46,9,1,9-1,The doubling of the article (before and after the noun at the same time) produces emphasis or/and identity. It can also be understood as a relative construction (see Constantino (1965: 82–83) who oberserves this Philippine pattern in the variety of Chabacano in Ternate).,,46-28,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +46-90-2,46,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-91-8,46,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +46-92-1,46,92,1,92-1,,,46-172,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFF00-34-FF0000-34-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-92-2,46,92,2,92-2,,,46-171,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFF00-34-FF0000-34-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-92-4,46,92,4,92-4,,,46-170,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFF00-34-FF0000-34-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-93-1,46,93,1,93-1,,,46-174,41.6666666666667,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-42-FFFF00-59-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-93-4,46,93,4,93-4,,,46-173,58.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-42-FFFF00-59-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-94-1,46,94,1,94-1,,,46-175,37.5,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-38-FFFF00-63-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +46-94-5,46,94,5,94-5,,,46-176,62.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-38-FFFF00-63-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +46-95-3,46,95,3,95-3,"There are actually two complementizers: Kay is of Austronesian origin and ke(l) is of Spanish origin, which occurs frequently in written texts and songs.",531[147. 202],46-177,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-95-4,46,95,4,95-4,"There are actually two complementizers: Kay is of Austronesian origin and ke(l) is of Spanish origin, which occurs frequently in written texts and songs.",531[147. 202],46-177,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-96-3,46,96,3,96-3,There are actually two complementizers: Kay is of Austronesian origin and ke(l) is of Spanish origin which occurs frequently in written texts and songs.,531[202],46-178,41.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-42-0000FF-59-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-96-4,46,96,4,96-4,There are actually two complementizers: Kay is of Austronesian origin and ke(l) is of Spanish origin which occurs frequently in written texts and songs.,531[202],46-179,58.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-42-0000FF-59-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +46-97-1,46,97,1,97-1,,,46-180 46-181,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +46-98-1,46,98,1,98-1,There are two complementizers: Kay is of Austronesian origin and ke is of Spanish origin which occurs frequently in written texts and songs. Pensá 'think' is also found with kel (Forman 1972:202). There are also instances with 'want' and kel.,531[202],46-182 46-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +46-99-2,46,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +47-0-4,47,0,4,0-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", 47-1-2,47,1,2,1-2,"Papiamentu has marginal VS order, attested only with intransitive predicates. Two examples are included here: Nèt e ora ei tabata pasa un wardadó di karné ku un tou di karné. @@ -12574,198 +12574,198 @@ Just then, a shepherd passed with a flock of goats. Riba e isla aki ta biba un mion hende. on DEF island DEM.PROX TNS live one million person -On this island live a million people.",752[329],47-1 47-3,100.0,Very certain -47-10-1,47,10,1,10-1,The indefinite article is homophonous with the numeral un 'one'.,898[35],47-25,100.0,Very certain -47-100-4,47,100,4,100-4,"Preverbal no is the standard negator. Negative spread or negative chain formation takes place where indefinite quantifiers appear within the scope of negation. In other words, such quantifiers appear as negatives without negative force: they merely contribute quantificational force to the interpretation of the sentence and not their negative meaning.",1024;731,47-111 47-205 47-206,100.0,Very certain -47-101-1,47,101,1,101-1,"The standard negator precedes the verbal complex, including preverbal tense-aspect markers. Note though that the left-peripheral position of Mood marker lo means that lo precedes the negator. It is worth noting that the standard negator also precedes copula ta or the past form tabata/tawata.",1024;731,47-205 47-207 47-208 47-209,100.0,Very certain -47-102-1,47,102,1,102-1,"Negative spread or negative chain formation normally applies to indefinite quantifiers, which, as a result, take a negative form in the scope of negation. Thus: ningun hende [no one person] 'no one, nobody', nada 'nothing', nunka 'never', etc. These negative forms contribute quantificational force only, and not their negative meaning. Negative spread is considered normative, as seen in Maduro (1971: 47), which contains several examples of negatives which fail to display negative spread and which Maduro ""corrects"" to double negatives.",,47-206 47-210,100.0,Very certain -47-103-7,47,103,7,103-7,,151,47-211,100.0,Unspecified -47-104-8,47,104,8,104-8,"Muysken (1977) describes the properties of ta-fronting as similar to those of wh-movement, including the possibility of a long distance relation. The presence of the highlighter is not required, however.",1031;1022,47-212 47-213,50.0,Very certain -47-104-1,47,104,1,104-1,"Muysken (1977) describes the properties of ta-fronting as similar to those of wh-movement, including the possibility of a long distance relation. The presence of the highlighter is not required, however.",1031;1022,47-214 47-215,50.0,Very certain -47-105-1,47,105,1,105-1,"Contrastive verb focus involves a verb copy in focus, optionally introduced by ta. The verb copy fails to display normal verbal behaviour in that it does not accept TAM markers. But some adverbial modifiers marking emphasis are acceptable; thus mes appears in Example 216. Kouwenberg & Muysken (1995: 212) also point to the acceptability of djis 'just' in predicate cleft.",1031;1022,47-216 47-217 47-218,100.0,Very certain -47-106-2,47,106,2,106-2,,,47-219 47-220 47-221,100.0,Very certain -47-107-7,47,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -47-108-4,47,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -47-109-2,47,109,2,109-2,,,47-239,100.0,Very certain -47-11-3,47,11,3,11-3,,,47-26 47-27,100.0,Certain +On this island live a million people.",752[329],47-1 47-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-10-1,47,10,1,10-1,The indefinite article is homophonous with the numeral un 'one'.,898[35],47-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-100-4,47,100,4,100-4,"Preverbal no is the standard negator. Negative spread or negative chain formation takes place where indefinite quantifiers appear within the scope of negation. In other words, such quantifiers appear as negatives without negative force: they merely contribute quantificational force to the interpretation of the sentence and not their negative meaning.",1024;731,47-111 47-205 47-206,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-101-1,47,101,1,101-1,"The standard negator precedes the verbal complex, including preverbal tense-aspect markers. Note though that the left-peripheral position of Mood marker lo means that lo precedes the negator. It is worth noting that the standard negator also precedes copula ta or the past form tabata/tawata.",1024;731,47-205 47-207 47-208 47-209,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-102-1,47,102,1,102-1,"Negative spread or negative chain formation normally applies to indefinite quantifiers, which, as a result, take a negative form in the scope of negation. Thus: ningun hende [no one person] 'no one, nobody', nada 'nothing', nunka 'never', etc. These negative forms contribute quantificational force only, and not their negative meaning. Negative spread is considered normative, as seen in Maduro (1971: 47), which contains several examples of negatives which fail to display negative spread and which Maduro ""corrects"" to double negatives.",,47-206 47-210,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +47-103-7,47,103,7,103-7,,151,47-211,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +47-104-8,47,104,8,104-8,"Muysken (1977) describes the properties of ta-fronting as similar to those of wh-movement, including the possibility of a long distance relation. The presence of the highlighter is not required, however.",1031;1022,47-212 47-213,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-808080.png""}", +47-104-1,47,104,1,104-1,"Muysken (1977) describes the properties of ta-fronting as similar to those of wh-movement, including the possibility of a long distance relation. The presence of the highlighter is not required, however.",1031;1022,47-214 47-215,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-808080.png""}", +47-105-1,47,105,1,105-1,"Contrastive verb focus involves a verb copy in focus, optionally introduced by ta. The verb copy fails to display normal verbal behaviour in that it does not accept TAM markers. But some adverbial modifiers marking emphasis are acceptable; thus mes appears in Example 216. Kouwenberg & Muysken (1995: 212) also point to the acceptability of djis 'just' in predicate cleft.",1031;1022,47-216 47-217 47-218,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-106-2,47,106,2,106-2,,,47-219 47-220 47-221,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +47-107-7,47,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +47-108-4,47,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +47-109-2,47,109,2,109-2,,,47-239,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +47-11-3,47,11,3,11-3,,,47-26 47-27,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 47-110-1,47,110,1,110-1,"Saber exists both in Portuguese and Spanish, and the likelihood is that the reflexes of saber in Spanish-lexicon contact languages are derived from the Spanish etymon and not from Portuguese. There is both Spanish and Portuguese influence in Papiamentu, so the choice of Value 1 ""A Portuguese-derived save word exists"" is somewhat arbitrary. Sa is used in the following ways: (a) to mean 'know' (b) to mark habitual meaning -(c) in the combination ke sa (Curacao) or kièr sa (all varieties), literally 'want know', to mean 'think, believe'.",,47-198 47-98,100.0,Very certain -47-111-3,47,111,3,111-3,,,47-223,50.0, -47-111-1,47,111,1,111-1,,,47-222,50.0,Unspecified -47-112-2,47,112,2,112-2,"Man can be used to denote not only the bodypart (hand) but also any part of an object which is held or manipulated by hand, e.g. doorhandle, broomstick. Additionally, we find idiomatic expressions where man appears to refer to 'arm' rather than 'hand', suggesting that man may be an older form than brasa. For instance, batata di man [potato of hand] alternates with batata di brasa [potato of arm], both 'arm muscle'.",694,47-224,100.0,Unspecified -47-113-3,47,113,3,113-3,,,47-225,100.0,Unspecified -47-114-2,47,114,2,114-2,,,47-226,100.0,Unspecified -47-115-2,47,115,2,115-2,,,47-227 47-70,100.0,Very certain -47-116-2,47,116,2,116-2,,,47-228,100.0,Unspecified -47-117-2,47,117,2,117-2,"As Birmingham (1970: 52f) points out, postposing hòmber 'man' or muhé 'woman' allows Papiamentu to make gender distinctions in the designation of human relations as well as animals. Thus, mucha muhé [child woman] 'girl' and mucha hómber [child man] 'boy', ruman muhé [sibling woman] 'sister' and ruman hòmber [sibling man] 'brother'.",151[52f],47-229,100.0,Unspecified -47-118-3,47,118,3,118-3,"CC onset clusters are less restricted than CCC clusters. The latter consist predictably of s + voiceless plosive + liquid or semivowel. The former may consist of a combination of any obstruent + liquid or semivowel (with some exceptions), or of s + either a voiceless plosive or a nasal stop.",731[10],47-230 47-231 47-232,100.0,Very certain +(c) in the combination ke sa (Curacao) or kièr sa (all varieties), literally 'want know', to mean 'think, believe'.",,47-198 47-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +47-111-3,47,111,3,111-3,,,47-223,50.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +47-111-1,47,111,1,111-1,,,47-222,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +47-112-2,47,112,2,112-2,"Man can be used to denote not only the bodypart (hand) but also any part of an object which is held or manipulated by hand, e.g. doorhandle, broomstick. Additionally, we find idiomatic expressions where man appears to refer to 'arm' rather than 'hand', suggesting that man may be an older form than brasa. For instance, batata di man [potato of hand] alternates with batata di brasa [potato of arm], both 'arm muscle'.",694,47-224,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-113-3,47,113,3,113-3,,,47-225,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +47-114-2,47,114,2,114-2,,,47-226,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +47-115-2,47,115,2,115-2,,,47-227 47-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +47-116-2,47,116,2,116-2,,,47-228,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +47-117-2,47,117,2,117-2,"As Birmingham (1970: 52f) points out, postposing hòmber 'man' or muhé 'woman' allows Papiamentu to make gender distinctions in the designation of human relations as well as animals. Thus, mucha muhé [child woman] 'girl' and mucha hómber [child man] 'boy', ruman muhé [sibling woman] 'sister' and ruman hòmber [sibling man] 'brother'.",151[52f],47-229,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +47-118-3,47,118,3,118-3,"CC onset clusters are less restricted than CCC clusters. The latter consist predictably of s + voiceless plosive + liquid or semivowel. The former may consist of a combination of any obstruent + liquid or semivowel (with some exceptions), or of s + either a voiceless plosive or a nasal stop.",731[10],47-230 47-231 47-232,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 47-119-3,47,119,3,119-3,"Coda clusters are not terribly common, and the majority are found in words of Dutch or English etymology, djaweps (Thursday) being one of the few exceptions. This suggests that (most) coda clusters represent a post-formative development, as a result of vocabulary expansion through borrowing from Dutch, and later also English. -Coda clusters may consist of liquid or nasal + obstruent or of obstruent + obstruent; note though that not all combinations are possible.",731[11],47-233 47-234 47-235,100.0,Very certain -47-12-1,47,12,1,12-1,"Wh-phrases are obligatorily fronted, and optionally introduced by the focus marker ta.",556[18];731[35-36];752[321],47-28 47-29,100.0,Very certain +Coda clusters may consist of liquid or nasal + obstruent or of obstruent + obstruent; note though that not all combinations are possible.",731[11],47-233 47-234 47-235,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-12-1,47,12,1,12-1,"Wh-phrases are obligatorily fronted, and optionally introduced by the focus marker ta.",556[18];731[35-36];752[321],47-28 47-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 47-120-2,47,120,2,120-2,"Birmingham (1970: 4ff) describes the relevance of pitch to disyllabic verbs. He notes that the first syllable of such verbs is characterized by falling pitch, the second by rising pitch (p.5). He also points to some disyllabic forms of other parts of speech which display this pitch pattern (p.6), and concludes that ""pitch has taken the place of stress in these instances"" (6). He assumes that pitch has no relevance to other words in Papiamentu. In fact, those other words are characterized by the coincidence of pitch and accent (Kouwenberg & Murray 1994). What Birmingham noted was the non-coincidence of pitch and accent in the bisyllabic verbs, where accent on the first syllable normally coincides with a phonologically Low tone, whereas the unaccented final syllable carries a High tone. Only a handful of bisyllabic verbs, of Dutch and English origin, display a HL melody with penultimate stress, e.g., sunchi 'kiss', wèlder 'weld', fretu 'stuff, gorge (on food)', fangu 'catch'. -Römer (1977) and subsequent work, collected in Römer (1991), attempts a more complete description of tone in Papiamentu. Kouwenberg (2004) argues that tone melody is largely predictable from word class and that Papiamentu is best considered a pitch-accent language, where pitch and accent normally coincide.",1298;748;1275;731,47-236,100.0,Very certain -47-121-3,47,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -47-122-4,47,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -47-123-2,47,123,2,123-2,,,47-268,100.0, -47-124-1,47,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -47-125-2,47,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -47-126-1,47,126,1,126-1,,,47-251,100.0, -47-127-6,47,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -47-128-2,47,128,2,128-2,ɲ occurs in initial position as a minor allophone of j̃,,47-258,100.0, -47-129-2,47,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, +Römer (1977) and subsequent work, collected in Römer (1991), attempts a more complete description of tone in Papiamentu. Kouwenberg (2004) argues that tone melody is largely predictable from word class and that Papiamentu is best considered a pitch-accent language, where pitch and accent normally coincide.",1298;748;1275;731,47-236,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-121-3,47,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-122-4,47,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-123-2,47,123,2,123-2,,,47-268,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +47-124-1,47,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-125-2,47,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +47-126-1,47,126,1,126-1,,,47-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-127-6,47,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-128-2,47,128,2,128-2,ɲ occurs in initial position as a minor allophone of j̃,,47-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +47-129-2,47,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 47-13-1,47,13,1,13-1,"There are no gender distinctions in the pronouns regardless of dependent or independent status. I have argued (in Kouwenberg 2007) that dependent and independent pronoun series need to be distinguished. Although the independent 3SG high-toned pronoun é can be used separately, to answer a question such as 'who is it?', it is more natural to use the emphatic form ele or to use a focus expression. -Sentence-internally, ele is mainly used as emphatic object pronoun. In subject position, the independent pronoun é can be distinguished from its dependent toneless counterpart by its fixed tone (rather than the variable tone of dependent e) and by the fact that it precedes mood marker lo (rather than follows it, as dependent pronouns do).",751,47-30,100.0,Very certain -47-130-1,47,130,1,130-1,,,47-255,100.0, -47-131,47,131,1,131-1,,,47-240,100.0, -47-132,47,132,1,132-1,,,47-242,100.0, -47-133,47,133,1,133-1,,,47-243,100.0, -47-134,47,134,1,134-1,,,47-244,100.0, -47-137,47,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -47-138,47,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -47-139,47,139,1,139-1,,,47-246,100.0, -47-14-1,47,14,1,14-1,,,47-31,100.0,Very certain -47-140,47,140,1,140-1,,,47-247,100.0, -47-143,47,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -47-144,47,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -47-145,47,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -47-146,47,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -47-147,47,147,1,147-1,,,47-241,100.0, -47-148,47,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -47-149,47,149,1,149-1,,,47-245,100.0, -47-15-1,47,15,1,15-1,,,47-32,100.0,Very certain -47-151,47,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -47-152,47,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -47-153,47,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -47-155,47,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -47-156,47,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -47-158,47,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -47-159,47,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -47-16-1,47,16,1,16-1,Maurer (1988: 37) points out that bo 2SG is sometimes used in place of boso 2PL.,556[12];898[37],47-33,100.0,Very certain -47-160,47,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -47-161,47,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -47-163,47,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -47-168,47,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -47-169,47,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -47-17-4,47,17,4,17-4,"Kouwenberg (2007) argues that a distinction should be made between clitic/weak and non-clitic/strong pronouns. Additionally, emphatic/independent forms exist. As can be seen here, it is the emphatic forms which may be used independently. See Feature 62 ""Expression of pronominal subjects"" for further discussion.",751[206],47-34 47-35,100.0,Very certain -47-170,47,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -47-171,47,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -47-172,47,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -47-173,47,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -47-174,47,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -47-176,47,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -47-178,47,178,1,178-1,,,47-256,100.0, -47-179,47,179,1,179-1,,,47-257,100.0, +Sentence-internally, ele is mainly used as emphatic object pronoun. In subject position, the independent pronoun é can be distinguished from its dependent toneless counterpart by its fixed tone (rather than the variable tone of dependent e) and by the fact that it precedes mood marker lo (rather than follows it, as dependent pronouns do).",751,47-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +47-130-1,47,130,1,130-1,,,47-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-131,47,131,1,131-1,,,47-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-132,47,132,1,132-1,,,47-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-133,47,133,1,133-1,,,47-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-134,47,134,1,134-1,,,47-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-137,47,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-138,47,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-139,47,139,1,139-1,,,47-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-14-1,47,14,1,14-1,,,47-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +47-140,47,140,1,140-1,,,47-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-143,47,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-144,47,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-145,47,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-146,47,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-147,47,147,1,147-1,,,47-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-148,47,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-149,47,149,1,149-1,,,47-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-15-1,47,15,1,15-1,,,47-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +47-151,47,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-152,47,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-153,47,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-155,47,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-156,47,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-158,47,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-159,47,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-16-1,47,16,1,16-1,Maurer (1988: 37) points out that bo 2SG is sometimes used in place of boso 2PL.,556[12];898[37],47-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-160,47,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-161,47,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-163,47,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-168,47,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-169,47,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-17-4,47,17,4,17-4,"Kouwenberg (2007) argues that a distinction should be made between clitic/weak and non-clitic/strong pronouns. Additionally, emphatic/independent forms exist. As can be seen here, it is the emphatic forms which may be used independently. See Feature 62 ""Expression of pronominal subjects"" for further discussion.",751[206],47-34 47-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +47-170,47,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-171,47,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-172,47,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-173,47,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-174,47,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-176,47,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-178,47,178,1,178-1,,,47-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-179,47,179,1,179-1,,,47-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 47-18-5,47,18,5,18-5,"The 2nd person pronouns bo and boso can be used for any addressee, without politeness implications. Nonetheless, politeness may be expressed by addressing a person as Señor/Señora (as indicated by Goilo 1972: 35), or, more commonly as Shon (literally: 'Mister/Mrs.') – a form which is not gendered. In the example Shon warda kurpa, the addressee is a young girl, addressed by an old man, showing that Shon is truly a politeness marker. Also, forms such as mai ('mum'), pai ('dad'), and other kinship terms and the addressee's name can be used in place of pronoun bo in addressing the relevant person. Persons in certain professions may be addressed by their professional title, e.g. dòkter 'doctor'. -I have classified this system as involving avoidance of 2nd person pronouns, but the frequency of this usage has not been investigated, and is probably highly context dependent.",151[62],47-36 47-37 47-38,100.0,Very certain -47-180,47,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -47-181,47,181,2,181-2,ɲ occurs in initial position as a minor allophone of j̃,,47-258,100.0, -47-182,47,182,2,182-2,,,47-259,100.0, -47-183,47,183,1,183-1,,,47-260,100.0, -47-184,47,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -47-187,47,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -47-188,47,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -47-189,47,189,1,189-1,,,47-248,100.0, -47-19-2,47,19,2,19-2,,752[327],47-39,100.0,Very certain -47-190,47,190,1,190-1,"Alternates with /f/ in many words of Dutch derivation, with /b/ in many words of Iberian origin.",,47-249,100.0, -47-191,47,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -47-192,47,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -47-193,47,193,1,193-1,,,47-250,100.0, -47-194,47,194,1,194-1,,,47-251,100.0, -47-195,47,195,1,195-1,,,47-252,100.0, -47-196,47,196,2,196-2,,,47-253,100.0, -47-199,47,199,2,199-2,"Some words show alternation between syllable-initial [x] and [h], and between syllable-final [x] and [k].",,47-254,100.0, -47-2-1,47,2,1,2-1,"Where a lexical possessor precedes a possessed noun, a possessive of the form POSSESSOR + PN + POSSESSED must be used. The pronoun which separates possessor and possessed is the third person possessive pronoun su. Muller (1989: 538f) and Maurer (1988: 38) show that it acts as a generic possessive pronoun in this construction. See Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"" for further discussion.",898[38];1023[538f];752[325f],47-5 47-6 47-8,30.0,Very certain -47-2-2,47,2,2,2-2,"Where a lexical possessor precedes a possessed noun, a possessive of the form POSSESSOR + PN + POSSESSED must be used. The pronoun which separates possessor and possessed is the third person possessive pronoun su. Muller (1989: 538f) and Maurer (1988: 38) show that it acts as a generic possessive pronoun in this construction. See Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"" for further discussion.",898[38];1023[538f];752[325f],47-7 47-9,70.0,Very certain -47-20-1,47,20,1,20-1,Only the emphatic form of the pronoun is acceptable in conjunction with another nominal expression. Thus *mi ku Steven is impossible.,751,47-40,100.0,Very certain -47-200,47,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -47-201,47,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -47-202,47,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -47-205,47,205,1,205-1,,,47-255,100.0, -47-209,47,209,1,209-1,,,47-261,100.0, -47-21-2,47,21,2,21-2,"Goilo (1972: 105) lists indefinite pronouns such as algun, ningun, algu, nada 'someone, noone, something, nothing', but also includes indefinite (un) hende 'a person, someone'.",556[105],47-42,30.0,Very certain -47-21-3,47,21,3,21-3,"Goilo (1972: 105) lists indefinite pronouns such as algun, ningun, algu, nada 'someone, noone, something, nothing', but also includes indefinite (un) hende 'a person, someone'.",556[105],47-41,70.0,Very certain -47-212,47,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -47-217,47,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -47-218,47,218,1,218-1,,,47-262,100.0, -47-219,47,219,1,219-1,,,47-274,100.0, +I have classified this system as involving avoidance of 2nd person pronouns, but the frequency of this usage has not been investigated, and is probably highly context dependent.",151[62],47-36 47-37 47-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +47-180,47,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-181,47,181,2,181-2,ɲ occurs in initial position as a minor allophone of j̃,,47-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +47-182,47,182,2,182-2,,,47-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +47-183,47,183,1,183-1,,,47-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-184,47,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-187,47,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-188,47,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-189,47,189,1,189-1,,,47-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-19-2,47,19,2,19-2,,752[327],47-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-190,47,190,1,190-1,"Alternates with /f/ in many words of Dutch derivation, with /b/ in many words of Iberian origin.",,47-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-191,47,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-192,47,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-193,47,193,1,193-1,,,47-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-194,47,194,1,194-1,,,47-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-195,47,195,1,195-1,,,47-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-196,47,196,2,196-2,,,47-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +47-199,47,199,2,199-2,"Some words show alternation between syllable-initial [x] and [h], and between syllable-final [x] and [k].",,47-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +47-2-1,47,2,1,2-1,"Where a lexical possessor precedes a possessed noun, a possessive of the form POSSESSOR + PN + POSSESSED must be used. The pronoun which separates possessor and possessed is the third person possessive pronoun su. Muller (1989: 538f) and Maurer (1988: 38) show that it acts as a generic possessive pronoun in this construction. See Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"" for further discussion.",898[38];1023[538f];752[325f],47-5 47-6 47-8,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-2-2,47,2,2,2-2,"Where a lexical possessor precedes a possessed noun, a possessive of the form POSSESSOR + PN + POSSESSED must be used. The pronoun which separates possessor and possessed is the third person possessive pronoun su. Muller (1989: 538f) and Maurer (1988: 38) show that it acts as a generic possessive pronoun in this construction. See Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"" for further discussion.",898[38];1023[538f];752[325f],47-7 47-9,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-20-1,47,20,1,20-1,Only the emphatic form of the pronoun is acceptable in conjunction with another nominal expression. Thus *mi ku Steven is impossible.,751,47-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +47-200,47,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-201,47,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-202,47,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-205,47,205,1,205-1,,,47-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-209,47,209,1,209-1,,,47-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-21-2,47,21,2,21-2,"Goilo (1972: 105) lists indefinite pronouns such as algun, ningun, algu, nada 'someone, noone, something, nothing', but also includes indefinite (un) hende 'a person, someone'.",556[105],47-42,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +47-21-3,47,21,3,21-3,"Goilo (1972: 105) lists indefinite pronouns such as algun, ningun, algu, nada 'someone, noone, something, nothing', but also includes indefinite (un) hende 'a person, someone'.",556[105],47-41,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +47-212,47,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-217,47,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-218,47,218,1,218-1,,,47-262,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-219,47,219,1,219-1,,,47-274,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 47-22-4,47,22,4,22-4,"Plural marking is usually contingent on definiteness (marked either by a definite article, or by a possessive pronoun). However, the discussions in Dijkhoff (1983), Vos-de Jesus (1989: 82f) and Kester & Schmitt (2007) show that a plural noun without a definite marker is acceptable in a context where the referents are familiar. -Vos-de Jesus explains the contrast between e baka nan and baka nan as follows: The former must refer anaphorically to a group of referents previously introduced in the discourse, whereas the latter must refer to a group of referents familiar to both speaker and hearer. Dijkhoff refers to the use of ""existentially asserted NPs"" as requiring a plural marker. Kester & Schmitt (2007) refer to such forms as ""disguised bare plurals"", which have a definite feature.",705;1560,47-43 47-44 47-45 47-46 47-47,100.0,Very certain -47-221,47,221,1,221-1,,,47-263,100.0, +Vos-de Jesus explains the contrast between e baka nan and baka nan as follows: The former must refer anaphorically to a group of referents previously introduced in the discourse, whereas the latter must refer to a group of referents familiar to both speaker and hearer. Dijkhoff refers to the use of ""existentially asserted NPs"" as requiring a plural marker. Kester & Schmitt (2007) refer to such forms as ""disguised bare plurals"", which have a definite feature.",705;1560,47-43 47-44 47-45 47-46 47-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +47-221,47,221,1,221-1,,,47-263,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 47-23-8,47,23,8,23-8,"Where the noun is followed by a postnominal adjective phrase or by a di-PP, the plural enclitic nan either follows the head noun directly, or follows the postnominal material. The plural marker cannot follow other PPs or relative clauses. Muller (1989, in Homenahe) shows that Noun + Adjective combinations which have compound-like interpretations take the plural marker after the Adjective. Muller (1989, Inleiding) shows that plural marking in the case of Noun + di-PP depends in part on the function of the di-PP: where the di-PP is a possessor, plural follows it. Where the Noun+ di-PP is a phrasal compound, nan either follows the head noun or the di-PP. -Reduplication is marginal as a device for creating plurals, and usually involves secondary connotations such as accumulation and scattered presence.",745,47-48 47-50,90.0,Very certain +Reduplication is marginal as a device for creating plurals, and usually involves secondary connotations such as accumulation and scattered presence.",745,47-48 47-50,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-800080-90-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", 47-23-6,47,23,6,23-6,"Where the noun is followed by a postnominal adjective phrase or by a di-PP, the plural enclitic nan either follows the head noun directly, or follows the postnominal material. The plural marker cannot follow other PPs or relative clauses. Muller (1989, in Homenahe) shows that Noun + Adjective combinations which have compound-like interpretations take the plural marker after the Adjective. Muller (1989, Inleiding) shows that plural marking in the case of Noun + di-PP depends in part on the function of the di-PP: where the di-PP is a possessor, plural follows it. Where the Noun+ di-PP is a phrasal compound, nan either follows the head noun or the di-PP. -Reduplication is marginal as a device for creating plurals, and usually involves secondary connotations such as accumulation and scattered presence.",745,47-49,10.0,Very certain -47-231,47,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -47-24-1,47,24,1,24-1,Dijkhoff (1983) shows that proper nouns pluralized with the marker nan are ambiguous between a plural interpretation and an associative interpretation.,392,47-51,100.0,Very certain -47-25-2,47,25,2,25-2,,1560[81],47-52 47-53,100.0,Very certain -47-252,47,252,1,252-1,,,47-264,100.0, -47-253,47,253,1,253-1,,,47-266,100.0, -47-254,47,254,1,254-1,,,47-267,100.0, -47-255,47,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -47-256,47,256,1,256-1,,,47-269,100.0, -47-257,47,257,1,257-1,,,47-270,100.0, -47-258,47,258,1,258-1,,,47-271,100.0, -47-259,47,259,1,259-1,,,47-272,100.0, +Reduplication is marginal as a device for creating plurals, and usually involves secondary connotations such as accumulation and scattered presence.",745,47-49,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-800080-90-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +47-231,47,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-24-1,47,24,1,24-1,Dijkhoff (1983) shows that proper nouns pluralized with the marker nan are ambiguous between a plural interpretation and an associative interpretation.,392,47-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-25-2,47,25,2,25-2,,1560[81],47-52 47-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-252,47,252,1,252-1,,,47-264,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-253,47,253,1,253-1,,,47-266,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-254,47,254,1,254-1,,,47-267,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-255,47,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-256,47,256,1,256-1,,,47-269,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-257,47,257,1,257-1,,,47-270,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-258,47,258,1,258-1,,,47-271,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +47-259,47,259,1,259-1,,,47-272,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 47-26-6,47,26,6,26-6,"Dijkhoff (1993: 93–96) provides an overview of reduplication in Papiamentu. Productive reduplication is largely restricted to adjectives and adverbs, expressing intensification. In addition, plural reduplication of nouns is attested (see Feature 23 ""Expression of nominal plural meaning""); perhaps more frequently, noun reduplication occurs with denominal adverbial or adjectival functions. -Also, Dijkhoff provides two examples of iterative verb reduplication. Finally, there's a small number of reduplicated lexicalized deadjectival, deverbal, and denominal nouns.",745,47-52 47-54 47-55,100.0,Very certain -47-260,47,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -47-261,47,261,2,261-2,"Occurs in a small number of forms, and alternates with /i/ or /u/ in several of them.",,47-265,100.0, -47-263,47,263,2,263-2,,,,100.0, -47-265,47,265,2,265-2,"Occurs in a small number of forms, and alternates with /e/ where it occurs.",,47-273,100.0, -47-267,47,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -47-268,47,268,2,268-2,,,47-268,100.0, -47-27-2,47,27,2,27-2,,,47-56,100.0,Very certain -47-272,47,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -47-273,47,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -47-274,47,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -47-275,47,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -47-276,47,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -47-277,47,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -47-278,47,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -47-279,47,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -47-28-1,47,28,1,28-1,"The contexts which require the definite article are not well known. Thus, Maduro (1971: 20) cites several cases of ""wrong"" usage of the definite article. Many of these are explained by Kester & Schmitt's (2007) observation that the definite article is discourse-linked, hence cannot denote a kind in Papiamentu.",705;869[20],47-20,100.0,Very certain -47-280,47,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -47-281,47,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -47-282,47,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -47-284,47,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -47-285,47,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -47-286,47,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -47-287,47,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -47-288,47,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -47-289,47,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -47-29-2,47,29,2,29-2,,705,47-57 47-58,100.0,Very certain -47-290,47,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -47-291,47,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, +Also, Dijkhoff provides two examples of iterative verb reduplication. Finally, there's a small number of reduplicated lexicalized deadjectival, deverbal, and denominal nouns.",745,47-52 47-54 47-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +47-260,47,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-261,47,261,2,261-2,"Occurs in a small number of forms, and alternates with /i/ or /u/ in several of them.",,47-265,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +47-263,47,263,2,263-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +47-265,47,265,2,265-2,"Occurs in a small number of forms, and alternates with /e/ where it occurs.",,47-273,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +47-267,47,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-268,47,268,2,268-2,,,47-268,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +47-27-2,47,27,2,27-2,,,47-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +47-272,47,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-273,47,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-274,47,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-275,47,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-276,47,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-277,47,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-278,47,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-279,47,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-28-1,47,28,1,28-1,"The contexts which require the definite article are not well known. Thus, Maduro (1971: 20) cites several cases of ""wrong"" usage of the definite article. Many of these are explained by Kester & Schmitt's (2007) observation that the definite article is discourse-linked, hence cannot denote a kind in Papiamentu.",705;869[20],47-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +47-280,47,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-281,47,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-282,47,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-284,47,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-285,47,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-286,47,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-287,47,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-288,47,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-289,47,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-29-2,47,29,2,29-2,,705,47-57 47-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-290,47,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-291,47,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 47-3-2,47,3,2,3-2,"Adjectives normally appear in the postnominal position. Goilo (1972: 47) points out that a handful of adjectives can be either prenominal or postnominal witout change of meaning; these include dushi 'sweet', bunita 'beatiful, fine', bon 'good'. Other prenominal modifiers are either quantifiers (e.g. delaster ‘last’, henter ‘whole’, algun ‘some’, etc.), numerals and ordinals, or belong to a small class of adjectives which have an affective interpretation in the prenominal position (Kouwenberg 2007: 324). The enclitic plural marker nan can follow either the head noun or the postnominal adjective. Muller (1989) argues that the positional difference marks a semantic difference. Based on his discussion, it seems that where nan follows the adjective, the noun + adjective is more likely to receive a compound interpretation, whereas this is never the case where nan follows the noun; in that case, the noun(PL) + adjective is clearly phrasal. -Also of interest is his (1989: 543ff) discussion of the structural relationship between the adjective and phrasal compounds. In a N + di + N phrasal compound, the adjective may be positioned either after the first N, or after the second N. The second option results in ambiguity, such that the adjective may also be interpreted as modifying the final N only, rather than the compound.",1023,47-11 47-12 47-13 47-14,90.0,Very certain +Also of interest is his (1989: 543ff) discussion of the structural relationship between the adjective and phrasal compounds. In a N + di + N phrasal compound, the adjective may be positioned either after the first N, or after the second N. The second option results in ambiguity, such that the adjective may also be interpreted as modifying the final N only, rather than the compound.",1023,47-11 47-12 47-13 47-14,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 47-3-1,47,3,1,3-1,"Adjectives normally appear in the postnominal position. Goilo (1972: 47) points out that a handful of adjectives can be either prenominal or postnominal witout change of meaning; these include dushi 'sweet', bunita 'beatiful, fine', bon 'good'. Other prenominal modifiers are either quantifiers (e.g. delaster ‘last’, henter ‘whole’, algun ‘some’, etc.), numerals and ordinals, or belong to a small class of adjectives which have an affective interpretation in the prenominal position (Kouwenberg 2007: 324). The enclitic plural marker nan can follow either the head noun or the postnominal adjective. Muller (1989) argues that the positional difference marks a semantic difference. Based on his discussion, it seems that where nan follows the adjective, the noun + adjective is more likely to receive a compound interpretation, whereas this is never the case where nan follows the noun; in that case, the noun(PL) + adjective is clearly phrasal. -Also of interest is his (1989: 543ff) discussion of the structural relationship between the adjective and phrasal compounds. In a N + di + N phrasal compound, the adjective may be positioned either after the first N, or after the second N. The second option results in ambiguity, such that the adjective may also be interpreted as modifying the final N only, rather than the compound.",1023,47-10,10.0,Very certain -47-30-2,47,30,2,30-2,Kester & Schmitt (2007: 119f) show that definites cannot receive a generic interpretation in Papiamentu.,705[119f],47-59 47-60,100.0,Certain -47-308-4,47,308,4,308-4,"The debate on the lexical origins of Papiamentu centres around the question whether Portuguese constitutes the earliest lexifier or not. In modern Papiamentu, however, it is clear that Spanish has been the main lexical influence, whether from inception or not. There is the additional possibility that a West African Portuguese-lexifier creole is at the basis of Papiamentu's early development (e.g. see Jacobs 2008, Martinus 1996).",676;894,,100.0, -47-309-1,47,309,1,309-1,"According to the 2001 census, Papiamentu is the home language of between 70% and 83% of the population of the three islands.",396,,100.0,Unspecified -47-31-1,47,31,1,31-1,"Papiamentu does not have special adnominal demonstratives. The postnominal placement of adverbials aki 'here', ei 'there', aya ' yonder' receives a demonstrative interpretation.",556[30],47-20,100.0,Very certain -47-310-4,47,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0, -47-312-3,47,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0, -47-313-5,47,313,5,313-5,"Papiamentu is the native language of the island populations of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao. Additionally, it is spoken by expatriate communities in the Netherlands and by small communities of emigrants elsewhere in the Caribbean.",396,,100.0, -47-314-3,47,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0, -47-315-1,47,315,1,315-1,"Radio and TV broadcasts use Papiamentu almost exclusively. Papiamentu competes with Dutch in the print media: some newspapers are published almost exclusively in Papiamentu, some in Dutch.",396,,100.0,Unspecified -47-316-1,47,316,1,316-1,"Radio and TV broadcasts use Papiamentu almost exclusively. Papiamentu competes with Dutch in the print media: some newspapers are published almost exclusively in Papiamentu, some in Dutch.",396,,100.0,Unspecified -47-317-1,47,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified -47-318-2,47,318,2,318-2,"Some of the best-known literary writers coming out of the islands write in Dutch. However, poetry is predominantly in Papiamentu, and there is a corpus of Papiamentu-language novels and short stories. Dutch being of diminishing importance in the island's cultural life, the natural expectation is that Papiamentu will become the main literary language. However, the lack of Papiamentu-language education, the small size of the islands' populations, and the differences in spelling systems (phonemic in Curaçao, etymological in Aruba) severely limit the market for literature in Papiamentu.",136;1311,,100.0, -47-319-1,47,319,1,319-1,"Papiamentu competes with Dutch in the print media: some newspapers are published almost exclusively in Papiamentu - including articles, editorials, weather reports, etc. - some in Dutch.",396,,100.0,Unspecified -47-32-2,47,32,2,32-2,,151[59],47-61 47-62,100.0,Very certain -47-320-1,47,320,1,320-1,"Papiamentu competes with Dutch in the print media: some newspapers are published almost exclusively in Papiamentu - including articles, editorials, weather reports, etc. - some in Dutch.",396,,100.0,Unspecified -47-321-1,47,321,1,321-1,Papiamentu is acceptable in all formal contexts of use.,396,,100.0,Unspecified +Also of interest is his (1989: 543ff) discussion of the structural relationship between the adjective and phrasal compounds. In a N + di + N phrasal compound, the adjective may be positioned either after the first N, or after the second N. The second option results in ambiguity, such that the adjective may also be interpreted as modifying the final N only, rather than the compound.",1023,47-10,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-30-2,47,30,2,30-2,Kester & Schmitt (2007: 119f) show that definites cannot receive a generic interpretation in Papiamentu.,705[119f],47-59 47-60,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-308-4,47,308,4,308-4,"The debate on the lexical origins of Papiamentu centres around the question whether Portuguese constitutes the earliest lexifier or not. In modern Papiamentu, however, it is clear that Spanish has been the main lexical influence, whether from inception or not. There is the additional possibility that a West African Portuguese-lexifier creole is at the basis of Papiamentu's early development (e.g. see Jacobs 2008, Martinus 1996).",676;894,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +47-309-1,47,309,1,309-1,"According to the 2001 census, Papiamentu is the home language of between 70% and 83% of the population of the three islands.",396,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +47-31-1,47,31,1,31-1,"Papiamentu does not have special adnominal demonstratives. The postnominal placement of adverbials aki 'here', ei 'there', aya ' yonder' receives a demonstrative interpretation.",556[30],47-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +47-310-4,47,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +47-312-3,47,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-313-5,47,313,5,313-5,"Papiamentu is the native language of the island populations of Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao. Additionally, it is spoken by expatriate communities in the Netherlands and by small communities of emigrants elsewhere in the Caribbean.",396,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +47-314-3,47,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-315-1,47,315,1,315-1,"Radio and TV broadcasts use Papiamentu almost exclusively. Papiamentu competes with Dutch in the print media: some newspapers are published almost exclusively in Papiamentu, some in Dutch.",396,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-316-1,47,316,1,316-1,"Radio and TV broadcasts use Papiamentu almost exclusively. Papiamentu competes with Dutch in the print media: some newspapers are published almost exclusively in Papiamentu, some in Dutch.",396,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-317-1,47,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-318-2,47,318,2,318-2,"Some of the best-known literary writers coming out of the islands write in Dutch. However, poetry is predominantly in Papiamentu, and there is a corpus of Papiamentu-language novels and short stories. Dutch being of diminishing importance in the island's cultural life, the natural expectation is that Papiamentu will become the main literary language. However, the lack of Papiamentu-language education, the small size of the islands' populations, and the differences in spelling systems (phonemic in Curaçao, etymological in Aruba) severely limit the market for literature in Papiamentu.",136;1311,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-319-1,47,319,1,319-1,"Papiamentu competes with Dutch in the print media: some newspapers are published almost exclusively in Papiamentu - including articles, editorials, weather reports, etc. - some in Dutch.",396,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-32-2,47,32,2,32-2,,151[59],47-61 47-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-320-1,47,320,1,320-1,"Papiamentu competes with Dutch in the print media: some newspapers are published almost exclusively in Papiamentu - including articles, editorials, weather reports, etc. - some in Dutch.",396,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-321-1,47,321,1,321-1,Papiamentu is acceptable in all formal contexts of use.,396,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 47-322-2,47,322,2,322-2,"The following statement was made by a Dutch public prosecutor stationed in the Papiamentu-speaking island of Bonaire: ""Dutch is the official language of the judicature here. In fact, it could hardly be any different, since despite its richness, Papiamentu is not capable of representing all the subtleties of judicial language. @@ -12773,40 +12773,40 @@ After six months [of learning and practicing Papiamentu] I took the jump and pre Ernst Wesselius (Public Prosecutor) From: http://www.om.nl/over_het_om/om_magazine_archief/om_magazine_2001/716/720/ (my translation) -Wesselius first asserts the superiority of Dutch in the legal domain, claiming that Papiamentu is not rich enough to represent all the subtleties of the language of the judicature. However, he then outlines how he took the impressive step of presenting some of his own legal arguments in the cases in which he appears in Papiamentu. This suggests of course that it is, in fact, possible to represent the subtleties of judicial language in Papiamentu. It appears, however, that there is still a formidable barrier when it comes to the acceptance of Papiamentu as the language of judicature.",,,100.0, -47-323-1,47,323,1,323-1,,396,,100.0,Unspecified -47-324-2,47,324,2,324-2,"In 2005, Papiamentu became the language of instruction in the first two years of most primary schools in Curaçao. However, the debate about its status in the educational system was unresolved, and pressure to revert to Dutch-only instruction resulted in a reversal in 2008 -this despite the fact that most children enter school with competence in Papiamentu alone.",396,,100.0, -47-325-1,47,325,1,325-1,"Papiamentu has a web-presence, but its extent is difficult to ascertain. For instance, the Wikipedia site in Papiamentu boasts only 829 articles as of June 2010, and while the Aruban government's primary website language is Papiamentu (www.gobierno.aw), that of the Curaçao government is Dutch (http://www.curacao-gov.an), although it contains some information in Papiamentu as well. Some business places, sports clubs and the like have web-pages in Papiamentu. Also, facebook pages, web-logs, twitter entries and myspace pages can be found in Papiamentu. It is reasonable to assume that Papiamentu speakers would largely use Papiamentu also in e-mail correspondence, but this is left to verify.",,,100.0,Unspecified +Wesselius first asserts the superiority of Dutch in the legal domain, claiming that Papiamentu is not rich enough to represent all the subtleties of the language of the judicature. However, he then outlines how he took the impressive step of presenting some of his own legal arguments in the cases in which he appears in Papiamentu. This suggests of course that it is, in fact, possible to represent the subtleties of judicial language in Papiamentu. It appears, however, that there is still a formidable barrier when it comes to the acceptance of Papiamentu as the language of judicature.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-323-1,47,323,1,323-1,,396,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-324-2,47,324,2,324-2,"In 2005, Papiamentu became the language of instruction in the first two years of most primary schools in Curaçao. However, the debate about its status in the educational system was unresolved, and pressure to revert to Dutch-only instruction resulted in a reversal in 2008 -this despite the fact that most children enter school with competence in Papiamentu alone.",396,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-325-1,47,325,1,325-1,"Papiamentu has a web-presence, but its extent is difficult to ascertain. For instance, the Wikipedia site in Papiamentu boasts only 829 articles as of June 2010, and while the Aruban government's primary website language is Papiamentu (www.gobierno.aw), that of the Curaçao government is Dutch (http://www.curacao-gov.an), although it contains some information in Papiamentu as well. Some business places, sports clubs and the like have web-pages in Papiamentu. Also, facebook pages, web-logs, twitter entries and myspace pages can be found in Papiamentu. It is reasonable to assume that Papiamentu speakers would largely use Papiamentu also in e-mail correspondence, but this is left to verify.",,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 47-326-4,47,326,4,326-4,"Dutch remains the primary language of education. It is not surprising, then, that Dutch has been a major influence on the Papiamentu lexicon; it has also contributed to the phoneme inventory (most notably, the front rounded vowels), and it has had an impact in the morphology and syntax of Papiamentu. -Additionally, English, Spanish, Haitian, and English-based creole varieties all have a presence in the islands. The high prestige of English and Spanish and a politically-motivated desire to counteract Dutch influence have contributed to large numbers of lexical contributions from both English and Spanish. Some of the variation documented in Andersen (1974) pertains specifically to Spanish influence.",1629;1630;36,,100.0, -47-327-2,47,327,2,327-2,"The Aruban variety restricts /u/ to non-final position (hence: Papiamento, rather than Papiamentu). Other types of phonological variation exist between the islands' varieties of Papiamentu, but have not been documented.",,,100.0, -47-328-2,47,328,2,328-2,"Kouwenberg (1990) points out that Aruban speakers prefer a lexical subject awa 'water' with the verb yobe 'rain', where Curaçaoan speakers prefer a null subject. Other, minor, differences between the two varieties can be noted. For instance, the use of e [3SG] as resumptive pronoun for plural reference expressions, as documented in Dijkhoff (1983c), appears to be less acceptable for Aruban speakers. Also, Aruban speakers are more likely to place the mood marker lo after a pronominal subject, where the prefered usage is for it to precede a pronominal subject in Curaçaoan Papiamentu. It should be noted, though, that these observations remain anecdotal, and have not been researched.",,,100.0, -47-329-2,47,329,2,329-2,Some lexical variation between the Curacao and Aruba varieties is documented in Joubert's (2002) dictionary.,694,,100.0, -47-33-3,47,33,3,33-3,"Strictly speaking, Papiamentu does not have demonstratives. Adverbials aki (here), ei (there), aya (yonder), postposed to a definite noun, receive a demonstrative interpretation. Birmingham (1970: 57) considers prenominal e to be the reduced form of es, hence a remnant of the lexifier's prenominal demonstrative. However, the putative full form es is largely restricted to written Papiamentu, and it is doubtful that speakers differentiate synchronically between a definite article e and a prenominal demonstrative e. However, a remnant es occurs clearly in the pronominal demonstratives (see Feature 32 ""Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives"").",731[49],47-20 47-63,100.0,Very certain -47-330-3,47,330,3,330-3,"Andersen (1974) describes variation in Papiamentu as determined by style (formal/informal), social status, and receptiveness to foreign models. The small size of the islands coupled with the fact that the islands did not have a plantation economy of significance explains the absence of an urban/rural divide.",36,,100.0, -47-331-3,47,331,3,331-3,"Andersen (1974) describes variation in Papiamentu as determined by style (formal/informal), social status, and receptiveness to foreign models. The small size of the islands coupled with the fact that the islands did not have a plantation economy of significance explains the absence of an urban/rural divide.",36,,100.0, -47-332-3,47,332,3,332-3,"Andersen (1974) describes variation in Papiamentu as determined by style (formal/informal), social status, and receptiveness to foreign models. The small size of the islands coupled with the fact that the islands did not have a plantation economy of significance explains the absence of an urban/rural divide.",36,,100.0, -47-333-2,47,333,2,333-2,"Andersen (1974) describes phonological, lexical and morphosyntactic variation in Papiamentu as determined by style, social status, and receptiveness to foreign (in particular Spanish and Dutch) models.",36,,100.0, -47-334-2,47,334,2,334-2,"Andersen (1974) describes phonological, lexical and morphosyntactic variation in Papiamentu as determined by style, social status, and receptiveness to foreign (in particular Spanish and Dutch) models.",36,,100.0, -47-335-2,47,335,2,335-2,"Andersen (1974) describes phonological, lexical and morphosyntactic variation in Papiamentu as determined by style, social status, and receptiveness to foreign (in particular Spanish and Dutch) models.",36,,100.0, -47-34-1,47,34,1,34-1,"As far as I know, distribution has not been studied, and distributive reduplication has only barely been touched upon (Dijkhoff's 1993 thesis does so, p.94).",,47-64 47-65,100.0,Very certain -47-35-6,47,35,6,35-6,"Except for promé or promer 'first', ordinals are formed by combining di 'of' with the cardinal number.",151[115],47-66,100.0,Very certain -47-36-1,47,36,1,36-1,,,47-67,100.0,Very certain +Additionally, English, Spanish, Haitian, and English-based creole varieties all have a presence in the islands. The high prestige of English and Spanish and a politically-motivated desire to counteract Dutch influence have contributed to large numbers of lexical contributions from both English and Spanish. Some of the variation documented in Andersen (1974) pertains specifically to Spanish influence.",1629;1630;36,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-327-2,47,327,2,327-2,"The Aruban variety restricts /u/ to non-final position (hence: Papiamento, rather than Papiamentu). Other types of phonological variation exist between the islands' varieties of Papiamentu, but have not been documented.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-328-2,47,328,2,328-2,"Kouwenberg (1990) points out that Aruban speakers prefer a lexical subject awa 'water' with the verb yobe 'rain', where Curaçaoan speakers prefer a null subject. Other, minor, differences between the two varieties can be noted. For instance, the use of e [3SG] as resumptive pronoun for plural reference expressions, as documented in Dijkhoff (1983c), appears to be less acceptable for Aruban speakers. Also, Aruban speakers are more likely to place the mood marker lo after a pronominal subject, where the prefered usage is for it to precede a pronominal subject in Curaçaoan Papiamentu. It should be noted, though, that these observations remain anecdotal, and have not been researched.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-329-2,47,329,2,329-2,Some lexical variation between the Curacao and Aruba varieties is documented in Joubert's (2002) dictionary.,694,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-33-3,47,33,3,33-3,"Strictly speaking, Papiamentu does not have demonstratives. Adverbials aki (here), ei (there), aya (yonder), postposed to a definite noun, receive a demonstrative interpretation. Birmingham (1970: 57) considers prenominal e to be the reduced form of es, hence a remnant of the lexifier's prenominal demonstrative. However, the putative full form es is largely restricted to written Papiamentu, and it is doubtful that speakers differentiate synchronically between a definite article e and a prenominal demonstrative e. However, a remnant es occurs clearly in the pronominal demonstratives (see Feature 32 ""Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives"").",731[49],47-20 47-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +47-330-3,47,330,3,330-3,"Andersen (1974) describes variation in Papiamentu as determined by style (formal/informal), social status, and receptiveness to foreign models. The small size of the islands coupled with the fact that the islands did not have a plantation economy of significance explains the absence of an urban/rural divide.",36,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-331-3,47,331,3,331-3,"Andersen (1974) describes variation in Papiamentu as determined by style (formal/informal), social status, and receptiveness to foreign models. The small size of the islands coupled with the fact that the islands did not have a plantation economy of significance explains the absence of an urban/rural divide.",36,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-332-3,47,332,3,332-3,"Andersen (1974) describes variation in Papiamentu as determined by style (formal/informal), social status, and receptiveness to foreign models. The small size of the islands coupled with the fact that the islands did not have a plantation economy of significance explains the absence of an urban/rural divide.",36,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-333-2,47,333,2,333-2,"Andersen (1974) describes phonological, lexical and morphosyntactic variation in Papiamentu as determined by style, social status, and receptiveness to foreign (in particular Spanish and Dutch) models.",36,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-334-2,47,334,2,334-2,"Andersen (1974) describes phonological, lexical and morphosyntactic variation in Papiamentu as determined by style, social status, and receptiveness to foreign (in particular Spanish and Dutch) models.",36,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-335-2,47,335,2,335-2,"Andersen (1974) describes phonological, lexical and morphosyntactic variation in Papiamentu as determined by style, social status, and receptiveness to foreign (in particular Spanish and Dutch) models.",36,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-34-1,47,34,1,34-1,"As far as I know, distribution has not been studied, and distributive reduplication has only barely been touched upon (Dijkhoff's 1993 thesis does so, p.94).",,47-64 47-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +47-35-6,47,35,6,35-6,"Except for promé or promer 'first', ordinals are formed by combining di 'of' with the cardinal number.",151[115],47-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +47-36-1,47,36,1,36-1,,,47-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 47-37-1,47,37,1,37-1,"Pronominal possessors usually simply precede the possessed. A suppletive form su is used for the 3rd person singular pronoun (perhaps because the 3SG nonpossessive pronoun e is homophonous with the definite article e); other pronominal possessors are identical to the subject forms of pronouns. The adpositional construction with di is far less frequently used, and possibly associated with a slightly emphatic reading; this might be worthy of investigation. -Finally, plural pronouns are prosodic words (Kouwenberg 2007), which means that they may behave as full nouns, and appear in the dislocated possessive construction, with a prenominal possessor followed by su. This construction is discussed in more detail under Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"".",751,47-68,63.6363636363636,Very certain +Finally, plural pronouns are prosodic words (Kouwenberg 2007), which means that they may behave as full nouns, and appear in the dislocated possessive construction, with a prenominal possessor followed by su. This construction is discussed in more detail under Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"".",751,47-68,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-FFB6C1-28-ADD8E6.png""}", 47-37-6,47,37,6,37-6,"Pronominal possessors usually simply precede the possessed. A suppletive form su is used for the 3rd person singular pronoun (perhaps because the 3SG nonpossessive pronoun e is homophonous with the definite article e); other pronominal possessors are identical to the subject forms of pronouns. The adpositional construction with di is far less frequently used, and possibly associated with a slightly emphatic reading; this might be worthy of investigation. -Finally, plural pronouns are prosodic words (Kouwenberg 2007), which means that they may behave as full nouns, and appear in the dislocated possessive construction, with a prenominal possessor followed by su. This construction is discussed in more detail under Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"".",751,47-69 47-70,27.2727272727273,Very certain +Finally, plural pronouns are prosodic words (Kouwenberg 2007), which means that they may behave as full nouns, and appear in the dislocated possessive construction, with a prenominal possessor followed by su. This construction is discussed in more detail under Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"".",751,47-69 47-70,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-FFB6C1-28-ADD8E6.png""}", 47-37-5,47,37,5,37-5,"Pronominal possessors usually simply precede the possessed. A suppletive form su is used for the 3rd person singular pronoun (perhaps because the 3SG nonpossessive pronoun e is homophonous with the definite article e); other pronominal possessors are identical to the subject forms of pronouns. The adpositional construction with di is far less frequently used, and possibly associated with a slightly emphatic reading; this might be worthy of investigation. -Finally, plural pronouns are prosodic words (Kouwenberg 2007), which means that they may behave as full nouns, and appear in the dislocated possessive construction, with a prenominal possessor followed by su. This construction is discussed in more detail under Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"".",751,47-5,9.09090909090909,Very certain +Finally, plural pronouns are prosodic words (Kouwenberg 2007), which means that they may behave as full nouns, and appear in the dislocated possessive construction, with a prenominal possessor followed by su. This construction is discussed in more detail under Feature 38 ""Marking of possessor noun phrases"".",751,47-5,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-FFB6C1-28-ADD8E6.png""}", 47-38-2,47,38,2,38-2,"Papiamentu does not allow an unmarked possessive construction where the possessor and possessed are juxtaposed without any mark of their relationship. Instead, speakers choose between a prepositional possessive (with the preposition di) and an originally dislocated possessive, which employs what looks like a resumptive possessive pronoun preceding the possessed, but is here regarded as a postposition. As far as I know, no quantitative study of Papiamentu possessives has been carried out. Tentatively we can say that the construction with di is more frequent. @@ -12814,188 +12814,188 @@ As far as I know, no quantitative study of Papiamentu possessives has been carri The postpositional possessive uses su, which is also the 3rd person singular possessive pronoun. Although full NP possessors are inherently 3rd person, the occurrence of su with both singular and plural possessors shows that it has no number features. Moreover, the occasional use of non-3rd person plural pronouns in the possessor position of this construction (e.g. boso tur su trabou [2PL all 3SG.POSS work] 'the work of all of you', Maurer 1988: 38) shows that su is essentially a marker of the possessive relationship, and has no pronominal features whatsoever – it is a postposition. -The prepositional construction, which uses the preposition di to mark the possessor, is also used to denote partitives, source relationships, etc. Moreover, it is also used to form phrasal compounds, the most productive word formation process of Papiamentu (Dijkhoff 1993). As a result, sequences consisting of N + di + N are often potentially ambiguous between a range of interpretations.",395,47-38 47-5 47-6 47-71 47-72 47-8,100.0,Very certain -47-39-2,47,39,2,39-2,,151[65f],47-73 47-74 47-75,100.0,Very certain +The prepositional construction, which uses the preposition di to mark the possessor, is also used to denote partitives, source relationships, etc. Moreover, it is also used to form phrasal compounds, the most productive word formation process of Papiamentu (Dijkhoff 1993). As a result, sequences consisting of N + di + N are often potentially ambiguous between a range of interpretations.",395,47-38 47-5 47-6 47-71 47-72 47-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-39-2,47,39,2,39-2,,151[65f],47-73 47-74 47-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 47-4-2,47,4,2,4-2,"Papiamentu is fairly rich in prepositions, including a large stock of complex prepositions which consist of a semantically meaningful part followed by di ‘of’, the latter apparently functioning as a semantically underdetermined case marker (Kouwenberg & Murray 1994: 52f; Kouwenberg 2007: 329). -Also worth mentioning is the all-purpose locative preposition na, which is used in a wide range of contexts.",731[52],47-15 47-16 47-17 47-18,100.0,Very certain +Also worth mentioning is the all-purpose locative preposition na, which is used in a wide range of contexts.",731[52],47-15 47-16 47-17 47-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 47-40-2,47,40,2,40-2,"Maurer (1988: 35) points to the use of nationality-describing adjectives which seem to display gender agreement, e.g., kolombiano and kolombiana to mean 'Columbian (male)' and 'Columbian (female)', reflecting natural gender. Despite the occasional use of such forms, it is not possible to claim that any adjective requires gender agreement. Thus, he also points to the ungendered use of kolombiano 'Columbian' (m/f). Birmingham (1970: 46) points out that most Papiamentu adjectives derive from masculine forms in the lexifier. Exceptions include bunita 'pretty, handsome', barata 'cheap, inexpensive', marga 'bitter'. In addition, mala- of feminine origin is preserved in the (ungendered) expressions malalenga [bad-language] 'gossip' and malamucha [bad-child] 'naughty child'; compare malu 'bad; also: ill'. -Additionally, adjectives used in forms of address may choose to acknowledge the gender of the addressee, as in estimada amiga / estimado amigo ‘dear friend (f/m)’.",898[35],47-76 47-77 47-78,100.0,Certain -47-41-1,47,41,1,41-1,"Degree words mes 'same', mas 'more' or menos 'less' precede the adjective in comparative constructions.",151[47],47-78,100.0,Very certain +Additionally, adjectives used in forms of address may choose to acknowledge the gender of the addressee, as in estimada amiga / estimado amigo ‘dear friend (f/m)’.",898[35],47-76 47-77 47-78,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-41-1,47,41,1,41-1,"Degree words mes 'same', mas 'more' or menos 'less' precede the adjective in comparative constructions.",151[47],47-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 47-42-2,47,42,2,42-2,"The standard of comparison is normally introduced by ku. It is useful to note that this is only one of several different uses of ku, which is also a comitative preposition ('with'), a NP conjunction ('and'), and a complementizer ('that') which introduces finite subordinate clauses and relative clauses. -The standard can also be introduced by manera 'as if' (Maurer 1988: 36). Birmingham further points out that an alternative to menos is the expression using no asina [Adjective] manera [standard] (1970:47)",151[47],47-78 47-79 47-80,100.0,Very certain +The standard can also be introduced by manera 'as if' (Maurer 1988: 36). Birmingham further points out that an alternative to menos is the expression using no asina [Adjective] manera [standard] (1970:47)",151[47],47-78 47-79 47-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 47-43-1,47,43,1,43-1,"Mood marker lo usually precedes pronominal subjects, in particular when the subject is a singular pronoun. Lexical subjects and strong pronoun subjects (which behave like lexical subjects) precede lo (see Feature 62 ""Expression of pronominal subjects""). Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007) argue that its distribution indicates that lo appears outside the ""normal"" TAM domain, in the left periphery of the clause, heading FinP (Finiteness Phrase). Other tense/aspect markers immediately precede the verb. These are the past/anterior nonperfective marker tabata (tawata in the Aruban variety), the perfective aspect marker a, and the tense marker ta (which Kouwenberg & Lefebvre analyze as a dummy tense marker. distinct from gerundial ta, which is restricted to gerundial clauses; see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker""). The overall surface order of TAM elements, then, is: [lexical subject] MOOD [weak pronoun subject] NEG TNS/ASP VERB. A lexical subject and clitic/weak pronoun subject do not cooccur. -The Mood marker lo cooccurs with any of the tense/aspect markers.",898;730,47-81 47-82,70.0,Very certain +The Mood marker lo cooccurs with any of the tense/aspect markers.",898;730,47-81 47-82,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png""}", 47-43-3,47,43,3,43-3,"Mood marker lo usually precedes pronominal subjects, in particular when the subject is a singular pronoun. Lexical subjects and strong pronoun subjects (which behave like lexical subjects) precede lo (see Feature 62 ""Expression of pronominal subjects""). Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007) argue that its distribution indicates that lo appears outside the ""normal"" TAM domain, in the left periphery of the clause, heading FinP (Finiteness Phrase). Other tense/aspect markers immediately precede the verb. These are the past/anterior nonperfective marker tabata (tawata in the Aruban variety), the perfective aspect marker a, and the tense marker ta (which Kouwenberg & Lefebvre analyze as a dummy tense marker. distinct from gerundial ta, which is restricted to gerundial clauses; see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker""). The overall surface order of TAM elements, then, is: [lexical subject] MOOD [weak pronoun subject] NEG TNS/ASP VERB. A lexical subject and clitic/weak pronoun subject do not cooccur. -The Mood marker lo cooccurs with any of the tense/aspect markers.",898;730,47-83 47-84 47-85 47-89,30.0,Very certain +The Mood marker lo cooccurs with any of the tense/aspect markers.",898;730,47-83 47-84 47-85 47-89,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png""}", 47-44-8,47,44,8,44-8,"The main difficulty in assigning one of the values given here, is in the fact that different authors do not agree on what are the Tense, Mood, Aspect markers of Papiamentu. Thus, different from other authors, Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007) argue that lo is not a preverbal Mood marker, but heads Fin(iteness)P instead - an analysis which accounts for its peripheral position (see Feature 43 ""Position of tense, aspect, and mood markers in relation to the verb""). If that analysis is on the right track, lo is not relevant here, and the possible content of the preverbal Mood position needs to be reconsidered altogether. A further consequence of that analysis is that Papiamentu does not, in fact, differ from other creole languages in that it conforms to the protypical preverbal Tense-Mood-Aspect order, with Mood possibly being expressed by pa, normally translated as 'for', but with modal implications. Here, acknowledging the fact that this analysis is as yet preliminary and needs to be supported by further work, I have followed more traditional scholarship, which treats lo as a preverbal mood marker in an unusual peripheral position. This means that the order of elements is: -[lexical subject] MOOD [weak pronoun subject] NEG TNS/ASP VERB. Note that a lexical subject and clitic/weak pronoun subject do not cooccur. Note, further, that the preverbal tense/aspect markers are mutually exclusive.",1034;898;730,47-86 47-87,100.0,Very certain -47-45-4,47,45,4,45-4,"Maurer (1988) characterizes preverbal tabata as an imperfective anterior tense marker, others refer to it as an imperfective past tense marker. It need not be adjacent to the verb, allowing separation, for instance by the intervention of a modal or an adverbial. More generally, TAM material may be separated from the verb in this manner, as also illustrated here for preverbal ta. Muller (1983: 48) mentions djis 'just' and blo 'just, continually' as elements which can be placed between a particle and a verb. Note though that Muller goes on to argue that blo has verb status - but it is possible instead to argue that the verb blo (appear suddenly) and adverb blo are separate lexical entries.",1022[48],47-88 47-89,100.0,Very certain +[lexical subject] MOOD [weak pronoun subject] NEG TNS/ASP VERB. Note that a lexical subject and clitic/weak pronoun subject do not cooccur. Note, further, that the preverbal tense/aspect markers are mutually exclusive.",1034;898;730,47-86 47-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-45-4,47,45,4,45-4,"Maurer (1988) characterizes preverbal tabata as an imperfective anterior tense marker, others refer to it as an imperfective past tense marker. It need not be adjacent to the verb, allowing separation, for instance by the intervention of a modal or an adverbial. More generally, TAM material may be separated from the verb in this manner, as also illustrated here for preverbal ta. Muller (1983: 48) mentions djis 'just' and blo 'just, continually' as elements which can be placed between a particle and a verb. Note though that Muller goes on to argue that blo has verb status - but it is possible instead to argue that the verb blo (appear suddenly) and adverb blo are separate lexical entries.",1022[48],47-88 47-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", 47-46-4,47,46,4,46-4,"While some authors have treated preverbal ta as an imperfective or progressive marker, it is in fact not associated with any particular aspectual interpretation. Instead, the Aktionsart of the predicate and the presence of other material such as adverbial modifiers combine to determine the aspectual interpretation (see for instance the lengthy discussion in Muller 1989: 228–253). The presence of ta does not add to this interpretation. It should be noted also that ta is fully compatible with the majority of stative verbs, and that it fails to induce a change from a stative to a progressive or inchoative reading, as might be expected if it were a progressive marker. This is illustrated here. Moreover, it is compatible with aspectual interpretations (progressive, habitual) as well as non-aspectual interpretations (future, generic). Based on all this, Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007) argue that ta is a dummy tense marker. Maurer (1988) has suggested that it marks ""same tense"", on the basis of its acceptability in past contexts. More recently, he has argued that ta (with a very restricted allomorph zero) is on its way to grammaticalize into a Indo-European-like present tense. The debate on the status of ta is by no means closed, and shows once again how much of Papiamentu grammar is still not well understood. -Progressive meaning can be unambiguously expressed by suffixation of the Spanish-derived suffix -ndu, combined with preverbal ta or tabata. This construction is not commonly used. It is considerably more frequent in formal than in informal registers.",37,47-90,100.0,Very certain -47-47-2,47,47,2,47-2,"Papiamentu has a suffixed progressive modelled on Spanish. It uses progressive participle forms ending in -ndo, combined with preverbal ta or tabata. As Birmingham (1970: 81) points out, many of these are taken intact from Spanish, e.g. teniendo 'having', siendo 'being'; compare the Papiamentu base verbs tin 'have' and ta 'be'.",730,47-93 47-94 47-95,50.0,Very certain -47-47-9,47,47,9,47-9,"Papiamentu has a suffixed progressive modelled on Spanish. It uses progressive participle forms ending in -ndo, combined with preverbal ta or tabata. As Birmingham (1970: 81) points out, many of these are taken intact from Spanish, e.g. teniendo 'having', siendo 'being'; compare the Papiamentu base verbs tin 'have' and ta 'be'.",730,47-43 47-92 47-96 47-97,50.0,Certain +Progressive meaning can be unambiguously expressed by suffixation of the Spanish-derived suffix -ndu, combined with preverbal ta or tabata. This construction is not commonly used. It is considerably more frequent in formal than in informal registers.",37,47-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +47-47-2,47,47,2,47-2,"Papiamentu has a suffixed progressive modelled on Spanish. It uses progressive participle forms ending in -ndo, combined with preverbal ta or tabata. As Birmingham (1970: 81) points out, many of these are taken intact from Spanish, e.g. teniendo 'having', siendo 'being'; compare the Papiamentu base verbs tin 'have' and ta 'be'.",730,47-93 47-94 47-95,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}", +47-47-9,47,47,9,47-9,"Papiamentu has a suffixed progressive modelled on Spanish. It uses progressive participle forms ending in -ndo, combined with preverbal ta or tabata. As Birmingham (1970: 81) points out, many of these are taken intact from Spanish, e.g. teniendo 'having', siendo 'being'; compare the Papiamentu base verbs tin 'have' and ta 'be'.",730,47-43 47-92 47-96 47-97,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}", 47-48-9,47,48,9,48-9,"The verb sa is used to mean 'have the habit of', and thus functions as a habitual marker. It presumably evolved as a special use of the verb sa 'to know'. -Examples 97, 16, 4 and 96 provided under Value 9 illustrate the varying interpretations of an utterance absent a habitual or imperfective marker. In such cases, it is context which determines whether the utterance is interpreted as habitual, current state, progressive, (immediate) future, a.o.",730,47-16 47-4 47-96 47-97,70.0,Very certain +Examples 97, 16, 4 and 96 provided under Value 9 illustrate the varying interpretations of an utterance absent a habitual or imperfective marker. In such cases, it is context which determines whether the utterance is interpreted as habitual, current state, progressive, (immediate) future, a.o.",730,47-16 47-4 47-96 47-97,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-000000.png""}", 47-48-2,47,48,2,48-2,"The verb sa is used to mean 'have the habit of', and thus functions as a habitual marker. It presumably evolved as a special use of the verb sa 'to know'. -Examples 97, 16, 4 and 96 provided under Value 9 illustrate the varying interpretations of an utterance absent a habitual or imperfective marker. In such cases, it is context which determines whether the utterance is interpreted as habitual, current state, progressive, (immediate) future, a.o.",730,47-88 47-98,30.0,Very certain +Examples 97, 16, 4 and 96 provided under Value 9 illustrate the varying interpretations of an utterance absent a habitual or imperfective marker. In such cases, it is context which determines whether the utterance is interpreted as habitual, current state, progressive, (immediate) future, a.o.",730,47-88 47-98,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-000000.png""}", 47-49-3,47,49,3,49-3,"Most descriptions agree that the set of preverbal markers includes lo, ta, a, and tabata, but there is no agreement on their interpretation. Nonetheless, it seems safe to say that Papiamentu does not have a purely temporal system, in that at least one marker, tabata, is clearly a tense-aspect marker: It combines tense reference (past or anterior) with an aspect interpretation (imperfective) (Goilo 1953, Muller 1989, Andersen 1990, Birmingham 1970, Kouwenberg 2007)-although it may be more accurate to say that it marks non-perfective past rather than a true imperfective. Most authors characterize a as marking a (tense-neutral) perfective. In contrast, Maurer (1988a) characterizes a, like tabata, as [+anterior], distinguished from tabata as perfective, and suggesting that these forms should be constrained to similar tense reference. The more peripherally placed marker lo has been described as a future tense marker (Birmingham 1970), a posterior tense marker (Maurer 1988a), an Irrealis Mood marker (Kouwenberg 2007), and a Finite Mood marker (Kouwenberg & Lefebvre 2007). -Even more controversial is the interpretation of preverbal ta (see Feature 46 ""Tightness of link between progressive marker and verb"").",898;37;730,47-100 47-99,100.0,Very certain -47-5-2,47,5,2,5-2,"The demonstratives aki, ei, aya are derived from and homophonous with adverbs aki ‘here’, ei ‘there’, aya ‘over there’. Their occurrence is restricted to definite contexts.",752[324];898[37],47-19 47-20,100.0,Very certain +Even more controversial is the interpretation of preverbal ta (see Feature 46 ""Tightness of link between progressive marker and verb"").",898;37;730,47-100 47-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-5-2,47,5,2,5-2,"The demonstratives aki, ei, aya are derived from and homophonous with adverbs aki ‘here’, ei ‘there’, aya ‘over there’. Their occurrence is restricted to definite contexts.",752[324];898[37],47-19 47-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 47-50-1,47,50,1,50-1,"The surface order of elements in a negative sentence is: -[lexical subject] MOOD [weak pronoun subject] NEG TNS/ASP VERB.",,47-101 47-70,100.0,Very certain +[lexical subject] MOOD [weak pronoun subject] NEG TNS/ASP VERB.",,47-101 47-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 47-51-1,47,51,1,51-1,"Overt tense/aspect marking is essentially obligatory in auxiliary-less main clauses. Unmarked occurrences are acceptable only for a subset of the class of stative verbs, namely those which do not admit combination with preverbal ta (see Feature 46 ""Tightness of link between progressive marker and verb""). There are no verbs which fail to combine with the other preverbal modifiers. Thus we can distinguish three sets of verbs: a. stative verbs which do not combine with ta, e.g., konosé 'know, be acquainted with', sabi ~ sa 'know', ke (Curacao) and kjèr (Aruba) (both: 'want'); b. stative verbs which are optionally modified by ta, e.g., stima 'love', kosta 'cost'; c. all other stative and non-stative verbs, e.g., deseá 'want, wish', ke 'believe', kanta 'sing'. -The interpretation of the verb preceded by ta is not affected by stativity. Whether the verb is stative or dynamic, the presence of ta in out-of-the-blue utterances triggers a present tense interpretation.",151[81f],47-1 47-103 47-91,100.0,Very certain -47-52-1,47,52,1,52-1,"For an inchoative to be formed with adjectival predicates such as 'ripe' or 'red', the verb bira 'become' has to be used.",,47-104 47-105 47-106,100.0,Very certain +The interpretation of the verb preceded by ta is not affected by stativity. Whether the verb is stative or dynamic, the presence of ta in out-of-the-blue utterances triggers a present tense interpretation.",151[81f],47-1 47-103 47-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +47-52-1,47,52,1,52-1,"For an inchoative to be formed with adjectival predicates such as 'ripe' or 'red', the verb bira 'become' has to be used.",,47-104 47-105 47-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 47-53-2,47,53,2,53-2,"Muller (1983: 49) points out that particles can appear before both verbs in a sequence of verbs; his examples include a case of ""aspect change"", where the first verb is marked for perfective aspect by preverbal a, while the second is marked by gerundive ta. Maurer (1988: 259ff) describes the same phenomenon, but also includes an example where the first verb is marked by the preverbal nonperfective past marker tabata, the second by gerundive ta. There are two problems, however, in assessing these cases: First, they almost always involve complete overlap of the events denoted by the two verbs in sequence. -Secondly, and related to the first issue, the second event is usually a gerundial which marks manner or circumstance. Since gerundials can be used adverbially (Kouwenberg & Murray 1994: 45), this may not, strictly speaking, be an instance of a verb chain. Research is needed to clarify this. Other particles are not attested as participating in this type of construction.",898[259ff],47-107 47-108 47-109 47-110,100.0,Uncertain -47-54-1,47,54,1,54-1,"There is one inherently past tense verb in Papiamentu: di 'said'; compare bisa 'say', without tense restriction. Additionally, the copula ta appears as tabata in past contexts.",898,47-111 47-112,100.0,Very certain -47-55-1,47,55,1,55-1,,898[274ff],47-113 47-114,100.0,Very certain -47-56-1,47,56,1,56-1,"In more formal, polite usage, sea asina bon di is used to introduce an imperative or prohibitive.",151[83f],47-115 47-116 47-117 47-118,100.0,Very certain -47-57-1,47,57,1,57-1,,,47-119,100.0,Very certain -47-58-1,47,58,1,58-1,,,47-119,100.0,Very certain -47-59-1,47,59,1,59-1,"Papiamentu pronouns are invariant for case with two exceptions: Curaçaoan Papiamentu has bu as 2SG object of V (Compare bo 2SG subject form and bo as 2SG object of P. Aruban Papiamentu uses bo throughout), and the 3SG possessive pronoun takes the form su (Compare e as subject or object pronoun).",1297,47-120 47-121,100.0,Very certain -47-6-1,47,6,1,6-1,,556,47-21,100.0,Very certain -47-60-2,47,60,2,60-2,"Ditransitives normally take their internal arguments as DPs, in the order Recipient-Theme. Birmingham (1970: 68) points to a marginal pattern where the generic locative P na is used to introduce a Recipient in a non-canonical position, following the Theme argument. Muller (1989: 143) also points to the possibility of using pa 'for' to introduce a Recipient in such a position; this option seems restricted to verbs involving actual transfer.",194,47-122 47-123 47-125,90.0,Very certain -47-60-1,47,60,1,60-1,"Ditransitives normally take their internal arguments as DPs, in the order Recipient-Theme. Birmingham (1970: 68) points to a marginal pattern where the generic locative P na is used to introduce a Recipient in a non-canonical position, following the Theme argument. Muller (1989: 143) also points to the possibility of using pa 'for' to introduce a Recipient in such a position; this option seems restricted to verbs involving actual transfer.",194,47-124 47-126,10.0,Uncertain -47-61-2,47,61,2,61-2,,194,47-126,10.0,Very certain -47-61-1,47,61,1,61-1,,194,47-122,90.0,Very certain +Secondly, and related to the first issue, the second event is usually a gerundial which marks manner or circumstance. Since gerundials can be used adverbially (Kouwenberg & Murray 1994: 45), this may not, strictly speaking, be an instance of a verb chain. Research is needed to clarify this. Other particles are not attested as participating in this type of construction.",898[259ff],47-107 47-108 47-109 47-110,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-54-1,47,54,1,54-1,"There is one inherently past tense verb in Papiamentu: di 'said'; compare bisa 'say', without tense restriction. Additionally, the copula ta appears as tabata in past contexts.",898,47-111 47-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +47-55-1,47,55,1,55-1,,898[274ff],47-113 47-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-56-1,47,56,1,56-1,"In more formal, polite usage, sea asina bon di is used to introduce an imperative or prohibitive.",151[83f],47-115 47-116 47-117 47-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +47-57-1,47,57,1,57-1,,,47-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +47-58-1,47,58,1,58-1,,,47-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +47-59-1,47,59,1,59-1,"Papiamentu pronouns are invariant for case with two exceptions: Curaçaoan Papiamentu has bu as 2SG object of V (Compare bo 2SG subject form and bo as 2SG object of P. Aruban Papiamentu uses bo throughout), and the 3SG possessive pronoun takes the form su (Compare e as subject or object pronoun).",1297,47-120 47-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +47-6-1,47,6,1,6-1,,556,47-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +47-60-2,47,60,2,60-2,"Ditransitives normally take their internal arguments as DPs, in the order Recipient-Theme. Birmingham (1970: 68) points to a marginal pattern where the generic locative P na is used to introduce a Recipient in a non-canonical position, following the Theme argument. Muller (1989: 143) also points to the possibility of using pa 'for' to introduce a Recipient in such a position; this option seems restricted to verbs involving actual transfer.",194,47-122 47-123 47-125,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-60-1,47,60,1,60-1,"Ditransitives normally take their internal arguments as DPs, in the order Recipient-Theme. Birmingham (1970: 68) points to a marginal pattern where the generic locative P na is used to introduce a Recipient in a non-canonical position, following the Theme argument. Muller (1989: 143) also points to the possibility of using pa 'for' to introduce a Recipient in such a position; this option seems restricted to verbs involving actual transfer.",194,47-124 47-126,10.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-61-2,47,61,2,61-2,,194,47-126,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png""}", +47-61-1,47,61,1,61-1,,194,47-122,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png""}", 47-62-4,47,62,4,62-4,"Kouwenberg (2007) argues that weak and strong subject pronouns occupy different syntactic position in Papiamentu: weak subject pronouns have the status of agreement clitics, whereas strong subject pronouns have the status of lexical subjects. This difference can be seen in the placement of pronouns relative to mood marker lo: The mood marker follows both lexical subjects and strong subject pronouns, but precedes weak subject pronouns. (See Feature 43 ""Position of tense, aspect and mood marker in relation to the verb"") -Birmingham (1970: 89f) points in the direction of a similar analysis when he refers to the pronouns that follow lo as unstressed, those that precede it as stressed.",751,47-23 47-87,100.0,Certain -47-63-2,47,63,2,63-2,"Note that parse is also used to mean 'resemble', with a lexical subject.",734;732[215f],47-127 47-128 47-129,100.0,Very certain -47-64-2,47,64,2,64-2,The verb tin is also used to mean 'have'; in that case it takes a lexical subject.,732[215f],47-130,100.0,Very certain +Birmingham (1970: 89f) points in the direction of a similar analysis when he refers to the pronouns that follow lo as unstressed, those that precede it as stressed.",751,47-23 47-87,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +47-63-2,47,63,2,63-2,"Note that parse is also used to mean 'resemble', with a lexical subject.",734;732[215f],47-127 47-128 47-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +47-64-2,47,64,2,64-2,The verb tin is also used to mean 'have'; in that case it takes a lexical subject.,732[215f],47-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 47-65-3,47,65,3,65-3,"Aruban speakers of Papiamentu show a preference for an overt subject (awa 'water'), whereas Curacaoan speakers prefer a covert subject. -Some other types of weather can similarly be expressed with a covert subject.",734[46],47-131,50.0,Very certain +Some other types of weather can similarly be expressed with a covert subject.",734[46],47-131,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FFFF00.png""}", 47-65-5,47,65,5,65-5,"Aruban speakers of Papiamentu show a preference for an overt subject (awa 'water'), whereas Curacaoan speakers prefer a covert subject. -Some other types of weather can similarly be expressed with a covert subject.",734[46],47-132 47-133,50.0,Very certain -47-66-3,47,66,3,66-3,,,47-134 47-135,30.0,Very certain -47-66-1,47,66,1,66-1,,,47-136,70.0,Very certain -47-67-1,47,67,1,67-1,,,47-92,100.0,Very certain -47-68-2,47,68,2,68-2,The construction uses tin miedu di 'have fear of'.,,47-137,100.0,Very certain -47-69-1,47,69,1,69-1,I,1529[189];1279,47-138,100.0,Very certain -47-7-1,47,7,1,7-1,"Relative clauses are introduced by complementizer ku, or, less frequently, by pronouns kual (which), kende (who), kaminda (where). Purposive relatives are introduced by pa. See Kouwenberg (2007: 317f) for discussion.",1024[473ff],47-22 47-23,100.0,Very certain -47-70-1,47,70,1,70-1,"The preposition ku is used for comitatives (as in Example 141), instrumentals (as in Example 138), and NP coordination. It is also used in more idiomatic combinations, as also illustrated here, in Examples 49 (figurative instrumental), 139 and 140.",1279;1529,47-138 47-139 47-140 47-141 47-49,100.0,Very certain +Some other types of weather can similarly be expressed with a covert subject.",734[46],47-132 47-133,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FFFF00.png""}", +47-66-3,47,66,3,66-3,,,47-134 47-135,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +47-66-1,47,66,1,66-1,,,47-136,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +47-67-1,47,67,1,67-1,,,47-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +47-68-2,47,68,2,68-2,The construction uses tin miedu di 'have fear of'.,,47-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +47-69-1,47,69,1,69-1,I,1529[189];1279,47-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +47-7-1,47,7,1,7-1,"Relative clauses are introduced by complementizer ku, or, less frequently, by pronouns kual (which), kende (who), kaminda (where). Purposive relatives are introduced by pa. See Kouwenberg (2007: 317f) for discussion.",1024[473ff],47-22 47-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +47-70-1,47,70,1,70-1,"The preposition ku is used for comitatives (as in Example 141), instrumentals (as in Example 138), and NP coordination. It is also used in more idiomatic combinations, as also illustrated here, in Examples 49 (figurative instrumental), 139 and 140.",1279;1529,47-138 47-139 47-140 47-141 47-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 47-71-3,47,71,3,71-3,"To conjoin sentence parts, including predicates, PPs, NPs and APs, i ‘and’ or ku ‘with’ can be used, the former suggesting a looser association than the latter (Richardson 1977). Where ku is used to conjoin nominal constituents, ambiguity between the comitative interpretation of ku -‘with’ and its use as a conjunction may result, as shown in Examples 142 and 143.",1279;1023;752[328],47-141 47-142 47-143,100.0,Very certain -47-72-1,47,72,1,72-1,"See Feature 71 ""Noun phrase conjunction and comitative"". Note that while nominal and verbal expressions can be conjoined by i 'and' or ku 'with', clause conjunction requires i 'and'.",1279;1023,47-142 47-143 47-144 47-145 47-146,100.0,Very certain -47-73-1,47,73,1,73-1,,752[321f],47-147 47-148 47-96,100.0,Very certain -47-74-1,47,74,1,74-1,,752[321f],47-149 47-150,100.0,Very certain -47-75-1,47,75,1,75-1,,752[321f],47-151,100.0,Very certain -47-76-1,47,76,1,76-1,,752[321f],47-147 47-151,100.0,Very certain -47-77-1,47,77,1,77-1,,,47-23,100.0,Very certain -47-78-1,47,78,1,78-1,"Papiamentu tin and its past form tawatin are used (a) to denote concrete possession; (b) to denote abstract possession; (c) to denote existentials; (d) followed by a CP introduced by ku, to denote necessity; (d) to denote circumstance. Each of these uses is illustrated here.",151[117],47-103 47-130 47-152 47-153 47-154 47-155,100.0,Very certain -47-79-1,47,79,1,79-1,,,47-158 47-159,100.0,Very certain -47-8-1,47,8,1,8-1,,556[47],47-24,100.0,Very certain -47-80-2,47,80,2,80-2,,,47-160,100.0,Very certain +‘with’ and its use as a conjunction may result, as shown in Examples 142 and 143.",1279;1023;752[328],47-141 47-142 47-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +47-72-1,47,72,1,72-1,"See Feature 71 ""Noun phrase conjunction and comitative"". Note that while nominal and verbal expressions can be conjoined by i 'and' or ku 'with', clause conjunction requires i 'and'.",1279;1023,47-142 47-143 47-144 47-145 47-146,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +47-73-1,47,73,1,73-1,,752[321f],47-147 47-148 47-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +47-74-1,47,74,1,74-1,,752[321f],47-149 47-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-75-1,47,75,1,75-1,,752[321f],47-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-76-1,47,76,1,76-1,,752[321f],47-147 47-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +47-77-1,47,77,1,77-1,,,47-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +47-78-1,47,78,1,78-1,"Papiamentu tin and its past form tawatin are used (a) to denote concrete possession; (b) to denote abstract possession; (c) to denote existentials; (d) followed by a CP introduced by ku, to denote necessity; (d) to denote circumstance. Each of these uses is illustrated here.",151[117],47-103 47-130 47-152 47-153 47-154 47-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +47-79-1,47,79,1,79-1,,,47-158 47-159,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +47-8-1,47,8,1,8-1,,556[47],47-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +47-80-2,47,80,2,80-2,,,47-160,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 47-81-2,47,81,2,81-2,"The complement of bai 'go' can be introduced by na 'LOC', or can be a bare noun, in the case of a named place (see this feature) or in the case of a type of errand (go to school, go home, go to hospital). -The complement of bini 'come' is a PP headed by di 'of' or a complex PP, consisting of for di 'from of'.",,47-102 47-156 47-157 47-23,100.0,Very certain +The complement of bini 'come' is a PP headed by di 'of' or a complex PP, consisting of for di 'from of'.",,47-102 47-156 47-157 47-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 47-82-2,47,82,2,82-2,"Example 161 here illustrates the use of pusha 'push' followed by a PP using riba 'on' which can be interpreted as either locational or directional. The context of this utterance makes it locational rather than directional. In other words, there are no special directional prepositions that can be used to disambiguate this type of utterance. The second example illustrates the use of a riba-PP with an ""at-rest"" interpretation. -A serial verb construction such as pusha bai 'push go' or pusha bini 'push come' can be constructed. However, the goal argument has to take the form of a PP or an Adverbial.",,47-161 47-4,100.0,Very certain +A serial verb construction such as pusha bai 'push go' or pusha bini 'push come' can be constructed. However, the goal argument has to take the form of a PP or an Adverbial.",,47-161 47-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 47-83-1,47,83,1,83-1,"A source argument has to take the form of a complex PP, using intransitive P for 'from' which subcategorizes for a PP headed by di 'of'. This is true irrespective of the predicate, whether ranka 'pull', any other motion verb such as kore 'run, drive', 'bini' 'come', laga 'depart' etc., or a serial verb construction such as ranka sali [pull come.out]. In other words, the possibility of using a serial verb construction is really unrelated to the question at hand. -The example provided here of ranka sali is the only one I could find in quite a bit of text. Unfortunately, it does not involve a source argument, hence does not show the presence of the relevant PP.",,47-163,75.0,Very certain +The example provided here of ranka sali is the only one I could find in quite a bit of text. Unfortunately, it does not involve a source argument, hence does not show the presence of the relevant PP.",,47-163,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge 47-83-4,47,83,4,83-4,"A source argument has to take the form of a complex PP, using intransitive P for 'from' which subcategorizes for a PP headed by di 'of'. This is true irrespective of the predicate, whether ranka 'pull', any other motion verb such as kore 'run, drive', 'bini' 'come', laga 'depart' etc., or a serial verb construction such as ranka sali [pull come.out]. In other words, the possibility of using a serial verb construction is really unrelated to the question at hand. -The example provided here of ranka sali is the only one I could find in quite a bit of text. Unfortunately, it does not involve a source argument, hence does not show the presence of the relevant PP.",,47-162,25.0,Very certain -47-84-2,47,84,2,84-2,,127;679,47-155 47-164,100.0,Very certain +The example provided here of ranka sali is the only one I could find in quite a bit of text. Unfortunately, it does not involve a source argument, hence does not show the presence of the relevant PP.",,47-162,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +47-84-2,47,84,2,84-2,,127;679,47-155 47-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 47-85-1,47,85,1,85-1,"Papiamentu restricts serial verb constructions to the following: (a) directional (see Feature 84 ""'Come' and 'go' serial verb constructions""); (b) resultative, where V2 describes the result of the (typically violent) event of V1, e.g. El a dal e muskita mata [3SG PFV hit DEF mosquito kill] 'He killed the mosquito (by hitting it)'; (Muller 1989: 69), E bentana a dal sera [DEF window PFV hit close] 'The window slammed shut'; (Muller 1989: 365); (c) purposive, where V2 denotes the purpose of the event of V1, e.g. Mi a hibé drecha [1SG PFV carry-3SG repair] 'I took it (to have it) repaired'; (Kouwenberg & Murray 1994: 48); -(d) paratactic, where V1 and V2 are freely chosen and describe events which either coincide or are consecutive, e.g. El a kore drenta mi kamber [3SG PFV run enter 1SG room] 'He ran into my room'; Muller 1989: 362), Nos a kana buska e kachó tur kaminda [1PL PFV walk search DEF dog every place] 'We walked around searching everywhere for the dog' (Muller 1989: 362).",1024,,100.0,Very certain -47-86-5,47,86,5,86-5,,679;127,47-3,100.0,Very certain +(d) paratactic, where V1 and V2 are freely chosen and describe events which either coincide or are consecutive, e.g. El a kore drenta mi kamber [3SG PFV run enter 1SG room] 'He ran into my room'; Muller 1989: 362), Nos a kana buska e kachó tur kaminda [1PL PFV walk search DEF dog every place] 'We walked around searching everywhere for the dog' (Muller 1989: 362).",1024,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-86-5,47,86,5,86-5,,679;127,47-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 47-87-2,47,87,2,87-2,"Muysken (1993) provides a detailed description and analysis of PP reflexive constructions. Three main strategies may be distinguished: (i) a bare object pronoun, used with what he refers to as inherent reflexives such as sinti 'feel (a certain way)', dibirtí 'enjoy (oneself), have a good time', komportá 'behave (oneself)'; (ii) a possessive pronoun + mes 'self' – this is the most commonly used strategy (NB only in the 3SG is the possessive pronoun different from the subject form); (iii) a body reflexive consisting of a possessive pronoun + kurpa 'body'; this is restricted to verbs denoting physical action, where it is often ambiguous between a reflexive interpretation and a literal interpretation, and a few idioms (e.g., yuda su kurpa [help POSS body] 'help oneself'). Where the pronoun + kurpa strategy can be used, the pronoun + mes strategy is equally acceptable, but the reverse situation does not hold, showing pronoun + mes to be the main reflexive form. -Birmingham (1970: 69) points out that some reflexive constructions in Spanish correspond to non-reflexives in Papiamentu, e.g. Spanish se vistió [REFL dressed] compares to Papiamento el a bisti paña [3SG PFV wear clothes], both 'he dressed'.",151[69ff],47-168 47-170,12.5,Very certain +Birmingham (1970: 69) points out that some reflexive constructions in Spanish correspond to non-reflexives in Papiamentu, e.g. Spanish se vistió [REFL dressed] compares to Papiamento el a bisti paña [3SG PFV wear clothes], both 'he dressed'.",151[69ff],47-168 47-170,12.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-FFFF00.png""}", 47-87-3,47,87,3,87-3,"Muysken (1993) provides a detailed description and analysis of PP reflexive constructions. Three main strategies may be distinguished: (i) a bare object pronoun, used with what he refers to as inherent reflexives such as sinti 'feel (a certain way)', dibirtí 'enjoy (oneself), have a good time', komportá 'behave (oneself)'; (ii) a possessive pronoun + mes 'self' – this is the most commonly used strategy (NB only in the 3SG is the possessive pronoun different from the subject form); (iii) a body reflexive consisting of a possessive pronoun + kurpa 'body'; this is restricted to verbs denoting physical action, where it is often ambiguous between a reflexive interpretation and a literal interpretation, and a few idioms (e.g., yuda su kurpa [help POSS body] 'help oneself'). Where the pronoun + kurpa strategy can be used, the pronoun + mes strategy is equally acceptable, but the reverse situation does not hold, showing pronoun + mes to be the main reflexive form. -Birmingham (1970: 69) points out that some reflexive constructions in Spanish correspond to non-reflexives in Papiamentu, e.g. Spanish se vistió [REFL dressed] compares to Papiamento el a bisti paña [3SG PFV wear clothes], both 'he dressed'.",151[69ff],47-165 47-166 47-167 47-169,87.5,Very certain -47-88-1,47,88,1,88-1,,752[327],47-169 47-171 47-172,100.0,Very certain -47-89-2,47,89,2,89-2,,,47-169 47-173 47-174,100.0,Very certain +Birmingham (1970: 69) points out that some reflexive constructions in Spanish correspond to non-reflexives in Papiamentu, e.g. Spanish se vistió [REFL dressed] compares to Papiamento el a bisti paña [3SG PFV wear clothes], both 'he dressed'.",151[69ff],47-165 47-166 47-167 47-169,87.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-FFFF00.png""}", +47-88-1,47,88,1,88-1,,752[327],47-169 47-171 47-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +47-89-2,47,89,2,89-2,,,47-169 47-173 47-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 47-9-1,47,9,1,9-1,"The definite article is invariant: there is no expression of gender or number through the definite article. A handful of forms display incorporation of an etymological article, e.g. lareina (queen), laman (sea). Birmingham (1970: 41) suggests that these are ""felt to be definite articles"", pointing out that the definite article e is generally not used with these forms; it is more likely, however, that this is due to the name-like characteristics of these forms, in the sense that laman and lareina have unique reference. In fact, Birmingham also points out that Papiamentu ""tends to use the definite article far less than do the Hispanic languages"" (1970: 41f), and provides an overview of contexts where a definite article would normally be expected to occur in Spanish, but not in Papiamentu. -Kester & Schmitt (2007) provide more in-depth discussion of the contexts in which bare nouns occur.",898[35],47-19 47-25,100.0,Very certain +Kester & Schmitt (2007) provide more in-depth discussion of the contexts in which bare nouns occur.",898[35],47-19 47-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 47-90-1,47,90,1,90-1,"The Papiamentu passive has the following characteristics: (a) a passive auxiliary appears; this is either Spanish-derived ser or Dutch-derived wordu; (b) the main verb appears in a participle form; (c) the agent is optionally expressed; it is introduced by pa ('for'; Curacaoan speakers) or by the complex prepositional expression dor di (all dialects), where dor 'by' is an intransitive content-P made transitive by the addition of the functional P di 'of'. Instead of a passive construction, an impersonal construction can be used: It contains a null subject which can be considered to have arbitrary reference. Alternatively, an active construction can be used with a pronominal subject nan [3PL], which receives arbitrary interpretation. And finally, a construction using keda 'remain, stay' as auxiliary can also express passive meaning. -The passive construction is not frequent, and it is probably safe to say that many speakers consider it somewhat formal. For instance, Maduro (1971: 16) ""corrects"" the passive Rei Pablo a ser enterá [king Pablo PFV PASS buried] 'King Pablo has been buried' to an active construction Nan a dera rei Pablo [3PL PFV bury king Pablo] (same meaning). In a further section devoted entirely to ""wrongly used"" passives (pp.43–45), he replaces prototypical passives by impersonal constructions and by active constructions with nan subjects.",151[95f];752[319],47-153 47-175 47-176 47-177 47-178 47-179,100.0,Very certain -47-91-8,47,91,8,91-8,The example shows how benefactive meaning may be expressed.,,47-180,100.0,Very certain +The passive construction is not frequent, and it is probably safe to say that many speakers consider it somewhat formal. For instance, Maduro (1971: 16) ""corrects"" the passive Rei Pablo a ser enterá [king Pablo PFV PASS buried] 'King Pablo has been buried' to an active construction Nan a dera rei Pablo [3PL PFV bury king Pablo] (same meaning). In a further section devoted entirely to ""wrongly used"" passives (pp.43–45), he replaces prototypical passives by impersonal constructions and by active constructions with nan subjects.",151[95f];752[319],47-153 47-175 47-176 47-177 47-178 47-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-91-8,47,91,8,91-8,The example shows how benefactive meaning may be expressed.,,47-180,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge 47-92-2,47,92,2,92-2,"The use of relative pronouns kende 'who' and kual or kua 'which' is by and large restricted to formal contexts and/or educated speakers. These relative pronouns are not case-marked. In other words, no distinction exists between subject relatives and object relatives. Nevertheless, their pronominal status clearly seen in their ability to appear with the plural marker nan, and their ability to occur as object of a preposition (see Feature 94 ""Instrument relative clauses"" for the latter). -The more common, all-purpose relativizer ku has the status of complementizer. It does not admit plural marking, and where relativizing the object of P, it requires preposition-stranding.",1031;731[51],47-181 47-182,75.0,Very certain +The more common, all-purpose relativizer ku has the status of complementizer. It does not admit plural marking, and where relativizing the object of P, it requires preposition-stranding.",1031;731[51],47-181 47-182,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 47-92-1,47,92,1,92-1,"The use of relative pronouns kende 'who' and kual or kua 'which' is by and large restricted to formal contexts and/or educated speakers. These relative pronouns are not case-marked. In other words, no distinction exists between subject relatives and object relatives. Nevertheless, their pronominal status clearly seen in their ability to appear with the plural marker nan, and their ability to occur as object of a preposition (see Feature 94 ""Instrument relative clauses"" for the latter). -The more common, all-purpose relativizer ku has the status of complementizer. It does not admit plural marking, and where relativizing the object of P, it requires preposition-stranding.",1031;731[51],47-183 47-184 47-185,25.0,Very certain -47-93-1,47,93,1,93-1,,752,47-93,25.0,Very certain -47-93-2,47,93,2,93-2,,752,47-186,75.0,Very certain +The more common, all-purpose relativizer ku has the status of complementizer. It does not admit plural marking, and where relativizing the object of P, it requires preposition-stranding.",1031;731[51],47-183 47-184 47-185,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +47-93-1,47,93,1,93-1,,752,47-93,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-FF0000.png""}", +47-93-2,47,93,2,93-2,,752,47-186,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-FF0000.png""}", 47-94-1,47,94,1,94-1,"The following strategies are used for wh-extraction of the complement of P: (a) complementizer ku introduces the relative clause, and a resumptive pronoun appears in the extraction site (Muysken 1977, Dijkhoff 1983 ACS); although that pronoun takes the form of the 3rd person singular pronoun e, it is not sensitive to number, and may appear with plural antecedents; (b) complementizer ku introduces the relative clause, and a detransitivized form of the preposition appears, formed by construal of a + P or pa + P: den/aden 'in, inside', dilanti/padilanti 'in front (of)', etc. (Muysken 1977, Kouwenberg & Murray 1994: 52). This strategy is not available for instrumentals, as no detransitivized form exists for the instrumental P ku. I have included examples of other detransitivized Ps under Value 7, for completeness. (c) less frequently, a relative pronoun appears, which allows for pied-piping; this is a more minor strategy than (a) (see Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"" for discussion of relative pronouns). (d) also marginal is the strategy whereby complementizer ku introduces the relative clause, and a gap appears – a strategy which may represent the influence of the Dutch construction; unfortunately, I have no examples at hand. -The last two strategies may well represent the influence of contact with Dutch, which uses pied-piping fairly frequently, and which allows preposition stranding.",1031;390;392;394,47-188 47-190 47-191,27.2727272727273,Very certain +The last two strategies may well represent the influence of contact with Dutch, which uses pied-piping fairly frequently, and which allows preposition stranding.",1031;390;392;394,47-188 47-190 47-191,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-10-FF0000-64-FFB6C1.png""}", 47-94-3,47,94,3,94-3,"The following strategies are used for wh-extraction of the complement of P: (a) complementizer ku introduces the relative clause, and a resumptive pronoun appears in the extraction site (Muysken 1977, Dijkhoff 1983 ACS); although that pronoun takes the form of the 3rd person singular pronoun e, it is not sensitive to number, and may appear with plural antecedents; (b) complementizer ku introduces the relative clause, and a detransitivized form of the preposition appears, formed by construal of a + P or pa + P: den/aden 'in, inside', dilanti/padilanti 'in front (of)', etc. (Muysken 1977, Kouwenberg & Murray 1994: 52). This strategy is not available for instrumentals, as no detransitivized form exists for the instrumental P ku. I have included examples of other detransitivized Ps under Value 7, for completeness. (c) less frequently, a relative pronoun appears, which allows for pied-piping; this is a more minor strategy than (a) (see Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"" for discussion of relative pronouns). (d) also marginal is the strategy whereby complementizer ku introduces the relative clause, and a gap appears – a strategy which may represent the influence of the Dutch construction; unfortunately, I have no examples at hand. -The last two strategies may well represent the influence of contact with Dutch, which uses pied-piping fairly frequently, and which allows preposition stranding.",1031;390;392;394,47-187,63.6363636363636,Very certain +The last two strategies may well represent the influence of contact with Dutch, which uses pied-piping fairly frequently, and which allows preposition stranding.",1031;390;392;394,47-187,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-10-FF0000-64-FFB6C1.png""}", 47-94-2,47,94,2,94-2,"The following strategies are used for wh-extraction of the complement of P: (a) complementizer ku introduces the relative clause, and a resumptive pronoun appears in the extraction site (Muysken 1977, Dijkhoff 1983 ACS); although that pronoun takes the form of the 3rd person singular pronoun e, it is not sensitive to number, and may appear with plural antecedents; (b) complementizer ku introduces the relative clause, and a detransitivized form of the preposition appears, formed by construal of a + P or pa + P: den/aden 'in, inside', dilanti/padilanti 'in front (of)', etc. (Muysken 1977, Kouwenberg & Murray 1994: 52). This strategy is not available for instrumentals, as no detransitivized form exists for the instrumental P ku. I have included examples of other detransitivized Ps under Value 7, for completeness. (c) less frequently, a relative pronoun appears, which allows for pied-piping; this is a more minor strategy than (a) (see Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"" for discussion of relative pronouns). (d) also marginal is the strategy whereby complementizer ku introduces the relative clause, and a gap appears – a strategy which may represent the influence of the Dutch construction; unfortunately, I have no examples at hand. -The last two strategies may well represent the influence of contact with Dutch, which uses pied-piping fairly frequently, and which allows preposition stranding.",1031;390;392;394,47-189 47-192,9.09090909090909,Very certain +The last two strategies may well represent the influence of contact with Dutch, which uses pied-piping fairly frequently, and which allows preposition stranding.",1031;390;392;394,47-189 47-192,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFF00-10-FF0000-64-FFB6C1.png""}", 47-95-4,47,95,4,95-4,"Van Putte & Garcia (1990) discuss the complementizer-taking preferences of different classes of verbs, based on their occurences in a collection of literary texts. They distinguish between verbs that occur only or mostly with a complement clause introduced by complementizer ku, those with null complementizer, and those which allow both. They assign bisa 'say' to the class of verbs that allow both, while puntra 'ask' is in the class of verbs which occur with the overt complementizer ku, and pidi 'ask, request' prefers a null-complement. They do not, however, distinguish between different modalities. It appears that indicative mood normally requires a ku-complement, with the exception of the complement of bisa or di 'say', where ku is optional. Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007) point out that ku introduces the complement clauses of propositional verbs; these include not only verbs of speaking such as bisa ‘to say’, but also psychological verbs such as realisá ‘to understand’, -sa ‘to know’.",1529;1530,47-196,30.0,Very certain +sa ‘to know’.",1529;1530,47-196,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", 47-95-3,47,95,3,95-3,"Van Putte & Garcia (1990) discuss the complementizer-taking preferences of different classes of verbs, based on their occurences in a collection of literary texts. They distinguish between verbs that occur only or mostly with a complement clause introduced by complementizer ku, those with null complementizer, and those which allow both. They assign bisa 'say' to the class of verbs that allow both, while puntra 'ask' is in the class of verbs which occur with the overt complementizer ku, and pidi 'ask, request' prefers a null-complement. They do not, however, distinguish between different modalities. It appears that indicative mood normally requires a ku-complement, with the exception of the complement of bisa or di 'say', where ku is optional. Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007) point out that ku introduces the complement clauses of propositional verbs; these include not only verbs of speaking such as bisa ‘to say’, but also psychological verbs such as realisá ‘to understand’, -sa ‘to know’.",1529;1530,47-193 47-194 47-195,70.0,Very certain +sa ‘to know’.",1529;1530,47-193 47-194 47-195,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", 47-96-3,47,96,3,96-3,"Van Putte & Garcia (1990) assign sa 'know' to the class of verbs that allows both ku-introduced and null-introduced complements, while lubidá 'forget', like most psych-verbs, occurs only with ku-complements. -Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007) point out that ku introduces the complement clauses of propositional verbs; ""verbs of knowing"" are in this class.",1529;1530,47-198 47-199,70.0,Very certain +Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007) point out that ku introduces the complement clauses of propositional verbs; ""verbs of knowing"" are in this class.",1529;1530,47-198 47-199,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", 47-96-4,47,96,4,96-4,"Van Putte & Garcia (1990) assign sa 'know' to the class of verbs that allows both ku-introduced and null-introduced complements, while lubidá 'forget', like most psych-verbs, occurs only with ku-complements. -Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007) point out that ku introduces the complement clauses of propositional verbs; ""verbs of knowing"" are in this class.",1529;1530,47-197,30.0,Very certain -47-97-1,47,97,1,97-1,,,47-200 47-98,100.0,Very certain -47-98-3,47,98,3,98-3,"Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007) point out that propositional verbs select complement clauses introduced by complementizer ku, whereas emotive verbs select clauses introduced by complementizer pa. Pensa 'think', ke sa/ kièr sa 'think, believe'; literally: 'want know' and kere 'believe, think' are in the former category, whereas ke 'want' is in the latter. Maurer (1988: 176) argues that the pa-clause is a subjunctive. This is supported by the unacceptability of the mood marker lo in pa-clauses.",800;730;734,47-201 47-202 47-203 47-204,100.0,Intermediate -47-99-2,47,99,2,99-2,Predicate focus in Papiamentu is strictly emphatic.,1031,,100.0,Very certain -48-0-4,48,0,4,0-4,,,,100.0, -48-1-2,48,1,2,1-2,,,48-1 48-3,100.0,Very certain -48-10-1,48,10,1,10-1,"For details about the article system, see Schwegler (2007) and references therein.",1371[N/A];353[138ff],48-14 48-6,100.0,Very certain -48-100-4,48,100,4,100-4,"For a full(er) explanation, see Feature 101 ""Position of standard negation"", as Palenquero has a complex set of predicate negation strategies (pre- as well as post-verbal).",1363;388;387[n/a],48-176 48-179,50.0,Certain -48-100-5,48,100,5,100-5,"For a full(er) explanation, see Feature 101 ""Position of standard negation"", as Palenquero has a complex set of predicate negation strategies (pre- as well as post-verbal).",1363;388;387[n/a],48-177 48-178,50.0,Certain +Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007) point out that ku introduces the complement clauses of propositional verbs; ""verbs of knowing"" are in this class.",1529;1530,47-197,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png""}", +47-97-1,47,97,1,97-1,,,47-200 47-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +47-98-3,47,98,3,98-3,"Kouwenberg & Lefebvre (2007) point out that propositional verbs select complement clauses introduced by complementizer ku, whereas emotive verbs select clauses introduced by complementizer pa. Pensa 'think', ke sa/ kièr sa 'think, believe'; literally: 'want know' and kere 'believe, think' are in the former category, whereas ke 'want' is in the latter. Maurer (1988: 176) argues that the pa-clause is a subjunctive. This is supported by the unacceptability of the mood marker lo in pa-clauses.",800;730;734,47-201 47-202 47-203 47-204,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +47-99-2,47,99,2,99-2,Predicate focus in Papiamentu is strictly emphatic.,1031,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-0-4,48,0,4,0-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +48-1-2,48,1,2,1-2,,,48-1 48-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +48-10-1,48,10,1,10-1,"For details about the article system, see Schwegler (2007) and references therein.",1371[N/A];353[138ff],48-14 48-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +48-100-4,48,100,4,100-4,"For a full(er) explanation, see Feature 101 ""Position of standard negation"", as Palenquero has a complex set of predicate negation strategies (pre- as well as post-verbal).",1363;388;387[n/a],48-176 48-179,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +48-100-5,48,100,5,100-5,"For a full(er) explanation, see Feature 101 ""Position of standard negation"", as Palenquero has a complex set of predicate negation strategies (pre- as well as post-verbal).",1363;388;387[n/a],48-177 48-178,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", 48-101-3,48,101,3,101-3,"Schwegler (1991) and Dieck (2000, 2002) show that Palenquero grammar has three predicate negation structures, and that their behaviour is not directly related to the presence or absence of emphasis or commands. These negation structures are: 1. Strictly preverbal negation: @@ -13012,7 +13012,7 @@ In terms of overall behaviour and use, the Palenquero negation patterns are very - falo não - não falo não -where the three strategies are found (here too, the postverbal NEG occurs in clause- or sentence-final position).",1363;388;387;1360,48-179 48-181,38.4615384615385,Certain +where the three strategies are found (here too, the postverbal NEG occurs in clause- or sentence-final position).",1363;388;387;1360,48-179 48-181,38.4615384615385,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-39-ADD8E6-39-FFFF00.png""}", 48-101-1,48,101,1,101-1,"Schwegler (1991) and Dieck (2000, 2002) show that Palenquero grammar has three predicate negation structures, and that their behaviour is not directly related to the presence or absence of emphasis or commands. These negation structures are: 1. Strictly preverbal negation: @@ -13029,7 +13029,7 @@ In terms of overall behaviour and use, the Palenquero negation patterns are very - falo não - não falo não -where the three strategies are found (here too, the postverbal NEG occurs in clause- or sentence-final position).",1363;388;387;1360,48-176,23.0769230769231,Certain +where the three strategies are found (here too, the postverbal NEG occurs in clause- or sentence-final position).",1363;388;387;1360,48-176,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-39-ADD8E6-39-FFFF00.png""}", 48-101-5,48,101,5,101-5,"Schwegler (1991) and Dieck (2000, 2002) show that Palenquero grammar has three predicate negation structures, and that their behaviour is not directly related to the presence or absence of emphasis or commands. These negation structures are: 1. Strictly preverbal negation: @@ -13046,13 +13046,13 @@ In terms of overall behaviour and use, the Palenquero negation patterns are very - falo não - não falo não -where the three strategies are found (here too, the postverbal NEG occurs in clause- or sentence-final position).",1363;388;387;1360,48-177 48-178 48-180,38.4615384615385,Certain -48-102-5,48,102,5,102-5,"Negative concord is generally maintained with negative polarity items like narie ‘nobody’, nunka ‘never’, tampoko ‘neither’ and na(a) ‘nothing’ so that these items tend to be accompanied by nu (cf. na nu ‘not anything’). Exceptions to the rule are, however, not uncommon (cf. example [76] in Schwegler & Green (2007: 286), where the speaker omitted the predicate nu). Schwegler (1996) — the only source to have examined Palenquero negative concord in any detail — notes, however, that the usage of these items is complicated and would require a study in itself.",1359[287],48-177 48-182 48-183,100.0,Intermediate -48-103-7,48,103,7,103-7,"The SVO word order is used for both declarative and interrogative sentences (contrary to Spanish, subject/verb inversion does not exist in interrogatives). This holds for yes/no interrogatives as well as those introduced by question words that in Standard Spanish cause the obligatory switch from SVO to wh-VSO.",353[169];1359[303],48-129 48-17 48-176 48-18 48-184,100.0,Certain -48-104-1,48,104,1,104-1,Nominal clefting has not been studied in any depth in Palenquero. The observations provided here are thus tentative.,,48-185,100.0,Very certain -48-105-3,48,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Certain -48-106-2,48,106,2,106-2,,,48-187,100.0,Certain -48-107-1,48,107,1,107-1,Vocative expressions have not been studied in any depth in Palenquero.,,48-188,100.0,Intermediate +where the three strategies are found (here too, the postverbal NEG occurs in clause- or sentence-final position).",1363;388;387;1360,48-177 48-178 48-180,38.4615384615385,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-39-ADD8E6-39-FFFF00.png""}", +48-102-5,48,102,5,102-5,"Negative concord is generally maintained with negative polarity items like narie ‘nobody’, nunka ‘never’, tampoko ‘neither’ and na(a) ‘nothing’ so that these items tend to be accompanied by nu (cf. na nu ‘not anything’). Exceptions to the rule are, however, not uncommon (cf. example [76] in Schwegler & Green (2007: 286), where the speaker omitted the predicate nu). Schwegler (1996) — the only source to have examined Palenquero negative concord in any detail — notes, however, that the usage of these items is complicated and would require a study in itself.",1359[287],48-177 48-182 48-183,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +48-103-7,48,103,7,103-7,"The SVO word order is used for both declarative and interrogative sentences (contrary to Spanish, subject/verb inversion does not exist in interrogatives). This holds for yes/no interrogatives as well as those introduced by question words that in Standard Spanish cause the obligatory switch from SVO to wh-VSO.",353[169];1359[303],48-129 48-17 48-176 48-18 48-184,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +48-104-1,48,104,1,104-1,Nominal clefting has not been studied in any depth in Palenquero. The observations provided here are thus tentative.,,48-185,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-105-3,48,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-106-2,48,106,2,106-2,,,48-187,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-107-1,48,107,1,107-1,Vocative expressions have not been studied in any depth in Palenquero.,,48-188,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 48-108-1,48,108,1,108-1,"An alveo-dental ""wet"" double click indicates ""negative"" (i.e. rejection of previous proposition). Example: @@ -13060,9 +13060,9 @@ Example: Was it any good? [d-d] = NO -The use of this click is not unique to Palenque, as it is also found in other parts fo the Spanish-speaking world.",,,100.0,Intermediate -48-109-2,48,109,2,109-2,"The explanation for the absence of pequenino may lay in the uniform nature of Palenquero's Kikongo substrate: in Palenque, moná (derived from Kikongo mwana 'child, offspring' is the word for 'small; child; offspring', and it is a much used word, so much so that even monolingual speakers of Spanish in the community know it.",,,100.0,Certain -48-11-3,48,11,3,11-3,,,48-15 48-16,100.0,Certain +The use of this click is not unique to Palenque, as it is also found in other parts fo the Spanish-speaking world.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-109-2,48,109,2,109-2,"The explanation for the absence of pequenino may lay in the uniform nature of Palenquero's Kikongo substrate: in Palenque, moná (derived from Kikongo mwana 'child, offspring' is the word for 'small; child; offspring', and it is a much used word, so much so that even monolingual speakers of Spanish in the community know it.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-11-3,48,11,3,11-3,,,48-15 48-16,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 48-110-1,48,110,1,110-1,"There are no indications in the phonology of Palenquero sabé 'to know' that the item was derived from Portuguese rather than Spanish. Note that saber is bifunctional in Palenquero. That is, it has the lexical meaning of 'to know', and also a strictly aspectual function, i.e. HABITUAL, comparable to Spanish soler. @@ -13070,244 +13070,244 @@ Note that saber is bifunctional in Palenquero. That is, it has the lexical meani Preverbal asé or sabé (the latter being a far less frequent though not uncommon marker) are used to express habitual aspect. Habitual aspect is, however, often simply implied, i.e. not expressed overtly by asé or sabé. Note: the HABITUAL use of Palenquero sabé is a feature that was once common in Spanish. See: -Lida Malkiel (1948/1949: 269–283).",1359[280],48-189 48-20 48-23 48-24 48-92,100.0,Very certain -48-111-1,48,111,1,111-1,,,48-190,100.0,Certain -48-112-2,48,112,2,112-2,My information on this point is only tentative.,,48-191 48-192,100.0,Certain -48-113-3,48,113,3,113-3,,,48-193 48-210,100.0,Certain -48-114-2,48,114,2,114-2,,,48-194 48-195,100.0,Very certain -48-115-2,48,115,2,115-2,,,48-196 48-197,100.0,Very certain -48-116-2,48,116,2,116-2,,,48-198 48-199,100.0,Certain +Lida Malkiel (1948/1949: 269–283).",1359[280],48-189 48-20 48-23 48-24 48-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-111-1,48,111,1,111-1,,,48-190,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-112-2,48,112,2,112-2,My information on this point is only tentative.,,48-191 48-192,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +48-113-3,48,113,3,113-3,,,48-193 48-210,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +48-114-2,48,114,2,114-2,,,48-194 48-195,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-115-2,48,115,2,115-2,,,48-196 48-197,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-116-2,48,116,2,116-2,,,48-198 48-199,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 48-117-5,48,117,5,117-5,"The sex of animals is not normally marked or expressed in Palenquero, and context is used instead. One could (somewhat artificially so) express the sex of animals in the way shown in the examples I provide, but these are based on ways in which sex is expressed for humans, that is, in: moná hembra [child female] 'girl' -moná barón [child male] 'boy'",,48-200 48-201,100.0,Certain -48-118-2,48,118,2,118-2,,353[104s],48-202 48-203 48-204 48-205,100.0,Certain -48-119-2,48,119,2,119-2,,353[104s],48-205 48-206,100.0,Certain -48-12-1,48,12,1,12-1,,,48-17,70.0,Very certain -48-12-2,48,12,2,12-2,,,48-18,30.0,Certain -48-120-1,48,120,1,120-1,"In Hualde & Schwegler (2008), we identify several specific intonational features where conservative (or older-generation) Palenquero differs from (Caribbean) Spanish. One of these features is a strong tendency to use invariant word-level contours, with a H pitch on the stressed syllable and L pitches on unstressed syllables, in all sentential contexts, including prenuclear positions. A second feature that we have identified is the use of a sustained phrase-final high or mid-level contour in declaratives accented on the final syllable, and a long fall in declaratives accented on the penult.",654[n/a],,100.0,Certain -48-121-3,48,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -48-122-4,48,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -48-123-4,48,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -48-124-3,48,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0, -48-125-4,48,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -48-126-3,48,126,3,126-3,"Since syllable-final /s/ in Spanish (where /s/ is often assimilated to [z], as in mismo > [mizmo]) is consistently lost in Palenquero, the creole does not normally have [z]. It does, however, sometimes occur in Spanish loanwords.",,,100.0, -48-127-4,48,127,4,127-4,,,,100.0, -48-128-1,48,128,1,128-1,"Palatal [ɲ] occurs as a phone, and also as allophone of /n/ when followed by a palatal glide (same situation as in Spanish).",,48-231,100.0, -48-129-1,48,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -48-13-1,48,13,1,13-1,,353[138ff];1359[294],48-19 48-20,100.0,Very certain -48-130-1,48,130,1,130-1,"There are multiple sources for [h] in Palenquero. For instance, in the above example hecho, the aspirate [h] is an archaic feature of dialectal Spanish (the [h] is articulated, contrary to Standard Spanish, where the in hecho is never articulated).",,48-228,100.0, +moná barón [child male] 'boy'",,48-200 48-201,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +48-118-2,48,118,2,118-2,,353[104s],48-202 48-203 48-204 48-205,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +48-119-2,48,119,2,119-2,,353[104s],48-205 48-206,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +48-12-1,48,12,1,12-1,,,48-17,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-12-2,48,12,2,12-2,,,48-18,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-120-1,48,120,1,120-1,"In Hualde & Schwegler (2008), we identify several specific intonational features where conservative (or older-generation) Palenquero differs from (Caribbean) Spanish. One of these features is a strong tendency to use invariant word-level contours, with a H pitch on the stressed syllable and L pitches on unstressed syllables, in all sentential contexts, including prenuclear positions. A second feature that we have identified is the use of a sustained phrase-final high or mid-level contour in declaratives accented on the final syllable, and a long fall in declaratives accented on the penult.",654[n/a],,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +48-121-3,48,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +48-122-4,48,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +48-123-4,48,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-124-3,48,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +48-125-4,48,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-126-3,48,126,3,126-3,"Since syllable-final /s/ in Spanish (where /s/ is often assimilated to [z], as in mismo > [mizmo]) is consistently lost in Palenquero, the creole does not normally have [z]. It does, however, sometimes occur in Spanish loanwords.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +48-127-4,48,127,4,127-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +48-128-1,48,128,1,128-1,"Palatal [ɲ] occurs as a phone, and also as allophone of /n/ when followed by a palatal glide (same situation as in Spanish).",,48-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +48-129-1,48,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +48-13-1,48,13,1,13-1,,353[138ff];1359[294],48-19 48-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +48-130-1,48,130,1,130-1,"There are multiple sources for [h] in Palenquero. For instance, in the above example hecho, the aspirate [h] is an archaic feature of dialectal Spanish (the [h] is articulated, contrary to Standard Spanish, where the in hecho is never articulated).",,48-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 48-131,48,131,1,131-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /p/ vs. /•p/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Spanish capa > Pal. kapa -Spanish carpa > Pal. kappa.",,48-212,100.0, +Spanish carpa > Pal. kappa.",,48-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-132,48,132,1,132-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /b/ vs. /bb/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Spanish cabo > Pal. kabo -Spanish calvo > Pal. kabbo.",,48-214,100.0, +Spanish calvo > Pal. kabbo.",,48-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-133,48,133,1,133-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /t/ vs. /•t/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Spanish mata > Pal. mata -Spanish Marta > Pal. Matta.",,,100.0, +Spanish Marta > Pal. Matta.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-134,48,134,1,134-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /d/ vs. /dd/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Spanish soda > Pal. soda Spanishsorda > Pal. sodda. -Note: the behaviour of /d/ in Palenquero is similar to that of /d/ in Spanish in that the occlusive allophone occurs (1) after nasals (as in mandá) and (2) after a pause (where it alternates with the fricative variant).",1367,48-215,100.0, -48-137,48,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -48-138,48,138,2,138-2,"In words like fuerza, the consonant cluster is sometimes articulated with a [d͡z], as in [fwed͡zra].",,,100.0, -48-139,48,139,1,139-1,,,48-219,100.0, -48-14-1,48,14,1,14-1,"Suto ('we'), utere ('you') and ané ('they') can be any number of individuals (or objects in the case of the third person). There does exist a special expression that insists on 'the two of us', which is suto ndo (lit. 'we two'). The same holds for the other plural pronouns (suto ndo, utere ndo, ané ndo 'the two of us, the two of you, the two of them'). This ""dual form"" is fairly common in daily speech, but it is probably not a grammatical dual form, as utere tre ('the three of you') is also possible.",353[155];1359[298ss],48-21,100.0,Very certain +Note: the behaviour of /d/ in Palenquero is similar to that of /d/ in Spanish in that the occlusive allophone occurs (1) after nasals (as in mandá) and (2) after a pause (where it alternates with the fricative variant).",1367,48-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-137,48,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-138,48,138,2,138-2,"In words like fuerza, the consonant cluster is sometimes articulated with a [d͡z], as in [fwed͡zra].",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +48-139,48,139,1,139-1,,,48-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-14-1,48,14,1,14-1,"Suto ('we'), utere ('you') and ané ('they') can be any number of individuals (or objects in the case of the third person). There does exist a special expression that insists on 'the two of us', which is suto ndo (lit. 'we two'). The same holds for the other plural pronouns (suto ndo, utere ndo, ané ndo 'the two of us, the two of you, the two of them'). This ""dual form"" is fairly common in daily speech, but it is probably not a grammatical dual form, as utere tre ('the three of you') is also possible.",353[155];1359[298ss],48-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 48-140,48,140,2,140-2,"Contrary to what some Spanish dialects (e.g. Rio de la Plata) do, Palenquero does not normally use the affricate in words like yo, llegá(r), llamar, etc. -Occasionally, the affricate can, however, be heard, especially in emphatic speech.",,48-220,100.0, -48-143,48,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -48-144,48,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -48-145,48,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -48-146,48,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, +Occasionally, the affricate can, however, be heard, especially in emphatic speech.",,48-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +48-143,48,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-144,48,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-145,48,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-146,48,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 48-147,48,147,1,147-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /k/ vs. /•k/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Spanish taco > Pal. tako = [tako] -Spanish talco > Pal. takko = [ta•ko].",,48-213,100.0, -48-148,48,148,1,148-1,,,48-216,100.0, +Spanish talco > Pal. takko = [ta•ko].",,48-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-148,48,148,1,148-1,,,48-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-149,48,149,1,149-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /g/ vs. /gg/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Spanish lago > Pal. lago -Spanish largo > Pal. laggo.",,48-217,100.0, -48-15-1,48,15,1,15-1,,353[155ss];1359[298ss],48-58,100.0,Certain -48-151,48,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -48-152,48,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -48-153,48,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, +Spanish largo > Pal. laggo.",,48-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-15-1,48,15,1,15-1,,353[155ss];1359[298ss],48-58,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +48-151,48,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-152,48,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-153,48,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 48-155,48,155,1,155-1,"geminate /gg/ and/or /kk/ are at times pronounced as a glottal stop: la[ʔ]o = largo 'long, far' -pwe[ʔ]o = puekko 'pig'",,48-218,100.0, -48-156,48,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -48-158,48,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -48-159,48,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -48-16-1,48,16,1,16-1,"Ele has acquired both a 3rd person singular as well as plural meaning due to accidental homophony that arose when (Afro-)Portuguese ele 'he/she' and (Afro-)Portuguese eles 'they' became ele in Palenquero (word-final -s is routinely lost/omitted in the creole, whence eles > ele 'they'.",1365;1367[260],48-22,100.0,Certain -48-160,48,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -48-161,48,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -48-163,48,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -48-168,48,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -48-169,48,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, +pwe[ʔ]o = puekko 'pig'",,48-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-156,48,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-158,48,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-159,48,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-16-1,48,16,1,16-1,"Ele has acquired both a 3rd person singular as well as plural meaning due to accidental homophony that arose when (Afro-)Portuguese ele 'he/she' and (Afro-)Portuguese eles 'they' became ele in Palenquero (word-final -s is routinely lost/omitted in the creole, whence eles > ele 'they'.",1365;1367[260],48-22,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Schwegler 2002 +48-160,48,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-161,48,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-163,48,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-168,48,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-169,48,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 48-17-2,48,17,2,17-2,"Dependent subject pronouns exist, but only for the singular forms, where they are: i [1SG] bo [2SG] (phonetic variant = o) e [3SG] -Each of these forms appears to have been derived from Kikongo (substrate) sources, but the actual formation of each of these elements must have been complex (for details, see Schwegler 2002).",1359[299ss],48-23 48-24 48-25,100.0,Very certain -48-170,48,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -48-171,48,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -48-172,48,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -48-173,48,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -48-174,48,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -48-176,48,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, +Each of these forms appears to have been derived from Kikongo (substrate) sources, but the actual formation of each of these elements must have been complex (for details, see Schwegler 2002).",1359[299ss],48-23 48-24 48-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Schwegler 2002 +48-170,48,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-171,48,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-172,48,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-173,48,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-174,48,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-176,48,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 48-178,48,178,1,178-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /m/ vs. /mm/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Spanish cama > Pal. kama -Spanish carma > Pal. kamma.",,48-229,100.0, +Spanish carma > Pal. kamma.",,48-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-179,48,179,1,179-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /n/ vs. /•n/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Spanish mina > Pal. mina -Spanish Mirna > Pal. Minna.",,48-230,100.0, +Spanish Mirna > Pal. Minna.",,48-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-18-1,48,18,1,18-1,"Note that Palenquero bo 'you (SG)' often alternates with uté (derived from the Spanish ""polite"" form usted). However, in Palenquero, this alternation seems free, and has no semantic consequences. That is, bo and uté can both be formal and/or informal. Uté is thus not identical to Spanish usted. -Utere < Spanish ustedes ('you [PL]') is the usual form, enú (same meaning as utere) was highly archaic by the 1980s, but has undergone revitalization, as it is now recognized in the community as an ""African"" feature that has special sociolinguistic value. Enú is now used by younger Palenqueros who wish to display their (supposed) ""deep knowledge"" of the creole. Enú is derived from Kikongo, as shown in Schwegler (2002b: 185).",353[156ss];1359[300],48-26 48-27,100.0,Certain -48-180,48,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -48-181,48,181,1,181-1,"Palatal [ɲ] occurs as a phone, and also as allophone of /n/ when followed by a palatal glide (same situation as in Spanish).",,48-231,100.0, +Utere < Spanish ustedes ('you [PL]') is the usual form, enú (same meaning as utere) was highly archaic by the 1980s, but has undergone revitalization, as it is now recognized in the community as an ""African"" feature that has special sociolinguistic value. Enú is now used by younger Palenqueros who wish to display their (supposed) ""deep knowledge"" of the creole. Enú is derived from Kikongo, as shown in Schwegler (2002b: 185).",353[156ss];1359[300],48-26 48-27,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Schwegler 2002 +48-180,48,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-181,48,181,1,181-1,"Palatal [ɲ] occurs as a phone, and also as allophone of /n/ when followed by a palatal glide (same situation as in Spanish).",,48-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-182,48,182,2,182-2,"Velar renditions of /n/ occur -- much like in dialectal Spanish -- in primarily two instances: 1) in word-final position (sin, komehén, ten), where it is reflective of a dialectal feature of Spanish; -2) before velar sounds (banko, tanga), where it is assimilated just like /n/ in Spanish.",,48-232,100.0, -48-183,48,183,1,183-1,"Note that in Spanish, is consistently [r], and so is word-initial [r]. Palenqueros (all of whom speak Spanish) are thus very familiar with the trill [r]. Yet they often articulate a vibrant with a single trill instead (i.e. [ɾ]). Cf. perro 'dog' > [peɾo / pelo].",,48-233,100.0, +2) before velar sounds (banko, tanga), where it is assimilated just like /n/ in Spanish.",,48-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +48-183,48,183,1,183-1,"Note that in Spanish, is consistently [r], and so is word-initial [r]. Palenqueros (all of whom speak Spanish) are thus very familiar with the trill [r]. Yet they often articulate a vibrant with a single trill instead (i.e. [ɾ]). Cf. perro 'dog' > [peɾo / pelo].",,48-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-184,48,184,1,184-1,"In intervocalic position, [ɾ] often alternates with [ð] or [l]; cf. -cada 'each' = ka[ɾ]a ~ ka[l]a ~ ka[ð]a.",,48-234,100.0, -48-187,48,187,2,187-2,"In words like fue 'be', fuego 'fire' and fuette 'strong' the bilabial fricative /f/ is common, and reflects dialectal variation in (rural) Spanish.",,48-221,100.0, -48-188,48,188,2,188-2,"The fricative [β] behaves essentially as in Spanish. Its friction is often very light, so light in fact that it becomes subject to loss.",,48-222,100.0, -48-189,48,189,1,189-1,The voiceless labio-dental fricative [f] alternates with the bilabial fricative [ɸ].,,48-223,100.0, -48-19-1,48,19,1,19-1,,,48-2 48-28 48-29 48-30,100.0,Certain -48-190,48,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -48-191,48,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, +cada 'each' = ka[ɾ]a ~ ka[l]a ~ ka[ð]a.",,48-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-187,48,187,2,187-2,"In words like fue 'be', fuego 'fire' and fuette 'strong' the bilabial fricative /f/ is common, and reflects dialectal variation in (rural) Spanish.",,48-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +48-188,48,188,2,188-2,"The fricative [β] behaves essentially as in Spanish. Its friction is often very light, so light in fact that it becomes subject to loss.",,48-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +48-189,48,189,1,189-1,The voiceless labio-dental fricative [f] alternates with the bilabial fricative [ɸ].,,48-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-19-1,48,19,1,19-1,,,48-2 48-28 48-29 48-30,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-190,48,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-191,48,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 48-192,48,192,2,192-2,"The fricative [ð] behaves essentially as in Spanish. Its friction is often very light, so light in fact that it becomes subject to loss. -[ð] often alternates freely with [r] and [l], but such alternations are in many cases word-specific, i.e. in some words only some alternations are made. For instance, adió 'goodbye' is often pronunced arió, but never *alió.",,48-224,100.0, -48-193,48,193,1,193-1,,,48-225,100.0, -48-194,48,194,3,194-3,"Since syllable-final /s/ in Spanish (where /s/ is often assimilated to [z], as in mismo > [mizmo]) is consistently lost in Palenquero, the creole does not normally have [z]. It does, however, sometimes occur in Spanish loanwords.",,,100.0, -48-195,48,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -48-196,48,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -48-199,48,199,2,199-2,"Usually, /x/ is realized as an aspirate rather than as [x], in tandem with dialectal Spanish habits.",,48-226,100.0, -48-2-2,48,2,2,2-2,,,48-4 48-62,100.0,Very certain -48-20-1,48,20,1,20-1,,,48-31,100.0,Certain -48-200,48,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -48-201,48,201,2,201-2,The fricative allophone of /g/ in Palenquero essentially obeys the rules that pertain to Spanish.,,48-227,100.0, -48-202,48,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -48-205,48,205,1,205-1,"There are multiple sources for [h] in Palenquero. For instance, in the above example hecho, the aspirate [h] is an archaic feature of dialectal Spanish (the [h] is articulated, contrary to Standard Spanish, where the in hecho is never articulated).",,48-228,100.0, +[ð] often alternates freely with [r] and [l], but such alternations are in many cases word-specific, i.e. in some words only some alternations are made. For instance, adió 'goodbye' is often pronunced arió, but never *alió.",,48-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +48-193,48,193,1,193-1,,,48-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-194,48,194,3,194-3,"Since syllable-final /s/ in Spanish (where /s/ is often assimilated to [z], as in mismo > [mizmo]) is consistently lost in Palenquero, the creole does not normally have [z]. It does, however, sometimes occur in Spanish loanwords.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +48-195,48,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-196,48,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-199,48,199,2,199-2,"Usually, /x/ is realized as an aspirate rather than as [x], in tandem with dialectal Spanish habits.",,48-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +48-2-2,48,2,2,2-2,,,48-4 48-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +48-20-1,48,20,1,20-1,,,48-31,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-200,48,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-201,48,201,2,201-2,The fricative allophone of /g/ in Palenquero essentially obeys the rules that pertain to Spanish.,,48-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +48-202,48,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-205,48,205,1,205-1,"There are multiple sources for [h] in Palenquero. For instance, in the above example hecho, the aspirate [h] is an archaic feature of dialectal Spanish (the [h] is articulated, contrary to Standard Spanish, where the in hecho is never articulated).",,48-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-209,48,209,1,209-1,"In intervocalic position, [l] often alternates with [ð] or [ɾ]; cf. cada 'each' = ka[ɾ]a ~ ka[l]a ~ ka[ð]a. Note also that there is single and geminate /l/ vs. /lː/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Spanish cara > Pal. kala -Spanish Carla > Pal. kalla [kalːa].",1367,48-235,100.0, -48-21-2,48,21,2,21-2,,,48-32 48-33 48-34 48-35,100.0,Certain +Spanish Carla > Pal. kalla [kalːa].",1367,48-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-21-2,48,21,2,21-2,,,48-32 48-33 48-34 48-35,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 48-210,48,210,1,210-1,"There is single and geminate /l/ vs. /lː/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Sp. cara > Pal. kala -Sp. Carla > Pal. kalla [kalːa].",,48-252,100.0, -48-212,48,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -48-217,48,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -48-218,48,218,1,218-1,"Usually a fricative and NOT an affricate, contrary to what occurs in some Spanish dialects.",,48-236,100.0, -48-22-4,48,22,4,22-4,"Note that a plural marker is not obligatory in Palenquero. Thus ombe alone can mean 'men' (plural), as nouns are not marked for number in the creole. However, when ma is present, it invariably signals ""plural"". This analysis runs counter to earlier accounts. For a full discussion of the issue, see Schwegler (2007).",1371,48-14 48-36 48-37 48-8,100.0,Very certain -48-221,48,221,1,221-1,The behaviour of /w/ in Palenquero essentially parallels that of /w/ in Spanish.,,48-237,100.0, +Sp. Carla > Pal. kalla [kalːa].",,48-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-212,48,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-217,48,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-218,48,218,1,218-1,"Usually a fricative and NOT an affricate, contrary to what occurs in some Spanish dialects.",,48-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-22-4,48,22,4,22-4,"Note that a plural marker is not obligatory in Palenquero. Thus ombe alone can mean 'men' (plural), as nouns are not marked for number in the creole. However, when ma is present, it invariably signals ""plural"". This analysis runs counter to earlier accounts. For a full discussion of the issue, see Schwegler (2007).",1371,48-14 48-36 48-37 48-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +48-221,48,221,1,221-1,The behaviour of /w/ in Palenquero essentially parallels that of /w/ in Spanish.,,48-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-223,48,223,1,223-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /p/ vs. /pː/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Sp. capa > Pal. kapa = /kapa/ -Sp. carpa > Pal. kappa = /kapːa/.",,48-254,100.0, +Sp. carpa > Pal. kappa = /kapːa/.",,48-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-224,48,224,1,224-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /b/ vs. /bː/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Sp. cabo > Pal. kabo = /kabo/ -Sp. calvo > Pal. kabbo = /kabːo/.",,48-249,100.0, +Sp. calvo > Pal. kabbo = /kabːo/.",,48-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-225,48,225,1,225-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /t/ vs. /t:/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Sp. mata > Pal. mata = [mata] -Sp. Marta > Pal. Matta = [matːa].",,48-253,100.0, +Sp. Marta > Pal. Matta = [matːa].",,48-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-226,48,226,1,226-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /d/ vs. /dː/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f) Thus: Sp. soda > Pal. soda = /soda/ -Sp. sorda > Pal. sodda = /sodːa/.",,48-248,100.0, +Sp. sorda > Pal. sodda = /sodːa/.",,48-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-227,48,227,1,227-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /k/ vs. /kː/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Sp. taco > Pal. tako = [tako] -Sp. talco > Pal. takko = [takːo].",,48-255,100.0, +Sp. talco > Pal. takko = [takːo].",,48-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-228,48,228,1,228-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /g/ vs. /•g/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Sp. lago > Pal. lago = /lago/ -Sp. largo > Pal. laggo = /lagːo/.",,48-250,100.0, +Sp. largo > Pal. laggo = /lagːo/.",,48-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-229,48,229,1,229-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /m/ vs. /mː/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Sp. cama > Pal. kama = /kama/ -Sp. carma > Pal. kamma = /kamːa/.",,48-251,100.0, +Sp. carma > Pal. kamma = /kamːa/.",,48-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-23-7,48,23,7,23-7,"Ma is the pluralizer par excellence in Palenquero, though it is never obligatory (context alone often suffices to mark plural, and ma is omitted). Interestingly, Spanish los (masculine) and las (feminine) never hold a pluralizing function, though these two plural markers from the superstrate are fairly common in Palenquero, as they are used in frozen expressions like a la(s) kuatro 'at four o'clock'. -For details and pertinent references, see Schwegler (2007).",1371,48-38 48-39 48-40 48-41,100.0,Unspecified +For details and pertinent references, see Schwegler (2007).",1371,48-38 48-39 48-40 48-41,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", 48-230,48,230,1,230-1,"Note that there is single and geminate /n/ vs. /n:/, as explained in Schwegler (1998: 265f). Thus: Sp. mina > Pal. mina -Sp. Mirna > Pal. Minna.",,48-256,100.0, -48-231,48,231,1,231-1,"Prenasalization is very common in Palenquero, and can occur in all words beginning with b-, regardless of their origin (Spanish words are prenasalized just as much as words derived from Kikongo, Palenquero's main substrate).",,48-245,100.0, -48-232,48,232,1,232-1,"Prenasalization is very common in Palenquero, and can occur in all words beginning with n-, regardless of their origin (Spanish words are prenasalized just as much as words derived from Kikongo, Palenquero's main substrate).",,48-247,100.0, -48-235,48,235,1,235-1,"Prenasalization is very common in Palenquero, and can occur in all words beginning with g-, regardless of their origin (Spanish words are prenasalized just as much as words derived from Kikongo, Palenquero's main substrate).",,48-246,100.0, -48-24-4,48,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Certain -48-25-3,48,25,3,25-3,,,48-37 48-92,100.0,Very certain -48-252,48,252,1,252-1,"Nasal variants also exist, but nasals variants are free (in the presence of nasals, nasalization of vowel is a conditioned phenomenon), parallel to what occurs in Spanish",,48-238,100.0, +Sp. Mirna > Pal. Minna.",,48-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-231,48,231,1,231-1,"Prenasalization is very common in Palenquero, and can occur in all words beginning with b-, regardless of their origin (Spanish words are prenasalized just as much as words derived from Kikongo, Palenquero's main substrate).",,48-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-232,48,232,1,232-1,"Prenasalization is very common in Palenquero, and can occur in all words beginning with n-, regardless of their origin (Spanish words are prenasalized just as much as words derived from Kikongo, Palenquero's main substrate).",,48-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-235,48,235,1,235-1,"Prenasalization is very common in Palenquero, and can occur in all words beginning with g-, regardless of their origin (Spanish words are prenasalized just as much as words derived from Kikongo, Palenquero's main substrate).",,48-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-24-4,48,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-25-3,48,25,3,25-3,,,48-37 48-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-252,48,252,1,252-1,"Nasal variants also exist, but nasals variants are free (in the presence of nasals, nasalization of vowel is a conditioned phenomenon), parallel to what occurs in Spanish",,48-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-253,48,253,1,253-1,"[e] is an allophone of /e/. -Nasal variants also exist, but nasals variants are free (in the presence of nasals, nasalization of vowel is a conditioned phenomenon), parallel to what occurs in Spanish",,48-239,100.0, +Nasal variants also exist, but nasals variants are free (in the presence of nasals, nasalization of vowel is a conditioned phenomenon), parallel to what occurs in Spanish",,48-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-254,48,254,2,254-2,"[ɛ] is an allophone of /e/. -Nasal variants also exist, but nasals variants are free (in the presence of nasals, nasalization of vowel is a conditioned phenomenon), parallel to what occurs in Spanish",,48-240,100.0, -48-255,48,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -48-256,48,256,1,256-1,,,48-241,100.0, -48-257,48,257,1,257-1,"Nasal variants also exist, but nasals variants are free (in the presence of nasals, nasalization of vowel is a conditioned phenomenon), parallel to what occurs in Spanish",,48-242,100.0, +Nasal variants also exist, but nasals variants are free (in the presence of nasals, nasalization of vowel is a conditioned phenomenon), parallel to what occurs in Spanish",,48-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +48-255,48,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-256,48,256,1,256-1,,,48-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-257,48,257,1,257-1,"Nasal variants also exist, but nasals variants are free (in the presence of nasals, nasalization of vowel is a conditioned phenomenon), parallel to what occurs in Spanish",,48-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-258,48,258,1,258-1,"[o] is an allophone of /o/. -Nasal variants also exist, but nasals variants are free (in the presence of nasals, nasalization of vowel is a conditioned phenomenon), parallel to what occurs in Spanish",,48-243,100.0, +Nasal variants also exist, but nasals variants are free (in the presence of nasals, nasalization of vowel is a conditioned phenomenon), parallel to what occurs in Spanish",,48-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 48-259,48,259,1,259-1,"[ɔ] is an allophone of /o/. -Nasal variants also exist, but nasals variants are free (in the presence of nasals, nasalization of vowel is a conditioned phenomenon), parallel to what occurs in Spanish",,48-244,100.0, -48-26-1,48,26,1,26-1,"See Moñino & Ortiz (1999) for a list of approximately 20 reduplications, many of which are of African (Kikongo) origin. These are, however, all lexical (non-productive)",980,,100.0,Certain -48-260,48,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -48-261,48,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -48-263,48,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -48-267,48,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -48-268,48,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -48-27-2,48,27,2,27-2,,,48-42 48-43,100.0,Certain -48-272,48,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -48-273,48,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -48-274,48,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -48-275,48,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -48-276,48,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -48-277,48,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -48-278,48,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -48-279,48,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, +Nasal variants also exist, but nasals variants are free (in the presence of nasals, nasalization of vowel is a conditioned phenomenon), parallel to what occurs in Spanish",,48-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +48-26-1,48,26,1,26-1,"See Moñino & Ortiz (1999) for a list of approximately 20 reduplications, many of which are of African (Kikongo) origin. These are, however, all lexical (non-productive)",980,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge; Own knowledge +48-260,48,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-261,48,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-263,48,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-267,48,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-268,48,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-27-2,48,27,2,27-2,,,48-42 48-43,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-272,48,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-273,48,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-274,48,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-275,48,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-276,48,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-277,48,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-278,48,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-279,48,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 48-28-4,48,28,4,28-4,"Palenquero has no definite articles in the singular (contrary to Spanish); scholars (e.g. Patiño Rosselli) had generally argued that the creole does have a definite plural marker, i.e. ma — Kikongo-derived ma (Pluralia tantum). Note, however, that this definite plural marker ma is never obligatory, and therefore never predictable, and may (upon closer analysis) not signal ±definite. At the same time, it is true that when ma is present, the noun is always marked for plurality (but not necessarily for definiteness), as shown in Example 14 un ma kusa 'some things', or ma ngombe 'cattle (in general)', often spelt mangonmbe because it is perceived as a single indefinite (group) entitiy. Schwegler (2007) examines this and related issues in detail. -While the role of ma has been studied to considerable extent, the same is not true of ese 'this', a demonstrative (derived from Spanish ese 'that (one)', which often seems to have article-like functions (implying definiteness), as in ese ma mona lo ke ta aí 'that/the boy that is over there'. The precise role(s) or function(s) of ese deserve closer study. To date, no published information on its use is available.",1371,48-8 48-9,100.0,Certain -48-280,48,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -48-281,48,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -48-282,48,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -48-284,48,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -48-285,48,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -48-286,48,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -48-287,48,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -48-288,48,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -48-289,48,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -48-29-2,48,29,2,29-2,"Un marks indefiniteness in the singular as well as plural (cf. un kasa, un ma kasa). Note that the feminine ""Spanish counterpart"" una is never used to mark indefiniteness (since gender is not expressed in Palenquero articles). Note, however, that as argued in Schwegler (2007), although common, articles in Palenquero are not obligatory (this includes un).",353[140];1371[N/A],48-12 48-14 48-19 48-6,100.0,Very certain -48-290,48,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -48-291,48,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -48-3-2,48,3,2,3-2,,,48-6,30.0,Very certain -48-3-1,48,3,1,3-1,,,48-5,70.0,Very certain +While the role of ma has been studied to considerable extent, the same is not true of ese 'this', a demonstrative (derived from Spanish ese 'that (one)', which often seems to have article-like functions (implying definiteness), as in ese ma mona lo ke ta aí 'that/the boy that is over there'. The precise role(s) or function(s) of ese deserve closer study. To date, no published information on its use is available.",1371,48-8 48-9,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +48-280,48,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-281,48,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-282,48,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-284,48,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-285,48,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-286,48,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-287,48,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-288,48,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-289,48,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-29-2,48,29,2,29-2,"Un marks indefiniteness in the singular as well as plural (cf. un kasa, un ma kasa). Note that the feminine ""Spanish counterpart"" una is never used to mark indefiniteness (since gender is not expressed in Palenquero articles). Note, however, that as argued in Schwegler (2007), although common, articles in Palenquero are not obligatory (this includes un).",353[140];1371[N/A],48-12 48-14 48-19 48-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +48-290,48,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-291,48,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-3-2,48,3,2,3-2,,,48-6,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-3-1,48,3,1,3-1,,,48-5,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 48-30-2,48,30,2,30-2,"While the bare singular noun phrase can (and often does) express generic noun phrases in subject function, that same function is frequently also expressed with the plural article present. Thus: hende ri Palengue @@ -13315,35 +13315,35 @@ ma hende ri Palengue can both have the generic meaning of 'Palenqueros (in general)'. -That said, the phenomenon needs to be studied in greater depth.",,48-44 48-45,100.0,Very certain -48-308-4,48,308,4,308-4,,1359[273-275];353[passim],,100.0,Very certain -48-309-4,48,309,4,309-4,"Strange as it may sound, within the context of Palenque, this question is difficult to answer. Today (as throughout much/most of the 20th century), the creole (active knowledge) is generally acquired in adolescence rather than in childhood. Between 1975 and 2000, massive language abandonment (in favour of Spanish) took place; however, a dramatic turn-around of affairs in the new millenium has given the creole a new lifeline. Speaking lengua (Creole) is now fashionable in Palenque, and visitors from far away regularly flock to Palenque to witness its local cultures and language. For additional information, see Schwegler 2011a, Schwegler 2011b and Schwegler 2012.",1358;1685,,100.0,Very certain -48-31-4,48,31,4,31-4,,353[146],,100.0,Certain -48-310-4,48,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0, +That said, the phenomenon needs to be studied in greater depth.",,48-44 48-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-308-4,48,308,4,308-4,,1359[273-275];353[passim],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +48-309-4,48,309,4,309-4,"Strange as it may sound, within the context of Palenque, this question is difficult to answer. Today (as throughout much/most of the 20th century), the creole (active knowledge) is generally acquired in adolescence rather than in childhood. Between 1975 and 2000, massive language abandonment (in favour of Spanish) took place; however, a dramatic turn-around of affairs in the new millenium has given the creole a new lifeline. Speaking lengua (Creole) is now fashionable in Palenque, and visitors from far away regularly flock to Palenque to witness its local cultures and language. For additional information, see Schwegler 2011a, Schwegler 2011b and Schwegler 2012.",1358;1685,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +48-31-4,48,31,4,31-4,,353[146],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-310-4,48,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", 48-311-2,48,311,2,311-2,"Due to the recent change in attitudes in Palenque, locals now have a greater interest in learning the creole. This change in the momentum of the local language is so recent that it is difficult to assess how many adolescent/adult individuals are now learning the creole. -For a first description of this language shift, see Schwegler 2012.",,,100.0,Intermediate +For a first description of this language shift, see Schwegler 2012.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal in situ observation (2009) 48-312-2,48,312,2,312-2,"This question is difficult to answer, in part because on the one hand, generational language abandonment was widespread in post 1970s Palenque, but on the other hand, the recent dramatic reversal in language attitudes has now seemingly stopped and perhaps reversed the earlier situation (see the comments on the Features ""Native speakers"" and ""Increasing use""). -For a first description of this language shift, see Schwegler 2012.",,,100.0,Uncertain -48-313-3,48,313,3,313-3,"Informal estimates of the size of the Creole-speaking community have varied. It may lie in the vicinity of 2,000-2,500 speakers (overall size of community = approx. 4,000-5,000).",1359[273],,100.0,Very certain -48-314-3,48,314,3,314-3,,353[passim],,100.0,Very certain -48-315-3,48,315,3,315-3,"Prior to this millennium, Colombians were practically unaware of the existence of Palenquero. The creole (and Palenque in and of itself) has now become famous, and many Colombians are currently aware of its existence. This is especially true in the academic community, and in and around Cartagena.",,,100.0,Certain -48-316-4,48,316,4,316-4,,,,100.0,Very certain +For a first description of this language shift, see Schwegler 2012.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +48-313-3,48,313,3,313-3,"Informal estimates of the size of the Creole-speaking community have varied. It may lie in the vicinity of 2,000-2,500 speakers (overall size of community = approx. 4,000-5,000).",1359[273],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +48-314-3,48,314,3,314-3,,353[passim],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-315-3,48,315,3,315-3,"Prior to this millennium, Colombians were practically unaware of the existence of Palenquero. The creole (and Palenque in and of itself) has now become famous, and many Colombians are currently aware of its existence. This is especially true in the academic community, and in and around Cartagena.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal observation +48-316-4,48,316,4,316-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation 48-317-2,48,317,2,317-2,"Historically, the language has always been used in the local lumbalu, a funeral (musical) tradition with strong African roots (Schwegler 1996). -Palenquero musicians have become famous, and they now routinely ""exploit"" the creole in their compositions. Interestingly, visitors (tourists) to Palenque and others who hear the creole in a musical context often think that it is ""ancestral African text"" (i.e. an African tongue) rather than a creole.",1366[passim],,100.0,Certain -48-318-4,48,318,4,318-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -48-319-4,48,319,4,319-4,,,,100.0, -48-32-1,48,32,1,32-1,,,48-47 48-48 48-49,100.0,Very certain -48-320-4,48,320,4,320-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -48-321-4,48,321,4,321-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -48-322-4,48,322,4,322-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -48-323-4,48,323,4,323-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -48-324-2,48,324,2,324-2,"Prior to the mid 1990s, Palenquero was never taught in school. Thanks to the initiative of two local teachers, the situation began to change, and currently in secondary (but not in primary) school, the creole is taught in the form of ""lengua lessons"", usually an hour or two per week.",1685,,100.0,Certain -48-325-2,48,325,2,325-2,"Use of lengua in electronic media is very limited because access to such media in Palenque is limited. In e-mailing with me, several Palenqueros have, however, begun to use lengua.",,,100.0,Intermediate -48-326-1,48,326,1,326-1,"Palenque has been bilingual (Spanish/Palenquero) for several centuries, and no other languages came in contact with it prior to 2000. Growing tourism currently brings the creole into contact with world languages like English and French, but Palenqueros have virtually no knowledge of them.",,,100.0,Very certain -48-327-4,48,327,4,327-4,,1360,,100.0,Very certain -48-328-4,48,328,4,328-4,"Traditionally, there was no variation. But, due to the recent acquisition of Palenquero by younger speakers (who acquired the language in a school context and possibly from other, non-native or not-fully-proficient speakers) may use a morphosyntax that differs from the ""old"" standard.",,,100.0,Certain -48-329-4,48,329,4,329-4,,,,100.0,Very certain +Palenquero musicians have become famous, and they now routinely ""exploit"" the creole in their compositions. Interestingly, visitors (tourists) to Palenque and others who hear the creole in a musical context often think that it is ""ancestral African text"" (i.e. an African tongue) rather than a creole.",1366[passim],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +48-318-4,48,318,4,318-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation +48-319-4,48,319,4,319-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation +48-32-1,48,32,1,32-1,,,48-47 48-48 48-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-320-4,48,320,4,320-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation +48-321-4,48,321,4,321-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation +48-322-4,48,322,4,322-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation +48-323-4,48,323,4,323-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation +48-324-2,48,324,2,324-2,"Prior to the mid 1990s, Palenquero was never taught in school. Thanks to the initiative of two local teachers, the situation began to change, and currently in secondary (but not in primary) school, the creole is taught in the form of ""lengua lessons"", usually an hour or two per week.",1685,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +48-325-2,48,325,2,325-2,"Use of lengua in electronic media is very limited because access to such media in Palenque is limited. In e-mailing with me, several Palenqueros have, however, begun to use lengua.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal observation +48-326-1,48,326,1,326-1,"Palenque has been bilingual (Spanish/Palenquero) for several centuries, and no other languages came in contact with it prior to 2000. Growing tourism currently brings the creole into contact with world languages like English and French, but Palenqueros have virtually no knowledge of them.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal observation +48-327-4,48,327,4,327-4,,1360,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +48-328-4,48,328,4,328-4,"Traditionally, there was no variation. But, due to the recent acquisition of Palenquero by younger speakers (who acquired the language in a school context and possibly from other, non-native or not-fully-proficient speakers) may use a morphosyntax that differs from the ""old"" standard.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation +48-329-4,48,329,4,329-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation 48-33-2,48,33,2,33-2,"Palenquero essentially uses a two-way contrast ('this one here', 'this one there'), and occasionally a third contrast ('this one there' (further removed than 'that one').The third contrast uses the word aké < Spanish aquel, and I suspect that its use is mainly superstrate-driven (it is not very common). We thus have: ese akí (close) ese aí (there) @@ -13374,13 +13374,13 @@ Note that ese is by far the most common ""distance demonstrative"", while ete < Note that the two major mechanisms by which distance contrasts are expressed can also be combined so that they co-occur, as in: ese ombe akí 'this man' -ese ombe aí 'that man'.",353[149s];1359[302],48-50 48-51 48-52 48-53 48-54,100.0,Certain -48-330-4,48,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -48-331-4,48,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -48-332-4,48,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -48-333-4,48,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -48-334-4,48,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -48-34-1,48,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain +ese ombe aí 'that man'.",353[149s];1359[302],48-50 48-51 48-52 48-53 48-54,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +48-330-4,48,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation +48-331-4,48,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation +48-332-4,48,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation +48-333-4,48,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation +48-334-4,48,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal observation +48-34-1,48,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 48-35-2,48,35,2,35-2,"The system mirrors that of Spanish: Palenquero: @@ -13391,8 +13391,8 @@ kuarto < Spanish cuarto kinto < Spanish quinto etc. -The Palenquero/Spanish forms are virtually homophonous. The differences are thus merely orthographic, except that Palenquero forms generally don't have feminine gender counterparts. But Palenqueros often make exceptions to this rule. For instance: in reference to the first female child, they often say la primera, thus marking the word for ""sex"", using Spanish gender.",,48-55 48-56,100.0,Certain -48-36-1,48,36,1,36-1,,,48-57 48-58,100.0,Certain +The Palenquero/Spanish forms are virtually homophonous. The differences are thus merely orthographic, except that Palenquero forms generally don't have feminine gender counterparts. But Palenqueros often make exceptions to this rule. For instance: in reference to the first female child, they often say la primera, thus marking the word for ""sex"", using Spanish gender.",,48-55 48-56,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +48-36-1,48,36,1,36-1,,,48-57 48-58,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 48-37-2,48,37,2,37-2,"Possessive adjectives consistently follow the noun they modify, and this despite the fact that in the superstrate their order is prenominal (cf. Spanish mi amigo vs. Palenquero amigo mi ‘my friend’). This difference in word order is probably due to substrate influence since Kikongo áami ‘my’ and similar possessive adjectives consistently follow rather than precede nouns. Palenquero si 'your' (amigo si 'your friend') also appears to be from Kikongo (cp. Kikongo zi 'your(PL)'), though nothing has been published yet on its etymology (Spanish is not a plausible source in this case). The presence of a possessive adjective often serves to indicate that a code-switch has taken place (on the general difficulty of determining the exact locus of codeswitches in Palenquero, see Schwegler & Morton (2003)). Thus native speakers would immediately realize that the following statement contains two distinct codes, Spanish and Creole: @@ -13402,7 +13402,7 @@ The presence of a possessive adjective often serves to indicate that a code-swit ------------------------------- -There are also alternative constructions to signal nominal possession, the most common one being the use of ri 'of', as in moná ri ele 'child of him/her' = 'his/her child'.",1359[297];353[147],48-59 48-60,75.0,Very certain +There are also alternative constructions to signal nominal possession, the most common one being the use of ri 'of', as in moná ri ele 'child of him/her' = 'his/her child'.",1359[297];353[147],48-59 48-60,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-0000FF-25-ADD8E6.png""}", 48-37-6,48,37,6,37-6,"Possessive adjectives consistently follow the noun they modify, and this despite the fact that in the superstrate their order is prenominal (cf. Spanish mi amigo vs. Palenquero amigo mi ‘my friend’). This difference in word order is probably due to substrate influence since Kikongo áami ‘my’ and similar possessive adjectives consistently follow rather than precede nouns. Palenquero si 'your' (amigo si 'your friend') also appears to be from Kikongo (cp. Kikongo zi 'your(PL)'), though nothing has been published yet on its etymology (Spanish is not a plausible source in this case). The presence of a possessive adjective often serves to indicate that a code-switch has taken place (on the general difficulty of determining the exact locus of codeswitches in Palenquero, see Schwegler & Morton (2003)). Thus native speakers would immediately realize that the following statement contains two distinct codes, Spanish and Creole: @@ -13412,31 +13412,31 @@ The presence of a possessive adjective often serves to indicate that a code-swit ------------------------------- -There are also alternative constructions to signal nominal possession, the most common one being the use of ri 'of', as in moná ri ele 'child of him/her' = 'his/her child'.",1359[297];353[147],48-61,25.0,Certain +There are also alternative constructions to signal nominal possession, the most common one being the use of ri 'of', as in moná ri ele 'child of him/her' = 'his/her child'.",1359[297];353[147],48-61,25.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-0000FF-25-ADD8E6.png""}", 48-38-4,48,38,4,38-4,"Palenquero expresses the nominal relation of possessed + possessor in two ways: via a direct construction (juxtaposition of elements), or via one in which ri ‘of’ (variants re, de, di, i, e, etc.) connects the two nouns. The relation between two nouns (N + N) or between a noun and nominal substitute (N + Pro) is always expressed in the order possessed + possessor. We and other specialists (Patiño Rosselli (1983) included) of Palenquero have generally assumed that there exists no semantic difference between the direct and the indirect constructions. Moñino now makes compelling arguments that the situation is not as simple. In N+N syntagms, free variation indeed seems to be occurring so that kala Lole ‘Lole’s face’ could thus just as well have been expressed via kala ri Lole without any change in meaning. -However, in N + P syntagms, the selection between direct and indirect construction is conditioned by the semantic category of the noun. With 1st- and 2nd-person possessive adjectives, a finite list of nouns denoting body parts and family relationships only admit the direct construction (thus tatá sí ‘your dad’ but never *tatá ri sí. With other nouns, the direct as well as the indirect construction is admissible.",1359[296];980,48-64 48-65,30.0,Certain +However, in N + P syntagms, the selection between direct and indirect construction is conditioned by the semantic category of the noun. With 1st- and 2nd-person possessive adjectives, a finite list of nouns denoting body parts and family relationships only admit the direct construction (thus tatá sí ‘your dad’ but never *tatá ri sí. With other nouns, the direct as well as the indirect construction is admissible.",1359[296];980,48-64 48-65,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 48-38-2,48,38,2,38-2,"Palenquero expresses the nominal relation of possessed + possessor in two ways: via a direct construction (juxtaposition of elements), or via one in which ri ‘of’ (variants re, de, di, i, e, etc.) connects the two nouns. The relation between two nouns (N + N) or between a noun and nominal substitute (N + Pro) is always expressed in the order possessed + possessor. We and other specialists (Patiño Rosselli (1983) included) of Palenquero have generally assumed that there exists no semantic difference between the direct and the indirect constructions. Moñino now makes compelling arguments that the situation is not as simple. In N+N syntagms, free variation indeed seems to be occurring so that kala Lole ‘Lole’s face’ could thus just as well have been expressed via kala ri Lole without any change in meaning. -However, in N + P syntagms, the selection between direct and indirect construction is conditioned by the semantic category of the noun. With 1st- and 2nd-person possessive adjectives, a finite list of nouns denoting body parts and family relationships only admit the direct construction (thus tatá sí ‘your dad’ but never *tatá ri sí. With other nouns, the direct as well as the indirect construction is admissible.",1359[296];980,48-62 48-63,70.0,Certain -48-39-2,48,39,2,39-2,,980,48-66 48-67 48-68,100.0,Certain -48-4-2,48,4,2,4-2,,,48-7,100.0,Certain -48-40-2,48,40,2,40-2,"When the referent is +human, gender agreement does occur occasionally, and among speakers of all ages. However, younger Palenqueros, and especially the most recent generation, appear to make gender agreement in cases like this one with a greater frequency.See Example 72 for a case where gender is marked on the adjective.",353[139-140];1359[294-295],48-33 48-5 48-69 48-70 48-71 48-72,100.0,Very certain -48-41-1,48,41,1,41-1,,,48-73 48-74 48-75 48-76 48-77 48-79,100.0,Very certain -48-42-2,48,42,2,42-2,,1359[288],48-77 48-78 48-79,100.0,Very certain +However, in N + P syntagms, the selection between direct and indirect construction is conditioned by the semantic category of the noun. With 1st- and 2nd-person possessive adjectives, a finite list of nouns denoting body parts and family relationships only admit the direct construction (thus tatá sí ‘your dad’ but never *tatá ri sí. With other nouns, the direct as well as the indirect construction is admissible.",1359[296];980,48-62 48-63,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +48-39-2,48,39,2,39-2,,980,48-66 48-67 48-68,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +48-4-2,48,4,2,4-2,,,48-7,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +48-40-2,48,40,2,40-2,"When the referent is +human, gender agreement does occur occasionally, and among speakers of all ages. However, younger Palenqueros, and especially the most recent generation, appear to make gender agreement in cases like this one with a greater frequency.See Example 72 for a case where gender is marked on the adjective.",353[139-140];1359[294-295],48-33 48-5 48-69 48-70 48-71 48-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +48-41-1,48,41,1,41-1,,,48-73 48-74 48-75 48-76 48-77 48-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-42-2,48,42,2,42-2,,1359[288],48-77 48-78 48-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 48-43-4,48,43,4,43-4,"Except for the habitual marker -ba and the progressive marker -ndo (both suffixed to verb), TAM markers are preverbal in Palenquero. This includes the future marker tan, progressive ta, past (or anterior) a, conditional aké, habitual asé, etc. -It should be kept in mind, however, that the postverbal habitual marker -ba and the progressive marker -ndo are very common in the creole, so that Palenqueros are used to seeing at least some TAM particles in post- rather than preverbal position.",353[113];1359[274ss],48-83,9.09090909090909,Very certain +It should be kept in mind, however, that the postverbal habitual marker -ba and the progressive marker -ndo are very common in the creole, so that Palenqueros are used to seeing at least some TAM particles in post- rather than preverbal position.",353[113];1359[274ss],48-83,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-28-0000FF-10-ADD8E6.png""}", 48-43-2,48,43,2,43-2,"Except for the habitual marker -ba and the progressive marker -ndo (both suffixed to verb), TAM markers are preverbal in Palenquero. This includes the future marker tan, progressive ta, past (or anterior) a, conditional aké, habitual asé, etc. -It should be kept in mind, however, that the postverbal habitual marker -ba and the progressive marker -ndo are very common in the creole, so that Palenqueros are used to seeing at least some TAM particles in post- rather than preverbal position.",353[113];1359[274ss],48-81 48-82,27.2727272727273,Very certain +It should be kept in mind, however, that the postverbal habitual marker -ba and the progressive marker -ndo are very common in the creole, so that Palenqueros are used to seeing at least some TAM particles in post- rather than preverbal position.",353[113];1359[274ss],48-81 48-82,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-28-0000FF-10-ADD8E6.png""}", 48-43-1,48,43,1,43-1,"Except for the habitual marker -ba and the progressive marker -ndo (both suffixed to verb), TAM markers are preverbal in Palenquero. This includes the future marker tan, progressive ta, past (or anterior) a, conditional aké, habitual asé, etc. -It should be kept in mind, however, that the postverbal habitual marker -ba and the progressive marker -ndo are very common in the creole, so that Palenqueros are used to seeing at least some TAM particles in post- rather than preverbal position.",353[113];1359[274ss],48-17 48-21 48-29 48-50 48-61 48-80,63.6363636363636,Very certain +It should be kept in mind, however, that the postverbal habitual marker -ba and the progressive marker -ndo are very common in the creole, so that Palenqueros are used to seeing at least some TAM particles in post- rather than preverbal position.",353[113];1359[274ss],48-17 48-21 48-29 48-50 48-61 48-80,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-28-0000FF-10-ADD8E6.png""}", 48-44-8,48,44,8,44-8,"Palenquero typically has one or two TAM markers before the verb (often, verbs can also have no TAM marker at all). Aspect marker -ndo follows the verb, while ba can attach to both preverbal aspect markers as well as the verb itself (i ta-ba ablá-ba = I was speaking, where the progressive is marked three times: ta-, -ba, -ba). Mood marking is limited to IRREALIS (hypothetical, and some ""futures"", as shown in Schwegler (1992)). Mood (hypothetical, contrary to fact) is always expressed with aké. @@ -13464,14 +13464,14 @@ asé vs. a-sé (HABITUAL) atá vs. a-tá (PROG) aké vs. a-ké (IRREALIS) -Until these and related problems are resolved, the analysis presented here (and elsewhere in the literature) is at best tentative.",353[112];1367[256-257];1359[275s],48-17 48-33 48-39 48-46 48-84 48-85 48-86,100.0,Intermediate +Until these and related problems are resolved, the analysis presented here (and elsewhere in the literature) is at best tentative.",353[112];1367[256-257];1359[275s],48-17 48-33 48-39 48-46 48-84 48-85 48-86,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 48-45-3,48,45,3,45-3,"The past imperfective marker ba can be preverbal (when attached to TAM particles) or postverbal. ta-ba kaminá ta-ba kaminá-ba 'was walking' -For a convenient overview of the position of this and related markers in Palenquero, see Schwegler (1998: 256).",1367[256];353[112s];1359[275],48-83 48-87 48-88,100.0,Certain +For a convenient overview of the position of this and related markers in Palenquero, see Schwegler (1998: 256).",1367[256];353[112s];1359[275],48-83 48-87 48-88,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 48-46-3,48,46,3,46-3,"The tightness is quite strong, but varies depending on which particle is meant, as there are at least three progressive markers in Palenquero: ta @@ -13480,7 +13480,7 @@ ta The latter two are always suffixed. -ba can be suffixed to other particles and/or the verb itself. -ndo is always postverbal. -For a convenient overview of the position of this and related markers in Palenquero, see Schwegler (1998: 256).",1367[256];353[112s];1359[275],48-89,100.0,Certain +For a convenient overview of the position of this and related markers in Palenquero, see Schwegler (1998: 256).",1367[256];353[112s];1359[275],48-89,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 48-47-2,48,47,2,47-2,"Much about the TAM system of Palenquero is poorly understood (see Schwegler & Green (2007: 275 section 1.1.) for some of the pertinent issues). The common progressive marker ta is not generally used with stative verbs (thus *i ta kelé bae 'I want to go' is always rendered as i kelé bae). Particularly troublesome in terms of analysis is the presence of the preverbal element a- (which may or may not have morphemic status, as its function or role is unclear). Schwegler & Green (2007: 275) make this point about it in the section on Statives without past reference (slightly edited here to bring it in line with bibliographic and other practices of this Atlas): @@ -13496,38 +13496,38 @@ Statives with non-past reference are expressed in two ways: (a) with the bare ve 1PL ? can PROG laugh PROG NEG ‘We can’t be laughing.’ -It has been argued (e.g.Patiño (1983: 122), Dieck (2002)) that predicate negation structures, relative clauses, and a few other environments strongly favour the omission of preverbal a. My own corpus attests to a similar behavior of a in these environments. The correlation between morphosyntactic environment and presence or absence of certain preverbal markers has only heightened our suspicion that a indeed carries a yet unidentified functional role.",1359[275ss];979[n/a],48-1 48-34 48-38 48-81 48-82 48-90 48-91,100.0,Intermediate +It has been argued (e.g.Patiño (1983: 122), Dieck (2002)) that predicate negation structures, relative clauses, and a few other environments strongly favour the omission of preverbal a. My own corpus attests to a similar behavior of a in these environments. The correlation between morphosyntactic environment and presence or absence of certain preverbal markers has only heightened our suspicion that a indeed carries a yet unidentified functional role.",1359[275ss];979[n/a],48-1 48-34 48-38 48-81 48-82 48-90 48-91,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 48-48-2,48,48,2,48-2,"There are two commonly used habitual markers in Palenquero: asé (past: asé-ba) and sabé (past: sabé-ba or a-sabé-ba). There are derived from Spanish hacer and saber, respectively, both of which held habitual functions in earlier dialectal Spanish (the case of saber is documented, the one of hacer is not, but can be deduced by evidence from the Chota Valley of Highland Ecuador). Preverbal [asé] or sabé, the latter being a far less frequent though not uncommon marker, are used to express habitual aspect. Habitual aspect is, however, often simply implied, i.e. not expressed overtly by [asé] or sabé. Graphic representation of the habitual marker [asé] is the subject of some dispute, which is why we have represented it here in phonetic transcription. Some authors view it as a bi-partite, bi-morphemic element (a-sé or a se rather than asé; cp. Patiño (1983: 118, ex. 33)), but those who favour that analysis have never made clear what the function/meaning of the initial a- would be. - Cases of habitual [se] (rather than [asé] are readily attested, but this variation may at times simply be due to a (substrate-driven?) PL allophonic variation that allows the deletion of unstressed word-initial a- (cf. PL loyo < Spanish arroyo ‘creek’; losu < alosu < Spanish arroz ‘rice’; PL malá < Spanish amarrar ‘to tie, attach’).",1359[275s];1367[256];353[118s],48-51 48-83 48-87 48-92 48-93,100.0,Certain + Cases of habitual [se] (rather than [asé] are readily attested, but this variation may at times simply be due to a (substrate-driven?) PL allophonic variation that allows the deletion of unstressed word-initial a- (cf. PL loyo < Spanish arroyo ‘creek’; losu < alosu < Spanish arroz ‘rice’; PL malá < Spanish amarrar ‘to tie, attach’).",1359[275s];1367[256];353[118s],48-51 48-83 48-87 48-92 48-93,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 48-49-3,48,49,3,49-3,"Palenquero has some markers that are clearly temporal (e.g. tan 'future or imminence') and others that are strictly aspectual (e.g. asé = habitual). -But, as I have stated elsewhere in this Atlas, the Palenquero verb system is still poorly understood, and it is not clear in some cases what is aspectual and what is temporal.",353[113ss];1359[275];1454;1455,48-208 48-80 48-81 48-83 48-85,100.0,Certain -48-5-1,48,5,1,5-1,,,48-8,87.5,Very certain -48-5-2,48,5,2,5-2,,,48-9,12.5,Certain +But, as I have stated elsewhere in this Atlas, the Palenquero verb system is still poorly understood, and it is not clear in some cases what is aspectual and what is temporal.",353[113ss];1359[275];1454;1455,48-208 48-80 48-81 48-83 48-85,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +48-5-1,48,5,1,5-1,,,48-8,87.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-5-2,48,5,2,5-2,,,48-9,12.5,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 48-51-6,48,51,6,51-6,"Statives with non-past reference are expressed in two ways: (a) with the bare verb stem ( __ + V), or (b) with a + the bare verb stem (a + V). Patiño Rosselli (1983: 123) believes that the preverbal particle a in a + V is devoid of any semantic function, and that constructions (a) and (b) are, therefore, in free alternation (cf. [4] to [6] in Schwegler & Green 2007, where polé and a polé appear to have identical meanings). To date, no plausible alternative explanation has been offered, but the suspicion persists that this a does hold a hitherto unidentified function (see also Moñino (1999)). Note, however, that Maurer (1987) showed that the free alternation between zero-marked verbs and verbs marked by a holds also with dynamic verbs referring to a past perfective situation. Maurer also points to the fact that in Bantu languages, stative verbs referring to present events cannot be marked by present tense, but must be marked by the perfect marker (see also Lingala and Mixed Ma'a/Mbugu in this database). This could explain why stative verbs referring to present situations and dynamic verbs referring to past perfective situations are both marked with a in Palenquero, although optionally. -Clearly, additional research is required before we can have a well-grounded understanding of stative vs. dynamic verbs in Palenquero.",1359;353,48-21 48-211 48-97 48-98,100.0,Certain -48-52-1,48,52,1,52-1,,353[113s],48-100 48-52 48-99,100.0,Certain -48-53-1,48,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Certain -48-54-1,48,54,1,54-1,,353;1359,48-101 48-102 48-103,100.0,Certain -48-55-1,48,55,1,55-1,"The construction is possible, but almost certainly rare in Palenquero.",,48-104 48-105 48-106,100.0,Intermediate +Clearly, additional research is required before we can have a well-grounded understanding of stative vs. dynamic verbs in Palenquero.",1359;353,48-21 48-211 48-97 48-98,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +48-52-1,48,52,1,52-1,,353[113s],48-100 48-52 48-99,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-53-1,48,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-54-1,48,54,1,54-1,,353;1359,48-101 48-102 48-103,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-55-1,48,55,1,55-1,"The construction is possible, but almost certainly rare in Palenquero.",,48-104 48-105 48-106,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 48-56-2,48,56,2,56-2,"The prohibitive rarely if ever uses preverbal NEG only. The prohibitive thus has either a double negation (NEG + V + NEG) or postverbal negation (V + NEG). This situation is contrary to declarative negatives, where all three NEG patterns can occur, i.e. NEG + V NEG + V+ NEG -V + NEG",353[170];1359[286],48-107 48-108 48-109 48-110 48-207,100.0,Very certain -48-57-1,48,57,1,57-1,"Spanish ""personal"" a (cp. veo a Pedro 'I see Pedro') is not used in Palenquero. However, among younger speakers (often less proficient than the older generations of Palenquero speakers), this a may occasionally be heard, and is clearly a take-over from Spanish.",353[138s],48-111 48-112,100.0,Certain -48-58-1,48,58,1,58-1,,,48-113 48-3,100.0,Certain +V + NEG",353[170];1359[286],48-107 48-108 48-109 48-110 48-207,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +48-57-1,48,57,1,57-1,"Spanish ""personal"" a (cp. veo a Pedro 'I see Pedro') is not used in Palenquero. However, among younger speakers (often less proficient than the older generations of Palenquero speakers), this a may occasionally be heard, and is clearly a take-over from Spanish.",353[138s],48-111 48-112,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-58-1,48,58,1,58-1,,,48-113 48-3,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 48-59-2,48,59,2,59-2,"The situation is somewhat complex in that there are two ways (sometimes in free variation?) to mark patient personal pronouns. In examining the forms and examples below, readers should keep in mind that lo is an object but not a subject form (the subject form is ele). The first option mirrors that of Spanish: @@ -13540,28 +13540,28 @@ I kelé toká-ele. 'I want to touch it.' Patiño Rosselli (1983: 163–164) examines the difference between the two constructions, but the question deserves closer scrutiny. -One final note: in some persons (e.g. second singular), there is no nominative-accusative distinction.",353[162s],48-114 48-115 48-117,100.0,Certain -48-6-1,48,6,1,6-1,,,48-10,100.0,Very certain -48-60-2,48,60,2,60-2,,,48-118 48-119 48-120,100.0,Certain -48-61-1,48,61,1,61-1,,,48-119,100.0,Certain +One final note: in some persons (e.g. second singular), there is no nominative-accusative distinction.",353[162s],48-114 48-115 48-117,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +48-6-1,48,6,1,6-1,,,48-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-60-2,48,60,2,60-2,,,48-118 48-119 48-120,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +48-61-1,48,61,1,61-1,,,48-119,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 48-62-1,48,62,1,62-1,"Note that the situation is more complex than it may appear at first sight. This is because Palenquero often uses, in addition to standard/usual marking of subject pronoun + verb (cf. ele ta trabahá 'he is working') an additional clitic: Ele e ta trabahá. [he he is working] [she she is working] -Note, however, that this doubling up of subject pronouns and clitics only occurs in the singular. For details, see Schwegler (2002a).",1369;353[155ss];1359[298s],48-23 48-24 48-25,100.0,Very certain -48-63-2,48,63,2,63-2,,,48-121,100.0,Certain -48-64-2,48,64,2,64-2,,,48-122,100.0,Very certain -48-65-5,48,65,5,65-5,,,48-123,100.0,Certain -48-66-1,48,66,1,66-1,,,48-124,100.0,Intermediate -48-67-1,48,67,1,67-1,,,48-125,100.0,Certain -48-68-2,48,68,2,68-2,,,48-126,100.0,Certain -48-69-1,48,69,1,69-1,,,48-127,100.0,Very certain -48-7-1,48,7,1,7-1,,,48-11,100.0,Very certain -48-70-1,48,70,1,70-1,,,48-128 48-129 48-130,100.0,Very certain -48-71-1,48,71,1,71-1,,1359[302],48-131 48-132,100.0,Certain -48-72-3,48,72,3,72-3,,,48-133 48-134,100.0,Intermediate +Note, however, that this doubling up of subject pronouns and clitics only occurs in the singular. For details, see Schwegler (2002a).",1369;353[155ss];1359[298s],48-23 48-24 48-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +48-63-2,48,63,2,63-2,,,48-121,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-64-2,48,64,2,64-2,,,48-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-65-5,48,65,5,65-5,,,48-123,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +48-66-1,48,66,1,66-1,,,48-124,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-67-1,48,67,1,67-1,,,48-125,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-68-2,48,68,2,68-2,,,48-126,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +48-69-1,48,69,1,69-1,,,48-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-7-1,48,7,1,7-1,,,48-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-70-1,48,70,1,70-1,,,48-128 48-129 48-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-71-1,48,71,1,71-1,,1359[302],48-131 48-132,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +48-72-3,48,72,3,72-3,,,48-133 48-134,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 48-73-1,48,73,1,73-1,"Palenquero uses several copula, including: e < Spanish es @@ -13572,9 +13572,9 @@ era < Spanish era Note that fue can be used for both present and past (strange as this may be, from a Spanish perspective, where fue is always past). -It remains to be studied what ""really"" triggers speakers to use one over the other of these copulas.",,48-135 48-136,100.0,Very certain -48-74-1,48,74,1,74-1,,,48-137 48-138 48-139 48-142 48-143,100.0,Very certain -48-75-1,48,75,1,75-1,,,48-140 48-141,100.0,Very certain +It remains to be studied what ""really"" triggers speakers to use one over the other of these copulas.",,48-135 48-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-74-1,48,74,1,74-1,,,48-137 48-138 48-139 48-142 48-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-75-1,48,75,1,75-1,,,48-140 48-141,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 48-76-3,48,76,3,76-3,"The situation seems complex and far from clear in Palenquero. In terms of frequency and ""general behaviour"", Palenquero does seem to behave like Spanish (which differentiates between estar and ser (Spanish ser (nominal copula) vs. estar (locative copula)). But this similarity in behaviour may be a relatively recent phenomenon, as there are also plenty of cases where the differentiation does not obtain. For instance, both expressions can be heard: @@ -13586,12 +13586,12 @@ Ele ta akí. Clearly, the feature in question deserves closer study. **Note: it is true, however, that in Palenquero, ta never goes with nominals, that is -*Ele ta mujé 'she is a woman' is ungrammatical.",,48-12 48-135 48-136 48-140 48-141 48-19,100.0,Intermediate -48-77-1,48,77,1,77-1,,,48-144,100.0,Certain -48-78-1,48,78,1,78-1,,,48-145 48-146,100.0,Certain -48-79-2,48,79,2,79-2,,,48-147,100.0,Certain -48-8-1,48,8,1,8-1,,1359[292],48-12,87.5,Very certain -48-8-2,48,8,2,8-2,,1359[292],48-13,12.5,Certain +*Ele ta mujé 'she is a woman' is ungrammatical.",,48-12 48-135 48-136 48-140 48-141 48-19,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +48-77-1,48,77,1,77-1,,,48-144,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +48-78-1,48,78,1,78-1,,,48-145 48-146,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +48-79-2,48,79,2,79-2,,,48-147,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-8-1,48,8,1,8-1,,1359[292],48-12,87.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +48-8-2,48,8,2,8-2,,1359[292],48-13,12.5,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 48-80-2,48,80,2,80-2,"Ri comes from Spanish de (and/or perhaps also Ptg. de). Ri is in free variation with a host of alternative forms, including: @@ -13604,60 +13604,60 @@ re e i -all derived from the same source",,48-148 48-150 48-151,100.0,Certain -48-81-2,48,81,2,81-2,,,48-147 48-148 48-149 48-150,100.0,Certain +all derived from the same source",,48-148 48-150 48-151,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-81-2,48,81,2,81-2,,,48-147 48-148 48-149 48-150,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 48-82-2,48,82,2,82-2,"Cf. this ""motion into"" example with the at-rest example: Ele ta lendro hoyo. 'She/he is in the hole.' -which shows that in both cases lendro 'in/inside' is used.",,48-152 48-209,100.0,Certain -48-83-1,48,83,1,83-1,,,48-153 48-154,100.0,Very certain -48-84-3,48,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Certain -48-85-1,48,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Certain -48-86-5,48,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Certain -48-87-6,48,87,6,87-6,"It has been assumed all along that Palenquero does not have an overt means of marking reflexive (see, for instance, Patiño Rosselli (1983: 132), where it is stated explicitly that Palenquero lacks reflexive constructions). But this assumption is false. The reflexive meaning of 'self' can be expressed in two ways: (1) overtly via the postverbal pronoun + memo construction, and (2) non-overtly (reflexivity is implied). Non-overt constructions often have two possible readings, one reflexive, and the other non-reflexive. Here, as in other parts of Palenquero grammar, context is key for the correct interpretation of such constructions. And where context is ambiguous, speakers may resort to the overt memo construction.",1359[300s],48-155 48-157,50.0,Certain -48-87-3,48,87,3,87-3,"It has been assumed all along that Palenquero does not have an overt means of marking reflexive (see, for instance, Patiño Rosselli (1983: 132), where it is stated explicitly that Palenquero lacks reflexive constructions). But this assumption is false. The reflexive meaning of 'self' can be expressed in two ways: (1) overtly via the postverbal pronoun + memo construction, and (2) non-overtly (reflexivity is implied). Non-overt constructions often have two possible readings, one reflexive, and the other non-reflexive. Here, as in other parts of Palenquero grammar, context is key for the correct interpretation of such constructions. And where context is ambiguous, speakers may resort to the overt memo construction.",1359[300s],48-156,50.0,Certain -48-88-1,48,88,1,88-1,,353[132s],48-156 48-158,100.0,Certain -48-89-1,48,89,1,89-1,"Reciprocals routinely go unexpressed, thus diverging significantly from Spanish, where reciprocals use reflexive pronouns, e.g. se besaron 'they kissed each other', se mataron 'they killed each other'. Palenquero never uses reflexive or reciprocal Spanish se. Reflexives may also be unexpressed, or they may be expressed by the postverbal pronoun + memo construction.",353[132s],48-155 48-156 48-157 48-159 48-160,100.0,Certain -48-9-4,48,9,4,9-4,"Palenquero has no definite articles in the sense that the article is not necessary (obligatory) to express definiteness, as context generally suffices. There is no form for the singular, but there is a form for the plural, which is ma (plural marker). When ma is present, it is always interpreted as definite. For details, see Schwegler (2007).",1371[N/A];353[138ff],,100.0,Certain -48-90-2,48,90,2,90-2,"Patiño Rosselli (1983: 132) correctly points out that there are no passive constructions in Palenquero, and that ""active forms"" of the verb are used to translate Spanish passives.",353[132s],,100.0,Certain -48-91-8,48,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain +which shows that in both cases lendro 'in/inside' is used.",,48-152 48-209,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-83-1,48,83,1,83-1,,,48-153 48-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-84-3,48,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-85-1,48,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-86-5,48,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-87-6,48,87,6,87-6,"It has been assumed all along that Palenquero does not have an overt means of marking reflexive (see, for instance, Patiño Rosselli (1983: 132), where it is stated explicitly that Palenquero lacks reflexive constructions). But this assumption is false. The reflexive meaning of 'self' can be expressed in two ways: (1) overtly via the postverbal pronoun + memo construction, and (2) non-overtly (reflexivity is implied). Non-overt constructions often have two possible readings, one reflexive, and the other non-reflexive. Here, as in other parts of Palenquero grammar, context is key for the correct interpretation of such constructions. And where context is ambiguous, speakers may resort to the overt memo construction.",1359[300s],48-155 48-157,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +48-87-3,48,87,3,87-3,"It has been assumed all along that Palenquero does not have an overt means of marking reflexive (see, for instance, Patiño Rosselli (1983: 132), where it is stated explicitly that Palenquero lacks reflexive constructions). But this assumption is false. The reflexive meaning of 'self' can be expressed in two ways: (1) overtly via the postverbal pronoun + memo construction, and (2) non-overtly (reflexivity is implied). Non-overt constructions often have two possible readings, one reflexive, and the other non-reflexive. Here, as in other parts of Palenquero grammar, context is key for the correct interpretation of such constructions. And where context is ambiguous, speakers may resort to the overt memo construction.",1359[300s],48-156,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +48-88-1,48,88,1,88-1,,353[132s],48-156 48-158,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-89-1,48,89,1,89-1,"Reciprocals routinely go unexpressed, thus diverging significantly from Spanish, where reciprocals use reflexive pronouns, e.g. se besaron 'they kissed each other', se mataron 'they killed each other'. Palenquero never uses reflexive or reciprocal Spanish se. Reflexives may also be unexpressed, or they may be expressed by the postverbal pronoun + memo construction.",353[132s],48-155 48-156 48-157 48-159 48-160,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +48-9-4,48,9,4,9-4,"Palenquero has no definite articles in the sense that the article is not necessary (obligatory) to express definiteness, as context generally suffices. There is no form for the singular, but there is a form for the plural, which is ma (plural marker). When ma is present, it is always interpreted as definite. For details, see Schwegler (2007).",1371[N/A];353[138ff],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +48-90-2,48,90,2,90-2,"Patiño Rosselli (1983: 132) correctly points out that there are no passive constructions in Palenquero, and that ""active forms"" of the verb are used to translate Spanish passives.",353[132s],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-91-8,48,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge 48-92-2,48,92,2,92-2,"There are three common relative markers: lo ke, ke, and i each meaning ‘who, which, that’. Patiño Rosselli (1983: 175–178) examine these pronouns in considerable detail, and also provide a rich set of examples. While a Spanish derivation of lo ke and ke seem certain, the origin of i remains a mystery. Since ke is only used in subject function, it counts as a relative pronoun, while the others count as relative particles. - It is not known whether these particles differ in any way from each other in terms of their function or semantics. There is sufficient evidence, however, to affirm that (a) adjectival subordinate clauses can be introduced by lo ke, ke, as well as i, but that (b) pronominal relative clauses, on the other hand, can only be introduced by lo ke and i.",353[175s];1359[301],48-161 48-163,70.0,Certain + It is not known whether these particles differ in any way from each other in terms of their function or semantics. There is sufficient evidence, however, to affirm that (a) adjectival subordinate clauses can be introduced by lo ke, ke, as well as i, but that (b) pronominal relative clauses, on the other hand, can only be introduced by lo ke and i.",353[175s];1359[301],48-161 48-163,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 48-92-1,48,92,1,92-1,"There are three common relative markers: lo ke, ke, and i each meaning ‘who, which, that’. Patiño Rosselli (1983: 175–178) examine these pronouns in considerable detail, and also provide a rich set of examples. While a Spanish derivation of lo ke and ke seem certain, the origin of i remains a mystery. Since ke is only used in subject function, it counts as a relative pronoun, while the others count as relative particles. - It is not known whether these particles differ in any way from each other in terms of their function or semantics. There is sufficient evidence, however, to affirm that (a) adjectival subordinate clauses can be introduced by lo ke, ke, as well as i, but that (b) pronominal relative clauses, on the other hand, can only be introduced by lo ke and i.",353[175s];1359[301],48-162,30.0, -48-93-2,48,93,2,93-2,"Contrary to Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"", in direct object relative clauses it seems that only lo que and i can be used (that is, the other construction ke is probably never used). Additonal research is needed (and special care is to be taken that code switched Spanish segments are not confused with Palenquero, as this will confuse the issue).",353[176s],48-164 48-165,100.0,Certain -48-94-1,48,94,1,94-1,,,48-166,100.0,Intermediate -48-95-3,48,95,3,95-3,,,48-169 48-170,100.0,Certain -48-96-3,48,96,3,96-3,,,48-171,100.0,Certain -48-97-1,48,97,1,97-1,,,48-172 48-173,100.0,Certain -48-98-3,48,98,3,98-3,,,48-174 48-175,100.0,Certain -48-99-2,48,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -49-0-2,49,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0, -49-1-2,49,1,2,1-2,,367[105],49-1 49-2,100.0,Very certain -49-10-1,49,10,1,10-1,,371[16],49-17,100.0,Very certain -49-100-4,49,100,4,100-4,,371[9],49-306 49-307,100.0,Very certain -49-101-1,49,101,1,101-1,,"473[vol. 6, p. 61]",49-308 49-309,100.0,Very certain -49-102-1,49,102,1,102-1,,362[63-93],49-310 49-311 49-312 49-313 49-314,100.0,Very certain -49-103-1,49,103,1,103-1,,371[82],49-315 49-316,95.0,Very certain -49-103-7,49,103,7,103-7,,371[82],49-317 49-318,5.0,Very certain -49-104-5,49,104,5,104-5,,483[159],49-320 49-322,50.0,Very certain -49-104-3,49,104,3,104-3,,483[159],49-319 49-321,50.0,Very certain -49-105-1,49,105,1,105-1,,371[41 sq.],49-323 49-324 49-325,100.0,Very certain + It is not known whether these particles differ in any way from each other in terms of their function or semantics. There is sufficient evidence, however, to affirm that (a) adjectival subordinate clauses can be introduced by lo ke, ke, as well as i, but that (b) pronominal relative clauses, on the other hand, can only be introduced by lo ke and i.",353[175s];1359[301],48-162,30.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +48-93-2,48,93,2,93-2,"Contrary to Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"", in direct object relative clauses it seems that only lo que and i can be used (that is, the other construction ke is probably never used). Additonal research is needed (and special care is to be taken that code switched Spanish segments are not confused with Palenquero, as this will confuse the issue).",353[176s],48-164 48-165,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-94-1,48,94,1,94-1,,,48-166,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +48-95-3,48,95,3,95-3,,,48-169 48-170,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-96-3,48,96,3,96-3,,,48-171,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +48-97-1,48,97,1,97-1,,,48-172 48-173,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +48-98-3,48,98,3,98-3,,,48-174 48-175,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +48-99-2,48,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-0-2,49,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-1-2,49,1,2,1-2,,367[105],49-1 49-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +49-10-1,49,10,1,10-1,,371[16],49-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +49-100-4,49,100,4,100-4,,371[9],49-306 49-307,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +49-101-1,49,101,1,101-1,,"473[vol. 6, p. 61]",49-308 49-309,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-102-1,49,102,1,102-1,,362[63-93],49-310 49-311 49-312 49-313 49-314,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-103-1,49,103,1,103-1,,371[82],49-315 49-316,95.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-5-FFFFFF-95-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-103-7,49,103,7,103-7,,371[82],49-317 49-318,5.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-5-FFFFFF-95-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-104-5,49,104,5,104-5,,483[159],49-320 49-322,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-104-3,49,104,3,104-3,,483[159],49-319 49-321,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-105-1,49,105,1,105-1,,371[41 sq.],49-323 49-324 49-325,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 49-106-2,49,106,2,106-2,"In the construction under Value 4, the adverb is reduplicated and there is a combination of adjacency and non-adjacency. (There are other cases of reduplication of adverbs in Haitian Creole. Cf. in the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998): Avan m al nan bouk la m ap sèkle avan [before 1SG go PREP market town 1SG FUT hoe before] -'Before I go to the market town, I will hoe.')",473[949],49-327 49-328 49-329 49-330 49-331 49-332,50.0,Very certain +'Before I go to the market town, I will hoe.')",473[949],49-327 49-328 49-329 49-330 49-331 49-332,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", 49-106-3,49,106,3,106-3,"In the construction under Value 4, the adverb is reduplicated and there is a combination of adjacency and non-adjacency. (There are other cases of reduplication of adverbs in Haitian Creole. Cf. in the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998): Avan m al nan bouk la m ap sèkle avan [before 1SG go PREP market town 1SG FUT hoe before] -'Before I go to the market town, I will hoe.')",473[949],49-326,50.0,Very certain -49-107-2,49,107,2,107-2,,367[123],49-333 49-334,100.0,Very certain -49-108-2,49,108,2,108-2,"The verb tuipe/kuipe/tchipe/tchwipe has the meaning 'make a sound of disdain with one’s mouth'. Onomatopoeia expressing disdain and contempt is used for the construction of this verb (Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 3, page 176, map 237)).","473[vol. 3, p. 176]",,100.0,Certain -49-109-2,49,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -49-11-3,49,11,3,11-3,,473[947],49-18 49-19 49-21 49-22,70.0,Very certain -49-11-2,49,11,2,11-2,,473[947],49-20 49-23,30.0,Very certain +'Before I go to the market town, I will hoe.')",473[949],49-326,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +49-107-2,49,107,2,107-2,,367[123],49-333 49-334,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-108-2,49,108,2,108-2,"The verb tuipe/kuipe/tchipe/tchwipe has the meaning 'make a sound of disdain with one’s mouth'. Onomatopoeia expressing disdain and contempt is used for the construction of this verb (Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 3, page 176, map 237)).","473[vol. 3, p. 176]",,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +49-109-2,49,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-11-3,49,11,3,11-3,,473[947],49-18 49-19 49-21 49-22,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-11-2,49,11,2,11-2,,473[947],49-20 49-23,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 49-110-2,49,110,2,110-2,"Although there are some words of Portuguese origin in Haitian Creole, like kachimbo 'earthenware pipe', there is no save word meaning 'know'. 'Know' is expressed by another word, konnen (< connaître). Sa (< savoir) exists as an attenuated alternative of the modal kapab 'be able to'. The Atlas linguistique d'Haïti (Fattier 1998: 876-877) lists two meanings of sa: @@ -13670,59 +13670,59 @@ mwen vini pou m sa palé avè w 2) deontic: li pèd pawòl, li pa sa palé 3SG lose word, 3SG NEG MOD speak -'He has lost his voice, he can't speak.'",,,100.0,Very certain -49-111-2,49,111,2,111-2,,1514[359],49-335,100.0,Very certain -49-112-2,49,112,2,112-2,ponyèt: 1- wrist ; 2- arm or any part of arm (Valdman (ed.) 2007).,473[112-113],49-336 49-337 49-338,100.0,Very certain -49-113-2,49,113,2,113-2,,473[113],49-339 49-340,100.0,Very certain -49-114-3,49,114,3,114-3,"Pubis and underarm hair are sometimes called plim (Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 3, maps 318, 274)).","473[vol. 1, p. 111, 129]",49-341 49-342 49-343 49-344,100.0,Very certain -49-115-2,49,115,2,115-2,,"1514[173, 325]",49-345 49-346 49-347,100.0,Very certain -49-116-2,49,116,2,116-2,"Some speakers perceived as green what the fieldworker saw as blue, and vice versa.","1514[161,42]",49-348 49-349,100.0,Very certain +'He has lost his voice, he can't speak.'",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-111-2,49,111,2,111-2,,1514[359],49-335,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-112-2,49,112,2,112-2,ponyèt: 1- wrist ; 2- arm or any part of arm (Valdman (ed.) 2007).,473[112-113],49-336 49-337 49-338,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +49-113-2,49,113,2,113-2,,473[113],49-339 49-340,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-114-3,49,114,3,114-3,"Pubis and underarm hair are sometimes called plim (Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 3, maps 318, 274)).","473[vol. 1, p. 111, 129]",49-341 49-342 49-343 49-344,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +49-115-2,49,115,2,115-2,,"1514[173, 325]",49-345 49-346 49-347,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-116-2,49,116,2,116-2,"Some speakers perceived as green what the fieldworker saw as blue, and vice versa.","1514[161,42]",49-348 49-349,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 49-117-2,49,117,2,117-2,"In lyon, lyòn 'lion, lioness' the female form could be considered as a sex-denoting suffix (value 4, as in French). This is found in dictionaries, but very rarely used by monolinguals. It is only bilingual French speakers who use the inflected form. It is therefore considered a lexicalized, unproductive form. -Value 2: In the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 6, map 1734, point 4), I only have a single case of postposition with mal, which is for the generic word 'male animal': bèt mal.","473[vol. 6, p. 330]",49-353,5.0,Very certain +Value 2: In the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 6, map 1734, point 4), I only have a single case of postposition with mal, which is for the generic word 'male animal': bèt mal.","473[vol. 6, p. 330]",49-353,5.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-95-FF0000-5-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 49-117-1,49,117,1,117-1,"In lyon, lyòn 'lion, lioness' the female form could be considered as a sex-denoting suffix (value 4, as in French). This is found in dictionaries, but very rarely used by monolinguals. It is only bilingual French speakers who use the inflected form. It is therefore considered a lexicalized, unproductive form. -Value 2: In the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 6, map 1734, point 4), I only have a single case of postposition with mal, which is for the generic word 'male animal': bèt mal.","473[vol. 6, p. 330]",49-350 49-351 49-352 49-354,95.0,Very certain -49-118-3,49,118,3,118-3,,208[4-41],49-356 49-357 49-358 49-359 49-367,100.0,Very certain -49-119-3,49,119,3,119-3,Value 3 (complex codas) is very rare in the language.,208[16],49-361 49-362 49-363 49-364,100.0,Very certain -49-12-1,49,12,1,12-1,,371[50 sq.],49-24 49-25 49-26 49-27,80.0,Very certain -49-12-2,49,12,2,12-2,,371[50 sq.],49-28,20.0,Very certain -49-120-1,49,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -49-121-3,49,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -49-122-2,49,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0, -49-123-4,49,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -49-124-1,49,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -49-125-1,49,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -49-126-1,49,126,1,126-1,,,49-380,100.0, -49-127-6,49,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -49-128-4,49,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -49-129-2,49,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -49-13-1,49,13,1,13-1,The words madanm or msye are used instead of the pronoun to indicate gender. Cf. Fattier (1996: 229) about pronominal substitutes.,471[229],49-29 49-30,100.0,Very certain -49-130-2,49,130,2,130-2,This is a marginal phoneme. It does not have phonemic status except in the south of Haiti (Dejean 1980: 128-129).,370,49-384,100.0, -49-131,49,131,1,131-1,,,49-368,100.0, -49-132,49,132,1,132-1,,,49-370,100.0, -49-133,49,133,1,133-1,,,49-371,100.0, -49-134,49,134,1,134-1,,,49-372,100.0, -49-137,49,137,3,137-3,,,49-374,100.0, -49-138,49,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -49-139,49,139,2,139-2,"It is questionable whether this sound has phonemic status. The following minimal pairs exist: tèk/tchèk (interjection / check, verification) ; teke/tcheke ('to tap / to check off')",,49-375,100.0, -49-14-1,49,14,1,14-1,,,49-31,100.0,Very certain -49-140,49,140,2,140-2,"Variants are: djak/dyak('mess, disorder'); djakout/dyakout ('matted straw bag with strap').",,49-376,100.0, -49-143,49,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -49-144,49,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -49-145,49,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -49-146,49,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -49-147,49,147,1,147-1,,,49-369,100.0, -49-148,49,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -49-149,49,149,1,149-1,,,49-373,100.0, -49-15-1,49,15,1,15-1,,,49-32 49-33,100.0,Very certain -49-151,49,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -49-152,49,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -49-153,49,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -49-155,49,155,4,155-4,This sound does not have phonemic status.,,,100.0, -49-156,49,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -49-158,49,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -49-159,49,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, +Value 2: In the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 6, map 1734, point 4), I only have a single case of postposition with mal, which is for the generic word 'male animal': bèt mal.","473[vol. 6, p. 330]",49-350 49-351 49-352 49-354,95.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-95-FF0000-5-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-118-3,49,118,3,118-3,,208[4-41],49-356 49-357 49-358 49-359 49-367,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-119-3,49,119,3,119-3,Value 3 (complex codas) is very rare in the language.,208[16],49-361 49-362 49-363 49-364,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-12-1,49,12,1,12-1,,371[50 sq.],49-24 49-25 49-26 49-27,80.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-FF0000-20-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-12-2,49,12,2,12-2,,371[50 sq.],49-28,20.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-FF0000-20-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-120-1,49,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +49-121-3,49,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-122-2,49,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-123-4,49,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-124-1,49,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-125-1,49,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-126-1,49,126,1,126-1,,,49-380,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-127-6,49,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-128-4,49,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-129-2,49,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-13-1,49,13,1,13-1,The words madanm or msye are used instead of the pronoun to indicate gender. Cf. Fattier (1996: 229) about pronominal substitutes.,471[229],49-29 49-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +49-130-2,49,130,2,130-2,This is a marginal phoneme. It does not have phonemic status except in the south of Haiti (Dejean 1980: 128-129).,370,49-384,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +49-131,49,131,1,131-1,,,49-368,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-132,49,132,1,132-1,,,49-370,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-133,49,133,1,133-1,,,49-371,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-134,49,134,1,134-1,,,49-372,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-137,49,137,3,137-3,,,49-374,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +49-138,49,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-139,49,139,2,139-2,"It is questionable whether this sound has phonemic status. The following minimal pairs exist: tèk/tchèk (interjection / check, verification) ; teke/tcheke ('to tap / to check off')",,49-375,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +49-14-1,49,14,1,14-1,,,49-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-140,49,140,2,140-2,"Variants are: djak/dyak('mess, disorder'); djakout/dyakout ('matted straw bag with strap').",,49-376,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +49-143,49,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-144,49,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-145,49,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-146,49,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-147,49,147,1,147-1,,,49-369,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-148,49,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-149,49,149,1,149-1,,,49-373,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-15-1,49,15,1,15-1,,,49-32 49-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +49-151,49,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-152,49,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-153,49,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-155,49,155,4,155-4,This sound does not have phonemic status.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-156,49,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-158,49,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-159,49,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 49-16-2,49,16,2,16-2,"The paradigm is: mwen, ou, li; nou, nou, yo (and variants). See also Fattier (1996: 214) on zot forms cited by various authors. This form may have the value 2PL or 3PL: @@ -13736,95 +13736,95 @@ Comhaire-Sylvain writes (p. 61): ""The use of zòt for the second person plural L’a-pòté-l ba zòt 'He will take it to them.' She further writes: ""This use of zòt as pronoun complement of the third person plural is in the process of dying out; it can only still be found in the speech of a few farmers in the north."" -The map in the ""Atlas linguistique d’Haïti"" presented in my thesis (Fattier 1998) and dedicated to this question shows that the zòt pronominal forms are known (but they are not spontaneously used during the survey) as a second person pronoun (2PL) in Limbé (in the north of Haiti) and as a third person pronoun in Ganthier (in the south of Haiti). Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map and comment 1993.",236[411],49-34 49-35,100.0,Very certain -49-160,49,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -49-161,49,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -49-163,49,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -49-168,49,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -49-169,49,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -49-17-4,49,17,4,17-4,"Independent personal pronouns are stressed and never have a reduced form (mwen, wou, li, nou, nou, yo). Dependent personal pronouns may have a reduced form (m, w, l, n, n, y).",371[12],49-36 49-37 49-38 49-39 49-40 49-41 49-42,100.0,Very certain -49-170,49,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -49-171,49,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -49-172,49,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -49-173,49,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -49-174,49,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -49-176,49,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -49-178,49,178,1,178-1,,,49-385,100.0, -49-179,49,179,1,179-1,,,49-386,100.0, -49-18-1,49,18,1,18-1,"In an older state of the language (Ducoeurjoly 1802), there are traces of such a distinction for the direct object: toué (informal) versus vou (formal). This is a binary distinction. Cf. Fattier (1994: 64).",,49-43,100.0,Very certain -49-180,49,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -49-181,49,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -49-182,49,182,2,182-2,This sound does not have phonemic status. This allophone can be found syllable- or word-final after a nasal vocalic segment.,,49-387,100.0, -49-183,49,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -49-184,49,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -49-187,49,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -49-188,49,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -49-189,49,189,1,189-1,,,49-377,100.0, -49-19-5,49,19,5,19-5,"In addition to the compound interrogatives, Haitian Creole also has simple expressions: kilès (who), kouman (how), konbyen (how much).","371[52, 54]",49-44 49-45 49-46 49-47 49-48,100.0,Very certain -49-190,49,190,1,190-1,,,49-378,100.0, -49-191,49,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -49-192,49,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -49-193,49,193,1,193-1,,,49-379,100.0, -49-194,49,194,1,194-1,,,49-380,100.0, -49-195,49,195,1,195-1,,,49-381,100.0, -49-196,49,196,1,196-1,,,49-382,100.0, -49-199,49,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, +The map in the ""Atlas linguistique d’Haïti"" presented in my thesis (Fattier 1998) and dedicated to this question shows that the zòt pronominal forms are known (but they are not spontaneously used during the survey) as a second person pronoun (2PL) in Limbé (in the north of Haiti) and as a third person pronoun in Ganthier (in the south of Haiti). Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998), map and comment 1993.",236[411],49-34 49-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-160,49,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-161,49,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-163,49,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-168,49,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-169,49,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-17-4,49,17,4,17-4,"Independent personal pronouns are stressed and never have a reduced form (mwen, wou, li, nou, nou, yo). Dependent personal pronouns may have a reduced form (m, w, l, n, n, y).",371[12],49-36 49-37 49-38 49-39 49-40 49-41 49-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +49-170,49,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-171,49,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-172,49,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-173,49,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-174,49,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-176,49,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-178,49,178,1,178-1,,,49-385,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-179,49,179,1,179-1,,,49-386,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-18-1,49,18,1,18-1,"In an older state of the language (Ducoeurjoly 1802), there are traces of such a distinction for the direct object: toué (informal) versus vou (formal). This is a binary distinction. Cf. Fattier (1994: 64).",,49-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +49-180,49,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-181,49,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-182,49,182,2,182-2,This sound does not have phonemic status. This allophone can be found syllable- or word-final after a nasal vocalic segment.,,49-387,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +49-183,49,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-184,49,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-187,49,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-188,49,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-189,49,189,1,189-1,,,49-377,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-19-5,49,19,5,19-5,"In addition to the compound interrogatives, Haitian Creole also has simple expressions: kilès (who), kouman (how), konbyen (how much).","371[52, 54]",49-44 49-45 49-46 49-47 49-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-190,49,190,1,190-1,,,49-378,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-191,49,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-192,49,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-193,49,193,1,193-1,,,49-379,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-194,49,194,1,194-1,,,49-380,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-195,49,195,1,195-1,,,49-381,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-196,49,196,1,196-1,,,49-382,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-199,49,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 49-2-2,49,2,2,2-2,"Regardless of its internal structure, the definite determiner is always moved to the extreme right of a NP in Haitian Creole. In the present case, there are NPs in the form of genitival constructions, in which the order of the elements is the following: head (possessum) + dependent (possessor) + definite determiner. -Thus, the context-dependent allomorphy of the definite determiner also applies here.",,49-3 49-30 49-4,100.0,Very certain -49-20-1,49,20,1,20-1,,,49-49 49-50,100.0,Very certain -49-200,49,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, +Thus, the context-dependent allomorphy of the definite determiner also applies here.",,49-3 49-30 49-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +49-20-1,49,20,1,20-1,,,49-49 49-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-200,49,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 49-201,49,201,1,201-1,"It is distributed ??:It does not occur syllable- or word-final, except in Northern Haiti (latent consonant). -It is often absent before a [+ rounded] segment where it is written as /w/.",,49-383,100.0, -49-202,49,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -49-205,49,205,2,205-2,This is a marginal phoneme. It does not have phonemic status except in the south of Haiti (Dejean 1980: 128-129).,370,49-384,100.0, -49-209,49,209,1,209-1,,,49-388,100.0, -49-21-2,49,21,2,21-2,"When the indefinite is a subject, an existential constructions is used, but not in transitive constructions.",,49-365 49-366 49-51 49-52 49-53 49-54,100.0,Unspecified -49-212,49,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -49-217,49,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -49-218,49,218,1,218-1,,,49-389,100.0, -49-219,49,219,2,219-2,,,,100.0, -49-22-4,49,22,4,22-4,,,49-55 49-56,100.0,Very certain -49-220,49,220,1,220-1,,,49-405,100.0, -49-221,49,221,1,221-1,This is opposed to the semi-vowel /J/: wè ('to see') versus yè ('yesterday').,,49-390,100.0, -49-23-8,49,23,8,23-8,"According to Dejean (1980: 135–136), there are traces of inflectional number marking in a few creole nouns: madanm (SG) / medam (PL); msye (SG) / mesye (PL).",,49-57 49-58,90.0,Very certain -49-23-4,49,23,4,23-4,"According to Dejean (1980: 135–136), there are traces of inflectional number marking in a few creole nouns: madanm (SG) / medam (PL); msye (SG) / mesye (PL).",,49-59 49-60,10.0,Very certain -49-231,49,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -49-24-1,49,24,1,24-1,,473[837],49-56 49-61,100.0,Very certain -49-25-2,49,25,2,25-2,,,49-62 49-63 49-64,100.0,Very certain -49-252,49,252,1,252-1,,,49-391,100.0, -49-253,49,253,1,253-1,,,49-394,100.0, -49-254,49,254,1,254-1,,,49-396,100.0, -49-255,49,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -49-256,49,256,1,256-1,,,49-397,100.0, -49-257,49,257,1,257-1,,,49-399,100.0, -49-258,49,258,1,258-1,,,49-401,100.0, -49-259,49,259,1,259-1,,,49-403,100.0, -49-26-5,49,26,5,26-5,Reduplication marks high intensity and is very important in child-directed speech.,479[123-124],49-65 49-66 49-67 49-68 49-69 49-70,100.0,Very certain -49-260,49,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -49-261,49,261,2,261-2,,,49-393,100.0, -49-263,49,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -49-267,49,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -49-268,49,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -49-27-1,49,27,1,27-1,"It is possible to use the construction of Value 1, but speakers do not make systematic use of it. Likewise, they sometimes use a dual like dé bò figi mwen 'my two cheeks'. Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 1, page 112, comment 216).",473[88f.],49-71 49-72 49-73,30.0,Very certain -49-27-2,49,27,2,27-2,"It is possible to use the construction of Value 1, but speakers do not make systematic use of it. Likewise, they sometimes use a dual like dé bò figi mwen 'my two cheeks'. Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 1, page 112, comment 216).",473[88f.],49-74 49-75,70.0,Very certain -49-272,49,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -49-273,49,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -49-274,49,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -49-275,49,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -49-276,49,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -49-277,49,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -49-278,49,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -49-279,49,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -49-28-1,49,28,1,28-1,"The definite article is used in anaphoric situations, e.g. M fèk achte yon bèl kay. Lasal la gran anpil. 'I just bought a nice house. The living room is very large.' (example constructed by author)","473[vol. 2, pp. 837-40]",49-76 49-77 49-78 49-79,100.0,Very certain -49-280,49,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -49-281,49,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -49-282,49,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -49-284,49,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -49-285,49,285,2,285-2,,,49-392,100.0, -49-286,49,286,1,286-1,,,49-395,100.0, -49-288,49,288,1,288-1,,,49-398,100.0, -49-289,49,289,2,289-2,"[ũ] does not have phonemic status. ""Il y a souvent en créole nasalisation des voyelles /u/ et /i/, soit au contact de consonnes nasales, soit comme caractéristique d’un locuteur."" [Nasalization of the vowels /u/ and /i/ is frequent in Haitian Creole, either as a result of two nasal consonants meeting, or as a characteristic of a speaker.] (Dejean 1980: 120)",370,49-400,100.0, +It is often absent before a [+ rounded] segment where it is written as /w/.",,49-383,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-202,49,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-205,49,205,2,205-2,This is a marginal phoneme. It does not have phonemic status except in the south of Haiti (Dejean 1980: 128-129).,370,49-384,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +49-209,49,209,1,209-1,,,49-388,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-21-2,49,21,2,21-2,"When the indefinite is a subject, an existential constructions is used, but not in transitive constructions.",,49-365 49-366 49-51 49-52 49-53 49-54,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +49-212,49,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-217,49,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-218,49,218,1,218-1,,,49-389,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-219,49,219,2,219-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +49-22-4,49,22,4,22-4,,,49-55 49-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +49-220,49,220,1,220-1,,,49-405,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-221,49,221,1,221-1,This is opposed to the semi-vowel /J/: wè ('to see') versus yè ('yesterday').,,49-390,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-23-8,49,23,8,23-8,"According to Dejean (1980: 135–136), there are traces of inflectional number marking in a few creole nouns: madanm (SG) / medam (PL); msye (SG) / mesye (PL).",,49-57 49-58,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +49-23-4,49,23,4,23-4,"According to Dejean (1980: 135–136), there are traces of inflectional number marking in a few creole nouns: madanm (SG) / medam (PL); msye (SG) / mesye (PL).",,49-59 49-60,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +49-231,49,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-24-1,49,24,1,24-1,,473[837],49-56 49-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-25-2,49,25,2,25-2,,,49-62 49-63 49-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-252,49,252,1,252-1,,,49-391,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-253,49,253,1,253-1,,,49-394,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-254,49,254,1,254-1,,,49-396,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-255,49,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-256,49,256,1,256-1,,,49-397,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-257,49,257,1,257-1,,,49-399,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-258,49,258,1,258-1,,,49-401,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-259,49,259,1,259-1,,,49-403,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-26-5,49,26,5,26-5,Reduplication marks high intensity and is very important in child-directed speech.,479[123-124],49-65 49-66 49-67 49-68 49-69 49-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-260,49,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-261,49,261,2,261-2,,,49-393,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +49-263,49,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-267,49,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-268,49,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-27-1,49,27,1,27-1,"It is possible to use the construction of Value 1, but speakers do not make systematic use of it. Likewise, they sometimes use a dual like dé bò figi mwen 'my two cheeks'. Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 1, page 112, comment 216).",473[88f.],49-71 49-72 49-73,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-27-2,49,27,2,27-2,"It is possible to use the construction of Value 1, but speakers do not make systematic use of it. Likewise, they sometimes use a dual like dé bò figi mwen 'my two cheeks'. Cf. Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, volume 1, page 112, comment 216).",473[88f.],49-74 49-75,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-272,49,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-273,49,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-274,49,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-275,49,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-276,49,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-277,49,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-278,49,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-279,49,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-28-1,49,28,1,28-1,"The definite article is used in anaphoric situations, e.g. M fèk achte yon bèl kay. Lasal la gran anpil. 'I just bought a nice house. The living room is very large.' (example constructed by author)","473[vol. 2, pp. 837-40]",49-76 49-77 49-78 49-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-280,49,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-281,49,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-282,49,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-284,49,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-285,49,285,2,285-2,,,49-392,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +49-286,49,286,1,286-1,,,49-395,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-288,49,288,1,288-1,,,49-398,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-289,49,289,2,289-2,"[ũ] does not have phonemic status. ""Il y a souvent en créole nasalisation des voyelles /u/ et /i/, soit au contact de consonnes nasales, soit comme caractéristique d’un locuteur."" [Nasalization of the vowels /u/ and /i/ is frequent in Haitian Creole, either as a result of two nasal consonants meeting, or as a characteristic of a speaker.] (Dejean 1980: 120)",370,49-400,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 49-29-2,49,29,2,29-2,"From a diachronic point of view, I think that the French pair un/une has grammaticalized while it specialized. Masculine > indefinite article and (attributive) numeral yon; @@ -13834,731 +13834,731 @@ Due to this process, there is great resemblance between the two, but not identit Dejean (1980: 198) writes: ""Puisqu'il n'existe pas de segment final /n/ dans l'article indéfini mais qu'il s'en trouve dans le numéral, ce dernier rime avec /mun/"". (""Since there is no final segment /n/ in the indefinite article, but there is one in the numeral, the latter one rhymes with /mun/”.) -This statement of a native investigator confirms my intuition and my auditive experience.",370[198],49-100 49-102 49-80 49-81,100.0,Certain -49-290,49,290,1,290-1,,,49-402,100.0, -49-291,49,291,2,291-2,,,49-404,100.0, -49-3-2,49,3,2,3-2,,466[50],49-5 49-7,80.0,Very certain -49-3-1,49,3,1,3-1,,466[50],49-6,20.0,Very certain -49-30-8,49,30,8,30-8,The bare singular noun phrases under Value 2 are very frequent in proverbs and popular sayings.,691[164],49-84,23.0769230769231,Very certain -49-30-2,49,30,2,30-2,The bare singular noun phrases under Value 2 are very frequent in proverbs and popular sayings.,691[164],49-82 49-83 49-86 49-87 49-88 49-89,53.8461538461538,Very certain -49-30-4,49,30,4,30-4,The bare singular noun phrases under Value 2 are very frequent in proverbs and popular sayings.,691[164],49-85,23.0769230769231,Very certain -49-308-2,49,308,2,308-2,,473[974],,100.0,Very certain -49-309-1,49,309,1,309-1,,473[XVII],,100.0,Very certain -49-31-1,49,31,1,31-1,,473[844],49-90 49-91,100.0,Very certain -49-310-4,49,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -49-311-2,49,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -49-312-3,49,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -49-313-6,49,313,6,313-6,,,,100.0,Very certain -49-314-3,49,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain +This statement of a native investigator confirms my intuition and my auditive experience.",370[198],49-100 49-102 49-80 49-81,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +49-290,49,290,1,290-1,,,49-402,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +49-291,49,291,2,291-2,,,49-404,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +49-3-2,49,3,2,3-2,,466[50],49-5 49-7,80.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-20-FFFF00-80-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +49-3-1,49,3,1,3-1,,466[50],49-6,20.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-20-FFFF00-80-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +49-30-8,49,30,8,30-8,The bare singular noun phrases under Value 2 are very frequent in proverbs and popular sayings.,691[164],49-84,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-0000FF-24-964B00.png""}", +49-30-2,49,30,2,30-2,The bare singular noun phrases under Value 2 are very frequent in proverbs and popular sayings.,691[164],49-82 49-83 49-86 49-87 49-88 49-89,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-0000FF-24-964B00.png""}", +49-30-4,49,30,4,30-4,The bare singular noun phrases under Value 2 are very frequent in proverbs and popular sayings.,691[164],49-85,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-0000FF-24-964B00.png""}", +49-308-2,49,308,2,308-2,,473[974],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-309-1,49,309,1,309-1,,473[XVII],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +49-31-1,49,31,1,31-1,,473[844],49-90 49-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +49-310-4,49,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +49-311-2,49,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-312-3,49,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-313-6,49,313,6,313-6,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-314-3,49,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 49-315-1,49,315,1,315-1,"There is radio access in every region in Haiti and there are several FM radio stations. However, access to TV channels is much more limited from a geographical and social point of view. The internet makes it possible to listen to most of the radio stations from outside Haiti. -For a long time, the creole has occupied an essential position on the radio and can be heard more and more on local TV stations such as the TNH (national television).",287[145-149],,100.0,Very certain -49-316-1,49,316,1,316-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -49-317-1,49,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -49-318-2,49,318,2,318-2,Most literary works are written in French; works in Creole are mostly specialized or military texts according to Coriolan (2004:147).,287[147],,100.0,Very certain -49-319-2,49,319,2,319-2,,287[147],,100.0,Very certain -49-32-2,49,32,2,32-2,,372[92],49-14 49-92 49-93,100.0,Very certain -49-320-2,49,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -49-321-1,49,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -49-322-2,49,322,2,322-2,"Since 1987 it has been possible to make use of either language because “Creole and French are the official languages of the Republic” according to the Constitution from 1987. However, a clear preference remains to use French rather than Creole.",,,100.0,Very certain -49-323-2,49,323,2,323-2,"For institutional use “almost all official texts are in French, although the deputies can make use of either language in the National Assembly, where a clear preference for French is still obvious” (Coriolan 2004: 146).",287[146],,100.0, +For a long time, the creole has occupied an essential position on the radio and can be heard more and more on local TV stations such as the TNH (national television).",287[145-149],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-316-1,49,316,1,316-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-317-1,49,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-318-2,49,318,2,318-2,Most literary works are written in French; works in Creole are mostly specialized or military texts according to Coriolan (2004:147).,287[147],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +49-319-2,49,319,2,319-2,,287[147],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-32-2,49,32,2,32-2,,372[92],49-14 49-92 49-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +49-320-2,49,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-321-1,49,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-322-2,49,322,2,322-2,"Since 1987 it has been possible to make use of either language because “Creole and French are the official languages of the Republic” according to the Constitution from 1987. However, a clear preference remains to use French rather than Creole.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-323-2,49,323,2,323-2,"For institutional use “almost all official texts are in French, although the deputies can make use of either language in the National Assembly, where a clear preference for French is still obvious” (Coriolan 2004: 146).",287[146],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 49-324-1,49,324,1,324-1,"According to Coriolan (2004: 146), “in the capital and the major cities, French dominates (with a great amount of people taking private courses, which nowadays, however, are replaced by English courses); in the countryside, Creole takes a more prominent place, but in sometimes very bad conditions”. -Constant’s (2007) article, which feeds on Haiti’s great experience of a native creole-speaking population, gives substantial information about the situation of schools, which is extremely complex and variable in Haiti.",287[146];277[127-149],,100.0,Very certain +Constant’s (2007) article, which feeds on Haiti’s great experience of a native creole-speaking population, gives substantial information about the situation of schools, which is extremely complex and variable in Haiti.",287[146];277[127-149],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 49-325-1,49,325,1,325-1,"As Hazaël-Massieux (2005: 90) writes: “The extraordinary developments of the Internet experienced in French-speaking countries as well as in the rest of the world call for a revival of writing. There are forums about creoles and sometimes even in creole”. -The activity of Haitian Creole in electronic communication is remarkable from a quantitative point of view. However, the quality of the written Creole is not always assured.",620[90],,100.0,Very certain -49-326-1,49,326,1,326-1,"English, and to a lesser extent Spanish, play an important role in language contact with the creole.",,,100.0,Very certain -49-327-1,49,327,1,327-1,,473[1004 & 1016],,100.0,Unspecified -49-328-1,49,328,1,328-1,,473[834-973],,100.0,Very certain -49-329-1,49,329,1,329-1,,473[1-833],,100.0,Very certain +The activity of Haitian Creole in electronic communication is remarkable from a quantitative point of view. However, the quality of the written Creole is not always assured.",620[90],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-326-1,49,326,1,326-1,"English, and to a lesser extent Spanish, play an important role in language contact with the creole.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-327-1,49,327,1,327-1,,473[1004 & 1016],,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-328-1,49,328,1,328-1,,473[834-973],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-329-1,49,329,1,329-1,,473[1-833],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 49-33-1,49,33,1,33-1,"Sila comes from the French celui-là and represents a regional variant from the lateral zones of Haiti, especially Northern Haiti. -Isit la is used to refer to something that cannot be seen, but is not unique. Forms with isit/sit/isi (comprising plural forms (chat isi a yo; chat isi yo)) have been located in different villages in the North and South of Haiti as is shown in the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998). There are also combinations of the kind chat bò isit la (> bord + ici; 'side' + 'here').","473[vol. 1, p. 846]",49-94 49-95 49-96,100.0,Very certain +Isit la is used to refer to something that cannot be seen, but is not unique. Forms with isit/sit/isi (comprising plural forms (chat isi a yo; chat isi yo)) have been located in different villages in the North and South of Haiti as is shown in the Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998). There are also combinations of the kind chat bò isit la (> bord + ici; 'side' + 'here').","473[vol. 1, p. 846]",49-94 49-95 49-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 49-330-2,49,330,2,330-2,"As Valdman (2007: iv) writes: “Differences also exist between urban and rural -inhabitants of each region, but the sharpest differences are noted when comparing the speech of the bilingual minority and that of the monolingual masses in the rural areas and in the lower urban social strata.""",1513[39-52];485[39-51],,100.0,Very certain -49-331-2,49,331,2,331-2,,1505[iv],,100.0,Very certain -49-332-2,49,332,2,332-2,,1505[iv],,100.0,Very certain -49-333-2,49,333,2,333-2,,1513[40],,100.0,Very certain -49-334-2,49,334,2,334-2,,1513[40],,100.0,Very certain -49-335-1,49,335,1,335-1,"Inasmuch as the bilingual French-speaking minority has the possibility to “creolize” French words and to use words in Creole like pllralis (< French: pluralisme ‘pluralism’) or iminite (< French: immunité parlementaire ‘parliamentary immunity’), it is certain that there is significant diastratic variation in the lexical domain.",541[307],,100.0,Very certain -49-34-1,49,34,1,34-1,,,49-97 49-98 49-99,100.0,Certain -49-35-6,49,35,6,35-6,,1514[xxviii],49-100 49-101,100.0,Very certain -49-36-1,49,36,1,36-1,,,49-102 49-103,100.0,Very certain -49-37-6,49,37,6,37-6,,473[846],49-107 49-108,30.0,Very certain -49-37-2,49,37,2,37-2,,473[846],49-104 49-105 49-106,70.0,Very certain -49-38-2,49,38,2,38-2,,,49-112 49-113,30.0,Very certain -49-38-4,49,38,4,38-4,,,49-109 49-110 49-111,70.0,Very certain -49-39-3,49,39,3,39-3,"Exactly these same forms are also used as emphatic possessive determiners (Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, vol. 6, page 68, map 2008)): manje pa m nan 'my very own food', chat kin an m nan 'my very own cat'.","473[vol. 2, p. 858-9]",49-114 49-115,100.0,Very certain -49-4-2,49,4,2,4-2,,371[22],49-8,100.0,Very certain +inhabitants of each region, but the sharpest differences are noted when comparing the speech of the bilingual minority and that of the monolingual masses in the rural areas and in the lower urban social strata.""",1513[39-52];485[39-51],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +49-331-2,49,331,2,331-2,,1505[iv],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +49-332-2,49,332,2,332-2,,1505[iv],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +49-333-2,49,333,2,333-2,,1513[40],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +49-334-2,49,334,2,334-2,,1513[40],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +49-335-1,49,335,1,335-1,"Inasmuch as the bilingual French-speaking minority has the possibility to “creolize” French words and to use words in Creole like pllralis (< French: pluralisme ‘pluralism’) or iminite (< French: immunité parlementaire ‘parliamentary immunity’), it is certain that there is significant diastratic variation in the lexical domain.",541[307],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-34-1,49,34,1,34-1,,,49-97 49-98 49-99,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +49-35-6,49,35,6,35-6,,1514[xxviii],49-100 49-101,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +49-36-1,49,36,1,36-1,,,49-102 49-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +49-37-6,49,37,6,37-6,,473[846],49-107 49-108,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +49-37-2,49,37,2,37-2,,473[846],49-104 49-105 49-106,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +49-38-2,49,38,2,38-2,,,49-112 49-113,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +49-38-4,49,38,4,38-4,,,49-109 49-110 49-111,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +49-39-3,49,39,3,39-3,"Exactly these same forms are also used as emphatic possessive determiners (Atlas linguistique d’Haïti (Fattier 1998, vol. 6, page 68, map 2008)): manje pa m nan 'my very own food', chat kin an m nan 'my very own cat'.","473[vol. 2, p. 858-9]",49-114 49-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-4-2,49,4,2,4-2,,371[22],49-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 49-40-1,49,40,1,40-1,"With certain French-speaking bilinguals, but not monolinguals (who make up the great majority), it is possible to find gender agreement in a little subclass of adjectives (of nationality or ethnicity), e.g. fanm ayisyèn 'Haitian woman'. Overall, it is very marginal. -Furthermore, in a text that I have studied (Fattier 1995) Haitian poet-writer Georges Castera Fils speaks in favour of an adoption of ""positive"" influences exerted by French towards the creole and recommends keeping the ""female French gender"" in certain cases. Thus, one should say group fi ayisyèn patriyòt instead of group fi ayisyen patriyòt.",,49-117,100.0,Very certain -49-41-2,49,41,2,41-2,,482[152],49-118 49-122,50.0,Very certain -49-41-1,49,41,1,41-1,,482[152],49-119 49-120 49-121,50.0,Very certain -49-42-1,49,42,1,42-1,,483[152],49-123 49-124,75.0,Very certain -49-42-2,49,42,2,42-2,,483[152],49-125 49-126,25.0,Very certain -49-43-1,49,43,1,43-1,,473[865],49-128,50.0,Very certain -49-43-3,49,43,3,43-3,,473[865],49-132,50.0,Very certain -49-44-1,49,44,1,44-1,,367[108],49-129,100.0,Very certain -49-45-3,49,45,3,45-3,,473[865],49-130 49-131,100.0,Very certain -49-46-4,49,46,4,46-4,,,49-132,100.0,Very certain -49-47-5,49,47,5,47-5,,473[865],49-133 49-134 49-135 49-136,100.0,Very certain -49-48-2,49,48,2,48-2,"As the example Bouki vann chat 'Bouki sells cats' from DeGraff (2007: 103) shows, the habitual can be expressed with the help of a bare verb. There is thus a possible generic interpretation of bare NP complements.",367[106],49-137 49-138,100.0,Very certain -49-49-3,49,49,3,49-3,,,49-139 49-140,100.0,Very certain -49-5-2,49,5,2,5-2,,371[12],49-10 49-9,100.0,Very certain -49-50-1,49,50,1,50-1,,371[40-41],49-141 49-142 49-143 49-144,100.0,Very certain -49-51-3,49,51,3,51-3,,367[102],49-145 49-146 49-147,100.0,Very certain -49-52-2,49,52,2,52-2,,367[105],49-148,100.0,Very certain -49-53-3,49,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -49-54-7,49,54,7,54-7,"To my knowledge there is a single case of suppletion, concerning the verb fè (< faire, 'to do'). Cf. Feature 90 ""Passive constructions"".",,,100.0,Certain -49-55-1,49,55,1,55-1,,1505[327],49-149 49-150 49-151 49-152,100.0,Very certain -49-56-1,49,56,1,56-1,,473[881-2],49-154 49-155 49-156 49-157 49-161 49-163,70.0,Very certain -49-56-4,49,56,4,56-4,,473[881-2],49-153 49-158 49-159 49-160 49-162 49-164,30.0,Very certain -49-57-1,49,57,1,57-1,,,49-165 49-166,100.0,Very certain -49-58-1,49,58,1,58-1,,,49-167 49-168,100.0,Very certain -49-59-1,49,59,1,59-1,,,49-169 49-170 49-171,100.0,Very certain -49-6-1,49,6,1,6-1,,371[14],49-11,100.0,Very certain -49-60-2,49,60,2,60-2,"With the verb bay/ba 'to give', only the double-object construction is possible (Examples 172, 173). With other verbs implicating a transfer, the recipient may be introduced by ba 'give' (in a serial construction) or by pou 'for' (Examples 174, 175, 176, 177).",,49-165 49-172 49-173 49-174 49-175 49-176 49-177,100.0,Very certain -49-61-1,49,61,1,61-1,,,49-178 49-179 49-180,100.0,Very certain -49-62-1,49,62,1,62-1,,206[9-38],49-181 49-182,100.0,Very certain -49-63-2,49,63,2,63-2,"As for the verb sanble, the expletive subject construction is optional, whereas for genlè only Value 2 is possible.",,49-184 49-185,50.0,Very certain -49-63-1,49,63,1,63-1,"As for the verb sanble, the expletive subject construction is optional, whereas for genlè only Value 2 is possible.",,49-183 49-186,50.0,Intermediate -49-64-2,49,64,2,64-2,,,49-187 49-188,100.0,Very certain -49-65-1,49,65,1,65-1,,"473[vol. 6, p. 145]",49-190 49-193 49-195 49-196,50.0,Very certain -49-65-4,49,65,4,65-4,,"473[vol. 6, p. 145]",49-189 49-192 49-194,50.0,Very certain +Furthermore, in a text that I have studied (Fattier 1995) Haitian poet-writer Georges Castera Fils speaks in favour of an adoption of ""positive"" influences exerted by French towards the creole and recommends keeping the ""female French gender"" in certain cases. Thus, one should say group fi ayisyèn patriyòt instead of group fi ayisyen patriyòt.",,49-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-41-2,49,41,2,41-2,,482[152],49-118 49-122,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-41-1,49,41,1,41-1,,482[152],49-119 49-120 49-121,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-42-1,49,42,1,42-1,,483[152],49-123 49-124,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +49-42-2,49,42,2,42-2,,483[152],49-125 49-126,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +49-43-1,49,43,1,43-1,,473[865],49-128,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +49-43-3,49,43,3,43-3,,473[865],49-132,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +49-44-1,49,44,1,44-1,,367[108],49-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +49-45-3,49,45,3,45-3,,473[865],49-130 49-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-46-4,49,46,4,46-4,,,49-132,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-47-5,49,47,5,47-5,,473[865],49-133 49-134 49-135 49-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +49-48-2,49,48,2,48-2,"As the example Bouki vann chat 'Bouki sells cats' from DeGraff (2007: 103) shows, the habitual can be expressed with the help of a bare verb. There is thus a possible generic interpretation of bare NP complements.",367[106],49-137 49-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +49-49-3,49,49,3,49-3,,,49-139 49-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-5-2,49,5,2,5-2,,371[12],49-10 49-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +49-50-1,49,50,1,50-1,,371[40-41],49-141 49-142 49-143 49-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +49-51-3,49,51,3,51-3,,367[102],49-145 49-146 49-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-52-2,49,52,2,52-2,,367[105],49-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +49-53-3,49,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +49-54-7,49,54,7,54-7,"To my knowledge there is a single case of suppletion, concerning the verb fè (< faire, 'to do'). Cf. Feature 90 ""Passive constructions"".",,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +49-55-1,49,55,1,55-1,,1505[327],49-149 49-150 49-151 49-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-56-1,49,56,1,56-1,,473[881-2],49-154 49-155 49-156 49-157 49-161 49-163,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-56-4,49,56,4,56-4,,473[881-2],49-153 49-158 49-159 49-160 49-162 49-164,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-57-1,49,57,1,57-1,,,49-165 49-166,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-58-1,49,58,1,58-1,,,49-167 49-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +49-59-1,49,59,1,59-1,,,49-169 49-170 49-171,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +49-6-1,49,6,1,6-1,,371[14],49-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-60-2,49,60,2,60-2,"With the verb bay/ba 'to give', only the double-object construction is possible (Examples 172, 173). With other verbs implicating a transfer, the recipient may be introduced by ba 'give' (in a serial construction) or by pou 'for' (Examples 174, 175, 176, 177).",,49-165 49-172 49-173 49-174 49-175 49-176 49-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +49-61-1,49,61,1,61-1,,,49-178 49-179 49-180,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-62-1,49,62,1,62-1,,206[9-38],49-181 49-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-63-2,49,63,2,63-2,"As for the verb sanble, the expletive subject construction is optional, whereas for genlè only Value 2 is possible.",,49-184 49-185,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-63-1,49,63,1,63-1,"As for the verb sanble, the expletive subject construction is optional, whereas for genlè only Value 2 is possible.",,49-183 49-186,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-64-2,49,64,2,64-2,,,49-187 49-188,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-65-1,49,65,1,65-1,,"473[vol. 6, p. 145]",49-190 49-193 49-195 49-196,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +49-65-4,49,65,4,65-4,,"473[vol. 6, p. 145]",49-189 49-192 49-194,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", 49-66-1,49,66,1,66-1,"In Haitian Creole there are other experiencer constructions with a word like grangou 'hunger': Grangou ap touye. 'I'm dying of hunger.'; Grangou pran li. -'Hunger has overtaken him.'","473[vol. 1, p. 150]",49-199 49-200 49-201 49-202 49-203,33.3333333333333,Very certain +'Hunger has overtaken him.'","473[vol. 1, p. 150]",49-199 49-200 49-201 49-202 49-203,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF.png""}", 49-66-3,49,66,3,66-3,"In Haitian Creole there are other experiencer constructions with a word like grangou 'hunger': Grangou ap touye. 'I'm dying of hunger.'; Grangou pran li. -'Hunger has overtaken him.'","473[vol. 1, p. 150]",49-197 49-198,33.3333333333333,Very certain +'Hunger has overtaken him.'","473[vol. 1, p. 150]",49-197 49-198,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF.png""}", 49-66-2,49,66,2,66-2,"In Haitian Creole there are other experiencer constructions with a word like grangou 'hunger': Grangou ap touye. 'I'm dying of hunger.'; Grangou pran li. -'Hunger has overtaken him.'","473[vol. 1, p. 150]",49-204,33.3333333333333,Unspecified -49-67-1,49,67,1,67-1,,371[37],49-205 49-206,100.0,Very certain -49-68-1,49,68,1,68-1,,478[73],49-207 49-208 49-209,70.0,Very certain -49-68-2,49,68,2,68-2,,478[73],49-210,30.0,Very certain -49-69-1,49,69,1,69-1,,371[55],49-211,100.0,Very certain -49-7-1,49,7,1,7-1,,367[110],49-12 49-13,100.0,Very certain -49-70-3,49,70,3,70-3,,371[49],49-214 49-215 49-217,100.0,Very certain -49-71-3,49,71,3,71-3,,,49-214 49-218 49-219 49-221 49-222 49-223,100.0,Very certain -49-72-3,49,72,3,72-3,"Three expressions can be used for the verbal conjunction, namely e, epi, epi tou.",371[36],49-224 49-225 49-226 49-227,100.0,Very certain -49-73-1,49,73,1,73-1,,371[15],49-228 49-229 49-230 49-231,100.0,Very certain -49-74-2,49,74,2,74-2,,367[104],49-232 49-233,100.0,Very certain -49-75-2,49,75,2,75-2,,367[104],49-234,100.0,Very certain -49-76-1,49,76,1,76-1,,367[104],49-235 49-236 49-237 49-238 49-239,100.0,Very certain -49-77-1,49,77,1,77-1,,,49-240 49-241,100.0,Very certain -49-78-1,49,78,1,78-1,,367[115],49-242 49-243 49-244,100.0,Very certain -49-79-1,49,79,1,79-1,,371[47],49-248 49-249,100.0,Very certain -49-8-1,49,8,1,8-1,,,49-14,30.0,Very certain -49-8-2,49,8,2,8-2,,,49-15,70.0,Very certain -49-80-1,49,80,1,80-1,,371[47],49-250,100.0,Very certain -49-81-1,49,81,1,81-1,,,49-17 49-245 49-246 49-247 49-248 49-249 49-250 49-256 49-297,100.0,Very certain -49-82-3,49,82,3,82-3,,,49-252,30.0,Very certain -49-82-2,49,82,2,82-2,,,49-251 49-253,70.0,Very certain -49-83-2,49,83,2,83-2,,,49-254 49-255,100.0,Certain -49-84-2,49,84,2,84-2,,,49-256 49-257,100.0,Very certain -49-85-1,49,85,1,85-1,,,49-258,100.0,Very certain -49-86-2,49,86,2,86-2,"I am very reserved about the classification of ba as a verb. To me, it is rather a preposition since commutation with prepositions is possible.","473[vol. 1, p. 235-6]",49-259 49-260 49-261 49-262,100.0,Very certain -49-87-2,49,87,2,87-2,"Value 1 is only possible for the third person, as far as I know.",473[860],49-263 49-264,95.0,Very certain -49-87-1,49,87,1,87-1,"Value 1 is only possible for the third person, as far as I know.",473[860],49-265 49-266 49-267,5.0,Very certain -49-88-2,49,88,2,88-2,,473[860],49-268 49-269 49-270,100.0,Very certain -49-89-2,49,89,2,89-2,,"473[vol. 6, p. 70]",49-271 49-272 49-273,100.0,Very certain -49-9-2,49,9,2,9-2,,371[14],49-16,100.0,Very certain -49-90-1,49,90,1,90-1,The prototypical passive construction is only used with one verb (fè/fèt). It is never possible to mention an agent. The construction is realized through morphological marking.,367[112],49-274 49-275,30.0,Very certain -49-90-3,49,90,3,90-3,The prototypical passive construction is only used with one verb (fè/fèt). It is never possible to mention an agent. The construction is realized through morphological marking.,367[112],49-276 49-277 49-278,70.0,Very certain -49-91-8,49,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -49-92-1,49,92,1,92-1,It is debatable whether ki functions as a complementizer or a relative pronoun (DeGraff 2007 : 110).,371[55],49-211 49-279 49-280,100.0,Very certain -49-93-1,49,93,1,93-1,,367[11],49-283,30.0,Very certain -49-93-4,49,93,4,93-4,,367[11],49-281 49-282,70.0,Very certain +'Hunger has overtaken him.'","473[vol. 1, p. 150]",49-204,33.3333333333333,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF.png""}", +49-67-1,49,67,1,67-1,,371[37],49-205 49-206,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-68-1,49,68,1,68-1,,478[73],49-207 49-208 49-209,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FF7F00.png""}", +49-68-2,49,68,2,68-2,,478[73],49-210,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FF7F00.png""}", +49-69-1,49,69,1,69-1,,371[55],49-211,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +49-7-1,49,7,1,7-1,,367[110],49-12 49-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-70-3,49,70,3,70-3,,371[49],49-214 49-215 49-217,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +49-71-3,49,71,3,71-3,,,49-214 49-218 49-219 49-221 49-222 49-223,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-72-3,49,72,3,72-3,"Three expressions can be used for the verbal conjunction, namely e, epi, epi tou.",371[36],49-224 49-225 49-226 49-227,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +49-73-1,49,73,1,73-1,,371[15],49-228 49-229 49-230 49-231,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +49-74-2,49,74,2,74-2,,367[104],49-232 49-233,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-75-2,49,75,2,75-2,,367[104],49-234,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-76-1,49,76,1,76-1,,367[104],49-235 49-236 49-237 49-238 49-239,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +49-77-1,49,77,1,77-1,,,49-240 49-241,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +49-78-1,49,78,1,78-1,,367[115],49-242 49-243 49-244,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +49-79-1,49,79,1,79-1,,371[47],49-248 49-249,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-8-1,49,8,1,8-1,,,49-14,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +49-8-2,49,8,2,8-2,,,49-15,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +49-80-1,49,80,1,80-1,,371[47],49-250,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +49-81-1,49,81,1,81-1,,,49-17 49-245 49-246 49-247 49-248 49-249 49-250 49-256 49-297,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-82-3,49,82,3,82-3,,,49-252,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-82-2,49,82,2,82-2,,,49-251 49-253,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-83-2,49,83,2,83-2,,,49-254 49-255,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-84-2,49,84,2,84-2,,,49-256 49-257,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +49-85-1,49,85,1,85-1,,,49-258,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-86-2,49,86,2,86-2,"I am very reserved about the classification of ba as a verb. To me, it is rather a preposition since commutation with prepositions is possible.","473[vol. 1, p. 235-6]",49-259 49-260 49-261 49-262,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +49-87-2,49,87,2,87-2,"Value 1 is only possible for the third person, as far as I know.",473[860],49-263 49-264,95.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-5-FFFFFF-95-FF0000.png""}", +49-87-1,49,87,1,87-1,"Value 1 is only possible for the third person, as far as I know.",473[860],49-265 49-266 49-267,5.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-5-FFFFFF-95-FF0000.png""}", +49-88-2,49,88,2,88-2,,473[860],49-268 49-269 49-270,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +49-89-2,49,89,2,89-2,,"473[vol. 6, p. 70]",49-271 49-272 49-273,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +49-9-2,49,9,2,9-2,,371[14],49-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +49-90-1,49,90,1,90-1,The prototypical passive construction is only used with one verb (fè/fèt). It is never possible to mention an agent. The construction is realized through morphological marking.,367[112],49-274 49-275,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +49-90-3,49,90,3,90-3,The prototypical passive construction is only used with one verb (fè/fèt). It is never possible to mention an agent. The construction is realized through morphological marking.,367[112],49-276 49-277 49-278,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +49-91-8,49,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +49-92-1,49,92,1,92-1,It is debatable whether ki functions as a complementizer or a relative pronoun (DeGraff 2007 : 110).,371[55],49-211 49-279 49-280,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +49-93-1,49,93,1,93-1,,367[11],49-283,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-93-4,49,93,4,93-4,,367[11],49-281 49-282,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 49-94-9,49,94,9,94-9,"The construction under Value 8 uses zero (no complementizer) without with, and without resumptive pronoun. -Cf. the scissors she cut the paper.",371[55],49-211 49-284 49-286,70.0,Very certain +Cf. the scissors she cut the paper.",371[55],49-211 49-284 49-286,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-ADD8E6-70-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge 49-94-5,49,94,5,94-5,"The construction under Value 8 uses zero (no complementizer) without with, and without resumptive pronoun. -Cf. the scissors she cut the paper.",371[55],49-285 49-287,30.0,Very certain -49-95-3,49,95,3,95-3,,,49-291,30.0,Very certain -49-95-4,49,95,4,95-4,,,49-288 49-289 49-290,70.0,Very certain +Cf. the scissors she cut the paper.",371[55],49-285 49-287,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-ADD8E6-70-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +49-95-3,49,95,3,95-3,,,49-291,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-95-4,49,95,4,95-4,,,49-288 49-289 49-290,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 49-96-4,49,96,4,96-4,"It is absolutely possible to hear the same sentence from bilingual French speakers with a complementizer originating from French que. Nou konnen ke ou nan konplo. -In Peleman’s (1978) dictionary, the entry ké reads: ""It is not a loanword from French like so many others, but it rather results from a lack of respect for the creole, where ke is not needed in cultivated speech as well as in popular speech. It is a bastard which, thanks to the school and to publications in creole, although there are very few of them, sees its chances of survival INCREASE from day to day. The language doesn’t need it at all.” (our translation)",,49-292,75.0,Very certain +In Peleman’s (1978) dictionary, the entry ké reads: ""It is not a loanword from French like so many others, but it rather results from a lack of respect for the creole, where ke is not needed in cultivated speech as well as in popular speech. It is a bastard which, thanks to the school and to publications in creole, although there are very few of them, sees its chances of survival INCREASE from day to day. The language doesn’t need it at all.” (our translation)",,49-292,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 49-96-3,49,96,3,96-3,"It is absolutely possible to hear the same sentence from bilingual French speakers with a complementizer originating from French que. Nou konnen ke ou nan konplo. -In Peleman’s (1978) dictionary, the entry ké reads: ""It is not a loanword from French like so many others, but it rather results from a lack of respect for the creole, where ke is not needed in cultivated speech as well as in popular speech. It is a bastard which, thanks to the school and to publications in creole, although there are very few of them, sees its chances of survival INCREASE from day to day. The language doesn’t need it at all.” (our translation)",,49-293 49-294,25.0,Very certain -49-97-1,49,97,1,97-1,,"473[vol. 6, p. 121]",49-297 49-298,70.0,Very certain -49-97-2,49,97,2,97-2,,"473[vol. 6, p. 121]",49-295 49-296,30.0,Very certain +In Peleman’s (1978) dictionary, the entry ké reads: ""It is not a loanword from French like so many others, but it rather results from a lack of respect for the creole, where ke is not needed in cultivated speech as well as in popular speech. It is a bastard which, thanks to the school and to publications in creole, although there are very few of them, sees its chances of survival INCREASE from day to day. The language doesn’t need it at all.” (our translation)",,49-293 49-294,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-97-1,49,97,1,97-1,,"473[vol. 6, p. 121]",49-297 49-298,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +49-97-2,49,97,2,97-2,,"473[vol. 6, p. 121]",49-295 49-296,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge 49-98-5,49,98,5,98-5,"Fè m sonje pou m al chache timoun yo. [make 1SG think for 1SG go pick.up child DEF.PL] 'Remind me to go pick up the children.' -The construction with pou is also possible with verbs other than vle.",,49-299 49-300 49-301 49-302 49-303,100.0,Very certain -49-99-1,49,99,1,99-1,,371[46],49-304 49-305,100.0,Very certain -5-0-1,5,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -5-1-2,5,1,2,1-2,,1281[p. 131 (line 247)],5-1,100.0,Very certain -5-10-1,5,10,1,10-1,,1281[130(line 217)],5-18 5-5,100.0,Very certain -5-100-4,5,100,4,100-4,,1281[132],5-14,100.0,Very certain -5-101-1,5,101,1,101-1,,1281[145],5-14 5-55 5-80,100.0,Very certain -5-102-1,5,102,1,102-1,,"1281[149, line 385]",5-80,100.0,Very certain -5-103-7,5,103,7,103-7,,"1281[147, line 357]",5-173,100.0,Very certain -5-104-1,5,104,1,104-1,,"1281[147, line 351]",5-174,100.0,Very certain -5-105-1,5,105,1,105-1,,,5-175,100.0,Very certain -5-106-3,5,106,3,106-3,,,5-177,50.0,Very certain -5-106-2,5,106,2,106-2,,,5-176,50.0,Very certain -5-107-3,5,107,3,107-3,"The preceding vocative marker is perhaps the most common form used in modern Creolese. In its usage, it might be designated a 'proximal vocative' because it tends to be used for people who are within sight of the caller. There is a following vocative marker as well. This is the one which is traditional and still in use, though largely regarded as old-fashioned. It is different from the preceding vocative in that it is used to call to people who are out of sight, as, for example, inside a house or behind a clump of trees. We might deem this a 'distal vocative'.",,5-178 5-179,100.0,Certain -5-108-3,5,108,3,108-3,"The most emphatic form of a click is the 'suck teeth', which is performed as an ingressive fricative passing through either the front teeth, or more often laterally along the side of the mouth and then through the teeth.",1280,5-180 5-181,100.0,Very certain -5-109-1,5,109,1,109-1,,401[56],5-182,100.0,Very certain -5-11-4,5,11,4,11-4,"Object-adverb-verb order is widespread, in the sense that any time one wishes for stylistic reasons to foreground the object, this construction (OBJ-ADV-VP) has to be used. This foregrounding construction is normal in the language.",1281[146 (line 338)];1197[1],5-21,23.0769230769231,Very certain -5-11-2,5,11,2,11-2,"Object-adverb-verb order is widespread, in the sense that any time one wishes for stylistic reasons to foreground the object, this construction (OBJ-ADV-VP) has to be used. This foregrounding construction is normal in the language.",1281[146 (line 338)];1197[1],5-20,38.4615384615385,Very certain -5-11-3,5,11,3,11-3,"Object-adverb-verb order is widespread, in the sense that any time one wishes for stylistic reasons to foreground the object, this construction (OBJ-ADV-VP) has to be used. This foregrounding construction is normal in the language.",1281[146 (line 338)];1197[1],5-19,38.4615384615385,Very certain -5-110-1,5,110,1,110-1,,"1436[217, 221]",5-183,100.0,Very certain -5-111-2,5,111,2,111-2,,,5-184,100.0,Very certain -5-112-1,5,112,1,112-1,,,5-185,100.0,Very certain -5-113-2,5,113,2,113-2,,401,5-186 5-187,100.0,Very certain -5-114-2,5,114,2,114-2,,,5-188 5-189,100.0,Very certain -5-115-2,5,115,2,115-2,,,5-190 5-191,100.0,Very certain -5-116-2,5,116,2,116-2,,,5-192 5-193,100.0,Very certain -5-117-1,5,117,1,117-1,,,5-194,100.0,Very certain -5-118-3,5,118,3,118-3,"Creolese, in its most basilectal form would fall into Value 2: moderately complex. Modern day Creolese, or Creolese spoken by younger persons tends to fall into Value 3: complex, i.e. it allows for sequences of 2 obstruents, as in /st/, /sp/ etc, as well as for sequences of obstruent-obstruent-liquid as in /sʧraa/ - 'straw', /spree/ 'spray', /splash/ 'splash' etc.",,5-194 5-195 5-196 5-197,100.0,Very certain -5-119-3,5,119,3,119-3,,384[77],5-198 5-199 5-200 5-201 5-202,100.0,Very certain -5-12-2,5,12,2,12-2,"The two constructions do not have the same meaning. The first one is open-ended, whereas the second one may, but not always, occur with a suggested answer. The second option implies that the answer should be obvious.",1281[134 (line 304)],5-22,50.0,Very certain -5-12-1,5,12,1,12-1,"The two constructions do not have the same meaning. The first one is open-ended, whereas the second one may, but not always, occur with a suggested answer. The second option implies that the answer should be obvious.",1281[134 (line 304)],5-23,50.0,Very certain -5-120-2,5,120,2,120-2,,384[94],5-203 5-204 5-205,100.0,Very certain -5-121-4,5,121,4,121-4,,,,100.0, -5-122-3,5,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0, -5-123-4,5,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -5-124-1,5,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -5-125-1,5,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -5-126-1,5,126,1,126-1,,,5-226,100.0, -5-127-6,5,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -5-128-1,5,128,1,128-1,,,5-232,100.0, -5-129-1,5,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -5-13-1,5,13,1,13-1,,1281[160 (line 495)],5-24 5-25,100.0,Very certain -5-130-1,5,130,1,130-1,,,5-229,100.0, +The construction with pou is also possible with verbs other than vle.",,49-299 49-300 49-301 49-302 49-303,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +49-99-1,49,99,1,99-1,,371[46],49-304 49-305,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-0-1,5,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +5-1-2,5,1,2,1-2,,1281[p. 131 (line 247)],5-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +5-10-1,5,10,1,10-1,,1281[130(line 217)],5-18 5-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +5-100-4,5,100,4,100-4,,1281[132],5-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +5-101-1,5,101,1,101-1,,1281[145],5-14 5-55 5-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-102-1,5,102,1,102-1,,"1281[149, line 385]",5-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +5-103-7,5,103,7,103-7,,"1281[147, line 357]",5-173,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +5-104-1,5,104,1,104-1,,"1281[147, line 351]",5-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-105-1,5,105,1,105-1,,,5-175,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-106-3,5,106,3,106-3,,,5-177,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +5-106-2,5,106,2,106-2,,,5-176,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +5-107-3,5,107,3,107-3,"The preceding vocative marker is perhaps the most common form used in modern Creolese. In its usage, it might be designated a 'proximal vocative' because it tends to be used for people who are within sight of the caller. There is a following vocative marker as well. This is the one which is traditional and still in use, though largely regarded as old-fashioned. It is different from the preceding vocative in that it is used to call to people who are out of sight, as, for example, inside a house or behind a clump of trees. We might deem this a 'distal vocative'.",,5-178 5-179,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-108-3,5,108,3,108-3,"The most emphatic form of a click is the 'suck teeth', which is performed as an ingressive fricative passing through either the front teeth, or more often laterally along the side of the mouth and then through the teeth.",1280,5-180 5-181,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +5-109-1,5,109,1,109-1,,401[56],5-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-11-4,5,11,4,11-4,"Object-adverb-verb order is widespread, in the sense that any time one wishes for stylistic reasons to foreground the object, this construction (OBJ-ADV-VP) has to be used. This foregrounding construction is normal in the language.",1281[146 (line 338)];1197[1],5-21,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-39-FF0000-39-FFFF00-24-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-11-2,5,11,2,11-2,"Object-adverb-verb order is widespread, in the sense that any time one wishes for stylistic reasons to foreground the object, this construction (OBJ-ADV-VP) has to be used. This foregrounding construction is normal in the language.",1281[146 (line 338)];1197[1],5-20,38.4615384615385,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-39-FF0000-39-FFFF00-24-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-11-3,5,11,3,11-3,"Object-adverb-verb order is widespread, in the sense that any time one wishes for stylistic reasons to foreground the object, this construction (OBJ-ADV-VP) has to be used. This foregrounding construction is normal in the language.",1281[146 (line 338)];1197[1],5-19,38.4615384615385,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-39-FF0000-39-FFFF00-24-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-110-1,5,110,1,110-1,,"1436[217, 221]",5-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-111-2,5,111,2,111-2,,,5-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-112-1,5,112,1,112-1,,,5-185,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +5-113-2,5,113,2,113-2,,401,5-186 5-187,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-114-2,5,114,2,114-2,,,5-188 5-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-115-2,5,115,2,115-2,,,5-190 5-191,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-116-2,5,116,2,116-2,,,5-192 5-193,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-117-1,5,117,1,117-1,,,5-194,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-118-3,5,118,3,118-3,"Creolese, in its most basilectal form would fall into Value 2: moderately complex. Modern day Creolese, or Creolese spoken by younger persons tends to fall into Value 3: complex, i.e. it allows for sequences of 2 obstruents, as in /st/, /sp/ etc, as well as for sequences of obstruent-obstruent-liquid as in /sʧraa/ - 'straw', /spree/ 'spray', /splash/ 'splash' etc.",,5-194 5-195 5-196 5-197,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-119-3,5,119,3,119-3,,384[77],5-198 5-199 5-200 5-201 5-202,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-12-2,5,12,2,12-2,"The two constructions do not have the same meaning. The first one is open-ended, whereas the second one may, but not always, occur with a suggested answer. The second option implies that the answer should be obvious.",1281[134 (line 304)],5-22,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +5-12-1,5,12,1,12-1,"The two constructions do not have the same meaning. The first one is open-ended, whereas the second one may, but not always, occur with a suggested answer. The second option implies that the answer should be obvious.",1281[134 (line 304)],5-23,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +5-120-2,5,120,2,120-2,,384[94],5-203 5-204 5-205,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +5-121-4,5,121,4,121-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +5-122-3,5,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +5-123-4,5,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-124-1,5,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-125-1,5,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-126-1,5,126,1,126-1,,,5-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-127-6,5,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-128-1,5,128,1,128-1,,,5-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-129-1,5,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-13-1,5,13,1,13-1,,1281[160 (line 495)],5-24 5-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +5-130-1,5,130,1,130-1,,,5-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 5-131,5,131,1,131-1,"1. The suprasegmental pattern involves falling tone on the first syllable and high tone on the second. -2. The aspirated allophone occurs at the beginning of a prominent syllable whereas the unaspirated one does not.",,5-206,100.0, +2. The aspirated allophone occurs at the beginning of a prominent syllable whereas the unaspirated one does not.",,5-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 5-132,5,132,1,132-1,"1. There is a falling tone on the first syllable, low on the second, high on the third. -2. The voiced bilabial plosive does not occur at the start of a prominent syllable.",,5-209,100.0, +2. The voiced bilabial plosive does not occur at the start of a prominent syllable.",,5-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 5-133,5,133,1,133-1,"1. There is a falling tone on the first syllable, high on the second. -2. The unaspirated dental/alveolar plosive does not occur at the beginning of a prominent syllable.",,5-211,100.0, +2. The unaspirated dental/alveolar plosive does not occur at the beginning of a prominent syllable.",,5-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 5-134,5,134,1,134-1,"1. There is a falling tone on the first syllable, high on the second. -2. The voiced dental/alveolar plosive is not used at the start of a prominent syllable.",,5-213,100.0, -5-137,5,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -5-138,5,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -5-139,5,139,1,139-1,,,5-219,100.0, -5-14-1,5,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -5-140,5,140,1,140-1,,,5-220,100.0, -5-143,5,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -5-144,5,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -5-145,5,145,1,145-1,,,5-214,100.0, -5-146,5,146,1,146-1,,,5-215,100.0, -5-147,5,147,1,147-1,The voiceless velar stop does not occur at the start of a prominent syllable.,,5-207,100.0, -5-148,5,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -5-149,5,149,1,149-1,,,5-217,100.0, -5-15-1,5,15,1,15-1,,1281[164 (line 566)],5-26,100.0,Very certain -5-151,5,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -5-152,5,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -5-153,5,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -5-155,5,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, +2. The voiced dental/alveolar plosive is not used at the start of a prominent syllable.",,5-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-137,5,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-138,5,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-139,5,139,1,139-1,,,5-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-14-1,5,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-140,5,140,1,140-1,,,5-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-143,5,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-144,5,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-145,5,145,1,145-1,,,5-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-146,5,146,1,146-1,,,5-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-147,5,147,1,147-1,The voiceless velar stop does not occur at the start of a prominent syllable.,,5-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-148,5,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-149,5,149,1,149-1,,,5-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-15-1,5,15,1,15-1,,1281[164 (line 566)],5-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +5-151,5,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-152,5,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-153,5,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-155,5,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 5-156,5,156,3,156-3,"1. There is falling tone on the first syllable, and high tone on the second. Note the lack of aspiration on [k]. -2. The aspirated form, [ph], occurs at the beginning of a prominent syllable.",,5-208,100.0, -5-158,5,158,3,158-3,1. The voiceless aspirated dental/alveolar stop occurs here at the beginning of a prominent syllable.,,5-212,100.0, -5-159,5,159,3,159-3,1. The voiced aspirated dental/alveolar [dh] in Creolese is only present in loan words from Bhojpuri (an Indo-Aryan language originally from North-East India).,,5-210,100.0, -5-16-1,5,16,1,16-1,"The more conservative varieties have a distinction between subject and object in the 3rd person singular and no gender distinction. The less conservative varieties have no subject-object distinction in the 3rd person but differentiate between masculine, feminine and neuter.",,5-27,100.0,Very certain -5-160,5,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -5-161,5,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -5-163,5,163,2,163-2,,,5-216,100.0, -5-168,5,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -5-169,5,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -5-17-4,5,17,4,17-4,"Monosyllabic pronouns produce differentiation between independent and dependent personal pronouns. The independent monosyllabic ones have prominent prosody, and usually in addition either a long vowel or an /h/ in the onset to differentiate them from the dependent ones.",,5-28 5-29,100.0,Very certain -5-170,5,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -5-171,5,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -5-172,5,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -5-173,5,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -5-174,5,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -5-176,5,176,1,176-1,,,5-218,100.0, -5-178,5,178,1,178-1,,,5-230,100.0, -5-179,5,179,1,179-1,,,5-231,100.0, -5-18-1,5,18,1,18-1,,,5-30,100.0,Very certain -5-180,5,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -5-181,5,181,1,181-1,,,5-232,100.0, -5-182,5,182,1,182-1,,,5-233,100.0, -5-183,5,183,1,183-1,,,5-234,100.0, -5-184,5,184,2,184-2,This is a variant of [pɹapa]. The alveolar flap /ɾ/ is associated with speakers of South Asian (Indian) origin.,,5-235,100.0, -5-187,5,187,2,187-2,This is a variant of [pan] 'on'. The fricative variant /ɸ/ is associated with speakers of South Asian (Indian) origin.,,5-221,100.0, -5-188,5,188,2,188-2,This is a variant form of /awi/. It is of South Asian origin and rare.,,5-222,100.0, -5-189,5,189,1,189-1,,,5-223,100.0, -5-19-4,5,19,4,19-4,,,5-31 5-32 5-33 5-34,100.0,Very certain -5-190,5,190,1,190-1,,,5-224,100.0, -5-191,5,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -5-192,5,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -5-193,5,193,1,193-1,,,5-225,100.0, -5-194,5,194,1,194-1,,,5-226,100.0, -5-195,5,195,1,195-1,,,5-227,100.0, -5-196,5,196,1,196-1,,,5-228,100.0, -5-199,5,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -5-2-1,5,2,1,2-1,,1281[68],5-2 5-4,75.0,Very certain -5-2-2,5,2,2,2-2,,1281[68],5-3 5-68,25.0,Very certain +2. The aspirated form, [ph], occurs at the beginning of a prominent syllable.",,5-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +5-158,5,158,3,158-3,1. The voiceless aspirated dental/alveolar stop occurs here at the beginning of a prominent syllable.,,5-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +5-159,5,159,3,159-3,1. The voiced aspirated dental/alveolar [dh] in Creolese is only present in loan words from Bhojpuri (an Indo-Aryan language originally from North-East India).,,5-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +5-16-1,5,16,1,16-1,"The more conservative varieties have a distinction between subject and object in the 3rd person singular and no gender distinction. The less conservative varieties have no subject-object distinction in the 3rd person but differentiate between masculine, feminine and neuter.",,5-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-160,5,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-161,5,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-163,5,163,2,163-2,,,5-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-168,5,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-169,5,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-17-4,5,17,4,17-4,"Monosyllabic pronouns produce differentiation between independent and dependent personal pronouns. The independent monosyllabic ones have prominent prosody, and usually in addition either a long vowel or an /h/ in the onset to differentiate them from the dependent ones.",,5-28 5-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-170,5,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-171,5,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-172,5,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-173,5,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-174,5,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-176,5,176,1,176-1,,,5-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-178,5,178,1,178-1,,,5-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-179,5,179,1,179-1,,,5-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-18-1,5,18,1,18-1,,,5-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +5-180,5,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-181,5,181,1,181-1,,,5-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-182,5,182,1,182-1,,,5-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-183,5,183,1,183-1,,,5-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-184,5,184,2,184-2,This is a variant of [pɹapa]. The alveolar flap /ɾ/ is associated with speakers of South Asian (Indian) origin.,,5-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-187,5,187,2,187-2,This is a variant of [pan] 'on'. The fricative variant /ɸ/ is associated with speakers of South Asian (Indian) origin.,,5-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-188,5,188,2,188-2,This is a variant form of /awi/. It is of South Asian origin and rare.,,5-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-189,5,189,1,189-1,,,5-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-19-4,5,19,4,19-4,,,5-31 5-32 5-33 5-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-190,5,190,1,190-1,,,5-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-191,5,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-192,5,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-193,5,193,1,193-1,,,5-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-194,5,194,1,194-1,,,5-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-195,5,195,1,195-1,,,5-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-196,5,196,1,196-1,,,5-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-199,5,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-2-1,5,2,1,2-1,,1281[68],5-2 5-4,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-0000FF-25-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +5-2-2,5,2,2,2-2,,1281[68],5-3 5-68,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-0000FF-25-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 5-20-1,5,20,1,20-1,"The following is also possible in Creolese: mi go choch wid Meerii 'I went to church with Mary./ Mary and I went to church.' -This construction involves comitative wid occurring before the PN, but in a different position, only after the verb.","1281[210, lines 971-972]",5-35,100.0,Very certain -5-200,5,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -5-201,5,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -5-202,5,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -5-205,5,205,1,205-1,,,5-229,100.0, -5-209,5,209,1,209-1,,,5-236,100.0, -5-21-2,5,21,2,21-2,,,5-36 5-37,50.0,Very certain -5-21-5,5,21,5,21-5,,,5-36 5-37,50.0,Very certain -5-212,5,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -5-217,5,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -5-218,5,218,1,218-1,,,5-237,100.0, -5-22-4,5,22,4,22-4,Pluralization only takes place in definite noun phrases.,"1281[210, lines 971-972];1197[Chapt 3 (line 3)]",5-38 5-39,100.0,Very certain -5-221,5,221,1,221-1,,,5-238,100.0, -5-23-6,5,23,6,23-6,Reduplication has distributive meaning.,1281[164 (line 582)],5-41,50.0,Very certain -5-23-8,5,23,8,23-8,Reduplication has distributive meaning.,1281[164 (line 582)],5-40,50.0,Certain -5-231,5,231,2,231-2,,,5-254,100.0, -5-24-1,5,24,1,24-1,,,5-42 5-43,100.0,Very certain -5-25-2,5,25,2,25-2,,1281[155 (line 487-8)];1281[180 (line 728)],5-38 5-44,100.0,Very certain -5-252,5,252,2,252-2,,,5-239,100.0, -5-253,5,253,2,253-2,,,5-242,100.0, -5-254,5,254,1,254-1,,,5-244,100.0, -5-255,5,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -5-256,5,256,1,256-1,,,5-246,100.0, -5-257,5,257,2,257-2,,,5-248,100.0, -5-258,5,258,2,258-2,,,5-251,100.0, -5-259,5,259,1,259-1,,,5-253,100.0, -5-26-8,5,26,8,26-8,"Although both iconic and attenuating are possible, they normally have different supra-segmental features.",1281[230 (line 1142)];1281[228],5-45 5-46 5-47,100.0,Very certain -5-260,5,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -5-261,5,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -5-263,5,263,1,263-1,,,5-241,100.0, -5-267,5,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -5-268,5,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -5-27-2,5,27,2,27-2,The differentiation is not one involving lexical items but rather one of emphasis and context.,1281[203 (line 958)],5-48,50.0,Very certain -5-27-1,5,27,1,27-1,The differentiation is not one involving lexical items but rather one of emphasis and context.,1281[203 (line 958)],5-49,50.0,Very certain -5-272,5,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -5-273,5,273,1,273-1,,,5-250,100.0, -5-274,5,274,1,274-1,,,5-256,100.0, -5-275,5,275,1,275-1,,,5-257,100.0, -5-276,5,276,1,276-1,,,5-258,100.0, -5-277,5,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -5-278,5,278,1,278-1,,,5-259,100.0, -5-279,5,279,1,279-1,,,5-260,100.0, -5-28-1,5,28,1,28-1,,1281[147 (line 351)],5-50 5-51,100.0,Very certain -5-280,5,280,1,280-1,,,5-261,100.0, -5-281,5,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -5-282,5,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -5-284,5,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -5-285,5,285,2,285-2,,,5-240,100.0, -5-286,5,286,2,286-2,,,5-243,100.0, -5-287,5,287,2,287-2,,,5-245,100.0, -5-288,5,288,2,288-2,,,5-247,100.0, -5-289,5,289,2,289-2,,,5-249,100.0, -5-29-1,5,29,1,29-1,"There is identity between the numeral and the indefinite article at the segmental level for many speakers, with the distinction being a suprasegmental one, with the numeral receiving prominence, and the indefinite article being non-prominent. For other speakers, however, there is also a segmental difference, with the numeral being /waan/ and the indefinite article /wan/.","1281[130, line 217]",5-52 5-78,100.0,Very certain -5-290,5,290,2,290-2,,,5-252,100.0, -5-291,5,291,2,291-2,,,5-255,100.0, -5-3-1,5,3,1,3-1,,1281[130 (line 217)],5-5,100.0,Very certain -5-30-2,5,30,2,30-2,,1197[16],5-53,100.0,Very certain -5-308-1,5,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -5-309-2,5,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -5-31-2,5,31,2,31-2,,"1281[132, line 266]",5-54 5-55,100.0,Very certain -5-310-4,5,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -5-311-2,5,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Certain -5-312-3,5,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain +This construction involves comitative wid occurring before the PN, but in a different position, only after the verb.","1281[210, lines 971-972]",5-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-200,5,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-201,5,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-202,5,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-205,5,205,1,205-1,,,5-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-209,5,209,1,209-1,,,5-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-21-2,5,21,2,21-2,,,5-36 5-37,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +5-21-5,5,21,5,21-5,,,5-36 5-37,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +5-212,5,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-217,5,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-218,5,218,1,218-1,,,5-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-22-4,5,22,4,22-4,Pluralization only takes place in definite noun phrases.,"1281[210, lines 971-972];1197[Chapt 3 (line 3)]",5-38 5-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +5-221,5,221,1,221-1,,,5-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-23-6,5,23,6,23-6,Reduplication has distributive meaning.,1281[164 (line 582)],5-41,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-800080-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +5-23-8,5,23,8,23-8,Reduplication has distributive meaning.,1281[164 (line 582)],5-40,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-800080-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +5-231,5,231,2,231-2,,,5-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-24-1,5,24,1,24-1,,,5-42 5-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-25-2,5,25,2,25-2,,1281[155 (line 487-8)];1281[180 (line 728)],5-38 5-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +5-252,5,252,2,252-2,,,5-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-253,5,253,2,253-2,,,5-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-254,5,254,1,254-1,,,5-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-255,5,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-256,5,256,1,256-1,,,5-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-257,5,257,2,257-2,,,5-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-258,5,258,2,258-2,,,5-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-259,5,259,1,259-1,,,5-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-26-8,5,26,8,26-8,"Although both iconic and attenuating are possible, they normally have different supra-segmental features.",1281[230 (line 1142)];1281[228],5-45 5-46 5-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +5-260,5,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-261,5,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-263,5,263,1,263-1,,,5-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-267,5,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-268,5,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-27-2,5,27,2,27-2,The differentiation is not one involving lexical items but rather one of emphasis and context.,1281[203 (line 958)],5-48,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-27-1,5,27,1,27-1,The differentiation is not one involving lexical items but rather one of emphasis and context.,1281[203 (line 958)],5-49,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-272,5,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-273,5,273,1,273-1,,,5-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-274,5,274,1,274-1,,,5-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-275,5,275,1,275-1,,,5-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-276,5,276,1,276-1,,,5-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-277,5,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-278,5,278,1,278-1,,,5-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-279,5,279,1,279-1,,,5-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-28-1,5,28,1,28-1,,1281[147 (line 351)],5-50 5-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +5-280,5,280,1,280-1,,,5-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +5-281,5,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-282,5,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-284,5,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-285,5,285,2,285-2,,,5-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-286,5,286,2,286-2,,,5-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-287,5,287,2,287-2,,,5-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-288,5,288,2,288-2,,,5-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-289,5,289,2,289-2,,,5-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-29-1,5,29,1,29-1,"There is identity between the numeral and the indefinite article at the segmental level for many speakers, with the distinction being a suprasegmental one, with the numeral receiving prominence, and the indefinite article being non-prominent. For other speakers, however, there is also a segmental difference, with the numeral being /waan/ and the indefinite article /wan/.","1281[130, line 217]",5-52 5-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +5-290,5,290,2,290-2,,,5-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-291,5,291,2,291-2,,,5-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +5-3-1,5,3,1,3-1,,1281[130 (line 217)],5-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +5-30-2,5,30,2,30-2,,1197[16],5-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-308-1,5,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-309-2,5,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-31-2,5,31,2,31-2,,"1281[132, line 266]",5-54 5-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-310-4,5,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +5-311-2,5,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-312-3,5,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 5-313-6,5,313,6,313-6,"According to Rickford (1987: 41) citing Baber and Jeffrey (1986: 47), the estimated population of Guyana in 1980 stood at 758,000. Facts about Guyana: -Population: 770,794 (July 2008 est.) http://worldfacts.us/Guyana.htm -It is estimated that there might be as many Guyanese living outside of Guyana as within it, mainly in North America, the UK and Suriname. When added to the Creolese speaking population of Guyana, the number of speakers of Creolese would have to be in excess of 1 million, but less than 2 million.",1281[41],,100.0,Very certain -5-314-3,5,314,3,314-3,Women will tend to use more English in public situations than would men in the same circumstances.,,,100.0,Very certain -5-315-2,5,315,2,315-2,"For the most part, Creolese is not used in television and radio broadcasting. As Rickford reports, there is a certain expectancy of the 'average radio announcer', which is to 'avoid nonstandard varieties of English especially in syntax'. However, as noted in the survey conducted by Holbrook & Holbrook (2002: 18),programmes are aired in which Creolese is used. Creolese can also be heard in some television and radio interviews.",1281[271],,100.0,Certain -5-316-1,5,316,1,316-1,"In their survey report, Holbrook & Holbrook (2002: 18) makes mention of 'several call-in television shows' as well as a 'radio show aired once a week in which older residents' , normally 'monolingual Creolese speakers' participate. In the call-in shows, the discussions on the participants' end, for the most, takes place in Creolese.",632[18],,100.0,Certain -5-317-1,5,317,1,317-1,"The use of Creolese is widespread in calypso, Guyanese folksongs and music in general.","1281[261, 271];632[18]",,100.0,Very certain -5-318-1,5,318,1,318-1,"Literary works, predominantly short stories, proverbs and poetry, have been published in Creolese by various authors. The orthography, however, does not tend to be uniform. The reader is referred to authors such as (1) Cavigholi, Florence (1959), (2) Kwayana, Eusi (1997) and (3) Monar, Rooplall (1994, 1992, 1988a, 1988b,1987a, 1987b, 1987, 1985). Creolese also appears in the dialogues of longer works such as novels (cf. Carew (1958)).",,,100.0,Very certain -5-319-3,5,319,3,319-3,The exception would be proverbs and other colloquial expressions which would normally appear in editorials in quotes.,,,100.0,Certain +It is estimated that there might be as many Guyanese living outside of Guyana as within it, mainly in North America, the UK and Suriname. When added to the Creolese speaking population of Guyana, the number of speakers of Creolese would have to be in excess of 1 million, but less than 2 million.",1281[41],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +5-314-3,5,314,3,314-3,Women will tend to use more English in public situations than would men in the same circumstances.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-315-2,5,315,2,315-2,"For the most part, Creolese is not used in television and radio broadcasting. As Rickford reports, there is a certain expectancy of the 'average radio announcer', which is to 'avoid nonstandard varieties of English especially in syntax'. However, as noted in the survey conducted by Holbrook & Holbrook (2002: 18),programmes are aired in which Creolese is used. Creolese can also be heard in some television and radio interviews.",1281[271],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +5-316-1,5,316,1,316-1,"In their survey report, Holbrook & Holbrook (2002: 18) makes mention of 'several call-in television shows' as well as a 'radio show aired once a week in which older residents' , normally 'monolingual Creolese speakers' participate. In the call-in shows, the discussions on the participants' end, for the most, takes place in Creolese.",632[18],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-317-1,5,317,1,317-1,"The use of Creolese is widespread in calypso, Guyanese folksongs and music in general.","1281[261, 271];632[18]",,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-318-1,5,318,1,318-1,"Literary works, predominantly short stories, proverbs and poetry, have been published in Creolese by various authors. The orthography, however, does not tend to be uniform. The reader is referred to authors such as (1) Cavigholi, Florence (1959), (2) Kwayana, Eusi (1997) and (3) Monar, Rooplall (1994, 1992, 1988a, 1988b,1987a, 1987b, 1987, 1985). Creolese also appears in the dialogues of longer works such as novels (cf. Carew (1958)).",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-319-3,5,319,3,319-3,The exception would be proverbs and other colloquial expressions which would normally appear in editorials in quotes.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 5-32-1,5,32,1,32-1,"Value 1 applies when the demonstrative is used with an anaphoric value, e.g. mi laik da 'I like that' in a context where the speaker is referring to something such as a joke, that has already been uttered. -When used with a strictly demonstrative meaning, as when pointing to some entity in view of the interlocutors, there is a tendency to supplement da with de (distal demonstrative) as in the example da bai de paas ii egzam 'That boy passed his exam'. Da alone is possible in this context but the more complex comstruction is often preferred.",,5-56 5-57,100.0,Very certain -5-320-1,5,320,1,320-1,"The question of 'other' is problematic. Creolese is widely used in (i) the dialogue of short stories and other literary work published in the newspapers, (ii) satirical columns commenting on happenings, (iii) direct quotes from people interviewed by the press, (iv) cartoons, (v) comic strips. Use varies depending on whether it was one of the mass circulation papers. These use much more Creolese in their headlines and text.",,,100.0,Very certain -5-321-2,5,321,2,321-2,"The language is used everywhere by monolingual speakers. However, speakers with some level of control of English would normally seek to use some approximation of this language in government offices, and other formal public contexts. Informal public contexts, such as the market, involve the use of Creolese normally.",,,100.0,Certain -5-322-2,5,322,2,322-2,"Monlingual speakers will use it in court, as they do elsewhere. The formal official language of the court, however, is English. Lawyers and judges will use Creolese or code switch between Creolese and English when they need to make themselves understood to a witness or a defendant who has limited competence in English.",,,100.0,Very certain -5-323-2,5,323,2,323-2,"Creolese is used for jokes and asides in informal speech, as well as for proverbs and other folk references, including quotations, in formal speech.",,,100.0,Very certain -5-324-2,5,324,2,324-2,"Standard English is the language of government and education, and the use of Creolese is strongly discouraged in these settings. However, according to some teachers and even a member of the Ministry of Education, interviewed during the Holbrook & Holbrook survey, ""many students, especially in the early grades, will not understand what is being taught unless it is taught in Creolese"" (2002: 18).",632,,100.0,Very certain -5-325-2,5,325,2,325-2,"Creolese can be used in advertisements and in the speech of people giving live interviews to the media at the scene of an incident. It is also used in programmes which are specifically designated as 'Folk' programmes such as 'Creole Meche-Meche' of the 1960s, 'Ganga Taak' of the 1970s and 1980s, etc, in which Creolese might be used both for narrative, as in the telling of 'Anansii' stories, and as the neutral broadcast language for the programme. Moreover, it is used in comedy on the electronic media.",,,100.0,Very certain +When used with a strictly demonstrative meaning, as when pointing to some entity in view of the interlocutors, there is a tendency to supplement da with de (distal demonstrative) as in the example da bai de paas ii egzam 'That boy passed his exam'. Da alone is possible in this context but the more complex comstruction is often preferred.",,5-56 5-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +5-320-1,5,320,1,320-1,"The question of 'other' is problematic. Creolese is widely used in (i) the dialogue of short stories and other literary work published in the newspapers, (ii) satirical columns commenting on happenings, (iii) direct quotes from people interviewed by the press, (iv) cartoons, (v) comic strips. Use varies depending on whether it was one of the mass circulation papers. These use much more Creolese in their headlines and text.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-321-2,5,321,2,321-2,"The language is used everywhere by monolingual speakers. However, speakers with some level of control of English would normally seek to use some approximation of this language in government offices, and other formal public contexts. Informal public contexts, such as the market, involve the use of Creolese normally.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-322-2,5,322,2,322-2,"Monlingual speakers will use it in court, as they do elsewhere. The formal official language of the court, however, is English. Lawyers and judges will use Creolese or code switch between Creolese and English when they need to make themselves understood to a witness or a defendant who has limited competence in English.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-323-2,5,323,2,323-2,"Creolese is used for jokes and asides in informal speech, as well as for proverbs and other folk references, including quotations, in formal speech.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-324-2,5,324,2,324-2,"Standard English is the language of government and education, and the use of Creolese is strongly discouraged in these settings. However, according to some teachers and even a member of the Ministry of Education, interviewed during the Holbrook & Holbrook survey, ""many students, especially in the early grades, will not understand what is being taught unless it is taught in Creolese"" (2002: 18).",632,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-325-2,5,325,2,325-2,"Creolese can be used in advertisements and in the speech of people giving live interviews to the media at the scene of an incident. It is also used in programmes which are specifically designated as 'Folk' programmes such as 'Creole Meche-Meche' of the 1960s, 'Ganga Taak' of the 1970s and 1980s, etc, in which Creolese might be used both for narrative, as in the telling of 'Anansii' stories, and as the neutral broadcast language for the programme. Moreover, it is used in comedy on the electronic media.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 5-326-1,5,326,1,326-1,"English is the main language of influence. However, Creolese co-exists with 8 indigenous languages, with Bhojpuri, and Portuguese from a growing number of migrants from North-East Brazil who have settled both in the interior of the country and on the coast and in and around the capital city of Georgetown. There is a significant number of speakers of St. Lucian French-lexicon Creole present in pockets in the interior of the country. -While Creolese speakers who migrate to neighouring Suriname have an impact on the creoles of Suriname, the influence does not occur in the other direction. Creolese, however, is in contact with Jamaican Creole through the popular culture of music. Thus, words which are Jamaican Creole in origin have been finding their way into Creolese speech.",632[18],,100.0,Very certain -5-327-2,5,327,2,327-2,"There is an absence of phonemic /h/ in varieties spoken in West Coast Berbice and on the Essequibo Coast. Particularly in the case of the latter region, this feature is mainly associated with speakers of African descent.",,,100.0,Very certain -5-328-2,5,328,2,328-2,"The real variation is Urban versus Rural rather than being strictly regional. In general, the less English influenced or more conservative varieties of Creolese are similar to each other across the country, irrespective of region.",,,100.0,Very certain -5-329-2,5,329,2,329-2,"For example, kumbii is used as the name for a small rodent in Berbice versus yowarii in the rest of the country.",,,100.0,Very certain -5-33-2,5,33,2,33-2,,1281[130 (line 228)],5-57 5-58 5-59 5-60 5-7,100.0,Very certain -5-330-2,5,330,2,330-2,"/sk/, /st/ and /sp/ syllable initial clusters are a fixed part of urban varieties of Creolese. In rural varieties, items which have these clusters in urban Creolese would occur without the /s/ in rural Creolese, e.g. /skin/ ~ /kin/ 'skin'.",,,100.0,Very certain -5-331-2,5,331,2,331-2,"The urban Tense Aspect system functions with the forms V + in 'Continuative Aspect' and did + Verb 'Anterior'. Rural Creolese uses a + V 'Continuative Aspect' and bin + Verb ""Anterior'. Also, the first person singular and 3rd person plural pronouns show case distinctions in Urban Creolese but not in Rural Creolese.",1281[75],,100.0,Very certain -5-332-2,5,332,2,332-2,There is lexical urban/rural variation for certain items such as Urban Creolese /chail/ 'child' versus Rural Creolese /piknii/ 'child'.,,,100.0,Very certain -5-333-2,5,333,2,333-2,"Social variation somewhat but not entirely coincides with the features associated with the Urban-Rural divide. The language forms associated with people who interact in more prestigious domains would tend to have greater English influence, a feature also of Urban Creolese by contrast with Rural Creolese.",,,100.0,Very certain -5-334-2,5,334,2,334-2,"Social variation somewhat but not entirely coincides with the features associated with the Urban-Rural divide. The language forms associated with people who interact in more prestigious domains would tend to have greater English influence, a feature also of Urban Creolese by contrast with Rural Creolese.",,,100.0,Very certain -5-335-2,5,335,2,335-2,"Social variation somewhat but not entirely coincides with the features associated with the Urban-Rural divide. The language forms associated with people who interact in more prestigious domains would tend to have greater English influence, a feature also of Urban Creolese by contrast with Rural Creolese.",,,100.0,Very certain -5-34-2,5,34,2,34-2,,,5-61,100.0,Very certain -5-35-8,5,35,8,35-8,"Ordinal numbers are identical to cardinal numbers except for 'first', 'second', and 'third' which are suppletive (fos, sekan(t), tord). An option of using the form nomba before the numeral in its ordinal use, particularly in constructions with a noun, as in 'the fifth man', maan nomba faiv.",,5-62 5-63,50.0,Very certain -5-35-4,5,35,4,35-4,"Ordinal numbers are identical to cardinal numbers except for 'first', 'second', and 'third' which are suppletive (fos, sekan(t), tord). An option of using the form nomba before the numeral in its ordinal use, particularly in constructions with a noun, as in 'the fifth man', maan nomba faiv.",,5-64,50.0,Very certain -5-36-1,5,36,1,36-1,,,5-65,100.0,Very certain -5-37-5,5,37,5,37-5,,"1281[153, line 411];327[223]",5-67,5.26315789473684,Very certain -5-37-6,5,37,6,37-6,,"1281[153, line 411];327[223]",5-3,47.3684210526316,Very certain -5-37-1,5,37,1,37-1,,"1281[153, line 411];327[223]",5-66,47.3684210526316,Very certain -5-38-4,5,38,4,38-4,"The construction illustrated in Example in 68 is very widespread. By contrast, the construction in Example 4 is marginal, restricted to use amongst older people of South Asian/Indian origin, as a result of transference of the morpheme /ke/ from Bhojpuri.",1281[68];1281[180 (line 736)],5-2,50.0,Very certain -5-38-2,5,38,2,38-2,"The construction illustrated in Example in 68 is very widespread. By contrast, the construction in Example 4 is marginal, restricted to use amongst older people of South Asian/Indian origin, as a result of transference of the morpheme /ke/ from Bhojpuri.",1281[68];1281[180 (line 736)],5-4 5-68,50.0,Very certain -5-39-3,5,39,3,39-3,,1281[97],5-69 5-70,100.0,Very certain -5-4-2,5,4,2,4-2,,1281[130],5-6,100.0,Very certain -5-40-1,5,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -5-41-1,5,41,1,41-1,,,5-71,100.0,Very certain -5-42-2,5,42,2,42-2,,,5-72,100.0,Very certain -5-43-1,5,43,1,43-1,,"1281[132, line 266]",5-55,100.0,Very certain -5-44-2,5,44,2,44-2,,,5-73,100.0,Very certain -5-45-3,5,45,3,45-3,,,5-74,100.0,Very certain -5-46-2,5,46,2,46-2,,1281[146],5-19,100.0,Very certain +While Creolese speakers who migrate to neighouring Suriname have an impact on the creoles of Suriname, the influence does not occur in the other direction. Creolese, however, is in contact with Jamaican Creole through the popular culture of music. Thus, words which are Jamaican Creole in origin have been finding their way into Creolese speech.",632[18],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-327-2,5,327,2,327-2,"There is an absence of phonemic /h/ in varieties spoken in West Coast Berbice and on the Essequibo Coast. Particularly in the case of the latter region, this feature is mainly associated with speakers of African descent.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-328-2,5,328,2,328-2,"The real variation is Urban versus Rural rather than being strictly regional. In general, the less English influenced or more conservative varieties of Creolese are similar to each other across the country, irrespective of region.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-329-2,5,329,2,329-2,"For example, kumbii is used as the name for a small rodent in Berbice versus yowarii in the rest of the country.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-33-2,5,33,2,33-2,,1281[130 (line 228)],5-57 5-58 5-59 5-60 5-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +5-330-2,5,330,2,330-2,"/sk/, /st/ and /sp/ syllable initial clusters are a fixed part of urban varieties of Creolese. In rural varieties, items which have these clusters in urban Creolese would occur without the /s/ in rural Creolese, e.g. /skin/ ~ /kin/ 'skin'.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-331-2,5,331,2,331-2,"The urban Tense Aspect system functions with the forms V + in 'Continuative Aspect' and did + Verb 'Anterior'. Rural Creolese uses a + V 'Continuative Aspect' and bin + Verb ""Anterior'. Also, the first person singular and 3rd person plural pronouns show case distinctions in Urban Creolese but not in Rural Creolese.",1281[75],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-332-2,5,332,2,332-2,There is lexical urban/rural variation for certain items such as Urban Creolese /chail/ 'child' versus Rural Creolese /piknii/ 'child'.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-333-2,5,333,2,333-2,"Social variation somewhat but not entirely coincides with the features associated with the Urban-Rural divide. The language forms associated with people who interact in more prestigious domains would tend to have greater English influence, a feature also of Urban Creolese by contrast with Rural Creolese.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-334-2,5,334,2,334-2,"Social variation somewhat but not entirely coincides with the features associated with the Urban-Rural divide. The language forms associated with people who interact in more prestigious domains would tend to have greater English influence, a feature also of Urban Creolese by contrast with Rural Creolese.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-335-2,5,335,2,335-2,"Social variation somewhat but not entirely coincides with the features associated with the Urban-Rural divide. The language forms associated with people who interact in more prestigious domains would tend to have greater English influence, a feature also of Urban Creolese by contrast with Rural Creolese.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-34-2,5,34,2,34-2,,,5-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +5-35-8,5,35,8,35-8,"Ordinal numbers are identical to cardinal numbers except for 'first', 'second', and 'third' which are suppletive (fos, sekan(t), tord). An option of using the form nomba before the numeral in its ordinal use, particularly in constructions with a noun, as in 'the fifth man', maan nomba faiv.",,5-62 5-63,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-964B00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +5-35-4,5,35,4,35-4,"Ordinal numbers are identical to cardinal numbers except for 'first', 'second', and 'third' which are suppletive (fos, sekan(t), tord). An option of using the form nomba before the numeral in its ordinal use, particularly in constructions with a noun, as in 'the fifth man', maan nomba faiv.",,5-64,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-964B00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +5-36-1,5,36,1,36-1,,,5-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +5-37-5,5,37,5,37-5,,"1281[153, line 411];327[223]",5-67,5.26315789473684,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-FF0000-6-FFB6C1-48-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +5-37-6,5,37,6,37-6,,"1281[153, line 411];327[223]",5-3,47.3684210526316,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-FF0000-6-FFB6C1-48-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +5-37-1,5,37,1,37-1,,"1281[153, line 411];327[223]",5-66,47.3684210526316,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-48-FF0000-6-FFB6C1-48-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +5-38-4,5,38,4,38-4,"The construction illustrated in Example in 68 is very widespread. By contrast, the construction in Example 4 is marginal, restricted to use amongst older people of South Asian/Indian origin, as a result of transference of the morpheme /ke/ from Bhojpuri.",1281[68];1281[180 (line 736)],5-2,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +5-38-2,5,38,2,38-2,"The construction illustrated in Example in 68 is very widespread. By contrast, the construction in Example 4 is marginal, restricted to use amongst older people of South Asian/Indian origin, as a result of transference of the morpheme /ke/ from Bhojpuri.",1281[68];1281[180 (line 736)],5-4 5-68,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +5-39-3,5,39,3,39-3,,1281[97],5-69 5-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-4-2,5,4,2,4-2,,1281[130],5-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +5-40-1,5,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-41-1,5,41,1,41-1,,,5-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-42-2,5,42,2,42-2,,,5-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +5-43-1,5,43,1,43-1,,"1281[132, line 266]",5-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-44-2,5,44,2,44-2,,,5-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-45-3,5,45,3,45-3,,,5-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-46-2,5,46,2,46-2,,1281[146],5-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", 5-47-8,5,47,8,47-8,"Example 76 is actually one of a without go. The go here is the verb of motion go and could have read mi a kom skuul tumara 'I will come to school'. In addition, a can function as a habitual marker as mi a kom ya evriidee 'I come here everyday'. -In the case of Example 19, the verb ge(t) meaning 'there are/the existential', is a stative verb. The use of /a/ with a stative verb in Creolese signals the habitual. /doz/ or /das/ can function in the same context, with the same habitual meaning.",1281[131 (lines 253-4)];1281[146],5-19 5-75 5-76,100.0,Very certain +In the case of Example 19, the verb ge(t) meaning 'there are/the existential', is a stative verb. The use of /a/ with a stative verb in Creolese signals the habitual. /doz/ or /das/ can function in the same context, with the same habitual meaning.",1281[131 (lines 253-4)];1281[146],5-19 5-75 5-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 5-48-8,5,48,8,48-8,"The form /das/ is neutral for time reference. In past contexts, it carries a past meaning and in present ones, it signals the present. The /das/ in Example 77 can indeed be replaced by /a/ as in the following example: -yu a chroo manyoor, yu beel pont, yu noo, aal difren taip a wok 'You used to manure the field, you used to bail punts, you know, all different types of work.' (Rickford 1987: 145, lines 327–328)",143[67],5-19 5-75 5-76,50.0,Very certain +yu a chroo manyoor, yu beel pont, yu noo, aal difren taip a wok 'You used to manure the field, you used to bail punts, you know, all different types of work.' (Rickford 1987: 145, lines 327–328)",143[67],5-19 5-75 5-76,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-964B00.png""}", 5-48-2,5,48,2,48-2,"The form /das/ is neutral for time reference. In past contexts, it carries a past meaning and in present ones, it signals the present. The /das/ in Example 77 can indeed be replaced by /a/ as in the following example: -yu a chroo manyoor, yu beel pont, yu noo, aal difren taip a wok 'You used to manure the field, you used to bail punts, you know, all different types of work.' (Rickford 1987: 145, lines 327–328)",143[67],5-77,50.0,Very certain -5-49-3,5,49,3,49-3,"Creolese is an aspectual system in relation to progressive aspect. In the case of habitual, however, there is a specialised Past Habitual marker, yuuztu.",143[67],5-77 5-78 5-79,100.0,Very certain -5-5-5,5,5,5,5-5,,"1281[241 (line 1226)];1281[178, line 701];1281[180 (line 737)]",5-10 5-11 5-9,50.0,Very certain -5-5-1,5,5,1,5-1,,"1281[241 (line 1226)];1281[178, line 701];1281[180 (line 737)]",5-7 5-8,50.0,Very certain -5-50-1,5,50,1,50-1,,,5-80 5-81,100.0,Very certain -5-51-3,5,51,3,51-3,"Unmarked statives represent states like noo 'know' are deemed to be open ended and continuing. Dynamic verbs like ron 'run' or sii 'see', are intepreted as completive or perfective.",143[29];1281[147],5-82 5-83,100.0,Very certain -5-52-4,5,52,4,52-4,,,5-84 5-85,100.0,Very certain -5-53-2,5,53,2,53-2,,,5-86,100.0,Very certain -5-54-6,5,54,6,54-6,"Even though Value 6 is selected, there is really strong suppletion in relation to tense, and weak in relation to aspect.",,5-87 5-88,100.0,Very certain -5-55-2,5,55,2,55-2,,,5-89 5-90,100.0,Very certain -5-56-1,5,56,1,56-1,,1281[203 (line 958)],5-91 5-92 5-93,100.0,Very certain -5-57-1,5,57,1,57-1,"Regular Creolese does not have patient marking of NPs. However, Archaic Creolese spoken by people of South Asian origin does show the marker -am being used as a patient marker, as in Example 94.",1281[130];401[66],5-94 5-95,100.0,Very certain -5-58-1,5,58,1,58-1,,1281[160];1281[130],5-43 5-95,100.0,Very certain -5-59-2,5,59,2,59-2,"The subject-object distinction is restricted to the 3rd person singular (ii vs. am). In less conservative Creolese varieties, there is no pronominal case distinction.",1281[148],5-27 5-53 5-95,100.0,Very certain -5-6-1,5,6,1,6-1,,1281,5-12 5-13,100.0,Very certain -5-60-3,5,60,3,60-3,"The construction with 'take' is not exactly equivalent to that of the double object construction. The former has an implication of deliberateness and planning, which does not exist with the double object construction.",,5-97 5-99,50.0,Very certain -5-60-2,5,60,2,60-2,"The construction with 'take' is not exactly equivalent to that of the double object construction. The former has an implication of deliberateness and planning, which does not exist with the double object construction.",,5-96 5-98,50.0,Very certain -5-61-1,5,61,1,61-1,,,5-100,100.0,Very certain -5-62-1,5,62,1,62-1,,"1281[160, line 492]",5-101 5-25 5-83,100.0,Very certain -5-63-3,5,63,3,63-3,,"1281[163, line 550]",5-102,100.0,Very certain -5-64-2,5,64,2,64-2,"In addition to the expletive subject as in Example 103, there is an option for a zero dummy pronoun, where there is, instead, a full NP available as subject. This can be seen in Example 104.","1281[254, 1311]",5-104,50.0,Very certain -5-64-1,5,64,1,64-1,"In addition to the expletive subject as in Example 103, there is an option for a zero dummy pronoun, where there is, instead, a full NP available as subject. This can be seen in Example 104.","1281[254, 1311]",5-103,50.0,Very certain -5-65-1,5,65,1,65-1,,,5-105,100.0,Very certain -5-66-1,5,66,1,66-1,,,5-108,33.3333333333333,Very certain -5-66-3,5,66,3,66-3,,,5-107,33.3333333333333,Very certain -5-66-2,5,66,2,66-2,,,5-106,33.3333333333333,Very certain -5-67-2,5,67,2,67-2,,,5-110,35.7142857142857,Very certain -5-67-1,5,67,1,67-1,,,5-109,64.2857142857143,Very certain -5-68-1,5,68,1,68-1,,,5-111,50.0,Very certain -5-68-5,5,68,5,68-5,,,5-112,50.0,Very certain -5-69-2,5,69,2,69-2,,,5-114,50.0,Very certain -5-69-1,5,69,1,69-1,,,5-113,50.0,Very certain -5-7-1,5,7,1,7-1,"There is variation between wo and wa, determined by social and stylistic factors.",1281[132 (line 258 - 9)],5-14 5-15,100.0,Very certain -5-70-1,5,70,1,70-1,,"1281[154, line 453];1281[160, lines 502-503]",5-115 5-116,100.0,Very certain -5-71-2,5,71,2,71-2,,,5-117 5-118,100.0,Very certain -5-72-1,5,72,1,72-1,,"1281[161, line 529]",5-119 5-120,100.0,Very certain -5-73-3,5,73,3,73-3,,401[66],5-121 5-122,100.0,Very certain -5-74-2,5,74,2,74-2,"The exception to Value 2 in Creolese is when the predicate is an 'adjective' denoting a state, e.g. gud, bad, nais, etc. in which the construction: Jan de gud would mean that John is in a good situation, i.e. is leading a comfortable life.","1281[130, line 220]",5-123,100.0,Very certain -5-75-3,5,75,3,75-3,"The difference between the presence and absence of the locational verb de in these constructions is determined by whether the intent is to give locational information in an answer to the question, 'Where is/can I find X?' However, when the intent is to give generalized information about X, which just happens to be locational, the zero form is employed.",,5-124 5-125,100.0,Very certain -5-76-2,5,76,2,76-2,"In Creolese, the locational predicate has the option of de when the message is intended to be interpreted as locational, and zero when the message is merely informational. However, whichever option is adopted, it is distinct from the nominal copula a.","1281[146, line 344]",5-121 5-124 5-125,100.0,Very certain -5-77-1,5,77,1,77-1,"A locational construction is also possible, as in /haas de bai hii/ [horse LOC by him] 'He has a horse at it his residence', which would normally be interpreted as possession.","1281[147, 352]",5-126,100.0,Very certain -5-78-3,5,78,3,78-3,"The words /gat/ and /get/ possess the meaning 'have' but are also used with an existential meaning in /i get nof piipl/ 'there are many people'. However, there is a distinct existential, /de/, as in /nof piipl de/ with the same meaning.","1281[147, line 368];1281[218, line 1052];1281[147, lines 362-363]",5-126 5-127 5-128 5-129,100.0,Very certain -5-79-5,5,79,5,79-5,,,5-135,25.0,Very certain -5-79-6,5,79,6,79-6,,,5-134,25.0,Very certain -5-79-1,5,79,1,79-1,,,5-133,25.0,Very certain -5-79-2,5,79,2,79-2,,,5-132,25.0,Very certain -5-8-2,5,8,2,8-2,,1281[145 lines 328-329],5-17,50.0,Very certain -5-8-1,5,8,1,8-1,,1281[145 lines 328-329],5-16,50.0,Very certain -5-80-1,5,80,1,80-1,,,5-136,56.25,Very certain -5-80-2,5,80,2,80-2,,,5-137,43.75,Very certain -5-81-2,5,81,2,81-2,,,5-130 5-131,100.0,Very certain -5-82-2,5,82,2,82-2,,,5-138 5-139,50.0,Very certain -5-82-4,5,82,4,82-4,,,5-140,50.0,Very certain -5-83-1,5,83,1,83-1,,,5-141 5-142 5-143,100.0,Very certain -5-84-2,5,84,2,84-2,,"1280[147, line 367]",5-144,100.0,Very certain -5-85-3,5,85,3,85-3,,,5-146,33.3333333333333,Very certain -5-85-2,5,85,2,85-2,,,5-145,33.3333333333333,Very certain -5-85-5,5,85,5,85-5,,,5-147,33.3333333333333,Very certain -5-86-1,5,86,1,86-1,,,5-148 5-149,100.0,Very certain -5-87-2,5,87,2,87-2,"There is both iiself 'himself/herself' and skin. The latter is usually used with verbs of bathing, washing, etc. e.g. ii beed ii skin 'he washed himself'.",,5-150,50.0,Very certain -5-87-3,5,87,3,87-3,"There is both iiself 'himself/herself' and skin. The latter is usually used with verbs of bathing, washing, etc. e.g. ii beed ii skin 'he washed himself'.",,5-151,50.0,Very certain +yu a chroo manyoor, yu beel pont, yu noo, aal difren taip a wok 'You used to manure the field, you used to bail punts, you know, all different types of work.' (Rickford 1987: 145, lines 327–328)",143[67],5-77,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-964B00.png""}", +5-49-3,5,49,3,49-3,"Creolese is an aspectual system in relation to progressive aspect. In the case of habitual, however, there is a specialised Past Habitual marker, yuuztu.",143[67],5-77 5-78 5-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +5-5-5,5,5,5,5-5,,"1281[241 (line 1226)];1281[178, line 701];1281[180 (line 737)]",5-10 5-11 5-9,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +5-5-1,5,5,1,5-1,,"1281[241 (line 1226)];1281[178, line 701];1281[180 (line 737)]",5-7 5-8,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +5-50-1,5,50,1,50-1,,,5-80 5-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-51-3,5,51,3,51-3,"Unmarked statives represent states like noo 'know' are deemed to be open ended and continuing. Dynamic verbs like ron 'run' or sii 'see', are intepreted as completive or perfective.",143[29];1281[147],5-82 5-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-52-4,5,52,4,52-4,,,5-84 5-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-53-2,5,53,2,53-2,,,5-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-54-6,5,54,6,54-6,"Even though Value 6 is selected, there is really strong suppletion in relation to tense, and weak in relation to aspect.",,5-87 5-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +5-55-2,5,55,2,55-2,,,5-89 5-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-56-1,5,56,1,56-1,,1281[203 (line 958)],5-91 5-92 5-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +5-57-1,5,57,1,57-1,"Regular Creolese does not have patient marking of NPs. However, Archaic Creolese spoken by people of South Asian origin does show the marker -am being used as a patient marker, as in Example 94.",1281[130];401[66],5-94 5-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-58-1,5,58,1,58-1,,1281[160];1281[130],5-43 5-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +5-59-2,5,59,2,59-2,"The subject-object distinction is restricted to the 3rd person singular (ii vs. am). In less conservative Creolese varieties, there is no pronominal case distinction.",1281[148],5-27 5-53 5-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +5-6-1,5,6,1,6-1,,1281,5-12 5-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +5-60-3,5,60,3,60-3,"The construction with 'take' is not exactly equivalent to that of the double object construction. The former has an implication of deliberateness and planning, which does not exist with the double object construction.",,5-97 5-99,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +5-60-2,5,60,2,60-2,"The construction with 'take' is not exactly equivalent to that of the double object construction. The former has an implication of deliberateness and planning, which does not exist with the double object construction.",,5-96 5-98,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +5-61-1,5,61,1,61-1,,,5-100,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-62-1,5,62,1,62-1,,"1281[160, line 492]",5-101 5-25 5-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +5-63-3,5,63,3,63-3,,"1281[163, line 550]",5-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-64-2,5,64,2,64-2,"In addition to the expletive subject as in Example 103, there is an option for a zero dummy pronoun, where there is, instead, a full NP available as subject. This can be seen in Example 104.","1281[254, 1311]",5-104,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +5-64-1,5,64,1,64-1,"In addition to the expletive subject as in Example 103, there is an option for a zero dummy pronoun, where there is, instead, a full NP available as subject. This can be seen in Example 104.","1281[254, 1311]",5-103,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +5-65-1,5,65,1,65-1,,,5-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-66-1,5,66,1,66-1,,,5-108,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-66-3,5,66,3,66-3,,,5-107,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-66-2,5,66,2,66-2,,,5-106,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-67-2,5,67,2,67-2,,,5-110,35.7142857142857,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-65-FF0000-36-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-67-1,5,67,1,67-1,,,5-109,64.2857142857143,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-65-FF0000-36-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-68-1,5,68,1,68-1,,,5-111,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-68-5,5,68,5,68-5,,,5-112,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-69-2,5,69,2,69-2,,,5-114,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-69-1,5,69,1,69-1,,,5-113,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-7-1,5,7,1,7-1,"There is variation between wo and wa, determined by social and stylistic factors.",1281[132 (line 258 - 9)],5-14 5-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +5-70-1,5,70,1,70-1,,"1281[154, line 453];1281[160, lines 502-503]",5-115 5-116,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +5-71-2,5,71,2,71-2,,,5-117 5-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +5-72-1,5,72,1,72-1,,"1281[161, line 529]",5-119 5-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +5-73-3,5,73,3,73-3,,401[66],5-121 5-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +5-74-2,5,74,2,74-2,"The exception to Value 2 in Creolese is when the predicate is an 'adjective' denoting a state, e.g. gud, bad, nais, etc. in which the construction: Jan de gud would mean that John is in a good situation, i.e. is leading a comfortable life.","1281[130, line 220]",5-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +5-75-3,5,75,3,75-3,"The difference between the presence and absence of the locational verb de in these constructions is determined by whether the intent is to give locational information in an answer to the question, 'Where is/can I find X?' However, when the intent is to give generalized information about X, which just happens to be locational, the zero form is employed.",,5-124 5-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +5-76-2,5,76,2,76-2,"In Creolese, the locational predicate has the option of de when the message is intended to be interpreted as locational, and zero when the message is merely informational. However, whichever option is adopted, it is distinct from the nominal copula a.","1281[146, line 344]",5-121 5-124 5-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +5-77-1,5,77,1,77-1,"A locational construction is also possible, as in /haas de bai hii/ [horse LOC by him] 'He has a horse at it his residence', which would normally be interpreted as possession.","1281[147, 352]",5-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +5-78-3,5,78,3,78-3,"The words /gat/ and /get/ possess the meaning 'have' but are also used with an existential meaning in /i get nof piipl/ 'there are many people'. However, there is a distinct existential, /de/, as in /nof piipl de/ with the same meaning.","1281[147, line 368];1281[218, line 1052];1281[147, lines 362-363]",5-126 5-127 5-128 5-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +5-79-5,5,79,5,79-5,,,5-135,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFFFF-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00-25-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-79-6,5,79,6,79-6,,,5-134,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFFFF-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00-25-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-79-1,5,79,1,79-1,,,5-133,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFFFF-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00-25-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-79-2,5,79,2,79-2,,,5-132,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFFFF-25-FF0000-25-FFFF00-25-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-8-2,5,8,2,8-2,,1281[145 lines 328-329],5-17,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +5-8-1,5,8,1,8-1,,1281[145 lines 328-329],5-16,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +5-80-1,5,80,1,80-1,,,5-136,56.25,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-57-FFFFFF-44-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-80-2,5,80,2,80-2,,,5-137,43.75,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-57-FFFFFF-44-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-81-2,5,81,2,81-2,,,5-130 5-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-82-2,5,82,2,82-2,,,5-138 5-139,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-82-4,5,82,4,82-4,,,5-140,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-83-1,5,83,1,83-1,,,5-141 5-142 5-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-84-2,5,84,2,84-2,,"1280[147, line 367]",5-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +5-85-3,5,85,3,85-3,,,5-146,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-ADD8E6-34-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-85-2,5,85,2,85-2,,,5-145,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-ADD8E6-34-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-85-5,5,85,5,85-5,,,5-147,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-ADD8E6-34-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +5-86-1,5,86,1,86-1,,,5-148 5-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-87-2,5,87,2,87-2,"There is both iiself 'himself/herself' and skin. The latter is usually used with verbs of bathing, washing, etc. e.g. ii beed ii skin 'he washed himself'.",,5-150,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-87-3,5,87,3,87-3,"There is both iiself 'himself/herself' and skin. The latter is usually used with verbs of bathing, washing, etc. e.g. ii beed ii skin 'he washed himself'.",,5-151,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 5-88-1,5,88,1,88-1,"For reflexives involving bathing, washing, and cleaning of the body, the form /skin/ is used, e.g. Jaan doz beed ii skin evriidee -[John HAB bathe 3.POSS skin everyday] 'John bathes himself everyday.'",,5-152 5-153,100.0,Very certain -5-89-6,5,89,6,89-6,,,5-154 5-155,100.0,Certain -5-9-1,5,9,1,9-1,,,5-15,100.0,Very certain -5-90-3,5,90,3,90-3,,,5-157,50.0,Very certain -5-90-1,5,90,1,90-1,,,5-156,50.0,Very certain -5-91-8,5,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -5-92-4,5,92,4,92-4,,,5-158,50.0,Very certain -5-92-2,5,92,2,92-2,,,5-159,50.0,Very certain -5-93-2,5,93,2,93-2,Value 4 is far more prevalent with object relative clauses. Subject relative clauses have very tight restrictions on use of zero.,,5-160,50.0,Very certain -5-93-4,5,93,4,93-4,Value 4 is far more prevalent with object relative clauses. Subject relative clauses have very tight restrictions on use of zero.,,5-161,50.0,Very certain -5-94-2,5,94,2,94-2,,,5-164 5-165,50.0,Very certain -5-94-4,5,94,4,94-4,,,5-162 5-163,50.0,Very certain -5-95-1,5,95,1,95-1,,1281[160],5-166,64.2857142857143,Very certain -5-95-3,5,95,3,95-3,,1281[160],5-167,35.7142857142857,Very certain -5-96-1,5,96,1,96-1,,"1281[223, line 1091];1281[148 (line 386)]",5-168,33.3333333333333,Very certain -5-96-3,5,96,3,96-3,,"1281[223, line 1091];1281[148 (line 386)]",5-167,33.3333333333333,Very certain -5-96-4,5,96,4,96-4,,"1281[223, line 1091];1281[148 (line 386)]",5-169,33.3333333333333,Very certain -5-97-1,5,97,1,97-1,,,5-170,100.0,Very certain -5-98-6,5,98,6,98-6,,,5-171 5-172,100.0,Very certain -5-99-2,5,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-0-2,50,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0, -50-1-2,50,1,2,1-2,,,50-1 50-2,100.0,Very certain -50-10-1,50,10,1,10-1,,,50-17,100.0,Very certain -50-100-4,50,100,4,100-4,,,50-190,100.0,Very certain -50-101-1,50,101,1,101-1,,,50-191,100.0,Very certain -50-102-1,50,102,1,102-1,,,50-192,100.0,Very certain -50-103-7,50,103,7,103-7,,851[33-34],50-193,33.3333333333333,Very certain -50-103-2,50,103,2,103-2,,851[33-34],50-195,33.3333333333333,Very certain -50-103-1,50,103,1,103-1,,851[33-34],50-194,33.3333333333333,Very certain -50-104-3,50,104,3,104-3,,848,50-197,50.0,Certain -50-104-5,50,104,5,104-5,,848,50-196,50.0,Certain -50-105-1,50,105,1,105-1,,,50-199 50-200 50-201 50-202,100.0,Very certain -50-106-3,50,106,3,106-3,,,50-203,50.0,Very certain -50-106-2,50,106,2,106-2,,,50-204,50.0,Certain +[John HAB bathe 3.POSS skin everyday] 'John bathes himself everyday.'",,5-152 5-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +5-89-6,5,89,6,89-6,,,5-154 5-155,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +5-9-1,5,9,1,9-1,,,5-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-90-3,5,90,3,90-3,,,5-157,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-90-1,5,90,1,90-1,,,5-156,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +5-91-8,5,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +5-92-4,5,92,4,92-4,,,5-158,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +5-92-2,5,92,2,92-2,,,5-159,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +5-93-2,5,93,2,93-2,Value 4 is far more prevalent with object relative clauses. Subject relative clauses have very tight restrictions on use of zero.,,5-160,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-93-4,5,93,4,93-4,Value 4 is far more prevalent with object relative clauses. Subject relative clauses have very tight restrictions on use of zero.,,5-161,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-94-2,5,94,2,94-2,,,5-164 5-165,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-94-4,5,94,4,94-4,,,5-162 5-163,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-95-1,5,95,1,95-1,,1281[160],5-166,64.2857142857143,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-65-FFFF00-36-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-95-3,5,95,3,95-3,,1281[160],5-167,35.7142857142857,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-65-FFFF00-36-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-96-1,5,96,1,96-1,,"1281[223, line 1091];1281[148 (line 386)]",5-168,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-96-3,5,96,3,96-3,,"1281[223, line 1091];1281[148 (line 386)]",5-167,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-96-4,5,96,4,96-4,,"1281[223, line 1091];1281[148 (line 386)]",5-169,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFF00-34-0000FF-34-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-97-1,5,97,1,97-1,,,5-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +5-98-6,5,98,6,98-6,,,5-171 5-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +5-99-2,5,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-0-2,50,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +50-1-2,50,1,2,1-2,,,50-1 50-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-10-1,50,10,1,10-1,,,50-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-100-4,50,100,4,100-4,,,50-190,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-101-1,50,101,1,101-1,,,50-191,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-102-1,50,102,1,102-1,,,50-192,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-103-7,50,103,7,103-7,,851[33-34],50-193,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFFFF-34-ADD8E6-34-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-103-2,50,103,2,103-2,,851[33-34],50-195,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFFFF-34-ADD8E6-34-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-103-1,50,103,1,103-1,,851[33-34],50-194,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-34-FFFFFF-34-ADD8E6-34-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-104-3,50,104,3,104-3,,848,50-197,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-104-5,50,104,5,104-5,,848,50-196,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-105-1,50,105,1,105-1,,,50-199 50-200 50-201 50-202,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-106-3,50,106,3,106-3,,,50-203,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +50-106-2,50,106,2,106-2,,,50-204,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge 50-107-3,50,107,3,107-3,"It is common to have a repetition of the vocative expression with the elements inverted the second time: Mari o, o Mari [Mary hey, hey Mary] -'hey Mary'",,50-205 50-206,100.0,Very certain -50-108-2,50,108,2,108-2,,,50-207 50-208 50-209,100.0,Intermediate -50-109-2,50,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Certain -50-11-3,50,11,3,11-3,,,50-20 50-21,50.0,Very certain -50-11-2,50,11,2,11-2,,,50-18 50-19,50.0,Very certain -50-110-1,50,110,1,110-1,"As nearly all the modals in Guadeloupean and Martinican Creole derive directly from French (vlé 'vouloir', pé 'peut, pouvoir' etc.), there is no reason to postulate a Portuguese origin.",,50-210,100.0,Very certain -50-111-1,50,111,1,111-1,,,50-211,100.0,Very certain -50-112-2,50,112,2,112-2,,,50-212 50-213,100.0,Very certain -50-113-2,50,113,2,113-2,,851,50-214 50-215,100.0,Very certain +'hey Mary'",,50-205 50-206,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-108-2,50,108,2,108-2,,,50-207 50-208 50-209,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-109-2,50,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-11-3,50,11,3,11-3,,,50-20 50-21,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-11-2,50,11,2,11-2,,,50-18 50-19,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-110-1,50,110,1,110-1,"As nearly all the modals in Guadeloupean and Martinican Creole derive directly from French (vlé 'vouloir', pé 'peut, pouvoir' etc.), there is no reason to postulate a Portuguese origin.",,50-210,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-111-1,50,111,1,111-1,,,50-211,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-112-2,50,112,2,112-2,,,50-212 50-213,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-113-2,50,113,2,113-2,,851,50-214 50-215,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 50-114-3,50,114,3,114-3,"The word chivé, which primarily refers to the hair (on the head) is sometimes used in a metaphoric way to refer to feathers. -Some people also use a compound for hair, which is pwel a tet [feather of head]. But it is quite marginal.",,50-216 50-217,100.0,Certain -50-115-2,50,115,2,115-2,,,50-218 50-219,100.0,Very certain -50-116-2,50,116,2,116-2,,,50-220 50-221,100.0,Very certain -50-117-1,50,117,1,117-1,"In a few cases, there is a lexical difference inherited from French: poul (female) vs. kòk (male) (Engl. 'hen' vs. 'cock').",851,50-222 50-223,100.0,Very certain -50-118-2,50,118,2,118-2,,,50-224 50-225 50-226,100.0,Very certain -50-119-2,50,119,2,119-2,,,50-227 50-228 50-229 50-230,100.0,Very certain -50-12-1,50,12,1,12-1,,,50-22 50-23,70.0,Very certain -50-12-2,50,12,2,12-2,,,50-24,30.0,Very certain -50-120-1,50,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Certain -50-121-3,50,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -50-122-2,50,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0, -50-123-4,50,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -50-124-1,50,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -50-125-1,50,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -50-126-1,50,126,1,126-1,,,50-246,100.0, -50-127-6,50,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -50-128-1,50,128,1,128-1,,,50-241,100.0, -50-129-2,50,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -50-13-1,50,13,1,13-1,,,50-25,100.0,Very certain -50-130-1,50,130,1,130-1,,,50-250,100.0, -50-131,50,131,1,131-1,,,50-232,100.0, -50-132,50,132,1,132-1,,,50-233,100.0, -50-133,50,133,1,133-1,,,50-231,100.0, -50-134,50,134,1,134-1,,,50-234,100.0, -50-137,50,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -50-138,50,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -50-139,50,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -50-14-1,50,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-140,50,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -50-143,50,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -50-144,50,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -50-145,50,145,1,145-1,,,50-235,100.0, -50-146,50,146,1,146-1,,,50-236,100.0, -50-147,50,147,1,147-1,,,50-237,100.0, -50-148,50,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -50-149,50,149,1,149-1,,,50-238,100.0, -50-15-1,50,15,1,15-1,,,50-26,100.0,Very certain -50-151,50,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -50-152,50,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -50-153,50,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -50-155,50,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -50-156,50,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -50-158,50,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -50-159,50,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -50-16-1,50,16,1,16-1,,,50-27,100.0,Very certain -50-160,50,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -50-161,50,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -50-163,50,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -50-168,50,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -50-169,50,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, +Some people also use a compound for hair, which is pwel a tet [feather of head]. But it is quite marginal.",,50-216 50-217,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-115-2,50,115,2,115-2,,,50-218 50-219,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-116-2,50,116,2,116-2,,,50-220 50-221,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-117-1,50,117,1,117-1,"In a few cases, there is a lexical difference inherited from French: poul (female) vs. kòk (male) (Engl. 'hen' vs. 'cock').",851,50-222 50-223,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-118-2,50,118,2,118-2,,,50-224 50-225 50-226,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-119-2,50,119,2,119-2,,,50-227 50-228 50-229 50-230,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-12-1,50,12,1,12-1,,,50-22 50-23,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-12-2,50,12,2,12-2,,,50-24,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-120-1,50,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-121-3,50,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +50-122-2,50,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +50-123-4,50,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-124-1,50,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +50-125-1,50,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +50-126-1,50,126,1,126-1,,,50-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +50-127-6,50,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-128-1,50,128,1,128-1,,,50-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +50-129-2,50,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-13-1,50,13,1,13-1,,,50-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +50-130-1,50,130,1,130-1,,,50-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +50-131,50,131,1,131-1,,,50-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-132,50,132,1,132-1,,,50-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-133,50,133,1,133-1,,,50-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-134,50,134,1,134-1,,,50-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-137,50,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-138,50,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-139,50,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-14-1,50,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-140,50,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-143,50,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-144,50,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-145,50,145,1,145-1,,,50-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-146,50,146,1,146-1,,,50-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-147,50,147,1,147-1,,,50-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-148,50,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-149,50,149,1,149-1,,,50-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-15-1,50,15,1,15-1,,,50-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +50-151,50,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-152,50,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-153,50,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-155,50,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-156,50,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-158,50,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-159,50,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-16-1,50,16,1,16-1,,,50-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-160,50,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-161,50,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-163,50,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-168,50,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-169,50,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 50-17-2,50,17,2,17-2,"There are two possible forms for the 1SG, mwen and an, which can both occur indifferently in subject or object position. So, there is free variation. But while mwen may be independent, an cannot. -There is also a difference between the dependent pronoun i (3SG) and independent li (3SG), as well as dependent ou (2SG) vs. independent vou (2SG).",,50-28 50-29,100.0,Very certain -50-170,50,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -50-171,50,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -50-172,50,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -50-173,50,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -50-174,50,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -50-176,50,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -50-178,50,178,1,178-1,,,50-239,100.0, -50-179,50,179,1,179-1,,,50-240,100.0, -50-18-1,50,18,1,18-1,,,50-30,100.0,Very certain -50-180,50,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -50-181,50,181,1,181-1,,,50-241,100.0, -50-182,50,182,1,182-1,,,50-242,100.0, -50-183,50,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -50-184,50,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -50-187,50,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -50-188,50,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -50-189,50,189,1,189-1,,,50-243,100.0, +There is also a difference between the dependent pronoun i (3SG) and independent li (3SG), as well as dependent ou (2SG) vs. independent vou (2SG).",,50-28 50-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-170,50,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-171,50,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-172,50,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-173,50,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-174,50,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-176,50,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-178,50,178,1,178-1,,,50-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-179,50,179,1,179-1,,,50-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-18-1,50,18,1,18-1,,,50-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-180,50,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-181,50,181,1,181-1,,,50-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-182,50,182,1,182-1,,,50-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-183,50,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-184,50,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-187,50,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-188,50,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-189,50,189,1,189-1,,,50-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 50-19-5,50,19,5,19-5,"Guadeloupean Creole also has single word equivalents of ki moun (ka) and ki koté (ola): • Ka ki la? [what that there] 'Who's there?' -• Ola ou yé? [where you be] 'Where are you?'",,50-31 50-32 50-33 50-34,100.0,Very certain -50-190,50,190,1,190-1,,,50-244,100.0, -50-191,50,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -50-192,50,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -50-193,50,193,1,193-1,,,50-245,100.0, -50-194,50,194,1,194-1,,,50-246,100.0, -50-195,50,195,1,195-1,,,50-247,100.0, -50-196,50,196,1,196-1,,,50-248,100.0, -50-199,50,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -50-2-2,50,2,2,2-2,,,50-3,100.0,Very certain -50-20-1,50,20,1,20-1,,,50-35,100.0,Very certain -50-200,50,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -50-201,50,201,1,201-1,,,50-249,100.0, -50-202,50,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -50-205,50,205,1,205-1,,,50-250,100.0, -50-209,50,209,1,209-1,,,50-251,100.0, -50-21-2,50,21,2,21-2,,,50-36 50-37,100.0,Very certain -50-212,50,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -50-217,50,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -50-218,50,218,1,218-1,,,50-252,100.0, -50-22-6,50,22,6,22-6,,,50-38 50-39,100.0,Very certain -50-220,50,220,2,220-2,,,50-254,100.0, -50-221,50,221,1,221-1,,,50-253,100.0, -50-23-7,50,23,7,23-7,,,50-40,100.0,Very certain -50-231,50,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -50-24-4,50,24,4,24-4,,,50-41,100.0,Very certain -50-25-3,50,25,3,25-3,,,50-42 50-43,100.0,Very certain -50-252,50,252,1,252-1,,,50-255,100.0, -50-253,50,253,1,253-1,,,50-256,100.0, -50-254,50,254,1,254-1,,,50-257,100.0, -50-255,50,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -50-256,50,256,1,256-1,,,50-258,100.0, -50-257,50,257,1,257-1,,,50-263,100.0, -50-258,50,258,1,258-1,,,50-262,100.0, -50-259,50,259,1,259-1,,,50-260,100.0, -50-26-2,50,26,2,26-2,,,50-44 50-45 50-46,100.0,Very certain -50-260,50,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -50-261,50,261,2,261-2,The three front rounded vowels from French were maintained in the Islands of Les Saintes and La Désirade (both with a population which is largely of European extraction) and in some parts of continental Guadeloupe (due to social considerations).,,50-264,100.0, -50-263,50,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -50-265,50,265,2,265-2,The three front rounded vowels from French were maintained in the Islands of Les Saintes and La Désirade (both with a population which is largely of European extraction) and in some parts of continental Guadeloupe (due to social considerations).,,50-265,100.0, -50-266,50,266,2,266-2,The three front rounded vowels from French were maintained in the Islands of Les Saintes and La Désirade (both with a population which is largely of European extraction) and in some parts of continental Guadeloupe (due to social considerations).,,50-266,100.0, -50-267,50,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -50-268,50,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -50-27-2,50,27,2,27-2,,,50-47,100.0,Very certain -50-272,50,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -50-273,50,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -50-274,50,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -50-275,50,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -50-276,50,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -50-277,50,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -50-278,50,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -50-279,50,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, +• Ola ou yé? [where you be] 'Where are you?'",,50-31 50-32 50-33 50-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-190,50,190,1,190-1,,,50-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-191,50,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-192,50,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-193,50,193,1,193-1,,,50-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-194,50,194,1,194-1,,,50-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-195,50,195,1,195-1,,,50-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-196,50,196,1,196-1,,,50-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-199,50,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-2-2,50,2,2,2-2,,,50-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-20-1,50,20,1,20-1,,,50-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-200,50,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-201,50,201,1,201-1,,,50-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-202,50,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-205,50,205,1,205-1,,,50-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-209,50,209,1,209-1,,,50-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-21-2,50,21,2,21-2,,,50-36 50-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-212,50,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-217,50,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-218,50,218,1,218-1,,,50-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-22-6,50,22,6,22-6,,,50-38 50-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +50-220,50,220,2,220-2,,,50-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +50-221,50,221,1,221-1,,,50-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-23-7,50,23,7,23-7,,,50-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +50-231,50,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-24-4,50,24,4,24-4,,,50-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-25-3,50,25,3,25-3,,,50-42 50-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-252,50,252,1,252-1,,,50-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-253,50,253,1,253-1,,,50-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-254,50,254,1,254-1,,,50-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-255,50,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-256,50,256,1,256-1,,,50-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-257,50,257,1,257-1,,,50-263,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-258,50,258,1,258-1,,,50-262,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-259,50,259,1,259-1,,,50-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-26-2,50,26,2,26-2,,,50-44 50-45 50-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-260,50,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-261,50,261,2,261-2,The three front rounded vowels from French were maintained in the Islands of Les Saintes and La Désirade (both with a population which is largely of European extraction) and in some parts of continental Guadeloupe (due to social considerations).,,50-264,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +50-263,50,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-265,50,265,2,265-2,The three front rounded vowels from French were maintained in the Islands of Les Saintes and La Désirade (both with a population which is largely of European extraction) and in some parts of continental Guadeloupe (due to social considerations).,,50-265,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +50-266,50,266,2,266-2,The three front rounded vowels from French were maintained in the Islands of Les Saintes and La Désirade (both with a population which is largely of European extraction) and in some parts of continental Guadeloupe (due to social considerations).,,50-266,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +50-267,50,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-268,50,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-27-2,50,27,2,27-2,,,50-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-272,50,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-273,50,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-274,50,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-275,50,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-276,50,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-277,50,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-278,50,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-279,50,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 50-28-1,50,28,1,28-1,"The definite article is always linked to the preceding noun with a dash, which is a purely typographical (arbitrary) convention. -The definite article is often used as a bracket of relative clauses, e.g. Sé tifi ki mèg-la nou ka palé, 'It is the girl who is thin we are speaking of' (Ludwig et al. 2002: 22).",,50-48 50-49,100.0,Very certain -50-280,50,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -50-281,50,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -50-282,50,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -50-284,50,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -50-285,50,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -50-286,50,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -50-287,50,287,1,287-1,,,50-259,100.0, -50-288,50,288,1,288-1,,,50-267,100.0, -50-289,50,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -50-29-2,50,29,2,29-2,"If the numeral is used in attributive function, it is on, if used independently, it is yonn.",,50-50 50-51,100.0,Very certain -50-290,50,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -50-291,50,291,1,291-1,,,50-261,100.0, -50-294,50,294,2,294-2,The front rounded vowels from French were maintained in the Islands of Les Saintes and La Désirade (both with a population which is largely of European extraction) and in some parts of continental Guadeloupe (due to social considerations).,,50-268,100.0, +The definite article is often used as a bracket of relative clauses, e.g. Sé tifi ki mèg-la nou ka palé, 'It is the girl who is thin we are speaking of' (Ludwig et al. 2002: 22).",,50-48 50-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-280,50,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-281,50,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-282,50,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-284,50,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-285,50,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-286,50,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-287,50,287,1,287-1,,,50-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-288,50,288,1,288-1,,,50-267,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-289,50,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-29-2,50,29,2,29-2,"If the numeral is used in attributive function, it is on, if used independently, it is yonn.",,50-50 50-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-290,50,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-291,50,291,1,291-1,,,50-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +50-294,50,294,2,294-2,The front rounded vowels from French were maintained in the Islands of Les Saintes and La Désirade (both with a population which is largely of European extraction) and in some parts of continental Guadeloupe (due to social considerations).,,50-268,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 50-3-1,50,3,1,3-1,"According to Bernabé (1983: 989–998) three cases can be distinguished: • most adjectives can be placed only after the noun, like blé, wouj, blan, djok, kouyon ('blue, red, white, vigorous, stupid'); • some other adjectives can be placed only before the noun, like ti, gran, bel, gwo, jenn, vié ('little, tall, beautiful/nice, big/fat, young, old'); - • and finally, a few adjectives can be placed both before or after the noun, like pov, maléré ('poor, unhappy/unlucky').",135[989ff.],50-5 50-6,50.0,Very certain + • and finally, a few adjectives can be placed both before or after the noun, like pov, maléré ('poor, unhappy/unlucky').",135[989ff.],50-5 50-6,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge 50-3-2,50,3,2,3-2,"According to Bernabé (1983: 989–998) three cases can be distinguished: • most adjectives can be placed only after the noun, like blé, wouj, blan, djok, kouyon ('blue, red, white, vigorous, stupid'); • some other adjectives can be placed only before the noun, like ti, gran, bel, gwo, jenn, vié ('little, tall, beautiful/nice, big/fat, young, old'); - • and finally, a few adjectives can be placed both before or after the noun, like pov, maléré ('poor, unhappy/unlucky').",135[989ff.],50-7,50.0,Very certain -50-30-2,50,30,2,30-2,,851,50-52,100.0,Very certain -50-308-2,50,308,2,308-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-309-1,50,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-31-1,50,31,1,31-1,,135,50-53,100.0,Very certain -50-310-4,50,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-311-2,50,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-312-3,50,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-313-5,50,313,5,313-5,"There are aproximately 420,0000 speakers in Guadeloupe and mors than 100000 emigrant speakers, mainly in France.",,,100.0,Very certain -50-314-3,50,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain -50-315-1,50,315,1,315-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-316-1,50,316,1,316-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-317-1,50,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-318-2,50,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-319-2,50,319,2,319-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-32-2,50,32,2,32-2,,,50-54 50-55 50-56,100.0,Very certain -50-320-2,50,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-321-2,50,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-322-2,50,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-323-3,50,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain -50-324-2,50,324,2,324-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-325-2,50,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -50-326-1,50,326,1,326-1,"Although French remains the most important language that has a contact influence on Guadeloupe Creole, there is also an increasing influence of Caribbean English.",,,100.0,Certain -50-327-3,50,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Certain -50-328-2,50,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Certain -50-329-2,50,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Certain -50-33-1,50,33,1,33-1,"There is a distance contrast concerning the pronominal demonstratives sila ('this, this one') and sala/tala ('that, that one').",,50-57,100.0,Very certain -50-330-3,50,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Certain -50-331-2,50,331,2,331-2,,,,100.0,Certain -50-332-2,50,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Certain -50-333-2,50,333,2,333-2,,,,100.0,Certain -50-334-2,50,334,2,334-2,,,,100.0,Certain -50-335-2,50,335,2,335-2,,,,100.0,Certain -50-34-1,50,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain -50-35-6,50,35,6,35-6,,,50-58 50-59 50-60,100.0,Very certain -50-36-1,50,36,1,36-1,,,50-61 50-62,100.0,Very certain -50-37-6,50,37,6,37-6,"There exist two well-known exceptions probably due to assimilation of a with final vowel -a nasalized or non-nasalized papa-mwen, maman-mwen (Ludwig et al. 2002: 22–23).",851,50-63,100.0,Very certain -50-38-2,50,38,2,38-2,,,50-64,100.0,Very certain -50-39-3,50,39,3,39-3,"The equivalent of the independent pronominal possessor is expressed by the combination of the word ta 'of' + a personal pronoun (mwen, ou, i/li, nou, zot, yo).",,50-65 50-66 50-67,100.0,Very certain -50-4-2,50,4,2,4-2,,,50-36 50-8 50-9,100.0,Very certain -50-40-1,50,40,1,40-1,,,50-68,100.0,Very certain -50-41-2,50,41,2,41-2,"A few elderly speakers also use the structure i pli bel pasé Wozali, which seems to refer to a former variety of Guadeloupean Creole.",850[280-282],50-70,25.0,Very certain -50-41-1,50,41,1,41-1,"A few elderly speakers also use the structure i pli bel pasé Wozali, which seems to refer to a former variety of Guadeloupean Creole.",850[280-282],50-69,75.0,Very certain -50-42-2,50,42,2,42-2,Some speakers also use the intermediate structure i pli gran pasé mwen.,850[280-282],50-73,70.0,Very certain -50-42-1,50,42,1,42-1,Some speakers also use the intermediate structure i pli gran pasé mwen.,850[280-282],50-72,30.0,Very certain -50-43-1,50,43,1,43-1,,853;851[24-27],50-89,50.0,Very certain -50-43-3,50,43,3,43-3,,853;851[24-27],50-77 50-78,50.0,Very certain -50-44-1,50,44,1,44-1,,851;851[24-27],50-75,100.0,Very certain -50-45-4,50,45,4,45-4,,,50-76 50-77,100.0,Very certain -50-46-4,50,46,4,46-4,,,50-78,100.0,Very certain -50-47-9,50,47,9,47-9,,,50-79 50-80 50-81 50-82 50-83,100.0,Very certain -50-48-9,50,48,9,48-9,,,50-82 50-83 50-84 50-85,100.0,Very certain -50-49-3,50,49,3,49-3,,851,50-86 50-87 50-88 50-89,100.0,Very certain -50-5-2,50,5,2,5-2,,,50-10,100.0,Very certain -50-50-1,50,50,1,50-1,,,50-90 50-91,100.0,Very certain + • and finally, a few adjectives can be placed both before or after the noun, like pov, maléré ('poor, unhappy/unlucky').",135[989ff.],50-7,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +50-30-2,50,30,2,30-2,,851,50-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-308-2,50,308,2,308-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-309-1,50,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-31-1,50,31,1,31-1,,135,50-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +50-310-4,50,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +50-311-2,50,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-312-3,50,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-313-5,50,313,5,313-5,"There are aproximately 420,0000 speakers in Guadeloupe and mors than 100000 emigrant speakers, mainly in France.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-314-3,50,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-315-1,50,315,1,315-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-316-1,50,316,1,316-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-317-1,50,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-318-2,50,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-319-2,50,319,2,319-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-32-2,50,32,2,32-2,,,50-54 50-55 50-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-320-2,50,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-321-2,50,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-322-2,50,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-323-3,50,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-324-2,50,324,2,324-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-325-2,50,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-326-1,50,326,1,326-1,"Although French remains the most important language that has a contact influence on Guadeloupe Creole, there is also an increasing influence of Caribbean English.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-327-3,50,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-328-2,50,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-329-2,50,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-33-1,50,33,1,33-1,"There is a distance contrast concerning the pronominal demonstratives sila ('this, this one') and sala/tala ('that, that one').",,50-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-330-3,50,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-331-2,50,331,2,331-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-332-2,50,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-333-2,50,333,2,333-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-334-2,50,334,2,334-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-335-2,50,335,2,335-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-34-1,50,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-35-6,50,35,6,35-6,,,50-58 50-59 50-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +50-36-1,50,36,1,36-1,,,50-61 50-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-37-6,50,37,6,37-6,"There exist two well-known exceptions probably due to assimilation of a with final vowel -a nasalized or non-nasalized papa-mwen, maman-mwen (Ludwig et al. 2002: 22–23).",851,50-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +50-38-2,50,38,2,38-2,,,50-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-39-3,50,39,3,39-3,"The equivalent of the independent pronominal possessor is expressed by the combination of the word ta 'of' + a personal pronoun (mwen, ou, i/li, nou, zot, yo).",,50-65 50-66 50-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-4-2,50,4,2,4-2,,,50-36 50-8 50-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-40-1,50,40,1,40-1,,,50-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-41-2,50,41,2,41-2,"A few elderly speakers also use the structure i pli bel pasé Wozali, which seems to refer to a former variety of Guadeloupean Creole.",850[280-282],50-70,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-41-1,50,41,1,41-1,"A few elderly speakers also use the structure i pli bel pasé Wozali, which seems to refer to a former variety of Guadeloupean Creole.",850[280-282],50-69,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-42-2,50,42,2,42-2,Some speakers also use the intermediate structure i pli gran pasé mwen.,850[280-282],50-73,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +50-42-1,50,42,1,42-1,Some speakers also use the intermediate structure i pli gran pasé mwen.,850[280-282],50-72,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +50-43-1,50,43,1,43-1,,853;851[24-27],50-89,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +50-43-3,50,43,3,43-3,,853;851[24-27],50-77 50-78,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +50-44-1,50,44,1,44-1,,851;851[24-27],50-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-45-4,50,45,4,45-4,,,50-76 50-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-46-4,50,46,4,46-4,,,50-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-47-9,50,47,9,47-9,,,50-79 50-80 50-81 50-82 50-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-48-9,50,48,9,48-9,,,50-82 50-83 50-84 50-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-49-3,50,49,3,49-3,,851,50-86 50-87 50-88 50-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +50-5-2,50,5,2,5-2,,,50-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-50-1,50,50,1,50-1,,,50-90 50-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 50-51-3,50,51,3,51-3,"There are a few exceptions, as some unmarked stative verbs do not have present reference, but past reference. Some stative verbs thus need to be marked the same way as dynamic verbs to have present reference: • I kwè an pa té an kaz-la. [3SG think 1SG NEG PST in house-DEF] 'He thought/supposed I was not home.' @@ -14571,37 +14571,37 @@ The definite article is often used as a bracket of relative clauses, e.g. Sé ti It is interesting to notice that the stative verbs sanm and pòtré, which are synonymous, do not behave the same way; present reference is unmarked for pòtré and marked for sanm, as in: • I pòtré papa'y. [3SG look.like father.3SG] 'He looks like his father.' -• I ka sanm papa'y. [3SG PRS look like father 3SG] 'He looks like his father.'",132[153];346[101],50-92 50-93,100.0,Very certain -50-52-1,50,52,1,52-1,"In Guadeloupean Creole, the progressive marker with a state word yields iterative meaning.",853[25],,100.0,Very certain -50-53-2,50,53,2,53-2,,,50-94,100.0,Certain -50-54-7,50,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain +• I ka sanm papa'y. [3SG PRS look like father 3SG] 'He looks like his father.'",132[153];346[101],50-92 50-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-52-1,50,52,1,52-1,"In Guadeloupean Creole, the progressive marker with a state word yields iterative meaning.",853[25],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +50-53-2,50,53,2,53-2,,,50-94,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-54-7,50,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 50-55-1,50,55,1,55-1,"The ability verb pé can express epistemic possibility, but the other ability verbs sav and konnet cannot express epistemic possibility: • An sav najé. [1SG can swim] 'I can swim.' - • Gason an mwen konnet konté jis a dis. [son of 1SG can count up to ten] 'My son can count up to ten.'",,50-95 50-96 50-97 50-98 50-99,100.0,Very certain -50-56-1,50,56,1,56-1,,,50-100 50-101 50-102,100.0,Very certain -50-57-1,50,57,1,57-1,,,50-103,100.0,Very certain -50-58-1,50,58,1,58-1,,,50-104 50-105,100.0,Very certain -50-59-1,50,59,1,59-1,,,50-106 50-107,100.0,Certain -50-6-1,50,6,1,6-1,,,50-11,100.0,Very certain -50-60-2,50,60,2,60-2,,,50-108 50-109,100.0,Very certain -50-61-1,50,61,1,61-1,,134[41],50-110 50-111,70.0,Very certain -50-61-2,50,61,2,61-2,,134[41],50-112,30.0,Very certain -50-62-1,50,62,1,62-1,,,50-113,100.0,Very certain -50-63-3,50,63,3,63-3,Asiparé goes back to French à ce qu'il paraît [to that which it seems]. It is not a verb.,,50-114,100.0,Certain -50-64-1,50,64,1,64-1,,,50-115,50.0,Certain -50-64-2,50,64,2,64-2,,,50-116,50.0,Certain -50-65-1,50,65,1,65-1,,,50-117,100.0,Very certain -50-66-3,50,66,3,66-3,,,50-119,50.0,Certain -50-66-1,50,66,1,66-1,,,50-118,50.0,Certain -50-67-1,50,67,1,67-1,,,50-120,100.0,Very certain -50-68-1,50,68,1,68-1,,,50-122,70.0,Very certain -50-68-3,50,68,3,68-3,,,50-121,30.0,Certain -50-69-1,50,69,1,69-1,,850[248-249],50-123,87.5,Very certain -50-69-2,50,69,2,69-2,,850[248-249],50-124,12.5,Very certain -50-7-1,50,7,1,7-1,,135[1415],50-12,100.0,Very certain -50-70-1,50,70,1,70-1,,,50-125 50-126,100.0,Very certain -50-71-1,50,71,1,71-1,,,50-127 50-128 50-129 50-130 50-131 50-132,100.0,Very certain -50-72-1,50,72,1,72-1,"Free variation between épi, é and èvè. However, there is a tendency in modern Guadeloupean Creole to use only épi and é in verbal conjunction.",,50-133 50-134 50-135 50-136,100.0,Certain + • Gason an mwen konnet konté jis a dis. [son of 1SG can count up to ten] 'My son can count up to ten.'",,50-95 50-96 50-97 50-98 50-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-56-1,50,56,1,56-1,,,50-100 50-101 50-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-57-1,50,57,1,57-1,,,50-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-58-1,50,58,1,58-1,,,50-104 50-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-59-1,50,59,1,59-1,,,50-106 50-107,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-6-1,50,6,1,6-1,,,50-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-60-2,50,60,2,60-2,,,50-108 50-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-61-1,50,61,1,61-1,,134[41],50-110 50-111,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-61-2,50,61,2,61-2,,134[41],50-112,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-62-1,50,62,1,62-1,,,50-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-63-3,50,63,3,63-3,Asiparé goes back to French à ce qu'il paraît [to that which it seems]. It is not a verb.,,50-114,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-64-1,50,64,1,64-1,,,50-115,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-64-2,50,64,2,64-2,,,50-116,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-65-1,50,65,1,65-1,,,50-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-66-3,50,66,3,66-3,,,50-119,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-66-1,50,66,1,66-1,,,50-118,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-67-1,50,67,1,67-1,,,50-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-68-1,50,68,1,68-1,,,50-122,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-68-3,50,68,3,68-3,,,50-121,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-69-1,50,69,1,69-1,,850[248-249],50-123,87.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-69-2,50,69,2,69-2,,850[248-249],50-124,12.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-7-1,50,7,1,7-1,,135[1415],50-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-70-1,50,70,1,70-1,,,50-125 50-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-71-1,50,71,1,71-1,,,50-127 50-128 50-129 50-130 50-131 50-132,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +50-72-1,50,72,1,72-1,"Free variation between épi, é and èvè. However, there is a tendency in modern Guadeloupean Creole to use only épi and é in verbal conjunction.",,50-133 50-134 50-135 50-136,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 50-73-2,50,73,2,73-2,"In a variety that would probably be considered as acrolectal creole, it is quite usual to find a copula: Jak sé on doktè. [Jack COP INDF doctor] @@ -14609,45 +14609,45 @@ Jak sé on doktè. There also exists a different structure with a contrastive focus on the noun, as in: Sé doktè i yé. [COP doctor 3SG be] -'He (really) is a doctor (... not a singer).'",1263,50-137 50-138,100.0,Very certain +'He (really) is a doctor (... not a singer).'",1263,50-137 50-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 50-74-2,50,74,2,74-2,"There also exists a different structure with a focus on the adjective, as in: • Sé bel i bel. [COP beautiful 3SG beautiful] -'She is (really) beautiful.'",1263,50-139,100.0,Very certain +'She is (really) beautiful.'",1263,50-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 50-75-2,50,75,2,75-2,"There also exists a different structure with a focus on the locative noun phrase, as in: Sé anba tab-la boul-la yé [COP under table-DEF ball-DEF be] -'The ball is under the TABLE (... not under X).'",850,50-140,100.0,Very certain -50-76-1,50,76,1,76-1,"The unmarked character of word classes plays a crucial role in Guadeloupean Creole, cf. Ludwig (1996: 89–157).",134,50-141 50-142,100.0,Very certain -50-77-1,50,77,1,77-1,,,50-143,100.0,Very certain -50-78-1,50,78,1,78-1,,,50-144 50-145,100.0,Very certain -50-79-1,50,79,1,79-1,I pati Bastè rive Lapwent. [3SG leave Bastè reach Lapwent] 'He left Bastè and reached Lapwent.',,50-148,100.0,Very certain -50-8-2,50,8,2,8-2,,,50-14 50-15,50.0,Very certain -50-8-1,50,8,1,8-1,,,50-13,50.0,Very certain -50-80-1,50,80,1,80-1,"See comment to Feature 80 ""Going to named places"".",,50-149,100.0,Very certain -50-81-1,50,81,1,81-1,,,50-146 50-147,100.0,Very certain -50-82-2,50,82,2,82-2,,,50-150 50-151,70.0,Very certain -50-82-4,50,82,4,82-4,,,50-152,30.0,Certain -50-83-4,50,83,4,83-4,,,50-156,10.0,Certain -50-83-2,50,83,2,83-2,,,50-153 50-154 50-155,90.0,Very certain -50-84-2,50,84,2,84-2,,850[257-261],50-157 50-158,100.0,Very certain -50-85-5,50,85,5,85-5,,850[248f.],50-124 50-160,50.0,Certain -50-85-2,50,85,2,85-2,,850[248f.],50-159,50.0,Certain +'The ball is under the TABLE (... not under X).'",850,50-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-76-1,50,76,1,76-1,"The unmarked character of word classes plays a crucial role in Guadeloupean Creole, cf. Ludwig (1996: 89–157).",134,50-141 50-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +50-77-1,50,77,1,77-1,,,50-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +50-78-1,50,78,1,78-1,,,50-144 50-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-79-1,50,79,1,79-1,I pati Bastè rive Lapwent. [3SG leave Bastè reach Lapwent] 'He left Bastè and reached Lapwent.',,50-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-8-2,50,8,2,8-2,,,50-14 50-15,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +50-8-1,50,8,1,8-1,,,50-13,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +50-80-1,50,80,1,80-1,"See comment to Feature 80 ""Going to named places"".",,50-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-81-1,50,81,1,81-1,,,50-146 50-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-82-2,50,82,2,82-2,,,50-150 50-151,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-82-4,50,82,4,82-4,,,50-152,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-83-4,50,83,4,83-4,,,50-156,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-83-2,50,83,2,83-2,,,50-153 50-154 50-155,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-84-2,50,84,2,84-2,,850[257-261],50-157 50-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-85-5,50,85,5,85-5,,850[248f.],50-124 50-160,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +50-85-2,50,85,2,85-2,,850[248f.],50-159,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 50-86-1,50,86,1,86-1,"We can notice in contemporary usage that the speakers often replace ba with the preposition pou (from French pour): • I matjé an let pou Joj. -A hint on the ongoing reinterpretation of ba as a preposition consists in the possibility of focusing it together with the noun/beneficiary: Ba Ijenn Ijénie ka pòté mango; this focalization is excluded by serial verb constructions.",850[282-283],50-161 50-162,100.0,Certain -50-87-1,50,87,1,87-1,,851[31-32],50-163,23.0769230769231,Very certain -50-87-3,50,87,3,87-3,,851[31-32],50-166,38.4615384615385,Very certain -50-87-2,50,87,2,87-2,,851[31-32],50-164 50-165,38.4615384615385,Very certain -50-88-3,50,88,3,88-3,,,50-166 50-167 50-168,100.0,Very certain -50-89-2,50,89,2,89-2,,,50-169 50-170 50-171,100.0,Very certain +A hint on the ongoing reinterpretation of ba as a preposition consists in the possibility of focusing it together with the noun/beneficiary: Ba Ijenn Ijénie ka pòté mango; this focalization is excluded by serial verb constructions.",850[282-283],50-161 50-162,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-87-1,50,87,1,87-1,,851[31-32],50-163,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FFFFFF-39-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-87-3,50,87,3,87-3,,851[31-32],50-166,38.4615384615385,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FFFFFF-39-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-87-2,50,87,2,87-2,,851[31-32],50-164 50-165,38.4615384615385,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FFFFFF-39-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +50-88-3,50,88,3,88-3,,,50-166 50-167 50-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-89-2,50,89,2,89-2,,,50-169 50-170 50-171,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 50-9-2,50,9,2,9-2,"If basilectal creole is said to have only a postposed definite article, the recent work of Colot (2004) shows that Guadeloupean and Martinican Creoles have been developing a preposed article for a few years, depending on the category of the noun (countable or uncountable) and the value of the utterance (generic or specific). An k'ay la bank [1SG PROG.go the bank] = generic: the article is preposed ≠ -An k'ay an bank-la [1SG PROG.go in bank-DEF] = specific: the article is postposed.",273,50-16,100.0,Very certain -50-90-3,50,90,3,90-3,,134[92],50-172,100.0,Very certain -50-91-8,50,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain +An k'ay an bank-la [1SG PROG.go in bank-DEF] = specific: the article is postposed.",273,50-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +50-90-3,50,90,3,90-3,,134[92],50-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +50-91-8,50,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge 50-92-4,50,92,4,92-4,"Bernabé (1983: 331) underlines: ""[...] une relative ayant comme antécédent un nom accompagné de l'article défini doit obligatoirement se terminer par un article de rappel."" Thus, if the main clause contains a noun with a definite article, the relative clause will automatically end with a repetition of the article, marking down the relative clause in basilectal creole: @@ -14658,7 +14658,7 @@ boug-la ki ka vann liv la boug-la ki ka vann liv-la la [man DEF who sell book DEF la] 'the man who sells the book' -See also Ludwig 1992, Ludwig & Pfänder 2003",850;850[296-336],50-174,33.3333333333333,Very certain +See also Ludwig 1992, Ludwig & Pfänder 2003",850;850[296-336],50-174,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-0000FF-34-ADD8E6.png""}", 50-92-5,50,92,5,92-5,"Bernabé (1983: 331) underlines: ""[...] une relative ayant comme antécédent un nom accompagné de l'article défini doit obligatoirement se terminer par un article de rappel."" Thus, if the main clause contains a noun with a definite article, the relative clause will automatically end with a repetition of the article, marking down the relative clause in basilectal creole: @@ -14669,7 +14669,7 @@ boug-la ki ka vann liv la boug-la ki ka vann liv-la la [man DEF who sell book DEF la] 'the man who sells the book' -See also Ludwig 1992, Ludwig & Pfänder 2003",850;850[296-336],50-175,33.3333333333333,Certain +See also Ludwig 1992, Ludwig & Pfänder 2003",850;850[296-336],50-175,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-0000FF-34-ADD8E6.png""}", 50-92-2,50,92,2,92-2,"Bernabé (1983: 331) underlines: ""[...] une relative ayant comme antécédent un nom accompagné de l'article défini doit obligatoirement se terminer par un article de rappel."" Thus, if the main clause contains a noun with a definite article, the relative clause will automatically end with a repetition of the article, marking down the relative clause in basilectal creole: @@ -14680,293 +14680,293 @@ boug-la ki ka vann liv la boug-la ki ka vann liv-la la [man DEF who sell book DEF la] 'the man who sells the book' -See also Ludwig 1992, Ludwig & Pfänder 2003",850;850[296-336],50-173,33.3333333333333,Very certain +See also Ludwig 1992, Ludwig & Pfänder 2003",850;850[296-336],50-173,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-FF0000-34-0000FF-34-ADD8E6.png""}", 50-93-4,50,93,4,93-4,"Under French influence, the functional domain of the relative particle ki tends to be restricted to the subject function whereas the object function is taken over by the Frenchified particle ke. -Ektò vann flè kè Jènvyèv platné lanné pasé.[Hector sell flower REL Geneviève plant year last] 'Hector sold the flowers that Genviève planted last year.'",134[193],50-176,50.0,Very certain +Ektò vann flè kè Jènvyèv platné lanné pasé.[Hector sell flower REL Geneviève plant year last] 'Hector sold the flowers that Genviève planted last year.'",134[193],50-176,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", 50-93-2,50,93,2,93-2,"Under French influence, the functional domain of the relative particle ki tends to be restricted to the subject function whereas the object function is taken over by the Frenchified particle ke. -Ektò vann flè kè Jènvyèv platné lanné pasé.[Hector sell flower REL Geneviève plant year last] 'Hector sold the flowers that Genviève planted last year.'",134[193],50-177,50.0,Very certain -50-94-5,50,94,5,94-5,,,50-178,100.0,Very certain +Ektò vann flè kè Jènvyèv platné lanné pasé.[Hector sell flower REL Geneviève plant year last] 'Hector sold the flowers that Genviève planted last year.'",134[193],50-177,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +50-94-5,50,94,5,94-5,,,50-178,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge 50-95-4,50,95,4,95-4,"In contemporary usage, some speakers do use a complementizer kè, influenced by French que: • I di kè i ké vin. [3SG say that 3SG FUT come] -'He said he will come.'",854;854[343-354],50-179 50-180,70.0,Very certain +'He said he will come.'",854;854[343-354],50-179 50-180,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 50-95-3,50,95,3,95-3,"In contemporary usage, some speakers do use a complementizer kè, influenced by French que: • I di kè i ké vin. [3SG say that 3SG FUT come] -'He said he will come.'",854;854[343-354],50-181 50-182 50-183,30.0,Very certain -50-96-3,50,96,3,96-3,"The kè construction is often interpreted as frenchified, mesolectal creole.",,50-185,30.0,Very certain -50-96-4,50,96,4,96-4,"The kè construction is often interpreted as frenchified, mesolectal creole.",,50-184,70.0,Very certain -50-97-1,50,97,1,97-1,,,50-186,100.0,Very certain -50-98-5,50,98,5,98-5,,,50-187 50-188,100.0,Very certain -50-99-1,50,99,1,99-1,,,50-189,100.0,Very certain -51-0-2,51,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0, -51-1-2,51,1,2,1-2,,346[16],51-1 51-2,100.0,Very certain -51-10-1,51,10,1,10-1,,346[34],51-18,100.0,Very certain -51-100-4,51,100,4,100-4,,,51-162,100.0,Very certain -51-101-1,51,101,1,101-1,,,51-163,100.0,Very certain -51-102-1,51,102,1,102-1,,,51-164,100.0,Very certain -51-103-7,51,103,7,103-7,,,51-165,50.0,Very certain -51-103-1,51,103,1,103-1,,,51-166,50.0,Certain -51-104-3,51,104,3,104-3,,,51-167,50.0,Very certain -51-104-5,51,104,5,104-5,,,51-168,50.0,Very certain -51-105-1,51,105,1,105-1,,,51-169,100.0,Very certain -51-106-3,51,106,3,106-3,,134,51-170,70.0,Very certain -51-106-2,51,106,2,106-2,,134,51-171,30.0,Very certain -51-107-3,51,107,3,107-3,,,51-172 51-173,100.0,Very certain -51-108-2,51,108,2,108-2,,,51-174 51-175,100.0,Intermediate -51-109-2,51,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Certain -51-11-2,51,11,2,11-2,,,51-19 51-20,50.0,Very certain -51-11-3,51,11,3,11-3,,,51-21,50.0,Very certain -51-110-1,51,110,1,110-1,"As nearly all the modals in Guadeloupean and Martinican Creole derive directly from French (vlé 'vouloir', pé 'peut, pouvoir' etc.), there is no reason to postulate a Portuguese origin.",,51-176,100.0,Very certain -51-111-1,51,111,1,111-1,,,51-177,100.0,Very certain -51-112-2,51,112,2,112-2,,,51-178 51-179,100.0,Very certain -51-113-2,51,113,2,113-2,,,51-180 51-181,100.0,Very certain -51-114-3,51,114,3,114-3,,,51-182 51-183,100.0,Very certain -51-115-2,51,115,2,115-2,,,51-184 51-185,100.0,Very certain -51-116-2,51,116,2,116-2,,,51-186 51-187,100.0,Very certain -51-117-1,51,117,1,117-1,"In a few cases, there is a lexical difference inherited from French: poul (female) vs. kok (male) (Eng. hen vs. cock).",,51-188 51-189,100.0,Very certain -51-118-2,51,118,2,118-2,,272[34],51-190 51-191 51-192,100.0,Very certain -51-119-2,51,119,2,119-2,,272[34],51-193 51-194 51-3,100.0,Very certain -51-12-2,51,12,2,12-2,,,51-24,30.0,Very certain -51-12-1,51,12,1,12-1,,,51-22 51-23,70.0,Very certain -51-120-1,51,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Certain -51-121-3,51,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -51-122-2,51,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0, -51-123-4,51,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -51-124-1,51,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -51-125-1,51,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -51-126-1,51,126,1,126-1,,,51-213,100.0, -51-127-6,51,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -51-128-1,51,128,1,128-1,,,51-208,100.0, -51-129-2,51,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -51-13-1,51,13,1,13-1,,346[51],51-25,100.0,Very certain -51-130-1,51,130,1,130-1,,,51-217,100.0, -51-131,51,131,1,131-1,,,51-198,100.0, -51-132,51,132,1,132-1,,,51-199,100.0, -51-133,51,133,1,133-1,,,51-200,100.0, -51-134,51,134,1,134-1,,,51-201,100.0, -51-137,51,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -51-138,51,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -51-139,51,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -51-14-1,51,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-140,51,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -51-143,51,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -51-144,51,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -51-145,51,145,1,145-1,,,51-202,100.0, -51-146,51,146,1,146-1,,,51-203,100.0, -51-147,51,147,1,147-1,,,51-204,100.0, -51-148,51,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -51-149,51,149,1,149-1,,,51-205,100.0, -51-15-1,51,15,1,15-1,,,51-26,100.0,Very certain -51-151,51,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -51-152,51,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -51-153,51,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -51-155,51,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -51-156,51,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -51-158,51,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -51-159,51,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -51-16-1,51,16,1,16-1,,,51-27,100.0,Very certain -51-160,51,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -51-161,51,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -51-163,51,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -51-168,51,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -51-169,51,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, +'He said he will come.'",854;854[343-354],50-181 50-182 50-183,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-96-3,50,96,3,96-3,"The kè construction is often interpreted as frenchified, mesolectal creole.",,50-185,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-96-4,50,96,4,96-4,"The kè construction is often interpreted as frenchified, mesolectal creole.",,50-184,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-97-1,50,97,1,97-1,,,50-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +50-98-5,50,98,5,98-5,,,50-187 50-188,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +50-99-1,50,99,1,99-1,,,50-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-0-2,51,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +51-1-2,51,1,2,1-2,,346[16],51-1 51-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +51-10-1,51,10,1,10-1,,346[34],51-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +51-100-4,51,100,4,100-4,,,51-162,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +51-101-1,51,101,1,101-1,,,51-163,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-102-1,51,102,1,102-1,,,51-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-103-7,51,103,7,103-7,,,51-165,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-103-1,51,103,1,103-1,,,51-166,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-104-3,51,104,3,104-3,,,51-167,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-104-5,51,104,5,104-5,,,51-168,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-105-1,51,105,1,105-1,,,51-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-106-3,51,106,3,106-3,,134,51-170,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png""}", +51-106-2,51,106,2,106-2,,134,51-171,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png""}", +51-107-3,51,107,3,107-3,,,51-172 51-173,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-108-2,51,108,2,108-2,,,51-174 51-175,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +51-109-2,51,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-11-2,51,11,2,11-2,,,51-19 51-20,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-11-3,51,11,3,11-3,,,51-21,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-110-1,51,110,1,110-1,"As nearly all the modals in Guadeloupean and Martinican Creole derive directly from French (vlé 'vouloir', pé 'peut, pouvoir' etc.), there is no reason to postulate a Portuguese origin.",,51-176,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-111-1,51,111,1,111-1,,,51-177,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-112-2,51,112,2,112-2,,,51-178 51-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +51-113-2,51,113,2,113-2,,,51-180 51-181,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-114-3,51,114,3,114-3,,,51-182 51-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-115-2,51,115,2,115-2,,,51-184 51-185,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-116-2,51,116,2,116-2,,,51-186 51-187,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-117-1,51,117,1,117-1,"In a few cases, there is a lexical difference inherited from French: poul (female) vs. kok (male) (Eng. hen vs. cock).",,51-188 51-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-118-2,51,118,2,118-2,,272[34],51-190 51-191 51-192,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +51-119-2,51,119,2,119-2,,272[34],51-193 51-194 51-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +51-12-2,51,12,2,12-2,,,51-24,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-12-1,51,12,1,12-1,,,51-22 51-23,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-120-1,51,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-121-3,51,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +51-122-2,51,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +51-123-4,51,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-124-1,51,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +51-125-1,51,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +51-126-1,51,126,1,126-1,,,51-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +51-127-6,51,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-128-1,51,128,1,128-1,,,51-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +51-129-2,51,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-13-1,51,13,1,13-1,,346[51],51-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +51-130-1,51,130,1,130-1,,,51-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +51-131,51,131,1,131-1,,,51-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-132,51,132,1,132-1,,,51-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-133,51,133,1,133-1,,,51-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-134,51,134,1,134-1,,,51-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-137,51,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-138,51,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-139,51,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-14-1,51,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-140,51,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-143,51,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-144,51,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-145,51,145,1,145-1,,,51-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-146,51,146,1,146-1,,,51-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-147,51,147,1,147-1,,,51-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-148,51,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-149,51,149,1,149-1,,,51-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-15-1,51,15,1,15-1,,,51-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +51-151,51,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-152,51,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-153,51,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-155,51,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-156,51,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-158,51,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-159,51,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-16-1,51,16,1,16-1,,,51-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-160,51,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-161,51,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-163,51,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-168,51,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-169,51,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 51-17-2,51,17,2,17-2,"There are two possible forms for the 1SG, mwen and man; they can both occur in subject position, but only mwen can occur in object position. And while mwen may be independent, man cannot. -There is also a difference between the 3SG dependent subject form i and the 3SG independent form li, as well as the 2SG dependent subject form ou vs. the 2SG independent form wou.",346[54],51-28 51-29,100.0,Very certain -51-170,51,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -51-171,51,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -51-172,51,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -51-173,51,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -51-174,51,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -51-176,51,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -51-178,51,178,1,178-1,,,51-206,100.0, -51-179,51,179,1,179-1,,,51-207,100.0, -51-18-1,51,18,1,18-1,,,51-30,100.0,Very certain -51-180,51,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -51-181,51,181,1,181-1,,,51-208,100.0, -51-182,51,182,1,182-1,,,51-209,100.0, -51-183,51,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -51-184,51,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -51-187,51,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -51-188,51,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -51-189,51,189,1,189-1,,,51-210,100.0, +There is also a difference between the 3SG dependent subject form i and the 3SG independent form li, as well as the 2SG dependent subject form ou vs. the 2SG independent form wou.",346[54],51-28 51-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +51-170,51,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-171,51,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-172,51,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-173,51,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-174,51,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-176,51,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-178,51,178,1,178-1,,,51-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-179,51,179,1,179-1,,,51-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-18-1,51,18,1,18-1,,,51-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-180,51,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-181,51,181,1,181-1,,,51-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-182,51,182,1,182-1,,,51-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-183,51,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-184,51,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-187,51,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-188,51,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-189,51,189,1,189-1,,,51-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 51-19-5,51,19,5,19-5,"Martinique Creole also has a single word equivalent for ki koté (where): • Eti'y? [where 3SG] 'Where is he/she?' It is also very common to say koté instead of ki koté: • Koté ou yé? [place 2SG be] -'Where are you?'",346[66],51-31 51-32 51-33 51-34,100.0,Very certain -51-190,51,190,1,190-1,,,51-211,100.0, -51-191,51,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -51-192,51,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -51-193,51,193,1,193-1,,,51-212,100.0, -51-194,51,194,1,194-1,,,51-213,100.0, -51-195,51,195,1,195-1,,,51-214,100.0, -51-196,51,196,1,196-1,,,51-215,100.0, -51-199,51,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -51-2-2,51,2,2,2-2,,346[19],51-4 51-5,100.0,Very certain -51-20-1,51,20,1,20-1,,,51-35,100.0,Very certain -51-200,51,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -51-201,51,201,1,201-1,,,51-216,100.0, -51-202,51,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -51-205,51,205,1,205-1,,,51-217,100.0, -51-209,51,209,1,209-1,,,51-218,100.0, -51-21-2,51,21,2,21-2,,,51-36 51-37,100.0,Very certain -51-212,51,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -51-217,51,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -51-218,51,218,1,218-1,,,51-219,100.0, -51-22-6,51,22,6,22-6,,346[34],51-38 51-39,100.0,Very certain -51-220,51,220,2,220-2,,,51-234,100.0, -51-221,51,221,1,221-1,,,51-220,100.0, -51-23-7,51,23,7,23-7,,346[34],51-40,100.0,Very certain -51-231,51,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -51-24-4,51,24,4,24-4,,,51-41,100.0,Very certain -51-25-3,51,25,3,25-3,,,51-42 51-43,100.0,Very certain -51-252,51,252,1,252-1,,,51-221,100.0, -51-253,51,253,1,253-1,,,51-222,100.0, -51-254,51,254,1,254-1,,,51-223,100.0, -51-255,51,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -51-256,51,256,1,256-1,,,51-224,100.0, -51-257,51,257,1,257-1,,,51-227,100.0, -51-258,51,258,1,258-1,,,51-226,100.0, -51-259,51,259,1,259-1,,,51-225,100.0, -51-26-2,51,26,2,26-2,,,51-44 51-45,100.0,Very certain -51-260,51,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -51-261,51,261,2,261-2,"The front rounded vowels from French are sometimes maintained in the speech of a few people in Martinique, mainly in acrolectal creole.",,51-228,100.0, -51-263,51,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -51-265,51,265,2,265-2,"The front rounded vowels from French are sometimes maintained in the speech of a few people in Martinique, mainly in acrolectal creole.",,51-232,100.0, -51-266,51,266,2,266-2,"The front rounded vowels from French are sometimes maintained in the speech of a few people in Martinique, mainly in acrolectal creole.",,51-233,100.0, -51-267,51,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -51-268,51,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -51-27-2,51,27,2,27-2,,,51-46,100.0,Very certain -51-272,51,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -51-273,51,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -51-274,51,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -51-275,51,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -51-276,51,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -51-277,51,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -51-278,51,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -51-279,51,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -51-28-1,51,28,1,28-1,,"346[33, 36]",51-47 51-48,100.0,Very certain -51-280,51,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -51-281,51,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -51-282,51,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -51-284,51,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -51-285,51,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -51-286,51,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -51-287,51,287,1,287-1,,,51-229,100.0, -51-288,51,288,1,288-1,,,51-230,100.0, -51-289,51,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -51-29-2,51,29,2,29-2,,,51-49 51-50 51-51,100.0,Very certain -51-290,51,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -51-291,51,291,1,291-1,,,51-231,100.0, -51-294,51,294,2,294-2,"The front rounded vowels from French are sometimes maintained in the speech of a few people in Martinique, mainly in acrolectal creole.",,51-235,100.0, +'Where are you?'",346[66],51-31 51-32 51-33 51-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +51-190,51,190,1,190-1,,,51-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-191,51,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-192,51,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-193,51,193,1,193-1,,,51-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-194,51,194,1,194-1,,,51-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-195,51,195,1,195-1,,,51-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-196,51,196,1,196-1,,,51-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-199,51,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-2-2,51,2,2,2-2,,346[19],51-4 51-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +51-20-1,51,20,1,20-1,,,51-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-200,51,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-201,51,201,1,201-1,,,51-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-202,51,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-205,51,205,1,205-1,,,51-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-209,51,209,1,209-1,,,51-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-21-2,51,21,2,21-2,,,51-36 51-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +51-212,51,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-217,51,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-218,51,218,1,218-1,,,51-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-22-6,51,22,6,22-6,,346[34],51-38 51-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +51-220,51,220,2,220-2,,,51-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +51-221,51,221,1,221-1,,,51-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-23-7,51,23,7,23-7,,346[34],51-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +51-231,51,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-24-4,51,24,4,24-4,,,51-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-25-3,51,25,3,25-3,,,51-42 51-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-252,51,252,1,252-1,,,51-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-253,51,253,1,253-1,,,51-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-254,51,254,1,254-1,,,51-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-255,51,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-256,51,256,1,256-1,,,51-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-257,51,257,1,257-1,,,51-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-258,51,258,1,258-1,,,51-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-259,51,259,1,259-1,,,51-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-26-2,51,26,2,26-2,,,51-44 51-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-260,51,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-261,51,261,2,261-2,"The front rounded vowels from French are sometimes maintained in the speech of a few people in Martinique, mainly in acrolectal creole.",,51-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +51-263,51,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-265,51,265,2,265-2,"The front rounded vowels from French are sometimes maintained in the speech of a few people in Martinique, mainly in acrolectal creole.",,51-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +51-266,51,266,2,266-2,"The front rounded vowels from French are sometimes maintained in the speech of a few people in Martinique, mainly in acrolectal creole.",,51-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +51-267,51,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-268,51,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-27-2,51,27,2,27-2,,,51-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-272,51,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-273,51,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-274,51,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-275,51,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-276,51,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-277,51,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-278,51,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-279,51,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-28-1,51,28,1,28-1,,"346[33, 36]",51-47 51-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +51-280,51,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-281,51,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-282,51,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-284,51,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-285,51,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-286,51,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-287,51,287,1,287-1,,,51-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-288,51,288,1,288-1,,,51-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-289,51,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-29-2,51,29,2,29-2,,,51-49 51-50 51-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +51-290,51,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +51-291,51,291,1,291-1,,,51-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +51-294,51,294,2,294-2,"The front rounded vowels from French are sometimes maintained in the speech of a few people in Martinique, mainly in acrolectal creole.",,51-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 51-3-2,51,3,2,3-2,"According to Bernabé (1983: 989–998) three cases can be distinguished: • most adjectives can be placed only after the noun, like blé, wouj, blan, djok, kouyon ('blue, red, white, vigorous, stupid'); • some other adjectives can be place only before the noun, like ti, gran, bel, gwo, jenn, vié ('little, tall, beautiful/nice, big/fat, young, old'); -• and finally, a few adjectives can be placed both before or after the noun, like pov, maléré ('poor, unhappy/unlucky').",132,51-8,50.0,Very certain +• and finally, a few adjectives can be placed both before or after the noun, like pov, maléré ('poor, unhappy/unlucky').",132,51-8,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", 51-3-1,51,3,1,3-1,"According to Bernabé (1983: 989–998) three cases can be distinguished: • most adjectives can be placed only after the noun, like blé, wouj, blan, djok, kouyon ('blue, red, white, vigorous, stupid'); • some other adjectives can be place only before the noun, like ti, gran, bel, gwo, jenn, vié ('little, tall, beautiful/nice, big/fat, young, old'); -• and finally, a few adjectives can be placed both before or after the noun, like pov, maléré ('poor, unhappy/unlucky').",132,51-6 51-7,50.0,Very certain -51-30-2,51,30,2,30-2,,851,51-52,100.0,Very certain -51-308-2,51,308,2,308-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-309-2,51,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-31-1,51,31,1,31-1,,132,51-53,100.0,Very certain -51-310-4,51,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-311-2,51,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-312-2,51,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-313-5,51,313,5,313-5,"There are aproximately 410,000 speakers in Martinique and more than 100,000 emigrant speakers, mainly in France.",,,100.0,Very certain -51-314-2,51,314,2,314-2,It is predominantly used by men.,,,100.0,Very certain -51-315-2,51,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-316-2,51,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-317-1,51,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-318-2,51,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-319-2,51,319,2,319-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-32-1,51,32,1,32-1,,,51-54 51-55,100.0,Very certain -51-320-2,51,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-321-2,51,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-322-2,51,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-323-3,51,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-324-2,51,324,2,324-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-325-2,51,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-326-1,51,326,1,326-1,"Although French remains the most important language that has a contact influence on Martinican Creole, there is also an increasing influence of Caribbean English.",,,100.0,Certain -51-327-1,51,327,1,327-1,,,,100.0,Certain -51-328-1,51,328,1,328-1,,,,100.0,Certain -51-329-1,51,329,1,329-1,,,,100.0,Certain -51-33-1,51,33,1,33-1,,,51-56,100.0,Very certain -51-330-1,51,330,1,330-1,,,,100.0,Certain -51-331-1,51,331,1,331-1,,,,100.0,Certain -51-332-1,51,332,1,332-1,,,,100.0,Certain -51-333-1,51,333,1,333-1,,,,100.0,Certain -51-334-1,51,334,1,334-1,,,,100.0,Certain -51-335-1,51,335,1,335-1,,,,100.0,Certain -51-34-1,51,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain -51-35-6,51,35,6,35-6,,,51-57 51-58,100.0,Very certain -51-36-1,51,36,1,36-1,,,51-59 51-60,100.0,Very certain -51-37-2,51,37,2,37-2,"The element -mwen in the example is not a suffix. It is a personal pronoun coming after the noun to express possession, as in Guadeloupean Creole timoun an mwen [child of 1SG]. The dash in Martinique Creole yich-mwen is a purely conventional orthographical sign.",346[37],51-61,100.0,Very certain -51-38-4,51,38,4,38-4,,346[42],51-62,100.0,Very certain -51-39-3,51,39,3,39-3,The independent pronominal possessor is expressed by the combination of the word ta 'of' plus a personal pronoun.,,51-63 51-64,100.0,Very certain -51-4-2,51,4,2,4-2,,346[18],51-10 51-36 51-9,100.0,Very certain -51-40-1,51,40,1,40-1,,,51-65 51-66,100.0,Very certain -51-41-1,51,41,1,41-1,,,51-67,50.0,Very certain -51-41-2,51,41,2,41-2,,,51-68,50.0,Very certain -51-42-1,51,42,1,42-1,,,51-69,30.0,Very certain -51-42-2,51,42,2,42-2,,,51-70,70.0,Very certain -51-43-1,51,43,1,43-1,,346[89],51-33,50.0,Very certain -51-43-3,51,43,3,43-3,,346[89],51-74 51-75,50.0,Very certain -51-44-1,51,44,1,44-1,,134[140],51-72,100.0,Very certain -51-45-4,51,45,4,45-4,,,51-73 51-74,100.0,Very certain -51-46-4,51,46,4,46-4,,,51-75,100.0,Very certain -51-47-9,51,47,9,47-9,,,51-76 51-77 51-78 51-79,100.0,Very certain -51-48-9,51,48,9,48-9,,,51-76 51-77 51-78 51-79,100.0,Very certain -51-49-3,51,49,3,49-3,,,51-80 51-81 51-82 51-83,100.0,Very certain -51-5-2,51,5,2,5-2,,346[36],51-11,100.0,Very certain -51-50-1,51,50,1,50-1,,,51-84 51-85,100.0,Very certain +• and finally, a few adjectives can be placed both before or after the noun, like pov, maléré ('poor, unhappy/unlucky').",132,51-6 51-7,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +51-30-2,51,30,2,30-2,,851,51-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-308-2,51,308,2,308-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-309-2,51,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-31-1,51,31,1,31-1,,132,51-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +51-310-4,51,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +51-311-2,51,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-312-2,51,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-313-5,51,313,5,313-5,"There are aproximately 410,000 speakers in Martinique and more than 100,000 emigrant speakers, mainly in France.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-314-2,51,314,2,314-2,It is predominantly used by men.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +51-315-2,51,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-316-2,51,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-317-1,51,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-318-2,51,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-319-2,51,319,2,319-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-32-1,51,32,1,32-1,,,51-54 51-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-320-2,51,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-321-2,51,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-322-2,51,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-323-3,51,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-324-2,51,324,2,324-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-325-2,51,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-326-1,51,326,1,326-1,"Although French remains the most important language that has a contact influence on Martinican Creole, there is also an increasing influence of Caribbean English.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-327-1,51,327,1,327-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-328-1,51,328,1,328-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-329-1,51,329,1,329-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-33-1,51,33,1,33-1,,,51-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-330-1,51,330,1,330-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-331-1,51,331,1,331-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-332-1,51,332,1,332-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-333-1,51,333,1,333-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-334-1,51,334,1,334-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-335-1,51,335,1,335-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-34-1,51,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-35-6,51,35,6,35-6,,,51-57 51-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +51-36-1,51,36,1,36-1,,,51-59 51-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-37-2,51,37,2,37-2,"The element -mwen in the example is not a suffix. It is a personal pronoun coming after the noun to express possession, as in Guadeloupean Creole timoun an mwen [child of 1SG]. The dash in Martinique Creole yich-mwen is a purely conventional orthographical sign.",346[37],51-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +51-38-4,51,38,4,38-4,,346[42],51-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +51-39-3,51,39,3,39-3,The independent pronominal possessor is expressed by the combination of the word ta 'of' plus a personal pronoun.,,51-63 51-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-4-2,51,4,2,4-2,,346[18],51-10 51-36 51-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +51-40-1,51,40,1,40-1,,,51-65 51-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-41-1,51,41,1,41-1,,,51-67,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-41-2,51,41,2,41-2,,,51-68,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-42-1,51,42,1,42-1,,,51-69,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +51-42-2,51,42,2,42-2,,,51-70,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +51-43-1,51,43,1,43-1,,346[89],51-33,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +51-43-3,51,43,3,43-3,,346[89],51-74 51-75,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +51-44-1,51,44,1,44-1,,134[140],51-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +51-45-4,51,45,4,45-4,,,51-73 51-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-46-4,51,46,4,46-4,,,51-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-47-9,51,47,9,47-9,,,51-76 51-77 51-78 51-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-48-9,51,48,9,48-9,,,51-76 51-77 51-78 51-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-49-3,51,49,3,49-3,,,51-80 51-81 51-82 51-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-5-2,51,5,2,5-2,,346[36],51-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +51-50-1,51,50,1,50-1,,,51-84 51-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 51-51-3,51,51,3,51-3,"There are a few exceptions, as some unmarked stative verbs do not have present reference, but past reference. Some stative verbs thus need to be marked the same way as dynamic verbs to have present reference: • Man sonjé Joj yè [1SG think.about George yesterday] 'I thought about George yesterday.' ≠ -• Man ka sonjé Joj [1SG think about George] 'I am thinking about George' or 'I remind George'.",851;851[24-26],51-86 51-87,100.0,Very certain -51-52-1,51,52,1,52-1,"In Martinican Creole, the progressive marker with a stative verb yields iterative meaning.",,,100.0,Very certain -51-53-2,51,53,2,53-2,,,51-88,100.0,Certain -51-54-7,51,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain +• Man ka sonjé Joj [1SG think about George] 'I am thinking about George' or 'I remind George'.",851;851[24-26],51-86 51-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-52-1,51,52,1,52-1,"In Martinican Creole, the progressive marker with a stative verb yields iterative meaning.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-53-2,51,53,2,53-2,,,51-88,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-54-7,51,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 51-55-1,51,55,1,55-1,"The ability verb pé can express epistemic possibility, but the other ability verbs sav and konnet cannot express epistemic possibility. • Man sav najé [1SG can swim] 'I can swim.' -• Gason-mwen konnet konté jik a dis [son 1SG can count up to ten] 'My son can count up to ten.'",,51-89 51-90 51-91,100.0,Very certain -51-56-1,51,56,1,56-1,,,51-92 51-93 51-94,100.0,Very certain -51-57-1,51,57,1,57-1,,,51-95,100.0,Very certain -51-58-1,51,58,1,58-1,,,51-96 51-97,100.0,Very certain -51-59-1,51,59,1,59-1,"The object pronoun is identical to the subject pronoun for all person-number forms of pronouns. However when the pronouns for the 2nd person singular ou ([u]) and 3rd person singular i ([i]) come after a noun endend by a vowel, their pronunciation changes to [w] and [j] respectively.",134,51-98 51-99,100.0,Very certain -51-6-1,51,6,1,6-1,,346[30],51-12,100.0,Very certain -51-60-2,51,60,2,60-2,,346[19],51-100 51-101,100.0,Very certain +• Gason-mwen konnet konté jik a dis [son 1SG can count up to ten] 'My son can count up to ten.'",,51-89 51-90 51-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-56-1,51,56,1,56-1,,,51-92 51-93 51-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-57-1,51,57,1,57-1,,,51-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-58-1,51,58,1,58-1,,,51-96 51-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-59-1,51,59,1,59-1,"The object pronoun is identical to the subject pronoun for all person-number forms of pronouns. However when the pronouns for the 2nd person singular ou ([u]) and 3rd person singular i ([i]) come after a noun endend by a vowel, their pronunciation changes to [w] and [j] respectively.",134,51-98 51-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +51-6-1,51,6,1,6-1,,346[30],51-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +51-60-2,51,60,2,60-2,,346[19],51-100 51-101,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 51-61-2,51,61,2,61-2,"In ditransitive constructions, the order will always be S-V-R-T if the verb only allows two unmarked objects, as it is the case for the verb bay 'give'. -But in a few cases the order will be S-V-T-R when the verb allows an unmarked object + a marked object (marked by ba 'to', from ba(y) 'give').",346[20];134[41],51-197,30.0,Unspecified +But in a few cases the order will be S-V-T-R when the verb allows an unmarked object + a marked object (marked by ba 'to', from ba(y) 'give').",346[20];134[41],51-197,30.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}", 51-61-1,51,61,1,61-1,"In ditransitive constructions, the order will always be S-V-R-T if the verb only allows two unmarked objects, as it is the case for the verb bay 'give'. -But in a few cases the order will be S-V-T-R when the verb allows an unmarked object + a marked object (marked by ba 'to', from ba(y) 'give').",346[20];134[41],51-102 51-103,70.0,Very certain -51-62-1,51,62,1,62-1,,,51-104,100.0,Very certain -51-63-3,51,63,3,63-3,Asiparé goes back to French à ce qu'il paraît [to that which it seems]. It is not a verb.,,51-105,100.0,Certain -51-64-1,51,64,1,64-1,,850[338-339],51-106,50.0,Certain -51-64-2,51,64,2,64-2,,850[338-339],51-107,50.0,Certain -51-65-1,51,65,1,65-1,,,51-108,100.0,Very certain -51-66-3,51,66,3,66-3,,,51-110,50.0,Certain -51-66-1,51,66,1,66-1,,,51-109,50.0,Certain -51-67-1,51,67,1,67-1,,,51-111,100.0,Very certain -51-68-3,51,68,3,68-3,,,51-113,30.0,Very certain -51-68-1,51,68,1,68-1,,,51-112,70.0,Very certain -51-69-1,51,69,1,69-1,,,51-114,100.0,Certain -51-7-1,51,7,1,7-1,,132,51-13,100.0,Very certain -51-70-1,51,70,1,70-1,,,51-195 51-196,100.0,Very certain -51-71-1,51,71,1,71-1,,,51-115 51-116 51-117 51-118 51-119 51-120,100.0,Very certain -51-72-1,51,72,1,72-1,,,51-121 51-122,100.0,Certain +But in a few cases the order will be S-V-T-R when the verb allows an unmarked object + a marked object (marked by ba 'to', from ba(y) 'give').",346[20];134[41],51-102 51-103,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}", +51-62-1,51,62,1,62-1,,,51-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-63-3,51,63,3,63-3,Asiparé goes back to French à ce qu'il paraît [to that which it seems]. It is not a verb.,,51-105,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-64-1,51,64,1,64-1,,850[338-339],51-106,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-64-2,51,64,2,64-2,,850[338-339],51-107,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-65-1,51,65,1,65-1,,,51-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-66-3,51,66,3,66-3,,,51-110,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-66-1,51,66,1,66-1,,,51-109,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-67-1,51,67,1,67-1,,,51-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-68-3,51,68,3,68-3,,,51-113,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-68-1,51,68,1,68-1,,,51-112,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-69-1,51,69,1,69-1,,,51-114,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-7-1,51,7,1,7-1,,132,51-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-70-1,51,70,1,70-1,,,51-195 51-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-71-1,51,71,1,71-1,,,51-115 51-116 51-117 51-118 51-119 51-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +51-72-1,51,72,1,72-1,,,51-121 51-122,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 51-73-2,51,73,2,73-2,"In a variety that would probably be considered as acrolectal creole, it is quite usual to find a copula: Jak sé an doktè. [Jack COP INDF doctor] @@ -14975,846 +14975,846 @@ Jak sé an doktè. There also exists a different structure with a focus on the noun, as in: Sé doktè i yé. [COP doctor 3SG be] -'He (really) is a doctor (...not a singer).'",,51-123 51-124,100.0,Very certain +'He (really) is a doctor (...not a singer).'",,51-123 51-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 51-74-2,51,74,2,74-2,"There also exists a different structure with a focus on the adjective, as in: Sé bel i bel. [COP beautiful 3GS beautiful] -'She is (really) beautiful.'",,51-125,100.0,Very certain +'She is (really) beautiful.'",,51-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 51-75-2,51,75,2,75-2,"There also exists a different structure with a focus on the locative noun phrase, as in: Sé anba tab-la boul-la yé [COP under table-DEF ball-DEF be] -'The ball is under the table (... not under the chair).'",850[141-148],51-126,100.0,Unspecified -51-76-1,51,76,1,76-1,,,51-127 51-128,100.0,Very certain -51-77-1,51,77,1,77-1,,,51-129,100.0,Very certain -51-78-1,51,78,1,78-1,,,51-130 51-131,100.0,Certain -51-79-1,51,79,1,79-1,,,51-134,100.0,Very certain -51-8-2,51,8,2,8-2,,,51-15 51-16,50.0,Very certain -51-8-1,51,8,1,8-1,,,51-14,50.0,Very certain -51-80-1,51,80,1,80-1,,,51-135,100.0,Very certain -51-81-1,51,81,1,81-1,,,51-132 51-133,100.0,Very certain -51-82-4,51,82,4,82-4,,,51-138,30.0,Certain -51-82-2,51,82,2,82-2,,,51-136 51-137,70.0,Very certain -51-83-2,51,83,2,83-2,,,51-141 51-142,90.0,Very certain -51-83-4,51,83,4,83-4,,,51-143,10.0,Certain -51-84-2,51,84,2,84-2,,,51-144,100.0,Very certain -51-85-1,51,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Certain +'The ball is under the table (... not under the chair).'",850[141-148],51-126,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-76-1,51,76,1,76-1,,,51-127 51-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +51-77-1,51,77,1,77-1,,,51-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +51-78-1,51,78,1,78-1,,,51-130 51-131,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-79-1,51,79,1,79-1,,,51-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-8-2,51,8,2,8-2,,,51-15 51-16,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +51-8-1,51,8,1,8-1,,,51-14,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +51-80-1,51,80,1,80-1,,,51-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-81-1,51,81,1,81-1,,,51-132 51-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-82-4,51,82,4,82-4,,,51-138,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-82-2,51,82,2,82-2,,,51-136 51-137,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-83-2,51,83,2,83-2,,,51-141 51-142,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-83-4,51,83,4,83-4,,,51-143,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-84-2,51,84,2,84-2,,,51-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +51-85-1,51,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 51-86-1,51,86,1,86-1,"We can notice in contemporary usage that the speakers often replace ba with the preposition pou (from French pour): • I matjé an let pou Joj. -(Example 145)",132,51-145,100.0,Certain -51-87-2,51,87,2,87-2,,346[58],51-146,50.0,Very certain -51-87-3,51,87,3,87-3,,346[58],51-147,50.0,Very certain -51-88-3,51,88,3,88-3,,,51-148 51-149,100.0,Very certain -51-89-2,51,89,2,89-2,,,51-150 51-151,100.0,Very certain -51-9-2,51,9,2,9-2,,346[33],51-17,100.0,Very certain -51-90-3,51,90,3,90-3,,346;346[80],51-152,100.0,Very certain -51-91-8,51,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -51-92-1,51,92,1,92-1,,134[193],51-153,100.0,Very certain -51-93-4,51,93,4,93-4,,134[193],51-154,100.0,Very certain -51-94-5,51,94,5,94-5,,,51-155,100.0,Very certain -51-95-4,51,95,4,95-4,,,51-156,100.0,Very certain -51-96-4,51,96,4,96-4,,,51-157,100.0,Very certain -51-97-1,51,97,1,97-1,,,51-158,100.0,Very certain -51-98-5,51,98,5,98-5,,,51-159 51-160,100.0,Very certain -51-99-1,51,99,1,99-1,,,51-161,100.0,Very certain -52-0-2,52,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0, -52-1-2,52,1,2,1-2,,487;1211,52-1,100.0,Very certain -52-10-1,52,10,1,10-1,,1211,52-11 52-12,100.0,Very certain -52-100-4,52,100,4,100-4,,1211,52-104,100.0,Very certain -52-101-1,52,101,1,101-1,,1211,52-104,100.0,Very certain -52-102-1,52,102,1,102-1,,1211,52-105,100.0,Very certain -52-103-1,52,103,1,103-1,,1211,52-60,30.0,Very certain -52-103-7,52,103,7,103-7,,1211,52-106,70.0,Very certain -52-104-3,52,104,3,104-3,"In Guyanais, a also is the phonetically reduced form of the postposed definite article and the second part of the pre- and postponed demonstrative (< la, probably from french là). The highlighter, however, is said to have an Arawak origin, see Pfänder (2000) and Hazaël-Massieux (1993) for details.",1208;618,52-107,100.0,Very certain -52-105-1,52,105,1,105-1,,1211,52-108,100.0,Very certain -52-106-2,52,106,2,106-2,,,52-109,30.0,Very certain -52-106-3,52,106,3,106-3,,,52-110,70.0,Very certain -52-107-2,52,107,2,107-2,Younger speakers tend not to know the vocative form.,1211,52-111,100.0,Very certain -52-108-4,52,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Uncertain -52-109-2,52,109,2,109-2,,1211,,100.0,Certain -52-11-2,52,11,2,11-2,Note that this adverb is allowed to follow the preverbal aspect marker.,,52-13,100.0,Very certain -52-110-1,52,110,1,110-1,Savé very probably derives from French savoir rather than from Portuguese saber.,1211,52-112,100.0,Certain -52-111-2,52,111,2,111-2,,,52-113,100.0,Intermediate -52-112-2,52,112,2,112-2,,117,52-114 52-115,100.0,Very certain -52-113-2,52,113,2,113-2,,117,52-116 52-117,100.0,Intermediate -52-114-2,52,114,2,114-2,,117,52-118 52-119,100.0,Very certain -52-115-2,52,115,2,115-2,,,52-120 52-121,100.0,Certain -52-116-2,52,116,2,116-2,,,52-122 52-123,100.0,Uncertain -52-117-1,52,117,1,117-1,Residual forms like nèg/nègrès can be heard from old speakers.,487,52-124 52-125,100.0,Very certain -52-118-2,52,118,2,118-2,,1211,52-30 52-37,100.0,Very certain -52-119-2,52,119,2,119-2,,,52-29 52-64,100.0,Very certain -52-12-1,52,12,1,12-1,,,52-14,90.0,Very certain -52-12-2,52,12,2,12-2,,,52-15,10.0,Very certain -52-120-1,52,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-121-3,52,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -52-122-2,52,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0, -52-123-4,52,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -52-124-1,52,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -52-125-1,52,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -52-126-1,52,126,1,126-1,,,52-141,100.0, -52-127-6,52,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -52-128-1,52,128,1,128-1,,,52-148,100.0, -52-129-2,52,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -52-13-1,52,13,1,13-1,The emerging forms of madanm 'she' and misyé 'he' as 3SG pronouns allow for gender distinction (and thus Value 2 might come into consideration).,,,100.0,Very certain -52-130-2,52,130,2,130-2,,,52-145,100.0, -52-131,52,131,1,131-1,,,52-130,100.0, -52-132,52,132,1,132-1,,,52-132,100.0, -52-133,52,133,1,133-1,,,52-133,100.0, -52-134,52,134,1,134-1,,,52-134,100.0, -52-137,52,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -52-138,52,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -52-139,52,139,1,139-1,,,52-136,100.0, -52-14-1,52,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-140,52,140,3,140-3,,,52-137,100.0, -52-143,52,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -52-144,52,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -52-145,52,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -52-146,52,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -52-147,52,147,1,147-1,,,52-131,100.0, -52-148,52,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -52-149,52,149,1,149-1,,,52-135,100.0, -52-15-1,52,15,1,15-1,,,52-16,100.0,Very certain -52-151,52,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -52-152,52,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -52-153,52,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -52-155,52,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -52-156,52,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -52-158,52,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -52-159,52,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -52-16-1,52,16,1,16-1,,487,52-17,100.0,Very certain -52-160,52,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -52-161,52,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -52-163,52,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -52-168,52,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -52-169,52,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -52-17-4,52,17,4,17-4,"Most personal pronouns do not distinguish between dependent and independent forms, but here is a dependent subject pronoun in the 3SG (i, contrasting with independent pronoun li). If one takes the phonetically more often than not reduced form l (full form li, 3SG object pronoun) as a form in its own right, then we have value 4.",,52-17 52-18 52-19,100.0,Uncertain -52-170,52,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -52-171,52,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -52-172,52,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -52-173,52,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -52-174,52,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -52-176,52,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -52-178,52,178,1,178-1,,,52-146,100.0, -52-179,52,179,1,179-1,,,52-147,100.0, -52-18-2,52,18,2,18-2,"Only old people still always make a distinction between to and ou, using ou to address non-intimates. The younger generation only uses the form to for 2nd person singular reference.",,52-20 52-21,100.0,Very certain -52-180,52,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -52-181,52,181,1,181-1,,,52-148,100.0, -52-182,52,182,1,182-1,,,52-149,100.0, -52-183,52,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -52-184,52,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -52-187,52,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -52-188,52,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -52-189,52,189,1,189-1,,,52-138,100.0, -52-19-5,52,19,5,19-5,,487,52-22 52-23 52-24 52-25,100.0,Very certain -52-190,52,190,1,190-1,,,52-139,100.0, -52-191,52,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -52-192,52,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -52-193,52,193,1,193-1,,,52-140,100.0, -52-194,52,194,1,194-1,,,52-141,100.0, -52-195,52,195,1,195-1,,,52-142,100.0, -52-196,52,196,1,196-1,,,52-143,100.0, -52-199,52,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -52-2-2,52,2,2,2-2,,,52-127 52-2,100.0,Very certain -52-20-1,52,20,1,20-1,,,52-26,70.0,Uncertain -52-20-3,52,20,3,20-3,,,52-27,30.0,Uncertain -52-200,52,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -52-201,52,201,1,201-1,,,52-144,100.0, -52-202,52,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -52-205,52,205,2,205-2,,,52-145,100.0, -52-209,52,209,1,209-1,,,52-150,100.0, -52-21-2,52,21,2,21-2,,,52-12 52-28,100.0,Intermediate -52-212,52,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -52-217,52,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -52-218,52,218,1,218-1,,,52-151,100.0, -52-22-6,52,22,6,22-6,,,52-29 52-30,100.0,Very certain -52-221,52,221,1,221-1,,,52-152,100.0, -52-23-8,52,23,8,23-8,,1211,52-29,100.0,Unspecified -52-231,52,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -52-24-1,52,24,1,24-1,,,52-128 52-29,100.0,Certain -52-25-3,52,25,3,25-3,,,52-31,100.0,Very certain -52-252,52,252,1,252-1,,,52-153,100.0, -52-253,52,253,1,253-1,,,52-154,100.0, -52-254,52,254,1,254-1,,,52-155,100.0, -52-255,52,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -52-256,52,256,1,256-1,,,52-158,100.0, -52-257,52,257,1,257-1,,,52-161,100.0, -52-258,52,258,1,258-1,,,52-162,100.0, -52-259,52,259,1,259-1,,,52-163,100.0, -52-26-1,52,26,1,26-1,,,,100.0,Certain -52-260,52,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -52-261,52,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -52-263,52,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -52-267,52,267,3,267-3,,,52-157,100.0, -52-268,52,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -52-27-2,52,27,2,27-2,,,52-32,100.0,Very certain -52-272,52,272,2,272-2,,,52-160,100.0, -52-273,52,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -52-274,52,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -52-275,52,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -52-276,52,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -52-277,52,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -52-278,52,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -52-279,52,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -52-28-1,52,28,1,28-1,,487,52-29 52-33 52-6,100.0,Unspecified -52-280,52,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -52-281,52,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -52-282,52,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -52-284,52,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -52-285,52,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -52-286,52,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -52-287,52,287,1,287-1,,,52-156,100.0, -52-288,52,288,1,288-1,,,52-159,100.0, -52-289,52,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -52-29-2,52,29,2,29-2,"Roun and oun seem to be free variants, progressive assimilation/dissimilation may play a role, also emphasis, but the corpus does not give hints for a systematic choice for this variable; in fast speech the article is sometimes reduced to n.",,52-11 52-34 52-35,100.0,Very certain -52-290,52,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -52-291,52,291,1,291-1,,,52-164,100.0, -52-3-1,52,3,1,3-1,,487,52-3,50.0,Very certain -52-3-2,52,3,2,3-2,,487,52-126,50.0,Very certain -52-30-7,52,30,7,30-7,,,52-30,100.0,Very certain -52-308-2,52,308,2,308-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-309-3,52,309,3,309-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-31-1,52,31,1,31-1,,1206,52-29,100.0,Very certain -52-310-4,52,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-311-2,52,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-312-2,52,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-313-4,52,313,4,313-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-314-3,52,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-315-2,52,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-316-2,52,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-317-2,52,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-318-2,52,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-319-3,52,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-32-1,52,32,1,32-1,,1211;487,52-18 52-36,100.0,Very certain -52-320-2,52,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-321-1,52,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-322-2,52,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-323-3,52,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-324-2,52,324,2,324-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-325-1,52,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-326-1,52,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-327-2,52,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-328-2,52,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-329-3,52,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-33-2,52,33,2,33-2,,487,52-18 52-4,100.0,Certain -52-330-3,52,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-331-3,52,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-332-3,52,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-333-3,52,333,3,333-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-334-3,52,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-335-3,52,335,3,335-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-34-1,52,34,1,34-1,,1211,52-7,100.0,Very certain -52-35-6,52,35,6,35-6,The variant segon 'second' instead of or besides désyèm 'second' is attested in more mesolectal and acrolectal varieties as well.,1211,52-37 52-38,100.0,Certain -52-36-1,52,36,1,36-1,,487;1211,52-39,100.0,Very certain -52-37-1,52,37,1,37-1,,1211,52-40 52-41,100.0,Very certain -52-38-4,52,38,4,38-4,,847;487,52-33,100.0,Very certain -52-39-3,52,39,3,39-3,,1206;487,52-41 52-42,100.0,Very certain -52-4-2,52,4,2,4-2,"Ba is being grammaticalized into a preposition, thus I chose Example 5 for Value 2.",,52-5 52-78,100.0,Very certain -52-40-1,52,40,1,40-1,,1206,,100.0,Certain -52-41-1,52,41,1,41-1,Value 1 seems to be acrolectal.,487;1206,52-43,30.0,Certain -52-41-2,52,41,2,41-2,Value 1 seems to be acrolectal.,487;1206,52-44,70.0,Certain -52-42-2,52,42,2,42-2,Value 2 is acrolectal.,,52-45,30.0,Certain -52-42-1,52,42,1,42-1,Value 2 is acrolectal.,,52-44 52-46,70.0,Very certain -52-43-3,52,43,3,43-3,,1313,52-50 52-51,100.0,Very certain -52-44-1,52,44,1,44-1,,,52-49,100.0,Very certain -52-45-4,52,45,4,45-4,,1211,52-50,100.0,Very certain -52-46-4,52,46,4,46-4,"Value 4 is said to die out, but has been observed even in young speakers in Ouanary and Saint Georges in 1995 and still in 2009.",1207;1208,52-51,100.0,Very certain +(Example 145)",132,51-145,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +51-87-2,51,87,2,87-2,,346[58],51-146,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-87-3,51,87,3,87-3,,346[58],51-147,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +51-88-3,51,88,3,88-3,,,51-148 51-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-89-2,51,89,2,89-2,,,51-150 51-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +51-9-2,51,9,2,9-2,,346[33],51-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +51-90-3,51,90,3,90-3,,346;346[80],51-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +51-91-8,51,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +51-92-1,51,92,1,92-1,,134[193],51-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +51-93-4,51,93,4,93-4,,134[193],51-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +51-94-5,51,94,5,94-5,,,51-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +51-95-4,51,95,4,95-4,,,51-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-96-4,51,96,4,96-4,,,51-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-97-1,51,97,1,97-1,,,51-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +51-98-5,51,98,5,98-5,,,51-159 51-160,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +51-99-1,51,99,1,99-1,,,51-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-0-2,52,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-1-2,52,1,2,1-2,,487;1211,52-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +52-10-1,52,10,1,10-1,,1211,52-11 52-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-100-4,52,100,4,100-4,,1211,52-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +52-101-1,52,101,1,101-1,,1211,52-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-102-1,52,102,1,102-1,,1211,52-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +52-103-1,52,103,1,103-1,,1211,52-60,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +52-103-7,52,103,7,103-7,,1211,52-106,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +52-104-3,52,104,3,104-3,"In Guyanais, a also is the phonetically reduced form of the postposed definite article and the second part of the pre- and postponed demonstrative (< la, probably from french là). The highlighter, however, is said to have an Arawak origin, see Pfänder (2000) and Hazaël-Massieux (1993) for details.",1208;618,52-107,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +52-105-1,52,105,1,105-1,,1211,52-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-106-2,52,106,2,106-2,,,52-109,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +52-106-3,52,106,3,106-3,,,52-110,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +52-107-2,52,107,2,107-2,Younger speakers tend not to know the vocative form.,1211,52-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +52-108-4,52,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +52-109-2,52,109,2,109-2,,1211,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-11-2,52,11,2,11-2,Note that this adverb is allowed to follow the preverbal aspect marker.,,52-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-110-1,52,110,1,110-1,Savé very probably derives from French savoir rather than from Portuguese saber.,1211,52-112,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-111-2,52,111,2,111-2,,,52-113,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-112-2,52,112,2,112-2,,117,52-114 52-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +52-113-2,52,113,2,113-2,,117,52-116 52-117,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-114-2,52,114,2,114-2,,117,52-118 52-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-115-2,52,115,2,115-2,,,52-120 52-121,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-116-2,52,116,2,116-2,,,52-122 52-123,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-117-1,52,117,1,117-1,Residual forms like nèg/nègrès can be heard from old speakers.,487,52-124 52-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-118-2,52,118,2,118-2,,1211,52-30 52-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +52-119-2,52,119,2,119-2,,,52-29 52-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +52-12-1,52,12,1,12-1,,,52-14,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +52-12-2,52,12,2,12-2,,,52-15,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +52-120-1,52,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +52-121-3,52,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-122-2,52,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +52-123-4,52,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-124-1,52,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-125-1,52,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-126-1,52,126,1,126-1,,,52-141,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-127-6,52,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-128-1,52,128,1,128-1,,,52-148,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-129-2,52,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-13-1,52,13,1,13-1,The emerging forms of madanm 'she' and misyé 'he' as 3SG pronouns allow for gender distinction (and thus Value 2 might come into consideration).,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +52-130-2,52,130,2,130-2,,,52-145,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +52-131,52,131,1,131-1,,,52-130,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-132,52,132,1,132-1,,,52-132,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-133,52,133,1,133-1,,,52-133,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-134,52,134,1,134-1,,,52-134,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-137,52,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-138,52,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-139,52,139,1,139-1,,,52-136,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-14-1,52,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-140,52,140,3,140-3,,,52-137,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +52-143,52,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-144,52,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-145,52,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-146,52,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-147,52,147,1,147-1,,,52-131,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-148,52,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-149,52,149,1,149-1,,,52-135,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-15-1,52,15,1,15-1,,,52-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +52-151,52,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-152,52,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-153,52,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-155,52,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-156,52,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-158,52,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-159,52,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-16-1,52,16,1,16-1,,487,52-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-160,52,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-161,52,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-163,52,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-168,52,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-169,52,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-17-4,52,17,4,17-4,"Most personal pronouns do not distinguish between dependent and independent forms, but here is a dependent subject pronoun in the 3SG (i, contrasting with independent pronoun li). If one takes the phonetically more often than not reduced form l (full form li, 3SG object pronoun) as a form in its own right, then we have value 4.",,52-17 52-18 52-19,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-170,52,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-171,52,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-172,52,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-173,52,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-174,52,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-176,52,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-178,52,178,1,178-1,,,52-146,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-179,52,179,1,179-1,,,52-147,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-18-2,52,18,2,18-2,"Only old people still always make a distinction between to and ou, using ou to address non-intimates. The younger generation only uses the form to for 2nd person singular reference.",,52-20 52-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +52-180,52,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-181,52,181,1,181-1,,,52-148,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-182,52,182,1,182-1,,,52-149,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-183,52,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-184,52,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-187,52,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-188,52,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-189,52,189,1,189-1,,,52-138,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-19-5,52,19,5,19-5,,487,52-22 52-23 52-24 52-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-190,52,190,1,190-1,,,52-139,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-191,52,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-192,52,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-193,52,193,1,193-1,,,52-140,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-194,52,194,1,194-1,,,52-141,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-195,52,195,1,195-1,,,52-142,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-196,52,196,1,196-1,,,52-143,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-199,52,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-2-2,52,2,2,2-2,,,52-127 52-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +52-20-1,52,20,1,20-1,,,52-26,70.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-20-3,52,20,3,20-3,,,52-27,30.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-200,52,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-201,52,201,1,201-1,,,52-144,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-202,52,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-205,52,205,2,205-2,,,52-145,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +52-209,52,209,1,209-1,,,52-150,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-21-2,52,21,2,21-2,,,52-12 52-28,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +52-212,52,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-217,52,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-218,52,218,1,218-1,,,52-151,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-22-6,52,22,6,22-6,,,52-29 52-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +52-221,52,221,1,221-1,,,52-152,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-23-8,52,23,8,23-8,,1211,52-29,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +52-231,52,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-24-1,52,24,1,24-1,,,52-128 52-29,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-25-3,52,25,3,25-3,,,52-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-252,52,252,1,252-1,,,52-153,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-253,52,253,1,253-1,,,52-154,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-254,52,254,1,254-1,,,52-155,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-255,52,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-256,52,256,1,256-1,,,52-158,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-257,52,257,1,257-1,,,52-161,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-258,52,258,1,258-1,,,52-162,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-259,52,259,1,259-1,,,52-163,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-26-1,52,26,1,26-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-260,52,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-261,52,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-263,52,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-267,52,267,3,267-3,,,52-157,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +52-268,52,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-27-2,52,27,2,27-2,,,52-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-272,52,272,2,272-2,,,52-160,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +52-273,52,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-274,52,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-275,52,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-276,52,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-277,52,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-278,52,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-279,52,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-28-1,52,28,1,28-1,,487,52-29 52-33 52-6,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +52-280,52,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-281,52,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-282,52,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-284,52,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-285,52,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-286,52,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-287,52,287,1,287-1,,,52-156,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-288,52,288,1,288-1,,,52-159,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-289,52,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-29-2,52,29,2,29-2,"Roun and oun seem to be free variants, progressive assimilation/dissimilation may play a role, also emphasis, but the corpus does not give hints for a systematic choice for this variable; in fast speech the article is sometimes reduced to n.",,52-11 52-34 52-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +52-290,52,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-291,52,291,1,291-1,,,52-164,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +52-3-1,52,3,1,3-1,,487,52-3,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +52-3-2,52,3,2,3-2,,487,52-126,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +52-30-7,52,30,7,30-7,,,52-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +52-308-2,52,308,2,308-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-309-3,52,309,3,309-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +52-31-1,52,31,1,31-1,,1206,52-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +52-310-4,52,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +52-311-2,52,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-312-2,52,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-313-4,52,313,4,313-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-314-3,52,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-315-2,52,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-316-2,52,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-317-2,52,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-318-2,52,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-319-3,52,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-32-1,52,32,1,32-1,,1211;487,52-18 52-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +52-320-2,52,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-321-1,52,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-322-2,52,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-323-3,52,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-324-2,52,324,2,324-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-325-1,52,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-326-1,52,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-327-2,52,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-328-2,52,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-329-3,52,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-33-2,52,33,2,33-2,,487,52-18 52-4,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +52-330-3,52,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-331-3,52,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-332-3,52,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-333-3,52,333,3,333-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-334-3,52,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-335-3,52,335,3,335-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-34-1,52,34,1,34-1,,1211,52-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +52-35-6,52,35,6,35-6,The variant segon 'second' instead of or besides désyèm 'second' is attested in more mesolectal and acrolectal varieties as well.,1211,52-37 52-38,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +52-36-1,52,36,1,36-1,,487;1211,52-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +52-37-1,52,37,1,37-1,,1211,52-40 52-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-38-4,52,38,4,38-4,,847;487,52-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +52-39-3,52,39,3,39-3,,1206;487,52-41 52-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-4-2,52,4,2,4-2,"Ba is being grammaticalized into a preposition, thus I chose Example 5 for Value 2.",,52-5 52-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +52-40-1,52,40,1,40-1,,1206,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-41-1,52,41,1,41-1,Value 1 seems to be acrolectal.,487;1206,52-43,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-41-2,52,41,2,41-2,Value 1 seems to be acrolectal.,487;1206,52-44,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-42-2,52,42,2,42-2,Value 2 is acrolectal.,,52-45,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +52-42-1,52,42,1,42-1,Value 2 is acrolectal.,,52-44 52-46,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +52-43-3,52,43,3,43-3,,1313,52-50 52-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +52-44-1,52,44,1,44-1,,,52-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-45-4,52,45,4,45-4,,1211,52-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +52-46-4,52,46,4,46-4,"Value 4 is said to die out, but has been observed even in young speakers in Ouanary and Saint Georges in 1995 and still in 2009.",1207;1208,52-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", 52-47-2,52,47,2,47-2,"In isolated zones in Guyana, Value 2 is true even for young speakers. On the coast, however, due to the intense contact with Martinique Creole and French, the progressive marker more often than not takes over habitual functions; thus Guyana French Creole might be changing to Value 4. The language change might even go further up the attested grammaticalization chain (ka PROG > PROG + HAB > PRS). In a multiple birth scenario one could hint to the tendency of new pedagogical tools to search for parallels with French - the aspectual marker ka is labelled as present tense marker there. -Note that ka may modify a stative verb like krè 'believe', as in example 53, but in this case ka insists on the current relevance of the situation. But normally, stative verbs like krè are zero-marked.",617;487;1206;1207,52-52 52-53,100.0,Certain -52-48-1,52,48,1,48-1,,,,100.0,Certain -52-49-3,52,49,3,49-3,"French Guyana Creole has had a mixed aspectual-temporal system from the beginning, which it has kept until today. It is changing, though, and losing aspectual values more and more.",1208,52-108 52-5 52-52,100.0,Very certain -52-5-1,52,5,1,5-1,,487,52-6,100.0,Certain -52-50-1,52,50,1,50-1,,1211,52-55 52-56,100.0,Very certain -52-51-3,52,51,3,51-3,,1211,52-4 52-57,100.0,Very certain -52-52-2,52,52,2,52-2,,1208,52-58,100.0,Very certain -52-53-2,52,53,2,53-2,,,52-59,100.0,Intermediate -52-54-7,52,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain -52-55-1,52,55,1,55-1,,769,52-11 52-60,100.0,Very certain -52-56-1,52,56,1,56-1,There is an emerging construction in Guyanais which has been alluded to in Pfänder (2003: 212): pou to alé travay 'you have to go to work'.,1208;769,52-61 52-62 52-63,100.0,Very certain -52-57-1,52,57,1,57-1,,1211,52-1,100.0,Certain -52-58-1,52,58,1,58-1,,,52-1 52-51,100.0,Certain -52-59-2,52,59,2,59-2,"The nominative–accusative alignment is found in the 3sg pronoun (i vs. li), whereas all other persons show neutral alignment. (Note that in some areas of Guiana, the 3sg pronoun misyé/madanm is used.)",1211,52-64 52-65,100.0,Very certain -52-6-1,52,6,1,6-1,,,52-7,100.0,Very certain -52-60-2,52,60,2,60-2,"In my corpus data, the verb bay 'give' always occurs in a double-object construction, whereas other ditransitive verbs (e.g. dir 'say') may also show the indirect-object construction, just as in Seychelles Creole.",,52-1 52-19,100.0,Intermediate -52-61-1,52,61,1,61-1,,,52-19,100.0,Very certain -52-62-1,52,62,1,62-1,,1206,52-19 52-66,100.0,Uncertain -52-63-3,52,63,3,63-3,"The 'seem' construction might occasionally be borrowed from French in acrolectal speech; then it has Value 1, just as in French.",1206,,100.0,Uncertain -52-64-2,52,64,2,64-2,,,52-67,100.0,Certain -52-65-1,52,65,1,65-1,,,52-68,100.0,Very certain -52-66-3,52,66,3,66-3,,1206,52-69,100.0,Certain -52-67-1,52,67,1,67-1,,,52-70,100.0,Very certain -52-68-1,52,68,1,68-1,,1211,52-71,100.0,Very certain -52-69-2,52,69,2,69-2,,,52-73,30.0,Very certain -52-69-1,52,69,1,69-1,,,52-72,70.0,Very certain -52-7-1,52,7,1,7-1,,847,52-8,100.0,Very certain -52-70-1,52,70,1,70-1,,1211,52-72 52-74 52-75 52-76,100.0,Very certain -52-71-1,52,71,1,71-1,,,52-74 52-75,100.0,Very certain -52-72-3,52,72,3,72-3,The type of sentence chaining illustrated in Example 77 is considered acrolectal in Guyanais.,,52-74 52-75 52-77 52-78,100.0,Uncertain -52-73-1,52,73,1,73-1,sa is only used if no other TAM marker is present.,,52-79 52-80,100.0,Very certain -52-74-2,52,74,2,74-2,,,52-65,100.0,Very certain -52-75-1,52,75,1,75-1,,1211,52-81,100.0,Certain -52-76-2,52,76,2,76-2,,,52-79 52-81,100.0,Very certain -52-77-1,52,77,1,77-1,,,52-82,100.0,Very certain -52-78-1,52,78,1,78-1,The transitive possession verb ganyen is often reduced to gen; the existential verb is almost always reduced to gen.,,52-31 52-82 52-83,100.0,Very certain -52-79-1,52,79,1,79-1,"In my data, serial verb constructions are attested only in isolated areas of Guyana.",1211,52-87,75.0,Very certain -52-79-5,52,79,5,79-5,"In my data, serial verb constructions are attested only in isolated areas of Guyana.",1211,52-86,25.0,Very certain -52-8-1,52,8,1,8-1,,,52-9,100.0,Intermediate -52-80-1,52,80,1,80-1,,1211,52-88,100.0,Very certain -52-81-1,52,81,1,81-1,Instead of the identical zero marking we also observe identical marking with annan or adan ('in') like in Seychelles Creole.,1208,52-84 52-87,100.0,Very certain -52-82-2,52,82,2,82-2,,1211,52-78 52-89,100.0,Certain -52-83-2,52,83,2,83-2,There are no such examples in my data!,,52-89 52-90,100.0,Intermediate -52-84-2,52,84,2,84-2,,1211,52-91,100.0,Very certain -52-85-2,52,85,2,85-2,,1211,52-78,100.0,Certain -52-86-2,52,86,2,86-2,,1211,52-5 52-92,100.0,Very certain -52-87-2,52,87,2,87-2,,487[101];1211,52-94,30.0,Very certain -52-87-1,52,87,1,87-1,,487[101];1211,52-93,70.0,Very certain -52-88-2,52,88,2,88-2,"The reflexive pronoun (""pronoun + kò"") cannot be used as an intensifier.",487,52-94,100.0,Intermediate -52-89-6,52,89,6,89-6,,487,52-93 52-94 52-95,100.0,Certain -52-9-2,52,9,2,9-2,,487,52-10,100.0,Very certain -52-90-2,52,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-91-8,52,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -52-92-4,52,92,4,92-4,,847,52-70,50.0,Certain -52-92-2,52,92,2,92-2,,847,52-129,50.0,Very certain -52-93-4,52,93,4,93-4,,,52-96,100.0,Very certain -52-94-5,52,94,5,94-5,,,52-97,100.0,Intermediate -52-95-4,52,95,4,95-4,"In acrolectal varieties one may find ki (from French que, no relation to a verb of saying; see also general comment for Feature 96 ""Complementizer with verbs of knowing"").",,52-98,100.0,Very certain -52-96-4,52,96,4,96-4,"In acrolectal varieties one may find ki (from French que, no relation to a verb of saying; see also general comment for Feature 95 ""Complementizer with verbs of speaking"").",,52-99,100.0,Very certain -52-97-1,52,97,1,97-1,,,52-100,100.0,Very certain -52-98-5,52,98,5,98-5,,,52-100 52-101 52-102,100.0,Very certain -52-99-2,52,99,2,99-2,,1211,52-103,100.0,Very certain -53-0-2,53,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0, -53-1-2,53,1,2,1-2,,1048,53-1 53-2,100.0,Very certain -53-10-1,53,10,1,10-1,,1048[107],53-44,100.0,Very certain -53-100-4,53,100,4,100-4,,1048[319sq],53-369,100.0,Very certain -53-101-2,53,101,2,101-2,"The negative marker precedes the verb when it expresses past tense and generally follows it in the present. However, with the verbs kone and krwa, the placement of the negator is variable in the present and may appear before or after the verb.",722[320sq],53-373,50.0,Certain -53-101-1,53,101,1,101-1,"The negative marker precedes the verb when it expresses past tense and generally follows it in the present. However, with the verbs kone and krwa, the placement of the negator is variable in the present and may appear before or after the verb.",722[320sq],53-370 53-372,50.0,Certain -53-102-1,53,102,1,102-1,,1048[328],53-375 53-376,100.0,Very certain -53-103-7,53,103,7,103-7,The question particle eske is very rare in modern Louisiana Creole of Breaux Bridge.,1048[333],53-377,90.0,Very certain -53-103-1,53,103,1,103-1,The question particle eske is very rare in modern Louisiana Creole of Breaux Bridge.,1048[333],53-378 53-379 53-380,10.0,Very certain -53-104-6,53,104,6,104-6,,"1048[272, 339]",53-383,50.0,Very certain -53-104-3,53,104,3,104-3,,"1048[272, 339]",53-381 53-382,50.0,Very certain -53-105-3,53,105,3,105-3,"In Pointe Coupee, adjective doubling may be used as a focusing device (Se gro li gro 'He's really big', Se malad mo malad 'I'm really sick' (Klingler 2003: 310), but doubling of verbs is not attested.",1048,,100.0,Very certain -53-106-2,53,106,2,106-2,,1048[362],53-384,50.0,Very certain -53-106-3,53,106,3,106-3,,1048[362],53-385 53-386,50.0,Certain -53-107-1,53,107,1,107-1,,1048[343],53-387 53-388 53-389,100.0,Very certain -53-109-2,53,109,2,109-2,,1048,,100.0,Certain -53-11-1,53,11,1,11-1,,1048[294sq.],53-48,23.0769230769231,Unspecified -53-11-3,53,11,3,11-3,,1048[294sq.],53-46 53-49,38.4615384615385,Certain -53-11-2,53,11,2,11-2,,1048[294sq.],53-45 53-47 53-50 53-51,38.4615384615385,Certain +Note that ka may modify a stative verb like krè 'believe', as in example 53, but in this case ka insists on the current relevance of the situation. But normally, stative verbs like krè are zero-marked.",617;487;1206;1207,52-52 52-53,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-48-1,52,48,1,48-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-49-3,52,49,3,49-3,"French Guyana Creole has had a mixed aspectual-temporal system from the beginning, which it has kept until today. It is changing, though, and losing aspectual values more and more.",1208,52-108 52-5 52-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-5-1,52,5,1,5-1,,487,52-6,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +52-50-1,52,50,1,50-1,,1211,52-55 52-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +52-51-3,52,51,3,51-3,,1211,52-4 52-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-52-2,52,52,2,52-2,,1208,52-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-53-2,52,53,2,53-2,,,52-59,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-54-7,52,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +52-55-1,52,55,1,55-1,,769,52-11 52-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-56-1,52,56,1,56-1,There is an emerging construction in Guyanais which has been alluded to in Pfänder (2003: 212): pou to alé travay 'you have to go to work'.,1208;769,52-61 52-62 52-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +52-57-1,52,57,1,57-1,,1211,52-1,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-58-1,52,58,1,58-1,,,52-1 52-51,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +52-59-2,52,59,2,59-2,"The nominative–accusative alignment is found in the 3sg pronoun (i vs. li), whereas all other persons show neutral alignment. (Note that in some areas of Guiana, the 3sg pronoun misyé/madanm is used.)",1211,52-64 52-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +52-6-1,52,6,1,6-1,,,52-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +52-60-2,52,60,2,60-2,"In my corpus data, the verb bay 'give' always occurs in a double-object construction, whereas other ditransitive verbs (e.g. dir 'say') may also show the indirect-object construction, just as in Seychelles Creole.",,52-1 52-19,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +52-61-1,52,61,1,61-1,,,52-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-62-1,52,62,1,62-1,,1206,52-19 52-66,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +52-63-3,52,63,3,63-3,"The 'seem' construction might occasionally be borrowed from French in acrolectal speech; then it has Value 1, just as in French.",1206,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-64-2,52,64,2,64-2,,,52-67,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-65-1,52,65,1,65-1,,,52-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-66-3,52,66,3,66-3,,1206,52-69,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +52-67-1,52,67,1,67-1,,,52-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-68-1,52,68,1,68-1,,1211,52-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-69-2,52,69,2,69-2,,,52-73,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-69-1,52,69,1,69-1,,,52-72,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +52-7-1,52,7,1,7-1,,847,52-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +52-70-1,52,70,1,70-1,,1211,52-72 52-74 52-75 52-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +52-71-1,52,71,1,71-1,,,52-74 52-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +52-72-3,52,72,3,72-3,The type of sentence chaining illustrated in Example 77 is considered acrolectal in Guyanais.,,52-74 52-75 52-77 52-78,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +52-73-1,52,73,1,73-1,sa is only used if no other TAM marker is present.,,52-79 52-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +52-74-2,52,74,2,74-2,,,52-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-75-1,52,75,1,75-1,,1211,52-81,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-76-2,52,76,2,76-2,,,52-79 52-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +52-77-1,52,77,1,77-1,,,52-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +52-78-1,52,78,1,78-1,The transitive possession verb ganyen is often reduced to gen; the existential verb is almost always reduced to gen.,,52-31 52-82 52-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +52-79-1,52,79,1,79-1,"In my data, serial verb constructions are attested only in isolated areas of Guyana.",1211,52-87,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFFFF-25-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +52-79-5,52,79,5,79-5,"In my data, serial verb constructions are attested only in isolated areas of Guyana.",1211,52-86,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFFFF-25-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +52-8-1,52,8,1,8-1,,,52-9,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +52-80-1,52,80,1,80-1,,1211,52-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +52-81-1,52,81,1,81-1,Instead of the identical zero marking we also observe identical marking with annan or adan ('in') like in Seychelles Creole.,1208,52-84 52-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +52-82-2,52,82,2,82-2,,1211,52-78 52-89,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-83-2,52,83,2,83-2,There are no such examples in my data!,,52-89 52-90,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-84-2,52,84,2,84-2,,1211,52-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-85-2,52,85,2,85-2,,1211,52-78,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +52-86-2,52,86,2,86-2,,1211,52-5 52-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +52-87-2,52,87,2,87-2,,487[101];1211,52-94,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}", +52-87-1,52,87,1,87-1,,487[101];1211,52-93,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}", +52-88-2,52,88,2,88-2,"The reflexive pronoun (""pronoun + kò"") cannot be used as an intensifier.",487,52-94,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +52-89-6,52,89,6,89-6,,487,52-93 52-94 52-95,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +52-9-2,52,9,2,9-2,,487,52-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +52-90-2,52,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-91-8,52,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +52-92-4,52,92,4,92-4,,847,52-70,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +52-92-2,52,92,2,92-2,,847,52-129,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +52-93-4,52,93,4,93-4,,,52-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-94-5,52,94,5,94-5,,,52-97,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +52-95-4,52,95,4,95-4,"In acrolectal varieties one may find ki (from French que, no relation to a verb of saying; see also general comment for Feature 96 ""Complementizer with verbs of knowing"").",,52-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-96-4,52,96,4,96-4,"In acrolectal varieties one may find ki (from French que, no relation to a verb of saying; see also general comment for Feature 95 ""Complementizer with verbs of speaking"").",,52-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-97-1,52,97,1,97-1,,,52-100,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +52-98-5,52,98,5,98-5,,,52-100 52-101 52-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +52-99-2,52,99,2,99-2,,1211,52-103,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-0-2,53,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-1-2,53,1,2,1-2,,1048,53-1 53-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-10-1,53,10,1,10-1,,1048[107],53-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +53-100-4,53,100,4,100-4,,1048[319sq],53-369,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-101-2,53,101,2,101-2,"The negative marker precedes the verb when it expresses past tense and generally follows it in the present. However, with the verbs kone and krwa, the placement of the negator is variable in the present and may appear before or after the verb.",722[320sq],53-373,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +53-101-1,53,101,1,101-1,"The negative marker precedes the verb when it expresses past tense and generally follows it in the present. However, with the verbs kone and krwa, the placement of the negator is variable in the present and may appear before or after the verb.",722[320sq],53-370 53-372,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +53-102-1,53,102,1,102-1,,1048[328],53-375 53-376,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-103-7,53,103,7,103-7,The question particle eske is very rare in modern Louisiana Creole of Breaux Bridge.,1048[333],53-377,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFFFF-10-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +53-103-1,53,103,1,103-1,The question particle eske is very rare in modern Louisiana Creole of Breaux Bridge.,1048[333],53-378 53-379 53-380,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFFFF-10-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +53-104-6,53,104,6,104-6,,"1048[272, 339]",53-383,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-800080.png""}", +53-104-3,53,104,3,104-3,,"1048[272, 339]",53-381 53-382,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-800080.png""}", +53-105-3,53,105,3,105-3,"In Pointe Coupee, adjective doubling may be used as a focusing device (Se gro li gro 'He's really big', Se malad mo malad 'I'm really sick' (Klingler 2003: 310), but doubling of verbs is not attested.",1048,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-106-2,53,106,2,106-2,,1048[362],53-384,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +53-106-3,53,106,3,106-3,,1048[362],53-385 53-386,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +53-107-1,53,107,1,107-1,,1048[343],53-387 53-388 53-389,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-109-2,53,109,2,109-2,,1048,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-11-1,53,11,1,11-1,,1048[294sq.],53-48,23.0769230769231,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-800080-39-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}", +53-11-3,53,11,3,11-3,,1048[294sq.],53-46 53-49,38.4615384615385,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-800080-39-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}", +53-11-2,53,11,2,11-2,,1048[294sq.],53-45 53-47 53-50 53-51,38.4615384615385,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-800080-39-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}", 53-110-2,53,110,2,110-2,"A reflex of savoir is attested in the Pointe Coupee variety of Louisiana Creole. Compare Dictionary of Louisiana Creole (Valdman et. at. 1998: sv se4): se v. (PC) sè (MO 60). To know, savoir. Mo se pa si mo te deja mariye. I don't know if I was already married. (PC); Men mo se pa sa l e anni pou. I don't know why it's braying. (PC); Bouki sè sa k to fé. Bouki knows what you are doing. (MO 60). REM: The usual Creole verb is konen. The form se may best be regarded as due to French influence. -In Breaux Bridge I have only heard a White Creole use se. It is extremely marginal in this variety and therefore considered absent here.",1048,,100.0,Certain -53-111-1,53,111,1,111-1,,1515,53-392 53-393,100.0,Certain -53-112-2,53,112,2,112-2,,1515,53-394 53-395,100.0,Certain -53-113-2,53,113,2,113-2,,1515,53-396 53-397,100.0,Very certain -53-114-2,53,114,2,114-2,,1515,53-398 53-399,100.0,Very certain -53-115-2,53,115,2,115-2,,1515,53-400 53-401,100.0,Very certain -53-116-2,53,116,2,116-2,,1515,53-402 53-403,100.0,Very certain -53-117-1,53,117,1,117-1,This phenomenon is rare in Breaux Bridge Creole.,1048[158],53-404,100.0,Certain -53-118-3,53,118,3,118-3,,1048,53-407 53-408 53-409 53-410 53-411 53-412,100.0,Very certain -53-119-2,53,119,2,119-2,,1048,53-413 53-414 53-415 53-416,100.0,Very certain -53-12-1,53,12,1,12-1,,1048[333],53-52 53-53,100.0,Very certain -53-120-1,53,120,1,120-1,,1048,,100.0,Very certain -53-121-3,53,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -53-122-2,53,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0, -53-123-4,53,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -53-124-1,53,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -53-125-1,53,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -53-126-1,53,126,1,126-1,,,53-429,100.0, -53-127-6,53,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -53-128-2,53,128,2,128-2,,,53-435,100.0, -53-129-2,53,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, +In Breaux Bridge I have only heard a White Creole use se. It is extremely marginal in this variety and therefore considered absent here.",1048,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-111-1,53,111,1,111-1,,1515,53-392 53-393,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +53-112-2,53,112,2,112-2,,1515,53-394 53-395,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-113-2,53,113,2,113-2,,1515,53-396 53-397,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-114-2,53,114,2,114-2,,1515,53-398 53-399,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-115-2,53,115,2,115-2,,1515,53-400 53-401,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-116-2,53,116,2,116-2,,1515,53-402 53-403,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-117-1,53,117,1,117-1,This phenomenon is rare in Breaux Bridge Creole.,1048[158],53-404,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-118-3,53,118,3,118-3,,1048,53-407 53-408 53-409 53-410 53-411 53-412,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-119-2,53,119,2,119-2,,1048,53-413 53-414 53-415 53-416,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +53-12-1,53,12,1,12-1,,1048[333],53-52 53-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-120-1,53,120,1,120-1,,1048,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-121-3,53,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-122-2,53,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-123-4,53,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-124-1,53,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-125-1,53,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-126-1,53,126,1,126-1,,,53-429,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-127-6,53,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-128-2,53,128,2,128-2,,,53-435,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-129-2,53,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 53-13-1,53,13,1,13-1,"The distinction li (masc.) and el(fem.) is acrolectal. Example: Se el ki travaj dan la kour. [it.is 3SG.F REL work in ART.DEF yard] 'She’s the one who works in the yard.' -(Neumann 1985: 170).",1048[170],53-54 53-55,100.0,Very certain -53-130-1,53,130,1,130-1,,,53-432,100.0, -53-131,53,131,1,131-1,,,53-418,100.0, -53-132,53,132,1,132-1,,,,100.0, -53-133,53,133,1,133-1,,,53-420,100.0, -53-134,53,134,1,134-1,,,53-421,100.0, -53-137,53,137,2,137-2,This allophone occurs before high vowles and appears to be restricted to the Creole of the Bayou Teche region.,,53-423,100.0, -53-138,53,138,2,138-2,This allophone occurs before high vowles and appears to be restricted to the Creole of the Bayou Teche region.,,53-456,100.0, -53-139,53,139,1,139-1,,,53-424,100.0, -53-14-1,53,14,1,14-1,,1048[112sq],,100.0,Very certain -53-140,53,140,1,140-1,,,53-425,100.0, -53-143,53,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -53-144,53,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -53-145,53,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -53-146,53,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -53-147,53,147,1,147-1,,,53-419,100.0, -53-148,53,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -53-149,53,149,1,149-1,,,53-422,100.0, -53-15-1,53,15,1,15-1,,1048[166],53-56,100.0,Very certain -53-151,53,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -53-152,53,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -53-153,53,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -53-155,53,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -53-156,53,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -53-158,53,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -53-159,53,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -53-16-1,53,16,1,16-1,,1048[166sq],53-57,100.0,Very certain -53-160,53,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -53-161,53,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -53-163,53,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -53-168,53,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -53-169,53,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -53-17-2,53,17,2,17-2,"We are confident of the existence of dependent subject pronouns in Louisiana Creole, but less certain of the existence of dependent object pronouns. In the examples, the object forms li, twa (both used here as indirect, not direct objects), and sa can all be used, for example, in elliptical answers without a verb.",1048[166],53-58 53-59 53-60 53-61,100.0,Certain -53-170,53,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -53-171,53,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -53-172,53,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -53-173,53,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -53-174,53,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -53-176,53,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -53-178,53,178,1,178-1,,,53-433,100.0, -53-179,53,179,1,179-1,,,53-434,100.0, -53-18-2,53,18,2,18-2,Vu can be used as polite singular form especially with older persons or when Blacks talk to Whites.,1048[168],53-58 53-62,100.0,Very certain -53-180,53,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -53-181,53,181,2,181-2,,,53-435,100.0, -53-182,53,182,1,182-1,,,53-436,100.0, -53-183,53,183,1,183-1,,,53-437,100.0, -53-184,53,184,2,184-2,,,,100.0, -53-187,53,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -53-188,53,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -53-189,53,189,1,189-1,,,53-426,100.0, -53-19-1,53,19,1,19-1,,1048[333sq],53-63 53-64 53-65 53-66,100.0,Very certain -53-190,53,190,1,190-1,,,53-427,100.0, -53-191,53,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -53-192,53,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -53-193,53,193,1,193-1,,,53-428,100.0, -53-194,53,194,1,194-1,,,53-429,100.0, -53-195,53,195,1,195-1,,,53-430,100.0, -53-196,53,196,1,196-1,,,53-431,100.0, -53-199,53,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, +(Neumann 1985: 170).",1048[170],53-54 53-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +53-130-1,53,130,1,130-1,,,53-432,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-131,53,131,1,131-1,,,53-418,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-132,53,132,1,132-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-133,53,133,1,133-1,,,53-420,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-134,53,134,1,134-1,,,53-421,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-137,53,137,2,137-2,This allophone occurs before high vowles and appears to be restricted to the Creole of the Bayou Teche region.,,53-423,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-138,53,138,2,138-2,This allophone occurs before high vowles and appears to be restricted to the Creole of the Bayou Teche region.,,53-456,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-139,53,139,1,139-1,,,53-424,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-14-1,53,14,1,14-1,,1048[112sq],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-140,53,140,1,140-1,,,53-425,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-143,53,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-144,53,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-145,53,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-146,53,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-147,53,147,1,147-1,,,53-419,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-148,53,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-149,53,149,1,149-1,,,53-422,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-15-1,53,15,1,15-1,,1048[166],53-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +53-151,53,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-152,53,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-153,53,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-155,53,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-156,53,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-158,53,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-159,53,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-16-1,53,16,1,16-1,,1048[166sq],53-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-160,53,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-161,53,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-163,53,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-168,53,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-169,53,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-17-2,53,17,2,17-2,"We are confident of the existence of dependent subject pronouns in Louisiana Creole, but less certain of the existence of dependent object pronouns. In the examples, the object forms li, twa (both used here as indirect, not direct objects), and sa can all be used, for example, in elliptical answers without a verb.",1048[166],53-58 53-59 53-60 53-61,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-170,53,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-171,53,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-172,53,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-173,53,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-174,53,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-176,53,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-178,53,178,1,178-1,,,53-433,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-179,53,179,1,179-1,,,53-434,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-18-2,53,18,2,18-2,Vu can be used as polite singular form especially with older persons or when Blacks talk to Whites.,1048[168],53-58 53-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-180,53,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-181,53,181,2,181-2,,,53-435,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-182,53,182,1,182-1,,,53-436,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-183,53,183,1,183-1,,,53-437,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-184,53,184,2,184-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-187,53,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-188,53,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-189,53,189,1,189-1,,,53-426,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-19-1,53,19,1,19-1,,1048[333sq],53-63 53-64 53-65 53-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-190,53,190,1,190-1,,,53-427,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-191,53,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-192,53,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-193,53,193,1,193-1,,,53-428,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-194,53,194,1,194-1,,,53-429,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-195,53,195,1,195-1,,,53-430,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-196,53,196,1,196-1,,,53-431,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-199,53,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 53-2-2,53,2,2,2-2,"The old lect has Value 1 as well as Value 2. Cf. Neumann-Holzschuh (1987: 10): Compair Lapin so la tché to coute. Analyzed text: Compair Lapin so latché to coute Brother Rabbit 3SG.POSS tail too short -'Brother Rabbit's tail is too short.'",1048[159-161],53-4 53-5 53-7,100.0,Very certain -53-20-1,53,20,1,20-1,,1048[356],53-70,100.0,Very certain -53-200,53,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -53-201,53,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -53-202,53,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -53-205,53,205,1,205-1,,,53-432,100.0, -53-209,53,209,1,209-1,,,53-438,100.0, +'Brother Rabbit's tail is too short.'",1048[159-161],53-4 53-5 53-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-20-1,53,20,1,20-1,,1048[356],53-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +53-200,53,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-201,53,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-202,53,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-205,53,205,1,205-1,,,53-432,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-209,53,209,1,209-1,,,53-438,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 53-21-2,53,21,2,21-2,"Keken and en dimoun mean 'somebody' (dimoun can also mean 'person'); -kek-choz, ket-choz mean 'something' (choz can also mean 'thing,' although it is rare in this meaning).",1048[182-183],53-71 53-72 53-73,100.0,Very certain -53-212,53,212,2,212-2,,,,100.0, -53-217,53,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -53-218,53,218,1,218-1,,,53-439,100.0, -53-22-6,53,22,6,22-6,"In the 19th century, the plural morpheme was only used to mark specificity (Neumann 1985: 116).",1048[112-117],53-74 53-75,100.0,Very certain -53-221,53,221,1,221-1,,,53-440,100.0, -53-23-2,53,23,2,23-2,"The plural marker -ye is identical to the 3PL pronoun. In the 19th century, plural words predominated (postposed -ye), but they are rare today.",1048[112-117],53-75 53-84,90.0,Very certain -53-23-8,53,23,8,23-8,"The plural marker -ye is identical to the 3PL pronoun. In the 19th century, plural words predominated (postposed -ye), but they are rare today.",1048[112-117],53-87 53-88,10.0,Certain -53-231,53,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -53-24-1,53,24,1,24-1,,1048[117],53-89 53-90,100.0,Certain -53-25-4,53,25,4,25-4,"There are two plural markers in Breaux Bridge Creole: postposed ye, and preposed le, which is the most frequent plural marker.","1048[112, 166]",53-87 53-91,100.0,Very certain -53-252,53,252,1,252-1,,,53-441,100.0, -53-253,53,253,1,253-1,,,53-445,100.0, -53-254,53,254,2,254-2,"This phoneme contrasts with /e/ only in contexts where the French etymon of the word in which it appears contained an /r/ after the vowel that has disappeared in Creole: frè < frère, sè < soeur, etc.",,53-446,100.0, -53-255,53,255,2,255-2,"This is a common allophone of /ε/ that occurs especially before the consonant /r/, which may or may not be realized.",,53-448,100.0, -53-256,53,256,1,256-1,,,53-449,100.0, -53-257,53,257,1,257-1,,,53-451,100.0, -53-258,53,258,1,258-1,,,53-453,100.0, -53-259,53,259,1,259-1,"This phoneme contrasts with /o/ only in contexts where the French etymon of the word in which it appears contained an /r/ after the vowel that has disappeared in Creole: fò < fort, kò < corps, etc.",,53-454,100.0, -53-26-2,53,26,2,26-2,,1048[340],53-92 53-93 53-94 53-95,100.0,Certain -53-260,53,260,2,260-2,"This vowel is a frequent allophone of /a/ and cannot be said to contrast with it. However, it most often occurs in particular contexts, such as after /w/ and in a syllable closed by /l/.",,53-455,100.0, -53-261,53,261,1,261-1,"In basilectal Creole this vowel is unrounded to /i/. However, the occurrence of /y/ is fairly common today.",,53-443,100.0, -53-263,53,263,2,263-2,This exists in loanwords but also occurs as an allophone of /i/ in Creole words.,,53-444,100.0, -53-265,53,265,1,265-1,"This vowel is unrounded to /e/ in a basilectal pronunciation. However, the rounded variant is common in Louisiana Creole today.",,53-458,100.0, -53-266,53,266,1,266-1,"This vowel is unrounded to /ε/ in a basilectal pronunciation. However, the rounded variant is common in Louisiana Creole today.",,53-459,100.0, -53-267,53,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -53-268,53,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -53-27-2,53,27,2,27-2,,1048,53-96,100.0,Very certain -53-272,53,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -53-273,53,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -53-274,53,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -53-275,53,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -53-276,53,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -53-277,53,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -53-278,53,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -53-279,53,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -53-28-1,53,28,1,28-1,"Preposed articles are a sign of decreolization. In the 19th century, postposed -la was used.","1048[109, 132]",53-100 53-101 53-97 53-99,100.0,Very certain -53-280,53,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -53-281,53,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -53-282,53,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -53-284,53,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -53-285,53,285,2,285-2,"/i/ is rarely nasalized. When nasalization does occur, this is mainly in contexts where /i/ precedes a /j/ that comes from a palatal nasal consonant in French.",,53-442,100.0, -53-286,53,286,4,286-4,"This vowel also exists as the result of the contextual nasalization of /e/, when preceded or followed by a nasal consonant: jenn 'young', lenmen 'like, love'.",,,100.0, -53-287,53,287,1,287-1,,,53-447,100.0, -53-288,53,288,1,288-1,,,53-450,100.0, -53-289,53,289,2,289-2,This vowel exists only through contextual nasalization when followed or preceded by a nasal consonant. It occurs most frequently in the word mounn.,,53-452,100.0, -53-29-1,53,29,1,29-1,"The distinction can be made phonologically: en (nasalized e) is the article, and enn (n is pronounced) is the numeral.","1048[107, 124,180]",53-102 53-103,100.0,Certain -53-290,53,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -53-291,53,291,1,291-1,,,53-457,100.0, -53-3-1,53,3,1,3-1,"The order of adjective and noun is more or less as in French, the position of the adjective depends on its meaning; relative importance doesn't make sense. However, it may be said that, as in French, the set of prenominal adjectives is much smaller than the set of postnominal adjectives. At the same time, prenominal adjectives are among the most frequently used (e.g. the adjectives meaning 'good', 'bad', 'big', 'little', etc.).",1048[138sq],53-8 53-9,50.0,Very certain -53-3-2,53,3,2,3-2,"The order of adjective and noun is more or less as in French, the position of the adjective depends on its meaning; relative importance doesn't make sense. However, it may be said that, as in French, the set of prenominal adjectives is much smaller than the set of postnominal adjectives. At the same time, prenominal adjectives are among the most frequently used (e.g. the adjectives meaning 'good', 'bad', 'big', 'little', etc.).",1048[138sq],53-10 53-8,50.0,Very certain -53-30-8,53,30,8,30-8,,1048,53-44,50.0,Very certain -53-30-7,53,30,7,30-7,,1048,53-84,50.0,Very certain -53-308-2,53,308,2,308-2,,720;722;1048,,100.0,Very certain -53-309-1,53,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Certain +kek-choz, ket-choz mean 'something' (choz can also mean 'thing,' although it is rare in this meaning).",1048[182-183],53-71 53-72 53-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-212,53,212,2,212-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-217,53,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-218,53,218,1,218-1,,,53-439,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-22-6,53,22,6,22-6,"In the 19th century, the plural morpheme was only used to mark specificity (Neumann 1985: 116).",1048[112-117],53-74 53-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +53-221,53,221,1,221-1,,,53-440,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-23-2,53,23,2,23-2,"The plural marker -ye is identical to the 3PL pronoun. In the 19th century, plural words predominated (postposed -ye), but they are rare today.",1048[112-117],53-75 53-84,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-23-8,53,23,8,23-8,"The plural marker -ye is identical to the 3PL pronoun. In the 19th century, plural words predominated (postposed -ye), but they are rare today.",1048[112-117],53-87 53-88,10.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-231,53,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-24-1,53,24,1,24-1,,1048[117],53-89 53-90,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-25-4,53,25,4,25-4,"There are two plural markers in Breaux Bridge Creole: postposed ye, and preposed le, which is the most frequent plural marker.","1048[112, 166]",53-87 53-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +53-252,53,252,1,252-1,,,53-441,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-253,53,253,1,253-1,,,53-445,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-254,53,254,2,254-2,"This phoneme contrasts with /e/ only in contexts where the French etymon of the word in which it appears contained an /r/ after the vowel that has disappeared in Creole: frè < frère, sè < soeur, etc.",,53-446,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-255,53,255,2,255-2,"This is a common allophone of /ε/ that occurs especially before the consonant /r/, which may or may not be realized.",,53-448,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-256,53,256,1,256-1,,,53-449,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-257,53,257,1,257-1,,,53-451,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-258,53,258,1,258-1,,,53-453,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-259,53,259,1,259-1,"This phoneme contrasts with /o/ only in contexts where the French etymon of the word in which it appears contained an /r/ after the vowel that has disappeared in Creole: fò < fort, kò < corps, etc.",,53-454,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-26-2,53,26,2,26-2,,1048[340],53-92 53-93 53-94 53-95,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +53-260,53,260,2,260-2,"This vowel is a frequent allophone of /a/ and cannot be said to contrast with it. However, it most often occurs in particular contexts, such as after /w/ and in a syllable closed by /l/.",,53-455,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-261,53,261,1,261-1,"In basilectal Creole this vowel is unrounded to /i/. However, the occurrence of /y/ is fairly common today.",,53-443,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-263,53,263,2,263-2,This exists in loanwords but also occurs as an allophone of /i/ in Creole words.,,53-444,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-265,53,265,1,265-1,"This vowel is unrounded to /e/ in a basilectal pronunciation. However, the rounded variant is common in Louisiana Creole today.",,53-458,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-266,53,266,1,266-1,"This vowel is unrounded to /ε/ in a basilectal pronunciation. However, the rounded variant is common in Louisiana Creole today.",,53-459,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-267,53,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-268,53,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-27-2,53,27,2,27-2,,1048,53-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-272,53,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-273,53,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-274,53,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-275,53,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-276,53,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-277,53,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-278,53,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-279,53,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-28-1,53,28,1,28-1,"Preposed articles are a sign of decreolization. In the 19th century, postposed -la was used.","1048[109, 132]",53-100 53-101 53-97 53-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-280,53,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-281,53,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-282,53,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-284,53,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-285,53,285,2,285-2,"/i/ is rarely nasalized. When nasalization does occur, this is mainly in contexts where /i/ precedes a /j/ that comes from a palatal nasal consonant in French.",,53-442,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-286,53,286,4,286-4,"This vowel also exists as the result of the contextual nasalization of /e/, when preceded or followed by a nasal consonant: jenn 'young', lenmen 'like, love'.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-287,53,287,1,287-1,,,53-447,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-288,53,288,1,288-1,,,53-450,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-289,53,289,2,289-2,This vowel exists only through contextual nasalization when followed or preceded by a nasal consonant. It occurs most frequently in the word mounn.,,53-452,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-29-1,53,29,1,29-1,"The distinction can be made phonologically: en (nasalized e) is the article, and enn (n is pronounced) is the numeral.","1048[107, 124,180]",53-102 53-103,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-290,53,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-291,53,291,1,291-1,,,53-457,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +53-3-1,53,3,1,3-1,"The order of adjective and noun is more or less as in French, the position of the adjective depends on its meaning; relative importance doesn't make sense. However, it may be said that, as in French, the set of prenominal adjectives is much smaller than the set of postnominal adjectives. At the same time, prenominal adjectives are among the most frequently used (e.g. the adjectives meaning 'good', 'bad', 'big', 'little', etc.).",1048[138sq],53-8 53-9,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +53-3-2,53,3,2,3-2,"The order of adjective and noun is more or less as in French, the position of the adjective depends on its meaning; relative importance doesn't make sense. However, it may be said that, as in French, the set of prenominal adjectives is much smaller than the set of postnominal adjectives. At the same time, prenominal adjectives are among the most frequently used (e.g. the adjectives meaning 'good', 'bad', 'big', 'little', etc.).",1048[138sq],53-10 53-8,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +53-30-8,53,30,8,30-8,,1048,53-44,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-800080-50-964B00.png""}", +53-30-7,53,30,7,30-7,,1048,53-84,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-800080-50-964B00.png""}", +53-308-2,53,308,2,308-2,,720;722;1048,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-309-1,53,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", 53-31-2,53,31,2,31-2,"In the singular, the definite article can only occur with the demonstrative when the noun is feminine. It is however not obligatory. In the plural, preposed le is obligatory when the noun is animate. -Note that in the Old lect (represented by 19th-century texts), we analyze preposed la as a definite article when the noun it precedes is also followed by a demonstrative determiner. In the default lect, however, preposed la is analyzed as a definite article when the noun is followed by a demonstrative determiner. The difference in analysis is due to the fact that agglutination is more pervasive in 19th-century texts and preposed singular definite articles are virtually absent, whereas (presumably through decreolization), preposed definite articles are common in modern-day Louisiana Creole.",1048[135-136],53-112 53-114,60.0,Certain +Note that in the Old lect (represented by 19th-century texts), we analyze preposed la as a definite article when the noun it precedes is also followed by a demonstrative determiner. In the default lect, however, preposed la is analyzed as a definite article when the noun is followed by a demonstrative determiner. The difference in analysis is due to the fact that agglutination is more pervasive in 19th-century texts and preposed singular definite articles are virtually absent, whereas (presumably through decreolization), preposed definite articles are common in modern-day Louisiana Creole.",1048[135-136],53-112 53-114,60.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-40-0000FF-60-FF0000.png""}", 53-31-1,53,31,1,31-1,"In the singular, the definite article can only occur with the demonstrative when the noun is feminine. It is however not obligatory. In the plural, preposed le is obligatory when the noun is animate. -Note that in the Old lect (represented by 19th-century texts), we analyze preposed la as a definite article when the noun it precedes is also followed by a demonstrative determiner. In the default lect, however, preposed la is analyzed as a definite article when the noun is followed by a demonstrative determiner. The difference in analysis is due to the fact that agglutination is more pervasive in 19th-century texts and preposed singular definite articles are virtually absent, whereas (presumably through decreolization), preposed definite articles are common in modern-day Louisiana Creole.",1048[135-136],53-115 53-116,40.0,Certain -53-310-4,53,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -53-311-3,53,311,3,311-3,,722;1048,,100.0,Very certain -53-312-1,53,312,1,312-1,,722;1048,,100.0,Very certain -53-313-3,53,313,3,313-3,"No solid data exists to answer this question, but based on widespread fieldwork it seems certain that today there are fewer than 10,000 speakers of the language.",722,,100.0,Certain -53-314-3,53,314,3,314-3,"There is some evidence that in some regions the use of Louisiana Creole is more prevalent among males than females (see Neumann 1985), but this does not generally appear to be the case.",,,100.0,Intermediate -53-315-3,53,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Certain -53-316-3,53,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -53-317-2,53,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -53-318-2,53,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -53-319-3,53,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain -53-32-2,53,32,2,32-2,"In the Pointe Coupee lect, sala is both pronoun and determiner; in the default lect, sala is a determiner, while sila is the pronoun; in the Old lect, sila is both pronoun and determiner.","1048[135, 174]",53-120 53-122 53-124,100.0,Very certain -53-320-3,53,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -53-321-2,53,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Certain -53-322-3,53,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -53-323-3,53,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain -53-324-3,53,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -53-325-2,53,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -53-326-2,53,326,2,326-2,,722;1048,,100.0,Very certain -53-327-2,53,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -53-328-2,53,328,2,328-2,,722;1048,,100.0,Very certain -53-329-2,53,329,2,329-2,,722;1048,,100.0,Very certain -53-33-1,53,33,1,33-1,"In order to express distance speakers can use a relative clause: ki la, ki laba-la.",1048[135],53-129,100.0,Certain -53-330-3,53,330,3,330-3,Louisiana Creole is barely spoken in urban environments today. It is possible that urban/rural variation existed formerly when the language was widely spoken in New Orleans.,,,100.0,Intermediate -53-331-3,53,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -53-332-3,53,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -53-333-3,53,333,3,333-3,,,,100.0,Certain -53-334-3,53,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0,Certain -53-335-3,53,335,3,335-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -53-34-1,53,34,1,34-1,,1048[182],53-130 53-131,100.0,Intermediate -53-35-6,53,35,6,35-6,,1048[126],53-132 53-133,100.0,Certain -53-36-1,53,36,1,36-1,,1048,53-136,100.0,Very certain -53-37-1,53,37,1,37-1,,1048[126-131],53-137 53-138 53-139,100.0,Very certain -53-38-4,53,38,4,38-4,"In the older variety, the possessor is not marked by a preposition, see Neumann (1985: 131, footnote 1), Neumann-Holzschuh (1987: 10); in modern Breaux Bridge Creole, the preposition a is used preferably if the possessor is an animate noun.","1048[131, 159-160]",53-142,50.0,Certain -53-38-2,53,38,2,38-2,"In the older variety, the possessor is not marked by a preposition, see Neumann (1985: 131, footnote 1), Neumann-Holzschuh (1987: 10); in modern Breaux Bridge Creole, the preposition a is used preferably if the possessor is an animate noun.","1048[131, 159-160]",53-140 53-141,50.0,Certain -53-39-3,53,39,3,39-3,"While forms like motchen, mokenn may justifiably be interpreted as one-word ""special forms"" for the independent pronominal possessor, we have chosen to analyze forms like motchen, mokenn, etc. as combinations of the dependent possessor + tchenn/kenn, and thus to classify them under Value 3, because of the following examples from Pointe Coupee, in which kenn/tchenn is clearly used as an independent word: kenn doktè 'the doctor's'; Se kèn mo sè 'That's my sister's'; Se ich tchenn Baebtis astè mo konnen 'It's just the Baptist ones that I know now.'",1048[177ff],53-144 53-146 53-147 53-148 53-149 53-150 53-151,100.0,Certain -53-4-2,53,4,2,4-2,,1048,53-11,100.0,Very certain -53-40-3,53,40,3,40-3,"In basilectal Louisiana Creole as represented in 19th-century texts, there was no gender agreement. However, today all varieties show at least some gender agreement, though there is a high degree of variation.",722[198-203],53-152 53-154 53-155 53-156 53-157 53-158 53-159 53-160,100.0,Certain -53-41-1,53,41,1,41-1,,1048[146-149],53-167 53-168,100.0,Very certain -53-42-2,53,42,2,42-2,In old Louisiana Creole only Value 1 is attested (see under More lects). Surpass marking is still attested in Pointe Coupee today but not in Breaux Bridge (Neumann-Holzschuh (1987: 14): Torti la galopé pli vite pacé stimbotte 'This turtle runs faster than a steamboat.' ),1048[147],53-168,100.0,Very certain -53-43-3,53,43,3,43-3,"The negator pa follows the TAM markers te, se, sa, and va.",1048[199sq],53-175 53-176,50.0,Very certain -53-43-1,53,43,1,43-1,"The negator pa follows the TAM markers te, se, sa, and va.",1048[199sq],53-172 53-173 53-174,50.0,Very certain -53-44-8,53,44,8,44-8,,1048[199sq],53-177 53-178,100.0,Certain -53-45-4,53,45,4,45-4,,1048[322],53-179 53-182,100.0,Very certain -53-46-2,53,46,2,46-2,,1048[322],53-184,100.0,Very certain -53-47-8,53,47,8,47-8,,1048[209sq],53-185 53-186 53-187 53-188 53-189,100.0,Very certain -53-48-8,53,48,8,48-8,In Louisiana Creole constructions with labitid 'avoir l'habitude de' and kutim 'avoir coutume de' can also express the habitual (kone is the most frequent form).,1048[237],53-185 53-186 53-187 53-188 53-189,50.0,Very certain -53-48-2,53,48,2,48-2,In Louisiana Creole constructions with labitid 'avoir l'habitude de' and kutim 'avoir coutume de' can also express the habitual (kone is the most frequent form).,1048[237],53-61,50.0,Certain -53-49-3,53,49,3,49-3,,1048,53-100 53-190 53-191,100.0,Certain -53-5-2,53,5,2,5-2,,1048[135sq],53-12 53-14,100.0,Very certain -53-50-1,53,50,1,50-1,,1048[322],53-192 53-193,100.0,Very certain -53-51-3,53,51,3,51-3,,1048[205sq],53-194 53-195,100.0,Certain -53-52-2,53,52,2,52-2,"Ape is used to express the inchoative only with choke 'be angry', fatige 'be tired' and some verbs expressing a change of state. In all other cases an auxiliary (vini 'become', det 'be, get', komonse 'begin') is used.",1048[212],53-198 53-199 53-200 53-201 53-202,100.0,Certain -53-53-1,53,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -53-54-2,53,54,2,54-2,,1048,53-203 53-204 53-205 53-206 53-207 53-208,100.0,Very uncertain -53-55-1,53,55,1,55-1,"In Breaux Bridge kapab cannot express epistemic possibilty; pe, however, can (although it is frequently replaced by petet (Neumann 1985: 226)).",1048[223sq],53-209 53-210 53-211 53-212 53-214 53-417,100.0,Certain -53-56-1,53,56,1,56-1,"The negator pa folllows the verb today. In the old texts, the negator precedes the verb (Neumann-Holzschuh 1987: 20–21).","1048[278, 327-328]",53-216 53-218 53-219,100.0,Very certain -53-57-1,53,57,1,57-1,,1048,53-233 53-234,100.0,Very certain -53-58-1,53,58,1,58-1,,1048,53-235 53-236,100.0,Very certain -53-59-2,53,59,2,59-2,"Apart from the 1SG (mo/mon) and 2SG (to/twa), subject and object pronouns are almost identical (but there is a great amount of variation, cf. Neumann 1985: 166).",1048[166sq],53-12 53-190 53-237 53-58,100.0,Uncertain -53-6-1,53,6,1,6-1,,1048[124],53-19,100.0,Very certain -53-60-1,53,60,1,60-1,"Both constructions are possible with the verb done as well as with verbs like rakonte or dir. However, the indirect object construction is the more recent construction.",1048[255],53-239,30.0,Certain -53-60-2,53,60,2,60-2,"Both constructions are possible with the verb done as well as with verbs like rakonte or dir. However, the indirect object construction is the more recent construction.",1048[255],53-238 53-390 53-62,70.0,Certain -53-61-2,53,61,2,61-2,,1048[255],53-239 53-390,30.0,Certain -53-61-1,53,61,1,61-1,,1048[255],53-238,70.0,Certain -53-62-1,53,62,1,62-1,"Examples with omitted subject pronouns are common, but not necessarily more so than in English.",1048[166sq],53-241,100.0,Certain -53-63-2,53,63,2,63-2,,1515[417],53-243,50.0,Certain -53-63-1,53,63,1,63-1,,1515[417],53-242,50.0,Certain -53-64-2,53,64,2,64-2,,722[307-309],53-244 53-246 53-253,100.0,Very certain -53-65-1,53,65,1,65-1,,1515,53-255,100.0,Very certain -53-66-1,53,66,1,66-1,,1515[295],53-256,100.0,Certain -53-67-1,53,67,1,67-1,,1515[281],53-257 53-258,100.0,Very certain -53-68-2,53,68,2,68-2,,1048[384],53-260,50.0,Very certain -53-68-1,53,68,1,68-1,,1048[384],53-259,50.0,Very certain -53-69-1,53,69,1,69-1,,1515[55],53-261 53-262,100.0,Certain -53-7-1,53,7,1,7-1,,1048[176],53-20 53-21 53-22,100.0,Very certain -53-70-1,53,70,1,70-1,,1048,53-263 53-264,100.0,Certain -53-71-2,53,71,2,71-2,"(Av)ek is not used as a conjunction today, but could replace e/epi in the old lect (Neumann 1985: 344).",1048,53-264 53-265,100.0,Certain -53-72-1,53,72,1,72-1,Both e and epi can be used both for nominal and for verbal conjunction.,1048[344],53-272 53-273 53-274 53-275 53-276,100.0,Very certain -53-73-3,53,73,3,73-3,Se is not obligatory if the sentence is negative.,1048[240sq],53-277 53-279,100.0,Certain -53-74-3,53,74,3,74-3,,1048[241],53-286 53-288 53-289,100.0,Certain -53-75-3,53,75,3,75-3,,1048[242],53-290 53-292,100.0,Certain -53-76-1,53,76,1,76-1,"With a predicative Noun Phrase, zero copula is possible only in the negative. In an affirmative clause, se is obligatory.",1048,53-277 53-292 53-293 53-294,100.0,Certain -53-77-1,53,77,1,77-1,,1048[262sq.],53-295,100.0,Very certain -53-78-2,53,78,2,78-2,,1048[270sq.],53-297 53-298,100.0,Very certain -53-79-2,53,79,2,79-2,,1048[298-299],53-307 53-309,100.0,Certain -53-8-1,53,8,1,8-1,,1048[145],53-23 53-24 53-25 53-26 53-27 53-28,100.0,Very certain -53-80-1,53,80,1,80-1,,1048[299],53-314,20.0,Intermediate -53-80-2,53,80,2,80-2,,1048[299],53-315,80.0,Intermediate -53-81-4,53,81,4,81-4,The preposition dan is more frequent than an.,1048[309],53-302 53-303 53-304 53-306 53-307 53-309 53-314 53-315,100.0,Intermediate -53-83-2,53,83,2,83-2,,1048[309],53-276 53-316 53-317,100.0,Certain -53-84-3,53,84,3,84-3,'Come' and 'go' do not really exist as serial verbs. kouri e vini is lexicalized: ye marche kouri e vini 'Ils allaient et venaient' (Neumann 1985: 270).,1048[269],,100.0,Certain -53-85-1,53,85,1,85-1,,1048,,100.0,Certain -53-86-5,53,86,5,86-5,,1048,,100.0,Certain +Note that in the Old lect (represented by 19th-century texts), we analyze preposed la as a definite article when the noun it precedes is also followed by a demonstrative determiner. In the default lect, however, preposed la is analyzed as a definite article when the noun is followed by a demonstrative determiner. The difference in analysis is due to the fact that agglutination is more pervasive in 19th-century texts and preposed singular definite articles are virtually absent, whereas (presumably through decreolization), preposed definite articles are common in modern-day Louisiana Creole.",1048[135-136],53-115 53-116,40.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-40-0000FF-60-FF0000.png""}", +53-310-4,53,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +53-311-3,53,311,3,311-3,,722;1048,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-312-1,53,312,1,312-1,,722;1048,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-313-3,53,313,3,313-3,"No solid data exists to answer this question, but based on widespread fieldwork it seems certain that today there are fewer than 10,000 speakers of the language.",722,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +53-314-3,53,314,3,314-3,"There is some evidence that in some regions the use of Louisiana Creole is more prevalent among males than females (see Neumann 1985), but this does not generally appear to be the case.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-315-3,53,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-316-3,53,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-317-2,53,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +53-318-2,53,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +53-319-3,53,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-32-2,53,32,2,32-2,"In the Pointe Coupee lect, sala is both pronoun and determiner; in the default lect, sala is a determiner, while sila is the pronoun; in the Old lect, sila is both pronoun and determiner.","1048[135, 174]",53-120 53-122 53-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-320-3,53,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-321-2,53,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +53-322-3,53,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-323-3,53,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-324-3,53,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-325-2,53,325,2,325-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +53-326-2,53,326,2,326-2,,722;1048,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +53-327-2,53,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +53-328-2,53,328,2,328-2,,722;1048,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +53-329-2,53,329,2,329-2,,722;1048,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +53-33-1,53,33,1,33-1,"In order to express distance speakers can use a relative clause: ki la, ki laba-la.",1048[135],53-129,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +53-330-3,53,330,3,330-3,Louisiana Creole is barely spoken in urban environments today. It is possible that urban/rural variation existed formerly when the language was widely spoken in New Orleans.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-331-3,53,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-332-3,53,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-333-3,53,333,3,333-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-334-3,53,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-335-3,53,335,3,335-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-34-1,53,34,1,34-1,,1048[182],53-130 53-131,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-35-6,53,35,6,35-6,,1048[126],53-132 53-133,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +53-36-1,53,36,1,36-1,,1048,53-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +53-37-1,53,37,1,37-1,,1048[126-131],53-137 53-138 53-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-38-4,53,38,4,38-4,"In the older variety, the possessor is not marked by a preposition, see Neumann (1985: 131, footnote 1), Neumann-Holzschuh (1987: 10); in modern Breaux Bridge Creole, the preposition a is used preferably if the possessor is an animate noun.","1048[131, 159-160]",53-142,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +53-38-2,53,38,2,38-2,"In the older variety, the possessor is not marked by a preposition, see Neumann (1985: 131, footnote 1), Neumann-Holzschuh (1987: 10); in modern Breaux Bridge Creole, the preposition a is used preferably if the possessor is an animate noun.","1048[131, 159-160]",53-140 53-141,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +53-39-3,53,39,3,39-3,"While forms like motchen, mokenn may justifiably be interpreted as one-word ""special forms"" for the independent pronominal possessor, we have chosen to analyze forms like motchen, mokenn, etc. as combinations of the dependent possessor + tchenn/kenn, and thus to classify them under Value 3, because of the following examples from Pointe Coupee, in which kenn/tchenn is clearly used as an independent word: kenn doktè 'the doctor's'; Se kèn mo sè 'That's my sister's'; Se ich tchenn Baebtis astè mo konnen 'It's just the Baptist ones that I know now.'",1048[177ff],53-144 53-146 53-147 53-148 53-149 53-150 53-151,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-4-2,53,4,2,4-2,,1048,53-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-40-3,53,40,3,40-3,"In basilectal Louisiana Creole as represented in 19th-century texts, there was no gender agreement. However, today all varieties show at least some gender agreement, though there is a high degree of variation.",722[198-203],53-152 53-154 53-155 53-156 53-157 53-158 53-159 53-160,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +53-41-1,53,41,1,41-1,,1048[146-149],53-167 53-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-42-2,53,42,2,42-2,In old Louisiana Creole only Value 1 is attested (see under More lects). Surpass marking is still attested in Pointe Coupee today but not in Breaux Bridge (Neumann-Holzschuh (1987: 14): Torti la galopé pli vite pacé stimbotte 'This turtle runs faster than a steamboat.' ),1048[147],53-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +53-43-3,53,43,3,43-3,"The negator pa follows the TAM markers te, se, sa, and va.",1048[199sq],53-175 53-176,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-43-1,53,43,1,43-1,"The negator pa follows the TAM markers te, se, sa, and va.",1048[199sq],53-172 53-173 53-174,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-44-8,53,44,8,44-8,,1048[199sq],53-177 53-178,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-45-4,53,45,4,45-4,,1048[322],53-179 53-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +53-46-2,53,46,2,46-2,,1048[322],53-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +53-47-8,53,47,8,47-8,,1048[209sq],53-185 53-186 53-187 53-188 53-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +53-48-8,53,48,8,48-8,In Louisiana Creole constructions with labitid 'avoir l'habitude de' and kutim 'avoir coutume de' can also express the habitual (kone is the most frequent form).,1048[237],53-185 53-186 53-187 53-188 53-189,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-964B00.png""}", +53-48-2,53,48,2,48-2,In Louisiana Creole constructions with labitid 'avoir l'habitude de' and kutim 'avoir coutume de' can also express the habitual (kone is the most frequent form).,1048[237],53-61,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-964B00.png""}", +53-49-3,53,49,3,49-3,,1048,53-100 53-190 53-191,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +53-5-2,53,5,2,5-2,,1048[135sq],53-12 53-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-50-1,53,50,1,50-1,,1048[322],53-192 53-193,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +53-51-3,53,51,3,51-3,,1048[205sq],53-194 53-195,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-52-2,53,52,2,52-2,"Ape is used to express the inchoative only with choke 'be angry', fatige 'be tired' and some verbs expressing a change of state. In all other cases an auxiliary (vini 'become', det 'be, get', komonse 'begin') is used.",1048[212],53-198 53-199 53-200 53-201 53-202,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +53-53-1,53,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +53-54-2,53,54,2,54-2,,1048,53-203 53-204 53-205 53-206 53-207 53-208,100.0,Very uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-55-1,53,55,1,55-1,"In Breaux Bridge kapab cannot express epistemic possibilty; pe, however, can (although it is frequently replaced by petet (Neumann 1985: 226)).",1048[223sq],53-209 53-210 53-211 53-212 53-214 53-417,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-56-1,53,56,1,56-1,"The negator pa folllows the verb today. In the old texts, the negator precedes the verb (Neumann-Holzschuh 1987: 20–21).","1048[278, 327-328]",53-216 53-218 53-219,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-57-1,53,57,1,57-1,,1048,53-233 53-234,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +53-58-1,53,58,1,58-1,,1048,53-235 53-236,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-59-2,53,59,2,59-2,"Apart from the 1SG (mo/mon) and 2SG (to/twa), subject and object pronouns are almost identical (but there is a great amount of variation, cf. Neumann 1985: 166).",1048[166sq],53-12 53-190 53-237 53-58,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-6-1,53,6,1,6-1,,1048[124],53-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-60-1,53,60,1,60-1,"Both constructions are possible with the verb done as well as with verbs like rakonte or dir. However, the indirect object construction is the more recent construction.",1048[255],53-239,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-60-2,53,60,2,60-2,"Both constructions are possible with the verb done as well as with verbs like rakonte or dir. However, the indirect object construction is the more recent construction.",1048[255],53-238 53-390 53-62,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-61-2,53,61,2,61-2,,1048[255],53-239 53-390,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}", +53-61-1,53,61,1,61-1,,1048[255],53-238,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}", +53-62-1,53,62,1,62-1,"Examples with omitted subject pronouns are common, but not necessarily more so than in English.",1048[166sq],53-241,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-63-2,53,63,2,63-2,,1515[417],53-243,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +53-63-1,53,63,1,63-1,,1515[417],53-242,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +53-64-2,53,64,2,64-2,,722[307-309],53-244 53-246 53-253,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +53-65-1,53,65,1,65-1,,1515,53-255,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +53-66-1,53,66,1,66-1,,1515[295],53-256,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-67-1,53,67,1,67-1,,1515[281],53-257 53-258,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-68-2,53,68,2,68-2,,1048[384],53-260,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}", +53-68-1,53,68,1,68-1,,1048[384],53-259,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FF7F00.png""}", +53-69-1,53,69,1,69-1,,1515[55],53-261 53-262,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +53-7-1,53,7,1,7-1,,1048[176],53-20 53-21 53-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-70-1,53,70,1,70-1,,1048,53-263 53-264,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-71-2,53,71,2,71-2,"(Av)ek is not used as a conjunction today, but could replace e/epi in the old lect (Neumann 1985: 344).",1048,53-264 53-265,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-72-1,53,72,1,72-1,Both e and epi can be used both for nominal and for verbal conjunction.,1048[344],53-272 53-273 53-274 53-275 53-276,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-73-3,53,73,3,73-3,Se is not obligatory if the sentence is negative.,1048[240sq],53-277 53-279,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-74-3,53,74,3,74-3,,1048[241],53-286 53-288 53-289,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-75-3,53,75,3,75-3,,1048[242],53-290 53-292,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +53-76-1,53,76,1,76-1,"With a predicative Noun Phrase, zero copula is possible only in the negative. In an affirmative clause, se is obligatory.",1048,53-277 53-292 53-293 53-294,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-77-1,53,77,1,77-1,,1048[262sq.],53-295,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +53-78-2,53,78,2,78-2,,1048[270sq.],53-297 53-298,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-79-2,53,79,2,79-2,,1048[298-299],53-307 53-309,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +53-8-1,53,8,1,8-1,,1048[145],53-23 53-24 53-25 53-26 53-27 53-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-80-1,53,80,1,80-1,,1048[299],53-314,20.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-20-FFFFFF-80-FF0000.png""}", +53-80-2,53,80,2,80-2,,1048[299],53-315,80.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-20-FFFFFF-80-FF0000.png""}", +53-81-4,53,81,4,81-4,The preposition dan is more frequent than an.,1048[309],53-302 53-303 53-304 53-306 53-307 53-309 53-314 53-315,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +53-83-2,53,83,2,83-2,,1048[309],53-276 53-316 53-317,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +53-84-3,53,84,3,84-3,'Come' and 'go' do not really exist as serial verbs. kouri e vini is lexicalized: ye marche kouri e vini 'Ils allaient et venaient' (Neumann 1985: 270).,1048[269],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-85-1,53,85,1,85-1,,1048,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-86-5,53,86,5,86-5,,1048,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 53-87-3,53,87,3,87-3,"French reflexive verbs are not necessarily reflexive in Creole, e.g. kan lapen reveje [when rabbit wake.up] 'when the rabbit woke up' (Neumann 1985: 262). -In the older texts, the value ""Reflexive pronoun with ‘body’ or body-part"" is attested but it is rare, cf. Neumann-Holzschuh (1987: 18).",1048[260-261],53-319,50.0,Very certain +In the older texts, the value ""Reflexive pronoun with ‘body’ or body-part"" is attested but it is rare, cf. Neumann-Holzschuh (1987: 18).",1048[260-261],53-319,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FFFF00.png""}", 53-87-1,53,87,1,87-1,"French reflexive verbs are not necessarily reflexive in Creole, e.g. kan lapen reveje [when rabbit wake.up] 'when the rabbit woke up' (Neumann 1985: 262). -In the older texts, the value ""Reflexive pronoun with ‘body’ or body-part"" is attested but it is rare, cf. Neumann-Holzschuh (1987: 18).",1048[260-261],53-320,50.0,Very certain -53-88-1,53,88,1,88-1,"Intensifiers are expressed by object pronouns + mem, while reflexives are expressed by the simple object pronoun which can optionally be reinforced by mem.",1048[172],53-319 53-322 53-323 53-324 53-325,100.0,Certain -53-89-2,53,89,2,89-2,,1048[262],53-319 53-328 53-329,100.0,Very certain -53-9-2,53,9,2,9-2,"In today's Breaux Bridge Creole preposed articles in singular and plural are the more common forms except in monosyllables and nouns with an agglutinated article (Neumann 1985: 109). In the old lect only postposed definite articles in singular and plural are found (Neumann-Holzschuh 1987: 9). The Pointe Coupee dialect appears to be more conservative than the Breaux Bridge dialect described by Neumann (1985), in that postposed definite articles are very common and are not limited to monosyllabic or agglutinated nouns. There are also preposed determiners in Pointe Coupee Creole.",1048[109sq],53-34,10.0,Very certain -53-9-1,53,9,1,9-1,"In today's Breaux Bridge Creole preposed articles in singular and plural are the more common forms except in monosyllables and nouns with an agglutinated article (Neumann 1985: 109). In the old lect only postposed definite articles in singular and plural are found (Neumann-Holzschuh 1987: 9). The Pointe Coupee dialect appears to be more conservative than the Breaux Bridge dialect described by Neumann (1985), in that postposed definite articles are very common and are not limited to monosyllabic or agglutinated nouns. There are also preposed determiners in Pointe Coupee Creole.",1048[109sq],53-29 53-31 53-33,90.0,Very certain -53-90-1,53,90,1,90-1,The use of trouve as passive auxiliary is more frequent in Pointe Coupee Creole than in Breaux Bridge Creole.,722[317],53-331 53-333 53-334 53-335,30.0,Intermediate -53-90-3,53,90,3,90-3,The use of trouve as passive auxiliary is more frequent in Pointe Coupee Creole than in Breaux Bridge Creole.,722[317],53-330 53-332,70.0,Certain -53-91-8,53,91,8,91-8,,722;1048,,100.0,Very certain -53-92-1,53,92,1,92-1,In contrast to Pointe Coupée Creole the object relative pronoun is ke in Breaux Bridge.,1048[162sq. 176],53-336 53-342,70.0,Very certain -53-92-4,53,92,4,92-4,In contrast to Pointe Coupée Creole the object relative pronoun is ke in Breaux Bridge.,1048[162sq. 176],53-341,30.0,Certain -53-93-4,53,93,4,93-4,,1048[163],53-351,70.0,Very certain -53-93-1,53,93,1,93-1,,1048[163],53-350 53-352,30.0,Certain -53-94-4,53,94,4,94-4,,722[229],53-353,100.0,Very certain -53-95-4,53,95,4,95-4,,1048[347],53-354 53-355 53-356,100.0,Certain -53-96-4,53,96,4,96-4,,1048[347],53-361 53-362 53-367,100.0,Very certain -53-97-1,53,97,1,97-1,,1048[231-232],53-363,100.0,Very certain -53-98-7,53,98,7,98-7,"The verb ole 'want' takes either ke or zero as complementizer. Krwa 'think' appears only with zero complementizer, with the single exception of an attestation from a white mesolectal speaker in Pointe Coupee, who also used the rare long form krwaye: Mo mo toujou krwaze keu nenpòt-ki ki seye ede mon le e ede mon pou motchenn byen 'I believe that anyone who tries to help me, he's helping me for my own good.' (Klingler 2003: 504).","1048[320, 347]",53-365 53-366 53-367 53-368,100.0,Very certain -53-99-2,53,99,2,99-2,,1048,,100.0,Very certain -54-0-2,54,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0, -54-1-2,54,1,2,1-2,,,54-1,100.0,Very certain -54-10-1,54,10,1,10-1,,230[57],54-20,100.0,Very certain -54-100-4,54,100,4,100-4,,,54-214 54-215 54-216,100.0,Very certain -54-101-1,54,101,1,101-1,"The negator immediately follows the verb, the copula and the tense auxiliaries la and sa(va). It therefore occurs before the main verb in many cases.",166[132],54-111 54-220,30.0,Certain -54-101-2,54,101,2,101-2,"The negator immediately follows the verb, the copula and the tense auxiliaries la and sa(va). It therefore occurs before the main verb in many cases.",166[132],54-217 54-218 54-219,70.0,Certain -54-102-1,54,102,1,102-1,,,54-221 54-222,100.0,Very certain -54-103-7,54,103,7,103-7,,230[119-120],54-223 54-33,100.0,Very certain -54-104-3,54,104,3,104-3,,,54-227,50.0,Very certain -54-104-6,54,104,6,104-6,,,54-226,50.0,Very certain -54-105-3,54,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Certain -54-106-2,54,106,2,106-2,,,54-228,100.0,Certain -54-108-4,54,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Intermediate -54-109-2,54,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Certain -54-11-1,54,11,1,11-1,My own corpus research did not produce many examples; not a single one with 'often' in this kind of syntactic environment.,,54-21,100.0,Certain -54-110-2,54,110,2,110-2,"There is a single attestation of a reflex of French savoir in the Linguistic Atlas which is surely not a creole feature and the fossilized form sepa (< je ne sais pas; que sais-je’) 'I don't know; what do I know?', but the verb 'know' is generally expressed by kone (< connaître). Chaudenson (1974: 732) says ""Cet emploi de connaître [avec le sens de ‘savoir’] est bien attesté dans le français du XVIe siècle"".",,,100.0,Certain -54-111-1,54,111,1,111-1,,,54-231,100.0,Very certain -54-112-2,54,112,2,112-2,,214[90N],54-232 54-233,100.0,Very certain -54-113-4,54,113,4,113-4,,241[228-229],54-234 54-235 54-251,100.0,Very certain -54-114-3,54,114,3,114-3,,,54-236 54-237,100.0,Certain -54-115-2,54,115,2,115-2,,,54-238 54-239 54-240,100.0,Very certain -54-116-2,54,116,2,116-2,,,54-241 54-242,100.0,Very certain -54-117-1,54,117,1,117-1,,236[352],54-243 54-244,100.0,Very certain -54-118-3,54,118,3,118-3,,,54-245 54-246 54-247 54-248 54-250,100.0,Very certain -54-119-2,54,119,2,119-2,,,54-248 54-249,100.0,Very certain -54-12-1,54,12,1,12-1,The value assignment is based on my own research in Carayol et al. (1984–1995) and corpus.,236[363-4],54-22,70.0,Certain -54-12-2,54,12,2,12-2,The value assignment is based on my own research in Carayol et al. (1984–1995) and corpus.,236[363-4],54-23,30.0,Certain -54-120-1,54,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -54-121-3,54,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -54-122-2,54,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0, -54-123-1,54,123,1,123-1,"Allophones are [o] or zero, e.g. ale rod dëlo/dolo/dlo 'to go and fetch water' (Carayol et al. 1984-1995, map 291).",214,54-278,100.0, -54-124-1,54,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -54-125-2,54,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -54-126-1,54,126,1,126-1,,,54-263,100.0, -54-127-6,54,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -54-128-1,54,128,1,128-1,,,54-268,100.0, -54-129-2,54,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -54-13-1,54,13,1,13-1,Gender distinction in 3rd person singular occurs only in acrolect: li 'he’ vs. el 'she’.,,54-24 54-25,100.0,Very certain -54-130-4,54,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -54-131,54,131,1,131-1,,,54-252,100.0, -54-132,54,132,1,132-1,,,54-254,100.0, -54-133,54,133,1,133-1,,,54-255,100.0, -54-134,54,134,1,134-1,,,54-256,100.0, -54-137,54,137,2,137-2,This phone occurs only before palatal vowels; it has a very low frequency.,,54-259,100.0, -54-138,54,138,2,138-2,This allophone occurs only before palatal vowels; it has a very low frequency.,,54-284,100.0, -54-139,54,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -54-14-1,54,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -54-140,54,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -54-143,54,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -54-144,54,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -54-145,54,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -54-146,54,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -54-147,54,147,1,147-1,,,54-253,100.0, -54-148,54,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -54-149,54,149,1,149-1,,,54-257,100.0, -54-15-1,54,15,1,15-1,,,54-26,100.0,Very certain -54-151,54,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -54-152,54,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -54-153,54,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -54-155,54,155,2,155-2,"The glottal plosive exists only in the variant 'ale of the verb rale 'to pull' (Carayol et al. 1984-1995, map 154N).",214,54-258,100.0, -54-156,54,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -54-158,54,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -54-159,54,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -54-16-3,54,16,3,16-3,"In modern Reunion Creole, the traditional syncretism of zot 'you' and zot 'they' has led to the use of bannla (or banna) as the form of the 3rd person plural. It is, however, debatable whether the syncretism is really the reason for this development. In Barat et al. (1977) about two thirds of the examples have zot, one third bannla. I do not believe that zot and bannla are interchangeable. More research is needed.",1440[69],54-27 54-28 54-29,100.0,Very certain -54-160,54,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -54-161,54,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -54-163,54,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -54-168,54,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -54-169,54,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -54-17-2,54,17,2,17-2,"The subject pronouns have unreduced (mwen, to/ou, li~el, nou, zot, zot), and reduced forms (m-, t-/v-, l-, n-; not in the 2PL and 3PL).",236[333-334],54-30 54-31 54-32,100.0,Very certain -54-170,54,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -54-171,54,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -54-172,54,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -54-173,54,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -54-174,54,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -54-176,54,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -54-178,54,178,1,178-1,,,54-266,100.0, -54-179,54,179,1,179-1,,,54-267,100.0, -54-18-1,54,18,1,18-1,"A politeness distinction for the 2nd person plural does not exist, and for the 2nd person singular it is obsolete or stylistically marked. According to Chaudenson (1974: 333) the forms t and twe are sometimes used in order to express familiarity or contempt.",1440[68],54-33 54-34,100.0,Certain -54-180,54,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -54-181,54,181,1,181-1,,,54-268,100.0, -54-182,54,182,1,182-1,,,54-269,100.0, -54-183,54,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -54-184,54,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -54-187,54,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -54-188,54,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -54-189,54,189,1,189-1,,,54-260,100.0, -54-19-1,54,19,1,19-1,,236[363],54-35 54-36 54-37 54-38,100.0,Certain -54-190,54,190,1,190-1,,,54-261,100.0, -54-191,54,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -54-192,54,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -54-193,54,193,1,193-1,,,54-262,100.0, -54-194,54,194,1,194-1,,,54-263,100.0, -54-195,54,195,2,195-2,This phone exists in certain words as an acrolectal allophone of /s/.,,54-264,100.0, -54-196,54,196,2,196-2,This phone exists in certain words as an acrolectal allophone of /z/.,,54-265,100.0, -54-199,54,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -54-2-2,54,2,2,2-2,,,54-2,100.0,Very certain +In the older texts, the value ""Reflexive pronoun with ‘body’ or body-part"" is attested but it is rare, cf. Neumann-Holzschuh (1987: 18).",1048[260-261],53-320,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +53-88-1,53,88,1,88-1,"Intensifiers are expressed by object pronouns + mem, while reflexives are expressed by the simple object pronoun which can optionally be reinforced by mem.",1048[172],53-319 53-322 53-323 53-324 53-325,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-89-2,53,89,2,89-2,,1048[262],53-319 53-328 53-329,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +53-9-2,53,9,2,9-2,"In today's Breaux Bridge Creole preposed articles in singular and plural are the more common forms except in monosyllables and nouns with an agglutinated article (Neumann 1985: 109). In the old lect only postposed definite articles in singular and plural are found (Neumann-Holzschuh 1987: 9). The Pointe Coupee dialect appears to be more conservative than the Breaux Bridge dialect described by Neumann (1985), in that postposed definite articles are very common and are not limited to monosyllabic or agglutinated nouns. There are also preposed determiners in Pointe Coupee Creole.",1048[109sq],53-34,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png""}", +53-9-1,53,9,1,9-1,"In today's Breaux Bridge Creole preposed articles in singular and plural are the more common forms except in monosyllables and nouns with an agglutinated article (Neumann 1985: 109). In the old lect only postposed definite articles in singular and plural are found (Neumann-Holzschuh 1987: 9). The Pointe Coupee dialect appears to be more conservative than the Breaux Bridge dialect described by Neumann (1985), in that postposed definite articles are very common and are not limited to monosyllabic or agglutinated nouns. There are also preposed determiners in Pointe Coupee Creole.",1048[109sq],53-29 53-31 53-33,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png""}", +53-90-1,53,90,1,90-1,The use of trouve as passive auxiliary is more frequent in Pointe Coupee Creole than in Breaux Bridge Creole.,722[317],53-331 53-333 53-334 53-335,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +53-90-3,53,90,3,90-3,The use of trouve as passive auxiliary is more frequent in Pointe Coupee Creole than in Breaux Bridge Creole.,722[317],53-330 53-332,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +53-91-8,53,91,8,91-8,,722;1048,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}", +53-92-1,53,92,1,92-1,In contrast to Pointe Coupée Creole the object relative pronoun is ke in Breaux Bridge.,1048[162sq. 176],53-336 53-342,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-92-4,53,92,4,92-4,In contrast to Pointe Coupée Creole the object relative pronoun is ke in Breaux Bridge.,1048[162sq. 176],53-341,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-93-4,53,93,4,93-4,,1048[163],53-351,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-0000FF.png""}", +53-93-1,53,93,1,93-1,,1048[163],53-350 53-352,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-0000FF.png""}", +53-94-4,53,94,4,94-4,,722[229],53-353,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +53-95-4,53,95,4,95-4,,1048[347],53-354 53-355 53-356,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-96-4,53,96,4,96-4,,1048[347],53-361 53-362 53-367,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +53-97-1,53,97,1,97-1,,1048[231-232],53-363,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +53-98-7,53,98,7,98-7,"The verb ole 'want' takes either ke or zero as complementizer. Krwa 'think' appears only with zero complementizer, with the single exception of an attestation from a white mesolectal speaker in Pointe Coupee, who also used the rare long form krwaye: Mo mo toujou krwaze keu nenpòt-ki ki seye ede mon le e ede mon pou motchenn byen 'I believe that anyone who tries to help me, he's helping me for my own good.' (Klingler 2003: 504).","1048[320, 347]",53-365 53-366 53-367 53-368,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +53-99-2,53,99,2,99-2,,1048,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-0-2,54,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-1-2,54,1,2,1-2,,,54-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +54-10-1,54,10,1,10-1,,230[57],54-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +54-100-4,54,100,4,100-4,,,54-214 54-215 54-216,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +54-101-1,54,101,1,101-1,"The negator immediately follows the verb, the copula and the tense auxiliaries la and sa(va). It therefore occurs before the main verb in many cases.",166[132],54-111 54-220,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}", +54-101-2,54,101,2,101-2,"The negator immediately follows the verb, the copula and the tense auxiliaries la and sa(va). It therefore occurs before the main verb in many cases.",166[132],54-217 54-218 54-219,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}", +54-102-1,54,102,1,102-1,,,54-221 54-222,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +54-103-7,54,103,7,103-7,,230[119-120],54-223 54-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +54-104-3,54,104,3,104-3,,,54-227,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +54-104-6,54,104,6,104-6,,,54-226,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +54-105-3,54,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-106-2,54,106,2,106-2,,,54-228,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-108-4,54,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +54-109-2,54,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-11-1,54,11,1,11-1,My own corpus research did not produce many examples; not a single one with 'often' in this kind of syntactic environment.,,54-21,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +54-110-2,54,110,2,110-2,"There is a single attestation of a reflex of French savoir in the Linguistic Atlas which is surely not a creole feature and the fossilized form sepa (< je ne sais pas; que sais-je’) 'I don't know; what do I know?', but the verb 'know' is generally expressed by kone (< connaître). Chaudenson (1974: 732) says ""Cet emploi de connaître [avec le sens de ‘savoir’] est bien attesté dans le français du XVIe siècle"".",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-111-1,54,111,1,111-1,,,54-231,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-112-2,54,112,2,112-2,,214[90N],54-232 54-233,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +54-113-4,54,113,4,113-4,,241[228-229],54-234 54-235 54-251,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +54-114-3,54,114,3,114-3,,,54-236 54-237,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-115-2,54,115,2,115-2,,,54-238 54-239 54-240,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-116-2,54,116,2,116-2,,,54-241 54-242,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-117-1,54,117,1,117-1,,236[352],54-243 54-244,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-118-3,54,118,3,118-3,,,54-245 54-246 54-247 54-248 54-250,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-119-2,54,119,2,119-2,,,54-248 54-249,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-12-1,54,12,1,12-1,The value assignment is based on my own research in Carayol et al. (1984–1995) and corpus.,236[363-4],54-22,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +54-12-2,54,12,2,12-2,The value assignment is based on my own research in Carayol et al. (1984–1995) and corpus.,236[363-4],54-23,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +54-120-1,54,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +54-121-3,54,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-122-2,54,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +54-123-1,54,123,1,123-1,"Allophones are [o] or zero, e.g. ale rod dëlo/dolo/dlo 'to go and fetch water' (Carayol et al. 1984-1995, map 291).",214,54-278,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-124-1,54,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-125-2,54,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +54-126-1,54,126,1,126-1,,,54-263,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-127-6,54,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-128-1,54,128,1,128-1,,,54-268,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-129-2,54,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-13-1,54,13,1,13-1,Gender distinction in 3rd person singular occurs only in acrolect: li 'he’ vs. el 'she’.,,54-24 54-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +54-130-4,54,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-131,54,131,1,131-1,,,54-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-132,54,132,1,132-1,,,54-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-133,54,133,1,133-1,,,54-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-134,54,134,1,134-1,,,54-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-137,54,137,2,137-2,This phone occurs only before palatal vowels; it has a very low frequency.,,54-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +54-138,54,138,2,138-2,This allophone occurs only before palatal vowels; it has a very low frequency.,,54-284,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +54-139,54,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-14-1,54,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-140,54,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-143,54,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-144,54,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-145,54,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-146,54,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-147,54,147,1,147-1,,,54-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-148,54,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-149,54,149,1,149-1,,,54-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-15-1,54,15,1,15-1,,,54-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +54-151,54,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-152,54,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-153,54,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-155,54,155,2,155-2,"The glottal plosive exists only in the variant 'ale of the verb rale 'to pull' (Carayol et al. 1984-1995, map 154N).",214,54-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +54-156,54,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-158,54,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-159,54,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-16-3,54,16,3,16-3,"In modern Reunion Creole, the traditional syncretism of zot 'you' and zot 'they' has led to the use of bannla (or banna) as the form of the 3rd person plural. It is, however, debatable whether the syncretism is really the reason for this development. In Barat et al. (1977) about two thirds of the examples have zot, one third bannla. I do not believe that zot and bannla are interchangeable. More research is needed.",1440[69],54-27 54-28 54-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-160,54,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-161,54,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-163,54,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-168,54,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-169,54,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-17-2,54,17,2,17-2,"The subject pronouns have unreduced (mwen, to/ou, li~el, nou, zot, zot), and reduced forms (m-, t-/v-, l-, n-; not in the 2PL and 3PL).",236[333-334],54-30 54-31 54-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-170,54,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-171,54,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-172,54,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-173,54,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-174,54,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-176,54,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-178,54,178,1,178-1,,,54-266,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-179,54,179,1,179-1,,,54-267,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-18-1,54,18,1,18-1,"A politeness distinction for the 2nd person plural does not exist, and for the 2nd person singular it is obsolete or stylistically marked. According to Chaudenson (1974: 333) the forms t and twe are sometimes used in order to express familiarity or contempt.",1440[68],54-33 54-34,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +54-180,54,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-181,54,181,1,181-1,,,54-268,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-182,54,182,1,182-1,,,54-269,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-183,54,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-184,54,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-187,54,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-188,54,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-189,54,189,1,189-1,,,54-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-19-1,54,19,1,19-1,,236[363],54-35 54-36 54-37 54-38,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-190,54,190,1,190-1,,,54-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-191,54,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-192,54,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-193,54,193,1,193-1,,,54-262,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-194,54,194,1,194-1,,,54-263,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-195,54,195,2,195-2,This phone exists in certain words as an acrolectal allophone of /s/.,,54-264,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +54-196,54,196,2,196-2,This phone exists in certain words as an acrolectal allophone of /z/.,,54-265,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +54-199,54,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-2-2,54,2,2,2-2,,,54-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 54-20-4,54,20,4,20-4,"In my corpus (Barat et al. 1977) there is only one attestation of zot de + personal name, and the example nout de mon frer given by Staudacher (2004: 65) seems very strange. The construction is clearly derived from French: nous deux mon chien 'my dog and I’, see Guiraud (1973: 79). -I have the impression that the construction zot de Maryann, described as ""sylleptic dual"" by Corne (1982: 96) and illustrated only by the aforementioned example, is extremely rare. Not having found an authentic example of the (colloquial) French type nous deux mon chien, I feel that even more research will probably not show that the construction is of any importance for the description of Reunion Creole.",,54-39 54-40,12.5,Uncertain +I have the impression that the construction zot de Maryann, described as ""sylleptic dual"" by Corne (1982: 96) and illustrated only by the aforementioned example, is extremely rare. Not having found an authentic example of the (colloquial) French type nous deux mon chien, I feel that even more research will probably not show that the construction is of any importance for the description of Reunion Creole.",,54-39 54-40,12.5,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge 54-20-1,54,20,1,20-1,"In my corpus (Barat et al. 1977) there is only one attestation of zot de + personal name, and the example nout de mon frer given by Staudacher (2004: 65) seems very strange. The construction is clearly derived from French: nous deux mon chien 'my dog and I’, see Guiraud (1973: 79). -I have the impression that the construction zot de Maryann, described as ""sylleptic dual"" by Corne (1982: 96) and illustrated only by the aforementioned example, is extremely rare. Not having found an authentic example of the (colloquial) French type nous deux mon chien, I feel that even more research will probably not show that the construction is of any importance for the description of Reunion Creole.",,54-41,87.5,Intermediate -54-200,54,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -54-201,54,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -54-202,54,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -54-204,54,204,1,204-1,This allophone exists only in syllable onsets.,,54-292,100.0, -54-205,54,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -54-209,54,209,1,209-1,,,54-270,100.0, +I have the impression that the construction zot de Maryann, described as ""sylleptic dual"" by Corne (1982: 96) and illustrated only by the aforementioned example, is extremely rare. Not having found an authentic example of the (colloquial) French type nous deux mon chien, I feel that even more research will probably not show that the construction is of any importance for the description of Reunion Creole.",,54-41,87.5,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +54-200,54,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-201,54,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-202,54,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-204,54,204,1,204-1,This allophone exists only in syllable onsets.,,54-292,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-205,54,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-209,54,209,1,209-1,,,54-270,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 54-21-2,54,21,2,21-2,"For 'somebody' kelken is also attested, but considered acrolectal by informants (see Carayol et al. (1984–1995: 248N)). -For 'something', enn afer/ en zafer seems to be more frequent than keksoz: in the Cellier (1982) corpus there are 15 occurrences of keksoz/kekchoz and 46 of enn afer. It seems possible that kekchoz is more acrolectal.",1440[76],54-42 54-43 54-44,100.0,Certain -54-212,54,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -54-217,54,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -54-218,54,218,1,218-1,,,54-271,100.0, +For 'something', enn afer/ en zafer seems to be more frequent than keksoz: in the Cellier (1982) corpus there are 15 occurrences of keksoz/kekchoz and 46 of enn afer. It seems possible that kekchoz is more acrolectal.",1440[76],54-42 54-43 54-44,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +54-212,54,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-217,54,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-218,54,218,1,218-1,,,54-271,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 54-22-4,54,22,4,22-4,"In acrolectal creole, plurals can be marked by the PL form of the definite article (le) or the demonstrative (se). -Bann is occasionally also used for animals.",166[123-124],54-45 54-46 54-47 54-48,100.0,Certain -54-220,54,220,1,220-1,,,,100.0, -54-221,54,221,1,221-1,,,54-272,100.0, -54-23-7,54,23,7,23-7,"The plural word bann is far from being grammaticalized, still optional and limited to human nouns. See Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers"".",166[123-124],54-49 54-50,100.0,Very certain -54-231,54,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -54-24-1,54,24,1,24-1,The construction seems to be rare; there are no examples in the texts I studied.,1440[57],54-51 54-52,100.0,Intermediate -54-25-3,54,25,3,25-3,"Language change in progress: In traditional Reunion Creole, there was full differentiation (Value 3) of 3rd person pronoun zot 'they’ and the plural word bann. In modern Reunion Creole, there is a tendency to replace the ambiguous zot by bannla 'they’. See Feature 23 ""Expression of nominal plural meaning"".",,54-51 54-53,100.0,Very certain -54-252,54,252,1,252-1,Cf. minimal pair li 'bed' vs. lir 'to read'.,,54-273,100.0, -54-253,54,253,1,253-1,This allophone occurs in open syllables.,,54-275,100.0, -54-254,54,254,1,254-1,This occurs in closed syllables.,,54-276,100.0, -54-255,54,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -54-256,54,256,1,256-1,Cf. minimal pair ka 'case' vs. kar 'quarter'.,,54-279,100.0, -54-257,54,257,1,257-1,Cf. minimal pair zou 'cheek' vs. zour 'day'.,,54-281,100.0, -54-258,54,258,1,258-1,This allophone occurs in open syllables.,,54-282,100.0, -54-259,54,259,1,259-1,This allophone occurs in closed syllables.,,54-283,100.0, -54-26-5,54,26,5,26-5,"The functions of reduplication are iteration, intensity and attenuation. The exact meaning depends on the lexeme in question and often on the context of the word.",241[246-247],54-54 54-55 54-56 54-57 54-58,100.0,Very certain -54-260,54,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -54-261,54,261,2,261-2,"This phone exists in certain words as an acrolectal allophone of /i/, e.g. lun / lin 'moon'.",,54-274,100.0, -54-263,54,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -54-265,54,265,2,265-2,,,54-293,100.0, -54-266,54,266,2,266-2,,,54-295,100.0, -54-267,54,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -54-268,54,268,1,268-1,"Allophones are [o] or zero, e.g. ale rod dëlo/dolo/dlo 'to go and fetch water' (Carayol et al. 1984-1995, map 291).",214,54-278,100.0, -54-27-2,54,27,2,27-2,"Marking of anti-dual is optional, cf. Chaudenson (1974: 359): ""De toute façon, l'emploi de ces déterminants particuliers n'est pas obligatoire."" (At any rate, the use of these specific determinants is not compulsory.)",241[279],54-61,50.0,Certain -54-27-1,54,27,1,27-1,"Marking of anti-dual is optional, cf. Chaudenson (1974: 359): ""De toute façon, l'emploi de ces déterminants particuliers n'est pas obligatoire."" (At any rate, the use of these specific determinants is not compulsory.)",241[279],54-59 54-60,50.0,Certain -54-272,54,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -54-273,54,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -54-274,54,274,1,274-1,Cf. minimal pair: lir 'to read' vs. li 'bed'.,,54-286,100.0, -54-275,54,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -54-276,54,276,1,276-1,,,54-288,100.0, -54-277,54,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -54-278,54,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -54-279,54,279,1,279-1,Cf. minimal pair zour 'day' vs. zou '.,,54-289,100.0, -54-28-1,54,28,1,28-1,"Definite and demonstrative can co-occur (see also Feature 31 ""Cooccurrence of demonstrative and definite article"").",236[359],54-62 54-63 54-64 54-65,100.0,Very certain -54-280,54,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -54-281,54,281,1,281-1,,,54-290,100.0, -54-282,54,282,1,282-1,Cf. minimal pair kar 'quarter' vs. ka 'case'.,,54-291,100.0, -54-284,54,284,2,284-2,"This allophone exists in certain words as an acrolectal variant of /i:/, cf. dur/dir 'hard'.",,54-287,100.0, -54-285,54,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -54-286,54,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -54-287,54,287,1,287-1,,,54-277,100.0, -54-288,54,288,1,288-1,,,54-280,100.0, -54-289,54,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -54-29-2,54,29,2,29-2,"The indefinite article and the attributive numeral is in, the independent numeral is enn.",236[365],54-222 54-66 54-67,100.0,Certain -54-290,54,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -54-291,54,291,1,291-1,,,54-285,100.0, -54-294,54,294,2,294-2,Un is the acrolectal variant of the indefinite article.,,54-294,100.0, -54-3-1,54,3,1,3-1,"The order of adjective and noun corresponds more or less to that in French: a limited number of frequently used adjectives ('good', 'bad', 'old', 'new', etc.) always precede the noun, a large number with low frequency always follow (e.g. colour terms, adjectives derived from participles, adjectives derived from nouns, etc). As in French, the frequency of pre- and postnominal adjectives depends on the text type, the few prenominal adjectives being very frequent in oral texts: in samples from my oral corpus, the token frequency of prenominal to postnominal adjectives was more than 4:1. In written Reunion Creole, on the other hand, postnominal adjectives can be more frequent, but this depends on the genre: a sample from a novel showed a ratio of 1:1. Since Reunion Creole is a predominantly spoken language, the relative importance of Value 1 (Modifying adjective precedes noun) was set to ""Majority"".",241[319],54-3 54-4,70.0,Very certain -54-3-2,54,3,2,3-2,"The order of adjective and noun corresponds more or less to that in French: a limited number of frequently used adjectives ('good', 'bad', 'old', 'new', etc.) always precede the noun, a large number with low frequency always follow (e.g. colour terms, adjectives derived from participles, adjectives derived from nouns, etc). As in French, the frequency of pre- and postnominal adjectives depends on the text type, the few prenominal adjectives being very frequent in oral texts: in samples from my oral corpus, the token frequency of prenominal to postnominal adjectives was more than 4:1. In written Reunion Creole, on the other hand, postnominal adjectives can be more frequent, but this depends on the genre: a sample from a novel showed a ratio of 1:1. Since Reunion Creole is a predominantly spoken language, the relative importance of Value 1 (Modifying adjective precedes noun) was set to ""Majority"".",241[319],54-5 54-6,30.0,Very certain -54-30-2,54,30,2,30-2,"I chose Value 2 although it is not clear that the noun phrases in the examples are ""singular"". They are simply unmarked for number.",,54-68 54-69,100.0,Certain -54-308-2,54,308,2,308-2,,166[83-135],,100.0,Very certain -54-309-2,54,309,2,309-2,,1081[24-27],,100.0,Certain -54-31-2,54,31,2,31-2,"According to Staudacher the two constructions (Value 1 and 2) do not have the same meaning, but I think that more research is needed.",1440[59],54-65 54-71,70.0,Certain -54-31-1,54,31,1,31-1,"According to Staudacher the two constructions (Value 1 and 2) do not have the same meaning, but I think that more research is needed.",1440[59],54-70 54-72,30.0,Certain -54-310-4,54,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -54-311-3,54,311,3,311-3,There is no increasing use if the transmission by parents to children is considered. Only about 40 percent of the speakers speak mainly Creole with their children.,1081[28],,100.0,Certain -54-312-3,54,312,3,312-3,"There are no signs of abandonment. On the contrary, many young people blame their parents for having ""deprived"" them of Creole.",,,100.0,Certain -54-313-5,54,313,5,313-5,"The language has approximately 750,000 speakers.",,,100.0,Very certain -54-314-3,54,314,3,314-3,"Until recently, women were more determined to replace Creole by French as the family language. But we are not sure whether this is still a general tendency.",,,100.0,Certain -54-315-2,54,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -54-316-1,54,316,1,316-1,"The use of Reunion Creole is widespread in radio call-ins/discussions, but these do not exist on TV.",,,100.0,Very certain -54-317-1,54,317,1,317-1,"The use of Reunion Creole is widespread in radio programmes, but limited on TV.",,,100.0,Very certain -54-318-1,54,318,1,318-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -54-319-2,54,319,2,319-2,The use of the language in newspaper editorials is very limited.,,,100.0,Very certain -54-32-2,54,32,2,32-2,"Value 1 would apply to traditional Creole as described by Chaudenson (1974), but according to usage in my corpora and to the descriptions in Cellier (1985: 58–59) and Staudacher (2004: 58, 63), sa ... la seems to be obsolete and has been replaced by se ... la (cf. French ce ... là), probably due to French influence.",1440[70],54-73 54-74 54-75 54-76 54-77,100.0,Certain -54-320-2,54,320,2,320-2,The use of Reunion Creole here is very limited.,,,100.0,Very certain -54-321-1,54,321,1,321-1,"Reunion Creole is relatively widespread in commercial settings and post offices, but relatively limited in a bank.",,,100.0,Certain -54-322-2,54,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Certain -54-323-4,54,323,4,323-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -54-324-2,54,324,2,324-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -54-325-1,54,325,1,325-1,The use of Reunion Creole in electronic communication is relatively widespread.,,,100.0,Certain -54-326-1,54,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -54-327-1,54,327,1,327-1,,214[I: 236-238],,100.0,Very certain -54-328-1,54,328,1,328-1,,166[117-135],,100.0,Very certain -54-329-1,54,329,1,329-1,,160[193-207],,100.0,Very certain -54-33-1,54,33,1,33-1,,,54-78 54-79,100.0,Very certain -54-330-4,54,330,4,330-4,"Variation is widespread in Reunion Creole, but the distinction urban/rural is not applicable. The main factors of variation are geographical (""créole des Hauts"" vs. ""créole des Bas"") and social (acrolect vs. basilect), and these factors are to a large extent interdependent.",,,100.0,Certain -54-331-4,54,331,4,331-4,"Variation is widespread in Reunion Creole, but the distinction urban/rural is not applicable. The main factors of variation are geographical (""créole des Hauts"" vs. ""créole des Bas"") and social (acrolect vs. basilect), and these factors are to a large extent interdependent.",,,100.0,Certain -54-332-4,54,332,4,332-4,"Variation is widespread in Reunion Creole, but the distinction urban/rural is not applicable. The main factors of variation are geographical (""créole des Hauts"" vs. ""créole des Bas"") and social (acrolect vs. basilect), and these factors are to a large extent interdependent.",,,100.0,Very certain -54-333-1,54,333,1,333-1,"Social variation (acrolect vs. basilect) is to a large extent interdependent with geographic variation (""créole des Hauts"" vs. ""créole des Bas"").",160[193-206],,100.0,Very certain -54-334-1,54,334,1,334-1,"Social variation (acrolect vs. basilect) is to a large extent interdependent with geographic variation (""créole des Hauts"" vs. ""créole des Bas"").",166[120-135],,100.0,Very certain -54-335-1,54,335,1,335-1,"Social variation (acrolect vs. basilect) is to a large extent interdependent with geographic variation (""créole des Hauts"" vs. ""créole des Bas"").",160[198-206],,100.0,Very certain -54-34-1,54,34,1,34-1,,,54-80,100.0,Very certain -54-35-6,54,35,6,35-6,,,54-81 54-82 54-83,100.0,Very certain -54-36-1,54,36,1,36-1,,,54-84,100.0,Very certain -54-37-1,54,37,1,37-1,,236[360],54-85,100.0,Very certain -54-38-2,54,38,2,38-2,"The choice of Value 2 or 4 depends on the lect (basilect or acrolect), but it should be kept in mind that in Reunion Creole basilect and acrolect are the poles of a continuum extremely difficult (if not impossible) to describe.",,54-87,30.0,Certain -54-38-4,54,38,4,38-4,"The choice of Value 2 or 4 depends on the lect (basilect or acrolect), but it should be kept in mind that in Reunion Creole basilect and acrolect are the poles of a continuum extremely difficult (if not impossible) to describe.",,54-86,70.0,Certain +Bann is occasionally also used for animals.",166[123-124],54-45 54-46 54-47 54-48,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +54-220,54,220,1,220-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-221,54,221,1,221-1,,,54-272,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-23-7,54,23,7,23-7,"The plural word bann is far from being grammaticalized, still optional and limited to human nouns. See Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers"".",166[123-124],54-49 54-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +54-231,54,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-24-1,54,24,1,24-1,The construction seems to be rare; there are no examples in the texts I studied.,1440[57],54-51 54-52,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-25-3,54,25,3,25-3,"Language change in progress: In traditional Reunion Creole, there was full differentiation (Value 3) of 3rd person pronoun zot 'they’ and the plural word bann. In modern Reunion Creole, there is a tendency to replace the ambiguous zot by bannla 'they’. See Feature 23 ""Expression of nominal plural meaning"".",,54-51 54-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-252,54,252,1,252-1,Cf. minimal pair li 'bed' vs. lir 'to read'.,,54-273,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-253,54,253,1,253-1,This allophone occurs in open syllables.,,54-275,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-254,54,254,1,254-1,This occurs in closed syllables.,,54-276,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-255,54,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-256,54,256,1,256-1,Cf. minimal pair ka 'case' vs. kar 'quarter'.,,54-279,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-257,54,257,1,257-1,Cf. minimal pair zou 'cheek' vs. zour 'day'.,,54-281,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-258,54,258,1,258-1,This allophone occurs in open syllables.,,54-282,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-259,54,259,1,259-1,This allophone occurs in closed syllables.,,54-283,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-26-5,54,26,5,26-5,"The functions of reduplication are iteration, intensity and attenuation. The exact meaning depends on the lexeme in question and often on the context of the word.",241[246-247],54-54 54-55 54-56 54-57 54-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-260,54,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-261,54,261,2,261-2,"This phone exists in certain words as an acrolectal allophone of /i/, e.g. lun / lin 'moon'.",,54-274,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +54-263,54,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-265,54,265,2,265-2,,,54-293,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +54-266,54,266,2,266-2,,,54-295,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +54-267,54,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-268,54,268,1,268-1,"Allophones are [o] or zero, e.g. ale rod dëlo/dolo/dlo 'to go and fetch water' (Carayol et al. 1984-1995, map 291).",214,54-278,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-27-2,54,27,2,27-2,"Marking of anti-dual is optional, cf. Chaudenson (1974: 359): ""De toute façon, l'emploi de ces déterminants particuliers n'est pas obligatoire."" (At any rate, the use of these specific determinants is not compulsory.)",241[279],54-61,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-27-1,54,27,1,27-1,"Marking of anti-dual is optional, cf. Chaudenson (1974: 359): ""De toute façon, l'emploi de ces déterminants particuliers n'est pas obligatoire."" (At any rate, the use of these specific determinants is not compulsory.)",241[279],54-59 54-60,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-272,54,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-273,54,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-274,54,274,1,274-1,Cf. minimal pair: lir 'to read' vs. li 'bed'.,,54-286,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-275,54,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-276,54,276,1,276-1,,,54-288,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-277,54,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-278,54,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-279,54,279,1,279-1,Cf. minimal pair zour 'day' vs. zou '.,,54-289,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-28-1,54,28,1,28-1,"Definite and demonstrative can co-occur (see also Feature 31 ""Cooccurrence of demonstrative and definite article"").",236[359],54-62 54-63 54-64 54-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +54-280,54,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-281,54,281,1,281-1,,,54-290,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-282,54,282,1,282-1,Cf. minimal pair kar 'quarter' vs. ka 'case'.,,54-291,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-284,54,284,2,284-2,"This allophone exists in certain words as an acrolectal variant of /i:/, cf. dur/dir 'hard'.",,54-287,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +54-285,54,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-286,54,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-287,54,287,1,287-1,,,54-277,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-288,54,288,1,288-1,,,54-280,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-289,54,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-29-2,54,29,2,29-2,"The indefinite article and the attributive numeral is in, the independent numeral is enn.",236[365],54-222 54-66 54-67,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +54-290,54,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-291,54,291,1,291-1,,,54-285,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +54-294,54,294,2,294-2,Un is the acrolectal variant of the indefinite article.,,54-294,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +54-3-1,54,3,1,3-1,"The order of adjective and noun corresponds more or less to that in French: a limited number of frequently used adjectives ('good', 'bad', 'old', 'new', etc.) always precede the noun, a large number with low frequency always follow (e.g. colour terms, adjectives derived from participles, adjectives derived from nouns, etc). As in French, the frequency of pre- and postnominal adjectives depends on the text type, the few prenominal adjectives being very frequent in oral texts: in samples from my oral corpus, the token frequency of prenominal to postnominal adjectives was more than 4:1. In written Reunion Creole, on the other hand, postnominal adjectives can be more frequent, but this depends on the genre: a sample from a novel showed a ratio of 1:1. Since Reunion Creole is a predominantly spoken language, the relative importance of Value 1 (Modifying adjective precedes noun) was set to ""Majority"".",241[319],54-3 54-4,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +54-3-2,54,3,2,3-2,"The order of adjective and noun corresponds more or less to that in French: a limited number of frequently used adjectives ('good', 'bad', 'old', 'new', etc.) always precede the noun, a large number with low frequency always follow (e.g. colour terms, adjectives derived from participles, adjectives derived from nouns, etc). As in French, the frequency of pre- and postnominal adjectives depends on the text type, the few prenominal adjectives being very frequent in oral texts: in samples from my oral corpus, the token frequency of prenominal to postnominal adjectives was more than 4:1. In written Reunion Creole, on the other hand, postnominal adjectives can be more frequent, but this depends on the genre: a sample from a novel showed a ratio of 1:1. Since Reunion Creole is a predominantly spoken language, the relative importance of Value 1 (Modifying adjective precedes noun) was set to ""Majority"".",241[319],54-5 54-6,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +54-30-2,54,30,2,30-2,"I chose Value 2 although it is not clear that the noun phrases in the examples are ""singular"". They are simply unmarked for number.",,54-68 54-69,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-308-2,54,308,2,308-2,,166[83-135],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-309-2,54,309,2,309-2,,1081[24-27],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-31-2,54,31,2,31-2,"According to Staudacher the two constructions (Value 1 and 2) do not have the same meaning, but I think that more research is needed.",1440[59],54-65 54-71,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}", +54-31-1,54,31,1,31-1,"According to Staudacher the two constructions (Value 1 and 2) do not have the same meaning, but I think that more research is needed.",1440[59],54-70 54-72,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}", +54-310-4,54,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +54-311-3,54,311,3,311-3,There is no increasing use if the transmission by parents to children is considered. Only about 40 percent of the speakers speak mainly Creole with their children.,1081[28],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-312-3,54,312,3,312-3,"There are no signs of abandonment. On the contrary, many young people blame their parents for having ""deprived"" them of Creole.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-313-5,54,313,5,313-5,"The language has approximately 750,000 speakers.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-314-3,54,314,3,314-3,"Until recently, women were more determined to replace Creole by French as the family language. But we are not sure whether this is still a general tendency.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-315-2,54,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-316-1,54,316,1,316-1,"The use of Reunion Creole is widespread in radio call-ins/discussions, but these do not exist on TV.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-317-1,54,317,1,317-1,"The use of Reunion Creole is widespread in radio programmes, but limited on TV.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-318-1,54,318,1,318-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-319-2,54,319,2,319-2,The use of the language in newspaper editorials is very limited.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-32-2,54,32,2,32-2,"Value 1 would apply to traditional Creole as described by Chaudenson (1974), but according to usage in my corpora and to the descriptions in Cellier (1985: 58–59) and Staudacher (2004: 58, 63), sa ... la seems to be obsolete and has been replaced by se ... la (cf. French ce ... là), probably due to French influence.",1440[70],54-73 54-74 54-75 54-76 54-77,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +54-320-2,54,320,2,320-2,The use of Reunion Creole here is very limited.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-321-1,54,321,1,321-1,"Reunion Creole is relatively widespread in commercial settings and post offices, but relatively limited in a bank.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-322-2,54,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-323-4,54,323,4,323-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +54-324-2,54,324,2,324-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-325-1,54,325,1,325-1,The use of Reunion Creole in electronic communication is relatively widespread.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-326-1,54,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-327-1,54,327,1,327-1,,214[I: 236-238],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-328-1,54,328,1,328-1,,166[117-135],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-329-1,54,329,1,329-1,,160[193-207],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-33-1,54,33,1,33-1,,,54-78 54-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +54-330-4,54,330,4,330-4,"Variation is widespread in Reunion Creole, but the distinction urban/rural is not applicable. The main factors of variation are geographical (""créole des Hauts"" vs. ""créole des Bas"") and social (acrolect vs. basilect), and these factors are to a large extent interdependent.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +54-331-4,54,331,4,331-4,"Variation is widespread in Reunion Creole, but the distinction urban/rural is not applicable. The main factors of variation are geographical (""créole des Hauts"" vs. ""créole des Bas"") and social (acrolect vs. basilect), and these factors are to a large extent interdependent.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +54-332-4,54,332,4,332-4,"Variation is widespread in Reunion Creole, but the distinction urban/rural is not applicable. The main factors of variation are geographical (""créole des Hauts"" vs. ""créole des Bas"") and social (acrolect vs. basilect), and these factors are to a large extent interdependent.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +54-333-1,54,333,1,333-1,"Social variation (acrolect vs. basilect) is to a large extent interdependent with geographic variation (""créole des Hauts"" vs. ""créole des Bas"").",160[193-206],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-334-1,54,334,1,334-1,"Social variation (acrolect vs. basilect) is to a large extent interdependent with geographic variation (""créole des Hauts"" vs. ""créole des Bas"").",166[120-135],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-335-1,54,335,1,335-1,"Social variation (acrolect vs. basilect) is to a large extent interdependent with geographic variation (""créole des Hauts"" vs. ""créole des Bas"").",160[198-206],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-34-1,54,34,1,34-1,,,54-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +54-35-6,54,35,6,35-6,,,54-81 54-82 54-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +54-36-1,54,36,1,36-1,,,54-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +54-37-1,54,37,1,37-1,,236[360],54-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-38-2,54,38,2,38-2,"The choice of Value 2 or 4 depends on the lect (basilect or acrolect), but it should be kept in mind that in Reunion Creole basilect and acrolect are the poles of a continuum extremely difficult (if not impossible) to describe.",,54-87,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +54-38-4,54,38,4,38-4,"The choice of Value 2 or 4 depends on the lect (basilect or acrolect), but it should be kept in mind that in Reunion Creole basilect and acrolect are the poles of a continuum extremely difficult (if not impossible) to describe.",,54-86,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 54-39-3,54,39,3,39-3,"The Independent Pronominal Possessor is normally expressed by the demonstrative (sa) + special adposition (d) + personal pronoun. According to Chaudenson (1974: 360), sa d + personal pronoun seems to be the ""normal"" form. He adds: ""On dit souvent la myèn 'le mien, les miens, la mienne, les miennes', la tyèn, la syèn, la nòt, la vòt; à la 3e pers. du pl. on a toujours sa d zòt."" [La myèn 'mine', la tyèn, la syèn, la nòt, la vòt is often used; for the 3rd person singular we always have sa d zòt.] Staudacher (2004: 77) lists an impressive variety of forms which I could not find attested in my corpora. -More research is needed.",1440[77],54-88,70.0,Certain +More research is needed.",1440[77],54-88,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", 54-39-4,54,39,4,39-4,"The Independent Pronominal Possessor is normally expressed by the demonstrative (sa) + special adposition (d) + personal pronoun. According to Chaudenson (1974: 360), sa d + personal pronoun seems to be the ""normal"" form. He adds: ""On dit souvent la myèn 'le mien, les miens, la mienne, les miennes', la tyèn, la syèn, la nòt, la vòt; à la 3e pers. du pl. on a toujours sa d zòt."" [La myèn 'mine', la tyèn, la syèn, la nòt, la vòt is often used; for the 3rd person singular we always have sa d zòt.] Staudacher (2004: 77) lists an impressive variety of forms which I could not find attested in my corpora. -More research is needed.",1440[77],54-89,30.0,Certain -54-4-2,54,4,2,4-2,,,54-40 54-7 54-8,100.0,Very certain +More research is needed.",1440[77],54-89,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +54-4-2,54,4,2,4-2,,,54-40 54-7 54-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 54-40-1,54,40,1,40-1,"Value 2 is optional for human nouns, but gender marking would be rather acrolectal. -More research on gender agreement is needed.",230[36],54-90 54-91 54-92 54-93,100.0,Certain -54-41-1,54,41,1,41-1,,236[367],54-94 54-95,100.0,Very certain -54-42-2,54,42,2,42-2,Value 5: According to Cellier (1985: 99) the particle kë is optional.,230[99],54-97 54-98,70.0,Certain -54-42-5,54,42,5,42-5,Value 5: According to Cellier (1985: 99) the particle kë is optional.,230[99],54-96,30.0,Certain -54-43-1,54,43,1,43-1,,230[82-83],54-100 54-99,50.0,Very certain -54-43-3,54,43,3,43-3,,230[82-83],54-105 54-106,50.0,Certain -54-44-4,54,44,4,44-4,,1440[86],54-101 54-102,100.0,Uncertain -54-45-2,54,45,2,45-2,"In my corpora, I found 81 examples of the past marker te i, not a single one with intervening adverb (or other items). So if something can intervene, the relative importance can only be marginal.",236[340-1],54-104,100.0,Certain -54-46-4,54,46,4,46-4,"I only found these two examples in my corpora, so I conclude that very few lexical items (adverbs) can intervene and that this happens very rarely.",,54-105 54-106,100.0,Certain -54-47-2,54,47,2,47-2,,,54-107 54-108,100.0,Certain -54-48-1,54,48,1,48-1,,,54-109,100.0,Very certain -54-49-3,54,49,3,49-3,,236[339-342],54-107 54-110,100.0,Very certain +More research on gender agreement is needed.",230[36],54-90 54-91 54-92 54-93,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-41-1,54,41,1,41-1,,236[367],54-94 54-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-42-2,54,42,2,42-2,Value 5: According to Cellier (1985: 99) the particle kë is optional.,230[99],54-97 54-98,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +54-42-5,54,42,5,42-5,Value 5: According to Cellier (1985: 99) the particle kë is optional.,230[99],54-96,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +54-43-1,54,43,1,43-1,,230[82-83],54-100 54-99,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +54-43-3,54,43,3,43-3,,230[82-83],54-105 54-106,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +54-44-4,54,44,4,44-4,,1440[86],54-101 54-102,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +54-45-2,54,45,2,45-2,"In my corpora, I found 81 examples of the past marker te i, not a single one with intervening adverb (or other items). So if something can intervene, the relative importance can only be marginal.",236[340-1],54-104,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +54-46-4,54,46,4,46-4,"I only found these two examples in my corpora, so I conclude that very few lexical items (adverbs) can intervene and that this happens very rarely.",,54-105 54-106,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-47-2,54,47,2,47-2,,,54-107 54-108,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-48-1,54,48,1,48-1,,,54-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-49-3,54,49,3,49-3,,236[339-342],54-107 54-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 54-5-1,54,5,1,5-1,"Cellier (1985: 58): In creole, the demonstrative is mostly ""un segment discontinu"". It is very rare that the element following the noun (la) is absent, whereas the element preceding the noun can easily be omitted. -Value 2: The noun can optionally be preceded by a definite article.",241[280-282],54-14 54-9,9.09090909090909,Uncertain +Value 2: The noun can optionally be preceded by a definite article.",241[280-282],54-14 54-9,9.09090909090909,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-28-800080-64-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", 54-5-2,54,5,2,5-2,"Cellier (1985: 58): In creole, the demonstrative is mostly ""un segment discontinu"". It is very rare that the element following the noun (la) is absent, whereas the element preceding the noun can easily be omitted. -Value 2: The noun can optionally be preceded by a definite article.",241[280-282],54-10 54-13,27.2727272727273,Very certain +Value 2: The noun can optionally be preceded by a definite article.",241[280-282],54-10 54-13,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-28-800080-64-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", 54-5-5,54,5,5,5-5,"Cellier (1985: 58): In creole, the demonstrative is mostly ""un segment discontinu"". It is very rare that the element following the noun (la) is absent, whereas the element preceding the noun can easily be omitted. -Value 2: The noun can optionally be preceded by a definite article.",241[280-282],54-11 54-12,63.6363636363636,Very certain -54-50-2,54,50,2,50-2,"The perfect can be marked with la or la fin/fini, but in negative sentences only la is attested in my corpus. The example with la pa fin provided by Staudacher (2004: 87) seems highly dubious.",1440[87],54-103 54-111 54-112,100.0,Intermediate -54-51-1,54,51,1,51-1,,,54-113 54-155 54-208 54-27,100.0,Very certain -54-52-1,54,52,1,52-1,,,54-115,100.0,Certain -54-53-3,54,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Certain -54-54-2,54,54,2,54-2,,,54-116 54-117 54-118,100.0,Certain -54-55-2,54,55,2,55-2,"In the dictionary of Armand (1987) there is an entry: le kapab 'cela se peut bien', but I do not think that Value 1 can be chosen on this basis. There are no examples in my corpus.",,54-119 54-120,100.0,Certain -54-56-1,54,56,1,56-1,,236[333],54-121 54-122 54-123,100.0,Very certain -54-57-1,54,57,1,57-1,,,54-124,100.0,Very certain -54-58-1,54,58,1,58-1,,,54-125 54-126,100.0,Very certain +Value 2: The noun can optionally be preceded by a definite article.",241[280-282],54-11 54-12,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-28-800080-64-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +54-50-2,54,50,2,50-2,"The perfect can be marked with la or la fin/fini, but in negative sentences only la is attested in my corpus. The example with la pa fin provided by Staudacher (2004: 87) seems highly dubious.",1440[87],54-103 54-111 54-112,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +54-51-1,54,51,1,51-1,,,54-113 54-155 54-208 54-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-52-1,54,52,1,52-1,,,54-115,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-53-3,54,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-54-2,54,54,2,54-2,,,54-116 54-117 54-118,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +54-55-2,54,55,2,55-2,"In the dictionary of Armand (1987) there is an entry: le kapab 'cela se peut bien', but I do not think that Value 1 can be chosen on this basis. There are no examples in my corpus.",,54-119 54-120,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-56-1,54,56,1,56-1,,236[333],54-121 54-122 54-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +54-57-1,54,57,1,57-1,,,54-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-58-1,54,58,1,58-1,,,54-125 54-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 54-59-2,54,59,2,59-2,"The pronoun paradigm is: subject - object @@ -15823,608 +15823,608 @@ ou - aou li - ali nou - anou zot - azot -zot - azot",166[48-52],54-127 54-128,100.0,Very certain -54-6-1,54,6,1,6-1,,,54-15,100.0,Very certain -54-60-2,54,60,2,60-2,,,54-1 54-129,100.0,Very certain -54-61-1,54,61,1,61-1,"Value assignment is based on my own research. The order S-V-R-T or S-V-R-T seems to be governed by the information structure of the sentence. Therefore, no attempt is made to assess the relative importance.",,54-130,50.0,Certain -54-61-2,54,61,2,61-2,"Value assignment is based on my own research. The order S-V-R-T or S-V-R-T seems to be governed by the information structure of the sentence. Therefore, no attempt is made to assess the relative importance.",,54-131,50.0,Certain -54-62-6,54,62,6,62-6,"Pronominal subjects are optional in the third person, but they are never omitted in the first and second person.",236[333-4],54-132,100.0,Certain -54-63-2,54,63,2,63-2,"The marker i in Reunion Creole is considered to be either an ""indice verbal"" (Cellier 1985: 84) or a present marker (Chaudenson 1974: 340).",236[340],54-133 54-134,100.0,Certain -54-64-2,54,64,2,64-2,,236[343],54-135 54-136 54-137,100.0,Very certain -54-65-1,54,65,1,65-1,,,54-138 54-139,100.0,Very certain -54-66-3,54,66,3,66-3,,,54-140,100.0,Very certain -54-67-1,54,67,1,67-1,,,54-141 54-69,100.0,Very certain -54-68-1,54,68,1,68-1,"Value 1 is attested in Chaudenson (1974: 52), Baggioni (1990), on map 187 in Carayol et al. (1984–1995), and I found 12 examples in my corpora (containing more than 80,000 words), whereas only one example of Value 2 was found in the corpora (and nowhere else).",,54-142 54-143 54-145,90.0,Very certain -54-68-2,54,68,2,68-2,"Value 1 is attested in Chaudenson (1974: 52), Baggioni (1990), on map 187 in Carayol et al. (1984–1995), and I found 12 examples in my corpora (containing more than 80,000 words), whereas only one example of Value 2 was found in the corpora (and nowhere else).",,54-144,10.0,Intermediate -54-69-1,54,69,1,69-1,,236[371],54-146,100.0,Very certain -54-7-1,54,7,1,7-1,,236[364-5];230[165],54-16,100.0,Very certain -54-70-3,54,70,3,70-3,"According to Chaudenson (1974: 372) ansanm can also function as instrumental (Li la rouv la port ansanm en vye kle. 'He opened the door with an old key.'). However, this function is not attested in my corpora.",236[371-2],54-147 54-148 54-149,100.0,Certain -54-71-3,54,71,3,71-3,"Ek and ansamb are used for both noun phrase conjunction and comitative, é is used exclusively as noun phrase conjunction.",236[371-2],54-150 54-151 54-152 54-153 54-154,100.0,Very certain +zot - azot",166[48-52],54-127 54-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +54-6-1,54,6,1,6-1,,,54-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +54-60-2,54,60,2,60-2,,,54-1 54-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +54-61-1,54,61,1,61-1,"Value assignment is based on my own research. The order S-V-R-T or S-V-R-T seems to be governed by the information structure of the sentence. Therefore, no attempt is made to assess the relative importance.",,54-130,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-61-2,54,61,2,61-2,"Value assignment is based on my own research. The order S-V-R-T or S-V-R-T seems to be governed by the information structure of the sentence. Therefore, no attempt is made to assess the relative importance.",,54-131,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-62-6,54,62,6,62-6,"Pronominal subjects are optional in the third person, but they are never omitted in the first and second person.",236[333-4],54-132,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +54-63-2,54,63,2,63-2,"The marker i in Reunion Creole is considered to be either an ""indice verbal"" (Cellier 1985: 84) or a present marker (Chaudenson 1974: 340).",236[340],54-133 54-134,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +54-64-2,54,64,2,64-2,,236[343],54-135 54-136 54-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +54-65-1,54,65,1,65-1,,,54-138 54-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-66-3,54,66,3,66-3,,,54-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-67-1,54,67,1,67-1,,,54-141 54-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-68-1,54,68,1,68-1,"Value 1 is attested in Chaudenson (1974: 52), Baggioni (1990), on map 187 in Carayol et al. (1984–1995), and I found 12 examples in my corpora (containing more than 80,000 words), whereas only one example of Value 2 was found in the corpora (and nowhere else).",,54-142 54-143 54-145,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-68-2,54,68,2,68-2,"Value 1 is attested in Chaudenson (1974: 52), Baggioni (1990), on map 187 in Carayol et al. (1984–1995), and I found 12 examples in my corpora (containing more than 80,000 words), whereas only one example of Value 2 was found in the corpora (and nowhere else).",,54-144,10.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-69-1,54,69,1,69-1,,236[371],54-146,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +54-7-1,54,7,1,7-1,,236[364-5];230[165],54-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +54-70-3,54,70,3,70-3,"According to Chaudenson (1974: 372) ansanm can also function as instrumental (Li la rouv la port ansanm en vye kle. 'He opened the door with an old key.'). However, this function is not attested in my corpora.",236[371-2],54-147 54-148 54-149,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +54-71-3,54,71,3,71-3,"Ek and ansamb are used for both noun phrase conjunction and comitative, é is used exclusively as noun phrase conjunction.",236[371-2],54-150 54-151 54-152 54-153 54-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", 54-72-4,54,72,4,72-4,"For nominal conjunction both ek and e are possible, ek seems to be less frequent than e. -For verbal conjunction only e is possible, but in traditional speech juxtaposition is also well attested.",236[378-9],54-150 54-154 54-155 54-156,100.0,Certain -54-73-1,54,73,1,73-1,"According to Staudacher (2004: 53) predicate noun phrases can also occur without copula (example: Son papa en tayer. 'His father is a tailor.') However, I have not yet found an authentic example without copula. More research is needed.",1440[53],54-157 54-158 54-159 54-160,100.0,Certain -54-74-1,54,74,1,74-1,,236[343],54-161 54-162 54-163,100.0,Certain -54-75-1,54,75,1,75-1,,214[31],54-164 54-165,100.0,Certain -54-76-1,54,76,1,76-1,,,54-166 54-167,100.0,Certain -54-77-1,54,77,1,77-1,,236[343-344],54-168 54-169 54-170 54-171,100.0,Very certain -54-78-1,54,78,1,78-1,,"166[68-69, 131-132]",54-172 54-173 54-174 54-175,100.0,Certain -54-79-1,54,79,1,79-1,,,54-179,100.0,Certain -54-8-1,54,8,1,8-1,,236[367-8],54-17,100.0,Very certain -54-80-1,54,80,1,80-1,,,54-180 54-181,100.0,Certain -54-81-1,54,81,1,81-1,,,54-176 54-177 54-178 54-179 54-180,100.0,Certain -54-82-2,54,82,2,82-2,,,54-182 54-183,100.0,Certain -54-83-2,54,83,2,83-2,,,54-184 54-185,100.0,Certain -54-84-3,54,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -54-85-1,54,85,1,85-1,,,54-186 54-187,100.0,Uncertain -54-86-5,54,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -54-87-2,54,87,2,87-2,Both values are very rarely attested in the corpora.,166[71-72],54-190 54-191,30.0,Very certain -54-87-1,54,87,1,87-1,Both values are very rarely attested in the corpora.,166[71-72],54-188 54-189,70.0,Very certain -54-88-1,54,88,1,88-1,,236[345],54-192 54-193 54-194,100.0,Certain -54-89-3,54,89,3,89-3,,,54-195 54-196 54-197,100.0,Certain -54-9-1,54,9,1,9-1,,230[57],54-18 54-19,100.0,Very certain -54-90-2,54,90,2,90-2,,230[145-148],,100.0,Certain -54-91-8,54,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -54-92-4,54,92,4,92-4,,230[165-169],54-199,70.0,Certain -54-92-2,54,92,2,92-2,,230[165-169],54-198,30.0,Certain -54-93-4,54,93,4,93-4,,236[364-365];230[164-169],54-201,70.0,Certain -54-93-2,54,93,2,93-2,,236[364-365];230[164-169],54-200,30.0,Certain -54-94-4,54,94,4,94-4,,1440[110],54-203,70.0,Certain -54-94-2,54,94,2,94-2,,1440[110],54-202,30.0,Certain +For verbal conjunction only e is possible, but in traditional speech juxtaposition is also well attested.",236[378-9],54-150 54-154 54-155 54-156,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +54-73-1,54,73,1,73-1,"According to Staudacher (2004: 53) predicate noun phrases can also occur without copula (example: Son papa en tayer. 'His father is a tailor.') However, I have not yet found an authentic example without copula. More research is needed.",1440[53],54-157 54-158 54-159 54-160,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +54-74-1,54,74,1,74-1,,236[343],54-161 54-162 54-163,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-75-1,54,75,1,75-1,,214[31],54-164 54-165,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +54-76-1,54,76,1,76-1,,,54-166 54-167,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +54-77-1,54,77,1,77-1,,236[343-344],54-168 54-169 54-170 54-171,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +54-78-1,54,78,1,78-1,,"166[68-69, 131-132]",54-172 54-173 54-174 54-175,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +54-79-1,54,79,1,79-1,,,54-179,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-8-1,54,8,1,8-1,,236[367-8],54-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +54-80-1,54,80,1,80-1,,,54-180 54-181,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-81-1,54,81,1,81-1,,,54-176 54-177 54-178 54-179 54-180,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-82-2,54,82,2,82-2,,,54-182 54-183,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-83-2,54,83,2,83-2,,,54-184 54-185,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-84-3,54,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-85-1,54,85,1,85-1,,,54-186 54-187,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-86-5,54,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-87-2,54,87,2,87-2,Both values are very rarely attested in the corpora.,166[71-72],54-190 54-191,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}", +54-87-1,54,87,1,87-1,Both values are very rarely attested in the corpora.,166[71-72],54-188 54-189,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}", +54-88-1,54,88,1,88-1,,236[345],54-192 54-193 54-194,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +54-89-3,54,89,3,89-3,,,54-195 54-196 54-197,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +54-9-1,54,9,1,9-1,,230[57],54-18 54-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +54-90-2,54,90,2,90-2,,230[145-148],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-91-8,54,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +54-92-4,54,92,4,92-4,,230[165-169],54-199,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +54-92-2,54,92,2,92-2,,230[165-169],54-198,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +54-93-4,54,93,4,93-4,,236[364-365];230[164-169],54-201,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}", +54-93-2,54,93,2,93-2,,236[364-365];230[164-169],54-200,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}", +54-94-4,54,94,4,94-4,,1440[110],54-203,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-94-2,54,94,2,94-2,,1440[110],54-202,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 54-95-4,54,95,4,95-4,"Indirect (reported) speech is extremely rare in my corpora; about 98% of all speech acts are reported in direct speech. -Value 3: I am certain of the value, but not of the frequency - it could even be less than 5%.",,54-205,95.0,Certain +Value 3: I am certain of the value, but not of the frequency - it could even be less than 5%.",,54-205,95.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-5-0000FF-95-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 54-95-3,54,95,3,95-3,"Indirect (reported) speech is extremely rare in my corpora; about 98% of all speech acts are reported in direct speech. -Value 3: I am certain of the value, but not of the frequency - it could even be less than 5%.",,54-204,5.0,Certain -54-96-4,54,96,4,96-4,,236[379];230[150],54-207 54-208,70.0,Certain -54-96-3,54,96,3,96-3,,236[379];230[150],54-206,30.0,Certain -54-97-1,54,97,1,97-1,,,54-209,100.0,Very certain -54-98-1,54,98,1,98-1,Both 'Think’ and 'Want' occur with complementizer k(e) but apparently more often without overt complementizer.,236[379],54-210 54-211 54-212 54-213,100.0,Certain -54-99-2,54,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -55-0-2,55,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0, -55-1-2,55,1,2,1-2,,76[102-105],55-1,100.0,Very certain -55-10-1,55,10,1,10-1,,,55-18,100.0,Very certain -55-100-4,55,100,4,100-4,,,55-183 55-184,100.0,Very certain -55-101-1,55,101,1,101-1,,,55-184 55-185,100.0,Very certain -55-102-1,55,102,1,102-1,,,55-186 55-187,100.0,Very certain -55-103-7,55,103,7,103-7,,,55-189 55-190,70.0,Very certain -55-103-2,55,103,2,103-2,,,55-188 55-191,30.0,Very certain -55-104-5,55,104,5,104-5,,,55-196,11.1111111111111,Certain -55-104-4,55,104,4,104-4,,,55-192,77.7777777777778,Very certain -55-104-1,55,104,1,104-1,,,55-193 55-194,11.1111111111111,Intermediate -55-105-3,55,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -55-106-2,55,106,2,106-2,,,55-199,100.0,Very certain -55-107-2,55,107,2,107-2,The usage of the vocative marker -o is largely restricted to close friends and family members.,,55-200,100.0,Very certain -55-108-4,55,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Uncertain -55-109-2,55,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -55-11-2,55,11,2,11-2,,,55-20,30.0,Certain -55-11-3,55,11,3,11-3,,,55-19 55-21,70.0,Certain -55-110-2,55,110,2,110-2,,73,55-201,100.0,Very certain -55-111-1,55,111,1,111-1,,,55-202,100.0,Very certain -55-112-2,55,112,2,112-2,,,55-203 55-204,100.0,Very certain -55-113-3,55,113,3,113-3,,,55-205 55-206,100.0,Very certain -55-114-2,55,114,2,114-2,,73,55-207 55-208,100.0,Very certain -55-115-2,55,115,2,115-2,,73,55-209 55-210,100.0,Very certain -55-116-2,55,116,2,116-2,,73,55-211 55-212,100.0,Very certain -55-117-2,55,117,2,117-2,,73,55-213,100.0,Very certain -55-118-3,55,118,3,118-3,,73,55-214 55-215,100.0,Very certain -55-119-2,55,119,2,119-2,,76[46],55-216 55-217,100.0,Certain -55-12-1,55,12,1,12-1,,,55-22 55-24,70.0,Certain -55-12-2,55,12,2,12-2,,,55-23,30.0,Certain -55-120-1,55,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -55-121-3,55,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -55-122-2,55,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0, -55-123-3,55,123,3,123-3,"Schwa occurs in three circumstances: (1) In a handful of high frequency words where standard French has this vowel but in which this was traditionally replaced by /i/ and/or /e/ in Mauritian Creole, but where the latter pronunciations have in recent years become stereotyped as indicative of lack of education. (2) In a small number of words recently adopted from English, e.g. [kəp] 'ice-cream cup', [rəgbi] 'rugby'. (3) As the second element in three centring diphthongs, treated here as separate segments.",,55-259,100.0, -55-124-1,55,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -55-125-4,55,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -55-126-1,55,126,1,126-1,,,55-230,100.0, -55-127-6,55,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -55-128-2,55,128,2,128-2,This sound is of limited distribution and unstable except in word-final position.,,55-243,100.0, -55-129-2,55,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -55-13-1,55,13,1,13-1,,,55-25,100.0,Very certain -55-130-3,55,130,3,130-3,"With the exception of Hindi (a prestige word for many Mauritians), [h] is rarely pronounced even in words recently adopted from English or Indic sources. However, [h] does now occur frequently as an allophone of /s/ in the word /sa/ 'that' (demonstrative), a development first noted only in the 1980s.",,55-245,100.0, -55-131,55,131,1,131-1,,,55-222,100.0, -55-132,55,132,1,132-1,,,55-223,100.0, -55-133,55,133,1,133-1,,,55-221,100.0, -55-134,55,134,1,134-1,,,55-227,100.0, -55-137,55,137,2,137-2,[t͡͡s] and [c] are free variant allophones of dental /t/ when followed by [i] or [j].,,55-237,100.0, -55-138,55,138,2,138-2,[d͡z] and [ɟ] are free variant allophones of /d/ when immediately followed by [i] or [j] (apart from a few exceptions!).,,55-238,100.0, -55-139,55,139,2,139-2,"Not an allophone of anything else although of limited, but increasing, distribution.",,55-240,100.0, -55-14-1,55,14,1,14-1,,,55-26,100.0,Very certain -55-140,55,140,2,140-2,"Not an allophone of anything else although of limited, but increasing, distribution.",,55-241,100.0, -55-143,55,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -55-144,55,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -55-145,55,145,2,145-2,[t͡͡s] and [c] are free variant allophones of dental /t/ when followed by [i] or [j].,,55-239,100.0, -55-146,55,146,2,146-2,[ɟ] and [d͡z] are free variant allophones of /d/ when immediately followed by [i] or [j].,,,100.0, -55-147,55,147,1,147-1,,,55-232,100.0, -55-148,55,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -55-149,55,149,1,149-1,,,55-233,100.0, -55-15-1,55,15,1,15-1,,,55-27,100.0,Very certain -55-151,55,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -55-152,55,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -55-153,55,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -55-155,55,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -55-156,55,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -55-158,55,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -55-159,55,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -55-16-3,55,16,3,16-3,,,55-28,100.0,Very certain -55-160,55,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -55-161,55,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -55-163,55,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -55-168,55,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -55-169,55,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -55-17-2,55,17,2,17-2,"The primary distinction between dependent pronouns and independent pronouns in Mauritian Creole is that independent pronouns are always stressed. In other words nu 'we' (unstressed) is dependent whereas nu (stressed) is independent. The same applies to all the personal pronouns. In addition, there are special dependent subject pronouns in the 1SG (mo, vs. object/independent pronoun mwa) and in the familiar 2SG (to, vs. object/independent pronoun twa).",,55-29 55-30,100.0,Very certain -55-170,55,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -55-171,55,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -55-172,55,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -55-173,55,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -55-174,55,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -55-176,55,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -55-178,55,178,1,178-1,,,55-224,100.0, -55-179,55,179,1,179-1,,,55-228,100.0, -55-18-2,55,18,2,18-2,,770[173],55-31 55-32,100.0,Very certain -55-180,55,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -55-181,55,181,2,181-2,This sound is of limited distribution and unstable except in word-final position.,,55-243,100.0, -55-182,55,182,2,182-2,"An allophone of /n/ when followed by a velar plosive. However, it also occurs with greater frequency in two other circumstances: (1) in a wide range of words of non-French origin, and (2) in words of French origin where there had been an across-the-board shift fron nasal vowel + /g/ to corresponding oral vowel + velar nasal.",,55-244,100.0, -55-183,55,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -55-184,55,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -55-187,55,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -55-188,55,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -55-189,55,189,1,189-1,,,55-225,100.0, +Value 3: I am certain of the value, but not of the frequency - it could even be less than 5%.",,54-204,5.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-5-0000FF-95-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +54-96-4,54,96,4,96-4,,236[379];230[150],54-207 54-208,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-96-3,54,96,3,96-3,,236[379];230[150],54-206,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +54-97-1,54,97,1,97-1,,,54-209,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +54-98-1,54,98,1,98-1,Both 'Think’ and 'Want' occur with complementizer k(e) but apparently more often without overt complementizer.,236[379],54-210 54-211 54-212 54-213,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +54-99-2,54,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +55-0-2,55,0,2,0-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +55-1-2,55,1,2,1-2,,76[102-105],55-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +55-10-1,55,10,1,10-1,,,55-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +55-100-4,55,100,4,100-4,,,55-183 55-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +55-101-1,55,101,1,101-1,,,55-184 55-185,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +55-102-1,55,102,1,102-1,,,55-186 55-187,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +55-103-7,55,103,7,103-7,,,55-189 55-190,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +55-103-2,55,103,2,103-2,,,55-188 55-191,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +55-104-5,55,104,5,104-5,,,55-196,11.1111111111111,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-12-FF0000-78-ADD8E6-12-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +55-104-4,55,104,4,104-4,,,55-192,77.7777777777778,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-12-FF0000-78-ADD8E6-12-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +55-104-1,55,104,1,104-1,,,55-193 55-194,11.1111111111111,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-12-FF0000-78-ADD8E6-12-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +55-105-3,55,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +55-106-2,55,106,2,106-2,,,55-199,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +55-107-2,55,107,2,107-2,The usage of the vocative marker -o is largely restricted to close friends and family members.,,55-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +55-108-4,55,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +55-109-2,55,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +55-11-2,55,11,2,11-2,,,55-20,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +55-11-3,55,11,3,11-3,,,55-19 55-21,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +55-110-2,55,110,2,110-2,,73,55-201,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-111-1,55,111,1,111-1,,,55-202,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +55-112-2,55,112,2,112-2,,,55-203 55-204,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +55-113-3,55,113,3,113-3,,,55-205 55-206,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +55-114-2,55,114,2,114-2,,73,55-207 55-208,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +55-115-2,55,115,2,115-2,,73,55-209 55-210,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +55-116-2,55,116,2,116-2,,73,55-211 55-212,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +55-117-2,55,117,2,117-2,,73,55-213,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +55-118-3,55,118,3,118-3,,73,55-214 55-215,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +55-119-2,55,119,2,119-2,,76[46],55-216 55-217,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +55-12-1,55,12,1,12-1,,,55-22 55-24,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +55-12-2,55,12,2,12-2,,,55-23,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +55-120-1,55,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +55-121-3,55,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +55-122-2,55,122,2,122-2,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +55-123-3,55,123,3,123-3,"Schwa occurs in three circumstances: (1) In a handful of high frequency words where standard French has this vowel but in which this was traditionally replaced by /i/ and/or /e/ in Mauritian Creole, but where the latter pronunciations have in recent years become stereotyped as indicative of lack of education. (2) In a small number of words recently adopted from English, e.g. [kəp] 'ice-cream cup', [rəgbi] 'rugby'. (3) As the second element in three centring diphthongs, treated here as separate segments.",,55-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +55-124-1,55,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +55-125-4,55,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-126-1,55,126,1,126-1,,,55-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +55-127-6,55,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-128-2,55,128,2,128-2,This sound is of limited distribution and unstable except in word-final position.,,55-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +55-129-2,55,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-13-1,55,13,1,13-1,,,55-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +55-130-3,55,130,3,130-3,"With the exception of Hindi (a prestige word for many Mauritians), [h] is rarely pronounced even in words recently adopted from English or Indic sources. However, [h] does now occur frequently as an allophone of /s/ in the word /sa/ 'that' (demonstrative), a development first noted only in the 1980s.",,55-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +55-131,55,131,1,131-1,,,55-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +55-132,55,132,1,132-1,,,55-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +55-133,55,133,1,133-1,,,55-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +55-134,55,134,1,134-1,,,55-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +55-137,55,137,2,137-2,[t͡͡s] and [c] are free variant allophones of dental /t/ when followed by [i] or [j].,,55-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +55-138,55,138,2,138-2,[d͡z] and [ɟ] are free variant allophones of /d/ when immediately followed by [i] or [j] (apart from a few exceptions!).,,55-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +55-139,55,139,2,139-2,"Not an allophone of anything else although of limited, but increasing, distribution.",,55-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +55-14-1,55,14,1,14-1,,,55-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +55-140,55,140,2,140-2,"Not an allophone of anything else although of limited, but increasing, distribution.",,55-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +55-143,55,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-144,55,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-145,55,145,2,145-2,[t͡͡s] and [c] are free variant allophones of dental /t/ when followed by [i] or [j].,,55-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +55-146,55,146,2,146-2,[ɟ] and [d͡z] are free variant allophones of /d/ when immediately followed by [i] or [j].,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +55-147,55,147,1,147-1,,,55-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +55-148,55,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-149,55,149,1,149-1,,,55-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +55-15-1,55,15,1,15-1,,,55-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +55-151,55,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-152,55,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-153,55,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-155,55,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-156,55,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-158,55,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-159,55,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-16-3,55,16,3,16-3,,,55-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +55-160,55,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-161,55,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-163,55,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-168,55,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-169,55,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-17-2,55,17,2,17-2,"The primary distinction between dependent pronouns and independent pronouns in Mauritian Creole is that independent pronouns are always stressed. In other words nu 'we' (unstressed) is dependent whereas nu (stressed) is independent. The same applies to all the personal pronouns. In addition, there are special dependent subject pronouns in the 1SG (mo, vs. object/independent pronoun mwa) and in the familiar 2SG (to, vs. object/independent pronoun twa).",,55-29 55-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +55-170,55,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-171,55,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-172,55,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-173,55,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-174,55,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-176,55,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-178,55,178,1,178-1,,,55-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +55-179,55,179,1,179-1,,,55-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +55-18-2,55,18,2,18-2,,770[173],55-31 55-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +55-180,55,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-181,55,181,2,181-2,This sound is of limited distribution and unstable except in word-final position.,,55-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +55-182,55,182,2,182-2,"An allophone of /n/ when followed by a velar plosive. However, it also occurs with greater frequency in two other circumstances: (1) in a wide range of words of non-French origin, and (2) in words of French origin where there had been an across-the-board shift fron nasal vowel + /g/ to corresponding oral vowel + velar nasal.",,55-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +55-183,55,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-184,55,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-187,55,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-188,55,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-189,55,189,1,189-1,,,55-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 55-19-4,55,19,4,19-4,"/ki/ means 'what' as well as 'who' but occurs in the latter role at least as often as /ki senla/ (< French qui + celle-la) and /ki dimun/ (< French qui + du monde) combined. Of the 'where' words, it is our impression that /kot/ is rather more frequent than /ki kote/ today. /kot/ is an abbreviation of /akot/ (still current but less frequent) from Fr. à cote de. /kote/ occurs only utterance finally, e.g. 'Where is his house' can be rendered as /ki kote so lakaz/, /kot so lakaz/ or /so lakaz kote/. /ki kote/ is often used to request more precise information, e.g. kot li reste? 'where does she live? - Por Lwi 'Port Louis' ki kote? 'whereabouts?' lari Madam 'rue Madame'. -Of the 'when' words, only kan (< French quand) can be used in all circumstances, /ki ler/ being limited to times of day (but being more frequent than French à quelle heure or English what time). For 'how' /ki manyer/ and /kuma/ (< French comment) occur with roughtly equal frequency.",,55-33 55-34 55-35 55-36,100.0,Intermediate -55-190,55,190,1,190-1,,,55-226,100.0, -55-191,55,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -55-192,55,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -55-193,55,193,1,193-1,,,55-229,100.0, -55-194,55,194,1,194-1,,,55-230,100.0, -55-195,55,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -55-196,55,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -55-199,55,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, +Of the 'when' words, only kan (< French quand) can be used in all circumstances, /ki ler/ being limited to times of day (but being more frequent than French à quelle heure or English what time). For 'how' /ki manyer/ and /kuma/ (< French comment) occur with roughtly equal frequency.",,55-33 55-34 55-35 55-36,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +55-190,55,190,1,190-1,,,55-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +55-191,55,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-192,55,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-193,55,193,1,193-1,,,55-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +55-194,55,194,1,194-1,,,55-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +55-195,55,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-196,55,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +55-199,55,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 55-2-1,55,2,1,2-1,"Mauritian Creole has both possessor-possessum and possessum-possessor order. The former is not attested until about 1880 and normally requires so 'his, her, its' or zot 'their' between the possessor and the possessum. These two structures can be and frequently are combined, e.g. lakaz Pol so frer [house Paul POSS brother] 'the house of Paul's brother'. Lakaz frer Pol is also possible here but where three or more nouns are involved, the mixed structure seems to be preferred (is probably felt to be easier to process). -Possessor first structures can also be used to avoid ambiguity, e.g. madam Pol can mean either 'Mrs Paul' (where Paul is the family surname) or 'Paul's wife' but Pol so madam can only have the latter meaning.",76[83-84],55-2 55-219 55-4,30.0,Very certain +Possessor first structures can also be used to avoid ambiguity, e.g. madam Pol can mean either 'Mrs Paul' (where Paul is the family surname) or 'Paul's wife' but Pol so madam can only have the latter meaning.",76[83-84],55-2 55-219 55-4,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 55-2-2,55,2,2,2-2,"Mauritian Creole has both possessor-possessum and possessum-possessor order. The former is not attested until about 1880 and normally requires so 'his, her, its' or zot 'their' between the possessor and the possessum. These two structures can be and frequently are combined, e.g. lakaz Pol so frer [house Paul POSS brother] 'the house of Paul's brother'. Lakaz frer Pol is also possible here but where three or more nouns are involved, the mixed structure seems to be preferred (is probably felt to be easier to process). -Possessor first structures can also be used to avoid ambiguity, e.g. madam Pol can mean either 'Mrs Paul' (where Paul is the family surname) or 'Paul's wife' but Pol so madam can only have the latter meaning.",76[83-84],55-3 55-5,70.0,Very certain -55-20-1,55,20,1,20-1,,,55-37 55-38,100.0,Very certain -55-200,55,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -55-201,55,201,1,201-1,,,55-234,100.0, -55-202,55,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -55-205,55,205,3,205-3,"With the exception of Hindi (a prestige word for many Mauritians), [h] is rarely pronounced even in words recently adopted from English or Indic sources. However, [h] does now occur frequently as an allophone of /s/ in the word /sa/ 'that' (demonstrative), a development first noted only in the 1980s.",,55-245,100.0, -55-209,55,209,1,209-1,,,55-231,100.0, -55-21-2,55,21,2,21-2,"Mauritian Creole has kik ~ kit as the reflex of French quelques (final consonant varies). A minority of speakers employ this independently to mean 'some', e.g. kit ~ kik manze 'some food'. Impressionistically most speakers use this only as the first element in kitfwa 'perhaps', kitsoz 'something' and kiken 'someone'. So we seem to be moving from generic-noun-based indefinites towards special indefinites but haven't quite got there yet.",,55-39 55-40,100.0,Certain -55-212,55,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -55-217,55,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -55-218,55,218,1,218-1,,,55-236,100.0, -55-22-4,55,22,4,22-4,,86,55-41 55-42,100.0,Certain -55-221,55,221,1,221-1,,,55-235,100.0, -55-23-7,55,23,7,23-7,,86,55-43,100.0,Very certain -55-231,55,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -55-24-1,55,24,1,24-1,,,55-44 55-45,100.0,Very certain -55-25-3,55,25,3,25-3,,,55-46 55-47,100.0,Very certain -55-252,55,252,1,252-1,,,55-246,100.0, -55-253,55,253,1,253-1,,,55-247,100.0, -55-254,55,254,2,254-2,"[ɛ] is an allophone of /e/, and almost as frequent as [e], these two being in complementary distribution in modern Mauritian Creole ([ɛ] in closed syllables, [e] in open syllables). [ɛ] is treated as the minor allophone on historical grounds in that 19th century texts frequently indicate [e] in both open and closed syllables.",,55-249,100.0, -55-255,55,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -55-256,55,256,1,256-1,,,55-251,100.0, -55-257,55,257,1,257-1,,,55-255,100.0, -55-258,55,258,1,258-1,,,55-256,100.0, -55-259,55,259,2,259-2,"This is actually a major allophone of [o]. There are no [o] vs. [ɔ] contrasts but, in general, [o] occurs in open syllables and [ɔ] in closed syllables.",,55-242,100.0, -55-26-5,55,26,5,26-5,,86[213],55-48 55-49,100.0,Very certain -55-260,55,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -55-261,55,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -55-263,55,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -55-267,55,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -55-268,55,268,3,268-3,"Schwa occurs in three circumstances: (1) In a handful of high frequency words where standard French has this vowel but in which this was traditionally replaced by /i/ and/or /e/ in Mauritian Creole, but where the latter pronunciations have in recent years become stereotyped as indicative of lack of education. (2) In a small number of words recently adopted from English, e.g. [kəp] 'ice-cream cup', [rəgbi] 'rugby'. (3) As the second element in three centring diphthongs, treated here as separate segments.",,55-259,100.0, -55-27-1,55,27,1,27-1,,,55-50,10.0,Intermediate -55-27-2,55,27,2,27-2,,,55-218,90.0,Certain -55-272,55,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -55-273,55,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -55-274,55,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -55-275,55,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -55-276,55,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -55-277,55,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -55-278,55,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -55-279,55,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -55-28-1,55,28,1,28-1,"We have a database of 100,000 words covering 1730 to 1930. Examining these data one can see that there has been a slow tendency for sa ... la to become the normal demonstrative and for postposed la to fulfil the function of definite article (sa without la is occasionally encountered as demonstrative.) But one still encounters many examples of postposed -la alone where definite and demonstrative interpretations of its role are equally possible. There are also 1,200,000 speakers of Mauritian Creole and they are all influenced by French and English to some extent. It is thus not possible to adopt a TRUE or FALSE position regarding Values 1 and 2. There is and has long been a strong tendency for sa ... la to be the demonstrative and for postposed unstressed la to gain acceptance as the definite article, but the process is not yet complete.",,55-51,100.0,Intermediate -55-280,55,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -55-281,55,281,1,281-1,Not an allophone but the realization of /or/ when followed by a consonant or word finally.,,55-258,100.0, -55-282,55,282,1,282-1,"Where this vowel occurs as the final element in the short form of a verb, it alternates with [aɣ] in the long form, e.g. bar [bɑː], bare [baɣe].",,55-252,100.0, -55-284,55,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -55-285,55,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -55-286,55,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -55-287,55,287,1,287-1,,,55-250,100.0, -55-288,55,288,1,288-1,,,55-261,100.0, -55-289,55,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -55-29-2,55,29,2,29-2,"Note that the distinction is based wholly on stress placement, as in French.",,55-52,100.0,Certain -55-290,55,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -55-291,55,291,1,291-1,,,55-260,100.0, -55-292,55,292,1,292-1,,,55-253,100.0, -55-3-2,55,3,2,3-2,,76[84-87];1552,55-7,70.0,Very certain -55-3-1,55,3,1,3-1,,76[84-87];1552,55-6,30.0,Very certain -55-30-2,55,30,2,30-2,,,55-53,100.0,Very certain -55-305,55,305,1,305-1,This centring diphthong only occurs preconsonantally and word-finally.,,55-248,100.0, -55-306,55,306,1,306-1,Not an allophone but the realization of the sequence /ir/ word-finally or when followed by a final consonant.,,55-254,100.0, -55-307,55,307,1,307-1,Not an allophone but the realization of the sequence /ur/ word-finally or when followed by a final consonant.,,55-257,100.0, -55-308-2,55,308,2,308-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -55-309-2,55,309,2,309-2,"According to an official census in 2000, ca. 80% of the respondents (1,178,848) claim that Creole is the / one of their ""home languages"" (Kriegel et al. 2008).",,,100.0,Certain -55-31-1,55,31,1,31-1,"If sa is regarded as the demonstrative and la as the definite article, then the two may cooccur (Value 1). But while there is, and has long been, a tendency for -la to become the definite article in opposition to sa ... la as a demonstrative, one still encounters examples of postposed -la alone where definite and demonstrative interpretations of its role are equally possible (zom la 'the man' or 'this/that man'). It would therefore also be possible to select Value 3 here.",,55-54 55-55,100.0,Certain -55-310-4,55,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -55-311-2,55,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Certain -55-312-3,55,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain -55-313-6,55,313,6,313-6,"According to an official census in 2000, ca. 80% of the respondents (1,178,848) claim that Creole is the / one of their ""home languages"" (Kriegel et al. 2008). We estimate that there are more than 1,000,000 speakers of Mauritian Creole.",,,100.0,Very certain -55-314-3,55,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -55-315-2,55,315,2,315-2,Its use in those media is increasing but still limited (see Kriegel et al. 2009).,,,100.0,Very certain -55-316-2,55,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0, -55-317-2,55,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -55-318-2,55,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -55-319-2,55,319,2,319-2,The language is used in editorials but predominantly in speaker's citations.,,,100.0,Intermediate -55-32-2,55,32,2,32-2,Mauritian has /sa/ as both pro and adnominal BUT it also has sanla/senla 'this/that one'. /sanla/~/senla/ derives historically from Fr. celle-là. The two variants result partly from a great deal of l ~ n variation (historical but continuing) combined with the reinterpretation of the first syllable as deriving from sa + indefinite article en.,,55-56 55-57,100.0,Certain -55-320-2,55,320,2,320-2,,852,,100.0,Very certain -55-321-1,55,321,1,321-1,,,,100.0,Certain -55-322-2,55,322,2,322-2,It is used by people who do not speak one of the dominant European languages (English and French).,,,100.0,Intermediate -55-323-2,55,323,2,323-2,"Three languages are used in parliament, English, Creole and French (here listed in decreasing order).",62,,100.0,Very certain -55-324-1,55,324,1,324-1,"In school, all languages have been permitted as auxiliary media of instruction since 1902.",852[166],,100.0,Certain -55-325-2,55,325,2,325-2,"For the use of Creole in SMS communication, see Yow Sin Cheung 2011 (MA thesis, University of Freiburg, Germany).",,,100.0,Certain -55-326-4,55,326,4,326-4,"Mauritian Creole is in contact with English, de facto the official language, and French, its lexifier, as well as with Bhojpuri, the main spoken language after Creole. Other languages of different language families are also spoken in Mauritius. Phenomena of code copying from French, English and Bhojpuri into Creole are very common (see Kriegel et al. 2008, Kriegel et al. 2009).",768;852,,100.0,Very certain -55-327-3,55,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -55-328-3,55,328,3,328-3,,,,100.0,Certain -55-329-3,55,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Certain -55-33-1,55,33,1,33-1,Mauritian Creole normally does not distinguish between this and that but it can and does occasionally distinguish between /sa lakaz isi la/ 'that house here' and /sa lakaz laba la/ 'that house over there'. So distance is distinguished when this is important.,,55-58,100.0,Very certain -55-330-2,55,330,2,330-2,The replacement of ty/dy by the affricates tch and dj or palatalized t and d before [i] are due to language contact with Bhojpuri. They cannot by associated with social or geopraphical variation. The differentiation between urban/rural seems to be more appropriate because Bhojpuri speakers tend to live in rural areas.,,,100.0, -55-331-2,55,331,2,331-2,"Some variation stems initially from Bhojpuri (more widely spoken in rural areas) but today, those phenomena are by no means limited to Bhojpuri speakers. An example is the use of depi instead of Ø for ablative marking (see Kriegel et al. 2008, Kriegel et al. 2009).",,,100.0, -55-332-3,55,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Certain -55-333-2,55,333,2,333-2,"People wanting to indicate that they are well educated replace traditional [i] for French schwa in the first syllable of certain high frequency words, e.g. dime (French: demain) 'tomorrow', dilo (French: de l'eau) 'water'.",,,100.0, -55-334-3,55,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0,Certain -55-335-2,55,335,2,335-2,"Social variation in the domain of the lexicon is very limited: some ""middle class"" creoles say maison to avoid using lakaz.",,,100.0,Certain -55-34-2,55,34,2,34-2,,307[173],55-59 55-60 55-61,100.0,Certain -55-35-6,55,35,6,35-6,,,55-62 55-64,50.0,Very certain -55-35-7,55,35,7,35-7,,,55-63 55-64,50.0,Very certain -55-36-1,55,36,1,36-1,,,55-65,100.0,Very certain -55-37-1,55,37,1,37-1,,,55-66 55-67,100.0,Very certain -55-38-4,55,38,4,38-4,Juxtaposition is strongly preferred where both possessor and possessed consist of a single noun but in all other circumstances indexing is at least as likely as juxtaposition.,76[82-84],55-69,70.0,Very certain -55-38-1,55,38,1,38-1,Juxtaposition is strongly preferred where both possessor and possessed consist of a single noun but in all other circumstances indexing is at least as likely as juxtaposition.,76[82-84],55-68,30.0,Very certain -55-39-2,55,39,2,39-2,See comments for Example 70.,,55-70 55-71,100.0,Very certain -55-4-2,55,4,2,4-2,,,55-100 55-11 55-8,100.0,Very certain -55-40-1,55,40,1,40-1,"There appears to be only one partial exception: a minority of speakers use /fol/ rather than /fu/ for 'mad' (Fr. fou, folle) with a female noun, e.g. /en fam fol/ 'a mad woman' but most people use only /fu/. Note also that in a few cases masculine and feminine forms of the same French adjective have contrasting meanings in Mauritian Creole, e.g. /du/ < Fr. doux means 'sweet (sugary)' whereas /dus/ lja 'she, he'; vie -> vje 'old'.",,57-188,100.0, -57-253,57,253,1,253-1,,,57-189,100.0, -57-254,57,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -57-255,57,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -57-256,57,256,1,256-1,,,57-190,100.0, -57-257,57,257,1,257-1,,,57-191,100.0, -57-258,57,258,1,258-1,,,57-192,100.0, -57-259,57,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -57-26-1,57,26,1,26-1,"Wawa ‘grandmother’ and nunu ‘grandfather’ are reduplicated forms which function as appellative. The non-appellative (base) forms are wa and nu, e.g. Wa Marise or Nu Roger.",,,100.0,Certain -57-260,57,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -57-261,57,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -57-263,57,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -57-267,57,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -57-268,57,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -57-27-2,57,27,2,27-2,,,57-34,100.0,Certain -57-272,57,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -57-273,57,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -57-274,57,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -57-275,57,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -57-276,57,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -57-277,57,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -57-278,57,278,1,278-1,,,57-193,100.0, -57-279,57,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -57-28-4,57,28,4,28-4,"The construction with -la has a function in between that of a demonstrative and that of a definite article, but it does not correspond to the APiCS definition of a definite article.",,57-35 57-6,100.0,Intermediate -57-280,57,280,1,280-1,,,57-194,100.0, -57-281,57,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -57-282,57,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -57-284,57,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -57-285,57,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -57-286,57,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -57-287,57,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -57-288,57,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -57-289,57,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, +'Whom did you see the other day?' (Ehrhart 1993: 197)",423[197],57-132 57-14 57-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-120-1,57,120,1,120-1,This feature has to be checked again by specialists in the field of tonal languages as the main substratum languages for the formation of Tayo had a tonal system.,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-121-2,57,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +57-122-4,57,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +57-123-4,57,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-124-1,57,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +57-125-3,57,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +57-126-4,57,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-127-6,57,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-128-1,57,128,1,128-1,,,57-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +57-129-1,57,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +57-13-1,57,13,1,13-1,,,57-10 57-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-130-4,57,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-131,57,131,1,131-1,,,57-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-132,57,132,4,132-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-133,57,133,1,133-1,,,57-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-134,57,134,4,134-4,/An exception to this is ude/vude '2DU' where /d/ is not prenasalized (Ehrhart 1993: 138).,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-137,57,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-138,57,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-139,57,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-14-2,57,14,2,14-2,The dual is still in use among older and traditional people. The system is becoming more and more bipartite between singular and plural.,,57-17 57-18 57-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-140,57,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-143,57,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-144,57,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-145,57,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-146,57,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-147,57,147,1,147-1,,,57-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-148,57,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-149,57,149,4,149-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-15-2,57,15,2,15-2,The inclusive/exclusive opposition can be made by adding phrases like ave twa [with 2SG] or sa twa [without 2SG].,,57-20 57-21,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-151,57,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-152,57,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-153,57,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-155,57,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-156,57,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-158,57,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-159,57,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-16-1,57,16,1,16-1,,423[135],57-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-160,57,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-161,57,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-163,57,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-168,57,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-169,57,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-17-2,57,17,2,17-2,,423[135-139],57-133 57-22 57-23,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-170,57,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-171,57,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-172,57,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-173,57,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-174,57,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-176,57,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-178,57,178,1,178-1,,,57-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-179,57,179,1,179-1,,,57-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-18-1,57,18,1,18-1,"There used to be a politeness form vunde for addressing tribal authorities or older people, but it is has gone out of use (Ehrhart 1993: 138).",,57-117 57-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-180,57,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-181,57,181,1,181-1,,,57-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-182,57,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-183,57,183,1,183-1,,,57-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-184,57,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-187,57,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-188,57,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-189,57,189,1,189-1,,,57-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-19-1,57,19,1,19-1,,423[197];423[198],57-15 57-24 57-25 57-26 57-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-190,57,190,1,190-1,,,57-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-191,57,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-192,57,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-193,57,193,1,193-1,,,57-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-194,57,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-195,57,195,1,195-1,,,57-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-196,57,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-199,57,199,3,199-3,/x/ is a peripheral phoneme that occurs in words borrowed from some Melanesian substrate languages.,,57-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +57-2-2,57,2,2,2-2,,423[221],57-122 57-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +57-20-1,57,20,1,20-1,,,57-28,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-200,57,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-201,57,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-202,57,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-205,57,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-209,57,209,1,209-1,,,57-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-21-2,57,21,2,21-2,,,57-29 57-30,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-212,57,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-217,57,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-218,57,218,1,218-1,,,57-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-22-6,57,22,6,22-6,"Usually the plural is expressed with tule/tle/te. There are certain cases where a plural morpheme is not required and the interpretation is still plural, e.g. if the plural is expressed through context: ma pu lja [hand PREP 3SG] 'his hand' vs. ma pu vusot [hand PREP 2PL] 'your (pl) hands' (Ehrhart 1993: 120).",,57-134 57-135 57-136 57-31,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-221,57,221,1,221-1,,,57-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-23-7,57,23,7,23-7,Plural is expressed by tule/tle/te.,,57-137 57-138 57-31,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-231,57,231,1,231-1,,,57-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-232,57,232,1,232-1,,,57-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-233,57,233,1,233-1,,,57-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-235,57,235,1,235-1,,,57-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-24-4,57,24,4,24-4,,423[224],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-25-3,57,25,3,25-3,,,57-32 57-33,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-252,57,252,1,252-1,"Its variants are [i] and [j] (in the case of a diphthong of the type /i/ + other vowel except in formal discourse): lia -> lja 'she, he'; vie -> vje 'old'.",,57-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-253,57,253,1,253-1,,,57-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-254,57,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-255,57,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-256,57,256,1,256-1,,,57-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-257,57,257,1,257-1,,,57-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-258,57,258,1,258-1,,,57-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-259,57,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-26-1,57,26,1,26-1,"Wawa ‘grandmother’ and nunu ‘grandfather’ are reduplicated forms which function as appellative. The non-appellative (base) forms are wa and nu, e.g. Wa Marise or Nu Roger.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-260,57,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-261,57,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-263,57,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-267,57,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-268,57,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-27-2,57,27,2,27-2,,,57-34,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-272,57,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-273,57,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-274,57,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-275,57,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-276,57,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-277,57,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-278,57,278,1,278-1,,,57-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-279,57,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-28-4,57,28,4,28-4,"The construction with -la has a function in between that of a demonstrative and that of a definite article, but it does not correspond to the APiCS definition of a definite article.",,57-35 57-6,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-280,57,280,1,280-1,,,57-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +57-281,57,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-282,57,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-284,57,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-285,57,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-286,57,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-287,57,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-288,57,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-289,57,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 57-29-2,57,29,2,29-2,"It is possible to omit the indefinite article: na loto pu mwa [have car for me] 'I have one car.' -I am not sure whether the variation is idiolectal or whether there is a slight change of meaning, with the variation with a closer to the numeral sense.",423,57-11 57-36,100.0,Very certain -57-290,57,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -57-291,57,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -57-3-1,57,3,1,3-1,"Attributive adjectives occur only in a few cases. Mostly, adjectives are postmodified by relative clauses: ma vwa kas sa le ŋgra [1SG see house REL SI big] 'I see a big house.' A few other adjectives (mostly qualifying adjectives) can follow the noun directly. However, there is also a set of adjectives such as gra 'big, long', peti 'small' or vje 'old' that occur prenominally.",,57-3,70.0,Certain -57-3-2,57,3,2,3-2,"Attributive adjectives occur only in a few cases. Mostly, adjectives are postmodified by relative clauses: ma vwa kas sa le ŋgra [1SG see house REL SI big] 'I see a big house.' A few other adjectives (mostly qualifying adjectives) can follow the noun directly. However, there is also a set of adjectives such as gra 'big, long', peti 'small' or vje 'old' that occur prenominally.",,57-1 57-123 57-124,30.0,Certain -57-30-6,57,30,6,30-6,,,57-32,100.0,Very certain -57-308-2,57,308,2,308-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -57-309-1,57,309,1,309-1,Every speaker in the community is a native speaker of Tayo.,,,100.0,Very certain +I am not sure whether the variation is idiolectal or whether there is a slight change of meaning, with the variation with a closer to the numeral sense.",423,57-11 57-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +57-290,57,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-291,57,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-3-1,57,3,1,3-1,"Attributive adjectives occur only in a few cases. Mostly, adjectives are postmodified by relative clauses: ma vwa kas sa le ŋgra [1SG see house REL SI big] 'I see a big house.' A few other adjectives (mostly qualifying adjectives) can follow the noun directly. However, there is also a set of adjectives such as gra 'big, long', peti 'small' or vje 'old' that occur prenominally.",,57-3,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-3-2,57,3,2,3-2,"Attributive adjectives occur only in a few cases. Mostly, adjectives are postmodified by relative clauses: ma vwa kas sa le ŋgra [1SG see house REL SI big] 'I see a big house.' A few other adjectives (mostly qualifying adjectives) can follow the noun directly. However, there is also a set of adjectives such as gra 'big, long', peti 'small' or vje 'old' that occur prenominally.",,57-1 57-123 57-124,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-30-6,57,30,6,30-6,,,57-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart; Own knowledge +57-308-2,57,308,2,308-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-309-1,57,309,1,309-1,Every speaker in the community is a native speaker of Tayo.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart 57-31-4,57,31,4,31-4,"In Ehrhart (1993), -la and tule are considered to be definite articles, so that Value 3 could here be chosen. Hoever, given the APiCS definition, there is no word in Tayo fulfilling the functions of a definite article, because neither -la nor tule have an associative function. -See also comment to Feature 33 ""Distance contrasts in demonstratives"".",,,100.0,Intermediate -57-310-4,57,310,4,310-4,"In the neighbouring regions of the New Caledonian South, contact varieties based on spoken French and Melanesian/Polynesian languages are emerging, e.g. faux français de Yaté, le parler de Païta etc. It is still open to discussion whether there is a genealogical link between Tayo and these contact varieties.",,,100.0,Very certain -57-311-2,57,311,2,311-2,"The community is continually growing due to the acquisition of new adult speakers. The village apparently offers an attractive mixture of tribal life with good connections to the capital Nouméa, which is only 10 minutes by car.",,,100.0,Very certain -57-312-3,57,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -57-313-3,57,313,3,313-3,,,,100.0,Certain -57-314-3,57,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain -57-315-3,57,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Certain -57-316-3,57,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Certain -57-317-2,57,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Certain -57-318-3,57,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0,Certain -57-319-3,57,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain -57-32-2,57,32,2,32-2,,,57-37 57-6,100.0,Certain -57-320-3,57,320,3,320-3,,423,,100.0,Certain -57-321-2,57,321,2,321-2,Tayo is not used outside the tribe. Within the tribe it is used for ceremonial occasions.,,,100.0,Certain -57-322-3,57,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Certain -57-323-3,57,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain -57-324-2,57,324,2,324-2,"The language is not officially used. It is used by the public of Saint Louis preschool and primary school, college Thabor and some of the surrounding schools, and in oral exchanges between pupils/students.",,,100.0,Certain -57-325-3,57,325,3,325-3,"Tayo might be used for writing SMS, but here information is lacking.",,,100.0, -57-326-1,57,326,1,326-1,"Tayo is mainly in contact with French and Southern New Caledonian Melanesian languages, most importantly with Nraa Dumbea.",,,100.0,Certain -57-327-4,57,327,4,327-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -57-328-4,57,328,4,328-4,There is no geographic variation because the size of the tribal land is too small.,,,100.0,Very certain -57-329-4,57,329,4,329-4,There is no geographic variation because the size of the tribal land is too small.,,,100.0,Very certain -57-33-1,57,33,1,33-1,"Please consider that in the description of Ehrhart (1993) the transition between the definite article and the demonstrative is seen as a continuum. See also Feature 31 ""Cooccurrence of demonstrative and definite article"".",,57-6,100.0,Certain +See also comment to Feature 33 ""Distance contrasts in demonstratives"".",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-310-4,57,310,4,310-4,"In the neighbouring regions of the New Caledonian South, contact varieties based on spoken French and Melanesian/Polynesian languages are emerging, e.g. faux français de Yaté, le parler de Païta etc. It is still open to discussion whether there is a genealogical link between Tayo and these contact varieties.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-311-2,57,311,2,311-2,"The community is continually growing due to the acquisition of new adult speakers. The village apparently offers an attractive mixture of tribal life with good connections to the capital Nouméa, which is only 10 minutes by car.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-312-3,57,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-313-3,57,313,3,313-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-314-3,57,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-315-3,57,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-316-3,57,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-317-2,57,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-318-3,57,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-319-3,57,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-32-2,57,32,2,32-2,,,57-37 57-6,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-320-3,57,320,3,320-3,,423,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-321-2,57,321,2,321-2,Tayo is not used outside the tribe. Within the tribe it is used for ceremonial occasions.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-322-3,57,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-323-3,57,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-324-2,57,324,2,324-2,"The language is not officially used. It is used by the public of Saint Louis preschool and primary school, college Thabor and some of the surrounding schools, and in oral exchanges between pupils/students.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-325-3,57,325,3,325-3,"Tayo might be used for writing SMS, but here information is lacking.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-326-1,57,326,1,326-1,"Tayo is mainly in contact with French and Southern New Caledonian Melanesian languages, most importantly with Nraa Dumbea.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-327-4,57,327,4,327-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-328-4,57,328,4,328-4,There is no geographic variation because the size of the tribal land is too small.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-329-4,57,329,4,329-4,There is no geographic variation because the size of the tribal land is too small.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-33-1,57,33,1,33-1,"Please consider that in the description of Ehrhart (1993) the transition between the definite article and the demonstrative is seen as a continuum. See also Feature 31 ""Cooccurrence of demonstrative and definite article"".",,57-6,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart 57-330-2,57,330,2,330-2,"Saint-Louis is situated in the transitional area between Nouméa and the rural South. -There are some variations at the individual level between people staying in the tribe and its more rural southern surroundings (with a creole closer to the core versions) and those going frequently in the direction of the town. In fact, in the tribe, a koiné between the two tendencies is developing.",,,100.0,Certain +There are some variations at the individual level between people staying in the tribe and its more rural southern surroundings (with a creole closer to the core versions) and those going frequently in the direction of the town. In fact, in the tribe, a koiné between the two tendencies is developing.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart 57-331-2,57,331,2,331-2,"Saint-Louis is situated in the transitional area between Nouméa and the rural South. -There are some variations at the individual level between people staying in the tribe and its more rural southern surroundings (with a creole closer to the core versions) and those going frequently in the direction of the town. In fact, in the tribe, a koiné between the two tendencies is developing.",,,100.0,Certain +There are some variations at the individual level between people staying in the tribe and its more rural southern surroundings (with a creole closer to the core versions) and those going frequently in the direction of the town. In fact, in the tribe, a koiné between the two tendencies is developing.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart 57-332-2,57,332,2,332-2,"Saint-Louis is situated in the transitional area between Nouméa and the rural South. -There are some variations at the individual level between people staying in the tribe and its more rural southern surroundings (with a creole closer to the core versions) and those going frequently in the direction of the town. In fact, in the tribe, a koiné between the two tendencies is developing.",,,100.0,Certain -57-333-3,57,333,3,333-3,"There is no social variation. There is some variation depending on the job situation, which requires some people to go to town and others to work in the tribal surroundings.",,,100.0,Certain -57-334-3,57,334,3,334-3,"There is no social variation. There is some variation depending on the job situation, which requires some people to go to town and others to work in the tribal surroundings.",,,100.0,Certain -57-335-3,57,335,3,335-3,"There is no social variation. There is some variation depending on the job situation, which requires some people to go to town and others to work in the tribal surroundings.",,,100.0,Certain -57-34-1,57,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain -57-35-1,57,35,1,35-1,"We are not aware of any contexts for ordinal numbers, except for strongly decreolized contexts.",423,,100.0,Very certain -57-36-1,57,36,1,36-1,,,57-7,100.0,Very certain +There are some variations at the individual level between people staying in the tribe and its more rural southern surroundings (with a creole closer to the core versions) and those going frequently in the direction of the town. In fact, in the tribe, a koiné between the two tendencies is developing.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-333-3,57,333,3,333-3,"There is no social variation. There is some variation depending on the job situation, which requires some people to go to town and others to work in the tribal surroundings.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-334-3,57,334,3,334-3,"There is no social variation. There is some variation depending on the job situation, which requires some people to go to town and others to work in the tribal surroundings.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-335-3,57,335,3,335-3,"There is no social variation. There is some variation depending on the job situation, which requires some people to go to town and others to work in the tribal surroundings.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-34-1,57,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-35-1,57,35,1,35-1,"We are not aware of any contexts for ordinal numbers, except for strongly decreolized contexts.",423,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +57-36-1,57,36,1,36-1,,,57-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart 57-37-6,57,37,6,37-6,"Pumwa can be reduced to -pmwa, which could then be considered as a suffix. (No other element can be interposed.)",1453,57-139 57-140,100.0,Very certain -57-38-2,57,38,2,38-2,,423,57-122 57-2,100.0,Very certain -57-39-1,57,39,1,39-1,,423,57-38 57-39,100.0,Intermediate -57-4-2,57,4,2,4-2,"Depending on the context, there are constructions without adpositions (or zero-marked adpositions, e.g. nu ale Mont-Dore 'We go to the Mont-Dore mountain.')",,57-4 57-5,100.0,Certain -57-40-1,57,40,1,40-1,,423,57-1,100.0,Intermediate -57-41-2,57,41,2,41-2,Examples of Value 2 are highly contextualized. No comparison is needed because the environment is so well known by all participants. The construction with pli is more frequent in varieties that are closer to decreolized contexts.,,57-41,70.0,Intermediate -57-41-1,57,41,1,41-1,Examples of Value 2 are highly contextualized. No comparison is needed because the environment is so well known by all participants. The construction with pli is more frequent in varieties that are closer to decreolized contexts.,,57-40 57-42,30.0,Intermediate -57-42-2,57,42,2,42-2,,,57-40 57-42,50.0,Unspecified -57-42-4,57,42,4,42-4,,,57-41,50.0,Intermediate -57-43-3,57,43,3,43-3,The negator can intervene between the future marker va and the verb.,,57-170,50.0,Unspecified -57-43-1,57,43,1,43-1,The negator can intervene between the future marker va and the verb.,,57-141 57-142 57-143,50.0,Very certain -57-44-8,57,44,8,44-8,"In the rare cases where tense and aspect markers cooccur, the tense marker precedes the aspect marker: ... nu a fini labure ... [... 1PL FUT COMPL work ...] '... we will have finished working ...' (Corne 1999: 41)",422,,100.0,Certain -57-45-6,57,45,6,45-6,The past marker ete is only used in decreolized contexts.,,,100.0,Intermediate -57-46-2,57,46,2,46-2,,423,57-145 57-146 57-43,100.0,Certain -57-47-2,57,47,2,47-2,,423,57-145 57-43,100.0,Intermediate +pmwa, which could then be considered as a suffix. (No other element can be interposed.)",1453,57-139 57-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-38-2,57,38,2,38-2,,423,57-122 57-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +57-39-1,57,39,1,39-1,,423,57-38 57-39,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +57-4-2,57,4,2,4-2,"Depending on the context, there are constructions without adpositions (or zero-marked adpositions, e.g. nu ale Mont-Dore 'We go to the Mont-Dore mountain.')",,57-4 57-5,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-40-1,57,40,1,40-1,,423,57-1,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-41-2,57,41,2,41-2,Examples of Value 2 are highly contextualized. No comparison is needed because the environment is so well known by all participants. The construction with pli is more frequent in varieties that are closer to decreolized contexts.,,57-41,70.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-41-1,57,41,1,41-1,Examples of Value 2 are highly contextualized. No comparison is needed because the environment is so well known by all participants. The construction with pli is more frequent in varieties that are closer to decreolized contexts.,,57-40 57-42,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-42-2,57,42,2,42-2,,,57-40 57-42,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-42-4,57,42,4,42-4,,,57-41,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-000000.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-43-3,57,43,3,43-3,The negator can intervene between the future marker va and the verb.,,57-170,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-43-1,57,43,1,43-1,The negator can intervene between the future marker va and the verb.,,57-141 57-142 57-143,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-44-8,57,44,8,44-8,"In the rare cases where tense and aspect markers cooccur, the tense marker precedes the aspect marker: ... nu a fini labure ... [... 1PL FUT COMPL work ...] '... we will have finished working ...' (Corne 1999: 41)",422,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-45-6,57,45,6,45-6,The past marker ete is only used in decreolized contexts.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-46-2,57,46,2,46-2,,423,57-145 57-146 57-43,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +57-47-2,57,47,2,47-2,,423,57-145 57-43,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 57-48-1,57,48,1,48-1,"It is not always easy to distinguish TAM markers from adverbs; both immediately precede the verb, as in le tchu vja [3SG always come] -'He always comes.' OR: 'He has the habit of coming.'",,,100.0,Uncertain -57-49-4,57,49,4,49-4,,,57-44 57-45,100.0,Certain +'He always comes.' OR: 'He has the habit of coming.'",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-49-4,57,49,4,49-4,,,57-44 57-45,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart 57-5-2,57,5,2,5-2,"The construction with -la does not only function as a demonstrative, but its functions lie in between those of a demonstrative and those of a definite article. -It not only follows nouns but can also be postposed to other word classes, such as adverbial constructions: wala, kom sa-la 'voilà, like this' (Ehrhart 1993: 123).",,57-125 57-126 57-6,100.0,Certain -57-51-8,57,51,8,51-8,,1453,,100.0, -57-52-1,57,52,1,52-1,,,57-171,100.0,Certain -57-53-3,57,53,3,53-3,,423,,100.0,Certain -57-54-7,57,54,7,54-7,Stem suppletion only occurs in decreolized varieties.,423,57-14 57-3,100.0,Certain -57-55-2,57,55,2,55-2,,423[241];423[248],57-51 57-52,100.0,Very certain -57-56-1,57,56,1,56-1,,,57-46 57-53 57-54 57-55 57-56,100.0,Certain -57-57-1,57,57,1,57-1,,423[190],57-46,100.0,Certain -57-58-1,57,58,1,58-1,,,57-57 57-58,100.0,Very certain -57-59-1,57,59,1,59-1,,,57-59 57-60,100.0,Certain -57-6-1,57,6,1,6-1,,,57-127 57-7,100.0,Very certain -57-60-1,57,60,1,60-1,,423[224];423[250],57-118 57-61 57-62,100.0,Certain -57-61-2,57,61,2,61-2,,423[250];423[224],57-61 57-62,100.0,Certain -57-62-1,57,62,1,62-1,,423[236];423[161];423[224];423[227],57-147 57-148 57-63,100.0,Intermediate -57-63-3,57,63,3,63-3,"Speakers of Tayo tend to express the idea in a more personalized way, e.g. ma pase 'I think'.",,,100.0,Intermediate -57-64-2,57,64,2,64-2,,423[173],57-64 57-65,100.0,Certain -57-65-1,57,65,1,65-1,,,57-67,50.0,Intermediate -57-65-6,57,65,6,65-6,,,57-66,50.0,Intermediate +It not only follows nouns but can also be postposed to other word classes, such as adverbial constructions: wala, kom sa-la 'voilà, like this' (Ehrhart 1993: 123).",,57-125 57-126 57-6,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-51-8,57,51,8,51-8,,1453,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-52-1,57,52,1,52-1,,,57-171,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-53-3,57,53,3,53-3,,423,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +57-54-7,57,54,7,54-7,Stem suppletion only occurs in decreolized varieties.,423,57-14 57-3,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +57-55-2,57,55,2,55-2,,423[241];423[248],57-51 57-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +57-56-1,57,56,1,56-1,,,57-46 57-53 57-54 57-55 57-56,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-57-1,57,57,1,57-1,,423[190],57-46,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-58-1,57,58,1,58-1,,,57-57 57-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-59-1,57,59,1,59-1,,,57-59 57-60,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-6-1,57,6,1,6-1,,,57-127 57-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-60-1,57,60,1,60-1,,423[224];423[250],57-118 57-61 57-62,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +57-61-2,57,61,2,61-2,,423[250];423[224],57-61 57-62,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +57-62-1,57,62,1,62-1,,423[236];423[161];423[224];423[227],57-147 57-148 57-63,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-63-3,57,63,3,63-3,"Speakers of Tayo tend to express the idea in a more personalized way, e.g. ma pase 'I think'.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-64-2,57,64,2,64-2,,423[173],57-64 57-65,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +57-65-1,57,65,1,65-1,,,57-67,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-964B00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-65-6,57,65,6,65-6,,,57-66,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-964B00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart 57-66-3,57,66,3,66-3,"The subject is postposed. Where required the focused subject can be preposed: tet pu lja le malad [head PREP 3SG SI ill] -‘It's his head that hurts‘ (and not his foot).",,57-68,100.0,Intermediate +‘It's his head that hurts‘ (and not his foot).",,57-68,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart 57-67-6,57,67,6,67-6,"The most frequent construction is the one with the subject in the postverbal position: le bon banan (pu mwa) [SI good banana (PREP 1SG] @@ -16768,1033 +16768,1033 @@ le bon banan (pu mwa) In some cases, the experiencer can be the subject (more decreolized contexts): ma eme litchi [1SG love litchi] -'I like litchis.'",,57-69,100.0,Intermediate -57-68-1,57,68,1,68-1,,423[243],57-70 57-71,100.0,Certain -57-69-1,57,69,1,69-1,,423[140],57-23 57-72,100.0,Certain -57-7-1,57,7,1,7-1,The relative clause always follows the noun. The construction uses either the Ø-marker or the relative particle sa. In decreolized varieties ke can be used.,423[153];423[154],57-128 57-8 57-9,100.0,Certain -57-70-1,57,70,1,70-1,,423[224],57-73 57-74,100.0,Certain -57-71-2,57,71,2,71-2,,423[224];423[205],57-75 57-76,100.0,Certain +'I like litchis.'",,57-69,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-68-1,57,68,1,68-1,,423[243],57-70 57-71,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-69-1,57,69,1,69-1,,423[140],57-23 57-72,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-7-1,57,7,1,7-1,The relative clause always follows the noun. The construction uses either the Ø-marker or the relative particle sa. In decreolized varieties ke can be used.,423[153];423[154],57-128 57-8 57-9,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +57-70-1,57,70,1,70-1,,423[224],57-73 57-74,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-71-2,57,71,2,71-2,,423[224];423[205],57-75 57-76,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 57-72-1,57,72,1,72-1,"E pi, which can be shortened to pi in fast speech, is used for both nominal and verbal conjunction. It can also be used to express 'neither ... nor...': na pa ta kusa e pi kusin? [EXIST NEG 2SG male.cousin CONJ female.cousin] -'You have neither a male nor a female cousin?' (Ehrhart 1993: 205)",423[205],57-149 57-150 57-75 57-77,100.0,Very certain -57-73-2,57,73,2,73-2,"The subject index (SI) le occurs in this environment, which according to the APiCS definition is not regarded as a copula because it is also obligatory in verbal clauses.",,57-78,100.0,Certain -57-74-2,57,74,2,74-2,"le is the subject index (SI), and it also occurs with verbs, e.g. tule ʃja le amboje [PL dog SI bark] 'The dogs are barking. / Dogs bark.' and can therefore not be considered a copula.",,57-151 57-152 57-41,100.0,Certain -57-75-1,57,75,1,75-1,,,57-79 57-80,100.0,Certain -57-76-2,57,76,2,76-2,Predicative locative phrases require a copula whereas predicative noun phrases cannot have a copula. The verb reste 'to stay' is considered a copula in these contexts.,,57-78 57-79,100.0,Very certain -57-77-3,57,77,3,77-3,,423[173],57-153 57-154 57-81,100.0,Certain -57-78-5,57,78,5,78-5,,,57-154 57-5 57-81,100.0,Certain -57-79-1,57,79,1,79-1,,,57-84,100.0,Very certain -57-8-1,57,8,1,8-1,,,57-10 57-129 57-130,100.0,Very certain -57-80-2,57,80,2,80-2,,,57-85,100.0,Intermediate -57-81-2,57,81,2,81-2,"""Motion-to"" is not marked, whereas ""motion-from"" is marked with the preposition de 'from'.",,57-155 57-156 57-82 57-83,100.0,Very certain -57-82-2,57,82,2,82-2,,,57-86 57-87 57-88,100.0,Intermediate -57-83-2,57,83,2,83-2,,,57-89 57-90,100.0,Intermediate -57-84-3,57,84,3,84-3,Sabine Ehrhart's data do not allow us to determine whether this function really exists.,,,100.0,Intermediate -57-85-1,57,85,1,85-1,These structures may exist in spoken interaction.,,,100.0,Intermediate -57-86-5,57,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Certain -57-87-1,57,87,1,87-1,,423[140],57-91,100.0,Certain -57-88-5,57,88,5,88-5,"According to Sabine Ehrhart's corpus of Tayo, the intensifier is not part of the core system of the language and therefore we do not have an example.",,57-91,100.0, -57-89-2,57,89,2,89-2,,,57-168 57-169,100.0,Intermediate -57-9-4,57,9,4,9-4,,423[154],,100.0,Certain -57-90-2,57,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Certain -57-91-8,57,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -57-92-3,57,92,3,92-3,,,57-121 57-93,100.0,Certain -57-93-2,57,93,2,93-2,,423[213],57-157 57-94,100.0,Certain -57-95-3,57,95,3,95-3,,,57-158 57-95,100.0,Certain -57-96-3,57,96,3,96-3,,,57-159 57-96,100.0,Certain -57-97-1,57,97,1,97-1,,,57-160 57-97,100.0,Very certain -57-98-1,57,98,1,98-1,Both complements of 'think' and 'want' are introduced with the same complementizer ke.,,57-98 57-99,100.0,Very certain -57-99-2,57,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -58-0-6,58,0,6,0-6,,,,100.0, -58-1-2,58,1,2,1-2,,,58-1 58-2 58-45,100.0,Very certain -58-10-4,58,10,4,10-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -58-100-4,58,100,4,100-4,,,58-123 58-124 58-79,100.0,Very certain -58-101-3,58,101,3,101-3,The negative marker typically occurs in sentence-final position.,,58-125 58-79,100.0,Certain -58-102-1,58,102,1,102-1,,,58-125 58-126 58-127,100.0,Unspecified -58-103-1,58,103,1,103-1,,,58-128,100.0,Unspecified -58-104-3,58,104,3,104-3,,,58-129,100.0,Very certain -58-105-1,58,105,1,105-1,"The clefted verb is in the infinitive, thus in a nominal form.",,58-130,100.0,Very certain -58-106-1,58,106,1,106-1,,,58-133,50.0,Very certain -58-106-2,58,106,2,106-2,,,58-131 58-132,50.0,Very certain -58-107-7,58,107,7,107-7,There is no vocative morpheme. Kinship terms and professional titles are often also used alone as address terms.,,,100.0,Certain -58-108-2,58,108,2,108-2,"Clicks are not significant in Kikongo-Kituba, although there is a practice of sucking teeth for displeasure. However, it is not clear whether sucking teeth falls in the category of clicks.",,,100.0,Unspecified -58-109-2,58,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -58-11-3,58,11,3,11-3,,,58-13 58-14,100.0,Very certain -58-110-2,58,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -58-111-1,58,111,1,111-1,,,58-134,100.0,Very certain -58-112-1,58,112,1,112-1,,,58-135,100.0,Very certain -58-113-4,58,113,4,113-4,,,58-136,100.0,Very certain -58-114-2,58,114,2,114-2,,,58-137 58-138,100.0,Very certain -58-115-1,58,115,1,115-1,The basic meaning of wa is 'perceive'.,,58-139 58-140 58-141 58-159,100.0,Certain -58-116-5,58,116,5,116-5,"First, the terms are not any more adjective than those discussed earlier. For 'green' a comparison is made to the colour of cassava leaves. Even the word 'colour' is borrowed from French in the construction. For 'blue', the word bule (< FR bleu) is used. It is the same word that is used for a blue dye sold during the colonial period to dye police uniforms after washing them. The basic colour terms are mpembe 'white', ndombe 'black', and mbwaki 'red'. They are all used with the connective ya when modifying a head noun.",,58-142 58-143,100.0,Very certain -58-117-2,58,117,2,117-2,The sex-denoting word is located in a connectival ('of') phrase.,,58-144 58-145,100.0, -58-118-1,58,118,1,118-1,,,58-146 58-147 58-148 58-149,100.0,Very certain -58-119-1,58,119,1,119-1,,,58-150,100.0,Very certain -58-12-2,58,12,2,12-2,Wh-phrases occur in situ.,,58-15 58-16,100.0,Very certain -58-120-3,58,120,3,120-3,"The dominant pattern is a high tone (called ""accent"") on the penultimate syllable. However, there are also many words with different H-L tone combinations.",,58-151 58-152 58-153 58-154 58-155,100.0,Very certain -58-121-2,58,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -58-122-4,58,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -58-123-4,58,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -58-124-1,58,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -58-125-4,58,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -58-126-1,58,126,1,126-1,,,58-170,100.0, -58-127-6,58,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -58-128-4,58,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -58-129-2,58,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -58-13-4,58,13,4,13-4,The gender distinction is a class distinction between humans and non-humans. Plural marking only applies to human referents; there is no plural marker for non-human referents.,,58-17 58-18 58-19,100.0,Very certain -58-130-4,58,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -58-131,58,131,1,131-1,,,58-161,100.0, -58-132,58,132,1,132-1,,,58-163,100.0, -58-133,58,133,1,133-1,,,58-164,100.0, -58-134,58,134,1,134-1,,,58-165,100.0, -58-137,58,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -58-138,58,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -58-139,58,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -58-14-1,58,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -58-140,58,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -58-143,58,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -58-144,58,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -58-145,58,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -58-146,58,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -58-147,58,147,1,147-1,,,58-162,100.0, -58-148,58,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -58-149,58,149,1,149-1,The voiced velar stop /g/ typically occurs in combination with a nasal.,,58-166,100.0, -58-15-1,58,15,1,15-1,Kituba does not have the inclusive/exclusive distinction.,,58-98,100.0,Very certain -58-151,58,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -58-152,58,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -58-153,58,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -58-155,58,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -58-156,58,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -58-158,58,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -58-159,58,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -58-16-1,58,16,1,16-1,,,58-156,100.0,Unspecified -58-160,58,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -58-161,58,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -58-163,58,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -58-168,58,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -58-169,58,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -58-17-1,58,17,1,17-1,,,58-109 58-13 58-20 58-24 58-78,100.0,Very certain -58-170,58,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -58-171,58,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -58-172,58,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -58-173,58,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -58-174,58,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -58-176,58,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -58-178,58,178,1,178-1,,,58-171,100.0, -58-179,58,179,1,179-1,,,58-172,100.0, -58-18-1,58,18,1,18-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -58-180,58,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -58-181,58,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -58-182,58,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0, -58-183,58,183,1,183-1,,,58-173,100.0, -58-184,58,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -58-187,58,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -58-188,58,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -58-189,58,189,1,189-1,"Also spelled fioti. This is the typical spelling I know. I may have used the other one as a phonetic notation, using for /j/.",,58-167,100.0, -58-19-1,58,19,1,19-1,,,58-15 58-16 58-21 58-22,100.0,Unspecified -58-190,58,190,1,190-1,,,58-168,100.0, -58-191,58,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -58-192,58,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -58-193,58,193,1,193-1,,,58-169,100.0, -58-194,58,194,1,194-1,,,58-170,100.0, -58-195,58,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -58-196,58,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -58-199,58,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -58-2-2,58,2,2,2-2,A connective ya or na occurs between the possessum and the possessor.,,58-3 58-4 58-7,100.0,Very certain -58-20-1,58,20,1,20-1,Comitative constructions in which the comitative phrase occurs postverbally are preferred.,,58-23 58-24,100.0,Very certain -58-200,58,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -58-201,58,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -58-202,58,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -58-205,58,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -58-209,58,209,1,209-1,,,58-174,100.0, -58-21-2,58,21,2,21-2,"The nominal indefinite pronouns 'somebody' and 'something' are usually expressed with the plural form of the words for 'person', 'animal', or 'thing'. The singular is also possible with conditional.",,58-114,100.0,Very certain -58-212,58,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -58-217,58,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -58-218,58,218,1,218-1, is used for /j/ in orthography.,,58-175,100.0, -58-22-6,58,22,6,22-6,Count nouns are marked for plural and many mass nouns have a formal plural prefix.,,58-25 58-26 58-27 58-28 58-29,100.0,Very certain -58-221,58,221,1,221-1,,,58-176,100.0, -58-23-2,58,23,2,23-2,,,58-25 58-26 58-27 58-28 58-29,100.0,Very certain -58-231,58,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -58-24-1,58,24,1,24-1,Associative plural is the same regular plural marker. It is identified as such when used with proper names.,,58-30 58-31,100.0,Very certain -58-25-1,58,25,1,25-1,The plural pronoun is bo for animates and yo for inanimates. The latter is the same for singular and plural. The singular for bo is yandi.,,58-19 58-28,100.0,Very certain -58-252,58,252,1,252-1,,,58-177,100.0, -58-253,58,253,1,253-1,,,58-178,100.0, -58-254,58,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -58-255,58,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -58-256,58,256,1,256-1,,,58-179,100.0, -58-257,58,257,1,257-1,,,58-180,100.0, -58-258,58,258,1,258-1,,,58-181,100.0, -58-259,58,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -58-26-2,58,26,2,26-2,"Literally, the reduplication here suggests repetition, although polo is not found alone as a word. It's somewhat iconic to me. Example 35 is definitely not an iconic reduplication.",,58-32 58-33 58-34 58-35,100.0,Very certain -58-260,58,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -58-261,58,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -58-263,58,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -58-267,58,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -58-268,58,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -58-27-2,58,27,2,27-2,,,58-36 58-37,100.0,Very certain -58-272,58,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -58-273,58,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -58-274,58,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -58-275,58,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -58-276,58,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -58-277,58,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -58-278,58,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -58-279,58,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -58-28-5,58,28,5,28-5,"Kikongo-Kituba is regarded as lacking a definite article, although the demonstratives yayi and yina can be rendered by 'the' as well.Discourse context determines whether they are interpreted as demonstratives or definite articles. Maybe definiteness can be correlated with anaphoric use, but this has not been investigated. The demonstrative is not obligatory with definite noun phrases; a singular noun often has definite reference unless it combines with the quantifier 'one'.",,58-38 58-39,100.0,Certain -58-280,58,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -58-281,58,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -58-282,58,282,2,282-2,,,,100.0, -58-284,58,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -58-285,58,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -58-286,58,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -58-287,58,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -58-288,58,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -58-289,58,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -58-29-5,58,29,5,29-5,"As far as I know, Kituba and many Bantu languages do not have articles. The fact that mosi can be used in contexts where an indefinite article is used in English is not a sufficient reason for calling it an article. I suppose that typological variation allows this kind of peculiarity.",,58-40 58-41,100.0,Certain -58-290,58,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -58-291,58,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -58-3-2,58,3,2,3-2,There are really no adjectives. A noun or verb can be used to modify a noun. The modifying item follows the head noun and is connected to it by ya.,,58-5 58-6,100.0,Very certain -58-30-1,58,30,1,30-1,"A noun always occurs with a class prefix, although in some words the prefix is zero.",,,100.0,Very certain -58-308-9,58,308,9,308-9,The major lexifier is Kikongo-Kimanyanga (a Bantu language).,491,,100.0,Very certain -58-309-3,58,309,3,309-3,Most of those who speak it today as a vernacular are urban and native speakers. Most of the rural population can speak it non-natively as a lingua franca.,,,100.0,Very certain -58-31-4,58,31,4,31-4,"The demonstrative may convey a ""definite"" meaning but does not function as an article.",,,100.0,Very certain -58-310-4,58,310,4,310-4,"Kikongo-Kituba has been used as an urban vernacular for several decades now, perhaps for a century already. Whether or not it is considered a creole depends on one's definition of ""creole"" and their hypothesis of how creoles emerged. I don't think anything is gained about how languages evolve under contact conditions by extending the term creole to various contact-based language varieties that function as vernaculars and/or have significant proportions of native speakers. Kikongo-Kituba is certainly not a pidgin.",,,100.0,Certain -58-311-2,58,311,2,311-2,Kikongo-Kituba is well established as an urban vernacular and already widespread in the relevant region as a lingua franca and is resilient to the geographical expansion of Lingala.,,,100.0,Very certain -58-312-3,58,312,3,312-3,Kituba is the dominant urban vernacular in the western part of the Democratic Republic of Congo and in the adjacent part of the Republic of Congo; it is also the dominant lingua franca in the rural areas of the same parts of these countries.,,,100.0,Very certain -58-313-6,58,313,6,313-6,"In the 1980s, my personal estimate of the number of speakers, which is based on the demographics of the region, was about 6–8 million. The number may be much higer now (about 10 million).",,,100.0,Very certain -58-314-3,58,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -58-315-1,58,315,1,315-1,"It's used in elementary school, in church, on radio and TV, but not in the print media, because little is produced for mass consumption in the first place.",,,100.0,Very certain -58-317-2,58,317,2,317-2,Lingala is the dominant language of music in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of Congo. Traditional folk music is sung in ethnic languages.,,,100.0,Very certain -58-318-4,58,318,4,318-4,"Very little literature is produced, other than classroom materials.",,,100.0,Certain -58-319-4,58,319,4,319-4,"Very little literature is produced, other than classroom materials.",,,100.0,Certain -58-32-2,58,32,2,32-2,There are no pronominal uses of the demonstratives. Personal pronouns are used instead.,,58-42 58-43,100.0,Very certain -58-320-4,58,320,4,320-4,"Very little literature is produced, other than classroom materials.",,,100.0,Certain -58-321-1,58,321,1,321-1,It is the dominant urban vernacular and regional lingua franca where it is spoken.,,,100.0,Very certain -58-322-1,58,322,1,322-1,It is used in the lower court.,,,100.0,Very certain -58-323-3,58,323,3,323-3,"In general, the Parliament is an elite institution, functioning in the official language (French), although Lingala is used sometimes in the national Parliament.",,,100.0, -58-324-1,58,324,1,324-1,"Kikongo-Kituba is used in elementary school, at least until grade 4.",,,100.0,Very certain -58-326-4,58,326,4,326-4,"Kikongo-Kituba is in contact with Lingala (a major neighbouring language) and with French (also a major language for educated speakers). In just one part of the area where Kituba is spoken, it is in contact with Kimanyanga. Then, for rural populations and even in some urban centers, contact is primarily with ethnic languages, though they are all Bantu.",,,100.0,Certain -58-327-3,58,327,3,327-3,"There is only one element that I remember now, in some words /s/ is replaced by /z/ and /f/ by /v/ in the western dialect (Mufwene 1997), e.g. masa ~ maza 'water'; mandefu ~ mandevu 'beard'",1004,,100.0,Very certain -58-328-2,58,328,2,328-2,"According to Harold Fehderau (1966): Northern dialect (Republic of Congo), Western dialect (Bas Congo, DRC), Eastern dialect (Bandundu, DRC), though there is also variation between the Western and Eastern parts of the Bandundu province.",491,,100.0,Very certain -58-329-2,58,329,2,329-2,Variation is very limited; it does not impede mutual intelligibility.,,,100.0,Very certain -58-33-2,58,33,2,33-2,,,58-38 58-44,100.0,Very certain -58-330-3,58,330,3,330-3,There is no urban/rural variation that I know of.,,,100.0,Intermediate -58-331-2,58,331,2,331-2,"Corresponding to native vs. nonnative competence, depending also on L2-speakers' language-learning skills.",,,100.0,Very certain +'You have neither a male nor a female cousin?' (Ehrhart 1993: 205)",423[205],57-149 57-150 57-75 57-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +57-73-2,57,73,2,73-2,"The subject index (SI) le occurs in this environment, which according to the APiCS definition is not regarded as a copula because it is also obligatory in verbal clauses.",,57-78,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-74-2,57,74,2,74-2,"le is the subject index (SI), and it also occurs with verbs, e.g. tule ʃja le amboje [PL dog SI bark] 'The dogs are barking. / Dogs bark.' and can therefore not be considered a copula.",,57-151 57-152 57-41,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-75-1,57,75,1,75-1,,,57-79 57-80,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-76-2,57,76,2,76-2,Predicative locative phrases require a copula whereas predicative noun phrases cannot have a copula. The verb reste 'to stay' is considered a copula in these contexts.,,57-78 57-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-77-3,57,77,3,77-3,,423[173],57-153 57-154 57-81,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +57-78-5,57,78,5,78-5,,,57-154 57-5 57-81,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-79-1,57,79,1,79-1,,,57-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-8-1,57,8,1,8-1,,,57-10 57-129 57-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-80-2,57,80,2,80-2,,,57-85,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-81-2,57,81,2,81-2,"""Motion-to"" is not marked, whereas ""motion-from"" is marked with the preposition de 'from'.",,57-155 57-156 57-82 57-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-82-2,57,82,2,82-2,,,57-86 57-87 57-88,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-83-2,57,83,2,83-2,,,57-89 57-90,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-84-3,57,84,3,84-3,Sabine Ehrhart's data do not allow us to determine whether this function really exists.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-85-1,57,85,1,85-1,These structures may exist in spoken interaction.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-86-5,57,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-87-1,57,87,1,87-1,,423[140],57-91,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +57-88-5,57,88,5,88-5,"According to Sabine Ehrhart's corpus of Tayo, the intensifier is not part of the core system of the language and therefore we do not have an example.",,57-91,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-89-2,57,89,2,89-2,,,57-168 57-169,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-9-4,57,9,4,9-4,,423[154],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-90-2,57,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-91-8,57,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-92-3,57,92,3,92-3,,,57-121 57-93,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-93-2,57,93,2,93-2,,423[213],57-157 57-94,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +57-95-3,57,95,3,95-3,,,57-158 57-95,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-96-3,57,96,3,96-3,,,57-159 57-96,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-97-1,57,97,1,97-1,,,57-160 57-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-98-1,57,98,1,98-1,Both complements of 'think' and 'want' are introduced with the same complementizer ke.,,57-98 57-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +57-99-2,57,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",own knowledge Ehrhart +58-0-6,58,0,6,0-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +58-1-2,58,1,2,1-2,,,58-1 58-2 58-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-10-4,58,10,4,10-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-100-4,58,100,4,100-4,,,58-123 58-124 58-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-101-3,58,101,3,101-3,The negative marker typically occurs in sentence-final position.,,58-125 58-79,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +58-102-1,58,102,1,102-1,,,58-125 58-126 58-127,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-103-1,58,103,1,103-1,,,58-128,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-104-3,58,104,3,104-3,,,58-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +58-105-1,58,105,1,105-1,"The clefted verb is in the infinitive, thus in a nominal form.",,58-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-106-1,58,106,1,106-1,,,58-133,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-106-2,58,106,2,106-2,,,58-131 58-132,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-107-7,58,107,7,107-7,There is no vocative morpheme. Kinship terms and professional titles are often also used alone as address terms.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-108-2,58,108,2,108-2,"Clicks are not significant in Kikongo-Kituba, although there is a practice of sucking teeth for displeasure. However, it is not clear whether sucking teeth falls in the category of clicks.",,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-109-2,58,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-11-3,58,11,3,11-3,,,58-13 58-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-110-2,58,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-111-1,58,111,1,111-1,,,58-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-112-1,58,112,1,112-1,,,58-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-113-4,58,113,4,113-4,,,58-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-114-2,58,114,2,114-2,,,58-137 58-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-115-1,58,115,1,115-1,The basic meaning of wa is 'perceive'.,,58-139 58-140 58-141 58-159,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-116-5,58,116,5,116-5,"First, the terms are not any more adjective than those discussed earlier. For 'green' a comparison is made to the colour of cassava leaves. Even the word 'colour' is borrowed from French in the construction. For 'blue', the word bule (< FR bleu) is used. It is the same word that is used for a blue dye sold during the colonial period to dye police uniforms after washing them. The basic colour terms are mpembe 'white', ndombe 'black', and mbwaki 'red'. They are all used with the connective ya when modifying a head noun.",,58-142 58-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-117-2,58,117,2,117-2,The sex-denoting word is located in a connectival ('of') phrase.,,58-144 58-145,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-118-1,58,118,1,118-1,,,58-146 58-147 58-148 58-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-119-1,58,119,1,119-1,,,58-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-12-2,58,12,2,12-2,Wh-phrases occur in situ.,,58-15 58-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-120-3,58,120,3,120-3,"The dominant pattern is a high tone (called ""accent"") on the penultimate syllable. However, there are also many words with different H-L tone combinations.",,58-151 58-152 58-153 58-154 58-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-121-2,58,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +58-122-4,58,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +58-123-4,58,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-124-1,58,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +58-125-4,58,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-126-1,58,126,1,126-1,,,58-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +58-127-6,58,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-128-4,58,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-129-2,58,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-13-4,58,13,4,13-4,The gender distinction is a class distinction between humans and non-humans. Plural marking only applies to human referents; there is no plural marker for non-human referents.,,58-17 58-18 58-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-130-4,58,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-131,58,131,1,131-1,,,58-161,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-132,58,132,1,132-1,,,58-163,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-133,58,133,1,133-1,,,58-164,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-134,58,134,1,134-1,,,58-165,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-137,58,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-138,58,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-139,58,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-14-1,58,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-140,58,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-143,58,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-144,58,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-145,58,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-146,58,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-147,58,147,1,147-1,,,58-162,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-148,58,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-149,58,149,1,149-1,The voiced velar stop /g/ typically occurs in combination with a nasal.,,58-166,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-15-1,58,15,1,15-1,Kituba does not have the inclusive/exclusive distinction.,,58-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +58-151,58,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-152,58,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-153,58,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-155,58,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-156,58,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-158,58,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-159,58,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-16-1,58,16,1,16-1,,,58-156,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-160,58,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-161,58,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-163,58,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-168,58,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-169,58,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-17-1,58,17,1,17-1,,,58-109 58-13 58-20 58-24 58-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-170,58,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-171,58,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-172,58,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-173,58,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-174,58,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-176,58,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-178,58,178,1,178-1,,,58-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-179,58,179,1,179-1,,,58-172,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-18-1,58,18,1,18-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-180,58,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-181,58,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-182,58,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-183,58,183,1,183-1,,,58-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-184,58,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-187,58,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-188,58,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-189,58,189,1,189-1,"Also spelled fioti. This is the typical spelling I know. I may have used the other one as a phonetic notation, using for /j/.",,58-167,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-19-1,58,19,1,19-1,,,58-15 58-16 58-21 58-22,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-190,58,190,1,190-1,,,58-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-191,58,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-192,58,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-193,58,193,1,193-1,,,58-169,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-194,58,194,1,194-1,,,58-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-195,58,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-196,58,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-199,58,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-2-2,58,2,2,2-2,A connective ya or na occurs between the possessum and the possessor.,,58-3 58-4 58-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-20-1,58,20,1,20-1,Comitative constructions in which the comitative phrase occurs postverbally are preferred.,,58-23 58-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-200,58,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-201,58,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-202,58,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-205,58,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-209,58,209,1,209-1,,,58-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-21-2,58,21,2,21-2,"The nominal indefinite pronouns 'somebody' and 'something' are usually expressed with the plural form of the words for 'person', 'animal', or 'thing'. The singular is also possible with conditional.",,58-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-212,58,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-217,58,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-218,58,218,1,218-1, is used for /j/ in orthography.,,58-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-22-6,58,22,6,22-6,Count nouns are marked for plural and many mass nouns have a formal plural prefix.,,58-25 58-26 58-27 58-28 58-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +58-221,58,221,1,221-1,,,58-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-23-2,58,23,2,23-2,,,58-25 58-26 58-27 58-28 58-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-231,58,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-24-1,58,24,1,24-1,Associative plural is the same regular plural marker. It is identified as such when used with proper names.,,58-30 58-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-25-1,58,25,1,25-1,The plural pronoun is bo for animates and yo for inanimates. The latter is the same for singular and plural. The singular for bo is yandi.,,58-19 58-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-252,58,252,1,252-1,,,58-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-253,58,253,1,253-1,,,58-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-254,58,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-255,58,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-256,58,256,1,256-1,,,58-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-257,58,257,1,257-1,,,58-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-258,58,258,1,258-1,,,58-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +58-259,58,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-26-2,58,26,2,26-2,"Literally, the reduplication here suggests repetition, although polo is not found alone as a word. It's somewhat iconic to me. Example 35 is definitely not an iconic reduplication.",,58-32 58-33 58-34 58-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-260,58,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-261,58,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-263,58,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-267,58,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-268,58,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-27-2,58,27,2,27-2,,,58-36 58-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-272,58,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-273,58,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-274,58,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-275,58,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-276,58,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-277,58,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-278,58,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-279,58,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-28-5,58,28,5,28-5,"Kikongo-Kituba is regarded as lacking a definite article, although the demonstratives yayi and yina can be rendered by 'the' as well.Discourse context determines whether they are interpreted as demonstratives or definite articles. Maybe definiteness can be correlated with anaphoric use, but this has not been investigated. The demonstrative is not obligatory with definite noun phrases; a singular noun often has definite reference unless it combines with the quantifier 'one'.",,58-38 58-39,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +58-280,58,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-281,58,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-282,58,282,2,282-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +58-284,58,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-285,58,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-286,58,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-287,58,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-288,58,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-289,58,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-29-5,58,29,5,29-5,"As far as I know, Kituba and many Bantu languages do not have articles. The fact that mosi can be used in contexts where an indefinite article is used in English is not a sufficient reason for calling it an article. I suppose that typological variation allows this kind of peculiarity.",,58-40 58-41,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +58-290,58,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-291,58,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-3-2,58,3,2,3-2,There are really no adjectives. A noun or verb can be used to modify a noun. The modifying item follows the head noun and is connected to it by ya.,,58-5 58-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-30-1,58,30,1,30-1,"A noun always occurs with a class prefix, although in some words the prefix is zero.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-308-9,58,308,9,308-9,The major lexifier is Kikongo-Kimanyanga (a Bantu language).,491,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +58-309-3,58,309,3,309-3,Most of those who speak it today as a vernacular are urban and native speakers. Most of the rural population can speak it non-natively as a lingua franca.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-31-4,58,31,4,31-4,"The demonstrative may convey a ""definite"" meaning but does not function as an article.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-310-4,58,310,4,310-4,"Kikongo-Kituba has been used as an urban vernacular for several decades now, perhaps for a century already. Whether or not it is considered a creole depends on one's definition of ""creole"" and their hypothesis of how creoles emerged. I don't think anything is gained about how languages evolve under contact conditions by extending the term creole to various contact-based language varieties that function as vernaculars and/or have significant proportions of native speakers. Kikongo-Kituba is certainly not a pidgin.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +58-311-2,58,311,2,311-2,Kikongo-Kituba is well established as an urban vernacular and already widespread in the relevant region as a lingua franca and is resilient to the geographical expansion of Lingala.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-312-3,58,312,3,312-3,Kituba is the dominant urban vernacular in the western part of the Democratic Republic of Congo and in the adjacent part of the Republic of Congo; it is also the dominant lingua franca in the rural areas of the same parts of these countries.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-313-6,58,313,6,313-6,"In the 1980s, my personal estimate of the number of speakers, which is based on the demographics of the region, was about 6–8 million. The number may be much higer now (about 10 million).",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-314-3,58,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-315-1,58,315,1,315-1,"It's used in elementary school, in church, on radio and TV, but not in the print media, because little is produced for mass consumption in the first place.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-317-2,58,317,2,317-2,Lingala is the dominant language of music in the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of Congo. Traditional folk music is sung in ethnic languages.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-318-4,58,318,4,318-4,"Very little literature is produced, other than classroom materials.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +58-319-4,58,319,4,319-4,"Very little literature is produced, other than classroom materials.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +58-32-2,58,32,2,32-2,There are no pronominal uses of the demonstratives. Personal pronouns are used instead.,,58-42 58-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-320-4,58,320,4,320-4,"Very little literature is produced, other than classroom materials.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +58-321-1,58,321,1,321-1,It is the dominant urban vernacular and regional lingua franca where it is spoken.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-322-1,58,322,1,322-1,It is used in the lower court.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-323-3,58,323,3,323-3,"In general, the Parliament is an elite institution, functioning in the official language (French), although Lingala is used sometimes in the national Parliament.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-324-1,58,324,1,324-1,"Kikongo-Kituba is used in elementary school, at least until grade 4.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-326-4,58,326,4,326-4,"Kikongo-Kituba is in contact with Lingala (a major neighbouring language) and with French (also a major language for educated speakers). In just one part of the area where Kituba is spoken, it is in contact with Kimanyanga. Then, for rural populations and even in some urban centers, contact is primarily with ethnic languages, though they are all Bantu.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-327-3,58,327,3,327-3,"There is only one element that I remember now, in some words /s/ is replaced by /z/ and /f/ by /v/ in the western dialect (Mufwene 1997), e.g. masa ~ maza 'water'; mandefu ~ mandevu 'beard'",1004,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +58-328-2,58,328,2,328-2,"According to Harold Fehderau (1966): Northern dialect (Republic of Congo), Western dialect (Bas Congo, DRC), Eastern dialect (Bandundu, DRC), though there is also variation between the Western and Eastern parts of the Bandundu province.",491,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +58-329-2,58,329,2,329-2,Variation is very limited; it does not impede mutual intelligibility.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-33-2,58,33,2,33-2,,,58-38 58-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-330-3,58,330,3,330-3,There is no urban/rural variation that I know of.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-331-2,58,331,2,331-2,"Corresponding to native vs. nonnative competence, depending also on L2-speakers' language-learning skills.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 58-332-2,58,332,2,332-2,"Corresponding to native vs. nonnative competence, depending also on L2-speakers' language-learning skills. -The variation can be correlated with the level of fluency in Kikongo-Kituba. It is spoken as L2 in rural areas.",,,100.0,Very certain -58-333-2,58,333,2,333-2,"Educated people sometimes import structural patterns from French, such as in reported speech.",,,100.0,Very certain -58-334-3,58,334,3,334-3,There is no significant social class variation in the domain of morphosyntax that I know of.,,,100.0, +The variation can be correlated with the level of fluency in Kikongo-Kituba. It is spoken as L2 in rural areas.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-333-2,58,333,2,333-2,"Educated people sometimes import structural patterns from French, such as in reported speech.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-334-3,58,334,3,334-3,There is no significant social class variation in the domain of morphosyntax that I know of.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 58-335-2,58,335,2,335-2,"More mixing with French among educated speakers; grammatical influence from French is marginal and considered foreign. -Educated speakers have a tendency to substitute French nouns for Kituba nouns, especially those that name modern items. In case the words have been borrowed already into Kituba, they pronounce them the French way, e.g. bilo > byro (< French bureau) 'office, desk'.",,,100.0,Very certain -58-34-1,58,34,1,34-1,,,58-45,100.0,Very certain -58-35-6,58,35,6,35-6,There is a special form for 'first'. The others are produced by using the cardinal in a modifier function linked to the noun by the connective ya.,,58-46 58-47,100.0,Very certain -58-36-1,58,36,1,36-1,The language has very few numeral classifiers; fewer than English.,,58-48,100.0,Very certain -58-37-6,58,37,6,37-6,Regular pronouns are used postnominally as modifiers connected to the head noun by the comitative na.,,58-49 58-50 58-51 58-52,100.0,Very certain -58-38-2,58,38,2,38-2,Possessor nouns and pronouns follow the head noun to which they are connected by na (for pronouns) or ya (for names).,,58-53 58-54,100.0,Very certain -58-4-2,58,4,2,4-2,"In many cases, what corresponds to the adposition in IE languages is a noun phrase that is modified by the object of the adposition in IE languages.",,58-20 58-7,100.0,Very certain -58-40-1,58,40,1,40-1,There is no class agreement.,,,100.0,Very certain -58-41-2,58,41,2,41-2,,,58-55,100.0,Very certain -58-42-1,58,42,1,42-1,,,58-55,100.0,Very certain -58-43-2,58,43,2,43-2,"The only TAM marker which does not precede the verb is the PAST tense marker, which is a suffix.",,58-59,50.0,Very certain -58-43-1,58,43,1,43-1,"The only TAM marker which does not precede the verb is the PAST tense marker, which is a suffix.",,58-56 58-57 58-58,50.0,Very certain -58-44-8,58,44,8,44-8,"In the past tense, the past tense suffix is attached to the verbal marker 'sit/stay'.",,58-60,100.0,Very certain -58-45-1,58,45,1,45-1,,,58-59,100.0,Very certain -58-46-2,58,46,2,46-2,The progressive marker is the verb 'be' in the present and 'sit' in the past.,,58-60 58-61,100.0,Very certain -58-47-2,58,47,2,47-2,"There are two progressive markers: kele ('be') in the present and vanda ('sit') in other tenses.With present reference, two different constructions are used for progressive and habitual, but with past reference, the same construction is used for both functions.",,58-61 58-62 58-63,100.0,Very certain -58-48-2,58,48,2,48-2,"For present reference, a different - though similar - construction is used (see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker""), but for past reference, the same construction is used.",,58-64,50.0,Very certain -58-48-4,58,48,4,48-4,"For present reference, a different - though similar - construction is used (see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker""), but for past reference, the same construction is used.",,58-62 58-63,50.0,Very certain -58-49-3,58,49,3,49-3,,,58-13 58-61 58-63,100.0,Very certain -58-5-2,58,5,2,5-2,,,58-8,100.0,Very certain -58-50-1,58,50,1,50-1,,,58-65 58-66,100.0,Very certain -58-51-3,58,51,3,51-3,This is the narrative tense.,,58-67 58-68,100.0,Very certain -58-52-1,58,52,1,52-1,,,58-69 58-70,100.0,Very certain -58-53-3,58,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -58-54-7,58,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -58-55-2,58,55,2,55-2,,,58-71 58-72,100.0,Very certain -58-56-1,58,56,1,56-1,,,58-73 58-74 58-75 58-76,100.0,Very certain -58-57-1,58,57,1,57-1,,,58-15,100.0,Very certain -58-58-1,58,58,1,58-1,No particular marker of case.,,58-126 58-77,100.0,Very certain -58-59-1,58,59,1,59-1,Pronouns have invariant forms.,,58-104 58-13 58-78,100.0,Very certain -58-6-2,58,6,2,6-2,,,58-10 58-9,100.0,Very certain -58-60-2,58,60,2,60-2,"In all ditransive constructions, the dative object precedes the direct object (although both follow the verb). The verb is typically in the applicative form, except for the verb 'give'. If the latter is in the applicative, it means 'give on the behalf of the dative object'. The beneficiary is then unspecified.",,58-79 58-80 58-81,100.0,Very certain -58-61-1,58,61,1,61-1,,,58-79,100.0,Very certain -58-62-1,58,62,1,62-1,,,58-82,100.0,Very certain -58-63-3,58,63,3,63-3,,,58-157 58-158,100.0,Very certain -58-64-2,58,64,2,64-2,,,58-85,100.0,Intermediate -58-65-3,58,65,3,65-3,Noka is a rather specific verb. I don't think it is attested in any other construction.,,58-86 58-87 58-88,100.0,Very certain -58-66-1,58,66,1,66-1,,,58-89,50.0,Very certain -58-66-3,58,66,3,66-3,,,58-90,50.0,Very certain -58-67-1,58,67,1,67-1,,,58-78,100.0,Unspecified -58-68-1,58,68,1,68-1,,,58-91,100.0,Very certain -58-69-1,58,69,1,69-1,,,58-82,100.0,Very certain -58-7-1,58,7,1,7-1,,,58-11,100.0,Very certain -58-70-1,58,70,1,70-1,The general connective na (low tone) is used. It is different from the high-tone (accented) na used for 'plus' or 'and'.,,58-92 58-93,100.0,Very certain -58-71-2,58,71,2,71-2,The difference between the instrumental/comitative preposition and the noun phrase conjunction is tonal: The former has low tone and the latter high tone.,,58-92 58-94,100.0,Very certain -58-72-3,58,72,3,72-3,"The marker na is used for NPs, but ye for clauses. There is no conjunction reduction, except in serial verb constructions.",,58-24 58-95,100.0,Very certain -58-73-1,58,73,1,73-1,,,58-96,100.0,Very certain -58-74-1,58,74,1,74-1,There are not many true adjectives.,,58-97,100.0,Very certain -58-75-1,58,75,1,75-1,,,58-98 58-99,100.0,Very certain -58-76-1,58,76,1,76-1,,,58-96 58-98 58-99,100.0,Very certain -58-77-4,58,77,4,77-4,,,58-44,100.0,Very certain -58-78-5,58,78,5,78-5,,,58-44 58-85,100.0,Unspecified -58-79-2,58,79,2,79-2,The all-purpose connective na is used.,,58-67,50.0,Very certain -58-79-1,58,79,1,79-1,The all-purpose connective na is used.,,58-101,50.0,Very certain -58-8-2,58,8,2,8-2,The degree word is a quantifier and follows the noun.,,58-12,100.0,Very certain -58-80-1,58,80,1,80-1,The same all-purpose connective na is used.,,58-102,50.0,Very certain -58-80-2,58,80,2,80-2,The same all-purpose connective na is used.,,58-102 58-160,50.0,Very certain -58-81-1,58,81,1,81-1,,,58-101 58-102,100.0,Very certain -58-82-2,58,82,2,82-2,Na is an all-purpose linking term.,,58-20 58-98,100.0,Very certain -58-84-3,58,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -58-85-2,58,85,2,85-2,,,58-106 58-107 58-77,50.0,Very certain -58-85-5,58,85,5,85-5,,,58-1,50.0,Very certain -58-86-5,58,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -58-87-3,58,87,3,87-3,Reflexive constructions are formed with the pronoun + mosi 'one'.,,58-108 58-2,100.0,Very certain -58-88-1,58,88,1,88-1,"Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are usually a combination of personal pronouns with the word for 'one', regardless of number.",,58-108 58-109 58-110 58-111,100.0,Very certain -58-89-5,58,89,5,89-5,,,58-108 58-112,100.0,Unspecified -58-9-4,58,9,4,9-4,There are no articles.Demonstratives are used in discourse contexts where the definite article would be used in English or French.,,,100.0,Very certain -58-90-2,58,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Unspecified -58-91-1,58,91,1,91-1,,,58-113 58-114,100.0,Unspecified -58-92-2,58,92,2,92-2,,,58-115,100.0,Unspecified -58-93-2,58,93,2,93-2,,,58-116,100.0,Unspecified -58-94-3,58,94,3,94-3,A resumptive pronoun is used when a connective na is involved.,,58-117 58-118,100.0,Unspecified -58-95-3,58,95,3,95-3,,,58-119,100.0,Very certain -58-98-6,58,98,6,98-6,"Sometimes they use the same null complementizer, but the verb of the complement of want must be in the subjunctive.",,58-121 58-122,100.0,Very certain -58-99-2,58,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Unspecified -59-0-9,59,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0, -59-1-2,59,1,2,1-2,,1320,59-1 59-2 59-3 59-4 59-5 59-6,100.0,Very certain -59-10-1,59,10,1,10-1,"Although mbeni sometimes appears to be used as an indefinite marker, it may be something else. (Note that it is derived from mbe or mba 'the other part of [...]' and ni the determiner.) One might say that mbeni selects one from many; in some instances it might mean 'a certain.' I should think that the indefinite use may have been influenced by the way English-speaking missionaries used it, but this is just a guess.",1320,59-41 59-42,100.0,Very certain -59-100-4,59,100,4,100-4,,1320,59-316 59-317 59-318 59-319 59-320,100.0,Very certain -59-101-3,59,101,3,101-3,"Note that the negator does not immediately follow the verb but occurs at the end of the clause, and only a couple of particles can follow (see Samarin 1967a). However, the negator may be moved to the main verb in sentences being translated from French (like 326). Example 62 reveals the way speakers cope with having to place the negative marker at the end of a sentence with a dependent clause. Example 323 is a curious one with a negated predicate at the end. I haven't heard anything like this for a long time. Perhaps it was characteristic of the Gbaya area.",1320[148ff],59-321 59-322 59-323 59-324 59-325 59-326 59-54 59-56 59-62,100.0,Very certain -59-102-1,59,102,1,102-1,,1320,59-327 59-328,100.0,Very certain -59-103-7,59,103,7,103-7,"As noted for another feature, eski (from French est-ce que) began to be used since the recent past (1960s or 1970s?). Since it does not occur in Taber (1965), it must not have been in my corpus, but it is also absent in Bouquiaux (1978). It does occur in Diki-Kidiri (1998). The interrogative contour is not used when the sentence has a question word in other kinds of questions.",397[33],59-329 59-330 59-331 59-333 59-66,70.0,Very certain -59-103-1,59,103,1,103-1,"As noted for another feature, eski (from French est-ce que) began to be used since the recent past (1960s or 1970s?). Since it does not occur in Taber (1965), it must not have been in my corpus, but it is also absent in Bouquiaux (1978). It does occur in Diki-Kidiri (1998). The interrogative contour is not used when the sentence has a question word in other kinds of questions.",397[33],59-332,30.0,Very certain -59-104-4,59,104,4,104-4,"Si and laa are used as highlighters. The particle laa with its variant la is used in many ways, only some of which are seen in the examples. It seems to me that its use is more elaborated (developed) than it was in the 1950s. I wonder if some of its uses reveal a merging with French la.",1320[151ff],59-338,50.0,Very certain -59-104-7,59,104,7,104-7,"Si and laa are used as highlighters. The particle laa with its variant la is used in many ways, only some of which are seen in the examples. It seems to me that its use is more elaborated (developed) than it was in the 1950s. I wonder if some of its uses reveal a merging with French la.",1320[151ff],59-334 59-335 59-336 59-337 59-339 59-340 59-342 59-343,50.0,Very certain -59-105-2,59,105,2,105-2,Predicates can be focused with an implied contrast. Note the use of a nominalized verb with the suffix -ngo following the main verb.,1320[183],59-344 59-345,100.0,Very certain -59-106-2,59,106,2,106-2,"It surprises me that although nga occurred 119 times in my recorded corpus of 1962, nothing is said about it in Samarin (1967). This word is being used with other functions in contemporary urban Sango, introduced, I think, by speakers of Ngbandi, in whose language it means more than 'also.' It is my impression that nga occurs more frequently in a verb phrase than in a noun phrase.",1320,59-347 59-348 59-349 59-350 59-351,100.0,Very certain -59-107-2,59,107,2,107-2,,1320,59-352,100.0,Very certain -59-108-2,59,108,2,108-2,"The only one I know of is a labio-dental ingressive fricative that expresses disgust, disapproval, etc.",,59-353,100.0,Certain -59-109-2,59,109,2,109-2,,1320,,100.0,Very certain -59-11-2,59,11,2,11-2,"I can't think of any other way of saying 'often' or 'frequently' (without saying a lot more in the utterance, of course) than lege mingi 'many times'. I would guess that the phrase is not indigenous to Ngbandi but arose in the creation of Sango.",1463[104],59-46,50.0,Very certain -59-11-3,59,11,3,11-3,"I can't think of any other way of saying 'often' or 'frequently' (without saying a lot more in the utterance, of course) than lege mingi 'many times'. I would guess that the phrase is not indigenous to Ngbandi but arose in the creation of Sango.",1463[104],59-43 59-44 59-46 59-47,50.0,Very certain -59-110-2,59,110,2,110-2,,1320,,100.0,Very certain -59-111-3,59,111,3,111-3,The only way to say 'tears' is ngu (ti) le [water (of) eye].,1320,59-354,50.0,Very certain -59-111-2,59,111,2,111-2,The only way to say 'tears' is ngu (ti) le [water (of) eye].,1320,59-354,50.0, -59-112-1,59,112,1,112-1,,1320,59-355 59-356 59-357 59-358,100.0,Very certain -59-113-2,59,113,2,113-2,,172[466],59-359,100.0,Very certain -59-114-4,59,114,4,114-4,,1320,59-360 59-361 59-386,100.0,Very certain -59-115-1,59,115,1,115-1,"In Samarin (1967) I glossed fun' as 'to smell', but I meant that something smells (intransitive). Ma takes an object, because it means something like 'perceive with hearing and smelling' (with the ears and nose); fun' means 'be rotten' (French pourri), 'exude an odor, usually bad', even without sioni 'bad'.",1463[49],59-299 59-363 59-364,100.0,Very certain -59-116-1,59,116,1,116-1,"Ubangian languages have words for only three basic colours: 'black, etc.' ('cool colours'), 'red, etc. ('warm' colors), 'white, brilliant, etc.' Ideophones can be used to some extent to differentiate the colours, but Sango has very few ideophones. For 'black' one can add kpiti kpiti.",1320,59-365,100.0,Very certain +Educated speakers have a tendency to substitute French nouns for Kituba nouns, especially those that name modern items. In case the words have been borrowed already into Kituba, they pronounce them the French way, e.g. bilo > byro (< French bureau) 'office, desk'.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-34-1,58,34,1,34-1,,,58-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-35-6,58,35,6,35-6,There is a special form for 'first'. The others are produced by using the cardinal in a modifier function linked to the noun by the connective ya.,,58-46 58-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +58-36-1,58,36,1,36-1,The language has very few numeral classifiers; fewer than English.,,58-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-37-6,58,37,6,37-6,Regular pronouns are used postnominally as modifiers connected to the head noun by the comitative na.,,58-49 58-50 58-51 58-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +58-38-2,58,38,2,38-2,Possessor nouns and pronouns follow the head noun to which they are connected by na (for pronouns) or ya (for names).,,58-53 58-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-4-2,58,4,2,4-2,"In many cases, what corresponds to the adposition in IE languages is a noun phrase that is modified by the object of the adposition in IE languages.",,58-20 58-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-40-1,58,40,1,40-1,There is no class agreement.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-41-2,58,41,2,41-2,,,58-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-42-1,58,42,1,42-1,,,58-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-43-2,58,43,2,43-2,"The only TAM marker which does not precede the verb is the PAST tense marker, which is a suffix.",,58-59,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-43-1,58,43,1,43-1,"The only TAM marker which does not precede the verb is the PAST tense marker, which is a suffix.",,58-56 58-57 58-58,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-44-8,58,44,8,44-8,"In the past tense, the past tense suffix is attached to the verbal marker 'sit/stay'.",,58-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-45-1,58,45,1,45-1,,,58-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-46-2,58,46,2,46-2,The progressive marker is the verb 'be' in the present and 'sit' in the past.,,58-60 58-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-47-2,58,47,2,47-2,"There are two progressive markers: kele ('be') in the present and vanda ('sit') in other tenses.With present reference, two different constructions are used for progressive and habitual, but with past reference, the same construction is used for both functions.",,58-61 58-62 58-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-48-2,58,48,2,48-2,"For present reference, a different - though similar - construction is used (see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker""), but for past reference, the same construction is used.",,58-64,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-48-4,58,48,4,48-4,"For present reference, a different - though similar - construction is used (see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker""), but for past reference, the same construction is used.",,58-62 58-63,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-49-3,58,49,3,49-3,,,58-13 58-61 58-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-5-2,58,5,2,5-2,,,58-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-50-1,58,50,1,50-1,,,58-65 58-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-51-3,58,51,3,51-3,This is the narrative tense.,,58-67 58-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-52-1,58,52,1,52-1,,,58-69 58-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-53-3,58,53,3,53-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-54-7,58,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +58-55-2,58,55,2,55-2,,,58-71 58-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-56-1,58,56,1,56-1,,,58-73 58-74 58-75 58-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-57-1,58,57,1,57-1,,,58-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-58-1,58,58,1,58-1,No particular marker of case.,,58-126 58-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-59-1,58,59,1,59-1,Pronouns have invariant forms.,,58-104 58-13 58-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-6-2,58,6,2,6-2,,,58-10 58-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-60-2,58,60,2,60-2,"In all ditransive constructions, the dative object precedes the direct object (although both follow the verb). The verb is typically in the applicative form, except for the verb 'give'. If the latter is in the applicative, it means 'give on the behalf of the dative object'. The beneficiary is then unspecified.",,58-79 58-80 58-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-61-1,58,61,1,61-1,,,58-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-62-1,58,62,1,62-1,,,58-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-63-3,58,63,3,63-3,,,58-157 58-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-64-2,58,64,2,64-2,,,58-85,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-65-3,58,65,3,65-3,Noka is a rather specific verb. I don't think it is attested in any other construction.,,58-86 58-87 58-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +58-66-1,58,66,1,66-1,,,58-89,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-66-3,58,66,3,66-3,,,58-90,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-67-1,58,67,1,67-1,,,58-78,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-68-1,58,68,1,68-1,,,58-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-69-1,58,69,1,69-1,,,58-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-7-1,58,7,1,7-1,,,58-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-70-1,58,70,1,70-1,The general connective na (low tone) is used. It is different from the high-tone (accented) na used for 'plus' or 'and'.,,58-92 58-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-71-2,58,71,2,71-2,The difference between the instrumental/comitative preposition and the noun phrase conjunction is tonal: The former has low tone and the latter high tone.,,58-92 58-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-72-3,58,72,3,72-3,"The marker na is used for NPs, but ye for clauses. There is no conjunction reduction, except in serial verb constructions.",,58-24 58-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-73-1,58,73,1,73-1,,,58-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-74-1,58,74,1,74-1,There are not many true adjectives.,,58-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-75-1,58,75,1,75-1,,,58-98 58-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-76-1,58,76,1,76-1,,,58-96 58-98 58-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-77-4,58,77,4,77-4,,,58-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +58-78-5,58,78,5,78-5,,,58-44 58-85,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-79-2,58,79,2,79-2,The all-purpose connective na is used.,,58-67,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-79-1,58,79,1,79-1,The all-purpose connective na is used.,,58-101,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-8-2,58,8,2,8-2,The degree word is a quantifier and follows the noun.,,58-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-80-1,58,80,1,80-1,The same all-purpose connective na is used.,,58-102,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-80-2,58,80,2,80-2,The same all-purpose connective na is used.,,58-102 58-160,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-81-1,58,81,1,81-1,,,58-101 58-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-82-2,58,82,2,82-2,Na is an all-purpose linking term.,,58-20 58-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-84-3,58,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-85-2,58,85,2,85-2,,,58-106 58-107 58-77,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-85-5,58,85,5,85-5,,,58-1,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-86-5,58,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-87-3,58,87,3,87-3,Reflexive constructions are formed with the pronoun + mosi 'one'.,,58-108 58-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +58-88-1,58,88,1,88-1,"Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns are usually a combination of personal pronouns with the word for 'one', regardless of number.",,58-108 58-109 58-110 58-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-89-5,58,89,5,89-5,,,58-108 58-112,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +58-9-4,58,9,4,9-4,There are no articles.Demonstratives are used in discourse contexts where the definite article would be used in English or French.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-90-2,58,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-91-1,58,91,1,91-1,,,58-113 58-114,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +58-92-2,58,92,2,92-2,,,58-115,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +58-93-2,58,93,2,93-2,,,58-116,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +58-94-3,58,94,3,94-3,A resumptive pronoun is used when a connective na is involved.,,58-117 58-118,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +58-95-3,58,95,3,95-3,,,58-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-98-6,58,98,6,98-6,"Sometimes they use the same null complementizer, but the verb of the complement of want must be in the subjunctive.",,58-121 58-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +58-99-2,58,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +59-0-9,59,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +59-1-2,59,1,2,1-2,,1320,59-1 59-2 59-3 59-4 59-5 59-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-10-1,59,10,1,10-1,"Although mbeni sometimes appears to be used as an indefinite marker, it may be something else. (Note that it is derived from mbe or mba 'the other part of [...]' and ni the determiner.) One might say that mbeni selects one from many; in some instances it might mean 'a certain.' I should think that the indefinite use may have been influenced by the way English-speaking missionaries used it, but this is just a guess.",1320,59-41 59-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-100-4,59,100,4,100-4,,1320,59-316 59-317 59-318 59-319 59-320,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-101-3,59,101,3,101-3,"Note that the negator does not immediately follow the verb but occurs at the end of the clause, and only a couple of particles can follow (see Samarin 1967a). However, the negator may be moved to the main verb in sentences being translated from French (like 326). Example 62 reveals the way speakers cope with having to place the negative marker at the end of a sentence with a dependent clause. Example 323 is a curious one with a negated predicate at the end. I haven't heard anything like this for a long time. Perhaps it was characteristic of the Gbaya area.",1320[148ff],59-321 59-322 59-323 59-324 59-325 59-326 59-54 59-56 59-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +59-102-1,59,102,1,102-1,,1320,59-327 59-328,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-103-7,59,103,7,103-7,"As noted for another feature, eski (from French est-ce que) began to be used since the recent past (1960s or 1970s?). Since it does not occur in Taber (1965), it must not have been in my corpus, but it is also absent in Bouquiaux (1978). It does occur in Diki-Kidiri (1998). The interrogative contour is not used when the sentence has a question word in other kinds of questions.",397[33],59-329 59-330 59-331 59-333 59-66,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-103-1,59,103,1,103-1,"As noted for another feature, eski (from French est-ce que) began to be used since the recent past (1960s or 1970s?). Since it does not occur in Taber (1965), it must not have been in my corpus, but it is also absent in Bouquiaux (1978). It does occur in Diki-Kidiri (1998). The interrogative contour is not used when the sentence has a question word in other kinds of questions.",397[33],59-332,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-104-4,59,104,4,104-4,"Si and laa are used as highlighters. The particle laa with its variant la is used in many ways, only some of which are seen in the examples. It seems to me that its use is more elaborated (developed) than it was in the 1950s. I wonder if some of its uses reveal a merging with French la.",1320[151ff],59-338,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FFFF00.png""}", +59-104-7,59,104,7,104-7,"Si and laa are used as highlighters. The particle laa with its variant la is used in many ways, only some of which are seen in the examples. It seems to me that its use is more elaborated (developed) than it was in the 1950s. I wonder if some of its uses reveal a merging with French la.",1320[151ff],59-334 59-335 59-336 59-337 59-339 59-340 59-342 59-343,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FFFF00.png""}", +59-105-2,59,105,2,105-2,Predicates can be focused with an implied contrast. Note the use of a nominalized verb with the suffix -ngo following the main verb.,1320[183],59-344 59-345,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-106-2,59,106,2,106-2,"It surprises me that although nga occurred 119 times in my recorded corpus of 1962, nothing is said about it in Samarin (1967). This word is being used with other functions in contemporary urban Sango, introduced, I think, by speakers of Ngbandi, in whose language it means more than 'also.' It is my impression that nga occurs more frequently in a verb phrase than in a noun phrase.",1320,59-347 59-348 59-349 59-350 59-351,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-107-2,59,107,2,107-2,,1320,59-352,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-108-2,59,108,2,108-2,"The only one I know of is a labio-dental ingressive fricative that expresses disgust, disapproval, etc.",,59-353,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +59-109-2,59,109,2,109-2,,1320,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-11-2,59,11,2,11-2,"I can't think of any other way of saying 'often' or 'frequently' (without saying a lot more in the utterance, of course) than lege mingi 'many times'. I would guess that the phrase is not indigenous to Ngbandi but arose in the creation of Sango.",1463[104],59-46,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +59-11-3,59,11,3,11-3,"I can't think of any other way of saying 'often' or 'frequently' (without saying a lot more in the utterance, of course) than lege mingi 'many times'. I would guess that the phrase is not indigenous to Ngbandi but arose in the creation of Sango.",1463[104],59-43 59-44 59-46 59-47,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +59-110-2,59,110,2,110-2,,1320,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-111-3,59,111,3,111-3,The only way to say 'tears' is ngu (ti) le [water (of) eye].,1320,59-354,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +59-111-2,59,111,2,111-2,The only way to say 'tears' is ngu (ti) le [water (of) eye].,1320,59-354,50.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +59-112-1,59,112,1,112-1,,1320,59-355 59-356 59-357 59-358,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-113-2,59,113,2,113-2,,172[466],59-359,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-114-4,59,114,4,114-4,,1320,59-360 59-361 59-386,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +59-115-1,59,115,1,115-1,"In Samarin (1967) I glossed fun' as 'to smell', but I meant that something smells (intransitive). Ma takes an object, because it means something like 'perceive with hearing and smelling' (with the ears and nose); fun' means 'be rotten' (French pourri), 'exude an odor, usually bad', even without sioni 'bad'.",1463[49],59-299 59-363 59-364,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-116-1,59,116,1,116-1,"Ubangian languages have words for only three basic colours: 'black, etc.' ('cool colours'), 'red, etc. ('warm' colors), 'white, brilliant, etc.' Ideophones can be used to some extent to differentiate the colours, but Sango has very few ideophones. For 'black' one can add kpiti kpiti.",1320,59-365,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 59-117-1,59,117,1,117-1,"There is no distinction between common or domesticated and uncommon or wild animals. See Examples 366 and 367. -Ti 'of' is never used in constructions like those illustrating value 1.",1320,59-366 59-367,100.0,Very certain +Ti 'of' is never used in constructions like those illustrating value 1.",1320,59-366 59-367,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 59-118-1,59,118,1,118-1,"Phonetically complex consonants are regarded as units, such as /mb/ and /gb/, series of prenasalized and co-articulated stops as in other Ubangian languages. But I consider /kw/, /gw/, on the one hand, and /by/ and /gy/, on the other, to be comprised of sequences. The sequence /Cy/ occurs only as a variant of /Ci/. -Only /kw/ and /gw/, sequences of stop and /w/, occur. As the result of contraction, the phonology of Sango of the youth especially is quite different from what it used to be and unlike the phonologies of other Ubangian languages. For example, the preposition /ti/ can occur as /tm/ with /m/ carrying the high tone of the preposition. Another example is the word kumase (with a high frequency of occurrence) from French commencer: /koma, kmase, kwase, kme/.",,59-368 59-369 59-370 59-371 59-372 59-373 59-50,100.0,Very certain -59-119-1,59,119,1,119-1,,,59-384 59-385,100.0,Very certain -59-12-2,59,12,2,12-2,,1320,59-48 59-49 59-50 59-51,70.0,Very certain -59-12-1,59,12,1,12-1,,1320,59-52,30.0,Very certain -59-120-8,59,120,8,120-8,"In what I consider the default lect, tone is not used in grammar, as it is in the source language Ngbandi. Marcel Diki-Kidiri, however, believes differently. For some speakers, replacing the low tone of the pronoun lo [3SG] to high results in a change in mood, from indicative to something like subjunctive. This is a remnant of what exists in the source language. I found only one instance in many hours of recordings of young people in the 1990s in Bangui. There are also a few fossilized predicates: e.g. ade lo ga ape [PM (with H instead of L tone)-remain 3SG come NEG] 'He/she hasn't come yet.'",1320,59-378 59-379 59-380 59-381 59-382 59-383,100.0,Very certain -59-121-3,59,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -59-122-1,59,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, +Only /kw/ and /gw/, sequences of stop and /w/, occur. As the result of contraction, the phonology of Sango of the youth especially is quite different from what it used to be and unlike the phonologies of other Ubangian languages. For example, the preposition /ti/ can occur as /tm/ with /m/ carrying the high tone of the preposition. Another example is the word kumase (with a high frequency of occurrence) from French commencer: /koma, kmase, kwase, kme/.",,59-368 59-369 59-370 59-371 59-372 59-373 59-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +59-119-1,59,119,1,119-1,,,59-384 59-385,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +59-12-2,59,12,2,12-2,,1320,59-48 59-49 59-50 59-51,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-12-1,59,12,1,12-1,,1320,59-52,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-120-8,59,120,8,120-8,"In what I consider the default lect, tone is not used in grammar, as it is in the source language Ngbandi. Marcel Diki-Kidiri, however, believes differently. For some speakers, replacing the low tone of the pronoun lo [3SG] to high results in a change in mood, from indicative to something like subjunctive. This is a remnant of what exists in the source language. I found only one instance in many hours of recordings of young people in the 1990s in Bangui. There are also a few fossilized predicates: e.g. ade lo ga ape [PM (with H instead of L tone)-remain 3SG come NEG] 'He/she hasn't come yet.'",1320,59-378 59-379 59-380 59-381 59-382 59-383,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +59-121-3,59,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-122-1,59,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 59-123-2,59,123,2,123-2,"This segment still exists in the speech of persons of Banda ethnicity. Banda dialects have at least two central vowels. The Linda dialect, a central one, for example, has in addition to schwa a high central unrounded vowel (Cloearec-Heiss 1969). However, the segment appears in the speech of urban young people, especially in words of French origin, but also as a variant of some other vowels: the vowel /a/ in tongana 'when.' -Among children used most frequently by persons of Banda ethnicity. Banda has central unrounded vowels.",1735,59-418,100.0, -59-124-1,59,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -59-125-2,59,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -59-126-1,59,126,1,126-1,,,59-400,100.0, -59-127-6,59,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -59-128-1,59,128,1,128-1,"Although I have not studied this segment very carefully, it seems to me that it may always be followed by a nasalized vowel, and it may be realized as a nasalized /y/ preceding a nasalized vowel. Its realization is probably affected by some of the languages of the Central African Republic.",,59-406,100.0, -59-129-1,59,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -59-13-1,59,13,1,13-1,,1320,59-17 59-53,100.0,Very certain -59-130-1,59,130,1,130-1,This segment varies with the glottal stop or nothing in initial position.,,59-403,100.0, -59-131,59,131,1,131-1,,,59-387,100.0, -59-132,59,132,1,132-1,,,59-389,100.0, -59-133,59,133,1,133-1,,,59-390,100.0, -59-134,59,134,1,134-1,,,59-391,100.0, -59-137,59,137,2,137-2,This sound occurs mostly in the word ti 'of' in the speech of young people in Bangui.,,59-395,100.0, -59-138,59,138,2,138-2,This segment varies with /d/ before the vowel /i/ in Bangui.,,59-428,100.0, -59-139,59,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -59-14-1,59,14,1,14-1,,1320,,100.0,Very certain -59-140,59,140,2,140-2,"It occurs, I think, in dialects of different Ubangian languages varying with a grooved fricative. Protestant literature used to spell the word zo as , probably because of the Banda speakers that were in the Baptist Mid-Missions zone.",,59-396,100.0, -59-143,59,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -59-144,59,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -59-145,59,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -59-146,59,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -59-147,59,147,1,147-1,,,59-388,100.0, -59-148,59,148,1,148-1,This can also be described as a sequence of /k/ + /w/.,,59-392,100.0, -59-149,59,149,1,149-1,This can also be described as a sequence of /g/ + /w/.,,59-393,100.0, -59-15-1,59,15,1,15-1,,1320,59-54 59-55,100.0,Very certain -59-151,59,151,1,151-1,,,59-426,100.0, -59-152,59,152,1,152-1,,,59-427,100.0, -59-153,59,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -59-155,59,155,2,155-2,This segment varies with /h/ or nothing in initial position.,,59-394,100.0, -59-156,59,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -59-158,59,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -59-159,59,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -59-16-3,59,16,3,16-3,"The pronoun ala is used for both 2PL and 3PL, and it is also used deferentially for 2SG and 3SG. Speakers of Ngbandi and others influenced by them might use in' for 2PL.",1320[138],59-56 59-57 59-58,100.0,Very certain -59-160,59,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -59-161,59,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -59-163,59,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -59-168,59,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -59-169,59,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -59-17-1,59,17,1,17-1,,1320,59-56 59-59 59-60 59-61 59-62 59-63 59-64 59-65,100.0,Very certain -59-170,59,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -59-171,59,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -59-172,59,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -59-173,59,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -59-174,59,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -59-176,59,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -59-178,59,178,1,178-1,,,59-404,100.0, -59-179,59,179,1,179-1,/n/ is surprisingly infrequent in initial position. In the data for my grammar of 1967 it occurred only in the word na 'at.',1320,59-405,100.0, -59-18-2,59,18,2,18-2,"The 2PL ala (also used for 3rd person) is used for politeness and deference for 2SG and 3SG ('you' and 'he/she'). A woman even used it in speaking about a child whom she had interviewed. This usage is probably found in other Ubangian languages, as in Gbaya. However, not everyone adheres to the rule; I have been addressed with mo by a lot of kids.",1320,59-66 59-67 59-68,100.0,Very certain -59-180,59,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -59-181,59,181,1,181-1,"Although I have not studied this segment very carefully, it seems to me that it may always be followed by a nasalized vowel, and it may be realized as a nasalized /y/ preceding a nasalized vowel. Its realization is probably affected by some of the languages of the Central African Republic.",,59-406,100.0, -59-182,59,182,2,182-2,"This segment occurs only in contracted words as a variant of other segments. It occurs, for example, carrying high tone, in the place of the preposition ti 'of' when preceding a word beginning with /k/. Otherwise, it varies with /ng/ when adjoining vowels are nasalized.",,59-407,100.0, -59-183,59,183,2,183-2,"It occurs in contractions of some words, such as giriri > girr 'a long time ago' and varying with /r/ in the word ro 'to gather up'.",,59-408,100.0, -59-184,59,184,1,184-1,"It occurs mostly between vowels. It occurs word-initially only in the word ro 'to gather up.' It occurs in word-final position when words are contracted, e.g. tere ti lo > ter r lo (the segment carrying high tone) [body of 3SG] 'his/her body'. The contracted form would sound like terrlo. It replaces the retroflexed alveolar flap of the Gbaya of Bossangoa of many who live in Bangui.",,59-409,100.0, -59-187,59,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -59-188,59,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -59-189,59,189,1,189-1,,,59-397,100.0, -59-19-4,59,19,4,19-4,Some Central Africans like to write these words solid: lawa 'when'.,1320[74],59-69 59-70 59-71 59-72 59-73,100.0,Certain -59-190,59,190,1,190-1,,,59-398,100.0, -59-191,59,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -59-192,59,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -59-193,59,193,1,193-1,,,59-399,100.0, -59-194,59,194,1,194-1,,,59-400,100.0, -59-195,59,195,2,195-2,"This segment varies with /s/ before the vowel /i/, as in sioni > ʃoni 'bad.'",,59-401,100.0, -59-196,59,196,2,196-2,[ʒ] varies with [z] mostly in the word /zia/ as /ʒa/.,,59-402,100.0, -59-199,59,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -59-2-2,59,2,2,2-2,,1320,59-10 59-11 59-7 59-8 59-9,100.0,Very certain -59-20-3,59,20,3,20-3,"The preposition na is used in this case, but there is variation with respect to what pronouns are used. In Samarin (1967) I discussed this topic as ""anticipated plurality"", when one says ""We [1PL] and Kamara came today"".",1320[140],59-74 59-76,70.0,Very certain -59-20-1,59,20,1,20-1,"The preposition na is used in this case, but there is variation with respect to what pronouns are used. In Samarin (1967) I discussed this topic as ""anticipated plurality"", when one says ""We [1PL] and Kamara came today"".",1320[140],59-75,30.0,Very certain -59-200,59,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -59-201,59,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -59-202,59,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -59-205,59,205,1,205-1,This segment varies with the glottal stop or nothing in initial position.,,59-403,100.0, -59-209,59,209,1,209-1,,,59-410,100.0, -59-21-2,59,21,2,21-2,"The only equivalents I know of are with the ""indefinite article"" (for which see the appropriate value). For 'something' one says 'some thing' and for 'someone' one says 'some person.'",1320[59],59-77 59-78 59-79 59-80 59-81 59-82,100.0,Very certain -59-212,59,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -59-217,59,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -59-218,59,218,1,218-1,,,59-411,100.0, +Among children used most frequently by persons of Banda ethnicity. Banda has central unrounded vowels.",1735,59-418,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-124-1,59,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-125-2,59,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +59-126-1,59,126,1,126-1,,,59-400,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-127-6,59,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-128-1,59,128,1,128-1,"Although I have not studied this segment very carefully, it seems to me that it may always be followed by a nasalized vowel, and it may be realized as a nasalized /y/ preceding a nasalized vowel. Its realization is probably affected by some of the languages of the Central African Republic.",,59-406,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-129-1,59,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-13-1,59,13,1,13-1,,1320,59-17 59-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +59-130-1,59,130,1,130-1,This segment varies with the glottal stop or nothing in initial position.,,59-403,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-131,59,131,1,131-1,,,59-387,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-132,59,132,1,132-1,,,59-389,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-133,59,133,1,133-1,,,59-390,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-134,59,134,1,134-1,,,59-391,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-137,59,137,2,137-2,This sound occurs mostly in the word ti 'of' in the speech of young people in Bangui.,,59-395,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-138,59,138,2,138-2,This segment varies with /d/ before the vowel /i/ in Bangui.,,59-428,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-139,59,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-14-1,59,14,1,14-1,,1320,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-140,59,140,2,140-2,"It occurs, I think, in dialects of different Ubangian languages varying with a grooved fricative. Protestant literature used to spell the word zo as , probably because of the Banda speakers that were in the Baptist Mid-Missions zone.",,59-396,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-143,59,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-144,59,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-145,59,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-146,59,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-147,59,147,1,147-1,,,59-388,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-148,59,148,1,148-1,This can also be described as a sequence of /k/ + /w/.,,59-392,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-149,59,149,1,149-1,This can also be described as a sequence of /g/ + /w/.,,59-393,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-15-1,59,15,1,15-1,,1320,59-54 59-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +59-151,59,151,1,151-1,,,59-426,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-152,59,152,1,152-1,,,59-427,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-153,59,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-155,59,155,2,155-2,This segment varies with /h/ or nothing in initial position.,,59-394,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-156,59,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-158,59,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-159,59,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-16-3,59,16,3,16-3,"The pronoun ala is used for both 2PL and 3PL, and it is also used deferentially for 2SG and 3SG. Speakers of Ngbandi and others influenced by them might use in' for 2PL.",1320[138],59-56 59-57 59-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-160,59,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-161,59,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-163,59,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-168,59,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-169,59,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-17-1,59,17,1,17-1,,1320,59-56 59-59 59-60 59-61 59-62 59-63 59-64 59-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-170,59,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-171,59,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-172,59,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-173,59,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-174,59,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-176,59,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-178,59,178,1,178-1,,,59-404,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-179,59,179,1,179-1,/n/ is surprisingly infrequent in initial position. In the data for my grammar of 1967 it occurred only in the word na 'at.',1320,59-405,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-18-2,59,18,2,18-2,"The 2PL ala (also used for 3rd person) is used for politeness and deference for 2SG and 3SG ('you' and 'he/she'). A woman even used it in speaking about a child whom she had interviewed. This usage is probably found in other Ubangian languages, as in Gbaya. However, not everyone adheres to the rule; I have been addressed with mo by a lot of kids.",1320,59-66 59-67 59-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-180,59,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-181,59,181,1,181-1,"Although I have not studied this segment very carefully, it seems to me that it may always be followed by a nasalized vowel, and it may be realized as a nasalized /y/ preceding a nasalized vowel. Its realization is probably affected by some of the languages of the Central African Republic.",,59-406,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-182,59,182,2,182-2,"This segment occurs only in contracted words as a variant of other segments. It occurs, for example, carrying high tone, in the place of the preposition ti 'of' when preceding a word beginning with /k/. Otherwise, it varies with /ng/ when adjoining vowels are nasalized.",,59-407,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-183,59,183,2,183-2,"It occurs in contractions of some words, such as giriri > girr 'a long time ago' and varying with /r/ in the word ro 'to gather up'.",,59-408,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-184,59,184,1,184-1,"It occurs mostly between vowels. It occurs word-initially only in the word ro 'to gather up.' It occurs in word-final position when words are contracted, e.g. tere ti lo > ter r lo (the segment carrying high tone) [body of 3SG] 'his/her body'. The contracted form would sound like terrlo. It replaces the retroflexed alveolar flap of the Gbaya of Bossangoa of many who live in Bangui.",,59-409,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-187,59,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-188,59,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-189,59,189,1,189-1,,,59-397,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-19-4,59,19,4,19-4,Some Central Africans like to write these words solid: lawa 'when'.,1320[74],59-69 59-70 59-71 59-72 59-73,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-190,59,190,1,190-1,,,59-398,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-191,59,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-192,59,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-193,59,193,1,193-1,,,59-399,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-194,59,194,1,194-1,,,59-400,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-195,59,195,2,195-2,"This segment varies with /s/ before the vowel /i/, as in sioni > ʃoni 'bad.'",,59-401,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-196,59,196,2,196-2,[ʒ] varies with [z] mostly in the word /zia/ as /ʒa/.,,59-402,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-199,59,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-2-2,59,2,2,2-2,,1320,59-10 59-11 59-7 59-8 59-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-20-3,59,20,3,20-3,"The preposition na is used in this case, but there is variation with respect to what pronouns are used. In Samarin (1967) I discussed this topic as ""anticipated plurality"", when one says ""We [1PL] and Kamara came today"".",1320[140],59-74 59-76,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}", +59-20-1,59,20,1,20-1,"The preposition na is used in this case, but there is variation with respect to what pronouns are used. In Samarin (1967) I discussed this topic as ""anticipated plurality"", when one says ""We [1PL] and Kamara came today"".",1320[140],59-75,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}", +59-200,59,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-201,59,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-202,59,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-205,59,205,1,205-1,This segment varies with the glottal stop or nothing in initial position.,,59-403,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-209,59,209,1,209-1,,,59-410,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-21-2,59,21,2,21-2,"The only equivalents I know of are with the ""indefinite article"" (for which see the appropriate value). For 'something' one says 'some thing' and for 'someone' one says 'some person.'",1320[59],59-77 59-78 59-79 59-80 59-81 59-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-212,59,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-217,59,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-218,59,218,1,218-1,,,59-411,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 59-22-4,59,22,4,22-4,"The semantics and use of the plural marker need more study. I would say that it does not mark just plurality (viz. more than one) but distribution (here and there). There has definitely been a change since the 1950s. Whereas nonanimates were not (or rarely) pluralized, they are much more frequently, perhaps under the influence of French. Even the demonstrative so 'this' is now pluralized to mean 'these' but perhaps not in all contexts. -Since about the 1970s the plural marker occurs on some or all of the adjectives in a noun phrase. See Samarin (1994).",1320[134];1322,59-83 59-84 59-85 59-86,100.0,Very certain -59-221,59,221,1,221-1,,,59-412,100.0, -59-23-2,59,23,2,23-2,,1320;1322,59-87,100.0,Very certain -59-231,59,231,1,231-1,"In some words /mb/ varies with /m/, probably because of substrate influence, e.g. from Gbaya of Bossangoa. One hears /mango/ and /mbango/ for the fruit 'mango.'",,59-425,100.0, -59-24-1,59,24,1,24-1,The plural can be used as an associative even with personal names.,1320[134],59-88 59-89,100.0,Very certain -59-25-3,59,25,3,25-3,"Sango simply adopted the plural of the source language, but in the latter one might like to argue that there is a historical relationship between plural and ala [3PL].",1320[134],59-63 59-85 59-87,100.0,Very certain -59-252,59,252,1,252-1,,,59-413,100.0, -59-253,59,253,1,253-1,This vowel varies rather freely with the lower mid front unrounded vowel.,,59-415,100.0, -59-254,59,254,1,254-1,,,59-416,100.0, -59-255,59,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -59-256,59,256,1,256-1,,,59-419,100.0, -59-257,59,257,1,257-1,,,59-421,100.0, -59-258,59,258,1,258-1,,,59-423,100.0, -59-259,59,259,1,259-1,I am using /oh/ only for the sake of convenience here. The vowels /o/ and /oh/ do not need to be distinguished in writing because there is so much variation between them. The same is true of /e/ and /eh/.,,59-424,100.0, -59-26-2,59,26,2,26-2,"Reduplication seems to occur only on 'qualitative' words: adjectives and adverbs. It most frequently involves the reduplication of the first syllable, but in at least one word, probably an ideophone in origin, the final vowel is reduplicated, among other possible changes.",1463[148],59-90 59-91 59-92,100.0,Very certain -59-260,59,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -59-261,59,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -59-263,59,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -59-267,59,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, +Since about the 1970s the plural marker occurs on some or all of the adjectives in a noun phrase. See Samarin (1994).",1320[134];1322,59-83 59-84 59-85 59-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +59-221,59,221,1,221-1,,,59-412,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-23-2,59,23,2,23-2,,1320;1322,59-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-231,59,231,1,231-1,"In some words /mb/ varies with /m/, probably because of substrate influence, e.g. from Gbaya of Bossangoa. One hears /mango/ and /mbango/ for the fruit 'mango.'",,59-425,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-24-1,59,24,1,24-1,The plural can be used as an associative even with personal names.,1320[134],59-88 59-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-25-3,59,25,3,25-3,"Sango simply adopted the plural of the source language, but in the latter one might like to argue that there is a historical relationship between plural and ala [3PL].",1320[134],59-63 59-85 59-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-252,59,252,1,252-1,,,59-413,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-253,59,253,1,253-1,This vowel varies rather freely with the lower mid front unrounded vowel.,,59-415,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-254,59,254,1,254-1,,,59-416,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-255,59,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-256,59,256,1,256-1,,,59-419,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-257,59,257,1,257-1,,,59-421,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-258,59,258,1,258-1,,,59-423,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-259,59,259,1,259-1,I am using /oh/ only for the sake of convenience here. The vowels /o/ and /oh/ do not need to be distinguished in writing because there is so much variation between them. The same is true of /e/ and /eh/.,,59-424,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-26-2,59,26,2,26-2,"Reduplication seems to occur only on 'qualitative' words: adjectives and adverbs. It most frequently involves the reduplication of the first syllable, but in at least one word, probably an ideophone in origin, the final vowel is reduplicated, among other possible changes.",1463[148],59-90 59-91 59-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-260,59,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-261,59,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-263,59,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-267,59,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 59-268,59,268,2,268-2,"This segment still exists in the speech of persons of Banda ethnicity. Banda dialects have at least two central vowels. The Linda dialect, a central one, for example, has in addition to schwa a high central unrounded vowel (Cloearec-Heiss 1969). However, the segment appears in the speech of urban young people, especially in words of French origin, but also as a variant of some other vowels: the vowel /a/ in tongana 'when.' -Among children used most frequently by persons of Banda ethnicity. Banda has central unrounded vowels.",1735,59-418,100.0, -59-27-2,59,27,2,27-2,,1320,59-47 59-93 59-94,100.0,Very certain -59-272,59,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -59-273,59,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -59-274,59,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -59-275,59,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -59-276,59,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -59-277,59,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -59-278,59,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -59-279,59,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, +Among children used most frequently by persons of Banda ethnicity. Banda has central unrounded vowels.",1735,59-418,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-27-2,59,27,2,27-2,,1320,59-47 59-93 59-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-272,59,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-273,59,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-274,59,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-275,59,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-276,59,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-277,59,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-278,59,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-279,59,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 59-28-1,59,28,1,28-1,"In Samarin (1967) I made the mistake of considering ni (with high tone) as both the ""restrictive"" (now called the ""determinant"", i.e. definite article) and a pronoun. The latter is ni with a mid tone, which has a logophoric function. In the 1990s I found that the determinant is being used as a pronoun for inanimate objects since lo 3SG is used for human beings. But as early as the 1950s one could say (and can still say) ni laa [DET FOC] 'That's it.' -The co-occurrence of ni so as in Example 99 is common; they clearly have two functions.",1320[63],59-95 59-96 59-97 59-98 59-99,100.0,Very certain -59-280,59,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -59-281,59,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -59-282,59,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -59-284,59,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -59-285,59,285,1,285-1,/ĩ/ occurs only in very few words. There are very few words with nasalized vowels.,,59-414,100.0, -59-286,59,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -59-287,59,287,1,287-1,,,59-417,100.0, -59-288,59,288,1,288-1,,,59-420,100.0, -59-289,59,289,1,289-1,,,59-422,100.0, -59-29-1,59,29,1,29-1,"I don't think that the word 'indefinite' accurately describes the word mbeni although it is probably most frequently translated as 'a'. Its meaning is more 'a certain', although translating the word this way is too strong in English. Support for my interpretation might come from the word's etymology: mba, variant mbe, means 'the other.' It is used to mean 'buddy'. (A parallel is found in Gbaya.) The word has been fossilized in mbage (other here) 'side,' as in 'the other side of the river.' Other Ngbandi words have been fossilized in the same way: nzo 'good' = ni determinant > 'good'.",1320[60],59-100 59-101 59-102 59-103 59-104,100.0,Certain -59-290,59,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -59-291,59,291,1,291-1,,,59-429,100.0, -59-3-1,59,3,1,3-1,,1320,59-12 59-13 59-14 59-15,100.0,Very certain -59-30-2,59,30,2,30-2,"The founding politician of Central African independence, Barthelemy Boganda, was famous for his slogan zo kwe zo [person all person] 'everyone's a human being.' It appeared in one of the Central African Republic's first stamps. The absence of the COP is a vestige of Ngbandi's lack of a COP.",1320,59-105 59-106 59-112,100.0,Very certain -59-308-6,59,308,6,308-6,"The lexifier is Ngbandi (I have used this name even though this name is not used of any language in the Central African Republic). The varieties of Ngbandi on both sides of the Ubangi River (the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of Congo) are called ""Sango"" (dialect of Ngbandi) and ""Yakoma"", which are probably not very different from those immediately south of them in the Democratic Republic of Congo.",,,100.0,Very certain -59-309-3,59,309,3,309-3,"The first native speakers I encountered were two adolescent girls in Bangui in 1962. I found other Sangophones, as I call them, in 1966. These know only Sango and, perhaps, some French. The most thorough work on shift to Sango is mine of 2001b.",1325[351-391],,100.0,Very certain -59-31-1,59,31,1,31-1,,1320[69],59-114 59-115,50.0,Very certain -59-31-2,59,31,2,31-2,,1320[69],59-116 59-117,50.0,Very certain -59-310-2,59,310,2,310-2,"This value is chosen because most of the native speakers must certainly be arising in Bangui, where Sango is the vernacular (see Samarin 2001b). I am currently analyzing data about Sangophony among pre-school children in Bangui.",1325[351–391],,100.0,Very certain -59-311-1,59,311,1,311-1,"Data of various kinds lead to the conclusion that more people know Sango throughout the country than they did before independence, roughly 1960. Also, immigrants from other parts of Africa since then are learning Sango, but not all of them, of course.",,,100.0,Very certain -59-312-2,59,312,2,312-2,"This is more likely happening in Bangui more than anywhere else and among the children in provincial towns, whose parents move about because of their employment.",1325[351–391],,100.0,Very certain -59-313-6,59,313,6,313-6,"There must be more than one million speakers because the population of Bangui alone, where almost everyone knows Sango, is more than half a million. However, every recent figure (like three million, for example) seems to be an inflated one, being based on population figures that are inflated by international organizations. If one says that 80 per cent of the Central Africans speak Sango, the total figure would be higher, obviously, if the total population was said to be four million, which I doubt very much.",,,100.0,Certain -59-314-3,59,314,3,314-3,"In the 1950s more men than women knew Sango. Since the 1960s I should think that this is less true throughout the country. In Bangui and in many towns, of course, the use would be about equal among the genders.",,,100.0,Certain -59-315-1,59,315,1,315-1,"Radio Bangui (later Radiodiffusion Centrafricaine) was inaugurated on 8 December 1958 with only 4 kw, then 30 kw in March 1962. The rural audience was not reached until the 1970s. Broadcasts in French, once dominant, have given some place to those in Sango. Broadcasters are known to speak Sango differently from the general public, and recent broadcasts reveal that their style has become innovative and self-conscious.",,,100.0,Very certain -59-316-2,59,316,2,316-2,Use of the language in radio and TV call-ins/discussions is limited mostly to Bangui.,,,100.0,Uncertain -59-317-1,59,317,1,317-1,Popular dance music of the Kinshasa-Brazzaville style with lyrics in Sango had its heyday in the 1970s and 1980s. A good sample with translations in French is found in Saulnier 1993.,1339,,100.0,Very certain -59-318-2,59,318,2,318-2,The only literature in Sango is religious in nature. For about twenty years Central Africans have been working on a new version of the Bible. The New Testament has already been published.,,,100.0,Very certain -59-319-3,59,319,3,319-3,"There are occasional spurts of Sango in the press, but one must say that the exclusive language in French.",,,100.0,Certain -59-32-1,59,32,1,32-1,,1320,59-118 59-119 59-120 59-121,100.0,Very certain -59-320-3,59,320,3,320-3,"I am surprised that there is no question about the use of the language in flyers, signs, and posters. In any case, there is virtually none in Sango, but there also is little in French except for signs like banque, sortie, reclame.",,,100.0,Certain -59-321-3,59,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Uncertain -59-322-1,59,322,1,322-1,"Although I have no personal knowledge on this topic, I should think that all participants could use Sango because it is also an official language, theoretically in the same sense that French is.",,,100.0,Intermediate -59-323-2,59,323,2,323-2,"Sango is probably used for special effect, because it is an official language. I witnessed its use in Bangui years ago when the new constitution was being discussed. If one uses Charles Ferguson's High and Low dichotomy, Sango would be the Low variety.",,,100.0,Intermediate -59-324-1,59,324,1,324-1,"In the 1980s there was a flurry of activity because of international pressure to teach in Sango, and there were a few attempts to teach literacy in Sango. Whereas Sango is spoken on the school grounds and in the classrooms to some extent, it is not officially the medium of instruction.",,,100.0,Very certain -59-325-2,59,325,2,325-2,"Since cell phones are now being used, people must be speaking in Sango. However, because of imperfect literacy in Sango, I should think that there was not much text messaging.",,,100.0,Intermediate -59-326-2,59,326,2,326-2,"French is influencing Sango much more than it did before independence. I may have found evidence of the correlation of Ngbandi (Yakoma) features in Sango, but I see no evidence of a strong influence.",,,100.0,Very certain -59-327-3,59,327,3,327-3,"Central Africans may talk about being able to identify the ethnicity of a person speaking Sango, but I think that this is anecdotal. In any case, there are no identifiable dialects (geolects).",,,100.0,Very certain -59-328-3,59,328,3,328-3,I have never found any evidence of the same.,,,100.0,Very certain -59-329-3,59,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Very certain +The co-occurrence of ni so as in Example 99 is common; they clearly have two functions.",1320[63],59-95 59-96 59-97 59-98 59-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-280,59,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-281,59,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-282,59,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-284,59,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-285,59,285,1,285-1,/ĩ/ occurs only in very few words. There are very few words with nasalized vowels.,,59-414,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-286,59,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-287,59,287,1,287-1,,,59-417,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-288,59,288,1,288-1,,,59-420,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-289,59,289,1,289-1,,,59-422,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-29-1,59,29,1,29-1,"I don't think that the word 'indefinite' accurately describes the word mbeni although it is probably most frequently translated as 'a'. Its meaning is more 'a certain', although translating the word this way is too strong in English. Support for my interpretation might come from the word's etymology: mba, variant mbe, means 'the other.' It is used to mean 'buddy'. (A parallel is found in Gbaya.) The word has been fossilized in mbage (other here) 'side,' as in 'the other side of the river.' Other Ngbandi words have been fossilized in the same way: nzo 'good' = ni determinant > 'good'.",1320[60],59-100 59-101 59-102 59-103 59-104,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-290,59,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-291,59,291,1,291-1,,,59-429,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +59-3-1,59,3,1,3-1,,1320,59-12 59-13 59-14 59-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-30-2,59,30,2,30-2,"The founding politician of Central African independence, Barthelemy Boganda, was famous for his slogan zo kwe zo [person all person] 'everyone's a human being.' It appeared in one of the Central African Republic's first stamps. The absence of the COP is a vestige of Ngbandi's lack of a COP.",1320,59-105 59-106 59-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-308-6,59,308,6,308-6,"The lexifier is Ngbandi (I have used this name even though this name is not used of any language in the Central African Republic). The varieties of Ngbandi on both sides of the Ubangi River (the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of Congo) are called ""Sango"" (dialect of Ngbandi) and ""Yakoma"", which are probably not very different from those immediately south of them in the Democratic Republic of Congo.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +59-309-3,59,309,3,309-3,"The first native speakers I encountered were two adolescent girls in Bangui in 1962. I found other Sangophones, as I call them, in 1966. These know only Sango and, perhaps, some French. The most thorough work on shift to Sango is mine of 2001b.",1325[351-391],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +59-31-1,59,31,1,31-1,,1320[69],59-114 59-115,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +59-31-2,59,31,2,31-2,,1320[69],59-116 59-117,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +59-310-2,59,310,2,310-2,"This value is chosen because most of the native speakers must certainly be arising in Bangui, where Sango is the vernacular (see Samarin 2001b). I am currently analyzing data about Sangophony among pre-school children in Bangui.",1325[351–391],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-311-1,59,311,1,311-1,"Data of various kinds lead to the conclusion that more people know Sango throughout the country than they did before independence, roughly 1960. Also, immigrants from other parts of Africa since then are learning Sango, but not all of them, of course.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-312-2,59,312,2,312-2,"This is more likely happening in Bangui more than anywhere else and among the children in provincial towns, whose parents move about because of their employment.",1325[351–391],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-313-6,59,313,6,313-6,"There must be more than one million speakers because the population of Bangui alone, where almost everyone knows Sango, is more than half a million. However, every recent figure (like three million, for example) seems to be an inflated one, being based on population figures that are inflated by international organizations. If one says that 80 per cent of the Central Africans speak Sango, the total figure would be higher, obviously, if the total population was said to be four million, which I doubt very much.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +59-314-3,59,314,3,314-3,"In the 1950s more men than women knew Sango. Since the 1960s I should think that this is less true throughout the country. In Bangui and in many towns, of course, the use would be about equal among the genders.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-315-1,59,315,1,315-1,"Radio Bangui (later Radiodiffusion Centrafricaine) was inaugurated on 8 December 1958 with only 4 kw, then 30 kw in March 1962. The rural audience was not reached until the 1970s. Broadcasts in French, once dominant, have given some place to those in Sango. Broadcasters are known to speak Sango differently from the general public, and recent broadcasts reveal that their style has become innovative and self-conscious.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-316-2,59,316,2,316-2,Use of the language in radio and TV call-ins/discussions is limited mostly to Bangui.,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-317-1,59,317,1,317-1,Popular dance music of the Kinshasa-Brazzaville style with lyrics in Sango had its heyday in the 1970s and 1980s. A good sample with translations in French is found in Saulnier 1993.,1339,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-318-2,59,318,2,318-2,The only literature in Sango is religious in nature. For about twenty years Central Africans have been working on a new version of the Bible. The New Testament has already been published.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-319-3,59,319,3,319-3,"There are occasional spurts of Sango in the press, but one must say that the exclusive language in French.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-32-1,59,32,1,32-1,,1320,59-118 59-119 59-120 59-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-320-3,59,320,3,320-3,"I am surprised that there is no question about the use of the language in flyers, signs, and posters. In any case, there is virtually none in Sango, but there also is little in French except for signs like banque, sortie, reclame.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-321-3,59,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-322-1,59,322,1,322-1,"Although I have no personal knowledge on this topic, I should think that all participants could use Sango because it is also an official language, theoretically in the same sense that French is.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-323-2,59,323,2,323-2,"Sango is probably used for special effect, because it is an official language. I witnessed its use in Bangui years ago when the new constitution was being discussed. If one uses Charles Ferguson's High and Low dichotomy, Sango would be the Low variety.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-324-1,59,324,1,324-1,"In the 1980s there was a flurry of activity because of international pressure to teach in Sango, and there were a few attempts to teach literacy in Sango. Whereas Sango is spoken on the school grounds and in the classrooms to some extent, it is not officially the medium of instruction.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-325-2,59,325,2,325-2,"Since cell phones are now being used, people must be speaking in Sango. However, because of imperfect literacy in Sango, I should think that there was not much text messaging.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-326-2,59,326,2,326-2,"French is influencing Sango much more than it did before independence. I may have found evidence of the correlation of Ngbandi (Yakoma) features in Sango, but I see no evidence of a strong influence.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-327-3,59,327,3,327-3,"Central Africans may talk about being able to identify the ethnicity of a person speaking Sango, but I think that this is anecdotal. In any case, there are no identifiable dialects (geolects).",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-328-3,59,328,3,328-3,I have never found any evidence of the same.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-329-3,59,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 59-33-1,59,33,1,33-1,"A distinction is made between 'here' and 'there' with respect to the location of the speaker, but so 'this' is a demonstrative and ka is an adverbial. One can say ye so 'this thing' but not *ye ka 'that thing.' For the latter one might have to say ye so ka 'that thing over there.' Despite this observation, one does get noun phrases like the one assumed above. See Examples 122 and 123. Samarin (1967a) has very little to say about ka. -In Example 122, although ka seems to be a constituent of a noun phrase, I'm not inclined to accept it as a demonstrative. One does not contrast melenge so 'this child' and *melenge ka 'that child.' For the latter I think that one would say melenge so ka. Compare with what one can say in Ngbandi: lo ka a-ga [3SG there PM-come] 'He's coming over there' (Lekens 1958: 310B).",814,59-122 59-123 59-8,100.0,Certain -59-330-1,59,330,1,330-1,"I would say that the vernacular of Bangui, especially that of young people, is quite different from the rural variety. Its principal characteristic is contraction and variation: e.g., tongana 'when' > tanan', tan', twa, etc.",,,100.0,Very certain -59-331-3,59,331,3,331-3,I know of none.,,,100.0,Very uncertain -59-332-2,59,332,2,332-2,"There probably is some urban/rural variation in the lexicon. Many speakers in Bangui may have adopted neologisms to replace French words (like paraka for monsieur), words that are not known or used in rural areas. A few years ago it was reported that rural people ""couldn't understand"" radio Sango.",,,100.0,Uncertain -59-333-3,59,333,3,333-3,I am not aware of any.,,,100.0,Very uncertain -59-334-3,59,334,3,334-3,I doubt that there is any.,,,100.0,Uncertain -59-335-3,59,335,3,335-3,I doubt that there is any.,,,100.0,Uncertain -59-34-2,59,34,2,34-2,"Used in this way the numeral can be reduced to kokoko where all syllables have high tones, whereas oko has high-low.",1320[218],59-124,100.0,Very certain -59-35-3,59,35,3,35-3,,1320,59-126 59-127 59-128,100.0,Very certain -59-36-1,59,36,1,36-1,,1320,59-128,100.0,Very certain -59-37-4,59,37,4,37-4,"Due to phonotactic changes with the preposition ti, a few examples of suffixation have appeared in the speech of young people in Bangui. Example 132 results from the deletion of the preposition. This is one of the rare examples of this phenomenon.",1320[109ff],59-132,10.0,Very certain -59-37-6,59,37,6,37-6,"Due to phonotactic changes with the preposition ti, a few examples of suffixation have appeared in the speech of young people in Bangui. Example 132 results from the deletion of the preposition. This is one of the rare examples of this phenomenon.",1320[109ff],59-129 59-130 59-131 59-45,90.0,Very certain -59-38-2,59,38,2,38-2,,1320[109ff],59-133 59-134 59-135,100.0,Very certain -59-39-1,59,39,1,39-1,"See Feature 40 ""Gender agreement of adnominal adjectives"".",1320[109ff],59-136 59-137 59-138,100.0,Very certain -59-4-2,59,4,2,4-2,"There are two prepositions, na, which relates a noun phrase with a verb, and ti, which relates a noun phrase to a preceding noun or a verb. The meaning of na is locative, benefactive, temporal, comitative, associative, and perhaps others. For frequencies in a corpus see Samarin (1967: 98–100). I have the impression that na has a greater functional load than it has in the source language, and it is sometimes not used, as is the case of Ngbandi. The meaning of ti is, comprehensively, genitive, with several associated meanings (see example 16). Its function is quite different from what it is in Ngbandi.",1320,59-16 59-17,100.0,Very certain -59-40-1,59,40,1,40-1,,1320,59-139 59-140 59-141,100.0,Very certain -59-41-2,59,41,2,41-2,,1320,59-142 59-143,100.0,Very certain -59-42-1,59,42,1,42-1,"The predicate a-hon' [PM-pass] '(it) passes' is used generally for comparison and superlative, not just for adjectives, but I do not think that this is a grammatical feature.",1320,59-142 59-145,100.0,Intermediate -59-43-1,59,43,1,43-1,The only grammatical marker is the COP used as an auxiliary. See Samarin (1967a).,1320,59-146 59-147,100.0,Very certain -59-44-8,59,44,8,44-8,The only aspect marker is the copula used as an auxiliary.,1320;1324,,100.0,Very certain -59-45-6,59,45,6,45-6,"There is no grammatical marker for past time. Events in the past can be, of course, specified to some degree lexically.",1320,59-148 59-149,100.0,Very certain -59-46-2,59,46,2,46-2,"Value 6: For the use of the copula as a progressive marker see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"". Nothing can occur between the copula and the following verb, not even the predicate marker.",1320,59-147,100.0, -59-47-8,59,47,8,47-8,"Current state: For 'I know' one says mbi hinga ala 'I know them.' Value 9: I have come across a few examples of the COP with stative verbs, as with lo ke kono 'he/she is big', but I suspect that these were learned from missionaries.",1320;1324,59-146 59-147 59-150 59-151 59-46 59-60,100.0,Very certain -59-48-2,59,48,2,48-2,"I have noticed the occasional use of a postverbal morpheme ka (with low tone) in my recordings of the 1990s. Some speakers use both COP and ka. (I do not have enough data to make generalizations —linguistic and sociolinguistic —about its occurrence.) The earliest examples come from vinyl recordings of dance music (probably the 1970s). Perhaps ka has been adopted from Lingala or Kituba, because a lot of this music was created, it seems, by musicians in Brazzaville.",1320;1324,59-152 59-153,10.0,Very certain -59-48-8,59,48,8,48-8,"I have noticed the occasional use of a postverbal morpheme ka (with low tone) in my recordings of the 1990s. Some speakers use both COP and ka. (I do not have enough data to make generalizations —linguistic and sociolinguistic —about its occurrence.) The earliest examples come from vinyl recordings of dance music (probably the 1970s). Perhaps ka has been adopted from Lingala or Kituba, because a lot of this music was created, it seems, by musicians in Brazzaville.",1320;1324,59-146 59-147 59-150 59-51,90.0,Very certain -59-49-4,59,49,4,49-4,,1320[155],59-154 59-155,100.0,Very certain -59-5-2,59,5,2,5-2,"Although the word so 'this' meets the criteria, I think, of being considered a demonstrative, it does not contrast syntactically with the word ka 'there'. This has already been noted. Also, as some of the examples show, the function of so is not as strong as a demonstrative. Speakers are not using it to mean 'this' to distinguish a noun from some other noun in the discourse or context. It may have a textual function: to keep the audiences' attention focused on the participants of the story. It may also be a stylistic feature: another example of the great amount of repetition (or redundance) in the use of certain words.",1320,59-18 59-19 59-20 59-21 59-22,100.0,Very certain -59-50-1,59,50,1,50-1,"Although negation affects aspect marking in Gbaya, an important language of the region, I have never found that it affects the Sango of its speakers.",1320,59-156 59-157 59-158 59-159,100.0,Certain -59-51-3,59,51,3,51-3,,1320,59-162 59-327,100.0,Very certain -59-52-1,59,52,1,52-1,"One must be careful about contemporary examples, because I've heard (or seen in print) something like mbi ke fatige (French fatiguer) for 'I'm tired' as in English and French. This should mean only 'I'm becoming tired.' Mbi kono na kodoro means 'I grew up in the village (as opposed to Bangui, etc.).'",1320,59-165 59-166 59-167,100.0,Intermediate -59-53-3,59,53,3,53-3,"There is something like verb chaining in Sango, but not the kind found in other African languages. In any case, I cannot imagine the COP being used in such constructions.",1320[206f],59-168 59-169,100.0,Certain -59-54-7,59,54,7,54-7,,1320,,100.0,Very certain -59-55-1,59,55,1,55-1,,172[198];1463[107],59-170 59-171 59-172 59-173,100.0,Certain +In Example 122, although ka seems to be a constituent of a noun phrase, I'm not inclined to accept it as a demonstrative. One does not contrast melenge so 'this child' and *melenge ka 'that child.' For the latter I think that one would say melenge so ka. Compare with what one can say in Ngbandi: lo ka a-ga [3SG there PM-come] 'He's coming over there' (Lekens 1958: 310B).",814,59-122 59-123 59-8,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-330-1,59,330,1,330-1,"I would say that the vernacular of Bangui, especially that of young people, is quite different from the rural variety. Its principal characteristic is contraction and variation: e.g., tongana 'when' > tanan', tan', twa, etc.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-331-3,59,331,3,331-3,I know of none.,,,100.0,Very uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-332-2,59,332,2,332-2,"There probably is some urban/rural variation in the lexicon. Many speakers in Bangui may have adopted neologisms to replace French words (like paraka for monsieur), words that are not known or used in rural areas. A few years ago it was reported that rural people ""couldn't understand"" radio Sango.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-333-3,59,333,3,333-3,I am not aware of any.,,,100.0,Very uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-334-3,59,334,3,334-3,I doubt that there is any.,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-335-3,59,335,3,335-3,I doubt that there is any.,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-34-2,59,34,2,34-2,"Used in this way the numeral can be reduced to kokoko where all syllables have high tones, whereas oko has high-low.",1320[218],59-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-35-3,59,35,3,35-3,,1320,59-126 59-127 59-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +59-36-1,59,36,1,36-1,,1320,59-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-37-4,59,37,4,37-4,"Due to phonotactic changes with the preposition ti, a few examples of suffixation have appeared in the speech of young people in Bangui. Example 132 results from the deletion of the preposition. This is one of the rare examples of this phenomenon.",1320[109ff],59-132,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-ADD8E6-10-000000.png""}", +59-37-6,59,37,6,37-6,"Due to phonotactic changes with the preposition ti, a few examples of suffixation have appeared in the speech of young people in Bangui. Example 132 results from the deletion of the preposition. This is one of the rare examples of this phenomenon.",1320[109ff],59-129 59-130 59-131 59-45,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-ADD8E6-10-000000.png""}", +59-38-2,59,38,2,38-2,,1320[109ff],59-133 59-134 59-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-39-1,59,39,1,39-1,"See Feature 40 ""Gender agreement of adnominal adjectives"".",1320[109ff],59-136 59-137 59-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-4-2,59,4,2,4-2,"There are two prepositions, na, which relates a noun phrase with a verb, and ti, which relates a noun phrase to a preceding noun or a verb. The meaning of na is locative, benefactive, temporal, comitative, associative, and perhaps others. For frequencies in a corpus see Samarin (1967: 98–100). I have the impression that na has a greater functional load than it has in the source language, and it is sometimes not used, as is the case of Ngbandi. The meaning of ti is, comprehensively, genitive, with several associated meanings (see example 16). Its function is quite different from what it is in Ngbandi.",1320,59-16 59-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-40-1,59,40,1,40-1,,1320,59-139 59-140 59-141,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-41-2,59,41,2,41-2,,1320,59-142 59-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-42-1,59,42,1,42-1,"The predicate a-hon' [PM-pass] '(it) passes' is used generally for comparison and superlative, not just for adjectives, but I do not think that this is a grammatical feature.",1320,59-142 59-145,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-43-1,59,43,1,43-1,The only grammatical marker is the COP used as an auxiliary. See Samarin (1967a).,1320,59-146 59-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-44-8,59,44,8,44-8,The only aspect marker is the copula used as an auxiliary.,1320;1324,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-45-6,59,45,6,45-6,"There is no grammatical marker for past time. Events in the past can be, of course, specified to some degree lexically.",1320,59-148 59-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-46-2,59,46,2,46-2,"Value 6: For the use of the copula as a progressive marker see Feature 47 ""Uses of the progressive marker"". Nothing can occur between the copula and the following verb, not even the predicate marker.",1320,59-147,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +59-47-8,59,47,8,47-8,"Current state: For 'I know' one says mbi hinga ala 'I know them.' Value 9: I have come across a few examples of the COP with stative verbs, as with lo ke kono 'he/she is big', but I suspect that these were learned from missionaries.",1320;1324,59-146 59-147 59-150 59-151 59-46 59-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-48-2,59,48,2,48-2,"I have noticed the occasional use of a postverbal morpheme ka (with low tone) in my recordings of the 1990s. Some speakers use both COP and ka. (I do not have enough data to make generalizations —linguistic and sociolinguistic —about its occurrence.) The earliest examples come from vinyl recordings of dance music (probably the 1970s). Perhaps ka has been adopted from Lingala or Kituba, because a lot of this music was created, it seems, by musicians in Brazzaville.",1320;1324,59-152 59-153,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-964B00.png""}", +59-48-8,59,48,8,48-8,"I have noticed the occasional use of a postverbal morpheme ka (with low tone) in my recordings of the 1990s. Some speakers use both COP and ka. (I do not have enough data to make generalizations —linguistic and sociolinguistic —about its occurrence.) The earliest examples come from vinyl recordings of dance music (probably the 1970s). Perhaps ka has been adopted from Lingala or Kituba, because a lot of this music was created, it seems, by musicians in Brazzaville.",1320;1324,59-146 59-147 59-150 59-51,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-964B00.png""}", +59-49-4,59,49,4,49-4,,1320[155],59-154 59-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-5-2,59,5,2,5-2,"Although the word so 'this' meets the criteria, I think, of being considered a demonstrative, it does not contrast syntactically with the word ka 'there'. This has already been noted. Also, as some of the examples show, the function of so is not as strong as a demonstrative. Speakers are not using it to mean 'this' to distinguish a noun from some other noun in the discourse or context. It may have a textual function: to keep the audiences' attention focused on the participants of the story. It may also be a stylistic feature: another example of the great amount of repetition (or redundance) in the use of certain words.",1320,59-18 59-19 59-20 59-21 59-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-50-1,59,50,1,50-1,"Although negation affects aspect marking in Gbaya, an important language of the region, I have never found that it affects the Sango of its speakers.",1320,59-156 59-157 59-158 59-159,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-51-3,59,51,3,51-3,,1320,59-162 59-327,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-52-1,59,52,1,52-1,"One must be careful about contemporary examples, because I've heard (or seen in print) something like mbi ke fatige (French fatiguer) for 'I'm tired' as in English and French. This should mean only 'I'm becoming tired.' Mbi kono na kodoro means 'I grew up in the village (as opposed to Bangui, etc.).'",1320,59-165 59-166 59-167,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-53-3,59,53,3,53-3,"There is something like verb chaining in Sango, but not the kind found in other African languages. In any case, I cannot imagine the COP being used in such constructions.",1320[206f],59-168 59-169,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-54-7,59,54,7,54-7,,1320,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +59-55-1,59,55,1,55-1,,172[198];1463[107],59-170 59-171 59-172 59-173,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 59-56-1,59,56,1,56-1,"Although it is possible to make a prohibition by negating a simple predication, there is a special way with the construction zia [...] [NEG], as in Examples 174 and 177. -I don't think zia should have its own value. There must be something about this verb that has yet to be analyzed. It might also be a frozen borrowing from another language.",1320,59-153 59-174 59-175 59-176 59-177 59-178,100.0,Very certain -59-57-1,59,57,1,57-1,,1320[172ff],59-179 59-180,100.0,Very certain -59-58-1,59,58,1,58-1,,1320[172ff],59-181 59-182,100.0,Very certain -59-59-1,59,59,1,59-1,,1320[170ff],59-183 59-184,100.0,Very certain -59-6-2,59,6,2,6-2,But the ordinal word kozo 'first' goes before the noun.,1320,59-23 59-24 59-25 59-26 59-27,100.0,Very certain -59-60-1,59,60,1,60-1,,1320[179],59-185 59-186 59-187 59-188,100.0,Very certain -59-61-2,59,61,2,61-2,,1320[179ff],59-190,50.0,Very certain -59-61-1,59,61,1,61-1,,1320[179ff],59-189,50.0,Very certain -59-62-5,59,62,5,62-5,"I have not undertaken a study of this feature in Sango. There is variation in the use of subject pronouns, one of the things about Sango that have not been studied in depth.",1330,59-191 59-192 59-193 59-194 59-40,100.0,Intermediate -59-63-3,59,63,3,63-3,,172[277],59-195 59-196,100.0,Certain -59-64-2,59,64,2,64-2,The subject marker is used in this way. See Example 199.,1320[140],59-113 59-199 59-217 59-83,100.0,Intermediate -59-65-1,59,65,1,65-1,,172[255],59-200,100.0,Very certain -59-66-3,59,66,3,66-3,The verb /so/ 'to pain' is used both transitively and intransitively in different kinds of constructions. See Taber 1965.,172[327],59-201 59-202,100.0,Very certain -59-67-6,59,67,6,67-6,,1463[145],59-203,100.0,Very certain -59-68-2,59,68,2,68-2,,1463[122],59-205,45.4545454545455,Very certain -59-68-3,59,68,3,68-3,,1463[122],59-204,45.4545454545455,Very certain -59-68-5,59,68,5,68-5,,1463[122],59-206,9.09090909090909,Certain -59-69-1,59,69,1,69-1,,1320[96],59-207 59-208,100.0,Very certain -59-7-1,59,7,1,7-1,"On bracketed relative clauses similar to what has been described for Tok Pisin, see Samarin (2007).",1320[69],59-28 59-29 59-30 59-31 59-32,100.0,Very certain -59-70-1,59,70,1,70-1,,1320[95],59-207 59-209 59-210,100.0,Very certain -59-71-1,59,71,1,71-1,,1320[95],59-211 59-212 59-213,100.0,Very certain -59-72-1,59,72,1,72-1,,1320[87],59-216 59-217,100.0,Very certain -59-73-3,59,73,3,73-3,"The absence of the copula is undoubtedly a vestige of Ngbandi, the source and adjunct language (because the way they speak Sango influences the way others do), which does not have a copula. On the origin of yeke see Samarin (1986).",1321,59-218 59-219 59-220 59-221,100.0,Very certain -59-74-3,59,74,3,74-3,"The presence or absence of a copula is not correlated with any linguistic factors. There is also no difference between nominals and adjectivals with the copula. See Feature 73 ""Predicative noun phrases"".",1320[155f],59-222 59-223 59-224,100.0,Very certain -59-75-3,59,75,3,75-3,,1320[155f],59-225 59-226 59-227 59-41,100.0,Very certain -59-76-1,59,76,1,76-1,,1320[155f],59-16 59-219 59-220 59-221 59-226 59-227 59-228 59-229 59-230,100.0,Very certain +I don't think zia should have its own value. There must be something about this verb that has yet to be analyzed. It might also be a frozen borrowing from another language.",1320,59-153 59-174 59-175 59-176 59-177 59-178,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-57-1,59,57,1,57-1,,1320[172ff],59-179 59-180,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-58-1,59,58,1,58-1,,1320[172ff],59-181 59-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-59-1,59,59,1,59-1,,1320[170ff],59-183 59-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-6-2,59,6,2,6-2,But the ordinal word kozo 'first' goes before the noun.,1320,59-23 59-24 59-25 59-26 59-27,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-60-1,59,60,1,60-1,,1320[179],59-185 59-186 59-187 59-188,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-61-2,59,61,2,61-2,,1320[179ff],59-190,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +59-61-1,59,61,1,61-1,,1320[179ff],59-189,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +59-62-5,59,62,5,62-5,"I have not undertaken a study of this feature in Sango. There is variation in the use of subject pronouns, one of the things about Sango that have not been studied in depth.",1330,59-191 59-192 59-193 59-194 59-40,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +59-63-3,59,63,3,63-3,,172[277],59-195 59-196,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-64-2,59,64,2,64-2,The subject marker is used in this way. See Example 199.,1320[140],59-113 59-199 59-217 59-83,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-65-1,59,65,1,65-1,,172[255],59-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-66-3,59,66,3,66-3,The verb /so/ 'to pain' is used both transitively and intransitively in different kinds of constructions. See Taber 1965.,172[327],59-201 59-202,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-67-6,59,67,6,67-6,,1463[145],59-203,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +59-68-2,59,68,2,68-2,,1463[122],59-205,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF7F00-46-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png""}", +59-68-3,59,68,3,68-3,,1463[122],59-204,45.4545454545455,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF7F00-46-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png""}", +59-68-5,59,68,5,68-5,,1463[122],59-206,9.09090909090909,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-46-FF7F00-46-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png""}", +59-69-1,59,69,1,69-1,,1320[96],59-207 59-208,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-7-1,59,7,1,7-1,"On bracketed relative clauses similar to what has been described for Tok Pisin, see Samarin (2007).",1320[69],59-28 59-29 59-30 59-31 59-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-70-1,59,70,1,70-1,,1320[95],59-207 59-209 59-210,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-71-1,59,71,1,71-1,,1320[95],59-211 59-212 59-213,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-72-1,59,72,1,72-1,,1320[87],59-216 59-217,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +59-73-3,59,73,3,73-3,"The absence of the copula is undoubtedly a vestige of Ngbandi, the source and adjunct language (because the way they speak Sango influences the way others do), which does not have a copula. On the origin of yeke see Samarin (1986).",1321,59-218 59-219 59-220 59-221,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-74-3,59,74,3,74-3,"The presence or absence of a copula is not correlated with any linguistic factors. There is also no difference between nominals and adjectivals with the copula. See Feature 73 ""Predicative noun phrases"".",1320[155f],59-222 59-223 59-224,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-75-3,59,75,3,75-3,,1320[155f],59-225 59-226 59-227 59-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-76-1,59,76,1,76-1,,1320[155f],59-16 59-219 59-220 59-221 59-226 59-227 59-228 59-229 59-230,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 59-77-2,59,77,2,77-2,"No distinction in meaning can be made between these values. Some of them might arise in certain speech contexts more frequently than others. -Value 5: ti lo focuses without being the FOC particle, and na lo is variable. This is not the usual way of expressing possession.",172[551],59-232 59-235,41.6666666666667,Very certain +Value 5: ti lo focuses without being the FOC particle, and na lo is variable. This is not the usual way of expressing possession.",172[551],59-232 59-235,41.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-42-FFFF00-42-000000-9-ADD8E6-9-FF7F00.png""}", 59-77-3,59,77,3,77-3,"No distinction in meaning can be made between these values. Some of them might arise in certain speech contexts more frequently than others. -Value 5: ti lo focuses without being the FOC particle, and na lo is variable. This is not the usual way of expressing possession.",172[551],59-231 59-237,8.33333333333333,Very certain +Value 5: ti lo focuses without being the FOC particle, and na lo is variable. This is not the usual way of expressing possession.",172[551],59-231 59-237,8.33333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-42-FFFF00-42-000000-9-ADD8E6-9-FF7F00.png""}", 59-77-4,59,77,4,77-4,"No distinction in meaning can be made between these values. Some of them might arise in certain speech contexts more frequently than others. -Value 5: ti lo focuses without being the FOC particle, and na lo is variable. This is not the usual way of expressing possession.",172[551],59-234,41.6666666666667,Very certain +Value 5: ti lo focuses without being the FOC particle, and na lo is variable. This is not the usual way of expressing possession.",172[551],59-234,41.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-42-FFFF00-42-000000-9-ADD8E6-9-FF7F00.png""}", 59-77-5,59,77,5,77-5,"No distinction in meaning can be made between these values. Some of them might arise in certain speech contexts more frequently than others. -Value 5: ti lo focuses without being the FOC particle, and na lo is variable. This is not the usual way of expressing possession.",172[551],59-236,8.33333333333333,Certain -59-78-5,59,78,5,78-5,,397,59-238,100.0,Very certain -59-79-2,59,79,2,79-2,"Notice, however, that some notions require two clauses. Although the verb si 'arrive' can be used by itself in certain predications, the idea of going (as an accomplished fact) is expressed as in Example 17 ""Serial verb plus preposition"".",1320[91ff],59-191 59-242,75.0,Very certain -59-79-6,59,79,6,79-6,"Notice, however, that some notions require two clauses. Although the verb si 'arrive' can be used by itself in certain predications, the idea of going (as an accomplished fact) is expressed as in Example 17 ""Serial verb plus preposition"".",1320[91ff],59-17,25.0,Very certain -59-8-2,59,8,2,8-2,"The word mingi from some Bantu language, meaning 'much' and 'many' in Sango, is used for degree with both adjectives and verbs. The predicate alingbi ape 'unequaled' (for which see Example 35) is also used, as is something equivalent in Gbaya.",1320,59-33 59-34 59-35,100.0,Very certain -59-80-6,59,80,6,80-6,,1320[91f],59-243,100.0,Very certain -59-81-1,59,81,1,81-1,,1320[91f],59-239 59-240 59-241,100.0,Very certain -59-82-4,59,82,4,82-4,The only verb for 'push' is pusu from French pousser.,172[291],59-245 59-247,30.0,Very certain -59-82-2,59,82,2,82-2,The only verb for 'push' is pusu from French pousser.,172[291],59-135 59-244,70.0,Very certain -59-83-2,59,83,2,83-2,,172[130],59-248 59-250 59-251 59-252,70.0,Very certain -59-83-3,59,83,3,83-3,,172[130],59-249,30.0,Very certain -59-84-3,59,84,3,84-3,"Note that the verbs ga 'come' and gwe 'go' are used in narratives as a device for carrying along the narrative, meaning hardly more than 'and then'.",1463[51],,100.0,Intermediate -59-85-2,59,85,2,85-2,,1463[127],59-258 59-259 59-261,100.0,Very certain -59-86-5,59,86,5,86-5,,1320,,100.0,Certain -59-87-2,59,87,2,87-2,,172[339A],59-267 59-268 59-269,100.0,Very certain -59-89-1,59,89,1,89-1,,172[339A],59-267 59-269 59-270 59-271,100.0,Very certain -59-9-2,59,9,2,9-2,"I'm not sure that ni (H tone) should be called a definite article. It does, however, single out a nominal that has already been introduced in the discourse (and presumably known in the context), as with i in Gbaya. However, because of what I consider its excessive use I think that ni is not being used rigorously in the old way. I suspect that change is taking place under the influence of French. On the other hand, I should think that more research on the use of ni today would teach me a lot.",1320,59-36 59-37 59-38 59-39 59-40,100.0,Very certain -59-90-4,59,90,4,90-4,"As noted earlier, a pseudo passive construction was introduced by members of Baptist Mid-Missions by orthographically separating the subject marker from the verb in the New Testament and other religious publications. The practice is continued in the recent Bible translation by Central Africans and published by the Central African and United Bible Societies. See Examples 272 and 273.",1320[138ff],59-272 59-273,100.0,Very certain -59-91-8,59,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -59-92-3,59,92,3,92-3,,1320,59-274 59-275 59-276 59-279 59-30,100.0,Certain -59-93-3,59,93,3,93-3,"I consider the occurrence of lo resumptive, but a pronoun does not have to be used. I have chosen Value 7 because there is no case marking. The construction is the same as that for subjectival phrases.",1320[69ff],59-283,10.0,Certain -59-93-2,59,93,2,93-2,"I consider the occurrence of lo resumptive, but a pronoun does not have to be used. I have chosen Value 7 because there is no case marking. The construction is the same as that for subjectival phrases.",1320[69ff],59-277 59-280 59-281 59-282 59-284 59-286,90.0,Very certain -59-94-2,59,94,2,94-2,,1320,59-285 59-287 59-288,100.0,Certain +Value 5: ti lo focuses without being the FOC particle, and na lo is variable. This is not the usual way of expressing possession.",172[551],59-236,8.33333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-42-FFFF00-42-000000-9-ADD8E6-9-FF7F00.png""}", +59-78-5,59,78,5,78-5,,397,59-238,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-79-2,59,79,2,79-2,"Notice, however, that some notions require two clauses. Although the verb si 'arrive' can be used by itself in certain predications, the idea of going (as an accomplished fact) is expressed as in Example 17 ""Serial verb plus preposition"".",1320[91ff],59-191 59-242,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FF7F00.png""}", +59-79-6,59,79,6,79-6,"Notice, however, that some notions require two clauses. Although the verb si 'arrive' can be used by itself in certain predications, the idea of going (as an accomplished fact) is expressed as in Example 17 ""Serial verb plus preposition"".",1320[91ff],59-17,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FF7F00.png""}", +59-8-2,59,8,2,8-2,"The word mingi from some Bantu language, meaning 'much' and 'many' in Sango, is used for degree with both adjectives and verbs. The predicate alingbi ape 'unequaled' (for which see Example 35) is also used, as is something equivalent in Gbaya.",1320,59-33 59-34 59-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +59-80-6,59,80,6,80-6,,1320[91f],59-243,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +59-81-1,59,81,1,81-1,,1320[91f],59-239 59-240 59-241,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-82-4,59,82,4,82-4,The only verb for 'push' is pusu from French pousser.,172[291],59-245 59-247,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF7F00.png""}", +59-82-2,59,82,2,82-2,The only verb for 'push' is pusu from French pousser.,172[291],59-135 59-244,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF7F00.png""}", +59-83-2,59,83,2,83-2,,172[130],59-248 59-250 59-251 59-252,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png""}", +59-83-3,59,83,3,83-3,,172[130],59-249,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FFFF00.png""}", +59-84-3,59,84,3,84-3,"Note that the verbs ga 'come' and gwe 'go' are used in narratives as a device for carrying along the narrative, meaning hardly more than 'and then'.",1463[51],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-85-2,59,85,2,85-2,,1463[127],59-258 59-259 59-261,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-86-5,59,86,5,86-5,,1320,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-87-2,59,87,2,87-2,,172[339A],59-267 59-268 59-269,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +59-89-1,59,89,1,89-1,,172[339A],59-267 59-269 59-270 59-271,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +59-9-2,59,9,2,9-2,"I'm not sure that ni (H tone) should be called a definite article. It does, however, single out a nominal that has already been introduced in the discourse (and presumably known in the context), as with i in Gbaya. However, because of what I consider its excessive use I think that ni is not being used rigorously in the old way. I suspect that change is taking place under the influence of French. On the other hand, I should think that more research on the use of ni today would teach me a lot.",1320,59-36 59-37 59-38 59-39 59-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +59-90-4,59,90,4,90-4,"As noted earlier, a pseudo passive construction was introduced by members of Baptist Mid-Missions by orthographically separating the subject marker from the verb in the New Testament and other religious publications. The practice is continued in the recent Bible translation by Central Africans and published by the Central African and United Bible Societies. See Examples 272 and 273.",1320[138ff],59-272 59-273,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +59-91-8,59,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +59-92-3,59,92,3,92-3,,1320,59-274 59-275 59-276 59-279 59-30,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +59-93-3,59,93,3,93-3,"I consider the occurrence of lo resumptive, but a pronoun does not have to be used. I have chosen Value 7 because there is no case marking. The construction is the same as that for subjectival phrases.",1320[69ff],59-283,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-93-2,59,93,2,93-2,"I consider the occurrence of lo resumptive, but a pronoun does not have to be used. I have chosen Value 7 because there is no case marking. The construction is the same as that for subjectival phrases.",1320[69ff],59-277 59-280 59-281 59-282 59-284 59-286,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}", +59-94-2,59,94,2,94-2,,1320,59-285 59-287 59-288,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 59-95-1,59,95,1,95-1,"In a corpus of the narrations of the same traditional tale, in which there is a great deal of reported speech, I find very few examples of the use of 'say' as complementizer. It appears to me that there is a great deal of variation in this matter, some of which is illustrated in my examples. By contrast, in Gbaya the verb for 'say' is consistently followed by ye ge. See Samarin (1967b). Note also the verb tene occurs frequently as te, a variant that may be as old as Sango is and may indeed be a form in the source language. There are occasions when young speakers use French que (see ex. 300). -Notice that tene is used as complementizer with other verbs.","1320[143, 206 212ff]",59-289 59-290 59-291 59-292 59-293 59-294 59-295,90.0,Very certain +Notice that tene is used as complementizer with other verbs.","1320[143, 206 212ff]",59-289 59-290 59-291 59-292 59-293 59-294 59-295,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-0000FF.png""}", 59-95-3,59,95,3,95-3,"In a corpus of the narrations of the same traditional tale, in which there is a great deal of reported speech, I find very few examples of the use of 'say' as complementizer. It appears to me that there is a great deal of variation in this matter, some of which is illustrated in my examples. By contrast, in Gbaya the verb for 'say' is consistently followed by ye ge. See Samarin (1967b). Note also the verb tene occurs frequently as te, a variant that may be as old as Sango is and may indeed be a form in the source language. There are occasions when young speakers use French que (see ex. 300). -Notice that tene is used as complementizer with other verbs.","1320[143, 206 212ff]",59-300,10.0,Intermediate -59-96-1,59,96,1,96-1,Values 3 and 4 illustrate variation in Sango. One might say that people are experimenting with ways of dealing with these constructions at a time when the model of Sango is not as clear as it used to be and when French is affecting the language at the same time.,1320,59-296 59-297,63.6363636363636,Very certain -59-96-3,59,96,3,96-3,Values 3 and 4 illustrate variation in Sango. One might say that people are experimenting with ways of dealing with these constructions at a time when the model of Sango is not as clear as it used to be and when French is affecting the language at the same time.,1320,59-299,9.09090909090909,Intermediate -59-96-4,59,96,4,96-4,Values 3 and 4 illustrate variation in Sango. One might say that people are experimenting with ways of dealing with these constructions at a time when the model of Sango is not as clear as it used to be and when French is affecting the language at the same time.,1320,59-298,27.2727272727273,Certain -59-97-1,59,97,1,97-1,"While not exactly related to this feature, Example 306 documents another construction with titene 'in order to.' See also Feature 98 ""Complements of 'think' and 'want'"".",1320[117ff],59-301 59-303 59-304 59-305,90.0,Very certain -59-97-2,59,97,2,97-2,"While not exactly related to this feature, Example 306 documents another construction with titene 'in order to.' See also Feature 98 ""Complements of 'think' and 'want'"".",1320[117ff],59-302 59-306,10.0,Very uncertain -59-98-1,59,98,1,98-1,"This would amount to there being a zero complementizer. Titene seems to be an innovation in Sango, based on ti, probably the connective 'of', and the verb tene 'say'.",1320[122ff],59-307 59-308 59-309 59-310 59-311 59-312 59-62,100.0,Very certain -59-99-1,59,99,1,99-1,"This is not frequently used, as far as I can tell, but it is attested, for which see the examples 313, 314 and 315.",,59-313 59-314 59-315,100.0, -6-0-1,6,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -6-1-2,6,1,2,1-2,,,6-1 6-54 6-55,100.0,Very certain -6-10-1,6,10,1,10-1,,,6-11,100.0,Very certain -6-100-4,6,100,4,100-4,,1431[71],6-106,50.0,Certain -6-100-3,6,100,3,100-3,,1431[71],6-105,50.0,Certain -6-101-1,6,101,1,101-1,,1431[72],6-107,100.0,Unspecified -6-102-1,6,102,1,102-1,,,6-108,100.0,Unspecified -6-103-7,6,103,7,103-7,,1431[68-69],6-109,100.0,Unspecified -6-104-1,6,104,1,104-1,,1431[76-77],6-111 6-112,100.0,Very certain -6-105-1,6,105,1,105-1,,1431[77],6-110 6-113,100.0,Very certain -6-106-2,6,106,2,106-2,,,6-114,100.0,Certain -6-107-7,6,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Certain -6-108-2,6,108,2,108-2,"The Trinidadian expression for paralinguistic clicks is steups, or cheups.",516,,100.0,Unspecified -6-109-1,6,109,1,109-1,,1594[691],6-115,100.0,Very certain -6-11-2,6,11,2,11-2,,1431[55],6-13,30.0,Very certain -6-11-3,6,11,3,11-3,,1431[55],6-12,70.0,Very certain -6-110-1,6,110,1,110-1,This is archaic; the use of savvy is almost obsolete in Trinidad English Creole.,1594[792],6-116,100.0,Certain -6-111-1,6,111,1,111-1,,30[221],6-117,70.0,Certain -6-111-2,6,111,2,111-2,,30[221],6-118,30.0,Certain -6-112-1,6,112,1,112-1,,1594[418],6-119 6-131,100.0,Certain -6-113-2,6,113,2,113-2,,,6-120,100.0,Certain -6-114-3,6,114,3,114-3,,1594[339],6-121,100.0,Certain -6-115-2,6,115,2,115-2,,,6-122,100.0,Certain -6-116-2,6,116,2,116-2,,,6-123,100.0,Very certain -6-117-1,6,117,1,117-1,,,6-124,100.0,Unspecified -6-118-2,6,118,2,118-2,"Value 2 comment: There is palatalization (= insertion of ""off-glide“) of the velar consonants /k/ and /g/ before certain vowels; conversion of /tr/, /thr/ and /dr/ sequences into palatal affricates.",1431[20],6-127 6-128,100.0,Unspecified +Notice that tene is used as complementizer with other verbs.","1320[143, 206 212ff]",59-300,10.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-0000FF.png""}", +59-96-1,59,96,1,96-1,Values 3 and 4 illustrate variation in Sango. One might say that people are experimenting with ways of dealing with these constructions at a time when the model of Sango is not as clear as it used to be and when French is affecting the language at the same time.,1320,59-296 59-297,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FFFF00-10-0000FF-28-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-96-3,59,96,3,96-3,Values 3 and 4 illustrate variation in Sango. One might say that people are experimenting with ways of dealing with these constructions at a time when the model of Sango is not as clear as it used to be and when French is affecting the language at the same time.,1320,59-299,9.09090909090909,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FFFF00-10-0000FF-28-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-96-4,59,96,4,96-4,Values 3 and 4 illustrate variation in Sango. One might say that people are experimenting with ways of dealing with these constructions at a time when the model of Sango is not as clear as it used to be and when French is affecting the language at the same time.,1320,59-298,27.2727272727273,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-64-FFFF00-10-0000FF-28-FFFFFF.png""}", +59-97-1,59,97,1,97-1,"While not exactly related to this feature, Example 306 documents another construction with titene 'in order to.' See also Feature 98 ""Complements of 'think' and 'want'"".",1320[117ff],59-301 59-303 59-304 59-305,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +59-97-2,59,97,2,97-2,"While not exactly related to this feature, Example 306 documents another construction with titene 'in order to.' See also Feature 98 ""Complements of 'think' and 'want'"".",1320[117ff],59-302 59-306,10.0,Very uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +59-98-1,59,98,1,98-1,"This would amount to there being a zero complementizer. Titene seems to be an innovation in Sango, based on ti, probably the connective 'of', and the verb tene 'say'.",1320[122ff],59-307 59-308 59-309 59-310 59-311 59-312 59-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +59-99-1,59,99,1,99-1,"This is not frequently used, as far as I can tell, but it is attested, for which see the examples 313, 314 and 315.",,59-313 59-314 59-315,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-0-1,6,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +6-1-2,6,1,2,1-2,,,6-1 6-54 6-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +6-10-1,6,10,1,10-1,,,6-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-100-4,6,100,4,100-4,,1431[71],6-106,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +6-100-3,6,100,3,100-3,,1431[71],6-105,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +6-101-1,6,101,1,101-1,,1431[72],6-107,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-102-1,6,102,1,102-1,,,6-108,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-103-7,6,103,7,103-7,,1431[68-69],6-109,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +6-104-1,6,104,1,104-1,,1431[76-77],6-111 6-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-105-1,6,105,1,105-1,,1431[77],6-110 6-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-106-2,6,106,2,106-2,,,6-114,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own corpus data +6-107-7,6,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-108-2,6,108,2,108-2,"The Trinidadian expression for paralinguistic clicks is steups, or cheups.",516,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +6-109-1,6,109,1,109-1,,1594[691],6-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-11-2,6,11,2,11-2,,1431[55],6-13,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +6-11-3,6,11,3,11-3,,1431[55],6-12,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +6-110-1,6,110,1,110-1,This is archaic; the use of savvy is almost obsolete in Trinidad English Creole.,1594[792],6-116,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-111-1,6,111,1,111-1,,30[221],6-117,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}", +6-111-2,6,111,2,111-2,,30[221],6-118,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}", +6-112-1,6,112,1,112-1,,1594[418],6-119 6-131,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +6-113-2,6,113,2,113-2,,,6-120,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-114-3,6,114,3,114-3,,1594[339],6-121,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +6-115-2,6,115,2,115-2,,,6-122,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Informant A.K. +6-116-2,6,116,2,116-2,,,6-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Informant A.K. +6-117-1,6,117,1,117-1,,,6-124,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Informant A.K. +6-118-2,6,118,2,118-2,"Value 2 comment: There is palatalization (= insertion of ""off-glide“) of the velar consonants /k/ and /g/ before certain vowels; conversion of /tr/, /thr/ and /dr/ sequences into palatal affricates.",1431[20],6-127 6-128,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", 6-119-3,6,119,3,119-3,"While many of the word- or syllable-final consonant clusters are reduced, this is not the case or unusual in clusters ending with /s/ or /z/ (cf. examples in Values 4 and 5). Cases of metathesis occur in voiceless clusters /a:ks/ for 'ask’, /krips/ for 'crisp’. Value 2 comment: Final /n/ or /m/, final /l/ are common, /ng/ is possible in words like 'sing’ but not in unaccented final syllables; as Trinidad English Creole is a non-rhotic variety, final /r/ is not realized. Value 3 comment: In clusters ending with /s/ or /z/, e.g. /mz/ in 'plums’, /nz/ in 'hands’, etc. -Value 3 comment: In clusters ending on /s/ or /z/, e.g. /vs/ in 'gloves’, /dz/ in 'cards’",1431[21],6-1 6-131 6-2,100.0,Unspecified -6-12-1,6,12,1,12-1,,1431[62],6-14,100.0,Certain +Value 3 comment: In clusters ending on /s/ or /z/, e.g. /vs/ in 'gloves’, /dz/ in 'cards’",1431[21],6-1 6-131 6-2,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-12-1,6,12,1,12-1,,1431[62],6-14,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 6-120-3,6,120,3,120-3,"The question of whether Caribbean Creoles have inherited West African tone systems is still subject to debate. For Trinidad English Creole, like other Caribbean English-lexicon creoles, it seems safe to say that the accentual system is based on pitch and not on stress (cf. Solomon 1993: 34). -However, disyllabic nouns may have two tone patterns: high-low and low-high, whereby stress is always on the first syllable.",1431[34],6-130,100.0,Unspecified -6-121-2,6,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -6-122-4,6,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -6-123-2,6,123,2,123-2,"/ə/ only occurs in the most acrolectal forms; in more mesolectal forms, /ə/ becomes /ʌ/.",,6-165,100.0, -6-124-1,6,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -6-125-1,6,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -6-126-1,6,126,1,126-1,,,6-150,100.0, -6-127-6,6,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -6-128-4,6,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -6-129-2,6,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -6-13-2,6,13,2,13-2,"While other Caribbean English-lexicon creoles lack 3rd person sing. pronoun gender distinctions in their basilectal forms, Trinidad English Creole makes distinctions according to referential gender.",1431[48],6-13 6-15,100.0,Very certain -6-130-1,6,130,1,130-1,,,6-153,100.0, -6-131,6,131,1,131-1,,,6-133,100.0, +However, disyllabic nouns may have two tone patterns: high-low and low-high, whereby stress is always on the first syllable.",1431[34],6-130,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +6-121-2,6,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +6-122-4,6,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +6-123-2,6,123,2,123-2,"/ə/ only occurs in the most acrolectal forms; in more mesolectal forms, /ə/ becomes /ʌ/.",,6-165,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-124-1,6,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-125-1,6,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-126-1,6,126,1,126-1,,,6-150,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-127-6,6,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-128-4,6,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-129-2,6,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-13-2,6,13,2,13-2,"While other Caribbean English-lexicon creoles lack 3rd person sing. pronoun gender distinctions in their basilectal forms, Trinidad English Creole makes distinctions according to referential gender.",1431[48],6-13 6-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +6-130-1,6,130,1,130-1,,,6-153,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-131,6,131,1,131-1,,,6-133,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 6-132,6,132,1,132-1,"There is minor variation between [b] and [v], for instance, in a realization of 'very' as [bɛri]. -Aspiration on voiced stops might occur in the speech of older Indian speakers, e.g. in [bha:d͡ʒi] 'bhaji (an Indian dish)'.",,6-136,100.0, -6-133,6,133,1,133-1,"In word final position the following can be observed: ""when /t/ follows any consonant except /l/ or /n/, the /t/ is lost"" (Solomon 1993: 22).",1431,6-138,100.0, -6-134,6,134,1,134-1,"In word-final position the following can be observed: ""when /d/ follows any consonant, it is lost"" (Solomon 1993: 22).",,6-140,100.0, -6-137,6,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -6-138,6,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -6-139,6,139,1,139-1,,,6-144,100.0, -6-14-1,6,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -6-140,6,140,1,140-1,,,6-146,100.0, -6-143,6,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -6-144,6,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -6-145,6,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -6-146,6,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -6-147,6,147,1,147-1,"[k] is often palatalized when in word-initial position and followed by certain vowels, e.g. in [kʲa:] 'car'.",,6-134,100.0, -6-148,6,148,2,148-2,[kw] occurs especially in French-derived words (see the first example word: croisee 'intersection').,,6-141,100.0, -6-149,6,149,1,149-1,"[g] is often palatalized when followed by certain vowels, e.g. in [gʲap ] 'gap'.",,6-143,100.0, -6-15-1,6,15,1,15-1,"Allwe [1PL] might be used for emphasis of inclusion. However, it is not used as an obligatory inclusive marker in opposition to an exclusive pronoun - hence Value 1 applies.",1594[30],6-16,100.0,Certain -6-151,6,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -6-152,6,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -6-153,6,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -6-155,6,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -6-156,6,156,2,156-2,"The voiceless bilabial plosive is aspirated word-initially before vowels, especially in Bhojpuri loanwords such as phagwa 'Hindu festival', or phua 'aunt, father's sister.'",,6-135,100.0, -6-158,6,158,2,158-2,The voiceless dental/alveolar plosive is aspirated word-initially when followed by a vowel.,,6-139,100.0, -6-159,6,159,3,159-3,"Word-initial /d/ is aspirated in many Bhojpuri words like dhaar 'a mixture used in Hindu religious offerings', dhan 'a type of rice', dhobi 'laundry man', etc.",,6-137,100.0, -6-16-1,6,16,1,16-1,,,6-17,100.0,Very certain -6-160,6,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -6-161,6,161,2,161-2,,,6-145,100.0, -6-163,6,163,2,163-2,Aspiration occurs when /k/ is realised word-initially before a vowel.,,6-142,100.0, -6-168,6,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -6-169,6,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -6-17-1,6,17,1,17-1,,,6-18,100.0,Very certain -6-170,6,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -6-171,6,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -6-172,6,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -6-173,6,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -6-174,6,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -6-176,6,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -6-178,6,178,1,178-1,,,6-154,100.0, -6-179,6,179,1,179-1,"Word-final <-ng> might be realised as either [n] or [ŋ] in Trinidad English Creole. According to Youssef & James (2008: 330), it is ""a variable which shows little social or stylistic stabilty"".",1737,6-155,100.0, -6-18-1,6,18,1,18-1,"There is a distinction between second person singular (you) and plural (allyou) in Trinidad English Creole. While the use of allyou is not obligatory for the plural, it may be used as a negative politeness strategy also for singular addressees, i.e. as a strategy of indirectness.",1848,6-19,100.0,Certain -6-180,6,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -6-181,6,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -6-182,6,182,2,182-2,"See entry on [n]. In word-final <-ng>, [n] and [ŋ] alternate with ""little social or stylistic stability"" (Youssef & James 2008: 330).",1737,6-156,100.0, -6-183,6,183,1,183-1,[r] occurs in variation with [w] in French-derived words and with [ɽ] in Bhojpuri words.,,6-157,100.0, -6-184,6,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -6-187,6,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -6-188,6,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -6-189,6,189,1,189-1,,,6-147,100.0, -6-19-2,6,19,2,19-2,,1431[61],6-20 6-21,100.0,Certain -6-190,6,190,1,190-1,There is minor variation with [b]; see comment on [b].,,6-148,100.0, -6-191,6,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -6-192,6,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -6-193,6,193,1,193-1,,,6-149,100.0, -6-194,6,194,1,194-1,,,6-150,100.0, -6-195,6,195,1,195-1,,,6-151,100.0, -6-196,6,196,1,196-1,,,6-152,100.0, -6-199,6,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -6-2-1,6,2,1,2-1,,,6-2 6-40,100.0,Very certain -6-20-1,6,20,1,20-1,,,6-22,100.0,Certain -6-200,6,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -6-201,6,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -6-202,6,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -6-205,6,205,1,205-1,,,6-153,100.0, -6-209,6,209,1,209-1,,,6-158,100.0, -6-21-5,6,21,5,21-5,,,6-23,100.0,Very certain -6-212,6,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -6-217,6,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -6-218,6,218,1,218-1,,,6-159,100.0, -6-22-4,6,22,4,22-4,The associative plural is marked by an dem.,1431[45],6-24,100.0,Unspecified -6-221,6,221,1,221-1,,,6-160,100.0, -6-23-7,6,23,7,23-7,Plural suffix is possible – e.g. cats – but not obligatory when number is indicated - e.g. tree cat ('three cats').,1431[45];1431,6-26,41.1764705882353,Very certain -6-23-8,6,23,8,23-8,Plural suffix is possible – e.g. cats – but not obligatory when number is indicated - e.g. tree cat ('three cats').,1431[45];1431,6-26,41.1764705882353,Very certain -6-23-3,6,23,3,23-3,Plural suffix is possible – e.g. cats – but not obligatory when number is indicated - e.g. tree cat ('three cats').,1431[45];1431,6-25,17.6470588235294,Very certain -6-231,6,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -6-24-1,6,24,1,24-1,,,6-24 6-27,100.0,Intermediate -6-25-3,6,25,3,25-3,,,6-28,100.0,Very certain -6-252,6,252,2,252-2,[i] and [ɪ] are merged in words like happy or kit.,,6-161,100.0, -6-253,6,253,1,253-1,,,6-163,100.0, -6-254,6,254,2,254-2,/ɛ/ tends to merge with /e/.,,6-164,100.0, -6-255,6,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -6-256,6,256,2,256-2,/a/ is in variation with /ɑ/ and /ɔ/.,,6-166,100.0, -6-257,6,257,2,257-2,/u/ and /ʊ/ tend to be merged in Trinidad English Creole.,,6-167,100.0, -6-258,6,258,1,258-1,,,6-169,100.0, -6-259,6,259,2,259-2,/ɔ/ is in variation with /ɑ/ and /a/.,,6-170,100.0, -6-26-2,6,26,2,26-2,,1636,6-125 6-29,100.0,Certain -6-260,6,260,2,260-2,/ɑ/ is in variation with /a/ and /ɔ/.,,6-171,100.0, -6-261,6,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -6-263,6,263,2,263-2,[i] and [ɪ] are merged in words like happy or kit.,,6-162,100.0, -6-267,6,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -6-268,6,268,2,268-2,"/ə/ only occurs in the most acrolectal forms; in more mesolectal forms, /ə/ becomes /ʌ/.",,6-165,100.0, -6-27-2,6,27,2,27-2,"I have not come across an example of an anti-dual of paired body part terms. However, expressions such as 'a side of shoe/earring/slipper', etc. are very common; cf. also Winer (2009: 817).",,6-30,100.0,Certain -6-272,6,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -6-273,6,273,2,273-2,/u/ and /ʊ/ tend to be merged in Trinidad English Creole.,,6-168,100.0, -6-274,6,274,1,274-1,,,6-172,100.0, -6-275,6,275,2,275-2,"/eː/ is similar to /e/ - vowel length distinction is ""unstable"" (Solomon 1993: 16) in Trinidad English Creole.",1431,6-173,100.0, -6-276,6,276,2,276-2,"/ɛː/ tends to merge with /e:/. Also: vowel length distinction is ""unstable"" (Solomon 1993: 16) in Trinidad Eenglish Creole.",1431,6-174,100.0, -6-277,6,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -6-278,6,278,2,278-2,"/aː/ tends to merge with /a/ - vowel length distinction is ""unstable"" (Solomon 1993: 16) in Trinidad English Creole.",1431,6-175,100.0, -6-279,6,279,2,279-2,"/uː/ is similar to /u/ - vowel length distinction is ""unstable"" (Solomon 1993: 16) in Trinidad English Creole.",1431,6-176,100.0, -6-28-1,6,28,1,28-1,,1431[84],6-31 6-5,100.0,Very certain -6-280,6,280,2,280-2,"/oː/ tends to merge with /o/ - vowel length distinction is ""unstable"" (Solomon 1993: 16) in Trinidad English Creole.",1431,6-177,100.0, -6-281,6,281,2,281-2,/ɔː/ is similar to /ɔ/ - vowel length distinction is unstable in Trinidad English Creole.,,6-178,100.0, -6-282,6,282,2,282-2,"/ɑː/ is similar to /ɑ/ - see comments on the instability of vowel length distinction in Trinidad English Creole (Solomon 1993: 16). Additionally, it is in variation with /a/ and /ɔ/.",,6-179,100.0, -6-284,6,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -6-285,6,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -6-286,6,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -6-287,6,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -6-288,6,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -6-289,6,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -6-29-1,6,29,1,29-1,,,6-25 6-32,100.0,Certain -6-290,6,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -6-291,6,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -6-3-1,6,3,1,3-1,,,6-3,100.0,Very certain -6-30-2,6,30,2,30-2,,,6-33,100.0,Unspecified -6-308-1,6,308,1,308-1,"Trinidad English Creole also has some lexical influences from French/Trinidad French Creole, Spanish, Bhojpuri and diverse African languages.",1594,,100.0,Very certain -6-309-1,6,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Certain -6-31-2,6,31,2,31-2,,1431[84],6-31 6-5,100.0,Very certain -6-310-4,6,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -6-311-3,6,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Certain -6-312-2,6,312,2,312-2,"In the diaspora, second generation Trinidad English Creole speakers have been observed to shift to the host variety or, in the case of the Caribbean community in London, to London Jamaican (cf. Sebba 1993, Mühleisen 2002). In recent years a growing use of Trinidad English Creole by diaspora speakers in the electronic media can be observed (Mühleisen 2011+).",1008[135-180],,100.0,Intermediate -6-313-6,6,313,6,313-6,"This figure also includes some diaspora communities in the United States, Canada, and the UK.",,,100.0,Certain -6-314-3,6,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain -6-315-3,6,315,3,315-3,"WhileTrinidad English Creole is widely used in other media genres, the news are read in Standard English.",1007[69],,100.0,Certain -6-316-1,6,316,1,316-1,,1010,,100.0,Certain -6-317-1,6,317,1,317-1,Trinidad English Creole is used widely in the music styles of Soca and Calypso.,,,100.0,Unspecified -6-318-2,6,318,2,318-2,The use of Trinidad English Creole in literary works is often limited to the character dialogues in fiction.,1591,,100.0,Certain -6-319-3,6,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain -6-32-2,6,32,2,32-2,,,6-34,100.0,Certain -6-320-2,6,320,2,320-2,"Trinidad English Creole is used in humorous columns, also sometimes in the ""letter to the editors"" section. For acceptability rates of Trinidad English Creole use in the media, cf. Mühleisen 2001: 69.",,,100.0,Certain -6-321-2,6,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Certain -6-322-2,6,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain -6-323-2,6,323,2,323-2,Trinidad English Creole is sometimes used in political speeches to affirm a positive relationship between the politician and the people.,,,100.0,Certain -6-324-1,6,324,1,324-1,Trinidad English Creole has been the main medium of instruction at elementary school level since the 1970s. See Mühleisen 2001 for language attitudes of primary and secondary school teachers.,1007,,100.0,Certain -6-325-1,6,325,1,325-1,,1011,,100.0,Certain -6-326-1,6,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Certain -6-327-2,6,327,2,327-2,"The most significant extralinguistic factor for phonological variation seems to be rural vs. urban origin. Other possible factors are ethnicity, social class and age. Geography plays a limited role.",1431[181-184],,100.0,Certain -6-328-3,6,328,3,328-3,"Morphosyntactic variation occurs only between Trinidad English Creole and the acrolect, Standard English; morphosyntactic variation in Trinidad English Creole along geographical lines has not been described.",,,100.0,Intermediate -6-329-2,6,329,2,329-2,"Ethnicity (Indo-Trinidadian vs. Afro-Trinidadian) plays a role in lexical choice. There is a larger concentration of Indo-Trinidadians in the South of the country; therefore, lexical variation could also be described in terms of geographical distribution.",,,100.0,Intermediate -6-33-2,6,33,2,33-2,,,6-35,100.0,Very certain -6-330-1,6,330,1,330-1,The most significant extralinguistic factor for phonological variation seems to be rural vs. urban origin.,1431[183],,100.0,Unspecified -6-331-2,6,331,2,331-2,"Morphosyntactic variation occurs only between Trinidad English Creole and the acrolect, Standard English; morphosyntactic variation in Trinidad English Creole along geographical lines has not been described.",,,100.0, -6-332-2,6,332,2,332-2,Ethnicity (Indo-Trinidadian vs. Afro-Trinidadian) plays a role in lexical choice.,,,100.0,Intermediate -6-333-1,6,333,1,333-1,,1431[181],,100.0,Certain -6-334-3,6,334,3,334-3,"Morphosyntactic variation occurs only between Trinidad English Creole and the acrolect, Standard English; morphosyntactic variation in Trinidad English Creole along geographical lines has not been described.",,,100.0,Intermediate -6-335-2,6,335,2,335-2,Differences in register and the lexical choices that are associated with it,,,100.0,Intermediate -6-34-1,6,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified -6-36-1,6,36,1,36-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified -6-37-1,6,37,1,37-1,,,6-38 6-39,100.0,Very certain -6-38-4,6,38,4,38-4,,,6-40,100.0,Unspecified -6-39-4,6,39,4,39-4,,1431[51],6-41,100.0,Certain -6-4-2,6,4,2,4-2,,,6-4,100.0,Very certain -6-40-1,6,40,1,40-1,Trinidad English Creole nouns and adjectives are not marked for gender.,,6-42,100.0,Unspecified -6-41-1,6,41,1,41-1,Both adjective suffixing and degree words are used for comparative constructions in Trinidad English Creole (more bigger).,1431[63],6-43,100.0,Certain -6-42-2,6,42,2,42-2,"In Trinidad English Creole comparative constructions, dan is used to express difference, and as to express similarity (e.g. a man as you 'a man like you')",1431[63],6-44,100.0,Very certain -6-43-1,6,43,1,43-1,,1431[104],6-46,100.0,Very certain -6-45-2,6,45,2,45-2,,,6-48,100.0,Uncertain -6-47-2,6,47,2,47-2,,1431[118],6-50,100.0,Intermediate -6-48-2,6,48,2,48-2,,,6-51,100.0,Unspecified +Aspiration on voiced stops might occur in the speech of older Indian speakers, e.g. in [bha:d͡ʒi] 'bhaji (an Indian dish)'.",,6-136,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-133,6,133,1,133-1,"In word final position the following can be observed: ""when /t/ follows any consonant except /l/ or /n/, the /t/ is lost"" (Solomon 1993: 22).",1431,6-138,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-134,6,134,1,134-1,"In word-final position the following can be observed: ""when /d/ follows any consonant, it is lost"" (Solomon 1993: 22).",,6-140,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-137,6,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-138,6,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-139,6,139,1,139-1,,,6-144,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-14-1,6,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-140,6,140,1,140-1,,,6-146,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-143,6,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-144,6,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-145,6,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-146,6,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-147,6,147,1,147-1,"[k] is often palatalized when in word-initial position and followed by certain vowels, e.g. in [kʲa:] 'car'.",,6-134,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-148,6,148,2,148-2,[kw] occurs especially in French-derived words (see the first example word: croisee 'intersection').,,6-141,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-149,6,149,1,149-1,"[g] is often palatalized when followed by certain vowels, e.g. in [gʲap ] 'gap'.",,6-143,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-15-1,6,15,1,15-1,"Allwe [1PL] might be used for emphasis of inclusion. However, it is not used as an obligatory inclusive marker in opposition to an exclusive pronoun - hence Value 1 applies.",1594[30],6-16,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +6-151,6,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-152,6,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-153,6,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-155,6,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-156,6,156,2,156-2,"The voiceless bilabial plosive is aspirated word-initially before vowels, especially in Bhojpuri loanwords such as phagwa 'Hindu festival', or phua 'aunt, father's sister.'",,6-135,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-158,6,158,2,158-2,The voiceless dental/alveolar plosive is aspirated word-initially when followed by a vowel.,,6-139,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-159,6,159,3,159-3,"Word-initial /d/ is aspirated in many Bhojpuri words like dhaar 'a mixture used in Hindu religious offerings', dhan 'a type of rice', dhobi 'laundry man', etc.",,6-137,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +6-16-1,6,16,1,16-1,,,6-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-160,6,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-161,6,161,2,161-2,,,6-145,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-163,6,163,2,163-2,Aspiration occurs when /k/ is realised word-initially before a vowel.,,6-142,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-168,6,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-169,6,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-17-1,6,17,1,17-1,,,6-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-170,6,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-171,6,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-172,6,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-173,6,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-174,6,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-176,6,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-178,6,178,1,178-1,,,6-154,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-179,6,179,1,179-1,"Word-final <-ng> might be realised as either [n] or [ŋ] in Trinidad English Creole. According to Youssef & James (2008: 330), it is ""a variable which shows little social or stylistic stabilty"".",1737,6-155,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-18-1,6,18,1,18-1,"There is a distinction between second person singular (you) and plural (allyou) in Trinidad English Creole. While the use of allyou is not obligatory for the plural, it may be used as a negative politeness strategy also for singular addressees, i.e. as a strategy of indirectness.",1848,6-19,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +6-180,6,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-181,6,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-182,6,182,2,182-2,"See entry on [n]. In word-final <-ng>, [n] and [ŋ] alternate with ""little social or stylistic stability"" (Youssef & James 2008: 330).",1737,6-156,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-183,6,183,1,183-1,[r] occurs in variation with [w] in French-derived words and with [ɽ] in Bhojpuri words.,,6-157,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-184,6,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-187,6,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-188,6,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-189,6,189,1,189-1,,,6-147,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-19-2,6,19,2,19-2,,1431[61],6-20 6-21,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +6-190,6,190,1,190-1,There is minor variation with [b]; see comment on [b].,,6-148,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-191,6,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-192,6,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-193,6,193,1,193-1,,,6-149,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-194,6,194,1,194-1,,,6-150,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-195,6,195,1,195-1,,,6-151,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-196,6,196,1,196-1,,,6-152,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-199,6,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-2-1,6,2,1,2-1,,,6-2 6-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-20-1,6,20,1,20-1,,,6-22,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-200,6,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-201,6,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-202,6,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-205,6,205,1,205-1,,,6-153,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-209,6,209,1,209-1,,,6-158,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-21-5,6,21,5,21-5,,,6-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +6-212,6,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-217,6,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-218,6,218,1,218-1,,,6-159,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-22-4,6,22,4,22-4,The associative plural is marked by an dem.,1431[45],6-24,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +6-221,6,221,1,221-1,,,6-160,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-23-7,6,23,7,23-7,Plural suffix is possible – e.g. cats – but not obligatory when number is indicated - e.g. tree cat ('three cats').,1431[45];1431,6-26,41.1764705882353,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-18-0000FF-42-FFB6C1-42-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +6-23-8,6,23,8,23-8,Plural suffix is possible – e.g. cats – but not obligatory when number is indicated - e.g. tree cat ('three cats').,1431[45];1431,6-26,41.1764705882353,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-18-0000FF-42-FFB6C1-42-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +6-23-3,6,23,3,23-3,Plural suffix is possible – e.g. cats – but not obligatory when number is indicated - e.g. tree cat ('three cats').,1431[45];1431,6-25,17.6470588235294,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-18-0000FF-42-FFB6C1-42-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +6-231,6,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-24-1,6,24,1,24-1,,,6-24 6-27,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-25-3,6,25,3,25-3,,,6-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-252,6,252,2,252-2,[i] and [ɪ] are merged in words like happy or kit.,,6-161,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-253,6,253,1,253-1,,,6-163,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-254,6,254,2,254-2,/ɛ/ tends to merge with /e/.,,6-164,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-255,6,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-256,6,256,2,256-2,/a/ is in variation with /ɑ/ and /ɔ/.,,6-166,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-257,6,257,2,257-2,/u/ and /ʊ/ tend to be merged in Trinidad English Creole.,,6-167,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-258,6,258,1,258-1,,,6-169,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-259,6,259,2,259-2,/ɔ/ is in variation with /ɑ/ and /a/.,,6-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-26-2,6,26,2,26-2,,1636,6-125 6-29,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-260,6,260,2,260-2,/ɑ/ is in variation with /a/ and /ɔ/.,,6-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-261,6,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-263,6,263,2,263-2,[i] and [ɪ] are merged in words like happy or kit.,,6-162,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-267,6,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-268,6,268,2,268-2,"/ə/ only occurs in the most acrolectal forms; in more mesolectal forms, /ə/ becomes /ʌ/.",,6-165,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-27-2,6,27,2,27-2,"I have not come across an example of an anti-dual of paired body part terms. However, expressions such as 'a side of shoe/earring/slipper', etc. are very common; cf. also Winer (2009: 817).",,6-30,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-272,6,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-273,6,273,2,273-2,/u/ and /ʊ/ tend to be merged in Trinidad English Creole.,,6-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-274,6,274,1,274-1,,,6-172,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +6-275,6,275,2,275-2,"/eː/ is similar to /e/ - vowel length distinction is ""unstable"" (Solomon 1993: 16) in Trinidad English Creole.",1431,6-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-276,6,276,2,276-2,"/ɛː/ tends to merge with /e:/. Also: vowel length distinction is ""unstable"" (Solomon 1993: 16) in Trinidad Eenglish Creole.",1431,6-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-277,6,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-278,6,278,2,278-2,"/aː/ tends to merge with /a/ - vowel length distinction is ""unstable"" (Solomon 1993: 16) in Trinidad English Creole.",1431,6-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-279,6,279,2,279-2,"/uː/ is similar to /u/ - vowel length distinction is ""unstable"" (Solomon 1993: 16) in Trinidad English Creole.",1431,6-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-28-1,6,28,1,28-1,,1431[84],6-31 6-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +6-280,6,280,2,280-2,"/oː/ tends to merge with /o/ - vowel length distinction is ""unstable"" (Solomon 1993: 16) in Trinidad English Creole.",1431,6-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-281,6,281,2,281-2,/ɔː/ is similar to /ɔ/ - vowel length distinction is unstable in Trinidad English Creole.,,6-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-282,6,282,2,282-2,"/ɑː/ is similar to /ɑ/ - see comments on the instability of vowel length distinction in Trinidad English Creole (Solomon 1993: 16). Additionally, it is in variation with /a/ and /ɔ/.",,6-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +6-284,6,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-285,6,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-286,6,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-287,6,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-288,6,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-289,6,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-29-1,6,29,1,29-1,,,6-25 6-32,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-290,6,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-291,6,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-3-1,6,3,1,3-1,,,6-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-30-2,6,30,2,30-2,,,6-33,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-308-1,6,308,1,308-1,"Trinidad English Creole also has some lexical influences from French/Trinidad French Creole, Spanish, Bhojpuri and diverse African languages.",1594,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-309-1,6,309,1,309-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-31-2,6,31,2,31-2,,1431[84],6-31 6-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-310-4,6,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +6-311-3,6,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-312-2,6,312,2,312-2,"In the diaspora, second generation Trinidad English Creole speakers have been observed to shift to the host variety or, in the case of the Caribbean community in London, to London Jamaican (cf. Sebba 1993, Mühleisen 2002). In recent years a growing use of Trinidad English Creole by diaspora speakers in the electronic media can be observed (Mühleisen 2011+).",1008[135-180],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +6-313-6,6,313,6,313-6,"This figure also includes some diaspora communities in the United States, Canada, and the UK.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-314-3,6,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-315-3,6,315,3,315-3,"WhileTrinidad English Creole is widely used in other media genres, the news are read in Standard English.",1007[69],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-316-1,6,316,1,316-1,,1010,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-317-1,6,317,1,317-1,Trinidad English Creole is used widely in the music styles of Soca and Calypso.,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-318-2,6,318,2,318-2,The use of Trinidad English Creole in literary works is often limited to the character dialogues in fiction.,1591,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +6-319-3,6,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-32-2,6,32,2,32-2,,,6-34,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +6-320-2,6,320,2,320-2,"Trinidad English Creole is used in humorous columns, also sometimes in the ""letter to the editors"" section. For acceptability rates of Trinidad English Creole use in the media, cf. Mühleisen 2001: 69.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-321-2,6,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-322-2,6,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-323-2,6,323,2,323-2,Trinidad English Creole is sometimes used in political speeches to affirm a positive relationship between the politician and the people.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-324-1,6,324,1,324-1,Trinidad English Creole has been the main medium of instruction at elementary school level since the 1970s. See Mühleisen 2001 for language attitudes of primary and secondary school teachers.,1007,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-325-1,6,325,1,325-1,,1011,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-326-1,6,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-327-2,6,327,2,327-2,"The most significant extralinguistic factor for phonological variation seems to be rural vs. urban origin. Other possible factors are ethnicity, social class and age. Geography plays a limited role.",1431[181-184],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +6-328-3,6,328,3,328-3,"Morphosyntactic variation occurs only between Trinidad English Creole and the acrolect, Standard English; morphosyntactic variation in Trinidad English Creole along geographical lines has not been described.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-329-2,6,329,2,329-2,"Ethnicity (Indo-Trinidadian vs. Afro-Trinidadian) plays a role in lexical choice. There is a larger concentration of Indo-Trinidadians in the South of the country; therefore, lexical variation could also be described in terms of geographical distribution.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-33-2,6,33,2,33-2,,,6-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +6-330-1,6,330,1,330-1,The most significant extralinguistic factor for phonological variation seems to be rural vs. urban origin.,1431[183],,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-331-2,6,331,2,331-2,"Morphosyntactic variation occurs only between Trinidad English Creole and the acrolect, Standard English; morphosyntactic variation in Trinidad English Creole along geographical lines has not been described.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-332-2,6,332,2,332-2,Ethnicity (Indo-Trinidadian vs. Afro-Trinidadian) plays a role in lexical choice.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-333-1,6,333,1,333-1,,1431[181],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-334-3,6,334,3,334-3,"Morphosyntactic variation occurs only between Trinidad English Creole and the acrolect, Standard English; morphosyntactic variation in Trinidad English Creole along geographical lines has not been described.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-335-2,6,335,2,335-2,Differences in register and the lexical choices that are associated with it,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-34-1,6,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-36-1,6,36,1,36-1,,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-37-1,6,37,1,37-1,,,6-38 6-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-38-4,6,38,4,38-4,,,6-40,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +6-39-4,6,39,4,39-4,,1431[51],6-41,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +6-4-2,6,4,2,4-2,,,6-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +6-40-1,6,40,1,40-1,Trinidad English Creole nouns and adjectives are not marked for gender.,,6-42,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-41-1,6,41,1,41-1,Both adjective suffixing and degree words are used for comparative constructions in Trinidad English Creole (more bigger).,1431[63],6-43,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-42-2,6,42,2,42-2,"In Trinidad English Creole comparative constructions, dan is used to express difference, and as to express similarity (e.g. a man as you 'a man like you')",1431[63],6-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +6-43-1,6,43,1,43-1,,1431[104],6-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-45-2,6,45,2,45-2,,,6-48,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-47-2,6,47,2,47-2,,1431[118],6-50,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +6-48-2,6,48,2,48-2,,,6-51,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 6-49-3,6,49,3,49-3,"Value 3 comment: The Tense particles are the following: anterior ('did/was/had'), future ('go/would'); -aspectual oppositions: perfective vs. non-perfective ('does -ing')",1431[117],6-52,100.0,Unspecified -6-5-1,6,5,1,5-1,,1431[49],6-5,100.0,Certain -6-50-1,6,50,1,50-1,,1431[134],6-53,100.0,Intermediate -6-51-3,6,51,3,51-3,,1591[22];1591,6-54 6-55,100.0,Intermediate -6-52-4,6,52,4,52-4,,1591[28],6-56 6-57,100.0,Certain -6-53-1,6,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Uncertain -6-54-2,6,54,2,54-2,,,6-129,100.0,Very certain -6-55-2,6,55,2,55-2,,,6-58,100.0,Certain -6-56-1,6,56,1,56-1,,7,6-59 6-66,100.0,Very certain -6-57-1,6,57,1,57-1,,,6-60,100.0,Unspecified -6-58-1,6,58,1,58-1,,1431[84],6-1 6-31 6-61,100.0,Very certain -6-59-1,6,59,1,59-1,The subject/object distinction is optionally made in the 1SG (a/mi) and in the 3Pl form (de/dem).,,6-62,100.0,Unspecified -6-6-1,6,6,1,6-1,,,6-7,100.0,Very certain -6-60-2,6,60,2,60-2,,,6-63,70.0,Certain -6-60-1,6,60,1,60-1,,,6-64,30.0,Certain -6-61-1,6,61,1,61-1,,,6-63 6-65,70.0,Certain -6-61-2,6,61,2,61-2,,,6-64,30.0,Unspecified -6-62-1,6,62,1,62-1,,,6-66,100.0,Certain -6-63-1,6,63,1,63-1,,,6-67,100.0,Certain -6-64-1,6,64,1,64-1,,,6-68,70.0,Very certain -6-64-2,6,64,2,64-2,,,6-69,30.0,Uncertain -6-65-1,6,65,1,65-1,,,6-70,100.0,Certain -6-66-1,6,66,1,66-1,,,6-72,30.0,Certain -6-66-3,6,66,3,66-3,,,6-71,70.0,Certain -6-67-1,6,67,1,67-1,,,6-73,100.0,Very certain -6-68-2,6,68,2,68-2,There is not enough data.,,6-74,100.0,Very certain -6-69-1,6,69,1,69-1,,,6-75,100.0,Very certain -6-7-1,6,7,1,7-1,The relative clause is marked by we.,,6-8,100.0,Unspecified -6-72-1,6,72,1,72-1,,,6-126 6-76,100.0,Very certain -6-73-1,6,73,1,73-1,The invariant copula is is (sg. and pl.).,1431[91],6-77,100.0,Certain -6-74-2,6,74,2,74-2,,1431[91],6-78,100.0,Certain -6-75-2,6,75,2,75-2,,1431[91],6-79,100.0,Certain -6-76-2,6,76,2,76-2,,1431[91-92],6-77 6-80,100.0,Very certain -6-77-1,6,77,1,77-1,,,6-81,100.0,Certain -6-78-1,6,78,1,78-1,,,6-82,100.0,Certain -6-79-1,6,79,1,79-1,,,6-61,100.0,Certain -6-8-1,6,8,1,8-1,,,6-9,100.0,Very certain -6-80-2,6,80,2,80-2,,,6-84,30.0,Intermediate -6-80-1,6,80,1,80-1,,,6-85,70.0,Intermediate -6-81-3,6,81,3,81-3,,,6-83 6-84,100.0,Certain -6-82-1,6,82,1,82-1,,,6-86,100.0,Intermediate -6-83-1,6,83,1,83-1,,,6-87,100.0,Certain -6-84-2,6,84,2,84-2,,1591[42];1431[146],6-88,100.0,Intermediate -6-85-1,6,85,1,85-1,,1431[147],,100.0,Certain +aspectual oppositions: perfective vs. non-perfective ('does -ing')",1431[117],6-52,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +6-5-1,6,5,1,5-1,,1431[49],6-5,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +6-50-1,6,50,1,50-1,,1431[134],6-53,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +6-51-3,6,51,3,51-3,,1591[22];1591,6-54 6-55,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-52-4,6,52,4,52-4,,1591[28],6-56 6-57,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Informant +6-53-1,6,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-54-2,6,54,2,54-2,,,6-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-55-2,6,55,2,55-2,,,6-58,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-56-1,6,56,1,56-1,,7,6-59 6-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-57-1,6,57,1,57-1,,,6-60,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-58-1,6,58,1,58-1,,1431[84],6-1 6-31 6-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-59-1,6,59,1,59-1,The subject/object distinction is optionally made in the 1SG (a/mi) and in the 3Pl form (de/dem).,,6-62,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Informant +6-6-1,6,6,1,6-1,,,6-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-60-2,6,60,2,60-2,,,6-63,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Informant +6-60-1,6,60,1,60-1,,,6-64,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Informant +6-61-1,6,61,1,61-1,,,6-63 6-65,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Informant +6-61-2,6,61,2,61-2,,,6-64,30.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Informant +6-62-1,6,62,1,62-1,,,6-66,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Informant +6-63-1,6,63,1,63-1,,,6-67,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Informant +6-64-1,6,64,1,64-1,,,6-68,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Informant +6-64-2,6,64,2,64-2,,,6-69,30.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Informant +6-65-1,6,65,1,65-1,,,6-70,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Informant +6-66-1,6,66,1,66-1,,,6-72,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}",Informant +6-66-3,6,66,3,66-3,,,6-71,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}",Informant +6-67-1,6,67,1,67-1,,,6-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Informant +6-68-2,6,68,2,68-2,There is not enough data.,,6-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Informant +6-69-1,6,69,1,69-1,,,6-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own data +6-7-1,6,7,1,7-1,The relative clause is marked by we.,,6-8,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-72-1,6,72,1,72-1,,,6-126 6-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Informant +6-73-1,6,73,1,73-1,The invariant copula is is (sg. and pl.).,1431[91],6-77,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +6-74-2,6,74,2,74-2,,1431[91],6-78,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-75-2,6,75,2,75-2,,1431[91],6-79,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +6-76-2,6,76,2,76-2,,1431[91-92],6-77 6-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +6-77-1,6,77,1,77-1,,,6-81,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Informant +6-78-1,6,78,1,78-1,,,6-82,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-79-1,6,79,1,79-1,,,6-61,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +6-8-1,6,8,1,8-1,,,6-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-80-2,6,80,2,80-2,,,6-84,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-80-1,6,80,1,80-1,,,6-85,70.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-81-3,6,81,3,81-3,,,6-83 6-84,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-82-1,6,82,1,82-1,,,6-86,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-83-1,6,83,1,83-1,,,6-87,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +6-84-2,6,84,2,84-2,,1591[42];1431[146],6-88,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +6-85-1,6,85,1,85-1,,1431[147],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 6-86-1,6,86,1,86-1,"Serial verb constructions in Trinidadian work only with the verb ""to give"" - Solomon (148) attributes this to the influence of French Creole. All other constructions involving two or more verbs have the conjuction -""and.""",1431[146],6-90,100.0,Certain -6-87-3,6,87,3,87-3,,1431[51],6-91,100.0,Unspecified -6-88-1,6,88,1,88-1,,1431[51],6-91,100.0,Unspecified -6-89-2,6,89,2,89-2,,,6-91 6-92,100.0,Intermediate -6-9-1,6,9,1,9-1,,,6-10,100.0,Very certain -6-90-1,6,90,1,90-1,,1431[151],6-93,50.0,Very certain -6-90-3,6,90,3,90-3,,1431[151],6-94,50.0,Very certain -6-91-8,6,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -6-92-5,6,92,5,92-5,,,6-96,50.0,Unspecified -6-92-2,6,92,2,92-2,,,6-95,50.0,Very certain -6-93-2,6,93,2,93-2,,1431[59],6-98,50.0,Certain -6-93-4,6,93,4,93-4,,1431[59],6-97,50.0,Certain -6-94-2,6,94,2,94-2,,,6-99,50.0,Unspecified -6-94-4,6,94,4,94-4,,,6-100,50.0,Unspecified -6-95-1,6,95,1,95-1,"Example 101 is probably historical and basilectal, therefore much less frequent than Example 102.",1591[24],6-101,30.0,Certain -6-95-3,6,95,3,95-3,"Example 101 is probably historical and basilectal, therefore much less frequent than Example 102.",1591[24],6-102,70.0,Certain -6-96-1,6,96,1,96-1,,1591[24],6-101,50.0,Unspecified -6-96-3,6,96,3,96-3,,1591[24],6-102 6-66,50.0,Unspecified -6-97-1,6,97,1,97-1,,,6-103,100.0,Certain -6-98-5,6,98,5,98-5,,,6-104 6-132,100.0,Certain -6-99-2,6,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain -60-0-6,60,0,6,0-6,,,,100.0, -60-1-2,60,1,2,1-2,,930[39],60-1,100.0,Very certain -60-10-4,60,10,4,10-4,,,,100.0,Certain -60-100-4,60,100,4,100-4,,930[25],60-145 60-146,100.0,Very certain -60-101-3,60,101,3,101-3,,930[25],60-145 60-146,100.0,Very certain -60-102-1,60,102,1,102-1,,,60-147,100.0,Certain -60-103-7,60,103,7,103-7,,,60-148,100.0,Very certain -60-104-7,60,104,7,104-7,"A highlighter (focus marker) is always used. In the case of subject cleft constructions (It was Pierre who hit Paul), the focus remains in front, as is the case in the declarative. In the case of object cleft constructions (It was Paul whom Pierre hit), the focus is fronted as compared to the word order in the corresponding declarative.",930[43],60-149 60-150,100.0,Very certain -60-105-1,60,105,1,105-1,,,60-151,100.0,Very certain -60-106-1,60,106,1,106-1,,,60-152,50.0,Very certain -60-106-2,60,106,2,106-2,,,60-153 60-154,50.0,Very certain -60-107-2,60,107,2,107-2,,,60-155,100.0,Certain -60-108-3,60,108,3,108-3,"Only the bilabial click and the dental click appear in Lingala. (Many linguists don't consider the former to be a click properly speaking, as there is no velar cavity). The bilabial click only has affective meaning, the dental click can have logical or affective meaning.",,60-156 60-157 60-158,100.0,Intermediate -60-109-2,60,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-11-3,60,11,3,11-3,,,60-12,50.0,Very certain -60-11-1,60,11,1,11-1,,,60-11,50.0,Very certain -60-110-2,60,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-111-3,60,111,3,111-3,,,60-160,50.0,Very certain -60-111-1,60,111,1,111-1,,,60-159,50.0,Very certain -60-112-1,60,112,1,112-1,,,60-161,100.0,Very certain -60-113-4,60,113,4,113-4,"In principle, mosapi means both 'toe' and 'finger'. When used alone mosapi is always understood to mean 'finger', and needs no further disambiguation. If one does desire to disambiguate, it is possible to say mosapi ya lobóko 'finger of hand' or mosapi ya lokolo 'finger of foot'.",,60-162 60-163 60-176,100.0,Very certain -60-114-1,60,114,1,114-1,,,60-164,100.0,Certain -60-115-1,60,115,1,115-1,,,60-165,100.0,Certain -60-116-5,60,116,5,116-5,,,60-166 60-167,100.0,Very certain -60-117-2,60,117,2,117-2,The sex-denoting word is found in a connectival ('of') phrase.,,60-168 60-169,100.0,Very certain -60-118-1,60,118,1,118-1,,930[9],60-170,100.0,Very certain -60-119-1,60,119,1,119-1,,,60-171,100.0,Very certain -60-12-1,60,12,1,12-1,,,60-13,30.0,Very certain -60-12-2,60,12,2,12-2,,,60-14,70.0,Very certain -60-120-5,60,120,5,120-5,"Compound tones also occur: A falling tone is a combination of a high and a low toneme; a rising tone is a combination of a low and a high toneme. Compound tones are always analyzable, either synchronically or diachronically, and never contrast with single tones in lexical or grammatical semantics.",928[101];930[25],60-172 60-173 60-174 60-175,100.0,Very certain -60-121-2,60,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -60-122-4,60,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -60-123-4,60,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -60-124-1,60,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -60-125-2,60,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -60-126-1,60,126,1,126-1,,,60-186,100.0, -60-127-6,60,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -60-128-4,60,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -60-129-1,60,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, +""and.""",1431[146],6-90,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +6-87-3,6,87,3,87-3,,1431[51],6-91,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +6-88-1,6,88,1,88-1,,1431[51],6-91,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +6-89-2,6,89,2,89-2,,,6-91 6-92,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own corpus data +6-9-1,6,9,1,9-1,,,6-10,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +6-90-1,6,90,1,90-1,,1431[151],6-93,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +6-90-3,6,90,3,90-3,,1431[151],6-94,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +6-91-8,6,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +6-92-5,6,92,5,92-5,,,6-96,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Informant A.K. +6-92-2,6,92,2,92-2,,,6-95,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Informant A.K. +6-93-2,6,93,2,93-2,,1431[59],6-98,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +6-93-4,6,93,4,93-4,,1431[59],6-97,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +6-94-2,6,94,2,94-2,,,6-99,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Informant A.K. +6-94-4,6,94,4,94-4,,,6-100,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Informant A.K. +6-95-1,6,95,1,95-1,"Example 101 is probably historical and basilectal, therefore much less frequent than Example 102.",1591[24],6-101,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-0000FF.png""}",Own corpus data +6-95-3,6,95,3,95-3,"Example 101 is probably historical and basilectal, therefore much less frequent than Example 102.",1591[24],6-102,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-0000FF.png""}",Own corpus data +6-96-1,6,96,1,96-1,,1591[24],6-101,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-0000FF.png""}",Own corpus data +6-96-3,6,96,3,96-3,,1591[24],6-102 6-66,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-0000FF.png""}",Own corpus data +6-97-1,6,97,1,97-1,,,6-103,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +6-98-5,6,98,5,98-5,,,6-104 6-132,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own corpus data +6-99-2,6,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-0-6,60,0,6,0-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +60-1-2,60,1,2,1-2,,930[39],60-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-10-4,60,10,4,10-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-100-4,60,100,4,100-4,,930[25],60-145 60-146,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-101-3,60,101,3,101-3,,930[25],60-145 60-146,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +60-102-1,60,102,1,102-1,,,60-147,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +60-103-7,60,103,7,103-7,,,60-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +60-104-7,60,104,7,104-7,"A highlighter (focus marker) is always used. In the case of subject cleft constructions (It was Pierre who hit Paul), the focus remains in front, as is the case in the declarative. In the case of object cleft constructions (It was Paul whom Pierre hit), the focus is fronted as compared to the word order in the corresponding declarative.",930[43],60-149 60-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +60-105-1,60,105,1,105-1,,,60-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-106-1,60,106,1,106-1,,,60-152,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-106-2,60,106,2,106-2,,,60-153 60-154,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-107-2,60,107,2,107-2,,,60-155,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-108-3,60,108,3,108-3,"Only the bilabial click and the dental click appear in Lingala. (Many linguists don't consider the former to be a click properly speaking, as there is no velar cavity). The bilabial click only has affective meaning, the dental click can have logical or affective meaning.",,60-156 60-157 60-158,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +60-109-2,60,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-11-3,60,11,3,11-3,,,60-12,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-800080-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-11-1,60,11,1,11-1,,,60-11,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-800080-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-110-2,60,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-111-3,60,111,3,111-3,,,60-160,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-111-1,60,111,1,111-1,,,60-159,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-112-1,60,112,1,112-1,,,60-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +60-113-4,60,113,4,113-4,"In principle, mosapi means both 'toe' and 'finger'. When used alone mosapi is always understood to mean 'finger', and needs no further disambiguation. If one does desire to disambiguate, it is possible to say mosapi ya lobóko 'finger of hand' or mosapi ya lokolo 'finger of foot'.",,60-162 60-163 60-176,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-114-1,60,114,1,114-1,,,60-164,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-115-1,60,115,1,115-1,,,60-165,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-116-5,60,116,5,116-5,,,60-166 60-167,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-117-2,60,117,2,117-2,The sex-denoting word is found in a connectival ('of') phrase.,,60-168 60-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-118-1,60,118,1,118-1,,930[9],60-170,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-119-1,60,119,1,119-1,,,60-171,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-12-1,60,12,1,12-1,,,60-13,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-12-2,60,12,2,12-2,,,60-14,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-120-5,60,120,5,120-5,"Compound tones also occur: A falling tone is a combination of a high and a low toneme; a rising tone is a combination of a low and a high toneme. Compound tones are always analyzable, either synchronically or diachronically, and never contrast with single tones in lexical or grammatical semantics.",928[101];930[25],60-172 60-173 60-174 60-175,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +60-121-2,60,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +60-122-4,60,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +60-123-4,60,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-124-1,60,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +60-125-2,60,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +60-126-1,60,126,1,126-1,,,60-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +60-127-6,60,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-128-4,60,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-129-1,60,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 60-13-4,60,13,4,13-4,"singular: yé (animates, male and female) versus yangó́ (inanimates); -plural: bangó (animates, male and female) versus yangó (inanimates)",930[16],60-15 60-16 60-17 60-18,100.0,Very certain -60-130-4,60,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -60-131,60,131,1,131-1,,,60-177,100.0, -60-132,60,132,1,132-1,,,60-179,100.0, -60-133,60,133,1,133-1,,,60-180,100.0, -60-134,60,134,1,134-1,,,60-181,100.0, -60-137,60,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -60-138,60,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -60-139,60,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -60-14-1,60,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-140,60,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -60-143,60,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -60-144,60,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -60-145,60,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -60-146,60,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -60-147,60,147,1,147-1,,,60-178,100.0, -60-148,60,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -60-149,60,149,1,149-1,,,60-182,100.0, -60-15-1,60,15,1,15-1,,,60-19,100.0,Very certain -60-151,60,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -60-152,60,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -60-153,60,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -60-155,60,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -60-156,60,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -60-158,60,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -60-159,60,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -60-16-1,60,16,1,16-1,,,60-20,100.0,Very certain -60-160,60,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -60-161,60,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -60-163,60,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -60-168,60,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -60-169,60,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -60-17-2,60,17,2,17-2,,930[25],60-123 60-21 60-22,100.0,Very certain -60-170,60,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -60-171,60,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -60-172,60,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -60-173,60,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -60-174,60,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -60-176,60,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -60-178,60,178,1,178-1,,,60-189,100.0, -60-179,60,179,1,179-1,,,60-190,100.0, -60-18-1,60,18,1,18-1,2SG intimate: yó. Rarely the independent pronoun of 2PL bínó is used to politely address one hearer.,,60-23,100.0,Certain -60-180,60,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -60-181,60,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -60-182,60,182,2,182-2,,,60-191,100.0, -60-183,60,183,3,183-3,"In French loanwords, the original uvular fricative is pronounced by many Lingala speakers as an alveolar trill.",,60-192,100.0, -60-184,60,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -60-187,60,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -60-188,60,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -60-189,60,189,1,189-1,,,60-183,100.0, +plural: bangó (animates, male and female) versus yangó (inanimates)",930[16],60-15 60-16 60-17 60-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-130-4,60,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-131,60,131,1,131-1,,,60-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-132,60,132,1,132-1,,,60-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-133,60,133,1,133-1,,,60-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-134,60,134,1,134-1,,,60-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-137,60,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-138,60,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-139,60,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-14-1,60,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-140,60,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-143,60,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-144,60,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-145,60,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-146,60,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-147,60,147,1,147-1,,,60-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-148,60,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-149,60,149,1,149-1,,,60-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-15-1,60,15,1,15-1,,,60-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +60-151,60,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-152,60,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-153,60,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-155,60,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-156,60,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-158,60,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-159,60,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-16-1,60,16,1,16-1,,,60-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-160,60,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-161,60,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-163,60,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-168,60,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-169,60,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-17-2,60,17,2,17-2,,930[25],60-123 60-21 60-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-170,60,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-171,60,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-172,60,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-173,60,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-174,60,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-176,60,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-178,60,178,1,178-1,,,60-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-179,60,179,1,179-1,,,60-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-18-1,60,18,1,18-1,2SG intimate: yó. Rarely the independent pronoun of 2PL bínó is used to politely address one hearer.,,60-23,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +60-180,60,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-181,60,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-182,60,182,2,182-2,,,60-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +60-183,60,183,3,183-3,"In French loanwords, the original uvular fricative is pronounced by many Lingala speakers as an alveolar trill.",,60-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +60-184,60,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-187,60,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-188,60,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-189,60,189,1,189-1,,,60-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 60-19-3,60,19,3,19-3,"náni 'who'; wápi 'where'; tángo níni 'when'; ndéngé níni 'how' (ndéngé níni also has the noncompound equivalent bóní; both are equally frequent). Tángo is a noun, meaning 'moment'. -Ndéngé is a noun, meaning 'manner'.",,60-24 60-25 60-26 60-27,100.0,Certain -60-190,60,190,1,190-1,,,60-184,100.0, -60-191,60,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -60-192,60,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -60-193,60,193,1,193-1,,,60-185,100.0, -60-194,60,194,1,194-1,,,60-186,100.0, -60-195,60,195,3,195-3,"Kinshása is a loanword from Kiteke, the language originally spoken in the area were Léopoldville (later Kinshasa) was founded.",,60-187,100.0, -60-196,60,196,3,196-3,This sound occurs in French names and loanwords. A minority of Lingala speakers pronounces an alveolar fricative instead.,,60-188,100.0, -60-199,60,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -60-2-2,60,2,2,2-2,"If the possessor is a full noun, the only possible word order is possessum - possessor. If the possessor is a pronoun, the order possessor - possessum is also possible, but it is used only in contrastive contexts.",930[19],60-2,100.0,Very certain -60-20-1,60,20,1,20-1,,930[16],60-29,10.0,Certain -60-20-3,60,20,3,20-3,,930[16],60-28,90.0,Very certain -60-200,60,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -60-201,60,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -60-202,60,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -60-205,60,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -60-209,60,209,1,209-1,,,60-193,100.0, -60-21-2,60,21,2,21-2,,,60-30 60-31,100.0,Very certain -60-212,60,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -60-217,60,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -60-218,60,218,1,218-1,,,60-194,100.0, -60-22-6,60,22,6,22-6,"Some nouns lack a singular/plural distinction, namely nouns in Bantu noun class pair 9/10. They can be human or nonhuman.",930[11],60-32 60-33,100.0,Certain -60-221,60,221,1,221-1,,,60-195,100.0, -60-23-2,60,23,2,23-2,,930[11],60-34,100.0,Very certain -60-231,60,231,1,231-1,,,60-201,100.0, -60-232,60,232,1,232-1,,,60-202,100.0, -60-235,60,235,1,235-1,,,60-203,100.0, -60-24-1,60,24,1,24-1,,930[11],60-35 60-36,100.0,Very certain -60-243,60,243,2,243-2,,,60-204,100.0, -60-25-1,60,25,1,25-1,"There are four bound nominal plural markers, depending on noun class: ba-, mi-, ma-, bi-.",930[11],60-37 60-38,100.0,Very certain -60-252,60,252,1,252-1,,,60-196,100.0, -60-253,60,253,1,253-1,,,60-197,100.0, -60-254,60,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -60-255,60,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -60-256,60,256,1,256-1,,,60-198,100.0, -60-257,60,257,1,257-1,,,60-199,100.0, -60-258,60,258,1,258-1,,,60-200,100.0, -60-259,60,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -60-26-2,60,26,2,26-2,,,60-39,100.0,Very certain -60-260,60,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -60-261,60,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -60-263,60,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -60-267,60,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -60-268,60,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -60-27-2,60,27,2,27-2,,,60-40,100.0,Very certain -60-272,60,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -60-273,60,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -60-274,60,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -60-275,60,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -60-276,60,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -60-277,60,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -60-278,60,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -60-279,60,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, +Ndéngé is a noun, meaning 'manner'.",,60-24 60-25 60-26 60-27,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-190,60,190,1,190-1,,,60-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-191,60,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-192,60,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-193,60,193,1,193-1,,,60-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-194,60,194,1,194-1,,,60-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-195,60,195,3,195-3,"Kinshása is a loanword from Kiteke, the language originally spoken in the area were Léopoldville (later Kinshasa) was founded.",,60-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +60-196,60,196,3,196-3,This sound occurs in French names and loanwords. A minority of Lingala speakers pronounces an alveolar fricative instead.,,60-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +60-199,60,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-2-2,60,2,2,2-2,"If the possessor is a full noun, the only possible word order is possessum - possessor. If the possessor is a pronoun, the order possessor - possessum is also possible, but it is used only in contrastive contexts.",930[19],60-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-20-1,60,20,1,20-1,,930[16],60-29,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-20-3,60,20,3,20-3,,930[16],60-28,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-200,60,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-201,60,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-202,60,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-205,60,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-209,60,209,1,209-1,,,60-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-21-2,60,21,2,21-2,,,60-30 60-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-212,60,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-217,60,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-218,60,218,1,218-1,,,60-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-22-6,60,22,6,22-6,"Some nouns lack a singular/plural distinction, namely nouns in Bantu noun class pair 9/10. They can be human or nonhuman.",930[11],60-32 60-33,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +60-221,60,221,1,221-1,,,60-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-23-2,60,23,2,23-2,,930[11],60-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +60-231,60,231,1,231-1,,,60-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-232,60,232,1,232-1,,,60-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-235,60,235,1,235-1,,,60-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-24-1,60,24,1,24-1,,930[11],60-35 60-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-243,60,243,2,243-2,,,60-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +60-25-1,60,25,1,25-1,"There are four bound nominal plural markers, depending on noun class: ba-, mi-, ma-, bi-.",930[11],60-37 60-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-252,60,252,1,252-1,,,60-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-253,60,253,1,253-1,,,60-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-254,60,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-255,60,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-256,60,256,1,256-1,,,60-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-257,60,257,1,257-1,,,60-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-258,60,258,1,258-1,,,60-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +60-259,60,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-26-2,60,26,2,26-2,,,60-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-260,60,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-261,60,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-263,60,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-267,60,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-268,60,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-27-2,60,27,2,27-2,,,60-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-272,60,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-273,60,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-274,60,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-275,60,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-276,60,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-277,60,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-278,60,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-279,60,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 60-28-5,60,28,5,28-5,"There are means, but outside the articles, to express whether the referent of a noun is either, on the one hand, definite or indefinite-specific or, on the other, indefinite-nonspecific. (a) For singular and plural nouns: @@ -17829,78 +17829,78 @@ Ba-makásá óyo e-zal-í malámu té [ba-leaves DEM1 3SG.INAN-be-PRS.PRF good NEG] ‘These leaves are not good.’   -",,,100.0,Very certain -60-280,60,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -60-281,60,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -60-282,60,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -60-284,60,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -60-285,60,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -60-286,60,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -60-287,60,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -60-288,60,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -60-289,60,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -60-29-5,60,29,5,29-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-290,60,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -60-291,60,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -60-3-2,60,3,2,3-2,,930[15],60-3,100.0,Very certain -60-30-1,60,30,1,30-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-308-9,60,308,9,308-9,"The lexifier language is Bobangi (Bantu, Zone C).",931[150];933[240-60],,100.0,Certain -60-309-3,60,309,3,309-3,,930[3];933[241];932,,100.0,Certain -60-31-4,60,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-310-4,60,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Intermediate +",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +60-280,60,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-281,60,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-282,60,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-284,60,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-285,60,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-286,60,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-287,60,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-288,60,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-289,60,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-29-5,60,29,5,29-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +60-290,60,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-291,60,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-3-2,60,3,2,3-2,,930[15],60-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-30-1,60,30,1,30-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-308-9,60,308,9,308-9,"The lexifier language is Bobangi (Bantu, Zone C).",931[150];933[240-60],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +60-309-3,60,309,3,309-3,,930[3];933[241];932,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +60-31-4,60,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-310-4,60,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge 60-311-2,60,311,2,311-2,"The acquisition of new adult speakers fluctuates with the need for a lingua franca. In certain regions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Congo this need has recently decreased because of local ethnic homogenization. But other regions still witness demographic shifts to multiethnic urban centers, where lingua francas are needed. -Also, Lingala certainly acquires new adult speakers in the diaspora.",932[33],,100.0,Certain -60-312-3,60,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain -60-313-6,60,313,6,313-6,,933[240],,100.0,Very certain -60-314-3,60,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-315-2,60,315,2,315-2,"In news broadcasts mostly another variety, which differs from the default variety I cover in this Atlas, is used.",933[259],,100.0,Very certain -60-316-1,60,316,1,316-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-317-1,60,317,1,317-1,,932[31],,100.0,Very certain -60-318-2,60,318,2,318-2,Use in the domain of literature is very limited and only a very recent phenomenon.,932[43],,100.0,Very certain -60-319-2,60,319,2,319-2,,,,100.0,Certain -60-32-3,60,32,3,32-3,,930[17],60-41 60-42,100.0,Very certain -60-320-1,60,320,1,320-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-321-1,60,321,1,321-1,"Lingala is used in public contexts, alongside French.",,,100.0,Certain -60-322-2,60,322,2,322-2,There may be occasional codeswitching from the offical language French to Lingala in spoken interaction in order to ensure comprehension on behalf of the accused. But all the official communication is in French.,,,100.0,Certain -60-323-3,60,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-324-2,60,324,2,324-2,"Some schools use Lingala as the medium of instruction in the first grades of primary education and shift to French in the third, fourth or fifth year. Other schools start with French as the medium of instruction right away, from first grade. In urban centers even some kindergartens are French-medium.",,,100.0,Very certain -60-325-1,60,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-326-2,60,326,2,326-2,The most important language currently in contact with Lingala is French.,,,100.0,Very certain +Also, Lingala certainly acquires new adult speakers in the diaspora.",932[33],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-312-3,60,312,3,312-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-313-6,60,313,6,313-6,,933[240],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-314-3,60,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-315-2,60,315,2,315-2,"In news broadcasts mostly another variety, which differs from the default variety I cover in this Atlas, is used.",933[259],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-316-1,60,316,1,316-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-317-1,60,317,1,317-1,,932[31],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +60-318-2,60,318,2,318-2,Use in the domain of literature is very limited and only a very recent phenomenon.,932[43],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-319-2,60,319,2,319-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-32-3,60,32,3,32-3,,930[17],60-41 60-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +60-320-1,60,320,1,320-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-321-1,60,321,1,321-1,"Lingala is used in public contexts, alongside French.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-322-2,60,322,2,322-2,There may be occasional codeswitching from the offical language French to Lingala in spoken interaction in order to ensure comprehension on behalf of the accused. But all the official communication is in French.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-323-3,60,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-324-2,60,324,2,324-2,"Some schools use Lingala as the medium of instruction in the first grades of primary education and shift to French in the third, fourth or fifth year. Other schools start with French as the medium of instruction right away, from first grade. In urban centers even some kindergartens are French-medium.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-325-1,60,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-326-2,60,326,2,326-2,The most important language currently in contact with Lingala is French.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 60-327-2,60,327,2,327-2,"Northwestern Lingala has 7 vowel phonemes, making the additional distinction between the mid-close and the mid-open front vowel and the mid-close and mid-open back vowel. -Northwestern Lingala has less tendency to shift the rounded mid-close back vowel upwards than is the case in Southwestern Lingala (spoken in and around Kinshasa and covered in this Atlas).",,,100.0,Certain +Northwestern Lingala has less tendency to shift the rounded mid-close back vowel upwards than is the case in Southwestern Lingala (spoken in and around Kinshasa and covered in this Atlas).",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 60-328-2,60,328,2,328-2,"One example is the use of the preradical morpheme -ko- in the verbal tense paradigm. In the Lingala variant covered in the present Atlas, it is only used for the future. In Northwestern Lingala it is also used for the present, and this under the influence of early-twentieth century missionary language prescriptions. -Another example is the nominal class concord system. Again, under the influence of missionary-imposed corrections of the pidgin in the Northwest, this system was expanded there.",933[250],,100.0,Certain -60-329-1,60,329,1,329-1,"The more correct value would be in between ""widespread"" and ""limited"". ""Widespread"" is too strong, ""limited"" too weak.",,,100.0,Certain -60-33-2,60,33,2,33-2,,930[17],60-43 60-44,100.0,Very certain -60-330-2,60,330,2,330-2,"One could see the urban/rural distinction as a paraphrase of the geographical variation discussed in the Feature ""Geographic variation: phonology"", the Northwest being more rural than the Southwest, where Kinshasa is Lingala's main stronghold.",,,100.0,Certain -60-331-2,60,331,2,331-2,"One could see the urban/rural distinction as a paraphrase of the geographical variation mentioned in the Feature ""Geographic variation: morphosyntax"", the Northwest being more rural than the Southwest, where Kinshasa is Lingala's main stronghold.",,,100.0,Certain +Another example is the nominal class concord system. Again, under the influence of missionary-imposed corrections of the pidgin in the Northwest, this system was expanded there.",933[250],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +60-329-1,60,329,1,329-1,"The more correct value would be in between ""widespread"" and ""limited"". ""Widespread"" is too strong, ""limited"" too weak.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-33-2,60,33,2,33-2,,930[17],60-43 60-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-330-2,60,330,2,330-2,"One could see the urban/rural distinction as a paraphrase of the geographical variation discussed in the Feature ""Geographic variation: phonology"", the Northwest being more rural than the Southwest, where Kinshasa is Lingala's main stronghold.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-331-2,60,331,2,331-2,"One could see the urban/rural distinction as a paraphrase of the geographical variation mentioned in the Feature ""Geographic variation: morphosyntax"", the Northwest being more rural than the Southwest, where Kinshasa is Lingala's main stronghold.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 60-332-1,60,332,1,332-1,"One could see the urban/rural distinction as a paraphrase of the geographical variation mentioned in the Feature ""Geographic variation: lexicon"", the Northwest being more rural than the Southwest, where Kinshasa is Lingala's main stronghold. -The more correct value would be in between ""widespread"" and ""limited"". ""Widespread"" is too strong, ""limited"" too weak.",,,100.0,Certain -60-333-1,60,333,1,333-1,"The higher the social class, the more the phonology tends towards French.",927[83],,100.0,Certain -60-334-1,60,334,1,334-1,"The higher the social class, the more invasive is the codeswitching with French, also at morphological and morphosyntactic levels.",927[84],,100.0,Certain -60-335-1,60,335,1,335-1,"The higher the social class, the more codeswitching with words from French can be observed.",927[85],,100.0,Certain -60-34-1,60,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-35-3,60,35,3,35-3,Ordinal numerals are formed in a connectival phrase: connective + cardinal.,930[22],60-45 60-46 60-47 60-48,100.0,Very certain -60-36-1,60,36,1,36-1,"The language has Bantu nominal classes. The semantics of this distribution is vague. Class pair 1/2 has humans only, but humans also appear in other classes.",,60-49,100.0,Very certain -60-37-6,60,37,6,37-6,"When the possessor is expressed by a pronoun, the default and most frequently occurring word order is possessum - possessor. The reverse word order is used only in contrastive contexts (see Example 50). A note on allomorphs: In the latter word order, the connective, which is always na in front of pronouns (and ya in front of nouns), becomes ya.",930[19],60-50 60-51,100.0,Very certain -60-38-2,60,38,2,38-2,There is only adpositional marking and no case marking.,930[19],60-52,100.0,Very certain -60-39-1,60,39,1,39-1,"If the possessor is a pronoun, the adposition for dependent possessors is na when the adpositional phrase follows (majority) and ya when it precedes the possessum (minority); see also Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"". But it is always ya for independent possessors, whether expressed by a noun or a pronoun.",930[19],60-53 60-54,100.0,Certain -60-4-2,60,4,2,4-2,,930[15],60-4,100.0,Very certain -60-40-1,60,40,1,40-1,"Some adjectives in Lingala agree with the noun in number (singular versus plural), but none agrees in gender, i.e. in Bantu class.",930[16],,100.0,Very certain -60-41-2,60,41,2,41-2,,930[42],60-55,100.0,Very certain +The more correct value would be in between ""widespread"" and ""limited"". ""Widespread"" is too strong, ""limited"" too weak.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-333-1,60,333,1,333-1,"The higher the social class, the more the phonology tends towards French.",927[83],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-334-1,60,334,1,334-1,"The higher the social class, the more invasive is the codeswitching with French, also at morphological and morphosyntactic levels.",927[84],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-335-1,60,335,1,335-1,"The higher the social class, the more codeswitching with words from French can be observed.",927[85],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-34-1,60,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +60-35-3,60,35,3,35-3,Ordinal numerals are formed in a connectival phrase: connective + cardinal.,930[22],60-45 60-46 60-47 60-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +60-36-1,60,36,1,36-1,"The language has Bantu nominal classes. The semantics of this distribution is vague. Class pair 1/2 has humans only, but humans also appear in other classes.",,60-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +60-37-6,60,37,6,37-6,"When the possessor is expressed by a pronoun, the default and most frequently occurring word order is possessum - possessor. The reverse word order is used only in contrastive contexts (see Example 50). A note on allomorphs: In the latter word order, the connective, which is always na in front of pronouns (and ya in front of nouns), becomes ya.",930[19],60-50 60-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +60-38-2,60,38,2,38-2,There is only adpositional marking and no case marking.,930[19],60-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +60-39-1,60,39,1,39-1,"If the possessor is a pronoun, the adposition for dependent possessors is na when the adpositional phrase follows (majority) and ya when it precedes the possessum (minority); see also Feature 37 ""Marking of pronominal possessors"". But it is always ya for independent possessors, whether expressed by a noun or a pronoun.",930[19],60-53 60-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +60-4-2,60,4,2,4-2,,930[15],60-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-40-1,60,40,1,40-1,"Some adjectives in Lingala agree with the noun in number (singular versus plural), but none agrees in gender, i.e. in Bantu class.",930[16],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +60-41-2,60,41,2,41-2,,930[42],60-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 60-42-7,60,42,7,42-7,"Secondary surpass marking is especially preferred when the phrases referring to the topic, the standard and/or the domain of comparison are long. In such cases, primary surpass marking is avoided. Mosálá óyo e-sál-ám-áká na eleko ya bakóko, e-zal-í moké ko-lek-a mosálá ya ndéngé mókó óyo e-zô-sál-ám-a leló [work REL 3SG.INAN-do-PAST in era of ancestors, 3SG.INAN-be-PRS.PRF small INF-surpass-FV work of manner one REL 3SG.INAN-PRS.PROG-do-PASS-FV today] 'The work that was done in the times of our ancestors, is lighter than the same work done today'. -",930[42],60-57,50.0,Very certain +",930[42],60-57,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF7F00-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 60-42-1,60,42,1,42-1,"Secondary surpass marking is especially preferred when the phrases referring to the topic, the standard and/or the domain of comparison are long. In such cases, primary surpass marking is avoided. Mosálá óyo e-sál-ám-áká na eleko ya bakóko, e-zal-í moké ko-lek-a mosálá ya ndéngé mókó óyo e-zô-sál-ám-a leló [work REL 3SG.INAN-do-PAST in era of ancestors, 3SG.INAN-be-PRS.PRF small INF-surpass-FV work of manner one REL 3SG.INAN-PRS.PROG-do-PASS-FV today] 'The work that was done in the times of our ancestors, is lighter than the same work done today'. -",930[42],60-56,50.0,Very certain +",930[42],60-56,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF7F00-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 60-43-1,60,43,1,43-1,"Only the future marker -ko- is preradical; all other TAM markers are postradical. Apart from future -ko-, another preradical TA marker is -zô-, marking Present Progressive, but this is the contracted variant of a periphrastic form. Nazalí kolámba sósó @@ -17912,7 +17912,7 @@ Nazôlámba sósó Na-zô-lámb-a sósó 1SG-PRS.PROG-cook-FV chicken 'I’m preparing chicken' -",928;931;176[21-43],60-59,30.0,Very certain +",928;931;176[21-43],60-59,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 60-43-2,60,43,2,43-2,"Only the future marker -ko- is preradical; all other TAM markers are postradical. Apart from future -ko-, another preradical TA marker is -zô-, marking Present Progressive, but this is the contracted variant of a periphrastic form. Nazalí kolámba sósó @@ -17924,11 +17924,11 @@ Nazôlámba sósó Na-zô-lámb-a sósó 1SG-PRS.PROG-cook-FV chicken 'I’m preparing chicken' -",928;931;176[21-43],60-58,70.0,Very certain -60-44-8,60,44,8,44-8,,176[21];928,,100.0,Intermediate -60-45-1,60,45,1,45-1,"In the example given, -pés- is the root. Root extensions, such as causative, applicative and others, can intervene between root and past marker, but root + extension is considered to be the stem.",176[21];931;928,60-60,100.0,Very certain -60-46-4,60,46,4,46-4,"The progressive is formed by periphrasis, i.e. the auxiliary 'to be' followed by the main verb in the infinitive. Adverbs such as pé ('also') can intervene.",928[30],60-61 60-62 60-64,100.0,Very certain -60-47-4,60,47,4,47-4,"Although the language has a separate form for the habitual, the progressive can also be used for habits, but these are habits restricted in time only (whereas the habitual is more often used for structural habits).",176,60-63 60-64,100.0,Very certain +",928;931;176[21-43],60-58,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-44-8,60,44,8,44-8,,176[21];928,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-45-1,60,45,1,45-1,"In the example given, -pés- is the root. Root extensions, such as causative, applicative and others, can intervene between root and past marker, but root + extension is considered to be the stem.",176[21];931;928,60-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-46-4,60,46,4,46-4,"The progressive is formed by periphrasis, i.e. the auxiliary 'to be' followed by the main verb in the infinitive. Adverbs such as pé ('also') can intervene.",928[30],60-61 60-62 60-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-47-4,60,47,4,47-4,"Although the language has a separate form for the habitual, the progressive can also be used for habits, but these are habits restricted in time only (whereas the habitual is more often used for structural habits).",176,60-63 60-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 60-48-3,60,48,3,48-3,"With stative verbs, habitual and current state can also be expressed by means of the Present marker -í. Nabángí Nzámbe @@ -17937,36 +17937,36 @@ Na-báng-í Nzámbe 'I fear God.' The difference between the variant with the Habitual marker -aka (example 60-66) and that with the Present marker -í, is that the former expresses a discontinuous, iterative habit or state (I fear God, each time I enter a church) and the latter a continuous one (I fear God, in general, incessantly). -",176;928,60-65 60-66,100.0,Very certain -60-49-3,60,49,3,49-3,,176[21],60-67 60-68 60-69,100.0,Certain -60-5-2,60,5,2,5-2,"There is no functional distinction between the two positions. The head-initial order, as in example 60-6, is the unmarked one. Fronting, as in example 60-5, is used to convey contrast (i.e., 'this man, not that other one'). ",930[17],60-6,90.0,Very certain -60-5-1,60,5,1,5-1,"There is no functional distinction between the two positions. The head-initial order, as in example 60-6, is the unmarked one. Fronting, as in example 60-5, is used to convey contrast (i.e., 'this man, not that other one'). ",930[17],60-5,10.0,Intermediate -60-50-1,60,50,1,50-1,,930[39],60-70 60-71,100.0,Very certain +",176;928,60-65 60-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-49-3,60,49,3,49-3,,176[21],60-67 60-68 60-69,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +60-5-2,60,5,2,5-2,"There is no functional distinction between the two positions. The head-initial order, as in example 60-6, is the unmarked one. Fronting, as in example 60-5, is used to convey contrast (i.e., 'this man, not that other one'). ",930[17],60-6,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-5-1,60,5,1,5-1,"There is no functional distinction between the two positions. The head-initial order, as in example 60-6, is the unmarked one. Fronting, as in example 60-5, is used to convey contrast (i.e., 'this man, not that other one'). ",930[17],60-5,10.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFFF00-90-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-50-1,60,50,1,50-1,,930[39],60-70 60-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 60-51-6,60,51,6,51-6,"As explained and exemplified in the survey article, there is an unmarked verb form. This form indicates unconditional future, both for stative and for dynamic verbs. -As explained in Meeuwis (1998: 28) and more fully in Brisard & Meeuwis (2009), -í can be used on both stative and dynamic verbs (a distinction to be made on language-specific criteria). On a stative verb it denotes a present state or marks structural, general-validity statements. On a dynamic verb it denotes perfect: the action is carried out in the past and has led to a resulting situation in the present. Important to note is that, in the case of dynamic verbs, the past action is backgrounded and the present situation foregrounded, not the other way around (see Brisard & Meeuwis 2009). Therefore, what -í shares on stative and dynamic verbs, is a notion of the presentness. In order to have one gloss for the same marker throughout, I have chosen always to always gloss -í as PRS.PRF.",,60-72 60-73,100.0,Very certain -60-52-1,60,52,1,52-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -60-53-1,60,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Certain -60-54-7,60,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-55-1,60,55,1,55-1,"Another ability-expressing verb is koyéba ('to know'), which expresses participant-internal ability (in contrast to kokoka, which expresses participant-external ability). Koyéba cannot be used for epistemic possibility.",,60-74 60-75,100.0,Very certain -60-56-3,60,56,3,56-3,,930[27],60-76 60-77 60-78,100.0,Very certain -60-57-1,60,57,1,57-1,,,60-79,100.0,Very certain -60-58-1,60,58,1,58-1,,,60-80 60-81,100.0,Very certain -60-59-1,60,59,1,59-1,,,60-82 60-83,100.0,Very certain -60-6-2,60,6,2,6-2,,930[22],60-7,100.0,Very certain -60-60-2,60,60,2,60-2,,,60-84 60-87,50.0,Very certain -60-60-1,60,60,1,60-1,,,60-85 60-86,50.0,Very certain -60-61-1,60,61,1,61-1,,,60-87,50.0,Very certain -60-61-2,60,61,2,61-2,,,60-85,50.0,Very certain -60-62-2,60,62,2,62-2,,930[41],60-88,100.0,Certain -60-63-3,60,63,3,63-3,"'Seem' is expressed through verbs of thinking/believing, with a complement clause: I think it is going to rain.",,,100.0,Certain -60-64-2,60,64,2,64-2,,,60-89,100.0,Very certain -60-65-1,60,65,1,65-1,,,60-90,100.0,Very certain -60-66-3,60,66,3,66-3,"Note that the construction as appearing in example 60-93 is not used to convey 'headache' in the 'internal', pathological sense, but rather 'external' pain on one’s head, for instance as the result of bumping one’s head against something hard or of receiving a hard object on one’s forehead.",,60-92,50.0,Very certain -60-66-1,60,66,1,66-1,"Note that the construction as appearing in example 60-93 is not used to convey 'headache' in the 'internal', pathological sense, but rather 'external' pain on one’s head, for instance as the result of bumping one’s head against something hard or of receiving a hard object on one’s forehead.",,60-91 60-93,50.0,Very certain -60-67-1,60,67,1,67-1,,,60-94,50.0,Very certain -60-67-2,60,67,2,67-2,,,60-95,50.0,Very certain -60-68-1,60,68,1,68-1,,,60-96,100.0,Very certain +As explained in Meeuwis (1998: 28) and more fully in Brisard & Meeuwis (2009), -í can be used on both stative and dynamic verbs (a distinction to be made on language-specific criteria). On a stative verb it denotes a present state or marks structural, general-validity statements. On a dynamic verb it denotes perfect: the action is carried out in the past and has led to a resulting situation in the present. Important to note is that, in the case of dynamic verbs, the past action is backgrounded and the present situation foregrounded, not the other way around (see Brisard & Meeuwis 2009). Therefore, what -í shares on stative and dynamic verbs, is a notion of the presentness. In order to have one gloss for the same marker throughout, I have chosen always to always gloss -í as PRS.PRF.",,60-72 60-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-52-1,60,52,1,52-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-53-1,60,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-54-7,60,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +60-55-1,60,55,1,55-1,"Another ability-expressing verb is koyéba ('to know'), which expresses participant-internal ability (in contrast to kokoka, which expresses participant-external ability). Koyéba cannot be used for epistemic possibility.",,60-74 60-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-56-3,60,56,3,56-3,,930[27],60-76 60-77 60-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +60-57-1,60,57,1,57-1,,,60-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-58-1,60,58,1,58-1,,,60-80 60-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +60-59-1,60,59,1,59-1,,,60-82 60-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +60-6-2,60,6,2,6-2,,930[22],60-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-60-2,60,60,2,60-2,,,60-84 60-87,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +60-60-1,60,60,1,60-1,,,60-85 60-86,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +60-61-1,60,61,1,61-1,,,60-87,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-61-2,60,61,2,61-2,,,60-85,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-62-2,60,62,2,62-2,,930[41],60-88,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-63-3,60,63,3,63-3,"'Seem' is expressed through verbs of thinking/believing, with a complement clause: I think it is going to rain.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-64-2,60,64,2,64-2,,,60-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-65-1,60,65,1,65-1,,,60-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-66-3,60,66,3,66-3,"Note that the construction as appearing in example 60-93 is not used to convey 'headache' in the 'internal', pathological sense, but rather 'external' pain on one’s head, for instance as the result of bumping one’s head against something hard or of receiving a hard object on one’s forehead.",,60-92,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-66-1,60,66,1,66-1,"Note that the construction as appearing in example 60-93 is not used to convey 'headache' in the 'internal', pathological sense, but rather 'external' pain on one’s head, for instance as the result of bumping one’s head against something hard or of receiving a hard object on one’s forehead.",,60-91 60-93,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-67-1,60,67,1,67-1,,,60-94,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-67-2,60,67,2,67-2,,,60-95,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-68-1,60,68,1,68-1,,,60-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 60-69-1,60,69,1,69-1,"Rarely, instrument is expressed by means of an applicative construction. This only occurs when there is no risk of ambiguity, i.e. when the complement cannot be interpreted as beneficiary. @@ -17981,8 +17981,8 @@ B:Na-kát-él-í yangó nyama Mbelí óyo na-kát-él-í lípa, e-zal-í mo-néne [knife REL 1SG-cut-APPL-PRS.PRF bread, 3SG.INAN-be-PRS.PRF SG-big] 'The knife with which I’ve cut the bread, is big' -",,60-97,100.0,Very certain -60-7-1,60,7,1,7-1,,930[20],60-8,100.0,Very certain +",,60-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-7-1,60,7,1,7-1,,930[20],60-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 60-70-1,60,70,1,70-1,"Rarely, instrument is expressed, not by means of the comitative, but by means of an applicative construction. This only occurs when there is no risk of ambiguity, i.e. when the complement cannot be interpreted as beneficiary. A:O-zw-í mbelí pó na níni? @@ -17995,36 +17995,36 @@ B:Na-kát-él-í yangó nyama Mbelí óyo na-kát-él-í lípa, e-zal-í mo-néne [knife REL 1SG-cut-APPL-PRS.PRF bread, 3SG.INAN-be-PRS.PRF SG-big] -'The knife with which I’ve cut the bread, is big'",,60-97 60-98,100.0,Certain -60-71-1,60,71,1,71-1,,,60-100 60-99,100.0,Very certain -60-72-3,60,72,3,72-3,,,60-101 60-102 60-103,100.0,Intermediate -60-73-3,60,73,3,73-3,Omission of the copula is only possible in the present.,,60-104 60-205,100.0,Very certain -60-74-1,60,74,1,74-1,,,60-105,100.0,Very certain -60-75-1,60,75,1,75-1,,,60-106,100.0,Very certain -60-76-3,60,76,3,76-3,,930[24],60-106 60-107 60-108 60-119,100.0,Very certain -60-77-4,60,77,4,77-4,,930[19],60-109,100.0,Very certain -60-78-5,60,78,5,78-5,,,,100.0,Certain -60-79-2,60,79,2,79-2,,,60-115,50.0,Very certain -60-79-1,60,79,1,79-1,,,60-114,50.0,Very certain -60-8-2,60,8,2,8-2,"There is only one degree word in Lingala that can precede an adjective, namely mwâ. All other degree words follow the adjective.",930[39],60-10,87.5,Very certain -60-8-1,60,8,1,8-1,"There is only one degree word in Lingala that can precede an adjective, namely mwâ. All other degree words follow the adjective.",930[39],60-9,12.5,Very certain -60-80-2,60,80,2,80-2,,,60-117,50.0,Very certain -60-80-1,60,80,1,80-1,,,60-116,50.0,Very certain -60-81-1,60,81,1,81-1,The preposition na is optional with motion verbs.,,60-110 60-111 60-112 60-113,100.0,Certain -60-82-2,60,82,2,82-2,,,60-118 60-119,100.0,Very certain -60-83-2,60,83,2,83-2,"There is no special motion-from preposition (and no motion-into preposition, see Feature 82 ""Transitive motion verbs: 'push'""). The verb 'pull' cannot be used with the at-rest preposition, as this would always generate an 'into' meaning (see Feature 82 ""Transitive motion verbs: 'push'""), the agent of the pulling finding himself already in the target of the pulling. The at-rest preposition can be used to mean 'out of' but not with the verb 'to pull', only with verbs like 'to remove' or others.",,60-120 60-4,100.0,Very certain -60-84-3,60,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Very certain +'The knife with which I’ve cut the bread, is big'",,60-97 60-98,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +60-71-1,60,71,1,71-1,,,60-100 60-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-72-3,60,72,3,72-3,,,60-101 60-102 60-103,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-73-3,60,73,3,73-3,Omission of the copula is only possible in the present.,,60-104 60-205,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-74-1,60,74,1,74-1,,,60-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-75-1,60,75,1,75-1,,,60-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-76-3,60,76,3,76-3,,930[24],60-106 60-107 60-108 60-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-77-4,60,77,4,77-4,,930[19],60-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +60-78-5,60,78,5,78-5,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-79-2,60,79,2,79-2,,,60-115,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-79-1,60,79,1,79-1,,,60-114,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-8-2,60,8,2,8-2,"There is only one degree word in Lingala that can precede an adjective, namely mwâ. All other degree words follow the adjective.",930[39],60-10,87.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-FFFF00-88-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-8-1,60,8,1,8-1,"There is only one degree word in Lingala that can precede an adjective, namely mwâ. All other degree words follow the adjective.",930[39],60-9,12.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-FFFF00-88-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-80-2,60,80,2,80-2,,,60-117,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-80-1,60,80,1,80-1,,,60-116,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-81-1,60,81,1,81-1,The preposition na is optional with motion verbs.,,60-110 60-111 60-112 60-113,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-82-2,60,82,2,82-2,,,60-118 60-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-83-2,60,83,2,83-2,"There is no special motion-from preposition (and no motion-into preposition, see Feature 82 ""Transitive motion verbs: 'push'""). The verb 'pull' cannot be used with the at-rest preposition, as this would always generate an 'into' meaning (see Feature 82 ""Transitive motion verbs: 'push'""), the agent of the pulling finding himself already in the target of the pulling. The at-rest preposition can be used to mean 'out of' but not with the verb 'to pull', only with verbs like 'to remove' or others.",,60-120 60-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-84-3,60,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 60-85-1,60,85,1,85-1,"In 'take' serial verb constructions, there is always a consecutive reading, the 'take' event being performed before (in time) the event referred to by the following verb. A-zw-í mbelí a-pés-í ngáí [3SG.AN-take-PRS.PRF knife 3SG.AN-give-PRS.PRF 1SG] 'She took the knife and then gave it to me'. -",,,100.0,Very certain -60-86-5,60,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -60-87-4,60,87,4,87-4,,930[27],60-121,100.0,Very certain -60-88-2,60,88,2,88-2,,930[27],60-122 60-123,100.0,Very certain -60-89-5,60,89,5,89-5,,930[27],60-124 60-125,100.0,Certain -60-9-4,60,9,4,9-4,,,,100.0,Certain +",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-86-5,60,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-87-4,60,87,4,87-4,,930[27],60-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +60-88-2,60,88,2,88-2,,930[27],60-122 60-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-89-5,60,89,5,89-5,,930[27],60-124 60-125,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +60-9-4,60,9,4,9-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 60-90-1,60,90,1,90-1,"In addition to the typical passive construction, exemplified in 60-126, Lingala speakers have three other constructions at their disposal to express passiveness. One is the so-called 'agentless passive' (also called 'stative', 'neute', and 'passive-active'). The form is neither passive nor active: in contrast to actives, the grammatical subject is not the agent, and, in contrast to passives, no agent can be explicated or is implied. In other words, the speaker conveys that the subject is affected by the action, but ignores the involvement of an agent. @@ -18044,7 +18044,7 @@ A third construction consists in the combination of the (preradical) reflexive m Na-ko-mí-fíng-is-a na molakisi [1SG-FUT-REFL-insult-CAUS-FV by teacher] 'I will get myself insulted by the teacher'. -",930[36],60-126,100.0,Very certain +",930[36],60-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 60-91-3,60,91,3,91-3,"One of the other functions of the applicative, albeit a rare one, is the expression of use of an instrument. This only occurs when there is no risk of ambiguity, i.e. when the complement cannot be interpreted as beneficiary. A:O-zw-í mbelí pó na níni? @@ -18057,230 +18057,230 @@ B:Na-kát-él-í yangó nyama Mbelí óyo na-kát-él-í lípa, e-zal-í mo-néne [knife REL 1SG-cut-APPL-PRS.PRF bread, 3SG.INAN-be-PRS.PRF SG-big] -'The knife with which I’ve cut the bread, is big'",930[35],60-127 60-128,100.0,Very certain -60-92-4,60,92,4,92-4,,930[42],60-130,50.0,Very certain -60-92-2,60,92,2,92-2,,930[42],60-129,50.0,Very certain -60-93-2,60,93,2,93-2,,930[42],60-131,50.0,Very certain -60-93-4,60,93,4,93-4,,930[42],60-132,50.0,Very certain -60-94-5,60,94,5,94-5,,930[42],60-134,30.0,Very certain -60-94-3,60,94,3,94-3,,930[42],60-133,70.0,Very certain -60-95-3,60,95,3,95-3,,,60-135,50.0,Very certain -60-95-4,60,95,4,95-4,,,60-136,50.0,Very certain -60-96-4,60,96,4,96-4,,930[45],60-138,50.0,Very certain -60-96-3,60,96,3,96-3,,930[45],60-137,50.0,Very certain -60-97-1,60,97,1,97-1,,930[45];929[540],60-139,50.0,Very certain -60-97-2,60,97,2,97-2,,930[45];929[540],60-140,50.0,Very certain -60-98-1,60,98,1,98-1,,930[45],60-141 60-142 60-143 60-144,100.0,Very certain -60-99-2,60,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -61-0-6,61,0,6,0-6,,,,100.0, -61-1-2,61,1,2,1-2,,,61-1,100.0,Very certain -61-10-1,61,10,1,10-1,"Insofar as the language can be said to have an indefinite article, the word muye 'one' does fulfill this function; it precedes the noun.",,61-10,100.0,Certain -61-100-4,61,100,4,100-4,,,61-107,100.0,Certain -61-101-1,61,101,1,101-1,,,61-107,100.0,Certain -61-102-1,61,102,1,102-1,,,61-108,100.0,Certain -61-103-7,61,103,7,103-7,,,61-109,100.0,Certain -61-105-3,61,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Certain -61-106-2,61,106,2,106-2,,,61-110,100.0,Certain -61-107-1,61,107,1,107-1,,,61-111,100.0,Intermediate -61-108-2,61,108,2,108-2,"Clicks may certainly express affective meaning. (A lateral click expresses impatience or anger; a dental click denotes sympathy.) However, Fanakalo exists in the land of clicks, and so Zulu speakers may use clicks when speaking the pidgin, but they often suppress them. Most non-Bantu speakers do not use click phonemes, replacing them by velar /k/.",,,100.0,Unspecified -61-109-1,61,109,1,109-1,,,61-112,100.0,Very certain -61-11-1,61,11,1,11-1,,,61-12,12.5,Intermediate -61-11-3,61,11,3,11-3,,,61-11,87.5,Certain -61-110-2,61,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Certain -61-111-3,61,111,3,111-3,I am not sure if there is a word. Two books give the Zulu form nyembezi; but I don't know how widespread it is. I wouldn't be surprised if some speakers use manzi ga lo mehlo 'water of the eyes' as a paraphrase. This form is not recorded though.,,61-113,50.0,Uncertain -61-111-1,61,111,1,111-1,I am not sure if there is a word. Two books give the Zulu form nyembezi; but I don't know how widespread it is. I wouldn't be surprised if some speakers use manzi ga lo mehlo 'water of the eyes' as a paraphrase. This form is not recorded though.,,61-114,50.0,Uncertain -61-112-1,61,112,1,112-1,,,61-115,100.0,Unspecified -61-113-2,61,113,2,113-2,These are from Bold's (1977)phrasebook. I'm not sure that too many speakers (apart from Zulu and Xhosa speakers) would know one or both of them.,,61-116,100.0,Unspecified -61-114-2,61,114,2,114-2,"There is no known word for 'body hair'. I assume that the word for 'head hair', nwele, will be used for 'body hair' as well.",,61-117 61-118,100.0,Uncertain -61-115-1,61,115,1,115-1,,,61-119,100.0,Certain -61-116-3,61,116,3,116-3,,,61-120,100.0,Unspecified -61-117-4,61,117,4,117-4,This sex-denoting suffix is rarely used.,,61-121,100.0,Intermediate +'The knife with which I’ve cut the bread, is big'",930[35],60-127 60-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +60-92-4,60,92,4,92-4,,930[42],60-130,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +60-92-2,60,92,2,92-2,,930[42],60-129,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +60-93-2,60,93,2,93-2,,930[42],60-131,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-93-4,60,93,4,93-4,,930[42],60-132,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-94-5,60,94,5,94-5,,930[42],60-134,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFB6C1-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +60-94-3,60,94,3,94-3,,930[42],60-133,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFB6C1-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +60-95-3,60,95,3,95-3,,,60-135,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-95-4,60,95,4,95-4,,,60-136,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-96-4,60,96,4,96-4,,930[45],60-138,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-96-3,60,96,3,96-3,,930[45],60-137,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +60-97-1,60,97,1,97-1,,930[45];929[540],60-139,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +60-97-2,60,97,2,97-2,,930[45];929[540],60-140,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +60-98-1,60,98,1,98-1,,930[45],60-141 60-142 60-143 60-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +60-99-2,60,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-0-6,61,0,6,0-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +61-1-2,61,1,2,1-2,,,61-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-10-1,61,10,1,10-1,"Insofar as the language can be said to have an indefinite article, the word muye 'one' does fulfill this function; it precedes the noun.",,61-10,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-100-4,61,100,4,100-4,,,61-107,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-101-1,61,101,1,101-1,,,61-107,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-102-1,61,102,1,102-1,,,61-108,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-103-7,61,103,7,103-7,,,61-109,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +61-105-3,61,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-106-2,61,106,2,106-2,,,61-110,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-107-1,61,107,1,107-1,,,61-111,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-108-2,61,108,2,108-2,"Clicks may certainly express affective meaning. (A lateral click expresses impatience or anger; a dental click denotes sympathy.) However, Fanakalo exists in the land of clicks, and so Zulu speakers may use clicks when speaking the pidgin, but they often suppress them. Most non-Bantu speakers do not use click phonemes, replacing them by velar /k/.",,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-109-1,61,109,1,109-1,,,61-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-11-1,61,11,1,11-1,,,61-12,12.5,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-13-800080-88-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-11-3,61,11,3,11-3,,,61-11,87.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-13-800080-88-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-110-2,61,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-111-3,61,111,3,111-3,I am not sure if there is a word. Two books give the Zulu form nyembezi; but I don't know how widespread it is. I wouldn't be surprised if some speakers use manzi ga lo mehlo 'water of the eyes' as a paraphrase. This form is not recorded though.,,61-113,50.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-111-1,61,111,1,111-1,I am not sure if there is a word. Two books give the Zulu form nyembezi; but I don't know how widespread it is. I wouldn't be surprised if some speakers use manzi ga lo mehlo 'water of the eyes' as a paraphrase. This form is not recorded though.,,61-114,50.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-112-1,61,112,1,112-1,,,61-115,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-113-2,61,113,2,113-2,These are from Bold's (1977)phrasebook. I'm not sure that too many speakers (apart from Zulu and Xhosa speakers) would know one or both of them.,,61-116,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-114-2,61,114,2,114-2,"There is no known word for 'body hair'. I assume that the word for 'head hair', nwele, will be used for 'body hair' as well.",,61-117 61-118,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-115-1,61,115,1,115-1,,,61-119,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-116-3,61,116,3,116-3,,,61-120,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-117-4,61,117,4,117-4,This sex-denoting suffix is rarely used.,,61-121,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge 61-118-3,61,118,3,118-3,"There is mostly CV structure for onsets. Books like Bold (1977) give homorganic nasals before consonants (e.g. ndoda 'young man''); but these probably only occur in the speech of Zulu speakers of the pidgin. Other speakers don't have a preceding homorganic nasal in such words. -One exception to CV onsets is with s + {p,t,k}, and occasional words with skw - e.g. skwam 'pocket' and str - e.g. streyit 'straight'. In other words, a tendency to reduce Zulu onsets to a simple CV structure is counterbalanced by words from English.",,61-122 61-123 61-124 61-8,100.0,Certain -61-119-2,61,119,2,119-2,"Most commonly codas have CV structure - e.g. funa 'to want', hamba 'to go'. However English derivatives may spoil this structure - e.g. majistret 'magistrate'; Krisimus 'Christmas'.",,61-119 61-124,100.0,Certain -61-12-1,61,12,1,12-1,,,61-13,87.5,Certain -61-12-2,61,12,2,12-2,,,61-14,12.5,Intermediate -61-120-2,61,120,2,120-2,"The demonstrative lo has two forms ('this' vs. 'that' differentiated by low and high tone). Likewise lo with high tone is a relative particle; lo with no tone marking is the article. Beyond this, tone is not relevant.",,61-96,100.0,Certain -61-121-2,61,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -61-122-4,61,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -61-123-4,61,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -61-124-1,61,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -61-125-1,61,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -61-126-1,61,126,1,126-1,,,61-146,100.0, -61-127-6,61,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -61-128-4,61,128,4,128-4,clusters of /ny/ do exist - e.g. nyama 'meat'; I'm not sure if they count here or not. The /n/ is in fact alveolar.,,,100.0, -61-129-1,61,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -61-13-1,61,13,1,13-1,,,61-15,100.0,Very certain -61-130-1,61,130,1,130-1,"/h/ can be voiced, but the voiced variant does not have phonemic status.",,61-149,100.0, -61-131,61,131,1,131-1,,,61-132,100.0, -61-132,61,132,1,132-1,,,61-135,100.0, -61-133,61,133,1,133-1,"Spelt in the handbooks, this sound is usually aspirated. But there is no contrast between [th] and [t].",,61-136,100.0, -61-134,61,134,1,134-1,/d/ is usually alveolar; Indian speakers have a weak retroflex here. But there is no phonemic difference between the two sounds.,,61-138,100.0, -61-137,61,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -61-138,61,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -61-139,61,139,1,139-1,,,61-141,100.0, -61-14-1,61,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -61-140,61,140,1,140-1,,,61-142,100.0, -61-143,61,143,4,143-4,Indian speakers have a retroflex here. But there is no phonemic difference between [t] and [ʈ].,,,100.0, -61-144,61,144,4,144-4,Indian speakers have a weak retroflex here. But there is no phonemic difference between [d] and [ɖ].,,,100.0, -61-145,61,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -61-146,61,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -61-147,61,147,1,147-1,"/k/ tends to be aspirated in initial position, but the aspirated variant does not have phonemic status.",,61-133,100.0, -61-148,61,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -61-149,61,149,1,149-1,,,61-140,100.0, -61-15-1,61,15,1,15-1,,,61-16,100.0,Very certain -61-151,61,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -61-152,61,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -61-153,61,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -61-155,61,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -61-156,61,156,2,156-2,"There is no contrast between initial [p] and [ph], but aspiration, at least in initial position, is salient amongst Indian and some White English speakers.",,61-134,100.0, -61-158,61,158,2,158-2,/t/ is aspirated in initial position. But there is no phonemic contrast between [th] and [t].,,61-137,100.0, -61-159,61,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -61-16-1,61,16,1,16-1,"There is no person syncretism, but for many speakers there is no difference between 2SG and 2PL and between 3SG and 3PL.",,61-17,100.0,Certain -61-160,61,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -61-161,61,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -61-163,61,163,2,163-2,This is aspirated in initial position.,,61-139,100.0, -61-168,61,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -61-169,61,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -61-17-1,61,17,1,17-1,,,,100.0,Certain -61-170,61,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -61-171,61,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -61-172,61,172,2,172-2,"Since this sound exists in Zulu, I expect Zulu speakers to produce this as a variant of /k/.",,,100.0, -61-173,61,173,2,173-2,"I'm unsure about this. But given that such a sound exists in Zulu, it is expectable that Zulu speakers can use this as a variant of /k/.",,,100.0, -61-174,61,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -61-176,61,176,2,176-2,I expect Zulu speakers to use this sound in words like baba 'father'. But it doesn't contrast with /b/.,,,100.0, -61-178,61,178,1,178-1,,,61-150,100.0, -61-179,61,179,1,179-1,,,61-151,100.0, -61-18-1,61,18,1,18-1,,,61-61,100.0,Certain -61-180,61,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -61-181,61,181,4,181-4,clusters of /ny/ do exist - e.g. nyama 'meat'; I'm not sure if they count here or not. The /n/ is in fact alveolar.,,,100.0, -61-182,61,182,1,182-1,Occurs in initial position for some Bantu-speakers in words like nga 'by means of'. English speakers tend to have just ga here.,,61-152,100.0, -61-183,61,183,3,183-3,"Bold (1977) gives only 17 words beginning in /r/ in his dictionary. All are English or Afrikaans words. These are not all common words, and some of them, e.g. rayisi 'rice', are pronounced with an /l/ by rural Zulu speakers.",157,61-153,100.0, -61-184,61,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -61-187,61,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -61-188,61,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -61-189,61,189,1,189-1,,,61-143,100.0, +One exception to CV onsets is with s + {p,t,k}, and occasional words with skw - e.g. skwam 'pocket' and str - e.g. streyit 'straight'. In other words, a tendency to reduce Zulu onsets to a simple CV structure is counterbalanced by words from English.",,61-122 61-123 61-124 61-8,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-119-2,61,119,2,119-2,"Most commonly codas have CV structure - e.g. funa 'to want', hamba 'to go'. However English derivatives may spoil this structure - e.g. majistret 'magistrate'; Krisimus 'Christmas'.",,61-119 61-124,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-12-1,61,12,1,12-1,,,61-13,87.5,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FF0000-13-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-12-2,61,12,2,12-2,,,61-14,12.5,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FF0000-13-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-120-2,61,120,2,120-2,"The demonstrative lo has two forms ('this' vs. 'that' differentiated by low and high tone). Likewise lo with high tone is a relative particle; lo with no tone marking is the article. Beyond this, tone is not relevant.",,61-96,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-121-2,61,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +61-122-4,61,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +61-123-4,61,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-124-1,61,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +61-125-1,61,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +61-126-1,61,126,1,126-1,,,61-146,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +61-127-6,61,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-128-4,61,128,4,128-4,clusters of /ny/ do exist - e.g. nyama 'meat'; I'm not sure if they count here or not. The /n/ is in fact alveolar.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-129-1,61,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +61-13-1,61,13,1,13-1,,,61-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +61-130-1,61,130,1,130-1,"/h/ can be voiced, but the voiced variant does not have phonemic status.",,61-149,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +61-131,61,131,1,131-1,,,61-132,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-132,61,132,1,132-1,,,61-135,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-133,61,133,1,133-1,"Spelt in the handbooks, this sound is usually aspirated. But there is no contrast between [th] and [t].",,61-136,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-134,61,134,1,134-1,/d/ is usually alveolar; Indian speakers have a weak retroflex here. But there is no phonemic difference between the two sounds.,,61-138,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-137,61,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-138,61,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-139,61,139,1,139-1,,,61-141,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-14-1,61,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-140,61,140,1,140-1,,,61-142,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-143,61,143,4,143-4,Indian speakers have a retroflex here. But there is no phonemic difference between [t] and [ʈ].,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-144,61,144,4,144-4,Indian speakers have a weak retroflex here. But there is no phonemic difference between [d] and [ɖ].,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-145,61,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-146,61,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-147,61,147,1,147-1,"/k/ tends to be aspirated in initial position, but the aspirated variant does not have phonemic status.",,61-133,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-148,61,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-149,61,149,1,149-1,,,61-140,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-15-1,61,15,1,15-1,,,61-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +61-151,61,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-152,61,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-153,61,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-155,61,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-156,61,156,2,156-2,"There is no contrast between initial [p] and [ph], but aspiration, at least in initial position, is salient amongst Indian and some White English speakers.",,61-134,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +61-158,61,158,2,158-2,/t/ is aspirated in initial position. But there is no phonemic contrast between [th] and [t].,,61-137,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +61-159,61,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-16-1,61,16,1,16-1,"There is no person syncretism, but for many speakers there is no difference between 2SG and 2PL and between 3SG and 3PL.",,61-17,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-160,61,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-161,61,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-163,61,163,2,163-2,This is aspirated in initial position.,,61-139,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +61-168,61,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-169,61,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-17-1,61,17,1,17-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-170,61,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-171,61,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-172,61,172,2,172-2,"Since this sound exists in Zulu, I expect Zulu speakers to produce this as a variant of /k/.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +61-173,61,173,2,173-2,"I'm unsure about this. But given that such a sound exists in Zulu, it is expectable that Zulu speakers can use this as a variant of /k/.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +61-174,61,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-176,61,176,2,176-2,I expect Zulu speakers to use this sound in words like baba 'father'. But it doesn't contrast with /b/.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +61-178,61,178,1,178-1,,,61-150,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-179,61,179,1,179-1,,,61-151,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-18-1,61,18,1,18-1,,,61-61,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-180,61,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-181,61,181,4,181-4,clusters of /ny/ do exist - e.g. nyama 'meat'; I'm not sure if they count here or not. The /n/ is in fact alveolar.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-182,61,182,1,182-1,Occurs in initial position for some Bantu-speakers in words like nga 'by means of'. English speakers tend to have just ga here.,,61-152,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-183,61,183,3,183-3,"Bold (1977) gives only 17 words beginning in /r/ in his dictionary. All are English or Afrikaans words. These are not all common words, and some of them, e.g. rayisi 'rice', are pronounced with an /l/ by rural Zulu speakers.",157,61-153,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +61-184,61,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-187,61,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-188,61,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-189,61,189,1,189-1,,,61-143,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 61-19-2,61,19,2,19-2,"'who' = ubani 'where' = iphi -'how' = ganjani (this at a pinch is etymologically from ga 'instrumental' + njani 'as, thus').",,61-18,100.0,Intermediate -61-190,61,190,1,190-1,,,61-144,100.0, -61-191,61,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -61-192,61,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -61-193,61,193,1,193-1,,,61-145,100.0, -61-194,61,194,1,194-1,,,61-146,100.0, -61-195,61,195,1,195-1,,,61-147,100.0, -61-196,61,196,1,196-1,"Whereas Bantu language speakers have a voiced alveolateral affricate here, non-Bantu speakers tend to have [zl] - i.e. a voiced alveopalatal sibilant fricative plus [l].",,61-148,100.0, -61-199,61,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -61-2-2,61,2,2,2-2,,,61-127 61-2 61-98,100.0,Very certain -61-20-1,61,20,1,20-1,,,61-19,100.0,Very certain -61-200,61,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -61-201,61,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -61-202,61,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -61-205,61,205,1,205-1,"/h/ can be voiced, but the voiced variant does not have phonemic status.",,61-149,100.0, -61-209,61,209,1,209-1,,,61-154,100.0, -61-21-2,61,21,2,21-2,"In addition to muye into, there is the negative lutho 'nothing' in Fanakalo. This form is etymologically related to into 'thing'; but I don't think pidgin speakers make the connection. Some books give a form utho 'something', which is a free lexical form from Zulu, the main substrate. I haven't heard this form in colloquial speech.",,61-20,100.0,Intermediate -61-212,61,212,2,212-2,Zulu speakers retain this quality from the superstrate. Most non-Bantu speakers substitute [ʃl] - i.e. alveopalatal fricative plus alveolar lateral.,,61-163,100.0, -61-216,61,216,2,216-2,,,,100.0, -61-217,61,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -61-218,61,218,1,218-1,,,61-155,100.0, -61-22-1,61,22,1,22-1,"Generally speakers do not differentiate singular from plural, leaving the pragmatics to do this. If plurals have to be expressed, a peripharastic expression with zonke 'all' is formed. Thus zonke lo banana 'all the bananas', which happens to make it plural while emphasizing totality. Some guidebooks give ma- as a regular plural prefix for all nouns. To my knowledge this is not used colloquially.",,,100.0,Intermediate -61-221,61,221,1,221-1,,,61-156,100.0, -61-23-1,61,23,1,23-1,"As mentioned in the comment on Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers"", some books like Bold (1977) give ma- as a plural marker. I know of no speaker who does this as a regular (or even variable) rule. But Bold's work was influential in the mining context.",,,100.0,Intermediate -61-231,61,231,2,231-2,For some speakers [mb] is a segment; most non-Zulu speakers have just [b].,,61-162,100.0, -61-24-4,61,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Certain -61-25-1,61,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Certain -61-252,61,252,1,252-1,"/i/ is phonemically short. However, it is lengthened in penultimate syllables, like all vowels (as in Zulu).",,61-157,100.0, -61-253,61,253,1,253-1,,,61-158,100.0, -61-254,61,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -61-255,61,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -61-256,61,256,1,256-1,,,61-159,100.0, -61-257,61,257,1,257-1,,,61-160,100.0, -61-258,61,258,1,258-1,,,61-161,100.0, -61-259,61,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -61-26-1,61,26,1,26-1,"There is very little reduplication in Fanakalo, in sharp contrast to all its substrates (see Mesthrie 2003). Only a few instances of mainly distributive occurrences occur - e.g. muye-muye 'one-one' = 'some'. (This example is not widespread however.)",941[301-307],,100.0,Intermediate -61-260,61,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -61-261,61,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -61-263,61,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -61-267,61,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -61-268,61,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -61-27-2,61,27,2,27-2,,,61-125 61-126,100.0,Certain -61-272,61,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -61-273,61,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -61-274,61,274,4,274-4,"There is no separate phoneme /i:/; when [i:] occurs, it is by phonological lengthening in penultimate syllables (as in Zulu).",,,100.0, -61-275,61,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -61-276,61,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -61-277,61,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -61-278,61,278,4,278-4,This sound does not exist apart from penultimate vowel lengthening.,,,100.0, -61-279,61,279,4,279-4,This sound does not exist apart from penultimate vowel lengthening.,,,100.0, -61-28-2,61,28,2,28-2,"The definite article lo has neutral tone, whereas demonstrative lo has low tone for proximal and high tone for distal.",,61-21,100.0,Intermediate -61-280,61,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -61-281,61,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -61-282,61,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -61-284,61,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -61-285,61,285,4,285-4,This sound does not exist apart from garden variety nasalization after or before nasal consonants.,,,100.0, -61-286,61,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -61-287,61,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -61-288,61,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -61-289,61,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -61-29-2,61,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article is usually zero; for special nuance the word muye 'one' is used. Some sources like Hopkin-Jenkins (1947: 5) say there is no indefinite article. I prefer to say that there is one (muye) but that it is not always used.,,61-22 61-23,100.0,Certain -61-290,61,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -61-291,61,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -61-3-1,61,3,1,3-1,,,61-3,100.0,Very certain -61-30-7,61,30,7,30-7,,,61-25,50.0,Certain -61-30-4,61,30,4,30-4,,,61-24,50.0,Unspecified -61-308-9,61,308,9,308-9,Zulu is the main lexifier.,,,100.0,Very certain -61-309-5,61,309,5,309-5,"None, not ""virtually none"". People who learn this Pidgin do so after acquiring another language.",,,100.0,Very certain -61-31-3,61,31,3,31-3,"They are identical, though tone can set them apart. But, despite possible tonal difference, they never co-occur.",,,100.0,Intermediate -61-310-3,61,310,3,310-3,Not at all.,,,100.0,Very certain -61-311-3,61,311,3,311-3,"There might be some new learners in farm and menial labour contexts in some parts of the country, but on the whole, the language is losing speakers as English spreads as a language of work (in addition to Afrikaans in some parts).",,,100.0,Certain -61-312-3,61,312,3,312-3,"A slight decline can be observed, but not yet abandonment. The mines, which used Fanakalo extensively, have refused to make it a recognized language in post-apartheid South Africa. But I don't know of any viable replacement given that many, many languages exist on the mine.",,,100.0, -61-313-6,61,313,6,313-6,"Given that it was used as the main language of labour on the mines, and given its extensive use in farm contexts in some parts of the country and in some petrol stations, shops, domestic labour etc., I am reasonably certain that the pidgin still has well over a million speakers.",,,100.0,Certain -61-314-3,61,314,3,314-3,Women mostly use the domestic variety and men mostly use farm/mine Fanakalo.,,,100.0,Certain -61-315-3,61,315,3,315-3,Fanakalo is completely absent in radio and TV news. It is highly denigrated for H use.,,,100.0,Certain -61-316-3,61,316,3,316-3,Fanakalo is not at all used in these domains.,,,100.0,Certain -61-317-3,61,317,3,317-3,"Fanakalo is maybe ironically used in the odd line, but not really in a full song.",,,100.0,Certain -61-318-3,61,318,3,318-3,"Fanakalo is only used ironically in snippets of conversation, if at all. Literature is not a domain associated with the pidgin.",,,100.0,Certain -61-319-3,61,319,3,319-3,Newspaper editorials make absolutely no use of the pidgin.,,,100.0,Very certain -61-32-1,61,32,1,32-1,,,61-26 61-27,100.0,Certain -61-320-3,61,320,3,320-3,"Odd snippets may have been incorporated as ironical items in English or Zulu, but generally, the pidgin is absent in this domain.",,,100.0,Certain -61-321-3,61,321,3,321-3,"In former times, Fanakalo was possibly used in public contexts. But this would be exceptional today, as more clients of banks and post offices are allowed to use an African language, or know Enlgish well.",,,100.0,Certain -61-322-3,61,322,3,322-3,"The pidgin is not really used in court. Courtrooms have interpreters. The odd occasion might require it, if there's no interpreter, or no mutually intelligible language.",,,100.0,Certain -61-323-3,61,323,3,323-3,The speaker of Pidgin Zulu in parliament would risk beheading.,,,100.0,Very certain -61-324-3,61,324,3,324-3,"Historically, there are anecodotes of Pidgin in use in the missonary era; and maybe one or two teachers do so out of desperation today if they don't sepak Zulu or another African language. But this is very rare, and certainly wouldn't be recognized as a medium of instruction; more a medium of desperation.",,,100.0,Very certain -61-325-3,61,325,3,325-3,"Fanakalo is possibly used ironically. But there really isn't a community of users of this pidgin, except in hierarchical labour relations.",,,100.0,Certain -61-326-2,61,326,2,326-2,"There is ongoing influence from English, but Zulu remains the dominant source of lexis.",,,100.0,Certain -61-327-2,61,327,2,327-2,"People speak with different rhythms and intonations, depending on their home language. Segmentally, it's hard to say. There is some minor variation (e.g. r vs l) in the South African versus Zimbabwean versions of the pidgin (though the latter might well be declining).",,,100.0,Certain -61-328-2,61,328,2,328-2,"The form for future varies between azi and zo. This appears to be idiolectal, though.",,,100.0,Certain -61-329-2,61,329,2,329-2,"A few words vary from north to south (e.g. muhle in the south from Zulu meaning 'nice, good' versus mushi in Zimbabwe). But there is not too much variation here. The mines were a standardizing force, where miners learnt via a language laboratory course for adult workers.",,,100.0,Certain -61-33-2,61,33,2,33-2,"The two-way contrast is made via tonal difference (low tone for proximal, high tone for distal demonstrative).",,61-28,100.0,Certain -61-330-3,61,330,3,330-3,"There is no significant urban/rural variation in the domain of phonology. I have lived on farms and in cities, and have detected none. None is reported in the small literature, either.",,,100.0,Certain -61-331-2,61,331,2,331-2,Variation is minimal.,,,100.0,Certain -61-332-2,61,332,2,332-2,Variation is minimal.,,,100.0,Certain -61-333-3,61,333,3,333-3,"There is ethnic variation by home language, but not by social class per se.",,,100.0, -61-334-3,61,334,3,334-3,"Differences lie more in acquaintance with the pidgin, which might actually have class correlates. But there is no direct social class variation as such.",,,100.0,Certain -61-335-3,61,335,3,335-3,"Differences lie more in acquaintance with the pidgin, which might actually have class correlates. But there is no direct social class variation as such.",,,100.0,Certain -61-34-2,61,34,2,34-2,,,61-29,100.0,Certain -61-35-6,61,35,6,35-6,"No clear study of this area has been conducted. My impression is that 'first' occurs as an item from English; subsequent ordinals may be expressed as number two, number three etc; these are derived from and differ from the ordinals two, three etc. which are based on English.",,61-30 61-31,100.0,Unspecified -61-36-1,61,36,1,36-1,,,61-32,100.0,Certain -61-37-6,61,37,6,37-6,,,61-33,100.0,Certain -61-38-2,61,38,2,38-2,,,61-34 61-98,100.0,Very certain -61-39-1,61,39,1,39-1,,,61-35,100.0,Certain -61-4-2,61,4,2,4-2,,,61-4 61-66,100.0,Very certain -61-40-1,61,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Certain -61-41-2,61,41,2,41-2,,,61-36,100.0,Certain -61-42-2,61,42,2,42-2,,,61-37,100.0,Certain -61-43-3,61,43,3,43-3,"The past tense regularly is a suffix. The future tense and other aspect markers all precede the verb, but may have intervening material like NEG between them and the verb.",,61-39,70.0,Very certain -61-43-2,61,43,2,43-2,"The past tense regularly is a suffix. The future tense and other aspect markers all precede the verb, but may have intervening material like NEG between them and the verb.",,61-38,30.0,Certain +'how' = ganjani (this at a pinch is etymologically from ga 'instrumental' + njani 'as, thus').",,61-18,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-190,61,190,1,190-1,,,61-144,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-191,61,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-192,61,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-193,61,193,1,193-1,,,61-145,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-194,61,194,1,194-1,,,61-146,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-195,61,195,1,195-1,,,61-147,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-196,61,196,1,196-1,"Whereas Bantu language speakers have a voiced alveolateral affricate here, non-Bantu speakers tend to have [zl] - i.e. a voiced alveopalatal sibilant fricative plus [l].",,61-148,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-199,61,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-2-2,61,2,2,2-2,,,61-127 61-2 61-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-20-1,61,20,1,20-1,,,61-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-200,61,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-201,61,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-202,61,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-205,61,205,1,205-1,"/h/ can be voiced, but the voiced variant does not have phonemic status.",,61-149,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-209,61,209,1,209-1,,,61-154,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-21-2,61,21,2,21-2,"In addition to muye into, there is the negative lutho 'nothing' in Fanakalo. This form is etymologically related to into 'thing'; but I don't think pidgin speakers make the connection. Some books give a form utho 'something', which is a free lexical form from Zulu, the main substrate. I haven't heard this form in colloquial speech.",,61-20,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-212,61,212,2,212-2,Zulu speakers retain this quality from the superstrate. Most non-Bantu speakers substitute [ʃl] - i.e. alveopalatal fricative plus alveolar lateral.,,61-163,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +61-216,61,216,2,216-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +61-217,61,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-218,61,218,1,218-1,,,61-155,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-22-1,61,22,1,22-1,"Generally speakers do not differentiate singular from plural, leaving the pragmatics to do this. If plurals have to be expressed, a peripharastic expression with zonke 'all' is formed. Thus zonke lo banana 'all the bananas', which happens to make it plural while emphasizing totality. Some guidebooks give ma- as a regular plural prefix for all nouns. To my knowledge this is not used colloquially.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-221,61,221,1,221-1,,,61-156,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-23-1,61,23,1,23-1,"As mentioned in the comment on Feature 22 ""Occurrence of nominal plural markers"", some books like Bold (1977) give ma- as a plural marker. I know of no speaker who does this as a regular (or even variable) rule. But Bold's work was influential in the mining context.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 9}",Own knowledge +61-231,61,231,2,231-2,For some speakers [mb] is a segment; most non-Zulu speakers have just [b].,,61-162,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +61-24-4,61,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-25-1,61,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-252,61,252,1,252-1,"/i/ is phonemically short. However, it is lengthened in penultimate syllables, like all vowels (as in Zulu).",,61-157,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-253,61,253,1,253-1,,,61-158,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-254,61,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-255,61,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-256,61,256,1,256-1,,,61-159,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-257,61,257,1,257-1,,,61-160,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-258,61,258,1,258-1,,,61-161,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +61-259,61,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-26-1,61,26,1,26-1,"There is very little reduplication in Fanakalo, in sharp contrast to all its substrates (see Mesthrie 2003). Only a few instances of mainly distributive occurrences occur - e.g. muye-muye 'one-one' = 'some'. (This example is not widespread however.)",941[301-307],,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-260,61,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-261,61,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-263,61,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-267,61,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-268,61,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-27-2,61,27,2,27-2,,,61-125 61-126,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-272,61,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-273,61,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-274,61,274,4,274-4,"There is no separate phoneme /i:/; when [i:] occurs, it is by phonological lengthening in penultimate syllables (as in Zulu).",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-275,61,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-276,61,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-277,61,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-278,61,278,4,278-4,This sound does not exist apart from penultimate vowel lengthening.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-279,61,279,4,279-4,This sound does not exist apart from penultimate vowel lengthening.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-28-2,61,28,2,28-2,"The definite article lo has neutral tone, whereas demonstrative lo has low tone for proximal and high tone for distal.",,61-21,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-280,61,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-281,61,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-282,61,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-284,61,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-285,61,285,4,285-4,This sound does not exist apart from garden variety nasalization after or before nasal consonants.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-286,61,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-287,61,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-288,61,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-289,61,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-29-2,61,29,2,29-2,The indefinite article is usually zero; for special nuance the word muye 'one' is used. Some sources like Hopkin-Jenkins (1947: 5) say there is no indefinite article. I prefer to say that there is one (muye) but that it is not always used.,,61-22 61-23,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-290,61,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-291,61,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +61-3-1,61,3,1,3-1,,,61-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-30-7,61,30,7,30-7,,,61-25,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +61-30-4,61,30,4,30-4,,,61-24,50.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +61-308-9,61,308,9,308-9,Zulu is the main lexifier.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-309-5,61,309,5,309-5,"None, not ""virtually none"". People who learn this Pidgin do so after acquiring another language.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-31-3,61,31,3,31-3,"They are identical, though tone can set them apart. But, despite possible tonal difference, they never co-occur.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-310-3,61,310,3,310-3,Not at all.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-311-3,61,311,3,311-3,"There might be some new learners in farm and menial labour contexts in some parts of the country, but on the whole, the language is losing speakers as English spreads as a language of work (in addition to Afrikaans in some parts).",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-312-3,61,312,3,312-3,"A slight decline can be observed, but not yet abandonment. The mines, which used Fanakalo extensively, have refused to make it a recognized language in post-apartheid South Africa. But I don't know of any viable replacement given that many, many languages exist on the mine.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-313-6,61,313,6,313-6,"Given that it was used as the main language of labour on the mines, and given its extensive use in farm contexts in some parts of the country and in some petrol stations, shops, domestic labour etc., I am reasonably certain that the pidgin still has well over a million speakers.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-314-3,61,314,3,314-3,Women mostly use the domestic variety and men mostly use farm/mine Fanakalo.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-315-3,61,315,3,315-3,Fanakalo is completely absent in radio and TV news. It is highly denigrated for H use.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-316-3,61,316,3,316-3,Fanakalo is not at all used in these domains.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-317-3,61,317,3,317-3,"Fanakalo is maybe ironically used in the odd line, but not really in a full song.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-318-3,61,318,3,318-3,"Fanakalo is only used ironically in snippets of conversation, if at all. Literature is not a domain associated with the pidgin.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-319-3,61,319,3,319-3,Newspaper editorials make absolutely no use of the pidgin.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-32-1,61,32,1,32-1,,,61-26 61-27,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-320-3,61,320,3,320-3,"Odd snippets may have been incorporated as ironical items in English or Zulu, but generally, the pidgin is absent in this domain.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-321-3,61,321,3,321-3,"In former times, Fanakalo was possibly used in public contexts. But this would be exceptional today, as more clients of banks and post offices are allowed to use an African language, or know Enlgish well.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-322-3,61,322,3,322-3,"The pidgin is not really used in court. Courtrooms have interpreters. The odd occasion might require it, if there's no interpreter, or no mutually intelligible language.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-323-3,61,323,3,323-3,The speaker of Pidgin Zulu in parliament would risk beheading.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-324-3,61,324,3,324-3,"Historically, there are anecodotes of Pidgin in use in the missonary era; and maybe one or two teachers do so out of desperation today if they don't sepak Zulu or another African language. But this is very rare, and certainly wouldn't be recognized as a medium of instruction; more a medium of desperation.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-325-3,61,325,3,325-3,"Fanakalo is possibly used ironically. But there really isn't a community of users of this pidgin, except in hierarchical labour relations.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-326-2,61,326,2,326-2,"There is ongoing influence from English, but Zulu remains the dominant source of lexis.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-327-2,61,327,2,327-2,"People speak with different rhythms and intonations, depending on their home language. Segmentally, it's hard to say. There is some minor variation (e.g. r vs l) in the South African versus Zimbabwean versions of the pidgin (though the latter might well be declining).",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-328-2,61,328,2,328-2,"The form for future varies between azi and zo. This appears to be idiolectal, though.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-329-2,61,329,2,329-2,"A few words vary from north to south (e.g. muhle in the south from Zulu meaning 'nice, good' versus mushi in Zimbabwe). But there is not too much variation here. The mines were a standardizing force, where miners learnt via a language laboratory course for adult workers.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-33-2,61,33,2,33-2,"The two-way contrast is made via tonal difference (low tone for proximal, high tone for distal demonstrative).",,61-28,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-330-3,61,330,3,330-3,"There is no significant urban/rural variation in the domain of phonology. I have lived on farms and in cities, and have detected none. None is reported in the small literature, either.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-331-2,61,331,2,331-2,Variation is minimal.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-332-2,61,332,2,332-2,Variation is minimal.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-333-3,61,333,3,333-3,"There is ethnic variation by home language, but not by social class per se.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-334-3,61,334,3,334-3,"Differences lie more in acquaintance with the pidgin, which might actually have class correlates. But there is no direct social class variation as such.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-335-3,61,335,3,335-3,"Differences lie more in acquaintance with the pidgin, which might actually have class correlates. But there is no direct social class variation as such.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-34-2,61,34,2,34-2,,,61-29,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-35-6,61,35,6,35-6,"No clear study of this area has been conducted. My impression is that 'first' occurs as an item from English; subsequent ordinals may be expressed as number two, number three etc; these are derived from and differ from the ordinals two, three etc. which are based on English.",,61-30 61-31,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +61-36-1,61,36,1,36-1,,,61-32,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-37-6,61,37,6,37-6,,,61-33,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +61-38-2,61,38,2,38-2,,,61-34 61-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-39-1,61,39,1,39-1,,,61-35,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-4-2,61,4,2,4-2,,,61-4 61-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-40-1,61,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-41-2,61,41,2,41-2,,,61-36,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-42-2,61,42,2,42-2,,,61-37,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +61-43-3,61,43,3,43-3,"The past tense regularly is a suffix. The future tense and other aspect markers all precede the verb, but may have intervening material like NEG between them and the verb.",,61-39,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +61-43-2,61,43,2,43-2,"The past tense regularly is a suffix. The future tense and other aspect markers all precede the verb, but may have intervening material like NEG between them and the verb.",,61-38,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge 61-44-8,61,44,8,44-8,"The language's most basic verb marking is for aspect: -ile marks perfective (which may of course overlap with past tense meanings). If not perfective then the default verb ending in -a occurs, which is prototypically present. There is also an anterior (hence ""tense"") marker kade (which no one noticed before, but which I believe to be grammaticalized for the most proficient speakers who use the pidgin regularly). Thus kade idli-ile [ANT eat-PFV] 'had eaten' = PLUPERFECT. Kade idla 'was eating' (PROG) or 'used to eat' (HAB.PST) does not have a perfective meaning. The language marks future (which I've always thought of as tense, since there are no other modal verbs or auxiliaries; but I'm not averse to considering zo as a modal.) Hence zo idala 'will eat' (FUT); zo idl-ile (FUT + PRF) 'will have eaten' = rare but attested. So I now think the best analysis is that the language has (FUT) + ANT + PFV as its basic template. -All three can be combined - however they are not adjacent -but I've not come across an idiomatic example. My informant thinks that zo kade idlile 'will have had eaten' is okay given a particular context (and preceding irrealis temporal clause).",,61-40 61-41 61-42 61-43 61-44 61-45 61-46,100.0,Very certain -61-45-1,61,45,1,45-1,The past marker is a suffix and always adjacent to the verb stem. Nothing can intervene.,,61-47,100.0,Very certain -61-46-6,61,46,6,46-6,"If necessary, reduplication of the verb or mere repetition indicates ongoing or prolonged action. But it is not grammaticalized.",,,100.0,Certain -61-47-1,61,47,1,47-1,"Kade is better thought of as an Anterior (= TNS) marker; but it does give progressive or habitual meanings: hamba 'go'; kade hamba 'was going, used to go, going prior to time of speaking'.",,,100.0,Intermediate +All three can be combined - however they are not adjacent -but I've not come across an idiomatic example. My informant thinks that zo kade idlile 'will have had eaten' is okay given a particular context (and preceding irrealis temporal clause).",,61-40 61-41 61-42 61-43 61-44 61-45 61-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-45-1,61,45,1,45-1,The past marker is a suffix and always adjacent to the verb stem. Nothing can intervene.,,61-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-46-6,61,46,6,46-6,"If necessary, reduplication of the verb or mere repetition indicates ongoing or prolonged action. But it is not grammaticalized.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-47-1,61,47,1,47-1,"Kade is better thought of as an Anterior (= TNS) marker; but it does give progressive or habitual meanings: hamba 'go'; kade hamba 'was going, used to go, going prior to time of speaking'.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 61-48-1,61,48,1,48-1,"The language's most basic verb marking is for aspect: -ile marks perfective (which may of course overlap with past tense meanings). If not perfective then the default verb ending in -a occurs, which is prototypically present. There is also an anterior (hence ""tense"") marker kade (which no one noticed before, but which I believe to be grammaticalized for the most proficient speakers who use the pidgin regularly). Thus kade idli-ile [ANT eat-PFV] 'had eaten' = PLUPERFECT. @@ -18288,135 +18288,135 @@ Kade idla 'was eating' (PROG) or 'used to eat' (HAB.PST) does not have a perfect The language marks future (which I've always thought of as tense, since there are no other modal verbs or auxiliaries; but I'm not averse to considering zo as a modal.) Hence zo idala 'will eat' (FUT); zo idl-ile (FUT + PRF) 'will have eaten' = rare but attested. So I now think the best analysis is that the language has (FUT) + ANT + PFV as its basic template. All three can be combined but -I've not come across an idiomatic example. My informant thinks that zo kade idlile 'will have had eaten' is okay given a particular context (and preceding irrealis temporal clause).",,,100.0,Certain -61-49-3,61,49,3,49-3,"For past progressive, some speakers use simple past in -ile. But since this is not very clear, more proficient speakers have evolved an anterior marker gate from Zulu kade 'long ago'. Gate is used for past progressive (with the verb marked for present tense) and for past-before-past (with the verb marked for past tense).",,61-129 61-130 61-131 61-48,100.0,Certain -61-5-1,61,5,1,5-1,,,61-5,100.0,Very certain -61-50-1,61,50,1,50-1,,,61-49 61-50,100.0,Certain -61-51-1,61,51,1,51-1,"Statives and non-statives are not differentiated in form and meaning in the present tense. In the past tense, however, there is a difference. Only non-statives take the past suffix -ile.",,61-26 61-51 61-52,100.0,Certain -61-52-1,61,52,1,52-1,,,,100.0,Certain -61-53-1,61,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Certain -61-54-7,61,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Intermediate +I've not come across an idiomatic example. My informant thinks that zo kade idlile 'will have had eaten' is okay given a particular context (and preceding irrealis temporal clause).",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-49-3,61,49,3,49-3,"For past progressive, some speakers use simple past in -ile. But since this is not very clear, more proficient speakers have evolved an anterior marker gate from Zulu kade 'long ago'. Gate is used for past progressive (with the verb marked for present tense) and for past-before-past (with the verb marked for past tense).",,61-129 61-130 61-131 61-48,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-5-1,61,5,1,5-1,,,61-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-50-1,61,50,1,50-1,,,61-49 61-50,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-51-1,61,51,1,51-1,"Statives and non-statives are not differentiated in form and meaning in the present tense. In the past tense, however, there is a difference. Only non-statives take the past suffix -ile.",,61-26 61-51 61-52,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-52-1,61,52,1,52-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-53-1,61,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-54-7,61,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 61-55-2,61,55,2,55-2,"Some grammars, e.g. Opperman 1967, give azi as a future marker as well (i.e. epistemic certainty). I used to think this is a misanalysis, arising from confusing azi 'to know' with future particle zo (often reduced to clitic z). But given that I found an authentic sentence with negative future with azi (see Example 54), maybe there's something in the idea of future deriving from Zulu azi 'to know, be able' as much as from Zulu auxiliary future marker zo. -For epistemic possibility the ""perhaps"" reading is not possible; but a contextual reading of the other sort proposed is just about possible.",,61-53 61-54,100.0,Certain -61-56-1,61,56,1,56-1,,,61-55 61-56 61-57,100.0,Certain -61-57-1,61,57,1,57-1,There is no special marking of patient versus agent NPs.,,61-58,100.0,Very certain -61-58-1,61,58,1,58-1,,,61-59 61-60,100.0,Very certain -61-59-1,61,59,1,59-1,,,61-61 61-62,100.0,Very certain -61-6-1,61,6,1,6-1,,,61-6,100.0,Very certain -61-60-1,61,60,1,60-1,,1086,61-64,30.0,Intermediate -61-60-2,61,60,2,60-2,,1086,61-63,70.0,Certain -61-61-2,61,61,2,61-2,Value 2 is possible but less common.,,61-64,30.0,Intermediate -61-61-1,61,61,1,61-1,Value 2 is possible but less common.,,61-63,70.0,Certain -61-62-1,61,62,1,62-1,"On rare occasions, pronouns may be dropped, e.g. in echo constructions (Question: 'Did he come?' Answer: 'Came' (or more usually: 'He came').",,61-65,100.0,Certain -61-63-3,61,63,3,63-3,I'm reasonably certain that 'seem' is paraphrased by 'I think that...'.,,,100.0,Certain -61-64-2,61,64,2,64-2,,,61-66,100.0,Certain -61-65-1,61,65,1,65-1,,,61-67,100.0,Very certain -61-66-3,61,66,3,66-3,,,61-68,100.0,Certain -61-67-1,61,67,1,67-1,,,61-69,100.0,Certain -61-68-1,61,68,1,68-1,,,61-70,100.0,Certain -61-69-1,61,69,1,69-1,,,61-71,100.0,Certain -61-7-1,61,7,1,7-1,,,61-7,100.0,Very certain -61-70-2,61,70,2,70-2,,,61-128 61-71 61-72,100.0,Certain -61-71-1,61,71,1,71-1,,,61-73,100.0,Certain -61-72-3,61,72,3,72-3,"Note that one source, Hopkin-Jenkins (1947: 34), gives na as both nominal and verbal conjunction. This does not seem idiomatic in my experience of the pidgin.",,61-75 61-76,100.0,Certain -61-73-2,61,73,2,73-2,There is only a locative copula in the pidgin.,,61-77,100.0,Certain -61-74-2,61,74,2,74-2,"There is no attributive/equational copula in the pidgin, only a locative one.",,61-78,100.0,Certain -61-75-1,61,75,1,75-1,,1495,61-51 61-79,100.0,Very certain -61-76-2,61,76,2,76-2,The locative copula is overt; all other copulae are zero.,,61-51 61-77 61-79,100.0,Very certain -61-77-1,61,77,1,77-1,,,61-80,100.0,Certain -61-78-1,61,78,1,78-1,,,61-81 61-82,100.0,Certain -61-79-1,61,79,1,79-1,"Note: Although lapha is used, it is frequently deleted.",,61-86,50.0,Certain -61-79-2,61,79,2,79-2,"Note: Although lapha is used, it is frequently deleted.",,61-85,50.0,Certain -61-8-2,61,8,2,8-2,,,61-8,100.0,Certain -61-80-1,61,80,1,80-1,There is no preposition 'from'.,,61-84,100.0,Intermediate -61-81-3,61,81,3,81-3,"To the best of my knowledge: lapha, a general locative occurs with motion verbs ""towards"" (but is optional); whereas motion verbs ""from"" have to be rephrased like: 'He went to the market; he has come'.",,61-83 61-84,100.0,Intermediate -61-82-2,61,82,2,82-2,"The uncertainty in my mind is that the genuine preposition lapha could apply to both usages, but is a rather general locative preposition. The more specific word phakati means 'inside', but since it is followed by a possessive ga, doesn't feel like a real preposition.",,61-87 61-88,100.0,Intermediate -61-83-2,61,83,2,83-2,"The 'of' is the same in both sentences, but the sentence requires the adverbial phakati 'inside'. In other words there are no special 'motion from' or 'motion to' prepositions as such.",,61-89 61-90 61-91,100.0,Certain -61-84-3,61,84,3,84-3,This kind of work is done by causative suffix -isa.,,,100.0,Certain -61-85-1,61,85,1,85-1,,,61-71,100.0,Intermediate -61-86-5,61,86,5,86-5,,,61-92,100.0,Unspecified -61-88-5,61,88,5,88-5,Self-ga-yena is an intensifier that applies in instrumental contexts; it cannot be used as an ordinary reflexive.,,61-93,100.0,Intermediate -61-89-4,61,89,4,89-4,Neither reciprocals nor reflexives are idiomatically possible. Only intensifiers.,,,100.0,Unspecified -61-9-1,61,9,1,9-1,,,61-9,100.0,Very certain -61-90-1,61,90,1,90-1,"The passive is rare, and may be lexical. It occurs with a small set of verbs with resulting adjectival meaning: 'cooked', 'ripe', 'closed', 'open', and seldom with an overt passivized by-agent phrase. However more proficient speakers do produce forms like 'was born' and also have two passive suffixes: -wa for present 'is closed' and -iwe for past 'was closed'. So, though restricted, I think the pidgin just about has a passive that uses a suffix (and two for some speakers).",650,61-94,100.0,Intermediate -61-91-2,61,91,2,91-2,,,61-95,100.0,Certain -61-92-5,61,92,5,92-5,"Zero and gap can probably be found in natural speech, but not as a grammaticalized rule.",,61-97,50.0,Certain -61-92-3,61,92,3,92-3,"Zero and gap can probably be found in natural speech, but not as a grammaticalized rule.",,61-96,50.0,Certain -61-93-2,61,93,2,93-2,"My intuition is that Value 3 is most common, then Value 5, then Value 2 and finally Value 4.",,61-99,21.4285714285714,Intermediate -61-93-3,61,93,3,93-3,"My intuition is that Value 3 is most common, then Value 5, then Value 2 and finally Value 4.",,61-98,50.0,Certain -61-93-4,61,93,4,93-4,"My intuition is that Value 3 is most common, then Value 5, then Value 2 and finally Value 4.",,61-100,7.14285714285714,Intermediate -61-93-5,61,93,5,93-5,"My intuition is that Value 3 is most common, then Value 5, then Value 2 and finally Value 4.",,61-101,21.4285714285714,Intermediate -61-94-3,61,94,3,94-3,,,61-7,70.0,Certain -61-94-5,61,94,5,94-5,,,61-102,30.0,Intermediate -61-95-4,61,95,4,95-4,,,61-103,100.0,Certain -61-96-4,61,96,4,96-4,,,61-104,100.0,Certain -61-98-5,61,98,5,98-5,'Think' takes a zero complementizer and a finite subordinate clause. 'Want' takes the complementizer ga and the subordinate clause is non-finite; ga 'to' is the infinitive marker.,,61-105 61-106,100.0,Certain -61-99-2,61,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain -62-0-9,62,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0, -62-1-2,62,1,2,1-2,,"988[9,197]",62-1,100.0,Very certain -62-10-4,62,10,4,10-4,The numeral 'one' can be used to explicitly express a specific indefinite referent or a referent that is arbitrary in its set. But this is not regarded as an indefinite article here.,,62-9,100.0,Very certain -62-100-1,62,100,1,100-1,,988[161],62-94,100.0,Very certain -62-101-1,62,101,1,101-1,,988[161],62-95,100.0,Certain -62-102-1,62,102,1,102-1,"There is an indefinite pronoun 'any' which agrees in noun class with the head noun. However, in negative sentences this indefinite pronoun is not used; rather a general noun is used.",988[181],62-96 62-97,100.0,Certain -62-103-7,62,103,7,103-7,,,62-98,100.0,Very certain -62-104-1,62,104,1,104-1,,,62-99,100.0,Certain -62-105-3,62,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Uncertain -62-109-2,62,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-11-3,62,11,3,11-3,,,62-10,100.0,Certain -62-110-2,62,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-111-1,62,111,1,111-1,,988[270],62-101,100.0,Very certain -62-112-1,62,112,1,112-1,,988[274],62-102,100.0,Very certain -62-113-1,62,113,1,113-1,,988[260],62-103,100.0,Certain -62-114-2,62,114,2,114-2,,"988[235, 269]",62-104 62-105,100.0,Very certain -62-115-2,62,115,2,115-2,,,62-106 62-107,100.0,Certain -62-116-5,62,116,5,116-5,"Mbugu had only three colour terms in the sense of basic colour term as Berlin & Kay (1969) use that concept: black-white-red. The word 'unripe' may be used for yellowish colours and the word for 'grass' for 'green'. I have not done a colour naming test for Mbugu; I don't know what they would do when forced to name colours. Value 5 is choosen to mean ""neither"".",988[83],,100.0,Certain -62-117-5,62,117,5,117-5,There are no animal names of wild animals that differentiate between male and female animal. Mbugu borrows all words for major wild animals from Swahili.,,,100.0,Certain -62-118-2,62,118,2,118-2,,988[105],62-108 62-109,100.0,Very certain -62-119-1,62,119,1,119-1,,988[127],62-110 62-111,100.0,Certain -62-12-2,62,12,2,12-2,,,62-11,100.0,Very certain -62-120-5,62,120,5,120-5,,988[126],62-112 62-113 62-114 62-115 62-116,100.0,Very certain -62-121-2,62,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -62-122-4,62,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -62-123-4,62,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -62-124-1,62,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -62-125-3,62,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -62-126-1,62,126,1,126-1,,,62-136,100.0, -62-127-6,62,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -62-128-1,62,128,1,128-1,,,62-143,100.0, -62-129-1,62,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -62-13-1,62,13,1,13-1,,988[114],,100.0,Very certain -62-130-1,62,130,1,130-1,,,62-140,100.0, -62-131,62,131,1,131-1,,,62-123,100.0, -62-132,62,132,1,132-1,,,62-125,100.0, -62-133,62,133,1,133-1,,,62-126,100.0, -62-134,62,134,1,134-1,,,62-127,100.0, -62-137,62,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -62-138,62,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -62-139,62,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -62-14-1,62,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-140,62,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -62-143,62,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -62-144,62,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -62-145,62,145,1,145-1,,,62-128,100.0, -62-146,62,146,1,146-1,,,62-129,100.0, -62-147,62,147,1,147-1,,,62-124,100.0, -62-148,62,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -62-149,62,149,1,149-1,,,62-130,100.0, -62-15-1,62,15,1,15-1,,988[195],62-12,100.0,Very certain -62-151,62,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -62-152,62,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -62-153,62,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -62-155,62,155,1,155-1,,,62-131,100.0, -62-156,62,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -62-158,62,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -62-159,62,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -62-16-1,62,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-160,62,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -62-161,62,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -62-163,62,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -62-168,62,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -62-169,62,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, +For epistemic possibility the ""perhaps"" reading is not possible; but a contextual reading of the other sort proposed is just about possible.",,61-53 61-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-56-1,61,56,1,56-1,,,61-55 61-56 61-57,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-57-1,61,57,1,57-1,There is no special marking of patient versus agent NPs.,,61-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-58-1,61,58,1,58-1,,,61-59 61-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-59-1,61,59,1,59-1,,,61-61 61-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-6-1,61,6,1,6-1,,,61-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-60-1,61,60,1,60-1,,1086,61-64,30.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +61-60-2,61,60,2,60-2,,1086,61-63,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +61-61-2,61,61,2,61-2,Value 2 is possible but less common.,,61-64,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-61-1,61,61,1,61-1,Value 2 is possible but less common.,,61-63,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-62-1,61,62,1,62-1,"On rare occasions, pronouns may be dropped, e.g. in echo constructions (Question: 'Did he come?' Answer: 'Came' (or more usually: 'He came').",,61-65,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-63-3,61,63,3,63-3,I'm reasonably certain that 'seem' is paraphrased by 'I think that...'.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-64-2,61,64,2,64-2,,,61-66,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-65-1,61,65,1,65-1,,,61-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-66-3,61,66,3,66-3,,,61-68,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-67-1,61,67,1,67-1,,,61-69,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-68-1,61,68,1,68-1,,,61-70,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-69-1,61,69,1,69-1,,,61-71,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-7-1,61,7,1,7-1,,,61-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-70-2,61,70,2,70-2,,,61-128 61-71 61-72,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-71-1,61,71,1,71-1,,,61-73,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-72-3,61,72,3,72-3,"Note that one source, Hopkin-Jenkins (1947: 34), gives na as both nominal and verbal conjunction. This does not seem idiomatic in my experience of the pidgin.",,61-75 61-76,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-73-2,61,73,2,73-2,There is only a locative copula in the pidgin.,,61-77,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-74-2,61,74,2,74-2,"There is no attributive/equational copula in the pidgin, only a locative one.",,61-78,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-75-1,61,75,1,75-1,,1495,61-51 61-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +61-76-2,61,76,2,76-2,The locative copula is overt; all other copulae are zero.,,61-51 61-77 61-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-77-1,61,77,1,77-1,,,61-80,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +61-78-1,61,78,1,78-1,,,61-81 61-82,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-79-1,61,79,1,79-1,"Note: Although lapha is used, it is frequently deleted.",,61-86,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-79-2,61,79,2,79-2,"Note: Although lapha is used, it is frequently deleted.",,61-85,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +61-8-2,61,8,2,8-2,,,61-8,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-80-1,61,80,1,80-1,There is no preposition 'from'.,,61-84,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-81-3,61,81,3,81-3,"To the best of my knowledge: lapha, a general locative occurs with motion verbs ""towards"" (but is optional); whereas motion verbs ""from"" have to be rephrased like: 'He went to the market; he has come'.",,61-83 61-84,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-82-2,61,82,2,82-2,"The uncertainty in my mind is that the genuine preposition lapha could apply to both usages, but is a rather general locative preposition. The more specific word phakati means 'inside', but since it is followed by a possessive ga, doesn't feel like a real preposition.",,61-87 61-88,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-83-2,61,83,2,83-2,"The 'of' is the same in both sentences, but the sentence requires the adverbial phakati 'inside'. In other words there are no special 'motion from' or 'motion to' prepositions as such.",,61-89 61-90 61-91,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-84-3,61,84,3,84-3,This kind of work is done by causative suffix -isa.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-85-1,61,85,1,85-1,,,61-71,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-86-5,61,86,5,86-5,,,61-92,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-88-5,61,88,5,88-5,Self-ga-yena is an intensifier that applies in instrumental contexts; it cannot be used as an ordinary reflexive.,,61-93,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-89-4,61,89,4,89-4,Neither reciprocals nor reflexives are idiomatically possible. Only intensifiers.,,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +61-9-1,61,9,1,9-1,,,61-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +61-90-1,61,90,1,90-1,"The passive is rare, and may be lexical. It occurs with a small set of verbs with resulting adjectival meaning: 'cooked', 'ripe', 'closed', 'open', and seldom with an overt passivized by-agent phrase. However more proficient speakers do produce forms like 'was born' and also have two passive suffixes: -wa for present 'is closed' and -iwe for past 'was closed'. So, though restricted, I think the pidgin just about has a passive that uses a suffix (and two for some speakers).",650,61-94,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +61-91-2,61,91,2,91-2,,,61-95,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +61-92-5,61,92,5,92-5,"Zero and gap can probably be found in natural speech, but not as a grammaticalized rule.",,61-97,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +61-92-3,61,92,3,92-3,"Zero and gap can probably be found in natural speech, but not as a grammaticalized rule.",,61-96,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +61-93-2,61,93,2,93-2,"My intuition is that Value 3 is most common, then Value 5, then Value 2 and finally Value 4.",,61-99,21.4285714285714,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-22-FF0000-50-FFB6C1-8-0000FF-22-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +61-93-3,61,93,3,93-3,"My intuition is that Value 3 is most common, then Value 5, then Value 2 and finally Value 4.",,61-98,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-22-FF0000-50-FFB6C1-8-0000FF-22-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +61-93-4,61,93,4,93-4,"My intuition is that Value 3 is most common, then Value 5, then Value 2 and finally Value 4.",,61-100,7.14285714285714,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-22-FF0000-50-FFB6C1-8-0000FF-22-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +61-93-5,61,93,5,93-5,"My intuition is that Value 3 is most common, then Value 5, then Value 2 and finally Value 4.",,61-101,21.4285714285714,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-22-FF0000-50-FFB6C1-8-0000FF-22-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +61-94-3,61,94,3,94-3,,,61-7,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFB6C1-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +61-94-5,61,94,5,94-5,,,61-102,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFB6C1-30-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +61-95-4,61,95,4,95-4,,,61-103,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-96-4,61,96,4,96-4,,,61-104,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-98-5,61,98,5,98-5,'Think' takes a zero complementizer and a finite subordinate clause. 'Want' takes the complementizer ga and the subordinate clause is non-finite; ga 'to' is the infinitive marker.,,61-105 61-106,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +61-99-2,61,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-0-9,62,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +62-1-2,62,1,2,1-2,,"988[9,197]",62-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-10-4,62,10,4,10-4,The numeral 'one' can be used to explicitly express a specific indefinite referent or a referent that is arbitrary in its set. But this is not regarded as an indefinite article here.,,62-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-100-1,62,100,1,100-1,,988[161],62-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +62-101-1,62,101,1,101-1,,988[161],62-95,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +62-102-1,62,102,1,102-1,"There is an indefinite pronoun 'any' which agrees in noun class with the head noun. However, in negative sentences this indefinite pronoun is not used; rather a general noun is used.",988[181],62-96 62-97,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +62-103-7,62,103,7,103-7,,,62-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +62-104-1,62,104,1,104-1,,,62-99,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +62-105-3,62,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-109-2,62,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-11-3,62,11,3,11-3,,,62-10,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +62-110-2,62,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-111-1,62,111,1,111-1,,988[270],62-101,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +62-112-1,62,112,1,112-1,,988[274],62-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +62-113-1,62,113,1,113-1,,988[260],62-103,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +62-114-2,62,114,2,114-2,,"988[235, 269]",62-104 62-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +62-115-2,62,115,2,115-2,,,62-106 62-107,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +62-116-5,62,116,5,116-5,"Mbugu had only three colour terms in the sense of basic colour term as Berlin & Kay (1969) use that concept: black-white-red. The word 'unripe' may be used for yellowish colours and the word for 'grass' for 'green'. I have not done a colour naming test for Mbugu; I don't know what they would do when forced to name colours. Value 5 is choosen to mean ""neither"".",988[83],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-117-5,62,117,5,117-5,There are no animal names of wild animals that differentiate between male and female animal. Mbugu borrows all words for major wild animals from Swahili.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +62-118-2,62,118,2,118-2,,988[105],62-108 62-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +62-119-1,62,119,1,119-1,,988[127],62-110 62-111,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +62-12-2,62,12,2,12-2,,,62-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +62-120-5,62,120,5,120-5,,988[126],62-112 62-113 62-114 62-115 62-116,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-121-2,62,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +62-122-4,62,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-123-4,62,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-124-1,62,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +62-125-3,62,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +62-126-1,62,126,1,126-1,,,62-136,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +62-127-6,62,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-128-1,62,128,1,128-1,,,62-143,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +62-129-1,62,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +62-13-1,62,13,1,13-1,,988[114],,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +62-130-1,62,130,1,130-1,,,62-140,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +62-131,62,131,1,131-1,,,62-123,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-132,62,132,1,132-1,,,62-125,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-133,62,133,1,133-1,,,62-126,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-134,62,134,1,134-1,,,62-127,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-137,62,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-138,62,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-139,62,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-14-1,62,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-140,62,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-143,62,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-144,62,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-145,62,145,1,145-1,,,62-128,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-146,62,146,1,146-1,,,62-129,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-147,62,147,1,147-1,,,62-124,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-148,62,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-149,62,149,1,149-1,,,62-130,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-15-1,62,15,1,15-1,,988[195],62-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +62-151,62,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-152,62,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-153,62,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-155,62,155,1,155-1,,,62-131,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-156,62,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-158,62,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-159,62,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-16-1,62,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field data 1993 +62-160,62,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-161,62,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-163,62,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-168,62,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-169,62,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 62-17-4,62,17,4,17-4,"Like many Bantu languages, Mixed Ma'a/Mbugu has dependent subject and object pronouns preceding the verb (Mous 2003: 114f): 1SG: ni (SBJ); ni (OBJ) @@ -18439,968 +18439,968 @@ For epistemic possibility the ""perhaps"" reading is not possible; but a context 14.2: ú (SBJ); ú (OBJ) 15: kú (SBJ); kú (OBJ) 16: hé/há (SBJ); há (OBJ) -REFL: - (SBJ); kú (OBJ)",988[114],62-13,100.0,Very certain -62-170,62,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -62-171,62,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -62-172,62,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -62-173,62,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -62-174,62,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -62-176,62,176,2,176-2,,,62-132,100.0, -62-178,62,178,1,178-1,,,62-141,100.0, -62-179,62,179,1,179-1,,,62-142,100.0, -62-18-1,62,18,1,18-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-180,62,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -62-181,62,181,1,181-1,,,62-143,100.0, -62-182,62,182,1,182-1,,,62-144,100.0, -62-183,62,183,1,183-1,,,62-145,100.0, -62-184,62,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -62-187,62,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -62-188,62,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -62-189,62,189,1,189-1,,,62-133,100.0, -62-19-1,62,19,1,19-1,"Compound question words do exist; e.g. /ní ahoní/ 'by what?, why?'. Other single word question words are /-hamá/ 'which?' agreeing in noun class with the head noun, /mína/ 'which one? (from a given set)' (not agreeing to the head noun), /íne/ 'how many?' (not agreeing with the head noun) and /ahoní/ 'what?'. There is no question word 'how?'. The equivalents of questioning 'how?' are done with the question clitic /-mo/ 'what?, how?'","988[143,173]",62-14 62-15 62-16 62-17,100.0,Very certain -62-190,62,190,1,190-1,,,62-134,100.0, -62-191,62,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -62-192,62,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -62-193,62,193,1,193-1,,,62-135,100.0, -62-194,62,194,1,194-1,,,62-136,100.0, -62-195,62,195,1,195-1,,,62-137,100.0, -62-196,62,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -62-199,62,199,1,199-1,,,62-138,100.0, -62-2-2,62,2,2,2-2,,988[175],62-2,100.0,Very certain -62-200,62,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -62-201,62,201,1,201-1,,,62-139,100.0, -62-202,62,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -62-205,62,205,1,205-1,,,62-140,100.0, -62-209,62,209,1,209-1,,,62-146,100.0, -62-21-2,62,21,2,21-2,,,62-18 62-19,100.0,Certain -62-212,62,212,1,212-1,,,62-154,100.0, -62-217,62,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -62-218,62,218,1,218-1,,,62-147,100.0, -62-22-6,62,22,6,22-6,"Mbugu has a Niger-Congo noun class system in which certain noun classes (marked on the noun as a noun prefix) are semantically plural while others are semantically singular; for some noun classes there is no clear number interpretation. All nouns fall into one of the noun classes, and in that sense all nouns are marked for number. One could argue, however, that number as such is not a category that is grammatically relevant for Bantu languages such as Mbugu since there is no grammatical rule that refers to plural or singular. In general there is little doubt for noun tokens whether they are singular or plural, as in Indo-European languages. Conversely, for any noun in a Bantu language there is little doubt whether they belong to class x or y; noun classes are not a category that is grammatically relevant in Indo-European languages.",988[164],62-20 62-21,100.0,Certain -62-221,62,221,1,221-1,,,62-148,100.0, -62-23-2,62,23,2,23-2,,988[164],62-21,100.0,Certain -62-231,62,231,1,231-1,,,62-122,100.0, -62-232,62,232,1,232-1,,,62-155,100.0, -62-235,62,235,1,235-1,,,62-156,100.0, -62-236,62,236,1,236-1,,,62-157,100.0, -62-237,62,237,1,237-1,,,62-158,100.0, -62-239,62,239,1,239-1,,,62-159,100.0, -62-24-3,62,24,3,24-3,,,62-22,100.0,Certain -62-245,62,245,1,245-1,,,,100.0, -62-25-1,62,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-252,62,252,1,252-1,,,62-149,100.0, -62-253,62,253,1,253-1,,,62-150,100.0, -62-254,62,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -62-255,62,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -62-256,62,256,1,256-1,,,62-151,100.0, -62-257,62,257,1,257-1,,,62-152,100.0, -62-258,62,258,1,258-1,,,62-153,100.0, -62-259,62,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -62-26-2,62,26,2,26-2,,,62-23,100.0,Certain -62-260,62,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -62-261,62,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -62-263,62,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -62-267,62,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -62-268,62,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -62-27-2,62,27,2,27-2,,,62-24,100.0,Certain -62-272,62,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -62-273,62,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -62-274,62,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -62-275,62,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -62-276,62,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -62-277,62,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -62-278,62,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -62-279,62,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -62-28-5,62,28,5,28-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-280,62,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -62-281,62,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -62-282,62,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -62-284,62,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -62-285,62,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -62-286,62,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -62-287,62,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -62-288,62,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -62-289,62,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -62-29-5,62,29,5,29-5,The numeral 'one' can be used to explicitly express a specific indefinite referent or a referent that is arbitrary in its set. But this is not regarded as an indefinite article here.,,,100.0,Very certain -62-290,62,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -62-291,62,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -62-3-2,62,3,2,3-2,,988[175],62-3,100.0,Very certain -62-30-1,62,30,1,30-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-308-6,62,308,6,308-6,"The mixed language has lexicon from pre-Gorwaa (Southern Cushitic), Maasai (Nilotic), an unidentified Eastern Cushitic source, Taita Bantu and for the non-core vocabulary also from Pare, Shambaa and Swahili (all three are Bantu languages).",988,,100.0,Very certain -62-309-1,62,309,1,309-1,,988,,100.0,Certain -62-31-4,62,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-310-4,62,310,4,310-4,,988,,100.0,Very certain -62-311-3,62,311,3,311-3,"It is difficult to establish, but the impression of the speakers in the speech community is that they are losing speakers in general.",,,100.0,Intermediate -62-312-2,62,312,2,312-2,I am not sure there is language abandonment. Speakers certainly have that sentiment. Possibly not all children acquire Mixed Ma'a/Mbugu fully. For some speakers Swahili or Shambaa has become their dominant language.,,,100.0,Intermediate -62-313-3,62,313,3,313-3,"Speaker numbers are difficult to establish because census figures on language and ethnicity are lacking, and because speakers are squatered.",,,100.0,Uncertain -62-314-3,62,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain -62-315-3,62,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-316-3,62,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Certain -62-317-2,62,317,2,317-2,People sing in the language. There are no commercial recordings using the language.,,,100.0,Uncertain -62-318-3,62,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0,Certain -62-319-3,62,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-32-1,62,32,1,32-1,"Yá, ká and hú are the three different demonstratives.",988[181],62-25 62-26,100.0,Very certain -62-320-3,62,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Certain -62-321-3,62,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-322-3,62,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -62-323-3,62,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-324-3,62,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-325-3,62,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Certain -62-326-4,62,326,4,326-4,"The main contact languages are Swahili, Tanzania's national language, and Shambaa, the dominant Bantu language of the area where speakers of Mixed Ma'a/Mbugu live.",,,100.0,Certain -62-327-2,62,327,2,327-2,"There is dialect variation between three areas: Magamba, Rangwi and Bumbuli; this includes variation in the domain of phonology and particularly regarding allophony and free variation involving spirantization of velars.",988[6],,100.0,Certain -62-328-2,62,328,2,328-2,"Certain nouns in the Bumbuli area lack noun class prefixes which are present in the other areas. There is no dialect variation in syntax, nor in morphological structure.",988[62],,100.0,Certain -62-329-2,62,329,2,329-2,"There is lexical variation in the meaning of certain words, in singular/plural pairs, and sometimes dialects use different words for the same concept.",988[6],,100.0,Certain -62-33-3,62,33,3,33-3,"The three degrees of distance refer roughly to (1) near speaker (ká), (2) near addressee or referential (yá) and (3) distant (hú).",988[180],62-26 62-27 62-28 62-5,100.0,Very certain -62-330-3,62,330,3,330-3,All speakers are rural.,,,100.0,Very certain -62-331-3,62,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-332-3,62,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-333-3,62,333,3,333-3,There are no social class distinctions of any importance among speakers.,,,100.0,Very certain -62-334-3,62,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-335-3,62,335,3,335-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-35-6,62,35,6,35-6,The noun ka 'time' is not obligatory in the formation of the ordinal numerals.,,62-117 62-118 62-29 62-30,100.0,Certain -62-36-1,62,36,1,36-1,,,62-31,100.0,Very certain -62-37-2,62,37,2,37-2,,988[179ff],62-32,100.0,Very certain -62-38-2,62,38,2,38-2,The possessum is followed by a connective element (a kind of possessive preposition) that agrees in noun class with the head noun (possessum) and that links it to the following possessor.,988[200],62-33,100.0,Certain -62-39-4,62,39,4,39-4,,988[179],62-32 62-34,100.0,Very certain -62-4-2,62,4,2,4-2,"The general preposition na 'with, and' also acts as coordinator (NP and S) and 'have' + na + X is used to express 'possess X' parallel to Normal Mbugu copula+ /na/. There is one other preposition, ni 'by'.",988[183],62-4,100.0,Very certain -62-40-4,62,40,4,40-4,It sort of becomes a definitional question. Certain modifiers that translate as adjectives are either nouns or verbs.,988[175],62-27 62-35,100.0,Certain -62-41-2,62,41,2,41-2,,988[190],62-36,100.0,Certain -62-42-1,62,42,1,42-1,,988[190],62-36,50.0,Certain -62-42-7,62,42,7,42-7,,988[190],62-37,50.0,Certain -62-43-2,62,43,2,43-2,"See the comment on Feature 44 ""Internal order of tense, aspect, and mood markers"".",988[121ff],62-121 62-38,100.0,Certain -62-44-8,62,44,8,44-8,"Mbugu has a complex system of TAM marking just like the Bantu languages in the area. So far I have identified 17 affirmative ""tenses"" expressed by a combination of three formatives in different positions: one preceding the subject prefix, one after the subject prefix and before (object prefix+) stem and one stem-finally. Semantics include 'not yet', expectational, quickly and the more common TAM values. There is nothing remotely similar to the typical creole system.",,,100.0,Very certain -62-45-1,62,45,1,45-1,"There are several verbal prefixes that contribute to several conjugations for the past, imperfective (progressive) etc. There is always an option of an object prefix between a conjugational TAM prefix and the verb stem.",988,,100.0,Very certain -62-46-1,62,46,1,46-1,There is no special affix for present progressive; past progressive (imperfective) is marked by -ékú-.,988,62-17,100.0,Very certain -62-47-4,62,47,4,47-4,There is no special affix for present progressive; past progressive (imperfective) is marked by -ékú-.,,62-120 62-17,100.0,Certain -62-48-4,62,48,4,48-4,,,62-120 62-17,100.0,Certain -62-5-2,62,5,2,5-2,"In contrast to other Bantu languages and to the parallel ""Normal""-Mbugu there is no agreement with the head noun in noun class for demonstratives in mixed-Mbugu.",988[175],62-5,100.0,Very certain -62-51-6,62,51,6,51-6,"There are a number of verbs (quality verbs, mental states) for which the form with the Perfect or Past has stative (present) meaning. In this sense there is a distinction between stative and dynamic verbs. ""Stative"" verbs of quality and of mental state have a different interpretation of the past and perfect tenses.",,62-38 62-40 62-41,100.0,Unspecified -62-52-3,62,52,3,52-3,,,62-42,100.0,Intermediate -62-53-1,62,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-54-7,62,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain -62-55-1,62,55,1,55-1,,,62-43 62-44,100.0,Very certain -62-56-4,62,56,4,56-4,,988[121],62-45 62-46 62-47,100.0,Very certain -62-57-1,62,57,1,57-1,"There is no case or adpositional marking, but the definite object is optionally marked by a prefix to the verb stem agreeing in noun class. Thus, there is a distinction between definite and indefinite objects, but as it is a distinction in indexing rather than case/adposition marking, the language has value 1.",988[115],62-48 62-49,100.0,Certain -62-58-1,62,58,1,58-1,,,62-50 62-51,100.0,Very certain -62-59-2,62,59,2,59-2,Subject and object prefixes are not always identical. Independent pronouns are rarely used (for contrast).,988[114],62-52 62-53,100.0,Certain -62-6-2,62,6,2,6-2,,988[175],62-6,100.0,Very certain -62-60-2,62,60,2,60-2,,988[234],62-54 62-55 62-56,100.0,Certain -62-61-1,62,61,1,61-1,"The recipient is closest to the verb; either as a full NP following the verb, or as a pronominal prefix preceding the verb stem; only the recipient can be in this pronominal object prefix slot for the verb 'give'.",988[234],62-57 62-58,100.0,Certain -62-62-2,62,62,2,62-2,,988[114],62-39,100.0,Very certain -62-63-3,62,63,3,63-3,,,,100.0,Uncertain -62-64-1,62,64,1,64-1,,988[149],62-59,100.0,Certain -62-65-3,62,65,3,65-3,,,62-60,100.0,Certain -62-66-1,62,66,1,66-1,,,62-61,100.0,Certain -62-67-1,62,67,1,67-1,,,62-62 62-63,100.0,Certain -62-68-1,62,68,1,68-1,,,62-64,100.0,Certain -62-69-1,62,69,1,69-1,,988[185f],62-65,100.0,Very certain -62-7-1,62,7,1,7-1,,988[175],62-7,100.0,Very certain -62-70-1,62,70,1,70-1,,988[183f],62-65 62-66,100.0,Very certain -62-71-1,62,71,1,71-1,,988[183f],62-1 62-67 62-68,100.0,Very certain -62-72-3,62,72,3,72-3,VP conjunction is in most cases expressed by a consecutive tense in the second VP.,,62-39 62-69,100.0,Certain -62-73-1,62,73,1,73-1,,988[145],62-70,100.0,Certain -62-74-1,62,74,1,74-1,,988[145],62-71,100.0,Certain -62-75-1,62,75,1,75-1,,988[145],62-72,100.0,Certain -62-76-2,62,76,2,76-2,The copula ni is used for equation and the locative 'to be' áta for locatives. The verb 'to be' -kwá is used in some tensed contructions of both equative/qualitative and locative type.,988[146],62-70 62-72,100.0,Very certain -62-77-1,62,77,1,77-1,"The parallel Bantu language uses the 'with' preposition for possession. The mixed language has a transitive possesive verb 'to have', but this can be followed by the same 'with' preoposition.",988[145],62-74,75.0,Very certain -62-77-4,62,77,4,77-4,"The parallel Bantu language uses the 'with' preposition for possession. The mixed language has a transitive possesive verb 'to have', but this can be followed by the same 'with' preoposition.",988[145],62-73,25.0,Certain -62-78-1,62,78,1,78-1,The existential is expressed by using the locative noun class prefix as subject marker on the 'have' verb.,988[149],62-45 62-59 62-74 62-96,100.0,Certain -62-79-1,62,79,1,79-1,,,62-76,100.0,Certain -62-8-2,62,8,2,8-2,"No degree words are used with adjectives. If a degree term is used at all, it is the Swahili loan /sana/ 'very, a lot' or the Swahili loan /zaidi/ 'more'; both are used only as adverbials.",988[177],62-8,100.0,Certain -62-80-1,62,80,1,80-1,,,62-79,100.0,Certain -62-81-1,62,81,1,81-1,,,62-76 62-77 62-78,100.0,Certain -62-84-3,62,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-85-1,62,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-86-5,62,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -62-87-4,62,87,4,87-4,The reflexive is expressed by a reflexive object prefix. The prefix is used for all subject + object types.,988[137],62-82,100.0,Very certain -62-88-2,62,88,2,88-2,The reflexive prefix/pronoun is not used for intensive or exclusive focus. There is a separate postposed modifier salaghuu for that purpose.,988[137],62-82,100.0,Unspecified -62-89-5,62,89,5,89-5,The reciprocal is a verbal derivation; the reflexive is an (inflectional) object prefix/pronounin the verb.,988[180],62-82 62-83,100.0,Unspecified -62-9-4,62,9,4,9-4,,988[137],,100.0,Very certain -62-90-1,62,90,1,90-1,The passive is a verbal derivation. The patient becomes subject; there is the assumption of the presence of an agent and the agent may be expressed by a preposition 'by'. Only transitive verbs can be passivized and the recipient becomes subject in case of passive of ditransitive verb.,988[182],62-84,100.0,Very certain -62-91-3,62,91,3,91-3,The argument status of the second object is debatable but not more so than in the other Bantu languages that are given as examples for this feature.,988[156],62-85 62-86,100.0,Very certain -62-92-4,62,92,4,92-4,In subject relative clauses no relative pronoun can be used. In non-subject relative clauses such a pronoun is used.,988[117],62-87,100.0,Certain -62-93-1,62,93,1,93-1,The relative pronoun is only used in non-subject relative clauses; not in subject relative clauses. The relative pronoun refers back to the noun class of the head noun but is not case marked.,988[170],62-88,100.0,Certain -62-94-3,62,94,3,94-3,,988[117],62-7,100.0,Uncertain -62-95-4,62,95,4,95-4,All my examples with the verb 'to say' introducing speech introduce direct speech. I have no examples of indirect speech. The infinitive of the verb 'to say' can be used as complementizer as in /kwa kubá/ 'because' but I don't have any example of this used as complementizer for indirect speech after the (same) word 'to say'.,988[194],62-89,100.0,Very certain -62-96-4,62,96,4,96-4,,,62-38,70.0,Certain -62-96-3,62,96,3,96-3,,,62-45,30.0,Intermediate -62-97-1,62,97,1,97-1,,,62-90,100.0,Certain -62-98-5,62,98,5,98-5,,,62-90 62-91 62-92 62-93,100.0,Certain -62-99-2,62,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -63-0-5,63,0,5,0-5,,,,100.0, -63-1-2,63,1,2,1-2,,1574[247],63-1,100.0,Very certain -63-10-2,63,10,2,10-2,The indefinite article does not occur systematically.,857[330],63-12,100.0,Very certain -63-100-4,63,100,4,100-4,"In Kenya, the negation is mainly preverbal and in Uganda, it is mainly postverbal.",857[216],63-187 63-188,100.0,Very certain -63-101-3,63,101,3,101-3,"In Kenya, the negation is mainly preverbal and in Uganda mainly postverbal. However, some few Kenyan informants in Mombasa also use postverbal negation.","857[216, 376]",63-190,30.0,Very certain -63-101-1,63,101,1,101-1,"In Kenya, the negation is mainly preverbal and in Uganda mainly postverbal. However, some few Kenyan informants in Mombasa also use postverbal negation.","857[216, 376]",63-189,70.0,Very certain -63-102-1,63,102,1,102-1,,,63-191,100.0,Certain -63-103-7,63,103,7,103-7,"The question particle (meš?) always stands at the end of the sentence; but intonation may be used alone, without particle.","857[379, 383]",63-193,70.0,Very certain -63-103-2,63,103,2,103-2,"The question particle (meš?) always stands at the end of the sentence; but intonation may be used alone, without particle.","857[379, 383]",63-192,30.0,Very certain -63-104-2,63,104,2,104-2,,1574[257];857[381],63-194 63-195,100.0,Certain -63-105-3,63,105,3,105-3,,1574[193],,100.0,Very certain -63-106-2,63,106,2,106-2,,,63-196,70.0,Very certain -63-106-1,63,106,1,106-1,,,63-197 63-198,30.0,Very certain -63-107-1,63,107,1,107-1,,857[383],63-199 63-200,100.0,Very certain -63-108-4,63,108,4,108-4,"There are no real clicks, but onomatopoeias and ideophones like wawawa, a-a ...",857[260],,100.0,Very certain -63-109-2,63,109,2,109-2,,,63-201,100.0,Very certain -63-11-3,63,11,3,11-3,The adverb may also appear in a left-detached position.,1574[225],63-14,50.0,Very certain -63-11-2,63,11,2,11-2,The adverb may also appear in a left-detached position.,1574[225],63-13 63-15,50.0,Very certain -63-110-2,63,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -63-111-2,63,111,2,111-2,,622[81],63-202,100.0,Very certain -63-112-1,63,112,1,112-1,"Heine (1982: 70) says that ida means 'hand' and 'arm', but gives durá for 'upper arm'.",622[64],63-203,100.0,Intermediate +REFL: - (SBJ); kú (OBJ)",988[114],62-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +62-170,62,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-171,62,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-172,62,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-173,62,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-174,62,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-176,62,176,2,176-2,,,62-132,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +62-178,62,178,1,178-1,,,62-141,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-179,62,179,1,179-1,,,62-142,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-18-1,62,18,1,18-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +62-180,62,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-181,62,181,1,181-1,,,62-143,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-182,62,182,1,182-1,,,62-144,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-183,62,183,1,183-1,,,62-145,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-184,62,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-187,62,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-188,62,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-189,62,189,1,189-1,,,62-133,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-19-1,62,19,1,19-1,"Compound question words do exist; e.g. /ní ahoní/ 'by what?, why?'. Other single word question words are /-hamá/ 'which?' agreeing in noun class with the head noun, /mína/ 'which one? (from a given set)' (not agreeing to the head noun), /íne/ 'how many?' (not agreeing with the head noun) and /ahoní/ 'what?'. There is no question word 'how?'. The equivalents of questioning 'how?' are done with the question clitic /-mo/ 'what?, how?'","988[143,173]",62-14 62-15 62-16 62-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-190,62,190,1,190-1,,,62-134,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-191,62,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-192,62,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-193,62,193,1,193-1,,,62-135,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-194,62,194,1,194-1,,,62-136,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-195,62,195,1,195-1,,,62-137,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-196,62,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-199,62,199,1,199-1,,,62-138,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-2-2,62,2,2,2-2,,988[175],62-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-200,62,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-201,62,201,1,201-1,,,62-139,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-202,62,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-205,62,205,1,205-1,,,62-140,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-209,62,209,1,209-1,,,62-146,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-21-2,62,21,2,21-2,,,62-18 62-19,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +62-212,62,212,1,212-1,,,62-154,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-217,62,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-218,62,218,1,218-1,,,62-147,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-22-6,62,22,6,22-6,"Mbugu has a Niger-Congo noun class system in which certain noun classes (marked on the noun as a noun prefix) are semantically plural while others are semantically singular; for some noun classes there is no clear number interpretation. All nouns fall into one of the noun classes, and in that sense all nouns are marked for number. One could argue, however, that number as such is not a category that is grammatically relevant for Bantu languages such as Mbugu since there is no grammatical rule that refers to plural or singular. In general there is little doubt for noun tokens whether they are singular or plural, as in Indo-European languages. Conversely, for any noun in a Bantu language there is little doubt whether they belong to class x or y; noun classes are not a category that is grammatically relevant in Indo-European languages.",988[164],62-20 62-21,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +62-221,62,221,1,221-1,,,62-148,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-23-2,62,23,2,23-2,,988[164],62-21,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +62-231,62,231,1,231-1,,,62-122,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-232,62,232,1,232-1,,,62-155,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-235,62,235,1,235-1,,,62-156,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-236,62,236,1,236-1,,,62-157,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-237,62,237,1,237-1,,,62-158,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-239,62,239,1,239-1,,,62-159,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-24-3,62,24,3,24-3,,,62-22,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +62-245,62,245,1,245-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-25-1,62,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-252,62,252,1,252-1,,,62-149,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-253,62,253,1,253-1,,,62-150,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-254,62,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-255,62,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-256,62,256,1,256-1,,,62-151,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-257,62,257,1,257-1,,,62-152,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-258,62,258,1,258-1,,,62-153,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +62-259,62,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-26-2,62,26,2,26-2,,,62-23,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +62-260,62,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-261,62,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-263,62,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-267,62,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-268,62,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-27-2,62,27,2,27-2,,,62-24,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-272,62,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-273,62,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-274,62,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-275,62,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-276,62,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-277,62,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-278,62,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-279,62,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-28-5,62,28,5,28-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +62-280,62,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-281,62,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-282,62,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-284,62,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-285,62,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-286,62,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-287,62,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-288,62,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-289,62,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-29-5,62,29,5,29-5,The numeral 'one' can be used to explicitly express a specific indefinite referent or a referent that is arbitrary in its set. But this is not regarded as an indefinite article here.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +62-290,62,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-291,62,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-3-2,62,3,2,3-2,,988[175],62-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-30-1,62,30,1,30-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-308-6,62,308,6,308-6,"The mixed language has lexicon from pre-Gorwaa (Southern Cushitic), Maasai (Nilotic), an unidentified Eastern Cushitic source, Taita Bantu and for the non-core vocabulary also from Pare, Shambaa and Swahili (all three are Bantu languages).",988,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +62-309-1,62,309,1,309-1,,988,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +62-31-4,62,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-310-4,62,310,4,310-4,,988,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +62-311-3,62,311,3,311-3,"It is difficult to establish, but the impression of the speakers in the speech community is that they are losing speakers in general.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-312-2,62,312,2,312-2,I am not sure there is language abandonment. Speakers certainly have that sentiment. Possibly not all children acquire Mixed Ma'a/Mbugu fully. For some speakers Swahili or Shambaa has become their dominant language.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-313-3,62,313,3,313-3,"Speaker numbers are difficult to establish because census figures on language and ethnicity are lacking, and because speakers are squatered.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-314-3,62,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-315-3,62,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-316-3,62,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-317-2,62,317,2,317-2,People sing in the language. There are no commercial recordings using the language.,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-318-3,62,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-319-3,62,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-32-1,62,32,1,32-1,"Yá, ká and hú are the three different demonstratives.",988[181],62-25 62-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +62-320-3,62,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-321-3,62,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-322-3,62,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-323-3,62,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-324-3,62,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-325-3,62,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-326-4,62,326,4,326-4,"The main contact languages are Swahili, Tanzania's national language, and Shambaa, the dominant Bantu language of the area where speakers of Mixed Ma'a/Mbugu live.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-327-2,62,327,2,327-2,"There is dialect variation between three areas: Magamba, Rangwi and Bumbuli; this includes variation in the domain of phonology and particularly regarding allophony and free variation involving spirantization of velars.",988[6],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +62-328-2,62,328,2,328-2,"Certain nouns in the Bumbuli area lack noun class prefixes which are present in the other areas. There is no dialect variation in syntax, nor in morphological structure.",988[62],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +62-329-2,62,329,2,329-2,"There is lexical variation in the meaning of certain words, in singular/plural pairs, and sometimes dialects use different words for the same concept.",988[6],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +62-33-3,62,33,3,33-3,"The three degrees of distance refer roughly to (1) near speaker (ká), (2) near addressee or referential (yá) and (3) distant (hú).",988[180],62-26 62-27 62-28 62-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +62-330-3,62,330,3,330-3,All speakers are rural.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-331-3,62,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-332-3,62,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-333-3,62,333,3,333-3,There are no social class distinctions of any importance among speakers.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-334-3,62,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-335-3,62,335,3,335-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1993 +62-35-6,62,35,6,35-6,The noun ka 'time' is not obligatory in the formation of the ordinal numerals.,,62-117 62-118 62-29 62-30,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +62-36-1,62,36,1,36-1,,,62-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +62-37-2,62,37,2,37-2,,988[179ff],62-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +62-38-2,62,38,2,38-2,The possessum is followed by a connective element (a kind of possessive preposition) that agrees in noun class with the head noun (possessum) and that links it to the following possessor.,988[200],62-33,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-39-4,62,39,4,39-4,,988[179],62-32 62-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +62-4-2,62,4,2,4-2,"The general preposition na 'with, and' also acts as coordinator (NP and S) and 'have' + na + X is used to express 'possess X' parallel to Normal Mbugu copula+ /na/. There is one other preposition, ni 'by'.",988[183],62-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-40-4,62,40,4,40-4,It sort of becomes a definitional question. Certain modifiers that translate as adjectives are either nouns or verbs.,988[175],62-27 62-35,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +62-41-2,62,41,2,41-2,,988[190],62-36,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-42-1,62,42,1,42-1,,988[190],62-36,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF7F00-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-42-7,62,42,7,42-7,,988[190],62-37,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF7F00-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-43-2,62,43,2,43-2,"See the comment on Feature 44 ""Internal order of tense, aspect, and mood markers"".",988[121ff],62-121 62-38,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +62-44-8,62,44,8,44-8,"Mbugu has a complex system of TAM marking just like the Bantu languages in the area. So far I have identified 17 affirmative ""tenses"" expressed by a combination of three formatives in different positions: one preceding the subject prefix, one after the subject prefix and before (object prefix+) stem and one stem-finally. Semantics include 'not yet', expectational, quickly and the more common TAM values. There is nothing remotely similar to the typical creole system.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-45-1,62,45,1,45-1,"There are several verbal prefixes that contribute to several conjugations for the past, imperfective (progressive) etc. There is always an option of an object prefix between a conjugational TAM prefix and the verb stem.",988,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +62-46-1,62,46,1,46-1,There is no special affix for present progressive; past progressive (imperfective) is marked by -ékú-.,988,62-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +62-47-4,62,47,4,47-4,There is no special affix for present progressive; past progressive (imperfective) is marked by -ékú-.,,62-120 62-17,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +62-48-4,62,48,4,48-4,,,62-120 62-17,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +62-5-2,62,5,2,5-2,"In contrast to other Bantu languages and to the parallel ""Normal""-Mbugu there is no agreement with the head noun in noun class for demonstratives in mixed-Mbugu.",988[175],62-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-51-6,62,51,6,51-6,"There are a number of verbs (quality verbs, mental states) for which the form with the Perfect or Past has stative (present) meaning. In this sense there is a distinction between stative and dynamic verbs. ""Stative"" verbs of quality and of mental state have a different interpretation of the past and perfect tenses.",,62-38 62-40 62-41,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +62-52-3,62,52,3,52-3,,,62-42,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +62-53-1,62,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-54-7,62,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +62-55-1,62,55,1,55-1,,,62-43 62-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +62-56-4,62,56,4,56-4,,988[121],62-45 62-46 62-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +62-57-1,62,57,1,57-1,"There is no case or adpositional marking, but the definite object is optionally marked by a prefix to the verb stem agreeing in noun class. Thus, there is a distinction between definite and indefinite objects, but as it is a distinction in indexing rather than case/adposition marking, the language has value 1.",988[115],62-48 62-49,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-58-1,62,58,1,58-1,,,62-50 62-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +62-59-2,62,59,2,59-2,Subject and object prefixes are not always identical. Independent pronouns are rarely used (for contrast).,988[114],62-52 62-53,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-6-2,62,6,2,6-2,,988[175],62-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-60-2,62,60,2,60-2,,988[234],62-54 62-55 62-56,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-61-1,62,61,1,61-1,"The recipient is closest to the verb; either as a full NP following the verb, or as a pronominal prefix preceding the verb stem; only the recipient can be in this pronominal object prefix slot for the verb 'give'.",988[234],62-57 62-58,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +62-62-2,62,62,2,62-2,,988[114],62-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-63-3,62,63,3,63-3,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-64-1,62,64,1,64-1,,988[149],62-59,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +62-65-3,62,65,3,65-3,,,62-60,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +62-66-1,62,66,1,66-1,,,62-61,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +62-67-1,62,67,1,67-1,,,62-62 62-63,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +62-68-1,62,68,1,68-1,,,62-64,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +62-69-1,62,69,1,69-1,,988[185f],62-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +62-7-1,62,7,1,7-1,,988[175],62-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +62-70-1,62,70,1,70-1,,988[183f],62-65 62-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +62-71-1,62,71,1,71-1,,988[183f],62-1 62-67 62-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-72-3,62,72,3,72-3,VP conjunction is in most cases expressed by a consecutive tense in the second VP.,,62-39 62-69,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +62-73-1,62,73,1,73-1,,988[145],62-70,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +62-74-1,62,74,1,74-1,,988[145],62-71,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +62-75-1,62,75,1,75-1,,988[145],62-72,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +62-76-2,62,76,2,76-2,The copula ni is used for equation and the locative 'to be' áta for locatives. The verb 'to be' -kwá is used in some tensed contructions of both equative/qualitative and locative type.,988[146],62-70 62-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +62-77-1,62,77,1,77-1,"The parallel Bantu language uses the 'with' preposition for possession. The mixed language has a transitive possesive verb 'to have', but this can be followed by the same 'with' preoposition.",988[145],62-74,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +62-77-4,62,77,4,77-4,"The parallel Bantu language uses the 'with' preposition for possession. The mixed language has a transitive possesive verb 'to have', but this can be followed by the same 'with' preoposition.",988[145],62-73,25.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +62-78-1,62,78,1,78-1,The existential is expressed by using the locative noun class prefix as subject marker on the 'have' verb.,988[149],62-45 62-59 62-74 62-96,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +62-79-1,62,79,1,79-1,,,62-76,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-8-2,62,8,2,8-2,"No degree words are used with adjectives. If a degree term is used at all, it is the Swahili loan /sana/ 'very, a lot' or the Swahili loan /zaidi/ 'more'; both are used only as adverbials.",988[177],62-8,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-80-1,62,80,1,80-1,,,62-79,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-81-1,62,81,1,81-1,,,62-76 62-77 62-78,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +62-84-3,62,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-85-1,62,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-86-5,62,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-87-4,62,87,4,87-4,The reflexive is expressed by a reflexive object prefix. The prefix is used for all subject + object types.,988[137],62-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +62-88-2,62,88,2,88-2,The reflexive prefix/pronoun is not used for intensive or exclusive focus. There is a separate postposed modifier salaghuu for that purpose.,988[137],62-82,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-89-5,62,89,5,89-5,The reciprocal is a verbal derivation; the reflexive is an (inflectional) object prefix/pronounin the verb.,988[180],62-82 62-83,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +62-9-4,62,9,4,9-4,,988[137],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-90-1,62,90,1,90-1,The passive is a verbal derivation. The patient becomes subject; there is the assumption of the presence of an agent and the agent may be expressed by a preposition 'by'. Only transitive verbs can be passivized and the recipient becomes subject in case of passive of ditransitive verb.,988[182],62-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +62-91-3,62,91,3,91-3,The argument status of the second object is debatable but not more so than in the other Bantu languages that are given as examples for this feature.,988[156],62-85 62-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +62-92-4,62,92,4,92-4,In subject relative clauses no relative pronoun can be used. In non-subject relative clauses such a pronoun is used.,988[117],62-87,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +62-93-1,62,93,1,93-1,The relative pronoun is only used in non-subject relative clauses; not in subject relative clauses. The relative pronoun refers back to the noun class of the head noun but is not case marked.,988[170],62-88,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +62-94-3,62,94,3,94-3,,988[117],62-7,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +62-95-4,62,95,4,95-4,All my examples with the verb 'to say' introducing speech introduce direct speech. I have no examples of indirect speech. The infinitive of the verb 'to say' can be used as complementizer as in /kwa kubá/ 'because' but I don't have any example of this used as complementizer for indirect speech after the (same) word 'to say'.,988[194],62-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +62-96-4,62,96,4,96-4,,,62-38,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-96-3,62,96,3,96-3,,,62-45,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-97-1,62,97,1,97-1,,,62-90,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +62-98-5,62,98,5,98-5,,,62-90 62-91 62-92 62-93,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +62-99-2,62,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +63-0-5,63,0,5,0-5,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +63-1-2,63,1,2,1-2,,1574[247],63-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-10-2,63,10,2,10-2,The indefinite article does not occur systematically.,857[330],63-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +63-100-4,63,100,4,100-4,"In Kenya, the negation is mainly preverbal and in Uganda, it is mainly postverbal.",857[216],63-187 63-188,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-101-3,63,101,3,101-3,"In Kenya, the negation is mainly preverbal and in Uganda mainly postverbal. However, some few Kenyan informants in Mombasa also use postverbal negation.","857[216, 376]",63-190,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +63-101-1,63,101,1,101-1,"In Kenya, the negation is mainly preverbal and in Uganda mainly postverbal. However, some few Kenyan informants in Mombasa also use postverbal negation.","857[216, 376]",63-189,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +63-102-1,63,102,1,102-1,,,63-191,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Personal data +63-103-7,63,103,7,103-7,"The question particle (meš?) always stands at the end of the sentence; but intonation may be used alone, without particle.","857[379, 383]",63-193,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +63-103-2,63,103,2,103-2,"The question particle (meš?) always stands at the end of the sentence; but intonation may be used alone, without particle.","857[379, 383]",63-192,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +63-104-2,63,104,2,104-2,,1574[257];857[381],63-194 63-195,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +63-105-3,63,105,3,105-3,,1574[193],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-106-2,63,106,2,106-2,,,63-196,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Personal data +63-106-1,63,106,1,106-1,,,63-197 63-198,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png""}",Personal data +63-107-1,63,107,1,107-1,,857[383],63-199 63-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +63-108-4,63,108,4,108-4,"There are no real clicks, but onomatopoeias and ideophones like wawawa, a-a ...",857[260],,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +63-109-2,63,109,2,109-2,,,63-201,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +63-11-3,63,11,3,11-3,The adverb may also appear in a left-detached position.,1574[225],63-14,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +63-11-2,63,11,2,11-2,The adverb may also appear in a left-detached position.,1574[225],63-13 63-15,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +63-110-2,63,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +63-111-2,63,111,2,111-2,,622[81],63-202,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +63-112-1,63,112,1,112-1,"Heine (1982: 70) says that ida means 'hand' and 'arm', but gives durá for 'upper arm'.",622[64],63-203,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 63-114-2,63,114,2,114-2,"Heine (1982) noted in Kibera su ras for 'hair' and su téri for 'feather'. -So, ris means 'feather' alone, while su in association with another word means 'feather' (su téri) or 'hair' (su ras) (but not 'body hair', 'head hair').",,63-204 63-205 63-206 63-207,100.0,Very certain -63-115-2,63,115,2,115-2,Asma also means ‘to feel’.,,63-208 63-209,100.0,Very certain -63-116-2,63,116,2,116-2,,,63-210 63-211,100.0,Very certain -63-117-2,63,117,2,117-2,"In tor, bágara 'bull, cow' the sex-difference is lexicalized and therefore not considered here.",,63-213 63-214,100.0,Very certain -63-118-2,63,118,2,118-2,CCV happens but it is rare; CVC is preferred.,857[69],63-215 63-216 63-217,100.0,Very certain -63-119-3,63,119,3,119-3,,857[69],63-218 63-219 63-220 63-221,100.0,Very certain +So, ris means 'feather' alone, while su in association with another word means 'feather' (su téri) or 'hair' (su ras) (but not 'body hair', 'head hair').",,63-204 63-205 63-206 63-207,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +63-115-2,63,115,2,115-2,Asma also means ‘to feel’.,,63-208 63-209,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +63-116-2,63,116,2,116-2,,,63-210 63-211,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +63-117-2,63,117,2,117-2,"In tor, bágara 'bull, cow' the sex-difference is lexicalized and therefore not considered here.",,63-213 63-214,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Personal data +63-118-2,63,118,2,118-2,CCV happens but it is rare; CVC is preferred.,857[69],63-215 63-216 63-217,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +63-119-3,63,119,3,119-3,,857[69],63-218 63-219 63-220 63-221,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 63-12-2,63,12,2,12-2,"I have one example of Value 1, but in a subordinate clause: iíta árifu lé kun zedé [you know why be so] -'Do you know it is so?'",857[379],63-16 63-17,100.0,Very certain -63-120-2,63,120,2,120-2,,857[72],63-222 63-223 63-224 63-225,100.0,Very certain -63-121-2,63,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -63-122-4,63,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -63-123-4,63,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -63-124-2,63,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0, -63-125-3,63,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -63-126-1,63,126,1,126-1,"/z/ sometimes occurs in variation with /j/, as in: je ~ ze 'like'.",,63-240,100.0, -63-127-3,63,127,3,127-3,,,,100.0, -63-128-3,63,128,3,128-3,/ɲ/ occurs in Swahili loanwords.,,,100.0, -63-129-1,63,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -63-13-1,63,13,1,13-1,,857[128],63-18 63-19,100.0,Very certain -63-130-1,63,130,1,130-1,[h] is sometimes found in variation with [k] and [ħ].,,63-243,100.0, -63-131,63,131,3,131-3,,,63-227,100.0, -63-132,63,132,1,132-1,,,63-229,100.0, -63-133,63,133,1,133-1,,,63-230,100.0, -63-134,63,134,1,134-1,,,63-231,100.0, -63-137,63,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -63-138,63,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -63-139,63,139,3,139-3,This sound occurs in Swahili and Luganda loanwords.,,63-234,100.0, -63-14-1,63,14,1,14-1,,857[171],,100.0,Very certain -63-140,63,140,1,140-1,"/j/ sometimes occurs in variation with /z/, as in: ze ~ je 'like'.",,63-235,100.0, -63-143,63,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -63-144,63,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -63-145,63,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -63-146,63,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -63-147,63,147,1,147-1,,,63-228,100.0, -63-148,63,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -63-149,63,149,1,149-1,,,63-232,100.0, -63-15-1,63,15,1,15-1,,857[171],63-20,100.0,Very certain -63-151,63,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -63-152,63,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -63-153,63,153,3,153-3,This sound only exists in loanwords from Classical Arabic; it is very rare.,,63-233,100.0, -63-155,63,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -63-156,63,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -63-158,63,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -63-159,63,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -63-16-1,63,16,1,16-1,,857[171],63-21,100.0,Very certain -63-160,63,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -63-161,63,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -63-163,63,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -63-168,63,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -63-169,63,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -63-17-1,63,17,1,17-1,,857[171-2],63-22 63-23,100.0,Very certain -63-170,63,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -63-171,63,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -63-172,63,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -63-173,63,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -63-174,63,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -63-176,63,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -63-178,63,178,1,178-1,,,63-244,100.0, -63-179,63,179,1,179-1,,,63-245,100.0, -63-18-1,63,18,1,18-1,,857[171],63-24,100.0,Very certain -63-180,63,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -63-181,63,181,3,181-3,/ɲ/ occurs in Swahili loanwords.,,,100.0, -63-182,63,182,3,182-3,This sound occurs in Swahili loanwords.,,63-246,100.0, -63-183,63,183,1,183-1,,,63-247,100.0, -63-184,63,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -63-187,63,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -63-188,63,188,2,188-2,"According to Heine (1982: 25), this sound tends to be pronounced as /b/.",622,,100.0, -63-189,63,189,1,189-1,,,63-236,100.0, -63-19-1,63,19,1,19-1,,857[379],63-25 63-26 63-27 63-28,100.0,Very certain -63-190,63,190,3,190-3,"/v/ occurs in Swahili, English and Luganda loanwords.",,63-237,100.0, -63-191,63,191,3,191-3,/θ/ is used in Classical Arabic loanwords and also occurs as a result of hypercorrection.,,63-256,100.0, -63-192,63,192,3,192-3,This sound occurs in Swahili and Classical Arabic loanwords.,,63-238,100.0, -63-193,63,193,1,193-1,[s] occurs in variation with [ʃ] in some words: sía/ʃía 'few'.,,63-239,100.0, -63-194,63,194,1,194-1,"/z/ sometimes occurs in variation with /j/, as in: je ~ ze 'like'.",,63-240,100.0, -63-195,63,195,1,195-1,[ʃ] sometimes occurs in variation with [s].,,63-241,100.0, -63-196,63,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -63-199,63,199,2,199-2,This sound only occurs among a few older speakers.,,63-242,100.0, -63-2-2,63,2,2,2-2,,857[336],63-2,100.0,Very certain -63-20-1,63,20,1,20-1,,857[244],63-29,100.0,Very certain -63-200,63,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -63-201,63,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -63-202,63,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -63-204,63,204,3,204-3,/ʁ/ is very rare: it only occurs in loanwords from Swahili and as a result of hypercorrection from Arabic.,,63-261,100.0, -63-205,63,205,1,205-1,[h] is sometimes found in variation with [k] and [ħ].,,63-243,100.0, -63-207,63,207,2,207-2,This sound is rare in Kinubi. It is used interchangeably with /h/ in some words. Its presence is a result of hypercorrection from Arabic.,,,100.0, -63-208,63,208,3,208-3,This sound is very rare. It represents the Arabic 'ayn and only occurs in hypercorrect forms.,,63-260,100.0, -63-209,63,209,1,209-1,,,63-248,100.0, -63-21-2,63,21,2,21-2,,857[194],63-30 63-31,100.0,Certain -63-212,63,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -63-217,63,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -63-218,63,218,1,218-1,,,63-249,100.0, -63-22-4,63,22,4,22-4,,857[134],63-32 63-33 63-34,100.0,Very certain -63-221,63,221,1,221-1,,,63-250,100.0, -63-23-7,63,23,7,23-7,There is more than one plural suffix. Some words use suffixes and stem change together. Swahili loanwords which are really integrated in Kinubi vocabulary have a plural prefix. There are also some (rare) traces of dual.,857[134],63-35,14.7058823529412,Certain -63-23-6,63,23,6,23-6,There is more than one plural suffix. Some words use suffixes and stem change together. Swahili loanwords which are really integrated in Kinubi vocabulary have a plural prefix. There are also some (rare) traces of dual.,857[134],63-42,8.82352941176471,Very certain -63-23-5,63,23,5,23-5,There is more than one plural suffix. Some words use suffixes and stem change together. Swahili loanwords which are really integrated in Kinubi vocabulary have a plural prefix. There are also some (rare) traces of dual.,857[134],63-38 63-40,26.4705882352941,Very certain -63-23-4,63,23,4,23-4,There is more than one plural suffix. Some words use suffixes and stem change together. Swahili loanwords which are really integrated in Kinubi vocabulary have a plural prefix. There are also some (rare) traces of dual.,857[134],63-37 63-41,14.7058823529412,Very certain -63-23-3,63,23,3,23-3,There is more than one plural suffix. Some words use suffixes and stem change together. Swahili loanwords which are really integrated in Kinubi vocabulary have a plural prefix. There are also some (rare) traces of dual.,857[134],63-36 63-39,26.4705882352941,Very certain -63-23-8,63,23,8,23-8,There is more than one plural suffix. Some words use suffixes and stem change together. Swahili loanwords which are really integrated in Kinubi vocabulary have a plural prefix. There are also some (rare) traces of dual.,857[134],63-43,8.82352941176471,Certain -63-231,63,231,3,231-3,/mb/ exists in loanwords from Swahili.,,63-257,100.0, -63-24-4,63,24,4,24-4,,857[134],,100.0,Certain -63-241,63,241,3,241-3,/mv/ exists in loanwords from Swahili.,,63-259,100.0, -63-246,63,246,3,246-3,/mw/ exists in loanwords from Swahili.,,63-258,100.0, -63-25-3,63,25,3,25-3,,857[149],63-44 63-45,100.0,Certain -63-252,63,252,1,252-1,,,63-251,100.0, -63-253,63,253,1,253-1,,,63-252,100.0, -63-254,63,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -63-255,63,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -63-256,63,256,1,256-1,,,63-253,100.0, -63-257,63,257,1,257-1,,,63-254,100.0, -63-258,63,258,1,258-1,,,63-255,100.0, -63-259,63,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -63-26-2,63,26,2,26-2,,857[326],63-46,100.0,Certain -63-260,63,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -63-261,63,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -63-263,63,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -63-267,63,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -63-268,63,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -63-27-2,63,27,2,27-2,,,63-47 63-48,100.0,Certain -63-272,63,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -63-273,63,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -63-274,63,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -63-275,63,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -63-276,63,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -63-277,63,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -63-278,63,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -63-279,63,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -63-28-2,63,28,2,28-2,The demonstrative / definite article is often omitted.,857[333],63-49 63-50,100.0,Very certain -63-280,63,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -63-281,63,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -63-282,63,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -63-284,63,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -63-285,63,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -63-286,63,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -63-287,63,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -63-288,63,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -63-289,63,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -63-29-2,63,29,2,29-2,The use of ‘one’ is not obligatory.,857[330],63-166 63-51 63-52,100.0,Very certain -63-290,63,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -63-291,63,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -63-3-2,63,3,2,3-2,,857[329],63-3,100.0,Very certain -63-30-2,63,30,2,30-2,,,63-53 63-54 63-55,100.0,Intermediate -63-308-5,63,308,5,308-5,The main lexifier language is Sudanese Colloquial Arabic (with features from various Sudanese dialects).,857[36],,100.0,Very certain -63-309-2,63,309,2,309-2,"There are a lot of intermarriages between Nubi and non-Nubi. The persons who enter the Nubi community do also learn the language. In Bombo, Uganda, I have met women who married Nubi and then learnt Kinubi.",,,100.0,Very certain -63-31-3,63,31,3,31-3,,857[186],63-56,100.0,Certain -63-310-4,63,310,4,310-4,"According to some local sources, Kinubi may also be used as a lingua franca by non-Nubi in some areas of Uganda, but is is mainly spoken as a creole.",,,100.0,Very certain +'Do you know it is so?'",857[379],63-16 63-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-120-2,63,120,2,120-2,,857[72],63-222 63-223 63-224 63-225,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-121-2,63,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-122-4,63,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-123-4,63,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-124-2,63,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +63-125-3,63,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-126-1,63,126,1,126-1,"/z/ sometimes occurs in variation with /j/, as in: je ~ ze 'like'.",,63-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +63-127-3,63,127,3,127-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-128-3,63,128,3,128-3,/ɲ/ occurs in Swahili loanwords.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-129-1,63,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +63-13-1,63,13,1,13-1,,857[128],63-18 63-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +63-130-1,63,130,1,130-1,[h] is sometimes found in variation with [k] and [ħ].,,63-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +63-131,63,131,3,131-3,,,63-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-132,63,132,1,132-1,,,63-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-133,63,133,1,133-1,,,63-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-134,63,134,1,134-1,,,63-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-137,63,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-138,63,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-139,63,139,3,139-3,This sound occurs in Swahili and Luganda loanwords.,,63-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-14-1,63,14,1,14-1,,857[171],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-140,63,140,1,140-1,"/j/ sometimes occurs in variation with /z/, as in: ze ~ je 'like'.",,63-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-143,63,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-144,63,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-145,63,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-146,63,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-147,63,147,1,147-1,,,63-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-148,63,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-149,63,149,1,149-1,,,63-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-15-1,63,15,1,15-1,,857[171],63-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +63-151,63,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-152,63,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-153,63,153,3,153-3,This sound only exists in loanwords from Classical Arabic; it is very rare.,,63-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-155,63,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-156,63,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-158,63,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-159,63,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-16-1,63,16,1,16-1,,857[171],63-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-160,63,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-161,63,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-163,63,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-168,63,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-169,63,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-17-1,63,17,1,17-1,,857[171-2],63-22 63-23,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-170,63,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-171,63,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-172,63,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-173,63,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-174,63,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-176,63,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-178,63,178,1,178-1,,,63-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-179,63,179,1,179-1,,,63-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-18-1,63,18,1,18-1,,857[171],63-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +63-180,63,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-181,63,181,3,181-3,/ɲ/ occurs in Swahili loanwords.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-182,63,182,3,182-3,This sound occurs in Swahili loanwords.,,63-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-183,63,183,1,183-1,,,63-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-184,63,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-187,63,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-188,63,188,2,188-2,"According to Heine (1982: 25), this sound tends to be pronounced as /b/.",622,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +63-189,63,189,1,189-1,,,63-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-19-1,63,19,1,19-1,,857[379],63-25 63-26 63-27 63-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-190,63,190,3,190-3,"/v/ occurs in Swahili, English and Luganda loanwords.",,63-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-191,63,191,3,191-3,/θ/ is used in Classical Arabic loanwords and also occurs as a result of hypercorrection.,,63-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-192,63,192,3,192-3,This sound occurs in Swahili and Classical Arabic loanwords.,,63-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-193,63,193,1,193-1,[s] occurs in variation with [ʃ] in some words: sía/ʃía 'few'.,,63-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-194,63,194,1,194-1,"/z/ sometimes occurs in variation with /j/, as in: je ~ ze 'like'.",,63-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-195,63,195,1,195-1,[ʃ] sometimes occurs in variation with [s].,,63-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-196,63,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-199,63,199,2,199-2,This sound only occurs among a few older speakers.,,63-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +63-2-2,63,2,2,2-2,,857[336],63-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-20-1,63,20,1,20-1,,857[244],63-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +63-200,63,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-201,63,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-202,63,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-204,63,204,3,204-3,/ʁ/ is very rare: it only occurs in loanwords from Swahili and as a result of hypercorrection from Arabic.,,63-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-205,63,205,1,205-1,[h] is sometimes found in variation with [k] and [ħ].,,63-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-207,63,207,2,207-2,This sound is rare in Kinubi. It is used interchangeably with /h/ in some words. Its presence is a result of hypercorrection from Arabic.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +63-208,63,208,3,208-3,This sound is very rare. It represents the Arabic 'ayn and only occurs in hypercorrect forms.,,63-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-209,63,209,1,209-1,,,63-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-21-2,63,21,2,21-2,,857[194],63-30 63-31,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-212,63,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-217,63,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-218,63,218,1,218-1,,,63-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-22-4,63,22,4,22-4,,857[134],63-32 63-33 63-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +63-221,63,221,1,221-1,,,63-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-23-7,63,23,7,23-7,There is more than one plural suffix. Some words use suffixes and stem change together. Swahili loanwords which are really integrated in Kinubi vocabulary have a plural prefix. There are also some (rare) traces of dual.,857[134],63-35,14.7058823529412,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-27-0000FF-15-FFFF00-27-964B00-9-800080-15-FFB6C1-9-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +63-23-6,63,23,6,23-6,There is more than one plural suffix. Some words use suffixes and stem change together. Swahili loanwords which are really integrated in Kinubi vocabulary have a plural prefix. There are also some (rare) traces of dual.,857[134],63-42,8.82352941176471,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-27-0000FF-15-FFFF00-27-964B00-9-800080-15-FFB6C1-9-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +63-23-5,63,23,5,23-5,There is more than one plural suffix. Some words use suffixes and stem change together. Swahili loanwords which are really integrated in Kinubi vocabulary have a plural prefix. There are also some (rare) traces of dual.,857[134],63-38 63-40,26.4705882352941,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-27-0000FF-15-FFFF00-27-964B00-9-800080-15-FFB6C1-9-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +63-23-4,63,23,4,23-4,There is more than one plural suffix. Some words use suffixes and stem change together. Swahili loanwords which are really integrated in Kinubi vocabulary have a plural prefix. There are also some (rare) traces of dual.,857[134],63-37 63-41,14.7058823529412,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-27-0000FF-15-FFFF00-27-964B00-9-800080-15-FFB6C1-9-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +63-23-3,63,23,3,23-3,There is more than one plural suffix. Some words use suffixes and stem change together. Swahili loanwords which are really integrated in Kinubi vocabulary have a plural prefix. There are also some (rare) traces of dual.,857[134],63-36 63-39,26.4705882352941,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-27-0000FF-15-FFFF00-27-964B00-9-800080-15-FFB6C1-9-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +63-23-8,63,23,8,23-8,There is more than one plural suffix. Some words use suffixes and stem change together. Swahili loanwords which are really integrated in Kinubi vocabulary have a plural prefix. There are also some (rare) traces of dual.,857[134],63-43,8.82352941176471,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-27-0000FF-15-FFFF00-27-964B00-9-800080-15-FFB6C1-9-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +63-231,63,231,3,231-3,/mb/ exists in loanwords from Swahili.,,63-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-24-4,63,24,4,24-4,,857[134],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-241,63,241,3,241-3,/mv/ exists in loanwords from Swahili.,,63-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-246,63,246,3,246-3,/mw/ exists in loanwords from Swahili.,,63-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +63-25-3,63,25,3,25-3,,857[149],63-44 63-45,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +63-252,63,252,1,252-1,,,63-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-253,63,253,1,253-1,,,63-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-254,63,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-255,63,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-256,63,256,1,256-1,,,63-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-257,63,257,1,257-1,,,63-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-258,63,258,1,258-1,,,63-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +63-259,63,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-26-2,63,26,2,26-2,,857[326],63-46,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-260,63,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-261,63,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-263,63,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-267,63,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-268,63,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-27-2,63,27,2,27-2,,,63-47 63-48,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-272,63,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-273,63,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-274,63,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-275,63,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-276,63,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-277,63,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-278,63,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-279,63,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-28-2,63,28,2,28-2,The demonstrative / definite article is often omitted.,857[333],63-49 63-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-280,63,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-281,63,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-282,63,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-284,63,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-285,63,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-286,63,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-287,63,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-288,63,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-289,63,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-29-2,63,29,2,29-2,The use of ‘one’ is not obligatory.,857[330],63-166 63-51 63-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-290,63,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-291,63,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-3-2,63,3,2,3-2,,857[329],63-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-30-2,63,30,2,30-2,,,63-53 63-54 63-55,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +63-308-5,63,308,5,308-5,The main lexifier language is Sudanese Colloquial Arabic (with features from various Sudanese dialects).,857[36],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +63-309-2,63,309,2,309-2,"There are a lot of intermarriages between Nubi and non-Nubi. The persons who enter the Nubi community do also learn the language. In Bombo, Uganda, I have met women who married Nubi and then learnt Kinubi.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +63-31-3,63,31,3,31-3,,857[186],63-56,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-310-4,63,310,4,310-4,"According to some local sources, Kinubi may also be used as a lingua franca by non-Nubi in some areas of Uganda, but is is mainly spoken as a creole.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal data 63-311-3,63,311,3,311-3,"Kinubi tends to be spoken less among the young generation in cities like Mombasa in Kenya or Kampala in Uganda, and more stable in smaller cities like Bombo, Uganda. In both countries, the Muslims - all Nubi are Muslims - have a stong feeling of identification with Swahili culture and language, which is also widespread outside the Muslim community. -In Tanzania, it seems that all the former Kinubi speakers now speak Swahili.",857[443],,100.0,Very certain -63-312-2,63,312,2,312-2,"The language seems to have disappeared in Tanzania and in Somalia, but is still spoken in Uganda and Kenya.",857[7],,100.0,Very certain -63-313-5,63,313,5,313-5,"There is no official data, but the language is spoken in many places in Uganda and Kenya, as well as in Sudan, so we may imagine that there are some hundreds of thousands of speakers.",,,100.0,Very certain -63-314-3,63,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -63-315-3,63,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -63-316-2,63,316,2,316-2,"In Uganda, some interviews were done about Nubi culture and broadcast on radio. However, Kinubi is not used on a regular basis in this context.",,,100.0,Very certain -63-317-1,63,317,1,317-1,"Kinubi is used in music in the Nubi community, at least in Kenya, Uganda and even Sudan. I personnally recorded some songs in Bombo, Uganda.",,,100.0,Very certain -63-318-2,63,318,2,318-2,"Some individuals write in Kinubi: Mustapher Khamisy in Bombo writes poems in Kinubi and distributes them during Nubi parties, weddings, etc.",,,100.0,Very certain -63-319-3,63,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -63-32-1,63,32,1,32-1,Wellens (2005) sees a difference in stress: Wedé is the attributive demonstrative and wéde the independent demonstrative.,1574[95],63-57 63-58,100.0,Very certain -63-320-3,63,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -63-321-3,63,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -63-322-3,63,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -63-323-3,63,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -63-324-3,63,324,3,324-3,"Kinubi is not used as the medium of instruction in school, but it may be used in religious schools related to mosques, at least in Uganda.",,,100.0,Very certain -63-325-1,63,325,1,325-1,"Young Nubi exchange emails in various languages, including Kinubi. (In addition, they use English and Swahili, sometimes even a mixture of the three languages.)",,,100.0,Very certain -63-326-4,63,326,4,326-4,"Both Swahili and English have a strong influence on the language (e.g. code-switching, borrowings).",857[44],,100.0,Very certain -63-327-2,63,327,2,327-2,"Some phonological features play a role in distinguishing Ugandan and Kenyan Kinubi: some phonemes are more stable in Mombasa, free variation for some consonants is more common in Uganda.",857[75],,100.0,Very certain -63-328-2,63,328,2,328-2,Some features play a role in distinguishing Ugandan and Kenyan Kinubi. One such feature is neagtion: it is mainly postverbal in Uganda and preverbal in Kenya.,857[376],,100.0,Very certain -63-329-2,63,329,2,329-2,"Some words differ: 'clothes' is said lidim in Mombasa and gumas in Bombo, 'room' is chumba in Mombasa and kujura in Bombo.",857[433],,100.0,Very certain -63-33-2,63,33,2,33-2,"Besides de and nade, there is another form, used by some few informants: dak 'that'.",857[185],63-59 63-60,100.0,Certain -63-330-3,63,330,3,330-3,More research is needed.,,,100.0,Intermediate -63-331-3,63,331,3,331-3,More research is needed.,,,100.0,Intermediate -63-332-2,63,332,2,332-2,The influence of English may be stronger in urban variation. More research is needed.,,,100.0,Certain -63-333-4,63,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Certain -63-334-4,63,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Certain -63-335-4,63,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Certain -63-34-1,63,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -63-35-5,63,35,5,35-5,,857[167],63-61 63-62 63-63,100.0,Very certain -63-36-1,63,36,1,36-1,,,63-64,100.0,Very certain -63-37-4,63,37,4,37-4,"The genitive particle ta (regarded as a preposition here) has a possessive suffix (see Example 65). The older speakers of Mombasa sometimes use the possessive suffix without ta (very seldom), directly on the possessed noun as in Arabic.",857[334],63-66,10.0,Very certain -63-37-6,63,37,6,37-6,"The genitive particle ta (regarded as a preposition here) has a possessive suffix (see Example 65). The older speakers of Mombasa sometimes use the possessive suffix without ta (very seldom), directly on the possessed noun as in Arabic.",857[334],63-65,90.0,Very certain -63-38-4,63,38,4,38-4,,"857[335, 336]",63-67,20.0,Very certain -63-38-2,63,38,2,38-2,,"857[335, 336]",63-68,80.0,Very certain -63-39-1,63,39,1,39-1,,,63-69 63-70,100.0,Intermediate +In Tanzania, it seems that all the former Kinubi speakers now speak Swahili.",857[443],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-312-2,63,312,2,312-2,"The language seems to have disappeared in Tanzania and in Somalia, but is still spoken in Uganda and Kenya.",857[7],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-313-5,63,313,5,313-5,"There is no official data, but the language is spoken in many places in Uganda and Kenya, as well as in Sudan, so we may imagine that there are some hundreds of thousands of speakers.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Personal data +63-314-3,63,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-315-3,63,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-316-2,63,316,2,316-2,"In Uganda, some interviews were done about Nubi culture and broadcast on radio. However, Kinubi is not used on a regular basis in this context.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal data +63-317-1,63,317,1,317-1,"Kinubi is used in music in the Nubi community, at least in Kenya, Uganda and even Sudan. I personnally recorded some songs in Bombo, Uganda.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +63-318-2,63,318,2,318-2,"Some individuals write in Kinubi: Mustapher Khamisy in Bombo writes poems in Kinubi and distributes them during Nubi parties, weddings, etc.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal data +63-319-3,63,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-32-1,63,32,1,32-1,Wellens (2005) sees a difference in stress: Wedé is the attributive demonstrative and wéde the independent demonstrative.,1574[95],63-57 63-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +63-320-3,63,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-321-3,63,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-322-3,63,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-323-3,63,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-324-3,63,324,3,324-3,"Kinubi is not used as the medium of instruction in school, but it may be used in religious schools related to mosques, at least in Uganda.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-325-1,63,325,1,325-1,"Young Nubi exchange emails in various languages, including Kinubi. (In addition, they use English and Swahili, sometimes even a mixture of the three languages.)",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +63-326-4,63,326,4,326-4,"Both Swahili and English have a strong influence on the language (e.g. code-switching, borrowings).",857[44],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-327-2,63,327,2,327-2,"Some phonological features play a role in distinguishing Ugandan and Kenyan Kinubi: some phonemes are more stable in Mombasa, free variation for some consonants is more common in Uganda.",857[75],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-328-2,63,328,2,328-2,Some features play a role in distinguishing Ugandan and Kenyan Kinubi. One such feature is neagtion: it is mainly postverbal in Uganda and preverbal in Kenya.,857[376],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-329-2,63,329,2,329-2,"Some words differ: 'clothes' is said lidim in Mombasa and gumas in Bombo, 'room' is chumba in Mombasa and kujura in Bombo.",857[433],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-33-2,63,33,2,33-2,"Besides de and nade, there is another form, used by some few informants: dak 'that'.",857[185],63-59 63-60,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-330-3,63,330,3,330-3,More research is needed.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-331-3,63,331,3,331-3,More research is needed.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-332-2,63,332,2,332-2,The influence of English may be stronger in urban variation. More research is needed.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal data +63-333-4,63,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal data +63-334-4,63,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal data +63-335-4,63,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal data +63-34-1,63,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Personal data +63-35-5,63,35,5,35-5,,857[167],63-61 63-62 63-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +63-36-1,63,36,1,36-1,,,63-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Personal data +63-37-4,63,37,4,37-4,"The genitive particle ta (regarded as a preposition here) has a possessive suffix (see Example 65). The older speakers of Mombasa sometimes use the possessive suffix without ta (very seldom), directly on the possessed noun as in Arabic.",857[334],63-66,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-ADD8E6-10-000000.png""}", +63-37-6,63,37,6,37-6,"The genitive particle ta (regarded as a preposition here) has a possessive suffix (see Example 65). The older speakers of Mombasa sometimes use the possessive suffix without ta (very seldom), directly on the possessed noun as in Arabic.",857[334],63-65,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-ADD8E6-10-000000.png""}", +63-38-4,63,38,4,38-4,,"857[335, 336]",63-67,20.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-0000FF-20-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-38-2,63,38,2,38-2,,"857[335, 336]",63-68,80.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-0000FF-20-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-39-1,63,39,1,39-1,,,63-69 63-70,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal data 63-4-2,63,4,2,4-2,"The preposition fi ‘in’ may be omitted, see Example 5: mun gi-gén Mazéras [3PL TAM-live Mazeras] -'They live in Mazeras.'",857[350],63-4 63-5,100.0,Very certain -63-40-1,63,40,1,40-1,,857[128],63-71 63-72,100.0,Very certain -63-41-1,63,41,1,41-1,,857[384],63-73,50.0,Very certain -63-41-2,63,41,2,41-2,,857[384],63-74,50.0,Very certain -63-42-3,63,42,3,42-3,,857[384],63-76 63-77,50.0,Very certain -63-42-1,63,42,1,42-1,,857[384],63-75,50.0,Very certain -63-43-1,63,43,1,43-1,,857[278],63-78 63-79 63-80,100.0,Very certain -63-44-2,63,44,2,44-2,,857[294],63-226,100.0, -63-45-3,63,45,3,45-3,,857[282],63-80 63-83,100.0,Certain -63-46-2,63,46,2,46-2,,857[284],63-85,100.0,Certain -63-47-9,63,47,9,47-9,"Gi- is used for all these aspects, however its main use is progressive and habitual. Its use for future also occurs, but is rare.",857,63-126 63-86 63-87 63-88 63-89 63-90,100.0,Certain -63-48-9,63,48,9,48-9,,857[286],63-113 63-86 63-87 63-88 63-89 63-90 63-91 63-92,100.0,Certain -63-49-3,63,49,3,49-3,,857[294],63-126 63-83 63-93 63-94 63-95 63-96,100.0,Certain -63-5-2,63,5,2,5-2,,857[329],63-6,100.0,Very certain -63-50-1,63,50,1,50-1,,,63-97 63-98,100.0,Very certain -63-51-3,63,51,3,51-3,,857[281],63-100 63-101 63-99,100.0,Very certain -63-52-2,63,52,2,52-2,,857[297],63-102 63-103,100.0,Intermediate -63-54-1,63,54,1,54-1,Suppletion according to tense occurs only with the verb kan 'was' and kun 'is'.,857[309],63-104 63-105,100.0,Very certain -63-55-2,63,55,2,55-2,,,63-106 63-107 63-108 63-109,100.0,Very certain -63-56-3,63,56,3,56-3,,,63-110 63-111 63-112,100.0,Very certain -63-57-1,63,57,1,57-1,,,63-113,100.0,Very certain -63-58-1,63,58,1,58-1,,,63-114 63-115,100.0,Intermediate -63-59-1,63,59,1,59-1,,,63-116 63-117,100.0,Certain -63-6-2,63,6,2,6-2,,857[329],63-7,100.0,Very certain -63-60-1,63,60,1,60-1,,,63-119 63-120,70.0,Very certain -63-60-2,63,60,2,60-2,,,63-118,30.0,Very certain -63-61-1,63,61,1,61-1,,,63-119 63-120 63-122,70.0,Very certain -63-61-2,63,61,2,61-2,,,63-121,30.0,Very certain -63-62-1,63,62,1,62-1,,857[351],63-123,100.0,Very certain -63-63-2,63,63,2,63-2,,,63-124,100.0,Very certain -63-64-2,63,64,2,64-2,,857[313],63-125,100.0,Very certain -63-65-1,63,65,1,65-1,,622[79],63-126,100.0,Certain -63-67-1,63,67,1,67-1,,,63-127 63-128,100.0,Certain -63-68-1,63,68,1,68-1,,,63-129,100.0,Very certain -63-69-1,63,69,1,69-1,,,63-130 63-131,100.0,Very certain -63-7-1,63,7,1,7-1,,857[366],63-8,100.0,Very certain -63-70-1,63,70,1,70-1,,857[229],63-132 63-80,100.0,Very certain -63-71-3,63,71,3,71-3,U means ‘and’ and me/ma means ‘with’ and ‘and’.,857[244],63-133 63-134 63-135 63-137,100.0,Very certain -63-72-4,63,72,4,72-4,"U can be used for nominal and verbal conjunction, ma is restricted to nominal conjunction.",857[391],63-136 63-137 63-138 63-139 63-140,100.0,Unspecified -63-73-3,63,73,3,73-3,,857[353],63-141 63-142,100.0,Very certain -63-74-3,63,74,3,74-3,,857[352],63-143 63-144,100.0,Certain -63-75-3,63,75,3,75-3,,857[351.353],63-145 63-146,100.0,Very certain -63-76-2,63,76,2,76-2,,857[351],63-147 63-148,100.0,Very certain -63-77-3,63,77,3,77-3,"There are three different ‘verbs’ used in possessive constructions(éndisi, fí, ligó).",857[315 sq],63-150,10.0,Very certain -63-77-1,63,77,1,77-1,"There are three different ‘verbs’ used in possessive constructions(éndisi, fí, ligó).",857[315 sq],63-149,70.0,Very certain -63-77-4,63,77,4,77-4,"There are three different ‘verbs’ used in possessive constructions(éndisi, fí, ligó).",857[315 sq],63-151,20.0,Very certain -63-78-3,63,78,3,78-3,"There are clearly two different ""verbs"", endis and fi. (see example 154)",857[315],63-149 63-152 63-154 63-155,100.0,Very certain -63-79-2,63,79,2,79-2,,"857[222, 241]",63-159,100.0,Very certain -63-8-2,63,8,2,8-2,,857[202],63-10 63-9,100.0,Very certain -63-80-2,63,80,2,80-2,,857[222],63-160,100.0,Very certain -63-81-3,63,81,3,81-3,"Min means ‘from’, fi means ‘to’ but may also mean ‘from’.",857[222],63-156 63-157 63-158,100.0,Very certain -63-83-1,63,83,1,83-1,,,63-161 63-162,100.0,Certain -63-84-3,63,84,3,84-3,,857[297],,100.0,Very certain -63-85-1,63,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Certain -63-86-5,63,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Intermediate -63-87-1,63,87,1,87-1,,1574[71],63-165,100.0,Certain -63-88-5,63,88,5,88-5,,857[179],63-166 63-167,100.0,Certain -63-89-5,63,89,5,89-5,,857[301-2],63-168 63-169,100.0,Unspecified -63-9-2,63,9,2,9-2,,622[31],63-11,100.0,Very certain +'They live in Mazeras.'",857[350],63-4 63-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-40-1,63,40,1,40-1,,857[128],63-71 63-72,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-41-1,63,41,1,41-1,,857[384],63-73,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-41-2,63,41,2,41-2,,857[384],63-74,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-42-3,63,42,3,42-3,,857[384],63-76 63-77,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +63-42-1,63,42,1,42-1,,857[384],63-75,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +63-43-1,63,43,1,43-1,,857[278],63-78 63-79 63-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +63-44-2,63,44,2,44-2,,857[294],63-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-45-3,63,45,3,45-3,,857[282],63-80 63-83,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +63-46-2,63,46,2,46-2,,857[284],63-85,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +63-47-9,63,47,9,47-9,"Gi- is used for all these aspects, however its main use is progressive and habitual. Its use for future also occurs, but is rare.",857,63-126 63-86 63-87 63-88 63-89 63-90,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +63-48-9,63,48,9,48-9,,857[286],63-113 63-86 63-87 63-88 63-89 63-90 63-91 63-92,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +63-49-3,63,49,3,49-3,,857[294],63-126 63-83 63-93 63-94 63-95 63-96,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-5-2,63,5,2,5-2,,857[329],63-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-50-1,63,50,1,50-1,,,63-97 63-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Personal data +63-51-3,63,51,3,51-3,,857[281],63-100 63-101 63-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +63-52-2,63,52,2,52-2,,857[297],63-102 63-103,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +63-54-1,63,54,1,54-1,Suppletion according to tense occurs only with the verb kan 'was' and kun 'is'.,857[309],63-104 63-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +63-55-2,63,55,2,55-2,,,63-106 63-107 63-108 63-109,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Personal data +63-56-3,63,56,3,56-3,,,63-110 63-111 63-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Personal data +63-57-1,63,57,1,57-1,,,63-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-58-1,63,58,1,58-1,,,63-114 63-115,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Personal data +63-59-1,63,59,1,59-1,,,63-116 63-117,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Personal data +63-6-2,63,6,2,6-2,,857[329],63-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-60-1,63,60,1,60-1,,,63-119 63-120,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Personal data +63-60-2,63,60,2,60-2,,,63-118,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Personal data +63-61-1,63,61,1,61-1,,,63-119 63-120 63-122,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +63-61-2,63,61,2,61-2,,,63-121,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +63-62-1,63,62,1,62-1,,857[351],63-123,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +63-63-2,63,63,2,63-2,,,63-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Personal data +63-64-2,63,64,2,64-2,,857[313],63-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +63-65-1,63,65,1,65-1,,622[79],63-126,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +63-67-1,63,67,1,67-1,,,63-127 63-128,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +63-68-1,63,68,1,68-1,,,63-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +63-69-1,63,69,1,69-1,,,63-130 63-131,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Personal data +63-7-1,63,7,1,7-1,,857[366],63-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +63-70-1,63,70,1,70-1,,857[229],63-132 63-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +63-71-3,63,71,3,71-3,U means ‘and’ and me/ma means ‘with’ and ‘and’.,857[244],63-133 63-134 63-135 63-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +63-72-4,63,72,4,72-4,"U can be used for nominal and verbal conjunction, ma is restricted to nominal conjunction.",857[391],63-136 63-137 63-138 63-139 63-140,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +63-73-3,63,73,3,73-3,,857[353],63-141 63-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-74-3,63,74,3,74-3,,857[352],63-143 63-144,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +63-75-3,63,75,3,75-3,,857[351.353],63-145 63-146,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +63-76-2,63,76,2,76-2,,857[351],63-147 63-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +63-77-3,63,77,3,77-3,"There are three different ‘verbs’ used in possessive constructions(éndisi, fí, ligó).",857[315 sq],63-150,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-20-FFFF00-10-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +63-77-1,63,77,1,77-1,"There are three different ‘verbs’ used in possessive constructions(éndisi, fí, ligó).",857[315 sq],63-149,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-20-FFFF00-10-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +63-77-4,63,77,4,77-4,"There are three different ‘verbs’ used in possessive constructions(éndisi, fí, ligó).",857[315 sq],63-151,20.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-20-FFFF00-10-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +63-78-3,63,78,3,78-3,"There are clearly two different ""verbs"", endis and fi. (see example 154)",857[315],63-149 63-152 63-154 63-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +63-79-2,63,79,2,79-2,,"857[222, 241]",63-159,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +63-8-2,63,8,2,8-2,,857[202],63-10 63-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-80-2,63,80,2,80-2,,857[222],63-160,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +63-81-3,63,81,3,81-3,"Min means ‘from’, fi means ‘to’ but may also mean ‘from’.",857[222],63-156 63-157 63-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +63-83-1,63,83,1,83-1,,,63-161 63-162,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal data +63-84-3,63,84,3,84-3,,857[297],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-85-1,63,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-86-5,63,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +63-87-1,63,87,1,87-1,,1574[71],63-165,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-88-5,63,88,5,88-5,,857[179],63-166 63-167,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-89-5,63,89,5,89-5,,857[301-2],63-168 63-169,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +63-9-2,63,9,2,9-2,,622[31],63-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", 63-90-1,63,90,1,90-1,"In the passive construction, the tone shifts to the end of the verb, with an additionnal vowel in some cases: ákul > ákulú 'to eat' 'to be eaten' kútu > kutú -'to put' 'to be put'",857[304],63-170 63-171,100.0,Certain -63-91-8,63,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -63-92-2,63,92,2,92-2,,857[366],63-172 63-174,63.6363636363636,Very certain -63-92-5,63,92,5,92-5,,857[366],63-173,27.2727272727273,Very certain -63-92-4,63,92,4,92-4,,857[366],63-175,9.09090909090909,Intermediate -63-93-2,63,93,2,93-2,,857[366],63-176,90.0,Very certain -63-93-3,63,93,3,93-3,,857[366],63-177,10.0,Very certain +'to put' 'to be put'",857[304],63-170 63-171,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +63-91-8,63,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Personal data +63-92-2,63,92,2,92-2,,857[366],63-172 63-174,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-0000FF-28-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +63-92-5,63,92,5,92-5,,857[366],63-173,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-0000FF-28-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +63-92-4,63,92,4,92-4,,857[366],63-175,9.09090909090909,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-0000FF-28-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +63-93-2,63,93,2,93-2,,857[366],63-176,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}", +63-93-3,63,93,3,93-3,,857[366],63-177,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}", 63-95-4,63,95,4,95-4,"Value1: in Uganda -Value 4: in Mombasa",857[369],63-179,70.0,Very certain +Value 4: in Mombasa",857[369],63-179,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-FFFFFF.png""}", 63-95-1,63,95,1,95-1,"Value1: in Uganda -Value 4: in Mombasa",857[369],63-178,30.0,Very certain +Value 4: in Mombasa",857[369],63-178,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-FFFFFF.png""}", 63-96-1,63,96,1,96-1,"Value 1: variety spoken in Uganda -Value 4: variety spoken in Kenya",857[369],63-180,30.0,Very certain +Value 4: variety spoken in Kenya",857[369],63-180,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-FFFFFF.png""}", 63-96-4,63,96,4,96-4,"Value 1: variety spoken in Uganda -Value 4: variety spoken in Kenya",857[369],63-181,70.0,Very certain -63-97-1,63,97,1,97-1,,857[299],63-182,100.0,Very certain -63-98-5,63,98,5,98-5,,857[299],63-183 63-184 63-185 63-186,100.0,Certain -63-99-2,63,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -64-0-5,64,0,5,0-5,,,,100.0, -64-1-2,64,1,2,1-2,,700[83],64-1,100.0,Very certain -64-10-4,64,10,4,10-4,"Although there is no indefinite article, sometimes the numeral 'one' is preposed to a noun in order to emphasize indefiniteness.",1491[440],,100.0,Very certain -64-100-4,64,100,4,100-4,,874,64-206 64-207 64-96,100.0,Very certain -64-101-1,64,101,1,101-1,,874[196],64-206 64-208 64-209,100.0,Very certain -64-102-6,64,102,6,102-6,,,64-210,100.0,Certain -64-103-7,64,103,7,103-7,,874[198],64-211,100.0,Very certain -64-104-7,64,104,7,104-7,,874[111-113],64-212,50.0,Very certain -64-104-3,64,104,3,104-3,,874[111-113],64-214,50.0,Very certain -64-105-3,64,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -64-106-4,64,106,4,106-4,"In Juba Arabic the counterpart of 'also, too' can be expressed by two items, both of which are attested in Sudanese Arabic: bárdu, kamán.",,64-215,35.0,Certain -64-106-1,64,106,1,106-1,"In Juba Arabic the counterpart of 'also, too' can be expressed by two items, both of which are attested in Sudanese Arabic: bárdu, kamán.",,64-216,25.0,Unspecified -64-106-2,64,106,2,106-2,"In Juba Arabic the counterpart of 'also, too' can be expressed by two items, both of which are attested in Sudanese Arabic: bárdu, kamán.",,64-44,40.0,Certain -64-107-4,64,107,4,107-4,,,64-217 64-218,100.0,Very certain -64-108-3,64,108,3,108-3,"In Juba Arabic, the logical meaning 'yes' is realized as a palatal click, while the affective value is realized as a alveo-palatal click.",,,100.0,Very certain -64-109-2,64,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -64-11-3,64,11,3,11-3,,,64-20,100.0,Certain -64-110-2,64,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -64-111-2,64,111,2,111-2,,972[158],64-219,100.0,Very certain -64-112-1,64,112,1,112-1,,"1417[3, 33]",64-220 64-221,100.0,Very certain -64-113-1,64,113,1,113-1,,,64-222,100.0,Very certain -64-114-1,64,114,1,114-1,"In Sudanese Arabic as well as in Juba Arabic suf means: 'wool', 'hair', 'body hair' and 'feather'.",,64-223,100.0,Very certain -64-115-2,64,115,2,115-2,,1417[65],64-207 64-224,100.0,Certain -64-116-2,64,116,2,116-2,,,64-225 64-226,100.0,Very certain -64-117-1,64,117,1,117-1,,,64-227 64-228,100.0,Very certain -64-118-1,64,118,1,118-1,,,64-229 64-230 64-231 64-232,100.0,Very certain -64-119-3,64,119,3,119-3,,1089[188],64-233 64-234 64-235 64-236 64-237,100.0,Very certain -64-12-1,64,12,1,12-1,"In Juba Arabic we find interrogative phrases which are always in non-initial position. This is the case of the locative interrogative wen 'where'; other interrogative phrase types can occur both in initial and non-initial position, such as munú 'who' (when munú is subject, it is in initial position).",874[120-122],64-23 64-24 64-25,40.0,Very certain -64-12-2,64,12,2,12-2,"In Juba Arabic we find interrogative phrases which are always in non-initial position. This is the case of the locative interrogative wen 'where'; other interrogative phrase types can occur both in initial and non-initial position, such as munú 'who' (when munú is subject, it is in initial position).",874[120-122],64-21 64-22,60.0,Very certain -64-120-1,64,120,1,120-1,In Juba Arabic stress is phonetically realized as a high pitch. There is no tone contrast.,972[154],,100.0,Very certain -64-121-2,64,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -64-122-4,64,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -64-123-2,64,123,2,123-2,This sound appears as allophone of /e/ and /u/.,,64-267,100.0, -64-124-3,64,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0, -64-125-3,64,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -64-126-1,64,126,1,126-1,/z/ can often be palatalized (zol [jol’]).,,64-251,100.0, -64-127-6,64,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -64-128-3,64,128,3,128-3,This sound only appears in Bari borrowings (Miller 1989: 3).,970,64-257,100.0, -64-129-2,64,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -64-13-1,64,13,1,13-1,,972,64-26 64-27,100.0,Unspecified -64-130-1,64,130,1,130-1,/h/ is often subject to apheresis and never appears in final position.,,64-254,100.0, -64-131,64,131,2,131-2,"[p] appears as an allophone of /b/ or /f/. In the first case, given the high occurrence of the allophony, we can consider [p] and [b] to be in free variation.",,64-239,100.0, -64-132,64,132,1,132-1,"Given the high occurrence of the allophony between /p/ and /b/, it can well be considered a case of free variation.",,64-241,100.0, -64-133,64,133,1,133-1,,,64-242,100.0, -64-134,64,134,1,134-1,/d/ is very often devoiced in final position.,,64-243,100.0, -64-137,64,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -64-138,64,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -64-139,64,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -64-14-1,64,14,1,14-1,,700,,100.0,Very certain -64-140,64,140,1,140-1,,,64-248,100.0, -64-143,64,143,1,143-1,,,64-244,100.0, -64-144,64,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -64-145,64,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -64-146,64,146,2,146-2,[ɟ] appears as an allophone of /ʤ/ in intervocalic position.,,64-245,100.0, -64-147,64,147,1,147-1,,,64-240,100.0, -64-148,64,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -64-149,64,149,1,149-1,,,64-246,100.0, -64-15-1,64,15,1,15-1,,,64-28,100.0,Very certain -64-151,64,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -64-152,64,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -64-153,64,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -64-155,64,155,2,155-2,,,,100.0, -64-156,64,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -64-158,64,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -64-159,64,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -64-16-1,64,16,1,16-1,,874[101],64-29,100.0,Very certain -64-160,64,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -64-161,64,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -64-163,64,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -64-168,64,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -64-169,64,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -64-17-1,64,17,1,17-1,"The special dependent forms of Arabic are not used in the default lect, and occur only under the influence of Arabic (see other lect).",972,64-29 64-30 64-31 64-32,100.0,Very certain -64-170,64,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -64-171,64,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -64-172,64,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -64-173,64,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -64-174,64,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -64-176,64,176,3,176-3,This sound only appears only in Bari borrowings (Miller 1989: 3).,970,64-247,100.0, -64-178,64,178,1,178-1,,,64-255,100.0, -64-179,64,179,1,179-1,,,64-256,100.0, -64-180,64,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -64-181,64,181,3,181-3,This sound only appears in Bari borrowings (Miller 1989: 3).,970,64-257,100.0, -64-182,64,182,3,182-3,This sound only appears in Bari borrowings (Miller 1989: 3).,970,64-258,100.0, -64-183,64,183,1,183-1,,,64-259,100.0, -64-184,64,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -64-187,64,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -64-188,64,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -64-189,64,189,1,189-1,,,64-249,100.0, -64-19-1,64,19,1,19-1,,874[110-111],64-21 64-22 64-35 64-36,100.0,Very certain -64-190,64,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -64-191,64,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -64-192,64,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -64-193,64,193,1,193-1,,,64-250,100.0, -64-194,64,194,1,194-1,/z/ can often be palatalized (zol [jol’]).,,64-251,100.0, -64-195,64,195,1,195-1,,,,100.0, -64-196,64,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -64-199,64,199,2,199-2,[x] appears as an allophone of /k/ in acrolectal varieties.,,64-252,100.0, -64-2-2,64,2,2,2-2,,700[83],64-2 64-3,100.0,Very certain -64-20-1,64,20,1,20-1,,,64-37,100.0,Very certain -64-200,64,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -64-201,64,201,2,201-2,[ɣ] appears as an allophone of /g/ in hypercorrections.,,64-253,100.0, -64-202,64,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -64-205,64,205,1,205-1,/h/ is often subject to apheresis and never appears in final position.,,64-254,100.0, -64-209,64,209,1,209-1,,,64-260,100.0, -64-21-2,64,21,2,21-2,In Juba Arabic 'somebody' is expressed by means of the word zol 'individual'; 'something' is expressed by the word haja 'thing'; 'nobody' is expressed by the numeral 'one' followed by a negative clause.,,64-38 64-39,100.0,Very certain -64-212,64,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -64-217,64,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -64-218,64,218,1,218-1,,,64-261,100.0, -64-22-6,64,22,6,22-6,"In Juba Arabic we find two plural markers: -át and -ín. The former seems to work as plural marker in nouns, while the latter marks plurality in adjectives.",972[150],64-40 64-41 64-42 64-43,100.0,Certain -64-221,64,221,1,221-1,"When following a vowel, /w/ gives rise to diphthongs (aw 'or, neither').",,64-262,100.0, -64-23-4,64,23,4,23-4,We also find instances of mixed plurals expressed by means of both stem change (including suppletion) and plural suffixes: nasaw-ín women-PL (see Example 48). Stem change is due to the borrowing of Arabic internal plurals. The use of the plural word nas 'people' is limited to collective plurals referring to animals.,"972[151, 166]",64-47 64-48,10.0,Very certain -64-23-7,64,23,7,23-7,We also find instances of mixed plurals expressed by means of both stem change (including suppletion) and plural suffixes: nasaw-ín women-PL (see Example 48). Stem change is due to the borrowing of Arabic internal plurals. The use of the plural word nas 'people' is limited to collective plurals referring to animals.,"972[151, 166]",64-44,10.0,Very certain -64-23-3,64,23,3,23-3,We also find instances of mixed plurals expressed by means of both stem change (including suppletion) and plural suffixes: nasaw-ín women-PL (see Example 48). Stem change is due to the borrowing of Arabic internal plurals. The use of the plural word nas 'people' is limited to collective plurals referring to animals.,"972[151, 166]",64-45 64-46,80.0,Very certain -64-231,64,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -64-24-4,64,24,4,24-4,,972[151],,100.0,Very certain -64-25-1,64,25,1,25-1,,972[151],,100.0,Very certain -64-252,64,252,1,252-1,,,64-263,100.0, -64-253,64,253,1,253-1,,,64-265,100.0, -64-254,64,254,2,254-2,This appears as an allophone of /e/ in Bari borrowings. It can also be found in Arabic words which underwent the effect of vowel harmony induced by substratum interference (Miller 1989: 4). Finally it can also be due to vowel assimilation processes.,970,64-266,100.0, -64-255,64,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -64-256,64,256,1,256-1,,,64-268,100.0, -64-257,64,257,1,257-1,,,64-269,100.0, -64-258,64,258,1,258-1,,,64-270,100.0, -64-259,64,259,2,259-2,This vowel appears as an allophone of /o/ in Bari borrowings. It can also be found in Arabic words which underwent the effect of vowel harmony induced by substratum interference (Miller 1989: 4). Finally it can also be due to vowel assimilation processes.,970,64-271,100.0, -64-26-6,64,26,6,26-6,,972[161],64-49 64-50 64-51 64-52 64-53,100.0,Very certain -64-260,64,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -64-261,64,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -64-263,64,263,2,263-2,This sound appears as an allophone of /i/ in Bari borrowings. It can also be found in Arabic words which underwent the effect of vowel harmony induced by substratum interference.,,64-264,100.0, -64-267,64,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -64-268,64,268,2,268-2,This sound appears as allophone of /e/ and /u/.,,64-267,100.0, -64-27-2,64,27,2,27-2,"In contrast to the anti-dual construction here proposed, in Juba Arabic we find some dual marking cases (especially with paired body part terms). This is a morphological heritage from Arabic. These dual forms are often used as plurals.",972[143],64-54,100.0,Very certain -64-272,64,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -64-273,64,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -64-274,64,274,2,274-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-272,100.0, -64-275,64,275,2,275-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-273,100.0, -64-276,64,276,2,276-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-274,100.0, -64-277,64,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -64-278,64,278,2,278-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-275,100.0, -64-279,64,279,2,279-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-276,100.0, -64-28-5,64,28,5,28-5,"Juba Arabic does not exhibit either definite and indefinte articles. However, in some cases the proximal demonstrative de can increase the degree of definiteness (see Examples 55, 56, 57).",874[201-206],64-55 64-56 64-57,100.0,Very certain -64-280,64,280,2,280-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-277,100.0, -64-281,64,281,2,281-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-278,100.0, -64-282,64,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -64-284,64,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -64-285,64,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -64-286,64,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -64-287,64,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -64-288,64,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -64-289,64,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -64-29-5,64,29,5,29-5,,1491[440],64-58 64-59,100.0,Very certain -64-290,64,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -64-291,64,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -64-3-2,64,3,2,3-2,,700[83],64-4 64-5 64-6,100.0,Very certain -64-30-1,64,30,1,30-1,,1491[440],64-60 64-61,100.0,Very certain -64-308-5,64,308,5,308-5,"Different Arabic dialects contributed to the lexification of Juba Arabic. These basically are: Eastern Sudanic Arabic (Sudanese Arabic), Western Sudanic Arabic (Baggara dialects), and Egyptian Arabic (Cairene and Sa'idi).",874[24],,100.0,Very certain -64-309-2,64,309,2,309-2,Most of the urban speakers living in Juba are native speakers.,874[5],,100.0,Very certain -64-31-4,64,31,4,31-4,,700,,100.0,Very certain -64-310-1,64,310,1,310-1,"The beginning of the creolization coincided with the first massive urbanization of Juba in the 70's. In this context, the offspring of inter-ethnic marriages started to aquire Juba Arabic as first language. The creolization process is still taking place both in Southern Sudan and abroad (such is the case of the Sudanese refugees living in Egypt).",971[159];874[220],,100.0,Very certain -64-311-2,64,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Certain -64-312-2,64,312,2,312-2,The abandonment of Juba Arabic is limited to a part of the yougest generations of the Southern Sudanese diaspora. In Northern Sudan and in Egypt this involves the acquisition of some local form of Arabic.,,,100.0,Very certain -64-313-5,64,313,5,313-5,"There are no reliable estimations about the size of Juba Arabic linguistic community. Ethonologue reports 20,000 speakers. We think, though, that this assessment is sensibly lower than the actual number of speakers that might reach at least 500,000. Please consider that in 2005 the population of Juba was estimated at 160,000.",,,100.0,Intermediate -64-314-3,64,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -64-315-2,64,315,2,315-2,The domain of use is restricted to radio news.,,,100.0,Very certain -64-316-2,64,316,2,316-2,The domain of use is restricted to radio discussions.,,,100.0,Very certain -64-317-1,64,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -64-318-2,64,318,2,318-2,The use of Juba Arabic in written literary works is limited to the publication of religious pamphlets by Christian missions. It is written in the Latin alphabet.,,,100.0,Certain -64-319-3,64,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -64-32-1,64,32,1,32-1,,874[103-105],64-62 64-63,100.0,Very certain -64-320-3,64,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -64-321-1,64,321,1,321-1,,874[24],,100.0,Very certain -64-322-1,64,322,1,322-1,,970[23-58],,100.0,Very certain -64-323-3,64,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain -64-324-3,64,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Certain -64-325-2,64,325,2,325-2,"As far as we know, Juba Arabic is used in some poetry blogs. No information is avaible with regard to text messaging, e-mails and chats.",,,100.0,Very certain -64-326-3,64,326,3,326-3,"The most important language in contact with Juba Arabic in Southern Sudan is the Bari language (Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Nilotic). Though it should be remarked that, being a lingua franca, Juba Arabic is subject to contact influence from a number of Nilotic languages such as DInka and Nuer.",971[190];874[26],,100.0,Very certain -64-327-1,64,327,1,327-1,,874[53-56],,100.0,Very certain -64-328-1,64,328,1,328-1,,874[69],,100.0,Unspecified -64-329-1,64,329,1,329-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -64-33-2,64,33,2,33-2,,874[103-105],64-64 64-65,100.0,Very certain -64-330-2,64,330,2,330-2,,,,100.0,Certain -64-331-1,64,331,1,331-1,,968[300-305],,100.0,Certain -64-332-2,64,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -64-333-2,64,333,2,333-2,,,,100.0,Certain -64-334-2,64,334,2,334-2,,,,100.0,Certain -64-335-2,64,335,2,335-2,,,,100.0,Certain -64-34-1,64,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -64-35-7,64,35,7,35-7,"In Juba Arabic 'first' and 'second' are expressed by means of Arabic frozen forms; both of them are suppletive: 'first' has a suppletive form wai 'one' vs. áwal 'first', tinín 'two' vs. táni 'second'. From 'three' onward an analytic construction is used.",874[98-100],64-66 64-67 64-68 64-69 64-70,100.0,Very certain -64-36-1,64,36,1,36-1,,,64-71,100.0,Very certain -64-37-6,64,37,6,37-6,,874[101-102],64-177 64-72 64-73,100.0,Very certain -64-38-2,64,38,2,38-2,,874[125-126],64-74,100.0,Very certain -64-39-4,64,39,4,39-4,"It should be stressed that the independent pronominal possessor has the same etymology as the dependent one, but it often presents the phonetically non-reduced form of the possessive mark (*bita’ > bitá > ta).",1567[50],64-72 64-75,100.0,Very certain -64-4-2,64,4,2,4-2,,874[122-125],64-7 64-8,100.0,Very certain -64-40-1,64,40,1,40-1,Gender agreement appears only as a consequence of Arabic interference.,,,100.0,Very certain +Value 4: variety spoken in Kenya",857[369],63-181,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-97-1,63,97,1,97-1,,857[299],63-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +63-98-5,63,98,5,98-5,,857[299],63-183 63-184 63-185 63-186,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +63-99-2,63,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +64-0-5,64,0,5,0-5,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +64-1-2,64,1,2,1-2,,700[83],64-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-10-4,64,10,4,10-4,"Although there is no indefinite article, sometimes the numeral 'one' is preposed to a noun in order to emphasize indefiniteness.",1491[440],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-100-4,64,100,4,100-4,,874,64-206 64-207 64-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-101-1,64,101,1,101-1,,874[196],64-206 64-208 64-209,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-102-6,64,102,6,102-6,,,64-210,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +64-103-7,64,103,7,103-7,,874[198],64-211,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +64-104-7,64,104,7,104-7,,874[111-113],64-212,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-FFFF00.png""}", +64-104-3,64,104,3,104-3,,874[111-113],64-214,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-FFFF00.png""}", +64-105-3,64,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-106-4,64,106,4,106-4,"In Juba Arabic the counterpart of 'also, too' can be expressed by two items, both of which are attested in Sudanese Arabic: bárdu, kamán.",,64-215,35.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-40-0000FF-35-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-106-1,64,106,1,106-1,"In Juba Arabic the counterpart of 'also, too' can be expressed by two items, both of which are attested in Sudanese Arabic: bárdu, kamán.",,64-216,25.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-40-0000FF-35-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-106-2,64,106,2,106-2,"In Juba Arabic the counterpart of 'also, too' can be expressed by two items, both of which are attested in Sudanese Arabic: bárdu, kamán.",,64-44,40.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-40-0000FF-35-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-107-4,64,107,4,107-4,,,64-217 64-218,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +64-108-3,64,108,3,108-3,"In Juba Arabic, the logical meaning 'yes' is realized as a palatal click, while the affective value is realized as a alveo-palatal click.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +64-109-2,64,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-11-3,64,11,3,11-3,,,64-20,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-110-2,64,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-111-2,64,111,2,111-2,,972[158],64-219,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-112-1,64,112,1,112-1,,"1417[3, 33]",64-220 64-221,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +64-113-1,64,113,1,113-1,,,64-222,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +64-114-1,64,114,1,114-1,"In Sudanese Arabic as well as in Juba Arabic suf means: 'wool', 'hair', 'body hair' and 'feather'.",,64-223,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-115-2,64,115,2,115-2,,1417[65],64-207 64-224,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-116-2,64,116,2,116-2,,,64-225 64-226,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +64-117-1,64,117,1,117-1,,,64-227 64-228,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +64-118-1,64,118,1,118-1,,,64-229 64-230 64-231 64-232,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-119-3,64,119,3,119-3,,1089[188],64-233 64-234 64-235 64-236 64-237,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-12-1,64,12,1,12-1,"In Juba Arabic we find interrogative phrases which are always in non-initial position. This is the case of the locative interrogative wen 'where'; other interrogative phrase types can occur both in initial and non-initial position, such as munú 'who' (when munú is subject, it is in initial position).",874[120-122],64-23 64-24 64-25,40.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-40-FF0000-60-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +64-12-2,64,12,2,12-2,"In Juba Arabic we find interrogative phrases which are always in non-initial position. This is the case of the locative interrogative wen 'where'; other interrogative phrase types can occur both in initial and non-initial position, such as munú 'who' (when munú is subject, it is in initial position).",874[120-122],64-21 64-22,60.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-40-FF0000-60-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +64-120-1,64,120,1,120-1,In Juba Arabic stress is phonetically realized as a high pitch. There is no tone contrast.,972[154],,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +64-121-2,64,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +64-122-4,64,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-123-2,64,123,2,123-2,This sound appears as allophone of /e/ and /u/.,,64-267,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-124-3,64,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +64-125-3,64,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +64-126-1,64,126,1,126-1,/z/ can often be palatalized (zol [jol’]).,,64-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-127-6,64,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-128-3,64,128,3,128-3,This sound only appears in Bari borrowings (Miller 1989: 3).,970,64-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +64-129-2,64,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-13-1,64,13,1,13-1,,972,64-26 64-27,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +64-130-1,64,130,1,130-1,/h/ is often subject to apheresis and never appears in final position.,,64-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-131,64,131,2,131-2,"[p] appears as an allophone of /b/ or /f/. In the first case, given the high occurrence of the allophony, we can consider [p] and [b] to be in free variation.",,64-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-132,64,132,1,132-1,"Given the high occurrence of the allophony between /p/ and /b/, it can well be considered a case of free variation.",,64-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-133,64,133,1,133-1,,,64-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-134,64,134,1,134-1,/d/ is very often devoiced in final position.,,64-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-137,64,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-138,64,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-139,64,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-14-1,64,14,1,14-1,,700,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-140,64,140,1,140-1,,,64-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-143,64,143,1,143-1,,,64-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-144,64,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-145,64,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-146,64,146,2,146-2,[ɟ] appears as an allophone of /ʤ/ in intervocalic position.,,64-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-147,64,147,1,147-1,,,64-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-148,64,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-149,64,149,1,149-1,,,64-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-15-1,64,15,1,15-1,,,64-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +64-151,64,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-152,64,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-153,64,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-155,64,155,2,155-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-156,64,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-158,64,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-159,64,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-16-1,64,16,1,16-1,,874[101],64-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-160,64,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-161,64,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-163,64,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-168,64,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-169,64,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-17-1,64,17,1,17-1,"The special dependent forms of Arabic are not used in the default lect, and occur only under the influence of Arabic (see other lect).",972,64-29 64-30 64-31 64-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-170,64,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-171,64,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-172,64,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-173,64,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-174,64,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-176,64,176,3,176-3,This sound only appears only in Bari borrowings (Miller 1989: 3).,970,64-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +64-178,64,178,1,178-1,,,64-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-179,64,179,1,179-1,,,64-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-180,64,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-181,64,181,3,181-3,This sound only appears in Bari borrowings (Miller 1989: 3).,970,64-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +64-182,64,182,3,182-3,This sound only appears in Bari borrowings (Miller 1989: 3).,970,64-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +64-183,64,183,1,183-1,,,64-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-184,64,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-187,64,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-188,64,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-189,64,189,1,189-1,,,64-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-19-1,64,19,1,19-1,,874[110-111],64-21 64-22 64-35 64-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-190,64,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-191,64,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-192,64,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-193,64,193,1,193-1,,,64-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-194,64,194,1,194-1,/z/ can often be palatalized (zol [jol’]).,,64-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-195,64,195,1,195-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-196,64,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-199,64,199,2,199-2,[x] appears as an allophone of /k/ in acrolectal varieties.,,64-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-2-2,64,2,2,2-2,,700[83],64-2 64-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-20-1,64,20,1,20-1,,,64-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-200,64,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-201,64,201,2,201-2,[ɣ] appears as an allophone of /g/ in hypercorrections.,,64-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-202,64,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-205,64,205,1,205-1,/h/ is often subject to apheresis and never appears in final position.,,64-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-209,64,209,1,209-1,,,64-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-21-2,64,21,2,21-2,In Juba Arabic 'somebody' is expressed by means of the word zol 'individual'; 'something' is expressed by the word haja 'thing'; 'nobody' is expressed by the numeral 'one' followed by a negative clause.,,64-38 64-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +64-212,64,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-217,64,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-218,64,218,1,218-1,,,64-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-22-6,64,22,6,22-6,"In Juba Arabic we find two plural markers: -át and -ín. The former seems to work as plural marker in nouns, while the latter marks plurality in adjectives.",972[150],64-40 64-41 64-42 64-43,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +64-221,64,221,1,221-1,"When following a vowel, /w/ gives rise to diphthongs (aw 'or, neither').",,64-262,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-23-4,64,23,4,23-4,We also find instances of mixed plurals expressed by means of both stem change (including suppletion) and plural suffixes: nasaw-ín women-PL (see Example 48). Stem change is due to the borrowing of Arabic internal plurals. The use of the plural word nas 'people' is limited to collective plurals referring to animals.,"972[151, 166]",64-47 64-48,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-0000FF-10-FFFF00-10-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-23-7,64,23,7,23-7,We also find instances of mixed plurals expressed by means of both stem change (including suppletion) and plural suffixes: nasaw-ín women-PL (see Example 48). Stem change is due to the borrowing of Arabic internal plurals. The use of the plural word nas 'people' is limited to collective plurals referring to animals.,"972[151, 166]",64-44,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-0000FF-10-FFFF00-10-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-23-3,64,23,3,23-3,We also find instances of mixed plurals expressed by means of both stem change (including suppletion) and plural suffixes: nasaw-ín women-PL (see Example 48). Stem change is due to the borrowing of Arabic internal plurals. The use of the plural word nas 'people' is limited to collective plurals referring to animals.,"972[151, 166]",64-45 64-46,80.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-0000FF-10-FFFF00-10-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-231,64,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-24-4,64,24,4,24-4,,972[151],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-25-1,64,25,1,25-1,,972[151],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-252,64,252,1,252-1,,,64-263,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-253,64,253,1,253-1,,,64-265,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-254,64,254,2,254-2,This appears as an allophone of /e/ in Bari borrowings. It can also be found in Arabic words which underwent the effect of vowel harmony induced by substratum interference (Miller 1989: 4). Finally it can also be due to vowel assimilation processes.,970,64-266,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-255,64,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-256,64,256,1,256-1,,,64-268,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-257,64,257,1,257-1,,,64-269,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-258,64,258,1,258-1,,,64-270,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +64-259,64,259,2,259-2,This vowel appears as an allophone of /o/ in Bari borrowings. It can also be found in Arabic words which underwent the effect of vowel harmony induced by substratum interference (Miller 1989: 4). Finally it can also be due to vowel assimilation processes.,970,64-271,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-26-6,64,26,6,26-6,,972[161],64-49 64-50 64-51 64-52 64-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +64-260,64,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-261,64,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-263,64,263,2,263-2,This sound appears as an allophone of /i/ in Bari borrowings. It can also be found in Arabic words which underwent the effect of vowel harmony induced by substratum interference.,,64-264,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-267,64,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-268,64,268,2,268-2,This sound appears as allophone of /e/ and /u/.,,64-267,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-27-2,64,27,2,27-2,"In contrast to the anti-dual construction here proposed, in Juba Arabic we find some dual marking cases (especially with paired body part terms). This is a morphological heritage from Arabic. These dual forms are often used as plurals.",972[143],64-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-272,64,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-273,64,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-274,64,274,2,274-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-272,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-275,64,275,2,275-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-273,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-276,64,276,2,276-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-274,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-277,64,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-278,64,278,2,278-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-275,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-279,64,279,2,279-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-276,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-28-5,64,28,5,28-5,"Juba Arabic does not exhibit either definite and indefinte articles. However, in some cases the proximal demonstrative de can increase the degree of definiteness (see Examples 55, 56, 57).",874[201-206],64-55 64-56 64-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +64-280,64,280,2,280-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-277,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-281,64,281,2,281-2,"Long vowels appear as allophones of the respective short sounds. Their use is due to the interference of Sudanese Arabic, but also conditioned by structural factors such as the position of stress or by pragmatic elements such as emphasis.",,64-278,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-282,64,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-284,64,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-285,64,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-286,64,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-287,64,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-288,64,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-289,64,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-29-5,64,29,5,29-5,,1491[440],64-58 64-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +64-290,64,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-291,64,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-3-2,64,3,2,3-2,,700[83],64-4 64-5 64-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-30-1,64,30,1,30-1,,1491[440],64-60 64-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-308-5,64,308,5,308-5,"Different Arabic dialects contributed to the lexification of Juba Arabic. These basically are: Eastern Sudanic Arabic (Sudanese Arabic), Western Sudanic Arabic (Baggara dialects), and Egyptian Arabic (Cairene and Sa'idi).",874[24],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", +64-309-2,64,309,2,309-2,Most of the urban speakers living in Juba are native speakers.,874[5],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-31-4,64,31,4,31-4,,700,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-310-1,64,310,1,310-1,"The beginning of the creolization coincided with the first massive urbanization of Juba in the 70's. In this context, the offspring of inter-ethnic marriages started to aquire Juba Arabic as first language. The creolization process is still taking place both in Southern Sudan and abroad (such is the case of the Sudanese refugees living in Egypt).",971[159];874[220],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-311-2,64,311,2,311-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-312-2,64,312,2,312-2,The abandonment of Juba Arabic is limited to a part of the yougest generations of the Southern Sudanese diaspora. In Northern Sudan and in Egypt this involves the acquisition of some local form of Arabic.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-313-5,64,313,5,313-5,"There are no reliable estimations about the size of Juba Arabic linguistic community. Ethonologue reports 20,000 speakers. We think, though, that this assessment is sensibly lower than the actual number of speakers that might reach at least 500,000. Please consider that in 2005 the population of Juba was estimated at 160,000.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-314-3,64,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-315-2,64,315,2,315-2,The domain of use is restricted to radio news.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-316-2,64,316,2,316-2,The domain of use is restricted to radio discussions.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-317-1,64,317,1,317-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +64-318-2,64,318,2,318-2,The use of Juba Arabic in written literary works is limited to the publication of religious pamphlets by Christian missions. It is written in the Latin alphabet.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-319-3,64,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-32-1,64,32,1,32-1,,874[103-105],64-62 64-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +64-320-3,64,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-321-1,64,321,1,321-1,,874[24],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-322-1,64,322,1,322-1,,970[23-58],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-323-3,64,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-324-3,64,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-325-2,64,325,2,325-2,"As far as we know, Juba Arabic is used in some poetry blogs. No information is avaible with regard to text messaging, e-mails and chats.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-326-3,64,326,3,326-3,"The most important language in contact with Juba Arabic in Southern Sudan is the Bari language (Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Nilotic). Though it should be remarked that, being a lingua franca, Juba Arabic is subject to contact influence from a number of Nilotic languages such as DInka and Nuer.",971[190];874[26],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +64-327-1,64,327,1,327-1,,874[53-56],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-328-1,64,328,1,328-1,,874[69],,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-329-1,64,329,1,329-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +64-33-2,64,33,2,33-2,,874[103-105],64-64 64-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-330-2,64,330,2,330-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-331-1,64,331,1,331-1,,968[300-305],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-332-2,64,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-333-2,64,333,2,333-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-334-2,64,334,2,334-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-335-2,64,335,2,335-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +64-34-1,64,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +64-35-7,64,35,7,35-7,"In Juba Arabic 'first' and 'second' are expressed by means of Arabic frozen forms; both of them are suppletive: 'first' has a suppletive form wai 'one' vs. áwal 'first', tinín 'two' vs. táni 'second'. From 'three' onward an analytic construction is used.",874[98-100],64-66 64-67 64-68 64-69 64-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +64-36-1,64,36,1,36-1,,,64-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +64-37-6,64,37,6,37-6,,874[101-102],64-177 64-72 64-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +64-38-2,64,38,2,38-2,,874[125-126],64-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-39-4,64,39,4,39-4,"It should be stressed that the independent pronominal possessor has the same etymology as the dependent one, but it often presents the phonetically non-reduced form of the possessive mark (*bita’ > bitá > ta).",1567[50],64-72 64-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +64-4-2,64,4,2,4-2,,874[122-125],64-7 64-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-40-1,64,40,1,40-1,Gender agreement appears only as a consequence of Arabic interference.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 64-41-2,64,41,2,41-2,"Neither suffixes nor independent words are used for comparative adjective marking (e.g. English -er in bigg-er or French plus in plus grand). However, in Juba Arabic, Arabic derived forms are attested, which are specialized in the formation of comparative and superlative adjectives, called elatives; In order to form superlatives and comparatives in Arabic, in fact, the consonants of the adjective's root are placed according to a aCCaC scheme, where a is the vowel and C the consonant. Accordingly, the superlative form of kabir 'big' will be akbar 'bigger'. -The occurrence of such forms in Juba Arabic can be interpreted either as Arabic morphological traces (which might be rooted in lexicalization processes in Juba Arabic), or as outcomings of the present levelling process towards Sudanese Arabic. We lack historical data.",1205[32-36],64-79 64-80 64-81,50.0,Very certain +The occurrence of such forms in Juba Arabic can be interpreted either as Arabic morphological traces (which might be rooted in lexicalization processes in Juba Arabic), or as outcomings of the present levelling process towards Sudanese Arabic. We lack historical data.",1205[32-36],64-79 64-80 64-81,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", 64-41-1,64,41,1,41-1,"Neither suffixes nor independent words are used for comparative adjective marking (e.g. English -er in bigg-er or French plus in plus grand). However, in Juba Arabic, Arabic derived forms are attested, which are specialized in the formation of comparative and superlative adjectives, called elatives; In order to form superlatives and comparatives in Arabic, in fact, the consonants of the adjective's root are placed according to a aCCaC scheme, where a is the vowel and C the consonant. Accordingly, the superlative form of kabir 'big' will be akbar 'bigger'. -The occurrence of such forms in Juba Arabic can be interpreted either as Arabic morphological traces (which might be rooted in lexicalization processes in Juba Arabic), or as outcomings of the present levelling process towards Sudanese Arabic. We lack historical data.",1205[32-36],64-77 64-78,50.0,Very certain +The occurrence of such forms in Juba Arabic can be interpreted either as Arabic morphological traces (which might be rooted in lexicalization processes in Juba Arabic), or as outcomings of the present levelling process towards Sudanese Arabic. We lack historical data.",1205[32-36],64-77 64-78,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", 64-42-3,64,42,3,42-3,"Value 2 comment: The use of the verb fútu 'pass' is also attested in Western Sudanese Arabic dialects which took part in the lexicalization of Juba Arabic. -Value 3 comment: The locational marking min is also an Arabic feature. Even in this case it could be an inherited preposition or a recent acquisition.",1205[32-36],64-79 64-80,90.0,Very certain +Value 3 comment: The locational marking min is also an Arabic feature. Even in this case it could be an inherited preposition or a recent acquisition.",1205[32-36],64-79 64-80,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 64-42-1,64,42,1,42-1,"Value 2 comment: The use of the verb fútu 'pass' is also attested in Western Sudanese Arabic dialects which took part in the lexicalization of Juba Arabic. -Value 3 comment: The locational marking min is also an Arabic feature. Even in this case it could be an inherited preposition or a recent acquisition.",1205[32-36],64-81,10.0,Very certain +Value 3 comment: The locational marking min is also an Arabic feature. Even in this case it could be an inherited preposition or a recent acquisition.",1205[32-36],64-81,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 64-43-1,64,43,1,43-1,"The only marker that cannot occur immediately adjacent to the verb is the secondary marker /kan/, which occurs in a leftward position. -/kan/ is considered a secondary marker, since it is not cliticized like /bi/ and /ge/. At the same time, it only adds a temporal meaning to TAM values already expressed by bare verbs and primary markers.",1491[423],64-82 64-83,75.0,Very certain +/kan/ is considered a secondary marker, since it is not cliticized like /bi/ and /ge/. At the same time, it only adds a temporal meaning to TAM values already expressed by bare verbs and primary markers.",1491[423],64-82 64-83,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFB6C1.png""}", 64-43-3,64,43,3,43-3,"The only marker that cannot occur immediately adjacent to the verb is the secondary marker /kan/, which occurs in a leftward position. -/kan/ is considered a secondary marker, since it is not cliticized like /bi/ and /ge/. At the same time, it only adds a temporal meaning to TAM values already expressed by bare verbs and primary markers.",1491[423],64-84 64-85,25.0,Very certain -64-44-8,64,44,8,44-8,"Because of the levelling process toward Sudanese Arabic, Juba Arabic does not allow Time, Mood, and Aspect marking at the same time (note that this is the most important difference between Juba Arabic and Kinubi in terms of degree of creolization). In Juba Arabic, the only possible orders are Tense-Aspect and Tense-Mood (i.e. kan + ge express a continuative action in the past; kan + bi can express both a perfectivity in the future and an anterior-irrealis action).",1491,64-86,100.0,Very certain -64-45-3,64,45,3,45-3,,1491[438],64-84 64-85 64-87,100.0,Very certain -64-46-2,64,46,2,46-2,"The progressive marker ge is morphologically independent, but it can undergo phonological integration with #v-. In some other cases its vocalic formants can be modified by vowel attraction. A third phonetic modification is vocalic apocope.",874[71],64-88 64-89 64-90,100.0,Very certain -64-47-4,64,47,4,47-4,,1491[429-432],64-91 64-92 64-93 64-94 64-95,100.0,Very certain -64-48-7,64,48,7,48-7,"In Juba Arabic the habitual marker bi can express generic present (when followed by stative verbs), present + realis, generic future, imminent future, future + irrealis, habitual, habitual + potential, and conditional when introduced by kan.",1491[432-435],64-100 64-101 64-64 64-96 64-97 64-98 64-99,50.0,Very certain -64-48-4,64,48,4,48-4,"In Juba Arabic the habitual marker bi can express generic present (when followed by stative verbs), present + realis, generic future, imminent future, future + irrealis, habitual, habitual + potential, and conditional when introduced by kan.",1491[432-435],64-91 64-92 64-93 64-94 64-95,50.0,Very certain -64-49-3,64,49,3,49-3,,1491,64-102 64-103 64-104 64-105 64-106 64-21,100.0,Very certain -64-5-2,64,5,2,5-2,,874[103],64-10 64-9,100.0,Very certain -64-50-1,64,50,1,50-1,,874[196],64-107 64-108 64-21 64-35,100.0,Very certain -64-51-3,64,51,3,51-3,In Juba Arabic the only stative verb that expresses a present reference when marked by the progressive ge is geni 'stay'. All the other stative verbs have a present reference when unmarked.,1491[425-429],64-109 64-110 64-111 64-15 64-16,100.0,Very certain -64-52-2,64,52,2,52-2,,1491[442-443],64-112,100.0,Very certain -64-53-1,64,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Certain -64-54-7,64,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -64-55-2,64,55,2,55-2,In Juba Arabic we have two verbal constructions which express situational possibility. The first one is related to the domain of ability and it consists in the use of the verb ágder 'can' (which is always preceded by the habitual marker); the second one is concerned with the domain of epistemic possibility and is expressed by the impersonal verbal forms yúmkin and múmkin. We consider múmkin and yúmkin as impersonal verbs because they are not preceded by subject. In descriptive terms we could also consider them as adjectives.,,64-113 64-114 64-115 64-116,100.0,Very certain -64-56-2,64,56,2,56-2,"In Juba Arabic, the prohibitive is expressed by means of two special negative markers: máta [PROH.SG], mátakum [PROH.PL] which resulted from the grammaticalization of the negative sentences ma íta [NEG 2SG] and ma ítakum [NEG 2PL].",874[162],64-117 64-118 64-84,100.0,Very certain -64-57-1,64,57,1,57-1,,874[187-188],64-119 64-31,100.0,Very certain -64-58-1,64,58,1,58-1,,874[151-159],64-120 64-121 64-122,100.0,Very certain -64-59-1,64,59,1,59-1,,874[151-159],64-123 64-124 64-125,100.0,Very certain -64-6-1,64,6,1,6-1,,874[98-100],64-11 64-12 64-13,100.0,Very certain -64-60-1,64,60,1,60-1,,874[151-159],64-126 64-127,100.0,Very certain -64-61-2,64,61,2,61-2,,874[151-159],64-128,50.0,Very certain -64-61-1,64,61,1,61-1,,874[151-159],64-129,50.0,Very certain -64-62-1,64,62,1,62-1,,700[83],64-106,100.0,Very certain -64-63-2,64,63,2,63-2,,,64-130,100.0,Very certain -64-64-2,64,64,2,64-2,,,64-131 64-132 64-133,100.0,Very certain -64-65-1,64,65,1,65-1,,,64-134 64-135,100.0,Very certain -64-66-1,64,66,1,66-1,,,64-136,100.0,Very certain -64-67-1,64,67,1,67-1,,,64-137,100.0,Very certain -64-68-1,64,68,1,68-1,,874[127],64-138 64-139,100.0,Very certain -64-69-1,64,69,1,69-1,,874[124],64-140 64-141 64-142,100.0,Very certain -64-7-1,64,7,1,7-1,,874[188-191],64-14 64-15 64-16,100.0,Very certain -64-70-1,64,70,1,70-1,"In Juba Arabic ma and be express comitative and instrumental respectively; notwithstanding, we maintain that there is a semantic overlap between the two elements. Note that the two items are present in Arabic where they are semantically well differentiated.",874[124-125],64-141 64-143 64-144 64-145,100.0,Very certain -64-71-2,64,71,2,71-2,,,64-146 64-147,100.0,Very certain -64-72-1,64,72,1,72-1,,,64-148 64-149,100.0,Very certain -64-73-2,64,73,2,73-2,,874[184-187],64-150 64-151,100.0,Very certain -64-74-2,64,74,2,74-2,,874[184-187],64-152 64-153 64-154,100.0,Very certain -64-75-1,64,75,1,75-1,"In the case of predicative locative phrases, Juba Arabic uses the existential particle fi as a copula. (Diachronically fi comes from a locative preposition meaning 'in'.)",874[177-178],64-155 64-156,100.0,Very certain -64-76-2,64,76,2,76-2,,874[177-178],64-158 64-159,100.0,Very certain -64-77-2,64,77,2,77-2,,874[178-180],64-161 64-163,10.0,Very certain -64-77-1,64,77,1,77-1,,874[178-180],64-160,80.0,Very certain -64-77-4,64,77,4,77-4,,874[178-180],64-162,10.0,Very certain -64-78-2,64,78,2,78-2,,,64-160 64-164 64-165,100.0,Very certain -64-79-2,64,79,2,79-2,,874[122],64-106,50.0,Very certain -64-79-1,64,79,1,79-1,,874[122],64-170,50.0,Very certain -64-8-2,64,8,2,8-2,,,64-17 64-18 64-19,100.0,Very certain -64-80-2,64,80,2,80-2,,874[122],64-171,100.0,Very certain -64-81-2,64,81,2,81-2,"Motion-from is always expressed by min. Motion-to can be expressed by means of le, or the locative fi. It is not rare to find a motion-to sentence where the place is treated as direct object (without any marker).",874[122],64-166 64-167 64-168 64-169,100.0,Very certain -64-82-2,64,82,2,82-2,,,64-16 64-172 64-173 64-2,100.0,Very certain -64-83-1,64,83,1,83-1,,,64-106 64-174,100.0,Very certain -64-84-3,64,84,3,84-3,,1491[428],,100.0,Very certain -64-85-1,64,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -64-86-5,64,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -64-87-2,64,87,2,87-2,"In Juba Arabic we find the construction náfsa 'soul' + possessive pronoun. This is not a Juba innovation, since it is also attested in Arabic. Another innovative procedure involves the construction hája 'thing' + possessive pronoun as described by Miller (1993: 152).",972,64-175 64-176,100.0,Very certain -64-88-5,64,88,5,88-5,"Reflexivity in Juba Arabic is expressed by the use of ordinary personal pronouns following the verb. As regards intensifiers, it seems that they are expressed using deictic markers following personal pronouns, or expressed by the same personal pronoun (Example 30).",,64-178 64-30,100.0,Unspecified -64-89-5,64,89,5,89-5,"In Juba Arabic the reciprocal is expressed by means of the special pronoun badúm. As regards the reflexive constructions, see Feature 88 ""Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns"".",874[149],64-175 64-179 64-30,100.0,Certain -64-9-4,64,9,4,9-4,,700,,100.0,Very certain +/kan/ is considered a secondary marker, since it is not cliticized like /bi/ and /ge/. At the same time, it only adds a temporal meaning to TAM values already expressed by bare verbs and primary markers.",1491[423],64-84 64-85,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-FFB6C1.png""}", +64-44-8,64,44,8,44-8,"Because of the levelling process toward Sudanese Arabic, Juba Arabic does not allow Time, Mood, and Aspect marking at the same time (note that this is the most important difference between Juba Arabic and Kinubi in terms of degree of creolization). In Juba Arabic, the only possible orders are Tense-Aspect and Tense-Mood (i.e. kan + ge express a continuative action in the past; kan + bi can express both a perfectivity in the future and an anterior-irrealis action).",1491,64-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-45-3,64,45,3,45-3,,1491[438],64-84 64-85 64-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-46-2,64,46,2,46-2,"The progressive marker ge is morphologically independent, but it can undergo phonological integration with #v-. In some other cases its vocalic formants can be modified by vowel attraction. A third phonetic modification is vocalic apocope.",874[71],64-88 64-89 64-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +64-47-4,64,47,4,47-4,,1491[429-432],64-91 64-92 64-93 64-94 64-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-48-7,64,48,7,48-7,"In Juba Arabic the habitual marker bi can express generic present (when followed by stative verbs), present + realis, generic future, imminent future, future + irrealis, habitual, habitual + potential, and conditional when introduced by kan.",1491[432-435],64-100 64-101 64-64 64-96 64-97 64-98 64-99,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-800080.png""}", +64-48-4,64,48,4,48-4,"In Juba Arabic the habitual marker bi can express generic present (when followed by stative verbs), present + realis, generic future, imminent future, future + irrealis, habitual, habitual + potential, and conditional when introduced by kan.",1491[432-435],64-91 64-92 64-93 64-94 64-95,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-800080.png""}", +64-49-3,64,49,3,49-3,,1491,64-102 64-103 64-104 64-105 64-106 64-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +64-5-2,64,5,2,5-2,,874[103],64-10 64-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-50-1,64,50,1,50-1,,874[196],64-107 64-108 64-21 64-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +64-51-3,64,51,3,51-3,In Juba Arabic the only stative verb that expresses a present reference when marked by the progressive ge is geni 'stay'. All the other stative verbs have a present reference when unmarked.,1491[425-429],64-109 64-110 64-111 64-15 64-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-52-2,64,52,2,52-2,,1491[442-443],64-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +64-53-1,64,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-54-7,64,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +64-55-2,64,55,2,55-2,In Juba Arabic we have two verbal constructions which express situational possibility. The first one is related to the domain of ability and it consists in the use of the verb ágder 'can' (which is always preceded by the habitual marker); the second one is concerned with the domain of epistemic possibility and is expressed by the impersonal verbal forms yúmkin and múmkin. We consider múmkin and yúmkin as impersonal verbs because they are not preceded by subject. In descriptive terms we could also consider them as adjectives.,,64-113 64-114 64-115 64-116,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-56-2,64,56,2,56-2,"In Juba Arabic, the prohibitive is expressed by means of two special negative markers: máta [PROH.SG], mátakum [PROH.PL] which resulted from the grammaticalization of the negative sentences ma íta [NEG 2SG] and ma ítakum [NEG 2PL].",874[162],64-117 64-118 64-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-57-1,64,57,1,57-1,,874[187-188],64-119 64-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-58-1,64,58,1,58-1,,874[151-159],64-120 64-121 64-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +64-59-1,64,59,1,59-1,,874[151-159],64-123 64-124 64-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +64-6-1,64,6,1,6-1,,874[98-100],64-11 64-12 64-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +64-60-1,64,60,1,60-1,,874[151-159],64-126 64-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +64-61-2,64,61,2,61-2,,874[151-159],64-128,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +64-61-1,64,61,1,61-1,,874[151-159],64-129,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +64-62-1,64,62,1,62-1,,700[83],64-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +64-63-2,64,63,2,63-2,,,64-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-64-2,64,64,2,64-2,,,64-131 64-132 64-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-65-1,64,65,1,65-1,,,64-134 64-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-66-1,64,66,1,66-1,,,64-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +64-67-1,64,67,1,67-1,,,64-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +64-68-1,64,68,1,68-1,,874[127],64-138 64-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-69-1,64,69,1,69-1,,874[124],64-140 64-141 64-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +64-7-1,64,7,1,7-1,,874[188-191],64-14 64-15 64-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +64-70-1,64,70,1,70-1,"In Juba Arabic ma and be express comitative and instrumental respectively; notwithstanding, we maintain that there is a semantic overlap between the two elements. Note that the two items are present in Arabic where they are semantically well differentiated.",874[124-125],64-141 64-143 64-144 64-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +64-71-2,64,71,2,71-2,,,64-146 64-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +64-72-1,64,72,1,72-1,,,64-148 64-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +64-73-2,64,73,2,73-2,,874[184-187],64-150 64-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-74-2,64,74,2,74-2,,874[184-187],64-152 64-153 64-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-75-1,64,75,1,75-1,"In the case of predicative locative phrases, Juba Arabic uses the existential particle fi as a copula. (Diachronically fi comes from a locative preposition meaning 'in'.)",874[177-178],64-155 64-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-76-2,64,76,2,76-2,,874[177-178],64-158 64-159,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +64-77-2,64,77,2,77-2,,874[178-180],64-161 64-163,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-FF0000-10-FFFF00-10-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +64-77-1,64,77,1,77-1,,874[178-180],64-160,80.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-FF0000-10-FFFF00-10-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +64-77-4,64,77,4,77-4,,874[178-180],64-162,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-FF0000-10-FFFF00-10-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +64-78-2,64,78,2,78-2,,,64-160 64-164 64-165,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +64-79-2,64,79,2,79-2,,874[122],64-106,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}", +64-79-1,64,79,1,79-1,,874[122],64-170,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}", +64-8-2,64,8,2,8-2,,,64-17 64-18 64-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +64-80-2,64,80,2,80-2,,874[122],64-171,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-81-2,64,81,2,81-2,"Motion-from is always expressed by min. Motion-to can be expressed by means of le, or the locative fi. It is not rare to find a motion-to sentence where the place is treated as direct object (without any marker).",874[122],64-166 64-167 64-168 64-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-82-2,64,82,2,82-2,,,64-16 64-172 64-173 64-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-83-1,64,83,1,83-1,,,64-106 64-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +64-84-3,64,84,3,84-3,,1491[428],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-85-1,64,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-86-5,64,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-87-2,64,87,2,87-2,"In Juba Arabic we find the construction náfsa 'soul' + possessive pronoun. This is not a Juba innovation, since it is also attested in Arabic. Another innovative procedure involves the construction hája 'thing' + possessive pronoun as described by Miller (1993: 152).",972,64-175 64-176,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-88-5,64,88,5,88-5,"Reflexivity in Juba Arabic is expressed by the use of ordinary personal pronouns following the verb. As regards intensifiers, it seems that they are expressed using deictic markers following personal pronouns, or expressed by the same personal pronoun (Example 30).",,64-178 64-30,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +64-89-5,64,89,5,89-5,"In Juba Arabic the reciprocal is expressed by means of the special pronoun badúm. As regards the reflexive constructions, see Feature 88 ""Intensifiers and reflexive pronouns"".",874[149],64-175 64-179 64-30,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +64-9-4,64,9,4,9-4,,700,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 64-90-1,64,90,1,90-1,"(1) Verbs ending in -u#, -a#. Juba verbs ending in -u# and in -a# are transitive in the majority of cases (e.g. jíbu 'bring', dáfa 'pay'). The derivation of a passive voice for this category of verbs implies a morphological marking which consists in a stress displacement whose outcomes vary according to the syllabic structure and the phono-morphological features of the verb (e.g. jíbu 'bring' vs. jibú [bring\PASS], kátulu 'kill' vs. katulú 'killed', ásma 'listen' vs. asmáo 'listened', dába 'slaughter' vs. dabaó 'slaughtered'). As regards the syntax, the subject of the active is often omitted; otherwise, it is placed in a peripheral position in comparison with the patient, which occupies the subject position when an agent is specified or when the passive is followed by a secondary verb (accusative phrase). In the case of impersonal or habitual phrases without agent the patient occupies a direct object position and follows the verb (ergative phrase). -(2) Verbs ending in -í#. These are morphologically invariable verbs which always have stress on the last syllable. So even if the patient always precedes the verb, the passive construction is not prototypical since there is no morphological marking. The agent is always absent.",874[151-159],64-122 64-180 64-181 64-182 64-183,100.0,Very certain -64-91-8,64,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -64-92-2,64,92,2,92-2,,,64-166 64-184,100.0,Very certain -64-93-2,64,93,2,93-2,,874[188-191],64-14 64-187,100.0,Very certain -64-94-3,64,94,3,94-3,,874[188-191],64-188 64-189,100.0,Very certain +(2) Verbs ending in -í#. These are morphologically invariable verbs which always have stress on the last syllable. So even if the patient always precedes the verb, the passive construction is not prototypical since there is no morphological marking. The agent is always absent.",874[151-159],64-122 64-180 64-181 64-182 64-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-91-8,64,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +64-92-2,64,92,2,92-2,,,64-166 64-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +64-93-2,64,93,2,93-2,,874[188-191],64-14 64-187,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +64-94-3,64,94,3,94-3,,874[188-191],64-188 64-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 64-95-4,64,95,4,95-4,"The verb kélim 'speak' is always followed by the complementizer gále 'say' introducing direct speech, but sometimes it can also introduce the indirect speech. Not all verbs of speaking are followed by the complementizer gále: tálabu or ásalu 'ask' behave like déru 'want', so they are followed by the verb kelí 'let' (see Example 191). Obviously the complemetizer is not used either when gále is used as verb of speaking in a sentence: úo gále úo kan ázu bakʃíʃ to [3SG say 3SG ANT want tip-POSS.3SG] -'He said that he wanted his tip.' (Manfredi 2005: 191)",973[456-480],64-238,20.0,Intermediate +'He said that he wanted his tip.' (Manfredi 2005: 191)",973[456-480],64-238,20.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-80-FFFF00-20-FFFFFF.png""}", 64-95-1,64,95,1,95-1,"The verb kélim 'speak' is always followed by the complementizer gále 'say' introducing direct speech, but sometimes it can also introduce the indirect speech. Not all verbs of speaking are followed by the complementizer gále: tálabu or ásalu 'ask' behave like déru 'want', so they are followed by the verb kelí 'let' (see Example 191). Obviously the complemetizer is not used either when gále is used as verb of speaking in a sentence: úo gále úo kan ázu bakʃíʃ to [3SG say 3SG ANT want tip-POSS.3SG] -'He said that he wanted his tip.' (Manfredi 2005: 191)",973[456-480],64-190 64-191 64-192 64-28,80.0,Very certain -64-96-4,64,96,4,96-4,,973[456-480],64-195 64-196,75.0,Very certain -64-96-3,64,96,3,96-3,,973[456-480],64-193,5.0,Very certain -64-96-1,64,96,1,96-1,,973[456-480],64-194,20.0,Very certain -64-97-1,64,97,1,97-1,,,64-197 64-198 64-199 64-200,100.0,Very certain +'He said that he wanted his tip.' (Manfredi 2005: 191)",973[456-480],64-190 64-191 64-192 64-28,80.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-80-FFFF00-20-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-96-4,64,96,4,96-4,,973[456-480],64-195 64-196,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-20-FFFF00-5-0000FF-75-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-96-3,64,96,3,96-3,,973[456-480],64-193,5.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-20-FFFF00-5-0000FF-75-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-96-1,64,96,1,96-1,,973[456-480],64-194,20.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-20-FFFF00-5-0000FF-75-FFFFFF.png""}", +64-97-1,64,97,1,97-1,,,64-197 64-198 64-199 64-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 64-98-6,64,98,6,98-6,"In acrolectal registers the complementizer inu is attested: fi nas bi=fékir ínu ma kwes rája be ída áʃara [EXST people IRR=think COMPL NEG good come.back with hand ten] -'There are people who think that it’s not good to come back empty-handed.'",973[456-480],64-202 64-203 64-205,100.0,Very certain -64-99-2,64,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain -65-0-9,65,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0, -65-1-5,65,1,5,1-5,The older generation lect prefers SOV. SVO word order is more characteristic for depidginized lects; OVS word order is very common with a pronominal Subject. It is marginal with full-NP subject (see Example 5).,1195,65-2 65-5,9.09090909090909,Uncertain -65-1-2,65,1,2,1-2,The older generation lect prefers SOV. SVO word order is more characteristic for depidginized lects; OVS word order is very common with a pronominal Subject. It is marginal with full-NP subject (see Example 5).,1195,65-3,9.09090909090909,Certain -65-1-1,65,1,1,1-1,The older generation lect prefers SOV. SVO word order is more characteristic for depidginized lects; OVS word order is very common with a pronominal Subject. It is marginal with full-NP subject (see Example 5).,1195,65-1 65-4,81.8181818181818,Very certain -65-10-4,65,10,4,10-4,,,,100.0,Very certain +'There are people who think that it’s not good to come back empty-handed.'",973[456-480],64-202 64-203 64-205,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +64-99-2,64,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +65-0-9,65,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +65-1-5,65,1,5,1-5,The older generation lect prefers SOV. SVO word order is more characteristic for depidginized lects; OVS word order is very common with a pronominal Subject. It is marginal with full-NP subject (see Example 5).,1195,65-2 65-5,9.09090909090909,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-82-0000FF-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +65-1-2,65,1,2,1-2,The older generation lect prefers SOV. SVO word order is more characteristic for depidginized lects; OVS word order is very common with a pronominal Subject. It is marginal with full-NP subject (see Example 5).,1195,65-3,9.09090909090909,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-82-0000FF-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +65-1-1,65,1,1,1-1,The older generation lect prefers SOV. SVO word order is more characteristic for depidginized lects; OVS word order is very common with a pronominal Subject. It is marginal with full-NP subject (see Example 5).,1195,65-1 65-4,81.8181818181818,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-82-0000FF-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +65-10-4,65,10,4,10-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data 65-100-3,65,100,3,100-3,"ne- is a prefix in Russian, though it is written separately from the verb, hence also written separately in Chinese Pidgin Russian. netu is the negative form of the existential verb, meaning 'there is no'. In Pidgin, netu began to be used as a verbal negator, but it kept its lexical meaning: dərugoj rabota netu 'there is no other work"" (negative existential verb); -ponimaj netu 'I don't undestand' (verbal negator)",1195[164-165],65-100 65-145 65-21,50.0,Certain +ponimaj netu 'I don't undestand' (verbal negator)",1195[164-165],65-100 65-145 65-21,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FFFF00.png""}", 65-100-1,65,100,1,100-1,"ne- is a prefix in Russian, though it is written separately from the verb, hence also written separately in Chinese Pidgin Russian. netu is the negative form of the existential verb, meaning 'there is no'. In Pidgin, netu began to be used as a verbal negator, but it kept its lexical meaning: dərugoj rabota netu 'there is no other work"" (negative existential verb); -ponimaj netu 'I don't undestand' (verbal negator)",1195[164-165],65-104 65-133,50.0,Certain +ponimaj netu 'I don't undestand' (verbal negator)",1195[164-165],65-104 65-133,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-FFFF00.png""}", 65-101-2,65,101,2,101-2,"There are variants in which the prepositive negation ne is used, while other variants use postpositive netu. -The negative marker always precedes modal and auxiliary verbs: ne mogu, ne nado etc.",1195[163-165],65-146 65-147,50.0,Very certain +The negative marker always precedes modal and auxiliary verbs: ne mogu, ne nado etc.",1195[163-165],65-146 65-147,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", 65-101-1,65,101,1,101-1,"There are variants in which the prepositive negation ne is used, while other variants use postpositive netu. -The negative marker always precedes modal and auxiliary verbs: ne mogu, ne nado etc.",1195[163-165],65-148 65-149,50.0,Very certain -65-102-1,65,102,1,102-1,,,65-149 65-150,100.0,Very certain -65-103-9,65,103,9,103-9,Polar questions are often constructed by repetition of the verb in positive and negative forms: e.g.Tibe nada ni-nada? [2SG necessary NEG-necessary] 'Do you need?' This pattern is a loan from Chinese.,,65-152 65-154,30.0,Certain -65-103-7,65,103,7,103-7,Polar questions are often constructed by repetition of the verb in positive and negative forms: e.g.Tibe nada ni-nada? [2SG necessary NEG-necessary] 'Do you need?' This pattern is a loan from Chinese.,,65-151 65-153,70.0,Very certain -65-105-3,65,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-106-2,65,106,2,106-2,,,65-145 65-75,100.0,Very certain -65-107-7,65,107,7,107-7,,,65-155,100.0,Very certain -65-109-2,65,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-11-4,65,11,4,11-4,,,65-22 65-23,50.0,Certain -65-11-5,65,11,5,11-5,,,65-24,50.0,Certain -65-110-2,65,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-112-1,65,112,1,112-1,,,65-156 65-162,100.0,Certain -65-115-2,65,115,2,115-2,,,65-157 65-158,100.0,Certain -65-118-1,65,118,1,118-1,"The complexity of onsets depends on the native language of the speaker. Simple syllable onsets are characteristic for speakers of Chinese, Udihe, Nanai (and other languages of the Tungusis group). Russian native-speakers may produce more complex onsets, though they also tend to simplify them with respect to the correspoding Russian words.",671[159],65-159,100.0,Very certain -65-119-2,65,119,2,119-2,Very few consonants may be found in syllable codas: mainly /j/ or /n/.,671[159-160],65-160 65-161,100.0,Very certain -65-12-2,65,12,2,12-2,,,65-25 65-26,87.5,Certain -65-12-1,65,12,1,12-1,,,65-27 65-28,12.5,Certain -65-120-1,65,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-121-2,65,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -65-122-4,65,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -65-123-1,65,123,1,123-1,This sound is always unstressed.,,65-195,100.0, -65-124-4,65,124,4,124-4,,,,100.0, -65-125-2,65,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -65-126-2,65,126,2,126-2,This sound can only be found in the Russian ethnolect.,,65-182,100.0, -65-127-6,65,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -65-128-2,65,128,2,128-2,This sound occurs before front vowels.,,65-193,100.0, -65-129-2,65,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -65-13-1,65,13,1,13-1,,1195[170-171],65-29 65-30,100.0,Very certain -65-130-4,65,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -65-131,65,131,1,131-1,,,65-163,100.0, -65-132,65,132,1,132-1,This sound is often substituted by /ph/ in the Chinese ethnolect.,,65-164,100.0, -65-133,65,133,1,133-1,,,65-167,100.0, -65-134,65,134,1,134-1,,,65-173,100.0, -65-137,65,137,2,137-2,This sound is often replaced by a palatalized /t/.,,65-177,100.0, -65-138,65,138,2,138-2,,,65-187,100.0, -65-139,65,139,1,139-1,,,65-188,100.0, -65-14-1,65,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-140,65,140,1,140-1,This sound is found in certain idiolects.,,65-189,100.0, -65-143,65,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -65-144,65,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -65-145,65,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -65-146,65,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -65-147,65,147,1,147-1,This sound does not exist in the Chinese ethnolect.,,65-178,100.0, -65-148,65,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -65-149,65,149,1,149-1,,,65-190,100.0, -65-15-1,65,15,1,15-1,,,65-31 65-32,100.0,Very certain -65-151,65,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -65-152,65,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -65-153,65,153,2,153-2,This sound only occurs in the anlaut of some idiolects.,,65-191,100.0, -65-155,65,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -65-156,65,156,2,156-2,This sound occurs in the Chinese ethnolect only.,,65-166,100.0, -65-158,65,158,2,158-2,This sound occurs in the Chinese ethnolect only.,,65-168,100.0, -65-159,65,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -65-16-1,65,16,1,16-1,,1195[170-171],65-2 65-30 65-31 65-33 65-34 65-35,100.0,Very certain -65-160,65,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -65-161,65,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -65-163,65,163,2,163-2,This sound occurs in the Chinese ethnolect only.,,65-186,100.0, -65-168,65,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -65-169,65,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -65-17-1,65,17,1,17-1,,1195[170-171],65-11 65-33 65-36,100.0,Very certain -65-170,65,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -65-171,65,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -65-172,65,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -65-173,65,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -65-174,65,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -65-176,65,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -65-178,65,178,1,178-1,,,65-165,100.0, -65-179,65,179,1,179-1,,,65-172,100.0, -65-18-2,65,18,2,18-2,"The use of the 2PL pronoun when addressing one person is obviously due to the Russian usage; in many cases there is no politeness distinction, cf. Arseniev (1923).",,65-37,100.0,Certain -65-180,65,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -65-181,65,181,2,181-2,This sound occurs before front vowels.,,65-193,100.0, -65-182,65,182,2,182-2,This sound occurs before /k/ and /g/.,,65-194,100.0, -65-183,65,183,2,183-2,This sound is usually found in the Russian ethnolect.,,65-170,100.0, -65-184,65,184,2,184-2,This sound occurs in all ethnolects except the Russian one; it is often a variant of /l/ ~ /r/.,,65-169,100.0, -65-187,65,187,2,187-2,This sound is often replaced by /p/ in the anlaut and with /x/ in the inlaut.,,65-183,100.0, -65-188,65,188,2,188-2,This sound occurs in the anlaut only (in non-Russian ethnolects).,,65-184,100.0, -65-189,65,189,4,189-4,,,,100.0, -65-19-2,65,19,2,19-2,,1195[174-175],65-25 65-28 65-38 65-39,100.0,Certain -65-190,65,190,2,190-2,"This sound exists in the Russian ethnolect only; in all the others, it is substituted by /β/ or /w/.",,65-175,100.0, -65-191,65,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -65-192,65,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -65-193,65,193,1,193-1,"This sound occurs before /a/, /o/, /u/ or /ə/; before front vowels it is replaced by /s'/.",,65-181,100.0, -65-194,65,194,2,194-2,This sound can only be found in the Russian ethnolect.,,65-182,100.0, -65-195,65,195,1,195-1,This sound is mainly found in the Russian ethnolect.,,65-179,100.0, -65-196,65,196,2,196-2,"This sound is a variant of /dz/, /dʒ/.",,65-180,100.0, -65-199,65,199,1,199-1,,,65-185,100.0, -65-2-1,65,2,1,2-1,Possessor-Possessum order is characteristic even for depidginized lects which contain many Russified forms: cf. malchkinə uma 'intellect of a child'.,1195[178-180],65-7 65-8,100.0,Certain -65-200,65,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -65-201,65,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -65-202,65,202,2,202-2,This sound exists in some idiolects only (Udihe).,,65-192,100.0, -65-205,65,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -65-209,65,209,1,209-1,,,65-171,100.0, -65-21-2,65,21,2,21-2,"Words for 'somebody' and 'something' do not behave in the same manner. 'Somebody' is expressed by the construction with the word liudi 'person', while 'something' is often expressed by the reduplicated interrogative pronoun chiwo-chiwo, cho-cho 'what-what'; in some cases the reduplication is omited.",,65-41,50.0,Very certain -65-21-1,65,21,1,21-1,"Words for 'somebody' and 'something' do not behave in the same manner. 'Somebody' is expressed by the construction with the word liudi 'person', while 'something' is often expressed by the reduplicated interrogative pronoun chiwo-chiwo, cho-cho 'what-what'; in some cases the reduplication is omited.",,65-42,50.0,Very certain -65-212,65,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -65-217,65,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -65-218,65,218,1,218-1,,,65-176,100.0, -65-22-2,65,22,2,22-2,,1193,65-43 65-44 65-5,100.0,Certain -65-221,65,221,1,221-1,,,65-174,100.0, -65-23-1,65,23,1,23-1,Most varieties have no plural marking (see Example 5). But the plural marker isio/sio was in the process of grammaticalization in some varieties.,1193,65-44 65-45 65-5,100.0,Certain -65-231,65,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -65-25-3,65,25,3,25-3,The pronoun iwo is used for singular and plural.,1193[159-162];1195[184-185],65-44 65-47,100.0,Intermediate -65-252,65,252,1,252-1,,,65-199,100.0, -65-253,65,253,1,253-1,,,65-201,100.0, -65-254,65,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -65-255,65,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -65-256,65,256,1,256-1,,,65-196,100.0, -65-257,65,257,1,257-1,,,65-197,100.0, -65-258,65,258,1,258-1,,,65-200,100.0, -65-259,65,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -65-26-5,65,26,5,26-5,"Reduplication is not typical; apart from verb reduplication which expresses the habitual or prolonged action, the most frequent reduplicated forms are mala-mala 'a little, a bit' and chiwo-chiwo 'something'.",,65-42 65-48 65-49,100.0,Very certain -65-260,65,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -65-261,65,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -65-263,65,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -65-267,65,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -65-268,65,268,1,268-1,This sound is always unstressed.,,65-195,100.0, -65-27-2,65,27,2,27-2,Etymologically these words (e.g. glaza) go back to Russian plural forms as they are more frequent; they have no number distinction in Pidgin.,,65-50,100.0,Very certain -65-272,65,272,1,272-1,This sound is similar to Russian /ы/; it occurs only if stressed and is otherwise replaced by /ə/.,,65-198,100.0, -65-273,65,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -65-274,65,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -65-275,65,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -65-276,65,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -65-277,65,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -65-278,65,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -65-279,65,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -65-28-5,65,28,5,28-5,,,65-21 65-5 65-51,100.0,Very certain -65-280,65,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -65-281,65,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -65-282,65,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -65-284,65,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -65-285,65,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -65-286,65,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -65-287,65,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -65-288,65,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -65-289,65,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -65-29-5,65,29,5,29-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-290,65,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -65-291,65,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -65-3-1,65,3,1,3-1,,1195,65-10 65-9,100.0,Very certain -65-30-1,65,30,1,30-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-308-6,65,308,6,308-6,The lexifier language is Russian.,1195;1395[86-100],,100.0,Very certain -65-309-5,65,309,5,309-5,"The language in question was never creolized, so it had no speakers who would have acquired it as their first language. Probably some native speakers of local Tungus languages could acquire Chinese Pidgin Russian as small children while hearing the grown-ups communicate with the Russians.",1195,,100.0,Very certain -65-31-4,65,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-310-3,65,310,3,310-3,,1195,,100.0,Very certain -65-311-3,65,311,3,311-3,The language is almost extinct. There are a limited number of people who still use it; all of them are of the oldest generation (70+).,1195,,100.0,Very certain -65-312-1,65,312,1,312-1,"The owerhelming majority of children who lived in places where Pidgin was widespread were put into boarding schools; they lost the competence both in Pidgin and in their ethnic language, which were substituted by a somewhat simplified form of Russian.",1195,,100.0,Very certain -65-313-1,65,313,1,313-1,I would estimate the number of people who still have some competence in Pidgin at about 50 persons.,,,100.0,Certain -65-314-2,65,314,2,314-2,"Initially, contacts with Russians were mainly limited to men, who were merchants, guides, settlement superiors etc. When the contacts became permanent, women also took part in communication in Pidgin. Since World War II, the conscription into the military service of ethnic minorities males began. As a result, men abandoned Pidgin in favor of more Russified forms of language. Therefore, women became predominant users of Pidgin.",,,100.0,Very certain -65-315-3,65,315,3,315-3,The pidgin is stigmatized; any use in radio and/or TV is inconceivable.,,,100.0,Very certain -65-316-3,65,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-317-3,65,317,3,317-3,"There is only one mention of a song with words in Pidgin, but it was a translation of a once popular Russian folk song. There is no evidence of the existence of original music in Pidgin.",,,100.0,Certain -65-318-3,65,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-319-3,65,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-32-2,65,32,2,32-2,,,65-52 65-53 65-54,100.0,Certain +The negative marker always precedes modal and auxiliary verbs: ne mogu, ne nado etc.",1195[163-165],65-148 65-149,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +65-102-1,65,102,1,102-1,,,65-149 65-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +65-103-9,65,103,9,103-9,Polar questions are often constructed by repetition of the verb in positive and negative forms: e.g.Tibe nada ni-nada? [2SG necessary NEG-necessary] 'Do you need?' This pattern is a loan from Chinese.,,65-152 65-154,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own data +65-103-7,65,103,7,103-7,Polar questions are often constructed by repetition of the verb in positive and negative forms: e.g.Tibe nada ni-nada? [2SG necessary NEG-necessary] 'Do you need?' This pattern is a loan from Chinese.,,65-151 65-153,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own data +65-105-3,65,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-106-2,65,106,2,106-2,,,65-145 65-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own data +65-107-7,65,107,7,107-7,,,65-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-109-2,65,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-11-4,65,11,4,11-4,,,65-22 65-23,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own data +65-11-5,65,11,5,11-5,,,65-24,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own data +65-110-2,65,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-112-1,65,112,1,112-1,,,65-156 65-162,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +65-115-2,65,115,2,115-2,,,65-157 65-158,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",own knowledge +65-118-1,65,118,1,118-1,"The complexity of onsets depends on the native language of the speaker. Simple syllable onsets are characteristic for speakers of Chinese, Udihe, Nanai (and other languages of the Tungusis group). Russian native-speakers may produce more complex onsets, though they also tend to simplify them with respect to the correspoding Russian words.",671[159],65-159,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +65-119-2,65,119,2,119-2,Very few consonants may be found in syllable codas: mainly /j/ or /n/.,671[159-160],65-160 65-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +65-12-2,65,12,2,12-2,,,65-25 65-26,87.5,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +65-12-1,65,12,1,12-1,,,65-27 65-28,12.5,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +65-120-1,65,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +65-121-2,65,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +65-122-4,65,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +65-123-1,65,123,1,123-1,This sound is always unstressed.,,65-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +65-124-4,65,124,4,124-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +65-125-2,65,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +65-126-2,65,126,2,126-2,This sound can only be found in the Russian ethnolect.,,65-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-127-6,65,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-128-2,65,128,2,128-2,This sound occurs before front vowels.,,65-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-129-2,65,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-13-1,65,13,1,13-1,,1195[170-171],65-29 65-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +65-130-4,65,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-131,65,131,1,131-1,,,65-163,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-132,65,132,1,132-1,This sound is often substituted by /ph/ in the Chinese ethnolect.,,65-164,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-133,65,133,1,133-1,,,65-167,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-134,65,134,1,134-1,,,65-173,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-137,65,137,2,137-2,This sound is often replaced by a palatalized /t/.,,65-177,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-138,65,138,2,138-2,,,65-187,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-139,65,139,1,139-1,,,65-188,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-14-1,65,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-140,65,140,1,140-1,This sound is found in certain idiolects.,,65-189,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-143,65,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-144,65,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-145,65,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-146,65,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-147,65,147,1,147-1,This sound does not exist in the Chinese ethnolect.,,65-178,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-148,65,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-149,65,149,1,149-1,,,65-190,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-15-1,65,15,1,15-1,,,65-31 65-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own data +65-151,65,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-152,65,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-153,65,153,2,153-2,This sound only occurs in the anlaut of some idiolects.,,65-191,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-155,65,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-156,65,156,2,156-2,This sound occurs in the Chinese ethnolect only.,,65-166,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-158,65,158,2,158-2,This sound occurs in the Chinese ethnolect only.,,65-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-159,65,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-16-1,65,16,1,16-1,,1195[170-171],65-2 65-30 65-31 65-33 65-34 65-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-160,65,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-161,65,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-163,65,163,2,163-2,This sound occurs in the Chinese ethnolect only.,,65-186,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-168,65,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-169,65,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-17-1,65,17,1,17-1,,1195[170-171],65-11 65-33 65-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-170,65,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-171,65,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-172,65,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-173,65,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-174,65,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-176,65,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-178,65,178,1,178-1,,,65-165,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-179,65,179,1,179-1,,,65-172,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-18-2,65,18,2,18-2,"The use of the 2PL pronoun when addressing one person is obviously due to the Russian usage; in many cases there is no politeness distinction, cf. Arseniev (1923).",,65-37,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +65-180,65,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-181,65,181,2,181-2,This sound occurs before front vowels.,,65-193,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-182,65,182,2,182-2,This sound occurs before /k/ and /g/.,,65-194,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-183,65,183,2,183-2,This sound is usually found in the Russian ethnolect.,,65-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-184,65,184,2,184-2,This sound occurs in all ethnolects except the Russian one; it is often a variant of /l/ ~ /r/.,,65-169,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-187,65,187,2,187-2,This sound is often replaced by /p/ in the anlaut and with /x/ in the inlaut.,,65-183,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-188,65,188,2,188-2,This sound occurs in the anlaut only (in non-Russian ethnolects).,,65-184,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-189,65,189,4,189-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-19-2,65,19,2,19-2,,1195[174-175],65-25 65-28 65-38 65-39,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +65-190,65,190,2,190-2,"This sound exists in the Russian ethnolect only; in all the others, it is substituted by /β/ or /w/.",,65-175,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-191,65,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-192,65,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-193,65,193,1,193-1,"This sound occurs before /a/, /o/, /u/ or /ə/; before front vowels it is replaced by /s'/.",,65-181,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-194,65,194,2,194-2,This sound can only be found in the Russian ethnolect.,,65-182,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-195,65,195,1,195-1,This sound is mainly found in the Russian ethnolect.,,65-179,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-196,65,196,2,196-2,"This sound is a variant of /dz/, /dʒ/.",,65-180,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-199,65,199,1,199-1,,,65-185,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-2-1,65,2,1,2-1,Possessor-Possessum order is characteristic even for depidginized lects which contain many Russified forms: cf. malchkinə uma 'intellect of a child'.,1195[178-180],65-7 65-8,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +65-200,65,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-201,65,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-202,65,202,2,202-2,This sound exists in some idiolects only (Udihe).,,65-192,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +65-205,65,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-209,65,209,1,209-1,,,65-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-21-2,65,21,2,21-2,"Words for 'somebody' and 'something' do not behave in the same manner. 'Somebody' is expressed by the construction with the word liudi 'person', while 'something' is often expressed by the reduplicated interrogative pronoun chiwo-chiwo, cho-cho 'what-what'; in some cases the reduplication is omited.",,65-41,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own data +65-21-1,65,21,1,21-1,"Words for 'somebody' and 'something' do not behave in the same manner. 'Somebody' is expressed by the construction with the word liudi 'person', while 'something' is often expressed by the reduplicated interrogative pronoun chiwo-chiwo, cho-cho 'what-what'; in some cases the reduplication is omited.",,65-42,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own data +65-212,65,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-217,65,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-218,65,218,1,218-1,,,65-176,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-22-2,65,22,2,22-2,,1193,65-43 65-44 65-5,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +65-221,65,221,1,221-1,,,65-174,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-23-1,65,23,1,23-1,Most varieties have no plural marking (see Example 5). But the plural marker isio/sio was in the process of grammaticalization in some varieties.,1193,65-44 65-45 65-5,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 9}", +65-231,65,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-25-3,65,25,3,25-3,The pronoun iwo is used for singular and plural.,1193[159-162];1195[184-185],65-44 65-47,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +65-252,65,252,1,252-1,,,65-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-253,65,253,1,253-1,,,65-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-254,65,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-255,65,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-256,65,256,1,256-1,,,65-196,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-257,65,257,1,257-1,,,65-197,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-258,65,258,1,258-1,,,65-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-259,65,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-26-5,65,26,5,26-5,"Reduplication is not typical; apart from verb reduplication which expresses the habitual or prolonged action, the most frequent reduplicated forms are mala-mala 'a little, a bit' and chiwo-chiwo 'something'.",,65-42 65-48 65-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own data +65-260,65,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-261,65,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-263,65,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-267,65,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-268,65,268,1,268-1,This sound is always unstressed.,,65-195,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-27-2,65,27,2,27-2,Etymologically these words (e.g. glaza) go back to Russian plural forms as they are more frequent; they have no number distinction in Pidgin.,,65-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-272,65,272,1,272-1,This sound is similar to Russian /ы/; it occurs only if stressed and is otherwise replaced by /ə/.,,65-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +65-273,65,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-274,65,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-275,65,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-276,65,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-277,65,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-278,65,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-279,65,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-28-5,65,28,5,28-5,,,65-21 65-5 65-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own data +65-280,65,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-281,65,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-282,65,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-284,65,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-285,65,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-286,65,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-287,65,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-288,65,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-289,65,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-29-5,65,29,5,29-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own data +65-290,65,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-291,65,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-3-1,65,3,1,3-1,,1195,65-10 65-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +65-30-1,65,30,1,30-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-308-6,65,308,6,308-6,The lexifier language is Russian.,1195;1395[86-100],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +65-309-5,65,309,5,309-5,"The language in question was never creolized, so it had no speakers who would have acquired it as their first language. Probably some native speakers of local Tungus languages could acquire Chinese Pidgin Russian as small children while hearing the grown-ups communicate with the Russians.",1195,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-31-4,65,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-310-3,65,310,3,310-3,,1195,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-311-3,65,311,3,311-3,The language is almost extinct. There are a limited number of people who still use it; all of them are of the oldest generation (70+).,1195,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-312-1,65,312,1,312-1,"The owerhelming majority of children who lived in places where Pidgin was widespread were put into boarding schools; they lost the competence both in Pidgin and in their ethnic language, which were substituted by a somewhat simplified form of Russian.",1195,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +65-313-1,65,313,1,313-1,I would estimate the number of people who still have some competence in Pidgin at about 50 persons.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +65-314-2,65,314,2,314-2,"Initially, contacts with Russians were mainly limited to men, who were merchants, guides, settlement superiors etc. When the contacts became permanent, women also took part in communication in Pidgin. Since World War II, the conscription into the military service of ethnic minorities males began. As a result, men abandoned Pidgin in favor of more Russified forms of language. Therefore, women became predominant users of Pidgin.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Personal data +65-315-3,65,315,3,315-3,The pidgin is stigmatized; any use in radio and/or TV is inconceivable.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +65-316-3,65,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +65-317-3,65,317,3,317-3,"There is only one mention of a song with words in Pidgin, but it was a translation of a once popular Russian folk song. There is no evidence of the existence of original music in Pidgin.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Shprintsyn +65-318-3,65,318,3,318-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +65-319-3,65,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +65-32-2,65,32,2,32-2,,,65-52 65-53 65-54,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data 65-320-2,65,320,2,320-2,"The usage of this type was probable in Harbin and Vladivostok newspapers, as Pidgin was often used for humorous effect: cf. the following Pidgin saying (Khabarovsk, Vladivostok. 1920s): kamu nara xaraso, kamu niza pəloxə [to.whom plank.bed good for.whom down bad] 'It is good to get a place on the plank bed; it is bad to be on the floor' (obviously, of being in jail). -The saying sounds like komunara xaraso, komuniza pəloxə ('Communards were good, communists are bad'). It was used as an anti-communist regime joke.",1195,,100.0,Certain -65-321-3,65,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-322-3,65,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-323-3,65,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-324-3,65,324,3,324-3,"There is evidence that the pidgin was used at least in one school in the 1930s in the Udihe ethnic settlement. While the only language of education was Russian, teachers had to use Pidgin in their non-formal communication with pupils.",895,,100.0,Very certain -65-325-3,65,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-326-2,65,326,2,326-2,"As the pidgin is almost extinct, I am referring here to previous periods. The most important contact language, apart from Russian, was Chinese.",1395;671;1561,,100.0,Very certain -65-327-2,65,327,2,327-2,"Generally, certain phonological features depended on the phonology of the mother tongue of a speaker. Thus, l/r would be treated as different phonemes by a Russian native speaker, and as free variants by a native speaker of Chinese, Nanai or Udihe.",671,,100.0,Certain +The saying sounds like komunara xaraso, komuniza pəloxə ('Communards were good, communists are bad'). It was used as an anti-communist regime joke.",1195,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Shprintsyn +65-321-3,65,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +65-322-3,65,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +65-323-3,65,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +65-324-3,65,324,3,324-3,"There is evidence that the pidgin was used at least in one school in the 1930s in the Udihe ethnic settlement. While the only language of education was Russian, teachers had to use Pidgin in their non-formal communication with pupils.",895,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-325-3,65,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +65-326-2,65,326,2,326-2,"As the pidgin is almost extinct, I am referring here to previous periods. The most important contact language, apart from Russian, was Chinese.",1395;671;1561,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +65-327-2,65,327,2,327-2,"Generally, certain phonological features depended on the phonology of the mother tongue of a speaker. Thus, l/r would be treated as different phonemes by a Russian native speaker, and as free variants by a native speaker of Chinese, Nanai or Udihe.",671,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 65-328-2,65,328,2,328-2,"The Kyahta variant differed from other attested variants in some respects: it obtained a prepositive marker za, that was not attested in other variants; certain verbs ended in -xu or -sha: kushaxu 'to eat', zənasha 'to know' (see materials of Cherepanov 1853). -J. Nichols considered the consistent SOV word order and the consequent preference for postverbal auxiliaries as typical only for the Ussury region, while ""the pidgin of the Harbin Russian community used SVO order and preverbal auxiliaries for the most part"".",1061[242];244,,100.0,Certain -65-329-2,65,329,2,329-2,The Kyahta variant contains some loans from Mongolian; the Ussury variant shows loans from local Tungusic languages (Udihe and Nanai).,244;1561;1061[240-243],,100.0,Very certain -65-33-1,65,33,1,33-1,,,65-5 65-53 65-8,100.0,Certain -65-330-3,65,330,3,330-3,"The pidgin was used in rural areas as well as in rather large cities (Vladivostok, Harbin). There is no evidence on the existence of significant difference between rural and urban varieties.",,,100.0,Certain +J. Nichols considered the consistent SOV word order and the consequent preference for postverbal auxiliaries as typical only for the Ussury region, while ""the pidgin of the Harbin Russian community used SVO order and preverbal auxiliaries for the most part"".",1061[242];244,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +65-329-2,65,329,2,329-2,The Kyahta variant contains some loans from Mongolian; the Ussury variant shows loans from local Tungusic languages (Udihe and Nanai).,244;1561;1061[240-243],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +65-33-1,65,33,1,33-1,,,65-5 65-53 65-8,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +65-330-3,65,330,3,330-3,"The pidgin was used in rural areas as well as in rather large cities (Vladivostok, Harbin). There is no evidence on the existence of significant difference between rural and urban varieties.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data 65-333-2,65,333,2,333-2,"Social strata in the pidgin-using communities of the late 19th and the 20th century usually coincided with their ethnic structure: ""Europeans"" (Russian, Poles, Ukrainians, Germans) made up the dominant stratum; ""locals"" were servants, workmen, retailers (Chinese) or forest ""savages"" who served as guides (Nanai, Udihe). -The phonology of these ""ethnolects"" - European vs. Asian - distinctely differed (see Feature ""Geographic variation: phonology). A. Jabłońska showed this in her article on the Chinese Russian Pidgin variety spread in Northern China (Manchuria).",671;1561,,100.0,Very certain -65-334-2,65,334,2,334-2,"The structure of the pidgin ""core"" was common for all social or ""ethnic"" varieties, but certain peripheral domains could be filled with items of the dominant language of a speaker (cf. Chinese ethnolect of the Vladivistok pidgin variety as described by S. Vrubel).",1561,,100.0,Certain -65-335-2,65,335,2,335-2,Lexical items were probably more apt to be acquired by the core structure of the pidgin. The Russian language of the Russian Far East and Harbin in Manchuria borrowed many Chinese words mainly via Chinese Russian Pidgin.,1195,,100.0,Certain -65-34-1,65,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain -65-36-1,65,36,1,36-1,,,65-18 65-34 65-58 65-59,100.0,Very certain -65-37-1,65,37,1,37-1,,,65-6 65-60 65-61,90.0,Very certain -65-37-2,65,37,2,37-2,,,65-62 65-63,10.0,Intermediate -65-38-4,65,38,4,38-4,,,65-64 65-8,100.0,Very certain +The phonology of these ""ethnolects"" - European vs. Asian - distinctely differed (see Feature ""Geographic variation: phonology). A. Jabłońska showed this in her article on the Chinese Russian Pidgin variety spread in Northern China (Manchuria).",671;1561,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +65-334-2,65,334,2,334-2,"The structure of the pidgin ""core"" was common for all social or ""ethnic"" varieties, but certain peripheral domains could be filled with items of the dominant language of a speaker (cf. Chinese ethnolect of the Vladivistok pidgin variety as described by S. Vrubel).",1561,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +65-335-2,65,335,2,335-2,Lexical items were probably more apt to be acquired by the core structure of the pidgin. The Russian language of the Russian Far East and Harbin in Manchuria borrowed many Chinese words mainly via Chinese Russian Pidgin.,1195,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +65-34-1,65,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +65-36-1,65,36,1,36-1,,,65-18 65-34 65-58 65-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +65-37-1,65,37,1,37-1,,,65-6 65-60 65-61,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png""}",Own data +65-37-2,65,37,2,37-2,,,65-62 65-63,10.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-0000FF.png""}",Own data +65-38-4,65,38,4,38-4,,,65-64 65-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own data 65-4-1,65,4,1,4-1,"Adpositions are rare in Chinese Pidgin Russian. In most cases, the expression of the grammatical or semantic relationship of a noun phrase to a verb does not involve an adposition: Moja pastajana sopəka ʒiwi. @@ -19410,362 +19410,362 @@ Moja pastajana sopəka ʒiwi. However, since there are certain (albeit rare) cases that can be interpreted as prepositions, Chrinese Pidgin Russian cannot be said to lack adpositions. Thus, value 4 = false and value 1 = pervasive (i.e. even though adpositions do not occur often, they are always postpositions when they occur). -Prepositions appear in depidginized lects and are therefore not considered here.",,65-13,100.0,Certain -65-40-1,65,40,1,40-1,,,65-65 65-66,100.0,Very certain -65-41-2,65,41,2,41-2,,,65-67,100.0,Intermediate -65-43-4,65,43,4,43-4,,,65-69,50.0,Very certain -65-43-2,65,43,2,43-2,,,65-68 65-70,50.0,Very certain -65-44-8,65,44,8,44-8,The language does not have overtly expressed mood markers; there are modal verbs which are positioned after the main verb.,,65-71,100.0,Certain -65-45-6,65,45,6,45-6,,1195[162-163],,100.0,Certain -65-46-6,65,46,6,46-6,,,,100.0,Certain -65-47-1,65,47,1,47-1,,,,100.0,Certain -65-48-1,65,48,1,48-1,,,,100.0,Certain -65-49-4,65,49,4,49-4,The Perfective aspect marker la is usually combined with the meaning of the Past tense.,1195[157],65-73 65-74 65-75,100.0,Certain -65-5-2,65,5,2,5-2,Cases where demonstratives are postposed to the noun they modify are very rare.,1195[167-169],65-16,10.0,Uncertain -65-5-1,65,5,1,5-1,Cases where demonstratives are postposed to the noun they modify are very rare.,1195[167-169],65-14 65-15,90.0,Very certain -65-50-2,65,50,2,50-2,Verb forms with the marker esa/esi/est' may not combine with the negation marker.,1195[164-165],65-51 65-76 65-77,100.0,Certain -65-51-8,65,51,8,51-8,,,65-73 65-74,100.0,Very certain -65-52-3,65,52,3,52-3,"In Example 70 lamaj means 'to be ill', so the form has the inhoative meaning 'He fell ill'.",,65-70,100.0,Intermediate -65-53-1,65,53,1,53-1,,,65-78,100.0,Certain -65-54-4,65,54,4,54-4,,,65-79,100.0,Certain -65-55-2,65,55,2,55-2,The ability verb magu 'can' does not express the epistemic possibility.,1195[163-164],65-80 65-81,100.0,Certain -65-56-1,65,56,1,56-1,,1195[164-165],65-82 65-83 65-85 65-86 65-87,50.0,Very certain -65-56-2,65,56,2,56-2,,1195[164-165],65-49 65-84,50.0,Very certain -65-57-1,65,57,1,57-1,,,65-1 65-88,100.0,Very certain -65-58-1,65,58,1,58-1,,,65-15 65-89,100.0,Very certain -65-59-1,65,59,1,59-1,,1194,65-33 65-90,100.0,Very certain -65-6-1,65,6,1,6-1,,1195[184],65-17 65-18,100.0,Very certain -65-60-2,65,60,2,60-2,,,65-91 65-92,100.0,Very certain +Prepositions appear in depidginized lects and are therefore not considered here.",,65-13,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +65-40-1,65,40,1,40-1,,,65-65 65-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-41-2,65,41,2,41-2,,,65-67,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-43-4,65,43,4,43-4,,,65-69,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own data +65-43-2,65,43,2,43-2,,,65-68 65-70,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own data +65-44-8,65,44,8,44-8,The language does not have overtly expressed mood markers; there are modal verbs which are positioned after the main verb.,,65-71,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-45-6,65,45,6,45-6,,1195[162-163],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-46-6,65,46,6,46-6,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-47-1,65,47,1,47-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-48-1,65,48,1,48-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-49-4,65,49,4,49-4,The Perfective aspect marker la is usually combined with the meaning of the Past tense.,1195[157],65-73 65-74 65-75,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +65-5-2,65,5,2,5-2,Cases where demonstratives are postposed to the noun they modify are very rare.,1195[167-169],65-16,10.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +65-5-1,65,5,1,5-1,Cases where demonstratives are postposed to the noun they modify are very rare.,1195[167-169],65-14 65-15,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFF00-10-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +65-50-2,65,50,2,50-2,Verb forms with the marker esa/esi/est' may not combine with the negation marker.,1195[164-165],65-51 65-76 65-77,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +65-51-8,65,51,8,51-8,,,65-73 65-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-52-3,65,52,3,52-3,"In Example 70 lamaj means 'to be ill', so the form has the inhoative meaning 'He fell ill'.",,65-70,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own data +65-53-1,65,53,1,53-1,,,65-78,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-54-4,65,54,4,54-4,,,65-79,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +65-55-2,65,55,2,55-2,The ability verb magu 'can' does not express the epistemic possibility.,1195[163-164],65-80 65-81,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +65-56-1,65,56,1,56-1,,1195[164-165],65-82 65-83 65-85 65-86 65-87,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +65-56-2,65,56,2,56-2,,1195[164-165],65-49 65-84,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +65-57-1,65,57,1,57-1,,,65-1 65-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-58-1,65,58,1,58-1,,,65-15 65-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +65-59-1,65,59,1,59-1,,1194,65-33 65-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +65-6-1,65,6,1,6-1,,1195[184],65-17 65-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +65-60-2,65,60,2,60-2,,,65-91 65-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data 65-61-4,65,61,4,61-4,"The ditransitive construction may have the recipient in the position of the direct object (just before the verb), while the theme argument is moved to the position after the verb. However, there are also instances with a pronominal theme being placed just before the verb. Example 92 shows the order R V T S. -Example 94 shows different strategies in one sentence.",,65-93 65-94,50.0,Certain +Example 94 shows different strategies in one sentence.",,65-93 65-94,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-964B00.png""}",Own data 65-61-7,65,61,7,61-7,"The ditransitive construction may have the recipient in the position of the direct object (just before the verb), while the theme argument is moved to the position after the verb. However, there are also instances with a pronominal theme being placed just before the verb. Example 92 shows the order R V T S. -Example 94 shows different strategies in one sentence.",,65-92,50.0,Certain -65-62-5,65,62,5,62-5,,,65-95 65-96,100.0,Very certain -65-63-3,65,63,3,63-3,,,65-97,100.0,Very certain -65-64-2,65,64,2,64-2,,,65-98 65-99,100.0,Very certain -65-65-1,65,65,1,65-1,,,65-100 65-101,100.0,Certain -65-66-3,65,66,3,66-3,,,65-102,100.0,Certain -65-67-1,65,67,1,67-1,,,65-103,100.0,Certain -65-68-1,65,68,1,68-1,,,65-104 65-105,100.0,Very certain -65-69-3,65,69,3,69-3,"In the majority of cases instrument is not marked; instrumental constructions can be called double object constructions. There are also cases when the instrument is expressed be a special adverb going back to a Russian case-form, e.g. parkam 'with a stick' (from Russian palkoj = Instr. case from palka 'stick').",1195[179],65-108,12.5,Certain -65-69-4,65,69,4,69-4,"In the majority of cases instrument is not marked; instrumental constructions can be called double object constructions. There are also cases when the instrument is expressed be a special adverb going back to a Russian case-form, e.g. parkam 'with a stick' (from Russian palkoj = Instr. case from palka 'stick').",1195[179],65-106 65-107,87.5,Certain -65-7-4,65,7,4,7-4,This is a form of a very rare occurence.,,65-12,100.0,Certain -65-70-2,65,70,2,70-2,,1195[169];1395[94],65-106 65-109 65-13 65-46,100.0,Very certain -65-71-2,65,71,2,71-2,NPs are often juxtaposed without any conjunctor; the adverb ise '(some) more' can be also used as a NPs conjunction.,,65-109 65-110 65-111,100.0,Certain -65-72-3,65,72,3,72-3,Nominal conjunction is expressed by the adverb ise; verbal conjunction may be expressed by the marker i 'and'; juxtaposition is used for both verbal and nominal conjunction.,,65-110 65-112 65-36,100.0,Certain -65-73-2,65,73,2,73-2,,,65-113 65-114 65-115,100.0,Certain -65-74-2,65,74,2,74-2,,,65-116 65-117,100.0,Very certain -65-75-3,65,75,3,75-3,"There are few examples of the absence of the copula or another verb in predicative locative phrases; the usual strategy would be to use a verb such as sidi 'to be sitting', xodi 'to walk'.",,65-118 65-119,100.0,Certain -65-76-1,65,76,1,76-1,,,65-113 65-118 65-120,100.0,Certain -65-77-5,65,77,5,77-5,"Synchronically predicative possession constructions could be analyzed in two different ways: as locational possessive constructions or as genitive ones, e.g. moja dwa synka esi could be analyzed as 'I, two sons (exist)' or as 'my two sons exist'. However, possessive constructions with somewhat less frequent word order (e.g. tibe ju piat kapeka 'you have five kopeks') with the copula after the Possessor show that these constructions should be regarded as topic possession.",,65-121 65-122,100.0,Certain -65-78-5,65,78,5,78-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-79-2,65,79,2,79-2,,1194[95],65-127,25.0,Uncertain -65-79-1,65,79,1,79-1,,1194[95],65-125 65-126,75.0,Very certain -65-8-1,65,8,1,8-1,,,65-19 65-20,100.0,Certain -65-80-1,65,80,1,80-1,,,65-128 65-129,100.0,Certain -65-81-1,65,81,1,81-1,Deictic adverbs help to define more precisely the meaning of a Locative argument. Such adverbs do not necessarily follow the argument and can be put elsewhere.,1194[95],65-107 65-123 65-124 65-125 65-126 65-127,100.0,Very certain -65-82-2,65,82,2,82-2,"Typically locative arguments are not marked, so the ""motion-into"" and ""at rest"" locatives are expressed in the same manner. The data on the Chinese Russian Pidgin do not contain examples with the word 'push', but there is an example with the verb 'put into' which has similar action characteristics.",1195[179-180],65-11 65-118 65-130 65-25,100.0,Very certain -65-84-3,65,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-85-1,65,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-86-5,65,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-87-7,65,87,7,87-7,The reflexive meaning is expressed by a reflexive pronoun sama/sebe 'self' or is not expressed at all. Verbs that are reflexive in Russian lose their reflexivity: bais'a 'to be afraid' (< Russian bojat'sja).,,65-131 65-132,100.0,Certain -65-88-1,65,88,1,88-1,,,65-131 65-132 65-133 65-134,100.0,Very certain -65-89-2,65,89,2,89-2,"The Chinese Russian Pidgin data contains very few examples of reciprocal constructions, mainly in depidginized varieties where they follow the Standard Russian form drug druga 'each other'.",,65-135 65-136,100.0,Certain -65-9-4,65,9,4,9-4,"Generally there are no articles in this pidgin. However, in some cases demonstratives are used so often that they could be regarded as article-like forms in the process of grammaticalization.",,65-21,100.0,Very certain -65-90-2,65,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-91-8,65,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -65-92-6,65,92,6,92-6,The data contains very few examples of relative clauses; they are generally not typical of Chinese Russian Pidgin.,,65-12,100.0,Uncertain -65-95-4,65,95,4,95-4,"Indirect speech constructions are not typical for Chinese Russian Pidgin; usually, direct speech constructions are used even in narrations.",,65-137 65-138 65-90,100.0,Very certain -65-96-4,65,96,4,96-4,,,65-139 65-140,100.0,Very certain -65-97-1,65,97,1,97-1,,,65-141 65-142,100.0,Very certain -65-98-5,65,98,5,98-5,In both cases no complementizer is used.,,65-143 65-144,100.0,Very certain -65-99-2,65,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-0-8,66,0,8,0-8,,,,100.0, -66-1-1,66,1,1,1-1,"Both values are possible, however SOV is much more frequent than SVO. SVO is more common among the oldest Colombo area speakers (70+) and the frequency of SOV may be increasing across generations. SVO order does not encode object focus as it does in Sinhala.",,66-2 66-3,70.0,Certain -66-1-2,66,1,2,1-2,"Both values are possible, however SOV is much more frequent than SVO. SVO is more common among the oldest Colombo area speakers (70+) and the frequency of SOV may be increasing across generations. SVO order does not encode object focus as it does in Sinhala.",,66-1 66-71,30.0,Certain -66-10-2,66,10,2,10-2,"In a noun phrase, it is frequently the case that the indefinite article intervenes between the attributive adjective and noun, as in Example 12.",,66-6,50.0,Very certain -66-10-1,66,10,1,10-1,"In a noun phrase, it is frequently the case that the indefinite article intervenes between the attributive adjective and noun, as in Example 12.",,66-11 66-12,50.0,Very certain -66-100-1,66,100,1,100-1,"I have provided an example of a negated auxiliary. The form is usually reduced, and may be regarded by observers as a negative auxiliary verb, as is ille in Sonam (Sri Lankan Muslim Tamil). However since the full form is still possible, it is preferable to treat tra as a reduced form of a negated auxiliary, rather than as a negative auxiliary verb.",,66-116 66-117 66-66,100.0,Very certain -66-101-1,66,101,1,101-1,"There is also a periphrastic perfect construction containing a negated auxiliary (see Feature 100 ""Negative morpheme types""). The auxiliary is adjacent to a free-standing participle.",,66-117 66-118,100.0,Very certain -66-102-1,66,102,1,102-1,,,66-119 66-55,100.0,Very certain -66-103-2,66,103,2,103-2,,,66-60,100.0,Very certain +Example 94 shows different strategies in one sentence.",,65-92,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-ADD8E6-50-964B00.png""}",Own data +65-62-5,65,62,5,62-5,,,65-95 65-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own data +65-63-3,65,63,3,63-3,,,65-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-64-2,65,64,2,64-2,,,65-98 65-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own data +65-65-1,65,65,1,65-1,,,65-100 65-101,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own data +65-66-3,65,66,3,66-3,,,65-102,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +65-67-1,65,67,1,67-1,,,65-103,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own data +65-68-1,65,68,1,68-1,,,65-104 65-105,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own data +65-69-3,65,69,3,69-3,"In the majority of cases instrument is not marked; instrumental constructions can be called double object constructions. There are also cases when the instrument is expressed be a special adverb going back to a Russian case-form, e.g. parkam 'with a stick' (from Russian palkoj = Instr. case from palka 'stick').",1195[179],65-108,12.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFFFF-13-000000.png""}", +65-69-4,65,69,4,69-4,"In the majority of cases instrument is not marked; instrumental constructions can be called double object constructions. There are also cases when the instrument is expressed be a special adverb going back to a Russian case-form, e.g. parkam 'with a stick' (from Russian palkoj = Instr. case from palka 'stick').",1195[179],65-106 65-107,87.5,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFFFF-13-000000.png""}", +65-7-4,65,7,4,7-4,This is a form of a very rare occurence.,,65-12,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own data +65-70-2,65,70,2,70-2,,1195[169];1395[94],65-106 65-109 65-13 65-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +65-71-2,65,71,2,71-2,NPs are often juxtaposed without any conjunctor; the adverb ise '(some) more' can be also used as a NPs conjunction.,,65-109 65-110 65-111,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +65-72-3,65,72,3,72-3,Nominal conjunction is expressed by the adverb ise; verbal conjunction may be expressed by the marker i 'and'; juxtaposition is used for both verbal and nominal conjunction.,,65-110 65-112 65-36,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +65-73-2,65,73,2,73-2,,,65-113 65-114 65-115,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +65-74-2,65,74,2,74-2,,,65-116 65-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-75-3,65,75,3,75-3,"There are few examples of the absence of the copula or another verb in predicative locative phrases; the usual strategy would be to use a verb such as sidi 'to be sitting', xodi 'to walk'.",,65-118 65-119,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own data +65-76-1,65,76,1,76-1,,,65-113 65-118 65-120,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +65-77-5,65,77,5,77-5,"Synchronically predicative possession constructions could be analyzed in two different ways: as locational possessive constructions or as genitive ones, e.g. moja dwa synka esi could be analyzed as 'I, two sons (exist)' or as 'my two sons exist'. However, possessive constructions with somewhat less frequent word order (e.g. tibe ju piat kapeka 'you have five kopeks') with the copula after the Possessor show that these constructions should be regarded as topic possession.",,65-121 65-122,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own data +65-78-5,65,78,5,78-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-79-2,65,79,2,79-2,,1194[95],65-127,25.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFFFF-25-FF0000.png""}", +65-79-1,65,79,1,79-1,,1194[95],65-125 65-126,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFFFF-25-FF0000.png""}", +65-8-1,65,8,1,8-1,,,65-19 65-20,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +65-80-1,65,80,1,80-1,,,65-128 65-129,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-81-1,65,81,1,81-1,Deictic adverbs help to define more precisely the meaning of a Locative argument. Such adverbs do not necessarily follow the argument and can be put elsewhere.,1194[95],65-107 65-123 65-124 65-125 65-126 65-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +65-82-2,65,82,2,82-2,"Typically locative arguments are not marked, so the ""motion-into"" and ""at rest"" locatives are expressed in the same manner. The data on the Chinese Russian Pidgin do not contain examples with the word 'push', but there is an example with the verb 'put into' which has similar action characteristics.",1195[179-180],65-11 65-118 65-130 65-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +65-84-3,65,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-85-1,65,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-86-5,65,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-87-7,65,87,7,87-7,The reflexive meaning is expressed by a reflexive pronoun sama/sebe 'self' or is not expressed at all. Verbs that are reflexive in Russian lose their reflexivity: bais'a 'to be afraid' (< Russian bojat'sja).,,65-131 65-132,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own data +65-88-1,65,88,1,88-1,,,65-131 65-132 65-133 65-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +65-89-2,65,89,2,89-2,"The Chinese Russian Pidgin data contains very few examples of reciprocal constructions, mainly in depidginized varieties where they follow the Standard Russian form drug druga 'each other'.",,65-135 65-136,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +65-9-4,65,9,4,9-4,"Generally there are no articles in this pidgin. However, in some cases demonstratives are used so often that they could be regarded as article-like forms in the process of grammaticalization.",,65-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal data +65-90-2,65,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-91-8,65,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own data +65-92-6,65,92,6,92-6,The data contains very few examples of relative clauses; they are generally not typical of Chinese Russian Pidgin.,,65-12,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +65-95-4,65,95,4,95-4,"Indirect speech constructions are not typical for Chinese Russian Pidgin; usually, direct speech constructions are used even in narrations.",,65-137 65-138 65-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-96-4,65,96,4,96-4,,,65-139 65-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-97-1,65,97,1,97-1,,,65-141 65-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +65-98-5,65,98,5,98-5,In both cases no complementizer is used.,,65-143 65-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +65-99-2,65,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +66-0-8,66,0,8,0-8,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-1-1,66,1,1,1-1,"Both values are possible, however SOV is much more frequent than SVO. SVO is more common among the oldest Colombo area speakers (70+) and the frequency of SOV may be increasing across generations. SVO order does not encode object focus as it does in Sinhala.",,66-2 66-3,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-1-2,66,1,2,1-2,"Both values are possible, however SOV is much more frequent than SVO. SVO is more common among the oldest Colombo area speakers (70+) and the frequency of SOV may be increasing across generations. SVO order does not encode object focus as it does in Sinhala.",,66-1 66-71,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-10-2,66,10,2,10-2,"In a noun phrase, it is frequently the case that the indefinite article intervenes between the attributive adjective and noun, as in Example 12.",,66-6,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +66-10-1,66,10,1,10-1,"In a noun phrase, it is frequently the case that the indefinite article intervenes between the attributive adjective and noun, as in Example 12.",,66-11 66-12,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +66-100-1,66,100,1,100-1,"I have provided an example of a negated auxiliary. The form is usually reduced, and may be regarded by observers as a negative auxiliary verb, as is ille in Sonam (Sri Lankan Muslim Tamil). However since the full form is still possible, it is preferable to treat tra as a reduced form of a negated auxiliary, rather than as a negative auxiliary verb.",,66-116 66-117 66-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-101-1,66,101,1,101-1,"There is also a periphrastic perfect construction containing a negated auxiliary (see Feature 100 ""Negative morpheme types""). The auxiliary is adjacent to a free-standing participle.",,66-117 66-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-102-1,66,102,1,102-1,,,66-119 66-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-103-2,66,103,2,103-2,,,66-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 66-104-9,66,104,9,104-9,"The post-constituent jo can focus a constituent without the constituent needing to be displaced, and there is no copula -as in actual cleft consructions.",,66-120,100.0,Very certain -66-105-3,66,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Certain -66-107-2,66,107,2,107-2,This value assignment applies to the Kirinda dialect.,,66-121 66-122 66-123 66-124 66-7,100.0,Very certain -66-108-3,66,108,3,108-3,A tsk-type of click can either mean “no” or register failure to succeed at something.,,66-125 66-63,100.0,Very certain -66-109-2,66,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-11-4,66,11,4,11-4,,,66-13,25.0,Very certain -66-11-5,66,11,5,11-5,,,66-14,75.0,Very certain -66-110-2,66,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-111-2,66,111,2,111-2,This word is borrowed from Tamil in the Kirinda dialect.,,66-126,100.0,Very certain -66-112-1,66,112,1,112-1,,,66-127 66-128,100.0,Certain -66-113-4,66,113,4,113-4,,,66-138 66-139 66-140,100.0,Very certain -66-114-3,66,114,3,114-3,,,66-129 66-130 66-141 66-142,100.0,Certain -66-115-2,66,115,2,115-2,,,66-131 66-67,100.0,Very certain -66-116-2,66,116,2,116-2,,,66-132 66-133,100.0,Very certain -66-117-1,66,117,1,117-1,,,66-134 66-135,100.0,Very certain -66-118-2,66,118,2,118-2,"As in Example 66, sibilant + stop clusters are present in borrowings, although some speakers introduce an epenthetic vowel. The word karang ('now') derived from skarang is the result of onset cluster simplification.",,66-136 66-66,100.0,Certain -66-119-2,66,119,2,119-2,,,66-118 66-137,100.0,Very certain -66-12-2,66,12,2,12-2,,,66-15 66-17,70.0,Certain -66-12-1,66,12,1,12-1,,,66-16,30.0,Certain -66-120-1,66,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-121-2,66,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -66-122-4,66,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -66-123-1,66,123,1,123-1,,,,100.0, -66-124-2,66,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0, -66-125-2,66,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -66-126-3,66,126,3,126-3,,,,100.0, -66-127-5,66,127,5,127-5,,,,100.0, -66-128-1,66,128,1,128-1,,,,100.0, -66-129-1,66,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0, -66-13-1,66,13,1,13-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-130-1,66,130,1,130-1,,,,100.0, -66-131,66,131,1,131-1,,,,100.0, -66-132,66,132,1,132-1,,,,100.0, -66-133,66,133,1,133-1,,,,100.0, -66-134,66,134,1,134-1,,,,100.0, -66-137,66,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -66-138,66,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -66-139,66,139,1,139-1,,,,100.0, -66-14-1,66,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-140,66,140,1,140-1,,,,100.0, -66-143,66,143,1,143-1,,,,100.0, -66-144,66,144,1,144-1,,,,100.0, -66-145,66,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -66-146,66,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -66-147,66,147,1,147-1,,,,100.0, -66-148,66,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -66-149,66,149,1,149-1,,,,100.0, -66-15-1,66,15,1,15-1,,,66-18 66-19,100.0,Certain -66-151,66,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -66-152,66,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -66-153,66,153,3,153-3,,,,100.0, -66-155,66,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -66-156,66,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -66-158,66,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -66-159,66,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -66-16-1,66,16,1,16-1,,,66-20,100.0,Very certain -66-160,66,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -66-161,66,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -66-163,66,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -66-168,66,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -66-169,66,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -66-17-1,66,17,1,17-1,,,66-20 66-21,100.0,Certain -66-170,66,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -66-171,66,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -66-172,66,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -66-173,66,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -66-174,66,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -66-176,66,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -66-178,66,178,1,178-1,,,,100.0, -66-179,66,179,1,179-1,,,,100.0, -66-18-2,66,18,2,18-2,lu (2SG informal) vs. lorang (2SG formal),,66-22,100.0,Very certain -66-180,66,180,3,180-3,,,,100.0, -66-181,66,181,1,181-1,,,,100.0, -66-182,66,182,1,182-1,,,,100.0, -66-183,66,183,1,183-1,,,,100.0, -66-184,66,184,2,184-2,,,,100.0, -66-187,66,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -66-188,66,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -66-189,66,189,3,189-3,,,,100.0, +as in actual cleft consructions.",,66-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-105-3,66,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-107-2,66,107,2,107-2,This value assignment applies to the Kirinda dialect.,,66-121 66-122 66-123 66-124 66-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-108-3,66,108,3,108-3,A tsk-type of click can either mean “no” or register failure to succeed at something.,,66-125 66-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-109-2,66,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-11-4,66,11,4,11-4,,,66-13,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +66-11-5,66,11,5,11-5,,,66-14,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +66-110-2,66,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-111-2,66,111,2,111-2,This word is borrowed from Tamil in the Kirinda dialect.,,66-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-112-1,66,112,1,112-1,,,66-127 66-128,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-113-4,66,113,4,113-4,,,66-138 66-139 66-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-114-3,66,114,3,114-3,,,66-129 66-130 66-141 66-142,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-115-2,66,115,2,115-2,,,66-131 66-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-116-2,66,116,2,116-2,,,66-132 66-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-117-1,66,117,1,117-1,,,66-134 66-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-118-2,66,118,2,118-2,"As in Example 66, sibilant + stop clusters are present in borrowings, although some speakers introduce an epenthetic vowel. The word karang ('now') derived from skarang is the result of onset cluster simplification.",,66-136 66-66,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +66-119-2,66,119,2,119-2,,,66-118 66-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +66-12-2,66,12,2,12-2,,,66-15 66-17,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +66-12-1,66,12,1,12-1,,,66-16,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +66-120-1,66,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-121-2,66,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +66-122-4,66,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +66-123-1,66,123,1,123-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +66-124-2,66,124,2,124-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +66-125-2,66,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +66-126-3,66,126,3,126-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +66-127-5,66,127,5,127-5,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +66-128-1,66,128,1,128-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +66-129-1,66,129,1,129-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +66-13-1,66,13,1,13-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +66-130-1,66,130,1,130-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +66-131,66,131,1,131-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-132,66,132,1,132-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-133,66,133,1,133-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-134,66,134,1,134-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-137,66,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-138,66,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-139,66,139,1,139-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-14-1,66,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-140,66,140,1,140-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-143,66,143,1,143-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-144,66,144,1,144-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-145,66,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-146,66,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-147,66,147,1,147-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-148,66,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-149,66,149,1,149-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-15-1,66,15,1,15-1,,,66-18 66-19,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-151,66,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-152,66,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-153,66,153,3,153-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-155,66,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-156,66,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-158,66,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-159,66,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-16-1,66,16,1,16-1,,,66-20,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-160,66,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-161,66,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-163,66,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-168,66,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-169,66,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-17-1,66,17,1,17-1,,,66-20 66-21,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-170,66,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-171,66,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-172,66,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-173,66,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-174,66,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-176,66,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-178,66,178,1,178-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-179,66,179,1,179-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-18-2,66,18,2,18-2,lu (2SG informal) vs. lorang (2SG formal),,66-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +66-180,66,180,3,180-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-181,66,181,1,181-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-182,66,182,1,182-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-183,66,183,1,183-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-184,66,184,2,184-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-187,66,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-188,66,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-189,66,189,3,189-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", 66-19-2,66,19,2,19-2,"The other interrogative pronouns are not compounds: sapa 'who' apa 'what' -kapang 'where'",,66-23 66-24,100.0,Very certain -66-190,66,190,3,190-3,,,,100.0, -66-191,66,191,3,191-3,,,,100.0, -66-192,66,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -66-193,66,193,1,193-1,,,,100.0, -66-194,66,194,3,194-3,,,,100.0, -66-195,66,195,3,195-3,,,,100.0, -66-196,66,196,3,196-3,,,,100.0, -66-199,66,199,3,199-3,,,,100.0, -66-2-1,66,2,1,2-1,,,66-130 66-24 66-4 66-5,100.0,Very certain -66-20-1,66,20,1,20-1,The comitative construction is used here as it is with the conjoining of NPs (and other constituents) generally.,,66-25,100.0,Very certain -66-200,66,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -66-201,66,201,3,201-3,,,,100.0, -66-202,66,202,3,202-3,,,,100.0, -66-205,66,205,1,205-1,,,,100.0, -66-209,66,209,1,209-1,,,,100.0, -66-21-1,66,21,1,21-1,,,66-26 66-27,100.0,Certain -66-212,66,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -66-217,66,217,3,217-3,,,,100.0, -66-218,66,218,1,218-1,,,,100.0, -66-22-6,66,22,6,22-6,,,66-28 66-29,100.0,Certain -66-221,66,221,1,221-1,,,,100.0, -66-23-3,66,23,3,23-3,,,66-30,100.0,Very certain -66-231,66,231,2,231-2,,,,100.0, -66-24-2,66,24,2,24-2,,,66-31,100.0,Very certain -66-25-1,66,25,1,25-1,,,66-32 66-33,100.0,Very certain -66-252,66,252,1,252-1,,,,100.0, -66-253,66,253,1,253-1,,,,100.0, -66-254,66,254,2,254-2,,,,100.0, -66-255,66,255,3,255-3,,,,100.0, -66-256,66,256,1,256-1,,,,100.0, -66-257,66,257,1,257-1,,,,100.0, -66-258,66,258,1,258-1,,,,100.0, -66-259,66,259,3,259-3,,,,100.0, -66-26-2,66,26,2,26-2,,,66-4,100.0,Intermediate -66-260,66,260,2,260-2,,,,100.0, -66-261,66,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -66-263,66,263,2,263-2,,,,100.0, -66-267,66,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -66-268,66,268,1,268-1,,,,100.0, -66-27-2,66,27,2,27-2,Pairs are simply pluralized. A singular form refers to one member of a set of body parts only.,,66-128,100.0,Certain -66-272,66,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -66-273,66,273,2,273-2,,,,100.0, -66-274,66,274,2,274-2,,,,100.0, -66-275,66,275,2,275-2,,,,100.0, -66-276,66,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -66-277,66,277,3,277-3,,,,100.0, -66-278,66,278,2,278-2,,,,100.0, -66-279,66,279,2,279-2,,,,100.0, -66-28-4,66,28,4,28-4,,,66-8,100.0,Very certain -66-280,66,280,2,280-2,,,,100.0, -66-281,66,281,3,281-3,,,,100.0, -66-282,66,282,2,282-2,,,,100.0, -66-284,66,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -66-285,66,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -66-286,66,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -66-287,66,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -66-288,66,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -66-289,66,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -66-29-2,66,29,2,29-2,,,66-34 66-8,100.0,Very certain -66-290,66,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -66-291,66,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -66-3-1,66,3,1,3-1,"Value 2 persists in frozen forms, for example for food items such as nasi goreng ('fried rice'), but it is no longer productive.",,66-6,100.0,Very certain -66-30-3,66,30,3,30-3,,,66-43,100.0,Certain -66-308-8,66,308,8,308-8,"The lexifier language is Malay, specifically the highly analytic varieties that have historically served as intergroup languages on Java and in eastern Indonesia, as opposed to a standard or literary variety.",,,100.0,Very certain +kapang 'where'",,66-23 66-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +66-190,66,190,3,190-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-191,66,191,3,191-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-192,66,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-193,66,193,1,193-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-194,66,194,3,194-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-195,66,195,3,195-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-196,66,196,3,196-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-199,66,199,3,199-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-2-1,66,2,1,2-1,,,66-130 66-24 66-4 66-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-20-1,66,20,1,20-1,The comitative construction is used here as it is with the conjoining of NPs (and other constituents) generally.,,66-25,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-200,66,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-201,66,201,3,201-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-202,66,202,3,202-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-205,66,205,1,205-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-209,66,209,1,209-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-21-1,66,21,1,21-1,,,66-26 66-27,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-212,66,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-217,66,217,3,217-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-218,66,218,1,218-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-22-6,66,22,6,22-6,,,66-28 66-29,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-221,66,221,1,221-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-23-3,66,23,3,23-3,,,66-30,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-231,66,231,2,231-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-24-2,66,24,2,24-2,,,66-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-25-1,66,25,1,25-1,,,66-32 66-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-252,66,252,1,252-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-253,66,253,1,253-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-254,66,254,2,254-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-255,66,255,3,255-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-256,66,256,1,256-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-257,66,257,1,257-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-258,66,258,1,258-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-259,66,259,3,259-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-26-2,66,26,2,26-2,,,66-4,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +66-260,66,260,2,260-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-261,66,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-263,66,263,2,263-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-267,66,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-268,66,268,1,268-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +66-27-2,66,27,2,27-2,Pairs are simply pluralized. A singular form refers to one member of a set of body parts only.,,66-128,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-272,66,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-273,66,273,2,273-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-274,66,274,2,274-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-275,66,275,2,275-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-276,66,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-277,66,277,3,277-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-278,66,278,2,278-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-279,66,279,2,279-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-28-4,66,28,4,28-4,,,66-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +66-280,66,280,2,280-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-281,66,281,3,281-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +66-282,66,282,2,282-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +66-284,66,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-285,66,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-286,66,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-287,66,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-288,66,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-289,66,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-29-2,66,29,2,29-2,,,66-34 66-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +66-290,66,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-291,66,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +66-3-1,66,3,1,3-1,"Value 2 persists in frozen forms, for example for food items such as nasi goreng ('fried rice'), but it is no longer productive.",,66-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-30-3,66,30,3,30-3,,,66-43,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +66-308-8,66,308,8,308-8,"The lexifier language is Malay, specifically the highly analytic varieties that have historically served as intergroup languages on Java and in eastern Indonesia, as opposed to a standard or literary variety.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge 66-309-2,66,309,2,309-2,"Most speakers are native speakers. There are, however, two groups of fluent non-native speakers. The first group consists of non-native speakers who acquired the language after marrying native speakers. (This group used to be much larger than it is now.) The second group consists of individuals who live in a predominantly Sri Lankan Malay-speaking area or who live in an adjacent area and have joined a Malay peer group. As examples, there is one family of Sinhala Buddhists living in the middle of Kirinda who are linguistically indistinguishable from Kirinda Malays when speaking Sri Lankan Malay. There are also young men from neighboring villages who speak excellent Sri Lankan Malay because of the friends they have and because of time spent with them in the village. -There are also individuals who married someone in the village and subsequently acquired fluent Sri Lankan Malay (and who therefore belong to both the first and the second group).",,,100.0,Very certain -66-31-4,66,31,4,31-4,There is no definite article.,,,100.0,Very certain -66-310-4,66,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-311-2,66,311,2,311-2,"Historically, the speech community has grown through intermarriage, primarily involving Moors (Shonam/Tamil-speaking Muslims), but also Sinhalese who convert to Islam. I cannot say to what extent this might currently be occurring in urban communities. In the village of Kirinda (400 households), however, where there is not much contact with Moors other than teachers and itinerant clerics, there are cases of young Sinhalese men becoming fluent Sri Lankan Malay speakers, either as a result of participation in friendship networks or marrying in and converting to Islam. I have recordings for both of these categories, but no statistics.",,,100.0,Certain -66-312-1,66,312,1,312-1,"Language abandonment is widespread in the sense that young people who may have heard it at home do not necessarily continue to speak it with their peers outside the home. It is also widespread in the sense that there are many parents who do not transmit the language to their children at all, particularly in the Colombo area. This is most likely in middle class professional families, in which the home language becomes not Sinhala, but English. It is not very common for those who grew up speaking it to cease speaking it altogether. The clear exceptions to this are when they marry non-speakers and live in areas in which continuing to speak Sri Lankan Malay would be unusual to begin with, and after emigrating to another country. Those individuals who marry a non-speaker and also emigrate seem to be the least likely to continue to speak Sri Lankan Malay, even though they grew up with the language.",,,100.0,Very certain -66-313-4,66,313,4,313-4,"The population of fluent speakers is estimated at approximately 30,000, but this may be an unnecessarily conservative estimate.",,,100.0,Uncertain -66-314-3,66,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -66-315-3,66,315,3,315-3,"There is one regular radio programme and there are occasional television programmes using Sri Lankan Malay; however, there are no news programs as such.",,,100.0,Certain -66-316-3,66,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Uncertain -66-317-2,66,317,2,317-2,"There are extremely few traditional singers. The one known prolific singer in the Kandy area, Maas Jaam Cassiere, recently passed away. His music has fortunately been documented by Sebastian Nordhoff. In Kirinda, a woman known as Data Jambu (literally ""older sister rose apple"") sings traditional songs, and I have documented these. Among the younger and middle generations, Tamil film songs are most popular however. In Colombo, a number of musicians, the best-known among whom is Stanley Oumar, have recorded songs in the language; however, these are contemporary popular Sinhala songs (and in some cases, Hindi film songs) to which Sri Lankan Malay lyrics have been added. I have also recorded contemporary songs by one singer in the town of Kurunegala.",,,100.0,Certain +There are also individuals who married someone in the village and subsequently acquired fluent Sri Lankan Malay (and who therefore belong to both the first and the second group).",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-31-4,66,31,4,31-4,There is no definite article.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-310-4,66,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +66-311-2,66,311,2,311-2,"Historically, the speech community has grown through intermarriage, primarily involving Moors (Shonam/Tamil-speaking Muslims), but also Sinhalese who convert to Islam. I cannot say to what extent this might currently be occurring in urban communities. In the village of Kirinda (400 households), however, where there is not much contact with Moors other than teachers and itinerant clerics, there are cases of young Sinhalese men becoming fluent Sri Lankan Malay speakers, either as a result of participation in friendship networks or marrying in and converting to Islam. I have recordings for both of these categories, but no statistics.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +66-312-1,66,312,1,312-1,"Language abandonment is widespread in the sense that young people who may have heard it at home do not necessarily continue to speak it with their peers outside the home. It is also widespread in the sense that there are many parents who do not transmit the language to their children at all, particularly in the Colombo area. This is most likely in middle class professional families, in which the home language becomes not Sinhala, but English. It is not very common for those who grew up speaking it to cease speaking it altogether. The clear exceptions to this are when they marry non-speakers and live in areas in which continuing to speak Sri Lankan Malay would be unusual to begin with, and after emigrating to another country. Those individuals who marry a non-speaker and also emigrate seem to be the least likely to continue to speak Sri Lankan Malay, even though they grew up with the language.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-313-4,66,313,4,313-4,"The population of fluent speakers is estimated at approximately 30,000, but this may be an unnecessarily conservative estimate.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-314-3,66,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-315-3,66,315,3,315-3,"There is one regular radio programme and there are occasional television programmes using Sri Lankan Malay; however, there are no news programs as such.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-316-3,66,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-317-2,66,317,2,317-2,"There are extremely few traditional singers. The one known prolific singer in the Kandy area, Maas Jaam Cassiere, recently passed away. His music has fortunately been documented by Sebastian Nordhoff. In Kirinda, a woman known as Data Jambu (literally ""older sister rose apple"") sings traditional songs, and I have documented these. Among the younger and middle generations, Tamil film songs are most popular however. In Colombo, a number of musicians, the best-known among whom is Stanley Oumar, have recorded songs in the language; however, these are contemporary popular Sinhala songs (and in some cases, Hindi film songs) to which Sri Lankan Malay lyrics have been added. I have also recorded contemporary songs by one singer in the town of Kurunegala.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 66-318-3,66,318,3,318-3,"The vernacular has never been used as a medium in published or printed literary works. There are many texts from the nineteenth century, but all of them are in literary Malay, and to my knowledge, the content is either religious, administrative, or community news -(i.e. no works of fiction).",,,100.0,Certain -66-319-3,66,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-32-1,66,32,1,32-1,,,66-29 66-36,100.0,Very certain -66-320-3,66,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-321-3,66,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-322-3,66,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-323-3,66,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-324-2,66,324,2,324-2,"For the most part, Sri Lankan Malay is not used as a medium of instruction in school. There are few specifically Muslim schools in which a majority of the students are speakers of the language, and this means that the language has not been given a place in schools. In at least two communities, Kirinda and Bolana, all the students attending the local school are Malay. The medium in the Muslim schools there, and outside the larger urban areas generally, is Tamil. Nevertheless, Sri Lankan Malay is often used by local teachers (i.e. not by Moors) for clarification and discipline. It is also used as a medium of instruction in the villages at pre-school level, along with Tamil/Shonam. The pre-school in Kirinda is called Al Hilal.",,,100.0,Very certain -66-325-1,66,325,1,325-1,"The use of the language in text messaging and e-mails, in that order, is increasingly widespread. Kirinda young people use Yahoo messenger and other utilities at home in the village and at internet cafes in the towns of Tissamaharama and Hambantota, sending messages in fairly consistent improvised orthography. I have frequently received e-mails, live chat messages and text messages in the Kirinda variety. (Transliterated vernacular speech is increasingly a medium for electronic communication between young people in Sri Lanka.)",,,100.0,Very certain -66-326-3,66,326,3,326-3,"In Kirinda, the most important language is still Shonam/Tamil, the source language for grammatical replication. For the vast majority of speakers, regardless of the community, there is no contact with the main lexifier language (vehicular Malay). A small urban minority have knowledge of modern Standard Malay, which was not the lexifier, and which is often learned imperfectly due to limited exposure. In Kirinda, contact with Tamil/Shonam is manifested in the strong tendancy to borrow lexical material from Tamil/Shonam. Nevertheless, interpersonal contact with Sinhala speakers is greater, due to the location of the village. For speakers in most other communities (but not the small remaining east coast communities), there is most contact with Sinhala. In urban professional families in the Colombo area, English is now a native language, and is therefore more important than Sinhala in those circles.",,,100.0,Very certain -66-327-2,66,327,2,327-2,"There is only minimal dialectal variation, although there are intergenerational differences with respect to prosody.",,,100.0,Intermediate -66-328-2,66,328,2,328-2,"The morphosyntax of Sri Lankan Malay itself is not highly variable; however, contrasts in the phonological shapes of both bound and free functional elements are striking between the forms used in Kirinda and the southeast in general on the one hand, and those used in Colombo and Kandy and the surrounding areas on the other hand. Complex periphrastic constructions differ to some extent between dialects. Left-headed order within compounds, associated with the Malay lexifier, has been lost in Kirinda.",,,100.0,Certain -66-329-1,66,329,1,329-1,"There is significant regional lexical variation. The Kirinda variety has a large number of phonologically adapted Tamil/Shonam borrowings that have replaced Malay etyma, at least in younger speakers. There are also interdialectal differences in the native Malay items used.",,,100.0,Very certain -66-33-2,66,33,2,33-2,"See Examples 39, 40, and 41 for non-distance-related contrasts.",,66-37 66-38 66-39 66-40 66-41,100.0,Very certain -66-330-2,66,330,2,330-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -66-331-2,66,331,2,331-2,,,,100.0,Certain -66-332-3,66,332,3,332-3,There are differences between dialects that cannot be meaningfully characterized as urban/rural differences.,,,100.0,Certain -66-333-3,66,333,3,333-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -66-334-3,66,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -66-335-3,66,335,3,335-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -66-34-1,66,34,1,34-1,,,66-42,100.0,Very certain -66-35-4,66,35,4,35-4,,,66-43 66-44,100.0,Very certain -66-36-1,66,36,1,36-1,,,66-45,100.0,Certain -66-37-5,66,37,5,37-5,The language has an invariant genitive particle right-cliticized to the possessor (phrase). The possessor can be pronominal.,,66-4 66-46,100.0,Very certain -66-38-2,66,38,2,38-2,,,66-47,100.0,Intermediate -66-39-1,66,39,1,39-1,,,66-36 66-48,100.0,Very certain -66-4-1,66,4,1,4-1,,,66-7,100.0,Very certain -66-40-1,66,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-41-1,66,41,1,41-1,The standard is encoded with case suffixation.,,66-49 66-50,100.0,Certain -66-42-3,66,42,3,42-3,"This is dative case marking, but the dative case marker is homophonous with the allative postposition.",,66-50,100.0,Very certain -66-43-1,66,43,1,43-1,,,66-51,100.0,Very certain -66-44-8,66,44,8,44-8,"None of the values apply, since tense and mood morphemes are in complementary distribution. There are no mood morphemes which encode contrastive tense which could therefore be treated as portmanteau morphemes.",,66-24,100.0,Very certain -66-45-1,66,45,1,45-1,,,66-3,100.0,Very certain -66-46-2,66,46,2,46-2,,,66-31,100.0,Very certain -66-47-2,66,47,2,47-2,,,66-52,100.0,Certain -66-48-1,66,48,1,48-1,"There is a finite negation marker, tuma, prefixed to the lexical verb (except in past tense contexts) which permits a (negative) habitual reading.",,,100.0,Intermediate -66-49-3,66,49,3,49-3,,,66-53,100.0,Very certain -66-5-1,66,5,1,5-1,,,66-8,100.0,Very certain +(i.e. no works of fiction).",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-319-3,66,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-32-1,66,32,1,32-1,,,66-29 66-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-320-3,66,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-321-3,66,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-322-3,66,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-323-3,66,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-324-2,66,324,2,324-2,"For the most part, Sri Lankan Malay is not used as a medium of instruction in school. There are few specifically Muslim schools in which a majority of the students are speakers of the language, and this means that the language has not been given a place in schools. In at least two communities, Kirinda and Bolana, all the students attending the local school are Malay. The medium in the Muslim schools there, and outside the larger urban areas generally, is Tamil. Nevertheless, Sri Lankan Malay is often used by local teachers (i.e. not by Moors) for clarification and discipline. It is also used as a medium of instruction in the villages at pre-school level, along with Tamil/Shonam. The pre-school in Kirinda is called Al Hilal.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +66-325-1,66,325,1,325-1,"The use of the language in text messaging and e-mails, in that order, is increasingly widespread. Kirinda young people use Yahoo messenger and other utilities at home in the village and at internet cafes in the towns of Tissamaharama and Hambantota, sending messages in fairly consistent improvised orthography. I have frequently received e-mails, live chat messages and text messages in the Kirinda variety. (Transliterated vernacular speech is increasingly a medium for electronic communication between young people in Sri Lanka.)",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-326-3,66,326,3,326-3,"In Kirinda, the most important language is still Shonam/Tamil, the source language for grammatical replication. For the vast majority of speakers, regardless of the community, there is no contact with the main lexifier language (vehicular Malay). A small urban minority have knowledge of modern Standard Malay, which was not the lexifier, and which is often learned imperfectly due to limited exposure. In Kirinda, contact with Tamil/Shonam is manifested in the strong tendancy to borrow lexical material from Tamil/Shonam. Nevertheless, interpersonal contact with Sinhala speakers is greater, due to the location of the village. For speakers in most other communities (but not the small remaining east coast communities), there is most contact with Sinhala. In urban professional families in the Colombo area, English is now a native language, and is therefore more important than Sinhala in those circles.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own fieldwork +66-327-2,66,327,2,327-2,"There is only minimal dialectal variation, although there are intergenerational differences with respect to prosody.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +66-328-2,66,328,2,328-2,"The morphosyntax of Sri Lankan Malay itself is not highly variable; however, contrasts in the phonological shapes of both bound and free functional elements are striking between the forms used in Kirinda and the southeast in general on the one hand, and those used in Colombo and Kandy and the surrounding areas on the other hand. Complex periphrastic constructions differ to some extent between dialects. Left-headed order within compounds, associated with the Malay lexifier, has been lost in Kirinda.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own fieldwork +66-329-1,66,329,1,329-1,"There is significant regional lexical variation. The Kirinda variety has a large number of phonologically adapted Tamil/Shonam borrowings that have replaced Malay etyma, at least in younger speakers. There are also interdialectal differences in the native Malay items used.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own fieldwork +66-33-2,66,33,2,33-2,"See Examples 39, 40, and 41 for non-distance-related contrasts.",,66-37 66-38 66-39 66-40 66-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-330-2,66,330,2,330-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +66-331-2,66,331,2,331-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +66-332-3,66,332,3,332-3,There are differences between dialects that cannot be meaningfully characterized as urban/rural differences.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-333-3,66,333,3,333-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-334-3,66,334,3,334-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-335-3,66,335,3,335-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-34-1,66,34,1,34-1,,,66-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-35-4,66,35,4,35-4,,,66-43 66-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-36-1,66,36,1,36-1,,,66-45,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-37-5,66,37,5,37-5,The language has an invariant genitive particle right-cliticized to the possessor (phrase). The possessor can be pronominal.,,66-4 66-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +66-38-2,66,38,2,38-2,,,66-47,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +66-39-1,66,39,1,39-1,,,66-36 66-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-4-1,66,4,1,4-1,,,66-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-40-1,66,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-41-1,66,41,1,41-1,The standard is encoded with case suffixation.,,66-49 66-50,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-42-3,66,42,3,42-3,"This is dative case marking, but the dative case marker is homophonous with the allative postposition.",,66-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-43-1,66,43,1,43-1,,,66-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-44-8,66,44,8,44-8,"None of the values apply, since tense and mood morphemes are in complementary distribution. There are no mood morphemes which encode contrastive tense which could therefore be treated as portmanteau morphemes.",,66-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-45-1,66,45,1,45-1,,,66-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-46-2,66,46,2,46-2,,,66-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-47-2,66,47,2,47-2,,,66-52,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-48-1,66,48,1,48-1,"There is a finite negation marker, tuma, prefixed to the lexical verb (except in past tense contexts) which permits a (negative) habitual reading.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-49-3,66,49,3,49-3,,,66-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +66-5-1,66,5,1,5-1,,,66-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 66-50-2,66,50,2,50-2,"In negated contexts, tense and mood contrasts are not explicitly marked on the lexical verb. It is possible to use a predicate adjective (with lexical infinitive) in order to circumvent this constraint, and there is a negative future marker (tuma) that is frequently used with (negative) habitual interpretation in present tense (but never past tense) contexts. If the lexical verb is marked as negative though, this prevents the appearance of tense markers or mood markers in the same position. Examples: ta-kelaatan 'did not see' su-kelaatan 'see' -bole-kelaatan 'can/could see'",,66-54 66-55,100.0,Very certain -66-51-1,66,51,1,51-1,,,66-1 66-56,100.0,Certain -66-52-2,66,52,2,52-2,"The marker in Example 58 is a tense marker (present); however, attaching it to a converted adjective conveys inchoative meaning. For an alternative inchoative construction, see Example 57.",,66-57 66-58,100.0,Certain -66-53-1,66,53,1,53-1,"Aspect change is possible in the sense that the highest verb in the chain, which will be finite, is aspectually independent of the other verbs in the chain. For verbs that truly serialize, the aspect is consistent across the chain.",,66-59,100.0,Certain -66-54-7,66,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-55-1,66,55,1,55-1,,,66-60 66-61,100.0,Very certain +bole-kelaatan 'can/could see'",,66-54 66-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +66-51-1,66,51,1,51-1,,,66-1 66-56,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-52-2,66,52,2,52-2,"The marker in Example 58 is a tense marker (present); however, attaching it to a converted adjective conveys inchoative meaning. For an alternative inchoative construction, see Example 57.",,66-57 66-58,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-53-1,66,53,1,53-1,"Aspect change is possible in the sense that the highest verb in the chain, which will be finite, is aspectually independent of the other verbs in the chain. For verbs that truly serialize, the aspect is consistent across the chain.",,66-59,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-54-7,66,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +66-55-1,66,55,1,55-1,,,66-60 66-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 66-56-2,66,56,2,56-2,"A negative imperative verb suffix tussa is etymologically a contraction of tak usah -('not necessary').",,66-32 66-62 66-63,100.0,Very certain -66-57-2,66,57,2,57-2,"The reality is fairly variable. Definite NPs will be accusative-marked; however, indefinite NPs are much less likely to be (only) partially consistent with the Tamil definiteness requirement. There is no animacy requirement for accusative marking, contra Sinhala. Unique objects, by definition definite, as in Example 65, are not accusative-marked.",,66-28 66-64 66-65,100.0,Certain -66-58-2,66,58,2,58-2,,,66-1 66-26 66-66 66-67,100.0,Very certain -66-59-2,66,59,2,59-2,,,66-46 66-68,100.0,Very certain -66-6-2,66,6,2,6-2,"The position of the numeral is variable; however, the grammaticality of a numeral preceding an attributively modified noun is questionable.",,,30.0,Very certain -66-6-1,66,6,1,6-1,"The position of the numeral is variable; however, the grammaticality of a numeral preceding an attributively modified noun is questionable.",,66-2,70.0,Very certain -66-60-1,66,60,1,60-1,,,66-34 66-70,100.0,Certain -66-61-4,66,61,4,61-4,,,66-34,41.6666666666667,Certain -66-61-3,66,61,3,61-3,,,66-72,41.6666666666667,Certain -66-61-2,66,61,2,61-2,,,66-71,8.33333333333333,Certain -66-61-1,66,61,1,61-1,,,,8.33333333333333,Certain -66-62-5,66,62,5,62-5,,,66-73,100.0,Very certain -66-63-2,66,63,2,63-2,,,66-74 66-75,100.0,Very certain -66-64-2,66,64,2,64-2,,,66-76,100.0,Very certain -66-65-6,66,65,6,65-6,,,66-77,100.0,Very certain -66-66-5,66,66,5,66-5,The dative-marked NP in subject position is the experiencer with several verbs such as this one involving feeling.,,66-78,100.0,Very certain -66-67-6,66,67,6,67-6,,,66-79,100.0,Intermediate -66-68-1,66,68,1,68-1,,,66-80,100.0,Very certain -66-69-3,66,69,3,69-3,This is etymologically an adposition and it is still transparently an adposition in some varieties. -ring is a reduced from of -daring which is the Malay preposition dari with a velar nasal coda.,,66-81,100.0,Very certain -66-7-2,66,7,2,7-2,,,66-9,100.0,Very certain -66-70-2,66,70,2,70-2,,,66-5 66-82,100.0,Very certain -66-71-2,66,71,2,71-2,,,66-83 66-85,100.0,Certain -66-72-1,66,72,1,72-1,,,66-86 66-87,100.0,Very certain -66-73-2,66,73,2,73-2,,,66-8,100.0,Very certain -66-74-2,66,74,2,74-2,"The predicative adjective occurs with an auxiliary with copular function in change of state contexts (i.e. where the adjective ordinarily meaning 'red' is to be interpreted as ‘become red’). Otherwise, the same auxiliary with copular function is used for non-present tense contexts, for example to mark past tense.",,66-10 66-48,100.0,Certain -66-75-1,66,75,1,75-1,,,66-88,100.0,Certain -66-76-2,66,76,2,76-2,,,66-88 66-89,100.0,Very certain -66-77-2,66,77,2,77-2,"The construction is a dative existential construction, as in ""To me there is a red flower.""",,66-90,100.0,Very certain -66-78-5,66,78,5,78-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-79-3,66,79,3,79-3,,,66-93,100.0,Very certain -66-8-1,66,8,1,8-1,,,66-10,100.0,Certain -66-80-3,66,80,3,80-3,,,66-94 66-95,100.0,Very certain -66-81-2,66,81,2,81-2,,,66-91 66-92,100.0,Very certain -66-82-2,66,82,2,82-2,,,66-96,100.0,Certain -66-83-6,66,83,6,83-6,,,66-97,100.0,Very uncertain -66-84-3,66,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -66-85-2,66,85,2,85-2,,,66-98,100.0,Intermediate -66-86-5,66,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Intermediate -66-87-3,66,87,3,87-3,,,66-99,100.0,Very certain -66-88-2,66,88,2,88-2,,,66-100 66-101,100.0,Very certain -66-89-1,66,89,1,89-1,The only formal difference between the two is plural number in the reciprocal construction.,,66-102 66-35,100.0,Very certain -66-9-4,66,9,4,9-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -66-90-4,66,90,4,90-4,"The passive construction (with accusative-marked patient) in Sri Lankan Malay may be restricted to adversative contexts in the Colombo area dialect. It is completely productive in the Kirinda dialect, however.",,66-103,100.0,Certain -66-91-8,66,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -66-92-4,66,92,4,92-4,"The Colombo and Kandy area dialects have a relative pronoun (nya- prefixed to the verb), whereas the Kirinda dialect does not. The head noun always occurs to the right of the relative clause.",867[64-65],66-104 66-106,70.0,Certain -66-92-7,66,92,7,92-7,"The Colombo and Kandy area dialects have a relative pronoun (nya- prefixed to the verb), whereas the Kirinda dialect does not. The head noun always occurs to the right of the relative clause.",867[64-65],66-105,30.0,Certain -66-93-8,66,93,8,93-8,"The head always appears to the right of the relative clause. Some speakers (see Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"") use a relativizer which cliticizes to the left edge of the verb in the relative clause (as in Example 105). This is homophonous with a past tense marker, however, which creates a certain degree of ambiguity.",,66-105,30.0,Certain -66-93-4,66,93,4,93-4,"The head always appears to the right of the relative clause. Some speakers (see Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"") use a relativizer which cliticizes to the left edge of the verb in the relative clause (as in Example 105). This is homophonous with a past tense marker, however, which creates a certain degree of ambiguity.",,66-107 66-45,70.0,Very certain -66-94-9,66,94,9,94-9,"Relativization consists of a left-branching adjectival phrase, without extraction or resumption. No specific instrumental case-marking is used.",,66-108 66-109,100.0,Intermediate -66-95-3,66,95,3,95-3,,,66-110,100.0,Very certain -66-96-3,66,96,3,96-3,Kata is etymologically 'say' in keeping with a strong tendency in the regional sprachbund. The literal/etymological meaning is not necessarily transparent to contemporary speakers however.,,66-111,100.0,Certain -66-97-1,66,97,1,97-1,,,66-65,100.0,Very certain +('not necessary').",,66-32 66-62 66-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +66-57-2,66,57,2,57-2,"The reality is fairly variable. Definite NPs will be accusative-marked; however, indefinite NPs are much less likely to be (only) partially consistent with the Tamil definiteness requirement. There is no animacy requirement for accusative marking, contra Sinhala. Unique objects, by definition definite, as in Example 65, are not accusative-marked.",,66-28 66-64 66-65,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +66-58-2,66,58,2,58-2,,,66-1 66-26 66-66 66-67,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +66-59-2,66,59,2,59-2,,,66-46 66-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +66-6-2,66,6,2,6-2,"The position of the numeral is variable; however, the grammaticality of a numeral preceding an attributively modified noun is questionable.",,,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-6-1,66,6,1,6-1,"The position of the numeral is variable; however, the grammaticality of a numeral preceding an attributively modified noun is questionable.",,66-2,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-60-1,66,60,1,60-1,,,66-34 66-70,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-61-4,66,61,4,61-4,,,66-34,41.6666666666667,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-9-0000FF-9-FF0000-42-FFB6C1-42-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +66-61-3,66,61,3,61-3,,,66-72,41.6666666666667,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-9-0000FF-9-FF0000-42-FFB6C1-42-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +66-61-2,66,61,2,61-2,,,66-71,8.33333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-9-0000FF-9-FF0000-42-FFB6C1-42-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +66-61-1,66,61,1,61-1,,,,8.33333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-9-0000FF-9-FF0000-42-FFB6C1-42-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +66-62-5,66,62,5,62-5,,,66-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +66-63-2,66,63,2,63-2,,,66-74 66-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-64-2,66,64,2,64-2,,,66-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-65-6,66,65,6,65-6,,,66-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-66-5,66,66,5,66-5,The dative-marked NP in subject position is the experiencer with several verbs such as this one involving feeling.,,66-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-67-6,66,67,6,67-6,,,66-79,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-68-1,66,68,1,68-1,,,66-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-69-3,66,69,3,69-3,This is etymologically an adposition and it is still transparently an adposition in some varieties. -ring is a reduced from of -daring which is the Malay preposition dari with a velar nasal coda.,,66-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-7-2,66,7,2,7-2,,,66-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +66-70-2,66,70,2,70-2,,,66-5 66-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-71-2,66,71,2,71-2,,,66-83 66-85,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-72-1,66,72,1,72-1,,,66-86 66-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-73-2,66,73,2,73-2,,,66-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-74-2,66,74,2,74-2,"The predicative adjective occurs with an auxiliary with copular function in change of state contexts (i.e. where the adjective ordinarily meaning 'red' is to be interpreted as ‘become red’). Otherwise, the same auxiliary with copular function is used for non-present tense contexts, for example to mark past tense.",,66-10 66-48,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-75-1,66,75,1,75-1,,,66-88,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-76-2,66,76,2,76-2,,,66-88 66-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-77-2,66,77,2,77-2,"The construction is a dative existential construction, as in ""To me there is a red flower.""",,66-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +66-78-5,66,78,5,78-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-79-3,66,79,3,79-3,,,66-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-8-1,66,8,1,8-1,,,66-10,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-80-3,66,80,3,80-3,,,66-94 66-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-81-2,66,81,2,81-2,,,66-91 66-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-82-2,66,82,2,82-2,,,66-96,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-83-6,66,83,6,83-6,,,66-97,100.0,Very uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-84-3,66,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-85-2,66,85,2,85-2,,,66-98,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-86-5,66,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-87-3,66,87,3,87-3,,,66-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-88-2,66,88,2,88-2,,,66-100 66-101,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-89-1,66,89,1,89-1,The only formal difference between the two is plural number in the reciprocal construction.,,66-102 66-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-9-4,66,9,4,9-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-90-4,66,90,4,90-4,"The passive construction (with accusative-marked patient) in Sri Lankan Malay may be restricted to adversative contexts in the Colombo area dialect. It is completely productive in the Kirinda dialect, however.",,66-103,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-91-8,66,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +66-92-4,66,92,4,92-4,"The Colombo and Kandy area dialects have a relative pronoun (nya- prefixed to the verb), whereas the Kirinda dialect does not. The head noun always occurs to the right of the relative clause.",867[64-65],66-104 66-106,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-92-7,66,92,7,92-7,"The Colombo and Kandy area dialects have a relative pronoun (nya- prefixed to the verb), whereas the Kirinda dialect does not. The head noun always occurs to the right of the relative clause.",867[64-65],66-105,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-93-8,66,93,8,93-8,"The head always appears to the right of the relative clause. Some speakers (see Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"") use a relativizer which cliticizes to the left edge of the verb in the relative clause (as in Example 105). This is homophonous with a past tense marker, however, which creates a certain degree of ambiguity.",,66-105,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-93-4,66,93,4,93-4,"The head always appears to the right of the relative clause. Some speakers (see Feature 92 ""Subject relative clauses"") use a relativizer which cliticizes to the left edge of the verb in the relative clause (as in Example 105). This is homophonous with a past tense marker, however, which creates a certain degree of ambiguity.",,66-107 66-45,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +66-94-9,66,94,9,94-9,"Relativization consists of a left-branching adjectival phrase, without extraction or resumption. No specific instrumental case-marking is used.",,66-108 66-109,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-95-3,66,95,3,95-3,,,66-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +66-96-3,66,96,3,96-3,Kata is etymologically 'say' in keeping with a strong tendency in the regional sprachbund. The literal/etymological meaning is not necessarily transparent to contemporary speakers however.,,66-111,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-97-1,66,97,1,97-1,,,66-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 66-98-6,66,98,6,98-6,"Sentences with 'want' have no complementizer, but take an infinitival complement. -In the context of Examples 112 and 111, biCaya (lit. 'believe') is the most appropriate verb.",,66-111 66-112 66-113 66-114,100.0,Very certain -66-99-1,66,99,1,99-1,,,66-115,100.0,Very certain -67-0-8,67,0,8,0-8,,,,100.0, -67-1-2,67,1,2,1-2,,708,67-1 67-2,100.0,Very certain -67-10-1,67,10,1,10-1,"In Bazaar Malay, the numeral satu 'one' is used as an indefinite article.","708[76, 81]",67-28,100.0,Very certain -67-100-4,67,100,4,100-4,"In Bazaar Malay, the negator tak 'not' is used with a VP predicate, bukan 'not' with an NP predicate and tak/bukan 'not' with an adjectival predicate. Jangan 'don't' is used before the predicate to negate the imperative sentence.",708[137],67-204 67-205 67-206,100.0,Very certain -67-101-1,67,101,1,101-1,,708[137],67-163 67-207,100.0,Very certain -67-102-1,67,102,1,102-1,,708[414],67-208,100.0,Very certain +In the context of Examples 112 and 111, biCaya (lit. 'believe') is the most appropriate verb.",,66-111 66-112 66-113 66-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +66-99-1,66,99,1,99-1,,,66-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}","M.T.M. Rihan, p.c." +67-0-8,67,0,8,0-8,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +67-1-2,67,1,2,1-2,,708,67-1 67-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-10-1,67,10,1,10-1,"In Bazaar Malay, the numeral satu 'one' is used as an indefinite article.","708[76, 81]",67-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +67-100-4,67,100,4,100-4,"In Bazaar Malay, the negator tak 'not' is used with a VP predicate, bukan 'not' with an NP predicate and tak/bukan 'not' with an adjectival predicate. Jangan 'don't' is used before the predicate to negate the imperative sentence.",708[137],67-204 67-205 67-206,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +67-101-1,67,101,1,101-1,,708[137],67-163 67-207,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-102-1,67,102,1,102-1,,708[414],67-208,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 67-103-7,67,103,7,103-7,"In Bazaar Malay, polar questions can be marked in 3 different ways: (1) rising intonation contour occurring at the end of the question; @@ -19774,7 +19774,7 @@ In the context of Examples 112 and 111, biCaya (lit. 'believe') is the most appr Following Standard Malay structure, one of my informants who knew Standard Malay used ada ka kamu cikgu [be Q 2SG teacher] 'Are you a teacher?' The standard form is rarely used. -Two of these forms can be used simultaneously.","708[86, 87, 137-139]",67-210,46.6666666666667,Very certain +Two of these forms can be used simultaneously.","708[86, 87, 137-139]",67-210,46.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-47-FFFFFF-47-0000FF-7-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 67-103-2,67,103,2,103-2,"In Bazaar Malay, polar questions can be marked in 3 different ways: (1) rising intonation contour occurring at the end of the question; @@ -19783,7 +19783,7 @@ Two of these forms can be used simultaneously.","708[86, 87, 137-139]",67-210,46 Following Standard Malay structure, one of my informants who knew Standard Malay used ada ka kamu cikgu [be Q 2SG teacher] 'Are you a teacher?' The standard form is rarely used. -Two of these forms can be used simultaneously.","708[86, 87, 137-139]",67-209,46.6666666666667,Very certain +Two of these forms can be used simultaneously.","708[86, 87, 137-139]",67-209,46.6666666666667,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-47-FFFFFF-47-0000FF-7-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 67-103-8,67,103,8,103-8,"In Bazaar Malay, polar questions can be marked in 3 different ways: (1) rising intonation contour occurring at the end of the question; @@ -19792,8 +19792,8 @@ Two of these forms can be used simultaneously.","708[86, 87, 137-139]",67-209,46 Following Standard Malay structure, one of my informants who knew Standard Malay used ada ka kamu cikgu [be Q 2SG teacher] 'Are you a teacher?' The standard form is rarely used. -Two of these forms can be used simultaneously.","708[86, 87, 137-139]",67-211,6.66666666666667,Very certain -67-104-6,67,104,6,104-6,,708[341],67-212,100.0,Very certain +Two of these forms can be used simultaneously.","708[86, 87, 137-139]",67-211,6.66666666666667,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-47-FFFFFF-47-0000FF-7-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-104-6,67,104,6,104-6,,708[341],67-212,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}", 67-105-3,67,105,3,105-3,"Ada, used together with either a VP predicate or AP predicate, serves as an emphatic marker, denoting the assertion or affirmation of the state or event mentioned in the sentence. In this sense, the role of ada in Bazaar Malay is somewhat similar to that of emphatic do in English, as in the following: (1) He did say he would be here at nine, didn’t he? (Quirk et al. 1986: 79) @@ -19801,24 +19801,24 @@ Two of these forms can be used simultaneously.","708[86, 87, 137-139]",67-211,6. (Quirk et al. 1986: 79) The crucial difference is that in Bazaar Malay, ada as the emphatic marker always affirms a situation in the past when the predicate is a VP. When the AP-predicate is -used, the time frame is decided upon by context.","708[174, 101]",67-214,100.0,Very certain -67-106-2,67,106,2,106-2,"To express the meaning of 'too' or 'also', Bazaar Malay uses two Malay focus particles juga and pun. They normally follow the constituent with which they have syntactic relation.",708[70],67-216 67-217,100.0,Very certain -67-107-1,67,107,1,107-1,,708[151],67-218 67-219,100.0,Very certain -67-108-4,67,108,4,108-4,,708[42-61],,100.0,Very certain -67-109-2,67,109,2,109-2,"In Bazaar Malay, as far as my data is concerned, there are words (budak 'child' or ank 'child/offspring') which derive from Malay, but the use of words which derive from pequninho is not observed.",708[467],,100.0,Very certain -67-11-2,67,11,2,11-2,,,67-29,100.0,Very certain -67-110-2,67,110,2,110-2,"In Bazaar Malay, to express the meaning 'know how to do', Bazaar Malay speakers use tahu which also derives from the Malay lexifier.",708[66],,100.0,Very certain -67-111-2,67,111,2,111-2,Bazaar Malay uses the Malay word for 'tears' which consists of two morphemes air mata [water eye] 'tears'.,708[92],67-221,100.0,Very certain -67-112-1,67,112,1,112-1,"In Malay, 'arm' and 'hand' are two different words, lengan and tangan respectively. However, in Bazaar Malay, the same word tangan is used to refer to both, probably because the exact meaning can be inferred from the context.",708[334],67-222,100.0,Very certain +used, the time frame is decided upon by context.","708[174, 101]",67-214,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-106-2,67,106,2,106-2,"To express the meaning of 'too' or 'also', Bazaar Malay uses two Malay focus particles juga and pun. They normally follow the constituent with which they have syntactic relation.",708[70],67-216 67-217,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +67-107-1,67,107,1,107-1,,708[151],67-218 67-219,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-108-4,67,108,4,108-4,,708[42-61],,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +67-109-2,67,109,2,109-2,"In Bazaar Malay, as far as my data is concerned, there are words (budak 'child' or ank 'child/offspring') which derive from Malay, but the use of words which derive from pequninho is not observed.",708[467],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-11-2,67,11,2,11-2,,,67-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +67-110-2,67,110,2,110-2,"In Bazaar Malay, to express the meaning 'know how to do', Bazaar Malay speakers use tahu which also derives from the Malay lexifier.",708[66],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-111-2,67,111,2,111-2,Bazaar Malay uses the Malay word for 'tears' which consists of two morphemes air mata [water eye] 'tears'.,708[92],67-221,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-112-1,67,112,1,112-1,"In Malay, 'arm' and 'hand' are two different words, lengan and tangan respectively. However, in Bazaar Malay, the same word tangan is used to refer to both, probably because the exact meaning can be inferred from the context.",708[334],67-222,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 67-113-4,67,113,4,113-4,"Bazaar Malay uses jari [finger] to refer to 'finger' and jari kaki [finger foot] to refer to 'toe'. -When I asked the informants during data collection, they used jari to refer to finger and jari kaki to refer to 'toe'. When I asked them again, they used jari tangan to refer to 'finger' and jari kaki to refer to 'toe'. Thus, what I concluded was that jari stands for both 'finger' and 'toe', and the exact meaning can be inferred from the context. If it is for emphasis, they may tend to use jari tangan to refer to 'finger' and jari kaki to refer to 'toe'.",,67-223 67-224 67-239,100.0,Unspecified +When I asked the informants during data collection, they used jari to refer to finger and jari kaki to refer to 'toe'. When I asked them again, they used jari tangan to refer to 'finger' and jari kaki to refer to 'toe'. Thus, what I concluded was that jari stands for both 'finger' and 'toe', and the exact meaning can be inferred from the context. If it is for emphasis, they may tend to use jari tangan to refer to 'finger' and jari kaki to refer to 'toe'.",,67-223 67-224 67-239,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge 67-114-1,67,114,1,114-1,"As far as my data is concerned, there is no situation in which my informants need to refer to body hair and feather. However, although not recorded, I heard a speaker mention bulu to refer to body hair as well as feather. This is also the case in Malay. Both Bazaar Malay and Malay have the same word for 'hair', that is, rambut/lambut. -Rambut/lambut refers only to hair on head but bulu refers to body hair or birds' feathers. The name of the fruit rambutan derives fom the morpheme rambut 'hair' + the suffix -an which means the fruit with hair while durian derives from duri 'thorn' + the suffix -an, which means the fruit with thorns.",,67-225,100.0,Intermediate -67-115-2,67,115,2,115-2,Bazaar Maaly uses dengar/lengar to mean 'hear' and bau to mean 'smell'.,"708[461, 339]",67-226 67-227,100.0,Very certain -67-116-2,67,116,2,116-2,"Bazaar Malay uses two different colour terms which derive from the Malay lexifier to represent green and blue. They are hijau and biru/bilu with some phonological variations. Biru, which means 'blue', is a Malay word. Although it seems as if it derived from the English word blue, Bazaar Malay speakers realize /r/ in biru as /l/ and hence bilu.",,67-228 67-229,100.0,Very certain +Rambut/lambut refers only to hair on head but bulu refers to body hair or birds' feathers. The name of the fruit rambutan derives fom the morpheme rambut 'hair' + the suffix -an which means the fruit with hair while durian derives from duri 'thorn' + the suffix -an, which means the fruit with thorns.",,67-225,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +67-115-2,67,115,2,115-2,Bazaar Maaly uses dengar/lengar to mean 'hear' and bau to mean 'smell'.,"708[461, 339]",67-226 67-227,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-116-2,67,116,2,116-2,"Bazaar Malay uses two different colour terms which derive from the Malay lexifier to represent green and blue. They are hijau and biru/bilu with some phonological variations. Biru, which means 'blue', is a Malay word. Although it seems as if it derived from the English word blue, Bazaar Malay speakers realize /r/ in biru as /l/ and hence bilu.",,67-228 67-229,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 67-117-2,67,117,2,117-2,"With reference to sex-denoting element, the situation in which I collected data did not involve any topic concerning the sex of animals. However, they did talk about human beings. It is interesting to find that Bazaar Malay speakers tend to use the non-human sex denoting elements of Malay, jantan for male and betina for female while Malay has two different pairs: jantan and betina for non-human and lelaki 'man' and prempuam 'woman' for human nouns. But it is less likely for Malay speakers to use human sex denoting elements with animals. -Judging from the way they use these words with humans, I am quite sure that they will use the same sex-denoting words with animals, as these are the words used together with animals in its lexifier language, Malay.",708,67-230 67-231 67-238,100.0,Very certain -67-118-1,67,118,1,118-1,Bazaar Malay words consist of syllables which have a vowel as the core constituent which may or may not be preceded and followed by consonants. No consonant cluster occurs as the onset or the coda. Vowels in Bazaar Malay are vocalic while consonants are non-vocalic.,708,67-232 67-233,100.0,Very certain +Judging from the way they use these words with humans, I am quite sure that they will use the same sex-denoting words with animals, as these are the words used together with animals in its lexifier language, Malay.",708,67-230 67-231 67-238,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +67-118-1,67,118,1,118-1,Bazaar Malay words consist of syllables which have a vowel as the core constituent which may or may not be preceded and followed by consonants. No consonant cluster occurs as the onset or the coda. Vowels in Bazaar Malay are vocalic while consonants are non-vocalic.,708,67-232 67-233,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 67-119-2,67,119,2,119-2,"While there is no restriction on the consonants occurring in the onsets, not all the consonants can occur as a coda in Bazaar Malay. No voiced stops or palatals occur in this position. Consonants occurring as a coda in Bazaar Malay are: 1) The voiceless stops, /p/, /t/ and /k/ @@ -19826,173 +19826,173 @@ Judging from the way they use these words with humans, I am quite sure that they 3) All the nasals /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, except for the palatal nasal 4) The liquids /l/ and /r/ -As in Malay, voiceless stops occurring as coda are unaspirated and unreleased in Bazaar Malay. Words ending in , in ordinary orthography, are replaced by a glottalstop /ʔ/ in terms of oral articulation.",708[57],67-234 67-235,100.0,Very certain -67-12-2,67,12,2,12-2,,708,67-31,75.0,Very certain -67-12-1,67,12,1,12-1,,708,67-30,25.0,Very certain -67-120-1,67,120,1,120-1,,708[209],,100.0,Very certain -67-121-2,67,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -67-122-4,67,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -67-123-1,67,123,1,123-1,"Like the vowel /e/, the schwa /ə/ is represented by the letter in writing and referred to as “the pepet” in Malay linguistics (Winstedt 1957: 8). Generally speaking, this sound does not occur in word-final open syllables in the speech of most Bazaar Malay speakers in Singapore.",,67-261,100.0, -67-124-5,67,124,5,124-5,,,,100.0, -67-125-4,67,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -67-126-4,67,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -67-127-6,67,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -67-128-1,67,128,1,128-1,"The palatal nasal /ɲ/ is indicated with the combination of the letters in writing. Unlike other nasals, it never occurs in final position.",,67-253,100.0, -67-129-2,67,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -67-13-1,67,13,1,13-1,,708[73],67-32 67-33,100.0,Very certain +As in Malay, voiceless stops occurring as coda are unaspirated and unreleased in Bazaar Malay. Words ending in , in ordinary orthography, are replaced by a glottalstop /ʔ/ in terms of oral articulation.",708[57],67-234 67-235,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +67-12-2,67,12,2,12-2,,708,67-31,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-75-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-12-1,67,12,1,12-1,,708,67-30,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FF0000-75-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-120-1,67,120,1,120-1,,708[209],,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-121-2,67,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +67-122-4,67,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-123-1,67,123,1,123-1,"Like the vowel /e/, the schwa /ə/ is represented by the letter in writing and referred to as “the pepet” in Malay linguistics (Winstedt 1957: 8). Generally speaking, this sound does not occur in word-final open syllables in the speech of most Bazaar Malay speakers in Singapore.",,67-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Winstedt 1957 +67-124-5,67,124,5,124-5,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-125-4,67,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-126-4,67,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-127-6,67,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-128-1,67,128,1,128-1,"The palatal nasal /ɲ/ is indicated with the combination of the letters in writing. Unlike other nasals, it never occurs in final position.",,67-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-129-2,67,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-13-1,67,13,1,13-1,,708[73],67-32 67-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", 67-130-1,67,130,1,130-1,"In the Standard Malay writing system, the letter can occur in all word positions. However, for Bazaar Malay speakers, the glottal fricative /h/ as a phoneme does not occur in all positions. As in other non-Standard Malay varieties, Bazaar Malay speakers tend to not pronounce this glottal fricative, especially when the orthographic occurs word-initially or word-finally, although some of them are aware of the presence of in the writing system (see also Pakir 1986: 55; Zaharani 1991: 28): hantu [han.tu]/[an.tu] 'ghost' hilang [hi.laŋ]/[i.laŋ] 'lose' mahu [ma.hu]/[ma.u]/[mao] 'want' mahal [ma.hal]/[ma.al]/[ma.a] 'expensive' lebih [le.be] 'more' -putih [pu.te] 'white'",1701,67-250,100.0, -67-131,67,131,1,131-1,"The voiceless bilabial stop /p/ which is not aspirated occurs in all word positions. When it occurs in word-final position, it is unreleased.",,67-240,100.0, -67-132,67,132,1,132-1,"In Bazaar Malay, the voiced bilabial stop /b/ occurs word-initially and word-medially. This consonant does not occur word-finally except in some loanwords.",,67-242,100.0, -67-133,67,133,1,133-1,"In Bazaar Malay, the voiceless alveolar stop /t/ is unaspirated and occurs in all positions.",,67-243,100.0, +putih [pu.te] 'white'",1701,67-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-131,67,131,1,131-1,"The voiceless bilabial stop /p/ which is not aspirated occurs in all word positions. When it occurs in word-final position, it is unreleased.",,67-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-132,67,132,1,132-1,"In Bazaar Malay, the voiced bilabial stop /b/ occurs word-initially and word-medially. This consonant does not occur word-finally except in some loanwords.",,67-242,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-133,67,133,1,133-1,"In Bazaar Malay, the voiceless alveolar stop /t/ is unaspirated and occurs in all positions.",,67-243,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 67-134,67,134,1,134-1,"The distribution of the voiced alveolar stop /d/ is limited to initial and medial positions. Note that elderly Bazaar Malay speakers (either Chinese or Indian) and middle-aged informants who have had constant contact with old people in their working environment tend to substitute the homorganic segment /l/ for /d/ in non-final positions of Bazaar Malay words: dapat [da.pat]/[la.pat] 'get' ada [a.da]/[a.la] 'have' sudah [su.da]/[su.la] 'already' -If it occurs in the final position of loan words, it is pronounced like /t/: murid [mu.rit] 'student'.",,67-244,100.0, -67-137,67,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -67-138,67,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -67-139,67,139,1,139-1,This consonant only occurs word-initially and word-finally.,,67-247,100.0, -67-14-1,67,14,1,14-1,,,67-34 67-35,100.0,Very certain -67-140,67,140,1,140-1,"As its voiceless counterpart, [d͡ʒ] occurs word-initially and word-finally.",,67-248,100.0, -67-143,67,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -67-144,67,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -67-145,67,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -67-146,67,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -67-147,67,147,1,147-1,"The voiceless velar stop /k/ (represented by the letter in writing) occurs in word-initial, word-medial and word-final positions. Like other stops, it is unaspirated. Note that the orthographic in Standard Malay spelling is pronounced as a glottal stop /ʔ/ in the following situations: (i) when it occurs in word-final position and (ii) when it is followed by a consonant in intervocalic position.",,67-241,100.0, -67-148,67,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -67-149,67,149,1,149-1,"As in Malay, the voiced velar stop /g/, represented as in writing, only occurs in initial and medial positions of Bazaar Malay words.",,67-245,100.0, +If it occurs in the final position of loan words, it is pronounced like /t/: murid [mu.rit] 'student'.",,67-244,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-137,67,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-138,67,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-139,67,139,1,139-1,This consonant only occurs word-initially and word-finally.,,67-247,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-14-1,67,14,1,14-1,,,67-34 67-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +67-140,67,140,1,140-1,"As its voiceless counterpart, [d͡ʒ] occurs word-initially and word-finally.",,67-248,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-143,67,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-144,67,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-145,67,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-146,67,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-147,67,147,1,147-1,"The voiceless velar stop /k/ (represented by the letter in writing) occurs in word-initial, word-medial and word-final positions. Like other stops, it is unaspirated. Note that the orthographic in Standard Malay spelling is pronounced as a glottal stop /ʔ/ in the following situations: (i) when it occurs in word-final position and (ii) when it is followed by a consonant in intervocalic position.",,67-241,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-148,67,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-149,67,149,1,149-1,"As in Malay, the voiced velar stop /g/, represented as in writing, only occurs in initial and medial positions of Bazaar Malay words.",,67-245,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 67-15-1,67,15,1,15-1,"The lexifier, Malay, has an inclusive/exclusive opposition in the first person plural pronouns. For example, kita (inclusive); -kami (exclusive).This is not the case with Bazaar Malay. Bazaar Malay uses kita or kitaorang which means 'we'. Here, orang, which is used as the plural marker, is added to the first person plural kita which also means 'we'.",708[73],67-36,100.0,Very certain -67-151,67,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -67-152,67,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -67-153,67,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, +kami (exclusive).This is not the case with Bazaar Malay. Bazaar Malay uses kita or kitaorang which means 'we'. Here, orang, which is used as the plural marker, is added to the first person plural kita which also means 'we'.",708[73],67-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +67-151,67,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-152,67,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-153,67,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 67-155,67,155,2,155-2,"The glottal stop /ʔ/ replaces the orthographic when it occurs word-finally or before the syllable boundary in the Standard Malay writing system, e.g. balik [ba.leʔ] 'return', duduk [du.duʔ] 'sit', tak [taʔ] 'not'. In this case, /ʔ/ is considered an allophone of the velar stop as they are in complementary distribution, that is, while the former occurs in the positions mentioned above, the latter does not. The glottal stop in non-word-final positions is observed in loanwords. As noted by Mintz (1994: 11), the glottal stop in Bazaar Malay may also occur between two identical vowels as in Malay. In this case, however, it is not represented at all in the -writing system: saat [saʔ.aʔ] 'time/moment', maaf [maʔ.aʔ] 'forgive'.",1700,67-246,100.0, -67-156,67,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -67-158,67,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -67-159,67,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -67-16-1,67,16,1,16-1,,708[73],67-37,100.0,Very certain -67-160,67,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -67-161,67,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -67-163,67,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -67-168,67,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -67-169,67,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -67-17-1,67,17,1,17-1,"The Malay lexifier has the clitic -nya 'he/she/it/they' when it occurs as the object or the possessor. However, in my data it occurred only once and it was used by a Baba Chinese and I do not consider it part of the Bazaar Malay lexicon.",708[73],67-38 67-39,100.0,Very certain -67-170,67,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -67-171,67,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -67-172,67,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -67-173,67,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -67-174,67,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -67-176,67,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -67-178,67,178,1,178-1,"The bilabial nasal /m/, represented by the letter , occurs in all word positions in Bazaar Malay.",,67-251,100.0, -67-179,67,179,1,179-1,"Like the bilabial nasal, the alveolar nasal /n/ represented by the letter can occur word-initially, word-medially and word-finally.",,67-252,100.0, -67-18-2,67,18,2,18-2,,708[73],67-40 67-41,100.0,Very certain -67-180,67,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -67-181,67,181,1,181-1,"The palatal nasal /ɲ/ is indicated with the combination of the letters in writing. Unlike other nasals, it never occurs in final position.",,67-253,100.0, -67-182,67,182,1,182-1,"The velar nasal /ŋ/ is represented by the combination of the two letters in writing. As in Malay, it occurs in all word positions in Bazaar Malay.",,67-254,100.0, -67-183,67,183,1,183-1,"The alveolar tap /r/ can occur in word-initial and medial positions. Note that when the sound /r/ occurs in word-initial or intervocalic syllable-initial positions, elderly (and some middle-aged) Bazaar Malay speakers are inclined to replace it with its homorganic segment /l/.",,67-255,100.0, -67-184,67,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -67-187,67,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -67-188,67,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -67-189,67,189,4,189-4,,,,100.0, -67-19-2,67,19,2,19-2,,708[140],67-42 67-43 67-44 67-45 67-46 67-47,100.0,Very certain -67-190,67,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -67-191,67,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -67-192,67,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -67-193,67,193,1,193-1,The alveolar fricative /s/ can occur in all word positions.,,67-249,100.0, -67-194,67,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -67-195,67,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -67-196,67,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -67-199,67,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, +writing system: saat [saʔ.aʔ] 'time/moment', maaf [maʔ.aʔ] 'forgive'.",1700,67-246,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +67-156,67,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-158,67,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-159,67,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-16-1,67,16,1,16-1,,708[73],67-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-160,67,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-161,67,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-163,67,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-168,67,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-169,67,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-17-1,67,17,1,17-1,"The Malay lexifier has the clitic -nya 'he/she/it/they' when it occurs as the object or the possessor. However, in my data it occurred only once and it was used by a Baba Chinese and I do not consider it part of the Bazaar Malay lexicon.",708[73],67-38 67-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-170,67,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-171,67,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-172,67,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-173,67,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-174,67,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-176,67,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-178,67,178,1,178-1,"The bilabial nasal /m/, represented by the letter , occurs in all word positions in Bazaar Malay.",,67-251,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-179,67,179,1,179-1,"Like the bilabial nasal, the alveolar nasal /n/ represented by the letter can occur word-initially, word-medially and word-finally.",,67-252,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-18-2,67,18,2,18-2,,708[73],67-40 67-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-180,67,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-181,67,181,1,181-1,"The palatal nasal /ɲ/ is indicated with the combination of the letters in writing. Unlike other nasals, it never occurs in final position.",,67-253,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-182,67,182,1,182-1,"The velar nasal /ŋ/ is represented by the combination of the two letters in writing. As in Malay, it occurs in all word positions in Bazaar Malay.",,67-254,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-183,67,183,1,183-1,"The alveolar tap /r/ can occur in word-initial and medial positions. Note that when the sound /r/ occurs in word-initial or intervocalic syllable-initial positions, elderly (and some middle-aged) Bazaar Malay speakers are inclined to replace it with its homorganic segment /l/.",,67-255,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-184,67,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-187,67,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-188,67,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-189,67,189,4,189-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-19-2,67,19,2,19-2,,708[140],67-42 67-43 67-44 67-45 67-46 67-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +67-190,67,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-191,67,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-192,67,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-193,67,193,1,193-1,The alveolar fricative /s/ can occur in all word positions.,,67-249,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-194,67,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-195,67,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-196,67,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-199,67,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 67-2-2,67,2,2,2-2,"Value 1 with the use of the possessive marker is most common of the possessive constructions. Value 1 without the use of possessive marker punya is used by Indian informants and is less frequent than Value 2. -Value 2 is more common with those who have learnt Standard Malay formally.",708[107],67-5,30.0,Very certain +Value 2 is more common with those who have learnt Standard Malay formally.",708[107],67-5,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 67-2-1,67,2,1,2-1,"Value 1 with the use of the possessive marker is most common of the possessive constructions. Value 1 without the use of possessive marker punya is used by Indian informants and is less frequent than Value 2. -Value 2 is more common with those who have learnt Standard Malay formally.",708[107],67-3 67-4,70.0,Very certain +Value 2 is more common with those who have learnt Standard Malay formally.",708[107],67-3 67-4,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-0000FF-30-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 67-20-1,67,20,1,20-1,"In Bazaar Malay, sama 'same/with' is also used as the conjuction which means the same as degan ('and') (see Example 49). -In Example 48, the overt conjuction is sama which means 'with'. In this example, dia Hokku is the topic and the sentence is talking aobut the Foozuo people as a single group. These people speak Foozhou only with their own people Foozhou.",708[84],67-48 67-49 67-50,100.0,Very certain -67-200,67,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -67-201,67,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -67-202,67,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, +In Example 48, the overt conjuction is sama which means 'with'. In this example, dia Hokku is the topic and the sentence is talking aobut the Foozuo people as a single group. These people speak Foozhou only with their own people Foozhou.",708[84],67-48 67-49 67-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +67-200,67,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-201,67,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-202,67,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 67-205,67,205,1,205-1,"In the Standard Malay writing system, the letter can occur in all word positions. However, for Bazaar Malay speakers, the glottal fricative /h/ as a phoneme does not occur in all positions. As in other non-Standard Malay varieties, Bazaar Malay speakers tend to not pronounce this glottal fricative, especially when the orthographic occurs word-initially or word-finally, although some of them are aware of the presence of in the writing system (see also Pakir 1986: 55; Zaharani 1991: 28): hantu [han.tu]/[an.tu] 'ghost' hilang [hi.laŋ]/[i.laŋ] 'lose' mahu [ma.hu]/[ma.u]/[mao] 'want' mahal [ma.hal]/[ma.al]/[ma.a] 'expensive' lebih [le.be] 'more' -putih [pu.te] 'white'",1701,67-250,100.0, -67-209,67,209,1,209-1,"When the letters or occur in word-final position in Standard Malay, there is a tendency for Bazaar Malay speakers not to pronounce them at all. This may result in the lengthening of the preceding vowel. This phenomenon is shared among all Malay dialects in Peninsular Malaysia, as noted by Collins (1986: 90). See also Zaharani (1991: 31). Examples include mahal [məha] 'expensive' and tinggal.",1703,67-256,100.0, -67-21-1,67,21,1,21-1,,708[77],67-51 67-52,100.0,Very certain -67-212,67,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -67-217,67,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -67-218,67,218,1,218-1,"This sound occurs mostly in word-initial or medial positions, as in the given examples.",,67-257,100.0, -67-22-4,67,22,4,22-4,"In Bazaar Malay, a noun can be singular or plural. Number can be inferred from the context. If the plurality is to be indicated, the noun, whether it is animate or inanimate, human or non-human, is reduplicated.",708[98],67-21 67-4 67-53 67-54 67-56,100.0,Very certain -67-221,67,221,1,221-1,/w/ occurs in the same position as the the glide /j/.,,67-258,100.0, -67-23-6,67,23,6,23-6,"As in Standard Malay, Bazaar Malay nouns are not marked for number by an affix. If the plurality is to be marked, both animate and inanimate nouns are reduplicated. On the other hand, pronouns are pluralized analytically by the use of orang 'person/people' immediately after the respective pronoun.",708,67-55,100.0,Very certain -67-231,67,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -67-24-4,67,24,4,24-4,,708[63],67-56,100.0,Very certain -67-25-1,67,25,1,25-1,,708,67-57 67-58,100.0,Very certain -67-252,67,252,1,252-1,The high front rounded vowel /i/ occurs in all positions in Bazaar Malay words. The vowel /i/ is shortened when it appears in closed syllables.,,67-259,100.0, +putih [pu.te] 'white'",1701,67-250,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-209,67,209,1,209-1,"When the letters or occur in word-final position in Standard Malay, there is a tendency for Bazaar Malay speakers not to pronounce them at all. This may result in the lengthening of the preceding vowel. This phenomenon is shared among all Malay dialects in Peninsular Malaysia, as noted by Collins (1986: 90). See also Zaharani (1991: 31). Examples include mahal [məha] 'expensive' and tinggal.",1703,67-256,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-21-1,67,21,1,21-1,,708[77],67-51 67-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-212,67,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-217,67,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-218,67,218,1,218-1,"This sound occurs mostly in word-initial or medial positions, as in the given examples.",,67-257,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-22-4,67,22,4,22-4,"In Bazaar Malay, a noun can be singular or plural. Number can be inferred from the context. If the plurality is to be indicated, the noun, whether it is animate or inanimate, human or non-human, is reduplicated.",708[98],67-21 67-4 67-53 67-54 67-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +67-221,67,221,1,221-1,/w/ occurs in the same position as the the glide /j/.,,67-258,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-23-6,67,23,6,23-6,"As in Standard Malay, Bazaar Malay nouns are not marked for number by an affix. If the plurality is to be marked, both animate and inanimate nouns are reduplicated. On the other hand, pronouns are pluralized analytically by the use of orang 'person/people' immediately after the respective pronoun.",708,67-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +67-231,67,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-24-4,67,24,4,24-4,,708[63],67-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-25-1,67,25,1,25-1,,708,67-57 67-58,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-252,67,252,1,252-1,The high front rounded vowel /i/ occurs in all positions in Bazaar Malay words. The vowel /i/ is shortened when it appears in closed syllables.,,67-259,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 67-253,67,253,1,253-1,"/e/ can occur in all positions in Bazaar Malay words. Its short variant occurs in closed syllables while the long variant occurs -in open syllables.",,67-260,100.0, -67-254,67,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -67-255,67,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, +in open syllables.",,67-260,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-254,67,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-255,67,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 67-256,67,256,1,256-1,"This vowel, represented as in writing, can occur in all positions in Bazaar Malay words. Some speakers who have been exposed to Standard Malay or non-Standard -Malay used in the central and southern peninsula may well pronounce the sound represented by the letter a as the schwa when it occurs in word-final open syllables (see Asmah 1977: 2; Mintz 1994: 7). In this case, the syllable containing the schwa is unstressed, as is the case when it occurs elsewhere. However, no informant of this study was observed to use schwa for /a/.",1700,67-262,100.0, -67-257,67,257,1,257-1,"Like the phoneme /i/, the high back rounded vowel /u/ can occur word-initially, word-medially or word-finally.",,67-263,100.0, -67-258,67,258,1,258-1,"Like other vowels, the phoneme /o/ can occur in all positions.",,67-264,100.0, -67-259,67,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, +Malay used in the central and southern peninsula may well pronounce the sound represented by the letter a as the schwa when it occurs in word-final open syllables (see Asmah 1977: 2; Mintz 1994: 7). In this case, the syllable containing the schwa is unstressed, as is the case when it occurs elsewhere. However, no informant of this study was observed to use schwa for /a/.",1700,67-262,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-257,67,257,1,257-1,"Like the phoneme /i/, the high back rounded vowel /u/ can occur word-initially, word-medially or word-finally.",,67-263,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-258,67,258,1,258-1,"Like other vowels, the phoneme /o/ can occur in all positions.",,67-264,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +67-259,67,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 67-26-6,67,26,6,26-6,"Reduplication in Bazaar Malay serves several functions: (1) iconic function (plurality and distributivity) where the resulting word expresses indefinite plurality as in the case of budak-budak [child~PL] 'children/boys' and in some cases diversity as in bunga-bunga [flower~PL] 'various kinds of flowers'. (2) Reduplication also produces indefinite pronouns by reduplicating question words as in apa-apa [what~PL] 'whatever/anything'. (3) Word-class changing reduplication can derive new words which belong to a different word class, for example (a) from noun to adverb as in pagi-pagi 'every morning' as derived from pagi 'morning' (b) from adjective to adverb as in plan-pla 'slowly' from plan 'slow'. (4) Reduplication of verbs adds durative or iterative aspect to the meaning of the verb (see Khin Khin Aye 2005: 101) -(4) Reduplication of adjective or adverbs (if not class changing) intensifies the adjectival or adverbial meaning as in Examples 64 and 65.",708[97],67-59 67-60 67-61 67-62 67-63 67-64 67-65,100.0,Very certain -67-260,67,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -67-261,67,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -67-263,67,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -67-267,67,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -67-268,67,268,1,268-1,"Like the vowel /e/, the schwa /ə/ is represented by the letter in writing and referred to as “the pepet” in Malay linguistics (Winstedt 1957: 8). Generally speaking, this sound does not occur in word-final open syllables in the speech of most Bazaar Malay speakers in Singapore.",,67-261,100.0, -67-27-2,67,27,2,27-2,,708[353],67-66,100.0,Very certain -67-272,67,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -67-273,67,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -67-274,67,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -67-275,67,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -67-276,67,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -67-277,67,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -67-278,67,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -67-279,67,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -67-28-2,67,28,2,28-2,,708[76],67-25 67-67 67-68,100.0,Very certain -67-280,67,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -67-281,67,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -67-282,67,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -67-284,67,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -67-285,67,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -67-286,67,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -67-287,67,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -67-288,67,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -67-289,67,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -67-29-2,67,29,2,29-2,,708[351],67-16 67-69 67-70,100.0,Very certain -67-290,67,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -67-291,67,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -67-3-2,67,3,2,3-2,,708,67-8,30.0,Very certain -67-3-1,67,3,1,3-1,,708,67-6 67-7,70.0,Very certain -67-30-2,67,30,2,30-2,"As in the lexifier Malay, Bazaar Malay nouns are not marked for number and the same noun may denote singular or plural numbers which can be inferred from the contexts. If plurality is to be indicated, the given noun is reduplicated to express indefinite plurality. The demonstrative itu 'that/those' is used to show definiteness while the cardinal number satu 'one' is used before the head noun (without any classifier which is used in Standard Malay) as an indefinite article.",708[73],67-71,100.0,Very certain +(4) Reduplication of adjective or adverbs (if not class changing) intensifies the adjectival or adverbial meaning as in Examples 64 and 65.",708[97],67-59 67-60 67-61 67-62 67-63 67-64 67-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +67-260,67,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-261,67,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-263,67,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-267,67,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-268,67,268,1,268-1,"Like the vowel /e/, the schwa /ə/ is represented by the letter in writing and referred to as “the pepet” in Malay linguistics (Winstedt 1957: 8). Generally speaking, this sound does not occur in word-final open syllables in the speech of most Bazaar Malay speakers in Singapore.",,67-261,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}",Winstedt 1957 +67-27-2,67,27,2,27-2,,708[353],67-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-272,67,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-273,67,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-274,67,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-275,67,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-276,67,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-277,67,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-278,67,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-279,67,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-28-2,67,28,2,28-2,,708[76],67-25 67-67 67-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-280,67,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-281,67,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-282,67,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-284,67,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-285,67,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-286,67,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-287,67,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-288,67,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-289,67,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-29-2,67,29,2,29-2,,708[351],67-16 67-69 67-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-290,67,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-291,67,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-3-2,67,3,2,3-2,,708,67-8,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-3-1,67,3,1,3-1,,708,67-6 67-7,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-30-2,67,30,2,30-2,"As in the lexifier Malay, Bazaar Malay nouns are not marked for number and the same noun may denote singular or plural numbers which can be inferred from the contexts. If plurality is to be indicated, the given noun is reduplicated to express indefinite plurality. The demonstrative itu 'that/those' is used to show definiteness while the cardinal number satu 'one' is used before the head noun (without any classifier which is used in Standard Malay) as an indefinite article.",708[73],67-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 67-308-8,67,308,8,308-8,"The lexifier language available for Singapore Bazaar Malay is not standard Malay, as no one uses the standard variety in informal contexts in which Bazaar Malay has developed and been used. The history of Singapore suggests that Malay speakers come from different regions, bringing with them their own regional dialects with peculiar features and thus the vernacular variety which Bazaar Malay speakers have been exposed to is not a single unified code. Given the spread of the numerous varieties of Malay throughout Southeast Asia, it is by no means easy to say exactly which is the variety or varieties of Malay that the Singapore Malay ethnic group speaks as their first language during the formation of Bazaar Malay. Although it is theoretically appropriate to say that the colloquial variety is the one that has contributed to the development of Bazaar Malay, it is practically difficult to pinpoint exactly which variety/varieties has been the input language of Bazaar -Malay.","708[22,39]",,100.0,Very certain -67-309-5,67,309,5,309-5,,708[22],,100.0,Very certain -67-31-3,67,31,3,31-3,"In Bazaar Malay, there are two demonstrative pronouns, ini, which means 'this/these' and itu, which means 'that/those'. The demonstrative itu is also used as the definite article.",708[76],67-72 67-73,100.0,Very certain +Malay.","708[22,39]",,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +67-309-5,67,309,5,309-5,,708[22],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-31-3,67,31,3,31-3,"In Bazaar Malay, there are two demonstrative pronouns, ini, which means 'this/these' and itu, which means 'that/those'. The demonstrative itu is also used as the definite article.",708[76],67-72 67-73,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 67-310-3,67,310,3,310-3,"At present, Bazaar Malay speakers are mostly older Singaporeans, most of whom do not have working knowledge of English, and middle-aged Singaporeans whose working environments require them to know Bazaar Malay. They use Bazaar Malay @@ -20000,43 +20000,43 @@ when the other party does not have any knowledge of English. It deserves our car attention that given the present linguistic situation in Singapore, the status of Bazaar Malay is declining and so is the proficiency or fluency of Bazaar Malay speakers due to the limited contexts in which it is used, less exposure and lower frequency of -language use.",708[40],,100.0,Very certain -67-311-3,67,311,3,311-3,Bazaar Malay has already been replaced by the colloquial variety of Singapore English.,708[40],,100.0,Very certain -67-312-1,67,312,1,312-1,"For the time being, Bazaar Malay is spoken only by the older generation and by some middle-aged Singaporeans whose working environment requires them to use Bazaar Malay because they need to deal with older Singaporeans who cannot speak English or people who come from Malaysia or other Malay-speaking regions to work in Singapore.",,,100.0,Unspecified -67-313-3,67,313,3,313-3,"According to the Population Census 2000, there were about 7572 people who are 65 years and above. Not all of them may speak Bazaar Malay, as they may be parents of those who have recently migrated to Singapore.",1412[1],,100.0, -67-314-3,67,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0, -67-315-3,67,315,3,315-3,"Although Bazaar Malay is not used in radio and TV news, it is sometimes found to be used in some of the TV series where non-English educated characters are involved.",,,100.0, -67-316-2,67,316,2,316-2,"In my opinion, if the call-in/discussion is in Malay or if the interviewee is a non-English educated Singpaorean, he/she may take part in the discussion in Bazaar Malay.",,,100.0, -67-317-3,67,317,3,317-3,,,,100.0, -67-318-3,67,318,3,318-3,"Even though Baba Malay (the variety spoken by Peranakan Chinese) is used in literary works, Bazaar Malay was not found to be used in literary works in modern days. However, historically it was used as ""the language of Catholic proselytisation"" in Ambon and Morotai of the Moluccas.",2[26],,100.0, -67-319-3,67,319,3,319-3,,1412,,100.0, -67-32-1,67,32,1,32-1,,708[76],67-74 67-75,100.0,Very certain -67-320-2,67,320,2,320-2,Some Bazaar Malay is used in cartoons in Malay-medium newspapers although it may be considered colloquial Malay.,,,100.0, -67-321-2,67,321,2,321-2,"As long as the interaction involves two parties coming from different linguistic backgrounds, one of whom does not have working knowledge of English except for the knowledge of Bazaar Malay, the medium of communiction tends to be Bazaar Malay whether it is in a post office or bank or hospital.",,,100.0, -67-322-3,67,322,3,322-3,I did not collect any data in the courtroom. But the language used in court should be English.,,,100.0, -67-323-3,67,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0, -67-324-3,67,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0, -67-325-3,67,325,3,325-3,"Bazaar Malay is mostly used by the older Singaporeans who do not use these electronic media. As for the younger generation, they may use Bazaar Malay (as they call it, but which is in fact totally different from the one used by older speakers) in e-communication.",,,100.0, -67-326-2,67,326,2,326-2,"As far as Singpaore is concerned, English is the most important language that currently has a contact influence on Bazaar Malay due to its widespread use in Singapore. Even some old Bazaar Malay speakers use English words that they learn from their grandchildren.",708[16],,100.0, -67-327-4,67,327,4,327-4,,,,100.0, -67-328-4,67,328,4,328-4,,,,100.0, -67-329-4,67,329,4,329-4,,,,100.0, -67-33-2,67,33,2,33-2,,708[76],67-76 67-77,100.0,Very certain -67-330-4,67,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0, -67-331-4,67,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0, -67-332-4,67,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0, +language use.",708[40],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-311-3,67,311,3,311-3,Bazaar Malay has already been replaced by the colloquial variety of Singapore English.,708[40],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-312-1,67,312,1,312-1,"For the time being, Bazaar Malay is spoken only by the older generation and by some middle-aged Singaporeans whose working environment requires them to use Bazaar Malay because they need to deal with older Singaporeans who cannot speak English or people who come from Malaysia or other Malay-speaking regions to work in Singapore.",,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +67-313-3,67,313,3,313-3,"According to the Population Census 2000, there were about 7572 people who are 65 years and above. Not all of them may speak Bazaar Malay, as they may be parents of those who have recently migrated to Singapore.",1412[1],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +67-314-3,67,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +67-315-3,67,315,3,315-3,"Although Bazaar Malay is not used in radio and TV news, it is sometimes found to be used in some of the TV series where non-English educated characters are involved.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +67-316-2,67,316,2,316-2,"In my opinion, if the call-in/discussion is in Malay or if the interviewee is a non-English educated Singpaorean, he/she may take part in the discussion in Bazaar Malay.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +67-317-3,67,317,3,317-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +67-318-3,67,318,3,318-3,"Even though Baba Malay (the variety spoken by Peranakan Chinese) is used in literary works, Bazaar Malay was not found to be used in literary works in modern days. However, historically it was used as ""the language of Catholic proselytisation"" in Ambon and Morotai of the Moluccas.",2[26],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-319-3,67,319,3,319-3,,1412,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-32-1,67,32,1,32-1,,708[76],67-74 67-75,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-320-2,67,320,2,320-2,Some Bazaar Malay is used in cartoons in Malay-medium newspapers although it may be considered colloquial Malay.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +67-321-2,67,321,2,321-2,"As long as the interaction involves two parties coming from different linguistic backgrounds, one of whom does not have working knowledge of English except for the knowledge of Bazaar Malay, the medium of communiction tends to be Bazaar Malay whether it is in a post office or bank or hospital.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +67-322-3,67,322,3,322-3,I did not collect any data in the courtroom. But the language used in court should be English.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +67-323-3,67,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +67-324-3,67,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +67-325-3,67,325,3,325-3,"Bazaar Malay is mostly used by the older Singaporeans who do not use these electronic media. As for the younger generation, they may use Bazaar Malay (as they call it, but which is in fact totally different from the one used by older speakers) in e-communication.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +67-326-2,67,326,2,326-2,"As far as Singpaore is concerned, English is the most important language that currently has a contact influence on Bazaar Malay due to its widespread use in Singapore. Even some old Bazaar Malay speakers use English words that they learn from their grandchildren.",708[16],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +67-327-4,67,327,4,327-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +67-328-4,67,328,4,328-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +67-329-4,67,329,4,329-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +67-33-2,67,33,2,33-2,,708[76],67-76 67-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-330-4,67,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +67-331-4,67,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +67-332-4,67,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", 67-333-1,67,333,1,333-1,"As Bazaar Malay is no one's first language, variation obviously occurs in terms of phonology due to the phonological influence of the first language of the speakers. Variation in the lexicon can also be observed as Bazaar Malay speakers normally fall back on their first language should they be lost for words in Bazaar Malay. -However, it is suprising to find that social factors (especially the numerical dominance of the Hokkien Chinese) override linguistic factors, as the interference of phonology and syntax of Hokkien Chinese can be seen in the varieties spoken not only by Chinese but also by other non-Chinese groups.",708[26-32],,100.0,Unspecified +However, it is suprising to find that social factors (especially the numerical dominance of the Hokkien Chinese) override linguistic factors, as the interference of phonology and syntax of Hokkien Chinese can be seen in the varieties spoken not only by Chinese but also by other non-Chinese groups.",708[26-32],,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 67-334-3,67,334,3,334-3,"As Bazaar Malay is no one's first language, variation obviously occurs in terms of phonology due to the phonological influence of the first language of the speakers. Variation in the lexicon can also be observed as Bazaar Malay speakers normally fall back on their first language should they be lost for words in Bazaar Malay. -However, it is suprising to find that social factors (especially the numerical dominance of the Hokkien Chinese) override linguistic factors, as the interference of phonology and syntax of Hokkien Chinese can be seen in the varieties spoken not only by Chinese but also by other non-Chinese groups.",708[26-32],,100.0, -67-335-3,67,335,3,335-3,Bazaar Malay as a contact language is no one's first language and thus influenced by the respective first languages of its speakers in terms of phonology and the lexicon.,708[26-32],,100.0, -67-34-1,67,34,1,34-1,,708[373],67-78,100.0,Certain -67-35-4,67,35,4,35-4,"In its lexifier language, Malay, ordinal numbers are derived from cardinal numbers except for the word 'first' which is suppletive, pertama 'first'. However, in Bazaar Malay, the word for 'first' is derived from the cardinal by adding the word namar (with phonological variations) 'number' before the respective cardinal numbers, as in namar dua 'second'.",708[81],67-79 67-80,100.0,Very certain -67-36-1,67,36,1,36-1,"Although its lexifier, Malay, uses classifiers when the numeral modifies the head noun, Bazaar Malay does not use any of the classifier (Bodman (1955: 42); Payne (1970: 63); Prentice (1990: 201)). The classifiers used in Malay include orang, which means 'people' when the head noun is human and ekor which literally means 'tail' when the head noun is an animal.","708[109, 245]",67-81,100.0,Very certain +However, it is suprising to find that social factors (especially the numerical dominance of the Hokkien Chinese) override linguistic factors, as the interference of phonology and syntax of Hokkien Chinese can be seen in the varieties spoken not only by Chinese but also by other non-Chinese groups.",708[26-32],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-335-3,67,335,3,335-3,Bazaar Malay as a contact language is no one's first language and thus influenced by the respective first languages of its speakers in terms of phonology and the lexicon.,708[26-32],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-34-1,67,34,1,34-1,,708[373],67-78,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-35-4,67,35,4,35-4,"In its lexifier language, Malay, ordinal numbers are derived from cardinal numbers except for the word 'first' which is suppletive, pertama 'first'. However, in Bazaar Malay, the word for 'first' is derived from the cardinal by adding the word namar (with phonological variations) 'number' before the respective cardinal numbers, as in namar dua 'second'.",708[81],67-79 67-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +67-36-1,67,36,1,36-1,"Although its lexifier, Malay, uses classifiers when the numeral modifies the head noun, Bazaar Malay does not use any of the classifier (Bodman (1955: 42); Payne (1970: 63); Prentice (1990: 201)). The classifiers used in Malay include orang, which means 'people' when the head noun is human and ekor which literally means 'tail' when the head noun is an animal.","708[109, 245]",67-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 67-37-2,67,37,2,37-2,"There are altogether three different ways to mark possessors, be it noun or pronoun: (1) Possessor-possessed @@ -20044,7 +20044,7 @@ However, it is suprising to find that social factors (especially the numerical (3) Possessor- punya -possessed The third expression is the most common among Bazaar Malay speakers. -The second expression derives from Standard Malay.","708[107, 242]",67-83,7.69230769230769,Very certain +The second expression derives from Standard Malay.","708[107, 242]",67-83,7.69230769230769,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-8-0000FF-70-FFB6C1.png""}", 67-37-1,67,37,1,37-1,"There are altogether three different ways to mark possessors, be it noun or pronoun: (1) Possessor-possessed @@ -20052,7 +20052,7 @@ The second expression derives from Standard Malay.","708[107, 242]",67-83,7.6923 (3) Possessor- punya -possessed The third expression is the most common among Bazaar Malay speakers. -The second expression derives from Standard Malay.","708[107, 242]",67-82,23.0769230769231,Very certain +The second expression derives from Standard Malay.","708[107, 242]",67-82,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-8-0000FF-70-FFB6C1.png""}", 67-37-5,67,37,5,37-5,"There are altogether three different ways to mark possessors, be it noun or pronoun: (1) Possessor-possessed @@ -20060,31 +20060,31 @@ The second expression derives from Standard Malay.","708[107, 242]",67-82,23.076 (3) Possessor- punya -possessed The third expression is the most common among Bazaar Malay speakers. -The second expression derives from Standard Malay.","708[107, 242]",67-84,69.2307692307692,Very certain -67-38-4,67,38,4,38-4,,"708[107, 113, 242]",67-86 67-87,50.0,Very certain -67-38-2,67,38,2,38-2,,"708[107, 113, 242]",67-85,50.0,Very certain -67-39-1,67,39,1,39-1,"In Bazaar Malay, the possessor pronoun/noun marked by the following word punya may occur as a complete noun phrase without the apparent noun head which can be inferred from the context. In this case, punya, which is used to mark the possession, seems to function as the nominalizer.",708[113],67-84 67-88 67-89 67-90,100.0,Very certain -67-4-2,67,4,2,4-2,Bazaar Malay sentences often lack prepositions (cf. examples 10 and 11) although it makes use of Malay prepositions. The use of prepositions is optional and it depends on the level of competence and fluency of its speakers and also on the discourse information that the speaker would like to convey.,708[84],67-10 67-11 67-171 67-9,100.0,Very certain -67-40-1,67,40,1,40-1,"In Bazaar Malay, no adjective as modifier of the noun phrase, whether it occurs before or after the head, agrees with the noun it modifies.",708[108],67-91 67-92,100.0,Very certain -67-41-1,67,41,1,41-1,"see also comment to Feature 42 ""Comparative standard marking"".",708[122],67-93 67-94,50.0,Very certain -67-41-2,67,41,2,41-2,"see also comment to Feature 42 ""Comparative standard marking"".",708[122],67-96,50.0,Very certain -67-42-4,67,42,4,42-4,Locational marking is used by Bazaar Malay speakers who have learnt Standard Malay for about one or two years while conjoined marking is used by elderly speakers.,"708[122, 123]",67-96,50.0,Very certain -67-42-3,67,42,3,42-3,Locational marking is used by Bazaar Malay speakers who have learnt Standard Malay for about one or two years while conjoined marking is used by elderly speakers.,"708[122, 123]",67-95,50.0,Very certain -67-43-1,67,43,1,43-1,TAM markers in Bazaar Malay always occur before the verb.,708[120],67-97,100.0,Very certain -67-44-8,67,44,8,44-8,"Bazaar Malay verbs are not marked or inflected for number or tense. Present tense and Past tense are indicated through the use of temporal nouns which occur only at the beginning of the discourse. If there is more than one modifier within a Verb Phrase, the negator is the first modifier to come, the modal marker is the second to come and the aspectual marker is the last to come. Thus, the internal structure of the VP can be summarized as: (NEG negator, MOD modal marker, ASP aspectual marker and VH verb head). Data show that no more than three components appear and this is also true in Standard Malay (Payne 1970: 65).","708[120, 170]",67-98 67-99,100.0,Very certain +The second expression derives from Standard Malay.","708[107, 242]",67-84,69.2307692307692,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-FF0000-8-0000FF-70-FFB6C1.png""}", +67-38-4,67,38,4,38-4,,"708[107, 113, 242]",67-86 67-87,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +67-38-2,67,38,2,38-2,,"708[107, 113, 242]",67-85,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +67-39-1,67,39,1,39-1,"In Bazaar Malay, the possessor pronoun/noun marked by the following word punya may occur as a complete noun phrase without the apparent noun head which can be inferred from the context. In this case, punya, which is used to mark the possession, seems to function as the nominalizer.",708[113],67-84 67-88 67-89 67-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +67-4-2,67,4,2,4-2,Bazaar Malay sentences often lack prepositions (cf. examples 10 and 11) although it makes use of Malay prepositions. The use of prepositions is optional and it depends on the level of competence and fluency of its speakers and also on the discourse information that the speaker would like to convey.,708[84],67-10 67-11 67-171 67-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-40-1,67,40,1,40-1,"In Bazaar Malay, no adjective as modifier of the noun phrase, whether it occurs before or after the head, agrees with the noun it modifies.",708[108],67-91 67-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-41-1,67,41,1,41-1,"see also comment to Feature 42 ""Comparative standard marking"".",708[122],67-93 67-94,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-41-2,67,41,2,41-2,"see also comment to Feature 42 ""Comparative standard marking"".",708[122],67-96,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-42-4,67,42,4,42-4,Locational marking is used by Bazaar Malay speakers who have learnt Standard Malay for about one or two years while conjoined marking is used by elderly speakers.,"708[122, 123]",67-96,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-000000.png""}", +67-42-3,67,42,3,42-3,Locational marking is used by Bazaar Malay speakers who have learnt Standard Malay for about one or two years while conjoined marking is used by elderly speakers.,"708[122, 123]",67-95,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-000000.png""}", +67-43-1,67,43,1,43-1,TAM markers in Bazaar Malay always occur before the verb.,708[120],67-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-44-8,67,44,8,44-8,"Bazaar Malay verbs are not marked or inflected for number or tense. Present tense and Past tense are indicated through the use of temporal nouns which occur only at the beginning of the discourse. If there is more than one modifier within a Verb Phrase, the negator is the first modifier to come, the modal marker is the second to come and the aspectual marker is the last to come. Thus, the internal structure of the VP can be summarized as: (NEG negator, MOD modal marker, ASP aspectual marker and VH verb head). Data show that no more than three components appear and this is also true in Standard Malay (Payne 1970: 65).","708[120, 170]",67-98 67-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 67-45-6,67,45,6,45-6,"A past marker does not exist in Singapore Bazaar Malay. However, temporal adverbs are used, which usually occur with a rising intonation contour mostly (i) at the beginning of the sentence, (ii) at the end of the -sentence, or (iii) before the predicate they modify as in the case of sekarang ‘now’. The most common temporal adverbs used as past markers are semalam 'yesterday' and dulu 'before' which refers to the remote past.",708[168],67-100,100.0,Very certain +sentence, or (iii) before the predicate they modify as in the case of sekarang ‘now’. The most common temporal adverbs used as past markers are semalam 'yesterday' and dulu 'before' which refers to the remote past.",708[168],67-100,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 67-46-2,67,46,2,46-2,"As far as my data is concerned, there are 3 progressive markers in Bazaar Malay: (1) ada which literally means 'have' (2) sedang (3) masih and (4) sendang -In my data, sedang as progressive marker occurs right before the verb and nothing can intervene.","708[172, 173]",67-101,100.0,Very certain -67-47-2,67,47,2,47-2,"The progressive aspect signifies that a situation is in progress or continues up to the present time. It depends on whether the following predicate is a verb or an adjective. In Bazaar Malay, the markers ada, sedang and masih are considered durative markers, as all indicate a situation that is still in progress at the moment of speaking. The progressive marker ada which literally means 'exist' also denotes an action which is still in process and also implies the continuity into the future.",708[172],67-101 67-102 67-103 67-104,100.0,Very certain +In my data, sedang as progressive marker occurs right before the verb and nothing can intervene.","708[172, 173]",67-101,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +67-47-2,67,47,2,47-2,"The progressive aspect signifies that a situation is in progress or continues up to the present time. It depends on whether the following predicate is a verb or an adjective. In Bazaar Malay, the markers ada, sedang and masih are considered durative markers, as all indicate a situation that is still in progress at the moment of speaking. The progressive marker ada which literally means 'exist' also denotes an action which is still in process and also implies the continuity into the future.",708[172],67-101 67-102 67-103 67-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 67-48-1,67,48,1,48-1,"In Bazaar Malay, habitual aspect is expressed with or without adverbs such as selalu 'always', kadang-kadang 'sometimes' and dulu 'before'. Selalu and kadang-kadang normally indicate the present habitual aspect unless the -situational context makes it clear that the temporal location is in the past. The past habitual aspect is expressed through dulu ‘before/formerly’.",708[171],67-105 67-106 67-107 67-108,100.0,Very certain +situational context makes it clear that the temporal location is in the past. The past habitual aspect is expressed through dulu ‘before/formerly’.",708[171],67-105 67-106 67-107 67-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 67-49-1,67,49,1,49-1,"Aspectual markers used in Bazaar Malay characterize the following types of relationship of the predicate to the time interval over which the event occurs: (i) habitual, (ii) progressive, and (iii)perfective. These aspectual markers can be used in conjunction with temporal nouns which are used as the time frame of discourse as the primary time reference. The most common aspectual markers in Bazaar Malay include: HABITUAL: @@ -20101,298 +20101,298 @@ habis ‘finish’ baru ‘recently’ belum ‘not yet’ pernah ‘ever’ -tak pernah ‘never’",708[171],67-109 67-110,100.0,Very certain -67-5-1,67,5,1,5-1,"There is no functional difference between the two positions of the demonstrative according to my informants, and Value 1 is more common.",708;708[248],67-12 67-14,25.0,Very certain -67-5-2,67,5,2,5-2,"There is no functional difference between the two positions of the demonstrative according to my informants, and Value 1 is more common.",708;708[248],67-13 67-15,75.0,Very certain -67-50-1,67,50,1,50-1,"In Malay, we have tidak or tak as the negative marker but with the word ada, the two become nada. But such combinationation does not occur in Bazaar Malay. In Bazaar Malay, there are 4 negators: tak used together with verb or adjective, bukan with noun or adjective and jangon used in prohibitive sentences and belum 'not yet' indicating both negative and perfective aspect. However, Bazaar Malay does not allow more than three elements within a verb phrase.",708[27],67-111 67-112,100.0,Very certain -67-51-1,67,51,1,51-1,"The predicate without any marker refers to a situation which occurs at whatever time is in focus. It may be present or past. The temporal location of that situation is clear from the context. As in Malay, a Bazaar Malay VP or an AP without being marked by any temporal expressions or TAM markers indicates a situation as a single whole and its temporal location can be inferred from the context. Thus, the utterance Saya ada satu oranggaji may mean either ‘I have a maid’ or ‘I had a maid.’ But from the context, it can be inferred that she was talking about the domestic helper she had at the time of speech.",708[168],67-195 67-20 67-213,100.0,Certain -67-52-3,67,52,3,52-3,"Sudah as the perfective marker in Bazaar Malay suggests three different aspectual meanings: (i) completive (ii) inceptive with the Verb Phrase (VP) predicate and (iii) inchoative with the Adjective Phrase (AP) predicate, and with the VP predicate only when the VP signifies the habit.",708[177],67-116 67-21,100.0,Very certain -67-53-3,67,53,3,53-3,,708,,100.0,Very certain -67-54-7,67,54,7,54-7,Bazaar Malay verbs are not inflected for number or tense or aspect. These grammatical functions are expressed analytically.,"708[67, 167]",67-118,100.0,Very certain -67-55-2,67,55,2,55-2,Boleh ‘can/may’ in Bazaar Malay is the ability verb and denotes (i) ability (ii) possibility and (iii) permission.,708[182],67-119 67-120,100.0,Very certain +tak pernah ‘never’",708[171],67-109 67-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-5-1,67,5,1,5-1,"There is no functional difference between the two positions of the demonstrative according to my informants, and Value 1 is more common.",708;708[248],67-12 67-14,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-5-2,67,5,2,5-2,"There is no functional difference between the two positions of the demonstrative according to my informants, and Value 1 is more common.",708;708[248],67-13 67-15,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-50-1,67,50,1,50-1,"In Malay, we have tidak or tak as the negative marker but with the word ada, the two become nada. But such combinationation does not occur in Bazaar Malay. In Bazaar Malay, there are 4 negators: tak used together with verb or adjective, bukan with noun or adjective and jangon used in prohibitive sentences and belum 'not yet' indicating both negative and perfective aspect. However, Bazaar Malay does not allow more than three elements within a verb phrase.",708[27],67-111 67-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +67-51-1,67,51,1,51-1,"The predicate without any marker refers to a situation which occurs at whatever time is in focus. It may be present or past. The temporal location of that situation is clear from the context. As in Malay, a Bazaar Malay VP or an AP without being marked by any temporal expressions or TAM markers indicates a situation as a single whole and its temporal location can be inferred from the context. Thus, the utterance Saya ada satu oranggaji may mean either ‘I have a maid’ or ‘I had a maid.’ But from the context, it can be inferred that she was talking about the domestic helper she had at the time of speech.",708[168],67-195 67-20 67-213,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +67-52-3,67,52,3,52-3,"Sudah as the perfective marker in Bazaar Malay suggests three different aspectual meanings: (i) completive (ii) inceptive with the Verb Phrase (VP) predicate and (iii) inchoative with the Adjective Phrase (AP) predicate, and with the VP predicate only when the VP signifies the habit.",708[177],67-116 67-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-53-3,67,53,3,53-3,,708,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +67-54-7,67,54,7,54-7,Bazaar Malay verbs are not inflected for number or tense or aspect. These grammatical functions are expressed analytically.,"708[67, 167]",67-118,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +67-55-2,67,55,2,55-2,Boleh ‘can/may’ in Bazaar Malay is the ability verb and denotes (i) ability (ii) possibility and (iii) permission.,708[182],67-119 67-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 67-56-2,67,56,2,56-2,"Imperative sentences in Bazaar Malay are formed by putting in the initial position the verb that signifies the action that the addresser would like the addressee to perform. For example, Tengok! [look] ‘Look!’ -Its negative counterpart is formed by the use of special negator jangan 'don't', which is used before the imperative.",708[143],67-112 67-121 67-122 67-123 67-124,100.0,Very certain -67-57-1,67,57,1,57-1,"It should be noted that although Singapore Bazaar Malay patient noun phrases are not overtly marked and this grammatical relation is signalled by word order, it is sometimes marked by sama, which literally means 'same/together' and has several different functions in Bazaar Malay.",708[134-136],67-125,100.0,Very certain -67-58-1,67,58,1,58-1,,708[134-136],67-126 67-127 67-220,100.0,Very certain -67-59-1,67,59,1,59-1,Bazaar Malay personal pronouns are not marked for case and their roles can be inferred from the word order.,708[73],67-128 67-129,100.0,Very certain -67-6-1,67,6,1,6-1,,708[109],67-16,100.0,Very certain -67-60-1,67,60,1,60-1,"Bazaar Malay has both double-object and indirect-object construction. The indirect-object construction requires the use of a preposition such as sama before the indirect object in sentences with the verb kasi ‘give’, and in sentences with the verb beli ‘buy’. Kasi is used before the beneficiary, i.e. the indirect object in sentences.",708[136-137],67-130 67-131,50.0,Very certain -67-60-2,67,60,2,60-2,"Bazaar Malay has both double-object and indirect-object construction. The indirect-object construction requires the use of a preposition such as sama before the indirect object in sentences with the verb kasi ‘give’, and in sentences with the verb beli ‘buy’. Kasi is used before the beneficiary, i.e. the indirect object in sentences.",708[136-137],67-132 67-133,50.0,Very certain -67-61-2,67,61,2,61-2,,708[136-137],67-131 67-136,50.0,Very certain -67-61-1,67,61,1,61-1,,708[136-137],67-134 67-135,50.0,Very certain +Its negative counterpart is formed by the use of special negator jangan 'don't', which is used before the imperative.",708[143],67-112 67-121 67-122 67-123 67-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-57-1,67,57,1,57-1,"It should be noted that although Singapore Bazaar Malay patient noun phrases are not overtly marked and this grammatical relation is signalled by word order, it is sometimes marked by sama, which literally means 'same/together' and has several different functions in Bazaar Malay.",708[134-136],67-125,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-58-1,67,58,1,58-1,,708[134-136],67-126 67-127 67-220,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-59-1,67,59,1,59-1,Bazaar Malay personal pronouns are not marked for case and their roles can be inferred from the word order.,708[73],67-128 67-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-6-1,67,6,1,6-1,,708[109],67-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-60-1,67,60,1,60-1,"Bazaar Malay has both double-object and indirect-object construction. The indirect-object construction requires the use of a preposition such as sama before the indirect object in sentences with the verb kasi ‘give’, and in sentences with the verb beli ‘buy’. Kasi is used before the beneficiary, i.e. the indirect object in sentences.",708[136-137],67-130 67-131,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +67-60-2,67,60,2,60-2,"Bazaar Malay has both double-object and indirect-object construction. The indirect-object construction requires the use of a preposition such as sama before the indirect object in sentences with the verb kasi ‘give’, and in sentences with the verb beli ‘buy’. Kasi is used before the beneficiary, i.e. the indirect object in sentences.",708[136-137],67-132 67-133,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +67-61-2,67,61,2,61-2,,708[136-137],67-131 67-136,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +67-61-1,67,61,1,61-1,,708[136-137],67-134 67-135,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", 67-62-6,67,62,6,62-6,"As Bazaar Malay is used as a spoken language, the first and second person pronouns (whether they occur as the -subject or the object) can be freely deleted, as their antecedents can easily and readily be inferred either from the previous utterances or from the discourse contexts.","708[148, 150]",67-137,100.0,Very certain -67-63-1,67,63,1,63-1,,708[348],67-138,100.0,Very certain -67-64-2,67,64,2,64-2,,708[385],67-139,100.0,Very certain -67-65-5,67,65,5,65-5,"In Bazaar Malay, an intransitive sentence in which a weather verb like hujan ‘rain’ is used does not require any subject. Such a sentence has the predicate as the only nuclear segment. This is also true in Indonesian and Standard Malay.",708[134],67-140 67-141 67-142,100.0,Very certain -67-66-3,67,66,3,66-3,"In fact, in my data, the sentence that means 'I have a headache' does not occur, as the context in which I collected data did not require my subjects to use it. The example given here is what I took out from the data.",,67-143,100.0,Very certain -67-67-1,67,67,1,67-1,,708[367],67-144,100.0,Very certain -67-68-1,67,68,1,68-1,,,67-145,100.0,Very certain -67-69-1,67,69,1,69-1,"Apart from sama, the instrumental function is fulfiled by the use of the verb pakai which means 'wear/use'.",,67-146,50.0,Very certain -67-69-2,67,69,2,69-2,"Apart from sama, the instrumental function is fulfiled by the use of the verb pakai which means 'wear/use'.",,67-147,50.0,Very certain -67-7-2,67,7,2,7-2,,708[249],67-19 67-20,90.0,Very certain -67-7-1,67,7,1,7-1,,708[249],67-17 67-18,10.0,Very certain -67-70-1,67,70,1,70-1,,708[85],67-148 67-149,100.0,Very certain -67-71-3,67,71,3,71-3,"Bazaar Malay, like Malay, has the conjuction dan 'and'. However, speakers tend to use sama 'same/with', which also has comitative function. While dan has only one function, sama has more than one.",708[85],67-150 67-151 67-152 67-153 67-154,100.0,Very certain -67-72-1,67,72,1,72-1,Bazaar Malay uses the same conjuction dan 'and' for the noun phrase and verb phrase. But we should note that some verb phrases are juxtaposed without any apparent marker.,"708[145, 146]",67-154 67-155,100.0,Very certain -67-73-2,67,73,2,73-2,,708[105],67-156 67-157,100.0,Very certain -67-74-2,67,74,2,74-2,,,67-158 67-159 67-160,100.0,Very certain -67-75-2,67,75,2,75-2,,708[132],67-161,100.0,Very certain -67-76-1,67,76,1,76-1,,"708[131, 132]",67-157 67-158 67-161 67-162,100.0,Very certain -67-77-1,67,77,1,77-1,,708[135],67-164,100.0,Very certain +subject or the object) can be freely deleted, as their antecedents can easily and readily be inferred either from the previous utterances or from the discourse contexts.","708[148, 150]",67-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +67-63-1,67,63,1,63-1,,708[348],67-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-64-2,67,64,2,64-2,,708[385],67-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +67-65-5,67,65,5,65-5,"In Bazaar Malay, an intransitive sentence in which a weather verb like hujan ‘rain’ is used does not require any subject. Such a sentence has the predicate as the only nuclear segment. This is also true in Indonesian and Standard Malay.",708[134],67-140 67-141 67-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +67-66-3,67,66,3,66-3,"In fact, in my data, the sentence that means 'I have a headache' does not occur, as the context in which I collected data did not require my subjects to use it. The example given here is what I took out from the data.",,67-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +67-67-1,67,67,1,67-1,,708[367],67-144,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-68-1,67,68,1,68-1,,,67-145,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +67-69-1,67,69,1,69-1,"Apart from sama, the instrumental function is fulfiled by the use of the verb pakai which means 'wear/use'.",,67-146,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +67-69-2,67,69,2,69-2,"Apart from sama, the instrumental function is fulfiled by the use of the verb pakai which means 'wear/use'.",,67-147,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +67-7-2,67,7,2,7-2,,708[249],67-19 67-20,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-7-1,67,7,1,7-1,,708[249],67-17 67-18,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-70-1,67,70,1,70-1,,708[85],67-148 67-149,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-71-3,67,71,3,71-3,"Bazaar Malay, like Malay, has the conjuction dan 'and'. However, speakers tend to use sama 'same/with', which also has comitative function. While dan has only one function, sama has more than one.",708[85],67-150 67-151 67-152 67-153 67-154,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +67-72-1,67,72,1,72-1,Bazaar Malay uses the same conjuction dan 'and' for the noun phrase and verb phrase. But we should note that some verb phrases are juxtaposed without any apparent marker.,"708[145, 146]",67-154 67-155,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-73-2,67,73,2,73-2,,708[105],67-156 67-157,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-74-2,67,74,2,74-2,,,67-158 67-159 67-160,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +67-75-2,67,75,2,75-2,,708[132],67-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-76-1,67,76,1,76-1,,"708[131, 132]",67-157 67-158 67-161 67-162,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-77-1,67,77,1,77-1,,708[135],67-164,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", 67-78-1,67,78,1,78-1,"The nuclear segments of sentences denoting possession are the verb ada ‘have/possess’ and the two NPs, the possessor and the possessed. Normally, NP1 is the possessor while NP2 is the possessed item if not fronted: POSSESSIVE SENTENCE NP1- ada- NP2 Existential sentences use the same verb ada which can be glossed as ‘exist/be’. In these sentences, an NP signifying the existing item follows the verb ada while another NP or PP locating the entity precedes the verb. -Alternatively, the existing entity may occur before the verb which is followed by the locative NP or PP as in buku ada atau meja [book have on table] 'The book is on the table'. Sometimes, the sentence may be without the verb ada: Kucing bawah meja [cat under table] 'The cat is under the table'.",708[135],67-139 67-165 67-217,100.0,Very certain +Alternatively, the existing entity may occur before the verb which is followed by the locative NP or PP as in buku ada atau meja [book have on table] 'The book is on the table'. Sometimes, the sentence may be without the verb ada: Kucing bawah meja [cat under table] 'The cat is under the table'.",708[135],67-139 67-165 67-217,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 67-79-1,67,79,1,79-1,"Singapore Bazaar Malay uses Malay prepositions. However, the use of prepositions is mostly optional in Singapore Bazaar Malay. Common prepositions are: di ‘in/at’, ke ‘to’, dari ‘from’, sama ‘with’. The frequency of the use of prepositions varies depending on the level of competence and fluency of Singapore Bazaar Malay speakers. The use of prepositions also depends on the discourse information that the speaker would like to convey, that is, -the preposition is used when the speaker would like to give emphasis to the location.",708[451],67-169,100.0,Very certain -67-8-1,67,8,1,8-1,"Most degree words precede adjectives in Bazaar Malay. However, sekali 'very' follows adjectives, while sikit/selikit/sikit-sikit 'little' either precedes or follows adjectives.",708[121],67-21 67-22,75.0,Very certain -67-8-2,67,8,2,8-2,"Most degree words precede adjectives in Bazaar Malay. However, sekali 'very' follows adjectives, while sikit/selikit/sikit-sikit 'little' either precedes or follows adjectives.",708[121],67-23 67-24,25.0,Very certain -67-80-1,67,80,1,80-1,,708[84],67-167,50.0,Very certain -67-80-2,67,80,2,80-2,,708[84],67-171,50.0,Very certain -67-81-3,67,81,3,81-3,"Although there are prepositions in Singapore Bazaar Malay, they are rarely used, as motion-to and motion-from can be inferred from the context. Mostly motion-to is unmarked as in saya pergi pasar [1SG go market] 'I went to the market'. Only those who have learnt Standard Malay in school used the preposition with me in careful speech.",,67-166 67-167 67-168 67-169 67-171,100.0,Very certain -67-83-3,67,83,3,83-3,,708[401],67-172,100.0,Very certain -67-84-2,67,84,2,84-2,,708[119],67-175,100.0,Very certain -67-85-2,67,85,2,85-2,"In Bazaar Malay, there are two verbs which mean 'take' and occur in serial verb constructions.",708[119],67-177,50.0,Very certain -67-85-5,67,85,5,85-5,"In Bazaar Malay, there are two verbs which mean 'take' and occur in serial verb constructions.",708[119],67-178 67-179,50.0,Very certain +the preposition is used when the speaker would like to give emphasis to the location.",708[451],67-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-8-1,67,8,1,8-1,"Most degree words precede adjectives in Bazaar Malay. However, sekali 'very' follows adjectives, while sikit/selikit/sikit-sikit 'little' either precedes or follows adjectives.",708[121],67-21 67-22,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-8-2,67,8,2,8-2,"Most degree words precede adjectives in Bazaar Malay. However, sekali 'very' follows adjectives, while sikit/selikit/sikit-sikit 'little' either precedes or follows adjectives.",708[121],67-23 67-24,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-80-1,67,80,1,80-1,,708[84],67-167,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}", +67-80-2,67,80,2,80-2,,708[84],67-171,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}", +67-81-3,67,81,3,81-3,"Although there are prepositions in Singapore Bazaar Malay, they are rarely used, as motion-to and motion-from can be inferred from the context. Mostly motion-to is unmarked as in saya pergi pasar [1SG go market] 'I went to the market'. Only those who have learnt Standard Malay in school used the preposition with me in careful speech.",,67-166 67-167 67-168 67-169 67-171,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +67-83-3,67,83,3,83-3,,708[401],67-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +67-84-2,67,84,2,84-2,,708[119],67-175,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-85-2,67,85,2,85-2,"In Bazaar Malay, there are two verbs which mean 'take' and occur in serial verb constructions.",708[119],67-177,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +67-85-5,67,85,5,85-5,"In Bazaar Malay, there are two verbs which mean 'take' and occur in serial verb constructions.",708[119],67-178 67-179,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", 67-86-1,67,86,1,86-1,"Kasi also serves other functions (1) kasi in first position occuring in passive construction: Dua telur ah kasi buat full boil [tow egg PCL give do full boil] 'tow eggs were made full boiled' -(2) Kasi in first position occurring in the causative construction: Siapa kasi ini cermin pecah? [who give DEM glass break] 'Who caused the glass to be broken?'","708[136, 162, 163]",67-180 67-181 67-191 67-236 67-237,100.0,Very certain -67-87-3,67,87,3,87-3,"In Bazaar Malay, reflexive constructions are formed by using the same pronoun followed by sendiri 'alone, on one's own' or punya diri 'of self'.",708,67-182 67-183,100.0,Very certain -67-88-1,67,88,1,88-1,,708[75],67-184 67-185,100.0,Unspecified -67-89-5,67,89,5,89-5,"In Bazaar Malay, the reciprocal construction is formed by using satu satu [one one] 'one another/ each other'.","708[468, 469]",67-184 67-186 67-187,100.0,Very certain -67-9-2,67,9,2,9-2,"In Bazaar Malay, demonstratives ini 'this/these' and itu 'that/those' are used as definite articles. The use of Malay nya, the clitic which is the third person pronoun, as a definite article is not observed in Bazaar Malay.",708,67-27,30.0,Certain -67-9-1,67,9,1,9-1,"In Bazaar Malay, demonstratives ini 'this/these' and itu 'that/those' are used as definite articles. The use of Malay nya, the clitic which is the third person pronoun, as a definite article is not observed in Bazaar Malay.",708,67-25 67-26,70.0,Certain -67-90-1,67,90,1,90-1,"In Bazaar Malay, passivization is realized through analytic means. Three types of passive construction are identified in Bazaar Malay.They are: (1) The kena construction, where kena 'suffer' marks passivization, (2) the dapat construction, where the verb dapat 'get' is the passivization marker, and (3) the kasi construction where kasi 'give' marks passivization.",708,67-188 67-189 67-190,100.0,Very certain -67-91-8,67,91,8,91-8,"In Bazaar Malay, benefactive meaning is expressed by the word kasi on the benefactive argument in transitive base only.",708[136-137],67-191 67-192 67-193,100.0,Certain +(2) Kasi in first position occurring in the causative construction: Siapa kasi ini cermin pecah? [who give DEM glass break] 'Who caused the glass to be broken?'","708[136, 162, 163]",67-180 67-181 67-191 67-236 67-237,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +67-87-3,67,87,3,87-3,"In Bazaar Malay, reflexive constructions are formed by using the same pronoun followed by sendiri 'alone, on one's own' or punya diri 'of self'.",708,67-182 67-183,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +67-88-1,67,88,1,88-1,,708[75],67-184 67-185,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-89-5,67,89,5,89-5,"In Bazaar Malay, the reciprocal construction is formed by using satu satu [one one] 'one another/ each other'.","708[468, 469]",67-184 67-186 67-187,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +67-9-2,67,9,2,9-2,"In Bazaar Malay, demonstratives ini 'this/these' and itu 'that/those' are used as definite articles. The use of Malay nya, the clitic which is the third person pronoun, as a definite article is not observed in Bazaar Malay.",708,67-27,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png""}", +67-9-1,67,9,1,9-1,"In Bazaar Malay, demonstratives ini 'this/these' and itu 'that/those' are used as definite articles. The use of Malay nya, the clitic which is the third person pronoun, as a definite article is not observed in Bazaar Malay.",708,67-25 67-26,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-800080.png""}", +67-90-1,67,90,1,90-1,"In Bazaar Malay, passivization is realized through analytic means. Three types of passive construction are identified in Bazaar Malay.They are: (1) The kena construction, where kena 'suffer' marks passivization, (2) the dapat construction, where the verb dapat 'get' is the passivization marker, and (3) the kasi construction where kasi 'give' marks passivization.",708,67-188 67-189 67-190,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-91-8,67,91,8,91-8,"In Bazaar Malay, benefactive meaning is expressed by the word kasi on the benefactive argument in transitive base only.",708[136-137],67-191 67-192 67-193,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}", 67-92-2,67,92,2,92-2,"There are two relative constructions in Bazaar Malay: -(1) the yang construction where yang is used as the relative marker and (2) the punya construction where punya is used as the relative marker. The former is rarely used and it is used minimally only by those who know Standard Malay, and by Baba Malay speakers. In both constructions, yang and punya are not case marked.","708[105, 115-116]",67-194 67-195,100.0,Very certain -67-93-2,67,93,2,93-2,,708[261],67-196 67-197,100.0,Very certain -67-94-9,67,94,9,94-9,,708[115],67-198,100.0,Certain -67-95-4,67,95,4,95-4,"Bazaar Malay does not make use of any complementizer with verbs of speaking. In my study, my informants used the verb cakap 'speak' and kata 'say'.",708[385],67-199,100.0,Very certain -67-96-4,67,96,4,96-4,"As in the case of verbs of saying, verbs of knowing, for example tahu 'know' in Bazaar Malay, do not require any complementizer to introduce another clause.",708[399],67-200,100.0,Very certain -67-97-1,67,97,1,97-1,,708,67-201,100.0,Very certain -67-98-5,67,98,5,98-5,,708[346],67-202 67-68,100.0,Very certain -67-99-2,67,99,2,99-2,,708[394],67-203,100.0,Very certain -68-0-8,68,0,8,0-8,,,,100.0, -68-1-2,68,1,2,1-2,,1178[397],68-1 68-36,100.0,Very certain -68-10-4,68,10,4,10-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-100-4,68,100,4,100-4,,1178[401],68-120,100.0,Certain -68-101-1,68,101,1,101-1,,1178[401],68-120,100.0,Very certain -68-102-1,68,102,1,102-1,,,68-121,100.0,Very certain -68-103-2,68,103,2,103-2,,1178[403],68-123,30.0,Very certain -68-103-7,68,103,7,103-7,,1178[403],68-122,70.0,Very certain -68-104-3,68,104,3,104-3,,1528[284],68-124,100.0,Intermediate -68-105-3,68,105,3,105-3,,1528[127],,100.0,Certain -68-106-2,68,106,2,106-2,,1528[79],68-125 68-73,100.0,Certain -68-107-2,68,107,2,107-2,,1528[256],68-126,100.0,Certain -68-108-2,68,108,2,108-2,"Clicks can express disapproval, skepticism or frustration.",,68-127,100.0,Certain -68-109-2,68,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-11-2,68,11,2,11-2,,1178[626],68-15,100.0,Certain -68-110-2,68,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-111-2,68,111,2,111-2,,,68-128,100.0,Very certain -68-112-1,68,112,1,112-1,,,68-129,100.0,Very certain -68-113-2,68,113,2,113-2,,,68-130 68-131,100.0,Certain -68-114-1,68,114,1,114-1,,,68-132,100.0,Certain -68-115-2,68,115,2,115-2,,,68-133 68-134,100.0,Certain -68-116-2,68,116,2,116-2,,,68-135 68-136,100.0,Very certain -68-117-2,68,117,2,117-2,,,68-137,100.0,Certain -68-118-3,68,118,3,118-3,,1528[53],68-138 68-139 68-140,100.0,Very certain -68-119-3,68,119,3,119-3,,1528[53],68-138 68-141 68-142,100.0,Very certain -68-12-2,68,12,2,12-2,,1178[404],68-16,100.0,Very certain -68-120-1,68,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-121-2,68,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -68-122-4,68,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -68-123-4,68,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -68-124-3,68,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0, -68-125-4,68,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -68-126-4,68,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -68-127-6,68,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -68-128-1,68,128,1,128-1,/ɲ/ rarely occurs word initially. It does not occur syllable finally.,,68-168,100.0, -68-129-2,68,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -68-13-1,68,13,1,13-1,,1178[406],68-17,100.0,Very certain -68-130-1,68,130,1,130-1,"/h/ does not occur syllable finally. In many words, /h/ can be deleted. When /h/ is deleted between like vowels, a single vowel occurs (/pohong/ -> /pong/ 'tree').",,68-160,100.0, -68-131,68,131,1,131-1,/p/ only occurs syllable initially.,,68-148,100.0, -68-132,68,132,1,132-1,/b/ only occurs syllable initially.,,68-149,100.0, -68-133,68,133,1,133-1,/t/ only occurs syllable initially.,,68-150,100.0, -68-134,68,134,1,134-1,/d/ only occurs syllable initially.,,68-151,100.0, -68-137,68,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -68-138,68,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -68-139,68,139,1,139-1,/t͡ʃ / does not occur syllable finally.,,68-166,100.0, -68-14-1,68,14,1,14-1,,1178[406],,100.0,Very certain -68-140,68,140,1,140-1,/d͡ʒ / does not occur syllable finally.,,68-167,100.0, -68-143,68,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -68-144,68,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -68-145,68,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -68-146,68,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -68-147,68,147,1,147-1,/k/ does not occur syllable finally.,,68-154,100.0, -68-148,68,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -68-149,68,149,1,149-1,/g/ does not occur syllable finally.,,68-155,100.0, -68-15-1,68,15,1,15-1,,1178[406],68-18,100.0,Very certain -68-151,68,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -68-152,68,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -68-153,68,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -68-155,68,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -68-156,68,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -68-158,68,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -68-159,68,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -68-16-3,68,16,3,16-3,,1178[406],68-19,100.0,Very certain -68-160,68,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -68-161,68,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -68-163,68,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -68-168,68,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -68-169,68,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -68-17-4,68,17,4,17-4,"Examples show both the short and the long form of two pronouns occurring as nominal subjects. The alternative (short) forms of all pronouns are reduced forms of the full pronouns. Only some short forms can occur in object position or stand alone as one word sentences, and these forms are noted in the examples. All short forms can occur in subject position.",1178[406],68-1 68-20 68-21 68-22 68-23 68-24 68-25 68-26 68-27,100.0,Certain -68-170,68,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -68-171,68,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -68-172,68,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -68-173,68,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -68-174,68,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -68-176,68,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -68-178,68,178,1,178-1,/m/ only occurs syllable finally before a labial stop.,,68-152,100.0, -68-179,68,179,1,179-1,/n/ only occurs syllable finally before an alveolar stop.,,68-153,100.0, -68-18-5,68,18,5,18-5,"The forms ose and os are markedly unpolite. The form se, however, does not carry this marking, and is used when no outspoken respect needs to be expressed. The forms ale and al express intimacy, and are used among peers or to people of lower status. When respect is called for, pronouns are avoided altogether.",1528[68],68-16 68-24 68-28,100.0,Certain -68-180,68,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -68-181,68,181,1,181-1,/ɲ/ rarely occurs word initially. It does not occur syllable finally.,,68-168,100.0, -68-182,68,182,1,182-1,"/ŋ/ rarely occurs syllable initially. In addition to occurring as a separate phoneme, this sound also ccurs as an allophone of /m/ and /n/ in syllable final position, except in loan words and before labial or alveolar stops.",,68-156,100.0, -68-183,68,183,1,183-1,,,68-171,100.0, -68-184,68,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -68-187,68,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -68-188,68,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -68-189,68,189,3,189-3,/f/ only occurs syllable initially.,,68-157,100.0, -68-19-2,68,19,2,19-2,,1178[404],68-29 68-30 68-31 68-32,100.0,Very certain -68-190,68,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -68-191,68,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -68-192,68,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -68-193,68,193,1,193-1,,,68-158,100.0, -68-194,68,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -68-195,68,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -68-196,68,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -68-199,68,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -68-2-2,68,2,2,2-2,"The possessum-possessor order is rare, and is strictly a result of Indonesian interference (it may even be counted as code switching). It occurs in all the Eastern Indonesian Malay varieties, but is only a part of the core language in Larantuka, not Ambon Malay. All the examples from my collected data have pronominal possessives, but there is no difference between full nouns and pronouns as possessors.",1178[408],68-147 68-3,10.0,Very certain -68-2-1,68,2,1,2-1,"The possessum-possessor order is rare, and is strictly a result of Indonesian interference (it may even be counted as code switching). It occurs in all the Eastern Indonesian Malay varieties, but is only a part of the core language in Larantuka, not Ambon Malay. All the examples from my collected data have pronominal possessives, but there is no difference between full nouns and pronouns as possessors.",1178[408],68-146 68-2,90.0,Very certain -68-20-1,68,20,1,20-1,,1528[142],68-33,100.0,Very certain -68-200,68,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -68-201,68,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -68-202,68,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -68-205,68,205,1,205-1,"/h/ does not occur syllable finally. In many words, /h/ can be deleted. When /h/ is deleted between like vowels, a single vowel occurs (/pohong/ -> /pong/ 'tree').",,68-160,100.0, -68-209,68,209,1,209-1,,,68-159,100.0, -68-21-2,68,21,2,21-2,"The example is from North Moluccan Malay, a closely related contact variety of Malay.",1178[407],68-34,100.0,Very certain -68-212,68,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -68-217,68,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -68-218,68,218,1,218-1,"/j/ does not occur syllable finally. Word initially, it only occurs in loan words.",,68-169,100.0, -68-22-4,68,22,4,22-4,,1178[405],68-35 68-36,100.0,Very certain -68-221,68,221,1,221-1,"/w/ does not occur syllable finally. Word initially, it only occurs in loan words.",,68-170,100.0, -68-23-6,68,23,6,23-6,,1178[405],68-37,100.0,Very certain -68-231,68,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -68-24-2,68,24,2,24-2,,1528[169],68-38 68-39,100.0,Very certain -68-25-1,68,25,1,25-1,,1178[405],,100.0,Very certain -68-252,68,252,1,252-1,"In final unstressed syllables of polysyllabic words, only occurs in limited environments.",,68-161,100.0, -68-253,68,253,1,253-1,,,68-162,100.0, -68-254,68,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -68-255,68,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -68-256,68,256,1,256-1,,,68-163,100.0, -68-257,68,257,1,257-1,"In final unstressed syllables of polysyllabic words, only occurs in limited environments.",,68-164,100.0, -68-258,68,258,1,258-1,,,68-165,100.0, -68-259,68,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -68-26-6,68,26,6,26-6,,1528[112-140],68-40 68-41,100.0,Very certain -68-260,68,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -68-261,68,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -68-263,68,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -68-267,68,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -68-268,68,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -68-27-2,68,27,2,27-2,,,68-42,100.0,Very certain -68-272,68,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -68-273,68,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -68-274,68,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -68-275,68,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -68-276,68,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -68-277,68,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -68-278,68,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -68-279,68,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -68-28-5,68,28,5,28-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-280,68,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -68-281,68,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -68-282,68,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -68-284,68,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -68-285,68,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -68-286,68,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -68-287,68,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -68-288,68,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -68-289,68,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -68-29-5,68,29,5,29-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-290,68,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -68-291,68,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -68-3-2,68,3,2,3-2,,1178[405],68-4,100.0,Very certain -68-30-1,68,30,1,30-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-308-8,68,308,8,308-8,The lexifier language is Malay.,1178[51],,100.0, -68-309-4,68,309,4,309-4,"There are approximately 200,000 native speakers out of perhaps up to a million speakers of the language.",1178[51],,100.0,Very certain -68-31-4,68,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-310-4,68,310,4,310-4,,1178[51],,100.0,Very certain -68-311-2,68,311,2,311-2,"Increase is slow due to the fact that most adults in the region already speak the language, and that Ambon Malay is in competition with the national language, Indonesian, and with other contact varieties of Malay to the north, west and east.",1178[51],,100.0,Very certain -68-312-2,68,312,2,312-2,"There is little or no ""abandonment"" of the language, but, in a sort of decreolization: for an incresing number of speakers, the language is taking on features and vocabulary from colloquial Indonesian.",1178[51],,100.0,Very certain -68-313-5,68,313,5,313-5,There may be as many as one million speakers of Ambon Malay.,1178[51],,100.0,Certain -68-314-3,68,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-315-2,68,315,2,315-2,There is some limited use of the language in radio news only.,,,100.0,Certain -68-316-2,68,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0,Certain -68-317-1,68,317,1,317-1,Music in Ambon Malay is popular throughout Indonesia.,,,100.0,Very certain -68-318-2,68,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Certain -68-319-2,68,319,2,319-2,The use of the language in newspaper editorials is largely restricted to headlines and some limited content.,,,100.0,Certain -68-32-1,68,32,1,32-1,,1178[179],68-43 68-44,100.0,Very certain -68-320-1,68,320,1,320-1,The language is found in both popular columns and cartoons in the newspaper.,,,100.0,Very certain -68-321-1,68,321,1,321-1,The language is not used for any formal communications (such as notices and instructions) but is the primary spoken language used with customers.,,,100.0,Certain -68-322-2,68,322,2,322-2,"The language is not used for any official court proceedings, but may be used for testimony by speakers who are not proficient in the national language, Indonesian.",,,100.0,Intermediate -68-323-3,68,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain -68-324-3,68,324,3,324-3,"Officially, the language is not used in the classroom. However, some teachers may not be fully proficient in the national language, Indonesian, and their speech may be influenced by Ambon Malay to one extent or another .",,,100.0,Certain -68-325-1,68,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Certain -68-326-1,68,326,1,326-1,"The national language, Indonesian, is at present exerting the most influence on Ambon Malay. It is not the Malay variety which served as the lexifier, but a variety which followed a separate path of development before being reintroduced into the region in the 20th century.",1178[51],,100.0,Very certain -68-327-3,68,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Certain -68-328-2,68,328,2,328-2,"There is limited divergence in some areas away from the provincial capital (areas such as the Kei Islands and the Tanimbar islands have recognizable, though easily mutually intelligible, varieties).",1178[51],,100.0,Very certain -68-329-2,68,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Certain -68-33-2,68,33,2,33-2,,1178[408],68-45 68-46,100.0,Very certain -68-330-3,68,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Certain -68-331-3,68,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Certain -68-332-3,68,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Certain -68-333-2,68,333,2,333-2,"Speakers who are more educated at times make use of pronunciations and even phonemes found in Indonesian, the national language, which are absent in Ambon Malay.",,,100.0,Certain -68-334-2,68,334,2,334-2,"Speakers who are more educated exhibit a greater influence from the national language, Indonesian, on their speech, which can take the form of variation in word order and morphology.",1178[51],,100.0,Certain -68-335-2,68,335,2,335-2,"Speakers who are more educated may use vocabulary borrowed from the national language, Indonesian.",,,100.0,Certain -68-34-2,68,34,2,34-2,,1528[168],68-47,100.0,Certain -68-35-6,68,35,6,35-6,,1178[412],68-48 68-49,100.0,Intermediate -68-36-2,68,36,2,36-2,"The classifier orang is used for humans, ekor for animals, and bua for inanimates. These classifiers are optional.",1178[412],68-143 68-144 68-50,100.0,Very certain -68-37-5,68,37,5,37-5,,1178[408],68-51,100.0,Very certain -68-38-2,68,38,2,38-2,,1178[408],68-52,100.0,Very certain -68-39-1,68,39,1,39-1,,1528[161],68-20 68-21,100.0,Very certain -68-4-2,68,4,2,4-2,,1178[399-401],68-5,100.0,Very certain -68-40-1,68,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-41-1,68,41,1,41-1,,1528[175],68-54,100.0,Very certain -68-42-3,68,42,3,42-3,,1528[175],68-54,100.0,Very certain -68-43-3,68,43,3,43-3,"Mood and aspect markers generally follow the subject and precede the verb, but may precede or follow a negator, depending on the specific utterance. In some very limited situations, the aspect marker suda can occur post-verbally; in this case, it marks emphasis.",1178[414],68-145 68-53 68-55,100.0,Very certain -68-44-8,68,44,8,44-8,Ambon Malay has no tense marking. Aspect markers precede mood markers before the verb. There is a range of both aspect and mood markers.,1178[414],,100.0,Very certain -68-45-6,68,45,6,45-6,,1178[414],,100.0,Very certain -68-46-3,68,46,3,46-3,,1178[414],68-22 68-56,100.0,Very certain -68-47-2,68,47,2,47-2,,1178[416],68-57,100.0,Very certain -68-48-1,68,48,1,48-1,"A habitual marker ('jaga') exists in some closely related varieties. It is possible that it exists in Ambon Malay, but it did not appear in the data.",1178[415],,100.0,Uncertain -68-49-1,68,49,1,49-1,,1178[414],68-57 68-58 68-59,100.0,Very certain -68-5-1,68,5,1,5-1,,1178[408-410],68-8,30.0,Very certain -68-5-2,68,5,2,5-2,,1178[408-410],68-6,70.0,Very certain -68-50-2,68,50,2,50-2,"The PROG marker cannot be negated with the standard negator, as it refers to a state or action which is currently true, but it can occur with 'not yet'. As a result, clauses with the standard negator have reduced aspect-mood marking.",1178[414],68-60 68-61,100.0,Very certain -68-51-3,68,51,3,51-3,"Unless an aspect marker or time adverb occurs, the temporal reference of unmarked dynamic verbs depends on the context. If there is little or no context, multiple interpretations are possible. An unmarked stative verb is generally interpreted to refer to the present time.",1178[414],68-119 68-58 68-62 68-63,100.0,Very certain -68-52-1,68,52,1,52-1,,1178[414],,100.0,Very certain -68-54-7,68,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-55-2,68,55,2,55-2,,,68-64 68-65,100.0,Very certain -68-56-2,68,56,2,56-2,,1178[402],68-66 68-67 68-68,100.0,Very certain -68-57-1,68,57,1,57-1,,1178[397],68-69,100.0,Very certain -68-58-1,68,58,1,58-1,,1178[397],68-69 68-70,100.0,Very certain +(1) the yang construction where yang is used as the relative marker and (2) the punya construction where punya is used as the relative marker. The former is rarely used and it is used minimally only by those who know Standard Malay, and by Baba Malay speakers. In both constructions, yang and punya are not case marked.","708[105, 115-116]",67-194 67-195,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +67-93-2,67,93,2,93-2,,708[261],67-196 67-197,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +67-94-9,67,94,9,94-9,,708[115],67-198,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +67-95-4,67,95,4,95-4,"Bazaar Malay does not make use of any complementizer with verbs of speaking. In my study, my informants used the verb cakap 'speak' and kata 'say'.",708[385],67-199,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-96-4,67,96,4,96-4,"As in the case of verbs of saying, verbs of knowing, for example tahu 'know' in Bazaar Malay, do not require any complementizer to introduce another clause.",708[399],67-200,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-97-1,67,97,1,97-1,,708,67-201,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +67-98-5,67,98,5,98-5,,708[346],67-202 67-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +67-99-2,67,99,2,99-2,,708[394],67-203,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-0-8,68,0,8,0-8,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +68-1-2,68,1,2,1-2,,1178[397],68-1 68-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-10-4,68,10,4,10-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-100-4,68,100,4,100-4,,1178[401],68-120,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-101-1,68,101,1,101-1,,1178[401],68-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-102-1,68,102,1,102-1,,,68-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +68-103-2,68,103,2,103-2,,1178[403],68-123,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +68-103-7,68,103,7,103-7,,1178[403],68-122,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +68-104-3,68,104,3,104-3,,1528[284],68-124,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +68-105-3,68,105,3,105-3,,1528[127],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-106-2,68,106,2,106-2,,1528[79],68-125 68-73,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +68-107-2,68,107,2,107-2,,1528[256],68-126,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +68-108-2,68,108,2,108-2,"Clicks can express disapproval, skepticism or frustration.",,68-127,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +68-109-2,68,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-11-2,68,11,2,11-2,,1178[626],68-15,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-110-2,68,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-111-2,68,111,2,111-2,,,68-128,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +68-112-1,68,112,1,112-1,,,68-129,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +68-113-2,68,113,2,113-2,,,68-130 68-131,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +68-114-1,68,114,1,114-1,,,68-132,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +68-115-2,68,115,2,115-2,,,68-133 68-134,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +68-116-2,68,116,2,116-2,,,68-135 68-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +68-117-2,68,117,2,117-2,,,68-137,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-118-3,68,118,3,118-3,,1528[53],68-138 68-139 68-140,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-119-3,68,119,3,119-3,,1528[53],68-138 68-141 68-142,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-12-2,68,12,2,12-2,,1178[404],68-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-120-1,68,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +68-121-2,68,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +68-122-4,68,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-123-4,68,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-124-3,68,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +68-125-4,68,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-126-4,68,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-127-6,68,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-128-1,68,128,1,128-1,/ɲ/ rarely occurs word initially. It does not occur syllable finally.,,68-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-129-2,68,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-13-1,68,13,1,13-1,,1178[406],68-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +68-130-1,68,130,1,130-1,"/h/ does not occur syllable finally. In many words, /h/ can be deleted. When /h/ is deleted between like vowels, a single vowel occurs (/pohong/ -> /pong/ 'tree').",,68-160,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-131,68,131,1,131-1,/p/ only occurs syllable initially.,,68-148,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-132,68,132,1,132-1,/b/ only occurs syllable initially.,,68-149,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-133,68,133,1,133-1,/t/ only occurs syllable initially.,,68-150,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-134,68,134,1,134-1,/d/ only occurs syllable initially.,,68-151,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-137,68,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-138,68,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-139,68,139,1,139-1,/t͡ʃ / does not occur syllable finally.,,68-166,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-14-1,68,14,1,14-1,,1178[406],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-140,68,140,1,140-1,/d͡ʒ / does not occur syllable finally.,,68-167,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-143,68,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-144,68,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-145,68,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-146,68,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-147,68,147,1,147-1,/k/ does not occur syllable finally.,,68-154,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-148,68,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-149,68,149,1,149-1,/g/ does not occur syllable finally.,,68-155,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-15-1,68,15,1,15-1,,1178[406],68-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +68-151,68,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-152,68,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-153,68,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-155,68,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-156,68,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-158,68,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-159,68,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-16-3,68,16,3,16-3,,1178[406],68-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +68-160,68,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-161,68,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-163,68,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-168,68,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-169,68,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-17-4,68,17,4,17-4,"Examples show both the short and the long form of two pronouns occurring as nominal subjects. The alternative (short) forms of all pronouns are reduced forms of the full pronouns. Only some short forms can occur in object position or stand alone as one word sentences, and these forms are noted in the examples. All short forms can occur in subject position.",1178[406],68-1 68-20 68-21 68-22 68-23 68-24 68-25 68-26 68-27,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +68-170,68,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-171,68,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-172,68,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-173,68,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-174,68,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-176,68,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-178,68,178,1,178-1,/m/ only occurs syllable finally before a labial stop.,,68-152,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-179,68,179,1,179-1,/n/ only occurs syllable finally before an alveolar stop.,,68-153,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-18-5,68,18,5,18-5,"The forms ose and os are markedly unpolite. The form se, however, does not carry this marking, and is used when no outspoken respect needs to be expressed. The forms ale and al express intimacy, and are used among peers or to people of lower status. When respect is called for, pronouns are avoided altogether.",1528[68],68-16 68-24 68-28,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +68-180,68,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-181,68,181,1,181-1,/ɲ/ rarely occurs word initially. It does not occur syllable finally.,,68-168,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-182,68,182,1,182-1,"/ŋ/ rarely occurs syllable initially. In addition to occurring as a separate phoneme, this sound also ccurs as an allophone of /m/ and /n/ in syllable final position, except in loan words and before labial or alveolar stops.",,68-156,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-183,68,183,1,183-1,,,68-171,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-184,68,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-187,68,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-188,68,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-189,68,189,3,189-3,/f/ only occurs syllable initially.,,68-157,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +68-19-2,68,19,2,19-2,,1178[404],68-29 68-30 68-31 68-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +68-190,68,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-191,68,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-192,68,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-193,68,193,1,193-1,,,68-158,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-194,68,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-195,68,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-196,68,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-199,68,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-2-2,68,2,2,2-2,"The possessum-possessor order is rare, and is strictly a result of Indonesian interference (it may even be counted as code switching). It occurs in all the Eastern Indonesian Malay varieties, but is only a part of the core language in Larantuka, not Ambon Malay. All the examples from my collected data have pronominal possessives, but there is no difference between full nouns and pronouns as possessors.",1178[408],68-147 68-3,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +68-2-1,68,2,1,2-1,"The possessum-possessor order is rare, and is strictly a result of Indonesian interference (it may even be counted as code switching). It occurs in all the Eastern Indonesian Malay varieties, but is only a part of the core language in Larantuka, not Ambon Malay. All the examples from my collected data have pronominal possessives, but there is no difference between full nouns and pronouns as possessors.",1178[408],68-146 68-2,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-90-0000FF-10-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +68-20-1,68,20,1,20-1,,1528[142],68-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +68-200,68,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-201,68,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-202,68,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-205,68,205,1,205-1,"/h/ does not occur syllable finally. In many words, /h/ can be deleted. When /h/ is deleted between like vowels, a single vowel occurs (/pohong/ -> /pong/ 'tree').",,68-160,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-209,68,209,1,209-1,,,68-159,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-21-2,68,21,2,21-2,"The example is from North Moluccan Malay, a closely related contact variety of Malay.",1178[407],68-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-212,68,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-217,68,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-218,68,218,1,218-1,"/j/ does not occur syllable finally. Word initially, it only occurs in loan words.",,68-169,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-22-4,68,22,4,22-4,,1178[405],68-35 68-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +68-221,68,221,1,221-1,"/w/ does not occur syllable finally. Word initially, it only occurs in loan words.",,68-170,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-23-6,68,23,6,23-6,,1178[405],68-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +68-231,68,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-24-2,68,24,2,24-2,,1528[169],68-38 68-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +68-25-1,68,25,1,25-1,,1178[405],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-252,68,252,1,252-1,"In final unstressed syllables of polysyllabic words, only occurs in limited environments.",,68-161,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-253,68,253,1,253-1,,,68-162,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-254,68,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-255,68,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-256,68,256,1,256-1,,,68-163,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-257,68,257,1,257-1,"In final unstressed syllables of polysyllabic words, only occurs in limited environments.",,68-164,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-258,68,258,1,258-1,,,68-165,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +68-259,68,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-26-6,68,26,6,26-6,,1528[112-140],68-40 68-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +68-260,68,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-261,68,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-263,68,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-267,68,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-268,68,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-27-2,68,27,2,27-2,,,68-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-272,68,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-273,68,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-274,68,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-275,68,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-276,68,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-277,68,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-278,68,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-279,68,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-28-5,68,28,5,28-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +68-280,68,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-281,68,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-282,68,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-284,68,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-285,68,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-286,68,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-287,68,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-288,68,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-289,68,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-29-5,68,29,5,29-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +68-290,68,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-291,68,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-3-2,68,3,2,3-2,,1178[405],68-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-30-1,68,30,1,30-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-308-8,68,308,8,308-8,The lexifier language is Malay.,1178[51],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +68-309-4,68,309,4,309-4,"There are approximately 200,000 native speakers out of perhaps up to a million speakers of the language.",1178[51],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +68-31-4,68,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-310-4,68,310,4,310-4,,1178[51],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +68-311-2,68,311,2,311-2,"Increase is slow due to the fact that most adults in the region already speak the language, and that Ambon Malay is in competition with the national language, Indonesian, and with other contact varieties of Malay to the north, west and east.",1178[51],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +68-312-2,68,312,2,312-2,"There is little or no ""abandonment"" of the language, but, in a sort of decreolization: for an incresing number of speakers, the language is taking on features and vocabulary from colloquial Indonesian.",1178[51],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +68-313-5,68,313,5,313-5,There may be as many as one million speakers of Ambon Malay.,1178[51],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +68-314-3,68,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-315-2,68,315,2,315-2,There is some limited use of the language in radio news only.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +68-316-2,68,316,2,316-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +68-317-1,68,317,1,317-1,Music in Ambon Malay is popular throughout Indonesia.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +68-318-2,68,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +68-319-2,68,319,2,319-2,The use of the language in newspaper editorials is largely restricted to headlines and some limited content.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +68-32-1,68,32,1,32-1,,1178[179],68-43 68-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +68-320-1,68,320,1,320-1,The language is found in both popular columns and cartoons in the newspaper.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +68-321-1,68,321,1,321-1,The language is not used for any formal communications (such as notices and instructions) but is the primary spoken language used with customers.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +68-322-2,68,322,2,322-2,"The language is not used for any official court proceedings, but may be used for testimony by speakers who are not proficient in the national language, Indonesian.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +68-323-3,68,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-324-3,68,324,3,324-3,"Officially, the language is not used in the classroom. However, some teachers may not be fully proficient in the national language, Indonesian, and their speech may be influenced by Ambon Malay to one extent or another .",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-325-1,68,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +68-326-1,68,326,1,326-1,"The national language, Indonesian, is at present exerting the most influence on Ambon Malay. It is not the Malay variety which served as the lexifier, but a variety which followed a separate path of development before being reintroduced into the region in the 20th century.",1178[51],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-327-3,68,327,3,327-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-328-2,68,328,2,328-2,"There is limited divergence in some areas away from the provincial capital (areas such as the Kei Islands and the Tanimbar islands have recognizable, though easily mutually intelligible, varieties).",1178[51],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +68-329-2,68,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +68-33-2,68,33,2,33-2,,1178[408],68-45 68-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-330-3,68,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-331-3,68,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-332-3,68,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-333-2,68,333,2,333-2,"Speakers who are more educated at times make use of pronunciations and even phonemes found in Indonesian, the national language, which are absent in Ambon Malay.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +68-334-2,68,334,2,334-2,"Speakers who are more educated exhibit a greater influence from the national language, Indonesian, on their speech, which can take the form of variation in word order and morphology.",1178[51],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +68-335-2,68,335,2,335-2,"Speakers who are more educated may use vocabulary borrowed from the national language, Indonesian.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +68-34-2,68,34,2,34-2,,1528[168],68-47,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-35-6,68,35,6,35-6,,1178[412],68-48 68-49,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +68-36-2,68,36,2,36-2,"The classifier orang is used for humans, ekor for animals, and bua for inanimates. These classifiers are optional.",1178[412],68-143 68-144 68-50,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-37-5,68,37,5,37-5,,1178[408],68-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +68-38-2,68,38,2,38-2,,1178[408],68-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-39-1,68,39,1,39-1,,1528[161],68-20 68-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +68-4-2,68,4,2,4-2,,1178[399-401],68-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-40-1,68,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-41-1,68,41,1,41-1,,1528[175],68-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-42-3,68,42,3,42-3,,1528[175],68-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +68-43-3,68,43,3,43-3,"Mood and aspect markers generally follow the subject and precede the verb, but may precede or follow a negator, depending on the specific utterance. In some very limited situations, the aspect marker suda can occur post-verbally; in this case, it marks emphasis.",1178[414],68-145 68-53 68-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +68-44-8,68,44,8,44-8,Ambon Malay has no tense marking. Aspect markers precede mood markers before the verb. There is a range of both aspect and mood markers.,1178[414],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-45-6,68,45,6,45-6,,1178[414],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-46-3,68,46,3,46-3,,1178[414],68-22 68-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-47-2,68,47,2,47-2,,1178[416],68-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +68-48-1,68,48,1,48-1,"A habitual marker ('jaga') exists in some closely related varieties. It is possible that it exists in Ambon Malay, but it did not appear in the data.",1178[415],,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-49-1,68,49,1,49-1,,1178[414],68-57 68-58 68-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-5-1,68,5,1,5-1,,1178[408-410],68-8,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-5-2,68,5,2,5-2,,1178[408-410],68-6,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-50-2,68,50,2,50-2,"The PROG marker cannot be negated with the standard negator, as it refers to a state or action which is currently true, but it can occur with 'not yet'. As a result, clauses with the standard negator have reduced aspect-mood marking.",1178[414],68-60 68-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +68-51-3,68,51,3,51-3,"Unless an aspect marker or time adverb occurs, the temporal reference of unmarked dynamic verbs depends on the context. If there is little or no context, multiple interpretations are possible. An unmarked stative verb is generally interpreted to refer to the present time.",1178[414],68-119 68-58 68-62 68-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-52-1,68,52,1,52-1,,1178[414],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-54-7,68,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +68-55-2,68,55,2,55-2,,,68-64 68-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-56-2,68,56,2,56-2,,1178[402],68-66 68-67 68-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-57-1,68,57,1,57-1,,1178[397],68-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-58-1,68,58,1,58-1,,1178[397],68-69 68-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 68-59-2,68,59,2,59-2,"Certain shortened forms of pronouns are possible only in A/S or P position. 1SG: @@ -20413,414 +20413,414 @@ P: akang, kang, ang 1PL: A/S: katong, tong -P: katong",1178[397],68-71 68-72,100.0,Certain -68-6-2,68,6,2,6-2,"The numeral (with or without an optional classifier) can precede or follow the head noun. Numerals following the head noun are more common (particularly for numbers 1–10), and the occurrence of numerals preceding the head noun may be due to recent influence from Indonesian.",1178[410-412],68-10,70.0,Very certain -68-6-1,68,6,1,6-1,"The numeral (with or without an optional classifier) can precede or follow the head noun. Numerals following the head noun are more common (particularly for numbers 1–10), and the occurrence of numerals preceding the head noun may be due to recent influence from Indonesian.",1178[410-412],68-9,30.0,Very certain -68-60-1,68,60,1,60-1,"In double-object constructions, the agent-subject NP is often omitted.",1528[221],68-74 68-75,75.0,Very certain -68-60-2,68,60,2,60-2,"In double-object constructions, the agent-subject NP is often omitted.",1528[221],68-73 68-75,25.0,Very certain -68-61-2,68,61,2,61-2,,1528[221],68-74,70.0,Very certain -68-61-1,68,61,1,61-1,,1528[221],68-73,30.0,Very certain -68-62-5,68,62,5,62-5,,1528[209],68-76,100.0,Very certain -68-63-3,68,63,3,63-3,,,68-77,100.0,Very certain -68-64-2,68,64,2,64-2,,1528[219],68-78,100.0,Very certain -68-65-1,68,65,1,65-1,,1528[217],68-80,50.0,Very certain -68-65-5,68,65,5,65-5,,1528[217],68-79,50.0,Very certain -68-66-1,68,66,1,66-1,"No verb is used, but rather ""She has a headache"" employs an equational construction (""She headache"").",,68-81,100.0,Very certain -68-67-1,68,67,1,67-1,,,68-82,100.0,Very certain -68-68-1,68,68,1,68-1,,,68-83,100.0,Very certain -68-69-1,68,69,1,69-1,,1178[399],68-84,100.0,Very certain -68-7-1,68,7,1,7-1,,1178[412-413],68-11,100.0,Very certain -68-70-1,68,70,1,70-1,,1178[399],68-84 68-85,100.0,Very certain -68-71-1,68,71,1,71-1,,1178[422],68-85 68-86,100.0,Very certain -68-72-1,68,72,1,72-1,"The coordinator is deng. Verbal conjunction can also take the form of simple juxtaposition, though this is not the usual expression.",1178[422],68-33 68-57 68-58 68-86 68-87,100.0,Very certain -68-73-2,68,73,2,73-2,,1528[211],68-88,100.0,Very certain -68-74-2,68,74,2,74-2,,1528[218],68-89,100.0,Very certain -68-75-2,68,75,2,75-2,,1528[214],68-90,100.0,Very certain -68-76-1,68,76,1,76-1,,1528[211-214],68-88 68-90,100.0,Very certain -68-77-1,68,77,1,77-1,,1528[161],68-91,100.0,Very certain -68-78-2,68,78,2,78-2,,"1528[161, 219]",68-91 68-92,100.0,Very certain -68-79-1,68,79,1,79-1,,1178[399],68-95,70.0,Certain -68-79-2,68,79,2,79-2,,1178[399],68-96,30.0,Certain -68-8-2,68,8,2,8-2,"A construction also occurs in which degree words both precede and follow the word being modified (see Example 14 for Value ""Degree word precedes and follows adjective"").",1528[196],68-13,23.0769230769231,Certain -68-8-3,68,8,3,8-3,"A construction also occurs in which degree words both precede and follow the word being modified (see Example 14 for Value ""Degree word precedes and follows adjective"").",1528[196],68-14,23.0769230769231,Certain -68-8-1,68,8,1,8-1,"A construction also occurs in which degree words both precede and follow the word being modified (see Example 14 for Value ""Degree word precedes and follows adjective"").",1528[196],68-12,53.8461538461538,Certain -68-80-2,68,80,2,80-2,,1178[399],68-94,100.0,Very certain -68-81-2,68,81,2,81-2,,1178[399],68-93 68-94 68-95,100.0,Very certain -68-82-1,68,82,1,82-1,"Value ""Special motion-to preposition"" is actually a combination of two prepositions: ka 'to' and dalang 'in' which are used to give the meaning 'motion to', rather than a single preposition with this meaning.",1178[399],68-97 68-99,70.0,Certain -68-82-3,68,82,3,82-3,"Value ""Special motion-to preposition"" is actually a combination of two prepositions: ka 'to' and dalang 'in' which are used to give the meaning 'motion to', rather than a single preposition with this meaning.",1178[399],68-98,30.0,Certain -68-83-1,68,83,1,83-1,"It is difficult to determine if the construction hela kaluar 'pull out of' is a serial verb or a verb + preposition, since the verb kaluar 'to exit; to go out of (s.t.)' is itself derived from the prepositions ka 'to' and luar 'outside'. I have chosen Value ""Serial verb construction"" for this construction, but it could also possibly be considered as Value ""Special motion-from adposition"".",,68-100 68-102,70.0,Intermediate -68-83-3,68,83,3,83-3,"It is difficult to determine if the construction hela kaluar 'pull out of' is a serial verb or a verb + preposition, since the verb kaluar 'to exit; to go out of (s.t.)' is itself derived from the prepositions ka 'to' and luar 'outside'. I have chosen Value ""Serial verb construction"" for this construction, but it could also possibly be considered as Value ""Special motion-from adposition"".",,68-101,30.0,Certain -68-84-3,68,84,3,84-3,,1178[417],,100.0, -68-85-1,68,85,1,85-1,"No 'take' serial verb constructions occur in the data for either source and the topic is not mentioned in either source. 'Take' serial constructions are common in closely related lects, so they may be present but rare in Ambon Malay.",,,100.0,Uncertain -68-86-3,68,86,3,86-3,,1178[416],68-104,100.0,Very certain -68-87-4,68,87,4,87-4,,1178[418],68-105,100.0,Certain -68-88-2,68,88,2,88-2,The reflexive prefix is not used as an intensifier.,,68-105,100.0,Certain -68-89-5,68,89,5,89-5,,1178[420],68-106 68-107,100.0,Unspecified -68-9-4,68,9,4,9-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-90-2,68,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -68-91-8,68,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -68-92-2,68,92,2,92-2,,1178[412],68-108,70.0,Certain -68-92-4,68,92,4,92-4,,1178[412],68-109,30.0,Certain -68-93-2,68,93,2,93-2,,1178[412],68-110,70.0,Intermediate -68-93-4,68,93,4,93-4,,1178[412],68-111,30.0,Certain -68-94-5,68,94,5,94-5,,,68-112,100.0,Intermediate -68-95-1,68,95,1,95-1,"There is no differentiation in Ambon Malay between direct speech, indirect speech and reporting thoughts. All of these clauses can be marked by the optional complementizer kata 'word; say'. Because this complementizer is optional, Values ""Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’"" and ""No complementizer"" have been chosen.",1528[291],68-113 68-115,30.0,Certain -68-95-4,68,95,4,95-4,"There is no differentiation in Ambon Malay between direct speech, indirect speech and reporting thoughts. All of these clauses can be marked by the optional complementizer kata 'word; say'. Because this complementizer is optional, Values ""Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’"" and ""No complementizer"" have been chosen.",1528[291],68-114,70.0,Certain -68-96-4,68,96,4,96-4,,,68-116,100.0,Certain -68-97-1,68,97,1,97-1,,,68-117,100.0,Very certain +P: katong",1178[397],68-71 68-72,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-6-2,68,6,2,6-2,"The numeral (with or without an optional classifier) can precede or follow the head noun. Numerals following the head noun are more common (particularly for numbers 1–10), and the occurrence of numerals preceding the head noun may be due to recent influence from Indonesian.",1178[410-412],68-10,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-6-1,68,6,1,6-1,"The numeral (with or without an optional classifier) can precede or follow the head noun. Numerals following the head noun are more common (particularly for numbers 1–10), and the occurrence of numerals preceding the head noun may be due to recent influence from Indonesian.",1178[410-412],68-9,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-60-1,68,60,1,60-1,"In double-object constructions, the agent-subject NP is often omitted.",1528[221],68-74 68-75,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +68-60-2,68,60,2,60-2,"In double-object constructions, the agent-subject NP is often omitted.",1528[221],68-73 68-75,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-0000FF-75-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +68-61-2,68,61,2,61-2,,1528[221],68-74,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}", +68-61-1,68,61,1,61-1,,1528[221],68-73,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}", +68-62-5,68,62,5,62-5,,1528[209],68-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +68-63-3,68,63,3,63-3,,,68-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-64-2,68,64,2,64-2,,1528[219],68-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +68-65-1,68,65,1,65-1,,1528[217],68-80,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +68-65-5,68,65,5,65-5,,1528[217],68-79,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +68-66-1,68,66,1,66-1,"No verb is used, but rather ""She has a headache"" employs an equational construction (""She headache"").",,68-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +68-67-1,68,67,1,67-1,,,68-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +68-68-1,68,68,1,68-1,,,68-83,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +68-69-1,68,69,1,69-1,,1178[399],68-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +68-7-1,68,7,1,7-1,,1178[412-413],68-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +68-70-1,68,70,1,70-1,,1178[399],68-84 68-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +68-71-1,68,71,1,71-1,,1178[422],68-85 68-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-72-1,68,72,1,72-1,"The coordinator is deng. Verbal conjunction can also take the form of simple juxtaposition, though this is not the usual expression.",1178[422],68-33 68-57 68-58 68-86 68-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +68-73-2,68,73,2,73-2,,1528[211],68-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-74-2,68,74,2,74-2,,1528[218],68-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-75-2,68,75,2,75-2,,1528[214],68-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-76-1,68,76,1,76-1,,1528[211-214],68-88 68-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-77-1,68,77,1,77-1,,1528[161],68-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +68-78-2,68,78,2,78-2,,"1528[161, 219]",68-91 68-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-79-1,68,79,1,79-1,,1178[399],68-95,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}", +68-79-2,68,79,2,79-2,,1178[399],68-96,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-FF0000.png""}", +68-8-2,68,8,2,8-2,"A construction also occurs in which degree words both precede and follow the word being modified (see Example 14 for Value ""Degree word precedes and follows adjective"").",1528[196],68-13,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-54-FFFF00-24-800080-24-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +68-8-3,68,8,3,8-3,"A construction also occurs in which degree words both precede and follow the word being modified (see Example 14 for Value ""Degree word precedes and follows adjective"").",1528[196],68-14,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-54-FFFF00-24-800080-24-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +68-8-1,68,8,1,8-1,"A construction also occurs in which degree words both precede and follow the word being modified (see Example 14 for Value ""Degree word precedes and follows adjective"").",1528[196],68-12,53.8461538461538,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-54-FFFF00-24-800080-24-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +68-80-2,68,80,2,80-2,,1178[399],68-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-81-2,68,81,2,81-2,,1178[399],68-93 68-94 68-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +68-82-1,68,82,1,82-1,"Value ""Special motion-to preposition"" is actually a combination of two prepositions: ka 'to' and dalang 'in' which are used to give the meaning 'motion to', rather than a single preposition with this meaning.",1178[399],68-97 68-99,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}", +68-82-3,68,82,3,82-3,"Value ""Special motion-to preposition"" is actually a combination of two prepositions: ka 'to' and dalang 'in' which are used to give the meaning 'motion to', rather than a single preposition with this meaning.",1178[399],68-98,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}", +68-83-1,68,83,1,83-1,"It is difficult to determine if the construction hela kaluar 'pull out of' is a serial verb or a verb + preposition, since the verb kaluar 'to exit; to go out of (s.t.)' is itself derived from the prepositions ka 'to' and luar 'outside'. I have chosen Value ""Serial verb construction"" for this construction, but it could also possibly be considered as Value ""Special motion-from adposition"".",,68-100 68-102,70.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +68-83-3,68,83,3,83-3,"It is difficult to determine if the construction hela kaluar 'pull out of' is a serial verb or a verb + preposition, since the verb kaluar 'to exit; to go out of (s.t.)' is itself derived from the prepositions ka 'to' and luar 'outside'. I have chosen Value ""Serial verb construction"" for this construction, but it could also possibly be considered as Value ""Special motion-from adposition"".",,68-101,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +68-84-3,68,84,3,84-3,,1178[417],,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-85-1,68,85,1,85-1,"No 'take' serial verb constructions occur in the data for either source and the topic is not mentioned in either source. 'Take' serial constructions are common in closely related lects, so they may be present but rare in Ambon Malay.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-86-3,68,86,3,86-3,,1178[416],68-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +68-87-4,68,87,4,87-4,,1178[418],68-105,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +68-88-2,68,88,2,88-2,The reflexive prefix is not used as an intensifier.,,68-105,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +68-89-5,68,89,5,89-5,,1178[420],68-106 68-107,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +68-9-4,68,9,4,9-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-90-2,68,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-91-8,68,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +68-92-2,68,92,2,92-2,,1178[412],68-108,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +68-92-4,68,92,4,92-4,,1178[412],68-109,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +68-93-2,68,93,2,93-2,,1178[412],68-110,70.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +68-93-4,68,93,4,93-4,,1178[412],68-111,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +68-94-5,68,94,5,94-5,,,68-112,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +68-95-1,68,95,1,95-1,"There is no differentiation in Ambon Malay between direct speech, indirect speech and reporting thoughts. All of these clauses can be marked by the optional complementizer kata 'word; say'. Because this complementizer is optional, Values ""Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’"" and ""No complementizer"" have been chosen.",1528[291],68-113 68-115,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-95-4,68,95,4,95-4,"There is no differentiation in Ambon Malay between direct speech, indirect speech and reporting thoughts. All of these clauses can be marked by the optional complementizer kata 'word; say'. Because this complementizer is optional, Values ""Complementizer identical to bare ‘say’"" and ""No complementizer"" have been chosen.",1528[291],68-114,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-FFFFFF.png""}", +68-96-4,68,96,4,96-4,,,68-116,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-97-1,68,97,1,97-1,,,68-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 68-98-6,68,98,6,98-6,"'Think' takes an optional complementizer, kata 'word; say',while 'want' takes no complementizer. -The 'think' clause is different both because there is an optional COMP (kata) and because the clause need not contain a subject if the COMP is used (if the COMP is not used, the construction is similar to the one for 'want'), whereas the 'want' clause cannot have a complementizer and must contain a subject. The COMP kata can only appear with cognition (think, know), perception (see, hear, feel) and mental process (remember, forget) verbs.",,68-118 68-119,100.0,Certain -68-99-2,68,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain -69-0-9,69,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0, +The 'think' clause is different both because there is an optional COMP (kata) and because the clause need not contain a subject if the COMP is used (if the COMP is not used, the construction is similar to the one for 'want'), whereas the 'want' clause cannot have a complementizer and must contain a subject. The COMP kata can only appear with cognition (think, know), perception (see, hear, feel) and mental process (remember, forget) verbs.",,68-118 68-119,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +68-99-2,68,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +69-0-9,69,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", 69-1-6,69,1,6,1-6,"Clauses with both arguments overt are very rare and many examples contain pronouns rather than full nouns. When one of the arguments is realized by a pronoun, VO order (as opposed to OV) is possible but rare: wut kandək mənda kra-nan taŋgut mən night OBL and.then cut-NONFUT rope that 'Then at night they cut the rope.' -No SVO examples were found with both subject and object realized as full nouns.",,69-2,70.0,Very certain +No SVO examples were found with both subject and object realized as full nouns.",,69-2,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own field notes 1985 69-1-1,69,1,1,1-1,"Clauses with both arguments overt are very rare and many examples contain pronouns rather than full nouns. When one of the arguments is realized by a pronoun, VO order (as opposed to OV) is possible but rare: wut kandək mənda kra-nan taŋgut mən night OBL and.then cut-NONFUT rope that 'Then at night they cut the rope.' -No SVO examples were found with both subject and object realized as full nouns.",,69-1 69-45,30.0,Very certain -69-10-4,69,10,4,10-4,,,,100.0,Certain -69-100-4,69,100,4,100-4,,,69-41,100.0,Very certain -69-101-2,69,101,2,101-2,,,69-41,100.0,Certain -69-103-7,69,103,7,103-7,,,69-71,100.0,Certain -69-106-3,69,106,3,106-3,"There is no word 'too', but 'again' functions in a parallel way.",,69-72,50.0,Uncertain -69-106-4,69,106,4,106-4,"There is no word 'too', but 'again' functions in a parallel way.",,69-73,50.0,Uncertain -69-107-2,69,107,2,107-2,,,69-74,100.0,Certain -69-108-2,69,108,2,108-2,,,,100.0,Certain -69-109-2,69,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-110-2,69,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-112-1,69,112,1,112-1,"This was not specifically checked. 'Hand' and 'arm' are distinct lexemes in Yimas, but not Arafundi. I am not absolutely sure about the pidgin, as I glossed this from Tok Pisin which also doesn't distinguish.",,69-75,100.0,Uncertain -69-118-2,69,118,2,118-2,,,69-76,100.0,Certain -69-119-3,69,119,3,119-3,,,69-77,100.0,Very certain -69-12-2,69,12,2,12-2,,,69-11,100.0,Very certain -69-120-1,69,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-121-1,69,121,1,121-1,,,,100.0, -69-122-4,69,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -69-123-1,69,123,1,123-1,,,69-96,100.0, -69-124-5,69,124,5,124-5,,,,100.0, -69-125-4,69,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -69-126-4,69,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -69-127-6,69,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -69-128-1,69,128,1,128-1,,,69-87,100.0, -69-129-2,69,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -69-13-1,69,13,1,13-1,,,69-12,100.0,Very certain -69-130-4,69,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0, -69-131,69,131,1,131-1,,,69-79,100.0, -69-132,69,132,1,132-1,,,69-82,100.0, -69-133,69,133,1,133-1,,,69-80,100.0, -69-134,69,134,1,134-1,,,69-83,100.0, -69-137,69,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -69-138,69,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -69-139,69,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -69-14-3,69,14,3,14-3,The dual only exists in the 1st person.,,69-13,100.0,Very certain -69-140,69,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -69-143,69,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -69-144,69,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -69-145,69,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -69-146,69,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -69-147,69,147,1,147-1,,,69-81,100.0, -69-148,69,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -69-149,69,149,1,149-1,,,69-84,100.0, -69-15-1,69,15,1,15-1,,,69-14,100.0,Very certain -69-151,69,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -69-152,69,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -69-153,69,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -69-155,69,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -69-156,69,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -69-158,69,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -69-159,69,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -69-16-1,69,16,1,16-1,,,69-15,100.0,Very certain -69-160,69,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -69-161,69,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -69-163,69,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -69-168,69,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -69-169,69,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -69-17-1,69,17,1,17-1,,,69-1 69-16,100.0,Very certain -69-170,69,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -69-171,69,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -69-172,69,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -69-173,69,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -69-174,69,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -69-176,69,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -69-178,69,178,1,178-1,,,69-85,100.0, -69-179,69,179,1,179-1,,,69-86,100.0, -69-18-1,69,18,1,18-1,,,69-11,100.0,Very certain -69-180,69,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -69-181,69,181,1,181-1,,,69-87,100.0, -69-182,69,182,1,182-1,,,69-88,100.0, -69-183,69,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -69-184,69,184,1,184-1,,,69-90,100.0, -69-187,69,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -69-188,69,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -69-189,69,189,4,189-4,,,,100.0, -69-190,69,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -69-191,69,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -69-192,69,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -69-193,69,193,1,193-1,,,69-89,100.0, -69-194,69,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -69-195,69,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -69-196,69,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -69-199,69,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -69-2-1,69,2,1,2-1,,,69-4 69-78,100.0,Very certain -69-20-1,69,20,1,20-1,There are very few examples in my data.,,69-17,100.0,Intermediate -69-200,69,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -69-201,69,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -69-202,69,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -69-205,69,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0, -69-209,69,209,4,209-4,,,,100.0, -69-211,69,211,1,211-1,,,69-91,100.0, -69-212,69,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -69-217,69,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -69-218,69,218,1,218-1,I use to write this phoneme in examples.,,69-92,100.0, -69-22-2,69,22,2,22-2,The data are very sparse; plural use is only optional and a rarely taken option.,,69-18 69-19,100.0,Certain -69-221,69,221,1,221-1,,,69-93,100.0, -69-23-8,69,23,8,23-8,"A plural word is available with human nouns, but rarely used.",,69-19 69-20,100.0,Intermediate -69-231,69,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -69-25-1,69,25,1,25-1,The data on this domain are very spotty.,,69-21 69-22,100.0,Intermediate -69-252,69,252,1,252-1,,,69-94,100.0, -69-253,69,253,4,253-4,,,,100.0, -69-254,69,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -69-255,69,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -69-256,69,256,1,256-1,,,69-97,100.0, -69-257,69,257,1,257-1,,,69-95,100.0, -69-258,69,258,4,258-4,,,,100.0, -69-259,69,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -69-26-1,69,26,1,26-1,There are no examples in my small corpus.,,,100.0,Uncertain -69-260,69,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -69-261,69,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -69-263,69,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -69-267,69,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -69-268,69,268,1,268-1,,,69-96,100.0, -69-272,69,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -69-273,69,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -69-274,69,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -69-275,69,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -69-276,69,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -69-277,69,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -69-278,69,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -69-279,69,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -69-28-2,69,28,2,28-2,,,69-23,100.0,Certain -69-280,69,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -69-281,69,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -69-282,69,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -69-284,69,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -69-285,69,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -69-286,69,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -69-287,69,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -69-288,69,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -69-289,69,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -69-29-4,69,29,4,29-4,,,69-53,100.0,Uncertain -69-290,69,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -69-291,69,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -69-3-1,69,3,1,3-1,,,69-5,100.0,Very certain -69-308-6,69,308,6,308-6,Yimas is the main lexifier.,,,100.0,Very certain -69-309-5,69,309,5,309-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-31-3,69,31,3,31-3,,,69-24,100.0,Certain -69-310-3,69,310,3,310-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-311-3,69,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-312-1,69,312,1,312-1,The language is very near extinction.,,,100.0,Very certain -69-313-1,69,313,1,313-1,"There are less than 5 speakers, who are all very old.",,,100.0,Very certain -69-314-1,69,314,1,314-1,Only the men of a certain clan use Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin.,,,100.0,Very certain -69-315-4,69,315,4,315-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-316-4,69,316,4,316-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-317-3,69,317,3,317-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-318-4,69,318,4,318-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-319-4,69,319,4,319-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-32-1,69,32,1,32-1,,,69-25 69-26,100.0,Intermediate -69-320-4,69,320,4,320-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-321-4,69,321,4,321-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-322-4,69,322,4,322-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-323-4,69,323,4,323-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-324-3,69,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-325-4,69,325,4,325-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-326-2,69,326,2,326-2,Tok Pisin is the most important language currently in contact with Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin.,,,100.0,Very certain -69-327-4,69,327,4,327-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-328-4,69,328,4,328-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-329-4,69,329,4,329-4,,,,100.0,Uncertain -69-33-2,69,33,2,33-2,"The language only has 2-way contrast. The form nan ‘yonder’ appears to be a hypercorrection from Yimas speakers and is quite rare. Still this is unsettled and unsettle-able, but on the corpus, Value 2 seems preferable.",,69-24 69-27,100.0,Certain -69-330-4,69,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-331-4,69,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-332-4,69,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-333-4,69,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-334-4,69,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-335-4,69,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-36-1,69,36,1,36-1,,,69-28,100.0,Very certain -69-37-5,69,37,5,37-5,"In real Yimas, ama-nakən is a sequence of two suffixes, but in the Pidgin it is difficult to be be sure whether it is best treated as a suffix or postpostion. I have chosen the latter, but no convincing evidence either way. Certain an analysis with it as a suffix is plausible.",,69-29,100.0,Very certain -69-38-2,69,38,2,38-2,,,69-30 69-78,100.0,Very certain -69-39-1,69,39,1,39-1,,,69-29 69-31,100.0,Very certain -69-4-1,69,4,1,4-1,,,69-53 69-59 69-6,100.0,Very certain -69-40-1,69,40,1,40-1,,,69-32,100.0,Very certain -69-43-2,69,43,2,43-2,,,69-33,100.0,Very certain -69-44-8,69,44,8,44-8,There is no evidence for MOOD markers in the corpus.,,69-34,100.0,Certain -69-45-6,69,45,6,45-6,"There is no true PAST marker, only a NONFUTURE marker.",,69-35,100.0,Very certain -69-46-3,69,46,3,46-3,serial verb construction,,69-36,100.0,Very certain -69-47-2,69,47,2,47-2,,,69-37 69-38,100.0,Certain -69-48-1,69,48,1,48-1,,,,100.0,Uncertain -69-49-1,69,49,1,49-1,,,69-37 69-39 69-40,100.0,Very certain -69-5-1,69,5,1,5-1,,,69-8,25.0,Very certain -69-5-2,69,5,2,5-2,,,69-7,75.0,Very certain -69-50-1,69,50,1,50-1,,,69-40 69-41,100.0,Intermediate -69-51-8,69,51,8,51-8,There are no true stative verbs in the corpus; stative meanings are expressed with nouns or adjecives.,,,100.0,Certain -69-54-7,69,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-55-3,69,55,3,55-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -69-57-3,69,57,3,57-3,"The marking of patients by the dative postposition namban is not obligatory beyond prononimal objects and in fact is rare with other NP types, but not impossible.",,69-43 69-44,100.0,Intermediate -69-58-2,69,58,2,58-2,,,69-43 69-45 69-46,100.0,Certain -69-59-2,69,59,2,59-2,"The object marker is also used to mark the recipient of ditransitive verbs, hence I gloss it DAT(ive), not ACC(usative).",,69-47 69-48,100.0,Very certain -69-6-2,69,6,2,6-2,,,69-9,100.0,Very certain -69-60-1,69,60,1,60-1,,,69-44 69-49,100.0,Very certain -69-61-4,69,61,4,61-4,,,69-50,50.0,Intermediate -69-61-3,69,61,3,61-3,,,69-49,50.0,Very certain -69-62-5,69,62,5,62-5,,,69-1 69-51,100.0,Very certain -69-66-1,69,66,1,66-1,,,69-52,100.0,Certain -69-69-1,69,69,1,69-1,,,69-53,100.0,Very certain -69-7-1,69,7,1,7-1,"There is only this example in the corpus, so it is impossible to generalize.",,69-10,100.0,Very uncertain -69-70-1,69,70,1,70-1,"There are no clear examples of oblique comitative NPs in corpus, e.g. none that are not coordinate NPs.",,,100.0,Unspecified -69-72-3,69,72,3,72-3,,,69-54 69-56,100.0,Very certain -69-73-1,69,73,1,73-1,,,69-57,100.0,Intermediate -69-74-1,69,74,1,74-1,,,69-58,100.0,Certain -69-75-1,69,75,1,75-1,"The usual copula is not used in these locative structures, as stance verbs sit, lie, stand are used in such constructions, both in Yimas and Arafundi and in the pidgin. From the cross-linguistic perspective, these stance verbs count as copulas.",,69-59,100.0,Intermediate -69-76-2,69,76,2,76-2,"From the cross-linguistic perspective, stance verbs as in Ex. 60 count as copulas.",,69-57 69-59,100.0,Certain -69-77-3,69,77,3,77-3,,,69-60,100.0,Very certain -69-78-5,69,78,5,78-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-79-3,69,79,3,79-3,,,69-63,100.0,Certain -69-80-3,69,80,3,80-3,"This is not really a named place, but a location nonetheless.",,69-62,100.0,Certain -69-81-1,69,81,1,81-1,,,69-61 69-62,100.0,Intermediate -69-84-2,69,84,2,84-2,,,69-64,100.0,Very certain -69-85-2,69,85,2,85-2,It is not clear whether this is a serial verb construction or clause chaining. The distinction is often very hard to establish in the pidgin.,,69-65,100.0,Very certain -69-90-2,69,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-91-8,69,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -69-92-4,69,92,4,92-4,,,69-66,100.0,Very certain -69-93-8,69,93,8,93-8,,,69-67,100.0,Intermediate -69-95-2,69,95,2,95-2,,,69-68,100.0,Intermediate -69-97-1,69,97,1,97-1,The desiderative is expressed by future tense marking plus the adposition namban with a verb stem.,,69-69,100.0,Very certain -69-99-2,69,99,2,99-2,"Tail-head linkage is found as a verb doubling type, but there are no true subordination structures.",,69-70,100.0,Very certain -7-0-1,7,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -7-1-2,7,1,2,1-2,,,7-1 7-22 7-61,100.0,Very certain -7-10-1,7,10,1,10-1,,1244[129],7-21 7-6,100.0,Very certain -7-100-1,7,100,1,100-1,The negative marker na is affixed as -n to some modals.,1246,7-240,30.0,Very certain -7-100-4,7,100,4,100-4,The negative marker na is affixed as -n to some modals.,1246,7-238 7-239,70.0,Very certain -7-101-1,7,101,1,101-1,The negative marker generally precedes the main verb but may follow some modals.,1246,7-238 7-241 7-242,100.0,Very certain -7-102-3,7,102,3,102-3,"The sentential marker can be omitted if the indefinite pronoun is in subject position with no other negative indefinite in post-verbal position. Compare Example 243 (where sentence negation is optional with a preverbal negative indefinite) with Example 247 (where sentential negation is required to make the utterance grammatical). Postverbal negative indefinites require sentential negation (cf. Examples 245, 246 and 247).",1246,7-243 7-244 7-245 7-246 7-247,100.0,Certain -7-103-7,7,103,7,103-7,,,7-248,100.0,Very certain -7-104-2,7,104,2,104-2,,1244[222-230],7-250,50.0,Very certain -7-104-1,7,104,1,104-1,,1244[222-230],7-249,50.0,Very certain -7-105-1,7,105,1,105-1,,,7-251 7-252,100.0,Very certain -7-106-3,7,106,3,106-3,,1249,7-256,36.8421052631579,Very certain -7-106-2,7,106,2,106-2,,1249,7-253 7-255,36.8421052631579,Very certain -7-106-1,7,106,1,106-1,,1249,7-254,26.3157894736842,Very certain -7-107-2,7,107,2,107-2,,,7-257 7-258,100.0,Very certain -7-108-2,7,108,2,108-2,Disapproval can be expressed via a click sound. This may be a purely cultural phenomenon.,,7-259,100.0,Certain -7-109-1,7,109,1,109-1,,,7-260 7-261,100.0,Very certain -7-11-3,7,11,3,11-3,"Vincentian Creole does not have a direct match for ‘often’ but tends to use the expressions equivalent to 'always, many times, all the time, most of the time'. Their order in the sentence will vary depending on the expression used.",,7-24,30.0,Certain -7-11-2,7,11,2,11-2,"Vincentian Creole does not have a direct match for ‘often’ but tends to use the expressions equivalent to 'always, many times, all the time, most of the time'. Their order in the sentence will vary depending on the expression used.",,7-22 7-23,70.0,Certain -7-110-2,7,110,2,110-2,Savvy seems to be understood because of the influence of literature written in Jamaican Creole but it is not generally used in Vincentian Creole.,,,100.0,Certain -7-111-2,7,111,2,111-2,,,7-262,38.4615384615385,Very certain -7-111-3,7,111,3,111-3,,,7-264,38.4615384615385,Very certain -7-111-1,7,111,1,111-1,,,7-263,23.0769230769231,Very certain -7-112-1,7,112,1,112-1,,,7-101 7-265,100.0,Very certain -7-113-2,7,113,2,113-2,,,7-266 7-267,100.0,Very certain -7-114-2,7,114,2,114-2,,,7-268 7-269,100.0,Very certain -7-115-2,7,115,2,115-2,,,7-270 7-271,100.0,Very certain -7-116-2,7,116,2,116-2,,,7-272 7-273,100.0,Very certain -7-117-1,7,117,1,117-1,"Several morphemes denoting the sex of animals can be used in Vincentian Creole: man, oman, hi and shi. Whether they are productive when extended to what has been referred to as ""rarer animals"" is speculation.",1244[77],7-274 7-275,100.0,Certain -7-118-3,7,118,3,118-3,"In complex onsets, the obstruent /s/ is always in pre-initial position of the cluster. Either of the obstruents /p/,/t/,/k/ will occupy the medial position. A liquid /r/ or /w/ appears in post initial position.",,7-276 7-277 7-278 7-279,100.0,Very certain -7-119-4,7,119,4,119-4,"There may be three consonants in the coda: nasal + two obstruents, e.g. glimps 'glimpse'.",,7-273 7-280 7-281 7-282 7-283,100.0,Very certain -7-12-1,7,12,1,12-1,,,7-25 7-27 7-28,60.0,Very certain -7-12-2,7,12,2,12-2,,,7-26,40.0,Very certain +No SVO examples were found with both subject and object realized as full nouns.",,69-1 69-45,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own field notes 1985 +69-10-4,69,10,4,10-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-100-4,69,100,4,100-4,,,69-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-101-2,69,101,2,101-2,,,69-41,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-103-7,69,103,7,103-7,,,69-71,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own field notes 1985 +69-106-3,69,106,3,106-3,"There is no word 'too', but 'again' functions in a parallel way.",,69-72,50.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-106-4,69,106,4,106-4,"There is no word 'too', but 'again' functions in a parallel way.",,69-73,50.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-107-2,69,107,2,107-2,,,69-74,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-108-2,69,108,2,108-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-109-2,69,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-110-2,69,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-112-1,69,112,1,112-1,"This was not specifically checked. 'Hand' and 'arm' are distinct lexemes in Yimas, but not Arafundi. I am not absolutely sure about the pidgin, as I glossed this from Tok Pisin which also doesn't distinguish.",,69-75,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-118-2,69,118,2,118-2,,,69-76,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-119-3,69,119,3,119-3,,,69-77,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-12-2,69,12,2,12-2,,,69-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-120-1,69,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-121-1,69,121,1,121-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-122-4,69,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +69-123-1,69,123,1,123-1,,,69-96,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +69-124-5,69,124,5,124-5,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-125-4,69,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-126-4,69,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-127-6,69,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-128-1,69,128,1,128-1,,,69-87,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +69-129-2,69,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-13-1,69,13,1,13-1,,,69-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own field notes 1985 +69-130-4,69,130,4,130-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-131,69,131,1,131-1,,,69-79,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-132,69,132,1,132-1,,,69-82,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-133,69,133,1,133-1,,,69-80,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-134,69,134,1,134-1,,,69-83,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-137,69,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-138,69,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-139,69,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-14-3,69,14,3,14-3,The dual only exists in the 1st person.,,69-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-140,69,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-143,69,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-144,69,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-145,69,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-146,69,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-147,69,147,1,147-1,,,69-81,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-148,69,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-149,69,149,1,149-1,,,69-84,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-15-1,69,15,1,15-1,,,69-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own field notes 1985 +69-151,69,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-152,69,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-153,69,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-155,69,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-156,69,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-158,69,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-159,69,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-16-1,69,16,1,16-1,,,69-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-160,69,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-161,69,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-163,69,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-168,69,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-169,69,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-17-1,69,17,1,17-1,,,69-1 69-16,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-170,69,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-171,69,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-172,69,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-173,69,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-174,69,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-176,69,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-178,69,178,1,178-1,,,69-85,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-179,69,179,1,179-1,,,69-86,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-18-1,69,18,1,18-1,,,69-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-180,69,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-181,69,181,1,181-1,,,69-87,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-182,69,182,1,182-1,,,69-88,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-183,69,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-184,69,184,1,184-1,,,69-90,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-187,69,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-188,69,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-189,69,189,4,189-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-190,69,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-191,69,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-192,69,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-193,69,193,1,193-1,,,69-89,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-194,69,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-195,69,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-196,69,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-199,69,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-2-1,69,2,1,2-1,,,69-4 69-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-20-1,69,20,1,20-1,There are very few examples in my data.,,69-17,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-200,69,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-201,69,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-202,69,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-205,69,205,4,205-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-209,69,209,4,209-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-211,69,211,1,211-1,,,69-91,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-212,69,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-217,69,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-218,69,218,1,218-1,I use to write this phoneme in examples.,,69-92,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-22-2,69,22,2,22-2,The data are very sparse; plural use is only optional and a rarely taken option.,,69-18 69-19,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-221,69,221,1,221-1,,,69-93,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-23-8,69,23,8,23-8,"A plural word is available with human nouns, but rarely used.",,69-19 69-20,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own field notes 1985 +69-231,69,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-25-1,69,25,1,25-1,The data on this domain are very spotty.,,69-21 69-22,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-252,69,252,1,252-1,,,69-94,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-253,69,253,4,253-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-254,69,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-255,69,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-256,69,256,1,256-1,,,69-97,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-257,69,257,1,257-1,,,69-95,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-258,69,258,4,258-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-259,69,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-26-1,69,26,1,26-1,There are no examples in my small corpus.,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-260,69,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-261,69,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-263,69,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-267,69,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-268,69,268,1,268-1,,,69-96,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +69-272,69,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-273,69,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-274,69,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-275,69,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-276,69,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-277,69,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-278,69,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-279,69,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-28-2,69,28,2,28-2,,,69-23,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-280,69,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-281,69,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-282,69,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-284,69,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-285,69,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-286,69,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-287,69,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-288,69,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-289,69,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-29-4,69,29,4,29-4,,,69-53,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own field notes 1985 +69-290,69,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-291,69,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +69-3-1,69,3,1,3-1,,,69-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-308-6,69,308,6,308-6,Yimas is the main lexifier.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-309-5,69,309,5,309-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-31-3,69,31,3,31-3,,,69-24,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-310-3,69,310,3,310-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-311-3,69,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-312-1,69,312,1,312-1,The language is very near extinction.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-313-1,69,313,1,313-1,"There are less than 5 speakers, who are all very old.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-314-1,69,314,1,314-1,Only the men of a certain clan use Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-315-4,69,315,4,315-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-316-4,69,316,4,316-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-317-3,69,317,3,317-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-318-4,69,318,4,318-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-319-4,69,319,4,319-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-32-1,69,32,1,32-1,,,69-25 69-26,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-320-4,69,320,4,320-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-321-4,69,321,4,321-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-322-4,69,322,4,322-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-323-4,69,323,4,323-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-324-3,69,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-325-4,69,325,4,325-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-326-2,69,326,2,326-2,Tok Pisin is the most important language currently in contact with Yimas-Arafundi Pidgin.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-327-4,69,327,4,327-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-328-4,69,328,4,328-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-329-4,69,329,4,329-4,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-33-2,69,33,2,33-2,"The language only has 2-way contrast. The form nan ‘yonder’ appears to be a hypercorrection from Yimas speakers and is quite rare. Still this is unsettled and unsettle-able, but on the corpus, Value 2 seems preferable.",,69-24 69-27,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-330-4,69,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-331-4,69,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-332-4,69,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-333-4,69,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-334-4,69,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-335-4,69,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-36-1,69,36,1,36-1,,,69-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-37-5,69,37,5,37-5,"In real Yimas, ama-nakən is a sequence of two suffixes, but in the Pidgin it is difficult to be be sure whether it is best treated as a suffix or postpostion. I have chosen the latter, but no convincing evidence either way. Certain an analysis with it as a suffix is plausible.",,69-29,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-38-2,69,38,2,38-2,,,69-30 69-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-39-1,69,39,1,39-1,,,69-29 69-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-4-1,69,4,1,4-1,,,69-53 69-59 69-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-40-1,69,40,1,40-1,,,69-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-43-2,69,43,2,43-2,,,69-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-44-8,69,44,8,44-8,There is no evidence for MOOD markers in the corpus.,,69-34,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-45-6,69,45,6,45-6,"There is no true PAST marker, only a NONFUTURE marker.",,69-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-46-3,69,46,3,46-3,serial verb construction,,69-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-47-2,69,47,2,47-2,,,69-37 69-38,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-48-1,69,48,1,48-1,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-49-1,69,49,1,49-1,,,69-37 69-39 69-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-5-1,69,5,1,5-1,,,69-8,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-5-2,69,5,2,5-2,,,69-7,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-FFFF00-75-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-50-1,69,50,1,50-1,,,69-40 69-41,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-51-8,69,51,8,51-8,There are no true stative verbs in the corpus; stative meanings are expressed with nouns or adjecives.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-54-7,69,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own field notes 1985 +69-55-3,69,55,3,55-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-57-3,69,57,3,57-3,"The marking of patients by the dative postposition namban is not obligatory beyond prononimal objects and in fact is rare with other NP types, but not impossible.",,69-43 69-44,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-58-2,69,58,2,58-2,,,69-43 69-45 69-46,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-59-2,69,59,2,59-2,"The object marker is also used to mark the recipient of ditransitive verbs, hence I gloss it DAT(ive), not ACC(usative).",,69-47 69-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-6-2,69,6,2,6-2,,,69-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-60-1,69,60,1,60-1,,,69-44 69-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-61-4,69,61,4,61-4,,,69-50,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-61-3,69,61,3,61-3,,,69-49,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFB6C1-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-62-5,69,62,5,62-5,,,69-1 69-51,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own field notes 1985 +69-66-1,69,66,1,66-1,,,69-52,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-69-1,69,69,1,69-1,,,69-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-7-1,69,7,1,7-1,"There is only this example in the corpus, so it is impossible to generalize.",,69-10,100.0,Very uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +69-70-1,69,70,1,70-1,"There are no clear examples of oblique comitative NPs in corpus, e.g. none that are not coordinate NPs.",,,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-72-3,69,72,3,72-3,,,69-54 69-56,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-73-1,69,73,1,73-1,,,69-57,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-74-1,69,74,1,74-1,,,69-58,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-75-1,69,75,1,75-1,"The usual copula is not used in these locative structures, as stance verbs sit, lie, stand are used in such constructions, both in Yimas and Arafundi and in the pidgin. From the cross-linguistic perspective, these stance verbs count as copulas.",,69-59,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +69-76-2,69,76,2,76-2,"From the cross-linguistic perspective, stance verbs as in Ex. 60 count as copulas.",,69-57 69-59,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-77-3,69,77,3,77-3,,,69-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own field notes 1985 +69-78-5,69,78,5,78-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-79-3,69,79,3,79-3,,,69-63,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-80-3,69,80,3,80-3,"This is not really a named place, but a location nonetheless.",,69-62,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +69-81-1,69,81,1,81-1,,,69-61 69-62,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-84-2,69,84,2,84-2,,,69-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-85-2,69,85,2,85-2,It is not clear whether this is a serial verb construction or clause chaining. The distinction is often very hard to establish in the pidgin.,,69-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-90-2,69,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-91-8,69,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own field notes 1985 +69-92-4,69,92,4,92-4,,,69-66,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +69-93-8,69,93,8,93-8,,,69-67,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +69-95-2,69,95,2,95-2,,,69-68,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +69-97-1,69,97,1,97-1,The desiderative is expressed by future tense marking plus the adposition namban with a verb stem.,,69-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own field notes 1985 +69-99-2,69,99,2,99-2,"Tail-head linkage is found as a verb doubling type, but there are no true subordination structures.",,69-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own field notes 1985 +7-0-1,7,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +7-1-2,7,1,2,1-2,,,7-1 7-22 7-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +7-10-1,7,10,1,10-1,,1244[129],7-21 7-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +7-100-1,7,100,1,100-1,The negative marker na is affixed as -n to some modals.,1246,7-240,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-ADD8E6-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +7-100-4,7,100,4,100-4,The negative marker na is affixed as -n to some modals.,1246,7-238 7-239,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-ADD8E6-70-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +7-101-1,7,101,1,101-1,The negative marker generally precedes the main verb but may follow some modals.,1246,7-238 7-241 7-242,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +7-102-3,7,102,3,102-3,"The sentential marker can be omitted if the indefinite pronoun is in subject position with no other negative indefinite in post-verbal position. Compare Example 243 (where sentence negation is optional with a preverbal negative indefinite) with Example 247 (where sentential negation is required to make the utterance grammatical). Postverbal negative indefinites require sentential negation (cf. Examples 245, 246 and 247).",1246,7-243 7-244 7-245 7-246 7-247,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +7-103-7,7,103,7,103-7,,,7-248,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +7-104-2,7,104,2,104-2,,1244[222-230],7-250,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +7-104-1,7,104,1,104-1,,1244[222-230],7-249,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +7-105-1,7,105,1,105-1,,,7-251 7-252,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-106-3,7,106,3,106-3,,1249,7-256,36.8421052631579,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-27-FF0000-37-0000FF-37-ADD8E6.png""}", +7-106-2,7,106,2,106-2,,1249,7-253 7-255,36.8421052631579,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-27-FF0000-37-0000FF-37-ADD8E6.png""}", +7-106-1,7,106,1,106-1,,1249,7-254,26.3157894736842,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-27-FF0000-37-0000FF-37-ADD8E6.png""}", +7-107-2,7,107,2,107-2,,,7-257 7-258,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-108-2,7,108,2,108-2,Disapproval can be expressed via a click sound. This may be a purely cultural phenomenon.,,7-259,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +7-109-1,7,109,1,109-1,,,7-260 7-261,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-11-3,7,11,3,11-3,"Vincentian Creole does not have a direct match for ‘often’ but tends to use the expressions equivalent to 'always, many times, all the time, most of the time'. Their order in the sentence will vary depending on the expression used.",,7-24,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-11-2,7,11,2,11-2,"Vincentian Creole does not have a direct match for ‘often’ but tends to use the expressions equivalent to 'always, many times, all the time, most of the time'. Their order in the sentence will vary depending on the expression used.",,7-22 7-23,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-110-2,7,110,2,110-2,Savvy seems to be understood because of the influence of literature written in Jamaican Creole but it is not generally used in Vincentian Creole.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-111-2,7,111,2,111-2,,,7-262,38.4615384615385,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-0000FF-39-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-111-3,7,111,3,111-3,,,7-264,38.4615384615385,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-0000FF-39-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-111-1,7,111,1,111-1,,,7-263,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-24-0000FF-39-FF0000-39-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-112-1,7,112,1,112-1,,,7-101 7-265,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-113-2,7,113,2,113-2,,,7-266 7-267,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-114-2,7,114,2,114-2,,,7-268 7-269,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-115-2,7,115,2,115-2,,,7-270 7-271,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-116-2,7,116,2,116-2,,,7-272 7-273,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-117-1,7,117,1,117-1,"Several morphemes denoting the sex of animals can be used in Vincentian Creole: man, oman, hi and shi. Whether they are productive when extended to what has been referred to as ""rarer animals"" is speculation.",1244[77],7-274 7-275,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +7-118-3,7,118,3,118-3,"In complex onsets, the obstruent /s/ is always in pre-initial position of the cluster. Either of the obstruents /p/,/t/,/k/ will occupy the medial position. A liquid /r/ or /w/ appears in post initial position.",,7-276 7-277 7-278 7-279,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-119-4,7,119,4,119-4,"There may be three consonants in the coda: nasal + two obstruents, e.g. glimps 'glimpse'.",,7-273 7-280 7-281 7-282 7-283,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-12-1,7,12,1,12-1,,,7-25 7-27 7-28,60.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-60-FF0000-40-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +7-12-2,7,12,2,12-2,,,7-26,40.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-60-FF0000-40-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge 7-120-2,7,120,2,120-2,"Pitch modulation and intensity combine to dispel semantic ambiguity. -Some two-syllable lexical and grammatical elements may be distinguished based on pitch contrast.",1245[191-210],7-286 7-287,100.0,Very certain -7-121-3,7,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -7-122-3,7,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0, -7-123-4,7,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -7-124-1,7,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -7-125-1,7,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -7-126-1,7,126,1,126-1,,,7-303,100.0, -7-127-6,7,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -7-128-2,7,128,2,128-2,,,7-309,100.0, -7-129-2,7,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -7-13-2,7,13,2,13-2,"Gender distinction is optional. Besides the 3rd person singular personal pronouns hi/shi, Vincentian Creole also has the neutral forms i (subject)/ uhm (object) (both unstressed) which are used to refer both to male and female references.",1244[86],7-29 7-30 7-31,100.0,Very certain -7-130-1,7,130,1,130-1,,,7-306,100.0, -7-131,7,131,1,131-1,,,7-291,100.0, -7-132,7,132,1,132-1,,,7-293,100.0, -7-133,7,133,1,133-1,,,7-294,100.0, -7-134,7,134,1,134-1,,,7-295,100.0, -7-137,7,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -7-138,7,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -7-139,7,139,1,139-1,,,7-298,100.0, -7-14-1,7,14,1,14-1,"There is no dual/plural distinction. In the 2nd person, even the singular/plural distinction, though present, is not salient.",1244[113],7-32 7-33,100.0,Very certain -7-140,7,140,1,140-1,,,7-299,100.0, -7-143,7,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -7-144,7,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -7-145,7,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -7-146,7,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -7-147,7,147,1,147-1,,,7-292,100.0, -7-148,7,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -7-149,7,149,1,149-1,,,7-296,100.0, -7-15-1,7,15,1,15-1,,,7-34 7-35,100.0,Certain -7-151,7,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -7-152,7,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -7-153,7,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -7-155,7,155,1,155-1,,,7-297,100.0, -7-156,7,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -7-158,7,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -7-159,7,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -7-16-1,7,16,1,16-1,,,7-36 7-37,100.0,Very certain -7-160,7,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -7-161,7,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -7-163,7,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -7-168,7,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -7-169,7,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -7-17-4,7,17,4,17-4,The neutral 3SG personal pronouns i/uhm (both unstressed) and the 2nd person form yo cannot be used independently.,,7-36 7-37 7-38 7-39 7-40 7-41,100.0,Very certain -7-170,7,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -7-171,7,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -7-172,7,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -7-173,7,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -7-174,7,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -7-176,7,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -7-178,7,178,1,178-1,,,7-307,100.0, -7-179,7,179,1,179-1,,,7-308,100.0, -7-18-1,7,18,1,18-1,,,7-42,100.0,Very certain -7-180,7,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -7-181,7,181,2,181-2,,,7-309,100.0, -7-182,7,182,1,182-1,,,7-310,100.0, -7-183,7,183,1,183-1,,,7-311,100.0, -7-184,7,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -7-187,7,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -7-188,7,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -7-189,7,189,1,189-1,,,7-300,100.0, -7-19-3,7,19,3,19-3,,1244[96/98],7-28 7-43 7-44 7-45 7-46 7-47,100.0,Very certain -7-190,7,190,1,190-1,,,7-301,100.0, -7-191,7,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -7-192,7,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -7-193,7,193,1,193-1,,,7-302,100.0, -7-194,7,194,1,194-1,,,7-303,100.0, -7-195,7,195,1,195-1,,,7-304,100.0, -7-196,7,196,1,196-1,,,7-305,100.0, -7-199,7,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -7-2-1,7,2,1,2-1,,1244[160];1244[158],7-4,80.0,Very certain -7-2-2,7,2,2,2-2,,1244[160];1244[158],7-2 7-3,20.0,Very certain -7-20-1,7,20,1,20-1,,,7-48,100.0,Very certain -7-200,7,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -7-201,7,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -7-202,7,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -7-205,7,205,1,205-1,,,7-306,100.0, -7-209,7,209,1,209-1,,,7-312,100.0, -7-21-5,7,21,5,21-5,,1244[111],7-49 7-50 7-51 7-52 7-53 7-54,100.0,Very certain -7-212,7,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -7-217,7,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -7-218,7,218,1,218-1,,,7-313,100.0, +Some two-syllable lexical and grammatical elements may be distinguished based on pitch contrast.",1245[191-210],7-286 7-287,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +7-121-3,7,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +7-122-3,7,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +7-123-4,7,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-124-1,7,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +7-125-1,7,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +7-126-1,7,126,1,126-1,,,7-303,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +7-127-6,7,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-128-2,7,128,2,128-2,,,7-309,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +7-129-2,7,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-13-2,7,13,2,13-2,"Gender distinction is optional. Besides the 3rd person singular personal pronouns hi/shi, Vincentian Creole also has the neutral forms i (subject)/ uhm (object) (both unstressed) which are used to refer both to male and female references.",1244[86],7-29 7-30 7-31,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +7-130-1,7,130,1,130-1,,,7-306,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +7-131,7,131,1,131-1,,,7-291,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-132,7,132,1,132-1,,,7-293,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-133,7,133,1,133-1,,,7-294,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-134,7,134,1,134-1,,,7-295,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-137,7,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-138,7,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-139,7,139,1,139-1,,,7-298,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-14-1,7,14,1,14-1,"There is no dual/plural distinction. In the 2nd person, even the singular/plural distinction, though present, is not salient.",1244[113],7-32 7-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-140,7,140,1,140-1,,,7-299,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-143,7,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-144,7,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-145,7,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-146,7,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-147,7,147,1,147-1,,,7-292,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-148,7,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-149,7,149,1,149-1,,,7-296,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-15-1,7,15,1,15-1,,,7-34 7-35,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +7-151,7,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-152,7,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-153,7,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-155,7,155,1,155-1,,,7-297,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-156,7,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-158,7,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-159,7,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-16-1,7,16,1,16-1,,,7-36 7-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-160,7,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-161,7,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-163,7,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-168,7,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-169,7,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-17-4,7,17,4,17-4,The neutral 3SG personal pronouns i/uhm (both unstressed) and the 2nd person form yo cannot be used independently.,,7-36 7-37 7-38 7-39 7-40 7-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-170,7,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-171,7,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-172,7,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-173,7,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-174,7,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-176,7,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-178,7,178,1,178-1,,,7-307,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-179,7,179,1,179-1,,,7-308,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-18-1,7,18,1,18-1,,,7-42,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-180,7,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-181,7,181,2,181-2,,,7-309,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +7-182,7,182,1,182-1,,,7-310,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-183,7,183,1,183-1,,,7-311,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-184,7,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-187,7,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-188,7,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-189,7,189,1,189-1,,,7-300,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-19-3,7,19,3,19-3,,1244[96/98],7-28 7-43 7-44 7-45 7-46 7-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +7-190,7,190,1,190-1,,,7-301,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-191,7,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-192,7,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-193,7,193,1,193-1,,,7-302,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-194,7,194,1,194-1,,,7-303,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-195,7,195,1,195-1,,,7-304,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-196,7,196,1,196-1,,,7-305,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-199,7,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-2-1,7,2,1,2-1,,1244[160];1244[158],7-4,80.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-0000FF-20-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +7-2-2,7,2,2,2-2,,1244[160];1244[158],7-2 7-3,20.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-0000FF-20-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +7-20-1,7,20,1,20-1,,,7-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-200,7,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-201,7,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-202,7,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-205,7,205,1,205-1,,,7-306,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-209,7,209,1,209-1,,,7-312,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-21-5,7,21,5,21-5,,1244[111],7-49 7-50 7-51 7-52 7-53 7-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +7-212,7,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-217,7,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-218,7,218,1,218-1,,,7-313,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 7-22-4,7,22,4,22-4,"There is a difference between nouns that can be pluralized using any of the pluralization morphemes and those that, though they cannot combine with these markers, may be indirectly quantified (preposed by plenti ‘plenty’ in Example 55). -Note: Even nouns which may bear a mark that echoes the plural marker of the lexifier are not necessarily to be interpreted as plural, e.g. wan machiz 'a match' in Example 56.",1244[179-189],7-10 7-55 7-56 7-57 7-58 7-59,100.0,Very certain -7-221,7,221,1,221-1,,,7-314,100.0, +Note: Even nouns which may bear a mark that echoes the plural marker of the lexifier are not necessarily to be interpreted as plural, e.g. wan machiz 'a match' in Example 56.",1244[179-189],7-10 7-55 7-56 7-57 7-58 7-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +7-221,7,221,1,221-1,,,7-314,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 7-23-3,7,23,3,23-3,"A noun which should be interpreted as plural can have one of the following patterns (i) N + Ø (bare noun) (ii) N + s/z/iz (mesolectal or basilectal) @@ -20834,7 +20834,7 @@ Note that most nouns will bear no plural marker. Value 3: generally in the case of mesolectal words like boiz 'boys', but the basilectal variant will not bear a plural suffix (impossible to have *di bwaiz for 'the boys’) -Value 8: The nominal element could be intensified if fo so is postposed to it (N(-s) + fo so).",1244[179-189],7-60 7-61 7-63,30.0,Very certain +Value 8: The nominal element could be intensified if fo so is postposed to it (N(-s) + fo so).",1244[179-189],7-60 7-61 7-63,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", 7-23-8,7,23,8,23-8,"A noun which should be interpreted as plural can have one of the following patterns (i) N + Ø (bare noun) (ii) N + s/z/iz (mesolectal or basilectal) @@ -20848,1560 +20848,1560 @@ Note that most nouns will bear no plural marker. Value 3: generally in the case of mesolectal words like boiz 'boys', but the basilectal variant will not bear a plural suffix (impossible to have *di bwaiz for 'the boys’) -Value 8: The nominal element could be intensified if fo so is postposed to it (N(-s) + fo so).",1244[179-189],7-62 7-64,70.0,Very certain -7-231,7,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -7-24-1,7,24,1,24-1,The same marker used to pluralize non-human reference is used to pluralize human reference.,1244[183-189],7-59 7-65,100.0,Certain +Value 8: The nominal element could be intensified if fo so is postposed to it (N(-s) + fo so).",1244[179-189],7-62 7-64,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +7-231,7,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-24-1,7,24,1,24-1,The same marker used to pluralize non-human reference is used to pluralize human reference.,1244[183-189],7-59 7-65,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 7-25-4,7,25,4,25-4,"The morpheme dem is not only identical to the independent 3rd person plural pronoun, it is also used as the demonstrative adjective as well as the 3rd person plural possessive adjective (both preposed to the noun). -The nominal plural marker is either identical to the 3rd person plural pronoun dem, or consists of a combination of the conjunction an 'and' and the pronoun (an dem), both postposed to the noun.",1244[85],7-288 7-289 7-290 7-67 7-68 7-69,100.0,Very certain -7-252,7,252,1,252-1,,,7-315,100.0, -7-253,7,253,1,253-1,,,7-317,100.0, -7-254,7,254,1,254-1,,,7-319,100.0, -7-255,7,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -7-256,7,256,1,256-1,,,7-320,100.0, -7-257,7,257,1,257-1,/u/ may be realized as a long vowel in Vincentian Creole (compare skul/skuul 'school').,,7-322,100.0, -7-258,7,258,1,258-1,,,7-323,100.0, -7-259,7,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -7-26-2,7,26,2,26-2,"Reduplication can be lexical, in which case adjectives and adverbs are intensified by juxtaposed repetition. Verbs can also be intensified by reduplication, but the morpheme an is interposed before the repetition of the verb. Nouns are not usually pluralized by simple reduplication. It is common, however, for lengths of time (months etc.) to be pluralized using the marker s/z and repeated. In this case the coordinator must be present (e.g. monts an monts).",1244[137],7-63 7-71 7-72 7-73 7-74,100.0,Very certain -7-260,7,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -7-261,7,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -7-263,7,263,2,263-2,,,7-316,100.0, -7-267,7,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -7-268,7,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -7-27-2,7,27,2,27-2,,,7-75,100.0,Certain -7-272,7,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -7-273,7,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -7-274,7,274,1,274-1,,,7-324,100.0, -7-275,7,275,1,275-1,if realized as a closing diphthong,,7-325,100.0, -7-276,7,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -7-277,7,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -7-278,7,278,1,278-1,,,7-326,100.0, -7-279,7,279,2,279-2,'Shoes' could be realized either as shuz or shuuz (see segment feature 67: /u/).,,7-327,100.0, -7-28-1,7,28,1,28-1,,1244[142],7-76 7-77 7-78,100.0,Very certain -7-280,7,280,1,280-1,,,7-328,100.0, -7-281,7,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -7-282,7,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -7-284,7,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -7-285,7,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -7-286,7,286,2,286-2,/ẽ/ occurs only in mesolectal copular negation and echo questions.,,7-318,100.0, -7-287,7,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -7-288,7,288,2,288-2,/ã/ is only found in lengthened waan 'want' and kyaan 'can't'.,,7-321,100.0, -7-289,7,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -7-29-1,7,29,1,29-1,Vincentian Creole uses the numeral both for ‘one’ (wan) and a/an as indefinite articles.,1244[148],7-6 7-79 7-80,100.0,Certain -7-290,7,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -7-291,7,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -7-3-1,7,3,1,3-1,,1244[130],7-5,100.0,Very certain -7-30-2,7,30,2,30-2,"Value 5 comment: Ants could be analyzed here as a generic plural since ants in general are being considered. However, ants is unmarked for number so that a antS bait mi has a singular reading, whereas suhm/di antS bait mi get plural (non-specific/specific) readings.",1244[268],7-170 7-81,70.0,Very certain -7-30-5,7,30,5,30-5,"Value 5 comment: Ants could be analyzed here as a generic plural since ants in general are being considered. However, ants is unmarked for number so that a antS bait mi has a singular reading, whereas suhm/di antS bait mi get plural (non-specific/specific) readings.",1244[268],7-82,30.0,Certain -7-308-1,7,308,1,308-1,,1247,,100.0,Very certain -7-309-2,7,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Certain -7-31-2,7,31,2,31-2,,,7-83 7-84,100.0,Very certain -7-310-4,7,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -7-311-2,7,311,2,311-2,"It has been observed that adult immigrants slowly adopt aspects of the creole, mainly in order to feel integrated into the Vincentian society.",1247[1-5],,100.0,Very certain -7-312-3,7,312,3,312-3,,1247[1. 248],,100.0,Very certain -7-313-4,7,313,4,313-4,"The population of St Vincent and the Grenadines is 117,000 (2001 census). No official census has been conducted to inform us about the number of creole speakers. It has been observed that some migrants, mainly to other Caribbean territories, North America and England, continue to use the creole in their family circle.",,,100.0,Intermediate -7-314-3,7,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain -7-315-1,7,315,1,315-1,,1247[1],,100.0,Very certain -7-316-1,7,316,1,316-1,,1247[1],,100.0,Very certain -7-317-1,7,317,1,317-1,,1247[1],,100.0,Very certain -7-318-1,7,318,1,318-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -7-319-2,7,319,2,319-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -7-32-1,7,32,1,32-1,Both pronominal and adnominal demonstratives have the same form and they may or may not appear with a postposed deictic.,1085[N/A],7-85 7-86,100.0,Very certain -7-320-2,7,320,2,320-2,"To date, only one columnist (Sebastian ""Bassy"" Alexander) writes in a style that mixes English with the local language.",,,100.0,Very certain -7-321-2,7,321,2,321-2,"Vincentian Creole is only occasionally used in exchanges between customers and clerks. However, it cannot be found in formal communication, brochures, notices etc.",,,100.0,Very certain -7-322-2,7,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain -7-323-2,7,323,2,323-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -7-324-2,7,324,2,324-2,Some teachers say they sometimes use the creole in the classroom to get certain notions across.,,,100.0,Certain -7-325-1,7,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -7-326-1,7,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -7-327-2,7,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Certain -7-328-2,7,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -7-329-2,7,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Certain -7-33-3,7,33,3,33-3,,1244[150],7-87 7-88 7-89 7-90 7-91,100.0,Very certain -7-330-2,7,330,2,330-2,,,,100.0,Certain -7-331-2,7,331,2,331-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -7-332-2,7,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Certain -7-333-2,7,333,2,333-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -7-334-2,7,334,2,334-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -7-335-2,7,335,2,335-2,,,,100.0,Certain -7-34-1,7,34,1,34-1,,,7-92,100.0,Very certain -7-35-7,7,35,7,35-7,,,7-93 7-94,100.0,Certain -7-36-1,7,36,1,36-1,No distinction is made between human and non-human/ (non-)animate nouns with respect to the use of modifiers. There are no classifiers in Vincentian Creole.,,7-95,100.0,Very certain -7-37-1,7,37,1,37-1,,1244[155-162],7-97,50.0,Very certain -7-37-5,7,37,5,37-5,,1244[155-162],7-96 7-98 7-99,50.0,Very certain -7-38-4,7,38,4,38-4,,1244[155-162],7-100 7-101,50.0,Very certain -7-38-2,7,38,2,38-2,,1244[155-162],7-2 7-3,50.0,Very certain -7-39-3,7,39,3,39-3,,1244[87-88],7-102 7-104,50.0,Very certain -7-39-4,7,39,4,39-4,,1244[87-88],7-103 7-105,50.0,Very certain -7-4-2,7,4,2,4-2,,1244[A17],7-6,100.0,Very certain -7-40-1,7,40,1,40-1,,,7-106 7-107 7-108,100.0,Very certain -7-41-1,7,41,1,41-1,,1244[128],7-109 7-110,100.0,Very certain -7-42-2,7,42,2,42-2,,,7-109 7-110 7-111 7-112 7-113,100.0,Very certain -7-43-3,7,43,3,43-3,,1244[219],7-123 7-124,50.0,Very certain -7-43-1,7,43,1,43-1,,1244[219],7-50,50.0,Very certain -7-44-8,7,44,8,44-8,,,7-116 7-117,100.0,Intermediate -7-45-4,7,45,4,45-4,"Mood and aspect markers (OBLIG, IRR, PROG, ...) can intervene beteween the past marker and the verb. So too can lexical items.",,7-121 7-122 7-123 7-9,100.0,Very certain -7-46-4,7,46,4,46-4,The irrealis modality marker can intervene.,,7-120 7-124,100.0,Certain -7-47-8,7,47,8,47-8,,,7-125 7-126 7-127,100.0,Very certain -7-48-8,7,48,8,48-8,,,7-125 7-127 7-129,30.0,Very certain -7-48-2,7,48,2,48-2,,,7-128,70.0,Very certain -7-49-3,7,49,3,49-3,,,7-130 7-9,100.0,Very certain -7-5-1,7,5,1,5-1,,1244[176],7-7 7-8 7-9,100.0,Very certain -7-50-1,7,50,1,50-1,,1244,7-131 7-132 7-133,100.0,Very certain -7-51-3,7,51,3,51-3,,,7-134 7-135 7-136,100.0,Certain -7-52-4,7,52,4,52-4,,,7-137 7-138 7-139,100.0,Very certain -7-53-3,7,53,3,53-3,,,7-115,100.0,Intermediate -7-54-7,7,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Intermediate -7-55-1,7,55,1,55-1,,,7-140 7-141 7-142 7-34,100.0,Very certain -7-56-1,7,56,1,56-1,"The language does not have a separate verb form for the second person. The form used for the imperative is unmarked as all three examples (143, 144, 145) show.",,7-143 7-144 7-145,100.0,Certain -7-57-1,7,57,1,57-1,,,7-146,100.0,Certain -7-58-1,7,58,1,58-1,,,7-131 7-147,100.0,Certain +The nominal plural marker is either identical to the 3rd person plural pronoun dem, or consists of a combination of the conjunction an 'and' and the pronoun (an dem), both postposed to the noun.",1244[85],7-288 7-289 7-290 7-67 7-68 7-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +7-252,7,252,1,252-1,,,7-315,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-253,7,253,1,253-1,,,7-317,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-254,7,254,1,254-1,,,7-319,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-255,7,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-256,7,256,1,256-1,,,7-320,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-257,7,257,1,257-1,/u/ may be realized as a long vowel in Vincentian Creole (compare skul/skuul 'school').,,7-322,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-258,7,258,1,258-1,,,7-323,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-259,7,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-26-2,7,26,2,26-2,"Reduplication can be lexical, in which case adjectives and adverbs are intensified by juxtaposed repetition. Verbs can also be intensified by reduplication, but the morpheme an is interposed before the repetition of the verb. Nouns are not usually pluralized by simple reduplication. It is common, however, for lengths of time (months etc.) to be pluralized using the marker s/z and repeated. In this case the coordinator must be present (e.g. monts an monts).",1244[137],7-63 7-71 7-72 7-73 7-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +7-260,7,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-261,7,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-263,7,263,2,263-2,,,7-316,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +7-267,7,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-268,7,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-27-2,7,27,2,27-2,,,7-75,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-272,7,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-273,7,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-274,7,274,1,274-1,,,7-324,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-275,7,275,1,275-1,if realized as a closing diphthong,,7-325,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-276,7,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-277,7,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-278,7,278,1,278-1,,,7-326,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-279,7,279,2,279-2,'Shoes' could be realized either as shuz or shuuz (see segment feature 67: /u/).,,7-327,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +7-28-1,7,28,1,28-1,,1244[142],7-76 7-77 7-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +7-280,7,280,1,280-1,,,7-328,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +7-281,7,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-282,7,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-284,7,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-285,7,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-286,7,286,2,286-2,/ẽ/ occurs only in mesolectal copular negation and echo questions.,,7-318,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +7-287,7,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-288,7,288,2,288-2,/ã/ is only found in lengthened waan 'want' and kyaan 'can't'.,,7-321,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +7-289,7,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-29-1,7,29,1,29-1,Vincentian Creole uses the numeral both for ‘one’ (wan) and a/an as indefinite articles.,1244[148],7-6 7-79 7-80,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +7-290,7,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-291,7,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-3-1,7,3,1,3-1,,1244[130],7-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +7-30-2,7,30,2,30-2,"Value 5 comment: Ants could be analyzed here as a generic plural since ants in general are being considered. However, ants is unmarked for number so that a antS bait mi has a singular reading, whereas suhm/di antS bait mi get plural (non-specific/specific) readings.",1244[268],7-170 7-81,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}", +7-30-5,7,30,5,30-5,"Value 5 comment: Ants could be analyzed here as a generic plural since ants in general are being considered. However, ants is unmarked for number so that a antS bait mi has a singular reading, whereas suhm/di antS bait mi get plural (non-specific/specific) readings.",1244[268],7-82,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}", +7-308-1,7,308,1,308-1,,1247,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +7-309-2,7,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-31-2,7,31,2,31-2,,,7-83 7-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-310-4,7,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +7-311-2,7,311,2,311-2,"It has been observed that adult immigrants slowly adopt aspects of the creole, mainly in order to feel integrated into the Vincentian society.",1247[1-5],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +7-312-3,7,312,3,312-3,,1247[1. 248],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-313-4,7,313,4,313-4,"The population of St Vincent and the Grenadines is 117,000 (2001 census). No official census has been conducted to inform us about the number of creole speakers. It has been observed that some migrants, mainly to other Caribbean territories, North America and England, continue to use the creole in their family circle.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Personal inference +7-314-3,7,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +7-315-1,7,315,1,315-1,,1247[1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +7-316-1,7,316,1,316-1,,1247[1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +7-317-1,7,317,1,317-1,,1247[1],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +7-318-1,7,318,1,318-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-319-2,7,319,2,319-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-32-1,7,32,1,32-1,Both pronominal and adnominal demonstratives have the same form and they may or may not appear with a postposed deictic.,1085[N/A],7-85 7-86,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-320-2,7,320,2,320-2,"To date, only one columnist (Sebastian ""Bassy"" Alexander) writes in a style that mixes English with the local language.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-321-2,7,321,2,321-2,"Vincentian Creole is only occasionally used in exchanges between customers and clerks. However, it cannot be found in formal communication, brochures, notices etc.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-322-2,7,322,2,322-2,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal inference +7-323-2,7,323,2,323-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-324-2,7,324,2,324-2,Some teachers say they sometimes use the creole in the classroom to get certain notions across.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-325-1,7,325,1,325-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-326-1,7,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-327-2,7,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal inference +7-328-2,7,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal inference +7-329-2,7,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal inference +7-33-3,7,33,3,33-3,,1244[150],7-87 7-88 7-89 7-90 7-91,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +7-330-2,7,330,2,330-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal inference +7-331-2,7,331,2,331-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal inference +7-332-2,7,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal inference +7-333-2,7,333,2,333-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal inference +7-334-2,7,334,2,334-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal inference +7-335-2,7,335,2,335-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Personal inference +7-34-1,7,34,1,34-1,,,7-92,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-35-7,7,35,7,35-7,,,7-93 7-94,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +7-36-1,7,36,1,36-1,No distinction is made between human and non-human/ (non-)animate nouns with respect to the use of modifiers. There are no classifiers in Vincentian Creole.,,7-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-37-1,7,37,1,37-1,,1244[155-162],7-97,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +7-37-5,7,37,5,37-5,,1244[155-162],7-96 7-98 7-99,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +7-38-4,7,38,4,38-4,,1244[155-162],7-100 7-101,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +7-38-2,7,38,2,38-2,,1244[155-162],7-2 7-3,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +7-39-3,7,39,3,39-3,,1244[87-88],7-102 7-104,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +7-39-4,7,39,4,39-4,,1244[87-88],7-103 7-105,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +7-4-2,7,4,2,4-2,,1244[A17],7-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +7-40-1,7,40,1,40-1,,,7-106 7-107 7-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-41-1,7,41,1,41-1,,1244[128],7-109 7-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +7-42-2,7,42,2,42-2,,,7-109 7-110 7-111 7-112 7-113,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +7-43-3,7,43,3,43-3,,1244[219],7-123 7-124,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +7-43-1,7,43,1,43-1,,1244[219],7-50,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +7-44-8,7,44,8,44-8,,,7-116 7-117,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-45-4,7,45,4,45-4,"Mood and aspect markers (OBLIG, IRR, PROG, ...) can intervene beteween the past marker and the verb. So too can lexical items.",,7-121 7-122 7-123 7-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-46-4,7,46,4,46-4,The irrealis modality marker can intervene.,,7-120 7-124,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-47-8,7,47,8,47-8,,,7-125 7-126 7-127,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-48-8,7,48,8,48-8,,,7-125 7-127 7-129,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-48-2,7,48,2,48-2,,,7-128,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-49-3,7,49,3,49-3,,,7-130 7-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-5-1,7,5,1,5-1,,1244[176],7-7 7-8 7-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-50-1,7,50,1,50-1,,1244,7-131 7-132 7-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +7-51-3,7,51,3,51-3,,,7-134 7-135 7-136,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-52-4,7,52,4,52-4,,,7-137 7-138 7-139,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-53-3,7,53,3,53-3,,,7-115,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-54-7,7,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +7-55-1,7,55,1,55-1,,,7-140 7-141 7-142 7-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-56-1,7,56,1,56-1,"The language does not have a separate verb form for the second person. The form used for the imperative is unmarked as all three examples (143, 144, 145) show.",,7-143 7-144 7-145,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-57-1,7,57,1,57-1,,,7-146,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-58-1,7,58,1,58-1,,,7-131 7-147,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 7-59-2,7,59,2,59-2,"Only the 3SG pronoun shows a subject/object difference. -The marked (objective, which is coded differently to A) pronoun cannot appear in subject position.",1244[86],7-148 7-149,100.0,Certain -7-6-1,7,6,1,6-1,,1244[171],7-10 7-11 7-12,100.0,Very certain -7-60-2,7,60,2,60-2,,,7-150 7-151 7-61,100.0,Very certain -7-61-1,7,61,1,61-1,,,7-152 7-61,100.0,Very certain -7-62-1,7,62,1,62-1,,,7-153,100.0,Very certain -7-63-2,7,63,2,63-2,"The expletive subject may be omitted. Although Vincentian Creole is not a pro-drop language, structures corresponding to Value 2 are attested.",,7-155 7-156 7-35 7-58,50.0,Very certain -7-63-1,7,63,1,63-1,"The expletive subject may be omitted. Although Vincentian Creole is not a pro-drop language, structures corresponding to Value 2 are attested.",,7-154,50.0,Very certain -7-64-1,7,64,1,64-1,"As opposed to the possibility of omitting the expletive subject in the case of the ‘seem’ construction, omission of the expletive in the existential construction is unattested.",,7-157 7-19 7-87,100.0,Very certain -7-65-1,7,65,1,65-1,,,7-158 7-159,100.0,Very certain -7-66-3,7,66,3,66-3,,1249,7-160,100.0,Very certain -7-67-1,7,67,1,67-1,,,7-13,60.0,Very certain -7-67-2,7,67,2,67-2,,,7-161,40.0,Very certain -7-68-3,7,68,3,68-3,,,7-163,30.0,Very certain -7-68-1,7,68,1,68-1,,,7-162,70.0,Very certain -7-69-2,7,69,2,69-2,,,7-165,50.0,Very certain -7-69-1,7,69,1,69-1,,,7-164,50.0,Very certain -7-7-1,7,7,1,7-1,,1244[102],7-13 7-14,100.0,Very certain -7-70-1,7,70,1,70-1,Wid may also be used as an attributive marker.,,7-166 7-168,100.0,Certain -7-71-2,7,71,2,71-2,,,7-170 7-171 7-172,100.0,Very certain -7-72-1,7,72,1,72-1,,,7-173 7-174,100.0,Very certain -7-73-3,7,73,3,73-3,,1244[123-128],7-175 7-176,100.0,Certain -7-74-2,7,74,2,74-2,,1244[123-128],7-69,100.0,Very certain -7-75-3,7,75,3,75-3,,,7-177 7-178,100.0,Very certain -7-76-2,7,76,2,76-2,,1244[125. 183],7-175 7-179,100.0,Very certain -7-77-1,7,77,1,77-1,,,7-180,100.0,Very certain -7-78-1,7,78,1,78-1,,,7-180 7-181 7-19 7-87,100.0,Very certain -7-79-2,7,79,2,79-2,The adposition is optional.,,7-186 7-187,50.0,Very certain -7-79-1,7,79,1,79-1,The adposition is optional.,,7-185 7-187 7-188,50.0,Very certain -7-8-1,7,8,1,8-1,,,7-15 7-17 7-18,50.0,Very certain -7-8-2,7,8,2,8-2,,,7-16 7-18,50.0,Very certain -7-80-2,7,80,2,80-2,The preposition is obligatory.,,7-189,100.0,Very certain -7-81-2,7,81,2,81-2,,,7-182 7-183 7-184,100.0,Certain -7-82-2,7,82,2,82-2,,,7-190 7-191 7-192 7-6,100.0,Certain -7-83-1,7,83,1,83-1,,,7-193 7-194 7-195 7-196,100.0,Very certain -7-84-2,7,84,2,84-2,,,7-198,100.0,Very certain -7-85-2,7,85,2,85-2,,,7-203,42.8571428571429,Certain -7-85-3,7,85,3,85-3,,,7-200,42.8571428571429,Certain -7-85-5,7,85,5,85-5,,,7-202,14.2857142857143,Certain -7-86-2,7,86,2,86-2,,,7-204 7-205 7-206,100.0,Very certain -7-87-2,7,87,2,87-2,,1249,7-208,17.6470588235294,Very certain -7-87-3,7,87,3,87-3,,1249,7-209,52.9411764705882,Very certain -7-87-1,7,87,1,87-1,,1249,7-207,29.4117647058824,Certain -7-88-3,7,88,3,88-3,"The intensifier self can postpose not only pronouns in reflexivization but also full NPs, adjectives and adverbs.",1249,7-210 7-211 7-212 7-213,100.0,Certain -7-89-2,7,89,2,89-2,,1249,7-209 7-214 7-88,100.0,Very certain -7-9-1,7,9,1,9-1,,,7-19 7-20 7-3,100.0,Very certain -7-90-3,7,90,3,90-3,,1244[127],7-218,50.0,Certain -7-90-1,7,90,1,90-1,,1244[127],7-215 7-216 7-217,50.0,Certain -7-91-8,7,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -7-92-2,7,92,2,92-2,,1244[190-248],7-219 7-220 7-78,50.0,Very certain -7-92-4,7,92,4,92-4,,1244[190-248],7-221,50.0,Very certain -7-93-4,7,93,4,93-4,,1244[190-248],7-224 7-225,50.0,Very certain -7-93-2,7,93,2,93-2,,1244[190-248],7-11 7-13 7-222 7-223,50.0,Very certain -7-94-2,7,94,2,94-2,,1244[190],7-226,50.0,Very certain -7-94-4,7,94,4,94-4,,1244[190],7-227,50.0,Very certain -7-95-4,7,95,4,95-4,,,7-99,40.0,Very certain -7-95-1,7,95,1,95-1,,,7-228,15.0,Very certain -7-95-3,7,95,3,95-3,,,7-229 7-230,45.0,Certain -7-96-3,7,96,3,96-3,,,7-231 7-232 7-233,50.0,Very certain -7-96-4,7,96,4,96-4,,,7-234,50.0,Very certain -7-97-1,7,97,1,97-1,,,7-235,100.0,Very certain -7-98-6,7,98,6,98-6,The complementizers after tingk and want are optional.,,7-236 7-237 7-70,100.0,Very certain -7-99-2,7,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-0-9,70,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0, -70-1-1,70,1,1,1-1,"SOV and SVO are in free variation, but SOV is used more frequently by Indo-Fijian speakers (reflecting the SOV ordering of Fiji Hindi).",1401[250],70-2 70-82,50.0,Very certain -70-1-2,70,1,2,1-2,"SOV and SVO are in free variation, but SOV is used more frequently by Indo-Fijian speakers (reflecting the SOV ordering of Fiji Hindi).",1401[250],70-1 70-15,50.0,Very certain -70-10-4,70,10,4,10-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-100-4,70,100,4,100-4,,,70-42 70-73 70-76,100.0,Certain -70-101-1,70,101,1,101-1,,,70-42 70-76,100.0,Very certain -70-102-1,70,102,1,102-1,,,70-31,100.0,Unspecified -70-103-7,70,103,7,103-7,,,70-77 70-78,100.0,Certain -70-105-3,70,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Certain -70-106-2,70,106,2,106-2,,,70-77,100.0,Certain -70-107-7,70,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Certain -70-108-4,70,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Uncertain -70-109-2,70,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-11-2,70,11,2,11-2,,,70-16,50.0,Certain -70-11-5,70,11,5,11-5,,,70-17,50.0,Certain -70-110-2,70,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-112-1,70,112,1,112-1,,,70-34,100.0,Certain -70-115-2,70,115,2,115-2,,,70-80 70-81,100.0,Certain -70-118-2,70,118,2,118-2,,,70-67 70-7,100.0,Certain -70-119-2,70,119,2,119-2,,,70-33 70-4,100.0,Very certain -70-12-2,70,12,2,12-2,The interrogative phrase for an object NP generally comes after the subject NP before the verb.,,70-18 70-19 70-20,100.0,Intermediate -70-120-1,70,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-121-2,70,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -70-122-4,70,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -70-123-4,70,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -70-124-3,70,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0, -70-125-4,70,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -70-126-1,70,126,1,126-1,,,70-93,100.0, -70-127-6,70,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -70-128-4,70,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -70-129-2,70,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -70-13-1,70,13,1,13-1,,,70-21,100.0,Very certain -70-130-1,70,130,1,130-1,,,70-106,100.0, -70-131,70,131,1,131-1,,,70-83,100.0, -70-132,70,132,1,132-1,,,70-85,100.0, -70-133,70,133,1,133-1,,,70-86,100.0, -70-134,70,134,1,134-1,,,70-87,100.0, -70-137,70,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -70-138,70,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -70-139,70,139,1,139-1,,,70-89,100.0, -70-14-1,70,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-140,70,140,1,140-1,,,70-90,100.0, -70-143,70,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -70-144,70,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -70-145,70,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -70-146,70,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -70-147,70,147,1,147-1,,,70-84,100.0, -70-148,70,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -70-149,70,149,1,149-1,,,70-88,100.0, -70-15-1,70,15,1,15-1,,,70-22,100.0,Certain -70-151,70,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -70-152,70,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -70-153,70,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -70-155,70,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -70-156,70,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -70-158,70,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -70-159,70,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -70-16-1,70,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-160,70,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -70-161,70,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -70-163,70,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -70-168,70,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -70-169,70,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -70-17-1,70,17,1,17-1,,,70-23 70-24,100.0,Very certain -70-170,70,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -70-171,70,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -70-172,70,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -70-173,70,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -70-174,70,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -70-176,70,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -70-178,70,178,1,178-1,,,70-94,100.0, -70-179,70,179,1,179-1,,,70-95,100.0, -70-18-1,70,18,1,18-1,The pronouns used to indicate politeness in Fiji Hindi (ap 2SG and ap log 2PL) are not found in Pidgin Hindustani.,,,100.0,Certain -70-180,70,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -70-181,70,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -70-182,70,182,1,182-1,,,70-96,100.0, -70-183,70,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -70-184,70,184,1,184-1,,,70-97,100.0, -70-187,70,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -70-188,70,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -70-189,70,189,1,189-1,,,70-91,100.0, -70-19-2,70,19,2,19-2,,,70-18 70-20 70-25 70-26 70-27,100.0,Certain -70-190,70,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -70-191,70,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -70-192,70,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -70-193,70,193,1,193-1,,,70-92,100.0, -70-194,70,194,1,194-1,,,70-93,100.0, -70-195,70,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -70-196,70,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -70-199,70,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -70-2-1,70,2,1,2-1,,,70-3,100.0,Very certain -70-20-5,70,20,5,20-5,"Conjunction may be expressed by an overt marker aur, or by juxtaposition.",,70-29,70.0,Intermediate -70-20-1,70,20,1,20-1,"Conjunction may be expressed by an overt marker aur, or by juxtaposition.",,70-28,30.0,Intermediate -70-200,70,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -70-201,70,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -70-202,70,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -70-205,70,205,1,205-1,,,70-106,100.0, -70-209,70,209,1,209-1,,,70-98,100.0, +The marked (objective, which is coded differently to A) pronoun cannot appear in subject position.",1244[86],7-148 7-149,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +7-6-1,7,6,1,6-1,,1244[171],7-10 7-11 7-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-60-2,7,60,2,60-2,,,7-150 7-151 7-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +7-61-1,7,61,1,61-1,,,7-152 7-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-62-1,7,62,1,62-1,,,7-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-63-2,7,63,2,63-2,"The expletive subject may be omitted. Although Vincentian Creole is not a pro-drop language, structures corresponding to Value 2 are attested.",,7-155 7-156 7-35 7-58,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-63-1,7,63,1,63-1,"The expletive subject may be omitted. Although Vincentian Creole is not a pro-drop language, structures corresponding to Value 2 are attested.",,7-154,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-64-1,7,64,1,64-1,"As opposed to the possibility of omitting the expletive subject in the case of the ‘seem’ construction, omission of the expletive in the existential construction is unattested.",,7-157 7-19 7-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-65-1,7,65,1,65-1,,,7-158 7-159,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-66-3,7,66,3,66-3,,1249,7-160,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +7-67-1,7,67,1,67-1,,,7-13,60.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-60-FF0000-40-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-67-2,7,67,2,67-2,,,7-161,40.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-60-FF0000-40-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-68-3,7,68,3,68-3,,,7-163,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-68-1,7,68,1,68-1,,,7-162,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-69-2,7,69,2,69-2,,,7-165,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-69-1,7,69,1,69-1,,,7-164,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-7-1,7,7,1,7-1,,1244[102],7-13 7-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +7-70-1,7,70,1,70-1,Wid may also be used as an attributive marker.,,7-166 7-168,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-71-2,7,71,2,71-2,,,7-170 7-171 7-172,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-72-1,7,72,1,72-1,,,7-173 7-174,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-73-3,7,73,3,73-3,,1244[123-128],7-175 7-176,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +7-74-2,7,74,2,74-2,,1244[123-128],7-69,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +7-75-3,7,75,3,75-3,,,7-177 7-178,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +7-76-2,7,76,2,76-2,,1244[125. 183],7-175 7-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +7-77-1,7,77,1,77-1,,,7-180,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +7-78-1,7,78,1,78-1,,,7-180 7-181 7-19 7-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-79-2,7,79,2,79-2,The adposition is optional.,,7-186 7-187,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-79-1,7,79,1,79-1,The adposition is optional.,,7-185 7-187 7-188,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-8-1,7,8,1,8-1,,,7-15 7-17 7-18,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +7-8-2,7,8,2,8-2,,,7-16 7-18,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +7-80-2,7,80,2,80-2,The preposition is obligatory.,,7-189,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-81-2,7,81,2,81-2,,,7-182 7-183 7-184,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-82-2,7,82,2,82-2,,,7-190 7-191 7-192 7-6,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-83-1,7,83,1,83-1,,,7-193 7-194 7-195 7-196,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-84-2,7,84,2,84-2,,,7-198,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-85-2,7,85,2,85-2,,,7-203,42.8571428571429,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-43-0000FF-43-ADD8E6-15-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-85-3,7,85,3,85-3,,,7-200,42.8571428571429,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-43-0000FF-43-ADD8E6-15-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-85-5,7,85,5,85-5,,,7-202,14.2857142857143,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-43-0000FF-43-ADD8E6-15-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-86-2,7,86,2,86-2,,,7-204 7-205 7-206,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +7-87-2,7,87,2,87-2,,1249,7-208,17.6470588235294,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-18-FF0000-53-FFFF00.png""}", +7-87-3,7,87,3,87-3,,1249,7-209,52.9411764705882,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-18-FF0000-53-FFFF00.png""}", +7-87-1,7,87,1,87-1,,1249,7-207,29.4117647058824,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFFFF-18-FF0000-53-FFFF00.png""}", +7-88-3,7,88,3,88-3,"The intensifier self can postpose not only pronouns in reflexivization but also full NPs, adjectives and adverbs.",1249,7-210 7-211 7-212 7-213,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +7-89-2,7,89,2,89-2,,1249,7-209 7-214 7-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +7-9-1,7,9,1,9-1,,,7-19 7-20 7-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +7-90-3,7,90,3,90-3,,1244[127],7-218,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +7-90-1,7,90,1,90-1,,1244[127],7-215 7-216 7-217,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}", +7-91-8,7,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +7-92-2,7,92,2,92-2,,1244[190-248],7-219 7-220 7-78,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +7-92-4,7,92,4,92-4,,1244[190-248],7-221,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +7-93-4,7,93,4,93-4,,1244[190-248],7-224 7-225,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +7-93-2,7,93,2,93-2,,1244[190-248],7-11 7-13 7-222 7-223,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +7-94-2,7,94,2,94-2,,1244[190],7-226,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +7-94-4,7,94,4,94-4,,1244[190],7-227,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +7-95-4,7,95,4,95-4,,,7-99,40.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-15-FFFF00-45-0000FF-40-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-95-1,7,95,1,95-1,,,7-228,15.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-15-FFFF00-45-0000FF-40-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-95-3,7,95,3,95-3,,,7-229 7-230,45.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-15-FFFF00-45-0000FF-40-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-96-3,7,96,3,96-3,,,7-231 7-232 7-233,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-96-4,7,96,4,96-4,,,7-234,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-97-1,7,97,1,97-1,,,7-235,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +7-98-6,7,98,6,98-6,The complementizers after tingk and want are optional.,,7-236 7-237 7-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +7-99-2,7,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-0-9,70,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +70-1-1,70,1,1,1-1,"SOV and SVO are in free variation, but SOV is used more frequently by Indo-Fijian speakers (reflecting the SOV ordering of Fiji Hindi).",1401[250],70-2 70-82,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +70-1-2,70,1,2,1-2,"SOV and SVO are in free variation, but SOV is used more frequently by Indo-Fijian speakers (reflecting the SOV ordering of Fiji Hindi).",1401[250],70-1 70-15,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +70-10-4,70,10,4,10-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-100-4,70,100,4,100-4,,,70-42 70-73 70-76,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +70-101-1,70,101,1,101-1,,,70-42 70-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +70-102-1,70,102,1,102-1,,,70-31,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-103-7,70,103,7,103-7,,,70-77 70-78,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +70-105-3,70,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-106-2,70,106,2,106-2,,,70-77,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-107-7,70,107,7,107-7,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-108-4,70,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +70-109-2,70,109,2,109-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-11-2,70,11,2,11-2,,,70-16,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +70-11-5,70,11,5,11-5,,,70-17,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +70-110-2,70,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-112-1,70,112,1,112-1,,,70-34,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-115-2,70,115,2,115-2,,,70-80 70-81,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +70-118-2,70,118,2,118-2,,,70-67 70-7,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +70-119-2,70,119,2,119-2,,,70-33 70-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +70-12-2,70,12,2,12-2,The interrogative phrase for an object NP generally comes after the subject NP before the verb.,,70-18 70-19 70-20,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +70-120-1,70,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-121-2,70,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +70-122-4,70,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +70-123-4,70,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-124-3,70,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +70-125-4,70,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-126-1,70,126,1,126-1,,,70-93,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +70-127-6,70,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-128-4,70,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-129-2,70,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-13-1,70,13,1,13-1,,,70-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +70-130-1,70,130,1,130-1,,,70-106,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +70-131,70,131,1,131-1,,,70-83,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-132,70,132,1,132-1,,,70-85,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-133,70,133,1,133-1,,,70-86,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-134,70,134,1,134-1,,,70-87,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-137,70,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-138,70,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-139,70,139,1,139-1,,,70-89,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-14-1,70,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-140,70,140,1,140-1,,,70-90,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-143,70,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-144,70,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-145,70,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-146,70,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-147,70,147,1,147-1,,,70-84,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-148,70,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-149,70,149,1,149-1,,,70-88,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-15-1,70,15,1,15-1,,,70-22,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +70-151,70,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-152,70,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-153,70,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-155,70,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-156,70,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-158,70,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-159,70,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-16-1,70,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-160,70,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-161,70,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-163,70,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-168,70,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-169,70,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-17-1,70,17,1,17-1,,,70-23 70-24,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-170,70,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-171,70,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-172,70,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-173,70,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-174,70,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-176,70,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-178,70,178,1,178-1,,,70-94,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-179,70,179,1,179-1,,,70-95,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-18-1,70,18,1,18-1,The pronouns used to indicate politeness in Fiji Hindi (ap 2SG and ap log 2PL) are not found in Pidgin Hindustani.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-180,70,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-181,70,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-182,70,182,1,182-1,,,70-96,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-183,70,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-184,70,184,1,184-1,,,70-97,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-187,70,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-188,70,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-189,70,189,1,189-1,,,70-91,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-19-2,70,19,2,19-2,,,70-18 70-20 70-25 70-26 70-27,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +70-190,70,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-191,70,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-192,70,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-193,70,193,1,193-1,,,70-92,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-194,70,194,1,194-1,,,70-93,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-195,70,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-196,70,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-199,70,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-2-1,70,2,1,2-1,,,70-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-20-5,70,20,5,20-5,"Conjunction may be expressed by an overt marker aur, or by juxtaposition.",,70-29,70.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-20-1,70,20,1,20-1,"Conjunction may be expressed by an overt marker aur, or by juxtaposition.",,70-28,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-200,70,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-201,70,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-202,70,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-205,70,205,1,205-1,,,70-106,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-209,70,209,1,209-1,,,70-98,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 70-21-3,70,21,3,21-3,"Koi or koikoi means both 'something' and 'somebody' and can be used before a noun to mean 'some, a (indefinite)' - e.g. Koi gora awe? 'Is a horse coming?' -Koi ciz [some thing] is also used for 'something'.",,70-30 70-31,100.0,Intermediate -70-212,70,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -70-217,70,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -70-218,70,218,1,218-1,,,70-99,100.0, -70-22-1,70,22,1,22-1,,,,100.0,Certain -70-221,70,221,1,221-1,,,70-100,100.0, -70-23-1,70,23,1,23-1,"Nouns are not marked for plural. For personal pronouns, log or loŋ 'people' is used as a plural marker: ham [1SG], ham-loŋ [1PL].",,,100.0,Certain -70-231,70,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -70-24-4,70,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Certain -70-25-1,70,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-252,70,252,1,252-1,,,70-101,100.0, -70-253,70,253,4,253-4,,,,100.0, -70-254,70,254,1,254-1,,,70-102,100.0, -70-255,70,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -70-256,70,256,1,256-1,,,70-103,100.0, -70-257,70,257,1,257-1,,,70-104,100.0, -70-258,70,258,1,258-1,,,70-105,100.0, -70-259,70,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -70-26-2,70,26,2,26-2,,,70-32,100.0,Very certain -70-260,70,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -70-261,70,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -70-263,70,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -70-267,70,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -70-268,70,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -70-27-2,70,27,2,27-2,,,70-33 70-34,100.0,Very certain -70-272,70,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -70-273,70,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -70-274,70,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -70-275,70,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -70-276,70,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -70-277,70,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -70-278,70,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -70-279,70,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -70-28-5,70,28,5,28-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-280,70,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -70-281,70,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -70-282,70,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -70-284,70,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -70-285,70,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -70-286,70,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -70-287,70,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -70-288,70,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -70-289,70,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -70-29-5,70,29,5,29-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-290,70,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -70-291,70,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -70-3-1,70,3,1,3-1,,,70-14 70-9,100.0,Very certain -70-30-1,70,30,1,30-1,,,70-32,100.0,Very certain -70-308-6,70,308,6,308-6,The main lexifier language is Fiji Hindi.,,,100.0,Very certain -70-309-5,70,309,5,309-5,"It is not ""virtually none"", but rather none at all.",,,100.0,Very certain -70-31-4,70,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-310-3,70,310,3,310-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-311-3,70,311,3,311-3,Pidgin Hindustani is being displaced by Fiji English as a language of inter-ethnic communication.,,,100.0,Very certain -70-312-2,70,312,2,312-2,"I don't think individual speakers are abandoning Pidgin Hindustani and switching to Fiji English; rather, fewer people are learning Pidgin Hindustani.",,,100.0,Intermediate -70-313-3,70,313,3,313-3,,,,100.0,Very uncertain -70-314-2,70,314,2,314-2,"From my experience, men use it more than women -- but I worked with men, not women.",,,100.0,Uncertain -70-315-3,70,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-316-3,70,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-317-3,70,317,3,317-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-318-3,70,318,3,318-3,"The language is used only in one play in Fiji Hindi where some dialogue is in Pidgin Hindustani, spoken by an indigenous Fijian character. And this play is not at all well-known in Fiji.",,,100.0,Very certain -70-319-3,70,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-32-1,70,32,1,32-1,,,70-35 70-6,100.0,Very certain -70-320-3,70,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Certain -70-321-2,70,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Certain -70-322-3,70,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-323-3,70,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-324-3,70,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-325-3,70,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -70-326-1,70,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -70-327-1,70,327,1,327-1,There is a big difference between the phonology of indigenous Fijian and that of Chinese speakers.,,,100.0,Very certain -70-328-2,70,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -70-329-3,70,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -70-33-2,70,33,2,33-2,,,70-36 70-6,100.0,Very certain -70-330-3,70,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Certain -70-331-3,70,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Certain -70-332-3,70,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Certain -70-333-4,70,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-334-4,70,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-335-4,70,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-34-1,70,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -70-35-1,70,35,1,35-1,The exception is the adverb festaim 'the first time'.,,,100.0,Intermediate -70-36-1,70,36,1,36-1,,,70-37,100.0,Very certain -70-37-1,70,37,1,37-1,,,70-33,100.0,Very certain -70-38-2,70,38,2,38-2,,,70-3,100.0,Very certain -70-39-1,70,39,1,39-1,,,70-38 70-39,100.0,Very certain -70-4-1,70,4,1,4-1,Very few prepositions are actually used in narratives. Locative prepositions are not required (see Example 4).,,70-4 70-5,100.0,Very certain -70-40-1,70,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-41-2,70,41,2,41-2,,,70-40,100.0,Certain -70-42-3,70,42,3,42-3,,,70-40,100.0,Intermediate -70-43-5,70,43,5,43-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-44-8,70,44,8,44-8,,,,100.0,Certain -70-45-6,70,45,6,45-6,,,,100.0,Certain -70-46-6,70,46,6,46-6,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-47-1,70,47,1,47-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-48-1,70,48,1,48-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-49-4,70,49,4,49-4,No TA system. Tense and aspect are interpretable by situational context or referred to with adverbs.,,,100.0,Very certain -70-5-1,70,5,1,5-1,,,70-6,100.0,Very certain -70-50-6,70,50,6,50-6,There is no TAM marking.,,,100.0,Very certain -70-52-5,70,52,5,52-5,There are no aspect markers.,,,100.0,Certain -70-53-1,70,53,1,53-1,There is no aspect marking in the language.,,,100.0,Intermediate -70-54-7,70,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -70-55-2,70,55,2,55-2,,,70-4 70-41,100.0,Very certain -70-56-1,70,56,1,56-1,,,70-42 70-43 70-44,100.0,Very certain -70-57-1,70,57,1,57-1,,,70-1,100.0,Very certain -70-58-1,70,58,1,58-1,,,70-15 70-45,100.0,Very certain -70-59-2,70,59,2,59-2,,,70-22 70-46,100.0,Intermediate -70-6-1,70,6,1,6-1,,,70-7,100.0,Very certain -70-60-2,70,60,2,60-2,,,70-47 70-49,50.0,Certain -70-60-1,70,60,1,60-1,,,70-48 70-50,50.0,Uncertain -70-61-2,70,61,2,61-2,,,70-47 70-48,100.0,Uncertain -70-62-1,70,62,1,62-1,,,70-47,100.0,Certain -70-64-2,70,64,2,64-2,,,70-51,100.0,Certain -70-65-1,70,65,1,65-1,,,70-52 70-53,100.0,Certain -70-66-3,70,66,3,66-3,,,70-54,100.0,Certain -70-67-1,70,67,1,67-1,,,70-23,100.0,Uncertain -70-68-1,70,68,1,68-1,,,70-55 70-56,100.0,Certain -70-69-1,70,69,1,69-1,,,70-57,100.0,Intermediate -70-7-4,70,7,4,7-4,,,70-10 70-11 70-12 70-9,90.0,Certain -70-7-1,70,7,1,7-1,,,70-8,10.0,Intermediate -70-70-2,70,70,2,70-2,,,70-57 70-58 70-59,100.0,Certain -70-71-2,70,71,2,71-2,"Juxtaposition (Examples 29, 58)is also used for conjunction.",,70-28 70-59,100.0,Certain -70-72-2,70,72,2,72-2,,,70-58 70-60,100.0,Certain -70-73-1,70,73,1,73-1,,,70-61,100.0,Intermediate -70-74-2,70,74,2,74-2,,,70-13 70-62,100.0,Intermediate -70-75-1,70,75,1,75-1,,,70-63,100.0,Intermediate -70-76-1,70,76,1,76-1,,,70-61 70-63,100.0,Very certain -70-77-3,70,77,3,77-3,,,70-65 70-66,75.0,Certain -70-77-2,70,77,2,77-2,,,70-64,25.0,Certain -70-78-5,70,78,5,78-5,,,,100.0,Certain -70-79-1,70,79,1,79-1,,,70-69,100.0,Certain -70-8-1,70,8,1,8-1,,,70-13 70-14,100.0,Very certain -70-80-3,70,80,3,80-3,,,70-70,100.0,Intermediate -70-81-2,70,81,2,81-2,,,70-67 70-68,100.0,Intermediate -70-84-3,70,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Uncertain -70-85-1,70,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Certain -70-86-5,70,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Certain -70-9-4,70,9,4,9-4,,,70-15 70-6,100.0,Very certain -70-90-2,70,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -70-91-8,70,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -70-92-6,70,92,6,92-6,,,70-11,90.0,Intermediate -70-92-3,70,92,3,92-3,,,70-8,10.0,Intermediate -70-93-6,70,93,6,93-6,,,70-71,100.0,Intermediate -70-96-4,70,96,4,96-4,,,70-72 70-73,100.0,Certain -70-97-1,70,97,1,97-1,,,70-69,100.0,Certain -70-98-5,70,98,5,98-5,,,70-74 70-75,100.0,Certain -70-99-2,70,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain -71-0-9,71,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0, -71-1-1,71,1,1,1-1,VSO conforms to the basic order in the lexifier. VSO occurs most frequently with stative/neuter verbs and non-human subjects.,,71-3,9.09090909090909,Very certain -71-1-3,71,1,3,1-3,VSO conforms to the basic order in the lexifier. VSO occurs most frequently with stative/neuter verbs and non-human subjects.,,71-101 71-2,27.2727272727273,Very certain -71-1-2,71,1,2,1-2,VSO conforms to the basic order in the lexifier. VSO occurs most frequently with stative/neuter verbs and non-human subjects.,,71-1 71-16,63.6363636363636,Very certain -71-10-1,71,10,1,10-1,,,71-16 71-17,100.0,Very certain -71-100-4,71,100,4,100-4,,,71-179,100.0,Very certain -71-101-1,71,101,1,101-1,"It should be noted that there are two different constructions here, NEG SBJ VERB (Example 95, the more common pattern, shared by the lexifier) and SBJ NEG VERB (Example 179, the distinctively pidgin pattern, which was less common).",,71-179 71-95,100.0,Very certain -71-102-1,71,102,1,102-1,,,71-180 71-181,100.0,Certain -71-103-1,71,103,1,103-1,,,71-182 71-183,30.0,Very certain -71-103-7,71,103,7,103-7,,,71-184,70.0,Very certain -71-104-7,71,104,7,104-7,"The relative particle ka mea/kela mea was used in clefting constructions in Pidgin Hawaiian, without a highlighter or copula. The lexifier instead uses a non-copula highlighter (based on the benefactive marker) in the case of clefted subjects.",,71-185 71-186,100.0,Very certain -71-105-3,71,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -71-106-2,71,106,2,106-2,,,71-188,100.0,Certain -71-107-1,71,107,1,107-1,,,71-189,100.0,Certain -71-108-4,71,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -71-109-1,71,109,1,109-1,"The word pikinini (well-suited to the phonology of Hawaiian) was quite common in the early contact period but it was mostly leveled out once the pidgin stabilized in the early 1880s. There is, however, an example from 1922, so it probably lingered on as a marginal feature.",,71-190,100.0,Certain -71-11-2,71,11,2,11-2,,,71-19,70.0,Certain -71-11-3,71,11,3,11-3,,,71-18,30.0,Very certain -71-110-2,71,110,2,110-2,"Save 'know' was a prevalent feature in Hawai'i Pidgin English, which co-existed with Pidgin Hawaiian, but this feature was not attested in Hawaiian-lexified material, even as a borrowing, and even in the early contact period. Ike 'know' and maopopo 'understand, be understood' were used as the verbs of knowing in Pidgin Hawaiian.",,,100.0,Certain -71-112-1,71,112,1,112-1,,,71-191 71-192,100.0,Very certain -71-114-3,71,114,3,114-3,"Unfortunately, there are no clear references to body hair in the corpus, just head hair (Example 195). The lexifier however has a distinct term for head hair (lauoho) and the same term for body hair and feathers (hulu), so it is possible that this overlap was retained in Pidgin Hawaiian.",,71-194 71-195 71-206,100.0,Uncertain -71-115-2,71,115,2,115-2,"The value is 'Intermediate' because the corpus does not include a reference to smelling. The lexifier, however, distinguishes smelling from hearing via the verb honi 'smell', which only occurs in the corpus in the sense of 'kiss' (likely due to an accidental lexical gap). The same word covering both kissing and smelling is due to the Polynesian custom of greeting by reciprocally pressing noses together while inhaling. It is in a reference to this custom that the word in its reduplicated form occurs first in the data, in an attestation from the early contact period (in the late 1700s).",,71-196 71-197,100.0,Intermediate -71-116-3,71,116,3,116-3,"In the lexifier, the terms for 'green' (as in vegetation) are 'ōma'oma'o, ma'oma'o, ma'o, and uliuli. There is no exact equivalent to English 'blue' but the most common term is uli and uliuli. There is thus overlap in the case of the lexifier. Unfortunately, uli/uliuli does not occur in the corpus, so it is difficult to assess this feature.",,71-198 71-199,100.0,Uncertain -71-117-2,71,117,2,117-2,The postposing agrees with the general order of nominal adjectives in Hawaiian and Pidgin Hawaiian.,,71-200 71-201,100.0,Very certain -71-118-1,71,118,1,118-1,"In Example 202, the moderately complex onset in English bran, when borrowed into the lexifier and, in turn, in the pidgin, results in the simple palani. All examples supplied for Pidgin Hawaiian similarly show a lack of complex syllable onsets.",,71-202,100.0,Very certain -71-119-1,71,119,1,119-1,"In Example 203, balota adds a vowel after the final coda of English ballot. In Example 204, hamabuga adds two vowels after the two syllable codas of English humbug. All other examples given herein show a general absence of syllable final codas.",,71-203 71-204,100.0,Very certain -71-12-1,71,12,1,12-1,,,71-20,75.0,Very certain -71-12-2,71,12,2,12-2,,,71-21 71-22,25.0,Very certain -71-120-1,71,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -71-121-2,71,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -71-122-4,71,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -71-123-1,71,123,1,123-1,This is the realization of /a/ when unstressed.,,71-227,100.0, -71-124-3,71,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0, -71-125-4,71,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0, -71-126-4,71,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -71-127-6,71,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -71-128-4,71,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -71-129-2,71,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -71-13-1,71,13,1,13-1,,,71-17 71-23 71-24,100.0,Certain -71-130-1,71,130,1,130-1,,,71-216,100.0, -71-131,71,131,1,131-1,,,71-207,100.0, -71-132,71,132,3,132-3,,,71-209,100.0, -71-133,71,133,2,133-2,,,71-210,100.0, -71-134,71,134,3,134-3,,,71-211,100.0, -71-137,71,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -71-138,71,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -71-139,71,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0, -71-14-2,71,14,2,14-2,"The existence of the dual is certain; what is uncertain is whether some speakers used the plural in dual contexts. Some reinforced the pronoun with a numeral, i.e. maua alua [1DL two] and laua alua [3DL two]. The dual derives from the lexifier.",,71-25 71-26 71-27,100.0,Certain -71-140,71,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -71-143,71,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -71-144,71,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -71-145,71,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -71-146,71,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -71-147,71,147,1,147-1,,,71-208,100.0, -71-148,71,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -71-149,71,149,4,149-4,,,,100.0, -71-15-1,71,15,1,15-1,"The inclusive forms were only marginally retained in the pidgin, and it is unclear whether this represented the preservation of the opposition as well. Example 29, however, demonstrates that the distinction was lost (as makou occurs where kakou would be expected), and this was the more general pattern in the pidgin.",,71-28 71-29,100.0,Certain -71-151,71,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -71-152,71,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -71-153,71,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -71-155,71,155,2,155-2,"Because the glottal was not orthographically recorded in 19th century sources, it is unclear what its status was in Pidgin Hawaiian. There is good evidence of its loss in medial position (pi'i < pi) and it was likely lost in onset position on account of its phonotactic difficulty for English and other speakers lacking glottals. However, the form of the definite article (which varied according to the initial consonant of the following noun) may provide evidence of its preservation. Tomas Quihano, the only Pidgin Hawaiian speaker recorded in modern times, is transcribed with glottals in some words (ma'i 'disease') and without them in others (pi mai, aole, etc).",,71-212,100.0, -71-156,71,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -71-158,71,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -71-159,71,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -71-16-1,71,16,1,16-1,,,71-24 71-25 71-26 71-27 71-29 71-30 71-31 71-32 71-33,100.0,Very certain -71-160,71,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -71-161,71,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -71-163,71,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -71-168,71,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -71-169,71,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -71-17-1,71,17,1,17-1,,,71-24 71-25 71-26 71-27 71-29 71-30 71-31 71-32 71-33,100.0,Very certain -71-170,71,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -71-171,71,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -71-172,71,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -71-173,71,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -71-174,71,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -71-176,71,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -71-178,71,178,1,178-1,,,71-217,100.0, -71-179,71,179,1,179-1,,,71-218,100.0, -71-18-1,71,18,1,18-1,,,71-20 71-26 71-32,100.0,Very certain -71-180,71,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -71-181,71,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -71-182,71,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0, -71-183,71,183,2,183-2,,,71-219,100.0, -71-184,71,184,2,184-2,"This sound is characteristic of the Japanese production of /l/, which is transcribed with the Japanese character for the flap in katakana.",,71-220,100.0, -71-187,71,187,2,187-2,This sound is characteristic of the Japanese allophonic production of /h/ prior to high back vowels.,,71-213,100.0, -71-188,71,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -71-189,71,189,3,189-3,,,71-214,100.0, -71-19-2,71,19,2,19-2,"The usual Hawaiian words for 'when' (āhea and ināhea) are not attested in the pidgin; the two known expressions (pehea ka manawa 'what the time' and hola ahia 'which hour, in what hour') are compound interrogatives. The other interrogatives (owai 'who', mahea 'where', pehea 'what, why, how') are not compound.",,71-20 71-34 71-35 71-36 71-37 71-38,100.0,Certain -71-190,71,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0, -71-191,71,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -71-192,71,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -71-193,71,193,3,193-3,,,71-215,100.0, -71-194,71,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -71-195,71,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0, -71-196,71,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -71-199,71,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, +Koi ciz [some thing] is also used for 'something'.",,70-30 70-31,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +70-212,70,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-217,70,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-218,70,218,1,218-1,,,70-99,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-22-1,70,22,1,22-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-221,70,221,1,221-1,,,70-100,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-23-1,70,23,1,23-1,"Nouns are not marked for plural. For personal pronouns, log or loŋ 'people' is used as a plural marker: ham [1SG], ham-loŋ [1PL].",,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 9}",Own knowledge +70-231,70,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-24-4,70,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-25-1,70,25,1,25-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-252,70,252,1,252-1,,,70-101,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-253,70,253,4,253-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-254,70,254,1,254-1,,,70-102,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-255,70,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-256,70,256,1,256-1,,,70-103,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-257,70,257,1,257-1,,,70-104,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-258,70,258,1,258-1,,,70-105,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +70-259,70,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-26-2,70,26,2,26-2,,,70-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +70-260,70,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-261,70,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-263,70,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-267,70,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-268,70,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-27-2,70,27,2,27-2,,,70-33 70-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-272,70,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-273,70,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-274,70,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-275,70,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-276,70,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-277,70,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-278,70,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-279,70,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-28-5,70,28,5,28-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +70-280,70,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-281,70,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-282,70,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-284,70,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-285,70,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-286,70,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-287,70,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-288,70,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-289,70,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-29-5,70,29,5,29-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +70-290,70,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-291,70,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +70-3-1,70,3,1,3-1,,,70-14 70-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-30-1,70,30,1,30-1,,,70-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-308-6,70,308,6,308-6,The main lexifier language is Fiji Hindi.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +70-309-5,70,309,5,309-5,"It is not ""virtually none"", but rather none at all.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-31-4,70,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-310-3,70,310,3,310-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-311-3,70,311,3,311-3,Pidgin Hindustani is being displaced by Fiji English as a language of inter-ethnic communication.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-312-2,70,312,2,312-2,"I don't think individual speakers are abandoning Pidgin Hindustani and switching to Fiji English; rather, fewer people are learning Pidgin Hindustani.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +70-313-3,70,313,3,313-3,,,,100.0,Very uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +70-314-2,70,314,2,314-2,"From my experience, men use it more than women -- but I worked with men, not women.",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +70-315-3,70,315,3,315-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-316-3,70,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-317-3,70,317,3,317-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-318-3,70,318,3,318-3,"The language is used only in one play in Fiji Hindi where some dialogue is in Pidgin Hindustani, spoken by an indigenous Fijian character. And this play is not at all well-known in Fiji.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-319-3,70,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-32-1,70,32,1,32-1,,,70-35 70-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-320-3,70,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-321-2,70,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +70-322-3,70,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-323-3,70,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-324-3,70,324,3,324-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-325-3,70,325,3,325-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-326-1,70,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +70-327-1,70,327,1,327-1,There is a big difference between the phonology of indigenous Fijian and that of Chinese speakers.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +70-328-2,70,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +70-329-3,70,329,3,329-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-33-2,70,33,2,33-2,,,70-36 70-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +70-330-3,70,330,3,330-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-331-3,70,331,3,331-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-332-3,70,332,3,332-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-333-4,70,333,4,333-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +70-334-4,70,334,4,334-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +70-335-4,70,335,4,335-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +70-34-1,70,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-35-1,70,35,1,35-1,The exception is the adverb festaim 'the first time'.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-36-1,70,36,1,36-1,,,70-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-37-1,70,37,1,37-1,,,70-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +70-38-2,70,38,2,38-2,,,70-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +70-39-1,70,39,1,39-1,,,70-38 70-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +70-4-1,70,4,1,4-1,Very few prepositions are actually used in narratives. Locative prepositions are not required (see Example 4).,,70-4 70-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-40-1,70,40,1,40-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-41-2,70,41,2,41-2,,,70-40,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-42-3,70,42,3,42-3,,,70-40,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-43-5,70,43,5,43-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-44-8,70,44,8,44-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-45-6,70,45,6,45-6,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-46-6,70,46,6,46-6,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-47-1,70,47,1,47-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-48-1,70,48,1,48-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-49-4,70,49,4,49-4,No TA system. Tense and aspect are interpretable by situational context or referred to with adverbs.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-5-1,70,5,1,5-1,,,70-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-50-6,70,50,6,50-6,There is no TAM marking.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-52-5,70,52,5,52-5,There are no aspect markers.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +70-53-1,70,53,1,53-1,There is no aspect marking in the language.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-54-7,70,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +70-55-2,70,55,2,55-2,,,70-4 70-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-56-1,70,56,1,56-1,,,70-42 70-43 70-44,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-57-1,70,57,1,57-1,,,70-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-58-1,70,58,1,58-1,,,70-15 70-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-59-2,70,59,2,59-2,,,70-22 70-46,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +70-6-1,70,6,1,6-1,,,70-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-60-2,70,60,2,60-2,,,70-47 70-49,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +70-60-1,70,60,1,60-1,,,70-48 70-50,50.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +70-61-2,70,61,2,61-2,,,70-47 70-48,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +70-62-1,70,62,1,62-1,,,70-47,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-64-2,70,64,2,64-2,,,70-51,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-65-1,70,65,1,65-1,,,70-52 70-53,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-66-3,70,66,3,66-3,,,70-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +70-67-1,70,67,1,67-1,,,70-23,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +70-68-1,70,68,1,68-1,,,70-55 70-56,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +70-69-1,70,69,1,69-1,,,70-57,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-7-4,70,7,4,7-4,,,70-10 70-11 70-12 70-9,90.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +70-7-1,70,7,1,7-1,,,70-8,10.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +70-70-2,70,70,2,70-2,,,70-57 70-58 70-59,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +70-71-2,70,71,2,71-2,"Juxtaposition (Examples 29, 58)is also used for conjunction.",,70-28 70-59,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-72-2,70,72,2,72-2,,,70-58 70-60,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +70-73-1,70,73,1,73-1,,,70-61,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-74-2,70,74,2,74-2,,,70-13 70-62,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-75-1,70,75,1,75-1,,,70-63,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +70-76-1,70,76,1,76-1,,,70-61 70-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +70-77-3,70,77,3,77-3,,,70-65 70-66,75.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-000000-75-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +70-77-2,70,77,2,77-2,,,70-64,25.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-25-000000-75-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +70-78-5,70,78,5,78-5,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-79-1,70,79,1,79-1,,,70-69,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-8-1,70,8,1,8-1,,,70-13 70-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-80-3,70,80,3,80-3,,,70-70,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-81-2,70,81,2,81-2,,,70-67 70-68,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +70-84-3,70,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-85-1,70,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-86-5,70,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-9-4,70,9,4,9-4,,,70-15 70-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-90-2,70,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-91-8,70,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +70-92-6,70,92,6,92-6,,,70-11,90.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFB6C1-90-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +70-92-3,70,92,3,92-3,,,70-8,10.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-FFB6C1-90-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +70-93-6,70,93,6,93-6,,,70-71,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-96-4,70,96,4,96-4,,,70-72 70-73,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-97-1,70,97,1,97-1,,,70-69,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +70-98-5,70,98,5,98-5,,,70-74 70-75,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +70-99-2,70,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +71-0-9,71,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +71-1-1,71,1,1,1-1,VSO conforms to the basic order in the lexifier. VSO occurs most frequently with stative/neuter verbs and non-human subjects.,,71-3,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-0000FF-28-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own data +71-1-3,71,1,3,1-3,VSO conforms to the basic order in the lexifier. VSO occurs most frequently with stative/neuter verbs and non-human subjects.,,71-101 71-2,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-0000FF-28-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own data +71-1-2,71,1,2,1-2,VSO conforms to the basic order in the lexifier. VSO occurs most frequently with stative/neuter verbs and non-human subjects.,,71-1 71-16,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-0000FF-28-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own data +71-10-1,71,10,1,10-1,,,71-16 71-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +71-100-4,71,100,4,100-4,,,71-179,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own data +71-101-1,71,101,1,101-1,"It should be noted that there are two different constructions here, NEG SBJ VERB (Example 95, the more common pattern, shared by the lexifier) and SBJ NEG VERB (Example 179, the distinctively pidgin pattern, which was less common).",,71-179 71-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own data +71-102-1,71,102,1,102-1,,,71-180 71-181,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +71-103-1,71,103,1,103-1,,,71-182 71-183,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +71-103-7,71,103,7,103-7,,,71-184,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFFFF-30-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +71-104-7,71,104,7,104-7,"The relative particle ka mea/kela mea was used in clefting constructions in Pidgin Hawaiian, without a highlighter or copula. The lexifier instead uses a non-copula highlighter (based on the benefactive marker) in the case of clefted subjects.",,71-185 71-186,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own data 1898 +71-105-3,71,105,3,105-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +71-106-2,71,106,2,106-2,,,71-188,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own data +71-107-1,71,107,1,107-1,,,71-189,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own data +71-108-4,71,108,4,108-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own data +71-109-1,71,109,1,109-1,"The word pikinini (well-suited to the phonology of Hawaiian) was quite common in the early contact period but it was mostly leveled out once the pidgin stabilized in the early 1880s. There is, however, an example from 1922, so it probably lingered on as a marginal feature.",,71-190,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own data +71-11-2,71,11,2,11-2,,,71-19,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +71-11-3,71,11,3,11-3,,,71-18,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +71-110-2,71,110,2,110-2,"Save 'know' was a prevalent feature in Hawai'i Pidgin English, which co-existed with Pidgin Hawaiian, but this feature was not attested in Hawaiian-lexified material, even as a borrowing, and even in the early contact period. Ike 'know' and maopopo 'understand, be understood' were used as the verbs of knowing in Pidgin Hawaiian.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +71-112-1,71,112,1,112-1,,,71-191 71-192,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +71-114-3,71,114,3,114-3,"Unfortunately, there are no clear references to body hair in the corpus, just head hair (Example 195). The lexifier however has a distinct term for head hair (lauoho) and the same term for body hair and feathers (hulu), so it is possible that this overlap was retained in Pidgin Hawaiian.",,71-194 71-195 71-206,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own data +71-115-2,71,115,2,115-2,"The value is 'Intermediate' because the corpus does not include a reference to smelling. The lexifier, however, distinguishes smelling from hearing via the verb honi 'smell', which only occurs in the corpus in the sense of 'kiss' (likely due to an accidental lexical gap). The same word covering both kissing and smelling is due to the Polynesian custom of greeting by reciprocally pressing noses together while inhaling. It is in a reference to this custom that the word in its reduplicated form occurs first in the data, in an attestation from the early contact period (in the late 1700s).",,71-196 71-197,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own data +71-116-3,71,116,3,116-3,"In the lexifier, the terms for 'green' (as in vegetation) are 'ōma'oma'o, ma'oma'o, ma'o, and uliuli. There is no exact equivalent to English 'blue' but the most common term is uli and uliuli. There is thus overlap in the case of the lexifier. Unfortunately, uli/uliuli does not occur in the corpus, so it is difficult to assess this feature.",,71-198 71-199,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own data +71-117-2,71,117,2,117-2,The postposing agrees with the general order of nominal adjectives in Hawaiian and Pidgin Hawaiian.,,71-200 71-201,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own data +71-118-1,71,118,1,118-1,"In Example 202, the moderately complex onset in English bran, when borrowed into the lexifier and, in turn, in the pidgin, results in the simple palani. All examples supplied for Pidgin Hawaiian similarly show a lack of complex syllable onsets.",,71-202,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +71-119-1,71,119,1,119-1,"In Example 203, balota adds a vowel after the final coda of English ballot. In Example 204, hamabuga adds two vowels after the two syllable codas of English humbug. All other examples given herein show a general absence of syllable final codas.",,71-203 71-204,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +71-12-1,71,12,1,12-1,,,71-20,75.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +71-12-2,71,12,2,12-2,,,71-21 71-22,25.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-75-FF0000-25-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +71-120-1,71,120,1,120-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +71-121-2,71,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +71-122-4,71,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +71-123-1,71,123,1,123-1,This is the realization of /a/ when unstressed.,,71-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +71-124-3,71,124,3,124-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +71-125-4,71,125,4,125-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-126-4,71,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-127-6,71,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-128-4,71,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-129-2,71,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-13-1,71,13,1,13-1,,,71-17 71-23 71-24,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own data +71-130-1,71,130,1,130-1,,,71-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +71-131,71,131,1,131-1,,,71-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +71-132,71,132,3,132-3,,,71-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +71-133,71,133,2,133-2,,,71-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +71-134,71,134,3,134-3,,,71-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +71-137,71,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-138,71,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-139,71,139,4,139-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-14-2,71,14,2,14-2,"The existence of the dual is certain; what is uncertain is whether some speakers used the plural in dual contexts. Some reinforced the pronoun with a numeral, i.e. maua alua [1DL two] and laua alua [3DL two]. The dual derives from the lexifier.",,71-25 71-26 71-27,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own data +71-140,71,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-143,71,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-144,71,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-145,71,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-146,71,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-147,71,147,1,147-1,,,71-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +71-148,71,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-149,71,149,4,149-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-15-1,71,15,1,15-1,"The inclusive forms were only marginally retained in the pidgin, and it is unclear whether this represented the preservation of the opposition as well. Example 29, however, demonstrates that the distinction was lost (as makou occurs where kakou would be expected), and this was the more general pattern in the pidgin.",,71-28 71-29,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own data +71-151,71,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-152,71,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-153,71,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-155,71,155,2,155-2,"Because the glottal was not orthographically recorded in 19th century sources, it is unclear what its status was in Pidgin Hawaiian. There is good evidence of its loss in medial position (pi'i < pi) and it was likely lost in onset position on account of its phonotactic difficulty for English and other speakers lacking glottals. However, the form of the definite article (which varied according to the initial consonant of the following noun) may provide evidence of its preservation. Tomas Quihano, the only Pidgin Hawaiian speaker recorded in modern times, is transcribed with glottals in some words (ma'i 'disease') and without them in others (pi mai, aole, etc).",,71-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +71-156,71,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-158,71,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-159,71,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-16-1,71,16,1,16-1,,,71-24 71-25 71-26 71-27 71-29 71-30 71-31 71-32 71-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +71-160,71,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-161,71,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-163,71,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-168,71,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-169,71,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-17-1,71,17,1,17-1,,,71-24 71-25 71-26 71-27 71-29 71-30 71-31 71-32 71-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +71-170,71,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-171,71,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-172,71,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-173,71,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-174,71,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-176,71,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-178,71,178,1,178-1,,,71-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +71-179,71,179,1,179-1,,,71-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +71-18-1,71,18,1,18-1,,,71-20 71-26 71-32,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own data +71-180,71,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-181,71,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-182,71,182,4,182-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-183,71,183,2,183-2,,,71-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +71-184,71,184,2,184-2,"This sound is characteristic of the Japanese production of /l/, which is transcribed with the Japanese character for the flap in katakana.",,71-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +71-187,71,187,2,187-2,This sound is characteristic of the Japanese allophonic production of /h/ prior to high back vowels.,,71-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +71-188,71,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-189,71,189,3,189-3,,,71-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +71-19-2,71,19,2,19-2,"The usual Hawaiian words for 'when' (āhea and ināhea) are not attested in the pidgin; the two known expressions (pehea ka manawa 'what the time' and hola ahia 'which hour, in what hour') are compound interrogatives. The other interrogatives (owai 'who', mahea 'where', pehea 'what, why, how') are not compound.",,71-20 71-34 71-35 71-36 71-37 71-38,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own data +71-190,71,190,4,190-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-191,71,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-192,71,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-193,71,193,3,193-3,,,71-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +71-194,71,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-195,71,195,4,195-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-196,71,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-199,71,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 71-2-2,71,2,2,2-2,"No example was found in my corpus of the possessor-possessum order involving two full nouns. There are, however, a few instances where a proper noun could be interpreted as the possessor, e.g. Akolu pake wau aha ma kela hale, makou limalima kela rumi, Aiau kela hale. three Chinese 1SG four LOC DET house 1PL rent DET room Aiau DET house 'Three Chinese and I, four total, were in that house; we rented the room/rooms at Aiau's house' (naturalistic written, own data 1894) -Note that such constructions are ambiguous since Aiau kela hale can also be interpreted as 'it was Aiau's house'.",,71-135 71-205 71-4,100.0,Very certain -71-20-1,71,20,1,20-1,There is not enough data to be certain about Value 3.,,71-39 71-40,50.0,Very certain -71-20-3,71,20,3,20-3,There is not enough data to be certain about Value 3.,,71-41,50.0,Uncertain -71-200,71,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -71-201,71,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -71-202,71,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -71-205,71,205,1,205-1,,,71-216,100.0, -71-209,71,209,1,209-1,,,71-221,100.0, -71-21-2,71,21,2,21-2,Kekahi kanaka and kanaka 'person' were used as indefinite pronouns.,,71-42 71-43 71-44,100.0,Certain -71-212,71,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -71-217,71,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -71-218,71,218,2,218-2,"/i/ here is a semi-vowel in the lexifier in rapid speech and it was used to transcribe /j/ in English code-switches/borrowings, such as iu 'you'. It also corresponds to /j/ in Japanese katakana transcription of Pidgin Hawaiian in Japanese-language newspapers.",,71-222,100.0, -71-22-4,71,22,4,22-4,The pluralizer mau occurred variably for human and non-human nouns.,,71-45 71-46,100.0,Very certain -71-221,71,221,1,221-1,,,71-223,100.0, -71-23-7,71,23,7,23-7,,,71-46,100.0,Certain -71-231,71,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -71-24-3,71,24,3,24-3,This usage conforms to associative plural ma in Hawaiian and anticipates dem/guys in Hawai'i Creole English. The additive plural in the lexifier is made via poe 'people' (e.g. ka poe hoopiiia 'the defendants' in an 1881 text).,,71-47 71-48,100.0,Certain -71-25-3,71,25,3,25-3,,,71-46 71-49,100.0,Certain -71-252,71,252,1,252-1,,,71-224,100.0, -71-253,71,253,1,253-1,Often this vowel was raised to a high vowel ( is a common Anglicizing transcription of make).,,71-225,100.0, -71-254,71,254,2,254-2,This is the realization of /e/ in stressed environments in the lexifier.,,71-226,100.0, -71-255,71,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -71-256,71,256,1,256-1,,,71-228,100.0, -71-257,71,257,1,257-1,,,71-229,100.0, -71-258,71,258,1,258-1,,,71-230,100.0, -71-259,71,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -71-26-2,71,26,2,26-2,"Reduplication was not productive in stable Pidgin Hawaiian (in texts dating after 1880), but it was a productive process in the original contact setting that produced pidgin innovations, and it is this process that is represented here. Reduplication is also very common in the lexifier, but it has long ceased to be productive word formation process. In the Examples 50 and 51, nuinui is the intensive of nui in a similar way that nui loa is an intensive. Another example is moe 'rest' and moemoe 'sleep'. In other examples, there is no significant change of meaning or function.",1289[307-18],71-50 71-51,100.0,Certain -71-260,71,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -71-261,71,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -71-263,71,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -71-267,71,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -71-268,71,268,1,268-1,This is the realization of /a/ when unstressed.,,71-227,100.0, -71-27-2,71,27,2,27-2,,,71-52,100.0,Certain -71-272,71,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -71-273,71,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -71-274,71,274,2,274-2,"Vowel length is phonemic in the lexifier but was likely lost to an unknown extent in the pidgin (written sources also do not mark vowel length), as orthographic evidence shows that diphthongs were also often reduced. The transcription of Tomas Quihano's speech, on the other hand, marks long vowels in many instances, including pi mai where the loss of the glottal stop ( is a common Anglicizing transcription of make).,,71-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +71-254,71,254,2,254-2,This is the realization of /e/ in stressed environments in the lexifier.,,71-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +71-255,71,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-256,71,256,1,256-1,,,71-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +71-257,71,257,1,257-1,,,71-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +71-258,71,258,1,258-1,,,71-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +71-259,71,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-26-2,71,26,2,26-2,"Reduplication was not productive in stable Pidgin Hawaiian (in texts dating after 1880), but it was a productive process in the original contact setting that produced pidgin innovations, and it is this process that is represented here. Reduplication is also very common in the lexifier, but it has long ceased to be productive word formation process. In the Examples 50 and 51, nuinui is the intensive of nui in a similar way that nui loa is an intensive. Another example is moe 'rest' and moemoe 'sleep'. In other examples, there is no significant change of meaning or function.",1289[307-18],71-50 71-51,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +71-260,71,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-261,71,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-263,71,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-267,71,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-268,71,268,1,268-1,This is the realization of /a/ when unstressed.,,71-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +71-27-2,71,27,2,27-2,,,71-52,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own data +71-272,71,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-273,71,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +71-274,71,274,2,274-2,"Vowel length is phonemic in the lexifier but was likely lost to an unknown extent in the pidgin (written sources also do not mark vowel length), as orthographic evidence shows that diphthongs were also often reduced. The transcription of Tomas Quihano's speech, on the other hand, marks long vowels in many instances, including pi mai where the loss of the glottal stop (.",,75-315,100.0, -75-131,75,131,1,131-1,/p/ exists both in Cree and French components.,,75-297,100.0, +In addition, there are pre-aspirated stops, written with .",,75-315,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +75-131,75,131,1,131-1,/p/ exists both in Cree and French components.,,75-297,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-132,75,132,1,132-1,"For the phoneme /b/, one can argue that the Cree and French components behave differently. For the French elements, it is part of the normal phoneme inventory, and appears initially, medially (babinn 'lip(s)'), kab 'rope'). For Cree elements, it is only found in specific environments: (1) initially in verbs. Here a verb starting in /p/ has merged with the prefix ni- into b-, as in beyakon 'I am alone', from the numeral 'one', peyak. -(2) in a few verbs stems, such as pimbahtaaw 'he runs', diachronically derived from pimipahtaaw (drop of vowel -i- and subsequent assimilation of /mp/ to /b/).",,75-300,100.0, -75-133,75,133,1,133-1,"The phoneme /t/ appears initially, medially and finally in words originating in both Cree and French.",,75-301,100.0, +(2) in a few verbs stems, such as pimbahtaaw 'he runs', diachronically derived from pimipahtaaw (drop of vowel -i- and subsequent assimilation of /mp/ to /b/).",,75-300,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-133,75,133,1,133-1,"The phoneme /t/ appears initially, medially and finally in words originating in both Cree and French.",,75-301,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-134,75,134,1,134-1,"For the phoneme /d/, one can argue that the Cree and French components behave differently. For the French elements, it is part of the normal phoneme inventory, and appears initially, medially (dilet 'milk', budaen 'sausage', vyand 'meat'). For Cree elements, it is only found in specific environments: (1) initially in verbs. Here a verb starting in /t/ has merged with the prefix ni- into d-, as in dipaheenaan 'we pay', from the verb tipah- 'to pay'. (2) in the verb prefix doo-, meaning 'go and...' (Plains Cree equivalent nitawi-, from which it is derived). -(2) in a few stems, such as taandee 'where', diachronically derived from taanitee (drop of vowel -i- and subsequent assimilation of /nt/ to /d/).",,75-302,100.0, -75-137,75,137,2,137-2,The more common form is pchit. There are probably no other words with this affricate.,,75-306,100.0, -75-138,75,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, +(2) in a few stems, such as taandee 'where', diachronically derived from taanitee (drop of vowel -i- and subsequent assimilation of /nt/ to /d/).",,75-302,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-137,75,137,2,137-2,The more common form is pchit. There are probably no other words with this affricate.,,75-306,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +75-138,75,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-139,75,139,1,139-1,"This phoneme is found in Michif, even though it is present in neither French nor Michif. In Plains Cree, the equivalent phoneme is /ts/, and for the French component it is historically derived from /t/ that is palatalized before hight front vowels (Rhodes 2009: 436). -This phoneme can be found in initial position (cheuk 'cap', French tuque; chi-apihk 'to be sitting', Plains Cree kita-apihk) and medial position (baechis 'John' French Jean-Baptiste, aachimow 'he tells a story', Plains Cree âcimôw). It is rare in final position, and is only found word-finally in words of Cree origin: wiihkach 'never'.",1277,75-307,100.0, -75-14-1,75,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain +This phoneme can be found in initial position (cheuk 'cap', French tuque; chi-apihk 'to be sitting', Plains Cree kita-apihk) and medial position (baechis 'John' French Jean-Baptiste, aachimow 'he tells a story', Plains Cree âcimôw). It is rare in final position, and is only found word-finally in words of Cree origin: wiihkach 'never'.",1277,75-307,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-14-1,75,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 75-140,75,140,1,140-1,"For the phoneme /dʒ/, one can argue that the Cree and French components behave differently. For the French elements, it is part of the normal phoneme inventory, and appears initially and medially (dzhis 'ten', midzhii 'noon') but not word-finally. Historically, these affricates are all the result of palatalization of /d/ before high front vowels. For Cree elements, it is only found in specific environments, and only word-initially: (1) initially in verbs. Here a verb starting in /ch/ has merged with the prefix ni- into /dʒ/, as in dzhikahikaan 'I am chopping things', from the verb chikahikee- 'to chop things'. -(2) initially in possessive nouns dzhahkush 'my sister-in-law'.",,75-308,100.0, -75-143,75,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -75-144,75,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -75-145,75,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -75-146,75,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -75-147,75,147,1,147-1,,,75-298,100.0, +(2) initially in possessive nouns dzhahkush 'my sister-in-law'.",,75-308,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-143,75,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-144,75,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-145,75,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-146,75,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-147,75,147,1,147-1,,,75-298,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-148,75,148,1,148-1,"The sequence /kw/ can be used initially and word-medially, as in eekwa 'and', kwaapaha 'bail water' in words of Cree origin, but apparently only in initial syllables in words of French origin. (kwarnee 'crow'). It cannot be found word-finally. The sequence stop-w for Cree, French and Michif has usually been analyzed as a sequence of a stop + /w/, but there are good arguments for analyzing them as labialized stops, at least for Michif. (1) Etymologically French words starting in ko- frequently labialize the velar, e.g. Michif kwarik, French korek(t) 'correct'; kwachiiiy 'sea shell' (French: /kokiy/), suggesting a productive rounding process in ko- (but not in ku-). This process is only occasionally found in etymologically Cree words, as in pikwawna / piko ana 'anybody'. The alternation between labialized velars and plain velars preceded by a back vowel is found in many Algonquian languages. (2) In some cases /kw/ and /k/ are pronunciation variants, as one hears both kwasee and korsee 'girdle', kwarnee, kornee. -(3) Forms like chwizin for 'kitchen', in which the original /k/ is palatalized, suggest that /kw/ is a unit, as the velar is affected by a palatalization process under the influence of the high front vowel. The forms chwiizinn and kwiizinn are both used.",,75-303,100.0, +(3) Forms like chwizin for 'kitchen', in which the original /k/ is palatalized, suggest that /kw/ is a unit, as the velar is affected by a palatalization process under the influence of the high front vowel. The forms chwiizinn and kwiizinn are both used.",,75-303,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-149,75,149,1,149-1,"For the phoneme /g/, one can argue that the Cree and French components behave differently. For the French elements, it is part of the normal phoneme inventory, and appears initially, medially (grenn 'berry', digutii 'strained', zong 'nail'). For Cree elements, it is only found in specific environments: (1) initially in verbs. Here a verb starting in /k/ has merged with the prefix ni- into g-, as in gikishkeemaw 'I know her', from the verb kikishkeem- 'know him/her/them'. (ni-ki- > gi-) -(2) Two tense prefixes (kii- [PST], ka- [FUT]) are similarly affected, as in giiwaapamaaw 'I saw him' (gii < ni-kii-).",,75-305,100.0, +(2) Two tense prefixes (kii- [PST], ka- [FUT]) are similarly affected, as in giiwaapamaaw 'I saw him' (gii < ni-kii-).",,75-305,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-15-2,75,15,2,15-2,"Inclusive and exclusive are differentiated in Cree verbs and pronouns (very certain). -There is no differentiation in French verbs or pronouns (intermediate), but in nominal possession many speakers distinguish inclusive and exclusive possession, even with French nouns. The Turtle Mountain variety does not seem to make this distinction in pronominal possession.",,75-56 75-57,100.0,Very certain -75-151,75,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -75-152,75,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -75-153,75,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -75-155,75,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -75-156,75,156,3,156-3,,,75-299,100.0, -75-158,75,158,3,158-3,,,,100.0, -75-159,75,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, +There is no differentiation in French verbs or pronouns (intermediate), but in nominal possession many speakers distinguish inclusive and exclusive possession, even with French nouns. The Turtle Mountain variety does not seem to make this distinction in pronominal possession.",,75-56 75-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +75-151,75,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-152,75,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-153,75,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-155,75,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-156,75,156,3,156-3,,,75-299,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +75-158,75,158,3,158-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +75-159,75,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-16-1,75,16,1,16-1,"Independent personal pronouns are usually from Cree. The following forms are used: niiya [1SG] @@ -22622,110 +22622,110 @@ wiiyawaaw [3PL] French forms are very marginal: mwaen mem [1SG.EMPH] ti [2SG] -sa [3PL]",,75-51 75-56 75-57 75-58 75-59 75-60 75-61 75-62,100.0,Very certain -75-160,75,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -75-161,75,161,3,161-3,"The existence of this phoneme is a conjecture, in that no cases of English loans are present in the data with this phoneme, but they would probably preserve their aspiration as such loans are today not adjusted phonologically.",,,100.0, -75-163,75,163,3,163-3,,,75-304,100.0, -75-168,75,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -75-169,75,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, +sa [3PL]",,75-51 75-56 75-57 75-58 75-59 75-60 75-61 75-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-160,75,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-161,75,161,3,161-3,"The existence of this phoneme is a conjecture, in that no cases of English loans are present in the data with this phoneme, but they would probably preserve their aspiration as such loans are today not adjusted phonologically.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +75-163,75,163,3,163-3,,,75-304,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +75-168,75,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-169,75,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-17-4,75,17,4,17-4,"Michif verbs are used as in Cree. The verbs inflect for subject and (indirect) object. There are two sets of forms, one (roughly) for main clauses, the other for subordinate clauses. These sets are usually called the independent and conjunct orders. The total number of person affixes in the verb (seven persons, intransitive, transitive, animate, inanimate) exceeds 50. -There are a number of morphophonological processes that obscure the person prefixes: *ni- merges with stops /p t k/ to become /b d g/, and and the second person prefix ki- merges with verb-initial k- (stem or tense marker) into just k-."" (kik- > k)",,75-30 75-63,100.0,Very certain -75-170,75,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -75-171,75,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -75-172,75,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -75-173,75,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -75-174,75,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -75-176,75,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -75-178,75,178,1,178-1,"/m/ appears in all positions: michin 'medicine', niseumaen 'towel', (s)kum 'like' (French origin); munahikeew 'he digs', anima 'this', waapahtam 'he sees it' (Cree origin).",,75-316,100.0, -75-179,75,179,1,179-1,"The phoneme /n/ is common in words of both Cree and French origin in all positions: non /nõ/ 'name', toneur 'thunder', smen 'week' (French origin); nipaha 'kill him!', anihin 'those', beehtaan 'I wait' (Cree origin).",,75-317,100.0, -75-18-1,75,18,1,18-1,,,75-59,100.0,Very certain -75-180,75,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -75-181,75,181,4,181-4,"Rhodes (2009: 438) shows that, for the Turtle Mountain variety, French /ɲ/ becomes a nasal /j/ in polysyllables and velar /ŋ/ in monosyllables. Also the French sequence /nj/ becomes a nasalized /j/.",1277,,100.0, +There are a number of morphophonological processes that obscure the person prefixes: *ni- merges with stops /p t k/ to become /b d g/, and and the second person prefix ki- merges with verb-initial k- (stem or tense marker) into just k-."" (kik- > k)",,75-30 75-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-170,75,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-171,75,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-172,75,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-173,75,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-174,75,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-176,75,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-178,75,178,1,178-1,"/m/ appears in all positions: michin 'medicine', niseumaen 'towel', (s)kum 'like' (French origin); munahikeew 'he digs', anima 'this', waapahtam 'he sees it' (Cree origin).",,75-316,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-179,75,179,1,179-1,"The phoneme /n/ is common in words of both Cree and French origin in all positions: non /nõ/ 'name', toneur 'thunder', smen 'week' (French origin); nipaha 'kill him!', anihin 'those', beehtaan 'I wait' (Cree origin).",,75-317,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-18-1,75,18,1,18-1,,,75-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +75-180,75,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-181,75,181,4,181-4,"Rhodes (2009: 438) shows that, for the Turtle Mountain variety, French /ɲ/ becomes a nasal /j/ in polysyllables and velar /ŋ/ in monosyllables. Also the French sequence /nj/ becomes a nasalized /j/.",1277,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-182,75,182,2,182-2,"The phone [ŋ] is only found immediately preceding velar consonants, and must be considered an allophone of /n/. -It is also found in loans from English, which are normally not adjusted.",,75-318,100.0, -75-183,75,183,1,183-1,"The phoneme /r/ exists in all positions in Michif: rob 'dress', nariyaal 'moose', pweer 'juneberry', but exclusively in words of French origin. It is a trilled /r/, but in the middle of words there is an allophonic pronunciation like a tapped /r/.",,75-319,100.0, -75-184,75,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -75-187,75,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -75-188,75,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, +It is also found in loans from English, which are normally not adjusted.",,75-318,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +75-183,75,183,1,183-1,"The phoneme /r/ exists in all positions in Michif: rob 'dress', nariyaal 'moose', pweer 'juneberry', but exclusively in words of French origin. It is a trilled /r/, but in the middle of words there is an allophonic pronunciation like a tapped /r/.",,75-319,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-184,75,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-187,75,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-188,75,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-189,75,189,1,189-1,"All words with /f/ are etymologically French. -The phoneme is found word-initially (fet 'party, celebration'), word-medially (zaanfaan 'child') and word-finally (zaef, zaf 'egg').",,75-309,100.0, +The phoneme is found word-initially (fet 'party, celebration'), word-medially (zaanfaan 'child') and word-finally (zaef, zaf 'egg').",,75-309,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-19-1,75,19,1,19-1,"Michif interrogative pronouns come mostly from Cree. From French: kel saiz 'which (shoe)size' (with an English noun), kel sort 'what kind', kel or uuma 'what time is it?'. -Also kubaen 'how many' beside taanima-ikuhk 'how many, how much'.",92[92],75-64 75-65 75-66 75-67 75-68,100.0,Very certain +Also kubaen 'how many' beside taanima-ikuhk 'how many, how much'.",92[92],75-64 75-65 75-66 75-67 75-68,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-190,75,190,1,190-1,"All words with /v/ are etymologically French. -The phoneme is found word-initially (vaantr 'belly'), word-medially (krevii 'herniated') and word-finally (kuleev 'snake').",,75-310,100.0, -75-191,75,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -75-192,75,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, +The phoneme is found word-initially (vaantr 'belly'), word-medially (krevii 'herniated') and word-finally (kuleev 'snake').",,75-310,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-191,75,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-192,75,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-193,75,193,1,193-1,"In words of French origin, the phoneme is found word-initially (sarvaan 'house-keeper'), word-medially (pwesoon 'fish') and word-finally (pjas 'dollar'). -In words of Cree origin, the phoneme /s/ is only found in clusters s + stop (as in wapasteen '(s)he sees it') as variants used by some speakers for the pre-aspirated stops: other speakers say waapahteen. Thus, in Cree words it only exists for some speakers, and only in very specific environments.",,75-311,100.0, +In words of Cree origin, the phoneme /s/ is only found in clusters s + stop (as in wapasteen '(s)he sees it') as variants used by some speakers for the pre-aspirated stops: other speakers say waapahteen. Thus, in Cree words it only exists for some speakers, and only in very specific environments.",,75-311,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-194,75,194,1,194-1,"In words of French origin, the phoneme is found word-initially (zaanfaan 'child'), word-medially (groozel 'gooseberry') and word-finally (freez 'strawberry'). However, all words with initial /z/ have equivalents starting with other consonants, most frequently n- or t-. These phonemes are derived from the French liaison consonants (enfant 'child, Mo-n-enfant 'my child', peti-t-enfant 'little child', me-s-enfants 'my children'). -In words of Cree origin, the phoneme /z/ does not exist in Michif.",,75-312,100.0, +In words of Cree origin, the phoneme /z/ does not exist in Michif.",,75-312,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-195,75,195,1,195-1,"The phoneme /ʃ/ is found in words of both Cree and French origin. In French words, it can be found word-initially (shaan 'field'), word-medially (planshee 'floor') and word-finally (vaesh 'cow'). -In Cree words, the phoneme can be found word-initially (shakiheew 'she loves her'), word-medially (pashiko 'get up!') and word-finally (anosh 'today').",,75-313,100.0, +In Cree words, the phoneme can be found word-initially (shakiheew 'she loves her'), word-medially (pashiko 'get up!') and word-finally (anosh 'today').",,75-313,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-196,75,196,1,196-1,"The phoneme /ʒ/ is found in words of both Cree and French origin. In French words, it can be found word-initially (zhurnii 'day)', word-medially (larzhaan 'money') and word-finally (ruuzh 'red'). -In Cree words, the phoneme can be found word-initially (zhakihaaw 'I love her/him'), word-medially (pashiko 'get up!') and word-finally (anosh 'today').",,75-314,100.0, -75-199,75,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, +In Cree words, the phoneme can be found word-initially (zhakihaaw 'I love her/him'), word-medially (pashiko 'get up!') and word-finally (anosh 'today').",,75-314,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-199,75,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-2-1,75,2,1,2-1,"The general structure is possessor - possessive element - possessed. The possessive element is always in the same language as the possessed. -Cree nouns may have a Cree possessive prefix.",,75-10 75-7 75-8 75-9,100.0,Very certain -75-20-1,75,20,1,20-1,"Personal pronouns are from Cree. They can be connected with a noun or noun phrase or personal pronoun with eekwa 'and, also' from Cree, or pi from French puis. No plural forms are used in these cases.",,75-60 75-69,100.0,Certain -75-200,75,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -75-201,75,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -75-202,75,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, +Cree nouns may have a Cree possessive prefix.",,75-10 75-7 75-8 75-9,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +75-20-1,75,20,1,20-1,"Personal pronouns are from Cree. They can be connected with a noun or noun phrase or personal pronoun with eekwa 'and, also' from Cree, or pi from French puis. No plural forms are used in these cases.",,75-60 75-69,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-200,75,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-201,75,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-202,75,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-205,75,205,1,205-1,"/h/ is a fairly frequent phoneme, but the distribution of /h/ is somewhat limited in Michif. In etymologically French words, /h/ is found only in initial (harnwee 'harness for horse') and medial position (dahor 'outside'). Etymologically Cree words only have /h/ word-medially (pakamaha 'hit him'), but not initially or finally. -In addition, there are pre-aspirated stops, written with .",,75-315,100.0, +In addition, there are pre-aspirated stops, written with .",,75-315,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-209,75,209,1,209-1,"The phoneme /l/ exists only in words of French origin and in mixed words. It can appear in all positions: lu 'wolf', galet 'bannock', pul 'chicken'. -In French and English borrowings, an element -li- is often inserted preceding the stem: li-gambl-ii-wak 'they gamble'.",,75-320,100.0, +In French and English borrowings, an element -li- is often inserted preceding the stem: li-gambl-ii-wak 'they gamble'.",,75-320,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-21-3,75,21,3,21-3,"The words for 'who' as interrogative (aweena from Cree) and the indefinite 'someone' (awiyak from Cree or quelqu'un from French) are clearly distinct. The Cree forms are pervasive, the French forms marginal. -The word keekway (with variant forms) is used both for 'something' and 'what'. Some speakers claim that their forms for 'what' and 'something' are different.",,75-70 75-73,50.0,Very certain +The word keekway (with variant forms) is used both for 'something' and 'what'. Some speakers claim that their forms for 'what' and 'something' are different.",,75-70 75-73,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 75-21-1,75,21,1,21-1,"The words for 'who' as interrogative (aweena from Cree) and the indefinite 'someone' (awiyak from Cree or quelqu'un from French) are clearly distinct. The Cree forms are pervasive, the French forms marginal. -The word keekway (with variant forms) is used both for 'something' and 'what'. Some speakers claim that their forms for 'what' and 'something' are different.",,75-71 75-72,50.0,Intermediate -75-212,75,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -75-217,75,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, +The word keekway (with variant forms) is used both for 'something' and 'what'. Some speakers claim that their forms for 'what' and 'something' are different.",,75-71 75-72,50.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +75-212,75,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-217,75,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-218,75,218,1,218-1,"The phoneme /j/ is found in words of both French and Cree origin, and in all positions. It is written as : yeer 'yesterday', mijyeur 'better', zareey 'ear' (French origin). -yiikin 'milk!', wiyawaaw 'you (plural)', keekway 'what' (Cree origin).",,75-321,100.0, +yiikin 'milk!', wiyawaaw 'you (plural)', keekway 'what' (Cree origin).",,75-321,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-22-6,75,22,6,22-6,"Cree nouns get Cree plural markers, which can be suffixed to an animate noun (-ak) or inanimate noun (-a). Cree nouns are uncommon. The overwhelming majority of nouns is French, and here plurality is marked in the prenominal article lii (from French les). The plural marker is not marked for gender (as in French). There is, unlike in French, no separate indefinite plural marker (French des). -There are also nominalized Cree verbs that regularly get French articles or possessives, but we have no examples of such nouns in plural.",,75-74 75-75,100.0,Certain +There are also nominalized Cree verbs that regularly get French articles or possessives, but we have no examples of such nouns in plural.",,75-74 75-75,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge 75-221,75,221,1,221-1,"The phoneme /w/ is found in words of both Cree and French origin. In words of French origin the distribution seems to be limited to initial position: wii 'yes' (exception: chiweer 'look!', originally two words). In addition, /w/ is also common as second part of a cluster: pwi 'pit', fwaen 'grass', zhwal 'horse', shmaen 'path', etc. (French). -Cree words: wahwaaw 'wow!', kiishtawaaw 'you too (plural)', muweew 'he eats him' (Cree).",,75-322,100.0, +Cree words: wahwaaw 'wow!', kiishtawaaw 'you too (plural)', muweew 'he eats him' (Cree).",,75-322,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-23-7,75,23,7,23-7,"For French nouns, the prenominal marker lii marks plurality (from French les). Some adjectives may intervene between lii and the noun. A few nouns (from French) have different forms for plural and singular, but not all speakers use those, or not all the time (zhwal PL zhwoo 'horse'; animal PL animoo 'animal') -Cree nouns have a plural suffix.",,75-74,90.0,Very certain +Cree nouns have a plural suffix.",,75-74,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-5-0000FF-5-FFFF00-90-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge 75-23-4,75,23,4,23-4,"For French nouns, the prenominal marker lii marks plurality (from French les). Some adjectives may intervene between lii and the noun. A few nouns (from French) have different forms for plural and singular, but not all speakers use those, or not all the time (zhwal PL zhwoo 'horse'; animal PL animoo 'animal') -Cree nouns have a plural suffix.",,75-77,5.0,Very certain +Cree nouns have a plural suffix.",,75-77,5.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-5-0000FF-5-FFFF00-90-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge 75-23-3,75,23,3,23-3,"For French nouns, the prenominal marker lii marks plurality (from French les). Some adjectives may intervene between lii and the noun. A few nouns (from French) have different forms for plural and singular, but not all speakers use those, or not all the time (zhwal PL zhwoo 'horse'; animal PL animoo 'animal') -Cree nouns have a plural suffix.",,75-75 75-76,5.0,Very certain -75-231,75,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -75-24-4,75,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Intermediate -75-247,75,247,1,247-1,"There are four pre-aspirated stops in Michif: /hp, hk, ht, htS/",,75-343,100.0, -75-248,75,248,1,248-1,"There are four pre-aspirated stops in Michif: /hp, hk, ht, htS/.",,75-345,100.0, -75-249,75,249,1,249-1,"There are four pre-aspirated stops in Michif: /hp, hk, ht, htS/.",,75-346,100.0, -75-25-3,75,25,3,25-3,,,75-31 75-76 75-78,100.0,Very certain -75-250,75,250,1,250-1,"There are four pre-aspirated stops in Michif: /hp, hk, ht, htS/",,75-344,100.0, -75-252,75,252,4,252-4,,,,100.0, +Cree nouns have a plural suffix.",,75-75 75-76,5.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-5-0000FF-5-FFFF00-90-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +75-231,75,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-24-4,75,24,4,24-4,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-247,75,247,1,247-1,"There are four pre-aspirated stops in Michif: /hp, hk, ht, htS/",,75-343,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-248,75,248,1,248-1,"There are four pre-aspirated stops in Michif: /hp, hk, ht, htS/.",,75-345,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-249,75,249,1,249-1,"There are four pre-aspirated stops in Michif: /hp, hk, ht, htS/.",,75-346,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-25-3,75,25,3,25-3,,,75-31 75-76 75-78,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +75-250,75,250,1,250-1,"There are four pre-aspirated stops in Michif: /hp, hk, ht, htS/",,75-344,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-252,75,252,4,252-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-253,75,253,1,253-1,"The status of the vowels is controversial. Rosen (2007) and Rhodes (2009; French words only) have different views, and the author of these lines has a different opinion again. It must be remarked here that Standard French /e:/ is realized as /i:/ in Michif (li tii 'tea', French le thé, zhurnii 'day', French journée). @@ -22733,7 +22733,7 @@ It must be remarked here that Standard French /e:/ is realized as /i:/ in Michif The phoneme /e/ tends to be long, and contrasts with /ɛ/ which tends to be short, but there is quite a bit of phonetic overlap. In French-origin words like nweezoo 'bird', mafwee 'my goodness', peer 'father' the long vowels tend to be closer to /ɛ/. -For Cree origin words, the long vowels are closer to /e/ and the shorter closer to /ɛ/. Some examples include: ee-kii-pee-tuhtee-yen 'when you came here', kiweetaak 'let's go home', shipweehtee 'leave!'",1300,75-326,100.0, +For Cree origin words, the long vowels are closer to /e/ and the shorter closer to /ɛ/. Some examples include: ee-kii-pee-tuhtee-yen 'when you came here', kiweetaak 'let's go home', shipweehtee 'leave!'",1300,75-326,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-254,75,254,1,254-1,"The status of the vowels is controversial. Rosen (2007) and Rhodes (2009; French words only) have different views, and the author of these lines has a different opinion again. The phoneme /ɛ/ contrasts with /e/ and /æ/, which tend to be short, but there is quite a bit of phonetic overlap. @@ -22742,95 +22742,95 @@ In French words, /ɛ/ exists only word-medially and word-finally: tet 'head', ve In Cree words, it is found in not so many words: enikoons 'ant' (a borrowing from Ojibwe), ekushi 'that's it', kenawaapam 'look after it!'. -For Cree origin-words /ɛ/ is also found in the frequent ending /jɛn/ () for second person singular, for example: ee-kii-pee-tuhtee-yen 'when you came here'.",1300,75-327,100.0, +For Cree origin-words /ɛ/ is also found in the frequent ending /jɛn/ () for second person singular, for example: ee-kii-pee-tuhtee-yen 'when you came here'.",1300,75-327,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-255,75,255,2,255-2,"The vowel [æ] does not see to have phonemic status. It is found in French words such as kapæb 'capable', nuvraezh 'work', and may be an allophone of /a/. Neither Rosen (2007) nor Rhodes (2009) discuss the phone. The nasal vowel /ɛ̃/ is usually realized as [æ̃], as in dænd 'turkey', yaenk 'only' (from French rien que). -In Cree words it can be an allophone of /e:/.",1300,75-329,100.0, -75-256,75,256,1,256-1,The French vowels have allophones in /æ/ in stressed position.,,75-331,100.0, +In Cree words it can be an allophone of /e:/.",1300,75-329,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +75-256,75,256,1,256-1,The French vowels have allophones in /æ/ in stressed position.,,75-331,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-257,75,257,1,257-1,"The contrast between /o/ and /u/ in Michif is complex. There is no phonemic contrast in words of Cree origin, but there is in words of French origin (li pu 'the louse', li po 'the skin'). However, the vowels have a wide range of pronunciations. -Rosen (2007: 156) atuskheew 'he works' with the lower mid back rounded vowel ʊ.",1300,75-333,100.0, -75-258,75,258,1,258-1,,,75-335,100.0, -75-259,75,259,1,259-1,,,75-336,100.0, +Rosen (2007: 156) atuskheew 'he works' with the lower mid back rounded vowel ʊ.",1300,75-333,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-258,75,258,1,258-1,,,75-335,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-259,75,259,1,259-1,,,75-336,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-26-2,75,26,2,26-2,"There is partial verbal reduplication: Caa(h) for habitual (C = consonant): 'repeatedly'. In adverbs: Caa(h) for iconic meanings: 'strongly'. For some verbs, reduplicated forms have become the default form: maa-maakwaht- 'chew it' (Cree: mâkwaht-). -French adjectives are sometimes reduplicated: graangraan 'very big'.",92,75-16 75-41 75-79 75-80 75-81 75-82 75-83 75-84,100.0,Very certain -75-260,75,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, +French adjectives are sometimes reduplicated: graangraan 'very big'.",92,75-16 75-41 75-79 75-80 75-81 75-82 75-83 75-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +75-260,75,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-261,75,261,1,261-1,"The phoneme /y/ is only found in French words: diseu 'on top', zheuyet 'July' (the digraph represents the phoneme /y/ here). It is only used medially and finally. -Rhodes (2009: 429) points out that the phoneme is mostly used in what calls 'Sunday French', in words",1277,75-324,100.0, +Rhodes (2009: 429) points out that the phoneme is mostly used in what calls 'Sunday French', in words",1277,75-324,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-263,75,263,1,263-1,"The phoneme /i/ contrasts with /I/ in both length and quality. The /i/ tends to be long, the /I/ tends to be short. The lax vowel is found in medial and final position, not initially, and in both Cree and French words. The lax vowel is used in closed syllables and in prefinal syllables in French words. -In open syllables, the vowel is higher in French words, but not in Cree words: michin 'medicine', ishpimihk 'up, upstairs', bimihaan 'I fly', api 'sit!'.",,75-325,100.0, +In open syllables, the vowel is higher in French words, but not in Cree words: michin 'medicine', ishpimihk 'up, upstairs', bimihaan 'I fly', api 'sit!'.",,75-325,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-266,75,266,1,266-1,"The rounded close-mid vowel /œ/ as in soer 'sister'. This rounded vowel has also made its way into the Cree component. -According to Rhodes (2009: 430) the French close-mid vowel /ø/ as in French essieu 'axle', Michif nisyeu, has merged with /y/ in the French component.",1277,75-347,100.0, -75-267,75,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, +According to Rhodes (2009: 430) the French close-mid vowel /ø/ as in French essieu 'axle', Michif nisyeu, has merged with /y/ in the French component.",1277,75-347,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-267,75,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-268,75,268,3,268-3,"Standard French has a schwa. The schwa is typically realized in Michif as short /I/, as in li (French le), fimel (French femelle). -Current English borrowings are not adjusted, e.g. in Oilers.",,75-330,100.0, -75-27-2,75,27,2,27-2,For both Cree and French body parts.,,75-11,100.0,Very certain -75-272,75,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -75-273,75,273,2,273-2,,,75-334,100.0, +Current English borrowings are not adjusted, e.g. in Oilers.",,75-330,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +75-27-2,75,27,2,27-2,For both Cree and French body parts.,,75-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-272,75,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-273,75,273,2,273-2,,,75-334,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", 75-274,75,274,1,274-1,"The phoneme /i/ contrasts with /I/ in both length and quality. The /i/ tends to be long, the /I/ tends to be short. It is found in medial and final position, not initially: ligliiz 'church', saasii 'window' (French); giiweew 'I go home', nawakii 'bend!' (Cree). -French /e/ has merged with /i/. In the Cree part, /e/ and /i/ are contrastive.",,75-338,100.0, -75-275,75,275,1,275-1,"The phoneme /e:/ only exists as a phoneme in Cree words. In French words, original French words surface as /i:/ /Rhodes 2009: 429).",1277,75-339,100.0, -75-276,75,276,1,276-1,"The long midvowel is interpreted as /e/ by Rhodes (2009, e.g. 427) in words such as franbweez 'raspberry', shezh 'chair', lyeev 'hare'.",1277,75-340,100.0, -75-277,75,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -75-278,75,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -75-279,75,279,1,279-1,"The phoneme /u:/ has an allophone [o:] in the Cree component, but not in the French component. Rosen (2007) transcribes this Cree and French vowel as /o/, and the brief /u/ of French as /u/, and the short /u/ of Cree as /ʊ/. Length differences are secondary for her as she emphasizes the vowel quality differences.",1300,75-341,100.0, +French /e/ has merged with /i/. In the Cree part, /e/ and /i/ are contrastive.",,75-338,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-275,75,275,1,275-1,"The phoneme /e:/ only exists as a phoneme in Cree words. In French words, original French words surface as /i:/ /Rhodes 2009: 429).",1277,75-339,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-276,75,276,1,276-1,"The long midvowel is interpreted as /e/ by Rhodes (2009, e.g. 427) in words such as franbweez 'raspberry', shezh 'chair', lyeev 'hare'.",1277,75-340,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-277,75,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-278,75,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-279,75,279,1,279-1,"The phoneme /u:/ has an allophone [o:] in the Cree component, but not in the French component. Rosen (2007) transcribes this Cree and French vowel as /o/, and the brief /u/ of French as /u/, and the short /u/ of Cree as /ʊ/. Length differences are secondary for her as she emphasizes the vowel quality differences.",1300,75-341,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 75-28-1,75,28,1,28-1,"Demonstratives are from Cree, sometimes in a function similar to definite articles. They have different forms for the two genders (e.g. awa 'animate singular', uuma 'inanimate singular') and also in plural. Definite articles are from French. They have different forms for the two genders (li 'masculine'; la 'feminine'; plural for both genders lii). When a Cree demonstrative is used, a French definite article is also used. -On the other hand, it is not really definiteness or specificity that characterizes the use of li and la.","92[103-106,];92[108-109]",75-39 75-85,100.0,Very certain -75-280,75,280,2,280-2,The phoneme /u:/ can also sound like [o:] in many words. There does not seem to be a principled reason to regard either [u:] or [o:] as the major allophone.,,,100.0, -75-281,75,281,1,281-1,"Rhodes (2009) transcribes this phoneme as /o:/ in words like dahoor 'outside', loozh.",1277,,100.0, -75-282,75,282,1,282-1,"The low back unrounded vowel is long, and contrasts with /a/ which is short.",,75-342,100.0, -75-284,75,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -75-285,75,285,1,285-1,"The phoneme /ĩ/ is limited to a very small set of words of Cree origin, all of them function words: some of the demonstratives and the question particle.",,75-323,100.0, -75-286,75,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, +On the other hand, it is not really definiteness or specificity that characterizes the use of li and la.","92[103-106,];92[108-109]",75-39 75-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +75-280,75,280,2,280-2,The phoneme /u:/ can also sound like [o:] in many words. There does not seem to be a principled reason to regard either [u:] or [o:] as the major allophone.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +75-281,75,281,1,281-1,"Rhodes (2009) transcribes this phoneme as /o:/ in words like dahoor 'outside', loozh.",1277,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-282,75,282,1,282-1,"The low back unrounded vowel is long, and contrasts with /a/ which is short.",,75-342,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-284,75,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-285,75,285,1,285-1,"The phoneme /ĩ/ is limited to a very small set of words of Cree origin, all of them function words: some of the demonstratives and the question particle.",,75-323,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-286,75,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 75-287,75,287,1,287-1,"The status of this vowel in Michif is controversial (cf. Rhodes 2009, Rosen 2007). Rosen transcribes it as /ɛ̃/ and Rhodes as /æ̃/. There is probably no phonemic contrast between nasals /ɛ̃/ and /æ̃/ in Michif. In French words, it is found in initial, medial and final position: aen 'a' (masculine), praentaan 'spring', baen 'well'. Nasal vowels tend to be somewhat longer than plain vowels. -For most speakers /ɛ̃/ is not a phoneme in the Cree-origin part of Michif. Some speakers, however, sometimes clearly nasalize the embedding prefix ee- and pronounce it as /ɛ̃/ and /æ̃/ : een-atushkeeyaan 'when I work'.",1300,75-328,100.0, -75-288,75,288,1,288-1,,,75-332,100.0, -75-289,75,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -75-29-1,75,29,1,29-1,"The numeral 'one' is henn, the indefinite article is aen (masculine), enn (feminine).","92[226f, 03f]",75-86 75-87 75-88,100.0,Very certain -75-290,75,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -75-291,75,291,1,291-1,,,75-337,100.0, -75-3-2,75,3,2,3-2,"Only French has a category “adjective”. Almost all adjectives follow nouns, some precede nouns. The position of the adjectives relative to the noun is similar to what is found in French. The equivalent of adjectives are verbs in Cree, or relative clauses. These usually have the form: kaa-VERB-agreement and they almost always follow the noun.",,75-11 75-13 75-15 75-18,70.0,Very certain -75-3-1,75,3,1,3-1,"Only French has a category “adjective”. Almost all adjectives follow nouns, some precede nouns. The position of the adjectives relative to the noun is similar to what is found in French. The equivalent of adjectives are verbs in Cree, or relative clauses. These usually have the form: kaa-VERB-agreement and they almost always follow the noun.",,75-12 75-14 75-16,30.0,Very certain -75-30-8,75,30,8,30-8,"French nouns get a plural marker lii; both definite and indefinite, and generic and nongeneric nouns are preceded by lii.",,75-90,33.3333333333333,Certain -75-30-7,75,30,7,30-7,"French nouns get a plural marker lii; both definite and indefinite, and generic and nongeneric nouns are preceded by lii.",,75-89,33.3333333333333,Very certain -75-30-4,75,30,4,30-4,"French nouns get a plural marker lii; both definite and indefinite, and generic and nongeneric nouns are preceded by lii.",,75-3,33.3333333333333,Very certain -75-308-6,75,308,6,308-6,The lexifiers are roughly equally French and Cree. Roughly the verbs are from Cree and the nouns from French.,92;789,,100.0,Very certain -75-309-1,75,309,1,309-1,"All speakers have Michif as their first languages, but some also learned other languages in their youth, mostly French, Saulteaux/Ojibwe, and/or English.",,,100.0,Very certain -75-31-1,75,31,1,31-1,,1299,75-85 75-92,95.0,Very certain -75-31-2,75,31,2,31-2,,1299,75-91,5.0,Intermediate -75-310-4,75,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -75-311-3,75,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -75-312-1,75,312,1,312-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -75-313-2,75,313,2,313-2,"The number of speakers is very difficult to estimate, as they live spread out in a wide area. The number of speakers may well be lower than 100 (in 2010).",,,100.0,Uncertain -75-314-3,75,314,3,314-3,"There may be more women today than man, because of the demographic observation that women live longer than men.",,,100.0,Certain -75-315-3,75,315,3,315-3,It is absent except for very limited use on one channel run by Native people in Canada.,,,100.0,Intermediate -75-316-3,75,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -75-317-2,75,317,2,317-2,"Music is mostly sung in English today, and more traditional songs in French - including long ballads. Some of these can be dated back to the early 1800s, composed by a Metis bard called Pierre Falcon. There are also some popular songs in Michif, and these seem to be mostly playful songs, on taboo subjects like lice, drinking, sex and the like. Some songs were more recently composed in Michif, or rather translated from English into Michif, such as Christmas Carols and children's songs - mostly for pedagogical purposes.",1578;235,,100.0,Certain -75-318-2,75,318,2,318-2,"A number of children's books have been produced in Michif, usually in bilingual editions and often accompanied by CDs with the oral text. In virtually all cases, the text were first produced in English and then translated into Michif. The main publisher is the Gabriel Dumont Institute, a higher education institute catering for Metis students, www.gdins.org. In addition, there are a number of bilingual English-Michif reports and documents, again on the basis of English originals, where the Michif texts were translations. There are only a few publications where a traditional (oral) Michif story was the source for a written publication, with an English translation (a.o. Cinderella: www.aal.au.dk/lingvist/michif/cinderella).",,,100.0,Very certain -75-319-3,75,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain -75-32-1,75,32,1,32-1,The whole set of Cree demonstratives can be used adnominally and pronominally. In rare cases the adnominal is separated from the noun.,,75-27 75-93 75-94,100.0,Very certain -75-320-3,75,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Certain -75-321-3,75,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Certain -75-322-3,75,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Certain -75-323-3,75,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -75-324-2,75,324,2,324-2,"There have been some attempts to introduce Michif in the classrooms, more for raising awareness than for language learning purposes. All speakers of Michif are of advanced age, no employed teachers are speakers of Michif.",,,100.0,Certain -75-325-3,75,325,3,325-3,It is used only very occasionally in brief emblematic phrases and gestures.,,,100.0, -75-326-2,75,326,2,326-2,Michif is influenced by English; in some areas also (to a lesser extent) by Saulteaux/Ojibwe.,92,,100.0,Very certain -75-327-1,75,327,1,327-1,"There are three dialect groupings. The Camperville dialect is influenced by Ojibwe/Saulteaux, spoken on the neighbouring reserve Pine Creek. This is mostly manifested in increased voicing of stops. The third dialect, from southwestern Saskatchewan, deviates in the nature of the laterals (some /l/s have become /j/), but too little material is available to make a thorough assessment. For all other varieties of Michif, the phonological variation is minor. One example is that in several communities some people use preaspirated consonants like /ht/ and others use /st/ instead (the latter is an innovation). The main differences in the remaing varieties are: increasing loss of vowel length in French vowels in Turtle Mountain (ND) compared to Manitoba (R. Rhodes, p.c.)",92;1277;1300,,100.0,Intermediate -75-328-1,75,328,1,328-1,"Some communities prefer French prepositions and adverbs, others prefer Cree adpositions and adverbs. Some communities show fewer morphemes in the verbs than others, preferring analytic constructions to synthetic constructions. Constitutent order is difficult to assess, as order is quite free.",92[118-160],,100.0,Certain -75-329-1,75,329,1,329-1,"In Duck Bay, Manitoba, more Cree is used. In Camperville, Manitoba, there is some more Ojibwe. As Michif lexicon is inherently variable in some areas at least, there is often a choice between Cree or French words, e.g. a choice between a French adjective or a Cree verb of the same meaning. Not much is known about geographical ranges of variation.",92[118ff],,100.0,Very certain +For most speakers /ɛ̃/ is not a phoneme in the Cree-origin part of Michif. Some speakers, however, sometimes clearly nasalize the embedding prefix ee- and pronounce it as /ɛ̃/ and /æ̃/ : een-atushkeeyaan 'when I work'.",1300,75-328,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-288,75,288,1,288-1,,,75-332,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-289,75,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-29-1,75,29,1,29-1,"The numeral 'one' is henn, the indefinite article is aen (masculine), enn (feminine).","92[226f, 03f]",75-86 75-87 75-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +75-290,75,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +75-291,75,291,1,291-1,,,75-337,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +75-3-2,75,3,2,3-2,"Only French has a category “adjective”. Almost all adjectives follow nouns, some precede nouns. The position of the adjectives relative to the noun is similar to what is found in French. The equivalent of adjectives are verbs in Cree, or relative clauses. These usually have the form: kaa-VERB-agreement and they almost always follow the noun.",,75-11 75-13 75-15 75-18,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +75-3-1,75,3,1,3-1,"Only French has a category “adjective”. Almost all adjectives follow nouns, some precede nouns. The position of the adjectives relative to the noun is similar to what is found in French. The equivalent of adjectives are verbs in Cree, or relative clauses. These usually have the form: kaa-VERB-agreement and they almost always follow the noun.",,75-12 75-14 75-16,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +75-30-8,75,30,8,30-8,"French nouns get a plural marker lii; both definite and indefinite, and generic and nongeneric nouns are preceded by lii.",,75-90,33.3333333333333,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-800080-34-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +75-30-7,75,30,7,30-7,"French nouns get a plural marker lii; both definite and indefinite, and generic and nongeneric nouns are preceded by lii.",,75-89,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-800080-34-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +75-30-4,75,30,4,30-4,"French nouns get a plural marker lii; both definite and indefinite, and generic and nongeneric nouns are preceded by lii.",,75-3,33.3333333333333,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-34-0000FF-34-800080-34-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +75-308-6,75,308,6,308-6,The lexifiers are roughly equally French and Cree. Roughly the verbs are from Cree and the nouns from French.,92;789,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +75-309-1,75,309,1,309-1,"All speakers have Michif as their first languages, but some also learned other languages in their youth, mostly French, Saulteaux/Ojibwe, and/or English.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +75-31-1,75,31,1,31-1,,1299,75-85 75-92,95.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-95-0000FF-5-FF0000.png""}", +75-31-2,75,31,2,31-2,,1299,75-91,5.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-95-0000FF-5-FF0000.png""}", +75-310-4,75,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +75-311-3,75,311,3,311-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-312-1,75,312,1,312-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +75-313-2,75,313,2,313-2,"The number of speakers is very difficult to estimate, as they live spread out in a wide area. The number of speakers may well be lower than 100 (in 2010).",,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +75-314-3,75,314,3,314-3,"There may be more women today than man, because of the demographic observation that women live longer than men.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-315-3,75,315,3,315-3,It is absent except for very limited use on one channel run by Native people in Canada.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-316-3,75,316,3,316-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-317-2,75,317,2,317-2,"Music is mostly sung in English today, and more traditional songs in French - including long ballads. Some of these can be dated back to the early 1800s, composed by a Metis bard called Pierre Falcon. There are also some popular songs in Michif, and these seem to be mostly playful songs, on taboo subjects like lice, drinking, sex and the like. Some songs were more recently composed in Michif, or rather translated from English into Michif, such as Christmas Carols and children's songs - mostly for pedagogical purposes.",1578;235,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +75-318-2,75,318,2,318-2,"A number of children's books have been produced in Michif, usually in bilingual editions and often accompanied by CDs with the oral text. In virtually all cases, the text were first produced in English and then translated into Michif. The main publisher is the Gabriel Dumont Institute, a higher education institute catering for Metis students, www.gdins.org. In addition, there are a number of bilingual English-Michif reports and documents, again on the basis of English originals, where the Michif texts were translations. There are only a few publications where a traditional (oral) Michif story was the source for a written publication, with an English translation (a.o. Cinderella: www.aal.au.dk/lingvist/michif/cinderella).",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +75-319-3,75,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-32-1,75,32,1,32-1,The whole set of Cree demonstratives can be used adnominally and pronominally. In rare cases the adnominal is separated from the noun.,,75-27 75-93 75-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +75-320-3,75,320,3,320-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-321-3,75,321,3,321-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-322-3,75,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-323-3,75,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-324-2,75,324,2,324-2,"There have been some attempts to introduce Michif in the classrooms, more for raising awareness than for language learning purposes. All speakers of Michif are of advanced age, no employed teachers are speakers of Michif.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +75-325-3,75,325,3,325-3,It is used only very occasionally in brief emblematic phrases and gestures.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-326-2,75,326,2,326-2,Michif is influenced by English; in some areas also (to a lesser extent) by Saulteaux/Ojibwe.,92,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +75-327-1,75,327,1,327-1,"There are three dialect groupings. The Camperville dialect is influenced by Ojibwe/Saulteaux, spoken on the neighbouring reserve Pine Creek. This is mostly manifested in increased voicing of stops. The third dialect, from southwestern Saskatchewan, deviates in the nature of the laterals (some /l/s have become /j/), but too little material is available to make a thorough assessment. For all other varieties of Michif, the phonological variation is minor. One example is that in several communities some people use preaspirated consonants like /ht/ and others use /st/ instead (the latter is an innovation). The main differences in the remaing varieties are: increasing loss of vowel length in French vowels in Turtle Mountain (ND) compared to Manitoba (R. Rhodes, p.c.)",92;1277;1300,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +75-328-1,75,328,1,328-1,"Some communities prefer French prepositions and adverbs, others prefer Cree adpositions and adverbs. Some communities show fewer morphemes in the verbs than others, preferring analytic constructions to synthetic constructions. Constitutent order is difficult to assess, as order is quite free.",92[118-160],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +75-329-1,75,329,1,329-1,"In Duck Bay, Manitoba, more Cree is used. In Camperville, Manitoba, there is some more Ojibwe. As Michif lexicon is inherently variable in some areas at least, there is often a choice between Cree or French words, e.g. a choice between a French adjective or a Cree verb of the same meaning. Not much is known about geographical ranges of variation.",92[118ff],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 75-33-3,75,33,3,33-3,"Inanimate demonstratives: uuma (close) anima (intermediate) @@ -22854,14 +22854,14 @@ If that one is counted as marginal, one could say that there is a two-way contra Additionally, more emphatic forms exist, such as: eekwanima 'foremenetioned' -eekwaniki (plural)",92[108-109],75-95 75-96 75-97 75-98 75-99,100.0,Very certain -75-330-4,75,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -75-331-4,75,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -75-332-4,75,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -75-333-4,75,333,4,333-4,,1300,,100.0,Intermediate -75-334-4,75,334,4,334-4,,92;789,,100.0,Certain -75-335-4,75,335,4,335-4,"Metis society was a stratified society. In the past, it seems that higher stratifications used French, and hunters more Cree or Ojibwe. Michif is today spoken by elderly people, some of them educated, including higher education, and many of them semi-literate or illiterate, relying on traditional knowledge.",,,100.0,Certain -75-34-1,75,34,1,34-1,,,75-1 75-82,100.0,Certain +eekwaniki (plural)",92[108-109],75-95 75-96 75-97 75-98 75-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +75-330-4,75,330,4,330-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +75-331-4,75,331,4,331-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +75-332-4,75,332,4,332-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +75-333-4,75,333,4,333-4,,1300,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +75-334-4,75,334,4,334-4,,92;789,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +75-335-4,75,335,4,335-4,"Metis society was a stratified society. In the past, it seems that higher stratifications used French, and hunters more Cree or Ojibwe. Michif is today spoken by elderly people, some of them educated, including higher education, and many of them semi-literate or illiterate, relying on traditional knowledge.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +75-34-1,75,34,1,34-1,,,75-1 75-82,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 75-35-6,75,35,6,35-6,"The lower cardinal numerals in Michif are: (1) henn OR peeyek @@ -22879,27 +22879,27 @@ The ordinals are: The form for 'first' is suppletive, and the higher ones show irregularities, but they are clearly derived from the ordinals. For dates, the ordinal is used: -li kaet di Zhuyet '4th of July'.",,75-100 75-101 75-102,100.0,Very certain -75-36-1,75,36,1,36-1,,,,100.0,Very certain +li kaet di Zhuyet '4th of July'.",,75-100 75-101 75-102,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +75-36-1,75,36,1,36-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 75-37-3,75,37,3,37-3,"French nouns have French possessive pronouns, preceding the noun. Cree nouns have Cree prefixes (1SG, 2 SG, 3SG.INAN) or circumfixes (1PL.INCL, 1PL.EXCL, 2PL, 3SG.ANIM, 3PL.ANIM). -In rare cases, in order to distinguish exclusive from inclusive forms, French possessives are combined with Cree suffixes.","92[88, 108,]",75-104 75-105 75-106 75-107 75-75 75-76,12.5,Very certain +In rare cases, in order to distinguish exclusive from inclusive forms, French possessives are combined with Cree suffixes.","92[88, 108,]",75-104 75-105 75-106 75-107 75-75 75-76,12.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FF0000-13-FFFF00.png""}", 75-37-1,75,37,1,37-1,"French nouns have French possessive pronouns, preceding the noun. Cree nouns have Cree prefixes (1SG, 2 SG, 3SG.INAN) or circumfixes (1PL.INCL, 1PL.EXCL, 2PL, 3SG.ANIM, 3PL.ANIM). -In rare cases, in order to distinguish exclusive from inclusive forms, French possessives are combined with Cree suffixes.","92[88, 108,]",75-103 75-51,87.5,Very certain -75-38-2,75,38,2,38-2,"If one interprets the connecting element di (with variants) (from French de), then one could argue that there is adpositional marking. This is only possible with two NPs, not with pronouns and the like.",,75-110,35.7142857142857,Intermediate -75-38-1,75,38,1,38-1,"If one interprets the connecting element di (with variants) (from French de), then one could argue that there is adpositional marking. This is only possible with two NPs, not with pronouns and the like.",,75-108 75-109,64.2857142857143,Very certain +In rare cases, in order to distinguish exclusive from inclusive forms, French possessives are combined with Cree suffixes.","92[88, 108,]",75-103 75-51,87.5,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-88-FF0000-13-FFFF00.png""}", +75-38-2,75,38,2,38-2,"If one interprets the connecting element di (with variants) (from French de), then one could argue that there is adpositional marking. This is only possible with two NPs, not with pronouns and the like.",,75-110,35.7142857142857,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-36-0000FF-65-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +75-38-1,75,38,1,38-1,"If one interprets the connecting element di (with variants) (from French de), then one could argue that there is adpositional marking. This is only possible with two NPs, not with pronouns and the like.",,75-108 75-109,64.2857142857143,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-36-0000FF-65-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge 75-39-4,75,39,4,39-4,"The word used is the Cree personal pronoun (e.g. niya for first person). The possessive element is a prefix (e.g. ni- for first person) that cannot be used independently. The dependent possessive would have a French possessive, e.g. ma liivr [1SG.F book] 'my book'. -The independent (Cree) personal pronouns are used in elliptical answers, in predicative use and in anaphoric use.",,75-103 75-111 75-112 75-113 75-85,100.0,Very certain +The independent (Cree) personal pronouns are used in elliptical answers, in predicative use and in anaphoric use.",,75-103 75-111 75-112 75-113 75-85,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 75-4-5,75,4,5,4-5,"French has prepositions. Cree has prepositions and postpositions. A large subset of all of these is used in Michif, remaining in the same position as in the source language. Very rarely are French prepositions used as postpositions. -Place names and English nouns usually appear without adpositions.",92[110],75-19,9.09090909090909,Certain +Place names and English nouns usually appear without adpositions.",92[110],75-19,9.09090909090909,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-28-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 75-4-2,75,4,2,4-2,"French has prepositions. Cree has prepositions and postpositions. A large subset of all of these is used in Michif, remaining in the same position as in the source language. Very rarely are French prepositions used as postpositions. -Place names and English nouns usually appear without adpositions.",92[110],75-20 75-21,63.6363636363636,Very certain +Place names and English nouns usually appear without adpositions.",92[110],75-20 75-21,63.6363636363636,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-28-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 75-4-1,75,4,1,4-1,"French has prepositions. Cree has prepositions and postpositions. A large subset of all of these is used in Michif, remaining in the same position as in the source language. Very rarely are French prepositions used as postpositions. -Place names and English nouns usually appear without adpositions.",92[110],75-22,27.2727272727273,Very certain +Place names and English nouns usually appear without adpositions.",92[110],75-22,27.2727272727273,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-28-0000FF-10-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", 75-40-3,75,40,3,40-3,"Adjectives in Michif are from French (but verbs with equivalent meanings from Cree are also used very frequently). In French, some adjectives are postnominal. Those show no gender agreement in Michif. Some (frequent) French adjectives are prenominal. Those show gender agreement in Michif. @@ -22907,79 +22907,79 @@ Cree has no separate class of adjectives. Adjective equivalents are verbs, and v mishikitiw 'he/she is big', mishaaw 'it is big'. -These verbs are also used in Michif and agree with the subject in animacy.",92[106-107],75-114 75-115 75-116 75-117 75-118 75-119 75-120,100.0,Very certain +These verbs are also used in Michif and agree with the subject in animacy.",92[106-107],75-114 75-115 75-116 75-117 75-118 75-119 75-120,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", 75-41-1,75,41,1,41-1,"A particle is used, not morphological marking. The comparative marker can be from French (pleu) or Cree (nawat). -The Cree comparative marker can appear in several positions in the sentence.",92[107],75-119 75-121,100.0,Very certain -75-42-2,75,42,2,42-2,The particle marking the standard can be from Cree (ashpiihchi) or from French (ki).,,75-119 75-121 75-122,100.0,Very certain +The Cree comparative marker can appear in several positions in the sentence.",92[107],75-119 75-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +75-42-2,75,42,2,42-2,The particle marking the standard can be from Cree (ashpiihchi) or from French (ki).,,75-119 75-121 75-122,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 75-43-3,75,43,3,43-3,"More than 95% of the verbs in Michif are from Cree. Virtually all of those express tense and aspect with preverbal markers (prefixes, reduplication). However, they are part of the inflected verb, as they are preceded by person agreement markers. There is one temporal-aspectual suffix -ipan (preterite in Cree) that is very rarely used, and its meaning is unclear. -French verbs are too rare to make firm statements. Some are preceded by auxiliaries meaning 'to be, to have', or a suffix -ii derived from the French infinitive or past participle, without sharing the functions of these French forms.",,75-84,9.09090909090909,Very certain +French verbs are too rare to make firm statements. Some are preceded by auxiliaries meaning 'to be, to have', or a suffix -ii derived from the French infinitive or past participle, without sharing the functions of these French forms.",,75-84,9.09090909090909,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-82-FF0000-10-0000FF-10-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge 75-43-2,75,43,2,43-2,"More than 95% of the verbs in Michif are from Cree. Virtually all of those express tense and aspect with preverbal markers (prefixes, reduplication). However, they are part of the inflected verb, as they are preceded by person agreement markers. There is one temporal-aspectual suffix -ipan (preterite in Cree) that is very rarely used, and its meaning is unclear. -French verbs are too rare to make firm statements. Some are preceded by auxiliaries meaning 'to be, to have', or a suffix -ii derived from the French infinitive or past participle, without sharing the functions of these French forms.",,75-123,9.09090909090909,Unspecified +French verbs are too rare to make firm statements. Some are preceded by auxiliaries meaning 'to be, to have', or a suffix -ii derived from the French infinitive or past participle, without sharing the functions of these French forms.",,75-123,9.09090909090909,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-82-FF0000-10-0000FF-10-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge 75-43-1,75,43,1,43-1,"More than 95% of the verbs in Michif are from Cree. Virtually all of those express tense and aspect with preverbal markers (prefixes, reduplication). However, they are part of the inflected verb, as they are preceded by person agreement markers. There is one temporal-aspectual suffix -ipan (preterite in Cree) that is very rarely used, and its meaning is unclear. -French verbs are too rare to make firm statements. Some are preceded by auxiliaries meaning 'to be, to have', or a suffix -ii derived from the French infinitive or past participle, without sharing the functions of these French forms.",,75-50 75-58 75-59 75-94,81.8181818181818,Very certain +French verbs are too rare to make firm statements. Some are preceded by auxiliaries meaning 'to be, to have', or a suffix -ii derived from the French infinitive or past participle, without sharing the functions of these French forms.",,75-50 75-58 75-59 75-94,81.8181818181818,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-82-FF0000-10-0000FF-10-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge 75-44-8,75,44,8,44-8,"Aspect is expressed by reduplication (habitual, durative), and hence closest to the stem. Mood and tense markers show much overlap in meaning. -Tense, mood, and aspect markers are very rarely combined.",,75-124 75-125 75-79,100.0,Certain -75-45-1,75,45,1,45-1,,,75-1,100.0,Certain +Tense, mood, and aspect markers are very rarely combined.",,75-124 75-125 75-79,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-45-1,75,45,1,45-1,,,75-1,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge 75-46-5,75,46,5,46-5,"Progressive is not an obligatory category in Michif. There is a free particle meekwaat that indicates that an action is ongoing. -In Cree, but not in Michif, this particle can also occur between the person prefix and the verb stem.",,75-126 75-2 75-84,100.0,Certain +In Cree, but not in Michif, this particle can also occur between the person prefix and the verb stem.",,75-126 75-2 75-84,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 75-47-2,75,47,2,47-2,"No progressive marker exists in the creole sense. However, a particle meekwat can be used to indicate progressive aspect. -Habituallity is expressed with a separate particle maana 'usually'.",,75-2 75-84,100.0,Unspecified +Habituallity is expressed with a separate particle maana 'usually'.",,75-2 75-84,100.0,Unspecified,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 75-48-2,75,48,2,48-2,"Habitual is expressed with partial reduplication of the verbal stem. -Habitual can be expressed with a particle maana that can be placed in different positions in the sentence.",,75-127 75-79,100.0,Intermediate -75-49-3,75,49,3,49-3,,,75-123 75-5 75-79,100.0,Very certain -75-5-2,75,5,2,5-2,"Demonstratives are from Cree. They can follow or precede the noun, with different discourse functions. They are often combined with French definite articles. Demonstratives have animate and inanimate forms, and three levels of distance. Very few French demonstratives are used, in strongly fossilized forms, mostly with seasons.",92[108-109],75-24 75-27,50.0,Certain -75-5-1,75,5,1,5-1,"Demonstratives are from Cree. They can follow or precede the noun, with different discourse functions. They are often combined with French definite articles. Demonstratives have animate and inanimate forms, and three levels of distance. Very few French demonstratives are used, in strongly fossilized forms, mostly with seasons.",92[108-109],75-23 75-25 75-26,50.0,Certain -75-50-1,75,50,1,50-1,,,75-128 75-129,100.0,Intermediate +Habitual can be expressed with a particle maana that can be placed in different positions in the sentence.",,75-127 75-79,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +75-49-3,75,49,3,49-3,,,75-123 75-5 75-79,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +75-5-2,75,5,2,5-2,"Demonstratives are from Cree. They can follow or precede the noun, with different discourse functions. They are often combined with French definite articles. Demonstratives have animate and inanimate forms, and three levels of distance. Very few French demonstratives are used, in strongly fossilized forms, mostly with seasons.",92[108-109],75-24 75-27,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +75-5-1,75,5,1,5-1,"Demonstratives are from Cree. They can follow or precede the noun, with different discourse functions. They are often combined with French definite articles. Demonstratives have animate and inanimate forms, and three levels of distance. Very few French demonstratives are used, in strongly fossilized forms, mostly with seasons.",92[108-109],75-23 75-25 75-26,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +75-50-1,75,50,1,50-1,,,75-128 75-129,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 75-51-1,75,51,1,51-1,"Unmarked verbs have present tense reading, marked verbs have a different reading (e.g. PST for verbs marked with the past tense prefix kii-). -This is true for both stative and dynamic verbs.",,75-296 75-33 75-69,100.0,Certain -75-52-1,75,52,1,52-1,"There are a number of inchoative elements in Michif: ati-, maachi-. Both can be called aspect markers. But they are not progressive or completive markers.",,75-131 75-132 75-133,100.0,Certain -75-53-1,75,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -75-54-7,75,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain +This is true for both stative and dynamic verbs.",,75-296 75-33 75-69,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-52-1,75,52,1,52-1,"There are a number of inchoative elements in Michif: ati-, maachi-. Both can be called aspect markers. But they are not progressive or completive markers.",,75-131 75-132 75-133,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-53-1,75,53,1,53-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-54-7,75,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 75-55-2,75,55,2,55-2,"Epistemic possibility is expressed with a marker different from the main verb expressing 'ability' (kashitaaw) and from the verbal prefixes expressing 'ability' (kakii-). For example: ahpeetikwee, maashkut, tetbaen 'perhaps, maybe'. -In addition, there is an epistemic evidential particle eetikwee, which could be called 'suppositive', referring to statements for which one has no direct evidence.",,75-134 75-135 75-136 75-54,100.0,Certain +In addition, there is an epistemic evidential particle eetikwee, which could be called 'suppositive', referring to statements for which one has no direct evidence.",,75-134 75-135 75-136 75-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 75-56-2,75,56,2,56-2,"In declarative sentences, the negative marker is namo(ya), with variant forms, from Cree, or noo, from French. In dependent sentences, the negator is eeka, with variant forms. -In imperative and conditional sentences, the negator is kaya (from Cree).",,75-129 75-137 75-138 75-139 75-17,100.0,Very certain -75-57-3,75,57,3,57-3,"Most object NPs are unmarked. When there are two animate NPs, one of them can be marked with a so-called obviative marker. This is only the case with animate NPs. The NP marked for obviative is the new or non-topic NP. It can be subject or object, but mostly object. Many such sentences have no obviative marker.",,75-140 75-141 75-142 75-44,100.0,Certain +In imperative and conditional sentences, the negator is kaya (from Cree).",,75-129 75-137 75-138 75-139 75-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +75-57-3,75,57,3,57-3,"Most object NPs are unmarked. When there are two animate NPs, one of them can be marked with a so-called obviative marker. This is only the case with animate NPs. The NP marked for obviative is the new or non-topic NP. It can be subject or object, but mostly object. Many such sentences have no obviative marker.",,75-140 75-141 75-142 75-44,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 75-58-2,75,58,2,58-2,"The Michif system is closest to a neutral or accusative system. Most object NPs are unmarked. When there are two animate 3rd person NPs, one of them can be marked with a so-called obviative marker (-a, or -wa). This is the new or non-topic NP. It can be subject or object, but most often object. -Many sentences with two NPs have no obviative marker, however.",92[88f],75-140 75-143 75-144 75-44,100.0,Certain +Many sentences with two NPs have no obviative marker, however.",92[88f],75-140 75-143 75-144 75-44,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", 75-59-2,75,59,2,59-2,"The Michif system is closest to a neutral or accusative system. All pronouns are unmarked. However, sometimes third person demonstratives are used, and those can be marked for obviation, basically a non-topic third person. When there are two animate 3rd person demonstratives, one of them can be in the so-called obviative form. This is the new or non-topic NP. It can be subject or object, but most often object. -This is indicated by the verbal morphology.",,75-126 75-145 75-146,100.0,Certain +This is indicated by the verbal morphology.",,75-126 75-145 75-146,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 75-6-1,75,6,1,6-1,"Numerals precede nouns. BUT: numerals are often separated from the nouns and moved forward in the sentence. -A French definite article precedes the French noun, or an indefinite article if the Cree numeral peeyak 'one' is used.",,75-28 75-29,100.0,Unspecified -75-60-2,75,60,2,60-2,"There are two roots of the verb 'to give'. Miy- is used in ditransitives, with transitive inflection, whereas meek- is used when the benefactive is implicit and unspecified, with intransitive inflection.",,75-147 75-148 75-149 75-150 75-54,100.0,Certain +A French definite article precedes the French noun, or an indefinite article if the Cree numeral peeyak 'one' is used.",,75-28 75-29,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +75-60-2,75,60,2,60-2,"There are two roots of the verb 'to give'. Miy- is used in ditransitives, with transitive inflection, whereas meek- is used when the benefactive is implicit and unspecified, with intransitive inflection.",,75-147 75-148 75-149 75-150 75-54,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 75-61-8,75,61,8,61-8,"Almost no examples in the data have three overt NPs. Probably all orders are possible. Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. @@ -22987,7 +22987,7 @@ Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. Ma soer enn floer gii-miyaaw. my sister a flower I.gave.her -'I gave my sister a flower.'",,,14.2857142857143,Certain +'I gave my sister a flower.'",,,14.2857142857143,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-15-0000FF-15-FFB6C1-15-ADD8E6-15-000000-15-FFFF00-15-964B00-15-800080.png""}",Own knowledge 75-61-7,75,61,7,61-7,"Almost no examples in the data have three overt NPs. Probably all orders are possible. Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. @@ -22995,7 +22995,7 @@ Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. Ma soer enn floer gii-miyaaw. my sister a flower I.gave.her -'I gave my sister a flower.'",,75-151,14.2857142857143,Certain +'I gave my sister a flower.'",,75-151,14.2857142857143,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-15-0000FF-15-FFB6C1-15-ADD8E6-15-000000-15-FFFF00-15-964B00-15-800080.png""}",Own knowledge 75-61-6,75,61,6,61-6,"Almost no examples in the data have three overt NPs. Probably all orders are possible. Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. @@ -23003,7 +23003,7 @@ Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. Ma soer enn floer gii-miyaaw. my sister a flower I.gave.her -'I gave my sister a flower.'",,,14.2857142857143,Certain +'I gave my sister a flower.'",,,14.2857142857143,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-15-0000FF-15-FFB6C1-15-ADD8E6-15-000000-15-FFFF00-15-964B00-15-800080.png""}",Own knowledge 75-61-5,75,61,5,61-5,"Almost no examples in the data have three overt NPs. Probably all orders are possible. Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. @@ -23011,7 +23011,7 @@ Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. Ma soer enn floer gii-miyaaw. my sister a flower I.gave.her -'I gave my sister a flower.'",,,14.2857142857143,Certain +'I gave my sister a flower.'",,,14.2857142857143,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-15-0000FF-15-FFB6C1-15-ADD8E6-15-000000-15-FFFF00-15-964B00-15-800080.png""}",Own knowledge 75-61-4,75,61,4,61-4,"Almost no examples in the data have three overt NPs. Probably all orders are possible. Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. @@ -23019,7 +23019,7 @@ Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. Ma soer enn floer gii-miyaaw. my sister a flower I.gave.her -'I gave my sister a flower.'",,,14.2857142857143,Certain +'I gave my sister a flower.'",,,14.2857142857143,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-15-0000FF-15-FFB6C1-15-ADD8E6-15-000000-15-FFFF00-15-964B00-15-800080.png""}",Own knowledge 75-61-3,75,61,3,61-3,"Almost no examples in the data have three overt NPs. Probably all orders are possible. Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. @@ -23027,7 +23027,7 @@ Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. Ma soer enn floer gii-miyaaw. my sister a flower I.gave.her -'I gave my sister a flower.'",,75-152,14.2857142857143,Certain +'I gave my sister a flower.'",,75-152,14.2857142857143,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-15-0000FF-15-FFB6C1-15-ADD8E6-15-000000-15-FFFF00-15-964B00-15-800080.png""}",Own knowledge 75-61-1,75,61,1,61-1,"Almost no examples in the data have three overt NPs. Probably all orders are possible. Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. @@ -23035,58 +23035,58 @@ Gii-miyaaw ma soer enn floer. Ma soer enn floer gii-miyaaw. my sister a flower I.gave.her -'I gave my sister a flower.'",,,14.2857142857143,Certain +'I gave my sister a flower.'",,,14.2857142857143,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 7, ""icon"": ""pie-15-0000FF-15-FFB6C1-15-ADD8E6-15-000000-15-FFFF00-15-964B00-15-800080.png""}",Own knowledge 75-62-2,75,62,2,62-2,"Michif is a pro-drop language. Pronominal subjects and objects (which may be benefactives) are expressed overtly in the verb. The pronominal forms may be prefixes, circumfixes or suffixes. This is a feature inherited from Cree, which is the source language of the verbs. -A small percentage of verbs are from French, and these typically have pronominal clitics, both in nonverbal predication and in verbal forms. The subject and object clitics always precede the verb.",92[100f],75-154 75-33 75-37 75-59,100.0,Very certain -75-63-3,75,63,3,63-3,The meaning of 'seem' is expressed by a particle added to a declarative sentence.,,75-155 75-156 75-157,100.0,Certain +A small percentage of verbs are from French, and these typically have pronominal clitics, both in nonverbal predication and in verbal forms. The subject and object clitics always precede the verb.",92[100f],75-154 75-33 75-37 75-59,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +75-63-3,75,63,3,63-3,The meaning of 'seem' is expressed by a particle added to a declarative sentence.,,75-155 75-156 75-157,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 75-64-2,75,64,2,64-2,"Existential statements are most often formed with the verb ayaaw- 'to be', which can also mean 'to have'. The verb is inflected. -Alternatively, a French construction ila (past tense: iyave) can be used.",,75-158 75-159 75-160 75-161,100.0,Very certain +Alternatively, a French construction ila (past tense: iyave) can be used.",,75-158 75-159 75-160 75-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 75-65-5,75,65,5,65-5,"In Michif the normal way of expressing rain is with a verb kimiwan, where the ending -n is a 3rd person inflectional intransitive inanimate ending. - One can also use the French noun for 'rain', which requires the presence of a copula.",,75-162 75-164,90.0,Very certain + One can also use the French noun for 'rain', which requires the presence of a copula.",,75-162 75-164,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 75-65-1,75,65,1,65-1,"In Michif the normal way of expressing rain is with a verb kimiwan, where the ending -n is a 3rd person inflectional intransitive inanimate ending. - One can also use the French noun for 'rain', which requires the presence of a copula.",,75-163,10.0,Certain + One can also use the French noun for 'rain', which requires the presence of a copula.",,75-163,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-0000FF-90-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 75-66-6,75,66,6,66-6,"There is a range of ways of expressing headache, from an incorporated noun in a verbal construction, to a verb with the noun 'ache' as its object and the person undergoing the pain as the subject, and a verb with the word for 'head' as a subject. -In addition, it can be expressed nominally as mal di tet.",,75-165,23.0769230769231,Very certain +In addition, it can be expressed nominally as mal di tet.",,75-165,23.0769230769231,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFFF00-24-000000.png""}",Own knowledge 75-66-3,75,66,3,66-3,"There is a range of ways of expressing headache, from an incorporated noun in a verbal construction, to a verb with the noun 'ache' as its object and the person undergoing the pain as the subject, and a verb with the word for 'head' as a subject. -In addition, it can be expressed nominally as mal di tet.",,75-166,23.0769230769231,Certain +In addition, it can be expressed nominally as mal di tet.",,75-166,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFFF00-24-000000.png""}",Own knowledge 75-66-1,75,66,1,66-1,"There is a range of ways of expressing headache, from an incorporated noun in a verbal construction, to a verb with the noun 'ache' as its object and the person undergoing the pain as the subject, and a verb with the word for 'head' as a subject. -In addition, it can be expressed nominally as mal di tet.",,75-167,53.8461538461538,Intermediate -75-67-1,75,67,1,67-1,An experiencer construction with 'like' is expressed with a verb with the experiencer as subject and the stimulus as object.,,75-168,100.0,Very certain -75-68-1,75,68,1,68-1,The notion 'to fear' is expressed with the experiencer as subject and 'fear' as a verb.,,75-169 75-170,100.0,Certain +In addition, it can be expressed nominally as mal di tet.",,75-167,53.8461538461538,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-FFFF00-24-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +75-67-1,75,67,1,67-1,An experiencer construction with 'like' is expressed with a verb with the experiencer as subject and the stimulus as object.,,75-168,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +75-68-1,75,68,1,68-1,The notion 'to fear' is expressed with the experiencer as subject and 'fear' as a verb.,,75-169 75-170,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 75-69-1,75,69,1,69-1,"There are several ways of expressing instrumentals in Michif. Adpositions can be used, similar to 'with a knife'. The adposition can be from French (a preposition) or Cree (a postposition). Verbs meaning 'use' could be used where the instrument would be an object: 'She used a knife to cut the meat'. These are not serial verb constructions since both the 'use' verb and the action verb are fully inflected for both subject and object. -Finally, the verb stem in Michif is bipartite, i.e. it consists of at least two root-like elements. Some of these may have an instrumental meaning, such as 'with wood' or 'with the foot'. For instance tahkushkeew 'he steps' and tahkuneew 'he holds' can be analyzed as consisting of tahkw- 'hold, touch' and -ishk- 'with foot' and -n- 'with hand' respectively.",,75-171 75-174 75-175,50.0,Very certain +Finally, the verb stem in Michif is bipartite, i.e. it consists of at least two root-like elements. Some of these may have an instrumental meaning, such as 'with wood' or 'with the foot'. For instance tahkushkeew 'he steps' and tahkuneew 'he holds' can be analyzed as consisting of tahkw- 'hold, touch' and -ishk- 'with foot' and -n- 'with hand' respectively.",,75-171 75-174 75-175,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 75-69-5,75,69,5,69-5,"There are several ways of expressing instrumentals in Michif. Adpositions can be used, similar to 'with a knife'. The adposition can be from French (a preposition) or Cree (a postposition). Verbs meaning 'use' could be used where the instrument would be an object: 'She used a knife to cut the meat'. These are not serial verb constructions since both the 'use' verb and the action verb are fully inflected for both subject and object. -Finally, the verb stem in Michif is bipartite, i.e. it consists of at least two root-like elements. Some of these may have an instrumental meaning, such as 'with wood' or 'with the foot'. For instance tahkushkeew 'he steps' and tahkuneew 'he holds' can be analyzed as consisting of tahkw- 'hold, touch' and -ishk- 'with foot' and -n- 'with hand' respectively.",,75-172 75-173,50.0,Very certain +Finally, the verb stem in Michif is bipartite, i.e. it consists of at least two root-like elements. Some of these may have an instrumental meaning, such as 'with wood' or 'with the foot'. For instance tahkushkeew 'he steps' and tahkuneew 'he holds' can be analyzed as consisting of tahkw- 'hold, touch' and -ishk- 'with foot' and -n- 'with hand' respectively.",,75-172 75-173,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 75-7-2,75,7,2,7-2,"Relative clauses with a French relativizer ki (< que) are rare, and are always followed by a French verb. -Cree verbs come in two forms: independent (mostly main clauses) and conjunct forms (mostly embedded clauses and sentences with focused constituents). Conjunct forms with the complementizer prefix kaa- can be considered relative clauses.",,75-31,23.0769230769231,Certain +Cree verbs come in two forms: independent (mostly main clauses) and conjunct forms (mostly embedded clauses and sentences with focused constituents). Conjunct forms with the complementizer prefix kaa- can be considered relative clauses.",,75-31,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-0000FF-24-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge 75-7-1,75,7,1,7-1,"Relative clauses with a French relativizer ki (< que) are rare, and are always followed by a French verb. -Cree verbs come in two forms: independent (mostly main clauses) and conjunct forms (mostly embedded clauses and sentences with focused constituents). Conjunct forms with the complementizer prefix kaa- can be considered relative clauses.",,75-30 75-32 75-33,53.8461538461538,Very certain +Cree verbs come in two forms: independent (mostly main clauses) and conjunct forms (mostly embedded clauses and sentences with focused constituents). Conjunct forms with the complementizer prefix kaa- can be considered relative clauses.",,75-30 75-32 75-33,53.8461538461538,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-0000FF-24-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge 75-7-5,75,7,5,7-5,"Relative clauses with a French relativizer ki (< que) are rare, and are always followed by a French verb. -Cree verbs come in two forms: independent (mostly main clauses) and conjunct forms (mostly embedded clauses and sentences with focused constituents). Conjunct forms with the complementizer prefix kaa- can be considered relative clauses.",,75-34,23.0769230769231,Certain +Cree verbs come in two forms: independent (mostly main clauses) and conjunct forms (mostly embedded clauses and sentences with focused constituents). Conjunct forms with the complementizer prefix kaa- can be considered relative clauses.",,75-34,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-54-FF0000-24-0000FF-24-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge 75-70-3,75,70,3,70-3,"The preposition avik/avek is used for both instrumentals and comitative. The postposition ashichi and uschi (both from Cree) is used for both instrumentals and comitatives by a few speakers. -A verbal prefix wiichi- 'to do something together' can be used for comitative but not for instrumental.",,75-171 75-173 75-176 75-177 75-178,100.0,Very certain +A verbal prefix wiichi- 'to do something together' can be used for comitative but not for instrumental.",,75-171 75-173 75-176 75-177 75-178,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge 75-71-2,75,71,2,71-2,"Two NPs can be conjoined with the element pi (French puis), eekwa (Cree: 'and, now') or miina (Cree: 'also'). -The preposition avek/avik is used for comitative. A separate phrase with the verb peeshaw 'to bring' is also used, roughly '... and X came along' / 'I brought X'.",,75-176 75-177 75-178 75-179 75-180 75-181 75-182,100.0,Very certain +The preposition avek/avik is used for comitative. A separate phrase with the verb peeshaw 'to bring' is also used, roughly '... and X came along' / 'I brought X'.",,75-176 75-177 75-178 75-179 75-180 75-181 75-182,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 75-72-1,75,72,1,72-1,"There are several conjunctions: pi 'and' (from French) @@ -23095,14 +23095,14 @@ miina 'also' (from Cree). All are used to connect sentences and NPs. -They are sometimes used in combination: pi miina; eekwa miina.",,75-180 75-181 75-182 75-183 75-91,100.0,Unspecified +They are sometimes used in combination: pi miina; eekwa miina.",,75-180 75-181 75-182 75-183 75-91,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 75-73-3,75,73,3,73-3,"There are several possibilities for nonverbal predication. French nouns can be preceded by ili (neutral for gender and number), from French il est, or sitaen from French C'est un/une (only singular). Cree and French nouns can be followed by -iwi-, which is the marker for nonverbal predication, and after which person inflection follows. -In addition there is a marker -ishi- which follows a nominal element that cannot be used as a full noun.","92[90f, 102]",75-184 75-186 75-187 75-188 75-190 75-55,100.0,Very certain +In addition there is a marker -ishi- which follows a nominal element that cannot be used as a full noun.","92[90f, 102]",75-184 75-186 75-187 75-188 75-190 75-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 75-74-3,75,74,3,74-3,"There are several equivalents to European adjectives. There are a number of inflected verbs (from Cree) with the same meanings as many adjectives. They have different forms for animate and inanimate nouns, e.g. kishikwatiw 'he is heavy', kishikwan 'it is heavy', and often different inflections (here: -w and -n). @@ -23111,27 +23111,27 @@ French adjectives can be used predicatively and will be preceded by a copula, e. The French copula has a number of different forms for person, and also for past and future tense. No gender distinction is made, but frequent predicative adjectives will have distinct forms for masculine and feminine referents (ili gruu, ili gros). -Finally, French adjectives may be verbalized in a Cree frame, as in: li-muyii-yi-wan 'it gets, is wet', where the first two elements are from French le and mouillé, and -yiwan is the ending with the copula element -iyi-.",,75-185 75-186 75-189 75-191 75-192 75-193 75-194 75-199,100.0,Very certain -75-75-1,75,75,1,75-1,"For expression of location, the most common construction is probably with the verb ayaaw- 'to be' (from Cree), api- lit. 'to sit' or, more commonly, ashtee- 'is placed'. There is a strong presence for ashtee- for semantically inanimate subjects, and aya- for humans and animals.",,75-195 75-196 75-197 75-21,100.0,Very certain -75-76-2,75,76,2,76-2,"There are different copula strategies for noun phrases (a French copula, a Cree lexical verb or a zero copula) and predicative locative phrases (a Cree verb).",92,75-186 75-187 75-190 75-193 75-196 75-21 75-55,100.0,Unspecified +Finally, French adjectives may be verbalized in a Cree frame, as in: li-muyii-yi-wan 'it gets, is wet', where the first two elements are from French le and mouillé, and -yiwan is the ending with the copula element -iyi-.",,75-185 75-186 75-189 75-191 75-192 75-193 75-194 75-199,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +75-75-1,75,75,1,75-1,"For expression of location, the most common construction is probably with the verb ayaaw- 'to be' (from Cree), api- lit. 'to sit' or, more commonly, ashtee- 'is placed'. There is a strong presence for ashtee- for semantically inanimate subjects, and aya- for humans and animals.",,75-195 75-196 75-197 75-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +75-76-2,75,76,2,76-2,"There are different copula strategies for noun phrases (a French copula, a Cree lexical verb or a zero copula) and predicative locative phrases (a Cree verb).",92,75-186 75-187 75-190 75-193 75-196 75-21 75-55,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 75-77-1,75,77,1,77-1,"Predicative possession is marked with a transitive possessive verb aya-, ayaw-, which has different forms and inflections for animate and inanimate possessors. -The verb 'own' can also be used: tipeem- for animate possessions and tipeeht- for inanimate objects.",,75-200 75-201,100.0,Very certain +The verb 'own' can also be used: tipeem- for animate possessions and tipeeht- for inanimate objects.",,75-200 75-201,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge 75-78-3,75,78,3,78-3,"The Cree verbs ashteew(ak) 'it/they is/are found, it is (located)' or ayaweew(ak) 'is, are' are almost always used. Rarely French ili 'he/she/it is' is used. Iyave/ilave 'there was' (originally: French il y avait 'he had there') is used as well. -The stem ayaaw- can both mean 'to be' and 'to have'. This is probably the most common for the existential meaning and predicative possession alike.",,75-200 75-202 75-203 75-204 75-62,100.0,Certain -75-79-2,75,79,2,79-2,"Place names are normally not accompanied by an adposition marking ""direction to"", but it does occur. The adposition can be a preposition or a postposition.",,75-211,10.0,Certain -75-79-1,75,79,1,79-1,"Place names are normally not accompanied by an adposition marking ""direction to"", but it does occur. The adposition can be a preposition or a postposition.",,75-210,90.0,Certain +The stem ayaaw- can both mean 'to be' and 'to have'. This is probably the most common for the existential meaning and predicative possession alike.",,75-200 75-202 75-203 75-204 75-62,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +75-79-2,75,79,2,79-2,"Place names are normally not accompanied by an adposition marking ""direction to"", but it does occur. The adposition can be a preposition or a postposition.",,75-211,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFFFF-10-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +75-79-1,75,79,1,79-1,"Place names are normally not accompanied by an adposition marking ""direction to"", but it does occur. The adposition can be a preposition or a postposition.",,75-210,90.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FFFFFF-10-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 75-8-1,75,8,1,8-1,"The Cree word mituni is frequently used, especially with Cree verbs (that have a meaning like European adjectives). The word vre (French vrai 'real') is used as well, but more frequently with nouns than with adjectives (aen vre smart 'a really smart person'). -Reduplicated French adjectives are also used for strengthening an adjective.",,75-16 75-35 75-36 75-37,87.5,Very certain +Reduplicated French adjectives are also used for strengthening an adjective.",,75-16 75-35 75-36 75-37,87.5,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge 75-8-2,75,8,2,8-2,"The Cree word mituni is frequently used, especially with Cree verbs (that have a meaning like European adjectives). The word vre (French vrai 'real') is used as well, but more frequently with nouns than with adjectives (aen vre smart 'a really smart person'). -Reduplicated French adjectives are also used for strengthening an adjective.",,75-38,12.5,Certain -75-80-3,75,80,3,80-3,"All available examples show a postposition, but it may very well be the case that constructions without an adposition (with the direction indicated in the verb) or with a circumposition are also possible.",,75-22,100.0,Very certain +Reduplicated French adjectives are also used for strengthening an adjective.",,75-38,12.5,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-FFFF00-13-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +75-80-3,75,80,3,80-3,"All available examples show a postposition, but it may very well be the case that constructions without an adposition (with the direction indicated in the verb) or with a circumposition are also possible.",,75-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 75-81-2,75,81,2,81-2,"Motion-to can be indicated with a preposition in the noun phrase, usually from French (daan, a 'to'). Motion-from can be indicated with a postposition uhchi 'from', regularly combined with the preposition daan. @@ -23140,8 +23140,8 @@ There can also be a verbal prefix -doo- 'away from' or -pee- 'hither' in the Cre The verb can also indicate motion in the inherent meaning, in which case the direction is not always marked in the noun phrase as well. -Place names are normally not accompanied by an adposition marking ""direction to"".",,75-153 75-205 75-206 75-207 75-208 75-209,100.0,Very certain -75-82-2,75,82,2,82-2,"The general locative preposition is daan/dan. It is also used for ""motion towards"" and, in combination with a position meaning 'from', for ""motion away"".",,75-144 75-20,100.0,Certain +Place names are normally not accompanied by an adposition marking ""direction to"".",,75-153 75-205 75-206 75-207 75-208 75-209,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +75-82-2,75,82,2,82-2,"The general locative preposition is daan/dan. It is also used for ""motion towards"" and, in combination with a position meaning 'from', for ""motion away"".",,75-144 75-20,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 75-83-5,75,83,5,83-5,"The general locative preposition is daan/dan. It is also used for ""motion towards"" and, in combination with an adposition meaning 'from', for ""motion away"". The action 'pull' is expressed in Michif as a bipartite verb, in which the second element -pit- indicates the action of pulling, and the first element the manner. Some examples: @@ -23153,15 +23153,15 @@ manipit- shi-pashku-pit- 'pull weeds out of the ground' -(ishi 'thus', pashkw- 'prairie'?, pit 'pull')",,75-19 75-212,100.0,Very certain -75-84-3,75,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Very certain -75-85-1,75,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -75-86-5,75,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain -75-87-4,75,87,4,87-4,There are no reflexive pronouns. Reflexivity is expressed with a verbal suffix.,,75-216,100.0,Very certain -75-88-2,75,88,2,88-2,"Reflexivity is expressed with a verbal suffix, which does not have an intensifier use.",,75-217 75-218 75-61,100.0,Very certain -75-89-5,75,89,5,89-5,"The reciprocal suffix is -ito-, the reflexive suffix is -isho-. Both undergo morphophonemic changes.",,75-216 75-219,100.0,Unspecified +(ishi 'thus', pashkw- 'prairie'?, pit 'pull')",,75-19 75-212,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png""}",Own knowledge +75-84-3,75,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-85-1,75,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-86-5,75,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-87-4,75,87,4,87-4,There are no reflexive pronouns. Reflexivity is expressed with a verbal suffix.,,75-216,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +75-88-2,75,88,2,88-2,"Reflexivity is expressed with a verbal suffix, which does not have an intensifier use.",,75-217 75-218 75-61,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +75-89-5,75,89,5,89-5,"The reciprocal suffix is -ito-, the reflexive suffix is -isho-. Both undergo morphophonemic changes.",,75-216 75-219,100.0,Unspecified,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 75-9-1,75,9,1,9-1,"The definite article is preposed. It is from French, and has three forms: li 'masculine', la 'feminine', lii 'plural' (both genders). -Cree is traditionally analyzed as having demonstratives. However, on the basis of their frequency it can probably be argued that they are also becoming definite articles. If used, they combine with the French definite articles.",92[103-104];92[224-227],75-39 75-40,100.0,Very certain +Cree is traditionally analyzed as having demonstratives. However, on the basis of their frequency it can probably be argued that they are also becoming definite articles. If used, they combine with the French definite articles.",92[103-104];92[224-227],75-39 75-40,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 75-90-4,75,90,4,90-4,"Michif has passive forms. There are several passive suffixes, partly depending on the gender of the subject-patient. The meaning difference between the suffixes -ikawi- and -ikasho-, both used for animate passives, is not clear. Intransitive verbs can be passivized as well, roughly as in 'there was dancing'. This is sometimes called an ""indefinite actor"" form. @@ -23172,7 +23172,7 @@ The expression of the oblique agent can take several forms. It may be unmarked o Michif also has an inverse system in which subject and object are marked in special ways, roughly depending on the topic of the discourse. Verbal inflection is different, and the non-topic ('obviative') can get a special marker -(a)wa. -The passive and inverse seem to interact in subtle ways.",,75-151 75-224 75-225,50.0,Very certain +The passive and inverse seem to interact in subtle ways.",,75-151 75-224 75-225,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 75-90-1,75,90,1,90-1,"Michif has passive forms. There are several passive suffixes, partly depending on the gender of the subject-patient. The meaning difference between the suffixes -ikawi- and -ikasho-, both used for animate passives, is not clear. Intransitive verbs can be passivized as well, roughly as in 'there was dancing'. This is sometimes called an ""indefinite actor"" form. @@ -23183,8 +23183,8 @@ The expression of the oblique agent can take several forms. It may be unmarked o Michif also has an inverse system in which subject and object are marked in special ways, roughly depending on the topic of the discourse. Verbal inflection is different, and the non-topic ('obviative') can get a special marker -(a)wa. -The passive and inverse seem to interact in subtle ways.",,75-220 75-221 75-222 75-223,50.0,Very certain -75-91-2,75,91,2,91-2,,,75-226 75-227,100.0,Intermediate +The passive and inverse seem to interact in subtle ways.",,75-220 75-221 75-222 75-223,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +75-91-2,75,91,2,91-2,,,75-226 75-227,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 75-92-2,75,92,2,92-2,"There are several possibilities in Michif to relativize clauses. The most frequent one is the use of a verb in the so-called conjunct order, used mostly in subordinate clauses and after a focused constituent. The conjunct prefix kaa- is the most frequent, and it relates most often to a nominal, whereas ee- or aen- relates more to the whole clause, and chi- has a future reference. @@ -23193,7 +23193,7 @@ In short, the vast majority of relative clauses do not contain a particle or pro In addition, a French relativizer particle ki can be used, but that is limited to relative clauses containing French verbs. This includes the copula that will have different forms for person (ki li SG, ki suun PL) and tense (ki litee PST) but not for gender. These constructions are marginal, and the fact that all of them are subject relative clauses may very well be an accidental gap in the data. -In constructions with a copula in the relative clause, the copula may superficially look like a resumptive pronoun, but these morphemes are better interpreted as strictly verbal.",,75-229 75-230 75-231,10.0,Certain +In constructions with a copula in the relative clause, the copula may superficially look like a resumptive pronoun, but these morphemes are better interpreted as strictly verbal.",,75-229 75-230 75-231,10.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-000000.png""}",Own knowledge 75-92-7,75,92,7,92-7,"There are several possibilities in Michif to relativize clauses. The most frequent one is the use of a verb in the so-called conjunct order, used mostly in subordinate clauses and after a focused constituent. The conjunct prefix kaa- is the most frequent, and it relates most often to a nominal, whereas ee- or aen- relates more to the whole clause, and chi- has a future reference. @@ -23202,7 +23202,7 @@ In short, the vast majority of relative clauses do not contain a particle or pro In addition, a French relativizer particle ki can be used, but that is limited to relative clauses containing French verbs. This includes the copula that will have different forms for person (ki li SG, ki suun PL) and tense (ki litee PST) but not for gender. These constructions are marginal, and the fact that all of them are subject relative clauses may very well be an accidental gap in the data. -In constructions with a copula in the relative clause, the copula may superficially look like a resumptive pronoun, but these morphemes are better interpreted as strictly verbal.",,75-15 75-18 75-228 75-232,90.0,Very certain +In constructions with a copula in the relative clause, the copula may superficially look like a resumptive pronoun, but these morphemes are better interpreted as strictly verbal.",,75-15 75-18 75-228 75-232,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-10-FF0000-90-000000.png""}",Own knowledge 75-93-8,75,93,8,93-8,"There are several possibilities in Michif to relativize clauses. The most frequent one is the use of a verb in the so-called conjunct order, used mostly in subordinate clauses and after a focused constituent. The conjunct prefix kaa- is the most frequent, and it relates most often to a nominal, whereas ee- or aen- relates more to the whole clause, and chi- has a future reference. @@ -23210,38 +23210,38 @@ In short, the vast majority of relative clauses do not contain a particle or pro In addition, a French relativizer particle ki can be used, but that is limited to relative clauses containing French verbs. This includes the copula that will have different forms for person (ki li SG, ki suun PL) and tense (ki litee PST) but not for gender. These constructions are marginal, and the fact that all of them are subject relative clauses may very well be an accidental gap in the data. -In constructions with a copula in the relative clause, the copula may superficially look like a resumptive pronoun, but these morphemes are better interpreted as strictly verbal.",,75-233 75-237 75-30,100.0,Certain +In constructions with a copula in the relative clause, the copula may superficially look like a resumptive pronoun, but these morphemes are better interpreted as strictly verbal.",,75-233 75-237 75-30,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge 75-94-8,75,94,8,94-8,"Very few spontaneous examples of instrument relative clauses could be found in our data. The preposition 'with' can be used, but otherwise the construction with a conjunct verb is quite different from constructions with relative pronouns or particles. In elicitation, speakers used a contructions with a verb meaning 'use'. -This does not necessarily mean that other construction are not possible.",,75-234 75-235 75-236,100.0,Certain +This does not necessarily mean that other construction are not possible.",,75-234 75-235 75-236,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge 75-95-4,75,95,4,95-4,"Verbs of speaking are most often followed by direct speech. The complement can only be introduced by a zero complementizer in a direct quote. In an indirect quote there will always be a morphological complementizer. Often the complement gets a special form of the verb used in subordinate clauses. These verbs start with a prefix that can be called a complementizer, usually ee- (with variants). -Frequently a quotative is used, itweew, meaning 'he/she says' with direct speech.",,75-238,70.0,Certain +Frequently a quotative is used, itweew, meaning 'he/she says' with direct speech.",,75-238,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 75-95-3,75,95,3,95-3,"Verbs of speaking are most often followed by direct speech. The complement can only be introduced by a zero complementizer in a direct quote. In an indirect quote there will always be a morphological complementizer. Often the complement gets a special form of the verb used in subordinate clauses. These verbs start with a prefix that can be called a complementizer, usually ee- (with variants). -Frequently a quotative is used, itweew, meaning 'he/she says' with direct speech.",,75-239 75-240,30.0,Very certain +Frequently a quotative is used, itweew, meaning 'he/she says' with direct speech.",,75-239 75-240,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 75-96-3,75,96,3,96-3,"Complementizers in Michif are normally not independent words, but prefixes to specially inflected forms indicating that the clause is subordinate. These verbs start with a prefix that can be called a complementizer, ee- (with variants), chi- or kaa-. -The complement can probably be introduced by a zero complementizer in a construction like 'he knows, I am good', or when an evidential is used.",,75-242 75-244,100.0,Very certain +The complement can probably be introduced by a zero complementizer in a construction like 'he knows, I am good', or when an evidential is used.",,75-242 75-244,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge 75-97-3,75,97,3,97-3,"The notion 'want' is expressed with a desiderative verbal prefix: wii- expresses a weaker wish than nuuhtee-. Strictly speaking there is just one clause, and hence no complementation in the most simple constructions. -There is also a full verb 'to want' (daweeyim- daweeyiht-) normally used with nominal complements, but occasionally also with verbal complements.",,75-164 75-245 75-246 75-247,100.0, +There is also a full verb 'to want' (daweeyim- daweeyiht-) normally used with nominal complements, but occasionally also with verbal complements.",,75-164 75-245 75-246 75-247,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge 75-98-1,75,98,1,98-1,"Different subjects in complementizer clauses are expressed - at least for sentences with two third persons - by means of an obviative suffix versus its absence in the subordinate verb. Roughly, if the subject of the complement clause is different from the subject of the main clause, a suffix -yi- is used (except when one is subject, and one object). As the presence or absence of this suffix has no effect on the shape of the complementizer, one could say that the same complementizer is used in different constructions. -The verbs meaning 'think' and 'want' probably behave in the same way. In both cases probably a construction 'I think/want it that ....' and a construction 'I think/want him/her that ...' can be used, with an inanimate resp. animate transitive verb. No contrastive examples are found in our data.",,75-164 75-225 75-243 75-248 75-249 75-250,100.0,Certain -75-99-2,75,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -76-0-9,76,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0, +The verbs meaning 'think' and 'want' probably behave in the same way. In both cases probably a construction 'I think/want it that ....' and a construction 'I think/want him/her that ...' can be used, with an inanimate resp. animate transitive verb. No contrastive examples are found in our data.",,75-164 75-225 75-243 75-248 75-249 75-250,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +75-99-2,75,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +76-0-9,76,0,9,0-9,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", 76-1-3,76,1,3,1-3,"Word order is variable, but as Wurm (1992: 279) observes, the order SOV is prevalent. It is also the default order in Eskimo proper. Other attested word orders are either marginal since they do not occur frequently, or since one of the arguments is not a noun. Compare: SVO @@ -23256,7 +23256,7 @@ tuktu mȗkki ila caribou dead he 'He killed (some) caribou.' -The subject in all attested OVS examples in Stefánsson (1909) is expressed by a personal pronoun. This was a reason for Wurm (1992: 279) to assume that the most basic word order is not OVS (but SOV). In Eskimo proper, pronouns are used for contrastive focus. This may not be their function in Eskimo Pidgin, which has no other strategies of person reference than pronouns. In view of the strong context-dependence of Eskimo Pidgin utterances discussed by Stefánsson (1909: 221), it seems possible that pronouns were used for disambiguation, and their clause-final position (even following the normally sentence-final negation marker) reminds one of extraposition.",1442;1633;1525,76-3,12.5,Certain +The subject in all attested OVS examples in Stefánsson (1909) is expressed by a personal pronoun. This was a reason for Wurm (1992: 279) to assume that the most basic word order is not OVS (but SOV). In Eskimo proper, pronouns are used for contrastive focus. This may not be their function in Eskimo Pidgin, which has no other strategies of person reference than pronouns. In view of the strong context-dependence of Eskimo Pidgin utterances discussed by Stefánsson (1909: 221), it seems possible that pronouns were used for disambiguation, and their clause-final position (even following the normally sentence-final negation marker) reminds one of extraposition.",1442;1633;1525,76-3,12.5,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 76-1-1,76,1,1,1-1,"Word order is variable, but as Wurm (1992: 279) observes, the order SOV is prevalent. It is also the default order in Eskimo proper. Other attested word orders are either marginal since they do not occur frequently, or since one of the arguments is not a noun. Compare: SVO @@ -23271,394 +23271,394 @@ tuktu mȗkki ila caribou dead he 'He killed (some) caribou.' -The subject in all attested OVS examples in Stefánsson (1909) is expressed by a personal pronoun. This was a reason for Wurm (1992: 279) to assume that the most basic word order is not OVS (but SOV). In Eskimo proper, pronouns are used for contrastive focus. This may not be their function in Eskimo Pidgin, which has no other strategies of person reference than pronouns. In view of the strong context-dependence of Eskimo Pidgin utterances discussed by Stefánsson (1909: 221), it seems possible that pronouns were used for disambiguation, and their clause-final position (even following the normally sentence-final negation marker) reminds one of extraposition.",1442;1633;1525,76-1,87.5,Certain -76-10-4,76,10,4,10-4,There is no reason to assume that there are articles in Eskimo Pidgin. This is furthermore implied by e.g. the discussion in the last paragraph of Stefánsson (1909: 221).,1442[221],,100.0,Certain -76-100-4,76,100,4,100-4,,1442,76-11 76-66,100.0,Certain -76-101-2,76,101,2,101-2,,1442,76-67,100.0,Certain -76-103-7,76,103,7,103-7,"The role of intonation in Eskimo Pidgin is not mentioned in the sources, but it is likely that it is involved in the expression of interrogative. Apart from intonation, the data suggest that there is no other marking. Stefánsson (1909: 222) writes: ""Any jargon word may by itself be used as a question, or any other combination of words may be so used."" His final remark that ""The question, if not required by the context, is indicated by inflexion"" is not corroborated by the data.",1442,76-68,100.0,Intermediate -76-106-2,76,106,2,106-2,There is just one occurrence of this focus particle in the data.,1442,76-69,100.0,Intermediate -76-109-1,76,109,1,109-1,"The word picaninnee 'child' is found in one Greenlandic Pidgin source (O'Reilly 1818). It is also encountered in the Herschel Island Eskimo Pidgin, as mikaninni 'small'. There it seems to have a dual origin, since the Eskimo root miki- means 'to be small'. Furthermore, the Eskimo root angi- has formed the basis for the Eskimo pidgin word anganinni 'big', which was obviously created in analogy with mikaninni, and which was attested in two independent sources. See the discussion in van der Voort (1997: 382–383, 1996: 223–224; 244).",1525[382-383];1442;455,76-70 76-71,100.0,Certain -76-110-2,76,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Certain -76-115-2,76,115,2,115-2,,1442,76-60 76-72,100.0,Certain -76-118-2,76,118,2,118-2,,1442,76-73 76-74 76-75 76-76 76-77,100.0,Certain -76-119-2,76,119,2,119-2,,1442,76-78 76-79 76-80,100.0,Certain -76-12-1,76,12,1,12-1,,1442,76-24 76-32 76-33 76-34,100.0,Certain -76-120-1,76,120,1,120-1,There is no indication of contrastive tone in Eskimo Pidgin.,1633;1442,,100.0,Certain -76-121-2,76,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0, -76-122-4,76,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0, -76-123-4,76,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -76-124-4,76,124,4,124-4,,,,100.0, -76-125-3,76,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0, -76-126-4,76,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0, -76-127-6,76,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -76-128-4,76,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -76-129-2,76,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -76-13-1,76,13,1,13-1,"Gender distinctions are not mentioned in any source on Eskimo pidgins, and they are also absent in Eskimo proper.",1442,76-25,100.0,Certain -76-130-1,76,130,1,130-1,,,76-93,100.0, -76-131,76,131,1,131-1,,,76-82,100.0, -76-132,76,132,2,132-2,"The /b/ is a phoneme of limited occurrence that exists mainly in words of non-Eskimo origin. It is encountered in the spelling of words of Eskimo origin, but only preceding , and probably pronounced as [pl], but perhaps even as [pɬ]. The example word, which is attested in three independent sources, is possibly from Chinook Jargon (van der Voort 1997: 384).",1525,76-84,100.0, -76-133,76,133,1,133-1,,,76-85,100.0, -76-134,76,134,2,134-2,"This is a phoneme of limited occurrence. Usually, the is encountered as a spelling variant of /t/. Also it is sometimes found in a position preceding , and there probably pronounced as [tl], perhaps even as [tɬ].",,76-86,100.0, -76-137,76,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -76-138,76,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -76-139,76,139,1,139-1,,,76-89,100.0, -76-14-1,76,14,1,14-1,,1442[221],76-26,100.0,Certain -76-140,76,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0, -76-143,76,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -76-144,76,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -76-145,76,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -76-146,76,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -76-147,76,147,1,147-1,,,76-83,100.0, -76-148,76,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -76-149,76,149,1,149-1,,,76-87,100.0, -76-15-1,76,15,1,15-1,"The main lexifier language, Eskimo proper, does not have an inclusive/exclusive opposition. It is not known what the first person plural pronoun was in the Eskimo pidgins. No first person plural examples were attested.",,,100.0,Certain -76-151,76,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -76-152,76,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -76-153,76,153,2,153-2,"This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) equal to /k/ as . It is likely that /q/ had phonemic status in pidgin words of Eskimo origin when spoken by Inuit. As Wurm (1992: 278) observes, its ""pronunciation by Eskimo speakers would undoubtedly have been in accordance with the sound-structure of Eskimo [...] However, European speakers would have had great difficulties with the Eskimo uvular consonants which were either replaced by velar consonants by them, or at the end of words usually dropped"".",1442,76-88,100.0, -76-155,76,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -76-156,76,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -76-158,76,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -76-159,76,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -76-16-1,76,16,1,16-1,"There is no person syncretism in pronouns. However, there is pure number syncretism. As Stefánsson (1909: 220) notes: ""It is rarely the jargon makes a difference between singulars and plurals"". There are some rare exceptions to this in the data. Stefánsson (1909: 221) mentions a dual and a plural form of the second person pronoun used by native speakers of the main lexifier language, but these forms were not commonly used in the pidgin.",1442,,100.0,Intermediate -76-160,76,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -76-161,76,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -76-163,76,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -76-168,76,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -76-169,76,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, -76-17-1,76,17,1,17-1,None of the sources show evidence for dependent pronouns and it is unlikely that they ever existed in any Eskimo Pidgin.,1442,76-2 76-27 76-28 76-29 76-30 76-31,100.0,Certain -76-170,76,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -76-171,76,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -76-172,76,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -76-173,76,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -76-174,76,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -76-176,76,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -76-178,76,178,1,178-1,,,76-94,100.0, -76-179,76,179,1,179-1,,,76-95,100.0, -76-18-1,76,18,1,18-1,,,,100.0,Certain -76-180,76,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -76-181,76,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -76-182,76,182,1,182-1,This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) as <ñ>.,1442,76-96,100.0, -76-183,76,183,1,183-1,,,76-97,100.0, -76-184,76,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -76-187,76,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -76-188,76,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -76-189,76,189,4,189-4,,,,100.0, -76-190,76,190,1,190-1,,,76-90,100.0, -76-191,76,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -76-192,76,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -76-193,76,193,1,193-1,,,76-91,100.0, -76-194,76,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0, -76-195,76,195,1,195-1,This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) as .,1442,76-92,100.0, -76-196,76,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0, -76-199,76,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -76-2-1,76,2,1,2-1,The order possessor-possessum is also the default order in Eskimo proper.,1442,76-5 76-6 76-7 76-8,100.0,Certain -76-200,76,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -76-201,76,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -76-202,76,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -76-205,76,205,1,205-1,,,76-93,100.0, -76-209,76,209,1,209-1,,,76-98,100.0, -76-21-2,76,21,2,21-2,"No formal distinction is made between definiteness and indefiniteness. There are no indefinite pronouns, but it appears that a generic noun can be used as such.",1442,76-35 76-4,100.0,Certain -76-212,76,212,2,212-2,"This word is spelled in Stefánsson (1909: 231) and it represents the only word in the list that derives from a form that contains a voiceless lateral fricative. It is possible that /ɬ/ had phonemic status in the pidgin as spoken by Inuit in words of Eskimo origin. /ɬ/ was probably considered by the Westerners as /kl/, /tl/ or a similar combination. The syllable division given by Stefánsson (1909: 223) probably represents Westerners' pronunciation: ak-lu-na.",1442,76-105,100.0, -76-217,76,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -76-218,76,218,4,218-4,,,,100.0, -76-22-1,76,22,1,22-1,"Only one noun was attested for which a plural form exists: innuk 'man' vs. innuit 'men' (both forms originate from Eskimo proper). Use of the plural is not consistent. In addition, the second person pronoun has a singular form: ilipsi 'you (PL/SG)' vs. illuit 'you (SG)' (again, both forms originate from Eskimo proper).",1442,76-2 76-33 76-36 76-37,100.0,Certain -76-221,76,221,2,221-2,The phonemic status as different from /u/ or /v/ is uncertain. It occurs rarely and may be a spelling variant.,,76-99,100.0, -76-23-1,76,23,1,23-1,"Plural marking is attensted very marginally (cf. Feature 22), only with the noun innuk 'man' vs. innuit 'men'.",1442,,100.0,Certain -76-231,76,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -76-25-1,76,25,1,25-1,,1442,,100.0,Certain -76-252,76,252,1,252-1,"This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) as , <ī> and <ĭ>. It is unclear whether phonetic length has phonemic status. In Eskimo proper, phoneme length and stress are unrelated, and the notation of length in the pidgin sources seems independent from stress notation. However, Stefánsson's (1909) indication of length by a line above vowels, as in īla 'he, she, it', is not consistent, neither in his notation of pidgin forms nor in the Eskimo forms in his etymological explanations. The same can be said about consonant length, which is indicated by consonant doubling. Probably, the notation of length in the pidgin refers to quality rather than quantity, e.g. a 'long' [i] vs. a 'short' [ɪ]. Since the Eskimo pidgins are extinct, it is difficult to verify whether such quality differences correspond to phonemic distinctions. In Eskimo proper they do not, whereas length does. It is likely that Inuit distinguished length in their pronunciation of pidgin words of Eskimo origin. It is more difficult to say something about the pronunciation by the non-Inuit outsiders, who formed a very heterogeneous group, with regard to linguistic background. In the questionnaire examples I have maintained the original transcription from the sources. In the IPA chart I have chosen to ignore much of the variation encountered in the sources, hence no distinctive length or open-close distinctions are assumed to exist.",1442,76-100,100.0, -76-253,76,253,1,253-1,This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) as and <ĕ>.,1442,76-101,100.0, -76-254,76,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0, -76-255,76,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -76-256,76,256,1,256-1,,,76-102,100.0, -76-257,76,257,1,257-1,"This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) , <ū> and <ȗ>.",1442,76-103,100.0, -76-258,76,258,1,258-1,"This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) , <ō> and <ŏ>.",1442,76-104,100.0, -76-259,76,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -76-26-1,76,26,1,26-1,"There are a handful of lexical items that display a reduplicative pattern. The majority originates from Hawaiian: anana 'sick', hannahanna 'to sew', punnipunni 'sexual intercourse'. The word ababa 'to say' is probably from Chinook Jargon wawa 'speech, talk' (note the confusion in van der Voort (1997: 383–384), where 'Nootka' was written instead of 'Eskimo Pidgin'). The rather universal word kaukau 'to eat, food' may have entered the pidgin via Hawaiian Pidgin.",,,100.0,Certain -76-260,76,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -76-261,76,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -76-263,76,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0, -76-267,76,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -76-268,76,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -76-27-2,76,27,2,27-2,,1442,76-38,100.0,Certain -76-272,76,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -76-273,76,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0, -76-274,76,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -76-275,76,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -76-276,76,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -76-277,76,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -76-278,76,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0, -76-279,76,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, -76-28-5,76,28,5,28-5,No articles were found in any Eskimo-based pidgin.,,76-1,100.0,Certain -76-280,76,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -76-281,76,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -76-282,76,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -76-284,76,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -76-285,76,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0, -76-286,76,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -76-287,76,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0, -76-288,76,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0, -76-289,76,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0, -76-29-5,76,29,5,29-5,No articles were found in any Eskimo-based pidgin.,,,100.0,Certain -76-290,76,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -76-291,76,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -76-3-2,76,3,2,3-2,"Wurm (1992: 280) observes: ""Qualitative adjuncts follow the nouns which they determine [...], or they are expressed, as in Eskimo, through noun + noun constructs, with the determining noun preceding[.]""",1442,76-11 76-9,41.6666666666667,Certain -76-3-1,76,3,1,3-1,"Wurm (1992: 280) observes: ""Qualitative adjuncts follow the nouns which they determine [...], or they are expressed, as in Eskimo, through noun + noun constructs, with the determining noun preceding[.]""",1442,76-10 76-81,58.3333333333333,Certain -76-30-1,76,30,1,30-1,No articles were found in any Eskimo-based pidgin.,,,100.0,Certain -76-308-6,76,308,6,308-6,"The data in the sources suggest that Eskimo languages were the main lexifier languages for all Eskimo Pidgins. This is also case for the Herschel Island Trade Jargon. However, from remarks by Stefánsson it appears that English must have been an important lexifier language as well: ""The vocabulary is briefer by a good number of words through the omission of most common and proper nouns that are only slightly-corrupted English and which would be readily understood by a newcomer in the Arctic."" (Stefánsson 1909: 222). So, even though English may even have been of equal importance with Eskimo, no data were provided, probably because Stefánsson was mainly interested in the Eskimo component.",1442[222],,100.0,Certain -76-309-5,76,309,5,309-5,"The sources do not mention native speakers. And as a pidgin, Eskimo Pidgin by definition has no native speakers.",,,100.0,Certain -76-31-4,76,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Certain -76-310-3,76,310,3,310-3,"The sources do not mention native speakers. Furthermore, the pidgin is probably extinct.",,,100.0,Certain -76-311-3,76,311,3,311-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain -76-312-4,76,312,4,312-4,"There are no reports of an Eskimo Pidgin still being spoken. However, it might be worthwile to verify in the field whether there are still people who remember to have heard or used Eskimo Pidgin.",,,100.0,Certain -76-313-1,76,313,1,313-1,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain -76-314-2,76,314,2,314-2,"Probably the speakers of Eskimo Pidgins were mainly men. The Westerners who spoke it were almost exclusively men. Among the Inuit, apart from men, there may have been many women who spoke it too.",,,100.0,Certain -76-315-3,76,315,3,315-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain -76-316-3,76,316,3,316-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain -76-317-3,76,317,3,317-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain -76-318-4,76,318,4,318-4,No literary work in the pidgin has ever existed.,,,100.0,Certain -76-319-4,76,319,4,319-4,No newspapers in the pidgin have ever existed.,,,100.0,Certain -76-320-4,76,320,4,320-4,No newspapers in the pidgin have ever existed.,,,100.0,Certain -76-321-3,76,321,3,321-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain -76-322-3,76,322,3,322-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain -76-323-3,76,323,3,323-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain -76-324-3,76,324,3,324-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain -76-325-3,76,325,3,325-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain -76-34-1,76,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain -76-36-1,76,36,1,36-1,,1442,76-19,100.0,Certain -76-37-1,76,37,1,37-1,,1442,76-40 76-5,100.0,Certain -76-38-4,76,38,4,38-4,,1442,76-7,100.0,Certain -76-4-1,76,4,1,4-1,,1442,76-12,87.5,Certain -76-4-2,76,4,2,4-2,,1442,76-13,12.5,Intermediate -76-43-5,76,43,5,43-5,The data are incomplete. There are apparently no obligatory TAM markers. There are a few instances of a postverbal temporal adverb. Expressions involving words like 'day' and 'summer' tend to be sentence-initial.,1442,76-1 76-41 76-42 76-43,100.0,Intermediate -76-44-8,76,44,8,44-8,,1442,,100.0,Intermediate -76-46-6,76,46,6,46-6,,,,100.0, -76-47-1,76,47,1,47-1,"There is no grammaticalized progressive marker. The adverb pȗgmȗmmi 'now' may emphasize a progressive sense, but it is not obligatory.",1442,76-1 76-37,100.0,Certain -76-48-1,76,48,1,48-1,"There are no habitual markers, although some of the examples in Stefánsson (1909) that contain the word picūktū 'to want' are provided with a habitual translation.",1442,76-44,100.0,Intermediate -76-49-4,76,49,4,49-4,"Tense and aspect marking are rarely attested and may be optional. There are some examples that contain what could be argued to be a present tense marker: pȗgmȗmmi 'now', and a perfective aspect marker: tereva 'finished'. However, the same categories are usually unmarked.",1442,76-42,100.0,Certain -76-50-6,76,50,6,50-6,,,,100.0, -76-51-8,76,51,8,51-8,"Past and present are not obligatorily marked in the language. Examples with unmarked stative verbs tend to have a present tense interpretation. Unmarked stative verbs with a past tense interpretation were not attested. Half of the examples with unmarked dynamic verbs tend to have a present tense interpretation, the other half has a past interpretation.",1442,76-27 76-38 76-45 76-46,100.0,Certain -76-54-7,76,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain -76-56-1,76,56,1,56-1,,1442,76-11 76-47 76-48,100.0,Certain -76-57-1,76,57,1,57-1,,1442,76-49,100.0,Certain -76-58-1,76,58,1,58-1,,1442,76-44 76-50,100.0,Certain -76-59-1,76,59,1,59-1,,1442,76-19 76-51,100.0,Certain -76-6-2,76,6,2,6-2,,1442,76-19,70.0,Certain -76-6-1,76,6,1,6-1,,1442,76-18,30.0,Certain -76-60-2,76,60,2,60-2,The only example in the data (Stefánsson 1909: 223) contains unmarked pronominal agent and recipient arguments. There is no reason to assume that in Eskimo Pidgin full NP arguments receive marking.,1442,76-19,100.0,Certain -76-62-4,76,62,4,62-4,"Subject pronouns tend to be sentence-final whereas subject NPs tend to be sentence-initial. Sentence-initial subject pronouns are probably emphatic.Furthermore, subject (pronouns) can also be omitted.",1442,76-4 76-45,100.0,Certain -76-63-3,76,63,3,63-3,,1442,76-52,100.0,Certain -76-64-2,76,64,2,64-2,There is no existential verb and no expletive subject in Eskimo Pidgin.,1442,76-53 76-54,100.0,Certain -76-69-4,76,69,4,69-4,The instrument is unmarked.,1442,76-55 76-56,100.0,Certain -76-7-1,76,7,1,7-1,There are no unambiguous examples and a distinction between relative clauses and other attributive or even predicative constructions probably cannot be made.,1442,76-20 76-21,100.0,Intermediate -76-73-2,76,73,2,73-2,No copula was attested. Under juxtaposition the final noun can get a predicative interpretation.,1442,76-16,100.0,Intermediate -76-74-2,76,74,2,74-2,No copula was attested in the language.,1442,76-52 76-57,100.0,Certain -76-75-2,76,75,2,75-2,"There is no copula in the language. However, no examples of a predicative locative phrase were attested.",,,100.0,Certain -76-76-1,76,76,1,76-1,"There is no copula in the language. However, no examples of a predicative locative phrase were attested. As for predicative noun phrases, no copula was attested. Under juxtaposition the final noun can get a predicative interpretation.",,76-16,100.0,Certain -76-79-1,76,79,1,79-1,,1442,76-46,100.0,Certain -76-8-2,76,8,2,8-2,,1442,76-23,70.0,Certain -76-8-1,76,8,1,8-1,,1442,76-22,30.0,Certain -76-84-3,76,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Certain -76-85-1,76,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -76-86-5,76,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Certain -76-9-4,76,9,4,9-4,There is no reason to assume that there are articles in Eskimo Pidgin. This is furthermore implied by e.g. the discussion in the last paragraph of Stefánsson (1909: 221).,1442[221],,100.0,Certain -76-90-2,76,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -76-91-8,76,91,8,91-8,The language has hardly any morphology. Example 58 shows how benefactive meaning may be expressed.,,76-58,100.0,Certain -76-95-4,76,95,4,95-4,,1442,76-59,100.0,Certain -76-96-4,76,96,4,96-4,,1442,76-60,100.0,Certain -76-97-1,76,97,1,97-1,,1442,76-61 76-62 76-63,100.0,Certain -76-98-5,76,98,5,98-5,"Unfortunately there is no contrastive example with 'to think', but it is likely that the construction is the same.",1442,76-64 76-65,100.0,Very uncertain -76-99-2,76,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -8-0-1,8,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -8-1-2,8,1,2,1-2,,,8-1,100.0,Very certain -8-10-1,8,10,1,10-1,,,8-12,100.0,Very certain -8-100-4,8,100,4,100-4,,,8-151,100.0,Very certain -8-101-1,8,101,1,101-1,,,8-152,100.0,Very certain -8-102-1,8,102,1,102-1,,,8-153,100.0,Very certain -8-103-7,8,103,7,103-7,,,8-155,50.0,Very certain -8-103-1,8,103,1,103-1,,,8-154,50.0,Very certain -8-104-1,8,104,1,104-1,,,8-156,100.0,Very certain -8-105-1,8,105,1,105-1,,,8-157 8-158,100.0,Very certain -8-106-3,8,106,3,106-3,,,8-159,100.0,Very certain -8-107-2,8,107,2,107-2,,,8-160 8-161,100.0,Very certain -8-108-2,8,108,2,108-2,"This sound is generally called kis-tiit [kiss-teeth] or sok-tiit [suck-tooth], and is used to express annoyance, scorn (see suck-teeth in Cassidy & Le Page (1967: 428)).",,,100.0,Very certain -8-109-1,8,109,1,109-1,"For a few speakers of Jamaican Creole, the velar stop in /pikni/ is replaced by the voiceless alveolar stop producing /pitni/.",224[348],8-162 8-163,100.0,Very certain -8-11-3,8,11,3,11-3,,,8-13,100.0,Very certain -8-110-1,8,110,1,110-1,"I have not come across any attestations of the word sabi 'know' in contemporary Jamaican Creole, however, Cassidy & Le Page (1967: 389) record a compound sabi-so [from a work published in 1927] meaning 'understanding, wisdom', which they derive from English savvy + so. Going against their etymology, I take the first element to be the reflex of the general pidgin lexeme sabi.",224[389],8-164,100.0,Intermediate -8-111-2,8,111,2,111-2,,,8-165 8-166,100.0,Very certain +The subject in all attested OVS examples in Stefánsson (1909) is expressed by a personal pronoun. This was a reason for Wurm (1992: 279) to assume that the most basic word order is not OVS (but SOV). In Eskimo proper, pronouns are used for contrastive focus. This may not be their function in Eskimo Pidgin, which has no other strategies of person reference than pronouns. In view of the strong context-dependence of Eskimo Pidgin utterances discussed by Stefánsson (1909: 221), it seems possible that pronouns were used for disambiguation, and their clause-final position (even following the normally sentence-final negation marker) reminds one of extraposition.",1442;1633;1525,76-1,87.5,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-88-0000FF-13-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-10-4,76,10,4,10-4,There is no reason to assume that there are articles in Eskimo Pidgin. This is furthermore implied by e.g. the discussion in the last paragraph of Stefánsson (1909: 221).,1442[221],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-100-4,76,100,4,100-4,,1442,76-11 76-66,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +76-101-2,76,101,2,101-2,,1442,76-67,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +76-103-7,76,103,7,103-7,"The role of intonation in Eskimo Pidgin is not mentioned in the sources, but it is likely that it is involved in the expression of interrogative. Apart from intonation, the data suggest that there is no other marking. Stefánsson (1909: 222) writes: ""Any jargon word may by itself be used as a question, or any other combination of words may be so used."" His final remark that ""The question, if not required by the context, is indicated by inflexion"" is not corroborated by the data.",1442,76-68,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +76-106-2,76,106,2,106-2,There is just one occurrence of this focus particle in the data.,1442,76-69,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +76-109-1,76,109,1,109-1,"The word picaninnee 'child' is found in one Greenlandic Pidgin source (O'Reilly 1818). It is also encountered in the Herschel Island Eskimo Pidgin, as mikaninni 'small'. There it seems to have a dual origin, since the Eskimo root miki- means 'to be small'. Furthermore, the Eskimo root angi- has formed the basis for the Eskimo pidgin word anganinni 'big', which was obviously created in analogy with mikaninni, and which was attested in two independent sources. See the discussion in van der Voort (1997: 382–383, 1996: 223–224; 244).",1525[382-383];1442;455,76-70 76-71,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +76-110-2,76,110,2,110-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-115-2,76,115,2,115-2,,1442,76-60 76-72,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +76-118-2,76,118,2,118-2,,1442,76-73 76-74 76-75 76-76 76-77,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +76-119-2,76,119,2,119-2,,1442,76-78 76-79 76-80,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +76-12-1,76,12,1,12-1,,1442,76-24 76-32 76-33 76-34,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-120-1,76,120,1,120-1,There is no indication of contrastive tone in Eskimo Pidgin.,1633;1442,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-121-2,76,121,2,121-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +76-122-4,76,122,4,122-4,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +76-123-4,76,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-124-4,76,124,4,124-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}", +76-125-3,76,125,3,125-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +76-126-4,76,126,4,126-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-127-6,76,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-128-4,76,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-129-2,76,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-13-1,76,13,1,13-1,"Gender distinctions are not mentioned in any source on Eskimo pidgins, and they are also absent in Eskimo proper.",1442,76-25,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Personal inference +76-130-1,76,130,1,130-1,,,76-93,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +76-131,76,131,1,131-1,,,76-82,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-132,76,132,2,132-2,"The /b/ is a phoneme of limited occurrence that exists mainly in words of non-Eskimo origin. It is encountered in the spelling of words of Eskimo origin, but only preceding , and probably pronounced as [pl], but perhaps even as [pɬ]. The example word, which is attested in three independent sources, is possibly from Chinook Jargon (van der Voort 1997: 384).",1525,76-84,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +76-133,76,133,1,133-1,,,76-85,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-134,76,134,2,134-2,"This is a phoneme of limited occurrence. Usually, the is encountered as a spelling variant of /t/. Also it is sometimes found in a position preceding , and there probably pronounced as [tl], perhaps even as [tɬ].",,76-86,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +76-137,76,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-138,76,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-139,76,139,1,139-1,,,76-89,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-14-1,76,14,1,14-1,,1442[221],76-26,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-140,76,140,4,140-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-143,76,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-144,76,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-145,76,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-146,76,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-147,76,147,1,147-1,,,76-83,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-148,76,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-149,76,149,1,149-1,,,76-87,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-15-1,76,15,1,15-1,"The main lexifier language, Eskimo proper, does not have an inclusive/exclusive opposition. It is not known what the first person plural pronoun was in the Eskimo pidgins. No first person plural examples were attested.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Personal inference +76-151,76,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-152,76,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-153,76,153,2,153-2,"This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) equal to /k/ as . It is likely that /q/ had phonemic status in pidgin words of Eskimo origin when spoken by Inuit. As Wurm (1992: 278) observes, its ""pronunciation by Eskimo speakers would undoubtedly have been in accordance with the sound-structure of Eskimo [...] However, European speakers would have had great difficulties with the Eskimo uvular consonants which were either replaced by velar consonants by them, or at the end of words usually dropped"".",1442,76-88,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +76-155,76,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-156,76,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-158,76,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-159,76,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-16-1,76,16,1,16-1,"There is no person syncretism in pronouns. However, there is pure number syncretism. As Stefánsson (1909: 220) notes: ""It is rarely the jargon makes a difference between singulars and plurals"". There are some rare exceptions to this in the data. Stefánsson (1909: 221) mentions a dual and a plural form of the second person pronoun used by native speakers of the main lexifier language, but these forms were not commonly used in the pidgin.",1442,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-160,76,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-161,76,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-163,76,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-168,76,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-169,76,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-17-1,76,17,1,17-1,None of the sources show evidence for dependent pronouns and it is unlikely that they ever existed in any Eskimo Pidgin.,1442,76-2 76-27 76-28 76-29 76-30 76-31,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-170,76,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-171,76,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-172,76,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-173,76,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-174,76,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-176,76,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-178,76,178,1,178-1,,,76-94,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-179,76,179,1,179-1,,,76-95,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-18-1,76,18,1,18-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Personal inference +76-180,76,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-181,76,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-182,76,182,1,182-1,This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) as <ñ>.,1442,76-96,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-183,76,183,1,183-1,,,76-97,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-184,76,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-187,76,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-188,76,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-189,76,189,4,189-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-190,76,190,1,190-1,,,76-90,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-191,76,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-192,76,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-193,76,193,1,193-1,,,76-91,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-194,76,194,4,194-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-195,76,195,1,195-1,This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) as .,1442,76-92,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-196,76,196,4,196-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-199,76,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-2-1,76,2,1,2-1,The order possessor-possessum is also the default order in Eskimo proper.,1442,76-5 76-6 76-7 76-8,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-200,76,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-201,76,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-202,76,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-205,76,205,1,205-1,,,76-93,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-209,76,209,1,209-1,,,76-98,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-21-2,76,21,2,21-2,"No formal distinction is made between definiteness and indefiniteness. There are no indefinite pronouns, but it appears that a generic noun can be used as such.",1442,76-35 76-4,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +76-212,76,212,2,212-2,"This word is spelled in Stefánsson (1909: 231) and it represents the only word in the list that derives from a form that contains a voiceless lateral fricative. It is possible that /ɬ/ had phonemic status in the pidgin as spoken by Inuit in words of Eskimo origin. /ɬ/ was probably considered by the Westerners as /kl/, /tl/ or a similar combination. The syllable division given by Stefánsson (1909: 223) probably represents Westerners' pronunciation: ak-lu-na.",1442,76-105,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +76-217,76,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-218,76,218,4,218-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-22-1,76,22,1,22-1,"Only one noun was attested for which a plural form exists: innuk 'man' vs. innuit 'men' (both forms originate from Eskimo proper). Use of the plural is not consistent. In addition, the second person pronoun has a singular form: ilipsi 'you (PL/SG)' vs. illuit 'you (SG)' (again, both forms originate from Eskimo proper).",1442,76-2 76-33 76-36 76-37,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-221,76,221,2,221-2,The phonemic status as different from /u/ or /v/ is uncertain. It occurs rarely and may be a spelling variant.,,76-99,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +76-23-1,76,23,1,23-1,"Plural marking is attensted very marginally (cf. Feature 22), only with the noun innuk 'man' vs. innuit 'men'.",1442,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 9}", +76-231,76,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-25-1,76,25,1,25-1,,1442,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-252,76,252,1,252-1,"This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) as , <ī> and <ĭ>. It is unclear whether phonetic length has phonemic status. In Eskimo proper, phoneme length and stress are unrelated, and the notation of length in the pidgin sources seems independent from stress notation. However, Stefánsson's (1909) indication of length by a line above vowels, as in īla 'he, she, it', is not consistent, neither in his notation of pidgin forms nor in the Eskimo forms in his etymological explanations. The same can be said about consonant length, which is indicated by consonant doubling. Probably, the notation of length in the pidgin refers to quality rather than quantity, e.g. a 'long' [i] vs. a 'short' [ɪ]. Since the Eskimo pidgins are extinct, it is difficult to verify whether such quality differences correspond to phonemic distinctions. In Eskimo proper they do not, whereas length does. It is likely that Inuit distinguished length in their pronunciation of pidgin words of Eskimo origin. It is more difficult to say something about the pronunciation by the non-Inuit outsiders, who formed a very heterogeneous group, with regard to linguistic background. In the questionnaire examples I have maintained the original transcription from the sources. In the IPA chart I have chosen to ignore much of the variation encountered in the sources, hence no distinctive length or open-close distinctions are assumed to exist.",1442,76-100,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-253,76,253,1,253-1,This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) as and <ĕ>.,1442,76-101,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-254,76,254,4,254-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-255,76,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-256,76,256,1,256-1,,,76-102,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-257,76,257,1,257-1,"This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) , <ū> and <ȗ>.",1442,76-103,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-258,76,258,1,258-1,"This phoneme is represented by Stefánsson (1909) , <ō> and <ŏ>.",1442,76-104,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +76-259,76,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-26-1,76,26,1,26-1,"There are a handful of lexical items that display a reduplicative pattern. The majority originates from Hawaiian: anana 'sick', hannahanna 'to sew', punnipunni 'sexual intercourse'. The word ababa 'to say' is probably from Chinook Jargon wawa 'speech, talk' (note the confusion in van der Voort (1997: 383–384), where 'Nootka' was written instead of 'Eskimo Pidgin'). The rather universal word kaukau 'to eat, food' may have entered the pidgin via Hawaiian Pidgin.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-260,76,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-261,76,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-263,76,263,4,263-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-267,76,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-268,76,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-27-2,76,27,2,27-2,,1442,76-38,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-272,76,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-273,76,273,4,273-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-274,76,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-275,76,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-276,76,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-277,76,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-278,76,278,4,278-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-279,76,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-28-5,76,28,5,28-5,No articles were found in any Eskimo-based pidgin.,,76-1,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Personal inference +76-280,76,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-281,76,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-282,76,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-284,76,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-285,76,285,4,285-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-286,76,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-287,76,287,4,287-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-288,76,288,4,288-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-289,76,289,4,289-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-29-5,76,29,5,29-5,No articles were found in any Eskimo-based pidgin.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Personal inference +76-290,76,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-291,76,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-3-2,76,3,2,3-2,"Wurm (1992: 280) observes: ""Qualitative adjuncts follow the nouns which they determine [...], or they are expressed, as in Eskimo, through noun + noun constructs, with the determining noun preceding[.]""",1442,76-11 76-9,41.6666666666667,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-59-FFFF00-42-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +76-3-1,76,3,1,3-1,"Wurm (1992: 280) observes: ""Qualitative adjuncts follow the nouns which they determine [...], or they are expressed, as in Eskimo, through noun + noun constructs, with the determining noun preceding[.]""",1442,76-10 76-81,58.3333333333333,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-59-FFFF00-42-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +76-30-1,76,30,1,30-1,No articles were found in any Eskimo-based pidgin.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-308-6,76,308,6,308-6,"The data in the sources suggest that Eskimo languages were the main lexifier languages for all Eskimo Pidgins. This is also case for the Herschel Island Trade Jargon. However, from remarks by Stefánsson it appears that English must have been an important lexifier language as well: ""The vocabulary is briefer by a good number of words through the omission of most common and proper nouns that are only slightly-corrupted English and which would be readily understood by a newcomer in the Arctic."" (Stefánsson 1909: 222). So, even though English may even have been of equal importance with Eskimo, no data were provided, probably because Stefánsson was mainly interested in the Eskimo component.",1442[222],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +76-309-5,76,309,5,309-5,"The sources do not mention native speakers. And as a pidgin, Eskimo Pidgin by definition has no native speakers.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-31-4,76,31,4,31-4,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-310-3,76,310,3,310-3,"The sources do not mention native speakers. Furthermore, the pidgin is probably extinct.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-311-3,76,311,3,311-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-312-4,76,312,4,312-4,"There are no reports of an Eskimo Pidgin still being spoken. However, it might be worthwile to verify in the field whether there are still people who remember to have heard or used Eskimo Pidgin.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal inference +76-313-1,76,313,1,313-1,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-314-2,76,314,2,314-2,"Probably the speakers of Eskimo Pidgins were mainly men. The Westerners who spoke it were almost exclusively men. Among the Inuit, apart from men, there may have been many women who spoke it too.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Personal inference +76-315-3,76,315,3,315-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-316-3,76,316,3,316-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-317-3,76,317,3,317-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-318-4,76,318,4,318-4,No literary work in the pidgin has ever existed.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal inference +76-319-4,76,319,4,319-4,No newspapers in the pidgin have ever existed.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal inference +76-320-4,76,320,4,320-4,No newspapers in the pidgin have ever existed.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Personal inference +76-321-3,76,321,3,321-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-322-3,76,322,3,322-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-323-3,76,323,3,323-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-324-3,76,324,3,324-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-325-3,76,325,3,325-3,The pidgin is probably extinct.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-34-1,76,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Personal inference +76-36-1,76,36,1,36-1,,1442,76-19,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-37-1,76,37,1,37-1,,1442,76-40 76-5,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +76-38-4,76,38,4,38-4,,1442,76-7,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +76-4-1,76,4,1,4-1,,1442,76-12,87.5,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-4-2,76,4,2,4-2,,1442,76-13,12.5,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-13-FF0000-88-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-43-5,76,43,5,43-5,The data are incomplete. There are apparently no obligatory TAM markers. There are a few instances of a postverbal temporal adverb. Expressions involving words like 'day' and 'summer' tend to be sentence-initial.,1442,76-1 76-41 76-42 76-43,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-44-8,76,44,8,44-8,,1442,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-46-6,76,46,6,46-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-47-1,76,47,1,47-1,"There is no grammaticalized progressive marker. The adverb pȗgmȗmmi 'now' may emphasize a progressive sense, but it is not obligatory.",1442,76-1 76-37,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-48-1,76,48,1,48-1,"There are no habitual markers, although some of the examples in Stefánsson (1909) that contain the word picūktū 'to want' are provided with a habitual translation.",1442,76-44,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-49-4,76,49,4,49-4,"Tense and aspect marking are rarely attested and may be optional. There are some examples that contain what could be argued to be a present tense marker: pȗgmȗmmi 'now', and a perfective aspect marker: tereva 'finished'. However, the same categories are usually unmarked.",1442,76-42,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-50-6,76,50,6,50-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-51-8,76,51,8,51-8,"Past and present are not obligatorily marked in the language. Examples with unmarked stative verbs tend to have a present tense interpretation. Unmarked stative verbs with a past tense interpretation were not attested. Half of the examples with unmarked dynamic verbs tend to have a present tense interpretation, the other half has a past interpretation.",1442,76-27 76-38 76-45 76-46,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-54-7,76,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Personal inference +76-56-1,76,56,1,56-1,,1442,76-11 76-47 76-48,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-57-1,76,57,1,57-1,,1442,76-49,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-58-1,76,58,1,58-1,,1442,76-44 76-50,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-59-1,76,59,1,59-1,,1442,76-19 76-51,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-6-2,76,6,2,6-2,,1442,76-19,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +76-6-1,76,6,1,6-1,,1442,76-18,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +76-60-2,76,60,2,60-2,The only example in the data (Stefánsson 1909: 223) contains unmarked pronominal agent and recipient arguments. There is no reason to assume that in Eskimo Pidgin full NP arguments receive marking.,1442,76-19,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Personal inference +76-62-4,76,62,4,62-4,"Subject pronouns tend to be sentence-final whereas subject NPs tend to be sentence-initial. Sentence-initial subject pronouns are probably emphatic.Furthermore, subject (pronouns) can also be omitted.",1442,76-4 76-45,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +76-63-3,76,63,3,63-3,,1442,76-52,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-64-2,76,64,2,64-2,There is no existential verb and no expletive subject in Eskimo Pidgin.,1442,76-53 76-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Personal inference +76-69-4,76,69,4,69-4,The instrument is unmarked.,1442,76-55 76-56,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-7-1,76,7,1,7-1,There are no unambiguous examples and a distinction between relative clauses and other attributive or even predicative constructions probably cannot be made.,1442,76-20 76-21,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-73-2,76,73,2,73-2,No copula was attested. Under juxtaposition the final noun can get a predicative interpretation.,1442,76-16,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +76-74-2,76,74,2,74-2,No copula was attested in the language.,1442,76-52 76-57,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-75-2,76,75,2,75-2,"There is no copula in the language. However, no examples of a predicative locative phrase were attested.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-76-1,76,76,1,76-1,"There is no copula in the language. However, no examples of a predicative locative phrase were attested. As for predicative noun phrases, no copula was attested. Under juxtaposition the final noun can get a predicative interpretation.",,76-16,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Personal inference +76-79-1,76,79,1,79-1,,1442,76-46,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-8-2,76,8,2,8-2,,1442,76-23,70.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +76-8-1,76,8,1,8-1,,1442,76-22,30.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-FFFF00-70-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +76-84-3,76,84,3,84-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-85-1,76,85,1,85-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-86-5,76,86,5,86-5,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-9-4,76,9,4,9-4,There is no reason to assume that there are articles in Eskimo Pidgin. This is furthermore implied by e.g. the discussion in the last paragraph of Stefánsson (1909: 221).,1442[221],,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-90-2,76,90,2,90-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-91-8,76,91,8,91-8,The language has hardly any morphology. Example 58 shows how benefactive meaning may be expressed.,,76-58,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Personal inference +76-95-4,76,95,4,95-4,,1442,76-59,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-96-4,76,96,4,96-4,,1442,76-60,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +76-97-1,76,97,1,97-1,,1442,76-61 76-62 76-63,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +76-98-5,76,98,5,98-5,"Unfortunately there is no contrastive example with 'to think', but it is likely that the construction is the same.",1442,76-64 76-65,100.0,Very uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +76-99-2,76,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Personal inference +8-0-1,8,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +8-1-2,8,1,2,1-2,,,8-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +8-10-1,8,10,1,10-1,,,8-12,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-100-4,8,100,4,100-4,,,8-151,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +8-101-1,8,101,1,101-1,,,8-152,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-102-1,8,102,1,102-1,,,8-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-103-7,8,103,7,103-7,,,8-155,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-103-1,8,103,1,103-1,,,8-154,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFFFF-50-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-104-1,8,104,1,104-1,,,8-156,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-105-1,8,105,1,105-1,,,8-157 8-158,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-106-3,8,106,3,106-3,,,8-159,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png""}",Own knowledge +8-107-2,8,107,2,107-2,,,8-160 8-161,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-108-2,8,108,2,108-2,"This sound is generally called kis-tiit [kiss-teeth] or sok-tiit [suck-tooth], and is used to express annoyance, scorn (see suck-teeth in Cassidy & Le Page (1967: 428)).",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +8-109-1,8,109,1,109-1,"For a few speakers of Jamaican Creole, the velar stop in /pikni/ is replaced by the voiceless alveolar stop producing /pitni/.",224[348],8-162 8-163,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-11-3,8,11,3,11-3,,,8-13,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-110-1,8,110,1,110-1,"I have not come across any attestations of the word sabi 'know' in contemporary Jamaican Creole, however, Cassidy & Le Page (1967: 389) record a compound sabi-so [from a work published in 1927] meaning 'understanding, wisdom', which they derive from English savvy + so. Going against their etymology, I take the first element to be the reflex of the general pidgin lexeme sabi.",224[389],8-164,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +8-111-2,8,111,2,111-2,,,8-165 8-166,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 8-112-1,8,112,1,112-1,"Cassidy & Le Page (1967: 219) define han (s.v. HAND) as 'the arm: any part or all of the arm, including the hand'. They go further to point out that '[t]his usage is now less common than it once was'. It is likely that their comment regarding the reduced frequency of this sense of the word was prompted by their inability to find any illustrative quotations as support. -However, hand/arm identity is currently a pervasive feature of Jamaican Creole which suggests that Cassidy & Le Page may have underestimated the frequency of this phenomenon.",224[219],8-167,100.0,Very certain -8-113-2,8,113,2,113-2,,,8-168 8-169,100.0,Very certain -8-114-2,8,114,2,114-2,"As indicated by my value choice for this feature, I am not aware of hair-feather identity in Jamaican. However, feather-leaf identity has been recorded; s.v. FEATHER in Cassidy & Le Page (1967: 174).",,8-170 8-171,100.0,Very certain -8-115-2,8,115,2,115-2,,,8-172 8-173,100.0,Very certain -8-116-2,8,116,2,116-2,,,8-174 8-175,100.0,Very certain -8-117-1,8,117,1,117-1,,"224[290, 480]",8-176 8-177 8-178 8-179 8-180 8-181,100.0,Very certain -8-118-2,8,118,2,118-2,"With regard to s + obstruent + sonorant clusters, some lects of Jamaican do show strings of this type, but the assumption is that the s is syllabic and thus is not a member of the cluster. In any case, several lects (especially conservative ones) delete the sonorant, e.g. straight > s.chriet > s.chiet.",,8-182 8-183 8-184,100.0,Very certain -8-119-4,8,119,4,119-4,,563[84],8-185 8-186 8-187 8-188 8-189 8-190 8-191 8-192 8-193 8-194,100.0,Very certain -8-12-1,8,12,1,12-1,,,8-14,100.0,Very certain -8-120-1,8,120,1,120-1,"Cassidy (1961: 29–32) treats the use of pitch and intonation to distinguish meaning in the English derived word kyahn which can mean 'can' or 'cannot' depending on the tone. It is believed that older forms of Jamaican made more use of tone but no secure evidence has so far been unearthed to support this claim, and most works have only one (and the same) example. For these reasons I have selected  Value 1, tentatively.",225[29-32],,100.0,Very certain -8-121-3,8,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -8-122-1,8,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0, -8-123-4,8,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0, -8-124-1,8,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -8-125-2,8,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0, -8-126-1,8,126,1,126-1,,,8-210,100.0, -8-127-6,8,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0, -8-128-3,8,128,3,128-3,"from a Senegambian language, e.g. Fula nyaama ‘eat’",,8-216,100.0, -8-129-2,8,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, -8-13-1,8,13,1,13-1,,,8-15,100.0,Very certain -8-130-2,8,130,2,130-2,,,8-213,100.0, -8-131,8,131,1,131-1,,,8-198,100.0, -8-132,8,132,1,132-1,,,8-200,100.0, -8-133,8,133,1,133-1,,,8-201,100.0, -8-134,8,134,1,134-1,,,8-202,100.0, -8-137,8,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -8-138,8,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -8-139,8,139,1,139-1,,,8-205,100.0, -8-14-1,8,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -8-140,8,140,1,140-1,,,8-206,100.0, -8-143,8,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -8-144,8,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -8-145,8,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -8-146,8,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -8-147,8,147,1,147-1,,,8-199,100.0, -8-148,8,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -8-149,8,149,1,149-1,,,8-203,100.0, -8-15-1,8,15,1,15-1,,,8-18,100.0,Very certain -8-151,8,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -8-152,8,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -8-153,8,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -8-155,8,155,1,155-1,,,8-204,100.0, -8-156,8,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0, -8-158,8,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0, -8-159,8,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -8-16-1,8,16,1,16-1,,,8-19,100.0,Very certain -8-160,8,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -8-161,8,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -8-163,8,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0, -8-168,8,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -8-169,8,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, +However, hand/arm identity is currently a pervasive feature of Jamaican Creole which suggests that Cassidy & Le Page may have underestimated the frequency of this phenomenon.",224[219],8-167,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-113-2,8,113,2,113-2,,,8-168 8-169,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-114-2,8,114,2,114-2,"As indicated by my value choice for this feature, I am not aware of hair-feather identity in Jamaican. However, feather-leaf identity has been recorded; s.v. FEATHER in Cassidy & Le Page (1967: 174).",,8-170 8-171,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-115-2,8,115,2,115-2,,,8-172 8-173,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-116-2,8,116,2,116-2,,,8-174 8-175,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-117-1,8,117,1,117-1,,"224[290, 480]",8-176 8-177 8-178 8-179 8-180 8-181,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-118-2,8,118,2,118-2,"With regard to s + obstruent + sonorant clusters, some lects of Jamaican do show strings of this type, but the assumption is that the s is syllabic and thus is not a member of the cluster. In any case, several lects (especially conservative ones) delete the sonorant, e.g. straight > s.chriet > s.chiet.",,8-182 8-183 8-184,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-119-4,8,119,4,119-4,,563[84],8-185 8-186 8-187 8-188 8-189 8-190 8-191 8-192 8-193 8-194,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-12-1,8,12,1,12-1,,,8-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-120-1,8,120,1,120-1,"Cassidy (1961: 29–32) treats the use of pitch and intonation to distinguish meaning in the English derived word kyahn which can mean 'can' or 'cannot' depending on the tone. It is believed that older forms of Jamaican made more use of tone but no secure evidence has so far been unearthed to support this claim, and most works have only one (and the same) example. For these reasons I have selected  Value 1, tentatively.",225[29-32],,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +8-121-3,8,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +8-122-1,8,122,1,122-1,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +8-123-4,8,123,4,123-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-124-1,8,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +8-125-2,8,125,2,125-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +8-126-1,8,126,1,126-1,,,8-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +8-127-6,8,127,6,127-6,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-128-3,8,128,3,128-3,"from a Senegambian language, e.g. Fula nyaama ‘eat’",,8-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +8-129-2,8,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-13-1,8,13,1,13-1,,,8-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}",Own knowledge +8-130-2,8,130,2,130-2,,,8-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +8-131,8,131,1,131-1,,,8-198,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-132,8,132,1,132-1,,,8-200,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-133,8,133,1,133-1,,,8-201,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-134,8,134,1,134-1,,,8-202,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-137,8,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-138,8,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-139,8,139,1,139-1,,,8-205,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-14-1,8,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-140,8,140,1,140-1,,,8-206,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-143,8,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-144,8,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-145,8,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-146,8,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-147,8,147,1,147-1,,,8-199,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-148,8,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-149,8,149,1,149-1,,,8-203,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-15-1,8,15,1,15-1,,,8-18,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +8-151,8,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-152,8,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-153,8,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-155,8,155,1,155-1,,,8-204,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-156,8,156,4,156-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-158,8,158,4,158-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-159,8,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-16-1,8,16,1,16-1,,,8-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-160,8,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-161,8,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-163,8,163,4,163-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-168,8,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-169,8,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 8-17-2,8,17,2,17-2,"Those personal pronouns which historically end with nasal consonants (im [3SG], dem [3PL]) have phonetic counterparts with nasal vowels (ihn and dehn), which represent the spread of the nasal feature to the preceding vowel followed by the loss of the consonant. -Ihn and dehn can only be used in subject position, cannot occur in an elliptical, verbless answer, and cannot be focused.",,8-20 8-21,100.0,Very certain -8-170,8,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -8-171,8,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -8-172,8,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -8-173,8,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -8-174,8,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -8-176,8,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -8-178,8,178,1,178-1,,,8-214,100.0, -8-179,8,179,1,179-1,,,8-215,100.0, -8-18-1,8,18,1,18-1,,,8-22,100.0,Very certain -8-180,8,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -8-181,8,181,3,181-3,"from a Senegambian language, e.g. Fula nyaama ‘eat’",,8-216,100.0, -8-182,8,182,1,182-1,,,8-217,100.0, -8-183,8,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -8-184,8,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0, -8-185,8,185,1,185-1,,,8-234,100.0, -8-187,8,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -8-188,8,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -8-189,8,189,1,189-1,,,8-207,100.0, -8-19-4,8,19,4,19-4,,,8-23 8-24 8-25 8-26,100.0,Very certain -8-190,8,190,1,190-1,"It is believed that the voiced labio-dental fricative was much rarer in older varieties of Jamaican, but more speakers are using the segment nowadays where their predecessors would have used the voiced bilabial plosive.",,8-208,100.0, -8-191,8,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0, -8-192,8,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0, -8-193,8,193,1,193-1,,,8-209,100.0, -8-194,8,194,1,194-1,,,8-210,100.0, -8-195,8,195,1,195-1,,,8-211,100.0, -8-196,8,196,3,196-3,cf. mieja 'measure',,8-212,100.0, -8-199,8,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -8-2-1,8,2,1,2-1,,,8-195 8-2,100.0,Very certain -8-20-1,8,20,1,20-1,,,8-27 8-28,100.0,Very certain -8-200,8,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -8-201,8,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -8-202,8,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -8-205,8,205,2,205-2,,,8-213,100.0, -8-209,8,209,1,209-1,,,8-218,100.0, -8-21-3,8,21,3,21-3,,,8-29 8-30,100.0,Certain -8-212,8,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -8-217,8,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -8-218,8,218,1,218-1,,,8-219,100.0, -8-22-4,8,22,4,22-4,,,8-31 8-32 8-33,100.0,Very certain -8-221,8,221,1,221-1,,,8-220,100.0, +Ihn and dehn can only be used in subject position, cannot occur in an elliptical, verbless answer, and cannot be focused.",,8-20 8-21,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-170,8,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-171,8,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-172,8,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-173,8,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-174,8,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-176,8,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-178,8,178,1,178-1,,,8-214,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-179,8,179,1,179-1,,,8-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-18-1,8,18,1,18-1,,,8-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-180,8,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-181,8,181,3,181-3,"from a Senegambian language, e.g. Fula nyaama ‘eat’",,8-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +8-182,8,182,1,182-1,,,8-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-183,8,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-184,8,184,4,184-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-185,8,185,1,185-1,,,8-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-187,8,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-188,8,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-189,8,189,1,189-1,,,8-207,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-19-4,8,19,4,19-4,,,8-23 8-24 8-25 8-26,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-190,8,190,1,190-1,"It is believed that the voiced labio-dental fricative was much rarer in older varieties of Jamaican, but more speakers are using the segment nowadays where their predecessors would have used the voiced bilabial plosive.",,8-208,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-191,8,191,4,191-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-192,8,192,4,192-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-193,8,193,1,193-1,,,8-209,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-194,8,194,1,194-1,,,8-210,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-195,8,195,1,195-1,,,8-211,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-196,8,196,3,196-3,cf. mieja 'measure',,8-212,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-F7F713.png""}", +8-199,8,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-2-1,8,2,1,2-1,,,8-195 8-2,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-20-1,8,20,1,20-1,,,8-27 8-28,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-200,8,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-201,8,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-202,8,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-205,8,205,2,205-2,,,8-213,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +8-209,8,209,1,209-1,,,8-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-21-3,8,21,3,21-3,,,8-29 8-30,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +8-212,8,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-217,8,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-218,8,218,1,218-1,,,8-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-22-4,8,22,4,22-4,,,8-31 8-32 8-33,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +8-221,8,221,1,221-1,,,8-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 8-23-8,8,23,8,23-8,"The expression of nominal plural meaning by reduplication is marked here as marginal in Jamaican because there is a phonotactic constraint on its usage. This process takes nouns which are mono-syllabic as its base. Some cases of bisyllabic bases may occur but they are less frequent and in some cases they sound unnatural. -It should be noted that nominal reduplication is not a ""normal"" plural since it cannot refer to two entities – which is a clear instance of plural meaning. This type of nominal reduplication has to refer to three or more (i.e. several) entities.",,8-35,90.0,Very certain +It should be noted that nominal reduplication is not a ""normal"" plural since it cannot refer to two entities – which is a clear instance of plural meaning. This type of nominal reduplication has to refer to three or more (i.e. several) entities.",,8-35,90.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-800080-90-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge 8-23-6,8,23,6,23-6,"The expression of nominal plural meaning by reduplication is marked here as marginal in Jamaican because there is a phonotactic constraint on its usage. This process takes nouns which are mono-syllabic as its base. Some cases of bisyllabic bases may occur but they are less frequent and in some cases they sound unnatural. -It should be noted that nominal reduplication is not a ""normal"" plural since it cannot refer to two entities – which is a clear instance of plural meaning. This type of nominal reduplication has to refer to three or more (i.e. several) entities.",,8-34,10.0,Very certain -8-231,8,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, -8-24-1,8,24,1,24-1,,,8-36 8-37,100.0,Very certain -8-25-2,8,25,2,25-2,,,8-38 8-39,100.0,Very certain -8-252,8,252,4,252-4,,,,100.0, -8-253,8,253,4,253-4,,,,100.0, -8-254,8,254,1,254-1,,,8-223,100.0, -8-255,8,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -8-256,8,256,1,256-1,,,8-225,100.0, -8-257,8,257,4,257-4,,,,100.0, -8-258,8,258,1,258-1,,,8-229,100.0, -8-259,8,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0, -8-26-8,8,26,8,26-8,,,8-34 8-40 8-41,100.0,Very certain -8-260,8,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -8-261,8,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -8-263,8,263,1,263-1,,,8-222,100.0, -8-267,8,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0, -8-268,8,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0, -8-27-2,8,27,2,27-2,"The only relevant Jamaican body-part term is iez, which is historically from the English plural form ear-s. However, iez tends to act like a normal singular noun. If the speaker wishes to specify that both ears are involved then the plural marker dem is added, e.g. mi iez-dem 'my ears'.",,8-42 8-43,100.0,Very certain -8-272,8,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -8-273,8,273,1,273-1,,,8-228,100.0, -8-274,8,274,1,274-1,,,8-231,100.0, -8-275,8,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -8-276,8,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -8-277,8,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -8-278,8,278,1,278-1,,,8-232,100.0, -8-279,8,279,1,279-1,,,8-233,100.0, -8-28-1,8,28,1,28-1,,,8-44 8-45,100.0,Very certain -8-280,8,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -8-281,8,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -8-282,8,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -8-284,8,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -8-285,8,285,1,285-1,,,8-221,100.0, -8-286,8,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0, -8-287,8,287,1,287-1,,,8-224,100.0, -8-288,8,288,1,288-1,,,8-226,100.0, -8-289,8,289,1,289-1,,,8-227,100.0, -8-29-1,8,29,1,29-1,"It needs to be pointed out that the indefinite article and the numeral 'one' are not phonetically identical. However, it is clear that they are historically related and just different phonetic realizations of the same historical form. The numeral ends with a nasal consonant (i.e. wan), while the indefinite article ends with a nasalized vowel (i.e. wahn).",,8-46 8-47,100.0,Very certain -8-290,8,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0, -8-291,8,291,1,291-1,,,8-230,100.0, -8-3-1,8,3,1,3-1,,,8-3,100.0,Very certain -8-30-2,8,30,2,30-2,,,8-48,100.0,Very certain -8-308-1,8,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -8-309-2,8,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -8-31-2,8,31,2,31-2,,,8-49,100.0,Very certain -8-310-4,8,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -8-311-1,8,311,1,311-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate -8-312-2,8,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -8-313-6,8,313,6,313-6,,817,,100.0,Very certain -8-314-3,8,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain -8-315-2,8,315,2,315-2,News reports are in English but clips including persons speaking in Jamaican are used. Over three decades ago information from speakers of Jamaican would have been paraphrased into English.,,,100.0,Very certain -8-316-1,8,316,1,316-1,Radio and TV call-in programmes make much use of Jamaican. Most of the callers to these programmes these days tend to be Jamaican-dominant and hosts speak more Jamaican than in the past.,,,100.0,Very certain -8-317-1,8,317,1,317-1,Indigenous genres of music such as reggae and dancehall are predominantly in Jamaican. The use of Jamaican vs. English in songs appears to be linked to the same sociolinguistic factors which govern speech. More research needs to be done in this area.,,,100.0,Very certain -8-318-2,8,318,2,318-2,"We seem to be moving away from the old order of things where narrative used to be in English while dialogue was in Jamaican, that separation is being broken down, and we are finding more stories and novels where the narration is done in Jamaican or using a lot of Jamaican.",,,100.0,Very certain -8-319-3,8,319,3,319-3,When Jamaican is used in editorials it normally represents borrowing or code-switching for a desired effect.,,,100.0,Very certain -8-32-2,8,32,2,32-2,,,8-50 8-51 8-52,100.0,Very certain -8-320-1,8,320,1,320-1,"Note though that the ""official"" language of the print media is English, but use of Jamaican is on the increase. Entire articles written in Jamaican are still rare, but the average newspaper tends to have more Jamaican in it than say, twenty years ago.",,,100.0,Very certain -8-321-2,8,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -8-322-2,8,322,2,322-2,"The official language of the courts is English which is used by judges, lawyers, bailiffs, and other court officials. However, in many cases, the contending parties and the witnesses speak Jamaican.",,,100.0,Certain -8-323-2,8,323,2,323-2,Jamaican is not used as the main language of parliament but is used in retorts and at times for clarification.,,,100.0,Very certain +It should be noted that nominal reduplication is not a ""normal"" plural since it cannot refer to two entities – which is a clear instance of plural meaning. This type of nominal reduplication has to refer to three or more (i.e. several) entities.",,8-34,10.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-10-800080-90-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +8-231,8,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-24-1,8,24,1,24-1,,,8-36 8-37,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-25-2,8,25,2,25-2,,,8-38 8-39,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-252,8,252,4,252-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-253,8,253,4,253-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-254,8,254,1,254-1,,,8-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-255,8,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-256,8,256,1,256-1,,,8-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-257,8,257,4,257-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-258,8,258,1,258-1,,,8-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-259,8,259,4,259-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-26-8,8,26,8,26-8,,,8-34 8-40 8-41,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-260,8,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-261,8,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-263,8,263,1,263-1,,,8-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-267,8,267,4,267-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-268,8,268,4,268-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-27-2,8,27,2,27-2,"The only relevant Jamaican body-part term is iez, which is historically from the English plural form ear-s. However, iez tends to act like a normal singular noun. If the speaker wishes to specify that both ears are involved then the plural marker dem is added, e.g. mi iez-dem 'my ears'.",,8-42 8-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-272,8,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-273,8,273,1,273-1,,,8-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-274,8,274,1,274-1,,,8-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-275,8,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-276,8,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-277,8,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-278,8,278,1,278-1,,,8-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-279,8,279,1,279-1,,,8-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-28-1,8,28,1,28-1,,,8-44 8-45,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-280,8,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-281,8,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-282,8,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-284,8,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-285,8,285,1,285-1,,,8-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-286,8,286,4,286-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-287,8,287,1,287-1,,,8-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-288,8,288,1,288-1,,,8-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-289,8,289,1,289-1,,,8-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-29-1,8,29,1,29-1,"It needs to be pointed out that the indefinite article and the numeral 'one' are not phonetically identical. However, it is clear that they are historically related and just different phonetic realizations of the same historical form. The numeral ends with a nasal consonant (i.e. wan), while the indefinite article ends with a nasalized vowel (i.e. wahn).",,8-46 8-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-290,8,290,4,290-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +8-291,8,291,1,291-1,,,8-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +8-3-1,8,3,1,3-1,,,8-3,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-30-2,8,30,2,30-2,,,8-48,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-308-1,8,308,1,308-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-309-2,8,309,2,309-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-31-2,8,31,2,31-2,,,8-49,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-310-4,8,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}",Own knowledge +8-311-1,8,311,1,311-1,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-312-2,8,312,2,312-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-313-6,8,313,6,313-6,,817,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +8-314-3,8,314,3,314-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-315-2,8,315,2,315-2,News reports are in English but clips including persons speaking in Jamaican are used. Over three decades ago information from speakers of Jamaican would have been paraphrased into English.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-316-1,8,316,1,316-1,Radio and TV call-in programmes make much use of Jamaican. Most of the callers to these programmes these days tend to be Jamaican-dominant and hosts speak more Jamaican than in the past.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-317-1,8,317,1,317-1,Indigenous genres of music such as reggae and dancehall are predominantly in Jamaican. The use of Jamaican vs. English in songs appears to be linked to the same sociolinguistic factors which govern speech. More research needs to be done in this area.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-318-2,8,318,2,318-2,"We seem to be moving away from the old order of things where narrative used to be in English while dialogue was in Jamaican, that separation is being broken down, and we are finding more stories and novels where the narration is done in Jamaican or using a lot of Jamaican.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-319-3,8,319,3,319-3,When Jamaican is used in editorials it normally represents borrowing or code-switching for a desired effect.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-32-2,8,32,2,32-2,,,8-50 8-51 8-52,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +8-320-1,8,320,1,320-1,"Note though that the ""official"" language of the print media is English, but use of Jamaican is on the increase. Entire articles written in Jamaican are still rare, but the average newspaper tends to have more Jamaican in it than say, twenty years ago.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-321-2,8,321,2,321-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-322-2,8,322,2,322-2,"The official language of the courts is English which is used by judges, lawyers, bailiffs, and other court officials. However, in many cases, the contending parties and the witnesses speak Jamaican.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-323-2,8,323,2,323-2,Jamaican is not used as the main language of parliament but is used in retorts and at times for clarification.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 8-324-2,8,324,2,324-2,"My choice of Value ""Limited"" for this feature must be understood within context. It is not safe to claim that Jamaican is not used as a medium of instruction in schools; neither is it safe to say its use is widespread. While English is the official language of the education system, in practice, many teachers use Jamaican to get their points across to pupils. This is informal and a personal response on the part of teachers to their environment. -Recently, the Jamaican Language Unit (JLU) at the University of the West Indies, Mona, has set up a bilingual education project in a few schools which uses Jamaican as a language of instruction, and teaches it as a subject.",383,,100.0,Certain -8-325-1,8,325,1,325-1,There is widespread use of Jamaican in electronic communication but it is generally not the only language used.,630[40],,100.0,Very certain -8-326-1,8,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -8-327-2,8,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Certain -8-328-2,8,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -8-329-1,8,329,1,329-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -8-33-2,8,33,2,33-2,,,8-53 8-54,100.0,Very certain -8-330-2,8,330,2,330-2,,,,100.0,Certain -8-331-2,8,331,2,331-2,,817,,100.0,Certain -8-332-2,8,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -8-333-2,8,333,2,333-2,,,,100.0,Very certain +Recently, the Jamaican Language Unit (JLU) at the University of the West Indies, Mona, has set up a bilingual education project in a few schools which uses Jamaican as a language of instruction, and teaches it as a subject.",383,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-325-1,8,325,1,325-1,There is widespread use of Jamaican in electronic communication but it is generally not the only language used.,630[40],,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +8-326-1,8,326,1,326-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-327-2,8,327,2,327-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +8-328-2,8,328,2,328-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +8-329-1,8,329,1,329-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-33-2,8,33,2,33-2,,,8-53 8-54,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +8-330-2,8,330,2,330-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-331-2,8,331,2,331-2,,817,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +8-332-2,8,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-333-2,8,333,2,333-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 8-334-2,8,334,2,334-2,"The presence of a continuum of varieties in Jamaica makes it difficult to give a definitive answer to this question. There is some (mesolectal) variation in the sphere of grammar, e.g. A iit-in. @@ -23671,15 +23671,15 @@ Mi de nyam. [1SG PROG eat] 'I am eating.' -For those familiar with the situation, it will appear at first glance that the first sentence exemplifies the variety used by persons higher up on the social scale. However, this link between varieties which appear to be closer to English and good socioeconomic standing is not categorical.",,,100.0,Very certain -8-335-2,8,335,2,335-2,It is difficult to provide a definite answer for this feature since Jamaican is already stratified into a continuum of lects which are based on distance to or from English. Those at the bottom of the social ladder tend to have more African-derived lexical items in their speech than those at the top. This can be explained from sociohistorical facts since most of those at the bottom of the socio-economic scale are descendants of enslaved Africans or indentured workers.,,,100.0,Very certain +For those familiar with the situation, it will appear at first glance that the first sentence exemplifies the variety used by persons higher up on the social scale. However, this link between varieties which appear to be closer to English and good socioeconomic standing is not categorical.",,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-335-2,8,335,2,335-2,It is difficult to provide a definite answer for this feature since Jamaican is already stratified into a continuum of lects which are based on distance to or from English. Those at the bottom of the social ladder tend to have more African-derived lexical items in their speech than those at the top. This can be explained from sociohistorical facts since most of those at the bottom of the socio-economic scale are descendants of enslaved Africans or indentured workers.,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 8-34-2,8,34,2,34-2,"There is a phonotactic constraint on the formation of distributive numerals in Jamaican. Only mono-syllabic bases may undergo distributive reduplication. wan-wan [one-one] tuu-tuu [two-two] chrii-chrii [three-three] fuor-fuor [four-four] -etc.",,8-55,100.0,Very certain +etc.",,8-55,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge 8-35-7,8,35,7,35-7,"Cardinal and ordinal numerals are often different but there are a few which are identical: wan 'one' - fos 'first' @@ -23691,56 +23691,56 @@ siks 'six' - siks 'sixth' sebn 'seven' - sebn 'seventh' iet 'eight' - iet 'eighth' -Those which show identity are generally derived from English ordinals formed by attaching a consonantal suffix to the corresponding cardinal numeral. Jamaican repairs the consonant cluster violation in these cases by deleting the final consonant, which produces ordinals that are identical with the cardinals.",,8-56 8-57,100.0,Very certain -8-36-1,8,36,1,36-1,,,8-7,100.0,Very certain -8-37-5,8,37,5,37-5,"Jamaican does use value 5, but I get the sense that it is contrastive, i.e. you would only say fi-dem moni if you are contrasting it with money belonging to other people.",,8-59,10.0,Very certain -8-37-1,8,37,1,37-1,"Jamaican does use value 5, but I get the sense that it is contrastive, i.e. you would only say fi-dem moni if you are contrasting it with money belonging to other people.",,8-58,90.0,Very certain -8-38-4,8,38,4,38-4,,,8-60,100.0,Very certain -8-39-2,8,39,2,39-2,,,8-61 8-62,100.0,Very certain -8-4-2,8,4,2,4-2,,,8-4,100.0,Very certain -8-40-1,8,40,1,40-1,,,8-63,100.0,Very certain -8-41-1,8,41,1,41-1,Jamaican uses an English-derived marker but this is only obligatory (as in English) for words which contain two syllables and less.,,8-64,100.0,Very certain -8-42-2,8,42,2,42-2,"With regard to Value 1, the only source I have found any reference to this value in is Allsopp (1996: 432). Allsopp labels the word pass 'more than, (hence) very' as a comparative marker and includes Jamaica as one of the Anglophone Caribbean territories in which it is used. However, his example is more akin to an intensifier than a comparative marker. I am not aware of Surpass marking being used for comparative in Jamaican. This feature probably needs further historical work.",,8-65,100.0,Very certain -8-43-3,8,43,3,43-3,Note that most TAM markers precede the verb but the completive aspect marker don may occur after the verb.,,8-69,50.0,Very certain -8-43-1,8,43,1,43-1,Note that most TAM markers precede the verb but the completive aspect marker don may occur after the verb.,,8-66,50.0,Very certain -8-44-8,8,44,8,44-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -8-45-4,8,45,4,45-4,,,8-69 8-70,100.0,Very certain -8-46-2,8,46,2,46-2,,,8-71,100.0,Very certain -8-47-8,8,47,8,47-8,,,8-72 8-73 8-74,100.0,Certain -8-48-8,8,48,8,48-8,,,8-72 8-73 8-74,100.0,Very certain -8-49-3,8,49,3,49-3,,,8-75 8-76,100.0,Very certain +Those which show identity are generally derived from English ordinals formed by attaching a consonantal suffix to the corresponding cardinal numeral. Jamaican repairs the consonant cluster violation in these cases by deleting the final consonant, which produces ordinals that are identical with the cardinals.",,8-56 8-57,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}",Own knowledge +8-36-1,8,36,1,36-1,,,8-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-37-5,8,37,5,37-5,"Jamaican does use value 5, but I get the sense that it is contrastive, i.e. you would only say fi-dem moni if you are contrasting it with money belonging to other people.",,8-59,10.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +8-37-1,8,37,1,37-1,"Jamaican does use value 5, but I get the sense that it is contrastive, i.e. you would only say fi-dem moni if you are contrasting it with money belonging to other people.",,8-58,90.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-90-FF0000-10-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +8-38-4,8,38,4,38-4,,,8-60,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +8-39-2,8,39,2,39-2,,,8-61 8-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +8-4-2,8,4,2,4-2,,,8-4,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +8-40-1,8,40,1,40-1,,,8-63,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-41-1,8,41,1,41-1,Jamaican uses an English-derived marker but this is only obligatory (as in English) for words which contain two syllables and less.,,8-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-42-2,8,42,2,42-2,"With regard to Value 1, the only source I have found any reference to this value in is Allsopp (1996: 432). Allsopp labels the word pass 'more than, (hence) very' as a comparative marker and includes Jamaica as one of the Anglophone Caribbean territories in which it is used. However, his example is more akin to an intensifier than a comparative marker. I am not aware of Surpass marking being used for comparative in Jamaican. This feature probably needs further historical work.",,8-65,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +8-43-3,8,43,3,43-3,Note that most TAM markers precede the verb but the completive aspect marker don may occur after the verb.,,8-69,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +8-43-1,8,43,1,43-1,Note that most TAM markers precede the verb but the completive aspect marker don may occur after the verb.,,8-66,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +8-44-8,8,44,8,44-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-45-4,8,45,4,45-4,,,8-69 8-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-46-2,8,46,2,46-2,,,8-71,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-47-8,8,47,8,47-8,,,8-72 8-73 8-74,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-48-8,8,48,8,48-8,,,8-72 8-73 8-74,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-49-3,8,49,3,49-3,,,8-75 8-76,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge 8-5-1,8,5,1,5-1,"Jamaican has both mono-morphemic and bi-partite demonstratives. The bi-partite demonstratives are formed with the proximal demonstrative dis (< Eng. this) or the distal demonstrative dat/daa (< Eng. that) plus the spatial adverbs ya (< Eng. here) and de (< Eng. there), respectively, to produce dis-ya and dat-de. These demonstratives, like their mono-morphemic counterparts, precede the noun. -However, the bi-partite demonstratives have disjoined versions in which the mono-morphemic demonstrative precedes the noun and the spatial adverb follows the noun, e.g. dis man ya 'this man here' and da man de 'that man there'.",,8-5,100.0,Very certain -8-50-1,8,50,1,50-1,,,8-77 8-78,100.0,Intermediate -8-51-3,8,51,3,51-3,,,8-79 8-80,100.0,Very certain -8-52-2,8,52,2,52-2,"Not all stative verbs yield inchoative reading when combined with the progressive marker. Some stative verbs give a current state reading when they co-occur with the progressive marker, e.g. bad 'bad' in di bwai de bad [DET boy PROG bad] 'The boy is being bad.'",,8-81,100.0,Very certain -8-53-3,8,53,3,53-3,,,8-82,100.0,Very certain -8-54-7,8,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain -8-55-2,8,55,2,55-2,,,8-83 8-84,100.0,Very certain -8-56-1,8,56,1,56-1,,,8-22 8-85 8-86 8-87,100.0,Very certain -8-57-1,8,57,1,57-1,,,8-88,100.0,Very certain -8-58-1,8,58,1,58-1,,,8-89 8-90,100.0,Very certain -8-59-1,8,59,1,59-1,,,8-91 8-92 8-93,100.0,Very certain -8-6-1,8,6,1,6-1,,,8-7,100.0,Very certain -8-60-2,8,60,2,60-2,,,8-1 8-94,100.0,Very certain -8-61-1,8,61,1,61-1,,,8-95,100.0,Very certain -8-62-1,8,62,1,62-1,,,8-96,100.0,Very certain -8-63-1,8,63,1,63-1,,,8-97,100.0,Very certain -8-64-1,8,64,1,64-1,"The major existential construction in Jamaican is formed with gat (< English got) or hav (< English have) preceded by an indefinite pronoun, i.e. yu 'you' or dem 'they'. In some cases, even the 1st person plural wi 'we' is used. Which pronoun is selected depends on the speaker's attitude towards the thing which the discourse is about and whether or not s/he wants to be identified with it. Yu gat is the default construction which does not take this discourse feature into consideration.",,8-98,100.0,Very certain -8-65-1,8,65,1,65-1,,,8-99,100.0,Very certain -8-66-3,8,66,3,66-3,,,8-100,100.0,Very certain -8-67-2,8,67,2,67-2,"Jamaican does have a construction with swiit but I would not consider it as equivalent to laik constructions. For me this is similar to the Spanish querer/gustarse distinction. Hence, you can say Mi no riili laik manggo bot dis-ya manggo swiit mi (1SG NEG really like mango but DEM-PROX mango sweet me) 'I don't really like mangoes but I find this one delicious/to be pleasing.' Of course this is a matter of semantics because if it is pleasing to you it means that you like it, but to me swiit seems to be more transitory than laik and must be the reaction to an external stimulus.",,8-196,50.0,Very certain -8-67-1,8,67,1,67-1,"Jamaican does have a construction with swiit but I would not consider it as equivalent to laik constructions. For me this is similar to the Spanish querer/gustarse distinction. Hence, you can say Mi no riili laik manggo bot dis-ya manggo swiit mi (1SG NEG really like mango but DEM-PROX mango sweet me) 'I don't really like mangoes but I find this one delicious/to be pleasing.' Of course this is a matter of semantics because if it is pleasing to you it means that you like it, but to me swiit seems to be more transitory than laik and must be the reaction to an external stimulus.",,8-101,50.0,Very certain -8-68-3,8,68,3,68-3,,,8-103,50.0,Very certain -8-68-1,8,68,1,68-1,,,8-102,50.0,Very certain -8-69-2,8,69,2,69-2,,,8-104,100.0,Very certain -8-7-1,8,7,1,7-1,,,8-8,100.0,Very certain -8-70-1,8,70,1,70-1,,,8-105 8-106,100.0,Very certain -8-71-2,8,71,2,71-2,,,8-107 8-108,100.0,Very certain -8-72-1,8,72,1,72-1,,,8-109 8-110,100.0,Very certain -8-73-1,8,73,1,73-1,,,8-111,100.0,Very certain -8-74-2,8,74,2,74-2,,,8-112,100.0,Very certain +However, the bi-partite demonstratives have disjoined versions in which the mono-morphemic demonstrative precedes the noun and the spatial adverb follows the noun, e.g. dis man ya 'this man here' and da man de 'that man there'.",,8-5,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-50-1,8,50,1,50-1,,,8-77 8-78,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-51-3,8,51,3,51-3,,,8-79 8-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-52-2,8,52,2,52-2,"Not all stative verbs yield inchoative reading when combined with the progressive marker. Some stative verbs give a current state reading when they co-occur with the progressive marker, e.g. bad 'bad' in di bwai de bad [DET boy PROG bad] 'The boy is being bad.'",,8-81,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-53-3,8,53,3,53-3,,,8-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-54-7,8,54,7,54-7,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +8-55-2,8,55,2,55-2,,,8-83 8-84,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-56-1,8,56,1,56-1,,,8-22 8-85 8-86 8-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-57-1,8,57,1,57-1,,,8-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-58-1,8,58,1,58-1,,,8-89 8-90,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-59-1,8,59,1,59-1,,,8-91 8-92 8-93,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-6-1,8,6,1,6-1,,,8-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-60-2,8,60,2,60-2,,,8-1 8-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +8-61-1,8,61,1,61-1,,,8-95,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-62-1,8,62,1,62-1,,,8-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-63-1,8,63,1,63-1,,,8-97,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-64-1,8,64,1,64-1,"The major existential construction in Jamaican is formed with gat (< English got) or hav (< English have) preceded by an indefinite pronoun, i.e. yu 'you' or dem 'they'. In some cases, even the 1st person plural wi 'we' is used. Which pronoun is selected depends on the speaker's attitude towards the thing which the discourse is about and whether or not s/he wants to be identified with it. Yu gat is the default construction which does not take this discourse feature into consideration.",,8-98,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-65-1,8,65,1,65-1,,,8-99,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-66-3,8,66,3,66-3,,,8-100,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-67-2,8,67,2,67-2,"Jamaican does have a construction with swiit but I would not consider it as equivalent to laik constructions. For me this is similar to the Spanish querer/gustarse distinction. Hence, you can say Mi no riili laik manggo bot dis-ya manggo swiit mi (1SG NEG really like mango but DEM-PROX mango sweet me) 'I don't really like mangoes but I find this one delicious/to be pleasing.' Of course this is a matter of semantics because if it is pleasing to you it means that you like it, but to me swiit seems to be more transitory than laik and must be the reaction to an external stimulus.",,8-196,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-67-1,8,67,1,67-1,"Jamaican does have a construction with swiit but I would not consider it as equivalent to laik constructions. For me this is similar to the Spanish querer/gustarse distinction. Hence, you can say Mi no riili laik manggo bot dis-ya manggo swiit mi (1SG NEG really like mango but DEM-PROX mango sweet me) 'I don't really like mangoes but I find this one delicious/to be pleasing.' Of course this is a matter of semantics because if it is pleasing to you it means that you like it, but to me swiit seems to be more transitory than laik and must be the reaction to an external stimulus.",,8-101,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-68-3,8,68,3,68-3,,,8-103,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-68-1,8,68,1,68-1,,,8-102,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-69-2,8,69,2,69-2,,,8-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-7-1,8,7,1,7-1,,,8-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-70-1,8,70,1,70-1,,,8-105 8-106,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-71-2,8,71,2,71-2,,,8-107 8-108,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-72-1,8,72,1,72-1,,,8-109 8-110,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-73-1,8,73,1,73-1,,,8-111,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-74-2,8,74,2,74-2,,,8-112,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge 8-75-3,8,75,3,75-3,"The variation appears to be due to the nature of the prepositions. Prepositions which deal with location tend to be verby in character. Owing to this verb-like nature, they can act as predicators in the clause. As further evidence, these prepositions can be preceded directly by tense and modal markers: Yu shuda ina di hous. @@ -23749,299 +23749,299 @@ Yu shuda ina di hous. Dem wehn ina di bos. 3PL ANT in DET bus -'They were in the bus.'",,8-113 8-114,100.0,Very certain -8-76-2,8,76,2,76-2,,,8-115 8-116,100.0,Very certain -8-77-1,8,77,1,77-1,,,8-117,100.0,Very certain -8-78-1,8,78,1,78-1,,,8-117 8-118 8-119,100.0,Very certain -8-79-2,8,79,2,79-2,,,8-123,36.0,Very certain -8-79-1,8,79,1,79-1,,,8-122,28.0,Very certain -8-79-6,8,79,6,79-6,,,8-124,36.0,Very certain +'They were in the bus.'",,8-113 8-114,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}",Own knowledge +8-76-2,8,76,2,76-2,,,8-115 8-116,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-77-1,8,77,1,77-1,,,8-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}",Own knowledge +8-78-1,8,78,1,78-1,,,8-117 8-118 8-119,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-79-2,8,79,2,79-2,,,8-123,36.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFFFF-36-FF0000-36-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-79-1,8,79,1,79-1,,,8-122,28.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFFFF-36-FF0000-36-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-79-6,8,79,6,79-6,,,8-124,36.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 3, ""icon"": ""pie-28-FFFFFF-36-FF0000-36-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge 8-8-1,8,8,1,8-1,"It appears that only predicative adjectives in Jamaican may be modified with a degree word. I have not yet come across an example of an adjective in attributive use co-occurring with a degree word. -There are some degree words, e.g. tuu (< Eng. too) which are only used in front of the predicate adjective, and others, e.g. bad (< Eng. bad) which only occur after the predicate adjective.",,8-9,50.0,Very certain +There are some degree words, e.g. tuu (< Eng. too) which are only used in front of the predicate adjective, and others, e.g. bad (< Eng. bad) which only occur after the predicate adjective.",,8-9,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge 8-8-2,8,8,2,8-2,"It appears that only predicative adjectives in Jamaican may be modified with a degree word. I have not yet come across an example of an adjective in attributive use co-occurring with a degree word. -There are some degree words, e.g. tuu (< Eng. too) which are only used in front of the predicate adjective, and others, e.g. bad (< Eng. bad) which only occur after the predicate adjective.",,8-10,50.0,Very certain -8-80-2,8,80,2,80-2,,,8-125 8-126,100.0,Very certain -8-81-2,8,81,2,81-2,,,8-120 8-121,100.0,Very certain -8-82-2,8,82,2,82-2,,,8-127 8-128,50.0,Very certain -8-82-4,8,82,4,82-4,,,8-129,50.0,Very certain -8-83-1,8,83,1,83-1,,,8-130,100.0,Very certain -8-84-2,8,84,2,84-2,,,8-133,100.0,Very certain -8-85-5,8,85,5,85-5,,,8-134,100.0,Very certain +There are some degree words, e.g. tuu (< Eng. too) which are only used in front of the predicate adjective, and others, e.g. bad (< Eng. bad) which only occur after the predicate adjective.",,8-10,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-800080.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}",Own knowledge +8-80-2,8,80,2,80-2,,,8-125 8-126,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-81-2,8,81,2,81-2,,,8-120 8-121,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-82-2,8,82,2,82-2,,,8-127 8-128,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-82-4,8,82,4,82-4,,,8-129,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF7F00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-83-1,8,83,1,83-1,,,8-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-84-2,8,84,2,84-2,,,8-133,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-85-5,8,85,5,85-5,,,8-134,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 8-86-1,8,86,1,86-1,"It is impossible to say *Jan bai buk gi Mieri bot im no giit tu ar. [John buy book give Mary but 3SG NEG give.3SG to 3SG.OBJ.FEM] -Unlike in the English sentence John bought a book for Mary, where John can buy the book with the intention of giving it to Mary but then withhold it, with Jamaican Jan bai buk gi Mieri withholding is not possible, because the gi suggests that the book was already handed over to Mary. In other words, while Mary is merely a (prospective) beneficiary in the English case, she is a recipient in the Jamaican case.",,8-135,100.0,Very certain -8-87-3,8,87,3,87-3,,,8-136,100.0,Very certain -8-88-1,8,88,1,88-1,,,8-136 8-137,100.0,Very certain -8-89-2,8,89,2,89-2,,,8-136 8-138,100.0,Very certain -8-9-1,8,9,1,9-1,,,8-11,100.0,Very certain -8-90-3,8,90,3,90-3,,,8-140,50.0,Very certain -8-90-1,8,90,1,90-1,,,8-139,50.0,Very certain -8-91-8,8,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain -8-92-2,8,92,2,92-2,,,8-141,100.0,Very certain -8-93-2,8,93,2,93-2,,,8-142 8-8,100.0,Very certain -8-94-2,8,94,2,94-2,,,8-143,100.0,Very certain -8-95-4,8,95,4,95-4,"The complementizer se does not co-occur with two verbs of speaking, se 'say', and piik 'speak'. Apart from these two exceptions, as far as I am aware, all other verbs (and verb phrases) of speaking used in indirect speech constructions must be followed by the complementizer se.",,8-144,25.0,Very certain -8-95-1,8,95,1,95-1,"The complementizer se does not co-occur with two verbs of speaking, se 'say', and piik 'speak'. Apart from these two exceptions, as far as I am aware, all other verbs (and verb phrases) of speaking used in indirect speech constructions must be followed by the complementizer se.",,8-145,75.0,Very certain -8-96-1,8,96,1,96-1,People generally take the zero complementizer as the mesolectal form.,,8-147,50.0,Very certain -8-96-4,8,96,4,96-4,People generally take the zero complementizer as the mesolectal form.,,8-197,50.0,Very certain -8-97-1,8,97,1,97-1,,,8-148,100.0,Very certain -8-98-6,8,98,6,98-6,,,8-149 8-150,100.0,Very certain -8-99-2,8,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain -9-0-1,9,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0, -9-1-2,9,1,2,1-2,,439,9-1,100.0,Very certain -9-10-1,9,10,1,10-1,,439[237],9-22,100.0,Very certain +Unlike in the English sentence John bought a book for Mary, where John can buy the book with the intention of giving it to Mary but then withhold it, with Jamaican Jan bai buk gi Mieri withholding is not possible, because the gi suggests that the book was already handed over to Mary. In other words, while Mary is merely a (prospective) beneficiary in the English case, she is a recipient in the Jamaican case.",,8-135,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-87-3,8,87,3,87-3,,,8-136,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-88-1,8,88,1,88-1,,,8-136 8-137,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-89-2,8,89,2,89-2,,,8-136 8-138,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}",Own knowledge +8-9-1,8,9,1,9-1,,,8-11,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-90-3,8,90,3,90-3,,,8-140,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-90-1,8,90,1,90-1,,,8-139,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +8-91-8,8,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +8-92-2,8,92,2,92-2,,,8-141,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}",Own knowledge +8-93-2,8,93,2,93-2,,,8-142 8-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-94-2,8,94,2,94-2,,,8-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +8-95-4,8,95,4,95-4,"The complementizer se does not co-occur with two verbs of speaking, se 'say', and piik 'speak'. Apart from these two exceptions, as far as I am aware, all other verbs (and verb phrases) of speaking used in indirect speech constructions must be followed by the complementizer se.",,8-144,25.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-95-1,8,95,1,95-1,"The complementizer se does not co-occur with two verbs of speaking, se 'say', and piik 'speak'. Apart from these two exceptions, as far as I am aware, all other verbs (and verb phrases) of speaking used in indirect speech constructions must be followed by the complementizer se.",,8-145,75.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-75-FFFF00-25-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-96-1,8,96,1,96-1,People generally take the zero complementizer as the mesolectal form.,,8-147,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-96-4,8,96,4,96-4,People generally take the zero complementizer as the mesolectal form.,,8-197,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-97-1,8,97,1,97-1,,,8-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +8-98-6,8,98,6,98-6,,,8-149 8-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}",Own knowledge +8-99-2,8,99,2,99-2,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +9-0-1,9,0,1,0-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +9-1-2,9,1,2,1-2,,439,9-1,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +9-10-1,9,10,1,10-1,,439[237],9-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", 9-100-4,9,100,4,100-4,"Neva is commonly used in Belizean Creole as the negative counterpart of the anterior particle me (Example 186). -It also combines with the future particle to indicate the counterfactual. In contrast the particle no occurs in non-anterior contexts.",432,9-185,50.0,Very certain +It also combines with the future particle to indicate the counterfactual. In contrast the particle no occurs in non-anterior contexts.",432,9-185,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", 9-100-3,9,100,3,100-3,"Neva is commonly used in Belizean Creole as the negative counterpart of the anterior particle me (Example 186). -It also combines with the future particle to indicate the counterfactual. In contrast the particle no occurs in non-anterior contexts.",432,9-186,50.0,Very certain -9-101-1,9,101,1,101-1,,432,9-186 9-187,100.0,Very certain -9-102-1,9,102,1,102-1,,445,9-188,100.0,Certain -9-103-2,9,103,2,103-2,"Da (and rarely a) is a topic particle which is often present in questions. It mostly occurs initially, but it may occur at the end too (see Example 189).",439,9-189,23.0769230769231,Certain -9-103-1,9,103,1,103-1,"Da (and rarely a) is a topic particle which is often present in questions. It mostly occurs initially, but it may occur at the end too (see Example 189).",439,9-190,38.4615384615385,Certain -9-103-7,9,103,7,103-7,"Da (and rarely a) is a topic particle which is often present in questions. It mostly occurs initially, but it may occur at the end too (see Example 189).",439,9-191,38.4615384615385,Certain -9-104-2,9,104,2,104-2,,432,9-192,50.0,Certain -9-104-1,9,104,1,104-1,,432,9-193 9-194,50.0,Certain -9-105-1,9,105,1,105-1,,438,9-195,100.0,Certain -9-106-3,9,106,3,106-3,,432,9-67,50.0,Certain -9-106-2,9,106,2,106-2,,432,9-196,50.0,Certain -9-107-1,9,107,1,107-1,,432,9-197,100.0,Very certain -9-108-2,9,108,2,108-2,"A variant of the click is cho, a common expression of doubt, dismissal, challenge.",429,9-32,100.0,Certain -9-109-1,9,109,1,109-1,,432,9-198,100.0,Very certain +It also combines with the future particle to indicate the counterfactual. In contrast the particle no occurs in non-anterior contexts.",432,9-186,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFF00.png""}", +9-101-1,9,101,1,101-1,,432,9-186 9-187,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-102-1,9,102,1,102-1,,445,9-188,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-103-2,9,103,2,103-2,"Da (and rarely a) is a topic particle which is often present in questions. It mostly occurs initially, but it may occur at the end too (see Example 189).",439,9-189,23.0769230769231,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-39-FFFFFF-39-ADD8E6-24-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-103-1,9,103,1,103-1,"Da (and rarely a) is a topic particle which is often present in questions. It mostly occurs initially, but it may occur at the end too (see Example 189).",439,9-190,38.4615384615385,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-39-FFFFFF-39-ADD8E6-24-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-103-7,9,103,7,103-7,"Da (and rarely a) is a topic particle which is often present in questions. It mostly occurs initially, but it may occur at the end too (see Example 189).",439,9-191,38.4615384615385,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-39-FFFFFF-39-ADD8E6-24-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-104-2,9,104,2,104-2,,432,9-192,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +9-104-1,9,104,1,104-1,,432,9-193 9-194,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +9-105-1,9,105,1,105-1,,438,9-195,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-106-3,9,106,3,106-3,,432,9-67,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +9-106-2,9,106,2,106-2,,432,9-196,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-ADD8E6.png""}", +9-107-1,9,107,1,107-1,,432,9-197,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-108-2,9,108,2,108-2,"A variant of the click is cho, a common expression of doubt, dismissal, challenge.",429,9-32,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +9-109-1,9,109,1,109-1,,432,9-198,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 9-11-2,9,11,2,11-2,"'Often' is not found in the data. Instead Belizean Creole speakers use 'usually; mostly, sometimes, always' etc. Those occur pre-verbally. -An equivalent expression is the use of 'lone' in adjectival position. It is is very common and works as an emphatic marker (see examples 26 and 27).",432;432[42],9-24 9-25 9-26 9-27,70.0,Intermediate +An equivalent expression is the use of 'lone' in adjectival position. It is is very common and works as an emphatic marker (see examples 26 and 27).",432;432[42],9-24 9-25 9-26 9-27,70.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}", 9-11-3,9,11,3,11-3,"'Often' is not found in the data. Instead Belizean Creole speakers use 'usually; mostly, sometimes, always' etc. Those occur pre-verbally. -An equivalent expression is the use of 'lone' in adjectival position. It is is very common and works as an emphatic marker (see examples 26 and 27).",432;432[42],9-23,30.0,Certain -9-110-2,9,110,2,110-2,,429,,100.0,Certain -9-111-1,9,111,1,111-1,Monomorphemic tears occurs in the acrolect.,429,9-214,50.0,Certain -9-111-2,9,111,2,111-2,Monomorphemic tears occurs in the acrolect.,429,9-199,50.0,Certain +An equivalent expression is the use of 'lone' in adjectival position. It is is very common and works as an emphatic marker (see examples 26 and 27).",432;432[42],9-23,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFFF00.png""}", +9-110-2,9,110,2,110-2,,429,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-111-1,9,111,1,111-1,Monomorphemic tears occurs in the acrolect.,429,9-214,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +9-111-2,9,111,2,111-2,Monomorphemic tears occurs in the acrolect.,429,9-199,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", 9-112-1,9,112,1,112-1,"I have encountered many times the use of fut for 'leg, thigh' and 'foot'. -Not so with han, but I believe that this word shows the same identity feature as fut.",,9-200,100.0,Certain -9-113-2,9,113,2,113-2,,,9-201 9-202,100.0,Intermediate -9-114-1,9,114,1,114-1,,,9-203,100.0,Intermediate -9-115-2,9,115,2,115-2,,432,9-121 9-204,100.0,Certain -9-116-2,9,116,2,116-2,,,9-205 9-206,100.0,Certain -9-117-1,9,117,1,117-1,,445,9-207,100.0,Certain -9-118-3,9,118,3,118-3,Value 3 is rare and only for the /str/ and /spr/ clusters; /skr/ is reduced to [kr] (Example 44).,,9-208 9-209 9-44,100.0,Certain +Not so with han, but I believe that this word shows the same identity feature as fut.",,9-200,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +9-113-2,9,113,2,113-2,,,9-201 9-202,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +9-114-1,9,114,1,114-1,,,9-203,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}",Own knowledge +9-115-2,9,115,2,115-2,,432,9-121 9-204,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-116-2,9,116,2,116-2,,,9-205 9-206,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +9-117-1,9,117,1,117-1,,445,9-207,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-118-3,9,118,3,118-3,Value 3 is rare and only for the /str/ and /spr/ clusters; /skr/ is reduced to [kr] (Example 44).,,9-208 9-209 9-44,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge 9-119-3,9,119,3,119-3,"Value 3 is rare (think/bunk/dans) (with velar nasal + stop); -there is usually cluster simplification, as in [nt] > [n] ('want'), or [st] > [s] ('must') and [nt] > [n] ('accident').",,9-125 9-169 9-210 9-211 9-212,100.0,Very certain -9-12-1,9,12,1,12-1,,439,9-28 9-29 9-30 9-31,100.0,Certain -9-120-1,9,120,1,120-1,There might be some occasional tonal distinctions. This is an area that remains to be investigated.,,,100.0,Intermediate -9-121-3,9,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0, -9-122-3,9,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0, -9-123-2,9,123,2,123-2,,,,100.0, -9-124-1,9,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0, -9-125-1,9,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0, -9-126-1,9,126,1,126-1,,,9-240,100.0, -9-127-2,9,127,2,127-2,,,,100.0, -9-128-4,9,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0, -9-129-2,9,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0, +there is usually cluster simplification, as in [nt] > [n] ('want'), or [st] > [s] ('must') and [nt] > [n] ('accident').",,9-125 9-169 9-210 9-211 9-212,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}",Own knowledge +9-12-1,9,12,1,12-1,,439,9-28 9-29 9-30 9-31,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-120-1,9,120,1,120-1,There might be some occasional tonal distinctions. This is an area that remains to be investigated.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +9-121-3,9,121,3,121-3,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-122-3,9,122,3,122-3,,,,100.0,,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +9-123-2,9,123,2,123-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-124-1,9,124,1,124-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-125-1,9,125,1,125-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-126-1,9,126,1,126-1,,,9-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-127-2,9,127,2,127-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-128-4,9,128,4,128-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-129-2,9,129,2,129-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 9-13-1,9,13,1,13-1,"Although Example 34 illustrates the occasional occurrence of the feminine pronoun, there is generally no gender distinction in Belizean Creole. -In fact, I am not certain that there is a gender distinction because shi sometimes applies to a male.",432[41],9-32 9-33 9-34,100.0,Very certain -9-130-2,9,130,2,130-2,,,,100.0, -9-131,9,131,1,131-1,,,9-215,100.0, -9-132,9,132,1,132-1,,,9-217,100.0, -9-133,9,133,1,133-1,,,9-218,100.0, -9-134,9,134,1,134-1,,,9-219,100.0, -9-137,9,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0, -9-138,9,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0, -9-139,9,139,1,139-1,,,9-221,100.0, -9-14-1,9,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -9-140,9,140,1,140-1,,,9-222,100.0, -9-143,9,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0, -9-144,9,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0, -9-145,9,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0, -9-146,9,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0, -9-147,9,147,1,147-1,,,9-216,100.0, -9-148,9,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0, -9-149,9,149,1,149-1,,,9-220,100.0, -9-15-1,9,15,1,15-1,,432,9-35,100.0,Very certain -9-151,9,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0, -9-152,9,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0, -9-153,9,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0, -9-155,9,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0, -9-156,9,156,1,156-1,,,,100.0, -9-158,9,158,1,158-1,,,,100.0, -9-159,9,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0, -9-16-1,9,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain -9-160,9,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0, -9-161,9,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0, -9-163,9,163,2,163-2,,,,100.0, -9-168,9,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0, -9-169,9,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0, +In fact, I am not certain that there is a gender distinction because shi sometimes applies to a male.",432[41],9-32 9-33 9-34,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +9-130-2,9,130,2,130-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-131,9,131,1,131-1,,,9-215,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-132,9,132,1,132-1,,,9-217,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-133,9,133,1,133-1,,,9-218,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-134,9,134,1,134-1,,,9-219,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-137,9,137,4,137-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-138,9,138,4,138-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-139,9,139,1,139-1,,,9-221,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-14-1,9,14,1,14-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +9-140,9,140,1,140-1,,,9-222,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-143,9,143,4,143-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-144,9,144,4,144-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-145,9,145,4,145-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-146,9,146,4,146-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-147,9,147,1,147-1,,,9-216,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-148,9,148,4,148-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-149,9,149,1,149-1,,,9-220,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-15-1,9,15,1,15-1,,432,9-35,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +9-151,9,151,4,151-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-152,9,152,4,152-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-153,9,153,4,153-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-155,9,155,4,155-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-156,9,156,1,156-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-158,9,158,1,158-1,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-159,9,159,4,159-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-16-1,9,16,1,16-1,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +9-160,9,160,4,160-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-161,9,161,4,161-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-163,9,163,2,163-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-168,9,168,4,168-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-169,9,169,4,169-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 9-17-2,9,17,2,17-2,"A or mi can both occur as 1SG subject pronouns, but only mi occurs as independent pronoun (in elliptical or emphatic answers). I and im can occur as 3SG subject pronouns, but only im occurs as independent pronoun. -Dey and dem can occur as 3PL subject pronouns, but only dem occurs as independent pronoun.",434,9-22 9-36,100.0,Very certain -9-170,9,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0, -9-171,9,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0, -9-172,9,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0, -9-173,9,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0, -9-174,9,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0, -9-176,9,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0, -9-178,9,178,1,178-1,,,9-228,100.0, -9-179,9,179,1,179-1,,,9-229,100.0, +Dey and dem can occur as 3PL subject pronouns, but only dem occurs as independent pronoun.",434,9-22 9-36,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-170,9,170,4,170-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-171,9,171,4,171-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-172,9,172,4,172-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-173,9,173,4,173-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-174,9,174,4,174-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-176,9,176,4,176-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-178,9,178,1,178-1,,,9-228,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-179,9,179,1,179-1,,,9-229,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", 9-18-1,9,18,1,18-1,"There is a singular-plural distinction in 2nd person pronouns that is NOT linked to politeness (yu vs. unu). -(Note: Yu can also be used as 2PL, but mostly in meso-acrolects.)",432,9-37 9-38,100.0,Very certain -9-180,9,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0, -9-181,9,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0, -9-182,9,182,1,182-1,,,9-230,100.0, -9-183,9,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0, -9-184,9,184,2,184-2,,,,100.0, -9-187,9,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0, -9-188,9,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0, -9-189,9,189,1,189-1,,,9-223,100.0, -9-19-1,9,19,1,19-1,,441,9-39 9-40 9-41 9-42,100.0,Certain -9-190,9,190,1,190-1,,,9-224,100.0, -9-191,9,191,2,191-2,/θ/ occurs in acrolects and occasionally in mesolects.,,,100.0, -9-192,9,192,2,192-2,/ð/ occurs in acrolects and occasionally in mesolects.,,,100.0, -9-193,9,193,1,193-1,,,9-225,100.0, -9-194,9,194,1,194-1,,,9-240,100.0, -9-195,9,195,1,195-1,,,9-226,100.0, -9-196,9,196,1,196-1,,,9-227,100.0, -9-199,9,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0, -9-2-2,9,2,2,2-2,"The possessum-possessor construction with for applies to animate as well as inanimate possessors, but the fi-construction occurs only with animate possessor.",438,9-3 9-4,50.0,Very certain -9-2-1,9,2,1,2-1,"The possessum-possessor construction with for applies to animate as well as inanimate possessors, but the fi-construction occurs only with animate possessor.",438,9-2,50.0,Very certain -9-20-1,9,20,1,20-1,"The singular pronoun is in the objective form (e.g. mi 'me, I') when conjoined with a personal name.",432,9-43,100.0,Very certain -9-200,9,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0, -9-201,9,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0, -9-202,9,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0, -9-205,9,205,2,205-2,,,,100.0, -9-209,9,209,1,209-1,,,9-231,100.0, -9-21-5,9,21,5,21-5,,432,9-44 9-45,100.0,Certain -9-212,9,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0, -9-217,9,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0, -9-218,9,218,1,218-1,,,9-232,100.0, -9-22-4,9,22,4,22-4,,432,9-46 9-47,100.0,Very certain -9-221,9,221,1,221-1,,,9-233,100.0, -9-23-8,9,23,8,23-8,"The plural word dem can be preposed or postposed to the nominal (Examples 10, 48). Plural can be double-marked as in Example 47, or it can be unmarked as in Ho moch li bway pikni? 'How many male children are there?'.",432,9-10 9-47,41.1764705882353,Certain -9-23-3,9,23,3,23-3,"The plural word dem can be preposed or postposed to the nominal (Examples 10, 48). Plural can be double-marked as in Example 47, or it can be unmarked as in Ho moch li bway pikni? 'How many male children are there?'.",432,9-47 9-49,17.6470588235294,Very certain -9-23-7,9,23,7,23-7,"The plural word dem can be preposed or postposed to the nominal (Examples 10, 48). Plural can be double-marked as in Example 47, or it can be unmarked as in Ho moch li bway pikni? 'How many male children are there?'.",432,9-48,41.1764705882353,Very certain -9-231,9,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0, +(Note: Yu can also be used as 2PL, but mostly in meso-acrolects.)",432,9-37 9-38,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-180,9,180,4,180-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-181,9,181,4,181-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-182,9,182,1,182-1,,,9-230,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-183,9,183,4,183-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-184,9,184,2,184-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-187,9,187,4,187-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-188,9,188,4,188-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-189,9,189,1,189-1,,,9-223,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-19-1,9,19,1,19-1,,441,9-39 9-40 9-41 9-42,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-190,9,190,1,190-1,,,9-224,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-191,9,191,2,191-2,/θ/ occurs in acrolects and occasionally in mesolects.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-192,9,192,2,192-2,/ð/ occurs in acrolects and occasionally in mesolects.,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-193,9,193,1,193-1,,,9-225,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-194,9,194,1,194-1,,,9-240,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-195,9,195,1,195-1,,,9-226,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-196,9,196,1,196-1,,,9-227,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-199,9,199,4,199-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-2-2,9,2,2,2-2,"The possessum-possessor construction with for applies to animate as well as inanimate possessors, but the fi-construction occurs only with animate possessor.",438,9-3 9-4,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +9-2-1,9,2,1,2-1,"The possessum-possessor construction with for applies to animate as well as inanimate possessors, but the fi-construction occurs only with animate possessor.",438,9-2,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +9-20-1,9,20,1,20-1,"The singular pronoun is in the objective form (e.g. mi 'me, I') when conjoined with a personal name.",432,9-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +9-200,9,200,4,200-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-201,9,201,4,201-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-202,9,202,4,202-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-205,9,205,2,205-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-209,9,209,1,209-1,,,9-231,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-21-5,9,21,5,21-5,,432,9-44 9-45,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +9-212,9,212,4,212-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-217,9,217,4,217-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-218,9,218,1,218-1,,,9-232,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-22-4,9,22,4,22-4,,432,9-46 9-47,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +9-221,9,221,1,221-1,,,9-233,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-23-8,9,23,8,23-8,"The plural word dem can be preposed or postposed to the nominal (Examples 10, 48). Plural can be double-marked as in Example 47, or it can be unmarked as in Ho moch li bway pikni? 'How many male children are there?'.",432,9-10 9-47,41.1764705882353,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-18-0000FF-42-FFB6C1-42-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +9-23-3,9,23,3,23-3,"The plural word dem can be preposed or postposed to the nominal (Examples 10, 48). Plural can be double-marked as in Example 47, or it can be unmarked as in Ho moch li bway pikni? 'How many male children are there?'.",432,9-47 9-49,17.6470588235294,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-18-0000FF-42-FFB6C1-42-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +9-23-7,9,23,7,23-7,"The plural word dem can be preposed or postposed to the nominal (Examples 10, 48). Plural can be double-marked as in Example 47, or it can be unmarked as in Ho moch li bway pikni? 'How many male children are there?'.",432,9-48,41.1764705882353,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-18-0000FF-42-FFB6C1-42-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 6}", +9-231,9,231,4,231-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 9-24-4,9,24,4,24-4,"The only way to refer to 'X and others' is through constructions such as the following: Sum a unu bayz ga ova dɛ. 'Some of you boys went over there.' Bob en Seli en di bale de -'Bobo en Seli and their friends'",,,100.0,Intermediate -9-25-4,9,25,4,25-4,"Dey and dem occur as 3PL pronouns in subject position, but dem and em vary in object position. Dem also functions as nominal plural. In this case, it can either be preposed (Example 48) or postposed (Example 51) to the noun.",432,9-48 9-50 9-51,100.0,Certain -9-252,9,252,1,252-1,,,9-234,100.0, -9-253,9,253,1,253-1,,,9-235,100.0, -9-254,9,254,1,254-1,,,9-236,100.0, -9-255,9,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0, -9-256,9,256,1,256-1,,,9-237,100.0, -9-257,9,257,1,257-1,,,9-238,100.0, -9-258,9,258,1,258-1,,,9-239,100.0, -9-259,9,259,2,259-2,,,,100.0, -9-26-2,9,26,2,26-2,Reduplication primarily applies to verbs.,432,9-44 9-52,100.0,Certain -9-260,9,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0, -9-261,9,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0, -9-263,9,263,2,263-2,,,,100.0, -9-267,9,267,2,267-2,,,,100.0, -9-268,9,268,2,268-2,,,,100.0, -9-27-2,9,27,2,27-2,"In the case of Example 53, sayda i ayz can be interpreted as an anti-dual ('looking sideways, so with one single eye'). However, it is not a widespread usage, and seems to be an alternate for the phrase 'cut eye'.",429,9-53 9-54,100.0,Certain -9-272,9,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0, -9-273,9,273,2,273-2,,,,100.0, -9-274,9,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0, -9-275,9,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0, -9-276,9,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0, -9-277,9,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0, -9-278,9,278,2,278-2,,,,100.0, -9-279,9,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0, +'Bobo en Seli and their friends'",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}",Own knowledge +9-25-4,9,25,4,25-4,"Dey and dem occur as 3PL pronouns in subject position, but dem and em vary in object position. Dem also functions as nominal plural. In this case, it can either be preposed (Example 48) or postposed (Example 51) to the noun.",432,9-48 9-50 9-51,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +9-252,9,252,1,252-1,,,9-234,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-253,9,253,1,253-1,,,9-235,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-254,9,254,1,254-1,,,9-236,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-255,9,255,4,255-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-256,9,256,1,256-1,,,9-237,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-257,9,257,1,257-1,,,9-238,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-258,9,258,1,258-1,,,9-239,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FC3535.png""}", +9-259,9,259,2,259-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-26-2,9,26,2,26-2,Reduplication primarily applies to verbs.,432,9-44 9-52,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-260,9,260,4,260-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-261,9,261,4,261-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-263,9,263,2,263-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-267,9,267,2,267-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-268,9,268,2,268-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-27-2,9,27,2,27-2,"In the case of Example 53, sayda i ayz can be interpreted as an anti-dual ('looking sideways, so with one single eye'). However, it is not a widespread usage, and seems to be an alternate for the phrase 'cut eye'.",429,9-53 9-54,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-272,9,272,4,272-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-273,9,273,2,273-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-274,9,274,4,274-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-275,9,275,4,275-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-276,9,276,4,276-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-277,9,277,4,277-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-278,9,278,2,278-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-279,9,279,4,279-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", 9-28-1,9,28,1,28-1,"The definite article can be associated with a locative dɛ for a demonstrative value (Example 20), but cannot carry a demonstrative function by itself. -The singular demonstrative form dat varies phonetically (da/dat, see Example 62). Dat does not co-occur with the definite article di, but it can function as an anaphoric device, similar to a definite article (Example 62).",432,9-20 9-55 9-56 9-57 9-62,100.0,Very certain -9-280,9,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0, -9-281,9,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0, -9-282,9,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0, -9-284,9,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0, -9-285,9,285,2,285-2,,,,100.0, -9-286,9,286,2,286-2,,,,100.0, -9-287,9,287,2,287-2,,,,100.0, -9-288,9,288,2,288-2,,,,100.0, -9-289,9,289,2,289-2,,,,100.0, -9-29-2,9,29,2,29-2,,432,9-22 9-58 9-88,100.0,Very certain -9-290,9,290,2,290-2,,,,100.0, -9-291,9,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0, -9-3-1,9,3,1,3-1,,445[5117-44],9-5 9-6,100.0,Very certain -9-30-5,9,30,5,30-5,,438,9-60,100.0,Certain -9-308-1,9,308,1,308-1,,429,,100.0,Very certain -9-309-1,9,309,1,309-1,,439,,100.0,Very certain -9-31-1,9,31,1,31-1,"Definite and demonstrative do not occur in adjacent position, but they may co-occur in the same noun phrase, at least with the postposed demonstrative dem (di ki dem 'these cayes').",429,9-14,30.0,Certain -9-31-2,9,31,2,31-2,"Definite and demonstrative do not occur in adjacent position, but they may co-occur in the same noun phrase, at least with the postposed demonstrative dem (di ki dem 'these cayes').",429,9-61,70.0,Certain -9-310-4,9,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain -9-311-3,9,311,3,311-3,There are no adult speakers learning Belizean Creole as L2.,,,100.0,Intermediate -9-312-3,9,312,3,312-3,"The use of Belizean Creole is widespread and valued within the speech community. However, there is constant shifting between creole basilects and acrolects. This variability does not seem to endanger the vitality of Belizean Creole.",445,,100.0,Certain -9-313-4,9,313,4,313-4,"Emigration by the end of the 20th century, mostly to the United States, may be as high as 150,000. It is not certain that the creole can be maintained among the younger generations in the expatriate community.",445,,100.0,Very certain -9-314-3,9,314,3,314-3,"Women in Belize appear to master a wider span of the creole continuum, whereas men prefer to use basilects, and avoid acrolects. However, both genders are regular users of the creole in casual ingroup contexts.",440;444,,100.0,Certain -9-315-2,9,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -9-316-2,9,316,2,316-2,"The creole is occasionally used only for informal, local issues. However, even then the mesolect is more commonly used.",,,100.0,Intermediate -9-317-2,9,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -9-318-2,9,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -9-319-3,9,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain -9-32-1,9,32,1,32-1,"Da and dat commonly alternate, and are much more frequent than dis.",432,9-23 9-63 9-64,100.0,Very certain -9-320-2,9,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -9-321-2,9,321,2,321-2,"In public contexts, acrolects or mesolects are most likely to be used.",,,100.0, -9-322-3,9,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate -9-323-3,9,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain -9-324-2,9,324,2,324-2,"Teachers are instructed to use ""English"". However, many informally resort to the creole to facilitate school discussions.",441,,100.0,Intermediate -9-325-2,9,325,2,325-2,There are a few websites (usually originating in the expatriate community) promoting the use of Creole.,,,100.0,Intermediate -9-326-2,9,326,2,326-2,"Spanish is present in Belize, especially in the north (near Mexico) and the west (near Guatemala), and there are immigrants from Spanish-speaking countries in Belize. Many Belizeans in the border areas are bilingual, so there is possible Spanish influence on Belizean Creole. This is mostly represented in lexical borrowing.",,,100.0,Certain -9-327-2,9,327,2,327-2,"Some limited variation can eb observed within the basilect, but there is of course variation between basilect, mesolect and acrolect.",428;430,,100.0,Certain -9-328-2,9,328,2,328-2,,433,,100.0,Certain -9-329-2,9,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate -9-33-1,9,33,1,33-1,"Although dis and dat both occur (but dis is relatively rare), they are equivalent, so there is generally no distance contrast. Another demonstrative is dem.",438,9-10 9-65 9-66,100.0,Certain -9-330-2,9,330,2,330-2,There is probably wider use of mesolects and acrolects in urban areas (basically limited to Belize-City).,,,100.0,Intermediate -9-331-2,9,331,2,331-2,There is probably wider use of mesolects and acrolects in urban areas (basically limited to Belize-City).,,,100.0,Intermediate -9-332-2,9,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Certain -9-333-2,9,333,2,333-2,There is variation only in the sense that the higher socio-economic classes tend to use more acrolects.,,,100.0,Certain -9-334-2,9,334,2,334-2,There is variation only in the sense that the higher socio-economic classes tend to use more acrolects.,,,100.0,Certain -9-335-2,9,335,2,335-2,"More varied use of English lexicon is also related to a more common use of acrolects by higher social groups, depending on the context.",,,100.0,Certain -9-34-1,9,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain -9-35-7,9,35,7,35-7,,429,9-68 9-69,100.0,Certain -9-36-1,9,36,1,36-1,,429,9-46,100.0,Very certain -9-37-1,9,37,1,37-1,,432,9-70 9-71,50.0,Very certain -9-37-5,9,37,5,37-5,,432,9-72 9-73,50.0,Very certain -9-38-2,9,38,2,38-2,"This feature illustrates the combination of English features (preposition 'of' > a in Example 53) and creole features (possessive preposition fi in Example 3), and an alternate juxtaposition construction (Examples 2 and 74).",438,9-3 9-53,50.0,Certain -9-38-4,9,38,4,38-4,"This feature illustrates the combination of English features (preposition 'of' > a in Example 53) and creole features (possessive preposition fi in Example 3), and an alternate juxtaposition construction (Examples 2 and 74).",438,9-2 9-74,50.0,Very certain +The singular demonstrative form dat varies phonetically (da/dat, see Example 62). Dat does not co-occur with the definite article di, but it can function as an anaphoric device, similar to a definite article (Example 62).",432,9-20 9-55 9-56 9-57 9-62,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-280,9,280,4,280-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-281,9,281,4,281-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-282,9,282,4,282-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-284,9,284,4,284-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-285,9,285,2,285-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-286,9,286,2,286-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-287,9,287,2,287-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-288,9,288,2,288-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-289,9,289,2,289-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-29-2,9,29,2,29-2,,432,9-22 9-58 9-88,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +9-290,9,290,2,290-2,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-291,9,291,4,291-4,,,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-3-1,9,3,1,3-1,,445[5117-44],9-5 9-6,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-30-5,9,30,5,30-5,,438,9-60,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-308-1,9,308,1,308-1,,429,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +9-309-1,9,309,1,309-1,,439,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-000000.png""}", +9-31-1,9,31,1,31-1,"Definite and demonstrative do not occur in adjacent position, but they may co-occur in the same noun phrase, at least with the postposed demonstrative dem (di ki dem 'these cayes').",429,9-14,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}", +9-31-2,9,31,2,31-2,"Definite and demonstrative do not occur in adjacent position, but they may co-occur in the same noun phrase, at least with the postposed demonstrative dem (di ki dem 'these cayes').",429,9-61,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-FF0000.png""}", +9-310-4,9,310,4,310-4,,,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-808080.png""}", +9-311-3,9,311,3,311-3,There are no adult speakers learning Belizean Creole as L2.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-312-3,9,312,3,312-3,"The use of Belizean Creole is widespread and valued within the speech community. However, there is constant shifting between creole basilects and acrolects. This variability does not seem to endanger the vitality of Belizean Creole.",445,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-313-4,9,313,4,313-4,"Emigration by the end of the 20th century, mostly to the United States, may be as high as 150,000. It is not certain that the creole can be maintained among the younger generations in the expatriate community.",445,,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-314-3,9,314,3,314-3,"Women in Belize appear to master a wider span of the creole continuum, whereas men prefer to use basilects, and avoid acrolects. However, both genders are regular users of the creole in casual ingroup contexts.",440;444,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-315-2,9,315,2,315-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-316-2,9,316,2,316-2,"The creole is occasionally used only for informal, local issues. However, even then the mesolect is more commonly used.",,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-317-2,9,317,2,317-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-318-2,9,318,2,318-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-319-3,9,319,3,319-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-32-1,9,32,1,32-1,"Da and dat commonly alternate, and are much more frequent than dis.",432,9-23 9-63 9-64,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-320-2,9,320,2,320-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-321-2,9,321,2,321-2,"In public contexts, acrolects or mesolects are most likely to be used.",,,100.0,,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-322-3,9,322,3,322-3,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-323-3,9,323,3,323-3,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-324-2,9,324,2,324-2,"Teachers are instructed to use ""English"". However, many informally resort to the creole to facilitate school discussions.",441,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-325-2,9,325,2,325-2,There are a few websites (usually originating in the expatriate community) promoting the use of Creole.,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-326-2,9,326,2,326-2,"Spanish is present in Belize, especially in the north (near Mexico) and the west (near Guatemala), and there are immigrants from Spanish-speaking countries in Belize. Many Belizeans in the border areas are bilingual, so there is possible Spanish influence on Belizean Creole. This is mostly represented in lexical borrowing.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +9-327-2,9,327,2,327-2,"Some limited variation can eb observed within the basilect, but there is of course variation between basilect, mesolect and acrolect.",428;430,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-328-2,9,328,2,328-2,,433,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-329-2,9,329,2,329-2,,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-33-1,9,33,1,33-1,"Although dis and dat both occur (but dis is relatively rare), they are equivalent, so there is generally no distance contrast. Another demonstrative is dem.",438,9-10 9-65 9-66,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-330-2,9,330,2,330-2,There is probably wider use of mesolects and acrolects in urban areas (basically limited to Belize-City).,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-331-2,9,331,2,331-2,There is probably wider use of mesolects and acrolects in urban areas (basically limited to Belize-City).,,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-332-2,9,332,2,332-2,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-333-2,9,333,2,333-2,There is variation only in the sense that the higher socio-economic classes tend to use more acrolects.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-334-2,9,334,2,334-2,There is variation only in the sense that the higher socio-economic classes tend to use more acrolects.,,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-335-2,9,335,2,335-2,"More varied use of English lexicon is also related to a more common use of acrolects by higher social groups, depending on the context.",,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-34-1,9,34,1,34-1,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}",Own knowledge +9-35-7,9,35,7,35-7,,429,9-68 9-69,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 7}", +9-36-1,9,36,1,36-1,,429,9-46,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-37-1,9,37,1,37-1,,432,9-70 9-71,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-37-5,9,37,5,37-5,,432,9-72 9-73,50.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-38-2,9,38,2,38-2,"This feature illustrates the combination of English features (preposition 'of' > a in Example 53) and creole features (possessive preposition fi in Example 3), and an alternate juxtaposition construction (Examples 2 and 74).",438,9-3 9-53,50.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +9-38-4,9,38,4,38-4,"This feature illustrates the combination of English features (preposition 'of' > a in Example 53) and creole features (possessive preposition fi in Example 3), and an alternate juxtaposition construction (Examples 2 and 74).",438,9-2 9-74,50.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", 9-39-1,9,39,1,39-1,"The independent possessor (mia 'mine') is relatively rare. In Example 76 it contrasts with the dependent possessive adjective (may/mi 'my'). For the possessive adjective the possessive construction with adposition fi/fu + noun (fu i bonk as in Example 75) alternates with the construction without adposition (i bonk). The pronominal form (fu i/ fu yu/ fu mi/ fi wi/ fi unu/ fu dem) is possible, though rare (speakers seem to avoid it, and use the nominal possessor instead). -But mi/yu/i/wi/unu/dem cannot be used as independent possessive pronouns.",439,9-75 9-78,50.0,Intermediate +But mi/yu/i/wi/unu/dem cannot be used as independent possessive pronouns.",439,9-75 9-78,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-0000FF.png""}", 9-39-4,9,39,4,39-4,"The independent possessor (mia 'mine') is relatively rare. In Example 76 it contrasts with the dependent possessive adjective (may/mi 'my'). For the possessive adjective the possessive construction with adposition fi/fu + noun (fu i bonk as in Example 75) alternates with the construction without adposition (i bonk). The pronominal form (fu i/ fu yu/ fu mi/ fi wi/ fi unu/ fu dem) is possible, though rare (speakers seem to avoid it, and use the nominal possessor instead). -But mi/yu/i/wi/unu/dem cannot be used as independent possessive pronouns.",439,9-76 9-77,50.0,Certain -9-4-2,9,4,2,4-2,,432,9-7 9-8,100.0,Very certain -9-40-1,9,40,1,40-1,,432,9-79 9-80,100.0,Very certain -9-41-1,9,41,1,41-1,,439,9-81 9-82,100.0,Very certain -9-42-4,9,42,4,42-4,There are two different particles: a (Example 84) and dan (Example 85). A is more frequent in the default lect (basilect).,445,9-83,20.0,Certain -9-42-2,9,42,2,42-2,There are two different particles: a (Example 84) and dan (Example 85). A is more frequent in the default lect (basilect).,445,9-84 9-85,80.0,Certain -9-43-1,9,43,1,43-1,,438,9-86,70.0,Very certain -9-43-3,9,43,3,43-3,,438,9-16,30.0,Very certain -9-44-8,9,44,8,44-8,,432,,100.0,Intermediate -9-45-4,9,45,4,45-4,Adverbs very rarely occur between perfective and imperfective markers. Example 45 illustrates the combination of perfective and future markers (a counterfactual) which does not allow any intervening adverbial.,439,9-16 9-45 9-87,100.0,Very certain -9-46-2,9,46,2,46-2,,439,9-53,100.0,Very certain -9-47-4,9,47,4,47-4,HABITUAL de is less frequent than PROGRESSIVE de.,432,9-57 9-89,100.0,Very certain -9-48-4,9,48,4,48-4,The use of invariant verbs is also a common expression of habituality. The third sentence (Example 91) illustrates the combination of the bare stem and the use of the habitual particle.,445,9-53 9-90 9-91 9-93,100.0,Certain -9-49-3,9,49,3,49-3,,439,9-92 9-93,100.0,Certain -9-5-1,9,5,1,5-1,Demonstratives are derived from English demonstratives (that > da; this > dis (in mesolects).,432[35],9-11 9-12 9-13 9-14,100.0,Very certain +But mi/yu/i/wi/unu/dem cannot be used as independent possessive pronouns.",439,9-76 9-77,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FFFF00-50-0000FF.png""}", +9-4-2,9,4,2,4-2,,432,9-7 9-8,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +9-40-1,9,40,1,40-1,,432,9-79 9-80,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-41-1,9,41,1,41-1,,439,9-81 9-82,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-42-4,9,42,4,42-4,There are two different particles: a (Example 84) and dan (Example 85). A is more frequent in the default lect (basilect).,445,9-83,20.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-FFFF00-20-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +9-42-2,9,42,2,42-2,There are two different particles: a (Example 84) and dan (Example 85). A is more frequent in the default lect (basilect).,445,9-84 9-85,80.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-80-FFFF00-20-000000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +9-43-1,9,43,1,43-1,,438,9-86,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-43-3,9,43,3,43-3,,438,9-16,30.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-44-8,9,44,8,44-8,,432,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-45-4,9,45,4,45-4,Adverbs very rarely occur between perfective and imperfective markers. Example 45 illustrates the combination of perfective and future markers (a counterfactual) which does not allow any intervening adverbial.,439,9-16 9-45 9-87,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF7F00.png""}", +9-46-2,9,46,2,46-2,,439,9-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-964B00.png""}", +9-47-4,9,47,4,47-4,HABITUAL de is less frequent than PROGRESSIVE de.,432,9-57 9-89,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-48-4,9,48,4,48-4,The use of invariant verbs is also a common expression of habituality. The third sentence (Example 91) illustrates the combination of the bare stem and the use of the habitual particle.,445,9-53 9-90 9-91 9-93,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-49-3,9,49,3,49-3,,439,9-92 9-93,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-5-1,9,5,1,5-1,Demonstratives are derived from English demonstratives (that > da; this > dis (in mesolects).,432[35],9-11 9-12 9-13 9-14,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 9-50-3,9,50,3,50-3,"Belizean Creole has two negative particles: no (Examples 94) and neva (Examples 95 and 96). Example 94 shows that no occurs in simple past, or tenseless negative sentences. -The particle neva is the negative counterpart of the anterior/ perfective particle me, thus neva does not co-occur with me.Example 95 illustrates the affirmative-negative contrast. It is not clear to me whether this is a case of 'reduction' or substitution, since there are two negative particles, used in complementary contexts.",439,9-94 9-95 9-96,100.0,Very certain +The particle neva is the negative counterpart of the anterior/ perfective particle me, thus neva does not co-occur with me.Example 95 illustrates the affirmative-negative contrast. It is not clear to me whether this is a case of 'reduction' or substitution, since there are two negative particles, used in complementary contexts.",439,9-94 9-95 9-96,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", 9-51-3,9,51,3,51-3,"Although there are some examples where unmarked dynamic verbs have present reference (see Example 101: a taak 'I'm talking about'), it is more frequent to find unmarked dynamic verbs with past (perfective) reference. -Unmarked dynamic verbs may also refer to present tense when their function is habitual/generic.",445,9-100 9-101 9-102 9-103 9-50 9-79 9-98 9-99,100.0,Certain -9-52-2,9,52,2,52-2,,432,9-104,100.0,Very certain -9-53-3,9,53,3,53-3,There are relatively few examples of verb chaining (serialization) in Belizean Creole.,432[36],9-105 9-106,100.0,Uncertain +Unmarked dynamic verbs may also refer to present tense when their function is habitual/generic.",445,9-100 9-101 9-102 9-103 9-50 9-79 9-98 9-99,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-52-2,9,52,2,52-2,,432,9-104,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-53-3,9,53,3,53-3,There are relatively few examples of verb chaining (serialization) in Belizean Creole.,432[36],9-105 9-106,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", 9-54-2,9,54,2,54-2,"Suppletion in Belizean Creole is restricted to a few auxiliaries (i.e. 'had', rarely 'was'). The present counterpart of woz is - rarely -be and even more rarely iz, but only in emphatic contexts. There is usually zero copula, and me + zero copula as the equivalent of woz. -This is different from the common use of standard preterite forms (such as lef in Example 108) that have been relexified as bare stems.",442,9-107 9-108,100.0,Certain -9-55-1,9,55,1,55-1,,432,9-109 9-110 9-213,100.0,Very certain -9-56-3,9,56,3,56-3,The prohibitive is more often accompanied by a 2SG pronoun (Example 112).,445,9-111 9-112 9-114,70.0,Very certain -9-56-1,9,56,1,56-1,The prohibitive is more often accompanied by a 2SG pronoun (Example 112).,445,9-111 9-113 9-114,30.0,Very certain -9-57-1,9,57,1,57-1,,442,9-115,100.0,Very certain -9-58-1,9,58,1,58-1,,438,9-116 9-117,100.0,Very certain +This is different from the common use of standard preterite forms (such as lef in Example 108) that have been relexified as bare stems.",442,9-107 9-108,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-55-1,9,55,1,55-1,,432,9-109 9-110 9-213,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-56-3,9,56,3,56-3,The prohibitive is more often accompanied by a 2SG pronoun (Example 112).,445,9-111 9-112 9-114,70.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +9-56-1,9,56,1,56-1,The prohibitive is more often accompanied by a 2SG pronoun (Example 112).,445,9-111 9-113 9-114,30.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-30-0000FF-70-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 3}", +9-57-1,9,57,1,57-1,,442,9-115,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-58-1,9,58,1,58-1,,438,9-116 9-117,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", 9-59-2,9,59,2,59-2,"8 examples are given for Value 7 to illustrate Belizean Creole's variable system: 1SG a occurs only in A and S, but mi occurs in A, P, S. @@ -24050,74 +24050,74 @@ This is different from the common use of standard preterite forms (such as lef i 3SG Fem. ʃi (rare) occurs in A, P, S (Example 122). 1Pl wi occurs in A, P, S (Example 7). 2PL unu occurs in A, P, S.(Example 38). -3PL dey occurs in A and S (Example 121), but dem/den/em occurs in A, P, S (Example 103).",445,9-103 9-118 9-119 9-120 9-121 9-122 9-38 9-7,100.0,Very certain -9-6-1,9,6,1,6-1,,438,9-15,100.0,Very certain -9-60-2,9,60,2,60-2,,445,9-123 9-59,100.0,Certain -9-61-1,9,61,1,61-1,,434,9-124,100.0,Very certain -9-62-1,9,62,1,62-1,,432,9-94,100.0,Very certain -9-63-1,9,63,1,63-1,"The verb 'seem' does not occur, but 'look' does (see Example 116), with expletive subject i, but the construction is rare.",438,9-116,100.0,Certain -9-64-1,9,64,1,64-1,"Belizean Creole has several constructions with expletives. I gat is equivalent to yu hav/ yu had /dey had. In the latter, the yu pronoun functions as an expletive.",445,9-125 9-127,70.0,Certain -9-64-2,9,64,2,64-2,"Belizean Creole has several constructions with expletives. I gat is equivalent to yu hav/ yu had /dey had. In the latter, the yu pronoun functions as an expletive.",445,9-126,30.0,Certain -9-65-1,9,65,1,65-1,,438,9-128,50.0,Certain -9-65-4,9,65,4,65-4,,438,9-129,50.0,Certain -9-66-1,9,66,1,66-1,,432,9-24,100.0,Certain -9-67-1,9,67,1,67-1,,432,9-130,100.0,Very certain -9-68-1,9,68,1,68-1,"In Belizean Creole, adjectives function as verbs (zero copula) in most predicative sentences, so fryed is verbal.",432,9-131,100.0,Intermediate -9-69-1,9,69,1,69-1,,441,9-132,50.0,Certain -9-69-2,9,69,2,69-2,,441,9-133,50.0,Intermediate -9-7-1,9,7,1,7-1,,432[36];432[47],9-16 9-17,100.0,Very certain -9-70-1,9,70,1,70-1,,438,9-134 9-53,100.0,Very certain -9-71-2,9,71,2,71-2,,438,9-134 9-136,100.0,Certain -9-72-1,9,72,1,72-1,,441,9-137 9-43,100.0,Very certain -9-73-1,9,73,1,73-1,"I have given five examples to illustrate the problems with categorizing da/a as 'copula'. According to the definition in APiCS, the morpheme da (Examples 3, 139) and its variant a (Example 141) can be considered to be copulas because they are practically obligatory before noun phrases. Yet they also occur before definite and referential NPs (Example 138). If they are indeed copulas (which appears doubtful to me because e.g. da precedes the ANT particle me in Example 138), they are also and primarily highlighters, or topic particles in the above sentences, as is clear in Examples 138 and 140.",438,9-138 9-139 9-140 9-141 9-3,100.0,Certain -9-74-2,9,74,2,74-2,The English form iz occurs - rarely - for emphasis in the basilectal default lect (Example 142). In this case it functions as a topic particle rather than a copula.,439,9-142 9-143,100.0,Very certain -9-75-3,9,75,3,75-3,There is a special locative copula de [COP.LOC] probably derived from 'there'.,445,9-144 9-145,100.0,Certain -9-76-2,9,76,2,76-2,Note that da is the nominal copula and dɛ the locative copula.,432,9-139 9-70,100.0,Very certain -9-77-1,9,77,1,77-1,Had and gat both indicate possession.,445,9-146 9-147,100.0,Very certain -9-78-1,9,78,1,78-1,Examples 148 and 147 illustrate the use of gat in both existential and transitive functions. Examples 127 and 146 illustrate the same with had.,445,9-127 9-146 9-147 9-148,100.0,Very certain -9-79-1,9,79,1,79-1,,432,9-118,40.0,Certain -9-79-2,9,79,2,79-2,,432,9-154 9-31,60.0,Certain -9-8-1,9,8,1,8-1,Degree ('very') is mostly represented by reduplication of the adjective.,445[538],9-18 9-19,100.0,Very certain -9-80-2,9,80,2,80-2,,432,9-150,100.0,Very certain -9-81-2,9,81,2,81-2,,432,9-149 9-150 9-151 9-152 9-153,100.0,Very certain -9-82-2,9,82,2,82-2,The prepositions ina (but also da) function as at-rest as well as motion-to prepositions.,438,9-155 9-156,100.0,Certain -9-83-1,9,83,1,83-1,Examples 22 and 157 illustrate two 'motion-from' prepositions (fa and awta). There are others.,438,9-157 9-22,100.0,Very certain -9-84-3,9,84,3,84-3,,445,,100.0,Intermediate -9-85-1,9,85,1,85-1,"However, sequences of 'take' with maximally reduced coordination (Vn̩V, where n = 'and') occur widely.",445,,100.0,Certain -9-86-5,9,86,5,86-5,At least these constructions have not been found/heard anywhere.,429,,100.0,Intermediate -9-87-3,9,87,3,87-3,,432,9-160,100.0,Certain -9-88-1,9,88,1,88-1,,432,9-161 9-162,100.0,Certain -9-89-4,9,89,4,89-4,,438,9-163,100.0,Uncertain -9-9-3,9,9,3,9-3,The circumposed article in Example 20 (di net de) usually has emphatic value; de has lost its spatial function here.,439[237],9-20,30.0,Intermediate -9-9-1,9,9,1,9-1,The circumposed article in Example 20 (di net de) usually has emphatic value; de has lost its spatial function here.,439[237],9-21,70.0,Very certain -9-90-1,9,90,1,90-1,"The four examples 166, 164, 165 and 167 given for Value 3 show that the passive interpretation is derived from the basic verb stem, with no special particle. Other particles may be present (e.g. the future particle in Example 166). Since only the context provides the correct interpretation (passive or active), it is in fact doubtful that Belizean Creole has a passive construction.",438,9-168,30.0,Certain -9-90-3,9,90,3,90-3,"The four examples 166, 164, 165 and 167 given for Value 3 show that the passive interpretation is derived from the basic verb stem, with no special particle. Other particles may be present (e.g. the future particle in Example 166). Since only the context provides the correct interpretation (passive or active), it is in fact doubtful that Belizean Creole has a passive construction.",438,9-164 9-165 9-166 9-167,70.0,Very certain -9-91-8,9,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain -9-92-2,9,92,2,92-2,Other particles (fu in Example 169) can play the role of a relativizer.,445,9-169 9-170,63.6363636363636,Certain -9-92-4,9,92,4,92-4,Other particles (fu in Example 169) can play the role of a relativizer.,445,9-172,9.09090909090909,Certain -9-92-5,9,92,5,92-5,Other particles (fu in Example 169) can play the role of a relativizer.,445,9-171,27.2727272727273,Intermediate -9-93-2,9,93,2,93-2,We is the most widespread relative particle. The use of hu in Example 164 (as surface subject in a passive sentence) is extremely rare.,439,9-164 9-173,50.0,Certain -9-93-4,9,93,4,93-4,We is the most widespread relative particle. The use of hu in Example 164 (as surface subject in a passive sentence) is extremely rare.,439,9-174,50.0,Certain +3PL dey occurs in A and S (Example 121), but dem/den/em occurs in A, P, S (Example 103).",445,9-103 9-118 9-119 9-120 9-121 9-122 9-38 9-7,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +9-6-1,9,6,1,6-1,,438,9-15,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-60-2,9,60,2,60-2,,445,9-123 9-59,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 2}", +9-61-1,9,61,1,61-1,,434,9-124,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +9-62-1,9,62,1,62-1,,432,9-94,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-63-1,9,63,1,63-1,"The verb 'seem' does not occur, but 'look' does (see Example 116), with expletive subject i, but the construction is rare.",438,9-116,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-64-1,9,64,1,64-1,"Belizean Creole has several constructions with expletives. I gat is equivalent to yu hav/ yu had /dey had. In the latter, the yu pronoun functions as an expletive.",445,9-125 9-127,70.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +9-64-2,9,64,2,64-2,"Belizean Creole has several constructions with expletives. I gat is equivalent to yu hav/ yu had /dey had. In the latter, the yu pronoun functions as an expletive.",445,9-126,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FF0000-30-0000FF.png""}", +9-65-1,9,65,1,65-1,,438,9-128,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +9-65-4,9,65,4,65-4,,438,9-129,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +9-66-1,9,66,1,66-1,,432,9-24,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-67-1,9,67,1,67-1,,432,9-130,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-68-1,9,68,1,68-1,"In Belizean Creole, adjectives function as verbs (zero copula) in most predicative sentences, so fryed is verbal.",432,9-131,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-69-1,9,69,1,69-1,,441,9-132,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +9-69-2,9,69,2,69-2,,441,9-133,50.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FF0000.png""}", +9-7-1,9,7,1,7-1,,432[36];432[47],9-16 9-17,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-70-1,9,70,1,70-1,,438,9-134 9-53,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-71-2,9,71,2,71-2,,438,9-134 9-136,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-72-1,9,72,1,72-1,,441,9-137 9-43,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-73-1,9,73,1,73-1,"I have given five examples to illustrate the problems with categorizing da/a as 'copula'. According to the definition in APiCS, the morpheme da (Examples 3, 139) and its variant a (Example 141) can be considered to be copulas because they are practically obligatory before noun phrases. Yet they also occur before definite and referential NPs (Example 138). If they are indeed copulas (which appears doubtful to me because e.g. da precedes the ANT particle me in Example 138), they are also and primarily highlighters, or topic particles in the above sentences, as is clear in Examples 138 and 140.",438,9-138 9-139 9-140 9-141 9-3,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-74-2,9,74,2,74-2,The English form iz occurs - rarely - for emphasis in the basilectal default lect (Example 142). In this case it functions as a topic particle rather than a copula.,439,9-142 9-143,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-75-3,9,75,3,75-3,There is a special locative copula de [COP.LOC] probably derived from 'there'.,445,9-144 9-145,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFB6C1.png""}", +9-76-2,9,76,2,76-2,Note that da is the nominal copula and dɛ the locative copula.,432,9-139 9-70,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-77-1,9,77,1,77-1,Had and gat both indicate possession.,445,9-146 9-147,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 5}", +9-78-1,9,78,1,78-1,Examples 148 and 147 illustrate the use of gat in both existential and transitive functions. Examples 127 and 146 illustrate the same with had.,445,9-127 9-146 9-147 9-148,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-79-1,9,79,1,79-1,,432,9-118,40.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-40-FFFFFF-60-FF0000.png""}", +9-79-2,9,79,2,79-2,,432,9-154 9-31,60.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-40-FFFFFF-60-FF0000.png""}", +9-8-1,9,8,1,8-1,Degree ('very') is mostly represented by reduplication of the adjective.,445[538],9-18 9-19,100.0,Very certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-80-2,9,80,2,80-2,,432,9-150,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-81-2,9,81,2,81-2,,432,9-149 9-150 9-151 9-152 9-153,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-82-2,9,82,2,82-2,The prepositions ina (but also da) function as at-rest as well as motion-to prepositions.,438,9-155 9-156,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png""}", +9-83-1,9,83,1,83-1,Examples 22 and 157 illustrate two 'motion-from' prepositions (fa and awta). There are others.,438,9-157 9-22,100.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FF0000.png""}", +9-84-3,9,84,3,84-3,,445,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-85-1,9,85,1,85-1,"However, sequences of 'take' with maximally reduced coordination (Vn̩V, where n = 'and') occur widely.",445,,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-86-5,9,86,5,86-5,At least these constructions have not been found/heard anywhere.,429,,100.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-87-3,9,87,3,87-3,,432,9-160,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png""}", +9-88-1,9,88,1,88-1,,432,9-161 9-162,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFF00.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-89-4,9,89,4,89-4,,438,9-163,100.0,Uncertain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-9-3,9,9,3,9-3,The circumposed article in Example 20 (di net de) usually has emphatic value; de has lost its spatial function here.,439[237],9-20,30.0,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +9-9-1,9,9,1,9-1,The circumposed article in Example 20 (di net de) usually has emphatic value; de has lost its spatial function here.,439[237],9-21,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-70-FFFF00-30-ADD8E6.png""}", +9-90-1,9,90,1,90-1,"The four examples 166, 164, 165 and 167 given for Value 3 show that the passive interpretation is derived from the basic verb stem, with no special particle. Other particles may be present (e.g. the future particle in Example 166). Since only the context provides the correct interpretation (passive or active), it is in fact doubtful that Belizean Creole has a passive construction.",438,9-168,30.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +9-90-3,9,90,3,90-3,"The four examples 166, 164, 165 and 167 given for Value 3 show that the passive interpretation is derived from the basic verb stem, with no special particle. Other particles may be present (e.g. the future particle in Example 166). Since only the context provides the correct interpretation (passive or active), it is in fact doubtful that Belizean Creole has a passive construction.",438,9-164 9-165 9-166 9-167,70.0,Very certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-30-FF0000-70-FFFF00.png""}", +9-91-8,9,91,8,91-8,,,,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 8}",Own knowledge +9-92-2,9,92,2,92-2,Other particles (fu in Example 169) can play the role of a relativizer.,445,9-169 9-170,63.6363636363636,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-0000FF-28-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +9-92-4,9,92,4,92-4,Other particles (fu in Example 169) can play the role of a relativizer.,445,9-172,9.09090909090909,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-0000FF-28-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +9-92-5,9,92,5,92-5,Other particles (fu in Example 169) can play the role of a relativizer.,445,9-171,27.2727272727273,Intermediate,"{""icon"": ""pie-64-FF0000-10-0000FF-28-ADD8E6.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 4}", +9-93-2,9,93,2,93-2,We is the most widespread relative particle. The use of hu in Example 164 (as surface subject in a passive sentence) is extremely rare.,439,9-164 9-173,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", +9-93-4,9,93,4,93-4,We is the most widespread relative particle. The use of hu in Example 164 (as surface subject in a passive sentence) is extremely rare.,439,9-174,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-FF0000-50-0000FF.png""}", 9-94-2,9,94,2,94-2,"Actual instrumental clauses do not occur in my corpus, but I believe they exist in Belizean Creole. I constructed Example 176. I included here non-instrumental preposition clauses as they are much more common: Example 178 (Value 1) and Example 177 (Value 5). -Example 178 seems to be a case of pied piping, although the relative particle precedes the preposition.",439,9-125 9-175,50.0,Certain +Example 178 seems to be a case of pied piping, although the relative particle precedes the preposition.",439,9-125 9-175,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-8-FFFF00-50-FF0000-22-0000FF-22-ADD8E6.png""}", 9-94-1,9,94,1,94-1,"Actual instrumental clauses do not occur in my corpus, but I believe they exist in Belizean Creole. I constructed Example 176. I included here non-instrumental preposition clauses as they are much more common: Example 178 (Value 1) and Example 177 (Value 5). -Example 178 seems to be a case of pied piping, although the relative particle precedes the preposition.",439,9-178,7.14285714285714,Uncertain +Example 178 seems to be a case of pied piping, although the relative particle precedes the preposition.",439,9-178,7.14285714285714,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-8-FFFF00-50-FF0000-22-0000FF-22-ADD8E6.png""}", 9-94-4,9,94,4,94-4,"Actual instrumental clauses do not occur in my corpus, but I believe they exist in Belizean Creole. I constructed Example 176. I included here non-instrumental preposition clauses as they are much more common: Example 178 (Value 1) and Example 177 (Value 5). -Example 178 seems to be a case of pied piping, although the relative particle precedes the preposition.",439,9-176,21.4285714285714,Intermediate +Example 178 seems to be a case of pied piping, although the relative particle precedes the preposition.",439,9-176,21.4285714285714,Intermediate,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-8-FFFF00-50-FF0000-22-0000FF-22-ADD8E6.png""}", 9-94-5,9,94,5,94-5,"Actual instrumental clauses do not occur in my corpus, but I believe they exist in Belizean Creole. I constructed Example 176. I included here non-instrumental preposition clauses as they are much more common: Example 178 (Value 1) and Example 177 (Value 5). -Example 178 seems to be a case of pied piping, although the relative particle precedes the preposition.",439,9-177,21.4285714285714,Certain -9-95-4,9,95,4,95-4,"A complementizer based on bare 'say' (Value 1) may occur rarely, but I found no example in my corpus.",445,9-179,50.0,Certain -9-95-3,9,95,3,95-3,"A complementizer based on bare 'say' (Value 1) may occur rarely, but I found no example in my corpus.",445,9-180,50.0,Certain -9-96-3,9,96,3,96-3,,445,9-181,50.0,Certain -9-96-4,9,96,4,96-4,,445,9-182,50.0,Certain -9-97-1,9,97,1,97-1,,438,9-183,100.0,Certain -9-98-5,9,98,5,98-5,Both constructions generally show a zero complementizer.,441,9-179 9-184,100.0,Certain -9-99-2,9,99,2,99-2,,432,,100.0,Uncertain +Example 178 seems to be a case of pied piping, although the relative particle precedes the preposition.",439,9-177,21.4285714285714,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 4, ""icon"": ""pie-8-FFFF00-50-FF0000-22-0000FF-22-ADD8E6.png""}", +9-95-4,9,95,4,95-4,"A complementizer based on bare 'say' (Value 1) may occur rarely, but I found no example in my corpus.",445,9-179,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-95-3,9,95,3,95-3,"A complementizer based on bare 'say' (Value 1) may occur rarely, but I found no example in my corpus.",445,9-180,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-96-3,9,96,3,96-3,,445,9-181,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-96-4,9,96,4,96-4,,445,9-182,50.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 2, ""icon"": ""pie-50-0000FF-50-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-97-1,9,97,1,97-1,,438,9-183,100.0,Certain,"{""icon"": ""pie-100-0000FF.png"", ""wals_value_number"": 1}", +9-98-5,9,98,5,98-5,Both constructions generally show a zero complementizer.,441,9-179 9-184,100.0,Certain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", +9-99-2,9,99,2,99-2,,432,,100.0,Uncertain,"{""_number_of_values"": 1, ""icon"": ""pie-100-FFFFFF.png""}", diff --git a/cldfbench_apics.py b/cldfbench_apics.py index 6d41f79..51c4b44 100644 --- a/cldfbench_apics.py +++ b/cldfbench_apics.py @@ -23,10 +23,17 @@ On the other hand, the notion of being based on a language is problematic in the case of languages with several lexifiers, especially Gurindji Kriol and Michif. These are shown as having two -lexifiers. There are also a few other cases where it is not fully clear what the primary lexifier -is. Saramaccan’s vocabulary has a very large Portuguese component, but for simplicity we classify -it as English-based here. Papiamentu is often thought to be originally (Afro-)Portuguese-based, -but as it has long been influenced much more by Spanish, we classify it as Spanish-based. """ +lexifiers (or lexifier "other"). There are also a few other cases where it is not fully clear what +the primary lexifier is. Saramaccan’s vocabulary has a very large Portuguese component, but for +simplicity we classify it as English-based here. Papiamentu is often thought to be originally +(Afro-)Portuguese-based, but as it has long been influenced much more by Spanish, we classify it +as Spanish-based.""" +NON_DEFAULT_LECT = """\ +Sometimes the languages or varieties that the APiCS language experts described were not internally +homogeneous, but different subvarieties (or lects) had different value choices for some feature. +Such non-default lects are marked with a non-empty "Default_Lect_ID" column, relating the (sub)lect +with a default lect. Thus the default lect that was primarily described by the contributors need +not be representative for the entire language.""" CONFIDENCE_FIX = { 'very certain': 'Very certain', 'unspecified': 'Unspecified', @@ -54,6 +61,10 @@ def cmd_makecldf(self, args): for row in self.raw_dir.read_csv('valuesetreference.csv', dicts=True): if row['source_pk']: refs.append((row['valueset_pk'], pk2id['source'][row['source_pk']], row['description'])) + exrefs = [] + for row in self.raw_dir.read_csv('sentencereference.csv', dicts=True): + if row['source_pk']: + exrefs.append((row['sentence_pk'], pk2id['source'][row['source_pk']], row['description'])) editors = { name: ord for ord, name in enumerate([ @@ -143,6 +154,7 @@ def cmd_makecldf(self, args): 'Metadata': json.dumps(ldata.get(row['pk'], {})), 'Region': row['region'], 'Default_Lect_ID': lmap.get(row['language_pk']), + 'Lexifier': row['lexifier'], }) args.writer.objects['LanguageTable'].sort(key=lambda d: d['ID']) @@ -171,6 +183,7 @@ def cmd_makecldf(self, args): 'Area': row['area'], 'Contributor_ID': fcc.get(row['pk'], []), 'Map_Gall_Peters': mgp, + 'metadata': json.dumps(row['jsondata']), }) for row in self.read( @@ -185,6 +198,7 @@ def cmd_makecldf(self, args): 'Number': int(row['number']), 'icon': row['jsondata']['icon'], 'color': row['jsondata']['color'], + 'abbr': row['abbr'], }) refs = { @@ -201,6 +215,15 @@ def cmd_makecldf(self, args): examples = self.read('sentence', pkmap=pk2id) mp3 = self.add_files(args.writer, examples.values(), checksums) igts = {} + exrefs = { + dpid: [ + str(Reference( + source=str(r[1]), + desc=r[2].replace('[', ')').replace(']', ')').replace(';', '.').strip() + if r[2] else None)) + for r in refs_ + ] + for dpid, refs_ in itertools.groupby(exrefs, lambda r: r[0])} for ex in examples.values(): audio, a, g = None, [], [] @@ -221,8 +244,18 @@ def cmd_makecldf(self, args): 'Translated_Text': ex['description'], 'Analyzed_Word': a, 'Gloss': g, + 'Source': exrefs.get(ex['pk'], []), 'Audio': audio, 'Type': ex['type'], + 'Comment': ex['comment'], + 'source_comment': ex['source'], + 'original_script': ex['original_script'], + 'markup_comment': ex['markup_comment'], + 'markup_text': ex['markup_text'], + 'markup_analyzed': ex['markup_analyzed'], + 'markup_gloss': ex['markup_gloss'], + 'sort': ex['jsondata'].get('sort'), + 'alt_translation': ex['jsondata'].get('alt_translation'), }) example_by_value = { vpk: [r['sentence_pk'] for r in rows] @@ -243,6 +276,8 @@ def cmd_makecldf(self, args): 'Example_ID': sorted(igts[epk] for epk in example_by_value.get(row['pk'], []) if epk in igts), 'Frequency': float(row['frequency']) if row['frequency'] else None, 'Confidence': CONFIDENCE_FIX.get(row['confidence'], row['confidence']), + 'Metadata': json.dumps(vs['jsondata']), + 'source_comment': vs['source'], }) args.writer.objects['ValueTable'].sort( @@ -287,6 +322,7 @@ def create_schema(self, cldf): { 'name': 'Contributor_ID', 'separator': ' ', + 'dc:description': 'Authors of the Atlas chapter describing the feature', }, 'Chapter', # valueUrl: https://apics-online.info/parameters/1.chapter.html { @@ -299,10 +335,14 @@ def create_schema(self, cldf): }, 'PHOIBLE_Segment_Name', {'name': 'Multivalued', 'datatype': 'boolean'}, - 'WALS_ID', + { + 'name': 'WALS_ID', + 'dc:description': 'ID of the corresponding WALS feature', + }, {'name': 'WALS_Representation', 'datatype': 'integer'}, 'Area', 'Map_Gall_Peters', + {'name': 'metadata', 'dc:format': 'application/json'}, ) cldf['ParameterTable', 'id'].valueUrl = URITemplate( 'https://apics-online.info/parameters/{id}') @@ -311,6 +351,7 @@ def create_schema(self, cldf): {'name': 'Number', 'datatype': 'integer'}, 'icon', 'color', + 'abbr', ) cldf.add_component( 'LanguageTable', @@ -322,10 +363,12 @@ def create_schema(self, cldf): { 'name': 'Data_Contributor_ID', 'separator': ' ', + 'dc:description': 'Authors contributing the language structure dataset', }, { 'name': 'Survey_Contributor_ID', 'separator': ' ', + 'dc:description': 'Authors of the language survey', }, 'Survey_Title', { @@ -341,11 +384,47 @@ def create_schema(self, cldf): 'dc:format': 'text/json', }, 'Region', - 'Default_Lect_ID', + { + 'name': 'Default_Lect_ID', + 'dc:description': NON_DEFAULT_LECT, + }, + { + 'name': 'Lexifier', + 'dc:description': LEXIFIER_DESC, + }, ) cldf['LanguageTable', 'id'].valueUrl = URITemplate( 'https://apics-online.info/contributions/{id}') - cldf.add_component('ExampleTable', 'Audio', {'name': 'Type', 'propertyUrl': 'dc:type'}) + cldf.add_component( + 'ExampleTable', + { + 'name': 'Source', + 'propertyUrl': 'http://cldf.clld.org/v1.0/terms.rdf#source', + 'separator': ';', + }, + 'Audio', + {'name': 'Type', 'propertyUrl': 'dc:type'}, + { + 'name': 'markup_text', + 'dc:format': 'text/html', + }, + { + 'name': 'markup_analyzed', + 'dc:format': 'text/html', + }, + { + 'name': 'markup_gloss', + 'dc:format': 'text/html', + }, + { + 'name': 'markup_comment', + 'dc:format': 'text/html', + }, + 'source_comment', + 'original_script', + 'sort', + 'alt_translation', + ) t = cldf.add_table( 'contributors.csv', { @@ -376,6 +455,11 @@ def create_schema(self, cldf): "datatype": 'number', }, 'Confidence', + { + 'name': 'Metadata', + 'dc:format': 'text/json', + }, + 'source_comment', ) cldf.add_foreign_key('ParameterTable', 'Contributor_ID', 'contributors.csv', 'ID') cldf.add_foreign_key('ParameterTable', 'Map_Gall_Peters', 'media.csv', 'ID')